cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personal transformation in multistakeholder environmental partnerships

This paper examines some of the secondary or indirect consequences of multistakeholder collaborative processes in the environmental arena. Its thesis is that such collaborative processes constitute fertile ground for participating actors to experience change in their subjective understandings of and relationships to each other, themselves, and environmental action. This exposition draws upon ethnographic research performed with a U.S.-based multistakeholder environmental partnership over a two year period in 1997–1998 as well as a theoretical perspective conceptualizing these personal transformations in terms of social learning, cultural production, and identity formation. Three main findings are explored that support the proposed thesis. The first concerns contributions toward personal transformation made by typical partnership structures and operations. The second pertains to the existence of a commonly shared belief among partnership participants demonstrating an expectation for such changes. The third involves evidence that such transformations actually do take place. Examples from the case study include changes to participants’ understandings of other environmental stakeholders, the development of new relationships among participating actors, the adoption of new ways of approaching environmental problem solving and decision making, and the formation of altered identities. The paper explores some of the implications, both positive and negative, that this transformative quality of multistakeholder environmental partnerships has for both environmental problem solving and some of the enduring conflicts that have impeded satisfying environmental action in the past. Finally, recommendations are made for how practitioners may organize, manage, and evaluate multistakeholder partnerships to promote such changes.
Separating Arterial and Venous-Related Components of Photoplethysmographic Signals for Accurate Extraction of Oxygen Saturation and Respiratory Rate

We propose an algorithm for separating arterial and venous-related signals using second-order statistics of red and infrared signals in a blind source separation technique. The separated arterial signal is used to compute accurate arterial oxygen saturation. We have also introduced an algorithm for extracting the respiratory pattern from the extracted venous-related signal. In addition to real-time monitoring, respiratory rate is also extracted. Our experimental results from multiple subjects show that the proposed separation technique is extremely useful for extracting accurate arterial oxygen saturation and respiratory rate. Specifically, the breathing rate is extracted with average root mean square deviation of 1.89 and average mean difference of $-$ 0.69.
Integrated management of development and manufacturing

The author describes an integrated management approach in which development and manufacturing activities are carried out in separate environments, but are linked to each other so that developed capabilities can be rapidly replicated for manufacturing purposes. This approach has been successfully applied to wafer fab processes. The author's experiences and his thoughts regarding wider implications are presented. >
Erythrocyte Flow in Choriocapillaris of Normal and Diabetic Rats

The choriocapillaris is a unique capillary bed that provides nutrients to the retinal photoreceptors. It changes anatomically in diabetes, but the impact of these changes on blood flow is unknown. In this study hemodynamic parameters in individual choriocapillaris vessels were compared in normal and diabetic rats. Three groups were studied: normal buffer-injected control rats, streptozotocin (STZ)-injected mildly hyperglycemic (STZ-MH) rats, and STZ-injected diabetic (STZ-D) rats. 7-8 weeks after STZ injection, the rats were anesthetized, and epifluorescent, intravital microscopy was used to record the flow of fluorescent red blood cells (RBC) in the choriocapillaris. Diameter, RBC flux, and RBC velocity were measured in 153 capillary pathways in five control rats, 98 pathways in four STZ-MH rats, and 153 pathways in seven STZ-D rats. There was no difference in capillary diameter among the groups. RBC flux and velocity were lower in the STZ-injected rats compared to the controls (p≤0.023), which is similar to changes found in other capillary beds. RBC velocity and flux were significantly correlated in all three groups, but the correlations in the STZ-injected rats were much stronger than in the controls. This indicates a more heterogeneous distribution of RBCs at upstream arteriolar branchpoints in hyperglycemic rats, which could lead to a decrease in choriocapillaris hematocrit. These changes in the hyperglycemic choriocapillaris could contribute to impaired oxygen delivery to the photoreceptors in diabetic retina.
A-WEOR: Communication Privacy Protection for Wireless Mesh Networks Using Encoded Opportunistic Routing

Recent research in the physical and MAC models of IEEE 802.11 has shown that wireless nodes expose traffic patterns at PHY/MAC layers. Adversaries can easily utilize these patterns to derive the end-to- end communication relations using statistical traffic analysis attack. IEEE 802.11 provides MAC layer broadcast capabilities which can be used to protect the flow from such traffic analysis. In this paper, we present a novel approach A-WEOR, utilizing network coding and opportunistic routing to protect the communication patterns for wireless mesh networks. Our evaluation proves that A-WEOR is an efficient solution which achieves exceedingly superior anonymity compared to existing methodologies.
On the Revelation of Private Information in the U.S. Crop Insurance Program

The crop insurance program is a prominent facet of U.S. farm policy. The participation of private insurance companies as intermediaries is justified on the basis of efficiency gains. These gains may arise from either decreased transaction costs through better established delivery channels and/or the revelation of private information. We find empirical evidence suggesting that private information is revealed by insurance companies via their reinsurance decisions. However, it is unlikely that such information will be incorporated into subsequent premium rates by the government.
ASSOCIATION OF ACQUIRED CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRONCHOPULMONARY DYSPLASIA IN PREMATURE INFANTS

