cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of subsurface drainage on streamflow in an agricultural headwater watershed

Artificial drainage, also known as subsurface or tile drainage is paramount to sustaining crop production agriculture in the poorly-drained, humid regions of the world. Hydrologic assessments of individual plots and fields with tile drainage are becoming common; however, a major void exists in our understanding of the contribution of systematic tile drainage to watershed hydrology. A headwater watershed (4 km2) in central Ohio, USA and all functioning tile were monitored from 2005 to 2010 in order to characterize the magnitude and frequency of flows, quantify the role and seasonal contributions of tile drainage to watershed hydrology, and relate tile drainage to precipitation and antecedent conditions. Results indicated that tile drainage contributions to watershed hydrology were significant. Specifically, 21% of precipitation (206 mm) was recovered through tile drainage annually. Tile drainage also accounted for 47% of watershed discharge and was seasonally variable. Median monthly tile discharges in winter (23.4 mm), spring (10.2 mm), and fall (15.6 mm) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the median monthly summer discharge (0.9 mm). Results from this study will help enhance hydrology and water quality prediction technologies as well as the design and implementation of best management practices that address water quality concerns.
Molecular detection of invertebrate prey in vertebrate diets: trophic ecology of Caribbean island lizards

Understanding community assembly and population dynamics frequently requires detailed knowledge of food web structure. For many consumers, obtaining precise information about diet composition has traditionally required sacrificing animals or other highly invasive procedures, generating tension between maintaining intact study populations and knowing what they eat. We developed 16S mitochondrial DNA sequencing methods to identify arthropods in the diets of generalist vertebrate predators without requiring a blocking primer. We demonstrate the utility of these methods for a common Caribbean lizard that has been intensively studied in the context of small island food webs: Anolis sagrei (a semi-arboreal ‘trunk-ground’ anole ecomorph). Novel PCR primers were identified in silico and tested in vitro. Illumina sequencing successfully characterized the arthropod component of 168 faecal DNA samples collected during three field trips spanning 12 months, revealing 217 molecular operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) from at least nine arthropod orders (including Araneae, Blattodea, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Isoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera). Three mOTUs (one beetle, one cockroach and one ant) were particularly frequent, occurring in ≥50% of samples, but the majority of mOTUs were infrequent (180, or 83%, occurred in ≤5% of samples). Species accumulation curves showed that dietary richness and composition were similar between sizedimorphic sexes; however, female lizards had greater per-sample dietary richness than males. Overall diet composition (but not richness) was significantly different across seasons, and we found more pronounced interindividual variation in December than in May. These methods will be generally useful in characterizing the diets of diverse insectivorous vertebrates.
Crossed-beam studies of negative ion-molecule reactions: O− + D2O → OD− + OD

Abstract Product energy and angular distributions have been measured for the endoergic reaction O − + D 2 O → OD − + OD over the relative energy range 3.2–10.5 eV (5.7–18.8 eV lab). The reaction dynamics are found to be well approximated by the spectator-stripping model. Most of the available energy appears as translational energy of the products.
Acute type B aortic dissection in elderly patients: clinical features, outcomes, and simple risk stratification rule.

Abstract Background The clinical features and outcomes of elderly patients with acute type B aortic dissection (ABAD) are less well known. Accordingly, we sought to evaluate the clinical features and outcomes and derive a simple risk stratification rule for elderly with ABAD. Methods We categorized 383 patients with ABAD enrolled in the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection into two strata (aged less than 70 years and aged 70 years or more) and compared their clinical features and in-hospital outcomes. Further, we developed a clinical decision rule to risk-stratify elderly with ABAD. Results Forty-two percent (161 of 383) of patients with ABAD were aged 70 years or more. Hypertension, diabetes, history of prior aortic aneurysm, and arteriosclerosis were more common in the elderly patients, whereas Marfan syndrome and cocaine abuse were less common. The in-hospital complication of hypotension/shock was more common among elderly, and malperfusion of a visceral organ less frequent among elderly patients. In-hospital mortality was higher in the elderly cohort compared with the younger patients (16% versus 10%, p = 0.07). A classification tree identified that elderly patients with hypotension/shock had the highest risk of death (56%). In absence of this, any branch vessel involvement was associated with the next highest mortality rate (28.6%) followed by presence of periaortic hematoma (10.5%). In contrast, elderly patients without any of these three risk factors had an extremely low mortality rate (1.3%). Conclusions Our study highlights important differences between older and younger patients with ABAD in their clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes. We also propose a simple decision rule that allows stepwise risk-stratification in elderly patients with ABAD.
Internal displacement reactions in multicomponent oxides: Part III. Solid solutions of ternary oxide compounds

