cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Vitreous Hemorrhage from an Optic Nerve Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm.

Objective To report a case of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage from an optic nerve retinal arterial macroaneurysm (ONRAM) successfully treated with intraoperative endolaser. Patient and methods A 92-year-old woman on oral aspirin and warfarin anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation developed three episodes of dense vitreous hemorrhage from an ONRAM. Due to failure of the vitreous hemorrhage to clear spontaneously, a total of three pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) procedures were performed along with a 1.25-mg intravitreal bevacizumab injection after the third episode of hemorrhage. During the third PPV procedure, a 25-gauge 532-nm green diode laser endoprobe was used to deliver low-power (100 mW) and long-duration (500 ms) laser spots directly on the ONRAM to induce intraoperative shrinkage of the ONRAM. Results After the endolaser treatment, the macroaneurysm showed involution due to fibrosis without any adverse effects on retinal circulation or visual field defect. No recurrence of vitreous hemorrhage was noted after 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion Oral anticoagulant use may have been responsible for the atypical clinical course in our patient. Laser photocoagulation, including intraoperative endolaser photocoagulation, may be considered in selected cases of symptomatic ONRAMs.
Probability of Alzheimer's disease in breast cancer survivors based on gray-matter structural network efficiency

Abstract Introduction Breast cancer chemotherapy is associated with accelerated aging and potentially increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods We calculated the probability of AD diagnosis from brain network and demographic and genetic data obtained from 47 female AD converters and 47 matched healthy controls. We then applied this algorithm to data from 78 breast cancer survivors. Results The classifier discriminated between AD and healthy controls with 86% accuracy ( P P P = .007), even after stratifying for apolipoprotein e4 genotype. Chemotherapy-naive survivors also showed higher AD probability compared to healthy controls ( P = .014). Discussion Chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors who have a particular profile of brain structure may have a higher risk for AD, especially those who are older and have lower cognitive reserve.
The physics of water droplets on surfaces: exploring the effects of roughness and surface chemistry

This paper explores the fluid property commonly called surface tension, its effect on droplet shape and contact angle, and the major influences of contact angle behaviour (i.e. surface roughness and surface chemistry). Images of water droplets placed on treated copper surfaces are used to measure the contact angles between the droplets and the surface. The surface wettability is manipulated either by growing a self-assembled monolayer on the surface to make it hydrophobic or by changing the surface roughness. The main activities in this experiment, then, are (1) preparing and studying surfaces with different surface wettability and roughness; (2) determining the shape and contact angles of water droplets on these surfaces; and (3) demonstrating the spontaneous motion of water droplets using surface tension gradients.
The role of 'jackpot' stimuli in maladaptive decision-making: dissociable effects of D1/D2 receptor agonists and antagonists.

Laboratory experiments often model risk through a choice between a large, uncertain (LU) reward against a small, certain (SC) reward as an index of an individual’s risk tolerance. An important factor generally lacking from these procedures are reward-associated cues that may modulate risk preferences. We tested whether the addition of cues signaling ‘jackpot’ wins to LU choices would modulate risk preferences and if these cue effects were mediated by dopaminergic signaling. Three groups of rats chose between LU and SC rewards for which the LU probability of reward decreased across blocks. The unsignaled group received a non-informative stimulus of trial outcome. The signaled group received a jackpot signal prior to reward delivery and blackout on losses. The signaled-light group received a similar jackpot for wins, but a salient loss signal distinct from the win signal. Presenting win signals decreased the discounting of LU value for both signaled groups regardless of loss signal, while the unsignaled group showed discounting similar to previous research without cues. Pharmacological challenges with D1/D2 agonists and antagonists revealed that D1 antagonism increased and decreased sensitives to the relative probability of reward for unsignaled and signaled groups, respectively, while D2 agonists decreased sensitivities to the relative magnitude of reward. The results highlight how signals predictive of wins can promote maladaptive risk taking in individuals, while loss signals have reduced effect. Additionally, the presence of reward-predictive cues may change the underlying neurobehavioral mechanisms mediating decision-making under risk.
Nocturnal Arthropods in the Alpine Tundra of Colorado

Certain groups of insects, myriapods, and arachnids were collected by pitfall trap at 3,600 to 4,270 m elevation in the Colorado alpine tundra. The Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) adults, Acrididae (gra...
MULTIFREQUENCY DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY.

