cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do reading habits influence aesthetic preferences

We tested the idea that the directionality of a person’s primary writing system has influences outside the domain of reading and writing, specifically influences on aesthetic preferences. The results of several previous studies suggest that people whose primary writing system goes from left to right prefer pictures of moving and static objects that face right over their mirror images that face left. People whose writing system goes from right to left, in several studies, prefer pictures that face left. We attempted to replicate these findings by testing Bahraini users of Arabic ranging from 2nd grade through 12th grade. Bahraini participants preferred right-facing pictures rather than those that faced in the direction of their writing system, and this preference was somewhat stronger in older students than in younger students. As expected, US fourth graders preferred right-facing pictures. There was no statistically significant difference between them and Bahraini fourth graders. Our results call into question the idea that the directionality of people’s primary writing system influences their preferences for pictures.
Incorporation of indirect evidence into an evidence accrual technique for higher level data fusion

ABSTRACT In many fusion problems, such as Level 2 (situational assessment) or Level 3 (impact assessment), observations frequently provide indirect, rather than direct, evidence. In such cases, the m easurements affect the evidence level of interest through a functional relationship, such as speed being measured through the functional relationship between it and position observations over time. A general evidence accrua l system that incorporates indirect observations into the evidence generation is developed. The technique, based on the concepts of first-order and reduced-order observer theory, can incorporate both observation quality and level of doctrine understanding in the uncertainty measure of the evidence. The technique does use a netw ork structure with links and propagatio n of evidence, but, unlike a Bayesian taxonomy, it does not rely upon the strict probabilistic unde rpinnings. In this work, to demonstrate its proof of capability, the technique is applied to a force-on-force Level 2 fusion problem. The technique, based upon a Level 1 fusion target classification evidence accr ual algorithm, uses a fuzzy Kalman filte r to inject new evidence into the nodes of interest to modify the level of ev idence. The fuzzy Kalman allows for th e level of evidence to incorporate an uncertainty or quality measure into the report. Keywords: Level 2 fusion, target relationships, fu zzy logic, Kalman filter, evidence accrual
The effect of oxygen interstitial doping on “fast” diffusion in α-titanium

Abstract Recent data for the temperature-dependence of the diffusivity of Mn-atoms (fast diffusers) in oxygen-doped α-Ti polycrystalline materials have been analyzed in terms of a trapping model based upon classical rate theory. In addition to the effect of O-Mn interactions, the dilation of the parent lattice due to the presence of O-interstitials has been considered.
Endovascular Treatment of a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft to Pulmonary Artery Fistula with Coil Embolization

Fistula formation between a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)and the pulmonary arterial circulation represents a rare cause of recurrent angina in patients following bypass grafting. Therapy has traditionally involved surgical ligation by open thoracotomy. We describe a case of left internal mammary artery–left upper lobe pulmonary artery fistula presenting as early recurrent angina following CABG. The fistula was embolized using platinum coils, resulting in symptomatic relief and improvement in myocardial perfusion on cardiac perfusion scintigraphy. Coil embolization should be considered a therapeutic option in patients with coronary–pulmonary steal syndrome.
Emperical observations about the nucleon optical model potential

Abstract An empirical evaluation of the nucleon optical potential is presented for T = 0 nuclei. Accurate neutron elastic scattering data from Si, S and Ca at 20 and 26 MeV are compared with proton elastic scattering at equivalent energies. A similar comparison is presented for 27 A 1 (T = 1 2 ) and 56 Fe (T = 2) .
Guidelines for the use of survivorship care plans: a systematic quality appraisal using the AGREE II instrument

Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are written treatment summaries and follow-up care plans that are intended to facilitate communication and coordination of care among survivors, cancer care providers, and primary care providers. A growing number of guidelines for the use of SCPs exist, yet SCP use in the United States remains limited. Limited use of SCPs may be due to poor quality of these guidelines. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality of guidelines for SCP use, tools that are intended to promote evidence-based medicine. We conducted a comprehensive search of the literature using MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database), and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) published through April 2014, in addition to grey literature sources and bibliographic and expert reviews. Guideline quality was assessed using the AGREE II instrument (Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation, 2nd edition), a tool developed by an international group of scientists to advance the quality of clinical practice guidelines. To promote consistency with extant studies using the AGREE II instrument and to clearly and unambiguously identify potentially useful guidelines for SCP use, we also summarized AGREE II scores by strongly recommending, recommending, or not recommending the guidelines that we evaluated. Of 128 documents screened, we included 16 guidelines for evaluation. We did not strongly recommend any of the 16 guidelines that we evaluated; we recommended 5 and we did not recommend 11. Overall, guidelines scored highest on clarity of presentation (i.e., guideline language, structure, and format): Guidelines were generally unambiguous in their recommendations that SCPs should be used. Guidelines scored lowest on applicability (i.e., barriers and facilitators to implementation, implementation strategies, and resource implications of applying the guideline): Few guidelines discussed facilitators and barriers to guideline application; advice and tools for implementing guidelines were vague; and none explicitly discussed resource implications of implementing the guidelines. Guidelines often advocated survivorship care plan use without justification or suggestions for implementation. Improved guideline quality may promote survivorship care plan use.
Effects of amphetamine derivatives on brain dopamine and noradrenaline

