cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Negative Interactive Effects of Nostalgia and Loneliness on Affect in Daily Life

Research has suggested that nostalgia is a mixed, albeit predominantly positive emotion. One proposed function of nostalgia is to attenuate the negative consequences of loneliness. This restorative effect of nostalgia, however, has been demonstrated with cross sectional and experimental methods that lack ecological validity. In studies that have measured nostalgia in daily life, however, nostalgia has been negatively related to well-being. We propose an alternative theory that posits that the effect of nostalgia on well-being depends on the event or experience that elicits nostalgia. We tested this theory by measuring daily states of nostalgia, loneliness, and affect across five daily diary studies (N = 504; 6,004 daily reports) that lasted for 14 days. Using multilevel modeling, we found that nostalgia and loneliness were negatively related to positive affect and positively related to negative affect. The negative effects of nostalgia on affective well-being were significantly stronger on days when people felt more lonely as opposed to less lonely. Viewed alternatively, the negative effects of loneliness on affective well-being were stronger on days when people felt more vs. less nostalgic. Thus, in contrast to experimental findings, nostalgia did not attenuate, but rather exaggerated the negative effects of loneliness on affective well-being. These findings support a theoretical account that proposes that the effect of nostalgia on well-being depends on the natural context in which nostalgia is elicited.
Preservation of Posterior Tibial Artery Flow Following Dissection With Associated Aneurysmal Degeneration in Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Type IV Treated With Flow-Diverting Stent

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome type IV (EDS-IV), the vascular type, is a rare genetic disorder affects the large and medium size arteries resulting in dissections, often with aneurysmal degeneration, intramural hematomas and pseudoaneurysms. Embolization or ligation is standard management for aneurysm formation. We present a case of an EDS-IV patient with a posterior tibial artery dissection with associated aneurysm successfully treated with Flow Diversion stent (FDS) preserving vessel patency and excluding the aneurysm. FDS technology allows for low profile, micro-catheter deliverable treatment options to exclude aneurysms in EDS-IV patients that are may be prone to spasm and dissection using more conventional stent graft technology.
Aspiration on Induction

This chapter discusses how to manage unanticipated aspiration that occurs during induction of anesthesia. While there are certain risk factors that should prompt an anesthesiologist to anticipate vomiting, this can occur independent of those risk factors. This chapter focuses on the prevention of aspiration after emesis occurs and management of the airway and lungs after aspiration has already taken place.
a Practical Effect of the Recent O16 Cross Section and Mubar Uncertainties

With the recent release of ENDF/B VIII.0 data, additional covariance data was provided for many isotopes, including O16. The detail of elastic scattering and mubar covariance data for O16 increased dramatically between ENDF/B VII.1 and ENDF/B VIII.0. This new covariance data has been processed with NJOY2016 and investigation has begun on the effects of these new uncertainty data. The uncertainties are applied to multi-group scattering cross sections and P1 Legendre components in deterministic neutron transport.A simple but typical application of shielding fission neutrons with concrete has been used to assess the practical effects of the new covariance data for O16. A somewhat surprising result is that the mubar uncertainty can have a significant effect on the calculated shielding and criticality results.
Early infestations by arthropod pests induce unique changes in plant compositional traits and leaf reflectance

BACKGROUND With steadily growing interest in the use of remote-sensing technologies to detect and diagnose pest infestations in crops, it is important to investigate and characterize possible associations between crop leaf reflectance and unique pest-induced changes in plant compositional traits. Accordingly, we compiled plant compositional traits from chrysanthemum and gerbera plants in four treatments: non-infested, or infested with mites, thrips or whiteflies, and we acquired hyperspectral leaf reflectance data from the same plants over time (0-14 days). RESULTS Plant compositional traits changed significantly in response to arthropod infestations, and individual chrysanthemum and gerbera plants were classified with 78% and 80% accuracy, respectively. Based on leaf reflectance, individual plants from the four treatments were classified with moderate accuracy levels of 76% (gerbera) and 73% (chrysanthemum) but with a clear distinction between non-infested and infested plants. Accurate and consistent diagnosis of biotic stressors was not achieved. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study in which infestations by multiple economically important arthropod pests are directly compared and associated with leaf reflectance responses and changes in plant compositional traits. It is important to highlight that imposed stress levels were low, period of infestation was short, and hyperspectral remote-sensing data were acquired at four time points with analyses based on large data sets (3826 leaf reflectance profiles for chrysanthemum and 4041 for gerbera). This study provides novel insight into crop responses to different biotic stressors and into possible associations between plant compositional traits and hyperspectral leaf reflectance data acquired from crop leaves.
The Economic Impact of Local Immigration Regulation: An Empirical Analysis

