cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Specificity of arginine vasopressin and angiotensin II for microvessels in the hamster cheek pouch after the induction of renovascular hypertension.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine the specificity of the vasoconstrictor activity to angiotensin II (AII) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the microcirculation in normal and renovascular hypertensive states. Ten to fourteen days after the induction of hypertension, Syrian hamsters were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, the cheek pouch was exposed, and a plastic chamber was placed in situ so the membrane could be suffused with bicarbonate-buffered Ringer's solution (5% CO 2 , 95% N 2 , pH 7.4). Third order arterioles (30–45 μm) were identified for study and vessel diameter was measured using a shearing device. In one group of normotensive and hypertensive hamsters, AII was microapplied to the arteriole before and after adding an AVP antagonist to the suffusate. In a second group of similar hamsters, AVP was microapplied to the arteriole before and after adding an angiotensin II blocker, saralasin acetate, to the suffusate. AVP and AII receptor blockade was documented by observing whether the vasoconstrictor effect of either AVP or AII was abolished. Dose-response curves for either peptide were not altered in the presence of the antagonist to the other peptide; however, they were shifted to the left in the RHT hamsters. Neither AVP nor AII receptor blockade altered control resting arteriolar diameters. Thus, it can be concluded that the microvascular response to both AII and AVP are potentiated in RHT and there are no interactions between either AII or AVP with the receptors of the other peptide in these microvessels in normal or RHT hamsters, indicating a high specificity for each peptide to its vascular receptor.
On the coupling of the diffusion mode to Brillouin peaks

Modified Navier–Stokes equations for solutions of Brownian particles are employed to obtain a description of the Brillouin peaks of these systems. For small particles, the results of the phenomenological binary mixture theory are essentially recovered; and for larger particles, the spectrum exhibits similarities to experimental results from polymer solutions.
Cardiorespiratory characteristics and adaptation to high altitudes

The lowered partial pressure of oxygen at high altitude is one of the severest and most pervasive environmental stresses affecting human populations. Virtually all organ systems and physiological functions are affected by hypoxia, and only elaborate modern technology can temporarily ameliorate the hypoxic stress of altitude exposure. The biological and behavioral responses of newcomers, sojourners, and native residents at higher elevations could provide a paradigm of the study of man's adaptation to the physical environment. Cardiorespiratory characteristics are closely related to altitude exposure, and certain alterations in these characteristics constitute the principal adaptive responses of the organism to hypoxia. However, not all altitude-related characteristics are beneficial to the organism; some peculiar characteristics occurring at high altitude may be without benefits, or may even be pathological and maladaptive. The roles of age, sex, race, physical condition, nutrition, and intensity and frequency of exposure during growth and development of altitude-related characteristics are not entirely understood. Moreover the influence of even large circulatory and respiratory alterations, on tissue oxygen tension may be small, and their adaptive significance difficult to evaluate. An equivalent level of functional adaptation might be achieved through differing combinations of structural, functional, and behavioral characteristics. It is concluded that more rigorous evaluations of adaptation to the environment are needed.
Residual Lymph Node Disease After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Predicts an Increased Risk of Lymphedema in Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is recommended for patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer and carries a risk of lymphedema >30 %. Patients with node-positive breast cancer may consider neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which can reduce node positivity. We sought to determine if neoadjuvant chemotherapy reduced the risk of lymphedema in patients undergoing ALND for node-positive breast cancer. The 229 patients who underwent unilateral ALND and chemotherapy were divided into two groups: 30 % (68/229) had neoadjuvant and 70 % (161/229) had adjuvant chemotherapy. Prospective arm volumes were measured via perometry preoperatively and at 3- to 7-month intervals after surgery. Lymphedema was defined as relative volume change (RVC) ≥10 %, >3 months from surgery. Kaplan–Meier curves and multivariate regression models were used to identify risk factors for lymphedema. Fifteen percent (10/68) of neoadjuvant patients compared with 23 % (37/161) of adjuvant patients developed RVC ≥10 % (hazard ratio = 0.76, p = 0.39). For all patients, body mass index was significantly associated with lymphedema (p = 0.0003). For neoadjuvant patients, residual lymph node disease after chemotherapy was associated with a ninefold greater risk of lymphedema compared to those without residual disease (p = 0.038). Patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy did not have a statistically significant reduction in risk of lymphedema. Among patients who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, residual lymph node disease predicted a greater risk of lymphedema. These patients should be closely monitored for lymphedema and possible early intervention for the condition.
The spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 from 0.9 to 2.7 microns

The spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 is presented from 0.9 to 2.7 ..mu... Emission lines of the Brackett and Paschen series of hydrogen and of ionized helium have been detected, and the intensities are shown to be consistent with the theory of radiative recombination. Three lines of the 1-0 quadrupole spectrum of molecular hydrogen have been detected. Four lines of He I, including the 2 /sup 1/S/sup -/ 2 /sup 1/P line at 2.058 ..mu.., have been observed. It is concluded that the nebula is optically thick in the helium principal series. A tentative identification of an emission line in (P II) at 1.1898 ..mu.. has also been made. (AIP)
HEREDITARY AND FAMILIAL SYNDROMES OF BONE AND BLOOD. GENETIC PATHWAYS, DIAGNOSTIC PITFALLS

