cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic predisposition to HIV-1 infection and acquired immune deficiency virus syndrome: A review of the literature examining associations with HLA

Researchers have been studying the relationship between host HLA type and the immune response to HIV-1 since early in the AIDS epidemic. Although the literature is replete with suggestions of an association, the exact locus and nature is unclear. This article reviews the current HLA-HIV/AIDS literature, providing a complete summary of all significant associations reported in journal articles (N = 30) between 1982 and 1993. Consistent associations with alleles comprising the haplotype DQ2-DR3-B8-Cw7-A1 and AIDS progression support a genetic component in AIDS progression. DQ1-DR1-B35-Cw4-A11 and DR5 also show consistent associations with HIV/AIDS outcomes, although it is unclear whether they are measuring susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, AIDS progression, or both. The question of whether HLA influences susceptibility to HIV-1 infection remains unanswered, as well-designed studies addressing this topic are lacking. Similarly, further studies are needed to clarify if HLA type is associated with KS. Several issues that complicate across-study comparisons are discussed including heterogeneity of both HLA and AIDS, potential confounding by race or risk group, and other biases which may influence results. In addition, several proposed biologic mechanisms are explored.
Disparate Impact's Impact: The Gender Violence Lens

Although disparate impact theory often is touted as an important remedy for workplace inequality, in practice, it is less frequently used. Nevertheless, it can be a meaningful remedy for gender violence survivors who are subjected to adverse employment actions, or termination, for reasons that may not appear gendered. An employee may argue that the action had an impermissible gender-based disparate impact due to the disproportionate number of survivors who are women. Consequently, disparate impact would seem a natural remedy. This article reviews infrequently explored interpretations that could limit the theory’s utility. It concludes that those limitations should not bar the theory’s use. Instead, disparate impact should offer an alternative remedy for the hidden role domestic and sexual violence plays in perpetuating women’s economic inequality.
Cell Surface Engineering by Chemical Reaction and Remodeling

Cell surface modification with covalent approaches provides novel bioengineering tools to conjugate functional molecules and structures on the cell surface. Immobilization of specific molecules and structures can precisely control the interactions of the cell with its extracellular microenvironment. Since cell membrane contains functional molecules with specific chemical signatures, covalent transformation of cell surface molecules can form stable adducts to immobilize molecules with controlled density, defined organization, and spatiotemporal control. Particularly, covalent approaches for cell surface engineering are advantageous for long-term application where enhanced stability of the immobilized molecules is required. Depending on the nature of the target molecule and on the availability of cell surface functionalities, conjugation strategies should be selected, developed, and optimized. This strategy allows new molecular engineering tools to interrogate fundamental biological properties of cells and to develop cell-based therapeutics and diagnostic tools.
Ligand-Operated Membrane Channels: Calcium (Glutamate)

Mammalian central nervous system neurons are characterized by differential responses to incoming stimuli and storage of the information elicited by external stimuli. Calcium (Ca 2+ ) influx through select populations of neurotransmitter-activated receptors, the glutamate receptors, when coupled with the induction of Ca 2+ release from intracellular stores, initiates key molecular interactions and enzyme activities that lead to long-term changes in transcription, protein synthesis, and neuronal responses to external stimuli. Glutamate receptor ion channels fall into three main classes based on molecular structure and pharmacological sensitivities. These ligand-activated ion channels are differentially permeable to Ca 2+ and their activation can lead to either long-term potentiation or depression of synaptic activity.
Fungalbionics: a new concept of the etiology of gout, hyperuricemia and their related diseases.

Fungalbionics implicates fungi/fungal metabolites as the cause of gout, hyperuricemia and their related diseases. These diseases are characterized by the presence of two distinctively different findings (detailed in Tables 1 and 2): 1. Fungal-derived metabolites in extra-cellular compartments, 2. Fungal structure/host immunoresponsive-type tissue lesions.
Patulin: Mycotoxin or Fungal Metabolite? (Current State of Knowledge)

Following the discovery of penicillin by Fleming in 1929 a flurry of work ensued in which similar approaches were applied to the search for other antibiotics. One of the products of this search was the compound patulin, initially isolated from filtrates of a strain of Penicillium claviforme by Chain et al. (1942). The compound, originally referred to as clariformin and possessing potent antibacterial activity, was the subject of numerous chemical and biological studies soon after its isolation from a strain of Penicillium patulum Painier and characterization by Birkinshaw et al. (1943). Elucidation of the structure was made by Woodward and Singh (1949). It has since been shown to be produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium and at least one species of Byssochlamys, as reviewed by Ciegler (1977) and Stott and Bullerman (1975).
The Catherine Connection: Building a Learning Culture:

In 1991, the College of St. Catherine, a Catholic college for women in St. Paul, Minnesota, set out to improve recruitment and retention. It soon become clear that they couldn't seriously make impr...
Work Events, Mood, and Motivation: An Experience Sampling Study

This two-week experience sampling study examined the effects of naturally occurring positive and negative work events on daily variations in employees’ approach and avoidance motivation. Results sh...
Prolegomena: What Does Real Option Analysis Bring to Climate Change Policy

The word prolegomena is defined as “a critical or discursive introduction to a book.” This is what it means here but with a twist. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) wrote Prolegomena zu einer jeden kunftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten konnen, or Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics That Will Be Able to Present Itself as a Science. In that book, Kant in a rather polemic way explained what he wanted to accomplish by writing a previous book, Critique of Pure Reason, which many think is his masterpiece but was poorly received at the time.
A point-mass particle method for the simulation of immiscible multiphase flows on an Eulerian grid

Abstract We present an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach for the modeling and simulation of immiscible multiphase flow systems. The Naiver-Stokes equations are solved on a traditional Eulerian grid while the fluid mass and phase information is discretized by Lagrangian particles. The method is novel because the particles move with a velocity that enforces consistency between the particle field density and the fluid density. The approach is advantageous in that (i) an arbitrary number of phases are easily represented, (ii) the particles remain well-distributed in space, even near merging and diverging characteristics, (iii) mass conservation is easily controlled, and (iv) the methodology is applicable to a wide range of Courant numbers. The governing equations are derived and a numerical method is presented that is applicable to incompressible flows. Performance is assessed via standard two-dimensional and three-dimensional phase transport tests as a function of both Eulerian grid resolution and Lagrangian particle resolution. Results show that the shape error converges with first-order with respect to increasing either Eulerian grid resolution or particle resolution, while mass conservation errors converge with the square root. The method is shown to successfully simulate expanding elliptical regions, stationary and oscillating droplets, a droplet in shear flow, a Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and the air blast atomization of a droplet.
Critical Reflection and Positive Youth Development among White and Black Adolescents: Is Understanding Inequality Connected to Thriving?

Critical consciousness supports youth’s development and participation in civil society, yet it remains unclear how this process is connected to indicators of thriving, such as the Five Cs. This study examined critical reflection—a component of critical consciousness—and the Five Cs among 515 youth (Mage = 13.38; 46.47% female): White youth attending middle-income schools (N = 112), White youth attending low-income schools (N = 250), and Black youth attending low-income schools (N = 153). Black youth attending low-income schools had the highest critical racial reflection and White youth attending low-income schools had the lowest critical socioeconomic reflection. Critical reflection was negatively associated with some of the Five Cs, but only among White youth. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are provided.
Dynamic Off-Body Rician Channel Modeling for Indoor Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless off-body channel is commonly treated as a traditional communication system assuming large and small scale fading to be independent. In this work, we challenge this approach and experimentally show that in a typical WBAN environment of a single room, this assumption is not accurate. We propose an off-body channel model where path loss and multipath fading are entirely determined by Rician distribution and linked through a stochastic Rician factor $K$ . Treating $K$ as a random variable, whose density is determined by the scenario under consideration, allows our model to naturally address different types of body motion along with correlated shadowing. By means of simulation supported by experiments, we show that our model is able to accurately describe probability densities of instantaneous received power in various static and dynamic settings. In addition, we demonstrate that the proposed approach can predict the off-body diversity gains due to correlated antenna reception when selection combining scheme is applied.
Rapidly progressive necrotizing cellulitis secondary to Candida tropicalis infection in an immunocompromised host

The incidence of invasive fungal infection is increasing as the population of immunosuppressed patients grows. Many species that were previously thought to be benign are now known pathogens. The most commonly isolated organisms (>80 %) include Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus. However, there are several new and emerging organisms. The Non-albicans species of Candida are one of the emerging invasive fungal organisms that are beginning to affect high-risk patients such as those with bone marrow transplant, neutropenia, HIV/AIDS or on immunosuppressive therapy. We present a case of a patient who suffered with angioinvasive non-Albicans Candidal infection, leading to a life-threatening necrotizing cellulitis.
Is Regional Science Just Economics with a “dij” Added to All Equations? Some Thoughts of an Economist

This chapter looks at the extent to which “regional science” is distinctive enough to be called a unique sub-discipline. It considers the background against which the idea of a regional science was initiated and at the publications, institutions, and work that has been associated with the idea. In particular, it reviews the ways the American Economic Association has sought over the years to embrace geographical spatial analysis with the larger body of economic thinking. But this still leaves open the question of whether location and distance are really that different to the numerous elements included in modern economic analysis. The chapter looks at whether, even if there were a justification for a regional science in the 1950s, this has evaporated as economic thinking and analysis has morphed into something more integrated with other areas of social analysis. The conclusions reached are that even at the outset the notion of a specific regional science was vague and added little to what regional and urban economists were discussing. And even if differences could have been detected 75 years ago, these have now evaporated.
Peer Support Intervention Improves Pain‐Related Outcomes Among Rural Adults With Diabetes and Chronic Pain at 12‐Month Follow‐Up

