cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Postacute Settings on Readmission Rates and Reasons for Readmission Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Objectives Examine the effects of postacute discharge setting on unplanned hospital readmissions following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in older adults. Design Secondary analyses of 100% Medicare (inpatient) claims files. Setting Acute hospitals across the United States. Participants Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries ≥66 years of age who were discharged from an acute hospital following TKA in 2009-2011 (n = 608,031). Measurements The outcome measure was unplanned readmissions at 30, 60, and 90 days. The independent variable of interest was postacute discharge setting: inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), skilled nursing facility (SNF), or community. Covariates included demographic, clinical, and facility-level factors. The top 10 reasons for readmission were tabulated for each discharge setting across the 3 consecutive 30-day time periods. Results A total of 32,226 patients (5.3%) were re-admitted within 30 days. Compared with community discharge, patients discharged to IRF and SNF had 44% and 40% higher odds of 30-day readmission, respectively. IRF and SNF discharge settings were also associated with 48% and 45% higher odds of 90-day readmission, respectively, compared with community discharge. The largest increase in readmission rates occurred within the first 30 days of hospital discharge for each discharge setting. From 1 to 30 days, postoperative and post-traumatic infections were among the top causes for readmission in all 3 discharge settings. From 31 to 60 days, postoperative or traumatic infections remained in the top 5-7 reasons for readmission in all settings, but they were not in the top 10 at 61 to 90 days. Conclusions Patients discharged to either SNF or IRF, in comparison with those discharged to the community, had greater likelihood of readmission within 30 and 90 days. The reasons for readmission were relatively consistent across discharge settings and time periods. These findings provide new information relevant to the delivery of postacute care to older adults following TKA.
Description of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Behaviors among High School Girls in New York City.

Abstract Study Objective Examination of the association of sexual orientation to the sexual practices and health behaviors of high school girls in New York City (NYC). Design, Setting, and Participants Data were drawn from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey of public high school students in grades 9-12 in NYC. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Independent variables included sexual orientation and gender of sexual partners. Dependent variables include sexual/health risk behaviors. We used t tests to compare mean ages and χ 2 tests to compare distributions according to sexual orientation, gender of sexual partners, and differences in risk behaviors. Results The survey was completed by 4643 girls; mean age, 15.5 years; (1103 + 1842)/4254 (69%) black or Latina; 1101/4000 (27.5%) sexually active; 3574/4412 (81%) heterosexual; and (92 + 526)/4412 (14%) sexual minorities; 24.1% were heterosexual, 52.1% lesbian, and 49.4% were bisexual girls and were sexually active; 247 were classified as women who have sex with women (WSW) or WSW and men (WSWM). Of the sexually active girls, (65 + 182)/1081 (23%) were WSW/WSWM. The WSW/WSWM reported earlier sexual debut, more sexual partners, higher pregnancy rate, use of alcohol at last sex, history of intimate partner violence, and less likelihood of having an HIV test. Conclusion Almost one in four of sexually active high school girls in NYC can be classified as WSW, who are vulnerable to increased sexual and health risk-taking behaviors leading to adverse health outcomes. The discordance between sexual behavior and sexual orientation emphasizes the importance of the provider sharing protective strategies in the sexual health counseling session for their patients who engage in sex with female partners regardless of sexual orientation.
Party System Institutionalization and Party Cohesion in the U.S. Congress

Mainwaring (1993, p. 3) defines a weakly institutionalized party system as one that features “considerable instability in patterns of party competition, weak party roots in society, comparatively low legitimacy of parties, and weak party organizations.” In such systems, political parties often lack strong organizations and suffer from weak campaign resources. In addition, parties in weakly institutionalized systems may exist without identifiable party labels and strong ties to social groups. Does the level of institutionalization of the party system impact party cohesion in legislators? Existing research on post-Communist democracies (Thames, 2005, 2007) suggests that party discipline decreases as party system institutionalization decrease. This makes sense given the existing research that finds legislative cohesion dependent on the electoral resources offered by political parties (e.g., Cox and McCubbins 1993, 2005). This paper seeks to begin answering these questions by examining the relationship between party system institutionalization in the U.S Congress. The results show that as the level of party system institutionalization decreases, so does party cohesion.
A turn-on AIE active fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ by combination of 1,1-bis(2-pyridyl)ethylene and thiophene/bithiophene fragments

