cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unconsecrated Burial and Excommunication in Anglo-Saxon England: A Reassessment

This article investigates the ideologies which underpinned unconsecrated burial in late Anglo-Saxon legal and religious texts. The exclusion of sinners and criminals from Christian cemeteries has typically been interpreted by scholars as a form of excommunication or an attempt to facilitate damnation. However, a reassessment of legislative, diplomatic, and ecclesiastical sources reveals that this was not so. In tenth-century laws and charters, unconsecrated burial was imposed exclusively by secular authorities; it was only prescribed by ecclesiastical authorities from ca. 1000. This suggests that it originated as a temporal punishment but later came to be used as an ecclesiastical sentence. The following analysis of the textual evidence yields two interrelated arguments. First, this article demonstrates that through the mid-eleventh century, unconsecrated burial was a penalty distinct from ecclesiastical excommunication. Where excommunication was imposed upon living sinners, to coerce them to penance, unconsecrated burial was prescribed for the unrepentant or criminal dead, whose actions placed them beyond earthly help. Second, this article contends that written prescriptions for unconsecrated burial differentiated secular from ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Although laymen and clergy collaborated in the dispensation of law and justice throughout the Anglo-Saxon period, the written evidence for unconsecrated burial shows that this penalty fell either under the authority of secular or of ecclesiastical agents, demonstrating a clearer separation between these spheres than is usually recognized in pre-Conquest England.
Identification of Candida glabrata Transcriptional Regulators that Govern Stress Resistance and Virulence

The mechanisms by which Candida glabrata resists host defense peptides and caspofungin are incompletely understood. To identify transcriptional regulators that enable C. glabrata to withstand these classes of stressors, a library of 215 C. glabrata transcriptional regulatory deletion mutants was screened for susceptibility to both protamine and caspofungin. We identified 8 mutants that had increased susceptibility to both host defense peptides and caspofungin. Of these mutants, 6 were deleted for genes that were predicted to specify proteins involved in histone modification. These genes were ADA2, GCN5, SPT8, HOS2, RPD3, and SPP1. The ada2{Delta} and gcn5{Delta} mutants also had increased susceptibility to other stressors such as H2O2 and SDS. In the Galleria mellonella model of disseminated infection, the ada2{Delta} and gcn5{Delta} mutants had attenuated virulence, whereas in neutropenic mice, the virulence of the ada2{Delta} and rpd3{Delta} mutants was decreased. Thus, histone modification plays a central role in enabling C. glabrata to withstand host defense peptides and caspofungin, and Ada2 is essential for the maximal virulence of this organism during disseminated infection.
Goethe and the Myth of the Bildungsroman: Rethinking the Wilhelm Meister Novels

Goethe's Willhelm Meister novels, widely held to be the most significant and influential in all of German literature, have traditionally been classed as Bildungsroman, or 'novels of formation'. In Goethe and the Myth of Bildungsroman, Frederick Amrine offers a unique reading of Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre and Wilhelm Meister's Wanderjahre, which posits the second novel as a sequel to the first. Deconstructing and jettisoning the notion of the Bildungsroman, the features of the novels which have historically proved problematic for critics, seeming to testify to the novels' disunity, become instead the articulation points of a subtle concord between thematic and formal elements. Reading the novels in light of the eminent criticism of Northrop Frye, this book productively shifts away from social commentary towards the archetypal and symbolic, showing Goethe not to be an exception within world literature; rather, that he participates deeply in its overarching structures.
Partial occlusion of PDA in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension using a manually fenestrated and stented muscular VSD device

Abstract A large patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) can pressure and volume load the pulmonary vascular bed leading to irreversible pulmonary vascular disease (PVD). Early elimination of the left to right shunt is important to protect the pulmonary vascular bed; in the setting of irreversible PVD, closure of the PDA can precipitate low cardiac output and right ventricular failure. We describe the use of a manually fenestrated and stented muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) device for partial closure of the PDA in a child with bidirectional shunting at a large PDA. A 10-year-old female presenting with exercise intolerance was diagnosed with a PDA with bidirectional shunting and evidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Cardiac catheterization revealed marked elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) that was not responsive to 100% FiO2 and inhaled nitric oxide. There was no change to pulmonary arterial pressures with PDA test occlusion. The patient was started on dual oral PAH therapy and oxygen. One year later, repeat cardiac catheterization and partial PDA occlusion was successfully performed using 14 mm Amplatzer VSD device that was manually fenestrated with a coronary stent. Follow-up at 18 months after device placement shows continuous restrictive left to right flow through the stent with a velocity greater than 3 m/s. Medium term patency of a stent-fenestrated device in the ductus can be achieved if a patient's haemodynamics suggest that a residual pressure pop-off is necessary.
Reweighting to address nonparticipation and missing data bias in a longitudinal electronic health record study

