cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test Performance for Cooperative Radar-Communications

The performance of generalized likelihood ratio tests (GLRT) in radar detection is a well-studied subject, as is the performance of a maximum-likelihood decoder for a communication (comm.) receiver. The theoretical analysis of a cooperative radar-comm. receiver, however, remains an open problem. A radar cooperating with a spectrally coexistent communications system must decode/demodulate the coexistent comm. signal in order to conduct usual radar functions (target detection, classification, localization and tracking). This preliminary comm. signal cancellation is inherent in the GLRT where the decoding is accomplished via two nonlinear searches over the codebook; thus, rendering theoretical performance analyses highly nontrivial. It has been shown nonetheless that when the comm. signal is very strong, or very weak that radar performance is well-approximated with known results. If only moderate-to-weak, however, the comm. signal can be difficult to decode with residuals and channel estimation errors that interfere with radar operations. This paper will explore use of the saddlepoint method to predict receiver operating characteristics of the cooperative radar under such non-ideal conditions.
Anatomic location of Barrett's esophagus recurrence after endoscopic eradication therapy: development of a simplified surveillance biopsy strategy

Background and Aims Surveillance endoscopy is recommended after endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) for Barrett’s esophagus (BE) because of the risk of recurrence. Currently recommended biopsy protocols are based on expert opinion and consist of sampling visible lesions followed by random 4-quadrant biopsy sampling throughout the length of the original BE segment. Despite this protocol, some recurrences are not visibly identified. We aimed to identify the anatomic location and histology of recurrences after successful EET with the goal of developing a more efficient and evidence-based surveillance biopsy protocol. Methods We performed an analysis of a large multicenter database of 443 patients who underwent EET and achieved complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia (CE-IM) from 2005 to 2015. The endoscopic location of recurrence relative to the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ), visible recurrence identified during surveillance endoscopy, and time to recurrence after CE-IM were assessed. Results Fifty patients with BE recurrence were studied in the final analysis. Seventeen patients (34%) had nonvisible recurrences. In this group, biopsy specimens demonstrating recurrence were taken from within 2 cm of the SCJ in 16 of these 17 patients (94%). Overall, 49 of 50 recurrences (98%) occurred either within 2 cm of the SCJ or at the site of a visible lesion. Late recurrences (>1 year) were more likely to be visible than early ( Conclusions Recurrence after EET detected by random biopsy sampling is identified predominately in the distal esophagus and occurs earlier than visible recurrences. As such, we suggest a modified biopsy protocol with targeted sampling of visible lesions followed by random biopsy sampling within 2 cm of the SCJ to optimize detection of recurrence after EET. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02634645.)
Nasal saline irrigation: a clinical update.

Background Nasal saline irrigation (NSI) plays an important role in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). It is a beneficial low-risk treatment that serves an adjunctive function in the medical and surgical management of CRS. NSI is hypothesized to function by thinning mucous, improving mucociliary clearance, decreasing edema, and reducing antigen load in the nasal and sinus cavities. Although its use in CRS is nearly universal, significant variety exists with regard to delivery volume, delivery pressure, frequency of use, duration of use, composition, and hygiene recommendations. Evidence is limited regarding the most optimal methods of NSI delivery. In addition, use of NSI has recently come under increasing scrutiny due to potential associations with cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Methods In this review we provide a clinical update summarizing use of NSI for treatment of CRS, including current recommendations for use, and data regarding overall efficacy, available delivery devices, solution composition, and hygiene. Results Current evidence and recommendations for nasal saline delivery methods, composition, and hygiene are presented. Conclusion The most recent consensus statements and Cochrane Review recommend the use of NSI for CRS based on a preponderance of lower level evidence. A conclusion regarding the optimal method of delivery and solution composition cannot be drawn based on the current literature.
Counter Realignment: Political Change in the Northeastern United States

In Counter Realignment, Howard L. Reiter and Jeffrey M. Stonecash analyze data from the early 1900s to the early 2000s to explain how the Republican Party lost the northeastern United States as a region of electoral support. Although the story of how the 'Solid South' shifted from the Democratic to the Republican parties has received extensive consideration from political scientists, far less attention has been given to the erosion of support for Republicans in the Northeast. Reiter and Stonecash examine who the Republican Party lost as it repositioned itself, resulting in the shift of power in the Northeast from heavily Republican in 1900 to heavily Democratic in the 2000s.
Essential Attributes for the Community Pharmacist as Care Provider

