cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of streamwise vortices on Tollmien-Schlichting waves

The method of multiple scales is used to determine a first-order uniform expansion for the effect of counter-rotating steady streamwise vortices in growing boundary layers on oblique Tollmien-Schlichting waves. The results show that such vortices have a strong tendency to amplify oblique Tollmien-Schlichting waves having a spanwise wavelength that is twice the wavelength of the vortices. An analytical expression is derived for the growth rates of these waves. These exponential growth rates increase linearly with increasing amplitudes of the vortices. Numerical results are presented. They suggest that this mechanism may dominate the instability.
PREPARING FOR ADVANCED LIGO: A STAR–GALAXY SEPARATION CATALOG FOR THE PALOMAR TRANSIENT FACTORY

The search for fast optical transients, such as the expected electromagnetic counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, is riddled with false positives (FPs) ranging from asteroids to stellar flares. While moving objects are readily rejected via image pairs separated by ~1 hr, stellar flares represent a challenging foreground, significantly outnumbering rapidly evolving explosions. Identifying stellar sources close to and fainter than the transient detection limit can eliminate these FPs. Here, we present a method to reliably identify stars in deep co-adds of Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) imaging. Our machine-learning methodology utilizes the random forest (RF) algorithm, which is trained using > 3 x 10^6 sources with Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra. When evaluated on an independent test set, the PTF RF model outperforms the SExtractor star classifier by ~4%. For faint sources (r' ≥ 21 mag), which dominate the field population, the PTF RF model produces a ~19% improvement over SExtractor. To avoid false negatives in the PTF transient-candidate stream, we adopt a conservative stellar classification threshold, corresponding to a galaxy misclassification rate of 0.005. Ultimately, 1.70 x 10^8 objects are included in our PTF point-source catalog, of which only ~10^6 are expected to be galaxies. We demonstrate that the PTF RF catalog reveals transients that otherwise would have been missed. To leverage its superior image quality, we additionally create an SDSS point-source catalog, which is also tuned to have a galaxy misclassification rate of 0.005. These catalogs have been incorporated into the PTF real-time pipelines to automatically reject stellar sources as non-extragalactic transients.
On the noise in images produced by computed tomography

Abstract Radiation passing through the human body is attenuated. The nature of the structures the radiation has passed through is indicated by the total attenuation of the radiation between its source and its point of detection. Computed tomography is a recent invention which has revolutionized diagnostic radiology. Computers are used to calculate the attenuation at individual points inside the body from a collection of total attenuations along a large number of lines (this process is called reconstruction) and to display the internal structures of the body based on this information. In this paper we discuss the nature of noise in images produced by computed tomography. Noise is taken in its most general sense: any deviation from the “true” image is considered noise. The physical sources of noise in computed tomography are considered and their effects on the images produced are illustrated. The mathematical relationship between noise in the data and noise in the reconstruction is given for a particularly popular reconstruction method. Techniques of noise suppression in computed tomography images are mentioned.
Simulating contrast inversion in atomic force microscopy imaging with real-space pseudopotentials

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements have reported contrast inversions for systems such as ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{N}$ and graphene that can hamper image interpretation and characterization. Here, we apply a simulation method based on ab initio real-space pseudopotentials to gain an understanding of the tip-sample interactions that influence the inversion. We find that chemically reactive tips induce an attractive binding force that results in the contrast inversion. We find that the inversion is tip height dependent and not observed when using less reactive CO-functionalized tips.
Market-Driven Energy Storage Planning for Microgrids with Renewable Energy Systems Using Stochastic Programming

Abstract Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) can mitigate effects of intermittent energy production from renewable energy sources and play a critical role in peak shaving and demand charge management. To optimally size the BESS from an economic perspective, the tradeoff between BESS investment costs, lifetime, and revenue from utility bill savings along with microgrid ancillary services must be taken into account. The optimal size of a BESS is solved via a stochastic optimization problem considering wholesale market pricing. A stochastic model is used to schedule arbitrage services for energy storage based on the forecasted energy market pricing while accounting for BESS cost trends, the variability of renewable energy resources, and demand prediction. The uniqueness of the approach proposed in this paper lies in the convex optimization programming framework that computes a globally optimal solution to the financial trade-off solution. The approach is illustrated by application to various realistic case studies based on pricing and demand data from the California Independent System Operator (CAISO). The case study results give insight in optimal BESS sizing from a cost perspective, based on both yearly scheduling and daily BESS operation.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RANGE OF MOTION RECOVERY FOLLOWING MANIPULATION UNDER ANAESTHESIA