A wave of local anti-immigration laws has swept the country, triggering contentious debate and raising significant legal and policy issues. One critical dimension that has been largely ignored, however, is the economic impact of these laws: are jurisdictions with them better off economically than those without them? In the first empirical study of this issue, we analyze the economic impact of these laws. The laws take different forms—some authorize local police to enforce federal immigration laws, some restrict benefits like housing and employment to those with legal immigration status, and some require all government transactions to be conducted in English only. Applying statistical analysis to economic data from the U.S. Census Bureau, we find such laws resulted in a 1 to 2 percent drop in employment, or 337 to 675 lost jobs for the average county. This drop in employment includes both authorized and unauthorized workers. We also find that the laws hurt some industries, such as the restaurant industry, while helping others, such as the grocery and liquor store industry. This suggests that affected workers may be switching jobs, rather than leaving a particular jurisdiction altogether. * Professor of Law, Texas Wesleyan School of Law; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Harvard Law School. Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Baylor University; S.B. and S.M., M.I.T.; Ph.D. Economics, Cornell University. We’ve had the opportunity to present this paper at the Florida State University College of Law, the Perspectives on Justice Symposium at the University of South Carolina School of Law, the University of Houston Law Center, the Symposium on Comprehensive Immigration Reform at Wayne State University Law School, the Conference on Asian Pacific American Law Faculty at the University of Arizona, the Emerging Immigration Law Scholars Workshop at Hofstra Law School, and the LatCrit Conference at American University Washington College of Law, and we would like to acknowledge the helpful comments we received at those presentations. Specifically, we thank Emek Basker, Jason Gillmer, and Joseph Thai for their thoughtful feedback. We would also like to thank Crystal Reeves and Kyra Keys for their superb research assistance.
Case 54: Neurofibromatosis. A Warning

A 16-year-old boy was diagnosed with neurofibromatosis (NF) at the age of 14 because of rapidly progressive weakness and wasting of his right arm. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the time showed multiple NF from C4-7.
New intelligent power modules for very low-power drives

New series of SPMs (Smart Power Modules), which are fully optimized intelligent integrated IGBT inverter modules for lower power motor drive applications, are introduced. One is called Mini-SPM providing the operating current rating of 10 A and the other is Tiny-SPM with the 3 A rating. They are very small by employing size-related design and highly integrated building blocks having the built-in HVICs as a gate driver which offer more simplicity and compactness leading to a high cost reduction and high reliability of the entire system. They also provide technical advantages such as the good thermal performances, the high latch immunity and dv/dt controlled HVIC driving.
Gender, Economics of

This article examines the contribution of economics to the analysis of gender differences in behavior and economic outcomes, including labor supply and the allocation of time; the gender division of labor in the family; analyses of gender differences in wages and occupations, including the human capital explanation and models of discrimination; as well as considerations of the gender pay gap in the context of the overall structure of wages.
High-severity fire corroborated in historical dry forests of the western United States: response to Fulé et al.

Accurate assessment of changing fire regimes is important, since climatic change and people may be promoting more wildfires. Government wildland fire policies and restoration programmes in dry western US forests are based on the hypothesis that high-severity fire was rare in historical fire regimes, modern fire severity is unnaturally high and restoration efforts should focus primarily on thinning forests to eliminate high-severity fire. Using General Land Office (GLO) survey data over large dry-forest landscapes, we showed that the proportion of historical forest affected by high-severity fire was not insignificant, fire severity has not increased as a proportion of total fire area and large areas of dense forest were present historically (Williams & Baker, Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21, 1042–1052, 2012; WB FE) suggest that our inferences are unsupported and land management based on our research could be damaging to native ecosystems. Here, we show that the concerns of FE are unfounded. Their criticism comes from misquoting W&B, mistaking W&B's methods, misusing evidence (e.g. from Aldo Leopold) and missing substantial available evidence. We also update corroboration for the extensive historical high-severity fire shown by W&B. We suggest that restoration programmes are misdirected in seeking to reduce all high-severity fire in dry forests, given findings from spatially extensive GLO data and other sources.
Performances of an ATR system via its ROC manifold

A classification system such as an automatic target recognition (ATR) system with N possible output labels (or decisions) will have N(N-1) possible errors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) manifold was created to quantify all of these errors. Truthed data will produce an approximation to a ROC manifold. How well does the approximate ROC manifold approximate the true ROC manifold? Several functionals exist that quantify the approximation ability, but researchers really wish to quantify the performance in the approximate ROC manifold. This paper will review different performance definitions for ROC curves and manifolds, and thus, quantify the fusion of ATR systems. Examples of different performances will be given that are defined on manifolds.
A new augmented finite element method (A-FEM) for progressive failure analysis of advanced composite materials

