cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Care Fraud and Abuse: Market Change, Social Norms, and the Trust “Reposed in the Workmen”

Abstract Health care fraud and abuse reportedly account for 10 percent of total spending on health care, or about $120 billion per year. Not surprisingly, Congress has granted fraud control personnel sweeping powers with which to attack the problem. Unfortunately, effectively addressing health care fraud is exceedingly complicated, particularly in light of recent major changes in the medical marketplace and the social context of such conduct. Broadly speaking, physicians view such conduct as essential to ensure high‐quality care; program administrators view it as the price of the program; fraud control personnel view it as criminal misconduct; and the public’s view depends greatly on who is benefitting. Social norms regarding health care fraud vary among these groups as well. The article examines the practical and theoretical challenges associated with attacking health care fraud and the merits of the current fraud control regime in light of these considerations.
The resource curse: A statistical mirage?

Abstract A surprising feature of resource-rich economies is slow growth. It is often argued that natural-resource production impedes development by creating market or institutional failures. This paper establishes an alternative explanation—a slow-growing resource sector. A declining resource sector is disproportionately reflected in resource-dependent countries. Additionally, there is little evidence that resource dependence impedes growth in non-resource sectors. More generally, this paper illustrates the importance of considering industry composition in cross-country growth regressions.
Short trading and short investing

Abstract Short selling is measured in the literature as both constraint (e.g., lending fees) and activity (e.g., trades). We show that these two measures capture separate effects, which we characterize into two different strategies. The first strategy, “short trading,” has minimal constraints, weekly scale return predictability and average risk. The second strategy, “short investing,” has high constraints, multi-month return predictability and higher risk. Moreover, each strategy incorporates different types of information. Short trading includes short-lived information while short investing includes more long-lived, fundamental information. This diversity in short sellers has implications for both theoretical and empirical research.
A comprehensive approach to measuring the relation between systemic risk exposure and sovereign debt

Using an integrated model to control for simultaneity, as well as new risk measurement techniques such as Adapted Exposure CoVaR and Marginal Expected Shortfall (MES), we show that the aggregate systemic risk exposure of financial institutions is positively related to sovereign debt yields in European countries in an episodic manner, varying positively with the intensity of the financial crisis facing a particular nation. We find evidence of a simultaneous relation between systemic risk exposure and sovereign debt yields. This suggests that models of sovereign debt yields should also include the systemic risk of a country's financial system in order to avoid potentially important mis-specification errors. We find evidence that systemic risk of a country's financial institutions and the risk of sovereign governments are inter-related and shocks to these domestic linkages are stronger and longer lasting than international risk spillovers. Thus, the channel in which domestic sovereign debt yields can be affected by another nation's sovereign debt is mostly an indirect one in that shocks to a foreign country's government finances are transmitted to that country's financial system which, in turn, can spill over to the domestic financial system and, ultimately, have a destabilizing effect on the domestic sovereign debt market.
The Fiscal Performance of Overlapping Local Governments

Research on the fiscal consequences of multilevel governance has largely focused on the interaction between federal and state governments. Yet, the federal system in the United States is considerably more complex and includes the vertical layering of governments at the local level. This research examines the relationship between the overlapping system of local governments and fiscal discipline in the public sector. It focuses on both the static and dynamic aspects of fiscal performance, specifically own-source revenues and debt. Using different measures of the vertical structure of the local governance system, and controlling for the effects of other factors including measures of horizontal competition, the empirical analysis finds that the overlaying of local governments creates a bias for a bigger public sector, but much of the bias can be traced to a specific type of government.
Global Governance and the WTO

