cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition of Parenchyma and Sclerenchyma Cell Walls Isolated from Orchardgrass and Switchgrass

The isolation and analysis of cell-wall types (CWT) such as parenchyma and sclerenchyma provide a means of understanding the complex chemistry of forage fiber. Our objective was to compare the composition of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell walls of field-grown orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) harvested at four stages of plant maturity. Leaf blades, leaf sheaths, and stems were analysed for fiber constituents
Quantitative Analysis of Viral Burden in Tissues from Adults and Children with Symptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Assessed by Polymerase Chain Reaction

The amount of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in various tissues was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 16 patients with end-stage HIV-1 infection and 7 patients with symptomatic but less advanced disease. During postmortem study of the 16 end-stage patients, HIV-1 DNA was found most often in lymph nodes and the spleen (both 100%), lung (93.8%), and colon (87.5%). Biopsied lymph nodes from the 7 symptomatic patients contained substantially higher copy numbers of HIV-1 RNA and DNA than did peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Plasma viral RNA levels correlated significantly with the amount of HIV-1 RNA in PBMC (r2 = .86, P = .0025) but not with the level of viral RNA in lymph nodes in patients with symptomatic HIV-1 infection. These data suggest that although lymph nodes represent the main site for HIV-1 infection and replication, the level of circulating viral burden may not be solely determined by the magnitude of active HIV-1 replication in lymph nodes.
Sedimentary response to hydrography in an Oregon estuary

Abstract Sediments of the various estuarine environments of Yaquina Bay, Oregon, reflect hydrographic conditions within and adjacent to the bay. Analyses of sediment texture and mineralogy reveal within the bay two major realms of deposition, marine and fluviatile, and a third marine-fluviatile transition realm. The marine realm extends 1.5 miles into the entrance of the estuary. It is characterized by waters of normal marine salinity and by vigorous wave or tidal action. The well-sorted, fine to medium sands of this realm are typified by a diagnostic marine assemblage of heavy minerals, and texturally are similar to the sands of the adjacent beaches and coastal dunes. The fluviatile realm occurs from the fresh-water head of the estuary to a point six miles from the bay entrance. Brackish water conditions prevail, and the energy level is somewhat lower than that of the marine realm. Sediments of the fluviatile realm range in grain size from silt to coarse sand and are represented by a fluviatile assemblage of heavy minerals. The transition marine-fluviatile realm lies between the fluviatile and marine realms and contains admixtures of sediments from both realms. Sediments in the Yaquina Bay area are derived from Tertiary rocks of the central Oregon Coast Range, the Pleistocene marine terrace and estuarine deposits near the bay mouth, and the Recent beach and dune sands that flank the bay entrance. Sediment transport and deposition is seasonal in response to climatic and hydrographic variations. Maximum deposition occurs in winter and early spring when river runoff is highest, littoral drift is from south to north, and the highest velocity winds are from the southwest. At this time, the partly-mixed estuarine system encourages the transport of beach sands into the tidal entrance and six miles up the estuary. Nearby coastal dune sands are blown into the estuarine channel near the mouth of the bay by strong onshore winds. Suspended sediments are contributed by the Yaquina River during winter and spring periods of high runoff. In the summer, deposition is slight because of low runoff, southward littoral drift, and northwest winds. The well-mixed estuarine system also precludes the net transport of sediments into the tidal entrance and up the estuarine channel.
Communication with Aboriginal Speakers of English in the Legal Process

This paper provides an overview of sociolinguistic issues concerning communication in the legal process between non-Aboriginal people using General Australian English and Aboriginal people using other varieties of English. It draws on three types of evidence: published research, specific cases, and communication with Aboriginal people, lawyers, judges and magistrates. Specific cases exemplify distinctive Aboriginal features of English in grammar, accent, vocabulary, pragmatics, discourse structure and cultural presuppositions. The paper also considers some of the ways in which legal professionals are engaging with intercultural communication issues raised by sociolinguists. Despite some promising recent developments, a recent case highlights implications for other legal decision-makers, namely jurors.
Finite metal-sheet-resistance in contact resistivity measurements: Application to Si/TiN contacts

Abstract The standard transmission line model cannot be applied to evaluate the contact resistivity of thin TiN layers on highly doped p + and n + substrates because the finite sheet resistance of the TiN must be accounted for. We present two ways to include this effect using existing analytical models. The results are shown to agree with measurements where the effect of the finite sheet resistance of TiN is eliminated with a metallic overlayer. With the help of these evaluation techniques, it is shown that the contact resistivity of TiN changes in opposite ways for p + and n + Si after vacuum annealing at 600°C for 15 min. This result is consistent with an increase of the barrier height φ Bn of the contact by ≅0.1 V to near midgap value.
Web-based tracking systems for electronic resources management

