cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Web Literacy and Instructions for Creating Web Pages

This chapter provides general familiarity with web development and simple hypertext markup language (HTML) syntax. A web page or a home page is the starting point for an online store. Ease of use, appearance, and the type of information provided by the page play an important role in the overall success of e-commerce operations. Web development should prove useful when working in a hands-on session creating or modifying an existing page. HTML is the authoring language used to create documents on the Web. It defines the structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety of tags and attributes. HTML codes are not case sensitive. Most popular applications software, such as Microsoft Office, Corel, and Lotus, allows creation of HTML documents from within the application. The presentation in this chapter provides a basic background regarding simple web page development and the process of editing and modifying an existing web page.
II-20 Relevance of mouse lupus models of lupus nephritis to progression of CKD

Background and aims Risk for progression of CKD in humans is associated with an interstitial molecular signature containing 68 genes. Of these, a decrease in renal expression of EGF with a concomitant increase in urinary EGF improves the ability to predict CKD expression. Methods To determine whether these 68 genes can be used in pre-clinical studies to model disease and therapeutic responses, we analysed microarray data of kidneys from three mouse lupus strains at various disease stages and after remission induction. Renal macrophage gene expression was assessed using RNASeq. Results 61/64 genes have mouse gene IDs and are represented on the mouse microarray chip. Of these 49 were regulated in the same direction as in humans in at least one mouse strain with 28 common to all three strains. 9/61 genes, including EGF and TIMP1 only became abnormally regulated during established disease or during complete proteinuric relapse, confirming their association with CKD progression. Renal C1qa is a CKD marker produced mainly by renal macrophages but has a similarly high expression level in isolated pre-nephritis and nephritic renal macrophages. It can therefore be used as a biomarker of increased macrophage infiltration, a known poor prognostic feature in human lupus nephritis. Conclusions Mice with lupus nephritis have a similar pattern of CKD-related gene expression to humans and these genes can be used to track therapeutic responses. Downregulation of EGF and upregulation of TIMP1 indicate progressive disease and C1qa can be used as a marker of macrophage infiltration. The fibrosis signature is best modelled in NZW/BXSB mice.
Kalecki and the Determinants of the Profit Rate in the United States

The Weisskopfian approach has dominated empirical studies of the US rate of profit for the last thirty-five years. Forty-five years earlier, Michal Kalecki developed a different frame suitable for empirical profit rate studies, which had the potential to give different, but complementary, insight into the profit rate analysis based on the Weisskopfian approach. This paper first presents a development of the Kaleckian frame. It then applies this frame to the US economy and presents some preliminary empirical results.
Size‐Scalable and High‐Density Liquid‐Metal‐Based Soft Electronic Passive Components and Circuits Using Soft Lithography

The use of conducting liquids with high electrical conductivity, such as eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn), has great potential in electronics applications requiring stretchability and deformability beyond conventional flexible electronics relying on solid conductors. An advanced liquid metal thin-line patterning process based on soft lithography and a compatible vertical integration technique are presented that enable size-scalable and high-density EGaIn-based, soft microelectronic components and circuits. The advanced liquid metal thin-line patterning process based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates and soft lithography techniques allows for simultaneous patterning of uniform and residue-free EGaIn lines with line width from single micrometers to several millimeters at room temperature and under ambient pressure. Using this fabrication technique, passive electronic components and circuits are investigated under elastic deformations using numerical and experimental approaches. In addition, soft through-PDMS vias with high aspect ratio are demonstrated for multilayer interconnections in 2.5D and 3D integration approaches. To highlight the system-level potential of the patterning technique, a chemical sensor based on an integrated LC resonance circuit with a microfluidic-tunable interdigitated capacitor and a planar spiral inductor is fabricated and characterized. Finally, to show the flexibility and stretchability of the resulting electronics, circuits with embedded light emitting diodes (LEDs) are investigated under bending, twisting, and stretching deformations.
Neural Mechanism Underling Comprehension of Narrative Speech and Its Heritability: Study in a Large Population