In an attempt to obtain quantitative images of two-dimensional distributions of basic mechanical properties of tissue in a noninvasive manner, ultrasonic computer-assisted tomography has been developed1,2,3. Current techniques for applying ultrasonic com- puter-assisted tomography rely on mathematical methods of solution which require straight-line assumptions for the traversing trajectories of the ultrasonic rays4. Several authors have suggested more accurate methods of reconstructing distributions of parameters representing material properties such as attenuation and speed within tissue, using methods such as ray tracing5, miniature profiles6, ghase insensitive apertures7, and inverse scattering techniques.8,9,10,11 The promise of such methods is to obtain images having higher fidelity than those obtained using simple straight-ray assumptions.
Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 Is a Biological Regulator of Energy Homeostasis

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) catalyzes the ∆9-cis desaturation of a range of fatty acyl-CoA substrates. The preferred substrates are palmitoyl- and stearoyl-CoA, which are converted into palmitoleoyl- and oleoyl-CoA, respectively. In addition to being components of tissue lipids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) also serve as mediators of signal transduction, cellular differentiation, food intake, apoptosis, and mutagenesis in some tumors. Given the multiple roles of MUFAs, variation in SCD activity in mammals would be expected to have an affect on a variety of key physiological variables, including differentiation, insulin sensitivity, metabolic rate, adiposity, atherosclerosis, cancer, and obesity. Oleate is the most abundant MUFA in dietary fat and is therefore readily available. Why then is SCD a highly regulated enzyme? Studies of mice that have a naturally occurring mutation in the SCD1 gene isoform as well as a mouse model with a targeted disruption of the SCD1 gene have revealed the role of de novo synthesized oleate and thus the physiological importance of SCD1 expression. SCD1 deficiency results in reduced tissue triglycerides, body adiposity, increased insulin sensitivity, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. The expression of several genes of lipid oxidation is up regulated, whereas lipid synthesis genes are down regulated. SCD1 therefore appears to be an important metabolic control point and inhibition of its expression could be of benefit for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. In this chapter we summarize the recent advances concerning the role of SCD in energy homeostasis.
The Heterogeneity of Schizoaffective Disorders

The general assumption has been that schizoaffective disorders are a heterogeneous grouping mainly consisting of affective disorders or schizophrenia.
Longer Operative Time in Elderly Patients Undergoing Posterior Lumbar Fusion Is Independently Associated With Increased Complication Rate.

Study Design:Retrospective cohort study.Objective:To determine the effects of operative time on postoperative complications in patients age 65 and older undergoing posterior lumbar fusion.Methods:A...
High-Speed Friction Stir Lap Welding of Al Alloys

Friction stir lap welding (FSLW) with linear speed of 1 m/min or higher can open up opportunities for industrial implementation. This paper will provide an overview of several challenges and mitigation strategies to produce effective joints between several Al alloys. FSLW of Al alloys at high speed presents challenges including interface hook features and defects at the interface. 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx Al alloys were joined and characterized. Load-bearing capacity in excess of 80% of base material strength has been demonstrated at the welding speed of 2 m/min for 6xxx and 5xxx similar lap joints. The effects of parameters like welding speed, RPM, tool geometry in material flow features, void volume, and hook geometry is investigated and this knowledge base is applied to improve the joint strength of 7xxx lap welds.
Factors Associated With Functional Recovery Among Older Survivors of Major Surgery

Objective The objectives of the current study were 2-fold: first, to evaluate the incidence and time to recovery of premorbid function within 6 months of major surgery and second, to identify factors associated with functional recovery among older persons who survive a major surgery with increased disability. Background Most older persons would not choose a surgical treatment resulting in persistently increased postsurgical disability, even if survival was assured. Potential predictors of functional recovery after major surgery have, however, not been well-studied among geriatric patients. Methods It is a prospective longitudinal study of 754 community-living persons 70 years or older. The analytic sample included 266 person-admissions in which participants survived major surgery with increased disability and were monitored on a monthly basis for 6 months. Results Of the 266 person-admissions assessed, 174 (65.4%) recovered to their presurgical level of function, with median time to recovery of 2 months (interquartile range, 1-3), whereas 16 (6.0%) died. Two factors were significantly associated with an increased likelihood of functional recovery: being nonfrail (hazard ratio 1.60; 95% confidence interval 1.03-2.51; P = 0.038) and having elective surgery (hazard ratio 1.72; 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.59; P = 0.009). Three factors were associated with a reduced likelihood of functional recovery: hearing impairment, greater increase in postsurgical disability in the month after hospital discharge, and years of education. Conclusions Among older persons, nonfrailty and elective surgery were positively associated with functional recovery, whereas hearing impairment, greater increases in postsurgical disability, and years of education were associated with higher risk of protracted disability.
Thermal Imaging of Microfluidic Systems as a Model for Investigating Energy Efficiency

We explore the use of a commercial thermal imaging infrared camera (7-12 micron, uncooled microbolometer array, 320 x 240 resolution) to characterize microfluidic devices with the aims of: 1) evaluating the usefulness of thermal imaging to assess various flow configurations with respect to heat transfer, and 2) developing educational laboratory projects combining rapid prototyping, thermal imaging, microfluidics, and heat transfer. We investigated concurrent and countercurrent heat exchangers, mixing streams of different temperature (cold and hot water), mixing streams yielding a heat of mixing (ethanol and water), mixing streams yielding a heat of reaction (acid-base neutralization), and freezing and heating flowing streams in channels with a Peltier module. Energy efficiency can be assessed to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of microfluidic designs. Substantial improvements in mixing and heat transfer using a magnetic stirrer are demonstrated with thermal imaging.
Breakthroughs and challenges in the management of tropomyosin receptor kinase fusion-positive tumors.

