cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palladium Theory of Aqueous‐Phase Heck Alkynylations for Intensification of Discovery and Manufacture

The influence of water on the catalysis of biphasic Heck alkynylation, a family of palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formations, was investigated. Kinetic theory derived from Hatta moduli and pseudo-stationary-state approximations discovered that water, in coordination, reductive elimination, and product dissociation reaction steps of the deprotonation catalytic cycle, increases Gibbs energy barriers compared to values previously estimated by density functional theory calculations of purely organic syntheses involving an aryl iodide. On the contrary, water reduces the energy barrier of reductive elimination in the carbopalladation catalytic cycle. Quantum tunneling in proton transfer mechanism might account for the change. The discoveries permitted E-factor predictions that could someday help reduce chemical wastes generated during materials, natural products, and pharmaceutical manufactures. Theoretical groundwork is laid that enables data-driven research in the academic laboratory and data-driven development by the process chemist.
Adjuvant Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Past, Present, and Future

At the present time, the standard of care for patients who have received nephrectomy for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is radiographic surveillance. With a number of novel targeted agents showing activity in the setting of metastatic RCC, there has been great interest in exploring the potential of the same agents in the adjuvant setting. Herein, we discuss the evolution of adjuvant trials in RCC, spanning from the immunotherapy era to the targeted therapy era. Pitfalls of current studies are addressed to provide a context for interpreting forthcoming results. Finally, we outline avenues to incorporate promising investigational agents, such as PD-1 (programmed death-1) inhibitors and MNNG transforming gene inhibitors, in future adjuvant trials.
Critical charge concepts for CMOS SRAMs

The dramatic effects of external circuit loading on the heavy-ion-induced charge-collection response of a struck transistor are illustrated using three-dimensional mixed-mode simulations. Simulated charge-collection and SEU characteristics of a CMOS SRAM cell indicate that, in some cases, more charge call be collected at sensitive nodes from strikes that do not cause upset than from strikes that do cause upset. Computations of critical charge must take into account the time during which charge is collected, not simply the total amount of charge collected. Model predictions of the incident linear energy transfer required to cause upset agree well with measured data for CMOS SRAMs, without parameter adjustments. The results show the absolute necessity of treating circuit effects in any realistic device simulation of single-event upset (SEU) in SRAMs.
Mechanism of N-Wasp Activation by Cdc42 and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate

Neuronal Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome protein (N-WASP) transmits signals from Cdc42 to the nucleation of actin filaments by Arp2/3 complex. Although full-length N-WASP is a weak activator of Arp2/3 complex, its activity can be enhanced by upstream regulators such as Cdc42 and PI(4,5)P2. We dissected this activation reaction and found that the previously described physical interaction between the NH2-terminal domain and the COOH-terminal effector domain of N-WASP is a regulatory interaction because it can inhibit the actin nucleation activity of the effector domain by occluding the Arp2/3 binding site. This interaction between the NH2- and COOH termini must be intramolecular because in solution N-WASP is a monomer. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) influences the activity of N-WASP through a conserved basic sequence element located near the Cdc42 binding site rather than through the WASp homology domain 1. Like Cdc42, PI(4,5)P2 reduces the affinity between the NH2- and COOH termini of the molecule. The use of a mutant N-WASP molecule lacking this basic stretch allowed us to delineate a signaling pathway in Xenopus extracts leading from PI(4,5)P2 to actin nucleation through Cdc42, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 complex. In this pathway, PI(4,5)P2 serves two functions: first, as an activator of N-WASP; and second, as an indirect activator of Cdc42.
Wafer-scale mitochondrial membrane potential assays{

It has been reported that mitochondrial metabolic and biophysical parameters are associated with degenerative diseases and the aging process. To evaluate these biochemical parameters, current technology requires several hundred milligrams of isolated mitochondria for functional assays. Here, we demonstrate manufacturable wafer-scale mitochondrial functional assay lab-on-a-chip devices, which require mitochondrial protein quantities three orders of magnitude less than current assays, integrated onto 4′′ standard silicon wafer with new fabrication processes and materials. Membrane potential changes of isolated mitochondria from various well-established cell lines such as human HeLa cell line (Heb7A), human osteosarcoma cell line (143b) and mouse skeletal muscle tissue were investigated and compared. This second generation integrated lab-on-a-chip system developed here shows enhanced structural durability and reproducibility while increasing the sensitivity to changes in mitochondrial membrane potential by an order of magnitude as compared to first generation technologies. We envision this system to be a great candidate to substitute current mitochondrial assay systems.
The future of automated record linkage for postmarketing surveillance: a response to Shapiro.

