cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimum sensor placement in microchannel reactors: design tool applications

A computational analysis of a microchannel reacting flow that includes diffusion and heat transfer processes to determine design rules for sensor placement is described. The objective is to optimize the positioning of nanohole array sensors which measure concentration and temperature and to analyze the characteristics of the local quantities sensed by nanohole arrays. Because the position and minimum spacing of the sensors are limited by material and fabrication constraints, the computational analysis is used to verify the effectiveness and limitations of this approach. Thermal boundary analysis is performed to analyze the relation between the sensed layer (micro-sensing region) over the nanohole array sensors and the boundary layer development. The relationship between the sensor position and the nodes of the numerical solution that limit this design process are discussed.
Dominance behavior of rats under survival motivation

An air-deprivation technique was used to investigate the effects of different degrees of hypoxia on the dominance behavior of rats in a competition to escape from the underwater tube. The animals, subjected to a higher degree of hypoxia were more dominant than their matched opponents, indicating that the higher degree of hypoxia had increased their survival motivation.
The mathematical work of Douglas C. Ravenel

This is a transcription of my talk on the work of Doug Ravenel. While it was intended as a one-time performance, the organizers felt it would be a good idea to have some representation appear as part of the conference proceedings. Don Davis went to the great trouble of transcribing the lecture from a video, and he sent it to me. After reading it I agreed to have it included in these proceedings. Even though the text is ungrammatical, repetitious and meandering (apparently that's how I talk), it feels to me as if it conveys something about how the world of algebraic topology has felt all these years with Doug in it. So with heartfelt thanks to Don Davis, here it is.
What's new in prostate cancer disease assessment in 2006?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Issues relating to the disease are critical in the diagnosis, management, and prognostication of prostate cancer. RECENT FINDINGS New data have emerged regarding the disease of prostate cancer and its precursors. The diagnosis of prostate cancer on needle biopsy has been refined because of the recent discovery of alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, which preferentially labels adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Modifications and additions to the Gleason grading system were published based on a consensus conference of urological pathologists. Various models have been proposed using Gleason score, clinical findings, as well as measurements of tumor volume on needle biopsy to enhance the prediction in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and to predict "insignificance". Several studies have confirmed that certain findings in radical prostatectomy are adverse, yet conflicting studies were published as to the independent prognosis of tumor volume. The risk of cancer following a diagnosis of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy has decreased to the point at which this author does not recommend a routine repeat needle biopsy within the first year following the diagnosis of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. SUMMARY This review summarizes developments over the last year in the disease of prostate cancer and its precursors.
THE INFORMATION REVOLUTION AND URBAN LIFE

This article discusses the potential effects of emerging telematics technologies on urban life. Effects of specific technologies on employment, domestic life, commerce, and leisure activities are c...
Multiple States of Stalled T7 RNA Polymerase at DNA Lesions Generated by Platinum Anticancer Agents

Transcription inhibition by DNA adducts of cisplatin is considered to be one of the major routes by which this anticancer drug kills cancer cells. Stalled RNA polymerases at platinum-DNA lesions evoke various cellular responses such as nucleotide excision repair, polymerase degradation, and apoptosis. T7 RNA polymerase and site-specifically platinated DNA templates immobilized on a solid support were used to study stalled transcription elongation complexes. In vitro transcription studies were performed in both a promoter-dependent and -independent manner. An elongation complex is strongly blocked by cisplatin 1,2-intrastrand d(GpG) and 1,3-intrastrand d(GpTpG) cross-links located on the template strand. Polymerase action is inhibited at multiple sites in the vicinity of the platinum lesion, the nature of which can be altered by the choice and concentration of NTPs. The {(1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)Pt}2+ DNA adducts formed by oxaliplatin, which carries a stereochemically more demanding spectator ligand than the ammine groups in cisplatin, also strongly block the polymerase with measurable differences compared with cis-{(NH3)2Pt}2+ lesions. Elongation complexes stopped at sites of platinum damage were isolated and characterized. The stalled polymerase can be dissociated from the DNA by subsequent polymerases initiated from the same template. We also discovered that a polymerase stalled at the platinum-DNA lesion can resume transcription after the platinum adduct is chemically removed from the template.
Fluvial transport of sand and gravel mixtures with bimodal size distributions

Abstract Initiation of motion and fractional transport rates of sediments with bimodal size distributions were measured in a laboratory channel and in a natural channel. Transport experiments were conducted with unimodal 100% sand and 100% gravel bed sediments and three bimodal mixtures of the two sediments: 10% gravel—90% sand, 25% gravel—75% sand, and 45% gravel—55% sand. In the bimodal sediment beds the critical shear stress for the initiation of motion showed very little change with grain size for the sand sizes, but increased with grain size for the gravel sizes. For low flow strengths, only the sand sizes were in transport, while for the highest flow strengths the bed load sediment size distribution approached that of the bed material.
Oxygen diffusion rates in quartz exchanged with CO2

