cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Information Security Assessments Framework for Power Control Systems

Information and cyber security of Industrial Control Systems (ICS) faces severe challenges and has gained considerable importance. Information security assessment is an essential component of information security assurance infrastructure mechanisms. First, a hierarchical model of smart grid was abstracted. Based on the proposed model and the information security risks and information security protection demands of power control systems, an information security assessments framework for power control systems was proposed in dimensions of system layers and life cycle to guide the security assessment contents of power control systems. Finally, a test bed function design for power control system security assessment was proposed. The power control system security test bed may include four parts, such as power control system security assessment management platform, power control system simulation environment, security assessment tools, and security policy. The proposed security assessment framework and test bed functional design can be used to guide the electric power utilities in their power control system information security efforts.
Parameter measures of skewness

Several different measures of skewness are commonly used in place of γ1, the third central moment divided by the cube of the standard deviation. The numerical values of these measures are compared in this paper for members of the gamma, lognormal or Weibull family of distributions and shown to vary considerably in most cases even when skewness and kurtosis are moderate.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Single Event Effects in SOI Lateral Power MOSFETs

150 V SOI lateral power MOSFETs were designed and fabricated with features intended to provide hardness against SEB and SEGR. The response of SOI power MOSFETs to heavy ion radiation was investigated both experimentally and using TCAD simulations. These power MOSFETs demonstrated an electrical performance figure of merit QGD × RDSON considerably improved over state of the art commercial trench VDMOS and rad-hard planar VDMOS devices, and survived heavy ion irradiation at the full VDS biasing of 150 V and full VGS biasing of -16 V simultaneously.
Note on Linear Hydroelastic Sloshing

The present paper deals with the general problem of hydroelastic sloshing of a liquid in a partially filled circular cylindrical container with either rigid walls and a flexible flat bottom or a rigid bottom and elastic walls. Free coupling oscillations of the tank-liquid system are investigated including the effect of surface tension. Forces and moments excerted on the walls by the liquid as well as the form of the free surface are determined. A procedure to investigate approximately the oscillations of the liquid under weak gravitation is outlined. Die vorliegende Arbeit befast sich mit dem allgemeinen hydroelastischen Problem des Treibstoffschwappens einer Flussigkeit in einem kreiszylindrischen Tank mit entweder starrer Wand und elastischem Boden oder starrem Boden und elastischer Wand. Die freien Koppelschwingungen des Systems Tank-Flussigkeit werden unter Berucksichtigung der Oberflachenspannung der Flussigkeit untersucht. Die von der Flussigkeit auf die Behalterwande ausgeubten Krafte und Momente sowie die Gestalt der freien Flussigkeitsoberflache werden allgemein berechnet. Ferner wird ein Losungsweg zur angenaherten Behandlung der Flussigkeitsschwingungen im einem schwachen Schwerefeld angedeutet.
Low-Level Radioactive Waste Management: Environmental Policy, Federalism, and New York

This article examines state efforts to implement the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act ofl 980 and its 1985 amendments, and the significance of New York v. United States et al. for low-level waste (LLW) facility siting. Interstate compacting under the act has been successful for compact regions encompassing previously operating disposal facilities, but elsewhere the process is in gridlock. The principal cause ofsitingfailures is the NIMB Yphenomenon, which obstructed newfacility identification and siting. Little reason is found for optimism in surmounting NIMBY opposition. The New York decision, which voided a take-title provisionfrom the LLW Policy Act while retaining other state siting incentives, could negatively affect LLW policy implementation by weakening the critical set of policy hammers. The prognosis is more positiveforfederalism. Although the Court eschewed an opportunity to revisit Garcia in its narrowly tailored decision, it did revive its role as federal umpire in a case involving the constitutional division of authority between the federal government and the states.
Identification methods for large scale systems

This paper presents a summary of research directed at the development of algorithms for system identification in large scale systems. Methods based upon sensitivity analysis and hierarchical systems theory are described.
Rejection of disturbances with a large sinusoidal component of unknown frequency

An important application of smart materials and structures is the control of periodic disturbances or vibration in environments such as aircrafts and helicopters. In these cases, the source of the noise is a rotating machine, so that a large component of the disturbance is periodic. While it is often possible to take measurements on the machine that is the source of the periodic disturbance, concerns of reliability and maintainability sometimes make such measurements undesirable, if not impossible. Then, the problem is to attenuate a periodic disturbance whose frequency is unknown. An adaptive algorithm is presented in this paper for periodic disturbance attenuation, using the concept of a phase-locked loop. For simplicity, the disturbance is assumed to be sinusoidal. An approximate analysis is performed and the results are found useful to select the design parameters. Simulations are presented that demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to reject sinusoidal disturbances with unknown frequency, and to follow signals with slowly varying magnitude and frequency. The effect of measurement noise and of additional disturbances is also analyzed. The results provide numerical measures of the parameter variations and of the loss of performance in the presence of noise.
The Effect of Parametric Variations on Formaldehyde Emissions From a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine

Formaldehyde is a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) that is typically emitted from natural gas-fired internal combustion engines as a product of incomplete combustion. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is currently developing national emission standards to regulate HAP emissions, including formaldehyde, from stationary reciprocating internal combustion engines under Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. This work investigates the effect that variations of engine operating parameters have on formaldehyde emissions from a large bore natural gas engine. The subject engine is a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF two-stroke cycle engine with a 14″ (36 cm) bore and a 14″ (36 cm) stroke. Engine parameter variations investigated include load, boost, ignition timing, inlet air humidity ratio, air manifold temperature, jacket water temperature, prechamber fuel supply pressure, exhaust backpressure, and speed. The data analysis and interpretation is performed with reference to possible formaldehyde formation mechanisms and in-cylinder phenomena.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Acute effects of Fe2O3, TiO2, ZnO and CuO nanomaterials on Xenopus laevis

Metal oxide nanomaterials have exhibited toxicity to a variety of aquatic organisms, especially microbes and invertebrates. To date, few studies have evaluated the toxicity of metal oxide nanomaterials on aquatic vertebrates. Therefore, this study examined effects of ZnO, TiO(2), Fe(2)O(3), and CuO nanomaterials (20-100 nm) on amphibians utilizing the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay Xenopus (FETAX) protocol, a 96 h exposure with daily solution exchanges. Nanomaterials were dispersed in reconstituted moderately hard test medium. These exposures did not increase mortality in static renewal exposures containing up to 1,000 mg L(-1) for TiO(2), Fe(2)O(3), CuO, and ZnO, but did induce developmental abnormalities. Gastrointestinal, spinal, and other abnormalities were observed in CuO and ZnO nanomaterial exposures at concentrations as low as 3.16 mg L(-1) (ZnO). An EC(50) of 10.3 mg L(-1) ZnO was observed for total malformations. The minimum concentration to inhibit growth of tadpoles exposed to CuO or ZnO nanomaterials was 10 mg L(-1). The results indicate that select nanomaterials can negatively affect amphibians during development. Evaluation of nanomaterial exposure on vertebrate organisms are imperative to responsible production and introduction of nanomaterials in everyday products to ensure human and environmental safety.
Possible premature degenerative temporomandibular joint disease in violinists

On occasion, there is danger of TMJ injury from holding the violin in a playing position for long periods of time. A study of a patient with premature degenerative TMJ disease emphasizes the value of a routine occlusal and TMJ examination.
Tocilizumab in pediatric rheumatology: the clinical experience

During the last two decades, clinical use of novel biological therapy has led to increased mechanistic understanding of complex rheumatological diseases. Conversely, basic and translational studies have led to development of new and varied therapeutic agents. These new medications which “target” specific steps in one or more immune pathways have the potential to control disease symptoms, improve quality of life and long-term prognosis, and perhaps in some, restore immunological tolerance. Use of these agents in clinical trials, combined with post-marketing surveillance, has revealed both the benefits and the undesirable side-effects of biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). In this review we focus on the use of tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against the IL6 receptor (IL6R), which potently inhibits IL-6/IL6R signaling.
Pharmacokinetics of firocoxib in preweaned calves after oral and intravenous administration

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral firocoxib in 10 healthy preweaned calves. Firocoxib (0.5 mg/kg) was initially administered i.v. to calves, and following a 14-day washout period, animals received firocoxib orally prior to cautery dehorning. Firocoxib concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Changes in hematology and plasma chemistry were determined using automated methods. Computer software was used to estimate pharmacokinetic parameters best described with a two-compartment model for i.v. administration and a one-compartment model for p.o. administration. Following i.v. dosing, the geometric mean (range) T1/2K10 and T1/2β were 6.7 (4.6–9.7) and 37.2 (23.5–160.4) h, respectively, Vss was 3.10 (2.10–7.22) L/kg, and CL was 121.7 (100.1–156.7) mL/h/kg. Following oral administration, geometric mean (range) Cmax was 127.9 (102.5–151.3) ng/mL, Tmax was 4.0 (2.6–5.6) h, and T1/2K10 was 18.8 (14.2–25.5) h. Bioavailability of oral firocoxib was calculated using the AUC derived from both study populations to be 98.4% (83.1–117.6%). No adverse clinical effects were evident following firocoxib administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis of i.v. and p.o. firocoxib indicates high bioavailability and a prolonged terminal half-life in preweaned calves.
Integrating Mental Health and Primary Care

