cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustained neuroprotection after a single intravitreal injection of PGJ2 in a rodent model of NAION

Purpose Prostaglandin-J2 (PGJ2) has been proposed as a potential neuroprotective agent. We wanted to evaluate the toxicity/efficacy of a single intravitreal (IVT) injection of PGJ2 in a rodent model of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Methods We used the laser-activated rose Bengal induction method to produce AION in Long-Evans rats. We evaluated IVT-PGJ2 retinal and ON toxicity. Following induction, PGJ2 was IVT-injected in the treatment-group. IVT phosphate-buffered-saline (PBS) was used as control. Functional studies (VEP) were performed at baseline and at 7days post-treatment. Structural studies included immunohistochemical (IHC), electron microscopic (EM) analysis of the optic nerve (ON), and stereologic analysis of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) numbers at30 day 30. Results Toxicity: IVT PGJ2 (5 eyes) did not induce any significant functional/structural changes in the retina or ON of treated animals compared with animals injected with PBS (5 eyes) 30 days post-injection. Efficacy: After a single IVT-injection, day7 VEPs in the PGJ2-treatment group (n=7) had amplitudes 103.6% of baseline, whereas the PBS-treated group (n=6) had VEPs that were 42.4% of the baseline. 30days post-stroke, EM of ON from the treatment-group demonstrated significant preservation of axons and decreased demyelination. Stereological RGCcounts confirmed significant (p<0.04) RGC preservation in PGJ2-treated animals (1462.6 cells/µm2) compared w the stroke+PBS group (1156.5 cells/µm2). Conclusion A single IVT of PGJ2 preserves RGCs and their axons, and provides sustained neuroprotection for at least 1 month following initial ischemic event.
"Why won't you be my Facebook friend?": strategies for managing context collapse in the workplace

This poster presents a preliminary analysis of data collected from staff personnel at a large U. S. university regarding their use of the social network site (SNS) Facebook in their personal and professional lives. Sixty-five percent of online American adults now have a profile on a SNS, and Facebook is increasingly utilized in organizational settings such as universities as a tool for information dissemination, recruiting, and promotion of the organization and its programs. Analysis of interview data (N = 26) found that while social media outlets like Facebook offer a number of advantages for reaching diverse populations, navigating work/life boundaries on Facebook was a concern for many participants. Through the lens of context collapse---the flattening of multiple distinct audiences into a singular group---we explicate these concerns, focusing on participants' strategies for maintaining boundaries between their personal and professional lives.
Development of Zero-Spin Planetary Traction Drive Transmission: Part 2 — Performance Testing and Evaluation

A tapered roller planetary traction drive based on a so-called zero-spin design was built for performance evaluation. The traction drive demonstrated, in many aspects, superb performance characteristics. The zero-spin design increased the torque capacity and enabled the traction drive to operate under both fully lubricated and starved lubrication conditions. The traction drive improved mechanical efficiency compared with traction drives of conventional designs and was able to achieve high efficiency up to 99 percent. The traction drive had satisfactory temperature performance.
Oogenesis and spawn formation in the invasive lionfish, Pterois miles and Pterois volitans

The Indo-Pacific lionfish, Pterois miles and P. volitans, have recently invaded the U.S. east coast and the Caribbean and pose a significant threat to native reef fish communities. Few studies have documented reproduction in pteroines from the Indo-Pacific. This study provides a description of oogenesis and spawn formation in P. miles and P. volitans collected from offshore waters of North Carolina, U.S.A and the Bahamas. Using histological and laboratory observations, we found no differences in reproductive biology between P. miles and P. volitans. These lionfish spawn buoyant eggs that are encased in a hollow mass of mucus produced by specialized secretory cells of the ovarian wall complex. Oocytes develop on highly vascularized peduncles with all oocyte stages present in the ovary of spawning females and the most mature oocytes placed terminally, near the ovarian lumen. Given these ovarian characteristics, these lionfish are asynchronous, indeterminate batch spawners and are thus capable of sustained reproduction throughout the year when conditions are suitable. This mode of reproduction could have contributed to the recent and rapid establishment of these lionfish in the northwestern Atlantic and Caribbean.
Nonperturbative analysis of four-wave mixing in a four-level system with three strong fields

Radiative renormalization is used to obtain an exact steady-state solution of a four-level system coupled by three arbitrarily strong, near-resonant, monochromatic fields. The four-wave mixing and absorption terms are given for a weak fourth field. The results demonstrate the effects of optically induced energy-level mixing and shifting, and population redistribution. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Party vs. state in post-1949 China : the institutional dilemma

