cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A neoclassical drift-magnetohydrodynamical fluid model of the interaction of a magnetic island chain with a resonant error-field in a high temperature tokamak plasma

A two-fluid, neoclassical theory of the interaction of a single magnetic island chain with a resonant error-field in a quasi-cylindrical, low-β, tokamak plasma is presented. The plasmas typically found in large hot tokamaks lie in the so-called weak neoclassical flow-damping regime in which the neoclassical ion stress tensor is not the dominant term in the ion parallel equation of motion. Nevertheless, flow-damping in such plasmas dominates ion perpendicular viscosity, and is largely responsible for determining the phase velocity of a freely rotating island chain (which is in the ion diamagnetic direction relative to the local E × B frame at the rational surface). The critical vacuum island width required to lock the island chain is mostly determined by the ion neoclassical poloidal flow damping rate at the rational surface. The stabilizing effect of the average field-line curvature, as well as the destabilizing effect of the perturbed bootstrap current, is the same for a freely rotating, a non-uniformly rotating, and a locked island chain. The destabilizing effect of the error-field averages to zero when the chain is rotating and only manifests itself when the chain locks. The perturbed ion polarization current has a small destabilizing effect on a freely rotating island chain, but a large destabilizing effect on both a non-uniformly rotating and a locked island chain. This behavior may account for the experimentally observed fact that locked island chains are much more unstable than corresponding freely rotating chains.A two-fluid, neoclassical theory of the interaction of a single magnetic island chain with a resonant error-field in a quasi-cylindrical, low-β, tokamak plasma is presented. The plasmas typically found in large hot tokamaks lie in the so-called weak neoclassical flow-damping regime in which the neoclassical ion stress tensor is not the dominant term in the ion parallel equation of motion. Nevertheless, flow-damping in such plasmas dominates ion perpendicular viscosity, and is largely responsible for determining the phase velocity of a freely rotating island chain (which is in the ion diamagnetic direction relative to the local E × B frame at the rational surface). The critical vacuum island width required to lock the island chain is mostly determined by the ion neoclassical poloidal flow damping rate at the rational surface. The stabilizing effect of the average field-line curvature, as well as the destabilizing effect of the perturbed bootstrap current, is the same for a freely rotating, a non-uniformly ...
Real-time, automated, fluorophore mediated multi-cardiac marker biosensing system with nano-metallic particle reagent.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in US. Early and accurate diagnosis of CVD is crucial to save many lives, especially for the patients suffering the heart attack. Accurate and fast quantification of cardiac muscle specific biomarkers in the blood enables accurate diagnosis and prognosis and timely treatment of the patients. A prototype of fiber-optic, multi-analyte, immuno-biosensing system integrated with an automatic flow control unit has been in development to quantify four important cardiac markers in blood plasma accurately, rapidly and simultaneously. The validity of the sensor was, however, challenged because the concentrations of two markers are only at tens of picomolar level. Here, plasmon rich nano-metallic particles and selected biocompatible solvents were developed for fluorescence enhancement to improve the sensitivity of our fluorophore mediated biosensing. By applying the nano-metal particle and the solvent, the sensitivity of single cardiac marker sensors were increased by 1.5 ∼ 3 times. By using the fluorescence enhancing nano-metallic particle reagents, simultaneous quantification of four cardiac markers in plasma is currently possible, using 3-cm-sensor within 10 minutes at an average signal-to-noise ratio of 20.
Plasticity of antimicrobial and phagocytic programs in human macrophages

Macrophage (MΦ) polarization is triggered during the innate immune response to defend against microbial pathogens, but can also contribute to disease pathogenesis. In a previous study, we found that interleukin-15 (IL-15) -derived classically activated macrophages (M1 MΦ) have enhanced antimicrobial activity, whereas IL-10-derived alternatively activated macrophages (M2 MΦ) were highly phagocytic but lacked antimicrobial activity. Given that the ability to modulate MΦ polarization from M2 MΦ to M1 MΦ may promote a more effective immune response to infection, we investigated the plasticity of these MΦ programs. Addition of IL-10 to M1 MΦ induced M2-like MΦ, but IL-15 had little effect on M2 MΦ. We determined the set of immune receptors that are present on M2 MΦ, elucidating two candidates for inducing plasticity of M2 MΦ, Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and interferonγ (IFN-γ) receptor 1. Stimulation of M2 MΦ with TLR2/1 ligand (TLR2/1L) or IFN-γ alone was not sufficient to alter M2 MΦ phenotype or function. However, co-addition of TLR2/1L and IFN-γ re-educated M2 MΦ towards the M1 MΦ phenotype, with a decrease in the phagocytosis of lipids and mycobacteria, as well as recovery of the vitamin-D-dependent antimicrobial pathway compared with M2 MΦ maintained in polarizing conditions. Similarly, treatment of M2 MΦ with both TLR2/1L and anti-IL-10 neutralizing antibodies led to polarization to the M1-like MΦ phenotype and function. Together, our data demonstrate an approach to induce MΦ plasticity that provides the potential for re-educating MΦ function in human mycobacterial disease to promote host defense and limit pathogenesis.
Overall seed dispersal effectiveness is lower in endemic Trillium species than in their widespread congeners

