cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Meta-Analytic Review of Eating Disorder Prevention Programs: Encouraging Findings

AbstractThis meta-analytic review found that 51% of eating disorder prevention programs reduced eating disorder risk factors and 29% reduced current or future eating pathology. Larger effects occurred for programs that were selected (versus universal), interactive (versus didactic), multisession (versus single session), solely offered to females (versus both sexes), offered to participants over 15 years of age (versus younger ones), and delivered by professional interventionists (versus endogenous providers). Programs with body acceptance and dissonance-induction content and without psychoeducational content and programs evaluated in trials using validated measures and a shorter follow-up period also produced larger effects. Results identify promising programs and delineate sample, format, and design features associated with larger effects, which may inform the design of more effective prevention programs in the future.
Least privilege in separation kernels

We extend the separation kernel abstraction to represent the enforcement of the principle of least privilege. In addition to the inter-block flow control policy prescribed by the traditional separation kernel paradigm, we describe an orthogonal, finer-grained flow control policy by extending the protection of elements to subjects and resources, as well as blocks, within a partitioned system. We show how least privilege applied to the actions of subjects provides enhanced protection for secure systems.
Limitations of absolute current densities derived from the Semel & Skumanich method

Semel and Skumanich proposed a method to obtain the absolute electric current density, |Jz|, without disambiguation of 180° in the transverse field directions. The advantage of the method is that the uncertainty in the determination of the ambiguity in the magnetic azimuth is removed. Here, we investigate the limits of the calculation when applied to a numerical MHD model. We have found that the combination of changes in the magnetic azimuth with vanishing horizontal field component leads to errors, where electric current densities are often strong. Where errors occur, the calculation gives |Jz| too small by factors typically 1.2–2.0.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Chlorides and Triflates with Sodium Cyanate: A Practical Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ureas

An efficient method for palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and triflates with sodium cyanate is reported. The protocol allows for the synthesis of unsymmetrical N,N′-di- and N,N,N′-trisubstituted ureas in one pot and is tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. Insight into the mechanism of aryl isocyanate formation was gleaned through studies of the transmetalation and reductive elimination steps of the reaction, including the first demonstration of reductive elimination from an arylpalladium isocyanate complex to produce an aryl isocyanate.
Catalytic Synthesis of Nonracemic Azaproline Derivatives by Cyclization of β‐Alkynyl Hydrazines under Kinetic Resolution Conditions

Cyclic addition of a hydrazine nitrogen to unactivated alkynes catalyzed by non-metals. Starting from readily accessible γ-silyl allenyl esters, β-alkynyl hydrazines are prepared in one step and subsequently undergo unprecedented cyclization reactions in the presence of ammonium and phosphonium catalysts leading to dehydro-azaproline products. These heterocycles are also produced in high enantiomeric excesses using chiral ammonium phase transfer catalysts via a kinetic resolution pathway.
High-affinity manganese coordination by human calprotectin is calcium-dependent and requires the histidine-rich site formed at the dimer interface.

Calprotectin (CP) is a transition metal-chelating antimicrobial protein of the calcium-binding S100 family that is produced and released by neutrophils. It inhibits the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms by sequestering the transition metal ions manganese and zinc. In this work, we investigate the manganese-binding properties of calprotectin. We demonstrate that the unusual His4 motif (site 2) formed at the S100A8/S100A9 dimer interface is the site of high-affinity Mn(II) coordination. We identify a low-temperature Mn(II) spectroscopic signal for this site consistent with an octahedral Mn(II) coordination sphere with simulated zero-field splitting parameters D = 270 MHz and E/D = 0.33 (E = 81 MHz). This analysis, combined with studies of mutant proteins, suggests that four histidine residues (H17 and H27 of S100A8; H91 and H95 of S100A9) coordinate Mn(II) in addition to two as-yet unidentified ligands. The His3Asp motif (site 1), which is also formed at the S100A8/S100A9 dimer interface, does not provide a high-affinity Mn(II) binding site. Calcium binding to the EF-hand domains of CP increases the Mn(II) affinity of the His4 site from the low-micromolar to the mid-nanomolar range. Metal-ion selectivity studies demonstrate that CP prefers to coordinate Zn(II) over Mn(II). Nevertheless, the specificity of Mn(II) for the His4 site provides CP with the propensity to form mixed Zn:Mn:CP complexes where one Zn(II) ion occupies site 1 and one Mn(II) ion occupies site 2. These studies support the notion that CP responds to physiological calcium ion gradients to become a high-affinity transition metal ion chelator in the extracellular space where it inhibits microbial growth.
Regime Switching and Monetary Policy Measurement

