cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High performance millimeter wave AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMTs with individually grounded source finger vias

Millimeter wave AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HEMTs with individually grounded source finger vias and end source vias have been fabricated and characterized. Although DC IV characteristics of the HEMTs with individually grounded source finger vias and end source vias were similar, RF measurements yielded higher small signal gain on the HEMT with individually grounded source finger vias. Power measurements at 44 GHz further revealed that the HEMT with individually grounded source finger vias produced higher output power, power added efficiency, and associated gain compared to the HEMT with end source vias. >
Comparing atmospheric [HO2]/[OH] to modeled [HO2]/[OH]: Identifying discrepancies with reaction rates

Reactions that inter-convert OH and HO_2 are directly involved in the catalytic removal of O_3 in the lower stratosphere and in the catalytic production of O_3 in the upper troposphere. The agreement between the measured and modeled [HO_2]/[OH] tests our current understanding of this important chemistry. Recent changes to the recommended rate constants for OH+O_3 and HO_2+O_3 call into question how accurately the chemistry of the stratosphere is understood. [HO_2]/[OH] calculated with the new recommendations is 48% higher than the observations throughout the lower stratosphere, exceeding the uncertainty limits of the observations (20%). The extensive atmospheric data set allows tests of the rates of the individual processes that couple these free radicals. This work shows that the discrepancy is largest when the ratio is controlled by the reactions of OH and HO_2 with ozone.
On the semantics for qualified syllogisms

A qualified syllogism is a classical Aristotelean syllogism that has been 'qualified' through the use of fuzzy quantifiers, likelihood modifiers, and usuality modifiers. This paper presents a formal logic Q, consisting of a language suitable for expressing such syllogisms, together with two distinct semantics which validate them. Both semantics are probabilistic-one is Bayesian and one is based on Zadeh's semantics of /spl Sigma/-counts (restricted to crisp predicates). These are compared as to their mathematical interrelationship and their prospective applications.
On achieving fairness in the joint allocation of processing and bandwidth resources: principles and algorithms

The problem of achieving fairness in the allocation of the bandwidth resource on a link shared by multiple flows of traffic has been extensively researched over the last decade. However, with the increasing pervasiveness of optical networking and the occasional trend toward using over-provisioning as the solution to bandwidth congestion, a router's processor also becomes a critical resource to which, ideally speaking, all competing flows should have fair access. For example, achieving fairness in the allocation of processing resources can be part of an overall strategy of countering certain kinds of denial of service attacks (such as those based on an excessive use of the router processor by using unnecessary optional headers). In this paper, we investigate the issue of achieving fairness in the joint allocation of the processing and bandwidth resources. We first present a simple but powerful general principle for defining fairness in such systems based on any of the classic notions of fairness such as max-min fairness, proportional fairness, and utility max-min fairness defined for a single resource. We apply our principle to a system with a shared processor and a shared link with max-min fairness as the desired goal. We then propose a practical and provably fair packet-by-packet algorithm for the joint allocation of processing and bandwidth resources. We demonstrate the fairness achieved by our algorithm through simulation results using both synthetic and real gateway traffic traces. The principles and the algorithm detailed in this paper may also be applied in the allocation of other kinds of resources such as power, which is a critical resource in mobile systems.
A Simple and Accurate Method for Determining Large Deflections in Compliant Mechanisms Subjected to End Forces and Moments

Compliant members in flexible link mechanisms undergo large deflections when subjected to external loads. Because of this fact, traditional methods of deflection analysis do not apply. Since the nonlinearities introduced by these large deflections make the system comprising such members difficult to solve, parametric deflection approximations are deemed helpful in the analysis and synthesis of compliant mechanisms. This is accomplished by representing the compliant mechanism as a pseudo-rigid-body model. A wealth of analysis and synthesis techniques available for rigid-body mechanisms thus become amenable to the design of compliant mechanisms. In this paper, a pseudo-rigid-body model is developed and solved for the tip deflection of flexible beams for combined end loads. A numerical integration technique using quadrature formulae has been employed to solve the large deflection Bernoulli-Euler beam equation for the tip deflection. Implementation of this scheme is simpler than the elliptic integral formulation and provides very accurate results. An example for the synthesis of a compliant mechanism using the proposed model is also presented.
Automatic Model Generation for Black Box Real-Time Systems

Embedded systems are often assembled from black box components. System-level analyses, including verification and timing analysis, typically assume the system description, such as RTL or source code, as an input. There is therefore a need to automatically generate formal models of black box components to facilitate analysis. We propose a new method to generate models of real-time embedded systems based on machine learning from execution traces, under a given hypothesis about the system's model of computation. Our technique is based on a novel formulation of the model generation problem as learning a dependency graph that indicates partial ordering between tasks. Tests based on an industry case study demonstrate that the learning algorithm can scale up and that the deduced system model accurately reflects dependencies between tasks in the original design. These dependencies help us formally prove properties of the system and also extract data dependencies that are not explicitly stated in the specifications of black box components
Position-Location Solutions by Taylor-Series Estimation