Abstract Purpose We examined whether weighting techniques could account for longitudinal differences in disease activity by race/ethnicity between research participants and nonparticipants with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods We included 377 patients with RA from a public hospital in San Francisco, CA. We estimated the probability of not enrolling in a research study by constructing weights using inverse probability weighting. Disease activity over time by race/ethnicity was analyzed across the entire patient population and among research participants only using multivariable mixed-effects models. Results There were no differences in RA disease activity scores between research participants and nonparticipants at baseline; however, longitudinal differences in disease activity between research participants and nonparticipants were found by race/ethnicity. Weighting research participants in accordance with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the nonparticipant population did not result in any meaningful changes in disease activity by race/ethnicity over time. Conclusions In our study of patients with RA, inverse probability weighting using select sociodemographic and clinical variables was not sufficient to account for longitudinal disease activity differences by race/ethnicity between research participants and nonparticipants.
Theory of nanoscale ripple topographies produced by ion bombardment near the threshold for pattern formation.

Nanoscale pattern formation on the surface of a solid that is bombarded with a broad ion beam is studied for angles of ion incidence, $\ensuremath{\theta}$, just above the threshold angle for ripple formation, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{c}$. We carry out a systematic expansion in powers of the small parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}\ensuremath{\equiv}{(\ensuremath{\theta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{c})}^{1/2}$ and retain all terms up to a given order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. In the case of two diametrically opposed, obliquely incident beams, the equation of motion close to threshold and at sufficiently long times is rigorously shown to be a particular version of the anisotropic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. We also determine the long-time, near-threshold scaling behavior of the rippled surface's wavelength, amplitude, and transverse correlation length for this case. When the surface is bombarded with a single obliquely incident beam, linear dispersion plays a crucial role close to threshold and dramatically alters the behavior: highly ordered ripples can emerge at sufficiently long times and solitons can propagate over the solid surface. A generalized crater function formalism that rests on a firm mathematical footing is developed and is used in our derivations of the equations of motion for the single and dual beam cases.
Fluid Resuscitation: History, Physiology, and Modern Fluid Resuscitation Strategies

Intravenous (IV) fluids are among the most common interventions performed in the emergency department. They are at times lifesaving, but if used recklessly can be harmful. Given their ubiquity, it is important to understand the history, physiology, and current strategies that govern the use of IV fluids during the resuscitation of the critically ill.
Retrieving multiple magnetic foreign bodies from the glottic entrance and stomach: A case report

Aspiration and ingestion of foreign bodies present a frequent challenge in pediatric anesthesia practice that requires careful planning of the time and the method of retrieval. We discuss the management of a 20-month-old boy who had ingested multiple small magnetic beads and presented emergently to the operating room with two beads lodged in the vallecula and eighteen more forming a chain in the stomach. Benefitting from their magnetic properties, the beads located close to the glottic entrance could be removed by placing a steel Magill forceps close to the objects and using magnetic pull rather than grasping. The beads in the stomach were removed en bloc due to their magnetic properties using an endoscopic retrieval basket. Small beads can be difficult to remove, however, in this case it was possible to utilize their magnetic properties during the removal process.
A Case of Prenatally Diagnosed Periventricular Nodular Heterotopia in a Surviving Male Patient with FLNA Mutation

FLNA is a gene on the X chromosome that encodes Filamin A, a widely expressed protein crucial for forming the cell cytoskeleton and mediating cell signaling. Loss-of-function mutations have been associated with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) with associated epilepsy and intellectual deficits, as well as cardiovascular disease, connective tissue disorders, pulmonary disease, bleeding diathesis, and gastrointestinal disease. Alternatively, gain-of-function mutations have been described with otopalatodigital spectrum disorders. The loss-of-function variants of FLNA associated with PVNH have historically been considered lethal in males, often prenatally or by the first year of life. However, more surviving males with FLNA variants are being described. Most of the surviving males have missense or distal truncating mutations or a degree of mosaicism. Others are thought to have splice site mutations or in-frame exon skipping leading to production of some degree of functional Filamin A as possible mechanisms of survival. Here, we present a case of a 20-month-old small but developmentally appropriate and healthy male infant who was prenatally diagnosed with PVNH, and postnatally found to have a nonsense variant of the FLNA gene. This mutation has not been previously clinically described or published to our knowledge.
Forced into Employment Arbitration? Sexual Harassment Victims are Saying #MeToo and Beginning to Fight Back - But They Need Congressional Help