Objective. To identify skills and attributes that pharmacy students need upon graduation if planning to pursue a career path as a community pharmacy practice care provider. Methods. In-depth interviews with community pharmacy stakeholders were conducted, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed to identify the skills and attributes pharmacy students need upon graduation to be prepared to practice as a community pharmacy-based care provider. Results. Forty-two participants were interviewed. Identified attributes that were deemed transformative for community pharmacy practice included three behaviors, five skills, and two knowledge areas. Behavioral attributes needed by future community pharmacists were an approach to practice that is forward thinking and patient-centric, and having a provider mentality. The most commonly mentioned skill was the ability to provide direct patient care, with other skills being organizational competence, communication, building relationships, and management and leadership. Critical knowledge areas were treatment guidelines and drug knowledge, and regulatory and payer requirements. Additional skills needed by community pharmacy-based providers included identification and treatment of acute self-limiting illnesses and monitoring activities for chronic health conditions. Conclusion. Essential attributes of community pharmacists that will allow practice transformation to take place include behaving in a forward-thinking, patient-centric manner; displaying a provider mentality through use of effective communication to build relationships with patients and other providers, and learning how to meet regulatory and payer requirements for prescribers. These attributes should be fostered during the student's experiential curriculum.
Differential Effects of Focal and Ambient Visual Processing Demands on Driving Performance

In this study, the differential effects of focal and ambient visual demand on driving were investigated. Subjects participated in a dual-task experiment in which they performed a driving simulation task and a focal or ambient side-task. It was predicted that the focal side-task would cause a significant deterioration in the maintenance of longitudinal control but not lateral control, while there should be no effects of the ambient side-task on driving performance. In general, the results suggest a differentiation in the processing demands of focal and ambient vision.
Pursuing Social Justice through Place-Based Community Engagement: Cultivating Applied Creativity, Transdisciplinarity, and Reciprocity in Catholic Higher Education.

AbstractThis article provides an example of how the traditions and values that have long underpinned the work of Christian higher education are of particular relevance to how Christian universities...
Assessing the relationship between cyber and traditional forms of bullying and sexual harassment: Stepping stones or displacement?

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cyberbullying and cyber-sexual harassment perpetration serve as antecedents or stepping stones to traditional bullying and sexual harassment, or whether traditional bullying and sexual harassment victimization encourage displacement in the form of anonymous aggressive activities like cyberbullying and cyber-sexual harassment. This research question was evaluated in a sample of 2,039 (52% female) high school students from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence (ISBSV) using two waves of longitudinal data. Two hypotheses were tested in two separate analyses, using bullying and cyberbullying data in one analysis, and sexual harassment and cyber-sexual harassment data in the other analysis. The stepping-stone hypothesis predicted that children would use the anonymity of cyber-bullying/harassment as a stepping stone or learning curve toward eventual involvement in face-to-face bullying/harassment. The displacement hypothesis, by contrast, held that children victimized face-to-face with traditional forms of bullying/harassment would seek release from their victimization by engaging in the largely anonymous activities of cyberbullying and cyber-sexual harassment. In both the bullying and harassment analyses, the pathway running from traditional bullying/harassment victimization to cyber-bullying/harassment perpetration proved significant, consistent with the displacement hypothesis. The pathway running from cyber aggression to traditional aggression failed to achieve significance in both the bullying and harassment analyses, providing no support for the stepping-stone hypothesis. These results imply that anonymity plays an important role in linking traditional and cyber forms of bullying and harassment.
FACTS-based Grid Interface with Embedded Energy Storage for Ocean Wave Power

This article presents the state-of-the-art application of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to directly interface ocean wave energy converters (WEC) with the utility grid. It is shown that the transformer flux saturation problem at variable low-frequency operation poses no technical issue for the ocean power applications because a direct-proportionality relationship exists between frequency and amplitude of the WEC output voltages. We have proposed a direct interface of WEC with the utility grid using a series compensation transformer of the UPFC controller. The shunt input rectification segment of the UPFC acts not only as the DC bus for the UFPC operation but also as an embedded energy storage stage for the WEC. The mathematical formulation and simulation results are presented as a proof-of-concept for FACTS-based WEC-grid integration with the integrated energy storage capability.
Multi-class classification and feature analysis of FTM drawing tasks in a digital assessment of tremor

Drawing tasks, such as completing an Archimedes spiral, are commonly used to diagnose and evaluate tremor severity in individuals presenting with tremor-like symptoms. Clinical evaluation of these tasks is generally restricted to having a clinician examine and rate performance using one of several rating scales. Although this method is relatively effective in tremor assessment, it restricts tremor assessment to clinical settings and requires each assessment be evaluated individually, placing considerable time demands on both patients and clinicians. Here is presented the first multi-class approach to evaluation of tremor severity based on data remotely recorded by a mobile- or tablet-based drawing application. Taking a divergent approach from previously published work, which focuses solely on binary diagnostic capacity of similar systems, our work seeks to differentiate between healthy subjects, essential tremor patients receiving deep brain stimulation treatment, and those same patients with treatment disabled. Our classification algorithm was highly effective, with overall accuracy of 97.04%. Of note is that all erroneously classified samples within this set were ”treated” samples mistakenly labelled as ”healthy” samples, implying that DBS treatment is capable of completely eliminating tremor. Future work will focus on adapting these findings into a regression algorithm capable of automatically evaluating tremor severity on an established tremor rating scale, allowing fully automated remote assessment of tremor severity for the coming era of telemedicine.
Compounded bioidentical hormone therapy: new recommendations from the 2020 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.