Taylor-series estimation gives a least-sum-squared-error solution to a set of simultaneous linearized algebraic equations. This method is useful in solving multimeasurement mixed-mode position-location problems typical of many navigational applications. While convergence is not proved, examples show that most problems do converge to the correct solution from reasonable initial guesses. The method also provides the statistical spread of the solution errors.
Issues in International Social Work: Resolving Critical Debates in the Profession

Summary: A review of the theoretical construction of international social work.Findings: Although social workers are now more frequently engaged in international activities than ever before, they remain divided on a number of critical issues. These include the definition of international social work; the nature and impact of globalization on social work; the proper role of remedial, activist and developmental practice; and finally the place of values, cultural diversity and internationalism as an ideological position. These issues are discussed and clarified, and an attempt is made to formulate proposals that can accommodate and resolve differences.Applications: The applications of this article concern the theoretical construction of social work, in particular, the development of transnational social work; the construction of curricula for social work education and a reconceptualization of the importance of globalization and regionalism for social work practice.
Outcomes following treatment of femoropopliteal in-stent restenosis: A single center experience†

and secondary patency rates were analyzed. Univariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of 12-month primary patency. Results: Twenty-two limbs were treated in 20 patients during the study period. Procedural success was achieved in 21 limbs (95.5%). Laser, balloon angioplasty, and excisional atherectomy were the primary therapy in 52.4%, 33.3%, and 14.3% of the cases, respectively. Adjunctive balloon angioplasty was performed after laser and excisional atherectomy in all cases. The mean length of ISR was 13.2 6 11.3 cm with a significant proportion of cases (40.9%) having Type IV pattern of ISR. At 12 months, primary and combined primary-assisted and secondary patency rates were 47.6 and 61.9%, respectively. Of the 11 limbs that did not have secondary patency, 6 had mild or no symptoms, and, therefore, repeat intervention was not performed. There was one transmetatarsal amputation during the 12-month follow-up period. In this study, there was no significant predictor of 12month primary patency. Conclusions: Treatment of ISR remains challenging with significant risk of recurrent restenosis. Further research is required to improve long-term
3D trajectory optimization for terrain following and terrain masking

I. Abstract Different methods of optimizing terrain following and terrain masking trajectories have been investigated as an extension of earlier reduced order formulations, using 2D equations of motion with a constant velocity. This paper investigates expanding the problem to using 3D equations of motion – first using a constant velocity approach then incorporating the velocity as an additional state. In addition, the trajectories are optimized with respect to two different criteria – a minimum time case and a terrain masking case.
Pain-Contingent Interruption and Resumption of Work Goals: A Within-Day Diary Analysis

Abstract Daily pain-related attributions for and negative affective reactions to the nonpursuit of work goals and individual differences in chronic pain severity and stress were used to predict work goal resumption in a sample of 131 adults with chronic pain. Variables were assessed via questionnaires and a 21-day diary. On days when participants reported nonpursuit of work goals in the afternoon, increases in pain-related attributions for goal interruption were positively associated with higher negative affective reactions which, in turn, were associated with an increased likelihood of same-day work goal resumption. Stress amplified the relation between pain-related attributions and negative affective reactions, and chronic pain severity was positively related to work goal resumption. Perspective Under certain circumstances, chronic pain and pain-related attributions can have positive motivational effects on work goal resumption. The findings of the present study may contribute to the development of interruption management techniques in vocational settings that leverage the roles of pain-related attributions, goal cognition, and emotionality.
Not all drugs are created equal: the importance of causative agent in toxic epidermal necrolysis

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), Steven-Johnson Syndrome (SJS), and SJS/TEN overlap make up a spectrum of severe mucocutaneous disease that is an adverse reaction to a large number of medications and various infectious agents. Little is known about the differences in acute course of illness depending on the inciting agent, which prompted the authors to further explore their experience with TEN. In a retrospective analysis, 88 patients ≥18 years old were identified with biopsy-confirmed TEN and a variety of variables were analyzed. The authors evaluated for differences in presentation and hospital course between drug class and medication half-life using Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables and χ or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Those subjects with the inciting agent of allopurinol had 100% incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI), significantly higher than other drug classes with antibiotics having the second highest incidence at 14%. Medications with a half-life of <6 hours were also associated with a higher incidence of AKI. Acutely there are significant clinical differences in TEN patients depending on the drug class and medication half-life of the inciting agent. Allopurinol, drugs with a short half-life, and a diagnosis of TEN were all associated with greater incidence of AKI. This is the first time that the relationship between clinical course and inciting agent has been examined in a United States population.
Fatal ingestion of a brodifacoum-containing rodenticide

