cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decoding neuronal firing and modelling neural networks.

Biological neural networks are large systems of complex elements interacting through a complex array of connexions. Individual neurons express a large number of active conductances (Connors et al. 1982; Adams & Gavin, 1986; Llinas, 1988; McCormick, 1990; Hille, 1992) and exhibit a wide variety of dynamic behaviours on time scales ranging from milliseconds to many minutes (Llinas, 1988; Harris-Warrick & Marder, 1991; Churchland & Sejnowski, 1992; Turrigiano et al. 1994).
Pain: easing the pain: local anesthesia for prostate biopsy.

The importance of prostate biopsy is undisputed, but the procedure can be excruciatingly painful for some men. Does combined anesthesia aimed at addressing the two sources of pain associated with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy provide a more effective form of pain relief than either modality alone?
Further studies on the fine structure of Lophomonas blattarum with special reference to the so-called calyx, axial filament, and parabasal body.

The calyx in Lophomonas blattarum is composed of longitudinally arranged lamellae, each consisting of a single row of microtubules. Small tubules 2–3 μ in length radiate from the nucleus. They appear continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and they may be divided into two segments: proximal ones covered with ribosomes (rough-surfaced) and distal ones which are agranular (smooth-surfaced). The latter are surrounded by numerous granules considered to be glycogen, a circumstance which supports the view that the agranular segments of the tubules, like the agranular endoplasmic reticulum are involved in glycogen storage. It is suggested that both the rough- and smooth-surfaced segments of the perinuclear tubules are equal to the rough- and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of other cells. Inside the nucleus and adjacent to its envelope is a well developed fibrous lamina.
Biomineralization: Conflicts, challenges, and opportunities.

Biomineralization is the process by which mineral crystals are deposited in an organized fashion in the matrix (either cellular or extracellular) of living organisms. Over the past 25 years, new insights into the mechanisms that control these processes have been obtained, yet questions asked then still persist, especially in terms of vertebrate mineralization. Specifically, there are still debates concerning the chemical nature of the first mineral crystals formed in bone, dentin, and cementum; the factors leading to the initial deposition of these crystals; and the functions of macromolecules found associated with these crystals. In this review, emphasis is placed on the currently accepted answers to these questions, drawing insight from nonvertebrate systems. It is suggested that there are redundant calcification mechanisms and that, by taking advantage of our current knowledge of these mechanisms, opportunities will be provided for therapeutic manipulation of diseases in which biomineralization is impaired. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppls. 30/31:83–91, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Unusual features of pheochromocytoma. An experince with 10 patients.

Abstract The clinical experience with 10 patients who had proved pheochromocytomas is summarized. Some unusual features were encountered. These included lower nephron nephrosis, obesity, elevated urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion, neurofibromatosis, and some unusual postural associations with clinical paroxysms. Catecholamine pathophysiology in pheochromocytoma was discussed.
Binary collision broadening theory

Abstract In the impact approximation, with non-straight line trajectories, the non-equivalence of classical spectral broadening theories and the classical limit of the corresponding quantum broadening theories is discussed.
Numerical evaluation of the redistribution function RII−A(x, x′) and of the associated scattering integral☆

Abstract Methods are presented for generating numerical values for the redistribution function RII−A(x, x′). Procedures using natural cubic spline representations are given for approximating the integrals involving this function that appear in line transfer calculations.
Cosmopolitan power in international relations: a synthesis of realism, neoliberalism, and constructivism

by Giulio Gallarotti, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 326 pp., £18.99 (paperback), ISBN 978‐0‐521‐13812‐3, £55.00 (hardback), ISBN 978‐0‐521‐19007‐7 In this erudite and thought‐provokin...
Evidence-Based Practice in a Global Context

This commentary examines how the adoption of benchmarking can promote the internationalization of evidence-based practice. Given the increasing evidence documenting the role of culture and context in the shaping of experiences and expressions of distress, as well as influencing attitudes and conceptions of mental health services, benchmarking may not represent the best approach to addressing global public health agendas. A brief overview of the sequential approach to developing, evaluating, and disseminating treatments in novel cultural contexts is presented, in which benchmarking can play an important, albeit secondary role. It is argued that in a global context, benchmarking's role may better function to promote dissemination within particular contexts, rather than between them.
Sinks, suppressors and antigen presenters: how lymphodepletion enhances T cell-mediated tumor immunotherapy