Premise of the study Comparing ecological attributes of endemic species with related, widespread species can reveal differences accounting for rarity. Forests of the southeastern United States are home to many range-restricted endemic and widespread species of Trillium, a genus of ant-dispersed herbs. Evidence suggests that aspects of seed-related life history stages are often correlated with plant rarity, but few studies have tested whether the process of seed dispersal differs for endemic and widespread species. To address this question, we compared aspects of seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) for three sympatric, widespread endemic Trillium species pairs. Methods We observed seed dispersal for Trillium species pairs by ants at eight sites, recorded numbers of seeds dispersed and dispersal distances, and described disperser interactions. To test disperser preference, we presented seeds of each pair to captive colonies of Aphaenogaster picea, a keystone disperser. Seeds were assigned scores based on worker behavior, and we recorded proportions of seeds dispersed after 1 h and 24 h. Key results Field observations yielded some significant within-pair differences. Ants dispersed more seeds of widespread species for all pairs, although dispersal distances did not differ. In laboratory experiments, after 24 h, ants dispersed more seeds of widespread species into nests. Conclusions Endemic Trillium species had lower overall SDE than did their widespread congeners. These findings add to the list of ecological and demographic challenges that face endemic plants when compared to common congeners. Lower SDE may negatively impact reproductive rates and the colonization of new habitats, which may contribute to patterns of endemism.
Heart rate recovery after maximal exercise is impaired in healthy young adults born preterm.

The long-term implications of premature birth on autonomic nervous system (ANS) function are unclear. Heart rate recovery (HRR) following maximal exercise is a simple tool to evaluate ANS function and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to determine whether HRR is impaired in young adults born preterm (PYA). Individuals born between 1989 and 1991 were recruited from the Newborn Lung Project, a prospectively followed cohort of subjects born preterm weighing 0.05). Autonomic dysfunction as seen in this study has been associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease in non-preterm populations, suggesting further study of the mechanisms of autonomic dysfunction after preterm birth.
Diagnostic Accuracy of the Sampling Utterances and Grammatical Analysis Revised (SUGAR) Measures for Identifying Children With Language Impairment

Purpose The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the four Sampling Utterances and Grammatical Analysis Revised (SUGAR) metrics, including total number of w...
Abstract 141: The Role of Epsin in Regulating Lymphangiogenesis in Diabetes

Lymphangiogenesis occurs in adult tissues of chronic complex diseases, including diabetes. Whether lymphangiogenesis is altered owing to diabetic complication remains unknown. VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 signal...
QuantiFERON-TB Gold Versus Tuberculin Screening and Care Retention Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness: Georgia, 2015–2017

Objectives. To characterize the cascade of care for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) and evaluate the effect of screening by QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT)...
The Tipping Behavior and Motives of US Travelers Abroad: Affected by Host Nations’ Tipping Norms?:

Despite the size and interdisciplinary scope of the extant literature on domestic tipping behaviors, little research has been done on the tipping behaviors of tourists when traveling abroad. In res...
Traction substation power signal characteristics and transient power quality evaluation method

The electric locomotive operation leads to complex nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the power signal of the traction substation, which makes the calculation of the power quality index based on the steady state signal processing technology have large errors. Therefore, based on power systems computer aided design/electromagnetic transients including DC (PSCAD/EMTDC), the simulation model of common electric locomotive converter is built. The characteristics of traction substation power signal are analyzed and compared with the measured power signal. The internal relationship between the line impedance change of traction electric multiple units (EMU) and grid signal fluctuation is analyzed. Finally, some transient power quality evaluation methods are proposed, and the instantaneous normalized distortion energy index (INDEI) is used to evaluate the transient power quality of the measured power signals. This index can accurately identify the signal jumping type and help to improve the reliability of dynamic load power quality analysis.
Globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation for dystonia

Abstract A 14-year-old female is referred to discuss deep brain stimulation surgery for idiopathic generalized dystonia. She is of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and presented in early childhood with dystonic movements of one leg, which later generalized. Multiple oral medications as well as botox injections were tried with limited relief over a period of several years and with different physicians. Genetic analysis revealed the Dopa-responsive dystonia (DYT)-1 mutation.
Comparing Teaching and Social Presence in Traditional and Online Community College Learning Environments

The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference existed in students’ perceptions of teaching presence and social presence between the online and traditional face-to-face learning environ...
Effect of short-term prednisone on beta-cell function in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy subjects.