PURPOSE Adults with diabetes mellitus (DM) suffer often from chronic pain, yet evidence-based interventions for comorbid pain and DM are scarce. We tested the effect of a peer-led cognitive behavioral training (CBT) intervention on pain self-efficacy (PSE), pain intensity, and pain-related functional limitations (PRFL) in adults with DM, 1 year after trial initiation. METHODS The yearlong "Living Healthy" cluster-randomized trial included 230 residents of rural Alabama with DM, who reported pain in the past month; communities were treated as clusters. Intervention participants received a peer-delivered 8-session structured CBT intervention in the context of diabetes self-management; attention control arm participants received a peer-delivered 8-session general health education program. Outcomes included PSE (Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale, range 10-100); pain intensity (McGill Pain Questionnaire, range 0-45); and PRFL (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scale, range 0-100). We examined control-intervention differences in changes in outcome scores from baseline to 3-month and 12-month follow-up, adjusted for clustering. FINDINGS The 195 participants with follow-up data were aged 59 ± 10.4 years, 96% were African American, 79% were women, and 80% reported pain on the day of baseline data collection. At 3-month follow-up, PSE increased more for intervention (21-point increase) than control (5-point increase) participants (P for control-intervention (C-I) difference in change < .001); pain intensity decreased for both groups; and PRFL decreased only for intervention participants (-11 score; P for C-I difference in change < .001). Results were sustained at 12 months, and pain intensity significantly improved in only the intervention arm (P for C-I difference in change = .01). CONCLUSIONS This peer-delivered CBT intervention improved pain self-efficacy, pain-related functional limitations, and pain intensity over 12 months among rural participants with DM and chronic pain.
Abstract P3-08-63: Predictors of pathologic complete response in HER2 positive breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant targeted therapy

Background: Anti-HER2 therapy is a standard treatment for HER2-positive tumors, however, the response to targeted therapy varies with a pathologic complete response rate of approximately 40%. Additionally, the relationship between the level of HER2 gene amplification and the clinical outcome is unclear. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine clinico-pathologic predictors of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant targeted therapy in HER2 positive breast cancers. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with Neoadjuvant Systemic Therapy (NST). PCR was defined as no residual invasive carcinoma in the breast and axillary lymph nodes (ypT0/is, pN0). We divided our cohort into two groups: patient with pathologic complete response (pCR) and patients without complete responses (non-pCR). We compared the HER2 copy number, HER2/CEP-17 ratio, and clinical and pathologic features using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: A total of 163 patients with HER2 gene amplification (copy number ≥4) or HER2/CEP17 ratio ≥ 2.0 who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy along with Trastuzumab or Trastuzumab-Pertuzumab therapy were included in the study. Only 33.3% of patients achieved pCR. Patients who achieved pCR had tumors with higher HER2 copy numbers (median: 19.1, range: 4.5 - 45.6), compared to those who did not achieve pCR (median:15.22, range: 4.12 - 35.0, p=0.003). The HER2/CEP17 ratio was higher in the pCR group (median 7.43, range 2.1 - 17.94) compared with non-pCR group (median 6.1, range 1.72 - 12.6, p= 0.32). A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to identify the optimal cutoff point to predict pCR revealed the area under the curve for HER2 copy number and HER2/CEP17 ratio to be 0.639 and 0.600, respectively. Univariate analysis showed significant correlation of pCR with HER2 copy number of ≥14 (p=0.003) and an HER2/CEP17 ratio of 4 or greater (p=0.044), and Ki-67 ≥ 40 % (p=0.002). Consistent with previous studies, tumors with negative hormone receptor (HR) statuses had higher pCR rates (p 5cm), were not associated with pCR. In our study, all patients with who negative lymph nodes, achieved pCR. In multivariate regression analysis, only HR negativity (OR=2.60, p=0.008), Ki-67 ≥ 40 % (p=0.015 OR=2.625) and HER 2 copy number ≥14 (p=0.009 OR=2.689) remained as a significant factors associated with pCR. Conclusion: Patients with PCR tend to have higher HER/CEP-17 ratios, smaller tumors and negative nodal statuses. Based on our result, HER2 copy number, negative HR status and high KiI-67 are one of the strongest predictors of pCR in HER2 positive tumors. Citation Format: Mariela Huerta Rosario, Sunati Sahoo. Predictors of pathologic complete response in HER2 positive breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant targeted therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-08-63.
Quality of life (QOL), financial burden, and perception of care in patients enrolled on clinical trials (CTs).

