cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of polarization and apodization with film materials on photomasks and pellicles for high NA imaging performance

Deviations from paraxial image models are significant at numerical apertures (NA) planned to support immersion lithography. Apodization and rotation of polarization by high numerical optics are well-characterized phenomena. Similar behaviors follow from intrinsic properties of photomask patterns at high spatial frequencies. Diffraction efficiencies differ from values predicted using Kirchhoff boundary conditions, and depend on polarization. Pellicles also apodize diffraction patterns because reflection losses depend on angle of incidence and polarization. These effects are large enough to influence contrast, critical dimension and depth of focus of images thru pitch. These vectorial effects may degrade image quality, or invalidate models for optical proximity correction (OPC) that do not properly comprehend them. What matters for the image is the cumulative contribution of mask pattern, pellicle and optics. The objective in this study is to provide a systematic and unified mapping the optical landscape of mask patterned film and pellicle membrane materials as well as their impacts to vectorial imaging performance. We conclude that to optimize image performance, it is essential to balance the diffraction beam's angle, phase and amplitude. And there are non-unique reticle (mask scatter and pellicle membrane) material solutions to enable high (NA) immersion lithography.
Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer – a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction?

Epigenetically mediated transcriptional-silencing events occur at key genes during the earliest stages of tumorigenesis. Understanding how these events alter cell signal transduction and function can provide useful clues to improve cancer detection, prevention and therapy. Chromatin alterations have been associated with all stages of tumour formation and progression. The best characterized are epigenetically mediated transcriptional-silencing events that are associated with increases in DNA methylation — particularly at promoter regions of genes that regulate important cell functions. Recent evidence indicates that epigenetic changes might 'addict' cancer cells to altered signal-transduction pathways during the early stages of tumour development. Dependence on these pathways for cell proliferation or survival allows them to acquire genetic mutations in the same pathways, providing the cell with selective advantages that promote tumour progression. Strategies to reverse epigenetic gene silencing might therefore be useful in cancer prevention and therapy.
Long-chain free fatty acids: Semiochemicals for host location by western corn rootworm larvae

A bioassay-driven sequential fractionation scheme was used to isolate fractions of a crude dichloromethane maize seedling extract behaviorally active to larvae of the western corn rootworm,Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. (Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic (linoleic) acid, (Z)-9-octadecenoic (oleic) acid, and octadecanoic (stearic) acid were identified from a purified fraction of maize extract that was attractive to western corn rootworm larvae in choice tests with equal levels of carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice. When synthetic linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were tested together in the amounts and proportions found in the attractive fraction (1000, 800, and 300 ng of linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids, respectively), significantly more western corn rootworm larvae were found on the side with synthetic free fatty acids plus carbon dioxide than on the side with carbon dioxide alone. Results of the choice-test bioassays were not significantly different when the synthetic blend of free fatty acids was substituted for the purified maize fraction. Neither the purified extract nor the synthetic blend was behaviorally active in preliminary single-choice experiments without carbon dioxide. Linoleic, oleic, and stearic acids were also tested individually in the choice test bioassay with carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice to determine a dose-response curve. Linoleic and oleic acid each had one dose that was significantly attractive in conjunction with carbon dioxide on both sides of the choice, but stearic acid was not active in the doses tested.
Procedures for harvesting satelite cells from equine skeletal muscle

Summary The objective of this study was to determine if equine muscle satellite cells (ESC) could be harvested, stored, and cultured in vitro using techniques established previously. Gluteus medius muscles of Quarter Horse yearlings, dissected free of connective and adipose tissue, were rinsed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and minced by hand. Minced tissue was weighed, transferred into sterile centrifuge tubes (approximately 30 g per tube), and incubated in pr0nase (1 mg/ml in PBS) at 37°C for 60 minutes to liberate satellite cells. Centrifuge tubes were agitated manually at 15-minute intervals to ensure adequate exposure to pronase. Following the incubation, cells were pelleted by differential centrifugation. Equine satellite cells were separated from fibroblasts by a 2-hour incubation in McCoys 5A medium (containing 10% horse serum) in uncoated 144 mm 2 culture dishes. The satellite cell suspension was drawn off and cells pelleted by centrifugation (1600 x g). Equine satellite cells were resuspended in McCoys 5A medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and frozen in liquid nitrogen in 3-ml aliquots. To ensure success in procedures to liberate ESC from muscle, thawed ESC were cultured in 24-well plates in McCoys 5A medium containing 10% horse serum and maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 95% 0 2 and 5% CO 2 . After 24 hours, cultures were washed three times with McCoys medium containing 1% antibiotic antimycotic to remove cellular debris and dimethyl sulfoxide. Cells were monitored and fed every other day for the first week in culture. Thereafter, culture medium was changed less frequently to allow serum to become depleted and differentiation to occur. Equine satellite cells were able to proliferate, differentiate and form myotubes in culture. Thus, this methodology seems appropriate to study ESC.
Aspects of growth and form