Fluorescent sensors for Hg2+ that combine aggregation-induced emission (AIE) activity of tetraarylethylenes with metal chelating 1,1-bis(2-pyridylethylene) fragments and thiophene/bithiophene substituents have been prepared and characterized. The sensors exhibit red-shifted and enhanced emission in the presence of Hg2+ in aqueous solution while exhibiting little to no change in fluorescence in the presence of other metal ions. Job plot analyses indicate 2 : 1 sensor : Hg2+ binding stoichiometries in solution. 1H-NMR spectroscopy was also employed to investigate solution phase binding interactions between the sensors and Hg(ClO4)2, and a chelated HgI2–bis(pyridyl) complex has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The limit of detection for Hg2+ was determined to be 48 nM. In contrast, the fluorescence of structurally analogous materials possessing quinoline rings in place of pyridine groups is completely quenched in the presence of Hg(ClO4)2. The high sensitivity and selectivity displayed by these sensors for Hg2+ over other metal ions may enable monitoring of mercury in aqueous environments.
A Simple Method Associated with Reduced Opioid Consumption After Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract Background Most patients experience moderate to severe pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We hypothesized that intraoperative treatment of cut bone surfaces with local anesthetic (preimplantation immersion anesthesia, PIA) would lead to decreased postoperative pain and opioid consumption. Methods Records of 76 patients who underwent unilateral, cemented TKA were retrospectively reviewed. For PIA patients, surgical wounds were immersed in local anesthetic solution immediately prior to component implantation. Both PIA ( n = 43) and control ( n = 33) groups received multimodal pain management, including intra-articular local anesthetic injections. Endpoints were opioid consumption and mean pain scores for postoperative day (POD) 0, 1, and 2. Demographic, medical, and social factors were included in multivariate analyses. Results PIA patients reported significantly lower mean pain scores than controls on PODs 0 and 1 (both P P P = .013). On POD 1, PIA was the only factor associated with lower mean pain scores ( P P P ≤ .005) were associated with lower postoperative opioid consumption. Conclusion PIA was associated with significant reductions in opioid use and mean pain scores after TKA.
Strengthening the working alliance through a clinician’s familiarity with the 12-step approach

Background: The working alliance plays an important role in the substance use disorder treatment process. Many substance use disorder treatment providers incorporate the 12-Step approach to recover...
Streamlining the Tandem Hot-Metal-Strip Mill: Threading Progress Stems from the Use of Advanced Control with Virtual Rolling

Previously, our work has investigated the use of a state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE)-based method for the control of a fully threaded tandem hot-metal-strip mill, with highly successful results [1]-[4]. In this article, we present the results of further work, wherein the SDRE method is combined with a virtual processing technique to greatly simplify the control of the threading phase of the tandem hot-strip mill. This initial work has been highly successful, with a strong potential for extension to other industrial processes.
Design Methodology of N-Path Filters With Adjustable Frequency, Bandwidth, and Filter Shape

In this paper, an adaptive N-path filter design technique is presented. The filter designed by this method can be reconfigured to different shapes, e.g., Butterworth or Chebyshev with variable bandwidth (BW), based on the user requirements. In addition, an analytical synthesis procedure is introduced to realize high-order bandpass filters (BPFs) based on N-path architecture with a prescribed set of specifications. A proof-of-concept BPF is fabricated and measured in a 65-nm CMOS process. The filter can be reconfigured to realize different filter shapes by changing coupling capacitors. The BW of the proposed filter is also tunable. The passband of the filter is tunable from 0.2 to 1.2 GHz with a gain of 14.5–18 dB, a noise figure of 3.7–5.5 dB, and a total power consumption of 37.5–52.7 mW. The channel BW can be varied from 20 to 40 MHz and the filter out-of-band third-order intercept point ( $\Delta f=50$ MHz) is 25 dBm.
Caffeic acid, a coffee-related organic acid, inhibits infection by severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in vitro.

Abstract Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus (SFTSV) causes tick-borne hemorrhagic fever in East Asia. The disease is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. Here, we evaluated the effects of caffeic acid (CA), a coffee-related organic acid with antiviral effects, against SFTSV infection. CA dose-dependently inhibited SFTSV infection in permissive human hepatoma Huh7.5.1–8 cells when SFTSV was added into the culture medium with CA. However, quinic acid (QA), another coffee-related organic acid, did not inhibit SFTSV infection. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of CA against SFTSV was 0.048 mM, whereas its 50% cytotoxic concentration was 7.6 mM. The selectivity index (SI) was 158. Pre-incubation of SFTSV with CA for 4 h resulted in a greater inhibition of SFTSV infection (IC50 = 0.019 mM; SI = 400). The pre-incubation substantially decreased viral attachment to the cells. CA treatment of the SFTSV-infected cells also inhibited the infection, albeit less effectively. CA activity after cell infection with SFTSV was more pronounced at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.01 per cell (IC50 = 0.18 mM) than at a high MOI of 1 per cell (IC50 > 1 mM). Thus, CA inhibited virus spread by acting directly on the virus rather than on the infected cells. In conclusion, CA acted on SFTSV and inhibited viral infection and spread, mainly by inhibiting the binding of SFTSV to the cells. We therefore demonstrated CA to be a potential anti-SFTSV drug for preventing and treating SFTS.
A Brief Review of a Method for Bounds on Polynomial Ranges over Simplexes

