cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Agreement to Application: An Analysis of Determinations under the WTO Antidumping Agreement

Although the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Antidumping Agreement includes rules that govern the application of antidumping duties, countries still have a great deal of latitude in how they decide whether to impose this form of protection. This research is one of the first papers to explore country-specific differences in the determinants of antidumping injury decisions. Using a series of probit regressions, I compare the leading determinants of injury determinations in nine of the largest users of antidumping protection at the WTO. The results prove that investigating authorities in one country may be swayed by a very different set of economic and political factors than their counterparts in other countries.
Rejection, feeling bad, and being hurt: using multilevel modeling to clarify the link between peer group aggression and adjustment.

The association between affiliating with aggressive peers and behavioral, social and psychological adjustment was examined. Students initially in 3rd, 4th, and 5th grade (N = 427) were followed biannually through 7th grade. Students’ peer-nominated groups were identified. Multilevel modeling was used to examine the independent contributions of adolescents’ typical peer context (between-person effect) and changes in peer context (within-person effects) to adolescents’ adjustment. Typically affiliating with aggressive groups and affiliating with more aggressive groups than usual predicted higher aggression for all youth. Typically affiliating with aggressive groups predicted negative adjustment (lower social preference and self-worth, higher victimization) for girls but neutral or positive adjustment for boys. Although typical peer context was consistently associated with adjustment, changes in peer context predicted small changes in adjustment for several outcomes. Results underscored the need to adopt a more differentiated picture of adolescents’ dynamic peer context and its association with normative development.
Loss functions and public policy

Abstract Quadratic loss functions are commonly employed in evaluating macroeconomic policy, but their appropriateness as a welfare criterion, and their robustness, are often neglected. This paper shows that policy prescriptions based on the increasingly popular mean square deviation of actual output from full-information competitive-equilibrium output generalize to a larger class of loss functions given the assumptions of the models in which this criterion is employed. Conclusions regarding optimal parameters, as well as the rankings of alternative policy regimes, remain valid. Implications regarding the value of additional information may, however, be misleading.
Paradoxical Twitch Potentiation After Rest in Cardiac Muscle: Increased Fractional Release of SR Calcium

Rest interval dependent changes in contractile force (rest decay and rest potentiation) were studied in rabbit, rat and ferret ventricular muscle and myocytes. The SR Ca content was assessed by rapid cooling contractures or caffeine induced contractures. Intracellular Ca transients, action potentials and Ca current were also recorded. Rest decay of twitches in rabbit ventricle are roughly paralleled by a decline in SR Ca content. Rat ventricle exhibits primarily rest potentiation, which is not necessarily paralleled by an increased SR Ca content. Ferret ventricle exhibits both rest potentiation and rest decay. However, the SR Ca content in ferret appears to decline monotonically throughout the rest. It is demonstrated that the rest potentiation is not due to an increase in Ca current or in action potential duration. We conclude that there is an increase in the fraction of SR Ca content which is released during the time that rest potentiation develops. The differences in post-rest contractile function among different cardiac preparations can be described by a simple unifying mechanistic model. In this model there is an exponential time dependent recovery of the ability of the SR to release Ca (e.g. recovery from inactivation) which can be considered to increase the fraction of SR Ca release in response to activation. This fractional SR Ca release is multiplied by the SR Ca content (which may decline exponentially) to provide a measure of the Ca available for activation of contractile force.
Autoantibodies to IA-2 in IDDM: Location of Major Antigenic Determinants

Thirty-three IDDM sera that immunoprecipitated fulllength IA-2 were tested for reactivity with different fragments of the IA-2 molecule. The fragments were prepared by PCR amplification of IA-2 cDNA and by expression in a rabbit reticulocyte transcription/translation system. Whereas all 33 sera reacted with the intracellular domain (amino acid 604 to 979), none of the sera reacted with the extracellular domain of IA-2 (amino acid 31 to 577). Analysis of the reactivity of IDDM sera with the different regions of the intracellular domain showed that 94% (31 of the 33) reacted with the COOH-terminus (amino acid 771 to 979), 40% reacted with the NH 2 -terminus (amino acid 604 to 776), and 40% reacted with the middle portion (amino acid 692 to 875). Of the 31 sera that reacted with the COOH-terminus, 14 of these reacted only with the COOH-terminus and with no other region. Of the 13 sera that reacted with the NH 2 -terminus, only one reacted exclusively with the NH 2 -terminus. Treatment of the different domains of IA-2 with trypsin showed that only the COOH-terminus was resistant to trypsin, arguing that it is from this region of the IA-2 molecule that the 40-kDa tryptic fragment from insulinoma cells is derived. From these experiments, it is concluded that the major antigenic determinant of IA-2 is located at the COOH-terminus and that minor antigenic determinants are located at the NH 2 -terminus and middle portion of the intracellular domain.
Bronchoscopy guidance system based on bronchoscope-motion measurements