Abstract A model of the development of living organisms is presented which couples the geometry of the middle surface of a (closed) epithelial surface to a “morphogen”, and the morphogen in turn is affected by the geometry of the surface in a closed system of two partial differential equations. A number of “desiderata” are set out for the identification of a suitable morphogen. Four parameters are involved in the model, which are assumed to be under genetic control. The morphogen is pictured as an adhesive molecule on the cell surface, and a suggestion is made for a particular molecular manifestation of this morphogen. A simple picture of gastrulation is presented as an example of the formalism.
Graves’ Hyperthyroidism-Induced Psychosis Treated With Aripiprazole—A Case Report:

Graves' disease is an autoimmune syndrome with symptoms such as tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and psychiatric symptoms. Limited evidence exists for the treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism-induced psychosis with atypical antipsychotics. A 47-year-old female with a psychiatric history of bipolar disorder presented for the first time to the psychiatric hospital. She was agitated and grossly psychotic with delusions. Electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation and tachycardia. Drug screen urinalysis was negative. Endocrine workup resulted in a diagnosis of Graves' disease (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]: 0.005 μIU/mL, triiodothyronine [T3]: 537 ng/dL, thyroxine [T4]: 24 mcg/dL, free T4: 4.5 ng/dL, positive antithyroid peroxidase antibody, and antinuclear antibody). Aripiprazole 10 mg daily was initiated and titrated to 15 mg daily on day 4. On day 16, her suspicious behavior, judgment, and insight improved. Other medications given included aspirin 325 mg daily, metoprolol 25 mg twice daily, titrated to 12.5 mg twice daily, and methimazole 30 mg daily, titrated to 20 mg twice daily, and discontinued on day 29. The patient received radioiodine I-131 treatment 1 week later. We report the first known case on the use of aripriprazole to treat Graves' hyperthyroidism-induced psychosis. Further studies examining the long-term effects and appropriate dose and duration of aripiprazole in this patient population are needed.
Increased Serum Leptin Indicates Leptin Resistance in Obesity

Featured Article: Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996;334:292–5.2 This study was done at a very exciting time in the field of obesity research. Jeffrey Friedman's group had published the landmark report in December 1994 that described the cloning of the Lep 3 (leptin; also known as ob ) gene and the missense mutation that caused obesity in ob/ob mice 1. The discovery of the hormone leptin in that study by Zhang et al. provided support for the lipostasis theory of body weight regulation, which postulated that adipose tissue released a signal that communicated to the brain the size of the energy stores in the body. Thus, there was great interest in knowing whether defects in leptin synthesis or secretion could cause obesity in humans, as was found in the ob/ob mouse. At the time …
On combining temporal scaling and quality scaling for streaming MPEG

Temporal Scaling and Quality Scaling are both widely-used techniques to reduce the bitrate of streaming video. However, combinations and comparisons of Temporal and Quality Scaling have not been systematically studied. This research extends previous work to provide a model for combining Temporal and Quality Scaling, and uses an optimization algorithm to provide a systematic analysis of their combination over a range of network conditions and video content. Analytic experiments show: 1) Quality Scaling typically performs better than Temporal Scaling, with performance differences correlated with the motion characteristics of the video. In fact, when the network capacity is moderate and the loss rate is low, Quality Scaling performs nearly as well as the optimal combination of Quality and Temporal Scaling; 2) when the network capacity is low and the packet loss rate is high, Quality Scaling alone is ineffective, but a combination of Quality and Temporal Scaling can provide reasonable video quality; 3) adjusting the amount of Forward Error Correction (FEC) provides significantly better performance than video streaming without FEC or video streaming with a fixed amount of FEC.
Possessions in the Homeless Shelter Experience: The Built Environment's Potential Role in Self-restoration

ABSTRACTThis paper proposes that designing homeless shelters to acknowledge residents' important relationships with their possessions can assist homeless persons' psychological recovery and reengagement with society. This notion is based on consumer culture research establishing the significance of possessions in personal growth and evolution. Researchers have identified the “opportunity restriction process”–a pattern of possession loss, despair, and self-restoration–that often afflicts impoverished people in the US. The paper is based on the results of a quasi-experimental study by the author (funded by Florida State University's Council on Research and Creativity) of homeless families living in a shelter in the southeast United States and their reactions to their bedroom environments (Pable 2010). Recommendations for shelter design that embrace the importance of residents' possessions are included.
Ancillary Care, Genomics, and the Need and Opportunity for Community-Based Participatory Research

Gliwa and Berkman (2013) offer a significant contribution to the literature on incidental findings in the age of genomics. Their work points to the need for broader thought about how and by whom th...
Interaction between shrinkage-induced fluid flow and natural convection during alloy solidification

Abstract Solidification of alloys in a two-dimensional rectangular cavity with riser is analyzed. Results for the following three cases are presented: (1) natural convection due to a temperature gradient with constant domain; (2) shrinkage-induced fluid flow with domain change; and (3) interactions between cases (1) and (2). For the alloy under study (1% Cr-steel), it is found that at the beginning and the final stage of solidification, the shrinkage-induced fluid flow is stronger than the natural convection, while in the middle stage of solidification the natural convection dominates. Also, the fluid flow caused by shrinkage in the mushy zone is more significant than that by natural convection, which implies that the shrinkage effect should be included in the modeling if the prediction of flow-related casting defects is desired.
Plasma levels of aromatic amines in renal failure.