We are concerned with tools to find bounds on the range of certain polynomial functions of n variables. Although our motivation and history of the tools are from crisp global optimization, bounding the range of such functions is also important in fuzzy logic implementations. We review and provide a new perspective on one such tool. We have been examining problems naturally posed in terms of barycentric coordinates, that is, over simplexes. There is a long history of using Bernstein expansions to bound ranges of polynomials over simplexes, particularly within the computer graphics community for 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional problems, with some literature on higher-dimensional generalizations, and some work on use in global optimization. We revisit this work, identifying efficient implementation and practical application contexts, to bound ranges of polynomials over simplexes in dimensions, 2, 3, and higher.
Components of the Immune System

The human immune system is arguably the most complex system in the human body. It is comprised of dozens of completely distinct cell types, each with its own set of signaling molecules, antigen-recognition mechanisms and effector functions. This complexity allows the immune system to respond to the potentially millions of distinct foreign antigens that it might encounter, from bacteria, viruses and other microscopic pathogens, to the body’s own cells when they go awry in diseases such as cancer. This chapter provides an overview of the central cellular architecture of the immune system and describes the ways in which its cells are regulated during the immune response. We are now entering an era in which we have a sufficiently deep understanding of these fundamental regulatory mechanisms that they can be harnessed to provide a highly selective therapeutic strategy for targeting cancer cells.
Sustainability of collaborative care management for depression in primary care settings with academic affiliations across New York State

In a large statewide initiative, New York State implemented collaborative care (CC) from 2012 to 2014 in 32 primary care settings where residents were trained and supported its sustainability through payment reforms implemented in 2015. Twenty-six clinics entered the sustainability phase and six opted out, providing an opportunity to examine factors predicting continued CC participation and fidelity. We used descriptive statistics to assess implementation metrics in sustaining vs. opt-out clinics and trends in implementation fidelity 1 and 2 years into the sustainability phase among sustaining clinics. To characterize barriers and facilitators, we conducted 31 semi-structured interviews with psychiatrists, clinic administrators, primary care physicians, and depression care managers (24 at sustaining, 7 at opt-out clinics). At the end of the implementation phase, clinics opting to continue the program had significantly higher care manager full-time equivalents (FTEs) and achieved greater clinical improvement rates (46% vs. 7.5%, p = 0.004) than opt-out clinics. At 1 and 2 years into sustainability, the 26 sustaining clinics had steady rates of depression screening, staffing FTEs and treatment titration rates, significantly higher contacts/patient and improvement rates and fewer enrolled patients/FTE. During the sustainability phase, opt-out sites reported lower patient caseloads/FTE, psychiatry and care manager FTEs, and physician/psychiatrist CC involvement compared to sustaining clinics. Key barriers to sustainability noted by respondents included time/resources/personnel (71% of respondents from sustaining clinics vs. 86% from opt-out), patient engagement (67% vs. 43%), and staff/provider engagement (50% vs. 43%). Fewer respondents mentioned early implementation barriers such as leadership support, training, finance, and screening/referral logistics. Facilitators included engaging patients (e.g., warm handoffs) (79% vs. 86%) and staff/providers (71% vs. 100%), and hiring personnel (75% vs. 57%), particularly paraprofessionals for administrative tasks (67% vs. 0%). Clinics that saw early clinical improvement and who invested in staffing FTEs were more likely to elect to enter the sustainability phase. Structural rules (e.g., payment reform) both encouraged participation in the sustainability phase and boosted long-term outcomes. While limited to settings with academic affiliations, these results demonstrate that patient and provider engagement and care manager resources are critical factors to ensuring sustainability.
Large-Area High-Power Modified Uni-Traveling Carrier Photodiodes

We report on 100-µm-diameter back-illuminated InGaAsP/InP modified uni-traveling carrier (MUTC) photodiodes with an RF output power of 23 dBm at 2 GHz. Very low dark current of 20 nA at −8 V, high responsivity of 0.63 A/W at 1.55 μm, and low series resistance of 12 Ω are demonstrated.
Mission-Oriented Security Model, Incorporating Security Risk, Cost and Payout