Inhibition of normal clotting is a result of rodenticides being applied to rodents in an effort to exterminate them. However, the rodenticides are also readily available for human consumption. We report a fatal ingestion of brodifacoum, a long-acting warfarin-like anticoagulant found in Havoc rodenticide. To our knowledge, this is the first such fatality reported. This case illustrates the typical clinical presentation, therapeutic alternatives, and responses to vitamin K-antagonizing anticoagulant overdoses.
Measured Stress for Concrete Dams with Seepage Water Effect

The stress and strain monitoring of concrete dam is the one of monitoring for dam safety,the dam heel is the furthest sensitive emphases place for stress and strain.Recur to elasticity mechanical analysis for porous material,processed research for component elements at measured stress and strain in stress gauge and strain gauge embedded concrete dams.The available stress,that act on framework of concrete and part of pore water pressure ηp included in measured stress by stress gauge,and the pore water pressure is full hydraulic head(lifting pressure) p for stress gauge,that embedded on the seam with body of dam and it's foundation or the seamed face of body are Indicated.The strain gauge embedded with the same body of dam,the available stress-strain will only included in measured strain,and the part of strain by the pore water pressure without proceed.The theoretic basis provided that rightly applying monitoring data at stress and strain of concrete dams for evaluating character of dam safety.
The Graduate Major in Physical Education

(1942). The Graduate Major in Physical Education. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 252-256.
A Validation Study of the Need for Affect Questionnaire–Short Form in Legal Contexts

We evaluated the psychometric properties of scores on the Need for Affect-Short Form (NAQ-S) in 3 samples: undergraduate students (Sample I), jury-eligible community members (Sample II), and forensic clinicians (Sample III). Concerning factor structure, the NAQ-S 2-factor structure displayed good fit to the data in Sample I, with mostly acceptable levels of internal consistency for both approach and avoidance scores. Construct validity patterns were observed such that approach scores were most strongly correlated with female gender and trait agreeableness scores, whereas avoidance scores were most strongly correlated to trait agreeableness scores. Criterion validity associations emerged in that approach scores displayed main effects on mock juror judgments in hate crimes, and forensic clinician judgments of violence risk estimation. Finally, avoidance scores displayed moderating effects on recommended sentencing length by hate crime victim type. Implications are discussed for emotion in legal decision making and future research.
Seeing Through Multiple Sensors into Distant Scenes: The Essential Power of Viewpoint Control

Sensors are being attached to almost every device and vehicle and integrated together to form sensor systems that extend human reach into distant environments. This means human stakeholders have the potential to see into previously inaccessible environments and to take new vantage points and perspectives. However, current designs of these human-sensor systems suffer from basic deficiencies such as an inability to keep pace with activities in the world, the keyhole problem, high re-orienting costs, and the multiple feeds problem. Principled approaches to the development of human-sensor systems are necessary to overcome these challenges. Principles for viewpoint control provide the key to overcome the limitations of current designs.
Male mate choice based on chemical cues in the cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

1. Males in many animal species exercise mate choice to maximise their reproductive success, assessing females by characteristics related to reproductive potential, such as mating status, body size, and age. The sensory modalities involved in mate choice are often not firmly demonstrated, but only inferred. This is especially true for chemical cues and signals. 2. The present study tests whether males of the cricket Acheta domesticus are able to choose among females based only on chemosensory cues. In A. domesticus, as in many crickets, males call to attract females or roam the habitat silently to search for females. In three-way choice trials, males were presented with two filter papers that had been placed with females for 24 h prior to the trials and one blank control. Females were either mated or virgin and starved or well-fed. It was predicted that males would prefer virgin over mated females and those in good condition over starved ones. 3. Males were more likely to contact filters that had been exposed to females. They spent more time examining filter papers from virgin females than those from mated ones, while the condition of the females had no effect. 4. We conclude that males can detect chemical cues from females on substrate and distinguish virgin females from mated ones. Being able to assess sperm competition risk prior to mating or even before further pursuing a trail with chemical cues should confer a considerable benefit to males.
Adapting the 2016 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine—Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle to BRaNDS Software—Considering Metabolizable Protein

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine - Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (NASEM), formally referred to as the National Research Council (NRC), has long been the standard of formulation for beef cattle rations. However, the changes presented in the 8thEdition (2016) regarding the empirical method of formulation appear to only work well with cows and more mature stocker cattle consuming medium- to high-quality forage (51.5-64% TDN) when the microbial efficiency of converting diet TDN to microbial protein are adjusted from the current recommendation back to previously published efficiencies.
Conversations on restorative justice: a talk with Ali Gohar