Abstract This paper presents a new augmented finite element method (A-FEM) that enables efficient and accurate treatment of arbitrary, multiple intra-elemental discontinuities in composite materials with complex microstructures. The new A-FEM employs four internal nodes to account for the crack displacements due to an intra-elemental weak or strong discontinuity, and it permits repeated elemental augmentation to include multiple interactive cracks. It thus enables a unified treatment of damage evolution from a weak discontinuity to a strong discontinuity, and to multiple interactive cohesive cracks, all within a single element that employs standard external nodal degree of freedoms (DoFs) only. A novel elemental condensation procedure has been developed to solve the internal nodal DoFs as functions of the external nodal DoFs for any irreversible, piecewise linear cohesive laws. It leads to a fully condensed elemental equilibrium equation with mathematical exactness, eliminating the need for nonlinear equilibrium iterations at elemental level. The new A-FEM’s high-fidelity simulation capabilities to interactive cohesive crack formation and propagation in homogeneous and heterogeneous solids have been demonstrated through several challenging numerical examples. It has shown that the new A-FEM, empowered by the novel elemental condensation procedure, is numerically very efficient, accurate, and robust.
Design And Computer Simulation Of An All-Optical, Long Distance, Soliton-Based Lightwave Communication System Using Single-Mode Heavy Metal Fluoride Fibers At 2.55 µm

We have studied, with computer simulation, optical solitons amplified periodically by stimulated Raman scattering process in single-mode heavy metal fluoride (HMF) fibers for a range of parameters. An optimum single-mode HMF fiber was used to design an all-optical, long distance, soliton based optical fiber communication system. The length-bandwidth product is four times that of a soliton-based optical communication system using present-day single-mode silica fibers. The single channel bandwidth-length product for a bit error rate (BER) less than 10 -9 is nearly 120,000 GHz.km. Typical amplification periods are in the range of 200-300 km; average soliton and pump power are in the range of milliwatts and hence well within the capability of semiconductor lasers.
Management in Developing Countries

This article presents a review of the book “Management in Developing Countries,” edited by Alfred M. Jaeger and Rabindra N. Kanungo.
The need for graduate education in community health nursing: a survey.

Home health care agency administrators and staff members were surveyed to determine areas of interest for a proposed expansion of the graduate program in community health nursing at Boston University School of Nursing. Two interrelated questionnaires were designed, one for administrators, the other for staff, and were mailed to agency directors. Forty-six percent of the administrators and 29 percent of staff members responded. Roughly half (49%) of the staff members were graduates of baccalaureate programs in nursing and interested in graduate education in nursing. Clinical specialization within home health care was the area of greatest interest for both administrators and staff members, followed by home health care administration. Many agencies provided released time for the part-time evening study preferred by staff. It was concluded that there is a great deal of interest in graduate education in home health care, including both clinical specialization and administration. Agency directors stated they were willing to hire graduates of such programs, and the overwhelming majority of staff members who were eligible for and interested in graduate study identified an interest in the subject.
The Buckling of Fuel Rods Under Inertia Loading

The buckling analysis of fuel rods during an end drop impact of a spent fuel transportation cask has traditionally been performed to demonstrate the structural integrity of the fuel rod cladding or the integrity of the fuel geometry in criticality evaluations for a cask drop event. The actual calculation of the fuel rod buckling load, however, has been the subject of some controversy, with estimates of the critical buckling load differing by as much as a factor of 5. Typically, in the buckling analysis of a fuel rod, assumptions are made regarding the percentage of fuel mass that is bonded to or that participates with the cladding during the buckling process, with estimates ranging from 0 to 100%. The greater the percentage of fuel mass that is assumed to be bonded to the cladding the higher the inertia loads on the cladding, and, therefore, the lower the “g” value at which buckling occurs. However, these solutions do not consider displacement compatibility between the fuel and the cladding during the buckling process. By invoking displacement compatibility between the fuel column and the cladding column, this paper presents an exact solution for the buckling of fuel rods under inertia loading. The results show that the critical inertia load magnitude for the buckling of a fuel rod depends on the weight of the cladding and the total weight of the fuel, regardless of the percentage of fuel mass that is assumed to be attached to or participate with the cladding in the buckling process. Therefore, 100% of the fuel always participates in the buckling of a fuel rod under inertia loading.
Silicon epitaxial growth on (100) patterned oxide wafers at 800 °C by ultralow‐pressure chemical vapor deposition