Abstract Blood aromatic amine concentration has been determined in 51 nonazotemic subjects and 25 subjects with varying degrees of renal failure. Aromatic amine levels are elevated in uremia and loosely correlate with the BUN. Pre- and post-dialysis levels suggest a good clearance for these compounds on the artificial kidney.
The potts and cubic models in two dimensions: A renormalization-group description

Abstract A novel renormalization-group description of the phase transitions of the Potts and cubic models discovered by Nienhuis et al. is reviewed.
An Empirical Study of Knowledge Sharing Intention within Virtual Teams

Given that many organizational tasks are accomplished by people working as virtual teams, it's important to understand team members' knowledge sharing behavior. This study attempts to explore social cognitive factors influencing knowledge sharing in the team-based context. Based on a survey of 183 participants of team projects, this study finds that team climate, sense of self-worth, and past sharing behavior lead to positive attitude toward knowledge sharing. Moreover, attitude toward knowledge sharing and past sharing behavior have a positive impact on knowledge sharing intention. These findings can help managers design work teams to stimulate collaboration and improve performance.
Preparation and thermoelectric properties of some phosphide skutterudite compounds

Thermoelectric properties of CoP(sub 3) and CeFe(sub 4)P(sub 12) have been measured for the first time.
Shear bond strength of a new dentin bonding restorative system.

Abstract A new visible light-cured composite restorative resin, Lumifor, used in conjunction with a dentin bonding agent, Gluma, has recently become commercially available in Europe. The objective of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of the restorative system to dentin. Extracted human permanent molars were stored in 1% chloramine, and the test specimens prepared within 24 h after extraction. The teeth were embedded in cold-cure acrylic and the exposed surfaces ground wet on 600-grit silicon-carbide paper to expose dentin. Gluma Cleanser was applied to the dentin for 30 s and washed for 15 s. Gluma Dentin Bond was applied to dentin for 30 s and blown dry. A split Teflon mold with an inner diameter of 3.5 mm was mounted on the dentin surface in a special device. A thin layer of the low viscosity sealer was applied to the demarcated dentin surface and cured with visible light for 30 s. The composite resin was transferred to the split mold and cured for 2 min. The 75 test specimens were stressed to failure in an Instron machine at a crosshead speed of 0.02 inch.min −1 , immeditely after specimen preparation (A), 24 h after specimen preparation (B), 24 h after specimen preparation and subjected to 250 temperature cycles between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell time of 30 s (C), 4 weeks after specimen preparation (D), 4 weeks after specimen preparation and subjected to 250 temperature cycles between 5°C and 55°C with a dwell time of 30 s (E). The shear bond strengths were expressed in MN.m −2 , and the data were analyzed by an analysis of variance at the 5% level of significance. The following bond strengths were obtained (mean±SD): A: 8.9±2.3; B: 10.8±3.0; C: 10.8±2.3; D: 10.8±2.1; E: 10.3±1.4. The Gluma/Lumifor system effectively bonds to dentin and the shear bond strength is not adversely affected by storage and temperature cycling.
Differentiation of septal from free wall accessory pathway location: observations during bundle branch block in reciprocating tachycardia in the presence of type I antiarrhythmic drugs.

Abstract In patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, observations during bundle branch block (BBB) in reciprocating tachycardia are of value in accessory pathway localization. Most importantly, an increase in the ventriculoatrial (VA) Interval of ≥ 35 ms has indicated an ipsilateral free wall location and excluded a septal location. The present study examined whether data collected in the presence of type I antiarrhythmic drugs retained localizing value. Review of retrospective data showed that observations in the drug-free state were precluded by the need to suppress atrial arrhythmia during electrophysiologic study in 20% of patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome who underwent preoperative workup. Prospectively, in 15 patients with left free wall or posteroseptal pathways, we observed transient left BBB during tachycardia before and after administration of procainamide, disopyramide or quinidine. Serum drug levels ranged from 4.6 to 6.9 mg/liter, except in 1 patient with a serum procainamide level of 18 mg/liter. Drugs increased the VA interval during narrow QRS tachycardia by 17% (p
Estimation of the parameters in a truncated normal distribution