The international trading system, embodied in the World Trade Organization (WTO), is rightly celebrated as one of the great successes of international cooperation. The success of that system, however, has not been matched in other important areas of international policymaking, including environmental, labor, human rights, and competition policy. In recent years, the trading system has come under stress because the impact of its success has been felt in these non-trade areas. The liberalization of trade and the establishment of multilateral trading rules, for example, have made it more difficult for nation-states to impose trade sanctions on states that fail to undertake certain environmental measures. Governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and individuals concerned about the impact of the trading system on these non-trade issues have challenged the WTO to address this concern. As of yet no consensus has emerged on the question of how to balance existing trade interests against these other interests. This Article proposes a strategy that would allow states to discuss trade and non-trade interests in a single forum. With a single place for the negotiation of a range of issues, states will be able to negotiate rules to govern the balance between trade and non-trade concerns. No such forum exists today. The best starting point for this effort is the WTO. The WTO has the advantage of being an established and successful organization that has proven itself capable of managing complex negotiations and administering the resulting agreements. It also has the advantage of a well functioning dispute resolution system. The primary problem with the WTO as the single home for these diverse issues is the fact that it is a trade organization, staffed by trade specialists, and prone to favoring trade interests over others. If it is to be an effective and accepted forum for non-trade issues, this trade bias must be eliminated. To overcome the trade bias of the institution, this Article advances a novel proposal to create autonomous, topical departments within the WTO. Each department would represent a single area, such as trade, environment, human rights, and so on. The departments would organize rounds of negotiation within their issue areas, leading to WTO obligations. In addition, to permit negotiation across issue areas, periodic Mega-Rounds would be convened in which trade concerns could be balanced against, for example, environmental concerns. The resulting agreements from the Mega-Rounds would also represent WTO obligations. The departmental structure would avoid the problems of a trade bias within the organization and retain the advantages of specialization. At the same time, the organization would have a mechanism to undertake the difficult but critical tasks of determining how trade and non-trade interests will interact.
Misguided Energy: Why Recent Legislative, Regulatory, and Market Initiatives are Insufficient to Improve the U.S. Energy Infrastructure

This Article reviews recent legislative and regulatory activity seeking to increase energy infrastructure and analyzes the ability of each action to achieve this goal efficiently and effectively. In Part II, the Article briefly reviews the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005), which included the historic repeal of the Public Utilities Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA). This Part will briefly consider the events leading to the passage of PUHCA and its subsequent repeal and will assess the likely impact, positive and negative, PUHCA repeal will have on timely investment in energy infrastructure. Part III describes the use of pricing incentives and the advent of market-based rates in wholesale energy markets and the apparent economic and political rationales behind such incentives and rates. It then summarizes recent and expected developments related to such incentive pricing programs. Part IV looks at recent legislation and the subsequent regulatory actions related to approval of mergers and acquisitions under the Federal Power Act (FPA). Finally, Part V explains that while significant legislative and regulatory activities abound, the actions to date provide little reason to expect significant changes in the near future. The crisis will only get worse: the current energy infrastructure is insufficient for current demand, and the demand for energy in the United States is increasing at approximately 1.1% per year. Furthermore, this Part considers recent FERC action in the response to certain emergencies related to the California energy crisis of 2000-01 and Hurricanes Rita and Katrina. This Part argues that these emergency actions provide yet another example of plans that, despite some promise, fail to effectively and immediately improve the nation's energy infrastructure. More aggressive action than has been seen to date would be necessary to implement the programs effectively. The Article concludes that it is time for an aggressive and innovative plan that will lead to immediate and sustained energy infrastructure enhancements. Even with financial incentives tied to specific deadlines to put new facilities in service, such as those used in FERC's emergency orders, improvements in energy infrastructure under current policies are insufficient to effectuate real change.
The Majority‐Minority Divide in Attitudes toward Internal Migration: Evidence from Mumbai

Abstract Rapid urbanization is among the major processes affecting the developing world. The influx of migrants to cities frequently provokes antagonism on the part of long-term residents, manifested in labor market discrimination, political nativism, and violence. We implemented a novel, face-to-face survey experiment on a representative sample of Mumbai's population to elucidate the causes of anti-migrant hostility. Our findings point to the centrality of material self-interest in the formation of native attitudes. Dominant group members fail to heed migrants' ethnic attributes, yet for minority group respondents, considerations of ethnicity and economic threat crosscut. We introduce a new political mechanism to explain this divergence. Minority communities facing persistent discrimination view in-migration by coethnics as a means of enlarging their demographic and electoral base, thereby achieving “safety in numbers.” Our article sheds light on the drivers of preferences over internal migration. It also contributes insights to the international immigration literature and to policy debates over urban expansion.
Charles A. Beard & the Columbia School of Political Economy: Revisiting the Intellectual Roots of the Beardian Thesis

Symposium: One-Hundred Years Later: Revisiting Charles Beard's An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States
Fourth Amendment Pragmatism

This Essay argues that the Fourth Amendment reasonable expectation of privacy test should be abandoned. Instead of engaging in a fruitless game of determining whether privacy is invaded, the U.S. Supreme Court should adopt a more pragmatic approach to the Fourth Amendment and directly face the issue of how to regulate government information gathering. There are two central questions in Fourth Amendment analysis: (1) the Coverage Question—does the Fourth Amendment provide protection against a particular form of government information gathering? and (2) the Procedure Question—how should the Fourth Amendment regulate this form of government information gathering? The Coverage Question should be easy to answer: the Fourth Amendment should regulate whenever government information gathering creates problems of reasonable significance. Such a scope of coverage would be broad, and the attention wasted on the Coverage Question would be shifted to the Procedure Question. This pragmatic approach to the Fourth Amendment is consistent with its text and will make Fourth Amendment law coherent and comprehensive.
Depreciation-policy changes: tax, earnings management, and investment opportunity incentives

