cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultracold molecular Rydberg physics in a high density environment

Sufficiently high densities in Bose–Einstein condensates provide favorable conditions for the production of ultralong-range polyatomic molecules consisting of one Rydberg atom and a number of neutral ground state atoms. The chemical binding properties and electronic wave functions of these exotic molecules are investigated analytically via hybridized diatomic states. The effects of the molecular geometry on the system's properties are studied through comparisons of the adiabatic potential curves and electronic structures for both symmetric and randomly configured molecular geometries. General properties of these molecules with increasing numbers of constituent atoms and in different geometries are presented. These polyatomic states have spectral signatures that lead to non-Lorentzian line-profiles.
Total synthesis, biosynthesis and biological profiles of clavine alkaloids

This review highlights noteworthy synthetic and biological aspects of the clavine subfamily of ergot alkaloids. Recent biosynthetic insights have laid the groundwork for a better understanding of the diverse biological pathways leading to these indole derivatives. Ergot alkaloids were among the first fungal-derived natural products identified, inspiring pharmaceutical applications in CNS disorders, migraine, infective diseases, and cancer. Pergolide, for example, is a semi-synthetic clavine alkaloid that has been used to treat Parkinson's disease. Synthetic activities have been particularly valuable to facilitate access to rare members of the Clavine family and empower medicinal chemistry research. Improved molecular target identification tools and a better understanding of signaling pathways can now be deployed to further extend the biological and medical utility of Clavine alkaloids.
Facial Nerve Angioma

Angioma of the facial nerve is a rare benign tumor. Symptoms include progressive or sudden facial paralysis and, often, a facial twitch. Although angiomas have unique features, diagnosis and treatment is similar to that for facial nerve neuroma. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with gadolinium infusion and thin-section Computed Tomography (CT) can often identify the lesion. Treatment by total excision and facial nerve grafting can provide a permanent cure with good restoration of facial function. Four cases are discussed.
Transhydrogenase and Growth Substrate Influence Lipid Hydrogen Isotope Ratios in Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20

Microbial fatty acids preserve metabolic and environmental information in their hydrogen isotope ratios ((2)H/(1)H). This ratio is influenced by parameters that include the (2)H/(1)H of water in the microbial growth environment, and biosynthetic fractionations between water and lipid. In some microbes, this biosynthetic fractionation has been shown to vary systematically with central energy metabolism, and controls on fatty acid (2)H/(1)H may be linked to the intracellular production of NADPH. We examined the apparent fractionation between media water and the fatty acids produced by Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20. Growth was in batch culture with malate as an electron donor for sulfate respiration, and with pyruvate and fumarate as substrates for fermentation and for sulfate respiration. A larger fractionation was observed as a consequence of respiratory or fermentative growth on pyruvate than growth on fumarate or malate. This difference correlates with opposite apparent flows of electrons through the electron bifurcating/confurcating transhydrogenase NfnAB. When grown on malate or fumarate, mutant strains of D. alaskensis G20 containing transposon disruptions in a copy of nfnAB show different fractionations than the wild type strain. This phenotype is muted during fermentative growth on pyruvate, and it is absent when pyruvate is a substrate for sulfate reduction. All strains and conditions produced similar fatty acid profiles, and the (2)H/(1)H of individual lipids changed in concert with the mass-weighted average. Unsaturated fatty acids were generally depleted in (2)H relative to their saturated homologs, and anteiso-branched fatty acids were generally depleted in (2)H relative to straight-chain fatty acids. Fractionation correlated with growth rate, a pattern that has also been observed in the fractionation of sulfur isotopes during dissimilatory sulfate reduction by sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Hopf Modules and Representations of Finite Wreath Products

For a finite group G and nonnegative integer n ≥ 0, one may consider the associated tower $G \wr S_{n} := S_{n} \ltimes G^{n}$ of wreath product groups. Zelevinsky associated to such a tower the structure of a positive self-adjoint Hopf algebra (PSH-algebra) R(G) on the direct sum over integers n ≥ 0 of the Grothendieck groups K 0(R e p−G≀S n ). In this paper, we study the interaction via induction and restriction of the PSH-algebras R(G) and R(H) associated to finite groups H ⊂ G. A class of Hopf modules over PSH-algebras with a compatibility between the comultiplication and multiplication involving the Hopf k t h -power map arise naturally and are studied independently. We also give an explicit formula for the natural PSH-algebra morphisms R(H) → R(G) and R(G) → R(H) arising from induction and restriction. In an appendix, we consider a family of subgroups of wreath product groups analogous to the subgroups G(m, p, n) of the wreath product cyclotomic complex reflection groups G(m, 1, n).
Growth: Past, Present, and Future