Bronchoscopy-guidance systems assist physicians during bronchoscope navigation. However, these systems require an attending technician and fail to continuously track the bronchoscope. We propose a real-time technicianfree bronchoscopy-guidance system that employs continuous tracking. For guidance, our system presents directions on virtual views that are generated from the bronchoscope's tracked location. The system achieves bronchoscope tracking using a strategy that is based on a recently proposed method for sensor-based bronchoscope-motion tracking.1 Furthermore, a graphical indicator notifies the physician when he/she has maneuvered the bronchoscope to an incorrect branch. Our proposed system uses the sensor data to generate virtual views through multiple candidate routes and employs image matching in a Bayesian framework to determine the most probable bronchoscope pose. Tests based on laboratory phantoms validate the potential of the system.
TH‐D‐AUD B‐08: Initial Experience with the Monaco IMRT Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To evaluate the commercial CMS Monaco IMRTtreatment planning system which employs a Monte Carlo(MC) based dose calculation engine, biological motivated cost functions, multi‐criteria optimization, and an efficient sequencing algorithm. Method and Materials: For a head and neck, a liver, a prostate and a rectal cancer patient, step‐and‐shoot IMRT plans were designed using Monaco. The plans were compared to ones generated by the established CMS XiO treatment planning system. The plans were optimized to achieve the same clinical objectives concerning dose to the tumor and to the relevant organs‐at‐risk. However, whereas the XiO plans were formulated using DVH and minimum/maximum dose constraints, the Monaco plans utilized the biological cost functions offered by the system. DVHs, EUD, mean‐ and maximum‐doses were compared, as well as the number of beam segments and MUs. Finally the plans were delivered on a MapCheck device to verify the agreement between the MC calculated dose distributions and measurements to be less than 3% and 3 mm. Results: Plans optimized with Monaco achieved at least similar and in some cases superior dose distributions. The multi‐criteria optimization tools and the sensitivity analysis helped to reduce the time needed to optimize the plan. The Monaco plans resulted in fewer segments and lower number of MUs and therefore reduced delivery time. All calculated dose distributions passed the dose verification with the MapCheck device. Conclusion: The commercially available Monaco system produces clinical relevant plans, which are dosimetrically equivalent or superior to plans from the conventional XiO system, feature shorter delivery times, and can easily be verified with normal QA procedures using MapCheck.
GONADOTROPIN RELEASE FROM PITUITARY CULTURES FOLLOWING ACTIVATION OF ENDOGENOUS ION CHANNELS

In primary rat pituitary cell cultures, activation of Na+ channels resulted in Na+ and Ca2+ dependent gonadotropin release. This occurred with the same efficacy and over the same time course as that stimulated by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). In contrast, GnRH required extracellular Ca2+, but not Na+ for its action. These results indicate that the gonadotrope has ion channels which ressemble those found in neural tissues.
A Prospective Crossover Comparison Study of the Single-Needle and Multiple-Needle Techniques for Facet-Joint Medial Branch Block

Background and Objectives Medial branch blocks have been widely described in the literature as a diagnostic tool for facet joint pain. Recently, a new “single-needle’ technique was described that is purported to be equally accurate, and in some respects, superior to the standard multiple-needle technique. To date, no studies have been performed that compared these 2 techniques. Methods In a multicenter setting, 24 subjects underwent 2 separate diagnostic medial-branch blocks in a randomized, single-blind crossover comparison of the single-needle and multiple-needle techniques. Multiple variables were compared between the 2 techniques, including procedure-related discomfort, postprocedure pain relief, volume of local anesthetic required, accuracy as determined by final needle position and contrast-media spread, and time needed to perform the procedure. Results In this pilot study, the single-needle technique resulted in less procedure-related pain (P = .0003), required less superficial local anesthesia (P =.0006), and took less time to complete (P Conclusions Our results indicate that the single-needle technique takes less time to perform and causes less patient discomfort than does the standard technique but provides the same degree of accuracy. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to corroborate these results and explore the effect the single-needle approach has on the rate of false-positive medial branch blocks.
Evaluation of endotracheal tube safety for CO2 laser resurfacing.

Objectives The new generation carbon dioxide lasers have become popular as a result of their ease of use and consistent results. Their use is becoming widespread with both the experienced laser surgery clinician and those just venturing into the realm of laser resurfacing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of the common PVC endotracheal and one designed for laser procedures if contacted by the CO2 laser during resurfacing. In addition, the cost and efficacy of a simple covering to the PVC tube was assessed. Study Design Endotracheal tubes were subjected to multiple passes of the Coherent Ultrapulse laser system while recording tube effect and intraluminal temperature. Method With the highest energy densities used in our practice, multiple passes were made over both PVC and Xomed Laser-Shield II endotracheal tubes with 100% intraluminal oxygen. Thermocouplers recorded both inflow and outflow temperatures. The procedure was repeated with PVC endotracheal tubes covered with saline-soaked sponges held in place with netting. Results Charring of the PVC tube occurred after 1 pass, and intraluminal smoke was present after 21.6 passes. The Laser-Shield II and the wrapped PVC tube did not show significant charring or tube lumen breach after up to 200 passes. The prepared PVC tube was $105.14 less than the commercial tube. Conclusions Our method of PVC endotracheal tube preparation provides a safe, inexpensive, reliable airway during CO2 laser resurfacing.
Relation of serum erythropoietin levels to renal excretory function: evidence for lowered set point for erythropoietin production in chronic renal failure.