Mental health and primary care delivery systems have evolved to operate differently. For example, attention to multiple medical issues, health maintenance, and structured diagnostic procedures are standard elements of primary care rarely incorporated into mental health care. A multidisciplinary treatment approach, group care, and case management are common features of mental health treatment settings only rarely used in primary care practices. Advances in treatments for mental health disorders and increased knowledge of the integral link between mental health and physical health encourage mental health disorder treatment in primary care settings, which reach the most patients. Effective integration of mental health care into primary care requires systematic and pragmatic change that builds on the strengths of both mental health and primary care.
Landmark-based 3D fusion of SPECT and CT images

In this paper we present interactive visualization procedures for registration of SPECT and CT images based on landmarks. Because of the poor anatomic detail available in many SPECT images, registration of SPECT images with other modalities often requires the use of external markers. These markers may correspond to anatomic structures identifiable in the other modality image. In this work, we present a method to nonrigidly register SPECT and CT images based on automatic marker localization and interactive anatomic localization using 3D surface renderings of skin. The images are registered in 3D by fitting low order polynomials which are constrained to be near rigid. The method developed here exploits 3D information to attain greater accuracy and reduces the amount of time needed for expert interaction.
A Computer-Based Method to Rapidly Analyze Tumor Cell Lysis In. Vivo

AbstractA discrete-event, compartmentalized, stochastic, computer-based simulation technique using GPSS-H was developed that made it possible to quantify key parameters of tumor cell lysis in vivo. Tests are complete within 24 hr and use relatively small numbers of mice. For the key tissue compartments (whole body, lungs, blood, spleen, liver, bone marrow and lymph nodes) the main tumor cell parameters were: residence times; probability of lysis; accumulative lysis; and rate constants for lysis. The modeling approach also included the capability to quantify T cell, NK cell, and macrophage-mediated tumor cell lysis, and how drugs affected these lytic processes. The evidence presented indicates that the approach appears to provide a rapid and effective means to screen drugs for their effectiveness in vivo, to quantify how drugs affect immune-mediated tumor cell lysis, and a means to quantify how cancer treatment modalities affect these parameters. The approach also appears to be generally applicable to phar...
CO-Induced Segregation of Hydrogen into the Subsurface on Ni(110)

Scanning tunneling microscopy measurements on Ni(110) suggest that the segregation of hydrogen into the subsurface (β 3 ) state is mediated by CO. At 375 and 390 K exposure of the saturated added row Ni-H overlayer to I x 10 - 8 Torr of CO(g) induces the dissolution of the Ni-H rows to yield Ni islands of monatomic step height. Structures associated with the adsorption of CO onto the clean surface are not observed, and the surface formed under these conditions is resistant toward hydrogen uptake upon further H 2 (g) exposure. This reconstruction is activated; it does not occur at temperatures below 370 K at the same pressure of hydrogen. With heating, H 2 is evolved from the β 3 desorption state from this surface; no other gases are observed to desorb. Cooling the surface to room temperature permits formation of the "normal" Ni-H overlayer upon further H 2 (g) exposure. These findings suggest that at temperatures above 370 K CO induces a surface reconstruction with a fraction of the hydrogen from the Ni-H overlayer segregating into the subsurface, while the remainder evolves into the gas phase. Under a constant CO background pressure of 6 x 10 - 8 Torr at 350 K a low-coverage c(4x2)-CO structure appears as unresolved [001]-oriented rows separated by four unit vectors along [110]. The mobility of CO along the [001] azimuth appears to result in a loss of surface registry of CO in that direction.
Randomized iterations for low latency fixed point computation

Many algorithms in numerical analysis, operations research, and control theory can be written as fixed point iterations of contraction maps. Because these algorithms are so pervasive, there is significant value in being able to perform these computations with lower computational latency. Previous work has focused on reducing the computational complexity of certain algorithms, but there has been less of a focus on using massively parallel computing systems to reduce computational latency. The rise of parallel computing systems makes this focus increasingly relevant as many traditional algorithms are incapable of fully utilizing such large-scale parallel processing power. We propose a randomized parallel algorithm which computes the fixed point of an arbitrary contraction map on ℝn while making full use of large scale computing resources. When the number of processors grows exponentially with n, the proposed algorithm allows for a linear reduction in latency. Though this can also be said of a naive “brute-force” algorithm, the proposed algorithm is characterized by a much better linear factor. A numerical example is used to demonstrate this latency reduction while analytical proofs show this improvement holds in general. We conclude by discussing potential future work in specializing the proposed algorithm for specific applications as well in building a more general theory.
Selective expression of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-180 in optic nerve head astrocytes exposed to elevated hydrostatic pressure in vitro.

