cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Mortality in Transplant Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis

P ! .001 insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, early-onset IA, proven IA, and methylprednisolone use. In contrast, white race was associated with decreased risk of death. Among SOT patients, hepatic insufficiency, malnutrition, and central nervous system disease were poor prognostic indicators, whereas prednisone use was associated with decreased risk of death. Among HSCT or SOT patients who received antifungal therapy, use of an amphotericin B preparation as part of initial therapy was associated with increased risk of death. Conclusions. There are multiple variables associated with survival in transplant patients with IA. Understanding these prognostic factors may assist in the development of treatment algorithms and clinical trials.
Crossroads of Conflict: Central Asia and the European Continental Balance of Power

In the final decades before the outbreak of the First World War, Russian and German aspirations clashed with British efforts to preserve their empire and maintain the European balance of power. Ass...
On the Use of Electron Beams to Characterize the Microstructure of Radioactive Materials

When we consider solid materials that have been neutron irradiated, we are confronted with a myriad of microstructural effects. Irradiated materials have very complex microstructures. The characterization of such microstructures is an important part of the nuclear industry, which depends on the utilization of materials as fuels and structural materials in neutron environments. Let us consider some of the microstructural effects of neutron irradiation. First, there is the physical displacement of atoms from their normal positions. This effect leads to an immediate disturbance and relaxation event that results in the formation of small vacancy-rich zones. With some thermal annealing these zones become dislocation loops and tangles. Under conditions of high neutron flux at elevated temperatures most metals can form voids by the precipitation of vacancies. Second, there are chemical effects. Transmutations change the chemical composition resulting in the formation either of solid solutions or of precipitated phases. In a neutron flux the kinetics of phase changes are affected by altered diffusivities and by the creation of metastable phases. Third, we have severe temperature effects. There are such steep temperature gradients that high thermal stresses are imposed. Mass transport occurs by diffusion, effusion and convection along steep temperature gradients. Sudden temperature changes produce thermal shock, and of course, phase changes can occur as the temperature is changed.
The horn-feed problem: sound waves in a tube joined to a cone, and related problems

A semi-infinite tube is joined to a semi-infinite cone. Waves propagating in the tube towards the join are partly reflected and partly radiated into the cone. The problem is to determine these wave fields. Two modal expansions are used, one in the tube and one in the cone. However, their regions of convergence do not overlap: there is a region \({\mathcal{D}}\) near the join where neither expansion converges. It is shown that the expansions can be connected by judicious applications of Green’s theorem in \({\mathcal{D}}\). The resulting equations are solved asymptotically, for long waves or for narrow cones. Related two-dimensional problems are also solved. Applications to acoustics, electromagnetics and hydrodynamics are considered.
Ideal ratio (relative to lysine) of tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, and valine for chicks during the second and third weeks posthatch

Abstract Six bioassays were conducted to determine the ideal ratios of several amino acids relative to Lys. Young male crossbred chicks were fed diets based on corn gluten meal and synthetic amino acids that could be made singly deficient in Lys, Trp, Thr, Ile, or Val. Diets for all assays contained 3,400 kcal ME/kg, and L-glutamic acid was used to make all diets (within and among assays) equal in crude protein at 22.5% of the diet. True digestibility assessment of corn gluten meal in cecectomized roosters facilitated dose-titration studies so that least squares fitted one-slope broken-lines and quadratic regression equations could be calculated to establish inflection points for weight gain and gain:feed. Four battery pens of four chicks were fed one of six amino acid levels from 8 to 21 or 22 d posthatching. Weight gain and gain:feed responded quadratically (P
Fpga-based hardware/software co-design for chirplet signal decomposition

In various signal processing applications, decomposition and analysis of non-stationary signals is a challenging problem. In this work, we present a computationally efficient method, fast chirplet signal decomposition (FCSD) algorithm, for decomposing highly convoluted signals into a linear expansion of chirplets, and successively estimates the chirplet parameters. These parameters are capable of representing a broad range of echo shapes, including the broad-band, narrow-band, symmetric, skewed, nondispersive or dispersive, and have significant physical interpretations for radar, sonar, and ultrasonic imaging applications. For the real-time implementation of chirplet signal decomposition algorithm, an FPGA-based hardware/software co-design is developed on Xilinx Virtex II Pro FPGA platform. In this study, based on the balance among the system constraints, cost, and the efficiency of estimations, the performance of different algorithm implementation schemes have been explored. The developed system successfully exhibits the robustness in the chirplet signal decomposition of experimental signals. This type of study addresses a broad range of applications including velocity measurement, target detection, deconvolution, object classification, data compression, and pattern recognition.
Women's social networks and child survival in Mali

