cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the correlation between glass-forming tendency and liquidus temperature in metallic alloys☆☆☆

Abstract It is noted that the glass-forming tendency in alloys, in which there is only small miscibility in the equilibrium crystalline phases, generally increases with negative departure ΔT of the liquidus temperature from the ideal solution melt liquidus T 1 o . For example, when quenched at rates of ∼10 6 deg C/sec to temperatures below T g , an AB alloy at concentration x B = 0.15 atom fraction is likely to form a glass if ΔT / T ° ⩾ 0.10. However, the correlation apparently fails for the binary P alloys. This failure may be associated in some way with the relatively high volatility of P.
Diploids Heterozygous for a vma13Δ Mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Highlight the Importance of V-ATPase Subunit Balance in Supporting Vacuolar Acidification and Silencing Cytosolic V1-ATPase Activity

The V-ATPase H subunit (encoded by the VMA13 gene) activates ATP-driven proton pumping in intact V-ATPase complexes and inhibits MgATPase activity in cytosolic V1 sectors (Parra, K. J., Keenan, K. L., and Kane, P. M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 21761-21767). Yeast diploids heterozygous for a vma13Δ mutation show the pH- and calcium-dependent conditional lethality characteristic of mutants lacking V-ATPase activity, although they still contain one wild-type copy of VMA13. Vacuolar vesicles from this strain have ∼50% of the ATPase activity of those from a wild-type diploid but do not support formation of a proton gradient. Compound heterozygotes with a second heterozygous deletion in another V1 subunit gene exhibit improved growth, vacuolar acidification, and ATP-driven proton transport in vacuolar vesicles. In contrast, compound heterozygotes with a second deletion in a Vo subunit grow even more poorly than the vma13Δ heterozygote, have very little vacuolar acidification, and have very low levels of V-ATPase subunits in isolated vacuoles. In addition, cytosolic V1 sectors from this strain and from the strain containing only the heterozygous vma13Δ mutation have elevated MgATPase activity. The results suggest that balancing levels of subunit H with those of other V-ATPase subunits is critical, both for allowing organelle acidification and for preventing unproductive hydrolysis of cytosolic ATP.
Solid mechanics applications of boundary fitted coordinate systems

A numerical method which utilizes the boundary fitted coordinate method is presented and applied to the solution of three solid mechanics problems. The three problems considered are the elastic torsion of uniform shafts of arbitrary cross section, the elastic torsion of non-uniform shafts of arbitrarily varying circular cross section, and the bending of thin isotropic elastic plates of arbitrary shape with simple or clamped boundaries. The boundary fitted coordinate method is utilized to transform the arbitrary simply connected or multiply connected region under study onto a fixed rectangular domain where computations are easily done. The governing equations and boundary conditions are transformed and solved on the rectangular domain by SOR iteration. Numerical results for all three problems show close agreement with analytical solutions, although there is local error introduced when the coordinate system is severely skewed. Numerical results check closely with experimental results obtained for problems which have no analytical solution.
Chemotaxis in Myxococcus

WE have been studying the formation of fruiting bodies by the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus. One area of concern was the mechanism by which vegetative rods accumulate to form the aggregates which later give rise to mature fruiting bodies. Bonner1 has suggested that chemotaxis may be involved. Lev2 and Jennings3 have described a compound in mature fruiting bodies which can induce fruiting in cells growing on a medium in which fruiting does not ordinarily occur, but it is not clear that their substance attracts vegetative cells.
Political language and political ideology

(1994). Political language and political ideology. History of European Ideas: Vol. 19, No. 4-6, pp. 715-720.
A Numerical Investigation of Three Dimensional Effects in Cracked Orthotropic Plates

In this study, an investigation of the three dimensional nature of stress fields in the near tip region ofa cracked orthotropic plate was conducted. The finite element method was used to investigate the relative extent of regions of three dimensional to two dimensional (plane stress or plane strain) deformation in the cracked plate. The properties used in the orthotropic material system simulated those of a unidirectional graphite/epoxy composite with a crack oriented either parallel or normal to the fiber direction. A three point bend loading geometry was simulated. In analogy to isotropic materials, it was observed that a plane stress K-dominant region does not arise arbitrarily close to the crack tip because of the existence of three dimensional zone. However, it was seen that the shape and the size ofthis three dimensional deformation region in the cracked composite plate is substantially different from that ofan isotropic plate and depends intimately on material properties. For a crack parallel to the fiber direction the three dimensional zone extends to 0.46h (h = specimen thickness) ahead of the crack tip but only to 0.27h at 30°. Fibers perpendicular to the crack produce a highly elongated three dimensional zone in the direction of the fibers (up to 0.78h). This zone is also sensitive to the variations in Poisson's ratios of the orthotropic solid.
SOCIAL DISTANCE PERCEPTIONS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN AGE-HETEROGENEOUS AND HOMOGENEOUS CLASSROOM SETTINGS

