cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[3H]Dopamine Depletion from Osmotically Defined Storage Sites: Effects of Reserpine, 53 mM KC1, and d-Amphetamine

Abstract: A crude synaptosome-containing fraction (P2′) prepared from rat striatal slices incubated with [3H)dop-amine was exposed to hypoosmotic conditions and rapidly subjected to Millipore filtration. P2′-associated [3H]dopamine trapped on the filters was defined as hypoosmotic resistant, whereas P2′-associated [3H]dop-amine that washed through the filters was defined as hypoosmotic sensitive. Electron microscopic examination of sections prepared from a P2’pellet that had been exposed to hypoosmotic conditions revealed extensive synaptosomal lysis. [3H]Dopamine accumulation and retention by the hypoosmotic-resistant fraction were reduced by reserpine. The proportional distribution of [3H]dopamine between hypoosmotic-resistant and -sensitive fractions was measured following in vitro exposure of the preloaded P2’fraction to reserpine, 53 mM KC1, and d-amphetamine. Each of these treatments resulted in a time-dependent loss of [3H]dopamine from the loaded P2’fraction without eliciting an alteration in the proportional distribution of [3H]dopamine between hypoosmotic-resistant and -sensitive fractions. Release induced by reserpine and d-amphetamine was independent of extrasyn-aptosomal Ca2+, whereas 53 mM KCl-induced release was dependent on extrasynaptosomal Ca2+. These results suggest that dopamine may be rapidly equilibrated between osmotically defined storage compartments, and thus specific compartmental depletion of loaded [3H)dop-amine cannot be identified on the basis of osmotic lability.
The 1968–69 Winter as an Outgrowth of Sea and Air Coupling During Antecedent Seasons

Abstract North Pacific sea surface temperature variations are analyzed as a result of and a controlling factor for the general atmospheric circulation during the period from May 1968 through the subsequent winter, when heavy rains in California, snows in Washington and Oregon, and disappearance of the Hawaiian trade winds occurred. The data indicate that a vast pool of abnormally warm water developed rapidly over southern portions of the North Pacific in June because of an abrupt May-to-June change in atmospheric circulation. This change favored strong subsidence in a deep Pacific anticyclone, dissipation of cloud, and greatly increased insolation. The climatologically stable Pacific anticyclone with its subsidence permitted the warm pool to remain through the subsequent fall. Penetration into the area of the pool by fronts and cold air masses during winter appears to have excited abnormal low-latitude cyclonic developments which transported deep moist air currents from the intertropical convergence zone ...
Acceleration: Meeting the Academic and Social Needs of Students

The highly acclaimed publication A Nation Deceived: How Schools Hold Back America’s Brightest Students (Colangelo, Assouline, & Gross, 2004a), is the foundation for this chapter on academic acceleration. Highlighted information from Nation Deceived is presented in three tables; the 20 most important points about acceleration, the 18 forms of acceleration; and a treatment of the myths that surround the general issue of acceleration. The chapter includes a comprehensive discussion of the research supporting the benefits of academic acceleration. Finally, a case study of the decision-making process, which remains difficult for parents and educators – despite the extensive research supporting the benefits of acceleration – is presented as an application of the information provided by the chapter.
Imaging of Secreted Extracellular Periostin, an Important Marker of Invasion in the Tumor Microenvironment in Esophageal Cancer

Periostin, anextracellularmatrixprotein, playskeyrole incell adhesionand motility within the tumor microenvironment and is correlated with tumor invasion. We developed and characterized a PET tracer that specifically targets periostin and evaluated the probe in preclinical models of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods: The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved all animal studies. Antiperiostin-F(ab′)2 was generated from a monoclonal antibody by enzymatic digestion, conjugated to DOTA, and labeled with 64Cu. Human ESCC cell lines, TE-11 with high and TT with minimal periostin expression, were implanted in nu/nu mice to generate the positive and control tumor models, respectively. PET/CT imaging was performed at 6, 12, and 24 h and organ-specific biodistribution at 24 h after probe injection. Additionally the probe was tested in a genetically engineered mouse model of periostinexpressing distal esophageal/forestomach ESCC. Tissue microarrays of esophageal neoplasms and ESCC as well as extracted tumor samples were stained for periostin. Results: We generated a 64Cu-DOTA-antiperiostin-F(ab′)2 with a dissociation constant of 29.2 ± 3.0 nM. PET/CT images and biodistribution studies showed significantly higher tracer uptake in TE-11 than TT tumors (maximum standardized uptake value, 24 h: 0.67±0.09vs.0.36±0.03,P,0.0005;percentageinjecteddosepergram, 24 h: 3.24 ± 0.65 vs. 1.63 ± 0.49, P , 0.0001). In genetically engineered mouse models, ESCC high periostin tracer uptake anatomically correlated with the 18 F-FDG uptake at the gastroesophageal junction. All of the ESCC cores and 96.2% of adenocarcinoma stained positive for periostin, with most stained strongly (67.3% and 69.3%, respectively). Conclusion: We demonstrated that specific imaging of extracellular matrix periostin in ESCC is feasible using a targeted PET tracer. Detection of periostin in the tumor microenvironment may help with early detection, postsurgical follow-up, and in situ characterization of primary and metastatic lesions.
Nineteenth-Century French Political Censorship of Caricature in Comparative European Perspective

(2009). Nineteenth-Century French Political Censorship of Caricature in Comparative European Perspective. Law and Humanities: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 25-44.
How Do Investors Judge the Risk of Derivative and Non-Derivative Financial Items?