CMV infections are acquired by 15-30% of infants hospitalized in intensive care nurseries (ICNs) for greater than 3 weeks. This study assessed the association of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and acquired CMV infection in 54 infants <33 wks gestation and <1600 grams in one nursery. All infants had weekly urine cultures for CMV. 27 CMV(+) babies were matched with 27 CMV(−) babies for mean gestational age (28.5 wks vs. 29.1 wks), mean birth wt (1073 g vs. 1115 g), mean apgar scores (4.1/6.5 vs. 3.6/6.3), incidence of PDA (20/27 vs. 20/27) and incidence of RDS (19/27 vs. 18/27). The 27 CMV(+) babies were a mean age of 46.6 days (range 21-128 days) when they began to excrete CMV. CMV(+) infants received a mean of 18.9 random donor blood tranfusions vs. 10.5 for CMV(−) babies (p = .016). X-ray evidence of BPD was seen in 22/27 CMV(+) infants vs. 8/27 CMV(−) infants (p <.0001). CMV(+) infants required increased inspiratory O2 for a mean of 51.1 days vs. 21.6 days for controls (p = .006). These findings suggest that babies who acquire CMV while hospitalized in ICNs are more likely to have X-ray evidence of BPD and have increased O2 requirements. The acquisition of CMV by premature infants may contribute to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
The efficacy of lidocaine and verapamil alone and in combination on spontaneously occurring automatic ventricular tachycardia in conscious dogs one day after right coronary artery occlusion.

Abstract Occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) in the dog is associated with spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) during the 18 to 26 hours post occlusion period. Electrophysiologic studies suggest that these tachycardias are caused mainly by an automatic mechanism. In the present study we evaluated in 16 conscious dogs with VT 1 day after RCA occlusion the efficacy of (1) lidocaine (L), which depresses primarily the mechanism of enhanced normal automaticity; (2) verapamil (V), which depresses the mechanism of abnormal and triggered automaticity; and (3) combination of both L and V on these VTs. The RCA was occluded in 16 anesthetized closed-chest dogs by intracoronary balloon inflation. All 16 dogs had spontaneous VT while in the conscious state during the 18 to 26 hours post occlusion study period. L (5 mg/kg intravenously) bolus restored within 1 minute normal sinus rhythm (NSR), with a mean rate of 118 ± 14 bpm, in dogs (n = 7) which had their VTs overdrive suppressed and had a mean rate of 145 ± 14 bpm (range 110 to 150 bpm). L was ineffective in dogs (n = 9) which did not have their VTs overdrive suppressed and had a mean VT rate of 192 ± 24 bpm (range 175 to 250 bpm). In contrast, however, V (0.15 mg/kg intravenously) was ineffective in all seven dogs with the slower VT rates, but was effective in restoring NSR with a mean rate of 140 ± 14 bpm in six out of nine dogs with the faster VT rates. The addition of L, up to 5 mg/kg intravenously to V's regimen did not improve V's efficacy against these V-resistant VTs. We conclude that (1) spontaneous VTs 1 day after RCA occlusion appear to be caused by an automatic mechanism; (2) VTs with rates slower than 150 bpm are suppressed by L but not by V, consistent with enhanced “normal” automatic mechanism as a cause of these VTs; and (3) VTs with faster rates are refractory to L but are often suppressed by V, consistent with abnormal or triggered automaticity as a cause of these VTs. These findings might be helpful in the rational management of VTs in patients with acute myocardial infarction with predominant right ventricular involvement.
Rapid changes in initiation-limited rates of protein synthesis in rat thymic lymphocytes correlate with energy charge.

Abstract Depriving rat thymocytes of energy-providing substrates for 2 hr results in a 75–80% drop in rates of protein synthesis and a shift of ribosomes from active polysomes to inactive monomers and dimers. Glucose prevents these changes or, when added to starved cells, rapidly reverses them. Restoration of protein synthesis is associated with reversal of the 7% decline in the adenylate energy charge seen in starved cells. The data is consistent with the hypothesis that glucose increases initiation in starved cells, probably via effects on the balance of adenine nucleotides. Data with other substrates support this concept. The inability of glucose to fully restore energy charge in the presence of glucocorticoids or rotenone correlates with the limitation of protein synthesis.
Anaerobic methane oxidation on the Amazon shelf