Abstract 1. Intracisternally administered metaraminol, α-methyl-octopamine, α-methyl-m-tyramine, and α-methyl tyramine were found to lower brain noradrenaline without having an effect on brain dopamine. 2. Amphetamine, mephentermine, and norephedrine had no effect on brain catecholamines after intracisternal injection. 3. There was no reduction in brain dopamine content after intracisternal injection of α-methyl-m-tyramine, yet the resulting brain concentration of α-methyl-m-tyramine was several times higher than after intraperitoneal injection of α-methyl-m-tyrosine, which decreased brain dopamine. 4. The decreased synthesis of labelled catecholamines from 14C-tyrosine after α-methyl-m-tyrosine suggested that this compound inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase in addition to its action of displacing brain amines.
SDS-induced Phenoloxidase Activity of Hemocyanins fromLimulus polyphemus, Eurypelma californicum, andCancer magister

Phenoloxidase, widely distributed among animals, plants, and fungi, is involved in many biologically essential functions including sclerotization and host defense. In chelicerates, the oxygen carrier hemocyanin seems to function as the phenoloxidase. Here, we show that hemocyanins from two ancient chelicerates, the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus and the tarantulaEurypelma californicum, exhibitO-diphenoloxidase activity induced by submicellar concentrations of SDS, a reagent frequently used to identify phenoloxidase activity. The enzymatic activity seems to be restricted to only a few of the heterogeneous subunits. These active subunit types share similar topological positions in the quaternary structures as linkers of the two tightly connected 2 × 6-mers. Because no other phenoloxidase activity was found in the hemolymph of these animals, their hemocyanins may act as a phenoloxidase and thus be involved in the primary immune response and sclerotization of the cuticle. In contrast, hemolymph of a more recent arthropod, the crab Cancer magister, contains both hemocyanin with weak phenoloxidase activity and another hemolymph protein with relatively strong phenoloxidase activity. The chelicerate hemocyanin subunits showing phenoloxidase activity may have evolved into a separate phenoloxidase in crustaceans.
The immunomodulatory effects of behavior

Evidence is presented indicating that behavioral conditioning techniques can be used to suppress and enhance antibody- and cell-mediated immune responses. Application of conditioning techniques in the pharmacotherapy of autoimmune disease in New Zeland mice resulted in a delay in the onset of lupus using a cumulative dose of immunosuppressive drug that was not, by itself, sufficient to alter the course of the autoimmune disease. Convesely, behavioral studies in lupus-proneMrl lpr (lpr and Mrl +/+ mice suggest further that immune status can influence behavior and that such behavior may serve to correct and immunologic dysregulation. Theses data are interpreted to indicate behavior can serve an immunomodulatory function.
Intravenous nitroglycerin for the treatment of angina at rest unresponsive to standard nitrate therapy.

Thirty-five patients who had angina at rest that was unresponsive to standard therapy comprised of oral or topical nitrates and beta-blocking drugs were treated with a continuous infusion of intravenous nitroglycerin (IVNTG). The infusion was started at 10 μg/min and increased by 10 μg/min increments every 5 minutes until an infusion rate of 50 μg/min was reached. After each episode of rest angina, the infusion was increased by 50 μg/min in the same stepwise manner. Data from a 24-hour baseline control period were compared with those from a 24-hour IVNTG endpoint period at which time the highest IVNTG infusion rate was administered. The average IVNTG infusion rate was 140 ± 15 μg/min. With IVNTG therapy, the number of episodes of angina at rest decreased from 3.5 ± 0.4 to 0.3 ± 0.1, sublingual nitroglycerin use decreased from 1.9 ± 0.3 to 0.4 ± 0.1 mg/day, and morphine sulfate administration decreased from 5.5 ± 1.3 to 0.4 ± 0.2 mg/day (all p 50% decrease in the number of episodes/day from control values), and 2 as nonresponders. No significant drug-induced adverse effects occurred. IVNTG appears to be effective therapy for angina at rest refractory to standard oral and topical medications.
THE PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS: A “GOOD NEWS, BAD NEWS” FINDING FOR REFORM POSSIBILITIES