The past decade has witnessed a paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer, moving from ‘one size fits all’ to a more precision medicine-based approach owing to the development of molecular diagnostic technologies capable of identifying an increasing number of actionable genomic alterations in the tumor tissue and circulating tumor DNA.
Spoilage bacteria and meat quality

Abstract Globally one-third of foods produced for human consumption is wasted each year. This wastage is primarily due to spoilage that deems food unacceptable for consumers. Among the various food products, meat is one of the most perishable commodities due to its moderate pH and high nutrient and moisture content. The primary factors that contribute to meat spoilage include microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and enzymatic autolysis. The nutrient breakdown in meat by microbial growth and autolysis results in the development of off-odors and flavors, slime formation, and discoloration, thereby making it unacceptable for human consumption. This chapter provides an overview of microbial spoilage of meat, spoilage microbiome, mechanisms and factors contributing to microbial spoilage, its effect on meat quality, and methods to detect microbial spoilage in meat.
Fitting MD analysis in an argument-based validity framework for writing assessment: Explanation and generalization inferences for the ECPE

The argument-based approach to validity (Kane, 2013) focuses on two steps: (1) making claims about the proposed interpretation and use of test scores as a coherent, interpretive argument; and (2) e...
Independence Number of 2-Factor-Plus-Triangles Graphs

A 2-factor-plus-triangles graph is the union of two $2$-regular graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ with the same vertices, such that $G_2$ consists of disjoint triangles. Let ${\cal G}$ be the family of such graphs. These include the famous "cycle-plus-triangles" graphs shown to be $3$-choosable by Fleischner and Stiebitz. The independence ratio of a graph in ${\cal G}$ may be less than $1/3$; but achieving the minimum value $1/4$ requires each component to be isomorphic to the 12-vertex "Du–Ngo" graph. Nevertheless, ${\cal G}$ contains infinitely many connected graphs with independence ratio less than $4/15$. For each odd $g$ there are infinitely many connected graphs in ${\cal G}$ such that $G_1$ has girth $g$ and the independence ratio of $G$ is less than $1/3$. Also, when $12$ divides $n$ (and $n\ne12$) there is an $n$-vertex graph in ${\cal G}$ such that $G_1$ has girth $n/2$ and $G$ is not $3$-colorable. Finally, unions of two graphs whose components have at most $s$ vertices are $s$-choosable.
A conditional process model of academic demands and student learning

This study modeled the strain that academic demands (i.e., taking courses with demanding workloads) place on college students’ academic performance by exploring how sources of student academic supp...
The Role of the Absolutive Object in Morphological Accessibility

This squib discusses environments in which a subject bears ergative case in the absence of an absolutive object, contrasting syntactically ergative languages (e.g., Q’anjob’al) with languages in which the ergative argument cannot be targeted for φ-agreement (e.g., Hindi-Urdu). In these environments, the parallels between Ā-movement and verb agreement with respect to the morphological accessibility hierarchy (Bobaljik 2008, Deal 2016) break down: in the absence of an absolutive object, syntactically ergative languages allow for extraction of the ergative argument, but in absolutive-only φ-agreement languages, agreement never targets the ergative argument.
Epigenetic plasticity in metastatic dormancy: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

The overwhelming majority of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality can be ascribed to metastasis. Metastatic disease frequently presents in a delayed fashion following initial diagnosis and treatment, requiring that disseminated cancer cells (DCCs) spread early in tumor progression and persist in a dormant state at metastatic sites. To accomplish this feat, DCCs exhibit substantial phenotypic plasticity that is mediated by the epigenetic regulation of dormancy programs in response to intrinsic (i.e., cellular) and extrinsic (i.e., microenvironmental) cues. The epigenome is a dynamic landscape that encompasses transcriptional regulation via alteration of chromatin architecture, posttranscriptional RNA processing, and the diverse functions carried out by noncoding RNAs. Signals converging on DCCs are transduced through epigenetic effectors. Conversely, epigenetic regulation of gene expression controls the crosstalk between DCCs and cells of the metastatic niche, a phenomenon that is essential for the institution of dormant phenotypes. Importantly, epigenetic effectors can be targeted therapeutically, and the development of novel epigenetic therapies may provide new inroads to combating recurrent metastatic disease. Here we provide an overview of the dynamics of metastatic dormancy and summarize our current understanding of the intersections between dormancy and the epigenome, both mechanistically and therapeutically.
Effect of dietary biotin supplementation on sow reproductive performance and soundness and pig growth and mortality.

