cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Limb flexion-induced axial compression and bending in human femoropopliteal artery segments.

Abstract Background High failure rates of femoropopliteal artery (FPA) interventions are often attributed in part to severe mechanical deformations that occur with limb movement. Axial compression and bending of the FPA likely play significant roles in FPA disease development and reconstruction failure, but these deformations are poorly characterized. The goal of this study was to quantify axial compression and bending of human FPAs that are placed in positions commonly assumed during the normal course of daily activities. Methods Retrievable nitinol markers were deployed using a custom-made catheter system into 28 in situ FPAs of 14 human cadavers. Contrast-enhanced, thin-section computed tomography images were acquired with each limb in the standing (180 degrees), walking (110 degrees), sitting (90 degrees), and gardening (60 degrees) postures. Image segmentation and analysis allowed relative comparison of spatial locations of each intra-arterial marker to determine axial compression and bending using the arterial centerlines. Results Axial compression in the popliteal artery (PA) was greater than in the proximal superficial femoral artery (SFA) or the adductor hiatus (AH) segments in all postures ( P = .02). Average compression in the SFA, AH, and PA ranged from 9% to 15%, 11% to 19%, and 13% to 25%, respectively. The FPA experienced significantly more acute bending in the AH and PA segments compared with the proximal SFA ( P Conclusions The FPA experiences significant axial compression and bending during limb flexion that occur at even modest limb angles. Moreover, different segments of the FPA appear to undergo significantly different degrees of deformation. Understanding the effects of limb flexion on axial compression and bending might assist with reconstructive device selection for patients requiring peripheral arterial disease intervention and may also help guide the development of devices with improved characteristics that can better adapt to the dynamic environment of the lower extremity vasculature.
Muscle and Bone Proliferations

This chapter discusses cutaneous presentations of benign and malignant proliferations of muscle and bone.
Modelling the cerebellar Purkinje cell: experiments in computo.

Publisher Summary Detailed compartmental models of neurons are useful tools for investigating neuronal properties and mechanisms that are not accessible to experimental procedures. This chapter summarizes how a detailed Purkinje cell model is built, emphasizing why strict procedures can produce an accurate model, and describe some results based on in computer experiments with this model. The response properties of the model to parallel fiber inputs were investigated. The model fired simple spikes in patterns comparable with those recorded from Purkinje cells in vivo. Synchronous activation of only 20 granule cell inputs was sufficient to generate a measurable response in simulated peri-stimulus histograms. This sensitivity to small excitatory inputs was caused by P-type Ca2+ channels in the dendritic membrane—such P channels may also be present in the spine heads. Simulations suggest, however, that Ca2+ channels in spine heads cannot be activated by single parallel fiber inputs.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Supported Ultrafine Pd and Pd–Cu Catalysts: Enhanced Reactivity, Selectivity, and Longevity for Nitrite and Nitrate Hydrogenation

Novel Pd-based catalysts (i.e., Pd and Pd–Cu) supported on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) were prepared for nitrite and nitrate hydrogenation. The catalysts prepared by ethylene glycol reduction exhibited ultrafine Pd and Pd–Cu nanoparticles (∼2 nm), and they showed high reactivity, high selectivity toward nitrogen gas over byproduct ammonium, and excellent stability over multiple reaction cycles. The unique nitrogen-abundant surface, porous structure, and hydrophilic nature of g-C3N4 facilitates metal nanoparticle dispersion, mass transfer of reactants, and nitrogen coupling for nitrogen gas production to improve catalytic performance.
Acquisitions and Growth of Software Startups: The Dual Role of Venture Capital as a Success Factor

Innovation activities provide considerable challenges to small firms due to resource constraints. Conversely, large, established firms are often forced to buy technologies to remain innovative. This paper investigates the interplay of these two aspects in a specific software-based startup context. Based on structured interviews, the paper analyses what characteristics of startups and small firms and resources accessed through networking determine acquisition likelihoods and growth. This addresses a gap in the literature, namely understanding better the dual role of venture capital, specifically with regard to the type of innovation pursued by small firms and in its interplay with other determinants of growth and acquisition.
Exploring the Effects of Fertility Change on Religiosity in the Twenty-First Century: A Cross-National Analysis

Using multi-level data from the World Bank, the United Nations, the statistical yearbooks, and the cumulative World Values Survey, this chapter explores the effects of fertility change on religiosity in the 21st Century. Drawing on multiple literatures from population and religious studies, it is hypothesized that fertility declines may lead to eventual reductions in religious participation, salience, and belief. Country-level analyses from a sample of 54 countries lend credence to this hypothesis. Results indicate that the rate of fertility change is significantly and consistently associated with aggregate religious attendance, salience, and belief. Moreover, consistent with this central hypothesis, multi-level analyses show that number of children is positively associated with individual-level religious attendance, prayer, salience, and belief in God, whereas country-level fertility decline is inversely associated with each aspect of individual-level religiosity. Theoretical and empirical implications are discussed and directions for future research are outlined.
Combining the advantages of discrete- and continuous-time scheduling models: Part 1. Framework and mathematical formulations

