cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired leukocyte trafficking and skin inflammatory responses in hamsters lacking a functional circadian system

The immune system is under strong circadian control, and circadian desynchrony is a risk factor for metabolic disorders, inflammatory responses and cancer. Signaling pathways that maintain circadian rhythms (CRs) in immune function in vivo, and the mechanisms by which circadian desynchrony impairs immune function, remain to be fully identified. These experiments tested the hypothesis that the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives CRs in the immune system, using a non-invasive model of SCN circadian arrhythmia. Robust CRs in blood leukocyte trafficking, with a peak during the early light phase (ZT4) and nadir in the early dark phase (ZT18), were absent in arrhythmic hamsters, as were CRs in spleen clock gene (per1, bmal1) expression, indicating that a functional pacemaker in the SCN is required for the generation of CRs in leukocyte trafficking and for driving peripheral clocks in secondary lymphoid organs. Pinealectomy was without effect on CRs in leukocyte trafficking, but abolished CRs in spleen clock gene expression, indicating that nocturnal melatonin secretion is necessary for communicating circadian time information to the spleen. CRs in trafficking of antigen presenting cells (CD11c(+) dendritic cells) in the skin were abolished, and antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity skin inflammatory responses were markedly impaired in arrhythmic hamsters. The SCN drives robust CRs in leukocyte trafficking and lymphoid clock gene expression; the latter of which is not expressed in the absence of melatonin. Robust entrainment of the circadian pacemaker provides a signal critical to diurnal rhythms in immunosurveilliance and optimal memory T-cell dependent immune responses.
Mechanism of action of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flufenamate on [Ca2+], and Ca2+-activated currents in neurons

Abstract We have shown previously that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flufenamate (FFA) causes a maintained increase in [Ca 2+ ] i and transient increases in a Ca 2+ -activated nonselective cation current (I CAN ) and a Ca 2+ -activated slow, outward Cl − current (I o-slow ) in molluscan neurons [Shaw T, Lee R.J., Partridge L.D. Action of diphenylamine carboxylate derivatives, a family of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, on [Ca 2+ ] i and Ca 2+ -activated channels in neurons. Neurosci Lett 1995; 190 : 121–124]. Here we demonstrate that pretreatment of neurons with 10 μM thapsigargin eliminates the FFA-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i and substantially reduces both I CAN and I o-slow supporting the hypothesis that the FFA-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ] i results primarily from Ca 2+ release from a thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular store. The [Ca 2+ ] i response appears to be sustained, not by influx of extracellular Ca 2+ , but by inhibitory effects of FFA on Ca 2+ removal from the cytosol. Inhibition of Ca 2+ efflux may be an important component of the FFA-induced activation of both I CAN and I o-slow , as Ca 2+ release by thapsigargin alone is not sufficient to activate either current. Our data also demonstrate that the effects of FFA on [Ca 2+ ] i I CAN and I o-slow are reversible and suggest that protein phosphorylation as well as an increase in [Ca 2+ ] i are involved in the FFA-induced activation of I o-slow Effects on neuronal Ca 2+ handling as well as activation of I CAN or I o-slow , may partially explain the analgesic effects of FFA.
Sea-surface temperature changes in the North Pacific during the Late Miocene

Abstract Twenty-seven radiolarian species and species groups are identified and used in this study. Their stratigraphic ranges span from Late Miocene to modern times and they appear to have distributions which have changed little over this interval of time. Census data for these 27 taxa in surface sediment samples are used to define six assemblages (Q-mode factors). The distribution of these assemblages are similar to modern water-mass distributions and can be statistically related to modern sea-surface temperatures. Census data on these same 27 taxa have been collected in the Upper Miocene intervals of six Pacific sites. These faunal data are described in terms of the modern radiolarian assemblages; and based on the multiple regression equations relating the modern assemblages to modern temperatures, estimates of Late Miocene temperatures are made. The estimated temperatures indicate that there is an overall cooling trend in the later part of the Miocene (magnetic Chron 8 to Chron 5), punctuated by several distinct cooling events. In August the low-latitude sites appear to be slightly cooler, and the mid-latitude sites warmer than in modern times. In February both the low- and mid-latitude sites appear to be warmer than modern temperatures at the same locations. The relatively warm temperatures near the base of the interval studied may be associated with the passage of warm tropical Atlantic waters into the eastern Pacific via the Isthmus of Panama. The general cooling trend seen in these records is thought to be associated with the gradual closure of these straits and the increased influence of the high southern latitudes.
Light induced exchange energy transfer reactions of micelle forming Ru(II) diimine complexes