This paper applies regime-switching methods to the problem of measuring monetary policy. Policy preferences and structural factors are specified parametrically as independent Markov processes. Interaction between the structural and preference parameters in the policy rule serves to identify the two processes. The estimates uncover policy episodes that are initiated by switches to “dove regimes,” shown to Granger-cause both NBER recessions and the Romer dates. These episodes imply real effects of monetary policy that are smaller than those found in previous studies.
Privacy-Preserving SVM classification on vertically partitioned data

Classical data mining algorithms implicitly assume complete access to all data, either in centralized or federated form. However, privacy and security concerns often prevent sharing of data, thus derailing data mining projects. Recently, there has been growing focus on finding solutions to this problem. Several algorithms have been proposed that do distributed knowledge discovery, while providing guarantees on the non-disclosure of data. Classification is an important data mining problem applicable in many diverse domains. The goal of classification is to build a model which can predict an attribute (binary attribute in this work) based on the rest of attributes. We propose an efficient and secure privacy-preserving algorithm for support vector machine (SVM) classification over vertically partitioned data.
Difluoro(sulfinato)methylation of N‐Sulfinyl Imines Facilitated by 2‐Pyridyl Sulfone: Stereoselective Synthesis of Difluorinated β‐Amino Sulfonic Acids and Peptidosulfonamides

Fluoroalkylation of chiral imines (I) using 2-pyridyl-SO2-CF2H as masked difluoro(sulfinato)methylation reagent is developed resulting in a highly stereoselective synthesis of optically active α,α-difluoro-β-amino sulfones.
Alkylation of dihydrofullerenes.

The fulleride dianions C602- and C702- were generated by deprotonation of the corresponding hydrogenated fullerenes, 1,2-C60H2 and 1,2-C70H2. These anions were prepared in the presence of a variety of alkylating agents, and mono- or dialkylated products were obtained. Alkylation was not successful with sulfonate ester alkylating agents. Deprotonation of monoalkylated compounds, followed by second alkylation with a different alkylating agent, produced heterodialkylated compounds. The monoalkyated material was invariably the 1,2-isomers, while the dialkylated materials were generally 1,4-isomers, although some 1,2-isomer was observed in the C70 context. The major product from alkylation of C702- was the 7,23-isomer 13a, a structure where the alkylation took place near the equator of the fullerene cage, rather than at the more strained carbons near the poles.
Chiral oxazolines and their legacy in asymmetric carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions.

The studies performed with chiral oxazolines as vehicles for a number of C−C bond-forming reactions are traced back to the early 1970s. The main source of chirality in these studies was derived from chiral, nonracemic amino alcohols which, themselves, were prepared from amino acids. The formation of chiral oxazolines from these materials provided interesting and useful starting materials for these studies.The factors responsible for high optical yields during that era were attributed to rigidity or precomplexation of the reactants, thus providing a more well-defined topography during the reaction course. A number of C−C bond reaction types are described including alkylations, additions, and organometallic reactions. The ee's of many of the products arrived at are well above 90%. This level of ee was virtually unprecedented in the early to mid 1970s. In addition to the synthetic emphasis, several mechanistic questions, arising in other areas, were also undertaken due to the accessibility of the appropriate...
Distributed Texture Memory in a Multi‐GPU Environment

In this work, we demonstrate a system that allows texture memory on multiple graphics processing unit (GPUs) to be virtualized in a manner that is both scalable and transparent to the programmer. Our system is built using a directory-based shared-memory abstraction to allow texture memory to be distributed while staying consistent. We use texture pages as our basic memory block and discuss the data structures, threading model, and consistency mechanisms necessary to implement a paging system in a multi-GPU environment. The system is demand-driven, and pages will only be loaded into the texture memory of a GPU that makes a request. The main contribution of this work is the identification of the mechanisms required to implement our abstraction, as well as the discussion of its limitations in order to make it more efficient.
Exploring the photometric signatures of magnetospheres around helium-strong stars

Photometric variations due to magnetically confined material around helium-strong stars are investigated within the framework of the rigidly rotating magnetosphere model. For dipole field topologies, the model is used to explore how the morphology of light curves evolves in response to changes to the observer inclination, magnetic obliquity, rotation rate and optical depth. The general result is that double-minimum light curves arise when the obliquity and/or inclination are close to 90 ◦ ; no light variations are seen in the opposite limit. For intermediate cases, single-minimum light curves occur. These findings are interpreted with the aid of a simple, analytical torus model, paving the way for the development of new photometric-based constraints on the fundamental parameters of helium-strong stars. Illustrative applications to five stars in the class are presented.
Immigrant‐Native Wage Differentials and Immigration Reform