Abstract Contrary to previous studies, we find managers change depreciation policies in predictable ways. We identify three dimensions of depreciation-policy changes: whether it is a method change or an estimate revision; whether it is income-increasing or decreasing; and whether it applies to new assets only or both new and existing assets. This disaggregation leads to three findings: First, a 1981 tax law altered the frequency of estimate revisions and method changes. Second, firms adopting income-increasing method changes for all assets experience worse performance than those adopting such changes only for new assets. Finally, non-income-increasing policy changes are associated with changes in investment opportunities.
An experimental analysis of compliance in dynamic emissions markets

Two important design elements for emission trading programs are whether and to what extent firms are able to bank emissions permits, and how these programs are to be enforced. In this paper we present results from laboratory emissions markets designed to investigate enforcement and compliance when these markets allow permit banking. Banking is motivated by a decrease in the aggregate permit supply in the middle of multi-period trading sessions. Consistent with theoretical insights, our experiments suggest that high permit violation penalties have little deterrence value in dynamic emissions markets, and that the main challenge of enforcing these programs is to motivate truthful self-reports of emissions.
Re-Conceptualizing Gaps by Socioeconomic Status in Parental Time with Children

Differences in the total time that parents spend with their children by socioeconomic status (SES) are well documented. However, the qualitative aspects of such gaps are potentially important, yet relatively understudied. The current study analyzes time-use data for a nationally representative sample of married households with at least two children, one of whom is under 13 (N = 21,016), from the American Time Use Survey to provide a more nuanced analysis of previously documented differences in the time parents spend with children by SES. Specifically, two understudied aspects of family time are considered, both of which are distinct from other types of parent–child time and are potentially particularly developmentally beneficial: shared time when both parents are present with a child and individual child time when no siblings are present. We find that shared time when both parents are simultaneously present with a child often comprises a substantial portion of the total gap in parental time spent with children between college-educated parents and parents who did not complete high school. Similarly, college-educated parents spend more time with children in the absence of the child’s siblings than do less-educated parents. Gaps in this time classification are often found within enriching time, which is likely especially developmentally beneficial, potentially amplifying the effects of these gaps on child development. Generally, these results suggest that gaps in parental time with children by SES are more nuanced than previous research has recognized.
Can VCs Time the Market? An Analysis of Exit Choice for Venture-backed Firms

We use a sample of 8,163 venture-backed companies over three decades to test the competing hypotheses that levels and relative shares of IPO (initial public offering) and M&A (mergers and acquisitions) exits are affected by market timing, versus pseudo-market timing that reflects market conditions. We find evidence of pseudo-market timing. Venture-backed issuers react to market or sector runups but do not predict downturns. We find no evidence that firm-specific market timing contributes to IPO or M&A waves. We also find that acquirers turn to acquisition when other opportunities are unattractive, and that the market may be slow to recognize that such opportunities are declining. The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com., Oxford University Press.
How the Millennium Development Goals are Unfair to Africa

Summary Those involved in the millennium development goal (MDG) campaign routinely state “Africa will miss all the MDGs.” This paper argues that a series of arbitrary choices made in defining “success” or “failure” as achieving numerical targets for the MDGs made attainment of the MDGs less likely in Africa than in other regions even when its progress was in line with or above historical or contemporary experience of other regions. The statement that “Africa will miss all the MDGs” thus has the unfortunate effect of making African successes look like failures.
Managing Uncertainty: Executive Appointments in Foreign Subsidiary Environments

This study examines how MNCs facing heterogeneous uncertainty in their subsidiary environments manage the tension between the need for environment-specific adaptation and intra- organizational coor...
FORCED INFORMATION DISCLOSURE AND THE FALLACY OF TRANSPARENCY IN MARKETS

A theory advanced in regulatory hearings holds that market performance will be improved if one side of the market is forced to publicly reveal preferences. For example, wholesale electricity producers claim that retail electricity consumers would pay lower prices if wholesale public utility demand is disclosed to producers. Experimental markets studied here featured decentralized, privately negotiated contracts, typical of the wholesale electricity markets. Two conclusions emerge: (i) such markets generally converge to the competitive equilibrium and (ii) forced disclosure works to the disadvantage of the disclosing side. Information disclosure would result in higher wholesale and thus higher retail electricity prices.
Adaptive Learning and the Transition to Fiat Money

