cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Triboelectric Charging of Granular Insulator Mixtures Due Solely to Particle−Particle Interactions

Triboelectric charging is widely observed in granular systems, but the physics underlying the phenomenon is not well understood. A critical challenge for experimental studies of triboelectric charging is to obtain reproducible data that can be linked to theoretical predictions. Toward this end, we develop and perform experiments on the triboelectric charging of granular mixtures with varying composition. A benchtop particle flow apparatus has been constructed that operates under low vacuum (70 Torr); performing experiments in a clean and controlled environment reduces the effects on charging caused by contaminates, humidity, etc. The apparatus is designed such that only particle−particle interactions occur (i.e., no particle−wall interactions). A noncontact method of measuring charge is employed to limit probe−particle charging (or discharging). Both time-dependent and steady-state behaviors are investigated. Various granular insulator materials are studied to investigate the effect of system composition ...
Evidence for anchoring and partial occlusion of metallic clusters on the pore walls of MCM-41 and effect on the stability of the metallic clusters

In order to explain the high stability of the Co- and Ni-MCM-41 catalysts, the hypotheses of anchoring of small metallic clusters to cations in and partial occlusion of the metallic clusters by amorphous silica are proposed. Carbon monoxide chemisorption on model catalysts and Co-MCM-41 has given direct proof of the metal anchoring effect on the stability of metal cluster dispersion. The partial occlusion of metallic clusters, which may lead to physical confinement (inhibited migration) or chemical confinement (inhibited reaction), was monitored by CO in situ FTIR and CO methanation along with a kinetic study, which confirmed that the metallic clusters on the pore surface result in the stabilization of the catalysts against deactivation. A fine tuning of these physicochemical phenomena in the transition metal incorporated MCM-41 will make possible the design of stable catalytic systems for reactions requiring metallic active sites under severe reaction conditions.
Numerical classification of geologic patterns characterized by binary variables

An iterative method of adaptive pattern recognition is used to allocate unclassified individuals to an a priori classification. The model is similar in form to a linear discriminant function, but the coefficient vector is determined by iteration. The method can be used with binary data, and with variables whose statistical distributions are not normal; it is therefore a useful technique for geologists.
Surgical tissue adhesives.

Surgical tissue adhesives continue to evolve as an important technology for the facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon. Twelve years ago there was little routine use of these substances; however, in the past 5 years there have been significant advances. It is becoming increasingly important for the facial plastic and reconstructive surgeon to be familiar with the indications and shortcomings of these compounds. This article will summarize the evolution of surgical tissue adhesives to their present-day applications, including technical points for their successful use. An ideal surgical tissue adhesive must meet the following criteria: strong binding strength, ease of application, tissue biocompatibility, biodegradable byproducts, minimal tissue reactivity, and reasonable cost. Currently available surgical tissue adhesives can be categorized as either fibrin tissue adhesives or cyanoacrylates. Although fibrin tissue adhesives and cyanoacrylates are often discussed under the general topic of surgical tissue adhesives, these two substances have different indications and mechanisms of action. Fibrin tissue adhesives use naturally occurring substrates that are part of normal endogenous clotting mechanisms. In contrast, the adhesion achieved by cyanoacrylates is a result of synthetic compounds not naturally occurring in the human body. These two types of adhesives also have different clinical indications. Fibrin tissue adhesives are typically applied below the dermis as a biologic hemostat or as a sealant for use with skin grafts and flaps. Cyanoacrylates have been shown to be histotoxic when applied below the dermis and have been used most successfully at the level of the epidermis for superficial skin closure [1].
Pathways to Collaboration: Exploring Values and Collaborative Practice Between Child Welfare and Substance Abuse Treatment Fields:

Although recent research has highlighted the importance of "bridging the gap" between child welfare and substance abuse treatment delivery systems, few studies examine specific factors that may facilitate such collaboration. This study examined similarities and differences in values and perceived capacity for collaboration between substance abuse and child welfare fields based on survey data from more than 350 respondents in 12 California counties. Although respondents across disciplines held similar values in some areas, such as priorities for services, significant differences between respondents from child welfare and substance abuse fields were found in other areas, including values and beliefs about drug use and drug-using parents, funding, and planning and measurement of outcomes. Respondents from counties with a strong history of collaboration were more likely to report institutionalized collaborative practices in several areas, from use of multidisciplinary teams for case planning to use of multiyear budgeting to plan for integrated services.
Mercury accumulation and flux across the gills and the intestine of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus)