ABSTRACT Bioidentical hormones have the exact same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body. Bioidentical hormones are available as FDA-approved hormone formulations. Nonapproved custom-compounded preparations are marketed as bioidentical, but content is uncertain. The widespread use of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy despite the lack of evidence to support its safety and efficacy is concerning. This Practice Pearl highlights the 2020 recommendations from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine regarding the use of compounded bioidentical hormones.
Survival of Common Bacteria in Liquid Culture under Carbon Dioxide at High Temperatures

MOLTON et al.1 have reported that bacteria in liquid cultures survived exposure to normally lethal temperatures when heated in a high pressure CO2 atmosphere. Because these results could influence planetary quarantine constraints, particularly for the planet Venus, and because no protection against thermal death by CO2 has been reported previously, an attempt was made to verify their results.
Understanding Accessibility and Collaboration in Programming for People with Visual Impairments

There has been a growing interest in Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Human-Computer Interaction to understand the experiences of programmers in the workplace. However, the large majority of these studies has focused on sighted programmers and, as a result, the experiences of programmers with visual impairments in professional contexts remain understudied. We address this gap by reporting on findings from semi-structured interviews with 22 programmers with visual impairments. We found that programmers with visual impairments interact with a complex ecosystem of tools and a significant part of their job entails performing work to overcome the accessibility challenges inherent in this ecosystem. Furthermore, we find that the visual nature of various programming activities impedes collaboration, which necessitates the co-creation of new work practices through a series of sociotechnical interactions. These sociotechnical interactions often require invisible work and articulation work on the part of the programmers with visual impairments.
The Effect of a Surgeon’s Online Presence on Surgeon Selection in Elective Joint Arthroplasty:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role that a surgeon’s online presence plays in patients’ decisions to be treated by that surgeon. Postoperative patients from our arthroplasty clini...
Geography of mobility and parenting behavior in low income families.

Abstract Background The geographic location of birth has implications for low-income children's upward economic mobility, as Chetty, Hendren, Kline, and Saez (2014) found in an examination of millions of income tax records from each county in the US. Additional work indicates that low income children in higher economic mobility counties have higher language scores and fewer behavioral problems (Donnelly et al., 2017). However, the processes by which the geography of opportunity influences parenting are less well-understood. Objective This study examines whether living in higher intergenerational mobility counties is associated with less harsh parenting, material hardship, household violence and substance use, and low child supervision – parenting behaviors that increase the risk for child maltreatment – for low-income families. Data Data come from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal birth cohort of low income families in 20 cities in the U.S (N ~, 2841; 76% lower (household income of $41,994 or less) and 24% higher-income) linked to county level data on intergenerational mobility from the Equality of Opportunity Project. Methods We estimate OLS and Linear Probability regressions of the association between (1) exposure to county-level intergenerational mobility and (2) number of waves of exposure to county intergenerational mobility 1 standard deviation above the mean and maternal parenting behaviors. Results A 1 standard deviation increase in county level intergenerational mobility is associated with decreases in harsh parenting, but not indicators of neglect. Longer exposure to high intergenerational mobility areas was associated with decreased maternal harsh parenting and risk for child maltreatment. Conclusions For low-income children, higher intergenerational mobility is associated with decreased risk of harsh parenting, particularly at younger ages, as is longer exposure to high intergenerational mobility areas. That lower-income families are less likely to live in economically mobile geographies may exacerbate inequalities among income groups.
Autologous Posterior Rectus Sheath as a Vascularized Onlay Flap: a Novel Approach to Hiatal Hernia Repair

INTRODUCTION Complex and recurrent paraesophageal hernia repairs are a challenge for surgeons due to their high recurrence rates despite the use of various prosthetic and suturing techniques. METHODS Here we describe the use of vascularized fascia harvested from the posterior rectus sheath with peritoneum during robotic hiatal hernia repair in two patients with large complex diaphragmatic defects. RESULTS Successful harvesting and onlay of the right posterior rectus sheath based on a falciform vascular pedicle was achieved robotically by rotating and securing the flap to the diaphragmatic hiatus as an onlay flap following cruroplasty of the hiatal defect. CONCLUSIONS In patients with difficult to repair large paraesophageal hernias, we demonstrate a promising new technique to restore the dynamic hiatal complex with the tensile strength of autologous vascularized fascia and peritoneum.
The roots of prosocial behavior in children

