cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Smartphone Sensor Data to Assess Inhibitory Control in the Wild: Longitudinal Study.

Background: Inhibitory control, or inhibition, is one of the core executive functions of humans. It contributes to our attention, performance, and physical and mental well-being. Our inhibitory control is modulated by various factors and therefore fluctuates over time. Being able to continuously and unobtrusively assess our inhibitory control and understand the mediating factors may allow us to design intelligent systems that help manage our inhibitory control and ultimately our well-being. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate whether we can assess individuals’ inhibitory control using an unobtrusive and scalable approach to identify digital markers that are predictive of changes in inhibitory control. Methods: We developed InhibiSense, an app that passively collects the following information: users’ behaviors based on their phone use and sensor data, the ground truths of their inhibition control measured with stop-signal tasks (SSTs) and ecological momentary assessments (EMAs), and heart rate information transmitted from a wearable heart rate monitor (Polar H10). We conducted a 4-week in-the-wild study, where participants were asked to install InhibiSense on their phone and wear a Polar H10. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) and gradient boosting tree models fitted with features extracted from participants’ phone use and sensor data to predict their stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), an objective metric used to measure an individual’s inhibitory control, and identify the predictive digital markers. Results: A total of 12 participants completed the study, and 2189 EMAs and SST responses were collected. The results from the GEE models suggest that the top digital markers positively associated with an individual’s SSRT include phone use burstiness (P=.005), the mean duration between 2 consecutive phone use sessions (P=.02), the change rate of battery level when the phone was not charged (P=.04), and the frequency of incoming calls (P=.03). The top digital markers negatively associated with SSRT include the standard deviation of acceleration (P<.001), the frequency of short phone use sessions (P<.001), the mean duration of incoming calls (P<.001), the mean decibel level of ambient noise (P=.007), and the percentage of time in which the phone was connected to the internet through a mobile network (P=.001). No significant correlation between the participants’ objective and subjective measurement of inhibitory control was found. Conclusions: We identified phone-based digital markers that were predictive of changes in inhibitory control and how they were positively or negatively associated with a person’s inhibitory control. The results of this study corroborate the findings of previous studies, which suggest that inhibitory control can be assessed continuously and unobtrusively in the wild. We discussed some potential applications of the system and how technological interventions can be designed to help manage inhibitory control.
The Initial Value Problem in General Relativity

One of the most effective ways of constructing and studying solutions of Einstein’s gravitational field equations is via the Initial Value Problem. According to this approach, one constructs spacetime solutions by choosing initial data on a spacelike manifold representing the initial state of a model universe, and one then evolves the data into a spacetime solution representing the full history of that model universe.
Use of Percutaneous Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Devices in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease

Purpose Adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients are disproportionally affected by heart failure and cardiogenic shock compared to the general population. Despite a growing and aging cohort, experience with percutaneous continuous flow ventricular assist device (pVAD) use in ACHD patients is rarely described in the literature. Methods Retrospective chart review at Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center from 1/2016 to 8/2020 for patients with congenital heart disease who were adult age at time of pVAD placement. Results Six patients with ACHD received 7 pVAD devices with a median age at placement of 34 [IQR 23- 38] years (Table). Five (83%) patients were male and 5 (83%) had complex congenital heart disease. Three (50%) patients had Fontan circulation. Devices included: 4 (57%) Impella CP®, 1 (14%) Impella 5.0® and 2 (29%) Impella 5.5®. Four (57%) devices were placed in patients with INTERMACS profile score 1. Four (57%) devices were placed in patients with acute decompensated heart failure in the setting of chronic heart failure and 3 (43%) devices were placed due to peri-procedural hemodynamic compromise. Three devices (43%) were placed via hybrid-surgical method with axillary artery grafts and 4 (57%) Impella CP® devices were placed percutaneously in the femoral artery. Median duration of patient support was 20 [IQR 3-44] days. Major pVAD-related complications included severe hemolysis requiring replacement of Impella CP® with Impella 5.0 device® and aortic valve replacement at time of Impella® 5.0 removal and durable ventricular assist device implantation in a neo-aortic valve with pre-existing regurgitation. There were no significant limb injuries/ischemia, stroke or bleeding events. Two (33%) patients were bridged to a durable ventricular assist device; all 6 (100%) patients survived to hospital discharge. Conclusion Percutaneous continuous flow ventricular assist devices can be successfully used to hemodynamically support ACHD patients in cardiogenic shock.
Tight nanoscale clustering of Fc gamma-receptors using DNA origami promotes phagocytosis