Numerous metabolic disorders, teratogenic agents, and in utero infections lead to congenital bone disease and malformation. This review focuses on hereditary and familial disorders of bone with particular emphasis on impaired hematopoiesis, myelofibrosis, pathologic fractures, and dysmorphology of the forearm and craniofacial structures. The severity of bone disease and marrow dysfunction of any given disorder may vary considerably from one affected individual to the next, and intrapersonal variability over time may be substantial as well. Both can impart difficulty to the appropriate evaluation and delay the correct diagnosis. Many of these disorders are phenotypically quite similar but require very different therapeutic intervention.
Effect of Dislocations on Dark Current in LWIR HgCdTe Photodiodes

In recent years, Teledyne Imaging Sensors has begun development of Long Wave Infrared (LWIR) HgCdTe Detector Arrays for low background astronomical applications, which have a high percentage of low dark current pixels but a substantial high dark current tail. Characterization of high dark current pixels in these devices has produced I-V curves with unusual behaviors. The typical theories of diffusion current, tunneling current, and even surface current have been unable to accurately model the observed I-V curves. By modeling dislocations in and near the p-n junction as trapping sites and those near the surface as leakage channels, the behavior of these unusual I-V curves is successfully modeled, pointing to the need to reduce the number of these dislocations in order to produce LWIR HgCdTe photodiodes exhibiting very low dark current with sufficient well depth.
Open government implementation model: a stage model for achieving increased public engagement

The main objective of this research is to propose and present the Open Government Implementation Model (OGIM), which is a stage model that prescribes and guides government agencies on their journey to open government. The OGIM defines four implementation stages and describes the focuses, deliverables, benefits, challenges, best practices, and metrics for each stage. A thesis of the OGIM states that government agencies should advance their open government initiatives in a progressive and orderly manner by focusing on one implementation stage at a time, starting from increasing data transparency (Stage 1), and then moving on to improving open participation (Stage 2), enhancing open collaboration (Stage 3), and realizing ubiquitous engagement (Stage 4). We argue that, by following this sequence, agencies can minimize risk and effectively harness the power of social media in order to engage the public.
Ecological relationship between floral thermogenesis and pollination in Nelumbo lutea (Nelumbonaceae).

oral visitors and appear adapted to attract beetles, primarily Chrysomelidae and medium-sized bees. This study is the fi rst to provide strong support that beetles can comprise the dominant portion of flvisitors and are as effective in pollen transfer as bees. Thermogenesis aids in dispersing the main fl oral scent component—1,4-dimethoxybenzene—attracting both chrysomelids and bees, while thermoregulation causes chrysomelid beetles to actively seek out new fl owers for evening residence. This search behavior likely results in chrysomelids affecting cross-pollination.
Generation and characterization of [(P)M-(X)-CO(TMPA)]n+ assemblies; P = porphyrinate, M = FeIII and CoIII, X = O2-, OH-, O22-, and TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine

With the established chemistry of bridged [(porphyrinate)FeIII-X-CuII(ligand)]n+ [X = O2- (oxo), OH- (hydroxo), O22- (peroxo)] complexes, we investigated the effect of cobalt ion substitution for copper or copper and iron. Thus, in this report, the generation and characterization of new mu-oxo, micro-hydroxo, and micro-peroxo (micro-X) assemblies of [(porphyrinate)MIII-X-CoII/III(TMPA)]n+ assemblies is described, where M = FeIII or CoIII and TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. The mu-oxo complex [(F8TPP)FeIII-O-CoII(TMPA)]+ (1, F8TPP = tetrakis(2,6-difluorphenyl)porphyrinate) was isolated by an acid-base self-assembly reaction of a 1:1 mixture of (F8TPP)FeIII-OH and [CoII(TMPA)(MeCN)]2+ upon addition of triethylamine. The crystal structure of 1.2C4H10O proved the presence of an unsupported Fe-O-Co moiety; angleFe-O-Co = 171.6 degrees and d(Fe...Co) = 3.58 A. Complex 1 was further characterized by UV-vis (lambdamax = 437 (Soret) and 557 nm), 1H NMR [delta 40.6 (pyrrole-H), 8.8 and 8.7 (m-phenyl-H), 8.0 (p-phenyl-H), 4.4 (PY-4H), 2.6 (PY-3H), 1.0 (PY-5H), -1.1 (PY-6H), and -2.7 (TMPA-CH2-) ppm], electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometric methods, Evans method NMR (microeff = 3.1), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) susceptometry (J = -114 cm-1, S = 1). The micro-hydroxo analogue [(F8TPP)FeIII-(OH)-CoII(TMPA)]+ (2) [UV-vis lambdamax = 567 nm; delta 78 ppm (pyrrole-H); Evans NMR microeff = 3.7] was generated by addition of 1 equiv of triflic acid to 1. The protonation is completely reversible, and 1 is regenerated from 2 by addition of triethylamine. While (F8TPP)FeII/[CoII(TMPA)(MeCN)]2+/O2 chemistry does not lead to a stable micro-peroxo species, a dicobalt micro-peroxo complex [(TPP)CoIII-(O22-)-CoIII(TMPA)]2+ (3, TPP = meso-tetraphenylporphyrinate) forms from a reaction of O2 with a 1:1 mixture of the CoII precursor components at -80 degrees C [UV-vis lambdamax = 435 (Soret), 548, and 583 (weak) nm; silent EPR spectrum; diamagnetic NMR spectrum]. The oxygenation/deoxygenation equilibrium is reversible; warming solutions of 3 releases approximately 1 equiv of O2 and the reduced complexes are reformed.
Inhibition of the Type I Interferon Response by the Nucleoprotein of the Prototypic Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus

The prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a formidable battle horse for the study of viral immunology, as well as viral persistence and associated diseases. Investigations with LCMV have uncovered basic mechanisms by which viruses avoid elimination by the host adaptive immune response. In this study we show that LCMV also disables the host innate defense by interfering with beta interferon (IFN-beta) production in response to different stimuli, including infection with Sendai virus and liposome-mediated DNA transfection. Inhibition of IFN production in LCMV-infected cells was caused by an early block in the IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) activation pathway. This defect was restored in cells cured of LCMV, indicating that one or more LCMV products are responsible for the inhibition of IRF-3 activation. Using expression plasmids encoding individual LCMV proteins, we found that expression of the LCMV nucleoprotein (NP) was sufficient to inhibit both IFN production and nuclear translocation of IRF-3. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of an IFN-counteracting viral protein in the Arenaviridae family. Inhibition of IFN production by the arenavirus NP is likely to be a determinant of virulence in vivo.
Homicides Exceptionally Cleared and Cleared by Arrest An Exploratory Study of Police/Prosecutor Outcomes

This is an exploratory study of exceptional clearances using homicide data from Chicago from 1988 through 1995. The focus of the analysis is on homicide cases in which the offender is detained by police, but later released because the prosecution refuses to prosecute. On the basis of a bivariate and logit analysis, it appears that cases barred to prosecution predominately involve either domestic altercations or other types of altercations.
Spatial, temporal, and spectral aspects of radar data

We develop a linearized imaging theory that combines the spatial, temporal, and spectral aspects of scattered waves. We consider the case of fixed, distributed transmitters and receivers, and a general distribution of objects, each undergoing linear motion; thus the theory deals with imaging distributions in phase space. We derive a model for the data that is appropriate for any set of waveforms, and show how it specializes to familiar results when the targets are far from the antennas and when narrowband waveforms are used.
Bile acid receptor activation modulates hepatic monocyte activity and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects a large proportion of the American population. The spectrum of disease ranges from bland steatosis without inflammation to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. Bile acids are critical regulators of hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and signal through two major receptor pathways: farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, and TGR5, a G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (GPBAR1). Both FXR and TGR5 demonstrate pleiotropic functions, including immune modulation. To evaluate the effects of these pathways in NAFLD, we treated obese db/db mice with a dual FXR/TGR5 agonist (INT-767) for 6 weeks. Treatment with the agonist significantly improved the histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Furthermore, treatment increased the proportion of intrahepatic monocytes with the anti-inflammatory Ly6Clow phenotype and increased intrahepatic expression of genes expressed by alternatively activated macrophages, including CD206, Retnla, and Clec7a. In vitro treatment of monocytes with INT-767 led to decreased Ly6C expression and increased IL-10 production through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Our data indicate that FXR/TGR5 activation coordinates the immune phenotype of monocytes and macrophages, both in vitro and in vivo, identifying potential targeting strategies for treatment of NAFLD.
Beat to beat and observer variation of the electrocardiogram

Abstract The BBV of selected ECG measurements was studied in an all male series consisting of 29 subjects with and 29 without heart disease. Nine consecutive beats of each of the 58 3-lead orthogonal records, selected to show minimal base-line disturbance, were converted by computer into enlarged digital plots. A single reader manually marked P and QRS onsets and P, QRS, and T endings in the plots, and the timing of these 5 points, punched on cards, was fed to a digital computer to obtain the measurements required for the BBV comparison. Two beats in each record, independently marked on two consecutive occasions by two physician and two technician readers, were similarly processed to supply information concerning beat-to-beat and repeat observer variation. BBV of instantaneous vectors increased with the spatial velocity of QRS and was therefore greatest in the QRS midportion. It varied also with the dependence of a measurement on QRS end point recognition, so that spatial maximum vectors showed the least, instantaneous vectors the greatest, and scalar lead amplitudes intermediate variation. Using the peak of R X for time reference instead of the less well defined QRS end points reduced BBV. The four observer, beat-to-beat variation approximates the 9 beat single observer BBV. Inconsistent wave recognition is an important cause of BBV. Other factors causing BBV are respiration, aberrant conduction, other so far unelucidated physiologic factors, base-line shifts, and rapid transients within ECG complexes. Occasionally, in loops with, two or more widely divergent near-maximal vectors, extreme spurious BBV appears when the maximum keeps changing from one of these vectors to another. In the presence of spatial vectors, which are near perpendicular to one of the three planes, small BBV of the spatial vector may result in extreme BBV of its planar projection. Spatial vectors are, however, not affected by this type of error. Two technicians performed wave end point timing more consistently than two physician readers.
Rotation of liquid crystalline macromolecules in shear flow and shear-induced periodic orientation patterns

