cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The iPad as a virtual oscilloscope for measuring time constants in RC and LR circuits

In a university introductory physics laboratory, the measurement of time constants in RC and LR circuits usually employ a conventional oscilloscope. The standard oscilloscope with its many knobs and switches often intimidate first-time users and can cause anxiety especially among non-physics and non-engineering majors. On the other hand, an iPad has a more familiar, less intimidating and friendlier touch-pad interface. We report our experience in using the iPad as a virtual oscilloscope in an introductory algebra-based physics laboratory course. We used a commercial electronic accessory called Oscium iMSO that turns the iPad into a virtual oscilloscope. Using blind surveys and direct observation, we report student responses to this pedagogical tool.
Integrability of the classical $$[\bar \psi _i \psi _i ]_2^2 $$ and $$[\bar \psi _i \psi _i ]_2^2 - [\bar \psi _i \gamma _5 \psi _i ]_2^2 $$ interactions

We study the interaction ofN classical two-dimensional massless Fermi fields through the symmetric couplings\([\bar \psi _i \psi _i ]^2 \) or\([\bar \psi _i \psi _i ]^2 - [\bar \psi _i \gamma _5 \psi _i ]^2 \). We explicitly show complete integrability in the casesN=1, 2, using the inverse scattering method. The fields occuring in the associated linear eigenvalue problem and evolution equation are simply related to the fundamental fields Ψi that satisfy the original non-linear equations. ForN>2, calculations become very involved, but there is no doubt that the system remains completely integrable, reducing to appropriate generalizations of the sine- and sinh-Gordon equation, a situation analogous to Pohlmeyer's discussion in a somewhat similar problem: the two-dimensional non-linear σ-model. Finally, all the explicit analytic solutions that we have worked out in the present framework are identical to those found by Dashen et al., and Shei, in a semiclassical treatment of the fully quantum mechanical version of these models. This leads us to conjecture that the quantum theory also shares most of the features of completely integrable systems, like the massive Thirring model.
S06.3 Pigtailed macaque model of STIs

The Public Health Problem: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and their sequelae disproportionally affect young women, with cervical infections frequently ascending to the upper genital tract, leading to reproductive, pregnancy-related and newborn morbidity. Attributes of this Nonhuman Primate (NHP) as a Model: The pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) has several advantages over small animals for evaluating STIs, treatment and prevention. This nonhuman primate undergoes a regular menstrual cycle of 28–30 days and shows hormonal and genital tract changes similar to human females. Her microflora and reproductive tract tissues are similar in constituents and function to those of women. Use of the Model: The female pigtailed macaque model was initially developed in the early 1980’s to simulate human Chlamydia trachomatis infection (cervicitis, salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease), pathogenesis and disease outcome, which has been key to our understanding of human chlamydial pathogenesis and treatment. The immune responses and histopathological characteristics of infection in this model closely resemble those seen in humans. This NHP model has been expanded to include lower genital tract infections with Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma genitalium and simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). Consequently, this model lends itself to co-infection studies using multiple STIs. Summary and Future Direction: M. nemestrina is naturally susceptible to multiple human sexually transmitted infections including C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis and M. genitalium. Pretreatment with exogenous hormones are not required to initiate or sustain these infections. Current model refinement efforts focus on modeling Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection. These STI pathogens are unique in that the majority of infections in women are asymptomatic, vaccines are currently unavailable, and concerns about antimicrobial resistance are on the rise. Supported by NIH and CONRAD HHSN2701700015I, N01 AI 95388, HHSN272201400016C, HHSN27220100006I, R21 AI 074898, P01 AI 39061, P51 OD010425 and MSA-02–315 Disclosure No significant relationships.
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells in nasal polyposis

Abstract Objective Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is characterized by a chronic type 2 inflammatory response in the paranasal sinuses. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are potent innate immune cells that contribute to type 2 inflammation by producing cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. There is increasing evidence suggesting that ILC2s play an important role in the CRSwNP pathogenesis. Data Sources We reviewed published literature obtained through PubMed inquiries. Study Selections Studies relevant to the presence, function, and activation of ILC2s in CRSwNP were included. Results Nasal polyps (NPs) are one of the first tissues in which human ILC2s were discovered, and many groups have since reported that these cells are highly elevated in NPs. ILC2s in NPs are also highly activated and produce type 2 cytokines in vivo. Mediators known to activate ILC2s, including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, various lipid mediators (including prostaglandin D2 and cysteinyl leukotrienes), IL-4, and IL-13 have also been shown to be elevated in NPs compared with healthy sinonasal tissue. Other well-known ILC2 activators, IL-25 and IL-33, are sometimes elevated in NPs in some countries. Furthermore, activation of ILC2s by means of 4 distinct transcriptional pathways (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, nuclear factor of activated T cells, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6) is needed for the most robust generation of type 2 cytokines. Conclusion ILC2-mediated type 2 inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. Targeting the upstream mediators responsible for activating ILC2s and the downstream products that these cells release may play an important role in modifying the inflammatory response and improving clinical outcomes in CRSwNP.
Multiple reader comparison of 2D TOF, 3D TOF, and CEMRA in screening of the carotid bifurcations: Time to reconsider routine contrast use?