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we provide descriptive evidence on how investors perceive financial risk. Specifically, we identify the dimensions that investors consider when judging the risk of financial items, such as bonds and interest rate swaps. Second, we investigate whether investors judge the risks related to derivatives differently than the risks related to non-derivatives. Our research is motivated by increased attention to risk disclosures by standard-setting bodies and a lack of understanding about how investors assess financial risk. Studying this issue in the financial accounting domain is important, because prior research demonstrates that what we know about risk in one domain may not generalize to other domains. To provide evidence on risk in a financial accounting context, we conducted two experiments. Our results show that investors' risk assessments are best described by a hybrid model that includes variables from both the decision-theory and psychology literatures. Specifically, investors judging the risk of financial items do consider the traditional decision-theoretic risk dimensions - probabilities and outcomes. However, in contrast to the perspective that risk is equivalent to variance, investors put greater weight on loss probabilities and outcomes than they do on gain probabilities and outcomes. Further, investors consider gains and risk to be positively associated. This result is in direct contrast to substantial research in psychology, as well as anecdotal claims in accounting that gain information reduces risk. Our results also show that investors bring additional dimensions to their risk judgments-dimensions that have not been explicitly recognized in finance and accounting models of risk. Specifically, investors judging risk also consider the degree to which they worry, the potential for catastrophic outcomes, management's knowledge and their own knowledge, the degree to which the investment is voluntary, and management's control. Finally, our results show that investors consider derivatives to be riskier than non-derivatives even when the underlying economic exposure is held constant. Our study results should be of use to regulators issuing risk-related standards and researchers exploring the implications of those risk standards.
Viral gene delivery of superoxide dismutase attenuates experimental cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis in the rat

Hydrophobic bile acids lead to generation of oxygen free radicals in mitochondria. Accordingly, this study investigated if gene delivery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) would reduce hepatic injury caused by experimental cholestasis. Rats were given adenovirus (Ad; 3 x 10(9) p.f.u., i.v.) carrying the bacterial control gene lacZ, mitochondrial Mn-SOD or cytosolic Cu/Zn-SOD genes 3 days before bile duct ligation. Both Mn- and Cu/Zn-SOD activity was increased in the liver about four-fold 3 days after viral infection. Serum alanine transaminase increased to about 710 U/l after bile duct ligation, which was blunted by about 70% in rats receiving Ad-Mn-SOD, but by only 30% in rats receiving Ad-Cu/Zn-SOD. Bile duct ligation caused focal necrosis, apoptosis and fibrosis in the liver and increased collagen alpha1 mRNA about 20-fold. These effects were reduced significantly by Ad-Mn-SOD, but not by Ad-Cu/Zn-SOD. In addition, bile duct ligation increased 4-hydroxynonenal, a product of lipid peroxidation, activated NF-kappaB and increased synthesis of TNF(alpha) and TGF-beta. These effects were also blunted significantly by Ad-Mn-SOD, but not by Ad-Cu/Zn-SOD. Taken together, it is concluded that cholestasis causes liver injury by mechanisms involving mitochondrial oxidative stress. Gene delivery of mitochondrial Mn-SOD blocks formation of oxygen radicals and production of toxic cytokines thereby minimizing liver injury caused by cholestasis.
The Great Call-Up: The Guard, the Border, and the Mexican Revolution . By Charles H. Harris III and Louis R. Sadler.

The Great Call-Up: The Guard, the Border, and the Mexican Revolution . By Charles H. Harris III and Louis R. Sadler. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2015. ix + 559 pp. Illustrations, maps, table, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $39.95.) In 1916 the U.S. Army marshaled 12,000 regular troops for a cross-border campaign against Pancho Villa while 150,000 national guardsmen occupied American communities from Brownsville to San Diego. This volume should dispel any future attempt to conflate the two. Overshadowed by the Punitive Expedition, the “great call-up” revealed logistical problems ranging from poor transportation to reliance on animals and outdated weaponry. It also forced interaction between volunteers from Maine to Idaho, as well as with border residents who competed for the economic benefits of their presence, “thus eroding regionalism and contributing … jleiker1{at}jccc.edu
Magnetoresistance of Manganese-Doped Colloidal Quantum Dot Films