Lymphodepletion followed by adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of autologous, tumor-reactive T cells boosts antitumor immunotherapeutic activity in mouse and in humans. In the most recent clinical trials, lymphodepletion together with ACT has an objective response rate of 50% in patients with solid metastatic tumors. The mechanisms underlying this recent advance in cancer immunotherapy are beginning to be elucidated and include: the elimination of cellular cytokine ‘sinks’ for homeostatic γC-cytokines, such as interleukin-7 (IL-7), IL-15 and possibly IL-21, which activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells; the impairment of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells that suppress tumor-reactive T cells; and the induction of tumor apoptosis and necrosis in conjunction with antigen-presenting cell activation. Knowledge of these factors could be exploited therapeutically to improve the in vivo function of adoptively transferred, tumor-reactive T cells for the treatment of cancer.
Expanding the organization–public relationship scale: exploring the role that structural and personal commitment play in organization–public relationships

Abstract A number of scholars recently have published scales designed to measure respondent relationship–public relationship attitudes. The scale that was developed by Bruning and Ledingham showed that organization public relationships focus on key public member personal, professional, and community relationship attitudes. The current investigation was an attempt to expand the scope of that scale by including two dimensions of personal relationship commitment—personal and structural—to provide a more complete examination of organization–public relationships. Data were collected from 135 respondents. A factor analysis with a Varimax rotation was computed and showed that organization–public relationships have at least five dimensions: anthropomorphism, professional benefits/expectations, personal commitment, community improvement, and comparison of alternatives. The results are discussed, the implications of the findings for practitioners presented, and the limitations to the investigation reported.
Quadrimembral amputation: indications and contraindications for vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Abstract Introduction Quadrimembral amputees, as patients who have lost both upper and lower extremities, may benefit greatly from hand transplantation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the indications and contraindications for transplantation in this subset of patients. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of five quadrimembral amputees evaluated by our program for transplantation. Information collected included age, sex, level of amputations, time since amputations, etiology, level of dependence, medical stability, psychosocial status, and the ability to tolerate immunosuppression. Indications and contraindications for transplantation were reviewed for each patient. Results All etiologies were based in extremity ischemia: three from septic shock, one from myocardial infarction, and one from drug overdose. All patients are completely dependent. Of the five patients, two needed further reconstructive surgery and two others had a history of resolved hepatic/renal insufficiency. After thorough evaluation, two patients were selected as potential transplant candidates. They demonstrated strong psychosocial support systems, a thorough understanding of hand transplantation, along with its risks and postoperative requirements. They had also completed a full regimen of rehabilitation along with prosthetic fitting and utilization. Conclusions Clearance for transplantation is based on medical stability, absence of infection or systemic diseases, and strong psychosocial support systems. Contraindications for transplantation are drug dependence and noncompliant behavior. Relative contraindications include a history of hepatic/renal insufficiency which if not resolved may preclude the use of postoperative immunosuppression.
Pulmonary arteriography: The importance of multiple projections

Pulmonary arteriography is a highly specific procedure for the diagnosis of vascular abnormalities within the lungs. However, no single projection canalways be diagnostic for abnormalities in any of the pulmonary arteries. We emphasize the anatomic basis for the initial projection on pulmonary arteriography, as well as the necessity for further studies in different projections if the first study demonstrates no abnormality.
Defining the New Abnormal: Scientific and Social Construction of Complicated Grief

The current discussion about the status of “complicated grief” as a concept reflects not only a scientific process of validation and justification for a new diagnostic entity, but also a social pro...
Nanofibrous membranes for single-step immobilization of hyperthermophilic enzymes

Abstract We report a single-step method to immobilize hyperthermophilic enzymes within chemically crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibrous membranes. The polymer crosslinking that entraps the enzyme within the fiber is not affected by the particular enzyme and can thus be applied to any enzyme. Using a reactive electrospinning process, the chemical crosslinking that occurs during processing effectively entraps the enzyme within the fiber preventing enzyme leaching at elevated temperature establishing that the system is sufficiently robust for immobilization of hyperthermophilic enzymes. Upon immobilization, the enzyme retains 20% of its catalytic activity as well as its hyperthermophilicity, as the maximum activity occurs at ~90 °C, and that activity at 90 °C is an order of magnitude higher than at 37 °C. Furthermore, thermostability of the enzyme is enhanced upon immobilization as indicated by the 2-fold increase in half-life at 90 °C and pH 5.5 which extends the use of these biocatalysts at high temperatures. Compared to alternative methods, the apparent activity using the single-step method is significantly higher than alternative two-step methods (4 orders of magnitude higher than non-solvent based crosslinking and 3-fold higher than vapor-phase crosslinking). Analysis of this immobilization method indicates that the apparent decrease in specific activity could be attributed to enzyme deactivation arising from the crosslinking reaction, whereas mass transfer limits the apparent activity using alternative two-step immobilization methods. Based on this understanding, enzyme activity upon immobilization may be improved by using enzymes with higher intrinsic stability. Since significant enzyme activity is observed upon immobilization and the stability under high temperatures is enhanced, this versatile approach leverages the unique properties of hyperthermophilc enzymes and electrospun nanofibers providing a platform to produce catalytically active nanofibrous membranes appropriate for high temperature processes.
Fundamentalism as a class culture

