cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography to the analysis of a middle distillate fuel

The application of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) to the analysis of a middle distillate fuel is described. Small diameter (50μm i.d.) fused-silica capillary columns coated with crosslinked 50% phenyl polymethylphenyl siloxane provided high separation efficiency and good compatibility with flame ionization detection. High resolution separations of the chemical class fractions obtained by adsorption chromatography on alumina were obtained using carbon dioxide as the supercritical mobile phase and simple pressure programming techniques. In addition to the less polar fuel components, supercritical carbon dioxide allowed chromatography of the nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and the hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic materials.
Familial and individual variables as predictors of dieting concerns and binge eating in college females.

Abstract Objective The current study explored family and individual variables associated with dieting and binge eating. Method 581 college females completed questionnaires exploring the amount of criticism and preoccupation with weight and food they experienced in their families, their current levels of depression, external attributions, and body esteem, and their degree of focus on dieting and binge eating. Results A structural equation model incorporating previous research and theoretical considerations was evaluated. The data were consistent with a model in which family variables were mediated by individual variables of depression, external attributions, and negative body esteem to predict dieting and bingeing. Dieting was influenced by all three individual variables, and in turn, dieting and depression were associated with binge eating. Discussion These results are consistent with an internalization model of family issues. Family dysfunction and values lead to depressive symptoms, external attributions, and negative body esteem. Dieting may be a “solution” that leads to additional eating problems such as binge eating when depression is present.
Smooth muscle tumors of the stomach in childhood and adolescence

Abstract Thirty-four smooth muscle tumors of the stomach in childhood and adolescence are reviewed, including two cases reported here for the first time. These are rare tumors, seldom diagnosed correctly preoperatively, and often present with gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia. Histologic differentiation between benign and malignant tumor has often proved difficult. Prognosis is good with wide surgical excision.
Is fusion reactivity in TFTR affected by distortions of the bulk ions from Maxwellians

It is known that during the heating of a warm-background ion species by a more energetic ion species, the warm-ion distribution function departs from that of a Maxwellian. It is also known that the velocity dependence of the particle and energy loss mechanisms is a crucial factor in determining the manner in which the bulk ions deviate from Maxwellians. The question of the extent to which these distortions cause an enhanced fusion reactivity in a TFTR-like plasma is addressed. For the cases presented here, no enhancement is found.
Relation between Piaget's Cognitive Stages and Temporal Extension

This study examined the relationship between cognitive development, as assessed by Piagetian tasks, and temporal extension as assessed by the Lines Test. It was hypothesized that concrete operation...
Using chromatic information in dense stereo correspondence

Abstract The use of chromatic information in dense stereo correspondence is investigated. Specifically, the chromatic photometric constraint , which is used to specify a mathematical optimality criterion for solving the dense stereo correspondence problem, is developed. The result is a theoretical construction for developing dense stereo correspondence algorithms which use chromatic information. The efficacy of using chromatic information via this construction is tested by implementing single- and multi-resolution versions of a stereo correspondence algorithm that uses simulated annealing as a means of solving the optimization problem. Results demonstrate that the use of chromatic information can significantly improve the performance of dense stereo correspondence.
Remembering to Relate: Socioemotional Correlates of Mother-Child Reminiscing

Previous research has established that mothers vary in how elaborately they reminisce with their preschool children, but explanation of these individual differences is lacking. We predicted that maternal elaborations during reminiscing would be related to mother-child attachment status, as well as to measures of verbal and nonverbal emotional expressiveness. Thirty-eight middle class mothers and their 41/2-year-old children participated in a reminiscing task and a joint art activity, and mothers completed the Attachment Behavior Q-set (Waters, 1987). Mothers who were more elaborative during reminiscing also reported a more secure attachment bond, but these variables were unrelated to either verbal or nonverbal expression of emotion during mother-child interaction. However, patterns of relations also varied by gender of child. Theoretical implications of these results for understanding joint reminiscing and attachment are discussed.
Steric and electronic effects influencing β-aryl elimination in the Pd-catalyzed carbon-carbon single bond activation of triarylmethanols.

An analysis of the palladium-catalyzed activation of carbon–carbon single bonds within triarylmethanols has led to a greater understanding of factors influencing the β-aryl elimination process responsible for C–C bond cleavage. A series of competition reactions were utilized to determine that β-aryl elimination of aryl substituents containing ortho-substitution proceeds with significant preference to unsubstituted phenyl rings. Further experiments indicate that substrates containing either strongly donating or withdrawing substituents are cleaved from triarylmethanols more readily than relatively neutral species.
Nutrient absorption by the anal vesicle of the braconid wasp, Microplitis croceipes.

