cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Affinity, arming, consequences, and perceptions: an introduction

This article provides an introduction to the special issue on Political violence: affinity, arming, consequences, and perceptions. The issue contains panel analyses, theoretical investigations, and a quantification study. With respect to terrorism, four of the articles study perceptions regarding democratic skepticism, security effectiveness, refugee hosting risks, and financial well-being. Although much of the special issue addresses aspects of terrorism, some articles consider other political violence topics, such as UN peacekeeping, civil war, and war outbreak. This introductory article also summarizes each of the eight contributions.
Reconciliation and Environmental Racism in Mi’kma’ki

There has been more talk but not enough action on reconciliation since the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) released its final report in 2015 containing ninety-four calls to action (Truth and Reconciliation Canada 2015). Indigenous people have not experienced the reconciliation intended in the actions that Canada has agreed to implement. Indigenous people and all Canadians need to hold Canada accountable to these actions for true reconciliation to manifest in Canadian society. The TRC calls to action and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) hold particular meaning and hope for me, as a survivor of Indian Residential Schools (IRS), and many other survivors who have gone through the TRC process. Truth is the first step toward reconciliation; understanding is the second step, and remediation is the third. Water is sacred. Protecting the water and asserting our rights in the Peace and Friendship Treaties are my responsibilities as a Mi’kmaw woman and rights holder. They are also an integral aspect of my healing journey. When I acknowledge Canadians’ habitation on the unceded lands of the Mi’kmaq, I mean that acknowledgment from the core of my spirit, the spirit of my ancestors, and my future generations. I am living that acknowledgment.
Parallel Pathways in the Visual System

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the two sets of channels that originate in the mammalian retina, the ON and OFF systems and the midget and parasol system. The midget and parasol systems of the primate retina come in ON and OFF subvarieties. The midget system has also been called the color-opponent or the parvocellular channel and the parasol system has also been called the broad-band or magnocellular channel. The receptive fields of the midget system, as the name implies, are quite small. In central retina, the receptive field center is typically made up of a single cone. As a consequence, the midget cells are color coded. Midget cells come in several subvarieties that include red ON- and OFF-center; green ON- and OFF-center; and blue ON-center. Blue OFF-center cells are rare. In contrast to the arrangement for the midget cells, the receptive fields of parasol cells are much larger and generally, there is no clear differential input from the three cone types to either the center or the surround regions of these cells.
Sodium chloride on the surface of Europa

The potential habitability of Europa’s subsurface ocean depends on its chemical composition, which may be reflected in that of Europa’s geologically young surface. Investigations using Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data led to the prevailing view that Europa’s endogenous units are rich in sulfate salts. However, recent ground-based infrared observations have suggested that, while regions experiencing sulfur radiolysis may contain sulfate salts, Europa’s more pristine endogenous material may reflect a chloride-dominated composition. Chlorides have no identifying spectral features at infrared wavelengths, but develop distinct visible-wavelength absorptions under irradiation, like that experienced on the surface of Europa. Using spectra obtained with the Hubble Space Telescope, we present the detection of a 450-nm absorption indicative of irradiated sodium chloride on the surface. The feature correlates with geologically disrupted chaos terrain, suggesting an interior source. The presence of endogenous sodium chloride on the surface of Europa has important implications for our understanding of its subsurface chemistry.
Collection efficiency of airborne fibers on nylon mesh screens with different pore sizes and configurations

AbstractAerodynamic behavior of airborne fibers including high-aspect ratio particles plays an important role in aerosol filtration and lung deposition. Fiber length is considered to be an importan...
Comparing Approaches for Capturing Bacterial Assemblages Associated with Symptomatic (Bacterial Blotch) and Asymptomatic Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) Caps

Bacterial blotch is a complex of diseases, caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii and other Pseudomonas spp., whose growth may be influenced by other microorganisms associated with mushroom caps. The objec...
Feedback Resonating Control for a Wave Energy Converter

Through the use of advanced control techniques, wave energy converters (WECs) can achieve substantial increases in energy absorption. The motion of the WEC device is a significant contribution to the energy absorbed by the device. Reactive (complex conjugate) control maximizes the energy absorption due to the impedance matching. The issue with complex conjugate control is that, in general, the controller is noncausal, which requires prediction of the incoming waves. This article explores the potential of employing system identification techniques to build a causal transfer function that approximates the complex conjugate controller over a finite frequency band of interest. This approach is quite viable given the band-limited nature of ocean waves. The resulting controller is stable, and the average efficiency of the power captured by the causal controller in realistic ocean waves is $99\%$ , when compared to the noncausal complex conjugate.
Can sport be a viable tool to supporting mental health in boys

Identifying mental health as a key issue among adolescents; the World Health Organization (WHO; 2004) has described adolescent males to be more likely to suffer from mental illness, while at the sa...
Detecting Allele-Specific Alternative Splicing from Population-Scale RNA-Seq Data.

