cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sound Radiation Analysis of a Longwall Cutting Drum

Operators of longwall mining systems experience sound levels of 93–105 dB(A) and receive noise exposures that place them at risk of noise-induced hearing loss. To address the problem, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH*) Office of Mine Safety and Health Research (OMSHR) has conducted research to develop engineering noise controls for longwall systems. In previous field surveys, the sound radiated by the cutting drums was identified as a major hazard, especially considering their close proximity to the operators. Cutting drums are complex structures consisting of curved metal pieces welded together, and NIOSH has used modeling and simulation to characterize the acoustic properties of this structure. Based on a finite element (FE) model of the drum, the boundary element method (BEM) was used to predict the sound radiated from the vibrating drum due to an excitation force applied to one of the cutting bits. Simulations were used to examine the following with respect to the radiated sound power: (1) the ramifications of adding the welds to the model rather than assuming direct attachment between the metal components; (2) the effect of weld stiffness; (3) the relative contributions of the vanes and the cylindrical part of the drum; and (4) the sensitivity to the direction of the applied force. Parametric studies have shown that including the weld in the finite element model has a significant effect on the predicted sound power level, while varying the weld Young’s modulus by 20% does not radically change the sound radiation. Panel contribution analysis indicates that the vanes contribute much more to the total sound power level, as compared to the cylindrical part of the drum. Consequently, it is expected that damping treatments would be most effective at controlling noise radiation if applied to the vanes rather than to the cylindrical portion. Finally, case study results show that the sound power levels are most sensitive to the tangential and bending forces above 500 Hz. For frequencies below 500 Hz, the sound power level is most sensitive to axial and bending forces.© 2013 ASME
Effect of substrate preparation on the smoothness of liquid phase epitaxial (AlGa)As on GaP

Abstract The smoothness of Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As grown by liquid phase epitaxy on GaP is improved by using a roughened substrate instead of a polished one. Layers grown on both roughened and polished surfaces are essentially epitaxial single crystals composed of small slightly misoriented crystallites. The crystallite size is smaller for growth on roughened substrates.
Foreign Language Input: Initial Processing edited by RAST, REBEKAH.

A review of the book "Foreign Language Input: Initial Processing," by Rebekah Rast is presented.
Comparison of immunoassay and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated soil

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are frequently encountered in the environment and may pose health concerns due to their carcinogenicity. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was evaluated as a screening method for monitoring PAHs at contaminated sites. The ELISA was a carcinogenic PAH (C-PAH) RaPID assay testing kit that cross-reacts with several PAHs and utilizes benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as a calibrator. Soil samples were extracted with 50% acetone in dichloromethane (DCM) for analysis by ELISA and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The overall method precision was within ±30% for ELISA and within ±20% for GC–MS. Recovery data for spiked soils ranged from 46 to 140% for BaP as determined by ELISA. Recoveries data of the GC–MS surrogate standards, 2-fluorobiphenyl and chrysene, were greater than 70%. The GC–MS procedure detected a total of 19 priority PAHs (2–6-ring PAHs) including seven probable human carcinogens (4–6-ring B2-PAHs). The ELISA results were compared to GC–MS summation results for the total 19 target PAHs as well as for the subset of the seven B2-PAH compounds. For all soil samples, the PAH concentrations derived from ELISA were greater than the sum of B2-PAH concentrations obtained by GC–MS. ELISA determinations were also frequently greater than the results obtained by GC–MS for the total 19 PAH compounds. This discrepancy can be expected, since the ELISA is a screening assay for the detection of several related PAHs while the GC–MS procedure detects priority PAH compounds. Thus, only a subset of PAHs (e.g. 19 PAHs) in the soil samples were measured by GC–MS while additional PAHs, including alkylated PAHs, and PAH derivatives have been demonstrated to be cross-reactive in the C-PAH ELISA. Results of paired tests show that the PAH data from ELISA and GC–MS methods are significantly different (P<0.001), but highly correlated. The ELISA data had a strong positive relationship with the GC–MS summation data for the B2-PAHs as well as for the 19 PAHs targeted by the GC–MS method. Results indicate that the ELISA may be useful as a broad screen for monitoring PAHs in environmental samples.
Methods for estimating isometric recruitment curves of electrically stimulated muscle

Three methods were tested experimentally in isolated tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles of cats. The three methods are steady-state step response, peak impulse response, and deconvolved ramp response. A fourth method, described but not tested, is a stochastic iteration technique. The results demonstrate that estimations of recruitment curves depend on the method used and that all methods are sensitive to short-term and long-term time variations in muscle properties. While the step-response technique is the traditional method for estimating recruitment curves, the ramp-deconvolution method appears to offer acceptable accuracy with much shorter testing times. >
Use of an Optimum Wavelength to Detect Glutamic Acid and its Metabolites in Human Serum by Reversed-Phase HPLC