A 3-yr study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary biotin supplementation on the reproductive performance of 90 sows and gilts, and on the pre-weaning growth and mortality of 223 litters. Corn-soybean meal-based diets supplemented with either 0 or 440 micrograms/kg d-biotin were fed to sows throughout their reproductive cycle. Biotin supplementation had no beneficial effect (P greater than .10) on 107-d sow weight, sow weight at weaning, weaning to estrus interval, foot lesion score, hair loss score, structural soundness score, number of pigs born, number and percentage of pigs born alive or number and percentage of pigs alive at 21 d of age. Biotin supplementation had no effect (P greater than .10) on pig growth or mortality to 21 d of age. These data do not support the concept that biotin supplementation of sow diets is needed.
Ignatzschineria spp. bacteremia from maggot infestation.

Abstract Ignatzschineria spp. bacteremia associated with maggot infestation is extremely rare in humans. There are only a few cases worldwide ever reported in the literature. We described a clinical case with a male patient who presented with maggot manifestation at his lower extremity, was found with bacteremia, and subsequently identified as Ignatzschineria spp by 16S rRNA sequencing.
The Role of Imaging in Diagnosing Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis

Cardiac amyloidosis is a rare underdiagnosed condition with increasing morbidity and mortality. Its diagnosis is challenging and requires high clinical suspicion. Several diagnostic tools aid in the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis such as electrocardiogram, echocardiography, and, most importantly, cardiac MRI. A wide range of clinical symptoms is associated with cardiac amyloidosis, with shortness of breath and peripheral edema being the most common presenting complaints. Here, we report a case of transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis and discuss the importance of imaging in establishing the diagnosis.
Multi-Temperate Logical Data Warehouse Design for Large-Scale Healthcare Data

Abstract Modern hardware architectures and advances in database technology are driving increased adoption of logical data warehouses (LDWs) that complement traditional physical data warehousing (PDW) approaches. In contrast to PDW design methodologies that emphasize physical consolidation of all data of interest on a single (perhaps distributed) computing platform, along with early-binding approaches that pre-materialize transformations and changes to the source data, LDW techniques allow for the integration and transformation of data at run-time and typically physically move or modify much less data in advance. In an environment with premium hardware such as multi-temperate storage, the successful design of LDWs depends on replication of high value data to their physical core to maximize spatial locality. Identifying and collocating high value data is a non-trivial task that has not been adequately explored in the context of LDWs in multi-temperate storage systems. In this paper, we gather queries to construct an OLAP workload for use in supporting and evaluating LDW design algorithms for a large healthcare organization. We introduce new algorithms to address the preprocessing of the workload, identification of data clusters to support OLAP queries, and assignment of clusters to appropriate (hot, warm, and cold) storage tiers, allowing the LDW to deliver results more efficiently by covering a higher percentage of its query workload using the fastest storage devices. Any use case involving copying data from sources to tiered storage targets for analytic querying could benefit from the techniques and solutions presented here.
Study of fallopian tube anatomy and mechanical properties to determine pressure limits for endoscopic exploration

Falloposcopy is the endoscopic examination of the fallopian tubes, which are challenging to access due to their deep body location, small opening from the uterus, and lumen filled with plicae. We and others have developed endoscopes that are inserted through the uterus guided by a hysteroscope into the tubal ostium. To better understand how to utilize these endoscopes either as standalone devices or in concert with everting delivery balloons, a preliminary study of anatomy and mechanical behavior was performed ex vivo on porcine and human fallopian tubes. Segments of fallopian tubes from the isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum were inflated with saline either to bursting or held at sub-burst pressures with saline or a saline-filled balloon. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections stained with Masson's trichrome were examined for damage to the mucosa and muscularis. Porcine fallopian tubes tolerated saline pressurization at 15 psi for 1 minute without morphological damage. Balloon inflation to 15 psi caused no apparent damage to the muscle layer or rupture of the fallopian tube, but balloon movement within the tube can denude the mucosal epithelial layer. Human fallopian tubes averaged higher burst pressure values than porcine tubes. Under pressurization, the external tube diameter expanded by minimal to moderate amounts. Human and porcine tissues were similar in histological appearance. These studies suggest that moderate pressurization is acceptable but will not appreciably expand the fallopian tube diameter. The results also indicate that pigs are a reasonable model to study damage from falloscopy as seen in human tissue.
Nonsocial Transient Behavior: Social Disengagement on the Greyhound Bus