We have measured the shear-induced rotation of the nematic director in a liquid crystalline polymer using poly ben- zyl glutamate (PBG) as model system. PBG is a well characterized synthetic poly (a amino acid) with rigid chain architecture and well defined conformations. For the ex- periments it is important to start out with a sample in which the molecules are highly aligned with a uniform director. This so-called mo- nodomain morphology is obtained by use of strong magnetic fields and surface modifications of the sample holders. When shearing the monodomain at a constant rate, the macromolecules rotate initially homogeneously until a periodic director pattern develops. These spatially periodic structures emerge in a narrow range of shear strain and, as shearing continues, disintegrate into a chaotic texture. By varying the initial monodomain director with respect to the flow direction (but within the shear planes) we could show that the periodic patterns do not depend on the shear direction; they are gov- erned by the director of the initial monodomain. We observe con- oscopically that at high shear rates the texture becomes uniformly aligned. The molecules are aligned preferentially with an angle of about 4° to the shear direction (against vorticity direction). In- terestingly, this agrees very well with predictions made by Larson (1990).
Parasites and Instability in Radio Transmitters

Several types of parasites or spurious oscillations and other forms of radio transmitter instability are described. Methods of locating and eliminating parasitic circuits are discussed..
Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures Using Tuned Guided Waves

Piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) are lightweight and inexpensive transducers that enable a large class of structural health monitoring (SHM) applications such as: (a) embedded guided wave ultrasonics, i.e., pitch-catch, pulse-echo, phased arrays; (b) highfrequency modal sensing, i.e., the electro-mechanical (E=M) impedance method; and (c) passive detection (acoustic emission and impact detection). The focus of this paper is on the challenges posed by using PWAS transducers in the composite structures as different from the metallic structures on which this methodology was initially developed. After a brief introduction, the paper reviews the PWAS-based SHM principles. It follows with a discussion of guided wave propagation in composites and PWAS tuning effects. Then, it discusses damage modes in composites. Finally, the paper presents some experimental results with damage detection in composite specimens. Hole damage and impact damage were detected using pitch-catch method with tuned guided waves being sent between a transmitter PWAS and a received PWAS. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) damage index (DI) were shown to correlate well with hole size and impact intensity. The paper ends with summary and conclusion; suggestions for further work are also presented. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4004698]
Controlling a network of signalized intersections from temporal logical specifications

We propose a framework for generating a control policy for a traffic network of signalized intersections to accomplish control objectives expressed in linear temporal logic. Traffic management indeed calls for a rich class of objectives and offers a novel domain for these formal methods tools. We show that traffic networks possess structural properties that allow significant reduction in the time required to compute a finite state abstraction. We further extend our approach to a probabilistic framework by modeling the traffic dynamics as a Markov Decision Process.
Self-Ratings Of Professional Knowledge And Skills In Early Intervention:

This article describes the development and use of a 32-item self-rating of professional knowledge and skills in the context of early intervention for infants and toddlers with handicaps. Participants in a series of workshops designed to teach family-focused skills completed the form prior to training. Although items on the scale differentiated knowledge and skills in 16 areas of competence, professionals did not make that distinction in rating themselves, with 73% of the knowledge items rated exactly the same as the skill items. A factor analysis revealed three clusters of items: family-focused ratings, child-focused ratings, and team-focused ratings. Cronbach's coefficient alpha indicated high internal consistency for each factor. Changes in participants' ratings over time are described, and implications of these findings for self-rating procedures in general and for evaluating inservice experiences in early intervention are discussed.
Structure-function analysis of GNIP, the glycogenin-interacting protein

Glycogenin is a self-glucosylating protein that initiates glycogen biosynthesis. We recently identified a family of proteins, GNIPs, that interact with glycogenin and stimulate its self-glucosylating activity [J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 19331]. The GNIP gene (also called TRIM7) encodes at least four distinct isoforms of GNIP, three of which (GNIP1, GNIP2, and GNIP3) have in common a COOH-terminal B30.2 domain and predicted coiled-coil regions. Based on Western blot analysis, the GNIP1 protein is widely distributed in tissues. From analysis of a series of deletion mutants of GNIP2 using the yeast two-hybrid system, the B30.2 domain was found to be responsible for the interaction with glycogenin. A truncated form of recombinant GNIP2, lacking the NH2-terminal coiled-coil region, was cross-linked to glycogenin by glutaraldehyde treatment, supporting the idea that the B30.2 domain was sufficient for the interaction. In the course of this study, GNIP2 was also found to interact with itself, via the coiled-coil domain. Heterologous interactions between GNIP1 and GNIP2 were also detected. Since glycogenin is also a dimer, higher order multimeric complexes between glycogenin and GNIPs would be possible.
Evolving to Generalize: Trading Precision for Speed

