cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correction of motion artifacts and serial correlations for real-time functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively low-cost, portable, noninvasive neuroimaging technique for measuring task-evoked hemodynamic changes in the brain. Because fNIRS can be applied to a wide range of populations, such as children or infants, and under a variety of study conditions, including those involving physical movement, gait, or balance, fNIRS data are often confounded by motion artifacts. Furthermore, the high sampling rate of fNIRS leads to high temporal autocorrelation due to systemic physiology. These two factors can reduce the sensitivity and specificity of detecting hemodynamic changes. In a previous work, we showed that these factors could be mitigated by autoregressive-based prewhitening followed by the application of an iterative reweighted least squares algorithm offline. This current work extends these same ideas to real-time analysis of brain signals by modifying the linear Kalman filter, resulting in an algorithm for online estimation that is robust to systemic physiology and motion artifacts. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method via simulations of evoked hemodynamics that were added to experimental resting-state data, which provided realistic fNIRS noise. Last, we applied the method post hoc to data from a standing balance task. Overall, the new method showed good agreement with the analogous offline algorithm, in which both methods outperformed ordinary least squares methods.
Deleterious effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on accessory function of human blood adherent mononuclear cells.

The effects of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) on accessory function of human blood adherent mononuclear cells (ADH) for antigen and mitogen-induced responses, and production by ADH of the amplifying cytokine interleukin 1 (IL-1) were examined. Responder lymphocytes were rendered accessory cell dependent by treatment of nonadherent cells with OKIal+complement. UV-B depressed accessory function of ADH in a dose-dependent manner. UV-B at 5 mJ/cm2 decreased accessory function of 2 x 10(4) ADH for tetanus toxoid-induced responses (measured as incorporation of 3H-thymidine) by 84% (P less than 0.001, n = 6) and phytohaemagglutinin-induced responses 91% (P less than 0.001, n = 4). UV-B also decreased accessory activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells but not Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells for a PPD-reactive T cell line. Viability was approximately 90% 0-72 h after exposure of ADH to 5 mJ/cm2 of UV-B. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity of supernatants of ADH was assayed on C3H/HeJ mouse thymocytes. Pretreatment of ADH with 5 mJ/cm2 UV-B decreased lipopolysaccharide-stimulated IL-1 activity from 169 +/- 34 (mean U/ml +/- s.e.) to 4 +/- 1 (P less than 0.01, n = 4). Lysates of UV-B irradiated. LPS-stimulated ADH had no discernible IL-1 activity. Addition of IL-1 partially restored accessory activity of UV-B irradiated ADH for lymphocyte responses to TT. Exposure of ADH to TT or PHA for 30 min before irradiation blocked the inhibitory effect of UV-B on accessory activity. Thus, low doses of UV-B are deleterious to accessory function and to production of IL-1 by ADH. Interference with production of cytokines and with initial interactions of accessory cells with antigen and mitogen may be critical to the effects of UV-B on immunoregulatory function of ADH.
Convention effects: examining the impact of national presidential nominating conventions on information, preferences, and behavioral intentions

ABSTRACTWe ask whether and how US presidential nominating conventions matter in contemporary US elections. Using individual-level panel data, we find evidence that the conventions exert important effects on the electorate by influencing post-convention intentions to participate in electoral politics, knowledge about the candidates, and candidate favorability ratings, even after controlling for pre-convention intentions, knowledge, and candidate ratings. We conclude that conventions remain important campaign events that play a role in facilitating democratic processes in America.
Improving the power of the Diebold–Mariano–West test for least squares predictions

Abstract We propose a more powerful version of the test of Diebold and Mariano (1995) and West (1996) for comparing least squares predictors based on non-nested models when the parameter being tested is the expected difference between the squared prediction errors. The proposed test improves the asymptotic power by using a more efficient estimator of the parameter being tested than that used in the literature. The estimator used by the standard version of the test depends on the individual predictions and realizations only through the observations on the prediction errors. However, the parameter being tested can also be expressed in terms of moments of the predictors and the predicted variable, some of which cannot be identified separately by the observations on the prediction errors alone. Parameterizing these moments in a GMM framework and drawing on the theory of West (1996), we devise more powerful versions of the test by exploiting a restriction that is maintained routinely under the null hypothesis by West (1996, Assumption 2b) and later studies. This restriction requires only finite second-order moments and covariance stationarity in order to ensure that the population linear projection exists. Simulation experiments show that the potential gains in power can be substantial.
A multidimensional view of racial differences in access to prostate cancer care.