SUMMARY Robert Alan reported on the development of ERLIC2, Penn State's tracking system, which will include optical imaging of critical documentation such as licenses, access and authentication information, financial information, and statistics for library staff, as well as information on access problems and new products. Lai-Ying Hsiung reported on how UCSC is using the Web-based program Request Tracker to receive queries from their users, share responsibility for responding to these communications, and archive the resolved transactions. Both projects satisfy specific local needs in responding to the problem of managing electronic resources.
Lupus-associated pulmonary hypertension: Long-term response to vasoactive therapy

Summary Introduction Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious complication of lupus. The effectiveness of current vasoactive therapy has not been well described. Methods Retrospective analysis of 12 patients with lupus-associated PH (age 43±10 years, mean±SD, all female) treated with pulmonary vasodilators. Results At baseline, patients had severe PH: median six-minute walk distance (6MWD) 266m (95% confidence interval [CI], 106 to 362); functional class III ( n =7) and IV ( n =5); mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) 52mmHg and cardiac index 2.23L/min/m 2 . Eight patients were started on epoprostenol and 2 each on bosentan or treprostinil. After a mean follow-up of 41±25 months, 5 patients were on combination therapy (3 epoprostenol plus bosentan, 1 treprostinil plus bosentan, 1 bosentan plus sildenafil) and 7 were on monotherapy (2 epoprostenol, 4 bosentan, 1 sildenafil); 6MWD increased by 139m (95% CI, 36 to 259, p =0.007), 8 patients were functional class I or II and 4 were class III; right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) decreased by 22mmHg (95% CI, 6 to 36; p =0.012), mPAP decreased by 18mmHg (95% CI, 8 to 29; p =0.014), and cardiac index increased by 1.44L/min/m 2 (95% CI, 0.76 to 2.08; p =0.016). There was no mortality or need for lung transplantation. Therapy was well tolerated. Conclusions Vasoactive therapy can achieve sustained clinical and hemodynamic improvement in lupus-associated PH.
Semiconducting Behavior of the Intermetallic Compound Al2Ru

We present data on transport properties of polycrystalline samples of the intermetallic compound Al2Ru. The high d.c. conductivity ratio σ(300 K)/σ(0.46 K) ≈ 50 and low conductivity σ(0.46 K) = 0.21 Ω-1 cm-1 are anomalous for metal-based alloys. At high temperature, above 500 K, σ exhibits an activated behavior indicative of an energy gap in reasonable agreement with band structure calculations and optical-conductivity results. Analysis of results on a large number of samples suggests also the existence of a small intrinsic band inside the gap. Transport and magnetotransport experiments indicate that Al2Ru is a classical semiconductor even at low temperature.
The Cowboy: Representations of Labor in an American Work Culture

The Cowboy uses literary, historical, folkloric, and pop cultural sources to document the cowboy's role in the culture of the American West. In doing so, Allmendinger makes use of early oral poems recited by cowboys in the course of their work, and later poems, histories, and autobiographies written by cowboys - most of which have never before been studied by scholars.
Microstructural development and evolution in liquid-phase sintered Fe-Cu alloys

An experimental study relating the scale and contiguity of liquid-phase sintered Fe-Cu alloys to sintering conditions has been conducted over a broad range of solid-phase volume fraction. It is found that the solid-phase contiguity attains a steady-state value at fairly short sintering times and that contiguity increases with increasing particle volume fraction, but is essentially independent of sintering temperature. Both the continuity and scale of microstructure are discussed in terms of concurrent particle coalescence and Ostwald ripening. It is found that values of the probability of particle coalescence after contact required to explain the contiguities observed are in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions. However, comparison of observed contiguities with those predicted by recent studies is found to be unsatisfactory since the latter do not predict the steady-state contiguities observed. On the other hand, microstructural observations and measurements of coarsening-rate constants as a function of particle volume fraction indicate clearly that particle coalescence contributes significantly to the coarsening process at higher particle volume fractions.
Geometrical shock dynamics and engine unstart

In this work we contribute to the study of the engine "unstart" problem on the assumption that noise caused by shock-induced separation of the turbulent boundary layer can contribute to the problem. This noise is caused by strong discrete vortices encountering the foot of the reected shock. It can be transmitted along the shock. We have made extensions to the theory of Geometrical Shock Dynamics that permit very rapid estimates of this noise up to distances of 400 times the core radius of the vortex, and nd that in some cases there is only slight reduction of amplitude. These calculations are validated by comparing them, for shorter distances, with solutions obtained from the Euler equations.
Contribution to the biogeography of some species of terrestrial Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta : Annelida)