Abstract Glaucomatous optic neuropathy is usually associated with elevated intraocular pressure. Optic nerve head astrocytes may respond to intraocular pressure by stimulation of pressure-sensitive mechanoreceptors on the cell surface. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) a transmembrane protein, mediates cell adhesion and migration. The NCAM 180 isoform increases in astrocytes of glaucomatous optic nerve head. We characterized the relative expression of NCAM isoforms in human optic nerve head astrocytes grown under elevated hydrostatic pressure. Astrocytes cultured from normal human optic nerve heads were exposed to either atmospheric or continuous hydrostatic pressure of 60 mm Hg, and analyzed at 6–48 h. Changes in cell shape, immunoreactivity, and distribution of GFAP, actin and NCAM were observed in pressure-treated cultures. Newly synthesized 35 S-labeled NCAM protein immunoprecipitated from cell lysates was increased 2-fold within 24 h after exposure to elevated pressure compared to control. The increase in NCAM synthesis was primarily due to the NCAM 180 isoform. A significant increase in NCAM 180 mRNA levels was detected by RT-PCR and Northern blots in cultured optic nerve head astrocytes within 6 h after exposure to elevated pressure. NCAM 180 mRNA and protein synthesis decreased after 24 h and returned to control levels by 48 h. Our data indicate that NCAM 180 transcription and synthesis in astrocytes is stimulated by elevated hydrostatic pressure. Because NCAM 180 interacts with the cytoskeleton through an extended cytoplasmic tail, a selective and transient increase in NCAM 180 in optic nerve head astrocytes exposed to elevated pressure may be relevant to the migration and interactions of reactive astrocytes in glaucoma.
A Statistical Analvsis of the Roll Rate of a Launch Vehicle under the Influence of Random Fin Misalignments

Launch vehicle under influence of random fin misalignments, predicting roll rate by statistical analysis
The development of the expression of temporality in the written English narratives of monolingual American and bilingual Mexican pupils

: In this study we examine to what extent the linguistic expression of temporal relationships by children receiving long-term explicit second-language instruction parallels that previously described for instructed and noninstructed adult learners, and to what extent it resembles that of children who are native speakers. The 80 subjects for the study are divided into four groups by grade level, fourth vs ninth, and native language, English (Americans) vs Spanish (Mexicans). The data analyzed consist of written narratives elicited with two silent films. Analytic categories include: tense, aspect, subordination, temporal conjunctions, temporal adverbials, lexical tying, and juxtaposition. Analysis of variance for these variables suggests that, while children who are nonnative English speakers show the same general pattern of use of syntactic, lexical and discursive devices for expressing temporality as do children who are native speakers, with respect to the use of some temporal markers they exhibit a developmental lag. There is also some evidence of linguistic transfer in verb tense and aspect while with respect to past-tense morphology the performance of children who are nonnative speakers of English is qualitatively different from that of children who are native speakers but similar to that of both instructed and noninstructed adult second-language learners.
The distribution in mice of intravenously administered plasma solutions of [14C]di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate determined by whole-body autoradiography.

Plastic strips containing [14C]carbonyl-labeled di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were immersed in sterile mouse plasma for 78 days at 22°C; no other solubilizing substances were added. The plastic strips were the polyvinyl chloride formulation used for blood bags. One milliliter of the plasma, containing 2.293 μg of [14C]DEHP, was injected intravenously without any further preparation into adult male mice of the CD-1 strain. Five conventional mice were frozen by immersion in dry ice-hexane after light ether anesthesia at 1, 3, 9, and 24 hr and 7 days after injection. In addition, two conventional mice were anesthetized with phenobarbital and their renal pedicles were ligated before receiving the solution of [14C]DEHP; they were frozen at 1 and 3 hr after injection. Five CD-1 germfree mice were also frozen at 1, 3, 9, and 24 hr and 7 days after the injection; they were maintained germfree until frozen. The mice were processed for whole-body autoradiography without allowing the tissues to thaw or contact any solvents. Autoradiography of whole-body sagittal sections taken at least every 200 μm through the left half of each animal revealed a rapid accumulation of radioactivity in the kidney and liver, with rapid excretion into urine, bile, and intestine. The compound was rapidly eliminated by the kidney and liver; there was no evidence of retention in any tissues in the body. There was no accumulation in spleen or lung.
Evidence of Large-Scale Quantization in Space Plasmas

In plasmas, Debye screening structures the possible correlations between particles. We identify a phase space minimum h* in non-equilibrium space plasmas that connects the energy of particles in a Debye sphere to an equivalent wave frequency. In particular, while there is no a priori reason to expect a single value of h* across plasmas, we find a very similar value of h* ≈ (7.5 ± 2.4)×10−22 J·s using four independent methods: (1) Ulysses solar wind measurements, (2) space plasmas that typically reside in stationary states out of thermal equilibrium and spanning a broad range of physical properties, (3) an entropic limit emerging from statistical mechanics, (4) waiting-time distributions of explosive events in space plasmas. Finding a quasi-constant value for the phase space minimum in a variety of different plasmas, similar to the classical Planck constant but 12 orders of magnitude larger may be revealing a new type of quantization in many plasmas and correlated systems more generally.
Wireless tomography, Part I: A novel approach to remote sensing