This paper deals with the estimation of the parameters of doubly truncated and singly truncated normal distributions when truncation points are known. We derive, for these families, a necessary and sufficient condition for the maximum likelihood estimator(MLE) to be finite. Furthermore, the probability of the MLE being infinite is positive. A simulation study for single truncation is carried out to compare the modified maximum likelihood estimator, and the mixed estimator.
Counseling Athletes in Career Change-Events: Applying the Scheme of Change for Sport Psychology Practice

This article presents a counseling framework based on the Scheme of Change for Sport Psychology Practice (SCSPP; Samuel & Tenenbaum, 2011a). The first section of the article describes the SCSPP framework, and illustrates a generic consultation process based on this perspective. The second section presents two case studies in which the author used the SCSPP framework to facilitate athletes’ coping efforts in change-events. The first case involves a retired athlete who suffers from maladaptive effects, while the second case involves an athlete working with a new coach and transitioning from junior to senior level. The discussion offers conceptual and practical considerations pertaining to the two case studies.
Early REM sleep: A compensatory change in depression?

To test for a possible mood-regulatory function of dreaming, the dream reports of 61 subjects undergoing divorce were scored for their dream-like quality (DLQ), and a difference score (DLQd) was computed between the content of rapid eye movement (REM) period 1 and the mean of the subsequent dreams of the night. Subjects with reduced latency to the first REM period had enhanced first dream DLQ scores in relation to the mean of later dreams (DLQd+ score). Those with DLQd+ had significantly higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Depressed subjects with DLQd+ showed significantly lower mean BDI scores at followup assessment. Implications for a psychological function of dreaming are discussed.
Some effects of alcohol, age of driver, and estimated speed on the likelihood of driver injury☆

THE OBJECTIVES WERE: (1) TO DETERMINE IF AND IN WHAT WAY THE LIKELIHOOD OF DRIVER INJURY IS AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF ALCOHOL, (2) TO DETERMINE IF AND IN WHAT WAY THE LIKELIHOOD OF DRIVER INJURY IS AFFECTED BY DRIVER AGE, (3) TO DETERMINE IF THE EFFECT OF THE ALCOHOL FACTOR IS THE SAME FOR DRIVERS OF ALL AGES, AND (4) TO INVESTIGATE HOW THE AGE AND ALCOHOL EFFECTS ON DRIVER INJURY CHANGE WITH SPEED. ALL OF THE OBJECTIVES ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT AN ACCIDENT HAS OCCURRED. IN DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL AND AGE OF DRIVER ON PERSONAL INJURY, SPEEDS OF THE ACCIDENT-INVOLVED VEHICLES WERE HELD CONSTANT SO AS TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF THIS FACTOR. A SEPARATE ANALYSIS WAS MADE FOR THREE LEVELS OF SPEED IN ORDER TO DETERMINE IF THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL AND AGE OF DRIVER ON PERSONAL INJURY ARE DEPENDENT ON ABSOLUTE SPEED. /AUTHOR/
Chronic Exposure to κ-Opioids Enhances the Susceptibility of Immortalized Neurons (F-11κ7) to Apoptosis-Inducing Drugs by a Mechanism that May Involve Ceramide

Chronic exposure of embryonic brain to opioids leads to microcephaly and developmental abnormalities. An immortalized mouse neuroblastoma x dorsal root ganglion hybrid cell line stably transfected to overexpress kappa-opioid receptors (F-11kappa7) showed complete loss of kappa-receptor binding to [3H]U69,593 after exposure to the kappa-agonist U69,593 for 24 h. U69,593 had no measurable effect on cell viability as determined by either cell viability or DNA fragmentation assays. However, when cell death (apoptosis) was induced by either staurosporine or the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002, cells pretreated with U69,593 for 24 h showed increased apoptosis compared with untreated cells. Thus, staurosporine (50 nM), wortmannin (4 microM), and LY294002 (30 microM) treatment for 24 h induced a 50% loss of cell viability and DNA fragmentation in 24 h. U69,593 pretreatment produced the same killing at lower concentrations, namely, 20 nM staurosporine, 2 microM wortmannin, and 14 microM LY294002, respectively. The effects of U69,593 were time-, dose-, and naloxone-reversible, suggesting that they are receptor-mediated. However, coaddition of U69,593 at the same time as staurosporine, wortmannin, or LY294002 did not enhance apoptosis. All three drugs that induced apoptosis were found to increase the level of ceramide, and pretreatment with U69,593 further increased the rate of formation of ceramide, a lipid that induces apoptosis in cells. We propose that chronic exposure to kappa-receptor agonists promotes increased vulnerability of neurons to apoptosis.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in quasi-super-renormalizable models☆

Abstract By studying the effective potential and renormalization group for quasi-super-renormalizable models it is demonstrated the models can undergo spontaneous symmetry breaking in a manner consistent with stability. A relation among ratios of masses is seen to hold at the minimum of the potential.
Tetracyclines for treating multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia.

