cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of CPXSD for Generation of Effective Fast Multigroup Libraries for Pressure Vessel Fluence Calculations

Multigroup (i.e., broad-group) libraries play a significant role in the accuracy of transport calculations. There are several broad-group libraries available for particular applications. For example the 47-neutron (26 fast groups), 20-gamma-group BUGLE libraries are commonly used for light water reactor shielding and pressure vessel dosimetry problems. However, there is no publicly available methodology to construct group structures for a problem and objective of interest. Therefore, we have developed the Contributon and Point-wise Cross-Section Driven (CPXSD) methodology, which constructs effective fine- and broad-group structures. In this paper, we use the CPXSD methodology to construct broad-group structures for fast neutron dosimetry problems. It is demonstrated that the broad-group libraries generated from CPXSD constructed group structures, while only 14 groups (rather than 26 groups) in the fast energy range are in good agreement (∼1 %–2 %) with the fine-group library from which they were derived, in reaction rate calculations.
THE ZINCKE REACTION. A REVIEW

(2002). THE ZINCKE REACTION. A REVIEW. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 585-608.
TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SECONDARY CAROTENOID FORMATION IN NEOSPONGIOCOCCUM (CHLOROCOCCALES, CHLOROPHYTA)1

The pigmentation of 23 species of Neospongiococcum Deason was studied in the stationary phase of nitrogen-limited cultures on agar with or without glucose or in liquid medium. Fourteen species gradually developed an orange or brown color, and in all, secondary carotenoids were detected by thin-layer chromatography. Among these, the keto-carotenoids echinenone, canthaxanthin and esterified astaxanthin were identified, although the last named was not always present. When aging on glucose agar, the remaining nine species developed only a yellow-green or yellow color and a pronounced tendency to bleach. In these, the aforementioned keto-carotenoids were lacking, and β-carotene and lutein lucre dominant. From this study it is not clear whether secondary carotenoid formation is species-specific in Neospongiococcum.
Dioxygen Reduction by Cytochrome Oxidase: A Proton-Transfer Limited Reaction

The kinetic constraints that are imposed on cytochrome oxidase in its dual function as the terminal oxidant in the respiratory process and as a redox-linked proton pump provide a unique opportunity to investigate the molecular details of biological O2 activation. By using flow/flash techniques, it is possible to visualize individual steps in the O2-binding and reduction process, and results from a number of spectroscopic investigations on the oxidation of reduced cytochrome oxidase by O2 are now available. In this article, we use these results to synthesize a reaction mechanism for O2 activation in the enzyme and to simulate time-concentration profiles for a number of intermediates that have been observed experimentally. Kinetic manifestations of the consequences of coupling exergonic electron transfer to endergonic proton translocation emerge from this analysis. An important conclusion is that, in achieving efficiency in this redox-coupled proton translocation mechanism, rate limitation in dioxygen activation in cytochrome oxidase is transferred to protonation reactions that occur late in the reduction reaction. As a consequence, potentially toxic intermediate oxidation states of dioxygen accumulate to substantial concentration during the reduction reaction, which allows us to detect and characterize these species.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reconstructing Women’s Thoughts: The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Before World War II

Introduction 1. Philosophical foundations: the early ideas of Jane Addams and Emily Greene Balch 2. Unity among women, 1915 3. Differences among women, 1915-1919 4. Unity within div ersity, 1919-1924 5. Nurturing and nonresistance, 1919-1941 6. Nonviolence and social justice, 1919-1941 7. The implications of reconstructing women's thoughts Appendix Notes Index.
Attenuation and Depolarization on Low Angle and Site Diversity Slant Paths

This paper reviews some experimental data collected over a three year period at Blacksburg, VA. Attenuation and Crosspolarization were measured on two 10.7 degree elevation angle paths to the SIRIO satellite, with a baseline separation between the two receiving sites of 7 km. Results for attenuation and crosspolarization at the two sites are presented, together with some limited data for joint performance of the two sites when used in a diversity mode.
Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in HIV-Infected Patients with Fat Redistribution

A metabolic syndrome has been described among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy; the syndrome is characterized by fat redistribution, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. We compared the 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) risk estimates for 91 HIV-infected men and women with fat redistribution with the risk estimates for 273 age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched subjects enrolled in the Framingham Offspring Study. Thirty HIV-infected patients without fat redistribution were also compared with 90 age- and BMI-matched control subjects. The 10-year CHD risk estimate was significantly elevated among HIV-infected patients with fat redistribution, particularly among men; however, when they were matched with control subjects by waist-to-hip ratio, the 10-year CHD risk estimate did not significantly differ between groups. HIV-infected patients without fat redistribution did not have a greater CHD risk estimate than did control subjects. In addition, the CHD risk estimate was greatest in HIV-infected patients who had primary lipoatrophy, compared with those who had either lipohypertrophy or mixed fat redistribution. Therefore, although CHD risk is increased in HIV-infected patients with fat redistribution, the pattern of fat distribution and sex are potential important components in determining the risk in this population.
Influence of deformability of human red cells upon blood viscosity.

