cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical Features and Treatment of Fibrous Histiocytomas of the Tongue: A Systematic Review

Introduction Benign fibrous histiocytomas are common lesions of the skin that rarely affect the tongue. Such cases are available in the literature exclusively as case reports. Similarly, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, now classified as undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, is exceedingly rare in the tongue and not fully understood. Objectives This study systematically reviews the available literature discussing the clinical and pathological features of malignant and benign fibrous histiocytomas. Data Synthesis A total of 20 cases were included in this review. Patient-level data were extracted from cases to include clinical presentation, workup, treatment, and outcome. Conclusion Benign fibrous histiocytomas are consistent in clinical and histopathologic presentation. Surgical treatment provides excellent outcome, with no recurrence in all excised cases. Malignant tumors have a more aggressive clinical and pathological presentation. Surgical treatment with possible adjuvant radiotherapy resulted in recurrence in 40% of cases (follow-up of 24 months), and death due to disease in 47% of patients (follow-up of 19 months).
Explaining Employer Responses to Transnational Labor Activism: Indonesia and Cambodia Compared:

Attempts to expand labor rights are rarely met with automatic acceptance by employers who benefitted from past practices. Workers, thus, sometimes engage in transnational activism in an attempt to ...
Thirteenth Colorado Mathematical Olympiad: April 19, 1996

The thirteenth Annual Colorado Mathematical Olympiad brought together some 600 junior high and high school students. Contestants came from all over Colorado: Denver, Parker, Canon City, Woodland Park, Littleton, Castle Rock, Fort Collins, Manitou Springs, Castle Rock, Rangely, Ellicott, Durango, Longmont, Foxfield, Erie, Franktown, Sanford, Falcon, Calhan, Fountain, Aurora and Colorado Springs.
Complex Modulus Variation by Manipulation of Mechanical Test Method and Print Direction

3D printing technologies have made creating prototypes with complex geometries relatively simple thus it has become an increasingly popular method for creating prototypes in a research setting. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the properties of the materials being used. This paper examines the effects of printing direction and testing method type on the complex modulus of viscoelastic materials printed using the Objet Connex 3D Printer from Stratasys. Because of its ability to print multiple materials in a single print job, this printer is a popular choice to create models. Throughout these tests the sample material will be kept constant to isolate the effects of print direction and test performed. DM 8430 is produced by mixing VeroWhitePlus™ and TangoPlus™ in a specific ratio. Since the 3D printer threads and smooths the sample uniaxially, the print direction of the sample can be manipulated by changing the orientation at which the sample is placed on the printer. Two different print directions, that are perpendicular with respect to each other, will be examined. The two test methods that will be used to determine the complex modulus are the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) test, which examines the tensile behavior of the material, and the vibrating beam test, which examines the bending behavior. The goal is to gain greater insight into the uncertainty in the complex modulus that results from changing the test and printing direction used to determine this value. This will be done by performing a total of four tests. For each testing method, DMA and vibrating beam, the complex modulus will be found for two samples of different print direction, vertical and horizontal. These results will permit a greater understanding of the amount of variability produced by print direction.
The Movements of Migrating Salmonids in the Vicinity of a Heated Effluent Determined by a Temperature and Pressure Sensing Radio Telemetry System

The movements of eight migrating salmonids in the vicinity of a heated effluent were monitored with a temperature and pressure sensing biotelemetry system. Fish remained at the upwind edge of the thermal plume moving in and out of the heated water. Swimming speeds were slow and turns frequent. The fish remained in the study area for 3 to 22 h with an average residence time of 13 h. After leaving the thermal plume area, swimming speeds increased and straight courses were maintained. This was typical of fish tracked before the thermal plume was present.
Pancreas-Sparing Duodenectomy: How I Do It

Duodenal lesions are most often resected with a Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) to facilitate safe resection with adequate surgical margins. However, pancreas-preserving total duodenectomy (PPTD) is feasible in a subset of highly selected patients in whom malignant disease has been fully excluded. This chapter describes the clinical indications and operative technique of PPTD. Complete or partial resection of the duodenum with preservation of the head of the pancreas reduces the theoretic risks of pancreatic insufficiency. PPTD eliminates the need for pancreatic resection and is associated with good absorptive capacity, weight gain, and quality of life. It may reduce the risk of subsequent malignancy over other local or endoscopic resections, but long-term surveillance is still required. In experienced centers, PPTD is an additional strategy for the resection of benign duodenal lesions.
Accelerated Lambda Iteration

Accelerated Lambda Iteration, or ALI, methods are reviewed. An emphasis is given to the critical evaluation of various methods, analysing their physical and mathematical meaning, and recommending the most advantageous methods to interested non-specialists who consider applying these methods to solving actual line formation and model stellar atmosphere problems.
Poaching Workers in a Supply Chain: Enemy from Within?

