cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethnic Differences in Antihypertensive Medication Use in the Elderly

BACKGROUNDDetermining the optimal treatment for hypertension in very old patients requires better understanding of interethnic differences in patterns and predictors of antihypertensive drug use in this population.OBJECTIVETo investigate interethnic variations in antihypertensive drug use in a triethnic sample of community-dwelling adults aged ≥77 years.METHODSWe performed a cross-sectional study of non-Hispanic white, black, and Hispanic adults ≥77 years old residing in Galveston County, TX. In-home interviews in 1997 and 1998 assessed blood pressures and antihypertensive medication use in 281 subjects who reported having hypertension or who had a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg.RESULTSOf the population evaluated, 62.9% of non-Hispanic whites, 60.2% of blacks, and 45.2% of Hispanics with hypertension were on antihypertensive medications (p < 0.027 across the ethnic groups). After adjusting for age, gender, years of education, household income, Medicaid insuran...
Influence of Grain Growth on Dielectric Properties of Nb‐Doped BaTiO3

Effects of grain size and grain growth in Nb-doped BaTiO3 on temperature and frequency dependencies of the dielectric constant were investigated. When 0.65 μm powder is sintered to an average grain size of 1 μm, two dielectric constant peaks indicate the presence of Nb-free BaTiO3 and of Nb-containing material. Single peaks are observed above room temperature after additional grain growth or when 0.07 μm powder is sintered to an average grain size of 1 μm. The Curie point of pure BaTiO3 with 1 μm grains is 4 to 6°C lower than that of material with grains >10 μm. Thermodynamically, this behavior is accounted for by a phase inversion stress ∼ the room-temperature stress.
Demodulation of phase-modulated light using birefringent crystals

The application of birefringent crystals to accomplish the demodulation of phase-modulated light is considered. A particular combination of crystals and a polarization insensitive photodetector is termed a birefringent demodulator, and shown to have the properties that it will 1) convert a phase-modulated light signal into an amplitude-modulated light signal and subsequently detect it in a nearly lossless manner, and 2) simultaneously suppress or balance out an incident amplitude-modulated light signal. A time domain version of the "Jones Calculus" is formulated and used to analyze the demodulator. Conversion efficiency, suppression efficiency, and bandwidth are considered. Experimental results demonstrating PM to AM conversion and AM suppression at microwave modulation frequencies between 2 and 12 Gc are given.
Mobilising rural communities to achieve environmental sustainability using the arts

Australia’s environment continues to worsen in several key areas. This paper suggests that the visual and performing arts may be valuable in influencing environmental behaviour positively, at the individual and community level. The arts can aid engagement and participation by a broad cross section of the community, and can provide powerful vehicles for community mobilisation, empowerment, and information transfer.
Investigation of a series of relevant phenomena for modelling the full-scale crash test of a small vehicle with a guardrail system

Computer simulations have become a common tool in roadside safety to predict the kinematics and dynamics of a vehicle impacting against restraint systems before full-scale crash tests are performed. Given the typical large size of the full-scale hardware, to maintain feasible simulation periods, vehicle models have to be limited to the relevant physical phenomena necessary to properly reproduce the reality under investigation. Hence, an accurate identification of these phenomena is crucial. This paper identified a series of physical phenomena not previously investigated, which have been found to play a relevant role for successfully modelling an impact between a small vehicle and a guardrail system. An analysis of the specific role for each of the investigated phenomenon is provided along with conclusions about which phenomena are necessary to model in order to properly simulate a full-scale crash test against a guardrail system. Indications for future investigation are suggested as well.
A Trafficking Pathway for Anthocyanins Overlaps with the Endoplasmic Reticulum-to-Vacuole Protein Sorting Route in Arabidopsis and Contributes to the Formation of Vacuolar Inclusions

Plants produce a very large number of specialized compounds that must be transported from their site of synthesis to the sites of storage or disposal. Anthocyanin accumulation has provided a powerful system to elucidate the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the intracellular trafficking of phytochemicals. Benefiting from the unique fluorescent properties of anthocyanins, we show here that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), one route for anthocyanin transport to the vacuole involves vesicle-like structures shared with components of the secretory pathway. By colocalizing the red fluorescence of the anthocyanins with green fluorescent protein markers of the endomembrane system in Arabidopsis seedlings, we show that anthocyanins are also sequestered to the endoplasmic reticulum and to endoplasmic reticulum-derived vesicle-like structures targeted directly to the protein storage vacuole in a Golgi-independent manner. Moreover, our results indicate that vacuolar accumulation of anthocyanins does not depend solely on glutathione S-transferase activity or ATP-dependent transport mechanisms. Indeed, we observed a dramatic increase of anthocyanin-filled subvacuolar structures, without a significant effect on total anthocyanin levels, when we inhibited glutathione S-transferase activity, or the ATP-dependent transporters with vanadate, a general ATPase inhibitor. Taken together, these results provide evidence for an alternative novel mechanism of vesicular transport and vacuolar sequestration of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis.
The impact of colorectal cancer screening on the US population: is it time to celebrate?

