cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endocytosis and Endosomal Sorting of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) by their ligands at the cell surface results in acceleration of RTK endocytosis and subsequent targeting of internalized RTKs to lysosomes for degradation. Rapid internalization and efficient sorting of an activated RTK to lysosomes lead to a dramatic reduction in the cellular level of an RTK protein, a phenomenon called ligand-induced RTK downregulation. Endocytic trafficking is the major regulator of RTK signaling, but the mechanisms of activity-dependent RTK endocytosis are not well understood. In this chapter we will describe clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent pathways of RTK internalization and the intracellular traffic routes of internalized RTKs, as well as membrane compartments and molecular mechanisms involved in endocytosis and endosomal sorting of RTKs. Based on the studies of endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as the prototypic experimental system, common itineraries and mechanisms of endocytic trafficking of RTKs will be highlighted. The deviations from these common trafficking rules observed in studies of other members of the RTK family will also be discussed.
The ISG15 conjugation system

ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like modifier that is expressed in response to type 1 interferon signaling (IFN-α/β) and plays a role in antiviral responses. The core E1, E2, and E3 enzymes for ISG15 are Ube1L, UbcH8, and Herc5, respectively, and these are all also induced at the transcriptional level by IFN-α/β. We recently showed that Herc5 associates with polysomes and modifies target proteins in a cotranslational manner. Here, we describe the expression of the core conjugating enzymes in human cells, the detection of ISG15 conjugates, and the methods for fractionation of Herc5 with polysomes.
The State of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology is Strong — Honoring Dr. Roger Markwald and his Seminal Contributions to the Field

In August 2017, the Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center (CDBC), together with the "Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (RMCB) at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), organized their 13th Annual CDBC Symposium. During this special event, which was organized in collaboration with The Anatomical Record, the unique and important contributions of Dr. Roger Markwald (known to all of us as Roger) to the field of cardiovascular research were celebrated. Fifteen leading investigators in the field presented their ideas and reported results of their studies to an audience that included many familiar faces from Roger's past and present. This group consisted of established investigators from around the world as well as young and upcoming scientists from local institutions. In their presentations, the platform speakers emphasized the significance of Roger's scientific contributions and advice to their professional development and career. In this Special Issue of The Anatomical Record, we assembled a collection of invited papers written by several attendees of the symposium. The issue also contains a number of articles written by colleagues who, for one reason or the other, were not able to attend the meeting, but expressed their desire to contribute to this special "festschrift" of The Anatomical Record in honor and recognition of Roger's amazing career. Anat Rec, 302:14-18, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites—A review of their chemistry and biology

Cyanobacterial blooms occur when algal densities exceed baseline population concentrations. Cyanobacteria can produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Odorous metabolites affect the smell and flavor of aquatic animals, whereas bioactive metabolites cause a range of lethal and sub-lethal effects in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Herein, the bioactivity, chemistry, origin, and biosynthesis of these cyanobacterial secondary metabolites were reviewed. With recent revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy by Anagnostidis and Komarek as part of the Suβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa volumes 19(1-3), names of many cyanobacteria that produce bioactive compounds have changed, thereby confusing readers. The original and new nomenclature are included in this review to clarify the origins of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Due to structural similarity, the 157 known bioactive classes produced by cyanobacteria have been condensed to 55 classes. This review will provide a basis for more formal procedures to adopt a logical naming system. This review is needed for efficient management of water resources to understand, identify, and manage cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom impacts.
Collaboration and competition between active sheets for self-propelled particles.

Biological species routinely collaborate for their mutual benefit or compete for available resources, thereby displaying dynamic behavior that is challenging to replicate in synthetic systems. Here we use computational modeling to design microscopic, chemically active sheets and self-propelled particles encompassing the appropriate synergistic interactions to exhibit bioinspired feeding, fleeing, and fighting. This design couples two different mechanisms for chemically generating motion in fluid-filled microchambers: solutal buoyancy and diffusiophoresis. Catalyst-coated sheets, which resemble crabs with four distinct claws, convert reactants in solution into products and thereby create local variations in the density and chemical composition of the fluid. Via the solutal buoyancy mechanism, the density variations generate fluid flows, which modify the shape and motility of the crabs. Concomitantly, the chemical variations propel the motion of the particles via diffusiophoresis, and thus, the crabs’ and particles’ motion becomes highly interconnected. For crabs with restricted lateral mobility, these two mechanisms can be modulated to either drive a crab to catch and appear to feed on all of the particles or enable the particles to flee from this sheet. Moreover, by adjusting the sheet’s size and the catalytic coating, two crabs can compete and fight over the motile, diffusiophoretic particles. Alternatively, the crabs can temporally share resources by shuttling the particles back and forth between themselves. With completely mobile sheets, four crabs can collaborate to perform a function that one alone cannot accomplish. These findings provide design rules for creating chemically driven soft robotic sheets that significantly expand the functionality of microfluidic devices.
Audio-Visual Emotion Forecasting: Characterizing and Predicting Future Emotion Using Deep Learning