Preface 1. Introduction 2. Methodological and theoretical considerations in the study of prosocial behavior 3. Biology and prosocial behavior 4. Culture and prosocial behavior 5. 'Person' variables and prosocial behavior 6. Socialization in the family 7. Socialization by agents outside the family 8. Cognition, role taking, interpersonal prolem solving, and moral judgment 9. Emotional factors in prosocial behavior 10. Situational determinants 11. Conclusions References Name index Subject index.
Benchmarking Outpatient Rehabilitation Clinics Using Functional Status Outcomes

Objective To utilize functional status (FS) outcomes to benchmark outpatient therapy clinics. Data Sources Outpatient therapy data from clinics using Focus on Therapeutic Outcomes (FOTO) assessments. Study Design Retrospective analysis of 538 clinics, involving 2,040 therapists and 90,392 patients admitted July 2006–June 2008. FS at discharge was modeled using hierarchical regression methods with patients nested within therapists within clinics. Separate models were estimated for all patients, for those with lumbar, and for those with shoulder impairments. All models risk-adjusted for intake FS, age, gender, onset, surgery count, functional comorbidity index, fear-avoidance level, and payer type. Inverse probability weighting adjusted for censoring. Data Collection Methods Functional status was captured using computer adaptive testing at intake and at discharge. Principal Findings Clinic and therapist effects explained 11.6 percent of variation in FS. Clinics ranked in the lowest quartile had significantly different outcomes than those in the highest quartile (p < .01). Clinics ranked similarly in lumbar and shoulder impairments (correlation = 0.54), but some clinics ranked in the highest quintile for one condition and in the lowest for the other. Conclusions Benchmarking models based on validated FS measures clearly separated high-quality from low-quality clinics, and they could be used to inform value-based-payment policies.
User Interface Goals, AI Opportunities

This is an opinion piece about the relationship between the fields of human-computer interaction (HCI), and artificial intelligence (AI). The ultimate goal of both fields is to make user interfaces more effective and easier to use for people. But historically, they have disagreed about whether "intelligence" or "direct manipulation" is the better route to achieving this. There is an unjustified perception in HCI that AI is unreliable. There is an unjustified perception in AI that interfaces are merely cosmetic. This disagreement is counterproductive. This article argues that AI's goals of intelligent interfaces would benefit enormously by the user-centered design and testing principles of HCI. It argues that HCI's stated goals of meeting the needs of users and interacting in natural ways, would be best served by application of AI. Peace.
Characterization of a Pseudomonas sp. Capable of Aniline Degradation in the Presence of Secondary Carbon Sources.

Pseudomonas strain K1 is a gram-negative rod which grows aerobically on minimal media containing aniline with a doubling time of 2 h at 30 degrees C. The half-saturation parameter for aniline metabolism by aniline-grown cells was 3.8 mumol . liter. Concentrations of aniline as low as 50 nM were metabolized. Neither substituted anilines nor other aromatic compounds (other than aromatic amino acids) supported growth. Cells grew as fast on aniline as on nonaromatic substrates such as lactate. The aromatic ring was cleaved via the meta pathway. Catechol 2,3-oxygenase activity was induced by aniline, even in cultures containing alternative carbon sources such as lactate. Cultures grown on a mixture of aniline and lactate mineralized aniline in the presence of the second substrate. Lactate-grown cultures lacked catechol oxygenase activity, and resting cells from these cultures did not respire aniline. Resting cells from aniline-grown cultures exhibited high respiratory activity upon the addition of aniline or catechol, some activity with toluidine, and no activity after addition of a wide variety of other aromatic compounds, including dihydroxybenzylamine, chloroanilines, ethylanilines, aminophenols, aminobenzoates, and dihydroxybenzoates. Although substituted anilines were not metabolized, 3-or 4-chloroaniline did induce the enzymes for aniline oxidation.
Sexual Harassment in Graduate Schools of Social Work: Provocative Dilemmas

This paper reports on a national survey of Deans and Directors of Schools of Social Work examining the administrative accounting of sexual harassment. With more than fifty schools indicating some p...
JOHN SWEENEY'S LEGACY AND THE FUTURE OF THE AFL–CIO