Ali Gohar is the founder of Just Peace Initiatives, a non-profit working for peace and justice through conflict transformation practices. After receiving a Masters degree in International Relations...
A computational examination of the binding interactions of amyloidβ and human cystatin C

The physiological role of human cystatin C (HCC) in the brain of individuals suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is currently an uncertainty in the scientific community. The protein complex interface between HCC and amyloidβ (Aβ), an aggregated protein in the AD brain, is of great interest due to the potential roles of HCC as an agonist and/or antagonist in AD progression. Thus, to understand the molecular details of HCC–Aβ interactions, all-atom molecular dynamic simulations were performed in explicit water under physiological conditions. Rigid body protein–protein docking was utilized to obtain the best modes of interactions between Aβ and HCC by using energy functions that comprise pairwise shape complementarity with desolvation and electrostatics. Subsequently, two top docking structures were simulated and evaluated for molecular interactions. A detailed trajectory analysis indicates favorable binding conformations between Aβ and HCC where Aβ goes through major conformational rearrangements while ...
Abstract 33: Platelet 12-lipoxygenase is a Key Regulator of Platelet Reactivity and Thrombus Formation in vivo

Background: Platelet reactivity is required to maintain hemostasis, however high platelet reactivity leads to thrombus formation, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Platelet 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) has been demonstrated by our lab and others to regulate agonist-mediated platelet reactivity suggesting a role for 12-LOX in regulation of in vivo thrombosis. The ability to target 12-LOX in vivo has not been established to date. Therefore, we sought to determine if 12-LOX regulates platelet reactivity and thrombus formation in vivo using the selective 12-LOX inhibitor ML355 to determine whether platelet 12-LOX is an effective target for anti-platelet therapeutics. Methods: ML355 effects on human platelet function was assessed in vitro by platelet aggregometry, ex vivo by perfusion chamber, and in vivo by thrombus formation and vessel occlusion in small and large vessels in 12-LOX -/- , WT mice, and mice treated with ML355 via intravital microscopy using the FeCl 3 and laser injury models. Results: In in vitro platelet aggregation, ML355 dose-dependently inhibited agonist-induced aggregation. In ex vivo flow chamber assays, platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on collagen-coated surfaces at high shear was attenuated in both mouse and human whole blood after incubation with ML355. Further, platelet aggregation and thrombus growth in 12-LOX -/- mice were impaired in both laser and FeCl 3 -induced mesenteric, carotid artery and cremaster arteriole thrombosis models. Thrombi in 12-LOX -/- mice were unstable and frequently formed emboli, which resulted in impaired vessel occlusion or reopening. Additionally, thrombus formation and vessel occlusion was impaired in ML355 treated WT mice. Conclusions: The 12-LOX inhibitor ML355 inhibits platelet aggregation induced by a number of platelet agonists. Ex vivo high shear conditions in both mice and human was attenuated in the presence of ML355. Thrombus formation and vessel occlusion were impaired in mice deficient in 12-LOX. Finally, ML355 attenuates thrombus formation and prevents vessel occlusion in vivo . Our data strongly indicates 12-LOX is an important determinant of platelet reactivity and inhibition of platelet 12-LOX may represent a new target for anti-platelet therapeutics.
Suggestions for Strengthening the Public Health Leadership Development Model

For over 20 years the current model of Public Health Leadership Institutes (PHLIs) has been the primary model for “leadership” development. Past studies have shown that the model is successful in i...
Optical design for increased interaction length in a high gradient dielectric laser accelerator

Abstract We present a methodology for designing and measuring pulse front tilt in an ultrafast laser for use in dielectric laser acceleration. Previous research into dielectric laser accelerating modules has focused on measuring high accelerating gradients in novel structures, but has done so only for short electron–laser coupling lengths. Here we demonstrate an optical design to extend the laser–electroninteraction to 1 mm.
BRAIN NUCLEIC ACIDS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the content of nucleic acids in the brain. The DNA content of an adult rat brain is about 0.7 to 1.0 mg per gram of fresh tissue. 98% percent or more is located in the nuclei, with the remaining 1–2% being mitochondrial. As the normal DNA content of a mammalian diploid cell is about 6.5 pg, the DNA content is more frequently used to estimate the number of cells in a given tissue under specific conditions or at a certain developmental stage. During postnatal growth the cytoplasmic volume increases, the space between the nuclei becomes greater, and the DNA content per unit of wet weight decreases, even though the number of cells remains constant or even increases. The RNA content of fresh cortical tissue of rats is about 0.7–0.8 mg per gram of tissue. Thus, the RNA/DNA ratio of brain tissue is about 1.0. Some evidence suggests that the concentration of RNA in oligodendrocytes is higher than that in neurons and that astrocytes contain a low RNA concentration. The great preponderance of the RNA in brain, as in all eukaryotic tissues, is of the ribosomal type. There are no unusual types of RNAs in brain; the general characteristics of the ribosomal, transfer RNA, and messenger RNA fractions are much like those of the corresponding RNAs from other tissues.
Disassembly, Meaning-Making and Montage in Annie Dorsen’s A Piece of Work and Péter Lichter and Bori Máté’s The Rub