Wireless tomography, a novel approach to remote sensing, is proposed in Part I of this series. The methodology, literature review, related work, and system engineering are presented. Concrete algorithms and hardware platforms are implemented to demonstrate this concept. Self-cohering tomography is studied in depth. More research will be reported, following this initiative.
Microangiographic Study of Healing Wounds in Canine Intestinal Anastomoses

The microcirculatory evolution of healing wounds has not been well documented. The authors tested the generally accepted hypothesis that an end-to-end, stapled anastomosis (EEA) causes less microcirculatory compromises to the wound edge than an end-on, single-layer, hand-sewn anastomosis (HSA) does. The quanti tative measurement of the microcir culation associated with hand-sewn and stapled colonic anastomoses was carried out in two groups of dogs, each containing 28 animals. The mi crocirculatory evolution with use of either technique was similar, and the data in this study failed to support the common belief that the "B" shape of the staples results in mini mal trauma to the microcirculation and thus allows capillary growth through the tissue enclosed by the staple. In contrast to other studies, however, the authors noticed cross- circulation as early as the third post operative day in either technique. Moreover, by this angiographic method, they noted a gradual in crease in the extent of cross-circula ...
Stable transmission in the time-varying MIMO broadcast channel

Both linear and nonlinear transmit precoding strategies based on accurate channel state information (CSI) can significantly increase available throughput in a multiuser wireless system. With propagation delay, infrequent channel updates, lag due to network layer overhead, and time-varying node position or environment characteristics, channel knowledge becomes outdated and CSI-based transmission schemes can experience severe performance degradation. This paper studies the performance of precoding techniques for the multiuser broadcast channel with outdated CSI at the transmitter. Traditional channel models as well as channel realizations measured by a wideband channel sounder are used in the analysis. With measured data from an outdoor urban environment, it is further shown the existence of stable subspaces upon which transmission is possible without any instantaneous CSI at the transmitter. Such transmissions allow for consistent performance curves at the cost of initial suboptimality compared to CSI-based schemes.
5.3: Highly Efficient Phosphorescent OLEDs Fabricated on Corrugated High‐Index‐Refractive Substrates

We fabricated OLEDs on corrugated high-refractive-index substrates. With a macro lens to extract the substrate mode, we were able to achieve an EQE of 63.2%. The high efficiency was achieved by suppressing the thin film guided modes and efficiently extracting the surface plasmon mode with the corrugated structure.
Rock size-frequency distributions on Mars and implications for Mars Exploration Rover landing safety and operations

cumulative effective thermal inertias of 1700–2100 J m � 2 s � 0.5 K � 1 and are consistent with the model rock distributions applied to total rock abundance estimates. The Mars Exploration Rover (MER) airbags have been successfully tested against extreme rock distributions with a higher percentage of potentially hazardous triangular buried rocks than observed at the Pathfinder and Viking landing sites. The probability of the lander impacting a >1 m diameter rock in the first 2 bounces is 1.5 m and >2 m diameter, respectively. Finally, the model rock size-frequency distributions indicate that rocks >0.1 m and >0.3 m in diameter, large enough to place contact sensor instruments against and abrade, respectively, should be plentiful within a single sol’s drive at the Meridiani and Gusev landing sites. INDEX TERMS: 6225 Planetology: Solar System Objects: Mars; 5470 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Surface materials and properties; 5464 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Remote sensing; 5460 Planetology: Solid Surface Planets: Physical properties of materials; KEYWORDS: Mars Exploration Rover landing sites, Mars Pathfinder landing site, thermal inertia, rocks, Gusev, Meridiani
The structure of a new depsidone from the lichen Parmelia livida

Abstract A new depsidone, obtained as a minor constituent of Parmelia livida Tayl., is proven to be 4- O -methylphysodic acid.
Needle puncture resistance of surgical gloves, finger guards, and glove liners

New puncture resistant materials are being developed for health professional use as protection against disease and needle stick injuries. The needle puncture resistance of protective gloves and glove liners from DePuy DuPont Orthopaedics and of finger guards from Zimmer was evaluated using a computerized needle penetration system to determine maximal penetration forces and the penetration work required for taper point and for cutting edge needles to penetrate these membranes. The MedakTM portion of the Life LinerTM glove liner and the Spectra© portion of the FingGuardTM finger guard offered remarkable resistance against needle penetration as compared to the other glove liners and gloves tested. The cutting edge needles required considerably less penetration force and work to penetrate the FingGuardTM and Life LinerTM than that required with comparable sized taper point needles. Because these unique protective materials had a limited distribution over the hand, the surgeon's hand remained susceptible to inadvertent needle puncture. While this protection against needle penetration in the Life LinerTM and the FingGuardTM represents an exciting advance in surgery, it is important to emphasize that this development is only one consideration in the selection of surgical gloves. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Parametric Study on the Fabrication of Clay-containing Thermosetting Nanocomposites