Biologists and philosophers of biology have argued that learning rules that do not lead organisms to play evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSes) in games will not be stable and thus not evolutionarily successful. This claim, however, stands at odds with the fact that learning generalization---a behavior that cannot lead to ESSes when modeled in games---is observed throughout the animal kingdom. In this paper, I use learning generalization to illustrate how previous analyses of the evolution of learning have gone wrong. It has been widely argued that the function of learning generalization is to allow for swift learning about novel stimuli. I show that in evolutionary game theoretic models learning generalization, despite leading to suboptimal behavior, can indeed speed learning. I further observe that previous analyses of the evolution of learning ignored the short term success of learning rules. If one drops this assumption, I argue, it can be shown that learning generalization will be expected to evolve in these models. I also use this analysis to show how ESS methodology can be misleading, and to reject previous justifications about ESS play derived from analyses of learning.
First Report of Rhizoctonia oryzae on Pea.

In May 2001, severe stunting, lateral rot, and brown discoloration of taproots were observed in a field of direct-seed (no-till) pea cv. Columbia southeast of Lewiston, ID. The field had been previously cropped with direct-seeded spring barley. Roots were washed, plated on water agar containing benomyl at 1 μ/ml and chloramphenicol at 100 μg/ml, and incubated at 22°C. Fungal colonies were identified as Rhizoctonia oryzae (teleomorph Waitea circinata Warcup & Talbot) based on hyphal and colony morphology (3) and anastamosis reaction with known tester isolates. Two isolates were grown on autoclaved oat seeds for 3 weeks to produce inoculum for pathogenicity testing. One colonized oat seed was placed below a seed of Pisum sativum ‘Little Marvel’ planted in pasteurized sandy loam soil. There were five pea seeds per 10-cm-diameter pot and three replicate pots per isolate. Both isolates caused severe damping-off and stunting. Both isolates were also tested in nonpasteurized (natural) sandy loam in 4 cm × 20 cm ...
A simple, inexpensive method for teaching how membrane potentials are generated.

We have developed a simple laboratory exercise that uses an inexpensive dialysis membrane (molecular weight cutoff = 100) to illustrate the generation of membrane potentials (Vm) across plasma memb...
The Great Smoky Mountains Study: developmental epidemiology in the southeastern United States.

To describe the Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS). GSMS is a longitudinal study of child psychiatric disorders that began in 1992 to look at need for mental health services in a rural area of the USA. Over 20 years it has expanded its range to include developmental epidemiology more generally, not only the development of psychiatric and substance abuse problems but also their correlates and predictors: family and environmental risk, physical development including puberty, stress and stress-related hormones, trauma, the impact of poverty, genetic markers, and epigenetics. Now that participants are in their 30s the focus has shifted to adult outcomes of childhood psychopathology and risk, and early physical, cognitive, and psychological markers of aging. This paper describes the results from over 11,000 interviews, examples of the study’s contributions to science and policy, and plans for the future. Longitudinal studies can provide insights that aid in policy planning.
Melanogenic papillary cystadenoma of the soft palate.

A papillary cystadenoma of salivary origin may be defined as a neoplasm in which the pattern of epithelial proliferation is identical to that of a Warthin tumor (papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, adenolymphoma), but which lacks the lymphoid component of the latter. Warthin tumors are regarded by almost all observers as arising from salivary ductal inclusions within juxtaparotid and intraparotid lymph nodes, thereby accounting for the lymphoid component of this tumor. Neoplastic proliferation of parenchymal (noninclusion) ductal elements within major or minor salivary glands, as well as the lacrimal apparatus, may occasionally give rise to a lesion lacking lymphoid stroma, the papillary cystadenoma.' -' u Papillary cystadenomas of the soft palate are uncommon. The author recently examined such a lesion in which most of the component epithelial cells exhibited melanogenesis. The foregoing features are believed to warrant the ensuing presentation.
Discussion of Distribution Transformer Capacity and Model Test Method

The relationship between impedance voltage with distribution transformer capacity is analyzed in this paper,the capacity is preliminary determined through low voltage short-circuit impedance measurement,then no-load loss and load loss measurements are used to test and verify the distribution transformer capacity and model,which finally gives a reliable test result.The flow of distribution transformer capacity and model test is given in this paper,and effectiveness and feasibility of the method is verified by example.
Analysis of Abrasion Situation for Drill Loader Machine's the First Conveyor