Poaching is the prevalent practice of recruiting workers who are already employed elsewhere. Economy-wide, it represents the primary mode by which workers flow directly from one firm to another. In this paper, we examine the interaction between the flow of goods and the flow of workers (via poaching) between firms linked in a supply chain. We find that the direction of worker poaching between supply chain partners can run counter to classical labor economics results. Specifically, in a supply chain, the less productive firm may offer its workers higher wages and poach workers from the more productive firm. We also find that worker flows accomplished via poaching impact supply chain management. First, we find that the identity of supply chain bottleneck may depend on whether poaching is available as a means to accomplish worker flows. Next, we find that the benefits of worker flows between supply chain partners in some cases outweigh the costs incurred, so no-poaching agreements would be worse for some supply chains. This net benefit of poaching between members of a supply chain is robust to the presence of outside labor market competitors as long as the competitors do not have high productivity. Thus, poaching workers from supply chain partners can often increase the benefit of operating in manufacturing hubs for all supply chain members.
Partner Matching Applications of Social Networks

People always need to find partners to engage in a lot of daily activities. Therefore, applications of partner matching are significant to help people to find good partners easily. In this paper, we proposed a framework which can match partners for an activity community. In order to improve the matching performance, all users are divided into groups based on a specific classification tree that is built for a specific activity. Maintaining as many stable partnerships as possible in the community is the optimization goal. To achieve the goal, various factors are considered to design matching functions. The simulation results show that the proposed framework can help most of people find stale partners quickly.
JURIST: Legal History in Action

“The fun never stops!” So says University of Pittsburgh law professor Bernard Hibbitts, founder, editor, and publisher of JURIST: Legal News and Research, (http://jurist.law.pitt.edu). JURIST is the 2006 winner of the People’s Choice Webby Award for the best law Website. Prof Hibbitts has found a few minutes to talk about JURIST and his vision of what the Web can do. The rest of his day is being spent in the “fun” of managing a complex Website, run primarily by a staff of students, academic volunteers, and “commentators” from around the world. On this day, those commentators include bloggers, academics, and lawyers from both sides of the conflict between Israel and Hizbollah. The ability to get content and comment from both sides of a conflict or issue, enhance that content, and publish it without bias is the hallmark of what makes JURIST one of the most unique and respected legal content providers on the Web. Not too bad for a Website that was created on one cold, Pittsburgh morning in February 1996, by a man known primarily as a law professor and legal historian.
Short Courses of Antibiotics as Effective as Longer Courses for Outpatient Infections.

Just about every time someone asks, “Can I get away with a shorter course of antibiotics,” the answer is, “Yes, you can.” Shorter courses reduce cost and may reduce the likelihood of adverse events.
Thick Film Ni 0.5 Mn 0.5-x Sn x Heusler Alloys by Multi-layer Electrochemical Deposition

The design of multifunctional alloys with multiple chemical components requires controllable synthesis approaches. Physical vapor deposition techniques, which result in thin films (<1 μm), have previously been demonstrated for micromechanical devices and metallic combinatorial libraries. However, this approach deviates from bulk-like properties due to the residual stress derived in thin films and is limited by total film thickness. Here, we report a route to obtain ternary Ni-Mn-Sn alloy thick films with controllable compositions and thicknesses by annealing electrochemically deposited multi-layer monatomic (Ni, Mn, Sn) films, deposited sequentially from separate aqueous deposition baths. We demonstrate (1) controllable compositions, with high degree of uniformity, (2) smooth films, and (3) high reproducibility between film transformation behavior. Our results demonstrate a positive correlation between alloy film thicknesses and grain sizes, as well as consistent bulk-like transformation behavior.
Nonuniversal critical aging scaling in three-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnets

We numerically investigate the stationary and nonequilibrium critical dynamics in three-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg antiferromagnets. Since the nonconserved staggered magnetization couples dynamically to the conserved magnetization density, we employ a hybrid simulation algorithm that combines reversible spin precession with relaxational Kawasaki spin-exchange processes. We measure the dynamic critical exponent and identify a suitable intermediate time window to obtain the aging scaling exponents. Our results support an earlier renormalization-group prediction: While the critical aging collapse exponent assumes a universal value, the associated temporal decay exponent in the two-time spin autocorrelation function depends on the initial distribution of the conserved fields; here, specifically on the width of the initial spin orientation distribution.
Business History’s Influence on Sport Management

In this essay, we explore the development of the North American Society for Sport Management (NASSM) and expose the foundation that Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., the Harvard Business School, and other h...
Rational Neural Networks for Approximating Graph Convolution Operator on Jump Discontinuities