Background and purpose MR contrast-enhanced techniques are undergoing increased scrutiny since the FDA applied a warning for gadolinium-based MR contrast agents due to gadolinium deposition within multiple organ systems. While CE-MRA provides excellent image quality, is it required in a screening carotid study? This study compares 2D TOF and 3D TOF MRA vs. CE-MRA in defining carotid stenosis in a large clinical patient population, and with multiple readers with varying experience. Materials and methods 200 consecutive patients had their carotid bifurcations evaluated with 2D TOF, 3D TOF and CE-MRA sequences by 6 board-certified neuroradiologists. Stenosis and quality of examinations were defined for each study. Inter-rater reliability was assessed using two-way random effects intraclass correlation coefficients. Intra-reader reliability was computed via weighted Cohen's κ. Weighted Cohen's κ were also computed to assess agreement in stenosis ratings between enhanced images and unenhanced images. Results Agreement between unenhanced and enhanced ratings was substantial with a pooled weighted κ of 0.733 (0.628-0.811). For 5 of the 6 readers, the combination of unenhanced 2D TOF and 3D TOF showed better agreement with contrast-enhanced than either 2D TOF or 3D TOF alone. Intra-reader reliability was substantial. Conclusions The combination of 2D TOF and 3D TOF MRA showed substantial agreement with CE-MRA regarding degree of carotid stenosis in this large outpatient population across multiple readers of varying experience. Given the scrutiny that GBCA are undergoing due to concerns regarding CNS and soft tissue deposition, it seems prudent to reserve CE-MRA for cases which are not satisfactorily answered by the nonenhanced study or other noninvasive examinations.
Current Development of the Applications of Polymers in Gene Delivery

Gene delivery is one of the most important and efficient therapy methods for treating diseases, especially genetic diseases that challenge conventional treatment methods. However, to be efficient, gene delivery has a few requirements for the polymers to be applicable, including the reduction of cytotoxicity, the improvement of transfection efficiency, and the elimination of off-target effects. In this study, the common polymers applied in gene delivery is discussed in depth, regarding such requirements, as well as some of the limitations and potential improvements in gene delivery.
Contextualizing precarious work: labor dispatch, boundary-drawing, and the politics of labor regulation in post-socialist China

This article examines the rise of labor dispatch – a fast-growing form of precarious work – and its regulation politics in post-socialist China. Drawing on qualitative research, the author argues t...
Optional Basis Adjustments Under Subchapter K: Trap for the Unwary, Tax Planning Tool, or Both? Should They Be Mandatory?

The optional basis adjustments of Subchapter K have occupied a prominent position in tax planning and partnership operations for the past 60 years. In the dispositional context, the general approach of the Code treats the partnership as an entity, separate and distinct from its partners. Thus, if a partner disposes of his partnership interest, no adjustment or modification of the bases of the assets of the partnership occurs. Such is the case even though ownership of the partnership has been altered and the acquisition price for the interest reflects the fair market value of the partner’s underlying share of the partnership assets. Thus, in an appreciated setting, although the seller/distrubutee is taxed on the gain, the purchaser or the remaining partners, without a basis adjustment, will be taxed on the same gain when realized by the partnership. In a similar fashion, for a depreciated partnership interest, a duplication of loss will arise, i.e., at both the partner and the partnership level. By affording the partners an elective basis adjustment in such settings, Congress has permitted the impacted parties to switch to an aggregate treatment of the enterprise and generate basis adjustments for the assets of the partnership. Through the adjustment, the aggregate inside basis of the partnership’s assets generally will equal the aggregate outside basis for the partnership interests. As a consequence, the duplication of gains and losses from a tax policy standpoint is minimized, if not eliminated. After 60 years, the rationale for the continuation of the election should be scrutinized and assessed from a tax policy standpoint. Whatever the wisdom behind those provisions when enacted, their existence should be revisited in the modern context and a determination made as to whether that rationale continues today. In light of the recent regulatory and legislative tinkering with the election, the question presented is whether the basis adjustment provisions should be mandatory. The Article concludes that the elective aspect of basis adjustments conflicts with sound tax policy principles and calls for legislative amendments eliminating the election and mandating such adjustments.
Identifying 'the public': who should be involved in developing information technology to support public participation? and, internet-based public policy participation for rural community citizens

Two BOF proposed discussions focusing on public involvement for digital activities were combined into a single discussion group. One originally focused on special considerations for rural populations and the other on strategies for identifying appropriate publics for outreach and research. About 8 participants from a variety of projects joined the discussion.
Current Enhancement of CdTe-Based Solar Cells