BACKGROUND Racial disparities in prostate cancer treatment and outcomes are widespread and poorly understood. In the current study, the authors sought to determine whether access to care, measured across multiple dimensions, contributed to racial differences in prostate cancer. METHODS The Philadelphia Area Prostate Cancer Access Study (P2 Access) included 2374 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer between 2012 and 2014. Men were surveyed to assess their experiences accessing care (response rate of 51.1%). The authors determined appointment availability at 151 urology practices using simulated patient telephone calls and calculated travel distances using geospatial techniques. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between 5 different domains of access (availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and acceptability) and receipt of treatment, perceived quality of care, and physician-patient communication. RESULTS There were 1907 non-Hispanic white and 394 black men in the study cohort. Overall, approximately 85% of the men received definitive treatment with no differences noted by race. Black men were less likely to report a high quality of care (69% vs 81%; P<.001) and good physician-patient communication (60% vs 71%; P<.001) compared with white men. In adjusted models, none of the 5 domains of access were found to be associated with definitive treatment overall or with radical prostatectomy. All access domains were associated with perceived quality of care and communication, although these domains did not mediate racial disparities. CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, the current study presents the first comprehensive assessment of prostate cancer care access, treatment, and patient experience, demonstrating that although access was related to overall perceived quality of care and better physician-patient communication, it did not appear to explain observed racial differences. Cancer 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
147 ACETAMINOPHEN PREVENTS HYPERALGESIA IN CENTRAL PAIN CASCADE.

Background Acetaminophen is an analgesic and antipyretic drug believed to exert its effect through interruption of central pain processing pathways, although the means by which this occurs remains unknown. Importantly, its actions are typically limited to pain states wherein there has been an increased sensitivity to painful stimuli secondary to tissue injury or inflammation. Thus, whether this effect is peripheral, occurring at the injury site, or central is not known. Objective This study addresses the efficacy of acetaminophen delivered orally and intrathecally in preventing the development of hyperalgesia induced through the direct activation of proalgogenic spinal receptors. Here we spinally deliver substance P (sP) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) to activate neurokinin 1 and NMDA receptors. These receptors are activated under normal circumstances by substance P and glutamate released from nociceptive sensory afferents. Methods In one experimental group, 300 mg/kg acetaminophen suspended in 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was given orally followed by intrathecal (IT) injection of substance P (n = 8). As a control, 5% DMSO was given orally before injection of intrathecal substance P (n = 7). In a second group, rats received 10 μg, 100 μg, or 200 μg of acetaminophen delivered intrathecally (n = 24) preceding IT NMDA. As a control, 5% DMSO (n = 7) or only saline (n = 6) was given preceding IT NMDA. All rats were tested at 10-minute intervals for response latency to a thermal stimulus. Results The intrathecal delivery of sP or NMDA produced a significant fall in baseline thermal escape latency in vehicle-treated animals (ie, hyperalgesia). Oral acetaminophen significantly (p = .0122) increased reaction latencies compared with DMSO. In the second group of experimental animals, IT acetaminophen increased reaction latencies when compared with saline at all three dose levels (p = .02, .0001, .0001) and DMSO at 100 μg and 200 μg (p = .0158, .0429). Response latencies following doses 10 μg and 100 μg were significantly different (p = .0429). Conclusions Results indicate that acetaminophen is effective in attenuating the development of hyperalgesia produced by central pain mediators in a dose-dependent fashion. Oral acetaminophen9s ability to reverse this spinally initiated hyperalgesia emphasizes the likely central action and bioavailability of the systemically delivered drug. Jointly, these data argue for an important central antihyperalgesic action of acetaminophen.
Esophagoesophagopexy technique for assisted fistulization of esophageal atresia.