Abstract Dansylated glutamic acid, glutamine and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) show maximum absorption at 221 nm. Using this wavelength, the detection limits for dansylated amino acids studied by reversed-phase HPLC are similar to those reported by fluorescence. This technique was used to look foe the presence of glutamic acid and its metabolites in human serum. Glutamic acid and glutamine were present in significant amounts and their levels were 2.5 and 6.1 nmoles/ml respetively, while GABA was present in trace amounts, less than 0.3 nmoles/ml.
Quantum process tomography of unitary and near-unitary maps

We study quantum process tomography given the prior information that the map is a unitary or close to a unitary process. We show that a unitary map on a $d$-level system is completely characterized by a minimal set of ${d}^{2}+d$ elements associated with a collection of POVMs, in contrast to the ${d}^{4}\ensuremath{-}{d}^{2}$ elements required for a general completely positive trace-preserving map. To achieve this lower bound, one must probe the map with particular sets of $d$ pure states. We further compare the performance of different estimators inspired by compressed sensing, to reconstruct a near-unitary process from such data. We find that when we have accurate prior information, an appropriate compressed sensing method reduces the required data needed for high-fidelity estimation, and different estimators applied to the same data are sensitive to different types of noise. Convex optimization inspired by the techniques of compressed sensing can therefore be used both as indicators of error models and to validate the use of the prior assumptions.
Magnitude estimation of multidimensional stimuli

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of magnitude estimation in the multidimensional case. Ss made magnitude estimates of brightness (B) only, loudness (L) only, and brightness and loudness (BL) presented together. The exponent for loudness was the largest, the exponent for brightness was the smallest, and the exponent in the BL condition was equal to the arithmetic mean of the B and L exponents. Two mathematical models were developed to predict the findings for the BL condition on the basis of data obtained for the component attributes. Overall results suggest that brightness and loudness are not perceptually integrated.
Fictitious array techniques for storing and accessing a symmetric matrix

Abstract In engineering and scientific computing, most problems can be formulated into a system equation with a symmetric matrix, banded or full. Storing the lower (or upper) triangular part of a symmetric matrix corresponding to a problem with symmetric property is sufficient for analyzing. It can be realized that the costs for manipulating a triangular part of a symmetric matrix evidently depends on the methods for accessing data. This work presents four innovative techniques, named by the author FATs (Fictitious Array Techniques), for efficiently accessing the lower triangular part of a symmetric matrix. By using these techniques, the lower triangular part of a symmetric matrix including the type of banded and full configurations can be easily and efficiently accessed without the additional requirement of computation and computer memory. Examples are included to illustrate the powerfulness of the innovative techniques.
Transient hemorrhagic diathesis associated with an inhibitor of prothrombin with lupus anticoagulant in a 1½‐year‐old girl: Report of a case and review of the literature

Acquired inhibitors of coagulation causing bleeding manifestations are rare in children, particularly without an associated underlying disorder such as autoimmune disease. We describe an otherwise healthy 1 1/2-year-old girl who had extensive spontaneous bruising and prolonged bleeding from venipuncture sites. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) were prolonged, with evidence of an immediate-acting inhibitor. Thrombin clotting time, fibrinogen, and platelets were normal. Biologic assay of factors II, V, VII, and X were all low, with increasing values at higher dilutions. However, by immunoassay and/or chromogenic assays, only factor II was reduced. An antibody which failed to neutralize prothrombin activity in vitro was detected against radiolabeled prothrombin. Coagulation studies normalized in parallel with clinical recovery and disappearance of the antibody. This case demonstrates acute hypoprothrombinemia-lupus anticoagulant syndrome as a rare presentation of bleeding diathesis in a healthy young child.
Emergent Church Practices in America: Inclusion and Deliberation in American Congregations

In the last 15 years a small but growing movement organized under the label “emergent church” has begun to help push the church through what many of them believe to be the first careful steps that will usher in a new understanding of Christianity for the twenty-first century. An emergent church model is quite a radical one that prioritizes the agency of those in attendance to determine the beliefs and direction of the church. In this way, emergent churches, at least in theory, are radical deliberative democrats in orientation, which may have profound effects on how the church is run and how members view the church, each other, and society as a result. Using the first dataset known to acquire this identity of Protestant clergy, we assess whether emergent Christian clergy adhere to a different set of religious beliefs, values, and deliberative norms than those in the modern church.
In Vivo Evidence for a recA-Independent Recombination Process in Escherichia coli That Permits Completion of Replication of DNA Containing UV Damage in Both Strands