Summary RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is a powerful technology for studying human transcriptome variation. We introduce PAIRADISE (Paired Replicate Analysis of Allelic Differential Splicing Events), a method for detecting allele-specific alternative splicing (ASAS) from RNA-seq data. Unlike conventional approaches that detect ASAS events one sample at a time, PAIRADISE aggregates ASAS signals across multiple individuals in a population. By treating the two alleles of an individual as paired, and multiple individuals sharing a heterozygous SNP as replicates, we formulate ASAS detection using PAIRADISE as a statistical problem for identifying differential alternative splicing from RNA-seq data with paired replicates. PAIRADISE outperforms alternative statistical models in simulation studies. Applying PAIRADISE to replicate RNA-seq data of a single individual and to population-scale RNA-seq data across many individuals, we detect ASAS events associated with genome-wide association study (GWAS) signals of complex traits or diseases. Additionally, PAIRADISE ASAS analysis detects the effects of rare variants on alternative splicing. PAIRADISE provides a useful computational tool for elucidating the genetic variation and phenotypic association of alternative splicing in populations.
Multiplicity, group identity and the spectre of the social

The recent renaissance of uneven and combined development (UCD) has generally followed Justin Rosenberg’s formulation of the ‘international’, conceived as the inter-societal dimension of sociohisto...
A repeated triple lysine motif anchors complexes containing bone sialoprotein and the type XI collagen A1 chain involved in bone mineralization.

While details remain unclear, initiation of woven bone mineralization is believed to be mediated by collagen and potentially nucleated by bone sialoprotein (BSP). Interestingly, our recent publication showed that BSP and type XI collagen form complexes in mineralizing osteoblastic cultures. To learn more, we examined the protein composition of extracellular sites of de novo hydroxyapatite deposition which were enriched in BSP and Col11a1 containing an alternatively spliced "6b" exonal sequence. An alternate splice variant "6a" sequence was not similarly co-localized. BSP and Col11a1 co-purify upon ion-exchange chromatography or immunoprecipitation. Binding of the Col11a1 "6b" exonal sequence to bone sialoprotein was demonstrated with overlapping peptides. Peptide 3, containing three unique lysine-triplet sequences, displayed the greatest binding to osteoblastic cultures; peptides containing fewer lysine triplet motifs or derived from the "6a" exon yielded dramatically lower binding. Similar results were obtained with 6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-conjugated peptides and western blots containing extracts from osteoblastic cultures. Mass spectroscopic mapping demonstrated that FAM-peptide 3 bound to 90 kDa BSP and its 18 to 60 kDa fragments, as well as to 110 kDa nucleolin. In osteoblastic cultures, FAM-peptide 3 localized to biomineralization foci (site of BSP) and to nucleoli (site of nucleolin). In bone sections, biotin-labeled peptide 3 bound to sites of new bone formation which were co-labeled with anti-BSP antibodies. These results establish the fluorescent peptide 3 conjugate as the first nonantibody-based method to identify BSP on western blots and in/on cells. Further examination of the "6b" splice variant interactions will likely reveal new insights into bone mineralization during development.
The Utility of Telehealth in the Recovery From the COVID-19 Pandemic

Telehealth has recently been used more often in an attempt to protect practitioners and patients during the 2019 coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) crisis. Despite telehealth's existence, there was no prior need to fully realize its potential. Recently, technological innovations in orthopaedic surgery have assisted in making this modality more useful. However, it is important to continually educate the medical community regarding these technologies and their interplay to improve patient care. Therefore, our purpose is to provide information on telehealth by assessing: (1) steps the hospital/system are taking to reduce COVID-19 exposure for teams and patients; (2) new technologies allowing for the optimization of patient safety; and (3) use of telehealth for postoperative follow up. We will demonstrate that telehealth and its associated strategies can be used effectively to decrease COVID-19 exposure risks for both medical staff and patients during these rapidly changing and uncertain times.
A defense of the contrastive theory of causation

An argument proposed by Steglich-Petersen (2012) establishes that while contrastive causation can be applied to general causation and causal explanation, it is a mistake to consider it in cases of singular causation. I attempt to show that there is no mistake. Steglich-Petersen’s argument does not seem to be strong enough and is actually circular. Furthermore, I briefly argue that even if we take his argument to be valid, there is still a response from the side of contrastive causation.
Domestic and Foreign Lenders and International Business Cycles

We examine the international transmission of business cycles in a two-country economy in which credit contracts are imperfectly enforceable. In our economy, foreign lenders differ from domestic lenders in their ability to recover value from borrowers' assets and, therefore, to protect themselves against contractual non-enforceability. The relative importance of domestic and foreign credit frictions changes over the cycle. This induces entrepreneurs to adjust their debt exposure and allocation of collateral between domestic and foreign lenders in response to exogenous productivity shocks. We show that such a model can explain positive output correlations across countries. The model also appears consistent with econometric evidence on asset values and domestic and foreign debt exposure.
Meta-analysis of subchorionic hemorrhage and adverse pregnancy outcomes

