cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeting eIF4F translation complex sensitizes B-ALL cells to tyrosine kinase inhibition

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase whose activation is associated with poor prognosis in pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). These and other findings have prompted diverse strategies for targeting mTOR signaling in B-ALL and other B-cell malignancies. In cellular models of Philadelphia Chromosome-positive (Ph+) B-ALL, mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs) that inhibit both mTOR-complex-1 (mTORC1) and mTOR-complex-2 (mTORC2) enhance the cytotoxicity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as dasatinib. However, TOR-KIs have not shown substantial efficacy at tolerated doses in blood cancer clinical trials. Selective inhibition of mTORC1 or downstream effectors provides alternative strategies that may improve selectivity towards leukemia cells. Of particular interest is the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex that mediates cap-dependent translation. Here we use novel chemical and genetic approaches to show that selective targeting of either mTORC1 kinase activity or components of the eIF4F complex sensitizes murine BCR-ABL-dependent pre-B leukemia cells to dasatinib. SBI-756, a small molecule inhibitor of eIF4F assembly, sensitizes human Ph+ and Ph-like B-ALL cells to dasatinib cytotoxicity without affecting survival of T lymphocytes or natural killer cells. These findings support the further evaluation of eIF4F-targeted molecules in combination therapies with TKIs in B-ALL and other blood cancers.
Taking Care With Text: 'The Laws' of the Take Care Clause Do Not Include the Constitution, and There Is No Autonomous Presidential Power of Constitutional Interpretation

Departmentalism posits that each branch of the federal government has an independent power of constitutional interpretation—all branches share the power and need not defer to one another in the exercise of their interpretive powers. As regards the executive branch, the textual basis for this interpretive autonomy is that the Take Care Clause requires the President to “take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed” and the Supremacy Clause lists the Constitution as a portion of “the supreme Law of the Land.” Therefore, the President is to execute the Constitution. Or so the common argument goes. The presidential oath to “execute the office of President” and “to the best of [the President’s] Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution” is often enlisted in support of the argument, or even offered as a separate basis for the President’s power of autonomous constitutional interpretation. This article offers a textual analysis of not only the Take Care Clause and the Supremacy Clause, but also the presidential oath and other clauses relevant to the textual argument for an autonomous presidential power of constitutional interpretation. The textual analysis has the following results. First, “the Laws” in the Take Care Clause do not include the Constitution, contrary to widely held assumption. Second, the presidential oath, standing alone, cannot support a textual argument for an autonomous presidential power of constitutional interpretation. Those two results collapse the textual argument for departmentalism. Third, the constitutional text as a whole, and most prominently the nearly identical language used in Article VI to define “the supreme Law of the Land” and in Article III to express the extent of judicial power, strongly indicates judicial interpretations are supreme over conflicting executive interpretations. As often seems the case when the text of the Constitution is analyzed carefully, there are some rewarding secondary insights gained along the way. In this instance, working through the intratextual links among various clauses sheds light on the rarely discussed congressional power “[t]o provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union.” There is textual evidence “the Laws” of the Take Care Clause and “the Laws of the Union” may mean the same thing: federal statutes and treaties, but not the Constitution.
More Zeros of the Derivatives of the Riemann Zeta Function on the Left Half Plane

We present the discovery of many previously unknown zeros of the derivatives, ζ (k)(σ + it), of the Riemann zeta function for k ≤ 28 with \(-10 <\sigma < \frac{1} {2}\) and − 10 < t < 10. Each zero found was simple and our computations show an interesting behavior of the zeros of ζ (k), namely they seem to lie on curves which are extensions of certain chains of zeros of ζ (k) that were observed on the right half plane.
Outsourcing in Biopharmaceutical Industry: India's Value Propositions

In this paper we discuss the rationale behind biopharmaceutical outsourcing. We then discuss the benefits, challenges, current trends and market opportunities. From January 2005, India has agreed to comply with the product patent protection in accordance with the obligation under the TRIPS Agreement of the WTO. This has created new opportunities as well as challenges for the Indian biopharmaceutical companies. We analyze the value proposition of India as a suitable destination for outsourcing in biopharmaceutical industry in this new business environment. This research will help managers to understand the benefits of biopharmaceutical outsourcing along with its challenges under the current business scenario. Hence, this study is timely and relevant from both an academic and a practitioner's perspective.
Biocorrosive Thermophilic Microbial Communities in Alaskan North Slope Oil Facilities

Corrosion of metallic oilfield pipelines by microorganisms is a costly but poorly understood phenomenon, with standard treatment methods targeting mesophilic sulfatereducing bacteria. In assessing biocorrosion potential at an Alaskan North Slope oil field, we identified thermophilic hydrogen-using methanogens, syntrophic bacteria, peptideand amino acid-fermenting bacteria, iron reducers, sulfur/thiosulfate-reducing bacteria and sulfate-reducing archaea. These microbes can stimulate metal corrosion through production of organic acids, CO2, sulfur species, and via hydrogen oxidation and iron reduction, implicating many more types of organisms than are currently targeted. Micromolar quantities of putative anaerobic metabolites of C1-C4 n-alkanes in pipeline fluids were detected, implying that these low molecular weight hydrocarbons, routinely injected into reservoirs for oil recovery purposes, are biodegraded and provide biocorrosive microbial communities with an important source of nutrients.
Intestinal Absorption of Peptides and Peptide Analogues: Implications of Fasting Pancreatic Serine Protease Levels and pH on the Extent of Oral Absorption in Dogs and Humans