Reponse a l'article de synthese de Shapiro (1989). Contrairement a Shapiro, les auteurs ne repoussent pas l'etude informatisee de la pharmacovigilance des medicaments, sous pretexte que la methode n'est pas completement parfaite
Gaussian-Based Filters for Detecting Martian Dust Devils

The ability to automatically detect dust devils in the Martian atmosphere from orbital imagery is becoming important both for scientific studies of the planet and for the planning of future robotic and manned missions. This paper describes our approach for the unsupervised detection of dust devils and the preliminary results achieved to date. The algorithm centers upon the use of a filter constructed from Gaussian profiles to match dust devil characteristics over a range of scale and orientation. The classification step is designed to reduce false positive errors caused by static surface features such as craters. A brief discussion of planned future work is included
Monte Carlo-based dose-rate tables for the Amersham CDCS.J and 3M model 6500 137Cs tubes.

Abstract Purpose: (1) To present reference-quality dose-rate distributions for the Amersham CDCS.J-type 137 Cs intracavitary source (hitherto unavailable in the literature) and updated tables for the 3M model 6500/6D6C source. (2) To assess the accuracy of the widely used 1D pathlength (Sievert integral) algorithm for lightly filtered 137 Cs tube sources. Methods and Materials: A Monte Carlo photon-transport code is used to calculate the dose-rate distributions about the 3M source and the CDCS.J source based on radiographic examination of the sources and the vendors' specifications. Dose-rate distributions are provided in the form of Cartesian "away-and-along" lookup tables. Using a general form of the Sievert integral, calculated dose-rate distributions were compared to the Monte Carlo benchmark calculations treating the filtration coefficients as best-fit parameters as well as approximating them by linear energy absorption coefficients. In addition, the errors introduced by approximating the active source core by uniform cylinders or line sources was evaluated. Results: The Model CDCS.J dose distribution differs from that of the 3M model 6500 source by −5.9% to +14.4% (root-mean-square [RMS] average: 2.6%). The RMS accuracy of the Sievert algorithm is 2.4% to 2.8% (error range of −1.4% to 7.6%) when filtration coefficients for steel and ceramic media are approximated by linear energy absorption coefficients. If the filtration coefficients are treated as parameters of best fit, selected to minimize the discrepancies between 1D pathlength and Monte Carlo calculations, the RMS error is reduced to 0.8% (error range of −1.8% to 4.1%). The optimal values of stainless steel and low-density ceramic or glass filtration coefficients are approximately independent of the source geometry. Conclusions: The widely used Sievert integral algorithm accurately characterizes the dose distribution around stainless-steel clad low-density matrix 137 Cs sources, particularly if design-independent best-fit values of the filtration coefficients are used. Although both families of source designs studied produce similar dose distributions, source-design specific dose distributions should be used for clinical treatment planning and dose-algorithm validation.
Using Machine Learning for Assigning Indices to Textual Cases

This paper reports preliminary work on developing methods automatically to index cases described in text so that a case-based reasoning system can reason with them. We are employing machine learning algorithms to classify full-text legal opinions in terms of a set of predefined concepts. These factors, representing factual strengths and weaknesses in the case, are used in the case-based argumentation module of our instructional environment CATO. We first show empirical evidence for the conncetion between the factor model and the vector representation of texts developed in information retrieval. In a set of hypotheses we sketch how including knowledge about the meaning of the factors, their relations and their use in the case-based reasoning system can improve learning, and discuss in what ways background knowledge about the domain can be beneficial. The paper presents initial experiments that show the limitations of purely inductive algorithms for the task.
Individual Differences in Delay Discounting Relation to Intelligence, Working Memory, and Anterior Prefrontal Cortex

Lower delay discounting (better self-control) is linked to higher intelligence, but the basis of this relation is uncertain. To investigate the potential role of working memory (WM) processes, we assessed delay discounting, intelligence (g), WM (span tasks, 3-back task), and WM-related neural activity (using functional magnetic resonance imaging) in 103 healthy adults. Delay discounting was negatively correlated with g and WM. WM explained no variance in delay discounting beyond that explained by g, which suggests that processes through which WM relates to delay discounting are shared by g. WM-related neural activity in left anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10) covaried with g, r= .26, and delay discounting, r=-.40, and partially mediated the relation between g and delay discounting. Overall, the results suggest that delay discounting is associated with intelligence in part because of processes instantiated in anterior prefrontal cortex, a region known to support the integration of diverse information.
Rapid and accurate prediction of degradant formation rates in pharmaceutical formulations using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Rapid and accurate stability prediction is essential to pharmaceutical formulation development. Commonly used stability prediction methods include monitoring parent drug loss at intended storage conditions or initial rate determination of degradants under accelerated conditions. Monitoring parent drug loss at the intended storage condition does not provide a rapid and accurate stability assessment because often <0.5% drug loss is all that can be observed in a realistic time frame, while the accelerated initial rate method in conjunction with extrapolation of rate constants using the Arrhenius or Eyring equations often introduces large errors in shelf-life prediction. In this study, the shelf life prediction of a model pharmaceutical preparation utilizing sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to directly quantitate degradant formation rates at the intended storage condition is proposed. This method was compared to traditional shelf life prediction approaches in terms of time required to predict shelf life and associated error in shelf life estimation. Results demonstrated that the proposed LC/MS method using initial rates analysis provided significantly improved confidence intervals for the predicted shelf life and required less overall time and effort to obtain the stability estimation compared to the other methods evaluated.
Enhanced Infragranular and Supragranular Synaptic Input Onto Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons in a Rat Model of Cortical Dysplasia