Objective For those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), impact of short-term high-dose glucocorticoid exposure on beta-cell function is unknown. This study aims to compare the impact on beta-cell function and insulin resistance of prednisone 40 mg between adults with newly diagnosed T2DM and healthy adults. Methods Five adults with T2DM and five healthy adults, all between 18–50 years, were enrolled. T2DM diagnosis was less than one year prior, HbA1c<75 mmol/mol (9.0%), with metformin treatment only. Pre- and post-therapy testing included 75-g oral glucose tolerance, plasma glucose, C-peptide, and insulin. Intervention therapy was prednisone 40mg daily for 3 days. Results Upon therapy completion, HOMA-IR did not increase or differ between groups. Percentile difference for HOMA-%B and insulinogenic index in those with T2DM was significantly lower statistically (50.4% and 69.2% respectively) compared to healthy subjects (19% and 32.2%). Conclusions Contrary to the assumption that insulin resistance is the main driver of glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia, results indicate that decreased beta-cell insulin secretion is the more likely cause in those with T2DM. This is evidenced by significant drops in C-peptide AUC and HOMA-%B and increased glucose AUC in T2DM group only. These results may be caused by increased beta-cell fragility along with reduced recovery ability after glucocorticoid exposure. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03661684.
High-Resolution Linkage Map and QTL Analyses for Machine Harvest Traits in Autotetraploid Blueberry

Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum and hybrids) is an autotetraploid crop whose commercial relevance has been growing steadily during the last twenty years. However, the ever-increasing cost of labor for hand-picking blueberry is one main constraint in competitive marketing of the fruit. Machine harvestability is, therefore, a key trait for the blueberry industry. Understanding the genetic architecture of traits through quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping is the first step towards implementation of molecular breeding for faster genetic gains. Despite recent advances in software development for autotetraploid genetic mapping, a high-resolution map is still not available for blueberry. In this study, we crafted a map for autotetraploid low-chill highbush blueberry containing 11,292 SNP markers and a total size of 1,953.97 cM (average density of 5.78 markers/cM). This map was subsequently used to perform QTL analyses for traits relevant to machine harvesting: firmness, firmness retention, and fruit detachment force. Significant QTL peaks were identified for all the traits. The QTL intervals were further explored for putative candidate genes. Genes related to cell wall remodeling were highlighted in the firmness and firmness retention intervals. For fruit detachment force, transcription factors involved in fruit abscission were detected. Altogether, our findings provide the basis for future fine-mapping and molecular breeding efforts for machine harvesting in blueberry.
Aging alters neural activity at event boundaries in the hippocampus and Posterior Medial network.

Recent research has highlighted a role for the hippocampus and a Posterior Medial cortical network in signaling event boundaries. However, little is known about whether or how these neural processes change over the course of healthy aging. Here, 546 cognitively normal participants 18–88 years old viewed a short movie while brain activity was measured using fMRI. The hippocampus and regions of the Posterior Medial network show increased activity at event boundaries, but these boundary-evoked responses decrease with age. Boundary-evoked activity in the posterior hippocampus predicts performance on a separate test of memory for stories, suggesting that hippocampal activity during event segmentation may be a broad indicator of individual differences in episodic memory ability. In contrast, boundary-evoked responses in the medial prefrontal cortex and middle temporal gyrus increase across the age range. These findings suggest that aging may alter neural processes for segmenting and remembering continuous real-world experiences. Although our lives are continuous, we perceive and remember experiences as discrete events. Here, the authors show that neural responses at event boundaries in the hippocampus and Posterior Medial cortical network decline as we age, and predict memory for narrative events.
Normal Ultrasound Anatomy of Tendons

The sonographic examination of superficial tendons is best performed with the use of (a) a standoff pad, which should be thin because the transducer is of high frequency and short focused, (b) real-time linear-array electronic transducers, and (c) probe frequencies of 7.5 or 10 MHz [2–7]. Tendons are small organs and the examination technique should be meticulous to avoid artifacts (see Chapter 5). The sonographic appearance of normal tendons is roughly the same whatever the anatomic location.
Histopathology of the Incudomalleolar Joint in Cases of “Indeterminate” Presbycusis:

Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a prevalent condition attributed primarily to inner ear dysfunction. Little is known about age-related changes in the ossicular joints or their contributio...
Final Thoughts and Other Aspects of the Facet Theory Approach

Throughout the second edition of this book, I have presented examples of facet theory research. The illustrations I have provided have come from the research of many scholars and from my own. In this final chapter, I close the book by offering examples of one or two other ways in which facet theory has been adapted and used. These examples include its use as an approach that may be used in counselling or therapy, as a tool to plan research projects and as a sort technique.
A 3D cell culture approach for studying neuroinflammation.