The US Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) increased the monitoring of illegal employment and fined employers who hire undocumented immigrants. Since these provisions tax immigrant wages, it might be expected that the immigrant-native wage gap would increase after IRCA. This hypothesis is explored by decomposing immigrant-native wage differentials before and after IRCA. It is found that (i) the immigrant-native wage gap increased; (ii) in each year most of this gap was due to individual and job characteristics; (iii) the change in the gap is due primarily to overvaluation of native characteristics and to a lesser extent to undervaluation of immigrant characteristics.
Speech as a man-computer communication channel

Many computer applications require continuous interaction between men and computers. Typically, men communicate to computers data and programs, requests for processing and information retrieval, and other information required for the performance of computer-aided tasks. In turn, computers communicate to men the results of processing operations, the requested information, and any other messages they are programmed to produce.
Online learning and profit maximization from revealed preferences

We consider the problem of learning from revealed preferences in an online setting. In our framework, each period a consumer buys an optimal bundle of goods from a merchant according to her (linear) utility function and current prices, subject to a budget constraint. The merchant observes only the purchased goods, and seeks to adapt prices to optimize his profits. We give an efficient algorithm for the merchant's problem that consists of a learning phase in which the consumer's utility function is (perhaps partially) inferred, followed by a price optimization step. We also give an alternative online learning algorithm for the setting where prices are set ex-ogenously, but the merchant would still like to predict the bundle that will be bought by the consumer, for purposes of inventory or supply chain management. In contrast with most prior work on the revealed preferences problem, we demonstrate that by making stronger assumptions on the form of utility functions, efficient algorithms for both learning and profit maximization are possible, even in adaptive, online settings.
Engine Life, Usage, and Cycle Selection

IFE problems in engines are insidious. We find performance problems as soon as an engine is tested, but life problems often do not appear until years later when hundreds of engines are in the field. Over the years, almost every manufacturer has had life problems, resulting in strenuous activity by engine companies and sponsoring agencies first to solve the immediate problems and then to improve life prediction methods. A complicating factor in military engines is that the duty cycle actually flown can be quite different from the design duty cycle, because of the need to develop airplane tactics and engine usage after the engine is developed. Components which would have functioned satisfactorily under the design duty cycle develop severe life problems under different duty cycles. Major modifications are needed, costs rise, and vigorous efforts are made to solve a major problem that would have been routine if confronted early in the design cycle. Engine manufacturers devote a large effort to life analysis and prediction as part of the detail design phase. It has been suggested that more emphasis should be placed on life requirements and possible duty cycle changes during preliminary design in order to evaluate their effects on cycle selection and overall system performance. This paper reviews the General Electric Company's approach to this problem, some typical results, and some conclusions that can be drawn from this work.
Are Prices Too Sticky

Nominal price rigidity has a negative externality: rigidity in one firm's price increases the variability of aggregate real spending, which harms all firms. This paper investigates whether this externality is large, which would imply that stabilization policy can be highly beneficial even if the costs of making prices flexible are small. There are three conclusions. First, both the private cost of price rigidity and the externality are second order in the size of fluctuations. Second, the externality can nonetheless be arbitrarily large. Third, in a simple model the externality is small for plausible parameter values.
Continuous and discrete homotopy operators: A theoretical approach made concrete

Using standard calculus, explicit formulas for the one-dimensional continuous and discrete homotopy operators are derived. It is shown that these formulas are equivalent to those in terms of Euler operators obtained from the variational complex. The continuous homotopy operator automates integration by parts on the jet space. Its discrete analogue can be used in applications where summation by parts is essential. Several examples illustrate the use of the homotopy operators. The calculus-based formulas for the homotopy operators are easy to implement in computer algebra systems such as Mathematica and Maple. The homotopy operators can be readily applied to the symbolic computation of conservation laws of non-linear partial differential equations and differential-difference equations.
Synthesis of nucleoside α-hydroxy phosphonates

Abstract Nucleophilic addition of a dialkyl phosphite anion to 2′- or 3′-keto nucleosides results in an efficient synthesis of 2′-hydroxy-2′-phosphono- or 3′-hydroxy-3′-phosphononucleosides. The stereochemistry of one such adduct, 5′-O-trityl-3′-β-hydroxy-3′-α-(diethyl)phosphonothymidine, was determined by single crystal diffraction analysis.
An analysis of the transit times of tres-1b

The presence of a second planet in a known, transiting-planet system will cause the time between transits to vary. These variations can be used to constrain the orbital elements and mass of the perturbing planet. We analyse the set of transit times of the TrES-1 system given in Charbonneau et al. We find no convincing evidence for a second planet in the TrES-1 system from those data. By further analysis, we constrain the mass that a perturbing planet could have as a function of the semi-major axis ratio of the two planets and the eccentricity of the perturbing planet. Near low-order, mean-motion resonances (within ∼1 per cent fractional deviation), we find that a secondary planet must generally have a mass comparable to or less than the mass of the Earth ‐ showing that these data are the first to have sensitivity to subEarth-mass planets. We compare the sensitivity of this technique to the mass of the perturbing planet with future, high-precision radial velocity measurements. Ke yw ords: eclipses ‐ stars: individual: GSC 02652 − 01324 ‐ planetary systems.
Concise total synthesis of naamine G and naamidine H

