cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Therapies in Brain Metastases

Brain metastases are a major clinical problem in patients with advanced breast cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Initial treatment for patients with brain metastases typically includes radiotherapy, either whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or both. Surgical resection is generally reserved for good prognosis patients with limited/controlled extracranial metastases and a single brain lesion. Once patients progress through upfront treatment, the treatment approach is quite variable and there is no clearly defined standard-of-care. Over the past decade, the role of systemic therapies and in particular, targeted therapies has been increasingly explored in patients with brain metastases from solid tumors. For example, lapatinib has been studied as monotherapy, and in combination with capecitabine, in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer, and activity has been observed in both the upfront and refractory settings. In patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), central nervous system (CNS) activity has been reported with gefinitib and erlotinib. Finally, in melanoma, the B-raf inhibitors vemurafenib and dabrafenib, and the immunomodulator, ipilumimab, have reported CNS activity. Moving forward, the challenge will be to understand how to optimize the activity of targeted agents in the CNS and how to best incorporate them into the current treatment paradigms in order to improve outcomes for this patient population.
Host Response to Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections of Current Clinical Importance

ABSTRACT The nontuberculous mycobacteria are a large group of acid-fast bacteria that are very widely distributed in the environment. While Mycobacterium avium was once regarded as innocuous, its high frequency as a cause of disseminated disease in HIV-positive individuals illustrated its potential as a pathogen. Much more recently, there is growing evidence that the incidence of M. avium and related nontuberculous species is increasing in immunocompetent individuals. The same has been observed for M. abscessus infections, which are very difficult to treat; accordingly, this review focuses primarily on these two important pathogens. Like the host response to M. tuberculosis infections, the host response to these infections is of the TH1 type but there are some subtle and as-yet-unexplained differences.
Energy: Natural limits and abundances

With the decline of ancient civilization—the successive incinerations of the great Library of Alexandria in the fourth century and the Moslem conquest of Egypt in the seventh—it remained for Persian and Arabian scholars to assemble, record, and continue to enlarge knowledge. The western world became aware of this heritage during the Crusades of the twelfth century when translations of Arabic records became available in Latin and various other tongues. These events provided the intellectual fuel for the Renaissance and eventually for the industrial revolution, which, according to so me, has about run its course. Today the Arabs are again influencing history. They are making us realize that industrialized society is critically dependent upon the natural abundance of fuels. Indeed, by their petroleum export policies, they have forced us to reexamine our patterns of living and our demands upon the resources of the earth.
Total recoil: perch compliance alters jumping performance and kinematics in green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis).

SUMMARY Jumping is a common form of locomotion for many arboreal animals. Many species of the arboreal lizard genus Anolis occupy habitats in which they must jump to and from unsteady perches, e.g. narrow branches, vines, grass and leaves. Anoles therefore often use compliant perches that could alter jump performance. In this study we conducted a small survey of the compliance of perches used by the arboreal green anole Anolis carolinensis in the wild (N=54 perches) and then, using perches within the range of compliances used by this species, investigated how perch compliance (flexibility) affects the key jumping variables jump distance, takeoff duration, takeoff angle, takeoff speed and landing angle in A. carolinensis in the laboratory (N=11). We observed that lizards lost contact with compliant horizontal perches prior to perch recoil, and increased perch compliance resulted in decreased jump distance and takeoff speed, likely because of the loss of kinetic energy to the flexion of the perch. However, the most striking effect of perch compliance was an unexpected one; perch recoil following takeoff resulted in the lizards being struck on the tail by the perch, even on the narrowest perches. This interaction between the perch and the tail significantly altered body positioning during flight and landing. These results suggest that although the use of compliant perches in the wild is common for this species, jumping from these perches is potentially costly and may affect survival and behavior, particularly in the largest individuals.
Role of SCF ubiquitin-ligase and the COP9 signalosome in the N gene-mediated resistance response to Tobacco mosaic virus.

The tobacco N gene confers resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and encodes a toll–interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide binding/Leu-rich repeat class protein. Recent evidence indicates that the Nicotiana benthamiana Rar1 gene (NbRar1), which encodes a protein with a zinc finger motif called CHORD (Cys- and His-rich domain), is required for the function of N. To investigate the role of NbRar1 in plant defense, we identified its interaction partners. We show that the NbRar1 protein interacts with NbSGT1, a highly conserved component of the SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex involved in protein degradation. In addition, we show that NbSGT1 interacts with NbSKP1. Suppression of NbSGT1 and NbSKP1 shows that these genes play an important role in the N-mediated resistance response to TMV. Both NbRar1 and NbSGT1 associate with the COP9 signalosome, another multiprotein complex involved in protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Silencing of the NbCOP9 signalosome also compromises N-mediated resistance to TMV. Our results reveal new roles for SCF and the COP9 signalosome in plant defense signaling.
Differential Transcriptional Regulation of Rat Vasopressin Gene Expression by Estrogen Receptor α and β1