The viscosity of blood at high rates of shear is unusually low compared to other suspensions of similar concentration. The underlying mechanisms were studied by rotational viscometry, red cell filtration, viscometry of packed cells and direct microscopic observation of red cells under flow in a transparent cone plate viscometer. Deformability of red cells was altered osmotically or abolished by aldehyde fixation. The normal red cells under isosmotic conditions passed easily through filter pores (5 to 14 µ diameter). After osmotic crenation, deformability of cells in pore flow was reduced. Normal cells were deformed into a variety of shapes at high rates of shear, while crenated cells tumbled undeformed. Suspensions of these normal cells showed more pronounced shear thinning (reduction of viscosity with increasing shear rate) than suspensions of crenated cells. Suspensions of rigid cells showed greatly increased viscosity and a shear thickening as a function of shear rate and shear time. The physiological deformability is of critical importance to blood flow at high rates of shear. This is possible through a fluid transition of the erythrocyte caused by a rotation of the membrane with and around the cell contents. This phenomenon is the prime cause of the progressive reduction in viscosity with increasing shear.
Emotional numbing weakens abused inner-city women's resiliency resources.

Conservation of resources theory (S. E. Hobfoll, 1988, 1999) hypothesizes that loss of resiliency resources can contribute to abused women's posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, which, in turn, contribute to a further loss of resources, which can make abused women even more vulnerable to future stressors. This study investigates the impact of PTSD symptoms on abused women's future loss of resources—resources that women both value and need to aid their ongoing adjustment. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms contributed to future resource loss in abused women, even when controlling for the effects of prior resource loss and depression. Emotional numbing symptoms of PTSD accounted most for women's resource loss. Findings highlight the importance of research and intervention that more directly examines the link between emotions and resource loss.
SALINITY TOLERANCE OF THE TREE LEGUMES: MESQUITE (PROSOPIS GLANDULOSA VAR. TORREYANA, P. VELUTINA AND P. ARTICULATA) ALGARROBO (P. CHILENSIS), KIAWE (P. PALLIDA) AND TAMARUGO (P. TAMARUGO) GROWN IN SAND CULTURE ON NITROGEN-FREE MEDIA

Sand culture pot experiments were carried out with Proposis seedlings in the greenhouse on a nitrogen free nutrient solution with increasing levels of sodium chloride. All species tolerated a 6,000 mg/l salinity with no reduction in growth.P. velutina was the only species that poorly tolerated the 12,000 mg/l salinity level.P. articulata, P. pallida, andP. tamarugo tolerated 18,000 mg/l NaCl with little reduction in growth and grew slightly in a salinity (36,000 mg/l NaCl) greater than seawater. This is the first legume known to grown in salinities equivalent to seawater.
Three-way (N-way) fusion of brain imaging data based on mCCA+jICA and its application to discriminating schizophrenia

Multimodal fusion is an effective approach to better understand brain diseases. However, most such instances have been limited to pair-wise fusion; because there are often more than two imaging modalities available per subject, there is a need for approaches that can combine multiple datasets optimally. In this paper, we extended our previous two-way fusion model called "multimodal CCA+joint ICA", to three or N-way fusion, that enables robust identification of correspondence among N data types and allows one to investigate the important question of whether certain disease risk factors are shared or distinct across multiple modalities. We compared "mCCA+jICA" with its alternatives in a 3-way fusion simulation and verified its advantages in both decomposition accuracy and modal linkage detection. We also applied it to real functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)-Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and structural MRI fusion to elucidate the abnormal architecture underlying schizophrenia (n=97) relative to healthy controls (n=116). Both modality-common and modality-unique abnormal regions were identified in schizophrenia. Specifically, the visual cortex in fMRI, the anterior thalamic radiation (ATR) and forceps minor in DTI, and the parietal lobule, cuneus and thalamus in sMRI were linked and discriminated between patients and controls. One fMRI component with regions of activity in motor cortex and superior temporal gyrus individually discriminated schizophrenia from controls. Finally, three components showed significant correlation with duration of illness (DOI), suggesting that lower gray matter volumes in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes and cerebellum are associated with increased DOI, along with white matter disruption in ATR and cortico-spinal tracts. Findings suggest that the identified fractional anisotropy changes may relate to the corresponding functional/structural changes in the brain that are thought to play a role in the clinical expression of schizophrenia. The proposed "mCCA+jICA" method showed promise for elucidating the joint or coupled neuronal abnormalities underlying mental illnesses and improves our understanding of the disease process.
Subnuclear Trafficking and Gene Targeting by Steroid Receptors