Abstract We propose a general method for the solution of chemical production scheduling problems in network environments. The method consists of three stages. In the first stage, a discrete-time mixed-integer programming (MIP) model is solved to quickly obtain an approximate solution. In the second stage, the solution is mapped onto newly introduced unit- and material-specific continuous-time grids, using a mapping algorithm. In the third stage, a continuous-time linear programming (LP) model is solved to improve the accuracy of the mapped discrete-time solution by refining the timing of events and batch sizes. The proposed method takes advantage of the complementary strengths of discrete- and continuous-time formulations, which enables us to not only handle various processing features (e.g., intermediate deliveries and orders, time-varying resource availability and cost, variable processing times), but also obtain order of magnitude speedups in the solution of large-scale instances.
Interdepartmental imaging protocol for clinically based three-dimensional computed tomography can provide accurate measurement of glenoid version.

Background Conventional computed tomography (CT) is not accurate for glenoid version measurement. This study sought to examine the feasibility of an interdepartmental protocol implemented between orthopedic surgery and radiology departments for acquisition of anatomic axial CT images and to validate the glenoid version measured through such a protocol. Materials and methods Data of 30 conventional CT scans of 10 normal and 20 osteoarthritic glenoids were transferred to clinical 3-dimensional imaging software by a radiology technician trained for the study. The technician independently reoriented the scapulae to generate anatomic CT images. A separate team of orthopedic researchers used laboratory-based 3-dimensional reconstruction software (Mimics; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium) to generate anatomic axial images. Three independent examiners measured glenoid version on the conventional CT, reoriented anatomic CT, and Mimics images at the superior, middle, and inferior levels. Data were analyzed using the Mimics data as the “gold standard.” Results Reoriented anatomic CT images generated by the technician resulted in almost identical version measurements to the Mimics images in both normal and arthritic glenoids. The conventional CT images had poor agreement with the Mimics images in normal glenoids but had good agreement in arthritic glenoids. Both normal and arthritic glenoids had increased retroversion superiorly ( P P Conclusions This study demonstrated that an interdepartmental protocol can produce reoriented anatomic axial CT images on which true glenoid version can be accurately measured. Such an institutional protocol would help surgeons accurately evaluate glenoid version preoperatively with reduced workload and expense.
The influence of gestational age, mode of delivery and abdominal wall closure method on the surgical outcome of neonates with uncomplicated gastroschisis.

To evaluate if gestational age (GA), mode of delivery and abdominal wall closure method influence outcomes in uncomplicated gastroschisis (GTC). Retrospective review of NICU admissions for gastroschisis, August 2008–July 2016. Primary outcomes were: time to start enteral feeds (on-EF), time to discontinue parenteral nutrition (off-PN), and length of stay (LOS). A total of 200 patients with GTC were admitted to our NICU. Patients initially operated elsewhere (n = 13) were excluded. Patients with medical/surgical complications (n = 62) were analyzed separately. The study included 125 cases of uncomplicated GTC. There were no statistically significant differences in the outcomes of patients born late preterm (34 0/7–36 6/7; n = 70) and term (n = 40): on-EF 19 (5–54) versus 17 (7–34) days (p = 0.29), off-PN 32 (12–101) versus 30 (16–52) days (p = 0.46) and LOS 40 (18–137) versus 37 (21–67) days (p = 0.29), respectively. Patients born before 34 weeks GA (n = 15) had significantly longer on-EF, off-PN and LOS times compared to late preterm patients: 26 (12–50) days (p = 0.01), 41 (20–105) days (p = 0.04) and 62 (34–150) days (p < 0.01), respectively. There were no significant differences in outcomes between patients delivered by C-section (n = 62) and patients delivered vaginally (n = 63): on-EF 20 (5–50) versus 19 (7–54) days (p = 0.72), off-PN 32 (12–78) versus 33 (15–105) days (p = 0.83), LOS 42 (18–150) versus 41 (18–139) days (p = 0.68), respectively. There were significant differences in outcomes between patients who underwent primary reduction (n = 37) and patients who had a silo (88): on-EF 15 (5–37) versus 22 (6–54) days (p < 0.01), off-PN 28 (12–52) versus 34 (15–105) days (p = 0.04), LOS 36 (18–72) versus 44 (21–150) days (p = 0.04), respectively. In our experience, late preterm delivery did not affect outcomes compared to term delivery in uncomplicated GTC. Outcomes were also not influenced by the mode of delivery. Patients who underwent primary reduction had better outcomes than patients who underwent silo placement.
Hippocampal Theta-Gamma Coupling Reflects State-Dependent Information Processing in Decision Making

Summary During decision making, hippocampal activity encodes information sometimes about present and sometimes about potential future plans. The mechanisms underlying this transition remain unknown. Building on the evidence that gamma oscillations at different frequencies (low gamma [LG], 30–55 Hz; high gamma [HG], 60–90 Hz; and epsilon, 100–140 Hz) reflect inputs from different circuits, we identified how changes in those frequencies reflect different information-processing states. Using a unique noradrenergic manipulation by clonidine, which shifted both neural representations and gamma states, we found that future representations depended on gamma components. These changes were identifiable on each cycle of theta as asymmetries in the theta cycle, which arose from changes within the ratio of LG and HG power and the underlying phases of those gamma rhythms within the theta cycle. These changes in asymmetry of the theta cycle reflected changes in representations of present and future on each theta cycle.
IL-36γ Protects against Severe Influenza Infection by Promoting Lung Alveolar Macrophage Survival and Limiting Viral Replication.