Abstract Anaerobic methane oxidation on the Amazon shelf is strongly controlled by dynamic physical sedimentation processes. Rapidly accumulating, physically reworked deltaic sediments characteristic of much of the shelf typically support what appear to be low rates of steady state anaerobic methane oxidation at depths of 5–8 m below the sediment-water interface. Methane oxidation in these cases is responsible for 10 m) methane-charged sediment directly to seawater. In this nonsteady-state situation, methane is a major source of recently produced ΣCO2 and an important reductant for sulfate. These observations suggest that authigenic sedimentary carbonates derived from anaerobic methane oxidation may sometimes reflect physically enhanced nonsteady-state exposure of methane to sulfate in otherwise biogeochemically unreactive deposits. The concentration profiles of CH4, SO 4= , and ΣCO2 in the eroded deposit were reproduced by a coupled reaction-transport model. This area of the shelf was reexposed to seawater approximately 5–10 years ago based on the model results and the assumption that the erosion of the deposit occurred as a single event that has now ceased. The necessary second order rate constant for anaerobic methane oxidation was ≥0.1 mM −1 d −1.
UPS: A United Cooperative Paradigm for Primary and Secondary Networks

The dominant spectrum sharing paradigm of today is the interweave paradigm. This paper advocates a new and alternative paradigm called United network of Primary and Secondary networks (UPS). UPS allows a complete cooperation between primary and secondary networks at the node level to relay each other's traffic, in addition to existing dynamic spectrum access (DSA) in time, space, and frequency domains. Such cooperation allows the primary and secondary networks to access a much richer network resources from the combined network. As a case study, we consider a problem with the goal of supporting the rate requirement of the primary network traffic while maximizing the minimum throughput of the secondary sessions. For this problem, we develop an optimization model and formulate a combinatorial optimization problem. Although this problem is in the form of mixed integer linear program (MILP), we can use CPLEX to solve it efficiently. Simulation results show that the UPS paradigm offers much better throughput performance than the interweave DSA paradigm.
ASSESSING NEIGHBORHOOD AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON CHILDHOOD VIOLENCE IN AN AFRICAN‐AMERICAN SAMPLE*

The present study examines the extent to which neighborhood and social psychological influences predict childhood violence among 867 African-American youth. The results showed that neighborhood affluence was the only neighborhood-level variable to exert a significant influence on childhood violence. Furthermore, childhood violence was significantly related to social psychological influences, such as adopting a street code, associating with violent peers, parental use of violence, and quality parenting. Overall, the findings suggested that simply living in a violent neighborhood does not produce violent children, but that family, peer, and individual characteristics play a large role in predicting violence in childhood.
Joint attention studies in normal and autistic children using NIRS

Autism is a socio-communication brain development disorder. It is marked by degeneration in the ability to respond to joint attention skill task, from as early as 12 to 18 months of age. This trait is used to distinguish autistic from nonautistic. In this study Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is being applied for the first time to study the difference in activation and connectivity in the frontal cortex of typically developing (TD) and autistic children between 4-8 years of age in response to joint attention task. The optical measurements are acquired in real time from frontal cortex using Imagent (ISS Inc.) - a frequency domain based NIRS system in response to video clips which engenders a feeling of joint attention experience in the subjects. A block design consisting of 5 blocks of following sequence 30 sec joint attention clip (J), 30 sec non-joint attention clip (NJ) and 30 sec rest condition is used. Preliminary results from TD child shows difference in brain activation (in terms of oxy-hemoglobin, HbO) during joint attention interaction compared to the nonjoint interaction and rest. Similar activation study did not reveal significant differences in HbO across the stimuli in, unlike in an autistic child. Extensive studies are carried out to validate the initial observations from both brain activation as well as connectivity analysis. The result has significant implication for research in neural pathways associated with autism that can be mapped using NIRS.
Treatment strategies for postoperative Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis

Abstract Purpose Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis after cataract extraction and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation is characterized by a chronic indolent course, frequently associated with recurrence after standard endophthalmitis treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of various therapeutic methods in the treatment of primary and recurrent episodes of postoperative P. acnes endophthalmitis. Design Retrospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Twenty-five patients treated at Wills Eye Hospital for P. acnes endophthalmitis. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical charts and microbiology files of all patients treated at Wills Eye Hospital between January 1991 and April 1998 with culture-proven P. acnes endophthalmitis after cataract extraction and posterior chamber IOL implantation. Main outcome measures Results of cultures and microbiologic examinations, efficacy of various treatment methods in the prevention of recurrent inflammatory episodes, and final visual outcome. Results Twenty-five patients who met inclusion criteria were identified; initial therapy consisted of 1 of the following: intraocular antibiotic (IOAB) injections alone (2 patients); IOAB combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) (10 patients); IOAB and PPV combined with partial capsulectomy (9 patients); and IOAB, PPV, total capsulectomy, and IOL exchange (4 patients). Nearly half of the patients (10 of 21, or 48%) initially treated with IOAB alone (1 of 2), IOAB and PPV (5 of 10), and IOAB combined with PPV and partial capsulectomy (4 of 9) required further therapeutic interventions for recurrent disease. Retreatment with IOAB alone or combined with PPV and partial capsulectomy in these patients failed to eradicate the infection in three (75%) of four patients. None of the patients (0 of 4) treated initially with total capsulectomy and IOL exchange required additional surgical intervention. Furthermore, none of the patients (0 of 13) who underwent total capsulectomy with IOL removal or exchange or IOL exchange alone as an initial, secondary, or tertiary treatment required further intervention. Conclusion In the authors' series, approximately half of the patients with P. acnes endophthalmitis were treated successfully initially with nonsurgical or limited surgical intervention. All patients treated with total capsulectomy and IOL exchange or removal, either as an initial treatment or for recurrent disease, were cured. Removal of the entire capsular bag and the IOL may be performed as a definitive initial therapy and should be performed for recurrent inflammation.
Social science research and policy in education: An interdisciplinary approach