Abstract Photoinduced energy transfer from two surfactant Ru(II) diimine complexes of the type [(bpy) 2 Ru(L)] 2+ (L=4-methyl-4′-heptadecyl-2,2′-bipyridine and 4,4′-diheptadecyl-2,2′-bipyridine) to anthracene-9-carboxylate (ANC) was investigated in aqueous solutions of the complexes. The luminescence quenching behavior of both complexes is strongly dependent on the complex concentration in solution and the ionic strength of the solution. The complexes exhibit a 20 nm red shift of the emission maximum upon micelle formation; the emission spectral changes illustrate the dependence of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) on the solution ionic strength. The quenching of the micellized complexes by ANC is dramatically enhanced relative to the complex in the aqueous phase. The dynamics of exchange energy transfer quenching of the micellized complex can be evaluated assuming a Poisson distribution of ANC quenchers among the micellized complex. The 3 [ANC] formed in the quenching process can escape the micelle and react by electron transfer quenching with methyl viologen in the aqueous phase.
U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-permian mass extinction

The mass extinction at the end of the Permian was the most profound in the history of life. Fundamental to understanding its cause is determining the tempo and duration of the extinction. Uranium/lead zircon data from Late Permian and Early Triassic rocks from south China place the Permian-Triassic boundary at 251.4 ± 0.3 million years ago. Biostratigraphic controls from strata intercalated with ash beds below the boundary indicate that the Changhsingian pulse of the end-Permian extinction, corresponding to the disappearance of about 85 percent of marine species, lasted less than 1 million years. At Meishan, a negative excursion in δ 13 C at the boundary had a duration of 165,000 years or less, suggesting a catastrophic addition of light carbon.
Multiple genes encode the translation elongation factor EF-1λ in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract A gene encoding a yeast homologue of translation elongation factor 1 gamma (EF-1 gamma), TEF3, was isolated as a gene dosage extragenic suppressor of the cold-sensitive phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae drs2 mutant. The drs2 mutant is deficient in the assembly of 40S ribosomal subunits. We have identified a second gene, TEF4, that encodes a protein highly related to both the Tef3p protein (Tef3p), and EF-1 gamma isolated from other organisms. In contrast to TEF3, the TEF4 gene contains an intron. Gene disruptions showed that neither gene is required for mitotic growth. Haploid spores containing disruptions of both genes are viable and have no defects in ribosomal subunit composition or polyribosomes. Unlike TEF3, extra copies of TEF4 do not suppress the cold-sensitive 40S ribosomal subunit deficiency of a drs2 strain. Low-stringency genomic Southern hybridization analysis indicates there may be additional yeast genes related to TEF3 and TEF4.
Political liberalism and global justice

This article argues that political liberalism, of the type formulated by John Rawls and Charles Larmore and further developed in Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach, is superior to more comprehensive political views both in domestic and in global affairs. Perfectionist liberalism as advocated by John Stuart Mill and Joseph Raz attempts to erase existing religions and replace them with the religion of utility or autonomy. This is wrong, because in the ethico-religious environment of reasonable disagreement that we inhabit all comprehensive forms of political morality pose a threat to people's liberty and equality. Only thin and narrow conceptions of value like the ones suggested by Rawls, Larmore, Sen, and Nussbaum can guarantee the respect for diversity that is needed in a pluralistic world. Although Rawls famously failed to extend this idea from domestic to transnational matters, the argument of the article is that not only do the principles of political liberalism apply to global mat...
Code Labs: Expediting Laboratory Test Results During a Code

BACKGROUND Knowing a patient's "laboratory picture" is crucial in any code blue situation. Having no streamlined method for collecting and processing laboratory specimens during codes leads to staff frustration and critical delays in patient care. OBJECTIVE To simplify collection and testing of laboratory specimens during codes. METHODS Staff nurses led an initiative through which (1) code laboratory tests were placed in a computerized order set, thereby simplifying ordering; (2) prepackaged bags of supplies for the new order set were placed in each code cart; (3) the laboratory department supervisor began carrying a code pager to ensure that laboratory staff are prepared for incoming "code labs"; (4) a protocol was created for laboratory staff to follow after receiving code labs; and (5) processes were developed for units that are not integrated in the organization's electronic ordering system. RESULTS The mean turnaround time (the time from when laboratory tests are ordered to when results are posted) was reduced from 52.0 minutes to 31.3 minutes (P = .002). Laboratory staff improved their processing time (the time from when specimens are received by laboratory staff to when results are posted) from 34.9 minutes to 21.5 minutes (P = .01). Survey responses indicated that staff across disciplines were significantly more satisfied with the new process. CONCLUSIONS Because the changes are basic, they can be implemented easily in any hospital setting to improve turnaround time for laboratory tests during codes.
Kinetic Mechanism of Human Glutathione-Dependent Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase†

Formaldehyde, a major industrial chemical, is classified as a carcinogen because of its high reactivity with DNA. It is inactivated by oxidative metabolism to formate in humans by glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. This NAD+-dependent enzyme belongs to the family of zinc-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases with 40 kDa subunits and is also called ADH3 or χ-ADH. The first step in the reaction involves the nonenzymatic formation of the S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione adduct from formaldehyde and glutathione. When formaldehyde concentrations exceed that of glutathione, nonoxidizable adducts can be formed in vitro. The S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione adduct will be predominant in vivo, since circulating glutathione concentrations are reported to be 50 times that of formaldehyde in humans. Initial velocity, product inhibition, dead-end inhibition, and equilibrium binding studies indicate that the catalytic mechanism for oxidation of S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid (12-HDDA) with...
Early Appreciation in Zinc-Diffused GaAs Electroluminescent Infrared Diodes