Abstract This paper details the results of perfusion experiments examining the accumulation of inorganic and methylmercury (Hg and MMHg) into the gill and intestine tissue of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus . Additionally, the flux across the tissue to an internal medium, representative of crab tissue or haemolymph, during the perfusion was also measured. The accumulation and transfer processes were studied for each form by exposing the organs to a wide range of Hg and MMHg water concentrations, as well as a mixture of the two Hg forms. Experiments were also performed at different temperatures and in the presence of a metabolic inhibitor to assess the accumulation mechanisms. While the Hg levels bioaccumulated in the two organs were of the same order, the fluxes of Hg from the tissue to the internal medium were slightly higher in the intestine than in the gill. At low external concentrations, the uptake was very similar for both Hg forms, but as exposure pressure increased, inorganic Hg uptake slowed whereas MMHg uptake increased linearly. The results from the perfusion experiments with a mixture of inorganic Hg and MMHg show that while these two forms of Hg do share common uptake pathways, there is also independent uptake. The temperature and inhibition experiments with ouabain, a Na + K + ATPase inhibitor, show that accumulation is at least partially energy dependent. Overall, the results suggest that there is more than one mechanism of accumulation for both Hg forms. Finally, as accumulation of Hg and MMHg into these tissues was similar, these results contrast with the literature assertion that the enhanced bioaccumulation of MMHg over inorganic Hg is a result of MMHg being more readily transported across the gut membrane.
Signal Integrity Analysis with Power Delivery Network

Increased frequencies and reduced rise times have made signal integrity simulations an integral part of high speed board designs. Signal integrity simulations are usually performed considering an ideal power source and power integrity simulations are performed assuming ideal transmission lines. But due to ever decreasing rise times errors creep into signal quality and timing analysis by ignoring the effects of the PDN. This paper outlines the necessity and the impact of including power delivery network effects for Signal quality and timing analysis. This paper highlights the combined effort of Signal integrity and power delivery simulations which are performed to obtain the optimal topology, terminations and decoupling solution for motherboard implementation of 533MT/s DDR2 devices that are soldered directly on the motherboard.
A non-transmembrane form of Jagged-1 regulates the formation of matrix-dependent chord-like structures.

Jagged-Notch interactions regulate a transmembrane ligand-receptor signaling pathway involved in the regulation of cell fate determination as well as myoblast and endothelial cell differentiation. To further examine the role of the transmembrane ligand, Jagged-1, in the regulation of cell differentiation, we stably transfected NIH 3T3 cells with a truncated form of Jagged(J)-1, which results in the secretion of a soluble(s) form of the protein. Comparison of gene expression by serial analysis demonstrated that among the 227 transcripts differentially regulated in the sJ-1 transfectants, the expression of the pro-alpha-2(I) collagen transcript and pro-alpha-1(I) collagen translation product was predominantly repressed in sJ-1 transfectants. When plated on extracellular matrices, sJ-1 transfectants formed prominent chord-like structures on type I collagen but not on fibrin, fibronectin, or vitronectin. While the sJ-1 transfectants exhibited growth kinetics similar to control cells and were unable to grow in soft agar, the cells were less sensitive to contact inhibition of growth in vitro and sJ-1 allografts formed tissue masses in nude mice after a prolonged latency period and exhibited an abundance of host-derived microvascular endothelial cells. These data suggest that J-1 may be able to modulate, in a matrix-dependent manner, the organization of cell to cell interactions including its ability to promote the development of chord-like structures.
Modified excretory urography in prehysterectomy patients

A retrospective (520 patients) and prospective study (100 patients) of prehysterectomy patients was done to determine the role of preoperative excretory urography. Potentially useful information was provided by the urogram in only a small number of patients (7.4%). It is arguable whether or not preoperative intravenous urography should be done in these patients. However, since most of these patients routinely undergo this study, we suggest that a curtailed urogram consisting of a KUB film, a postinjection 15-minute prone film, and a supine film of the contrast-filled urinary bladder is adequate for preoperative screening, thereby minimizing cost and radiation to the patient.
Application of Atomic Layer Deposition of Platinum to Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

In this study, atomic layer deposition (ALD) was used to deposit Pt thin films as an electrode/catalyst layer for solid oxide fuel cells. I−V measurements were performed to determine the dependence of the fuel cell performance on the Pt film thickness at different operating temperatures. The measured fuel cell performance revealed that comparable peak power densities were achieved for ALD-deposited Pt anodes with only one-fifth of the platinum loading relative to dc-sputtered Pt anodes. The Pt films fabricated by dc sputtering and ALD had different microstructure, which accounted for the difference in their performance as a fuel cell anode. In addition to the continuous electrocatalyst layer, a micropatterned Pt structure was fabricated via area-selective ALD and used as a current collector grid/patterned catalyst for the fuel cells. An improvement of the fuel cell performance by a factor of 10 was observed using the Pt current collector grid/patterned catalyst integrated onto cathodic La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0....
Behavioural Assays to Model Cognitive and Affective Dimensions of Depression and Anxiety in Rats