To drill loader machine's first conveyor as the object of study, analysis of the working process of various wear,and the abrasion situation was analyzed, typical friction surface of the friction was calculation by methods of theory computing,and put forward the measures of reduce the friction loss of the first conveyor measures,experiments show,the improved structure wear compared with the former are decreased.
Gout and Risk of Fracture in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Objective Uric acid may be linked to bone health through its antioxidant or prooxidant effects, thereby affecting bone resorption and formation, or through its dual inhibition of vitamin D activation and parathyroid hormone production. Results of prior studies on the relationship between uric acid and bone mineral density have been conflicting. This prospective study was undertaken to examine the relationship between gout, a disease characterized by hyperuricemia and inflammation, and risk of hip or wrist fracture in women. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of gout and risk of incident wrist and hip fracture in women participating in the Nurses’ Health Study (n = 103,799 at baseline, with 14 years of follow-up for the wrist fracture analysis and 22 years of follow-up for the hip fracture analysis). Gout history and incident cases of wrist and hip fracture were assessed by biennial questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards models were used to simultaneously adjust for potential confounders. Results In this cohort, there were 3,769 incident wrist fractures (1990–2004) and 2,147 incident hip fractures (1990–2012), with 107 wrist fractures and 117 hip fractures occurring in participants with gout. In those women with a history of gout compared with women without gout, the multivariable-adjusted relative risk of wrist fracture was 1.12 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.92–1.36) and the multivariable-adjusted relative risk of hip fracture was 1.38 (95% CI 1.14–1.68). Conclusion In women, a history of gout is associated with a modestly increased risk of hip fracture, but not significantly associated with a risk of wrist fracture.
Risk of Epilepsy After Complex Febrile Seizures

The risk of epilepsy developing after complex febrile seizures (CFS) was studied in 477 children admitted between 1991 and 1998 with febrile convulsions at Tel Aviv Medical Center, Israel.
Wide Variation Found in Care of Opioid-Exposed Newborns

Abstract Objective Standardized practices for the management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) are associated with shorter lengths of stay, but optimal protocols are not established. We sought to identify practice variations for newborns with in utero chronic opioid exposure among hospitals in the Better Outcomes Through Research for Newborns (BORN) network. Methods Nursery site leaders completed a survey about hospitals' policies and practices regarding care for infants with chronic opioid exposure (≥3 weeks). Results The 76 (80%) of 95 respondent hospitals were in 34 states, varied in size ( 8000 births and 200 opioid-exposed infants per year), with most affiliated with academic centers (89%). Most (80%) had protocols for newborn drug exposure screening; 90% used risk-based approaches. Specimens included urine (85%), meconium (76%), and umbilical cords (10%). Of sites (88%) with NAS management protocols, 77% addressed medical management, 72% nursing care, 72% pharmacologic treatment, and 58% supportive care. Morphine was the most common first-line pharmacotherapy followed by methadone. Observation periods for opioid-exposed newborns varied; 57% observed short-acting opioid exposure for 2 to 3 days, while 30% observed for ≥5 days. For long-acting opioids, 71% observed for 4 to 5 days, 19% for 2 to 3 days, and 8% for ≥7 days. Observation for NAS occurred mostly in level 1 nurseries (86%); however, most (87%) transferred to NICUs when pharmacologic treatment was indicated. Conclusions Most BORN hospitals had protocols for the care of opioid-exposed infants, but policies varied widely and characterized areas of needed research. Identification of variation is the first step toward establishing best practice standards to improve care for this rapidly growing population.
Effects of a Voluntary Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling System on Packaged Food Reformulation: The Health Star Rating System in New Zealand.

Interpretive, front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition labels may encourage reformulation of packaged foods. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the Health Star Rating (HSR), a new voluntary interpretive FOP labelling system, on food reformulation in New Zealand. Annual surveys of packaged food and beverage labelling and composition were undertaken in supermarkets before and after adoption of HSR i.e., 2014 to 2016. Outcomes assessed were HSR uptake by food group star ratings of products displaying a HSR label; nutritional composition of products displaying HSR compared with non-HSR products; and the composition of products displaying HSR labels in 2016 compared with their composition prior to introduction of HSR. In 2016, two years after adoption of the voluntary system, 5.3% of packaged food and beverage products surveyed (n = 807/15,357) displayed HSR labels. The highest rates of uptake were for cereals, convenience foods, packaged fruit and vegetables, sauces and spreads, and ‘Other’ products (predominantly breakfast beverages). Products displaying HSR labels had higher energy density but had significantly lower mean saturated fat, total sugar and sodium, and higher fibre, contents than non-HSR products (all p-values < 0.001). Small but statistically significant changes were observed in mean energy density (−29 KJ/100 g, p = 0.002), sodium (−49 mg/100 g, p = 0.03) and fibre (+0.5 g/100 g, p = 0.001) contents of HSR-labelled products compared with their composition prior to adoption of HSR. Reformulation of HSR-labelled products was greater than that of non-HSR-labelled products over the same period, e.g., energy reduction in HSR products was greater than in non-HSR products (−1.5% versus −0.4%), and sodium content of HSR products decreased by 4.6% while that of non-HSR products increased by 3.1%. We conclude that roll-out of the voluntary HSR labelling system is driving healthier reformulation of some products. Greater uptake across the full food supply should improve population diets.
Opioid-Induced "Likeability" and "Feeling Good" Are Not Associated With Return Visits to an ED Among Migraine Patients Administered IV Hydromorphone.