We describe our experience using a modified suture fistula technique for addressing tension in longer gap esophageal atresia (EA). Esophagoesophagopexy (EEP) is the tacking of the proximal and distal ends of esophageal pouches without formal anastomosis. In this retrospective cohort, we review the outcomes of patients with EA after EEP. We reviewed the operative reports of EA cases treated at our institution from 1997 to 2016 and identified all patients described as having EEP. Of 129 EA cases, five patients underwent EEP. Formal anastomosis was not done due to patient’s instability, prematurity, or long gap. Median birth weight was 1.4 kg (0.6–2.2 kg), and median gestational age at birth was 29 weeks (25–34 weeks). Age at time of EEP ranged 0–5 months. Esophagoesophageal fistula was confirmed in three patients. All three had strictures requiring weekly dilations. One of these patients died. The two surviving patients underwent fundoplication. We describe an alternative technique for esophageal anastomosis in patients for whom a standard anastomosis is not possible. EEP can lead to a functional anastomosis through fistulization and avoid the morbidity of multiple thoracotomies and lengthening procedures. Families should be educated on the potential need for dilations and antireflux procedures.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Healthy and Diseased Human Gingiva Support Osteogenesis on Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting almost half of the adult US population. Gingiva is an integral part of the periodontium and has recently been identified as a source of adult gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells (GMSCs). Given the prevalence of periodontitis, the purpose of this study is to evaluate differences between GMSCs derived from healthy and diseased gingival tissues and explore their potential in bone engineering. Primary clonal cell lines were established from harvested healthy and diseased gingival and characterized for expression of known stem-cell markers and multi-lineage differentiation potential. Finally, they were cultured on electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and evaluated for attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Flow cytometry demonstrated cells isolated from healthy and diseased gingiva met the criteria defining mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, GMSCs from diseased tissue showed decreased colony-forming unit efficiency, decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, weaker osteoblast mineralization, and greater propensity to differentiate into adipocytes than their healthy counterparts. When cultured on electrospun PCL scaffolds, GMSCs from both sources showed robust attachment and proliferation over a 7-day period; they exhibited high mineralization as well as strong expression of alkaline phosphatase. Our results show preservation of ‘stemness’ and osteogenic potential of GMSC even in the presence of disease, opening up the possibility of using routinely discarded, diseased gingival tissue as an alternate source of adult MSCs.
Amyloid-Beta Solubility in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

There is general agreement that Alzheimer’s disease will become a crisis by the middle of the century. The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that 5 million Americans currently have Alzheimer’s dise...
Sex Differences in the Clinical Incidence of Concussions, Missed School Days, and Time Loss in High School Student-Athletes: Part 1:

Background:Sports-related concussion (SRC) injury rates are well established in collegiate athletics through epidemiological studies using the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Survei...
Inverse Projection: Dantzig-Wolfe Decomposition

Just as inverse projection is the dual of projection, Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition, see Dantzig and Wolfe [112], is the dual of Benders’ decomposition. With Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition, the linear program is decomposed into two sets of constraints, whereas in Benders’ decomposition, the linear program was decomposed into two sets of variables.
Evolution and literature review of robotic general surgery resident training 2002–2018

The University of Illinois purchased their first da Vinci System in September of 2002. Within the first calendar year, their program began orienting trainees to the da Vinci Standard System to make its inclusion in their clinical training run more smoothly. During the ensuring 16 years, their program has evolved into more frequent resident orientations, lectures, and courses. The program has grown over the course of different versions of the da Vinci System. Currently, their program houses three Xi and two Si systems. Led by Dr. Crawford and Mr. Dwyer they have formalized their curriculum using a systematic progression of skill acquisition. The lecture will detail the program’s organic development over the last 16 years. It will also explain the scientific measurement tools recently applied to the curriculum.
The Influence of the Yale Martellus Map

In the preceding pages, I have brought forward previously unnoticed evidence regarding the influence of the Yale Martellus map on Giovanni Contarini’s world map of 1506 and have demonstrated the profound influence of the map—or one very similar to it—on Martin Waldseemuller’s world map of 1507. In the past, it has been suggested that the Yale Martellus map heavily influenced Martin Behaim in the creation of his terrestrial globe of 1492, but this claim has not been examined in detail, and I propose to do so now.
Interviews and Focus Groups

This chapter presents a philosophical and methodological background for conducting and evaluating interview and focus group research in applied linguistics. It discusses the strengths and limitations of various approaches and deconstructs ‘commonsense’ assumptions about interviewing by examining the influence of two prevalent perspectives: ‘interview as research instrument’ and ‘interview as social practice’. Emphasizing researcher responsibility, ethical conduct, and reflexivity, Prior also gives attention to issues related to rapport, language choice, interculturality, and ‘naturalness’ of interview and focus group data. The chapter concludes by considering recent directions in interview research and provides an annotated list of resources for further reading.
Recognizing autoimmune encephalitis as a cause of seizures: Treating cause and not effect

In this issue of Neurology ®, de Bruijn et al.1 report the difference in efficacy between immunotherapy and antiseizure medications (ASMs) in the treatment of seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis. Immunotherapy efficacy clearly exceeded that of ASMs in this cohort with anti–leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1), anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR), and anti–gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor (GABABR) encephalitis on a number of fronts: 53% became seizure-free shortly after initiation of immunotherapy compared to 14% with ASMs and time to seizure freedom with immunotherapy was 28 days vs 59 days in those few who became seizure-free with ASMs. Eventually, 89% became seizure-free following immunotherapy, and ASM therapy could eventually be discontinued in nearly all patients.
Depression Over the Lifespan in a Population-Based Cohort of Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Longitudinal Analysis.