Animal models have been used extensively to investigate neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, and their treatment. However, the aetiology and pathophysiology of many such disorders are largely unknown, which makes validation of animal models particularly challenging. Furthermore, many diagnostic symptoms are difficult to define, operationalise and quantify, especially in experimental animals such as rats. Thus, rather than attempting to model complex human syndromes such as depression in their entirety, it can be more productive to define and model components of the illness that may account for clusters of co-varying symptoms, and that may share common underlying neurobiological mechanisms. In preclinical investigations of the neural regulatory mechanisms linking stress to depression and anxiety disorders, as well as the mechanisms by which chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs may exert their beneficial effects in these conditions, we have employed a number of behavioural tests in rats to model specific cognitive and anxiety-like components of depression and anxiety disorders. In the present study, we review the procedures for conducting four such behavioural assays: the attentional set-shifting test, the elevated-plus maze, the social interaction test and the shock-probe defensive burying test. The purpose is to serve as a guide to the utility and limitations of these tools, and as an aid in optimising their use and productivity.
A framework to analyze multiple time series data: A case study with Streptomyces coelicolor

Transcriptional regulation in differentiating microorganisms is highly dynamic involving multiple and interwinding circuits consisted of many regulatory genes. Elucidation of these networks may provide the key to harness the full capacity of many organisms that produce natural products. A powerful tool evolved in the past decade is global transcriptional study of mutants in which one or more key regulatory genes of interest have been deleted. To study regulatory mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor, we developed a framework of systematic analysis of gene expression dynamics. Instead of pair-wise comparison of samples in different combinations, genomic DNA was used as a common reference for all samples in microarray assays, thus, enabling direct comparison of gene transcription dynamics across different isogenic mutants. As growth and various differentiation events may unfold at different rates in different mutants, the global transcription profiles of each mutant were first aligned computationally to those of the wild type, with respect to the corresponding growth and differentiation stages, prior to identification of kinetically differentially expressed genes. The genome scale transcriptome data from wild type and a ΔabsA1 mutant of Streptomyces coelicolor were analyzed within this framework, and the regulatory elements affected by the gene knockout were identified. This methodology should find general applications in the analysis of other mutants in our repertoire and in other biological systems.
Operator product expansion sum rules for heavy flavor transitions and the determination of ||Vcb||

We derive a model-independent upper bound for the axial-vector form factor of the B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ transition at zero recoil, ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{*}}$. The form factor turns out to be noticeably less than unity. The deviation ${\mathit{F}}_{\mathit{B}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{*}}$ from unity is larger than previously anticipated. Using our estimate we extract \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\Vert} from the measured exclusive rate of B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{D}}^{\mathrm{*}}$l\ensuremath{\nu} extrapolated to the point of zero recoil. The central ``exclusive'' value of \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\Vert} is in agreement with the value obtained from the inclusive semileptonic width \ensuremath{\Gamma}(B\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{X}}_{\mathit{c}}$l\ensuremath{\nu}). We argue that the theoretical uncertainty in determining \ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{V}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{b}}$\ensuremath{\Vert} from the total inclusive width is significantly reduced if a constraint on the quark mass difference ${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{b}}$-${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{c}}$ stemming from the heavy quark expansion is taken into account.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programmes have shown mixed results, which may be due to differing emphasis on training components. The purpose of this study was to (1) quantify the overall and relative duration of each training component encompassed within these programmes and (2) examine the effect of these durations on ACL injury rates. Methods A systematic review was completed and meta-analyses performed on eligible studies to produce a pooled OR estimate of the effectiveness of these programmes. Meta-regression was used to detect any relationship that programme duration and the duration of individual training components had on ACL injury rates. Results 13 studies were included for review. Results of the meta-analyses revealed a significant reduction of injuries after preventative training programmes for all ACL injuries (pooled OR estimate of 0.612, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.85; p=0.004) and for non-contact ACL injuries (OR 0.351, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.54; p<0.001). Results of meta-regression analysis revealed that a greater duration of balance training was associated with a higher injury risk for ACL injury (p=0.04), while greater durations of static stretching was associated with a lower injury risk for non-contact ACL injuries (p=0.04). Conclusions While ACL prevention programmes are successful in reducing the risk of ACL injury, the ideal combination and emphasis of training components within these programmes remains unclear. Evidence indicates that greater emphases on balance training and static stretching may be associated with an increase and decrease in injury risk, respectively.
Phenomenological model of CdS based thin film photovoltaics

We propose a list of indicative facts and a model of CdS-based thin-film photovoltaic junctions including their major types with CdTe and CIGS absorber layers. Our MIS phenomenological model allows for field reversal in the depleted CdS layer. It is solved analytically and predicts a variety of phenomena, such as the lack of carrier collection from CdS, buffer layer effects, light to dark current-voltage curve crossing and rollover.
A field validation of two sediment-amphipod toxicity tests.

