cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Challenging the Assumptions Underlying the Use of Participatory Decision-Making Strategies: A Longitudinal Case Study.

Participatory or joint decision-making strategies have been suggested as effective in groups with the task of solving unstructured problems or creating innovations. This longitudinal case study of a small task group suggests that there may be important differences between the desire of group participants to use participatory strategies and their ability to do so effectively. After 15 months, the group members failed to accomplish their task. Four problem areas that account for the lack of productivity are identified: expertise, self-oriented needs, permissive operating procedures, and formal status differences. Implications for other groups that attempt to use participatory strategies are discussed.
The intractability of computing the minimum distance of a code

It is shown that the problem of computing the minimum distance of a binary linear code is NP-hard, and the corresponding decision problem is NP-complete. This result constitutes a proof of the conjecture of Berlekamp, McEliece, and van Tilborg (1978). Extensions and applications of this result to other problems in coding theory are discussed.
Fusing binaural sonar information for object recognition

An active binaural sonar using Polaroid electrostatic transducers positioned at the end of a robot arm is described, which adaptively changes its location and configuration in response to the echoes it observes in order to recognize an object. The sonar mimics biological echolocation systems, such as bats and dolphins. Using information in the echoes, the sonar translates in a horizontal plane and rotates about vertical and horizontal axes to position an object at a standard location within the beam patterns. The transmitter points at the object to maximize the incident acoustic intensity and the receivers rotate to maximize the echo-amplitude and bandwidth and to minimize the echo-producing region. The system can recognize a collection of ball bearings, machine washers and rubber O-rings of different sizes ranging from 0.45 to 2.54 cm some differing by less than 1 mm in diameter. Recognition is accomplished by extracting 32 values from the binaural echo patterns and searching a database. Fusing the information from the two ears allows efficient determination of the object bearing.
Premenarchal Vaginal Bleeding

The patient is a 5-year-old girl who was in her usual state of health until 3 days prior to presentation when she noticed blood in her underwear. Her mother then noticed on and off blood in her panties for 2 days and went to see her pediatrician. She denies any abdominal pain burning or itching. She and her mother deny any trauma or possibility of abuse. There are no hormonal medications in the house. Her bowel and bladder habits are unchanged. On examination the patient weighs 18 kg. Her height curve is appropriate. Her head and neck exam is normal. Her breast exam is Tanner stage 1. Her abdomen is soft with no masses. Her pubic hair is Tanner stage 1. Her external genitalia are normal. Her hymen is smooth and annular; no trauma is visible. Some blood is seen around the introitus. Rectal area is intact. (excerpt)
Feeding heat-treated colostrum to neonatal dairy heifers: effects on growth characteristics and blood parameters.

Newborn Holstein heifer calves were studied to compare absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG1 and IgG2), total serum protein concentration, lymphocyte counts, health scores, growth, and starter intake after receiving unheated or heat-treated colostrum. First-milking colostrum was collected from Holstein cows and frozen at −20°C to accumulate a large batch. After thawing and mixing, half of the colostrum was transferred into 1.89-L plastic containers and frozen at −20°C until needed for feeding. The remaining half was heated at 60°C for 30 min, transferred into 1.89-L plastic containers, and then frozen at −20°C until needed for feeding. Forty heifer calves weighing ≥32 kg at birth were enrolled into 1 of 2 treatment groups before suckling occurred. For the first feeding, 3.8 L of colostrum was bottle fed by 1.5 to 2 h of age. For the second and third feedings, pasteurized whole milk at 5% of birth body weight (BW) was fed. Subsequently, calves received milk replacer containing 20% crude protein and 20% fat at 10% of birth BW/d until wk 5. Milk replacer was reduced to 1 feeding of 5% birth BW until weaning at 6 wk of age. Blood samples and growth data were collected through wk 8. Batch heat-treatment of colostrum at 60°C for 30 min lowered colostrum bacteria concentration while maintaining colostral IgG concentration and viscosity. Calves fed heat-treated colostrum had significantly greater IgG concentrations at 24 h and greater apparent efficiency of IgG absorption (IgG = 23.4 g/L; apparent efficiency of absorption = 33.2%) compared with calves fed unheated colostrum (IgG = 19.6 g/L; apparent efficiency of absorption = 27.7%). There was no difference between treatment groups in growth measurements, calf starter intake, lymphocyte counts, or health scores.
Creative Problem‐Solving in Art: A Model for Idea Inception and Image Development

A model for creative problem-solving specific to the creation of art is proposed. The development of the Osborn-Parnes and Isaksen-Treffinger models are reviewed. An adaptation of the Osborn-Parnes/Isaksen-Treffinger models is presented. The Model for Idea Inception and Image Development in Art is presented with five primary stages: Associative Exploration, Problem Parameter Exploration, Multiple Focus Exploration, Primary Focus Exploration and Refinement. Transitional stages are delineated. The significance and implications of the model for artists, students and instructors in art education are discussed.
Resistance to water stress of Alnus maritima: intraspecific variation and comparisons to other alders