A large body of research has shown that both class and culture impact denominational affiliation. Many empirical and theoretical investigations of the schism between white Protestant mainliners and fundamentalists find that social structural inequality (class/status) and/or certain cultural environments generate the social conditions that are associated with a particular type of religious identity. However, there seems to be little consensus concerning which set of factors is more powerful or how they might interact. This study uses the General Social Survey to explore the class anchors and cultural environments that impact affiliation. A rarely considered hypothesis is explored, namely, that fundamentalists share not only a subculture, but are also part of a distinct class culture. The data support the class culture hypothesis
Essentials of airway management for the injured child.

Abstract The anatomy of a child's airway presents multiple challenges for health care provides who must maintain adequate ventillation and oxygenation. The care giver must be knowledgeable about the anatomic differences between children and adults and skilled in the use of pediatric airway adjuncts to provide safe, effective airway management.
Better Engaging Social Science Graduate Students in Introductory Research Methods Courses: A Class Activity

This paper outlines a classroom activity to help students engage in research methods and lessen anxiety and apprehension commonly associated with research methods courses. The described class activity offers students a shared research experience to promote the skills necessary to understand, conduct and translate research into ethical social science practice. The activity was conducted in a graduate social work programme but is applicable across the social sciences. Content covered includes sampling, research design, ethical considerations, brief evaluation and helping students think critically about ways to improve research methods in order to facilitate competencies necessary for evidence-based practice (EBP). An introduction to the activity, class discussion points including integration throughout the course, and implications for curricula and practice are discussed.
Symptom experiences of lung transplant recipients: comparisons across gender, pretransplantation diagnosis, and type of transplantation.

Purposes: To investigate symptom experiences of patients who have single and bilateral-sequential lung transplantation and to determine whether differences exist according to gender, pretransplantation diagnosis, and type of transplantation procedure. Design And Methods: In the context of a descriptive, comparative survey design, surviving recipients of single and bilateral-sequential lung transplants (n = 56) were mailed a symptom frequency and distress questionnaire. The response rate was 85.7% (n = 48). The average time since the recipients’ lung transplantations was 1.5 ± 0.7 years. Results: Recipients of lung transplants reported that several symptoms (eg, muscle weakness, shortness of breath with activity, and changed appearance) were both frequently occurring and quite distressing. Other symptoms were identified as being distressing, but not frequently occurring, or vice versa. Significant (P < .05) differences were found for symptom experiences among pretransplant diagnostic groups and between genders and types of transplant procedures. Conclusions: These findings elucidate the symptom experiences of recipients of lung transplants and suggest that subgroup differences exist. The data provide a basis for strengthening patient and family education and for developing symptom management strategies. Further investigation of the symptom experiences of the recipients of lung transplants is needed, especially in relation to subgroups. (Heart Lung® 1999;28:429-37)
Estrogen Replacement Therapy Is Underutilized among Postmenopausal Women at High Risk for Coronary Heart Disease

Observational studies have found that estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) reduces the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in postmenopausal women. To determine the frequency of current use of ERT in an economically and racially diverse group of women at high risk for CHD, we examined the medical records of 393 women older than 40 who were admitted to the University of South Alabama Medical Center with symptoms suggestive of angina. Women in the study group were classified as African American or European American and data were examined for significant differences. Use of ERT was lower in African American women (11 of 111, 9.9%) than in European American women (26 of 152, 17.1%, odds ratio 1.9). Compared with the reported utilization of ERT in middle-class European American women, ERT is underutilized in this economically diverse group of women at high risk for coronary heart disease. In our population, European American women were twice as likely to be receiving ERT as African American women.
Complex valve operations: Antegrade versus retrograde cardioplegia?

