cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integral method for the calculation of the reduction in interfacial free energy due to interfacial segregation

A method based on the Gibbs' adsorption isotherm is developed to calculate the decrease in interfacial free energy resulting from solute segregation at an internal interface, built on measured concentration profiles. Utilizing atom-probe tomography (APT), we first measure a concentration profile of the relative interfacial excess of solute atoms across an interface. To accomplish this we utilize a new method based on J. W. Cahn's formalism for the calculation of the Gibbs interfacial excess. We also introduce a method to calculate the decrease in interfacial free energy that is caused by the segregating solute atoms. This method yields a discrete profile of the decrease in interfacial free energies, which takes into account the measured concentration profile and calculated Gibbsian excess profile. We demonstrate that this method can be used for both homo- and hetero-phase interfaces and takes into account the actual distribution of solute atoms across an interface as determined by APT. It is applied to the case of the semiconducting system PbTe-PbS 12 mol.%-Na 1 mol.%, where Na segregation at the PbS/PbTe interface is anticipated to reduce the interfacial free energy of the {100} facets. We also consider the case of the nickel-based Alloy 600, where B and Si segregation are suspected to impede inter-granular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) at homo- (GB) and hetero-phase metal carbide (M7C3) interfaces. The concentration profiles associated with internal interfaces are measured by APT using an ultraviolet (wavelength = 355 nm) laser to dissect nanotips on an atom-by-atom and atomic plane-by-plane basis.
2.18 – Epigenetics

Epigenetics refers to cellular processes that regulate chromatin structure and subsequent gene expression in the absence of changes in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence. The primary molecular epigenetic mechanisms responsible for regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression are DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNAs. Disruption of these processes is associated with a number of disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and reduced fertility. The environment has a tremendous impact on the epigenome, giving rise to disease through exposure to adverse environmental stimuli that can significantly alter the landscape of the epigenome. Examples include exposure to heavy metals and endocrine disruptors, which are associated with changes in chromatin structure and increased susceptibility to disease. In this chapter, we will introduce readers to the burgeoning field of epigenetics through review of the basic mechanisms of epigenetic gene regulation. We will then explore mechanisms by which toxicants can disrupt the epigenome using both well-characterized examples and newly identified pathways. The final section in this chapter is aimed at highlighting some of the tools used to investigate the epigenome.
The Pornography “How-To” Script: The Moderating Role of Consent Attitudes on Pornography Consumption and Sexual Refusal Assertiveness

College students report turning to pornography for guidance regarding sexual expectations and norms. Similarly, research has shown that compulsive pornography exposure (i.e. extreme amounts of viewing and dependence on pornography) leads to an engagement in risky sexual behaviors. This is problematic considering the high rates of sexual assault in college campuses. In light of this, the present study examined whether compulsive pornography exposure was associated with college students’ sexual refusal assertiveness, and whether this relationship would be moderated by consent attitudes. Data were collected from 266 college students who regularly watched pornography (Mage = 20.60, SD = 2.77, 45.1% female). Results showed that compulsive pornography exposure was negatively associated with sexual refusal assertiveness. An interaction emerged such that the association between compulsive pornography exposure and sexual refusal assertiveness was only significant for those who believed consent was less important, whereas this did not occur for those who believed consent was more important. Our results are unpacked in light of sexual script-based theories.
Chapter 20 – Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the identification of satellite cells as an endogenous source of muscle stem cells that contribute to muscle regeneration and also highlights advances in the regulation of satellite cell activation and self-renewal by biochemical and biophysical components of their niche microenvironment. The satellite cells are described as mononucleated cells with a high nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio residing in an anatomical compartment between the myofiber basal lamina and its plasma membrane. Satellite cells, like many tissue-resident stem cells, are not consistently proliferating. When individual myofibers are physically dissociated from muscle and placed in culture, satellite cells are activated and migrate off the myofiber to give rise to proliferating myoblasts (progenitors), which eventually form colonies that differentiate and fuse to form multinucleated syncytial cells (myotubes) resembling myofibers. The satellite cells might serve as a resident cell source for mammalian skeletal muscle regeneration after injury. These cells are molecularly characterized by the expression of the paired-box transcription factor Pax7 and the absence of transcription factors that govern further myogenic specialization, such as MyoD and myogenin. In normal adult skeletal muscle, satellite cells are largely mitotically and metabolically quiescent. Following injury or other proliferation signals, satellite cells become “activated” and have strongly upregulated expression of the myogenic regulatory factor Myf5. The satellite cell niche is a membrane-enclosed compartment between the myofiber plasma membrane and the basal lamina that surrounds the myofiber.
Mitochondrial Enzymes of the Urea Cycle Cluster at the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Mitochondrial enzymes involved in energy transformation are organized into multiprotein complexes that channel the reaction intermediates for efficient ATP production. Three of the mammalian urea cycle enzymes: N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), carbamylphosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1), and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) reside in the mitochondria. Urea cycle is required to convert ammonia into urea and protect the brain from ammonia toxicity. Urea cycle intermediates are tightly channeled in and out of mitochondria, indicating that efficient activity of these enzymes relies upon their coordinated interaction with each other perhaps in a multiprotein complex. This view is supported by mutations in surface residues of the urea cycle proteins that impair urea genesis in the patients but do not affect protein stability or catalytic activity. Further, we find one third of the NAGS, CPS1 and OTC proteins in liver mitochondria can associate with the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), and co-immunoprecipitate. Our in silico analysis of vertebrate NAGS proteins, the least abundant of the urea cycle enzymes, identified a region we call variable segment present only in the mammalian NAGS protein. We experimentally confirmed that NAGS variable segment mediates the interaction of NAGS with CPS1. Use of Gated-Stimulation Emission Depletion (gSTED) super resolution microscopy showed that in situ, NAGS, CPS1 and OTC are organized into clusters. These results are consistent with mitochondrial urea cycle proteins forming a cluster instead of functioning either independently or in a rigid multienzyme complex.
Floating labyrinth: A unique finding on CT scan