The relationship of serum erythropoietin (Ep) levels to hematocrit and glomerular (GFR) filtration rate was evaluated in patients with chronic renal disease. The Ep level was measured by radioimmunoassay in 119 blood sampies from 48 patients obtained over a period of up to 5 years. Hematocrit values correlated significantly with the GFR, but serum Ep levels did not change with a decline in the GFR. Significant anemia was noted only when the GFR fell below 20 ml/min/1.73 m 2 . Episodes of spontaneous acute hypoxic stress were observed in six patients with chronic renal failure. Serum Ep levels obtained during these episodes (mean±SEM: 273±76 mU/ml) were tenfold higher than Ep levels during stable steady-state chronic renal failure (26±6 mU/ml), even through Ep levels were inappropriately low for the degree of anemia in the stable state. Our findings suggest that the tissue oxygenation-Ep-hematocrit feedback mechanism operates at a lower set point in patients with chronic renal failure in comparison with normal subjects.
Fluorescence studies of carbocyanines using AOTF

Over the past few years acceptance of acousto-optic devices which can control optical radiation has increased. In this paper the use an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) within an existing spectrofluorometer as a replacement for the excitation monochromator is reported. Long wavelength absorbing carbocyanine dyes that have strong absorption and high quantum yield are used as standards. The major advantage of using an AOTF filter is the wavelength purity and that it can act as a wavelength selector in place of a monochromator. The use of AOTF in place of bandpass filters for removing laser diode side bands is also discussed.
SU‐FF‐T‐121: Dosimetric Comparison Between Intensity‐Modulated Arc Therapy and Helical Tomotherapy Plans for Simultaneous Boost Treatment of Esophageal Cancer

Purpose: In a previous work, we compared helical tomotherapy (HT) plans with static‐beam IMRT and 3‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy plans for simultaneous boost treatment of esophageal cancer. Recently, intensity‐modulated arc therapy is emerging as a new technique to deliverIMRT. The goal of this study is to compare RapidArc plans with HT plans for esophageal cancertreatment in terms of dosimetric distributions. Method and Materials: Six esophageal cancer patients with locally advanced mid‐distal esophageal carcinoma were treated with chemoradiation with surgery. RapidArc and helical tomotherapy plans were generated retrospectively to deliver 50 Gy to the gross planning target volume (PTV) and 45 Gy to elective PTV in 25 fractions. Plans were normalized so that the prescription isodose volume covers 95% of the gross PTV. RapidArc and helical tomotherapy plans were compared in terms of dose homogeneity to the PTV's, and dose‐volume histograms for critical organs.Results: HT plans achieved slightly better dose homogeneity for the gross PTV, and achieved significantly better homogeneity for the elective PTV (mean homogeneity index: 0.14 vs. 0.33, p < 0.05). HT and RapidArc plans provided comparable dose sparing to the heart (based on V30 and V45) and spinal cord (based on maximum dose). While HT was able to achieve better V15 and V20 to the lungs than RapidArc plans (p < 0.05), the mean dose to the lungs were comparable in both sets of plans. RapidArc plans used significantly less monitor units than HT plans (average MU: 565 vs. 9,975). Conclusion: Both RapidArc and HT achieved highly conformal plans for simultaneous boost treatment of esophageal cancer. HT plans resulted in better dose homogeneity to the electic PTV, while RapidArc plans required shorter delivery time and could potentially lead to less leakage radiation during treatment.
Applying thiouracil tagging to mouse transcriptome analysis.

Transcriptional profiling is a powerful approach for studying mouse development, physiology and disease models. Here we describe a protocol for mouse thiouracil tagging (TU tagging), a transcriptome analysis technology that includes in vivo covalent labeling, purification and analysis of cell type–specific RNA. TU tagging enables the isolation of RNA from a given cell population of a complex tissue, avoiding transcriptional changes induced by cell isolation trauma, as well as the identification of actively transcribed RNAs and not preexisting transcripts. Therefore, in contrast to other cell-specific transcriptional profiling methods based on the purification of tagged ribosomes or nuclei, TU tagging provides a direct examination of transcriptional regulation. We describe how to (i) deliver 4-thiouracil to transgenic mice to thio-label cell lineage–specific transcripts, (ii) purify TU-tagged RNA and prepare libraries for Illumina sequencing and (iii) follow a straightforward bioinformatics workflow to identify cell type–enriched or differentially expressed genes. Tissue containing TU-tagged RNA can be obtained in 1 d, RNA-seq libraries can be generated within 2 d and, after sequencing, an initial bioinformatics analysis can be completed in 1 additional day.
Influence of the insect-resistant peanut cultivar NC 6 on performance of soil insecticides.