Background. Increasingly complex cardiac procedures demand optimal myocardial protective techniques during the requisite interval of aortic cross-clamping. For complex procedures in which prolonged cross-clamp times are anticipated, we favor combined antegrade and retrograde cold blood cardioplegia. Advantages include rapid arrest, uniform distribution, and an uninterrupted operation. Methods. We retrospectively evaluated the cases of 194 consecutive patients who underwent complex cardiovascular procedures between January 1988 and October 1994. Procedures performed included valve repair and coronary artery bypass grafting (23.7%), valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting (19.1%), complex aortic arch and valve procedures (16.6%), valve repair only (16.5%), reoperative valve (9.8%), and multiple-valve replacements (9.3%). Cardioplegic arrest times averaged 113 ± 38.5 minutes (range, 52 to 292 minutes). Results. Postoperative left and right ventricular function was evaluated using transesophageal echocardiography. The echocardiograms revealed a 3.1% incidence of new left ventricular dysfunction and no case of right ventricular dysfunction. Of the patients evaluated, 75.7% required little ( μ g · kg −1 · min −1 of dopamine hydrochloride) or no inotropic support postoperatively. The 30-day mortality rate was 3.1%, and no death was due to cardiac failure. Conclusions. We conclude that myocardial protection using a combined antegrade and retrograde cardioplegia technique permits excellent myocardial protection during complex cardiovascular procedures requiring long arrest times.
Determination of gentian violet in animal feed, human urine, and wastewater by high pressure liquid chromatography

Sensitive and specific procedures are described for the analysis of residues of gentian violet in animal feed, human urine, and wastewater at levels of 1000 ppm down to 10 ppb, 1 ppb, and 10 ppb, respectively. The cleaned-up extracts were analyzed by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography by using an absorption detector at 588 nm. Recoveries of the compound from animal feed, human urine, and wastewater at the 10 ppb level were 79%, 58%, and 60%, respectively. Information concerning the stability of the compound in animal feed and the efficiency of extracting the residues is presented. Ancillary information is also reported concerning the separation and analysis of six related triphenylmethane dyes.
Recollections of Childhood Religious Identity and Behavior as a Function of Adult Religiousness.

People have a strong motivation to maintain a self-concept that is coherent and consistent over time. Religion is a central source of social identity for many people, but its importance is prone to dramatic change across the life course. To maintain a consistent perception of self, recollections of one's own past religiousness may shift to better fit with the present. This study examined changes between early and middle adulthood in retrospective perceptions of religious behavior and identity in childhood. Data from a population-based birth cohort sample were matched with data from individuals who participated in at least 2 of 3 adult follow-up studies, at intervals of approximately 10 years. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of final recollections of childhood behavior and identity with previous recollections and current religious characteristics. Consistent with the predictions of temporal self-appraisal theory, participants' perception of their religious identity as children tende...
Within-year changes in children’s intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations: Contextual predictors and academic outcomes

Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the nature, timing, and correlates of motivational change among a large sample ( N = 1051) of third- through eighth-grade students. Analyses of within-year changes in students’ motivational orientations revealed that both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations decreased from fall to spring, with declines in intrinsic motivation especially pronounced for the adolescents and declines in extrinsic motivation especially pronounced for the elementary students. These changes in motivation were explained, in part, by shifts in students’ perceptions of the school goal context. Findings suggested that typical age-related declines in intrinsic motivation may be minimized by a school-wide focus on mastery goals. Finally, the potential academic consequences of students’ motivational orientations were examined with a series of hierarchical multiple regressions. Intrinsic motivation and classroom achievement appeared to influence one another in a positive and reciprocal fashion. Poor classroom performance minimally predicted higher levels of extrinsic motivation, but extrinsic motivation was not a source of low classroom grades.
Evaluation of the neurotoxic effects of p-chloroamphetamine: a histological and biochemical study.

Abstract An attempt has been made to obtain direct histological evidence for a neurotoxic effect of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on serotonergic (5-HT) neurones using the silver-staining method of Fink and Heimer. In order to validate this procedure, 5-HT axon pathways were traced at various survival times after electrolytic lesions of the dorsal and medial raphe nuclei. The high affinity uptake of monoamines in small nuclear areas was also studied to provide a guide to the selectivity of the lesions and to the time course of degeneration of 5-HT cells. Degenerating 5-HT axons were traced from the lesion through the median forebrain bundle in a pattern similar to that found with histofluorescence. Serotonergic axon terminals were not demonstrable, however, in the suprachiasmatic or ventrolateral geniculate nuclei, areas known to have a dense 5-HT terminal input. After the injection of 10 mg/kg of PCA. no degeneration of 5-HT axons or axon terminals was seen. This suggested that PCA was not toxic to 5-HT axons, but it did not rule out the possibility that 5-HT axon terminals might be selectively damaged. This hypothesis was tested by measuring levels of 5-HT in axons vs axon terminals of the spinal cord. p-Chloroamphetamine caused a decrease in terminal-5-HT while simultaneously increasing axonal 5-HT levels, suggesting that PCA is primarily toxic to 5-HT nerve terminals in the CNS.
EUVL masks: requirements and potential solutions