Introduction Arthrofibrosis following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a complex and multifactorial complication that may require manipulation under anesthesia (MUA). However, patient and surgical factors that potentially influence the development of knee stiffness following TKA are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to identify patient and surgical factors that may influence arthrofibrosis following TKA by assessing a cohort of patient that underwent MUA and comparing them to a matched cohort of patients without arthrofibrosis. Methods The joints registry of a university hospital was searched for patient that underwent MUA following primary TKA between 2004 and 2013. Demographic and surgical information was obtained from the electronic medical record including range of motion (ROM), comorbidities and timing of MUA. Patients who underwent MUA were then double-matched by baseline (prior to primary TKA) knee ROM to patients who underwent primary TKA without postoperative arthrofibrosis during the same time period. Results Fifty-two patients (56 TKAs, 71% female, mean BMI 32.2kg/m2) underwent MUA after TKA during the study period. MUA was performed a mean of 13.6 weeks after primary TKA. Study patient were then double-matched by baseline flexion (mean 107o±2o) to 111 patients (112 TKAs) with a similar mean baseline flexion (104o±2o, p=0.138). Patient requiring MUA were younger (mean age 56 vs. 64 years, p 50 mL and any complication during the hospital stay were not found to be associated with increased risk of requiring MUA. Discussion Younger patients with more comorbidities and a history of previous knee surgery were found to have significantly higher risk for developing arthrofibrosis and requiring MUA after primary TKA in the current study. Patients with this risk profile need to counseled regarding the risk for arthrofibrosis possibly requiring MUA after primary TKA.
Monetary Policy, Bounded Rationality, and Incomplete Markets

This paper extends the benchmark New-Keynesian model by introducing two frictions: (i) agent heterogeneity with incomplete markets, uninsurable idiosyncratic risk, and occasionally-binding borrowing constraints; and (ii) bounded rationality in the form of level-k thinking. Compared to the benchmark model, we show that the interaction of these two frictions leads to a powerful mitigation of the effects of monetary policy, which is more pronounced at long horizons, and offers a potential rationalization of the "forward guidance puzzle." Each of these frictions, in isolation, would lead to no or much smaller departures from the benchmark model.
Binary forms and the hyperelliptic superstring Ansatz

We give a hyperelliptic formulation of the Ansatz of D’Hoker and Phong. We give an explicit family of binary invariants, one for each genus, that satisfies this hyperelliptic Ansatz. We also prove that this is the unique family of weight eight binary forms over the theta group on the hyperelliptic locus that satisfies this Ansatz. Furthermore, we prove that this solution may also be obtained by applying Thomae’s map to multivalued Siegel modular forms of Grushevsky and making certain choices of roots.
Ultrafast laser-probing spectroscopy for studying molecular structure of protein aggregates

We report the development of a new technique to screen protein aggregation based on laser-probing spectroscopy with sub-picosecond resolution. Protein aggregation is an important topic for materials science, fundamental biology as well as clinical studies in neurodegenerative diseases and translation studies in biomaterials engineering. However, techniques to study protein aggregation and assembly are limited to infrared spectroscopy, fluorescent assays, immunostaining, or functional assays among others. Here, we report a new technique to characterize protein structure-property relationship based on ultrafast laser-probing spectroscopy. First, we show theoretically that the temperature dependence of the refractive index of a protein is correlated to its crystallinity. Then, we performed time-domain thermo-transmission experiments on purified semi-crystalline proteins, both native and recombinant (i.e., silk and squid ring teeth), and also on intact E. coli cells bearing overexpressed recombinant protein. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, relative quantification of crystallinity in real time for protein aggregates. Our approach can potentially be used for screening an ultra-large number of proteins in vivo. Using this technique, we could answer many fundamental questions in structural protein research, such as the underlying sequence-structure relationship for protein assembly and aggregation.
Reluplex: An Efficient SMT Solver for Verifying Deep Neural Networks

Deep neural networks have emerged as a widely used and effective means for tackling complex, real-world problems. However, a major obstacle in applying them to safety-critical systems is the great difficulty in providing formal guarantees about their behavior. We present a novel, scalable, and efficient technique for verifying properties of deep neural networks (or providing counter-examples). The technique is based on the simplex method, extended to handle the non-convex Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) activation function, which is a crucial ingredient in many modern neural networks. The verification procedure tackles neural networks as a whole, without making any simplifying assumptions. We evaluated our technique on a prototype deep neural network implementation of the next-generation airborne collision avoidance system for unmanned aircraft (ACAS Xu). Results show that our technique can successfully prove properties of networks that are an order of magnitude larger than the largest networks verified using existing methods.
Spectrophotometry of Very Bright Stars in the Southern Sky