The goal of cancer screening is to reduce disease-related death through the detection and effective treatment of precursor or early invasive lesions without undue harm. The effectiveness of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is well-established, but less is known about its impact at the population level.1 In the United States, CRC screening has been practiced since the 1960s or earlier and began to be tracked by the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) since 1987 (Figure).2, 3 Although national surveys overestimate the true prevalence of screening,4 they in combination with other data systems demonstrate a steady increase in the use of CRC testing over the years in tandem with declines in both disease incidence and mortality rates since the mid-1980s.3 In men, CRC incidence dropped by 2.6% during 1992-1995, and by 4.2% during 2008-2010, with similar changes observed in women.5 Remarkably, there has also been a decline in the absolute number of CRC cases over the years. For instance, there will be about 136,830 new CRC cases in 2014 compared to 145,290 in 2005.6 The reasons for this decline have been speculated and naturally, many are apt to attribute it to the increased uptake of screening. However, little empirical data exist to support that view.
A deformable surface model based automatic rat brain extraction method

The extraction of the brain portion of a neurological image is often necessary prior to tissue segmentation or image registration. While MR Imaging studies on the rat have gained much interest lately, an automatic and robust rat brain extraction tool is still lacking. In this paper, we present a deformable surface model-based rat brain extraction method which extends the popular human brain extraction tool (BET) by incorporating the brain geometry and MRI tissue characteristics of the rat into consideration for more robust extraction. Our method was demonstrated on T2-weighted MR images for five rats and compared with other rat brain extraction methods. Results showed that our method can reliably and robustly extract the rat brain with high accuracy (>92% volume overlap).
A Parallel Implementation for the Negative Cost Girth Problem

This paper discusses the implementation of a new parallel algorithm for the negative cost girth (NCG) problem. The girth of an unweighted graph (directed or undirected) is defined as the length of the shortest cycle in the graph. We extend the notion of girth to networks with arbitrary weights in the following way: The negative cost girth of a network is the number of edges of the shortest negative cost cycle (i.e., the negative cost cycle with the fewest number of edges). The NCG problem has been well-studied, and there exist several polynomial time algorithms for the same. This problem finds applications in several domains, including constraint-solving, real-time scheduling, and program verification. In this paper, our focus is on a parallel implementation for solving the NCG problem that runs in $$O(\log k \cdot \log n)$$ O ( log k · log n ) parallel time using $$O(n^3)$$ O ( n 3 ) processors, where $$n$$ n is the number of vertices, and $$k$$ k is the NCG. We conduct an empirical analysis for both the parallel implementation, using MPI, and the corresponding sequential NCG implementation. Our experiments indicate that as the number of processors doubles, the total execution time reduces by approximately one-half.
Multiple Family Groups for Child Behavior Difficulties Retention Among Child Welfare-Involved Caregivers.

Among children who remain at home with their permanent caregivers following a child welfare investigation, few who manifest emotional and behavioral difficulties actually engage in mental health treatment. The Multiple Family Group service delivery model to reduce childhood disruptive behavior disorders (MFG) has shown promise in engaging child welfare-involved families. This qualitative study examines caregiver perceptions of factors that influence retention in MFGs among child welfare-involved families. METHODS: Twenty-five predominantly Black and Hispanic adult (ages 26-57) female caregivers with child welfare services involvement participated in individual, in-depth interviews about their experience with MFGs. Transcribed interview data were thematically coded guided by grounded theory methodology. Emergent themes were subsequently organized into a conceptual framework. RESULTS: Within the overarching influence of child welfare services involvement, specific components of MFGs influencing retention included the quality of interaction among group members, group facilitators' attentive approach with caregivers, supports designed to overcome logistical barriers (i.e., child care, transportation expenses, meals), and perceptions of MFG content and activities as fun and helpful. Caregiver factors, including their mental health and personal characteristics, as well as children's behavior, (i.e., observed changes in behavioral difficulties) were also associated with retention. CONCLUSIONS: High acceptability suggest utility for implementing MFGs within settings serving child welfare involved families, with additional modifications to tailor to setting and client features. Language: en
Expanding the Role of Speech-Language Pathologists in Instruction for Transition Via Glasser's Choice Theory