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether subchorionic hemorrhage is associated with increased adverse pregnancy outcomes of preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion, and abruption. PUBMED databases were searched for case control, cohort, and cross-sectional human studies that investigated the relationship of ultrasound detected subchorionic hemorrhage and adverse outcomes of preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion, and abruption. Data were extracted by two independent investigators. Nine studies were included in the pooled meta-analysis. Relative risk estimates (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled across studies. Subchorionic hemorrhage was associated with preterm delivery (pooled RR = 1.64; 95%CI 1.41-1.89), spontaneous abortion (pooled RR = 2.59; 95% CI 2.34-3.25), and abruption (pooled RR = 3.16; 95% CI 2.32 – 4.31). This study suggests that early pregnancy subchorionic hemorrhage may increase the risk of preterm delivery, spontaneous abortion, and abruption. Women may be advised of increased adverse outcomes associated with subchorionic hemorrhage.
Reduced cerebral perfusion predicts greater depressive symptoms and cognitive dysfunction at a 1‐year follow‐up in patients with heart failure

Objective Cerebral hypoperfusion is common in heart failure (HF) and believed to underlie poor neurocognitive outcomes in this population. Up to 42% of HF patients also exhibit depressive symptomatology that may stem from reduced cerebral blood flow. However, no study has examined this possibility or whether reduced brain perfusion increases risk for future cognitive dysfunction in older adults with HF.
Coenzymes and Radicals

Organic radicals play an important role in many enzymatic reactions, but as [Frey][1] explains in his Perspective, information about their structure is hard to come by. He highlights the report by [ ChabriA¨re et al .][2], who have crystallized the enzyme pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase with the intermediate radical form of hydroxyethylidene-thiamine pyrophosphate bound to its active site. The structure of the radical provides important clues to its electronic structure. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/294/5551/2489 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/294/5551/2559
Properties of LiF and Al2O3 to 240 GPa for Metal Shock Temperature Measurements

Shock temperature experiments employing a six-channel pyrometer were conducted on 200, 500, and 1000 A thick films of Fe sandwiched between 3-mm-thick anvils of Al203 and LiF to measure the thermal diffusivity ratios Al_20_3/Fe and LiF / Fe at high temperatures and pressures. Temperature decays of 3000 ± 800 K in 250 ns were observed at Fe pressures of 194 - 303 GPa, which reflect the conduction of heat from the thin metal films into the anvil material. These results were achieved via experiments employing LiF anvils at conditions of 164 - 165 GPa and 4190 - 4220 K and Al_2O_3 anvils at conditions of 156 - 304 GPa and 1290 - 2740 K. Thermal modeling of interface temperature versus time yields best fit thermal diffusivity ratios of 4 - 19 ± 1 (Fe/anvil) over the pressure and temperature range of the experiments. Calculated thermal conductivities for Fe, using electron gas theory, of 111 - 181 W /mK are used to calculate thermal conductivities for the anvil materials ranging from 2 to 13 W /mK. Debye theory predicts higher values of 8 to 35 W /mK. Data from previous experiments on thick (≥l00μm) films of Fe and stainless steel are combined with our present results from experiments on thin (≤1000 A) films to infer a 5860 ± 390 K Hugoniot temperature for the onset of melting of iron at 243 GPa. Our results address the question of whether radiation observed in shock temperature experiments on metals originates from the metal at the metal/anvil interface or from the shocked anvil. We conclude that the photon flux from the shocked assemblies recorded in all experiments originates from the metal. Within the uncertainties of the shock temperature data, the uncertainties in shock temperatures resulting from the radiation from the anvils is negligible. This is in direct disagreement with the conclusions of previous work by Kondo.
Enzymic characterization of leaf peroxisomes.

Abstract Peroxisomes from spinach leaves contain three aminotransferases, a glutamate-glyoxylate, a serine-pyruvate and an aspartate aminotransferase. Five other enzymes previously described in leaf peroxisomes were measured, namely, catalase, glycolate oxidase, NADH-hydroxypyruvate reductase, and NAD-malate dehydrogenase. A NADPisocitrate dehydrogenase was also associated with isolated leaf peroxisomes, but its specific activity was much less than the other enzyme. Most of the NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was soluble. Serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity in the particulate fraction was localized entirely in the peroxisomes. Isoenzymes of asparate aminotransferase were found in chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. The activities of the chloroplast and mitochondrial forms of this aminotransferase were greater than the peroxisomal isoenzyme. The two peroxisomal serine-pyruvate and aspartate aminotransferases were separated by disc electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. The aminotransferases had different substrate specificity. Other enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with the exception of an isoenzyme of NAD-malate dehydrogenase, were detected in mitochondria but not in the leaf peroxisomal fractions. Enzymes for the reductive amination of α-keto acids, the interconversion of C4 and C3 acids, hydroxyaspartate dehydratase, and the α and β oxidation systems for fatty acids could not be detected in leaf peroxisomes. Preliminary evidence is presented for a malate synthase in leaf mitochondria.
Missing the Forest for a Tree: Unpublished Opinions and New Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1