This letter presents for the first time the results of low‐temperature (800 °C) silicon epitaxial growth on (100) patterned oxide wafers by ultralow‐pressure chemical vapor deposition. The epitaxial layers were deposited at 6 mTorr of SiH4 following an in situ argon sputter cleaning step. The films on the exposed single‐crystal silicon islands were epitaxial with high structural quality, while those on the oxide were polycrystalline with columnar grains. The growth rate of epitaxial silicon was 2.5 times that of polycrystalline silicon. The transition region between the epitaxial and polycrystalline silicon deposited is very sharp, confined to a boundary which is parallel to the growth direction, and located on the edges of the exposed silicon islands.
Effect of Sampling Frequency on Shoreline Microbiology Assessments

More than 80,000 shoreline bacteriological samples are collected annually in southern California to protect beachgoer health, but sampling frequency varies from daily to monthly among sampling sites. To assess the effectiveness of various sampling frequencies, we used five years of data from 24 Los Angeles area sites that have been monitored daily to simulate five alternative sampling strategies: five weekdays, five days per week including a weekend day, three days per week, weekly, and monthly. For each of these sampling strategies, we included in the simulation the local custom of adaptive sampling, in which a site is resampled the following day if bacterial concentrations exceed the State of California's beach water quality standards. We found that sampling five times per week resulted in observing about 80% of the events in which State standards were exceeded. This frequency dropped to 55%, 25%, and 5% for three times per week, weekly, and monthly sampling, respectively. Adaptive sampling was ineffective because nearly 70% of the water quality exceedences were single-day events, even at the most frequently contaminated sites. This high frequency of single-day events is of concern because the public is typically notified about water quality conditions 24-48 h after samples are collected, meaning that most warnings are out-of-date when they are issued.
Deep venous thrombosis causes vein wall fibrosis

Abstract Introduction: The most common sequelae of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which is marked by vein wall scarring. The aim of this study was to characterize the biomechanical and biochemical effects of DVT on the vein wall. Methods: Rats underwent sham laparotomy or inferior vena cava (IVC) ligation to induce DVT, with sacrifice at 2 or 14 days. At sacrifice, venous injury was assessed by laser Doppler microflowmetry, microtensiometry, ELISAs for TNFa, TGFb, MCP-1, RANTES, and direct assays for collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAG). Comparisons were by one-way ANOVA with P Results: IVC weight increased 43% at 2 days and 114% at 14 days compared with shams (N = 4, P Conclusions: DVT causes vein wall injury that is similar to other fibrotic processes and may be amenable to similar treatments.
Space charge calculations for sub-three-dimensional particle-in-cell code

A novel approach for modeling high-current, charged particle beams in a three-dimensional manner is introduced. While the integration of beam motion equations is done as in completely 3D particle-in-cell codes, the space charge forces are found by an approximately self-consistent inclusion of the transverse and longitudinal fields. The algorithm is dramatically faster than fully 3D algorithms with computational times comparable to 2D field solvers. In addition, a sparser spatial grid and fewer required macroparticles provide significantly reduced memory demands. The proposed sub-3D technique has been verified with good agreement with other independent algorithms.
Success and Anomie: A Study of the Effect of Goals on Anomie*

Most studies of subjective anomie assume that all individuals have the same goals, and they explain anomie in terms of differences in the means to achieve goals. This paper examines the effect of variations in the goal of success on anomie. Data are from a Harris survey of 3,001 adults in the continental United States. A multiple regression of anomie on success orientation, plus six social status variables, revealed that success orientation has a significant positive effect on anomie and that, next to education, it is the best predictor of anomie. This finding helps explain both intra-class variations in anomie and the increase in anomie from the 1950s to 1971 found by Fischer(1974). The social status variables did not explain much of the variation in success orientation, and the effect of success orientation on anomie was not mediated by education and income. The relevance of these findings to Durkheim's theory of anomie is discussed.
Physician-owned companies.

STUDY DESIGN: The author relates his experience in the development of a spinal implant development company (K2M) that is significantly advised by physicians. OBJECTIVES: To provide information about the development of a spinal implant company (K2M) advised by a group of professional spinal surgeons. To relate the federal laws (STARK and anti-kickback) as they pertain to surgeon-influenced companies. To discuss the role of a scientific advisory board. METHODS: A self-developed company was developed together with significant, but minority physician financial input and majority scientific advice. RESULTS: A privately owned spinal implant development corporation (K2M) was developed 3 years ago. Physician financial participation was less than 20% (Stark laws state no more than 40%). Users of product are greater than 60% non-investor physicians. The development of a large scientific advisory board has been very influential in product development. CONCLUSIONS: A privately owned spinal implant company (K2M) has been developed strictly within Federal laws. Its board of scientific advisors that receives recompense commissurate only with effort significantly impacts the company policy.
How an Early Childhood In-Service Training Succeeded within a Crisis Context.