Through the use of novel imaging techniques, we have observed direct steroid receptor binding to a tandem array of a hormone-responsive promoter in living cells. We found that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) exchanges rapidly with regulatory elements in the continued presence of ligand. We have also reconstituted a GR-dependent nucleoprotein transition with chromatin assembled on promoter DNA, and we discovered that GR is actively displaced from the chromatin template during the chromatin remodeling process. Using high-intensity UV laser crosslinking, we have observed highly periodic interactions of GR with promoter chromatin. These periodic binding events are dependent on GR-directed hSWI/SNF remodeling of the template and require the presence of ATP. Both the in vitro and in vivo results are consistent with a dynamic model ("hit-and-run") in which GR first binds to chromatin after ligand activation, recruits a remodeling activity, and is simultaneously lost from the template. We also find that receptor mobility in the nucleoplasm is strongly enhanced by molecular chaperones. These observations indicate that multiple mechanisms are involved in transient receptor interactions with nucleoplasmic targets.
Parallel Data Mining on Multicore Clusters

The ever increasing number of cores per chip will be accompanied by a pervasive data deluge whose size will probably increase even faster than CPU core count over the next few years. This suggests the importance of parallel data analysis and data mining applications with good multicore, cluster and grid performance. This paper considers data clustering, mixture models and dimensional reduction presenting a unified framework applicable to bioinformatics, cheminformatics and demographics. Deterministic annealing is used to lessen effect of local minima. We present performance results on clusters of 2-8 core systems identifying effects from cache, runtime fluctuations, synchronization and memory bandwidth. We discuss needed programming model and compare with MPI and other approaches.
Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia 1900–1940

The provision of housing for the urban poor has been a problem of long standing in the Third World. In some countries efforts at housing supply go beyond events which began forty years ago after World War II When large numbers of people began moving to the cities of Latin America, Africa, and Asia giving rise to uncontrolled urban settlements and causing crowded living conditions in the already built-up areas. In Southeast Asia some colonial governments recognized the housing problem at the beginning of the twentieth century and began programs to ameliorate housing shortages and to improve living conditions for the urban masses. The investigative housing commissions in Singapore beginning in I907 and the faltering efforts of the Singapore Improvement Trust perhaps are the best known examples.' They were the precursors of the Housing and Development Board established in I960 in whose structures live some 85 percent of the Singapore population today. Urban officials in colonial Indonesia, the former Dutch East Indies, also had concerns for the housing of the masses. The Dutch colonial government eventually passed legislation which in a mild way supported housing and, was concerned to some extent with housing construction. For their part, the large cities on Java were more active. This paper presents the attitudes and actions of the central government and of city councils during the four decades before the beginning of World War II in providing housing for the 70 percent or so of low-income people who made up the urban populations of Java and considers the insights which it provides regarding the provision of low-income housing in Third World cities today. Report of the Housing Committee, Singapore, I947 (Singapore: Government Printing
Patterns of Body Image Concerns and Disordered Weight- and Shape-Related Behaviors in Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Adolescent Males.

This study investigates body image concerns and disordered weight- and shape-related behaviors across adolescence and young adulthood in males and how patterns vary by sexual orientation. Participants were 5,388 males from the U.S. national Growing Up Today Study. In 2001, 2003, and 2005 (spanning ages 15-20 years), participants reported sexual orientation, past-year desire for toned/defined muscles and concerns with weight and shape, and past-year binge eating, restrictive dieting, purging (vomiting or laxative use), and use of products to increase muscularity (e.g., creatine, steroids). Latent class analyses identified 2 patterns at ages 15-16 years and 3 patterns at 17-18 and 19-20 years: healthy (all ages; low body image concerns and weight- and shape-related behaviors; 54-74% of observations), muscle-concerned (ages 17-18 and 19-20; relatively high muscularity concern and product use; 18-21% of observations), and lean-concerned (all ages; relatively high weight and shape concern, dieting, and binge eating; 19-28% of observations). Latent transition analyses revealed that sexual minority males (i.e., mostly heterosexual, gay, and bisexual) were more likely than completely heterosexual males to be lean-concerned at ages 17-18 and 19-20 years and to transition to the lean-concerned class from the healthy class. There were no sexual orientation differences in odds of being muscle-concerned. Both heterosexual and sexual minority males are at risk for presenting body image concerns and weight- and shape-related behaviors that may have deleterious health consequences. Results suggest the need for screening for concerns and behaviors related to leanness and muscularity in early adolescence among all males, regardless of sexual orientation.
SIBBORK: A new spatially-explicit gap model for boreal forest