The magnetoresistance of films of manganese-doped colloidal quantum dots of CdSe, ZnO, HgS, and ZnTe is investigated. At low concentration of manganese ions (1% or less), the hyperfine splitting of the Mn2+ electron spin resonance is resolved and similar to that of the bulk doped materials, indicating successful doping into the nanocrystals. At high Mn concentration (∼10%), the hyperfine splitting disappears because of interaction between the Mn2+ ions. Thin films of Mn:CdSe, Mn:ZnO, and Mn:HgS quantum dots are charged negative by applying an electrochemical potential, and the magnetoresistance is measured down to 2 K and up to 9 T. At low charging level, the magnetoresistance of thin films is positive, exhibits little effect of the manganese dopant, and is instead consistent with predictions from the variable range hopping model and the squeezing of the wave function of the quantum dots. At high charging level, the magnetoresistance becomes linear both for Mn:CdSe and Mn:ZnO, and this is not explained. A...
Survey and analysis on the prevalence of HIV and AIDS-related behaviors among men who have sex with men in Wuhu from 2010 to 2012

Objective To study the prevalence of HIV infection and sexual behaviors among MSM( men who have sex with men) and to provide evidence for prevention and control of AIDS among them. Methods Data from MSM was collected by using classification snowball sampling and questionnaires,and their blood specimens were tested for HIV and syphilis antibodies. Results 422,422 and 434 MSM were investigated,respectively. The rate of the AIDS-related knowledge was not significantly different among 3 investigations. There was increasing trend in the prevalence of HIV and syphilis antibodies. There was a significant difference( χ2= 128. 39,P 0. 001) in the rate of condom use at the last time. The rate of MSM who had sex with female showed descending trend. The rate was increasing about the reception of HIV / AIDS related services in MSM( χ2= 44. 50,P 0. 001). Conclusions The high rate of HIV infection and the high risk behaviors are observed among MSM in Wuhu,thus we should take measures to strengthen the high risk behavior intervention.
The Addition of Gold and Tin to Bismuth-Triiridium Carbonyl Complexes.

The reaction of Ir3(CO)9(μ3-Bi) with PhAu(NHC) (1), where NHC = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenylimidazol-2-ylidene), has yielded the compound Ir3(CO)8(Ph)(μ3-Bi)[μ-Au(NHC)] (2) by the loss of one CO ligand and the oxidative addition of the Au–C (phenyl) bond of 1 to one of the iridium atoms. The Au(NHC) group bridges one of the Ir–Bi bonds of the cluster. On the basis of X-ray crystal structural analysis and molecular orbital and quantum theory of atoms in molecules calculations, the Au–Bi interaction was determined to be substantial and is comparable in character to the Ir–Bi and Ir–Ir bonds in this cluster. Compound 2 reacts with 2 equiv of HSnPh3 to yield the compound Ir3(CO)7(SnPh3)2(μ3-Bi)[μ-Au(NHC)](μ-H) (3), which contains two terminally coordinated SnPh3 ligands. Compound 3 reacts with H2O to yield the compound Ir3(μ3-Bi)(CO)7[μ-Ph2Sn(OH)SnPh2][μ-Au(NHC)] (4) by cleavage of a phenyl ring from each of the SnPh3 ligands and formation of a bridging OH group between the two tin atoms to form a chelating ...
Sensational Movies and the anthropology of religion: towards a comparative moral imaginary

This article examines the significance of Birgit Meyer’s work on the ‘moral imaginary.’ The first part of the article argues that Meyer has more in common with phenomenological anthropologists than she admits and endorses her approach to the current debate between ‘ontological’ and ‘cultural constructivist’ approaches. The second section invokes the moral psychology of Maimonides along with contemporary debates in the anthropology of Islam to argue that Meyer’s work should stimulate a broadly comparative approach to the whole topic of moral imagination. Do filmic media, for example, inevitably favor a dualistic conflict between personifications of good and evil over other, more monistic, religious positions? And how might the study of medieval moral psychologies enrich the contemporary ethnography of religion?
Targeting PI3-Kinases in Modulating Autophagy and Anti-cancer Therapy

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (hereafter referred to as PI3-kinases) are lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′-hydroxyl group of inositol lipids. The generated phospholipids are critical signaling molecules that recruit proteins to specific intracellular membranes leading to localized activation of these proteins. PI3-kinases regulate many cellular activities, and are closely linked to human diseases, including cancer. One molecular event regulated by PI3-kinases is autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved membrane trafficking process that degrades and recycles cellular constituents to maintain cell and tissue homeostasis. Over the past two decades, our understanding of PI3-kinases has progressed from pan-PI3-kinase inhibitor studies to isoform-specific genetic knockout and systems biology interactome analyses. Our view of autophagy has emerged from unicellular yeast vesicle trafficking to mammalian physiology and human diseases. In this chapter we summarize the major discoveries on autophagy regulation by PI3-kinases and discuss the therapeutic potentials of targeting PI3-kinases in modulating autophagy and in cancer therapy.
778 Morbidity and Mortality After Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Patients With Borderline Resectable Type C Clinical Classification

Background We previously described the clinical classification of patients with resectable pancreatic tumor anatomy but marginal performance status (PS) or reversible comorbidities as “borderline resectable type C” (BR-C). This study was designed to analyze the incidence and risk factors for post-pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) morbidity/mortality in a multi-institutional cohort of BR-C patients.
Review: Buildings, Landscapes, and Memory: Case Studies in Historic Preservation by Daniel Bluestone