This paper explores the influence of women's social networks on child survival through a comparative investigation of two ethnic groups in Mali, West Africa. Data are drawn from a study of women's social networks and health conducted during the period 1996-97. Separate samples of 500 ever-married women aged 15-49 were surveyed at two geographically distinct sites representing Bamanan and Fulbe populations respectively. Consistent with known differences in economic risk, household structure, and cultural norms, descriptive analysis reveals a greater probability of child death among the Fulbe, and a larger mean size of total, material, practical and cognitive networks among the Bamanan. Cox regression models are used to examine the association between social network size, function and composition and the odds of child death (1-5 years). Among the various biological, household and community-level variables tested in the basic model, spacing exerts an expected negative effect on the odds of child death in both groups, while household SES predicts child survival only among Fulbe children. When variables representing the educational and psychosocial attributes of the mother are included, no effects are detected in either group. Controlling for these factors, the size of total, practical, cognitive and emotional networks are found to significantly increase the odds of child survival among the Fulbe only. Compositional variables, such as the extent to which natal kin, non-kin or husbands figure in a woman's network, nor the degree to which networks are located within household yield any significant results for the Fulbe. Among Bamanan women, however, the higher the proportion of network members living in the household, the lower the odds of child death. The paper concludes by discussing the methodological, conceptual and practical implications of these findings.
Mutations within the P2 Domain of Norovirus Capsid Affect Binding to Human Histo-Blood Group Antigens: Evidence for a Binding Pocket

Noroviruses (NORs) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis. Recent studies of NOR receptors showed that different NORs bind to different histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), and at least four distinct binding patterns were observed. To determine the structure-function relationship for NORs and their receptors, two strains representing two of the four binding patterns were studied. Strain VA387 binds to HBGAs of A, B, and O secretors, whereas strain MOH binds to HBGAs of A and B secretors only. Using multiple sequence alignments, homology modeling, and structural analysis of NOR capsids, we identified a plausible "pocket" in the P2 domain that may be responsible for binding to HBGA receptors. This pocket consists of a conserved RGD/K motif surrounded by three strain-specific hot spots (N(302), T(337), and Q(375) for VA387 and N(302), N(338), and E(378) for MOH). Subsequent mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that all four sites played important roles in binding. A single amino acid mutation at T(337) (to A) in VA387 or a double amino acid mutation at RN(338) (to TT) in MOH abolished binding completely. Change of the entire RGD motif to SAS abolished binding in case of VA387, whereas single amino acid mutations in that motif did not have an apparent effect on binding to A and B antigens but decreased binding to H antigen. Multiple mutations at the RGK motif of MOH (SIRGK to TFRGD) completely knocked out the binding. Mutation of N(302) or Q(375) in VA387 affected binding to type O HBGA only, while switch mutants with three amino acid changes at either site from MOH to VA387 resulted in a weak binding to type O HBGAs. A further switch mutant with three amino acid changes at E(378) from MOH to VA387 diminished the binding to type A HBGA only. Taken together, our data indicate that the binding pocket likely exists on NOR capsids. Direct evidence of this hypothesis requires crystallography studies.
International Technology Cooperation: The Problem of Commercial Rivalry

International technology cooperation promises to help countries exploit the potential of new innovations, but commercial rivalry between companies and governments raises obstacles to it. In this article, I present and solve a model of international technology cooperation. The formal analysis shows that a technology agreement must address two issues. First, governments must be able to induce companies to innovate. Second, governments must credibly commit to penalizing companies for failing to share new information produced through research. Based on these observations, I show that the potential for technology cooperation is maximized in symmetric settings between equally capable governments and companies. In practice, this observation warrants a policy focus on countries and industries that are already on a level playing ground. I also consider extensions to multinational companies and adverse selection problems. The formal analysis provides a solid foundation for practical policy implementation.
Theseos: A Query Engine for Traceability across Sovereign, Distributed RFID Databases

The ability to trace the history of individual products, especially their movement through supply and distribution chains, is key to many solutions such as targeted recalls and counterfeit detection. In most traceability applications a number of independent organizations have to work together. EPCglobal has proposed an architecture for a network of RFID databases where each database provides a standardized query interface. That architecture facilitates simple retrieval of traceability data from individual repositories, but it does not support complex traceability queries or cross-organizational query processing. Theseos (R. Agrawal, 2006) provides traceability applications with the ability to execute complex traceability queries that may span multiple RFID databases.
A Review of “Therapeutic feedback with the MMPI–2: A positive psychology approach”