Climate change is altering forests globally, some in ways that may promote further warming at the regional and even continental scales. In order to predict how forest ecosystems might adapt to a changing climate, it is important to understand the resilience and vulnerabilities that each species within that current ecosystem might have to a modified future environment. Complex systems that occupy large spatial domains and change slowly, on the order of decades to centuries, do not lend themselves easily to direct observation. A simulation model is often the more appropriate and attainable approach toward understanding the inner workings of large, slow-changing systems, and how they may change with imposed perturbations. We report on a new, spatially-explicit dynamic vegetation model SIBBORK developed for the purpose of investigating the effects of climatological changes on the long-term dynamics, structure and composition of the Siberian boreal forest.
An International Empirical Look at a Few Possible Reasons for Brain Drain

Brain drain is a big issue for a lot of countries. Understanding the underlying causes of brain drain is the first step in trying to bring brain drain under control. The purpose of the paper is to use cross country regression analysis to empirically look at some of the factors that may determine brain drain. It finds that higher income per capita, greater country peace, enhanced work force educational quality, and better property rights are associated with reduced country brain drain.
An upper limit for acetylcholine content and synthesis in human erythrocytes.

SummaryThe ACh content of human red cells is less than 0.08 γ/ml and no increase in synthesis can be observed in cells equilibrated with cholinesterase inhibitors. A synthetic rate higher than 6.3 γ/g/hr by acetone powders of red cells was not observed. There is some doubt that the activity observed was the result of enzymatic synthesis of ACh. Calculations show this rate to be less than 1/50 that required to provide the free energy essential for the accumulation of K against a concentration gradient. The metabolism of red cell Ach as a mechanism by which the cells accumulate K is of doubtful importance.
Abstract 3457: The KIAA1549-BRAF fusion oncogene in pediatric low-grade gliomas undergoes in vitro paradoxical activation in response to RAF specific inhibition

Low-grade gliomas are the most common tumors of the central nervous system in children. We recently described a 7q34 duplication resulting in a novel KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, that includes the C-terminus BRAF kinase domain, exclusively in the majority of pediatric low-grade gliomas. BRAF activating mutations have been well described in human malignancies; however, little is known about KIAA1549. In silico analysis of the fusion gene predicts two putative transmembrane domains in the N-terminus segment of KIAA1549. Clones of the fusion were created, including the long and short forms found in pediatric tumors and a truncated version lacking a transmembrane domain. NIH/3T3 stable cell lines for each clone were then generated using Plat-E retrovirus. Assays were also performed with transient over-expression of the clones in HEK/293T cells. Activity of the fusion clones was compared to BRAF (wild-type, kinase-dead, V600E mutant), KIAA1549 (wild-type), and Rasv12 mutant. The KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene constructs all demonstrated activation of the MAPK pathway with increased phosphylation of both MEK 1/2 and ERK1/2; malignant transformation in soft agar assay; and increased transcriptional output. In vivo studies are ongoing but preliminary results demonstrate the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion is sufficient to cause tumor formation in a xenograft murine model. Overall, our sets of experiments reveal the truncated fusion has kinase activity comparable to the canonical V600E BRAF mutant. Wild-type KIAA1549 had no effect on MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation nor does over-expression cause cell transformation. Not surprising RAF specific and MEK specific inhibition resulted in decreased MEK1/2 phosphorylation in BRAF (all variants) and KIAA1549-BRAF fusion transient over-expression in HEK/293T cells and in IP/BRAF kinase assays. Interestingly, RAF specific inhibition of the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion NIH/3T3 stable cell lines resulted in increased MEK 1/2 phosphorylation at low drug concentrations (0.01-10 micromolar) consistent with recent reports describing paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway in wild-type BRAF. Drug concentrations of greater than 20 micromolar demonstrated inhibition of all of the constructs. Our data suggest the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion gene has oncogenic potential and is sufficient for tumor formation; however, BRAF kinase specific inhibition can result in paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway at lower drug concentrations. Targeting the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion in pediatric low-grade gliomas is likely still a rational approach but further preclinical studies are needed. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3457. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3457
Validity of the decoding-encoding screener for dyslexia.

Purpose The Decoding-Encoding Screener for Dyslexia (DESD) was developed to identify children who may have reading difficulties. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the DESD using two standardized tests of reading ability in school-aged children. Methods Thirty-one children aged 9 to 15 years enrolled in the study. Each child completed the DESD and two standardized reading assessments, the Wide Range Achievement Test-Third Edition (WRAT-3) and the Gray Oral Reading Test-Fourth Edition (GORT-4). Pearson correlations were used to compare the DESD Reading Test with the WRAT-3 and GORT-4, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to measure the associations between the DESD Spelling Scale and the WRAT-3 and GORT-4. Results Pearson correlation coefficients between the DESD Reading Test standard score and WRAT-3 Spelling subtest and GORT-4 were large, with the exception of the WRAT-3 Word Reading subtest, which had a small correlation. Spearman rank correlations between the DESD Spelling score and the GORT-4 and WRAT-3 Spelling subtest were large to very large, but only a moderate correlation was found with the WRAT-3 Word Reading subtest. Conclusions The DESD Reading Test and Spelling Scale had significant correlations with the WRAT-3 Spelling subtest and GORT-4. However, the small correlation between the DESD Reading Test and the WRAT-3 Word Reading subtest indicates that some caution should be used when interpreting the results of the DESD Reading Test. Therefore, practitioners may find the DESD Spelling Scale to be a more useful tool in identifying children who may have reading difficulties.
In our voices: A collaborative reflection on teaching and being taught:

Much of the literature on teaching qualitative research consists of instructional philosophies or descriptions of classroom activities. Little has been written about the actual experience of a qual...
Joint Pain and Swelling

Volume 89, Number 5 www.aafp.org/afp American Family Physician 381 An 89-year-old man had joint pain, swelling, and the inability to flex his fifth finger for several years. The swelling had appeared gradually after episodes of acute pain in that finger. He had chronic kidney disease (creatinine level of 5.3 mg per dL [468 μmol per L]) and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (fasting glucose level of 172 mg per dL [9.5 mmol per L]). On examination, there was swelling of the fifth proximal interphalangeal joint with yellow discoloration under the skin (Figure 1). There was no erythema or warmth. A radiograph showed a 3-cm area of swelling at the center of the joint with advanced bony erosion (Figure 2).
Low Voltage Ride Through for Photovoltaic Grid-connected Converter SVPWM Based on the Double Hysteresis Loop Current Control

The double hysteresis loop current control space vector pulse width modulation(SVPWM) gives the best suitable switching of voltage vector using the space distribution of current error vector and reference voltage vector,and then the current error below the hysteresis width is controlled.Applied to photovoltaic grid-connected inverter,the method has fast current response,and can limit the current error with good current tracking performance,which can enhance the low voltage ride through(LVRT) capability.lt also can provide reactive power to support the voltage of the point of interconnection.Simulation and experiment show that the method is valid and feasible,and the requirement of LVRT for inverter is satisfied.
Magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (preliminary experience of 6 cases)

Preliminary experience of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 6 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is described in this article. MRI can provided pertinent pathoanatomic information of this entity and it is of definite value in the diagnostic evaluation of HCM. The relative value of different imaging techniques (such as echocardiography, CT and angiography, etc) in the diagnosis of HCM are also briefly discussed.
Evolution of serotiny in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) in the light of increasing frequency of fires

Wildfire frequency and intensity in the Mediterranean region are predicted to increase with climate and anthropogenic changes in the following decades. Pines species often posses fire-embracing and fire-avoiding strategies that increase the probability of persistence and performance in fire-prone habitats. One such strategy is serotiny, i.e., the capacity to retain seeds in long-closed cones within the plant canopy; serotinous cones release seeds only when either a fire or a heat shock occurs. In this work, we used a simulation approach and Pinus pinaster populations as a model system to investigate how (i) an increased frequency of fire, (ii) genetic characteristics of serotiny, and (iii) observed differences in life histories interact to determine (a) risk of local population extinction and (b) temporal changes in the prevalence of serotiny in the modeled population. In addition, we tested whether the contemporary evolution of serotiny in the face of increased probability of occurrence of fires increased the probability of population persistence with respect to a scenario in which serotiny was not allowed to evolve. Our simulations showed that over the 300 years of simulated time, the evolution of serotiny did not substantially contribute to the persistence of populations. Extinction risk increased with the increasing probability of occurrence of fire and slightly decreased with (i) higher gene flow from outside the modeled population, and (ii) higher prevalence of serotiny at the beginning of the simulation. The prevalence of serotiny at the end of simulation time was difficult to predict and mostly driven by stochasticity.
Uncertain Science … Uncertain World: Reconstructing the past

The farther backward you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see. Winston Churchill The historical sciences such as archeology, geology, and astronomy are burdened with a special form of uncertainty known as non-uniqueness. When trying to understand why something happened the way it did, these scientists must try to reconstruct the circumstances of the event, and make hypotheses about the processes that governed the event. But as we try to reconstruct an historical event, we deal with an incomplete record. And with an incomplete record of an only partially understood process, there may be more than one way that the evidence can be explained. In other words, we must live in the shadow of non-uniqueness. At any given time, the incomplete evidence may admit many interpretations, and at a later time, additional evidence may eliminate some of those possibilities. Dealing with uncertainty about the past is a way of life with geologists, who in their work of reconstructing natural history are always working with half a deck or less. Nature is not a mindful conservator, and the inevitable consequence of time is that the record of what happened long ago becomes degraded and fragmentary. In their efforts to understand and interpret incomplete information, geologists always work with a handful of provisional scenarios relevant to explaining their observations.
The Political Unconscious: Stories and Politics in Two South American Cultures