Prior to the onset of long-term degradation, noticeable increases in the external quantum efficiency of zinc-diffused GaAs electroluminescent diodes have been observed and characterized. Such appreciation behavior may exist for several thousand hours of device operation and is dependent on both the relative strength of the stress condition as well as the initial emitted light intensity of the particular device. This anomalous behavior has been determined to be caused by increases in the intrinsic quantum efficiency within the P region of the device. Both pulsed and direct current stress conditions have been examined to characterize this behavior.
1962 International Field Institute in the Swiss Alps: ABSTRACT

Classic areas of Alpine geology were studied during the summer of 1962 by twenty-five American college teachers of geology participating in the second International Field Institute. Participants in this foreign study program, sponsored by the American Geological Institute and funded by a National Science Foundation grant, represented colleges and universities throughout the country and nearly every geological discipline. Under the guidance of leading Swiss geologists special attention was paid in the field to regional stratigraphic and structural relationships and to their importance in the solution of Alpine tectonics and paleogeography. Nappe development and geosynclinal theory were topics discussed in detail in light of recent Alpine studies requiring modification of c assical views. More significant to Institute participants than the acquisition of specialized knowledge in their own fields of interest was a profound impression of the magnitude and complexity of geological processes. The effect of this continuing AGI program on American geological thinking in general and on the petroleum industry in particular lies in the broadening of experience and perspectives of participating geology teachers. Their introduction to classic areas overseas and to modern trends in foreign geological study will undoubtedly contribute to the geological awareness and scientific effectiveness of their students. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1769------------
Deletion of subunit 9 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome bc1 complex specifically impairs electron transfer at the ubiquinol oxidase site (center P) in the bc1 complex

Abstract Deletion of QCR9, the nuclear gene encoding subunit 9 of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, results in inactivation of the bc1 complex and inabillity of the yeast to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources. The loss of bc1 complex activity is due to loss of electron transfer activity at the ubiquinol oxidase site (center P) in the complex. Electron transfer at the ubiquinone reductase site (center N), is unaffected by the loss of subunit 9, but the extent of cytochrome b reduction is diminished. This is the first instance in which a supernumerary polypeptide, lacking a redox prosthetic group, has been shown to be required for an electron transfer reaction within the cytochrome bc1 complex.
An Incompatibility between a Mitochondrial tRNA and Its Nuclear-Encoded tRNA Synthetase Compromises Development and Fitness in Drosophila

Mitochondrial transcription, translation, and respiration require interactions between genes encoded in two distinct genomes, generating the potential for mutations in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes to interact epistatically and cause incompatibilities that decrease fitness. Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis for fitness has been documented within and between populations and species of diverse taxa, but rarely has the genetic or mechanistic basis of these mitochondrial–nuclear interactions been elucidated, limiting our understanding of which genes harbor variants causing mitochondrial–nuclear disruption and of the pathways and processes that are impacted by mitochondrial–nuclear coevolution. Here we identify an amino acid polymorphism in the Drosophila melanogaster nuclear-encoded mitochondrial tyrosyl–tRNA synthetase that interacts epistatically with a polymorphism in the D. simulans mitochondrial-encoded tRNATyr to significantly delay development, compromise bristle formation, and decrease fecundity. The incompatible genotype specifically decreases the activities of oxidative phosphorylation complexes I, III, and IV that contain mitochondrial-encoded subunits. Combined with the identity of the interacting alleles, this pattern indicates that mitochondrial protein translation is affected by this interaction. Our findings suggest that interactions between mitochondrial tRNAs and their nuclear-encoded tRNA synthetases may be targets of compensatory molecular evolution. Human mitochondrial diseases are often genetically complex and variable in penetrance, and the mitochondrial–nuclear interaction we document provides a plausible mechanism to explain this complexity.
Detection of channel catfish virus in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): use of a nucleic acid probe*

A nucleic acid probe for channel catfish virus (CCV) was constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. This probe consisted of a specific viral DNA fragment generated by digestion of CCV DNA with the restriction enzyme EcoRI. The probe was used to examine DNA isolated from tissues of fish that had been injected with CCV. Viral DNA was detected in some tissues of various injected fish. The sensitivity limit of detection was determined to be one viral DNA per cell.
Computer analysis of quantitative anti-HBs determination by the Ausab procedure

Abstract A program has been developed to allow analysis of the results of the quantitative Ausab radio-immunoassay test for antibody to the Hepatitis Bs antigen (anti-HBs). The program offers an increase in the speed and accuracy with which test results can be analysed and includes a system for automatic quality control.
The Impact of Wireless Technology on Loading Trucks at an Auto Parts Distribution Center