There exists a concern over the lack of policy relevance for crime-related academic research. This lack reflects a continuing separation between theory and its application in crime-related education. The use of research by policy makers is inhibited by the divisions in crime-related educational organizations, the relationship of the academic community to the profession, and the difference between the philosophical bases of social science and those of present crime policies. The issues raised by crime-related education and crime control policy show that the concern about policy relevance is not of recent origin. The experience of the Legal Realist movement shows that this concern is not unique to criminal justice. Suggestions are made for incorporating the contributions of a Social Science in Law perspective into a criminal justice educational program.
Immunologic evaluation of shrimp-allergic individuals

Thirty-three individuals with a history of immediate hypersensitivity reactions after shrimp ingestion and 29 nonshrimp-sensitive control subjects were evaluated for evidence of crustacea-specific immunity by skin prick test titration end point, RAST, and ELISA, with extracts of shrimp, crab, crayfish, and lobster. Individuals were categorized as either atopic or nonatopic on the basis of history and skin test reactivity to common inhalant allergens. Most (28/33) shrimp-sensitive subjects had positive skin prick tests to shrimp extract, whereas skin tests were negative in 27/29 control subjects. Eighty-one percent of atopic and 41% of nonatopic shrimp-sensitive subjects had elevated shrimp-RAST ratios. The RAST ratios of atopic individuals were significantly higher than ratios of nonatopic individuals, and there was a significant correlation between shrimp-RAST ratios and historical clinical symptom scores. RAST determinations of all control subjects were negative. Shrimp-sensitive subjects also had significantly elevated serum levels of shrimp-specific IgG and IgA as compared to control individuals. Both IgG and IgA shrimp-specific reactivity demonstrated a significant positive correlation with shrimp-RAST ratios. These studies indicate that IgE-mediated, type I mechanisms, detected by positive shrimp skin tests and RASTs, appear to be operative in crustacea-sensitive individuals, particularly those with concurrent respiratory allergy. Although the role of shrimp-specific IgG and IgA antibodies in the immunopathogenesis of crustacea allergy remains unclear, such antibodies appear to represent increased immunologic recognition of shrimp allergens/antigens in shrimp-sensitive subjects.
In-situ measurements of fatigue demands on a wind turbine support structure

Fatigue demands often control design and detailing requirements of wind turbine support structures including the tubular steel tower. The in-situ structural demands placed on a community-scale (100kW) wind turbine have been monitored for approximately one year and the fatigue demands quantified using a Palmgren-Miner approach. A rain-flow counting method is used for calculating stress range cycles during turbine response. Demand-to-capacity ratios for a few common fatigue critical steel tower details are presented and can be used for estimation of remaining fatigue life. Future investigations will provide valuable data for evaluating fatigue loading based on aero-elastic analysis and for structural design requirements of wind turbine support structures.
Comparison of the EPR of the antiferromagnets Y2BaCuO5 and Gd2BaCuO5 and the high Tc superconductors YBa2Cu3O7 and GdBa2Cu3O7

Electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility measurements on Gd3+ and Cu2+ ions in the antiferromagnetic “green phase” compounds Gd2BaCuO5 and Y2BaCuO5 are reported and their relationships to corresponding measurements in the “black phase” high Tc superconductors GdBa2Cu3O7 and YBa2Cu3O7 are described.
Effect of visual pattern on running an unpredictable maze

Rats were trained to run through a 10-unit enclosed maze for a food reward. The maze pattern and the visual surface on the floor and walls of the maze varied from day to day. The most rapid speed of locomotion was for the stripes on the floors parallel to the route of the maze, and the all gray surface yielded the slowest running times. Stripes on the walls parallel with the route led to intermediate speeds. The results were relatively weak, but they have implications for studies of human locomotion.
Effects of habitat disturbance on ant community composition and seed dispersal by ants in a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica

Habitat alteration can have far-reaching consequences for natural communities and can alter existing species interactions in profound ways. Working in a tropical dry forest ecosystem in the Guanacaste Province of Costa Rica, we measured seed removals and seed dispersal distances for Acacia collinsii and papaya seeds to determine if habitat disturbance affects ant community composition and the associated interactions between ants and seeds. Two hundred and forty experimental seed depots were observed in four sites that differed in land-use history and disturbance severity: secondary forest, forest edge, Acacia collinsii edge, and open-pasture. Both seed removals and average dispersal distances achieved by ants differed among habitats. Habitat disturbance did not negatively affect seed removals by ants in our study; seed removals were highest in the most disturbed habitat, the open pasture (38.3% of seeds removed within 2 h). Ant community composition and the relative abundance of key seed dispersers also differed among habitats. In all sites combined, ten species of ant were observed dispersing seeds, with two species, Pheidole fallax and Ectatomma ruidum, in combination being responsible for 92% of all observed seed removals. The abundance of P. fallax and E. ruidum differed among habitats, with E. ruidum being the most abundant ant species collected in the open-pasture habitat and P. fallax being the most abundant in the edge habitats. Pheidole fallax ants dispersed seeds significantly further (mean ± SD = 2.11 ± 1.35 m, maximum = 5.2 m) than did E. ruidum (mean ± SD = 0.7 ± 0.81 m, maximum = 3.85 m), a difference we attribute to recruitment behaviour and not body size. Habitat disturbance thus alters the ant community and the relative abundance of key seed-dispersing ant species, with cascading effects on seed removals and seed dispersal distances.
Effects of mortality and gear selectivity on the fish otolith radius–total length relation

Abstract The effects of mortality and gear selectivity on the otolith radius–total length relation (OR–TL), an important component of the back-calculation of length-at-age process, were simulated using a somatic–otolith bioenergetics population model. Four gear selectivities were examined and used to produce fishery-dependent samples for statistical analysis. Samples taken with selective gears produced OR–TLs with significantly different y -intercepts than those from an unfished population; significant differences were also found between gear selectivities. The OR–TL y -intercept of a non-selectively fished population was found to be systematically influenced downward by total mortality as a result of a decrease in the number of larger fish. This influence was removed using the mean otolith radius-at-age and mean length-at-age in the OR–TL regression, which resulted in more accurate estimates of back-calculated size-at-age; the best estimates were made using only the last annulus in the calculation. The results of this study imply that, rather than a fixed value, the y -intercept of the OR–TL and the underlying population growth rate are more accurately considered dynamic parameters that changes as a cohort ages and experiences mortality. Use of the population growth rate and y -intercept in the back-calculation of size-at-age needs to account for the degree and selectivity of recent fishing mortality of the population under investigation.
Failure of a Lysine-Deficient Diet to Retard the Onset of Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy in the Chicken

Abstract CLINICAL, histological, and histochemical evaluation has shown that the progress of hereditary muscular dystrophy in the chicken can be retarded by raising affected chicks in a 70% oxygen environment (Ashmore and Somes, 1966, 1968a; Ashmore et al., 1968; and Ashmore, 1969). In dystrophic muscle there is a decrease in the concentrations of many proteins (Schapira and Dreyfus, 1963; Heyck and Laudahn, 1967). In addition there is a reduction in the total activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) which is accompanied by a relative increase in the activity of the H subunits (Kaplan and Cahn, 1962). These alterations of dystrophic chick muscle can also be retarded by oxygen therapy (Ashmore and Somes, 1968b). These effects are temporary, however, with treated chicks beginning to resemble dystrophic chicks after six weeks of therapy (Ashmore and Somes, 1968b). Associated with continuous oxygen therapy is a reduction in growth rate of dystrophic chicks to approximately 75%…
Statistical Properties of Foveal CFF as Function of Age, Light/Dark Ratio, and Surround

In a sample of 108 male subjects, age 13 through 89, foveal CFF was measured using 10 light/dark ratios, 2/98 to 98/2, under two levels of surround luminance: 0.04 and 23.6 ml. One at a time, individual differences, surround, age, and the light/dark ratios were held constant in several analyses of variance. Stepwise, inductive regression equations were calculated. Reliability of the data varied as a function of the experimental conditions. All first-order variables, the second-order interactions with the exception of Age×Surround, and the third-order interaction, were shown to significantly influence CFF. The best predictors of CFF were the lowest light/dark ratios, the primary variables, combined with age, the secondary variable.
Measuring bacterial and fungal substrate-induced respiration in dry soils

Abstract The substrate-induced respiration inhibition (SIRIN) method of Anderson and Domsch for partitioning bacterial and fungal contributions to soil respiration was modified for application to dry soils. This new method also provided a comparative basis when measuring SIRIN in soils of different moisture contents. Soil was incubated under optimum moisture conditions (55% water-filled pore space) to maximize microbial activity and to ensure homogeneous incorporation of substrate and inhibitors into soil. Soil samples were packed to a uniform bulk density prior to measurement of CO2 evolution by gas chromatography. Glucose (3 mg g−1) was added together with streptomycin (0.5 or 1.0 mg g−1) and/or cycloheximide (15 mg g−1) for selective respiratory inhibition. The procedure included conditioning for 16 h at 4°C, followed by 1.5-h equilibration and 2-h incubation. The method yielded consistent and reproducible CO2 respiration measurements for soils from a semi-arid region having gravimetric moisture contents ranging between 7.5 and 23.2%. Method sensitivity was not sufficient to detect variations in the fungal-to-bacterial ratio due to management practice for the soil under study. Measured fungal-to-bacterial ratios of 29:1 and 15:1, for conventionally and no-till managed soil, were not significantly different at a probability level of 5%.
Variations in the Susceptibility of the Fat in Dry Whole Milks to Oxidation When Stored at Various Temperatures and in Various Atmospheres