Macrophages destroy pathogens and diseased cells through Fc{gamma} receptor (Fc{gamma}R)-driven phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets. Phagocytosis requires activation of multiple Fc{gamma}Rs, but the mechanism controlling the threshold for response is unclear. We developed a DNA origami-based engulfment system that allows precise nanoscale control of the number and spacing of ligands. When the number of ligands remains constant, reducing ligand spacing from 17.5 nm to 7 nm potently enhances engulfment, primarily by increasing efficiency of the engulfment-initiation process. Tighter ligand clustering increases receptor phosphorylation, as well as proximal downstream signals. Increasing the number of signaling domains recruited to a single ligand-receptor complex was not sufficient to recapitulate this effect, indicating that clustering of multiple receptors is required. Our results suggest that macrophages use information about local ligand densities to make critical engulfment decisions, which has implications for the mechanism of antibody-mediated phagocytosis and the design of immunotherapies.
Correction: Extracting molecular responses from ultrafast charge dynamics at material interfaces

Correction for ‘Extracting molecular responses from ultrafast charge dynamics at material interfaces’ by Chenglai Wang et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 12062–12067, DOI: 10.1039/D0TC01819H.
On connections between information systems, rough sets and algebraic logic

In this note we remark upon some relationships between the ideas of an approximation space and rough sets due to Pawlak ([9] and [10]) and algebras related to the study of algebraic logic — namely, cylindric algebras, relation algebras, and Stone algebras. The paper consists of three separate observations. The first deals with the family of approximation spaces induced by the indiscernability relation for different sets of attributes of an information system. In [3] the family of closure operators defining these approximation spaces is abstractly characterized as a certain type of Boolean algebra with operators. An alternate formulation in terms of a general class of diagonal-free cylindric algebras is given in 1.6. The second observation concerns the lattice theoretic approach to the study of rough sets suggested by Iwinski [6] and the result by J. Pomyka la and J. A. Pomyka la [11] that the collection of rough sets of an approximation space forms a Stone algebra. Namely, in 2.4 it is shown that every regular double Stone algebra is embeddable into the algebra of all rough subsets of an approximation space. Finally, a notion of rough relation algebra is formulated in Section 3 and a few connections with the study of ordinary relation algebras are established.
Macroscale Conservation Principles

In the preceding chapter, we demonstrated how the elements of the TCAT approach, as depicted in Fig. 5.1, are used to obtain a closed set of microscale equations. The procedure for the development of macroscale equations is similar. However, an additional step is required to transform the microscale relations to the macroscale prior to applying the closure procedure.
Evaluation of the EOR Potential in Hydraulically Fractured Shale Oil Reservoirs by Cyclic Gas Injection

Gas flooding in fractured reservoirs may not be an effective avenue for improving oil recovery because the injected fluids could break-through to production wells via the fracture network. A cyclic injection scheme is one way to solve this problem. In this study, the authors propose to use cyclic gas injection to improve hydraulically fractured shale oil recovery. They used a simulation approach to evaluate the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) potential from cyclic gas injection. The simulation results indicate that total oil recovery can be increased up to 29% by cyclic gas injection, compared with the 6.5% recovery from the primary depletion. If a higher pressure is used to reach fully miscibility with reservoir oil and more cycles are employed, more oil recovery is expected.
Gentzen-style Characterizations of Negation as Failure

We investigate Negation as Failure as incorporated in (nondeterministic) SLDNF-resolution and in (deterministic) PROLOG's resolution. We formulate three Gentzen-style systems which characterize prepositional SLDNF-resolution and propositional PROLOG's resolution in a sound and complete way (without assuming stratification or any other restrictions on programs.) Our analysis employs certain three-valued logics.
Impact of an electronic decision support tool on outcomes for emergency department patients with pneumonia

INTRODUCTION: To improve pneumonia care, we developed a real-time electronic decision support tool that provides severity assessment and management recommendations in the Emergency Department (ED). We compared pre- and post-implementation outcomes of 4 hospital EDs where the tool was implemented versus 3 usual care hospitals with only paper guideline forms. METHODS: We included all ED patients in seven Intermountain-affiliated hospitals in urban Utah, USA, with ICD-9 codes plus radiographic evidence of pneumonia for two study periods: pre-implementation (Dec 1 2009 – Nov 30 2010, N=2394) and post-implementation (Dec 1 2011-Nov 30 2012, N=2583). We measured rates of over-diagnosis (patients with pneumonia diagnoses but negative chest radiography), hospital admission rates, guideline-concordant triage, length of hospital stay, inpatient mortality, and secondary hospitalization rates. We adjusted outcomes for severity using the previously validated “eCURB” mortality predictor. RESULTS: Median age was 59 years, with an admission rate of 61% and 30-day mortality rate of 5.9%. Implementation of the tool was associated with a significant increase in guideline-concordant hospitalizations (81% to 85%, p=0.02) and a reduction in severity-adjusted inpatient mortality (Odds Ratio 0.55, p=.02) that were not observed in the usual care group. There was no significant difference in rates of over-diagnosis, hospital admission, guideline-concordant outpatient triage, length of stay, or secondary hospitalization. DISCUSSION: Implementation of a real-time electronic decision support tool was associated with an increase in recommendation-concordant triage and a reduction in inpatient mortality.
Viability and metabolic capability are maintained by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus lactis at very low adenylate energy charge.