Oxygen self diffusion rates were determined in quartz samples exchanged with18O-enriched CO2 between 745 and 900°C and various pressures, and the diffusion profiles were measured using an ion microprobe. The activation energy (Q) and preexponential factor (D0) at P(CO2) = P(tot) = 100 bar, for diffusion parallel to the c-axis are 159 ( ± 13) kJ/g atom and 2.10 (+0.75/ −0.55) × 10−8 cm2/s. This rate is approximately 100 times slower than that obtained from hydrothermal experiments and 100 times faster than a previous 1-bar quartz-O2 exchange experiment. The oxygen diffusion rate measured at 0.6 bar, 888°C, and at 900°C in vacuum is in agreement with the previous 1-bar exchange experiments with18O2. The effect of higher CO2 pressures is small. At 900°C, the diffusion rate exchanged with CO2 is = 2.35 × 10−15 cm2/s at 100 bar, 2.24 × 10−15 cm2/s at 3.45 kbar and 8.13 × 10−15 cm2/s at 7.2 kbar. There is probably a diffusing species, other than oxygen, that enhances the oxygen diffusion rate in these quartz-CO2 systems, relative to that occurring at very low pressures or in a vacuum. The effect of this diffusing species, however, is not as strong as that associated with H2O. Preserved oxygen isotope fractionations between coexisting minerals in a slowly cooled, high-grade metamorphic terrane will vary depending upon whether a water-rich phase was present or not. Closure temperatures will be approximately 100°C higher in rocks where no water-rich phase was present during cooling. The measured fractionations between coexisting minerals in metamorphic rocks may potentially be used as a sensor of water presence during retrogression.
Myoelectric and contractile effects of motilin on dog small intestine in vivo

The effects of the close intraarterial administration of motilin on intestinal myoelectric and contractile activities were examined in 37 dogs. After anesthetization or decerebration, a segment of proximal jejunum was instrumented serosally with electrodes and stain gauges. A mesenteric artery supplying a short length of this segment was cannulated for the injection of motilin and other agents. Motilin (0.03-0.3 microgram) caused: a series (1-5 min) of phasic contractions and electrical response activity (ERA) bursts locally; a short (15-60 sec) series of phasic contractions and ERA bursts aborally followed by relaxation; and a series of phasic contractions and ERA bursts whose onset migrated 3.7 +/- 1.0 cm orally. The length of orad response increased to 6.6 +/- 1.9 cm in the decerebrate dogs (P less than 0.01). No other tested agent, including serotonin, bethanechol, morphine, dopamine, substance P, neurotensin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, bombesin, pentagastrin, cholecystokinin octapeptide, prostaglandin F2 alpha or leucine-enkephalin, caused similar responses. All motilin responses were mediated by neural pathways consisting of both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The similarity of responses and mechanisms of action of the motilin-activated contractile response with the intrinsic mucosal reflex suggested that motilin may mediate this reflex.
MgO internuclear interactions. A theoretical study

Abstract Density functional theory (B3LYP) and high level ab initio (CBS-Q, CBS-QB3, G1, G2MP2, G2) calculations on MgO were carried out. In addition to these molecular dynamics simulations and Langevin dynamics calculations on the cubic MgO lattice, as well as the Mg–O time-dependent interactions were also computed. Our results suggest that the reported values for the dissociation energies of the ground state of MgO correspond to that of the Mg( 1 S)+O( 1 D) channel and not to ground state magnesium and oxygen species.
JEAB And JABA On The World Wide Web: A Report To Readers (Editorial).

The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) have both established home pages on the World Wide Web. Their addresses are: http:www.envmed.rochester.eduwwwrapbehaviorjeabjeabhome.htm http:www.envmed.rochester.eduwwwrapbehaviorjabajabahome.htm An important feature of these pages is a powerful program that permits rapid full-text searches of a database consisting of the nearly 5,000 abstracts that have accompanied articles published in JEAB since 1958 and in JABA since 1968. An electronic version of a single article from each issue of each journal is now made available soon after the paper edition of the journal appears.
A comparison of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and the California Psychological Inventory in assessment of a nonclinical population.

This study investigated the concurrent descriptive validity of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) by comparison with a widely used objective personality inventory, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), designed to assess normal personality functioning. Due to previous findings (Repko & Cooper, 1985), it was expected that the MCMI would overestimate the prevalence of personality disorders in a nonclinical population. Subjects were 237 male and female undergraduate students enrolled in a state university. A high degree of overlap was found between many of the scales of the MCMI and the CPI, which indicates assessment of a number of similar personality dimensions. Depression as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) accounted for a significant amount of variance between the scales. Consistent with expectations, the MCMI was found to overestimate severely the frequency of personality disorders in a student population when compared to the CPI. These results are attributed to Millon's use of base rate scores that require prior knowledge of the population prevalence rate of disorders before accurate scores can be obtained for any population.
Vaccines protect chickens against H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza in the face of genetic changes in field viruses over multiple years