On December 1, 2006, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 will take effect, allowing citation to all opinions issued on or after January 1, 2007 that have been designated "unpublished" or "nonprecedential." The new Rule, under consideration by the judicial Conference of the United States since the 1990s, seemingly puts an end to the long and sometimes contentious debate over whether citation to unpublished opinions should be permitted. But the Rule does not address a more important issue: whether the federal courts of appeals should designate some of their opinions as nonprecedential. This Article argues the notion that judges can and should determine an opinion's precedential value at the time they issue it is based upon a flawed and outdated view of how the law develops. Whether an opinion has made "new law" or is otherwise significant is a judgment best made with the benefit of time, and with input from lawyers, litigants, and other judges.
Adults’ Remembrances of Parental Acceptance–Rejection in Childhood Predict Current Rejection Sensitivity in Adulthood

Interpersonal acceptance–rejection theory predicts that the experience of parental rejection in childhood leads to the development of rejection sensitivity that tends to extend into adulthood. This study provides the first test of this prediction within the framework of the theory. Self-report surveys were administered to 271 undergraduates (M age = 21.73). Adults’ remembrances of both maternal and paternal acceptance–rejection in childhood were significantly related to their current levels of rejection sensitivity. Moreover, acceptance–rejection from the same-sex parent explained more of the variance in rejection sensitivity than did acceptance–rejection from the other-sex parent.
Technical Challenges for Commercial Supersonic Propulsion

The NASA Supersonics Project is focused on overcoming the major technical challenges associated with the development of commercial supersonic flight. The NASA Project has identified a number of technical issues that must be overcome in order for this mode of flight to become practical. In particular, the propulsion technologies must meet all of the current subsonic engine noise and emissions regulations at takeoff and landing, as well as acceptable particulate and water emissions at high altitude. High specific thrust will be required, and the effect of shocks associated with the engine inlets, nacelles and exhaust plumes must be minimized in order to achieve a low boom signature. High temperature, light weight materials are vital to achieving acceptable long range durability and efficiency. The main emphasis of this paper will be concerned with the improvements required for the propulsion system in order to achieve the goals established over the 2015 to 2030 time period. The need to successfully integrate the engine with the vehicle remains a critical issue that needs to be accomplished. This presentation presents the ongoing research activities toward achieving these goals.
Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy in pediatric patients treated with sirolimus and tacrolimus.

Background Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) syndromes are reported to occur with increased frequency in transplant patients treated with siroliumus combined with a calcineurin inhibitor. We performed a retrospective study of all pediatric transplant patients at City of Hope who were administered combined tacrolimus/sirolimus (TAC/SIR) to determine the occurrence of TMA. Procedure This analysis includes 41 consecutive patients between the ages of 2 and 20 (median age 9.1) who received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant from any source and also received TAC/SIR for prevention or treatment of GVHD. Of those 41 patients, 20 received TAC/SIR as GVHD prohpylaxis and were designated the preventative group (PG), while 21 received TAC/SIR as treatment for GVHD and were designated the therapy group (TG). TMA occurrence in both groups was documented from day −1 of transplant to day 60 for the PG, and until 30 days after last dose for the TG. TMA was defined according to 2005 consensus criteria. Results Five of twenty patients in the PG, and five of twenty one in the TG, experienced TMA, with an overall rate of 23.8% for the population. All ten patients with TMA showed elevated levels of TAC, SIR or both and nine of ten suffered from organ injury due to regimen-related toxicity or GVHD. Conclusion Physicians should exercise caution in the use of TAC/SIR in pediatric patients due to a high rate of TMA. It is not recommended for heavily pre-treated patients and peak levels of TAC/SIR must be very carefully controlled. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:142–146. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide inhibits the initiation of cAMP pulsing in D. discoideum without altering receptor-activated adenylate cyclase

We have previously demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO)-releasing compounds inhibit the differentiation and aggregation of D. discoideum cells (Tao et al., FEBS Lett. 314:49, 1992). In the present study, we demonstrate that treatment of intact cells with NO-releasing compounds inhibits their production of cAMP. This occurred even though the developmental expression of the known components necessary for proper cAMP signalling was unaffected. The inhibitory effects of NO-releasing compounds on cell aggregation were reversed by stimulating cells with pulses of cAMP. In response to an applied cAMP pulse, NO-treated cells displayed a normal signal relay response, indicating that receptor-activated adenylate cyclase activity was not inhibited by NO. This also argues that the processes of desensitization/resensitization occur normally in NO-treated cells. The data indicate that the developmental expression of the components of the chemotactic signalling occurs independently of cAMP production and that the activity of the adenylate cyclase may be regulated by cAMP/ cAMP-receptor independent pathway. These findings indicate both a new mechanism for the regulation of adenylate cyclase in D. discoideum and a novel means by which NO can function to alter cellular processes.
Structure of the SH3 domain of human osteoclast-stimulating factor at atomic resolution.