In order to describe and predict the impact of intestinal metabolism on peptide absorption, intestinal chymotrypsin activity, flow rate, and pH were characterized in fasted, duodenally fistulated dogs as a function of gastrointestinal (GI) motility phase. GI motility was classified as either active or quiescent. Cumulative volume, F(t), and volumetric flow rate, Q(t), curves were constructed and the data were sorted according to motility phase. The mean +/- SE active phase pH was 6.4 +/- 0.3, whereas the quiescent phase pH was 7.3 +/- 0.3. The difference between the mean active and the mean quiescent phase pH values was significant. The active and quiescent phase flow rates (ml/min) were also significantly different, at values of 1.2 +/- 0.2 and 0.28 +/- 0.07, respectively. The active phase flow rates were consistent among the dogs studied; however, the quiescent phase flow rates were highly variable among the dogs. The variability of the quiescent phase flow rates was expected since phase II of the GI motility cycle is characterized by intermediate, irregular spike activity. The mean active and quiescent phase chymotrypsin activities were 1.87 x 10(-5) +/- 0.53 x 10(-5) and 1.56 x 10(-5) +/- 0.65 x 10(-5) M, respectively. The active phase values were not statistically different among dogs, however, the quiescent phase values were found to be highly variable among dogs. The difference between the active and the quiescent phase chymotrypsin mean levels, however, was not statistically significant. The chymotrypsin levels determined in dogs were found to be approximately 10 times greater than those reported in humans.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Use of performance sensitivities in routing analog circuits

The use of performance sensitivities in routing of analog circuits is advocated. Performance constraints are modeled in terms of the sensitivities of performance functions with respect to the routing parasitics for both single-ended and differential circuits. Expressions for the worst-case performance sensitivities due to process variations are derived and shown to play an important role in differential circuits. A well-defined procedure for selecting a set of critical parasitics during layout design is presented. >
T Lymphocyte Responses: Development

Naive T cells require stimulation to differentiate and acquire most effector functions. This occurs in lymph nodes, depends on antigen recognition as well as on soluble and membrane-bound factors, and can give rise to different types of immune responses. Keywords: T lymphocyte; costimulation; T-cell activation; T-cell differentiation; TCR
Direct "Cystoscopic" Approach for Arthroscopic Decompression of an Intraosseous Ganglion of the Lunate.

Intraosseous ganglion cysts (IOGs) are uncommon lesions of the carpal bones and can present with persistent pain and stiffness of the wrist. Surgical decompression is recommended, and a variety of approaches to decompress symptomatic IOGs of the wrist have been described. We describe an arthroscopic approach that can be performed with only 2 portals and offers excellent access for visualization and instrumentation. The procedure involves creating a 3.2-mm tunnel into the lunate cyst; this is performed through the dorsal non-articular surface of the lunate, under direct vision, and the position is confirmed with fluoroscopy. A 2.4-mm arthroscope is passed through the drill hole, and a direct “cystoscopic” view of the IOG is obtained. Biopsy of the cyst contents is performed under direct vision, and small-joint shavers and burrs are used for effective debridement. Advantages of this technique are actual visualization of the pathology, complete intracystic debridement, and simultaneous treatment of any coexistent intra-articular pathology. In addition, the minimal 3.2-mm lunate tunnel access maintains the structural integrity of the lunate and reduces the need for additional bone graft supplementation.
Gay Men in Long-Term Relationships

Abstract The current study explored whether differences in the practice of monogamy or non-monogamy related to the relational health of men in long-term same-sex relationships. A total of 179 monogamous and non-monogamous gay partnered men from the U.S. and Canada were surveyed via the internet in order to examine demographic, sexual, and relational variables. The majority of the sample reported maintaining a monogamous relationship (73%). The results suggested that non-monogamous men were more out, reported a greater number of sexual partners, higher frequencies of past sexual contact with men, and lower levels of dyadic attachment than their monogamous counterparts. Conversely, the monogamous and non-monogamous coupled men appeared similar in age and total number of past relationships, and did not appear to differ in their frequency of sex with their primary partners, nor in their stated relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, or attachment styles.
Sin in the Suburbs: Nevada's Changing Brothel Industry

The State of Sex is the most comprehensive analysis of the Nevada brothel industry ever written and a must-have for scholars of sex work. Barbara G. Brents, Crystal A. Jackson, and Kathryn Hausbeck...
Correction: Structural basis for the prion-like MAVS filaments in antiviral innate immunity.

Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein forms prion-like aggregates mediated by the N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) and activates antiviral signaling cascades. Purified MAVS CARD from culture cells self-assembles into filaments. Previously, we reported a low-resolution cryoEM structure of MAVS CARD filament, which exhibits a C3 symmetry with a rotation of −53.6° and an axial rise of 16.8 A for every unit in the filament (Xu et al., 2014). Recently, a cryoEM reconstruction of MAVS CARD filaments at 3.6 A resolution was reported with a C1 helical symmetry of a rotation of −101.1° and an axial rise of 5.1 A per subunit (Wu et al., 2014). The differences in these two models were carefully analyzed recently (Egelman, 2014), which suggested that the helical ambiguity in helical reconstruction was not fully resolved in our previous analysis (Xu et al., 2014). We recently collected a new dataset at higher resolutions. Using a newly developed method for analysis of helical filaments (Clemens et al., 2015), we obtained a 4.2 A resolution reconstruction of MAVS CARD filaments purified from mammalian cells under native conditions. The new model shows that the MAVS CARD filament exhibits a C1 helical symmetry in agreement with Wu et al. (2014).
The AKT inhibitor perifosine in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a phase II California/Pittsburgh cancer consortium trial.

Abstract Background Perifosine is an oral alkylphospholipid that inhibits cancer cell growth through decreased Akt phosphorylation. We conducted a phase II trial of perifosine in patients with biochemically recurrent, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Patients and Methods Eligible patients had histologically confirmed prostate cancer, previous prostatectomy and/or radiation therapy, and rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) without radiographic evidence of metastasis. Previous androgen deprivation therapy Results Of 25 patients, 24 were evaluable for response. After a median follow-up of 8 months, 5 patients (20%) had a reduction in serum PSA levels, but none met criteria for PSA response. Three patients immediately progressed with no response to therapy. Median progression-free survival was 6.64 months (range, 4.53-12.81 months). No change in the PSA doubling time (7 months) was observed before and after treatment initiation. Dose-limiting toxicities (all grade 3) included hyponatremia, arthritis, hyperuricemia, and photophobia. Conclusion Although well tolerated, perifosine did not meet prespecified PSA criteria for response as a single agent in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer. However, 20% of patients had evidence of PSA reduction, suggesting modest single-agent clinical activity. The role of perifosine in combination with androgen deprivation or chemotherapy is currently under investigation.
IM-13MOLECULAR ENGINEERING OF AMPLIFIED TUMOR RNA-PULSED DENDRITIC CELLS IN ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY TARGETING MEDULLOBLASTOMA AND GLIOBLASTOMA

BACKGROUND: Adoptive cellular therapy using transfer of tumor-specific lymphocytes has emerged as a potent strategy for treatment of advanced and refractory malignancies. We have employed the use of total tumor RNA (TTRNA)-pulsed DCs in the ex vivo expansion of tumor-specific lymphocytes for use in adoptive cellular therapy targeting pediatric and adult malignant brain tumors. METHODS: Total tumor RNA was extracted and amplified from resected brain tumor specimens using previously published methods. Efforts to improve recovery, fidelity of amplification, and integrity of RNA included comparative analysis of phenol-free extraction methods, SMARTTM-based cDNA synthesis, RT and PCR primer modifications. To characterize whole pool of cDNA libraries and their IVT RNA products obtained from tumor brain tissues we used next generation sequencing approach. DC generation and T cell expansion under varying culture conditions and cytokine milieus were evaluated to improve functional yields of autologous cellular products. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We have optimized high quality (RNA integrity, RIN ≥ 8) TTRNA amplification from resected brain tumor specimens using as little as 1 ng of input TTRNA through incorporation of solid-phase paramagnetic bead technology for cDNA synthesis and optimized PCR conditions. Massively parallel RNA sequencing analysis of TTRNA amplified from brain tumor specimens using in-house development of a complete system for cDNA amplification show similar or even better results compared to commercial available Clontech's SMARTer kit. RNA-Seq analysis detected the higher number of transcripts in brain tumor tissues compared to normal brain. We found that TTRNA transfection up-regulates the expression of CD80, CD83, CD86, HLA-DR in mature DCs. We have recently demonstrated the safety and feasibility of this adoptive cellular therapy platform in a phase I trial of pediatric patients with relapsed medulloblastoma and PNETs in a single institutional setting. A multi-institutional phase 2 clinical trial is underway.
Conditions affecting the purification and solution of a uterine epinephrine-oxidizing enzyme.

Abstract Purification and characterization of a uterine epinephrine-oxidizing enzyme have been continued in the present studies. It was reported previously that the oxidation of epinephrine by this enzyme resulted in the formation of an actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibitor. Adrenochrome was identified as an intermediate in the reaction. New data have been obtained which confirm the formation of adrenochrome in the reaction. Progressively greater disintegration of the myometrium has resulted in increased yields and purity of the enzyme. The most striking effect, however, was the separation of a water-soluble form of the enzyme through disruption of a highpurity fraction with ultrasonic sound. Yields of water-soluble enzyme with present procedures were increased approximately 200-fold over that possible with the former methods. In addition, the activity of the water-soluble protein in terms of ATPase inhibitor formation was increased approximately 9-fold. Although the uterine oxidase was soluble in water, it was found to be insoluble at physiological ionic strengths. These observations suggest that the enzyme probably exists in association with a membrane or organelle. Reference is made to the possible role of this enzyme in relation to the negative inotropic effects of epinephrine.
Secretory vesicle rebound hyperacidification and increased quantal size resulting from prolonged methamphetamine exposure.

