cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frame design synthesis using implicit redundant genetic algorithm

Synthesis design solutions for an unstructured, multi–objective problem domain are evolved using the implicit redundant representation genetic algorithm (IRR GA). The IRR GA uses redundancy to represent a variable number of location independent design parameters. Using the IRR GA in tandem with an unstructured definition of the problem domain allows the representation and evaluation of diverse structural topologies and geometries. Details of the IRR GA design parameter encoding and the unstructured formulation of the frame synthesis design problem are discussed along with the GA fitness and penalty functions applied. Novel frame designs generated by the IRR GA synthesis design method, which compare favorably with traditional frame design solutions obtained by trial and error, are presented.
The Emerging Zika Virus Threat: A Guide for Dermatologists

We provide a guide for dermatologists to follow if they encounter patients with a rash and clinical history suspicious of Zika virus infection, including diagnostic testing and management options. We also provide an illustrative case report of a patient from Brazil who was diagnosed with Zika virus infection after presenting with a generalized pruritic rash. One of the most prominent symptoms of Zika virus infection is a cutaneous eruption. As such, it is especially necessary for dermatologists to understand this virus so that they may appropriately recognize this entity as a diagnostic consideration in the clinic. The rash associated with Zika virus infection is most commonly an erythematous maculopapular eruption that presents after an initial 3-4 days of fever, headache, and arthralgia or myalgia. The rash typically lasts for an average of 6 days, and can spread to involve any part of the body, including the face, torso, extremities, palms, and soles.
From the field: A participatory approach to assess labor inputs on organic diversified vegetable farms in the Upper Midwestern USA

Consumer interest in locally grown produce continues to increase in the USA. Small, diversified vegetable farms, including those managed organically, have been important contributors to meet this growing demand for local product. To be profitable in these markets, farmers must be able to appropriately price their products to cover production costs and provide themselves and their employees a living wage. Questions remain, however, as to the most effective method of assessing the cost of production of specific crops on these farms, in part due to the variability in labor inputs associated with diversified farming strategies. This study used a participatory approach to investigate both methodologies for varied widely, with high coefficients of variation calculated for all values, indicating high farm-to-farm variability in labor required for seasonal activities. Farmers reported both challenges with data collection, as well as successes in using data analysis to guide management decisions. This ongoing work highlights the value of collecting farm-specific data for use in cost-of-production determinations.
Role of NADPH Oxidase as a Mediator of Oxidative Damage in Low-Dose Irradiated and Hindlimb-Unloaded Mice

The purpose of this study was to determine whether nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived stress can account for unloading- and radiation-induced endothelial damage and neurovascular remodeling in a mouse model. Wild-type (WT, Nox2+/+) C57BL/6 mice or Nox2-/- (B6.129S6-CYBBM) knockout (KO) mice were placed into one of the following groups: age-matched control; hindlimb unloading (HLU); low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation (LDR); or HLU with LDR simultaneously for 21 days. The mice were then sacrificed one month later. Anti-orthostatic tail suspension was used to model the unloading, fluid shift and physiological stress aspects of microgravity. The LDR was delivered using 57Co plates (0.04 Gy at 0.01 cGy/h) to the simulate whole-body irradiation, similar to that experienced while in space. Brains were isolated for characterization of various oxidative stress markers and vascular topology. The level of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) protein, a specific marker for lipid peroxidation, was measured. Expression of aquaporin-4 (AQP4), a water channel protein expressed in astrocyte end-feet, was quantified. Thirty days after simulated spaceflight, KO mice showed decreased apoptosis (P < 0.05) in the brain compared to WT counterparts. The HLU-dependent increase in apoptosis in WT mice was not observed in KO mice. The level of 4-HNE protein was significantly elevated in the hippocampus of the LDR with HLU treatment group compared to WT controls (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences among groups of Nox2-KO mice at the one-month time point. In contrast to findings in the WT animals, superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and expression of AQP4 were similar among all KO groups. In summary, for most of the parameters, the oxidative response to HLU and LDR was suppressed in Nox2-KO mice. This suggests that Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase may contribute to spaceflight environment-induced oxidative stress.
Gender differences in substance use and psychiatric distress among medical students: A comprehensive statewide evaluation.