Comprehension of narratives constitutes a fundamental part of our everyday life experience. Although the neural mechanism of auditory narrative comprehension has been investigated in some studies, the neural correlates underlying this mechanism and its heritability remain poorly understood. We investigated comprehension of naturalistic speech in a large, healthy adult population (n = 429; 176/253 M/F; 22–36 years of age) consisting of 192 twin pairs (49 monozygotic and 47 dizygotic pairs) and 237 of their siblings. We used high quality functional MRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) in which a story-based paradigm was utilized for the auditory narrative comprehension. Our results revealed that narrative comprehension was associated with activations of the classical language regions including superior temporal gyrus (STG), middle temporal gyrus (MTG), and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in both hemispheres, though STG and MTG were activated symmetrically and activation in IFG were left-lateralized. Our results further showed that the narrative comprehension was associated with activations in areas beyond the classical language regions, e.g. medial superior frontal gyrus (SFGmed), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), and supplementary motor area (SMA). Of subcortical structures, only the hippocampus was involved. The results of heritability analysis revealed that the oral reading recognition and picture vocabulary comprehension were significantly heritable (h 2 > 0.56, p < 10− 13). In addition, the extent of activation of five areas in the left hemisphere, i.e. STG, IFG pars opercularis, SFGmed, SMA, and precuneus, and one area in the right hemisphere, i.e. MFG, were significantly heritable (h 2 > 0.33, p < 0.0004). The current study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to investigate auditory narrative comprehension and its heritability in a large healthy population. Referring to the excellent quality of the HCP data, our results can clarify the functional contributions of linguistic and extra-linguistic cortices during narrative comprehension.
Measurement error and the replication crisis

Measurement error adds noise to predictions, increases uncertainty in parameter estimates, and makes it more difficult to discover new phenomena or to distinguish among competing theories. A common view is that any study finding an effect under noisy conditions provides evidence that the underlying effect is particularly strong and robust. Yet, statistical significance conveys very little information when measurements are noisy. In noisy research settings, poor measurement can contribute to exaggerated estimates of effect size. This problem and related misunderstandings are key components in a feedback loop that perpetuates the replication crisis in science.
Probabilistic location estimation of acoustic emission sources in isotropic plates with one sensor

This paper presents a probabilistic acoustic emission (AE) source localization algorithm for isotropic plate structures. The proposed algorithm requires only one sensor and uniformly monitors the entire area of such plates without any blind zones. In addition, it takes a probabilistic approach and quantifies localization uncertainties. The algorithm combines a modal acoustic emission (MAE) and a reflection-based technique to obtain information pertaining to the location of AE sources. To estimate confidence contours for the location of sources, uncertainties are quantified and propagated through the two techniques. The approach was validated using standard pencil lead break (PLB) tests on an Aluminum plate. The results demonstrate that the proposed source localization algorithm successfully estimates confidence contours for the location of AE sources.
Association of Immune-Mediated Cerebellitis With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

Abstract Immune-mediated encephalitis related to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a rare but increasingly described condition that can cause significant morbidity. There are several reported cases in the literature but no previously described cases of immune-mediated cerebellitis. We describe a case of acute cerebellitis that developed in a 20-year-old man with primary refractory Hodgkin lymphoma being treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor nivolumab. After exposure to 3 cycles of nivolumab, the patient had acute onset of headache, ataxia, nausea, and vomiting, with imaging findings of cerebellar edema, early tonsillar herniation, and early hydrocephalus. Immune-mediated cerebellar encephalitis was suspected and high-dose dexamethasone therapy (8 mg every 6 hours) was initiated. Within 4 days of dexamethasone therapy, his symptoms greatly improved with near-complete resolution of symptoms after a 4-week taper. Differential diagnosis of his condition included viral cerebellitis and paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. In cerebellar encephalitis suspected to be due to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy, prompt recognition and early initiation of high-dose corticosteroids is essential for symptom resolution and treatment success, including the prevention of hydrocephalus and tonsillar herniation. Currently, there are no evidence-based guidelines to guide the initial dose, type, or duration of corticosteroids. Further investigation is needed in the pathogenesis and treatment of cerebellar encephalitis related to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to effectively treat this rare, disabling condition.
Application of virtual reality for crew mental health in extended-duration space missions

Abstract Human exploration of the solar system brings a host of environmental and engineering challenges. Among the most important factors in crew health and human performance is the preservation of mental health. The mental well-being of astronaut crews is a significant issue affecting the success of long-duration space missions, such as habitation on or around the Moon, Mars exploration, and eventual colonization of the solar system. If mental health is not properly addressed, these missions will be at risk. Upkeep of mental health will be especially difficult on long duration missions because many of the support systems available to crews on shorter missions will not be available. In this paper, we examine the use of immersive virtual reality (VR) simulations to maintain healthy mental states in astronaut crews who are removed from the essential comforts typically associated with terrestrial life. Various methods of simulations and their administration are analyzed in the context of current research and knowledge in the fields of psychology, medicine, and space sciences, with a specific focus on the environment faced by astronauts on long-term missions. The results of this investigation show that virtual reality should be considered a plausible measure in preventing mental state deterioration in astronauts, though more work is needed to provide a comprehensive view of the effectiveness and administration of VR methods.
Pressure applied by the emergency/Israeli bandage