Social distance ratings of the same 87 8-, 9-, and 10-yr.-old children in both age-heterogeneous and age-homogeneous classrooms were examined. Cross-age/same-age and cross-sex/same-sex ratings as w...
Accuracy of Endorectal Ultrasonography and Computed Tomography for Restaging Rectal Cancer after Preoperative Chemoradiation

Background Preoperative restaging of irradiated rectal cancer is essential for the planning of optimal therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) and CT in restaging rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiation and to evaluate the factors affecting the accuracy of ERUS. Study Design Eighty-three patients with initial, locally advanced rectal cancer were prospectively evaluated by ERUS (n=60) and CT (n=80) after preoperative chemoradiation and just before surgery. All patients then underwent subsequent surgical resection and complete pathologic staging. Results In restaging the depth of invasion, the overall accuracy was 38.3% (23 of 60) by ERUS and 46.3% (37 of 80) by CT. Overstaging was more common than understaging with both imaging modalities. Accuracy for restaging lymph node metastasis was 72.6% (37 of 51) by ERUS and 70.4% (50 of 71) by CT. The predictive value of node-negative cases by ERUS was somewhat lower than that of CT (81.1% versus 85.4%, respectively). Complete pathology-proved remission was not correctly predicted in any of the 11 patients by any imaging modalities. Pathologic T and N staging correlated with the staging accuracy of ERUS (p=0.028 and p=0.001, respectively). Conclusions ERUS and CT may allow good prediction of node-negative rectal cancers, although they are inaccurate modalities for predicting treatment response on the rectal wall. New methods of interpretation and diagnostic criteria for ERUS and CT are essential for increasing the accuracy of cancer prediction in at-risk patients.
Microstructural characterization of Ni3Al processed by reactive atomization and deposition

Reactive atomization and deposition (RAD) is a new processing technique that has been developed to synthesize dispersion-strengthened materials. In this process, atomization,in situ reaction, and consolidation are combined into a single step by spray atomization and deposition with a reactive gas. The matrix material selected for this study is an Ni3Al + Y + B alloy in combination with N2-O2 atomization gas. The as-deposited microstructures reveal a spheroidal grain morphology, a banded structure, and a γ + γ′ mosaiclike structure. The formation of the γ + γ′ mosaiclike structure is attributed to an annealing effect during deposition. Matrix-lattice mismatches of 0.5 to 1 pct at the γ/γ′ interface and {100} growth orientations of γ′ phase are deduced from microscopic observations. The formation of the banded structure is attributed to the high cooling rate that is inherent to RAD processing. Anticipated dispersoids, such as Y2O3, Al2O3, and Y3Al5O12 are identified using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dislocation pileups and grain boundary pinning are observed in the vicinity of oxide dispersoids. The origin and movement of dislocations in the as-deposited materials may be attributed to the residual stresses that originate from thermal gradients and the large amount of deformation experienced by the solid and semisolid droplets during impact. The preliminary results and analyses reported here suggest that the high thermal stability of the RAD processed Ni3Al using N2-15 pct O2 may be attributed not only to the hindering effect of oxide dispersoids on grain boundary mi-gration, but also to the high cooling rate experienced by the droplets during atomization and the short annealing effect experienced by the material during deposition.
Quantitative generation of singlet (1Δg) oxygen from acidified aqueous peroxynitrite produced by the reaction of nitric oxide and superoxide anion

Simple acidification of aqueous alkaline peroxynitrite quantitatively generates singlet (1 delta g) molecular oxygen, detected and quantitated spectroscopically (1270 nm). This observation provides a chemical basis for physiological cytotoxicity of ONOO- generated in the diffusion - controlled reaction of cellular NO. and O2-. The experiments consist of (i) chemical generation of ONOO- from NO. gas and KO2 powder in alkaline aqueous solution; (ii) absorption spectral identification of ONOO- in the near-UV with maximum at 301 nm; (iii) spectroscopic identification of 1O2 by its emission band at 1200-1340 nm with maximum at 1275 nm; and (i.v.) quantification of 1O2 generated in ONOO-/H+ reaction by comparison of the chemiluminescence intensity at 1270 nm with that from H2O2/OCI- reaction that generates 1O2 with unit efficiency at alkaline pH. 1O2 was generated with unit efficiency with respect to ONOO- concentration by the ONOO-/H+ reaction.
Psychosis in paratyphoid fever - a case report from Australia.

Objective:Neuropsychiatric presentation in paratyphoid fever is not a well-known entity. In countries such as Australia, where the prevalence of enteric fever is one of the lowest, this presentation seems to be unlikely.Method:We present a case that demonstrates the importance of considering this possibility in Australian context in returned travellers.Results:A young male, who recently returned to Australia from his home country in South East Asia, presented with abnormal behaviour in the context of febrile illness. His behaviour was characterised by grandiosity, aggression, hallucinatory behaviour and paranoia, along with disturbed biological functions. Detailed inpatient assessment revealed him to be suffering from Salmonella Paratyphi A infection and psychotic illness because of his general medical condition. Although his fever and inflammatory markers responded to antibiotics, antipsychotics were required for treatment of his mental health problems.Conclusion:This case demonstrates that paratyphoid f...
Management of the primary dentition in vitamin D-resistant rickets.