Emotion forecasting is the task of predicting the future emotion of a speaker—i.e., the emotion label of the future speaking turn–based on the speaker’s past and current audiovisual cues. Emotion forecasting systems require new problem formulations that differ from traditional emotion recognition systems. In this paper, we first explore two types of forecasting windows (i.e., analysis windows for which the speaker’s emotion is being forecasted): utterance forecasting and time forecasting. Utterance forecasting is based on speaking turns and forecasts what the speaker’s emotion will be after one, two, or three speaking turns. Time forecasting forecasts what the speaker’s emotion will be after a certain range of time, such as 3–8, 8– 13, and 13–18 seconds. We then investigate the benefit of using the past audio-visual cues in addition to the current utterance. We design emotion forecasting models using deep learning. We compare the performances of fully-connected deep neural network (FC-DNN), deep long short-term memory (D-LSTM), and deep bidirectional long short-term memory (D-BLSTM) recurrent neural networks (RNNs). This allows us to examine the benefit of modeling dynamic patterns in emotion forecasting tasks. Our experimental results on the IEMOCAP benchmark dataset demonstrate that D-BLSTM and D-LSTM outperform FC-DNN by up to 2.42% in unweighted recall. When using both the current and past utterances, deep dynamic models show an improvement of up to 2.39% compared to their performance when using only the current utterance. We further analyze the benefit of using current and past utterance information compared to using the current and randomly chosen utterance information, and we find the performance improvement rises to 7.53%. The novelty in this study comes from its formulation of emotion forecasting problems and the understanding of how current and past audio-visual cues reveal future emotional information.
Electronic textbook vendors: An evaluation

As more electronic textbooks appear, libraries need to be aware of their key features in order to develop good collection development standards for these materials. This article looks at five vendors and discusses cost, searching capabilities, print functions, statistics gathering, PDA platforms, and the advantages and disadvantages of each one.
RNA isolation from corals and other cnidarian species using urea-LiCl as a denaturant.

Abstract A method of RNA isolation using a solution of urea-LiCl as a denaturing agent was tested on stony coral. As the method does not require homogenization of tissues prior to their incubation in the denaturant, specimen collected in the field can be immediately transferred to the urea-LiCl solution. The method was also tested on tissues of other cnidarian species. RNA was isolated from fresh tissues of jellyfish and sea anemones using two protocols – that is, incubations in the urea-LiCl solution were either performed on homogenized tissues or on intact tissues or specimen. RNA quality was evaluated on a bioanalyser.
MiRNAs in gastrointestinal diseases: Can we effectively deliver RNA-based therapeutics orally?

Nucleic acid-based therapeutics are evaluated for their potential of treating a plethora of diseases, including cancer and inflammation. Short nucleic acids, such as miRNAs, have emerged as versatile regulators for gene expression and are studied for therapeutic purposes. However, their inherent instability in vivo following enteral and parenteral administration has prompted the development of novel methodologies for their delivery. Although research on the oral delivery of siRNAs is progressing, with the development and utilization of promising carrier-based methodologies for the treatment of a plethora of gastrointestinal diseases, research on miRNA-based oral therapeutics is lagging behind. In this review, we present the potential role of miRNAs in diseases of the GI tract, and analyze current research and the cardinal features of the novel carrier systems used for nucleic acid oral delivery that can be expanded for oral miRNA administration.
Abstract MP67: Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene-induced Omega-3 Deficiency In Amerindian-Ancestry Hispanic Populations

Hispanic populations in the US have increased risk of obesity, elevated circulating triglycerides, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes. Our previous studies suggest that ancestry-related...
Chapter 1: The Courage and Moral Choice Project: Maine, Phase 1

This chapter recounts the events and early research that inspired the start of the Courage and Moral Choice Project in area schools. The project appeared to work well in a school district focused on the need to develop a climate of inclusion and empathy, as the district had recently experienced a high influx of refugees from many parts of the world into a community that had been fairly homogeneous for generations. Teachers noted an increased tendency for students to share personal stories with others after listening to stories of helping under duress. They also noted increased engagement with questions of moral choice. Both students and teachers said that they repeatedly reflected upon the question of, “What would I do if faced with similar circumstances?” Students noted that they began to identify with the stories of helpers once they engaged in service of their own. Keywords: moral elevation, life stories, social networks
Interaction between NSMCE4A and GPS1 links the SMC5/6 complex to the COP9 signalosome