One of the most difficult challenges facing network operators is to estimate risk and allocate resources in adversarial environments. Failure to properly allocate resources leads to failed activities, poor utilization, and insecure environments. In this paper, we explore an optimization-based approach to allocating resources called a mission-oriented security model. This model integrates security risk, cost and payout metrics to optimally allocate constrained secure resources to discrete actions called missions. We model this operation as a Mixed Integer Linear Program (MILP) which can be solved efficiently by different optimization solvers such as MATLAB MILP solver, IBM-CPLEX optimizer or CVX solver. We further introduce and explore a novel method to evaluate security risk in resource planning using two datasets—the Ponemon Institute cost of breach survey and CSI/FBI surveys of security events. Data driven simulations are used to validate the model robustness and uncover a number of insights on the importance of risk valuation in resource allocation.
New age for progressive multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease with high prevalence between 20 to 50 y of age and a predominant 3:1 female:male ratio. Heterogeneous in its pathological and clinical manifestations (1), MS has been classified into relapsing–remitting and progressive forms. Primary progressive MS (PPMS) is defined as sustained disability from onset for 1 y in the absence of relapses (2). Secondary progressive MS, however, is characterized by relapses from onset where after several years the disease worsens with or without exacerbations, leading to marked disability progression (2). Beyond the complexities of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of MS lies the human element. This is a costly disease where over 50% of patients, especially those with progressive MS, will lose their jobs and experience depression, cognitive decline, and gait disability. Based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS), MS susceptibility is linked to more than 230 genetic variants. These genes function in immune pathways and are expressed predominantly on T and B cells compared with microglia and astrocytes (3). Environmental factors also influence disease pathogenesis, including vitamin D deficiency (4), smoking (5), and exposure to Epstein–Barr virus. How a disease with a predominant immune etiology leads to neurodegeneration, lack of repair, and progression has become one of the most significant questions in neuroimmunology. One of the first critical steps toward answering this will be untangling the basic mechanisms for progression and the biological and environmental factors that precipitate entry into the progressive phase. There are several theories which together with recent data are slowly illuminating this complex phase of the disease. One such hypothesis is that MS is not one disease but rather multiple autoimmune demyelinating syndromes with individual phenotypes that share similar underlying mechanisms and genetic variants. Another crucial question is whether progressive MS is prompted by a decrease … [↵][1]1Email: Jaime.imitola{at}osumc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Human Factors in the Scalability of Multirobot Operation: A Review and Simulation

Scalable systems can increase or decrease their size with costs that are proportionate to the resulting change in performance. These costs can be monetary or related to other factors such as integration effort, operator training, or infrastructure upgrades. The options to increase in size to meet growing demand and decrease in size to minimize costs while servicing low demand make scalable systems attractive for completing tasks under uncertainty. Multirobot systems are used in many tasks characterized by uncertainty, such as search and rescue, mapping, and perimeter defense. When human operators interact with multirobot systems, the scalability can be limited by the human’s cognitive abilities, decision making speed, and performance under stress. Human problem solving and creativity can also be beneficial to the system to overcome potential scaling challenges. This paper summarizes the literature on humans’ effects on scalability of multirobot systems and presents an illustrative simulation of the challenges of scaling a multioperator, multirobot surveillance system.
Primary Osseous and Metastatic Neoplasms of the CVJ

Surgery for both primary and metastatic spinal tumors at the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) presents a unique set of technical challenges both in terms of tumor resection and spinal reconstruction. This is primarily due to the multiple anatomic compartments in the head and neck as well as the proximity of vital neurovascular structures. Knowledge of the bony anatomy of the occiput, atlas, and axis and their respective biomechanics is necessary prior to any attempted surgery in this region. Tumor resection strategies at the CVJ often require combined anterior and posterior approaches, for both resection and reconstruction. Primary osseous tumors in this region can be particularly difficult to resect, especially if attempted en bloc. In many cases, en bloc resection is not able to be achieved lest significant morbidity is incurred. Careful preoperative planning can help mitigate the risk of causing morbidity/mortality. Advances in radiotherapy and chemotherapy/immunotherapy have improved the treatment armamentarium available to patients with either primary or metastatic CVJ tumors. Use of these tools in an adjuvant or neoadjuvant setting might improve patient’s risk of recurrence and progression free survival. They can also reduce surgical morbidity in some tumor types by minimizing the degree of surgical resection necessary for the patient. While they can be daunting, both primary and metastatic tumors of the CVJ can be effectively treated through proper surgical planning and technique, while working with other oncologic practitioners in an interdisciplinary manner to maximize patient outcome and reduce morbidity.
Fornicotomy for the Treatment of Epilepsy: An Examination of Historical Literature in the Setting of Modern Operative Techniques

Fornicotomy has been used to treat intractable temporal lobe epilepsy with mixed success historically; however, modern advances in stereotactic, neurosurgical, and imaging techniques offer new opportunities to target the fornix with greater precision and safety. In this review, we discuss the historical uses and quantify the outcomes of fornicotomy for the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy, highlight the potential mechanisms of benefit, and address what is known about the side effects of the procedure. We find that fornicotomy, with or without anterior commissurotomy, resulted in 61% (83/136) of patients having some seizure control benefit. We discuss the potential operative approaches for targeting the fornix, including laser ablation and the use of focused ultrasound ablation. More work is needed to address the true efficacy of fornicotomy in the modern surgical setting. This review is intended to serve as a framework for developing this approach.
Solid-phase synthesis of DNA-encoded libraries via an “aldehyde explosion” strategy