For node level graph encoding, a recent important state-of-art method is the graph convolutional networks (GCN), which nicely integrate local vertex features and graph topology in the spectral domain. However, current studies suffer from several drawbacks: (1) graph CNNs rely on Chebyshev polynomial approximation which results in oscillatory approximation at jump discontinuities; (2) Increasing the order of Chebyshev polynomial can reduce the oscillations issue, but also incurs unaffordable computational cost; (3) Chebyshev polynomials require degree Ω(poly(1/e)) to approximate a jump signal such as |x|, while rational function only needs O(poly log(1/e)). However, it is non-trivial to apply rational approximation without increasing computational complexity due to the denominator. In this paper, the superiority of rational approximation is exploited for graph signal recovering. RatioanlNet is proposed to integrate rational function and neural networks. We show that the rational function of eigenvalues can be rewritten as a function of graph Laplacian, which can avoid multiplication by the eigenvector matrix. Focusing on the analysis of approximation on graph convolution operation, a graph signal regression task is formulated. Under graph signal regression task, its time complexity can be significantly reduced by graph Fourier transform. To overcome the local minimum problem of neural networks model, a relaxed Remez algorithm is utilized to initialize the weight parameters. Convergence rate of RatioanlNet and polynomial based methods on a jump signal is analyzed for a theoretical guarantee. The extensive experimental results demonstrated that our approach could effectively characterize the jump discontinuities, outperforming competing methods by a substantial margin on both synthetic and real-world graphs.
Applications of the fundamental matrix to mean absorption and conditional mean absorption problems

Abstract A proof of a general theorem for the calculation of conditional mean duration of a finite absorbing discrete time Markov chain is presented. In the simplest case, this result is equivalent to one suggested in the book of Kemeny and Snell (1976). In addition, we prove that the mean duration and mean conditional duration of a finite absorbing continuous time Markov chain can be calculated via the fundamental matrix of the embedded discrete time chain. These results are also extended to certain non-absorbing Markov chains. Applications are presented to illustrate the utility of these results.
On the Optimal Pre-Computation of Window τNAF for Koblitz Curves.

Koblitz curves have been a nice subject of consideration for both theoretical and practical interests. The window τ -adic algorithm of Solinas (window τNAF) is the most powerful method for computing point multiplication for Koblitz curves. Precomputation plays an important role in improving the performance of point multiplication. In this paper, the concept of optimal pre-computation for window τNAF is formulated. In this setting, an optimal pre-computation has some mathematically natural and clean forms, and requires 2w−2 − 1 point additions and two evaluations of the Frobenius map τ , where w is the window width. One of the main results of this paper is to construct an optimal pre-computation scheme for each window width w from 4 to 15 (more than practical needs). These pre-computations can be easily incorporated into implementations of window τNAF. The ideas in the paper can also be used to construct other suitable pre-computations. This paper also includes a discussion of coefficient sets for window τNAF and the divisibility by powers of τ through different approaches.
Bruckner: Symphony No. 8

Anton Bruckner's Eighth Symphony (1890), one of the last of the great Romantic symphonies, is a grandly complex masterpiece. Its critical reception has been fascinatingly contentious. Its music, at once extensive and distilled, directly confronts the problem of the symphony after Beethoven and after Wagner. This book explores this many-faceted work from several angles. It documents the complicated and often misunderstood history of the symphony's composition and revision and offers an accessible guide to its musical design. It demonstrates, by means of a study of well-known recordings, how performance styles have evolved in this century. It also revisits the conventional wisdom about the various versions and editions of the symphony and comes to some provocative new conclusions.
Predicting student understanding by modeling interactive exploration of evidence during an online science investigation

This study mined student interactions with visual representations as a means to automate assessment of learning in a complex, inquiry-based learning environment. Log trace data of 143 middle school...
Acción y representación: indicadores de desempeño de la defensa en una muestra de audiencias de control de garantías en Colombia

Las reformas judiciales en America Latina han transformado la forma y el fondo de la administracion penal. Sin embargo, poco se sabe a nivel empirico sobre la disposicion de casos y acerca del acci...
P574 Rectal and pharyngeal M. genitalium among Men who have Sex with Men (MSM): results from a longitudinal cohort study