This book provides the most comprehensive analysis of one of the most important issues in China today: the tensions between the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese state legislative, judicial, administrative, and military institutions. Taking the 'neo-institutionalist' approach, the author suggests that the Communist Party in post-1949 China faces an institutional dilemma: the Party cannot live with the state, and it cannot live without the state. Zheng demonstrates that it is not only conceptually constructive, but analytically imperative to distinguish the state from the Communist Party. Secondly, he integrates detailed study with broader generalizations about Chinese politics, thus making efforts to overcome the tendency toward specialized scholarship at the expense of comparative and systemic understanding of China. He also opens a new dimension of Chinese politics - the uncertain and conflictual relationship between the Communist Party and the Chinese state.
Ion-beam-induced metastable Pt2Si3 phase. II. Kinetics and morphology

The transformation behavior of the ion‐beam‐induced amorphous Pt2Si3 alloys has been studied by using resistivity measurements. Two distinct stages of transformation were observed as revealed by a rapid change of resistivity with increasing annealing temperature. In the first state a transfrom from the amorphous to a metastable crystalline Pt2Si3 phase occurred in a narrow temperature range around 400 °C. The second stage, which appeared gradually near 550 °C, involved the transformation to the equilibrium two‐phase state of PtSi and Si. The kinetics of the amorphous to metastable crystalline transformation has been determined by isothermal treatment over the temperature interval 376–392 °C. The results are interpreted in terms of a classical nucleation and growth mechanism with a t4 (time) dependence and an apparent activation enthalpy of (108±5) kcal/mol. The microstructure of the alloys at various stages of transformation was studied by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction. The correlation ...
Preliminary assessment of electrothermomagnetically loaded composite panel impact resistance/crack propagation with high-speed digital laser photography

This reports documents the baseline development of high-speed laser photography based assessment technique to determine effects of material resistance to puncture or fracture. A series of ballistic experiments were performed to at the Dynamic Event Imaging Laboratory at the Munitions Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory site at Eglin, AFB, Florida. These experiments were performed to assess the effectiveness of laser photography to document the formation and propagation of cracks in composite materials with and without electromagnetic loading. These experiments were the first fully operational use of a novel and unique experimental capability for high-speed digital laser photography. This paper details the development of the experimental procedures and initial results of this exciting new tool. This report documents the experiments performed and the instrumentation developed along with recommendations for additional research.
Additional comments on "On the Routh-Hurwitz criterion"

It is shown that the Routh-Hurwitz criterion may be used to determine the numbers of right- and left-half plane roots of a polynomial even in the case of a left-column zero.
The role of glucose in preventing stress gastric mucosal injury

Abstract Reports from other investigators have shown the ability of pretreatment with either parenteral (glucose) or enteral (bolus Vivonex HN) nutrition to protect against stress ulcer formation, suggesting that the mechanism of protection may be substrate availability. However, these prior animal studies have used inordinately high amounts of Vivonex HN (equal to 1050 ml/hr in a human). This study compared cytoprotection afforded by pretreatment with a continuous infusion of Vivonex HN at a more clinically applicable level to that of both parenteral (ip) and enteral (po) glucose to test the above hypothesis. One hundred eight rats were infused (0.1 ml/min) for 30 min with: po water, ip water, po 25% glucose, ip 25% glucose, or po Vivonex HN. This was followed by 2 hr of cold-restraint stress. Serum glucose was determined. Poststress, animals were sacrificed, stomachs inspected, and mean ulcer index was calculated. Only oral 25% glucose offered significant gastric cytoprotection. Serum glucose was highest in both glucose groups. Conclusions: (1) Vivonex HN pretreatment failed to cytoprotect in this model, (2) gastric cytoprotection by oral but not by parenteral glucose in the presence of similar serum glucose levels suggests that luminal factors, in addition to substrate availability, are necessary for this protection to occur.
Expression of GTP-binding protein alpha subunits in human thymocytes.

In this report, we investigate G protein α subunit diversity in human thymocytes, utilizing common properties shared by these genes and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequence analysis of PCR amplified gene portions, indicate the presence of members from all four G-protein families that have been described thus far. The α subunit genes identified are: Gαi1-3 and Gαz but not Gαo from the Gi family, Gαs from the Gs family, Gα11, Gαq, and Gα16 from the Gq family, and Gα12 and Gα13 from the G12 family. Also in this report we present the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the human Gα13 cloned from a thymocyte cDNA library. The sequence of the human Gα13 has not been previously reported. Comparison of this sequence with the reported murine Gα13 shows >90% identity at the deduced amino acid sequence level. We conclude that thymocytes represent a useful experimental system fo the study of G protein involvement in immune responses and lymphocyte development.
Novel and emerging therapies for asthma

At present, there are a wide variety of novel and emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of asthma. Here, we will summarize these state-of-the-art approaches, including specific and nonspecific mediator inhibition – a quest that has been on going for more than 25 years – together with cytokine modulation in asthma (primarily attempting to modulate the Th2–Th1 balance in asthma), targeting cell recruitment, angiogenesis, signal transduction and gene transduction pathways. Finally, we will discuss the recently approved anti-IgE therapy for the treatment of allergic asthma and immune modulation using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.
MR diagnosis of dural venous sinus thrombosis complicating l-asparaginase therapy