A field validation study of two sediment-amphipod toxicity tests was conducted using sediment samples collected subtidally in the vicinity of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated Superfund site in Elliott Bay (WA, USA). Sediment samples were collected at 30 stations with a 0.1 m2 grab from which subsamples were taken for sediment toxicity testing and geochemical and macrofaunal analyses. Standard 10-d sediment-amphipod toxicity tests were conducted with Rhepoxynius abronius and Leptocheiros plumulosus. Sediments were analyzed for 33 PAHs, pentachlorophenol, polychlorinated biphenyls, acid-volatile sulfide, simultaneously extracted metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni), total organic carbon, and grain size. Sediment temperature, oxygen-reduction potential, water depth, and interstitial water salinity were also measured. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quantified as total PAH toxic units (TU(PAH)), were confirmed to be an important common causal agent of the changes in the two toxicity test (% survival R. abronius, % survival L. plumulosus) and five macrofaunal community (number of species, S; numerical abundance, A: total biomass, B: Swartz's dominance index, SDI; Brillouin's index, H) endpoints. Two other macrofaunal community metrics (the complement of Simpson's index, 1 - SI, and McIntosh's index, MI) were less sensitive to TU(PAH) than the two toxicity test endpoints. The sensitivities of R. abronius and L. plumulosus to TU(PAH) were statistically indistinguishable. Field validations were conducted by testing the association between or among each toxicity test endpoint, each of seven macrofaunal community metrics (S, A, B, SDI, H, 1 - SI, MI), and TU(PAH) by (1) Spearman's coefficient of rank correlation, (2) Kendall's coefficient of concordance, (3) G tests of independence, and (4) regression analysis. Some field validations based on multivariable tests of association (e.g., points 2 and 3) among toxicity test, field, and stressor endpoints produced false positive results. Both toxicity test endpoints were validated as indicators of changes in S, A, SDI, and H by all the methods tested. The resolution power of the relationships between the laboratory toxicity test and macrofaunal field endpoints was low (< or = three classes) but sufficient to discriminate ecologically important effects. We conclude that standard sediment-amphipod toxicity tests are ecologically relevant and that, under the proper conditions, their results can be used for lab-to-field extrapolation.
Louis Fisher on the Constitution and the War Power

Lou Fisher's prolific writings on the war power—the constitutional repository of authority to initiate war and lesser military hostilities on behalf of the American people—have informed and, for the better part of four decades, shaped discussions and debates on the respective roles of Congress and the president, from the halls of academe to the corridors of power. Widely cited and invoked on hundreds of occasions by political scientists, historians, and legal academics, his work has opened doors for serious consideration of his views by representatives in all three branches of the federal government. It has, as well, established his place in the front-rank of constitutional scholars and, almost certainly, earned for his scholarship an enduring influence on discussions about the constitutional authority to order the use of military force.
Use of the multimedia taxonomy for a research direction into design and evaluation of materials for the elderly

This paper describes the use of a multimedia taxonomy in developing and in evaluating interactive multimedia products. The taxonomy identifies three axis, one describing the various formats of media: text, sound, image and motion; one describing the form of the media: elaboration, representation and abstract; and a third describing the context for the product: quality, interactivity, discipline area, audience, usability and aesthetics. Designers can use the taxonomy to brainstorm presentation and combination of media. Evaluators can use the taxonomy to insure that all paths and concerns are reviewed, using any review guidelines familiar to the evaluator.
Hot electron transistors on silicon substrate (HESS)-a computational prototyping

Operational principles of hot electron transistors based on the real space transfer effect are examined. New device configurations on a silicon substrate without use of heterojunctions are proposed. Design trade-offs for different operating conditions are briefly summarized. The new designs are computationally prototyped by a full-band Monte Carlo device simulator.
Improving protein flexibility predictions by combining statistical sampling with a mean-field virtual Pebble Game

The Pebble Game (PG) algorithm is an efficient method to characterize protein flexibility. The PG calculates several mechanical graph rigidity quantities based on a network of chemical interactions. Because noncovalent chemical interactions continually break and reform, a distinct PG calculation is necessary for each network topology. As such, equilibrium properties are calculated by averaging over an ensemble of input networks, each with an accompanying PG characterization. We have recently developed a new mean field approach, called the Virtual Pebble Game (VPG), that speeds up calculation times by eliminating sampling. Here, we test a hybrid VPG-x algorithm that combines the advantages of both by applying the mean field approximation to some interactions while sampling the rest. Across several different quantitative and qualitative comparisons, the VPG-x algorithm consistently outperforms the strictly mean-field VPG.
Domain Adaptation with Coupled Subspaces

