cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Society Works: Classification

“ A rose by any other name ”? William Shakespeare once wrote, “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.” The idea, of course, is that a thing is what it is, independently of the label placed on the thing. The process of labeling or naming is a secondary process, and one that does not change the nature of the thing named. First → Second Thing → Name/Label If we found what we commonly call a rose in our flower garden and renamed it a “feces flower” that would not give the flower a foul smell. Changing the name does not change the thing itself. Shakespeare's idea fits with common sense, but—as we will see—it is completely wrong much of the time. The most obvious counter-example to Shakespeare's claim is with respect to things like “money” Something is money only on the condition that a community recognizes it as money. If we cease to recognize a thing as money, it ceases to be money. Francs, which used to be money in France, are no longer recognized as money—the French have moved on to use euros. As such, francs are no longer money. Money by any other name will not be the same thing. The reason for this is that some things are what they are not because of their material properties but because of a set of human social relations. In these cases, the relation between the thing and the human practice makes it what it is.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti, the Little Green Book, and the Dispute with Death

The most commonly recited anecdote regarding Dante Gabriel Rossetti recalls the incident surrounding the burial of his bound manuscript of poetry in 1862 alongside his wife Elizabeth Siddal. Buried...
Small-Specimen Brittle-Fracture Toughness Testing

Accurate estimates of valid plane-strain fracture toughness, K I c , for low-alloy steels in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature range may be made by using J I c -valid specimens and accounting for a size effect evident for cleavage fracture. The size effect is explained using a "weakest link" theory that predicts variance in test results using constant-size specimens and decreasing average results when the specimen size is increased. Cleavage fracture occurs when the maximum tensile stress near the crack tip equals or exceeds the cleavage stress, σ f *, over a microstructurally significant distance, the process-zone diameter. Variation in specimen toughness arises due to variations in the microstructure within the process zone; the weakest feature in the process zone causes catastrophic cleavage fracture of the specimen. Our work indicates that the size effect on J I c is represented by J 1 /J 2 = (B 2 /B 1 ) 1 / m where m is the Weibull modulus, B i is the specimen thickness for specimen i, and J i is the mean J I c for several specimens. Experimental evidence supporting the theory is shown.
Coping Strategies Used by Aging Parental Caregivers of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Caregiving can be a lifelong responsibility for parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined coping strategies and barriers experienced by parents of adult childr...
Non-selective beta-blocker use in cirrhotic patients is associated with a reduced likelihood of hospitalisation for infection.

Background Non-selective beta-blockers (NSBBs) reduce enteric bacterial translocation rates and the frequency of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in animal models. Aim To evaluate the effect of NSBBs on infection-related admissions. Methods We performed a case-control study of cirrhotic patients' first in-patient admission between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016. We examined NSBB use and the development of infection. We performed a propensity score-matched analysis in those with NSBB use vs no use and calculated odds ratios on this matched cohort to determine the odds of outcomes based on NSBB use. Results We identified 2165 cirrhotic patients who met our inclusion criteria. Most patients were Caucasian (69%), male (62%). Admission Model for End stage Liver Disease (MELD) score, Charlson comorbidity index and Child-Pugh score were 12 ± 1, 4 ± 2, and 8 ± 2, respectively. Ascites was the most common complication of portal hypertension (44%); 23% of patients used NSBBs at home. Infections occurred in 33% of admissions. In the propensity score-matched cohort, the use of NSBBs at home was associated with lower overall, and specific, infections. The effect was similar in patients taking NSBBs for either primary or secondary oesophageal variceal prophylaxis and for those on NSBBs for other indications. Patients not on NSBBs had higher odds of infection (OR = 2.5), SBP (OR = 4.0), and bacteraemia (OR = 6.0). Conclusion Home use of NSBBs by patients with cirrhosis was associated with fewer infection-related admissions. The data suggest that NSBBs in this group of patients reduce the risk of infection.
The power of specialty palliative care: moving towards a systems perspective