Over the period 1980–93 the People’s Republic of China achieved a 9 per cent average annual increase in real GNP (Table 5.1). This growth was made possible by China adopting a more liberal economic policy vis-a-vis its domestic economy and foreign trade with the rest of the world. High growth followed the shift away from former autarkic policies aimed at self-sufficiency, and toward increased interdependence with the world trading system based on international specialization in production.
The past, present, and future of the Yang reaction

Photoexcited ketones have diradical characteristics and are functionally similar to high-spin metal–oxo species that are frequently used to catalyze C–H oxidation. First discovered by Yang in 1958, photoexcited ketones can abstract a hydrogen atom from hydrocarbons inter- or intramolecularly. Coupling with atom-transfer, group-transfer, or radical addition, the Yang reaction can be used to achieve various types of C–H functionalization. We provide in this article an overview of triplet ketone-mediated or catalyzed C–H functionalization reactions.
STAT6 and PARP Family Members in the Development of T Cell-dependent Allergic Inflammation

Allergic inflammation requires the orchestration of altered gene expression in the target tissue and in the infiltrating immune cells. The transcription factor STAT6 is critical in activating cytokine gene expression and cytokine signaling both in the immune cells and in target tissue cells including airway epithelia, keratinocytes and esophageal epithelial cells. STAT6 is activated by the cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 to mediate the pathogenesis of allergic disorders such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergy and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). In this review, we summarize the role of STAT6 in allergic diseases, its interaction with the co-factor PARP14 and the molecular mechanisms by which STAT6 and PARP14 regulate gene transcription.
Analysis of SWATH Ship Structures

Three methods of analysis of the primary structure of SWATH (small waterplane area twin hull) ships are examined. The quasi-static, rigid-dynamic and hydroelastic approaches are applied to analyze the structure of a detailed SWATH design. Deflections and stresses are calculated after each method and compared. The convergence of the hydroelastic approach with respect to the number of modes is also investigated. Although a relatively small ship is considered in this comparative study, hydroelastic effects are shown to be significant in areas of greater flexibility.
Combining Texture and Shape Cues for Object Recognition with Minimal Supervision

We present a novel approach to object classification and detection which requires minimal supervision and which combines visual texture cues and shape information learned from freely available unlabeled web search results. The explosion of visual data on the web can potentially make visual examples of almost any object easily accessible via web search. Previous unsupervised methods have utilized either large scale sources of texture cues from the web, or shape information from data such as crowdsourced CAD models. We propose a two-stream deep learning framework that combines these cues, with one stream learning visual texture cues from image search data, and the other stream learning rich shape information from 3D CAD models. To perform classification or detection for a novel image, the predictions of the two streams are combined using a late fusion scheme. We present experiments and visualizations for both tasks on the standard benchmark PASCAL VOC 2007 to demonstrate that texture and shape provide complementary information in our model. Our method outperforms previous web image based models, 3D CAD model based approaches, and weakly supervised models.
Ranking accounting authors and departments in accounting education: different methodologies – significantly different results

ABSTRACTThis research tests whether Holderness Jr., D. K., Myers, N., Summers, S. L., & Wood, D. A. [(2014). Accounting education research: Ranking institutions and individual scholars. Issues in Accounting Education, 29(1), 87–115] accounting-education rankings are sensitive to a change in the set of journals used. It provides updated rankings for accounting-education authors from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom, and the United States using a sample that included the publications in 13 accounting-education journals. Our analysis indicated that Holderness et al.’s rankings of authors and departments were significantly different from our rankings. This research provides rankings of the top 50 authors and departments for three periods: from 2010 to 2015, from 2004 to 2015, and from 1992 to 2015. We provide data indicating the distribution of authors for these periods to assist authors not listed in the most prolific lists in determining their relative ranking. Fin...
#accessibilityFail: Categorizing Shared Photographs of Physical Accessibility Problems

Social media platforms are existing online spaces where users share their daily encounters, providing a large dataset of photographs of inaccessible environments. We analyzed 100 posts from Twitter and Instagram that describe accessibility problems. Our findings suggest these posts are helpful to locate, identify and communicate accessibility problems, and provide design ideas for potential assistive technologies. We suggest design implications using social media posts to improve physical accessibility.
An integrated metagenomics pipeline for strain profiling reveals novel patterns of bacterial transmission and biogeography

We present the Metagenomic Intra-species Diversity Analysis System (MIDAS), which is an integrated computational pipeline for quantifying bacterial species abundance and strain-level genomic variation, including gene content and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), from shotgun metagenomes. Our method leverages a database of more than 30,000 bacterial reference genomes that we clustered into species groups. These cover the majority of abundant species in the human microbiome but only a small proportion of microbes in other environments, including soil and seawater. We applied MIDAS to stool metagenomes from 98 Swedish mothers and their infants over one year and used rare SNPs to track strains between hosts. Using this approach, we found that although species compositions of mothers and infants converged over time, strain-level similarity diverged. Specifically, early colonizing bacteria were often transmitted from an infant's mother, while late colonizing bacteria were often transmitted from other sources in the environment and were enriched for spore-formation genes. We also applied MIDAS to 198 globally distributed marine metagenomes and used gene content to show that many prevalent bacterial species have population structure that correlates with geographic location. Strain-level genetic variants present in metagenomes clearly reveal extensive structure and dynamics that are obscured when data are analyzed at a coarser taxonomic resolution.
An Analytical Model of Iceberg Drift