OBJECTIVE To (i) determine whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) from a population-based cohort experience elevated depression symptoms and (ii) characterize the trajectory of symptoms over the lifespan. DESIGN The association between PCOS and longitudinal depression scores was investigated among 1127 black and white women participating in Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. PCOS was ascertained at baseline (ages 20 to 32) by U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) criteria, incorporating androgens and symptoms of oligomenorrhea and hirsutism. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale was repeated prospectively in 5-year intervals over 25 years. Mixed-effects models evaluated the association between depression scores and PCOS after adjustment for confounders and characterized the trajectory of scores. The impact of race was explored. RESULTS Eighty-three of 1127 (7.4%) participants met NIH PCOS criteria. Of these, 33 (40%) were black and 50 (60%) were white. CES-D scores were higher among women with PCOS [coefficient (coef) 2.51; 95% CI 1.49, 3.54; P < 0.01] across the lifespan. Scores decreased across the lifespan in women with and without PCOS (coef -0.1 point per year; P < 0.001). Black women experienced higher depression burden than white women (coef 1.80; 95% CI 1.20, 2.41; P < 0.001); however, an interaction was not detected between PCOS and race (P = 0.68). CONCLUSIONS Women with PCOS-NIH from a population-based cohort are at risk for higher depression scores across the lifespan. Depression scores decline over time in women with PCOS in a trajectory similar to that in women without PCOS. Racial differences in depression risk should be acknowledged clinically and further explored.
The role of RASSF proteins in modulating RAS driven lung tumors in vivo

Sir, the recent editorial of our article describing the first animal model for KRAS-driven lung tumors in a RASSF1A-deficient background (1) succinctly and accurately describes our work. I would like to take the opportunity to elaborate and to describe some additional pertinent experiments.
Reconfigurable antennas: quantifying payoffs for pattern, frequency, and polarisation reconfiguration

The authors map the differences between various reconfigurable antennas and present a payoff metric for each type. They evaluate three distinct schemes of reconfiguration: pattern, frequency, and polarisation. They show that the often neglected losses play a pivotal role in the effectiveness of reconfigurable systems. For each of the pattern, polarisation and frequency reconfigurable antennas, they define a quantity that reflects the number of non-overlapping radiation patterns, orthogonality of the polarisation states, and the covered fractional bandwidth, respectively. Then, these quantities are divided by the amount of added losses. Thus, these metrics capture both the increased diversity due to the reconfiguration states and the associated losses. Moreover, the relationship between these metrics and the capacity of a communication system is discussed. Finally, application of the payoff metrics is demonstrated by comparing several reconfigurable antenna architectures from the literature. They show that established payoff metrics can be successfully used to evaluate and quantify the merits of reconfigurable antennas by using only antenna parameters rather than going through system-level analysis.
Interspinous and Interlaminar Devices for Decompression

Interspinous and interlaminar devices are a type of motion-preserving implant designed to provide symptomatic relief of claudicatory lumbar spinal stenosis. These devices work via indirect decompression by maintaining mild flexion of a stenotic spinal segment, subsequently increasing the cross-sectional area of the spinal canal. The distractive force applied by the device, and the subsequent height restoration, is believed to be the main mechanism through which it functions. While these devices may primarily indirectly decompress a spinal motion segment via distraction, they also serve as an alternative to fusion by providing “dynamic stabilization” of a motion segment after direct decompression. The dynamic stabilization and distraction via the use of these spacers may also serve to diminish discogenic back pain from degenerative disc disease and facet degeneration. Benefits of these devices are that they can be implanted with a minimal degree of destruction to the local anatomy, they are more motion preserving than fusion, and they can be easily removed in cases of implant failure.
Selection of Hydraulic Cylinder on Transmission Mechanism of UHV Insulation Test Platform

AC withstand voltage test on site is an important means to test the insulation performance of UHV equipment. The traditional decentralized test devices cannot meet the requirements of installation progress of UHV GIS equipment. In view of this situation, an integrated test platform for the field test of UHV equipment has been developed successfully. In this paper, the key parameters of the transmission mechanism for erecting and transporting such as the hydraulic cylinder hinge point and the thrust are calculated with analytic method. The selection method of the hydraulic cylinder is explained. The analysis method and results in this paper provide a theoretical basis for the development and selection of similar equipment.
A Day in the Life: A Long-Term Evaluation of a Day Service for People with Learning Disabilities:

The evaluation of a health service day service for adults with learning disabilities is undertaken annually. This paper presents data charting this service over an 8-year period, 1990–1998. For the...
The double burden of racial discrimination in daily-life moments: Increases in negative emotions and depletion of psychosocial resources among emerging adult African Americans.