Abstract Despite the fact that enchytraeids have been known worldwide since the second half of the 19th century only a few surveys of the biogeography of terrestrial species have been made. Certainly, this deficiency is at least partly due to the difficult taxonomic situation of the family Enchytraeidae. Since the late 1950s there has been an idea of the number and distribution of European species, but with the exception of some restricted areas hardly anything is known about the enchytraeid fauna of other continents. Therefore, all distribution maps up to now show mainly the current state of scientific knowledge. In this contribution a first assessment of the biogeography of ten selected species belonging to six genera of terrestrial, mainly European enchytraeids is given. The criterion for the selection of these species was easy identification at the species level on the basis of very obvious characters which allowed the use of references of non-specialists too. On the base of the literature and own samplings distribution maps are given and the distribution patterns are discussed.
Bell test of discrete-continuous entanglement

We report a summary of our recent work proposing a new Bell test for discrete-continuous entangled systems when the continuous variable state is unknown (i.e., arbitrary and inaccessible to direct measurements).
Statistical analysis of commercial c-Si PV module photovoltaic efficiency distribution over 10-years period

PV modules are primarily rated at standard test conditions (STC), which corresponds to 1000 W/m2 irradiance, 25°C cell temperature, and AM 1.5 spectrum. This paper presents the statistical analyses of efficiency data obtained for over 300 crystalline silicon modules from various manufacturers between 1999 and 2008. Modules were tested at Arizona State University. The objective is (1) to show how the rated efficiencies compare to the measured efficiencies (of manufacturers' supplied modules to a certification laboratory) at STC over time, and (2) to compare measured efficiencies under two other different test conditions: SOC (standard operating condition) and Low E (low irradiance). This paper presents three major findings related to: rated versus measured STC data on manufacturers' supplied modules to a certification laboratory; performance variability over time; and statistical significance of the efficiency increase over the time period considered.
Gone Public: The Impact of Going Public on Presidential Legislative Success

Since the publication of Samuel Kernell’s Going Public in 1986, many political scientists have accepted the theory of going public; yet, few scholars have tested the effectiveness of this president...
Mass transport enhancement in the DMFC using an externally applied oscillatory flow

The direct methanol fuel cell experiences performance decay at high current densities due to mass transfer limitations. The dominant mass transfer limiting mechanism at high methanol/water feed rates and low methanol feed concentrations has been attributed to the slow diffusion of methanol through the porous diffusion layer of the anode. In this study, fluid oscillations were induced in the feed to the anode of a DMFC and significant performance improvements were observed at high current densities. It was found that the improvement in measured limiting current densities over steady flow operation was as large as twofold and the peak power density increased by as much as 30%. A model is presented which predicts the experimental values of limiting current density as a function of the Peclet number in the porous diffusion layer of the DMFC anode. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Material Rhetoric, Public Memory, and the Post-It Note

When it opened, the American Civil War Center (ACWC) at Historic Tredegar became home to the first museum exhibit to tell the story of the Civil War from the perspectives of its three central stakeholders: Unionists, Confederates, and African Americans. This article explores the ways in which the ACWC capitalizes upon the materiality of the post-it note, functioning as a public visitor guestbook, to configure and simultaneously to delineate the bounds of a national “imagined community.” I argue that this configuring process largely inhibits the productive possibilities for what Susan Crane has called a “distortion” of visitor expectation. In disciplining what Crane terms an “excess” of memory, the ACWC broadly, and the post-it note specifically, upholds the legitimacy of the museum as an institution of public memory.
The Upf‐dependent decay of wild‐type PPR1 mRNA depends on its 5′‐UTR and first 92 ORF nucleotides

mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons (nonsense mRNAs) are targeted for deadenylation-independent degradation in a mechanism that depends on Upf1p, Upf2p and Upf3p. This decay pathway is often called nonsense- mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Nonsense mRNAs are decapped by Dcp1p and then degraded 5′ to 3′ by Xrn1p. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a significant number of wild-type mRNAs accumulate in upf mutants. Wild-type PPR1 mRNA is one of these mRNAs. Here we show that PPR1 mRNA degradation depends on the Upf proteins, Dcp1p, Xrn1p and Hrp1p. We have mapped an Upf1p-dependent destabilizing element to a region located within the 5′-UTR and the first 92 bases of the PPR1 ORF. This element targets PPR1 mRNA for Upf-dependent decay by a novel mechanism.
Quantification of image registration error

Image registration is a digital image processing technique that takes two or more of images of a scene in different coordinate systems and transforms them into a single coordinate system. Image registration is a necessary step in many advanced image processing techniques, such as multi-frame super-resolution. For that reason, registration accuracy is very crucial. While image registration is usually performed on images, one can perform the registration using metric images as well. This paper will present registration methods and their accuracies for various noise levels for the case of pure translational image motion. Registration techniques will be applied to the images themselves as well as to phase congruency images, gradient images, and edge-detected images. This study will also investigate registration of under-sampled images. Noise-free images are degraded using three types of noise: additive Gaussian noise, fixed-pattern noise along the column direction, and a combination of these two. The registration error is quantified for two registration algorithms with three different images as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio. A test on the usefulness of the image registration and registration accuracy performed on the intensity images of the Stokes imaging polarimeter. The Stokes images calculated before and after registration of the intensity images are compared to each other to show the improvement.
Sexual abuse of children: clinical findings and implications for management.