Abstract Alnus maritima (seaside alder) is a rare and threatened woody species that occurs naturally as three disjunct subspecies. While its limited numbers and distribution have prompted investigations into the cause of its rarity, the aesthetic appeal and apparent flood resistance of A. maritima have led to a strong interest in its horticultural potential. The occurrence of all three subspecies of A. maritima exclusively in waterlogged soils in nature suggests that water availability may limit both the success of plants in the wild and the potential for their use in landscapes. We conducted three experiments to assess how A. maritima would respond to a wide range of root-zone moisture contents. First, we examined foliar gas exchange and growth of one clone during drought and flooding. Plants survived, grew, and avoided damage to and abscission of leaves during seven treatments that ranged from complete root-zone inundation to severe drought. Partial flooding and slight drought maximized plant dry weight, while total flooding and mild, moderate, and severe drought limited growth. High rates of photosynthesis were sustained except during severe drought. Next, we examined genotypic variation in drought resistance among the subspecies of A. maritima and compared the resistance of A. maritima to that of four other species of Alnus . Only subtle differences were detected among subspecies in how deficit irrigation influenced the physiology and development of plants. Of the five species evaluated, A. maritima and Alnus nepalensis most strongly expressed indicators of drought resistance. Lastly, a field trial with 270 seedlings of subspecies oklahomensis confirmed that A. maritima can be grown on soils with moisture contents ranging from dry (≈10% water by volume) to saturated. We conclude that, even though A. maritima thrives when a portion of its root zone is constantly inundated, it is more drought tolerant than some other species indigenous to well drained soils. The drought resistance of A. maritima can be attributed in part to its continued high rate of photosynthesis, fine control of stomatal conductance, increased specific leaf weight, and increased root:shoot ratio under conditions of drought. Considering the natural habitat to which A. maritima is restricted, our data illustrate that the niche a species occupies in nature does not necessarily represent how adapted the species may be to dissimilar environmental conditions. We also conclude that A. maritima and A. nepalensis show promise for increased use as ornamentals resistant to disparate soil water contents.
Congestion-aware Network-on-Chip router architecture

This paper proposes a novel congestion-aware Network-on-Chip (NoC) architecture that not only enhances network transmission performance while maintaining a feasible implementation cost, but also improves overall network throughput in various traffic scenarios. This congestion control scheme which consists of dynamic input arbitration and adaptive routing path selection is proposed to balance traffic load distribution so as to alleviate congestion caused by heavy network activities. Simulation results show that throughput is improved dramatically while maintaining superior latency performance for various traffic patterns. Cost evaluation results also show that congestion-aware router requires negligible cost overhead but provides better throughput for both mesh and diagonally-linked mesh NoC platforms.
Response of Atmospheric Convection to Vertical Wind Shear: Cloud-System-Resolving Simulations with Parameterized Large-Scale Circulation. Part I: Specified Radiative Cooling

AbstractIt is well known that vertical wind shear can organize deep convective systems and greatly extend their lifetimes. Much less is known about the influence of shear on the bulk properties of tropical convection in statistical equilibrium. To address the latter question, the authors present a series of cloud-resolving simulations on a doubly periodic domain with parameterized large-scale dynamics based on the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation. The horizontal-mean horizontal wind is relaxed strongly in these simulations toward a simple unidirectional linear vertical shear profile in the troposphere. The strength and depth of the shear layer are varied as control parameters. Surface enthalpy fluxes are prescribed.The results fall in two distinct regimes. For weak wind shear, time-averaged rainfall decreases with shear and convection remains disorganized. For larger wind shear, rainfall increases with shear, as convection becomes organized into linear mesoscale systems. This nonmonotonic dep...
RF cavity design for high current operation of the Cornell Electron Storage Ring

Redesign of the 500-MHz RF cavities used in the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR) has been carried out to improve their reliability and to optimize them for a 600-mA total current. The factor-of-four-higher beam current compared to the present operation levels requires redesign of the quarter wave input coupling transformer and the 50- Omega coaxial ceramic high power window, and improvement of the power handling capability of the higher-order mode load on each cell to 20 kW. To lower the higher-order mode impedance of the cavities and to simplify their mechanical construction, the number of cells in each cavity has been decreased from 14 to 5 cells and the number of cavities has been increased from 2 to 4 cavities. Design details, modeling, and computer simulation of the expected performance are presented. >
A low additive noise interference canceller for high sensitivity applications