Abstract The function of the anal vesicle of Microplitis croceipes in nutrient absorption was investigated. When larvae were incubated in low-concentrations of several 14C-labeled nutrient solutions, 14C-trehalose, -glucose and -amino acids accumulated in the body of control and head-ligated larvae but failed to accumulate in larvae with the anal vesicle ligated. When larvae were incubated in a more concentrated solution of trehalose, 14C-trehalose also accumulated in the body of control and head-ligated larvae and accumulation of trehalose was reduced in the body of anal-vesicle-ligated larvae. The results indicate that the anal vesicle functions in the absorption of trehalose, glucose and amino acids. Trehalose, when present in high concentrations, was also absorbed cutaneously to some extent. The lipid, triolein, appeared to be absorbed cutaneously and absorption was unaffected by vesicle ligation. The present study also indicates that disaccharides may be absorbed as disaccharides and rapidly converted to insoluble products in the parasitoid larvae.
ON MODELLING OF SYSTEMS BY POLYDRICES

Abstract After a few preliminary examples, the paper introduces the concept of polydrices and its basic algebraic operations. As a first application, the problem of air pollution of a given area over a given time interval is given a holistic model using polydrices. The possibility of applying polydrix modelling to medicine is then discussed.
Using Intelligent Tutors to Teach Students How APIs Are Used for Software Engineering in Practice

Computer science courses typically incorporate integrated training in software engineering, which includes learning how to reuse existing code libraries in new programs. This commonly presents a need to use the libraries' application programming interfaces (APIs) during project-based learning activities. The students learn these APIs with little support from the instructor. Instead, they primarily learn from whatever code examples they find on the Web-a scattershot approach that is slow, frustrating, and sometimes fruitless. Preliminary work investigated an improved approach that provides students with intelligent API tutors. This interactive educational content walks students through code examples selectively harvested from the Web. This approach increased students' knowledge of API method names, but a key pedagogical challenge remained: Students still lacked an understanding of common problems and surprises that they might encounter when using APIs in practice. Perhaps even more crucially, the prior statistical study provided no information about how students would perceive and accept the intelligent tutor approach, when given a choice. Therefore, this paper presents an enhanced approach that augments intelligent tutors with selected information from online FAQs and online open-source code, thereby providing more explanation and context about how to use APIs in practice. A qualitative study assessed student perceptions of the system's usability as well as suggestions for improvement, revealing that 100% of students considered the approach to be useful. A key implication is that providing information from online FAQs, related articles, and open-source code could facilitate computer science students' learning how to use APIs.
MicroRNA biogenesis pathways in cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression. Amplification and overexpression of individual 'oncomiRs' or genetic loss of tumour suppressor miRNAs are associated with human cancer and are sufficient to drive tumorigenesis in mouse models. Furthermore, global miRNA depletion caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations in components of the miRNA biogenesis machinery is oncogenic. This, together with the recent identification of novel miRNA regulatory factors and pathways, highlights the importance of miRNA dysregulation in cancer.
Levels and associations among self-esteem, fertility distress, coping, and reaction to potentially being a genetic carrier in women with diminished ovarian reserve.

Objective To measure the level of distress and its relationship with other psychologic factors in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) who participated in a fragile X genetics study. Design Longitudinal data analyzed with structural equation modeling. Setting Four U.S. private and academic fertility centers. Patient(s) Sixty-two infertile patients with DOR. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Fertility Problem Inventory, Coping Scale for Infertile Couples, Rosenberg Self-Esteem, Health Orientation Scale. Result(s) Nineteen percent had low fertility distress, 56% had average fertility distress, and 24% had high fertility distress. Thirty-six percent self-reported a "favorable" or "very favorable" emotional response to potentially being a fragile X carrier (termed "emotions"), 53% were "ambivalent," and 11% had an unfavorable reaction. Three months after learning that they were not a carrier, these percentages were 91%, 9%, and 0%, respectively. Emotions at this second time point were significantly more positive than at pretesting. At baseline, higher self-esteem was a significant predictor of reduced fertility distress both directly and indirectly through emotions. Fertility distress was not associated with coping. Self-esteem, fertility distress, pretesting emotions, and coping were unrelated to posttesting emotions. Conclusion(s) The potential of having an explanation for one's DOR condition may have a beneficial impact on women's psychologic states during the process of genetic testing, and this appeared to be especially true for women with higher self-esteem. Psychologic interventions targeted to women with low self-esteem may reduce distress and improve reactions to genetic testing.
Educational Achievement of Blacks under the Leadership of Deracialized Black Mayors in Philadelphia, PA and Washington, DC