Inactivated whole avian influenza (AI) virus vaccines, baculovirus-derived AI haemagglutinin vaccine and recombinant fowlpoxvirus-AI haemagglutinin vaccine were tested for the ability to protect chickens against multiple highly pathogenic (HP) H5 AI viruses. The vaccine and challenge viruses, or their haemagglutinin protein components, were obtained from field AI viruses of diverse backgrounds and included strains obtained from four continents, six host species, and isolated over a 38-year-period. The vaccines protected against clinical signs and death, and reduced the number of chickens shedding virus and the titre of the virus shed following a HP H5 AI virus challenge. Immunization with these vaccines should decrease AI virus shedding from the respiratory and digestive tracts of AI virus exposed chickens and reduce bird-to-bird transmission. Although most consistent reduction in respiratory shedding was afforded when vaccine was more similar to the challenge virus, the genetic drift of avian influenza virus did not interfere with general protection as has been reported for human influenza viruses.
Global Financial Instability: Framework, Events, Issues

Two of the key questions facing policymakers today are how to reduce the risk of global financial instability and how to cope with it when it occurs. This paper starts by defining financial instability and then showing how it harms economic activity. It then uses this framework to describe what happened during the recent financial crises in Mexico and East Asia. The paper ends by raising several key policy issues; not coincidentally, these issues are addressed in the remaining papers in the symposium.
Conventional and Optimal Interval Scores for Ordinal Variables

Sociologists are often confronted with a discrepancy between the level of measurement required by the linear statistical model and that characteristic of most variables of sociological interest. This problem is typically resolved by the use of conventional scores which assign equal interval scores to the categories of ordinal variables subject only to a monotonicity constraint. Alternatively, it is often possible to obtain optimal interval scores which maximize the average interitem correlation within a set of variables. However, since optimal scores can be seen as simply nonlinear transformations of conventional scores, these optimal scores can increase the correlations between the variables only to the extent that the conventional scores yield nonlinear relationships among the variables. Therefore, it is possible to assess the optimality of conventional scores for a particular set of variables by comparing the squared correlation coefficients with the monotonic correlation ratios for those variables. Di...
An interdisciplinary approach to teaching foreign languages with global and functional simulations

This article highlights the paradigms of interdisciplinary collaboration for language teachers in the context of global or functional simulations. Examples given can be applied at the college or high school levels for intermediate to advanced French courses. The author highlights the far-reaching consequences of such initiatives that give a leadership role to foreign language departments.
Structure of accreted neutron star crust

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we determine the structure of neutron star crust made of rapid proton capture nucleosynthesis material. We find a regular body-centered cubic lattice, even with the large number of impurities that are present. Low-charge-Z impurities tend to occupy interstitial positions, while high-Z impurities tend to occupy substitutional lattice sites. We find strong attractive correlations between low-Z impurities that could significantly increase the rate of pycnonuclear (density driven) nuclear reactions. The thermal conductivity is significantly reduced by electron impurity scattering. Our results will be used in future work to study the effects of impurities on mechanical properties such as the shear modulus and breaking strain.
Differentiation-dependent activation of interferon-stimulated gene factors and transcription factor NF-kappa B in mouse embryonal carcinoma cells.

Abstract We have recently shown that the adenovirus E1A gene products block interferon-alpha-induced signal transduction and transcription factor NF-kappa B-mediated gene induction. Here we report that the same responses are also blocked in undifferentiated F9 teratocarcinoma cells. The block was removed upon cellular differentiation and regained upon the introduction of viral E1A into the differentiated cells. In undifferentiated cells, interferon-beta failed to induce the transcription of interferon-responsive genes because of a lack of activation of the cognate trans-acting factors. As a result, in these cells, virus replication was not inhibited by interferon. Similarly, in undifferentiated but not in differentiated F9 cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha failed to stimulate NF-kappa B-mediated transcription of a reporter gene because of a failure in the activation of NF-kappa B trans-acting factor. These results suggest that a cellular E1A-like activity, present in undifferentiated F9 cells, and adenoviral E1A use similar mechanisms for repressing the expression of specific cellular genes.
Diagnosis of popliteus injuries with MR imaging

Objective. Popliteal muscle and tendon injuries are thought to be unusual. This report describes the magnetic resonance (MR) appearances of popliteus muscle and tendon injuries.
The Equivalent Mean Absorption Cross Sections for the O2 Schumann-Runge Bands: Application to the H2O and NO Photodissociation Rates

Abstract Absorption of solar radiation by O2 in the Schumann-Runge band region is important not only for the production of O(3P) in the atmosphere, but also for H2O and NO photodissociations which depend upon the rotational structure of the O2 absorption lines. The equivalent mean absorption cross sections for the O2 Schumann-Runge bands and NO band intensities are computed and presented in a form to be applicable in calculations of the O2, H2O and NO photodissociation rates under varied atmospheric conditions.
Electronic structure of S-C6H5 self-assembled monolayers on Cu(111) and Au(111) substrates