The SMC5/6 complex, cohesin and condensin are the three mammalian members of the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family, large ring-like protein complexes that are essential for genome maintenance. The SMC5/6 complex is the least characterized complex in mammals; however, it is known to be involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and chromosome segregation. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid screen was used to help elucidate novel interactions of the kleisin subunit of the SMC5/6 complex, NSMCE4A. This approach discovered an interaction between NSMCE4A and GPS1, a COP9 signalosome (CSN) component, and this interaction was further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Additionally, GPS1 and components of SMC5/6 complex colocalize during interphase and mitosis. CSN is a cullin deNEDDylase and is an important factor for HRR. Depletion of GPS1, which has been shown to negatively impact DNA end resection during HRR, caused an increase in SMC5/6 levels at sites of laser-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, inhibition of the dennedylation function of CSN increased SMC5/6 levels at sites of laser-induced DNA damage. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that the SMC5/6 and CSN complexes interact and provides evidence that the CSN complex influences SMC5/6 functions during cell cycle progression and response to DNA damage.
Enhanced electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Background Many of the drugs being used in the treatment of the ongoing pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are associated with QT prolongation. Expert guidance supports electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring to optimize patient safety. Objective The purpose of this study was to establish an enhanced process for ECG monitoring of patients being treated for COVID-19. Methods We created a Situation Background Assessment Recommendation tool identifying the indication for ECGs in patients with COVID-19 and tagged these ECGs to ensure prompt over reading and identification of those with QT prolongation (corrected QT interval > 470 ms for QRS duration ≤ 120 ms; corrected QT interval > 500 ms for QRS duration > 120 ms). This triggered a phone call from the electrophysiology service to the primary team to provide management guidance and a formal consultation if requested. Results During a 2-week period, we reviewed 2006 ECGs, corresponding to 524 unique patients, of whom 103 (19.7%) met the Situation Background Assessment Recommendation tool–defined criteria for QT prolongation. Compared with those without QT prolongation, these patients were more often in the intensive care unit (60 [58.3%] vs 149 [35.4%]) and more likely to be intubated (32 [31.1%] vs 76 [18.1%]). Fifty patients with QT prolongation (48.5%) had electrolyte abnormalities, 98 (95.1%) were on COVID-19–related QT-prolonging medications, and 62 (60.2%) were on 1–4 additional non-COVID-19–related QT-prolonging drugs. Electrophysiology recommendations were given to limit modifiable risk factors. No patient developed torsades de pointes. Conclusion This process functioned efficiently, identified a high percentage of patients with QT prolongation, and led to relevant interventions. Arrhythmias were rare. No patient developed torsades de pointes.
Cannabis use prevalence among individuals with diabetes: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2005–2018

Abstract Background The aim of the current study is to estimate cannabis use prevalence among individuals with diabetes participating in the United States (US) National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2005–2018. Plausible biological mechanisms link cannabis use and metabolic regulation. Cannabis use can also alter perception and adherence to treatment especially among patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Methods The NSDUH is designed to select and recruit, annually, a representative sample of the non-institutionalized US population (12+ years). Computer-assisted self-interviews gathered information on cannabis use. The current study sample included 30,915 participants who self-reported a physician diagnosis of diabetes. Results Prevalence of past 30-day cannabis use increased 340% among individuals with diabetes, from 1.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1, 2.6) in 2005 to 5.8% (95% CI = 4.7, 7.1) in 2018. Results from the logistic regression model indicated that this increase was robust (odds ratio of cannabis use per NSDUH year = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.10, 1.15). The increase was observed among different sociodemographic subgroups and in states with or without medical cannabis laws. Conclusions As cannabis use prevalence increases, screening for use among diabetes patients is needed to optimize outcomes and reduce potential adverse effects.
Changing Biogeochemical Cycles of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Trace Elements in Arctic Rivers

Streams and rivers are critical components of Arctic watersheds, functioning as corridors for the movement of water, carbon, and other solutes from headwater streams to larger rivers, estuaries, and the Arctic Ocean. Recent climate change in the Arctic has altered stream and river discharge, temperature, and biogeochemical processes. In this chapter, we summarize the state of research linking watershed hydrology and biogeochemical cycling in Arctic rivers, and how these processes are changing in response to changing climate and disturbance regimes (e.g., permafrost thaw, wildfire). The chapter is divided into three main sections. First, we examine hydrologic controls on stream and river chemistry, including the roles of spring snowmelt and subsurface hydrology as mediated by permafrost characteristics. Second, we summarize recent findings from the literature that describe biogeochemical processes in Arctic rivers, with particular focus on the cycling of organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus species, and a suite of trace elements. Third, we identify uncertainties and current gaps in our knowledge of biogeochemical processes in Arctic rivers and recommend steps forward to address these uncertainties.
Eradication of Cokeromyces recurvatus in a pregnant patient: A case report.