Abstract Background Neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex making them challenging to model in cell culture. All cell types of the brain have been implicated as exerting an effect on pathogenesis, and disease progression is likely influenced by the cross-talk between the different cell types. Sophisticated investigation of the cellular level consequences of cross-talk between different cells types requires three-dimensional (3D) co-culture systems. New method Murine neural stem cells were differentiated into mixed-neuronal lineage populations in 3D culture. By seeding these differentiated cultures with microglia from adult brain, we have generated a 3D ex-vivo model of murine brain tissue populated with microglia. Results Monitoring the infiltration of GFP-expressing microglia into the 3D neuronal lineage cultures showed population throughout the tissue and assumption of ramified homeostatic morphology by the microglia. The co-cultures showed good longevity and were functionally responsive to external stimuli. Comparison with existing methods We have previously used 2-dimensional adhered cultures to model cell-cell interactions between microglia and neuronal lineage cells. While the microglia integrate well into these cultures and demonstrate inter-cellular cross-talk, it is known that adhered culture can change their activation state and therefore a 3D system better represents communication throughout a network of neuronal and support cells. Conclusions Our system offers a straight-forward and time effective way to model 3D mouse brain tissue that is responsive to external neuroinflammatory stimulus. It not only allows inter-cellular interactions to be studied in live tissue but additionally permits study of changes within any available mouse genotype.
From Uprising to Massacre: The Fight for Reparations

When mentioned at all in the years that immediately followed the collective violence in Tulsa, most accounts continued to refer to the occasion as an “uprising” or a “race riot.” In fact, public discourse related to the events of May 31 and June 1, 1921, quietly disappeared both in Tulsa and beyond (Ellsworth 1982). A review of most Oklahoma history textbooks prior to the 2000s yields few references to the riot. Accounts that do exist tended to be brief, one-sided, erroneous, and/or sanitized, often casting whites in the role of savior, in the immediate aftermath. For instance, an Oklahoma historian referenced a “disgraceful race riot,” but offered few details about what precipitated the outbreak and what transpired during the event. Instead, he summarily reports that “…the civil authorities at Tulsa and in Tulsa County exerted themselves to the utmost to alleviate the suffering and distress of the negro people…The city of Tulsa promptly announced that it would rebuild their homes” (Thoburn 1929, p. 694).
Reducing High-flow Nasal Cannula Overutilization in Viral Bronchiolitis.

Introduction Heated high-flow nasal cannula (HHFNC) therapy for bronchiolitis has become increasingly prevalent without evidence that this therapy impacts patient outcomes. Lack of criteria for appropriate use may lead to overutilization, resulting in increased costs without patient benefit. Our primary aim was to decrease use of HHFNC in patients with bronchiolitis over one season. Methods Patients with Bronchiolitis younger than 2 years of age admitted to the Hospital Medicine Service were included in this study. Using the model for improvement framework, we identified key drivers for HHFNC overuse and revised our bronchiolitis protocol to include low-flow nasal cannula trials before HHFNC initiation. We compared preintervention HHFNC utilization (December 2018-April 2019) with postintervention HFNC utilization (December 2019-March 2020). Results One hundred ninety patients met inclusion criteria, 98 of them in the preintervention cohort and 92 in the postintervention cohort. Overall, the median age was 9 months and 65% of patients were male. Our HHFNC utilization rate decreased from 62% (61/98) to 43% (40/92) in the postintervention period. Our SPC analysis suggested special cause variation based on 7 points below the preintervention mean. Conclusions This QI intervention implementing a specified low-flow nasal cannula trial before the initiation of HHFNC shows promise in reducing overall HHFNC use. Future studies should focus on clear initiation and discontinuation criteria for HHFNC use in bronchiolitis.
How do smoking bans in restaurants affect restaurant and at-home alcohol consumption?

In this paper, we analyze the impact of smoking bans on restaurant and at-home alcohol consumptions in a rational addiction model using a pseudo-panel data approach. Cigarette consumption, restaurant alcohol consumption and at-home alcohol consumption fit well with the rational addiction model. Our results suggest that cigarettes and alcohol reinforce each other in consumption, but consumers increase restaurant alcohol consumption when cigarette prices increase. We find that smoking bans increase restaurant alcohol consumption, but decrease at-home alcohol consumption. After a smoking ban is imposed, nonsmokers are likely to stay longer at restaurants and consume more alcohol. On the other hand, when smokers are not allowed to smoke in restaurants, they are likely to compensate for it by increasing restaurant alcohol consumption. As smoking bans increase social drinking habits, a decrease in at-home alcohol consumption is observed. Our results suggest that smoking bans in restaurants or bars must be accompanied by decreased blood alcohol concentration limits and increased road controls so that negative externalities such as fatalities due to drunk driving can be avoided.
Dual Labor Market Theory and the Institutionalization of Farmers’ Markets: Marginalized Workers Adapting to Inhospitable Conditions in Louisiana

There has been some evidence to suggest that women and people of color have optimized their status as marginalized employees in a dual labor economy by institutionalizing their expanding participation in secondary labor market activity. To determine the validity of this claim, the author explores the historical antecedents of dual labor markets, describes the hegemonic patterns evident in industrialized nations that reflect bifurcated labor market patterns, examines the institutionalization of other second-tier industries that have facilitated improvements for marginalized laborers in the past, and suggests that the recent institutionalization of yet another industry, urban farmers’ markets, provides compelling evidence that second-tier workers have successfully adapted under prevailing inhospitable and discriminatory labor market conditions. Data compiled from case studies drawn from registration lists and observational field techniques at two farmers’ markets located in the State of Louisiana supports t...
'One-touch' electrically operated motor vehicle windows: a potential hazard for children