Based on two years of observations and engaging in informal conversations with passengers on Greyhound Line buses, this article describes the long-distance bus journey and the ways in which people actively disengage from others over the course of the ride. Using the Greyhound buses and stations as a microcosm of other such public spaces, I examine its unspoken rules and behavior. I paint a picture of the buses and stations, the patrons, the employees, and the transactions that take place between them. Using ideas from Goffman's civil inattention theory, Lofland's thoughts on strangers, and symbolic interactionism, I explain what I call “nonsocial transient behavior” and “nonsocial transient space.” The reasons nonsocial transient behavior emerges and thus encourages disengagement are identified as follows: uncertainty about strangers, lack of privacy or absence of a personal space, and exhaustion.
Risk factors for folate deficiency differ from those for vitamin B12 deficiency in Cameroonian women and children (119.7)

To assess nutritional status and risk factors for deficiency prior to a national fortification program, a nationally representative survey was conducted in 3 ecologic zones of Cameroon (South, Nort...
Is Anyone Minding Stonehenge--The Origins of Cultural Property Protection in England

This Article is the second in the author's ongoing series of articles on cultural property protection. In this Article, the author examines the genesis of preservation policies in the United Kingdom. The midto late eighteenth century witnessed a development boom that threatened many of the ancient ruins of England. Sir John Lubbock introduced a bill in Parliament to provide for the preservation of such ancient monuments. The author traces the history of this bill, thoughtfully exploring the origins of the concepts of cultural heritage property. Specifically, Lubbock's goal was responsible stewardship by proprietors and the government, and his views were eventually vindicated in legislation enacted to protect ancient monuments.
Using multimodal technologies to enhance aviation maintenance inspection training

Recent collaborative efforts between Greenville Technical College's Aviation Maintenance Technology (Greenville, South Carolina, USA) training facility and Clemson University (Clemson, South Carolina, USA) have lead to significant improvements in Aviation Maintenance Technician training through the use of advanced computer technology. Such applications included: 2.5D and 3D virtual environments of a large-bodied aircraft cargobay with interaction modalities ranging from fully immersive (using a head-mounted display and 6 degrees-of-freedom mouse) to semi-immersive (using a spatially-tracked suspended, touch-sensitive window display) to non-immersive (using a basic desktop computer and mouse); and 3D virtual environments of turbine engine blades where nondestructive inspection methods (e.g. borescoping) could be practiced. This paper discusses the integration of these technologies into an existing educational curriculum and provides insight as to how such programs might be implemented and evaluated.
Membrane-bound angiotensin-converting enzyme from rat lung.

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme was found in rat lung predominantly in association with membranous subcellular particles. The converting enzyme was solubilized from a particulate fraction of rat lung that sedimented between 775 and 54,000 x g with sodium deoxycholate and was subsequently purified with DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The fraction with converting enzyme activity obtained from Sephadex G-200 chromatography had an estimated molecular weight of 270,000 as observed by gel filtration. Analytical disc gel electrophoresis of this preparation showed a single band. The specific converting enzyme activity of the purified preparation was 17.6 µmoles per min per mg with hippurylhistidylleucine as substrate and 1.8 µmoles per min per mg with angiotensin 1 as substrate. This represented a greater than 100-fold purification of the activity of subcellular particles. Sodium chloride was required for activation of the enzyme, and it was inhibited by EDTA, bradykinin potentiating factor-nonapeptide, and angiotensin 2, but not by histidylleucine. The purified preparation was free of carboxypeptidase activity on angiotensin 1. The distribution of converting enzyme activity in subcellular particles from rat lung paralleled that of 5'-AMPase activity which has been associated with pinocytotic vesicles of endothelial membranes. Little or no converting enzyme activity was present in particles obtained from lung lavage.
How well can we really determine the scale of inflation

A detection of primordial B modes has been heralded not only as a smoking gun for the existence of inflation, but also as a way to establish the scale at which inflation took place. In this paper we critically reinvestigate the connection between a detection of primordial gravity waves and the scale of inflation. We consider whether the presence of additional fields and nonadiabaticity during inflation may have provided an additional source of primordial B modes competitive with those of the quasi--de Sitter vacuum. In particular, we examine whether the additional sources could provide the dominant signal, which could lead to a misinterpretation of the scale of inflation. In light of constraints on the level of non-Gaussianity coming from Planck we find that only hidden sectors with strictly gravitationally strong couplings provide a feasible mechanism. The required model building is somewhat elaborate, and so we discuss possible UV completions in the context of type IIB orientifold compactifications with Ramond-Ramond axions. We find that an embedding is possible and that dangerous sinusoidal corrections can be suppressed through the compactification geometry. Our main result is that even when additional sources of primordial gravity waves are competitive with the inflaton, a positive B-mode detection would still be a relatively good indicator of the scale of inflation. This conclusion will be strengthened by future constraints on both non-Gaussianity and cosmic microwave background polarization.
Compilation as Rewriting in Higher Order Logic