Three palliative care clinical trials were presented at the 2020 American Society for Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting. The heterogeneity in populations, models of care, study design, and assessment of clinical outcomes across these three studies show the broad opportunities for research into interventions for palliative care. In this Viewpoint, we summarise the characteristics of these studies, discuss their novel features and lingering questions, and offer a suggestion for further expanding the focus of clinical trials for delivery of palliative care in the future. We particularly argue that the propensity to characterise palliative care as if it was a clinical or biomedical intervention hampers the design and evaluation of complex clinical interventions that influence clinicians, systems for health-care delivery, individual patients, and their families.
Statin Type and Cancer Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes Type 2 and Solid Tumors.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects 10% of Americans and is associated with an increased incidence of cancer. Statins are first-line cholesterol-lowering medications in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Several studies have demonstrated a relationship between statin use and reduced cancer incidence. We examined the cancer benefits of statin subtypes, with specific attention to disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods: This retrospective review included adults with T2DM diagnosed with solid tumors at Roswell Park Cancer Institute in Buffalo, NY, USA (2003–2010). Individuals with gestational diabetes, incomplete records, or diagnosed with rare solid tumors were excluded. Follow-up began at the date of diagnosis and ended with the first confirmed recurrence, death, or loss of contact. Demographics were assessed by Chi-square, Kaplan–Meier survival analyses, and Cox proportional hazards regression. Findings: Overall, 1102 patients met inclusion criteria, 52.1% of the study participants were female, and 578 participants (52.5%) died during the follow-up period which ranged from 0 to 156 months. Hydrophilic statin use was associated with improved DFS at 5-year follow-up (41.0% vs. 36.9%, P = 0.0077) compared to lipophilic statin use. Multivariate regression revealed that hydrophilic statins were associated with improved DFS (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.706, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.526–0.947) and OS (HR: 0.685, 95% CI: 0.503–0.934). Pravastatin was associated with improved OS (HR: 0.674, 95% CI: 0.471–0.964). Conclusion: In patients with T2DM and cancer, hydrophilic statins, and pravastatin in particular, are associated with improved DFS as well as OS. Further research examining the cancer-specific effects of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins is needed to better understand their beneficial effects.
A Dilemma for Globalized Safety

The safety condition is supposed to be a necessary condition on knowledge which helps to eliminate epistemic luck. It has been argued that the condition should be globalized to a set of propositions rather than the target proposition believed to account for why not all beliefs in necessary truths are safe. A remaining issue is which propositions are relevant when evaluating whether the target belief is safe or not. In the literature, solutions have been proposed to determine the relevance of propositions. This paper examines a case of luckily true belief—thus a case of ignorance—and a case of knowledge. It argues that no solution in the literature offers a correct verdict in either case. Therefore, the strategy to globalize safety remains unsatisfactory.
Confirming Prior and Identifying Novel Correlates of Acute Calcium Pyrophosphate Crystal Arthritis.

OBJECTIVES To investigate previously identified and novel correlates of acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal arthritis among well-characterized cases. METHODS In this case-control study, we identified cases of acute CPP crystal arthritis using a validated algorithm (positive predictive value 81%) applied in the Partners HealthCare electronic health record (EHR). Cases were matched to general patient controls on year of 1st EHR encounter and index date. Pre-specified potential correlates included sex, race, and comorbidities and medications previously associated with CPPD/acute CPP crystal arthritis in the literature. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals using conditional logistic regression models adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, medications prescribed in the past 90 days, healthcare utilization, and multimorbidity score. RESULTS We identified 1697 cases matched to 6503 controls. Mean age was 73.7 (SD 11.8) years, 56.7% were female, 80.8% White, 10.3% Black. All pre-specified covariates were more common in cases than controls. Osteoarthritis (OR 3.08), male sex (OR 1.35), rheumatoid arthritis (OR 2.09), gout (OR 2.83), proton pump inhibitors (OR 1.94), loop diuretics (OR 1.60), and thiazides (OR 1.46) were significantly associated with acute CPP crystal arthritis after full adjustment. Black race was associated with lower odds for acute CPP crystal arthritis compared to White race (OR 0.47). CONCLUSION Using a validated algorithm to identify nearly 1700 patients with acute CPP crystal arthritis, we confirmed important correlates of this acute manifestation of CPPD. This is the first study to report higher odds for acute CPP crystal arthritis among males.
Atypical myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease presenting with isolated elevated intracranial pressure

Summary Background: There have been no described cases of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) in a pediatric patient presenting with symptoms and signs of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and initially unremarkable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Case: We present a case of an obese, otherwise healthy 12-year-old male with headaches and double vision who had bilateral papilledema and cranial nerve VI palsies on examination. His initial MRI was remarkable only for findings consistent with increased ICP. Lumbar puncture demonstrated elevated opening pressure and pleocytosis. MOG titer was 1:10,000. Discussion: This case provides further evidence of the broad spectrum of MOGAD phenotypes.
Gender differences in elderly mobility in the United States

Abstract Mobility is a critical element of one's quality of life regardless of one's age. Although the challenges for women are more significant than those for men as they age, far less is known about the gender differences in mobility patterns of older adults, especially in the United States (US) context. This paper reports on a study that examined potential gender gaps in mobility patterns of older adults (aged 65 years and over) in the US by analyzing data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey. Elderly respondents were first classified into one of six clusters based on socio-demographic variables. A Structural Equation Model (SEM) was then estimated and showed that gender gaps existed in the mobility patterns of the elderly, and the differences were diverse across the different clusters. The most substantial gender gap was found in the Senior Elder with Medical Condition(s) cluster, followed by the High-income Workers cluster and the Middle-income Urban Residents cluster. In contrast, females in the Low-Income Single Elder cluster enjoyed statistically significant positive mobility differences with their male counterparts. Our results also found that female elderly in the Senior Elder with Medical Condition(s) and the Low-income Family Elder clusters suffered most after the cessation of driving, with the largest mobility gender gap in the Middle-income Urban Resident cluster. This study will help transportation planners and policymakers understand gender and other socio-demographic differences in elderly mobility. Thus, it will facilitate the development of measures to improve elderly mobility and reduce gender gaps by recognizing and addressing specific target groups' mobility characteristics and needs rather than treating the elderly as a single potential user group.
Role of nicotinamide quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in protection against toxicity of electrophiles and reactive oxygen intermediates.