An intervention was introduced for truck loaders that used wireless vehicle mount computers that included auditory, visual feedback, and immediate data delivery. The implementation reliably reduced pallets from being loaded out of sequence for all outbound trucks in multistop routes. The role of the organizational behavior management (OBM) practitioner in designing work procedure changes using technical solutions, requiring a minimum of training, to accelerate key operational processes was examined.
A 16.5–28 GHz 0.18- $\mu$ m BiCMOS Power Amplifier With Flat $19.4 \pm 1.2$ dBm Output Power

A broadband fully integrated power amplifier (PA) with 3 dB bandwidth from 16.5 to 28 GHz was designed using a 0.18 μm SiGe BiCMOS process. The PA consists of a drive amplifier and two parallel main amplifiers. Lumped-element Wilkinson power divider and combiner are especially used to combine the main amplifiers as well as to provide suppression for the harmonics through their inherent low-pass filtering characteristic. The PA exhibits measured gain of more than 34.5 dB and very flat output power of 19.4±1.2 dBm across 16.5-28 GHz, and power added efficiency (PAE) higher than 20% and 17% between 16-24.5 GHz and up to 28 GHz, respectively. Specifically at 24 GHz, it achieves 19.4 dBm output power, 22.3% PAE, and 37.6 dB gain.
Malposition of unerupted mandibular second premolar in children with cleft lip and palate.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether distoangular malposition of the unerupted mandibular second premolar (MnP2) is more frequent in children with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study examined panoramic radiographs from 45 patients with unilateral clefts of the lip and/or palate who had no previous orthodontics. A control sample consisted of age- and sex-matched patients. The distal angle formed between the long axis of MnP2 and the tangent to the inferior border was measured. The mean, standard deviation, and range were calculated for the angles measured in the cleft and the control groups. The significance of the differences between the means was evaluated by the paired t-test. The angles of the cleft and noncleft sides were also measured and compared. Results: The mean inclination of the MnP2 on the cleft side was 73.6°, compared with 84.6° in the control group. This difference was highly significant statistically (P < .0001). The difference in an...
Edge detection and localization with edge pattern analysis and inflection characterization

In general edges are considered to be abrupt changes or discontinuities in two dimensional image signal intensity distributions. The accuracy of front-end edge detection methods in image processing impacts the eventual success of higher level pattern analysis downstream. To generalize edge detectors designed from a simple ideal step function model to real distortions in natural images, research on one dimensional edge pattern analysis to improve the accuracy of edge detection and localization proposes an edge detection algorithm, which is composed by three basic edge patterns, such as ramp, impulse, and step. After mathematical analysis, general rules for edge representation based upon the classification of edge types into three categories-ramp, impulse, and step (RIS) are developed to reduce detection and localization errors, especially reducing "double edge" effect that is one important drawback to the derivative method. But, when applying one dimensional edge pattern in two dimensional image processing, a new issue is naturally raised that the edge detector should correct marking inflections or junctions of edges. Research on human visual perception of objects and information theory pointed out that a pattern lexicon of "inflection micro-patterns" has larger information than a straight line. Also, research on scene perception gave an idea that contours have larger information are more important factor to determine the success of scene categorization. Therefore, inflections or junctions are extremely useful features, whose accurate description and reconstruction are significant in solving correspondence problems in computer vision. Therefore, aside from adoption of edge pattern analysis, inflection or junction characterization is also utilized to extend traditional derivative edge detection algorithm. Experiments were conducted to test my propositions about edge detection and localization accuracy improvements. The results support the idea that these edge detection method improvements are effective in enhancing the accuracy of edge detection and localization.
Homologous pairing in genetic recombination: recA protein makes joint molecules of gapped circular DNA and closed circular DNA

The recA protein, which is essential for genetic recombination in E. coli, promotes the homologous pairing of double-stranded DNA and linear single-stranded DNA, thereby forming a three-stranded joint molecule called a D loop. Single-stranded DNA stimulates recA protein to unwind double-stranded DNA. By a presumably related mechanism, recA protein promoted the homologous pairing of two circular double-stranded molecules when one of them had a gap in one strand. The two molecules were joined at homologous sites by noncovalent bonds. The covalently closed molecule remained intact and was not topologically linked to the intact circular strand of the gapped substrate. Electron microscopy showed that molecules were usually linked at two or more nearby points. The junctions in most molecules were shorter than 300 nucleotides. Sometimes the region between two extreme points was separated into two arms, producing an ellipsoidal loop (called an eye loop). The junctions in these biparental joint molecules were frequently remote from the site of the gap. We infer that a free end of the interrupted strand crossed over to form a structure like a D loop which moved away from the gap by branch migration.
Type Iγ phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase targets and regulates focal adhesions

The ability of cells to form cell contacts, adhere to the extracellular matrix, change morphology, and migrate is essential for development, wound healing, metastasis, cell survival and the immune response. These events depend on the binding of integrin to the extracellular matrix, and assembly of focal adhesions, which are complexes comprising scaffolding and signalling proteins organized by adhesion to the extracellular matrix1,2,3. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) regulates interactions between these proteins, including the interaction of vinculin with actin and talin4,5,6,7,8,9. The binding of talin to β-integrin is strengthened by PtdIns(4,5)P2, suggesting that the basis of focal adhesion assembly is regulated by this lipid mediator9,10. Here we show that the type I phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase isoform-γ 661 (PIPKIγ661), an enzyme that makes PtdIns(4,5)P2, is targeted to focal adhesions by an association with talin. PIPKIγ661 is tyrosine phosphorylated by focal adhesion associated kinase signalling, increasing both the activity of phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinase and its association with talin. This defines a mechanism for spatial generation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 at focal adhesions.
Effect of environment on the oxidation of ingot-processed iron aluminides

