cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Querying non‐uniform image databases for biometrics‐related identification applications

Purpose – This research project focuses on developing techniques and technologies for automatically identifying human faces from images in the situations where face sample collections in the database as well as in the input query images are “as is”, i.e. no standard data collection environment is available. The developed method can also be used in other biometric applications.Design/methodology/approach – The specific method presented in this paper is called scale independent identification (SII). SII allows direct “comparison” between two images in terms of whether the two objects (e.g. faces) in the two images are the same object (i.e. the same individual). SII is developed by extensively using the matrix computation theory and in particular, the singular value decomposition theory.Findings – It is found that almost all the existing methods in the literature or technologies in the market require that a normalization in scale be done before any identification processing. However, it is also found that no...
Sympathomimetics As Contra-Insulin Hormones in Neonatal Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia. † 1365

Similar to glucagon, the sympathomimetics are primary contra-insulin hormones in the adult. In continuing studies of neonatal hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, we hypothesized comparable relative effectiveness. Thirty spontaneously delivered neonatal lambs weighing 5.0 ±0.9 kgs(M±SD) were infused at 5.0±0.8 days with 100 μCi D-[6-3H2] glucose in 0.9% NaCl by prime constant infusion to measure glucose production (GP). After a preperturbation period, infusion of 2.0 mU·kg-1 min-1 insulin (I) produced hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and was combined with 1.0 μg·kg-1min-1 somatostatin(SRIF) to block insulin release. Infusion of 0.5 μg·kg-1 min-1 phentolamine (Phen) and 1.1 μg·kg-1min-1 propranolol (Prop) in combination, or singly, isolated the sympathomimetic effect(s). Controls (C) received only the isotope. Representative data are from the end of the perturbation. Table
Lead distribution in a simulated aquatic environment: Effects of bacterial biofilms and iron oxide

Abstract Biofilms influence the transport and fate of heavy metals in aquatic environments both directly by adsorption and complexation reactions and indirectly via interactions with oxides of iron and manganese. These reactions were investigated by introducing lead into a continuous-flow biofilm reactor that was designed to simulate conditions in a flowing freshwater aquatic environment. The reactor provided controlled conditions, and use of a chemically-defined growth medium allowed calculation of lead speciation with a chemical equilibrium program (MINEQL). Pseudomonas cepacia was employed as a test cell strain because of its ability to grow and form biofilms in the defined medium. This bacterium affected lead distribution in the reactor by adsorbing lead both to adherent and suspended cells. When the aqueous bulk lead concentration was 1.4 ± 0.1 μM and biofilm coverage (measured as chemical oxygen demand, COD) was 50 mequiv COD/m 2 , lead adsorption was increased by about a factor of five relative to bare glass. Of the total lead in solution, only 1% was adsorbed to suspended cells (5 × 10 7 cells/ml). Lead adsorption to biofilms followed a Langmuir isotherm with a maximum adsorption ( Γ max ) of 56 μmol Pb/equiv COD and an adsorption equilibrium constant ( K ) of 0.64 liter/μmol Pb. Lead complexed with dissolved bacterial expopolymer was below detection limits. Pretreatment of glass slides with colloidal iron also significantly increased lead adsorption relative to bare glass. Lead adsorption to adsorbed iron fit a Langmuir isotherm with Γ max = 50 μ mol Pb/mol fe, and K = 1.3 liter/μmol Pb. Lead binding to glass coated with both cells and iron was additive, and could be predicted by summing adsorption predicted using isotherms for each constituent. The presence of iron surface coatings increased initial biofilm formation rates, but after reaching steady state conditions, biofilm coverage was similar for slides treated with iron and untreated slides. A concentration of 1 μM lead produced a transient reduction in suspended cell counts. Cell counts recovered to the original cell density over the course of five to ten reactor retention times. With iron present, the magnitude of the reduction in cell concentration in response to the addition of lead was greatly reduced, suggesting that toxic effects of lead may be reduced by iron.
The Pathology of Experimental Aerosolized Monkeypox Virus Infection in Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were exposed by fine-particle aerosol to lethal doses of monkeypox virus, Zaire strain. Death, attributable to fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia, occurred 9 to 17 days postexposure. Lower airway epithelium served as the principal target for primary infection. The relative degree of involvement among lymphoid tissues suggested that tonsil, mediastinal, and mandibular lymph nodes were also infected early in the course of the disease, and may have served as additional, although subordinate, sites of primary replication. The distribution of lesions was consistent with lymphatogenous spread to the mediastinal lymph nodes and systemic dissemination of the virus through a monocytic cell-associated viremia. This resulted in lesions affecting other lymph nodes, the thymus, spleen, skin, oral mucosa, gastrointestinal tract, and reproductive system. The mononuclear phagocyte/dendritic cell system was the principal target within lymphoid tissues and may also have provided the means of entry into other systemic sites. Hepatic involvement was uncommon. Lesions at all affected sites were characterized morphologically as necrotizing. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining of select lesions suggested that cell death within lymphoid and epithelial tissues was due in large part to apoptosis. Skin and mucosal surfaces of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts also exhibited variable proliferation of epithelial cells and subjacent fibroblasts. Epithelial intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, consistent with Guarnieri bodies, were usually inconspicuous by light microscopy, but when present, were most readily apparent in the stratified squamous epithelium of the oral mucosa and epidermis. Multinucleated syncytial cells were also occasionally observed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the tongue, tonsil, and skin, and in the intestinal mucosa. Monkeypox virus antigen was readily demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using anti-vaccinia mouse polyclonal antibodies as well as anti-monkeypox rabbit polyclonal antibodies. Detectable poxviral antigen was limited to sites exhibiting obvious morphologic involvement and was most prominent within epithelial cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts of affected tissues. The presence of poxviral antigen, as determined by immunohistochemistry, correlated with ultrastructural identification of replicating virus. Concurrent bacterial septicemia, present in one monkey, was associated with increased dissemination of the virus to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow and resulted in a more rapidly fatal clinical course.
Effect of volatile fatty acid infusion on development of the rumen epithelium in neonatal sheep.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the continuous intraruminal infusion of calculated physiological concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) stimulated the metabolic development of the neonatal rumen. Eight 1-wk-old lambs were assigned to one of three treatments: saline infusion (three lambs), VFA infusion (three lambs), or no infusion (two lambs). Rumen catheters were surgically implanted into lambs in the infusion groups. The amount of VFA infused, beginning at 2 wk of age, increased weekly in equal increments of 12.5% of the estimated net energy requirement until, at 6 wk of age, lambs received 50% of their estimated net energy requirement from the infused VFA. All lambs consumed milk replacer for ad libitum intake and had free access to water. The lambs that were infused with VFA tended to have longer rumen papillae. There were no differences in width or number of papillae per square centimeter across treatments. Rumen epithelial cells isolated from lambs that were infused with VFA tended to oxidize less glucose and produce more acetoacetate than did cells from lambs that were infused with saline or from uninfused lambs. β-Hydroxybutyrate production by isolated rumen epithelial cells and concentrations of blood glucose, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate were not different among the three treatments. Thus, infusion of physiological concentrations of VFA appears to stimulate some aspects of rumen metabolic development.
Insulin selectively primes Th2 responses and induces regulatory tolerance to insulin in pre-diabetic mice.