In the United States, traumatic injury is the leading cause of death in children 1 to 19 years of age. In 1986, fatalities from motor vehicle-related injuries accounted for 47% of all deaths from unintentional injury. Motor vehicle manufacturers continually introduce new convenience features to attract buyers. The "one-touch" electrically operated driver side window has become a popular convenience feature. This feature allows the driver to roll his or her window up or down by touching the control switch once in the desired direction. On some motor vehicles, window closing can be activated with a remote control device. This case report is presented to alert parents and health care providers of the potential hazard of this new feature.
An optimistic view of evaluation

I am pleased to have the opportunity to write about predicting the future of evaluation. However, it is uncomfortable to realize that predicting the future is risky. For example, I predicted that when Ronald Reagan became president, that the utilization of evaluation would actually increase. My reasoning was based on the perception that Reagan needed data to learn which social programs to cut. What I did not discern was that he felt most social programs should be cut, thus evaluation was not required. But it is a good exercise to consider what our field might be like in the future. Most of my predictions are optimistic, but that is my nature. I want to categorize my remarks in the following areas:
Westerly bursts during the 1982/83 ENSO

Abstract Some of the characteristic features of the 1982/83 ENSO are described in terms of 3-month running mean anomalous winds (u″, v″) at 850 mb, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR″), and sea surface temperature (SST″) during the 6 yr period 1980–85 over the Indian and Pacific means. Climatological information on “westerly bursts” is obtained from band-pass filtered winds, which are denoted as us, and vs (1–6 day), um and vm (7–20 day), and ul and vl (30–60 day). Atmospheric interannual u″ and OLR″ modes are characterized by typical spatial scales of zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2, and very slow eastward phase propagations of about 0.3 m s−1 all the way from the western Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific. Oceanic interannual SST″ modes also exhibit a slow eastward movement across the Pacific. Westerly ul bursts are sandwiched between twin cyclonic disturbances which are nearly symmetric with respect to the equator. The east-west extent of ul westerly bursts along the equator is about 10 000 km, while the corr...
Certain optimal correspondences between plane curves, II: Existence, local uniqueness, regularity, and other properties

This paper is a companion to the author's paper (this volume), in which several theorems were proven concerning the nature, as infinite-dimensional manifolds, of the shape-space of plane curves and of spaces of certain curve-correspondences called bimorphisms. In Tagare, O'Shea, Groisser, 2002, a class of objective functionals, depending on a choice of cost-function r, was introduced on the space of bimorphisms between two fixed curves C 1 and C' 2 , and it was proposed that one define a "best non-rigid match" between C 1 and C 2 by minimizing such a functional. In this paper we use the Nash Inverse Function Theorem to show that for strongly convex functions Γ, if C 1 and C 2 are C°° curves whose shapes are not too dissimilar (specifically, are C j -close for a certain finite j), and neither is a perfect circle, then the minimum of a certain regularized objective functional exists and is locally unique. We also study certain properties of the Euler-Lagrange equation for the objective functional, and obtain regularity results for "exact matches" (bimorphisms for which the objective functional achieves its absolute minimum value of 0) that satisfy a genericity condition.
Study of the Rotational Barrier in the Hindered Bisphenoxyl A Radical

The bulky para substituent of bisphenol A (1) restricts rotation around the C4−C7 bond in the phenol, phenoxide, and phenoxyl radical. This hindered rotation is responsible for modulation of the hyperfine interaction between the unpaired electron and the meta protons on the phenoxyl ring. The modulation manifests itself in the time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectrum of the bisphenol A phenoxyl radical as selective broadening of certain transitions. Line widths of the broadened transitions of the bisphenoxyl A TREPR spectrum at different temperatures were obtained by simulation of the TREPR spectra, and an energy barrier of 6.2 ± 1 kcal mol-1 for this rotation was estimated using a simple two-state model for rotation around the C4−C7 bond.
Predicting LIDC diagnostic characteristics by combining spatial and diagnostic opinions

Computer-aided diagnostic characterization (CADc) aims to support medical imaging decision making by objectively rating the radiologists' subjective, perceptual opinions of visual diagnostic characteristics of suspicious lesions. This research uses the publicly available Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) collection of radiologists' outlines of nodules and ratings of boundary and shape characteristics: spiculation, margin, lobulation, and sphericity. The approach attempts to reduce the observed disagreement between radiologists on the extent of nodules by combining their spatial opinion using probability maps to create regions of interest (ROIs). From these ROIs, images features are extracted and combined using machine learning models to predict a combined opinion, the median rating and a thresholded, binary version of their diagnostic characteristics. The results show slight to fair agreement-linear-weighted Kappa-between the CADc models and median radiologist opinion for the full scale five-level rating and fair to moderate agreement using a binary version of the median radiologist opinion.
Late-outgrowth endothelial progenitors from patients with coronary artery disease: Endothelialization of confluent stromal cell layers