Total syntheses of the cytotoxic Leucetta-derived 2-aminoimidazoles, naamine G and naamidine H, have been accomplished using a position selective metalation–benzylation sequence with a 4,5-diiodoimidazole derivative.
A surface micromachined electrostatic ultrasonic air transducer

Airborne ultrasound has many applications such as, ranging, nondestructive evaluation, gas flow measurement, and acoustic microscopy. This paper investigates the generation and detection of ultrasound in air at a few MHz. Conventional plane piston lead zirconium titanate (PZT) based transducers perform poorly for this application due to the lack of proper matching layer materials. Electrostatic, or capacitive, transducers promise higher efficiency and broader bandwidth performance. The device structure in this work consists of a capacitor where one plate is a circular silicon nitride membrane coated with gold and the other is a rigid silicon substrate. By applying a voltage between the membrane and the silicon substrate, an electrostatic force is exerted on the membrane which sets it in motion, thus generating a sound wave in air. Presented here is an electrical equivalent circuit model for electrostatic transducers which is based on the early work of Mason (1942). The electrostatic transducers were designed and constructed for operation at 1.8 and 4.6 MHz. The transducers were fabricated using standard micromachining techniques. An optical interferometer was used to measure the peak displacement of the 1.8 MHz electrostatic transducer at 230 /spl Aring//V. A transmit-receive system was built using two electrostatic transducers. The system had a signal to noise ratio of 34 dB at a transducer separation of 1 cm. Each transducer had a 3-dB bandwidth of 20%, and a one-way insertion loss of 26 dB. There is excellent agreement between the measured device performance and theoretical predictions.
Karyotype of miscarriages in relation to maternal weight

background: Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for spontaneous miscarriage although the mechanism is unclear. The purpose of this study is to better understand the effect of obesity on early pregnancy success by examining the cytogenetic results of miscarriages in women with normal and elevated body mass index (BMI). methods: We conducted a retrospective case –control study in an academic infertility practice. Medical records of women ages ,40 years with first trimester missed abortion (n ¼ 204), who underwent dilatation and curettage between 1999 and 2008, were reviewed for demographics, BMI, diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and karyotype analysis. x 2 and Student’s t-test analysis were used for statistical analysis, with P , 0.05 considered significant. results: A total of 204 miscarriages were included, from women with a mean age of 34.5 years. The overall rate of aneuploidy was 59%. Women with BMI 25 kg/m 2 had a significant increase in euploid miscarriages compared with women with lower BMI (P ¼ 0.04), despite a similar mean age (34.4 years for both). conclusions: We found a significant increase in normal embryonic karyotypes in the miscarriages of overweight and obese women (BMI 25). These results suggest that the excess risk of miscarriages in the overweight and obese population is independent of embryonic aneuploidy. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of lifestyle modification, insulin resistance and PCOS on pregnancy outcomes in the overweight and obese population.
Is power zero-sum or variable-sum? Old arguments and new beginnings

The political and social world in which we live and act is partly constituted by the words we use and the way we use them. What power is and how power works is shaped by what we collectively think it is and how we think it works. This essay revisits the question of whether power should be understood as inherently zero-sum (gains for some entailing equivalent losses for others) or variable-sum (both mutual gains and mutual losses of power are possible). The zero-sum assumption is very old (predating by thousands of years the game-theoretic shorthand) and draws its force from the persistence of conflict, inequality, and the possibility of violence in political and social life. But the zero-sum view cannot explain the blend of conflict and cooperation characteristic of many important power relations – including the rule-bound political competition of democracy. Challenges to the zero-sum view are relatively recent and in most cases briefly outlined rather than fully developed. The two most elaborate variable...
Economic influences on child migration decisions: Evidence from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons that children migrate without a parent.Design/methodology/approach – The economic components of the answer to this question are considered by examining the correlates of out‐migration for children under 15 whose mothers reside in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India.Findings – In this data 1 million children appear to have migrated away from home. On average 3 per cent of living children aged 5‐14 in the communities are away from home, but the fraction of out‐migrant children ranges between 0 and 29 per cent. The data are found to be consistent with a classical view of migration: children on average appear to migrate out of competitive, rural child labor markets for net financial gain.Practical implications – The costs of migration are important. Children are less likely to migrate from more remote locations. Children are less likely to migrate from locations where child wages are higher. Overall, patterns of child migration away from their mothers l...
A Low-Cost High-Performance Alternative for Controlling a Servo-Hydraulic System for Triaxial Resilient Modulus Apparatus

