cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial differences associated with body weight among female adolescents: the importance of body image

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether overweight female adolescents differ from normal and underweight female adolescents with respect to a set of psychosocial factors, while controlling for body image. Methods: Female participants of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 3197) were selected for analysis. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to test whether overweight subjects differed from normal and underweight subjects with respect to measures of depression, self-esteem, trouble in school, school connectedness, family connectedness, sense of community, autonomy, protective factors, and grades. Stepdown F-tests and discriminant function coefficients provided information regarding the strength of specific factors in contributing to overall differences. Results: MANOVA revealed significant differences between groups on the combined set of psychosocial factors. Self-esteem defined the difference in a positive direction while grades defined the difference inversely. When controlling for body image, multidimensional group differences were still evident; however, self-esteem was no longer a significant contributing variable. Conclusions: While overweight female adolescents seem to suffer from low self-esteem, it may be explained by body image. Efforts should be directed toward encouraging and supporting healthy eating patterns and physical activity while encouraging students to recognize personal strengths not related to physique.
Evaluation of the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance; Part II—particulate matter

Abstract This paper is Part II in a pair of papers that examines the results of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5 (v4.5) and discusses the potential explanations for the model performance characteristics seen. The focus of this paper is on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its chemical composition. Improvements made to the dry deposition velocity and cloud treatment in CMAQ v4.5 addressing compensating errors in 36-km simulations improved particulate sulfate (SO42−) predictions. Large overpredictions of particulate nitrate (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) in the fall are likely due to a gross overestimation of seasonal ammonia (NH3) emissions. Carbonaceous aerosol concentrations are substantially underpredicted during the late spring and summer months, most likely due, in part, to a lack of some secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation pathways in the model. Comparisons of CMAQ PM2.5 predictions with observed PM2.5 mass show mixed seasonal performance. Spring and summer show the best overall performance, while performance in the winter and fall is relatively poor, with significant overpredictions of total PM2.5 mass in those seasons. The model biases in PM2.5 mass cannot be explained by summing the model biases for the major inorganic ions plus carbon. Errors in the prediction of other unspeciated PM2.5 (PMOther) are largely to blame for the errors in total PM2.5 mass predictions, and efforts are underway to identify the cause of these errors.
Complement receptor 1 gene variants are associated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), a commonly performed test of the acute phase response, is the rate at which erythrocytes sediment in vitro in 1 hr. The molecular basis of erythrocyte sedimentation is unknown. To identify genetic variants associated with ESR, we carried out a genome-wide association study of 7607 patients in the Electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) network. The discovery cohort consisted of 1979 individuals from the Mayo Clinic, and the replication cohort consisted of 5628 individuals from the remaining four eMERGE sites. A nonsynonymous SNP, rs6691117 (Val→IIe), in the complement receptor 1 gene (CR1) was associated with ESR (discovery cohort p = 7 × 10−12, replication cohort p = 3 × 10−14, combined cohort p = 9 × 10−24). We imputed 61 SNPs in CR1, and a “possibly damaging” SNP (rs2274567, His→Arg) in linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.74) with rs6691117 was also associated with ESR (discovery p = 5 × 10−11, replication p = 7 × 10−17, and combined cohort p = 2 × 10−25). The two nonsynonymous SNPs in CR1 are near the C3b/C4b binding site, suggesting a possible mechanism by which the variants may influence ESR. In conclusion, genetic variation in CR1, which encodes a protein that clears complement-tagged inflammatory particles from the circulation, influences interindividual variation in ESR, highlighting an association between the innate immunity pathway and erythrocyte interactions.
Comparison of Subtypes of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Naturally Contaminated Watershed Samples with and without a Selective Secondary Enrichment

Two enrichment methods for Listeria monocytogenes using Immuno Magnetic Separation (IMS) were tested to determine if they selected the same subtypes of isolates. Both methods used a non-selective primary enrichment and one included subculture in Fraser Broth, while the other involved direct plating of IMS beads. Sixty-two naturally contaminated watershed samples from the Central California Coast were used as a source of L. monocytogenes, and subtype diversity was measured by serotype and Multiple Number Variable Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Three different serotypes were detected from both methods with serotype 4b strains making up 87% of the isolates, serotype 1/2a making up 8%, and serotype 1/2b making up 5%. The data suggest that serotype 1/2a strains were more likely to be isolated from the Fraser Broth culture method. Sixty-two different MLVA types were detected and the more common MLVA types were detected by both culture methods. Forty-three MLVA types were detected only from one culture method or the other, while 19 types were detected from both culture methods. The most common MLVA type-12 was detected in 33 of the 62 water samples, and represented 31% of the isolates from both culture methods. This limited study provides evidence that using both enrichment culture methods allowed for detection of a greater diversity of isolates among the samples than the use of one method alone, and that a wide diversity of L. monocytogenes strains exist in this watershed.
Theoretical financial benefit of internal parasite control for Michigan dairy farms using National Animal Health Monitoring System data