This article explores some implications of adaptive learning for monetary evolution using a search-theoretic framework that allows for media-of-exchange network effects. Adaptive learning precludes any voluntary transition to a fiat standard from a non-monetary state of nature and can account for the historically-observed tendency for fiat monetary standards to emerge only following the prior appearance of commodity money and the widespread employment of redeemable banknotes. Adaptive learning can also account for governments' frequent resort to coercive measures to force a switch to fiat money and for their ability to affect such a switch even when doing so is not Pareto optimal. Exchange media fall into the general category of 'products for which the utility that a user of the good derives from [use] of the good increases with the number of other agents [using] the good' (Katz and Shapiro, 1985, p. 424). There are two reasons for these positive network effects. (1) Indirect. The more agents who employ a particular medium of exchange, the more likely it is that prices will be quoted in terms of that medium of exchange, i.e., that the medium of exchange will also serve as the economy's principle medium of account. (The costs of exchange are less for a medium of exchange that trades at par.) This indirect external effect is analogous to one encountered in computer hardware: the more purchasers of a particular kind of hardware, the more likely manufacturers of software are to supply compatible products. (2) Direct. The more persons who use a particular exchange medium, the better its quality or performance. This direct network effect is analogous to one encountered in communications technologies, such as telephones. The analogy is especially close for fiat money, which is useless to an isolated individual. This article examines some ways in which media-of-exchange network effects influence the evolution of monetary standards, and especially their role in determining both when and how a transition may occur from barter or commodity money to fiat money. The approach taken here emphasises the role of adaptive learning, where agents select exchange strategies that reflect static expectations concerning other agents' preferred strategies. Although the exchange game agents play generally has multiple Nash equilibria, including one in which all agents accept fiat money, adaptive learning precludes a spontaneous transition from barter to a fiat monetary standard even where a fiat standard would be welfare enhancing. Yet such learning does not rule out the spontaneous evolution of a commodity-money standard, or the eventual substitution of redeemable banknotes for commodity money. Readers familiar with the literature on network effects will recognise this
Financing frictions and the substitution between internal and external funds

Ample evidence points to a negative relation between internal funds (profitability) and the demand for external funds (debt issuance). This relation has been interpreted as evidence supporting the pecking order theory. We show, however, that the negative effect of internal funds on the demand for external financing is concentrated among firms that are least likely to face high external financing costs (firms that distribute large amounts of dividends, that are large, and whose debt is rated). For firms on the other end of the spectrum (low payout, small, and unrated), external financing is insensitive to internal funds. These cross-firm differences hold separately for debt and equity, and they are magnified in the aftermath of macroeconomic movements that tighten financing constraints. We argue that the greater complementarity between internal funds and external financing for constrained firms is a consequence of the interdependence of their financing and investment decisions.
Economic and Environmental Benefits of Eliminating Log Export Bans – The Case of Costa Rica

An increasing number of tropical timber-producing nations have enacted bans on export of logs arguing that this will reduce deforestation, expand downstream wood processing and improve the scale efficiency of domestic processing, create jobs and retain more value-added nationally. The theoretical literature is clear that trade restrictions are generally welfare reducing (except in special cases such as when there is a potential for an optimal export tax). At best, a log export ban is a second-best policy tool for reducing deforestation and addressing the associated environmental externalities. In overall terms, the suggestion that log export bans can achieve the objectives expected of them is dubious. However, very little quantitative evidence exists to demonstrate this claim and the paper attempts to address this gap by looking at the economic and environmental impacts of eliminating a log export ban in Costa Rica. The authors argue that eliminating the export ban is Pareto improving and could generate economic gains as high as $14 million per annum with the possibility of relatively modest environmental benefits.
Scoring Men: Vasectomies and the Totemic Illusion of Male Sexuality in Oaxaca

This paper discusses research on men's reproductive health and sexuality in Oaxaca, Mexico, and specifically why some men there choose to be sterilized. Men who opt for vasectomies do so after considering numerous cultural, historical, physiological, commercial, and other concerns. Men and women in Oaxaca negotiate certain cultural folk beliefs about supposed male sexual desires and practices before arriving at the decision to get the operation. Vasectomy as a method of birth control is chosen despite folk beliefs that take the form of a totemic illusion which treats male sexuality as naturalized, something fixed, and as entirely distinct from female sexuality. Among its many consequences, this totemic illusion serves to conceal inequalities in the sphere of reproductive health and sexuality in relation to contraception.
The Mediated Book