Cortical dysplasias frequently underlie neurodevelopmental disorders and epilepsy. Rats with a neonatally induced cortical microgyrus [freeze-lesion (FL)], a model of human polymicrogyria, display epileptiform discharges in vitro. We probed excitatory and inhibitory connectivity onto neocortical pyramidal neurons in layers 2/3 and 5 of postnatal day 16-22 rats, approximately 1-2 mm lateral of the lesion, using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS)/glutamate uncaging. Excitatory input from deep and supragranular layers to layer 5 pyramidal cells was greater in FL cortex, while no significant differences were seen in layer 2/3 cells. The increased input was due to a greater number of LSPS-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs), without differences in amplitude or kinetics. Inhibitory input was increased in a region-specific manner in pyramidal cells in FL cortex, due to an increased inhibitory postsynaptic current (IPSC) amplitude. Connectivity within layer 5, parts of which are destroyed during lesioning, was more severely affected than connectivity in layer 2/3. Thus, we observed 2 distinct mechanisms of altered synaptic input: 1) increased EPSC frequency suggesting an increased number of excitatory synapses and 2) higher IPSC amplitude, suggesting an increased strength of inhibitory synapses. These increases in both excitatory and inhibitory connectivity may limit the extent of circuit hyperexcitability.
Structure of subdynamics in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics

Within the framework of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, we systematically study the mathematical structure of the subdynamics proposed by the Brussels school. The solution of the Liouville equation is obtained by the use of an eigenfunction expansion. It is found that the subdynamics projection operator in the form given by the Brussels school is not well defined, and that the irreversibility is not a derived consequence of the theory as it was claimed by them, but it is rather anad hoc assumption.
Effect of population density on the demography of an invasive plant (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) population in a Southeastern Ohio forest.

Abstract As interest in invasive species management increases, new information with respect to invasive species abundance and distribution in invaded habitats is imperative. One essential type of information is demographic data. When invasive plants colonize a new habitat, their numbers may be low at first, but the population may undergo rapid expansion. We were interested in the effect of intraspecific density on the population dynamics and life history attributes of Alliaria petiolata a Eurasian biennial herb that has become an invasive pest in portions of North America. Thirty plots were established in a mesic second-growth deciduous forest in high, medium and low density patches of A. petiolata rosettes. Demographic data were collected for all A. petiolata cohorts present in the plots from 1996–1998. In June 1998 all first year rosette and second year mature individuals were harvested, dried and weighed. Stage-based population projection matrices were constructed in order to compare demography among p...
Stochastic characterization of mesoscale seismic velocity heterogeneity in Long Beach, California

S U M M A R Y Earth’s seismic velocity structure is heterogeneous at all scales, andmapping that heterogeneity provides insight into the processes that create it. At large scale lengths, seismic tomography is used to map Earth structure deterministically. At small scale lengths, structure can be imaged deterministically, but because it is impractical to image short-wavelength heterogeneity everywhere, we often resort to statistical methods to depict its variability. In this study, we develop random-field model representations of a 3-D P-wave velocity model at Long Beach, California, estimated from dense-array recordings of the ambient seismic wavefield. We focus on heterogeneity at the mesoscale, which is smaller than 10+ km scale of regional tomography but larger than the micro scale of borehole measurements. We explore four ellipsoidally anisotropic heterogeneity models, including von Karman, Gaussian, self-affine and Kummer models, based on their autocorrelation functions. We find that the von Karman model fits the imaged velocity model best among these options with a correlation length in the horizontal direction about five times greater than in the vertical direction, and with strong small-scale length variations. We validate our results by showing that our model accurately predicts the observed decay of scattered waves in the coda of a nearby earthquake, suggesting that quantitative measures of velocity variability will be useful for predicting high-frequency ground motion in earthquakes.
Adding Body Motion and Intonation to Instant Messaging with Animation

Digital text communication (DTC) has transformed the way people communicate. Static typographical cues like emoticons, punctuation, letter case, and word lengthening (ie. Hellooo?) are regularly employed to convey intonation and affect. However, DTC platforms like instant messaging still suffer from a lack of nonverbal communication cues. This paper introduces an Animated Text Instant Messenger (ATIM), which uses text animations to add another distinct layer of cues to existing plaintext. ATIM builds upon previous research by using kinetic typography in communication. This paper describes the design principles and features of ATIM and discusses how animated text can add more nuanced communication cues of intonation and body motion.
Five Design Principles for Crowdsourced Policymaking: Assessing the Case of Crowdsourced Off-Road Traffic Law in Finland