Neuronal expression of vasopressin messenger RNA (mRNA) and peptide has been shown to be estrogen dependent. A 5.5-kb genomic DNA fragment, 5′ of the AVP coding region, was used in luciferase reporter assays to measure transcriptional activation by either estrogen receptor α orβ in response to various treatments. ERα and ERβ displayed differential regulation of the AVP promoter. SK-N-SH cells transfected with ERα exhibited increased luciferase activity in response to estrogen, and the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), Tamoxifen, and ICI 182,780. Cells transfected with ERβ exhibited a high constitutive activity, which is unchanged by exposure to SERMs but can be inhibited by estrogen. Deletion of 1.5 kb from the 5′ end or mutation of a single estrogen response element (ERE)-like sequence resulted in loss of estrogen-dependent induction by ERα and increased the ability of estrogen to inhibit the high constitutive activity of ERβ. The distal ERE-containing 1.5-kb fragment, when coupled to lucif...
Elastoplastic finite element analyses of metal deformations using polycrystal constitutive models

A finite element formulation using an elastoplastic polycrystal constitutive theory is presented. The crystal constitutive equations are expressed in an intermediate configuration obtained by unloading the deformed crystal without rotation from the current configuration to a stress-free state through small elastic strains. These constitutive relations and an associated integration procedure are implemented in a pressure-velocity (mixed) finite element formulation. Both small scale (finite element dimensions comparable to crystal dimensions) and large scale (finite element dimensions much larger than the crystal size) problems are solved to illustrate the formulation's application to metal deformations, including the determination of the R-value in a tensile specimen and the prediction of residual stresses in a thick ring deformed in an upsetting operation.
Equivalence of Pepin's and the Lucas-Lehmer tests

Pepin's test provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a Fermat number to be prime. The Lucas-Lehmer test does similarly for a Mersenne number. These tests share a common nature. However, this is evident neither by their usual statements nor their usual treatment in the literature. Furthermore, it is unusual to even find a proof of the latter result in elementary textbooks. The intent of this paper is to bring to light the equivalent structure of these two primality tests.
Concomitant Wolff-Parkinson-White and Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia: Which Pathway to Ablate?

Patient: Male, 54 Final Diagnosis: WPW and AVNRT Symptoms: Palpitations • shorthness of breath Medication: — Clinical Procedure: EP Study/Radiofrequency Ablation Specialty: Cardiology Objective: Rare co-existance of disease or pathology Background: Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common form of supraventricular tachycardia. In contrast, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern consists of an accessory pathway, which may result in the development of ventricular arrhythmias. Frequent tachycardia caused by AVNRT and accessory pathways may play a role in left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Case Report: A 54-year-old man presented with palpitations and acute decompensated congestive heart failure. His baseline EKG showed Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) pattern. While hospitalized, he had an episode of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). He underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for AVNRT, and his accessory pathway was also ablated even though its conduction was found to be weak. He was clinically doing well on follow-up visit, with resolution of his heart failure symptoms and normalization of left ventricular function on echocardiography. Conclusions: This case raises the question whether the accessory pathway plays a role in the development of systolic dysfunction, and if there is any role for ablation in patients with asymptomatic WPW pattern.
Fungal Pathogens of Plants in the Homogocene

As the pace of biotic homogenization has accelerated over time, the threat of novel phytopathogens has become a question of growing importance for mycologists and plant pathologists. Meanwhile, this question is but one of a whole set of related questions that invasion biologists are attempting to answer. Pathogen release is of interest to both sets of scientists because it provides a measure of the extent to which previously isolated mycobiotas have undergone cryptic homogenization, and at the same time it is the basis for a promising hypothesis to explain plant invasions. We argue that only a fraction of all first encounters between novel pathogens and evolutionarily naive plants could result in susceptible outcomes. This is analogous to the fact that only a fraction of all plant introductions result in plant invasions.
Changes in the Cognitive Complexity of English Instruction: The Moderating Effects of School and Classroom Characteristics

Background/ContextA central aim of standards-based reform is to close achievement gaps by raising academic standards for all students. Rigorous standards coupled with aligned assessments will purpo...
SDN-based resilience for smart grid communications

With the recent advances in SDN-based technologies, there is a great interest from different communities to exploit SDN for their domain needs. One of such domains is Smart Grid where the underlying network is going through a massive upgrade to enable not only faster and reliable communications but also convenient control. To this end, SDN can be a viable option to provide resilience in Smart Grid SCADA and distribution networks. In this demo, we present such an opportunity by utilizing SDN for redundant communications. Specifically, we introduce multiple connection interfaces among distribution substations. In case of any failures of the wired connection, the backup connection that uses a wireless interface will be enabled by using an Open Daylight SDN controller. To be able to show this, we integrate a network simulator, namely, ns-3 with Mininet.
Surgical Training in the United States: Is It Time for a Paradigm Shift?