Dural venous sinus thrombosis is an important complication of L-asparaginase chemotherapy. The diagnosis and followup of this condition, using spin echo and fast imaging techniques, is described in three patients. Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is a rapid, noninvasive technique for diagnosis and follow-up of this condition. Fast imaging techniques can improve the assessment of these patients.
An analytic description of longitudinal modes in free electron lasers

Abstract Assuming a free electron laser has weak optical fields, low gain, and a long electron pulse, it is possible to reduce the driven wave equation to a first-order, partial differential equation including electron dynamics, slippage, desynchronism, and resonator loss. This analytic method is used to study coherence development and the effect of varying the electron beam pulse shape.
Guiding the Reluctant

Within the past 5 years, no fewer than 6 guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis have appeared in the literature, including the current submission from the International Association of Pancreatology. When these collected guidelines are subjected to comparison, however, marked similarities emerge betweeen the proposals, and significant differences are rare. Surprisingly, neither the passage of time nor the application of evidence-based medicine techniques to the creation of guidelines for acute pancreatitis has resulted in substantive changes to the original guidelines offered by the Atlanta Symposium. Moreover, it is important to realize that, despite claims of objectivity, opinion may enter into the process of guideline creation whenever proposals are based upon lesser levels of evidence. Until the guidelines common to these collected proposals have been supported by randomized controlled trials, it is unlikely that we need any more guidelines for acute pancreatitis.
The University and the Hamlets : Revitalizing Low-Income Communities Through University Outreach and Community Visioning Exercises

To what extent can a university be a resource in the revitalization of a low-income community? This article explores an effort by Colgate University to enhance economic development in two low-income hamlets in Central New York through community visioning programs. Community visioning is a process that helps communities identify indigenous assets and use them to develop action plans for community development. The author argues that Colgate has been instrumental in three respects: (a) by making the process knowable and doable; (b) by playing the needed role of outsider, which helped the community to progress beyond internal political divides; and (c) by involving students, which changed the social interactions, increasing both the depth and breath of public participation. The author presents ethnographic and interview data and finishes by arguing that universities are better suited to playing these roles than are government agencies, nonprofits, and private consultants.
Correction to the potential in born approximation arising from direct channel strips

The ππ partial wave amplitude is studied in the 1-channel approximation for the statesl=1,I=1 andl=2,I=0. The Born approximation to the force operating in the direct channel is assumed to. be saturated by ρ-exchange in the crossed reactions for both states. This amounts to a « strip approximation » to the force. However, the direct channel strips must also contribute to the potential and it is important to ask how significant this correction is for ππ scattering. It is found that the effect produces an additional attractive force in both states and that the effect is not overwhelming in either state and may very well be negligible.
A Modified King Furnace for Absorption Spectroscopy of Small Samples

A miniaturized King-type furnace has been constructed, which consists of an inductively heated, small diameter tantalum tube supported in a radiation shield of unconventional design. Because of the clean construction, useful metal vapor absorption spectra can be obtained using samples weighing only a few milligrams. Details of the construction and operation of the furnace are discussed, and typical spectra showing extended series in barium, calcium, thallium, and radium are presented.
Some tests of wet tropospheric calibration for the CASA Uno Global Positioning System experiment

Wet tropospheric path delay can be a major error source for Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic experiments. Strategies for minimizing this error are investigted using data from CASA Uno, the first major GPS experiment in Central and South America, where wet path delays may be both high and variable. Wet path delay calibration using water vapor radiometers (WVRs) and residual delay estimation is compared with strategies where the entire wet path delay is estimated stochastically without prior calibration, using data from a 270-km test baseline in Costa Rica. Both approaches yield centimeter-level baseline repeatability and similar tropospheric estimates, suggesting that WVR calibration is not critical for obtaining high precision results with GPS in the CASA region.
The BOLD fMRI refractory effect is specific to stimulus attributes: evidence from a visual motion paradigm

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) hemodynamic response (HDR) to a stimulus is reduced by the previous presentation of a similar stimulus. We investigated the dependence of this refractory effect upon stimulus characteristics using a novel adaptation paradigm while scanning subjects using fMRI at 4 T. The stimuli were composed of horizontal stripes that scrolled up, scrolled down, or remained static, randomly presented for 1-s duration with stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) of 2-7 s. We identified regions of interest (ROI) in lateral temporal--occipital cortex that were activated by motion stimuli, regardless of direction or SOA. We found strong evidence for direction specificity in motion-sensitive lateral temporal-occipital (LTO) cortex. For stimuli whose direction of motion reprised that of the previous stimulus (e.g., up preceded by up), the fMRI response was attenuated at short SOAs (2-4 s) compared to long SOAs (5-7 s). However, for stimuli whose direction of motion was opposite that of the previous stimulus (e.g., up preceded by down), little or no refractory effect was observed. Additionally, examination of activity in pericalcarine cortex indicated a similar pattern. We conclude that the fMRI refractory effect predominantly reflects local stimulus-specific neuronal or neurovascular adaptation and is unlikely to be a nonspecific response of large vessels that support broad functional regions.
Volatilization of two Methyl Parathion Formulations From Treated Fields

