cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal contribution to overall metabolism of drugs. I. Conversion of benzoic acid to hippuric acid.

The kinetics of biotransformation of benzoic acid to hippuric acid during infusion in animals were studied at steady state. The contributions to the glycine conjugation of benzoic acid made by the kidney in contrast to the body as a whole were quantified by the utilization of apparent clearances, (Vel)app., and true renal clearances, (Vel)ex. Michaelis-Menten kinetics appear to describe the rate of biotransformation of both metabolic processes. The data result in estimation of the in vivo Km and Vmax. values.
The IκB kinase complex: master regulator of NF-κB signaling

The Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family of transcription factors regulates the expression of a wide range of genes critical for immune and inflammatory responses, cell survival, immune development, and cell proliferation. Dysregulated NF-κB activity occurs in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and certain types of cancers making NF-κB signaling an attractive target for the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer drugs. A pivotal regulator of all inducible NF-κB signaling pathways is the IκB kinase (IKK) complex that consists of two kinases (IKKα and IKKβ) and a regulatory subunit named NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Genetic analysis of the IKK complex has identified two separate pathways named the classical and non-canonical mechanisms that are dependent on either NEMO and IKKβ (classical) or IKKα alone (non-canonical). To better understand the mechanisms that regulate IKK complex activity and to address the differential functions of IKKα and IKKβ we have molecularly dissected the IKKs. We describe here how these studies have identified a unique inhibitor of pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling, an unforeseen role for IKKα in the classical NF-κB pathway, and a novel functional domain in IKKβ that is not present in IKKα.
TREATMENT OF RADIATION INDUCED HEMORRHAGIC CYSTITIS WITH HYPERBARIC OXYGEN: LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP

AbstractPurpose: Hemorrhagic cystitis is a recognized possible side effect of therapeutic radiation administered for a variety of pelvic malignancies. Patients may experience pain, bleeding and clot retention. Various palliative treatments, including instillation of alum, silver nitrate and formalin, may be unsuccessful in alleviating patient symptoms. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is often used to treat poorly healing wounds. We assess the long-term efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in treating the manifestations of radiation induced injury to the bladder.Materials and Methods: A total of 11 patients with radiation induced hemorrhagic cystitis, confirmed by cystoscopy and biopsy, were treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Symptoms included intractable hematuria in all 11 patients, and some also had other voiding symptoms, including persistent suprapubic pain and urinary urgency. In all patients most other types of management had failed and there was no evidence of active infection or recurrent malignan...
Central hemodynamic effects of recombinant human relaxin in the isolated, perfused rat heart model

Objective To determine the cardiac effects of relaxin in the isolated, perfused rat heart model, and to see if pregnancy modifies the hormone's actions. Methods Hearts were excised from 18 female Sprague-Dawley rats (ten pregnant, eight nonpregnant) and attached to a Langendorff apparatus. Left ventricular systolic pressure, heart rate, and contractility were measured. Hearts were exposed serially to 0.5,1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 ng/mL concentrations of recombinant human relaxin. Results Hearts from pregnant rats had lower heart rates than those from nonpregnant animals. Relaxin increased heart rate, left ventricular systolic pressure, and contractility in a dose-dependent fashion. Pregnancy did not modify this response. Conclusion Recombinant human relaxin is a potent inotropic and chronotropic agent. The effects coupled with the physiologic increase of relaxin during human pregnancy indicate that relaxin may be involved in the cardiovascular changes of pregnancy.
Faking in Personality Assessment: A “Multisaturation” Perspective on Faking as Performance

Concerns about socially desirable responding on self-report personality tests are heightened in employment settings where motivation to fake is elevated. Building on prior faking models and the classical X = T + e measurement model, we offer a unique performance-based perspective, in which opportunity, ability, and motivation to fake are jointly critical (P = O × A × M). Trait activation theory is used to show how impression management and self-deception can express multiple abilities and traits beyond those targeted and how response biases might be reduced. Three sets of testable hypotheses are offered. That nontargeted traits (e.g., ambition) serving faking might contribute to the prediction of job performance supports the view that faking could benefit selection decisions. Several arguments against this perspective are proposed.
Brownian-motion-based convective-conductive model for the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids

Here we show through an order-of-magnitude analysis that the enhancement in the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids is due mainly to the localized convection caused by the Brownian movement of the nanoparticles. We also introduce a convective-conductive model which accurately captures the effects of particle size, choice of base liquid, thermal interfacial resistance between the particles and liquid, temperature, etc. This model is a combination of the Maxwell-Garnett (MG) conduction model and the convection caused by the Brownian movement of the nanoparficles, and reduces to the MG model for large particle sizes. The model is in good agreement with data on water, ethylene glycol, and oil-based nanofluids, and shows that the lighter the nanoparticles, the greater the convection effect in the liquid, regardless of the thermal conductivity of the nanoparticles.
Enhanced spectral resolution in 2D NMR signal analysis using linear prediction extrapolation and apodization

Abstract An alternative method to FFT combining linear prediction extrapolation and linesharpening apodization has been applied to complex NMR signal analysis. This method, in common with other LP procedures with a matrix decomposition routine, avoids truncation artifacts and increases resolution significantly. The advantage is particularly important for the t, dimension in 2D spectra which are invariably severely truncated as a result of practical limits on data acquisition time and storage space. Because of the incorporation of an efficient autoregression algorithm, our procedure can be used for routine spectral analysis of complex 1 D and general 2D spectra of complex molecules with computational resources which are commonly available in NMR laboratories.
Understanding the role of perceived severity in STD-related care-seeking delays.