Since the late 1970s, black elected officials have become increasingly deracialized and have shifted away from the black empowerment focus that dominated the initial years after the Civil Rights Movement. As a result, many of these leaders focus on tacking middle of the road issues that will appeal to a moderate, independent, and democratic white electorate that is starting to dominate major urban areas across the country because of gentrification. Meanwhile, the lower and working class blacks and their families who have been permanent staples of these urban enclaves are suffering as the focus shifts to these new comers and their needs. One major area where this shift in focus can clearly be seen is in the area of educational achievement. My study exams the educational policies under the leadership of the deracialized black mayors in Philadelphia, PA and Washington, DC and the effect they are having on the educational achievement of black youth in these cities.
A macroscopic theory for the existence of the hysteresis and butterfly loops in ferroelectricity

We present in this paper a minimal macroscopic theory leading to the hysteresis loop and the butterfly loop in ferroelectricity. This theory is based on the notion that as domains switch under the ...
Metacarpal rotational osteotomy.

Maximum metacarpal rotation and corresponding phalangeal correction were measured in 80 fingers of 40 cadaver hands. Total metacarpal rotation averaged 50° to 52° in the index, long, and ring fingers and 69° in the small finger. Phalangeal correction averaged 36° to 37° in the index, long, and ring fingers and 50° in the small finger (70% of rotation in the metacarpal). The orientation of the metacarpophalangeal joint was not a significant limiting factor. However, the deep transverse metacarpal ligament did limit maximum rotation at the metacarpal and the phalanx. The advantages of basal metacarpal osteotomy make this technique the procedure of choice for correcting malrotation of up to an average of 18° to 19° for the index, long, and ring fingers. For the small finger, 20° to 30° of correction is possible, depending on the direction of rotation. A table has been devised to predict the correction for individual digits.
People with bipolar I disorder report avoiding rewarding activities and dampening positive emotion

Background: Researchers have linked bipolar disorder to elevations in reward sensitivity and positive affect. Little is known, however, about how people with bipolar disorder respond to rewards and positive affect and how these tendencies relate to functioning or quality of life. Methods: Persons diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and matched controls completed the Responses to Positive Affect (RPA) measure and the Brief Quality of Life in Bipolar Disorder scale. Bipolar participants also completed the Reward Responses Inventory, which we designed to assess the extent to which participants avoid rewarding activities to prevent mania. A subsample of participants with bipolar disorder completed a positive mood induction procedure to examine the validity of the Response to Positive Affect scale. Results: The majority of bipolar participants reported avoiding at least one rewarding activity as a means of preventing mania. In addition, people with bipolar I disorder reported more dampening responses to positive affect than did control participants. Dampening positive emotions was related to lower quality of life. Limitations: This study does not address whether responses to affect and reward are related to the longitudinal course of symptoms. Conclusions: These findings suggest that people with bipolar I disorder seem to be aware of the potential of goal achievements to trigger mania, and many people with bipolar disorder seem to take steps to avoid positive emotion and reward.
Beyond 3D culture models of cancer

The mechanisms underlying the spatiotemporal evolution of tumor ecosystems present a challenge in evaluating drug efficacy. In this Perspective, we address the use of three-dimensional in vitro culture models to delineate the dynamic interplay between the tumor and the host microenvironment in an effort to attain realistic platforms for assessing pharmaceutical efficacy in patients.
Tests of Behavioral-Economic Assessments of Relative Reinforcer Efficacy: Economic Substitutes

This experiment was conducted to test predictions of two behavioral-economic approaches to quantifying relative reinforcer efficacy. According to the first of these approaches, characteristics of averaged normalized demand curves may be used to predict progressive-ratio breakpoints and peak responding. The second approach, the demand analysis, rejects the concept of reinforcer efficacy, arguing instead that traditional measures of relative reinforcer efficacy (breakpoint, peak response rate, and choice) correspond to specific characteristics of non-normalized demand curves. The accuracy of these predictions was evaluated in rats' responding for food or fat: two reinforcers known to function as partial substitutes. Consistent with the first approach, predicted peak normalized response output values (Omax) obtained under single-schedule conditions ordinally predicted progressive-ratio breakpoints and peak responding. Predictions of the demand analysis had mixed success. Pmax and Omax were significantly correlated with PR breakpoints and peak responding (respectively) when fat, but not when food, was the reinforcer. Relative consumption of food and fat under single schedules of reinforcement did not predict preference better than chance. The normalized demand analysis is supplemented with the economic concept of diminishing marginal utility, to predict preference shifts across the range of food and fat prices examined.
Studying reliability using identical handheld lactate analyzers