Assuming the federation presidency in the first contested election in AFL-CIO history, John Sweeney, elected as a reform candidate in 1995, vowed to halt U.S. labor's downward trajectory through the launching of massive union organizing drives and implementing an array of innovative programs. Although he initially inspired tremendous confidence in various sectors of the U.S. trade union movement, by 2003, an incipient opposition movement to Sweeney had emerged within the AFL-CIO which culminated in a number of unions leaving the federation and forming the Change to Win Federation in 2005. This article critically analyzes the fourteen-year administration of John Sweeney as president of the AFL-CIO (1995–2009). I argue that although the Sweeney administration made a number of important advances when compared with the previous two administrations of George Meany and Lane Kirkland, Sweeney's approach was fundamentally flawed because he implemented a type of social movement unionism from above. This article concludes that for a revival of the U.S. trade union movement to take place, a social movement unionism from below must be developed by the rank-and-file workers themselves.
Composite Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(ethylene glycol) and Hydrophobic Fumed Silica: Dynamic Rheology and Microstructure

Dynamic rheological techniques are used to probe the microstructures present in fumed silica-based composite polymer electrolytes. These electrolytes are obtained by dispersing hydrophobic fumed silica in a poly(ethylene glycol)−lithium salt solution and display high conductivities (σ298K > 10-3 S/cm), mechanical stability, and easy processability. The materials behave as soft solids (gels) under ambient conditions due to the presence of a three-dimensional network of silica entities. Network formation occurs as a result of van der Waals (dispersion) forces between the nonpolar surface layers on silica units. Factors which affect the van der Waals interaction, and hence the gel network density, include the nature of the PEG end group, the presence of ionic species, and the size of the hydrophobic surface group on the silica. The composites also exhibit shear-thinning behavior due to the shear-induced disruption of network bonds, and this behavior can be advantageously utilized in electrolyte processing.
A unique design for high-impact safety and awareness training

The authors were asked to design and develop a large-scale, web-based learning environment that would effectively assist international aid workers in conducting their daily tasks in the field, at home and in the office in a safer and more secure fashion. The design, development and dissemination of the training needed to be done quickly, inclusively and on a broad scale. This article describes related analysis, design and development, and in doing so illustrates the adoption and use of a unique, blended design approach.
The 'disnarrated' in Les Cent nouvelles nouvelles

The representation of the “disnarrated,” (references to events that do not occur, but could have), can be pertinent to the study of early short fiction, as is illustrated by an analysis of two tales in Les Cent nouvelles nouvelles (c. 1462), France's first novella collection. These stories demonstrate the important use of the disnarrated as a structuring principle. In one case the disnarrated functions to thwart closure; in the other, it functions to prepare and effect closure. Close examination of these two stories reveals the versatility of the disnarrated as a structuring principle, and also its relevance as a characterization device.
Inferior olivary lesions after local injections of 3-acetylpyridine in rabbits

This report presents evidence that local injections of 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP) produce circumscribed lesions of the inferior olive (IO) in rabbits. These restricted lesions, assessed in both cresyl violet-stained sections after a 14-day survival and cupric-silver-stained sections after a 16-24 h survival period, are similar in appearance to lesions produced by systemic 3-AP administration in rats. Two types of degeneration are observed: destruction of cells at the injection site and more diffuse cell death in the ipsilateral and contralateral inferior olive. The latter type of degeneration appears to result from IO fiber-of-passage uptake of 3-AP. There was no evidence of lesions in surrounding structures or in sources of axons passing through periolivary regions. Thus, this protocol is a promising tool for studies of climbing fiber connectivity and physiology in rabbits.
Hiv prevention research among severely mentally ill latinas: an examination of ethical issues in the context of gender and culture

We examine the interplay between ethical issues, gender, and culture in the context of our study which examines the context of HIV risk among Puerto Rican and Mexican women with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Culture and gender are considered in the evaluation of ethical questions related to scientific issues reseach team issues, analysis of risks and benefits of participating, confidentiality of data and privacy of the study participants, selection and recruitment, informed consent and decisional capacity, incentives, institutional and peer review matters, data presentation, and community needs. Ethical obligations to research participants and the relevant community are discussed.
Ethical analysis of HPV vaccine policy options

Vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) may soon be licensed. In contrast to most vaccine-preventable diseases, which are transmitted by air or casual contact, HPV is primarily transmitted by sexual contact. An analysis that applies ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, rule of double effect, and principlism, is needed for policy considerations. These analyses reveal that HPV vaccination can be recommended universally, including at ages 11-12 years. However, given concerns for autonomy, justice, as not all persons are at risk, and non-maleficence, HPV vaccine should not be mandated for school entry. Economic justice indicates a need to provide vaccination for the disadvantaged.
Proton conducting perovskite-type ceramics for fiber optic sensors for hydrogen monitoring at high temperature