ABSTRACTBackground: Medical student wellness has emerged as an important issue in medical education. The purpose of the present study was to obtain a comprehensive assessment of substance use, psychological distress, and help-seeking among male and female medical students in order to identify targets for continued intervention efforts. Methods: Medical students from all 9 medical schools in the state of Florida were invited via e-mail and/or announcements to complete an anonymous online questionnaire assessing their well-being. Of 5053 matriculating medical students, 1137 (57.1% female) responded to the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, t tests, and chi-square analyses were computed using SPSS 20. Results: Over 70% of students acknowledged binge drinking, with men reporting higher frequency than women (χ2 = 13.90, P = .003), and 22.7% (n = 201) reported marijuana use during medical school, with higher rates (χ2 = 9.50, P = .02) among men (27.0%, n = 99) than women (18.9%, n = 93). A significant minor...
Projections on von Neumann algebras as limits of elementary operators

Abstract If B is a subalgebra of a von Neumann algebra A ⊂ B ( H ) and B contains the rank one projections corresponding to an orthonormal basis of H, then a linear B-bimodule projection P on A with range B is of the form P ( x ) = ∑ j p j x p j x ∈ B ( H ) for orthogonal projections p j in A which are diagonal with respect to the basis. An analogous result holds if A = B ( H ) and B is a weakly closed ternary ring of operators.
Refrigerator: The Story of Cool in the Kitchen. By Helen Peavitt. (London, UK: Reaktion Books, in Association with the Science Museum, London, 2017. Pp. 222. $27.00.)

This beautifully illustrated volume by the Curator of Consumer Technology at the Science Museum, London, provides a delightful and international account of the origins, evolution, and implications ...
A time to stir: Columbia ’68

A Time to Stir: Columbia ’68, edited by Paul Cronin, contains over 60 essays by people involved in the iconic student protest. A major strength of the book is the breadth of coverage. Almost everyo...
Face Gain and Face Loss in Restaurant Consumers’ Brand Advocate Behaviors:

Face plays a key role in guiding consumers’ consumptions in social settings. The purpose of this research is to understand how the desire to gain face and the fear to lose face affect consumers’ se...
Evaluating a self-regulated strategy development reading-comprehension intervention for emerging bilingual students with learning disabilities

Simultaneous development of academic language and reading comprehension is critical for emerging bilingual students’ academic success. With a focus on reading comprehension, this study extends the ...
Solar electric propulsion spacecraft power subsystem for an Encke comet rendezvous mission

This paper presents the preliminary functional description of a solar electric propulsion spacecraft power subsystem for an Encke comet rendezvous mission in the 1980s. This description has been derived from the study of the mission requirements and constraints and the study of integrating a solar electric propulsion module with an existing spacecraft. Tradeoff studies performed in the process of selecting power subsystem parameters and performance characteristics are described. The power subsystem designs draw heavily on the designs for existing spacecraft and technology being developed in the electric propulsion research and development program supported by NASA.
Layered structures constructed from new linkages of Ge7(O,OH,F)19 clusters

Three new germanate solids, ASU-19, ASU-20-DAPe, and ASU-20-DACH, have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using respectively 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB), 1,5-diaminopentane (DAPe), and 1,4-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) as bases. The structures of ASU-19 and ASU-20-DACH have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: ASU-19, Ge 14 O 29 X 4 .[GeOX 2 ].[H 2 DAB] 3 .3.8H 2 O (X = F or OH), space group P1, a = 11.4191(5), b = 12.0525(6), c = 18.1847(8), a = 90.704(1)°, β = 92.635(1)°, γ = 91.389(1)°, V = 2499.1(2) A 3 ; ASU-20-DACH: Ge 7 O 14 X 3 .[H 2 DACH] 1.5 .2H 2 O, space group C2/c, a = 15.9525(11), b = 17.5476(12), c = 19.0027(13) A, β = 109.446(1)°, and V = 5015.9(6) A 3 . The structure of ASU-20-DAPe, Ge 7 O 14 X 3 .[H 2 DAPe] 1.5 .H 2 O, has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data: space group C2/c, a = 16.3180(5), b = 16.6125(4), c = 17.8898(6) A, β = 99.684-(2)°, V = 4780.5(3) A 3 . All three structures are based on the assembly of the same cluster Ge 7 (O,OH,F) 19 . The two ASU-20 structures consist of a slab of four-connected clusters. In ASU-19, the same layers are connected pairwise through a GeO 2 X 2 spacer, generating a slab structure, with slab thickness ca. 20 A. The existence of the same layer in the presence of three different organic bases shows the adaptability of the structures to molecules differing in size, shape, and symmetry.
Estimates of Willow (Salix Spp.) Canopy Volume using Unmanned Aerial Systems

Abstract Management of livestock grazing in riparian areas is an important aspect of rangeland management. Willows (Salix spp.) are a common riparian plant serving as an ecosystem stabilizer, as well as providing important habitat, but browsing or trampling by cattle can decrease willow canopy volume. Canopy volume can be measured on the ground with hours of meticulous data collection. However, canopy volume estimates from drone-collected images could be a more efficient and objective method for measuring willow canopy volume and understanding the impact of livestock use on riparian woody vegetation. Our objective was to determine how well drone-based measurements of willow canopy volume corresponded to field measurements in a southern Idaho riparian area before and after a grazing trial. We used sets of overlapping aerial images from a DJI Phantom 4 Professional drone to construct 3-dimensional point clouds of willows. From these point clouds we estimated willow canopy volume using 2 techniques and compared those with canopy volume estimates from field measurements of 58 willows ranging in height from 0.76 m to 4.57 m. Point cloud canopy volume estimates using both techniques showed high correspondence with field-estimated volume (R2 > 0.8) for both pregrazing and postgrazing. However, point cloud techniques generally underestimated canopy volume compared with the field technique. Drone-based estimates took ≈4 h per sampling event (i.e., pregrazing, postgrazing) including acquiring and processing the imagery, whereas field-based measurements took ≈10 h per sampling event. These results demonstrate drone-collected images may be an effective tool for measuring and monitoring riparian woody vegetation.
A stated-preference intercept survey of transit-rider response to service disruptions