We have investigated recombination mechanisms promoting the completion of replication in the face of unrepaired DNA damage by transforming an isogenic set of uvrA6 excision-defective Escherichia coli strains with pUC-based plasmids in which each strand carried, at staggered positions, a single thymine-thymine pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidinone lesion. The distance between the lesions was 28 or 8 bp in one orientation relative to the unidirectional ColE1 origin of replication or, in the other orientation, 30 or 10 bp. C-C mismatches placed opposite each of the T-T photoproducts permit unambiguous detection of the three events that can lead to the completion of replication: sister-strand recombination, translesion replication (TR) on the leading strand, and TR on the lagging strand. We find that E. coli possesses a largely constitutive, recA-independent sister-strand recombination mechanism that allows 9% or more of these severely compromised plasmids to be fully replicated. In one orientation, such recombination depends partly on recG and priA but not on ruvA, ruvB, ruvC, or mutS and is largely independent of recF. In the other orientation, recombination is dependent on none of the genes. The strains used did not contain the cryptic phage encoding recET, which encodes enzymes that promote interplasmid recombination. The nature of the recA-independent recombination mechanism is not known but could perhaps result from a template-strand-switching, or copy choice, process.
Intra-articular Infection by Scedosporium prolificans in a Horse

Two months following the surgical repair of an acute, open, comminuted, and articular fracture of the left olecranon, a 15-year-old American Saddlebred gelding presented with nonweight-bearing lameness. A fungus cultured from the cubital joint was identified as Scedosporium prolificans by sequencing of the D2 large subunit ribosomal DNA region and subsequently confirmed by phenotypic methods. Therapy with systemic fluconazole, terbinafine and intra-articular voriconazole was attempted, but was unsuccessful.
StickMusic: using haptic feedback with a phase vocoder

StickMusic is an instrument comprised of two haptic devices, a joystick and a mouse, which control a phase vocoder in real time. The purpose is to experiment with ideas of how to apply haptic feedback when controlling synthesis algorithms that have no direct analogy to methods of generating sound in the physical world.
Stereotypes, Bias, and Personnel Decisions: Strange and Stranger

Research on stereotyping as related to workplace evaluations and decisions has been going on for more than 30 years. Recently, implicit association theory has emerged as a less conscious manifestation of stereotyping mechanisms. In this article, I review the relevance of research on both stereotyping and one of the more popular tests of implicit associations, the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Claims have been made that both stereotyping research and, more recently, IAT research provide theoretical and empirical support for the argument that protected demographic groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women) are the victims of biased personnel decisions and evaluations. My review of the literature suggests that both stereotyping and IAT research study designs are sufficiently far removed from real work settings as to render them largely useless for drawing inferences about most, but not all, forms of employment discrimination.
Identification of the flavin-dependent monooxygenase-encoding YUCCA gene family in Populus trichocarpa and their expression in vegetative tissues and in response to hormone and environmental stresses.

Auxin is a plant hormone that regulates many processes of plant growth such as apical dominance, cell growth, adventitious rooting, and fruit and seed development. Expression of a family of YUCCA genes important for auxin biosynthesis has been shown to be spatially and temporally regulated in Arabidopsis. In this study, we report on the identification of 12 YUCCA genes from the completely sequenced Populustrichocarpa genome database and characterized them by comparing them with ArabidopsisYUCCA genes. The PopulusYUCCA genes are distributed on eight chromosomes. All Populus and Arabidopsis YUCCA genes can be divided into two phylogenetic groups, one of which can be divided into two subgroups. Populus YUCCA genes are expressed in the shoot tip, immature and mature leaf, young root, stem, and bark tissues in an tissue-specific manner. Transcript accumulation of the Populus YUCCA genes is reduced by exogenous applications of various plant growth regulators except auxin. Steady-state mRNA levels of different Populus YUCCA genes vary considerably depending on the experimental treatments. These results suggest that, similar to the Arabidopsis and rice YUCCA genes, the Populus YUCCA genes may also have diversified roles in Populus growth and development, and their expression may be regulated in a complex manner by developmental and environmental cues.
Neural mechanisms of social influence

The present investigation explores the neural mechanisms underlying the impact of social influence on preferences. We socially tagged symbols as valued or not – by exposing participants to the preferences of their peers – and assessed subsequent brain activity during an incidental processing task in which participants viewed popular, unpopular, and novel symbols. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) differentiated between symbols that were and were not socially tagged – a possible index of normative influence – while aspects of the striatum (the caudate) differentiated between popular and unpopular symbols – a possible index of informational influence. These results suggest that integrating activity in these two brain regions may differentiate objects that have become valued as a result of social influence from those valued for non-social reasons.
THE SOCIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS

Recent work in the sociology of emotions has gone beyond the development of concepts and broad perspectives to elaboration of theory and some empirical research. More work has been done at the micro-level than the macro-level of analysis. At both analytical levels, emotion most commonly is treated as a dependent variable, although increasingly, its role as an intervening and independent variable in social processes is being recognized, especially with regard to problems in substantive fields as diverse as gender roles, stress, small groups, social movements, and stratification. Considerable gaps exist in sociological knowledge about emotions; in particular, little is known about distribution of different emotional experiences in the population, the content of emotion culture, emotional socialization processes, emotional interactions, and relationships between social structure and emotion norms. More empirical research is necessary, to build on the theoretical groundwork that has been laid. Problems in measuring emotional experience and aspects of emotion culture have not been addressed and are likely to become critical issues as empirical work accumulates in the future.
Low Temperature Deposition of WNxCy Diffusion Barriers Using WN(NEt2)3 as a Single-Source Precursor