Significant progress has been made in developing mask fabrication processes for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). The mask blank for EUVL consists of a low thermal expansion material substrate having a square photomask form factor that is coated with Mo/Si multilayers. A SEMI standard is now available for mask substrates. SEMI standards are also being developed for mask mounting, for mask blank multilayers and absorbers and for mask handling and storage. Several commercial suppliers are developing polishing processes for LTEM substrates, and they are progressing toward meeting the requirements for flatness, surface roughness, and defects. Significant progress has been made in developing mask blank multilayer coating processes with low added defect density. Besides lowering added defect density, methods to reduce defect printability are being developed to effectively enable repair of many defect types. Calculations of EUVL mask cost indicate that defect repair processes could increase yield of EUV mask blanks and allow initial defect density targets for mask blanks to be relaxed. The mask patterning process for EUVL is nearly the same as that for conventional binary optical lithography masks. Eight absorbers have been evaluated, and two absorbers-TaN and Cr--will probably meet the requirements after some further development.
Reverse redistribution: Is it clinically relevant or a washout?

The term "reverse redistribution" generally refers to a pattern characterized by the appearance of a worsening or new perfusion defect on thallium-201 redistribution imaging when compared with the stress image. More recently, the term has been applied to thallium imaging with resting reinjection and to imaging with technetium99m-based tracers. Although this phenomenon was initially reported nearly 20 years ago,l, 2 the pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical significance remain poorly understood in all but a few clinical circumstances. As such, clinicians remain confused with regard to the interpretation of studies that manifest this finding. The reasons for the persistent confusion around reverse redistribution are revealed in part by examining the literature over the past two decades. In particular, study methodology has been quite variable. Most studies have been performed with stress-redistribution thallium scintigraphy. Others studies have been performed with rest-redistribution or stress-reinjection thallium imaging, whereas other recent reports have extended the term to include technetium-99m-based tracers. Instrumentation is another source of variability, with reports of this phenomenon in both planar and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) modalities. Perhaps the greatest source of variability is in the patient populations studied. Examination of the literature therefore may be best accomplished by reducing this variability by grouping studies according to one of these parameters. The most clinically relevant examination is probably that which is based on the patient population studied.
Inhibition of West Nile virus by calbindin-D28k.

Evidence indicates that West Nile virus (WNV) employs Ca2+ influx for its replication. Moreover, calcium buffer proteins, such as calbindin D28k (CB-D28k), may play an important role mitigating cellular destruction due to disease processes, and more specifically, in some neurological diseases. We addressed the hypothesis that CB-D28k inhibits WNV replication in cell culture and infected rodents. WNV envelope immunoreactivity (ir) was not readily co-localized with CB-D28k ir in WNV-infected Vero 76 or motor neuron-like NSC34 cells that were either stably or transiently transfected with plasmids coding for CB-D28k gene. This was confirmed in cultured cells fixed on glass coverslips and by flow cytometry. Moreover, WNV infectious titers were reduced in CB-D28k-transfected cells. As in cell culture studies, WNV env ir was not co-localized with CB-D28k ir in the cortex of an infected WNV hamster, or in the hippocampus of an infected mouse. Motor neurons in the spinal cord typically do not express CB-D28k and are susceptible to WNV infection. Yet, CB-D28k was detected in the surviving motor neurons after the initial phase of WNV infection in hamsters. These data suggested that induction of CB-D28k elicit a neuroprotective response to WNV infection.
De/limiting Emptiness and the Boundaries of the Ineffable

Emptiness (śūnyatā) is one of the most important topics in Buddhist thought and also is one of the most perplexing. Buddhists in Tibet have developed a sophisticated tradition of philosophical discourse on emptiness and ineffability. This paper discusses the meaning(s) of emptiness within three prominent traditions in Tibet: the Geluk (dge lugs), Jonang (jo nang), and Nyingma (rnying ma). I give a concise presentation of each tradition’s interpretation of emptiness and show how each interpretation represents a distinctive aspect of its meaning. Given that Buddhist traditions (1) accept an extra-linguistic reality and (2) maintain a strong tradition of suspicion of language with the belief that language both constructs and distorts reality, this paper responds to an issue that is not so much whether or not an inexpressible reality can be expressed, but rather how it is best articulated.
On circulation-preserving motions with lamellar vorticity

It is proved that the only isochoric circulation-preserving motions whose vorticity is steady, lamellar and bears a constant magnitude on a vortex-line are (1) plane motions of constant vorticity (on which certain unsteady potential motions may be superposed), and (2) a particular circular-helical motion.
Confinement of lambs ( Ovis aries) in metabolism stalls increased adrenal function, thyroxine and motivation for movement*