Abstract A study was undertaken to assess the capability of the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) to collect necessary and sufficient data for financial analysis of internal parasitism in Michigan dairy herds. This problem was chosen because of increasing interest in animal health monitoring systems in developing countries, where internal parasites are a major health concern. Partial budgeting was used to determine the financial effect of controlling internal parasites in a ‘typical’ dairy herd. Herd and health management parameters were defined using Michigan NAHMS data from 1987/1988 and 1988/1989. Financial parameters were determined from the 1989 Telfarm database. The effects of parasitism on production were defined from the literature. Selected sensitivity analyses were performed. If a ‘typical’ Michigan dairy herd was infected with internal parasites, and if a treatment was implemented where all animals responded positively, the dairy farmer could expect to gain over $ 15 per head in 1988/1989. These results were most sensitive to milk price, expected improvement in performance, and feed costs. Moderate sensitivity also was evident for production per cow and wage rate. The stratified random sampling procedure of NAHMS facilitated description of physical attributes for the ‘typical’ farm. However, several limitations in the database were defined during this exercise, including lack of definitive diagnosis of parasitism, feed cost data, weight gains of young stock, and livestock prices. Implications of these limitations are discussed.
Nomogram for Predicting Symptom Severity during Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer

ObjectivesRadiation therapy (RT), with or without chemotherapy, can cause significant acute toxicity among patients treated for head and neck cancer (HNC), but predicting, before treatment, who will experience a particular toxicity or symptom is difficult. We created and evaluated 2 multivariate models and generated a nomogram to predict symptom severity during RT based on a patient-reported outcome (PRO) instrument, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory–Head and Neck Module (MDASI-HN).Study DesignThis was a prospective, longitudinal, questionnaire-based study.SettingTertiary cancer care center.Subjects and MethodsSubjects were 264 patients with HNC (mostly oropharyngeal) who had completed the MDASI-HN before and during therapy. Pretreatment variables were correlated with MDASI-HN symptom scores during therapy with multivariate modeling and then were correlated with the composite MDASI-HN score during week 5 of therapy.ResultsA multivariate model incorporating pretreatment PROs better predicted MDASI-HN sympt...
Urinary and fecal incontinence in nursing homes.

Abstract Urinary and fecal incontinence affect 50% or more of nursing home residents and frequently occur together because immobility and dementia are primary risk factors for both conditions. Many residents (40%–60%) show immediate improvement when provided with consistent toileting assistance, which compensates for the immobility and dementia risk factors that prevent them from toileting independently. Residents who are responsive to assistance can be identified with a 2-day run-in trial during which prompts are provided every 2 hours to encourage toileting. This run-in trial also provides an opportunity to use protocols to identify and treat other reversible causes of incontinence (e.g., urinary tract infection, fecal impaction) and to diagnose problems with bladder or anorectal functioning. The effects of toileting assistance on the frequency of fecal incontinence, while significant, are less dramatic than those reported for urinary incontinence, primarily because of constipation. Fortunately, noninvasive interventions have been identified that address most of the risk factors common to both constipation and fecal incontinence. Trials are needed to evaluate treatments that integrate noninvasive interventions directed toward the use of laxatives or constipating agents, low toileting frequency, low food and fluid intake, and physical activity to improve constipation and fecal incontinence in nursing home residents. The scientific documentation of the efficacy of such a noninvasive intervention and the labor costs of implementing these measures can lead to major changes in how nursing home care is funded and provided.
Skill: Meanings, Methods, and Measures

This article reviews concepts and measures of skill in the social sciences. Conceptual positions differ in the ultimate origin of bases for skill, the locus and nature of skill valuation mechanisms, the extent of social constructionist influences, and the dimensionality of skill. An emerging consensus posits two organizing dimensions: substantive complexity and autonomy control. The major research designs that include the study of skill are highly varied and complementary in their knowledge yield. The major measurement strategies have shifted in recent years from nonmeasures and indirect measures of skill to direct measures of two types: expert systems and self-report measures. The review considers in detail the major expert system, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, in terms of population coverage, aggregation bias, reliability, validity, and relationship to self-report measures.
Wavelength and Fluence Effect on Vascular Damage with Photodynamic Therapy on Skin