Little is known about the immunological impact of insulin administration other than it can boost insulin autoantibody levels. In particular, while the subcutaneous administration of a soluble foreign antigen (without adjuvant) is generally only weakly immunogenic in a naive animal, it is unknown what effect the subcutaneous administration of a soluble self-antigen has in animals with established autoimmune responses to the antigen. Addressing these questions in pre-diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we examined the effects of administering insulin, as well as the metabolically inactive B-chain of insulin, on insulin-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. We show that pre-diabetic NOD mice have a spontaneous Th1-biased response against insulin. Administering insulin, or the insulin B-chain, rather than boosting the established Th1 response, primed Th2 cellular and humoral immunity to insulin, shifting the predominant insulin response toward a Th2 phenotype. Despite the presence of a Th1 response against insulin, insulin treated mice failed to mount proliferative T-cell responses following immunization and challenge with insulin, demonstrating that the treatment induced an active form of tolerance to this autoantigen. Thus, the subcutaneous administration of a soluble antigen can engage Th2 responses and induce self-tolerance, even after the establishment of autoreactive Th-1 responses. Such immune deviation and induced regulatory tolerance may contribute to the protective effects of prophylactic insulin therapy, as well as the establishment of a “honeymoon” phase in new-onset insulin-dependent diabetic patients. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 237–240]
Multi-component silica glasses for broad bandwidth, optical amplifiers

Summary form only given. Broadband optical amplifiers are, a key component in delivering the bandwidth of the future. While the silica-based erbium doped fiber amplifier has driven this bandwidth revolution further growth will require exploitation of new materials. It is a remarkable coincidence of nature that the gain window of erbium amplifiers perfectly overlaps the low-loss window of silica transmission fiber. In addition a crucial factor in the success of the EDFA is that even in a silica based host erbium exhibits close to 100% radiative quantum efficiency on the 1530 nm transition.
Adolescent social defeat alters neural, endocrine and behavioral responses to amphetamine in adult male rats

The mesocorticolimbic dopamine system, which governs components of reward and goal-directed behaviors, undergoes final maturation during adolescence. Adolescent social stress contributes to adult behavioral dysfunction and is linked to adult psychiatric and addiction disorders. Here, behavioral, corticosterone and limbic dopamine responses to amphetamine were examined in adult male rats previously exposed to repeated social defeat stress during mid-adolescence. Amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, ip) was administered after a novel environment test, with behavior observed in the same context for 90 min thereafter. Adult rats that had been defeated in adolescence showed increased locomotion in the novel environment but reduced amphetamine-induced locomotion relative to non-defeated age matched controls. Monoamine and corticosterone responses to amphetamine were examined following a second amphetamine injection 3 days later. In previously defeated rats, corticosterone and medial prefrontal cortex dopamine responses to amphetamine were blunted while dopamine responses in the nucleus accumbens core were elevated. Our results suggest that experience of social defeat stress during adolescent development can contribute to altered behavioral and endocrine responses to amphetamine in adulthood. Furthermore, these effects are paralleled by changes in amphetamine-induced dopamine responses in corticolimbic systems implicated in addiction disorders.
Has It Really Been Demonstrated That Most Genomic Research Findings Are False