Abstract Vitamin D-resistant rickets (familial hypophosphatemia) is a systemic disease secondary to defective renal-tubular reabsorption of phosphate. The major oral manifestations are spontaneous abscesses in a caries-free dentition. Pulpotomies or extractions were frequently described in the dental literature as the therapies of choice. This article presents a new prophylactic approach utilizing zinc oxide—eugenol pulpectomies and full crown coverage in an attempt to retain the primary dentition and prevent abscess formation.
The effect of lithium carbonate on the structure of the rat kidney

Female Sprague-Dawley rats were used to study effects of lithium carbonate on the ultrastructure of the rat kidney. Experimental rats received daily intraperitoneal injections of lithium carbonate in dosages of 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg/day. These animals were killed on day 12 to 60. Control rats were either non-injected or injected with either sodium chloride or sodium carbonate. Kidneys from control rats showed no abnormal changes. The 10 and 30 mg/kg lithium carbonate dosages caused progressive mitochondrial swelling, dilatation of cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum and occasional swelling of apical cytoplasm in tubular cells localized in the distal portion of the nephron. The 100 mg/kg lithium dosage produced damage in all portions of the nephron. However, the most severe damage, consisting of mitochondrial swelling, dilatation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, apical cytoplasmic rarefaction and liquefaction, karyolysis and karyorrhexis was noted in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. The present study demonstrated that low dosages of lithium carbonate do affect the structure of the rat kidney.
Clinical utility of genetic risk testing in primary care: The example of Type 2 diabetes

Genetic advances in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) have led to the discovery and validation of multiple markers for this complex disease. Despite low predictive value of current T2D markers beyond clinical risk factors and family history, researchers are exploring the clinical utility and outcomes of implementation in practice, and testing is available via direct-to-consumer markets. Clinical utility research demonstrates high hypothetical utility to patients for motivating behavior change and potentially reducing risk. However, trials to date have not demonstrated improvements in behavioral and clinical outcomes over and above counseling based on traditional risk factors. Ongoing research in T2D genetics and associated risk-prediction models is necessary to refine genetic risk pathways, algorithms for risk prediction and use of this information in clinical care. Further research is also needed to explore care models and support interventions that address the needs of personalized risk information and sustainable ...
New Red Star

The following is a rather noteworthy case of fine red colour in a very small star. It was observed February 7 and 8 as follows:—
Epidemiology of ocular herpes simplex. Natural history in Rochester, Minn, 1950 through 1982.

• In the period 1950 through 1982, there were 294 episodes of ocular herpes simplex virus infection in 151 residents of Rochester, Minn. Recurrence rates assessed by life-table methods after the first episode were 9.6% at 1 year, 22.9% at 2 years, and 63.2% at 20 years. Recurrence rates appeared to rise following repeated episodes. Ocular herpes simplex affecting both eyes at the same and/or different episodes was seen in 18 patients (11.9%). One fifth of patients had lid involvement alone, while a third had solely superficial corneal involvement. Deep corneal disease or uveitis was relatively uncommon. Therapy during the early period was varied, but significant complications were uncommon. Ninety percent of the eyes maintained visual acuity of 20/40 or better. The economic impact, measured in terms of days of active disease and physician visits, was substantial.
Exploring and evaluating the capabilities of Kinect v2 in a driving simulator environment

In this paper we present the exploration results into some of the capabilities of the recently released Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor in the context of driving research within a simulator environment. The original version of the Kinect sensor has been used widely for skeleton-based tracking and gesture recognition. The more recent v2 sensor has upgraded hardware and software, and improved abilities to track individuals' head movements, voice commands, and hand gestures, as well as adding the ability to monitor heart rate. These capabilities were used to create applications that are of interest to the authors and in some cases compared to other common tracking devices that could complete the same task. The authors did not aim to compare the devices directly to each other but to compare the ease and effectiveness of making applications with the devices and the outcomes of these applications. The aim of this work is to provide a sense of the usefulness of the Kinect v2 sensor to capture tracking data from a participant in a driving study assessing measures such as gaze, physiological data, or provide inputs to in-vehicle systems compared to currently available systems. In the tested simulator environment the Kinect was fairly good at tracking head movements and performed no differently in tracking hand gestures than a Leap Motion Device. However, the Kinect was not sensitive enough to detect fluctuations in heart rate due to changes in workload, and had a lower percentage of correct speech detection than a common mobile phone using a widely available speech API. These results are discussed in regards to driving simulator research and future work.
Gifted identification as a constitutional issue

State and national statistics relative to the proportionality of ethnic minority group students who are identified for gifted educational programming are dismal. African Americans, Hispanic Americans and Native Americans were consistently underrepresented in 34 of the 50 states in 1980 and 1992 in data taken from the Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Report (Brown, 1995). This lack of proportionality is an ethical issue for educators and may well be an issue of constitutional law.
Amplitude-preserved common image gathers by wave-equation migration