This article describes a blending of Glasser's Choice Theory/Reality Therapy (CT/RT)with transition and pragmatic language theories to establish a process which Speech/Language Pathologists (SLPs)may use in managing and implementing transition services. The model answers the important questions of transition planning by suggesting the who (SLPs), what (transition and pragmatics), when and where (school), why (IDEA), and how (CT/RT)of transition services. A rationale and blended model is provided and sample IEP objectives are given. Federal law requires transition goals in all IEPs. Although underutilized at the high school level, speech/language pathologists are uniquely qualified to be key members of the transition team.
The Effect of Preoperative Skin Preparation Products on Surgical Site Infection

Skin preparation products contribute to surgical site infection (SSI) prevention. In a case-control study, diabetes was associated with increased SSI (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.74 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22-27.0]), while the use of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) plus isopropyl alcohol versus CHG alone was found to be protective (adjusted OR, 2.64 [95% CI, 1.12-6.20]).
Generic drug policy in Australia: a community pharmacy perspective

This article provides a commentary, from a community pharmacy perspective, on the policy environment for the pharmacy sector in Australia, with a particular focus on present challenges arising from proposals to achieve substantial PBS cost savings from an anticipated surge of new generic drugs. Some $2 billion of medicines currently on the PBS will come off patent in the next 4 years. This growth comes from a low base where generics currently account for only 15% of the total PBS budget. Remuneration for PBS dispensing is fixed through five year agreements with the government, so trading terms on generics are important for the cross-subsidy of other dispensing activities and professional services. These trading terms (discounts provided by generics suppliers) have become part of the overall cost and revenue structure of pharmacies. Despite these arrangements, generic substitution rates in Australia are lower than in most comparable countries, which the government views as an opportunity to promote generic use. The future of generic drug supply via the PBS is important to allow consumers access to medications at the lowest possible price and to provide space for PBS listing of new and expensive drugs. But considerations of PBS reform need to take account of the role and viability of community pharmacy sector as provider of pharmaceuticals in a timely and efficient manner to Australian residents.
Confronting Urban Displacement Social Movement Participation and Post-Eviction Resettlement Success in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

This article investigates whether urban social movement participation influences post-eviction resettlement success. Pre- and post-eviction interviews were conducted with sixty-four slum dwellers from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, including members of the Tanzania Federation of the Urban Poor (TFUP). The majority of interviewees reported improved post-eviction housing but adverse employment impacts. TFUP membership was negatively associated with employment outcomes, particularly for property owners. Expecting TFUP to secure housing for them, members delayed finding accommodation. This led to resettlement farther from their former homes and negatively affected employment. Women were especially vulnerable following eviction, with their post-eviction pay falling because of the nature and location of their pre-eviction work.
Giant Trigeminal Schwannoma Presenting with Obstructive Hydrocephalus

Trigeminal schwannomas represent between 0.07% and 0.36% of all intracranial tumors and 0.8% to 8% of intracranial schwannomas. Selection of the appropriate management strategy requires an understanding of the tumor's natural history and treatment outcomes. This report describes the case of a 36-year-old male who presented with a three-month history of progressive headaches, dizziness, loss of balance, decreased sleep, and cognitive decline. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large enhancing lesion centered around the left Meckel's cave and extending into both the middle and the posterior fossa with obstructive hydrocephalus secondary to compression of the fourth ventricle. Resection of the posterior fossa component of the tumor was performed in order to relieve the mass effect upon the brainstem without attempting a radical removal of the middle fossa component and a potential risk of further cognitive impairment. The pathological exam confirmed the diagnosis of a trigeminal schwannoma. The residual tumor showed progressive spontaneous volumetric shrinkage after a subtotal surgical resection. This case shows the value of a planned conservative surgery in complex schwannomas and highlights the challenges in interpreting the treatment responses in these benign tumors, whether approached surgically or with stereotactic radiation techniques.
An autocorrelation method for three-dimensional strain analysis

Abstract We present a method of finite-strain estimation using the autocorrelation properties of deformed rock. Autocorrelation is the correlation of an image with itself as a function of an offset or lag. In two and three dimensions, the lag has both distance and direction. Many geologic materials are initially isotropic, which means that the autocorrelation function (ACF) will be initially isotropic as well. Deformation imposes an anisotropic distortion, which can be measured using the Ramsay and Fry strain methods for example, but can also be estimated from the ACF. X-ray tomography now provides a rapid way to measure the three-dimensional ACF of a geologic sample. Strain parameters are estimated by using a non-linear, best-fit method to minimize the anisotropy in the ACF. The ACF method works best for materials where the objects are internally uniform and contrast strongly with the matrix and other grains.
Diarrhea and Constipation