Background Little is known about the natural history of rectal and pharyngeal Mycoplasma genitalium (MG). Methods From March 2016 to December 2018, we enrolled 140 high-risk MSM in a 12-month cohort study. Eligibility criteria included: age ≥18 years, report of receptive anal intercourse, and ≥1 of the following in ≤12 months: (1) gonorrhea, chlamydia or syphilis; (2) methamphetamine or popper use, or (3) ≥2 sex partners in ≤2 months or ≥5 in ≤12 months. Each week, men collected pharyngeal and rectal swabs and completed an electronic sex diary. We tested swabs for MG (Aptima, Hologic, Inc.) at study completion. Infection was defined as ≥2 consecutive positive tests; clearance was ≥2 consecutively negative tests. We calculated person-weeks-at-risk to estimate incidence and used Kaplan Meier curves to estimate duration of infection. We censored subjects who had a positive swab in the final study week, received doxycycline or azithromycin and obtained clearance in the following 3 weeks, or were lost-to-follow-up. None received moxifloxacin. Results At week 1, the prevalence of rectal and pharyngeal MG was 8% (4/48) and 2% (1/48), respectively. Among 48 men with results from 3,579 specimens, 12 (25%) had ≥1 rectal, and 5 (10%) had ≥1 pharyngeal MG infection. In 1,504 person-weeks-at-risk, rectal MG incidence was 38 (95%CI: 19–68) infections per 100 person-years. In 1,715 person-weeks-at-risk, pharyngeal MG incidence was 15 (95%CI: 5–35) per 100 person-years. Forty percent (6/15) of rectal and 50% (3/6) of pharyngeal infections were censored. Rectal and pharyngeal infections had estimated median durations of 30 (95%CI: 6 – undefined) and 16 (95%CI: 3 – undefined) weeks, respectively. Blips, single positive tests that did not meet criteria for infection, occurred in 8 (17%) men with 17 rectal and 4 (8%) men with 10 pharyngeal MG-positive tests. Conclusion xtragenital, MG, including pharyngeal infection, is common and persistent among high-risk MSM. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Diversity, Inclusion, and Professionalism in Japanese Language Education: Introduction to the Special Section

Diversity and inclusion have become a major concern in academic and professional institutions in recent years. As educators, we are responsible for creating environments where a diverse population of students can communicate beyond differences and learn from each other. While this educational mission is widely recognized, we have not sufficiently examined the extent to which a culture of diversity and inclusion has been fostered and actually practiced within our professional community. The current special section aims to facilitate dialogs on this topic among Japanese-language educators by sharing the results of an online survey conducted in 2018 and featuring commentaries prepared by twelve individuals who have contributed to Japanese language education in North America in different capacities. This introductory article provides a brief overview of the backgrounds and motivations for this special section and outlines its organization.
Cerebral aneurysms and cervical artery dissection: Neurological complications and genetic associations.

Abstract Dissections and aneurysms are two of the more common nonatherosclerotic arteriopathies of the cerebrovascular system and a significant contributor to neurovascular complications, particularly in the young. Specifically, ruptured intracranial aneurysms (IA) account for nearly 500,000 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage annually with a 30-day mortality approaching 40% and survivors suffering often permanent neurologic deficits and disability. Unruptured IAs require dedicated assessment of risk and often warrant serial radiologic monitoring. Cervical artery dissection, affecting the carotid and vertebral arteries, accounts for nearly 20% of strokes in young and middle-aged adults. While approximately 70% of cervical artery dissection (CeAD) cases present with stroke or TIA, additional neurologic complications include severe headache and neck pain, oculosympathetic defect (i.e., partial Horner's syndrome), acute vestibular syndrome, and rarely lower cranial nerve palsies. Both aneurysms and dissections of the cerebrovascular system may occur frequently in patients with syndromic connective tissue disorders; however, the majority of cases are spontaneously occurring or mildly heritable with both polygenic and environmental associations. Fibromuscular dysplasia, in particular, is commonly associated with both risk of CeAD and IA formation. Further research is needed to better understand the pathophysiology of both IA and CeAD to better understand risk, improve treatments, and prevent devastating neurologic complications.
A Narrative Critical Review of Research on Self-Sexualization:

Self-sexualization is an emerging area of research relevant to clothing researchers as evaluations of sexual appeal often stem from specific items and uses of dress. Our research purpose was to sys...
Zebra jumping spiders opportunistically forage on different sized midges

Abstract Prey preferences influence predator diets and therefore the structure and function of food webs. Yet preferences may arise for several reasons, including the maximization of energy gain or the acquisition of specific nutrients. Detecting prey preferences requires a robust estimation of foraging rates from the functional response, but these are unavailable in most prey preference studies. Here we assess preference for small or large midges (Chironomidae) by zebra jumping spiders (Salticus scenicus). We conducted functional response experiments for both small and large midges to determine expectations for foraging rates on each. We then conducted foraging trials to assess preferences, predicting that jumping spiders would have a preference for large midges because of their greater energy content. We found that zebra jumping spiders had a higher functional response when foraging on small midges than when foraging on large midges. Rather than indicating a preference for small midges, this difference sets the correct null expectation for choice experiments, and when offered a choice of prey types, spiders showed no preference for large or small midges. In contrast, the Manly's α choice metric suggested a preference for small midges, and we therefore argue that this approach provides a distorted depiction of prey preferences in this spider.
The use of confidentiality and anonymity protections as a cover for fraudulent fieldwork data