BACKGROUND Parenteral opioids are used in more than 50% of emergency department (ED) visits for migraine. Use of opioids for migraine has been associated with subsequent ED visits, perhaps because of opioid-induced euphoria. In this study, we quantify the extent to which nontherapeutic effects of opioids influence migraine outcomes. We hypothesized that "feeling good" and medication likeability would in fact be associated with receipt of opioids (rather than relief of migraine pain) and that receipt of opioids (rather than relief of migraine pain) would be associated with return visits to the ED. METHODS During an ED-based clinical trial, migraine patients were randomized to receive hydromorphone 1 mg or prochlorperazine 10 mg + diphenhydramine 25 mg IV. Thirty minutes after medication administration, we asked, (1) How much did you like the medication you received? and (2) How good did the medication make you feel? Participants were asked to provide answers on a 0-10 scale. We also determined 0-10 pain scores at baseline and 1 hour and number of return visits for headache during the subsequent month. RESULTS Sixty-three patients received prochlorperazine and 64 hydromorphone. Prochlorperazine pain scores improved by 6.8 (SD: 2.6), hydromorphone by 4.7 (SD: 3.3) (95%CI for difference of 2.1: 1.0, 3.2). On the 0-10 likeability scale, prochlorperazine patients reported a mean of 7.2 (SD: 2.8), hydromorphone 6.9 (SD: 2.9) (95% CI for difference of 0.3: -0.7, 1.3). On the 0-10 feeling good scale, prochlorperazine patients reported a mean of 7.5 (SD: 2.3), hydromorphone 6.8 (SD: 2.8) (95%CI: for difference of 0.7: -0.2, 1.6). In the hydromorphone group, 8/57 (14%, 95%CI: 7, 26%) returned to the ED vs 5/63 (8%, 95%CI: 3,18%) in the prochlorperazine group. In regression modeling, feeling good was independently associated with pain relief (P < .01) but not with medication received (P = .67) or return visits (P = .12). Similarly, medication likeability was independently associated with pain relief (P < .01) but not medication received (P = .12) or return visits (P = .16). CONCLUSION We did not detect an association between hydromorphone and medication likeability, feeling good, or return visits to the ED. Headache relief was associated with medication likeability and feeling good.
Estimates of Habitat Use by Rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.) from Fecal Pellet Counts Varies by Plot Design in Southern California

Studies of rabbits and hares often use fecal pellet counts to estimate population density, create indices of abundance, and monitor habitat use, because fecal pellet counts are more easily deployed and less labor intensive than visual surveys and live trapping. In some habitats, plot size and shape can affect the measured pellet density and the resulting estimates of habitat use by rabbits. We compared rabbit (Sylvilagus spp.) fecal pellet density estimates derived from 0.155-m2 rectangular, 0.155-m2 circular, 1-m2 square, and 1-m2 circular plots in southern California chaparral and coastal sage scrub communities to evaluate habitat use by rabbits. Pellet plots were not an effective sampling design in our chaparral site where rabbit pellet density was low. Our coastal sage scrub site had an abundance of fecal pellets, and pellet density estimates varied by plot design. The 0.155-m2 plots were more easily deployed and counted, however they produced higher estimates of fecal pellet density, exhibited greater variance, and were unable to detect habitat differences in fecal pellet density. The 1-m2 plots required more effort but produced lower pellet density estimates, exhibited less variation, and were both able to detect habitat differences in fecal pellet density. We recommend that researchers conducting rabbit fecal pellet counts in Californian Mediterranean scrub habitats use 1-m2 circular plots for their ease of deployment, counting, and clearing and for their greater detection and precision in estimates of pellet densities.
Elucidating the Elementary Reaction Pathways and Kinetics of Hydroxyl Radical-Induced Acetone Degradation in Aqueous Phase Advanced Oxidation Processes

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) that produce highly reactive hydroxyl radicals are promising methods to destroy aqueous organic contaminants. Hydroxyl radicals react rapidly and nonselectively with organic contaminants and degrade them into intermediates and transformation byproducts. Past studies have indicated that peroxyl radical reactions are responsible for the formation of many intermediate radicals and transformation byproducts. However, complex peroxyl radical reactions that produce identical transformation products make it difficult to experimentally study the elementary reaction pathways and kinetics. In this study, we used ab initio quantum mechanical calculations to identify the thermodynamically preferable elementary reaction pathways of hydroxyl radical-induced acetone degradation by calculating the free energies of the reaction and predicting the corresponding reaction rate constants by calculating the free energies of activation. In addition, we solved the ordinary differential equatio...
Large-Scale Datasets in Special Education Research

Abstract Large-scale datasets are integral to building a national understanding of the educational experiences of children and youth with disabilities. These datasets often include a wealth of variables, and many allow the researcher to examine change over time; however, implementing large-scale dataset studies can be challenging for both novice and experienced researchers. In this chapter, we begin by reviewing several large-scale, national datasets related to education that include children and youth with disabilities. We then outline a variety of benefits, challenges, and considerations for investigators who are in the initial stages of conducting research with large-scale datasets. Next, we present an example detailing the preliminary steps in analyzing large-scale data. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of other datasets that do not focus on educational issues; we address their potential utility for special education researchers, and discuss recently developed resources to assist new investigators in using these data sources.
Enhancement of tissue delivery and receptor occupancy of methylprednisolone in rats by a liposomal formulation.