Acute exposure to amphetamines collapses secretory vesicle pH gradients, which increases cytosolic catecholamine levels while decreases the quantal size of catecholamine release during fusion events. Amphetamine and methamphetamine, however, are retained in tissues over long durations. We used optical and electron microscopic probes to measure the effects of long-term methamphetamine exposure on secretory vesicle pH, and amperometry and intracellular patch electrochemistry to observe the effects on neurosecretion and cytosolic catecholamines in cultured rat chromaffin cells. In contrast to acute methamphetamine effects, exposure to the drug for 6–48 h at 10 μM and higher concentrations produced a concentration-dependent rebound hyperacidification of secretory vesicles. At 5–10 μM levels, methamphetamine increased the quantal size and reinstated exocytotic catecholamine release, although very high (>100 μM) levels of the drug, while continuing to produce rebound hyperacidification, did not increase quantal size. Secretory vesicle rebound hyperacidification was temperature dependent with optimal response at ~ 37°C, was not blocked by the transcription inhibitor, puromycin, and appears to be a general compensatory response to prolonged exposure with membranophilic weak bases, including amphetamines, methylphenidate, cocaine, and ammonia. Thus, under some conditions of prolonged exposure, amphetamines and other weak bases can enhance, rather than deplete, the vesicular release of catecholamines via a compensatory response resulting in vesicle acidification.
Deletion analysis of sucrose metabolic genes from a Salmonella plasmid cloned in Escherichia coli K12

The sucrose operon from pUR400, a 78-kbp conjugative Salmonella plasmid, was cloned in Escherichia coli K12. The operon was located in a 5.7-kbp SalI restriction fragment and was subcloned, in each of two possible orientations, using the expression vector pUC18. The insert DNA was restriction mapped and duplicate restriction sites in the insert and in the polylinker of the vector were used to create various deletions promoter distal in the operon sequence. Additional deletions were made with the restriction exonuclease Bal31. Cells containing hybrid plasmids with specified deletions lacked the ability to transport sucrose or were constitutive for hydrolase and/or uptake activities. The scrA (enzyme IIScr) and scrR (regulatory) genes resided within 2900-bp SmaI-SalI DNA fragment and were assigned the order scrB, scrA, scrR. An amplified sucrose-inducible gene product, Mr 68,000, was detected only in the membrane fraction from recombinant cells that contained plasmid with the intact operon sequence. This protein represented 11% of the total membrane protein and was resistant to extraction with 0.5 M sodium chloride, 2% Triton X-100, and 0.5% sodium deoxycholate. The protein did not appear to be the product of either the scrA, scrB, or scrR gene and may therefore represent a previously unidentified membrane-bound sucrose protein. A new gene, scrC, is proposed. In addition, the cloned 5.7-kbp SalI and 2.5-kbp SmaI-SalI DNA fragments failed to hybridize to chromosomal DNA from Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus as well as to DNA from a sucrose plasmid from Salmonella tennessee. However, the probes showed weak homology with a 20-kbp EcoRI restriction fragment from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
A bidirectional “αvβ3 integrin‐ERK1/ERK2 MAPK” connection regulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells

In addition to their role in cell migration and adhesion, integrins elicit a series of transduction events that regulate cell-cycle progression and apoptosis in a process known as "outside-in" signaling. A second mode of integrin regulation known as "inside-out" signaling, in which the activation of major cell transduction cascades can influence the activation status of some integrins, has also been described. Here, we have assessed the role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1)/ERK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and phospoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3'K) signaling pathways in the expression and function of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin in breast cancer models. Pharmacological inhibition of MEK1 and MEK2 with U0126 drastically increased the levels of alpha(v)beta(3) in Heregulin (HRG)-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells (231/WT, 231/VEC) and derivatives transfected with the antisense orientation of the HRG-beta2 full length cDNA (231/ASPOOL, 231/AS31). Interestingly, this was related to a significant decrease of viability and of the S- and G2/M subcompartment of the cell cycle in MDA MB 231 cells in response to U0126. Furthermore, specific inhibition of the PI-3'K pathway with LY294002 also induced an increase of alpha(v)beta(3) levels but to a lesser extent. Moreover, pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with U0126 antagonized the effects of small peptidomimetic alpha(v)beta(3) antagonists. Remarkably, inhibition of the PI-3'K/AKT pathway did not exert the same effects, thus suggesting that the "outside-in" as well as the "inside-out" alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated signaling goes primarily through the ERK1/ERK2 MAPK pathway in MDA MB 231 breast cancer cells. Collectively, these results strongly suggest the existence of a bidirectional molecular connection alpha(v)beta(3)-ERK1/ERK2 MAPK that would regulate breast cancer cells survival and proliferation.
Nine-Month-Olds' Attention to Sound Similarities in Syllables