In an internal displacement reaction between a reactive metal A and multicomponent oxide (B,C,D,…)O, the noble cation B in the oxide is selectively displaced by reactive metal A, without changing the crystal structure of the oxide. Concurrently, B is precipitated as an internal metal phase in the oxide matrix. The cations (C,D,…) are inert in terms of exchange reaction. The solid-state displacement reaction occurs by the counterdiffusion of A and B inside the reaction zone. The diffusion of “inert” cations and the concentration profile in the product oxide are dependent on the nature of the oxide: (1) “line” compound of narrow homogeneity range or (2) solid solution of wide composition range. These reactions were discussed in previous articles[1,2] (Parts I and II) along with specific examples. This article is a continuation of studies in Parts I and II and involves the internal displacement reaction between a metal and a quaternary oxide, which is a solid solution of two ternary line compounds. As a model, the reaction between Fe and an ilmenite solid solution of NiTiO3-MgTiO3 was studied at 1273 K as a function of time: Open image in new window In ilmenite solid solution (Ni, Fe, Mg) occupy the same cation sublattice, which is different from the Ti sublattice. During the reaction, only Ni cation in the oxide is displaced Fe; Mg and Ti are “inert” in terms of cation exchange. The reaction products consist of internal “Ni” precipitates (Ni-Fe alloy) in a matrix of (Fe, Mg, Ni)TiO3 solid solution. In particular, the study focuses on cation flux during the reaction and evolution of product oxide composition profile after time t. The three cations in the product oxide that occupy the same sublattice, (Ni, Fe, Mg), show concentration gradients across the reaction zone, even though Mg is inert for cation displacement. The counterdiffusion of Fe and Ni is consistent with their chemical potential gradients. The diffusion of Mg is in the same direction as that of Fe, indicating that, at constant NMgTiO3, the chemical potential for MgTiO3 is higher in (Mg, Fe)TiO3 solid solution than in (Mg, Ni)TiO3 solid solution. The concentration of Ti, which occupies a different sublattice, remains constant across the reaction zone (i.e., zero diffusional flux for Ti). The ratio, (Fe+Mg+Ni):Ti=1:1, is consistent with the ilmenite structure of the product oxide. The shape of the cation concentration profiles indicates that terms containing cross-coefficients in the general flux equations contribute significantly to cation diffusion during the reaction.
Annealing effect of SnO2 films prepared by chemical vapor deposition: Evidence of chlorine removal by auger electron spectroscopy and rutherford back-scattering spectrometry studies

Abstract Using a rather simple chemical vapor deposition apparatus, transparent conducting tin oxide films were fabricated through the decomposition of SnCl 4 ·5H 2 O. The films showed good electrical properties but high chlorine contamination. We have found that the chlorine can be removed by annealing at 500 K in a hydrogen ambient. This has been established by Auger electron spectroscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry.
Single-firm case studies in economic geography: some methodological reflections on the case of Zara

In this article, I reassess the undeserved reputation of Inditex’s Zara as a ‘home-sewn exception to globalization’ for supposedly keeping manufacturing at home despite larger trends; and I use the occasion to make a case for rigorous, evidentially strong single-firm case studies. In the process, I draw attention to the manner in which the value-adding qualities of scholarly work are being judged in economic geography; and argue that the prioritization of novelty over unenhanced readings of realities may encourage case studies to be presented as more unique and exceptional than they actually are.
SU‐FF‐T‐233: Feasibility Study of Linac‐Based Intensity Modulated Total Marrow Irradiation (IM‐TMI)

Purpose: Standard total body irradiation (TBI) techniques are associated with both acute and chronic toxicities due to the large volume of normal tissue irradiated. Additionally, inhomogeneous dose distributions are known to be the cause of failures and relapses in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. The goal of this study is to investigate the feasibility of linac‐based intensity modulated total marrow irradiation (IM‐TMI) and to discuss the challenges associated with its clinical implementation. Methods: To evaluate the feasibility of linac‐based IM‐TMI, we performed an exploratory treatment planning using the CT scan of a TBI patient. Active bone marrow sites were defined and contoured as the clinical target volume (CTV) and a margin was added to create the planning target volume (PTV). Dose limiting organs included the lenses,lungs,liver,kidneys, and heart.IMRT plans were created using the Eclipse/Helios inverse planning system (Varian Inc., Palos Alto, CA) to deliver a total dose of 12 Gy. Dose volume histograms (DVHs) were calculated and subsequently compared with standard TBI‐DVHs. Results: IM‐TMI resulted in a significant reduction in the volume of normal tissue irradiated compared with conventional TBI. The median lung doses were 7.3 Gy and 8.8 Gy, while the maximum lung doses were 12.9 Gy and 15.5 Gy for IM‐TMI and conventional TBI, respectively. The maximum dose to the lenses was 7 fold less using the IM‐TMI approach. Similar results were also observed for liver,kidney,heart, small bowel, and spleen. Moreover, IM‐TMI resulted in a more homogeneous dose to the PTV with a median dose of 12.3 Gy vs. 10.5 Gy using standard TBI. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that linac‐based IM‐TMI is capable of delivering a conformal dose to the target volume while reducing the dose to the surrounding normal tissue. Such an approach may improve the overall efficacy of TBI.
Enhancement of Medical Images by the Paired Transform