A canceller is designed to suppress undesired interference in an 802.11b WLAN radio from a Bluetooth radiator operating close to it. The design utilizes 0.18 mum CMOS IC technology. The system consists of a core that emulates the interference-coupling channel between the two radios by time domain amplitude and phase alignment, and filtration. This is controlled by an adaptive loop. Using low noise design principles, the canceller core maintains a low output noise power spectral density of -173 dBm/Hz at the center frequency of the WLAN band. The consequent degradation of WLAN receiver sensitivity is 2.7 dB while achieving at least 15 dB of interference suppression. The canceller core dissipates 20 mW of power.
Evolution of Dental School Clinics as Patient Care Delivery Centers

Dental school clinics, originally envisioned as closely similar to private practice, evolved instead as teaching clinics. In the former, graduate and licensed dentists perform the treatment while undergraduate dental students are assigned treatment within their capabilities. In the latter, dental students provide the treatment under faculty supervision. It is generally recognized that the care provided by the teaching clinics is inefficient. However, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, dental school clinics began to pay much more attention to how treatment is rendered. The comprehensive care movement and quality assurance systems are leading towards more efficient patient-centered care. Case studies at the University of Maryland, Columbia University, and University of Louisville describe activities to make their clinic programs more efficient and patient-friendly. This article explores whether the potential exists for faculty to take a direct patient care delivery role in dental clinics in order for those clinics to become efficient patient care delivery systems as originally envisioned in the early part of the twentieth century.
Assessing the Cross-Cultural Validity of a Parental Autonomy Granting Measure Comparing Adolescents in the United States, China, Mexico, and India

This study investigates the cross-cultural validity of a 10-item parental autonomy granting measure with samples of adolescents from the United States, China, Mexico, and India. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis suggested a moderately high degree of cross-cultural equivalence, particularly for the United States and China. Invariance in item loadings was found across samples, with the exception of items assessing freedom regarding career choices and encouragement to participate in family decisions. Correlations between autonomy granting and three criterion factors suggested that, across cultures, parental autonomy granting is associated with higher perceptions of parental support and greater effort exerted in school. Correlations varied in reference to associations between parental autonomy granting and reports of love withdrawal from mothers and fathers. Results also suggested that mean levels of autonomy granting from parents were highest in the U.S. sample and lowest in China. Results provide supp...
Attention-altering signal interactions in the multimodal courtship display of the wolf spider Schizocosa uetzi

Complex signals are common throughout the animal kingdom, consisting of one or more signals in one or more sensory modalities presented within a single display. I tested an efficacy-based backup hypothesis of complex signal function using the bimodal courtship signaling wolf spider Schizocosa uetzi. This hypothesis predicts that the visual and vibratory courtship displays function as backups to each other in the presence of environmental variability. I compared mating frequencies across four environmental treatments in which the visual and vibratory environments were manipulated independently in a 2 3 2 design with visual treatments of light/dark (i.e., visual signal present/absent) and vibratory treatments of filter paper substratum/ granite substratum (i.e., vibratory signal present/absent). Results did not match the predictions of an efficacy-based backup hypothesis. The vibratory environment affected mating frequency, with more mating occurring in the vibration-present treatments compared to the vibration-absent treatments, but the visual environment had no effect on mating frequency. A second experiment was then conducted to test for an inter-signal interaction. Using the video-playback technique, I presented females with manipulated video sequences simultaneous with a controlled vibratory signal to test the hypothesis that the presence of a vibratory signal alters a female’s response to the visual signal. In the presence of a vibratory courtship signal, females were more receptive to more visually ornamented males. This increased receptivity to increased visual ornamentation was not seen in a previous study conducted on S. uetzi in the absence of a vibratory signal, suggesting a potential inter-signal interaction. In a third experiment, I tested whether a female’s visual attention was altered by the vibratory signal by examining female response to a visual ‘‘predator’’ while exposed to all possible combinations of male courtship signals. Females were more likely to get caught, and thus less likely to notice a predatory visual stimulus when exposed to a courtship vibration, supporting the hypothesis that the vibratory signal alters a female’s visual attention. Key words: attention-altering, complex signals, inter-signal interaction, limited attention, multimodal signals, spiders, video playback. [Behav Ecol]
Cholecystectomy, liver resection, and pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy for gallbladder cancer: Report of five cases

