cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth, Movement, and Catch of Brook, Rainbow, and Brown Trout after Stocking into a Large, Marginally Suitable Adirondack River

Abstract Poststocking growth, movement, and catch were compared among hatchery brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout Salmo trutta in a fifth-order river. Associations of species, size, and stocking date with angler catch were also examined. The river is episodically acidified, and during summer it approaches lethal maximum temperatures for trout. Catchable-sized brook and rainbow trout (168–458 mm total length) were stocked in the late spring of 1996 and 1997. Brown trout were stocked only in 1997. Fish were marked with visible implant tags and were recovered through October of each year. All three species had negative daily growth rates in weight over the summer and early fall. Rainbow trout stocked in 1997 tended to move downstream after stocking, whereas the other groups showed no strong movement trend. Recovery rates significantly differed between brook and brown trouts stocked in early June and those fish stocked in late May. Large (>300-mm) rainbow tro...
Optical quadratic processor using four-wave mixing in BaTiO(3).

A method has been demonstrated for performing quadratic operations by using four-wave mixing in BaTiO3 crystals. The processor performs a parallel vector–matrix–vector multiplication. System operation and performance are discussed.
Insulin and hydrocortisone influences on cultured rat tongue epithelium.

Abstract Rat tongue epithelium was separated from underlying connective tissue by trypsinization, dispersed into single cells and small clusters and plated on cellulose acetate-nitrate filters, collagen gels or plastic substrate in serum-supplemented media. Morphologically, abundance of growth and stratification of epithelium was greatest on floating collagen gels, intermediate on plastic and least on the filters. Cultures on the plastic substrate were used to test the effects of insulin, hydrocortisone, dimethyl sulphoxide, glucose and soybean trypsin inhibitor upon epithelial outgrowth. Cultures were plated at the same density, grown to partial con-fluency, and analysed with a superimposed point lattice to determine the fraction of total subsurface covered. Cells cultured 1.25 − 5 × 105 cells/cm2 in serum-supplemented αMEM or McCoy's 5A media produced the best outgrowth. Additional insulin supplementation at 40 μg/ml gave better outgrowth than 400 or 4 μg/ml within the first week. Insulin at 40 μg/ml also gave better outgrowth than a mixed insulin-hydrocortisone supplement at three different levels or than hydrocortisone supplement alone at three different levels. When 0.5 per cent DMSO was added to any of these supplementary formulas, epithelial outgrowth was reduced compared with the same formulae without DMSO. Addition of three times the formula level of glucose also reduced epithelial outgrowth. Addition of soybean trypsin inhibitor to αMEM supplemented with insulin, but not fetal calf serum, caused increased epithelial outgrowth. These findings helped define appropriate conditions for cell attachment, migration, proliferation and differentiation of primary rat tongue epithelial cultures.
Optimal buffer allocation in production lines

The optimal allocation of buffers in production lines is an important research issue in the design of a manufacturing system. We present a new hybrid algorithm for this complex design problem: the hybrid Nested Partitions (NP) and Tabu Search (TS) method. The Nested Partitions method is globally convergent and can utilize many of the existing heuristic methods to speed up its convergence. In this paper, we incorporate the Tabu Search heuristic into the NP framework and demonstrate through numerical examples that using the hybrid method results in superior solutions. Our numerical results illustrate that the new algorithm is very efficient for buffer allocation problems in large production lines.
Wrist arthropathy in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease is associated with chondrocalcinosis and a characteristic radiographic abnormality. In the wrist this abnormality consists of radiocarpal joint narrowing, sclerosis, and subchondral cystic degeneration of the carpal bones. These changes sometimes occur in the absence of chondrocalcinosis. Two investigate the significance of this occurrence, 18 patients with the radiographic abnormality of radiocarpal joint narrowing, sclerosis, and subchondral cystic degeneration were examined. Six had neither local wrist nor distant chondrocalcinosis. Five of the latter had wrist arthrocentesis and 4 had calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease can occur in the absence of chondrocalcinosis and the diagnosis is strongly suggested by a characteristic radiographic picture.
Effect of Temperature and Added Polyphosphate on the Survival of Salmonellae in Poultry Meat during Cold Storage

1 The behaviour of five salmonella serotypes in minced chicken breast (pH 5.8) and leg muscle (pH 6.4) held at 1 °C, -2 °C, -5 °C and -20 °C was studied with and without the addition of 0.35% polyphosphate (Puron 604). 2 In the absence of polyphosphate, survival of the test organisms was greater in breast than in leg muscle at all four temperatures, but was greatest at -20 °C in both types of muscle and least at -2 °C and -5 °C, just above and below the freezing point of the muscle. 3 Addition of polyphosphate increased the death rate of the salmonellae in breast muscle held at -2 °C and to a lesser extent at -20 °C but had little or no effect in leg muscle or in breast held at 1 °C or -5 °C.
Continuation of periodic solutions in three dimensions