This chapter concentrates on Annie Dorsen’s algorithmically generated A Piece of Work , but also explores The Rub, another disintegrative reenactment of Hamlet. Dorsen’s production relies on the audio and visual projection of verbal montages that are so maddeningly methodized as to seem incomprehensible. All but evacuating visible human agency, Dorsen repurposes Hamlet as a database out of which an infinite number of different narrative streams may be generated. The Rub combines the rapid-fire display of hand-painted celluloid strips digitally filmed and edited into rhythmically varied montages with found or borrowed footage often reflective of serially ordered dialogue from Hamlet. Like A Piece of Work, it produces “a new kind of poetic logic” that could conceivably defer to reasoned articulation but resists satisfying the demands of meaning-making.
High Affinity Antibodies against Influenza Characterize the Plasmablast Response in SLE Patients After Vaccination.

Breakdown of B cell tolerance is a cardinal feature of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Increased numbers of autoreactive mature naive B cells have been described in SLE patients and autoantibodies have been shown to arise from autoreactive and non-autoreactive precursors. How these defects, in the regulation of B cell tolerance and selection, influence germinal center (GC) reactions that are directed towards foreign antigens has yet to be investigated. Here, we examined the characteristics of post-GC foreign antigen-specific B cells from SLE patients and healthy controls by analyzing monoclonal antibodies generated from plasmablasts induced specifically by influenza vaccination. We report that many of the SLE patients had anti-influenza antibodies with higher binding affinity and neutralization capacity than those from controls. Although overall frequencies of autoreactivity in the influenza-specific plasmablasts were similar for SLE patients and controls, the variable gene repertoire of influenza-specific plasmablasts from SLE patients was altered, with increased usage of JH6 and long heavy chain CDR3 segments. We found that high affinity anti-influenza antibodies generally characterize the plasmablast responses of SLE patients with low levels of autoreactivity; however, certain exceptions were noted. The high-avidity antibody responses in SLE patients may also be correlated with cytokines that are abnormally expressed in lupus. These findings provide insights into the effects of dysregulated immunity on the quality of antibody responses following influenza vaccination and further our understanding of the underlying abnormalities of lupus.
Top‐down mass spectrometry of intact phosphorylated β‐casein: Correlation between the precursor charge state and internal fragments

Phosphorylated proteins play essential roles in many cellular processes, and identification and characterization of the relevant phosphoproteins can help to understand underlying mechanisms. Herein, we report a collision-induced dissociation top-down approach for characterizing phosphoproteins on a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. β-casein, a protein with two major isoforms and five phosphorylatable serine residues, was used as a model. Peaks corresponding to intact β-casein ions with charged states up to 36+ were detected. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed on β-casein ions of different charge states (12+ , and 15+ to 28+ ) in order to determine the effects of charge state on dissociation of this protein. Most of the abundant fragments corresponded to y, b ions, and internal fragments caused by cleavage of the N-terminal amide bond adjacent to proline residues (Xxx-Pro). The abundance of internal fragments increased with the charge state of the protein precursor ion; these internal fragments predominantly arose from one or two Xxx-Pro cleavage events and were difficult to accurately assign. The presence of abundant sodium adducts of β-casein further complicated the spectra. Our results suggest that when interpreting top-down mass spectra of phosphoproteins and other proteins, researchers should consider the potential formation of internal fragments and sodium adducts for reliable characterization.
Monitoring changes in the healthy female metabolome across the menstrual cycle using GC × GC-TOFMS.

Abstract Urinary metabolomics offers a non-invasive means of obtaining information about the system-wide biological health of a patient. Untargeted metabolomics approaches using one-dimensional gas chromatography (GC) are limited due to the chemical complexity of urine, which poorly detects co-eluting low-abundance analytes. Metabolite detection and identification can be improved by applying comprehensive two-dimensional GC, allowing for the discovery of additional viable biomarkers of disease. In this work, we applied comprehensive two-dimensional GC coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) to the analysis of urine samples collected daily across 28-days from 10 healthy female subjects for a personalized approach to female reproductive health monitoring. Through this analysis, we identified 935 unique volatile metabolites. Two statistical methods, a modified T-statistic and Wilcoxon Rank Sum, were applied to analyze differences in metabolome abundance on ovulation days as compared to non-ovulation days. Four metabolites (2-pentanone, 3-penten-2-one, carbon disulfide, acetone) were identified as statistically significant by the modified T-statistic but not the Rank Sum, after a false-discovery rate of 0.1 was set using a Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Subsequent analyses by boxplot indicated that the putative volatile metabolic biomarkers for fertility are expressed in increased or decreased abundance in urine on the day of ovulation. Individual analysis of metabolome expression across 28-days revealed some subject-specific features, which suggest a potential for long-term, personalized fertility monitoring using metabolomics.
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy and Miscarriage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