We report on the realization of CdTe solar cell photocurrent enhancement using an n-type CdSe heterojunction partner sputtered on commercial SnO2/SnO2:F coated soda-lime glass substrates. With high-temperature close-space sublimation CdTe deposition followed by CdCl2 activation, this thin-film stack allows for substantial interdiffusion at the CdSe/CdTe interface facilitating a ${\rm CdSe}_{x} {\rm Te}_{1-x}$ alloy formation. The bowing effect causes a reduced optical bandgap of the alloyed absorber layer and, therefore, leads to current enhancement in the long-wavelength region and a decrease in open-circuit voltage ( $V_{{\rm OC}}$ ). To overcome the $V_{{\rm OC}}$ loss and maintain a high short-circuit current ( $J_{{\rm SC}}$ ), the CdTe cell configuration has been modified using combined CdS:O/CdSe window layers. The new device structure has demonstrated enhanced collection from both short- and long-wavelength regions as well as a $V_{{\rm OC}}$ improvement. With an optimized synthesis process, a small-area cell using CdS:O/CdSe window layer showed an efficiency of 15.2% with a $V_{{\rm OC}}$ of 831 mV, a $J_{{\rm SC}}$ of 26.3 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 69.5%, measured under an AM1.5 illumination without antireflection coating. The results provide new directions for further improvement of CdTe-based solar cells.
Thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures involving weak specific interactions: Part I. Excess enthalpies of binary mixtures of tetrachloromethane with some aromatic hydrocarbons at 298.15 K

Abstract An LKB flow microcalorimeter has been used to measure excess enthalpies at 298.15 K for mixtures of tetrachloroethene with methylbenzene, isomeric dimethylbenzenes, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, tert. -butylbenzene, and hexylbenzene. The results are compared with the excess enthalpies (Part I) at 298.15 K for mixtures of tetrachloromethane with the same set of second components. It is suggested that tetrachloroethene, like tetrachloromethane, acts as an electron acceptor towards aromatic hydrocarbons.
Planar Yagi-UDA Antenna with Reconfigurable Radiation Patterns

A pattern reconfigurable planar Yagi-Uda antenna is presented which operates around 1.5 GHz. The pattern reconfigurability consists in changing the end-fire main beam to opposite directions. It is achieved by switching the reflector and director elements suitably using PIN diodes such that reflector, dipole, and director arrangements are realized in two opposite directions. Antenna was fabricated and measured to verify impedance matching and radiation patterns. Measured impedance matching fractional bandwidth is 9.33% around 1.50 GHz and compares well with the simulated data. Measured radiation patterns confirm end-fire pattern reconfigurability as expected from the simulations. This antenna can find applications in back-to-back repeater antenna systems. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2946–2952, 2013
Protein-Carbohydrate Interaction IV. APPLICATION OF THE QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITIN METHOD TO POLYSACCHARIDE-CONCANAVALIN A INTERACTION

Abstract Concanavalin A, a globulin found in the jack bean, reacts specifically to form a precipitate with a restricted group of branched polysaccharides. The various parameters optimal for this interaction were investigated by the quantitative precipitin method with a dextran as the precipitating polysaccharide. In this manner, an assay for concanavalin A activity was established. The analogy of this interaction with the antibody-antigen system is striking. A summary of findings follows. 1. Complete precipitation is achieved in 24 hours at 25°. 2. The pH range optimum for the reaction lies between 6.1 and 7.2. 3. The concentration of sodium chloride has no effect on the reaction when the system is buffered at pH 7.0 with phosphate. KI and KCNS, however, are inhibitory. 4. The presence of foreign proteins does not affect the total amount of concanavalin A precipitated. 5. The precipitate formed between concanavalin A and dextran is slightly soluble (1.5 µg of nitrogen per ml) at 25°. 6. More nitrogen is precipitated at 25° than at 0°, the relative amount depending upon the region of the equivalence curve examined.
Implications of power control in wireless networks: a quantitative study