This paper, originally written in May, 2009, addresses the rise of the mediated book. With the rise of Google Book Search and ebook readers like Amazon’s Kindle, we will still browse and read books, but we will do so through a screen. Digital texts are inherently on-demand works and mediated texts can be updated instantly with new, continuously timely advertising. Advertising as a percentage of GDP has been relatively constant over time while print’s share has declined steadily. The rise of the new mediated books will change how we finance books and will change our understanding of the relative roles of content and technology in driving adver-tising.
All experience is not created equal: learning, adapting, and focusing in product portfolio management

This study explores the contingencies relating firm experience to product development capabilities, focusing on experience type (breadth versus depth) and timing (prior versus concurrent). Results from empirical tests in the U.S. mutual fund industry offer two primary findings. First, firms increase proficiency at adapting their processes to address new opportunities as they accumulate experience in entering new niches, but face initial hurdles broadening their experience base. Second, concurrent learning is capacity constrained, as product quality increases in the number of products introduced simultaneously in one niche, but quality decreases as the firm's concurrent portfolio of new products broadens. Jointly, these findings highlight that dynamic capabilities are built through prior adaptation experience and that management of a product development portfolio is an important managerial capability. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Debt and the Local Economy: Problems in Benchmarking Local Government Debt Affordability

Debt creation imposes an obligation to repay borrowed funds from a wealth base that for most local governments is capitalized in property values. Therefore, the ability to afford debt is tied to the local economy, a factor often overlooked by localities in the analyses of their own position. However, debt levels are also relative, as the many debt affordability studies among governments and by bond rating agencies suggest. We argue here that economic concentration and interjurisdictional coordination fundamentally provide a broader analytical approach to the question a locality asks: can we afford more debt?
Occupational safety and profit maximization: Friends or foes?

Abstract The rise of the Industrial Revolution is often depicted as a cause of hazardous working conditions and is skillfully epitomized in William Blake's tale of a child chimney sweeper. Conventional wisdom puts firm profit in conflict with occupational safety. We reexamine this argument noting that injuries are very costly to firms because they lead to higher wage premiums, worker compensation, and costly work stoppages. We hypothesize that it is precisely for these reasons that firms in the industries with dangerous working conditions have the strongest incentives to innovate and substitute more capital for labor. Using a longitudinal panel of U.S. industries, we test and confirm our hypothesis that higher injury rates lead to higher capital stock per worker, over time. Moreover, our estimates suggest that firms provide more capital and equipment per worker than what would have been there based solely on the compensating wage differential.
Neoliberalism and Symbolic Boundaries in Europe: Global Diffusion, Local Context, Regional Variation

Studies suggest that the rise of neoliberalism accompanies a foregrounding of individual responsibility and a weakening of community. The authors provide a theoretical agenda for studying the interactions between the global diffusion of neoliberal policies and ideologies, on the one side, and cultural repertoires and boundary configurations, on the other, in the context of local, national, and regional variation. Exploiting variation in the rate of adoption of neoliberal policies across European societies, the authors show how levels of neoliberal penetration covary with the way citizens draw symbolic boundaries along the lines of ethnoreligious otherness and moral deservingness.
Using Expectations to Test Asset Pricing Models

Asset pricing models generate predictions relating assets’ expected rates of return and their risk attributes. Most tests of these models have employed realized rates of return as a proxy for expected return. We use analysts’ expected rates of return to examine the relation between these expectations and firm attributes. By assuming that analysts’ expectations are unbiased estimates of market-wide expected rates of return, we can circumvent the use of realized rates of return and provide evidence on the predictions emanating from traditional asset pricing models. We find a positive, robust relation between expected return and market beta and a negative relation between expected return and firm size, consistent with the notion that these are risk factors. We do not find that high book-to-market firms are expected to earn higher returns than low book-to-market firms, inconsistent with the notion that book-to-market is a risk factor. Asset pricing models seek to establish the determinants of financial assets’ expected rates of return. Classic asset pricing models, such as Sharpe (1964), Lintner (1965), and Black (1972), predict that an asset’s expected return should be positively related to its systematic market risk. Based on Merton’s (1973) ICAPM, Fama and French (1992, 1993) argue that their findings of higher returns for high book-to-market stocks and low capitalization stocks reflect compensation for risk. That is, those stocks are expected to earn higher rates of return because they are riskier. Although asset pricing models aim at explaining cross-sectional variation in expected return, researchers have been forced to use realized return as a proxy for expected return in tests of these models. The use of realized returns implies that such tests are conditioned on the joint hypothesis of rational expectations, in the sense that the average realization is a good proxy for expectation and that the null asset pricing model describes the relation between expectations and firm attributes. However, realized return may not be a perfect proxy for expected return. First, noise in realized returns is likely to be large (Blume and Friend, 1973 and Sharpe, 1978). Second, realized returns may be poor estimates of expected returns if information surprises do not cancel out over the period of study (Froot and Frankel, 1989 and Elton, 1999). Third, realized returns may also be noisy and biased estimates of expected returns due to complex learning effects. 1 1
Uncovering the quality of inventions and licensing process a theoretical approach