ABSTRACTThe primary objective of the study was to determine the amount of pressure exerted by a bandage modified with a “pressure bar.” The data were collected using Emergency Bandages with and without the pressure bar. In addition to measuring the pressure under the pressure bar, other pressure sensors were used to measure the pressure being exerted to other areas under the elastic Emergency Bandage (at 90°, 180°, and 270°), but not directly under the pressure bar to determine the effectiveness of the pressure bar bandage to apply localized pressure over a wound without applying unnecessary pressure over the other areas. Two sets of statistical tests conducted: “ t-tests” assuming unequal variances from two samples and the “analysis of variance” (ANOVA), single factor. From the results, it is concluded that the Emergency Bandage pressure bar is very effective in elevating the applied pressure directly under the pressure bar while at the same time not applying unnecessary pressure over other areas covered...
Looking for Structure in Lexical and Acoustic-Prosodic Entrainment Behaviors

Entrainment has been shown to occur for various linguistic features individually. Motivated by cognitive theories regarding linguistic entrainment, we analyze speakers’ overall entrainment behaviors and search for an underlying structure. We consider various measures of both acoustic-prosodic and lexical entrainment, measuring the latter with a novel application of two previously introduced methods in addition to a standard high-frequency word measure. We present a negative result of our search, finding no meaningful correlations, clusters, or principal components in various entrainment measures, and discuss practical and theoretical implications.
Pregnancy outcome in active duty seagoing women.

The effect of working on the outcome of pregnancy has been previously addressed. Very few studies have looked at the effect of specific work conditions on pregnancy, and to our knowledge no studies have reviewed the pregnancy outcomes of women stationed on-board a submarine tender. In order to study the pregnancy outcomes of such women, we performed this study. All women (N = 140) who delivered in the 18 months between February 1991 and August 1992 and were stationed on-board either the USS E.S. Land or the USS Hunley were studied. Their pregnancy, delivery, and newborn records were reviewed. These women received excellent prenatal care. However, many risk factors were identified that were much higher than national averages. We conclude that pregnant sailors stationed on-board submarine tenders are at high risk for certain adverse pregnancy outcomes. Further studies are needed to determine if this difference persists when sailors at sea commands are compared to sailors stationed at shore commands.
A new ureteral anastomotic device: The Unilink system: A pilot study using the porcine model

Objective : Ureteral injury is a complication of gynecologic surgery in approximately 1 % of all cases. The anatomic site of the injury determines the type of operative repair. When an end-to-end ureteral anastomosis is required, interrupted sutures are usually used. A prospective, randomized animal study was performed to determine the efficacy of a new microvascular anastomotic device, the Unilink system, in repairing transected ureters. Study Design : Nineteen pigs underwent randomized anastomosis with the Unilink system on one side and traditional anastomosis with suture on the contralateral side. A postoperative intravenous pyelogram was performed immediately and 2 weeks later, before the anastomotic site at a second laparotomy was harvested. Patency rates for each type of anastomosis were compared microscopically, and the degree of hydronephrosis was compared grossly and radiographically. Results and Conclusion : The anastomotic repair with the Unilink system did not significantly differ structurally or functionally from traditional suture repair.
Welfare, innovation capacity, and economic performance: Evidence from American federalism:

Despite years of increased federal welfare spending, it is unclear how federal financial investments in welfare areas influence state economies. Based on the theory of functional federalism, this p...
Radiated EMI Modeling of the Non-Isolated DC-DC Power Converters with Attached Cables

The difference of the radiated EMI modeling between the non-isolated and isolated dc-dc power converters is discussed. Detailed modeling process and parameter extraction method for both the cables and the non-isolated power converter are provided. A boost converter is used in experiment for demonstration.
Activity of Parícutin volcano from April 1 to July 31, 1948

A record of the activity of Paricutin Volcano, Michoacan, from April 1 to July 31, 1948, is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1, and the areas covered by lava during this period are represented on the map in Figure 2. An explanatory discussion of the diagram of eruptive characteristics and a description of the lettered noise types appear in a previous report [Wilcox, 1947], Data for variations in tide-producing force were furnished by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.
New chlorinated diterpenes from the gorgonian Junceella gemmacea

Abstract The gorgonian Junceella gemmacea from Pohnpei, Micronesia, yielded six novel diterpenes (3–8) of the briarane class. The structures and relative configurations of gemmacolides A – F (3–8) were assigned on the basis of extensive NMR studies and the predominant conformations of 6 and 8 were determined by interpretation of NOEDS experiments.
Improving the Resilience of Water Resources after Wildfire through Collaborative Watershed Management: A Case Study from Colorado