A web-based intercept survey was designed and implemented in order to capture the response of transit riders in the Chicago metropolitan area to a variety of service disruptions. Current transit riders were intercepted in the field from November 2017 through January 2018, according to a sampling plan based on local ridership information, in order to gain a representative sample for analysis. Each participant completed a questionnaire regarding the intercepted trip, along with demographic and travel experience information. The survey included a series of stated-preference responses where the current trip is randomly disrupted and alternative travel modes are proposed with service characteristics randomly altered from a baseline scenario. This was designed to understand individual trade-offs between various mode alternatives and travel plan modification strategies under a variety of scenarios. Altogether, 659 transit riders gave responses to 2626 different disruption scenarios. In general, a plurality of riders (49%) choose to continue using transit, either waiting for service restoration or using agency-provided shuttle service, although at a decreasing rate as the travel delay increases. Fewer riders, approximately 15%, choose to alter their activity patterns altogether, while 26% would alter their travel to use either a taxi or an alternative transportation network company (TNC). Having a more detailed understanding of the behavior of riders under various disruption scenarios should allow transit agencies to better prepare for service recovery and restoration after and during local disruptions.
Laminar Differences in the Targeting of Dendritic Spines by Cortical Pyramidal Neurons and Interneurons in Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Activation of specific neural circuits in different layers of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is essential for working memory, a core cognitive function. Recurrent excitation between pyramidal neurons in middle and deep layers of the DLPFC contributes to the laminar-specific activity associated with different working memory subprocesses. Excitation between cortical pyramidal neurons is mediated by glutamatergic synapses on dendritic spines, but whether the relative abundance of spines receiving cortical inputs differs between middle and deep cortical layers in human DLPFC is unknown. Additionally, GABAergic inputs to spines sculpt pyramidal neuron activity. Whether dendritic spines that receive a glutamatergic input from a cortical pyramidal neuron are targeted by GABAergic interneurons in the human DLPFC is unknown. Using triple-label fluorescence confocal microscopy, we found that 1) the density of spines receiving an input from a cortical pyramidal neuron is greater in the middle than in the deep laminar zone, 2) dendritic spines dually innervated by a cortical pyramidal neuron and an interneuron are present in the human DLPFC, and 3) the density of spines dually innervated by a cortical pyramidal neuron and an interneuron is also greater in the middle than in the deep laminar zone. Ultrastructural analyses support the presence of spines that receive a cortical pyramidal neuron synapse and an interneuron synapse in human and monkey DLPFC. These data support the notion that the DLPFC middle laminar zone is particularly endowed with a microcircuit structure that supports the gating, integrating and fine-tuning of synaptic information in recurrent excitatory microcircuits.
Understanding Women's Remote Collaborative Programming Experiences: The Relationship between Dialogue Features and Reported Perceptions

In recent years, remote collaboration has become increasingly common both in the workplace and in the classroom. It is imperative that we understand and support remote collaborative problem solving, particularly understanding the experiences of people from historically marginalized groups whose intellectual contributions are essential for addressing the pressing needs society faces. This paper reports on a study in which 58 introductory computer science students constructed code remotely with a partner following either predefined structured roles (driver and navigator in pair programming) or without predefined structured roles. Between the structured-role and unstructured-role conditions, participants? normalized learning gain, Intrinsic Motivation Inventory scores, and system usability scores were not significantly different. However, regardless of the collaboration condition, women reported significantly higher levels of stress, lower levels of perceived competence, and less perceived choice compared to men. Because computer science is a context in which women have been historically marginalized, we next examined the relationship between student gender and collaborative dialogues by extracting lexical and sentiment features from the textual messages partners exchanged. Results reveal that dialogue features, such as number of utterances, utterance length, and partner sentiment, significantly correlated with women's reports of stress, perceived competence, or perceived choice. These findings provide insight on women's experiences in remote programming, suggest that dialogue features can predict their collaborative experiences, and hold implications for designing systems that help provide collaborative experiences in which everyone can thrive.
A randomized controlled trial of prophylactic early manual rotation of the occiput posterior fetus at the beginning of the second stage vs expectant management.