AbstractThe fate of icebergs in the polar oceans plays an important role in Earth’s climate system, yet a detailed understanding of iceberg dynamics has remained elusive. Here, the central physical processes that determine iceberg motion are investigated. This is done through the development and analysis of an idealized model of iceberg drift. The model is forced with high-resolution surface velocity and temperature data from an observational state estimate. It retains much of the most salient physics, while remaining sufficiently simple to allow insight into the details of how icebergs drift. An analytical solution of the model is derived, which highlights how iceberg drift patterns depend on iceberg size, ocean current velocity, and wind velocity. A long-standing rule of thumb for Arctic icebergs estimates their drift velocity to be 2% of the wind velocity relative to the ocean current. Here, this relationship is derived from first principles, and it is shown that the relationship holds in the limit of ...
Robust mixture modeling reveals category-free selectivity in reward region neuronal ensembles.

We present a Bayesian method for formally detecting whether a population of neurons can be naturally classified into clusters based on their response tuning properties. We then examine several data...
Current-Based Fault Detection and Identification for Wind Turbine Drivetrain Gearboxes

This paper proposes a new fault detection and identification framework for drivetrain gearboxes of wind turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) based on the fusion of DFIG stator and rotor current signals. First, the characteristic frequencies of gearbox faults in DFIG stator and rotor currents are analyzed. Different time- and frequency-domain features of gearbox faults in DFIG stator and rotor current signals are then defined, and the methods to extract these features are introduced. These features are used as the inputs of multiclass support vector machines with probabilistic outputs for fault mode identification. Different schemes that use a single stator or rotor current signal or both stator and rotor current signals for the feature- or decision-level information fusion are designed. Experimental results obtained from a DFIG wind turbine drivetrain test rig are provided to validate the proposed current-based fault detection and identification framework.
A Clinical Data Repository Enhances Hospital Infection Control

We describe the benefits of a relational database of hospital clinical data (Clinical Data Repository; CDR) for an infection control program. The CDR consists of > 40 Sybase tables, and is directly accessible for ad hoc queries by members of the infection control unit who have been granted privileges for access by the Information Systems Department. The data elements and functional requirements most useful for surveillance of nosocomial infections, antibiotic use, and resistant organisms are characterized. Specific applications of the CDR are presented, including the use of automated definitions of nosocomial infection, graphical monitoring of resistant organisms with quality control limits, and prospective detection of inappropriate antibiotic use. Hospital surveillance and quality improvement activities are significantly benefited by the availability of a querable set of tables containing diverse clinical data.
A high-frequency fully differential BiCMOS operational amplifier

A high-frequency fully differential BiCMOS operational amplifier design for use in switched-capacitor circuits is presented. The operational amplifier is integrated in a 3.0-GHz, 2- mu m BiCMOS process with an active die area of 1.0 mm*1.2 mm. This BiCMOS op amp offers an infinite input resistance, a DC gain of 100 dB, a unity-gain frequency of 90 MHz with 45 degrees phase margin, and a slew rate of 150 V/ mu s. The differential output range is 12 V. The circuit is operated from a +or-5-V power supply and dissipates 125 mW. The op amp is unity-gain stable with 7 pF of capacitive loading at each output. The op amp is a two-stage, pole-split frequency compensated design that uses a PMOS input stage for infinite input resistance and an n-p-n bipolar second stage for high gain and high bandwidth. The frequency compensation network serves both the differential- and common-mode amplifiers so the differential- and common-mode amplifier dynamics are similar. A dynamic switched-capacitor common-mode feedback scheme is used to set the output common-mode level of the first and second stages. >
Modeling and analysis of substrate coupling in integrated circuits

This paper describes a fast and accurate simulator for characterizing the effects of substrate coupling on integrated-circuit performance. The technique uses the electrostatic Green function of the substrate medium and the fast Fourier transform algorithm. It is demonstrated that this technique is suitable for optimization of layout for minimization of substrate coupling. Analysis of substrate coupling in different types of substrates and the utility of guard rings in different types of substrates is also discussed. Experimental verification of the models is presented.
Microwave oscillators incorporating high performance distributed Bragg reflector microwave resonators