The current paradigm of surgical training in the United States is based on a system that William Halsted introduced when he assumed the leadership role as the surgeon-in-chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1889. Dr Halsted modeled the Hopkins training program after what he had observed in Europe at that time, especially in Berlin. Before this time, finishing medical students interested in surgical training in the US generally undertook an apprenticeship for 1 or several years with a surgeon they happened to locate, if they were lucky enough to find an available position. The training was haphazard and the finished product, most felt, was poor. In addition to introducing formalized training, Halsted was responsible for many of the early important developments in surgery in the US, and is known for the successful development and introduction of a number of surgical procedures, including inguinal hernia repair, cholecystectomy, radical mastectomy, and aneurysm repair, among others. Halsted is probably best known for the system of training that he introduced, in which medical graduates entered a university-sponsored, hospital-based, training program, which, over a several-year period of increasing responsibility, slowly led to the training of young surgeons who were well versed in anatomy, pathology, and physiology, in addition to the conduct of operative procedures. The training culminated in a final period of near total independence and autonomous activity. This system has essentially persisted since that time, although the pyramidal nature of the training process, in which a smaller number of trainees were allowed to progress through training each year, has been replaced by a rectangular design. In addition, there is much less autonomy for senior surgical residents than in years past, due, in
The Environment and Sustainability in the Urban Arena

In early fall of 2013 in the Front Range of Colorado, several communities experienced intense rainfall over a three-day period, exceeding annual average precipitation rates. Extensive damage occurred to roads, infrastructure, parks, river corridors, homes and business throughout the region. Across the U.S. and in other nations, as population increases in flood-prone areas, flood risks and vulnerability are increasing as well. Successful response to extreme events may be due to policy learning – changes of beliefs, attitudes, behaviors, and goals – in response to new information and experiences. This learning can at times lead to adaptation of local policies to increase the resilience of communities faced with risk from extreme events. Through the reflection on and modification of former policies, and the adoption of new policies, communities may adapt and become more resilient. The extent of policy learning may depend on how communities engage with stakeholders and the public in post-disaster recovery. Using a comparative in-depth case study approach of seven Colorado communities, this study examines how communities actively engage stakeholders and the public in decision processes after an extreme event.
Queering Whiteness: The Peculiar Case of the Women's National Basketball Association:

This article offers an investigation of the Women's National Basketball Association's marketing discourses and provides historical and contemporary contexts to illuminate the complex articulations of race and sexuality imagined via representations of the league and its players. Proposing to “queer whiteness” by deploying particular inflections of the word queer, this article makes visible the ways in which discourses related to heterosexuality and whiteness assist marketers in advertising the league as a “mainstream” and therefore salable event. Marketers thus participate in and advance a representational politics that elevates the importance of maternity and morality as emblematic of the WNBA's idealized image of the “good girl,” especially the “good white girl.” This constant emphasis on the players' moral attributes and family values helps to distance the league from projections of alleged deviance imagined to be embodied by “fatal women”—that is, bodies marked as black and lesbian—the alleged obverse ...
Pentagastrin-Stimulated Incorporation of 14C-Orotic Acid into RNA of Gastric and Duodenal Mucosa

SummaryFasted rats were injected 3 times over a 24 hr period with either pentagastrin, saline or histamine. 14C-Orotic acid was injected 1 hr prior to sacrifice. The incorporation of orotic acid into phenol extracted RNA was determined for gastric and duodenal mucosa and the liver. Pentagastrin injected animals incorporated 3 times as much orotic acid into RNA of the gastric and twice as much into RNA of the duodenal mucosa when compared to saline or histamine injected controls. Incorporation of orotic acid into liver RNA was not affected by pentagastrin.We conclude that pentagastrin stimulates the incorporation of orotic acid into mucosal RNA of the upper gastrointestinal tract and that is probably indicative of induction of RNA synthesis. These findings support the current evidence and hypothesis (3) that gastrin is a trophic hormone for gastric and duodenal mucosa.
Vocalizations of Common Ravens in Virginia