Abstract Purpose To gain a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between perceived severity of symptoms and STD-related care-seeking behavior among adolescent African-American females in Baltimore City. Methods Twenty-one female adolescents were interviewed in depth to elicit their experiences with an STD in the previous 3 months. Comparisons were made between those who sought care on account of their symptoms and those who did not. Results High perceived seriousness about symptoms has both cognitive and emotional components that may function independently to either promote or delay STD-related care seeking. Conclusions Both cognitive and emotional responses to STD symptoms must be considered when examining the effect of perceived severity on adolescents’ STD-related care-seeking behaviors.
Numerical Simulation of the Aerodynamics of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines under Yawed Flow Conditions

The aerodynamic performance of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Phase VI horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) under yawed flow conditions is studied using a three-dimensional unsteady viscous flow analysis. Simulations have been performed for upwind cases at several wind speeds and yaw angles. Results presented include radial distribution of the normal and tangential forces, shaft torque, root flap moment, and surface pressure distributions at selected radial locations. The results are compared with the experimental data for the NREL Phase VI rotor. At low wind speeds (-7 m/s) where the flow is fully attached, even an algebraic turbulence model based simulation gives good agreement with measurements. When the flow is massively separated (wind speed of 20 m/s or above), many of the computed quantities become insensitive to turbulence and transition model effects, and the calculations show overall agreement with experiments. When the flow is partially separated at wind speed above 15 m/s, encouraging results were obtained with a combination of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model and Eppler 's transition model only at high enough wind speeds.
The Antibiotic Thermorubin Inhibits Protein Synthesis by Binding to Inter-Subunit Bridge B2a of the Ribosome

Thermorubin is a small-molecule inhibitor of bacterial protein synthesis, but relatively little is known about the molecular mechanism by which it blocks translation. The structure of the complex between thermorubin and the 70S ribosome from Thermus thermophilus reported here shows that thermorubin interacts with the ribosome in a way that is distinct from any other known class of ribosome inhibitor. Though it is structurally similar to tetracycline, it binds to the ribosome at an entirely different location-the interface between the small and large subunits that is formed by inter-subunit bridge B2a. This region of the ribosome is known to play a role in the initiation of translation, and thus, the binding site we observe is consistent with evidence suggesting that thermorubin inhibits the initiation stage of protein synthesis. The binding of thermorubin induces a rearrangement of two bases on helix 69 of the 23S rRNA, and presumably, this rearrangement blocks the binding of an A-site tRNA, thereby inhibiting peptide bond formation. Due in part to its low solubility in aqueous media, thermorubin has not been used clinically, although it is a potent antibacterial agent with low toxicity (Therapeutic Index>200). The interactions between thermorubin and the ribosome, as well as its adjacency to the observed binding sites of three other antibiotic classes, may enable the design of novel derivatives that share thermorubin's mode of action but possess improved pharmacodynamic properties.
Using slots and modifiers in logic grammars for natural language

Abstract In this paper, ideas are presented for the expression of natural language grammars in clausal logic, following the work of Colmerauer, Kowalski, Dahl, Warren, and F. Pereira. A uniform format for syntactic structures is proposed, in which every syntactic item consists of a central predication, a cluster of modifiers, a list of features, and a determiner. The modifiers of a syntactic item are again syntactic items (of the same format), and a modifier's determiner shows its function in the semantic structure. Rules for semantic interpretation are given which include the determination of scoping of modifiers (with quantifier scoping as a special case). In the rules for syntax, the notions of slots and slot-filling play an important role, based on previous work by the author. The ideas have been tested in an English data base query system, implemented in Prolog.
The case for multi--tier camera sensor networks