The use of power control in wireless networks can lead to two conflicting effects. An increase in the transmission power on a link may (i) improve the quality and thus the throughput on that link but, (ii) increase the levels of interference on other links. A decrease in the transmission power can have the opposite effects. Our primary goal in this work is to understand the implications of power control on interference and contention. We conduct experiments on an indoor mesh network. Based on analysis of our experimental data, we identify three interference scenarios: a) the overlapping case, where the aggregate throughput achievable with two overlapping links cannot be improved via power control; b) the hidden terminal case, where proper power control can primarily improve fairness and, c) the potentially disjoint case, where proper power control can enable simultaneous transmissions and thus improve throughput dramatically. We find that power control can significantly improve overall throughput as well as fairness. However, to our surprise, we note that using virtual carrier sensing in conjunction with power control generally degrades performance, often to a large degree.
Rat pro-atrial natriuretic factor expression and post-translational processing in mouse corticotropic pituitary tumor cells.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is stored within atrial myocyte secretory granules as pro-ANF (ANF-(1-126] and is proteolytically processed co-secretionally C-terminal to a single basic amino acid to form ANF-(1-98) and the bioactive product ANF-(99-126). Pro-ANF is also expressed in certain non-cardiac neuroendocrine cell types (e.g. brain, adrenal). Although the relatively low levels of the peptide in these cell types have precluded detailed processing and secretion studies using cultured cells, some work with tissue extracts suggests that pro-ANF is pre-secretionally processed between or C-terminal to Arg101-Arg102 in such cells. In order to assess whether cultured non-cardiac endocrine cells process pro-ANF pre- or co-secretionally, and to establish whether both paired and single basic amino acids can serve as cleavage sites, transfection studies were carried out using the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing pituitary tumor cell line AtT-20/D-16v. These cells normally cleave pro-ACTH/endorphin pre-secretionally at selected, but not all, pairs of basic amino acids to a variety of product peptides. A prepro-ANF expression plasmid was constructed and transfected into the AtT-20 cells. The resulting ANF/AtT-20 cell clone selected for this study expressed ACTH at levels similar to the untransfected wild type cells and secreted immunoreactive ANF-related material at a rate of approximately 1 fmol/min/10(5) cells, which was about 10% the rate of ACTH secretion. The rates of secretion of both ANF and ACTH could be increased 3-5-fold with a variety of known AtT-20 cell secretagogues including phorbol esters and the beta-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, thus indicating that both peptides were routed through regulated secretory pathways. Utilizing a combination of specific antisera directed against various regions of pro-ANF, size exclusion and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, and peptide mapping, it was shown that the ANF/AtT-20 cells contained and secreted the bioactive peptide ANF-(103-126) and -(1-97). These results indicate that the ANF/AtT-20 cells specifically cleave pro-ANF pre-secretionally at the same single basic site used by cardiac tissue; this single basic cleavage is apparently followed by removal of Arg98 by carboxypeptidase H. It is also apparent that the cells can cleave at the sole paired basic site in pro-ANF, which is the probable cleavage site used by neurons and some other endocrine cells that express low levels of the prohormone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An approach to the dynamics of growth in adolescence.

(1961). An Approach to the Dynamics of Growth in Adolescence. Psychiatry: Vol. 24, Chestnut Lodge Fiftieth Anniverary Symposium Issue 1910-1960, pp. 18-31.
A fast evanescent wave algorithm

Many fast algorithms have been introduced in the past to accelerate the solution of integral equations in both the frequency and the time domain. These algorithms perform it matrix-vector product resulting from an integral equation in O(NlogN) or more operations. They are error controllable. but they require the use of a buffer box to control the error. We discuss a fast evanescent wave algorithm that avoids the use of the buffer boxes. Not having to have buffer boxes will speed up the algorithm. However, it will increase the memory usage of the algorithm. Hence, it is a way to trade off between speed and memory efficiency of the algorithm.
On the difference between SO2−4 and NO−3 in wintertime precipitation

Abstract Winter rains have lower NO − 3 levels but higher SO 2− 4 levels than snows in the NE United States. In this study, four years of winter precipitation data from SE Michigan were examined to help understand these differences. Although NO − 3 levels were indeed higher in snow than winter rain, the higher concentrations could be attributed to the generally lower precipitation depths associated with snow events than with rain events. The NO − 3 concentrations are inversely correlated with precipitation depth. There was no evidence that snow scavenged HNO 3 in the air more efficiently than rain. Conversely, SO 2− 4 was far higher in winter rain than in snow. This could not be explained in terms of ground-level ambient S concentrations or the wind direction from which the storm originated. However, the cloud temperatures were high enough in the case of rain to suggest that the cloud hydrometeors could have been present as liquid droplets rather than ice crystals. The SO 2− 4 concentrations of the precipitation were highly correlated with the temperatures of the cloud layers. The data suggest that SO 2 is incorporated and oxidized to SO 2− 4 in clouds most efficiently when the hydrometeors are present as liquid droplets. The fact that NO − 3 does not show the same relationship suggests that incorporation of N species into cloud water followed by oxidation is not as important a process for N as for S.
Assessment of the practicing physician: Challenges and opportunities

Despite spending a substantial amount of time in structured educational settings during early medical training, most physicians will spend the majority of their career in clinical practice. In the clinical practice setting, physicians become responsible for determining and implementing their own educational program in order to maintain, at a minimum, competence. Pressure to change the nature of continuing medical education (CME) parallels pressure from patients, payers, and policymakers to hold individual physicians more accountable for the care they provide. How can these two forces be brought together more deliberately and effectively? Comprehensive physician assessment provides such an opportunity with the potential to benefit all parties involved in health care, especially patients and physicians. Many assessment methods and tools exist today that can facilitate the integration of CME and quality. Using a multifaceted physician-level performance assessment system has substantial potential to align the public's need and desire to ensure their physician is competent, at a minimum, with providing the physician with meaningful, actionable information and data to improve performance and engage in transformative learning. CME programs need to incorporate more robust assessment as part of the learning activity to facilitate improvements in health care more directly.
A farewell to bacterial ARMs