Clay/epoxy nanocomposites were fabricated using shear mixing to determine the increase in mechanical properties over those of pure epoxy. The effectiveness of the fabrication process was improved and explained in detail to provide composites researchers with the ability to fabricate thermosetting nanocomposites efficiently. The effects of process variables on the resulting nanocomposite materials were determined through repeated fabrication and testing. The effects of void removal and shear mixing variables were determined through alteration of the fabrication process. When the effects of the process variables had been determined, a fabrication procedure based on the results was used to fabricate nanocomposites containing 2, 4, and 6% nanoparticles by weight. Tensile tests were performed to determine the extensional moduli and tensile strengths of nanocomposite samples. Experimental values were compared to the developed mathematical models as well as to the values of the neat resin.
Relationship between fungus and alga in the lichen Cladonia cristatella Tuck

The nature of the lichen symbiosis is not clear. It is generally thought to be mutualistic but this concept is not supported by experimental evidence1. Early workers2,3 considered that .lichens represented algae parasitized by fungi—as evidence, they noted algal cells in a lichen thallus that were dead or penetrated by fungal haustoria. Others, however, cited the seemingly healthy and long-lasting nature of lichens as evidence of mutualism. As we report here, our observations of artificial syntheses of the mycobiont Cladonia cristatella (‘British soldiers’) with different algae suggest that the relationship in this lichen is one of controlled parasitism. The mycobiont formed squamules mostly with algae related to its natural phycobiont, an indication perhaps of a long period of co-evolution between the symbionts of this lichen.
Structure and molecular fluctuations of n-alkyl-{beta}-D-glucopyranoside micelles determined by x-ray and neutron scattering.

The structure of micelles of n-alkyl-β-d-glucopyranosides in aqueous solution have been determined as a function of alkyl chain length and isotopic composition of the solvent, using a combination of X-ray and neutron scattering techniques. The combined use of X-ray and neutron scattering over an extended q-range has led to an enhanced resolution of micelle structure. Numerical modeling of both X-ray and neutron scattering data found that n-alkyl-β-d-glucopyranoside micelle shape could be best fit with a cylindrical core−shell form factor, with dimensions dependent upon the surfactant concentration and alkyl chain length. While the micelle core diameter was found to increase proportionately with changes in the alkyl chain length, significantly larger changes were found for the micelle length. The drastic increases in micelle length with increasing surfactant chain length is interpreted to reflect imperfect packing of the surfactant in the cap regions and solvent exposure of the alkyl chains. X-ray scatteri...
Problems of Public Access to Water in Texas Lakes and Streams

: Rapidly increasing demand for recreational use of Texas' public waters is resulting in growing conflict between riparian landowners and the public. This paper examines the public access question, certainly one of the most poorly defined and understood areas of Texas water and property law. Since the appropriation acts of the late 1800's, most surface waters are owned by the state, and are held in trust for the benefit of the people. While there is no express statutory authority giving the general public the right to use these waters, there is extensive, if often conflicting, case law recognizing such rights on navigable streams. It is equally well established that the public may not gain access by crossing private property. Definition of public and private rights is complicated by the fact that Texas land grants (with their attendant property rights) have emanated from Spain, Mexico, the Republic of Texas, and the state. Obstacles imposed by riparian landowners to public entry, use and passage, as well as spatial aspects of access, are also considered. Because public access rights are based on the peculiar circumstances of each case, it is difficult to establish general legal principles, and there is almost no reliable information to aid the recreation-seeking public. A clear legislative enunciation of public rights appears politically infeasible at present, the most immediately attainable goal lying in the area of better public education.
Seasonal weight changes in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Adult male rhesus monkeys lose weight during the breeding season and regain it during the nonbreeding season. The annual pattern of maximum weight gain just prior to the onset of breeding resembles the seasonal "fattening" seen in squirrel monkeys, but the period of weight gain is less discrete. The magnitude of weight change is less in younger males, in that sexually immature males gain weight in both seasons, but significantly less during the breeding season. Females do not lose weight during the breeding season. Post hoc analyses revealed no significant correlations between male testosterone levels, dominance ranks, weights, or weight changes. The heaviest animals as juveniles were predictably the heaviest as adolescents. The timing of seasonal changes in testosterone did not correlate with the timing of changes in weight; weight losses followed the rise in testosterone, and weight gains continued until early in the breeding season after testosterone levels had already begun to rise. It is suggested that seasonal hormonal changes may influence activities in individuals and that changes in the activities of particular group members may alter the activity patterns of other group members. This alteration of activity patterns due to group influences on individuals as well as individual influences on the group may explain why hormonal regulation of seasonal weight appears to be indirect and why individuals (juveniles) experiencing no seasonal hormonal changes nonetheless show differences in activity patterns and seasonal weight changes.
Shades of White: Identity Status, Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Xenophobia