We previously demonstrated a new resonator device structure that achieves Q-factors well above those currently realisable. The new structure consists of a microwave cavity, where the enclosure walls consist of distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) in three dimensions, made of low-loss sapphire. Theoretical analysis has demonstrated that the resonator's performance is critically dependent upon accurate alignment of the DBR components, thereby maintaining the desired symmetry of the resonant structure. Breaking of the symmetry causes mixing of the high performance Bragg reflected mode with low-Q hybrid cavity modes. The fabrication tolerances required to achieve the expected resonator performance are met with a precise but simple alignment tool. A pair of these resonators have been built at 9.0 GHz, and have demonstrated unloaded Qs in excess of 700,000 at room temperature. These resonators are incorporated into simple two-port feedback oscillator circuits. Phase noise measurements were performed on the two free-running oscillators.
Disordered FGF23 and mineral metabolism in children with CKD

Summary Background and objectives In children with CKD, information is limited regarding the prevalence and determinants of fibroblast growth factor 23 excess and 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D deficiency across the spectrum of predialysis CKD. This study characterized circulating concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 23 and 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D, and investigated their interrelationships and associations with GFR and secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with CKD who were enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children observational cohort study. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 concentrations and determinants of mineral metabolism were measured in 464 children ages 1–16 years with predialysis CKD. GFR was measured by plasma disappearance of iohexol in 70% of participants and estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children estimating equation using serum creatinine and cystatin C concentrations in the remainder of the participants. Participants were grouped according to CKD stage and by 10-ml/min categories of GFR. Results Median GFR for the cohort was 45 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (interquartile range=33–57; range=15–109). Plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 concentration was above the normal range in 67% of participants (with higher levels observed among participants with lower GFR) before higher levels of serum parathyroid hormone and phosphorus were observed. Plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 levels were 34% higher in participants with glomerular disease than in participants with nonglomerular disease, despite similar GFR. Serum phosphorus levels, adjusted for age, were significantly lower at GFR of 60–69 ml/min per 1.73 m2 than higher GFR, but thereafter they became higher in parallel with fibroblast growth factor 23 as GFR declined. Serum 1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower in those participants with low GFR values, high fibroblast growth factor 23 levels, 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, and proteinuria. Secondary hyperparathyroidism was present in 55% of participants with GFR Conclusion In children with predialysis CKD, high plasma fibroblast growth factor 23 is the earliest detectable abnormality in mineral metabolism, and levels are highest in glomerular diseases.
Some Excitation Functions of Bismuth

Excitation functions have been measured, using a 38-Mev alpha-beam and a 19-Mev deuteron beam for the following reactions: $\mathrm{Bi}(\ensuremath{\alpha},2n){\mathrm{At}}^{211}$, $\mathrm{Bi}(\ensuremath{\alpha},3n){\mathrm{At}}^{210}$, $\mathrm{Bi}(d,p)\mathrm{Ra}\mathrm{E}$, $\mathrm{Bi}(d,n){\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$, and $\mathrm{Bi}(d,3n){\mathrm{Po}}^{209}$. The results are summarized in Figs. 4 and 5 and Tables I and II. A new isotope of astatine, ${\mathrm{At}}^{210}$, has been identified; this isotope has a half life of 8.3 hr., decaying by $K$-capture to ${\mathrm{Po}}^{210}$ with the emission of a 1.0-Mev gamma-ray and a few conversion electrons.
Leveraging genome-wide datasets to quantify the functional role of the anti-Shine-Dalgarno sequence in regulating translation efficiency.

Studies dating back to the 1970s established that sequence complementarity between the anti-Shine–Dalgarno (aSD) sequence on prokaryotic ribosomes and the 5′ untranslated region of mRNAs helps to facilitate translation initiation. The optimal location of aSD sequence binding relative to the start codon, the full extents of the aSD sequence and the functional form of the relationship between aSD sequence complementarity and translation efficiency have not been fully resolved. Here, we investigate these relationships by leveraging the sequence diversity of endogenous genes and recently available genome-wide estimates of translation efficiency. We show that—after accounting for predicted mRNA structure—aSD sequence complementarity increases the translation of endogenous mRNAs by roughly 50%. Further, we observe that this relationship is nonlinear, with translation efficiency maximized for mRNAs with intermediate levels of aSD sequence complementarity. The mechanistic insights that we observe are highly robust: we find nearly identical results in multiple datasets spanning three distantly related bacteria. Further, we verify our main conclusions by re-analysing a controlled experimental dataset.
One-dimensional magneto-optical compression of a cold CaF molecular beam

We demonstrate the one-dimensional, transverse magneto-optical compression of a cold beam of calcium monofluoride (CaF). By continually alternating the magnetic field direction and laser polarizations of the magneto-optical trap (RF MOT), a photon scattering rate of is achieved. A 3D model for this RF MOT, validated by agreement with data, predicts a 3D RF MOT capture velocity for CaF of 5 m s–1.
Subjective Response to Whole-Body Vibration:

Pioneer studies of subjective response to whole-body vibration were mainly directed toward construction of equal intensity contours, described by such subjective labels as “intolerable,” “alarming,...
The Drosophila Gene Expression Tool (DGET) for expression analyses