We report a case of a 67-year-old female patient that presented to the emergency department with complete right facial paralysis, progressive hearing loss and chronic otorrhea. A unique finding on CT scan is reported: a "floating labyrinth" - cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals extensively surrounded by soft tissue density material but with intact thinned otic capsule walls. A transotic approach was performed for removal of noncholesteatomatous inflammatory tissue; intravenous antibiotics and corticosteroids led to partial recovery of facial nerve function. A chronic suppurative otitis media with necrotic osteomyelitis and bony sequestrum in a severe context of AIDS is the likely cause. An immunosuppressive disease should be suspected in atypical presentations of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma.
Educating the Next Generation of Human Rights Advocates and Defenders: An Interprofessional Partnership

Defending human rights requires professionals to be unrelenting in the pursuit of systemic change. It requires the collaboration of varied professions bringing together their expertise to challenge the system of domination that has led to subjugation. Interprofessional education and collaborative practice (IPE) is a powerful tool where human rights defenders and advocates from different disciplines can learn from each other and advocate for change. This is an overview of an innovative collaboration between Robert F. Kennedy (RFK) Human Rights and Stony Brook University School of Social Welfare (SBUSSW) BSW Program. It will illustrate the way the RFK Human Rights’ human rights education program, Speak Truth To Power (STTP) is being adapted to baccalaureate social work education. Included is the method that the SBUSSW incorporates the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) and Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC) competencies in a human rights context through the partnership with RFK Human Rights
Patient-Reported Financial Toxicity Associated with Contemporary Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer.

Purpose:Contemporary treatment modalities for localized prostate cancer provide comparable overall and cancer-specific survival. However, the degree of financial burden imposed by treatment, the fa...
Management of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum utilizing a multidisciplinary care team in a rural state.

To compare maternal and neonatal outcomes following the development of a multidisciplinary care team for the management of pregnancies complicated by placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) in a rural stat...
Expanding and Diversifying Montenegro's Exports: A Product Space Analysis

Summary. This paper provides an analysis of the export potential and export diversification of Montenegro. Based on this analysis as well as a review of international experience and field discussions, the paper also provides policy recommendations for exploiting its considerable export potential and engendering export diversification. The Product Space (PS) methodology is used to identify prospective comparative advantage by making inferences from the revealed pattern of trade. The indicated products in which Product Space meth odology points to export potential have links to information available to entrepreneurs and producers that can be expected to be reflected in private investment decisions and decisions regarding entry into export markets. The analysis shows that Montenegro currently has a limited and highly concentrated export base but it is also in the middle of a major transformation towards a much more tourism and services based economy. The policy challenge is how to foster this process to fully tap into its potential for exports and diversifica tion. Exports allow entrepreneurs and producers in small economies to expand beyond the limitations of the domestic market size. Successful export potential has been realized in other countries through openness in international trade and allowing the private sector to judge profitable opportunities. Thanks to its superior geographic location, adequate human capi tal and infrastructure base, and natural resources, Montenegro has been found to possess substantial export potential, which could turn into its major growth engine. To convert this potential into success, Montenegro will need to rebalance the role of government policy and improve local incentives towards entrepreneurship and exports. The important policy role of government in Montenegro is to correct
Portfolio approach to information technology security resource allocation decisions