Domain adaptation algorithms address a key issue in applied machine learning: How can we train a system under a source distribution but achieve high performance under a different target distribution? We tackle this question for divergent distributions where crucial predictive target features may not even have support under the source distribution. In this setting, the key intuition is that that if we can link target-specific features to source features, we can learn effectively using only source labeled data. We formalize this intuition, as well as the assumptions under which such coupled learning is possible. This allows us to give finite sample target error bounds (using only source training data) and an algorithm which performs at the state-of-the-art on two natural language processing adaptation tasks which are characterized by novel target features.
Amnesia for Object Attributes Failure to Report Attended Information That Had Just Reached Conscious Awareness

People intuitively believe that when they become consciously aware of a visual stimulus, they will be able to remember it and immediately report it. The present study provides a series of striking demonstrations of behavior that is inconsistent with such an intuition. Four experiments showed that in certain conditions, participants could not report an attribute (e.g., letter identity) of a stimulus even when that attribute had been attended and had reached a full state of conscious awareness just prior to being questioned about it. We term this effect attribute amnesia, and it occurs when participants repeatedly locate a target using one attribute and are then unexpectedly asked to report that attribute. This discovery suggests that attention to and awareness of a stimulus attribute are insufficient to ensure its immediate reportability. These results imply that when attention is configured by using an attribute for target selection, that attribute will not necessarily be remembered.
The Prone Position in Acute Lung Injury

Refractory hypoxemia is a characteristic feature of severe ARDS. Over the last 30 years, prone positioning is one intervention clinicians have used to improve oxygenation in these patients. Prone positioning improves oxygenation via better ventilation-to-perfusion matching and improved lung mechanics while reducing the potential for ventilator-associated lung injury. In both pediatric and adult studies, prone positioning has been found to be a safe and relatively noninvasive maneuver for patients with ARDS. Though prone positioning clearly improves oxygenation, clinical trials have not demonstrated improvements in survival or morbidity.
The Archaeal Concept and the World it Lives in: A Retrospective.

The present retrospective concerns the discovery and development of the archaea, the so-called ‘third form of life’ that no one anticipated and many did not, and still do not want. In its birth pangs, which the archaea had a plenty, the concept encountered biology unmasked; for it ran up against some of the key struts in the 20th century biological edifice. Consequently, the history of the development of the archaeal concept provides an excellent window on certain of the weaknesses in the 20th century biology paradigm, weaknesses that have now led that paradigm to a conceptual dead end. On the other hand, the archaeal concept has also provided us one of the pillars on which a new holistic paradigm for biology can be built. So, it would seem of value to retrace some of the twists and turns in the history of the development of the archaeal concept. Given my position vis-a-vis the archaea, my account will be a personal one.
A context-aware security architecture for emerging applications

We describe an approach to building security services for context-aware environments. Specifically, we focus on the design of security services that incorporate the use of security-relevant "context" to provide flexible access control and policy enforcement. We previously presented a generalized access control model that makes significant use of contextual information in policy definition. This document provides a concrete realization of such a model by presenting a system-level service architecture, as well as early implementation experience with the framework. Through our context-aware security services, our system architecture offers enhanced authentication services, more flexible access control and a security subsystem that can adapt itself based on current conditions in the environment. We discuss our architecture and implementation and show how it can be used to secure several sample applications.
Root fractures in children and adolescents: Diagnostic considerations

– The objectives of this study were to (i) characterize epidemiologic trends in anterior permanent tooth trauma in a sample of children and adolescents (ii) examine the relationship of crown fractures (CF) and concomitant root fractures (RF) to determine if CFs are protective against RFs and (iii) examine the radiographic evidence of RFs to determine the value of obtaining three vertical periapical radiographic projections. This was an 8-year cross-sectional study of patients aged 6–18 with anterior permanent tooth trauma. We examined cases involving maxillary central/lateral incisors for which three clearly diagnostic periapical radiographs were obtained during the initial emergency visit. Two trained and calibrated dentists served as expert examiners for the radiographic assessments. Kappa statistics were used to determine reliability. Tests for association of concomitant crown and root fractures were performed using Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square tests. The final sample included 185 teeth in 114 children. Our demographic and epidemiologic findings were comparable to those of previous studies. Experts reached this consensus: 22 RFs were detected, 9.6% (eight out of 83) teeth exhibited root fractures when no CFs was documented, and 13.7% (14 out of 102) teeth had both CFs and RFs as separate entities. Good examiner reliability was reached confirming the presence of RFs (Kappa = 0.81). The association of concomitant RFs and CFs was odds ratio = 1.97 (P = 0.052). CFs were not protective against RFs; indeed, teeth with CFs were twice as likely to have an RF as those without CFs. As the number of radiographic projections increased, RFs were identified more often; however, our data suggest that there is no reason to suspect a complete RF in preteen children unless the root exhibits clinical signs such as luxation or severe mobility. This study provides solid evidence to support obtaining multiple radiographic projections at different vertical angulations to rule out RFs in children and adolescents when RFs are suspected.
Connecting context and creating relevant pedagogy: Deep Viewing of an online learning community