As awareness of the prevalence and pervasiveness of workplace sexual harassment has grown in the United States, so, too, has the use of mandatory arbitration clauses in employment contracts to shepherd employee claims out of courtrooms and into private arbitration proceedings. Though private arbitration is often touted as cheaper and more efficient than traditional litigation, employees are significantly less likely to win in arbitration and, when they do, their awards are often much less. Grown out of the expansion of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), passed in 1926, mandatory arbitration clauses now cover over half of non-union workers in the United States. Despite evident inequities, Congress has done little to abate the expansion, and the federal court system has adopted a strong pro-arbitration jurisprudence. In recent years, the Supreme Court has gone as far as to limit the use of group arbitration—to the severe detriment of sexual harassment victims amid what can be an already arduous claim process. In response, states and localities have passed laws that forbid or limit the use of mandatory arbitration clauses. These laws, however, are often preempted by the FAA and never take effect. The public has also pushed back against mandatory arbitration and has achieved real success. Many corporations and law firms are stopping the practice amid public pressure, walk-outs, and boycotts. This Comment will detail the prominent inequities present in mandatory arbitration, particularly in cases of sexual harassment and workplace discrimination. Then, it will advocate for one of two things: (1) judicial reinterpretation of the FAA and its savings clause to permit states to pass laws that restrict the use of mandatory arbitration, or (2) congressional action, namely the passage of the Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Harassment Act. This legislation, combined with strategic public pressure on legislators and businesspeople, would lead to immediate relief for sexual harassment victims and signal larger arbitration reform on the horizon.
Factors Associated With Hearing Aid Wear Time in a Subset of U.S. Military Veterans: Tinnitus, the Presence of One or More Neurologic Conditions, and Unaided Speech Intelligibility Index.

Purpose A retrospective analysis was conducted to explore how tinnitus, one or more neurologic conditions, unaided speech intelligibility index, and other comorbidities impact the average number of hours hearing aids are worn each day by U.S. Military Veterans. Method Medical records and a hearing aid database were queried to obtain information regarding active medical problems and average daily hearing aid wear time. Multiple linear regression was used to explore these relationships for 215 male Veterans whose records were available from 2009 to 2020. To be analyzed, Veterans must have possessed their hearing aid(s) for at least 3 consecutive months. Results An active problem of subjective tinnitus was associated with increased hearing aid wear time (positive association) and one or more active neurologic conditions were associated with decreased hearing aid wear time (negative association). A high unaided speech intelligibility index (greater access to speech sounds without hearing aids) was also associated with decreased hearing aid wear time (negative association). Conclusions There are many complex audiologic and medical concerns that may affect hearing aid wear time in U.S. Military Veterans. Therefore, the information from this study should be expanded on prospectively by further exploring these associations, and their severity, on hearing aid wear time. The information from this and future studies may lead to clinical recommendations with the goal of increasing daily hearing aid use in this and other populations.
Age-Specific Rates and Time-Courses of Gastrointestinal and Nongastrointestinal Complications Associated With Screening/Surveillance Colonoscopy.

INTRODUCTION The rates of serious cardiac, neurologic, and pulmonary events attributable to colonoscopy are poorly characterized, and background event rates are usually not accounted for. METHODS We performed a multistate population-based study using changepoint analysis to determine the rates and timing of serious gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal adverse events associated with screening/surveillance colonoscopy, including analyses by age (45 to 1 for gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, but minimally >1 for most nongastrointestinal complications. Risk periods ranged from 1 to 125 days depending on complication type and age. No excess postcolonoscopy in-hospital deaths were observed. DISCUSSION Although crude counts substantially overestimate nongastrointestinal events associated with colonoscopy, nongastrointestinal complications exceed bleeding and perforation risk in older persons. The inability to ascertain modifications to antiplatelet therapy was a study limitation. Our results can inform benefit-to-risk determinations for preventive colonoscopy.
Restructuring and reconfiguration

Purpose – To examine how the textile and clothing industries, both of which retain a significant employment presence in the EU, have responded differently to heightened overseas competition and changes in buyer‐supplier relations.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses macro‐descriptive statistics to determine key EU industry trends and provide an analysis of how institutional backgrounds can shape industry trends.Findings – Clothing proves more robust in retaining an employment presence than the more capital‐intensive textile sector. This is surprising since labour‐intensive industries are expected to suffer more from intensified global competition than capital intensive ones. Job losses continue in both sectors but firms are innovating in restructuring practices to remain competitive and responsive to buyer pressures. Technological innovation and the pursuit of niche markets plus increased outsourcing are key responses.Research limitations/implications – Few studies offer an overview of industry tr...
The Organizing Property of Communication