Abstract We use the methods of symplectic scaling and reduction to show that the reduced spatial three-body problem with one small mass is to the first approximation the product of the spatial restricted three-body problem and a harmonic oscillator. This allows us to prove that a nondegenerate periodic solution of the spatial restricted three-body problem can be continued into the reduced three-body problem with one small mass. The spatial three-body problem and the spatial restricted three-body problem admit two time-reversing symmetries. A solution which hits the fixed set of one of the symmetries at time 0 and the fixed set of the other at time T will be periodic of period 4T and its orbit will be symmetric with respect to both symmetries. Such solutions are called doubly symmetric. We prove that a nondegenerate doubly symmetric periodic solution of the spatial restricted three-body problem can be continued into the reduced three-body problem with one small mass.
Superconducting 13 cm corrector magnets for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)

A total of 72 corrector magnets of 13 cm aperture and 0.5 m length are required in RHIC to correct for field errors in the interaction region quadrupoles and for other global corrections. The coils for these magnets were wound on a flat substrate using a computer controlled machine. Each corrector has four such coils of multipolar orders ranging from the dipole through the dodecapole, wrapped onto support tubes and concentrically assembled inside an iron yoke. There are five different model types depending on the combination of coils used. A critical issue was the alignment of the magnetic centers and the field angles of various coils. Adjustable shims were incorporated in the design to deal with unacceptable misalignments that could result from construction tolerances. Each magnet was partially assembled with nominal shims and was warm-measured with a rotating coil system. The shims were then adjusted as necessary to keep the field angles within /spl plusmn/1 mrad, and the relative alignment of the magnetic centers within /spl plusmn/0.2 mm. The field error harmonics are typically below 1% of the dominant multipole term at a reference radius of 40 mm, with some exceptions. All the magnets were tested for reliable operation at 4.35 K by performing bipolar power cycles to the maximum test current of 70 A for the dipole and 100 A for all the other coils, well above the maximum operating current of 50 A.
Patterns of monocyte subpopulations and their surface expression of HLA-DR during adverse events after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Human leukocyte antigen DR surface expression in "classical" CD14++CD16- (M1), "intermediate" CD14++CD16+ (M2), and "non-classical" CD14+CD16++ (M3) monocytes reflects the activation state of these cells. The full spectrum of monocyte and its function is still unknown. The present pilot study describes the monocyte subpopulations and their human leukocyte antigen DR expression during the post-transplant period as well as during transplant-related adverse events of 30 pediatric patients and young adults with hemato-oncological malignancies and immunodeficiency disorders in comparison to healthy children and young adults. A significant change of the human leukocyte antigen DR expression in all three monocyte subpopulations during the period after bone marrow transplantation depending on the time after transplantation and adverse events could be recognized. Prior to and during sepsis or bacterial infection, a significant decrease in human leukocyte antigen DR expression occurred. A significant increase on CD14++CD16- monocytes could be observed during graft-versus-host disease. The alterations of human leukocyte antigen DR expression on the monocyte subpopulations during adverse events after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be a sign of changes in the capacity of these subpopulations. Moreover, human leukocyte antigen DR expression in monocyte subpopulations may be used to monitor treatment responses in these entities.
Stability of the McCarthy scales over a 1-year period

The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were used to retest 43 children in the first grade who had taken the test the year before. The children attended kindergarten and later first grade in a Texas farming community near the Mexican border. The children were from a mixed culture, and the mean score for the General Cognitive Index was about 10 points lower than the national norm. After an interval of approximately 1 year the test-retest correlations were in the.60s to. 80s; only the Motor ability scale had a low testretest correlation. The General Cognitive Index had acceptable stability.
Particular cases of analytic extension of boundary values

Tests are described for determining whether certain functions are the boundary values of analytic functions taking the upper half plane into itself. In one theorem the functions are real-valued and defined on an open interval and a single point. In other theorems, the functions are defined on a real interval taking values in an arc γ in the upper half plane. In every case these results are closely related to Loewner's theorem in which the putative boundary values are required to be real-valued. As in Loewner's theory, the quadratic inequalities are finite sums involving at most the value of the function and its first derivative at points. These results are closely related to the Pick-Nevanlinna inequalities for functions defined on a sequence of points in the upper half plane; the Pick-Nevanlinna inequalities characterize those functions that are restrictions of analytic functions taking the upper half plane into itself.
Overview of NASA research related to the aging commercial transport fleet

This paper describes the research activities of the NASA Airframe Structural Integrity Program for the aging commercial transport fleet. Advanced analysis methods are under development to predict the fatigue crack growth in complex built-up shell structures. Innovative nondestructive examination technologies are under development to provide large area inspection capability to detect corrosion, disbonds, and fatigue cracks. The ultimate goal of this interdisciplinary program is to develop and transfer advanced technology to the airline operators and airframe manufacturers. The program is being conducted cooperatively with the FAA and the U.S. industry.
Attitudes Regarding the Etiology and Treatment of Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: A Qualitative Study