In this position paper, we examine recent technology trends that have resulted in a broad spectrum of camera sensors, wireless radio technologies, and embedded sensor platforms with varying capabilities. We argue that future sensor applications will be hierarchical with multiple tiers, where each tier employs sensors with different characteristics. We argue that multi-tier networks are not only scalable, they offer a number of advantages over simpler, single-tier unimodal networks: lower cost, better coverage, higher functionality, and better reliability. However, the design of such mixed networks raises a number of new challenges that are not adequately addressed by current research. We discuss several of these challenges and illustrate how they can be addressed in the context of SensEye, a multi-tier video surveillance application that we are designing in our research group.
DNA-driven nutritional therapy of inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) consists of two main disorders, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, that cause chronic, recurrent inflammation of the intestine. An inappropriate immune response to the enteric ecosystem has been postulated to cause IBD. Genomewide association studies provide the information of diverse genetic variations and susceptibilities to patients with IBD. Through the application of these studies, the pathogenesis of IBD may result in part from genetic abnormalities that regulate epithelial barrier function and innate and adaptive immune responses. Crohn's disease shows strong association with CARD15, ATG15L1, and IRGM, which are involved in the innate immunity. In the adaptive immune response, IL23R, MST1, IL12B, and STAT3 polymorphisms are associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Current pharmacologic treatment of IBD, including 5-aminosalycylate, steroids, and immunomodulator therapy, are mainly aimed at suppressing inflammation non-specifically, except biologic therapies such as anti-tumor necrosis factor molecule, which block specific proinflammatory molecules. For nutritional issues in IBD, the mainstay of therapy has been supportive, with particular attention paid to the prevention, recognition, and therapy of nutritional deficiencies, and individual outcomes to specific dietary factors have been controversial. Parenteral nutritional support and exclusionary diets have been investigated and are not the subject of this review. The emerging concepts of nutrition-gene interaction gave birth to unique scientific fields, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. These studies provide information about 1) the genetic variability that induces an individual's response to nutrition according to particular states of health and disease and 2) changes in gene expression that develop as a result of nutrition-gene interaction. For IBD, the role of diet in the regulation of the immune response against gut flora is the subject of current intensive evaluation. These approaches may lead clinicians to derive a personalized nutritional prescription based on individual genetic variations and may result in a significant impact on IBD treatment.
Immunohistochemical localization of delta opioid receptors in peripheral tissues.

The distribution of delta opioid receptor (DOR) immunoreactivity (ir) was examined in various peripheral tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats and macaque monkeys, including glabrous and hairy skin, corneas, eyelids, and the lip. DOR-ir was observed in all tissues examined. In addition to the presence of DOR-immunoreactive fibers in subcutaneous nerve bundles and the papillary dermis, we report the existence of positively labeled fibers and terminals in close association with peripheral structures not traditionally assigned a primarily nociceptive function, such as hair follicles, glandular apparatus, and blood vessels. In every case, staining was restricted to small-diameter axons that appeared to terminate as free nerve endings. To further classify DOR-immunoreactive fibers, we examined the extent of colocalization between DOR and three commonly used neuronal subtype markers; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and RT-97, a monoclonal antibody which preferentially labels neurons with myelinated axons. Additional double-labeling experiments using the nonspecific neuronal marker Protein Gene Product 9.5 were performed in glabrous skin to determine the percentage of total fiber count that displayed DOR-ir. No colocalization was observed between DOR and RT-97, indicating that DOR-ir is localized to unmyelinated axons. In addition, DOR colocalized with CGRP, but did not colocalize with TH. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that delta opioid receptors in peripheral tissues are associated with sensory fibers, but not with the terminals of postganglionic sympathetic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 408:567–579, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Pharmacology of a Pargyline Analog, N-3-(1 -Butynyl)-benzylamine

The synthesis of a structural isomer of pargyline was undertaken to test certain structure-activity relationships. In vivo, the new compound, N-3-(1-butynyl)-benzylamine, exhibited slight central stimulant effects but showed no MAO inhibitory activity in vitro.
Practical approaches to resolving reactive metabolite liabilities in early discovery

Idiosyncratic toxicity is one of the principal causes for withdrawal of marketed drugs after launch. Circumstantial evidence suggests that several drug-induced adverse effects are a result of transformation of a drug to electrophilic reactive metabolites (RMs) that can covalently bind to vital macromolecules in the body. Strategies have been implemented in early discovery to examine (and minimize) the formation of RMs. A common technique involves incubation of a new chemical entity with NADPH-supplemented human liver microsomes (HLMs) in the presence of soft nucleophilic trapping agents, such as glutathione (GSH) or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Advances in mass spectrometry and the advent of very sensitive mass spectrometers ensure facile identification of the resulting GSH or NAC adducts of the reactive species. Detection of sulfhydryl conjugates in in vitro incubations, however, raise more questions regarding the path forward for RM-positive drug candidates. One approach that can assist in mitigating RM formation is assessment of their total body burden. Computation of dose using in vitro intrinsic clearance (Clint), potency data (Ceff) and the fractional contribution of RM pathway (frm), can provide an initial read of the daily burden of RM. This overview attempts to provide practical ways of assessing these factors and assist in putting the risk of RM formation into perspective.
Jail overcrowding: An analysis of policy makers' perceptions