We present an approach based on the use of deductive rewriting to construct a trusted compiler for a subset of the native functions of higher order logic. Program transformations are specified by equality theorems that characterize the transformations; and the mechanical application of these rules is directed by programs written in the meta-language of the logical framework. Each application of a rule ensures that the transformed code is equivalent to the original one, thus warranting the correctness of the entire compiler.
Low-power cross-phase modulation in a metastable xenon-filled cavity for quantum-information applications

Weak single-photon nonlinearities have many potential applications in quantum computing and quantum information. Here we demonstrate a relatively simple system for producing low-power cross-phase modulation using metastable xenon inside a high-finesse cavity. The use of a noble gas such as xenon eliminates the contamination of the high-finesse mirrors that can occur when using alkali metal vapors such as rubidium. Cross-phase shifts of 5 mrad with 4.5-fJ control pulses were demonstrated. Numerical solutions of the master equation are in good agreement with the experimental results, and they predict that cross-phase shifts greater than 1 mrad per control photon should be achievable by reducing the size of the cavity.
What to expect if you are sued

Like all professionals, healthcare professionals may be sued. In medicine it seems increasingly likely as we move away from the era of ‘doctor knows best’. In this article James Badenoch QC describes what happens from the first letter telling you there is a problem to the final judgement in court.
The costs of a mandatory emergency medicine clerkship for medical students: implementing the Josiah Macy Foundation Report

A mandatory fourth-year clerkship was implemented for Emergency Medicine. An analysis was done to determine what the start-up costs and annual costs would be for such a clerkship and how much it would cost to introduce all medical students at the University of Kentucky College of Medicine to the basics of Emergency Medicine. The start up cost was shown to be $18,959.00 and the annual cost to be $51,178.00. The annual cost to educate each medical student is $568.00 per student. It is concluded that an Emergency Medicine course for all fourth-year medical students can be provided for at a cost of $568.00 per student. At a time of plateauing or decreasing resources for medical education and a nationwide emphasis on generalist training, an Emergency Medicine course can provide a cost-effective means to compliment generalist training.
Beam transport optics of dipole fringe field in the framework of third-order matrix theory

The paper describes analytical methods for studying the optical aberrations of charged particles' orbits in an extended fringing field of a dipole magnet. Solutions are obtained up to the third order in the formalism of the transfer matrix theory.
India Divided: How the Partition Affected Rural Development Strategies in the Eastern Region

On the eve of the partition of British India in 1947, the eastern region of the subcontinent could not have been described as having the characteristics of two nations -- except by those who would make religion the litmus test of nationality. Ironically, the British, who finally agreed to the division of India along religious lines, had earlier in the 17th and 18th centuries implemented policies that accepted and reinforced the economic unity of the territory in the east that today embraces most of Bangladesh, together with the Indian states of Bihar and West Bengal. Yet, within a few weeks during the Summer of 1947, the eastern region was split between the two states of India and Pakistan, and boundaries were drawn hurriedly and crudely to divide a unified economic region -- damaging the future economic prospects of the people of the region on both sides of the new borders. With partition, the new political boundary had some economic effects that were immediately evident. For example, jute processing areas near Calcutta (in Indian territory) were now separated from jute growing areas in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Other effects were initially less obvious. In 1793 the British had imposed what they called a Permanent Settlement in the eastern region of the subcontinent -- a settlement that defined the agrarian structure of the region in terms that were unified until 1947, and persist in 1985. With partition, the juridical unity of the Permanent Settlement (affecting most of contemporary Bangladesh, together with the Indian states of Bihar and West Bengal) was ended. And, while the agrarian structure and the rural development issues would remain similar on both sides of the new boundary, there would be no systematic attempts made in India and Pakistan to establish synthetic approaches to rural economic development in the east that would accept the common features rooted in a shared agrarian history. That shared agrarian history is delineated in the following section of this paper.
D-Malate: Effects on Activity of L-Malate Dehydrogenase in Developing Sea Urchin Embryos

Sea urchin embryos grown in salt water containing L-malate showed a pattern of development of L-malate dehydrogenase which did not differ from that of embryos grown in s lt water. However, embryos grown in 10-3M D-malate for 6 or 12 hours had one additional band of L-malate dehydrogenase that was not present in control embryos of the same age.
Separation and quantification of chemically diverse analytes in neutron irradiated fissile materials

Quantitative measurement of fission and activation products resulting from neutron irradiation of fissile materials is of interest for applications in environmental monitoring, nuclear waste management, and national security. Based on established separation processes involving co-precipitation, solvent extraction, and ion-exchange and extraction chromatography, we have optimized a proposed sequence of separation steps to allow for the timely quantification of analytes of interest. We have recently evaluated this scheme using an irradiated sample to examine the adequacy of separations for measurement of desired analytes by gamma spectrometry. Here we present the radiochemical separations utilized and the yields and purity obtained.
A Generalization of Vinogradov's Mean Value Theorem

We obtain new upper bounds for the number of integral solutions of a complete system of symmetric equations, which may be viewed as a multi-dimensional version of the system considered in Vinogradov's mean value theorem. We then use these bounds to obtain Weyl-type estimates for an associated exponential sum in several variables. Finally, we apply the Hardy?Littlewood method to obtain asymptotic formulas for the number of solutions of the Vinogradov-type system and also of a related system connected to the problem of finding linear spaces on hypersurfaces.
Conference concluding remarks.