Normal skin phototoxicity is clinically predictable during photodynamic therapy with light at 690 and 458 nm wavelengths, in the first 5 h after intravenous bolus infusion of benzoporphyrin derivative mono-acid ring A. This study goal was to determine histologic milestones that lead to tissue necrosis with exposure to red (690 nm) and blue (458 nm) light. The threshold doses for skin necrosis on rabbits were equal at both wavelengths. Lower, equal to, and higher than threshold fluences were delivered in duplicates at hourly intervals, with 40% increments, at constant irradiance. Pathology specimens from irradiated and control sites, were collected at 0, 2, 7, 24, 48 h, and 2 wk after treatment and were paired to equivalent treated sites for clinical evaluation. Immediately after irradiation, at 690 and 458 nm thresholds, light microscopy showed stasis and inflammatory infiltrate in the papillary dermis, respectively; electron microscopy demonstrated pericyte and endothelial cell damage – greater at 690 than 458 nm. At day 1, vascular stasis in the dermis showed a steeper dose–response with red than blue light, and led to necrosis of skin appendages (day 1) and epidermis (days 1–2) at both wavelengths. Sub-threshold fluences induced similar, but significantly milder (p
Providing Student Opportunities to Respond in Reading and Mathematics: A Look Across Grade Levels

The evidence for providing sufficient opportunities for students to respond has been established in terms of student engagement and achievement in reading and mathematics. Although supported by research, the question remains whether teachers are incorporating this effective practice in their classroom instruction. This study examines the analysis of data from direct teacher observations during reading and mathematics instruction. Results from the analysis indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between teachers' rate of opportunities for students to respond across grade levels during mathematics and reading instruction. Although opportunities for students to respond rates across grade levels may vary, the rates at all grade levels are lower than recommended. Implications and areas of future research will be discussed.
A plane-symmetric solution of Einstein's equations with perfect fluid and an equation of statep=γϱ

A new class of plane-symmetric solutions of Einstein's equations with perfect fluid source and an equation of statep=γϱ (γ=const.) is presented. It contains the static vacuum solution, a special Kasner solution and the flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker spacetime as subclasses. The only class for which the matter distribution is truly inhomogeneous (class D in the sequel) represents matter concentrated around a planar orbit of the symmetry group in an expanding universe.
Modeling the Pressure-Density Relationship in Thin Films at Asperity Contacts in Mixed Lubrication

In mixed lubricated contact, the asperity contact regions may be separated by a thin layer of lubricant film. Simulations of mixed lubrication often use empirical formulae to describe the change of density with pressure in the lubricated areas. However, these models may not be applicable to molecularly thin films at asperity contact regions. We present a molecular simulation approach for density characterization of the fluid at asperity contact regions in mixed lubrication. The resultant density-pressure relationship is compared to the traditional Dowson-Higginson model. It is found that the two models predict comparable densities at low pressures but diverge at higher pressures.© 2005 ASME
A mixed integer and multiple objective programming model to analyze coal handling in New England

Abstract Mandated electric generation coal conversions in New England could place a severe strain on the coal handling and transportation facilities in New England ports. This paper presents an analytical scheme leading to the development of optimal plans for the reuse and redevelopment of marine transport networks in New England. Utilizing the port inventory that provides information on existing coal handling facilities and the capability of the ports to increase capacity of existing facilities or locating new facilities, a mathematical programming model is used to determine the optimal capacity, placement and railrod and marine interface of coal handling facilities within and between the New England ports and converting power plants. Initially a mixed integer programming model with a least cost objective is formulated. It is then expanded to a multiobjective programming problem in order to provide information to the port planners and decision makers on the tradeoffs between the costs and temporal efficiency of coal transporation and handling for various locational configurations.
A generalization of Sylvester's identity

Abstract We consider a new generalization of Euler's and Sylvester's identities for partitions. Our proof is based on an explicit bijection.
Early Onset Pneumonia Following Pulmonary Contusion: The Case of Stonewall Jackson

ABSTRACTConfederate Lieutenant General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson was wounded by his own men at the Battle of Chancellorsville during the American Civil War. While being removed from the field, Jackson fell from the litter and struck the right side of his chest on a large stone or stump. Four days following the amputation of his left arm, Jackson developed pneumonia in his right lung. His treating physicians believed the infection developed secondary to a pulmonary contusion that occurred when he fell from the litter. Pulmonary contusions are an independent risk factor in the development of post-traumatic pneumonia and an infection that occurs within 72 to 96 hours of injury is termed an early onset pneumonia. The nature and timing of Stonewall Jackson's illness following his wounding is consistent with the modern diagnosis of early onset pneumonia following chest trauma.
An experimental study of freeze-coating on a chilled axially moving wire

Abstract An innovative experimental method was developed to simulate the process of freeze-coating on a chilled continuous wire moving axially at a constant velocity through a warm liquid bath. The experimental setup, which was capable of monitoring the motion of the wire over a sufficiently long period of time, represented the first attempt to investigate the phenomena of flow and freezing on a moving continuous object under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Water and copper wire were used as the working fluid and the continuous object, respectively, and tests were conducted for different wire velocities, inlet wire temperatures, and ambient fluid temperatures. The local freeze-coat thickness was measured by an optical technique. Results indicated that for the case of laminar flow, the solidification process could be described by a theory based upon the boundary layer approach. Flow transition along the freeze-coat was also observed, and the critical conditions were found to be characterized by the values of three independent dimensionless parameters.
ESCAPE FROM SD ASSOCIATED WITH FIXED-RATIO REINFORCEMENT1