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are the primary candidates to receive small-diameter tissue-engineered blood vessels (TEBVs). Peripheral blood derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from CAD patients (CAD EPCs) represent a minimally invasive source of autologous cells for TEBV endothelialization. We have previously shown that human CAD EPCs are highly proliferative and express many of the hallmarks of mature and healthy endothelial cells; however, their behavior on stromal cells that comprise the media of TEBVs has not yet been evaluated. Primary CAD EPCs or control human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were seeded over confluent, quiescent layers of human smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using a direct co-culture model. The percent coverage, adhesion strength, alignment under flow and generation of flow-induced nitric oxide of the seeded CAD EPCs were compared to that of HAECs. The integrin-binding profile of CAD EPCs was also evaluated over a layer of confluent, quiescent SMCs. Direct comparison of our CAD EPC results to analogous co-culture studies with cord blood EPCs show that both types of blood-derived EPCs are viable options for endothelialization of TEBVs.
In vivo fatty acid incorporation into brain phosholipids in relation to plasma availability, signal transduction and membrane remodeling

A method, model, and "operational equations" are described to quantify in vivo turnover rates and half-lives of fatty acids within brain phospholipids, as well as rates of incorporation of these fatty acids into brain from plasma. In awake rats, recycling of fatty acids within brain phospholipids, due to deesterification and reesterification, is very rapid, with half-lives in some cases of minutes to hours. Plasma fatty acids make only a small contribution (2-4%) to the net quantity of fatty acids that are reesterified. This explains why many weeks are necessary to recover normal brain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations following their prolonged dietary deprivation. Changes in recycling of specific fatty acids in response to centrally acting drugs can help to identify enzyme targets for drug action. For example, recycling of arachidonate is specifically reduced by 80% in rats treated chronically with lithium, a drug effective against bipolar disorder; the effect reflects downregulation of gene expression of an arachidonate-specific phospholipase A2. When combined with neuroimaging (quantitative autoradiography in rodents or positron-emission tomography [PET] in macaques or humans), intravenously injected radiolabeled fatty acids can be used to localize and quantify brain PLA2-mediated signal transduction, and to examine neuroplastic remodeling of brain lipid membranes.
Orion flight test 1 architecture — Observed benefits of a model based engineering approach

This paper details how a NASA-led team is using a model-based systems engineering approach to capture, analyze and communicate the end-to-end information system architecture supporting the first unmanned orbital flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. Along with a brief overview of the approach and its products, the paper focuses on the observed program management-level benefits, challenges, and lessons learned; all of which may be applied to improve system engineering tasks for characteristically similarly challenges.
Near-IR demonstration of adaptive nuller based on deformable mirror

Deep, stable nulling of starlight requires careful control of the amplitudes and phases of the beams that are being combined. The detection of earth-like planets using the interferometer architectures currently being considered require that the electric field amplitudes are balanced at the level of ~ 0.1% and the phases are controlled at the level of 1 mrad (corresponding to ~ 1.5 nm for a wavelength of 10 microns). These conditions must be met simultaneously at all wavelengths across the science band and for both polarization states, imposing unrealistic tolerances on the symmetry between the optical beamtrains. Lay et. al. proposed the concept of a compensator that is inserted into the beamtrain, which can adaptively correct for the mismatches across the spectrum enabling deep nulls with realistic, imperfect optics. This proposed design uses a deformable mirror to adjust the amplitude and phase of the electric field that couples into the single-mode spatial filter. We have demonstrated amplitude and phase control at a single wavelength in the near-IR. We are preparing to demonstrate control with our deformable mirror actuator in the near-IR and in parallel are preparing a demonstration in the mid-IR where the compensator will be required to operate.
Schefflerian ethics and corporate social responsibility

This paper examines some of the essential features of Samuel Scheffler's hybrid theory of ethics. Scheffler posits and defends a moral theory which is intended to be neither act-consequentialist nor fully agent-centered. Instead, it provides an agent-centered analysis of moral thinking: one that, unlike consequentialist theories, respects the personal integrity of the moral agent. In this paper I shall do the following: (1) Sketch some of the general points of Scheffler's proposal; (2) Apply Scheffler's ethical theory to the matter of corporate social responsibility; and (3) Raise some objections to this Schefflerian corporate social responsibility theory, along with some modifications of this hybrid theory of corporate social responsibility which are intended to evade such criticisms.
Nuclear orientation studies of rare-earth metals

The angular distributions of gamma rays from /sup 166m/Ho and /sup 160/Tb aligned at low temperatures in, respectively, Ho metal and Tb metal have been measured. Large hyperfine splittings, expected for the rare earths, have been deduced from the temperature dependence of the gamma-ray anisotropies. Both samples show a macroscopic magnetic anisotropy that is not consistent with an interpretation in terms of a randomly oriented polycrystalline structure.
Microbial synthesis of protein in relation to the biogenesis of nucleic acids with Azotobacter vinelandii as the test organism.