Depression in Parkinson's disease (dPD) remains under recognized and under treated. As patients' beliefs may impact the reporting and treatment of depression, this study assessed the opinions of 38 dPD patients, approximately half with a self-reported poor response to antidepressant treatment, regarding the etiology and treatment of their depression using a semi-structured, audio-taped, qualitative interview. About half of the participants listed PD itself as a primary cause for their depressive symptoms, with most in this group citing psychosocial factors rather than PD-related neurobiological factors. Antidepressant therapy, psychotherapy, and self-initiated approaches were noted as preferred treatments for dPD. Many had concerns about antidepressant therapy, listing side-effects and medication dependency most frequently. About half raised concerns about psychotherapy with trust/discomfort, stigma, and transportation issues most frequently mentioned. This preliminary study suggests that many PD patients with clinically significant depressive symptoms attribute their depression to psychosocial factors and endorse nonpharmacologic treatment approaches.
Examining the role of negative urgency in a predictive model of bulimic symptoms

The etiological dual pathway model of bulimia nervosa suggests that dietary restraint and negative affect are significant predictors of this disorder. Negative urgency, or the tendency to act rashly in response to negative emotionality, is also associated with bulimia nervosa; however, no study has examined the role of negative urgency within the context of the dual pathway model. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between bulimic symptomatology and negative urgency in the context of dietary restraint and depressive affect. Participants (N=166) were college women recruited from a private mid-western university through an online participant registry. A self-report battery assessed depressive affect, dietary restraint, negative urgency, and bulimic symptoms. Participants' height and weight were measured in-person to determine body mass index. A significant main effect of negative urgency was found after controlling for depressive affect and dietary restraint. The interaction between depressive affect and negative urgency to predict bulimic symptoms approached significance; however, no statistically significant interaction between dietary restraint and negative urgency was observed. These results provide support for the inclusion of negative urgency as a significant factor in etiological frameworks of bulimia nervosa.
Inter- and intraspecific placentae in sheep, goats and sheep-goat chimaeras

These studies compared inter- and intraspecific placentae during implantation and at full-term in sheep, goats and interspecific sheep-goat chimaeras. Histological sections prepared from intra- and interspecific day-26, 32 and 36 placentae in ewes and does indicated an altered ability of the trophoblast to invade the maternal caruncle in interspecific pregnancies. Two sheep-in-goat pregnancies were less, and two goat-in-sheep pregnancies were more, invasive than homologous pregnancies. Caprine pregnancies in chimaeras generally terminated before timed samples could be obtained, but biopsy samples collected at laparotomy between days 42 and 48 demonstrated both normal and abnormal placentation in chimaeras after breedings to rams. In six of 11 full-term fetal placentae from ovine pregnancies in chimaeras, there was abnormal retention of maternal caruncular tissue to the extent that macroscopic lesions were visible on the surface of the fetal cotyledons. Histological observations indicated that proliferation of maternal septa and hyalinization of maternal vessels had occurred at the expense of the fetal villi. Overall, the results suggested that the physiological events that regulate implantation are different in the two species, despite anatomical similarities between the ovine and caprine placenta. The caprine conceptus is likely to be rejected in the ovine or chimaeric uterus because of its over-invasiveness in the early stages of implantation, whereas the ovine conceptus can survive in the potentially chimaeric uterus.
Spontaneous Regression of Squamous Cell Lung Carcinoma with Adrenal Metastasis

A 61-year-old man was found to have squamous cell carcinoma of the left hilum with metastasis to the left adrenal gland documented by needle aspiration. About two years later, the primary tumor is not detectable, and the adrenal gland is of normal size on follow-up computerized tomography. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of spontaneous regression of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with adrenal metastasis. (Chest 1988; 94:887-89)
Bright-region radiative properties within the Mars south polar cap (Ls=231) from near-infrared spectroscopic imaging

Abstract Near-infrared spectroscopic imaging of a bright region within the Mars seasonal south polar cap was conducted during southern spring ( L s = 231 ) near the 2003 opposition, using the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility. The measured spectra are well represented by CO2 ice with grain radius of 13 mm and admixed dust and water ice concentrations of 0.005 and 0.002 wt%, respectively. We present a representative spectral (0.2–100 μm) surface albedo for the bright region.
Early predictors of lumbar spine surgery after occupational back injury: results from a prospective study of workers in Washington State.