We report chemistry suitable for the solid-phase synthesis of DNA-encoded libraries with an unusually high level of structural diversity. The strategy involves "exploding" an immobilized aldehyde into a plethora of different functional groups under DNA-compatible conditions.
Announcement effects in the cryptocurrency market

Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as new economic investment assets globally in recent years. This study examines market reactions to major news events associated with cryptocurrencies. Abnor...
Speech and swallowing deficits in X-Linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism.

Abstract Introduction X-linked Dystonia-Parkinsonism (XDP) is a progressive, disabling disease characterized by the devastating impairment of bulbar function, including speech and swallowing. Despite these detrimental impacts, bulbar impairments in this population are not well characterized. Objectives To identify impairments in the bulbar system measured by oromotor performance in individuals with XDP relative to healthy controls. Secondarily, to detect diagnostic bulbar markers that are sensitive and specific to the initial years of XDP. Methods This case-control study included 25 healthy controls and 30 participants with XDP, divided into two subgroups based on the median of their disease length. Multiple clinical and instrumental oromotor tasks and measures were used to evaluate bulbar motor function. Results Differences were found between both the subgroups with XDP and healthy controls on almost all measures, including maximum performance tasks such as tongue strength, alternating motion rate (AMR), and sequential motion rate (SMR) (p Conclusions Our findings revealed impairments across bulbar functions in participants within the first 7 years of the XDP onset. Highly sensitive and specific bulbar impairment measures were detected in instrumental and self-reported measures that are fundamental for monitoring disease.
Principles and Methods of Law and Economics: FROM POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY TO GAME THEORY

The acceptance of democratic traditions misleads some into objecting to economic analysis of law on the basis of a belief in majority rule. The essence of such an objection could be that a proposed interpretation is acceptable only if it follows the majority's will rather than an economic demonstration of its desirability. This chapter shows that majority rule may lead to undesirable outcomes. Thus, legal reasoning that defers to the majority's will may produce undesirable interpretations, whereas legal analysis that relies on economic methods, that is, law and economics, could lead to more desirable ones. Again, Meinhard v. Salmon can illustrate the importance of the difference between political and economic analysis. Salmon received a lucrative offer from Gerry, a business acquaintance. The offer could have expanded Salmon's business. Unbeknownst to Gerry, Salmon's business, which was the reason for their acquaintance, had a secret partner, Meinhard. If Gerry knew that Salmon operated in two capacities, as an individual and as a member of a partnership, then Gerry may have specified which of the two he selected as the recipient of his offer. Meinhard, the invisible partner, claimed the offer should be treated as made to the partnership. The litigation that Meinhard started eventually reached the highest court of the jurisdiction and the famous American judge, Benjamin Cardozo, and his colleague Andrews, who is almost equally famous for his vocal dissenting opinions. Previously established law did not answer the question directly.
Integrator: An Architecture for an Integrated Cloud/On-Premise Data-Service

Large enterprises have built very large "on-premise" data-sets that are critical to many business functions. With the availability of cloud-based storage, many of these enterprises are considering whether and how to make some of this data available on the cloud. One motivation is to offload the processing of new mobile application workloads from the on-premise system to the cloud. Another motivation is to improve the performance of these mobile applications. However, because of the importance of this data, and because of regulatory constraints, many enterprises are unwilling to simply move their data from an on-premise environment to the cloud. Instead, they prefer to keep the "master" version of the data on-premise, while projecting a subset of the data to the cloud. Several challenges face these enterprises. First, how can large data-sets be efficiently made available on the cloud with minimal disruption to the ongoing on-premise business function? Second, how can this data be represented in a way that will be useful to cloud developers? Typically, cloud developers want data represented in a way that is easily consumable by REST APIs, but the on-premise representation may not be amenable to such usage. Our INTEGRATOR project addresses these challenges by providing an integrated cloud/on-premise data-service. Importantly, the INTEGRATOR architecture is broadly applicable across various back-end systems. In this paper we describe the INTEGRATOR architecture and a prototype implementation for a specific on-premise system. We examine alternative architectures -- "table based" and "business object based" -- and explain why we chose the business object approach.
Air Traffic Control Systems

The modern air traffic control (ATC) system is one of the largest networked sociotechnological systems developed and operated by man. ATC systems ensure safe and efficient flight operations 24 h a day, 365 days a year across continents and oceans for upward of 15 million flights per year. This article outlines the objectives, principles of operation, and design of the modern ATC system. Keywords: air traffic control; air transportation; control; navigation; surveillance
What the #$*%! is a Subsymbol?

