cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Process of Abstraction

Aristotle claims that we grasp the universal first principles of science by abstraction. Among the first principles he includes universal concepts, axioms, and postulates. The intellect (nous ) in us intuits them directly. It can err not in intuiting them but in describing and identifying them. The intellect gains access to these universal principles by making inductions on sense perceptions, where they are contained confusedly in a disorganized, routed state. Induction is a type of abstraction where something more primary (and often more general) is abstracted from something less so. Via a series of inductions a hierarchy of universals is constructed. The hierarchy ends with the ultimate abstraction, mathematical objects . These have a relational structure but are treated as if they are subjects in their own right. Propositional first principles can be obtained by reading them off of the hierarchy, just as information can be read off of a map.
Macromolecular chelation as an improved mechanism of protease inhibition: structure of the ecotin-trypsin complex.

Abstract The 2.4 A crystal structure (R = 0.180) of the serine protease inhibitor ecotin was determined in a complex with trypsin. Ecotin's dimer structure provides a second discrete and distal binding site for trypsin and, as shown by modelling experiments, other serine proteases. The second site is approximately 45 A from the reactive/active site of the complex and features 13 hydrogen bonds, including six that involve carbonyl oxygen atoms and four bridged by water molecules. Contacts ecotin makes with trypsin's active site are similar to, though more extensive than, those found between trypsin and basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The side chain of ecotin Met84 is found in the substrate binding pocket of trypsin where it makes few contacts, but also does not disrupt the solvent structure or cause misalignment of the scissile bond. This first case of protein dimerization being used to augment binding energy and allow chelation of a target protein provides a new model for protein-protein interactions and for protease inhibition.
The sensory features of a food cue influence its ability to act as an incentive stimulus and evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core

The sensory properties of a reward-paired cue (a conditioned stimulus; CS) may impact the motivational value attributed to the cue, and in turn influence the form of the conditioned response (CR) that develops. A cue with multiple sensory qualities, such as a moving lever-CS, may activate numerous neural pathways that process auditory and visual information, resulting in CRs that vary both within and between individuals. For example, CRs include approach to the lever-CS itself (rats that “sign-track”; ST), approach to the location of reward delivery (rats that “goal-track”; GT), or an “intermediate” combination of these behaviors. We found that the multimodal sensory features of the lever-CS were important to the development and expression of sign-tracking. When the lever-CS was covered, and thus could only be heard moving, STs not only continued to approach the lever location but also started to approach the food cup during the CS period. While still predictive of reward, the auditory component of the lever-CS was a much weaker conditioned reinforcer than the visible lever-CS. This plasticity in behavioral responding observed in STs closely resembled behaviors normally seen in rats classified as “intermediates.” Furthermore, the ability of both the lever-CS and the reward-delivery to evoke dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens was also altered by covering the lever—dopamine signaling in STs resembled neurotransmission observed in rats that normally only GT. These data suggest that while the visible lever-CS was attractive, wanted, and had incentive value for STs, when presented in isolation, the auditory component of the cue was simply predictive of reward, lacking incentive salience. Therefore, the specific sensory features of cues may differentially contribute to responding and ensure behavioral flexibility.
Arsenic Trioxide with Ascorbic Acid and High-Dose Melphalan for Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Myeloma.

Abstract Backround: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has been shown to be synergistic with melphalan both in vitro and in vivo. We conducted a phase I/II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of a combination of arsenic trioxide, melphalan and ascorbic acid (AA) as preparative regimen in patients undergoing high-dose therapy (HDT) and autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation for multiple myeloma (MM). We also assessed the impact ATO levels on melphalan pharmacokinetics (PK), engraftment and toxicity. Methods: Forty-eight patients with secretory myeloma (23 females, 25 males; median age: 54, range: 3570) were treated between 4/04 and 8/05. All patient received melphalan 100 mg/m2 IV on days -4 and -3 and AA 1000 mg/day IV on days -9 to -3. Patients were randomized to 3 arms; no ATO (arm 1), ATO 0.15 mg/kg IV on days -9 to -3 (arm 2) and ATO 0.25 mg/kg IV on days -9 to -3 (arm 3). Twelve patients had disease progression or relapse after a prior autograft. Median CD34 cells dose infused was 4.5 x 106/kg (range 2.3–10.9). Results: Patients in all 3 arms were evenly matched. With a median F/U of 14.0 months (range 6–25) post autograft, no dose-limiting toxicity or non-relapse mortality was seen. Toxicity was limited to grade I or II nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Median ATO levels on day 0 in arms 1, 2 and 3 were 0.2, 26.3 and 46.2 ng/ml, respectively. Melphalan PK was not altered by ATO pretreatment. Median time to neutrophil engraftment (ANC >500/ dl) was 9 days. There were no engraftment failures or delays in the ATO arms. CR rate for the entire group was 23%, and total response rate (CR + PR) was 75%. 1-year Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 75% and 95%, respectively. There was no significant difference in CR, RR, PFS or OS between the 3 arms (p = 0.9, 0.9, 0.4 and 0.6, respectively). A prior autologous transplant (p = 0.02) and abnormal cytogenetics at transplant (p = 0.04) were associated with a significantly shorter remission. Conclusions: ATO + melphalan + ascorbic acid is a safe, effective and well tolerated preparative regimen for patients with multiple myeloma undergoing an autotransplant. A longer follow up is needed to assess the impact of ATO on progression-free and overall survival.
Reliable Nonvolatile Memories: Techniques and Measures