Carcinoma of the gallbladder is an uncommon yet highly malignant disease with a poor overall prognosis. Surgical resection offers the only hope for cure in patients with this type of cancer, but resection is often impossible because of advanced disease at the time of presentation. Patients with locally dvanced gallbladder cancer, however, may occasionally be amenable to management by adding pancreaticoduodenectomy to cholecystectomy and liver resection. A retrospective review of patient records at the Johns Hopkins Hospital identified five patients with gallbladder cancer with peripancreatic lymph node involvement, who were treated by surgical resection including pancreaticoduodenectomy. The preoperative evaluation, operative technique, pathologic findings, and outcome were reviewed for each patient. Follow-up was obtained via clinic visit or telephone contact. All five patients underwent resection of the gallbladder cancer with an operation that included pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy to remove the peripancreatic lymph nodes. In addition, four of the five patients underwent a nonanatomic liver resection. There were no in-hospital deaths. Two patients had postoperative complications; one had persistent drainage from a T-tube site and one had an anastomotic leak from the hepaticojejunostomy. Four patients have died of recurrent tumor during follow-up at intervals ranging from 11 months to 23 months. The fifth patient is alive and free of clinical disease at 42 months after operation. Carcinoma of the gallbladder is a highly malignant disease that is often not amenable to surgical cure. There is a select group of patients, however, in whom adding a pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy can result in a potentially curative operation by removing extensive regional spread to the peripancreatic lymph nodes.
The Genetics of Social Behavior

No man is an island, and few creatures of any kind are entirely solitary. Allee, in his writings on Animal Aggregations (1931) and The Social Life of Animals (1938), has called attention to the fact that there has been an evolutionary trend for autonomous biological units to aggregate, whether these units are cells or elephants, and that selective advantages accrue to such aggregates that, in general, represent a tendency toward cooperation. The advantage is seen as benefiting the group, although not necessarily every individual within it.
Effects of indomethacin on intrarenal blood flow and medullary osmolality in dogs.

Abstract The effects of indomethacin on renal blood flow (RBF) and its distribution were measured during control, during hemorrhage to 70 mm Hg and during refractory shock. Outer and inner cortical blood flow and outer medullary blood flow were measured with a freeze-dissection 133Xe disappearance technique.Control dogs treated with indomethacin exhibited a loss of blood flow to the outer medulla as well as decreases in both cortical blood flows. Hemorrhage caused the expected redistribution of RBF, the greatest part going to the inner cortex and outer medulla. Hemorrhaged dogs pretreated with indomethacin exhibited no difference from hemorrhage alone in freeze-dissection measured cortical flows, but again had marked ischemia of the outer medulla. Refractory shocked dogs treated with indomethacin also exhibited significantly decreased outer medullary flow. The osmolality of the renal papilla appeared to increase with indomethacin treatment in all three conditions (control, hemorrhage, shock).
Terrestrial population models for ecological risk assessment: A state‐of‐the‐art review

Few attempts have been made to formulate models for predicting impacts of xenobiotic chemicals on wildlife populations. However, considerable effort has been invested in wildlife optimal exploitation models. Because death from intoxication has a similar effect on population dynamics as death by harvesting, these management models are applicable to ecological risk assessment. An underlying Leslie-matrix bookkeeping formulation is widely applicable to vertebrate wildlife populations. Unfortunately, however, the various submodels that track birth, death, and dispersal rates as functions of the physical, chemical, and biotic environment are by their nature almost inevitably highly species- and locale-specific. Short-term prediction of one-time chemical applications requires only information on mortality before and after contamination. In such cases a simple matrix formulation may be adequate for risk assessment. But generally, risk must be projected over periods of a generation or more. This precludes generic protocols for risk assessment and also the ready and inexpensive predictions of a chemical's influence on a given population. When designing and applying models for ecological risk assessment at the population level, the endpoints (output) of concern must be carefully and rigorously defined. The most easily accessible and appropriate endpoints are (1) pseudoextinction (the frequency or probability of a population falling below a prespecified density), and (2) temporal mean population density. Spatial and temporal extent of predicted changes must be clearly specified a priori to avoid apparent contradictions and confusion.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF in vitro CHEMOSENSITIVITY TO FOUR PROTEASOME INHIBITORS IN HUMAN MYELOMA CELL LINES

Proteasome inhibitors (PI) are effective chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Wide inter-individual variation in PI response is a major limitation in achieving consistent therapeutic effect in MM. Yet few studies have compared efficacy of the PIs bortezomib/Bz, carfilzomib/Cz, ixazomib/Ix and oprozomib/Opz in a range of myeloma subtypes. In our current study, we performed comprehensive in vitro chemosensitivity profiling of response to four (4) PIs (Bz, Cz, Ix and Opz) in a panel of fifty (50) human myeloma cells lines (HMCLs) representing the biological and genetic heterogeneity of MM. Comparison of the cellular responses to PI treatment among HMCLs showed wide range of variability in IC 50 values identifying some lines as highly sensitive and some lines relatively refractory to PI treatment. We observed statistically significant pair-wise correlation between IC 50 values of the proteasome inhibitors. However, it was interesting to note that although all 4 drugs belong to the same drug class (PI), not all cell lines responded the same across all PI treatments. This demonstrates tumor heterogeneity even in response to inhibitors of the same class, and further demonstrates tumors refractory to one PI may still respond to another.
Mathematics Majors’ Perceptions of the Admissibility of Graphical Inferences in Proofs