This article reports a pioneering case study of a crowdsourced law-reform process in Finland. In the crowdsourcing experiment, the public was invited to contribute to the law-reform process by sharing their knowledge and ideas for a better policy. This article introduces a normative design framework of five principles for crowdsourced policymaking: inclusiveness, accountability, transparency, modularity, and synthesis. Inclusiveness, accountability, and transparency are overarching principles for crowdsourced policymaking. Modularity and synthesis support these overarching principles and are instrumental in achieving the main goals of crowdsourced policymaking, namely, an efficient search for knowledge and democratic deliberation among the participants. These principles apply to both the design of the process and the medium that the process takes place in, i.e., the technology facilitating crowdsourcing. This article analyzes the design of the crowdsourced off-road traffic law experiment in Finland using the five principles described above and provides a future research agenda for examining design aspects in crowdsourced policymaking.
Characteristics of Variable-density Jets in Cross Flow

*† ‡ § Subsonic wind tunnel experiments are conducted to investigate the behavior of a circular jet injected perpendicularly into a uniform cross flow. In particular, the jet trajectory and penetration, velocity decay along the trajectory, windward and leeward jet spread, area of recirculation, vorticity are used for characterizing jet behavior. The utility of the jet diameter and blowing ratio as similarity parameters is investigated over a range of conditions, in which the velocity ratio and density ratio of jet are independently controlled to determine the influence of each. In particular, the density ratio is controlled via a mixture of gases of differing densities, thereby providing a range of density conditions independent of temperature variations. The impact of these parameters upon time-averaged flow field is characterized. Results demonstrate that the variable density jet trajectory collapses better using the scaling parameter r 2 D rather than the more common scaling parameter rD used
MODELING COST ESCALATION AS A RISK FACTOR IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

This paper describes a computer model designed to incorporate the effect of cost escalation on large construction projects. The computer model is especially designed to work with large construction programs consisting of several projects spanning over a period of several years. By knowing the precedence relationships between projects and modeling the effect of escalation probabilistically, a distribution is calculated for the total program cost. There are two main contributors to cost variation in such projects: (1) delays for each individual project that may have an impact on total program finish time, and (2) the uncertainty in the value of escalation factor, especially in multi-year projects. The computer model developed as part of this research is capable of modeling the escalation rates as a random variable from a normal distribution assuming escalation rates to be correlated in subsequent periods. Further, it can model each project duration as a random variable. By simulating the model, the user can obtain distributions for total construction program duration and cost. Using these distributions, the management will be able to assess the extent of possible cost overruns due to cost escalation or the adequacy of the proposed budget. A few approaches consider the effect of the delay on cost but even when they perform integrated cost and schedule uncertainty analysis (Monte Carlo), they utilize a deterministic rate to consider the effect of cost escalation. This computer model will take into consideration the uncertainty and variability of both schedule and escalation factor in a more integrated probabilistic approach. The application of the computer model is demonstrated through a realistic example and the results are discussed.
Impact of Pulsatile Flow Settings on Hemodynamic Energy Levels Using the Novel Diagonal Medos DP3 Pump in a Simulated Pediatric Extracorporeal Life Support System

Background:The objective of this study was to evaluate the pump performance of the novel diagonal Medos Deltastream DP3 diagonal pump (MEDOS Medizintechnik AG, , Stolberg, Germany) under nonpulsati...
ATP hydrolysis by isolated embryonic heart nuclei using a histochemical method.

SummaryA histochemical method was modified to demonstrate ATP hydrolysis by nuclei isolated from embryonic myocardium. Under a variety of experimental conditions, the results are in agreement with previous histochemical studies using cryostat sections and with enzymatic studies using isolated nuclei. The data give further support to the localization of ATP phosphohydrolase activity both at the nuclear surface and in the nucleo-plasm, under conditions which eliminate possible diffusion artifacts resulting from enzymatic activity by other cell components and non-enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP by Pb++.The author is indebted to Mrs. A. P. Breland and Mrs. A. T. Klein for technical assistance and to the University Medical Center Illustration Department for photography.
Evaluation of Synergistic Interaction Between Cytokines and Peptide Epitope Vaccines in Protection Against HER-2 Expressing Lung Metastases

HER-2, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family is overexpressed in 25–30% of breast, ovarian and colon cancers. HER-2 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemo- and hormonal therapies. We recently reported that chimeric peptide vaccines incorporating a B-cell epitope of HER-2 and “promiscuous” T-helper cell epitope from measles virus are capable of eliciting high levels of native receptor reactive antibodies. In addition, these chimeric peptide vaccines were capable of preventing the spontaneous formation of mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice [2]. Ongoing phase lb clinical trials in cancer patients indicate that the chimeric peptide vaccines can induce antibodies capable of killing human cancer cells.
Science, Migration, and Our Ever More Global Society