A triaxial test apparatus for the characterization of pavement materials was designed and built at the Pavement Research Center (PRC) at the University of California, Berkeley (UCB). The system was designed for high quality testing of unbound, stabilized, and asphaltic materials. The design process included the design of the hardware and the servo-controlling systems. An important step in the design of the system was the design of the controller for the servo-hydraulic system. Alternatives for controllers of servo-hydraulic systems for waveform generation included the use of the data acquisition system along with proportional, integral, and derivative (PID) algorithms for setting the minimum and maximum loads/displacement. Software programming for these solutions was very complex with limited satisfactory consistency. Commercial ready-to-use controllers are expensive and limited to the specifications of the manufacturer. Therefore, a commercially available programmable motion controller PIC card was implemented for controlling the servo-hydraulic system. The motion controller required only one PID controller to generate repeated waveforms or monotonic loading. An available commercial test solution software compatible with the motion controller card was used to program the motion controller and data acquisition system. This capability was preferable to provide flexibility in modifying the system based on research needs. Software programming was simple. In addition, the cost of the new system was reduced by about 80 percent with respect to the ready-to-use motion controllers. The paper describes the implementation of the motion controller, the philosophy of the software program, and the success obtained with the new system. The system meets all the quality control provision of the LTTP Protocol P-46. Currently the triaxial apparatus is being use to investigate the resilient response and permanent deformation performance of typical California aggregate base and subbases.
THE DETERMINATION OF LUNG VOLUME WITHOUT FORCED BREATHING.

1. A method is described for the determination of lung volumes without forced breathing. 2. The method determined total capacity and its subdivisions coincidently. 3. The values obtained were independent of the length of time during which the subject rebreathed after gas mixture was once established. 4. The maximum error of the method is estimated at ± 3 per cent of the lung volume determined. Considerably greater variation from the mean may be encountered, however, because of inconstancy in the lung positions assumed by the subject.
Introduction to superstrings

During this century, two great physical theories have emerged. Each theory remains unchallenged within its respective domain.
Computer simulations to demonstrate new inversion methods for Compton camera data

New methods for inverting Compton camera data have recently been developed. In particular, an inversion method was developed for each of the two models of Compton camera data that have been proposed in the literature. These methods make it possible to produce a parallel projection as well as a "voxel-wise" reconstruction of a distribution of radioactivity. An objective of the computer simulations presented here is to demonstrate these methods' ability to produce parallel projections and voxel-wise reconstructions. The results of the simulations indicate the new inversion methods can produce reasonable images and projections, at least when noiseless simulated data is used. Furthermore, the minimum sets of data needed to use these inversion methods were also recently determined. Presumably, incorporating more measurements into the reconstruction process than the minimum needed will improve the quality of the reconstructions that result. Methods for doing this are developed here as well.
Testable Restrictions on the Equilibrium Manifold

We present a finite system of polynomial inequalities in unobservable variables and market data that observations on market prices, individual incomes, and aggregate endowments must satisfy to be consistent with the equilibrium behavior of some pure trade economy. Quantifier elimination is used to derive testable restrictions on finite data sets for the pure trade model. A characterization of observations on aggregate endowments and market prices that are consistent with a Robinson Crusoe’s economy is also provided.
Training a multilingual sportscaster: using perceptual context to learn language

We present a novel framework for learning to interpret and generate language using only perceptual context as supervision. We demonstrate its capabilities by developing a system that learns to sportscast simulated robot soccer games in both English and Korean without any language-specific prior knowledge. Training employs only ambiguous supervision consisting of a stream of descriptive textual comments and a sequence of events extracted from the simulation trace. The system simultaneously establishes correspondences between individual comments and the events that they describe while building a translation model that supports both parsing and generation. We also present a novel algorithm for learning which events are worth describing. Human evaluations of the generated commentaries indicate they are of reasonable quality and in some cases even on par with those produced by humans for our limited domain.
Adaptive Experimental Design Using the Propensity Score

Many social experiments are run in multiple waves or replicate earlier social experiments. In principle, the sampling design can be modified in later stages or replications to allow for more efficient estimation of causal effects. We consider the design of a two-stage experiment for estimating an average treatment effect when covariate information is available for experimental subjects. We use data from the first stage to choose a conditional treatment assignment rule for units in the second stage of the experiment. This amounts to choosing the propensity score, the conditional probability of treatment given covariates. We propose to select the propensity score to minimize the asymptotic variance bound for estimating the average treatment effect. Our procedure can be implemented simply using standard statistical software and has attractive large-sample properties.
Curvature capillary migration of microspheres