The cultivar NC 6 was released in 1976 as a peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., with multiple insect resistance. It has a low level of resistance to the tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), moderate resistance to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and a high level of resistance to the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardt Barber. Since ‘NC 6’ is not immune to insects, tests were established to determine minimum insecticide dosages, in a management or integrated control program. ‘NC 6’ was compared with ‘Florigiant’ for insect damage, insect control with a minimum amount of insecticide, and yield. Tests were established in fields with a history of high southern corn rootworm damage. Insecticide doses currently recommended for rootworm control on commercial susceptible peanuts may be reduced 75 to 80% on ‘NC 6’ and still result in comparable insect control. Systemic insecticides applied for thrips and leafhopper control may be reduced ca. 60% on the NC 6 cultivar. ‘NC 6’ yielded ca. 20% more peanuts than ‘Florigiant’ in the absence of insecticides. When low doses of insecticides were applied, ‘NC 6’ yielded ca. 16% more peanuts than ‘Florigiant.’
An electrophoretic method for the detection of replicating, supercoiled simian virus 40 DNA

Abstract A method for the detection of replicating, supercoiled SV40 DNA is described. BrdU-labeled supercoiled molecules are detected by their susceptibility to nicking when exposed to short-wave UV light. Nicked molecules (Form II) are separated from unnicked molecules (Form I) by agarose gel electrophoresis.
Quantitative aspects of benzene photoionization at 248 nm

Abstract We have carefully remeasured the mass distribution of ions resulting from photoionization of benzene at 248 nm. The fragmentation occurs at lower intensities than previously indicated, beginning below 2 MW/cm2. At 17 MW/cm2, the parent ion constitutes only 12.5% of the total, while at 110 MW/cm2, C+ constitutes 24% of the yield. The functional dependence of the absolute photoionization yield as a function of laser power cannot be described by a simple four-level kinetic model successfully used to describe the absolute MPI yield at low power. Instead, a highly excited neutral intermediate is postulated that can either autoionize or photodissociate upon absorption of an additional photon.
Superstitious bar pressing in hippocampal and septal rats

Unlike normal animals or those with sham lesions, rats with hippocampal and septal lesions behaved in an operant chamber as if a dependency existed between pellet delivery and their behavior, despite the fact that reinforcement was based on time, not behavior, and was therefore free. This superstitious behavior did not result from a general inability to inhibit responding, as responding rapidly ceased when the pellets were discontinued. These findings suggest that the hippocampus integrates information regarding response-reinforcer relations, which in the normal rat permits superfluous operant behavior to be eliminated.
Fire potential rating for wildland fuelbeds using the Fuel Characteristic Classification SystemThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System.

The Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) is a systematic catalog of inherent physical properties of wildland fuelbeds that allows land managers, policy makers, and scientists to build a...
Drill Work Can Be Fun and Effective — Here's How!

A description of strategies and materials to be used for drill work that are fun and effective rather than humiliating or boring
Risk Factors for Rural Residential Fires

Context and Purpose: Rural households report high fire-related mortality and injury rates, but few studies have examined the risk factors for fires. This study aims to identify occupant and household characteristics that are associated with residential fires in a rural cohort.Methods: Of 1,005 households contacted in a single rural county, 691 (68.8%) agreed to participate. One household with missing information on a reported fire was excluded from the analysis. We used logistic regression to examine the independent association of occupant and household characteristics with reported fires, controlling for years lived in the residence. We also examined the association between the occurrence of previous fires and the adoption of safety measures.Findings: A total of 78 (11.3%) households reported a residential fire. Occupant characteristics that were associated with significantly higher odds of reported fires included the presence of an occupant with alcohol problems (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.01-3.28) and being married (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.14-3.91). Rural farm households were associated with significantly higher odds (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.01-2.93) of reporting a fire when compared to residences in towns, after controlling for all other occupant and household characteristics. The presence of a fire extinguisher (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.10-3.64) was the only fire safety measure that had a statistically significant association with reported fire.Conclusions: Rural farm households report higher incidences of fire when compared to households located in towns. Experiencing a fire is not associated with an increased likelihood of adopting safety measures to prevent injuries once a fire has started. Language: en
Unassembled Ig Heavy Chains Do Not Cycle from BiP In Vivo but Require Light Chains to Trigger Their Release