This paper presents a portfolio optimization approach to information technology (IT) security investment decisions in an organization. This approach has been motivated by the extreme variations that are found in IT security requirements for organizations in addition to the diversity of starting conditions found in organizations that choose to embark on a formal approach to managing their security. Often, a budgetary allocation is made for IT security and IT managers and management are faced with the problem of how to allocate these monies or resources across competing projects and products that can potentially improve or enhance IT security in an organization. Instead of ranking or rating the various alternatives based on their benefits only, it is demonstrated how, by identifying organizational objectives, and then aligning the decisions with the objectives, one can optimally allocate resources across the IT security portfolio. The approach in this paper has been to provide a generic decision framework that can be customized by practitioners and fine-tuned by other researchers. The approach is explained and then the results are discussed using a case study. Both the strengths and weaknesses of this approach are highlighted and suggestions for how this approach can be deployed and enhanced are provided.
Latent hemolytic disease of the newborn infant

Summary Three cases of maternal Rh sensitization are presented suggesting that, in many instances, hemolytic lisease in the newborn infant is not directly correlated with the degree of maternal isoimmunization. In the immediate neonatal period the hemolytic process may be latent and the impression of a perfectly healthy infant simulated. In the following weeks after birth, a marked anemia characteristically is in a remarkable contrast to the general wellbeing of the infant who invariably also shows signs of red cell sensitization by a still positive Coombs test. Caution is stressed in regard to the various problems which may arise from eventual residual effects in such cases, as there is still great lack of knowledge as to the exact effect of the maternal antibody on the infant's vital organs. That other effects than hemolysis may eventually play an important role in the causation of mental deficiency due to Rh incompatibility appears plausible.
A cooperative planning system for flexible assembly

An assembly planning system called COPLANNER is presented for integration of various tasks such as CAD, geometric modeling, geometric and physical reasoning, and assembly-process scheduling. The COPLANNER is organized by a blackboard system in which the plan coordinator, the geometric and physical reasoner, and the heuristic advisor interact. As an input to the system, an attributed liaison graph is used. It provides a unified representation of parts and their geometric and physical relations. An assembly plan is constructed based on the verification of the disassembly procedure through reasoning about geometric and physical interference and the extraction of preferred subassemblies. The generated plan is represented by a hierarchical partial-order graph, which not only provides the precedence relations among assembly operations but also presents the temporal and spatial parallelism for implementing distributed and cooperative assembly. Experiments show that the COPLANNER achieves desirable performance by generating an assembly plan which provides maximal parallelism and minimum assembly cost. >
An apparatus for the assessment of charge deposited in gaseous surface discharges

An apparatus for the assessment of charge deposited in gaseous surface discharges has been designed and tested. It can provide a fresh surface for each test and permits a scan of surface charges seated (or deposited) along the interface. In this way several hundred fresh surfaces can be tested without dismantling the gas enclosure. Experimental results are presented for a case study example. >
The Role of Negative Life Events in Comorbid Reactive Aggression and Marijuana Use Initiation among Latino Adolescents

Compelling epidemiological evidence shows that marijuana use is highly comorbid with aggressive behavior, particularly among adolescents and young adults; yet the causal nexus between these 2 phenomena remains elusive. To better understand the comorbidity of specific subtypes of aggression and marijuana use, this study evaluated associations between proactive and reactive aggression and marijuana use initiation and examined whether negative life events (NLEs) partially accounted for the link between reactive aggression and marijuana use initiation in a sample of Latino adolescents (N = 144, 54% male, mean age = 16.25 years). Results indicated that approximately 43% of participants had tried marijuana. NLEs were associated with both marijuana use initiation and reactive aggression, but were unrelated to proactive aggression, thereby providing support for similar environmental correlates for reactive aggression and marijuana use. Further, a test of indirect effects suggested that NLEs partially accounted fo...
Regulating Short Selling in Europe After the Crisis

Short selling contributes to the efficient functioning of capital markets. While bullish investors tend to hold long positions, bearish investors act on information by shorting stock, thereby fostering the incorporation of good and bad information into stock prices. Yet short sellers are illviewed by corporate officers, directors, and financial market authorities. In the midst of the 2008 global financial crisis, several financial market authorities in the European Union issued emergency orders to crack down on short sellers, which resulted in a fragmented approach to short selling and created a case for regulatory action at the European Union level. This Article reviews the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2012 on Short Selling and Certain Aspects of Credit Default Swaps. While the need to shed light on short selling further supports the need for regulatory action, there appears to be some cause for concern as “government hubris” might be destructive. * LL.M., Harvard Law School; M.B.A. (Grande Ecole), ESSEC Business School (Paris, France); Advanced Master’s degree in business law, Pantheon-Assas University (Paris, France). SPRING 2012 Regulating Short Selling in Europe 62 “They say ‘there are no atheists in foxholes.’ Perhaps, then, there are also no libertarians in crises.” James Frankel 1
The pediatrician and children in foster care