e19112Background: We sought to study the longitudinal QOL, financial burden and perception of care (PoC) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) or lymphoma (LYM) enrolled on CTs vs. those receiving...
Neonatal palliative care: perception differences between providers

The purpose of this study was to describe differences and identify education gaps in the perception of palliative care (PC) between neonatal care providers in a Level IV Neonatal intensive care unit. This is a descriptive survey mixed methods study. Email surveys were sent to social workers, pharmacists, dieticians, nurses, respiratory therapists, fellows and faculty in November of 2018. Total number of respondents was 181 with a response rate of 56%. Statistically significant differences between faculty and non-faculty were found in regards to benefits of early PC consults, need for automatic consults for certain diagnosis and the frequency of PC consults. The perception of PC differs greatly between faculty and non-faculty. Educational initiatives surrounding PC and communication along with instituting automatic consults for certain diagnosis could help bridge this difference in perception and educational gap.
Professional Support Networks in TESOL: Sociolinguistic Approaches to Professional Development in ESOL Teacher Education

This chapter investigates professional development for ESOL teachers and shows the importance of building systems of support for teachers through professional support networks and sociolinguistic perspectives. It aims to raise awareness about existing professional networks for the education of bilingual educators and ESOL teachers in NY. It introduces some initiatives at a NY college that address such challenges and make NYS’s various professional networks accessible to candidates. The chapter suggests that it is important for college educators and teacher trainers to get the teacher-in-training more involved in working with professionals. Growing the professional network in multimodal ways would help create a sense of community and belonging in the profession of teaching ESOL students
Energy Density Enhancement of a Merged-Energy-Buffer-based Two-Stage AC-DC Converter

This digest presents an improved design methodology to enhance the energy density of the recently proposed merged energy buffer used for twice-line frequency energy buffering in single phase ac-dc converters. The merged energy buffer architecture has been shown to enable high power density by enhancing the energy utilization of the buffer capacitor. The proposed design methodology further enhances this energy utilization by comprehensively examining the entire design space to minimize the overall passive volume of the energy buffer. An improved switching scheme is also presented for the line frequency switches of the merged energy buffer, which improves steady-state performance of the converter. Both the design methodology and the control strategy for the merged energy buffer are experimentally validated through a 150-W electrolytic-free offline LED driver. The optimized energy buffer achieves 28% passive volume reduction compared to the previously reported merged energy buffer.
How emotions and issue controversy influence the diffusion of societal issues with imagined audience on Facebook

Message diffusion is associated with ‘going viral’ that many communicators strive for in spreading their words. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) provides a framework for the current study to ...
The Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) of Holodiscus (Rosaceae) in the USA

The fourteen aphid species recorded as feeding on Holodiscus (Rosaceae) are listed, discussed, and a key to species provided. One new species is described, Acyrthosiphon rockspirea new species, which lives throughout the year on Holodiscus in a wide range of habitats. Two names, Aphis coweni Palmer and Aphis holodisci Robinson are declared to be new junior synonyms of Aphis cercocarpi Gillette and Palmer and much taxonomic data and information are provided to support these conclusions. The heteroecious life cycle of A. cercocarpi between Holodiscus and Veratrum (Melanthiaceae) is described, and biological and taxonomic information, and a key to aphids known from Veratrum, are provided. The correct host plant, monoecious life cycle, and taxonomic features of Illinoia gracilicornis (MacGillivray) are discussed, including brief descriptions of all morphs. The heteroecious life cycle of Macrosiphum walkeri Robinson is documented for the first time, with brief descriptions of the oviparae and males.
Agrivoltaics Citizen Science: A Model for Collaboration between Engineers and K-12 Schools

This paper reports on a project that brings together photovoltaics engineers with 4th-12th-grade teachers and students to test agrivoltaics applications using citizen science. A summer research experience for teachers (RET) program engaged teachers in building and programming a novel agrivoltaic school garden monitoring device facilitated by photovoltaics engineering researchers. The teachers and their students will design and install school gardens for their own community purposes and collect data on garden conditions with and without solar panels covering the crops. A set of curriculum materials are outlined to support implementation across multiple contexts.
Mother-infant convergence of event-related potentials elicited by face and object processing.