This paper seeks to contribute to an understanding of how macro health systems work by comparing three possible sets of influences on national health care outcomes: 1) health care facilities and their presumed link to national affluence, 2) social characteristics which are assumed to promote healthy behavior, and 3) political variables in the form of welfare state development. Our findings bear both optimistic and pessimistic connotations. On the one hand, the somewhat limited importance of the first set of factors shows that good health in a country is not simply the function of high spending levels. However, the surprisingly strong role of “social development” in determining health care outcomes that emerges implies that much more than the direct provision of health care must be manipulated to ensure optimal health for a nation's population.
Soman intoxication alters regional brain muscarinic and GABA receptors

Abstract Repeated exposures to anti-cholinesterase compounds induce profound enzyme inhibition and consequent neurotransmitter perturbations. When the result of exposure is an accumulation of neurotransmitter, as it is in the case of exposure to soman, target receptors may respond by compensating for the imbalance by regulating either their number or binding affinity. Recovery of function may further include alterations in receptor systems not themselves a direct target of the toxic compound. Rats were injected with soman (50 μg/kg, sc) three times weekly for 4 weeks and decapitated at intervals ranging from 1 hr to 6 days after the final injection. Synaptic membranes were prepared from hippocampus (HIP), striatum (STR), and cortex (COR) and kinetics of muscarinic cholinergic and GABAergic binding were assessed using [ 3 H]QNB and [ 3 H]muscimol, respectively, as ligands. Soman induced large and persistent decreases in the number of muscarinic receptors in HIP and COR with the surviving receptors being of higher affinity. The number of high affinity GABA receptors decreased in all three regions but returned to near baseline within 3 days after the final soman exposure. These effects are due either to a direct action of soman on the receptors, or a diaschitic response of the receptors to cholinergic excess. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors exhibit a persistent down regulation, and GABA receptors a transient response, to soman administration.
Age, Sex, and Attitude toward the past as Predictors of Consumers’ Aesthetic Tastes for Cultural Products:

New data pertaining to tastes for popular culture support and extend the previous finding that consumers tend to form enduring preferences during a sensitive period in their lives. A psychographic ...
Review article: an integrated approach to the irritable bowel syndrome

Our understanding of the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has evolved from a disorder of motility to a more integrated understanding of enhanced motility and visceral hypersensitivity associated with brain-gut dysfunction. Psychosocial factors contribute to the predisposition, precipitation and perpetuation of IBS symptoms, and affect the clinical outcome. Newer brain imaging techniques (e.g. PET, fMRI) may help us understand the relationship between altered emotional states with pain enhancement and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnosis using symptom-based (e.g. Rome) criteria and a conservative diagnostic approach is recommended. Treatment is based on an effective physician-patient relationship and a combined pharmacological and behavioural approach. Newer medications acting at the 5-HT receptor may help in reducing pain and bowel dysfunction. For more severe pain, antidepressants may be considered.
Subarea determination of the capacitance of cocentric annular-plate capacitors

The basic theory of calculation of the capacitance of a capacitor comprised of two cocentric annular plates by the method of (annular) subareas is advanced. Confirming the theory, excellent agreement results between the several available experimentally determined (by electrolytic tank) values for specifically dimensioned capacitors and corresponding calculated values. A family of universal curves is constructed. These afford, by inspection, values of capacitance over the range of geometry of interest in practice.
Formation of the oxidative damage marker 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine from the nucleoside 2′-deoxyguanosine: parameter studies and evidence of Fe(II) binding

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV absorption detection was employed to measure the amounts of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) produced from the nucleoside 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG) under varying reaction conditions using iron and H(2)O(2). The results indicate that 8-OH-dG produced from the reaction of iron and H(2)O(2) with dG can undergo reaction with free (i.e., unchelated) Fe(III) and that adding the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after the reaction prevents this from occurring. It also appears that the free radical species generated by iron-EDTA chelates in pH 7.4 N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (Hepes) buffer is either not formed or unstable in unbuffered aqueous solution. Finally, 8-OH-dG levels are significantly larger when Fe(II) is allowed to bind to the nucleoside dG prior to addition of H(2)O(2). However, production of 8-OH-dG from unbound Fe(II) is also relevant. The results of this work show that differing reaction conditions in vivo, especially at the cellular level, will affect significantly the measured yields of 8-OH-dG. These results also have implications for studies involving DNA and the ability to distinguish between 8-OH-dG produced from free iron and iron bound to both phosphate groups and the DNA base guanine.
Microdevices for Biological Analyses Recent Advances and Directions for the Future

SAMPLE ACQUISITION AND CONTROL Biological sampling is important for drug discovery applications and for the basic biochemical and neurochemical discovery process. Several issues arise when sampling from biological environments. First, important biology can occur in small volumes (nL-pL) and at low concentrations (mM-nM). In order to access this information, the important biochemicals must be detectable and the time of specific biochemical events must be recorded. This means that a sampling and analysis method should be selective for the analyte(s) of interest, without loss or dilution, for efficient analysis. Tremendous accomplishments in biological sampling and analysis have been made, both for sampling and microfluidic manipulation. This article focuses on advances in controlling small volumes of biological samples and the analysis of specific analytes in those samples.
Allelomimetic Behavior System: Distress Vocalization and Social Facilitation of Feeding in Telomian Dogs