Editor’s note: Reliability continues to be a severe challenge in the development of emerging memories. In this article, the authors offer a comprehensive survey of reliability enhancement techniques for three mainstream emerging memories and a summary of the possible future research directions in this area. —Yiran Chen, Duke University
Analyzing the Variability of City Dealers' Margins

For several years the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture has been cooperating with the Port of New York Authority in studying the handling and distribution of fruits and vegetables in the New York metropolitan district. One of their joint studies, entitled "Distributing Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in the New York Metropolitan Area," was completed about July 1, 1925. The survey was conducted by Mr. Charles E. Artman, Research Agent in Marketing, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, under the direction of Mr. Walter P. Hedden, of the Port Authority. The material for this paper is being drawn from that investigation. Mr. Artman's study is primarily an analysis of the price spread between wholesaler and consumer in metropolitan New York. It deals only with a selected group of fourteen leading fruits and vegetables.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Rich Pharmacokinetic Sampling Schemes in Translational Rat Toxicity Models With Vancomycin.

A translational need exists to understand and predict vancomycin-induced kidney toxicity. We describe: (i) a vancomycin high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for rat plasma and kidney tissue homogenate; (ii) a rat pharmacokinetic (PK) study to demonstrate utility; and (iii) a catheter retention study to enable future preclinical studies. Rat plasma and pup kidney tissue homogenate were analyzed via HPLC for vancomycin concentrations ranging from 3–75 and 15.1–75.5 μg/mL, respectively, using a Kinetex Biphenyl column and gradient elution of water with 0.1% formic acid: acetonitrile (70:30 v/v). Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10) receiving 150 mg/kg of vancomycin intraperitoneally had plasma sampled for PK. Finally, a catheter retention study was performed on polyurethane catheters to assess adsorption. Precision was 96.3% analyte recovery. A two-compartment model fit the data well, facilitating PK exposure estimates. Finally, vancomycin was heterogeneously retained by polyurethane catheters.
Use of Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment for Heart Failure Patients During Postacute Care in Skilled Nursing Facilities.

Abstract Background Individuals with heart failure (HF) who are hospitalized and admitted to skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) are at high risk for rehospitalization and death. The care preferences of this high-risk population have not been studied. Objectives To describe care preferences of patients with HF admitted to SNFs for rehabilitation based on Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment (MOST) documentation, and evaluate goal-concordant care based on MOST documentation, emergency department (ED) visits, and hospitalization. Design, setting, and participants Retrospective study of patients with HF in 35 SNFs enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of HF-disease management versus usual care between July 2014 and May 2016. Measurements Validity of MOST forms, care preference documentation, and ED visits/hospitalizations within 60 days of SNF admission. Results Of 370 patients (mean age 78.6 years, 58% women, 25% systolic HF), 278 (75%) had a MOST form in the SNF chart, of which 96 forms (35%) were invalid. The most common reason for an invalid MOST form was missing date accompanying patient or provider signature. Of 182 valid MOST forms, 47% of patients chose no cardiopulmonary resuscitation (“No CPR”), 58% selected “Full Treatment,” 17% chose “Selective Treatment,” and 23% chose “Comfort-Focused Treatment.” Patients who were older [odds ratio (OR) = 1.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.25, 1.81] and female (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.18, 4.59) had higher odds of choosing “No CPR.” Sixty-six of 182 patients (36%) with valid MOST forms had an ED/hospital visit within 60 days of SNF admission; only 3 patients received medical care that was potentially discordant: all 3 chose “Comfort-Focused Treatment” and were hospitalized for more than symptom management. Conclusion Seventy-five percent of patients with HF admitted to SNFs had care preferences documented using the MOST form, and 95% received goal-concordant care based on care preferences documented during the SNF admission. Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT01822912.
Strangeness at Intermediate Baryon Density

Exploration of the QCD phase diagram has been one of the main programs of contemporary nuclear physics. The intermediate baryon density region covers a broad range of the baryon chemical potential, between 100 and 700 MeV, and is expected to include a possible critial point at the end of a phase equilibrium curve between the hadron gas and quark gluon plasma phases. Experimental programs at the SPS and RHIC facilities have provided valuable insights in this range. These proceedings motivate the exploration of the QCD phase diagram through the use of strangeness. A selection of relevant experimental results from RHIC and SPS beam energy scan programs with associated theoretical predictions is presented along with a discussion of possible physical conclusions and future plans.
Impact of Personality Disorder Cluster on Depression Outcomes Within Collaborative Care Management Model of Care.