Diarrhea is a common problem in the ICU.1 Diarrhea is best defined as ≥3 loose stools per day.2,3 The incidence of diarrhea in the ICU varies widely according to the definition used.1 However, approximately 20–30% of ICU patients will develop clinically relevant diarrhea.4,5 In the ICU, diarrhea is best classified as infectious or non-infectious, based on the different therapeutic approaches. Multiple risk factors contribute to the causation of both infectious and non-infectious diarrhea.
Enriching Patient-Centered Medical Homes Through Peer Support

Peer supporters are recognized by various designations-community health workers, promotores de salud, lay health advisers-and are community members who work for pay or as volunteers in association with health care systems or nonprofit community organizations and often share ethnicity, language, and socioeconomic status with the mentees that they serve. Although emerging evidence demonstrates the efficacy of peer support at the community level, the adoption and implementation of this resource into patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs) is still under development. To accelerate that integration, this article addresses three major elements of peer support interventions: the functions and features of peer support, a framework and programmatic strategies for implementation, and fiscal models that would support the sustained viability of peer support programs within PCMHs. Key functions of peer support include assistance in daily management of health-related behaviors, social and emotional support, linkage to clinical care, and longitudinal or ongoing support. An organizational model of innovation implementation provides a useful framework for determining how to implement and evaluate peer support programs in PCMHs. Programmatic strategies that can be useful in developing peer support programs within PCMHs include peer coaching or mentoring, group self-management training, and programs designed around the telephone and information technology. Fiscal models for peer support programs include linkages with hospital or health care systems, service- or community-based nonprofit organizations, and partnerships between health care systems and community groups. Peer support promises to enrich PCMHs by activating patients in their self-care, providing culturally sensitive outreach, and opening the way for partnerships with community-based organizations.
Mating disruption of Pandemis spp. (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae)

We evaluated the potential of sex pheromones to disrupt moth communication and mating of Pandemis leafrollers (likely P. pyrusana Kearfott). The sex pheromone of P. pyrusana, 94:6 (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:Ac): (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, was compared with Z11–14:Ac alone, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:Ac) alone, and a 94:6 blend of Z11–14:Ac and (Z)-11-tetradecanal in replicated trials in 0.1-ha plots. All blends significantly reduced moth captures in lure-baited traps and mating of tethered, virgin females. No significant differences were found among pheromone blends, except trap catches in plots treated with E11–14:Ac were significantly higher than in the other pheromone-treated plots. No significant differences in moth catch were found in plots treated with 250–1,000 dispensers per hectare releasing the Pandemis pheromone blend. The percentage of disruption in treated versus untreated plots was not related to the mean dispenser emission rate measured over 2-wk time periods for dispensers releasing either the Pandemis pheromone or Z11–14:Ac alone. However, percentage disruption in plots treated with pheromone was significantly and negatively related to population density measured as moth catch in the untreated plots. Larger orchard trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy and economics of using 500–700 dispensers per hectare loaded with Z11–14:Ac to manage Pandemis.
Comment on "Effects of in Utero Exposure to Arsenic during the Second Half of Gestation on Reproductive End Points and Metabolic Parameters in Female CD-1 Mice".

Rodriguez et al. recently reported that the adult female offspring of pregnant CD-1 mice exposed to 10 ppb or 42.5 ppm arsenic (As) exhibited reproductive and metabolic effects. These findings are not consistent with those of others working in this field and did not show a dose response. As such, we urge caution against drawing conclusions based on this single study.
Applecation of wavelet transform to enhancing the vertical resolution of density log curves

Wavelet transformation is a new method that can make local signal analysis both in time and frequency domains.It is suitable for the analysis of unsteady singal,and is a multiresolution signal processing technique.Be based on the property,by means of Mallat arithmetic,the method can be used to decompose and reconstruct well log curves,and improve the vertical resolution of the old conventional logs.
Implementing Ecosystem Oriented Poverty Elimination Strategy to Improve Overall Impact of Ecological Construction and Poverty Elimination

Poverty elimination development and ecosystem construction are two important tasks of China's social development.Development oriented poverty elimination and ecosystem construction have made great achievements since the policy of reform and openingup was implemented.However,owing to the fact that the targets of these two programs were different,there are a large overlaps between the two programs during the past three decades.Therefore,it is of great significance to implement ecosystem oriented poverty elimination strategy,to give attention to both goals of poverty elimination and eco-environment improvement,so as to improve the total effect,and to construct new socialist rural areas and harmonious society.Four major objectives for implementing ecosystem oriented poverty elimination strategy have been suggested in the end of this paper.
Staghorn Calculus: Its Clinical Presentation, Complications and Management