STUDY DESIGN Prospective population-based cohort study. OBJECTIVE To identify early predictors of lumbar spine surgery within 3 years after occupational back injury. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Back injuries are the most prevalent occupational injury in the United States. Few prospective studies have examined early predictors of spine surgery after work-related back injury. METHODS Using Disability Risk Identification Study Cohort (D-RISC) data, we examined the early predictors of lumbar spine surgery within 3 years among Washington State workers, with new workers compensation temporary total disability claims for back injuries. Baseline measures included worker-reported measures obtained approximately 3 weeks after claim submission. We used medical bill data to determine whether participants underwent surgery, covered by the claim, within 3 years. Baseline predictors (P < 0.10) of surgery in bivariate analyses were included in a multivariate logistic regression model predicting lumbar spine surgery. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model was used to determine the model's ability to identify correctly workers who underwent surgery. RESULTS In the D-RISC sample of 1885 workers, 174 (9.2%) had a lumbar spine surgery within 3 years. Baseline variables associated with surgery (P < 0.05) in the multivariate model included higher Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire scores, greater injury severity, and surgeon as first provider seen for the injury. Reduced odds of surgery were observed for those younger than 35 years, females, Hispanics, and those whose first provider was a chiropractor. Approximately 42.7% of workers who first saw a surgeon had surgery, in contrast to only 1.5% of those who saw a chiropractor. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the multivariate model was 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.92-0.95), indicating excellent ability to discriminate between workers who would versus would not have surgery. CONCLUSION Baseline variables in multiple domains predicted lumbar spine surgery. There was a very strong association between surgery and first provider seen for the injury even after adjustment for other important variables.
An overview of the organization, costs and benefits of computer-assisted mapping and records activity systems (CAMRAS)

Abstract Geographic data bases that support large-scale maps of public facilities and utility networks are providing essential records, decision support, and planning and engineering data for an increasing number of large local governments and public utilities. The American Public Works Association, through its Utility Location and Coordination Council, has surveyed 35 of these organizations to determine the general range of costs and benefits experienced in operating a Computer Assisted Mapping and Records Activity System (CAMRAS). They were found to be highly complex systems, with most of the costs concentrated in the start-up period, but with substantial benefits for those organizations that can plan and manage the large front-end investment required.
"I Should've Done Target Practice": Why Valerie Solanas Missed

Through performative writing, this article seeks to tell the story of Valerie Solanas. Solanas, the woman most notoriously known as the shooter of Andy Warhol, has had little media exposure that does not frame her outside of the violent female assassin trope. (Auto)ethnographic writing, coupled with theoretical interludes via footnotes, works to retell Solanas' story. In this way this article is telling three stories: the main narrative of Solanas, the footnoted theoretical narrative, and the author's relationship to Solanas.
Distribution of dermatophytosis according to age, ethnic group and sex.

Six hundred and two cases of dermatophytosis were analyzed according to age, anatomical distribution, ethnic group and sex. 91"5% of the children were Negroid whereas 70.3% of the adults were Caucasoids. 92.9% of all cases were caused by the anthropophilic dermatophytes. Microsporum audouinii caused 53. 1% of the infections in children and Trichophyton rubrum was the causative organism in 78.5% of the adult cases.The following statistically significant differences were found in Negroid children: tinea capitis was more frequent in boys than in girls; tinea corporis occurred more frequently in girls than in boys; and M. audouinii and T. tonsurans var. sulfureurm infections were more frequent in boys than in girls.Lymphadenopathy was observed in 57.1% of the Negroid girls and 36.4% of the boys. Kerion formation was equally distributed between girls and boys and occurred in 17% of the scalp infections. Dermatophytids were found in 4.1% of the Negroid children.The following significant differences were found i...
Differential accumulation of Glut1 in the non-DRM domain of the plasma membrane in response to the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.

Abstract Approximately 50% of Glut1 in the plasma membrane of Clone 9 cells is localized to the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) fraction. Acute exposure (90 min) to 5 mM azide stimulated glucose transport by ∼4.7-fold and increased the abundance of Glut1 in the non-DRM fraction of the plasma membrane by ∼2.9-fold while the abundance of Glut1 in the DRMs was not changed. In parallel experiments, ∼17 h exposure to azide further increased the rate of glucose transport over that observed at 90 min by ∼33% and increased plasma membrane Glut1 content by ∼3.5-fold over control. The increase in total plasma membrane Glut1 reflected a ∼4.7-fold increase of Glut1 content in the non-DRM fraction and a ∼2.6-fold increase in the DRMs. We conclude that acute exposure to azide increases Glut1 content in the non-DRM fractions, while prolonged exposure to azide increases the Glut1 content in both non-DRM and DRM fractions. These changes may play an important role in the stimulation of glucose transport in response to the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation.
Sensorimotor Deficits Contributing to Glenohumeral Instability