In a widely cited article, Ioannidis argued that most published research findings are false; particularly discovery research involving massive testing, genomics being a typical example. However, his argument ignores adjustment for multiple testing and thus should be taken with a large grain of salt. This is a potential example for statistics courses that concentrate on problem formulation.
HIV-1 acquires resistance to two classes of antiviral drugs through homologous recombination

Abstract Genetic recombination contributes to the genomic heterogeneity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In the present study, we demonstrate that HIV-1 readily develops resistance to two classes of anti-HIV-1 drugs through in vitro genetic recombination involving large segments of the viral genome. Co-transfection of COS-7 cells with an HIV-1 plasmid (pSUM13) carrying five mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT)-encoding region (A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y, Q151M), conferring resistance to multiple dideoxynucleoside analogs (ddNs), and another HIV-1 plasmid (pSUM431) carrying five mutations in the protease-encoding region (V32I, L33F, K45I, I84V, L89M), conferring resistance to protease inhibitors such as KNI-272, readily produced HIV-1 carrying both sets of mutations when propagated in MT-2 cells in the presence of azidothymidine (AZT) and KNI-272. The resultant HIV-1 variant was highly resistant to both ddNs and KNI-272. Co-infection of MT-2 cells with HIV-1SUM13 carrying the RT mutations and HIV-1SUM431 carrying the mutations in the protease also generated HIV-1 with both sets of mutations when cultured with AZT and KNI-272. We also report here that the problematic artifactual recombination occurring during genetic analyses of heterogeneous nucleic acid sequences using polymerase chain reaction can be successfully obviated.
Directionality of Tangential Force Variation in High Speed Uniformity

Abstract Tire nonuniformity may affect vehicle ride comfort quality especially while vehicles are running at highway speeds. Spindle force variations in the radial, tangential, and lateral directions are normally used as parameters evaluating tire high speed uniformity performance. An interesting physical phenomenon—directionality of tangential force variation has been observed for many tires. The directionality of tangential force variation means that tangential force variation is different when a tire is measured in the clockwise and counter-clockwise directions under the same test conditions. In this paper, a theory is developed to explain the interesting physical phenomenon. Simulation and analysis are conducted using a dynamic tire model. It is found that the directionality of tangential force variation is caused by the interaction of different types of nonuniformities in tires such as mass and geometry variations.
Kiglapait Geochemistry IV: The Major Elements

Abstract The summed bulk composition of the Kiglapait intrusion is SiO 2 47.46 (31). TiO 2 0.81 (20), Al 2 O 3 19.46 (48), Fe 2 O 3 1.91 (46), FeO 9.36 (36), MnO 0.15 (01). MgO 8.04 (21), CaO 9.27 (46). Na 2 O 3.13 (05), K 2 O 0.22 (01), P 2 O 5 , 0.09 (01), and BaO 0.02 (01). total 99.98 wt% (estimated standard deviations of the last two decimals in parentheses). The CIPW norm is ap 0.34, mt 2.78, il 1.52, or 1.11, ab 26.27, an 38.64, ( fsp 66.47), di 5.38, hy 2.45, ol 21.58. Molar X An is 0.58; molar x fo is 0.65. The variation curves for oxides in calculated liquids are explained in detail by the petrographic variations shown in earlier papers of this series. The Kiglapait FeO + MnO:MgO:Alkalies (FMA) trend reaches higher iron concentrations than the Skaergaard liquid and constitutes a new limiting case of the Fenner trend of fractional crystallization, implying low oxygen fugacity and silica activity. The end-stage Kiglapait ferrosyenite lies on the FeO + MnO-Alkalies sideline, being essentially devoid of MgO. Except in K and K Rb. the Kiglapait composition is the same within experimental error as the chilled margin of the nearby Hettasch intrusion (BERG, 1980.), but slight systematic differences show that the Hettasch composition is slightly more fractionated or represents a smaller fraction of melting at the source. Both are low-augite troctolite compositions, and they require troctolitic parent liquids. Such liquids are related to common augite-rich basalts by addition of spinel, and they imply exhaustion of clinopyroxene in the source. Except for their low augite and high Al 2 O 3 , the Kiglapait and Hettasch compositions resemble modern MORB and suggest a depleted source.
Effect of Energy Concentration and Source of Nitrogen on Numbers and Types of Rumen Protozoa