Social identity, cultural socialization, intergroup contact hypothesis and group threat theories were used to examine White middle school adolescents' beliefs and attitudes toward Middle Eastern peers (Chaldeans). Ten focus group interviews in each of five Midwestern schools supported the hypothesized relationships between White majority/minority status in school and the saliency and centrality of White identity, awareness of their disadvantaged position in school, feelings of exclusion and dissonance, exhibition of in-group favoritism and out-group bias. Group threat factors predicating xenophobia for adolescents differ from those identified for adults. Group threat that precipitated White adolescents' xenophobic reactions toward Chaldean adolescents, including the rigidity of boundaries between the two groups, concerns about aggression and being outnumbered by Chaldeans, fear of loneliness and loss of friends, and differential treatment by teachers. Numerical minority status and the subjective perceptio...
Can Inhibition at Preschool Age Predict Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Social Difficulties in Third Grade?.

The present study examined whether deficits in inhibitory control in preschool‐aged children are predictive of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and certain social difficulties in middle childhood, specifically third grade. Although many studies have examined the concurrent relationships among disinhibition, ADHD and social competence, few have focused on the preschool‐aged population and the longitudinal relationship between early inhibition and later ADHD symptoms and social skills. Using a non‐referred sample of children, laboratory measures of inhibition administered at 54 months of age, and parent/primary caregiver and teacher ratings of ADHD behaviors and social skills at third grade, the study revealed a significant but modest relationship between early disinhibition and later ADHD symptoms and social difficulties. Regression analysis indicated that early difficulties with inhibitory control could explain little of the variance in later inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity ...
Vagamundo: a migrant's tale

Vagamundo is a mobile public art project and an online game. Through a mobile cart resembling an ice cream cart pedestrians are invited to play a video game that reflects the plight of illegal immigrants in New York City. Following an introduction -- Getting Across the Border, the player is challenged by various levels of social and cultural assimilation.Ideally, the project achieves two goals. First to present an interesting tableau that interrupts the given codes of public space as an unsuspecting pedestrian discovers a free videogame in an ice cream cart - a vehicle that represents an economic means to new immigrants. Secondly, Vagamundo places the player in the role of a new, undocumented immigrant to New York City, an experience that may cause one to consider what life is like for others. The "others" that the project concerns itself with is an impoverished immigrant subculture that goes highly unnoticed by main-stream media.
Bypassing Security Toolbars and Phishing Filters via DNS Poisoning

Security toolbars are used to protect naive users against phishing attacks by displaying warnings on suspicious sites. Recently, Web browsers have added built-in phishing filters mimicking the same functionality to detect phishing sites. The present study proposes a new attack to bypass security toolbars and phishing filters via DNS poisoning. Spoofed DNS cache entries are used to forge the results provided to security toolbars and thus misleading information is displayed to the victim. Although there are several studies that demonstrate DNS poisoning attacks, none to our best knowledge, investigate whether such attacks can circumvent security toolbars or phishing filters. Four well-known security toolbars and three reputable browser built- in phishing filters are scrutinized. None of the seven tools detect the attack. Worse still, security toolbars provide the victim with false confirmative indicators that the phishing site is legitimate.
AT-25A PHASE I STUDY OF CONVECTION-ENHANCED DELIVERY OF LIPOSOMAL-IRINOTECAN USING REAL-TIME IMAGING WITH GADOLINIUM IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT HIGH GRADE GLIOMA

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy for high grade glioma (HGG) is limited by the blood brain barrier. Convection enhanced delivery (CED) improves chemotherapy delivery by utilizing fluid convection obviating the challenges of crossing the BBB while minimizing systemic toxicity. CED of nanoliposomal irinotecan (MM-398) has been optimized in animal models and shows superior anti-tumor activity. An advance in the use of CED is the development of real time CED (RCD), which utilizes MRI to visualize the CED process with the aid of co-convected contrast agents and thus monitor delivery into the brain and to take corrective action. METHODS: With support from an R21 we're conducting a phase I study of CED of liposomal-irinotecan using real-time imaging in patients with recurrent HGG. This is a 3 + 3 dose escalation trial; dose levels are 20 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, and 80 mg liposomal-irinotecan, given via up to 3 catheters surgically placed in an intra-tumoral location. Concentration of gadoteridol will be 2 mM for all groups; both agents will be co-infused via the same catheters. Subjects in the two lowest dose groups will have tumor volumes of 1-4 cm3, the third dose group will be 2-5 cm3 and the highest dose group 2-6 cm3. Maximum total volume infused will be 1.0 ml for two lowest dose groups, 1.5 ml for the third dose group, and 2.0 ml for the highest dose group. RESULTS: Interim safety, efficacy, and imaging response results will be presented. Utilizing imaging software, we'll present the correlation of pre-infusion modeling of the drug distribution with post-infusion imaging and determination of the total volume of distribution (Vd) and the Vd to volume infused (Vi) ratio for each infusion. CONCLUSIONS: Image-guided distribution allows for real-time placement and adjustment of cannula for real time CED of MM-398 into the brains of patients with recurrent HGG.
A Review of Current Contents on Diskette (CCOD) with Abstracts for Apple Macintosh, Life Sciences1