In this paper, we discuss the application of the two-dimensional paired representation for processing medical images. This representation leads to the effective solution of the discrete as well as continuous model of image reconstruction from their projections, and to the image enhancement. These two applications can be combined in order to receive high quality images. The method of paired representation of two-dimensional (2D) images is considered with respect to the 2D discrete Fourier transform (DFT). Basis functions of the paired transformation are defined completely by parallel projections. At the same time, the paired representation describes the image as a set of short 1D real signals (splitting-signals) which completely determine the 2D DFT of the image at disjoint subsets of frequency-points. The image enhancement procedure is thus can be reduced to processing splitting-signals and such process requires only a few spectral components of the image. For instance, the traditional alpha-rooting method of image enhancement can be fulfilled through processing the splitting-signals defined for only 3N - 2 frequency-points, when the image has the size N times N, and N is a power of two. It is shown, that processing one or a few splitting signals leads to a high image enhancement.
APPLICATION OF HIGH-VELOCITY LIQUID JETS TO INJECTION OF CURING FLUIDS

This work treats the use of high velocity liquid jets as a means of adding desired constituents to the interior of food materials. Specifically, curing fluids were injected into pork legs. The technique was successful in penetrating all tissue types encountered when jets were formed at 4200 psi through a 0.254 mm orifice. Duration of each jet pulse was 0.48 sec. Pork legs pumped to 30% by either a jet in contact with the leg or by multineedle injection were visually and organoleptically indistinguishable.
Quotients of uniform spaces

Abstract This paper develops the basic theory of quotients of uniform spaces via sufficiently nice group actions. We generalize and unify two fundamental constructions: quotients of topological groups via closed normal subgroups and quotients of metric spaces via actions by isometries. Basic results about inverse limits of topological groups are extended to inverse limits of group actions on uniform spaces, and notions of prodiscrete action and generalized covering map are introduced.
Consistent Parameterization of Roughness Length and Displacement Height for Sparse and Dense Canopies in Land Models

Abstract While progress has been made in the treatment of turbulence below, within, and above canopy in land models, not much attention has been paid to the convergence of canopy roughness length and displacement height to bare soil values as the above-ground biomass, or the sum of leaf and stem area indices, becomes zero. Preliminary formulations have been developed to ensure this convergence for the Community Land Model version 3 (CLM3) and are found to significantly improve the wintertime simulation of sensible heat flux (SH) compared with observational data over the Cabauw site in the Netherlands. The simulation of latent heat flux (LH) is also moderately improved. For global offline CLM3 simulations, the new formulations change SH by more than 5 W m−2 over many regions, while the change of LH is less than 1 W m−2 over most of the regions.
Currere as Transformative Story Telling in Religious Education

Abstract This article examines currere (a method for autobiographical reflection proposed by William Pinar) as a helpful framework for reflecting on religious educational experiences from a subjective and narrative perspective. The author suggests that this process is important for contemporary religious education as it provokes reflection on the relationships between academic knowledge, a person's life of faith, and the ways these overlap with church and society. Using thick description as a form of story telling, the author models this method as a practice of critical analysis that provides transformative insights for theory and practice in religious education.
Unmet Needs of the Chronically Mentally Ill: Will Nursing Respond?

The chronically mentally ill remain a neglected and incapacitated group despite a number of model programs that demonstrate the potential effectiveness of comprehensive, community-based, health and social services. This is the result of a number of factors including the fragmentation of services and the lack of training of health professionals including nurses to care for patients in such diverse new settings as group homes, jails, city streets and homeless shelters, and acute psychiatric emergency centers. This paper reviews the status of public mental health services and suggests some promising strategies to improve the effectiveness of care for the chronically mentally ill.
Integrating the nonintegrable: analytic structure of the Lorenz system revisited

Abstract A study of the complex time analytic structure of the Lorenz system in nonintegrable parameter regimes reveals the special sets of parameter values for which one (time-dependent) integral of motion exists. Furthermore, the analysis yields the exact form of the part of the integral with the highest homogeneous weight and a method to construct the rest of the integral. Recursive clustering of singularities in the chaotic regimes of the system is observed in computer studies and explained by a simple analytic argument. The analytic techniques used in these studies, a systematic resummation of a logarithmic psi-series, appears to be quite general and can provide explicit representations of a solution-even in the chaotic regimes-in the neighborhood of a given movable singularity. Furthermore, we suggest that this technique provides a type of renormalization program to study a wide class of nonintegrable systems.
A single hydrophobic cleft in the Escherichia coli processivity clamp is sufficient to support cell viability and DNA damage-induced mutagenesis in vivo.