Background: Previous studies have suggested that having a comorbid personality disorder (PD) along with major depression is associated with poorer depression outcomes relative to those without como...
Shelter: Proactive Planning to Protect Citizens from Natural Hazards

There is space on the Earth to locate 3 billion more people than inhabit the Earth in 2013. But locating space that is safe from natural and anthropogenic hazards and the events they trigger or that can be made safe by investment, sound engineering, retrofitting, human innovation, and common sense can be problematic. There are surely limits to how much more population megacities can accept without becoming unmanageable. The reasons are that in addition to establishing safe sites for shelter (plus workplaces and infrastructure), there must be accessibility to foodstuffs and clean water, and opportunities for employment to support a tax base that can provide social services (e.g., healthcare and education) for a community. This chapter will focus on the physical aspect of site selection and technology that can protect growing, high density populations from natural hazards.
Single-Phase Pyrochlore Y2Ir2O7 Electrocatalyst on the Activity of Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Single-phase pyrochlore-type Y2Ir2O7 electrocatalyst was made through the sol–gel synthesis. This catalyst has high activity and stability toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid. Chronopotentiometry analysis shows no major changes in overpotential for more than 24 h measurement at 10 mA/cm2geo. Transmission electron microscopy shows no formation of a new shell layer after the OER tests. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to examine the single-electron filling in the e″ orbital of Ir 5d states, which could contribute to the improved OER activity.
Shared Care for Adults with Sickle Cell Disease: An Analysis of Care from Eight Health Systems

Adult sickle cell disease (SCD) patients frequently transition from pediatric hematology to adult primary care. We examined healthcare utilization for adult patients with SCD with shared care between hematologists and primary care providers (PCP). We analyzed the OneFlorida Data Trust, a centralized data repository of electronic medical record (EMR) data from eight different health systems in Florida. The number of included adults with SCD was 1147. We examined frequent hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits by whether the patient had shared care or single specialty care alone. Most patients were seen by a PCP only (30.4%), followed by both PCP and hematologist (27.5%), neither PCP nor hematologist (23.3%), and hematologist only (18.7%). For patients with shared care versus single specialist care other than hematologist, the shared care group had a lower likelihood of frequent hospitalizations (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.43–0.90). Similarly, when compared to care from a hematologist only, the shared care group had a lower likelihood of frequent hospitalizations (OR 0.67; 95% CI 0.47–0.95). There was no significant relationship between shared care and ED use. When patients with SCD have both a PCP and hematologist involved in their care there is a benefit in decreased hospitalizations.
Comparative analysis of functional and aesthetic outcomes of retroauricular full thickness versus plantar glabrous split thickness skin grafts in pediatric palmar hand burns.

Abstract Background Optimal management of palmar hand burns in children is controversial. We aimed to compare function and aesthetics of retroauricular full thickness skin grafts (FTSG) to plantar glabrous split thickness skin grafts (STSG). Methods 32 palmar grafts in paediatric burn patients were analysed: 19 retroauricular FTSG (group 1) and 13 thick plantar glabrous STSG (group 2). The latter were harvested at a thickness of 0.5 mm. The resulting plantar donor defects were covered with a STSG from the scalp, a sequential surgical technique we termed the “Zurich move”. Clinical examination, Cutometer and Colorimeter assessment and validated patient and observer questionnaires were used. Donor site complications and subjective complaints were recorded. Results Colorimeter results were superior in group 2 with an erythema score of 5.73 ± 2.64 (group 1) versus 2.33 ± 1.97 (group 2, p Conclusion Plantar glabrous STSG showed superior functional and aesthetic results when compared to FTSG in pediatric palmar hand burns. In addition, the “Zurich Move” is safe and provides uncomplicated donor site healing on the scalp and the foot allowing rapid restoration of full function.
Teaching for Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation is the idea of being moved to do something, and levels of motivation vary among every individual. Extrinsic motivation is a specific type of motivation that is fueled by external rewards or an expected outcome. This 2-page document, written by Isabella Damiani, Andrew Thoron, and J. C. Bunch and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural Education and Communication, discusses how educators can foster extrinsic motivation among their students. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wc307
Engineering: a humanist enterprise: a course for preparing the 21st century engineer and their collaborators to undertake interdisciplinary work in a complex society