Abstract There were 95 patients (105 kidneys) with staghorn calculi evaluated clinically and 84 kidneys were studied on a pathologic basis. Only 1 per cent of the patients could be defined as having a silent stone calculus. Clinical complications occurred in 53 per cent of the patients. Of 84 kidneys submitted for a pathoanatomic study (surgical evaluation and/or histopathology) pyonephrosis was found in 20 per cent, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in 8 per cent, end stage pyelonephritic kidney in 6 per cent, end stage hydronephrotic kidney in 7 per cent, severe pyelonephritic changes in 7 per cent and a perinephric abscess in 5 per cent. The kidney was considered to be relatively undamaged in 51 per cent of the cases. Complete removal of the calculus and appropriate medical adjunctive therapy should be done early in the course of the disease in an attempt to prevent complications and renal deterioration. The results of treatment are discussed and compared to those obtained in a group of patients who initially were managed conservatively.
Increases in the mean and variability of thermal regimes result in differential phenotypic responses among genotypes during early ontogenetic stages of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)

Climate change is affecting thermal conditions worldwide. Understanding organismal responses associated with predicted changes are essential for predicting population persistence. Few studies have examined the effects of both increased mean and variance in temperature on organismal traits, particularly during early life stages. Using lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) from Black Lake, MI, we tested whether phenotypic variation differed among families reared in two constant (10 and 18°C) and two fluctuating-temperature treatments (10-19°C) representing temperatures experienced in the river and a simulated anthropogenic disturbance. Body length, body area, and yolk-sac area were quantified at hatch. Family-by-treatment interactions explained up to 50% of the variance observed among families in offspring hatch traits. Families incubated in 18°C and the fluctuating anthropogenic treatment had 6-10 times higher variance in traits than those incubated at 10°C. Hatched larvae were placed in raceways with ambient river water. Emergence body length, emergence timing, and growth were quantified upon emergence. Families differed in time to emergence and growth with the greatest range observed in the 18°C treatment. Results demonstrate that differential responses among genotypes to changes in the mean and variability of thermal incubation regimes can affect traits at hatch as well as a subsequent ontogenetic stage.
The Effect of Inhibitors on Co Corrosion in Alkaline Post Cu-CMP Cleaning Solutions

Corrosion of cobalt-contained metal line is one of critical defects during post-CMP cleaning process. Thus, the understanding of inhibitors is significant to eliminate corrosion. In this paper, we discuss the learning from etching rate and electrochemical measurement for the solutions using multiple corrosion inhibitors. Furthermore, TEM of cobalt pattern wafer and cleaning results are shown to demonstrate cleaning and cobalt compatibility performance.
Making Sense of Email Addresses on Drives

Drives found during investigations often have useful information in the form of email addresses which can be acquired by search in the raw drive data independent of the file system. Using this data we can build a picture of the social networks that a drive owner participated in, even perhaps better than investigating their online profiles maintained by social-networking services because drives contain much data that users have not approved for public display. However, many addresses found on drives are not forensically interesting, such as sales and support links. We developed a program to filter these out using a Naive Bayes classifier and eliminated 73.3% of the addresses from a representative corpus. We show that the byte-offset proximity of the remaining addresses found on a drive, their word similarity, and their number of co-occurrences over a corpus are good measures of association of addresses, and we built graphs using this data of the interconnections both between addresses and between drives. Results provided several new insights into our test data.
Are science lectures a relic of the past

The first time I taught introductory physics I spent a long time preparing lecture notes that I would then distribute to my students at the end of each lecture. The notes became popular because they were concise and provided a good overview of the more detailed information provided in the course text-book.
Does Stigmatization Motivate People to Quit Smoking? Examining the Effect of Stigmatizing Anti-Smoking Campaigns on Cessation Intention.

ABSTRACTStigmatization against smokers characterizes many of today’s anti-smoking campaigns in the United States. It is believed that stigmatization motivates people to quit smoking by arousing a state of emotional distress, such as shame, in viewers. However, stagnant cessation rates among socioeconomically disadvantaged smokers imply that stigmatizing campaigns might be ineffective in promoting cessation among those low in socioeconomic status. To understand the effectiveness of stigmatizing campaign messages, we proposed a moderated mediation model and experimentally tested it among current smokers (n = 136). Results show that exposure to a stigmatizing message significantly lowered smokers’ cessation intentions who have lower income and less self-efficacy. The conditional negative effect of the message was accounted for by shame experienced by smokers.
Hyperspectral observations of optical properties in lakes in perspective of future satellite sensors — A case study in ITALY