Background The ubiquitous family of DnaN sliding processivity clamp proteins plays essential roles in DNA replication, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression, in part by managing the actions of the different proteins involved in these processes. Interactions of the homodimeric Escherichia coli β clamp with its known partners involves multiple surfaces, including a hydrophobic cleft located near the C-terminus of each clamp protomer.
A Parametric Linear Complementarity Technique for Optimal Portfolio Selection with a Risk-Free Asset

The general single-period optimal portfolio selection problem with a risk-free asset can be solved by a two-stage approach. In the first stage, one solves a certain fractional program, and in the second, a simple stochastic program with one single variable. This paper proposes a parametric approach for the solution of the fractional program via its equivalent linear complementarity formulation. In the latter part of the paper, we specialize the proposed method to a specific model of the portfolio problem with upper bounds and outline how the method can take advantage of the special structure arising from the model. Finally, we report some computational results and a brief comparison between our method and Lemke's algorithm.
Purification and characterization of polygalacturonase from the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Polygalacturonase from the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), was purified to apparent homogeneity from whole-body extracts of adult insects. This is the first purification reported for a pectinase of animal origin, although our data do not distinguish between an insect or endosymbiotic bacterial genetic origin for the enzyme. Chromatography on cross-linked pectate, Q-Sepharose and, S-Sepharose was employed sequentially in the purification. The properties of the rice weevil enzyme are similar to those of polygalacturonases from bacteria, fungi and plants. The molecular mass of the rice weevil enzyme was estimated to be 38 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Km of the polygalacturonase for pectic acid was 1.1 mg/ml and the pH optimum was about 5.5. The enzyme has an endo mode of action on pectic acid, as determined by comparison of rates of reduction of viscosity and release of reducing groups.
Reply: On the Possible Occurrence of Conversion Polarity at the bronze Locus

Based principally on the results from bz-m1 / bz-m2(DI) and bz-m1 / bz-m2(DII) heterozygotes, Thijs and Heyting have raised the possibility that there is 5′ to 3′ polarity of meiotic gene conversion at the bronze ( bz ) locus. This possibility has been addressed previously ([Dooner and Kermicle
A system for production use of high-level synthesis

High-level synthesis has been an active research field since the early eighties. However, apart from a few exceptions the technology has so far failed to make a smooth transition into the industrial environment. The main reasons are related more to the lack of an integrated methodology, including design entry, simulation, and synthesis, than to the quality of the synthesis algorithms. Experiences in applying the HIS system (High-level IBM Synthesis System) to real designs led to the development of a system and methodology which integrate language modeling, simulation, high-level, and logic synthesis. This paper presents the main concepts behind this system, namely, its modeling, synthesis, and simulation capabilities. Moreover, it addresses some of the problems encountered when transferring high-level synthesis to a production environment. >
Neuronal plasticity and memory.

All of the somatic therapies useful in psychiatry modify synaptic membrane activity. Future investigations may discover means by which pathways can be selectively activated or deactivated, not only by learning but with the aid of chemical interventions. This review outlines a chemical-functional model which may become possible as a basis for modification of behavior.
Relativistic calculations of 5 p excitation energies in the lanthanide metals

A systematic investigation of $5p$ electron excitation energies in the lanthanide metals is reported. The renormalized atom method is used to construct crystal potentials, and excitation energies are derived from total band-energy differences. Calculations based on final states in which the $5p$ hole is screened by a conduction electron are in good agreement with x-ray photoemission measurements. Satellite levels associated with $4f$ electron screening in the final state are also considered. The change in $5p$ excitation energy accompanying a change in $4f$ occupancy is calculated for Ce, Sm, Eu, Tm, and Yb, elements which form fluctuating valence materials. These $5p$ replicate splittings are 3---4 eV, significantly smaller than cognate splittings for core electrons whose charge resides within the $4f$ shell. Screening energetics are examined via calculations for ionic final states. The relative effectiveness of conduction electron versus $4f$ electron screening is shown to be determined by the position of the ${4f}^{n+1}$ level in the $5p$ hole state.
Chronic Measles Encephalitis in Mice

The intracerebral inoculation of hamster neurotropic measles virus produces a fatal acute encephalopathy in the majority of weanling BALB/c mice. The few survivors remain healthy indefinitely. In contrast, weanling SJL/J mice are relatively resistant to acute encephalopathy, and about one-third of the survivors predictably develop a chronic encephalitis many weeks after inoculation. This later illness is characterized clinically by wasting, lethargy, seizures, or focal paralysis, usually culminating in death. Pathologically, a considerable brain inflammatory response occurs in association with abundant measles viral antigen. Viral antigen and inflammation were demonstrable predominantly in the limbic system but were also present in the cerebellum and brain stem. Antibody to measles virus was readily demonstrated in all animals with chronic encephalitis. This report constitutes the first description of chronic measles encephalitis in an inbred host. The role of latent viral infections of the nervous
Notch-induced mammary tumorigenesis does not involve the lobule-limited epithelial progenitor.