Prior work has provided conceptual support for developmental changes in face and object processing, such that: face processing, as captured by the N290 event-related potential (ERP) component in infancy, may develop into the N170 in adulthood; and motivated attention, as captured by the negative central (Nc) in infancy, may develop into the late positive potential (LPP). The present study examined these neural correlates in 12-month-old infants and their mothers (N = 33 dyads). Dyads completed a viewing task consisting of familiar and novel face and toy stimuli while electroencephalography was recorded. Results suggest that for mothers, the N170 was larger for faces than toys, regardless of familiarity, and the LPP was largest for familiar faces. In infants, the N290 was somewhat larger for faces than toys (p < .10); the Nc did not vary by condition. Adult ERPs demonstrated fair to good reliability; reliability of infant ERPs was lower and was influenced by looking behaviors. Intergenerational associations were strongest between the LPP and Nc, particularly when electrode and time window were taken into account. Refinement of data handling and ERP scoring procedures for infant ERPs are crucial next steps for estimation of intergenerational associations and further examination of developmental changes in face and object processing.
Differential regulation of MLC20 phosphorylation in tonic and phasic smooth muscles of the stomach

xvi DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF MLC20 PHOSPHORYLATION IN TONIC AND PHASIC SMOOTH MUSCLES OF THE STOMACH By Othman A. Al-Shboul, Ph.D. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011 Major Director: S.Murthy Karnam Professor, Department of Physiology Gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle possesses distinct regional and functional properties that distinguish it from other types of visceral and vascular smooth muscle. On the basis of electrical properties and contractile phenotype, GI smooth muscles have been classified into phasic (non-sphinteric) and tonic (sphinteric) smooth muscles. The biochemical basis of phasic and tonic phenotypes of smooth muscle is not clear and is the major question of inquiry of the present study. Phosphorylation of Ser 19 on the 20 kDa myosin light chain (MLC) is essential for acto-myosin interaction and contraction in both phasic and tonic muscles. The levels of MLC20
Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies of sera from normal, tuberculous, and noninfected tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs.

Abstract Dardas, T. J. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), and V. H. Mallmann. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies of sera from normal, tuberculous, and noninfected tuberculin-sensitive guinea pigs. J. Bacteriol. 92:76–81. 1966.—Normal guinea pig serum was separated into seven fractions by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes. Thirty antigens were found by immunoelectrophoresis: albumin, 6 α1 globulins, 11 α2 globulins, 6 β1 globulins, 5 β2 globulins, and γ globulin. Hyper-α2-globulinemia was detected in sera from guinea pigs 14 days after inoculation with viable virulent Mycobacterium bovis. An additional α2 globulin, not demonstrable prior to infection, was detected concomitantly with the hyper-α2-globulinemia by immunoelectrophoresis. The additional α2 globulin was tentatively named α2-T. It persisted until the death of the guinea pigs. Neither hyper-α-globulinemia nor the α2-T antigen was detected by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis of sera from guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed M. bovis. Both changes were due to the disease, not to delayed sensitivity alone.
Synthesis of Nickel-Aluminum Alloys by Shock Compression of Composite Particles

We report electron microscope observations of compound formation in Ni/Al composite powders by shock loading. Reactions with substantial yield are seen in outer areas of a recovered specimen, while unreacted or locally reacted regions are seen in the center and middle areas of the specimens. Ni3Al is formed in a gamma solid-solution of Ni. The microstructure is very complex.
Constitutive phosphorylation by protein kinase C regulates D1 dopamine receptor signaling.

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 1655–1667. Abstract The D1 dopamine receptor (D1DAR) is robustly phosphorylated by multiple protein kinases, yet the phosphorylation sites and functional consequences of these modifications are not fully understood. Here, we report that the D1DAR is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC) in the absence of agonist stimulation. Phosphorylation of the D1DAR by PKC is constitutive in nature, can be induced by phorbol ester treatment or through activation of Gq-mediated signal transduction pathways, and is abolished by PKC inhibitors. We demonstrate that most, but not all, isoforms of PKC are capable of phosphorylating the receptor. To directly assess the functional role of PKC phosphorylation of the D1DAR, a site-directed mutagenesis approach was used to identify the PKC sites within the receptor. Five serine residues were found to mediate the PKC phosphorylation. Replacement of these residues had no effect on D1DAR expression or agonist-induced desensitization; however, G protein coupling and cAMP accumulation were significantly enhanced in PKC-null D1DAR. Thus, constitutive or heterologous PKC phosphorylation of the D1DAR dampens dopamine activation of the receptor, most likely occurring in a context-specific manner, mediated by the repertoire of PKC isozymes within the cell.
Induced Bactericidal Response in the Hagfish

Hagfish were shown to be capable of synthesizing bactericidins after injection of gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidins could be detected as early as 2 days after injection. The degree of specificity was not as impressive as in mammalian systems.
Annexation Policy in Milwaukee: An Historical Institutionalist Approach

Theories of urban politics presume that effective governance in city politics requires coalition building between city officials and resource-rich societal actors. Following World War II, however, the city of Milwaukee pursued a successful annexation program by breaking with powerful organized interests with whom city officials had previously partnered in annexation policy. For a time, annexation policy was driven largely by local government officials acting independently of societal actors. While this period of local government autonomy was temporary, it produced several noteworthy developments in annexation policy that would not have occurred had the city failed to distance itself from organized interests. This article explores the conditions that facilitated this episode of local government autonomy and led to its demise. It suggests that contemporary theories of urban governance would benefit from greater attention to local government capacity and the role of time in shaping and reshaping urban political processes.
The central engine in the galactic nucleus