To systematically review and critically evaluate studies reporting alcohol exposure during pregnancy and miscarriage. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Theses for publications from January 1970 to January 2019. We identified studies about alcohol exposure during pregnancy and miscarriage. Information about study population, alcohol exposure assessment, outcome definition, covariates, and measures of association was collected. We assessed study quality using an adapted Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were abstracted by 2 investigators independently. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate the association between alcohol exposure and miscarriage risk and performed subgroup analyses to determine robustness of results to study differences. For studies reporting dose-specific effects, a pooled dose-response association was estimated using generalized least squares regression with and without restricted cubic spline terms for number of drinks consumed per week. Of 2,164 articles identified, 24 were eligible for inclusion. Meta-analysis of data from 231,808 pregnant women finds those exposed to alcohol during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage compared to those who abstained (odds ratio [OR] 1.19, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.12, 1.28). Estimates did not vary by study design, study country, or method of alcohol ascertainment. For alcohol use of 5 or fewer drinks per week, each additional drink per week was associated with a 6% increase in miscarriage risk (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01, 1.10). Common study limitations reflect challenges inherent to this research, including difficulty recruiting participants early enough in pregnancy to observe miscarriage and collecting and quantifying information about alcohol consumption during pregnancy that accurately reflects use. This review provides evidence that alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with a dose-mediated increase in miscarriage risk. Future studies evaluating change in alcohol use in pregnancy are needed to provide insight into how alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy recognition impacts risk.
Parental Perceptions During Periods of Transition: Implications for Social Workers Serving Families Coping with Autism

ABSTRACT This research focused on parents and children coping with autism during transitional phases and the perceptions of stress and support offered by social workers and various professionals. A structured survey consisting of 3 quantitative instruments was developed and utilized in which 120 parents representing 3 groups participated in a survey. Findings suggest moderate levels of stress for parents, the family and individual coping with autism during transitional phases. Parental perceptions of support suggest that social workers should have more contact with families during a transitional phase, and that families would welcome this support. In addition, parents identified and gave similar perceived support ratings for social workers, psychiatrists, psychologists, general education teachers and school administrators, while special education teachers received the highest support rating. These findings suggest the need for future research concerning the types of support services needed by families cop...
A Single-Phase PV Inverter with Swinging Bus Controller to Eliminate Electrolytic Capacitor and Achieve Reactive Power Generation Capability

This paper proposes a single-phase, single-stage PV inverter topology, which employs three-state switching (TSS) swinging bus operation. The novelty of the proposed inverter lies in the configuration of the inverter as well as the proposed TSS operation and control scheme. This new design and control solve the instantaneous input and output power mismatch problem without using electrolytic capacitors or adding any additional components to the circuit. The core idea of using a small film capacitor to handle power mismatch is to regulate the link capacitor voltage to have a large double-frequency ripple (swinging bus). The large ripple does not affect the input DC or output AC currents/voltages. This large ripple can reduce the required capacitance and, thus, allow using more reliable film capacitors instead of electrolytic capacitors. In addition, the proposed inverter has the ability of injecting reactive power into the utility for grid support, as required by new released grid codes. Simulation results under unity and non-unity power factors are provided to validate the proposed inverter operation.
Decreasing radiologist burnout through informatics-based solutions

Increased performance demands have interacted with suboptimal use of technology and contributed to burnout among radiologists. Although the problem of radiologist burnout has been well documented, there is a gap in the literature in terms of how technology can be better utilized to lessen the problem. Informatics-based modifications to existing technology hold the potential to reduce the amount of time radiologists spend on noninterpretive tasks, decrease interruptions, facilitate connections with colleagues, and improve patient care. Examples of successful modifications to technology are presented and discussed in relation to how they contribute to improving workplace engagement among radiologists.
Abstract P1-19-26: Characteristics of MBC patients receiving first line treatments in the US real-world setting in the era of CDK4/6 inhibitors