Abstract Metabolic regulation by nucleotides has been examined in several bacteria within the context of the adenylate energy charge (EC) concept. The ECs of bacteria capable of only fermentative metabolism (Streptococcus lactis and the ATPase-less mutant Escherichia coli AN718) fell to less than 0.2 under carbon-limiting conditions, but the bacteria were able to step up the EC to greater than 0.8 upon exposure to nutrient sugars. Similarly, nongrowing E. coli 25922, whose EC had been artificially lowered to less than 0.1 by the addition of the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), was able to immediately step up the EC to 0.8 to 0.9 upon the addition of glucose but was unable to respond to respiratory substrates. The EC of respiring bacteria (E. coli 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 27853) fell to 0.3 to 0.4 under certain limiting growth conditions, but the bacteria also responded immediately when challenged with succinate to give EC values greater than 0.8. These bacteria could not step up the EC with respiratory substrates in the presence of CCCP. For all bacteria, the loss of the ability to step up the EC was attributable to the loss of nutrient transport function. Mixtures of viable and HOCl-killed E. coli 25922 were able to step up the EC in proportion to the fraction of surviving cells. The data indicate that nucleotide phosphorylation levels are not regulatory in nongrowing bacteria but that the EC step-up achievable upon nutrient addition may be an accurate index of viability.
What motivates adherence to medical recommendations? The procedural justice approach to gaining deference in the medical arena

Although it is within their long-term interest, patients often fail to follow health care recommendations made by medical experts. This failure results in the widespread occurrence of preventable health problems and a significant increase in health care costs. Taking a new approach to confronting this issue, this paper examines whether the procedural justice model, which has been useful in explaining cooperation with legal and managerial authorities, can provide a basis for increasing patients' willingness to voluntarily adhere to health care recommendations. Three studies tested and supported this proposition. Study 1 experimentally manipulated physicians' procedural fairness or unfairness to explore its influence on patients' acceptance of doctors' recommendations. Study 2 used patients' reports about the fairness of their personal physicians and linked those evaluations to their willingness to follow their doctor's recommendations. Finally, study 3 explored the role of general procedural justice judgments in promoting willingness to accept health policies when they are advocated by private doctors and government health care authorities. The results of all three studies support the argument that when health care authorities use fair procedures, patients are more likely to accept their recommendations. Importantly, this procedural justice effect is distinct from, and in some cases stronger than, the influence of competence.
Postconcussive symptoms in hospitalized pediatric patients after mild traumatic brain injury

Abstract Background Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is common in the pediatric population. The symptom complex that might be expected in children after MTBI is not well documented. We sought to clarify the frequency and severity of concussive symptoms reported by children who required hospitalization for MTBI. Methods Pediatric blunt trauma patients (age, 11-17 years) admitted for treatment of MTBI (GCS 14-15) were prospectively enrolled over a 2-year period. Consented patients were administered a 22-question Likert-based concussion symptom scale (normal, total score 0-8). The symptom scale was repeated at the time of routine follow-up trauma clinic visit. The frequency and severity of concussive symptoms were analyzed at both time-points. Results For the 2-year period, 116 children participated in the study including 63 who returned for clinic follow-up. The overall population had mean age of 14.1 years (median 14) and was 69.8% male. The mean symptom score (sum of Likert scores [scale 0-6] for 22 questions) was 27.9 (median, 23.5) at hospitalization and 9.2 (median, 4.0) at follow-up. An abnormal symptom score (>8) was reported in 83.6% of hospitalized patients and 38.1% at follow-up. Girls had a significantly higher mean symptom score at initial testing than boys (33.9 vs 25.3, respectively; P P = .98) The most common initial symptom was headache (71.5% of patients) and most severe (highest mean score) was fatigue (mean, 2.0; median, 2.0). At follow-up, the most common symptom was excess sleep (38.1%) and most severe symptom falling asleep (mean, 1.0; median, 0). There were no significant differences in initial scores based on reported loss of consciousness, prior concussion history, or GCS 14 vs 15. Conclusions Symptoms after MTBI are quite common at the time of hospitalization. Symptom scores improve to near normal for most by outpatient follow-up. The most common symptom was headache, but the most severe was fatigue, in this hospitalized pediatric population. Thoughtful assessment and follow-up of this patient population are warranted.
Dependence of Free-Radical Propagation Rate Constants on the Degree of Polymerization

Cobalt-catalyzed chain transfer in methyl methacrylate (MMA) or methacrylonitrile (MAN) polymerizations employing very high concentrations of catalyst allows the detailed investigation of the react...
Effect of stem height, dominance class, and site quality on sapwood permeability in loblolly pine, (Pinus taeda L.)