A 31-year-old woman, gravida 3 para 1, at 10 weeks of gestation presented to a vulvar specialty clinic with a 6-month history of vulvar pruritus that had not responded to the treatment prescribed by her referring gynecologist. Examination was consistent with vaginitis and vulvar lichen simplex chronicus. Fungal cultures ultimately revealed Candida albicans and Cokeromyces recurvatus. The organisms were eradicated with oral fluconazole and intravaginal terazole. Few cases of isolation of C. recurvatus in humans have been reported. Both immunosupressed and immuno-competent hosts have been identified, with the most common sites of isolation being the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. Asymptomatic colonization and superficial disease have been noted; no invasive cases of C. recurvatus have been described. Even fewer cases of C. recurvatus infection during pregnancy have been reported, and symptomatic vulvovaginal disease has been described only once prior to this case report.
Quantified uncertainties in fission yields from machine learning

As machine learning methods gain traction in the nuclear physics community, especially those methods that aim to propagate uncertainties to unmeasured quantities, it is important to understand how the uncertainty in the training data coming either from theory or experiment propagates to the uncertainty in the predicted values. Gaussian Processes and Bayesian Neural Networks are being more and more widely used, in particular to extrapolate beyond measured data. However, studies are typically not performed on the impact of the experimental errors on these extrapolated values. In this work, we focus on understanding how uncertainties propagate from input to prediction when using machine learning methods. We use a Mixture Density Network (MDN) to incorporate experimental error into the training of the network and construct uncertainties for the associated predicted quantities. Systematically, we study the effect of the size of the experimental error, both on the reproduced training data and extrapolated predictions for fission yields of actinides.
Extracellular vesicles mediate cellular interactions in renal diseases—Novel views of intercellular communications in the kidney

The kidney is a complicated and important internal organ receiving approximately 20% of the cardiac output and mediates numerous pathophysiologic actions. These include selectively filtering macromolecules of the blood, exquisite reclaimation of electrolyctes, urine concentration via an elegant osmotic mechanism, and excretion of an acid load. In addition, the renal tubules carry out secretory functions and produce hormones and cytokines. The kidney receives innervation and hormonal regulation. Therefore, dysfunction of the kidney leads to retention of metabolic waste products, and/or significant proteinuria and hematuria. In the past several decades, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intercellular communications, and the uptake of EVs by recipient cells through phagocytosis and endocytosis have been elucidated. The new knowledge on EVs expands over the classical mechanisms of cellular interaction, and may change our way of thinking of renal pathophysiology in the subcellular scale. Based on some ultrastructural discoveries in the kidney, this review will focus on the role of EVs in intercellular communications, their internalization by recipient cells, and their relationship to renal pathology.
Potential of substituted quinazolines to interact with multiple targets in the treatment of cancer.

Abstract The efficacy of quinazoline-based antiglioma agents has been attributed to their effects on microtubule dynamics.1,2 The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of quinazolines as potent inhibitors of multiple intracellular targets, including microtubules and multiple RTKs, is described. In addition to the known ability of quinazolines 1 and 2 to cause microtubule depolymerization, they were found to be low nanomolar inhibitors of EGFR, VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-β. Low nanomolar inhibition of EGFR was observed for 1–3 and 9–10. Compounds 1 and 4 inhibited VEGFR-2 kinase with activity better than or equal to that of sunitinib. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 had similar potency to sunitinib in the CAM angiogenesis assay. Multitarget activities of compounds in the present study demonstrates that the quinazolines can affect multiple pathways and could lead to these agents having antitumor potential caused by their activity against multiple targets.
My body, not my choice: against legalised abortion.