BACKGROUND Women whose fetuses are in the occiput posterior head position at the time of delivery are known to have longer second stages of labor and more complicated deliveries including more operative deliveries (cesarean, forceps, or vacuum-assisted delivery) and more third- and fourth-degree lacerations than those whose fetuses are in the occiput anterior position. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that rotating the fetus at the start of the second stage might decrease these complications. STUDY DESIGN At Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, we randomized term (37 weeks or beyond), nulliparous patients with epidurals and a singleton fetus in the occiput posterior position to either attempted early manual rotation to occiput anterior or to a control group managed expectantly. The control group could later be rotated if indicated by the clinical setting. The primary outcome was the length of the second stage of labor. Dichotomous outcomes were compared utilizing the chi-square test, and continuous outcomes were compared utilizing the Student t test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. The sample size estimate was for 64 patients to be randomized (32 in each group) to show a difference of 36 minutes of pushing time between the 2 groups. RESULTS We randomized 65 patients (33 to early manual rotation and 32 to control). When we examined a variety of baseline obstetrical characteristics, we found no statistically different values for the 2 groups. The early manual rotation group had a shorter median second stage of labor (65 minutes vs 82 minutes; P=.04). CONCLUSION Early manual rotation of the occiput posterior fetus led to a shorter second stage of labor in this small randomized trial. Future larger randomized trials are needed to validate these findings.
Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency Lymphoproliferative Disorder with Hepatic Impairment Treated with Salvage Gemcitabine

Other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders, classic Hodgkin lymphoma-type, is a subclassification of lymphoproliferative disorders typically seen in patients taking immunosuppressive medications in the setting of autoimmune diseases. Standard of care is currently Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, and Dacarbazine (ABVD) as it is for typical Hodgkin lymphoma, however, the side effect profile of these drugs include transaminase elevations which restrict their use in patients with underlying liver dysfunction. In patients in this clinical scenario gemcitabine has been infrequently used in the literature as salvage therapy as well as other alternative strategies. We report a case of classic hodgkin lymphoma-type other iatrogenic immunodeficiency disorder with impaired liver function who was treated empirically with salvage therapy of gemcitabine who developed symptomatic thrombocytopenia without recovery.
Home hospital as a disposition for older adults from the emergency department: Benefits and opportunities

The $1 trillion industry of acute hospital care in the United States is shifting from inside the walls of the hospital to patient homes. To tackle the limitations of current hospital care in the United States, on November 25, 2020, the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services announced that the acute hospital care at home waiver would reimburse for "home hospital" services. A "home hospital" is the home-based provision of acute services usually associated with the traditional inpatient hospital setting. Prior work suggests that home hospital care can reduce costs, maintain quality and safety, and improve patient experiences for select acutely ill adults who require hospital-level care. However, most emergency physicians are unfamiliar with the evidence of benefits demonstrated by home hospital services, especially for older adults. Therefore, the lead author solicited narrative inputs on this topic from selected experts in emergency medicine and home hospital services with clinical experience, publications, and funding on home hospital care. Then we sought to identify information most relevant to the practice of emergency medicine. We outline the proven and potential benefits of home hospital services specific to older adults compared to traditional acute care hospitalization with a focus on the emergency department.
A comparison of pain perception of elderly African Americans and Caucasians.

This study explored the differences and similarities in pain perception reported by 32 elderly African Americans and 32 elderly Caucasian subjects. Using the McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire, the study revealed that both groups chose the word nagging most frequently to describe their pain. A 2 by 2 analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant difference between the subjects in terms of the present pain intensity (PPI) (F = 6.30, df = 1, P = .015). Pearson's Product Moment Correlation revealed a moderate correlation (r = .36, P = .01) between PPI and ethnicity.
Policy divergence in multicandidate probabilistic spatial voting

Existing models of multicandidate spatial competition with probabilistic voting typically predict a high degree of policy convergence, yet in actual elections candidates advocate quite divergent sets of policies. What accounts for this disparity between theory and empirical observation? I introduce two variations on the basic probabilistic vote model which may account for candidate policy divergence: 1) a model which incorporates candidate-specific variables, so that candidates may enjoy nonpolicy-related electoral advantages (or disadvantages); 2) a model which allows nonzero correlations between the random terms associated with voters' candidate utilities, thereby capturing situations where voters view two or more candidates as similar on nonpolicy grounds. I report candidate equilibrium analyses for each model, which show far greater policy divergence than exists under the standard probabilistic vote model. I then analyze the strategic logic which underlies these results.
Brain Signals for Brain–Computer Interfaces

This chapter describes brain signals relevant for brain–computer interfaces (BCIs). Section 1 addresses the impetus for BCI research, reviews key BCI principles, and outlines a set of brain signals appropriate for BCI use. Section 2 describes specific brain signals used in BCIs, their neurophysiological origins, and their current applications. Finally, Sect. 3 discusses issues critical for maximizing the effectiveness of BCIs.
Demo abstract: Platform dependent code generation of real-time embedded software