Daniel Bluestone. Buildings, Landscapes, and Memory: Case Studies in Historic Preservation . New York: W. W. Norton, 2011, xii + 304 pp., 12 color and 184 b/w illus. $47.95, ISBN 9780393733181. The sign of a maturing historic preservation movement is the appearance of works by serious scholars who shine a light on the movement’s origins and offer sharp critiques of contemporary practice in order to build a stronger movement. For years we have had a remarkable contradiction: the most common means by which average citizens came to appreciate the past—historic buildings and sites—had little serious study by scholars. Historic preservation was a field that had relatively little history of itself, and relatively little serious theoretical writing. Yes, there was a whole network of government and non-profit agencies that argued over the details of regulations and tax incentives. But a body of thoughtful work on the movement itself and its social and political context—that was missing. It is therefore a pleasure to see a generation of scholars—in sociology, history, architecture, and yes, even historic preservation programs—eager to develop a rich theoretical grounding for the movement. In recent years, two of the most significant historians and practitioners published long-awaited books. Ned Kaufman’s Place, Race, and Story , a series of essays that together constitute a …
Early Trends in Bronchoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Efficacy Parameters.

The goal of our systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the therapeutic effectiveness of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR), and to compare it with medical management and lung volume reduction surgery. Variables of interest were absolute change in FEV1, 6MWT, and SGRQ. Meta-analysis was performed for the BLVR modalities with ≥3 trials. Of the 18 shortlisted publications, only valves (four trials; n = 159) and coils (six trials; n = 194) qualified for meta-analysis. To avoid redundant reporting for valves, only the data for intact fissure subjects were analyzed. Outcome data are presented as the mean difference from baseline with 95% confidence interval at 6-months follow-up. For BLVR using valves, the pooled mean difference (PMD) for FEV1 was 0.146 L (95% CI 0.111–0.181; p < 0.001), 6MWT was 45.225 meters (95% CI 26.954–63.495; p < 0.001), and SGRQ was −8.825 points (95% CI −14.824 to −2.825; p = 0.004). All the PMDs were statistically significant and higher than their respective minimal clinically important difference (MCID). For BLVR using coils, the PMD for FEV1 was 0.080 L (95% CI 0.057–0.104; p < 0.001), 6MWT was 45.320 meters (95% CI 28.040–62.600; p < 0.001), and SGRQ was −10.570 points (95% CI −13.299 to −7.841; p < 0.001). All three variables showed statistically significant PMDs but that for FEV1 was smaller than the MCID. Data from BLVR modalities with <3 major publications are reviewed in the discussion section. BLVR offers early promise in the palliation of advanced emphysema. Better characterization of patients to identify phenotypes that will derive sustained benefit is needed.
Weaving Action Learning into the Fabric of Manufacturing: The Impact of Humble Inquiry and Structured Reflection in a Cross-Cultural Context.

ABSTRACTThis account of practice examines the implementation of and reactions to action learning through the Lean methodology in a unique, cross-cultural context. I review my time spent as a Lean coach; engaging with, training, and using action learning with employees in a garment manufacturing facility located in Bali, Indonesia. This research addresses the issue of action learning as it applies to line-level manufacturing workers in an Indonesian national culture. The paper first examines the role of action learning as it applies to the Lean methodology. Then I reflect on broad observations from my ethnographic research, before delving more deeply into the process and reflections of the action learning group. I conclude with some key learning points for the role of action learning for manufacturing work in cross-cultural environments.
Quasistatic Thermoelastic State of a Heat-Sensitive Three-Component Layer Under the Conditions of Convective-Radiative Heat Exchange

We present an analytic-numerical approach to the determination of the thermoelastic state of a three-component heat-sensitive layer interacting with an ambient medium by means of the convective-radiative heat exchange and subjected to the action of heat sources. The proposed approach is based on the use of the Kirchhoff transformation, generalized functions, Green function of the linear nonstationary problem of heat conduction for the three-component space, and linear splines. The influence of thermal sensitivity and the values of the parameters of heat exchange on the distributions of temperature and stresses is investigated.
Extraction and Quantitation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Redox Cofactors

Abstract Aims: Accurate analysis of dinucleotide redox cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NADPH), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced (NADH), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) from biological samples is important to understanding cellular redox homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to develop a simple protocol for quenching metabolism and extracting NADPH that avoids interconversion among the reduced forms and the oxidized forms. Results: We compared seven different solvents for quenching and extraction of cultured mammalian cells and mouse tissues: a cold aqueous buffer commonly used in enzyme assays with and without detergent, hot aqueous buffer, and cold organic mixtures (80% methanol, buffered 75% acetonitrile, and acidic 40:40:20 acetonitrile:methanol:water with either 0.02 M or 0.1 M formic acid). Extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). To monitor the metabolite interco...
Navigation-Linked Heads-Up Display in Intracranial Surgery: Early Experience.