Levak, Siegel, and Nichols explain that the purpose of Therapeutic Feedback with the MMPI–2: A Positive Psychology Approach is to “describe patients’ existential experience as reflected in their MM...
A Test of the Validity of Individual Prescription of Exercise

(1972). A Test of the Validity of Individual Prescription of Exercise. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 43, No. 4, pp. 57-57.
Public Perspectives of Mobile Phones' Effects on Healthcare Quality and Medical Data Security and Privacy: A 2-Year Nationwide Survey

Given growing interest in mobile phones for health management (mHealth), we surveyed consumer perceptions of mHealth in security, privacy, and healthcare quality using national random-digit-dial telephone surveys in 2013 and 2014. In 2013, 48% thought that using a mobile phone to communicate data with a physician's electronic health record (EHR) would improve the quality of health care. By 2014, the proportion rose to 57% (p < .001). There were no similar changes in privacy concerns yet nearly two-thirds expressed privacy concerns. In 2013 alone, respondents were more likely to express privacy concerns about medical data on mobile phones than they were to endorse similar concerns with EHRs or health information exchange (HIE). Consumers increasingly believe that mHealth improves healthcare quality, but security and privacy concerns need to be addressed for quality improvement to be fully realized.
Variations Occurring in the Pilotaxy of the Terminal Segments of Aedes Albopictus (Skuse), Fourth Stage Larvae (Diptera, Culicidae), with a Description of a Modal Form

Aedes albopictus (Skuse), 1894, is found in the Oriental region, in certain sections of the Australian region, notably Sipan and Hawaii, and according to Taylor (Edwards 1916-1917) in North Australia and Papua, New Guinea, also in Madagascar and Mauritius and Reunion in the Madagasy group. In these regions it is largely responsible for the transmission of dengue and has been found, under experimental conditions, to be a capable vector of yellow fever and of Western Equine and Japanese “B” Encephalitis.
Aero-Structural Acoustics of Uneven Surfaces Part 2: A Specific Forcing by a Rough Wall Boundary Layer

This paper is the second part of a general analytical description of flow-induced sound from elastic or rigid surfaces with geometric irregularities of small arbitrary shapes. This part deals with the construction of the relevant forcing mechanism and the use of measured data in wind tunnels. The cases in point are general and include surfaces on which are dispersed geometric shape irregularities which may be randomized (distributed roughness, say) or which may be geometric and regular. In either case, the shape protrudes into the boundary layer above it, acting as a flow spoiler and generating forces and wakes in the immediate region of the roughness element. It is assumed that these shapes are small and in the range of 10 to several hundred viscous scales. Regular patterns of 2dimensional geometries are also generally accommodated by the work presented here and might also include ridges and gaps in surfaces which also spoil the flow; these cases will not be discussed, but the general analysis presented here does include such surfaces implicitly. This paper deals specifically with the case of fully-rough turbulent boundary layers of 3dimensional roughness when they are on either rigid surfaces or elastic surfaces. Since these are contiguous with the flowing fluid medium on one side of the plate, they include sources with either random or spatially organized geometric patterns of irregularities. An approach will therefore also be given for those cases in which the roughness elements are of random sizes. Analytical results will be compared with aero-acoustics measurements made in multiple facilities and large eddy simulations, both of which were made in a recent program sponsored by the U.S. Navy's Office of Naval research.
Are C. elegans receptors useful targets for drug discovery: Identification of genes encoding seven potential biogenic amine receptors in the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi and pharmacological comparison of tyramine receptor homologues from Caenorhabditi

ii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi ABBREVIATIONS xii CHAPTER I OVERVIEW/SIGNIFICANCE 2 Brugia malayi 2 Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for parasitic nematodes 4 Biogenic amines as potential targets for anti-nematodal drug discovery........5 G-protein coupled receptors 11 C. elegans BA GPCRs 17 Bioinformatics 17 The Caenorhabditis and B. malayi genomes 20 HYPOTHESIS 23 Hypothesis and Experimental Approach 23
Light Management Lessons from Nature for Building Applications

The increasing environmental awareness in the building context has raised the demands towards more efficient use of resources and the development of renewable energy solutions. Buildings are exposed to solar radiation at different intensities throughout multiple timescales, which requires efficient management of light. Managing light becomes more challenging when several elements are considered simultaneously, e.g. minimizing heat gain, while maximizing daylight, yet considering glare. Living organisms are equipped with unique strategies to manage light for survival, communication, and energy matters. In this context, developing biomimetic design solutions for buildings have a great potential for innovation. The current work focuses on the initial phase of a biomimetic design process, presenting a structured framework of light managing strategies that facilitates the search for, and the selection of, appropriate strategies from the large database of nature. The framework encapsulates a basic array of strategies for managing light; elaborates on the involved factors; and lists examples of organisms and systems from nature, for the analogical development of biomimetic designs that respond to light.
A colorectal surgeon's perspective on the current surgical options for rectal cancer after chemoradiation.