Qualitative fieldwork research on sensitive topics sometimes requires that interviewees be granted confidentiality and anonymity. When qualitative researchers later publish their findings, they mus...
Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 utilizes an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase to produce acetate

Zymomonas mobilis is a promising bacterial host for biofuel production but further improvement has been hindered because some aspects of its metabolism remain poorly understood. For example, one of the main byproducts generated by Z. mobilis is acetate but the pathway for acetate production is unknown. Acetaldehyde oxidation has been proposed as the major source of acetate and an acetaldehyde dehydrogenase was previously isolated from Z. mobilis via activity guided fractionation, but the corresponding gene has never been identified. We determined that the locus ZMO1754 (also known as ZMO_RS07890) encodes an NADP+-dependent acetaldehyde dehydrogenase that is responsible for acetate production by Z. mobilis. Deletion of this gene from the chromosome resulted in a growth defect in oxic conditions, suggesting that acetaldehyde detoxification is an important role of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. The deletion strain also exhibited a near complete abolition of acetate production, both in typical laboratory conditions and during lignocellulosic hydrolysate fermentation. Our results show that ZMO1754 encodes the major acetaldehyde dehydrogenase in Z. mobilis and we therefore rename the gene aldB based on functional similarity to the Escherichia coli acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.
Gender stereotypes about interests start early and cause gender disparities in computer science and engineering

Societal stereotypes depict girls as less interested than boys in computer science and engineering. We demonstrate the existence of these stereotypes among children and adolescents from first to 12th grade and their potential negative consequences for girls' subsequent participation in these fields. Studies 1 and 2 (n = 2,277; one preregistered) reveal that children as young as age six (first grade) and adolescents across multiple racial/ethnic and gender intersections (Black, Latinx, Asian, and White girls and boys) endorse stereotypes that girls are less interested than boys in computer science and engineering. The more that individual girls endorse gender-interest stereotypes favoring boys in computer science and engineering, the lower their own interest and sense of belonging in these fields. These gender-interest stereotypes are endorsed even more strongly than gender stereotypes about computer science and engineering abilities. Studies 3 and 4 (n = 172; both preregistered) experimentally demonstrate that 8- to 9-y-old girls are significantly less interested in an activity marked with a gender stereotype ("girls are less interested in this activity than boys") compared to an activity with no such stereotype ("girls and boys are equally interested in this activity"). Taken together, both ecologically valid real-world studies (Studies 1 and 2) and controlled preregistered laboratory experiments (Studies 3 and 4) reveal that stereotypes that girls are less interested than boys in computer science and engineering emerge early and may contribute to gender disparities.
Fast Wave Heating in the Princeton Large Torus

Fast wave heating in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) is being studied on the Princeton Large Torus (PLT) to evaluate its potential for heating large reactor-scale toroidal plasmas. Of primary interest are the two-ion and pure second harmonic heating regimes which, with proper control of the ion energy distribution and the rf power deposition profile, permit substantial energy glow into the bulk plasma ions. Initial heating experiments have been conducted with a single 1/2 turn antenna up to wave powers of P/sub rf/ approx. = 350 kW for durations of greater than or equal to 100 ms in the two-ion regime under conditions for which direct fundamental cyclotron damping on the minority ion species dominates the wave absorption. Ion-ion coupling serves to heat the majority ions and for energetic minority ion energy distributions, energy flow to the electrons results from electron drag. Substantial ion heating is found for D-p mixtures; ..delta..T/sub d/(0) approx. = 600 eV for 350 kW with anti n/sub e/ approx. = 2 x 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/. The deuteron heating efficiency is improved by about a factor of approx. 2 in D/sup -3/He mixtures; ..delta..T/sub d/(0) approx. = 500 eV for 150 kW withmore » anti n/sub e/ approx. = 2.1 x 10/sup 13/ cm/sup -3/.« less
NMR and NQR study of the thermodynamically stable quasicrystals

{sup 27}Al and {sup 61,65}Cu NMR measurements are reported for powder samples of stable AlCuFe and AlCuRu icosahedral quasicrystals and their crystalline approximants, and for a AlPdMn single grain quasicrystal. Furthermore, {sup 27}Al NQR spectra at 4.2 K have been observed in the AlCuFe and AlCuRu samples. From the quadrupole perturbed NMR spectra at different magnetic fields, and from the zero field NQR spectra, a wide distribution of local electric field gradient (EFG) tensor components and principal axis system orientations was found at the Al site. A model EFG calculation based on a 1/1 AlCuFe approximant was successful in explaining the observed NQR spectra. It is concluded that the average local gradient is largely determined by the p-electron wave function at the Al site, while the width of the distribution is due to the lattice contribution to the EFG. Comparison of {sup 63}Cu NMR with {sup 27}Al NMR shows that the EFG distribution at the two sites is similar, but that the electronic contribution to the EFG is considerably smaller at the Cu site, in agreement with a more s-type wave function of the conduction electrons.
Planetarian Identity Formation and the Relocalization of Environmental Law