Background The use of intraoperative navigation during microscope cases can be limited when attention needs to be divided between the operative field and the navigation screens. Heads-up display (HUD), also referred to as augmented reality, permits visualization of navigation information during surgery workflow. Objective To detail our initial experience with HUD. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent HUD-assisted surgery from April 2016 through April 2017. All lesions were assessed for accuracy and those from the latter half of the study were assessed for utility. Results Seventy-nine patients with 84 pathologies were included. Pathologies included aneurysms (14), arteriovenous malformations (6), cavernous malformations (5), intracranial stenosis (3), meningiomas (27), metastasis (4), craniopharygniomas (4), gliomas (4), schwannomas (3), epidermoid/dermoids (3), pituitary adenomas (2) hemangioblastoma (2), choroid plexus papilloma (1), lymphoma (1), osteoblastoma (1), clival chordoma (1), cerebrospinal fluid leak (1), abscess (1), and a cerebellopontine angle Teflon granuloma (1). Fifty-nine lesions were deep and 25 were superficial. Structures identified included the lesion (81), vessels (48), and nerves/brain tissue (31). Accuracy was deemed excellent (71.4%), good (20.2%), or poor (8.3%). Deep lesions were less likely to have excellent accuracy (P = .029). HUD was used during bed/head positioning (50.0%), skin incision (17.3%), craniotomy (23.1%), dural opening (26.9%), corticectomy (13.5%), arachnoid opening (36.5%), and intracranial drilling (13.5%). HUD was deactivated at some point during the surgery in 59.6% of cases. There were no complications related to HUD use. Conclusion HUD can be safely used for a wide variety of vascular and oncologic intracranial pathologies and can be utilized during multiple stages of surgery.
Living goals: Prepare to die.

157Background: Living Goals (LGs), a home-based program, is a collaboration between Geisinger Health Plan, Geisinger Home care and Hospice and Palliative Medicine. Program investigated an early intervention in those with serious illness and transition to hospice in a timely manner during FY 2015- 2017. Methods: LGs visits were led by a registered nurse after referral from physicians based on the surprise question (it would not be a surprise if this patient died within one year). Nurse facilitated end-of-life discussions and provided resources available for supportive care. LGs visits were free up to 10 visits to each patient. Results: 94 patients were enrolled in LGs from 128 referrals.59 (63%) patients transitioned to hospice and 41 (69%) were transitioned within first month of LGs visit averaging 1.4 visits. 59 patients enrolled in hospice. The median length of time between LG Start of care (SOC) and Hospice SOC is 9 days (IQR: 3-73).57 LGs patients discharged from hospice had a median length of stay (L...
Solitary chemosensory cells producing interleukin-25 and group-2 innate lymphoid cells are enriched in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is commonly characterized by type-2 inflammation. It is established that group-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a subset of immune cells important in orchestrating mucosal type-2 response. IL-25 is an epithelial-derived cytokine that is a critical activator of ILC2s. Recent evidence demonstrates that specialized taster epithelial cells, such as solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs), may be producers of IL-25. To elucidate the relationship between SCCs and ILC2s in CRSwNP, we sought to quantify ILC2s and SCCs to determine if these cell types are enriched in nasal polyps compared to healthy sinonasal mucosa. METHODS We quantified SCCs and ILC2s using multicolor flow cytometry in nasal polyps and non-inflamed turbinate mucosa from seven patients and investigated the role of IL-13 and dexamethasone on SCC frequency using tissue explants of nasal polyps and turbinate mucosa. RESULTS SCCs were found to be the primary source of IL-25. Nasal polyps demonstrated higher populations of SCCs (33.0% vs 5.6%, p < 0.001) and ILC2s (2.40% vs 0.19%, p = 0.008) compared to patient-matched nonpolypoid turbinates. In cultured polyp explants, exogenous IL-13 increased the proportion of epithelial SCCs (40.2% IL-13 condition vs 28.9% untreated, p = 0.012), and this effect was reversed by addition of dexamethasone (40.2% vs 8.9%, p < 0.0005). CONCLUSION These data support SCC and ILC2 expansion as well as increased IL-25 production in nasal polyps and may represent early events in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. IL-13 stimulates proliferation of SCC in a feed-forward loop, a process that is steroid-sensitive.
14 – Public Health Law II: Contemporary Threats

In this chapter, we will explore how the legal system is responding to the biggest public health threats of the moment. “Of the moment” may be the key phrase here. We have seen in the previous chapter how disease became associated in the public mind with threats from “outsiders,” which led to medically unwarranted quarantines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. After those fears subsided and the Great Influenza Epidemic of 1918 ran its course, the field of public health settled into a sleepy backwater of the law, and the strategy for suppression of disease came to depend more on scientific discoveries such as penicillin and the polio vaccine.
Double Notched Long-Period Fiber Grating Characterization for CO₂ Gas Sensing Applications †.