The mouse mammary epithelial cell hierarchy contains both multipotent stem cell as well as lineage-limited duct and lobular progenitor cell functions. The latter—also termed parity-identified mammary epithelial cells (PI-MECs)—are marked by beta-galactosidase (β Gal) expression following pregnancy and involution in whey acidic protein promoter (WAP)-Cre/Rosa26-flox-stop-flox-lacZ (WC/R26) mice, and are the targets of tumorigenic transformation in mouse mammary tumor virus-erbB2 transgenic mice. In this study, we demonstrate that an epithelial population distinct from PI-MECs is transformed during WAP-Int3 tumorigenesis. As expected, WAP-Int3/WC/R26 triple-transgenic mice failed to undergo secretory alveolar development, failed to lactate and developed mammary tumors. Following pregnancy and involution, β Gal+ mammary epithelial cells were found in the normal mammary tissue, but the resulting mammary tumors were all β Gal−. WAP-Int3/WC/R26 mammary glands contained ample estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)+ MECs, but only rare (<1%) progesterone receptor (PR)+ and RANKL+ cells. In addition, dissociated MECs from WAP-Int3/WC/R26 glands failed to regenerate a mammary tree upon transplantation into a cleared fat-pad of a nu/nu recipient mouse. However, when mixed with normal MECs, PI-MECs from WAP-Int3/WC/R26 mice contributed progeny to the resulting functional outgrowth. The WAP-Int3/WC/R26-derived PI-MECs displayed all of the properties of fully functional lobular progenitors including giving rise to ERα+, PR+, smooth muscle actin+ and RANKL+ epithelial progeny. These results demonstrate that WAP-Int3 has no oncogenic effect upon PI-MECs and that the expansion of functional lobular progenitors is required for secretory alveolar development and lactation. Furthermore, lobular progenitor function is ultimately controlled by signals within its microenvironment.
Anion Conductivity and Disorder in Lead Fluoride

IT is becoming increasingly clear that a substantial number of solid compounds have ionic conductivities in the range more commonly associated with molten salts. In these solids the ions of one type have diffusivities in the range characteristic of liquids (1 to 10 × 10−9 m2 s1) and specific conductances in the range to 10 to 103 Ω1 m−1 (ref. 1). It is usual and appropriate to refer to such materials as solid electrolytes.
A Cognitive–Intuitionist Model of Moral Judgment

The study of moral decision-making presents to us two approaches for understanding such choices. The cognitive and the neurocognitive approaches postulate that reason and reasoning determines moral judgments. On the other hand, the intuitionist approaches postulate that automated intuitions mostly dominate moral judgments. There is a growing concern that neither of these approaches by itself captures all the key aspects of moral judgments. This paper draws on models from neurocognitive research and social-intuitionist research areas to propose an integrative cognitive–intuitive model of moral decision-making. The model suggests that moral decision-making includes five interdependent, yet functionally distinct steps, issue framing, pre-processing, moral judgment, moral reflection, and moral intent. The model proposes a cognitive–intuitive view of moral judgment and it describes how emotion regulation, perceived moral intensity, and perceived ethical climate constructs impact the formation of moral intent. The paper discusses the theories that link emotions to moral judgment and implications of the model for future research and its implication for managers.
Effects of Container Geometry on Energy Consumption During Hardening in Ice Cream Manufacturing

Energy consumption by the dairy food industry in the United States constitutes 10% of all energy consumed by the U.S. food industry. Reducing energy consumption in cooling and refrigeration of foods plays an important role in meeting the challenge of the energy crisis. Hardening is an important and energy-intensive step in ice cream manufacturing. This work presents Finite Element Method (FEM) investigation of the ice cream hardening process, aiming to provide insight and guidance for energy savings in ice cream manufacturing. Effects of container shape and dimensions, container layers, and heat transfer boundary conditions on energy consumption for hardening of ice cream were investigated.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY AS A MORPHOLOGICAL PROBE FOR TIO2 AEROGELS

We report on the application of Raman scattering as a probe to follow the structural evolution of TiO2 aerogels. We have traced the evolution of the 142 and 630 cm-1 Eg anatase peaks as a function of morphology. The results have been analyzed in terms of the q vector relaxation mechanism which predicts a unique relation between particle size and features of the Raman spectra. Since the phonon dispersion of anatase is not known, we have used the analogous rutile dispersion. There is good agreement between the particle sizes evaluated from the model and those determined by X-ray diffraction. Our results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be an effective tool in monitoring the evolution of these aerogel systems.
Synthesis of oriented ZnO nanostructure arrays for solar cell applications