Next-generation sequencing technologies have greatly increased our ability to identify gene expression levels, including at specific developmental stages and in specific tissues. Gene expression data can help researchers understand the diverse functions of genes and gene networks, as well as help in the design of specific and efficient functional studies, such as by helping researchers choose the most appropriate tissue for a study of a group of genes, or conversely, by limiting a long list of gene candidates to the subset that are normally expressed at a given stage or in a given tissue. We report DGET, a Drosophila Gene Expression Tool ( www.flyrnai.org/tools/dget/web/ ), which stores and facilitates search of RNA-Seq based expression profiles available from the modENCODE consortium and other public data sets. Using DGET, researchers are able to look up gene expression profiles, filter results based on threshold expression values, and compare expression data across different developmental stages, tissues and treatments. In addition, at DGET a researcher can analyze tissue or stage-specific enrichment for an inputted list of genes (e.g., ‘hits’ from a screen) and search for additional genes with similar expression patterns. We performed a number of analyses to demonstrate the quality and robustness of the resource. In particular, we show that evolutionary conserved genes expressed at high or moderate levels in both fly and human tend to be expressed in similar tissues. Using DGET, we compared whole tissue profile and sub-region/cell-type specific datasets and estimated a potential source of false positives in one dataset. We also demonstrated the usefulness of DGET for synexpression studies by querying genes with expression profile similar to the mesodermal master regulator Twist. Altogether, DGET provides a flexible tool for expression data retrieval and analysis with short or long lists of Drosophila genes, which can help scientists to design stage- or tissue-specific in vivo studies and do other subsequent analyses.
Topological Properties of Secure Wireless Sensor Networks Under the $q$ -Composite Key Predistribution Scheme With Unreliable Links

Security is an important issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are often deployed in hostile environments. The $q$ -composite key predistribution scheme has been recognized as a suitable approach to secure WSNs. Although the $q$ -composite scheme has received much attention in the literature, there is still a lack of rigorous analysis for secure WSNs operating under the $q$ -composite scheme in consideration of the unreliability of links. One main difficulty lies in analyzing the network topology, whose links are not independent. Wireless links can be unreliable in practice due to the presence of physical barriers between sensors or because of harsh environmental conditions severely impairing communications. In this paper, we resolve the difficult challenge and investigate topological properties related to node degree in WSNs operating under the $q$ -composite scheme with unreliable communication links modeled as independent ON/OFF channels. Specifically, we derive the asymptotically exact probability for the property of minimum degree being at least $k$ , present the asymptotic probability distribution for the minimum degree, and demonstrate that the number of nodes with a fixed degree is in distribution asymptotically equivalent to a Poisson random variable. We further use the theoretical results to provide useful design guidelines for secure WSNs. Experimental results also confirm the validity of our analytical findings.
Domestic Signaling of Commitment Credibility: Military Recruitment and Alliance Formation

We provide a new perspective on how domestic factors shape the prospects for international cooperation. Internal arms, specifically conscription, signal a willingness and suitability to be a depend...
GELSOLIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR PAINFUL TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Gelsolin (GSN) is a protein whose function in the cytoplasm is to regulate intracellular actin assembly, while circulating plasma GSN has been implicated in the clearance of cellular byproducts via the body's scavenger system. In knee synovial fluid, GSN appears to be protective of inflammation as lower levels have been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis while higher levels have been demonstrated in hypersensitivity reactions to metallic implants. The purpose of this study is to define the role of GSN in painful total knee arthroplasty (TKA) patients as a biomarker to distinguish septic from aseptic diagnoses. Methods After Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, 50 patients were enrolled in the study into two cohorts. 25 patients presented with a painful TKA and 25 patients had a painful native knee with primary osteoarthritis (OA). Synovial fluid was obtained from each patient's affected knee. Appropriate lab and culture data was also obtained from the painful TKA group. An ELISA was used to determine GSN levels and the groups were compared. Two tailed Student's t tests were used to compare means while Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and linear regression analyses were used to determine association between laboratory findings and GSN levels. Results 11 of 25 knees in the TKA group had culture positive aspirations while the remaining 14 were sterile and determined to have aseptic component loosening. There was a significant difference in the GSN levels of the entire TKA cohort when compared to the OA group (TKA = 41,218 ng/mL; OA = 84,188 ng/mL; p = 0.002), with no difference noted between the infected and sterile TKA patients (infected = 43,210 ng/mL; sterile = 39,654 ng/mL; p = 0.63). There was a high correlation of ESR and CRP to GSN in the infected TKA group ( r = 0.66 and 0.93 respectively; [Fig. 1 and 2]). Discussion GSN levels correlate highly to other commonly used markers of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), with overall lower levels seen in PJI when compared to patients with OA. However, GSN levels may be indicative of a painful total knee arthroplasty for multiple reasons, and further study is needed to delineate its role as a biomarker of PJI as well as specific aseptic TKA diagnoses.
Applying Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function Theory to Turfgrass Management