A fiber optical sensor has been developed by coating proton conducting perovskite oxide (Sr(Ce 0.8 Zr 0.1 )Y 0.1 O 2.95 , SCZY) thin film on the long-period fiber grating (LPFG) for high temperature in situ measurement of bulk hydrogen in gas mixtures relevant to the fossil- and biomass-derived syngas. In this paper, we investigate in the H 2 -sensing mechanism of the SCZY-LPFG sensor. The high temperature H 2 adsorbance in the SCZY, the SCZY electric conductivity in H 2 , and the resonant wavelength shift of the SCZY-LPFG (Δλ R,H2 ) have been experimentally studied to understand the effect of operation temperature on the sensor's sensitivity to H 2 . Because of the activation process of the H 2 reaction with the perovskite oxide, increasing temperature benefits the H 2 uptake in the SCZY phase and the sensitivity of the SCZY-LPFG sensor. However, the thermal stability of the LPFG and the microstructure of the SCZY nanocrystalline film limit the application temperature of the fiber optic sensor.
A Practical VLSI Characterization and Failure Analysis System for the IC User

Instrumentation for characterization and failure analysis of VLSI devices is described. The system combines functional and parametric test capability with voltage contrast imaging techniques. Digital signal processing allows comparison of good and bad devices to isolate faults. Reasonable cost and complexity makes the system appropriate for the IC user rather than limiting it to development applications. Specific application histories are presented.
Cache-DASD storage design for improving system performance

This paper discusses three examples of a cache-DASD storage design. Precursors and developments leading up to the IBM 3880 Storage Control Subsystems are presented. The development of storage hierarchies is discussed, and the role of cache control units in the storage hierarchy is reviewed. Design and implementations are presented. Other topics discussed are cache management, performance of the subsystem, and experience using the subsystem. It is shown that a cache as a high-speed intermediary between the processor and DASD is a major and effective step toward matching processor speed and DASD speed.
Dual electro-optical modulator polarimeter based on adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope

We constructed a high speed and high-resolution Stokes vector retinal imaging polarimeter with dual electro-optical modulators based on adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope. By varying the voltages on the EO crystals line by line, we were able to measure over 500,000 Stokes vectors per second. We used this system in three human subjects demonstrating the capability of the system to be employed in vivo. The high speed effectively decreases the adverse impact of eye motion induced errors in polarization calculations, improving the contrast of retinal structures based on their polarization properties.
CYTOSOLIC ESTROGEN RECEPTOR CONCENTRATIONS IN THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINAL CORD FLUCTUATE DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE

Estrogen responsive neurons have been anatomically identified with autoradiographic and immunohistochemical techniques and their distribution mapped in the lumbosacral spinal cord of female rats. Such neurons contain estrogen receptors (ERs). The present study was undertaken to: 1) quantify cytosolic estrogen receptor (ER) concentrations in the lumbosacral spinal cord and 2) determine if there is a relationship between cytosolic ER concentrations and fluctuations in serum estradiol (SE2) levels during the estrous cycle. Lumbosacral spinal segments were removed from intact cycling rats during the morning of proestrus, the afternoon of proestrus, and the morning of estrus, metestrus and diestrus. Trunk blood was collected at euthanasia and SE2 levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. Cytosolic ER concentrations were measured using a dextran-charcoal coated tube method. Concentrations of cytosolic ERs were low during estrus and metestrus, increased during diestrus with maximum concentrations during the afternoon of proestrus. These changes in ER concentrations paralleled SE2 levels measured in intact cycling animals; i.e., during estrus SE2 levels were low, but began to rise during metestrus, diestrus, and during the morning of proestrus with a maximum peak increase during the afternoon of proestrus. These data indicate there are fluctuations of cytosolic ER concentrations during the estrous cycle and that these changes coincide with changing SE2 concentrations suggesting that ER content is influenced by SE2.
The group velocity of electromagnetic waves diffracted by a small aperture

Abstract Diffraction of electromagnetic waves by an aperture in an infinite opaque screen is approached using an integral expression characterized by the spatial Fourier transform at the aperture. The group velocity of the field propagated from the aperture assumes a continuous distribution of values corresponding to the distribution in transverse wavenumber. The gravitational Doppler shift is computed for an aperture that is small compared to a wavelength. It is found that the integral expression can be evaluated analytically, leading to a distribution of Doppler shifts; the minimum Doppler shift is on the order of one part in 1015. Every additional order of magnitude increase in the Doppler shift results in a decrease in amplitude by two orders of magnitude.
Interspecies comparison of carcinogenic potency