In this paper I show how an important quality measure for the university inventions, the grant amounts, affects the probability of entering a secrecy agreement and a license. A secrecy is a confidential agreement used by the firms to learn about the quality of inventions, prior to licensing the invention. The paper also introduces a new quality measure for the inventions which is based on the number of secrecy agreements previously executed on the invention. I use two theoretical approaches to model the decision of taking a secrecy, namely sequentially and simultaneously, as a function of invention’s quality.
SPITZER SPECTROSCOPY OF THE GALACTIC SUPERNOVA REMNANT G292.0+1.8: STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE OXYGEN-RICH EJECTA

We present mid-infrared (mid-IR; 5-40 {mu}m) spectra of shocked ejecta in the Galactic oxygen-rich supernova remnant (SNR) G292.0+1.8, acquired with the Infrared Spectrograph onboard the Spitzer Space Telescope. The observations targeted two positions within the brightest oxygen-rich feature in G292.0+1.8. Emission lines of [Ne II] {lambda}12.8, [Ne III] {lambda}{lambda}15.5,36.0, [Ne V] {lambda}24.3, and [O IV] {lambda}25.9 {mu}m are detected from the shocked ejecta. In marked contrast to what is observed in Cassiopeia A, no discernible mid-IR emission from heavier species such as Mg, Si, S, Ar, or Fe is detected in G292.0+1.8. We also detect a broad emission bump between 15 and 28 {mu}m in spectra of the radiatively shocked O-rich ejecta in G292.0+1.8. We suggest that this feature arises from either shock-heated Mg{sub 2}SiO{sub 4} (forsterite) dust in the radiatively shocked O-rich ejecta or collisional excitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the blast wave of the SNR. If the former interpretation is correct, this would be the first mid-IR detection of ejecta dust in G292.0+1.8. A featureless dust continuum is also detected from nonradiative shocks in the circumstellar medium around G292.0+1.8. The mid-IR continuum from these structures, which lack mid-IR line emission, is seen in Chandra images as brightmore » X-ray filaments, is well described by a two-component silicate dust model. The temperature of the hot dust component (M {sub d} {approx} 2 x 10{sup -3} M {sub sun}) is {approx}115 K, while that of the cold component (roughly constrained to be {approx} 61, and M {sub O}/M {sub S} {approx} 50. These ratios (especially the large O/Ne mass ratio) are difficult to reproduce with standard nucleosynthesis models of well-mixed supernova ejecta. This reinforces the conclusions of existing X-ray studies that the reverse shock in G292.0+1.8 is currently propagating into the hydrostatic nucleosynthetic layers of the progenitor star, and has not yet penetrated the layers dominated by explosive nucleosynthetic products.« less
WHY THE CORPORATE PENSION FUND IS NOT JUST ANOTHER SBU

This article supports the idea that the pension fund affects the value of the firm and can thus be viewed as a strategic business unit. But the author argues that nonfinancial corporations should pursue profit opportunities only in their non-pension business units - that is, by investing in their areas of comparative advantage. Financial assets offer only limited potential for economic profit opportunities. Too much stock in a pension fund increases the likelihood that poor pension performance will affect the operations of the main business by burdening the company with heavy pension contributions when it can least afford them.
Money from Music: Survey Evidence on Musicians' Revenue and Lessons About Copyright Incentives

This article is based on an original survey of over 5,000 musicians nationwide. The survey results demonstrate the diversity of the population of musicians, in terms of genre, income bracket, demographics, education, and many other variables. In this article I focus on how the mix of revenue sources varies across musicians, especially by genre and income bracket. I then categorize the different revenue sources in terms of their relationship to copyright law. I classify money from compositions and recordings as directly related to copyright. Other revenue sources, like revenue from live concerts or teaching, are categorized as having either an indirect relationship to copyright law or no relationship. (Session work is categorized as “mixed” because some session work is done for copyrightable recordings but some is for live concerts.) Using this categorization, I analyze which musicians appear to depend directly on copyright for their livelihood. Composers and musicians in the top income brackets depend heavily on revenue that is directly related to copyright protection. But the vast majority of other musicians do not. Although these survey findings cannot resolve whether and how financial incentives matter for creative activity, they can rule out some versions of the incentive theory and make others seem relatively plausible. (These cross-sectional survey data cannot, of course, rule out theories of creativity based on non-financial incentives or theories that are not economic in nature.) For most musicians, copyright does not provide much of a direct financial reward for what they are producing currently. The survey findings are instead consistent with a winner-take-all or superstar model in which copyright motivates musicians through the promise of large rewards in the future in the rare event of wide popularity. This conclusion is not unfamiliar, but this article is the first to support it with empirical evidence on musicians’ revenue.
A comparative institutional analysis of the Fukushima nuclear disaster: Lessons and policy implications