Background: In the 4 years since Palbociclib approval, oral CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with endocrine therapy (CKD4/6 + ET) have become a standard of care for HR+/HER2- advanced/metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We conducted this analysis to understand treatment patterns in HR+/HER2- MBC pts in the 1st line setting and associated patient (pt) characteristics in routine US clinical practice. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of eligible HR+HER- MBC pts within the Flatiron Health longitudinal database treated in the 1st line setting between August 2015 and August 31st, 2018. Three patient groups were evaluated: those treated with CDK4/6 + ET, chemotherapy alone (Chx), or ET monotherapy (ET). Pt demographics and tumor characteristics were described. The impact of time, starting 6 months after FDA approval of the 1st CDK 4/6 inhibitor Palbociclib was evaluated. Changes in treatment initiation by year were evaluated by treatment category. Results: Among the 3950 meeting eligibility criteria, 1370 pts received CDK+ET, 786 Chx, and 1794 ET alone. Median overall follow-up was 13.2 months. Payor coverage was relatively similar across groups. The table presents demographic and clinical pt characteristics. More Chx pts had visceral metastasis, higher mean number of sites of metastases, and fewer patients >75 years of age. ET pts were older and more likely to have bone only disease. The proportion of pts receiving an CDK + ET combination as 1st line treatment increased from 22% in 2015 to 49% in 2018. Conclusions: Treatment patterns have evolved over time with CDK combination therapy representing the 1st line of tx for nearly half of all patients in the final year available for analysis. Variations in pt clinical characteristics exist across treatment groups. Further evaluation is needed to determine if pt outcomes could be optimized with the use of CDK4/6 in patients receiving Chx or ET monotherapy in the first line setting. Funding: Pfizer Citation Format: Adam Brufsky, Connie Chen, Jack Mardekian, Xianchen Liu, Lynn McRoy, Mylin Torres. Characteristics of MBC patients receiving first line treatments in the US real-world setting in the era of CDK4/6 inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-19-26.
Chapter 90 – Pain Genetics

Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as an “unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.” The process by which pain is experienced has intrigued physicians and philosophers for millennia. Rene Descartes in the 17th century was one of the first to postulate that a peripheral pain stimulus traveled to the brain for the actual perception of this experience. There is now ample experimental evidence that pain-specific nerve fibers detect and transmit noxious stimuli at the site of injury to the brain for processing and initiating the appropriate motor response (e.g., withdrawing hand from fire). The survival benefit of an efficient pain–response pathway to damaging environmental stimuli is clear across multiple species, as well being evident from humans who cannot experience pain due to genetic mutations. Many of these patients succumb to tragic injuries and burns because of their inability to sense or to process these stimuli. This chapter reviews the basic pathways through which pain perception occurs as well as the clinical implications of gene mutations in these pathways. Emphasis will be placed on the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and molecular genetics of the Mendelian pain disorders, as well as genetic insights from patients with chronic pain and from animal pain models.
ATP-mediated increase in H+ flux from retinal Müller cells: a role for Na+/H+ exchange.

Glial cells are known to regulate neuronal activity, but the exact mechanism(s) whereby these “support” cells modulate synaptic transmission remains unclear. Small changes in extracellular levels o...
Impact of a Rapid Diagnostic Meningitis/Encephalitis Panel on Antimicrobial Use and Clinical Outcomes in Children.

Rapid molecular diagnostic assays are increasingly used to guide effective antimicrobial therapy. Data on their effectiveness to decrease antimicrobial use in children have been limited and varied. We aimed to assess the impact of the implementation of the FilmArray Meningitis Encephalitis Panel (MEP) on antimicrobial use and outcomes in children. In an observational retrospective study performed at Atlantic Health System (NJ), we sought to evaluate the duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment (days of therapy (DoT)) for patients <21 years of age hospitalized and evaluated for presumptive meningitis or encephalitis before and after the introduction of the MEP. A secondary analysis was performed to determine if recovery of a respiratory pathogen influenced DoT. The median duration of antibiotic therapy prior to the implementation of the MEP was 5 DoT (interquartile range (IQR): 3–6) versus 3 DoT (IQR: 1–5) (p < 0.001) when MEP was performed. The impact was greatest on intravenous third-generation cephalosporin and ampicillin use. We found a reduction in the number of inpatient days associated with the MEP. In the regression analysis, a positive respiratory pathogen panel (RPP) was not a significant predictor of DoT (p = 0.08). Furthermore, we found no significant difference between DoT among patients with negative and positive RPP (p = 0.12). Our study supports the implementation of rapid diagnostics to decrease the utilization of antibiotic therapy among pediatric patients admitted with concerns related to meningitis or encephalitis.
Informational and Structural Changes for a Sustainable Food System