Local food, local work, local energy production – all are hallmarks of a resurgence of localism throughout contemporary environmental thought and action. The renaissance of localism might be seen as a retreat from the world’s global environmental problems. This paper maintains, however, that some forms of localism are actually expressions, and appropriate ones, of a planetary environmental consciousness. The paper’s centerpiece is an in-depth evaluation of local climate action initiatives, including interviews with participants as well as other data and observations about their ethics, attitudes, behaviors, and motivations. The values and identities being forged in these initiatives form the basis for timely conceptions of the human relationship with the planet, which in turn provide grist for environmental law and policy design. One overarching conclusion is that environmental laws, even those aimed at solving problems of planetary scale, should include elements that foster localism. The reasons to do so are two-fold, and strangely complementary. First, in an instrumentalist vein, sustained attitude and behavior changes are most likely to be accomplished through the positive feedbacks between personal and community norms. Second, if we fail to reign in carbon emissions as a global matter, at least some communities will have nurtured the attitudes, behaviors, and patterns of living that might be most adaptive to the vicissitudes of a post-climate changed world. By fostering the planetarian identity, localism therefore has the potential to redeem environmental law, even in the face of its potential failure.
The Utilization of Expert Systems within the Nuclear Industry

The utilization of expert systems within the nuclear industry is examined. Topics reviewed include factors motivating the industry to develop expert systems, areas of application, and issues related to acceptance. It was found that expert systems, as currently conceived, can be used for managerial tasks such as ensuring regulatory compliance and for interactive diagnostics. However, it is unclear that the technology can be utilized for real-time diagnostics and guidance. For this to happen there must be substantial improvements in the man-machine interface and extensive experimental assessments of the technology.
Modeling mutual funds and commercial banks

Abstract Commercial banks have oftentimes been modeled assuming that they are pricetakers. However, one of the crucial factors of bank portfolio management is that many of the markets banks work in exhibit the characteristics of imperfect competition. In this note the differences in modeling mutual funds and commercial banks are examined. Results are then derived and examined to point out the crucial role such things as liquidity and liability management play in the management of commercial banks.
Copper dimer interactions on a thermomechanical superfluid (4)He fountain.

Laser induced fluorescence imaging and frequency domain excitation spectroscopy of the copper dimer (B1Σg+ ←X1Σu+) in thermomechanical helium fountain at 1.7 K are demonstrated. The dimers penetrate into the fountain provided that their average propagation velocity is ca. 15 m/s. This energy threshold is interpreted in terms of an imperfect fountain liquid-gas interface, which acts as a trap for low velocity dimers. Orsay-Trento density functional theory calculations for superfluid 4He are used to characterize the dynamics of the dimer solvation process into the fountain. The dimers first accelerate towards the fountain surface and once the surface layer is crossed, they penetrate into the liquid and further slow down to Landau critical velocity by creating a vortex ring. Theoretical lineshape calculations support the assignment of the experimentally observed bands to Cu2 solvated in the bulk liquid. The vibronic progressions are decomposed of a zero-phonon line and two types of phonon bands, which correl...
Concept Maps in Introductory Statistics.

Summary Concept maps are tools for organizing thoughts on the main ideas in a course. I present an example of a concept map that was created through the work of students in an introductory class and discuss major topics in statistics and relationships among them.
Modeling the developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos in vitro: macromolecule synthesis in PC12 cells.

Abstract Exposure to apparently subtoxic doses of chlorpyrifos during late stages of brain development affects cell acquisition through a mixture of cholinergic and noncholinergic mechanisms. In the current study, we modeled these effectsin vitrousing rat pheochromocytoma (PC12), a cell line that, upon nerve-growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation, develops the appearance and function of cholinergic target neurons, including the expression of cholinergic receptors. In the undifferentiated state (no NGF), chlorpyrifos evoked an immediate (1 h), robust, concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis as evaluated by [3H]thymidine incorporation, with a threshold of 0.5–1.5 μg/ml. Continuous exposure for up to 24 h maintained the same degree of inhibition. The effects were selective for DNA synthesis, as much smaller inhibitions were found for synthesis of RNA or protein. In contrast, direct cholinergic stimulation of the cells by 100 μM nicotine had much smaller effects on DNA synthesis. Moreover, the effects of chlorpyrifos on DNA synthesis could not be blocked by nicotinic or muscarinic antagonists, confirming that the effects were not mediated primarily through cholinergic hyperstimulation consequent to cholinesterase inhibition or to direct receptor-mediated effects. When PC12 cells underwent NGF-induced differentiation, the rate of cell replication fell dramatically and neurite extension was evident both from morphological examination and from biochemical markers (increased protein:DNA ratio). After introduction of NGF, chlorpyrifos maintained its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis acutely. However, the ability to inhibit RNA and protein synthesis initially intensified and then disappeared, indicating a shift in macromolecular targets as differentiation proceeded. We also tested the effects of long-term exposure to chlorpyrifos during the process of NGF-induced differentiation. Continuous chlorpyrifos exposure resulted in severe reductions in macromolecule synthesis and a deficit in the total number of cells, effects similar to those seen with chlorpyrifos treatmentin vivo.At the highest concentrations, neurite extension was also inhibited. Our results suggest that chlorpyrifos can interact directly with developing neural cells to inhibit replication and neuritic outgrowth.
The Role of Src Family Kinases in Cortical Cataract Formation