This paper analyzes the causes, responses, and consequences of the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident (March 2011) by comparing these with Three Mile Island (March 1979) and Chernobyl (April 1986). We identify three generic modes of organizational coordination: modular, vertical, and horizontal. By relying on comparative institutional analysis, we compare the modes' performance characteristics in terms of short-term and long-term coordination, preparedness for shocks, and responsiveness to shocks. We derive general lessons, including the identification of three shortcomings of integrated Japanese electric utilities: (1) decision instability that can lead to system failure after a large shock, (2) poor incentives to innovate, and (3) the lack of defense-in-depth strategies for accidents. Our suggested policy response is to introduce an independent Nuclear Safety Commission, and an Independent System Operator to coordinate buyers and sellers on publicly owned transmission grids. Without an independent safety regulator, or a very well established “safety culture,” profit-maximizing behavior by an entrenched electricity monopoly will not necessarily lead to a social optimum with regard to nuclear power plant safety. All countries considering continued operation or expansion of their nuclear power industries must strive to establish independent, competent, and respected safety regulators, or prepare for nuclear power plant accidents.
Financial Incentives and Educational Investment: The Impact of Performance-Based Scholarships on Student Time Use

We evaluate the effect of performance-based scholarship programs for postsecondary students on student time use and effort. We find evidence that financial incentives induced students to devote mor...
Intellectual Property and Human Rights in the Nonmultilateral Era

In the past decade, countries have actively established bilateral, plurilateral, and regional trade and investment agreements, such as the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. Although commentators have examined the conflict and tension between intellectual property and human rights in the past, the arrival of these agreements has ushered in a new era of nonmultilateralism that warrants a reexamination of the complex interrelationship between intellectual property and human rights. This Article closely examines the human rights impact of the intellectual property provisions in TRIPS-plus nonmultilateral agreements. It begins by outlining the challenges inherent in any analysis of the interface between intellectual property and human rights. It then examines the relationship between these agreements and the human rights system. The Article concludes with a discussion of the normative and systemic adjustments needed to alleviate the tension or conflict between these agreements and the international human rights system. INTRODUCTION 1046 I. REVISITING THE DEBATE 1049 II. INHERENT ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES 1061 A. IP Rights as Human Rights? 1061 B. No Consensus on Human Rights? 1063 C. Human Rights for Corporate Owners? 1066 III. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS 1070 A. Compatibilities and Synergies 1070  Kern Family Chair in Intellectual Property Law and Director, Intellectual Property Law Center, Drake University Law School; Wenlan Scholar Chair Professor, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law; Visiting Professor of Law, Centre for International Intellectual Property Studies, University of Strasbourg. An earlier version of this Article was presented at the Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property and Competition Law Workshop on “Economic Partnership Agreements of the EU: A Step Ahead in International IP Law?” in Frauenchiemsee, Germany. The Author would like to thank Josef Drexl, Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, and Souheir Nadde-Phlix for their kind invitations and hospitality; and Peter Beyer, Josef Drexl, Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan, Paul Kuruk, Tuomas Mylly, Xavier Seuba, Hanns Ullrich, and the workshop participants for their valuable comments and suggestions. He is also grateful to Linzey Erickson and Lindsey Purdy for excellent research and editorial assistance. 1 Yu: Intellectual Property and Human Rights in the Nonmultilateral Era Published by UF Law Scholarship Repository, 2012 1046 FLORIDA LAW REVIEW [Vol. 64 B. Conflicts, Inconsistencies, and Lost Opportunities ... 1075 1. Access to Essential Medicines 1075 2. Access to Knowledge 1079 3. Global Climate Change 1082 C. Systemic Tension and Indirect Impediments 1083 1. Intellectual Property v. Human Rights 1083 2. Bi/Plurilateral v. Multilateral 1087 IV. RECONCILIATION AND ADJUSTMENTS 1091 A. Normative Adjustments 1091 1. External Conflicts 1092 2. Internal Conflicts 1095 B. Systemic Adjustments 1096 1. Human Rights Impact Assessments 1096 2. Monitoring Mechanisms 1098 CONCLUSION 1100
Populism and the Politics of Resentment