There are approximately 330,000 children living in foster care under the auspices of public and private social agencies in the United States. The vast majority-approximately 80%-have come into care because of severe personal and social problems that have afflicted their parents. More often than not, they come from households that are headed by women struggling to survive on public assistance budgets. Minority children are heavily overrepresented in their ranks. Parental failure leading to breakup of families is usually related to such personal problems of adults as mental illness, poor physical health, mental retardation, drug addiction, alcoholism, arrest and imprisonment for deviant behavior, and marital discord. Sizable groups of children come into care because their parents have been judged in court actions to have been guilty of abuse or neglect.
Readmission predicts 90-day mortality after esophagectomy: Analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry linked to Medicare outcomes

Abstract Objectives Postoperative readmission is an increasingly scrutinized quality metric that affects patient satisfaction and cost. Even more important is its implication for short-term prognosis. The purpose of this study is to characterize postesophagectomy readmissions and determine their relationship with subsequent 90-day mortality. Methods Data were extracted for esophagectomy patients from the linked SEER–Medicare Registry (2000-2009), which provides longitudinal information about Medicare beneficiaries who have cancer. We assessed demographics, comorbidities, 30-day readmission, and 90-day mortality. Readmitting facility and diagnoses were identified. A hierarchic multivariable regression model clustered at the hospital level assessed the relationship between readmission within 30 days of discharge and 90-day mortality. Results We identified 1543 patients discharged alive after esophagectomy. Among patients discharged alive, the readmission rate was 319 of 1543 (20.7%); 107 of 319 (33.5%) readmissions were to facilities that did not perform the index operation. Mortality rate at 90 days among patients discharged alive was 98 of 1543 (6.4%). Readmission was associated with a 4-fold increase in mortality (16.3% vs 3.8%, P P Conclusions Patients readmitted within 30 days of discharge after esophagectomy are at exceptionally high risk for early mortality. Early recognition of life-threatening readmission diagnoses is essential to providing optimal care.
MITOCHONDRIA ON THE ROCKS

![Figure][1] Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors for the regulation of animal physiology. This is especially true for ectotherms, a group of animals that cannot regulate their body temperature. Indeed, ectothermic animals display body temperatures similar to their
Effect of Acyclovir on Latent Herpes Simplex Virus Infections in Trigeminal Ganglia of Mice

The inhibition by acyclovir of the in vitro reactivation of herpes simplex virus from latently infected ganglion explant cultures is dependent on the continuous presence of this drug. Administration of acyclovir subcutaneously, orally, or by continuous perfusion to mice with established latent infections did not eliminate latent virus from the trigeminal ganglia.
A PSEUDOHEMIPARETIC FORM OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE

Parkinson's disease can present as a progressive hemiparesis without tremor. The presence of mild cogwheel rigidity in a hemiparetic patient may suggest the diagnosis, as may the normal findings on brain scan and electroencephalogram in a patient with gradually evolving hemiparesis. The response to appropriate medication has been prompt and excellent. It is important that Parkinson's disease be considered in the differential diagnosis of a progressively evolving hemiparesis.
Neuroimaging Manifestations of PHACE Syndrome.

A female infant had a history of posterior fossa malformations, cervicofacial hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, cardiac defects/aortic coarctation, and eye abnormalities (PHACE) syndrome, including a large right face hemangioma (Fig 1). Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography were obtained to identify associated intracranial anomalies, which included hypoplasia of the right cerebellar hemisphere and vermis, an enhancing mass within the right internal auditory canal consistent with hemangioma, and diffuse steno-occlusive lesions affecting the cerebral vessels on the right side (Fig 2).
Precursors with glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter activity transiently generate GABA interneurons in the postnatal cerebellum.

Neural stem or progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) able to generate the different neuron and glial cell types of the cerebellum have been isolated in vitro, but their identity and location in the intact cerebellum are unclear. Here, we use inducible Cre recombination in GFAPCreERT2 mice to irreversibly activate reporter gene expression at P2 (postnatal day 2), P5, and P12 in cells with GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) promoter activity and analyze the fate of genetically tagged cells in vivo. We show that cells tagged at P2-P5 with β-galactosidase or enhanced green fluorescent proteins reporter genes generate at least 30% of basket and stellate GABAergic interneurons in the molecular layer (ML) and that they lose their neurogenic potential by P12, after which they generate only glia. Tagged cells in the cerebellar white matter (WM) were initially GFAP/S100β+ and expressed the NSC/NPCs proteins LeX, Musashi1, and Sox2 in vivo. One week after tagging, reporter+ cells in the WM upregulated the neuronal progenitor markers Mash1, Pax2, and Gad-67. These Pax2+ progenitors migrated throughout the cerebellar cortex, populating the ML and leaving the WM by P18. These data suggest that a pool of GFAP/S100β+ glial cells located in the cerebellar WM generate a large fraction of cerebellar interneurons for the ML within the first postnatal 12 days of cerebellar development. This restricted critical period implies that powerful inhibitory factors may restrict their fate potential in vivo at later stages of development. Stem Cells 2009;27:1152–1163
Quantum Computing with Trapped Ion Hyperfine Qubits