In this paper, we investigate mathematics majors’ perceptions of the admissibility of inferences based on graphical reasoning for calculus proofs. The main findings from our study is that the majority of mathematics majors did not think that graphical perceptual inferences (i.e., inferences based on the appearance of the graph) were permissible in a proof, but the majority of mathematics majors did believe that graphical deductive inferences (i.e., inferences based on what must necessarily be entailed by a graph having a certain property) were permissible.
Epiphytic Vegetation: A Profile and Suggestions for Future Inquiries

Vegetation anchored in forest canopies has been little studied despite its prominence in the moist tropics and many drier sites. Especially in wet montane communities, much of the productive biomass may be generated by plants attached to bark and leaf surfaces. Epiphylls include a broad range of microbes and thallophytes; they may be most noteworthy for their involvement in nitrogen fixation and effects on the longevity and photosynthetic performance of host leaves. Vascular epiphytes are also diverse and employ a variety of adaptive features to secure moisture and mineral nutrients under what are often very stressful conditions. A number of agencies interact, particularly in drier canopies, to suppress the growth of higher plants rooted there. Unusual absorptive tissues and habits, and mutualistic plant/animal associations designed to mitigate constraints on resource procurement, abound in this second assemblage of tree crown inhabitants. Large loads of epiphytes and epiphylls may have a significant influence on the structure, nutritional dynamics and productivity of a forest; they certainly often promote mineral retention and encourage animal activity. Many of the factors involved in the adaptive biology of epiphytic vegetation and the roles these organisms play in host ecosystems have physiological bases. Models and suggestions emphasizing function are offered as possible directions for research on epiphytes and epiphylls.
Direct “adrenergic” activity of diazoxide on insulin release

The direct effects of the hyperglycemic agent diazoxide (D), on dynamic insulin (IRI) release from rat pancreas in vitro have been compared with those of epinephrine (E). Like E, D produces dose dependent suppression of the primary (I) and secondary (II) phases of glucose (G) induced IRI release, an effect partly reversed by α adrenergic blockade. Conversely, continuous stimulation with 10 μg/ml + 20 μg/ml phentolamine produces a biphasic pattern of IRI release similar to that observed with β adrenergic stimulation with I-isopropylnorepinephrine, either agent alone being ineffective. As for E, prestimuation with low doses of D selectively enhances subsequent G induced I, an effect abolished by β adrenergic blockade during prestim. In contrast to E, prestim. with higher concentrations of D enhances both phases of G induced IRI release, an effect whifh is not abolished by α adren. blockade during prestim. conclusions: (a) D can stimulate both α adrenergic receptor activity in B cells which may explain both the direct inhibition of IRI release by D and the apparently paradoxical enhancement of IRI release on cessation of D therapy. (b) Some effects of D are not realized through direct effects on adrenergic receptors.
A CASE OF GASTRIC CANCER PRESENTED WITH IMPACTED METASTATIC FOCI INTO UMBILICAL HERNIA

内臓悪性腫瘍の臍転移はSister Mary Joseph's noduleとして知られている.今回,原発の胃癌の診断に先行し発見された臍転移の1例を経験したので報告する.症例は, 65歳女性.主訴は,臍部の腫脹および疼痛.幼少時から,臍ヘルニアを指摘されていた. 6カ月前から,臍部の腫脹,疼痛を自覚し近医を受診,当科紹介となった.臍部に30×30mmの疼痛を伴う硬い結節を触知した.臍部の病変の他に嘔気,食欲不振も自覚していたため,上部消化管造影検査および内視鏡検査を施行した.体中部小彎から幽門部にかけ3型胃癌が疑われ,生検で腺癌と診断された.幽門側胃切除術および,臍ヘルニア切除術を施行した.腫瘍は,胃壁から露出し,周囲のリンパ節腫大,腹膜播種を認め,白色の結節を伴う大網が臍ヘルニア内容となっていた.病理組織検査でsignet ring cell carcinomaと診断された.
Probabilistic uncertainty quantification of wavelet-transform-based structural health monitoring features

In the application of Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), processing the online-acquired data plays a very important role, among which wavelet transform is an outstanding tool and compared to Fourier transform, it handles the nonstationary behaviors in the time series in an adaptive fashion. When dealing with time-variant data, there are uncertainties from numerous resources inherent to the feature estimation, such as measurement noise, operational and environmental variability, hardware limitation, etc. The corruption from uncertainty will make the data interpretation ambiguous and thereby dramatically degrades the decision quality with regard to the occurrence, location, severity, and extent of damages. This paper derives a probabilistic model to quantify analytically the uncertainty of wavelet transform feature as a random variable, and variance is derived analytically in this work. Considering central limit theorem, Gaussian probability density function characterizes the distribution and this has been validated via Monte Carlo testing. By fully characterizing the uncertainty, the damage detection implementations may be facilitated with a quantified false alarm rate and miss catch rate.
Three-Level TAIPEI Rectifier—Analysis of Operation, Design Considerations, and Performance Evaluation