A prospective trial needs to be done in order to create a safe and responsible environment in which to offer patients the watch-and-wait option for rectal cancer.
MnTBAP Inhibits Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Regulating VEGF and Wnt Signaling

Cellular oxidative stress is implicated not only in lung injury but also in contributing to the development of pulmonary fibrosis. We demonstrate that a cell-permeable superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger, manganese (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP) significantly inhibited bleomycin-induced fibrogenic effects both in vitro and in vivo. Further investigation into the underlying mechanisms revealed that MnTBAP targets canonical Wnt and non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathways, both of which were upregulated by bleomycin treatment. The effect of MnTBAP on canonical Wnt signaling was significant in vivo but inconclusive in vitro and the non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ signaling pathway was observed to be the predominant pathway regulated by MnTBAP in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, we show that the inhibitory effects of MnTBAP involve regulation of VEGF which is upstream of the Wnt signaling pathway. Overall, the data show that the superoxide scavenger MnTBAP attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by targeting VEGF and Wnt signaling pathways. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 506-516, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On Theism as the Cause of Agnosticism: The Case of the Darwinian James Rachels

A partir de trois ouvrages du philosophe darwiniste americain James Rachels, l'A. montre que l'agnosticisme ne prend du sens que dans le contexte du theisme classique. Pour l'A. en effet, les theistes classiques ont fait beaucoup dans l'adhesion de Rachels a l'agnosticisme et dans sa negation du theisme. Il analyse les contributions de Rachels dans l'ordre chronologique afin de montrer pourquoi le philosophe ne se montre pas tant partisan de l'agnosticisme qu'adversaire d'une version particuliere du theisme. Trois notions temoignent des inexactitudes du theisme: la nature du culte, la connexion entre morale et religion et l'impact de Darwin sur la religion
The Infrazygomatic Segment of the Superficial Temporal Artery: Anatomy and Technique for Harvesting a Better Interposition Graft.

Background The superficial temporal artery (STA) is underutilized as an interposition graft because current techniques expose and harvest STA above the level of the zygoma. This technique yields a diminutive arterial segment in both length and diameter, which limits its use for extracranial-intracranial bypass. Objective To introduce a safe and efficient technique for harvesting of the infrazygomatic segment of the STA. Methods Scalp layers, STA, and the facial nerve were studied in 18 specimens. The length of the STA segment harvested below the superior border of the zygomatic arch was measured. Safety of this technique was assessed by measuring the distance between the facial nerve and the STA. Results The galea and subgaleal fat pad were the only anatomical planes found between the facial nerve and the STA below the zygomatic arch. A dense subcutaneous band of galea contained the STA and allowed proximal dissection of the artery without exposing the facial nerve. The average length of the artery harvested between the zygomatic arch and the parotid gland was 20 mm. Conclusion Subcutaneous dissection within the galea below the level of the zygomatic arch and preservation of the dense subcutaneous band surrounding the STA avoids transecting the facial nerve branches while providing increased STA exposure. This anatomical knowledge may increase the use of STA as an interposition graft in cerebrovascular bypass procedures and reduce the need to harvest grafts through additional incisions at remote sites.
Cautions for Extending Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Other Therapeutic Uses.

In their article “Ethical Issues in Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Practice,” Ma and colleagues (2017) raise a number of questions related to the development of fecal microbiota transplants (F...
Design of a low power, relative timing based asynchronous MSP430 microprocessor

Power dissipation is one of the primary design constraints in modern digital circuits. From a magnitude of hand-held portable devices to big data analytics using highperformance computing, low energy dissipation is a key requirement for most modern devices. This paper showcases an elegant low power circuit design methodology based on Relative Timing driven asynchronous techniques. A low power MSP430 microprocessor design based on a novel asynchronous finite state machine implementation is presented. The design showcases the power benefits of the proposed asynchronous implementation over the synchronous counterpart and avoids major architectural modification which would directly influence the performance or power consumption. The implemented asynchronous MSP430 exhibits a minimum of 8x power benefit over the synchronous design for an almost identical pipeline structure and comparable throughput. The paper further elaborates on the novel asynchronous state machine implementation used for the design and presents an efficient method to design communicating asynchronous finite state machines in clock-less systems.
Fixed-length-parsing universal compression with side information

This paper presents a fixed-length-parsing universal compression algorithm for settings where compressor and decompressor share the same side information. We prove the optimality of the algorithm for any stationary processes. Furthermore, strategies to modify the algorithm are suggested in order to lower the data compression rate.
Cyclic tensile response of a pre-tensioned polyurethane