Practical experience has show~ that there is no great improvemeat in keeping quality of stored butters unless temperatures below O°C. are used. Relatively low temperatures are therefore employed even when the period of storage is short. The idea seems prevalent that in the case of dry whole milk~ a low temperature of storage is not an important factor. The work of Dahle and Palmer (1) is the only one reported wherein the effect of temperatures upon the rate of deterioration in dry whole milks has been noted. Their results are qualitative in nature only. They state that "the temperature at which the powders are stored proved to be an important factor. Not a great deal of difference was observed between powders stored at 4 ° and 20°C., but a great difference was observed when powders were stored at 37°C. ' '
Cell cycle-associated modulation in cAMP-dependent plasma membrane phosphorylation.

Abstract Purified plasma membrane preparations isolated from rapidly growing BALB/3T3 cells have been shown to contain two protein substrates which undergo phosphorylation catalysed by an endogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase. These substrates, which have molecular weights of ~24000 and 14000, respectively, are localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. We now report that growth arrest of BALB/3T3 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle by serum deprivation results in the loss of the capacity of these plasma membrane substrates to undergo phosphorylation in the presence of cAMP. This does not result from a change in the ability of the regulatory subunit of the protein kinase to bind cAMP, as both rapidly growing and G1-arrested cells show comparable binding of 8-azido cAMP, a photoaffinity probe, to a 56000 molecular weight binding protein. Further, the change does not result from the absence of the protein kinase substrate in G1-arrested cells because addition of an exogenous cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of both 24000 and 14000 molecular weight substrates. Rather the change in G1-arrested cells appears to result from either modulation in the catalytic unit of the protein kinase or in factors which regulate the interaction of the kinase with its membrane substrate. Purified growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin and phorbol myristate acetate promote reacquisition of the ability of G1-arrested cells to undergo cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. The observation that addition of purified amino acids to G1-arrested cells also stimulates cAMP-dependent plasma membrane phosphorylation suggests that reacquisition of the ability of such cells to phosphorylate specific membrane proteins in the presence of cAMP may involve a cooperative effect of growth factors and nutrients.
Applications for incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals in electromagnetics

Incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals (ILHIs) are a class of special functions that appear in the analytical solutions for numerous canonical problems in electromagnetics. The reason that they appear so often in electromagnetics is because they provide solutions to the wave equation. The intent of the article is to provide an overview of the research that has been carried out in this area. After providing a brief introduction to the theory of ILHIs, applications for these special functions in problems involving diffraction, dispersion, sources radiating in layered media, and traveling-wave sources radiating in a homogeneous space, are discussed. >
Armed and ready: How effector T cells deploy in reactive lymph nodes to modulate immunity

New evidence demonstrates how two different effector T cell subsets traffic in reactive lymph nodes to modulate T cell and B cell responses.
Tandem Cycloaddition Chemistry of Nitroalkenes: Probing the Remarkable Stereochemical Influence of the Lewis Acid.

The influence of several Lewis acids on the stereochemical course of the [4 + 2] cycloaddition of nitroalkene 1 and chiral, nonracemic propenyl ether 8 has been examined. All of the Lewis acids examined favored ul relative diastereoselection (“exo” approach); TiCl4, TiBr3(Oi-Pr), SnCl4, and ATPh were the most selective. Within the titanium-based Lewis acids, it was found that increasing the halide-to-alkoxide ratio increased the degree of ul (relative) selectivity, as did switching from chloride to bromide. The internal diastereoselectivity was also dependent on the Lewis acid; most titanium isopropoxide−halides (bromide and chloride) and SnCl4 were highly selective for (1,3-lk) approach, with the selectivity increasing with increasing halide content. Two aluminum-based Lewis acids (MAPh and ATPh) were selective for the opposite sense of internal diastereoselection. The high lk (relative) diastereoselectivity observed only with TiCl2(Oi-Pr)2 is proposed to arise either from Coulombic stabilization of an e...
Collaborative Development of a Slim LWD NMR Tool: From Concept to Field Testing