This paper examines how public policies are formulated and are applied to the jail overcrowding problem. Strategies of blame avoidance and subscription to myths were found to exert a strong influence on problem definition and policy design. Using an elite interview methodology, we examined the perceptions of 64 key criminal justice policy makers at local and state levels of government. We used statistical data from the California Bureau of Criminal Statistics to supplement the analysis. Policy makers identified eight major themes related to overcrowding: 1) conservative public attitudes, 2) decreased county revenues, 3) resistance to alternatives to incarceration, 4) problems in siting new jails, 5) increased crime, 6) population growth, 7) problems in interagency communication, and 8) general social malaise. Implications for policy design, outcome, and analysis are discussed.
Hungary for Religion: A Supply-Side Interpretation of the Hungarian Religious Revival

The collapse of Soviet Communism has brought about sweeping revivals of religion in most of Eastern Europe and the Soviet successor states. This astonishing change in religious activity appears ideal for further testing of the supply-side theory of religious change. In this paper I investigate whether the dramatic religious revival in Hungary can be explained using a supply-side framework. I begin with a brief sketch of the history of religion in 20th-century Hungary in order to place current data in the proper context. Next, I present data from national surveys of Hungary and eyewitness accounts to assess the causal relationship between religious restrictions and religious activity as predicted by supply-side theory. Then I investigate secularization accounts of religious activity in Hungary and conclude that the supply-side thesis best fits the available data. Finally, I indicate the leveling off of the Hungarian revival due to decreased religious competition and posit future expectations concerning religious activity in Hungary.
Cell cultures for diagnosis of arbovirus infections in livestock and wildlife

Arboviruses can be isolated in serially propagated cells derived from various vertebrates and invertebrates. Cell cultures can be used for direct detection of antigen by fluorescent antibody and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, for nucleic acid hybridization, and for visualization of viruses with electron microscopy. Reagents for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for IgM and IgG antibodies, hemagglutination-inhibition, complement fixation, and serum dilution-plaque reduction neutralization tests can be prepared in cell cultures infected with these viruses. Thus, cell cultures can be used as laboratory hosts for essentially all isolation, identification, and serodiagnostic procedures for arboviruses. This paper outlines current methods for diagnosis of arbovirus infections in livestock and wildlife, describes certain of these techniques, and provides references for others.
Restriction site heteroplasmy in the mitochondrial DNA of the marine fish Sciaenops ocellatus (L.).

Summary Restriction site heteroplasmy involving the enzymes NcoI and XbaI was detected in the mitochondrial DNAs of two individuals of the marine fish Sciaenops ocellatus. This represents only the sixth documented example of mitochondrial DNA restriction site heteroplasmy in animals. Two heteroplasmic individuals were found in a survey of nearly 750 individuals, suggesting that in most studies the incidence of mitochondrial DNA site heteroplasmy may be too low to be routinely detected.
Less Epistemology; more Government and Social Status

En matiere de sociologie des organisations, l'A. plaide pour moins de debats epistemologiques et methodologiques et pour davantage de recherche sur les effets des gouvernements sur les organisations, ainsi que sur le role du statut dans le comportement organisationnel
Assessing the impact of a culture-general assimilator

Abstract A modified version of a culture-general assimilator designed to prepare sojourners for experiences in a wide-range of cross-cultural settings, is analyzed for impact on knowledge gain, as well as behavioral and affective change. Twenty-eight adolescent international exchange students representing 14 countries and hosted by AFS New Zealand for a period of one year received culture-general assimilator training soon after their arrival in the host country. Twenty-two students comprising the control group received traditional AFS New Zealand orientation. Results indicated that trained individuals were better able to identify dynamics which mediate cross-cultural interaction and adjustment; were better able to apply those concepts to their intercultural interactions; were better adjusted as determined by responses on the Culture Shock Adjustment Inventory; and were more efficient in their interpersonal problem-solving ability as determined by responses on the Means-Ends Problem-Solving test.
A prototype belief network-based expert systems shell

A belief network-based expert system works in a way entirely different from a rule-based expert system. In such systems, a high degree of non-determinism is present in the process of belief propagation. Existing belief network-based systems thus provide no control mechanism and let their users make decisions at every stage in the process of evidence gathering and belief propagation. However, for any real world expert system with large complex belief network, it is important to have efficient control of the inference procedure.In this paper we describe a novel expert system shell that incorporates a general inference control mechanism for efficient belief propagation in belief networks. The control knowledge supplied by domain experts is encoded in some action rules. With these action rules, the system can effectively direct the inference procedure, help the user to gather the most relevant evidence based on the results of previous stages, while the user of the system is still allowed to take the initiative.
Unconventional chemiosmotic coupling of NHA2, a mammalian Na+/H+ antiporter, to a plasma membrane H+ gradient.