Eighteen, 8-week-old Rambouillet wether lambs were habituated to human contact for 2 months prior to data collection. The lambs were maintained in a paddock prior to being placed in individual 41 cm × 95 cm metabolism stalls for 9 days. Blood samples were taken via jugular cannulae 7 days prior to, and after 2 and 9 days of confinement. After two basal blood samples were drawn, 1 iu kg−1 adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was administered to each lamb via the cannulae and serial blood samples were drawn over the next 3 h. A 5-min open-field test was conducted the day before the lambs were placed in stalls and again after Day 9, following the last blood sampling. Response to ACTH, measured as the integrated cortisol concentrations, was greater when the lambs were housed in stalls than maintained in the paddock (P < 0.01). Confinement did not affect plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (P < 0.37), but lambs in stalls had higher concentrations of thyroxine after 2 and 9 days than when on pasture (P < 0.001). Lambs traveled further during the open-field tests, after 9 days in the metabolism stalls, than they did before confinement (P < 0.001). These results indicate that lambs maintained in metabolism stalls can be physiologically and behaviorally altered. Such alterations may affect the applicability of certain types of data derived from these lambs compared with lambs in more extensive housing situations.
Translocation and survival of Bacteroides fragilis after thermal injury

B. fragilis and E. coli were labeled with tritiated ( 3 H) thymidine, and 10 10 of each were given separately by gavage in Balb/c mice immediately before a 20% burn injury was inflicted. Control groups received gavage with 3 H-B. fragilis or 3 H-E. coli without burn. Four hours after burn or gavage was administered, the animals were killed, and the radionuclide and colony counts were determined in the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. Additional groups of mice receiving gavage (B. fragilis or E. coli) and burn were observed for 10 days to study survival. The results showed that 3 H-B. fragilis translocated to a greater extent than 3 H-E. coli but that fewer B. fragilis than E. coli survived in tissues. Survival was 86% for animals challenged with B. fragilis versus 53% for animals challenged with E. coli. It is concluded that in this model B. fragilis translocates extensively after burn injury and that survival is closely related to the destruction of translocated bacteria
Consolidating the Gospel: The Impact of the 1996 Telecommunications Act on Religious Radio Ownership

Radio ownership rules have been debated since moves toward deregulation began 30 years ago, culminating in the 1996 Telecommunications Act (Telecom Act) which eliminated national ownership limits and fundamentally liberalized local limits. The effects on radio have been controversial, with complaints that media concentration has reduced diversity in ownership and programming. This article and an earlier companion study (Ward, 2009) examine one niche format—religious radio—which before the Telecom Act had a long history of local ownership and media access for independent voices. The present study uses published industry directories to reconstruct a year-by-year picture of changes in religious radio ownership for the period 1992–2001, or five years before and after the Telecom Act, and employs transaction-cost economics as a framework for interpreting indications of increasing consolidation. Changes in religious radio may in turn suggest how liberalized rules have affected ownership and media access in othe...
Palestine and Israel: The Binational Idea

(1975). Palestine and Israel: The Binational Idea. Journal of Palestine Studies: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 12-35.
Optical pattern recognition for scene analysis: 1993

ABSTRACT We discuss how one optical processor (a correlator) can be used for all levels of scene analysis (low, medium,and high-level computer vision). This is achieved by the use of different filter functions for the different levels of a hierarchical inference system. New optical processor filter research that allows such flexibility is advanced and examples of each of these filters are provided. For large class problems, feature extracted from each region of interest in a scene are fed to a neural net processor which performs recognition. New algorithms for optical neural net classifiers are also required. We conclude that present hardware optical correlator advances can significantly benefitfrom such processing. 1. INTRODUCTION We consider the general pattern recognition problem in which multiple objects are present in differentorientations in a clutter background. The problem is to locate each object and to identify its class. We consider a hierarchical inference processor approach to this problem and the role for optics in each level of this system.
Twicing Kernels and a Small Bias Property of Semiparametric Estimators

The purpose of this note is to show how semiparametric estimators with a small bias property can be constructed. The small bias property (SBP) of a semiparametric estimator is that its bias converges to zero faster than the pointwise and integrated bias of the nonparametric estimator on which it is based. We show that semiparametric estimators based on twicing kernels have the SBP. We also show that semiparametric estimators where nonparametric kernel estimation does not affect the asymptotic variance have the SBP. In addition we discuss an interpretation of series and sieve estimators as idempotent transformations of the empirical distribution that helps explain the known result that they lead to the SBP. In Monte Carlo experiments we find that estimators with the SBP have mean-square error that is smaller and less sensitive to bandwidth than those that do not have the SBP.
Complex Interaction of Starches with Certain Drug Pharmaceuticals