This case study introduces students to the impacts that wildfires have on water resources as well as the challenges associated with managing these risks. By examining the development of a collaborative watershed group galvanized by the 2012 High Park Fire in Colorado, the case engages with the longstanding conundrum of how better to align ecological and social scales in natural resources management. It explores the role that collaborative groups are playing in addressing water resources problems at the watershed scale despite fragmented governance at that scale. A phased case study format allows students to investigate the motivations of diverse stakeholders and appreciate the challenges faced in watershed-based collaboration after a catalyzing event, such as a wildfire. Upon completion of the lesson, students will be able to (1) explain wildfires’ impacts to water resources and stakeholders; (2) assess the challenges and benefits of approaching management based on the physical boundaries of a watershed, rather than political boundaries; (3) identify and interrogate how collaborative watershed groups form as well as the factors that are key to their success; and (4) evaluate the outcomes of these collaborative efforts and their ongoing strengths and opportunities as well as their limitations and challenges. This line of inquiry is increasingly significant as collaborative watershed management groups proliferate in the United States, in many instances catalyzed by a disaster. Ultimately, this case study explores how collaborative watershed groups emerge and the role(s) they play in tackling long-term, multi-jurisdictional, and watershed-scale management challenges.
Curriculum Developments: Campus Gallery/Lab

(1981). Curriculum Developments: Campus Gallery/Lab. Roundtable Reports: Vol. 6, Brandywine: A Regional Focus Issue, pp. 14-14.
Wave for Independence

The purpose of this design was to publicize an official Korean flag, which was established with symbolic meanings and remarkably used in the Korean independence movement in 1919, called the March 1st Movement. The design shows the origin and meaning of the March 1st Movement and Korea’s independence from Japanese colonial rule by inspiring the Korean flag into the design that was created. 2019 is the 100th anniversary of the March 1st Movement, and it should be a very important year to remember Korea’s independence once again (Kim, 2019). Designers began to research the Korean’s non-violent and democratic uprising during the March 1st Movement in 1919 and began ideation on how to apply the Korean flag (Figure 1) and Declaration of Korean Independence into the design to commemorate 100 years of the movement.
Biomechanics of Blood Cells: A Historical Perspective

The notion that all animals and plants are made up of individual living cells and their products is a relatively new concept, dating back to approximately 150 years ago. The application of continuum mechanics to the passive and active behaviors of cells is even much more recent. Detailed analytical and computational solutions describing the deformation of cells and their components has only been carried through extensively in the last two or three decades. In the present paper, the historical development of ideas concerning the cellular nature of all living matter will be outlined first. Secondly, the development of analyses of blood flow will be sketched and thirdly, the application of continuum mechanics to individual blood cells and their component parts will be outlined.
Hacking a Path into and through STEM: Exploring how Youth Build Connecting Pathways between STEM-Related Landscapes:

Background/ContextMinoritized youth from historically marginalized backgrounds continue to face systemic inequities in STEM. Existing strategies aimed at increasing diversity in STEM, which are gui...
Uncovering opportunities for energy harvesting technologies: PhD forum abstract

Many ubiquitous computing technologies have been developed, but we are not yet living in the world Mark Weiser envisioned---seamless integration of electronics into everyday objects. One of the reasons is that the systems being developed have various energy constraints. I propose one approach to solve this problem, a concept called Compute-proximal Energy Harvesting, and applied it to the automobiles. In carrying out this work, I realized various barriers associated with energy harvesting, and I propose a comprehensive energy harvesting tools to overcome them.
ThreatZoom: Hierarchical Neural Network for CVEs to CWEs Classification.

The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) represent standard means for sharing publicly known information security vulnerabilities. One or more CVEs are grouped into the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) classes for the purpose of understanding the software or configuration flaws and potential impacts enabled by these vulnerabilities and identifying means to detect or prevent exploitation.
Performance of Methods to Estimate Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Women With and Without HIV Infection.

Background Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is estimated from total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides using predefined equations which assume fixed or varying relationships between these parameters and may underestimate or overestimate LDL-C. Data on the performance of these equations in persons with HIV are limited. We sought to investigate the utility of the 3 most widely used methods (Friedewald, Hopkins, and the recently proposed NIH equation) to predict LDL-C in persons with HIV. Methods We identified 7397 direct LDL-C (5219 HIV, 2127 uninfected controls, 51 seroconvertors) measurements in the Women's Interagency HIV Study, and used the 3 equations (Friedewald, Hopkins, and NIH) to calculate LDL-C. We compared the performance of the 3 equations using root mean square error and coefficient of determination (R2). Results Overall, the Friedewald equation had the best performance characteristics, outperforming Hopkins and NIH methods with lower root mean square error and higher R2 at lower triglyceride levels. However, this association did not hold true at higher triglyceride levels (quartiles 3 and 4), whereas the Hopkins equation had better performance characteristics in quartile 3, none of the 3 equations were optimal in quartile 4. After adjusting for fasting status and triglycerides levels, HIV+ had larger mean difference compared with directly measured LDL using all 3 methods. Conclusions All 3 methods have lower accuracy in HIV+ vs HIV- women, even after adjusting for triglyceride levels and fasting status. Further research should focus on identifying methods to estimate LDL-C in HIV.
Nanobody-based CTLA4 inhibitors for immune checkpoint blockade therapy of canine cancer patients.