Deposition of high quality WNxCy barrier films at very low temperature using aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) is reported. The single-source tungsten nitrido complex, WN(NEt2)3, was designed to reduce the temperature required for WNxCy film deposition in an effort to minimize thermal stresses on neighboring layers in device structures. Using either pyridine or heptane as a solvent, WNxCy films were successfully deposited at temperatures from 100 to 650◦C. Film growth in pyridine and heptane at low temperature (100–350◦C and 125–550◦C, respectively) showed weak temperature dependence consistent with mass-transfer limited growth. At higher temperature the growth rate decreased rapidly with apparent activation energy of 0.375 ± 0.057 eV. The effects of solvent choice on film properties including composition, crystallinity, density, and surface roughness are discussed. Films deposited at low temperature (<350◦C) were highly smooth, amorphous and with a stoichiometry approaching W2NC; characteristics desirable for diffusion barrier applications. In Cu diffusion barrier tests, Cu (∼ 100 nm)/WNxCy (∼ 5.5 nm)/Si stacks subjected to a 500◦C anneal for 30 min showed no indication of Cu diffusion or intermixing of layers, as verified by XRD, 4-point probe, SEM etch-pit test, and TEM. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0251501jss] All rights reserved.
ON THE EVALUATION OF POWERS AND MONOMIALS

Let $y_1 , \cdots ,y_p $ be monomials over the indeterminates $x_1 , \cdots ,x_q $. For every $y = (y_1 , \cdots ,y_p )$ there is some minimum number $L(y)$ of multiplications sufficient to compute $y_1 , \cdots ,y_p $ from $x_1 , \cdots ,x_q $ and the identity 1. Let $L(p,q,N)$ denote the maximum of $L(y)$ over all y for which the exponent of any indeterminate in any monomial is at most N. We show that if $p = (N + 1^{o(q)} )$ and $q = (N + 1^{o(p)} )$, then $L(p,q,N) = \min \{ p,q\} \log N + H/\log H + o(H /\log H)$, where $H = pq\log (N + 1)$ and all logarithms have base 2.
A prospective investigation of neurodevelopmental risk factors for adult antisocial behavior combining official arrest records and self-reports

Neurodevelopmental deficits are postulated to play an important role in the etiology of persistent antisocial behavior (ASB). Yet it remains uncertain as to which particular deficits are most closely associated with ASB. We seek to advance this understanding using prospectively collected data from a birth cohort in which multiple indices of neurodevelopmental functioning and ASB were assessed. Participants (n = 2776) were members of the Providence, Rhode Island cohort of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Information on demographic and neurodevelopmental variables was collected from pregnancy through age 7. When all offspring had reached 33 years of age an adult criminal record check was conducted. A subset of subjects also self-reported on their engagement in serious ASB. Bivariate logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between each neurodevelopmental factor and adult ASB and test whether associations varied depending on how ASB was ascertained. After controlling for background and contextual characteristics, maternal smoking during pregnancy, lower childhood verbal and performance IQ, and age 7 aggressive/impulsive behavior all significantly increased the odds of adult ASB. Associations were not modified by sex and did not depend on how ASB was assessed. However, while both males and Black participants were more likely to engage in ASB than their respective female and White counterparts, relationships were significantly stronger for official records than for self-reports. RESULTS point to a particular subset of early neurodevelopmental risks for antisocial outcomes in adulthood. FINDINGS also suggest that prior contradictory results are not due to the use of official records versus self-reported outcomes. Language: en
Optical probing and actuation of microwave frequency phononic crystal resonators without clamping losses

We demonstrate microwave frequency mechanical modes of optomechanical crystals having arbitrarily small clamping losses. The optomechanical crystals are connected to the substrate via a phononic bandgap structure, simultaneously isolating and rigidly supporting the optomechanical resonator.
Phylogeny, evolutionary morphology, and hemipenis descriptions of the Middle American jumping pitvipers (Serpentes: Crotalinae: Atropoides)