This innovative practice work-in-progress paper examines student responses to a course whose content and pedagogy is aimed at preparing students to take on interdisciplinary work, and to consider human nature and societal context in their work. The course was developed in responds to the NAE call for undergraduate curricula to include interdisciplinary learning. The course helps students view engineering as a fundamentally human activity with all the features present when humans work together towards common goals. It uses active, experiential, and kinesthetic pedagogies to help students engage with the material. In the most recent iteration, data from course evaluations and student reflections indicate that students find the course applicable to their current and future endeavors working in interdisciplinary teams and valuable in their development. Students also generally find the pedagogy effective in helping them engage with the course content.
Names are Important

This chapter accompanies a bibliography describing legal scholarship related to sexual orientation and gender identities. Names are important, and groups of people ideally will be recognized as they wish. Readers may not be familiar with all the words and acronyms used to describe sexual orientations and gender identities. This chapter is meant to help readers understand the language used, and to recognize the nuance and diversity of experience and identity.
Anna Watkins Fisher. The Play in the System: The Art of Parasitical Resistance . Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020. 292p. Paper, $27.95 (ISBN 978-1-4780-0970-2).

When I started reading Anna Watkins Fisher’s The Play in the System: The Art of Parasitical Resistance , I was already in the middle of reading Olivia Laing’s Funny Weather: Art in an Emergency, a very different book that is also about intersections of art and sociopolitical reality. I mention Laing’s book here because she and Fisher both introduce “hospitality” as an important conceptual frame. To Laing, who borrows the term from John Berger, hospitality is about the potential for art to create critical openings that can help us connect and be free. For Fisher, hospitality, like everything else in the neoliberal, technocratic system(s) the title of the book references, has already been co-opted and redeployed as a tool for coercion.
The Paradox of Legal Equivalents and Scientific Equivalence: Reconciling Patent Law's Doctrine of Equivalents with the FDA's Bioequivalence Requirement

Contrary to popular perception, generic drugs often enter the market before the patents covering their brand name counterparts have expired by making slight changes to the drug to avoid the brand name patent. These generics face a paradox: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that the generic "not show a significant difference" from the reference product, while patent law requires that the generic have "substantial differences" as compared to the reference product. The generic must be bioequivalent, but not legally equivalent, to the brand name drug. This paradox occurs frequently in the courts but has never been discussed in the literature. This Article analyzes every case to date involving this equivalence paradox to create a normative theory explaining and predicting courts' treatment of these cases. It then explains the implications for patent law. Namely, it demonstrates how courts use these cases as an opportunity to tailor the scope of the patent based on its ability to provide ex post incentives for commercialization and development. Finally, this Article discusses the broader implications of the paradox on FDA law and concludes that these cases demonstrate that, while courts are increasingly skeptical of evergreening, the paradox impedes progress towards cheaper, safer medicine.
Trajectories of social-emotional development across pre-primary and early primary school

Abstract Social-emotional (SE) skills grow rapidly during the preschool years and support children's ability to manage stress and form positive relationships. Yet little research exists on how SE skills develop over time, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We examined the development of prosocial SE skills with four waves of data over three years in a sample of Ghanaian preschoolers (N = 1916; 47.6% female). We used factor analysis and vertical scaling to assess the dimensionality of prosocial SE skills and latent growth mixture modeling to identify subgroups as defined by different trajectories. We found two distinct subgroups—normative, in which children gained SE skills over time, and low-growth, in which children had lower initial skill levels and acquired skills at a slower rate over time. Group membership was associated with demographic characteristics and children's first grade academic outcomes, as well as other important non-academic skills.
Wilderness Medicine Boot Camp for Primary Care Sports Medicine Fellows Goes Virtual: From Uncertain Times Comes a Novel Approach to Traditional In-person Teaching

Wilderness medicine (WM) education is desired in Primary Care Sports Medicine fellowship training. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions, a virtual wilderness medicine boot camp was created to share a WM experience with learners across the United States. A previously led in-person WM boot camp was converted to lecture format and delivered through video conference. This covered information relevant to WM and the sports medicine certification exam. A post intervention survey was completed by 79.5% of participants (128/161). Participants rated the virtual experience positively. Both fellows and faculty felt the virtual boot camp adequately taught WM topics (fellows [5(4-5)], faculty [5(5- 5)], p <0.01). Both felt the virtual experience was sufficient over an in-person boot camp (fellows [4(2.75-4)], faculty [4(4-5)], p <0.01). Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to rethink teaching strategies to optimize the opportunities for learners. To date, this is the largest boot camp recorded in the literature. This was a safe and cost effective way to ensure that requirements for a WM experience were met. This virtual course could be adjusted to fit learning objectives of any specialty and tailored to accommodate any level of learning.
Stiff and strong, lightweight bi-material sandwich plate-lattices with enhanced energy absorption