We obtained spectra of 20 bright stars in the southern sky, including Sirius, Canopus, Betelgeuse, Rigel, Bellatrix, and Procyon, using the 1.5-m telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and its grating spectrograph RCSPEC. A 7.5 magnitude neutral density filter was used to keep from saturating the CCD. Our spectra are tied to a Kurucz model of Sirius with T = 9850 K, log g = 4.30, and [Fe/H] = +0.4. Because Sirius is much less problematic than using Vega as a fundamental calibrator, the synthetic photometry of our stars constitutes a Sirius-based system that could be used as a new anchor for stellar and extragalactic photometric measurements.
Retraction Note to: Multi-Length Scale Analysis of the Effect of Fused-Silica Pre-shocking on its Tendency for Devitrification

Recent studies have suggested that impact-induced devitrification of fused silica, or more specifically formation of high-density stishovite, can significantly improve ballistic-penetration resistance of fused silica, the material which is used in transparent armor. The studies have also shown that in order for stishovite to form during a ballistic impact event, very high projectile kinetic energy normalized by the projectile/fused-silica target-plate contact area must accompany such an event. Otherwise fused-silica devitrification, if taking place, does not substantially improve the material ballistic-penetration resistance. In the present work, all-atom molecular-level computations are carried out in order to establish if pre-shocking of fused-silica target-plates (to form stishovite) and subsequent unloading (to revert stishovite to the material amorphous structure) can increase fused silica’s propensity for stishovite formation during a ballistic impact. Towards that end, molecular-level computational procedures are developed to simulate both the pre-shocking treatment of the fused-silica target-plate and its subsequent impact by a solid right-circular cylindrical projectile. The results obtained clearly revealed that when strong-enough shockwaves are used in the fused-silica target-plate pre-shocking procedure, the propensity of fused silica for stishovite formation during the subsequent ballistic impact is increased, as is the associated ballistic-penetration resistance. To rationalize these findings, a detailed post-processing microstructural analysis of the pre-shocked material is employed. The results obtained suggest that fused silica pre-shocked with shockwaves of sufficient strength retain some memory/embryos of stishovite, and these embryos facilitate stishovite formation during the subsequent ballistic impact.
Deformations of Courant algebroids and Dirac structures via blended structures

Abstract Deformations of a Courant algebroid ( E , 〈 ⋅ , ⋅ 〉 , ∘ , ρ ) and its Dirac subbundle A have been widely considered under the assumption that the pseudo-Euclidean metric 〈 ⋅ , ⋅ 〉 is fixed. In this paper, we attack the same problem in a setting that allows 〈 ⋅ , ⋅ 〉 to deform. Thanks to Roytenberg, a Courant algebroid is equivalent to a symplectic graded Q-manifold of degree 2. From this viewpoint, we extend the notions of graded Q-manifold, DGLA and L ∞ -algebra all to “blended” versions to combine two differentials of degree ±1 together, so that Poisson manifolds, Lie algebroids and Courant algebroids are unified as blended Q-manifolds; and define a submanifold A of “coisotropic type” which naturally generalizes the concepts of coisotropic submanifolds, Lie subalgebroids and Dirac subbundles. It turns out the deformations of a blended homological vector field Q are controlled by a blended DGLA, and the deformations of A are controlled by a blended L ∞ -algebra. The results apply to the deformations of a Courant algebroid and its Dirac structures, the deformations of a Poisson manifold and its coisotropic submanifold, and the deformations of a Lie algebroid and its Lie subalgebroid.
Local energy bounds and \(\epsilon \)-regularity criteria for the 3D Navier–Stokes system

The system of three dimensional Navier–Stokes equations is considered. We obtain some new local energy bounds that enable us to improve several \(\epsilon \)-regularity criteria. The key idea here is to view the ‘head pressure’ as a signed distribution belonging to certain fractional Sobolev space of negative order. This allows us to capture the oscillation of the pressure in our criteria.
MR Angiography of the Spine

Postcontrast MR angiography compliments the standard spinal MR imaging study by improving detection and display of normal and abnormal intradural vessels, primarily veins. Detection of abnormal veins facilitates diagnosis of spinal vascular malformations and vascular tumors. The most useful application has been in screening for spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas, in which MR angiography demonstrates the medullary vein into which the fistula drains, thus allowing noninvasive identification of the spinal level of the fistula.
The Mode Most Traveled: Transportation Infrastructure Implications and Policy Responses