Two rumen-fistulated Holstein heifers were fed three protein-free semipurified diets: 70% roughage, 30% concentrate; 50% roughage, 50% concentrate; and 30% roughage, 70% concentrate. Wheat straw was the roughage, and the concentrate was a pelleted mixture of corn starch, dextrose, fat, urea, vitamins, and minerals. Each animal received the three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. On days 1, 3, and 5 following a 21-day adaptation, rumen fluid samples were taken before feeding and at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h after feeding. Total protozoa concentrations for low, medium, and high concentrate diets were 1.5, 2.5, 4.1 X 10(5)/ml. Dasytricha concentrations were not affected by diet, but Entodinium, Diplodinium, Isotricha, Epidinium, and Ophryoscolex increased with increases of the concentrate proportion of the diets. Entodinium, the predominant protozoa with all diets, increased as concentrate proportion of the diet increased. In a second experiment the two heifers from Experiment 1 were fed semipurified diets that contained either urea or soybean meal as the nitrogen source. There were larger populations of Dasytricha and Isotricha when the diet contained soybean meal, and larger populations of Charon, Entodinium, and total protozoa when the diet contained urea. In both experiments, holotrichs were highest 1 to 2 h after feeding, and entodiniomorphs were highest before feeding and 4 to 6 h after feeding. An active protozoan population can exist in the rumen of cattle fed diets virtually devoid of natural protein, and protozoa are influenced by energy and nitrogen source.
Common Cognitive Deficits in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism: Working Memory and Visual-Motor Integration

Cognitive deficits in working memory (WM) are characteristic features of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and autism. However, few studies have investigated cognitive deficits using ...
Risk for posttransplant diabetes mellitus with current immunosuppressive medications

With improvements in the practice of transplantation and the introduction of new immunosuppressive medications, there has been a substantial increase in 1-year allograft survival rates. Consequently, the pool of potential candidates for organ transplants continues to grow and a greater preponderance of older patients with more comorbidities are undergoing transplantation. As a result, there is interest in such medical complications as posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) that develop after the transplantation of a successful allograft. PTDM is an undesirable consequence of transplantation because of its associated morbidity and impairment of both patient and graft survival. Although some controversy exists, it is likely that glucose intolerance after transplantation results in both macrovascular and microvascular disease, and there is an increasing risk for infectious and cardiovascular diseases, to which transplant recipients are already at increased susceptibility. Both experimental and clinical observations have shown that immunosuppressive agents currently used in transplantation account for a large degree of the increased risk for PTDM. Consequently, improved understanding of the effects of currently used immunosuppressive medicines on glycemic tolerance is of interest in clinical transplantation.
Die Haftung von Landwirten bei Auskreuzungen von gentechnisch veränderten Organismen im Nachbarrecht

Der nachfolgende Beitrag beschaftigt sich mit der zivilrechtlichen Haftung im Nachbarrecht als Folge von Auskreuzungen gentechnisch veranderter Organismen. Hierbei soll auf die von Kohler in Heft 9 dieser Zeitschrift, S. 566 ff. vorangegangenen Ausfuhrungen nicht nur Bezug genommen, sondern diese vor allem hinsichtlich der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zur Frage der wesentlichen Beeintrachtigung nach § 36 a Abs. 1 Nr. 3 GenTG vertieft werden. Nochmaliger kritischer Beleuchtung bedurfen die von Kohler getroffenen Feststellungen zur Auslegung der Ortsublichkeit nach § 36 a Abs. 2 GenTG und der guten fachlichen Praxis gemas § 16 Abs. 2 und 3 GenTG. Auch die Qualifikation des § 16 b GenTG als Schutzgesetz i. S. des § 823 Abs. 2 BGB bedarf naherer Erlauterung. Zum Ende des Beitrages stellt sich die Frage, ob die §§ 36 a, 16 GenTG tatsachlich die kritisierte Abschreckungswirkung aufweisen und zu einer einseitigen Verteilung des Haftungsrisikos zu Lasten der Verwender gentechnisch veranderter Produkte fuhren.
Towards data center self-diagnosis using a mobile robot

We describe an inexpensive robot that serves as a physical autonomic element, capable of navigating, mapping and monitoring data centers with little or no human involvement, even ones that it has never seen before. Through a series of real experiments and simulations, we establish that the robot is sufficiently accurate, efficient and robust to be of practical benefit in real data center environments. We demonstrate how the robot's integration with Maximo for Energy Optimization, a commercial data center energy management product, supports autonomic management at the level of the data center as a whole, particularly self-diagnosis of emerging thermal problems.
Anterior capsule contraction with foldable silicone intraocular lenses.

Abstract Purpose: To examine the causes, signs, and symptoms of anterior capsule contraction syndrome and the response to neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) anterior capsulotomy. Setting: Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA. Methods: This retrospective review comprised 70 cases of phacoemulsification with foldable plate-haptic silicone intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Patients who developed anterior capsule contraction postoperatively, defined as the anterior capsule being visible through an undilated pupil, had a radial anterior capsulotomy with an Nd:YAG laser. Variables analyzed were visual acuity, subjective complaints, associated inflammation, and IOL decentration. Results: Ten eyes of 9 patients (14%) developed anterior capsule contraction and had Nd:YAG laser radial anterior capsulotomy. Three of 9 patients reported decreased visual acuity and glare. Two other patients had chronic anterior_ chamber inflammation unresponsive to steroids after surgery that resolved after Nd:YAG anterior capsulotomy. Intraocular lens decentration was observed in 3 patients before the Nd:YAG capsulotomy. Posterior lens dislocation occurred in 1 patient after capsulotomy and required surgical lens exchange. Conclusion: One-piece foldable silicone IOLs may not provide enough peripheral capsule expansion.
Corrections to KNO scaling