We discuss the basic aspects of quantum information processing with trapped ions, including the principles of ion trapping, preparation and detection of hyperfine qubits, single-qubit operations and multi-qubit entanglement protocols. Recent experimental advances and future research directions are outlined.
Investigation of a wind tunnel model high aspect ratio wing fracture

A preliminary design and feasibility analysis on the aerodynamic performance characteristics of an experimental flight vehicle was conducted by Sandia National Laboratories. During a routine force and moment, static wind tunnel test in a blow down facility, one section of the high aspect ratio wing fractured outboard of the critical static stress location. Initially, a combination of material and aeroelastic analyses provided insight into the problem, but eventually proved inconclusive. After returning to the wind tunnel with a near identical model, instrumented with strain gages and accelerometers, and viewed with high speed video, the definitive mode of failure was discovered. It was determined that the first torsional mode of the wing was excited over a discrete angle of attack band, over the tested Mach number range of 0.5--0.9. Major flow separation on the airfoil occurred at the same time that flutter initiated, and was repeatable with a smaller scale model (geometrically similar, but 22% scale relative to the larger model) tested in a smaller test section wind tunnel. Data acquired during the stall flutter confirmed stress levels and numbers of cycles worked consistent with low cycle fatigue.
In Vivo and Post Mortem Dissolution Rates of Pulmonary Emboli and Venous Thrombi in the Dog

Post mortem and in vivo dissolution rates of freshly induced venous thromboemboli were determined in 87 dogs. In 63, fresh thrombi formed in the inferior vena cava (IVC) were embolized to the lungs. Dissolution rates were determined by comparing the embolic volume recovered at autopsy with the volume of a second (control) thrombus formed in the IVC. Embolic volume recovered at 3 hr post mortem averaged 50.2% of control. In dogs maintained alive, embolic volume fell to 48.4% of control at 3 hr. With concomitant heparinization, only 34% of control embolic volume remained at 3 hr. In 24 dogs, thrombi were formed in the jugular veins. No dissolution of these thrombi occurred up to 6 hr post mortem. When they were exposed to circulating blood in vivo, only 67.2% of control volume was recovered at 3 hr. The rapid reduction of thromboembolic volume observed appears to be due to thrombolysis via the fibrinolytic system. The prompt and substantial post mortem and in vivo reduction of embolic volume should be consi...
A simple method for improving the stability of float zones under normal gravity

Abstract Stability of the molten zone is the most critical issue in float zone crystal growth and refining. Under normal gravity, a long zone is unstable and tends to collapse during crystal growth or zone refining. A simple method for shortening and hence significantly improving the stability of float zones was discovered. This method is unique in that it is not required that the material be electrically conducting. To demonstrate this uniqueness, a nonconducting material NaNO 3 was used. By counterrotating the upper and lower rods at sufficiently high speeds, it was possible to reduce the heat input and hence shorten the molten zone, without causing its centerline to freeze. Sufficiently fast single rotation of either the upper or lower rod produced similar results. Without this method, the zone was stable in an NaNO 3 rod of 4 mm diameter. However, in 6 and 10 mm diameter rods the zone was too long and collapsed. By applying this new method, a short and very stable zone was maintained even in the larger diameter rods. This improved zone stability was explained qualitatively based on melt convection and the resultant heat transfer in the zone. Since the ring heaters were stationary, these molten zones can be considered equilibrium zones.
Suppression of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone and subsequent ovulation in the rat by arginine vasotocin.

To characterize a possible relationship between 8-arginine vasotocin (AVT) and fertility, we observed the effects of administration of this mammalian brain peptide on the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) and subsequent ovulation. In 32 unanesthetized proestrous rats, AVT (1.0 μg iv hourly from 1300 to 1600 h) inhibited the LH surge in 94% and suppressed ovulation in 78%. A lower dosage of AVT (0.1 μg every hour) was less effective, and 0.001 μg had no effect. Saline solution, 0.1 μg antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and as much as 5 μg oxytocin caused no response, but 1.0 μg ADH had some inhibitory effect. Approximately 17% of the AYT-treated animals exhibited a delayed LH surge occurring between 1800 and 2000 h only. 8-Arginine vasotocin failed to affect tonic levels of blood LH during diestrus or the elevated, pulsatile blood LH values 30 days after ovariectomy. Similarly, AVT had no effect on the LH surge induced with LH-releasing hormone in ovariectomized animals. 8-Arginine vasotocin thus dem...
Codeposition of continuous composition rugate filters.