The jumping pitvipers, genus Atropoides, occur at low to middle elevations throughout Middle America. Recent molecular phylogenetic analyses have included all six species of Atropoides, but only two studies have found Atropoides to be monophyletic and questions persist about relationships within the A. nummifer complex. In this study, our phylogenetic analyses of morphological data provide strong support for the monophyly of Atropoides and recover relationships within the genus that are mostly congruent with those of recent molecular studies, further supporting the evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses proposed in those studies. Our analyses find support for a sister relationship between A. picadoi and the other Atropoides species and an A. occiduus–A. indomitus clade sister to an A. nummifer–A. mexicanus–A. olmec clade. Within the A. nummifer complex, we find A. mexicanus and A. olmec to be sister species to the exclusion of A. nummifer. We include morphological synapomorphies to support each clade within Atropoides and describe and illustrate the hemipenes of each species. In addition, we discuss the importance of morphological phylogenetics and the functionality and limitations of hemipenial data in systematics. Resumen Filogenia, morfologia evolutiva, y descripcion de hemipenes de las serpientes Mano de Piedra de America Central (Serpentes: Crotalinae: Atropoides) Las viboras mano de piedra, genero Atropoides, habitan elevaciones bajas y medias en Centro America y Mexico. Analisis filogeneticos moleculares recientes han incluido a las seis especies de Atropoides, de ellos solamente dos han soportado la monofilia del genero y siguen habiendo relaciones poco respaldadas dentro del complejo de A. nummifer. En este estudio nuestro analisis filogenetico basado en morfologia provee un alto soporte a la monofilia de Atropoides y muestra relaciones intragenericas que son mayormente congruentes con aquellas de estudios moleculares recientes. De esta manera se respaldan las ultimas hipotesis biogeograficas propuestas para el genero. Nuestros analisis encuentran que A. picadoi es un taxon hermano a las otras especies del genero y que el clado A. occidus–A. indomitus es hermano del clado A. nummifer–A. mexicanus–A. olmec. Dentro del complejo de A. nummifer encontramos que A. mexicanus y A. olmec son especies hermanas, excluyendo a A. nummifer. Incluimos sinapomorfias morfologicas que soportan a cada clado de Atropoides y describimos e ilustramos los hemipenes de cada especie. Ademas, discutimos la importancia de la filogenetica morfologica y el uso y limitaciones de datos hemipeniales en sistematica.
Failure analysis of FRP sandwich bus panels by finite element method

The weakest part of fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRP) sandwich structures is commonly the interfacial zone between layers. Under service loading, delamination failure will be most likely to initiate from these interfaces. Typical failure analysis for such sandwich structures usually depends on the modeling details of the interface. In this paper, the sandwich panel was modeled as separated layers with appropriate constrains imposed between them. These constrains guaranteed a smooth stress transfer from the skins to the core. The proposed FEM model was applied to simulate the failure behavior of a FRP sandwich panel that is used in bus body. The simulation results were compared with other numerical predictions and the experiment. It was concluded that this model is very efficient computationally for analyzing the failure issues of FRP sandwich structures.
Nucleate Pool Boiling Enhancement Experiments for Heat Transfer Laboratory

Boiling heat transfer is used in variety of industrial processes and applications, such as refrigeration, vapor cycle power generation, heat exchangers, petroleum refining, and chemical manufacturing. It is also used in cooling of high power electronic components, nuclear reactor cooling and seawater desalination. Enhancements in boiling heat transfer processes are critical for making these applications more energy efficient.The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the water pool boiling phenomena under the influence of surfactant additives. The test setup has multiple benefits. First, the test setup enhances teaching in Heat Transfer, Transport Phenomena, Fluid Mechanics, and Renewable Energy through in class demonstrations and student experiments. Second, the test setup provides a platform for research in boiling enhancement. This apparatus will be used in the classroom for hands-on experiments and also as a diagnostic tool for boiling performance improvement methods like surfactant effects. For determining surfactant effects, different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) added to pure water were tested and enhancement through surfactant is quantified.With the integration of boiling experiments into coursework, mechanical engineering students will develop laboratory experiences to enhance the learning of basic boiling concepts. Three pool boiling projects that can be integrated into heat transfer laboratory are explained. The suggested test setup is a valuable tool for improving teaching effectiveness in both classroom and laboratory of heat transfer related classes.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Can Immunity to Breast Cancer Eliminate Residual Micrometastases

An effective immune response has the potential for breast cancer sterilization with marked reduction in the potential for disease relapse. Adaptive type I immune cells uniquely have the capability of (i) cytotoxic T-cell activation and proliferation until all antigen expressing cells are eradicated, (ii) traversing endothelial barriers to penetrate tumor deposits wherever they occur, and (iii) immunologic memory, which allows the persistence of destructive immunity over the years it may take for breast cancer micrometastases to become clinically evident. Numerous recent investigations suggest that some breast cancers stimulate the type of immunity that results in a decreased risk of relapse. Moreover, the endogenous type I tumor microenvironment or type I immunity induced by drugs or biologic agents may improve response to standard therapies, further lowering the probability of disease recurrence.
Rebuilding the Skeleton, Stems, Metal Augments, and Discipline

Bony deficiencies are commonly encountered during revision total knee arthroplasty. Stems are used routinely to offload epiphyseal fixation, and both fully cemented and press-fit stems have demonstrated excellent survivorship in recent studies. Ease of removal, if needed, end of stem pain concerns, anatomic variability, and bone quality can influence stem-fixation method selection. Metal augments are available in various shapes and sizes to allow efficient management of epiphyseal defects and a modular approach to gap balancing. Larger defects can be managed with trabecular metal cones and metaphyseal filling sleeves, which have demonstrated encouraging results in recent studies. These newer implants are available in a variety of shapes and sizes and allow the efficient management of larger defects not handled easily by other methods.
BCC: Enhancing code completion for better API usability