Caspersson1 and Brachet2 first directed attention to the possible role of ribonucleic acid in protein synthesis. This role has been re-evaluated by Brachet and Six3. Ribonucleic acid is supposed to serve as a template for protein synthesis. Evidence in favour of and against this hypothesis has been documented by Chantrenne4, Meister5, Simkin6 and Hartman and Buchanan7.
Power Concentration and Interstate Conflict: Is There a Connection?

Singer et al. (1972) hypothesized that the distribution of military—industrial capabilities among the major powers, as reflected in an index referred to as CON, would have an impact on the incidence of war for those states. Subsequent research on the possible connection between CON and interstate conflict has continued for almost four decades. A recent book declares that CON is the single most potent predictor of interstate conflict. However, theoretical arguments linking CON to conflict tend to be implausible or illogical. Furthermore, empirical analyses over the years have produced inconsistent results. These problems cannot be traced to flaws in CON. The long history of CON suggests that models of interstate conflict would benefit from more cogent theoretical bases for choices of individual variables, as well as the set of variables included in those models.
Hyperuricemia treatment: is creatinine clearance a safer allopurinol dosing meter than plasma creatinine levels?

Hyperuricemia treatment: is creatinine clearance a safer allopurinol dosing meter than plasma creatinine levels?
Conclusion: Patterns of Mobile Work and Life

In this concluding chapter, we articulate four salient patterns that emerge from the contributors' eight narratives about mobile work and life: (1) the performance, presentation, and meaning of work, when activities are interwoven in personal, relational, and work spheres across contexts; (2) the multiplicity in identity and self-presentation; (3) the context and the decontextualization and recontextualization of meaning in changing spaces; and (4) the technological change and dexterity as well as the centrality of communication technologies in defining and redefining what it means to be a mobile worker. We explore each of these themes by referencing examples from the narratives to illustrate how mobile work is redefining the very meaning of work and its place in our lives. We conclude by suggesting directions for further research on mobility in the workplace.
Effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, phenobarbital, and their combination on pregnancy and offspring in rats

delta 9-THC, sodium phenobarbital, or a combination of these drugs, were administered to pregnant mice on gestation days 6 to parturition. Levels of delta 9-THC in blood approximated levels attained in humans after smoking one to two marijuana cigarettes. Blood cannabinoid levels in mice were not significantly elevated by concurrent drug administration. Both drugs significantly reduced litter size and weight per pup at birth, but the combination of these drugs did not affect these outcomes to a significantly greater degree than either drug by itself. Phenobarbital but not delta 9-THC increased resorption rate.
Study of HIV-1 transmission across cervical mucosa to tonsil tissue cells using an organ culture.

Problem SIV model indicates that upon traversing the cervicovaginal mucosa, SIV/SIV-infected cells migrate to regional lymph nodes where active replication occurs prior to systemic virus dissemination. The purpose of the study is to develop a model to study early HIV-1 transmission events that occur after crossing the cervical mucosa into regional lymph nodes. Methods of study We developed an organ culture model combining intact cervical tissue explants and tonsil tissue cells as the surrogate draining lymphoid tissue. Viral replication was measured by HIV-1 p24 production, quantification of viral DNA and viral RNA expression in tonsil cells. Results In this combined organ culture model, transmission of cell-free and cell-associated R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 through the cervical mucosa to tonsilar cells was observed as determined by HIV-1 p24 in culture supernatant, and the presence of HIV-1 proviral DNA, HIV-1 p24 gag protein in CD4+, CD11c+, CD68+ cells, and expression of HIV-1 mRNA expressing CD45RO+ CD4 T cells in tonsil cells. Furthermore, co-receptor usage of HIV-1 in tonsil cells correlated with inoculating virus tropism. Conclusions Our combined cervix–tonsil organ culture could serve as an experimental model to study the earliest stages of HIV-1 transmission through cervicovaginal mucosa to its proximal lymph nodes.
Magnetic resonance imaging of adrenal angiomyolipoma

Angiomyolipoma is a benign mesenchymal neoplasm that typically occurs in the kidney sporadically or in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Extrarenal angiomyolipomas are uncommon, and the liver is the most common extrarenal site. Other sites reported include the bone, colon, heart, lung, parotid gland, skin, spermatic cord, gynecologic regions, and retroperitoneum. A case of an angiomyolipoma involving the right adrenal gland in a 49-year-old female patient with tuberous sclerosis is reported. The magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features are also discussed. Only 2 cases describing adrenal angiomyolipoma were found in the English literature. Neither of these 2 cases was documented in the radiology literature or discussed the MR features of adrenal angiomyolipoma.
Is rf2 a restorer gene of CMS-T in maize?