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the role of nicotinamide quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in protection against toxicity of electrophiles and reactive oxygen intermediates. NQO1 is a broadly distributed FAD-dependent flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of a wide variety of quinones, quinone imines, nitroaromatics, and azo dyes. Its notable characteristics include: equal efficiency of NADH and NADPH as electron donors; an obligatory two-electron reduction mechanism without semiquinone intermediates; potent inhibition by dicumarol and similar anticoagulants which has been a valuable tool for assessing the functional role of this enzyme; and induction by a plethora of chemically diverse inducers that activate the regulatory antioxidant response element (ARE) of the NQO1 gene. The physiological functions of NQO1 are described in this chapter. Evidences are presented for the fact that NQO1 protects against electrophile toxicity, oxidative stress, and neoplasia. Regulation of NQO1 by antioxidant response elements (ARE) and consequences of disruption of the NQO1 Gene are discussed in the chapter. The chapter explores the epidemiological links of NQO1 polymorphism to the risk of developing cancer.
Robust Stability of Two-Dimensional Discrete System Under Coefficient Perturbation

A bound on allowable weighted additive perturbation in the coefficients of a 2-D stable digital filter from their respective nominal values is determined so that the strict stability of the perturbed-coefficient filter is maintained.
Determination of isotopic uranium in food and water

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducts surveys of foods both domestic and imported for the presence of radioactivity. It does not routinely analyze for the actinides, specifically uranium, as it has been shown by previously by studies as reported by WELFORD and others that the concentration in food is very low. This was the result of a "Tri-City" study. However, at specific sites, the FDA has been requested to analyze for uranium. The concern is that either 'enriched' or 'depleted' uranium has been introduced into the environment and possibly contaminated the food supply. In addition some concern has been raised that water from wells or other sources used for processing food may contain uranium, both natural, depleted or enriched. This paper will discuss the methodology for the determination of isotopic uranium, specifically for uranium-238 (depleted) and/or uranium-235 (enriched) in the analyses of food and water samples and the results of these surveys.
Acceptance and Regression of a Strain-specific Lymphosarcoma in Mexican Axolotls

A closed colony 3 of dark (DD) and white (dd) Mexican axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) was analyzed, by skin allografting, for acceptance or rejection. From this analysis three major histocompatibility factors were identified and designated Ah, Bh, and Ch (1, 2). These factors behave as codominants and segregate as would be expected (2), thus: BhBh × ChCh → BhCh × BhCh → 1/4BhBh: 1/2BhCh: 1/4ChCh. Although the factors may turn out to be complex, they appear to berelatively rapid within the context of chronic rejection characteristic of urodeles. The onset of rejection occurs at 28 days ± 7 days. In addition to these factors, there are relatively “weak” factors that may produce chronic rejection initiated at about 90 days or later; no attempt has yet been made to analyze these in detail. Rapid chronic rejection has the characteristic manifestations (Plate I, upper left and right) described for several amphibia (4, 5, 6, 7): there is epidermal hyperplasia in the graft and replacement from the edges by the host’s epidermis; if the graft is pigmented, the epidermal cells become punctate but if the graft is unpigmented on a pigmented host, the host’s epidermal melanocytes move in with the replacing epidermis; there is marked vasodilation which is almost always followed by stasis and disintegration of the vascular bed.
Image coding with mixed representations and visual masking

We propose a novel approach for low bit rate perceptually transparent image compression. It exploits both frequency and spatial visual masking effects and uses a combination of Fourier and wavelet transforms to encode different bands. Frequency domain masking is computed by using a fine to coarse analysis step. Spatial domain masking is computed either by using Girod's (1989) model or a coarse to fine analysis step that accurately computes local contrast. A discrete cosine transform is used in conjunction with frequency domain masking to encode the low frequency bands. The medium and high frequency bands are encoded using spatial domain masking and a wavelet transform. The encoding of these bands is based on a recursive selection of the important edges in each band. It uses cross-band prediction to minimize the bit rate. Experiments show the approach can achieve a very high quality to nearly transparent compression at bit rates of 0.2 to 0.4 bits/pixel.
The Morality of Prenatal Testing and Selective Abortion: Clarifying the Expressivist Objection