Rugate filters are optical thin film interference structures with sinusoidal refractive index profiles. Two-wavelength reflection filters have been fabricated by codeposition of SiO2 and TiO2. Composition modulation was monitored and controlled using quartz crystal rate controllers. The resulting filters exhibited two well-defined stopbands. Microscopic examination revealed that the structure is glasslike without pronounced thin film microstructure.
Inhibition of mammalian hepatic glutathione S-transferases by acetylenic fatty acids

Abstract Micromolar concentrations of 2 classical inhibitors of lipoxygenase, 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid (ETI) and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), were found to cause a significant inhibition of the mixture of isozymes of affinity purifed rat and human liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) with activity towards l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). ETI was a more potent inhibitor of both rat and human liver GST than ETYA. Analysis of kinetic data suggested noncompetitive inhibition of human liver GST by ETI towards reduced glutathione and CDNB. ETI also inhibited the hepatic GST activity towards 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene, p-nitrobenzyl chloride and 4-nitropyridine N-oxide.
Norm convergence of normalized iterates and the growth of Kœnigs maps

Let ϕ be an analytic function defined on the unit diskD, with ϕ(D)⊂D, ϕ(0)=0, and ϕ′(0)=λ≠0. Then by a classical result of G. Kœnigs, the sequence of normalized iterates Φ n /λ n converges uniformly on compact subsets ofD to a function σ analytic inD which satisfiesσ°φ=λσ. It is of interest in the study of composition operators to know if, whenever σ belongs to a Hardy spaceH p , the sequence Φ n /λ n converges to σ in the norm ofH p . We show that this is indeed the case, generalizing a result of P. Bourdon obtained under the assumption that ϕ is univalent. When ϕ is inner, P. Bourdon and J. Shapiro have shown that σ does not belong to the Nevanlinna class, in particular it does not belong to anyH p . It is natural to ask, how bad can the growth of σ be in this case? As a partial answer we show that σ always belongs to some Bergman spaceL .
Meaningful use of electronic health records: the road ahead.

ON JULY 13, 2010, THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH and Human Services released the final criteria defining “meaningful use” of electronic health records (EHRs). The aim behind these rules is to improve quality and efficiency of care by encouraging approximately 700 000 clinicians and 5000 acute care hospitals to use EHRs. With approximately $30 billion in incentives and the threat of reduced payments for those that fail to comply, meaningful use may represent the single most potent federal effort to change health care delivery in the past 2 decades. For practicing clinicians, the origins and likely effects of this rule may be opaque. It would be helpful to understand the motivation behind the key components of the meaningful use rules, where they are likely to take the US health care system (and the obstacles along the way), and the benefits and risks of a rapid transformation from paper to electronic record systems.
A Study of Solar Flare Energy Transport Based on Coordinated H alpha and X-Ray Observations

The temporal evolution of the ratio between H-alpha to nonthermal hard X-ray emission was investigated using coordinated H-alpha and hard- and soft-X-ray observations of five solar flares (on May 7, June 23, June 24, and June 25, 1980 and on April 30, 1985). These observations were used to estimate the emitted flare energy flux F(H-alpha) in H-alpha, the flux of F(2O) energy deposited by nonthermal electrons with energies above 20 keV, and the pressure p(c) of soft X-ray-emitting plasma as functions of time during the impulsive phase of each flare. It was found that the F(H-alpha)/F(2O) ratio shows a power-law dependence on F(2O), with a slope that differs slightly from that predicted by the static thick-target model of solar transport. Results also indicate that the power-law dependence is modified by hydrostatic pressure effects.
Vitiligo and melanoma: Can genetically abnormal melanocytes result in both vitiligo and melanoma within a single family?

We found twelve families with melanoma who had close family members with halo nevi, early graying of hair, a halo primary melanoma, or ordinary vitiligo. On the basis of these findings and the observation of others in fish, horses, and pigs with melanomas, we suggest that the melanocytes of people with vitiligo or with a genetic background for vitiligo are predisposed to undergo a malignant transformation. The presence of vitiligo appears as a manifestation of host suppression of malignant melanocytes. (J Am ACAD DERMATOL 11:696-701, 1984.)
Characterization of parabolic light-hole effects on an implanted-planar-buried-heterostructure graded-index separate-confinement-heterostructure InGaAs-AlGaAs strained-layer laser

Summary form only given. The authors report CW, room-temperature operation of a novel strained single-quantum-well, implanted-planar-buried-heterostructure graded-index separate-confinement-heterostructure (IPBHGRINSCH) laser in InGaAs-AlGaAs. Using this novel IPBHGRINSCH structure, the authors report the first direct evidence of the effects of the highly parabolic valence subband in strained quantum-well injected lasers as exhibited by an enhanced wavelength shift versus injection current compared to unstrained reference GaAs-AlGaAs devices. The present results, demonstrating band-filling behavior in strained-quantum-well injection lasers, suggest that strained-layer lasers can be used for frequency modulation applications requiring enhanced current sensitivity or for amplitude modulation above threshold with enhanced frequency stability at lower injection levels. >
Evaluation of the California Environmental Quality Act