Abstract We use first principles density functional theory to calculate the electronic structure of the phenylthiolate (S–C6H5) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Cu(1 1 1) and Au(1 1 1) substrates. We find significant lateral dispersion of the SAM molecular states and note its possible implications for transport properties of the molecular wire array. We calculate the two photon photoemission spectra and the work function of the SAM on Cu(1 1 1) and compare them with the available experimental data. Our results are used to discuss assignments of the observed spectral data and yield predictions for new electronic states due to the monolayer not yet accessed experimentally.
Conformational changes in chemically modified Escherichia coli thioredoxin monitored by H/D exchange and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in combination with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and near-ultraviolet (UV) circular dichroism (CD) was used to study the conformational properties and thermal unfolding of Escherichia coli thioredoxin and its Cys32-alkylated derivatives in 1% acetic acid (pH 2.7). Thermal unfolding of oxidized (Oxi) and reduced (Red) -thioredoxin (TRX) and Cys-32-ethylglutathionyl (GS-ethyl-TRX) and Cys-32-ethylcysteinyl (Cys-ethyl-TRX), which are derivatives of Red-TRX, follow apparent EX1 kinetics as charge-state envelopes, H/D mass spectral exchange profiles, and near-UV CD appear to support a two-state folding/unfolding model. Minor mass peaks in the H/D exchange profiles and nonsuperimposable MS- and CD-derived melting curves, however, suggest the participation of unfolding intermediates leading to the conclusion that the two-state model is an oversimplification of the process. The relative stabilities as measured by melting temperatures by both CD and mass spectral charge states are, Oxi-TRX, GS-ethyl-TRX, Cys-ethyl-TRX, and Red-TRX. The introduction of the Cys-32-ethylglutathionyl group provides extra stabilization that results from additional hydrogen bonding interactions between the ethylglutathionyl group and the protein. Near-UV CD data show that the local environment near the active site is perturbed to almost an identical degree regardless of whether alkylation at Cys-32 is by the ethylglutathionyl group, or the smaller, nonhydrogen-bonding ethylcysteinyl group. Mass spectral data, however, indicate a tighter structure for GS-ethyl-TRX.
The electrostatic initiation of nondispersed pyrotechnics

Abstract Data are presented that show that the ignition of nondispersed titanium subhydride/potassium perchlorate pyrotechnic compositions by an electrostatic stimulus is due to a metal/air reaction rather than to the pyrotechnic reaction as previously supposed. A model is proposed which relates the electrostatic sensitivity of the titanium subhydrides to the surface activity of the powder.
The Use of Sodium Hyaluronate (Healon®) in Human Anterior Segment Surgey

The safety and efficacy of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) was evaluated in a wide spectrum of anterior segment surgical procedures. Healon is not only safe, but actually facilitates the outcome of surgery. Healon placed intracamerally before cataract removal results in significantly decreased endothelial cell loss. In filtering procedures, use of intracameral and subconjunctival Healon promotes superior bleb formation while still maintaining chamber depth postoperatively. Corneal grafts performed over intracameral Healon receive maximal endothelial protection and manifest striking postoperative clarity.
Useful ideas for microcomputer operating systems

Microprocessor applications fall into two classes: general purpose computer systems as are found in home and hobby computers, and special applications where the microprocessor is dedicated to a single task as in microwave ovens and medical instruments. General purpose operating systems are too big and too complicated to be appropriate for use in a special purpose application. However, some operating system services find widespread use in a variety of dedicated microprocessor applications.This paper describes three generally useful ideas for special purpose microcomputer operating systems: a system stack, a timer controller, and a keyboard handler. A device based on a Texas Instruments TMS 9980A 16 bit microprocessor (1) is presented to illustrate these ideas in a dedicated data collection system.
Right ventricular nitric oxide signaling in an ovine model of congenital heart disease: a preserved fetal phenotype

We recently reported superior right ventricle (RV) performance in response to acute afterload challenge in lambs with a model of congenital heart disease with chronic left-to-right cardiac shunts. Compared with control animals, shunt lambs demonstrated increased contractility because of an enhanced Anrep effect (the slow increase in contractility following myocyte stretch). This advantageous physiological response may reflect preservation of a fetal phenotype, since the RV of shunt lambs remains exposed to increased pressure postnatally. Nitric oxide (NO) production by NO synthase (NOS) is activated by myocyte stretch and is a necessary intermediary of the Anrep response. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that NO signaling is increased in the RV of fetal lambs compared with controls and shunt lambs have persistence of this fetal pattern. An 8-mm graft was placed between the pulmonary artery and aorta in fetal lambs (shunt). NOS isoform expression, activity, and association with activating cofactors were determined in fetal tissue obtained during late-gestation and in 4-wk-old juvenile shunt and control lambs. We demonstrated increased RNA and protein expression of NOS isoforms and increased total NOS activity in the RV of both shunt and fetal lambs compared with control. We also found increased NOS activation and association with cofactors in shunt and fetal RV compared with control. These data demonstrate preserved fetal NOS phenotype and NO signaling in shunt RV, which may partially explain the mechanism underlying the adaptive response to increased afterload seen in the RV of shunt lambs.
Recurrent Mitral Stenosis in the Adult — the Contributory Role of Rheumatic Endocarditis