Abstract Sapwood permeability measurements in 30-year-old green loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) on the Clemson Experimental Forest in the Piedmont of South Carolina, USA demonstrated that permeability is not constant and is affected by position in the bole, distance from the pith, tree dominance class, and site. Permeability increased with increasing distance from the pith and with increasing height within the tree. Sapwood area decreased with increasing height reflecting the stem taper. Sapwood area, permeability, and conductance (permeability × sapwood area) were significantly greater on stands of higher site quality. Conductance values throughout the stem were nearly equal demonstrating how permeability and sapwood area work together to affect the trees' overall transport of water from base to crown. The significant increase in permeability and conductance associated with better sites and greater dominance class may be due to more functional tracheids in the inner sapwood. Evidently, this functional tissue enhances the trees' ability to obtain adequate nutrients and water especially on good sites.
Prostate tumorigenesis induced by PTEN deletion involves estrogen receptor β repression.

The role of ERβ in prostate cancer is unclear, although loss of ERβ is associated with aggressive disease. Given that mice deficient in ERβ do not develop prostate cancer, we hypothesized that ERβ loss occurs as a consequence of tumorigenesis caused by other oncogenic mechanisms and that its loss is necessary for tumorigenesis. In support of this hypothesis, we found that ERβ is targeted for repression in prostate cancer caused by PTEN deletion and that loss of ERβ is important for tumor formation. ERβ transcription is repressed by BMI-1, which is induced by PTEN deletion and important for prostate tumorigenesis. This finding provides a mechanism for how ERβ expression is regulated in prostate cancer. Repression of ERβ contributes to tumorigenesis because it enables HIF-1/VEGF signaling that sustains BMI-1 expression. These data reveal a positive feedback loop that is activated in response to PTEN loss and sustains BMI-1.
Two photon excitation of the vacuum ultraviolet fluorescence of carbon monoxide

Abstract The vacuum ultraviolet fourth positive band spectrum (A 1 Πχ 1 σ + ) of CO was excited by two photon absorption of ultraviolet radiation which was produced by frequency doubling the output of a nitrogen laser pumped tunable dye laser. The (0–0) through (9–0) bands were observed. Position monitoring of the ultraviolet beam provided feedback control for continuous adjustment of the orientation of the angle tuned frequency doubling crystal. In this way the orientation for maximum efficiency of the doubling crystal and the point of focus of the ultraviolet beam in the sample cell was maintained during the wavelength scan of a band. A solar-blind photomultiplier was used to detect the vacuum ultraviolet fluorescence. O, P, Q, R, and S rotational branches were observed, and the new band-head positions agree with those predicted from the previously observed single-photon spectra.
Retrofit of a Fire-Tube Boiler to Burn Coal-Water Fuel

The Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER), in cooperation with the University of Alabama (UA) and the Mining Division of Jim Walter Resources, Inc. (JWRI), was awarded a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contract to retrofit an existing fire-tube boiler to bum coal-water fuel (CWF). A fire-tube boiler on the UA campus was retrofitted, and the CWF was made from Blue Creek coal fines produced by JWRI, which is located 45 min from the UA campus. The boiler was successfully operated for 800 hours on CWF. Operating with CWF required a boiler derating of 20% and natural gas as a support fuel. This article reports on the mechanical details of the conversion of the fire-tube boiler from naturalgas to CWF. The rationale for conversion to CWF and the background on CWF atomization and combustion are given.
Impact of Deferred Rotation Grazing on Stream Characteristics in Central Nevada: A Case Study

Abstract Three central Nevada streams were selected to study the watershed-scale effects on stream morphology and bank stability of deferred rotation cattle grazing, complete rest from grazing, and the presence of road crossings. The streams had gravel substrates, and their entrenchments, width : depth ratios, sinuosities and gradients were moderate. Based on statistical analysis of 1980 stream survey results, geologic basin features, and the occurrence of similar flooding, we concluded that the three streams had similar conditions at the start of the grazing treatment. Since 1980, deferred rotation grazing allowed much improvement of aquatic and riparian habitats but the improvement was limited by the presence of roads, which apparently added sediment to the streams. Complete rest from grazing without the presence of roads allowed the most improvement. Of the variables measured in the 1980 survey, streambank soil stability, type and amount of vegetation cover, and quality of pools improved most in all th...
Insulin Therapy in Pediatric Patients with Type I Diabetes: Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion versus Multiple Daily Injections

The goal of this article was to review studies comparing continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) to multiple daily insulin injections (MDIs) in children and adolescents with type I diabetes on five parameters: glycemic control, adverse events, required insulin dosage, weight gain, and psychosocial implications. Two of the five studies (sample sizes 19-75 patients) showed that insulin pumps provided better glycemic control, fewer adverse events, and better psychosocial implications than MDIs. Three of the five showed a lower required insulin dosage in CSII and one of the five showed less weight gain with CSII. Studies 4 and 5, both done in preschoolers, showed no significant difference on any of the five parameters. The majority of the patients and families chose to continue with CSII after the completion of the studies, even in studies where insulin pumps showed no objective benefit. Insulin pumps appear to offer potential benefit over MDIs, but the efficacy, safety, and cost effectiveness of CSII versus MDIs as first-line therapy for type I diabetes in this population has not yet been clearly established. Until more data are available from large, randomized, controlled studies, MDIs may be used as first-line therapy and CSII should be considered in patients who have poor glycemic control or who are not compliant with multiple injections.
An examination of the relationship between the x-ray diffraction-derived molecular structure of chloro (1,11-diamino-3,6,9-trithiaundecane)cobalt(III) cation and its inner sphere reduction by iron(II)