Osteoclast-stimulating factor (OSF) is an intracellular signaling protein, produced by osteoclasts themselves, that enhances osteoclast formation and bone resorption. It is thought to act via an Src-related signaling pathway and contains SH3 and ankyrin-repeat domains which are involved in protein–protein interactions. As part of a structure-based anti-bone-loss drug-design program, the atomic resolution X-ray structure of the recombinant human OSF SH3 domain (hOSF-SH3) has been determined. The domain, residues 12–72, yielded crystals that diffracted to the ultrahigh resolution of 1.07 A. The overall structure shows a characteristic SH3 fold consisting of two perpendicular β-­sheets that form a β-barrel. Structure-based sequence alignment reveals that the putative proline-rich peptide-binding site of hOSF-SH3 consists of (i) residues that are highly conserved in the SH3-domain family, including residues Tyr21, Phe23, Trp49, Pro62, Asn64 and Tyr65, and (ii) residues that are less conserved and/or even specific to hOSF, including Thr22, Arg26, Thr27, Glu30, Asp46, Thr47, Asn48 and Leu60, which might be key to designing specific inhibitors for hOSF to fight osteoporosis and related bone-loss diseases. There are a total of 13 well defined water molecules forming hydrogen bonds with the above residues in and around the peptide-binding pocket. Some of those water molecules might be important for drug-design approaches. The hOSF-SH3 structure at atomic resolution provides an accurate framework for structure-based design of its inhibitors.
Tissue-specific regulation of fatty acid synthesis by thyroid hormone.

It is generally agreed that thyroid hormone stimulates the hepatic synthesis of long chain fatty acids in the rat. However, there are conflicting data about its effects in white adipose tissue, while in brown adipose tissue, lipogenic rates are highest in hypothyroid animals. We have systematically examined the effect of thyroid state on lipogenesis in different rat tissues. Fatty acid synthesis was assessed in vivo, using the incorporation of tritiated water. Hepatic lipogenesis was induced 16-fold between hypothyroid (4.1 +/- 0.6 microns H incorporated/g.h) and hyperthyroid rats (66.5 +/- 13.2 microns H/g.h). Kidney and heart were much less lipogenically active, but also responded positively to thyroid hormone. Both hyper- and hypothyroidism diminished fatty acid synthesis in retroperitoneal fat and had similar, although not significant, effects in epididymal fat. However, epididymal adipocytes, taken from hyperthyroid rats and cultured in vitro, were 3 times more lipogenically active than cells from ei...
The combination of axitinib followed by paclitaxel/carboplatin yields extended survival in advanced BRAF wild-type melanoma: results of a clinical/correlative prospective phase II clinical trial.

The combination of axitinib followed by paclitaxel/carboplatin yields extended survival in advanced BRAF wild-type melanoma: results of a clinical/correlative prospective phase II clinical trial
THE EFFECT OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION, INACTIVITY, AND SUBSEQUENT AEROBIC TRAINING ON THE MINERAL BALANCE IN YOUNG, MATURE, AND AGED HORSES

Abstract A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the effect of Ca and P supplementation, inactivity, and subsequent aerobic exercise on Ca and P serum concentrations, and balance and digestibilities in young, mature, and aged horses. Twelve stock-type geldings were blocked into three age groups: 2 and 3, 7 to 11, and 15 to 21 years of age. Two groups of six horses were randomly assigned to either control (C) or mineral supplemented (T) diet. Horses consuming C received about 133% of National Research Council (NRC) requirements for Ca and P, while horses consuming T received about 275% of NRC requirements for Ca and P. The trial consisted of eight 21-d periods. During periods I, II, and III, all horses were inactive, and during periods IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII, all horses performed an ascending aerobic exercise regimen. Serum samples were taken at the beginning of period I and at 21-d intervals thereafter for determination of serum Ca and P. Total fecal and urine collections were taken for 72 h at the beginning of period I and at 21-d intervals thereafter for determination of Ca and P balance. Overall mean apparent Ca balance was affected by treatment (P
The decline of contemporary protest music

(1971). The decline of contemporary protest music. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 44-50.
Management of work-related asthma

The physician managing work-related asthma (WRA) assumes many roles. The first is to confirm an accurate diagnosis, recognizing that WRA has multiple phenotypes, including sensitizer-induced occupational asthma (OA) caused by high-molecular-weight (HMW) proteins or low-molecular-weight (LMW) chemicals; irritant-induced asthma; and work-exacerbated asthma. Pharmacotherapy for WRA is identical to nonwork-related asthma and should be guided by current asthma guidelines emphasizing control of both asthma impairment and risk domains. It is well established that the majority of workers diagnosed with OA caused by sensitizers experience persistent asthma after leaving the workplace. However, the long-term risk of persistent unremitting asthma can be prevented in a minority of cases, particularly with OA caused by LMW sensitizers, by establishing an early diagnosis of OA and reducing or eliminating exposure. The physician consultant may advise employers on workplace interventions needed to minimize effectively an affected employee's exposure to a causative agent or condition, and what measures are required to prevent new cases of WRA (ie, primary prevention). Although allergen immunotherapy has a putative role in treating and preventing WRA caused by HMW sensitizers, further study is needed.
Rat behavioral model for high-throughput parametric studies of intracortical microstimulation