Abstract To increase understanding of childhood sexual abuse, we reviewed the hospital records of 113 girls and 17 boys who were the victims of sexual offenses. They were two to 16 years of age and...
Kinetic Mechanism and Inhibitor Characterization for c-jun-N-Terminal Kinase 3α1

c-jun-N-Terminal kinase 3α1 (JNK3α1) is a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family member expressed primarily in the brain that phosphorylates protein transcription factors including c-jun and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) upon activation by a variety of stress-based stimuli. In this study, the kinetic mechanism for JNK3α1 was determined via initial velocity patterns in the presence and absence of both ATP and ATF2 competitive inhibitors. Peptide inhibitors from both ATF2 (peptide 1) and JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP-1) (peptide 3), derived from the homologous δ-domain JNK docking sequence, inhibited JNK3α1 activity in a competitive fashion versus ATF2 while being pure noncompetitive toward ATP. In contrast, peptides derived from the phosphoacceptor activation domain on ATF2 (peptides 4 and 5) were recognized neither as substrates nor as inhibitors of JNK3α1. AMP−PCP and compound 6, a small molecule analinopyrimidine, exhibited pure noncompetitive inhibition versus ATF2 and competitive in...
Fournier's gangrene secondary to intra-abdominal processes

We report 2 cases of necrotizing fasciitis of the perineum, perianal area, and male genitalia (Fournier's gangrene) that arose secondary to intra-abdominal infectious processes (ruptured appendicitis and diverticulitis). Management consisted of immediate debridement of necrotic tissue, exploratory laparotomy, and diverting colostomy. The presence of an acute abdominal process was not immediately evident on initial evaluation of either patient. This demonstrates the critical importance of considering intra-abdominal infection in patients with Fournier's gangrene when the more commonly seen urinary tract, perirectal, and traumatic causes are not readily apparent.
Research in home-care telemedicine: challenges in patient recruitment.

This study reports challenges in recruiting patients for a randomized controlled trial of homecare telemedicine. Descriptive statistics on patient eligibility for home-care telemedicine services and patient refusals for participation are provided. Frequency counts of reasons for study exclusion and participant refusal and Chi-square tests to compare race and age-related differences are given. Of 302 home-care patients reviewed, 197 (65.2%) did not meet inclusion criteria. The most common reasons for study exclusion were patients either needing 3 skilled nurse visits per week (n = 46, 23.4%). Of the eligible patients (n = 105), 79 persons (75.2%) refused participation. The most common reasons for refusals were lack of perceived addition benefit of telemedicine (n = 27, 34.2%), and that routine health care was sufficient (n = 23, 29.1%). Higher than expected proportions of patients did not meet chosen eligibility criteria or refused to participate. These results should be helpful in designing home-care telemedicine programs and clinical trials.
MR angiography in the evaluation of a renovascular cause of neonatal hypertension

Neonatal hypertension occurs in 2% of all infants and it is caused by renovascular abnormalities in 70% of these infants. The gold standard for diagnosing renovascular disease is conventional renal angiography. However, in neonates the procedure is not commonly used because of its invasive and technically challenging nature. MRI and MR angiography (MRA) are less invasive yet reliable means of detecting renovascular disease in adults. There is minimal literature on the use of MRI/MRA in neonatal hypertension. We report a neonate with hypertension secondary to a renovascular abnormality in which MRI/MRA was helpful in uncovering segmental renal artery stenosis. The infant underwent partial nephrectomy with subsequent resolution of his hypertension. Further studies are needed to validate the use of MRI/MRA in the evaluation of neonatal hypertension.
De novo prediction of polypeptide conformations using dihedral probability grid Monte Carlo methodology.

We tested the dihedral probability grid Monte Carlo (DPG-MC) methodology to determine optimal conformations of polypeptides by applying it to predict the low energy ensemble for two peptides whose solution NMR structures are known: integrin receptor peptide (YGRGDSP, Type I1 P-turn) and S3 a-helical peptide (YMSEDEL KAAEAAFKRHGPT). DPG-MC involves importance sampling, local random stepping in the vicinity of a current local minima, and Metropolis sampling criteria for acceptance or rejection of new structures. Internal coordinate values are based on side-chain-specific dihedral angle probability distributions (from analysis of high-resolution protein crystal structures). Important features of DPG-MC are: (1) Each DPG-MC step selects the torsion angles (6, $, x) from a discrete grid that are then applied directly to the structure. The torsion angle increments can be taken as S = 60, 30, 15, 10, or 5”, depending on the application. (2) DPG-MC utilizes a temperature-dependent probability function (P) in conjunction with Metropolis sampling to accept or reject new structures. For each peptide, we found close agreement with the known structure for the low energy conformational ensemble located with DPG-MC. This suggests that DPG-MC will be useful for predicting conformations of other polypeptides.
Simulations Of Limiting Current In A Crossed-field Gap: Hull Diode