Current public and philosophical debate concerning the morality of prenatal testing and selective abortion is occurring at the intersection of a number of complex social developments. First and most obviously, the debate is occasioned by developments in medical genetics that make prenatal genetic testing possible. Second and simultaneously, the growing disability rights movement urges that disability be understood not simply as a medical fact, but as a social construction.’ Thus, while developments in genetic technology change the way that various disabling conditions are understood and invite their “geneticization” (Lippman, 1991; Wolf, 1995), the disability rights movement advocates a shift from a strict medical (or genetic) understanding of disability.
Sensor set expansion for modal vibration testing

Pretest planning is crucial to successful modal vibration testing. Sensor placement is one of the more important tasks performed during the pretest exercise. The accelerometers must be distributed such that all of the required dynamic information is obtained during the course of the vibration test. A new method for triaxial sensor set selection based on maximizing the determinant of the target mode information matrix is presented. Maximizing the determinant maximizes a combination of target mode signal strength and linear independence critical to both test-analysis correlation and modal identification. The method iteratively expands an initial set of sensors instead of iteratively reducing a large candidate set. In many cases, the candidate sensor set can have thousands of sensor locations. This change in approach can result in a dramatic reduction in the required computational effort. In addition, the new method allows a test engineer to specify a set of locations that they absolutely want to have in the final sensor configuration, and then optimally expand the initial set to the desired number of sensors. The initial sensor set can be as small as one triax. The work presented focuses on the selection of triaxial accelerometers as single units at nodes, but the method can be generalized to the selection of any number of sensors at each iteration.
Small Molecule Hydration Free Energies in Explicit Solvent: An Extensive Test of Fixed-Charge Atomistic Simulations

Using molecular dynamics free energy simulations with TIP3P explicit solvent, we compute the hydration free energies of 504 neutral small organic molecules and compare them to experiments. We find, first, good general agreement between the simulations and the experiments, with an rms error of 1.24 kcal/mol over the whole set (i.e., about 2 kT) and a correlation coefficient of 0.89. Second, we use an automated procedure to identify systematic errors for some classes of compounds and suggest some improvements to the force field. We find that alkyne hydration free energies are particularly poorly predicted due to problems with a Lennard-Jones well depth and find that an alternate choice for this well depth largely rectifies the situation. Third, we study the nonpolar component of hydration free energies—that is, the part that is not due to electrostatics. While we find that repulsive and attractive components of the nonpolar part both scale roughly with surface area (or volume) of the solute, the total nonpo...
The use of physiological solutions or media in calcium phosphate synthesis and processing

This review examined the literature to spot uses, if any, of physiological solutions/media for the in situ synthesis of calcium phosphates (CaP) under processing conditions (i.e. temperature, pH, concentration of inorganic ions present in media) mimicking those prevalent in the human hard tissue environments. There happens to be a variety of aqueous solutions or media developed for different purposes; sometimes they have been named as physiological saline, isotonic solution, cell culture solution, metastable CaP solution, supersaturated calcification solution, simulated body fluid or even dialysate solution (for dialysis patients). Most of the time such solutions were not used as the aqueous medium to perform the biomimetic synthesis of calcium phosphates, and their use was usually limited to the in vitro testing of synthetic biomaterials. This review illustrates that only a limited number of research studies used physiological solutions or media such as Earle's balanced salt solution, Bachra et al. solutions or Tris-buffered simulated body fluid solution containing 27mM HCO3(-) for synthesizing CaP, and these studies have consistently reported the formation of X-ray-amorphous CaP nanopowders instead of Ap-CaP or stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HA, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) at 37°C and pH 7.4. By relying on the published articles, this review highlights the significance of the use of aqueous solutions containing 0.8-1.5 mMMg(2+), 22-27mM HCO3(-), 142-145mM Na(+), 5-5.8mM K(+), 103-133mM Cl(-), 1.8-3.75mM Ca(2+), and 0.8-1.67mM HPO4(2-), which essentially mimic the composition and the overall ionic strength of the human extracellular fluid (ECF), in forming the nanospheres of X-ray-amorphous CaP.
The Rural Elderly Assessment Project: A Model for Interdisciplinary Team Training

SUMMARYThe Rural Elderly Assessment Project (REAP) was designed to train occupational therapy, physical therapy, physician assistant, and public health faculty and students to conduct interdisciplinary team health assessments with rural, community-dwelling older adults. This article highlights key features of the project's design and implementation and presents preliminary evaluation data from the 25 students who participated in the project. Students completed several pre- and post-test measures. Statistically significant improvements were observed in all but one of the knowledge, skill, and attitude domains that were specifically targeted by the project. Students identified a variety of benefits they received from participating in the project, and all students indicated that they would recommend the project to another student. Implications for project replication and interdisciplinary team training of allied health students are discussed.
A numerical study on the coalescence of emulsion droplets in a constricted capillary tube