Investigation of nanorod based solar cells is being conducted towards developing alternative, lightweight, flexible devices for commercial applications. A lot of research has been done in the area of dye sensitized solar cells in particular, which is currently the most stable and efficient excitonic solar cell. Aligned ZnO nanorods, with their high carrier mobilities serve as the conduction pathways for the excitons. In this paper we present seed synthesis techniques to obtain uniform aligned ZnO nanorod arrays with good crystalline on transparent conducting substrates. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and electron diffraction were performed for material characterization. A comparative study is given for these two methods.
Detecting Concurrency Bugs from the Perspectives of Synchronization Intentions

Concurrency bugs are among the most difficult to detect and diagnose of all software bugs. This paper combats concurrency bugs from the perspective of programmers' synchronization intentions. We first study the root causes of 74 real-world concurrency bugs to understand what types of synchronization assumptions are violated in real world. This study reveals two classes of synchronization intentions that are common, frequently violated, and understudied-single-variable atomicity intention and multivariable correlation intention. Following this study, two bug detection tools, AVIO and MUVI, are proposed to automatically infer these two types of synchronization intentions and detect related bugs. Specifically, AVIO automatically extracts access interleaving invariants and detects a variety of atomicity-violations during production runs. It can work both with and without special hardware support in our implementation. MUVI automatically infers multivariable correlations through static analysis and detects multivariable concurrency bugs. Our evaluation with real-world large multithreaded applications shows that AVIO can detect more atomicity-violation bugs with 15 times fewer false positives on average than previous solutions. Besides, AVIO-H incurs negligible (0.4-0.5 percent) overhead. MUVI successfully extracts 6,449 access correlations from Linux, Mozilla, MySQL, and PostgreSQL with high (83 percent) accuracy. Race detectors extended by MUVI can correctly identify the root causes of real-world multivariable concurrency bugs in our experiments. They also report four new multivariable concurrency bugs that have never been reported before.
Tuberculin patch test (Vollmer) on B C G vaccinated and control children

A NUMBER of studies have been published recently on a tuberculin patch test as described by Vo]lmer. ~ These studies have been concerned, for the most part, with a comparison between the patch and intradermal methods of administering tuberculin to children of a known tuberculous process, active or inactive. It is agreed generally that such processes are associated with a degree of tuberculin activity usually higher than that following B C G vaccination. Consequently a comparative study in B C G vaccinated children seemed to offer a reasonably crucial trial of the efficiency of the patch test. The children concerned in the present study, half of whom were vaccinated with B C G at 4 to 7 days of age, ~ have been followed from birth by semiannual clinic visits. The immediate members of the family were examined roentgenologieally by chest plate before the birth of ~the child. The subjects of this report were a]l delivered at Cook County Hospital and consequently came from more or less the same economic strata, the race distribution being approximately 63 per cent colored and 37 per cent white. The immediate family environment was nontuberculous. However, the general milieu of the great majority of the children shows a high incidence of tuberculosis based upon the recently reported morbidity and mortality statistics indicated by census districts of the city of Chicago2 The follow-up studies of these children included among other things semiannual tuberculin tests. These are, of course, necessary for the determination of infection among the control children on the one hand and to estimate the duration of the allergic response of the vaccinated children on the other. Statistics concerning this particular phase of the problem are being published elsewhere. 2 The routine established was to perform a Mantoux test on the right forearm using 0.1 c.c. of old tuberculin in concentration varying from 1:1,000 to 1:100. At the same time a patch test was applied to the interscapular region in the horizontal plane. The Mantoux tests were read in forty-eight hours and the patches removed. Two days later, or ninety-six hours from the time of application, the children were again seen and the patch test read. In Table I are summarized the results of this study. Comparisons were made between the patch test and Mantoux test done with different dilutions of old tuberculin. The dilution of tuberculin was determined
The symbols of a Frechet algebra of pseudodifferential operators on a polycylinder

H. O. Cordes investigated a C*-algebra C of singular integral operators on a polycylinder Ω=ℝn×B and defined symbol homomorphisms\(\sigma :C \to C(\mathbb{M}),\gamma :C \to CB(\mathbb{E},C_x )\) where\(\mathbb{M}\) is a certain compact space,\(\mathbb{E} = \partial \mathbb{B}^n \times \mathbb{R}_n \) and Cx is the Laplace comparison algebra of the compact space B (cf. [2]). We give a characterization of the Frechet algebra C∞⊂C obtained as the closure of a certain algebra of ψ dos in the topology generated by all HS norms. We define Bρ:L(HS)→L(HS)(ρɛS) by analogy with [4, 7] and prove that Bρ maps C into C∞ continuously. As a corollary we get\(\sigma (C_\infty ) = C(\mathbb{M})\), generalizing surjectivity results from [4] and [7]. It seems that no characterization of γ(C∞) is known, but it is clear that\(\gamma (C_\infty ) \subset CB(\mathbb{E},\mathcal{P}_\infty )\) where\(\mathcal{P}_\infty \) is the Frechet algebra studied in [1] and [7].
In vivo evidence of differential impact of typical and atypical antipsychotics on intracortical myelin in adults with schizophrenia.