What is an organization? What are the building blocks that ultimately constitute this social form, so pervasive in our daily life? Like Augustine facing the problem of time, we all know what an organization is, but we seem unable to explain it. This book brings an original answer by mobilizing concepts traditionally reserved to linguistics, analytical philosophy, and semiotics. Based on Algirdas Julien Greimas’ semio-narrative model of action and Jacques Derrida’s concept of ecriture, a reconceptualization of speech act theory is proposed in which communication is treated as an act of delegation where human and nonhuman agents are mobilized (texts, machines, employees, architectural elements, managers, etc.). Perfectly congruent with the last development of the sociology of translation developed by Michel Callon and Bruno Latour, this perspective illustrates the organizing property of communication through a process called ‘interactoriality’. Jacques Lacan used to say that the unconscious is structured like a language. This book shows that a social organization is structured like a narrative.
Investigation of ultra-high switching frequency to reduce size in rapid capacitor charging

A compact high switching frequency rapid capacitor charging supply was designed and implemented. The challenges of topology design, component selection and implementation are discussed. The end goal is a supply capable of achieving 40 kW at 40 kV on the output and 100-300 V input. The gate driver design is discussed with particular emphasis on gate voltage rise-time and propagation delay. Switching frequencies from 100 kHz to 1 MHz are explored. Transformer and output voltage multiplier designs are also described with expected performance parameters based upon computer simulations.
Mouse Models of Accelerated Aging

Mouse mutants displaying aging phenotypes much earlier in time than normal control animals offer the opportunity to develop and test interventions to reduce aging-related morbidity and mortality in humans. However, the few natural mouse mutants identified in the past as accelerated aging models have been criticized as less suitable for studying mechanisms of normal aging because neither the nature of the mutational defect nor the genetic background was accurately defined. A more general critique involved the perceived large variety of ways to reduce life span by causing pathologies similar to those normally occurring at late age. To address this problem one would ideally specifically design mouse models on the basis of known causes of aging. The validity of such models should then be demonstrated by showing that the genetic intervention accelerates a host of symptoms of normal aging rather than one or few.
Experimental evaluation of capacitors for power buffering in single-phase power converters

Single-phase inverters and rectifiers require the use of an energy buffer to absorb the twice-line-frequency power ripple present on the AC side. Historically this challenge has been addressed by the use of large electrolytic capacitors. However reliability constraints and the need for improved system performance have motivated designers to seek other capacitor technologies such as ceramic and metal film which are frequently used in conjunction with active filtering converters to reduce the volume of required capacitance. Active filtering converters cycle the capacitor voltage over a wide voltage range while maintaining a constant DC bus voltage. This large-swing operation is very different from that of most other filtering applications, and the data sheet parameters available for commercial capacitors may be ineffective or require special care for calculating characteristics such as efficiency and energy storage capability. This work presents an experimental setup for evaluating capacitor performance under a large voltage swing. Energy storage data for several capacitors in the 50 V to 450 V range from several manufacturers is included. The approach and findings of this paper can serve as an aid to power electronics designers for the selection and evaluation of capacitors in energy buffering applications.
Self-assembly of viral capsid protein and RNA molecules of different sizes: requirement for a specific high protein/RNA mass ratio

Virus-like particles can be formed by self-assembly of capsid protein (CP) with RNA molecules of increasing length. If the protein "insisted" on a single radius of curvature, the capsids would be identical in size, independent of RNA length. However, there would be a limit to length of the RNA, and one would not expect RNA much shorter than native viral RNA to be packaged unless multiple copies were packaged. On the other hand, if the protein did not favor predetermined capsid size, one would expect the capsid diameter to increase with increase in RNA length. Here we examine the self-assembly of CP from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus with RNA molecules ranging in length from 140 to 12,000 nucleotides (nt). Each of these RNAs is completely packaged if and only if the protein/RNA mass ratio is sufficiently high; this critical value is the same for all of the RNAs and corresponds to equal RNA and N-terminal-protein charges in the assembly mix. For RNAs much shorter in length than the 3,000 nt of the viral RNA, two or more molecules are assembled into 24- and 26-nm-diameter capsids, whereas for much longer RNAs (>4,500 nt), a single RNA molecule is shared/packaged by two or more capsids with diameters as large as 30 nm. For intermediate lengths, a single RNA is assembled into 26-nm-diameter capsids, the size associated with T=3 wild-type virus. The significance of these assembly results is discussed in relation to likely factors that maintain T=3 symmetry in vivo.
Fluoxetine Not Associated With Increased Violence or Aggression in Controlled Clinical Trials

AbstractBecause of interest in the possible occurrence of violent 01 aggressive behavior with serotonin-enhancing drugs, three subpools of controlled clinical trial data were evaluated: fluoxetine (n = 2615) versus placebo (n = 1377) (18 trials; depression, bulimia nervosa, obesity, alcoholism, smoking cessation); fluoxetine (n = 441) versus tricyclic antidepressants (n = 445) (ten trials; depression); and fluoxetine (n = 309) versus tricyclic antidepressants (n = 308) versus placebo (n = 297) (three trials; depression, including adjustment disorder). Adverse event terms possibly involving physically assaultive acts toward another (antisocial reaction, hostility, and personality disorder, together termed the “aggression cluster”) were reviewed. Across all indications, a statistically significantly smaller proportion of fluoxetine-treated patients than placebo-treated patients experienced one or more of the events (0.15% versus 0.65%, respectively). Placebo-treated patients were four times more likely to e...
The role of the Federal Government in promoting health through the schools: report from the Department of Education.