Abstract Nine-month-old English-learners' sensitivity to intrasyllabic constituents was explored in seven experiments using the Headturn Preference Procedure. In each experiment, the infants were exposed to two types of lists of CVC syllables. Items in the experimental lists shared a particular phonetic property, whereas items in the control lists were unrelated. The findings indicated that 9-month-olds are sensitive to shared features that occur at the beginnings, but not at the ends of syllables. Specifically, the infants had significant listening preferences for lists in which the items shared either initial CV's, initial C's, or the same manner of articulation at syllable onsets. The findings suggest that infants may first develop sensitivity to internal commonalties that occur at the beginnings of syllables.
Safety and durability of redo carotid operation: an 11-year experience

Abstract Purpose With the recent emergence of carotid stenting in the management of carotid disease, the role of surgery has been challenged, particularly for recurrent carotid stenosis. This study was undertaken to determine the safety and durability of redo carotid operation (RCO) for recurrent stenosis. Methods A retrospective review identified 64 consecutive patients who underwent 66 RCOs between 1990 and 2000. There were 33 males (52%) and 31 females, with a mean age of 68.2 years (range, 38-84 years). The mean interval from the primary carotid surgery to RCO was 77.5 months (range, 1-292 months). Operative indications were severe asymptomatic stenosis in 33 cases (50%), transient ischemic attacks (TIA) or amaurosis fugax in 25 (38%), recent stroke in 6 (9%), and nonhemispheric symptoms in 1. Two operations were tertiary carotid reconstructions. A total of 56 (85%) patch angioplasties were performed, 49 with vein and 6 with synthetic material. Primary closure was performed in three cases (5%), whereas interposition grafts were required in eight (12%). Complete follow-up was available in 59 patients (92%) and averaged 4.3 years (range, 0.2-12.9 years); 97% of patients underwent follow-up duplex scanning. Results There were no operative deaths and only two operative strokes (3.1%). Permanent cranial nerve deficit occurred in one patient (1.5%). Late stroke occurred in five patients: four ipsilateral and one contralateral. Kaplan-Meier estimates for 5- and 10-year stroke-free survival were 92% and 74%, and for overall survival were 72% and 50%. Duplex scanning detected significant recurrent carotid stenosis (>80%) or occlusion in six cases (9%) at a mean follow-up of 4.1 years. Kaplan-Meier estimates for freedom from recurrent stenosis of >80% were 94% and 86% at 5 and 10 years. Conclusions RCO for recurrent carotid stenosis can be performed safely with excellent protection from stroke and long-term durability. These data provide a standard against which the results of carotid stenting can be compared.
PARTIAL PURIFICATION AND PHOSPHOTUNGSTATE SOLUBILIZATION OF BASAL BODIES AND KINETODESMAL FIBERS FROM TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

Previously devised methods for the isolation of basal bodies from ciliate protozoans were found to be inadequate for chemical analysis. We have modified and expanded these procedures and developed a method which gives preparations containing mainly basal bodies and kinetodesmal fibers. This procedure involved fixation of cells in 30% ETOH followed by digitonin or Triton X-100 solubilization and homogenization with a Brinkmann Polytron. This is followed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. Negative staining and thin sectioning revealed these preparations to be substantially more pure than those of previous workers. It was also found that neutralized phosphotungstate (PTA) solubilized many of the components present in fixed Tetrahymena. Neutralized 1.0% PTA solubilized axonemes, cortical, axonemal, and basal body microtubules as well as kinetodesmal fibers. These results have been confirmed by both electron microscope observations and gel electrophoresis of 100,000 g supernatants of the PTA extracts. A solution of 0.1% PTA did not affect the fibers but did solubilize basal bodies. Running 1.0% PTA extracts from our basal body fractions on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gels allowed us to tentatively identify the peptides of basal bodies and kinetodesmal fibers. The latter structures appear to consist of a single 21,000 mol wt peptide. These results also suggest that great caution should be taken in interpreting PTA images, especially of microtubules and axonemes.
Effects of perceptual modality on verbatim and gist memory.

In two experiments, predictions of the fuzzy-trace theory of memory were tested. Perceptual information may play a role in retrieval and recognition processes for verbatim, but not for gist, memory. Perceptual modality effects were assessed in the present study by presenting three-sentence stories (e.g.,The bird is in the cage. The cage is over the table. The bird is yellow) and then testing recognition of probes that varied on three dimensions: (1) semantic accuracy (true vs. false), (2) wording (all original words vs. one novel word included), and (3) sentence type (premise vs. inference). In Experiment 1, study modality (auditory vs. visual) was manipulated, and in Experiment 2, both study and test modalities were manipulated. Despite replicating a number of findings consistent with fuzzy-trace theory (e.g., instruction and probe type effects), the results of both experiments failed to support the idea that perceptual information plays a role in performance on verbatim memory tests.
Group B beta hemolytic streptococcal sepsis and the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome: A comparison