HICO, Hyperion and MERIS have already demonstrated the capabilities of hyperspectral sensors to gather information on optical properties in inland waters. With the advent of Sentinel-2, Sentinel-3, EnMap, PRISMA and HyspIRI we expect that application of remote sensing techniques for inland water quality assessment will progress even more. Some clear advantages rely on: 1) improved spatial resolution (so that even medium/small lakes are imaged), 2) increased frequency of overpasses (so that environmental processes are detected in time) and 3) enhanced sensor characteristics (which allow, for instance, the secondary phytoplankton pigments to be retrieved). In this study we present how these improvements will permit to deliver improved products for inland water quality addressing better the end-user demands.
Does Policy Consistency Affect Economic Growth

In the long run, nations prosper, in the sense of higher per-capita incomes, lower unemployment, lower poverty levels, and so on, the fewer the impediments are to steadily higher productivity, along with growing productive capacity to take advantage of the productivity growth. In large parts of the world today, however, the business environment is characterized by an extent of uncertainty that is unprecedented over the past several decades. The main reason is lack of clarity in economic policy making. In order to be properly informed and well founded, growth-promoting decisions, such as innovative activity, investment in new productive capacity, choice of new markets, and so on, require an assessment—an expectation—of the policy environment years into the future. Important policy dimensions are tax policy, spending and debt policy, extent of trade restrictions, and the regulatory environment in general.
Aging and Work

Even though we tend to think of and study age as one's age in calendar years, other conceptualizations of age exist, such as how long one has been in their current job or organization. Empirical research suggests that the way age is defined can impact the way it impacts a variety of outcomes in the workplace, such as absenteeism, innovative behavior, and safety behavior. In addition, empirical research suggests the negative stereotypes that are held about older workers typically are not supported with data. In fact, data often suggest the relationships are very different than the negative stereotype suggests.
Raman Effect in Semiclassical Theory

Semiclassical radiation theory describes the interaction of light with matter in terms of a classical electromagnetic field perturbing a quantum mechanical atom. In a recent paper[1], Nesbet claims to have demonstrated a clear disagreement between the semi-classical theory of the Raman effect and experimental data on Raman scattering. It will be shown here that, when properly applied, semiclassical theory does provide a completely adequate description of the Raman effect. This result eliminates the necessity of forming a “semiquantized theory” as described in reference 1.
Further Study of Integers

People have been intrigued with problems involving numbers for as long as there is recorded history, although the intensity of the interest has ebbed and flowed. After great results obtained by the ancient Greeks, Indians, Babylonians, and Chinese, there was a period of relative quiet in the study of number theory until interest was refreshed by the works of Pierre de Fermat. Then again, the study of number theory declined at the end of the \(17^{th}\) and the beginning of the \(18^{th}\) centuries as there was more attention on the newly developed differential and integral calculus. But the work of Leonard Euler attracted many mathematicians back to number theory.
The mathematical education of primary teachers

This chapter reports the results of a cross-national study designed to examine the mathematics knowledge and the mathematical pedagogical content knowledge attained by prospective primary teachers at the end of their formal preparation and before they begin to teach. The study used survey methods to collect data from nationally representative samples of pre-service university-based teacher education programs and their future teachers in Botswana, Chile, Chinese Taipei, Germany, Malaysia, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, and the United States. Descriptive and multivariate analyses show that future teachers’ individual characteristics, such as levels of achievement in previous schooling, programs’ selection policies, and opportunities to learn the content and the pedagogy of the mathematics school curriculum, were associated with higher levels of knowledge and dispositions toward teaching and learning mathematics. Results support teacher education policies directed at (a) raising the level of subject knowledge required for program selection and graduation and (b) increasing the level of complexity and cognitive demand of the opportunities to learn mathematics and mathematics pedagogy offered to future primary mathematics teachers.
Are you Serious

Extreme specialization will require us to replace generic conceptions of autonomy with discipline-specific methods of assessing whether one has matters in hand, is acting in earnest, and can be taken seriously. The uniform personality structures predominantly discussed in recent moral philosophy will not do; however, solutions to the problems of cross-disciplinary quality control will have to figure into those assessments. This sort of quality control cannot be managed by having experts explain themselves to nonexperts, but checking for refractive equilibrium across areas of expertise may do much of the job.
Evidence-based strategies to combat scientific misinformation