We present two methods to compute angle-domain common image gathers (ADCIG) by downward-continuation migration, and we analyze their amplitude response versus reflection angle (AVA). A straightforward implementation of the two methods leads to contradictory, and thus obviously inaccurate, amplitude responses. The amplitude problem is related to the fact that downward continuation migration is the adjoint of upward-continuation modeling, but it is a poor approximation of its inverse. We derive the weighting operators, diagonal in the frequency-wavenumber domain, that makes migration a good approximation to the inverse of modeling. After weighting, the ADCIGs computed by the two methods become consistent. Other important factors degrading the accuracy of AVA in practical situation are the limited sampling and offset range, and the bandlimited nature of seismic data.
Who is El Niño

It is a curious story, about a phenomenon we first welcomed as a blessing but now view with dismay, if not horror [Philander, 1998]. We named it El Nino for the child Jesus, provided it with relatives—La Nina and ENSO—and are devoting innumerable studies to the description and idealization of this family. These scriptures provide such a broad spectrum of historical, cultural, and scientific perspectives that there is now confusion about the identity of El Nino. Trenberth [1997] summarizes the situation as follows. The atmospheric component tied to El Nino is termed the “Southern Oscillation.” Scientists often call the phenomenon where the atmosphere and ocean collaborate ENSO, short for El Nino-Southern Oscillation. El Nino then corresponds to the warm phase of ENSO. The opposite “La Nina” (“the girl” in Spanish) phase consists of a basinwide cooling of the tropical Pacific and thus the cold phase of ENSO. However, for the public, the term for the whole phenomenon is “El Nino.”
Generalized charge in the eight-component spin 1/2 wave equation

A conserved current is given for the hypermass generalization of the Dirac equation. The generalization of charge to an invariant quaternion is given which provides insight into a new vector space for relativistic quantum theory. This charge generalization also ensures the independence of the eight internal degrees of freedom in the wave equation.
Association of JC Virus T-Antigen Expression With the Methylator Phenotype in Sporadic Colorectal Cancers

Background & Aims: JC virus (JCV) is a polyomavirus that ubiquitously infects humans and has been implicated in various human cancers. JCV encodes a "transforming" gene, T-antigen (T-Ag), which is believed to mediate the oncogenic potential of the virus. We have previously shown that JCV DNA sequences are usually present in human colorectal cancers (CRCs), and we have provided in vitro evidence that JCV can induce chromosomal instability (CIN) in CRC cells. This study tests the hypothesis that JCV T-Ag expression correlates with one or more forms of genomic or epigenetic instability in sporadic CRCs. Methods: We characterized 100 sporadic CRCs for microsatellite instability (MSI) and CIN. PCR amplifications were performed for T-Ag sequences, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to detect T-Ag expression. De novo methylation of the promoter regions of nine putative tumor suppressor genes thought to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis was studied by methylation-specific PCR. Results: JCV T-Ag DNA sequences were found in 77% of the CRCs and 56% of these cancers (or 43% of the total) expressed T-Ag by IHC. Significant associations were observed between T-Ag expression and CIN in CRCs ( P = .017) and between T-Ag expression and promoter methylation of multiple genes ( P = .01). Conclusions: The association between T-Ag expression and promoter methylation in CRC suggests that this viral oncogene may induce methylator phenotype and that JCV may be involved in CRC through multiple mechanisms of genetic and epigenetic instability.
Modularity, Retroactivity, and Structural Identification

Many reverse-engineering techniques in systems biology rely upon data on steady-state (or dynamic) perturbations – obtained from siRNA, gene knock-down or overexpression, kinase and phosphatase inhibitors, or other interventions – in order to understand the interactions between different ‘modules’ in a network. This paper first reviews one popular such technique, introduced by the author and collaborators, and also discusses why conclusions drawn from its (mis-)use may be misleading due to ‘retroactivity’ (impedance or load) effects. A theoretical result characterizing stoichiometric-induced steady-state retroactivity effects is given for a class of biochemical networks.
Farmers’ market use is associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in diverse southern rural communities

Background While farmers’ markets are a potential strategy to increase access to fruits and vegetables in rural areas, more information is needed regarding use of farmers’ markets among rural residents. Thus, this study’s purpose was to examine (1) socio-demographic characteristics of participants; (2) barriers and facilitators to farmers’ market shopping in southern rural communities; and (3) associations between farmers’ market use with fruit and vegetable consumption and body mass index (BMI).
Characterization and Outcome of “Hard to Mobilize” Lymphoma Patients Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation

A "hard to mobilize" patient was defined as one in whom >or= 1x10(6) CD 34+ cells/kg cannot be obtained after two consecutive large volume aphereses. Forty-four consecutive Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients who underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant treatment between June 1996 and June 1998 were included in this study. Twenty-one patients (48%) met the definition of "hard to mobilize" (Group I). All the rest of the patients (n=23) were the good mobilizers (Group II). The initial mobilization protocol for most patients was 10 microg/kg of G-CSF alone for both groups. For Group I, 7/21 (33%) patients were unable to achieve a minimal dose of >or= 1x10(6) CD34+ cells/kg even after a second mobilization attempt and/or bone marrow (BM) harvest (n=5). Overall, 11/21 (52%) required an additional mobilization and/or BM harvest. Only 3/21 (14%) patients were able to meet the target cell dose of >or= 2.5x10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (median of 4 apheresis). In contrast, 87% of Group II achieved the target dose with a median of 2 aphereses. Predictors of poor mobilization were greater than two prior treatment regimens (p=0.038) and the WBC count ( 500/microl of 12 and 11 days, and platelet >20x10(3)/microl of 31 and 13 days, respectively. Outcome analysis revealed that 6/19 patients in Group I died of relapse within one year from transplant compared with only 2/23 of Group II who died of relapse (p=0.005, log rank test). There were no treatment related deaths in either group. Independent predictive features for "hard to mobilize" patients are a lack of significant increase in WBC count on the first day of apheresis and the number of prior treatment regimens. Poor mobilization appears to predict a worse outcome after autografting for lymphoma patients.
High Order Mode Damping in the NSLS Accelerating RF Cavities by the Use of Damping Antennae

High order modes have been successfully damped in the existing NSLS accelerating cavities by the insertion of damping antennae. The location of the antennae was aided by cavity field plots using superfish and their lengths determined experimentally. A description of their construction is presented together with the results of their insertion upon higher order cavity modes and beam stability.
Noise reduction and deconvolution with sequency diversity

A new signal processing method for clutter noise reduction and deconvolution is presented. The method is based on the statistical processing of the sequency diverse components of a signal, which are obtained by multiple sequency filtering. Sequency filtering is performed by rectangular windowing of the discrete Walsh transform of the signal, and requires no multiplications as opposed to the classical frequency diversity method.
Trends in smokeless tobacco use in the us workforce: 1987-2005

The primary aim was to examine whether increasing workplace smoking restrictions have led to an increase in smokeless tobacco use among US workers. Smokeless tobacco exposure increases the risk of oral cavity, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers, and stroke. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use decreased from 1987-2000, except among men 25-44. While smokeless tobacco use has declined in the general population, it may be that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use has increased among workers due to workplace smoking restrictions, which have been shown to have increased over the years. Using the most current nationally representative National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data, we examined whether increasing workplace smoking restrictions have led to an increase in smokeless tobacco use among US workers (n = 125,838). There were no significant changes in smokeless tobacco use prevalence from 1987-2005 (pooled prevalence = 3.53%); rates also were lower in smoke free workplaces. Worker groups with high rates of smokeless tobacco use included farm workers (10.51%) and blue collar workers (7.26%). Results indicate that smokeless tobacco prevention strategies targeting particular worker groups are warranted.
An Approximate Method for Obtaining the VSW on Cyclotron Dees

In the design of cyclotron resonant systems, the voltage distribution along the accelerating electrodes (dees) is frequently desired. This paper describes an approximate method for obtaining this vsw. An experimental check of the method is included. In addition, data on Oak Ridge National Laboratory Cyclotrons are presented.
The Dark Side of Testing Memory: Repeated Retrieval Can Enhance Eyewitness Suggestibility

Eyewitnesses typically recount their experiences many times before trial. Such repeated retrieval can enhance memory retention of the witnessed event. However, recent studies (e.g., Chan, Thomas, & Bulevich, 2009) have found that initial retrieval can exacerbate eyewitness suggestibility to later misleading information—a finding termed retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES). Here we examined the influence of multiple retrieval attempts on eyewitness suggestibility to subsequent misinformation. In four experiments, we systematically varied the number of initial tests taken (between zero and six), the delay between initial testing and misinformation exposure (30 min or 1 week), and whether initial testing was manipulated between- or within-subjects. University undergraduate students were used as participants. Overall, we found that eyewitness suggestibility increased as the number of initial tests increased, but this RES effect was qualified by the delay and by whether initial testing occurred in a within- or between-subjects manner. Specifically, the within-subjects RES effect was smaller than the between-subjects RES effect, possibly because of the influence of retrieval-induced forgetting/facilitation (Chan, 2009) when initial testing was manipulated within subjects. Moreover, consistent with the testing effect literature (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006), the benefits of repeated testing on later memory were stronger after a 1-week delay than after a 30-min delay, thus reducing the negative impact of RES in long-term situations. These findings suggest that conditions that are likely to occur in criminal investigations can either increase (repeated testing) or reduce (delay) the influence of RES, thus further demonstrating the complex relationship between eyewitness memory and repeated retrieval.
Thin absorbers using space-filling-curve high-impedance surfaces