(1971). Allelomimetic Behavior System: Distress Vocalization and Social Facilitation of Feeding in Telomian Dogs. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 165-179.
Discretionary disclosures using a certifier

This paper studies two disclosure regimes when a firm with superior private information must rely on a strategic certifier to disclose credibly its prospects. In the ex ante (ex post) disclosure regime, the firm must decide on whether to hire the certifier before (after) observing the certifier׳s noisy assessment. Endogenously determined certification fees can actually cause the disclosure probability to decrease in disclosure precision. In the ex ante regime, favorable disclosures are more informative than unfavorable disclosures because of additional positive signaling effect. In the ex post (ex ante) regime, the certifier has incentives to increase (decrease) the disclosure precision.
The Role of Tonsillectomy in the Treatment of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS)

Importance Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) in children describes neuropsychiatric symptom exacerbations that relate temporally to streptococcal infections. Recent case reports suggest tonsillectomy may effectively reduce these symptoms; however, no consensus treatment guidelines exist. This study examines whether tonsillectomy improves neuropsychiatric symptoms in children with PANDAS who have incomplete response to antibiotic therapy. Observations Ten patients met strict diagnostic criteria for PANDAS. Comparisons were made between parental reports of symptom severity at diagnosis, after antibiotic treatment (in 10 patients), and after tonsillectomy (in 9). From a baseline severity score of 10, antibiotics alone improved symptoms to a median (interquartile range [IQR]) score of 8 (6.5-10.0) ( P = .03). Nine children who subsequently underwent tonsillectomy reported symptom improvement in comparison with treatment with antibiotics alone, including those with no response to antibiotics. Symptom severity improved at all periods after tonsillectomy compared with antibiotics alone. The median score [IQR] 3 months postoperatively was 3 (0.0-6.5) ( P = .01); 6 months postoperatively, 3 (0.0-5.0) ( P = .02); 1 year postoperatively, 3 (0.0-5.0) ( P = .02); and 3 years postoperatively, 0.5 (0.0-2.3) ( P = .03). Four of the 9 had complete resolution after tonsillectomy. Conclusions and Relevance This PANDAS cohort whose neuropsychiatric symptoms did not respond sufficiently to antibiotics may have gained benefit from tonsillectomy.
Kinetics of transplacental movement of mercury fed in a tuna matrix to mice.

The rate of accumulation and final net content of mercury in pregnant female mice was proportional to the level of mercury in the diet. The concentration of mercury in fetuses was also proportional to the maternal diet level. Although the fetus may contain up to twice the mother’s concentration of mercury at diet levels ≤ 0.005 ppm, the maternal load was greater at diet levels ≥ 0.05 ppm.
Dynamic Syntax: A Concept for the Definition of the Syntax of Programming Languages

Abstract It is well known that the syntax of declarative programming languages is not context-free, and that this is due to their ability to declare names which may then occur only in specific contexts. This report explores the idea that declarations modify the context-free grammar of any program in which they appear. The name dynamic syntax has been given to this concept. The report presents a functional formulation of dynamic syntax and applies the resulting metalanguage to the description of the syntax of Algol 60.
UV Resistance of Bacillus anthracis Spores Revisited: Validation of Bacillus subtilis Spores as UV Surrogates for Spores of B. anthracis Sterne

Recent bioterrorism concerns have prompted renewed efforts towards understanding the biology of bacterial spore resistance to radiation with a special emphasis on the spores of Bacillus anthracis. A review of the literature revealed that B. anthracis Sterne spores may be three to four times more resistant to 254-nm-wavelength UV than are spores of commonly used indicator strains of Bacillus subtilis. To test this notion, B. anthracis Sterne spores were purified and their UV inactivation kinetics were determined in parallel with those of the spores of two indicator strains of B. subtilis, strains WN624 and ATCC 6633. When prepared and assayed under identical conditions, the spores of all three strains exhibited essentially identical UV inactivation kinetics. The data indicate that standard UV treatments that are effective against B. subtilis spores are likely also sufficient to inactivate B. anthracis spores and that the spores of standard B. subtilis strains could reliably be used as a biodosimetry model for the UV inactivation of B. anthracis spores.
Revealing the architecture of gene regulation: the promise of eQTL studies