Cancer is the leading cause of death in the geriatric dog population. Currently, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as anti-CTLA4 antibodies has markedly improved the prognosis of several cancers in their advanced stages. However, ICIs targeting CTLA4 blockade to treat canine cancer patients are yet to define. In this study, we sought to develop, characterize and assess whether chimeric heavy chain only antibodies (cHcAbs) against CTLA4 are viable therapeutic candidates for the treatment of canine cancers. Anti-CTLA4 nanobodies (Nbs) were identified from a yeast nanobody (Nb) library using magnetic-assisted cell sorting (MACS) and flow cytometry. cHcAbs were engineered by genetically fusing the DNA sequences coding for anti-CTLA4 Nbs with the Fc domain of the subclass B of canine IgG. Recombinant cHcAbs were purified from ExpiCHO-S cells. Stable cell lines expressing canine CTLA4 and FcγRI were used to elucidate the binding ability and specificity of cHcAbs. PBMCs isolated from healthy dogs were used to evaluate the ability of cHcAbs to activate canine PBMCs (cPBMCs). Novel Nbs were identified using the extracellular domain of canine CTLA4 protein to screen a fully synthetic yeast nanobody library. Purified Nbs bind specifically to native canine CTLA4. We report that chimeric HcAbs, which were engineered by fusing the anti-CTLA4 Nbs and Fc region of subclass B of canine IgG, were half the size of a conventional mAb and formed dimers. The chimeric HcAbs specifically binds both with canine CTLA4 and Fcγ receptors. As the binding of Nbs overlapped with the MYPPPY motif of canine CTLA4, these Nbs were expected to sterically disrupt the interaction of canine CTLA4 to B-7s. Like their human counterpart, canine CTLA4 was expressed on helper T cells and a small subset of cytotoxic T cells. Canine Tregs also constitutively expressed CTLA4, and stimulation with PMA/Ionomycin dramatically increased expression of CTLA4 on the cell surface. Stimulation of cPBMCs in the presence of agonistic anti-CD3 Ab and cHcAb6 significantly increased the expression of IFN-γ as compared to the isotype control. This study identifies a novel nanobody-based CTLA4 inhibitor for the treatment of canine cancer patients.
Abduction, Complex Inferences, and Emergent Heuristics of Scientific Inquiry

The roles of abductive inference in dynamic heuristics allows scientific methodologies to test novel explanations for the world’s ways. Deliberate reasoning often follows abductive patterns, as well as patterns dominated by deduction and induction, but complex mixtures of these three modes of inference are crucial for scientific explanation. All possible mixed inferences are formulated and categorized using a novel typology and nomenclature. Twenty five possible combinations among abduction, induction, and deduction are assembled and analyzed in order of complexity. There are five primary categories for sorting these inferential procedures: fallacies, non-scientific procedures, quasi-scientific procedures, scientific procedures, and scientific heuristics.
The legacy of altruism in health care: the promotion of empathy, prosociality and humanism

Medical Education 2012: 46: 317–325 Objectives This study aimed to examine concepts of altruism and empathy among medical students and professionals in conjunction with health care initiatives designed to support the maintenance of these qualities. Methods We searched for the terms ‘altruism’, ‘altruistic’, ‘helping’, ‘prosocial behaviour’ and ‘empathy’ in the English-language literature published from 1980 to the present within the Ovid MEDLINE, PsycInfo and PubMed databases. We used conceptual analysis to examine the relationships among altruism, empathy and related prosocial concepts in health care in order to understand how such factors may relate to emotional and career burnout, cynicism, decreased helping and decreased patient-centredness in care. Results Altruistic ideals and qualities of empathy appear to decrease among some medical students as they progress through their education. During this process, students face increasingly heavy workloads, deal with strenuous demands and become more acquainted with non-humanistic informal practices inherent in the culture of medicine. In combination, these factors increase the likelihood that emotional suppression, detachment from patients, burnout and other negative consequences may result, perhaps as a means of self-preservation. Alternatively, by making a mindful and intentional choice to endeavour for self-care and a healthy work–life balance, medical students can uphold humanistic and prosocial attitudes and behaviours. Conclusions Promoting altruism in the context of a compensated health care career is contradictory and misguided. Instead, an approach to clinical care that is prosocial and empathic is recommended. Training in mindfulness, self-reflection and emotion skills may help medical students and professionals to recognise, regulate and behaviourally demonstrate empathy within clinical and professional encounters. However, health care initiatives to increase empathy and other humanistic qualities will be limited unless more practical and feasible emotion skills training is offered to and accepted by medical students. Success will be further moderated by the culture of medicine’s full acceptance of empathy and humanism into its customs, beliefs, values, interactions and daily practices.
Archetype Blending Continuum Theory and Compact Bone Mechanics