A plant gene that confers antibiotic resistance provides a 'cleaner' selectable marker for plant transgenesis.
A capacitance method to determine the gate-to-drain/Source overlap length of MOSFET's

A method is described which uses accurate measurement of gate-to-drain/source overlap capacitances to determine the gate-to-drain/ source overlap length for process control as well as device characterization. The method might also be a useful analytical tool in studying lateral dopant diffusion. Using this technique, the variation in overlap length of MOSFET's in a 4-in wafer is mapped. It is found that a significant spread of the overlap exits and is attributable to the implant shadowing by the polysilicon gate.
Alterations in Skeletal Muscle after X-Irradiation and their Similarity to Changes in Muscular Dystrophy

ALTHOUGH muscle constitutes almost half the body-weight in mammals, it is generally thought to be very radioresistant and to play an insignificant part in the bodily changes which follow irradiation. In excised frog muscle, changes in the resting transmembrane potential and electrolyte composition were found only after massive doses of X-rays1,2. However, transient weakness and increased fatigability have been observed in man and animals after modest doses of radiation3,4. Caster and Armstrong5 found a large negative potassium balance in rats after an LD50 of X-rays. The lost potassium appeared to originate principally in muscle. A transient post-irradiation aldolasaemia6 also occurs as well as an amino-aciduria and creatinuria7–9 which appears to be linearly dependent on the dose of radiation10. It seems likely that the creatine and other amino-acids and the aldolase were lost, in large part, by skeletal muscle and it occurred to us that subtle in vivo changes in muscle after irradiation might have been overlooked.
Imaging through tissue using electronic holography and femtosecond pulses

ABSTRACT Electronic holography and speckle interferometry are combined with femto second gating techniques to form images of absorbing structures embedded in organic tissue.The method takes advantage of the inherent instability of living tissue.1. INTRODUCTION Holograms have been made for a long time with pulsed lasers. However, when thepulses become extremely short, in the picosecond and subpicosecond range, someextremely interesting results occur. Especially interesting is the light in flight work described by Denisyuk' and and Abramson2, in which the holographic process gives a continuous, frameless high speed motion picture. Also, Abramson has used the technique to image through highly scattering material and has proposed the method for imaging through human tissue. We have continued work along this line, combining the techniques of short pulse holography with electronic holography, and itappears that this is a very attractive combination. Light entering a highly diffusing material, such as living tissue, is severely scatteredin all directions. Thus, any opaque object inside of or behind the material will form a
STUDIES ON CARTILAGE II. Electron Microscope Observations on Rabbit Ear Cartilage following the Administration of Papain

Electron microscope observations on rabbit ear cartilage following the administration of papain show that both the elastic component of the matrix and the amorphous material disappear leaving a matrix which consists of delicate fibrils which are presumed to be collagen. This unmasking of fibrils coincides with the appearance of an abnormal component in the electrophoretic pattern of the rabbit's serum. The chondrocytes show vacuoles in their cytoplasm which appear at the same time that the cells appear crenated in the light microscope. A ruffly appearance of the cell surface membrane coincides with this vacuolization, and vacuoles often appear open and in continuity with the extracellular space. The resurgence of the rabbit ear is accompanied by a reconstitution of both the amorphous material and the elastic component of the matrix. During this period numerous dilated cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum which contain a moderately dense material are present in the chondrocyte cytoplasm. We have been unable to demonstrate a direct relationship between the elastic component of the matrix and a particular component of the chondrocyte cytoplasm, but it is clear that changes occur in the cartilage cell cytoplasm during both the depletion and reconstitution of the matrix. Previous studies on the effect of papain on elastic tissue are noted and the possible relationships between changes in the cells and matrix of this elastic cartilage are discussed.
Behavioral Assumptions of Conservation Policy: Conserving Oak Habitat on Family-Forest Land in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

Designing policies that harness the motivations of landowners is essential for conserving threatened habitats on private lands. Our goal was to understand how to apply ethnographic information about family-forest owners to the design of conservation policy for Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon (U.S.A.). We examined owners' knowledge, beliefs, values, and socioeconomic contexts through in-depth individual and focus-group interviews to understand their motivations to conserve oak. We then used Schneider and Ingram's (1990) policy analysis framework to compare owners' motivations to the logic of policy. Owners had complex motivations for conserving oak. Despite this complexity, all 5 categories of policy that Schneider and Ingram describe hold promise. Policies that use symbolism to inspire behavior and policies that build capacity can harness owners' stewardship ethics and moral obligations. Policies that offer tangible rewards can build on owners' utilitarian motives. Policies that permit and prohibit behavior can tap owners' concerns about rule violations. Policies that promote voluntary, collaborative efforts can accommodate owners' need for autonomy and flexibility.
Hierarchies and phonological weakening