Abstract The oxidation behavior of iron aluminides was investigated in various environments at 900 to 1200 °C. The effect of water vapor on total specimen mass gain was minimal. At 1000 and 1100 °C, the mass gain of Fe–28at.%Al–5Cr without Zr was a factor of 2 or more higher in air than in oxygen or Ar–20%O2. Nitride formation beneath the external Al2O3 layer was observed in air.
Effects of acute administration of ethanol on cerebral glucose utilization in adult alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats.

Abstract Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) rates, as determined by the [ 14 C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) technique, were examined after acute ethanol administration within selected brain regions of alcohol-preferring (P) and alcohol-nonpreferring (NP) rats. Adult male P and NP rats were injected with saline, 0.25g/kg, or 1.0g/kg ethanol, intraperitoneally (ip), 10min before an intravenous bolus of [ 14 C]2-DG (125μCi/kg). Timed arterial blood samples were collected over 45min and assayed for plasma glucose, ethanol, and [ 14 C]2-DG levels. Image densities were determined using quantitative autoradiography and LCGU values calculated. Data were collected from several key limbic, basal ganglionic, cortical, and subcortical structures. Low-dose ethanol (0.25g/kg) significantly decreased LCGU rates in several brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex, olfactory tubercles, and the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus of P rats. Low-dose ethanol had no significant effects on LCGU rates in the NP rats. Moderate-dose ethanol (1.0g/kg) also significantly lowered LCGU rates in many brain regions of P rats, including key limbic structures, such as the medial prefrontal cortex, olfactory tubercles, ventral tegmental area, basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, lateral septum, and ventral pallidum. Moderate-dose ethanol also significantly lowered LCGU rates in the medial prefrontal cortex as well as in the habenula of NP rats. All other regions were unaffected in the NP rats. These findings support the suggestion that certain central nervous system regions of P rats may be more sensitive than those of NP rats to the effects of low to intermediate doses of ethanol.
A New Method for Collecting Sessile Ciliates in Plastic Petri Dishes With Tight-Fitting Lids

SYNOPSIS. Large numbers of sessile ciliates were successfully collected in plastic petri dishes with tight-fitting lids, transported in the water-filled dishes without disturbance. Each species within the transparent dishes was identified with a dissecting microscope and the position on the dish surface of each sessile individual was located and recorded on graph paper for further quantitative comparisons. This method was used for numerous experiments on the ecology and behavior of sessile ciliates and their responses to toxins.
State and Progress in Strand Spaces: Proving Fair Exchange

Many cryptographic protocols are intended to coordinate state changes among principals. Exchange protocols, for instance, coordinate delivery of new values to the participants, i.e. additions to the set of values they possess. An exchange protocol is fair if it ensures that delivery of new values is balanced: If one participant obtains a new possession via the protocol, then all other participants will, too. Understanding this balanced coordination of different principals in a distributed system requires relating (long-term) state to (short-term) protocol activities. Fair exchange also requires progress assumptions. In this paper we adapt the strand space framework to protocols, such as fair exchange, that coordinate state changes. We regard the state as a multiset of facts, and we allow protocol actions to cause local changes in this state via multiset rewriting. Second, progress assumptions stipulate that some channels are resilient--and guaranteed to deliver messages--and some principals will not stop at critical steps. Our proofs of correctness cleanly separate protocol properties, such as authentication and confidentiality, from properties about progress and state evolution. G. Wang's recent fair exchange protocol illustrates the approach.
Changes in Structure of Phytomonas elmassiani in Experimental Infections of Apocynaceae, a Presumably Foreign Plant Host

SYNOPSIS. Allamanda nereifolia and Plumeria rubra, plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae were infected experimentally with the trypanosomatid flagellate, Phytomonas elmassiani. In these presumably exotic hosts, P. elmassiani, ordinarily infecting plants belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae, underwent marked structural changes. The presence of numerous choanomastigote like organisms along with a certain proportion of promastigotes and amastigotes, would, under ordinary circumstances, result in classification of the infecting organisms as Crithidia. Obviously, the change in environment from Asclepiadaceae to the closely related Apocynaceae, exerts a profound influence on structure of the organism.
Allocation of Newly-Fixed Carbon in the Red Alga Rhodella