The compact central object driving jet-like activity in quasars and active galactic nuclei is generally thought to be an accreting black hole storing a minimum mass of order 106M⊙. If this hypothesis is correct, then almost all nearby galaxies habour a supermassive black hole at their center. The present discussion considers the most recent radio, infrared, hard X-ray, and soft gamma-ray observation of nuclear activity within the central parsec region of our own galaxy. It is concluded that none
Subgroups of chemotherapy patients with distinct morning and evening fatigue trajectories

Purposes of this study were to identify subgroups of patients with distinct trajectories for morning and evening fatigue, evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics among these subgroups, and compare and contrast the predictors of subgroup membership for morning and evening fatigue. Outpatients with breast, gastrointestinal, gynecological, or lung cancer (n = 582) completed questionnaires, a total of six times over two cycles of chemotherapy (CTX). Morning and evening fatigue severity were evaluated using the Lee Fatigue Scale. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify distinct subgroups. Three latent classes were identified for morning fatigue (i.e., low (31.8 %), high (51.4 %), and very high (16.8 %)) and for evening fatigue (i.e., moderate (20.0 %), high (21.8 %), and very high (58.2 %)). Most of the disease and treatment characteristics did not distinguish among the morning and evening fatigue classes. Compared to the low class, patients in the high and very high morning fatigue classes were younger, had a lower functional status, and higher level of comorbidity. Compared to the moderate class, patients in the very high evening fatigue class were younger, more likely to be female, had child care responsibilities, had a lower functional status, and a higher level of comorbidity. LPA allows for the identification of risk factors for more severe fatigue. Since an overlap was not observed across the morning and evening fatigue classes and unique predictors for morning and evening fatigue were identified, these findings suggest that morning and evening fatigue may have distinct underlying mechanisms.
Evaluation of an Aerosol Model: Responses to Meteorology and Emission Scenarios

The Fraser Valley is a complex topographic coastal environment which episodically experiences visibility degradation (and elevated aerosol concentrations) (Pryor et al., 1997). To examine concentrations and speciation of secondary inorganic aerosols and ozone in the transition between an oxidant event and period of elevated aerosol concentrations, numerical simulations were performed using a modified version of the ACDEP (Atmospheric Chemistry and Deposition) model. ACDEP is a lagrangian model which contains detailed and fully coupled gas-aerosol phase chemistry (Hertel et al., 1995). The modeling period is August 5–8, 1993, and the modeling domain is shown in Figure 1. Results calculated for two receptor sites are shown herein (locations specified in Figure 1). PIME is located in the western reaches of the valley directly east of the Vancouver metropolitan area, and CHIL is located in a region of mixed agricultural land, approximately 80 km from the Vancouver urban core. The modified ACDEP model was applied at a horizontal resolution of 5 km and with 10 layers in the vertical, increasing logarithmically from 2 m to 2 km. The meteorological parameterizations within ACDEP have been extended such that stability parameters and mixed layer depth are calculated using routinely available meteorological data.
Multiple-shot laser damage thresholds of ultraviolet reflectors at 248 and 308 nanometers

Multiple-shot damage thresholds of dielectric reflectors have been measured at 248 and 308 nm. Standard irradiation conditions were a 10-ns pulsewidth, 0.6-mm spot diameter and 35-Hz pulse repetition frequency. The reflectors, from various sources, were composed of oxide and fluoride films. Although damage was generally initiated at visible film defects, there was no correlation between damage susceptibility and the appearance of these defects. At levels near threshold, damage was most often observed as an increase in white-light scatter of a site with no growth upon continued irradiation; at higher levels, the damage site grew with successive shots. Test sites were subjected to at least 10/sup 3/ shots and some sites received as many as 2.5 x 10/sup 4/ shots; however, with only one exception damage was found to occur within the first few shots or not at all. Reflectors at 248 nm typically had damage thresholds in the 1.0 to 1.8 J/cm/sup 2/ range with two samples exhibiting unexpectedly high thresholds of 2.8 and 3.0 J/cm/sup 2/. In some cases, a subthreshold pre-irradiation treatment resulted in a 20 to 25% enhancement in damage resistance.
Dryout Heat Fluxes for Inductively Heated Particulate Beds