For guidance in decisions on how to safeguard humans from carcinogens, it is necessary to use data on carcinogenesis in animals. This paper discusses how such data, combined with human experience, may be used quantitatively in such decisions. It is demonstrated empirically that good correlations exist between different species for suitably defined carcinogenic potencies for various chemicals. This allows sufficient accuracy in extrapolating from animal data to human risk to support a logical scheme for the evaluation of such risks. Some recommendations for future research are given.
Open economy and financial burden of corruption: theory and application to Asia ☆

Abstract We discuss why corruption remains high and show that corruption contributes to the Banking distress and to the rapid transmission across international stock and currency markets. Undeveloped ‘derivative securities’ markets make the risk from stress-induced volatility difficult to manage. Vinod’s (1999) closed economy model is extended to indicate the asymmetry of ‘home bias’ and the effect of corruption on the value at risk (VaR). Our theory predicts that capital flight controls will be many, foreign direct investment (FDI) will be low and cost of capital will be high in corrupt developing countries, which is supported by Asian data. We include some policy recommendations regarding financial institutions and markets.
Sino-Japanism In Western Women's Fashionable Dress In Harper's Bazar, 1890-1927

Understanding change and its motivations in historic dress is complex because of fragmented information and the incomplete and possibly biased saving of objects of the past. In this study a media source contemporary to the period 1890-1927 was systematically analyzed for the extent and duration of Japanese and Chinese characteristics evident in forms of dress. Cultural authentication, including change in characterization and in unique forms of dress, was examined through verbal and visual references.Occurrences found within the 37 years covered by the study were quantified for analysis of patterns, and the Japanese and Chinese influences each formed a separate cycle. Dominant in the earlier periods were selection and characterization levels, often for occasions of intimate dressing. In the later periods more evidence of public presentation of self occurred with incorporation and transformation levels of cultural authentication. We found the most extensive assimilation in 1914 for the Japanese and in 1922 ...
Intermolecular Association and Supramolecular Organization in Dilute Solution. 2. Light Scattering and Optical Activity of Poly(p-biphenylylmethyl l-glutamate)

Static and dynamic light scattering measurements are reported on dilute solutions of poly(p-biphenylylmethyl l-glutamate), PBPMG, in the helicogenic solvent THF, over a temperature range encompassing an observed reversible transition in the chiral optical properties of these solutions. The results confirm the expected helical conformation for this polypeptide, as well as complete dissolution of the polymer at temperatures above the transition temperature. Association is observed at lower temperatures, with the chains in an ordered parallel array within the aggregates. The association occurs with increasingly poor solvent conditions as the temperature is decreased, with the degree of association in the aggregate increasing concurrently with the change in the optical rotation and circular dichroism (CD) spectrum. It is concluded that the intermolecular association of the chains in the parallel array alters the chiral electronic environment of the biphenyl group, without a conformation change in that chromop...
Damping of Vibrations of Layered Elastic-Viscoelastic Beams

A five-layer cantilever beam consisting of an elastic core, two symmetric viscoelastic layers, and two elastic constraining layers is considered. The viscoelastic effects are incorporated in the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. If the contraction and extension of the constraining layers is neglecterd a fourth order differential equation of motion is received. Inclusion of contraction and extension of the constraining layers results in a more accurate sixth order differential equation. Appropriate boundary conditions are derived. Laplace transforms are used extensively. Both the analytical solution and the numerical results are presented.
A model of fluctuating alveolar gas exchange during the respiratory cycle

Abstract The effect of fluctuating alveolar gas concentrations and pulsatile blood flow on gas exchange between pulmonary capillary blood and alveolar gas is analyzed by means of a digital computer model. The model makes provision especially for: 1) variable partial pressure profiles in pulmonary capillary blood, 2) solubility of gases in pulmonary tissue, 3) pulsatile blood flow, and 4) the complex interrelationships of CO2, O2 and H+ in the blood. It is shown that fluctuating alveolar concentrations pulsatile blood flow and presence of lung tissue between alveolar gas and capillary blood all play an important role in the determination of instantaneous values of: 1) alveolar gas tensions, 2) oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output, 3) gas exchange ratio of alveolar gas, 4) gas exchange ratio of pulmonary capillary blood and 5) gas tension profiles in the pulmonary blood. All of these values show large fluctuations during the normal respiratory cycle. These fluctuations are heavily dependent upon the pulmonary blood flow characteristics. The calculation of gas tension profiles in the pulmonary capillary is also discussed. The inclusion of the Bohr effect is shown to be very important. The variables are assessed for both normoxia and hypoxia.
Influence of early attentional modulation on working memory