We address the question: how does capillarity propel microspheres along curvature gradients? For a particle on a fluid interface, there are two conditions that can apply at the three phase contact line: either the contact line adopts an equilibrium contact angle, or it can be pinned by kinetic trapping, e.g. at chemical heterogeneities, asperities, or other pinning sites on the particle surface. We formulate the curvature capillary energy for both scenarios for particles smaller than the capillary length and far from any pinning boundaries. The scale and range of the distortion made by the particle are set by the particle radius; we use singular perturbation methods to find the distortions and to rigorously evaluate the associated capillary energies. For particles with equilibrium contact angles, contrary to the literature, we find that the capillary energy is negligible, with the first contribution bounded to fourth order in the product of the particle radius and the deviatoric curvature of the host interface. For pinned contact lines, we find curvature capillary energies that are finite, with a functional form investigated previously by us for disks and microcylinders on curved interfaces. In experiments, we show microspheres migrate along deterministic trajectories toward regions of maximum deviatoric curvature with curvature capillary energies ranging from 6 × 103–5 × 104kBT. These data agree with the curvature capillary energy for the case of pinned contact lines. The underlying physics of this migration is a coupling of the interface deviatoric curvature with the quadrupolar mode of nanometric disturbances in the interface owing to the particle's contact line undulations. This work is an example of the major implications of nanometric roughness and contact line pinning for colloidal dynamics.
Generalization of a theorem of Clunie and Hayman

Clunie and Hayman proved that if the spherical derivative ‖f ′‖ of an entire function satisfies ‖f ′‖(z) = O(|z|σ) then T (r, f) = O(rσ+1). We generalize this to holomorphic curves in projective space of dimension n omitting n hyperplanes in general position. MSC 32Q99, 30D15. Introduction We consider holomorphic curves f : C → P; for the general background on the subject we refer to [7]. The Fubini–Study derivative ‖f ‖ measures the length distortion from the Euclidean metric in C to the Fubini–Study metric in P. The explicit expression is ‖f ‖ = ‖f‖ ∑ i<j |f ′ ifj − fif ′ j| , where (f0, . . . , fn) is a homogeneous representation of f (that is the fj are entire functions which never simultaneously vanish), and ‖f‖ = n
Toward an information-compatible anti-spam strategy

As filters improve, the information assets of spammers become more valuable and lead to more, not less, overall spamming activity. This is troubling to contemplate, because it means no amount of spending on better filters will be enough. The next levels of escalation might then involve sender-receiver prearrangement, a new accounting infrastructure or, perhaps, payment or bonding prior to email delivery. We would characterize these steps as capitulation to the spammers, should they occur, because they would mean the end of the free, anonymous, and neutral email that we know today. To avoid capitulation, we argue that researchers should look beyond new spam-identification technologies and consider the information-economic implications of their deployment.
Future dark energy constraints from measurements of quasar parallax: Gaia, SIM and beyond

A consequence of the Earth's well-measured motion with respect to the cosmic microwave background is that over a 10-yr period it will travel a distance of ~800 au. As first pointed out by Kardashev in 1986, this distance can be used as a baseline to carry out astrometric measurements of quasar parallaxes, so that only microarcsecond precision is necessary to detect parallax shifts of objects at gigaparsec distances. Such precision will soon be approached with the launch of the astrometric satellites Gaia and Space Interferometry Mission (SIM). We use a Fisher matrix formalism to investigate the constraints that these and future, even more ambitious, missions may be able to place on the cosmological distance scale and the parameters describing dark energy. We find that by observing around a million quasars as planned, an extended 10yr Gaia mission should have the capability to detect quasar parallax shifts at the 2.8σ level and so measure the Hubble constant to within 25 km s -1 . For the interferometer SIM (in its currently proposed SIMLite configuration) a Key Project using 2.4 per cent of the total mission time to observe 750 quasars could detect the effect at the 2σ level and dedicated use of the instrument at the 3.3σ level. In a concordance cosmological model, Gaia and dedicated SIMLite only weakly constrain the presence of a cosmological constant at the ~1σ levels. We also investigate a range of future mission concepts, such as an interferometer similar in scope and design to NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder. This could in principle measure the dark energy parameters ω 0 and ω a with precision σ ω0 = 0.02 and σ ωa = 0.05, respectively, yielding a Figure of Merit larger than the stage IV experiments considered in the report of the Dark Energy Task Force. Unlike perhaps all other probes of dark energy there appear to be no obvious astrophysical sources of systematic error on these measurements. There is however uncertainty regarding the statistical errors. As well as measurement error, there will be small additional contributions from image centroiding of variable sources, quasar peculiar motions and weak microlensing by stars along the line of sight.
The Social Construction of Policy Reform: Economists and Trade Liberalization Around the World