Throughout ascending and descending fixed-ratio (FR) sequences, rats were allowed to terminate the FR stimulus control by pressing a time-out (TO) lever. To minimize chance or accidental responses on this second lever, three presses were required to produce the 30-sec SΔ period. As FR performance became more “strained,” there was an increased predisposition to escape from the time-in stimulus complex. The generality of this finding was extended by obtaining recoverability (independent of the direction of stimulus change) of the FR-TO function in the descending series. Typically, escapes were produced only during the post-reinforcement pause; however, under a mixed FR FR schedule, their occurrence shifted to a point within the inter-reinforcement interval corresponding to the unreinforced completion of the lower ratio component. It appears that the point where the rat can discriminate the size of the ratio requirement will be the place where TOs are imposed. This inference was supported by a substantial increase in TO frequency accompanying a shift from CRF to extinction on the FR lever. Finally, the escape lever was placed on a progressively increasing FR schedule and later extinguished to demonstrate that the TO condition was in fact reinforcing.
Phonemic restorations based on subsequent context.

Earlier experiments have shown that when one or more speech sounds in a sentence are replaced by a noise meeting certain criteria, the listener mislocalizes the extraneous sound and believes he hears the missing phoneme(s) clearly. The present study confirms and extends these earlier reports of phonemic restorations under a variety of novel conditions. All stimuli had some of the context necessary for the appropriate phonemic restoration following the missing sound, and all sentences had the missing phoneme deliberately mispronounced before electronic deletion (so that the neighboring phonemes could not provide acoustic cues to aid phonemic restorations). The results are interpreted in terms of mechanisms normally aiding veridical perception of speech and nonspeech sounds.
Time-resolved optical studies of silicon during nanosecond pulsed-laser irradiation

The time-resolved optical transmission (at 1152-nm wavelength) and reflectivity (at both 633 and 1152 nm) of crystalline silicon have been measured with \ensuremath{\sim}nsec resolution during and immediately after pulsed-ruby-laser irradiation (694 nm, full width at half maximum pulse duration 14 nsec), over a range of pulsed-laser energy densities ${E}_{l}$. For ${E}_{l}\ensuremath{\ge}0.8$ J/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ the transmission is found to go to zero and to remain at zero for a time proportional to ${E}_{l}$ (during which time the reflectivity is also at a maximum value), and then to recover (in \ensuremath{\sim}500 nsec) to its initial value. The zero-transmission result during the high-reflectivity phase contradicts reports of other similar experiments. Measured reflectivities during the high-reflectivity phase agree with reflectivities calculated from the known optical constants of molten silicon, at both the 633- and 1152-nm probe wavelengths. Intense near-band-gap photoluminescence is also observed from our silicon samples, for ${E}_{l}$ both above and below the threshold for the high-reflectivity phase. The results of detailed calculations using the thermal-melting model are presented. Good quantitative agreement is found between the results of these calculations and the measured melting threshold of 0.8 J/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, and with the reflectivity and transmission of crystalline silicon, as functions of time and ${E}_{l}$. The small (\ensuremath{\lesssim}10%) absorption due to long-lived laser-induced free carriers is also calculated and found to be in satisfactory agreement with the measured transmission for long (\ensuremath{\gtrsim}100 nsec) times after pulsed-laser irradiation. The results are discussed in relation to other recent time-resolved measurements during pulsed-laser irradiation of silicon.
Benzenium Ion Chemistry on Solid Metal Halide Superacids: In Situ 13C NMR Experiments and Theoretical Calculations

The benzenium, toluenium, and ethylbenzenium ions were synthesized on aluminum bromide by coadsorption of the precursors with either HBr or alkyl bromide. Principal components of the 13C chemical shift tensors for the ring carbons of these species were measured from magic angle spinning spectra. The benzenium ion was static at 77 K but underwent both proton scrambling and anisotropic rotation at 298 K as well as oligomerization at higher loadings. The para form of the toluenium ion was the dominant isomer at 77 K, but a temperature-dependent equilibrium between the para and ortho isomers was observed at 273 K. Observations of 1H−13C self-decoupling and loading-dependent 13C shifts for small amounts of toluene on high-purity AlBr3 demonstrate the existence of trace Bronsted sites on an important Friedel−Crafts catalyst. Geometries of the benzenium ions were optimized with both MP2/6-311+G* and density functional calculations at B3LYP/6-311+G*; these were in very good agreement with one another. Energy calc...
Comparison of Multiple-Pass 24-Hour Recall Estimates of Energy Intake With Total Energy Expenditure Determined By the Doubly Labeled Water Method in Young Children