Although influenza virus infection remains a concerning disease for public health, the roles of individual cytokines during the immune response to influenza infection are not fully understood. We have identified IL-36γ as a key mediator of immune protection during both high- and low-pathogenesis influenza infection. Il36g mRNA is upregulated in the lung following influenza infection, and mice lacking IL-36γ have greatly increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with either H1N1 or H3N2 influenza. The increased severity of influenza infection in IL-36γ–knockout (KO) mice is associated with increased viral titers, higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines early in infection, and more diffuse pathologic conditions late in the disease course. Interestingly, the increased severity of disease in IL-36γ–KO mice correlates with a rapid loss of alveolar macrophages following infection. We find that the alveolar macrophages from naive IL-36γ–KO mice have higher expression of M2-like surface markers compared with wild-type (WT) mice and show increased apoptosis within 24 h of infection. Finally, transfer of WT alveolar macrophages to IL-36γ–KO mice restores protection against lethal influenza challenge to levels observed in WT mice. Together, these data identify a critical role for IL-36γ in immunity against influenza virus and demonstrate the importance of IL-36γ signaling for alveolar macrophage survival during infection.
Reduction in terminally differentiated T cells in virologically controlled HIV-infected aging patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy.

Several studies have shown an increased accumulation of terminally differentiated T cells during HIV infection, suggestive of exhaustion/senescence, causing dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function and rapid HIV disease progression. We have investigated whether long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), which controls viremia and restores CD4 T cell counts, is correlated with reduction in terminally differentiated T cells, improved ratios of naive to memory and function of T cells in 100 virologically controlled HIV-infected patients. We show that while the median frequencies of terminally differentiated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (CD28-, CD27-, CD57+ and CD28-CD57+), were higher in the virologically controlled HIV-infected patients' cohort compared with uninfected individuals' cohort, the frequencies of these cells significantly decreased with increasing CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected patients. Although, the naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were lower in HIV patients' cohort than uninfected cohort, there was a significant increase in both naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increasing CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected patients. The underlying mechanism behind this increased naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected patients was due to an increase in recent thymic emigrants, CD4+CD31+, as compared to CD4+CD31-. The CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected patients produced cytokines, including IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ comparable to uninfected individuals. In conclusion, virologically controlled HIV-infected patients on long-term ART show a significant reduction in terminally differentiated T cells, suggestive of decreased exhaustion/senescence, and improvement in the ratios of naive to memory and function of T cells.
Imaginary eigenvalues of Zakharov–Shabat problems with non-zero background

Abstract The focusing Zakharov–Shabat scattering problem on the infinite line with non-zero boundary conditions for the potential is studied, and sufficient conditions on the potential are identified to ensure that the problem admits only purely imaginary discrete eigenvalues. The results, which generalize previous work by Klaus and Shaw, are applicable to the study of solutions of the focusing nonlinear Schrodinger equation with non-zero background.
Abstract 14985: Enhanced Angiotensin-(1-7) Positive Modulation on Left Ventricular Functional Performance in Conscious Dog With Pacing-Induced Heart Failure: Assessment by Pressure-Volume Analysis