Central to political life-in any society is the maintenance of a pattern of authority in spite of a certain inevitable tendency toward willful defiance (or uninhibited self-expression) on the part of at least some members of the group. In nonstratified societies — the bands and tribes of anthropological parlance — the management of aggression and anger-provoking behaviors like theft, infidelity and stinginess is among the most central political problems. In stratified societies — chiefdoms, feudal societies and states — the problem of aggression remains fundamental, but is often focused especially on the preservation of systems of inequality by managing the frustrations and resentments occasioned by poverty, repression and the general arrogance of power.
An attempt to dendrochronologically date house features at the King site (9FL5), a 16th century Late Mississippian town in northwestern Georgia, USA

Abstract The King site is a Late Mississippian (ca. 1400–1540 CE) aboriginal town located in northwestern Georgia along the Coosa River associated with the Coosa Chiefdom. The site was settled ca. 1530 but was occupied for perhaps only 50 years or so based on the lack of horizontal stratigraphy. The site was visited by members of either or both the Hernando de Soto expedition in 1540 and/or the Tristan de Luna expedition in 1560. In 1974, archaeologists discovered and removed 36 sections of subterranean charred pine posts from six house features. Our objectives were to determine if the tree rings on these posts could be dendrochronologically dated to verify the dates of site occupation and confirm the construction sequence of several houses determined originally via stratigraphic and archaeological evidence. We were able to graphically and statistically crossmatch 13 measurement series representing 10 posts from 5 of the 6 structures, yielding a 157-year floating chronology (average interseries correlation = 0.60). We were unable to absolutely crossdate this floating chronology with the only regional reference chronology long enough (back to 1378 CE) to reach the 16th century, an eastern red cedar chronology from eastern Tennessee. Archaeological evidence indicated Houses 8 and 23.4 were built later in the King site occupancy, confirmed by the tree-ring dates as both houses have the youngest tree rings of the five structures. House 14 had the oldest outermost tree rings but archaeological evidence suggests this house also was likely constructed late in the King site occupancy. We propose some posts were salvaged and reused from abandoned houses as the King site became rapidly depopulated in the last 10–20 years of site occupancy, thus explaining the age of posts used in House 14. We urge archaeologists working in the Southeastern U.S. to consider developing a more formal process for exhuming and preserving charcoalized wood remains from archaeological sites so that these samples can be evaluated using dendrochronological techniques.
Tools for ubiquitous assessment in discussion-based pedagogy

Our research is founded on the idea that ubiquitous, non-intrusive, concept-centric student assessment is an important way for teachers to gain insight into the educational needs of their students. Ubiquitous assessment means that assessment is an integral part of students' everyday activities, thus allowing for a detailed temporal understanding of the students' progress. In order for ubiquitous assessment to work, it must also be non-intrusive. In most situations, it's unrealistic to have students take tests every day. Not only would it be onerous, but it detracts from time spent actually learning new material. Therefore, we argue for integrating assessment into learning activities. This allows teachers to understand what notions the students begin an activity with, and how the activity has helped them revise and improve upon that understanding. While ubiquitous assessment represents a fine-grained approach to assessment with respect to frequency, we believe that assessment should also be fine-grained with respect to the type of knowledge being assessed. While a homework assignment or test question might determine whether a student understands a concept well enough to accomplish.the assigned task, detailed knowledge of the concept may still be erroneous. In order to provide this type of continuous, detailed tracking of student knowledge, we have developed a set of tools, collectively called INFACT. These tools are particularly suited for use with an instructional methodology in which students to build knowledge through small group collaboration and group discussion. In this paper, we discuss this pedagogical technique, it's application to teaching math and computer programming concepts, and some of the computational methods that underly the tools.
Agricultural sustainability – the human dimension.

Sustainability as it applies to agriculture has traditionally been evaluated by measuring production output and capabilities. Concerns about agriculture's affect on the environment broadened the scope of sustainability measurements. More recent efforts have attempted to link agricultural sustainability to economic prosperity, environmental quality, and social equity. This paper examines one human dimension of agriculture which is the labour force and shows that most conventional measurements are inadequate because little is known about the characteristics of hired farm worker households, especially their income. Furthermore, the measurements also fail to link the production aspects of agriculture to the household supplying the labour. A first effort to obtain this linkage via a census of agriculture integrated with a sample survey is described.
Characterizing the critical parameters for docking unmanned underwater vehicles

Docking an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) is a critical part of many current and envisioned Navy, commercial, and scientific missions. Many missions require an AUV to dock with a subsea node that is not restrained through attachment to the seafloor or to a surface platform significantly larger than the system that is docking into it. Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific (SSC Pacific) recently performed a series of tests to characterize the docking process of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with a suspended dock. Two methods of docking were performed: a “soft” optical dock where the vehicle tracked and followed a suspended light emitting diode (LED) beacon and a “hard” physical dock where the vehicle entered a docking structure. This docking testing will provide design support information for future undersea systems.
Maritime energy and security: Synergistic maximization or necessary tradeoffs?