Abstract Objective This study determined the accuracy of the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method for estimating energy intake in young children by comparing it with measurements of total energy expenditure made using the doubly labeled water method. Design Three multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were obtained over a 14-day period to estimate mean energy intake. Total energy expenditure was measured over the same 14-day period under free-living conditions using the doubly labeled water technique. Subjects/setting Twenty-four children between the ages of 4 and 7 years were tested at the General Clinical Research Center/Sims Obesity Nutrition Research Center at the University of Vermont. Statistical analysis t Tests, paired t tests, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients, pairwise comparison to show relative bias and limits of agreement, and regression analysis were used to test the relationships among study variables. Results No difference was found between 3-day mean energy intake and total energy expenditure for the group ( t =2.07, P =.65). The correlation between individual measures of energy intake and total energy expenditure was not statistically significant ( r =.25, P =.24). Conclusions Data from 3 days of multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were sufficient to make valid group estimates of energy intake. The method was not precise for individual measurements of energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:1140-1144.
The origin of ferrous zoning in Allende chondrule olivines

Abstract Olivine crystals in Allende Type 1 chondrules have ferrous rims (Fa15–44), a few microns thick, at grain surfaces and along crosscutting cracks. This ferrous olivine contains as much as 2 atomic pet. Al and Cr and 0.2 pct. Ti. Along cracks, profiles of Fe, Al, Cr and Ti are consistent with difrusional emplacement: these elements moved from an external source through the cracks as a vapor or by grain boundary diffusion, then into the olivine by lattice diffusion. The emplacement did not occur during an epoch of planetary metamorphism that partly equilibrated matrix and chondrule olivines, because (e.g.) neither matrix nor primary magnesian chondrule olivine contains even 1 10 this much Al, Cr and Ti. We argue that the source of these elements was the nebular gas and emplacement occurred prior to accretion. The ferrous zones at olivine grain boundaries do not display simple diffusion profiles: rather they appear to be a composite of two concentric rims. The inner rims have compositions similar to those of the ferrous zones along cracks and contain the highest concentrations of Al, Cr and Ti. The outer rims (up to 20 μm thick where grain boundaries are at the surfaces of chondrules) are of uniformly high Fa content and relatively low Al, Cr. and Ti concentration. These outer rims appear to be additional material that condensed onto the chondrules after the diffusional emplacement event discussed earlier. Matrix olivine grains, which are identical to these rims in composition, condensed simultaneously.
Papular umbilicated granuloma annulare in association with Alagille syndrome

A 10-year-old white boy with Alagille syndrome was referred to the dermatology clinic for evaluation of an eruption on the lower extremities. The lesions were mildly pruritic, gradual in onset, and increased in number over several months. The patient reported no insect bites, no unusual contacts, no history of chronic dermatologic disorders, and no recent febrile illness or systemic complaints. He had Alagille syndrome with cholestatic liver disease, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary artery stenosis, retinal pigment abnormalities, and myopia. His medications included rifampin and phenobarbital. There was no family history of Alagille syndrome; however, the patient's father had retinal cone abnormalities and a half-sister had died of Aicardi syndrome. Physical examination revealed typical facies with hypertelorism, deep set eyes, and a sharply pointed chin. Dermatologic examination showed firm umbilicated papules symmetrically distributed on the dorsa of both feet and ankles (Fig. 1). The differential diagnosis included xanthomas, prurigo papules, and molluscum contagiosum. A skin biopsy revealed palisading necrobiotic granulomas consistent with granuloma annulare (Fig. 2).
An assessment of nutritional depletion following major colonic surgery.

This study was undertaken to determine the changes in basic nutritional indices associated with major colonic surgery accompanied by periods of semi-starvation. Changes in weight serum albumin, nitrogen balance, and maximum exercise capacity were studied. Weight loss was 5.5±1 per cent, serum albumin decreased 0.20±0.15 gm per cent. Nitrogen loss was 5.9±0.9 gm per day and maximum exercise capacity decreased by 13.5±1.8 per cent. Nitrogen balance improved when amino acids were substituted for glucose as the maintenance regimen, but no corresponding improvement in exercise performance could be demonstrated. It is concluded that major colonic surgery associated with moderate periods of semi-starvation is associated with an average nitrogen loss of 5.9±0.9 gm per day and a 13.5±1.8 per cent loss in maximum exercise capacity or effective muscle mass.
Planning Office and Community Influence on Land-Use Decisions Intended to Benefit the Low-Income: Welcome to Chicago