Objective: Racial discrimination is a common experience for African Americans, but no research has examined how discrimination reported in daily-life moments influences concurrent negative emotions and psychosocial resources. Method: Emerging adult African Americans (N = 54) reported hourly on momentary racial discrimination, negative emotions, and psychosocial resources across two days. Results: Controlling for past discrimination and trait emotion, momentary racial discrimination was associated with greater negative emotions and lower psychosocial resources (ps < .05). The relationship between momentary racial discrimination and negative emotions was stronger among individuals residing in areas with fewer African Americans (simple slope p < .0001). The relationship between momentary racial discrimination and psychosocial resources was stronger among individuals reporting greater past discrimination (simple slope p < .0001). Vicarious discrimination (exposure to discrimination experienced by another person) was associated with higher negative emotions (p < .01), but not with psychosocial resources. Conclusion: These results are the first to demonstrate that personal and vicarious racial discrimination are associated with negative emotions and lower coping resources in daily-life moments and that contextual factors modify these associations. Results refine our understanding of the immediate sequelae of discrimination in daily life and point to possible targets for ecological momentary interventions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Propulsive Efficiency of Wake Ingestion

Wake ingestion has been studied in order to develop a physics-based understanding of its effect on engine power and propulsive efficiency. A combination of analysis and testing has been employed. A...
Heuristic Algorithms with Near Optimal Broadcasting in Cactus Graphs

Broadcasting is an information dissemination problem in a connected network, in which one node, called the originator, disseminates a message to all other nodes by placing a series of calls along the communication lines of the network. Once informed, the nodes aid the originator in distributing the message. Finding the broadcast time of a vertex in an arbitrary graph is NP-complete. The problem remains NP-complete even for 3-regular planar graphs and for graphs whose vertex set can be partitioned into a clique and an independent. Several approximation and heuristics algorithms have been presented in the literature. The problem is solved polynomially only for fully connected trees and some tree-like graphs, where two cycles do not intersect. In this paper, we study the broadcast problem in Cactus Graphs in which any two simple cycles have at most one vertex in common. The problem is proved to be NP-complete in general Cactus Graphs. In this paper we provide a heuristic algorithm to find the broadcast time in k-restricted Cactus graphs called a k-cycle graph. Intensive simulations showed that the heuristic generates the optimal broadcast time in most of the k-cycle graphs.
Next generation ventilation strategies to prevent and manage bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstract Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has long been an elusive goal in neonatal respiratory support. Although overall incidence of BPD has not decreased, there appears to be a reduction in severity of the disease with less invasive means of support, which include avoidance of intubation when possible, less invasive means of surfactant administration and extubation at the earliest opportunity. When mechanical ventilation is needed, volume-targeted ventilation is the most evidence-based intervention available. High-frequency ventilation is not clearly superior to modern conventional ventilation strategies, but facilitates lung volume recruitment, which is a key component of any lung-protective ventilation strategy. Novel ventilation techniques such as neutrally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) and airway pressure release ventilation have so far not been shown to be effective in reducing BPD. Once chronic lung disease has taken hold, ventilation strategy needs to be adjusted to account for the multi-compartmental lung physiology with longer time constants and increased alveolar dead space. Substantially larger tidal volume, slower ventilator rate and higher end-expiratory pressure are needed in infants with severe established BPD. Adequate respiratory support must take precedence over aggressive weaning at this stage to facilitate growth and neurodevelopment.
Low Emotional Awareness as a Transdiagnostic Mechanism Underlying Psychopathology in Adolescence

The ability to identify and label one’s emotions is associated with effective emotion regulation, rendering emotional awareness important for mental health. We evaluated how emotional awareness was...
Interhospital Transfer of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Surgery: The Experience of a New York City Hospital System.

Objective The impact of interhospital transfer (IHT) on outcomes of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has not been well studied. We seek to describe the protocolized IHT and systems of care approach of a New York City hospital system, where ICH patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS) are transferred to a dedicated ICH center. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 100 consecutively admitted patients with spontaneous ICH. We gathered information on demographics, variables related to IHT, clinical and radiographic characteristics, and details about the clinical course and outpatient follow-up. We grouped patients into 2 cohorts: those admitted through IHT and those directly admitted through the emergency department. Primary outcome was good functional outcome at 6 months, defined as modified Rankin Scale score 0–3. Results Of 100 patients, 89 underwent IHT and 11 were directly admitted. On multivariable analysis, there were no significant differences in 6-month functional outcome between the 2 cohorts. All transfers were managed by a system-wide transfer center and 24/7 hotline for neuroemergencies. An ICH-specific IHT protocol was followed, in which a neurointensivist provided recommendations for stabilizing patients for transfer. Average transfer time was 199.7 minutes and average distance travelled was 13.6 kilometers. Conclusions In our hospital system, a centralized approach to ICH management and a dedicated ICH center increased access to specialist services, including MIS. Most patients undergoing MIS were transferred from outside hospitals, which highlights the need for additional studies and descriptions of experiences to further elucidate the impact of and best protocols for the IHT of ICH patients.
The Mind and Brain of Short-Term Memory