Simulations confirm the Hull cutoff [1] as the limiting stable current for a space charge limited planar crossed-field diode. In addition, a current occurs beyond the Hull cutoff, with a near-zero average value plus a high frequency oscillatory component which dies rapidly in time. The diode reacts strongly to small increases in injection current above the current limit and magnetic field above the Hull cutoff, with a rapid reduction of transmitted current. The simulations are performed in ID3V, using PDP1 [2].
Multichannel intraluminal impedance accurately detects fasting, recumbent reflux events and their clearing

Multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) is a new diagnostic test for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The objective of this report is to determine the accuracy of MII in detecting individu...
Structures of DNA double helix

Nuclear magnetic resonance data are presented which show that poly(dG-dC)·poly(dG-dC) in solution under high salt conditions takes up the left-handed Z-DNA conformation and that in low salt solutions it is predominantly the Arnott-Hukins B form. In both forms the G-C pairs are not propeller twisted, i.e., they are flat. On the other hand, the AATT segments in oligonucleotide double helices tend to be propeller twisted, and the AT domains conform to a structure similar to that of Levitt and Dickerson models. These studies indicate that under solution conditions the DNA double helix, depending upon sequence, can take up a variety of spatial configurations. Data in the literature about conformational transitions and interconnections are reviewed, and we examine the available evidence for the presence of left-handed Z-DNA in a chromosome.
Future death and bowel complications in undelivered fetuses with gastroschisis by week of gestation

GASTROSCHISIS BY WEEK OF GESTATION DENA TOWNER, University of California, Davis, Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sacramento, California OBJECTIVE: To determine the chance of future death and adverse bowel outcomes by gestational week in undelivered pregnancies with gastroschisis. STUDY DESIGN: Using linked data from maternal and infant hospital discharge records and from birth and death certificates from acute care civilian hospitals in California during the years 1992-1997, we identified infants that survived to gastroschisis repair. In the population of undelivered fetuses, the chance of future neonatal death, bowel atresia and need for major bowel surgery (resections and ostomies) were calculated at 24 weeks and weekly from 34 through 41 weeks. The statistic utilized was the chi square for linear trend. RESULTS: There were 577 infants at risk for atresia and major bowel surgery and 387 at risk for death as data on death was only available through 1995. There was a significant trend for decreased chance of future bowel atresia (p=0.002) and bowel surgery (p=0.023) with increasing gestational age but no trend found for death (Table1). CONCLUSION: Fetuses with bowel atresia and those with major bowel surgery tend to be delivered earlier in gestation, but there remains a constant risk for death in the undelivered population of fetuses with gastroschisis.
A study of antigen-antibody reaction rates by light transmission measurements☆

Abstract 1. 1. The antigen-antibody reaction has been studied in the region of antibody excess in the rabbit antibody system by transmission measurements of scattered light. 2. 2. The data are shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that in antibody excess the part of the antigen-antibody reaction which is rate-determining (i.e., the slow step or steps in the reaction), as measured in these experiments, is a second-order reaction or a sum or sequence of second-order reactions. 3. 3. The data are also consistent with a reaction in which the rate-determining step or steps is second order with respect to antigen and independent of antibody concentration.
NATIVE TRICHINOSIS IN WILD RODENTS IN HENRICO COUNTY, VIRGINIA

Encapsulated larvae of Trichinella spiralis were found in wild-trapped, Microtus pennsylvanicus and Sigmodon hispidus. In addition, Peromyscus leucopus and Mus musculus again were found infected. These mammals were trapped from a farm site in Henrico County, Virginia, remote from known potential sources of trichinosis. The possible zoonotic relationship between wild rodent trichinosis and swine trichinosis is discussed.
Effect of Increasing Electron Demand

The nonclassical ion theory is a “soft” theory, exceedingly flexible. In Section 1.8 several examples were presented to show how conflicting data and interpretations could be used and, in the past, have on occasion been so used to support the nonclassical position in spite of the evident contradictions. What is needed is an objective measure of π- and σ-participation. The Gassman-Fentiman approach1 (Section 7.2) offered promise of such an objective measure. Consequently, we undertook to apply it to a large number of representative systems involving possible π- and σ-participation. The results, to be described in this chapter, proved both promising and consistent. However, applied to 2-norbornyl it failed to detect σ-participation.
Detailed Study of Attached and Separated Compression Corner Flowfields in High Reynolds Number Supersonic Flow