The conventional perspective has been that capsuloligamentous structures act as a mechanical restraint to humeral translation at the shoulder. Although this is true, the capsuloligamentous structures also have a sensorimotor influence on the musculoskeletal system, providing stability at the shoulder. The purpose of the current study was to discuss the sensorimotor role that the capsuloligamentous structures play in providing stability, how these mechanisms are disrupted with glenohumeral instability, and how surgical intervention restores such mechanisms. Proprioceptive information transmitted from the mechanoreceptors embedded within the capsuloligamentous structures influence the coordinated motor patterns, reflex activity, and joint stiffness to provide enhanced joint stability. The capsuloligamentous injury that occurs with shoulder instability not only affects mechanical restraint, but also alters this proprioceptive input to the central nervous system. As a result of these deficits in proprioception, alterations in reflex activity and motor programs as evident by muscle firing pattern alterations manifest. Although the main goal of surgical intervention is to restore the mechanical restraint that is lost with joint dislocation or subluxation, surgical intervention whether through open, arthroscopic, or thermal techniques seem to restore the proprioceptive deficits that exist after joint injury.
The transportation problem with exclusionary side constraints and two branch-and-bound algorithms

Abstract The transportation problem with exclusionary side constraints, a practical distribution and logistics problem, is formulated as a 0–1 mixed integer programming model. Two branch-and-bound (B&B) algorithms are developed and implemented in this study to solve this problem. Both algorithms use the Driebeek penalties to strengthen the lower bounds so as to fathom some of the subproblems, to peg variables, and to guide the selection of separation variables. One algorithm also strongly exploits the problem structure in selecting separation variables in order to find feasible solutions sooner. To take advantage of the underlying network structure of the problem, the algorithms employ the primal network simplex method to solve network relaxations of the problem. A computational experiment was conducted to test the performance of the algorithms and to characterize the problem difficulty. The commercial mixed integer programming software CPLEX and an existing special purpose algorithm specifically designed for this problem were used as benchmarks to measure the performance of the algorithms. Computational results show that the new algorithms completely dominate the existing special purpose algorithm and run from two to three orders of magnitude faster than CPLEX.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 E6 sensitizes cells to atractyloside‐induced apoptosis: Role of p53, ICE‐like proteases and the mitochondrial permeability transition

Infection of cervical epithelial cells with certain high risk HPV genotypes is thought to play an etiologic role in the development of cervical cancer. In particular, HPV type 16 and 18 early protein 6 (E6) is thought to contribute to epithelial transformation by binding to the tumor suppressor protein p53, targeting it for rapid proteolysis, resulting in loss of its cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-inducing activities. Recent data indicate that factors responsible for triggering apoptosis reside in the cytoplasm of cells, and not in the nucleus. In particular, the findings that mitochondria are required in certain cell-free models for induction of apoptosis and that bcl-2 is localized to mitochondria have focused attention on the role of the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT) in apoptosis. Here we present data to indicate that HPV 16 E6 expression sensitizes cells to MPT-induced apoptosis. We also report that HPV 16 E6 sensitization of cells to MPT-induced apoptosis occurs only in the presence of wildtype (wt) p53 expression. The extent of apoptosis induced by atractyloside (an inducer of the MPT) in normal, temperature-sensitive (ts) p53, and HPV-16 E6 transfected J2-3T3 cells, and the HPV expressing cervical carcinoma cell lines SiHa, Hela and CaSki was determined. C33A cells, which express mutant p53 but not HPV, were also exposed to atractyloside in the presence or absence of HPV 16 E6 expression. Dose-dependent apoptosis induced by atractyloside in normal J2-3T3 cells and cervical carcinoma cells was measured by loss of cell viability, nuclear fragmentation and DNA laddering. The sensitivity of cells to atractyloside-induced apoptosis was found to be: HPV 16 E6-J2-3T3 > CaSki > normal-J2-3T3 cells approximately ts p53-J2-3T3 approximately vector-J2-3T3 cells > Hela > SiHa > C33A approximately C33A 16 E6. Cyclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of the MPT, and ICE-I, a protease inhibitor, provided protection against atractyloside-induced apoptosis. These findings indicate that: 1) high risk HPV 16 E6 protein is capable of sensitizing cells to apoptosis; 2) HPV 16 E6 sensitization of cells to atractyloside-induced apoptosis occurs in a p53-dependent fashion; 3) the target of HPV 16 E6 sensitization of cells to atractyloside-induced apoptosis is the mitochondria; and 4) HPV 16 E6 sensitization of cells to atroctycoside-induced apoptosis involves an ICE-like protease-sensitive mechanism, regulating the onset of the MPT. These findings constitute the first evidence that mitochondria play a role in HPV 16 E6 modulation of apoptosis.
Using clients to evaluate programs

Abstract Client surveys can provide valuable information for monitoring and evaluating public programs. However, the widespread use of measures of clients' satisfaction and of clients' subjective evaluations, without an appreciation of the complications of interpretation and analysis, will set back rather than advance the methodology of program evaluation. This paper examines the important issues concerning the use of client-derived information in program monitoring and evaluation, and critically reviews existing research and current practices. Finally, the paper offers a number of recommendations, including six general rules for using client evaluation and satisfaction ratings.
Evolutionary paleoecology of the earliest echinoderms: Helicoplacoids and the Cambrian substrate revolution