In this chapter we explore the connection between a structurally complex biomaterial – bone – and a new theory of generalized continuum mechanics that accounts for microstructural complexity without explicitly modeling it. The hierarchical structure of bone (Lakes 1993; Rho et al. 1998a) is well suited for applications in generalized continua, which are theories that add higher displacement gradients or extra degrees of freedom to the classical equations in order to approximate fluctuations in deformation occurring at fine scales. The connection has been drawn before by Lakes (1988); Yoon and Katz (1983), where the mechanical behavior of bone was compared with features of a Cosserat solid (Cosserat and Cosserat 1909) and experimental methods for determination of the model constants were developed. The interest in bone mechanics and theories of generalized continua stems from their function as mechanical materials that both drive locomotion of the body and protect critical organs. Thus a natural tradeoff exists between weight, which when high slows movement, and strength, which when high better protects. Bone’s impressive hierarchical structure strikes a balance in this tradeoff between weight and strength, two typically competing features of structural materials, while retaining remarkable properties like high fracture resistance (Fantner et al. 2005, 2006; Ritchie et al. 2009). A better understanding of bones’ behavior under deformation, therefore, will improve patient diagnosis and therapy for osteoporosis, guide bone tissue regenerative engineering (Liu 2007), enable design of prosthetic limbs and protective gear for military soldiers or professional athletes, explain and avoid bone breaks or brain concussions, and even inform the design of new synthetic materials that mimic the high-strength high-toughness performance of bone through material hierarchies. To get at this understanding, traditional continuum methods do not suffice as they are prohibitively restrictive in their information content: how can one constitutive law be expected to describe the 5 or so levels of structural hierarchy in a typical bone tissue? The microstructure and mechanical properties of bone have been well studied (Currey 2002; Rho et al. 1998a; Vincent 1990), though we provide a brief summary here so the reader may be familiar with the terminology we adopt throughout the chapter. Following the summary of bone’s structure, we will turn our discussion to generalized continuum mechanics and the proposed archetype-blending continuum theory
The complexity and application of syntactic pattern recognition using finite inductive strings

We describe herein the results of implementing an algorithm for syntactic pattern recognition using the concept of Finite Inductive Sequences (FI). We discuss this idea, and then provide a big O estimate of the time to execute for the algorithms. We then provide some empirical data to support the analysis of the timing. This timing is critical if one wants to process millions of symbols from multiple sequences simultaneously. Lastly, we provide an example of the two FI algorithms applied to actual data taken from a gene and then describe some results as well as the associated data derived from this example.
RecA mediates MgpB and MgpC phase and antigenic variation in Mycoplasma genitalium, but plays a minor role in DNA repair

Mycoplasma genitalium, a sexually transmitted human pathogen, encodes MgpB and MgpC adhesins that undergo phase and antigenic variation through recombination with archived 'MgPar' donor sequences. The mechanism and molecular factors required for this genetic variation are poorly understood. In this study, we estimate that sequence variation at the mgpB/C locus occurs in vitro at a frequency of > 1.25 × 10(-4) events per genome per generation using a quantitative anchored PCR assay. This rate was dramatically reduced in a recA deletion mutant and increased in a complemented strain overexpressing RecA. Similarly, the frequency of haemadsorption-deficient phase variants was reduced in the recA mutant, but restored by complementation. Unlike Escherichia coli, inactivation of recA in M. genitalium had a minimal effect on survival after exposure to mitomycin C or UV irradiation. In contrast, a deletion mutant for the predicted nucleotide excision repair uvrC gene showed growth defects and was exquisitely sensitive to DNA damage. We conclude that M. genitalium RecA has a primary role in mgpB/C-MgPar recombination leading to antigenic and phase variation, yet plays a minor role in DNA repair. Our results also suggest that M. genitalium possesses an active nucleotide excision repair system, possibly representing the main DNA repair pathway in this minimal bacterium.
Optimal design and analysis of a new type of eddy-current driver

Eddy current of the eddy-current driver could reduce transmission efficiency because its thermal losses. Faced with these questions, this paper gave an analysis for the new structure by means of the finite element emulation software at first. Then Based on the principle of motor, this paper improved the structure of eddy-current driver according to the result of analysis. A new type of eddy-current driver with 72-slotted conductor plate filled with steel blocks is invented. The simulation result shown that the current flows mainly along radial path, which increases dragging force among magnetic fields and driving torque. After made a 15 KW model machine, an experiment was taken to validate it as well. The results indicated that improvement effect of torque and efficiency of this new type of eddy-current driver are considerable. It gave important references of high-power and optimization of the eddy-current driver.
Esophago-Esophageal Fistula in a Patient with Achalasia