A 30-year-old man underwent mitral commissurotomy for alleviation of his mitral stenosis. He remained asymptomatic for over two years when recurrent mitral stenosis was demonstrated by the reappearance of typical clinical and hemodynamic abnormalities. At open heart surgery, verricae were found on the mitral valve leaflets. On pathologic examination, the verricae were most likely rheumatic in origin. This case demonstrates that rheumatic endocarditis can occur in an adult and can play a role in producing recurrent mitral stenosis.
Nonrandom Arrangement of Bovine Satellite I DNA within the Interphase Nucleus of Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Cells

Abstract The distribution of bovine satellite DNA was examined in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells for each hour of interphase. Cells were grown on coverslips and probed using biotinylated cloned fragments of bovine satellite I DNA. Hybridization was detected using a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Cells were projected onto a grid of fixed dimensions and the distribution of hybridization signal was recorded. A χ2 analysis of fit compared this distribution of signals to a random distribution generated from the poisson distribution. Nuclear localization of bovine satellite I DNA was found to be nonrandom throughout interphase except at the G1/S border and S = 6 h. Moreover, distinct patterns of hybridization were also observed at specific times during interphase.
Academic Libraries and Automation: A Historical Reflection on Ralph Halsted Parker

This paper provides a historical account of Ralph Halsted Parker and his work to automate libraries in the early to middle parts of the twentieth century. One of Parker’s motivations to automate stemmed from a desire to professionalize academic librarianship, and this is evident in his administration as library director at the University of Missouri. Importantly, the motivation implies a simple means of judging the critical use of technology: that any substantive technology should be evaluated by how well it benefits librarians. Parker’s additional contributions included consulting and coauthoring, with Frederick G. Kilgour, the report that led to the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), the world’s largest bibliographic database.
UroDynamic study of 15 patients with postmicturition dribble

Abstract Fifteen patients presenting with postmicturition dribbling as their only symptom were studied in the urodynamic laboratory. Seven of these patients had no urodynamic abnormality but left a significant bulbar residue after micturition. Five patients had normal detrusor function but failed to milk back contrast from the prostatic urethra during voluntary interruption of the stream. Two of these also had a small amount of bulbar residue. The remaining three had unstable detrusor function. One had classic bladder neck obstruction. One had a bulbar residue and the other failed to milk back properly. Despite the various mechanisms for postmicturition dribble, the management is the same in all cases. The patient is instructed to press the bulbar urethra manually in the perineum after micturition and evacuate the residue, and symptomatic relief is almost always obtained. Urodynamic studies in these patients are not justified unless this maneuver fails to alleviate the symptoms.
Flux amplification in complex metabolic networks

A new methodology is presented for the analysis of complex metabolic networks with the goal of overproduction of metabolites. The objective is to locate a small number of reaction steps in a network that have maximum impact on network flux amplification and also can be amplified without functional network derangement. This method extends the concepts of Metabolic Control Analysis to groups of reactions and offers the means for calculating group control coefficients as measures of the control exercised by groups of reactions on the overall network fluxes and intracellular metabolite pools. Guidelines are also provided for the accurate definition of reaction groups and their fluxes, which are critical for the accurate determination of the group control coefficients. The only measurements required are those of metabolic fluxes observable through the measurement of secreted metabolites. Through successive reaction groupings and calculation of the corresponding group control coefficients, the kinetic control of a metabolic network can be localized to the reaction step(s) comprising a single intermetabolite linkage in the metabolic network. The concepts of this method are illustrated through the simulation of a case study involving the aromatic amino-acid biosynthetic pathway. It is further demonstrated that the optimal strategy for the effective increase of network fluxes is through the coordinated amplification of a small number of steps in order to maintain maximum throughput while ensuring an uninterrupted supply of intermediate metabolites. This result is obtained from the solution of a constrained linear optimization problem that optimally balances the maximum impact of each reaction on the network flux with the need to maintain all intracellular metabolites within a reasonable range around the normal steady state of the network. The mathematical expression of this requirement invokes the concept of the concentration control coefficient, which emerges as a parameter of critical importance in the identification of feasible enzymatic modifications having maximal impact on the network flux.
Institutionalized masculinity in US police departments: how maternity leave policies (or lack thereof) affect women in policing