In 1988, Smolensky proposed that connectionist processing systems should be understood as operating at what he termed the `subsymbolic' level. Subsymbolic systems should be understood by comparing them to symbolic systems, in Smolensky's view. Up until recently, there have been real problems with analyzing and interpreting the operation of connectionist systems which have undergone training. However, recently published work on a network trained on a set of logic problems originally studied by Bechtel and Abrahamsen (1991) seems to offer the potential to provide a detailed, empirically based answer to questions about the nature of subsymbols. In this paper, a network analysis procedure and the results obtained using it are discussed. This provides the basis for an insight into the nature of subsymbols, which is surprising.
Public librarians and continuing education: a motivational study

The motivations of 395 public librarians to participate in continuing education events were compared with those of 222 respondents from other types of libraries. Public librarians gave three of the four motivators significantly higher mean ratings than did respondents who worked in other types of libraries. However, most of the significant afferences between the respondents appear to be due primarily to the responses of the paraprofessional public librarians, who rated three motivators significantly higher than did the paraprofessional respondents from other types of libraries and who rated all four motivators significantly higher than did the public library respondents who had their master's degree.
Soluble aggregates of the human PiZ alpha 1-antitrypsin variant are degraded within the endoplasmic reticulum by a mechanism sensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis.

Greater than 85 of the transport-impaired PiZ variant of human alpha 1-antitrypsin is retained within transfected mouse hepatoma cells and is subjected to intracellular degradation (Le, A., Graham, K., and Sifers, R.N. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 14001-14007). The retained protein undergoes a discrete size reduction that results from the modification of its endoglycosidase H-sensitive oligosaccharides and is inhibited by 1-deoxymannojirimycin. Metabolic poisons and inhibitors of protein synthesis perturb the intracellular degradation of the retained protein but do not affect its size reduction. The ability of metabolic poisons to influence the degradation of the PiZ variant in cells treated with brefeldin A indicates that export of the macromolecule from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not the energy-dependent component of its degradation. Subcellular fractionation experiments have verified that both the size reduction and degradation of the retained PiZ variant occur within the rough ER. Finally, sedimentation velocity centrifugation analysis of radiolabeled cell extracts has indicated that approximately 80 of the PiZ variant consists as soluble aggregates immediately after its synthesis. An inability to detect more extensive aggregation during the retention period supports our previous conclusion that only a small fraction of the macromolecules actually form large insoluble aggregates (Graham, K.S., Le, A., and Sifers, R.N. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 20463-20468). Overall, these findings indicate that soluble aggregates of the PiZ variant are degraded within the ER by a mechanism sensitive to inhibitors of protein synthesis.
Synthesizing Remote Sensing Data on the Carbon and Water Cycles

This year two of NASA's Earth missions, Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2; http://oco.jpl.nasa.gov) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP; http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov), will collect data relating to water and carbon cycles at unprecedented spatial and temporal resolutions. Synthesizing these data provides unique opportunities for understanding interactions, patterns, underlying processes, and variability among climate, carbon, and hydrologic cycles.
Socioeconomic characteristics of patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma according to tumor HPV status, patient smoking status, and sexual behavior.

Summary Objectives Patients with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) have distinct risk factor profiles reflected in the human papillomavirus (HPV) status of their tumor, and these profiles may also be influenced by factors related to socioeconomic status (SES). The goal of this study was to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of a large cohort of patients with OPC according to HPV status, smoking status, and sexual behavior. Materials and Methods Patients with OPC prospectively provided information about their smoking and alcohol use, socioeconomic characteristics, and sexual behaviors. HPV status was determined by a composite of immunohistochemistry for p16 expression, HPV in situ hybridization, and PCR assay in 356 patients. Standard descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to compare socioeconomic characteristics between patient subgroups. Results Patients with HPV-positive OPC had higher levels of education, income, and overall SES. Among patients with HPV-positive OPC, never/light smokers had more than 5 times the odds of having at least a bachelor’s degree and being in the highest level of SES compared with smokers. Patients with HPV-positive OPC and those with higher levels of education and SES had higher numbers of lifetime any and oral sex partners, although not all of these differences were significant. Conclusion Socioeconomic differences among subgroups of OPC patients have implications for OPC prevention efforts, including tobacco cessation, behavior modification, and vaccination programs.
Fuzzy cyclic modeling of a periodically perturbed pendulum