The past 10 years have brought near-revolutionary changes in psychological theories about short-term memory, with similarly great advances in the neurosciences. Here, we critically examine the major psychological theories (the mind) of short-term memory and how they relate to evidence about underlying brain mechanisms. We focus on three features that must be addressed by any satisfactory theory of short-term memory. First, we examine the evidence for the architecture of short-term memory, with special attention to questions of capacity and how-or whether-short-term memory can be separated from long-term memory. Second, we ask how the components of that architecture enact processes of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Third, we describe the debate over the reason about forgetting from short-term memory, whether interference or decay is the cause. We close with a conceptual model tracing the representation of a single item through a short-term memory task, describing the biological mechanisms that might support psychological processes on a moment-by-moment basis as an item is encoded, maintained over a delay with some forgetting, and ultimately retrieved.
Systematic Review of Erythropoietin (EPO) for Neuroprotection in Human Studies.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is an exciting neurotherapeutic option. Despite its potential, concerns exist regarding the potential for thrombosis and adverse events with EPO administration in normonemic adults. Systematic review of literature using PRISMA guidelines to examine the application and risks of EPO as a treatment option for neuroprotection in normonemic adults. Independent, systematic searches were performed in July 2019. PubMed (1960–2019) and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (1960–2019) were screened. Search terms included erythropoietin, neuroprotection, and humans. The PubMed search resulted in the following search strategy: (“erythropoietin” [MeSH Terms] OR “erythropoietin” [All Fields] OR “epoetin alfa” [MeSH Terms] OR (“epoetin” [All Fields] AND “alfa” [All Fields]) OR “epoetin alfa” [All Fields]) AND (“neuroprotection” [MeSH Terms] OR “neuroprotection” [All Fields]) AND “humans” [MeSH Terms]. PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and articles based on prior searches yielded 388 citations. 50 studies were included, comprising of 4351 patients. There were 13 studies that noted adverse effects from EPO. Three attributed serious adverse effects to EPO and complications were statistically significant. Two of these studies related the adverse events to the co-administration of EPO with tPA. Minor adverse effects associated with the EPO group included nausea, pyrexia, headache, generalized weakness and superficial phlebitis. Most published studies focus on spinal cord injury, peri-surgical outcomes and central effects of EPO. We found no studies to date evaluating the role of EPO in post-operative pain. Future trials could evaluate this application in persistent post-surgical pain and in the peri-operative period.
La política de la ciencia en el pensamiento de Auguste Comte

Este articulo analiza la obra de Augusto Comte desde la politica de la ciencia; se identifica que el proyecto comteano es politico de la ciencia en dos sentidos. Primero, Comte concibe una ciencia tecnocratica y no hace una distincion entre la politica y la ciencia. Esta nocion refiere a un pensamiento hibrido entre lo humano y la maquina en donde se puede resolver los desafios del proceso sociocultural de la industrializacion. Segundo, Comte manifiesta la necesidad de la toma del poder por parte de los expertos; asi, desde el poder, los cientificos utilizarian sus metodos para distender las controversias politicas y podrian poner en practica nociones como orden y progreso para la pacificacion del mundo.
Delayed-Onset Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: Case Report:

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic state caused by autoantibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4)-heparin complexes. Although HIT typically presents 5-10 days after the initi...
COVID-19 pandemic shifts in food-related parenting practices within an ethnically/racially and socioeconomically diverse sample of families of preschool-aged children.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on food parenting practices used by parents of young children. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) was used to evaluate parents’ use of coercive, indulgent, structured, and autonomy supportive food parenting practices before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among a diverse racial/ethnic sample (n = 72) of parents of preschool-aged children. The impact of parent and child mood/behavior on use of specific food parenting practices was also evaluated during both time periods. Results revealed that most parents of preschoolers use a variety of food parenting practices, including coercive control, indulgence, structure, and autonomy support practices. The use of structured and autonomy supportive practices, however, decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, the types of practices used by parents were contextually associated with the mood of the parent as well as child mood. Parent negative mood during COVID-19 was associated with higher levels of coercive control and indulgence and lower levels of structure, whereas child positive child mood was associated with greater use of autonomy supportive practices. These findings suggest that effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on family dynamics around feeding young children include shifts away from theoretically supportive approaches to parenting and highlight the roles of parent and child mood/behavior as potentially important momentary influences on food parenting during this time. Public health practitioners and clinicians working with parents of young children during COVID-19, and in years to come, should consider the potential impact of parental mood and stress, as well as child mood and behaviors. Additional research is needed to better understand how to best help parents maintain supportive feeding practices in the face of challenging situations.
Estimating average partial effects under conditional moment independence assumptions