In this study, we applied a double-sided inductively coupled plasma (ICP) process to nanostructure long-period fiber grating (LPFG) in order to fabricate a double-notched LPFG (DNLPFG) sensor with a double-sided surface corrugated periodic grating. Using the sol-gel method, we also added thymol blue and ZnO to form a gas sensing layer, thus producing a DNLPFG CO2 gas sensor. The resulting sensor is the first double-sided etching sensor used to measure CO2. The experimental results showed that as the CO2 concentration increased, the transmission loss increased, and that the smaller the fiber diameter, the greater the sensitivity and the greater the change in transmission loss. When the diameter of the fiber was 32 μm (and the period was 570 μm) and the perfusion rate of CO2 gas was 15%, the maximum loss variation of up to 3.881 dB was achieved, while the sensitivity was 0.2146 dB/% and the linearity was 0.992. These results demonstrate that the DNLPG CO2 gas sensor is highly sensitive.
Defining the linkage specialist role in the HIV care cascade

As stakeholders embrace the efficiency of early disease detection and linkage to care services, corresponding demand for linkage specialists necessitates a clearer understanding of what defines and...
Evaluation of Direct Curve Comparison Metrics Applied to Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Relative Bioavailability and Bioequivalence

Purpose. The intent was to investigate three direct curve comparison metrics, the Rescigno Index,f1, and the Chinchilli Metric as tools to assess relative bioavailablity (BA) and bioequivalence (BE). The specific objectives were to 1) estimate relative bioavailability and bioequivalence and 2) compare detection of profile shape differences with typical (i.e. AUC and Cmax) criteria.
A randomized trial of an NMDA receptor antagonist for reversing corticosteroid effects on the human hippocampus.

Preclinical and clinical research indicates that excess corticosteroid is associated with adverse effects on the hippocampus. Animal model data suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists may block corticosteroid effect on the hippocampus. This translational clinical trial investigated the effect of memantine vs. placebo on hippocampal subfield volume in humans receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy. Men and women (N = 46) receiving chronic prescription corticosteroid therapy were randomized to memantine or placebo in a double-blind, crossover design (two 24-week treatment periods, separated by a 4-week washout) for 52 weeks. Structural magnetic resonance imaging was obtained at baseline and after each treatment. Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Mean corticosteroid dose was 7.69 ± 6.41 mg/day and mean duration 4.90 ± 5.61 years. Controlling for baseline volumes, the left DG/CA3 region was significantly larger following memantine than placebo (p = .011). The findings suggest that an NMDA receptor antagonist attenuates corticosteroid effect in the same hippocampal subfields in humans as in animal models. This finding has both mechanistic and clinical implications. Attenuation of the effect of corticosteroids on the human DG/CA3 region implicates the NMDA receptor in human hippocampal volume losses with corticosteroids. In addition, by suggesting a drug class that may, at least in part, block the effects of corticosteroids on the human DG/CA3 subfield, these results may have clinical relevance for people receiving prescription corticosteroids, as well as to those with cortisol elevations due to medical or psychiatric conditions.
Careerography: Application of Psychobiography to Career Development:

The present article introduces the topic and research area of careerography, an adaptation of psychobiography to the field of career psychology. A brief historical overview of psychobiography is pr...
Supports and Resources Valued by Autistic Students Enrolled in Postsecondary Education

Abstract Background: Autistic students may seek out additional supports to successfully complete their postsecondary education. While all institutions of higher education in the United States offer...
The Advances and Challenges of CAR-NK Cells for Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapies using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells bring an encouraging vision to non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients who develop relapsed lymphoma or are unresponsive to standard chemotherapy, yet they also have limitations and drawbacks. Clinical trials have reported cases of neurotoxicity and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) accompanied by CAR-T cell therapies. To establish a more mature therapy, CAR incorporated into Natural Killer (NK) cells came into being. As a leukocyte involved in innate immunity, NK cell does not require MHC matching, making the production of allogeneic “off-the-shelf” CAR-NK cells possible. Moreover, the controllable life span of CAR-NK cells and little risk of graft-versus-host disease reduce side effects companion by CAR-T. This review provides an overview of CAR-NK design and production before delivery to patients. Different sources of NK cells are compared and the development of CAR molecule construction is introduced.
Progressives in Navy Blue: maritime strategy, American empire, and the transformation of U.S. naval identity, 1873-1898

Sailors and historians have long criticised the U.S. Navy’s apparent cultural arch-conservatism. The enduring allure of a scathing slogan testifies to the popularity of this critique of the Navy: “...
Pediatric Macular Surgery

This chapter aims to outline the nuanced consideration and surgical techniques for the treatment of macular pathology in pediatric patients. Specific pathologies including traumatic macular holes, combined hamartomas of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium, choroidal neovascularization, posterior hyaloid contracture syndrome, and macular epiretinal membranes are discussed.
Hospital resource use after hip reconstruction surgery in children with neurological complex chronic conditions.