--I tape recorded 1,210 vocalizations and observed the behavior of Common Ravens (Corvus corax) in southwestern Virginia from 1972 through 1976. Eighteen call types were identified and observed in conjunction with behavior at a communal roost, a landfill, and nest sites. I speculate that different call types were associated with excitement, agonistic interactions, aggression, alert, courtship, submission, and thwarting. Common Ravens in Virginia and handreared, captive ravens in Germany shared six call types, suggesting that the use of these call types may be innate. Although Common Ravens in Virginia, Alaska, and Germany gave many similar call types, locally learned call types may be present in each geographic area. Numbers of shared call types suggest that vocal behavior of ravens in Virginia resembles that of other North American ravens more than European ravens. The diversity and complexity of Common Raven (Corvus corax) vocal behavior have interested ornithologists and ethologists for years. Although ravens may be locally numerous at food sources, such as dumps (Mylne 1961, Dorn 1972, Brown 1974, Conner et al. 1975), and at communal nocturnal roosts (Cushing 1941, Coombes 1948, Lucid and Conner 1974), their populations are typically of low density, especially during the nesting season (Hooper et al. 1975). Their sparsity in number, coupled with their high intelligence (Bent 1946, Knight and Call 1980, Bruemmer 1984), extreme wariness, and frequently inaccessible nest sites, make it difficult to record their vocalizations within social context. Gwinner (1964) attempted to overcome these obstacles by studying hand-reared, captive ravens, but normal behavior and related vocalizations could have been altered by captivity. Studies in North America by Dorn (1972) and Brown (1974) included some aspects of Common Raven vocal behavior. Dorn recorded and made audiospectrograms of several different vocalizations, but he was unable to detect distinct behavioral associations with them. Brown (1974) recorded and made audiospectrograms on about 25 different vocalizations and described, in detail and when possible, display postures associated with many of the calls and their behavioral context. The Common Raven population in the central Appalachians is disjunct from the rest of the population in Canada and the United States (AOU 1983). Thus, vocal behavior of Common Ravens in Virginia may differ from other North American populations as well as from those in Europe. I sought to document the vocalizations and their social context in these birds, and compare my observations with those of comparable studies in North America and Europe. I was particularly interested to see how Gwinner's (1964) findings on hand-reared, captive ravens applied to wild ravens. Such comparisons may provide insight on determining which aspects of raven vocal behavior are innate and which are learned.
The complex distribution of arterial system mechanical properties, pulsatile hemodynamics, and vascular stresses emerges from three simple adaptive rules.

Arterial mechanical properties, pulsatile hemodynamic variables, and mechanical vascular stresses vary significantly throughout the systemic arterial system. Although the fundamental principles gov...
Unfolding of Hydrated Alkyl Diammonium Cations Revealed by Cryogenic Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry

Hydration of the ammonium ion plays a key role in determining the biomolecular structure as well as local structure of water in aqueous environments. Experimental data obtained by cryogenic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (cryo-IM-MS) show that dehydration of alkyl diammonium cations induces a distinct unfolding transition at a critical number of water molecules, n = 21 to 23, n = 24 to 26, and n = 27 to 29, for 1,7-diaminoheptane, 1,8-diaminooctane, and 1,10-diaminodecane, respectively. Results are also presented that reveal compelling evidence for unique structural transitions of hydrated ammonium ions associated with the development of the hydrogen-bond network around individual charged groups. The ability to track the evolution of structure upon stepwise dehydration provides direct insight into the intricate interplay between solvent–molecule interactions that are responsible for defining conformations. Such insights are potentially valuable in understanding how ammonium ion solvation influences confor...
Monitoring of resistance of Anopheles sinensis to deltamethrin in Hubei province,China

ObjectiveTo investigate the resistance of Anopheles sinensis to deltamethrin and provide baseline data for proper use of insecticide.MethodsThe filter paper contact method for adult mosquitoes, as recommended by WHO, was used to determine the time for initial knockdown, knockdown rate, and mortality of An. sinensis, and the levels of resistance were determined based on the discriminating doses.ResultsFor the An. sinensis in Jiangling county, Xiangzhou district, Zaoyang city, Tongcheng county, Tianmen city, Yiling district, Wuxue city, Guangshui city, Zengdu district, Jingshan county, and Enshi city, the time for initial knockdownby deltamethrin was 6, 20, 11, 9, 20, 6, 30, 5, 14, 25, and 23 min, respectively; the knockdown rate caused by deltamethrin at 60 min was 9.62%, 7.69%, 14.55%, 2.11%, 3.00%, 48.94%, 2.80%, 10.78%, 14.00%, 1.00%, and 3.06%, respectively. The mortality of An. sinensis at the discriminating dose of deltamethrin was less than 50.00% in all sampling areas except for Enshi where the mortality was 70.85%.ConclusionThe resistance of An. sinensis to deltamethrin in Hubei province was high and the spreading of resistance was rapid. Thus, we should strengthen the monitoring of insecticide resistance and implement strategic dosing of insecticide to achieve better control effect.
All vulvar lesions should be biopsied. Basal cell carcinoma--an example of the futility of diagnosis by gross appearance.