A new low-cost three-phase four-switch three-level zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) discontinuous-current-mode power-factor-correction boost rectifier, for short named the three-level TAIPEI rectifier, that achieves a low input-current total harmonic distortion (THD) and features ZVS of all the switches is introduced. Since in the proposed rectifier the voltage stress of the four switches is equal to one-half of the output voltage, the rectifier can utilize switches with a lower voltage rating that, generally, have lower conduction losses. To reduce the switching-frequency range and maximize the light-load efficiency, the control is implemented by a combination of variable-switching frequency and phase-shift pulse-width modulation control. Detailed design guidelines for and performance evaluation of a three-phase 6-kW prototype designed for the line-to-line voltage range from 340 $V_{{\rm RMS}}$ to 520 $V_{{\rm RMS}}$ are presented. The prototype rectifier exhibits efficiency in the 96%–98% range and achieves less than 5% input-current THD over the entire nominal input-voltage range (380–480 $V_{L-L,{\rm RMS}}$ ) and above 50% of full load.
Über die Entstehung der Planetenatmosphären

Wahrend die Atmospharen der grosen, auseren Planeten wie Jupiter zusammen mit diesen Planeten aus dem solaren Urnebelmaterial entstanden, verdanken die Atmospharen der inneren Planeten ihre Entstehung der Entgasung aus dem Planeteninneren. Die Verschiedenartigkeit der Atmospharen der “irdischen” Planeten ergibt sich anscheinend als direkte Konsequenz ihres Sonnenabstandes. Dieser bestimmt nicht nur die chemische Komposition und damit die Entgasungsprodukte der Planeten, sondern auch deren Anfangstemperaturen, von denen die Evolution ihrer Atmospharen abhangig ist. So konnte sich auf Venus wegen der hoheren Temperatur und der Abwesenheit von Wasser eine ausgedehnte CO2-Atmosphare entwickeln, wahrend am Mars wegen dessen niedriger Temperatur sich nur eine relativ dunne CO2-Atmosphare bilden konnte, wobei die heutige Atmosphare anscheinend nur einen Bruchteil der Entgasugsprodukte darstellt. Auf der Erde entstand wegen der gunstigen Anfangstemperatur eine Hydrosphare, welche die Anhaufung von CO2 in der Atmosphare verhinderte, so das Stickstoff dessen Hauptbestandteil wurde. Diese Umstande ermoglichten die Entwicklung des Lebens und die Anreicherung von Sauerstoff als Produkt der Photosynthese.
Leadership: a simple definition.

Mr. Richard Coon taught chemistry at my high school. Mr. Coon was a great teacher because he did what great teachers do: present complex subject matter in a simple manner, so that it is understood and becomes part of the students’ intellectual and emotional being. In one memorable exchange,
Condenser Technique for Measuring Glass Cell or Other Potentials in Circuits of High Resistance

Glass cell potentials or other electrode potentials in series with high resistance can be measured conveniently by a modification of Beans and Oaks'1 condenser technique. Instead of the simple ballistic method employed by them, the cell is compensated by a potentiometer, and a null point reading made, thereby reducing polarization of the cell by reducing the charge on the condenser (Fig. 1).The Leeds & Northrup type K potentiometer lends itself readily to such an arrangement. Glass cell and condenser are connected in series to the regular E.M.F. binding posts (Fig. 2). From a point between glass cell and condenser a lead passes to the insulated lower contact of the key K and from the upper contact to the galvanometer binding post proximal to the E.M.F. posts. The double point, double throw switch of the potentiometer is short-circuited across its front posts, at S, and the potentiometer may still be checked against the standard cell in the usual manner without complication. The potentiometer tap keys with...
Research on Concrete Temperature Rise of AC UHV Tower Foundation

This paper researches on the temperature rise of concrete caused by the current divergence when fault current divergence of tower foundation of UHV line happened.Tower foundation model is established based on the thermodynamics finite element analysis theory.The feasibility and effectiveness of the concrete heat simulation is analyzed by comparing the ANSYS simulation with test results.The calculation of maximal temperature rise of concrete on the condition of current divergence of typical vertical four tower bases single pile tower foundation of UHV line shows that the thermal stability of the tower foundation concrete can be guaranteed.
Banking sector globalization and bank performance: A comparative analysis of low income countries with emerging markets and advanced economies