Research on cytoplasmic male sterility in my laboratory is supported by grants from the USDA NRI Plant Genetic Mechanisms program (most recently, awards 0001478 and 0201414). I thank Chris Chase, Susan Gabay-Laughnan and Charlotte Bronson for discussions helpful in formulating this response.
Electrochemical Energy Conversion in a Palladium-Hydrogen Diffusion Electrode

Abstract A high efficiency palladium-hydrogen diffusion electrode has been developed. Current densities of 165mA/cm 2 are achieved at 30°C on 0010-in wall electrodes after pretreatment by abrading and oxidizing in air at 800°C. Hydrogen transport is governed by solid-state diffusion. An equation for hydrogen diffusion in β-Pd has been determined.
Therapeutic and prognostic aspects of cancer of the prostate detected incidentally in the course of adenoma enucleation.

Though cancer of the prostate is generally regarded as a fairly benign tumour with long survival, many patients die of it. The sovereignty of hormone therapy seems questionable in the light of recent experience. A selected patient material with early stage cancer of the prostate—incidental findings at the Freyer-Hryntschak operation for bladder neck adenoma—is presented for the illustration of the prognostic aspects of this tumour. Androgen control therapy was given postoperatively to every patient.
Noninvasive in vivo glucose sensing on human subjects using mid-infrared light

Mid-infrared quantum cascade laser spectroscopy is used to noninvasively predict blood glucose concentrations of three healthy human subjects in vivo. We utilize a hollow-core fiber based optical setup for light delivery and collection along with a broadly tunable quantum cascade laser to obtain spectra from human subjects and use standard chemo-metric techniques (namely partial least squares regression) for prediction analysis. Throughout a glucose concentration range of 80-160 mg/dL, we achieve clinically accurate predictions 84% of the time, on average. This work opens a new path to a noninvasive in vivo glucose sensor that would benefit the lives of hundreds of millions of diabetics worldwide.
Astrophysical applications of the MAESTRO code

Convective velocities in a white dwarf leading up to a Type la supernova or in the accreted layers on a neutron star preceding an X-ray burst are very subsonic. Under these conditions, sound waves can be neglected, but capturing compressibility effects due to nuclear reactions and background stratification is critical to accurately model the flow. We have developed a new algorithm, MAESTRO, based on a low Mach number formulation that exploits the separation of scales between the fluid velocity and the speed of sound. Here, we provide a brief overview of MAESTRO and present the initial astrophysical applications of the algorithm.
Bootstrapping in Applied Linguistics: Assessing its Potential Using Shared Data

Parametric analyses such as t tests and ANOVAs are the norm—if not the default—statistical tests found in quantitative applied linguistics research (Gass 2009). Applied statisticians and one applied linguist (Larson-Hall 2010, 2012; Larson-Hall and Herrington 2010), however, have argued that this approach may not be appropriate for small samples and/or nonnormally distributed data (e.g. Wilcox 2003), both common in second language (L2) research. They recommend instead ‘robust statistics’ such as bootstrapping, a nonparametric procedure that randomly resamples from an observed data set to produce a simulated but more stable and statistically accurate outcome. The present study tests the usefulness of bootstrapping by reanalyzing raw data from 26 studies of applied linguistics research. Our results found no evidence of Type II error (false negative). However, 4 out of 16 statistically significant results were not replicated (i.e. a Type I error ‘misfit’ five times higher than an alpha of .05). We discuss empirically justified suggestions for the use of bootstrapping in the context of broader methodological issues and reforms in applied linguistics (see Plonsky 2013, 2014).
Pseudo k-means approach to the classifying problem

This paper presents a methodology for the classifying problem based upon a pseudo k-means algorithm. Both supervised and unsupervised classifying algorithms are presented here to show the flexibility of the pseudo k-means algorithm. The supervised algorithm is computationally efficient compared with the k-nn algorithm. The unsupervised algorithm avoids the error and time consuming problem due to the improper selection of initial class centers in the k-means algorithm. The pseudo k-means algorithm is easy to extend to the high dimension situation. Examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polyaniline: Processability from aqueous solutions and effect of water vapor on conductivity

Abstract The chemically-synthesized emeraldine base form of polyaniline is soluble in aqueous acetic acid solutions, in which it presumably exists as the ‘doped’ emeraldine acetate salt. Films having a conductivity of ≈0.5 –2S/cm may be cast from the solutions. These films may be converted to relatively flexible, free-standing, lustrous, copper-colored films of emeraldine base, which can in turn be converted to free-standing, lustrous, dark blue films of emeraldine hydrochloride (θ≈1–2 S/cm). The resistance of films of both emeraldine base and 50% protonated emeraldine hydrochloride decreases by a factor of ∼2 when exposed to ∼4 Torr of water vapor. The resistance increases only very slowly on removing the water vapor under dynamic vacuum, consistent with the postulated structure of emeraldine hydrochloride involving ‘islands’ of heavily-doped emeraldine base in a matrix of undoped or slightly-doped material.