To report the use of tetracyclines for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP). Observational case series. The Presley Regional Trauma Center located within the Regional Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Seven critically ill trauma patients with VAP caused by A. baumannii isolates that were resistant to all antibiotics tested except for doxycycline or minocycline. Patients were treated with IV doxycycline or minocycline for an average of 13.5 (range 9–20) days. Doxycycline or minocycline was successful in six of seven patients. Doxycycline or minocycline may be effective for treating multidrug-resistant A. baumannii VAP.
The study on the development tendency of Chinese traffic administrative management from the perspective of comparison between China and foreign countries

The development of modern integrative transportation system calls for the reform of the traffic management system objectively. The analysis of the experience of traffic management in foreign developed countries suggests that Chinese traffic administrative management should be centralized in terms of authority structure, separated between the powers of policy-making and execution in terms of authority function, administratively ruled in terms of authority norm, more man-centred in terms of value standard, and more informationalized in terms of functional means.
Hormone therapy and ovarian cancer

www.thelancet.com Vol 386 September 12, 2015 1037 be increased with long-term use, and that the UK guidelines are set to be reviewed. Unfortunately the study missed an opportunity to inform these regulatory bodies. After estimating the relative risks in this case-control comparison, a glaring omission is that the attributable risk was not reported. If the attributable risk is greater than zero, its value shows the number of cases of ovarian cancer among hormone therapy users that can be attributed to hormone therapy use itself, or alternatively the number of cases of ovarian cancer among hormone therapy users that could be eliminated if hormone therapy use is eliminated. This missed opportunity means that the public health eff ect of advice to women to consider stopping hormone therapy because of the risk of ovarian cancer will remain undefi ned. Additionally, the attributable risk is the only measure that can be used to sustain the present advice that women should use the lowest dose of hormone therapy for the shortest possible time. This advice still has no basis and the present central analysis missed an opportunity to inform on this advice. Why did the study not report on this simple extension to the relative risk? For the attributable risk to be of value, an assumption of causality has to exist between exposure and disease. Although the study strongly states a support for causality, an interpretation of the results cannot stand up to causality scrutiny. The study is unlikely to be repeated or surpassed by a randomised controlled study. Therefore it missed many opportunities, including the clarifi cation of the diff erence between minimally increased epidemiological risk and causation.
Leadership as an Ideograph: A Rhetorical Analysis of Military Leadership Training Material

The current rhetorical study used McGee's theory of ideographs to identify how cultural politics influence efforts to portray “leadership” in a military setting. Such an approach seeks to better address some of the enigmas that have complicated the understanding of military leadership—and leadership in general—for decades. McGee's theory emphasizes that language reflects political as well as referential qualities and, in some instances, these attributes come into conflict. Acknowledging this reality in an applied setting can help address ambiguous issues that escape the net of prevailing social-science approaches to leadership inquiry. The rhetorical analysis, which examines U.S. Air Force leadership training material, documents the manner in which ideographic portrayals of leadership were pervasive in each training program, and it considers practical implications of such a situation. Most notably, the analysis provides an explanation of how ideographic portrayals of leadership implicitly emphasize cultural indoctrination over promoting social influence skills. Such an orientation fortifies the military hierarchy and perpetuates romantic views of the military profession, but it also blurs key distinctions between social control and social influence. It is suggested that because ideographs reflect vital cultural motives, associated problems are inherently difficult to remedy.
Calcium Mobilization Evoked by Hepatocellular Swelling Is Linked to Activation of Phospholipase Cγ

Abstract Recovery from swelling of hepatocytes and selected other epithelia is triggered by intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which leads to fluid and electrolyte efflux through volume-sensitive K+ and Cl− channels. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms responsible for swelling-mediated hepatocellular Ca2+ mobilization. Swelling of HTC rat hepatoma cells, evoked by exposure to hypotonic medium, elicited transient increases in intracellular levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and cytosolic [Ca2+]. The latter was attenuated by inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 and by IP3 receptor blockade with 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, but it was unaffected by ryanodine, an inhibitor of intracellular Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release channels. Hypotonic swelling was associated with a transient increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCγ, with kinetics that paralleled the increases in intracellular IP3levels and cytosolic [Ca2+]. Confocal imaging of HTC cells exposed to hypotonic medium revealed a swelling-induced association of tyrosine-phosphorylated PLCγ with the plasma membrane. These findings suggest that activation of PLCγ by hepatocellular swelling leads to the generation of IP3 and stimulates discharge of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum via activation of IP3 receptors. By extension, these data support the concept that tyrosine phosphorylation of PLCγ represents a critical step in adaptive responses to hepatocellular swelling.
Neuropsychological and intellectual differences between types of murderers: Affective/impulsive versus predatory/ instrumental (premeditated) homicide

The notion that affective/impulsive violence and predatory/instrumental violence constitute distinct behavioral phenotypes has been supported in the forensic literature. Prior research suggests tha...
Distributions of brominated organic compounds in the troposphere and lower stratosphere