The relationships between food systems, law, and the environment are strong. The ecological costs of modern industrial and large-scale food production are driven by greenhouse gas emissions, fertilizers and pesticides, and food miles, as well as agricultural law. Food choices contribute to the climate crisis, cause species loss, impair water and air quality, and accelerate land use degradation. This chapter considers legal, theoretical, and practical steps to a more sustainable food model. Part I discusses the underlying reasons for problems in the current food system, including those manifested in law, and the perceived benefits of creating a new agricultural paradigm. Part II discusses the major agricultural and food programs that have become more common in shaping a different food system model, specifically focusing on direct marketing (for example, farmers’ markets and community-supported agriculture) and the organic movement as it relates to small farmers. Part III argues that in order to change modern American food consumption, two changes must take place — increased awareness and increased availability. This chapter reiterates the need to increase the amount of information available to consumers and the consequences of food choices. It further argues that structural changes in the food system are necessary to increase access to sustainable foods by building on current efforts to increase direct marketing by farmers and the number of farmers that are certified, creating better food system planning through state food policy councils and municipal planners, building on existing interests in intrastate and regional efforts supporting local food and local economies, and improving management of existing alternative agricultural distribution and production systems.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Rigid Nonconformal Contacts in Combined Rolling and Normal Motion

A numerical solution to the problem of hydrodynamic lubrication of rigid point contacts with an isoviscous, incompressible lubricant was obtained. The hydrodynamic load-carrying capacity under unsteady (or dynamic) conditions arising from the combined effects of squeeze motion superposed upon the entraining motion was determined for both normal approach and separation. Superposed normal motion considerably increases net load-carrying capacity during normal approach and substantially reduces net load-carrying capacity during separation. Geometry was also found to have a significant influence on the dynamic load-carrying capacity. The ratio of dynamic to steady state load-carrying capacity increases with increasing geometry parameter for normal approach and decreases during separation. The cavitation (film rupture) boundary is also influenced significantly by the normal motion, moving downstream during approach and upstream during separation. For sufficiently high normal separation velocity the rupture boundary may even move upstream of the minimum-film-thickness position. Sixty-three cases were used to derive a functional relationship for the ratio of the dynamic to steady state load-carrying capacity in terms of the dimensionless normal velocity parameter (incorporating normal velocity, entraining velocity, and film thickness) and the geometry parameter.
112. Surgical treatment of primary mobile spine chordomas

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Chordoma of the mobile spine (C1-L5) is a rare, locally aggressive tumor with the ability to metastasize. Data examining outcomes of primary surgical resection with or without adjuvant treatment of mobile spine chordomas are currently scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to review the overall survival, local recurrence, and distant metastasis of all patients receiving surgical treatment of a primary mobile spine chordoma. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective case series. PATIENT SAMPLE All patients (34) undergoing surgical excision of a primary mobile spine chordoma. OUTCOME MEASURES Patient and oncologic outcomes including, patient survival, disease specific survival, local and distant recurrence, complications, and need for revision surgery. METHODS Over a 29-year period (1990-2019), 34 primary mobile spine chordomas were treated with surgical resection at our institution. Of those, 21 (60%) were males, at a mean age of 57±18 years, and mean BMI of 29±7.1 kg/m2. Tumor location included cervical (n=16, 47%), thoracic (n=3, 9%) and lumbar (n=15, 44%) spine. Eighteen (53%) patients presented with a pathological fracture. The mean maximal tumor dimension was 5±3 cm, with a mean tumor volume of 140±424 cm3. The final resection margin was considered positive in 15 (44%) patients. Radiotherapy was used in 23 (68%) patients to assist with margin control. Mean follow-up was 7 years (up to 22 years). RESULTS Following surgical resection, the mean 2-, 5- and 10-year survival was 86%, 60% and 46% respectively. There was no difference (p=0.96) in the 5-year overall survival between patients with cervical (61%), thoracic (66%) and lumbar (58%) spine tumors. Local tumor recurrence was associated with death due to disease (HR 3.39, 95% CI 1.16-9.87, p=0.02). Tumor recurrence occurred in 17 (50%) patients and defined as local only (n=8, 24%), distant only (n=4, 12%) and local and distant (n=5, 15%). The 2-, 5- and 10-year local recurrence free survival was 78%, 59% and 46%. Local recurrence free survival was improved in patients receiving en bloc resection with negative margins (83% vs 35%, p=0.02) and similar in patients receiving adjuvant radiation therapy (43% vs 45%, p=0.30) at 10 years. A positive surgical margin (HR 16.17, 95% CI 2.05-127.53, p 140 cm3) was associated with metastatic disease (HR 9.20, 95% CI 1.53-55.21, p=0.01). Following resection, complications occurred in 30 (88%) patients, leading to a reoperation in 13 (38%) patients. The most common indication for reoperation was for failure of surgical hardware (n=5, 15%). CONCLUSIONS Surgical resection of mobile spine chordomas is associated with a high rate of complications; however, en bloc resection can provide a hope for cure and appears to confer better oncologic outcomes for these tumors without an increase in complications compared to lesser resections. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.