The clinical features of 27 patients with early onset group B beta hemolytic streptococcus sepsis were reviewed. Fifteen presented with a clinical pattern indistinguishable from the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome and were compared with 15 patients with IRDS. Rupture of membranes for greater than 12 hours prior to delivery occurred more often in patients with GBS (33%) than in the patients with IRDS (16%). Hypotension was more commonly seen in the patients with GBS (56%) than in the patients with IRDS (36%). There was no difference in the incidence of apnea or the respirator peak inspiratory pressure requirements between the two groups of patients, but there was a tendency for a decline in the total white blood cell count in the first 24 hours of life in those patients with GBS sepsis.
Infection Following Operative Treatment of Ankle Fractures

Information on the microbiology of infections after operative ankle fractures, on the details of a treatment protocol used when the ankle joint is preserved, and on the outcome of this protocol will be helpful for the physicians managing patients with this complex problem. We therefore determined the most common pathogen of these infections, the infection recurrence rate, and the amputation rate. We retrospectively reviewed 26 patients of a mean age of 43 years with infections following operative treatment of ankle fractures. Twenty-one of 26 patients (81%) were compromised hosts according to the Cierny-Mader classification. Patients presenting up to 10 weeks postoperatively were treated by debridement and either hardware retention (if implants were judged stable) or hardware removal (if implants were loose). All patients presenting more than 10 weeks postoperatively underwent debridement and hardware removal, with the exception of one patient who underwent below knee amputation. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 17 patients (65%) and was oxacillin-resistant in six (23%). The infection recurred in five of 18 patients who were followed up for 8 months on average. Three recurrent infections were controlled with repeat debridement. The remaining two patients underwent below-knee amputation, resulting in amputations in 3 of 18 patients. Infection after operative treatment of ankle fractures is a limb-threatening complication, especially in patients with comorbidities, such as diabetes mellitus. Treatment is challenging with high infection recurrence and amputation rates. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study case series. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Kaons and Quark-Gluon Plasma

The relative multiplicity abundance ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{K}}^{+}$/${\mathrm{p}}^{+}$ arising in quark-gluon plasma formed in high energy nuclear collisions is determined. It is shown how these ratios assist in discriminating between various reaction channels.
Educational Engagement Practices of Urban Immigrant Latina Mothers

Although numerous studies have documented the positive association between parental involvement in children's education and a range of academic and motivational outcomes, less work has focused on the Latino immigrant population. Yet, Latino students constitute the fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States. This study examines the educational engagement practices of Latina mothers. Employing a qualitative research design, 4 focus groups with the same group of 12 Latina mothers were conducted. Analysis of the data revealed four themes including the motivation of regrets, the importance of Spanish-speaking school administrators, the need to be near, and barriers to progress.
Peripheral peptidergic fibers of the trigeminal nerve in the olfactory bulb of the rat.

Axons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P are present in the olfactory nerve, although few, if any, olfactory receptor cells contain immunocytochemically detectible levels of these peptides. The possible trigeminal origin of these fibers was tested by performing unilateral stereotaxic lesions of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, followed 2–25 days later by immunocytochemistry for CGRP and substance P. As reported previously, free nerve endings immunoreactive for both peptides were found transversing the nasal epithelium on the unlesioned side. Also on the unlesioned side, peptidergic axons, immunoreactive for both CGRP and substance P, could be traced from the olfactory nerve into the glomerular layer throughout the olfactory bulb, but especially into its rostral third. Ipsilateral to the trigeminal ganglion lesion, such peptide-immunoreactive fibers were absent or markedly reduced in the bulb, nerve, and epithelium. These results indicate that the peripheral branches of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve enter the olfactory bulb along with the olfactory nerve and terminate in the glomerular layer along with the olfactory axons. Ultrastructural analysis of the CGRP-immunoreactive terminals in the glomeruli reveal vesicle-filled axonal processes terminating in the absence of obvious pre- or postsynaptic specializations. Whether the trigeminal fibers in the bulb are functional, e.g., convey information to the olfactory bulb via an axon reflex, or relay information from the olfactory bulb to the brainstem trigeminal nuclei is unclear. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polarized photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of single-walled carbon nanotubes.

The polarized photoluminescence excitation spectra of twenty-five single-walled carbon nanotube species are reported. For light polarized along the nanotube axis, the main absorption resonance at ${E}_{22}$ shows sidebands attributed to phonon assisted absorption. Sidebands to ${E}_{11}$ have a diameter dependent energy and are assigned to excited excitonic states. Along with longitudinal excitations, several transverse excitations are identified. The transverse ${E}_{12}$ resonance has a specific family pattern with energy close to ${E}_{22}$. Comparison with theory provides an estimate of the strength of the Coulomb interaction.
Simulation of the Proestrous Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Surge After Infusion of LH-Releasing Hormone in Phenobarbital-Blocked Rats