Abstract Offshore energy is big business. The traditional source of maritime energy, offshore petroleum and gas, has been on the rise since a reliable method of extraction was discovered in the mid-20th century. Lately, it has been joined by offshore wind and tidal power as alternative “green” sources of maritime energy. Yet all of this has implications for maritime environmental regimes as well, as maritime energy extraction/generation can have a negative effect on the ocean environment. This paper considers two major questions surrounding maritime energy and environmental concerns. First, how and why do these two concerns, maritime energy and environmental protection, play against each other? Second, how can states both secure their energy and environmental securities in the maritime domain? Maximizing maritime energy output necessitates some environmental costs and vice versa, but these costs vary with the type of offshore energy technology used and with the extent to which states are willing to expend effort to protect both environmental and energy security.
Abstract 255: Modulation Of Cardiac Macrophages As A Strategy For Infarct Healing

Heart failure is the leading cause of death in the developed world and myocardial infarction (MI) is the most common cause. Macrophages are key cells that orchestrate the initial inflammatory as well as later stage wound healing responses following MI. These functions are carried out by pro-inflammatory (M1) and reparative (M2) macrophages respectively. Optimal healing response after MI requires a balancing act of the biphasic macrophage response, so as to not prolong inflammatory signals detrimental to wound healing. Taking advantage of the fact that interleukin-4 (IL-4) activates macrophages towards M2, we hypothesize that delivering IL-4 to the post-MI heart can alter the ratio of M2 to M1 macrophages in the infarct area and induce a better healing response. In this study, we validate our approach in vitro and perform in vitro optimization of a suitable delivery system. RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with IL-4 (10ng/uL) or LPS/IFN-γ (100ng/mL and 10ng/mL) for 24h and gene expression markers (qPCR) and Nitric Oxide (NO) levels (Griess assay) analyzed as indication of M1or M2 activation. Mouse aortic endothelial cells were treated with conditioned media from these cells for 24h and tube formation assessed on matrigel. A bioactive, protease-cleavable polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel delivery system was evaluated for release of functional IL-4 to LPS-activated macrophages. Empty or IL-4 encapsulating hydrogel was placed on a trans-well above LPS-stimulated macrophages. Collagenase I at 0.1mg/mL was applied over 48h to degrade the gels and release IL-4 (n≥3 and p We demonstrate that IL-4 significantly upregulates M2 markers (MRC-1 and Arg-1) while IFN-γ and LPS upregulate M1 markers (NO and TNF-alpha). We observe enhanced tube density in endothelial cells treated with M2 media while M1 inhibited tube formation. Hydrogel release study shows a significant reduction in NO levels of LPS-stimulated macrophages when IL-4 is released, demonstrating that IL-4 is released from the gel in its bioactive form. In conclusion, we show that macrophages can indeed respond to changing stimuli and adopt distinct activation types and our PEG based hydrogel could be a potential delivery system for in vivo IL-4 delivery.
In situ monitoring and analysis of void evolution in unidirectional prepreg

In the layup of prepreg laminates, air is inevitably entrapped between adjacent prepreg plies, yet the removal of this inter-ply air under vacuum bag cure conditions is not well understood. In this...
Roles of the Histone Chaperone FACT in Drosophila Gene Regulation and Chromatin Architecture

The highly conserved histone chaperone FACT (Facilitates Chromatin Transcription) is thought to contribute to the disassembly and reassembly of nucleosomes in the wake of RNA polymerase II passage through chromatin. In yeast, mutation of FACT subunits leads to decreased nucleosome occupancy at the promoters and transcribed regions of genes. In addition, genetic experiments suggest that yeast FACT plays a critical role in restricting initiation of transcription to promoters, ensuring that only appropriate mRNAs are synthesized. However, FACT’s roles in chromatin biology and transcriptional regulation in higher eukaryotes are not well understood. Using Drosophila S2 cells as a model, I observe that depleting levels of the FACT complex results in aberrant transcriptional regulation of approximately 20% of expressed genes. We hypothesized that FACT-dependent alterations in transcription occur because nucleosome disassembly and reassembly are defective in FACT deficient S2 cells. To address that hypothesis, I monitored the nucleosome positioning using genome-wide micrococcal nuclease protection assays, and the distribution of bulk histones, histone variants, and histone modifications using ChIP-seq. I observed that FACT depletion has little effect on total nucleosome occupancy or positioning or on the distribution of either the histone variant H2Av or the histone 3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) mark. On the other hand, the loss of FACT alters the distribution of other histone modifications, including histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone 3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in the promoters and transcribed regions of genes. In particular, H3K4me3, a mark of active promoters, was reduced at promoters and increased in gene bodies of the FACT depleted cells. Furthermore, levels of H3K36me3, a mark of active transcription over transcribed regions, was reduced in gene bodies but increased beyond the polyadenylation site. The levels of total (Rpb3) and transcriptionally engaged Pol II (PRO-seq) were reduced at promoters upon the loss of FACT. Taken together, our results are consistent with the model that FACT contributes to the interplay between chromatin architecture and control of promoter-proximal pausing.
Differentiating Positional Isomers of Nucleoside Modifications by Higher-Energy Collisional Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (HCD MS)