With a massive connectivity movement occurring throughout American schools, these learning networks present suitable environment for peer learning activities. While the prevalence of these networked communication tools tend to encourage formation of online learning communities, effective assessment strategies of such learning remain to be addressed. In this investigation, Deep Viewing methodology (Watts Pailliotet, 1998) was applied to assess learning outcomes and learning processes of online small group discussion among preservice and in-service teachers. As a result of this critical viewing, the need for connecting context and creating relevant pedagogy is shared.
Historically Black colleges and universities and resource dependence: a Chow test of production functions

While several studies have examined the impact of expenditures on graduation rates in higher education institutions, historically Black colleges and universities have strong government dependencies that suggest that these links might be different than for other universities. This paper investigates these links by estimating the production function of a subset of a large panel of 4-year institutions and uses a Chow test to find structural differences in production functions of Black universities and other universities. The analysis finds significant structural differences, notably that administrative expenditures have a significantly negative impact on graduation rates at Black universities. The findings suggest that the need to examine administrative frameworks and to diversify resource streams at Black universities is pressing. Using resource dependence theory, this paper concludes with a discussion about how these universities might mitigate the negative effects of government resource dependence.
On the fundamental tautology of validating data-driven models and simulations

Recent advances in Dynamic Data Driven Application Systems (DDDAS) facilitated by the present level of computational technologies, as well as advances in data-driven modeling and simulation, impose the need for a critical evaluation of paradigms underlying Qualification, Validation and Verification (QV&V). This paper discusses the fundamental irrelevance of conventional validation procedures with respect to data-driven models and simulations. This inherent property of data-driven models and simulations makes the data-driven approaches extremely desirable from a reliability perspective. An informal comparison of the logical flow of traditional and evolved QV&V demonstrates the tautological nature of data-driven model validation. A brief epistemological review of the origins of traditional and evolved QV&V is also presented.
The politics of photographic aesthetics: critically documenting the HIV epidemic among heroin injectors in Russia and the United States

For his birthday I brought Hank a copy of this image of himself taken while he was searching for just the right spot in his camp to hang the American flag (Fig. 1). I offered to buy him a drink but he refused, insisting on treating me to one instead, explaining that he had just been paid for moving furniture that day. We hunched down on our heels, leaning against the red brick wall of the corner liquor store and drank out of brown paper bags*/he a Cisco Berry fortified wine and me a beer. When I handed him the picture he went silent and stared. I was worried he did not like the photograph, or worse, might take offense to it. Finally, he put his hand to his brow, halfcovering his eyes and spoke, ‘Ain’t that a shame! A goddamned Vietnam Vet. Damn, Jeff, look at how skinny I am. I look like Viet Cong. Y’know, when I put myself back together, I’m gonna help the homeless.’ [Jeff’s Fieldnotes, June 1997].
FACTORS LIMITING BACTERIAL GROWTH : III. CELL SIZE AND "PHYSIOLOGIC YOUTH" IN BACTERIUM COLI CULTURES.

1. Measurements of the rate of oxygen uptake per cell in transplants of Bacterium coli from cultures of this organism in different phases of growth have given results in essential agreement with the observations of others. 2. Correlations of viable count, centrifugable nitrogen, and turbidity, with oxygen consumption, indicate that the increased metabolism during the early portion of the growth period is quantitatively referable to increased average size of cells. 3. Indirect evidence has suggested that the initial rate of growth of transplants is not related to the phase of growth of the parent culture.
USING WINTER COVER CROPS TO IMPROVE SOIL AND WATER QUALITY

This article reviews literature about the impacts of cover crops in cropping systems that affect soil and water quality and presents limited new information to help fill knowledge gaps. Cover crops grow during periods when the soil might otherwise be fallow. While actively growing, cover crops increase solar energy harvest and carbon flux into the soil, providing food for soil macro and microrganisms, while simultaneously increasing evapotranspiration from the soil. Cover crops reduce sediment production from cropland by intercepting the kinetic energy of rainfall and by reducing the amount and velocity of runoff. Cover crops increase soil quality by improving biological, chemical and physical properties including: organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, aggregate stability, and water infiltrability. Legume cover crops contribute a nitrogen (N) to subsequent crops. Other cover crops, especially grasses and brassicas, are better at scavenging residual N before it can leach. Because growth of thes...
High voltage solid dielectric coaxial ferrimagnetic nonlinear transmission line