Abstract Unassembled Ig heavy chains are retained in the ER via the binding of BiP to the C H 1 domain, which remains unoxidized. Interestingly, this domain folds rapidly, albeit nonproductively, when heavy chains are released from BiP in vitro with ATP. The in vivo cycling of BiP from heavy chains was monitored using BiP ATPase mutants as kinetic traps. Our data suggest that BiP does not cycle from the C H 1 domain of free heavy chains. However, heavy and light chain assembly occurs rapidly and requires the ATP-dependent release of BiP. We propose that BiP's ATPase cycle is stalled or nonproductive when it is bound to free heavy chains. The binding of light chains to the complex reactivates the cycle and releases BiP.
“Switching” and re-entrant behaviour of magnetisation in ultrathin films of fcc Co upon deposition of Cu

We analyse the easy magnetisation axis "switching" recently discovered in experiments on Co ultrathin films with a deposited submonolayer of Cu by ab initio methods. The present large-scale calculations show that the nanomagnetic pattern of a stepped Co(001) surface 2-3 monolayers thick with submonolayer quantities of Cu has a complex three-dimensional character. We show that the maximum non-collinearity of spin-directions is about 30°, and the "switching" has a re-entrant character as a function of Cu coverage.
Creating symbolic representations of electroencephalographic signals: An investigation of alternate methodologies on intracranial data

The electroencephalogram (EEG) is widely used in the investigation of neurological disorders. Continuous long-term EEG data offers the opportunity to assess patient health over long periods of time, and to discover previously unknown physiological phenomena. However, the sheer volume of information generated by long-term EEG monitoring also poses a serious challenge for both analysis and visualization. Symbolization has been successful in addressing information overload in many disciplines. In this paper, we present different approaches to transform EEG signals into symbolic sequences. This discrete symbolic representation reduces the amount of EEG data by several orders of magnitude and makes the task of discovering and visualizing interesting activity more manageable. We describe alternate methodologies to symbolize EEG data from patients with epilepsy. When evaluated on long-term intracranial data from 10 patients, our symbolization produced results that were consistent with clinical labels of seizures (for 97% of the seizures and 68% of the seizure segments), and often produced finer-grained distinctions.
Biological control of apple fruit diseases by chaetomium globosum formulations containing cellulose

Abstract The disease control ability of Chaetomium globosum with and without an acid-hydrolyzed cellulose amendment was determined in field and greenhouse experiments. A formulation composed of colloidal cellulose and a vegetable oil-based spreader-sticker (Soy-Dex) that exhibited long-term foliar tenacity was utilized. The cellulose formulation was applied to apple trees alone and with C. globosum. Scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with dilution plating of leaf washes revealed that survival and growth of C. globosum were greatly enhanced by 0.5% (w/v) cellulose amendments applied to apple trees. The cellulose suspension plus C. globosum ascospores (105 ascospores/ml) reduced flyspeck (caused by Zygophiala jamaicensis) disease severity by 63% over the untreated control and sooty blotch (caused by Gloeodes pomigena) severity by 79% over the untreated control and 53% over the Soy-Dex control. The cellulose suspension plus C. globosum ascospores suppressed flyspeck and sooty blotch as effectively as the fungicide control. This system provides a method for supplying nutrients to foliar-applied fungal antagonists that selectively enhance the antagonists' survival and growth, thereby achieving biological disease control.
Acute Aortic Syndromes and Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm

Acute and chronic aortic diseases have been diagnosed and studied by physicians for centuries. Both the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases have been steadily improving over time, largely because of increased physician awareness and improvements in diagnostic modalities. This comprehensive review discusses the pathophysiology and risk factors, classification schemes, epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, management options, and outcomes of various aortic conditions, including acute aortic dissection (and its variants intramural hematoma and penetrating aortic ulcers) and thoracic aortic aneurysms. Literature searches of the PubMed database were conducted using the following keywords: aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, aortic ulcer, and thoracic aortic aneurysm. Retrospective and prospective studies performed within the past 20 years were included in the review; however, most data are from the past 15 years.
Factors influencing survival of female elk in a harvested population

Abstract Understanding the influence of management actions and environmental conditions on demographic vital rates is important for effective conservation and management of wildlife populations. We...
HPLC Determination of Caffeine and Paraxanthine in Urine: An Assay for Cytochrome P450 1A2 Activity.

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a family of heme-containing proteins located throughout the body with roles in metabolism of endogenous and exogenous compounds. Among exogenous compounds, clinically relevant pharmaceutical agents are nearly all metabolized by P450 enzymes. However, the activity of the different cytochrome P450 enzymes varies among individuals and, therefore, so does drug efficacy as well as susceptibility to side effects and toxicity. Thus, assessing P450 activity is of great interest in drug development and clinical pharmacology. This study investigates the phenotyping of a single P450 activity by analyzing urine samples using isocratic reverse-phase HPLC. Specifically, the activity of human P450 1A2, which converts caffeine into paraxanthine, can be investigated by measuring the change in caffeine and paraxanthine concentrations in urine over time following a single dose of caffeine. There is an observable relationship between caffeine intake and paraxanthine formation that varies among individuals. This laboratory exercise provides a means for simple assessment of P450 1A2 metabolic activity using an HPLC method without additional extraction or purification steps and introduces students to the complexities of individualized medicine as well as the basic biochemical techniques of sample preparation and quantitative HPLC. Furthermore, students may design and test their own hypothesis using these methods.
A Cosmochemical Determinism in the Formation of Earth-like Planets