We argue that the global spread of ideas contributes to trade liberalization. Building on insights from a rich case-based literature, we suggest an explicit mechanism of trade policy diffusion: US-trained Ph.D. economists, who share a common belief in the benefits of free trade, and who operate with varying degrees of political influence around the world. We offer the first cross-national test of the impact of economists on trade liberalization using a unique dataset recording the country of residence of all 6,493 foreign-based, US-trained American Economic Association (AEA) members over the period 1981–1997. Specifically, we measure the influence of economists on the timing and extent of trade liberalization. First, we endogenize the date of trade liberalization using hazard and probit models. Controlling for alternative diffusion mechanisms and other confounding variables, our results suggest that economists significantly speed up the reform process. Second, we find that countries with greater numbers o...
Batch latency analysis and phase transitions for a tandem of queues with exponentially distributed service times

We analyze the latency or sojourn time $$L(m,n)$$ L ( m , n ) for the last customer in a batch of $$n$$ n customers to exit from the $$m$$ m -th queue in a tandem of $$m$$ m queues in the setting where the queues are in equilibrium before the batch of customers arrives at the first queue. We first characterize the distribution of $$L(m,n)$$ L ( m , n ) exactly for every $$m$$ m and $$n$$ n , under the assumption that the queues have unlimited buffers and that each server has customer-independent, exponentially distributed service times with an arbitrary, known rate. We then evaluate the first two leading-order terms of the distributions in the large $$m$$ m and $$n$$ n limit and bring into sharp focus the existence of phase transitions in the system behavior. The phase transition occurs due to the presence of either slow bottleneck servers or a high external arrival rate. We determine the critical thresholds for the service rate and the arrival rate, respectively, about which this phase transition occurs; it turns out that they are the same. This critical threshold depends, in a manner we make explicit, on the individual service rates, the number of customers, and the number of queues but not on the external arrival rate.
The afternoon constellation: a formation of Earth observing systems for the atmosphere and hydrosphere

Two of the large EOS observatories, Aqua (formerly EOS-PM) and Aura (formerly EOS-CHEM) will orbit in nearly the same inclination with 1:30 PM /spl plusmn/15 min ascending node equatorial crossing times. Between Aura and Aqua a series of smaller satellites will be stationed: Cloudsat, CALIPSO (formerly PICASSO/CENA), and PARASOL. This constellation of low Earth orbit satellites will provide an unprecedented opportunity to make atmospheric cloud observations. This paper provides details of the science opportunity and describes the sensor types for the afternoon constellation.
On the Reduction of different Star‐Catalogues to a common System.

The communication of Professor Safford, in the March number of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, cites in a forcible way some of the causes of discrepancies in stellar co-ordinates to which too little attention has hitherto been paid. Incidentally he refers to the class of errors which are introduced in the computation of the systematic corrections necessary to reduce different catalogues to a common system. Without this reduction it is impossible to ob tain the element proper motion with the degree of precision which modern observations call for. It is unfortunate that this necessity exists, since considerable un certainty must always remain in the determination of these corrections. One of the serious demands of instrumental astronomy at the present time is the independent determination at a few widely separated observatories of all the elements which define stellar positions, without direct reference to any assumed fundamental system. The Catalogue of A. G. Publication XIV. by Dr. Auwers is probably more nearly free from systematic errors than any hitherto constructed ; but the independent researches of Professor Boss show that the fundamental observations in declination from about 1815 to 1845 differ as a sys tem from the Auwers-Bradley system by an amount which cannot be neglected. Since it is obviously impracticable to redetermine the instrumental constants with which the different catalogues to be compared have been constructed, by a direct reference to the fundamental system to which they are to be referred, and with these constants to deduce new co-ordinates, we must seek the best method of deriving the systematic
Why is the accrual anomaly not arbitraged away? The role of idiosyncratic risk and transaction costs $

Abstract We show that the accrual anomaly documented by Sloan (1996) [Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings? The Accounting Review 71: 289–315] is concentrated in firms with high idiosyncratic stock return volatility making it risky for risk-averse arbitrageurs to take positions in stocks with extreme accruals. Moreover, the accrual anomaly is found in low-price and low-volume stocks, suggesting that transaction costs impose further barriers to exploiting accrual mispricing.
WHEN IDEAS TRUMP INTERESTS: PREFERENCES, WORLD VIEWS, AND POLICY INNOVATIONS