Abstract The crystal structure of racemic [Co(NSSSN)Cl](ClO4)Cl was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with cell constants of a = 9.795(3), b = 10.412(3) and c = 16.323(8) A, and β = 93.87(4)°; V = 1661 A3 d (meas.; flotation) = 1.85 gm-cm−3, d (calc.; Z = 4 molecules/unit cell) = 1.88 gm-cm−3. The molecules, a racemic mixture, have the absolute configurations λλδλ or δδλδ at each of the four five-membered rings and resemble, in general, the so called αα conformer already described by Snow1 in his study of the Co(tetraen)Cl2+ cation. However, the torsional angles at C2, C3 and C8, C9 in the two terminal C-C-NH2 fragments are quite different in the two systems. For Co(tetraen)Cl2+ they are 44.7° and −20.2° respectively, whereas for Co(NSSSN)C2+ the values –52.3° and –44.6° obtain. Also, the ring Co-S1-C3-C2-N1 does not have the classical, low energy conformation found in Co(tetraen)Cl2+. The presence of the larger Co-S bonds causes the two terminal -NH2 groups to be pushed toward each other, and to minimize steric hindrance between adjacent -NH2 hydrogens and ligand twists C2 down and staggers the terminal hydrogens. We visualize the propagation of these distortion effects in solution as being transferred from one side to the other across the entire ligand chain with concomittant effects on the activation of the precursor complex in electron transfer reactions, resulting in ~107 rate enhancement over the Co(tetraen)Cl2 system. Kinetic data for the reduction of Co(NSSSN)X2+ and Co(NSNSN)X2+ (X = Cl−, Br−) by Fe(II) is also presented and discussed.
SNR200 chemically amplified resist optimization

A resist process using Shipley SNR200R chemically amplified (CA) resist has been characterized and optimized for the manufacture of 1x masks for x-ray lithography. This paper describes the processes and the experimental designs used to optimize the post-apply-bake (PAB) and post-expose-bake (PEB) that affect resist sensitivity and process latitude of SNR200 resist. The baking parameters were optimized for an electron- beam sensitivity of 20 (mu) C/cm2 at 75 kV using designed experiments, analyzed by SAS software, JMPR. This paper also shows the capability of the resist process to yield a minimum resolution less than 0.125 micrometer, a critical dimension (CD) uniformity less than 20 nm 3 sigma across a 25 mm by 25 mm membrane, and repeatability from membrane to membrane less than 25 nm 3 sigma. The dose compensation software required for electron-beam lithography to correct for electron scatter from the substrate, etc., was developed by IBM for their shaped-beam lithography systems and, with correct parameters, CD linearity plots show accurate replication to data designs ranging from 0.175 micrometer to 0.4 micrometer. The process latitude and robustness demonstrated shows that SNR200 resist is compatible with a manufacturing environment required for the fabrication of x- ray masks.
Synthesis of Si(C, N) nanoparticles by rapid laser polycondensation/crosslinking reactions of an organosilazane precursor

A study has been made of basic mechanisms involved in the rapid synthesis of pre-ceramic and ceramic nanoparticle powders. In this process an aerosol, formed from an ultrasonically atomized liquid organosilazane monomer, [CH3SiHNH] n , is injected into the beam of an industrial CW CO2 laser. One critical feature examined was the rapid condensation of molecular species from the laser plume, in a process involving three-dimensional crosslinking polycondensation reactions. In accompanying studies, a model has been formulated to determine the laser plume temperature, the cooling rate of condensing species and the particle diameter. These are obtained by analytical solution of heat conduction, momentum and mass conservation equations that consider heat loss by gas conduction, radiation, evaporation and convection.
Adrenergic sensitivity of different-size gastric submucosal arterioles.

Abstract A gradation in the vasoconstriction response to norepinephrine has been reported in the rat mesentery, smaller arterioles being more sensitive than larger ones. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if this is also true of the rat gastric submucosal arterioles, the vessels which control gastric mucosal blood flow. The response of different-diameter gastric submucosal arterioles to the topical application of norepinephrine was studied. Arteriolar diameter changes were studied using in vivo microscopy with an image-splitting technique. Responses were expressed as percentage change from basal diameter. In response to topical norepinephrine all arterioles studied demonstrated constriction, escape, and poststimulation dilatation. The constriction responses of the precapillary arterioles (
Limiting Fragmentation and the Charge Ratio of Cosmic-Ray Muons