Embedded software constitutes an important part of modern safety-critical systems, such as medical devices. As embedded software is increasingly complex, assuring the safety of such software becomes difficult, especially when the correct function is highly dependent on stringent timing and memory constraints of the implementation platform. Model-based development methodology has garnered attentions as an effective method for creating safety-critical embedded software in a systematic way, so that high-level safety assurance is guaranteed in the final implemented systems. In this methodology, the software system is first modeled using an abstract model, such as timed-automata, which can then be verified using a formal verification tool, such as UPPAAL. Then, code-generation techniques are applied to automatically generate source code from the verified model.
The constantinrao construction for binary asymmetric error-correcting codes

Constantin and Rao [(1979), Inform. Contr. 40, 2036] have given an ingenious construction for a class of binary codes capable of correcting a single asymmetric error. In this paper we shall give a complete analysis of the size of these codes.
Flora Nwapa As Author, Character, and Omniscient Narrator on "The Family Romance" in An African Society

A travers ses recits sur la vie des femmes ugwuta, Flora Nwapa a acquis la reputation de premiere femme romancier du Nigeria et de premiere femme editeur d'Afrique. Ses romans et essais evoquent notamment les efforts pour le renforcement du pouvoir et de l'autonomie de ces femmes, les relations intersexes, l'abandon sexuel, les conflits de cultures, ainsi que l'expression du desir et de la sexualite feminines. Alors que Flora Nwapa refute les references autobiographiques de son oeuvre, une lecture attentive de son corpus litteraire indique que Nwapa assume l'identite de l'auteur, heroine, et narrateur omniscient a l'un ou l'autre moment de son autofiction. Ses livres constituent une sorte de biographie collective des femmes ugwuta et contiennent une dimension therapeutique de l'ecriture. Dans celle-ci, elle utilise l'ensemble des techniques litteraires du recit a la premiere personne pour se projeter dans ses textes. Malgre l'occultation patriarcale du monde des femmes, le genie de Nwapa fut de donner une forme esthetique a ses experiences de vie, permettant aux femmes ugwuta de porter un regard critique sur les leurs.
The functional anatomy of labor, with special reference to the human being

Abstract 1. 1. A structural, as well as a comparative anatomic and physiologic background, exists for the mode of travel of the wave of uterine contraction in the primate uterus. 2. 2. The evidence pertaining to the growth and unfolding or inclusion of the isthmus uteri into the general uterine cavity to form the so-called lower uterine segment may be summarized as follows: 2.1. a. Histologically the isthmus uteri increases from 2 to 3 times in length during the first three months of pregnancy and then unfolds and is included in the general uterine cavity. No evidence contrary to this observation in the human being could be found. Histologic and gross anatomic observations in the monkey lend substantial confirmation. 2.2. b. The muscular fasciculi of the isthmus in pregnancy assume a more longitudinal or steeper course, but the architecture of the true cervix and corpus is not significantly modified. There is no contrary evidence; yet, one should like to have confirmation of Goerttler's observations. 2.3. c. The membranes are relatively loosely attached to the lower segment and the mucosa of the lower segment differs histologically from that of the upper segment. This evidence is not substantial in that no definite line of demarcation between the two segments can be detected. 2.4. d. The changes in the form of the uterus in pregnancy are compatible with and suggest that some event happens betweeen the third and fourth month of pregnancy which contributes (a) to a definite change in the breadth and thickness of the uterine cavity, (b) to a greater increase in vertical length in relation to the increase in the sagittal circumference of the cavity, and (c) to a rather sudden increase in the average distance of the lower edge of the placenta from the internal os (Table II). 2.5. e. Using the “retraction ring” as the point of junction between the isthmus and corpus in late pregnancy and labor, it was found that the muscular fasciculi undergo approximately equal increases in longitudinal length in pregnancy. Or, it was found reasonable to conclude that an isthmus only 1 cm. long in the nongravid state may hypertrophy until it is 7 to 10 cm. in length at term. 2.6. f. To obtain direct evidence, it would seem to be necessary to place some nonabsorbable material in the musculature at the site of the retraction ring in labor and then determine the site of the material in the fully involuted uterus. 3. 3. Data obtained from the mensuration of frozen sections of the human uterus have been analyzed in relation to the location and variability of the physiologic retraction ring and the position and dilatation of the cervical lip during labor.
Comparing Materials Used in Philosophy and Political Science Dissertations

Ten dissertations were examined to determine the differences in materials used by disciplines in the humanities and the social sciences. The target dissertations in philosophy and political science revealed that humanities dissertations tend to cite older materials than do political science dissertations. Materials cited in philosophy reflect dependence upon monographs while political science emphasizes journals and government documents. Surprisingly, dissertations are not a major contributor to the literature cited. It is suggested that examination of citation patterns in dissertations is a feasible tool for collection development.
Lhx6 and Lhx8 promote palate development through negative regulation of a cell cycle inhibitor gene, p57Kip2