A comprehensive suite of brominated organic compounds was measured from whole air samples collected during the 1996 NASA Stratospheric Tracers of Atmospheric Transport aircraft campaign and the 1996 NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Pacific Exploratory Mission-Tropics aircraft campaign. Measurements of individual species and total organic bromine were utilized to describe latitudinal and vertical distributions in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, fractional contributions to total organic bromine by individual species, fractional dissociation of the long-lived species relative to CFC-11, and the Ozone Depletion Potential of the halons and CH3Br. Spatial differences in the various organic brominated compounds were related to their respective sources and chemical lifetimes. The difference between tropospheric mixing ratios in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for halons was approximately equivalent to their annual tropospheric growth rates, while the interhemispheric ratio of CH3Br was 1.18. The shorter-lived brominated organic species showed larger tropospheric mixing ratios in the tropics relative to midlatitudes, which may reflect marine biogenic sources. Significant vertical gradients in the troposphere were observed for the short-lived species with upper troposphere values 40–70% of the lower troposphere values. Much smaller vertical gradients (3–14%) were observed for CH3Br, and no significant vertical gradients were observed for the halons. Above the tropopause, the decrease in organic bromine compounds was found to have some seasonal and latitudinal differences. The combined losses of the individual compounds resulted in a loss of total organic bromine between the tropopause and 20 km of 38–40% in the tropics and 75–85% in midlatitudes. The fractional dissociation of the halons and CH3Br relative to CFC-11 showed latitudinal differences, with larger values in the tropics.
The impact of services versus goods on consumers’ assessment of perceived risk and variability

With the development of service marketing concepts comes the need to test theory against consumer behavior. This study examines differences in perceived risk and variability between services and goods. In a controlled experiment whereby product stimuli were objectively placed along a goods-services continuum, data from consumers was collected focusing on six types of perceived risk and product variability. The findings of the study provide evidence that services evoke heightened risk and product variability perceptions.
Biochemical markers: con.

(2002). Biochemical markers: Con. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders: Vol. 3, No. sup1, pp. S83-S83.
Selecting for Tolerance against Pathogens and Herbivores to Enhance Success of Reintroduction and Translocation

Some species have insufficient defenses against climate change, emerging infectious diseases, and non-native species because they have not been exposed to these factors over their evolutionary history, and this can decrease their likelihood of persistence. Captive breeding programs are sometimes used to reintroduce individuals back into the wild; however, successful captive breeding and reintroduction can be difficult because species or populations often cannot coexist with non-native pathogens and herbivores without artificial selection. In captive breeding programs, breeders can select for host defenses that prevent or reduce pathogen or herbivore burden (i.e., resistance) or traits that limit the effects of parasitism or herbivory on host fitness (i.e., tolerance). We propose that selection for host tolerance may enhance the success of reintroduction or translocation because tolerant hosts generally have neutral effects on introduced pathogens and herbivores. The release of resistant hosts would have detrimental effects on their natural enemies, promoting rapid evolution to circumvent the host resistance that may reduce the long-term probability of persistence of the reintroduced or translocated species. We examined 2 case studies, one on the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd)) and the other on the herbivorous cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) in the United States, where it is not native. In each case study, we provide recommendations for how captive breeders and managers could go about selecting for host tolerance. Selecting for tolerance may offer a promising tool to rescue hosts species from invasive natural enemies as well as new natural enemies associated with climate change-induced range shifts.
CO adsorption isotherms on Cu(100) at elevated pressures and temperatures using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy

Abstract Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) has been used to study the adsorption of carbon monoxide on a Cu(100) surface. Adsorption isotherms were determined at CO pressures from 10−6 to 10 Torr, and at temperatures from 115 to 340 K, and the isosteric heats of adsorption (δEads) evaluated as a function of CO coverage. For increasing CO coverages between 0-0.15 monolayers (ML), δEads decreases sharply from 16.7 to 12.7 kcal/mol. From 0.15 to 0.35 ML, δEads remains approximately 12.7 kcal/mol and exhibits little coverage dependence. These results are in excellent agreement with previously reported data for the CO/Cu(100) system acquired at much lower pressures ( 10−4, significant bathochromic shifts of the CO frequency to lower wavenumbers are observed.
THE GEOMETRY OF THE DEHN COMPLEX FOR A SPATIAL GRAPH

It is well-known that the "all right" metric structure on the Dehn complex of a knot is non-positively curved, or CAT(0), if and only if the knot projection is prime and alternating. We extend these ideas to spatial graphs and introduce the idea of ψ-alternating graphs as the appropriate analog of alternating knots.
Terrestrial heat flow and lithosphere structure

The International Meeting on Terrestrial Heat Flow and Lithosphere Structure was held at the Castle of Bechyně, Czechoslovakia, during June 1–6, 1987. This meeting brought together 81 participants from 24 countries in a remarkable setting away from interruptions and distractions. The Castle of Bechyně is several hundred years old and is constructed in the Austrian imperial style. The compact, if somewhat primitive, accommodations for the conferees encouraged scientific exchanges and ensured a high level of attendance for the formal sessions.
THE NEW BREAK‐POINT METHOD OF IDENTIFYING A COST ORIENTED MARKET BOUNDARY