Abstract Using a new computational model, we have studied the dynamics and coalescence of a pair of two-dimensional droplets in pressure-driven flow through a constricted capillary tube, which is a prototype problem for the analysis of the interaction of emulsion droplets in porous media. We present simulations that quantify the effects of various system parameters on the droplet stability. These include the capillary number, the interfacial tension, the suspended-to-suspending-phase viscosity ratio, the valence and concentration of added electrolytes, the droplet-to-pore-size ratio, the pore-body-to-throat-size ratio, and the type of pore geometry. Our simulations show that the capillary number Ca plays an important role in determining whether the drops coalesce. At low Ca , drops deform only slightly and coalescence occurs at the entrance of the pore throat, whereas significant deformation enables the drops move through the pore without coalescence at high Ca . Coalescence is favored at intermediate values of the viscosity ratio. The destabilizing effect of added electrolytes is found to be insignificant for 10-μm drops, but significant for micron-size drops. Among the geometric-related parameters, the drop-to-pore-size ratio is the most significant.
Genetic organization and nucleotide sequence of the stability locus of IncFII plasmid NR1

The stability (stb) locus of IncFII plasmid NR1 was mapped to a 1700 base-pair NaeI-TaqI restriction fragment. A series of unstable plasmids that contained insertion, deletion, and point mutations that inactivated the stability function was isolated. The unstable point mutants examined were all stabilized (complemented) in trans by a copy of the wild-type stb locus, suggesting that the mutations had inactivated diffusible gene products. The nucleotide sequence of the stb locus contained two tandem open reading frames, designated stbA and stbB, that encoded essential trans-acting protein products with predicted sizes of 36,000 Mr and 13,000 Mr, respectively. A third open reading frame, stbC, that could encode a peptide of 8000 Mr was contained within stbB in the complementary DNA strand. Plasmid-encoded proteins of 36,000 Mr and 13,000 Mr were identified in minicell experiments as the products of stbA and stbB, respectively. Unstable deletion mutants that retained the promoter proximal region of the stb locus upstream from stbA but had deleted both stbA and stbB were stabilized in trans by plasmids that could supply StbA and StbB. In contrast, deletion mutants that had lost the stbAB promoter region were not complemented in trans, indicating that this region contained an essential cis-acting site (or sites). Unlike some other loci that mediate stable plasmid inheritance, cloned copies of the wild-type stb locus of NR1 did not exert strong incompatibility (i.e. trans destabilization) against other stb+ derivatives of plasmid NR1 present in the same cell.
Survival patterns in United States (US) medicare enrollees with non-CML myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN).

Purpose Non-CML myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF). Reported median overall survival (OS) ranges from a few to several years for MF, a decade or more for ET and PV. The study objective was to compare US survival rates of ET, PV, and MF patients with matched non-MPN/non-cancer controls in a nationally representative database. Patients and Methods Data were taken retrospectively from the Survey, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare linked database. Medicare enrollees with a new SEER MPN diagnosis between Jan 1, 2001 and Dec 31, 2007 were eligible. First MPN diagnosis was required at or after Medicare enrollment to allow for continuous follow-up. Non-MPN/non-cancer control groups were selected from Medicare separately for each MPN subtype and demographically matched to cases at a ratio of 5∶1. Survival was determined starting from the case diagnosis date using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 3,364 MPN patients (n = 1,217 ET; 1,625 PV; 522 MF) met the inclusion criteria and were matched to controls. Mean age was 78.4, 76.1, and 77.4 years for ET, PV, and MF, respectively, and percent female was 63, 50, and 41. Median OS was significantly (p<0.05) lower for MPN cases vs. controls (ET: 68 vs. 101 months; PV: 65 vs. 104; MF: 24 vs. 106). Conclusions In the US Medicare population, survival in MF patients was worse than that of patients with ET or PV and significantly worse than matched controls. Survival of patients with ET or PV was substantially inferior to matched controls. These findings have implications for the clinical management of MPN patients and underscore the need for effective therapies in all MPN subtypes.
High electro-optic side-chain polymer by vapor deposition polymerization

In this letter, we report high electro‐optic methylene di(phenylene isocyanate) (MDI)/DR19 side‐chain polymer film polymerization by vapor deposition polymerization. For samples deposited at substrate temperatures from 10 to 30 °C, the electro‐optic (EO) coefficient, r33, was measured to be 5 pm/V after poling. A lifetime of about one week was obtained. The highest EO effect observed were films deposited at −40 °C and polymerized after poling. The EO coefficient of these samples is about 24 pm/V while the lifetime is only about 30 min. The effect of substrate temperature, the ratio of monomers, and the poling temperature on the nonlinearity of the films are studied.
Accumulation of tetrahedral intermediates in cholinesterase catalysis: a secondary isotope effect study.