This study explores urban planning office and community influence on land-use decision making in two poverty-stricken but redeveloping neighborhood areas in Chicago. The Department of Planning and Development in this study had marginal impact on land-use decisions due to administrative limitations. Community influence is moderated by the degree to which low-income housing advocates can act directly as developers and produce housing units. The research findings indicate that land-use decisions intended to benefit the low-income resulted not from community-based political conflict but more so from community organization cooperation with political actors.
Conformational Selectivity of HIV-1 Protease Cleavage of X-Pro Peptide Bonds and Its Implications

Kinetic measurements on a fluorescent peptide analog of the p17/p24 cleavage site of the Gag polyprotein demonstrate the conformational selectivity of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 protease for the trans conformation of the Tyr-Pro bond. A mean cis/trans ratio of 0.3, and a cis →trans isomerization rate constant of 0.022 s−1are determined at T = 22 °C. This rate is in excellent agreement with that predicted by 19F NMR studies of structurally analogous peptides containing a fluorine/hydroxyl substitution on the tyrosyl residue. Addition of recombinant human cyclophilin resulted in a significant enhancement of this rate, and it is proposed that this enzyme, which has been shown to be associated with the Gag protein, functions as an auxiliary enzyme for the protease during cleavage in the virion.
Foucault and the critical tradition

The present paper motivates one possible answer to the question, "What re? mains of the Enlightenment?" by reinterpreting the relation between Foucault and the critical tradition. The Enlightenment has left us with "normative su? perstition," or a healthy form of skepticism about the justification of modern institutions and ideals. Along these lines, I adopt an interpretation of Foucault that diverges from the standard view. I argue that he shares with his detrac? tors a common heritage of the "critical attitude," placing him squarely in line with Kant, Hegel and critical theory generally. If it is possible to view this critical attitude as an expression of Enlightenment-oriented views, then there are reasons to believe that his so-called postmodernism is nothing more than hyper-modernism. The general lines of this last argument have been made elsewhere, most notably in Robert Pippin's important work, but there is a need to situate Foucault in the unfolding narrative of modernity, rather than label him a hostile opponent to it (Pippin, 2000). In my view, the "Foucault addic? tion" now so popular is a consistent expression of the critical tradition and the aim here is to develop this point.
Late Woodland Period "Waste" Reduction in the Ohio River Valley

Abstract The “good and gray” (Williams 1963:297) cultures of the Late Woodland period in the Eastern Woodlands are so named because they lack the elaboration of the preceding Middle Woodland. Traditional attempts to explain this loss of elaboration as a consequence of social breakdown or climatic change fail empirically or are untestable and do not account for the variety of trajectories observed. The “waste” hypothesis both accounts for this kind of variation and is testable. Here we describe the critical variation in different areas of the Ohio Valley and outline a brief explanation, relying on simple variables drawn from evolutionary theory.
Growth, accumulation, and unproductive activity : an analysis of the postwar U.S. economy

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Unproductive activity in a capitalist society 3. A Marxian accounting framework 4. A growth model of accumulation and unproductive labor 5. Rise of unproductive activity in postwar economy 6. Absorption of labor and capital and rate of surplus value 7. Absorption of new resources and growth in real income 8. Conclusions and speculations Appendix: data sources and methods References Index.
Visual Search Editor for Composing Meta Searches

MetaCrystal is visual tool for creating and editing meta search queries. Users can visually combine the top results retrieved by different search engines to create crystals of increasing complexity. MetaCrystal consists of several overview tools to help users gain insight into how to filter the results from the different engines. It shows users the degree of overlap between the top results returned by different search engines. Users can apply different weights to the search engines to create their own ranking functions and can perform advanced filtering operations visually. Users can modify the URL directory depth or change the number of top documents used to increase or decrease the degree of overlap between the different engines. MetaCrystal addresses the problem of the effective fusion of different search engine results by enabling user to visually compose and refine meta searches.
Feasibility test of a shared care network for children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Purpose The purpose of this feasibility study was to examine primary care pediatricians and a diabetes specialty team sharing the care of children with type 1 diabetes in a structured network. Methods A diabetes specialty team and 3 pediatric practice groups participated in training and shared care of patients with type 1 diabetes. The diabetes team-consisting of 1 pediatric endocrinologist, 2 nurses in advanced practice, and 1 master's-prepared registered dietitian-initiated therapy and self-management training for families; pediatricians implemented maintenance therapy. Role definitions, specially developed records, and a communication framework guided the interaction of providers. Satisfaction of families and pediatricians was assessed by questionnaire. The A1C level was used to assess patients' metabolic control. Results Twenty-nine patients accepted pediatrician referral, 25 kept initial training sessions, and 20 completed at least 1 year in the network. All 24 invited pediatricians participated, and 17 enrolled patients. All families who completed satisfaction surveys were highly satisfied with the network. Nineteen pediatricians completed end-of-study questions and were also highly positive about sharing care with the specialty team. The mean A1C value was near target levels or better the first year, and it rose during the second year. Conclusions The study supports the feasibility of integrating general pediatrician and diabetes specialty services for children with type 1 diabetes. Larger studies are justified to assess the efficacy and effectiveness of shared care.
Using the INSPIRAL program to search for gravitational waves from low-mass binary inspiral