At present, no research has specifically concentrated on the maternity leave policies of police departments. In addition to offering an overview of police departmental policies in the USA, this study will present the self‐reported experiences of women police officers dealing with pregnancy and police work. The results of a 2007–2008 survey of women police officers are presented. It was found that police departments have largely chosen to deal with pregnancies on an ad hoc basis. From the responses given, it is clear that women police officers do perceive the dearth in accommodations made and desire change that significantly departs from the status quo of police departments.
Factors Affecting Start Site Selection at the Escherichia coli fis Promoter

Transcription initiation with CTP is an uncommon feature among Escherichia coli σ 70 promoters. The fis promoter ( fis P), which is subject to growth phase-dependent regulation, is among the few that predominantly initiate transcription with CTP. Mutations in this promoter that cause a switch from utilization of CTP to either ATP or GTP as the initiation nucleotide drastically alter its growth phase regulation pattern, suggesting that the choice of the primary initiating nucleotide can significantly affect its regulation. To better understand what factors influence this choice in fis P, we made use of a series of promoter mutations that altered the nucleotide or position used for initiation. Examination of these promoters indicates that start site selection is determined by a combination of factors that include preference for a nucleotide distance from the −10 region (8 > 7 > 9 ≫ 6 ≫ 10 > 11), initiation nucleotide preference (A = G ≫ CTP ≥ UTP), the DNA sequence surrounding the initiation region, the position of the −35 region, and changes in the intracellular nucleoside triphosphate pools. We describe the effects that each of these factors has on start site selection in the fis P and discuss the interplay between position and nucleotide preference in this important process.
The Refractory Overactive Bladder: Sacral NEuromodulation vs. BoTulinum Toxin Assessment: ROSETTA trial

We present the rationale for and design of a randomized, open-label, active-control trial comparing the effectiveness of 200 units of onabotulinum toxin A (Botox A®) versus sacral neuromodulation (InterStim®) therapy for refractory urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). The Refractory Overactive Bladder: Sacral NEuromodulation vs. BoTulinum Toxin Assessment (ROSETTA) trial compares changes in urgency urinary incontinence episodes over 6 months, as well as other lower urinary tract symptoms, adverse events and cost effectiveness in women receiving these two therapies. Eligible participants had previously attempted treatment with at least 2 medications and behavioral therapy. We discuss the importance of evaluating two very different interventions, the challenges related to recruitment, ethical considerations for two treatments with significantly different costs, follow-up assessments and cost effectiveness. The ROSETTA trial will provide information to healthcare providers regarding the technical attributes of these interventions as well as the efficacy and safety of these two interventions on other lower urinary tract and pelvic floor symptoms. Enrollment began in March, 2012 with anticipated end to recruitment in mid 2014.
Radiobiologic Optimization of Combination Radiopharmaceutical Therapy Applied to Myeloablative Treatment of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Combination treatment is a hallmark of cancer therapy. Although the rationale for combination radiopharmaceutical therapy was described in the mid-1990s, such treatment strategies have only been implemented clinically recently and without a rigorous methodology for treatment optimization. Radiobiologic and quantitative imaging-based dosimetry tools are now available that enable rational implementation of combined targeted radiopharmaceutical therapy. Optimal implementation should simultaneously account for radiobiologic normal-organ tolerance while optimizing the ratio of 2 different radiopharmaceuticals required to maximize tumor control. We have developed such a methodology and applied it to hypothetical myeloablative treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients using 131I-tositumomab and 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan. Methods: The range of potential administered activities (AAs) is limited by the normal-organ maximum-tolerated biologic effective doses (MTBEDs) arising from the combined radiopharmaceuticals. Dose-limiting normal organs are expected to be the lungs for 131I-tositumomab and the liver for 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan in myeloablative NHL treatment regimens. By plotting the limiting normal-organ constraints as a function of the AAs and calculating tumor biologic effective dose (BED) along the normal-organ MTBED limits, we obtained the optimal combination of activities. The model was tested using previously acquired patient normal-organ and tumor kinetic data and MTBED values taken from the literature. Results: The average AA value based solely on normal-organ constraints was 19.0 ± 8.2 GBq (range, 3.9–36.9 GBq) for 131I-tositumomab and 2.77 ± 1.64 GBq (range, 0.42–7.54 GBq) for 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan. Tumor BED optimization results were calculated and plotted as a function of AA for 5 different cases, established using patient normal-organ kinetics for the 2 radiopharmaceuticals. Results included AA ranges that would deliver 95% of the maximum tumor BED, allowing for informed inclusion of clinical considerations, such as a maximum-allowable 131I administration. Conclusion: A rational approach for combination radiopharmaceutical treatment has been developed within the framework of a proven 3-dimensional (3D) personalized dosimetry software, 3D-RD, and applied to the myeloablative treatment of NHL. We anticipate that combined radioisotope therapy will ultimately supplant single radioisotope therapy, much as combination chemotherapy has substantially replaced single-agent chemotherapy.
Measurement of circulating red cell volume using biotin-labeled red cells: validation against 51Cr-labeled red cells.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is a serious problem in the fetus and preterm infant. To investigate the physiology and pathophysiology of anemia and to assess responses to blood transfusions or erythropoietin therapy, measurement of circulating red cell volume would be useful. Because the standard 51Cr method exposes the subject to radiation, a method of measuring circulating red cell volume without radiation exposure, sufficiently sensitive for use in fetuses and infants, was developed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 10 healthy adults whose body mass ranged from 56.8 to 115.9 kg, aliquots of autologous red cells were labeled with biotin or with 51Cr, mixed, and transfused intravenously. Circulating red cell volume was measured in posttransfusion blood by quantitating the in vivo dilution of biotinylated red cells. Biotinylated red cells were detected by two methods: 1) 125I-streptavidin and 2) fluorescein-labeled avidin with flow cytometry. RESULTS: Circulating red cell volume measured by 125I- streptavidin detection agreed well with that measured by 51Cr (slope = 1.07, y-intercept = −97, correlation = 0.987). Similarly, circulating red cell volume measured by flow cytometry agreed well with that measured by 51Cr (slope = 1.05, y-intercept = −20, correlation = 0.987). CONCLUSIONS: Circulating red cell volume measured by the use of biotin with either 125I-streptavidin or flow cytometry agrees with that measured by 51Cr. Each system provides a method of performing these studies without exposing the subject to radiation.
REDUCTION OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND LIPIDS BY ETHYL CHLOROPHENOXYISOBUTYRATE.