Author(s): Frazer, WR; Poon, CH; Silverman, D; Yesian, HJ | Abstract: Combining the steeply falling primary cosmic-ray spectrum with the scaling hypothesis for the spectrum of produced secondary particles, we illustrate how to correlate data at machine energies with cosmic-ray phenomena. We find that the μ+μ- ratio is expected to be energy-independent and greater than 1, regardless of the specific model chosen for multiparticle hadronic reactions. An analysis of accelerator data gives the value μ+μ-1.56, to be compared with the experimental result ∼ 1.25. Possible causes of this discrepancy are discussed. © 1972 The American Physical Society.
The Essential Role of Atrioventricular Conduction Delay in the Initiation of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia

Studies have shown that in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), spontaneous or stimulated atrial premature depolarizations (APD) falling within a specific portion of the relative refractory period of the atrioventricular (A-V) conduction system initiate SVT. The present study was designed to determine whether the A-V nodal conduction delay these APDs exhibit, or their coupling interval, is essential for the initiation of SVT. Multiple episodes of SVT were initiated and terminated by single APDs in four patients with a history of paroxysmal SVT. The atria were then paced at numerous fixed rates in excess of the spontaneous sinus rate. In each patient, at atrial rates where progressive A-V nodal conduction delay occurred from beat to beat (Wenckebach cycles), a specific degree of A-V nodal conduction delay always resulted in atrial reentry or SVT. Although the atrial coupling interval was considerably longer during Wenckebach cycles initiating SVT than for single APDs resulting in the arrhythmia, the prolongation of A-V nodal conduction was identical. Independent of atrial coupling interval, a requisite degree of A-V nodal conduction delay always resulted in atrial echoes or SVT. This supports the conclusion that SVT results from atrial reentry via the A-V node.
Exceedance probability statistics: The likelihood that coastal water levels will reach extreme elevations

The Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) has developed a web-based product (http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/est) to provide online access to exceedance probability statistics at approximately 110 long-term National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) stations. Each of these stations has at least 30 years of data. The analysis is based on the observed monthly extreme water levels tabulated for the period of record for each station.
XOR's, lower bounds and MDS codes for storage

MDS erasure codes are ubiquitous in storage systems that must tolerate failures. While classic Reed-Solomon codes can provide a general-purpose MDS code for any situation, systems that require high performance rely on special-purpose codes that employ the bitwise exclusive-or (XOR) operation, and may be expressed in terms of a binary generator matrix. There are known lower bounds on the density of the generator matrix; however the number of XOR operations required to encode the generator matrix, while related to the density of the matrix, has not been explored. This paper presents a stunning and counter-intuitive result — that the encoding of k message symbols in an MDS code may require fewer than k-1 XOR operations per coding symbol. The result brings into question the lower bounds on the performance of encoding and decoding MDS erasure codes.
A Mathematical Model of Lung Parenchyma

The geometry of the proposed model of the parenchyma of a mammalian lung reproduces a cluster of alveoli arranged around a lowest-level air duct. The alveolar walls are assumed to be nonlinear elastic membranes, whose properties are described in terms of a strain energy function which reflects the hardening character of the stress-strain curve. The effect of the surfactant is included in terms of a variable (area-dependent) surface tension. Analyses of various mechanical processes in the parenchyma are performed with the aid of the finite element method, with the geometric and physical nonlinearities of the problem taken into account.
Inappropriate discharge on bronchodilators and acid-blocking medications after ICU admission: importance of medication reconciliation.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that some medications, including proton pump inhibitors and β-agonist inhalers, are administered to hospitalized patients and sometimes continued without indications. Medication reconciliation has been offered as one mechanism to reduce the frequency of such medication errors and is now mandated by the Joint Commission (NPSG.03.06.01). We hypothesized that (1) β agonists and acid-blocking medications are prescribed following critical illness without indications, and (2) medication reconciliation can reduce the frequency of inappropriate continuation of these agents. The study was carried out in a 414-bed community teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Connecticut Medical School. All subjects were admitted to the ICU between February and April 2012 (physician-driven reconciliation) and between July and September 2012, just following implementation of pharmacy technician-driven medication reconciliation. This was a retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Medical records of all subjects were reviewed using a uniform data extraction tool. Demographic information, clinical data, in-patient and out-patient medications (before and following hospital discharge), and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Prior to pharmacy technician-administered, physician-confirmed medication reconciliation, 253 ICU subjects were compared to 291 subjects admitted to the ICU after initiation of this process. There were no differences in admission type, stay, history of coronary artery disease, requirements for mechanical ventilation, or length of mechanical ventilation between groups. Rates of discharge on bronchodilators (8.9 vs 4.2%, P = .09) or acid blockers (19.1 vs 11.2%, P = .05) without clinical indications were lower with pharmacy technician-driven, physician-confirmed medication reconciliation than with routine physician-driven medication reconciliation. Multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated a significant association of mechanical ventilation with inappropriate discharge on both bronchodilators and acid blockers. Pharmacy technician-driven medication reconciliation tended to reduce these errors. CONCLUSIONS: In our hospital, acid blockers and bronchodilators were often continued inappropriately following critical illness. The specific pharmacy technician-driven method of medication reconciliation deployed in our hospital reduced by half but did not eliminate this medication error.
IDENTIFICATION OF BRAIN DAMAGE BY FLICKER PERIMETRY: A SECOND CROSS-VALIDATION.