Four-day cycling rats were kept in a room with the lights on from 0500-1900 h. Injectionof an ovulation-blocking dose of phenobarbital at 1230 h on proestrus did not alter the rise in plasma LH concentration in response to rapid injection of 12.4, 124, or 1240 ng of LHRH at 1300 h. In additional blocked rats, blood was rapidly withdrawn through one of two indwelling atrial cannulas while LHRH was infused at a constant rate through the other. Administraion of a given amount of LHRH by slow infusion was much more effective in elevating plasma LH than was rapid injection of the same amount of releasing hormone. The pattern of plasma LH concentration after infusion of approximately 50 ng of LHRH per hour from 1500-1810 h was remarkably similar to that of the spontaneous LH surge, i.e., a gradual rise in plasma LH concentration followed by a steep linear increase to high levels which remained elevated for a period of approximately 2 h before deel ining rapidly soon after the end of infusion. In rats given a se...
THERAPEUTIC INHIBITION OF THROMBIN ACTIVITIES, RECEPTORS, AND PRODUCTION

Mechanical disruption of blood vessels initiates localized hemostatic and thrombotic responses involving endothelial, platelet, coagulation, and fibrinolytic pathways (Fig. 1). 8,11,37,53 Locally exposed tissue factor (TF) on subendothelial vascular structures binds avidly with plasma factor VII/VIIa, leading to activation of both factors IX and X, and subsequent conversion of prothrombin to thrombin by FXa-cofactor FVa complex assembled on platelet phospholipid membrane surfaces. 22,47,60,61 Thrombin activates platelets by cleaving thrombin receptors (TRs), 42,81 converts fibrinogen to fibrin, and activates factor XIII, giving rise to fibrin-stabilized hemostatic plugs and thrombi consisting of adherent and coherent platelets, insoluble fibrin, leukocytes, and entrapped red cells. Platelet recruitment into hemostatic plugs and vascular thrombi is primarily mediated by thrombin, although adenosine diphosphate (ADP), secreted from platelet dense granules, and thromboxane A 2 , arising from platelet arachidonate, also contribute to platelet activation (see Fig. 1). Because fibrin-bound thrombin is protected from inactivation by plasma antithrombin and therapeutic heparin, bound thrombin sustains continuing accumulation of platelets and fibrin for days. 1,54,84 The extent of thrombus propagation is limited by the endothelial-dependent protein C anticoagulant pathway and thrombolytic removal by endogenous fibrinolysis. 38 Genetic and acquired abnormalities in blood constituents, blood flow, and blood vessels predispose to thrombus formation (Virchow's triad). 79 Denuding vascular injury and ruptured atherosclerotic plaques also induce thrombus formation that is TF-initiated and thrombin-mediated. Under arterial flow conditions platelet-rich ("white") thrombi form, whereas static venous flow conditions produce fibrin- and red cell–rich ("red") thrombi. The resulting mechanical masses may occlude subtending vascular blood flow, or detach and embolize to occlude blood flow downstream. Thrombotic occlusion in diseased coronary, cerebral, or peripheral arteries leads to potentially life-threatening heart attacks, strokes, or peripheral ischemic necrosis. Thrombin-mediated thrombo-occlusive complications also develop in patients undergoing interventional vascular procedures for treatment of symptomatic atherosclerotic vascular disease, including angioplasty, various types of atherectomies, endarterectomy, endovascular stent deployment, or implanted small-caliber vascular grafts. Heparin-resistant thrombotic reocclusion also occurs following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The following discussion summarizes the clinical antithrombotic and antihemostatic consequences of inactivating free and fibrin-bound thrombin, as well as the clinical prospects of inhibiting the activation of thrombin receptors, and interrupting thrombin production (Table 1).
Regioselectivity of metallacycle formation via intramolecular CH activation

Abstract Carbometalation of alkynes by dimethyltitanocene affords vinyl complexes which serve as intermediates for the formation of titanacyclic products through subsequent hydrogen abstraction/methane elimination. Although multiple sites for hydrogen abstraction are present in the intermediate vinyl complexes, the hydrogen abstraction step is in most cases highly regioselective, leading to the formation of either titanacyclobutenes (via γ-H abstraction) or titanacyclopropanes (via β-H abstraction). Rotational isomerization, restricted in the case of larger vinyl group substituents, provides a simple and consistent explanation for the observed regioselectivities, and this effect is sufficiently pronounced to lead to preferential γ-aliphatic CH activation even in the presence of γ-aromatic hydrogens. The titanacyclopropanes may be alternatively formulated as allene complexes of titanocene. An independently prepared trimethylphosphine-ligated analog of 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene, representing the first titanocene allene complex to be reported, undergoes reductive coupling reactions with excess 3-methyl-1,2-butadiene and with alkynes.
The ion bombardment, oxidation and regeneration of germanium surfaces