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping studies have become a widely used tool for identifying genetic variants that affect gene regulation. In these studies, expression levels are viewed as quantitative traits, and gene expression phenotypes are mapped to particular genomic loci by combining studies of variation in gene expression patterns with genome-wide genotyping. Results from recent eQTL mapping studies have revealed substantial heritable variation in gene expression within and between populations. In many cases, genetic factors that influence gene expression levels can be mapped to proximal (putatively cis) eQTLs and, less often, to distal (putatively trans) eQTLs. Beyond providing great insight into the biology of gene regulation, a combination of eQTL studies with results from traditional linkage or association studies of human disease may help predict a specific regulatory role for polymorphic sites previously associated with disease.
Expression of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Prothymosin-α Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Ovary

GnRH exerts paradoxical effects on ovarian cells through specific receptors. Based on observed direct effects of GnRH and its antagonists on ovarian functions, the presence of endogenous ovarian GnRH-like peptide(s) has been postulated. In an attempt to detect the ovarian expression of GnRH or related genes at the RNA level, we used the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to amplify GnRH mRNA levels. Total RNA from rat ovaries was converted to first strand cDNA using reverse transcriptase and amplified in PCR using a pair of primers complementary to the rat GnRH cDNA. The DNA products obtained were subcloned into plasmid vectors, and their sequences were determined. The most prominent PCR product of 462 basepairs (bp) was unexpectedly identified as a fragment of prothymosin-alpha cDNA previously found in the spleen. This cDNA was obtained because of an identical 10 bp match with the 3' end of one of the GnRH primers. Northern blot analyses using the cloned prothymosin-alpha cDNA as probe revealed the presence of mRNA for this factor in ovary, thymus, testis, placenta, and hypothalamus. RT-PCR amplification of hypothalamus and granulosa cell messages indicated the presence of a 244-bp product with a sequence identical to that of GnRH. To further confirm the presence of GnRH messages in the ovary, a second set of GnRH primers was used. PCR amplification of cDNA from hypothalamus, granulosa cells, and whole ovary yielded a 241-bp product identical to the authentic GnRH sequence based on analysis on both strands. In contrast, no PCR product was evident after amplification of thyroid cDNA. Our data demonstrated the expression of mRNA for GnRH and prothymosin-alpha in the ovary. Although the exact ovarian role of the immune hormone awaits further study, the detection of GnRH transcript in the ovary suggests potential intragonadal roles of this decapeptide.
Clinical utility of time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) magnetic resonance angiography for infrageniculate arterial occlusive disease.

Objective The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in the infrapopliteal arterial segment is not well defined. This study evaluated the clinical utility and diagnostic accuracy of time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS) MRA compared with digital subtraction contrast angiography (DSA) in planning for percutaneous interventions of popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease. Methods Patients who underwent percutaneous lower extremity interventions for popliteal or tibial occlusive disease were identified for this study. Preprocedural TRICKS MRA was performed with 1.5 Tesla (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wis) magnetic resonance imaging scanners with a flexible peripheral vascular coil, using the TRICKS technique with gadodiamide injection. DSA was performed using standard techniques in angiography suite with a 15-inch image intensifier. DSA was considered the gold standard. The MRA and DSA were then evaluated in a blinded fashion by a radiologist and a vascular surgeon. The popliteal artery and tibioperoneal trunk were evaluated separately, and the tibial arteries were divided into proximal, mid, and distal segments. Each segment was interpreted as normal (0% to 49% stenosis), stenotic (50% to 99% stenosis), or occluded (100%). Lesion morphology was classified according to the TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). We calculated concordance between the imaging studies and the sensitivity and specificity of MRA. The clinical utility of MRA was also assessed in terms of identifying arterial access site as well as predicting technical success of the percutaneous treatment. Results Comparisons were done on 150 arterial segments in 30 limbs of 27 patients. When evaluated by TASC classification, TRICKS MRA correlated with DSA in 83% of the popliteal and in 88% of the infrapopliteal segments. MRA correctly identified significant disease of the popliteal artery with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 92%, and of the tibial arteries with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 84%. When used to evaluate for stenosis vs occlusion, MRA interpretation agreed with DSA 90% of the time. Disagreement occurred in 15 arterial segments, most commonly in distal tibioperoneal arteries. MRA misdiagnosed occlusion for stenosis in 11 of 15 segments, and stenosis for occlusion in four of 15 segments. Arterial access was accurately planned based on preprocedural MRA findings in 29 of 30 patients. MRA predicted technical success 83% of the time. Five technical failures were due to inability to cross arterial occlusions, all accurately identified by MRA. Conclusion TRICKS MRA is an accurate method of evaluating patients for popliteal and infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease and can be used for planning percutaneous interventions.
Simultaneous control of multiple MEMS microrobots