Bioturbation in neritic siliciclastic settings during the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition increased in depth and intensity, causing a change in substrates from the matgrounds characteristic of the Proterozoic to the mixgrounds characteristic of the Phanerozoic. This change in bioturbation increased the water content of surficial layers of sediment and blurred the sediment-water interface, leading to the first appearance of a mixed layer. Development of a mixed layer throughout neritic environments would have had a strong impact on any benthic metazoans, particularly sessile suspension feeders, that were well adapted for survival on relatively unbioturbated Proterozoic substrates. The impact of this substrate transition on benthic metazoans has been termed the “Cambrian substrate revolution.” The unusual Early Cambrian helicoplacoid echinoderms were well adapted for survival on typical Proterozoic-style substrates. The examination of new helicoplacoid specimens collected during this study, combined with extensive study of the rocks in which they are preserved, indicate that helicoplacoids lived as sediment stickers on a muddy substrate that underwent only low to moderate levels of strictly horizontal bioturbation and did not have a mixed layer. The significant increase of bioturbation through the Cambrian in neritic siliciclastic settings is likely to have led to the extinction of the helicoplacoids. Other similarly adapted sessile suspension-feeding echinoderms may have also been driven to extinction by the effects of the Cambrian substrate revolution. The co-existence during the Cambrian of organisms adapted to the variety of substrates characteristic of this transitional period may also have contributed to the high degree of perceived morphological disparity during the Cambrian “explosion.”
Face recognition: database acquisition, hybrid algorithms, and human studies

One of the most important technologies absent in traditional and emerging frontiers of computing is the management of visual information. Faces are accessible `windows' into the mechanisms that govern our emotional and social lives. The corresponding face recognition tasks considered herein include: (1) Surveillance, (2) CBIR, and (3) CBIR subject to correct ID (`match') displaying specific facial landmarks such as wearing glasses. We developed robust matching (`classification') and retrieval schemes based on hybrid classifiers and showed their feasibility using the FERET database. The hybrid classifier architecture consist of an ensemble of connectionist networks--radial basis functions-- and decision trees. The specific characteristics of our hybrid architecture include (a) query by consensus as provided by ensembles of networks for coping with the inherent variability of the image formation and data acquisition process, and (b) flexible and adaptive thresholds as opposed to ad hoc and hard thresholds. Experimental results, proving the feasibility of our approach, yield (i) 96% accuracy, using cross validation (CV), for surveillance on a data base consisting of 904 images (ii) 97% accuracy for CBIR tasks, on a database of 1084 images, and (iii) 93% accuracy, using CV, for CBIR subject to correct ID match tasks on a data base of 200 images.
Inhibition of Catechol O-Methyltransferase and Transfer RNA Methyltransferases by Coralyne, Nitidine, and Related Compounds

Inhibitory activity against both catechol O-methyltransferase and transfer RNA methyltransferases was observed among the antileukemic alkaloids coralyne, nitidine, and related synthetic alkoxy analogs. Inhibition of both classes of enzymes seems to have a similar profile. The role of water solubility of these compounds with regard to their enzyme inhibitory activity was noted.
Catheters for neural blockade: Materials and designs

Anesthesia has progressed leaps and bounds from the days of ether, cocaine, a finger on the pulse, and an eye on the patient. Neural blockade has advanced from topical application and local infiltration to continuous anesthesia and analgesia of neural compartments. Advances in pharmacology, neural physiology, and materials and designs have markedly broadened the applications of neural blockade over the past century. Continuous techniques have advanced from indwelling needles to catheters of multiple materials and designs. We have reviewed the literature in order to discuss the catheters available today, the materials used, the different design characteristics and their advantages and disadvantages. In particular, the controversies involving singleversus multiorifice epidural catheters and the use of microcatheters for continuous spinal anesthesia are examined. The ideal catheter would combine ease of placement and consistently excellent neural blockade with no complications. However, while awaiting its arrival, we must choose among the catheters currently available.
Single-beam diode-laser technique for optical path-length measurements

A simple single-beam technique employing radio-frequency modulation of a tunable diode laser with homodyne demodulation is demonstrated as a means of measuring optical path lengths. This technique offers a straightforward method for determining path lengths traversed through optical multipass cells or performing optical range-finding over short (i.e., tens of meters) standoff distances. The radio-frequency phase-sensitive nature of the technique permits narrow-band detection and high signal-to-noise ratios, even when range-finding measurements are made with range resolutions of «1 m. This compares favorably with traditional short-pulse, wide-bandwidth optical range finders.
Quinone-amine polyurethanes: novel corrosion-inhibiting coupling agents for bonding epoxy to steel

A novel series of quinone-amine polyurethanes (QAPs) were synthesized and tested for their efficiency as corrosion-inhibiting polymeric coupling agents to enhance the adhesion of epoxy to steel. These polymers were characterized using infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis methods (TGA and DSC), tensile testing, and gel permeation chromatography. The coupling agent-treated epoxy-steel torsional joints were tested (dry and after wet environments) in shear. These joints demonstrated a 10-15% dry strength improvement when compared with epoxy-steel control joints. The coupling agent-treated epoxy-steel joints also exhibited excellent hot water (60°C) durability while the epoxy-steel control joints fell apart in 3 days. Epoxy-steel lap shear joints were made with the QAP coupling agents and fractured in shear to study the locus of failure. These joints fail either close to the coupling agent-epoxy resin interface or inside the epoxy resin. Steel coupons were treated with the QAP coupling agent and top-coated ...
Multiple classes of glutamate receptor on depolarizing bipolar cells in retina.