At the Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics, previous coaxial ferrimagnetic Nonlinear Transmission Lines (NLTL) relied solely on pressurized Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) as high-voltage insulating dielectric medium [1]. While the use of SF6 provides the necessary electric insulation, there are drawbacks including gas storage and pressure fittings that increase system size and add to the design complexity of the NLTLs themselves. Hence it was deemed necessary to evaluate solid dielectric materials as an alternative. Initial attempts utilized a standard high voltage (HV) epoxy to pot the NLTL assembly. This method was effective at producing magnetic precession in the NLTL; however, there was a reduction in output power due to the high loss tangent of the epoxy. Sylgard 184, commonly used in solar cells, has also found use as an HV potting material. Per datasheet, its loss tangent is an order of magnitude lower compared to standard HV epoxy at 1 kHz. Samples of HV epoxy and Sylgard 184 were tested in a microwave cavity resonator at 3GHz, which yielded their respective loss tangents. The performance of an NLTL potted with Sylgard 184 is compared to that of the HV epoxy NLTL and the earlier SF6 insulated NLTL.
Diagnostic Yield of Cervical Radiographs in Infants with Deformational Plagiocephaly.

Background:When evaluating infants with deformational plagiocephaly, cervical spine radiographs are often acquired along with skull radiographs to exclude segmentation and fusion anomalies as the cause of associated torticollis. The diagnostic yield of cervical spine radiographs has not been evaluat
STEREODEPTH FROM AFTERIMAGES.

W e cannot tell which eye receives a monocular stimulus (Pickersgill, 1961); however, if we can't detect which eye receives each of two views, binocular disparity must be an ambiguous depth cue. Disparity changes due to convergence changes are un-ambiguous, but these could not explain the correct depth judgments obtained by Ogle and Reiher (1962) with rwo flash tubes' binocular afterimages (whose disparity was fixed). However, their data are inconclusive, since their Ss may have identified each afterimage's eye-of-origin by its rivalry with the contralateral images of the comparison stimuli, which were freely viewed. In the present experiment, a glass stereogram was transilluminated by a flash (Heiland, 65 A ) , located 1 ft. behind the stereoscope. Each half-view bore three slits, 1 /32 in. wide and 3 in. tall, and a 1/32-in. luminous dot so placed next to the central slit in each half-view that, when the dots were fused, the combined view contained rwo outer lines (each line viewed by both eyes), 16' apart. The center lines then formed a double image with 0.12" disparity. Reversing the half-views changed the disparity from "center near" to "center far." In Condition 1, 1 0 naive Ss dark adapted for 5 min., adjusted the stereoscope in semidarkness, then fired the flash and reported immediately whether the centerline in the afterimage was near or far. There were 5 near and 5 far trials in randomized order, with an intertrial interval of 1 min. Condition 11 differed only in that the afterimages were sustained by a flickering (4-cps) white field for 1 5 sec, after each flash, following which depth was judged. The order of conditions was equated berween Ss, the intercondition interval being 45 min. In Cond. I (immediate response), Ss judged better than chance ( M correct = 8.4, p < 0.01 by t test) and better than in Cond. I1 ( p < 0.01). Judgments in Cond. I1 (protracted inspection) did not differ from chance ( M = 5.5). W e must conclude, as did Dove in 1841, that eye-movement-produced changes are unnecessary to stereopsis, and that some other sign must identify which eye receives each half-view in the very first moment of binocular input.
Nonlinear flexural modeling for epoxy resin materials

Polymer composite structures are usually subjected to large flexural loadings, so the flexural behavior of these structures and their constituents are critical to their use. A novel approach for polymeric materials with strain softening model in tension and compression is developed to investigate the flexural behavior of Epon E 863. The tension and compression model consists of a bilinear ascending curve in pre-peak, strain softening followed by constant plastic flow in the post-peak response. The effects of softening localization on flexural response are considered. Local stress strain tension and compression responses, using digital image correlation system, are used for material characterization. Closed form expressions for flexural behavior are developed. The structural response of beams under three and four point bending and round plate on three symmetrical supports are studied experimentally and analytically. Results show that direct use of uniaxial tension and compression stress strain models underestimates the flexural load carrying capacity. Flexural over-strength factor obtained from inverse analysis of beam under three point bending is conservative and it could be used to modify the constitutive models for analyzing a structural system.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Realms of Scientific Meaning Framework for Constructing Theoretically Meaningful Nominal Definitions of Marketing Concepts

Nominal definitions of concepts specified in marketing theories are vulnerable to problems involving conceptual ambiguity and vagueness when they are defined using natural language systems. The aut...
Nerve growth factor released from a novel PLGA nerve conduit can improve axon growth