Abstract Recent data from NAL, together with a reanalysis of older data, indicate that there are substantial corrections to KNO Scaling. With this in mind, we use a simple argument, involving the generating function of the power moments 〈nq〉, to deduced the form of corrections to KNO scaling at finite energies. Mueller's gas analog model with long range order is worked out explicity; the corrections are −30% for n = 〈n〉 at 400 GeV, and −20% at 10 TeV, if experimental values of 〈n〉 and f2 are used. A test of the experimental data for these correction terms is presented. Correction terms of the order of 30% are not ruled out, although no positive evidence for their existence is found. A discussion of the area under the KNO scaling curve is given. This, and related questions, turn out to be somewhat subtle. A surprising result is that the area under the KNO scaling curve is not guaranteed to equal unity.
Yttrium 90 Resin Microspheres for the Treatment of Unresectable Colorectal Hepatic Metastases after Failure of Multiple Chemotherapy Regimens: Preliminary Results

PURPOSE Responses to liver-directed therapy with yttrium 90 microspheres (SIR-Spheres) and adjuvant intraarterial chemotherapy have occurred in patients with unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases who had received less than one chemotherapy regimen. Now, SIR-Spheres are being used to treat patients with advanced disease who have received multiple chemotherapy regimens. A retrospective analysis was performed to determine the technical feasibility of SIR-Sphere treatment in this population. MATERIALS AND METHODS The medical records of 12 patients with hepatic metastatic disease and intrahepatic progression after multiple chemotherapy regimens for unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases who were treated with one or two infusions of SIR-Spheres were retrospectively analyzed for demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment details, response, and survival. RESULTS Twelve patients underwent 17 outpatient infusions of SIR-Spheres. Percent hepatic tumor volume was less than 25% in four patients, 25%–50% in three, and more than 50% in five. Treatment in 11 patients with bilobar disease was accomplished via single infusions in six cases and sequential unilobar infusions in five patients. A single infusion was used to treat unilobar disease in the remaining patient. Median prescribed dose was 39.6 mCi (mean, 37.2 mCi; range, 17–67.5 mCi); the prescribed dose exceeded the delivered dose in six infusions (35%) as a result of embolic arterial occlusion. Radiologic response was stable in five of nine patients. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels decreased in four of seven patients. Four patients received chemotherapy concomitantly or after completion of treatment. Gastric ulceration in one patient was managed nonoperatively. Median survival times from diagnosis and treatment were 24.6 and 4.5 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with SIR-Spheres induces responses in patients with advanced unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases after multiple chemotherapy regimens. Inability to deliver the prescribed dose is related to the embolic effect of SIR-Spheres.
Plant Anticancer Agents VII: Structural Effects on Cytotoxicity of Bisindole Alkaloids of Voacamine Type

Structural effects on the cytotoxicity of bisindole alkaloids of the voacamine series were investigated with compounds isolated from various Tabernaemontana species and compounds synthesized specifically for this purpose. Activity is sensitive both to the position of attachment of the vobasane unit on the iboga moiety and to the presence of an N-methyl group on the vobasane unit.
Family and neighborhood welfare dependency and sons' labor supply

This article tests four models of how parental and childhood welfare use affects sons' labor supply: the correlated disadvantages model, Wilson's structural-environmental model, Mead's welfare culture model, and Murray's incentives model. Past research is extended by including measures of all seven factors that these models predict will shape sons' labor supply: parental welfare use, neighborhood welfare use, parental income, family noneconomic resources, neighborhood resources, labor market conditions, and state welfare benefits. There are four main findings. First, welfare use in the childhood neighborhood has no effects on sons' work hours. Second, only one group of sons is affected by parental welfare use: black sons' whose parents average $7,500 or more in welfare income per year. Third, black sons' adult work hours are strongly predicted by parental poverty and by labor market conditions; together these account for half the estimated relationships between heavy parental welfare use and black sons' labor supply. Fourth, parents' and neighbors' work hours strongly predict nonblack sons' labor supply.
Solid-State NMR of Glycine in Frozen Solution

The properties of a solute dissolved in aqueous solution under a variety of freezing conditions have been investigated by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. A mixing apparatus similar to that used in biological ESR studies has been used to freeze solutions rapidly (∼ 105 K s−1) for study by NMR with a view to applying this to study enzymatic reaction mechanisms. In order to learn more about the structure of the frozen sample, a small molecule with a simple and well-defined molecular motion was studied by solid-state NMR in frozen solution. The relaxation properties of crystalline glycine have been characterized and are dominated by the rotational motion of the ammonium group. The temperature dependence of T1H, T1C, T1ρH, and T1ρC have been determined for α-crystalline glycine and frozen-solution samples prepared with different freezing rates. From these data, activation energies for the molecular motion have been calculated and rationalized in terms of the structures within each state.
A method to improve the evaluation of a combination track etch dosimeter/spectrometer