Background: Angiotensin1-7 [A-(1-7)] opposes various actions of angiotensin II (AII) and has emerged as a key protective pathway against heart failure (HF). However, its effect on LV contractility is unclear. We previously demonstrated that in HF, AII decreases LV contractility. Whether A-(1-7) might antagonize AII-induced cardiac depression, thereby contributing to its cardioprotection in HF remains undefined. We assessed the hypothesis that A-(1-7) may enhance LV contraction and relaxation, independent of loading conditions in HF. Methods: We studied the responses to A-(1-7) (600 ng/kg plus 150 ng/kg/min, iv) administration in 8 instrumented conscious dogs before and after pacing-induced HF. Results: Compared with normal, after HF, not only the basal circulating A-(1-7) were significantly higher, A-(1-7) infusion also resulted greater increase in plasma levels of A-(1-7) (Normal: 175.6 vs 4.4 pg/ml; HF: 267.4 vs 23.4 pg/ml). A-(1-7) caused no changes in heart rate, but significantly decreased LV end-systolic pressure (P ES ) in both normal and HF. Prior to HF, A-(1-7) had no direct effects on LV contractility (E ES , 6.6 vs 6.9 mmHg/ml) and the time constant of LV relaxation (τ, 27.5 vs 26.6 ms). In contrast, after HF, A-(1-7) significantly decreased LV end-diastolic pressure (P) (39.0 vs 42.3 mmHg), end-diastolic volume (V), arterial elastance (E A , 6.2 vs 8.8 mmHg/ml) and τ (34.2 vs 38.9 ms), but increased stroke volume. Importantly, A-(1-7) augmented LV contractility with significantly increased E ES (5.2 vs 4.3 mmHg/ml) and M SW (60.9 vs 54.8 mmHg). LV-arterial (A) coupling, E ES /E A (0.54 vs 0.42) improved. The mechanical efficiency quantitated as the ratio of stroke work and total P-V area also improved (0.50 vs 0.41). These effects were not modified with autonomic blockade, but were prevented by an A-(1-7) selective antagonist, A-779 (6 μg/kg, iv.). Conclusions: Before HF, levels of A-(1-7) seen with ACE-inhibition have no direct cardiac effects. After HF, A-(1-7) antagonizes AII-induced cardiac depression. A-(1-7) produces arterial vasodilatation, improves LV relaxation, LV contractility, LV-A coupling, and mechanical efficiency. This study provides new evidence for a critical counter-regulatory role of A-(1-7) on the activated RAS in HF.
Measuring pain location

Knowledge about pain location has important clinical implications. It is helpful for making a diagnosis (e.g., arthritis pain tends to be in the joints, “widespread” pain conditions such as fibromyalgia tend to be at many locations). Moreover, the effects of pain on a patient’s life varies as a function of pain locations; pain in the lower back and hands or arms has a larger negative impact on functioning than pain at other locations, and pain that covers more areas of the body — also known as “pain extent” — has a larger negative impact on functioning than pain that is more focal.
An introduction to gold gettering in silicon

Metals, and particularly gold, introduce electrical states into silicon which act as traps for charge carriers. While this is desirable in some devices, in others it degrades performance and must be removed by gettering. This paper discusses the problem, and presents experimental studies on the mechanism of intrinsic gettering of gold.
Electronic Properties of Si and Ge Pure and Core-Shell Nanowires from First Principle Study

Electronic and structural properties of Si and Ge pure and core-shell nanowires were reported from first principles density-functional theory calculations. In particular, the effects of size and mechanical strain on the electronic properties in these nanowires were emphasized. The electronic properties such as band structure, band gap, effective masses of charge carriers, and work function of the studied nanowires were discussed in detail.
Denture Use and the Technical Quality of Dental Prostheses Among Persons 18–74 Years of Age: United States, 1988–1991

For persons without all or some of their natural teeth in one or both arches, the use of a complete or partial denture and the quality of the denture used are important aspects of their oral health and functioning. This report of prosthodontic findings from the first three years of the 1988-94 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III-Phase 1) provides estimates of denture use among the US civilian non-institutionalized population 18-74 years of age, as well as seminal information on the technical quality of dental prostheses nationwide. NHANES III-Phase 1 prosthodontic findings indicated that about one in five persons 18-74 years of age wears a removable prosthodontic appliance of some type. Overall, removable prosthodontic appliances are worn disproportionately more often by women than by men, and less frequently by whites than by blacks. Comparisons among race-ethnicity categories indicate that Mexican-Americans are less likely to use dentures than either of their non-Hispanic counterparts. Analyses of prosthodontic evaluation data indicated that approximately 60% of denture users have at least one problem with a denture. These findings from the oral component of NHANES III-Phase 1 provide clear indications that, despite increasing trends in tooth retention, dependence on removable prosthodontic appliances is still a reality of life for millions of Americans.
Utilization by Sheep of Whole Shelled Corn Impregnated with Urea, Calcium, Potassium and Sulfur

Twenty-eight growing wether lambs (33.9 kg), adapted to urea for 40 d, were used in a metabolism study to determine if urea impregnation of corn could improve urea utilization. The following diets were compared: 1) whole shelled corn alone, 2) whole shelled corn impregnated with urea, calcium (Ca) as CaCl2, potassium (K) as KC2H3O2, and sulfur (S) as Na2S2O3 X 5H2O, 3) whole shelled corn fed with a dry supplement containing urea, Ca, K and S and 4) whole shelled corn fed with a dry supplement containing soybean meal, Ca and K. Additions were made to provide diets containing 12% crude protein, .37% Ca and .50% K. A 10:1 N (from urea) to S ratio, dry basis was used in urea-containing diets. Corn (90% dry matter) in diet 2 was impregnated by spraying 1.1 liters of an aqueous solution containing the above salts per 10 kg of corn dry matter. After mixing for 10 min in a horizontal mixer, the corn was dried in a laboratory grain drying bin with ambient laboratory air for 48 h. Lambs were fed 350 g of the respective diets plus 35 g orchardgrass hay twice daily during a 20-d metabolism trial. On the last day of the trial, ruminal fluid samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h postfeeding and jugular blood was obtained at 0 and 6 h postfeeding. Nitrogen-supplemented diets resulted in increased (P less than .01) absorption and retention of N. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and NFE tended to be greater in lambs fed impregnated corn than in lambs fed the other diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Frequency Noise of Silicon Nitride Optomechanical Oscillators with Integrated Waveguides