These past days of presentations and discussions have indeed been momentous. In fact, I would like to suggest that we refer to our gathering on the future global vision for hospital pharmacy held here in Basel as “The Moment.” It was a historical moment to have 348 registrants representing 98
A superoxo-ferrous state in a reduced oxy-ferrous hemoprotein and model compounds.

Cryoreduction of the [FeO2]6 (n = 6 is the number of electrons in 3d orbitals on Fe and π* orbitals on O2) dioxygen-bound ferroheme through γ irradiation at 77 K generates an [FeO2]7 reduced oxy-heme. Numerous investigations have examined [FeO2]7 centers that have been characterized as peroxo-ferric centers, denoted [FeO2]per7, in which a ferriheme binds a dianionic peroxo-ligand. The generation of such an intermediate can be understood heuristically if the [FeO2]6 parent is viewed as a superoxo-ferric center and the injected electron localizes on the O−O moiety. We here report EPR/ENDOR experiments which show quite different properties for the [FeO2]7 centers produced by cryoreduction of monomeric oxy-hemoglobin (oxy-GMH3) from Glycera dibranchiata, which is unlike mammalian “globins” in having a leucine in place of the distal histidine; of frozen aprotic solutions of oxy-ferrous octaethyl porphyrin; and of the oxy-ferrous complex of the heme model, cyclidene. These [FeO2]7 centers are characterized as “...
Newspaper editorial boards and the practice of endorsing candidates for political office in the United States

American newspaper editorial boards occupy unusual positions within their newspapers as the only journalists at the papers who may openly express their opinions. When they exercise their opinion-ma...
Use of Gas-Phase 1H NMR to Determine the Kinetics of Unimolecular Rearrangement of 2,2-Dichloro-1-methylenecyclopropane and the Bimolecular Dimerization of (Dichloromethylene)cyclopropane†

Gas-phase 1H NMR analysis has been applied to investigate the kinetics of the unimolecular rearrangement of 2,2-dichloro-1-methylenecyclopropane (1) to (dichloromethylene)cyclopropane (2) [k1 = 7.9 × 1012 exp(−34.4 ± 0.6 kcal mol-1/RT)], as well as for the subsequent second-order dimerization of 2 [k2 = 2.4 × 106 exp(−18.5 ± 1.1 kcal mol-1/RT)] to form 7,7,8,8-tetrachlorodispiro[2.0.2.2]octane (3)
Model selection for primal SVM

This paper introduces two types of nonsmooth optimization methods for selecting model hyperparameters in primal SVM models based on cross-validation. Unlike common grid search approaches for model selection, these approaches are scalable both in the number of hyperparameters and number of data points. Taking inspiration from linear-time primal SVM algorithms, scalability in model selection is achieved by directly working with the primal variables without introducing any dual variables. The proposed implicit primal gradient descent (ImpGrad) method can utilize existing SVM solvers. Unlike prior methods for gradient descent in hyperparameters space, all work is done in the primal space so no inversion of the kernel matrix is required. The proposed explicit penalized bilevel programming (PBP) approach optimizes both the hyperparameters and parameters simultaneously. It solves the original cross-validation problem by solving a series of least squares regression problems with simple constraints in both the hyperparameter and parameter space. Computational results on least squares support vector regression problems with multiple hyperparameters establish that both the implicit and explicit methods perform quite well in terms of generalization and computational time. These methods are directly applicable to other learning tasks with differentiable loss functions and regularization functions. Both the implicit and explicit algorithms investigated represent powerful new approaches to solving large bilevel programs involving nonsmooth loss functions.
The crying of fractal batrachion 1,489

Abstract This essay describes a class of integer sequences with unusual graphical behaviors and histories. Simple graphical methods are presented in order to encourage student/teacher involvement and future exploration.
The utility industry response to Title IV: generation mix, fuel choice, emissions and costs.