In this work, high-impedance ground planes (HIGP), created using a periodic arrangement of space-filling curves, are studied with respect to their use as an electromagnetic energy absorber. Two different surfaces are studied, corresponding to surfaces comprised of Peano curve inclusions of order 2 and Hilbert curve inclusions of order 3. The substrate effects of these surfaces are numerically studied using a periodic method of moment code with an emphasis on substrate losses in the region where the surfaces behave as an HIGP.
Signal processor architecture for high-performance real-time applications

A description is given of the software environment for SPARTA (signal processor architecture for real-time applications). The SPARTA hardware consists of a hybrid system with three different types of computers. The program development environment includes the PLH high-level language (on an IBM VM/CMS mainframe) for generating efficient real-time signal processor code. The runtime (user) interface (on an IBM PC) supports symbolic debugging, dynamic loading and linking, and synchronous switching of control algorithms during real-time program execution. It has been interfaced to the object-oriented AML/2 language interpreter. The real-time environment (on multiple IBM Hermes signal processors) has tasks with multiple entries and exits, linked by a method which is somewhat similar to threaded code, but which has lower overhead (0.1 mu s, nonpreemptive task switch). The real-time kernel also supports multiple threads of tasks categorized as critical or abortable, reflecting their importance to the real-time system. These threads are scheduled by a priority-based, preemptive scheduler, which has 1.3-5.1 mu s total overhead. A SPARTA system with one Hermes signal processor, executing a dozen real-time tasks, has achieved a sample rate of 5 kHz for a fully-coupled PID control, with nonlinear compensation, for the Eaglet II Cartesian robot (five motors achieving 2- mu m linear resolution and 0.02 degrees angular resolution). >
Perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences across multiple ethnic groups in the United States

article Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychotic experiences (PE) using validated measures of discrimination and a racially/ethnically diverse population-level sample. Methods: Data were drawn from two population-level surveys (The National Latino and Asian American Survey andTheNational Surveyof AmericanLife),whichwereanalyzedtogetherusingsurveyweightsandstratification variables. The analytic sample (N = 8990) consisted of Latino, Asian, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean adults living in the United States. Separate unadjusted and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used, first to examine the crude bivariate relationship between perceived discrimination and PE, and second to examine the relationship adjusting for demographic variables. Adjusted logistic regression models were also used to examine the relationships between perceived discrimination and specific sub-types of PE (auditory and visual hallucinatory experiences, and delusional ideation). Results: When compared to individuals who did not report any discrimination, those who reported the highest levels of discrimination were significantly more likely to report both 12-month PE (Adjusted OR = 4.590, p b 0.001) and lifetime PE (adjusted OR = 4.270, p b 0.001). This held true for visual hallucinatory experiences (adjusted OR = 3.745, p b 0.001), auditory hallucinatory experiences (adjusted OR = 5.649, p b 0.001), and delusional ideation (adjusted OR = 7.208, p b 0.001). Conclusion: Perceived discrimination is associated with the increased probability of reporting psychotic experiences in a linear Fashion in the US general population.
Src Phosphorylation of Endothelial Cell Surface Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Mediates Neutrophil Adhesion and Contributes to the Mechanism of Lung Inflammation

Objective—The goal of this study was to determine whether tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–induced Src activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) phosphorylation rapidly increase endothelial cell adhesivity and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) sequestration independently of de novo ICAM-1 synthesis. Methods and Results—TNFα exposure of mouse lungs for 5 minutes produced a 3-fold increase in 125I-anti-ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) binding and 111In oxine-labeled PMN sequestration, as well as Src activation, ICAM-1 Tyr518 phosphorylation, and phospho- Tyr518-ICAM-1 coimmunoprecipitation with actin. The response was absent in Nox2−/− lungs or following Src inhibition. In COS-7 cells transfected with wild-type (WT), phospho-defective (Tyr518Phe), or phospho-mimicking (Tyr518Asp) mouse ICAM-1 cDNA constructs, TNFα increased the Bmax of YN1/1.7.4 anti-ICAM-1 mAb binding to WT-ICAM-1 but not to Tyr518Phe-ICAM-1, indicating increased binding avidity secondary to ICAM-1 phosphorylation. This effec...
RAW keynote 1: the outer limits: reconfigurable computing in space and in orbit

Summary form only given. Programmable hardware offers unique opportunities for flexible control and processing on board spacecrafts and satellites. Space missions dictate stringent requirements on size, weight, power, versatility and performance of the on-board data acquisition and computing resources. Reconfigurable FPGA-based devices, with the programmability of software and speed/size approaching application-specific integrated circuits, make it possible to control and communicate with sensors, as well as process scientific data right on the spacecraft, sending only relevant information back home over the low bandwidth communications link. Challenges to computing in harsh space environments abound: vibration, thermal cycling, heat dissipation, and radiation all take their toll on space electronics. In spite of these barriers, notable experiments in reconfigurable computing for space applications are being undertaken. These include NASA's reconfigurable scalable computing project, intended for planetary rovers, cameras, and other sensors; the Queensland University FedSat and its successors, using FPGAs for near real-time image processing, communications, and navigation; and the Cibola Flight Experiment, a Los Alamos National Laboratory experiment in on-orbit signal processing using radiation-tolerant FPGAs. This talk discusses the perils and possibilities of reconfigurable computing at the outer limits.
Evaluation of 5′-deoxy-5′-[F-18]fluorothymidine as a tracer of intracellular thymidine phosphorylase activity