This article examines an in-service training for early childhood teachers in the context of a financial, administrative, and political crisis. Despite the crisis context of this case study, the professional development was considered successful by the participants and the facilitators. The key to overcoming the negativity and limitations of the circumstances was creating a positive and practical atmosphere in a short period of time. The findings in this case study provide a starting point in examining professional development best practices, specifically for early childhood teachers and within the confines of increasing financial and administrative pressures.
Tetralogy of Fallot.

T ETRALOGY of Fallot is the most common cardiac malformation associated with cyanosis after infancy. Although the first anatomic description was made by Stensen in 1671,’ Fallot* described the entity in a series of papers in 1888. Since the landmark surgical palliative procedure for this condition 40 years ago, there have been unparalleled advances in clinical evaluation, angiographic techniques, echocardiographic diagnosis, and surgical repair of all forms of cyanotic congenital heart disease and, in particular, tetralogy of Fallot.
Activated dynamics in dense fluids of attractive nonspherical particles. I. Kinetic crossover, dynamic free energies, and the physical nature of glasses and gels

We apply the center-of-mass versions of na\"{\i}ve mode coupling theory and nonlinear Langevin equation theory to study how short-range attractive interactions modify the onset of localization, activated single-particle dynamics, and the physical nature of the transiently arrested state of a variety of dense nonspherical particle fluids (and the spherical analog) as a function of volume fraction and attraction strength. The form of the dynamic crossover boundary depends on particle shape, but the reentrant glass-fluid-gel phenomenon and the repulsive glass-to-attractive glass crossover always occur. Diverse functional forms of the dynamic free energy are found for all shapes including glasslike, gel-like, a glass-gel form defined by the coexistence of two localization minima and two activation barriers, and a ``mixed'' attractive glass characterized by a single, very short localization length but an activation barrier located at a large displacement as in repulsive-force caged glasses. For the latter state, particle trajectories are expected to be of a two-step activated form and can be accessed at high attraction strength by increasing volume fraction, or by increasing attraction strength at fixed high enough volume fraction. A new classification scheme for slow dynamics of fluids of dense attractive particles is proposed based on specification of both the nature of the localized state and the particle displacements required to restore ergodicity via activated barrier hopping. The proposed physical picture appears to be in qualitative agreement with recent computer simulations and colloid experiments.
Comparison in antioxidant action between α-chitosan and β-chitosan at a wide range of molecular weight and chitosan concentration

Antioxidant activity in α- and β-chitosan at a wide range of molecular weight (Mw) and chitosan concentration (CS) was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing ability, chelating ability, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The form of chitosan (FC) had significant (P <0.05) effect on all measurements except DPPH radical scavenging activity, and antioxidant activity was dependent on Mw and CS. High Mw (280-300 kDa) of β-chitosan had extremely lower half maximal effective concentrations (EC(50)) than α-chitosan in DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing ability. The 22-30 kDa of α- and β-chitosan showed significantly (P <0.05) higher activities in DPPH radical scavenging, reducing ability, and hydroxyl radical scavenging than samples at other Mw, while chelating ability was the highest in 4-5 kDa chitosan. CS had significant effect on all measurements and the effect was related to Mw. The antioxidant activity of 280-300 kDa chitosan was affected by coil-overlap concentrations (C(∗)) in the CS range of 4-10mg/mL, forming entanglements. Reducing ability and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were more predominant action in antioxidant activity of chitosan as shown by the lower EC(50) values than those in other antioxidant measurements.
GLC method for quantitative determination of amitriptyline in human plasma.

Abstract: A GLC method was developed for the measurement of steady-state levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in human plasma after therapeutic doses of amitriptyline. The drugs were extracted from alkalinized samples with heptane-3% isoamyl alcohol and back-extracted into 0.1 N HCl. After subsequent extraction into ether, the drugs were analyzed by GLC. The method is accurate, specific, and sensitive, being capable of measuring concentrations as low as 25 ng/ml of these drugs. After 6 days of amitriptyline administration (75 mg/day), levels of amitriptyline and nortriptyline in three subjects were approximately 40–90 and 40 ng/ml, respectively, 12 hr after the last dose.
Measurement of the effect of radiation damage to ceramic composite interfacial strength

A technique has been developed by which the bond strength and interfacial friction can be directly measured in ceramic composites. Sections of SiC/C/Nicalon composite are, thinned to as low as 35 μm and individual fibers are pushed out of the composite while accurate load displacement data is taken. Such a technique has been applied to composite sections irradiated to 1 dpa at 300°C in HFIR. The interfacial properties were found to be directly related to the composite strength and type of composite failure.
Implementation Characteristics of Organizational Innovations Limits and Opportunities for Management Strategies

Within an organization, individuals' innovation responses are highly influenced by the way that implementation is managed. However, managers operate within parameters set by the technology's implementation characteristics: its transferability, organizational complexity, and divisibility. These characteristics shape the tactics that successful managers use to implement an innovation: the manner in which users are involved, the way that sponsorship is managed, and the extent to which organizational change is managed in concert with technical change.
Preliminary studies on long distance, retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in equine peripheral nerves