Abstract Approximate neutron energy spectra can be obtained by using a combination of dosimeter elements which have a different response for different neutrons energies. This paper describes a simple mathematical technique which can be applied to combination neutron dosimeter/spectrometers to increase the accuracy of the dose equivalent evaluation. A simple iterative algorithm is applied to determine the dose equivalent from CR-39 (polydiallyl-diglycol carbonate), polycarbonate, LR-115 (cellulose nitrate) track etch and albedo neutron detectors. The algorithm is simple enough to allow rapid evaluation of several different types of personnel neutron dosimeters with better accuracy than most existing methods.
Spider toxins activate the capsaicin receptor to produce inflammatory pain

Bites and stings from venomous creatures can produce pain and inflammation as part of their defensive strategy to ward off predators or competitors. Molecules accounting for lethal effects of venoms have been extensively characterized, but less is known about the mechanisms by which they produce pain. Venoms from spiders, snakes, cone snails or scorpions contain a pharmacopoeia of peptide toxins that block receptor or channel activation as a means of producing shock, paralysis or death. We examined whether these venoms also contain toxins that activate (rather than inhibit) excitatory channels on somatosensory neurons to produce a noxious sensation in mammals. Here we show that venom from a tarantula that is native to the West Indies contains three inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK) peptides that target the capsaicin receptor (TRPV1), an excitatory channel expressed by sensory neurons of the pain pathway. In contrast with the predominant role of ICK toxins as channel inhibitors, these previously unknown 'vanillotoxins' function as TRPV1 agonists, providing new tools for understanding mechanisms of TRP channel gating. Some vanillotoxins also inhibit voltage-gated potassium channels, supporting potential similarities between TRP and voltage-gated channel structures. TRP channels can now be included among the targets of peptide toxins, showing that animals, like plants (for example, chilli peppers), avert predators by activating TRP channels on sensory nerve fibres to elicit pain and inflammation.
Mitochondrial endonuclease activity in the rat varies markedly among tissues in relation to the rate of tissue metabolism

Rat heart mitochondria contain a potent endonuclease activity that closely resembles the endonuclease of bovine and human heart mitochondria, and shows a striking preference for an evolutionarily conserved sequence that resides just upstream from the heavy (H)-strand origin of DNA replication (Ori H), (Low, R.L. et al. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 6427-6425). This study reports that while the site-directed endonuclease is evident in the mt fractions of several rat organs, the levels of activity among them varies in an unexpected and marked fashion. There is nearly 200-times more of this endonuclease activity per mg of mt protein in the heart than in the liver (or spleen). Levels intermediate to those in heart and liver are found in the kidney and brain. The large variations in endonuclease activity do not correlate with reported rates of mtDNA turnover among tissues and are in contrast to the much smaller variations in levels of mtDNA and DNA polymerase-γ activity. However, there may be some relationship between the amount of the endonuclease and the rate of oxidative phosphorylation.
OMENTAL INTERPOSITION FOR REPAIR OF A VESICO-ACETABULAR FISTULA

An 84-year-old woman underwent revision of a previous right total hip replacement for degenerative joint disease. Shortly after surgery the metallic hip prosthesis became infected and required removal. The acetabular space was preserved using polymethyl-methacrylate cement. Persistent cellulitis and drainage of clear yellow fluid from the hip incision led to suspicion of a vesico-acetabular fistula. Urethral catheter bladder drainage for 4 weeks was unsuccessful and, subsequently, the patient was referred to our facility. A computerized tomography cystogram confirmed the diagnosis of vesico-acetabular (fig. 1, A). Cystoscopy revealed a solitary fistulous tract between the right lateral bladder wall and acetabular hemispheric shell which was cannulated using a 5Fr ureteral catheter (fig. 2). Through an infraumbilical extraperitoneal incision, the right lateral aspect of the bladder was mobilized off of the adhesed pelvic sidewall and the fistula was identified. A longitudinal cystotomy was made at the dome allowing bladder exploration and precise excision of the cannulated fistulous tract. The most challenging aspect of this procedure involved dissection and excision of the fistulous tract in its entirety as it coursed towards the acetabulum. After dissection to well vascularized tissue, a multilayered tension-free bladder closure was performed. To secure the repair, omentum was mobilized through a small peritoneotomy and interposed between the right pelvic sidewall and bladder. A cystogram (Fig. 1) after 3 weeks of continuous uninterrupted bladder drainage revealed successful closure of the vesico-acetabular (fig. 1, B).
The effects of treefall gaps on understory vegetation in New York State

Treefalls are a common form of disturbance in northeastern United States forests. The resultant gaps contrib- ute to a high degree of environmental heterogeneity in the understory of these forests. Plant density, plant cover, and species richness in understory plant communities were moni- tored for three years during the growing season, May - Sep- tember. Differences between treefall gap and closed canopy vegetation were less pronounced early in the growing season for plant density and leaf cover. Species richness was signifi- cantly greater within treefall gaps during the entire growing season. Eight species were found in greater abundance within treefall gaps (i.e., gap-phase species), while one species was found more commonly under closed canopy. Ordination re- sults suggest that time since gap creation and treefall gap size marginally affect the species composition of vegetation found within treefall gaps.
Structure of the Ubiquitin Hydrolase UCH-L3 Complexed with a Suicide Substrate

Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) comprise a family of small ubiquitin-specific proteases of uncertain function. Although no cellular substrates have been identified for UCHs, their highly tissue-specific expression patterns and the association of UCH-L1 mutations with human disease strongly suggest a critical role. The structure of the yeast UCH Yuh1-ubiquitin aldehyde complex identified an active site crossover loop predicted to limit the size of suitable substrates. We report the 1.45 A resolution crystal structure of human UCH-L3 in complex with the inhibitor ubiquitin vinylmethylester, an inhibitor that forms a covalent adduct with the active site cysteine of ubiquitin-specific proteases. This structure confirms the predicted mechanism of the inhibitor and allows the direct comparison of a UCH family enzyme in the free and ligand-bound state. We also show the efficient hydrolysis by human UCH-L3 of a 13-residue peptide in isopeptide linkage with ubiquitin, consistent with considerable flexibility in UCH substrate size. We propose a model for the catalytic cycle of UCH family members which accounts for the hydrolysis of larger ubiquitin conjugates.
Task effect and EEG alpha asymmetry: an analysis of linguistic processing in two response modes.

Summary EEG alpha asymmetry was monitored while subjects listened to two sets of identical stimulus sentences in two tasks. One task was immediate verbal imitation of the stimulus sentence and the other task was modeling and involved the subjects constructing some novel sentences after all stimulus sentences were heard. The results demonstrated that the left hemisphere was significantly more activated while subjects listened to sentences that were to be immediately imitated. These findings suggest that tasks involving remediate verbal reports of stimuli may activate the left hemisphere for motor programming purposes and possibly effect alpha asymmetry. Studies attempting to investigate stimulus effects of hemispheric processing should consider the possibility that tasks involving motoric programming may interact with the stimuli and produce different asymmetry patterns.
Little Creatures that Run the World: Bringing Ants to a Wider Audience

Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are among the most ubiquitous and successful creatures on earth. They are the subject of research by ant biologists worldwide, and with over 8,800 identified species, access to quality information is important for those researchers. AntWiki (http://www.antwiki.org/) was created originally as an online listing of all ant taxonomists and their papers, and librarians have assisted the project by finding, scanning, and uploading articles and contributing to a page on Human Culture and Ants.
Bodian's silver method stains neurofilament polypeptides

Bodian's silver method was used to stain polypeptides of rat spinal cord or peripheral nerve separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bands corresponding to the t...
Noise spectra resulting from diffusion processes in a cylindrical geometry

Abstract A discussion is presented of noise spectra resulting from diffusion in a cylindrical domain D s with volume sources and sinks in the domain, subject to various kinds of boundary conditions at the surface of D s, including the case that D s is part of an infinite domain D . This applies to various physical processes, e.g.: (i) fluctuations caused by diffusion and recombination at the walls in a gaseous plasma; (ii) carrier fluctuations in a solid involving diffusion, surface recombination and volume recombination; (iii) temperature or energy fluctuations in cylindrical bars with spontaneous radiation at the boundaries; (iv) problems involving contact noise. The spectral densities are derived from the relevant Green's functions. For the infinite domain an extension of the Macfarlane-Burgess spectrum is obtained, which yields spectra such as are often observed in insulators with a small photoconductive layer (CdS in band-band absorption). The finite domain case leads to three kinds of spectra (diffusion-limited, surface-limited and volume-limited) analogous to the one dimensional solutions obtained before. The details of these spectra, especially the characteristic break points, are discussed.
Lung, aorta, and platelet metabolism of 14C-arachidonic acid in vitamin E deficient rats.

14C-arachidonic acid metabolism was determined in aortas, platelets, and perfused lungs from rats pair fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 or 100 ppm vitamin E for 11 weeks. Spontaneous erythrocyte hemolysis tests showed 92% and 8% hemolysis for the 0 and 100 ppm vitamin E groups, respectively. Elevated lung homogenate levels of malonaldehyde in the 0 ppm group confirmed its deficient group synthesized 54% less prostacyclin than aortas from the supplemented group (p<0.05). Although thromboxane generation by platelets from the vitamin E deficient group exhibited a 37% increase, this difference was not statistically significant compared to the supplemented animals Greater amounts of PGE2, PGF2, TXB2, and 6-keto-PGI1α were obtained in albumin buffer perfusates from lungs of vitamin E deficient rats than in those from supplemented rats. Significant differences (p<0.05) were noticed, however, only for PGE2 and PGF2α. These studies indicate that vitamin E quantitatively alters arachidonic acid metabolism in aortic and lung tissue but its effect on thrmboxane synthesis by platelets is less marked.
The oral pathology of domesticated animals