PURPOSE. The goal of this study was to determine the role of Src family kinases (SFKs) in the development of lens cataract. This question was particularly significant, because these tyrosine kinases mediate the stress pathways known to lead to cataract formation. The experiments were focused on whether the inhibition of SFK activity suppresses the formation of lens opacities. METHODS. A whole-lens culture system was developed, in which cortical opacities formed within 5 days, in embryonic day (E)10 lenses grown in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. SFK activity was blocked in the cultured lenses by growth in the presence of the SFK-specific inhibitor PPI. Control cultures were grown in medium without inhibitor or in the presence of PP3, the inactive analogue of PP1. Lenses were cultured for 10 days, observed, and photographed daily. Opacification was quantified with image-analysis software. Tissue architecture was determined alter hematoxylin and eosin staining and cellular organization by fluorescent localization of filamentous actin with fluorescein-conjugated phalloidin. RESULTS. Almost all lenses in the control cultures developed cortical opacities covering approximately 50% of the lens area by day 10. Similar to control cultures, PP1-treated lenses showed mild posterior opacities during the first 5 days in culture, but then became strikingly transparent. Only 7% of the PP1-treated lenses showed development of cortical cataract, and the average area of opacity was just 0.5% by culture day 10. In all cultured lenses, even in the presence of the PPI inhibitor, the how region of the lens extended to the posterior pole, and distribution of nuclei from the posterior pole toward the anterior aspects of the lens suggested that newly added fiber cells were misdirected. However, neither this feature, nor the presence of vacuoles appeared to correlate with the development of opacity in the cultured lenses. Instead, the lens opacities appeared to result from gross abnormalities in the shape and organization of cells in the equatorial and cortical fiber zones, as observed by F-actin staining. Culturing the lenses in the presence of the SFK inhibitor prevented these lens cell aberrations as well as the development of lens opacity. CONCLUSIONS. The formation of cataract can involve activation of SFK-mediated pathway(s) leading to disorganization of developing lens fiber cells, and inhibiting these tyrosine kinases blocks cataract progression.
No Room in the Inn

The relationship between the disappearance of the nation's SRO housing stock and the emergance of homelessness is examined. SRO's and their inhabitants are looked at historically, highlighting the demographic, political and economic trends which have shped SRO housing policy over the last several decades. The argument is made that constructions of SRO residents as "deviant" and "underserving" have resulted in public policy's failure to adequately confront the needs of this segment of society.
Watershed features and stream water quality: Gaining insight through path analysis in a Midwest urban landscape, U.S.A.

Urban stream condition is often degraded by human activities in the surrounding watershed. Given the complexity of urban areas, relationships among variables that cause stream degradation can be difficult to isolate. We examined factors affecting stream condition by evaluating social, terrestrial, stream hydrology and water quality variables from 20 urban stream watersheds in central Iowa, U.S.A. We used path analysis to examine and quantify social and ecological factors related to variation in stream conditions. Path models supported hypotheses that stream water quality was influenced by variables in each category. Specifically, one path model indicated that increased stream water conductivity was linked to high road density, which itself was associated with high human population density. A second path model revealed nitrogen concentration in stream water was positively related to watershed area covered by cropland, and that cropland increased as human population density declined. A third path model indicated phosphorus concentration in stream water declined as percent of watershed residents with college education increased, although the mechanism underlying this relationship was unclear and could have been an artifact of lower soil-derived nutrient input from watersheds dominated by paved surfaces. To improve environmental conditions in urban streams, land use planning strategies should include limiting or reducing road density near streams, installing treatment trains for surface water runoff associated with roads, and establishing vegetated buffer zones to reduce inputs of road salt and other pollutants. Additionally, education/outreach should be conducted with residents to increase understanding of how their own behaviors influence stream water quality.
Morbidity, Mortality and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Community Dwelling Elderly