Cleft palate is a common birth defect in humans. Therefore, understanding the molecular genetics of palate development is important from both scientific and medical perspectives. Lhx6 and Lhx8 encode LIM homeodomain transcription factors, and inactivation of both genes in mice resulted in profound craniofacial defects including cleft secondary palate. The initial outgrowth of the palate was severely impaired in the mutant embryos, due to decreased cell proliferation. Through genome-wide transcriptional profiling, we discovered that p57(Kip2) (Cdkn1c), encoding a cell cycle inhibitor, was up-regulated in the prospective palate of Lhx6(-/-);Lhx8(-/-) mutants. p57(Kip2) has been linked to Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and IMAGe syndrome in humans, which are developmental disorders with increased incidents of palate defects among the patients. To determine the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of p57(Kip2) by the Lhx genes, we combined chromatin immunoprecipitation, in silico search for transcription factor-binding motifs, and in vitro reporter assays with putative cis-regulatory elements. The results of these experiments indicated that LHX6 and LHX8 regulated p57(Kip2) via both direct and indirect mechanisms, with the latter mediated by Forkhead box (FOX) family transcription factors. Together, our findings uncovered a novel connection between the initiation of palate development and a cell cycle inhibitor via LHX. We propose a model in which Lhx6 and Lhx8 negatively regulate p57(Kip2) expression in the prospective palate area to allow adequate levels of cell proliferation and thereby promote normal palate development. This is the first report elucidating a molecular genetic pathway downstream of Lhx in palate development.
The SEC's Proposed Rating Agency Rules: Unresolved Conflicts

On June 16, the SEC made public new rules intended to increase transparency and reduce conflicts of interest in the credit rating process for fixed-income instruments. The proposal may be most important for what it does not do: The SEC does not plan to forbid the "issuer-pays" system, in which the rating agencies are paid by the parties whose products are being evaluated. Although the SEC apparently has the power to ban issuer-pays and recognizes that the arrangement creates potential conflicts of interest, the proposed rules address issuer-pays only through a half measure that appears unlikely to be effective.
Threshold selection using second derivatives of the gray scale image

It is known that when a bilevel image is blurred, the intensity of the original pixels is related with the sign of the curvature of the pixels of the blurred image. A technique for threshold selection is presented where a partial histogram is constructed solely from the pixels where curvature achieves extrema values. The method is most suitable when low-contrast images with textured backgrounds (but not sparse dot matrices) are a large fraction of the input population. >
Obtaining the Squared Multiple Correlations from a Singular Correlation Matrix.

A direct proof of Tucker, Cooper, and Meredith's procedure for obtaining the squared multiple correlations from a singular correlation matrix is given.
The hippocampal arousal pattern in rabbits.

Abstract This report is concerned with the possibility of dissociating, by anatomical lesions, the “arousal” high-voltage, slow rhythms from coexisting low-voltage, fast activity that can be recorded from the hippocampus. Locally anesthetized, immobilized rabbits were employed in acute experiments. Single or multiple electrolytic lesions were placed in septal and thalamic structures. Their effect on the electrograms from the hippocampus and on evoked potentials were followed for several hours after the lesions were made. It has been found that lesions in the nucleus of the centrum median block the appearance of “theta” patterns in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the lesions. Responses evoked in the hippocampus by tegmental or peripheral stimulation were markedly reduced or abolished. It is concluded that nonspecific thalamic projections constitute an important component of the hippocampal afferent system. The suggestion is made that the behavioral effect of these lesions in the nucleus of the centrum median may be explained, partly at least, by interruption of inputs into the rhinencephalon.
The Fate of the Patient Returned to Hemodialysis After Losing a Renal Transplant

Previous reports have suggested that renal allograft recipients have an increased mortality rate when returned to hemodialysis. We studied the survival of patients returned to hemodialysis after losing a renal allograft and compared it with the survival of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis during the same period as reported by individual centers in the United States and by the European Dialysis and Transplant Association. Six-year actuarial survival of 83 patients after loss of a first transplant and of 37 patients after loss of two or more transplants compared favorably with data on survival of patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. We conclude that a transplant recipient is not at increased risk when returned to hemodialysis. ( JAMA 1983;250:1053-1056)
Some problems in the differential diagnoses of erectile disorders

A substantial part of our clinical and research activities has been devoted to efforts at improving diagnostic accuracy as a basis for the formulation of a sound therapeutic approach in patients with erectile disorders. This article briefly mentions some of the difficulties that may be encountered in the process of determining the role of organic factors in the pathogenesis of impotence. The assessment of nocturnal penile tumescence is considered a valuable ancillary diagnostic procedure, but a note of caution is raised until further experience with this method is acquired.
Weekly Reports: A Two-Way Feedback Tool.