A study has been made of the complexing behavior of potato and arrowroot starch with a number of pharmaceutical compounds. By means of the solubility method of analysis, it has been found that the starches form complexes in solution with benzoic acid, salicylic acid, p -hydroxybenzoic acid, m -hydroxybenzoic acid, p -aminobenzoic acid, methyl p -hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p -hydroxybenzoate, ethyl p -aminobenzoate, and propyl p -hydroxybenzoate. No evidence of complex formation was detected between the starches and caffeine. It is postulated that attractive forces and inclusion formation are responsible for the interaction observed.
Central Pontine Myelinolysis in a Patient with Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemia and Consistently Normal Serum Sodium

Introduction Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) is almost always described in association with a disturbance in sodium homeostasis, most commonly rapid correction of chronic hyponatremia. It has only rarely been described in patients with disturbances of serum osmolality in the absence of abnormal serum sodium concentrations.
The tension-free vaginal tape in women with a non-hypermobile urethra and low maximum urethral closure pressure.

The objective of this study was to estimate the cure rate and to identify risk factors that predict failure of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI), a non-hypermobile urethra, and low maximum urethral closure pressure. Thirty-six women with SUI, a non-hypermobile urethra (straining urethral angle ≤35°), and low maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP ≤25 cm H2O) underwent a TVT. Cure was defined as resolution of subjective SUI symptoms and a negative cough stress test, which were measured after 4, 12, 18, and 24 months. Patient characteristics were compared and receiver–operator curves were used to identify risk factors for failure. The mean age was 71 years, and mean follow-up was 20.9 months. The overall cure rate was 78%. Risk factors for failure of the TVT were a straining urethral angle ≤20° (cure rate 50%, odds ratio 7.7, p = 0.02) and a MUCP ≤15 cm H2O (cure rate 60%, odds ratio 6.3, p = 0.03). For women with both risk factors, the cure rate was only 17% (p < 0.001). No other risk factors were identified. The TVT has moderate success (50-60%) for women with SUI and one risk factor (a straining urethral angle </=20 degrees or a MVCP </=15 cm H2O), but has poor success (17%) when both risk factors are present.
Contemporary management of adult intussusception: who needs a resection?

Background Surgical resection is often recommended in adults with intestinal intussusception (AI) because of its potential association with malignancy. We provide a contemporary algorithm for managing AI by focusing on the probability of discovering a lead point.
John Bishop's leaps of faith: doxastic ventures and the logical equivalence of religious faith and agnosticism

In recent essays John Bishop proposes a 'doxastic venture' model of religious faith. This author notices that a so-called doxastic venture model of theistic faith is self-defeating for the following reason: a venture suggests a process with an outcome; by definition a venture into Christian faith denies itself an outcome in virtue of the transcendent character of its claims - for what is claimed cannot be settled. Taking instruction from logical positivism, I stress the nonsensical character of religious claims while attacking Bishop's model. However, I wish to avail myself of this same model to describe a state of belief among certain parties which does not refer to transcendent matters, in order to show that a doxastic venture is indeed a valid description of a state of belief, and that pursuing this model shows in relief the transformative nature of belief, along with its essentially scientific status. It is my ambition to show, turning Bishop's model against itself, that a state of religious belief suffers from a precise logical equivalence to a condition of agnosticism. I ask whether we are justified in believing in belief.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GLYCINE, GABA, GLUTAMATE AND ASPARTATE IN RABBIT SPINAL CORD, CEREBELLUM AND HIPPOCAMPUS

— The distribution of glycine, GABA, glutamate and aspartate was measured among about 60 subdivisions of rabbit spinal cord, and among the discrete layers of cerebellum, hippocampus and area dentata. A more detailed mapping for GABA was made within the tip of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Spinal ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion cell bodies were analyzed for the amino acids and for total lipid. The distribution of lipid and lipid-free dry weight per unit volume was also determined in spinal cord. Calculated on the basis of tissue water, glycine in the cord is highest in lateral and ventral white matter immediately adjacent to the ventral grey. The distribution of GABA is almost the inverse of that of glycine with highest level in the tip of dorsal horn. It is most highly concentrated in the central 75% of Rexed layers III and IV. Aspartate in the tip of ventral horn is 4-fold higher than in the tip of the dorsal horn and 3 times the average concentration in brain. Glutamate was much more evenly distributed and is relatively low in concentration with slightly higher levels in dorsal than in ventral grey matter. Large cell bodies in both ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion contained high levels of glycine. As reported by others, GABA was found to be high in cerebellar grey layers, area dentata, and regio inferior of hippocampus. Glycine was moderately high in cerebellar layers but moderate to low in hippocampus and area dentata.
Toward a Virtual Field Trip Model for the Social Studies