We present control algorithms that implement a novel planar microassembly scheme using groups of stress-engineered microrobots controlled through a single global control signal. The global control signal couples the motion of the devices, causing the system to be highly underactuated. Despite the high degree of underactuation, it is desirable that each robot be independently maneuverable. By exploiting differences in the designs and the resulting electromechanical interaction with the control signal, the behavior of the individual robots can be differentiated. We harness this differentiation by designing the control signal such that some devices remain confined in small circular orbits (limit cycles), while the non-orbiting robots perform work by making progress towards the goal. The control signal is designed to minimize the number of independent control voltage levels that are used for independent control, allowing us to maximize the number of simultaneously controllable devices.
Structural brain imaging in schizophrenia

The impairment and severity of schizophrenia, comparable in disability and lost human potential to other (more established) neurologic disorders, belied its earlier characterization as a psychologic malady devoid of organic causation or pathology. Although its fundamental pathobiology remains elusive, an ever-increasing array of neuroimaging technologies now provides compelling evidence of (subtle) abnormalities of cerebral structure and function in patients with schizophrenia. This article reviews the progress thus far, as the Decade of the Brain draws to a close, in understanding the nature and extent of structural brain abnormalities observed in neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia.
Silicon Germanium CMOS Optoelectronic Switching Device: Bringing Light to Latch

We propose a novel semiconductor optoelectronic (OE) switch that is a fusion of a Ge optical detector and a Si metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect transistor (FET). The device operation principle is investigated, and the performance is explored by simulations. The proof of principle is demonstrated by experiments. The use of Ge enables operation in standard telecommunication wavelengths, in addition to providing the surrounding Si circuitry with noise immunity from signaling. The transconductance of the FET provides amplification, and an experimental current gain of up to 1000 is demonstrated. A complementary function is shown by tailoring the doping profiles. The circuit performance of a complementary pair using the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors values for the 150-nm node is evaluated by simulation, yielding ~100-ps cycle times. The switch can be fabricated in the nanoscale regime along with a high-performance Si complementary MOS. A very low capacitance can be achieved due to the isolation of the detection region from the current drive. OE conversion that is performed with such a compact device offers the potential of inserting light at the latch level in a microprocessor.
To Market, To Market – 2005

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses 22 new chemical entities (NCEs) and two new biological entities (NBEs) manufactured in the year 2005. In the anti-infective therapeutic area five new drugs were introduced—Tygacil™ (tigecycline), Aptivus ® (tipranavir), Ebernets (eberconazole), Lulicon ® (luliconazole), and Finibax (doripenem). In the area of the central nervous system (CNS), there are five marketed drugs—Prialt ® (ziconotide), Prexige ® (lumiracoxib), Lunesta™ (eszopiclone), Rozerem™ (ramelteon), and Azilect ® (rasagiline). The oncolytic domain included Clolar™ (clofarabine), Amnolake ® (tamibarotene), Nexavar ® (sorafenib), and Kepivance™ (palifermin). The field of antidiabetics saw the introduction to Apidra ® (insulin glulisine), Symlin ® (pramlintide), Byetta™ (exenatide), Oral-Lyn™, and Naglazyme™ (galsulfase). The ophthalmic sector welcomed two NCEs: Macugen ® (pegaptanib) and Nevanac™ (nepafenac). The other therapeutic area with two new introductions to the market was renal-urologic. In addition to the NCEs and NBEs described in the chapter, 2005 was a notably productive year for the introduction of new vaccines.
The Stacking of Latinos in Major League Baseball: Does it Matter if a Player is Drafted?

According to the stacking theories first developed by Loy and McElvogue, minority individuals are assigned to noncentral playing positions based on ascribed characteristics such as race or ethnicity. This study investigates whether the draft has an impact on stacking patterns. The period from 1995 to 1999 was analyzed. Results indicate that two out of three Latino players are not drafted, that nondrafted players tend to be over represented at second base and short stop, and that drafted players are not stacked in any position.
Photoluminescence characterization of MBE grown Zn1−xBexSe

We report photoluminescence (PL) studies of high-quality Zn 1~x Be x Se "lms grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on GaAs substrates by use of a novel growth method of Be}Zn co-irradiation before the growth of a thin ZnSe bu!er layer. Samples show double-crystal X-ray linewidth as narrow as 23 arcsec. Low-temperature (13 K) PL of undoped samples showed free exciton emission, which de"ned the bandgap and showed that this system gives bandgap bowing. In addition, there was dominant deep bound excitonic recombination. We also suggest that deep PL can be caused by low structural quality of "lms, rather than by speci"c impurity states. Nitrogen-doped samples (with net acceptor concentrations up to 2]1017 cm~3) show strong impurity related photoluminescence. ( 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Ethnic differences in the prediction of eating and body image disturbances among female adolescent psychiatric inpatients.