An experimental study has been carried out to detail the interaction of a compressible turbulent boundary layer with shock waves of varying strengths. The interaction was produced by two-dimension al compression corners of 8, 16, 20, and 24 deg angles. The incoming boundary layer had an edge Mach number of 2.85 and a Reynolds number of 1.7 million based on overall thickness. Detailed mean flow and surface measurements are presented for the four corner angles. The 8 deg corner flow was found to be fully attached, while the 16 deg case was near incipient separation. Both the 20 and 24 deg corners produced significant flow separation regions. In the discussion of these results, emphasis is placed on the development of flowfield properties from attached to separated conditions. Comparisons made with a computational solution of the Navier-Stokes equations show good agreement when the corner flow is not separated. Separated corner flows seem to require a more complex turbulence model in the computational solution.
Update on pharmacologic therapy for pulmonary embolism

Warfarin, unfractionated heparin (UFH), and low-molecular-weight heparins are anticoagulants that have been used for treatment of pulmonary embolism. Currently approved drugs for treatment of venous thromboembolism include UFH, enoxaparin, dalteparin, fondaparinux, warfarin, and rivaroxaban. The advent of newer oral anticoagulants such as rivaroxaban, dabigatran, and apixaban has provided us with alternative therapeutic options for long-term anticoagulation. This article will give an overview of the various anticoagulant drugs, use in various clinical scenarios, data supporting their clinical use, and recommendations regarding duration of anticoagulant therapy.
THE EFFECTS OF 1996 FARM LEGISLATION ON FEED AND FOOD GRAINS

The 1996 Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 has been portrayed as a radical departure from the farm policies of the past 60 years. FAIR brought sweeping institutional changes to the basic price and income support programs, many of which had been in place since the 1930s. Close analysis reveals that many of the reforms of the FAIR Act are less revolutionary innovations and more continuations of reforms that began with the 1985 farm legislation and were extended by the 1990 farm bill. Nor should one believe that the changes will result, as some suggest, in large changes in crop acreages or have large effects on the year-to-year variability offarm revenues for these crops. In both cases, the changes in policies may be substantive, but their effective consequences are modest.
The Effect of Stock Market Dynamics on Internet Price Competition

The authors' model of Internet pricing competition shows how differences in switching costs, increasing returns to scale, and discount rates between pure and hybrid e-tailers affected their choice of pricing objective. During the run-up of Internet stocks, differences in these determinants motivated pure e-tailers to build their customer base, whereas hybrid e-tailers leveraged their relationship with existing (offline) customers. In the resulting two-tiered pricing structure, pure e-tailers offered substantially lower prices than hybrid e-tailers. The dot.com crash of April 2000 increased the discount rate for pure e-tailers. Using a longitudinal database of printer prices, the authors' model correctly predicts changes in overall price dispersion and the direction and magnitude of price changes for pure and hybrid e-tailers associated with this change in the financial markets. This study illustrates how changes in financial markets can affect pricing competition among Internet retailers in a single category.
A low-cost, easy-fabricating stretchable microneedle-electrode array for intramuscular recording and stimulation

The application of intramuscular electrode technology to a large muscle area, with the inter-electrode distance maintained, has the potential to increase both the controllability and observability of the muscle. To address such a need, this paper presents a simple method for fabricating a novel type of stretchable microneedle-electrode array (sMNEA). The sMNEA is formed by embedding micro-sized, gold-coated nail-head pins between two polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers. The nail-head pins function as microneedle electrodes which are sharp enough to penetrate a muscle easily, while the PDMS substrate holds each electrode at a fixed position, conforms to the muscle surface curvature, and stretches along with muscle deformation. Fabrication of the device is cost effective and has a turnaround time of a few hours. The resulting device is robust to bending and stretching, and its placement on and electrode insertion into a muscle are easy and efficient.
Fabrication of core-shell type magnetic nanoparticles by a nanocluster deposition technique

Nanoparticle deposition gun and on-line co-sputtering technique was used to prepare core-shell type Au@Fe/sub 65/Co/sub 35/ nanostructures on glass substrates. The crystallization, texture and nanostructures were observed by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were measured by the use of a vibrating sample magnetometer. TEM observations including bright/dark images and diffraction patterns showed that all FeCo nanoparticles are single crystals and show random orientations. The hysteresis loop measured at room temperature has an average diameter of about 23 nm, and the coercivity is about 60 Oe. Au shell thickness is about 1-2 nm.
Dynamic Errors in Electronic Analog Computers

The introduction of dynamic errors in the solutions of linear differential equations by electronic analog computers has been given considerable attention. The previous work on the subject is reviewed herein and a useful application of these results is illustrated. The presentation of the error data is given in terms of the shift in the characteristic roots of the equation caused by the limited bandwidths of the operational amplifiers. A graphical representation, useful in predicting the bounds on the root shift, is also illustrated. Although the example shown is based on a linear second-order differential equation, it is observed that the method can be extended to higher-order linear characteristic equations.
A Distributed Bioremediation Problem with Modal Switching

We consider a model of bioremediation characterized by discontinuous transitions of the bacteria between ‘dormant’ and ‘active’ states. For a distributed problem with nondispersive spatial coupling (pure convection) it is shown both that the direct problem is well-posed and that there exists an optimal control for the natural cost functional.
Living on the Edge A Review of the Literature