The use of organophosphorus pesticides has increased since the cancel lat ion of the pers istent chlorinated pesticides for many agr icu l tura l uses. Since these pesticides have only l imi ted persistence, more than one appl icat ion is often required in order to control the same pests. The addit ional appl icat ions resul t in higher cost and greater consumption of the pest ic ide. In order to provide addit ional persistence, some pesticides are now offered in a formulation in which the act ive ingredient is encapsulated and can be slowly released af ter appl icat ion. Since the major pathway of p@sticides into the atmosphere is through vaporization (LEE, 1976}, slow-release pest ic ide formulations should resu l t in lower airborne levels of the pesticides in the a i r near treated f ie lds than those in the a i r near f ie lds treated by conventional means.
Reparametrization Invariant Statistical Inference and Gravity

Bialek, Callan and Strong have recently given a solution of the problem of determining a continuous probability distribution from a finite set of experimental measurements by formulating it as a one-dimensional quantum field theory. This letter gives a reparametrization-invariant solution of the problem, obtained by coupling to gravity. The case of a large number of dimensions may involve quantum gravity restricted to metrics of vanishing Weyl curvature.
Intraorbital tissue expansion in the management of congenital anophthalmos

Abstract Seven cases of intraorbital tissue expansion for the treatment of congenital anophthalmos or microphthalmos are presented. The ages of the patients at insertion of the expander ranged from 4 months to 8 years. A 4ml spherical tissue expander with a remote injection port was inserted into the affected orbit via a bicoronal approach. Expansion periods ranged between 4 months and 3 years and are continuing in 2 patients. Results were assessed by clinical examination, comparison of photographs, 3D CT scans and orbital measurements taken from axial CT scans which were compared with established normal values. Results confirmed enlargement of the orbit with expansion. Long-term expansion over several years established near normal bony growth patterns. Placement of the expander within the orbital soft tissue cone resulted in more symmetrical expansion than subperiosteal placement. An osteotomy releasing the lateral orbital wall in older children allows expansion of the orbit and may reduce the incidence of expander extrusion. Although intraorbital tissue expansion successfully induces orbital growth, improvement in the form and size of the congenitally deficient eyelids is less marked.
La conversión de los shuar

This article charts the changing strategies of Salesian missionaries among the shuar, indigenous to the Ecuadorian Amazon. It argues that each stage in evangelization provided shuar with new forms of agency. Thus, the culmination of this process was not the production of a new population of devout Catholics, but rather the shuar Federation.
Management of congenital distal esophageal stenosis with combined Collis gastroplasty-Nissen fundoplication

Surgical resection for the treatment of congenital distal esophageal stenosis due to tracheobronchial remnants is sometimes complicated by esophageal shortening and gastroesophageal reflux. We propose the combined operation of Collis gastroplasty and Nissen fundoplication to prevent these complications. It can be safely performed through an abdominal approach.
Oxidation of vitamin E in red cell membranes by fatty acids, hydroperoxides and selected oxidants

Our laboratory previously reported that vitamin E (tocopherol) in human blood platelets was oxidized in vitro by various oxidants. This paper shows that diamide, superoxide, hydroperoxides and polyunsaturated fatty acids induce oxidation of tocopherols in red cell membranes. In contrast to platelets, red cell membrane tocopherol was oxidized by hydrogen peroxide and tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Alpha tocopherolquinone was one of the products of oxidation. Among the fatty acids, the cis polyunsaturated acids were the most potent oxidizing agents with monounsaturated and trans compounds relatively ineffective. The oxidation is not a detergent effect of the fatty acids since neither the detergents Brij and Lubrol, when present in concentrations under 0.5 mM, nor sodium arachidonate (1.25 mM), could oxidize the membrane tocopherol. When red cell membrane samples were incubated with 0.5 mM arachidonate, 47 +/- 11% (S.D.) of the tocopherol lost was converted to tocopherolquinone. Unlike arachidonate, oxidants such as diamide, hydrogen peroxide and tertiary butylhydroperoxide are unable to oxidize all of the membrane tocopherol and produce less tocopherolquinone from oxidation (10-15%) under the experimental conditions of this study. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide is a much more potent oxidant and produces less quinone than arachidonate. The mechanisms of tocopherol oxidations induced by the various compounds seem to be different since the yields of quinone during oxidation vary with the nature of the oxidant. Tocopherol is consumed by oxidation as it protects the membrane from oxidant damage induced by compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids and hydroperoxides.
Extension of DAMAS Phased Array Processing for Spatial Coherence Determination (DAMAS-C)