The contemporary approach to political economy is built around vested interests ‐‐ elites, lobbies, and rent‐seeking groups which get their way at the expense of the general public. The role of ideas in shaping those interests is typically ignored or downplayed. Yet each of the three components of the standard optimization problem in political economy – preferences, constraints, and choice variables – rely on an implicit set of ideas. Once the manner in which ideas enter these frameworks is made explicit, a much richer and more convincing set of results can be obtained. In particular, new ideas about policy—or policy entrepreneurship—can exert an independent effect on equilibrium outcomes even in the absence of changes in the configuration of political power.
Mechanism of Burning Rate Enhancement of Composite Solid Propellants by Ferric Oxide

This paper reports a series of experimental studies performed on sandwich propellants, wherein a matrix lamina of particulate oxidizer and polymeric binder is sandwiched between two ammonium perchlorate (AP) laminae. The catalyst (ferric oxide ) is incorporated in the matrix lamina. The variables are pressure (0.345‐ 6.9 MPa), matrix lamina thickness, catalyst concentration, matrix mixture ratio, types of oxidizer and binder, and the dispersion ability of the catalyst. The combined results indicate that, under the conditions tested, near-surface reactions associated with the particulate AP/binder contact lines on the burning surface assume signie cance in the presence of the catalyst. These reactions are further augmented by the presence of the leading-edge portion of the diffusion e ame above the interface of the matrix and AP laminae.
Electrical performance of the international space station US photovoltaic array during bifacial illumination

With the first United States (US) photovoltaic array (PVA) activated on international space station (ISS) in December 2000, on-orbit data can now be compared to analytical predictions. Due to ISS operational constraints, it is not always possible to point the front side of the arrays at the Sun. Thus, in many cases, sunlight directly illuminates the backside of the PVA as well as albedo illumination on either the front or the back. During this time, appreciable power is produced since the solar cells are mounted on a thin, solar transparent substrate. It is important to present accurate predictions for both front and backside power generation for mission planning, certification of flight readiness for a given mission, and on-orbit mission support. To provide a more detailed assessment of the ISS power production capability, the authors developed a PVA electrical performance model applicable to generalized bifacial illumination conditions. On-orbit PVA performance data were also collected and analyzed. This work describes the ISS PVA performance model, and the methods used to reduce orbital performance data. Analyses were performed using SPACE, a NASA-GRC developed computer code for the ISS program office. Results showed a excellent comparison of on-orbit performance data and analytical results.
Fundamental issues related to flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels

Abstract Flow boiling in small hydraulic diameter channels is becoming increasingly important in many diverse applications. The previous studies addressing the effects of the channel size on the flow patterns, and heat transfer and pressure drop performance are reviewed in the present paper. The fundamental questions related to the presence of nucleate boiling and characteristics of flow boiling in microchannels and minichannels in comparison to that in the conventional channel sizes (3 mm and above) are addressed. Also, the effect of heat exchanger configuration—single-channel and multichannel—on the heat transfer and pressure drop performance is reviewed. The areas for future research are identified.
Integration of the Classical Action for the Quartic Oscillator in 1 + 1 Dimensions

In this paper, we derive an explicit form in terms of end-point data in space-time for the classical action, i.e. integration of the Lagrangian along an extremal, for the nonlinear quartic oscillator evaluated on extremals.
Automobile Safety Regulation and the Incentive to Drive Recklessly: Evidence from NASCAR

When safety regulation makes automobiles safer, drivers may drive more recklessly, creating partially or completely offsetting effects on the overall level of safety. Evidence of these offsetting effects has been hard to find, however, primarily because of the aggregate nature of accident data. In this paper we explore how changes in the safety of automobiles used in NASCAR has altered the incentive of drivers to drive recklessly. This unique data set allows more accurate and objective measurement of the necessary variables to test for these effects at a micro-level. Our results strongly support the presence of these offsetting behavioral effects.
Extensions of 2D Gravity

After reviewing some aspects of gravity in two dimensions, I show that non-trivial embeddings of sl(2) in a semi-simple (super) Lie algebra give rise to a very large class of extensions of 2D gravity. The induced action is constructed as a gauged WZW model and an exact expression for the effective action is given.
Elastic and transport properties in polycrystals of cracked grains: Cross-property relations and microstructure

Some arguments of Bristow (1960) concerning the effects of cracks on elastic and transport (i.e., electrical or thermal conduction) properties of cold-worked metals are reexamined. The discussion is posed in terms of a modern understanding of bounds and estimates for physical properties of polycrystals--in contrast to Bristow's approach using simple mixture theory. One type of specialized result emphasized here is the cross-property estimates and bounds that can be obtained using the methods presented. Our results ultimately agree with those of Bristow, i.e., confirming that microcracking is not likely to be the main cause of the observed elastic behavior of cold-worked metals. However, it also becomes clear that the mixture theory approach to the analysis is too simple and that crack-crack interactions are necessary for proper quantitative study of Bristow's problem.