Abstract A key feature of financial services liberalization is the increasing presence of foreign banks in a nation. This study examines the impact of banking sector globalization on bank profits and cost efficiency by using a panel of 169 nations spanning 1998–2013. Employing both fixed-effects and GMM estimations, and including banking-industry and macroeconomic controls, I find greater banking-sector globalization to reduce both profits and cost inefficiency, thereby reflecting increased competitiveness and informational asymmetries in host markets, as well as assimilation of better technology, managerial practices by domestic banks. The results are further examined for nations across different levels of economic development and with different degrees of foreign bank presence. Only in emerging markets and in nations with more than 50% foreign banks, greater banking sector globalization positively affects profits. From a policy perspective, the findings call for banking regulatory authorities to implement polices to reduce informational asymmetries in host markets.
New Technologies, New Problems, New Laws

Forensic psychiatrists in the 21st century can expect to encounter technology-related social problems for which existing legal remedies are limited. In addition to the inadequate protection of adolescents using social media as outlined by Costello et al., current laws are often poorly suited to remedy problems such as cyberharassment, sexting among minors, and the publication of threatening or harmful communications online. Throughout history, technological developments have often preceded the introduction of new laws or the careful revision of existing laws. This pattern is evident in many of the newer social problems that involve technology, including cyberbullying, online impersonation, and revenge porn. As specialists working at the intersection of human behavior and the law, forensic psychiatrists are uniquely situated to help legal professionals and others understand the impact of internet-related problematic behaviors on victims and, perhaps, to assist in the development of new legal remedies that are better tailored to our increasingly digital society.
Fate of microplastics and other small anthropogenic litter (SAL) in wastewater treatment plants depends on unit processes employed

The accumulation of microplastics (plastic particles less than 5 mm) and similarly sized small anthropogenic litter (SAL; e.g., cellulosic products manufactured from natural material) in aquatic ecosystems is a growing concern. These particles can serve as vectors of chemical toxins and microbial pathogens and thus, as organisms consume them, may lead to biomagnification of these contaminants. As collection points in managed water systems, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) provide an opportunity to develop and implement novel technologies to manage SAL pollution. Here, we assessed the efficiency of different unit processes at three WWTPs in removing SAL. Samples were collected from WWTPs that employ either secondary treatment (activated sludge) or tertiary treatment (granular sand filtration) as a final step, as well as a pilot membrane bioreactor system that finishes treatment with microfiltration. SAL from 20 μm to 4.75 mm was quantified and categorized by shape. The WWTP with secondary treatment removed 95.6% of SAL, discharging 5.9 SAL per L in the final effluent; the plant with tertiary treatment removed 97.2% of SAL, discharging 2.6 SAL per L; the membrane bioreactor plant removed 99.4% of SAL, discharging 0.5 SAL per L. The majority of SAL in effluent from all plants was comprised of thin fibers (e.g., textile fibers). While the WWTP with tertiary granular sand filtration and the membrane bioreactor exhibited greater overall removal of SAL, fibers represented a larger percentage of SAL in effluent from these plants (79 and 83%, respectively) than the plant with activated sludge as a final step (44% fibers). This study suggests that retrofitting existing secondary WWTPs with granular sand filtration or membrane filtration would result in the highest possible removal of SAL—though treatment facilities would continue to serve as pathways of SAL pollution to the environment. Further, the fate of the 95–99% of SAL that is retained or leaves WWTPs through means other than effluent (e.g., sludge) must be resolved to effectively address this problem.
Charter Schools and Special Needs Children

When Albert Shanker, president of the American Federation of Teachers, spoke to the National Press Club in Washington, DC in March 1988, he proposed a new type of public school that would be experimental, work closely with existing school districts, promote stronger forms of teacher control, and reinvigorate the importance of promoting economically and racially integrated education. Using the term coined by Ray Budde that same year, these new “charter” schools would be laboratories for innovation that would raise educational achievement across the landscape of public education (Shanker, 1998; Kahlenberg & Potter, 2014; Budde, 1988).
LAD in Multi-Way Tables

An important special case of the general linear model discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 is when the data fall into a multi-way table. The simplest case is the one-way layout, where the data are organized into c cells, with observations yjk, 1 ≤ k ≤ nj, in the jth cell, 1 ≤ j ≤ c.
A Short History of π

A verse in I Kings of the Old Testament of the Bible reads, “Also he made a molten sea of ten cubits from brim to brim, round in compass, and five cubits in height thereof; and a line of thirty cubits did compass it round about.”1 That is, the molten sea was round, 30 cubits in circumference and ten cubits in diameter, giving a Biblical calculation of π as 30/10 = 3.2 At the beginning of recorded history people saw circles in nature, both great and small, and over time came to realize that the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius, which they took to be 3, was important.
Three-dimensional preoperative planning and patient-specific instrumentation for total shoulder arthroplasty

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) imaging and implant templating along with patient specific instrumentation improves the accuracy of bone preparation and placement of the glenoid implant when compared to two-dimensional (2D) imaging without templating. Various type of patient specific instrumentation have been created. To date all provide equal accuracy. Some types of patient specific instrumentation are more cost effective and require less time to deliver the technology. This review article describes the technology and the clinical data published to date.
Connecting Attitudes to Party Positions

The author looks beyond one’s ability to identify factual policy information and to citizens’ ability to connect their personal policy preferences to the party that best represents them. One basic necessity for quality democratic participation is the capability to connect one’s own policy preferences to the proper party. There is ample reason to suspect that the average citizen fails to make these simple connections with regularity. This chapter examines how personality correlates with how well individuals are able to connect their attitudes to the correct party in the same five issue areas as in Chapter 3. The findings point to particularly important roles for extraversion and openness to experience, although in opposite directions. Extraversion contributes to failing to connect one’s policy preferences to the correct party, while openness contributes to success in making this connection.
Variability in Affect and Willingness to Take Medication.