Plate-based lattices are predicted to reach theoretical Hashin–Shtrikman and Suquet upper bounds on stiffness and strength. However, simultaneously attaining high energy absorption in these plate-lattices still remains elusive, which is critical for many structural applications such as shock wave absorber and protective devices. In this work, we present bi-material isotropic cubic + octet sandwich plate-lattices composed of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (stiff) skins and elastomeric (soft) core. This bi-material configuration enhances their energy absorption capability while retaining stretching-dominated behavior. We investigate their mechanical properties through an analytical model and finite element simulations. Our results show that they achieve enhanced energy absorption approximately 2–2.8 times higher than their homogeneous counterparts while marginally compromising their stiffness and strength. When compared to previously reported materials, these materials achieve superior strength-energy absorption characteristics, making them an excellent candidate for stiff and strong, lightweight energy absorbing applications.
A Dual-Polarized 1024-Element Ku-band SATCOM Phased-Array with Embedded Transmit Filter and >10 dB/K G/T

This paper presents a 1024-element Ku-band (10.7-12.7 GHz) polarization agile phased-array SATCOM receiver (RX). The phased array is built on a printed circuit board (PCB) surface-mount low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) and silicon beamformer chips are assembled. The phased-array, with a size of 40×39 cm and a directivity of 34 dB at 11.7 GHz, covers a scan volume of ±70° in all planes, and enables a low-noise operation with a receive G/T 10.5 dB/K at broadside. Its wide angle electronic scanning capability makes it suitable for affordable Ku-band SATCOM ground terminals.
A multi-paradigm approach to query processing: integrating structural, behavioral, and historical knowledge

This dissertation describes the general problem of integrating structural, behavioral, and historical knowledge sources in terms of the specific problem of processing access queries. These queries are presumed to be submitted to a federation of semantically heterogeneous, physically distributed, autonomous database systems. The processing of these queries is controlled by a centralized processor. The component databases in the federation provide the centralized processor with structural and behavioral knowledge, views of their respective schemas and statistical profiles (such as the number of tuples expected to be retrieved during a SELECT operation, the cardinality of each relation fragment, the size of each attribute in each relation fragment, and the number of distinct values for each attribute in each relation fragment). These views and profiles, however, may be inaccurate at a given moment since the component databases are not tightly coupled with the federation-level query processing system. Thus, an approach which generates access strategies solely on the basis of schemas and statistical profiles risks the possibility of making erroneous calculations. In our approach, access strategies are generated by using multiple paradigms which cooperate throughout the reasoning process. The views of the data dictionaries and statistical profiles of the component databases are used in conjunction with histories of previously executed queries and query fragments. We show how our approach of using multiple knowledge sources and multiple, cooperating systems avoids regenerating inefficient or costly access strategies even in the presence of incomplete or inaccurate information. An architecture for the system that uses this approach is described in detail. Various approaches to query processing are presented and are contrasted with our approach. We also show how our approach may be applied to a related problem, fault diagnosis in long-distance, telecommunications networks.
Climate Change: Effects on Biological Systems

Three major classes of human-induced changes in the atmosphere pose serious global problems for humanity’s future. These classes of problems are: the increasing atmospheric concentrations of gases, including CO2 and methane, leading to a “greenhouse” warming; the addition of chemicals that cause depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and admission of increased UV-B radiation; and pollutants in the troposphere that damage life and property both directly and indirectly, as acid precipitation. The build-up of greenhouse gases in particular seems likely to lead to worldwide changes in climates, with the potential for seriously disrupting both agriculture and the functioning of already impaired natural ecosystems. The large and still rapidly growing human population is dependent on the health of both kinds of ecosystems for its sustenance and can little afford serious disruptions of them. Policies to address all these global problems must soon be developed and implemented worldwide if the consequences of atmospheric changes, especially climate changes, are to be averted or ameliorated.
Requirement of an Escherichia coli 50 S ribosomal protein component for effective interaction of the ribosome with T and G factors and with guanosine triphosphate.

Abstract Escherichia coli ribosomes were made deficient in a 50 S ribosomal protein component by treatment with ethanol and NH4Cl and their ability to carry out a number of partial reactions involved in polypeptide synthesis was examined. The ribosomes were found to be competent in all reactions in which the ribosome alone participated, but were markedly deficient in all reactions involving an interaction of the ribosome, GTP, and either of the supernatant factors T and G. Nonenzymatic phenylalanyl-tRNA and N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA binding and the peptidyl transferase activity were essentially intact in these ribosomes; enzymatic binding of phenylalanyl-tRNA and translocation occur, but at markedly reduced rates; uncoupled GTPase activity associated with G factor and the ability to bind [3H]GTP in the presence of G factor and fusidic acid were virtually abolished; and uncoupled GTPase activity associated with T factor was diminished to about 15% of the activity present with unextracted ribosomes. Polyphenylalanine synthesis and all the partial reactions were completely or substantially restored by readdition of the ribosomal extract.
A minimal area problem for nonvanishing functions