In the United States, there is a growing need for turfgrass management practices that protect community and environmental health. The proportion of the developed landscape in the United States covered by turfgrass is significant and, at present, covers at least 1.9% of the total land area and comprises 60% in parts of the country. As urbanization progresses, there is a critical need to re-examine turf management practices that reduce reliance on pesticide and fertilizer inputs while contributing additional beneficial ecosystem services. In this review, we discuss the functional role of turfgrass in urban ecosystems. We identify key urban ecosystem processes associated with turfgrass and evaluate the potential to integrate biodiversity into their design and management. Specifically, we summarize research on the Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function theory that shows enhanced C storage, N retention, and weed suppression in natural and managed ecosystems, which are traits that are relevant to turfgrass systems. Enhancing biodiversity in turfgrass systems could increase ecosystem services in urban landscapes and should be considered a component of sustainable management practices.
Physics potential of solar neutrino experiments

We discuss the physics potential of the solar neutrino experiments: i) to explore the parameter space of neutrino mass and mixings; ii) to probe the physics of the Sun; and iii) to explore nuclear physics of the neutrino-target interactions. Examples are given for these three classes.
Efficiency of non-compliance chargeback mechanisms in retail supply chains

In practice, suppliers fill retailers' purchase orders to the fill-rate targets to avoid the non-compliance financial penalty, or chargeback, in the presence of service level agreement. Two chargeback mechanisms - flat-fee and linear - have been proven to effectively coordinate the supply chain in a single-period setting. However, the mechanisms' efficiency, the incurred penalty costs necessary to coordinate the supply chain, have not been studied yet. Since retailers are often accused of treating chargeback as an additional source of revenue, this study compares the expected penalties resulted from the flat-fee or linear chargeback to shed light on the retailers' choice of mechanisms. Using experimental scenarios consisting of various demand functions, demand variabilities, and fill-rate targets, the simulation results offer counter-evidence to the accusation.
Symmetric Pseudo-Random Matrices

We consider the problem of generating symmetric pseudo-random sign (±1) matrices based on the similarity of their spectra to Wigner’s semicircular law. Using binary $m$ -sequences (Golomb sequences) of lengths $n=2^{m}-1$ , we give a simple explicit construction of circulant $n \times n$ sign matrices and show that their spectra converge to the semicircular law when $n$ grows. The Kolmogorov complexity of the proposed matrices equals to that of Golomb sequences and is at most $2 {\mathrm{log}}_{2}(n)$ bits.
AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC INSTABILITY FOLLOWING TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY

Introduction Symptomatic instability following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a leading cause of early failure. Despite numerous reports on instability, standardized diagnostic and treatment protocols for these patients continue to remain unclear. Most reports recommend component revision as the preferred treatment, because of poor outcomes and high failure rates associated with isolated tibial polyethylene insert exchange (ITPIE). However, modern implant systems and standardized protocols may potentially change this teaching. Methods We performed an IRB-approved, retrospective review of 90 consecutive patients with minimum 2 years follow-up who underwent revision TKA for instability by one of four arthroplasty surgeons at a single institution. Mean age was 62.0 years (range, 41 to 83 years), and 73% of patients were women. Charts were reviewed for relevant preoperative clinical and physical exam findings, as well as pertinent intraoperative findings. Radiographs were analyzed for femoral and tibial component positioning. Pre- and post-operative Knee Society Scores (KSS) were calculated. Results Mean follow-up was 3.7 years. Using standardized criteria, 40% of patients were treated with ITPIE while 60% underwent revision of one or both components. In those treated with ITPIE, mean increase in polyethylene thickness was 4.4mm; level of constraint was also increased whenever allowed by the primary implants (47% of ITPIE cases). Total arc of motion improved from 117° to 123°. There were significant postoperative improvements in both KSS knee (48.4 to 82.6) and function (49.0 to 81.0) scores. Subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant differences in motion or KSS between those treated with ITPIE versus revision of one or both components. Combined failure rates were 19.4% in the ITPIE group versus 18.5% in the component revision group (p = 1.00). Conclusions Using an algorithmic approach to patients with instability following TKA, symptoms and function can reliably be improved. Contrary to conventional teaching, ITPIE can be an effective strategy at addressing instability symptoms when specific preoperative and intraoperative criteria can be fulfilled.
Multimodal form-meaning pairs for blended classic joint attention

A range of multimodal form-meaning pairs has arisen to prompt for the generic integration template called blended classic joint attention (BCJA). This article presents examples and principles.
Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome

DOMINANT alleles at the agouti locus (A) cause an obesity syndrome in the mouse, as a consequence of ectopic expression of the agouti peptide1–6. This peptide, normally only found in the skin, is a high-affinity antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor (MC1-R)7, thus explaining the inhibitory effect of agouti on eumelanin pigment synthesis. The agouti peptide is also an antagonist of the hypothalamic melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R)7–9. To test the hypothesis that agouti causes obesity by antagonism of hypothalamic melanocortin receptors7, we identified cyclic melanocortin analogues10 that are potent agonists or antagonists of the neural MC3 (refs 11, 12) and MC4 receptors. Intracerebroventricular administration of the agonist, MTII, inhibited feeding in four models of hyperphagia: fasted C57BL/6J, ob/ob, and AY mice, and mice injected with neuropeptide Y. Co-administration of the specific melanocortin antagonist and agouti-mimetic SHU9119 completely blocked this inhibition. Furthermore, administration of SHU9119 significantly enhanced nocturnal feeding, or feeding stimulated by a prior fast. Our data show that melanocortinergic neurons exert a tonic inhibition of feeding behaviour. Chronic disruption of this inhibitory signal is a likely explanation of the agouti obesity syndrome.
The potential for neutrino physics at muon colliders and dedicated high current muon storage rings

Abstract Conceptual design studies are underway for muon colliders and other high-current muon storage rings that have the potential to become the first true “neutrino factories”. Muon decays in long straight sections of the storage rings would produce precisely characterized beams of electron and muon type neutrinos of unprecedented intensity. This article reviews the prospects for these facilities to greatly extend our capabilities for neutrino experiments, largely emphasizing the physics of neutrino interactions.
Network confinement and heterogeneity slows nanoparticle diffusion in polymer gels

Nanoparticle (NP) diffusion was measured in polyacrylamide gels (PAGs) with a mesh size comparable to the NP size, 21 nm. The confinement ratio (CR), NP diameter/mesh size, increased from 0.4 to 3.8 by increasing crosslinker density and from 0.4 to 2.1 by adding acetone, which collapsed the PAGs. In all gels, NPs either became localized, moving less than 200 nm, diffused microns, or exhibited a combination of these behaviors, as measured by single particle tracking. Mean squared displacements (MSDs) of mobile NPs decreased as CR increased. In collapsed gels, the localized NP population increased and MSD of mobile NPs decreased compared to crosslinked PAGs. For all CRs, van Hove distributions exhibited non-Gaussian displacements, consistent with intermittent localization of NPs. The non-Gaussian parameter increased from a maximum of 1.5 for crosslinked PAG to 5 for collapsed PAG, consistent with greater network heterogeneity in these gels. Diffusion coefficients decreased exponentially as CR increased for crosslinked gels; however, in collapsed gels, the diffusion coefficients decreased more strongly, which was attributed to network heterogeneity. Collapsing the gel resulted in an increasingly tortuous pathway for NPs, slowing diffusion at a given CR. Understanding how gel structure affects NP mobility will allow the design and enhanced performance of gels that separate and release molecules in membranes and drug delivery platforms.
Incidental Supervision: Moving beyond Supervised Learning

Machine Learning and Inference methods have become ubiquitous in our attempt to induce more abstract representations of natural language text, visual scenes, and other messy, naturally occurring data, and support decisions that depend on it. However, learning models for these tasks is difficult partly because generating the necessary supervision signals for it is costly and does not scale. This paper describes several learning paradigms that are designed to alleviate the supervision bottleneck. It will illustrate their benefit in the context of multiple problems, all pertaining to inducing various levels of semantic representations from text.
How peer effects influence energy consumption

This paper analyzes the impact of peer effects on electricity consumption of a network of rational, utility-maximizing users. Users derive utility from consuming electricity as well as consuming less energy than their neighbors. However, a disutility is incurred for consuming more than their neighbors. To maximize the profit of the load-serving entity that provides electricity to such users, we develop a two-stage game-theoretic model, where the entity sets the prices in the first stage. In the second stage, consumers decide on their demand in response to the observed price set in the first stage so as to maximize their utility. To this end, we derive theoretical statements under which such peer effects reduce aggregate user consumption. Further, we obtain expressions for the resulting electricity consumption and profit of the load serving entity for the case of perfect price discrimination and a single price under complete information, and approximations under incomplete information. Simulations suggest that exposing only a selected subset of all users to peer effects maximizes the entity's profit.
A contribution to the amaranthine quarrel between true and average electrical mobility in the free molecular regime

ABSTRACTLandau and Lipschitz's approach—termed here H&B due to the use of Happel and Brenner's slow rotation approximation—for calculating the average electrical mobility over all orientations of an ion in the free molecular regime is shown in this manuscript to be an invalid assumption for non-globular ions when a fixed electrical field is present. The reason behind the invalidity seems to be the confusion between average “settling” velocity (the calculation intended by H&B) and the average mobility (drag) in the direction of the field. When a missing orientation is taken into account by rotating the drag tensor, the average mobility obtained through Landau's approach coincides with well-known orientationally averaged Kinetic Theory Methods such as those of Mason and McDaniel (M&M). H&B's averaging approach, however, can be related to the true mobility displacement of the ion or, in other words, the displacement occurring in the direction of the velocity. This true mobility displacement only agrees with ...
Large, long range tensile forces drive convergence during Xenopus blastopore closure and body axis elongation