AIM To assess how co-occurring conditions influence recovery after hip reconstruction surgery in children with neurological complex chronic conditions (CCCs). METHOD This was a retrospective analysis of 4058 children age 4 years or older with neurological CCCs who underwent hip reconstructive surgery between 1st January 2015 and 31st December 2018 in 49 children's hospitals. The presence of co-occurring chronic conditions was assessed using the Agency for Healthcare Research Chronic Condition Indicator system. Multivariable, hierarchical regression was used to assess the relationship between co-existing conditions and postoperative hospital length of stay (LOS), cost, and 30-day readmission rate. RESULTS The most common co-occurring conditions were digestive (60.1%) and respiratory (37.9%). As the number of co-existing conditions increased from one to four or more, median LOS increased 67% (3d [interquartile range {IQR} 2-4d] to 5d [IQR 3-8d]); median hospital cost increased 41% ($20 248 [IQR $14 921-$27 842] to $28 692 [IQR $19 236-$45 887]); and readmission rates increased 250% (5.5-13.9%), p<0.001 for all. Of all specific co-existing chronic conditions, malnutrition was associated with the greatest increase in postoperative hospital resource use. INTERPRETATION Co-occurring conditions, and malnutrition in particular, are a significant risk factor for prolonged, in-hospital recovery after hip reconstruction surgery in children with a neurological CCC. Further investigation is necessary to assess how improved preoperative optimization of multiple co-occurring conditions may improve postoperative outcomes and resource utilization. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Children with neurological complex chronic conditions (CCCs) often develop hip disorders which require hip reconstruction surgery. Co-occurring conditions are common in children with neuromuscular CCCs. Having four or more chronic conditions was associated with a longer length of stay, increased costs, and higher odds of readmission. Malnutrition was a significant risk factor for prolonged hospitalization after hip reconstruction surgery.
Fatherhood status in relation to prostate cancer risks in two large U.S.-based prospective cohort studies

BACKGROUND Despite the high incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) in the Unites States, few risk factors have been consistently linked with these PCa outcomes. Assessing proxies of reproductive factors may offer insights into PCa pathogenesis. In this study, we examined fatherhood status as a proxy of fertility in relation to total, nonaggressive, aggressive, and fatal PCa. METHODS We examined participants of two cohorts, the NIH-AARP Diet and Health (NIH-AARP) Study and Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals of associations between fatherhood status and number of children sired in relation to PCa incidence. RESULTS Fatherhood status (one or more children vs. childless) was positively associated with total PCa risk in NIH-AARP or PLCO, but was not statistically significant (p = 0.06 and 0.55, respectively). Number of children sired indicated a slightly elevated risk of total PCa, but HRs were rarely significant and were of a fairly constant magnitude with no discernable trend relative to the childless referent group. Associations were similar for nonaggressive and aggressive PCa. The trend test for fatal PCa was statistically significant in NIH-AARP (ptrend < 0.01), despite none of the individual categorical point estimates reaching this threshold. CONCLUSION This study provides tentative evidence that fathering children is associated with a slightly increased PCa risk. Future research should strive to assess better proxies of reproductive function in relation to aggressive and fatal PCa to provide more specific evidence for this putative relationship.
Skills Training for Spouses of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Outcomes of an Intervention Study

The effects of a 12-week intervention on a patient-focused skills training group and a caregiver-focused skills training group were compared with those on a control group that received comparable attention, but no training. Intervention effects were monitored at the completion of the treatment phase and at 3- and 6-months postintervention. Treatment implementation was documented in a comprehensive fashion to ensure replicability. Both training groups acquired skills that enabled them to improve targeted behaviors (patient problem behaviors and caregiver mood, respectively). Weaker effects were found for more distal outcomes, such as depression, perceived stress, caregiver strain, and self-efficacy.
Living with and Caring for Older Family Members

Abstract Using the strengths-based Caregiver Well-Being Scale, this research provides social workers with strategies for assessing and promoting caregiver well-being. One hundred eighteen family caregivers (64 spouse and 54 adult child caregivers) are used to examine caregiver relationship to the care-recipient and 138 caregivers are included in the analyses for coresidential arrangement with the care-recipient. Predictors of well-being are highlighted for each group. Caregiver competence and depression predict well-being for spouse, adult child and non-co-resident caregivers. Depression is the only predictor for co-resident caregivers. Using the activities of living sub-scale, depression predicts wellbeing for all groups. Additionally, caregiver strain relates to spouse wellbeing. Implications for social work practice with family caregivers are highlighted.
Human anti-MUC1 antibodies elicited by a prophylactic cancer vaccine for mAb and CAR-modified T cell immunotherapies (VAC11P.1004)

MUC1 is a tumor-associated protein that is abnormally expressed on all human adenocarcinomas. In our recent clinical trial, individuals at-risk for colonic adenoma received a prophylactic MUC1 cancer vaccine. Many individuals responded by producing high-affinity anti-MUC1 antibodies. We isolated a panel of these antibodies and seek to develop them as antibody and CAR T cell cancer immunotherapies. Our collaborators used a novel method combining proteomics and next-gen DNA sequencing to identify and recombinantly produce 12 high-affinity antibodies from the sera of vaccinated individuals. By ELISA we determined that the antibodies bind with high-affinity to diverse epitopes within the MUC1 vaccine peptide. We also found that several of the antibodies can stain MUC1+ pancreas, colon, and breast cancer cell lines but not a cell line expressing normal MUC1. We then determined that the antibodies could stain MUC1+ human pancreas and colon tumor samples but not normal tissues. Having established tumor-specificity we are now assessing the antibodies in a series of functional assays. Finally, we have constructed CAR lentiviral constructs using the variable regions of the antibodies as targeting domains and are testing their ability to mediate MUC1-specific target cell lysis. As the antibodies are human-derived, indication of efficacy in pre-clinical testing has the potential to directly enable clinical trials and hopefully approval of these reagents for therapy of cancer patients.
Two-dimensional photonic band structure effects in nanochannel glass materials