We demonstrate silicon nitride cavity optomechanical oscillators fabricated in a planar process adjacent to integrated coupling waveguides. Allan deviation of the mechanical oscillation frequency was characterized using a free-space optical setup in air. The device exhibited a frequency instability of 78 parts per billion at an averaging time of 130ms and fractional short-term instability of $\mathbf{2x10}^{-\mathbf{8}}/\tau^{\mathbf{1/2}}$ . Benefits of the fabrication process include all-stepper lithography, planar topology, wafer-scale wet release, and waveguide facets formed by $\mathbf{220}\mu\mathbf{m}$ deep dry etching. Optical $\mathbf{Q} > \mathbf{2million}$ and mechanical $\mathbf{Q}=\mathbf{1450}$ at 58MHz in air were obtained in initial samples.
Exploring common correlates of business undergraduate satisfaction with their degree program versus expected employment

Using a complete data sample of 467 graduating business seniors, the authors successfully created a new three-item measure of student degree program satisfaction (bachelor of business administratio...
Conclusion—Closing Perspectives on Regulating Systemic Risk

This is an unedited draft of the closing chapter of a forthcoming book, entitled Systemic Risk in the Financial Sector: Ten Years After the Great Crash, that will be published by CIGI Press in fall 2019 (edited by Douglas W. Arner, Emilios Avgouleas, Danny Busch, and Steven L. Schwarcz). The chapter argues that although regulators have accomplished much in the past decade to help stabilize the financial system, much remains to be done, and that we need a more systematic regulatory framework in order to correct market failures that could trigger and transmit systemic risk.
An Introduction: Reimagining Social Work Education for the Digital Age

Despite the recent publication of a number of articles, along with current presentations at professional conferences, and a scholarly text all on the topic of distance learning and online social wo...
Evidence-based practice implementation in stroke rehabilitation: a scoping review of barriers and facilitators

Importance: Despite advancements in stroke rehabilitation research, occupational therapy practitioners still face challenges with implementing research into routine practice. Although the development of evidence-based practices (EBPs) is one critical step along the knowledge translation continuum for the population of people with stroke, research is also needed to identify the most effective strategies for implementing EBPs with stroke survivors who are receiving occupational therapy services. Objective: To synthesize research related to occupational therapy practitioners’ implementation of EBPs in adult stroke rehabilitation. Data Sources: We searched four electronic databases—CINAHL, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete—and the peer-reviewed journal Implementation Science to identify relevant research studies. Study Selection and Data Collection: Studies that met the following inclusion criteria were included in the scoping review: published between January 2003 and January 2018, addressed the adult stroke population, and examined the implementation of occupational therapy interventions. Data were abstracted on the basis of recommendations from the seminal review framework established by Arksey and O’Malley (2005) . Thematic analysis identified themes that emerged from the included studies. Findings: Twenty-five articles satisfied our inclusion parameters. Our analyses yielded three overarching themes: barriers to implementation, facilitators of implementation, and implementation strategies. Implementation strategies often consisted of multimodal knowledge translation training programs. Conclusion and Relevance: Although the stroke rehabilitation literature appears to have established the barriers to and facilitators of EBP implementation, greater attention to the identification of effective implementation strategies that promote the uptake of EBPs by occupational therapy practitioners is needed. What This Article Adds: This article summarizes the contextual factors and effective strategies that may influence practitioners’ implementation of stroke research findings in real-world practice.
Providing Insights for Queries affected by Failures and Stragglers.

Interactive time responses are a crucial requirement for users analyzing large amounts of data. Such analytical queries are typically run in a distributed setting, with data being sharded across thousands of nodes for high throughput. However, providing real-time analytics is still a very big challenge; with data distributed across thousands of nodes, the probability that some of the required nodes are unavailable or very slow during query execution is very high and unavailability may result in slow execution or even failures. The sheer magnitude of data and users increase resource contention and this exacerbates the phenomenon of stragglers and node failures during execution. In this paper, we propose a novel solution to alleviate the straggler/failure problem that exploits existing efficient partitioning properties of the data, particularly, co-hash partitioned data, and provides approximate answers along with confidence bounds to queries affected by failed/straggler nodes. We consider aggregate queries that involve joins, group bys, having clauses and a subclass of nested subqueries. Finally, we validate our approach through extensive experiments on the TPC-H dataset.
Chapter IV – Conic Sections

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the introduction and history of conic sections. Incidence theorems about circles generalize to all conic sections. A set of points in the Euclidean plane is determined by the focus-directrix property only if it is either a Euclidean parabola, a Euclidean ellipse other than a circle, or a Euclidean hyperbola. Euclidean ellipses, Euclidean parabolas, and Euclidean hyperbolas are exactly the sets of all ordinary points on conic sections. It justifies taking a theorem about conic sections, choosing a position for the ideal line, and interpreting the special case that results as a theorem in the Euclidean plane about Euclidean ellipses, Euclidean parabolas, and Euclidean hyperbolas. It is also proved that there is a unique conic section through any five points, no three of which are collinear. As the conic sections to cross-ratios, one can relate them to nondegenerate quadratic equations.
Actual and Perceived Feedback Delivery During Athletic Training Clinical Education With and Without the Use of Bug-in-Ear Technology.