Multiple subtypes of excitatory amino acid receptor have been found on individual dissociated neurones1. These findings were obtained from cells without intact synaptic connections, so the functional roles for such receptor subtypes are unknown. We have recorded intracellular responses from depolarizing bipolar cells (DBC) that receive direct synaptic input from two distinct populations of neurones: rods and cones2–4. We report here that 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue, reveals two subtypes of glutamate receptors on DBCs. APB acts on the same receptor that mediates synaptic transmission from rods but has no action on the second subtype of glutamate receptor. These results show that the rod and cone inputs to DBCs are mediated by pharmacologically distinct receptors and that subtypes of glutamate receptor existing on single neurones can subserve separate, functionally defined synaptic inputs.
Limits on Deceleration and Asymmetry of Solar Wind Speed

It has been suggested by Richardson et al. [1995] that the solar wind shows signs of deceleration due to mass-loading by interstellar pickup ions. They based their conclusion on observations from the Voyager 2 and IMP 8 spacecraft. Observations from the Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO), IMP 8, Voyager 2, and Pioneer 10 spacecraft are compared to look for this deceleration. While these comparisons suggest the possibility of deceleration at Voyager 2, the magnitude of this deceleration appears to be significantly less than the deceleration reported by Richardson et al. [1995]. Some of this difference could be explained by a north-south asymmetry in solar wind speed during solar cycle 21. The implications of these results are discussed, along with possibilities for further investigations.
The potential of dual-language cross-cultural peer review

This article explores the potential of dual-language cross-cultural peer review and how it improves on traditional monolingual and monocultural peer review. Drawing on scholarship related to international exchange programmes, peer review, and two-way immersion programmes in the United States as well as data collected while facilitating the proposed model of peer review in Chile, the author explains how the type of peer review discussed here may help students develop writing abilities in their second language while promoting greater cross-cultural understanding.
923-3 Fluosol Reduces Myocardial Reperfusion Injury by Prolonged Suppression of Neutrophils by its Detergent Component (RheothRx) and not by Enhancing O2Delivery

Fluosol, a complex mixture of O 2 carrying perfluorocarbons (PFCs) emulsified by the detergent pluronic F-68 and a variety of lipids, significantly reduces myocardial reperfusion injury (RI) in animals and humans as shown in some initial clinical trials. Potential mechanisms for Fluosol include enhanced O 2 delivery to the reperfused tissue and modulation of various neutrophil (PMNs) functions. Recent studies in dogs and man demonstrate the same beneficial effect for treatment of Rl with the detergent component alone, RheothRx, which is currently undergoing clinical trials. We have shown that the effect of Fluosol on PMNs is related to this detergent. However, prolonged infusion (48 hrs) of detergent is required to reduce Rl to the same extent as Fluosol given over only 1 hr. Possible mechanisms for the beneficial effects of Fluosol (O 2 delivery vs effects on PMNs) were investigated in a model of regional ischemia utilizing rabbits undergoing 30 mins of circumflex occlusion and 48 hrs of reperfusion. Infarct size (area of necrosis, AN) was determined histologically and expressed as percent of risk region (area at risk, AR). Animals received Fluosol (30 cc/kg) with or without O 2 or saline over the first 60 mins of reperfusion. AR was similar in all groups. (Mean ± SEM of AN/AR (%), n = 11 for all groups). The treatment with Fluosol with or without O 2 (44 ± 3 and 40; ± 3, respectively) was significantly (p l 0.05) reduced compared to control (63 ± 4). Another group received F-I08, a larger size pluronic detergent found to be 2.5-fold more potent in suppressing PMN function in vitro compared to F-68, during the first 3 hrs of reperfusion. This treatment did not alter the infarct size (63 ± 5). RheothRx was found to form 4 nm micelles in solution whereas Fluosol formed particles approximately 100 times larger. Similar sized particles were formed by substituting the perfluorocarbons with mineral oil. The in vitro activity of this pluronic/mineral oil micelle on PMN function was similar to Fluosol. Infusion of these larger oil micelles was tolerated by rabbits and used in further infarct studies. Conclusions These studies suggest that (1) reduction of RI by Fluosol is not due to enhanced O 2 delivery by the PFCs to reperfused myocardium and (2) since the Fluosol emulsion markedly reduces the clearance of the detergent F-68 (t½: Fluosol ≅ 8 hrs vs RheothRx ≅ 1.5 hrs). prolonged PMN suppression rather than potency of suppression is the mechanism whereby Fluosol ameliorates RI. Fluosol's clinical efficacy may be enhanced by prolonging its infusion to ensure an adequate blood level to suppress PMN function beyond the time of reperfusion injury. RheothRx's clinical usefulness may be facilitated by decreasing its renal clearance by delivering larger micelles of the detergent in order to produce prolonged PMN suppression with a shorter infusion time.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of antibacterial drugs in neonates