Using the United States Census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) dataset, we documented the severity of the disparity in commuting pattern across the contiguous US. The analysis was complemented by a more granular analysis with the Greater Pittsburgh area as the geographic area of focus. In addition to the locational variation in travel mode obtained using population estimates derived from the PUMS dataset, the dataset was utilized for a discrete choice model that generated detailed commuting profiles for the region’s workforce, showing statistically significant differences not only by socio-economic attributes but more importantly, by commuters’ place of abode. Policy levers that could address travel mode shift are discussed primarily with regards to changing population and its impact on transportation resources and the onset of fully autonomous vehicle in transportation networking companies’ space—a subject of key topical interest given the choice of the city as the test bed for Uber’s driverless ride sourcing services.
Collective Responsibility and the Career Military Officer’s Right to Public Dissent

Current norms among professional military officers that govern obedience and dissent strongly discourage officers from offering public criticism of policy enacted by civilian authorities, even if that policy is immoral, illegal, or unconstitutional. We identify a set of circumstances that create a moral imperative for an officer to take action and we leverage prevailing ethical guidelines to argue that in certain cases, even individual officers not directly involved in the execution of the policy have moral standing to offer public criticism of it. We consider the consequences of relaxing norms prohibiting public dissent and explore the trade-off between tolerating immoral policy and the likelihood of mistakenly criticizing appropriate policy. Finally, we offer evidence that current military-civilian relations in the United States are such that placing higher value on dissent would benefit professional military officers and may improve policy.
High Conduction Hopping Behavior Induced in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Percolating Defect Networks: Toward Atomically Thin Circuits

Atomically thin circuits have recently been explored for applications in next-generation electronics and optoelectronics and have been demonstrated with 2D lateral heterojunctions. In order to form true 2D circuitry from a single material, electronic properties must be spatially tunable. Here, tunable transport behavior is reported which is introduced into single layer tungsten diselenide and tungsten disulfide by focused He+ irradiation. Pseudometallic behavior is induced by irradiating the materials with a dose of ≈1 × 1016 He+ cm−2 to introduce defect states, and subsequent temperature-dependent transport measurements suggest a nearest neighbor hopping mechanism is operative. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy reveal that Se is sputtered preferentially, and extended percolating networks of edge states form within WSe2 at a critical dose of 1 × 1016 He+ cm−2. First-principle calculations confirm the semiconductor-to-metallic transition of WSe2 after pore and edge defects are introduced by He+ irradiation. The hopping conduction is utilized to direct-write resistor loaded logic circuits in WSe2 and WS2 with a voltage gain of greater than 5. Edge contacted thin film transistors are also fabricated with a high on/off ratio (>106), demonstrating potential for the formation of atomically thin circuits.
Terrorism and Language: A Text-Based Analysis of the German Case

Abstract Contemporary terrorism combines selective violence with reliance on language to articulate terrorist motivations, beliefs, and objectives. Focusing on language, this interdisciplinary approach applies insights from content and propaganda analysis, psycholinguistics, structural linguistics, and political and socio‐biographic analysis to major event‐related statements issued between 1972 and 1986 by the West German terrorist group Red Army Faction (RAF). Semantic, lexical, and syntactic means used to produce altered meanings and achieve persuasion are isolated in the texts. RAF awareness of the need for and manipulability of language is contrasted with their rejection of language as a political tool. The terrorists’ verbal objective is to usurp the West German government's claims to legitimacy, morality, monopoly on the use of force, and popular support. The analysis concludes that the RAF's language component fails because of the unacceptability of terrorist claims and their feeble effort to artic...
A Hybrid Recommender System: User Profiling from Keywords and Ratings.

Over the last decade, user-generated content has grown continuously. Recommender systems that exploit user feedback are widely used in e-commerce and quite necessary for business enhancement. To make use of such user feedback, we propose a new content/collaborative hybrid approach, which is built on top of the recently released hetrec2011-movielens-2k dataset and is an extension of a previously proposed neighborhood based approach, called Weighted Tag Recommender (WTR). Our approach has two versions. Both versions make use of ratings to enable collaborative filtering and use either user tags, available in the hetrec2011-movielens-2k dataset, or movie keywords retrieved from IMDB, to capture movie content information. Experimental results show that the information from keywords can help build a movie recommender system competitive with other neighborhood based approaches and even with more sophisticated state-of-the-art approaches.
Analysis and application of adaptive sampling

An estimation algorithm for a query is a probabilistic algorithm that computes an approximation for the size (number of tuples) of the query. One class cf estimation algorithms uses a form of statistical sampling known as adaptive sampling. Several versions of adaptive sampling have been developed by other researchers. The original version has been surpassed in some ways by a newer version and a more specialized Monte-Carlo algorithm. An analysis of the cost of the original version is presented, and the different algorithms are compared. The analysis is used to derive an upper bound on the number of samples required by the original algorithm. Also, contrary to what seems to be a commonly held opinion, none of the algorithms is generally better than the other two. Which algorithm is superior depends on the query being estimated and the criteria that are being applied. Another question that is studied is which classes of logically definable queries have fast estimation algorithms. Evidence from descriptive complexity theory is provided that indicates not all such queries have fast estimation algorithms. However, it is shown that on classes of structures of bounded degree, all first-order queries have fast estimation algorithms.
Correlational and distributional effects in network traffic models