Experimental observations of the dryout heat fluxes for inductively heated particulate beds have been made. The data were obtained when steel and lead particles in the size distribution 295 to 787 microns were placed in a 4.7-cm dia pyrex glass jar and inductively heated by passing radio frequency current through a 13.3-cm dia multiturn work coil encircling the jar. Distilled water, methanol and acetone were used as coolants in the experiments, while the bed height was varied from 1.9 to 8.9 cm. Different mechanisms for the dryout in deep and shallow beds have been identified. Dryout in shallow beds is believed to occur when the vapor velocity in the gas jets exceeds a certain critical velocity at which choking of the vapor, leading to obstruction in the flow of the liquid towards the bed occurs. However, deep beds dry out when gravitational force can no longer maintain a downward coolant flow rate necessary to dissipate the heat generated in the bed. Finally, the heat flux data of the present investigation and that from two previous investigations made at Argonne Laboratory and at UCLA have been correlated with semitheoretical correlations based on the proposed hydrodynamic models.
The Tyranny of Reason in the World of the Polis

The modern language of tyranny has distorted the significance of the Greek term tyrannos. In ancient Greek the term was accorded to the new ruler in the city, one whose legitimacy did not reside in his bonds to the ancient rulers and ancient families. Tyranny thus suggested a freedom from the past. Reason, as the Greeks understood it, also entailed a breaking away from the physical world. Reason and tyranny thus work together as expressions of freedom, but it is a freedom that in its transcendence of boundaries leads to tragedy. An examination of Sophocles' Oedipus draws out both the glory and the failure of the individual attempt of the political actor to rise above the historical particular and the mere body to build a world where reason alone is power.
A Comparison of the Relationship Enhancement Program and the Minnesota Couple Communication Program.

This study assessed the comparative effectiveness of the Relationship Enhancement Program (RE) and the Minnesota Couples Communication Program (CC). Couples in the treatment groups (RE-26, CC-20) received RE and CC training from certified leaders. Results at posttesting showed that RE was more effective in increasing marital communication (both behavioral and self-report) and marital satisfaction than CC. A three-month follow-up showed that RE couples' outcome remained superior to CC couples'. Additional analyses revealed that couples' experiencing low marital satisfaction prior to training were best helped by the RE program.
Non-neurogenic contractions in isolated coronary arteries by brief electrical pulses

Objective: The aim was to describe a novel form of non-neurogenic coronary artery contraction. Methods: Superfused cattle coronary artery preparations in vitro were placed between platinum electrodes and stimulated. Results: The preparations responded to exceedingly brief transmural stimulation (a single ten thousandth of a second pulse) with long lasting [150(SEM 18.5) s] contractions. These previously undescribed contractions were not reduced by neural blockade nor did they involve free radicals, prostaglandins, or the endothelium. In contrast to the rapid loss of responses to KCl in zero calcium Krebs solution, responses to stimulation were only progressively diminished over many minutes, suggesting involvement of internal calcium stores. The L channel calcium antagonists nifedipine and diltiazem markedly reduced contractions to KCl but did not materially alter those to 1, 5, or 10 stimulation pulses, nor did the T channel antagonist tetramethrin, further supporting the involvement of stored calcium in contractions to stimulation. Evidence was obtained that neither Na+/K+-ATPase nor the Na+/Ca+ exchanger are involved in the contractions to stimulation. Ryanodine in zero calcium Krebs solution potentiated contractions to stimulation with 10 pulses and also to endothelin, but depressed contractions to U 46619. Conclusions: Stimulation at excitation parameters well below those associated with neurotransmitter release activates a highly effective contraction sequence that may use a ryanodine insensitive pool of bound calcium. This novel process may have physiological and pathophysiological relevance and provides a means of activating contraction in a coronary artery and studying its time course and contributory components, without the complicating participation of an agonist drug. Cardiovascular Research 1994; 28 :1843-1853
Ocean cruising – a lifestyle process

Cruisers have made a conscious decision to quit their land-based life to lead a more self-determined lifestyle. They own their own boats, live aboard, and are constantly on the move. An interpretive research paradigm was used to investigate this alternative lifestyle. Through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 25 cruisers, three categories of questions were represented in the data collection: motivation for cruising, relationship with the marine environment, and flow. Using the method of constant comparison, themes were constructed from these categories and a grounded theory model of the cruising lifestyle was developed. Cruising was found to be a vehicle to experience freedom, travel, and love of the ocean. Mother Ocean, spirituality/healing, and beauty were three themes connecting the participants to the marine environment. Cruisers were found to experience characteristics of flow.
A new atrial transseptal pacing electrode.