Nowadays, programmers spend much of their workday dealing with code libraries and frameworks that are bloated with APIs. One common way of interacting with APIs is through Code Completion inside the code editor. By default, Code Completion presents in a scrollable list, in alphabetical order, all accessible members available in the apparent type and supertypes of a receiver expression. This default behavior for Code Completion should and can be further improved because (1) not all public methods are APIs and presenting non-API public members to a programmer is misleading, (2) certain APIs are meant to be accessible only in some limited contexts but not others, and (3) the alphabetical order separates otherwise logically related APIs, making it hard to see their connection. BCC (Better Code Completion) addresses these problems by enhancing Code Completion so that programmers can control how specific API elements should be sorted, filtered, and grouped.
Midget ganglion cells of the parafovea of the human retina: a study by electron microscopy and serial section reconstructions.

In this study we used serial section electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions to examine four midget ganglion cells of the human retina. The four cells were located in the parafoveal retina 2.5 mm or 8° from the foveal center. Both type a (with dendritic trees in distal inner plexiform layer) and type b (with dendritic trees in proximal inner plexiform layer) midget ganglion cells have been studied. These culls have dendritic trees of 7–9 μm diameter, and their complete dendritic trees in the neuropil of the inner plexiform layer can be analyzed, as well as the bipolar cell axon terminals having synaptic input, by a study of 100–150 serial ultrathin sections. Type a midget ganglion cells appear to be in a one-to-one relationship with fiat midget bipolar cell axon terminals ending in distal inner plexiform layer. Type b midget ganglion cells are in a one-to-one synaptic relationship with invaginating midget bipolar cell axon terminals in proximal inner plexiform layer. The midget bipolar cells primarily involved with the midget ganglion cells do not contact other ganglion cell dendrites. In other words, midget bipolar cells appear to be in exclusive contact with single midget ganglion cells in the human retina. The midget ganglion cells receive most of their input from their associated midget bipolar cells in the form of ribbon synapses at dyads or monads (55–81 ribbons total), although ribbonless synapses are seen occasionally. In all four midget ganglion cells reconstructed, one or two other bipolar cell axon terminals, presumed to be from wide-field bipolar types, provide 1–3 ribbon synapses each. The number of amacrine synapses upon a midget ganglion cell's dendritic tree is approximately equal to the number of bipolar ribbon inputs (43%–56% bipolar ribbons: 44%–57% amacrine synapses). We assume from our knowledge of response characteristics of ganglion cells in other mammalian retinas (Nelson et al., '78: J. Neurophysiol. 41:427–483), that the type a midget ganglion cell and its exclusive connectivity with a flat midget bipolar cell forms a single cone connected OFF-center pathway, whereas the type b midget ganglion cell with its exclusive connectivity to an invaginating midget bipolar cell forms a single cone connected ON-center pathway, through the retina to the brain.
Electronic structure of [Ga2(tren)2(CAsq,cat)](BPh4)2(BF4): An EPR, ENDOR, and density functional study

Abstract The bimetallic [M 1 M 2 (tren) 2 (CA n − )] m + series, where M = Ga III or Cr III and CA is the chloranilate ligand which can take on diamagnetic (CA cat,cat ) 4− or paramagnetic (CA sq,cat ) 3− forms, comprises an electronically diverse series of compounds ranging from the closed-shell [Ga 2 (tren) 2 (CA cat,cat )] 2+ to the S = 5/2 ground state of [Cr 2 (tren) 2 (CA sq,cat )] 3+ . This report deals with the interpretation of the EPR and ENDOR spectra of [Ga 2 (tren) 2 (CA sq,cat )](BPh 4 ) 2 (BF 4 ) ( 2 ) and the related derivative [Ga 2 (tren) 2 (DHBQ)](BPh 4 ) 2 (BF 4 ) ( 2a ) (where DHBQ is the fully deprotonated trianionic form of 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone) in an effort to further characterize the electronic structure of this radical species. The X-band (∼9.5 GHz) EPR spectrum of complex 2 acquired in a butyronitrile/propionitrile glass at 4 K reveals a rhombic g -tensor with g xx = 2.0100, g yy = 2.0097, and g zz = 2.0060 with hyperfine interactions due to spin delocalization onto the two Ga nuclei ( a xx = 4.902 G, a yy = 4.124 G, a zz = 3.167 G); the origin of the hyperfine coupling was confirmed by analysis of the room temperature spectra of complexes 2 and 2a . The low-temperature spectrum of complex 2 also indicates the presence of a triplet electronic state characterized by a g -value of 2.009 and axial zero-field splitting of D = 150 G (0.012 cm −1 ) as determined from measurements carried out at both X- and W-band (∼95 GHz) frequencies. This triplet state is believed to arise due to a weak intermolecular Heisenberg exchange interaction between two aggregating complexes. ENDOR measurements on complex 2a at 20 K allowed for a determination of the magnitude of hyperfine coupling to the protons associated with the radical bridge as well as providing a rare example of an ENDOR signal arising from coupling to a gallium nucleus. Finally, these results were combined with literature data on the free semiquinone form of the bridging ligand in order to assess the extent to which density functional theory can predict unpaired spin density distribution in a complex molecule of this type. Although differences between theory and experiment were noted, DFT was able to provide a reasonably accurate picture of the electronic structure of this system as well as provide insight into the spin polarization mechanism(s) responsible for the observed hyperfine interactions.
A New Subspecies of Cicindela nevadica Leconte (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae) from the Badlands of South Dakota