Traditional methods of identifying cost-oriented market boundaries have three fundamental deficiencies. They assume transportation charges are proportional to distance. Second, where non-proportional cost-distance relationships are considered, a high degree of abstraction, generally stopping at the purely theoretical level, is present. Third, because of the time consuming and tedious work required, they appear to be operationally unfeasible. The method presented in this paper accommodates certain non-linear transportation cost-distance relationships and is operationally feasible in cost-oriented market area analyses.
Educating Future Generations of Community Gardeners

In this paper, I formulate a Deweyan argument for school gardening that prepares students for a specific type of gardening activism: community gardening, or the political activity of collectively organizing, planting and tending gardens for the purposes of food security, education and community development. Though not identical, a related type of gardening activism, guerrilla gardening, or the political activity of reclaiming unused urban land, sometimes illegally, for purposes of cultivation and beautification, is also implicated. Historically, community gardening in the U.S. has been associated with relief projects during periods of economic downturn and crisis, urban blight and gentrification, as well as nationalism, nativism and racism. Despite these last few unfortunate associations, the American philosopher John Dewey detached school gardening from the nativist’s tool-kit, portraying it as a gateway to more enriching adult experiences, not as a technique for assimilating immigrant children to a distinctly American way of life. One of those experiences that school gardening can prepare children for is environmental political activism, particularly involvement in gardening movements. Dewey did not mention this collateral benefit. Nevertheless, an argument can be made that garden advocacy—or, more specifically, participation in politically-motivated gardening movements—is an acceptable interpretation, or elaboration, of what Dewey meant by “a civic turn” to school gardening.
Novel Clinical Markers of Vascular Wall Inflammation

Inflammatory processes play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and mediate many of the stages of atheroma development from initial leukocyte recruitment to eventual rupture of th...
Josephson current and multiple Andreev reflections in graphene SNS junctions

The Josephson effect and superconducting proximity effect were observed in superconductor-graphene-superconductor (SGS) Josephson junctions with coherence lengths comparable to the distance between the superconducting leads. By comparing the measured gate dependence of the proximity induced subgap features (multiple Andreev reflections) and of the supercurrent to theoretical predictions, we find that the diffusive junction model yields close quantitative agreement with the results. By contrast, predictions of the ballistic SGS model are inconsistent with the data. We show that all SGS devices reported so far, our own as well as those of other groups, fall in the diffusive junction category. This is attributed to substrate induced potential fluctuations due to trapped charges and to the invasiveness of the metallic leads.
Mindfulness Practices For Accounting And Business Education: A New Perspective

For more than a decade, researchers in accounting and business education have focused on the concept of mindfulness as a source of ideas that contribute to transforming the classroom experience and the quality of student learning. This research is founded on the work of social scientists studying the general application of mindfulness to teaching and learning. (Langer, 2000) The focus is primarily on cognitive applications of mindfulness, such as, looking closely, exploring possibilities and perspectives, and introducing ambiguity. However, the construct of Mindfulness originates in the millennia old teachings of Buddhism. This paper proposes Mindfulness solutions to learning derived from non-cognitive practices associated with the Buddhist tradition. These practices emphasize the interconnectedness of mind and body and are anchored in focusing on the body. Four powerful core practices and several related support practices are presented and discussed. These have been adapted for use in the teaching of accounting and business at the undergraduate and graduate level. A sample protocol of Mindfulness practices is proposed for in-class activities of accounting and business students, and activities outside the classroom, e.g., reading course material, doing homework, studying for tests, and participating in student group activities. Future Directions for empirical research on the efficacy of these practices in improving students’ technical knowledge and conceptual understanding are discussed.
Portable software for multiprocessor systems

In this article we describe Prelude, a programming language and accompanying system support for writing portable parallel programs for multiprocessor architectures. Prelude allows the programmer to separate the description of the computation to be performed by a program from the description of how that computation is to be mapped onto a machine. This makes it easier to tune the performance of a program on a particular machine and also simplifies porting a program to new architectures.
An RNA aptamer possessing a novel monovalent cation-mediated fold inhibits lysozyme catalysis by inhibiting the binding of long natural substrates.