Context Imaging and post-mortem studies provide converging evidence that patients with schizophrenia have a dysregulated developmental trajectory of frontal lobe myelination. The hypothesis that typical and atypical medications may differentially impact brain myelination in adults with schizophrenia was previously assessed with inversion recovery (IR) images. Increased white matter (WM) volume suggestive of increased myelination was detected in the patient group treated with an atypical antipsychotic compared to a typical one.
Thermodynamics of polymorphic transformations in silica. Thermal properties from 5 to 1070° K and pressure-temperature stability fields for coesite and stishovite

Abstract Cryogenic heat-capacity measurements on coesite and stishovite provide thermo-dynamic properties from 5 to 350°K. The heat capacities (Cp), entropies (S°), and Gibbs energy functions [ -(G° − H° 0 ) T ] are 10.85, 9.65, 4.124, and 10.27, 6.64, 2.362 at 298.15°K for coesite and stishovite, respectively, in cal/(mole °K). Enthalpies of transition for phase changes were determined by solution calorimetry in a lead-cadmium-borate solvent at 697°C. The following values (in kcal/mole) were obtained upon adjustment to 298.15°K: quartz → coesite (1.21 ± 0.15), quartz → cristobalite (0.64 ± 0.15), quartz → silica glass (2.15 ± 0.15), and cristobalite → silica glass (1.51 ± 0.15). The enthalpy of coesite to 1070°K and the enthalpy of transformation for stishovite-silica glass were provided by means of a novel technique, “transposed-temperature” drop calorimetry. These data permit the delineation of P-T field phase boundaries for the stable equilibria coesite-quartz and coesite—stishovite, as well as for the metastable quartz-stishovite boundary, which are in reasonable agreement with the results of recent equilibrium and formation studies.
Remote Medical Monitoring Based on Wireless Sensor Network

The paper deals with the monitoring system based on Zigbee wireless sensor network technique in details. The system adopts single-chipped microprocessor ZIC2410 radio frequency chip. By the upper computer software and programs of various physiological data acquisition, the physiological data of warded people, such as the pulse, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation and electrocardiogram, are gathered by the PC software in real time, and then the collected data are transmitted to the remote medical monitoring center through the wireless sensor network. The data information of each node, including the location and health status of the warded people, can be displayed by the monitoring center software. It makes timely and effective medical guidance possible.
Evaluating the Sensitivity and Linearity of a Permanganate-Oxidizable Carbon Method

We evaluated a permanganate-oxidizable carbon (C) method using whole soil and physical fractions of soil from two field experiments and found that the method is a sensitive indicator of tillage and organic input effects on soil C. However, the recommended concentration (20 mM) and volume (20 ml) of permanganate reagent do not combine to provide a sufficient excess of permanganate to maintain linearity over the range of C levels commonly found in agricultural soils. This nonlinearity may be inconsequential when permanganate-oxidizable C is used as a field indicator of soil quality, but correction is desirable for research applications. We propose a correction method that provides reasonable correction for soils within a 3× range of permanganate-oxidizable C levels and improves sensitivity to changes in soil C resulting from differences in tillage and organic-matter additions.
Measuring solar reflectance—Part I: Defining a metric that accurately predicts solar heat gain

Solar reflectance can vary with the spectral and angular distributions of incident sunlight, which in turn depend on surface orientation, solar position and atmospheric conditions. A widely used solar reflectance metric based on the ASTM Standard E891 beam-normal solar spectral irradiance underestimates the solar heat gain of a spectrally selective ''cool colored'' surface because this irradiance contains a greater fraction of near-infrared light than typically found in ordinary (unconcentrated) global sunlight. At mainland US latitudes, this metric R{sub E891BN} can underestimate the annual peak solar heat gain of a typical roof or pavement (slope {<=} 5:12 [23 ]) by as much as 89 W m{sup -2}, and underestimate its peak surface temperature by up to 5 K. Using R{sub E891BN} to characterize roofs in a building energy simulation can exaggerate the economic value N of annual cool roof net energy savings by as much as 23%. We define clear sky air mass one global horizontal (''AM1GH'') solar reflectance R{sub g,0}, a simple and easily measured property that more accurately predicts solar heat gain. R{sub g,0} predicts the annual peak solar heat gain of a roof or pavement to within 2 W m{sup -2}, and overestimates N by no more thanmore » 3%. R{sub g,0} is well suited to rating the solar reflectances of roofs, pavements and walls. We show in Part II that R{sub g,0} can be easily and accurately measured with a pyranometer, a solar spectrophotometer or version 6 of the Solar Spectrum Reflectometer. (author)« less
Factitious hypoglycemia: case report.