I show how to identify and estimate the average partial effect of explanatory variables in a model where unobserved heterogeneity interacts with the explanatory variables and may be unconditionally correlated with the explanatory variables. To identify the populationaveraged effects, I use extensions of ignorability assumptions that are used for estimating linear models with additive heterogeneity and for estimating average treatment effects. New stimators are obtained for estimating the unconditional average partial effect as well as the average partial effect conditional on functions of observed covariates.
Continuity of cancer care

The importance of providing continuity in the care of all patients with major medical problems, such as cancer, has widespread acceptance in our current health care system. From the perspective of an oncology social work clinician, this article offers a definition of the concept of continuity of care, examines factors influencing its provision in oncology, and reviews key components in continuity of cancer care planning and implementation. It also examines some innovative efforts in practice to improve continuity.
Major John Richardson's 'The Miser Outwitted' Discovered

The Miser Outwitted by Major John Richardson was advertised for sale in Upper Canadian newspapers in 1841 but no copy has been found. David Beasley, who wrote Richardson's biography, describes how he discovered the anonymous playscript in the Manuscripts Room of the British Library and determined by the handwriting that Richardson was the author. He surmises how it came to be produced at the Queens Theatre, Dublin on 10 May 1848. The play, a one-act farce, is a good example of the entertainment enjoyed by our colonial ancestors in the last century. The theme of a Miser tricked into losing his Money is of perennial interest and enjoys a long tradition in the theatre. Des reclames pour The Miser Outwitted du major John Richardson parurent dans les journaux du Haut-Canada en 1841. Pourtant, aucun exemplaire n'en avait ete retrouve. David Beasley, biographe de Richardson, explique comment il a pu decouvrir la piece, manuscrite et anonyme, dans le Cabinet des Manuscrits de la Bibliotheque national a Londres et comment il a determine par son ecriture que Richardson en etait l'auteur. Il deduit qu'elle aurait ete representee au Queens Theatre a Dublin le 10 mai 1848. Cette piece, une farce en un acte, est un excellent exemple du genre d'amusements auxquels se delectaient nos ancetres coloniaux au siecle dernier. Le theme de l'avare triche de son argent est d'un interet constant et sa rattache a une longue tradition theâtrale.
The Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Dehydrohalogenation of the Poly(Vinylhalides), PVC, PVDC, and PVF

The dehydrohalogenation of poly(vinylhalides) is important because of its presumed relationship to thermal stability. Most reports agree that PVC1 and PVDC2 dehydrochlorinate by a Zipper Mechanism but kinetic studies have not followed the implications of that mechanism. The rate of PVC dehydrochlorination has been reported to increase, decrease, and remain constant with time3 and the catalytic effect of hydrogen chloride has not always been observed.4 PVDC has been reported to follow first order kinetics,5 but the acceleratory phase of the dehydrochlorination was not adequately accounted for.
Writing Explicit, Unambiguous Accommodations A Team Effort

Academic accommodations are intended to increase access to education for students with disabilities. Although the concept seems simple, implementation is challenging because of the ambiguous wording of some accommodations. This article reviews confusing aspects of frequently encountered accommodations. Research-based guidelines for writing explicit, functional accommodations are suggested and illustrated with student examples.
Adaptive Experiments: An Approach to Organizational Behavior Research

By monitoring changes in organizations, adaptive experiments can be performed, and can contribute to understanding organizational behavior (OB). They require a particular measurement approach which contains longitudinal data, a comparison group or groups, a broad range of measures, an independent researcher, and measures of the change itself.
Radium accumulation in animal thyroid glands a possible method for uranium and thorium prospecting

A method of prospecting for uranium and thorium is proposed based on uptake of their radioactive daughters226Ra and228Ra by plants, the collection of plant material by herbivores, the concentration of the radioactive species by specific animal tissues, and the subsequent gamma-ray analysis of the tissues.
Neoadjuvant Bevacizumab Does Not Appear to Contribute to Postoperative Complications after Surgery of Rectal Cancer