RNA aptamers are being developed as inhibitors of macromolecular and cellular function, diagnostic tools, and potential therapeutics. Our understanding of the physical nature of this emerging class of nucleic acid-protein complexes is limited; few atomic resolution structures have been reported for aptamers bound to their protein target. Guided by chemical mapping, we systematically minimized an RNA aptamer (Lys1) selected against hen egg white lysozyme. The resultant 59-nucleotide compact aptamer (Lys1.2minE) retains nanomolar binding affinity and the ability to inhibit lysozyme's catalytic activity. Our 2.0-A crystal structure of the aptamer-protein complex reveals a helical stem stabilizing two loops to form a protein binding platform that binds lysozyme distal to the catalytic cleft. This structure along with complementary solution analyses illuminate a novel protein-nucleic acid interface; (1) only 410 A(2) of solvent accessible surface are buried by aptamer binding; (2) an unusually small fraction (∼18%) of the RNA-protein interaction is electrostatic, consistent with the limited protein phosphate backbone contacts observed in the structure; (3) a single Na(+) stabilizes the loops that constitute the protein-binding platform, and consistent with this observation, Lys1.2minE-lysozyme complex formation takes up rather than displaces cations at low ionic strength; (4) Lys1.2minE inhibits catalysis of large cell wall substrates but not catalysis of small model substrates; and (5) the helical stem of Lys1.2minE can be shortened to four base pairs (Lys1.2minF) without compromising binding affinity, yielding a 45-nucleotide aptamer whose structure may be an adaptable protein binding platform.
A solution space approach to achieving partially adaptive arrays

Linearly-constrained adaptive arrays have wide application for interference rejection. The authors introduce a method of adding constraints so as to reduce the total number of degrees of freedom available to the processor. For the case of arrays containing a large number of elements, this is a particularly useful approach to providing reduced computational load while preserving the interference rejection capabilities of the array. These additional constraints are chosen to efficiently constrain the adaptive weight vector solution space. The resulting reduced complexity adaptive array is shown to have remarkably good sidelobe control over a wide range of interference conditions. >
A Possible Forecasting Technique for Winter Snow Cover in the Northern Hemisphere and Eurasia

Abstract Winter season snow and ice charts of the Northern Hemisphere based on satellite data from 1966 through 1975 were examined to determine the extent and area of snow cover in Eurasia and North America Graphical analysis indicates no significant overall increase in North American winter snow cover for the 9-year period of data, whereas over the same period a large fluctuation occurred in Eurasia. Regression analysis yielded several equations with correlation coefficients significant enough to have possible applications for 30-, 60-, and 90-day forecasting of seasonal, hemispheric, and continental snow cover.
Effect of Various Bonding Agents on the Sulfidation of Brass-Plated Steel Cords Immersed in Squalene Mixtures

Abstract Brass-plated steel cords have been immersed at elevated temperatures in various squalene mixtures containing sulfur curatives and commercially available bonding agents. Copper sulfide growth was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. The bonding agents cause early sulfide growth, even prior to “scorch,” but mitigate sulfide overgrowth upon humid aging. Both effects are expected to improve joint durability.
On the absorption of apomorphin and morphin through unusual channels

The alkaloid apomorphin is well known as a typical centrally acting emetic, producing vomiting by the direct stimulation of the vomiting center. In case of dogs, as is also well known, morphin is found to produce emesis almost equally well. The author has taken advantage of these facts in the study of absorption of drugs through various unusual portals of entry.On introducing a few milligrams of apomorphin in the form of powder or on instilling a few drops of a solution of 1 per cent. of that drug into the conjunctival sac, vomiting was found to be produced generally in from three to five minutes. Exactly the same phenomenon was observed after the administration of small quantities of morphin. These experiments indicate that the above drugs are easily absorbed through the eye into the general system. That this absorption is in part, at least, due to direct entry into blood and lymph channels and is not a result of an indirect absorption through the nasal ducts, was proven by obstructing the latter canal. ...
Third-order thermo-mechanical properties for packs of Platonic solids using statistical micromechanics

Obtaining an accurate higher order statistical description of heterogeneous materials and using this information to predict effective material behaviour with high fidelity has remained an outstandi...
Occurrence of streptomycin resistant tubercle bacilli in mice treated with streptomycin.

SummaryStreptomycin resistant tubercle bacilli were obtained from the majority of intravenously tubercularized mice treated with amounts of streptomycin which permitted a relatively loag survival time.
Equipping the Designers of the Future Best Practices of Epistemic Video Game Design

This article seeks to create a synthesis of different elements of epistemic games and their place in the larger scale of games and educational games and the potential for learning as these elements are incorporated into classroom use. This article is intended to assist educators in familiarizing themselves with the concept of epistemic gaming to both enable them to incorporate these ideas in teaching the next generation of game designers and developers and to encourage its inclusion among the various markets available for game design.
Role Development of Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants in Liver Transplantation.

Background:Nurse practitioners (NPs) and physician assistants (PAs) are increasingly utilized in health care. However, their roles in liver transplantation (LT) have not been investigated.Materials...
To Promote the Course Construction on the Basis of the Subject Development

The internal medicine of paediatrics is the important major course in paediatrics. Focusing on strengthening the constructionof staff, we cultivate all levels of teachers from different administrative level and personality, do schorlarly research meticulously,standardizing management and improve the teaching evaluation system. Besides we promote the construction and development of theinternal medicine of paediatrics by carrying out teaching research, impsoving teaching methods and making paediatics the key subjectin China.