This article describes how to use weekly reports written by students as a two-way feedback tool in teaching science. Weekly reports are structured journals in which students answer three questions: (a) What did you learn this week? (b) What questions remained unclear? and (c) If you were the professor, what questions would you ask to find out whether the students understood the most important material of this week? The weekly reports help students to reflect on their knowledge, to learn how to ask questions, and to predict what questions their teacher is likely to ask. The reports help teachers to identify immediately the difficulties their students experience while learning new material, to adjust their teaching to the students' needs, and to match the levels of difficulty of learning and testing. They also give the teacher an opportunity to communicate with individual students on a regular basis by providing comments and answers to students' questions. The experience described in this study shows the existence of a common mismatch between learning and assessment and offers a solution to this problem. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed84:594–605, 2000.
Infants in Italy: An evaluation of other than mother care

As more and more women return to the work force while their children are but babies, other than mother care for infants outside their own home has become an issue of major import in this country. In Europe, however, more governments subsidize infant care for mothers who work outside the home. This paper reports on one such country, Italy. Italy has provided government sponsored infant care since 1925 and is currently in the process of remodeling the original infant care system. An overview of this delivery system was made, based on observation of 90 different infant care programs sponsored by the Italian government, ten private infant care centers and one training institution sponsored jointly by the Catholic Church and local government. These observations were made in large northern industrial cities as well as several small communities, and several large cities in central and southern Italy. Over 100 interviews included advisors, school administrators, city officials, pediatricians, psychiatrists, progr...
Low-temperature compressibilities and absolute de Haas-van Alphen frequencies in potassium, rubidium, and cesium

The absolute de Haas-van Alphen (dH-vA) frequencies and the scaling effect of small hydrostatic pressures on extremal cross sections of the Fermi surface have been measured in freely mounted samples of K, Rb, and Cs. The dH-vA frequencies are in good agreement with those derived from currently accepted values for the low-temperature lattice constants of the three metals at (1.824±0.002), (1.603±0.003), and (1.365±0.002)×108 G, respectively. The low-temperature compressibilities derived from the pressure measurements at (2.577±0.013), (3.644±0.015), and (4.020±0.02)×10−2 kbar−1, respectively, show discrepancies of −5, −8, and −14% with those measured by more conventional techniques. The characteristic energyB0V0 (bulk modulus × atomic volume) is found to be constant at about 1.67×105 J/mole in the three metals.
Copper NMR and hole depletion in the normal state of Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7

Abstract Normal-state copper NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation rates 1 T 1 have been measured in the planar cuprate system Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3O7. The Knight shift K decreases with Pr doping and develops a temperature dependence at chain sites. Analysis of the bulk susceptibility and NMR data indicates that pair breaking and hole depletion both take part in the suppression of the superconducting transition temperature Tc. The Knight shift behavior resembles that in oxygen-deficient YBa2Cu3O7-y, as does the temperature dependence of 1 T 1 for plane Cu sites and magnetic field perpendicular to the c axis. This agreement leads to a consistent picture of the role of antiferromagnetic fluctuations in these materials. An analysis of the data in the framework of the phenomenological theory of Millis, Monien and Pines is given. In the end compound PrBa2Cu3O7 the NMR signal from plane Cu sites indicates antiferromagnetic (AF) ordering at a Neel temperature ∼ 280K, and in the AF state yields and internal field similar to those found in AFYBa2Cu3O6 and La2CuO4.
Wealth transfer receipt and later life wealth

Abstract Wealth ownership is highly concentrated in the U.S. and this inequality may be reproduced in subsequent generations through wealth transfers. Yet we do not know how households respond to the receipt of a wealth transfer and whether time amplifies the initial benefit of a wealth transfer. Using the Survey of Consumer Finances, we test whether wealth transfer recipients gain an advantage that cumulates with time. We find that the positive association between transfer amount and present net worth weakens as time elapsed since transfer receipt increases. The larger the wealth transfer, the more its association with net worth is diminished by time since transfer receipt. Though wealth transfers provide recipients with a significant initial advantage, households appear to adapt to wealth transfer receipt by some combination of reduced savings and increased consumption. We demonstrate an association between receiving a larger wealth transfer and one type of increased consumption, gift-giving.
Improving hand hygiene compliance: A multidisciplinary approach

This article focuses on improving hand hygiene compliance using a multidisciplinary approach. Historically, hand hygiene compliance among health care workers and physicians has been far below an acceptable level. The facility discussed in this article uses an ongoing "Hand Hygiene" campaign, which is multidisciplinary and addresses numerous barriers to compliance.
General method for complete population transfer in degenerate systems

A simple theoretical solution to the design of a control field that generates complete population transfer from an initial state, via N nondegenerate intermediate states, to one arbitrary member of M (M{<=}N) degenerate states is constructed. The full control field exploits an (M+N-1)-node null adiabatic state, created by designing the relative phases and amplitudes of the component fields that together make up the full field. The solution found is universal in the sense that it does not depend on the exact number of the unwanted degenerate states or their properties. The results obtained suggest that a class of multilevel quantum systems with degenerate states can be completely controllable, even under extremely strong constraints, e.g., never populating a Hilbert subspace that is only a few dimensions smaller than the whole Hilbert space.
Anal incontinence in women presenting for gynecologic care: prevalence, risk factors, and impact upon quality of life.