The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) has evolved from a mini-NEPA, first enacted in 1970, into a procedural act that affects the approval process of all large developments in California. In 1990, California local governments produced over 1600 environmental impact reports and 30,000 initial studies under CEQA. Because of its widespread use, CEQA has periodically drawn the attention of the state legislature, most recently in 1993, when over 60 CEQA reform bills were introduced. This paper describes the CEQA process and evaluates its success at meeting its explicit and implicit goals. The research includes a statewide survey of CEQA practice, sent to the planning departments of all 513 local governments in California in 1991. Survey respondents agreed that CEQA helps in evaluating environmental impacts, reducing impacts, informing the public, and coordinating public agency review. It is effective in reducing the environmental impacts of individual projects, but is not as effective in improving environmental quality on an areawide scale. This research concludes that CEQA has led to positive outcomes and is not as deeply flawed as many of its critics claim. Still, CEQA as currently designed may not be the optimal vehicle for ensuring environmental quality.
Trypanosoma brucei:Identification of an Internal Region of Phosphoglycerate Kinase Required for Targeting to Glycosomal Microbodies

Among the microbodies found in eukaryotes are the glycosomes of Trypanosoma brucei, thought to be closely related to peroxisomes. Two types of targeting signals for glycosomes have been identified thus far: type 1 at the C-terminus and type 2 at the N-terminus. In this report, we use an epitope-tagging system to characterize the targeting signal found on the minor glycosomal isozyme of phosphoglycerate kinase, 56PGK. No type 1 or 2 signal was found; rather, the topogenic information was found to be internal. Chimeric molecules formed with the cytoplasmic phosphoglycerate kinase isozyme indicate that a region between amino acids 24 and 91 of 56PGK is essential for glycosomal targeting. No homology was found between this region and peroxisomal proteins containing internal targeting signals.
HARD-MESON CALCULATIONS AND THE ADLER--DASHEN--GELL-MANN--FUBINI SUM RULE.

Gerstein has recently found an inconsistency in the modification of the Adler-Dashen-Gell-Mann-Fubini (ADGF) sum rule by Barry et al. (BGS). We show that this inconsistency, which is a direct consequence of the assumption by BGS concerning the asymptotic behavior of the off-shell hadron scattering amplitudes, can be removed by a different set of assumptions. Thus a consistent form for the ADGF sum rule can be obtained. Under a more restrictive condition, this new form will reduce to that of ADGF.
Adolescent Psychiatry as a product of contemporary Anglo-American society

Abstract Societies differ with respect to medical traditions. The kinds of healers and their emphases vary as a function of culture and social structure. In Western nations, a number of specialty disciplines have evolved. Psychiatry is a creation of the nineteenth century and linked to demographic and social changes of the period. Comparatively little attention has been given to the growth of Adolescent Psychiatry, a sub-discipline that has achieved definition in the last two decades. Its dependence on cultural and political economic transformations is unique insofar as it first required construction of its clientele, namely adolescence itself. The ‘disorders’ that are the focus of Adolescent Psychiatry appear to be very much linked symbolically and structurally to the unique social pressures impacting on this newly constructed group. The historical and cultural determinations of the developments that have culminated in the evolution of Adolescent Psychiatry are reviewed and discussed.
Effects of forest vegetation on spatial variability of surface mineral soil pH, soluble aluminum and carbon

The purpose of this study was to examine spatial variability in forest soils at several levels including variability due to soil structure, to the presence of individual trees and to populations of different species of trees. Both classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used. Soil chemical properties measured include pH and A1 and C in solution which was in equilibrium with the surface mineral soil. Results indicated that soil cores 1.8 cm in diameter were as effective as larger cores in incorporating variability in surface mineral soil pH. There was no spatial correlation in soil pH in samples separated by a distance of 20 to 360 cm. The presence of individual Norway spruce and red pine trees affected soil in their vicinity. Soil pH was depressed and soluble A1 elevated in soil near the base of the tree compared to soil 120 cm from the tree, independent of direction. In addition, in soil sampled at least 100 cm from the base of trees, pH was lower in Norway spruce compared to sugar maple plantations and soluble C was greater in red pine compared to Norway spruce plantations. It is concluded that in less than 50 yr the presence of individual trees and populations of different tree species can affect chemical properties of surface mineral soils. These effects should be considered in the design and interpretation of experiments.
Trusted computing and open source

Trusted computing can help defend Linux and other open source operating systems and applications from attack. It can help protect desktop and mobile Linux clients from on-line and off-line integrity and confidentiality attacks. It can measure and remotely attest to the integrity of a system. It can provide authentication mechanisms which are resistant to phishing and pharming attacks. This paper describes the features of Trusted Computing's Trusted Platform Module (TPM), shows how the TPM can provide these protections, and summarizes work in the open source community to implement them.
An iterative-improvement penalty-function-driven wire routing system