Indirect evidence suggests that blastopore closure during gastrulation of anamniotes, including amphibians such as Xenopus laevis, depends on circumblastoporal convergence forces generated by the marginal zone (MZ), but direct evidence is lacking. We show that explanted MZs generate tensile convergence forces up to 1.5 μN during gastrulation and over 4 μN thereafter. These forces are generated by convergent thickening (CT) until the midgastrula and increasingly by convergent extension (CE) thereafter. Explants from ventralized embryos, which lack tissues expressing CE but close their blastopores, produce up to 2 μN of tensile force, showing that CT alone generates forces sufficient to close the blastopore. Uniaxial tensile stress relaxation assays show stiffening of mesodermal and ectodermal tissues around the onset of neurulation, potentially enhancing long-range transmission of convergence forces. These results illuminate the mechanobiology of early vertebrate morphogenic mechanisms, aid interpretation of phenotypes, and give insight into the evolution of blastopore closure mechanisms.
Data acquisition unit for an implantable multi-channel optical glucose sensor

The design and development of a data acquisition unit for an implantable multi-channel optical glucose sensor is described. The sensing technology involves sampling of the interstitial fluid in a micro-fabricated chamber and measurement of the absorbance of the fluid in a non-destructive and reagent free manner. The glucose levels are estimated based on the absorbance data. This new technology relies on the unique optical characteristics of glucose in the near infrared spectrum. The sensor element is intended for implantation in the subcutaneous tissues of the human body. The data acquisition unit acquires optical data from the sensor and converts it into spectral data for processing. This new technology will be used as the sensing technology in a feedback controlled insulin delivery system for the in situ treatment of diabetes.
Polynitrogen/Nanoaluminum Surface Interactions

First-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) have been performed to study the adsorption of a series of all-nitrogen and high-nitrogen compounds of increasing sizes and complexity on the Al(111) surface. The calculations employ periodic slab models with 4 Al layers, ranging in size from (3times3) to (5times5) surface unit cells, and containing up to 144 Al atoms. Complementary quantum chemical calculations, utilizing DFT and second-order perturbation theory methods, of the ground state potential energy surfaces of the corresponding polynitrogen/high nitrogen species in the absence of the aluminum surface also have been performed. The initial set of studies performed in the first year of this challenge project, which focused on the adsorption and reaction properties of Nx (x=1-5), NHx (x=1-3), N2Hx (x=1-4), N3H, N3H3, and N4H4 species on Al(111), have been extended to include larger polynitrogen systems such as N6, N8, N10, and N12. The C48N12 fullerene-like molecule was included in this series in place of N60, which was found to be unstable in the gas phase. Furthermore, simple nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as furazan (C2N2H2O), 2H-1,2,3- and 4H-1,2,4-triazole (C2N3H3), and 1H- and 2H-tetrazole (CN4H2) have been studied. Additional compounds of interest include the monosubstituted di(cyclopropyl )triazole (C11N6H12) and di(cyclobutyl)triazole (C13N5H16) derivatives of triazene. For these systems, surface interaction mechanisms involving both dissociative and nondissociative processes have been characterized as a function of molecular orientation and surface site. The dissociative mechanisms generally include elimination of one or more N2 molecules.
Spoofing uplink spatial multiplexing with diverse spectrum

While 802.11 Access Points (APs) can have as many as eight antennas, form factor constraints often limit mobile clients to a single antenna, thereby precluding spatial multiplexing. In this paper, we design, implement, and experimentally evaluate Diverse Spectrum Spatial Multiplexing (DSSM), the first system to enable uplink spatial multiplexing for clients with a single Wi-Fi antenna. We show how to spoof an un-modified 802.11n-compliant AP for reception of data from a DSSM transmitter that employs diverse spectrum to realize a virtual array with nearby devices. We implement and experimentally evaluate DSSM on a software-defined-radio platform. We demonstrate that DSSM communicates with and spoofs an off-the-shelf MIMO receiver. We demonstrate multiplexing gains that increase PHY throughput from 6.5 Mbps for 1×4 BPSK 1/2 rate coding to 259 Mbps for 4×4 with 64-QAM 5/6.
Characterization of switchable terahertz metasurfaces

We perform experimental characterization of switchable THz metasurfaces using variable-angle broadband THz ellipsometry. We extract frequency dependent surface susceptibility tensors and model the applied DC bias as tuning the conductivity of the active layer.
An eddifying Stommel model: fast eddy effects in a two-box ocean

A system of stochastic differential equations is formulated describing the heat and salt content of a two-box ocean. Variability in the heat and salt content and in the thermohaline circulation bet...