The minimal area covered by the image of the unit disk is found for non- vanishing univalent functions normalized by the conditions f (0) = 1, f(0) = α .T wo different approaches are discussed, each of which contributes to the complete solution of the problem. The first approach reduces the problem, via symmetrization, to the class of typically real functions, where the well-known integral representation can be employed to obtain the solution upon ap rioriknowledge of the extremal function. The second approach, requiring smoothness assumptions, leads, via some variational formulas, to a boundary value problem for analytic functions, which admits an ex- plicit solution.
More Than Poverty: The Effect of Child Abuse and Neglect on Teen Pregnancy Risk

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study was to compare risk for teen pregnancies between children living in poverty with no child protective services (CPS) report history and those in poverty with a history of CPS report. Methods Children selected from families in poverty, both with and without CPS report histories were prospectively followed from 1993 to 2009 using electronic administrative records from agencies including CPS, emergency departments, Medicaid services, and juvenile courts. A total of 3,281 adolescent females were followed until the age of 18 years. Results For teens with history of poverty only, 16.8% had been pregnant at least once by the age of 17 years. In teens with history of both poverty and report of child abuse or neglect, 28.9% had been pregnant at least once by the age of 17 years. Although multivariate survival analyses revealed several other significant factors at the family and youth services levels, a report of maltreatment remained significant (about a 66% higher risk). Conclusions Maltreatment is a significant risk factor for teen pregnancy among low income youth even after controlling for neighborhood disadvantage, other caregiver risks and indicators of individual emotional and behavioral problems.
Hotspots and the evolution of the mantle

Trace element patterns show that continental and ocean island basalts are complementary to mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The relative sizes of the two source regions can be estimated from enrichment/depletion patterns. Their combined volume, computed from estimates of whole mantle abundances, occupies the entire upper mantle. The source regions appear to be the result of an early differentiation of the mantle. The MORB source evolved from the melt fraction which lost its late stage enriched fluids to the overlying plume source. The MORB source is primarily garnet and clinopyroxene, consistent with it being an eclogite cumulate.
RTI: Court and Case Law--Confusion by Design.

Professional confusion, as well as case law confusion, exists concerning the fidelity and integrity of response to intervention (RTI) as a defensible procedure for identifying children as having a ...
Minimum duration outages in Markov channels

We present an analytical framework for the computation of the outage probability, the outage duration and the frequency of outage. A Markov description is assumed for the channel, which allows closed-form solutions and can effectively model many situations of interest. Outage events are defined as the channel being attenuated for at least a time duration /spl tau/ (minimum duration outage). Also, extensions of this concept and applications to higher-layer performance are discussed.
Spatial heterogeneity of sea surface temperature trends in the Gulf of Alaska

Abstract State‐space models were used to derive non‐parametric sea surface temperature (SST) trends from 26 locations in and around the Gulf of Alaska for the period 1950–97. The SST trends reflect important large‐scale climate impacts associated with El Nino events and regime shifts, but also reveal significant spatial heterogeneity across the region. The SST trends cluster into five distinct regions that define a robust zonal and meridional asymmetry. The meridional differences reflect the relative impact of El Nino events, while the zonal differences reflect variations in the timing and amplitude of a region‐wide post‐1970 warming trend. The 1976 regime shift is evident primarily as an accelerated warming in the northern and eastern portions of the Gulf of Alaska. The climate signals identified in the SST series are of sufficient magnitude and duration that they could potentially foster changes in lower trophic productivity and structure, which could lead to a broader ecosystem reorganization. Regional...
Improving the formability of low carbon sheet steel by control of interstitial carbon content and temperature

Several authors have shown a relationship between strain rate sensitivity and the formability of sheet metals. In this study it is shown that by cooling to subzero temperatures the strain rate sensitivity of low carbon sheet steel can be improved dramatically and that this increased strain rate sensitivity leads to improved formability. At laboratory strain rates the optimum conditions for improved formability, a temperature of ∼70 °C and an interstitial carbon content of ∼20 ppm, were determined experimentally. Optimization involves a tradeoff between strain rate sensitivity, strain hardening and fracture strain. Testing under these conditions leads to an improvement in formability of ∼13 pct.
Femtosecond infrared spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (Abstract Only)

We recently developed a very sensitive infrared detector having a time response of Ca. 200 fs. The principle involves gating the JR by means of upconversion in a nonlinear crystal. The gating pulse is obtained from a fs dye laser operating at ca. 1 kllz. By means of this device it was possible to determine intensity changes of ca. i:iO in a CW diode or CO laser beam. As a result transient JR studies of moderate vibrational transitions such as found for the carbon monoxide, has been possible at Ca. 200 fs time resolution. The transient JR spectra of samples perturbed by both visible (or UV) and JR pulses has now been accomplished. The 1 kllz source ofshort JR pulses originates from a parametric amplifier pumped by halfthe output ofa regenerative amplifier system that is freguency doubled in KTP. The idler consists of a synchronously pumped dye laser amplified by the other half of the regen output. Experiments using either optical or JR pumping along with JR probing will be reported for a variety of systems including metal carbonyls and hemoproteins. The photofragments, free CO, vibrational energy relaxation and excited states of the organometallics are simultaneously studied. Recent work on molecular reorientation dynamics and determination of transition moment directions using JR/JR probing will be presented.
Computer analysis of photochemical changes in the human retina.