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 incorporate, for the first time, provisions aimed specifically at the control of acid rain. These provisions restrict emissions of sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen from electric power generating stations. The restrictions on sulfur dioxide take the form of an overall cap on the aggregate emissions from major generating plants, allowing substantial flexibility in the industry's response to those restrictions. This report describes one response scenario through the year 2030, which was examined by simulation of the utility industry under assumptions consistent with a reference case that was used for analysis of the National Energy Strategy. Emissions that would result from the use of existing and new capacity and the associated additional costs of meeting demand subject to the emission limitations imposed by the Clean Air Act are projected. Fuel use effects, including coal market shifts, consistent with the response scenario are also described. These results, while ...
Molecular orientation of thiourea chemisorbed on copper and silver surfaces

Abstract Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has been used to study chemisorbed thiourea complexes on Cu and Ag electrodes. It was found that the thiourea molecule was bonded via its S atom to the Cu and Ag ad-atoms on the substrates.
The Cumulative Sum Technique and the Introduction of an Extremely Low Birthweight Protocol. † 996

The Cumulative Sum Technique and the Introduction of an Extremely Low Birthweight Protocol. † 996
17-beta-estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X

Objectives. We sought to investigate the hypothesis that estrogen replacement therapy ameliorates symptoms in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. Background. Syndrome X (angina pectoris, positive findings on exercise electrocardiography and normal results on coronary angiography) frequently occurs in menopausal women. This observation, in conjuction with the known vasoactive properties of estrogens, suggests that estrogen depletion may contribute to the pathogenesis of syndrome X in some women. Methods. Twenty-five postmenopausal patients with syndrome X completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effect of 17-beta-estradiol cutaneous patches (100 μg/24 h) on the frequency of chest pain and on exercise tolerance. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either placebo or 17-beta-estradiol patches for 8 weeks and were then crossed over to the other treatment. Results. During the placebo phase, patients had a mean of 7.3 episodes of chest pain/10 days. A reduction to 3.7 episodes/10 days was observed during the 17-beta-estradiol phase (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the effects of 17-beta-estradiol and placebo on exercise duration or the results of other cardiologic investigations. Conclusions. Estrogen replacement reduces the frequency of chest pain and may be a useful new therapeutic option for treating postmenopausal women with syndrome X.
Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long-range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic-atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long-lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel-based data-driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic-atmospheric oscillations included the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one-year to five-year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one- to five-year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long-term water resources planning and management.
Finite Deformation and Nonlinear Elastic Behavior of Flexible Composites

The flexible composites discussed in this paper are composed of continuous fibers in an elastomeric matrix. The usable range of deformation of these composites is much larger than that of conventional rigid composites. Due to the material as well as geometric factors, the stress-strain relations for these composites are generally nonlinear under finite deformations. A constitutive model has been developed based upon the Eulerian description. The material nonlinear stress-strain relation is derived by using the stress energy density referring to the deformed volume. The stretching-shear coupling and the effects of the in-plane reorientation of fibers are also considered in the theoretical analysis. Comparisons are made between predictions of the present theory and experimental data for tirecord/rubber and Kevlar/silicone-elastomer flexible composite laminae; very good correlations have been found.
Fields of influence

Robert Mayer and the Conservation of Energy. By Kenneth L. Caneva Princeton University Press: 1993. Pp. 439. $49.50, Â£33.
Colonic mucosal pH in humans

Mucosal pH was measured at specific anatomic segments within the colon using a flexible pH probe in patients prepared for colonoscopy. The data revealed similar pH measurements along the length of the colon, irrespective of the presence or absence of colorectal neoplasia. Patients exhibited a relatively acidic right colon; a more alkaline transverse, left, and sigmoid colon; and a relatively acidic rectum. There were no apparent genderor age-related effects on colonic mucosal pH.
Exploring the Relationships Between Creativity, Depression, and Successful Aging

Abstract This study explored the relationships between creativity, depression, and successful aging. A total of 152 participants completed a demographic form, the Life Satisfaction Inventory-A, Purpose in Life Test, Similes Preference Inventory, and Geriatric Depression Scale Short Form. Level of depressive symptoms appeared to have a moderating effect on the relationship of creativity to successful aging. Significant differences in creativity, depressive symptoms, and successful aging were found by racial group and education level. These findings underscore the need for investigating the effects of creative activities on older adults, and for testing the effects of customized interventions on depression and successful aging in older adults.
Improvement in Specificity of Immunofluorescent Reagents for Identifying Streptococcus mutans by DEAE-Cellulose-Bacterial Cell Column Immunosorption Methods

We have described a new method for preparing bacterial cell columns, in which DEAE-cellulose is used as the cell support material. The columns can be used to isolate pure antibody or to remove cross-reacting antibodies from immune IgG. The columns are remarkable stable, can be scaled up to any desired dimensions, and should be suitable for large-scale production of highly specific serological reagents. The method is practical for obtaining serotype-specific and polyvalent IF reagents for identifying S. mutans organisms. However, the method could also be used as a tool for sophisticated studies of antigenic relationships that exist among these and other taxonomic groups of microorganisms.