Accusport analyzers were used to generate lactate performance curves in an investigative laboratory activity emphasizing the importance of reliable instrumentation. Both the calibration and testing phases of the exercise provided students with a hands-on opportunity to use laboratory-grade instrumentation while allowing for meaningful connections to be made between data collection and analysis. Pairs of student teams tested individual aerobically trained participants exercising to voluntary exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. The analysis of four volunteers' postexercise blood samples revealed lactate data that, although highly correlated, showed small but statistically significant differences between devices. This laboratory activity provides a useful platform for introducing students to the reliability of instrumentation, in particular noting its relevance to designs employing repeated measures.
Static and dynamic modeling of thermal microgripper

The performance of any micro-comronent affects the overall performance of the system especially in the micro-level. In this research work, the thermal and structural performances of microgripper based on silicon are studied. The present study is part of a larger effort in developing, modeling and characterization procedures toward understanding the behavior of microgripper. This is essential to develop better control algorithms and to facilitate the study of robot arms dynamic on gripping performance. The structural stiffness and failure of microgripper in static loading are characterized for two actuation modes: in-plane and off-plane. Moreover, building block attempts are introduced for dynamical modeling of microgripper/sensor/and environment. The electromechanical system model of sensor is experimentally identified and utilized in identifying the performance of hypothesized lumped models of microgripper.
Healthy Heart Information for Consumers: HeartHealthyWomen.org

HeartHealthyWomen is a Web site devoted to providing information for women about cardiovascular disease. A joint project developed by the Cardiovascular Research Foundation, the Office on Women's Health of the Department of Health and Human Services, and WomenHeart: the National Coalition for Women with Heart Disease, the site serves as a well-organized, reliable, and easy-to-navigate source of information about the biggest health threat to women today. This Web site is a valuable and educational resource for anyone interested in this issue.
The Cognitive Benefits of Movement Reduction Evidence From Dance Marking

In a number of domains, humans adopt a strategy of systematically reducing and minimizing a codified system of movement. One particularly interesting case is "marking" in dance, wherein the dancer performs an attenuated version of the choreography during rehearsal. This is ostensibly to save the dancer's physical energy, but a number of considerations suggest that it may serve a cognitive function as well. In this study, we tested this embodied-cognitive-load hypothesis by manipulating whether dancers rehearsed by marking or by dancing "full out" and found that performance was superior in the dancers who had marked. This finding indicates that marking confers cognitive benefits during the rehearsal process, and it raises questions regarding the cognitive functions of other movement-reduction systems, such as whispering, gesturing, and subvocalizing. In addition, it has implications for a variety of topics in cognitive science, including embodied cognition and the nascent fields of dance and music cognition.
Inherited renal disease and genetic counseling.

Inherited renal abnormalities and diseases are less common than acquired disorders. However, they are of great interest because their study results in increased understanding of the embryogenesis and physiology of the kidney, the pathogenesis of acquired disease, improved therapeutic approaches and accuracy of genetic counseling. Inherited defects of the kidney may be structural, functional or part of genetically transmitted systemic diseases that have major effects on renal structure and/or functions. Most structural defects of the kidney, with the exception of varying forms of cystic disease and the hereditary nephritides, are congenital and only rarely inherited in a Mendelian sense. The majority of genetically transmitted abnormalities of proximal and distal tubular function are caused by inborn metabolic errors or enzyme defects and deficiencies. Amniocentesis, ultrasonography and enzymatic assays have made the prenatal diagnosis of many inherited renal diseases possible so that more accurate counsel...
An Optimization Frame work for Goal-Oriented, Model-Based Reduction of Large-Scale Systems

Optimization-ready reduced-order models should target a particular output functional, span an applicable range of dynamic and parametric inputs, and respect the underlying governing equations of the system. To achieve this goal, we present an approach for determining a projection basis that uses a goal-oriented, model-based optimization framework. The mathematical framework permits consideration of general dynamical systems with general parametric variations. The methodology is applicable to both linear and nonlinear systems and to systems with many input parameters. This paper focuses on an initial presentation and demonstration of the methodology on a simple linear model problem of the two-dimensional, time-dependent heat equation with a small number of inputs. For this example, the reduced models determined by the new approach provide considerable improvement over those derived using the proper orthogonal decomposition.
Social influences on nymphal development in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata.

Solitary male nymphs of the cockroach Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz) (Blattaria: Blaberidae) took significantly longer to reach adulthood than males paired with either a male or female nymph or grouped with four other male nymphs since birth. When isolated throughout nymphal development, 15.8% of males passed through 3 stadia before adult eclosion, and the remainder went through 4 stadia. In contrast, 61.3% of paired males became adults in 3 stadia. Males need not, however, be isolated or paired for the entire nymphal period to express isolated or paired patterns of development. About 60% of males paired in just the first stadium or its initial 9 days became adults in 3 stadia, and only 20.4% of males isolated in the first stadium and the first 3 days of the second reached adulthood within 3 stadia. Although the first stadium was a critical period in which social condition determined the course of future development, analyses of covariance showed that isolated males gained less weight than paired ones, not only in the first stadium, but in the second as well. Moreover, the degree of growth of a male in the second stadium, measured as either weight gain or relative growth rate, did not depend on the male’s social condition in the first stadium, because isolated second-instar males grew less than paired ones, even when both sets of insects had been paired in the first stadium. Female nymphal development, unlike that of males, was not greatly affected by social factors.
Control of Confounding in the Assessment of Medical Technology