Statement of Diane Ravitch, PhD, Assistant Secretary for the Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education, and Counselor to the Secretary on the Federal Government's Role in Child Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Committee of Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate, November 14, 1991.
Combining early coagulation and inflammatory status improves prediction of mortality in burned and nonburned trauma patients.

Background: After injury, there is a synergistic response between inflammation and coagulation systems. We hypothesized that combining markers of these processes and standard clinical indices would improve early prediction of in-hospital mortality in burned and nonburned trauma patients. Methods: Patients admitted to the surgical or burn intensive care unit within 24 hours of injury with an anticipated stay ≥3 days were enrolled during a one year period. Upon admission, blood was drawn for thromboelastography, plasma-based clotting assays, and cytokine levels. Clinical indices and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) scores were recorded. Candidate variables evaluated included age, percentage third degree burns, inhalation injury, percentage total body surface area burns, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-8, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time (PTT), maximal amplitude reflective of clot strength, group (burn or nonburn) and admission MODS. Multiple logistic regression with stepwise selection and likelihood ratio test was performed to identify predictors for mortality. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to assess the diagnostic performance of identified predictors. Validation of the model with an additional cohort was performed. Results: For model development, we enrolled 25 burned and 33 nonburned trauma patients (20 blunt and 13 penetrating injuries). Fifteen deaths occurred. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified six independent risk factors for death: age, percentage third degree burns, inhalation injury, tumor necrosis factor alpha level, maximal amplitude, and MODS score with an area under ROC curve of 0.961 (95% confidence interval: 0.891,1.000, p < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve for the validation cohort (n = 66) was 0.936 (95% confidence interval: 0.875, 0.997, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our model improves prediction of in-hospital mortality in comparison to previous methods for burn and nonburn trauma patients. Furthermore, our model is equally applicable to all patients regardless of type of traumatic injury (nonburn or burn). This improvement is because of the inclusion of patient's early coagulation and inflammatory status in addition to standard clinical indices. These data provide a baseline within which to measure incremental improvements in care.
Displacement Reactions in the Ni-Al-O System Resulting in Periodic Layer Structures

Displacement reactions may play an important role in in situ processing technologies for the production of metal-ceramic composites. To better understand such reactions displacement reactions between NiO and Al were studied at high temperatures. Different reaction layers with periodic structures were observed involving Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, Al{sub 3}Ni, Al{sub 3}Ni{sub 2}, Ni and Al. The experimental observations are presented and discussed with regard to the reaction mechanism.
Strategic decisions for American and European industrial marketers in a unified European market

Abstract A survey was conducted of executives of industrial firms head-quartered in the United States and in Europe regarding the expected outcomes of the single European market (EC 92). A total of 102 respondents including chief executives and managers in a variety of industrial sectors responded to the survey. Surprisingly, few differences between U.S. and European executives were apparent. The majority of respondents expressed high levels of optimism regarding the potential effects of the single market. Some of the expected outcomes for industrial marketers include increased competitive activity, strong reliance on product quality, increased market segmentation and product differentiation, more standardized products, more equalized prices, and more efficient distribution.
Dermatopathologic variants of malignant melanoma.

An appropriate biopsy is the pivotal procedure that facilitates accurate histopathologic diagnosis of a pig mented skin lesion. Excisional skin biopsy is the method of choice for removing a suspected malignant melanoma. More than 95% of malignant melanomas that involve the skin belong to one of the four most common clinicopathologic categories: superficial spreading, nodular, lentigo maligna, and acral lentiginous melanoma. A small but important group of cutaneous melanomas can be classified as unusual variants. Many of these unusual variants have a distinct histopathologic appearance; they include desmoplastic melanoma, neurotropic melanoma, pedunculated melanoma, metastatic melanoma, amelanotic melanoma, melanoma arising within a benign nevus, regressing ("invisible") melanoma, and balloon cell melanoma. Other lesions may simulate malignant melanoma histopathologically. Immunohistochemical stains, such as S – 100 protein, vimentin, keratin, and HMB – 45, are useful for distinguishing these lesions from true melanoma.
Plastic Scintillators from Cross-Linked Epoxy Resins