Abstract The discovery of giant planets around other Sun-like stars has stimulated interest in the search for planets capable of supporting life. Here, it is proposed that the abundance of water in the progenitor nebula is a fundamental determinant in the formation of planetary systems like our own, i.e., including an inner, water-rich planet (Earth) and an outer giant planet (Jupiter). The amount of water is a sensitive function of the elemental ratio of carbon to oxygen in the nebula. The Sun appears to be unusual in this respect since the ratio in most nearby stars suggests they formed from relatively water-poor nebulae. Chemical evolution models suggest that the Galactic disk is evolving from an oxidizing, water-rich state toward a carbon-rich, water-poor condition. This may have implications for the appearance and distribution of habitable worlds.
Development of a concept inventory for fluid mechanics

Concept inventories are assessment tools designed to determine the degree to which students understand the concepts of a subject and to identify the misconceptions that students hold. The results of a concept inventory can be used to change the methods of instruction to overcome student misconceptions. A cooperative effort between mechanical engineering faculty at the Universities of Wisconsin-Madison and Illinois, Champaign-Urbana has been directed toward development of a fluid mechanics concept inventory (FMCI). Fluid mechanics typically follows thermodynamics in the sequence of courses in thermal sciences, involves both the mechanics and dynamics of fluids, and builds on basic physics and Newtonian mechanics. This paper describes the process used for development of the FMCI, the details of how we determined the content, and examples of actual content of the instrument itself.
A Review of Recent Advances in Thermal Management in Three Dimensional Chip Stacks in Electronic Systems

Three dimensional (3D) integration offers numerous electrical advantages like shorter interconnection distances between different dies in the stack, reduced signal delay, reduced interconnect power and design flexibilities. The main enabler of 3D integration is through -silicon - vias (TSVs) and stacking of multiple dies. Irrespective of these advantages, thermal management in 3D stacks poses significant challenges for the implementation of 3D integrated circuits. Even though extensive research work has been done in understanding the thermal management in two dimensional (2D) planar circuits for the past several decades, 3D integration offers a new set of challenges in terms of thermal management, which makes it difficult to readily apply the thermal management strategies available for 2D planar circuits. Over the past decade, some work has been done in thermal analysis and management of 3D stacks but still, knowledge is scattered and a comprehensive understanding is lacking. This research work focuses on bringing together the limited work on thermal analysis and thermal management in 3D vertically integrated circuits available in the literature. A compilation and analysis of the results from investigations on thermal management in 3D stacks is presented in this review with special emphasis on experimental studies conducted on different thermal management strategies. Furthermore, 3D integration technologies, thermal management challenges, and advanced 2D thermal management solutions are discussed.
Adverse Food Reactions

Adverse food reaction is the broad descriptive term given to clinically abnormal responses that occur after the ingestion of food or food additives. These responses can be divided into those that do not involve the immune system (food intolerance) and those that are mediated by the immune system (food allergy or hypersensitivity). There are many causes of food intolerance, including the presence of toxic contaminants such as histamine in scombroid fish; the pharmacologic properties of the food, as with tyramine in cheese; a metabolic dysfunction in the patient, such as lactase deficiency; and idiosyncratic responses. The term food allergy is used to describe responses mediated by the host immune system, independent of any physiologic effect of the food or food additive.
Listening for Silences in Almoravid History: Another Reading of 'The Conquest That Never Was'

Telling the Almoravid story asks much of the imagination, as a stark paucity of documentary evidence continues to shadow much of this dynasty's character, parameters, and early development. Revisionist readings have become commonplace, particularly following the recovery of lost portions of Ibn Idhārīs al-Bayan al-Mughrib. Comparisons of this chronicle with those of Ibn Abī Zar and Ibn Khaldūn brought scholars to revise chronologies and rescript the roles played by the movement's first leaders. Although Almoravid historiography continues to rely primarily on medieval Arabic chronicles and geographies for a synthetic interpretation of how events unfolded, numismatic and archeological studies have brought perspectives of their own to this period. Consequent hypotheses reveal the wide play afforded interpretive assumptions in various attempts to integrate the diverse, and often contradictory, data. And where this is true for the Almoravids in the Maghrib, the synthetic role of hypotheses finds even greater play in attempts to understand the history of the Almoravids to the south. For here textual sources are meager indeed, allowing for the turn of a phrase to reconfigure decades of history.
Embedded solution for a microwave moisture meter