In the research reported in this paper, we subject a polyurethane to uniaxial tensile loading at a quasi-static strain rate, a high strain rate and a jumping strain rate where the specimen is under quasi-static pre-tension and is further subjected to a dynamic cyclic loading using a modified Kolsky tension bar. The results obtained at the quasi-static and high strain rate clearly show that the mechanical response of this material is significantly rate sensitive. The rate-jumping experimental results show that the response of the material behavior is consistent before jumping. After jumping the stress–strain response of the material does not jump to the corresponding high-rate curve. Rather it approaches the high-rate curve asymptotically. A non-linear hyper-viscoelastic (NLHV) model, after having been calibrated by monotonic quasi-static and high-rate experimental results, was found to be capable of describing the material tensile behavior under such rate jumping conditions.
Alias-Free Products of Signals Near Nyquist Rate

Products of time-series signals have found wide-spread application in many fields of signal processing. For example, they are often used in modeling and compensating distortions generated by analog and mixed-signal components. Without excess bandwidth, the products of time-series signals will produce aliased artifacts that do not represent the physical phenomenology of the components being modeled. To ameliorate the effects of these potentially unwanted, aliased distortion products, we compare two multidimensional filters: the first is a simple one-dimensional (1-D) polyphase filter that is used to generate excess bandwidth; the second is a multidimensional (M-D) filter that is convolved with the time-series product. We demonstrate that the 1-D polyphase filter, although computationally simple, still produces unwanted aliasing when applied to signals near Nyquist rate, which can adversely affect modeling and/or compensation performance. By contrast, the M-D filter is computationally expensive, but is capable of most closely matching the ideal antialias filter response.
Communities of Interest and the Negotiation of Watershed Management

The New York City Watershed Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed in January 1997 was an extraordinary accomplishment. Some have called this unprecedented agreement “the legal equivalent of a Hoover Dam.” The MOA represents a special kind of accomplishment in community development – the creation of a “watershed community of interest.” This community is described in the MOA as “shar[ing] the common goal of protecting and enhancing the environmental integrity of the Watershed and the social and economic vitality of the Watershed communities.” The MOA was signed by approximately 40 upstate towns and villages, environmental groups, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), New York State, and New York City (NYC). The agreement serves as a blueprint for NYC’s watershed management strategy for water sources west of the Hudson River. It cost approximately one billion dollars over 10 years. Figure 9.1 displays a map of the watershed and highlights some of its prominent features.
Endemic goiter and cretinism: An update on iodine status

Iodine deficiency is the most prevalent correctable cause of brain damage in the world. Over the past 15 years, great progress has been made towards the elimination of iodine deficiency, principally through universal salt iodization. Much more needs to be done for countries that are lagging in the effort or that have weak systems for sustaining it. The key to maintaining optimal iodine intake is regular monitoring, usually by the measurement of urinary iodine concentration, linked to a prompt response in the event of abnormal results. If the present momentum continues then global iodine sufficiency is possible and, in a landmark achievement, iodine deficiency will be the first major non-infectious disorder to be eliminated.
The Evolution of a Psychologist of Religion

On November 7, 1940, the day I was born, The New York Times headlined the election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to an unprecedented third term as president of the United States. The rest of the front page was filled with portentous news of the deepening war in Europe: London had suffered yet another massive nighttime bombardment by German planes; a British convoy in the mid-Atlantic was feared lost after shelling by a Nazi raider; and Greece had successfully warded off an Italian invasion, only a few months later to be overrun by the German army.
Environment, Genetic Immunology and Childhood Cancer

Childhood cancers make up 1% of the total cancer burden. Despite their rarity, they cause highest disease mortality in childhood. Research on the etiology of childhood cancers has been hampered by small sample sizes, lack of appropriate controls, reliance on case-control studies and difficulties with the definition of environment and measurement of environmental exposures. Only few and small studies have explored gene and environment interactions in childhood cancers. Consistent epidemiologic associations with male sex, birth weight, maternal reproductive history, allergic and autoimmune disorders, and infection frequency in early childhood as well as HLA associations may be exploited to gain further insight into the etiology. Currently available data suggest the involvement of immune surveillance in the development of childhood leukemia. Genetic epidemiologic approach should provide clues for the genetic risk factors when larger national and international cohort studies are completed. These studies should ideally consider the strong sex effect, potential parental effects and environmental factors including prenatal environment.
Alcoholism and substance abuse among selected southern cheyenne Indians