Abstract Gross polymorphism of basal cell carcinoma of the vulva as well as all vulvar lesions call for biopsy of any suspicious areas in that region. In most instances local excision is satisfactory treatment. Close follow-up is necessary as the recurrence rate is approximately 20 per cent even when the lesion is completely resected.
Stability of Baroclinic Vortices on the β Plane and Implications for Transport

AbstractThis paper explores stability of and transport by baroclinic vortices on the β plane using a two-layer, quasigeostrophic model. The study adapts a wave–mean flow formalism and examines interactions between the axisymmetric flow (“the vortex”) and residuals (“the waves”). Unlike baroclinically unstable vortices on the f plane, such vortices on the β plane can be also vulnerable to barotropic instability as revealed by the globally integrated energy balance analysis. The spatial structure of energy fluxes shows the energy leakage inside the vortex core when its breakdown occurs. Mixing by stable and unstable vortical flows is quantified through the computation of finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) maps. Depending on the strength of wave radiation, the upper-layer FTLE maps of stable vortices show either an annulus or volute ring of vigorous mixing inside the vortex interior. This ring region is disrupted when the vortex becomes unstable. Both stable and unstable vortices show the wavy patterns of ...
Forgiveness Ancient and Modern

Ancient pagan notions of forgiveness are a vast and poorly studied topic. That such notions existed is more than merely probable. The vocabulary for them was in place, along with a cluster of related notions – pardon, mercy, pity, compassion, apology, debt relief, excuse, among others – as was a sophisticated understanding of the emotions (in particular, retributive anger) to which forgiveness somehow responds. Similarly, the ends that forgiveness proposes, such as reconciliation, peace, and certainly the forswearing of revenge, were well understood. I very much doubt that there existed a single view on any of these topics (something like “the ancient pagan view”), though establishing that point would require a careful and comprehensive study of ancient literature, law court speeches and jurisprudence, the writings of the historians and physicians, and of course the philosophical texts. As is true in respect of other ideas, it would not surprise if the philosophers rejected or modified common views about forgiveness and related notions. Nonetheless, such notions did circulate in pre-Christian pagan thought and culture (counting here the Roman as well as Greek), contrary to common wisdom. Another vast territory stretches between them and Bishop Butler's influential eighteenth-century account, examined in the secoond section of this chapter. I doubt that there existed a single view about our topics during that long period – Christian “forgiveness” too has an interesting conceptual history.
Dawn Safing Approach to Ceres Re-Design

In mid-2014 the Dawn team finalized preparations for the spacecraft’s approach to Ceres. The design was the product of careful planning that began several years in advance, when the spacecraft left Vesta in September 2012. However, a few months prior to the anticipated start of approach, the spacecraft entered a safe mode. While temporary loss of thrust for ion propulsion missions is usually not mission-critical, it still presents many challenges. The safing event occurred at a time when thrusting to match Ceres’ orbital velocity was most effective, which meant the spacecraft must fly past Ceres before capturing into orbit. The new approach geometry changed the team’s strategy for navigating the spacecraft safely into orbit around Ceres with optical data. In this paper we describe the challenges of navigating the Dawn spacecraft into orbit around Ceres, including the safing event and re-design of the approach architecture.
The Temporal Behaviour of the Cardiac Electric Field

The cardiac electric field represents a biological realization of a physically defined electrical field. Therefore its generation is performed by the electrical properties of a source which extends its efficiency over a conducting medium. The source is determined by its localization and strength. The conductor influences the resulting field by its conductivity and boundaries.
The association between aerobic fitness and congruency sequence effects in preadolescent children

Aerobic fitness has previously been related to cognitive control in preadolescents; however, these investigations have generally relied on global measures of performance. Thus, we have little understanding of how aerobic fitness may relate to trial-by-trial modulations in cognitive control. This study utilized congruency sequence effects (CSEs), which characterize how behavior on the current trial is influenced by the previous trial, to investigate the relation of aerobic fitness on varying levels of cognitive control. One hundred eighty-seven children completed tests of aerobic fitness and a flanker task. Regressions were performed to determine relationships between CSE sequences and aerobic fitness while controlling for other potential confounding factors (e.g., age, sex, IQ). Lower-fit children were less able to modulate cognitive control during sequences requiring relatively less cognitive control. Additionally, lower-fit children were less able to adjust for variable levels of cognitive control during relatively more difficult sequences. Lastly, lower-fit children had longer reaction times (RTs) for all sequences in the condition requiring greater amounts of cognitive control. These findings corroborate the importance of aerobic fitness for cognitive control in school-aged children, and extend the literature by demonstrating a relationship between fitness and trial-by-trial modulations in control demands.
K-Channel: A Multifunctional Architecture for Dynamically Reconfigurable Sample Processing in Droplet Microfluidics.