The INSPIRAL program is the LIGO Scientific Collaboration's computational engine for the search for gravitational waves from binary neutron stars and sub-solar mass black holes. We describe how this program, which makes use of the FINDCHIRP algorithm, is integrated into a sophisticated data analysis pipeline that was used in the search for low-mass binary inspirals in data taken during the second LIGO science run.
Lifestyle Balance: A Review of Concepts and Research

Abstract The perceived stress of time‐pressures related to modern life in Western nations has heightened public interest in how lifestyles can be balanced. Conditions of apparent imbalance, such as workaholism, burnout, insomnia, obesity and circadian desynchronosis, are ubiquitous and have been linked to adverse health consequences. Despite this, little research has been devoted to the study of healthy lifestyle patterns. This paper traces the concept of lifestyle balance from early history, continuing with the mental hygiene movement of the early twentieth century, and extending to the present. Relevant threads of theory and research pertaining to time use, psychological need satisfaction, role‐balance, and the rhythm and timing of activities are summarized and critiqued. The paper identifies research opportunities for occupational scientists and occupational therapists, and proposes that future studies connect existing research across a common link—the identification of occupational patterns that reduc...
An adaptive window mechanism for image smoothing

Image smoothing using adaptive windows whose shapes, sizes, and orientations vary with image structure is described. Window size is increased with decreasing gradient magnitude, and window shape and orientation are adjusted in such a way as to smooth most in the direction of least gradient. Rather than performing smoothing isotropically, smoothing is performed in preferred orientations to preserve region boundaries while reducing random noise within regions. Also, instead of performing smoothing uniformly, smoothing is performed more in homogeneous areas than in detailed areas. The proposed adaptive window mechanism is tested in the context of median, mean, and Gaussian filtering, and experimental results are presented using synthetic and real images and compared with a state-of-the-art method.
Immunochemical detection of proteins biotinylated on nitrocellulose replicas.

Abstract A sensitive method for staining proteins after transfer from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose paper is described. Transferred proteins are first derivatized by reaction of the nitrocellulose replica with sulfosuccinimidobiotin and are then reacted sequentially with steptavidin, rabbit anti-streptavidin, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody. Application of the enzyme substrate, alpha-chloronaphthol, produces dark protein bands against a white background. The binding of streptavidin to the proteins is dependent on biotin derivatization and is inhibited by biotinylated bovine serum albumin or 10 nM biotin. The procedure permits detection of less than 5 ng of transferred protein in a single band and is thus 5–10 times more sensitive than horseradish peroxidase-conjugated avidin alone. For bovine serum albumin, the method is comparable in sensitivity to silver staining of protein in polyacrylamide gels.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Dimethyl Ether Oxidation to Formaldehyde on Supported Molybdenum Oxide Domains

Kinetic isotope effect and isotopic tracer/exchange methods were combined with in situ infrared spectroscopy and kinetic data to determine the mechanism of dimethyl ether (DME, CH3OCH3) oxidation to formaldehyde (HCHO) on MoOx/Al2O3. The reaction intermediates and elementary steps established a redox mechanism that led to kinetic rate equations that are consistent with observed dependencies of reactant pressures. Methoxide concentrations as detected by in situ infrared spectroscopy correlated directly with formation rates to establish their importance for the formation of HCHO and CH3OH. Reactant partial pressure studies showed that rates of HCHO and CH3OH formation are first-order in DME and zero-order in O2 at low DME pressures. At high DME pressures, rates became independent of DME pressure and acquired positive-order O2 dependencies. H−D kinetic isotope effects indicated that C−H bond activation is not involved in kinetically relevant steps and transient studies involving CH316OCH3−18O2−Mo16Ox/Al2O3 c...
Computers as Situational Cues: Implications for Consumers Product Cognitions and Attitudes

Whereas the Internet itself poses unique challenges and opportunities, it is possible that the context of the Internet (a computer context) affects consumers differently than other contexts would, thereby causing people to think about and evaluate products differently. Drawing from learning theory and the functional theory of attitudes, it is predicted that computers, by being associated with the accessibility of detailed information, will elicit a need for meaning. Consequently, when a computer is present, people may think about and seek more product information than will those evaluating the product on paper (a print context). The results of an experiment support these hypotheses. Across two diverse products, the mere presence of a computer caused people to think more about and request more information about the product than those in the print context did. Furthermore, the attitudes of those in the computer context were more representative of both dimensions described in the advertisement, whereas the attitudes of those in the print context reflected the valence of the dimension that is typically used when evaluating the product. Implications for promoting products and conducting market research in computer environments are discussed.
Parametrization of SU(3)