The analytical identification of positional isomers (e.g., 3-, N4-, 5-methylcytidine) within the > 160 different post-transcriptional modifications found in RNA can be challenging. Conventional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approaches rely on chromatographic separation for accurate identification because the collision-induced dissociation (CID) mass spectra of these isomers nearly exclusively yield identical nucleobase ions (BH2+) from the same molecular ion (MH+). Here, we have explored higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) as an alternative fragmentation technique to generate more informative product ions that can be used to differentiate positional isomers. LC-MS/MS of modified nucleosides characterized using HCD led to the creation of structure- and HCD energy-specific fragmentation patterns that generated unique fingerprints, which can be used to identify individual positional isomers even when they cannot be separated chromatographically. While particularly useful for identifying positional isomers, the fingerprinting capabilities enabled by HCD also offer the potential to generate HPLC-independent spectral libraries for the rapid analysis of modified ribonucleosides.
Research on Mental Health Quality Assurance

A program of mental health quality assurance is designed to (1) evaluate the quality of mental health services delivered to the public and (2) provide corrective or educational feedback to remedy detected deficiencies in service quality. The first objective involves quality assessment and therefore shares with traditional psychotherapy research and program evaluation the complex conceptual and methodological issues inherent in the measurement of clinical effectiveness. The second objective, remediation, involves strategies for behavior change, on the part of either individual clinicians or a delivery system as a whole.
STEADY INSPIRATORY PRESSURE-FLOW RELATIONSHIP IN A HUMAN BRONCHIAL TREE MODEL

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a dimensionless form of Rohrer's equation that correlates steady flow results using different gases quite well. A dimensionless pressure-flow relation for a bronchus was obtained. This relation appears to be valid over a much wider range of Reynolds number than previous equations and is simple in form. The model included the right intermediate bronchus and subtended bronchi down to about 2 mm diameter. The chapter presents the apparatus for measuring steady inspiratory flows and pressure differences. In a relatively rigid model of the bronchial tree, dimensional analysis consolidates steady flow data of gases with widely different properties in a single curve. This result is in agreement with steady expiration results with the same model. Unsteady flow has been shown to be a likely culprit and these researchers have used dimensionless frequency and time dependent acceleration parameters.
Assessment accommodations for children with special needs

Assessment accommodations have become a very active area of educational research in recent years, due to federal legislation (e.g., the 1997 – Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the 2001 – No Child Left Behind act) that has increased their importance in large-scale assessments. Assessment accommodations are changes in the standard assessment process made because an individual’s disability requires changes for the test to be a valid measure. The theoretical underpinnings and important findings in this research area, as well as suggested future directions, are discussed.
Improving estimates of built-up area from night time light across globally distributed cities through hierarchical modeling.

Abstract Built-up area has become an important indicator for studying urban environments, but mapping built-up area at the regional/global scale remains challenging due to the complexity of impervious surface features. Nighttime light data (NTL) is one of the major remote sensing data sources for regional/global built-up or impervious surface mapping. A single regression relationship between fractional built-up/impervious area and NTL or various indices derived based on NTL and vegetation index (e.g., NDVI) data had been established in many previous studies. However, due to the varying geographical, climatic, and socio-economic characteristics of cities, the same regression relationship may vary significantly across cities. In this study, we examined the regression relationship between percentage of built-up area (pBUA) and vegetation adjusted nighttime light urban index (VANUI) for 120 randomly selected cities around the world with a hierarchical hockey-stick regression model. We found that there is a substantial variability in the slope (0.658 ± 0.318), the threshold VANUI (−1.92 ± 0.769, log scale) after which the linear relationship holds, and the coefficient of determination R2 (0.71 ± 0.14) among globally distributed cities. A small proportion of this substantial variability can be attributed to socio-economic status (e.g., total population, GDP per capita) and landscape structures (e.g., compactness and fragmentation). Due to these variations, our hierarchical model or no-pooling model (i.e., fit each city individually) can significantly improve model prediction accuracy (17% in terms of root mean squared error) over a complete-pooling model. We, however, recommend hierarchical models as they can provide meaningful priors for future modeling under a Bayesian framework, and achieve higher prediction accuracy than no-pooling models when sample size is small.