This paper extends a product-space clustering method, the bisection and homogeneity algorithm, to the cyclic modeling of a periodically perturbed pendulum. The algorithm creates a structural decomposition of the state space for each drive cycle of the vertical support. Smooth trajectory approximations of chaotic behavior are the result of combining multiple SAM/COG systems with a one-step Euler's method. Experimental results suggest that a finer phase partitioning is necessary and sufficient for the fuzzy model to preserve the periodicity of the vertical drive.
Resonance Characteristics by Conformal Mapping

The analytical expression f(?) = a?+ b + c/?, where ? = ?+j? may be called the "resonance function." It represents, for example, the impedance of the series-connected LRS circuit and the admittance of the parallel-connected CGT circuit. The conformal mapping of the ?-plane onto the f(?)-plane yields a figure of considerable usefulness in clarifying the meaning of the resonance function for complex frequencies. Typical examples illustrate the application of the figure to the parallel circuit and one of its intrinsic generalizations. A brief discussion of the mapping of the reciprocal of the resonance function is included for completeness.
Permanent retention following radical hysterectomy

Urodynamic findings associated with permanent retention after radical hysterectomy are presented and discussed in the light of previous observations made in women rendered severely incontinent by the operation. These findings suggest that if the operation ablates the micturition reflex, some reduction in urethral pressure is required to achieve balanced bladder function. They also demonstrate that opposite extremes of proximal urethral pressure can occur after a radical hysterectomy and that they are associated with diametrically opposite types of urinary dysfunction even if detrusor function is identical. It is difficult to reconcile these observations with histochemical data which suggest a purely cholinergic efferent nerve supply to the proximal urethra.
Identifying outliers with sequential fences

The identification of contaminated observations or outliers is an important part of data analysis since such observations can have a profound influence and distort the analysis. One simple graphical method, based on the box-plot, consists of constructing fences. The fences method is not only appealing in its simplicity but more importantly because it does not use the extreme potential outliers which can inflate the computing of a measure of dispersion and hence lessen the sensitivity for identifying outliers. The commonly used fences procedure may be too liberal in some situations and too conservative in others. That is, it sets one criteria for all scenarios and does not afford the data analyst the flexibility of specifying the probability or criterion for designating an observation as an outlier in a variety of circumstances. Furthermore, the most commonly used procedure is a ''one size fits all'' style and does not incorporate sample size. Unfortunately, a value that is extreme in a small data set might be expected in a much larger sample. In this paper, a method is proposed to include sample size in constructing fences as well as a sequential procedure to identify multiple outliers at a specified probability.
ICP27 Interacts with the RNA Export Factor Aly/REF To Direct Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Intronless mRNAs to the TAP Export Pathway

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein ICP27 facilitates the export of viral intronless mRNAs. ICP27 shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm, which has been shown to require a leucine-rich nuclear export sequence (NES). ICP27 export was reported to be sensitive to the CRM1 inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) in HSV-1-infected cells but not in Xenopus oocytes, where ICP27 interacts with the export factor Aly/REF to access the TAP export pathway. Here, we show that ICP27 interacts with Aly/REF in HSV-1-infected mammalian cells and that Aly/REF stimulates export of viral intronless RNAs but does not cross-link to these RNAs. During infection, Aly/REF was no longer associated with splicing factor SC35 but moved into structures that colocalized with ICP27, suggesting that ICP27 recruits Aly/REF from spliceosomes to viral intronless RNAs. Further, ICP27 was found to interact in vivo with TAP but not with CRM1. In vitro export assays showed that ICP27 export was not sensitive to LMB but was blocked by a dominant-negative TAP deletion mutant lacking the nucleoporin interaction domain. These data suggest that ICP27 uses the TAP pathway to export viral RNAs. Interestingly, the leucine-rich N-terminal sequence was required for efficient export, even though ICP27 export was LMB insensitive. Thus, this region is required for efficient ICP27 export but does not function as a CRM1-dependent NES.
Comparison of Biological Activities of Gibberellins and Gibberellin-Precursors Native to Thlaspi arvense L.

Field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a winter annual weed with a cold requirement for stem elongation and flowering. The relative abilities of several native gibberellins (GAs) and GA-precursors to elicit stem growth were compared. Of the eight compounds tested, gibberellin A1, (GA1), GA9, and GA20 caused stem growth in noninduced (no cold treatment) plants. No stem growth was observed in plants treated with ent-kaurene, ent-kaurenol, ent-kaurenoic acid, GA53, or GA8. Moreover, of the biologically active compounds, GA9 was the most active followed closely by GA1. In thermoinduced plants (4-week cold treatment at 6°C) that were continuously treated with 2-chlorocholine chloride to reduce endogenous GA production, GA9 was the most biologically active compound. However, the three kaurenoid GA precursors also promoted stem growth in thermoinduced plants, and were almost as active as GA20. No such increase in activity was observed for either GA[unk] or GA53. The results are discussed in relation to thermoinductive regulation of GA metabolism and its significance to the initiation of stem growth in field pennycress. It is proposed that thermoinduction results in increased conversion of ent-kaurenoic acid to GAs through the C-13 desoxy pathway and that GA9 is the endogenous mediator of thermoinduced stem growth in field pennycress.
Staff and self-reports of health behaviours, somatic complaints, and medications among adults with mild intellectual disability