ABSTRACT Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) was identified as a critical technology for reducing uncertainty and minimizing risk during the planning phase of a major field development project. The reservoirs in the subject field contain heavy oil/tar in the flanks, a nd accurate knowledge of viscosity trends becomes essential for the placement of water injectors. Since NMR logs can be used to estimate heavy oil viscosity, the development plan required running logging while drilling (LWD) NMR logs in the extended -reach horizontal injectors, in addition to some selected producers. A program heavily based on slim hole drilling presented a practical challenge for the execution of the development plan, since at the time no service company offered slim hole LWD NMR services. Considering the business impact of this technology gap, Saudi Aramco decided to collaborate with the service industry to develop LWD NMR technology for hole sizes ranging from 5⅞ ” to 6⅛”. Within a year, a joint project was established with a major technology provider for the development of a slim LWD NMR tool. The fi rst two prototypes were delivered for field testing in less than 18 months. The prototypes have been run in nearly a dozen wells to date and in a variety of environments, including extended-reach wells with high salinity muds. Data obtained from drilling and reaming runs agree very well with those from other porosity tools, including wireline NMR. Furthermore, close coordination and cooperation between the operator and the service provider during testing runs have resulted in significant improvements in downhole firmware, data acquisition modes and signal processing. Two factors weigh heavily for the successful fast delivery of the project goals: clear requirements from the operator, and proven expertise in NMR tool design from the technology provider. Giv en continuing reliable and robust performance from the prototypes, the slim LWD NMR service is expected to be commercially available shortly. In fact, the high level of confidence gained from early field tests has already allowed the use of the data in cri tical well placement decisions in some wells.
Test of a response bias model of bisection

An algebraic model of bisection —a special case of Pfanzagl’s general measurement system-was tested for brightness. Nonparametric scalability, a condition derived from reflexivity, commutativity, and bisymmetry, was disconfirmed, leading to a rejection of the commutativity axiom, and necessitating the incorporation of a response bias parameter. The systematic bias in the data was substantially reduced by the introduction of the response bias parameter-interpreted as “position” bias, not hysteresis. The data are generally supportive of Pfanzagl’s bisection system, although the failure of commutativity requires the incorporation of a response bias parameter.
Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the aged: A prospective study utilizing a younger age group as control

1. Consecutive patients admitted for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding were investigated by means of early esophagogastroscopy and upper gastrointestinal X-ray over a period exceeding 3 years. The series included 100 patients above the age of 60 and 181 below 60. 2. An acute gastric lesion (erosive gastritis or acute gastric ulcer) was the leading over-all source of bleeding in patients over and under 60 (27.0% and 24.8%, respectively). In nonmassive bleeding episodes, an acute gastric lesion was again the leading source in both groups (35.7% and 26.3%, respectively). 3. In massive bleeding, duodenal ulcer was the leading source in those over 60 (33.3%), while esophageal varices was the leading cause of bleeding in those below 60 (34.0%). 4. No statistically significant difference was noted in the severity of bleeding episodes in the over- and under-60 groups, nor was there any statistically significant difference in the over-all mortality of the 2 groups. 5. Early esophagogastroscopy was both safe and significant in establishing the sources of bleeding in the old age group.
Comparison of ECS and flurothyl-induced retrograde amnesia in mice

Different groups of mice were exposed to flurothyl vapors immediately 5, 60, 360, and 720 min after a one-trial passive avoidance learning procedure. The first three groups 24 hours later showed a marked retention deficit, but retest performance of the 6 hour group was significantly less impaired than the first three. The 12 hour group was not significantly different from the control group. When only clonic seizures were elicited, performance was just as impaired as in mice which had exhibited tonic convulsions. The effective intervals at which RA was produced were similar for both flurothyl and ECS. However, the temporal gradient of RA to the flurothyl treatment was significantly flatter than that produced by a 15 mA-ECS under otherwise identical conditions.
Optimal parametrization of deviations from the tribimaximal form of the neutrino mass matrix

We obtain a general parametrization for the neutrino Majorana mass matrix in which all possible deviations from tribimaximal mixing are given by three complex parameters, and the deviation from each tribimaximal mixing eigenvector is identified with precisely two of them. This parametrization provides a useful tool for classifying the corrections to exact tribimaximal mixing in flavor models.
Joint Resources Assignment Scheme Based on Graph Coloring Theory and Harmony Search Theory for Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum assignment and power assignment are both key technology to use spectrum resource for cognitive radio networks effectively. In this paper, an effective joint resources assignment method is proposed. The objective is to maximize the system throughput and to guarantee the quality of service for the users simultaneously. The method is based on harmony search algorithm and graph coloring theory. It gives a more proper representation of the interference between the users in our system model. Thus, the users can reuse the spectrum more effectively. Simulations show that the proposed method can achieve higher system throughput in the new model than that in the traditional graph model.
Heating during shearing and opening dominated dynamic fracture of polymers