Nerve injury can occur due to penetrating wounds, compression, traumatic stretch, and cold exposure. Despite prompt repair, outcomes are dismal. In an attempt to help resolve this challenge, in this work, a poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nerve conduit with associated biodegradable drug reservoir was designed, fabricated, and tested. Unlike current nerve conduits, this device is capable of fitting various clinical scenarios by delivering different drugs without reengineering the whole system. To demonstrate the potential of this device for nerve repair, a series of experiments were performed using nerve growth factor (NGF). First, an NGF dosage curve was developed to determine the minimum NGF concentration for optimal axonal outgrowth on chick dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cells. Next, PLGA devices loaded with NGF were evaluated for sustained drug release and axon growth enhancement with the released drug. A 20 d in vitro release test was conducted and the nerve conduit showed the ability to meet and maintain the minimum NGF requirement determined previously. Bioactivity assays of the released NGF showed that drug released from the device between the 15th and 20th day could still promote axon growth (76.6–95.7 μm) in chick DRG cells, which is in the range of maximum growth. These novel drug delivery conduits show the ability to deliver NGF at a dosage that efficiently promotes ex vivo axon growth and have the potential for in vivo application to help bridge peripheral nerve gaps.
Ketamine as an anesthetic for obtaining plasma for rat prolactin assays.

SummaryMean plasma prolactin levels obtained from male rats following anesthesia with ketamine, decapitation or via indwelling venous catheters were not significantly different although a larger variance was found in the samples obtained via catheters. Ketamine, at anesthetic doses, did not affect the increases in prolactin produced by reserpine or α-methylparatyrosine. Ketamine, at various doses, did not potentiate the effect of subthreshold doses of 5-hydroxytryptophan on prolactin secretion. Thus, ketamine would appear to be a suitable anesthetic for use in studies of prolactin secretion in male rats. Further studies in female rats are required.Supported in part by grant nos. USPHS MH 30938, 29206, and RCSA MH 47808 to HYM.
Fluorescence characterization of co-immobilization-induced multi-enzyme aggregation in a polymer matrix using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET): toward the metabolon biomimic.

Sequential metabolic enzymes can form supramolecular complexes named metabolons in vivo through enzyme-enzyme association or aggregation to facilitate efficient substrate channeling. By separately labeling enzymes with lysine-targeting carboxylic acid succinimidyl ester fluorophores of distinct excitation wavelengths, this research presents a quantitative study of polymer-entrapment-induced in vitro multi-enzyme aggregation from three Krebs cycle enzymes using Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to find potential polymer materials for immobilizing enzyme cascades and inducing the metabolon biomimic formation on electrodes. The effect of hydrophobic modification of linear polyethylenimine, Nafion, and chitosan polymers on metabolon formation has been investigated through photobleaching FRET imaging in addition to traditional steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. By partially destroying FRET acceptors of longer excitation wavelength, increased fluorescence from dequenched donors of shorter excitation wavelength was measured and enzyme interactions in terms of energy-transfer efficiencies were mapped point by point. Results show that trimethyloctadecylammonium-modified Nafion works best in inducing multi-enzyme aggregation and exhibits a promising future in immobilized metabolon biomimics with the most uniform enzyme organization, as indicated by the protein distance distribution.
Competing behavior and observing responses

Two pigeons were trained to make observing responses in a mixed FR FR schedule. Two responses to the observing key produced stimuli correlated with one or the other of the FRs. One of the FRs was then lowered to two to strengthen food behavior immediately after reinforcement.ne of the Ss showed a sizable drop in observing response output. The other pigeon’s observing response output dropped as the size of the larger FR was increased.
Basic rescue and resuscitation. Trauma system concept in the United States

Trauma has become the most expensive health care problem in the United States. It is the leading cause of death in persons younger than 44 years old. In 1990, there were approximately 92,000 deaths from trauma, 50% of which were caused by automobile accidents. Before 1976, there was no systemized approach for care of the traumatized patient. The American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma has developed guidelines covering the spectrum of care of the trauma patient from access and prehospital care to hospital treatment and rehabilitation. The effectiveness of trauma systems has been proven in many studies that show a significant decrease in the preventable death rate in traumatized patients receiving care at a trauma center. The implementation of a national trauma system has proven difficult because of expense, commitment, and effective legislation. Small strides continue to be made, but many hurdles remain.
Yield and reliability prediction for DSM circuits

This chapter has presented a unified approach to yield and reliability modelling. Fundamentally, the successful integration of yield and early-life reliability results from the fact that latent early-life reliability defects, while smaller and placed differently, are essentially the same in nature as those killer defects that cause wafer probe failures. Yield models that accurately describe the distribution of killer defects will therefore also describe the distribution of latent defects.