Abstract Several attempts have been made to produce a plastic scintillator based on epoxy resins instead of styrene or vinyl toluene. The advantages of such a system are many. The shrinkage on polymerization would be an order of magnitude less than styrene. Combined with low vapor pressure and a smaller exotherm, this would mean that scintillators could be easily cast into complex and readily reproducible shapes. Since the epoxies are cross-linked systems, such a scintillator would have greater dimensional stability, greater resistance to high temperature and to chemical or solvent attack, and essentially no tendency to stress crack or surface craze. It might be possible to operate such scintillators directly immersed in strong solvents, which could be very advantageous in many chemical and biological experiments. In addition, epoxy resins systems can be easily tailored for special applications by the addition of modifying agents such as flexibilizers.
Transdisciplinary service delivery in school environments: Some limitations

Recent developments within the field of special education have resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of health related professionals, particularly physical and occupational therapists, entering the school system. These professionals are currently providing a wide variety of “related services” to handicapped children and young adults. The transdisciplinary service delivery model has been widely advocated as the most effective system for developing programs of comprehensive services for the developmentally disabled within the school environment. The transdisciplinary approach is reviewed and three potential areas of conflict frequently encountered in implementation of the model are discussed.
CONCURRENT VALIDITY OF VERBAL ITEM TYPES FOR ETHNIC AND GENDER SUBGROUPS

The validity of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) has been a high-priority research topic. Research to date concerning the GRE verbal measure suggests that for the GRE, as for the Scholastic Aptitude Test, the reading comprehension and sentence completion item types appear to carry the weight of the predictive validity of the verbal measure. However, this finding may have been a result of differences in difficulty and discrimination (as suggested by Schrader [1984a]), rather than a result of inherent differences in the item types. The purpose of the present study was to examine the verbal item types for the GRE to explore possible reasons for any differences found in subgroup performance and validity. Statistical differences among item types in active forms of the GRE verbal measure were documented, experimental subtests of matching statistical characteristics for the item types were developed, and correlations of the matched and operational item type scores with self-reported grade point averages were compared. Comparisons were made by gender and ethnic group within undergraduate major field categories. The results of this study suggest that all the verbal item types studied exhibit concurrent validity. Differences among the item types are small. All the item types are valid, and they are very highly correlated. Because of this overlapping variance, little concurrent validity is lost by deleting any one item type. Results suggest that, of the four item types, reading comprehension may, overall, be slightly more valid than the other item types. The analogy item type may contribute slightly less than the other item types to the concurrent validity of the verbal measure. However, these differences are small and do not suggest any specific revisions to the verbal measure of the GRE General Test.
Allied Health Education And Accreditation

SHARED RESPONSIBILITY AND MUTUAL SUPPORT: THE AMA AND ALLIED HEALTH EDUCATION AND ACCREDITATION For more than 50 years, the American Medical Association (AMA) and its members have recognized the value of actively participating in and promoting quality education for allied health personnel to maintain an adequate supply of qualified professionals whose functions include complementing, facilitating, or assisting in the work of physicians and other health care specialists. Physician Contributions to the Accreditation Review Process Physicians promote quality education for allied health professionals by participating in the accreditation review process coordinated by the AMA Committee on Allied Health Education and Accreditation (CAHEA). By serving as teachers and medical directors/advisers in allied health educational programs, as members of review committees, and as site visitors, they make significant contributions to professional standards, to educational programs, to identifying and addressing critical issues, and to the decision-making and consensus-forming process. Through the CAHEA structure, the
A Review of the Literature on Bullying in U.S. Schools and How a Parent–Educator Partnership Can Be an Effective Way to Handle Bullying

Bullying has been studied for many years in the U.S. and other countries. This article is a review of the literature focusing on the laws (state and federal) pertaining to bullying and the long-term effects of being a bully. In addition, the article provides an overview of the five different types of bullying: (a) physical bullying, (b) verbal bullying, (c) bullying through relational aggression, (d) bullying through social aggression, and (e) cyberbullying. Focus is also given to the emotional and physical behaviors of the (a) bully, (b) passive victim, (c) bully victim, and (d) bystander, as well as the short- and long-term effects of bullying on each of them. The last part of the article focuses on the importance of having a parent–educator partnership with zero tolerance for bullying.
Targets for antibiotic and healthcare resource stewardship in inpatient community-acquired pneumonia: a comparison of management practices with National Guideline Recommendations

Purpose Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most common infection leading to hospitalization in the USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate management practices for inpatient CAP in relation to Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society (IDSA/ATS) guidelines to identify opportunities for antibiotic and health care resource stewardship.
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect in Glaucoma

Summary Seven patients with asymmetrical open-angle glaucoma had relative afferent pupillary defects. This defect may have occurred during any stage of glaucoma, but the presence of this sign may be indicative of the earliest onset of optic nerve damage in patients with ocular hypertension. Although the presence of an afferent pupillary defect should suggest the consideration of a neurologic lesion, glaucomatous damage may be the sole explanation for this phenomenon.
Behavioral and technological interventions targeting glycemic control in a racially/ethnically diverse population: a randomized controlled trial