Abstract A sensitive quartz microbalance and an omegatron type mass spectrometer were used in an ultra-high vacuum system to investigate the interaction of oxygen and germanium surfaces. Oxidation data at 3 mm pressure for ion-bombarded surfaces is discussed. The omegatron mass spectrometer provided valuable information concerning the nature and effect of experimental procedures upon the sample ambient. Such knowledge is necessary for (1) developing the proper experimental technique and (2) interpreting the experimental data. It is concluded that adsorption investigators must work with atomically clean surfaces of known crystal orientation and degree of perfection in order to obtain a more detailed knowledge of the oxygen-germanium interaction.
C-reactive protein and coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic women with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The aims of this study were to compare the presence of coronary artery calcium (CAC) in age- and race-matched women with SLE, those with RA, and healthy controls without diabetes mellitus or history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or stroke and to investigate its relation with traditional risk factors, inflammation, and endothelial activation. Study subjects completed cardiovascular risk factor assessment and electron-beam computed tomography that measured CAC. The 2 patient groups had similar prevalence and extent of CAC as well as significantly increased odds of having any CAC (odds ratio 1.87, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 3.21) and more extensive CAC (odds ratio 4.04, 95% confidence interval 1.42 to 11.56 for CAC score >100) compared with healthy controls. After controlling for differences in cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance and hypertension, the results remained statistically significant. After adjustment for differences in levels of C-reactive protein and/or soluble intercellular adhesion molecule–1, however, women with chronic inflammatory diseases no longer had significantly increased odds of having any CAC or more extensive CAC compared with controls. In conclusion, asymptomatic and nondiabetic women with chronic inflammatory diseases had significantly increased odds of having CAC and more extensive CAC compared with age- and race-matched healthy controls. The increased odds for CAC may in part result from higher levels of inflammation and endothelial activation in these patients.
Phylogenetic relationships within phylum Rotifera: orders and genus Notholca

We investigated evolutionary relationships among orders in phylum Rotifera and among species in genus Notholca (Rotifera) by computing parsimonious cladograms. All of the most-parsimonious cladograms generated for the ordinal level confirm the view that class Monogononta, superclass Eurotatoria, and phylum Rotifera are monophyletic. Species within the genus Notholca were separated into six groups (clades), but some species have been defined based on highly variable characters not reliably studied using cladistics. Therefore, phenetic studies are warranted, especially for species possessing caudal processes.
Genetic toxicology: Lessons from the past, directions for the future

Twenty-five years after the founding of the Environmental Mutagen Society, the need to detect germinal cell mutagens remains an unfulfilled goal. Instead we embarked upon a journey to characterize carcinogens by detecting mutations in nonmammalian or in vitro assays. Genetic toxicologists, in an attempt to devise a quick efficient strategy for detecting chemical carcinogens, committed two basic errors. The first error set us off on a 25-year quest for the definitive short-term assay for characterizing carcinogens; the second error, derived from the first, was to focus our efforts mostly toward determining effects in somatic cells rather than also looking for chemically induced effects in germinal cells. The time is now at hand to reestablish the credibility of the field of genetic toxicology and achieve the goals of the initial founders of the society. Having realized the shortcomings of nonmammalian studies, we should devote our efforts to developing suitable germinal cell assays in animals and where possible in humans. In addition to identifying germinal cell mutagens, we should also expand our efforts to evaluate chronic low-level exposures of human populations to potential cancer causing agents, using the rapidly developing methods of genetic biomonitoring. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Segmentation and Tracking of Adherens Junctions in 3D for the Analysis of Epithelial Tissue Morphogenesis

Epithelial morphogenesis generates the shape of tissues, organs and embryos and is fundamental for their proper function. It is a dynamic process that occurs at multiple spatial scales from macromolecular dynamics, to cell deformations, mitosis and apoptosis, to coordinated cell rearrangements that lead to global changes of tissue shape. Using time lapse imaging, it is possible to observe these events at a system level. However, to investigate morphogenetic events it is necessary to develop computational tools to extract quantitative information from the time lapse data. Toward this goal, we developed an image-based computational pipeline to preprocess, segment and track epithelial cells in 4D confocal microscopy data. The computational pipeline we developed, for the first time, detects the adherens junctions of epithelial cells in 3D, without the need to first detect cell nuclei. We accentuate and detect cell outlines in a series of steps, symbolically describe the cells and their connectivity, and employ this information to track the cells. We validated the performance of the pipeline for its ability to detect vertices and cell-cell contacts, track cells, and identify mitosis and apoptosis in surface epithelia of Drosophila imaginal discs. We demonstrate the utility of the pipeline to extract key quantitative features of cell behavior with which to elucidate the dynamics and biomechanical control of epithelial tissue morphogenesis. We have made our methods and data available as an open-source multiplatform software tool called TTT (http://github.com/morganrcu/TTT)
A novel pitch decomposition method for the generalized linear alignment model

Superpositional models of intonation typically propose decomposing fundamental frequency (F 0 ) contours into phrase curves and accent curves, aligned with phrases and left-headed feet, respectively. Extracting these component curves from F 0 contours without making undue assumptions is challenging. We propose a novel method for decomposing pitch curves, based on the assumption that accent curves can be described by combining skewed normal distributions and sigmoid functions. In contrast to an earlier pitch decomposition algorithm (“PRISM”), this allows for simple joint optimization of phrase and accent curve parameters, using fewer parameters. The proposed method was evaluated on three speech corpora containing: (1) synthetically generated pitch curves, (2) all-sonorant utterances, and (3) utterances containing both sonorant and non-sonorant speech sounds. The root weighted mean squared error is small, and, on the corpus for which comparable data are available, is significantly smaller than for PRISM.