It is often assumed that if the fetus is a person, then abortion should be illegal. Thomson1 laid the groundwork to challenge this assumption, and Boonin2 has recently argued that it is false: he argues that abortion should be legal even if the fetus is a person. In this article, I explain both Thomson’s and Boonin’s reason for thinking that abortion should be legal even if the fetus is a person. After this, I show that Thomson’s and Boonin’s argument for legalised abortion fail; they have not given us good reason for thinking abortion should be legal.1 Finally, I argue that—if we play Boonin’s game—abortion should be illegal. When discussing the ethics and politics of abortion, whether the fetus is a person is usually central.3 4.2 However, Thomson1 long ago challenged this view. She argued that abortion is permissible even if the fetus is a person. To do so, she asks us to consider a case in which you (the reader) are non-consensually taken to a hospital and hooked up to a famous violinist. The violinist, if he is to survive, needs to filter his blood through your body. After 9 months, he will be fine and you can unplug yourself and go on your way. If you unplug yourself prior to this, however, he will die. Is it permissible to unplug yourself? Thomson thinks the answer is ‘yes’. And this, she thinks, shows that abortion is permissible even if the fetus is a person. While the majority of her article focuses on the ethics of abortion, it is clear that she also aims to show that abortion should be legal if the fetus is a person; she would no doubt reject the view that the state is right to coerce you into …
A Qualitative Exploration of Pregnancy Experience With a Nutrient-Dense, Plant-Rich Dietary Pattern: A Pilot Study:

Introduction: A nutrient-dense, plant-rich diet may be promising as a nutrition intervention for pregnant women for a number of factors. Factors include the possibility of a decreased risk for gest...
Sex and Gender Differences in Testing, Hospital Admission, Clinical Presentation, and Drivers of Severe Outcomes From COVID-19.

Background: Males experience increased severity of illness and mortality from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared with females, but the mechanisms of male susceptibility are unclear. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of SARS-CoV-2 testing and admission data at 5 hospitals in the Maryland/Washington DC area. Using age-stratified logistic regression models, we quantified the impact of male sex on the risk of the composite outcome of severe disease or death (World Health Organization score 5-8) and tested the impact of demographics, comorbidities, health behaviors, and laboratory inflammatory markers on the sex effect. Results: Among 213 175 SARS-CoV-2 tests, despite similar positivity rates, males in age strata between 18 and 74 years were more frequently hospitalized. For the 2626 hospitalized individuals, clinical inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, ferritin, absolute lymphocyte count, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio) were more favorable for females than males (P < .001). Among 18-49-year-olds, male sex carried a higher risk of severe outcomes, both early (odds ratio [OR], 3.01; 95% CI, 1.75 to 5.18) and at peak illness during hospitalization (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.78 to 3.74). Despite multiple differences in demographics, presentation features, comorbidities, and health behaviors, these variables did not change the association of male sex with severe disease. Only clinical inflammatory marker values modified the sex effect, reducing the OR for severe outcomes in males aged 18-49 years to 1.81 (95% CI, 1.00 to 3.26) early and 1.39 (95% CI, 0.93 to 2.08) at peak illness. Conclusions: Higher inflammatory laboratory test values were associated with increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 for males. A sex-specific inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection may underlie the sex differences in outcomes.
Investigation of deformation mechanisms in an advanced FeCrAl alloy using in-situ SEM-EBSD testing

Abstract The deformation mechanisms associated with uniaxial tensile testing are studied by conducting tensile experiments of an FeCrAl alloy using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Prior to the deformation investigated alloy was consisting grain and precipitate size of ∼63 μm and ∼6.7 μm, respectively. The recorded SEM micrographs and EBSD data at increasing levels of strains revealed the complex phenomena of slip bands’ formation in the presence of surface grain morphology evolution and their (001), (110) and (111) crystallographic planes distortions. The grains with orientation (110)||tensile direction (TD) shows higher shape change; however, (001)||TD and (111)||TD oriented grains show higher lattice gradient formation. Extracted information from the EBSD indicates that the crystallographic rotations drive towards specific, fiber-like texture in relation to the loading direction. Postmortem analysis of the recorded microstructure during the tensile deformation explains the phenomena of crack formation in the hard-intermetallic particles before the ultimate tensile strength (UTS). However, after the UTS, pores were identified in the neck that resulted from extensive plastic deformation. In-depth analysis was carried out to identify the cause of cracks and pores formation phenomena during the tensile test.
The United States and the World Bank: Constructive Reformer or Fly in the Functional Ointment?