Summary Oral administration of 2 g daily of ethyl-α-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (CPIB) produces an excellent, sustained hypocholesterolemic and hypolipemic effect in man. The admixture of androsterone with CPIB was found to be unnecessary and failed to add anything to the effects of CPIB alone. Separate courses of treatment with CPIB alone and the combination of CPIB and androsterone were directly compared in 12 subjects and there was an almost identical decrease in serum cholesterol with either treatment. There was a striking sex difference in the hypocholesterolemic effect, women showing a much larger effect than men. Twenty-seven women treated with CPIB, alone or with added androsterone, showed an average 25 % decrease in serum cholesterol from 341 to 248mg/100ml, a 17% fall in serum phospholipids,and a 42% decline in serum triglycerides. Fourteen men similarly treated showed an average 12 % decrease in cholesterol; a 9 % fall in phospholipids; and a 30 % reduction of serum triglycerides. There was no evidence of any toxic effect on the liver, kidney, or bone marrow in this small series, and CPIB was well tolerated by all subjects. However, in subjects receiving coumadin, CPIB produced an augmentation of the anticoagulant effect which required reduction of the dose of coumadin. No bleeding tendencies or changes in prothrombin occurred in subjects not receiving coumadin. The mechanism of action of CPIB in reducing lipids is not known, but accumulation of desmosterol as a result of interference with the last steps of cholesterol synthesis has been excluded by the failure to detect desmosterol by vapor-phase chromatography. Since CPIB has been shown to produce an effective hypolipemic response without the occurrence thus far of side-effects, additional clinical trials are indicated to delineate its possible role in the prophylaxis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Heat Pipe Cooled Induction Motor

The feasibility of employing heat pipe cooling in an A-C Induction Motor has been demonstrated with the successful analysis, design and construction of an experimental motor. The heat pipes were integrally designed into both the rotor and stator of the motor allowing the heat absorbing section (evaporator) of the heat pipes to be placed as close as possible to the points of heat generation. The experimental portion of this effort demonstrated the thermal effectiveness of this configuration as well as supplying verification of a prior thermal analysis of this type of motor. The overall performance indicated the motor is applicable for adjustable speed operation at constant torque through an seven-to-one speed range as well as producing information on the operating characteristics under varying load and frequency conditions.
Defining the “virtualness” of groups, teams, and meetings

ABSTRACT This paper presents a broad review of literature pertaining to virtual teams, groups, and meetings and summarizes prior research in this area. Additionally, it discusses the definitions used by other researchers in application to virtual teams, groups, and meetings and shows how the three dimensions of time, distance, and culture do not address the key distinguishing factors defining virtual activities. The paper proposes measuring the amount of electronically mediated communication and the amount of face-to-face communication as a means of categorizing “virtual” groups. Given higMow measures on these two dimensions, the resulting type of group is described. Finally, the paper proposes how measurement of these dimensions could lead to helpful research both enriching group theory and practitioners making decisions regarding how best to design “virtual” group, teams, and meetings for their organizations.
Depositional facies, paleogeography and palaeoclimatology of the Lower Jurassic McCoy Brook Formation, Fundy rift basin, Nova Scotia