Human NHA2, a newly discovered cation proton antiporter, is implicated in essential hypertension by gene linkage analysis. We show that NHA2 mediates phloretin-sensitive Na+-Li+ counter-transport (SLC) activity, an established marker for hypertension. In contrast to bacteria and fungi where H+ gradients drive uptake of metabolites, secondary transport at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells is coupled to the Na+ electrochemical gradient. Our findings challenge this paradigm by showing coupling of NHA2 and V-type H+-ATPase at the plasma membrane of kidney-derived MDCK cells, resulting in a virtual Na+ efflux pump. Thus, NHA2 functionally recapitulates an ancient shared evolutionary origin with bacterial NhaA. Although plasma membrane H+ gradients have been observed in some specialized mammalian cells, the ubiquitous tissue distribution of NHA2 suggests that H+-coupled transport is more widespread. The coexistence of Na+ and H+-driven chemiosmotic circuits has implications for salt and pH regulation in the kidney.
Health effects of airborne particulate matter: do we know enough to consider regulating specific particle types or sources?

Researchers and regulators have often considered preferentially regulating the types of ambient airborne particulate matter (PM) most relevant to human health effects. While few would argue the inherent merits of such a policy, many believe there may not yet be enough information to differentially regulate PM species. New evidence, using increasingly sophisticated methodologies, has become available in the last several years, allowing more accurate assessment of exposure and resultant associations with specific types of PM, or PM derived from different sources. Such new studies may also allow differentiation of effects from different chemical components in the same study against the same health endpoints. This article considers whether this new evidence might be adequate to allow us to “speciate” PM types or sources by severity of health effects. We address this issue with respect to two widespread sources of PM, emissions from motor vehicles and coal-fired power plants. Emissions from less widespread sou...
Closure Amplitude Analysis of 15, 22 and 43GHz VLBA Observations of Sagittarius A*: Size is Consistent with the Scattering Law

High frequency very long baseline interferometry is necessary to avoid the effects of strong interstellar scattering when imaging Sagittarius A*. Unfortunately, the reliability of imaging declines with increasing frequency due to amplitude calibration errors for this low declination source. Closure amplitude analysis provides an unbiased method for estimating source parameters. We analyzed several new and several archival VLBA data sets with the closure amplitude technique. Our results indicate that there is no deviation from the scattering law in the minor axis size at 15, 22 and 43 GHz. There is a slight excess (2σ ∼ 3%) over the scattering law in the major axis size at 43 GHz which can be accounted for by a marginal increase in the error estimate, a slight recalibration of the scattering law or an intrinsic source of size 0.2 mas ∼ 2 AU ∼ 40Rs. The absence of an apparent jet or out.ow allows us to set an upper limit to the velocity of any ballistic components at 0.001c.
Informational Centrality and Member Participation During Group Decision Making

This study examined whether participation during group decision-making discussions is affected by the degree to which members hold predominantly shared versus predominantly unshared decision-releva...
Feasibility of Using Dual-Beam Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry to Study Adhesives on Metal Surfaces

Adhesion mechanisms can be studied through observation of changes in the frequency of infrared absorption bands of molecules near a metal surface when compared with the corresponding bands of bulk of the material. However, measurement of the extremely weak bands afforded by molecular layers less than 20 A thick using conventional reflection-absorption (R-A) techniques is quite difficult even using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers at their maximum allowed optical throughput, since mercury cadmium telluride detectors cannot be used without the measurement being digitization noise limited. Even when parallel-polarized radiation at incident angles greater than 80° is used, as suggested by Greenler, the surface reflectance is still high enough to cause the signal/noise ratio (SNR) of the interferogram to be limited by the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converter and the linearity of the detector.
HIV IN CHILDREN

Because children acquire HIV infection differently than adults, this article begins with a discussion of the epidemiology of AIDS in children. This is followed by a discussion of factors related to progression of the disease and survival in pediatric AIDS. A discussion of the pulmonary manifestations in children is followed by a suggested approach to the HIV-infected child with respiratory symptoms.
Aerodynamic roughness lengths over movable beds: Comparison of wind tunnel and field data

[1] We evaluate the increase in apparent roughness length during aeolian saltation. Using a data set comprising 291 wind profiles measured in wind tunnels or in the field, we tested the Charnock (1955), modified Charnock (Sherman, 1992), and Raupach (1991) relationships for the entire data set and for segregated wind tunnel and field data sets. We assessed the abilities of the models to predict enhanced roughness and investigated scaling differences between wind tunnels and field environments. For the entire data set, the Charnock relationship worked best, with an r2 of 0.25. For the segregated data sets, the Charnock relationship also worked best, with an average r2 of 0.675, as opposed to 0.66 for the modified Charnock and 0.61 for the Raupach model. For conditions with shear velocity ≤1.0 ms−1, the comparable, average values of r2 are 0.54, 0.625, and 0.645, respectively. There was an order of magnitude difference in the roughness length responses for wind tunnel and field data for each model evaluated, convincing evidence of a fundamental scaling constraint in the wind tunnel data. The scaling differences are attributed to conceptual and bias errors that include the use of the law of the wall versus the wake-defect law or differences in turbulence characteristics, especially regarding the role of large coherent structures. Raupach's (1991) A was found to be an extremely volatile constant, making the modified Charnock relationship most suitable for predicting aerodynamic roughness lengths over movable sand beds.
Walking to school: Community design and child and parent barriers