Review of The United States and the Politicization of the World Bank: Issues of International Law and Policy, by Bartram S. Brown.
Self-Assembled Monolayers as Dynamic Model Substrates for Cell Biology

In recent years, the surface chemistry community has actively pursued the design and generation of stimuli-responsive platforms or dynamic surfaces to control the interface between cells and a solid support. Surface properties can be manipulated through photoactivation, electrochemical potential, pH change, and the addition of a biochemical signal, with the aim of mimicking the extracellular matrix and inducing cellular behavior. This chapter describes recent advances in the development and utility of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) as dynamic, model substrates for cell biology.
High-Entropy visual identification for touch screen devices

We exhibit a system for improving the quality of user-derived keying material on touch-screen devices. We allow a device to recover previously generated, highly entropic data suitable for use as (part of) a strong secret key from a user's act of identifying to the device. Our system uses visual cryptography [21], using no additional electronics and no memorization on the part of the user. Instead, we require the use of a transparency overlaid on the touch-screen. Our scheme is similar to the identification scheme of [22] but tailored for constrained, touch-screen displays.
THE VOYAGER PROGRAM

On August 20 and September 5, 1977, Voyager spacecraft were launched on voyages of exploration to the outer planets of our solar system. Each spacecraft will fly close to Jupiter and Saturn, and one of the spacecraft may fly to Uranus. The spacecraft carry eleven scientific instruments, which will yield a wide range of scientific information about Jupiter, Saturn, their satellites, and the environment around these giant planets. This paper describes the Voyager mission, its scientific experiments and instruments, and the spacecraft. Also included is a summary of the events which have occurred thus far in the flight of these spacecraft.
Paraphrase Identification Using Weighted Dependencies and Word Semantics

We present in this article a novel approach to the task of paraphrase identification. The proposed approach quantifies both the similarity and dissimilarity between two sentences. The similarity and dissimilarity is assessed based on lexico-semantic information, i.e., word semantics, and syntactic information in the form of dependencies, which are explicit syntactic relations between words in a sentence. Word semantics requires mapping words onto concepts in a taxonomy and then using word-to-word similarity metrics to compute their semantic relatedness. Dependencies are obtained using state-of-the-art dependency parsers. One important aspect of our approach is the weighting of missing dependencies, i.e., dependencies present in one sentence but not the other. We report experimental results on the Microsoft Paraphrase Corpus, a standard data set for evaluating approaches to paraphrase identification. The experiments showed that the proposed approach offers state-of-the-art results. In particular, our approach offers better precision when compared to other approaches. Povzetek: Prispevek se ukvarja z vsebinsko primerjavo dveh stavkov, tj. parafrazami.
Banking on experiments

Purpose – How can laboratory experiments help us understand banking crises, including the usefulness of various policy responses? After giving a concise introduction to the field of experimental economics more generally, the author attempts to provide answers. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach – The author discusses methodology and surveys relevant work. Findings – History is often too complicated to be meaningfully revamped or modified in the lab, for purposes of insight-by-analogy. But as people argue about how to understand financial history, they bring ideas to the table. It is possible and useful to test the empirical relevance of these ideas in lab experiments. Originality/value – The paper pioneers broad discussion of how lab experiments may shed light on banking crises.
Secure outsourced computation of iris matching

Today biometric data propagate more heavily into our lives. With more ubiquitous use of such data, computations over biometrics become more prevalent as well. While it is well understood that privacy of biometric data must be protected, often computations over biometric data involve untrusted participants or servers, let it be a cross check between different agencies who are not permitted to share the data or a researcher testing a new biometric matching algorithm on a large scale that forces the computation to be placed on a grid. Unarguably, it would be desirable to secure computation over sensitive biometric data in such environments. Currently, no secure techniques for outsourcing biometric comparisons or searching are readily available, and this work makes the first step at designing solutions for secure outsourcing iris identification to one or more untrusted servers. We develop new solutions for the single-server i.e., non-interactive and multiple-server settings that use significantly different techniques. Furthermore, we carry out extensive experimentation on a database of iris codes to both validate the findings and achieve efficiency improvements.
Computing General Equilibrium Theories of Monopolistic Competition and Heterogeneous Firms

Abstract This chapter considers alternatives to the Armington formulation of international trade found in most computable general equilibrium (CGE) models. International trade structures consistent with the monopolistic competition models suggested by Krugman (1980) and Melitz (2003) are presented in a computational setting. The Melitz structure of heterogeneous firms is particularly appealing given its consistency with micro-level findings on firm sizes and export behavior. We broaden the accessibility of these advanced trade theories for CGE modelers, and strengthen the link between contemporary CGE analysis and the broader trade community. Small-scale examples of all three theories (Armington, Krugman and Melitz) are introduced under a unified treatment. This is helpful in translating the advanced theories into an environment that is more familiar to CGE modelers. It is also helpful in showing how the different approaches affect outcomes, in a relatively transparent setting. Moving to an applied setting, we offer our approach to calibration and computation of models that include the Melitz heterogeneous firms structure. Our applications include an analysis of economic integration and subglobal climate policy in a model calibrated to the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) data. We do find that the heterogeneous firms structure matters for conclusions drawn from empirical CGE analysis. In our analysis of economic integration we find endogenous entry leading to important variety effects. We also find important productivity effects related to the competitive selection of more productive firms. In our examination of subglobal climate policy we see substantial trade diversion in the Melitz structure. This exacerbates the problem of carbon leakage and impacts the emissions yields from carbon-based tariffs.
Estimating the Intergenerational Elasticity and Rank Association in the United States: Overcoming the Current Limitations of Tax Data ☆