The present study reports a new development of the DAMAS microphone phased array processing methodology that allows the determination and separation of coherent and incoherent noise source distributions. In 2004, a Deconvolution Approach for the Mapping of Acoustic Sources (DAMAS) was developed which decoupled the array design and processing influence from the noise being measured, using a simple and robust algorithm. In 2005, three-dimensional applications of DAMAS were examined. DAMAS has been shown to render an unambiguous quantitative determination of acoustic source position and strength. However, an underlying premise of DAMAS, as well as that of classical array beamforming methodology, is that the noise regions under study are distributions of statistically independent sources. The present development, called DAMAS-C, extends the basic approach to include coherence definition between noise sources. The solutions incorporate cross-beamforming array measurements over the survey region. While the resulting inverse problem can be large and the iteration solution computationally demanding, it solves problems no other technique can approach. DAMAS-C is validated using noise source simulations and is applied to airframe flap noise test results.
Partial wave analysis of nucleon-nucleon Bethe-Salpeter equation on the computer

Abstract We present the main features of a code in the formulae manipulating language REDUCE for the evaluation of Bethe-Salpeter kernels for NN scattering. Our starting point is a recent work of J. J. Kubis, who gave an algorithm for the partial wave analysis of spinor Bethe-Salpeter equations in terms of the helicity formalism. Applications of these kernels apart from the evaluation of the Bethe-Salpeter equations include, for example, “matrix”-Pade approximants for partial waves.
Observations of the phase variation of Venus CO2 equivalent widths

Equivalent widths determined from photoelectric scans of Venus CO2 absorption lines measured at phase angles of 5.1 to 170 deg are presented. The data-reduction procedure is described in detail, and phase curves are plotted for three model atmospheres in which CO2 is homogeneously mixed with Mie-scattering particles or inhomogeneously mixed with Henyey-Greenstein particles. All three data sets are found to indicate that the equivalent-width maximum occurs at a phase angle much lower than 100 deg. It is concluded that two scattering layers are not required on Venus to explain the shape of the observed phase curve and that the mixing ratio of scattering particles to CO2 increases with depth at high altitudes.
Formation of HgTe Nanodisks Embedded in PbTe Matrix by Precipitation Phenomena

We report findings related to the HgTe nanodots fabricated from the precipitation phenomenon in the HgTe-PbTe quasi-binary system. With homogeneous nucleation and growth of HgTe phase, a well defined nanostructure is obtained, where the nanodots are three-dimensionally dispersed within the PbTe matrix. The nanodots prefer to take disk shape to relax a strong strain energy that resulted from the formation of disordered HgTe phase. With this facile and effective technique, the nanodots with various morphologies can be realized within any form of matrix, such as powder, bulk, or thin film, providing a new way to tailor the properties of the nanodots.
Models and lawlikeness

Do analogical models ever play an essential role in scientific explanation and confirmation, or is their role (at most) heuristic? For many years scientists and philosophers have debated this question. I argue that such models may sometimes play an essential role. My argument is based on a proposal to augment Goodman's theory of projection in order to make it easier for novel predicates (extensions) to acquire entrenchment. The heart of this proposal is the claim that analogical models may, under certain conditions, be the medium whereby entrenchment is passed from well established predicates to new and unfamiliar ones.
Cryopreservation of Mexican fruit flies by vitrification: stage selection and avoidance of thermal stress.

Abstract This report presents details of a vitrification methodology for the cryopreservation of embryos of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens . The overall summary of the data indicates that selecting the correct developmental stage for cryopreservation is the most important criterion. The key aspect in selection of the correct stage is to balance depletion of the gut yolk content against development of the embryonic cuticle. Embryogenesis was divided into four stages between 90 and 120 h after incubation at 21.7 °C. The classification was based on the intestinal yolk content and the initial development of mandibular-maxillary complex. Stages having low mid-gut yolk content and the appearance of mouth hooks were found to be the most suitable for cryopreservation. Embryos developing at 30 °C had premature cuticle formation relative to gut development and significantly lower hatching after cryopreservation. Vitrification of embryos by direct quenching in liquid nitrogen was less effective than quenching after annealing the samples in liquid nitrogen vapor. Quenched samples of vitrification solutions containing 1,2-ethanediol as the major component exhibited fractures. Fracturing occurred less frequently when the solutions were annealed and when containing polyethylene glycol. Hatching of vitrified embryos stored in liquid nitrogen for over 12 months was not statistically different from those held for only 15 min. Our protocol yielded normalized hatching rates that ranged as high as 61%. Selecting the exact stage for cryopreservation from a population of embryos obtained by collection from ovipositing females during a span of just 30 min resulted in nearly 80% of the embryos hatching into larvae.
Dynamics of continuous countercurrent mass-transfer processes—III. Multicomponent systems