In this paper, the conversion of a PC or laptop-controlled microwave moisture meter to a stand-alone meter hosting its own embedded system is discussed. The moisture meter is based on the free-space transmission measurement technique and uses low-intensity microwaves to measure the attenuation and phase shift of the sample, from which the dielectric properties are calculated. The dielectric properties are then used for instantaneous and nondestructive determination of the moisture content in the grain or seed sample. The previous system consisted of the moisture meter and measurement procedure being controlled via USB interface by an external laptop or PC. Though effective, the system lacked full portability and was susceptible to computer failure and interruptions in communication between the meter and computer. To improve the system, a microcontroller was selected in the design of an embedded system for the moisture meter, making it a stand-alone system. The microcontroller provides a graphical 144 × 32 pixel LCD and 16-button keypad to facilitate user interaction. The embedded system provides the following functionalities: user interface (input/output), event execution, process control, data acquisition and data storage. The integration of the embedded system with the microwave meter provides a portable, robust, and cost-effective solution for microwave moisture sensing.
From Europe to the Americas: a comparative panel-data analysis of migration to Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, 1870–1910

We use annual panel data, 1870–1910, to estimate and compare the determinants of European emigration to Argentina, Brazil, and the USA. The Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable technique we use provides for cross-sectional (country) controls, accounts for variables that are potentially correlated with the unobservables and allows the recovery of the coefficients of temporally invariant variables. In general, migration was from low-wage source countries, from countries with large stocks of immigrants in the destination who were born in the origin, and from countries with relatively much recent migration to the destination. Certain determinants differ considerably for the three countries.
A 266nW multi-chopper amplifier with 1.38 noise efficiency factor for neural signal recording

A low power high efficiency neural signal recording amplifier with a novel multi-chopper technique is proposed and implemented in 180nm CMOS. The input referred rms noise is 1.54μV (1-500Hz) with 266nA tail current. The result corresponds to a 1.38 noise efficiency factor, which is the best reported among current state-of-the-art amplifiers.
Job and Degree Satisfaction among Social Science Graduates

Social science alumni (N = 307) responded to a mailed survey investigating correlates of job and degree satisfaction. Three variables-job relatedness to major, income satisfaction, and highest degree-predicted 35% of the variance in scores on a 5-item index of global job satisfaction. Five variables influenced satisfaction with the undergraduate major: job relatedness to major, undergraduate course difficulty, highest degree, undergraduate course enjoyment, and income satisfaction. Implications of these findings for student advisement, curricular planning, and alumni survey design are discussed.
GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR A NEW SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE SPECIES (ISOPTERA: RHINOTERMITIDAE) FROM WESTERN UNITED STATES AND CANADA

Abstract Genetic evidence for a new subterranean termite species herein named Reticulitermes okanaganensis is provided based on DNA sequence analysis. Partial sequences of the mitochondrial DNA rRNA 16S gene were obtained from 27 samples of R. okanaganensis from British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada and California. Five nucleotide sites were variable among the four observed haplotypes. One haplotype occurred only once, while the most common haplotype, O3, occurred in 37% of the samples. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of R. okanaganensis relative to five other North American Reticulitermes species has clarified its distinct position within the genus.
Patterns of Riparian and In-stream Large Woody Debris Across a Chronosequence of Southern Appalachian Hardwood Stands

ABSTRACT: The density and volume of riparian and in-stream large woody debris (LWD) is hypothesized to be a function of forest disturbance and developmental processes. However, these relationships are poorly understood for many forest types, including hardwood forests of the southern Appalachian Highlands. We analyzed patterns of riparian and in-stream LWD in hardwood stands across three establishment classes (pre-1900s, 1930s, and 1950s) on the Cumberland Plateau to elucidate the relationships between forest development and LWD patterns. The stands were dominated by Fagus grandifolia, Quercus alba, and Lirodendron tulipifera. Density and volume of riparian LWD did not differ across the chronosequence. Density of riparian LWD ranged from 367 (1950s) to 407 (1930s) pieces ha-1 and volume ranged from 142.0 (pre-1900s) to 187.1 (1930s) m3 ha-1. Likewise, mean density and volume of in-stream LWD did not differ across the chronosequence. Density of in-stream LWD ranged from 20 pieces 100 m-1 (pre-1900s and 195...
Performance analysis of high QAM OFDM system over frequency selective time-varying fading channel

This paper considers the performance degradation of a high QAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system over frequency selective time-varying fading channels. The time variation of the channel during one OFDM frame destroys the orthogonality of different sub-carriers and generates power leakage among the sub-carriers, known as inter-carrier interference (ICI). The statistics of the ICI for M-QAM systems are shown to be non-Gaussian distributed. However, the ICI distribution is well approximated by the derived 2-dimensional Gram-Charlier series. Finally, the degradation in the performance of OFDM resulting from Doppler effects over time varying, frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel is obtained by averaging the approximated ICI statistics over the ensemble fading.
Frequency and long-term follow-up of trapped fourth ventricle following neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus

OBJECTIVE Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of premature neonates with small birth weight, which often leads to hydrocephalus and treatment with ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting procedures. Trapped fourth ventricle (TFV) can be a devastating consequence of the subsequent occlusion of the cerebral aqueduct and foramina of Luschka and Magendie. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed 8 consecutive cases involving pediatric patients with TFV following VP shunting for IVH due to prematurity between 2003 and 2012. The patients ranged in gestational age from 23.0 to 32.0 weeks, with an average age at first shunting procedure of 6.1 weeks (range 3.1-12.7 weeks). Three patients were managed with surgery. Patients received long-term radiographic (mean 7.1 years; range 3.4-12.2 years) and clinical (mean 7.8 years; range 4.6-12.2 years) follow-up. RESULTS The frequency of TFV following VP shunting for neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was found to be 15.4%. Three (37.5%) patients presented with symptoms of posterior fossa compression and were treated surgically. All of these patients showed signs of radiographic improvement with stable or improved clinical examinations during postoperative follow-up. Of the 5 patients treated conservatively, 80% experienced stable ventricular size and 1 patient experienced a slight increase (3 mm) on imaging. All of the nonsurgical patients showed stable to improved clinical examinations over the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of TFV among premature IVH patients is relatively high. Most patients with TFV are asymptomatic at presentation and can be managed without surgery. Symptomatic patients may be treated surgically for decompression of the fourth ventricle.
What's in a Concept? Some Reflections on the Complications and Complexities of Personal Information and Anonymity

The topic of anonymity is conceptually and practically challenging. Among reasons for this are the multiple elements across different levels of analysis, varied contexts, and the variety of goals and dimensions that cross-cut these; 2) conflicting rationales and values; and 3) contested and/or opposing social, cultural and political trends and counter-trends. In order to better understand anonymity, this conceptual analysis article raises and suggests possible answers to the following questions: what are the major types of information that can be associated with anonymity? (nine are identified, such as location and attitudes); what do we mean by personal information (using a series of concentric circles, distinctions are drawn between individual, private, intimate, unique and core identification); what are some of the major factors affecting behaviour involving anonymity, and judgments of anonymity (e.g., the structure of the communication and the type of activity involved); what are the major values that support or oppose anonymity? (e.g., openness in communication vs. accountability); what trends and counter-trends encourage or discourage anonymity (e.g., technologies that make the meaningless meaningful as against increased freedom of choice with respect to identity); what broader principles are relevant to public policy in the area (e.g., informed consent and reciprocity); and what kinds of questions should be asked in setting policy (e.g., clear statement of goals, awareness of unintended consequences).
Carlos Enriques Clerque as crypto-Jewish confidence man in Francisco de Seyxas y Lovera's Piratas y contrabandistas (1693)

This article considers the story of Carlos Enriques Clerque, the enigmatic instigator of the 1669–1671 John Narborough expedition to Chile, as presented in Francisco de Seyxas y Lovera's Piratas y contrabandistas, a history of piracy from 1693, first published in 2011. Locating Seyxas's account in the context of related print and archival sources, this study demonstrates how the author develops a new and singularly complete picture of Enriques Clerque's South American adventure. At the same time, this article examines how Seyxas's version of the Enriques Clerque story exemplifies a uniquely Spanish vision of piracy specific to the final years of the seventeenth century. Setting aside the violent predators featured in Northern European texts on piracy from the period, Seyxas focuses on a category of sophisticated confidence men who deploy linguistic ability and cultural knowledge to undermine Spain's commercial system overseas.
Leveraging of Reputation through Umbrella Branding: The Implications for Market Structure

The Klein–Leffler model explains how fear of reputation loss can induce firms to produce high-quality experience goods. This paper shows that reputation can be leveraged across products via umbrella branding, but only by a firm with a monopoly on at least one product. Such a firm may be able to capture a market by using umbrella branding to make high quality credible at a lower price than the incumbent competitive firms. If monopolists compete for this capture, consumers are left better off than if the market remained competitive, in some cases even though the price increases.
Diapause of the Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in the Field

Diapause of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), was investigated for 4 yr in central Missouri. The earliest diapause detected was 18 August. Diapause occurred during August, September, and October. Most (91%) diapausing pupae were produced from eggs laid during September. Generally, in the fall, the incidence of horn fly diapause increased as both temperature and photophase decreased.
Dietary Adjuvant Therapy of Tuberculosis Patients

Tuberculosis is a kind of chronic wasting disease caused by tubercle bacillus.It threaten human health seriously and was ranked class B infectious diseases of key control in China.As the global tuberculosis situation continues to deteriorate,tuberculosis have become an important public health issues and social problems.Two-way relationship exist between tuberculosis and malnutrition,so the majority of tuberculosis patients also suffer from malnutrition.Diet and nutrition of tuberculosis patients were elaborated from four aspects of the principles of nutrition,nutrition adjuvant therapy,appropriate dietary and dietary restrictions.