In the development of sensory prosthetic devices based on intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) an important objective is to optimize the stimulus waveform. However, because of the large design space such optimization is an imposing challenge. This study highlights the ability of individual rats, trained using a conditioned avoidance paradigm and performing an adaptive task, to generate highly consistent and significant data. Three experiments on the effects of phase delay, stimulus pulse rate, and waveform asymmetry were completed and revealed detailed and significant results. These results, consisting of 244 individual thresholds, were generated by one rat in 19 days.
Effects of Pretask Modeling on Attention to Form and Question Development.

Over the last two decades, a growing body of research has shown positive impacts for task planning in task-based instruction (e.g., Ellis, 2005; Foster & Skehan, 1996). However, what learners plan during pretask planning, and whether any specific planning strategies are more beneficial in encouraging learners to attend to linguistic forms and facilitating second language development, have not been systematically investigated. The present study examined the effects of pretask modeling as a planning strategy on learners' attention to question structures and their subsequent question development. Korean junior high school students from two classes were assigned to either pretask modeling or no modeling groups. They completed a pretest, three tasks in pairs, and two posttests over a period of 5 weeks. The modeling group viewed pretask modeling videos as a part of their guided planning, whereas the no modeling group was provided with unguided planning time. The individual learners' think-aloud protocols during planning time and learner–learner interaction during task performance were audio-recorded, and the data were analyzed in terms of language-related episodes. Question development was determined based on Pienemann and Johnston's (1987) developmental sequence. Results indicate that pretask modeling facilitated learners' attention to form, especially during planning time, and their question development.
Natural killer T cells as targets for immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases

CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that play a regulatory role during an immune response. The identification of alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a marine sponge-derived glycosphingolipid, as a potent stimulator of NKT cells led many laboratories to investigate the effects of NKT cell activation on the regulation of immune responses. These studies revealed that alpha-GalCer induces rapid and robust cytokine production by NKT cells, secondary activation of a variety of innate and adaptive immune cells, and modulation of Th cell responses. Further, alpha-GalCer influences disease progression in a variety of experimental models of autoimmunity and inflammation in mice, including models for type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel disease, and atherosclerosis. While these studies have raised significant enthusiasm for manipulation of NKT cells as a means of preventing autoimmunity in the clinical setting, there are significant concerns regarding the safety of repeated alpha-GalCer injections in human subjects.
A brief history of alcohol, immunity, and the Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG)

It is a personal pleasure to introduce this Special Issue of Alcohol to present the proceedings of the Alcohol and Immunology Workshop, held in conjunction with the 8th Meeting of the Alcohol and Immunology Research Interest Group (AIRIG) on November 21, 2003, at the Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, USA. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Elizabeth J. Kovacs, principal organizer, for making this meeting a success. Co-organizers who also participated in planning and implementation of this meeting and workshop were Dr. Luisa A. DiPietro, Dr. Robert T. Cook, and me. Because this meeting represented the rejuvenation of AIRIG, a brief history of the study of the effects of alcohol abuse on the immune system seems appropriate. Although the connection between alcohol abuse and increased susceptibility to infectious diseases was first described in the 1800s, it has only been recently that careful, mechanistic studies have been done to define specific cells that are affected by chronic alcohol abuse. In addition, the mechanisms of the now welldocumented immunosuppression associated with alcohol abuse are beginning to be unraveled. The study of the effects of alcohol on the immune system received a boost when funding for HIV research became available. This funding resulted in some very positive study results. However, unfortunately, there were some publications produced that lessened confidence in the general studies of alcohol and immunology. I will discuss some of the positive events in the history of alcohol and immunology studies later. In my opinion, one of the lowest points in the history of alcohol and immunology research occurred when an editorial, co-authored by Dr. Enoch Gordis, then Director of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and Dr. Leslie Isaki of the NIAAA, was published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research in 1993. The editorial presented a negative view of the state of the
Striatal dopamine metabolism in response to apomorphine: the effects of repeated amphetamine pretreatment.