We present a parametrization of the group SU(3) in which matrix elements are sums of trigonometric functions. We express the generators as differential operators in our parameters and use them to construct higher irreducible representations in terms of our parametrization. We also give the group measure and point out how the parametrization can be used in a heat-bath simulation of SU(3) lattice gauge theory.
Photomechanical Response of Pre‐strained Azobenzene‐Functionalized Polyimide Materials

Recently, we have reported that azobenzene-functionalized polyimide materials exhibit a substantial increase in photogenerated stress in comparison to azobenzene-functionalized acrylate-based liquid crystal polymer networks. Here, we show that pre-straining the azo-CP2-20 material further increases the magnitude of the photomechanical response visualized as bending in the cantilever geometry as well as in direct measurements of photogenerated stress. Additionally, we also report on the ability to optically fix both optically and mechanically generated shapes in azo-CP2-20. The optically fixable shape memory of azo-CP2-20 is enabled by the introduction of excess free volume during thermal processing as the material was pre-strained.
The concept of fracture mechanics applied to the progressive failure of structural members

Abstract Because of the imperfections inherent in all real materials and because of possible overloads, a structure which is thought to be capable of safely carrying its design load may suddenly fail. A flaw may grow from its initial size at design stress levels to a size intolerable to the structure. If the flaw is undetected before it reaches the critical size, a catastrophic failure may result. An approximate method of analysis is suggested in this work. Refinements involving special treatment of stress singularities may be added if desired. The basic idea is that a structure or structural member is considered to be an assemblage of finite parts (as in finite element approaches). When, for one cause or another, one of these parts fails, it is considered to lose its effectiveness in the structure completely. A structure with no redundancy in its design would collapse immediately if the loads were held constant. In a structure which has been designed with some redundancy (as with panels, beams, etc), the effect of successive failure or portions on the integrity of the overall structure can be analyzed. In this report, calculations of the loss of load carrying capacity and of stiffness of a particular structure are presented as an example of the approach. The discrete parts into which the structure is divided for the analysis are allowed to fail one-at-a-time. The compliance of the structure increases as the individual failures progress. The purpose of the research was to develop a structural toughness term involving the rate of increase of compliance with volume of material failed. It was anticipated that the point of instability of the structure could be related to the toughness. However, the limited computations do not permit generalization of the results of this report to other structures or loadings. To accomplish a general definition of structural toughness requires additional research.
The Contribution of the Literary Study of Chronicles To the Solution of Its Textual Problems

As is true of other biblical authors, the Chronicler's literary methods and techniques were not handed down to us along with the text he produced. These methods and techniques are elusive: the scholar must ferret them out through close literary examination of the text. It is in this process that the parallel texts prove to be of great value: a careful comparison of the text of Chronicles with its sources in the books of Samuel and Kings has pointed clearly to the forms and structures, literary devices and techniques, and methods of editing and adaptation which the Chronicler applied to the earlier texts. Awareness of the Chronicler's methods facilitates the study of other aspects of the book of Chronicles, one of which is the text: we have reexamined the assumed corruptions, omissions and "textual emendations" of various kinds posited by translators, commentators and especially modern scholars. We arrive at a new understanding of various verses through familiarity with the literary technique which determined their present form. For example, we find that the Chronicler altered the earlier texts to create textual harmonizations, antitheses, chiasmus, inclusio, resumptive repetitions and paronomasia.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Web-Delivered Brief Alcohol Intervention in Veterans Affairs Primary Care

Objective:This study sought to examine whether a web-delivered brief alcohol intervention (BAI) is effective for reducing alcohol misuse in U.S. military veterans presenting to primary care.Method:Veterans (N = 167) screening positive for alcohol misuse during a routine primary care visit were randomized to receive a BAI plus treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU alone. An assessment of alcohol-related outcomes was conducted at baseline and 3 and 6 months after treatment.Results:Veterans in both study conditions showed a significant reduction in alcohol quantity and frequency and alcohol-related problems at 6-month follow-up. No differential treatment effects on outcomes were observed between the two treatment groups.Conclusions:This study is the first to explore whether a web-delivered BAI using normative feedback is effective for veterans with alcohol misuse. Our findings suggest that BAIs using normative feedback may not have any additional benefit beyond TAU for older veterans with high rates of comorbid me...
An urn model and the prediction of order statistics

Balls are randomly selected from an urn Which contains 2 red and b blade balls. Red balls are retained and blade balls are replaced.It is shown that the probability that fewer than a blade balls are selected before r red ones are removed. n>1, r<a, can be expressed in terms cf a distribution function used to construct prediction intervals tor order statistics from an exponential population. An F distribution approximation and Limiting values are obtained for these Probabilities.