The McCoy Brook Formation is a 230+ m sequence of redbeds of Early Jurassic age that accumulated in the subtropical Fundy rift basin. The basin was asymmetrical, bordered on the northern side by the Cobequid fault system and adjacent highlands. The formation is a mosaic of terrestrial facies. (a) Multi- and single-storey fluvial sandstones were deposited by rivers that collected drainage from the norhern highlands, and flowed southwest across the valley floor. (b) Graded-bed sequences of sandstone → mudstone were deposited by flood events on the fluvial floodplains and the margins of playas. (c) Interbedded sandstones and finely laminated to disrupted red mudstones represent deposits of interfingering sandflats at the toes of alluvial fans and playas, respectively. The fabrics of both lithologies are commonly disrupted by desiccation and intrastratal precipitation of calcite and minor gypsum. (d) Plane-bedded conglomerate and pebbly sandstone record deposition in shallow channels that traversed alluvial fans. (e) Non-bedded breccias of basalt boulders up to 8 m in size in a sand to mud matrix formed as talus against palaeocliffs of the Lower Jurassic North Mountain Basalt. The palaeocliffs resulted from synsedimentary faulting within the basin. (f) Basalt conglomerate beds with matrix- to clast-supported fabrics comprise sequences deposited by debris-flows, probably generated by remobilization of talus. (g) A thin sequence of limestone, siltstone, and muddy sandstone containing fish scales and bones formed in a shallow lake on a basalt flow. (h) Sandstones containing m-scale crossbeds and a three-fold hierarchy of erosional surfaces accumulated as barchans and barchanoid transverse ridges that moved southwest in the valley. All of these facies occur within an area of 18 km2 located south of the fault-bounded highlands. Synsedimentary faulting within the basin during early deposition of the McCoy Brook Formation created palaeocliffs of North Mountain Basalt. Talus and debris-flow deposits accumulated adjacent to these cliffs, interfingering with eolian, fluvial, and lacustrine sediments. During later deposition of the McCoy Brook Formation, the early fault-controlled topography was buried as alluvial fans prograded southward from the highlands. Broad sandflats extended basinward from the toes of the fans, interfingering with playa mudflats on the valley floor. The palaeoclimate was semi-arid as evidenced by gypsum-bearing playa redbeds, eolian sandstones, and caliche palaeosols.
The liver in celiac disease

Celiac disease is a common (1% prevalence) chronic immune-mediated disorder of the small intestine induced by dietary wheat, barley, and rye. Several hepatic disorders have been described in association with celiac disease. Isolated hypertransaminasemia with nonspecific histologic changes in a liver biopsy is the commonest hepatic presentation of celiac disease. A gluten-free diet normalizes liver enzymes and histologic changes in most patients. Moreover, celiac disease can coexist with autoimmune liver disorders such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Celiac disease has increasingly been reported with a variety of other liver diseases. Thus, the hepatologist needs to consider celiac disease in the differential of abnormal liver blood tests and to be aware of the clinical implications of this frequent disease in patients with liver disorders. The possible mechanisms of liver injury and those common factors that explain the association of celiac disease with liver disorders are discussed. The aims of this article are (1) to review the spectrum and pathogenesis of liver injury related to celiac disease and (2) to provide direction to those caring for patients with chronic liver diseases regarding the detection and effective treatment of celiac disease.
Comparative hydrodynamic stability of brachiopod shells on current‐scoured arenaceous substrates

Selected brachiopod specimens were placed on a well-sorted medium grained sand (0.5 mm) in a recirculating flume and subjected to a constant unidirectional current of 26–27 cm/sec. The specimens were placed in each of six feasible life-orientations. In three orientations, the valves were reclining with either the lateral, anterior or posterior profile upcurrent. In three orientations, the commissural plane was perpendicular to the substrate with either the pedicle or brachial valve upcurrent, or a lateral margin upcurrent. Destabilization indices were calculated for each specimen in each orientation based on the elapsed time until the specimen reoriented. Nonstrophic biconvex brachiopods are most stable with the valves reclining on the substrate. Among orientations with the valves erect, the pedicle valve upcurrent and the brachial valve upcurrent are the most and least stable orientations, respectively. Shell stability increased among nonstrophic specimens that were more equi-biconvex. Biconvex strophic brachiopods are also more stable if the valves were equi-biconvex, cither compressed (biplanate) or inflated, provided that the specimen was propped up on its hingeline with a lateral margin upcurrent. Catacline interareas afforded greater stability than procline, apsacline or orthocline interareas when the valves were perpendicular to the substrate. Accentuated plication reduced shell stability. Alate biconvex forms were often more stable if the valves were vertical to the substrate rather than reclining. Alate biconvex geometries are more stable than nonstrophic and strophic biconvex forms if the commissural plane is perpendicular to the substrate and parallel to the current. Broad catacline interareas increased stability in all orientations. Plano-convex and dorsi-biconvex alate forms are usually less stable than equi-biconvex or ventri-biconvex alate geometries. Concavo-convex geometries are stable in all orientations except with the valves nearly vertical to the substrate and parallel to the current. Spines greatly retard sediment-scour and maintain concavo-convex specimens in orientations with the valves elevated above the substrates. D Brachiopoda, shell shape, hydrodynamic stability.