Abstract A new subspecies of Cicindela nevadica LeConte, Cicindela nevadica makosika Spomer, is described from the South Dakota Badlands. Geographically, the population occurs at the periphery of the range of C. nevadica knausii Leng. However, this new population is geographically isolated from the nearest C. n. knausii populations, which occur ca. 100 air miles N and over 100 air miles south. Phenotypically, C. n. makosika appears most similar to C. n. tubensis Cazier from NE Arizona. A possible threat to this population is habitat destruction by cattle.
Designing and using computer simulations in medical education and training: an introduction.

ABSTRACTComputer-based technologies informed by the science of learning are becoming increasingly prevalent in education and training. For the Department of Defense (DoD), this presents a great potential advantage to the effective preparation of a new generation of technologically enabled service members. Military medicine has broad education and training challenges ranging from first aid and personal protective skills for every service member to specialized combat medic training; many of these challenges can be met with gaming and simulation technologies that this new generation has embraced. However, comprehensive use of medical games and simulation to augment expert mentorship is still limited to elite medical provider training programs, but can be expected to become broadly used in the training of first responders and allied health care providers. The purpose of this supplement is to review the use of computer games and simulation to teach and assess medical knowledge and skills. This review and other...
EVALUATON OF THE EFFICACY OF LAVAGE AND INDUCED EMESIS IN TREATMENT OF SALICYLATE POISONING

Studies in experimental salicylate poisoning were carried out to ascertain the therapeutic value of gastric lavage and to compare it with the effect of emesis. Fasted dogs, 6 to 10 kg in weight, were given sodium salicylate in tablet form, and lavage was performed or emesis induced at varying time intervals following ingestion. Salicylate recovery was determined in the lavage and emesis fluids. The data indicate that in the recovery of ingested salicylate: 1) Initial aspiration of the stomach before introduction of fluid is equally as important as succeeding lavage. 2) Lavage carried out within 15 minutes is no more effective than emesis induced within 30 minutes of ingestion; 3) lavage carried out 1 hour after ingestion is inefficient and far less effective than emesis produced within the same time interval. 4) Spontaneous emesis is not as effective as induced emesis. 5) Emesis induced immediately, or even when delayed as long as 1½ hours after ingestion, appears to be the more effective and thus the preferable form of therapy. 6) Neither lavage nor emesis under the most optimal conditions are consistent in their effectiveness, so that all patients after either form of therapy should be followed carefully for signs of increasing drug intoxication, and treated if a specific form of therapy is available.
LSC 2011 Abstract: The role of IL-25 in rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations

Rhinoviruses (RV) are the major causative factor of asthma exacerbations (AE). While Th2-mediated inflammation is implicated in asthma, it is unknown how the immune response to RV infection interacts with Th2 immunity causing an AE. Epithelial-derived IL-25 is an important regulator of Th2 immunity and plays a role in asthma pathogenesis. We hypothesized that RV infection of the epithelium induces IL-25 production facilitating immunopathogenesis of AE. We measured IL-25 mRNA in mouse models of RV infection and RV-induced exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation [1]. In vitro IL-25 gene induction was also assessed in asthmatic and normal bronchial epithelial cells (BEC) infected with RV and stimulated with IL-4. In vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that RV induced IL-25 mRNA as measured by qPCR. Airway challenge with ovalbumin (OVA) followed by RV infection in sensitised mice exacerbated allergic airway inflammation and coincided with enhanced IL-25 mRNA expression compared with allergen or infection alone. Similarly, RV and IL-4 treatment of BECs resulted in the highest levels of IL-25 mRNA. The novel finding that RV infection induces IL-25 represents a link between antiviral responses and Th2 inflammation identifying a role for IL-25 in RV-induced AE. Allergen/IL-4 treatment enhanced RV-dependant IL-25 expression thus a Th2 environment and virus may result in exacerbated Th2 inflammation mediated by IL-25. Reference: 1Bartlett, N.W., et al. Mouse models of rhinovirus-induced disease and exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation. Nat Med 14, 199-204 (2008).
Predicting the Benefits of Topology Optimization