Examinations of 100 brain-damaged and 50 non-brain-damaged indicate satisfactory cross-validation of a method for detection of brain damage by flicker perimetry. 73% of the brain-damaged and 70% of the non-brain-damaged were correctly identified.
SU‐C‐108‐04: To Better Understand IMRT and Planned Dose Distributions: A Measure of Entropy

Purpose: Traditional IMRT QA procedures yield close approximations to the patients planned dose distribution. However, the relationship between QA data and the patients planned distribution is difficult to quantify. This study presents an approach to investigate the relationship between a planar QA distribution and the same doseplane within the patient using complexity analysis. Methods: Shannon entropy was the decided metric to quantify the complexity of three calculated dose distributions: 1) the IMRT QA distribution, 2) the in‐patient dose distributions with heterogeneity correction on, and 3) the in‐patient dose distribution without heterogeneity correction. Varian Eclipse treatment planning system was used to construct the plans and calculate dose. MapCheck 1175 diode array was used for the IMRT QA acquisition. Global entropy was calculated without threshold for each distribution, and local entropies were found for low dose thresholds ranging from 0% to 100% of both prescribed and maximum dose. All calculations were done using MATLAB. Results: The QA data proved to have the highest global entropy of the three dose distributions analyzed. Local entropies, calculated using subsets of all dose points, converged at a low dose threshold of >∼70% of maximum dose. For low dose thresholds 70% of maximum dose, or where the QA and planned dose distributions entropies, or complexities, are accurately matched.
Combination therapy of mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus in lupus nephritis

Since most lupus nephritis patients have an incomplete response to mycophenolate mofetil, combination regimens may improve outcomes. Tacrolimus (FK506) has shown some benefit in lupus nephritis in small trials, and combined with mycophenolate mofetil is standard immunosuppression in transplant patients. We investigate the addition of FK506 to mycophenolate mofetil, in patients who were mycophenolate mofetil failures. All patients were part of a prospective cohort, but evaluated retrospectively. Seven lupus nephritis patients (mean age 27.1, 100% female, 42% Caucasian and 42% African American) were evaluated. Three patients had combined ISN class III and V, two ISN class IV, one ISN class V and II and one ISN class IV and V. Six were taking an ACE-inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker, 6 hydroxychloroquine and 5 prednisone (mean dose 11.5 mg; range 0-30 mg). Mean mycophenolate mofetil dose at time of tacrolimus addition was 2.8 g (range 2-3 g). Mean tacrolimus dose was 3.4 mg (range 2-8 mg) titrated to a mean level of 4.67 ng/dl (range 2.2-11.8 ng/dl) for a mean of duration of 16 months (range 2-54 months). Two patients continued both therapies, while five discontinued therapy. One patient achieved a complete renal remission, while three achieved partial remission with 82.9%, 77.1%, 55.3% reductions in proteinuria. Toxicity limited the use of combination therapy: diabetic ketoacidosis (one patient), pneumonia (two) and muscle pain (two). These data suggest that adding tacrolimus in patients refractory to mycophenolate mofetil might have some benefit, although complete responses were rare. Unfortunately, tacrolimus toxicity appeared to be prevalent in these systemic lupus erythematosus patients, limiting its long term use.
Effects of dipyridamole on myocardial glucose uptake in the newborn lamb.

Abstract Carbohydrates are an important source of energy for the immature myocardium. Since dipyridamole (DPY) has been reported to facilitate glucose uptake in the adult heart, the present study was designed to determine whether DPY could enhance glucose uptake in the nonischemic newborn. In anesthetized, open chest lambs ( n = 8), circumflex coronary blood flow (CBF), myocardial adenine nucleotide content, and aortic and coronary sinus concentrations of glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were determined before and after a single dose of DPY (0.2 mg/kg, intravenously). Adenine nucleotides were measured by HPLC. The consumption of substrates was calculated as the product of CBF and the aortic-coronary sinus difference in substrate concentration. Coronary blood flow averaged 114 ± 6 ml/min/100 g in the untreated animals, and increased by 44% following treatment with dipyridamole ( P P P P P P
Simultaneous extraction of effective gate length and low-field mobility in non-uniform devices

Advanced semiconductor technologies use mechanical stress to enhance carrier mobility and achieve higher performance. Layout dependence of induced stress causes the stress profile, and hence the carrier mobility along the device channel, to vary across device width. Additionally, sub-wavelength lithography causes printed shapes to deviate from drawn rectilinear shapes, resulting in non rectangular gates (NRG). In this work, we present a novel method to effectively model non rectangular gates with non uniform carrier mobility. First, we propose a slicing and summing based approach to calculate effective carrier mobility for a device. We then develop a methodology for simultaneous extraction of effective gate length (EGL), and effective carrier mobility (ECM), to enable accurate prediction of both device drive current and leakage. We show that this method is much more accurate than previously proposed approaches which neglect the mobility variation across device width, as well as independent calculation of EGL and ECM. Experimental results show that independent calculation of EGL and ECM results in errors of up to 4.1% and 38.2% (as compared to simultaneous calculation), in the device drive current and leakage, respectively. Gate level results show an average error of 4.7% in average delay, and 34.2% in average leakage.
Abdominoperineal and anterior resection of the rectum with retrocolic omentoplasty and no drainage.