OBJECTIVE To determine if 1) patients have distinct affective reaction patterns to medication information, and 2) whether there is an association between affective reaction patterns and willingness to take medication. METHODS We measured affect in real time as subjects listened to a description of benefits and side effects for a hypothetical new medication. Subjects moved a dial on a handheld response system to indicate how they were feeling from "Very Good" to "Very Bad". Patterns of reactions were identified using a cluster-analytic statistical approach for multiple time series. Subjects subsequently rated their willingness to take the medication on a 7-point Likert scale. Associations between subjects' willingness ratings and affect patterns were analyzed. Additional analyses were performed to explore the role of race/ethnicity regarding these associations. RESULTS Clusters of affective reactions emerged that could be classified into 4 patterns: "Moderate" positive reactions to benefits and negative reactions to side effects ( n = 186), "Pronounced" positive reactions to benefits and negative reactions to side effects ( n = 110), feeling consistently "Good" ( n = 58), and feeling consistently close to "Neutral" ( n = 33). Mean (standard error) willingness to take the medication was greater among subjects feeling consistently Good 4.72 (0.20) compared with those in the Moderate 3.76 (0.11), Pronounced 3.68 (0.14), and Neutral 3.62 (0.26) groups. Black subjects with a Pronounced pattern were less willing to take the medication compared with both Hispanic ( P = 0.0270) and White subjects ( P = 0.0001) with a Pronounced pattern. CONCLUSION Patients' affective reactions to information were clustered into specific patterns. Reactions varied by race/ethnicity and were associated with treatment willingness. Ultimately, a better understanding of how patients react to information may help providers develop improved methods of communication.
Delivering Tomorrow's Workspace: Reimagining Application and Desktop Delivery Strategies

There has been increasing pressure now more than ever to eliminate and replace physical computing spaces with virtual environments. We will discuss the pros and cons of each solution from our experience, and why we felt that a combination of physical and virtual environments provides the ultimate benefits in advancing our teaching, learning, and research missions. It is important to understand all the delivery mechanisms available today and picking the right tool for the right job. When do you virtualize, when do you opt for server-hosted, when do you throw in GPU-accelerated workstations, and when do you offload to a high-performance computing cluster. It is important to understand the tools available to us and then carefully research and test how they can be best applied to a given scenario. Participants should walk away with real-world knowledge, skills and best practices in delivering high-performing computing labs.
Challenging the limits: Sampling online social networks with cost constraints

Graph sampling techniques via random walk crawling have been popular for analyzing statistical characteristics of large online social networks due to simple implementation and provable guarantees on unbiased estimates. Despite the growing popularity, the ‘cost’ of sampling and its true impact on the accuracy of estimates still have not been carefully studied. In addition, the random walk-based methods inherently suffer from the sluggish nature of random walks and the ‘slow-mixing’ structure of social graphs, thereby leading to high correlation in the samples obtained. With these in mind, in this paper, we develop a mathematical framework such that the cost of sampling is properly taken into account, which in turn re-defines a widely used asymptotic variance into a cost-based asymptotic variance. Our new metric enables us to compare a class of sampling policies under the same cost constraint, integrating “random skipping” (bypassing nodes without sampling) into the random walk-based sampling. We obtain an optimal policy striking the right balance between sampling quality (less correlation) and sampling quantity (higher cost per sample), which greatly improves over the usual skip-free crawling-based samplers. We further extend our framework, enabling one to design more sophisticated sampling strategies with an array of control knobs, which all produce unbiased estimates under the same cost constraint.
Habituation of motion sickness in the cat.

Thirty femal cats were subjected to a motion sickness stimulus in three series of tests. A series consisted of five tests given biweekly, weekly, or daily. Each test consisted of 30 min of stimulation followed by 1 min of rest, and series were separated by a period of not less than 14 d. Retching was the dependent variable. No habituation (reduction in the incidence of retching) was found with biweekly testing but pronounced habituation was observed with weekly and daily testing. The 30 cats were divided evenly into high and low susceptibility groups based on the results of the biweekly tests. The rate of habituation was the same for the two susceptibility groups in both the weekly and daily series.