It is now established that attention influences working memory (WM) at multiple processing stages. This liaison between attention and WM poses several interesting empirical questions. Notably, does attention impact WM via its influences on early perceptual processing? If so, what are the critical factors at play in this attention-perception-WM interaction. I review recent data from our laboratory utilizing a variety of techniques (electroencephalography (EEG), functional MRI (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)), stimuli (features and complex objects), novel experimental paradigms, and research populations (younger and older adults), which converge to support the conclusion that top-down modulation of visual cortical activity at early perceptual processing stages (100-200 ms after stimulus onset) impacts subsequent WM performance. Factors that affect attentional control at this stage include cognitive load, task practice, perceptual training, and aging. These developments highlight the complex and dynamic relationships among perception, attention, and memory.
Terahertz radiation preferentially activates the expression of genes responsible for the regulation of plasma membrane properties

Terahertz (THz) radiation is known to cause effects on cellular membranes; however, the mechanism by which these effects are mediated is unclear. In this study, we show that THz radiation induces the expression of specific genes and signaling pathways that regulate plasma membrane properties.
How ‘spin ice’ freezes

The large degeneracy of states resulting from the geometrical frustration of competing interactions is an essential ingredient of important problems in fields as diverse as magnetism, protein folding and neural networks. As first explained by Pauling, geometrical frustration of proton positions is also responsible for the unusual low-temperature thermodynamics of ice and its measured 'ground state' entropy. Recent work has shown that the geometrical frustration of ice is mimicked by Dy2Ti2O7, a site-ordered magnetic material in which the spins reside on a lattice of corner-sharing tetrahedra where they form an unusual magnetic ground state known as 'spin ice'. Here we identify a cooperative spin-freezing transition leading to the spin-ice ground state in Dy2Ti2O7. This transition is associated with a very narrow range of relaxation times, and represents a new form of spin-freezing. The dynamics are analogous to those associated with the freezing of protons in ice, and they provide a means through which to study glass-like behaviour and the consequences of frustration in the limit of low disorder.
DNA Multiphoton Absorption Generates Localized Damage for Studying Repair Dynamics in Live Cells

Investigations into the spatiotemporal dynamics of DNA repair using live-cell imaging are aided by the ability to generate well defined regions of ultravioletlike photolesions in an optical microscope. We demonstrate that multiphoton excitation of DNA in live cells with visible femtosecond pulses produces thymine cyclopyrimidine dimers (CPDs), the primary ultraviolet DNA photoproduct. The CPDs are produced with a cubic to supercubic power dependence using pulses in the wavelength range from at least 400 to 525 nm. We show that the CPDs are confined in all three spatial dimensions, making multiphoton excitation of DNA with visible light an ideal technique for generating localized DNA photolesions in a wide variety of samples, from cultured cells to thicker tissues. We demonstrate the utility of this method by applying it to investigate the spatiotemporal recruitment of GFP-tagged topoisomerase I (TopI) to sites of localized DNA damage in polytene chromosomes within live cells of optically thick Drosophila salivary glands.
Studies on gas-phase positive ion—molecule reactions of relevance to ion mobility spectrometry The reactions of 2-methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol) with protonated water clusters in an ion mobility system

Abstract An understanding of the chemistry of the ion—molecule reactions occurring in an ion mobility system (IMS) is a prerequisite to fully exploiting the potential of IMS for the detection and monitoring of pollutants. Whilst it is commonly thought that clustering around a proton is the dominant process occurring in the positive ion mode, previous studies have shown that much more complex processes can and do occur. In a previous paper we reported the reactions of 2-methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol) initiated by proton transfer from H3O+ in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer at low pressure. The present paper reports complementary studies in an IMS coupled to a mass spectrometer at pressures approaching atmospheric. B.V.
Total neopharyngeal stenosis following pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy with gastric interposition: Successful recanalisation using a transcervical radiologically guided technique.

Introduction Pharyngo-oesophageal stricturing is common following treatment of head and neck cancers. Absolute dysphagia secondary to total stenosis, although rare, is particularly debilitating and presents a significant therapeutic challenge. We present a strategy for managing total neopharyngeal stenosis following pharyngolaryngo-oesophagectomy (PLOG).
Amyloid Imaging in Atypical Presentations of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is thought to progress in a fairly stereotyped manner, with episodic memory loss being the first and most salient domain of impairment, reflecting the early disease in structures supporting this function. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the relative involvement of different cognitive domains, and at the extreme are three syndromes associated with AD: (1) logopenic progressive aphasia, (2) posterior cortical atrophy, and (3) frontal variant of AD. As each of these syndromes is variably associated with non-AD dementia and clinically overlaps with other presentations more commonly associated with different causes of neurodegeneration (e.g., progressive nonfluent aphasia), the use of amyloid imaging for detection of the molecular pathologic features of AD is of significant clinical value. This article reviews several amyloid imaging studies of these populations which support autopsy case series and reveal a dissociation between the spatial distribution of amyloid plaques and clinical phenotype.