Separation of the effects of extraneous variables from the effects of a factor under study (often termed control of confounding) is one of the key prerequisites for validly estimating the magnitude of the study factor's effects. Because of the phenomenon of confounding by indication, confounding of effects of different factors is a common problem in the assessment of medical technology. We give several examples illustrating that the decision of whether a recorded variable is a confounder in a data-set must be decided on the basis of subject-matter knowledge and clinical judgement. There is no alternative to use of such judgement; statistical selection procedures based on significant tests, such as stepwise regression, can be particularly misleading.
Scientific Visualisation of Atmospheric Data with ParaView

The pv_atmos package allows for an automated approach to 4D (3D space + time) visualization of atmospheric data in netCDF format. Using Python scripting, the open source software ParaView is used to load, process, and visualize data. The scripts automatize the loading of data on a longitude-latitude-pressure grid, and re-compute the grid for a log-pressure or spherical representation of all data. Grid lines, planes, and labels can be added if desired. Two example scripts are included in the repository.
The effects of celeration lines on visual data analysis

Previous visual analysis research reported that the overall agreement between visual analysis and statistical analysis was poor. In response, some researchers suggested the use of celeration lines to improve the accuracy and reliability of visual analysis. However, subsequent research reported little or no improvement in accuracy with such lines. The present study presented 5 board-certified behavior analysts with a series of behavioral graphs. The participants were asked to answer questions similar to those posed in previous studies but were also asked to talk aloud as they viewed each graph. Results indicate that the participants made accurate decisions for only 72% of the graphs and that celeration lines did not improve overall accuracy. The verbal protocol analysis suggests that participants were as likely to attend to trend when celeration lines were absent as they were when they were present, with the most differences attributable to varying participant competencies and not graph (i.e., celeration line) characteristics.
Strategies for assessing mental health in Haiti: Local instrument development and transcultural translation:

The lack of culturally appropriate mental health assessment instruments is a major barrier to screening and evaluating efficacy of interventions. Simple translation of questionnaires produces misleading and inaccurate conclusions. Multiple alternate approaches have been proposed, and this study compared two approaches tested in rural Haiti. First, an established transcultural translation process was used to develop Haitian Kreyol versions of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). This entailed focus group discussions evaluating comprehensibility, acceptability, relevance, and completeness. Second, qualitative data collection was employed to develop new instruments: the Kreyol Distress Idioms (KDI) and Kreyol Function Assessment (KFA) scales. For the BDI and BAI, some items were found to be nonequivalent due to lack of specificity, interpersonal interpretation, or conceptual nonequivalence. For all screening tools, items were adjusted if they were difficult to endorse or seve...
Children's hyperactivity, television viewing, and the potential for child effects

Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B; n = 6,250), this study examined whether children who display difficult behaviors early in life watch more television from year-to-year. Results revealed that 4-year-old children's hyperactive, but not aggressive, behavior was associated with an increase in television watching over the ensuing year. These potential child effects, however, were embedded in both proximate and distal ecologies. That is, the association between children's hyperactivity and increases in their television exposure over time was strongest among those in the low-end of the socioeconomic distribution and those whose parents displayed less optimal mental health. It was also stronger among girls. These results underscore the importance of considering child effects in future research and how intra-familial dynamics vary across different types of family contexts.
Patterns of free calcium in multicellular stages of Dictyostelium expressing jellyfish apoaequorin

To examine the patterns of high free cytosolic calcium or [Ca2+]i during Dictyostelium's development, we expressed apoaequorin in D. discoideum, reconstituted aequorin and observed the resultant patterns of calcium-dependent luminescence. Specific, high calcium zones are seen throughout normal multicellular development and are roughly coincident with those regions that later differentiate into stalk or stalk-like cells. A slug, for example, shows a primary high calcium zone within its front quarter and a secondary one around its tail; while a mound shows such a zone around the periphery of its base. Combined with previous evidence, our findings support the hypothesis that high [Ca2+]i feeds back to favor the stalk pathway. We also discovered several high calcium zones within the mound's base that do not coincide with any known prepatterns in D. discoideum. These include two, relatively persistent, antipodal strips along the mound's periphery. These various persistent zones of high calcium are largely made up of frequent, 10 to 30 second long, semiperiodic calcium spikes. Each of these spikes generates a correspondingly short-lived, 200 to 500 microns long, high calcium band which extends along the nearby surface. Similar, but relatively large and infrequent, spikes generate cross bands which extend across migrating slugs and just behind their advancing tips as well as across the peripheries of rotating mounds and midway between their antipodal strips. Moreover, calcium has a doubling time of about a second as various spikes rise. This last observation suggests that the calcium bands seen in Dictyostelium may be generated by so-called fast calcium waves.
Trapping Methylglyoxal by Genistein and Its Metabolites in Mice