Abstract Consonantal weakening has long been recognized as a significant, natural type of phonological change. Weakening can be defined as a systematic reduction process, often resulting in deletion, which affects certain consonants, depending on their position within the word or the phonological phrase. For example, weakening may include some or all of the following successive stages: voicing, spirantization, gliding, deletion, such as t>d>o>O (cf. Latin vita; Mod. French vie [vi]; Mod. Spanish vida [vioa] ‘life’). My intent in this paper is to point out some interesting aspects of the mechanism of weakening, and more specifically to address myself to the issue of its representation in phonological theory. Within a transformational-generative framework, the ‘grammar change’ analysis (Halle 1962; Kiparsky 1968, 1971; King 1972) can superficially describe the formal progression of t>d>o>O in terms of a series of rule additions. However, such an analysis has no explanatory value whatsoever if the overall continuity of the weakening process is overlooked. In order to remedy the main inadequacies of the ‘grammar change’ analysis, I propose to incorporate a set of hierarchies into phonological theory. These hierarchies will represent the crucial phonological relationships which account for the systematic stages, the directionality and the scope of consonantal weakening. It will be argued that three types of information must be included, namely, reference to environmental factors, to manner of articulation and voicing properties, and to place of articulation features.
Multistability and hysteresis in a model for the dissociative chemisorption of a diatomic gas on a metal surface

Some aspects of the steady-state behavior of a simple model for the dissociative chemisorption of a diatomic gas on a metal surface are considered. It is shown that within certain ranges of values for the rate parameters, multiple steady states exist for the state variables. As a result, the system exhibits hysteretic behavior when rate parameters are cycled across the region of multistability. These phenomena are a direct result of the highly nonlinear nature of the system's dynamics. What these predictions imply relative to the behavior of real gas/metal systems is also discussed.
Tissue-specific regulation and expression of heat shock proteins in type 2 diabetic monkeys.

The chaperone protein heat shock protein (HSP) 70 has been shown to protect against obesity-associated insulin resistance. Induction of HSPs is thus considered an exciting therapeutic strategy for diabetes (DM). The aims of this study were to (1) determine HSP levels in plasma, hepatic, and pancreatic tissues of type 2 DM primates and (2) assess the relationship between chaperone proteins of the HSP family and cellular protection. We collected plasma from 24 type 2 DM and 25 normoglycemic control (CTL) cynomolgus macaques. A subset of DM monkeys had liver and pancreas samples available which were compared to a second group of CTL monkeys. We found that DM monkeys had 32% lower HSP70 in circulation which remained significant even after adjustment for the greater age and bodyweight of these monkeys (p < 0.001). The liver demonstrated a similar reductions in both HSP70 and 90 that was related to 50% lower levels of the transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1; p = 0.03). Pancreatic tissue had the opposite expression pattern with significantly higher HSF1 (p = 0.004) and accordingly higher HSP70 and 90. Pancreas from DM monkeys had less nitrosative oxidation (p = 0.03) which was unaccounted for by superoxide dismutases and was negatively associated with HSP levels (r = −0.57, p = 0.009). HSF1/HSP deficiency exists in DM liver which may contribute to hepatic insulin resistance and this deficiency was reflected in lower circulating concentrations. Pancreas maintains HSP levels despite hyperglycemia, likely in an attempt to protect vulnerable beta cells from exocrine pancreatic damage and from stress associated with insulin hypersecretion.
Cognitive impairment and depression outcomes in the IMPACT study.

Introduction It is unclear whether cognitive impairment affects acute and long-term treatment response in geriatric depression. In addition, little is known about the long-term outcome of depression among older individuals who experience cognitive decline during a course of treatment for depression. The authors examined both of these issues using data from the IMPACT trial. Methods The sample consisted of 1,684 participants in the IMPACT study who had baseline and two-year follow-up data. Subjects were randomized to one year of active intervention with a depression care manager or usual care. After one year, all subjects had usual care for another year. Data were collected for two years. The authors used the Six-Item Cognitive Screener to examine acute and long-term effects on depression outcome of baseline cognitive impairment and of cognitive decline. Depression measures included the HSCL-20 and an estimation of depression-free days. Outcomes were determined using both linear regression and repeated-measures analyses. Results Depressed subjects in the active intervention group had better depression outcomes at one year regardless of baseline cognitive impairment. Cognitively impaired subjects within each treatment group had similar outcomes to subjects without cognitive impairment. Subjects who experienced decline in cognitive score over two years had worse 24-month depression outcomes compared with subjects whose cognitive score did not change. Conclusions Cognitively impaired depressed patients can experience significant improvement in depression with appropriate acute and continuation-phase management. Older depressed adults experiencing ongoing cognitive decline may be at higher risk for poor depression outcomes and may require more careful clinical monitoring and management of both cognitive and affective symptoms.
A SENSITIVE, COUPLED ASSAY FOR PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR USING A THIOL ESTER SUBSTRATE FOR PLASMIN *