Background Effective feedback delivered to students during clinical education experiences is important to their development as healthcare providers. However, preceptors describe challenges with providing effective feedback. Researchers in teacher education have successfully used bug-in-ear technology, or two-way radios, to improve feedback in clinical fieldwork environments. Objective To examine actual and perceived feedback delivery by athletic training preceptors with and without the use of bug-in-ear technology. Procedures This qualitative study included 13 athletic training students and 8 preceptor volunteers from three athletic training programs. Four days of observations were conducted for each preceptor-student group, 2 days without and 2 days with bug-in-ear technology. Participants were then interviewed about their experiences. Use of peer-review, triangulation, and member checking improved trustworthiness of the study. Results Preceptors provided corrective and confirming feedback along with instruction. Most feedback provided by preceptors is focused on their clinical skill performance. Lastly, participants perceived a change in feedback with bug-in-ear technology, but no changes were observed. Conclusions Preceptors should be encouraged to continue delivering feedback that confirms and corrects behavior, prompts instruction, and helps with skill performance. Although bug-in-ear technology did not increase feedback delivery, participants perceived a positive change with the technology and no negative impacts were observed.
Bean Consumption Accounts for Differences in Body Fat and Waist Circumference: A Cross-Sectional Study of 246 Women.

Beans and other legumes have multiple nutritional qualities that reduce the risk of many diseases. However, the link between legume intake and obesity remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the association between bean intake, body fat percentage (BF%), and waist circumference, in 246 women. BF% was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Bean intake was assessed using the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire and indexed using total cups of bean-based food items and also factor scores derived from a factor analysis showing adherence to a bean-based dietary pattern. Bean consumption was expressed as cups per 1000 kilocalories. R\egression results showed that the relationship between bean intake (total cups) and BF% was inverse and linear (F = 7.4, ). Moreover, with bean consumption being divided into tertiles, there were mean differences across groups in BF% (F = 7.4, ) and waist circumference (F = 4.2, ). Specifically, women who consumed moderate or high amounts of beans had less body fat and smaller waists than those with low intakes. Similarly, using tertiles to categorize participants based on adherence to a bean-based dietary pattern, developed using factor analysis, those with low adherence had higher BF% (F = 7.9, ) and larger waists (F = 4.5, ) than their counterparts. The associations remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders. In conclusion, beans and other legumes seem to have dietary qualities that may be beneficial in the battle against obesity.
Using the NHSN Tap Report and Standardized Utilization Ratio to Decrease Urinary Catheter Utilization

Background Our facility had the highest urinary catheter standardized utilization ratio (SUR) in our hospital system, which consists of nine acute care hospitals in Nebraska and Iowa. Using the NHSN Tap report and SUR, we were able to focus on the specific unit with the highest SUR's, which was the 29-bed orthopedic medical surgical unit. Methods We completed a chart review of IUC's in place on this unit, and were able to determine that a majority of the usage was related to orthopedic surgical patients. After completing a literature review for best practices for utilizing and removing IUC in this patient population, we updated the orthopedic order sets to use alternative urinary collection methods, such as a external female catheter or urinal, prior to inserting a IUC. Orthopedic surgeons allowed removal of the urinary catheter in certain cases in the operating room or post-anesthesia care unit before the patient was transferred to the inpatient units, or did not insert a IUC during the procedure. Results During our initial chart audit in October and November 2018, our orthopedic surgeons completed 117 procedures in that time from and 67% of these cases included patients that were admitted to the orthopedic unit was a foley catheter. In September and October 2019, our orthopedic surgeons completed 90 procedures in that time from and 30% of these cases were patients that were admitted to the orthopedic unit was a foley catheter. This was a 37% improvement in IUC utilization in this patient population. Conclusions Overall, our interventions had drastically improve our indwelling urinary catheter SUR on our orthopedic medical surgical unit and have helped us to decrease the risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infections for our patients at our facility.
Cell Mechanics at the Rear Act to Steer the Direction of Cell Migration.