Abstract Ideal estimates of the intergenerational elasticity (IGE) in income require a large panel of income data covering the entire working lifetimes for two generations. Previous studies have demonstrated that using short panels and covering only certain portions of the life cycle can lead to considerable bias. I address these biases by using the PSID and constructing long time averages centered at age 40 in both generations. I find that the IGE in family income in the United States is likely greater than 0.6 suggesting a relatively low rate of intergenerational mobility in the United States. I find similar sized estimates for the IGE in labor income. These estimates support the prior findings of Mazumder (2005a, b) and are also similar to comparable estimates reported by Mitnik et al. (2015). In contrast, a recent influential study by Chetty, Hendren, Kline, Saez (2014) using tax data that begins in 1996 estimates the IGE in family income for the United States to be just 0.344 implying a much higher rate of intergenerational mobility. I demonstrate that despite the seeming advantages of extremely large samples of administrative tax data, the age structure, and limited panel dimension of the data used by Chetty et al. leads to considerable downward bias in estimating the IGE. I further demonstrate that the sensitivity checks in Chetty et al. regarding the age at which children’s income is measured, and the length of the time average of parent income used to estimate the IGE suffer from biases due to these data limitations. There are also concerns that tax data, unlike survey data, may not adequately reflect all sources of family income. Estimates of the rank–rank slope, Chetty et al.’s preferred estimator, are more robust to the limitations of the tax data but are also downward biased and modestly overstate mobility. However, Chetty et al.’s main findings of sizable geographic differences within the US in rank mobility are unlikely to be affected by these biases. I conclude that researchers should continue to use both the IGE and rank-based measures depending on their preferred concept of mobility. It is also important for researchers to have adequate coverage of key portions of the life cycle and to consider the possible drawbacks of using administrative data.
Medication-related cognitive artifacts used by older adults with heart failure

Abstract Objective To use a human factors perspective to examine how older adult patients with heart failure use cognitive artifacts for medication management. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data collected from 30 patients and 14 informal caregivers enrolled in a larger study of heart failure self-care. Data included photographs, observation notes, interviews, video recordings, medical record data, and surveys. These data were analyzed using iterative content analysis. Results Findings revealed that medication management was complex, inseparable from other patient activities, distributed across people, time, and place, and complicated by knowledge gaps. We identified 15 types of cognitive artifacts including medical devices, pillboxes, medication lists, and electronic personal health records used for: 1) measurement/evaluation; 2) tracking/communication; 3) organization/administration; and 4) information/sensemaking. These artifacts were characterized by fit and misfit with the patient's sociotechnical system and demonstrated both advantages and disadvantages. We found that patients often modified or “finished the design” of existing artifacts and relied on “assemblages” of artifacts, routines, and actors to accomplish their self-care goals. Conclusions Cognitive artifacts are useful but sometimes poorly designed or not used optimally. If appropriately designed for usability and acceptance, paper-based and computer-based information technologies can improve medication management for individuals living with chronic illness. These technologies can be designed for use by patients, caregivers, and clinicians; should support collaboration and communication between these individuals; can be coupled with home-based and wearable sensor technology; and must fit their users’ needs, limitations, abilities, tasks, routines, and contexts of use.
Biosecurity and Infectious Animal Disease

The spatial dimension of agricultural production is important when a communicable disease enters a region. This paper considers two sorts of biosecurity risk that producers can seek to protect against. One concerns the risk of spread: that neighboring producers do not take due care in protecting against being infected by a disease already in the region. In this case, producer efforts substitute with those of near neighbors. For representative spatial production structures, we characterize Nash equilibrium protection levels and show how spatial production structure matters. The other sort of risk concerns entry: that producers do not take due care in preventing the disease from entering the region. In this case, producer heterogeneity has subtle effects on welfare loss due to strategic behavior. Efforts by producers complement, suggesting that inter-farm communication will help to redress the problem.
THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF INTEREST ON RESERVES