Nowhere has the impact of scientific misinformation been more profound than on the issue of climate change in the United States. Effective responses to this multifaceted problem have been slow to develop, in large part because many experts have not only underestimated its impact, but have also overlooked the underlying institutional structure, organizational power and financial roots of misinformation. Fortunately, a growing body of sophisticated research has emerged that can help us to better understand these dynamics and provide the basis for developing a coordinated set of strategies across four related areas (public inoculation, legal strategies, political mechanisms and financial transparency) to thwart large-scale misinformation campaigns before they begin, or after they have taken root. This Perspective synthesizes research on the origins and impacts of scientific misinformation campaigns, pointing to public inoculation, legal, political and financial strategies for countering climate change misinformation and limiting its dissemination.
The Hidden History of American Fashion: Rediscovering Twentieth-Century Women Designers

The sixteen chapters of The Hidden History of American Fashion: Rediscovering Twentieth-Century Women Designers offer a wealth of information revealing a segment of the emergent American fashion in...
A modeling framework for the application of multi-paradigm simulation methods:

Decisions about modeling and simulation (M&S) of real-world systems need to be evaluated prior to implementation. Discrete Event, System Dynamics, and Agent Based are three different modeling and s...
NP5 Salud Para Usted y Su Familia [Health for You and Your Family]: Integration of Research, Education and Extension to Promote Healthier Mexican-Heritage Families

Objective To implement and evaluate an integrated Spanish-language program to improve nutrition, increase physical activity, and strengthen family function among Mexican-heritage (MH) families. We describe research (stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial [SWCRCT] of father-focused, family-centered program), education (experiential learning and innovative teaching), and extension (promotora-led charlas [chats/talks]) components. Description The SWCRCT consists of clusters of 10-15 families receiving six in-person group sessions (three focused on father-child pairs) and at-home activities. Session include food tastings, interactive lessons, active games, hands-on food preparation, time to eat together, and goal setting. The promotora interventionists were trained using the train-the-trainer approach to gain knowledge and skills related to nutrition and food preparation, physical activity, family functioning, and motivational interviewing. The program actively involved undergraduate and graduate students from Texas A&M University, Baylor University, and Texas State University in experiential training that included material development, participant observation of promotora trainings (cooking and experiential nutrition and physical activity) and family pretesting, and motivational interviewing. Program activities and learnings were included in undergraduate and graduate courses (research methods and evaluation). In the charla program, team promotoras conducted a series of five community-based programs and activities that delivered science-based knowledge and informal educational programs to empower Mexican-heritage children and families to make sustainable healthy decisions. More than 400 participants attended charlas, which took place in community centers, churches, community organizations, and colonia neighborhoods. Evaluation Data were collected for training, recruitment, process (observations and checklists), and outcome (pre- and post-program surveys, seven-day accelerometer, Veggie Meter®, and interviews/focus groups. Surveys and reflection papers from students were used. Post-charla surveys, debriefs, and a follow-up ripple effect survey (sharing of session materials) was done. Conclusion and Implications This integrated family program enhances the capacity of families, students, promotoras, and community members to incorporate education and skill-building into healthier behaviors. The SWCRCT is a game changer by engaging Mexican-heritage fathers, co-parenting couples, and children and addresses a lacuna in obesity prevention.
Mirror Symmetry for Nonabelian Landau-Ginzburg Models

We consider Landau-Ginzburg models stemming from groups comprised of non-diagonal symmetries, and we describe a rule for the mirror LG model. In particular, we present the non-abelian dual group $G^\star$, which serves as the appropriate choice of group for the mirror LG model. We also describe an explicit mirror map between the A-model and the B-model state spaces for two examples. Further, we prove that this mirror map is an isomorphism between the untwisted broad sectors and the narrow diagonal sectors for Fermat type polynomials., we prove that this mirror map is an isomorphism between the untwisted broad sectors and the narrow diagonal sectors for Fermat type polynomials.
Genetic Gastric Cancer Risk Syndromes

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the world. Between 1 and 3% of cases are associated with specific genetic cancer risk syndromes. The purpose of this article is to review the latest insights, as well as gaps in knowledge, regarding some of the most common hereditary gastric cancer syndromes: hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS), Lynch syndrome, the adenomatous polyposis syndromes, and the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. Patients carrying pathogenic variants in CDH1, but not meeting clinical criteria for HDGC, are increasingly being identified thanks to multigene panel testing; their absence from previous analyses overestimated gastric cancer penetrance. GAPPS is a recently described hereditary gastric cancer syndrome associated with specific point mutations in the promoter 1B region of the APC gene. Risk of gastric cancer is highest among carriers of pathogenic variants in CDH1, with cumulative incidences approximately 40% and 30% for men and women, respectively. Mutations associated with Lynch syndrome and adenomatous polyposis syndromes confer greatest risk for gastric cancer in East Asian populations. Risk of gastric cancer in GAPPS and hamartomatous polyposis syndromes is difficult to estimate due to their rarity, but mutation status likely determines risk. Future research is needed to more precisely define risk of gastric cancer in these syndromes, so strategies for screening and prophylactic gastrectomy can be optimized.
Modal interference in optical nanofibers for sub-Angstrom radius sensitivity