Objective: The current study examined predictors of eating and body image disturbances in psychiatrically hospitalized female adolescents and investigated whether the predictors differ by ethnicity. Method: Participants were 427 (320 Caucasian, 53 Latina, 54 African American) female adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Predictors of eating disorder features (dietary restraint, binge eating, and purging) and body image dissatisfaction (BID) were tested separately for the three ethnic groups. In addition to the eating and BID variables, the following predictor variables were considered: depression, anxiety, impulsivity, negative self-esteem, peer insecurity, and abuse. Results: Caucasians reported significantly higher levels of dietary restraint and BID than Latinas and African Americans, whereas reports of binge eating did not differ by ethnicity. Regression analyses revealed that the predictor variables accounted for significant and substantial amounts of the variance in
Analysis of Quality of Service (QoS) in WiMAX networks

In last few years there has been significant growth in the area of wireless communication. Quality of Service (QoS) has become an important consideration for supporting variety of applications that utilize the network resources. These applications include voice over IP, multimedia services, like, video streaming, video conferencing etc. IEEE 802.16/WiMAX is a new network which is designed with quality of service in mind. This paper focuses on analysis of quality of service as implemented by the WiMAX networks. First, it presents the details of the quality of service architecture in WiMAX network. In the analysis, a WiMAX module developed based on popular network simulator ns-2, is used. Various real life scenarios like voice call, video streaming are setup in the simulation environment. Parameters that indicate quality of service, such as, throughput, packet loss, average jitter and average delay, are analyzed for different types of service flows as defined in WiMAX. Results indicate that better quality of service is achieved by using service flows designed for specific applications.
Learning web analytics: A tool for strategic communication

Abstract This essay discusses the usefulness of analytical software for public relations and communication professionals. Using data from four organizations (academic, professional, governmental, and activist), the authors unpack web analytic tools and their potential for improving the strategic communication skills of students.
Characterization of a serine protease activity in Sarcocystis neurona merozoites.

Sarcocystis neurona merozoites were examined for their ability to invade and divide in bovine turbinate (BT) cell cultures after treatment with cysteine (iodoacetamide), aspartic (pepstatin A), metallo- (1,10-phenanthroline and ethylene glycol-bis(aminoethylether)-tetraacetic acid [EGTA]), or serine (4-[2-aminoethyl]-benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride [AEBSF], phenylmethane sulphonyl fluoride [PMSF], and tosyl lysyl chloramethyl ketone [TLCK]) protease inhibitors. Significant (P < 0.01) inhibition of serine protease activity by PMSF and TLCK led to a reduction of 86 and 78% in merozoites produced in BT cell cultures, respectively, whereas AEBSF (1 mM) led to a 68% reduction in merozoites produced in BT cell cultures and a reduction of 84 and 92% at higher AEBSF concentrations (2 and 3 mM, respectively). Pepstatin A and iodoacetamide failed to cause any inhibition in merozoite production, whereas 1,10-phenanthroline and EGTA caused slight, but not significant, inhibition at 6 and 17%, respectively. In ...
A new orchid from Saül, French Guiana: Epidendrum oldemanii

A new species in theEpidendrum difforme complex is described and illustrated,E. oldemanii. Closely related toE. amapense, E. oldemanii is distinguished by the absence of a midlobe to the labellum.
Improved Phase Retrieval in Quantum Imaging by Filtering of Spatial Entanglement

We adjust the geometry of quantum illumination so that detection in an EMCCD camera corresponds to coincident counting of entangled photon pairs. With appropriate filtering, improved quantum phase imaging is demonstrated.
Predicted tyk2 protein contains two tandem protein kinase domains

Tyk2 was recently described as an 1187 amino acid protein with a putative protein-tyrosine kinase domain near its C-terminus and no similarity to other proteins in the approximately 900 amino acids preceding the kinase domain. I report here, however, that tyk2 contains an additional protein kinase domain, and that the two tandem kinase domains are preceded by an SH2-like, putative regulatory domain.
Crossed Ectopia of Seminal Vesicles, Renal Aplasia and Ectopic Ureter

A unique case of left ureteral opening into a seminal vesicle, ipsilateral renal hyperplasia and crossed ectopia of the seminal vesicles is reported. This 24-year-old white man underwent a nephroureterectomy for relief of symptoms of lower urinary tract infection. The embryological development of this abnormality is discussed briefly.
Negotiating Personal Needs and Authenticity: Exploring Design Decisions of Reenactors’ Regency Gowns

Regency dress is worn today by members of historic groups such as the Jane Austen Society. The historic style of dress plays a major role in the activities of Regency groups. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine the design decisions related to the personal needs and the desire for authenticity of reenactors creating Regency gowns as a historic style of dress. Data were collected using a netnographic approach. Blogs discussing the creation of 19 Regency gowns made by reenactors were analyzed to determine how the designers balanced their personal needs with their desire for authenticity. The gowns discussed in these blogs were made to be both wearable and authentic; thus, three major categories emerged from the data: personal needs, authenticity, and limitations encountered when creating Regency gowns. Finally a model, Historic Styles of Dress Design Considerations Model, was developed.
Identification and validation of clinically meaningful benchmarks in the 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale.