In a previous communication, kinetic β-deuterium secondary isotope effects were reported that support a mechanism for substrate-activated turnover of acetylthiocholine by human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) wherein the accumulating reactant state is a tetrahedral intermediate (Tormos, J. R.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14538−14539). In this contribution additional isotope effect experiments are described with acetyl-labeled acetylthiocholines (CL3COSCH2CH2N+Me3; L = H or D) that also support accumulation of the tetrahedral intermediate in Drosophila melanogaster acetylcholinesterase (DmAChE) catalysis. In contrast to the aforementioned BuChE-catalyzed reaction, for this reaction the dependence of initial rates on substrate concentration is marked by pronounced substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations. Moreover, kinetic β-deuterium secondary isotope effects for turnover of acetylthiocholine depended on substrate concentration, and gave the following: D3kcat/Km = 0.95 ± 0.03, D3kcat = 1...
Rotational Energy Dispersions: Analytic Descriptions

Closed-form analytic expressions parametric in the centrifugal displacement are presented for the dependence of the classical rotational energy of a harmonic oscillator (HO), Morse oscillator (MO), and Lennard-Jones 6-12 oscillator (LJO) upon the rotational angular momentum. Powerseries expansions of the energy in terms of the angular momentum are used to construct PadC approximants for the rotational energy dispersion which approximate well the exact parametric solutions and which may be used for fitting experimental spectroscopic data. @ 1992 Academic Press, Inc.
Options for Cryogenic Load Cooling with Forced Flow Helium Circulation

Cryogenic pumps designed to circulate super-critical helium are commonly deemed necessary in many super-conducting magnet and other cooling applications. Acknowledging that these pumps are often located at the coldest temperature levels, their use introduces risks associated with the reliability of additional rotating machinery and an additional load on the refrigeration system. However, as it has been successfully demonstrated, this objective can be accomplished without using these pumps by the refrigeration system, resulting in lower system input power and improved reliability to the overall cryogenic system operations. In this paper we examine some trade-offs between using these pumps vs. using the refrigeration system directly with examples of processes that have used these concepts successfully and eliminated using such pumps
CALCULATING MAXIMUM-ENTROPY PROBABILITY DENSITIES FOR BELIEF FUNCTIONS

A common procedure for selecting a particular density from a given class of densities is to choose one with maximum entropy. The problem addressed here is this. Let S be a finite set and let B be a belief function on 2S. Then B induces a density on 2S, which in turn induces a host of densities on S. Provide an algorithm for choosing from this host of densities one with maximum entropy.
Xylazine enhances porcine myometrial contractility in vitro: possible involvement of α2-adrenoceptors and Ca2+ channels.

The effects of xylazine on porcine myometrial contractility were studied in vitro using uterine strips to determine the alpha 2-adrenergic influences during the diestrous stage of the estrous cycle. Xylazine (10(-8)-10(-5) M) caused a dose-dependent increase in the amplitude of myometrial contractility. The alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists idazoxan and yohimbine (10(-8)-10(-6) M) blocked the effects of xylazine in a dose-dependent manner. Yohimbine was approximately 10 times more potent than idazoxan in this regard. In contrast, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (10(-7) and 10(-6) M) did not block the xylazine-induced increase in myometrial contractility, but a higher dose of prazosin (10(-5) M) did reduce the effects of xylazine. When the porcine uterine strips were pretreated with Ca2(+)-free Tyrod's solution or verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker, the effects of xylazine on myometrial contractility were completely abolished, whereas those of carbachol were only moderately reduced. The results suggest that the xylazine-induced myometrial contractility is mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors and that this effect is mediated, at least in part, by Ca2+ channels, whereas the effect of carbachol is attributed to an increase in both Ca2+ entry and release of Ca2+ from intracellular pools.
Piping research overview

Abstract The USNRC Piping Review Committee (PRC) was formed in 1983 with a charter to review NRC piping criteria, to recommend changes to this criteria, and to identify areas that would benefit from future research. This overview will outline the NRC-sponsored research being conducted to address those PRC recommendations concerning the design of nuclear piping systems to withstand dynamic loads. A key element of this research is the joint EPRI/NRC “Piping and Fitting Reliability Research Program.” This program consists of dynamic capacity testing of piping at the system, component, and specimen levels, plus analyses needed to support recommendations for changes to the ASME Code. As part of NRC's contribution to the EPRI/NRC program, a pipe system capacity test will be conducted at ETEC. The “Nonlinear Piping Response Prediction” project at HEDL is evaluating nonlinear response prediction techniques with differing degrees of complexity and will compare the various analytical results both with each other and with physical benchmarks such as the ETEC test. An ORNL project is developing nozzle design guidance that will provide a more realistic basis for evaluating the higher nozzle loads that will result from the more flexible piping systems design that are being considered. INEL will evaluate high frequency damping by considering the existing high frequency data and by conducting high frequency/high stress tests on two piping systems. LLNL is now conducting studies to more completely assess the uncertainties in the seismic response of building structures and piping systems. As a follow-on to the research efforts reported in NUREG/CR-3811, BNL will conduct additional studies to improve combinational procedures for piping response spectra analyses.
Energy optimization for upstream data transfer in 802.15.4 beacon-enabled star formulation