The roles of community design and parent and child perceptions of walkability to school are tested for associations with walking in three communities: a walkable new urbanist community, a mixed community (standard suburban community where the walk to school traversed part of the new urbanist community), and less walkable standard suburban community. Perceived environmental barriers to walking to school are measured and compared for fifth graders (n = 193) and their parents (n = 177). Results showed that children and parents often agreed on walking barriers, except an interaction showed that — in the less walkable community — parents perceived worse barriers than did their children. Perceptions of barriers increased from walkable, to mixed, to less walkable communities. Students walked more when they attended the school in the walkable community, they lived near school, parents and children perceived fewer barriers to walking, and children had lower BMI scores, net of demographic controls. Thus the walk to school is embedded within multiple types of supports, all of which should be addressed to encourage walking to school.
Prior Transcripts, Divergent Paths: Resistance and Acquiescence to Logging in Sarawak, East Malaysia

In 1987, there was an uprising of sorts in the remote interior headwaters of Sarawak, East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo. In March of that year, Penan hunter-gatherers in the Baram and Limbang Districts of Sarawak suddenly erected more than a dozen blockades against logging companies. Since that time, scores of Penan have been arrested for resisting the activities of these companies by erecting more blockades and engaging in other acts of civil disobedience. In doing so, they have achieved a great deal of international reknown among environmentalists, indigenous rights activists, and the Euramerican public at large. Their story has received broad international media coverage, and scores of celebrities, from politician Al Gore and musician Jerry Garcia to Prince Charles, have spoken out on their behalf. The Malaysian government has responded to these efforts with a vigorous media campaign of its own and, in the process, has come to play an increasingly visible
RF MEMS switch for wireless LAN applications

Double cantilever beam MEMS switch was developed for wireless LAN applications. The two beams are controlled by a single actuation electrode. The dimension of the fabricated cantilever beam is 150 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 60 /spl mu/m /spl times/ 0.6 /spl mu/m. The spacing between the top beam and the bottom ground electrode was approximately 1 /spl mu/m. This switch has low pull-in voltage of 15 V and fast switching speed of 60 /spl mu/s. An RF performance with >-50 dB isolation below 5 GHz and <-0.18 dB up to 30 GHz was observed.
Exudative retinal detachment in relapsing polychondritis: Case report and literature review

Abstract Objective To report the atypical ocular symptoms (arterialized conjunctival vessels, exudative retinal detachment) that can be the presentating manifestations of relapsing polychondritis. Design Observational case report and literature review. Methods A complete ocular and systemic evaluation was performed on a patient with relapsing polychondritis and exudative retinal detachment. Main outcome measures Retinal, choroidal, and scleral findings. Results A 73-year-old man with relapsing polychondritis presented with a unilateral large bullous exudative retinal detachment and marked choroidal and scleral thickening bilaterally. Conclusions Ophthalmologists should consider relapsing polychondritis in the differential diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment. A combination of echographic and laboratory findings can assist in the accurate diagnosis of this rare condition.
Practical Design Approach to Microstrip Combline-Type Filters

A general circuit model resembling a combline-type structure is developed using the concept of self and mutual node admittances rather than self and mutual capacitances per unit length. The merit of this approach lies in the relative simplicity of design formulas readily applicable to filters utilizing microstrip or stripline construction. It also offers easy adaptability to computer sided design. Equations are derived relating even-odd mode impedances and transmission line lengths to prototype elements and other design parameters.
Hydration of Sodium β‐ and β′′‐Aluminas

On a determine l'enthalpie et l'entropie de l'hydratation d'alumines β et β″ en mesurant l'absorption IR de monocristaux apres equilibrage a haute temperature sous des pressions de vapeur d'eau de 3 a 70 KPa
Directly acting drugs prostacyclin or nitroglycerine and endothelin receptor blocker bosentan improve cell engraftment in rodent liver