Summary Growing and non-growing cells of the unicellular red alga Rhodelia reticulata incorporate a relatively large amount of newly-fixed carbon into low-molecular weight compounds and starch after short incubations with NaH 14 CO 3 Short-term label and chase experiments showed that this carbon was subsequently incorporated into protein and mucilage in both cell types during the first 4 to 6 h of the chase, as well as being used for cellular respiration. In synchronized cultures, total starch accumulated three-fold during daylight hours and was degraded in the dark, showing that starch can be utilized as a carbon source for overall metabolism. Mucilage was synthesized by the cells during both light and dark, supporting its role as a major carbon sink in dividing cells. We hypothesize that both starch and the low-molecular weight materials (including the sugars that would be precursors and degradative products of starch) serve as transient storage pools for newly-fixed carbon, providing carbon for glycolysis, protein synthesis, and mucilage synthesis.
Effects of cyanogenesis in bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) on associated insects

. 1. The relationship between cyanogenesis in bracken fern and the insect fauna feeding on the plant was investigated over a 3 year period. The most common insects between May and July, while cyanide levels were high, were the sawflies Strongylogaster impressata Provancher, S.multicincta Norton, Aneug-menus fzavipes (Norton), the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and a microlepidopteran species of Monochroa. 2. Collections of insects from cyanogenic and acyanogenic fronds showed significantly fewer sawflies on the cyanogenic fronds. The aphid and the microlepidopteran were randomly distributed with respect to cyanogenicity. 3. Feeding tests for two of the sawfly species (Simpressata and Smulticincta) showed that larvae grew more slowly and had a higher mortality when raised on cyanogenic fronds than on acyanogenic ones. 4. Field collected cyanogenic bracken fronds were found to have sustained less damage from chewing herbivores compared with acyanogenic fronds.
Terahertz reflectometry of burn wounds in a rat model

We present sub-millimeter wave reflectometry of an experimental rat skin burn model obtained by the Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technique. Full thickness burns, as confirmed by histology, were created on rats (n = 4) euthanized immediately prior to the experiments. Statistical analysis shows that the burned tissue exhibits higher reflectivity compared to normal skin over a frequency range between 0.5 and 0.7 THz (p < 0.05), likely due to post-burn formation of interstitial edema. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a double Debye dielectric relaxation model can be used to explain the terahertz response of both normal and less severely burned rat skin. Finally, our data suggest that the degree of conformation between the experimental burn measurements and the model for normal skin can potentially be used to infer the extent of burn severity.
Methods for the selection and growth of antigen-specific cytolytic T lines and clones bearing a defined T cell receptor β chain marker

Abstract Murine cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones specific for type A influenza virus antigens were generated by in vitro stimulation with syngeneic virus-infected cells in the presence of T cell growth factor (TCGF). All CTL clones recognize viral determinants shared by PR8 and X31 influenza viruses in association with a class I antigen, coded either by the H-2K or H-2D end of the appropriate haplotype. All clones express the Lyt2 antigen marker. Two of five clones also express an antigenic determinant of the Vβ chain of the T cell receptor (TCR) identified by F23.1 monoclonal antibody. To effectively generate F23.1 + and antigen-specific CTL clones, heterogenous CTL lines were expanded with F23.1 coated Sepharose beads in the presence of TCGF and then stimulated with PR8 virus-infected cells. Thus, both the proliferative activity to PR8 and the expression of the F23.1 marker was increased significantly. Alternatively, F23.1 + T cells were sorted from in vivo primed mice and expanded with PR8 virus-infected stimulator cells in the presence of TCFG. This F23.1 + T cell line exhibited antigen-specific cytotoxicity for PR8 virus-infected target cells. Additionally, in an ‘FcR-focused killing’ assay only the F23.1 + CTL line and F23.1 + clones lysed Fc receptor bearing target cells in the presence of F23.1 antibody. These findings indicate that antigen-specific and F23.1 + clones can be selected with high efficiency by alternating stimulation with influenza virus-infected cells and with F23.1-coated Sepharose beads or through the use of a cytofluorograph. The usefulness of antigen-specific and F23.1 + CTL clones and other posbible strategies for their selection are discussed.
TERATOGENS FROM WEEKLY ORAL ETHANOL EXPOSURE IN A NON-HUMAN PRIMATE

Ethanol has been orally administered once per week to 54 gravid pigtailed macaques (M.nemestrina) in doses of 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.5 or 4.1 gra/kg from the first week in gestation or in doses of 2.5, 3.3, or 4.1 gm/kg from the sixth week. Peak plasma ethanol concentrations (PPEC) ranged from 24 ± 6 mg/dl at the 0.3 gm/kg dose to 549 ± 71 mg/dl at the 4.1 gm/kg dose. An increased rate of spontaneous abortion occurred at and above the 1.8 gm/kg dose (mean PPEC = 205 mg/dl) and no viable infants were born in cohorts receiving 2.5 gm/kg or 4.1 gm/kg ethanol from the first week in gestation. Thirty-three viable infants were followed from birth to 6 months of age. No animal had any major malformations. Mental retardation and craniofacial dysmorphisms were identified nearly consistently in the animals achieving PPEC's of 150 to 250 mg/dl from the first week in gestation. Animals with higher PPEC's and exposures only after 40 days gestation were less consistently abnormal. The data demonstrated the teratogenicity of weekly ethanol exposure with an apparent period of teratogenic vulnerability in the first 6 weeks of gestation.
Botulinum A toxin for (expressionistic) ptosis overcorrection after frontalis sling.