CCOD is the electronic version of a well-established weekly publication for keeping up with current literature. The electronic version is designed to provide comprehensive and convenient up-to-date library research capabilities to investigators. CCOD comes with a simple, but excellent Quick Reference Guide that provides a guided tour to installation and operation of the program. The Guidebook claims that an hour will provide hands-on experience in electronically searching (browsing) and retrieving information on current publications. In fact, one can become an expert after only two hours of working with the Guidebook and experimenting with features of this program. Short sections called CC Tips that are scattered throughout the guided tour are especially helpful. The Guidebook also provides toll free numbers for technical help in the US and Canada, as well as contact information for the other continents.
Ribosomal Proteins of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

Abstract Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins of Rhodopseudomonas palustris revealed that the 29S subunit lacked a high-molecular-weight protein. It is suggested that a high-molecular-weight protein may function in protecting ribosomal ribonucleic acid from ribonuclease degradation.
ON USING LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN DISCRIMINANT PROBLEMS

This commentary evaluates the usefulness of the Freed and Glover [6] linear programming approach to the discriminant problem, relates linear programming to other parametric and nonparametric approaches, and evaluates the linear programming approach.
Sulfide irruptions and gypsum blooms in the Salton Sea as detected by satellite imagery, 1979–2006

Abstract Bright pale-green surface waters, locally called “green tides,” are visible to the naked eye and satellite sensors in patches at the Salton Sea, usually between May and November. These were studied using satellite remote sensing and by direct sampling. Algal blooms are ruled out as a cause as phytoplankton abundance, and chlorophyll concentrations were lower within the patches than in surrounding areas. The presence of abundant microscopic gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) crystals in surface waters suggests that scattering from this precipitating salt produces the intense signals. Biogeochemical factors include: the decomposition of organic matter, resultant anoxia and production of hydrogen sulfide by sulfate-reducing bacteria at depth, and oxidation back to sulfate and precipitation of gypsum during wind-induced overturn events. Sulfide concentrations following one such event in September 2005 ranged from 0.3 to 2.7 mg 1−1 at the surface and 1.2 to 25 mg 1−1 in bottom waters. Gypsum crystals occurred at den...
Transcriptional dysregulation of TrkA associates with neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxia type 17

TATA binding protein (TBP), a universal transcription factor, is broadly required by nuclear RNA polymerases for the initiation of transcription. TBP contains a polymorphic polyglutamine tract in its N-terminal region, and expansion of this tract leads to spinocerebellar ataxia type 17 (SCA17), one of nine dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by polyglutamine expansion in the affected proteins. The expanded polyglutamine proteins are ubiquitously expressed, but cause selective and characteristic neurodegeneration in distinct brain regions in each disease. Unlike many other polyglutamine proteins, whose functions are not yet fully understood, TBP is a well-characterized transcription factor that is restricted to the nucleus. Thus, investigating how mutant TBP mediates neuropathology should help elucidate the mechanisms by which transcriptional dysregulation contributes to neuronal dysfunction and/or neurodegeneration in polyglutamine diseases. To this end, we characterized cellular and mouse models expressing polyQ-expanded TBP. The cell model exhibits characteristic features of neuronal dysfunction, including decreased cell viability and defective neurite outgrowth. We found that the high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor, TrkA, is down-regulated by mutant TBP in cells. Down-regulation of TrkA also occurs in the cerebellum of SCA17 transgenic mice prior to Purkinje cell degeneration. Mutant TBP binds more Sp1, reduces its occupancy of the TrkA promoter and inhibits the activity of the TrkA promoter. These findings suggest that the transcriptional down-regulation of TrkA by mutant TBP contributes to SCA17 pathogenesis.
Aqueous Photophysical Parameters of Congo Red

ABSTRACT Using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorbance spectrometry, the salient photophysical parameters of Congo red, a very important biological staining reagent, was determined. Its absorbance was observed at 497.0 nm; its molar absorptivity e was determined as 6.26 × 104 M–cm. Its fluorescence, when excited at 330.0 nm, was observed at 417.0 nm. The quantum yield, ф, in aqueous solution was determined by two different methods—the relative, or comparative, method and the absolute method. Both methods gave the same value of 0.011. The room temperature fluorescence lifetime τo was determined as 2.8 ns using the Strickler–Berg equation.