Abstract Simulation studies are used to evaluate the impact of the distributional and correlational characteristics of traffic arrival processes on the performance of network routing elements. It is shown that synthetic traffic models that capture only the distributional or the correlational characteristics of real workloads can yield substantially optimistic predictions of queue lengths and drop rate. A new technique for generating synthetic arrival streams is proposed and evaluated. Arrival streams are generated by the widely used method of sampling from a target distribution. However, the uniform stream used in the sampling is itself derived from fractional Gaussian noise. The resulting synthetic streams are shown to have sample autocorrelation functions that are consistent with long-range dependence and to provide measurably better performance estimates than standard distribution-based and FGN-based techniques.
Algorithms for Online Matching, Assortment, and Pricing with Tight Weight-Dependent Competitive Ratios

Motivated by the dynamic assortment offerings and item pricings occurring in e-commerce, we study a general problem of allocating finite inventories to heterogeneous customers arriving sequentially. We analyze this problem under the framework of competitive analysis, where the sequence of customers is unknown and does not necessarily follow any pattern. Previous work in this area, studying online matching, advertising, and assortment problems, has focused on the case where each item can only be sold at a single price, resulting in algorithms which achieve the best-possible competitive ratio of 1-1/e. In this paper, we extend all of these results to allow for items having multiple feasible prices. Our algorithms achieve the best-possible weight-dependent competitive ratios, which depend on the sets of feasible prices given in advance. Our algorithms are also simple and intuitive; they are based on constructing a class of universal ``value functions'' which integrate the selection of items and prices offered. Finally, we test our algorithms on the publicly-available hotel data set of Bodea et al. (2009), where there are multiple items (hotel rooms) each with multiple prices (fares at which the room could be sold). We find that applying our algorithms, as a ``hybrid'' with algorithms which attempt to forecast and learn the future transactions, results in the best performance.
Naphthazarin-Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons and Iptycenes.

The synthesis of a set of naphthazarin-containing polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons is described herein. Sequential Diels–Alder reactions on a tautomerized naphthazarin core were employed to access the final conjugated systems. Complete conjugation across the backbone can be achieved through complexation with BF2, as observed by 1H NMR analysis and UV/vis spectroscopy. Precise synthetic control over the degree of oxidation of naphthazarin quinone Diels–Alder adduct 10 is additionally demonstrated and enables us to direct its subsequent reactivity. Finally, this work serves to demonstrate the potential for naphthazarin as a building block in the synthesis of novel organic electronic materials.
Prevalence of latex-specific IgE antibodies in patients being evaluated for allergy

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of detectable latex-specific IgE in patients being evaluated for allery. Methods: The AlaSTAT assay was used to test for latex-specific IgE in 200 consecutive serum samples sent to our laboratory for total IgE levels. Samples sent for latex-specific IgE were excluded. The population studied included 87 males and 113 females ranging in age from 1 to 82 years of age. Inhibition studies with a latex extract were performed on all positive samples. Chart reviews and questionnaires provided information regarding risk factors for latex allergy and reactions to latex. Results: Twenty-four (12%) subjects were positive for latex-specific IgE. Seventeen of the 24 positive subjects (7 or 3.5%) were <18 years of age and all of the strongly positive subjects (7 or 3.5%) were <18 years of age. The geometric means for total IgE for the latex positive and negative subjects were 351 IU/mL and 80 IU/mL respectively, P<.001. The mean percent inhibition with latex was 66%. Chart reviews and questionnaires revealed only 2 of 24 positive subjects were in high risk groups, none of the positive subjects had any history of reactions to latex, and 22 (91.6%) had evidence of atopic disease. Conclusion: In vitro tests may detect latex specific IgE in atopic individuals, especially children, with no history of recurrent latex exposure and no history of adverse reactions to latex
Establishment and Characterization of Seven Dunning Rat Prostatic Cancer Cell Lines and Their Use in Developing Methods for Predicting Metastatic Abilities of Prostatic Cancers