A comprehensive review of the literature of the universal experience of living on the edge is discussed. Literature was reviewed from biology, criminology, ecology, economics, ethics, finance, fine arts, historical biography, medicine, nursing, philosophy, physiology, psychology, sociology, and theology. Three themes emerged with this literature review: living on the edge as a sacred place one travels to or where one lives, living on the edge as a choice in taking risks and surviving danger, and living on the edge as engaging with health experiences in which persons and nurses coparticipate. Living on the edge is a visionary quest into a new frontier that holds illimitable possibilities that transform the world. The literature is discussed according to theoretical and research findings.
Data Mining for Hierarchical Model Creation

In this paper, we examine the problem of learning inhabitant behavioral models in intelligent environments. We maintain that inhabitant interactions in smart environments can be automated using a data-driven approach to generate hierarchical inhabitant models and learn decision policies. To validate this hypothesis, we have designed the ProPHeT decision-learning algorithm that learns a strategy for controlling a smart environment based on sensor observation, power line control, and the generated hierarchical model. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated using real data collected from our MavHome smart home and smart office environments.
Decreased Effective Blood Volume in Edematous Disorders: What Does This Mean?

Edematous patients with renal sodium and water retention, particularly cardiac failure and cirrhosis, have been suggested to have a decreased "effective blood volume." This enigmatic and undefined term was coined because edematous patients were found to have increased, rather than the earlier proposed decreased, blood volumes. This article discusses the advances that have occurred in understanding the pathophysiology of edema as occurs in conditions such as cardiac failure, cirrhosis, and pregnancy. The regulatory mechanisms that lead to increased sodium and water retention by the normal kidney are related to arterial underfilling, as a result of a decrease in cardiac output, arterial vasodilation, or both.
Computer simulation study of Siemens star x‐ray image artifacts

In the Siemens star image, exact determination of the first disappearance frequency, which is used to measure the focal spot size, is difficult since the disappearance band has a finite width and the image also has other artifacts. The origin of these artifacts and their appearance was studied by Siemens star image simulation on a digital computer. The simulated images were manipulated by using many different modulation and phase transfer functions. It is shown that the bending of spokes is not related to zero contrast; exact triplet splitting can occur only at the disappearance frequency, and therefore splitting is a valuable indicator of that frequency.
Electronic conduction through organic molecules

In this paper, we present a method for computing the resistance of molecular wires and illustrate it with a systematic theoretical study of a particular class of organic molecules. These molecules consist of one or more benzene rings with a thiol(-SH) group at the ends. This end group can attach readily to metallic surfaces, thus allowing the molecule to function as a nanoelectronic interconnect. The conduction through these molecules at low bias occurs by tunneling, leading to resistances that are typically several tens of megaohms. The resistance goes up exponentially with the number of rings and is sensitive to the relative orientation of the rings and the bonding between them. The Green-function-based method presented here provides a powerful tool for accurate modeling of the semi-infinite contacts that are used to measure molecular resistance.
Assessment of baroreflex control from beat-to-beat blood pressure and heart rate changes : A validation study

In this study, we tested the validity of a new method designed to estimate baroreflex control of heart rate from spontaneous changes in systolic pressure and pulse interval. This method was compared with a conventional method of assessing baroreflex control through measuring reflex adjustments in pulse interval associated with pharmacological manipulations of blood pressure. The estimates of baroreflex control derived from the two methods were significantly correlated ; however, only the estimate derived using pharmacological changes in pressure detected significant impairment of baroreflex control in patients with damage to baroafferents produced by radiation for oropharyngeal cancer. Analysis of spontaneous changes in pressure and pulse interval therefore provide a meaningful estimate of baroreflex control of heart rate that is, however, less sensitive than estimates obtained using pharmacological manipulations in pressure.
Distinct spatial and temporal functions for PS integrins during Drosophila wing morphogenesis

At the onset of pupariation in the Drosophila wing, the PS1 and PS2 integrins are expressed preferentially on the dorsal and ventral wing epithelia, respectively. Clonal analysis experiments have indicated that integrins are required to maintain the tight association of the wing surfaces. Surprisingly, we find that even in clones of cells lacking integrins the wing layers become apposed early in metamorphosis. However, following the normal period of wing separation, large integrin mutant clones do not become re-apposed in the pupa, and integrins are not organized in basal plaques in cells opposite a mutant clone. Paradoxically, our experiments indicate that at least one integrin function requires different integrins on the dorsal and ventral wing surfaces, however in some cases both alphaPS subunits can function to some degree on each wing surface. Finally, overexpression of an alphaPS subunit throughout the wing leads to a dominant wing blister phenotype, and the critical period for this phenotype is the beginning of pupariation. These data indicate that integrin requirements in wing morphogenesis can be separated into early (prepupal) and late (pupal) functions. The late function seems to reflect the traditional view of integrins as cell-matrix adhesion proteins. The early requirement, which probably requires dorsoventral segregation of PS1 and PS2, suggests functions for PS1 and PS2 in signaling events that regulate morphogenesis.
Iron Supplementation to Enhance the Recovery of Salmonella enteritidis from Pools of Egg Contents.