Abstract In earlier papers, a differential model has been presented for the dynamics of countercurrent mass-transfer processes in single-component systems. This paper extends the approximations developed in Part II to multicomponent systems by adapting an equilibrium theory for fixed beds based on coherence of concentration waves to countercurrent processes. The analysis focuses on the propagation of disturbance waves on nonuniform steady-state backgrounds and takes into account the critical column-end effect observable only under nonequilibrium conditions. This simplified approach provides a better understanding of physical phenomena and a handy tool for quick predictions of dynamic response patterns, the knowledge of which is useful for upgrading the control and design of countercurrent columns.
A Definitional System for the Classification of Primate Locomotion

PRIMATE locomotor classification is in a state of disorder. This is demonstrated by the fact that numerous disagreements exist over definitions of locomotor types and assessments of class memberships. A few examples will illustrate the tenor of these disagreements. The type denominated by the term "brachiation" has been variously defined as: a "behavioral and anatomical complex" possessed by man and the living apes (Washburn 1950:68), "swinging under branches" (Washburn and Avis 1958:426), swinging under branches given certain environmental conditions (Washburn 1963:192-194), any form of bimanual locomotion (Napier and Davis 1959:8), and so forth. . . . Assessments of class memberships have shown even more discordance. Avis (1962) classified gorillas as brachiators; Schaller and Emlen (1963:371) said they "never saw gorillas brachiate in the wild." Clark (1959.52) wrote that chimpanzees are active climbers "almost constantly living in the trees"; Schaller and Emlen (1963:371) contended that chimpanzees are "semiterrestrial." Clark (1959:57) noted that baboons forsake "arboreal habits almost entirely"; Washburn (1957) observed baboons sleeping in trees both at night and during the day. These disagreements seem to arise from nothing more than a lack of standardized definitions and extensive field observations. But the problem is more fundamental-primatologists have never specified what locomotion is nor how it should be studied. As a consequence, none of the non-human primate locomotor types has been the subject of systematic study. The focal difficuty narrows to the question of what is the phenomenon of locomotion. The American College Dictionary (Barnhart, ed. 1948:716) defines "locomotion" as the "act or power of moving from place to place." Many workers would accept this as an adequate definition. In fact, it is ill-suited in two respects. First, locomotion is not the "power," or ability, to move from place to place; it is the organic activity which occurs during a "place to place" transition. Second, the term "act" can be taken to imply a deed, accomplishment, or achievement, rather than the process by which the deed is done. Locomotion is a process, not of organism displacement, but of organic activity which occurs during organism displacement. As such, it is the organic activity which must be described, analyzed, and classified. These distinctions are clarified by calling attention to the operations involved in the process of recording a locomotor performance. Suppose an investigator has observed a primate jumping from a branch to the ground and wishes to
Drugs of Abuse, Body Fluid Testing. Raphael C. Wong and Harley Y. Tse, editors. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005, 305 pp., $145.00, hardcover. ISBN 1-58829-435-8.

Recent reports from federal surveillance systems for substance abuse in the United States provide the estimate that 7.9% of the population 12 years of age or older are current illicit drug users. Many strategies to reduce this percentage include the analysis of body fluids for abused drugs. This book provides an overview of the societal need for drug detection and the technologies that are being used. It begins with a brief overview of the events that led to the present-day workplace drug testing programs in the United States, and the theme of substance abuse detection and deterrence continues throughout as …
The Genealogy of a Sequence Subject to Purifying Selection at Multiple Sites

We investigate the effect of purifying selection at multiple sites on both the shape of the genealogy and the distribution of mutations on the tree. We find that the primary effect of purifying selection on a genealogy is to shift the distribution of mutations on the tree, whereas the shape of the tree remains largely unchanged. This result is relevant to the large number of coalescent estimation procedures, which generally assume neutrality for segregating polymorphisms--applying these estimators to evolutionarily constrained sequences could lead to a significant degree of bias. We also estimate the statistical power of several neutrality tests in detecting weak to moderate purifying selection and find that the power is quite good for some parameter combinations. This result contrasts with previous studies, which predicted low statistical power because of the minor effect that weak purifying selection has on the shape of a genealogy. Finally, we investigate the effect of Hill-Robertson interference among linked deleterious mutations on patterns of molecular variation. We find that dependence among selected loci can substantially reduce the efficacy of even fairly strong purifying selection.
Mismatched dsRNA (Ampligen) induces protection against genomic variants of the human immunodeffciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a multiplicity of target cells