A wire routing system (VIKING) has been developed for interconnection packages. It uses iterative-improvement methods that allow "illegalities" (such as wire crossings within a plane) at intermediate stages of the routing, eliminates some drawbacks of conventional sequential routers, and extends the range of penalty functions with respect to which a wiring configuration can be optimized. Efficient routing in directionally uncommitted planes is provided; specification of preferred-direction (x and y) planes is optional but not required. Significant reductions in required manual embedding effort, number of vias required, routed wire length, and the number of signal planes required to wire a package, have been found, compared with sequential routers that have been used. Improved automatic control of electrical crosstalk noise has also been provided. In addition to presenting VIKING methods and results, we discuss other issues relating to wiring methods and global optimization. Application of these methods to chip design is also discussed.
Different treatment strategies for end stage renal disease in patients with transitional cell carcinoma.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Transitional cell carcinoma is the most common urinary tract cancer in Taiwanese patients on dialysis. It is a unique finding compared within Western countries. Due to this geographic difference and a higher recurrence rate a more extensive operation and aggressive followup protocols should be refined for these patients on dialysis.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients with transitional cell carcinoma who had end stage renal disease and underwent hemodialysis. Records were reviewed for hemodialysis duration, initial tumor location, tumor grade, stage, operative method, operative complication and final surgical status. Tumor grade and stage was determined by the WHO and proposed Jewett systems. Six patient groups were classified according to final surgical status for comparative analysis.Results: A total of 30 patients were included in this study. Painless gross hematuria and urethral bloody discharge were the most common complaints. Tumor i...
Diclazuril Protects against Maternal Gastrointestinal Syndrome and Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a common cause of foodborne, gastrointestinal and congenital syndrome with particularly severe or unknown health consequences. There is no safe and effective preventive or therapeutic modality against congenital toxoplasmosis or to eliminate the persistent chronic infection. Hypothesis: Diclazuril to be safe in pregnancy and effective against gastrointestinal toxoplasmosis. Methods: CD1 programmed pregnant mice were divided into groups and administered a diet containing diclazuril, or sham control. Treatments were initiated on Day 5 of pregnancy and continued until Day 16 when dams were euthanatized. On Day 8 of pregnancy dams were infected intraperitoneally with escalating doses of tachyzoites (0, 100, 300, 600) from Type II strain. Dams were monitored daily for distress, pain, and abortion and samples collected at the end of the experiments. Results: Infected dams developed moderate to severe Toxoplasma related complications in tachyzoites dose dependent manner. Animals became anemic and showed hydrothorax, and ascities. Diclazuril effectively protected dams from ascities and anemia (p < 0.05). Infected dams showed splenomegaly, with massive infiltration of epithelioid cells compared with the protective effect of diclazuril in treated animals. Infected dams exhibited severe hepatitis (score 0 to 4 scale = 3.5 ± 0.01) with influx of inflammatory and plasma cells, dysplastic hepatocytes, multinucleated giant cell transformation and hepatic cells necrosis. Diclazuril treatment significantly protected dams from hepatitis, also in tachyzoites dose (100, 300, 600) dependent manner (respectively infected-treated versus infected controls, p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Colonic tissues were significantly shortened in length, with infiltration of lymphocytes, and macrophages and microabscess formations in the cryptic structures, with significant improvement in diclazuril treated animals. Additionally, the number of fetuses, fetal length and fetal weight were preserved in diclazuril treated dams. Conclusions: This is the first report describing of diclazuril safety in pregnancy as well as efficacy against mild to moderate hepato-gastrointestinal syndrome in dams and fetal toxoplasmosis (Special issue, “Treatment of Liver Diseases”).
“Exact” shell model calculations and linked nuclear effective interactions

Abstract It is shown that so-called “exact” shell model calculations of spectra (diagonalizations) contain important unlinked terms which are due to space truncation. These terms render less interesting a comparison between the “exact” calculation of spectra and model space calculations with effective interactions containing linked terms only. The spectral calculations were performed in mass 6. The lowest order unlinked terms which arise in the “exact” calculation were calculated in mass 6 and mass 18.
Government Partisanship, Elections, and the Stock Market: Examining American and British Stock Returns, 1930–2000

We construct a model of speculative trading to examine how the mean and volatility of stock prices is affected both by government partisanship and by traders' expectations of electoral victory by the right-wing or left-wing party. Our model predicts that rational expectations of higher inflation under left-wing administrations lowers the volume of stocks traded in the stock market. The decline in trading volume leads to a decrease in the mean and volatility of stock prices not only during the incumbency of left-wing governments, but also when traders expect the left-wing party to win elections. Conversely, expectation of lower inflation under right-wing administrations leads to higher trading volume. This leads to an increase in the mean and volatility of stock prices during the tenure of right-wing governments and when traders anticipate the right-wing party to win elections. Daily and monthly data from U.S. and British equity markets between 1930 and 2000 statistically corroborate the predictions from our formal model.