Abstract The dose-dependent decrease in striatal dopamine (DA) metabolites following apomorphine (APO) administration was utilized as an index of changes in DA receptor sensitivity following the repeated administration of amphetamine (AMPH). The results suggest that: (a) repeated AMPH pretreatment does not alter DA autoreceptor sensitivity; and (b) interpretations of the decline in striatal DA metabolites at high doses of APO (> 50 μg/kg), in terms of activation of postsynaptic DA receptors, may require re-evaluation.
Effect of metyrapone and aminoglutethimide on the murine sarcoma (MuSV-M) and breast adenocarcinoma (C3HBA)

In previous studies with C3HBA tumors in C3H mice and with murine sarcoma virus tumors (MuSV-M) in several varieties of mice, it was shown that administration of cortisone acetate or infliction of stressors that were presumed to cause increased secretion of adrenal glucocorticoids increased the severity of the tumor diseases. The administration of physiologic doses of estradiol did not influence the growth of these two tumors. We, however, had found that administration of metyrapone (MET) inhibits the growth of these tumors. We had attributed its action to 1) a decrease in corticosterone production and 2) an increase in 11 deoxycorticosterone production. To determine which of these factors was more important we compared the action of MET to aminoglutethimide (AG), since AG decreases both corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone levels. Experimental diets containing MET (200 mg/kg) or AG (120 mg/kg) were fed to CBA and C3H mice, starting three days prior to their inoculation with a 1 × 10−1 and 1 × 10−2 gr eq/ml concentration of MuSV-M or 1 × 105 and 1 × 106 C3HBA cells, respectively. In the MuSV-M system, MET lengthened the latency period of tumor development, inhibited tumor incidence, decreased tumor score, and shortened tumor regression time. In the C3HBA system, MET had a similar inhibiting effect on tumor growth. In contrast, AG had no statistically significant antitumor effect in either the MuSV-M or C3HBA systems. We interpret these data as supporting the view that the antitumor effect of MET is due to an accumulation of deoxycorticosterone and a diminution of glucocorticoids because of the selective actions of MET on 11β-steroid hydroxylase.
Acute uncomplicated appendicitis: case time of day influences hospital length of stay.

Abstract Background: Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical infection requiring operative intervention, and length of stay (LOS) typically is short. The timing of emergency appendectomies for acute appendicitis depends on many factors, including anesthesia and operating room availability, staffing, convenience, acuity of illness, and surgeon preference. Efforts to decrease LOS in surgery patients have focused largely on elective operations. We hypothesized that operative time of day would determine when patients were discharged after appendectomy. Methods: Records of patients undergoing appendectomy between July, 2004 and June, 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. Operative date and time, hospital discharge date and time, operative findings, and postoperative complications were reviewed. Hospital LOS was calculated, and the Student t-test used to calculate significance. Results: A total of 199 patients underwent appendectomy during the study period. Twenty-three “outliers,” with complicated appendi...
Small GTPase determinants for the Golgi processing and plasmalemmal expression of human ether-a-go-go related (hERG) K+ channels.

The pro-arrhythmic Long QT syndrome (LQT) is linked to 10 different genes (LQT1–10). Approximately 40% of genotype-positive LQT patients have LQT2, which is characterized by mutations in the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG). hERG encodes the voltage-gated K+ channel α-subunits that form the pore of the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K+ current in the heart. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate the intracellular transport or trafficking of hERG, because trafficking is impaired for about 90% of LQT2 missense mutations. Protein trafficking is regulated by small GTPases. To identify the small GTPases that are critical for hERG trafficking, we coexpressed hERG and dominant negative (DN) GTPase mutations in HEK293 cells. The GTPases Sar1 and ARF1 regulate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of proteins in COPII and COPI vesicles, respectively. Expression of DN Sar1 inhibited the Golgi processing of hERG, decreased hERG current (IhERG) by 85% (n ≥ 8 cells per group, *, p
Diameters and albedos of satellites of Uranus

Products of the masses of the five known satellites of Uranus, and estimates of their bulk densities and surface albedos, are used to infer their probable dimensions. Spectrophotometry has established the presence of water ice on the surfaces of all save Rhea, and the brightnesses of the satellites have been measured photoelectrically. The diameter measurements presented were made using a photometric/radiometric technique, whose recent recalibration, using independent solar system object measurements, has yielded absolute accuracies better than 5 per cent. The new albedo measurements show that Umbriel, Titania and Oberon are similar to the Jupiter moon Callisto, while Ariel resembles the Saturn moon Hyperion. The diameters of all four are similar to those of the large, icy Saturn satellites Rhea and Iapetus.
Calculating constraints on relational expression

This paper deals with the problem of determining which of a certain class of constraints hold on a given relational algebra expression where the base relations come from a given schema. The class of constraints includes functional dependencies, equality of domains, and constancy of domains. The relational algebra consists of projection, selection, restriction, cross product, union, and difference. The problem as given is undecidable, but if set difference is removed from the algebra, there is a solution. Operators specifying a closure function (similar to functional dependency closure on one relation) are defined; these will generate exactly the set of constraints valid on the given relational algebra expression. We prove that the operators are sound and complete.
Framing child and youth care in moments of rhythm, presence, meaning, and atmosphere

The story of child and youth care is existential (Baizerman, 1992), developmental (Maier, 1987), and experiential (Fewster, 1990). It takes place in the “here and now” as workers weave care, learning, and counseling into daily interactions. At the foundation of these interactions is a series of moments of rhythm, presence, meaning, and atmosphere.
Identity Trouble Disidentification and the Problem of Difference

This paper uses the conceptual apparatus of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy to tackle a foundational issue in the philosophical literature on group identity, namely, the problem of difference. This...
Acidic hydrolysis of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleotides.