Objective The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence and impact upon quality of life of anal incontinence (AI) in women aged 18 to 65. Study design Consecutive women presenting for general gynecologic care were given a bowel function questionnaire. Women with AI were prompted to complete the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index (FISI) and Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale (FIQL). Results The cohort was composed of 457 women with a mean age of 39.9 ± 11 years. AI prevalence was 28.4% (95% CI 24.4–32.8). After logistic regression, IBS (OR 3.22, 1.75–5.93), constipation (OR 2.11, 1.22–3.63), age (OR 1.05, 1.03–1.07), and BMI (OR 1.04, 1.01–1.08) remained significant risk factors. The mean FISI score was 20.4 ± 12.4. Women with only flatal incontinence scored higher, and women with liquid loss scored lower on all 4 scales of the FIQL. Conclusion AI is prevalent in women seeking benign gynecologic care, and liquid stool incontinence has the greatest impact upon quality of life.
Congress trims NSF budget

The last-minute spending bill adopted by Congress just before its 1987 holiday recess provides $1,717 billion for the National Science Foundation (NSF) for fiscal year (FY) 1988. The approved figure is more than 9% lower than the request in President Reagan's budget plan. In addition, wording in the House version of the bill that mandated protection of ocean science and women and minorities programs did not appear in the final product that was approved by Congress and signed into law. In absolute terms, NSF's budget will be 6% more than in 1987, far less than expected by the agency and the White House, which had proposed a doubling of NSF's budget over the next several years. The Research and Related Activities section of the budget, out of which comes the bulk of NSF's support of basic research, was funded at $1,453 billion, $200 million less than its $1,653 billion request, and the Antarctic Research section received $124.8 million of $143 million in the President's budget. Science Education, on the other hand, was budgeted for $139.2 million, $25 million more than requested.
Curl-Up Testing in College Students: Validity and Practicality of a Field Test—A Reply to Zhu's (1998) Commentary

(1998). Curl-Up Testing in College Students: Validity and Practicality of a Field Test—A Reply to Zhu's (1998) Commentary. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 311-313.
Psychiatric consultation with substance abusers in early recovery.

The frequent co-occurrence of mental and substance use disorders (“dual diagnosis”) has created a role for addiction-trained psychiatric consultants in drug and alcohol treatment programs. The complex treatment needs of the dually diagnosed require that the consultant psychiatrist have knowledge about the existing treatment models of chemical dependency, the recovery process, and the complex relationship between substance abuse and psychopathology. This paper reviews the existing clinical models for understanding and treating chemical dependency and then proposes an approach to consultation practice that employs a developmentally-based clinical model. The consultation work of three academic addiction psychiatrists who utilize a developmental approach is described. The demographic and diagnostic characteristics of their consultation cases from three substance abuse inpatient rehabilitation programs for a 1-year period are summarized. Five major tasks for addiction psychiatry consultants are identified and ...
Histogenesis of adenosquamous bronchogenic carcinoma

In our hamster lung cancer model studies, among 463 non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), there were 47 adenosquamous neoplasms. In 24 of 27 lesions with diameters of less than 3.0 mm, the adenocarcinoma and the squamous cell carcinoma components arose as separate, spatially discrete lesions, but these were separate in only 7 of 20 lesions with diameters of 30 mm or greater. Co-infiltration of the components became more frequent as tumor size increased. The usual adenosquamous variety of NSCLC is likely a collision tumor, with each component possessing separate biological characteristics. Thus, future prognostically directed studies of this variety of NSCLC must recognize that these neoplasms have two components, each of which needs to assessed.
National EMS research agenda: proceedings of the implementation symposium

The National EMS Research Agenda identified eight recommendations for improving the conduct of emergency medical services (EMS) research in the United States. EMS leaders from across the country attended a two-day symposium to discuss implementation of the Research Agenda recommendations. The participants suggested specific methods to move the recommendations forward. These included improving training opportunities for EMS researchers, stimulating increases in available funding sources, facilitating the integration of research into practice, and crafting alterations within the regulatory environment. Participants felt that EMS must be more broadly integrated into the public health continuum. Federal agencies, states, local governments, charitable foundations, and corporations are asked to examine their practices to increase opportunities for participation in EMS research programs at all stages of the process.