This family and small community-based study reports the occurrence of alcoholism and co-occurring substance abuse in Southern Cheyenne Indians living in western Oklahoma. Sociocultural factors complicate operationalization of clinical data into standard (DSM-III-R) psychiatric disorder terminology; understanding sociocultural factors is essential for assessing the high rate of addictive disorders in this group. To obtain reliable and valid clinical diagnoses, data from several sources were utilized within a blind rating system: 1) SADS-L, a clinician-administered research diagnostic instrument; 2) MAST; 3) relatives; 4) medical records; 5) other official documents. The sample consisted of 69 males (45 alcoholics) and 97 females (36 alcoholics). Among clinically significant substance abusers (moderate impairment of function), 22 of 24 were alcoholics. In non-alcoholics, mean MAST scores were 8.8 (males) and 5.1 (females); in alcoholics, 32.0 (males) and 38.7 (females). Mean age of onset on heavy use of alcohol was 20.1 yrs. (males) and 22.8 (females) (p = 0.047); among all alcoholics, 86% (males) and 64% (females) had early onset (< 25 yrs. old). When data from 98 unrelated subjects were analyzed separately, similar findings were observed except that mean age of onset of heavy use of alcohol was more discrepant between males and females, viz. 20.1 versus 22.8 yrs. (p = 0.02). Among those with substance abuse disorders, early age of onset was present in all but one female. In these Cheyenne, alcoholism is usually clinically severe and early in onset; it often co-occurs with substance abuse, also early in onset.
Microvilli and cilia: surface specializations of mammalian cells

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the surface specializations of mammalian cells—microvilli and cilia. The apical surface of an epithelial cell of the mammalian body faces the external environment. This surface can be distinguished from the junctional surfaces, where a cell is in contact with neighboring homologos or heterologos cells, and from the basal surface, which faces the internal or coelomic world and rests against a basement membrane. In a stratified epithelium, the outermost layer of cells possesses the apical surface differentiations, while the potential of the inner layers is unexpressed. The apical border might be defined for most epithelia as being that part of the plasma membrane to the lumenal side of the tight junction, the structure that prevents free exchange of material from the apical to the basal side of the epithelium. The plasma membrane of the apical surface of an epithelial cell is exposed to an environment that is different from that present at other cell surfaces. Physiological demands on this surface lead to significant molecular specialization of the membrane. Such specialization involves enzymatic and specific structural modification. The most prominent structures found as part of the apical surfaces of epithelial cells are microvilli and cilia. These determine the histotypes of cells in a complex epithelial tissue.
Infective Coronary Aneurysms: A Complication of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

We present the case of a patient who developed infective coronary artery aneurysms after percutaneous coronary artery intervention. We describe the patient's clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment, and we review the pertinent medical literature.
Other Activate Functionalities

There are various ways to perform optimization based on model simulation. Two methods were already introduced: the use of the BobyqaOpt block presented in Section 8.2, and the use of batch simulation presented in Section 12.1.
Offshore renewable energy resources and their potential in a green hydrogen supply chain through power-to-gas

Offshore renewable energy resources have great potential to contribute to the global energy supply chain; however the LCOE of offshore power is still higher as compared to conventional power generation. With a growing interest in offshore resources and considering the capacity of offshore renewable resources, they are anticipated to contribute a larger share of electric power in the next decade. The existing dispatch of offshore wind electricity through offshore substation and sub-sea cables increases the cost of offshore electricity manifold. The offshore wind electricity can be dispatched by conversion into hydrogen and transportation through existing offshore gas pipeline infrastructure. The study presents a novel idea of performing the methanation process entirely offshore by utilizing CCS in conjunction with electrolysis. A proposal of an artificial island that hosts the complete offshore power-to-gas is also presented. It has been found that the proposed arrangement can handle the offshore generated energy seamlessly and transport it to onshore demand centers through traditional natural gas pipeline infrastructure.
Shear Thickening of Concentrated Suspensions: Recent Developments and Relation to Other Phenomena

Shear thickening is the increase of the apparent viscosity as shear rate or shear stress increases. This phenomenon is pronounced in concentrated (dense) suspensions of both colloidal-scale and lar...
Role of defects in the etching of graphene by intercalated oxygen

Graphene is one of the most promising two-dimensional materials for various applications due to its unique electronic properties and high thermal stability. In previous studies, it was shown that when graphene is deposited onto certain transition metal substrates, small molecules, such as O2, intercalate between the graphene and the substrate and react to partially etch the graphene film when heated to desorb the intercalates. Here, carbon vacancy defects are intentionally formed on Gr/Ru(0001) and their effects on the intercalation of oxygen and the etching of the graphene layer are investigated. Ar+ sputtering with 50 eV ions and a low fluence is used to create isolated single vacancy defects in the graphene overlayer and helium low energy ion scattering are employed for surface analysis. It is found that the defects both ease the intercalation of the oxygen and improve the etching efficiency of the graphene during annealing.
A 3.8 mW Sub-Sampling Direct RF-to-Digital Converter for Polar Receiver Achieving 1.94 Gb/s Data Rate with 1024-APSK Modulation