Abstract Two human cell lines (A549 and U937) with cytosolic thymidine phosphorylase (TP) activity were used to evaluate the potential of 5′-deoxy-5′-[F-18]fluorothymidine ([F-18]DFT) as a tracer of intracellular TP expression. Cellular metabolism of DFT led to the production of 5-[F-18]fluoro-2,5-dideoxy- d -ribose-1α-phosphate ([F-18]FddR-1P), in analogy to the metabolism of thymidine, which produces 2-deoxy- d -ribose-1α-phosphate (dR-1P). A549 cells showed the highest production rate of FddR-1P. After A549 cells were exposed to [F-18]DFT for 40 min, the relative intracellular concentration of [F-18]FddR-1P was more than sevenfold higher in cells than its precursor in the incubating medium. For the same amount of time, a twofold concentration was seen in U937 cells. However, uptake ratios did not rank with the corresponding TP activities found in cell extracts [TP activity ratio (U937:A549)=1.6] that were independently determined with a labeled thymidine/thymine cleavage assay. The discrepancy of TP activity ratios was traced to the instability of FddR-1P in cells. This was evident from the fact that cells accumulated radioactivity by producing FddR-1P, but activity also effluxed from cells over 1 h when the medium was subsequently made tracer free. The dominant labeled molecule released by cells was characterized as a neutral and lipophilic molecule, which was presumed to be a deoxynucleoside. Our results indicate that [F-18]DFT would not be effective for imaging TP expression because its initial metabolite undergoes further conversion to a diffusible secondary metabolite, allowing activity loss from cells.
Late Quaternary fluvial landscape evolution in desert grasslands of northern Chihuahua, Mexico

Presented here is the first comprehensive late Quaternary alluvial stratigraphic record from desert grasslands in northern Mexico. The stratigraphic history was temporally constrained by radiocarbon dating, whereas the ecology of C4 plants was inferred by stable carbon isotopes from buried soils. Environmental relationships within the Casas Grandes and San Pedro River basins of the Juanaquena study area provide a picture of evolving landscapes where fluvial behavior is driven by climate change and ecosystem instability. Seven periods of flood-plain construction and six episodes of paleosol formation and channel erosion occurred during the last 14,000 1 4 C yr B.P. In the latest Pleistocene, channel erosion ensued in response to a general warming trend and landscape instability, although C3 plants still dominated in the alluvial valleys. In the Holocene when C4 plants began to dominate, channel erosion was typically initiated by a shift from relatively warmer and drier to cooler and wetter climates. The timing of erosion events exhibits a remarkable correlation to arroyo formation and paleosol formation of ephemeral streams in the North American southwest. In contrast to arroyos, the Casas Grandes and San Pedro Rivers created flood plains having mixed to bedload mean-derbelts that persisted throughout the late Quaternary. However, bedrock valley constrictions accelerated flood-plain building, leading to periodic channel avulsion. Although intervals of landscape instability occurred numerous times in the late Quaternary, fluvial style was largely governed by the dominance of C4 grasslands, which appears to have maintained sufficient upland vegetative cover to mitigate flash flooding typical of arid environments.
Projecting North American Climate over the Next 50 Years: Uncertainty due to Internal Variability

AbstractThis study highlights the relative importance of internally generated versus externally forced climate trends over the next 50 yr (2010–60) at local and regional scales over North America in two global coupled model ensembles. Both ensembles contain large numbers of integrations (17 and 40): each of which is subject to identical anthropogenic radiative forcing (e.g., greenhouse gas increase) but begins from a slightly different initial atmospheric state. Thus, the diversity of projected climate trends within each model ensemble is due solely to intrinsic, unpredictable variability of the climate system. Both model ensembles show that natural climate variability superimposed upon forced climate change will result in a range of possible future trends for surface air temperature and precipitation over the next 50 yr. Precipitation trends are particularly subject to uncertainty as a result of internal variability, with signal-to-noise ratios less than 2. Intrinsic atmospheric circulation variability i...
Physical Fitness Evaluation

Physical fitness is simply defined as the capacity to perform physical work. Energy is necessary to perform work and sustain life and is extracted aerobically and anaerobically. Evaluation of aerob...
Congress orders Space Station overhaul

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is in the process of reassessing its plans for the space station. It has been directed by Congress to come up with $6 billion in savings in the program over 5 years and must include plans to keep yearly expenditures within specific ceilings. The agency is expected to have the plan completed by January 22. NASA has already stopped work on several station-related science projects and an underwater training facility. The science experiments were being managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md., and were to be attached to the exterior of the space station. Cuts in the science projects alone will eliminate 240 jobs, most of them with contractors. About 2000 jobs will be affected by the cuts in the program's operating budget.
Mediastinitis and blood transfusion in cardiac surgery: a systematic review.