A population-based probability sample of elderly individuals (n = 426), who were originally studied between 1981 and 1986 (mean age at initial study was 72.5 years), were followed for mortality. Those with > or = 30 respiratory disturbances per hour of sleep had significantly shorter survival (p = 0.0034), but the respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was not an independent predictor of death. When Cox proportional hazards analysis was done, only age (the strongest predictor), cardiovascular disease and pulmonary disease were independent predictors of death. It may be that factors that are secondary to or associated with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), such as cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, predispose these elderly to death.
Predictors of Homelessness Among Families and Single Adults After Exit From Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Programs: Evidence From the Department of Veterans Affairs Supportive Services for Veteran Families Program

This article assesses the extent and predictors of homelessness among veterans (both veterans in families with children and single adults veterans) exiting the Supportive Services for Veteran Families (SSVF) program, which is a nationwide homelessness prevention and rapid re-housing program geared primarily toward those experiencing crisis homelessness. Among rapid re-housing participants, 16% and 26% of single adult veterans experienced an episode of homelessness at 1 and 2 years post-SSVF exit; the comparable figures at those follow-up times for veterans in families were 9.4% and 15.5%, respectively. Relatively fewer single adult veterans and veterans in families receiving homelessness prevention services experienced an episode of homelessness at 1 and 2 years post-SSVF exit. veteran-level characteristics, including age, gender, prior history of homelessness, and recent engagement with U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care, were generally more salient predictors of homelessness following ...
The Red Queen’s Race: An Experimental Card Game to Teach Coevolution

Although we are increasingly aware that an understanding of evolution is critical to all biological fields and to scientific literacy, evolution remains a challenge in the classroom. Here we present a hands-on, inquiry-based classroom activity to study host-parasite coevolution. Coevolution is the reciprocal evolution of interacting species. It is pervasive, diverse, and rapid. Instruction in coevolution is therefore an excellent way to teach students evolutionary principles. In the described game, students take on the role of either host or parasite, and they use playing cards to act out reciprocal selection. Students collaborate to collect data on the change in frequency of host and parasite genotypes (card suits) through time. They use these data to conduct an independent test of the prediction that host-parasite coevolution maintains genetic variation. The game is suitable for students ranging from upper-level high school through college. We include detailed instructions, discussion topics, and simple modifications to extend the game to additional topics. This is a fun, active, and simple exercise to introduce students to the complex topic of host-parasite coevolution. Moreover, the game emphasizes infectious diseases as major selective forces, a fascinating topic for today’s students.
Fluorescence properties of pyrylretinol.

Abstract A fluorescent analog of retinol, 3,7-dimethyl-9-(1-pyryl)-2E,4E,6E,8E-nonatetraene-1-ol (referred to as pyrylretinol, or 1) has been synthesized. The fluorescence properties (e.g. quantum yield, lifetime, steady-state anisotropy, and excitation/emission spectra) of this compound in various organic solvents and in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) liposomes have been studied, and the results are compared with those obtained from 3-methyl-5-(1-pyryl)-2E,4E-pentadiene-1-ol (2), which has the same fused aromatic ring system but a much shorter acyclic chain. 1 and 2 form excimer in aqueous media and fluorescence anisotropies of both 1 and 2 in DMPC liposomes exhibit an abrupt decrease at ∼21–23°C, which coincides with the main phase transition temperature of DMPC liposomes, indicating that both compounds may be a useful membrane probe. In addition, the binding and quenching capability of pyrylretinol (1) to bovine serum albumin has been investigated. Pyrylretinol (1) binds with BSA with a binding ...
Variable instruction issue for efficient MIMD interpretation on SIMD machines

Programming SIMD hardware to interpret (in parallel) programs and data resident in each PE is a technique for obtaining a cost effective, massively parallel MIMD processing environment. Although heavily dependent on each application that is interpreted, the performance of the synthesized MIMD environment is greatly influenced by the organization of the instruction interpreter. For example, it is possible to delay the interpretation of infrequent operations to improve the overall performance of the MIMD processing environment. Interpreters that attempt improved MIMD performance by deferring infrequent operations are called variable issue control loops. This paper examines the construction of optimized variable issue control loops. In particular, we study the problem of building control loops that optimize either (i) instruction throughput or (ii) PE utilization and present three heuristic algorithms for deriving near optimal variable issue control loops. >
Annotating ESL Errors: Challenges and Rewards

In this paper, we present a corrected and error-tagged corpus of essays written by non-native speakers of English. The corpus contains 63000 words and includes data by learners of English of nine first language backgrounds. The annotation was performed at the sentence level and involved correcting all errors in the sentence. Error classification includes mistakes in preposition and article usage, errors in grammar, word order, and word choice. We show an analysis of errors in the annotated corpus by error categories and first language backgrounds, as well as inter-annotator agreement on the task. We also describe a computer program that was developed to facilitate and standardize the annotation procedure for the task. The program allows for the annotation of various types of mistakes and was used in the annotation of the corpus.