Energy saving is one of the major concerns for low rate personal area networks. This paper models energy consumption for beacon-enabled time-slotted media accessing control cooperated with sleeping scheduling in a star network formulation for IEEE 802.15.4 standard. We investigate two different upstream (data transfer from devices to a network coordinator) strategies: a) tracking strategy: the devices wake up and check status (track the beacon) in each time slot; b) non-tracking strategy: nodes only wake-up upon data arriving and stay awake till data transmitted to the coordinator. We consider the tradeoff between energy cost and average data transmission delay for both strategies. Both scenarios are formulated as optimization problems and the optimal solutions are discussed. Our results show that different data arrival rate and system parameters (such as contention access period interval, upstream speed etc.) result in different strategies in terms of energy optimization with maximum delay constraints. Hence, according to different applications and system settings, different strategies might be chosen by each node to achieve energy optimization for both self-interested view and system view. We give the relation among the tunable parameters by formulas and plots to illustrate which strategy is better under corresponding parameters. There are two main points emphasized in our results with delay constraints: on one hand, when the system setting is fixed by coordinator, nodes in the network can intelligently change their strategies according to corresponding application data arrival rate; on the other hand, when the nodes' applications are known by the coordinator, the coordinator can tune the system parameters to achieve optimal system energy consumption.
Radionuclide Detection of the Site of Hemoptysis

The localization of the origin of pulmonary hemorrhage can be difficult, especially in children. With radionuclide techniques the site of bleeding can often be identified, even with bleeding rates as low as 0.1 ml/sec. In the present case, an 11-year-old girl had massive hemoptysis secondary to bronchiectasis. Radio-labeled red blood cells could be detected as they were extravasated into the left lower lobe.
Role of shape in morphological bases for digital moving-average filters

A digital moving-average filter with nonnegative mask weights that sum to unity is a gray-scale morphological filter. As such it possesses a representation as a maximum of erosions over its morphological basis. The present paper investigates the special properties of the digital movingaverage morphological basis these properties being for the most part combinatoric in nature. Shapes of digital structuring elements are related to the filter weights by means of shape classes. This is accomplished by defining a characteristic of a signal relative to the filter weights and then characterizing basis elements by means of the characteristic. The notion of shape is then extended to a more general class of morphological filters. The concept of a morphological quasi-average is introduced and the power of such filters to approximate morphological filters is addressed.
Monitoring the total available calmodulin concentration in intact cells over the physiological range in free Ca2

We describe the design, characterization and application of a new genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor for intracellular detection of both free Ca(2+)-calmodulin and apocalmodulin, which together comprise the available calmodulin concentration. The biosensor binds both forms of calmodulin with an apparent Kd value of 3 microM, and has kinetic properties making it suitable for monitoring dynamic changes on a subsecond time scale. It can be used in conjunction with the fluorescent Ca(2+)-indicator, indo-1, allowing the available calmodulin and free Ca2+ concentrations to be monitored concurrently. We have determined an intracellular available calmodulin concentration of 8.8 +/- 2.2 microM under resting conditions in a human kidney cell line stably expressing the biosensor. Elevation of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration by agonist, store-operated Ca(2+)-entry or ionophore results in Ca(2+)-dependent consumption of the available calmodulin. A plot of normalized values for the available calmodulin concentration versus the free Ca2+ concentration fits a consumption curve with a cooperativity coefficient of 1.8 and a [Ca2+]50 of 850 nM. There is no detectible binding of calmodulin to the biosensor above a free Ca2+ concentration of approximately 4 microM, consistent with an available calmodulin concentration < or = 200 nM under these conditions, and an overall excess of calmodulin-binding sites.
Indirect Pulp Capping and Primary Teeth: Is the Primary Tooth Pulpotomy Out of Date?

Formocresol pulpotomy (FP) in the United States is most frequently used to treat asymptomatic caries near the pulp in primary teeth. Indirect pulp therapy (IPT) is also indicated and has a significantly higher long-term success. Pulpotomy is thought to be indicated for primary teeth with carious pulp exposures, but research shows the majority of such teeth are nonvital or questionable for treatment with vital pulp therapy. IPT has a significantly higher success in treating all primary first molars, but especially those with reversible pulpitis compared with FP. The purpose of this article was to review the dental literature and new research in vital pulp therapy to determine the following: (1) Is a pulpotomy indicated for a true carious pulp exposure? (2) Is there a diagnostic method to reliably identify teeth that are candidates for vital pulp therapy? (3) Is primary tooth pulpotomy out of date, and should indirect pulp therapy replace pulpotomy?
Space renormalization group approach to arbitrary spin Ising models