Increasing evidence supports dicarbonyl stress such as methylglyoxal (MGO) as one of the major pathogenic links between hyperglycemia and diabetic complications. In vitro studies have shown that dietary flavonoids can inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) by trapping MGO. However, whether flavonoids can trap MGO in vivo and whether biotransformation limits the trapping capacity of flavonoids remain virtually unknown. In this study, we investigated whether genistein (GEN), the major soy isoflavone, could trap MGO in mice by promoting the formation of MGO adducts of GEN and its metabolites. Two different mouse studies were conducted. In the acute study, a single dose of MGO and GEN were administered to mice via oral gavage. In the chronic study, MGO was given to mice in drinking water for 1 month and then GEN was given to mice for 4 consecutive days via oral gavage. Two mono-MGO adducts of GEN and six mono-MGO adducts of GEN phase I and microbial metabolites were identified in mouse urine samples from these studies using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. The structures of these MGO adducts were confirmed by analyzing their MS(n) (n = 1-4) spectra as well as by comparing them with the tandem mass spectra of authentic standards. All of the MGO adducts presented in their phase II conjugated forms in mouse urine samples in the acute and chronic studies. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo evidence to demonstrate the trapping efficacy of GEN in mice and to show that the metabolites of GEN remain bioactive.
RAWLS'S A THEORY OF JUSTICE AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

(1976). RAWLS'S A THEORY OF JUSTICE AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 83-96.
Prevalence of Eimeria macusaniensis (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in midwestern Lama spp.

To compare the prevalence of Eimeria macusaniensis among midwestern llamas (Lama glama), alpacas (Lama pacos), and guanacos (Lama guanicoe), feces were obtained from Lama spp. in 10 states between October 1989 and February 1996. Feces were examined by centrifugal flotation in sugar solution (specific gravity--1.28-1.30), and oocysts were quantified by a modified McMaster method. Data were compared by host species and age classifications. Typical oocysts occurred in samples from 28% of 76 herds and 10.4% of 443 animals including 12% of 301 llamas, 7% of 115 alpacas, and 7.4% of 27 guanacos. Prevalence was significantly greater (P = 0.009) in animals < 1 yr of age in comparison to older animals for llams (22.1 v.s. 8.5%) and for all Lama spp. combined (17.1 vs. 8.4%). Fecal oocyst abundance was significantly greater (P = 0.001) in llamas < 1 yr of age in comparison to older llamas (30 vs. 16 oocysts per g of feces). Fecal oocyst intensities did not differ significantly. Prevalence in both age groups of midwestern llamas was greater than previously reported for llamas in the western United States. Prevalence in midwestern alpacas < 1 yr of age was lower than reported for alpacas of similar age in South America, but oocyst intensities were similar. These results indicate that infection with E. macusaniensis is more common in Lama spp. in North America than previously recognized.
Ganciclovir in the treatment of infantile rotavirus enteritis

Objective:To investigate the clinical therapeutic effectiveness of ganciclovir in the treatment of infantile rotavirus enteritis Methods: 76 clildren with rotavirus enteritis were randomly divided into two groups (observed group and contorl group).Observed group was treated with ganciclovir and scored with clinical symptom and physical sign Results: The total scores of observed group decreased dramatically ( P 0 01,0 05) Conclusion: Ganciclovir has notable clinical therapeutic effect in the treatment of infantile rotavirus enteritis
Comparison of the effects of selected dressings on the healing of standardized abrasions.

OBJECTIVE To find out which type of dressing (semipermeable film, hydrocolloid, conventional method, or no dressing) allowed abrasions to heal in the least amount of time and had the greatest decrease in wound area. DESIGN AND SETTING A 4 x 9 factorial was used for this study. There were two independent variables with four levels and two dependent variables. Research was performed at the Athletic Training Research Laboratory at Indiana State University. SUBJECTS Fourteen subjects (eight males, six females), ages 23 to 34 years, participated in this study. MEASUREMENTS From daily photographs, the day the wounds were healed was determined. The photographs were also used to measure wound area on the first and last days of the study. Subjects received four treatments (dressings and control), and placement of the dressings was determined by random assignment. RESULTS Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance to determine if differences existed among treatment groups for healing time and change in area. Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc testing was performed to determine specifically where the differences occurred. Our results indicate that healing time is affected by covering the wound, and area is decreased by using DuoDerm or Bioclusive. CONCLUSIONS Bioclusive should be used in the athletic training setting. Bioclusive and DuoDerm are equally effective, but Bioclusive is less expensive. Bioclusive is more expensive than Coverlet, but it is also more effective in reducing the area of the wound.
Exploring the MACH Model’s Potential as a Metacognitive Tool to Help Undergraduate Students Monitor Their Explanations of Biological Mechanisms