Abstract Background Mediastinitis, a serious complication after cardiac surgery, increases morbidity, mortality, and cost of care. Accumulating evidence implicates blood transfusions in the development of mediastinitis. Objectives We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the association between allogeneic blood transfusion and mediastinitis in adult cardiac surgery patients. Results After a search of Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Knowledge (1990-2010) for relevant studies, 7 (3 prospective cohort and 4 retrospective reviews) met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Between 20% and 80.2% of patients received blood transfusions, with an incidence of mediastinitis ranging from 0.1% to 2.3%. Five studies demonstrated an independent association between red blood cell transfusion and mediastinitis. Two studies identified a dose-response relationship. Conclusion The findings of this systematic review suggest that allogeneic red blood cell transfusions are associated with an increased risk of mediastinitis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Individual risks and benefits should be assessed in each patient before a red blood cell transfusion.
Long-term postoperative outcomes after bilateral congenital cataract surgery in eyes with microphthalmos.

Purpose To evaluate the long-term impact of bilateral cataract surgery on postoperative complications, influence of age at surgery on the pattern of axial growth and central corneal thickness (CCT), and visual and orthoptic assessment in microphthalmic eyes. Setting Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. Design Prospective longitudinal study. Methods This study assessed children with microphthalmos who had bilateral congenital cataract surgery. Microphthalmos was defined as an eye that has an axial length (AL) that was 2 standard deviations smaller than what is normally expected at that age. All eyes were left aphakic. One of the 2 eyes was randomly selected for analysis. Postoperative complications, AL, CCT, and visual acuity were documented. Results This study included 72 eys of 36 children. The mean age of the patients was 4.8 months ± 6.2 (SD) (range 0.5 to 15 months). Postoperative complications included secondary glaucoma (11/36, 30.6%), visual axis obscuration (4/36, 11.1%), and posterior synechiae (10/36, 27.8%). A significant rate of change was observed in axial growth up to 4 years and in CCT up to 3 years postoperatively. When age at the time of surgery was correlated with the profile of the rate of change in AL and CCT at 1 month and 1, 2, and 4 years, statistically significant differences in AL and CCT at all timepoints were found. Loss of vision after surgery occurred in 2 eyes. Conclusion After early surgical intervention, an acceptable rate of serious postoperative complications and good visual outcomes were obtained in microphthalmic eyes. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Columbia SK Group of Viruses

The group of Columbia SK (Col SK) viruses, so designated after the name of the member of this group first isolated, are relative newcomers in the field of viral agents. Following discovery of the Col SK strain in 1940 other immuno-logically similar strains of this virus (MM, EMC, Mengo, F, Ortlieb, AK, etc.) have been isolated from time to time in various parts of the world; if the demonstration of specific antibodies is a reliable criterion of infection, their occurrence may even be said to approach world-wide distribution. Despite intensive studies the role of these viruses as humanpathogenic agents is still obscure and most of the information pertaining to them is based on data derived from animal experimentation. Thus, the synonyms listed in the subtitle refer essentially to pathological responses in Laboratory hosts rather than to a well-defined clinical syndrome in man. From a standpoint of taxonomy, the Col SK group of viruses should be classified between the Coxsackie viruses and the poliomyelitis viruses since all three have the same basic morphological characteristics and share similar cell tropisms. The group is unrelated to the arthropod-borne encephalo-myelitis viruses, not only because of differences in viral particle size but also because Col SK virus does not multiply in the infected insect. As experimental agents they are extremely useful in view of their uniform and high virulence, by central or peripheral routes, for a number of rodents, chiefly cotton rats, mice, hamsters and guinea pigs, as well as for certain primates. For this reason they have often been employed as a convenient model infection in the study of poliomyelitis problems, both for investigations on the mechanism of pathogenesis of viral infection and for screening programs in the search for effective antiviral chemotherapeutic substances. In fact, looking retrospectively, it becomes apparent that many of the cardinal recent advances in poliomyelitis research have had their forerunners in similar observations with the Col SK group of viruses. We are referring here: a) to recognition of the pathway of infection from the alimentary tract to the bloodstream and thence to skeletal and cardiac muscle, or to the central nervous system; b) to the demonstration of the ability of the virus to multiply in extraneural tissues in vivo as well as in tissue culture media. With respect to tissue tropism, these viruses are, therefore, essentially pantropic, covering the entire range of the neurotropic-viscerotropic spectrum. In the biological sense, they form an intermediate link in the evolution from the obligate rodent-pathogenic viruses to the more or less obligate human-pathogenic viral forms. Because of these unique properties, and also because of the relative scarcity of their actual isolation from man or animals, the question may well be raised whether they represent, in effect, an autochthonic viral entity with a sharply defined epidemiology, or whether they should possibly be regarded as transient mutants or variants in a phylogenetic developmental cycle of the poliomyelitis viruses from rodents to man. (See section on classification.)