Mismatched double-stranded RNA of the form r(1)n.r(C12-U)n (Ampligen) has been shown to be active against human immunodeffciency virus type 1 (HIV-1) using CEM and C3 cells as targets for infection by the highly similar HIV-1 isolates HTLV-IIIB and LAV (MOntefuiori, D.C. and Mitchell, W.M., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84, (2985–2989). The scope of Ampligen's anti-HIV-1 activity was examined in this study using the genetically divergent HIV-1 isolate HTLV-IIIRF, two additional target T-cell lines, H9 and MT-2, and a monocyte/macrophage cell line, U937. As judged by indirect immunoflurescence, reverse transcriptase activity and vital dye uptake, Ampligen was active against HTLV-IIIRF in H9, MT-2, C3 and U937 cells in addition to being active against HTLV-IIIB in U937 cells. A minimum of 1 h preincubation of cells (MT-2) with Ampligen was required for maximum activity. These results suggest that Ampligen's potential clinical efficacy may not be limited by either the highly variable nature or host cell range of HIV-1.
Metabolism of and residues associated with dermal and intramuscular application of radiolabeled fenthion to dairy cows.

P32-labeled fenthion having a specific activity of 5.0 mc per g was formulated as a 0.5% emulsion and applied dermally to 2 dairy cows at a rate of 1 quart per cow. Two other lactating cows were treated intramuscularly with 3.5 g of fenthion (8.6 mc per g) per cow. Fenthion and certain oxidative metabolites were isolated from milk, urine, and feces following either method of treatment. The ratio of these metabolites in the urine was vastly different from that in the feces. Fenthion was rapidly degraded to phosphoric acid derivatives and was eliminated primarily in the urine and to a lesser extent in the feces. Residues were negligible in edible tissues 14 days after dermal treatment, but persisted throughout the 21-day test period in cows treated intramuscularly. Mortality of the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). caged on cows treated dermally with fenthion was 100% at 1 day after treatment.
Instability in the Potts model

It is shown that for $pg2$ the transverse susceptibility of a $p$-dimensional Potts model with uniaxial order is negative, indicating that the ordered state is unstable, even though a stable critical fixed point is obtained for all $pl\frac{10}{3}$.
Quantitative estimation of diphenylhydantoin, primidone and phenobarbital in plasma by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract A gas-liquid Chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of phenobarbital, primidone and diphenylhydantoin in human plasma following therapeutic doses has been developed. After extraction, the anticonvulsants are methylated directly in the flash-heater of the gas chromatograph with trimethylanilinium hydroxide. Linear temperature programming is used to achieve separation and quantitation. The method has the advantages of specificity, sensitivity and simple derivative formation.
A General Strategy to Solve the Phase Problem in RNA Crystallography.

Summary X-ray crystallography of biologically important RNA molecules has been hampered by technical challenges, including finding heavy-atom derivatives to obtain high-quality experimental phase information. Existing techniques have drawbacks, limiting the rate at which important new structures are solved. To address this, we have developed a reliable means to localize heavy atoms specifically to virtually any RNA. By solving the crystal structures of thirteen variants of the G•U wobble pair cation binding motif, we have identified a version that when inserted into an RNA helix introduces a high-occupancy cation binding site suitable for phasing. This "directed soaking" strategy can be integrated fully into existing RNA crystallography methods, potentially increasing the rate at which important structures are solved and facilitating routine solving of structures using Cu-K α radiation. This method already has been used to solve several crystal structures.
How to Manage a Patient with Multiple Adenomatous Polyps

Adenomatous polyps are found on screening colonoscopy in 22.5% to 58.2% of the adult population and therefore represent a common problem. 1 Patients with multiple adenomatous polyps are of unique interest because a proportion of these patients have an inheritable form of colorectal cancer. Patients with adenomatous polyps are categorized into 6 groups. The first 2 groups are autosomal dominant syndromes, namely, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and its less virulent subtype, attenuated FAP (AFAP). The third group is Lynch syndrome, which is also transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion and caused by a mutation in a mismatch repair (MMR) gene. Another group is familial colorectal cancersyndromeX(FCCX),whichincludespatientswithastrongfamilyhistoryofcolorectal cancer, also transmitted in anapparent autosomal dominant fashion, but whodo not have a detectable mutation. The fifth group, MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP), is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by mutations in the MUTYHgene.Somepatientsmaynotmeetthecriteriaforaknownpolyposissyndrome
Tunneling spectroscopy of resonant interband tunneling structures

We report the first study of a resonant interband tunneling (RIT) structure using tunneling spectroscopy. Peaks in the tunneling spectra are shown to correspond to energies of acoustic phonons in the constituent materials of the RIT. We conclude that these phonons are involved in inelastic tunneling through the structure and could play a role in determining the overall form of the current-voltage characteristic.
Striatal enkephalinergic differences in rats selectively bred for intrinsic running capacity