Summary Motile cells navigate complex environments by changing their direction of travel, generating left-right asymmetries in their mechanical subsystems to physically turn. Currently, little is known about how external directional cues are propagated along the length scale of the whole cell and integrated with its force-generating apparatus to steer migration mechanically. We examine the mechanics of spontaneous cell turning in fish epidermal keratocytes and find that the mechanical asymmetries responsible for turning behavior predominate at the rear of the cell, where there is asymmetric centripetal actin flow. Using experimental perturbations, we identify two linked feedback loops connecting myosin II contractility, adhesion strength and actin network flow in turning cells that are sufficient to explain the observed cell shapes and trajectories. Notably, asymmetries in actin polymerization at the cell leading edge play only a minor role in the mechanics of cell turning—that is, cells steer from the rear.
Dendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation distinguish dentate semilunar granule cells from granule cells through distinct stages of postnatal development.

Semilunar granule cells (SGCs) have been proposed as a morpho-functionally distinct class of hippocampal dentate projection neurons contributing to feedback inhibition and memory processing in juvenile rats. However, the structural and physiological features that can reliably classify granule cells (GCs) from SGCs through postnatal development remain unresolved. Focusing on postnatal days 11–13, 28–42, and > 120, corresponding with human infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, we examined the somato-dendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation in SGCs and GCs to determine the cell-type specific features. Unsupervised cluster analysis confirmed that morphological features reliably distinguish SGCs from GCs irrespective of animal age. SGCs maintain higher spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency than GCs from infancy through adulthood. Although sIPSC frequency in SGCs was particularly enhanced during adolescence, sIPSC amplitude and cumulative charge transfer declined from infancy to adulthood and were not different between GCs and SGCs. Extrasynaptic GABA current amplitude peaked in adolescence in both cell types and was significantly greater in SGCs than in GCs only during adolescence. Although GC input resistance was higher than in SGCs during infancy and adolescence, input resistance decreased with developmental age in GCs, while it progressively increased in SGCs. Consequently, GCs’ input resistance was significantly lower than SGCs in adults. The data delineate the structural features that can reliably distinguish GCs from SGCs through development. The results reveal developmental differences in passive membrane properties and steady-state inhibition between GCs and SGCs which could confound their use in classifying the cell types.
Consumers’ willingness-to-pay for convenient catfish products: Results from experimental auctions in Arkansas

This study has examined consumers’ acceptance, preference, and willingness to pay (WTP) for five newly developed convenient (ready-to-cook) catfish products. The University of Arkansas at Pine Bluf...
Diversity and Inclusion: A Review of Effective Initiatives in Surgery.

OBJECTIVE Surgery lacks women and racial minorities that are underrepresented in medicine (UIM). This systematic review evaluates interventions used to promote diversity in surgery. DESIGN The PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies (1) describing interventions for increasing UIM and gender diversity, (2) within surgery, and (3) targeting any learner prior to residency. SETTING Nine surgical specialties were searched: general, neurosurgery, plastics, orthopedics, otolaryngology, urology, cardiothoracic, vascular, and ophthalmology. RESULTS Of the 982 studies identified, 16 were included. Awards, clerkships, and workshops were each described by three studies; awards funded research or travel to national meetings, clerkships referred to a third- or fourth-year rotation that provided exposure to surgery, and workshops were hands-on skills sessions for learners. Two studies proposed a holistic review of residency applications, which involves emphasizing an individual's attributes and life experiences rather than strictly academics. Two studies detailed a longitudinal mentoring program comprised of mentorship throughout medical school plus opportunities for research, lectures, and workshops. One study described a combination of interventions and the remaining 2 presented interventions that were characterized as “other.” Longitudinal mentoring programs significantly increased the likelihood of women and UIM applying to surgical residency, while holistic review significantly increased the numbers of women and UIM being interviewed and ranked by residency programs. One award increased the number of female residents matriculating into surgical residency. Clerkships significantly increased the number of women applying to surgical residency. The mere mention of diversity initiatives on a program's website was associated with more female surgical residents, but not UIM residents. Workshops led to a higher, but not statistically significant, proportion of women applying to surgery. CONCLUSION Holistic review and longitudinal mentoring programs are the most effective interventions for increasing UIM and female representation among surgical trainees.
More than money: establishing the importance of a sense of purpose for salespeople

Much of the current research on salesperson motivation focuses on extrinsic reward expectancy related to compensation, contests, incentives, and quotas. We find that while salespeople want to make money, they also want to make a difference and contribute to society through their work. In Study 1, the qualitative findings reveal that a sense of purpose–the belief that one is making a contribution to a cause greater and more enduring than oneself–is a significant motivator for salespeople. Hence, in Study 2 we develop a measure for sense of purpose and distinguish it from related constructs. Finally, in Study 3 we use a dynamic modeling approach with longitudinal salesperson data to empirically demonstrate that sense of purpose is an antecedent to intrinsic motivation. We also discover that intrinsic motivation is more positively associated with increased salesperson effort, adaptivity, and performance than is a desire for money on average over time, particularly for younger salespeople. These findings not only contribute to theory but also have important ramifications for the effective management of modern sales organizations.
The Origin, Drug Interaction, Urine, Plasma and CSF Concentrations of Phenylacetic Acid in Normal and Psychiatric Subjects

Phenylacetic acid (PAA) is the major deaminated metabolite of phenylethylamine (PEA) in mammals. Its potential importance is highlighted by recent reports of elevated PEA excretion in some chronic paranoid schizophrenic patients (Potkin et al., 1979; Jeste et al, 1981) and in a subgroup of bipolar depressed psychotic patients (Karoum et al., 1982). Whether PEA is directly responsible for psychosis as suggested by the PEA hypothesis of schizophrenia (Fischer et al., 1975; Sandler and Reynolds, 1976; Wyatt et al., 1977) requires further investigation.
Epidemiologic and immunologic considerations on the pathogenesis of Burkitt's Tumor.