By rapidly creating libraries of thousands of unique, miniaturized reactors, droplet microfluidics provides a powerful method for automating high-throughput chemical analysis. In order to engineer in-droplet assays, microfluidic devices must add reagents into droplets, remove fluid from droplets, and perform other necessary operations, each typically provided by a unique, specialized geometry. Unfortunately, modifying device performance or changing operations usually requires re-engineering the device among these specialized geometries, a time-consuming and costly process when optimizing in-droplet assays. To address this challenge in implementing droplet chemistry, we have developed the “K-channel,” which couples a cross-channel flow to the segmented droplet flow to enable a range of operations on passing droplets. K-channels perform reagent injection (0–100% of droplet volume), fluid extraction (0–50% of droplet volume), and droplet splitting (1:1–1:5 daughter droplet ratio). Instead of modifying device...
Attractiveness of the male Acheta domesticus calling song to females

1. Most crickets first demonstrated positive phonotaxis to 65 dB CSs having a 53–62 ms SP by day 3 following the imaginal molt (Fig. 3B). The onset of copulatory readiness occurred on average at 3.2 days. 2. The attractive range of SPs for most females became progressively broader as they aged (Fig. 4). Three to 4-day-old females were attracted to a smaller number of CS SPs than were 20–21 day old females (Fig. 4). 3. Older, less selective females did not typically respond to the same range of CS SPs (Fig. 6). However, they were more likely to respond to some SPs (especially 50 ms) than to others (Fig. 7). 4. The phonotactic threshold decreased from 95 dB or greater on day 0 to a mean of 55 dB by day 3, during a period of increasing JHIII biosynthesis, and thereafter remained at that level (Fig. 8). 5. During a period of maximal JHIII production, 3–5 day-old females usually responded to 4 of the 7 SPs presented (Fig. 8). Females older than 12 days were unselective for CS SP, and JHIII synthesis remained at a level below the peak production on day 4 (Fig. 8). 6. Older females, that were unselective for CS SP, became as selective as 3 to 5-day-old females within 4 days of topical application of JHIII (Figs. 9–11).
The impact of immigrant acculturation and job search information on entrepreneurship opportunity

Fostering immigrant entrepreneurship is a key factor to building a stronger business community, yet we know very little about the many factors that influence immigrants' decision to engage in entrepreneurial activities. By focusing on how cultural context influences opportunity recognition, this paper looks at how acculturation is negatively related to business ownership in recent Mexican immigrants in the USA. The results supported both the direct negative relationship between acculturation and entrepreneurship and the moderating relationship, which weakens the relationship when the immigrant has access to a greater variety of sources of information about job opportunities. These findings contribute to research in entrepreneurship which considers the influence of the context on individual's ability and willingness to engage in entrepreneurial activities.
Commentary: Studying and Testing the Positive Youth Development Model: A Tale of Two Approaches

Interest in promoting positive development among children and adolescents has always been a focus of developmental science. Historically, many researchers framed this interest using a deficit model that sought to optimize positive development by reducing problems. In the context of the articles in this special section, the author discuss a different conception of positive youth development that has emerged across the past 25 years, one that capitalizes on human plasticity and tests a strength-based model (instead of a deficit one). This model seeks to identify the process that could enhance the attributes of young people that are valued by them and others (e.g., parents, peers, teachers, mentors, coaches, and faith leaders), as compared to processes that reduce or prevent undesirable characteristics.
A slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide dual-band filter

This paper presents a dual-band filter using complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) based on slow-wave substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. Compared to conventional SIW the proposed topology includes internal metalized vias connected to the bottom metalized layer thus confining the electric fields in the upper layer, while the magnetic field is present throughout the whole substrate. By loading CSRRs on the top metal surface of this slow-wave medium, two pass bands propagating below the waveguide cutoff frequency can be generated. This novel topology allows relatively independent control over the centre frequency by tuning the internal metalized via heights and separation of CSRRs. Finite-element based electromagnetic simulations show that, the filter offers several advantages in terms of compact size, good selectivity and stopband rejection, as well as frequency tunability.
CAD-Based Virtual Humans : Design and Safety Assessment of MRI Coils

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a ubiquitous tool used in clinical settings around the world to provide detailed three-dimensional information on the internal anatomy and physiology of human patients without the use of ionizing radiation, which is the primary safety concern associated with computed tomography. This information is obtained noninvasively and can be used in the diagnosis of pathological conditions as well as the monitoring of treatments.
A Vote for School Lunches: School Lunches Provide Superior Nutrient Quality than Lunches Obtained from Other Sources in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Children