A 62-year-old female presented with a previously unreported complication of achalasia, an esophguo-esophageal fistula. The detailed evaluation of this patient's esophagus is described and the value of esophageal cine-roentgenography in delineating the fistula and the aperistalsis is noted. The surgical management of this lesion is reported.
The effects of a pharmacist-delivered patient education programme on retention in human immunodeficiency virus care: a pilot study

Objectives To determine the potential impact of a brief human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) educational intervention delivered by a pharmacist during a provider visit on patient knowledge and retention in HIV care. Methods This study was performed in an HIV clinic at a large medical centre in Philadelphia. Patients had been attending the clinic for at least 1 year and were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Participants were randomized to standard care (SC) or SC plus a 10-min educational presentation (EP). Participants were followed over their next two scheduled visits. All participants received a baseline and end of study knowledge assessment. EP patients also received a knowledge assessment immediately following the presentation. A participant answering all assessment questions correctly was considered to have perfect knowledge. Participant retention in care was measured by attendance at provider visits, completion of laboratory work and adherence to ART. Key findings Forty-five patients were enrolled; 24 received the EP. At baseline, two-thirds of participants (31/45) had nonperfect knowledge and most had nonperfect retention (31/45). Among those with nonperfect baseline knowledge, most had nonperfect retention (23/31, P = 0.042). Following education, perfect knowledge improved in the intervention group (5/24 at baseline versus 16/24 post-EP, P = 0.002) and maintained through study completion. EP patients were more likely to have perfect retention compared with SC patients at study visit two (17/24 versus 5/21, P = 0.002) and study completion (16/24 versus 5/21, P = 0.026). Conclusion Brief education delivered by a pharmacist may improve patient knowledge and retention in HIV care.
Impact of an annual retreat on process improvement in a respiratory therapy section

Background In order to fulfill the mission of providing superb respiratory care, managing respiratory care services requires communication and collaboration. To enhance communication and collaboration in our Section of Respiratory Therapy at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and to generate ideas for improvement, since 1996 we have conducted annual retreats for the Section, during which important challenges and opportunities are discussed in a large-group forum. The current report describes the retreat process and outcomes, namely the ideas generated during these retreats and the frequency with which ideas were implemented successfully. Methods The annual retreat brings together all clinical specialists, supervisors, and managers in the Section of Respiratory Therapy, along with the medical director of Respiratory Therapy and representatives of the staff from each shift. In advance of the annual half-day retreat, supervisors and clinical specialists are asked to write a brief description of things that need improvement and actionable proposed solutions to these challenges. These documents are reviewed by the supervisors, managers, education coordinator, and medical director, and a list of discussion topics for the retreat is formulated. The retreat day begins with a brief introduction and summary of the year's activities and then encourages open-ended discussions regarding the various topics, with the explicit, repeated goal of generating solutions. Minutes are kept to identify specific action items, a list of which is visited repeatedly throughout the year, to assess progress toward successful completion of each action item. In the current analysis, the primary outcome measures are the number of ideas generated as action items during the retreats and the frequency with which these ideas have been implemented. Results Over the 8 years of annual retreats, 103 action items have been generated, of which 84% (n = 87) have been successfully implemented or completed. As evidence of the importance of this group-based activity, we cite several examples of suggestions and action items that were felt to uniquely represent group process and wisdom and which were not proposed beforehand by individuals. Conclusions On the basis of this experience, we recommend conducting annual respiratory therapy department retreats. We believe the benefits include collective problem-solving in a public forum to identify solutions not advanced by individuals. Also, we believe that the direct communication in such retreats contributes to enhanced morale, further evidence of which is the very low turnover rate among our respiratory therapists during the 8 years in which we have conducted annual retreats.
A geometric analysis of ODFs as oriented surfaces for interpolation, averaging and denoising in HARDI data

We propose a Riemannian framework for analyzing orientation distribution functions (ODFs), or corresponding probability density functions (PDFs), in HARDI for use in comparing, interpolating, averaging, and denoising. Recent approaches based on the Fisher-Rao Riemannian metric result in geodesic paths that have limited biological interpretations. As an alternative, we develop a framework where we separate the shape and orientation features of PDFs, compute geodesics under their respective Riemannian metrics and then combine them to form pseudo-geodesics on the product space. These pseudo-geodesic paths have better biological interpretation (in terms of interpolating points between given PDFs by preserving shape diffusivity and anisotropy) and provide tools for pairwise comparison and averaging of a collection of PDFs. The latter tools, in turn, are useful for interpolation, denoising, and improved tractography in HARDI data. We demonstrate these ideas using both synthetic and real HARDI data.
Athenian Legacies: Essays on the Politics of Going On Together – By Josiah Ober