Forty consecutive patients scheduled for either low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection of the rectum have been studied. After standard procedures, carried out by all grades of surgeons, the omentum was mobilized as a pedicle graft based on the left gastro-epiploic arcade and transposed to the pelvis or perineum. All wounds were closed primarily without drainage. Twenty-six patients had anterior resection, 11 abdominoperineal resection and 3 an extended Hartmann's operation. Patients were assessed clinically and radiographically by Gastrografin® enema and ultrasound for evidence of anastomotic leakage, pelvic collections and wound healing. After anterior resection there were three radiological leaks and no overt clinical leaks. One patient had a collection related to a leak. Of 11 perineal wounds 8 healed primarily in 2 weeks and all healed by 4 weeks. There was no frank wound breakdown. The three patients who had Hartmann's operations all healed without complication. There were no unavoidable complications of the procedure. Retrocolic omentoplasty is a simple, safe and effective adjunct to rectal surgery. The additional time taken (15–20 min) is well rewarded by sound healing of these operations.
Training college-age women to perform the pull-up exercise.

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of a combined strength and aerobic conditioning program on the ability of college-age women to perform the pull-up exercise and to identify the characteristics of women successful in performing a pull-up at the end of the program. Participants significantly increased upper body strength and fat-free mass and decreased fat mass and percentage of body fat. Participants successful at performing a pull-up had significantly greater 1 repetition maximum strength, strength to mass ratio, and strength to fat-free mass ratio. A two variable equation (% body fat and strength to fat-free mass ratio) was developed to predict which women would be successful at completing a pull-up at the end of a similar training program.
Evidence for a periodic release of LH in castrated male and female rats.

Radioimmunoassay systems were used to measure LH and FSH concentrations in sequential samples of whole blood obtained at frequent (2–10 minute) intervals from cannulated rats which had been castrated at least 45 days earlier. In castrated rats of both sexes, plasma LH patterns were characterized by brief periods of rapid increase, alternating with more prolonged periods during which LH levels decreased at a rate comparable to the disappearance rate (“halflife”) for LH following hypophysectomy. Plasma LH concentrations, which varied from 80 to 300 ng B160/ml, were consistently greater than levels measured in intact males or diestrous females ( @ 5 ng/ml) and consistently less than maximum levels associated with ovulation (400–800 ng/ml). These data suggest that LH is released at regular intervals ranging from 20 minutes to one hour and that the periodicity of this LH release is reasonably consistent within individual castrated rats during 2 to 3 hour intervals. It appears that there are periods of time dur...
Technical approach for the development of structural composite mirrors

Composite panel development requirements derived from the Large Deployable Reflector system configuration definition are outlined and a technical approach for the development of the composite panels is described. Panel fabrication, materials experimental characterization, analytical simulation, and panel thermal vacuum testing are considered along with panel post fabrication surface refinishing and alternate materials. The development of graphite/epoxy mirrors up to 1.0 meter in size with surface precision of a few microns rms while weighing only 6 kg/sq m. Panel development results are presented.
Evaluating information security tradeoffs: Restricting access can interfere with user tasks

Computer security is a balance between protecting information and enabling authorized access. Tightening security by making systems more inaccessible can hinder employees and make them less productive. It can also result in lower security as workers struggle to find ways around the security conditions to enable them to do their jobs. This study analyzes an information systems user survey to evaluate the tradeoffs between protection and accessibility. Over one-third of the respondents report problems with interference from security provisions. A structural equation model explores the impact of these effects on eventual security levels.
Mechanism-based inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1 by N-benzyl-1- aminobenzotriazole

The kinetics of inactivation of cytochrome P450 2B1, the major phenobarbital inducible rat hepatic P450, by N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole (BBT) were characterized. Purified, reconstituted P450 2B1 7-ethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin (7-EFC) O-deethylase activity was inhibited by BBT in a mechanism-based manner. The loss of O-deethylase activity followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and was NADPH and BBT dependent. After a 5 min incubation, greater than 90% of the 2B1 activity was lost, whereas more than 70% of the ability of the reduced enzyme to bind CO was maintained. Inclusion of 10 mM glutathione in the inactivation reaction lowered the rate of inactivation (kinactivation) and increased the partition ratio without significantly affecting the inactivator concentration required for half-maximal inactivation (KI). The maximal rate constant for inactivation at 23 °C was 0.24 min-1 without and 0.15 min-1 with glutathione. The apparent KI was 2 μM in both cases. The extrapolated partition ratios were 4 and ...