Childhood obesity is an ongoing public health program. As such, a major public health research objective is to identify potential targets for intervention; one such area is school lunches (SL). The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) serves over 31 million children each day; the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is uniquely positioned to allow researchers to assess diet quality in federal nutrition assistance programs. The objective of the study was to investigate whether lunches provided by schools provide different nutritional value than lunches obtained elsewhere. In a nationally representative sample of 2190 children, consumption of a school-provided lunch (SL) was associated with greater nutritional quality compared to lunches obtained elsewhere across both age and income categories. Children who were eligible for no-cost school lunch, but did not participate in the NSLP consumed approximately 60% more energy, 58% more total fat, 60% more saturated fat, 50% more solid fat, 61% more sodium, double the amount of added sugars and less than half the amount of fruit than NSLP participants (all p < 0.001). The results of this study suggest that though widely criticized, school lunches provide superior nutrient quality than lunches obtained from other sources, particularly for low-income children.
Land Markets and Land Access Among Female-Headed Households in Northwestern Tanzania

Summary Land markets can potentially improve land access for female-headed households if markets exhibit less restrictive gender norms around land ownership, as compared with non-market-based systems of allocation. At the same time, land markets may not operate in a gender-neutral manner, with restrictions beyond the market continuing to influence the options of female-headed households. Using both qualitative data and household survey data collected in 2014 and 2015, this paper explores the extent and manner in which female heads participate in the sales and rental markets in northwestern Tanzania. A qualitative analysis reveals that female heads do engage with the market, although they find it most difficult to mobilize the necessary capital to participate as buyers or renters. Women also seem to face unique restrictions on selling land. Regression results show that female heads use the market to augment a small land endowment left from their marriage, and this is particularly true for divorced or separated women. However, female-headed households remain somewhat marginalized in terms of market participation. Our study shows that female heads in Tanzania are far from sidelined in the land market, though the “rules” of market engagement are decidedly nuanced.
Triple-negative breast cancer targeting and killing by EpCAM-directed, plasmonically active nanodrug systems.

An ongoing need for new cancer therapeutics exists, especially ones that specifically home and target triple-negative breast cancer. Because triple-negative breast cancer express low or are devoid of estrogen, progesterone, or Her2/Neu receptors, another target must be used for advanced drug delivery strategies. Here, we engineered a nanodrug delivery system consisting of silver-coated gold nanorods (AuNR/Ag) targeting epithelial cell adhesion/activating molecule (EpCAM) and loaded with doxorubicin. This nanodrug system, AuNR/Ag/Dox-EpCAM, was found to specifically target EpCAM-expressing tumors compared to low EpCAM-expressing tumors. Namely, the nanodrug had an effective dose (ED50) of 3 μM in inhibiting 4T1 cell viability and an ED50 of 110 μM for MDA-MD-231 cells. Flow cytometry data indicated that 4T1 cells, on average, express two orders of magnitude more EpCAM than MDA-MD-231 cells, which correlates with our ED50 findings. Moreover, due to the silver coating, the AuNR/Ag can be detected simultaneously by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and photoacoustic microscopy. Analysis by these imaging detection techniques as well as by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed that the targeted nanodrug system was taken up by EpCAM-expressing cells and tumors at significantly higher rates than untargeted nanoparticles (p < 0.05). Thus, this approach establishes a plasmonically active nanodrug theranostic for triple-negative breast cancer and, potentially, a delivery platform with improved multimodal imaging capability for other clinically relevant chemotherapeutics with dose-limiting toxicities, such as platinum-based or taxane-based therapies. Silver-coated gold nanorods deliver drugs to a difficult-to-treat breast cancer by targeting an over-expressed antigen on its surface. Ruud Dings and colleagues at the University of Arkansas in the USA loaded the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin onto silver-coated gold nanorods that were conjugated with an antibody that specifically targets an over-expressed antigen on many types of ‘triple-negative breast cancers’ (TNBCs). Unlike other breast cancers, TNBCs lack certain receptors, making them difficult to target with cancer therapies. The team found that one of the two TNBC cell lines studied over-expressed the epithelial antigen EpCAM 100 times more than the other. Their drug-loaded silver-coated gold nanorods specifically targeted the EpCAM over-expressing cells over the low-expressing ones. The nanorods’ coatings also allowed them to be easily detected by two different imaging techniques: surfaced-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and photoacoustic microscopy.
“So that his mind will open”: Parental perceptions of early childhood education in urbanizing Ghana

Abstract As policy makers and practitioners work to increase access to early childhood education (ECE) and to improve the quality of existing services, it is important that the field consider the perspective of a key stakeholder: parents. This study analyzes 33 interviews with parents of young children in urban Ghana. The interviews investigate (1) what parents believe to be the purpose of ECE, and (2) parents’ perspective on what and how young children should learn. Results are analyzed around five themes: play, homework, mobility, language and diversity, and age of entry into school. Implications for global ECE policy are discussed.
Poor targeting: A gridded spatial analysis of the degree to which aid reaches the poor in Africa