To optimize strategies for liver-directed cell therapy prevention of initial transplanted cell losses is particularly important for subsequent liver repopulation. After cell transplantation in hepatic sinusoids, perturbations in hepatic microcirculation along with changes in various liver cell types are among the earliest changes. Therefore, for advancing further concepts in cell engraftment, we studied vascular and related events in the liver after transplanting syngeneic hepatocytes into dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient rats. We treated rats with vascular drugs to define whether deleterious cell transplantation-induced events could be controlled followed by improvements in transplanted cell engraftment and proliferation. We found cell transplantation altered liver gene expression related to vessel tone, inflammation, cell adhesion, thrombosis, or tissue damage/remodeling. This was due to hepatic ischemia, endothelial injury and activation of neutrophils, Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells. Treatment of rats before cell transplantation with angiotensin converting enzyme blocker, lisinopril, or angiotensin II receptor blocker, losartan, did not improve cell engraftment. By contrast, direct-acting nitroglycerine or prostacyclin improved cell engraftment and also kinetics of liver repopulation. These drugs lowered hepatic ischemia and inflammation. Whereas pretreatment of rats with the dual endothelin-1 receptor blocker, bosentan, improved cell engraftment independently of hepatic ischemia or inflammation, without improving liver repopulation. However, incubation of hepatocytes with bosentan protected cells from cytokine toxicity in vitro and produced superior cell engraftment and proliferation in vivo. We concluded that cell transplantation-induced changes in hepatic microcirculation contributed to transplanted cell clearances from liver. Vascular drugs, such as nitroglycerine, prostacyclin and bosentan, offer opportunities for improving cell therapy results through superior cell engraftment and liver repopulation. Ongoing clinical use of these drugs will permit rapid translation of the findings in people.
Why the Phylogenetic Regression Appears Robust to Tree Misspecification

The phylogenetic comparative method uses estimates of evolutionary relationships to explicitly model the covariance structure of interspecific data. By accounting for common ancestry, the coevolution between 2 or more traits, as a response to one another or to environmental variables, can be studied without confounding similarities due to identity by descent. Because the true phylogeny is unknowable, an estimate must be used, introducing a source of error into phylogenetic comparative analysis that can be difficult to quantify. This manuscript aims to elucidate how tree misspecification is propagated through a comparative analysis. I focus on the phylogenetic regression under a Brownian motion model of evolution and consider the effect of local phylogenetic perturbations on the regression fit. Motivated by Felsenstein's method of independent contrasts, I derive a matrix square root of the phylogenetic covariance matrix that has an obvious phylogenetic interpretation. I use this result to transform the perturbed phylogenetic regression model into an ordinary linear regression in which one interpretable point has been affected. The simplicity of this formulation allows the contributions of data and phylogeny to be disentangled when studying the effect of tree misspecification. Consequentially, I find that branch length misspecification can be easily explained in terms of the reweighting of contrast scores between subtrees. An analytical consideration of this and other perturbations helps to explain why the phylogenetic regression appears generally to be robust to tree misspecification, and I am able to identify conditions under which the regression may not yield robust results. I discuss why soft polytomies do not meet these problematic conditions, leading to the conclusion that unresolved bifurcations should have only modest effects on the regression fit.
Dynamic shear band propagation and micro-structure of adiabatic shear band

Abstract Meshfree Galerkin approximations in both two and three dimensions have been used in simulations of dynamic shear band propagation in an asymmetrically impact-loaded prenotched plate. Failure mode switching and failure mode transitions, which have been reported experimentally, are replicated in numerical computations. For intermediate impact speed ( 25 m/s m/s ), the numerical results show that a cleavage crack initiates from the tip of the dynamic shear band, indicating a dominance of brittle failure mode, and a failure mode switch (ductile-to-brittle: shearband-to-crack). For high impact velocities ( V>30 m/s ), the numerical results show that a dynamic shear band penetrates through the specimen without trace of cleavage-type fracture, which is a ductile failure mode. Overall, with the increase of impact speed, the final failure mode of the impacted plate transits from brittle failure to ductile failure. By introducing a multi-physics model to describe the stress collapse state of the shear band, it has been found that there is a non-uniform temperature distribution inside the adiabatic shear band. Strong evidences indicate that temperature distribution inside the shear band has periodic patterns in both space and time, confirming the latest experimental results of P. Guduru et al. [Mech. Mater. (2000), submitted]. This suggests that there may exist a thermal–mechanical instability within the adiabatic shear band, reminiscent of hydrodynamic instability due to viscous heating.
Extracellular matrix composition and hypoxia regulate the expression of HLA-G and integrins in a human trophoblast cell line.

During human placentation, extravillous cytotrophoblast cells emerge from chorionic villi contacting the decidua to invade the uterine wall. When isolated from first-trimester placentae, cytotrophoblast cells undergo step-wise differentiation in vitro that recapitulates the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in vivo. We examined a cell line, HTR-8/SVneo, that has been established from human first-trimester cytotrophoblast to determine whether these cells possess some of the unique cytotrophoblast characteristics that have been described previously. Exposure during serum-free culture to hypoxic conditions (2% oxygen concentration) increased HTR-8/SVneo cell proliferation and reduced invasion of a three-dimensional basement membrane (Matrigel). During culture on surfaces coated with individual extracellular matrix proteins, HTR-8/SVneo cells expressed cytokeratin but not the trophoblast-specific major histocompatibility protein, HLA-G. However, HLA-G expression was induced in HTR-8/SVneo cells that contacted Matrigel. Expression of the a5 integrin subunit was relatively unaffected by matrix composition, whereas a1 was up-regulated and a 6w as down-regulated after transferring cells to Matrigel. Hypoxia increased a6 and decreased both a1 and HLA-G expression on Matrigel. HTR-8/SVneo cells retain several important characteristics associated with primary cultures of first-trimester human cytotrophoblast cells, including their altered behavior in response to a changing maternal environment.
On sandwich theorems for higher-order derivatives of multivalent analytic functions associated with the generalized Noor integral operator