This article argues that understanding the dangers and risks of authoritarian populism in consolidated constitutional democracies requires analysis of the forms of pluralism and status anxieties that emerge in civil and economic society, in a context of profound political, socioeconomic, and cultural change. This paper has two basic theses. The first is that when societies become deeply divided, and segmental pluralism maps onto affective party political polarization, generalized social solidarity is imperiled, as is commitment to democratic norms, social justice, and liberal democratic constitutionalism. The second, is that populist political entrepreneurs excel in fomenting social antagonisms by framing shifts in the forms of social pluralism in ways that foster deep political polarization, generalized distrust and a politics of resentment against “elites,” “the establishment,” “the oligarchy,” and “outsiders.” Why populist offers resonate requires a social theoretical analysis of status/solidarity and class issues and a direct response to them. I draw on Polanyi and Habermas to develop an explanatory approach to the current crisis and the populist responses it triggers. I navigate between two inadequate approaches: that of the Hofstadter consensus school which construes status concerns and populism as retrograde, anti-modern, paranoid and meriting no direct response; and that of the neo-Marxist tradition that acknowledges the mobilizing power of “cultural factors” and status anxieties but deems them to be epiphenomena of the deeper story of economic distributive injustice. I reject this assessment and seek to take up the status/solidarity issues in ways that take them seriously, challenge populist framing and provide alternative direct responses to them. I reject the narrative frames of left populists who foment polarization and I try to present an alternative narrative framing for a future democratic politics that draws on the best in politically liberal, constitutionalist, democratic, and socialist traditions.
Does Enterprise Risk Management Increase Firm Value

Enterprise risk management (ERM) has emerged as a construct that ostensibly overcomes limitations of silo-based traditional risk management (TRM), yet little is known about its effectiveness. The s...
The Impact of Justice and Self-Serving Bias Explanations of the Perceived Fairness of Different Types of Selection Tests

Reactions to the use of the ACT/SAT, biodata, and situational judgment measures in college admissions decisions were collected from 644 college freshmen. Evaluation of a series of models of fairness perceptions indicated that self-serving bias and organizational justice explanations may both be responsible for these reactions. Examination of respondents’ beliefs about their performance compared with other students’ performance also elicited responses that may be attributable to concerns about distributive justice. A variety of perceptual processes may explain fairness perceptions, but from a practical perspective, it may be easiest to manipulate examinees’ perceptions of the relevance, and indirectly, the perceived fairness of the selection procedures used to make major selection or admissions decisions.
Monolayer 2D semiconducting tellurides for high-mobility electronics

Discovery and design of two-dimensional (2D) materials with suitable band gaps and high carrier mobility are of vital importance for the photonics, optoelectronics, and high-speed electronics. In this work, based on first principles calculations using density functional theory with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof and Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhoffunctionals, we introduce a family of monolayer isostructural semiconducting tellurides MN${\mathrm{Te}}_{4}$, with $M={\mathrm{Ti},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Zr},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Hf}}$ and $N={\mathrm{Si},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Ge}}$. These compounds have been identified to possess direct band gaps from 1.0 to 1.31 eV, which are well suited for photonics and optoelectronics applications. Additionally, anisotropic in-plane transport behavior is observed, and small electron and hole $(0.11--0.15\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{m}_{e})$ effective masses are identified along the dominant transport direction. Ultrahigh carrier mobility is predicted for this family of 2D compounds, which host great promise for potential applications in high-speed electronic devices. Detailed analysis of electronic structures reveals the origins of the promising properties of this unique class of 2D telluride materials.
The Continental Dollar: How Much Was Really Issued?

The U.S. Congress issued paper money called Continental Dollars to finance the American Revolution. The story of the Continental Dollar is familiar to all -- a lot were issued and hyper-inflation ensued. However, the details of this story are less well known. Scholars even disagree over how much was issued -- disagree by over 50 percent. Meaningful monetary analysis of the Continental Dollar cannot proceed given this confusion in the data. Evidence is gathered here to reconcile past estimates and establish the exact amount and time path of Continental Dollars emitted thereby overcoming the entropy that has crept into the historical record.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Learning in emotion judgments: Training and the cross-cultural understanding of facial expressions

This preliminary study presents data on training to improve the accuracy of judging facial expressions of emotion, a core component of emotional intelligence. Feedback following judgments of angry, fearful, sad, and surprised states indicated the correct answers as well as difficulty level of stimuli. Improvement was greater for emotional expressions originating from a cultural group more distant from participants’ own family background, for which feedback likely provides greater novel information. These results suggest that training via feedback can improve emotion perception skill. Thus, the current study also provides suggestive evidence for cultural learning in emotion, for which previous research has been cross-sectional and subject to selection biases.