Surprisingly little research has examined self-reports of health among adults with intellectual disability (ID), despite the fact that adults with ID are at a higher risk for health problems than the general population. The present study compared self-reports of 77 adults with mild ID with reports from designated residential staff regarding health behaviours, somatic complaints, and medication usage. Adults with ID and the staff agreed about many health behaviours as well as major medical disorders, but the staff tended to report fewer minor symptoms of illness. Medication usage was common (85%), although not everyone could list their medications, explain their function or report when they took them. The results suggest the utility of both self-reports and staff reports among adults with mild ID for identifying areas of health concern as well as targeting areas for further health promotion efforts.
Temperature Dependence of O(1D) Quantum Yields from the Photolysis of Ozone between 295 and 338 nm

The O(1D) quantum yields from the photolysis of ozone (O3) have been measured in the wavelength range 295−338 nm at temperatures of 226−298 K using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). In the 312−324 nm range, the quantum yield was found to be temperature dependent, implying that internal energy in O3 accounts for some of the O(1D) production at wavelengths beyond the thermodynamic threshold of 310 nm. In the 328−338 nm range, the quantum yield is nearly constant (Φ ∼ 0.12) and independent of temperature, suggesting that the “spin-forbidden” channel is active at these wavelengths and contributes to O(1D) production beyond 310 nm. Using the quantum yields presented here results in a sizable increase in the calculated tropospheric O(1D) production at large solar zenith angles.
Further comparison of predicted and experimentally determined structure of adenylate kinase.

Abstract An analysis is made of various predictive methods used to locate α-helices and β-sheets in proteins. The analysis is based on attempts to locate the α-helices and β-sheets in adenylate kinase (ATP:AMP phosphotransferase EC 2.7.4.3) from the sequence without prior knowledge of the x-ray findings. Specification of the β-sheet breaking and α-helix breaking tripeptides, a method independent of the others combined with the best of the other methods would substantially reduce the prediction of nonexistent β-sheets and to a lesser extent would aid in locating α-helices.
Detection of cold gas releases in space via low energy neutral atom imaging

Low energy neutral atoms (LENAs) are produced in space plasmas by charge exchange between the ambient magnetospheric plasma ions and cold neutral atoms. Under normal conditions these cold neutrals come from the terrestrial geocorona, a shroud of few-eV hydrogen atoms surrounding the Earth. As a consequence of this charge exchange, it has become possible to remotely image many regions of the magnetosphere for the first time utilizing recently developed LENA imaging technology. In addition to the natural hydrogen geocorona, conventional explosions and maneuvering thruster firings can also introduce large amounts of cold gas into the space environment. In this paper we examine whether such potentially clandestine activities could also be remotely observed for the first time via LENA imaging. First, we examine the fluxes of LENAs produced in the space environment from a conventional explosion. Then we review the present state of the art in the emerging field of LENA detection and imaging. We conclude that the sensitivities for present LENA imager designs may be just adequate for detecting some mad-made releases. With additional improvements in LENA detection capabilities, this technique could become an important new method for monitoring for conventional explosions, as well as other man-made neutral releases, in the space environment.
Source of marine magnetic anomalies: Some results from DSDP Leg 83

Leg 83 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project represents the deepest penetration of undisturbed marine crust yet achieved, providing samples from the lower part of the extrusive layer and the upper 300 m of the sheeted-dike complex. We present here measurements of the magnetic properties of rocks from Leg 83 and address the question of their suitability as sources for marine magnetic anomalies. We find that, due to extensive hydrothermal alteration, the extrusive part of the Leg 83 section is insufficiently magnetized to be part of the magnetic source layer. The sheeted-dike complex, on the other hand, does have sufficient magnetization and, contrary to recent models of marine magnetization based on ophiolite studies, may be a contributor to magnetic anomalies. The strong dependence of magnetic properties on the alteration history of the rocks, however, makes extension of these results to other regions problematical.
Horror and humor in medieval and modern drama

This study attempts to disclose a similarity of dramatic techniques occurring in two apparently dissimilar fornts of drama separated chronologically by six hundred years. Specifically the strange juxtaposition of comedy and brutality which seems to be a consistent trait of avant‐garde drama is equally prevalent in medieval dramaturgy. To demonstrate this similitude the writer compares aspects of three modern plays with cognate features from the English medieval mystery cycles. Following this comparison he offers some underlying social and psychological reasons for this recurrence.