This multiple case study explores a teaching intervention in an introductory undergraduate biology classroom that aimed to guide students to explain biological mechanisms using the MACH model, a pr...
Human iPSC-Derived Cerebral Organoids Model Cellular Features of Lissencephaly and Reveal Prolonged Mitosis of Outer Radial Glia.

Classical lissencephaly is a genetic neurological disorder associated with mental retardation and intractable epilepsy, and Miller-Dieker syndrome (MDS) is the most severe form of the disease. In this study, to investigate the effects of MDS on human progenitor subtypes that control neuronal output and influence brain topology, we analyzed cerebral organoids derived from control and MDS-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using time-lapse imaging, immunostaining, and single-cell RNA sequencing. We saw a cell migration defect that was rescued when we corrected the MDS causative chromosomal deletion and severe apoptosis of the founder neuroepithelial stem cells, accompanied by increased horizontal cell divisions. We also identified a mitotic defect in outer radial glia, a progenitor subtype that is largely absent from lissencephalic rodents but critical for human neocortical expansion. Our study, therefore, deepens our understanding of MDS cellular pathogenesis and highlights the broad utility of cerebral organoids for modeling human neurodevelopmental disorders.
Credit Default Swaps and Cost Management

In this paper, we examine the effect of credit defaults swap (CDS) initiation on reference firms’ cost management behavior. CDS contracts provide insurance protection for lenders, inducing a shift in bargaining power from borrowers to lenders and an excessive incidence of bankruptcy. Anticipating more intransigent lenders in debt renegotiations and higher bankruptcy risk, borrowers are more concerned about liquidity and have heightened incentive to decrease cost stickiness after CDS initiation, as cost stickiness lowers liquidity and triggers early covenant violations. Consistent with our expectations, we find that CDS initiation is associated with a decline in reference firms’ cost stickiness. This association is more pronounced for (1) financially constrained firms; (2) firms with weaker bank relationships; and (3) firms with more financial covenants in debt outstanding. Collectively, our findings suggest that the CDS-induced “empty creditor problem” causes reference firms to be excessively concerned about liquidity and covenant violation, thus reducing the effectiveness of cost stickiness as a rational resource management tool.
The Cost of Family Medicine Residency Training: Impacts of Federal and State Funding.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Numerous organizations are calling for the expansion of graduate medical education (GME) positions nationally. Developing new residency programs and expanding existing programs can only happen if financial resources are available to pay for the expenses of training beyond what can be generated in direct clinical income by the residents and faculty in the program. The goal of this study was to evaluate trended data regarding the finances of family medicine residency programs to identify what financial resources are needed to sustain graduate medical education programs. METHODS A group of family medicine residency programs have shared their financial data since 2002 through a biennial survey of program revenues, expenses, and staffing. Data sets over 12 years were collected and analyzed, and results compared to analyze trends. RESULTS Overall expenses increased 70.4% during this period. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) GME revenue per resident increased by 15.7% for those programs receiving these monies. Overall, total revenue per resident, including clinical revenues, state funding, and any other revenue stream, increased 44.5% from 2006 to 2016. The median cost per resident among these programs, excluding federal GME funds, is currently $179,353; this amount has increased over the 12 years by 93.7%. CONCLUSIONS For this study group of family medicine programs, data suggests a cost per resident per year, excluding federal and state GME funding streams, of about $180,000. This excess expense compared to revenue must be met by other agencies, whether from CMS, the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), state expenditures or other sources, through stable long-term commitments to these funding mechanisms to ensure program viability for these essential family medicine programs in the future.
Optimizing fluorescently tethered Hsp90 inhibitor dose for maximal specific uptake by breast tumors