Several assays for plasminogen activator employ a direct assay method. These are remarkably sensitive methods, yet they suffer in comparison to the sensitivity of coupled methods. Coupling the assay with plasminogen not only amplifies the sensitivity by the multiplicative effect of plasmin, but insures that only those proteases specific for plasminogen are assayed. The choice of substrate for plasmin is critical. A thiol ester substrate, thiobenzyl benzyloxy-carbonyl-L-lysinate (Z-Lys-SBzl), has been synthesized which combines high k/sub cat/ with alkaline stability. In an effort to characterize the plasminogen activator from hepatoma tissue culture (HTC) and its hormonally-controlled inhibitor, Z-Lys-SBzl was used in a coupled approach providing an assay which is superior to the /sup 125/I-fibrinolytic assay. It is also extremely sensitive to plasminogen activator and can be used for routine analysis of purification as well as kinetic and binding studies. (ERB)
Readout of a single electron spin based quantum bit by current detection

Abstract We present experimental and theoretical results demonstrating the readout of a single spin based quantum bit by current detection. The quantum bit has been built by isolating a single electron spin in a lateral dot with a tunable number of electrons. The spin state of the dot was read from the current amplitude resulting from the injection of spin polarized electrons. The current amplitude showed a systematic dependence on the spin state of the dot controlled by the number of electrons.
Lung defense against infection

The human lung has an exquisitely effective and complex defense against infections. Mucus prevents attachment of bacteria to the epithelium, and those bacteria that cannot cross the mucus are cleared by exhalation or by the mucus-ciliary escalator. Alveolar macrophages dispatch microbes that reach the peripheral barriers of the lung. The pulmonary phagocytic system immobilizes, kills, and walls off invading bacteria. The phagocytic system, developed in bone marrow, includes alveolar macrophages, granulocytes, and monocytes. The phagocytic system is amplified by humoral factors, including inflammatory mediators, acute-phase reactants, and opsonins that allow rapid engulfment and killing of microbes. Highly mobile polymorphonuclear granulocytes reinforce the macrophages when invading organisms reach tissue. Sterility of the lower respiratory tract in the normal host is evidence that the defense systems of the lung are highly effective and potently bactericidal. The oxidative and nonoxidative microbicidal mechanisms of alveolar macrophages and granulocytes are lethal for most ordinary microbes. However, certain pathogens have means of preventing phagocytosis, and obligate intracellular specles have evolved mechanisms of intracellular survival. Successful biologic detente between microbe and host is the usual situation in the normal human lung, but the relationship is unfortunately short-lived in patients with cystic fibrosis. Mucus is not an adequate barrier in these patients. Bacterial pathogens colonize respiratory tissue and, as a consequence, compromise lung function. Better understanding of local defenses in normal human lungs and of the defects in lung defenses in patients with cystic fibrosis should lead to methods that will provide these patients with successful defense against invading microbes.
Effect of prostacyclin inhibition by tranylcypromine on uterine 6-keto-PGF1α levels during estrogen hyperemia in rats

Abstract A role for prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) as a mediator of estrogen-induced increases in uterine blood volume (UBV) was investigated by measuring uterine tissue levels of 6-keto-prostaglandin F 1α (6-keto-PGF 1α ), and testing estrogen responses in rats pretreated with the PGI 2 synthesis inhibitor, tranylcypromine (TCP). Uterine 6-keto-PGF 1α content was determined by radio-immunoassay of tissue extracts purified through the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Estrogen treatment of castrate rats resulted in a significant increase of uterine 6-keto-PGF 1α as compared to saline treated controls (9.3 ng/uterine horn vs 6.7 ng/uterine horn, p=0.01). Pretreatment with TCP (20 mg/kg) markedly reduced the uterine content of 6-keto-PGF 1α (2.5 ng/uterine horn). The typical 50% increase in UBV observed after estrogen was unaffected by tranylcypromine pretreatment. It was concluded that the increased PGI 2 synthesis, as indicated by elevated levels of 6-keto-PGF 1α , may function as an amplifying mechanism for the uterine vasodilation-induced by estrogen in castrate rats, but that production of this prostanoid is not essential for the estrogen response.
Elevation of Serum IgG4 in Western Patients With Autoimmune Sclerosing Pancreatocholangitis: A Word of Caution