Abstract The effects of most kinds of project aid decline over distance, so in order for aid to help the poor it must be targeted to the places where the poor live. This paper examines if aid from the World Bank and African Development Bank flows to the relatively poor within African countries. The unit of analysis is an approximately 50 km × 50 km cell that is tiled across the continent to form a grid of roughly 10,500 cells. I aggregate geotagged aid from each donor into the grid cells in three ways: a binary measure marking if a cell received any aid, the count of aid projects per cell, and each cell’s dollar value of aid. I operationalize poverty at the grid cell level in five ways: light at night, mean travel time from the cell to a major city, distance from the centroid of the cell to the recipient’s capital city, and cell-level estimates of child malnutrition and infant mortality. I test for the influence of each poverty variable in models that control for the population within each cell and include recipient country fixed effects. Aid flows to richer rather than poorer cells.
Comparing and Evaluating Points of View

This chapter offers different ways of comparing metaphysical points of view, and distinguishing between weak and strong notions of comparison. These encompass a spectrum of incompatibility to full agreement, distinguishing different ontological requirements that points of view must demonstrate in different occasions. Besides being the fundamental ground for everything else to sustain contingent and non-hierarchical relations between them, a description of Modal Perspectivism, which solves the problem of perspectival invariance, closes the chapter.
Initial development of the DIII–D snowflake divertor control

Simultaneous control of two proximate magnetic field nulls in the divertor region is demonstrated on DIII–D to enable plasma operations in an advanced magnetic configuration known as the snowflake divertor (SFD). The SFD is characterized by a second-order poloidal field null, created by merging two first-order nulls of the standard divertor configuration. The snowflake configuration has many magnetic properties, such as high poloidal flux expansion, large plasma-wetted area, and additional strike points, that are advantageous for divertor heat flux management in future fusion reactors. However, the magnetic configuration of the SFD is highly-sensitive to changes in currents within the plasma and external coils and therefore requires complex magnetic control. The first real-time snowflake detection and control system on DIII–D has been implemented in order to stabilize the configuration. The control algorithm calculates the position of the two nulls in real-time by locally-expanding the Grad–Shafranov equation in the divertor region. A linear relation between variations in the poloidal field coil currents and changes in the null locations is then analytically derived. This formulation allows for simultaneous control of multiple coils to achieve a desired SFD configuration. It is shown that the control enabled various snowflake configurations on DIII–D in scenarios such as the double-null advanced tokamak. The SFD resulted in a 2.5× reduction in the peak heat flux for many energy confinement times (2–3 s) without any adverse effects on core plasma performance.
Meal and snack-time eating disorder cognitions predict eating disorder behaviors and vice versa in a treatment seeking sample: A mobile technology based ecological momentary assessment study.

Abstract Individuals with eating disorders experience high anxiety when eating, which may contribute to the high relapse rates seen in the eating disorders. However, it is unknown if specific cognitions associated with such anxiety (e.g., fears of gaining weight) may lead to engagement in eating disorder behaviors (e.g., weighing oneself). Participants (N = 66) recently treated at a residential eating disorder facility and diagnosed with an eating disorder (primarily anorexia nervosa; n = 40; 60.6%) utilized a mobile application to answer questions about mealtime cognitions, anxiety, and eating disorder behaviors four times a day for one week. Hierarchical linear models using cross-lag analyses identified that there were quasi-causal (and sometimes reciprocal) within-person relationships between specific eating disorder cognitions and subsequent eating disorder behaviors. These cognitions predicted higher anxiety during the next meal and eating disorder pathology at one-month follow-up. Interventions personalized to target these specific cognitions in real time might reduce eating disorder relapse.
Perioperative Medication Management: Reconciling Differences across Clinical Sites

Medication reconciliation (MedRec) is a mission-critical process which can serve to reduce adverse drug events (ADEs) in surgical settings. However, providing quality care is limited by current hea...
Beyond Simple Rule Extraction: Acquiring Planning Knowledge from Neural Networks

This paper discusses learning in hybrid models that goes beyond simple classification rule extraction from backpropagation networks. Although simple rule extraction has received a lot of research attention, we need to further develop hybrid learning models that learn autonomously and acquire both symbolic and subsymbolic knowledge. It is also necessary to study autonomous learning of both subsymbolic and symbolic knowledge in integrated architectures. This paper will describe planning knowledge extraction from neural reinforcement learning that goes beyond extracting simple rules. It includes two approaches towards extracting planning knowledge: the extraction of symbolic rules from neural reinforcement learning, and the extraction of complete plans. This work points to a general framework for achieving the subsymbolic to symbolic transition in an integrated autonomous learning framework.