This paper presents a direct RF-to-digital converter (RDC) for polar RX. It consists of a pair of TDCs, an ADC, and a precise sampling position control system. Unlike conventional direct-RF sampling receivers, the RDC samples the input RF signal at baseband rate. It is capable of directly digitizing the phase and amplitude of the received modulated RF signals. It is compatible with a variety of modulations and has advantages of relaxed system requirements on phase noise and linearity when APSK is used. The RDC achieves a max rate of 1.94 GB/s with 1024-APSK at a carrier of 6 GHz, consuming only 3.8mW.
Patterns of comorbidity and sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates among people living with HIV in South Carolina, USA.

Objectives Prevention of comorbidity with HIV infection warrants more attention as people living with HIV (PLWH) tend to live longer in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study aimed to investigate the associations between various psychosocial variables and different comorbid conditions in South Carolina (SC), USA. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among PLWH from May to September 2018 in SC. Comorbid conditions were based on self-report data and grouped into sexually transmitted infection (STI) comorbidities, noninfectious chronic comorbidities or any comorbidity. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyse the relevant associations. Results Among 402 participants, the prevalence of STI comorbidities, noninfectious chronic comorbidities, and any comorbidity was 61.7%, 21.9% and 69.4%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that higher depression scores were associated with an increased risk of any comorbidity, while higher anxiety scores were associated with an increased risk of STI comorbidities or any comorbidity. Higher resilience scores were associated with a decreased risk of noninfectious chronic comorbidities or any comorbidity. Conclusions The association between psychosocial factors and different types of comorbidity could inform holistic interventions, such as providing integrated mental health services (e.g. treating mental health problems or building resilience), to effectively cope with and manage the co-existing medical conditions of PLWH.
THE SCOPE AND STRUCTURE OF THE INCENTIVES IN AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

The aim of the paper is to point out the scope and structure of the incentives from the agricultural budget of the Republic, as well as from the IPA Fund which are intended for the agricultural and rural development sector in Serbia. It is given a brief overview of the chronology of harmonization of national legislation in the field of agricultural production with European rules, the plan for realization of IPARD funds for the period 2014-2020, as well as a review of incentives from the agricultural budget for the period 2016-2019. For supporting the agriculture and rural development sector of Serbia within the IPARD measures, from the EU budget is intended EUR 175 mln., and from the national budget is intended EUR 55 mln. The largest amount of funds within the IPARD measures is planned for investments in the physical assets of agricultural holdings (43%). Something less contribution is scheduled for the investments in processing and marketing in agricultural holdings (37%). The left over measures include only 19% of the planned funds intended to support agricultural holdings within the IPARD assistance program. On the other hand, an analysis of the incentive structure from the Republic's agrarian budget indicates that the largest share has direct payments of over 50%, while the rural development measures are average financed with 12.3%.
Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water.

Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 104 , 103 and 102 EID50 /ml, respectively) doses, mesocosms containing crayfish (Orconectes sp.) had less detectable IAV RNA present when final water samples were assayed (9 days post-contact [DPC]). In general, containers without crayfish present had nearly three-fold greater quantities of viral RNA at 9 DPC. A varying number of RNA positive samples were detected for the three crayfish sample types collected. Gill tissue produced the largest number of positive non-water samples (n = 26), with the highest quantities detected from crayfish sampled on 1 and 4 DPC (103.5 EID50 equivalent/ml). On a few occasions, gill (n = 8) and haemolymph samples (n = 1) produced higher quantities of viral RNA than their respective water samples or water samples collected 1-2 DPC earlier, but these differences were typically minor. Based upon water samples, statistical models indicated that the interaction of dose and crayfish exposure days explained most of the variation in these data. Future efforts should address if crayfish exposed to IAV-laden water have the capacity to successfully transmit IAVs to mammals and birds which frequently prey upon them.
Topological aspects in non-Abelian gauge theory

We discuss the BRST cohomology and exhibit a connection between the Hodge decomposition theorem and the topological properties of a two dimensional free non-Abelian gauge theory having no interaction with matter fields. The topological nature of this theory is encoded in the vanishing of the Laplacian operator when equations of motion are exploited. We obtain two sets of topological invariants with respect to BRST and co-BRST charges on the two dimensional manifold and show that the Lagrangian density of the theory can be expressed as the sum of terms that are BRST- and co-BRST invariants.
Development and Validation of the Survey of Unorthodox Grading Beliefs for Teachers and Teacher Candidates