Topology optimization is a systematic method of generating designs that maximize specific objectives. While it offers significant benefits over traditional shape optimization, topology optimization can be computationally demanding and laborious. Even a simple 3D compliance optimization can take several hours. Further, the optimized topology must typically be manually interpreted and translated into a CAD-friendly and manufacturing friendly design.This poses a predicament: given an initial design, should one optimize its topology? In this paper, we propose a simple metric for predicting the benefits of topology optimization. The metric is derived by exploiting the concept of topological sensitivity, and is computed via a finite element swapping method. The efficacy of the metric is illustrated through numerical examples.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Abstract 1995: Huachansu inhibits proliferation of non-hodgkin lymphoma cells by induction of apoptosis

Huachansu, a hot water extract of venom or the skin glands of Bufo gargarizans or B. melanostictus, has been used in the treatment of various cancers in Asia and in China. Despite extensive use in the treatment of various solid tumors such as pancreatic, hepatocellular, non-small-cell lung carcinomas, its effect on the growth of malignancies of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin, particularly lymphomas, is limited. Here we investigated the anti-proliferative effect and molecular mechanisms of Huachansu in non-Hodgkin lymphoma Raji, Ramos, BJAB and Namalwa cells. These cells were treated with Huachansu (0 to 50 αl/ml) for 72 hrs and cell proliferation was assessed by WST-1 assay. The molecular mechanism associated with Huachansu9s anti-proliferative effect was examined by western blotting, cell cycle and apoptosis as determined by PI and Annexin V staining. Huachansu inhibited proliferation of all four lymphoma cell lines tested with IC 50 ranging from 6.7 αl/ml to 17.1 αl/ml. At a low concentration of 25 αl/ml, Huachansu triggered a sub G1 arrest in both Raji and Ramos cells, indicative of cell death while also causing a marked increase of early to late apoptotic cell death in both cell lines. Intriguingly, the expression of MCL-1 proteins was markedly reduced by Huachansu at 12.5 αl/ml in Raji cells, while completely blocked at 25 αl/ml in Ramos cells. At 50 αl/ml, Huachansu decreased total Akt more robustly in Ramos compared to Rajis cells, with no significant reduction in the levels of survivin. Huachansu (25 αl/ml) inhibited the expression of pRB proteins in Raji cells and substantially increased the levels of caspase-3 in Ramos (12.5 αl/ml) in a concentration dependent manner, indicative of apoptosis. Given that bufalin is one of the major bioactive components of Huachansu, we tested its effect on the proliferation of Ramos cells. Bufalin (125 ng/ml) indeed suppressed the proliferation of Ramos cells. The effect of both Huachansu and bufalin on transcriptome of Ramos cells is currently being investigated and will be reported. Collectively, our data suggest that Huachansu is effective in inducing cell death and apoptosis, in part, by upregulatiing caspase-3 activity and inhibiting the phosphorylation of RB protein in lymphomas. Considering that the concentration of Huachansu needed to inhibit cell proliferation by 50% was similar to the dose of Huachansu routinely used in the clinics in China, our preliminary data suggests that Huachansu has a great potential to be developed as an anticancer agent for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and warrant further investigation. This study is supported in part by Gabrielle9s Angel Foundation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1995. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1995
Practical Issues in Ground Testing of Pulsed Detonation Engines

Pulsed detonation engines can potentially revolutionize aerospace propulsion and they are the subject of intense study. However, most of the studies involve single shot and very short duration test runs. Some of the practical issues in developing PDEs are discussed from the viewpoint of developing ground-based demonstrators. This represents only the beginning of a roadmap toward the successful development of flightweight engines. Viable solutions are offered that may help overcome the difficulties posed by the high temperature and pressures on the test rig and instrumentation. Commercial solenoid valves and electronic fuel injectors are presented as means to achieving higher operational frequencies. Issues concerning data acquisition, such as proper implementing procedures for pressure transducers and choosing the appropriate sampling rates are discussed. Methods for mitigating electromagnetic interference are discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Crystal Structure Of Lt Gaas Layers Before And After Annealing

The structural quality of GaAs layers grown at low temperatures by solid-source and gassource MBE at different growth conditions is described. Dependence on the growth temperature and concentration of As [expressed as As/Ga beam equivalent pressure (BEP)] used for the growth is discussed. A higher growth temperature is required to obtain the same monocrystalline layer thickness with increased BEP The annealing of these layers is associated with the formation of As precipitates. Semicoherent precipitates with lowest formation energies arc formed in the monocrystalline parts of the layers grown with the lowest BEP. Precipitates with higher bormation energies are formed when higher BEP is applied; they are also formed in the vicinity of structural defects. Formation of As precipitates releases strain in the layers. Arsenic precipitates are not formed in annealed ternary (InAlAs) layers despite their semi-insulating properties. The role of As precipitates in semi-insulating properties and the short lifetime of minority carriers in these layers is discussed.