Summary As a prelude to studies on retrograde axonal transport of neurotoxin (ie, so-called suicide transport) as a means to prevent post neurectomy neuroma formation, preliminary studies were conducted with an innocuous enzymatic marker, horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The proximal stumps of resected medial and lateral palmar digital nerves in six ponies were injected via a tuberculin syringe and needle with 50 μl of a 30 per cent solution of HRP in order to assess long distance retrograde axonal transport. The dorsal root ganglion of the cervical spinal enlargement (ie, C6, C7, C8, T1, T2) were removed at post injection intervals of two, four, six, eight, 10 and 12 days. These were sectioned serially and reacted by the tetramethylbenzidine method to demonstrate transported enzyme in the ganglionic cell bodies which give rise to sensory fibres of the palmar digital nerves. Enzyme, retrogradely transported over axon lengths of 115 cm, was first demonstrated in spinal ganglia four days after injections of the palmar digital nerves. The calculated transport velocity of 287 mm/day, although almost certainly an underestimate, greatly exceeded rates of 72 to 120 mm/day recorded previously with HRP in the peripheral nerves of small laboratory animals. The intensity of the HRP reaction product in ganglionic neurons was strong at four days and it remained unabated in ganglia examined at six, eight, 10 and 12 days post injection. The major sources of the sensory fibres of the palmar digital nerves appeared to be the ganglia of the C8 and T1 spinal segments which contained more than 90 per cent of all labelled neurons. Somatotopic localisation of the labelled cells could not be discerned. The total numbers of ganglionic neurons labelled after unilateral injections of the medial and lateral palmar digital nerves varied from several hundred to nearly 5000. Although the results supported the feasibility of undertaking studies on retrograde suicide transport, the wide range in the total numbers of labelled ganglionic neurons suggested that the simple injection procedure will have to be modified to ensure wide intraneural diffusion and maximal uptake of injected toxic substances.
Reduction of almond moth populations in simulated storages by the release of genetically incompatible males.

Males of a native strain (US) of Ephestia cautella (Walker) that is reproductively incompatible with an Iranian strain (I) were released into simulated warehouses in a 3-yr study of population suppression. Populations were greatly reduced by males released at ratios of 9 US:1 I and 24 US:1 I. The higher ratio consistently reduced population levels more than the lower ratio and eliminated the I populations in 50–80% of the trials. These results indicate that the use of reproductive incompatibility is a potential means of population suppression.
Coastal Flood Inundation Monitoring with Satellite C‐band and L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar Data

Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was evaluated as a method to operationally monitor the occurrence and distribution of storm- and tidal-related flooding of spatially extensive coastal marshes within the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Maps representing the occurrence of marsh surface inundation were created from available Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-Band SAR (PALSAR) (L-band) (21 scenes with HH polarizations in Wide Beam [100 m]) data and Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) Advanced SAR (ASAR) (C-band) data (24 scenes with VV and HH polarizations in Wide Swath [150 m]) during 2006-2009 covering 500 km of the Louisiana coastal zone. Mapping was primarily based on a decrease in backscatter between reference and target scenes, and as an extension of previous studies, the flood inundation mapping performance was assessed by the degree of correspondence between inundation mapping and inland water levels. Both PALSAR- and ASAR-based mapping at times were based on suboptimal reference scenes; however, ASAR performance seemed more sensitive to reference-scene quality and other types of scene variability. Related to water depth, PALSAR and ASAR mapping accuracies tended to be lower when water depths were shallow and increased as water levels decreased below or increased above the ground surface, but this pattern was more pronounced with ASAR. Overall, PALSAR-based inundation accuracies averaged 84% (n = 160), while ASAR-based mapping accuracies averaged 62% (n = 245).
Two-band galvanomagnétic effects in gray tin