Neonatal patients are surviving longer due to the rapid advances in medical knowledge and technology. Our understanding of the developmental physiology of both preterm and full term neonates has also increased. It is now apparent that differences in body composition and organ function significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of antibacterial drugs in neonates, and dosage modifications are required to optimise antimicrobial therapy. The penicillins and cephalosporins are frequently used in neonates. Although ampicillin has replaced benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) for empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis, many of the other penicillins may be used in neonates for the management of various infections. Increased volume of distribution (Vd) and decreased total body clearance (CL) affect the disposition of penicillins and cephalosporins. Decreased renal clearance (CLR) due to decreased glomerular filtration and tubular secretion is responsible for the decreased CL for most of the beta-lactams. Aminoglycoside Vd is affected by the increased total body water content and extracellular fluid volume of neonates. The increased Vd, in part, accounts for the extended elimination half-life (t1/2) observed in neonates. Aminoglycoside CL is dependent on renal glomerular filtration which is markedly decreased in neonates, especially those preterm. These drugs appear to be less nephrotoxic and ototoxic in neonates than in older patients, and the role of serum concentration monitoring should be limited to specific neonatal patients. Other antibiotics such as vancomycin, teicoplanin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, metronidazole and cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole) may be used in certain clinical situations. The emergence of staphylococcal resistance to penicillins has increased the need for vancomycin. With the exceptions of vancomycin and chloramphenicol, the efficacy and safety of these other agents in neonates have not been established. The need for serum vancomycin concentration monitoring may be limited, as with aminoglycosides, while safety concerns warrant the routine monitoring of serum chloramphenicol concentrations in neonates. Dosing guidelines are provided, based on the pharmacokinetics of the drugs and previously published recommendations. These dosing guidelines are intended for initial therapy, and close therapeutic monitoring is recommended for maintenance dose requirements to optimise patient outcome. There has been an enormous increase in our knowledge of neonatal physiology and drug disposition. Fortunately, many of the antibacterial drugs used in neonates (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins) are relatively safe. It will be important to evaluate all newly developed antibiotics in neonates to assure their maximum efficacy and safety.
Experimental Determination of the Pair Susceptibility of a Superconductor

An excess tunneling current due to order-parameter fluctuations has been found in tin\char22{}tin oxide\char22{}lead junctions just above the transition temperature of tin. Details of the variation of the excess current with voltage, magnetic field, and temperature are in agreement with a calculation by Scalapino in which the excess-current voltage characteristic is a direct measure of the frequency\char22{} and wave-number\char22{}dependent pair susceptibility characteristic of the superconducting transition. Estimates of the pair relaxation frequency in tin based on the data are 50% greater than theoretical predictions.
Proteolysis of skeletal muscle in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares): Evidence of calpain activation

Abstract 1. 1. White muscle of yellowfin tuna is subject to a form of deterioration known as “burnt tuna”. 2. 2. TEM and SDS-PAGE were used to quantify cellular differences in deteriorated white muscle of yellowfin tuna. 3. 3. Electron micrographs showed a significant loss of Z-disc integrity and an increase in intracellular edema in burnt tuna. 4. 4. Electrophoresis established that a specific doublet of proteins, 42 kD and 46 kD was lost. 5. 5. Proteolysis of isolated myofibrils incubated in calpain (EC 3.4.22.17) was greatest at pH 7.5 and was selective for intermediate molecular weight proteins. 6. 6. This evidence suggests that burnt tuna is a specific and limited proteolysis of myofibrillar structural proteins characteristic of calpain proteolysis.
Immunogenicity: prediction, detection and effective assay development.

The Immunogenicity: Prediction, Detection and Effective Assay Development conference, organized by the Pharma iQ, a division of IQPC, was held in Munich, Germany, 21–23 June of 2010. The meeting covered a broad range of topics related to the unwanted immunogenicity of biotherapeutics. Perspectives from the US FDA and EMA were presented along with discussions focusing on analytical method development and validation, methodologies allowing for prediction of potential immunogenicity, risk-based assessment and mitigation of immunogenic potential of biologics, and other topics. The conference consisted of a preconference workshop and 2 days of plenary sessions, which included presentations as well as group discussions. Particular attention was drawn to the review of the FDA guidance and Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use guidelines on immunogenicity evaluation. Presenters and meeting participants engaged in an active and productive discussion around scientific aspects involved in immunogenicity eva...