A liposomal formulation of methylprednisolone (L-MPL) was developed to improve localization of this immunosuppressant in lymphatic tissues. Liposomes containing MPL were formulated from a mixture of phosphatydylcholine and phosphatydylglycerol (molar ratio, 9:1) and sized by extrusion through a 0.1-µm membrane. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received a bolus dose of 2 mg/kg of L-MPL or free MPL in solution (control). Samples of blood, spleen, liver, thymus, and bone marrow were collected at intervals over a 66-hr period. Concentrations of MPL in plasma and organs and free cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) in spleen and liver were determined. The plasma MPL profiles for free and L-MPL were bi- and triexponential. Although the alpha phase kinetics of both dosage forms were similar, L-MPL showed a substantially slower elimination phase than did free drug. Incorporation of MPL into liposomes caused the following increases: terminal half-life, from 0.48 (MPL) to 30.13 hr (L-MPL); MRT, from 0.42 to 11.95 hr, V ss, from 2.10 to 21.87 L/kg; and AUC, from 339 to 1093 ng · hr/mL. Uptake of liposomes enhanced significantly the delivery of drug to lymphatic tissues and liver; AUC tissue:plasma ratios for spleen increased 77-fold; for liver, 9-fold; and for thymus, 27-fold. The duration of GCR occupancy was extended 10-fold in spleen and 13-fold in liver by the liposomal formulation. Lymphatic tissue selectivity and extended receptor binding of liposome-delivered MPL offer promise for enhanced immunosuppression.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycan/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein pathway involved in type III hyperlipoproteinemia and Alzheimer's disease.

The heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)/low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP) pathway plays a critical role in apolipoprotein (apo) E-containing lipoprotein metabolism in hepatocytes and other cells, including neurons. In this review, it will be shown that the HSPG sequestration step (i.e., the recruitment and trapping of remnant lipoproteins in the space of Disse in the liver) is an important component of remnant metabolism mediated by apo-E. In vitro studies indicate that the apo-E-containing lipoproteins must first interact with HSPG; only then does the LRP mediate lipoprotein uptake. The differential interaction of apo-EIII and the various mutant forms of apo-E with this pathway before internalization appears to be one factor that modulates the expression of recessive versus dominant type III hyperlipoproteinemia. Furthermore, it is now apparent that the HSPG/LRP pathway is involved in the delivery of apo-E to neurons, where apo-E alters neurite growth and cytoskeletal activity in these cells. Specifically, apo-EIV, which has been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, inhibits neurite extension and microtubule formation subsequent to the interaction of apo-EIV with the HSPG/LRP pathway.
Analysis of 90-day cost for open versus minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy.

Abstract Background Minimally invasive distal pancreatectomy (MIDP) is associated with improved peri-operative outcomes compared to the open approach, though cost-effectiveness of MIDP remains unclear. Methods Patients with pancreatic tumors undergoing open (ODP), robotic (RDP), or laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) between 2012-2014 were identified through the Truven Health MarketScan® Database. Median costs (payments) for the index operation and 90-day readmissions were calculated. Multivariable regression was used to predict associations with log 90-day payments. Results 693 patients underwent ODP, 146 underwent LDP, and 53 RDP. Compared to ODP, LDP and RDP resulted in shorter median length of stay (6 d. ODP vs. 5 d. RDP vs. 4 d. LDP, p Conclusion MIDP is associated with >$8,500 in lower cost compared to the open approach. Quality improvement initiatives in DP should ensure that lack of training and technical skill are not barriers to MIDP.
The nuclear background influences the penetrance of the near-homoplasmic m.1630 A > G MELAS variant in a symptomatic proband and asymptomatic mother.

Abstract In this study, we report the metabolic consequences of the m.1630 A > G variant in fibroblasts from the symptomatic proband affected with the mitochondrial encephalomyopathy lactic acidosis and stroke-like episode Syndrome and her asymptomatic mother. By long-range PCR followed by massively parallel sequencing of the mitochondrial genome, we accurately measured heteroplasmy in fibroblasts from the proband (89.6%) and her mother (94.8%). Using complementary experimental approaches, we show a functional correlation between manifestation of clinical symptoms and bioenergetic potential. Our mitochondrial morphometric analysis reveals a link between defects of mitochondrial cristae ultrastructure and symptomatic status. Despite near-homoplasmic level of the m.1630A > G variant, the mother's fibroblasts have a normal OXPHOS metabolism, which stands in contrast to the severely impaired OXPHOS response of the proband's fibroblasts. The proband's fibroblasts also exhibit glycolysis at near constitutive levels resulting in a stunted compensatory glycolytic response to offset the severe OXPHOS defect. Whole exome sequencing reveals the presence of a heterozygous nonsense VARS2 variant (p.R334X) exclusively in the proband, which removes two thirds of the VARS2 protein containing key domains interacting with the mt-tRNAval and may play a role in modulating the penetrance of the m.1630A > G variant despite similar near homoplasmic levels. Our transmission electron microscopy study also shows unexpected ultrastructural changes of chromatin suggestive of differential epigenomic regulation between the proband and her mother that may explain the differential OXPHOS response between the proband and her mother. Future study will decipher by which molecular mechanisms the nuclear background influences the penetrance of the m.1630 A > G variant causing MELAS.