Abstract A study of the temperature, magnetic field, and doping dependence of the conductivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetoresistance of gray tin has been interpreted within the framework of the Groves-Paul band structure model allowing the determination of several of its parameters as well as an investigation of the charge carrier scattering mechanisms. Suitable choice of temperature and doping limited conduction to at most two bands so that the single-band characteristics could be obtained using standard two-band theory. In a series of filaments having donor concentrations, N d , between 5×10 16 and 2·5×10 19 cm −3 the 4·2 0 K values of Hall number, number from oscillatory magnetoresistance period, low field magnetoresistance, and Γ 8 + electron mobility all exhibit discontinuous behavior as functions of N d at a critical concentration, N c 5×10 17 cm −3 , at which the 〈111〉 minima begin to be populated. The observed mobility enhancement is in good qualitative agreement with screened-ionized-impurity scattering theory. The energy separation of the two conduction bands is evaluated ( E μ =0·092 eV), and an upper limit is placed on the 〈111〉 density of states effective mass ( m 1d m e ). For N d N c the mobility agrees well with the above theory if a doping dependent dielectric constant is employed. Between 4·2 and 100 o K samples having 2×10 17 N d >-2·5×10 18 cm −3 exhibit an increasing Hall coefficient with temperature due to thermal transfer of electrons from the 〈000〉 to the 〈111〉 minima. This is consistent with the above energy separation and mass values. We also show that d E g /d T −5 eV/ o K. For intrinsic single crystal samples the hole mobility follows a T −3/2 dependence down, to 20 o K and has an absolute value compatible with acoustic phonon scattering.
A taxonomy-based comparison of several distributed shared memory systems

Two possible modes of Input/Output (I/O)are "sequential" and "random-access", and there is an extremely strong conceptual link between I/O and communication. Sequential communication, typified in the I/O setting by magnetic tape, is typified in the communication setting by a stream, e.g., a UNIX1 pipe. Random-access communication, typified in the I/O setting by a drum or disk device, is typified in the communication setting by shared memory. In this paper, we study and survey the extension of the random-access model to distributed computer systems.A Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) is a memory area shared by processes running on computers connected by a network. DSM provides direct system support of the shared memory programming model. When assisted by hardware, it can also provide a low-overhead interprocess communication (IPC) mechanism to software. Shared pages are migrated on demand between the hosts. Since computer network latency is typically much larger than that of a shared bus, caching in DSM is necessary for performance. We use caching and issues such as address space structure and page replacement schemes to define a taxonomy. Based on the taxonomy we examine three DSM efforts in detail, namely: IVY, Clouds and MemNet.
Photophysical properties of polyaromatic molecules adsorbed on TiO2 powder: the effect of coadsorbant

Abstract Pyrene adsorbed on TiO2 particles in aqueous suspension exhibits a single fluorescence peak at 395 nm. The fluorescence exhibits biexponential decay, and only the slower decay is quenched by cations. Coadsorption of OH−, dimethylaniline, platinum metal, or metal oxides, tends to produce a single exponential decay with a long lifetime, >200 nsec. Coincidental with coadsorption is the appearance of a 373-nm emission peak, thus leading to a pyrene fluorescence spectrum with two maxima at 373 and 395 nm, reminiscent of pyrene in a polar environment. Similar effects are observed for pyrene car☐aldehyde adsorbed on TiO2 in aqueous suspension. These photophysical effects are discussed in terms of discrete adsorption sites for pyrene on TiO2.
Instantons in the Langevin dynamics: An application to spin glasses

We develop a general technique to calculate the probability of transitions over the barriers in spin glasses in the framework of the dynamical theory. We use Lagrangian formulation of the instanton dynamics in which the transitions are represented by instantons. We derive the full set of the equations that determine the instantons but instead of solving them directly we prove that an instanton process can be mapped into a usual process going back in time which simplifies the problem significantly. We apply these general considerations to a simple example of the spherical Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model and we find the probability of the transition between the metastable states which is in agreement with physical expectations.
A functional genomic study on NCI's anticancer drug screen.

Pharmacogenomics requires massive computer exploration on heterogeneous databases. COMPARE, the gateway to the NCI's anticancer drug screen database, allows users to correlate drug-sensitivity profiles with a functional genomic database. However, most drugs of known molecular mechanism turn out to be uncorrelated with their molecular–target gene expression. Based on a novel statistical concept, liquid association, we develop an on-line system to identify candidate genes that intervene, confound and weaken the drug–gene correlation. The system takes queries and returns button-clickable tables of functionally associated genes for rerouting to knowledgebases such as Locus Link, OMIM and PubMed. We report results that link methotrexate resistance to DNA component biosynthesis, and taxol sensitivity to genes associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The drug-sensitivity database can be synergistically coanalyzed with gene expression data to study proteins of poorly understood physiological roles. When applied to the human prion, a cellular context embroidered with the gene expression network of Alzheimer disease is revealed.
Chemistry Education and Green Chemistry on the Third Coast

The themes of sustainability and chemistry education are coming together on the Third Coast at the 23rd Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (BCCE). The BCCE will be held at Grand Valley State University, August 3-7, 2014. The conference will provide an opportunity for chemistry educators and others with an interest in chemistry education to meet and interact in workshops, symposia, poster sessions, and a host of social events. The program includes content of interest to teachers of all levels of chemistry. Numerous social and recreational events are scheduled that take advantage of the proximity to southwestern Michigan beaches and the vibrant downtown of Grand Rapids, Michigan
Comment on “The Racial Politics of Progressive Americanism: New Deal Liberalism and the Subordination of Black Workers in the UAW”