Abstract The first stage of the visual process involves the absorption of quanta by light-sensitive pigments in the retinal receptors. The photochemical consequences of this event can be measured in vivo by the technique of fundus reflectometry, and rapidly analyzed by a computer. This paper describes the principles of fundus reflectometry and considers the programming requirements for on-line data acquisition and processing of analog signals in a small laboratory computer.
Abstract LB-44: Persistent androgen ablation promotes enhanced neuroendocrine features in Pten-deficient prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Background: The development of potent androgens has increased survival of CRPC patients. Clinical data also suggests that the number of neuroendocrine (NE) CaPs frequently found in soft tissue metastasis has steadily increased over recent years and may be correlated with the use of potent androgen receptor (AR) inhibitors such as Enzalutamide or Aberaterone Acetate. These data suggest that NE cells may escape hormonal castration and that active inhibition of the AR may promote aggressive disease. Approach. To investigate this hypothesis, we have taken both genetic and pharmacological approaches to oppose AR signaling in Pten deficient CaP. Surgical castration of Pten-null mutant mice ( Pb-Cre+;PtenL/L ) led to both an increased EMT signature but also enhanced content of NE cells that were Synaptophysin+ and Pten-low/null. Chronic Enzalutamide treatment (4 wks., 10 mg/kg/d) promoted an increased percentage Synaptophysin+ cells, an observation that was potentiated when coinciding with surgical castration. Interestingly, the highest potentiation of NE cells was in the proximal anterior region of Pten-null mice. Consistent with our previous results, epithelial deletion of AR signaling in Pten-null epithelium ( Pb-Cre+;PtenL/L;ArL/Y) did not prevent CaP progression under surgical castrate conditions. Moreover, compared to Pten-null mutants, Pten-null;Ar-null mutants showed an enhanced stem cell signature (p63+ cells, LSChigh subpopulation) but also marked increase content of NE cells upon both surgical castration and chronic Enzalutamide treatment (4-8 wks., 10 mg/kg/d). To consider whether total systemic ablation of the AR signaling axis could impact progression, resected Pten-null explants (“chuncks”) were isolated from Pb-Cre+;PtenL/L mutants and transplanted to the kidney capsule of Tfm;Rag1-null mice, immune incompetent hosts that are genetically null for Ar. Consistent with our hypothesis, Tfm;Rag1-null mutants showed more NE cells in explants than those transplanted to control AR intact control ( Rag1-null ) mice. Conclusion: Chronic blockade of the AR signaling axis results in a poorly differentiated phenotype characterized by increased stemness and enhanced NE phenotype. Citation Format: David J. Mulholland. Persistent androgen ablation promotes enhanced neuroendocrine features in Pten-deficient prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-44. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-44
Synthesis of 15-methylene-eburnamonine from (+)-vincamine, evaluation of anticancer activity, and investigation of mechanism of action by quantitative NMR.

The biological role of installing a critical exocyclic enone into the structure of the alkaloid, (−)-eburnamonine, and characterization of the new chemical reactivity by quantitative NMR without using deuterated solvents are described. This selective modification to a natural product imparts potent anticancer activity as well as bestows chemical reactivity toward nucleophilic thiols, which was measured by quantitative NMR. The synthetic strategy provides an overall conversion of 40%. In the key synthetic step, a modified Peterson olefination was accomplished through the facile release of trifluoroacetate to create the requisite enone in the presence of substantial steric hindrance.
Sesquiterpene lactone contact sensitivity: clinical patterns of Compositae dermatitis and relationship to chronic actinic dermatitis

A mix of 3 sesquiterpene lactones (SL) (SL mix 0.1%) was evaluated over a 4-year period. Of 7420 patients with eczema investigated by patch testing, 135 (68 male, 67 female) (1.8%) demonstrated positive reactions, 114 (84%) considered clinically relevant. Females outnumbered males until the age of 60, after which men were more commonly affected. The clinical patterns varied from patients presenting with generalized eczema (20%) or eczema of the hands and face (24%), to patients with hand (36%) or facial eczema (11%) alone. 48 patients were investigated for suspected photosensitivity and 29 (21 male, mean age 69 years, and 8 female, mean age 66 years) had abnormal cutaneous monochromatic irradiation tests. These results highlight the varied clinical presentation of SL contact dermatitis and its association with chronic actinic dermatitis. The SL mix proved reliable and safe, supporting its inclusion in the European standard series of contact allergens.
New integration techniques for chemical kinetic rate equations. II - Accuracy comparison