Direct-plating culture methods have been proposed for use in programs to test eggs for contamination by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) because of their speed and low cost, but direct plating has previously been observed to detect SE less frequently than more elaborate broth-enrichment culture methods. The present study used experimentally inoculated pools of egg contents to assess the comparative sensitivities of direct-plating and broth-enrichment culturing for detecting SE, to evaluate the ability of iron supplementation to increase the multiplication of SE during incubation of egg pools, and to determine whether iron supplementation could enhance the ability of direct plating to detect SE in egg pools that initially contained very few SE cells. Efficient detection of SE in egg pools was found to require an approximately 10,000-fold higher level of SE for direct plating than for broth-enrichment culturing. Iron supplementation of contaminated egg pools significantly (P < 0.005) increased the resulting final level of SE after 1 day of incubation at 37°C. Iron supplementation also significantly (P < 0.005) increased the percentage of 10-egg pools, initially inoculated with fewer than 10 SE cells each, that were identified as contaminated by direct plating after the pools had been incubated for 1 day at 37°C. Increasing the iron availability in incubating egg pools, therefore, increased the probability that a small initial number of SE cells would grow quickly to levels likely to be detected by direct plating.
Temporal Patterns of Feeding by Caribbean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Sucrose and Hydrolyzed Yeast

Caged Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), held overnight without food fed more often on hydrolyzed brewers yeast and on sugar during the early morning than at any other time of the day. Flies provided yeast or sucrose overnight still fed principally during the morning hours on the following day. Both male and female consumption of 0.1 M sucrose solution was initially low when flies were 1 d old but increased daily until 1 wk after emergence and remained high thereafter. Consumption of yeast solution during the same time period increased over the first 5 d for both sexes, peaked 6 d after emergence, and fell off thereafter. Maximal rates of consumption of yeast solution were much higher, however, for females than for males. Peak yeast consumption in females coincided with a period of rapid ovarian development.
Race, ethnicity and German identity: a media analysis of the 2010 world cup men's national soccer team

ABSTRACTEnjoying a surge of national pride, the German media celebrated the 2010 German World Cup team's success in South Africa. A dominant theme in this coverage was the ‘immigration background’ of 11 of the 23 players on the team and their claim to German identity despite their ethnic diversity. Amid debate over the changing nature of German citizenship, the national team's ‘multicultural kickers’ became the focal point for those who wished to re-frame German identity. This article examines German newspaper and magazine coverage of the national soccer team emphasizing the role that media played in constructing competing definitions of the German citizen and nation.
Vibrational and Rotational Excitation and Dissociation in N 2 -N 2 Collisions from Accurate Theoretical Calculations

Dissociation and vibrational-rotational energy transfer rate coefficients are computed for high-temperature N2 under conditions expected for re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere at 10-12 km/s. The calculations utilize classical mechanics to simulate individual collisions between two N2 molecules and an accurate quantum chemical potential energy surface to describe the interatomic forces between the four nitrogen atoms. (v,J)-specific cross sections are computed and combined into internal energy bins using a coarse-grain lumping model to generate rate coefficients for translational temperatures between 1000 K and 50,000 K. Thermal equilibrium rate coefficients are compared with available experimental data.
Compounds Related to Insect Juvenile Hormones. VIII. Activity of Aryl Citronellylcarbamates on the Yellow Mealworm and the Large Milkweed Bug

Aryl esters of citronellylcarbamic and a few related acids were prepared and tested for juvenile hormone activity against the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas). Most of these compounds, especially the phenyl, p -toly1, 3,4-(methylenedioxy) phenyl, and o-chlorophenyl esters, were active against T. molitors; their activity against O. fasciatus was generally much lower.
Distance and movement time effects on the timing of agonist and antagonist muscles: a test of the impulse-timing theory.

The experiment examined the effects of movement time (MT) and distance on the timing of electromyographic (EMG) activity from an agonist and antagonist muscle during rapid, discrete elbow movements in the horizontal plane. According to impulse-timing theory (Wallace, 1981) MT, not distance moved, should have a pronounced effect on the timing of EMG activity (duration of initial agonist and antagonist burst and time to onset of initial antagonist burst). The levels of MT were 100 and 160 msec and the levels of distance were 27° and 45° of elbow flexion. In general support of impulse-timing theory, the results of the three EMG timing measures showed that MT had a more pronounced effect on these measures than distance. In addition, the timing of EMG activity in relation to total MT remained fairly consistent across the four MT-distance conditions.