The heat generated from dissipative mechanisms during shearing and opening dominated dynamic fracture of polymethyl methacrylate and polycarbonate was measured with a remote sensing technique that utilizes the detection of infrared radiation. Significant heating was detected for both materials and both modes of fracture. In the shear dominated experiments, the temperature increase at the crack tip in polymethyl methacrylate was 85 K, the approximate increase necessary to reach the glass transition temperature. An adiabatic shear band followed by a dynamically propagating crack were observed during the shear dominated experiments using polycarbonate. The recorded shear band temperature increase was 45 K. This was followed by an additional 100 K temperature increase from the ensuing crack, raising the temperature above glass transition. The maximum temperature increase recorded for the opening mode experiments was 55 K for polymethyl methacrylate and 105 K for polycarbonate. The results of this study show that temperature effects are significant during the dynamic fracture of polymers. The effects are especially important in the shear dominated case where local temperatures approach or exceed the polymer glass transition temperature.
Switched capacitor bandgap voltage reference for sub-1-V operation

A switched capacitor bandgap voltage reference circuit capable of sub-1-V operation is presented. The proposed circuit generates a sub-1-V reference voltage with a switched capacitor operation, offering several performance advantages over the current-mode sub-1-V counterpart. The proposed design provides an improved supply rejection and outperforms in the presence of process variation. In addition, the circuit does not require a start-up circuit and the associating trimming circuitry is simplistic and cost effective. The proposed sub-1-V switched capacitor BGR can be a practical sub-1-V reference candidate in ultra deep sub-micron CMOS processes.
Comparison of Age-Related Changes in Prostaglandin E1 and Beta-Adrenergic Responsiveness of Vascular Smooth Muscle in Adult Males

Aging in humans is associated with a general decline in beta-adrenergic receptor responsiveness. Whether this is a consequence of a defect at the receptor level or along the adenylate cyclase pathway is not known. Using a technique to measure compliance of dorsal hand veins, we investigated the venodilatory response to isoproterenol and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), which interact with distinct membrane-bound receptors but activate the same adenylate cyclase system. Studies were conducted in 7 young (Y, less than 30 years) and 7 elderly (E, greater than 60 years) healthy male volunteers. Dilatation induced by isoproterenol (mean +/- SD) was 43 +/- 8% in E vs 97 +/- 17% in Y, p = .003. However, PGE, produced complete relaxation in both Y and E subjects (122 +/- 17% vs 97 +/- 19% respectively, p = .270). The sensitivity to PGE1 was not significantly different between the Y and E. Our results demonstrate that PGE1 is a potent venodilator in humans and that the age-related decline in vascular response is specific to beta-adrenoceptor agonists and does not reflect a generalized loss in responsiveness to adenylate cyclase coupled receptors.
Familial D/D translocation t(13q;14q). Eight members in four generations.

Eight family members spanning four generations were found to have 45 chromosome count D/D translocation identified by Giemsa-trypsin banding as t(13q;14q). The only mature male is believed to be infertile on the basis of a very low sperm count with reduced motility. This is believed to be related to the chromosome aberration and not to be coincidental. Aside from this, all were clinically normal except the index case, a young girl with unusual facies and moderate to severe retardation of growth and development. It is believed that her abnormalities were coincidental to the chromosome translocation and fortuitous in locating this family and initiating the pedigree. This example of essentially benign (some males are fertile) Robertsonian centric fusion in humans lends itself to interesting speculations about the results from chance matings between such translocation carriers.
Effects of exercise on bone mineral density in calcium-replete postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy.

Osteoporosis is a major public health concern. The combination of exercise, hormone replacement therapy, and calcium supplementation may have added benefits for improving bone mineral density compared to a single intervention. To test this notion, 320 healthy, non-smoking postmenopausal women, who did or did not use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), were randomized within groups to exercise or no exercise and followed for 12 months. All women received 800 mg calcium citrate supplements daily. Women who exercised performed supervised aerobic, weight-bearing and weight-lifting exercise, three times per week in community-based exercise facilities. Regional bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women who used HRT, calcium, and exercised increased femoral neck, trochanteric and lumbar spine bone mineral density by approximately 1–2%. Trochanteric BMD was also significantly increased by ~1.0% in women who exercised and used calcium without HRT compared to a negligible change in women who used HRT and did not exercise. The results demonstrate that regional BMD can be improved with aerobic, weight-bearing activity combined with weight lifting at clinically relevant sites in postmenopausal women. The response was significant at more sites in women who used HRT, suggesting a greater benefit with hormone replacement and exercise compared to HRT alone.
mTOR Inhibition: From Aging to Autism and Beyond

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved protein that regulates growth and proliferation in response to environmental and hormonal cues. Broadly speaking, organisms are constantly faced with the challenge of interpreting their environment and making a decision between “grow or do not grow.” mTOR is a major component of the network that makes this decision at the cellular level and, to some extent, the tissue and organismal level as well. Although overly simplistic, this framework can be useful when considering the myriad functions ascribed to mTOR and the pleiotropic phenotypes associated with genetic or pharmacological modulation of mTOR signaling. In this review, I will consider mTOR function in this context and attempt to summarize and interpret the growing body of literature demonstrating interesting and varied effects of mTOR inhibitors. These include robust effects on a multitude of age-related parameters and pathologies, as well as several other processes not obviously linked to aging or age-related disease.