Diabetes self-care by patients has been shown to assist in the reduction of disease severity and associated medical costs. We compared the effectiveness of two different diabetes self-care interventions on glycemic control in a racially/ethnically diverse population. We also explored whether reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) will be more marked in minority persons. We conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial of 376 patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥18 years and whose last measured HbA1c was ≥7.5% (≥58 mmol/mol). Participants were randomized to: 1) a Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP; n = 101); 2) a diabetes self-care software on a personal digital assistant (PDA; n = 81); 3) a combination of interventions (CDSMP + PDA; n = 99); or 4) usual care (control; n = 95). Enrollment occurred January 2009-June 2011 at seven regional clinics of a university-affiliated multi-specialty group practice. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c from randomization to 12 months. Data were analyzed using a multilevel statistical model. Average baseline HbA1c in the CDSMP, PDA, CDSMP + PDA, and control arms were 9.4%, 9.3%, 9.2%, and 9.2%, respectively. HbA1c reductions at 12 months for the groups averaged 1.1%, 0.7%, 1.1%, and 0.7%, respectively and did not differ significantly from baseline based on the model (P = .771). Besides the participants in the PDA group reporting eating more high-fat foods compared to their counterparts (P < .004), no other significant differences were observed in participants’ diabetes self-care activities. Exploratory sub-analysis did not reveal any marked reductions in HbA1c for minority persons but rather modest reductions for all racial/ethnic groups. Although behavioral and technological interventions can result in some modest improvements in glycemic control, these interventions did not fare significantly better than usual care in achieving glycemic control. More research is needed to understand how these interventions can be most effective in clinical practice. The reduction in HbA1c levels found in our control group that received usual care also suggests that good routine care in an integrated healthcare system can lead to better glycemic control. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01221090 .
Evidence for abnormal regulation of circulating 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and normal calcium metabolism

Available evidence indicates that hypercalcemia in pulmonary tuberculosis results from increases in circulating 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1α,25(OH)2D]. To further characterize vitamin D metabolism in this disorder, the effects of vitamin D, 100,000 units a day for 4 days, were compared in 25 normal subjects and 11 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis who were normocalcemic and had not had hypercalcemia. Serum calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and 1α,25(OH)2D were measured. Whereas vitamin D increased mean serum 25-OHD from 20±2 (±SE) to 40±5 ng/ml (P<0.001) and did not change mean serum 1α,25(OH)2D in the normals (33±2 vs. 31±2 pg/ml), it increased mean serum 25-OHD from 21±4 to 55±13 ng/ml (P<0.05) and mean serum 1α,25(OH)2D from 28±2 to 35±3 pg/ml (P<0.05) in the patients. Serum calcium was normal and remained within the normal range in all subjects and patients. The findings indicate that there is a modest but significant abnormality in the regulation of circulating 1α,25(OH)2D in normocalcemic patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The results are similar to those previously reported by us in normocalcemic patients with sarcoidosis.
Impaired proteolytic processing of lysosomal N-acetyl-β-Hexosaminidase in cultured fibroblasts from patients with infantile generalized N-acetylneuraminic acid storage disease

Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients suffering with infantile generalized N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) storage disease accumulate free NeuAc in a population of lysosomes less dense than those observed in normal fibroblasts (1.035 vs. >1.07 mean density), as assessed by the distribution of lysosomal enzyme activities and NeuAc on Percoll gradients after subcellular fractionation. In the present study, normal and affected fibroblasts were labeled with [35S]methionine, and cell homogenates or subcellular fractions from Percoll gradients were immunoprecipitated with polyclonal antibodies to lysosomal N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase (Hex); immunoprecipitated polypeptides were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The synthesis and initial processing of Hex polypeptides were comparable in normal and affected fibroblasts, but mature polypeptides were quantitatively localized in “buoyant” lysosomes of affected cells, along with Hex activity; moreover, mature α-chain of Hex was ∼2 kDa larger than that observed in normal cells. The molecular weight difference was apparently due to impaired proteolytic processing of α-chain in affected fibroblasts, since treatment of immunoprecipitated α-chain from normal and affected cells with neuraminidase and endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase H failed to resolve the molecular weight difference. The impaired processing was observed to be persistent (after a chase of up to 200 h), but had no apparent effect on the turnover or activity of Hex in affected fibroblasts. The observed proteolytic processing defect may be primary or secondary in infantile NeuAc storage disease.
Oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease does not prohibit aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Background: Severe oxygen-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered by many to be a contraindication to open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. We reviewed our own experience with this patient population. Methods: From July 1995 to March 1999, 14 consecutive patients limited by home oxygen-dependent COPD underwent elective open infrarenal AAA repair. Their medical records were reviewed. Results: The mean aortic aneurysm size was 6.3 cm. The mean PaO 2 = 70 mm Hg, PaCO 2 = 45 mm Hg, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) = 34% of predicted, and forced vital capacity (FVC) = 67% of predicted. All 14 patients were extubated within 24 hours, mean length of hospital stay was 5.9 days, and there were no perioperative deaths. Conclusions: Severe home oxygen-dependent COPD is not a contraindication to safe elective open AAA repair.
Naturally occurring crystals in the potato: isolation and identification as a protein.