Nation states once contained distinct groups of people based on a common heritage, language, religion, or ethnicity. Today, the nation state is largely a political and economic entity. In the past, migration from one part of the world to another occurred only rarely, and usually on an individual basis. Now, mass migrations are becoming more frequent, and for a greater number of reasons. While genocide and ethnic cleansing are nothing new, migrations now occur (and are expected to occur more often in the future) for political, economic, and environmental reasons as well. Natural disasters – like earthquakes and droughts – as well as those intensified by human behavior – such as resource depletion or rising sea levels – will only exacerbate the likelihood of mass migration. The need for large groups of people to move from one part of the planet to another has never been greater, and yet their ability to do so is still seriously hindered by national divisions. Of course, cooperation among nations has grown enormously since the end of the Second World War, but mass migrations like the recent crisis faced by refugees from Syria show that division based on national distinction is preventing our common humanitarian efforts. The argument put forth in this paper is that the nation state (along with the fighting it engenders) has outlived its usefulness, and now hinders human progress more than helps it. Here the scientific community is seen as a model for cooperation across national frontiers, showing that the goal of “people without borders” (les etre humains sans frontieres) is not only attainable, but is itself a necessary means toward greater human achievement in the future. For scientists are themselves merely people who base their decisions on empirical findings and group consensus – and their international cooperation is a model which the rest of the world would do well to emulate.
Strategies For Assessing Delivery System Innovations

Driven by evidence of continuing gaps in health care quality and efficiency and inspired by the emergence of new value-based payment models, both large and small health care organizations are developing and deploying a wide range of care delivery innovations. But how can decision makers in these organizations determine if the innovations really improve service delivery, patient experience, clinical outcomes, or costs? Organization leaders need appropriate, timely evidence to inform their decision making. In this article we describe a range of approaches to evaluating innovations and pose key questions about the validity of the results. We highlight a specific type of evaluation approach—the stepped wedge design—because it can balance the need for internal and external validity with the ability to generate timely results. We elaborate on three key steps in the innovation assessment phase (identifying the target population, describing baseline performance, and documenting the components of the innovation) t...
Health Care Professionals and Law Enforcement.

As a recent incident in Salt Lake City highlighted, the relationship between health care professionals and police may be profoundly tested when we refuse demands from law enforcement that conflict with what we understand to be our professional obligations.
Genetic Regulation of CGRP and Its Actions

The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene is specifically expressed and regulated in a subset of cell types. Abnormal regulation of CGRP gene expression and/or sensitivity to CGRP actions may contribute to certain pathologies. In this chapter, we will summarize the current state of knowledge on the CGRP promoter and the use of a genetic strategy to sensitize mice to CGRP actions. The CGRP promoter is regulated by two distinct elements: a proximal cyclic AMP response element and a distal, regulated cell-specific enhancer. Both of these elements are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. MAPK can stimulate the CGRP promoter in response to proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, CGRP can directly activate these pathways to boost its own expression and potentially increase CGRP actions in a feedback loop. These pathways may contribute to the elevated CGRP levels in migraine and sepsis. Genetic enhancement of the CGRP receptor subunit, receptor activity-modifying protein-1 (RAMP1), increases CGRP actions in vascular smooth muscle and neurons. Potential implications of CGRP elevation and sensitization in migraine will be discussed.
Matter-Wave Mixing by Optical Cavity Fields