Optical nanofibers (ONFs) of sub-wavelength dimensions confine light in modes with a strong evanescent field that can trap, probe, and manipulate nearby quantum systems. To measure the evanescent field and propagating modes and to optimize ONF performance, a surface probe is desirable during fabrication. We demonstrate a nondestructive near-field measurement of light propagation in ONFs by sampling the local evanescent field with a microfiber. This approach reveals the behavior of all propagating modes, and because the modal beat lengths in cylindrical waveguides depend strongly on the radius, it simultaneously provides exquisite sensitivity to the ONF radius. We show that our measured spatial frequencies provide a map of the average ONF radius (over a 600 μm window) along the 10 mm ONF waist with a 40 pm resolution and a high signal-to-noise ratio. The measurements agree with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to within SEM instrument resolutions. This fast method is immune to polarization, intrinsic birefringence, mechanical vibrations, and scattered light and provides a set of constraints to protect from systematic errors in the measurements.
How Data ScientistsWork Together With Domain Experts in Scientific Collaborations: To Find The Right Answer Or To Ask The Right Question?

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in which data scientists and domain experts work together to tackle complex scientific questions. However, such collaborations often face challenges. In this paper, we aim to decipher this collaboration complexity through a semi-structured interview study with 22 interviewees from teams of bio-medical scientists collaborating with data scientists. In the analysis, we adopt the Olsons' four-dimensions framework proposed in Distance Matters to code interview transcripts. Our findings suggest that besides the glitches in the collaboration readiness, technology readiness, and coupling of work dimensions, the tensions that exist in the common ground building process influence the collaboration outcomes, and then persist in the actual collaboration process. In contrast to prior works' general account of building a high level of common ground, the breakdowns of content common ground together with the strengthen of process common ground in this process is more beneficial for scientific discovery. We discuss why that is and what the design suggestions are, and conclude the paper with future directions and limitations.
A simple protocol to purify human TFIID free of the MED26 subunit of Mediator complex.

The general transcription factor TFIID is a multiprotein complex that is essential for specific transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II. It is composed of the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) and ~13 different TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Purification of TFIID free of other general transcription factors and coactivators is essential to analyze the transcription regulatory mechanisms in reconstituted systems in vitro. A breakthrough in TFIID purification was the generation of HeLa cell lines that express a FLAG epitope-tagged TBP subunit and immunopurification protocols with monoclonal anti-FLAG antibodies. Purification of TFIID from HeLa nuclear extracts generally required a two-step purification procedure involving phosphocellulose P11 chromatography followed by anti-flag M2 affinity purification (Chiang et al., 1993; Ge et al., 1996) [1,2]. Here we show first that the MED26 (CRSP70) coactivator subunit of Mediator co-purifies with TFIID in the above two-step protocol and interacts strongly with TFIID under high salt conditions. We further show that a MED26-free TFIID complex can be obtained by including a simple additional DE52 chromatography step following P11 fractionation. Thus, we demonstrate that MED26 strongly interacts with TFIID and recommend the use of a P11-DE52-M2 resin affinity three-step purification procedure to obtain MED26-free TFIID for analyzing Mediator-dependent transcription regulatory mechanisms in purified transcription systems in vitro.
Ensuring that biomedical AI benefits diverse populations

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) can potentially impact many aspects of human health, from basic research discovery to individual health assessment. It is critical that these advances in technology broadly benefit diverse populations from around the world. This can be challenging because AI algorithms are often developed on non-representative samples and evaluated based on narrow metrics. Here we outline key challenges to biomedical AI in outcome design, data collection and technology evaluation, and use examples from precision health to illustrate how bias and health disparity may arise in each stage. We then suggest both short term approaches—more diverse data collection and AI monitoring—and longer term structural changes in funding, publications, and education to address these challenges.
Effect of Management Related Disease Control Methods on the Development of Johne's Disease in Dairy Cattle in Texas

With the primary objective of evaluating long-term effectiveness and feasibility of management-related disease control methods in large dairies and on beef operations on the development of Johne's disease (JD) in cattle in Texas, USDA-APHIS and Texas A&M University have initiated the Johne's Disease Control Demonstration Project for the Texas dairy and beef industries. The epidemiological and production analysis of one of the dairy demonstration herds (n=3534) is presented, and the effect of JD on the herd's production parameters is evaluated.