Abstract Cubical crystals occurring naturally in potato tubers were isolated and identified as protein. The amino acid composition was characterized by a relatively large amount of lysine and a near absence of cysteine/cystine. The major electrophoretic component had an approximate molecular weight of 77,000. The preparation exhibited trace proteolytic activity and a weak inhibition of α-chymotrypsin.
Do adenosinergic substrates mediate methylxanthine effects upon reinforcement thresholds for electrical brain stimulation in the rat

Caffeine and other methylxanthines elevate reinforcement threshold for electrical brain stimulation with an order of potency suggesting that the effect is mediated by antagonism of adenosine A2 receptors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate further the possible mechanism by which caffeine and other methylxanthines elevate reinforcement thresholds for ICSS. Drugs known to affect adenosinergic transmission in predictable ways, adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists and benzodiazepine agonists and inverse agonists, were tested to determine their effect upon reinforcement threshold. Both the selective A1 adenosine agonist, R(-)-PIA, and the non-selective A1/A2 adenosine agonist NECA failed to alter reinforcement thresholds, as did CGS 15943, a potent non-xanthine non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist. Chlordiazepoxide, a benzodiazepine agonist, lowered reinforcement thresholds and FG 7142, a benzodiazepine inverse agonist, elevated reinforcement thresholds, perhaps corresponding to their anxiolytic and anxiogenic subjective effects in humans. However, another benzodiazepine agonist, midazolam and another inverse agonist, beta-CCE, did not alter reinforcement thresholds. These results fail to support a general role for adenosinergic systems in the threshold-elevating effect of methylxanthines.
Thermocapillary Effects on the Stability of a Heated, Curved Meniscus

An investigation of thermocapillary effects on heated menisci formed by volatile liquids in capillary pumped heat transfer devices has been conducted. This research was motivated by the importance of the evaporation process from porous or grooved media integral to the operation of capillary pumped heat transport devices such as heat pipes and capillary pumped loops. From analysis, a criteria was established which predicts the thermal conditions at which the destablizing influences of thermocapillary stresses near the contact line of a heated and evaporating meniscus cause the meniscus to become unstable. Experimentally, two different idealized models of capillary pumped phase change loops were investigated to assess the suitability of the predictions. Correspondence between theory and experiment was observed. Given the observed dry-out of the evaporator at higher heat inputs after the meniscus becomes unstable, the importance of predicting the conditions at the instability onset is made clear.
Eupatorium godfreyanum (Asteraceae), a “new” species from eastern United States

Eupatorium godfreyanum is described as a stable triploid apomict linkingE. sessilifolium L. withE. rotundifolium L. The nameE. vaseyi Porter, which has often been used for this plant, does not properly apply, inasmuch as the type collection is a different apomict, linkingE. sessilifolium withE. album L.
Fundamental Frequency Variation With an Electrolarynx Improves Speech Understanding: A Case Study

Purpose This study examined the effect of fundamental frequency (F0) variation on the intelligibility of speech in an alaryngeal talker who used an electrolarynx (EL). Method One experienced alaryn...
Tetramethyl benzidine for horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: a non-carcinogenic blue reaction product with superior sensitivity for visualizing neural afferents and efferents.:

Tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) is a presumptively non-carcinogenic chromogen which yields a blue reaction-product at sites of horseradish peroxidase activity. Sixty-six distinct procedures were performed in rats and monkeys in order to determine the optimal incubation parameters for TMB. As a result, a procedure is recommended whose sensitivity greatly surpasses that of a previously described benzidine dihydrochloride method. Indeed, the sensitivity of this new method in demonstrating retrograde transport is markedly superior to that of the previously described benzidine dihydrochloride method. Furthermore, as a consequence of this enhanced sensitivity, many efferent connections of the injection site are also visualized. The injection site demonstrated by this TMB procedure is significantly larger than the one demonstrated when benzidine dihydrochloride or diaminobenzidine is used as a chromogen. Finally, this TMB procedure has been compared to two other TMB procedures and found to provide superior morphology and sensitivity.