Materials/Methods: Two groups were identified. Group 1 included 32 patients (median age 51 years, range 35-72) with clinical stage T3 or T4 rectal cancer treated on NCI protocol #5642 (2002-2008) with neoadjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), bevacizumab (5mg/kg for 4 two-week cycles) and concurrent radiation therapy (50.4 Gy) followed by LAR (24 patients) or APR (8 patients). Group 2 included 53 patients (median age 60 years, range 30-87) with clinical stage T3 or T4 rectal cancer treated over the same period (off protocol) with neoadjuvant 5-FU or capecitabine and concurrent radiation therapy (50.4 Gy) followed by LAR (42 patients) or APR (11 patients). These patients served as a matched control group and were retrospectively analyzed. Ninety day postoperative complication rates were assessed for both groups.
Secondary effects in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Abstract α-Olefins, which are primary Fischer-Tropsch products, are known to participate in secondary reactions during the synthesis process. Thus, these α-olefins may readsorb and initiate new hydrocarbon chains, and this may be an important route that decides the overall distribution of products. The analysis for a continuous stirred tank reactor shows that with such a secondary reaction the products still follow a Flory type of distribution. For a plug flow reactor, the distribution deviates from the Flory model if most of the readsorbed α-olefins participate in growth. If, however, as in a more real situation, they also participate in hydrogenation and isomerization reactions, then the distribution rapidly becomes similar to the Flory distribution. Finally, a case where the chain growth parameter, which is normally assumed to be constant, is varied along the length of an isothermal plug-flow reactor by forcing the C 1 surface intermediate concentration to vary is analyzed. The overall product distribution, in such a case, is still quite close to a Flory distribution.
The fibrillate structure of natural cellulose

Interpretations of the small-scale structure of natural cellulose have been greatly influenced by information obtained from x-ray diffraction studies. This work has given rise to a structural model, according to which there are some regions of cellulose in which the molecules are highly ordered (crystalline) and other regions in which there is considerable disorder (amorphous). This interpretation does not, however, adequately emphasize the fibrillate character of natural cellulose-a structure which, as the result of light and electron microscope investigations, is well established. Since many reactions proceed more readily in the interfibrillar regions than in the fibrils themselves, it seems that the cellulose molecules in the fibrils, in contrast to those in the interfibrillar regions, are more highly ordered. Intensive treatments, such as acid hydrolysis, may cause a further breakdown whereby the fibrils are split transversely into small rodshaped particles, but the comparatively greater ease with which fibrillation occurs following a variety of degradative reactions suggests that the ordered character of the fibrils along the long axis is not interrupted by regions of the same magnitude and extent of disorder as those which occur between the fibrils. Although x-ray diffraction diagrams of cellulose have generally been considered to indicate the presence of small elongated regions of highly crystalline cellulose, i.e., micelles, it would be equally consistent to suppose that the diffuse diffraction patterns were caused by larger essentially homogeneous regions in which the arrangement of the molecules only approximates crystalline regularity. These regions which, except for occasional grosser irregularities, have a more or less uniform intermediate molecular order, may be identified with the fine electron microscopically visible fibrils. According to this viewpoint highly ordered micelles, unlike fibrils, are to be regarded more as incidental rather than as fundamental units of cellulose structure.
Antidepressant effects of inhibitors of cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE4)

Abstract Despite initial promise, the development of type 4 phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitors as antidepressants has not advanced significantly. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the functional importance of PDE4 subtypes and high-affinity and low-affinity inhibitor-binding conformers. However, recent developments have rekindled interest in the therapeutic potential of PDE4 inhibitors. First, PDE4 has been shown to be involved in cAMP signaling pathways that are affected by antidepressants. Second, data obtained using mouse knockout lines indicate that PDE4D and PDE4B mediate antidepressant effects. Third, it appears that the interaction of inhibitors with the high-affinity binding conformer of PDE4 is particularly important for antidepressant efficacy. These developments highlight the difficulties of dissociating the actions of PDE4 inhibitors and provide a guide for future research.
Medical modeling and decision making

The fundamental approach of the Rutgers Group has been to develop methods of describing diseases and patients in terms of a data base of current medical knowledge from which the requisite information can be retrieved for many different decision-making tasks. Various types of models have been used to represent and summarize medical information. Strategies of utilization for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, explanation and teaching have been designed to be independent of specific medical contexts. A causal-associational network has been developed together with an associated model of therapies to serve as the basis of a consultation program in glaucoma. (Kulikowski, Weiss and Safir: "Glaucoma Diagnosis and Therapy by Computer", Proc. 1973 Annual Mtg. Assoc. For Res. in Vision and Ophthalmology.)