Recently, there has been a growing interest in matter-wave mixing involving Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) 1, 2, 3, 4]. We consider a model [1] consisting of a cavity field (probe), an opposing non-depletion pump field, and a matter wave traveling along x normal to the propagation dimension z of the optical fields, which are tuned far away from the atomic transition. Our model is a matter wave version of the collective atomic recoil laser(CARL) 5, 6, 7], which shares the same gain mechanism with recoil-induced resonance (RIR) [7, 8]. Here, virtual two-photon transitions couple the |0> (injected atomic mode) to the |±K>z-momentum modes, where ℏK is the two-photon momentum. If the scattering of the atoms from |±ℏK> to higher order modes is ignored, the equations of motion are reduced into $$ \left[ {\frac{\partial }{{{\partial_t}}} + {\upsilon_{{0x}}}\frac{\partial }{{{\partial_x}}}} \right]{\Phi_0}\left( {x,t} \right) = i{A^{*}}{\Phi_{{ + 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right) + iA{\Phi_{{ - 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right) $$ (1a) $$ \left[ {\frac{\partial }{{{\partial_t}}} + {\upsilon_{{0x}}}\frac{\partial }{{{\partial_x}}}} \right]{\Phi_{{ - 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right) = - i{\omega_{{2r}}}{\Phi_{{ - 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right) + i{A^{*}}{\Phi_0}\left( {x,t} \right) $$ (1b) $$ \left[ {\frac{\partial }{{{\partial_t}}} + {\upsilon_{{0x}}}\frac{\partial }{{{\partial_x}}}} \right]{\Phi_{{ + 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right) = - i{\omega_{{2r}}}{\Phi_{{ + 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right) + iA{\Phi_0}\left( {x,t} \right) $$ (1c) $$ \frac{{dA(t)}}{{dt}} = i{\delta_c}A(t) + i\alpha \frac{1}{{{L_x}}}\int_0^{{{L_x}}} {dx\left[ {\Phi_0^{*}\left( {x,t} \right){\Phi_{{ + 1}}}\left( {x,t} \right){\Phi_0}\left( {x,t} \right)} \right]} - \kappa A(t) $$ (2) where (in0)(x,t) and ±(x,t) are, respectively, the |0> and |±ℏK components of the matter wave, ω2r the two-photon recoil frequency shift, v0x the speed of the injected wave, A(t)the scaled cavity field amplitude, δC the pump frequency shift relative to the cavity mode, α the gain coefficient, κ the decay rate of the cavity, and Lx the effective interaction distance along x dimension. In addition to the probe field, two momentum side modes will be made into “lasing” as a result of nonlinear coupling between the optical and atomic fields. For this reason, we treat this problem as a multimode “laser” operation, where “lasing” can mean both optical and matter waves. The requirement that the beat frequencies from both optical and atomic oscillations must be mode-locked at the steady state means the following steady-state ansatz
An experimental investigation of the temperature effect on the mechanics of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites

Abstract Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are increasingly used in civil, naval, aerospace, and wind energy applications, where they can be frequently exposed to harsh temperature conditions and under static and dynamic loads. The extreme temperature conditions and dynamic loading are critical for CFRP composites structural design as the constituent polymer properties are highly sensitive to temperature and strain rate. This work experimentally investigates the effect of temperature, ranging from −100 °C to 100 °C, on the mechanical properties of CFRP composites under static and dynamic three-point bending tests. The results reveal that CFRP composites provide enhanced flexural strength, maximum deflection, and energy absorption at lower temperatures (−60 °C, −100 °C) while relatively poor performance at a higher temperature (100 °C). Experimental images from the post-mortem photographs, scanning electron microscopy, and high speed videos are implemented to observe various failure behaviors including microbuckling, kinking, and fiber breakage at different temperatures. Analytical modeling is further applied to reveal the underlying mechanisms responsible for these temperature dependent mechanical behaviors. The findings reported here provide insights into the study of the temperature effect on the mechanical response of CFRP composites, which expands the way to design stiffer, stronger and tougher CFRP composites.
An integrated swarm intelligence simulation for resilient autonomous systems

Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University is working on an ongoing project, Resilient Autonomous Systems (RAS), supported by the Air Force Research Lab (AFRL). The objective of this project is to develop autonomous vehicle command and control (C2) technologies that demonstrate increased resilience in Anti-Access Area Denial (A2/AD) environments. Current automated solutions that offer little autonomous re-planning capability can be inflexible in handling dynamic scenarios in these environments. In this case, increased resiliency is defined as the ability of the system to better operate at or above an acceptable level of performance even in unfavorable environments, such as when encountering intelligent adversaries using Electronic Warfare (EW) and Integrated Air Defenses (IAD). The ERAU team has outlined a number of scenarios that set two teams, red and blue, against each other in a shared simulated environment. In general, the objectives for each team are as follows: The blue team assets must navigate through hostile enemy environments, collecting intelligence and reporting back to base, while minimizing the losses. The red team assets must minimize the loss of intelligence to the blue team while maximizing blue team expenditure in fuel and assets. Scenarios range from an area of 25 km2 with 10 agents on each team, to 4000 km2 and >300 agents on each team.
Application of the Multilevel Process Theory of Emotion to User-Modeling

We describe our computational Affective Knowledge Representation (AKR) the hierarchical model of affect – including affect, mood, emotion, and personality – which we have developed for the design of socially intelligent agents. We describe a script implementation of emotion concepts used which we applied to create an intelligent user interface agent endowed with 1) affect sensory capacities as well as 2) general affective knowledge.
Effects of ADPbetaS on purine receptor expression in mouse cerebral vasculature

Background Various nucleotides released from hematopoietic cells following SAH have been shown to be vasoactive.We investigate the effect of ADPbetaS on P2X and P2Y receptor expression in the cerebral vasculature of an in vivo mouse model.
Linked Active Content for Digital Libraries for Education

The goal of the CreateStudio development environment is to catalyze the creation of interactive learning experiences for digital libraries. CreateStudio supports creation of linked active content, which builds on the hypertext paradigm by extending it to support active content. This is done by allowing content to specify a dynamically loaded software viewer and by supporting links that pass messages between different viewers. By promoting separation of content from software, linked active content provides a powerful strategy for creating and organizing collections of active online learning experiences. For example, separating simulations and visualizations from other components enables them to be more easily repurposed to meet the needs of a diverse audience of educators and students. In addition, this strategy leads to an authoring paradigm that supports contributions from a more diverse audience, including especially those who have substantial classroom and pedagogical expertise but lack programming expertise. This is done by building on instructors' familiarity with simple Web design.
A Comparison of Laboratory and Virtual Laryngeal Dissection Experiences on Preservice Music Educators' Knowledge and Perceptions.