Despite improvements in surgical resection, 20-40% of patients undergoing breast conserving surgery require at least one additional re-excision. Leveraging the unique surface expression of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a chaperone protein involved in several key hallmarks of cancer, in breast cancer provides an exciting opportunity to identify residual disease during surgery. We developed a completely non-destructive strategy using HS-27, a fluorescently-tethered Hsp90 inhibitor, to assay surface Hsp90 expression on intact tissue specimens using a fluorescence microendoscope with a field of view of 750 μm and subcellular resolution of 4 μm. HS-27 consists of an FDA approved Hsp90 inhibitor tethered to fluorescein isothiocyanate (EX 488nm, EM 525nm). Here, we optimized ex vivo HS-27 administration in pre-clinical breast cancer models and validated our approach on 21 patients undergoing standard of care ultrasound guided core needle biopsy. HS-27 administration time was fixed at 1- minute to minimize imaging impact on clinical workflow. HS-27 and HS-217 (non-specific control) doses were modulated from 1 μM up to 100 μM to identify the dose maximizing the ratio of specific uptake (HS-27 fluorescence) to non-specific uptake (HS-217 fluorescence). The specificity ratio was maximized at 100 μM and was significantly greater than all other doses (p<0.05). We applied our optimized imaging protocol to clinical samples and demonstrated significantly greater uptake of HS-27 by tumor than non-tumor tissue (p<0.05). The ubiquitous nature of HS-27 binding to all subtypes of breast cancer makes this technology attractive for assessing tumor margins, as one agent can be used for all subtypes.
A Physiological Role for Amyloid Beta Protein: Enhancement of Learning and Memory

Amyloid beta protein (A[beta]) is well recognized as having a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reason for the presence of A[beta] and its physiological role in non-disease states is not clear. In these studies, low doses of A[beta] enhanced memory retention in two memory tasks and enhanced acetylcholine production in the hippocampus in vivo. We then tested whether endogenous A[beta] has a role in learning and memory in young, cognitively intact mice by blocking endogenous A[beta] in healthy 2-month-old CD-1 mice. Blocking A[beta] with antibody to A[beta] or DFFVG (which blocks A[beta] binding) or decreasing A[beta] expression with an antisense directed at the A[beta] precursor APP all resulted in impaired learning in T-maze foot-shock avoidance. Finally, A[beta]1-42 facilitated induction and maintenance of long term potentiation in hippocampal slices, whereas antibodies to A[beta] inhibited hippocampal LTP. These results indicate that in normal healthy young animals the presence of A[beta] is important for learning and memory.
Discovery and prevalence of cancer-susceptibility germline mutations (Mts) in patients (Pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC).

4524Background: About 5% of RCC is thought to be familial, but recent studies suggest this may be an underestimate (Int. J. Cancer;100:476). We studied the prevalence of germline cancer-susceptibil...
Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors Mechanical Faults Using a Modified Auto-regressive Approach

Electric motors failure remains a very serious issue in the industrial world. This problem may not only result in the paralysis of the production but may also influence the operator safety. To resolve this problem, several methods have been developed for the monitoring and the diagnosis of faults from their appearances to avoid the industrial process interruption. With this objective in mind, this paper proposes a new diagnosis technique used in the identification of these faults based on stator current Auto-Regressive modeling. The proposed approach presents several advantages compared to the classical stator current spectral analysis using the conventional Periodogram technique. In fact, the proposed approach offers a very good frequency resolution for a very short acquisition time, which is impossible to achieve with the classical technique of the Periodogram. Simulation and experimental tests will be carried out later in this paper to verify the proposed method in bearing faults diagnosis.
Measurement of OH* Generation by Pulverized Minerals Using Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy and Implications for the Reactivity of Planetary Regolith

Mineral analogs to silicate phases common to planetary regolith, including olivine; the pyroxenes augite and diopside; the plagioclase feldspars labradorite, bytownite, and albite; the Johnson Space Center-1A lunar regolith simulant; as well as quartz (used as a reference), were subjected to mechanical pulverization by laboratory milling for times ranging from 5 to 45 min. Pulverized minerals were then incubated in an aqueous solution containing the free radical spin trapping compound 5,5-Dimethyl-1-Pyrroline-N-Oxide for times ranging from 5 to 30 min. These slurries were then analyzed by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy to quantify the amount of hydroxyl radical (the neutral charge form of the hydroxide ion, denoted as OH*) formed in solution. We find that all tested materials generate an Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectrum indicating the formation of OH* with concentrations ranging between 0.1 and 1.5 μM. We also find that, in general, mineral pulverization time is inversely correlated to OH* generation, while OH* generation is positively correlated to mineral fluid incubation time for phases that have iron in their nominal chemical formulae, suggesting the possible action of Fenton reaction as a cofactor in increasing the reactivity of these phases. Our results add to a body of literature that indicates that the finely comminuted minerals and rocks present in planetary regolith are capable of generating highly reactive and highly oxidizing radical species in solution. The results provide the foundation for further in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies to evaluate the possible health risks that future explorers visiting the surfaces of planetary bodies may face from these reactive regolith materials.
Intellectual Humility and the Difficult Knowledge of Theology.

AbstractWe seek, in this analytical essay, to complicate the conversation around knowledge production in the academy by proposing “intellectual humility” as a mode for moving toward new avenues of ...