This paper uses a New Keynesian model with banks and deposits to study the macroeconomic effects of policies that pay interest on reserves. Although their effects on output and inflation are small, these policies require major adjustments in the way that the monetary authority manages the supply of reserves, as liquidity effects vanish in the short run. In the long run, however, the additional freedom the monetary authority acquires by paying interest on reserves is best described as affecting the real quantity of reserves: policy actions that change prices must still change the nominal quantity of reserves proportionally.
Errors in Length-weight Parameters at FishBase.org

Background: FishBase.org is an on-line database of fish related data that has been cited over 1500 times in the fisheries literature. Length-weight relationships in fish traditionally employ the model, W(L) = aL^b^, where L is length and W is weight. Parameters a and b are catalogued by FishBase for a large number of sources and species. FishBase.org detects outliers in a plot of log(a) vs. b to identify dubious length-weight parameters.Materials and Methods: To investigate possible errors, length-weight parameters from FishBase.org were used to graph length-weight curves for six different species: channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromacalatus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) along with the standard weight curves (Anderson and Neumann 1996, Bister et al. 2000). Parameters noted as “doubtful” by FishBase were excluded. For each species, variations in curves were noted, and the minimum and maximum predicted weights for a 30 cm long fish were compared with each other and with the standard weight for that length. For lake trout, additional comparisons were made between the parameters and study details reported in FishBase.org for 6 of 8 length-weight relationships and those reported in the reference (Carlander 1969) for those 6 relationships.Results: In all species studied, minimum and maximum curves produced with the length-weight parameters at FishBase.org are notably different from each other, and in many cases predict weights that are clearly absurd. For example, one set of parameters predicts a 30 cm rainbow trout weighing 44 g. For 30 cm length, the range of weights (relative to the standard weight) for each species are: channel catfish (31.4% to 193.1%), black crappie (54.0% to 149.0%), largemouth bass (28.8% to 130.4%), rainbow trout (14.9% to 113.4%), flathead catfish (29.3% to 250.7%), and lake trout (44.0% to 152.7%). Ten of the twelve extreme curves reference two sources (Carlander 1969 and Carlander 1977). These two sources are used for a total of 100 different species at FishBase.org. In the case of lake trout, comparing the length-weight table at FishBase.org and the cited source (Carlander 1969) revealed that while 5 of 6 total length measurements were incorrectly reported as fork lengths by FishBase.org, all parameters accurately reflected the source. Comparing the length-weight relationships of the source (Carlander 1969) with the table of weights in different length ranges reveals the length-weight parameters in the source are clearly in error. However, FishBase.org also neglects to specify clearly distinguished subspecies and/or phenotypes such as siscowet and humper lake trout.Conclusion: Length-weight tables at FishBase.org are not generally reliable and the on-line database contains dubious parameters. Assurance of quality probably will require a systematic review with more careful and comprehensive methods than those currently employed.
Response and characterization of confined borosilicate glass : Intact and damaged

The objective of this work is to determine the fundamental compression response of borosilicate glass and obtain an improved understanding of the transition from intact to damaged material to aid in glass modeling efforts. Compression experiments were conducted on borosilicate glass under confinement. An experimental technique developed for ceramics 1 is applied to glass specimens to obtain comminuted glass material by in-situ failure of intact or pre-damaged (by thermal shock) samples. Emphasis is on development of the experimental technique and application of additional diagnostics to characterize the response of comminuted glass. The glass samples (intact or pre-damaged) were inserted in a high-strength steel confining sleeve, and then loaded and re-loaded at quasistatic strain rates to fail the material in-situ. Multiple load/reload cycles were applied at successively increasing compressive loads. Strain gages mounted on the outer diameter of the confinement sleeve were used to measure hoop strain. Differences in the response of intact vs. pre-damaged glass material are evaluated and presented. Interpretation of the results within a constitutive model for borosilicate glass is presented in a comparison paper by Chocron, et al.
Augmenting traditional conceptual models to accommodate XML structural constructs

Current graphical notations for XML Schema do not raise the level of abstraction for XML schemata in the same way traditional conceptual models raise the level of abstraction for data schemata. Traditional conceptual models, on the other hand, do not accommodate several XML Schema structures. Thus, there is a need to enrich traditional conceptual models with new XML Schema features. After establishing criteria for XML conceptual modeling, we propose an enrichment to represent the XML features missing in traditional models. We argue that our solution can be adapted generally for traditional conceptual models and show how it can be adapted for two popular conceptual models.