In vitro cell lines were established from seven biologically distinct in vivo Dunning R3327 rat prostatic tumor sublines. Some of these in vitro cell lines (i.e., G, AT-1, AT-2) retain a low metastatic ability when inoculated back into syngeneic Copenhagen male rats, while others (i.e., AT-3, MAT-LyLu, MAT-Lu) retain a very high metastatic ability. A series of genetic (i.e., DNA content per cell, modal chromosomal number), as well as phenotypic parameters (i.e., morphology, 5 alpha-reductase, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor) were used to validate that the in vitro cell lines retained the major characteristics of the parental in vivo tumor sublines used for their respective establishment. A series of additional characteristics (i.e., morphology, growth rate, saturation density in surface culture, anchorage-dependent and -independent clonogenic potential) were compared between the high vs. the low metastatic in vitro cell lines to determine if a discriminatory parameter could be identified which reproducibly predicted the metastatic abilities of the particular prostatic cancer cell line. While the combination of the in vitro cell lines and their parental in vivo tumor subline will be a valuable tool for developing methods for predicting metastatic ability of prostate cancers, no single parameter yet measured is entirely successful in making this important distinction.
Anopheles gambiae: Metabolomic Profiles in Sugar-Fed, Blood-Fed, and Plasmodium falciparum-Infected Midgut

The mosquito midgut is a physiological organ essential for nutrient acquisition as well as an interface that encounters various mosquito-borne pathogens. Metabolomic characterization would reveal biochemical fingerprints that are generated by various cellular processes. The metabolite profiles of the mosquito midgut will provide an overview of the biochemical events in both physiological states and the dynamic responses to pathogen infections. In this study, the midgut metabolic profiles of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following feeding with sugar, human blood, mouse blood, and Plasmodium falciparum-infected human blood were examined. A mass spectrometry system coupled to liquid and gas chromatography produced a time series of metabolites in the midgut at discrete conditions (sugar feeding, 24 h and 48 h post-normal blood and P. falciparum-infected blood feeding). Triplicates were included to ensure system validity. A total of 512 individual compounds were identified; 511 were assigned to 8 superpathways and 75 subpathways. The dataset can be used for further inquiry into the metabolic dynamics of sugar and blood digestion and of malaria parasite infection. The dataset is accessible at the repository Dryad.
Investigation of malicious portable executable file detection on the network using supervised learning techniques

Malware continues to be a critical concern for everyone from home users to enterprises. Today, most devices are connected through networks to the Internet. Therefore, malicious code can easily and rapidly spread. The objective of this paper is to examine how malicious portable executable (PE) files can be detected on the network by utilizing machine learning algorithms. The efficiency and effectiveness of the network detection rely on the number of features and the learning algorithms. In this work, we examined 28 features extracted from metadata, packing, imported DLLs and functions of four different types of PE files for malware detection. The returned results showed that the proposed system can achieve 98.7% detection rates, 1.8% false positive rate, and with an average scanning speed of 0.5 seconds per file in our testing environment.
Vertical inequalities: are the SDGs and human rights up to the challenges?

ABSTRACTExtreme inequalities in income, wealth and social outcomes are one of the greatest human rights challenges that we face today as they threaten individual and community health, national political and economic stability and global peace. This article considers the extent to which the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted on September 25, 2016, and international human rights norms are adequate to address the challenges of these extreme inequalities. It focuses specifically on SDG 10, which aims to reduce inequalities within and among countries, and finds the targets inadequate to address many of the most pressing inequalities. It then examines international human rights law to discern whether human rights standards might inform the SDGs to alleviate some of the shortcomings of SDG 10. The article concludes that interpretations of international human rights to date also fall short in terms of addressing income, wealth and social inequalities. It therefore calls for research on the legal interp...
Hypothalamic stem cells control ageing speed partly through exosomal miRNAs

It has been proposed that the hypothalamus helps to control ageing, but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Here we develop several mouse models in which hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1 are ablated, as we observed that ageing in mice started with a substantial loss of these hypothalamic cells. Each mouse model consistently displayed acceleration of ageing-like physiological changes or a shortened lifespan. Conversely, ageing retardation and lifespan extension were achieved in mid-aged mice that were locally implanted with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that had been genetically engineered to survive in the ageing-related hypothalamic inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanistically, hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells contributed greatly to exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in the cerebrospinal fluid, and these exosomal miRNAs declined during ageing, whereas central treatment with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cell-secreted exosomes led to the slowing of ageing. In conclusion, ageing speed is substantially controlled by hypothalamic stem cells, partially through the release of exosomal miRNAs.
Infrared Imaging Study Of Printhead Temperatures Occurring During Resistive Ribbon Thermal Transfer Printing

An infrared imaging system has been employed to measure the thermal response of the printhead electrodes during resistive ribbon thermal transfer printing. This has proven to be a versatile tool for fast non-contact high spatial resolution temperature measurement, providing valuable information on the thermal stress upon the head materials and on the amount of energy flowing into the head during printing.
Integrating Enhancer Mechanisms to Establish a Hierarchical Blood Development Program.