Abstract The rates of acidic N-glycosyl cleavage of the 3′- and 5′-phosphates of deoxycytidine and thymidine have been studied. The pH-rate profiles and thermodynamic parameters for the hydrolyses resemble those of the parent nucleosides. It is likely that the A-1 mechanism observed with the nucleosides also operates at the nucleotide level. (In the case of deoxycytidine 3′-phosphate, a mechanism intermediate between A-1 and A-2 is indicated.) The rates observed vary from about 1 4 to 3 4 of the parent nucleosides. This is probably due to conformational effects in the sugar ring. The release of pyrimidines from calf thymus DNA in 80 % H2SO4 was considerably slower than from the nucleotides. The cause of this is obscure.
Tonic immobility in the lizard, iguana iguana

Summary The lizard, Iguana iguana appears to be a good preparation with which to study the tonic immobility response. This state can be reliably induced in iguanas by a combination of inversion, restraint, and moderate pressure. During immobility there are obvious changes in respiration; there is a systematic decline in respiration rate, the rhythm becomes sporadic, and the magnitude irregular. The prolonged period of immobility does not seem to be consonant with a fear hypothesis but could be the result of a period of cortical depression due to increased brain stem activity.
Characterization of the threonine-sensitive aspartokinase--homoserine dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli K12 by transient electric birefringence.

The rotatory diffusion constant of aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I of Escherichia coli K12 was determined by the method of transient electric birefringence. Its value extrapolated to zero concentration in water at 20°C is 2.98±0.09×105 sec−1. Combination of this result with the known translational hydrodynamic properties of the protein permits the calculation of two equivalent ellipsoids of revolution: prolate, axial ratio, 2.5±0.4, and effective volume, 1.17±0.08×106 A3; and oblate, axial ratio, 0.05±0.045, and effective volume, 0.26±0.24×106 A3. The probable structure and symmetry of this tetrameric allosteric protein is discussed in regard to these data and to other available information. Other properties of the ellipsoidal models are predicted, including the hydrodynamic radii of gyration, excluded volumes, limiting viscosity number, and harmonic mean relaxation times. The second virial coefficient is calculated, assuming that it arises entirely from excluded volume effects. The result obtained is in excellent agreement with experimental values determined in moderate salt solutions near neutral pH.
Expanded endonasal approach for the clipping of a ruptured basilar aneurysm and feeding artery to a cerebellar arteriovenous malformation

While endovascular techniques play a significant and expanding role in the management of basilar trunk aneurysms, open surgical clipping remains necessary in select cases. Expanded endonasal transclival approaches offer the advantage of direct access and visualization of the midline vertebrobasilar system, benefits ideally suited to a basilar trunk aneurysm. A 59-year old woman with subarachnoid hemorrhage was found to have a ruptured basilar trunk aneurysm associated with a feeding vessel to a small cerebellar arteriovenous malformation (AVM). An expanded endoscopic endonasal transclival approach was used to successfully clip the basilar trunk aneurysm and feeding AVM vessel. The patient was subsequently discharged home without any neurological deficits. Transclival clipping of basilar trunk aneurysms is technically feasible and plays an important role in management when other strategies fail. The technical benefits of this approach include proximal and distal control of the basilar artery and improved visualization of the brainstem and perforators. Endoscopic transclival approaches should be considered in the management of complex basilar trunk aneurysms.
Shaping Society through Dance: Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Peruvian Andes

Shaping Society through Dance: Mestizo Ritual Performance in the Peruvian Andes. Zoila S. Mendoza. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000. ix. 285 pp., CD, illustrations, maps, photographs, notes, references, index.
Trends and determinants of second-pregnancy smoking among young-adult mothers who smoked during their first pregnancy.

We examined the trends and determinants of second-pregnancy smoking behavior among Michigan young-adult mothers who smoked during their first pregnancy (N=14,731). Maternally linked Michigan birth certificate data (1989-2004) were used to identify first and second pregnancies for young-adult mothers. ZIP code data were merged with census data to proxy for median household income and population size at the ZIP code level. For first-pregnancy smokers, linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze (a) the determinants of second-pregnancy smoking and (b) the association of birth outcomes with second-pregnancy smoking. Among young adults who smoked during their first pregnancy, second-pregnancy smoking was (a) inversely related to income and population, (b) less prevalent after 1997, (c) more likely after a low-birthweight first birth, and (d) less likely after a premature first birth. Despite recent declines in second-pregnancy smoking rates among young adults who smoked during their first pregnancy, these rates remain disturbingly high (more than 70%). Future smoking cessation efforts should target mothers who have lower incomes, live in less-populated areas, and have previously had low-birthweight babies. The results suggest that higher cigarettes taxes would also further reduce recurrent smoking.