Abstract Botulinum A toxin was injected into the frontalis muscle in two patients with complete third nerve palsies to limit intermittent upper lid retraction after a frontalis sling procedure. This form of lid retraction is noted during periods of active facial movement with occipitofrontalis muscle contraction. Although upper lid position may be symmetric when the facial muscles are adynamic, the upper lid may retract during periods of active facial expression. This type of lid retraction was corrected using Botulinum A toxin injections into the frontalis muscles, without affecting the lid position when the facial muscles are adynamic. Both improvement in appearance and intermittent exposure were noted in both cases. Additionally, a blunting of the transverse forehead creases occurred over a defined area after this injection, representing a clinical example of a denervation field produced by a point injection of botulinum toxin.
Measures of Joint Performance in Dyadic Mixed-Motive Negotiations

Abstract This paper reexamines measures of joint performance and demonstrates that all of them confound distributional considerations in at least some negotiating settings. In other words, for every possible measure, negotiating settings exist in which adoption of that measure establishes particular distributions of resources as normatively optimal. Adoption of such measures, therefore, provides implicit incentives for negotiators to act against their own self interest for the sake of maximizing joint performance. It was for precisely this reason that joint profit was rejected by theoreticians as a measure of joint performance applicable to all situations. By the same token, therefore, no universally applicable measure of joint performance can exist.
A substance with immunoreactivity to the peptide physalaemin in mammalian respiratory tissue.

Physalaemin (M2 = 1284) is a potent undecapeptide from the skin of South American frogs. The amino acid sequence of the COOH-terminal region of this peptide is similar to that of substance P. An antiserum specific for the NH2-terminal sequence of physalaemin enabled the quantitation and localization of physalamin-like immunoreactivity (PSLI) in mammalian tissues. PSLI is found in acid extracts of whole trachea from rat, rabbit, and guinea pig and in the tracheal mucosal layer in the dog, cow, and pig. The concentration determined by radioimmunoassay ranged from 1 to 15 ng/g dry weight of tissue, with rat trachea containing the highest amount. Gel filtration of an extract of rabbit trachea on Bio-Gel P-4 revealed a single peak of immunoreactivity that had an approximate Mr of 1700, similar to that detected in extracts of guinea pig and rabbit stomach. In contrast to amphibian physalaemin, mammalian PSLI 1) has a higher molecular weight, 2) is resistant to α-chymotrypsin or trypsin digestion, 3) elutes earl...
Design of a Non-linear Endomicroscope Biopsy Probe

This paper introduces nonlinear optical (NLO) endomicroscope for non-invasive tissue optical biopsy. This NLO endomicroscope is composed of micro-optical components including micro-prism, GRIN lens, multi-axis high speed scanning actuators integrated at proximal end of endoscope.
Problematic Within-Family Alliances in Conjoint Family Therapy: A Close Look at Five Cases

We intensively analyzed five sessions in which the within-family alliance was manifestly problematic and family members reported discrepant perceptions of the family's sense of purpose about working together in therapy. Triangulation of observer ratings with (a) session content, (b) participants' post-session perceptions, (c) therapists' alliance-related interventions, and (d) clients' pretreatment target complaints and problem descriptions suggested three essential, interrelated aspects of the within-family alliance: family members (a) agreeing on the problem(s) and goals for treatment, (b) feeling connected in coping with their concerns ("a felt unity"), and (c) seeing conjoint therapy as valuable. Within-family disagreements on any of these aspects seemed to account for the observed in-session struggles. The analysis also suggested several missed opportunities for strengthening the within-family alliance.
Characterization of pICln binding proteins: identification of p17 and assessment of the role of acidic domains in mediating protein–protein interactions

Abstract pI Cln is a ubiquitous and abundant 27 kDa soluble protein that is localized primarily to the cytoplasm. The protein has been proposed to be a swelling-activated anion channel or a channel regulator. Recent studies, however, have cast significant doubt on these hypotheses, and the function of pI Cln therefore remains unknown. To further characterize the physiological role of pI Cln , we have begun to identify the proteins that bind to it and the amino acid domains that mediate pI Cln protein–protein interactions. Using affinity assays and immunoprecipitation we have identified three proteins in C6 glioma cells with molecular masses of 17 kDa, 29 kDa and 72 kDa that bind selectively to pI Cln . Microsequencing revealed that p17 is the non-muscle isoform of the alkali myosin light chain. pI Cln contains three acidic amino acid domains termed AD1, AD2 and AD3. Mutation of AD1 and/or AD2 had no effect on p17, p29 and p72 binding. However, binding of p72 was lost when four acidic amino acid residues were mutated in AD3, which is located at the carboxy terminus. A truncation peptide containing the last 29 amino acids of pI Cln was able to bind p72 normally. These results indicate that the carboxy terminus is necessary for p72–pI Cln interaction. Based on these and other findings, we propose that pI Cln is a protein responsible for regulating the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, and/or a protein involved in mediating interactions between components of intracellular signal transduction pathways.
The Effect of Indomethacin Pretreatment on Aphakic Cystoid Macular Edema