Summary Hematopoietic development requires the transcription factor GATA-2, and GATA-2 mutations cause diverse pathologies, including leukemia. GATA-2-regulated enhancers increase Gata2 expression in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and control hematopoiesis. The +9.5-kb enhancer activates transcription in endothelium and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its deletion abrogates HSC generation. The −77-kb enhancer activates transcription in myeloid progenitors, and its deletion impairs differentiation. Since +9.5 −/− embryos are HSC deficient, it was unclear whether the +9.5 functions in progenitors or if GATA-2 expression in progenitors solely requires −77. We further dissected the mechanisms using −77;+9.5 compound heterozygous (CH) mice. The embryonic lethal CH mutation depleted megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors (MEPs). While the +9.5 suffices for HSC generation, the −77 and +9.5 must reside on one allele to induce MEPs. The −77 generated burst-forming unit-erythroid through the induction of GATA-1 and other GATA-2 targets. The enhancer circuits controlled signaling pathways that orchestrate a GATA factor-dependent blood development program.
Making the Legal and Ethical Case for Universal Screening for Postpartum Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Pediatric Primary Care.

Postpartum depression (PPD), part of a larger spectrum of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, affects up to 15% of women following the birth of an infant. Fathers may also be affected. PPD not only affects caregivers, but also impacts infants through mechanisms such as inadequate caregiver–infant interactions and non-adherence to safety practices. The negative impact on infants may extend across the life course through adulthood. This article seeks to move the needle toward universal screening for PPD using validated tools in pediatric primary care settings for new caregivers by making the legal and ethical case for this course of action in a manner that is both compelling and accessible for clinicians. Toward this end, we summarize current literature as it applies to provider responsibilities, liabilities and perspectives; and caregiver autonomy, confidentiality, and privacy. We then assess utility by balancing the benefits and burdens of this approach to practices, providers, and caregivers; and take the analysis one step further by looking across multiple populations to assess distributive justice. We conclude that there is a strong ethical case for universal screening for PPD in pediatric primary care settings using validated tools when informed consent can be obtained and appropriate follow-up services are available and accessible. Clinical considerations, practical resources, and areas ripe for future research are also addressed.
Molecular structure of human KATP in complex with ATP and ADP.

In many excitable cells, KATP channels respond to intracellular adenosine nucleotides: ATP inhibits while ADP activates. We present two structures of the human pancreatic KATP channel, containing the ABC transporter SUR1 and the inward-rectifier K+ channel Kir6.2, in the presence of Mg2+ and nucleotides. These structures, referred to as quatrefoil and propeller forms, were determined by single-particle cryo-EM at 3.9 A and 5.6 A, respectively. In both forms, ATP occupies the inhibitory site in Kir6.2. The nucleotide-binding domains of SUR1 are dimerized with Mg2+-ATP in the degenerate site and Mg2+-ADP in the consensus site. A lasso extension forms an interface between SUR1 and Kir6.2 adjacent to the ATP site in the propeller form and is disrupted in the quatrefoil form. These structures support the role of SUR1 as an ADP sensor and highlight the lasso extension as a key regulatory element in ADP's ability to override ATP inhibition.
Examining the Millennials' Ethical Profile: Assessing Demographic Variations in Their Personal Value Orientations

The Millennials, people born between 1980 and 2000, are poised to have a profound impact on our society but are often treated as a homogenous generation. While some prior research on generations posits that there are a number of consistencies across a generation, others argue that differences may emerge and distinguish individuals within a generation. Based on prior business ethics literature, this research dissects the Millennial's personal value orientations (PVO) to explore if demographic differences, such as gender, amount of work experience, business discipline specialization, and academic performance reveal variations in the ethical profile manifested by Millennials. The results from this research show that there are indeed numerous and significant statistical differences within the Millennials' PVO dataset. Variations are found when exploring nearly every demographic variable considered. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Democracy in the countryside: The rural sources of violence against voters in Colombia:

What are the subnational variations of violence against voters? This article studies the effect of land concentration on electoral violence in the context of armed conflict in Colombia. My central ...
Supervised Machine Learning for Population Genetics: A New Paradigm

As population genomic datasets grow in size, researchers are faced with the daunting task of making sense of a flood of information. To keep pace with this explosion of data, computational methodologies for population genetic inference are rapidly being developed to best utilize genomic sequence data. In this review we discuss a new paradigm that has emerged in computational population genomics: that of supervised machine learning (ML). We review the fundamentals of ML, discuss recent applications of supervised ML to population genetics that outperform competing methods, and describe promising future directions in this area. Ultimately, we argue that supervised ML is an important and underutilized tool that has considerable potential for the world of evolutionary genomics.
Estimating the Cost‐of‐Equity Capital Using Empirical Asset Pricing Models