Abstract Rats selectively bred for high- and low-capacity for running on a treadmill (HCR; LCR) also differ in wheel-running behavior, but whether wheel-running can be explained by intrinsic or adaptive brain mechanisms is not as yet understood. It is established that motivation of locomotory behavior is driven by dopaminergic transmission in mesolimbic and mesostriatal systems. However, whether voluntary wheel running is associated with enkephalinergic activity in the ventral striatum is not known. Materials and methods 40 male (20 HCR and 20 LCR) and 40 female (20 HCR and 20 LCR) rats were randomly assigned to 3 weeks of activity wheel exposure or sedentary conditions without wheel access. After 3 weeks of activity-wheel running, rats were decapitated and brains were extracted. Coronal sections were analyzed utilizing in situ hybridization histochemistry for enkephalin (ENK) mRNA in the ventral striatum. Results HCR rats expressed less ENK than LCR rats in the nucleus accumbens among females (p Conclusion Line differences in ENK expression in the olfactory tubercle, and possibly the nucleus accumbens, partly explain divergent wheel-running behavior. The lower striatal ENK in the HCR line is consistent with enhanced dopaminergic tone, which may explain the increased motivation for wheel running observed in the HCR line.
The role of “nothing” in memory for event duration in pigeons

The research reported herein is designed to test a signal detection account of thechoose-short effect, which is the tendency of birds to report (after a long delay) that a short-duration sample was presented, regardless of whether a short or long sample initiated the trial. According to the detection account, the choose-short effect arises because birds learn to selectively search memory for evidence that the long sample appeared on a given trial. This idea is tested, in part, by replacing short-sample trials with nosample trials and showing that performance is unaffected by this manipulation for birds exhibiting a choose-short effect. In addition, when no samples and long samples were associated with the same choice alternative (and the short sample was associated with the other alternative), birds were flexible enough to learn to respond on the basis of the presence versus the absence of the short sample (and, as a result, a choose-long effect was observed).
Low-Magnitude, High-Frequency Vibration Fails to Accelerate Ligament Healing but Stimulates Collagen Synthesis in the Achilles Tendon

Background:Low-magnitude, high-frequency vibration accelerates fracture and wound healing and prevents disuse atrophy in musculoskeletal tissues.Purpose:To investigate the role of low-magnitude, hi...
Measurement properties of the Fagerström Test for nicotine dependence adapted for use in an adolescent sample.

This study uses confirmatory factor analysis to test the factor structure of a modified version of the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) in an adolescent sample. Specifically, we test the fit of a two-factor model specification as well as a single-factor solution. This study uses methods that are appropriate to the categorical nature of the items making up the FTND and is the first study to examine the measurement properties of the FTND in a large adolescent sample. Both the two-factor and single-factor model specifications achieved acceptable model fit. It should be noted that these study results speak to the dimensionality of the FTND and not to the dimensionality of a general nicotine dependence construct in adolescents.
The structure of male adolescent peer networks and risk for intimate partner violence perpetration: findings from a national sample.

Although peer networks have been implicated as influential in a range of adolescent behaviors, little is known about relationships between peer network structures and risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) among youth. This study is a descriptive analysis of how peer network “types” may be related to subsequent risk for IPV perpetration among adolescents using data from 3,030 male respondents to the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Sampled youth were a mean of 16 years of age when surveyed about the nature of their peer networks, and 21.9 when asked to report about IPV perpetration in their adolescent and early adulthood relationships. A latent class analysis of the size, structure, gender composition and delinquency level of friendship groups identified four unique profiles of peer network structures. Men in the group type characterized by small, dense, mostly male peer networks with higher levels of delinquent behavior reported higher rates of subsequent IPV perpetration than men whose adolescent network type was characterized by large, loosely connected groups of less delinquent male and female friends. Other factors known to be antecedents and correlates of IPV perpetration varied in their distribution across the peer group types, suggesting that different configurations of risk for relationship aggression can be found across peer networks. Implications for prevention programming and future research are addressed.
Simulation of Diblock Copolymer Self-Assembly, Using a Coarse-Grain Model

A coarse-grain model for amphiphilic diblock copolymers is developed by fitting the required parameters to properties taken from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and experimental data. Computations with the present coarse-grain model yield spontaneous self-assembly of a random system into membrane bilayers when the amphiphilic diblock copolymers have a lipid-like hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio. The model semiquantitatively reproduces a number of experimental results that were not explicitly used in the parametrization. In particular, diblock polymers with the appropriate ratio of hydrophobic−hydrophilic segment lengths self-assemble into membranes whose hydrophobic thickness (determined from mass density profiles) and scaling with molecular weight are found to be in good agreement with the experiment.
Marching to the beat of the same drummer: the spontaneous tempo of human locomotion.

Laboratory studies have suggested that the preferred cadence of walking is ∼120 steps/min, and the vertical acceleration of the head exhibits a dominant peak at this step frequency (2 Hz). These st...