Summary Science-education literature is replete with studies examining how students learn anatomy most effectively and efficiently. Some researchers have found that students learn best through hands-on learning, whereas other investigators have concluded students rate both computer and hands-on learning as effective and enjoyable. No study to date, however, has examined anatomical learning of preservice music education students on anatomical and physiological knowledge of the larynx. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of virtual versus laboratory dissection in learning anatomy of the laryngeal structure for preservice music educators in a vocal pedagogy course. University students (N = 26) were given a pretest on laryngeal physiology and anatomy. Thereafter, the first group (n = 13) attended five 1-hour sessions of laryngeal dissection in a cadaver lab. The second group (n = 13) attended five 1-hour sessions in a computer lab equipped with Physiology and Anatomy Revealed, version 3.0 (McGraw Hill, New York, NY), a computer software program designed to simulate the dissection experience. Two days after finishing the laboratory or virtual dissection experience, each group was given a posttest. Perceptions were also gathered through a short questionnaire following the posttest. Results indicated that student knowledge and perceptions varied widely. All participants showed improved scores from pre- to posttest measures; however, scores were not significantly different between groups. Results are discussed in terms of feasibility of such a learning mode and importance of dissection experiences in understanding human anatomy as well impact on future music educators’ teaching practice.
Detecting Attacks Against Robotic Vehicles: A Control Invariant Approach

Robotic vehicles (RVs), such as drones and ground rovers, are a type of cyber-physical systems that operate in the physical world under the control of computing components in the cyber world. Despite RVs' robustness against natural disturbances, cyber or physical attacks against RVs may lead to physical malfunction and subsequently disruption or failure of the vehicles' missions. To avoid or mitigate such consequences, it is essential to develop attack detection techniques for RVs. In this paper, we present a novel attack detection framework to identify external, physical attacks against RVs on the fly by deriving and monitoring Control Invariants (CI). More specifically, we propose a method to extract such invariants by jointly modeling a vehicle's physical properties, its control algorithm and the laws of physics. These invariants are represented in a state-space form, which can then be implemented and inserted into the vehicle's control program binary for runtime invariant check. We apply our CI framework to eleven RVs, including quadrotor, hexarotor, and ground rover, and show that the invariant check can detect three common types of physical attacks -- including sensor attack, actuation signal attack, and parameter attack -- with very low runtime overhead.
Anomalous Stoichiometry and Antiferromagnetic Ordering for the Extended Hydroxymanganese(II) Cubes/Hexacyanometalate-Based 3D-Structured [MnII4(OH)4][MnII(CN)6](OH2)6⋅H2O

The reaction of MnII (O2 CMe)2 and NaCN or LiCN in water forms a light green insoluble material. Structural solution and Rietveld refinement of high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction data for this unprecedented, complicated compound of previously unknown composition revealed a new alkali-free ordered structural motif with [MnII 4 (μ3 -OH)4 ]4+ cubes and octahedral [MnII (CN)6 ]4- ions interconnected in 3D by MnII -N≡C-MnII linkages. The composition is {[MnII (OH2 )3 ][MnII (OH2 )]3 }(μ3 -OH)4 ][MnII (μ-CN)2 (CN)4 ]⋅H2 O=[MnII 4 (μ3 -OH)4 (OH2 )6 ][MnII (μ-CN)2 (CN)4 ]⋅H2 O, which is further simplified to [Mn4 (OH)4 ][Mn(CN)6 ](OH2 )7 (1). 1 has four high-spin (S=5/2) MnII sites that are antiferromagnetically coupled within the cube and are antiferromagnetically coupled to six low-spin (S=1/2) octahedral [MnII (CN)6 ]4- ions. Above 40 K the magnetic susceptibility, χ(T), can be fitted to the Curie-Weiss expression, χ ∝(T-θ)-1 , with θ=-13.4 K, indicative of significant antiferromagnetic coupling and 1 orders as an antiferromagnet at Tc =7.8 K.
The effect of adipose-derived stem cells on enthesis healing after repair of acute and chronic massive rotator cuff tears in rats.