Autoimmune pancreatocholangitis is characterized by sclerosing inflammation of the biliary tree or pancreatic duct and can mimic pancreaticobiliary malignancy. Serum immunoglobin (Ig) G4 values seem to be helpful in distinguishing autoimmune pancreatocholangitis from pancreatic malignancy in the Japanese population; however, its significance in the Western population has not been well studied. We report a retrospective analysis of 7 consecutive patients with autoimmune pancreatocholangitis and compare them to 23 patients with pancreatic malignancy. Clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and preoperative IgG4 levels were reviewed in all patients. Presence of autoimmune pancreatocholangitis or pancreatic malignancy was determined by pathologic analysis in all patients and reviewed by a single pathologist. In all patients, autoimmune pancreatocholangitis manifested in a similar fashion to pancreatic malignancy. Median IgG4 levels were far lower in pancreatic cancer patients with localized, resectable disease (24 mg/dL), locally advanced disease (24 mg/dL), and metastatic disease (28 mg/dL) as compared with patients with autoimmune pancreatocholangitis (142 mg/dL, P 100 mg/dL. In contrast, all patients with autoimmune pancreatitis or cholangitis had levels >100 mg/dL. However, in five of these seven patients, IgG4 levels were below the upper limits of normal. Autoimmune pancreatocholangitis mimics pancreatobiliary malignancy. Serum IgG4 values seem to be helpful in distinguishing autoimmune pancreatocholangitis from malignancy in the Western population. However, absolute values seem to be lower in the United States compared with Japan. The upper limit of normal as reported in laboratories in the United States may not be useful in identifying abnormally high IgG4 values. A new upper limit of normal may need to be defined because IgG subclass determinations are being used more frequently in Western patients with biliary obstruction.
Epinephrine Levels in the Peripheral Blood During Irreversible Hemorrhagic Shock in Dogs

Dogs were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 40 mm. Hg until 10 per cent of the shed blood had automatically reinfused from an elevated reservoir. The remaining blood was then rapidly infused intravenously. The procedure was fatal to all 13 dogs. Arterial blood epinephrine levels were followed during the time of hemorrhage and the post-hemorrhagic survival period in 9 of these animals. Arterial blood epinephrine levels in the 9 dogs increased from control values of less than one µg./L. to a maximum of 29 µg./L. during early hemorrhage, and then decreased during the period of spontaneous reinfusion to 7.5 µg./L. After complete reinfusion the blood pressure returned to normal, and epinephrine disappeared from the circulation. The blood pressure then gradually failed under normovolemic conditions, and the animals died in shock after an average of 220 minutes. Blood samples obtained immediately before death when the mean arterial pressure was 45 mm. Hg contained only 3.5 µg./L. epinephrine.
Multi-color LUCAS: Lensfree On-chip Cytometry Using Tunable Monochromatic Illumination and Digital Noise Reduction

It has been recently demonstrated that rapid on-chip monitoring of a homogenous cell solution within an ultra-large field-of-field of ~10 cm2 is feasible by recording the classical diffraction pattern of each cell in parallel onto an opto-electronic sensor array under incoherent white light illumination. Here we present several major improvements over this previous approach. First, through experimental results, we illustrate that the use of narrowband short wavelength illumination (e.g., at ~300 nm) significantly improves the digital signal-to-noise ratio of the cell diffraction signatures, which translates itself to a significant increase in the depth-of-field (e.g., ~5 mm) and hence the sample volume (e.g., 5 mL) that can be imaged. Second, we also illustrate that by varying the illumination wavelength, the texture of the recorded cell signatures can be tuned to enable automated identification and characterization of a target cell type within a heterogeneous cell solution. Third, a hybrid imaging scheme that combines two different wavelengths is also demonstrated to improve the uniformity and signal-to-noise ratio of the recorded cell diffraction images. Finally, we demonstrate that a further improvement in image quality can be achieved by utilizing adaptive digital filtering. These noteworthy improvements are especially quite important to achieve more reliable performance for rapid detection and counting of a target cell type among many other cells present within a heterogeneous sample volume of e.g., ~5 mL. This incoherent on-chip imaging platform may have a significant impact especially for medical diagnostic applications related to global health problems such as HIV monitoring.
A Branch-and-Price-and-Cut Algorithm for Heterogeneous Pickup and Delivery Problems with Configurable Vehicle Capacity

This paper presents a mixed-integer programming model for a variant of the pickup and delivery problem with time windows. The fleet is assumed to be heterogeneous with a novel feature that allows the vehicles to be configured before service begins to handle various types of demand. The work was motivated by a daily route planning problem arising at a senior activity center. A fleet of configurable vans is available each day to transport participants to and from the center, as well as to secondary facilities for rehabilitative and medical treatment. The number of participants and support equipment that a van can accommodate depends on how it is configured. An exact method is introduced based on branch and price and cut. At each node in the search tree, the master problem is solved by column generation to find a lower bound. To improve the bound, subset-row inequalities are applied to the variables of the master problem. Columns are generated by solving the pricing subproblems with a labeling algorithm enhanced by new dominance conditions. Local search on the current set of columns is used to quickly find promising additions. Implementation details and ways to improve the performance of the overall procedure are discussed. Testing was done on a set of real instances as well as a set of randomly generated instances with up to 50 customer requests. The results show that optimal solutions are obtained in the majority of cases.
An improved lower bound on query complexity for quantum PAC learning

In this paper, we study the quantum PAC learning model, offering an improved lower bound on the query complexity. For a concept class with VC dimension d, the lower bound is @W([email protected](d^1^-^e+log([email protected]))) for @e accuracy and [email protected] confidence, where e can be an arbitrarily small positive number. The lower bound is very close to the best lower bound known on query complexity for the classical PAC learning model, which is @W([email protected](d+log([email protected]))).