Summary: The atrial septum provides a convenient structure to which a transvenous electrode can be attached securely. The Brockenbrough cardiac catheterization technique has been used to gain access to the left atrium. A new electrode has been fabricated which can be inserted into the left atrium through the lumen of a Brockenbrough catheter. The electrode is composed of a stainless steel coil attached inside the proximal end of a platinum cylinder at the cardiac terminal. Three Elgiloy wires, having a wing configuration, are attached inside the distal end of the platinum cylinder. The coil and cylinder are insulated by silicone rubber and the metallic surface area of the distal electrode tip equals 5 mm2. This electrode has been implanted without difficulty or complications in five patients with tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome.
A Study of the Laughing and Smiling of Preschool Children

* Accepted for publication by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, June 23, 1931.
Viscoelastic Properties of Self-Assembled Type I Collagen Fibers: Molecular Basis of Elastic and Viscous Behaviors

We have studied the strain rate dependence of incremental stress-strain curves of self-assembled type I collagen fibers in an effort to understand the molecular phenomena that contribute to the macroscopic mechanical behavior of tendons. Results of viscoelastic tests at strain rates between 10% and 1000% per min suggest that the slope of the elastic stress-strain curve is to a first approximation independent of strain rate while the slope of the viscous stress-strain curve increases with increased strain rate. After correction of the slope of the viscous stress-strain curve for the changes in strain rate, it is observed that the apparent viscosity decreases with increased strain rate. It is concluded that the approximate strain rate independence of the elastic spring constant of collagen is consistent with the spring-like behavior of the 12 flexible regions that make up the collagen D-period. These regions are poor in the rigid amino acid residues proline and hydroxyproline. In contrast, the thixotropy of collagen is consistent with the slippage of subfibrillar subunits during tensile deformation. It is hypothesized that at high strain rates subfibrillar subunits appear to "hydroplane" by each other on a layer of loosely bound water.
The Propagation of a Pulse in the Atmosphere

In a recent paper (Pekeris 1937) it has been shown that under certain assumed temperature distributions above 35 km. the atmosphere is found to have a period of free oscillation of nearly 12 solar hours. In this mode of oscillation, which will be referred to as the second mode, the pressure variations above and below 30 km. are in opposite phase. There is also another mode of free oscillation (the first mode) of a period of about 10 1/2 hr., in which there is no reversal of phase in the pressure variation. A free period of 12 solar hours is required by Kelvin’s “resonance” theory of the semidiurnal variation of the barometer and the reversal of phase as well as the large amplitudes at great heights of the pressure variation in the second mode are in accordance with the interpretation of diurnal variation of the earth’s magnetic field by the “dynamo” theory (Chapman 1934). There is additional evidence about the free modes of oscillation of the atmosphere from the propagation of long waves, since, according to a theorem of G. I. Taylor (1936) there corresponds to every free mode a definite speed of long waves. Now the atmospheric wave which was caused by the Krakatoa eruption in 1883 travelled with a speed corresponding to the first mode, and the question arises whether the apparent lack of a second wave in the Krakatoa disturbance is evidence against the existence of the second mode. Qualitatively, it can be argued that a volcanic eruption which takes place at the ground would excite a higher amplitude in the first mode because in it the energy distribution is more concentrated toward the ground than in the second mode. This would follow from the general dynamical principle that one cannot excite a free mode by applying a pulse at a nodal point, as is strikingly manifested by the fact (Stoneley 1931) that the deeper the focus of an earthquake the smaller are the amplitudes of the surface (free) waves.
On mode(s) and shape of the PDFs of the number of runs and of the maximum of runs by type

Let R = R(m, n) = R s + R F be the total number of runs in a randomly ordered vector of length N = m+n consisting of m letters of type 1 (successes S) and n letters of type 2 (failures F) where R s and R F are the number of success and failure runs, respectively. When n = m, we show that the distribution of R is mound-shaped, symmetric and unimodal with mode n + 1 when n is odd and trimodal with modes n, n + 1, and n + 2 when n is even. If m ≠ n, the distribution of R is in general neither mound-shaped nor symmetric and (contrary to common belief) can be quite oscillatory. In this case, we show that the exact number and location of the modes (at most 3) can be determined without using the pdf of R by computing four numbers as follows: Assume m ≥ n and take and . Then the modes of R are located at 2r − 1 + i for any i ∈ {1,2,3,4} with ν i = max{ν1, ν2, ν3, ν4}. If R M = max{R S , R F }, then 0 ≤ 2R M − R ≤ 1, so the asymptotic distributions of the standard scores of R and R M , are the same. However, in co...
Environmental Influences on Behavior of the Elderly with Dementia: Principles for Intervention in the Home

Individuals with Alzheimer's disease are likely to experience heightened sensitivity to influences from the environment. Such influences may contribute to a range of behaviors which may be maladaptive and pose difficulty for the caregiver. In order to understand and modify transactions between impaired individuals and the environment, an environmental model, developed by Barris and colleagues, is presented and expanded. From this discussion, twelve intervention principles are derived which can be used by a range of health care professionals to guide treatment. Case material exemplifies use of the twelve intervention principles.