In patients treated with oral indomethacin for four weeks after intracapsular cataract extraction, five of 57 eyes (9%) had cystoid macular edema four to six weeks postoperatively as shown by fluorescein angiography. In a control group not treated with indomethacin, 15 of 34 eyes (44%) had cystoid mascular edema. Oral indomethacin, therefore, caused a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of aphakic cystoid macular edema.
Paired melt lenses at the East Pacific Rise and the pattern of melt flow through the gabbroic layer at a fast-spreading ridge

Abstract From geophysics, two thin and narrow sill-like melt lenses occur directly beneath the ridge axis on the East Pacific Rise (EPR) near 9°N. One is at the base of sheeted dikes, and the other at the base of the crust in the mantle transition with largely crystalline material in between. Along-axis continuity indicates that the upper one is a steady-state feature along much of the EPR. What causes melt to pool at two levels in the crust, with little melt in between? Normative densities of gabbro sampled from Hess Deep, eastern Pacific, at solidus temperatures are greater than melt densities calculated from compositions of basalt glass from the EPR. Therefore, abyssal-tholeiite liquids of all compositions are buoyant in a hot gabbroic crystalline matrix with no more than a few percent melt. There is therefore no level in the gabbroic layer at which pure basaltic melt attains neutral buoyancy, and by this means produces sill-like rather than dike-like intrusives. Instead, the upper melt lens appears to collect at a combined compositional and permeability barrier, defined by the coarse-grained base of the dike sequence sampled on the northern rift margin at Hess Deep. About 200 m of massive dike rocks with ophitic to subophitic coarse-grained texture occur just above gabbronorite and oxide–gabbro cumulates which are the crystallized relics of highly differentiated ferrobasaltic and ferroandesitic liquids in the melt lens. At temperatures of crystallization of cumulates at the level of the melt lens (1100–1000 °C), the basal dike rocks of less differentiated basaltic composition just above this were 90–98% crystalline, and they annealed to the point where dike contacts cannot be seen on outcrop surfaces. These slightly molten rocks need to be fractured by rift dilatancy or overpressure from beneath for magmas to ascend beyond the melt lens. Neutral buoyancy occurs in fine-grained dikes above where densities of escaping magma finally match those of the fractured and porous formation and this is the level that can be laterally intruded. The base of the crust, on the other hand, presents an abrupt reduction in the density contrast between ascending melt and surrounding rock, and a higher concentration of melt pockets and channels. Neutral buoyancy can be attained where primitive gabbros are first encountered if the ascending magmas are picritic, laden with olivine phenocrysts. High olivine concentrations in the narrow bodies of moving magma can be attained by a combination of sinking, relative plagioclase flotation, and flow differentiation. Sill-like intrusions that crystallize to dunite and plagioclase–peridotite cumulates will result. Such rocks are found but their structural orientation is unknown at the base of the intra-rift ridge at Hess Deep; sill-like analogs are found in some ophiolites. Lateral leakage of deep melt lenses into transform faults might account for both primitive picritic tholeiites and strongly plagioclase-phyric basalts found, for example, at Siqueiros Fracture Zone at 8°30′N along the EPR.
Charcot and the myth of misogyny

To the Editor: I was fascinated to read the paper entitled “Charcot and the myth of misogyny” by Goetz.1 However, the paper does not refer to the well known picture by Andre Brouillet, Une Leccon Clinique a la Salpetriere, painted in 1887 and thought to be in Lyon now. It was reproduced in magnificent fashion in The Times newspaper (March 27, 1999) and led to correspondence (April 1, 1999) (Gardner-Thorpe, The Times, 1 April 1999). The picture illustrates Blanche Wittman …
The mec -4 gene is a member of a family of Caenorhabditis elegans genes that can mutate to induce neuronal degeneration

Three dominant mutations of mec-4, a gene needed for mechanosensation, cause the touch-receptor neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans to degenerate. With deg-1, another C. elegans gene that can mutate to induce neuronal degeneration and that is similar in sequence, mec-4 defines a new gene family. Cross-hybridizing sequences are detectable in other species, raising the possibility that degenerative conditions in other organisms may be caused by mutations in similar genes. All three dominant mec-4 mutations affect the same amino acid. Effects of amino-acid substitutions at this position suggest that steric hindrance may induce the degenerative state.
A computer-based method for recording three-dimensional body postures

Abstract A computer-based posture recording method was developed to allow users to record three-dimensional human body postures from a videotape recording for use in ergonomics. To evaluate the method, a validation experiment was performed using 30 male and female subjects. Subjects were asked to record body postures for a videotaped model which were compared to standardized recordings made by the experimenter. Results showed that the method was reliable between subject and moderately accurate. The overall average recording error for each link was approximately 11 degrees, but was highly dependent on the link being recorded, the posture and the viewing angle. The time required to record each posture ranged from 2.55 to 5.98 minutes.