A comparison of the accuracy of several techniques recently developed for solving stiff differential equations is presented. The techniques examined include two general purpose codes EEPISODE and LSODE developed for an arbitrary system of ordinary differential equations, and three specialized codes CHEMEQ, CREKID, and GCKP84 developed specifically to solve chemical kinetic rate equations. The accuracy comparisons are made by applying these solution procedures to two practical combustion kinetics problems. Both problems describe adiabatic, homogeneous, gas phase chemical reactions at constant pressure, and include all three combustion regimes: induction heat release, and equilibration. The comparisons show that LSODE is the most efficient code - in the sense that it requires the least computational work to attain a specified accuracy level. An important finding is that an iterative solution of the algebraic enthalpy conservation equation for the temperature can be more accurate and efficient than computing the temperature by integrating its time derivative.
Interleukin-6 production in human intestinal epithelial cells increases in association with the heat shock response.

Abstract Background.In recent studies, IL-1β stimulated the production of IL-6 in human enterocytes. The heat shock response influences the production of inflammatory mediators in certain cell types. We tested the hypothesis that heat shock regulates IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in human intestinal epithelial cells. Materials and methods.Cultured Caco-2 cells, a human intestinal epithelial cell line, were exposed to thermal heat shock at 43°C for 1 h and recovered at 37°C for 1 h. Cells were harvested for analysis of heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) production by Western blotting. In other experiments, IL-1β (0.5 ng/ml) was added following heat shock and recovery. IL-6 protein was measured in culture medium after 24 h by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were measured after 4 h by competitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results.Heat shock resulted in the production of HSP-70 and potentiated IL-1β-induced IL-6 production. The response to heat shock was associated with increased IL-6 mRNA levels. Conclusions.The results suggest that IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in human enterocytes is increased in association with the heat shock response. The biological role of heat shock-potentiated IL-6 production in the enterocyte remains to be determined.
Metrizable fiberings of continuous images of the lexicographic square

Abstract A Tychonoff space A is metrizably fibered if and only if there exists a continuous map F : A → B onto a metrizable space B such that for each b ∈ B , F −1 ( b ) is metrizable. We resolve a question stated by V. Tkachuk by showing that every first countable Hausdorff continuous image of the lexicographic square is metrizably fibered. We also observe that an example of S. Mardesic and P. Papic resolves a related question stated by Tkachuk.
Investigation of a potential protective mechanism against heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients on chronic intermittent hemodialysis

Abstract Background Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) develops as a result of platelet (PLT) activation by anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complex antibodies. Despite repeated exposure to heparin, patients undergoing chronic intermittent hemodialysis (HD) rarely develop HIT. We investigated the possibility that HD decreases/removes PF4 from PLT surfaces and/or plasma, thereby disfavoring immune complex formation as a mechanism of protection against HIT. Materials and methods We enrolled 20 patients undergoing chronic HD at the Penn Presbyterian Medical Center. Blood samples were drawn before, during and after treatment in the presence and absence of heparin. PF4, anti-PF4/heparin antibody, heparin, and P-selectin levels were measured. Results No patients demonstrated clinical symptoms of HIT. PLT surface PF4 levels decreased and plasma PF4 levels increased concurrently with the increase in plasma heparin concentration. In the absence of heparin, PLT surface and plasma PF4 levels were unchanged. Anti-PF4/heparin antibodies, which were non-functional by the serotonin release assay, were detectable in 8 patients. PLT surface P-selectin levels did not change during treatment. Conclusions Removal of PLT surface and/or plasma PF4 as a mechanism of protection against HIT in patients undergoing HD is not supported by the results of our study, although the transient decrease in PLT surface PF4 in the presence of large amounts of heparin remains a candidate mechanism. The small sample size, single type of dialyzer membrane, and early sampling time points may have led to the inability to detect changes in PF4 levels. Future studies should explore other potential protective mechanisms.
Numerical Investigation of Liquid-Liquid Coaxial Flows

This paper presents numerical results of the interfacial dynamics of axisymmetric liquid-liquid flows when the more dense liquid is injected in with parabolic inlet velocity profile. The flow dynamics are studied as a function of the individual phase Reynolds numbers, viscosity ratio, velocity ratio, Bond number, and Capillary number. The flows have been categorized as “necking” and “swelling” based on whether the injected fluid radius is smaller or larger than the injection port radius. The jet has been observed to neck when the average inlet velocity ratio is less than unity. The outer fluid velocity has a significant effect on the shape and evolution of the jet as it progresses downstream. As the outer liquid flow rate is increased, the intact jet length is stretched to longer lengths while the jet radius is reduced due to interfacial stresses. The jet radius appears to increase with increase in Bond number and viscosity ratio while it is nearly invariant with changes in Capillary number. The results of numerical simulations using FLUENT® agree well with the results of experimental measurements and the results of self-similar solution.Copyright © 2005 by ASME