Background:The 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale (12-MSWS) is a validated questionnaire which assessed walking function; it has been widely adopted in multiple sclerosis (MS) clinical resear...
The Impact of a Study Abroad Experience on Preservice Teachers' Dispositions and Plans for Teaching English Language Learners

ABSTRACTThis study explored how a study abroad experience affected preservice teachers' (PSTs') dispositions towards and plans for teaching English Language Learners (ELLs). This qualitative study involved 16 elementary education initial licensure PSTs who participated in a 2-month study abroad trip to Germany. Data in the form of surveys, interviews, and reflections were collected. The PSTs' experiences left them feeling like outsiders, fostering greater empathy for ELLs. As the PSTs faced the challenges of studying abroad, they developed ways of coping, which influenced their dispositions toward ELLs and the accommodations they wanted to make when teaching ELLs in their future classrooms. A model of the PSTs' learning progression within the study abroad experience is offered as a lens to consider their transformations. Findings suggest it would be beneficial for educators traveling abroad with PSTs to find ways to make explicit the connections between personal encounters and future teaching experiences.
Predicting Tweet Retweetability during Hurricane Disasters

Twitter is a vital source for obtaining information, especially during events such as natural disasters. Users can spread information on Twitter either by crafting new posts, which are called "tweets," or by using the retweet mechanism to re-post previously created tweets. During natural disasters, identifying how likely a tweet is to be retweeted is crucial since it can help promote the spread of useful information in a social network such as Twitter, as well as it can help stop the spread of misinformation when corroborated with approaches that identify rumors and misinformation. In this paper, we present an analysis of retweeted tweets from two different hurricane disasters, to identify factors that affect retweetability. We then use these factors to extract features from tweets' content and user account information in order to develop models that automatically predict the retweetability of a tweet. The results of our experiments on Sandy and Patricia Hurricanes show the effectiveness of our features.
Microbial Adjuvants and Immune Responsiveness

My concern with immunomodulation began in 1952 as a member of a research team headed by Dr. Maurice Landy at Walter Reed Army Medical Center. Our objective was to purify the two known immunogenic components of typhoid vaccine, the Vi and 0 antigens, such that effective immunogenicity might be retained with elimination of the well known toxicity of the whole organism vaccine in use at that time. The Vi antigen turned out to be an aminogalactouronic acid which was highly effective in mouse protection tests, and presented no problem with regard to toxicity. In purifying the 0 antigen, we started with the Voivin product and with the expertise of our two biochemists, Drs. Marion Webster and Jerry Sagin, and through ammonium sulfate precipitations in the presence of high concentrations of sodium chloride we ended up with a product with only 0.6% nitrogen of which 0.4% was attributable to hexosamine (49). Such lipopolysaccharides (LPS) proved to be very active as antigens, but were much less protective than the Vi. They also exhibited potent endotoxic activity with extraordinary, diverse properties (30, 31).
Life Beyond the Village

In the course of their lives many jurors had memories of events, their own doings, or things of passing interest that looked beyond the usual boundaries of village life. Several sets of memories centered on activities that led to a new life style, whether in or near the village, in a physical sense, or elsewhere in the realm. These were putting a son into an apprenticeship and having a relative, male or female, enter a house of regular religion or a friary. Another activity that by definition went beyond the village and that left a lasting impression was pilgrimage, and it might be just telling the fate of another who had done so. In addition, the dangers of war were often present, and a raid by the French or Scots, or the passing of Owen Glendower’s army—sacking the town, taking prisoners, being resisted as the king’s army passed by—were things that stayed fresh in the memory and were not infrequently offered at the Proof.
Preserving the Margins: Supporting Creativity and Resistance on Digital Participatory Platforms

Online participatory platforms like Wikipedia and Zooniverse are designed to welcome contributions from anyone, however, to contend with a high volume of contributions, a range of constraints are deployed that align opportunities for participation toward ends defined by the experts and leaders of such platforms. In this paper I draw on extensive ethnographic work to describe how users encounter and negotiate opportunities for participation on two participatory platforms, demonstrating how platforms can exhibit distinct spaces and opportunities for participation, in some cases heavily enforcing standards of practice defined by experts and leaders while also leaving room for emergent and even divergent and deviant behavior. In describing this tension between conditions of normative and deviant participation, I highlight the importance of supporting opportunities for deviant and emergent participation to occur, emphasizing that design which uniquely supports narrow modes of participation can prevent opportunities for more inclusionary practice and evolving objectives.