In the current state of social studies education, field trips are being cut from many schools’ curriculum. While not a true substitution, today’s technologies provide some opportunities through virtual field trips (VFTs) to simulate these experiences, engage students in knowledge production and disciplined inquiry, and have interactions with the dedicated staff members from these historic sites. Many of the current VFTs, however, fall short of this goal and instead serve as an updated form of a content delivery model, with little interaction or student engagement in historical issues. This article describes research on field trips, hybrid distance learning models, and virtual field trips in the social studies and other areas, as well as a critical case study of one of the most prominent and long lasting virtual field trips, Colonial Williamsburg’s Electronic Field Trip program. A model for future social studies VFTs and ways to integrate these VFTs into authentic social studies instruction are developed. The case study revealed a number of key issues that arise in the development and execution of VFT programs, and the ensuing VFT model should be helpful for teachers and VFT developers.
Prospective Longitudinal Evaluation of the Effect of Deployment-Acquired Traumatic Brain Injury on Posttraumatic Stress and Related Disorders: Results From the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)

Objective:Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for deleterious mental health and functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the strength and specificity of the association between deployment-acquired TBI and subsequent posttraumatic stress and related disorders among U.S. Army personnel.Method:A prospective, longitudinal survey of soldiers in three Brigade Combat Teams was conducted 1–2 months prior to an average 10-month deployment to Afghanistan (T0), upon redeployment to the United States (T1), approximately 3 months later (T2), and approximately 9 months later (T3). Outcomes of interest were 30-day prevalence postdeployment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode, generalized anxiety disorder, and suicidality, as well as presence and severity of postdeployment PTSD symptoms.Results:Complete information was available for 4,645 soldiers. Approximately one in five soldiers reported exposure to mild (18.0%) or more-than-mild ...
Femtosecond optics techniques for communications and information processing

I review work in my laboratory on femtosecond optical techniques for synthesizing, transmitting, processing, and receiving ultrafast optical waveforms and bit sequences with features as short as femtoseconds. Novel ultrafast optics approaches for processing ultrahigh-speed, broadband optical signals will be described, and progress towards realizing these approaches in forms compatible with real-world application will be discussed.
Giant Pulmonary Cyst Surgery

Giant pulmonary cysts, often developing as a major complication of emphysema, seriously interfere with breathing mechanics. This report describes the results in 35 patients with giant pulmonary cysts who underwent surgical excision. A case report involving a 26-year-old coal miner with bilateral bullous emphysema is also presented.
I–Stephen Yablo

The usual charge against Carnap’s internal/external distinction is one of ‘guilt by association with analytic/synthetic’. But it can be freed of this association, to become the distinction between statements made within make-believe games and those made outside them—or, rather, a special case of it with some claim to be called the metaphorical/literal distinction. Not even Quine considers figurative speech committal, so this turns the tables somewhat. To determine our ontological commitments, we have to ferret out all traces of non-literality in our assertions; if there is no sensible project of doing that, there is no sensible project of Quinean ontology.
The Little District That Could: The Process of Building District-School Trust

Purpose: This article describes how trust emerged as an issue in one school district and the processes by which central office administrators enhanced trust with its school site leaders. Method: This exploratory participant observer case study uses multiple sources of data including surveys, interviews, observations, and documents collected during a 4-year period from central office and school site leaders. Findings: The article illustrates how a university partner can play a critical role in surfacing and bringing forth action on an undiscussable issue—trust between the central office and its schools—and the actions taken by the central office to address specific facets of trust: openness, communication, risk, and integrity. The site administrators’ response to these actions revealed that trust can be developed at both the relational and organizational leadership levels. Significance to the Field: The study is significant in illustrating that building trust between the central office and school sites can be an essential step in an underperforming district and can serve as a resource in achieving and sustaining school district reform. It also shows that attending to specific facets of trust can be useful when examining the development of trust between school sites and the district office.
Mandible reconstruction with microvascular surgery.

Microvascular surgery has become the preferred method for mandible reconstruction. Whenever possible, immediate reconstruction at the time of segmental mandible resection will provide the best aesthetic and functional result. Four donor sites (fibula, iliac crest, radial forearm, and scapula) have become the primary sources of vascularized bone and soft tissue for the reconstruction. The fibula has multiple advantages, including bone length and thickness, donor site location permitting flap harvest simultaneously with tumor resection, and minimal donor site morbidity. The fibula donor site should be the first choice for most defects, particularly those with anterior or large bony defects requiring multiple osteotomies. Use of an alternative donor site is best reserved for cases with large soft tissue and minimal bone requirements. Dental rehabilitation through the use of prostheses and osseointegrated dental implants is an important part of the reconstructive process to optimize aesthetics and function. An algorithm for mandible reconstruction with microvascular osseous flaps is presented. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 19:226-234, 2000.