Empirical asset pricing models seek to capture characteristic‐based patterns in the cross‐section of average stock returns. I propose a new approach for constructing these models, and investigate its performance with respect to estimating the cost‐of‐equity capital. Using a model that accounts for the cross‐sectional relation between five characteristics and average stock returns, I obtain cost‐of‐equity estimates that outperform those produced by the Fama‐French five‐factor model in out‐of‐sample tests. Because the proposed approach builds directly on standard cross‐sectional regression techniques, it provides complete flexibility in choosing the firm characteristics used to formulate the cost‐of‐equity estimates.
Highly sensitive MoS2 photodetectors with graphene contacts.

Two-dimensional materials such as graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are ideal candidates to create ultra-thin electronics suitable for flexible substrates. Although optoelectronic devices based on TMDs have demonstrated remarkable performance, scalability is still a significant issue. Most devices are created using techniques that are not suitable for mass production, such as mechanical exfoliation of monolayer flakes and patterning by electron-beam lithography. Here we show that large-area MoS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition and patterned by photolithography yields highly sensitive photodetectors, with record shot-noise-limited detectivities of 8.7 × 1014 Jones in ambient condition and even higher when sealed with a protective layer. These detectivity values are higher than the highest values reported for photodetectors based on exfoliated MoS2. We study MoS2 devices with gold electrodes and graphene electrodes. The devices with graphene electrodes have a tunable band alignment and are especially attractive for scalable ultra-thin flexible optoelectronics.
Bridging the Gap: Evidence from Externally Hired CEOs

We investigate executive employment gaps (hereafter, gaps) between the appointment of an external CEO at a public firm and the individual's prior executive position at a public company. These gaps cannot be reliably obtained from common databases. We hand collect data for externally hired CEOs at public companies from 1992–2014. These CEOs represent approximately 40% of the 5,095 CEO successions and have a mean gap of 1.9 years. The gap increases to 3.2 years for the subset of new hires with a gap. We hypothesize that labor market frictions and executive skillsets contribute to the existence and length of these gaps. Using theories from labor economics, we predict (equilibrium) associations between two measures of “fit” (executive compensation and long-term match quality) and gaps (both existence and length). Finally, we provide descriptive evidence on what executives do (e.g., sit on boards, work for private consulting companies, or consume leisure) during their gaps. This project was subject to and published through a registered report process. Any tests that were not included in the accepted proposal are marked as unplanned analyses. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Does credit reporting lead to a decline in relationship lending? Evidence from information sharing technology

Abstract I examine how credit reporting affects where firms access credit and how lenders contract with them. I use within firm-time and lender-time tests that exploit lenders joining a credit bureau and sharing information in a staggered pattern. I find information sharing reduces relationship-switching costs, particularly for firms that are young, small, or have had no defaults. After sharing, lenders transition away from relationship contracting, in two ways: contract maturities in new relationships are shorter, and lenders are less willing to provide financing to their delinquent borrowers. My results highlight the mixed effects of transparency-improving financial technologies on credit availability.
How Important is Money in the Conduct of Monetary Policy

I consider some of the leading arguments for assigning an important role to tracking the growth of monetary aggregates when making decisions about monetary policy. First, I consider whether ignoring money means returning to the conceptual framework that allowed the high in∞ation of the 1970s. Second, I consider whether models of in∞ation determination with no role for money are incomplete, or inconsistent with elementary economic principles. Third, I consider the implications for monetary policy strategy of the empirical evidence for a long-run relationship between money growth and in∞ation. And fourth, I consider reasons why a monetary policy strategy based solely on short-run in∞ation forecasts derived from a Phillips curve may not be a reliable way of controlling in∞ation. I argue that none of these considerations provides a compelling reason to assign a prominent role to monetary aggregates in the conduct of monetary policy.
Learning SO(3) Equivariant Representations with Spherical CNNs

We address the problem of 3D rotation equivariance in convolutional neural networks. 3D rotations have been a challenging nuisance in 3D classification tasks requiring higher capacity and extended data augmentation in order to tackle it. We model 3D data with multi-valued spherical functions and we propose a novel spherical convolutional network that implements exact convolutions on the sphere by realizing them in the spherical harmonic domain. Resulting filters have local symmetry and are localized by enforcing smooth spectra. We apply a novel pooling on the spectral domain and our operations are independent of the underlying spherical resolution throughout the network. We show that networks with much lower capacity and without requiring data augmentation can exhibit performance comparable to the state of the art in standard retrieval and classification benchmarks.