The 2,500th anniversary of Athenian democracy (or more accurately that of Cleisthenes's reforms of 508–507-BC) in 1993 spawned an array of books, conferences, and even an exhibition held at the Nat...
Land Use Change and Global Adaptations to Climate Change

This paper uses the World Trade Model with Climate Sensitive Land (WTMCL) to evaluate possible future land-use changes associated with adaptations to climate change in a globalized world. In this approach, changes in regional agricultural production, which are based on comparative advantage, define patterns of land use change in agriculture in all regions of the world. We evaluate four scenarios that combine assumptions about future increases in food demand and future changes in land endowments of different productivities associated with climatic conditions: each scenario generates distinct patterns of regional specialization in the production of agricultural commodities and associated land-use change. The analysis also projects future food availability under the simulated conditions and the direction of likely changes in prices of the major agricultural commodity groups.
Rationality and psychological explanation

Certain philosophical arguments apparently show that the having of beliefs is tied conceptually to rationality. Such a view, however, seems at odds both with the possibility of irrational belief and with recent empirical discoveries in the psychology of reasoning. The aim of this paper is to move toward a reconciliation of these apparently conflicting perspectives by distinguishing between internalist and externalist conceptions of rationality. It is argued that elements of each are required for a satisfactory theory, one that allows for the possibility of irrationality and makes sense of empirical findings without violating conditions on belief ascription. Normative theories, on this view, constrain the latter while remaining silent on the character of actual psychological mechanisms.
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Microhabitat Use by Fishes and Decapod Crustaceans in a Louisiana Estuary

Abstract We used a 1-m beam trawl to characterize microhabitat use by fishes and decapod crustaceans in monthly samples collected in Vermilion and West Cote Blanche bays in central coastal Louisiana. Randomized sampling within strata characterized the distributions of species, size-classes, and environmental conditions throughout the coastal bays. Microhabitats were characterized by salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, distance from shore, substrate type, and turbidity. In 211 short-duration tows conducted from August 1998 through July 1999, we identified no fewer than 40 fish and 10 decapod crustacean taxa from 22,732 specimens, most of which were juveniles. The five most common species accounted for 67.9% of all individuals and were found in more than one-half of the samples (≥55.5%). Three of the five species are of immense commercial importance; the other two are important to the ecological community and as forage species for sport and commercial fishes. The two most abundant, Atlantic croa...
Malonate produces striatal lesions by indirect NMDA receptor activation

We previously showed that local striatal injections of malonate produce age-dependent excitotoxic lesions. In the present study volumetric analysis confirmed that malonate produces age-dependent striatal lesions. Pretreatment with the non-competitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and LY274614, and with lamotrigine resulted in significant protection in 4-month-old animals. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of lesion area showed a significant correlation of increasing lesion size and lactate production in rats ranging from 1 to 12 months of age. Histological evaluation showed NADPH-diaphorase neurons were spared. The results provide further evidence that a subtle impairment of energy metabolism may play a role in neurodegenerative diseases.
Crossmodal information for visual and haptic discrimination

Both our visual and haptic systems contribute to the perception of the three dimensional world, especially the proximal perception of objects. The interaction of these systems has been the subject of some debate over the years, ranging from the philosophically posed Molyneux problem to the more pragmatic examination of their psychophysical relationship. To better understand the nature of this interaction we have performed a variety of experiments characterizing the detection, discrimination, and production of 3D shape. A stimulus set of 25 complex, natural appearing, noisy 3D target objects were statistically specified in the Fourier domain and manufactured using a 3D printer. A series of paired-comparison experiments examined subjects' unimodal (visual-visual and haptic-haptic) and crossmodal (visual-haptic) perceptual abilities. Additionally, subjects sculpted objects using uni- or crossmodal source information. In all experiments, the performance in the unimodal conditions were similar to one another and unimodal presentation fared better than crossmodal. Also, the spatial frequency of object features affected performance differentially across the range used in this experiment. The sculpted objects were scanned in 3D and the resulting geometry was compared metrically and statistically to the original stimuli. Objects with higher spatial frequency were harder to sculpt when limited to haptic input compared to only visual input. The opposite was found for objects with low spatial frequency. The psychophysical discrimination and comparison experiments yielded similar findings. There is a marked performance difference between the visual and haptic systems and these differences were systematically distributed along the range of feature details. The existence of non-universal (i.e. modality-specific) representations explain the poor crossmodal performance. Our current findings suggest that haptic and visual information is either integrated into a multi-modal form, or each is independent and somewhat efficient translation is possible. Vision shows a distinct advantage when dealing with higher frequency objects but both modalities are effective when comparing objects that differ by a large amount.