Abstract We have reviewed 103 successive14 biopsied oral lesions obtained from ninety dogs, six cows, five cats, one sheep, and one horse. These lesions include both neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases. Among the nonneoplastic group we encountered cases of pyogenic granuloma, actinomycosis, eosinophilic granuloma, and bovine hyperkeratosis. The benign neoplastic lesions found in this series were fibromatous epulis of periodontal origin, canine oral papillomatosis, sebaceous adenoma, hemangiopericytoma, osteoma, and ameloblastic odontoma. The most common malignant neoplasm found in this series was melanoma in dogs, in contrast to squamous-cell carcinoma observed by Withers and Cotchin in their surveys. Other malignant neoplasms found in different animals were squamous-cell carcinoma, basal-cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the minor salivary glands, mast-cell tumor, fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and lymphoblastoma. The incidence, clinical features, and the macro- and microscopic natures of all these lesions have been discussed in detail.
Practice makes perfect but does it help reduce communication apprehension

This study was conducted to determine if practicing a speech in class prior to its delivery was associated with lower public speaking apprehension, greater self‐perceived communication competence, and more willingness to communicate. To this end a pre/post‐test control group design was employed. Approximately, 1/3 of the participants took the pre‐tests, practiced their speeches, delivered their speeches, and completed the post‐tests. Another 1/3 of the participants took the pre‐tests, participated in small group activities, delivered their speeches, and completed the post‐tests. The final 1/3 completed the pre‐test package, delivered their speeches, and completed the post‐test package. Results indicated that high public speaking apprehensive students who practiced their speeches reported lower public speaking apprehension and felt more willing to communicate than those in the other conditions. Among other things, these findings suggest incorporating practice sessions into the daily activities of public sp...
A stopping rule for the Robbins-Monro method

A stopping rule for the multidimensional Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation method is developed in this paper. Both moving average and stationary φ-mixing type of correlated noise processes are treated. Sequentially determined confidence ellipsoids are constructed to fulfill the goal for the determination of the stopping rule. The limit behavior of the algorithm is investigated. It is shown that the stopped Robbins-Monro process is asymptotically normal. Such asymptotic normality is established by means of weak convergence methods.
Encoding Broadband RF signals onto a femtosecond laser frequency comb using an AOTF for RF photonic signal processing

In this paper, we present a novel approach for broadband RF photonic signal processing using a femtosecond laser and an Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF). We demonstrate that by using spectral filtering in the AOTF, we are able to map each frequency component of the broadband RF signal onto a corresponding set of frequency comb lines of a femtosecond pulse train. The time domain interpretation of this RF to optical frequency mapping yields a femtosecond pulse shaping operation, which is in distinct contrast to the conventional double sideband amplitude modulation of a CW carrier used in RF photonic links. The interaction with a traveling acoustic wave in the AOTF leads to Doppler shift of each frequency comb line by its corresponding RF conterpart, which allows the recovery of the encoded RF signal by heterodyne detection with an unmodulated reference pulse train. As a proof of concept, we experimentally demonstrated mapping of 10 MHz bandwidth RF signals onto 65 nm FWHM optical bandwidth of a 2 GHz repetition rate femtosecond laser using a commercial AOTF and a 40 MHz bandwidth RF signal mapping using a supercontinuum source. Optical processing functions such as RF bandpass/notch filtering can be achieved in the optical domain using optical filters, thereby avoiding the limitations of RF analog filters. Down-conversion naturally occurs based on the laser repetition rate.
Theory of collective excitations in semiconductor superlattice structures

In this paper electronic collective excitations of type-I and -II superlattices are examined in detail. Type-I superlattices consist of quasi-two-dimensional layers of electrons, while type-II superlattices consist of alternating quasi-two-dimensional layers of electrons and holes. We use a simple model of the electronic structure and linear-response theory to calculate the density response of the system to an external perturbation. From this, we obtain an expression for the dielectric tensor, the zeros of which yield the dispersion relations of the collective modes. The theory is such that one can take into account many-body effects (depolarization and excitonic shifts), magnetic fields, and electron-phonon coupling in a simple way. A rich spectrum of excitations is found: quasi-two-dimensional plasmons, intersubband plasmons, magnetoplasmons, phonon-plasmon modes, and so on. Some interesting features of the excitations are examined, and their relevance to experiment is discussed.
INFLUENCE OF CARBOHYDRATE ON IMMUNE FUNCTION FOLLOWING 2 H CYCLING

The influence of carbohydrate compared with placebo ingestion on changes in immune cell counts and functions following 2 h intensive cycling was studied in 12 trained cyclists who functioned as their own controls. The subjects performed two tests 2 weeks apart where they cycled for 2 h at ∼64% Wattsmax while receiving 4 mL·kg−1·15 min−1 carbohydrate (6%) (Cho) or placebo (Pla) beverages. Blood samples were collected 30 min preexercise, and immediately and 1 h postexercise. The samples were assayed for plasma cortisol and epinephrine, blood leukocyte subset counts, PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and natural killer cell activity (NKCA). Compared with Pla ingestion, Cho attenuated exercise-induced changes in plasma cortisol, blood neutrophil, and monocyte counts, but not in total blood lymphocyte, T cell, and NK cell counts, PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation, and NKCA. Thus despite a strong attenuating influence of carbohydrate ingestion on exercise-induced changes in plasma cortisol and blood neut...