Summative course grades or marks are teacher-constructed and contain sources of variance other than achievement. Nonachievement grading dimensions may relate to beliefs about learning and instructi...
Examination of a brief computerized Cognitive Anxiety Sensitivity intervention on obsessive–compulsive symptoms

Objectives Despite the existence of several first-line treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), many patients fail to experience symptom reduction and/or do not complete treatment. As a result, the field has increasingly moved towards identifying and treating malleable underlying risk factors that may in turn improve treatment efficacy. One salient underlying risk factor, anxiety sensitivity (AS) cognitive concerns, has been found to be uniquely associated with obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptom dimensions. However, no studies have yet examined whether reductions in AS cognitive concerns will lead to subsequent reductions in OC symptoms. Methods The current study attempted to fill this gap by recruiting individuals reporting elevations on both AS cognitive concerns and at least one OC symptom dimension. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either a one-session AS cognitive concerns intervention (n = 35) or a single health information control session (n = 37). AS cognitive concerns were assessed at post-intervention and one-month follow-up. Results The active intervention produced significantly greater reductions in AS cognitive concerns post-intervention than the control intervention. However, this effect was no longer significant at one-month follow-up. Further, while there was not an effect of treatment condition on OC symptoms at one-month follow-up, changes in AS cognitive concerns from baseline to post-intervention mediated changes in OC symptoms at one-month follow-up. Conclusions Findings support previous research attesting to the malleable nature of AS. Extending this research, findings provide initial support for the efficacy of AS interventions among individuals with elevated OC symptoms. Practitioner points Clinicians should consider assessing anxiety sensitivity (AS) among patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. If elevated, clinicians should consider targeting AS as an adjunct to treatment as usual.
The physicochemical origins of the seveso accident—I: Initial heatup

Abstract A large scale experimental simulation of the “preheating” transient in the Seveso reactor was achieved. A liquid surface temperature rise of 31°C was measured within a relatively short time period following the discontinuation of agitation. Subsurface spatial temperature distribution transients were also obtained. Analytical interpretations of these data confirm our previous proposal that molecular conduction controls the growth of the hot liquid stratum. The complete experimental transient, including wall and liquid temperatures was also adequately predicted by a simple conduction-radiation model. The simple conduction-radiation model was applied also to the reactor utilizing the prototypic values of geometry, heat loss coefficients, and initial temperatures. With an emissivity value of ϵ = 0.25, believed appropriate for the aged reactor surface, a liquid heatup by 33°C, to a maximum preheating temperature of 193°C, was predicted. Sensitivity studies on wall emissivity indicate that this preheat temperature was in the neighborhood of 200°C.
Exploring New Avenues to the Doping Debate in Sports: A Test-Relevant Approach

This author examines the doping debate’s fundamental question: is sport justified to prohibit certain performance-enhancing substances? Although a well-trod question, this article argues that historical justification for banning doping does not provide sufficient reason to continue banning substances today. At the same time, current approaches that rely heavily on bioethical arguments only address a small portion of the doping debate. This paper will argue that the bioethical issues do not apply since sport, as a subspecies of games, ask that game players follow specific rules when participating in the game. Thus this paper develops arguments about doping related to the game test and separate from past bioethical debates over doping. These arguments use a test-relevant approach where sporting communities democratically evaluate the effects of individual substances on their specific sport. The result of a test-relevant approach is that sporting communities choose specific substances to permit or ban rather than having a universal agreed upon list of banned substances. This paper concludes with a brief discussion of the practical benefits including more meaningful prohibitions, more specific testing, and, potentially, sports that permit certain performance-enhancing substances currently prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency.
3D Printed Models of Small and Large Molecules, Structures and Morphologies of Crystals, as well as Their Anisotropic Physical Properties

Three-dimensional (3D) physical models of atomic structures of crystals, their anisotropic properties and morphologies as well as models of small and large molecules were printed with support from 3D Systems Corporation. Structural information in Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) files from the Crystallography Open Database and the Protein Data Bank was utilized. Computer programs were either newly developed (Cif2VRML) or enhanced by 3D print file export functions (WinXMorph and WinTensor) in order to design most of these models. Current 3D printing technologies are briefly reviewed. The literature on the impact on students’ comprehension and retention of structural information with access to such models is assessed. Our taking of a historical perspective in this paper illustrates that the usage of models has for more than 200 years been an integral component of crystallography.