Background Chronic massive rotator cuff tears heal poorly and often retear. This study investigated the effect of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) delivered in 1 of 2 hydrogels (fibrin or gelatin methacrylate [GelMA]) on enthesis healing after repair of acute or chronic massive rotator cuff tears in rats. Methods Adult male Lewis rats underwent bilateral transection of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons with intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A (n = 48 rats). After 8 weeks, animals received 1 of 8 interventions (n = 12 shoulders/group): (1) no repair, (2) repair only, or repair augmented with (3) fibrin, (4) GelMA, (5) fibrin + ADSCs, (6) GelMA + ADSCs, (7) fibrin + ADSCs + TGF-β3, or (8) GelMA + ADSCs + TGF-β3. An equal number of animals underwent acute tendon transection and immediate application of 1 of 8 interventions. Enthesis healing was evaluated 4 weeks after the repair by microcomputed tomography, histology, and mechanical testing. Results Increased bone loss and reduced structural properties were seen in chronic compared with acute tears. Bone mineral density of the proximal humerus was higher in repairs of chronic tears augmented with fibrin + ADSCs and GelMA + ADSCs than in unrepaired chronic tears. Similar improvement was not seen in acute tears. No intervention enhanced histologic appearance or structural properties in acute or chronic tears. Conclusions Surgical repair augmented with ADSCs may provide more benefit in chronic tears compared with acute tears, although there was no added benefit to supplementing ADSCs with TGF-β3.
Bottom-Up Synthesis and Mechanical Behavior of Refractory Coatings Made of Carbon Nanotube-Hafnium Diboride Composites

We use aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests as scaffolds to deposit hafnium diboride (HfB2) and fabricate millimeter-thick ultrahigh-temperature composite coating. HfB2 has a melting temperature of 3250 °C, which makes it an attractive candidate for applications requiring operation in extreme environments. Compared to typical refractory HfB2 processing, which requires temperatures exceeding 1500 °C, we use conformal HfB2 chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to coat CNT forests at a low temperature of 200 °C. During this process, nanometer-thin HfB2 films grow on the CNT surface and uniformly fill tall CNT forests, thus transforming nanometer film deposition to a scalable HfB2 coating technology. The conformal HfB2 coating process uses static (S-) CVD, where the precursor is fed into a closed system, enabling highly conformal coating and economically efficient utilization of the HfB2 precursor reaching 85%. The modulus and compressive strength of the composites are measured using flat-punch indentation of micropillars having various coating thickness. Filling the CNTs with HfB2 strengthens their node morphology and effectively enhances the mechanical properties. We study the nonlinear behavior of the material to extract a unique modulus value that describes the stress-strain response at any applied compression. At the highest HfB2 coating thickness of 45 nm, the solid fraction is increased from 2% for the bare CNTs to 36% for the composite; the modulus and strength reach 107 and 1.5 GPa, respectively. An analytical model is used to explain the mechanism of the measured structure-mechanical property scaling. Finally, the process is used to fabricate CNT-HfB2 films having 1.7 mm height, a centimeter square area, and only 5.8 × 10-6 nm/nm thickness gradient to demonstrate the potential for scalability.
Perceived microaggressions in health care: A measurement study

The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Microaggressions in Health Care Scale (MHCS), including factor structure, measurement invariance, and internal consistency reliability. We used a cross-sectional research design to study perceived racial microaggressions, discrimination, and mental health in 296 African American and Latino respondents. Participants completed measures that assess healthcare microaggressions and daily discrimination as well as the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results revealed that the MHCS has promising psychometric properties. The confirmatory factory analysis (CFA) revealed that the MHCS is a unidimensional scale. Multi-group CFAs provided evidence of measurement invariance across racial / ethnic groups and gender. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was .88 for the overall sample. Microaggressions correlated with daily discrimination scores (r = .67), as well as mental health symptoms (r’s = .40 –.52). The MHCS is a brief, valid, and reliable measure that can be used to assess and monitor racial and cultural forces that shape patient-provider interactions. This study concludes with a discussion of the ongoing need for research on microaggressions in healthcare as well as implications for future research.
Lyra: Simulating Believable Opinionated Virtual Characters

Creating believable simulations of large populations of characters in virtual worlds represents a grand challenge for interactive artificial intelligence, requiring reasoning about social intelligence. In this paper, we focus on one aspect of this challenge: the dynamics of opinion change for virtual characters and its relationship with social affinity. We developed a simulated population of characters that debate politically-charged topics, called Lyra. Characters’ knowledge, opinions, and biases spread through this society based on existing cognitive models and social science theories. Our simulation generates outlines of group conversations that portray the system’s evolution, and clusters characters into affinity groups based on the outcome of the debates. We conducted a human-subjects study to evaluate these generated conversations and affinity groups for their believability and to inform future iterations of the simulation. We believe successful simulation of opinion change in social dynamics provides a foundation for computational recognition, prediction, and interfacing with humans.