In this paper, we obtain some subordination and superordination results for higher-order derivatives of multivalent analytic functions in the open unit disk by generalized Noor integral operator. These results are applied to obtain sandwich results. Our results extend corresponding previously known results.
Removal of Metal Ions and Organic Compounds from Aqueous Environments Using Versatile Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Hybrid Adsorbents

The contamination of water by a large variety of molecules is a major environmental issue that will require the use of efficient and versatile materials to purify hydrological systems from source to point-of-use. The present study describes the aqueous-phase adsorption of heavy metal ions and multiple organic compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations onto graphene-single-walled carbon nanotube free-standing hybrid papers. Optical absorption spectroscopy results clearly showed that the hybrid nanocomposites exhibit superior adsorption properties compared to activated carbon, the most widely used adsorbent to date.
Development of Lead-Free Compatible Molded Underfill (MUF) Materials for Flip Chip Stacked Packaging: Key Challenges and Learnings

This paper reports the structure-properties-performance relationship of various molded underfill materials for potential applications in flip-chip MMAP (FCMMAP) and mixed technology (FC and WB) stacked CSP (MTsCSP) packages. Chemical, rheological, and thermo-mechanical properties of five high temperature reflow compatible materials were characterized and relationship to materials processability & package reliability performance were investigated. Materials having higher filler concentration and lower coefficient of thermal expansion tended to exhibit improved HTR compatibility due to improved moisture resistance and decreased CTE mis-match.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
A 1.2 mW video-rate 2-D color subband decoder

A 2-D subband decoder has been designed for real-time video decompression in low-power applications. The chip is capable of reconstructing four levels of hierarchical subband structures for images up to 256 pixels wide. The chip's maximum performance decodes 60 M pixels per second of color RGB video output with a 5 V supply and 120 MHz clock frequency. For portable applications with a resolution of 176 pixels wide, 240 lines, and 30 frames/s color video, the chip dissipates less than 1.2 mW with a 1 V supply. Besides the reduced supply voltage, the low power consumption is achieved through algorithmic innovations for energy conservation. Higher-resolution images can be decoded by cascading multiple chips in parallel each operating on a 256 pixel wide image slice.
Erfahrungen mit Programm-Prototypen

Das altgriechische Wort „prototypos“ bedeutet Urbild oder Muster. Es setzt sich aus den Worten „protos“ mit der Bedeutung Erster und „typos“ mit der Bedeutung Abbild oder Modell zusammen.
Prolonged response to calling songs by the L3 auditory interneuron in female crickets (Acheta domesticus): intracellular evaluation.

The L3 auditory interneuron in female Acheta domesticus, produces two different responses to the male calling song: an immediate response and a prolonged response. The prolonged response exhibited spiking activity and a correlated prolonged depolarization, both of which are clearly seen in intracellular recordings. The morphology revealed by intracellular staining was clearly the L3 neuron. The amplitude of the prolonged depolarization associated with the prolonged response increased with increases in sound intensity, resulting in increased spiking rates. Both depolarization and sound presentation increased the spiking rate and the slope of pre-potentials (thus leading to spiking threshold more quickly). Injecting hyperpolarizing current had the expected opposite effect. The effects of positive current injection and sound presentation were additive, resulting in spiking rates that were approximately double the rates in response to sound alone. Short postsynaptic potentials (PSPs), whose duration ranged from 15-60 ms, which may lead to action potentials were also observed in all recordings and summated with the prolonged depolarization, increasing the probability of spiking.
The Long Reach of Biogenic Emissions in the Atmosphere

This chapter provides a brief summary of the impacts of biogenic emissions in the atmosphere, focusing on reactive organics. These species have a significant impact on the chemical balance of the troposphere and also affect the formation of ozone and other secondary species in polluted regions. Methane, though slowly reacting, also plays an important role in the chemistry of the global troposphere. Methane and aerosol production from biogenic organics both affect climate. Two distinctions are emphasized: (i) between naturally occurring emissions from largely unperturbed ecosystems (usually forests) as opposed to emissions associated with agriculture and other human activities; and (ii) between reactive emissions (including slowly reacting species) and completely nonreactive species such as carbon dioxide. The reactive species are eventually removed from the atmosphere, but carbon dioxide and other nonreactive species accumulate in the atmosphere over time and are only removed on time scales of 100 years or longer.