Abstract A modified form of Migdal's recursion formula appropriate for higher spin Ising models with site-diagonal “crystal fields” is proposed and justified physically. Application to spin-one models of critical-tricritical transitions is described and the results are compared to those obtained by an alternative approach designed for symmetry-breaking fields.
Comparison of high-energy trapped particle environments at the earth and jupiter

The 'Van Allen belts' of the trapped energetic particles in the Earth's magnetosphere were discovered by the Explorer I satellite in 1958. In addition, in 1959, it was observed that UHF radio emissions from Jupiter probably had a similar source--the Jovian radiation belts. In this paper, the global characteristics of these two planets' trapped radiation environments and respective magnetospheres are compared and state-of-the-art models used to generate estimates of the high-energy electron (> or = 100 keV) and proton (> or = 1 MeV) populations--the dominant radiation particles in these environments. The models used are the AP8/AE8 series for the Earth and the Divine-Garrett/GIRE model for Jupiter. To illustrate the relative magnitude of radiation effects at each planet, radiation transport calculations were performed to compute the total ionising dose levels at the geosynchronous orbit for the Earth and at Europa (Jupiter's 4th largest moon) for Jupiter. The results show that the dose rates are -0.1 krad(Si) d(-1) at the geosynchronous orbit and -30 krad(Si) d((-1) at Europa for a 2.5 mm spherical shell aluminium shield--a factor of -300 between the two planets.
Immigrant generation, selective acculturation, and alcohol use among Latina/o adolescents

Do alcohol use and binge drinking among Latina/o adolescents increase in the second and third generation? This study explores generational differences in alcohol use behaviors for three Latina/o ethnic groups. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health on 1504 Latina/o adolescents in secondary school, we found that the factors associated with alcohol use behaviors differed across the Latina/o groups. For Mexican and Cuban adolescents, but not Puerto Ricans, immigrant generation was associated with alcohol use. For Mexican, but not Cuban adolescents, acculturation mediated the effect of immigrant generation on alcohol use behaviors. Although generally social capital and a co-ethnic presence were protective factors against alcohol use behaviors, we found that some forms of social capital were actually risk factors for Cubans and Puerto Ricans. Our results provide support for segmented-assimilation theory.
Theoretical Compton profile anisotropies in molecules and solids. IX. Chemical bonding and 0–90 anisotropies in the first‐row diatomic hydrides AH

An analysis of the parallel–perpendicular Compton profile anisotropies in the first‐row diatomic hydrides is presented. Both the total and molecular orbital anisotropies present trends that may be related to the nature of the chemical binding in the molecules.
Evaluation of an information-processing model following sexual assault.

There is growing recognition that individuals vary in their response to traumatic experiences. Resick and Schnicke (1992) developed an information processing model of trauma response patterns, theorizing that individuals vary in how they integrate the experience into their schematic beliefs. Specifically, individuals can respond to trauma by assimilation, altering the trauma to fit with extant schemas; accommodation, altering extant schemas; or over-accommodation, engaging in maladaptive schema change. Littleton (2007) supported that these response patterns are reflected in distinct coping patterns among rape victims. The current study utilized latent profile analysis (LPA) to replicate Littleton's (2007) findings in a sample of 340 college rape victims, as well as evaluated the extent to which these response patterns were related to distress, trauma-related schemas, re-victimization risk behaviors, and re-victimization. Results of the LPA supported the existence of the three response patterns. In addition, victims classified into the three response patterns differed in their distress, adherence to trauma-related schemas, and re-victimization risk behaviors. While no significant differences in re-victimization rates were found, re-victimization was common. Implications of the findings for future research and intervention are discussed.
Technology, trade, and growth: A unified framework

Abstract Our recent work examines the links among innovation, technology, trade, and growth. One strand focuses on research activity, technology diffusion, and growth. The other examines technology and trade. In this paper we exploit the common treatment of technology in these two strands to provide a parsimonious model of innovation, growth, and trade. We examine the effect of lower geographic barriers to trade on research and the effects of scale and research productivity on relative incomes.
LXV. Process for making a useful paste from potatoes, for the use of weavers, bookbinders, trunkmakers, upholsterers, &c.

(1814). LXV. Process for making a useful paste from potatoes, for the use of weavers, bookbinders, trunkmakers, upholsterers, &c.. The Philosophical Magazine: Vol. 43, No. 192, pp. 302-303.
Evaluating resident candidates: does closed file review impact faculty ratings?

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to examine faculty ratings of resident candidates in closed and open file conditions. Methods Surgical faculty conducted interviews of 70 resident candidates. Interviewers completed an evaluation following a closed file interview then reviewed the candidate's Electronic Residency Application Service file and completed the evaluation again. Results A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) yielded significant file × familiarity ( P P P Conclusion Interviewers rate known and unknown candidates differently in open and closed file conditions.