My comments on Charles Williams' “Racial Politics of Progressive Americanism” can be brief, because it is an excellent essay and I could not agree more with its central argument. Williams demonstrates that, even though United Automobile Workers (UAW) leaders used the language of racial equality to support some civil rights advances, Walter Reuther and others also invoked a merely formal equality to deny power to blacks thought to be allied with Communists, and to sustain the support of anti-black workers. They pretended that African Americans were an ethnic group like those of many European-descended Americans, ignoring the enormous differences in the oppression black Americans had long experienced and continued to experience (and still experience). In these ways, an Americanist language, arguably a “liberal” language, of equal rights worked against the racial equality it purported to honor. On these points, I am fully persuaded.
An analysis of the cost-effectiveness of rigid pavement rehabilitation treatments

This paper analyses the costs, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of three standard rehabilitation treatments of rigid pavements using historical data from the state of Indiana. Treatments investigated are Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Overlay, Patching, and Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) Overlay. Performance criteria used are the sudden decrease in surface roughness after treatment, treatment service life, and increase in average pavement condition over the service life. Cost-effectiveness is the ratio of treatment effectiveness to treatment cost. Results suggest that Patching and PCC Overlay treatments are the most effective on the basis of short term and long term effectiveness, respectively. The results also show that at relatively small levels of traffic loading, a change in climatic severity has greater influence on treatment effectiveness than that at higher levels of traffic loading. On the basis of cost-effectiveness, the results suggest that PCC Patching appears to be the best treatment.
Quantum lattice motion and optical properties of polyenes

Abstract Short polyenes exhibit optical properties similar to those of nondegenerate polymers. The broad subgap absorption tail, the vibronic features in the absorption as well as in the luminescence spectra together with the large Stokes' shift are evidence of nonlinear quantum lattice fluctuations. We have carried out a detailed and careful study of those effects in the context of the SSH model. Implications of this on the optical properties of conjugated polymers are discussed. Another interesting theoretical result is the dispersion of the resonant Raman-line profile due to those intrinsic lattice fluctuations. This contrasts with the interpretation of the same effect in terms of sample inhomogeneity.
Modeling the sorption of hydrophobic contaminants by aquifer materials—I. Rates and equilibria

This is the first of a two-part series describing experimental studies and numerical modeling of the sorption of hydrophobic contaminants by aquifer materials. The work focuses on the evaluation of predictive modeling methods for simulating sorption processes in groundwater systems. Equilibrium behavior and rates of approach to equilibrium were investigated for two hydrophobic solutes and three aquifer materials utilizing different reactor configurations. This paper discusses investigations conducted in completely mixed batch reactors. These investigations illustrate that sorption equilibria are nonlinear for the systems studied and that sorption rates involve an initial rapid step followed by a slower continuing uptake that can persist for several days. Alternative models for description of these equilibria and rate conditions are presented and compared. The second paper evaluates the use of sorption model coefficients determined from batch-reactor systems to model column-reactor systems.
Mechanisms of APOBEC3G-catalyzed processive deamination of deoxycytidine on single-stranded DNA.

To the editor The article by Nowarski and colleagues1, “Hypermutation by intersegmental transfer of APOBEC3G cytidine deaminase” claims first that APOBEC3G deaminates cytidines by a mechanism predominantly involving intersegmental transfer. A protein moving by intersegmental transfer undergoes direct transfers between segments of DNA by a “doubly bound” intermediate state, rather than by completely releasing and reassociating with the DNA as implied by the terms, hopping or jumping2–4. Secondly, although Nowarski and colleagues1 find that APOBEC3G can act processively, they also suggest that the enzyme is not inherently processive based on the observation that it cannot deaminate consecutive cytidines within a hotspot 5′CCC motif. This letter is intended to comment on, and hopefully clarify, several points regarding these interpretations.
QCD perturbation theory at low energies.

We apply the optimization procedure based on the principle of minimal sesitivity to the third-order calculation of ${\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{e}}^{+}$${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. The effective couplant remains finite, freezing to a value ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{s}}$/\ensuremath{\pi}=0.26 at low energies. Using Poggio-Quinn-Weinberg smearing we find good agreement between theory and experiment right down to zero energy.
A Review of: “The Engineer's Cost Handbook: Tools for Managing Project Costs”, Richard E. Westney, editor, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1997, 749 pages, ISBN 0-8247-9796-5, $125.00

(1998). A Review of: “The Engineer's Cost Handbook: Tools for Managing Project Costs”, Richard E. Westney, editor, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1997, 749 pages, ISBN 0-8247-9796-5, $125.00. IIE Transactions: Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 282-283.