We describe the visible-region transmission spectra of low-index-contrast two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals fabricated from nanochannel glass materials.
Partially flexible operating rooms for elective and emergency surgeries

In hospitals, the management of operating rooms faces a trade-off between the need to be responsive to emergency surgeries and to conduct scheduled elective surgeries efficiently. Operating rooms can be configured as flexible and handle both electives and emergencies, or as dedicated to focus on either electives or emergencies. With flexible rooms, the prioritization of emergencies over scheduled electives can lead to schedule disruptions. Focused rooms can lead to imbalances between capacity and surgery workload. Whereas hospital administrators typically handle this trade-off by employing either flexible rooms (complete flexibility) or dedicated rooms (complete focus), we investigate whether a combination of flexible and dedicated rooms (partial flexibility) could be a preferable alternative. The ensuing question is what is the right combination of flexible and dedicated rooms? A versatile simulation model is developed to evaluate different resource allocation policies under various environmental parameters and performance metrics, including patient wait time, staff overtime, and operating room utilization. The main result is that partial flexibility configurations outperform both complete flexibility and complete focus policies by providing solutions with improved values of expected wait time for both emergency and elective patients.
Quantifying the effects of altering ambient humidity on ionic composition of vocal fold surface fluid.

Objective Vocal fold surface fluid (VFSF) is important in hydration and defense of underlying epithelial cells. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in the ionic composition of VFSF after altering the humidity of inhaled air. We tested the hypothesis that low humidity exposure would increase the concentration of VFSF sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions but that high humidity exposure would decrease the concentration of VFSF Na+ and Cl− ions as compared to the low humidity challenge.
Striking the Right Balance: Cortical Modulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus-Globus Pallidus Circuit

The subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network is a potential source of oscillations in Parkinson's disease, but the mechanism is unknown. In this issue of Neuron, Chu et al. (2015) present a cortically driven form of heterosynaptic plasticity that could promote oscillatory activity after dopamine depletion.
The North Atlantic Ocean: Need for Proactive Management

Abstract Among the major oceans of the world, the North Atlantic presents a unique problem in regard to the management of its commercial and recreational fisheries. Almost all of its populations of large-sized, predatory fishes have collapsed to the extent that they no longer play an effective role in the ecosystem. There is a fundamental difference in the biodiversity and present state of the fisheries between the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Much of the difference is attributable to their contrasting geological and climatic histories. The two oceans had been effectively separated until about 3.5+ million years ago, when the Bering Strait was formed permitting the Great Trans-Arctic Biotic Interchange. During the interchange, hundreds of Pacific species migrated to the Atlantic but only a few in the opposite direction. Although the Atlantic benefitted from the interchange, its species diversity remained relatively low. Today, the North Atlantic, in comparison to the North Pacific, possesses only...
A contextual semantic mediator for a distributed cooperative maintenance platform

Platforms expand maintenance systems from centralized systems into e-maintenance platforms integrating various cooperative distributed systems and maintenance applications. This phenomenon allowed an evolution in services offered to maintenance actors by integrating more intelligent applications, providing decision support and facilitating the access to needed data. To manage this evolution, e-maintenance platforms must respond to a great challenge which is ensuring an interoperable communication between its integrated systems. By combining different techniques used in previous works, we propose in this work a semantic mediator system ensuring a high level of interoperability between systems in the maintenance platform.
Oxygen Permeability of Fully Condensed Lipid Monolayers

The oxygen permeation resistance of highly condensed monolayers composed of a homologous series of saturated diacyl phosphatidylcholine lipids was measured using a novel technique that combined micromanipulation and electrochemical techniques. The use of lipid monolayer-coated air microbubbles allowed measurement of the oxygen permeation resistance of fully condensed lipid monolayers that were previously unavailable using classical film balance techniques. Fully condensed lipid monolayers were found to significantly impede oxygen transport from the gas core, an effect that increased with lipid acyl chain length. The magnitudes of the measured oxygen permeation resistances, 10 2 to 10 3 s/cm, agree with literature values for various gases permeating through highly condensed fatty acid and alcohol monolayers. Such high resistances can account for the previously observed hindered dissolution of lipid-stabilized microbubbles in degassed media. Additionally, the ability to probe a lipid monolayer in its fully condensed state leads to new physical insights into monolayer permeation.
Plasticized Whey Protein Edible Films: Water Vapor Permeability Properties

Heat treatment, protein concentration, and pH effects on water vapor permeability (WVP) of plasticized whey protein films were examined. The best film formation conditions were neutral pH, aqueous 10% (w/w) protein solutions heated for 30 min at 90°. Isoelectric point adjustment of whey protein with calcium ascorbate buffer increased WVP with increasing buffer concentration, The importance of vacuum application to minimize film pore size was identified using scanning electron microscopy. Polyethylene glycol, glycerol and sorbitol plasticizer concentration affected film WVP. Determining the effects of relative humidity on WVP for plasticized whey protein films enabled prediction of film behavior under any water vapor partial pressure gradient.