Burkitt’s Tumor (BT) is identified as a malignant lymphoma composed predominantly of lymphoid cells similar to those found in the germinal centers of lymphoreticular tissues under normal conditions of antigenic stimulation [1, 2, 3]. The normal cell that morphologically most closely resembles the Burkitt tumor cell is the germinoblast of LENNERT [3, 4], and there may be only slight quantitative differences to a cell called immunoblast by DAMASHEK [5] (Figs. 1–3).
Fokker-Planck equation for interacting waves: Dispersion law renormalization and wave turbulence

Abstract The multiple timescale method for removing secularities is used to generate the Fokker-Planck (“FP”) equation for a system of interacting waves. This FP equation describes diffusion in the phase space of the angle, as well as the action, variables of all underlying modes. The first moment of the FP equation gives a kinetic (or Boltzmann-type) equation governing the averaged actions, and describing the diffusion of action in time. Angle diffusion leads to a renormalization of the dispersion law. Stationary solutions for the average action (or so-called spectral intensity) are derived for equilibrium and for the driven off-equilibrium state corresponding to a cascade of wave energy from low to high frequencies (wave turbulence). The reduced distribution function for these states is derived. The derivation of the FP equation from the Liouville equation, as well as the derivation of the kinetic equation from the FP equation, requires that the distribution of modes be sufficiently dense. In this limit, cumulants that are initially zero increase at a rate that is thermodynamically sm all. A Langevin equation, governing the evolution of a distinguished oscillator, that is applicable even in off-equilibrium conditions, is derived. The concept of winding numbers is extended to the general phase space motion of action-angle variables through the introduction of a multiple-valued probability density.
Molecular effects of Ang II-mediated differential ACE2 expression in cultured rat astrocytes (1140.2)

Objective: Angiotensin (Ang) II effects on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) was determined. Background: ACE2 is a negative regulator of the renin angiotensin system catalyzing the conversion of Ang II to Ang-(1-7), a peptide that counteracts Ang II effects. Methods: Brainstem (BS) and cerebellum (CB) astrocytes isolated from SHR and Wistar rats were used in this study. Cells were treated with 100nM Ang II at various times and ACE2 protein, and mRNA levels measured using Western blot and qPCR techniques, respectively. Results: Ang II showed a differential pattern to affect ACE2 protein levels in Wistar and SHR astrocytes. Most treatment groups showed ACE2 protein levels significantly reduced compared to basal ACE2 protein. There was a significant difference in Ang II-mediated ACE2 protein levels in Wistar versus SHR astrocytes. Similarly, Ang II treatment had a differential pattern to modulate mRNA levels of ACE2 in these cells. In SHR CB astrocytes, the pattern...
THE NARROW MOVING BAND, THE DUTCH DISEASE, AND THE COMPETITIVE CONSEQUENCES OF MRS. THATCHER Notes on Trade in the Presence of Dynamic Scale Economies

Abstract This paper presents a model of trade in which comparative advantage, instead of being determined by underlying attributes of countries, evolves over time through learning-by-doing. In this model, arbitrary patterns of specialization, once established, tend to become entrenched over time. The model sheds light on three widely held views that do not make sense in more conventional models. First is the view that temporary protection of selected sectors can permanently alter the pattern of comparative advantage in the protecting country's favor. Second is the view that seemingly favorable developments, such as the discovery of exportable natural resources, may lead to a permanent loss of other sectors and reduce welfare in the long run. Third is the possibility that a temporary overvaluation of a currency due to tight money can lead to a permanent loss of competitiveness in some sectors.
Notes on Scarabaeinae fauna, their distribution and status in Nepal

Field inventory and compilation of previous reports on Scarabaeinae fauna of Nepal since the publication of F.W. Hope in 1831 has enumerated 89 species in 15 genera in this sub family. Distributional features of the previously reported and recently recorded dung beetles have also been presented in this paper. Gymnopleurus opacus Redt., Catharsius sagax Quens., Disphysema candezei Har., Liatongus rhadamistus (F.) Onthophagus discedens Sharp, O. penicillatus Har., O. triceratops Arrow, and O. bison Bouc. are new additions to the previous record in Nepal. Key words: Scarabaeinae; new addition distribution; status J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol.22, 2005 p.99-120