In persons with diabetes, factitious disease may take the form of surreptitious insulin administration that causes unexplained hypo glycemia. Factitious disease is the desperate plea for help by a person who has been unable to devise a better solution for his or her emotional problems. This case report discusses a diabetic patient lost to factitious disease— in the hope that, in shar ing his story with other diabetes educators, some lives may be saved. A high index of suspicion should be maintained by the diabetes educator when he or she is asked to evaluate or reeducate a person with brittle diabetes or unexplained hypoglycemia.
Coarsening kinetics of alloy platinum-palladium particles on oxide substrates

Abstract Coarsening of small (5 nm initial radius) platinum-50 at % palladium particles supported on flat alumina substrates has been studied at temperatures from 600 to 900°C under oxidizing conditions. The mode of coarsening appears to be nucleation inhibited. At 800 and 900°C interparticle transport of PtO2 is rate-controlling, whereas at 600 and 700°C transport of either platinum species or palladium species appears to result in the same coarsening rates. In samples heat treated at 600 and 700°C agglomerations of the solid oxide PdO are present on the substrate along with the alloy particles.
Monitoring herbicide leaching in sustainable vegetable culture using tension lysimeters.

In Kentucky, "Best Management Practices" (BMP) are recommended for use in sustainable agricultural systems to retard soil, water, and pesticide loss, and therefore preclude non-point source pollution of surface water systems (Anonymous 1989). These practices may include landscape feature alterations which are designed to prevent surface water pollution, but may increase infiltration. If herbicides are used in these production systems, their movement in surface water may be prevented, but their potential to leach may increase. Herbicides used in conventional agriculture may move from the site of application to ground water (Leonard and Knisel 1988, Helling 1986). At least 17 pesticides have been detected in groundwater samples collected from a total of 23 states and about half of these chemicals were herbicides (Cohen et al. 1986). To determine leaching potential, herbicides can be monitored using tension lysimeters. Lysimeters have been used to collect soil percolate since the early 1960's due to their ability to render adequate volumes of water, low failure rate, and minimal alteration of the soil environment (Angle et al. 1991).
Dysphoric College Students and Roommates A Study of Social Behaviors Over a Three-Month Period

Subjects in this study were 22 dysphoric individuals who initially scored in the mild to moderate range of the Beck Depression Inventory and their nondysphoric college roommates. Twenty-two additional roommate pairs who were nondysphoric served as controls. On a post hoc basis the initially dysphoric subjects were divided into those who remained dysphoric for the duration of the 3-month study (unremitted) and those who had remitted. Roommates' interpersonal behaviors toward one another were assessed by the Interpersonal Checklist, on which they reported their own behaviors and their perceptions of roommate behaviors after they had been living together for 1, 5, and 1I weeks. The results indicated that unremitted subjects initiated the roommate relationship with relatively dependent, distrustful, and self-devaluating behaviors; and, further, that their dependent behaviors increased over time. The roommates of unremitted subjects showed some evidence of progressive increases in caretaking behaviors over the...
Energy analysis of electricity supply and energy conservation options

Abstract A methodology is developed to compute the total energy requirements for electricity-generating systems using an input-output model that explicitly accounts for the physical flow of energy. The capital and operating requirements of 16 separate energy supply facilities are used to evaluate the total energy required by 9 alternative means of producing and delivering electricity. Evaluated electricity-generating systems rely on either fossil or nuclear energy as their fuel source. Energy payback periods are computed based on an equivalent electricity basis. These results are compared to a number of alternative capital investments to reduce energy demand. In general, the conservation options return their energy requirements sooner than the supply alternatives.
Complexation of hydrolyzed poly(acrylamide) with poly(acrylic acid) by excimer fluorescence measurements of pyrene labeled polymers

Etude de la complexation en solution aqueuse en fonction du degre d'hydrolyse du polycrylamide et du pH de la solution. A degre d'hydrolyse faible, des interpolymeres polyacrylamide/poly(acide acrylique) sont formes. L'augmentation du degre d'hydrolyse favorise les liaisons hydrogene intramoleculaires. A degre d'hydrolyse eleve, des complexes intra- ou intermoleculaire sont formes
Experimentally constrained molecular relaxation: The case of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

We have extended our experimentally constrained molecular relaxation technique [P. Biswas et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 54204 (2005)] to hydrogenated amorphous silicon: a 540-atom model with 7.4% hydrogen and a 611-atom model with 22% hydrogen were constructed. Starting from a random configuration, using physically relevant constraints, ab initio interactions, and the experimental static structure factor, we construct realistic models of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. Our models confirm the presence of a high-frequency localized band in the vibrational density of states due to Si-H vibration that has been observed in recent vibrational transient grating measurements on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited films of hydrogenated amorphous silicon.
Topical Clonidine for Diabetic Diarrhea

Excerpt To the editor: I read with interest the article by Fedorak and associates (1) on treatment of diabetic diarrhea with clonidine. I recently used topical clonidine (Catapres TTs1; Boehringer-...