cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the dark and light-induced toxicity of thio and seleno analogues of the thiopyrylium dye AA1.

2,6-Bis(4-anilino)-4-(4-N,N-dimethylanilino)thiopyrylium chloride (AA1) and -selenopyrylium chloride (AA1-Se) and 2,6-bis(4-anilino)-4-(4-N-morpholinophenyl)thiopyrylium chloride (1) and -selenopyrylium chloride (2) were prepared via the addition of 4-N,N-dimethylanilino magnesium bromide and 4-N-morpholinophenyl magnesium bromide to chalcogenopyranones 3 followed by treatment with HCl gas then water. Cellular uptake of these dyes varied from 12 ± 3 fmol/cell for AA1 to 150 ± 40 fmol/ cell for AA1-Se. upon exposure to 5 × 10 -5 M solutions of the dyes for 3 h. Exposure of cell cultures to 1.8 J/cm 2 of 360-750-nm light following incubation with 1 × 10 -6 M of either AA1, 1, or 2 for 24 h resulted in no significant additional phototoxicity while AA1-Se showed a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in cell viability from 81% to 46%. Thiopyrylium dyes AA1 and 1 showed significant dark toxicity relative to selenopyrylium dyes AA1-Se and 2, respectively. AA1 was the only one of the four dyes to show inhibition of whole-cell mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity in the dark. Irradiation of whole cells or mitochondrial suspensions treated with AA1, AA1-Se, or 2 gave inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. Studies of JC-1-efflux indicated that all four cationic dyes accelerated the loss of JC-1 from the mitochondria, which suggests that all four dyes target the mitochondria.
A fast hybrid time-synchronous/event approach to parallel discrete event simulation of queuing networks

The trend in computing architectures has been toward multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). An affordable and highly parallelizable GPU is practical example of Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) architectures oriented toward stream processing. While the GPU architectures and languages are fairly easily employed for inherently time-synchronous based simulation models, it is less clear if or how one might employ them for queuing model simulation, which has an asynchronous behavior. We have derived a two-step process that allows SIMD-style simulation on queuing networks, by initially performing SIMD computation over a cluster and following this research with a GPU experiment. The two-step process simulates approximate time events synchronously and then reduces the error in output statistics by compensating for it based on error analysis trends. We present our findings to show that, while the outputs are approximate, one may obtain reasonably accurate summary statistics quickly.
Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Cytokine Flow Cytometry, and Tetramers in the Detection of T-Cell Responses to a Dendritic Cell-based Multipeptide Vaccine in Patients with Melanoma

A new generation of single-cell assays for measuring the frequency of peptide-specific T lymphocytes in cellular populations has become widely available. These assays, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), cytokine flow cytometry, and tetramer binding, are used frequently for monitoring of cancer patient responses to vaccination therapies. We concomitantly used these three assays to determine the frequency of CD8(+) T cells in the circulation of 8 patients with metastatic melanoma who had received a multiepitope peptide/dendritic cell-based vaccine. Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells harvested before and a week after the last of four vaccines, we observed that the three assays detected a substantially different frequency of peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells. The tetramer assay consistently detected the highest numbers of peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells, followed by cytokine flow cytometry and then ELISPOT. There was no significant concordance among the assays in measuring the numbers of CD8(+) T cells specific for each of the peptides in the peripheral circulation of the patient. No significant pre- to postvaccine changes in the number of CD8(+) T cells specific for any of the peptides were observed. Thus, the dendritic cell-based vaccine was observed not to augment immune responses to the peptides in the patients. Because of a low frequency of the peptide-specific T cells in the peripheral circulation of the patients, these sensitive single-cell assays were used to measure values at the lower limit of detection. For this and other reasons, including the issues of tetramer specificity and ELISPOT sensitivity, caution in interpretation and serious attention to quality control are needed in monitoring of immune responses to anticancer vaccines.
On isotropic functions of symmetric tensors, skew-symmetric tensors and vectors

Abstract Representation formulae are derived for scalar-valued isotropic functions of an arbitrary number of symmetric tensors, skew-symmetric tensors and vectors. Representation formulae are also given for vector-valued, symmetric tensor-valued and skew-symmetric tensor-valued isotropic functions of an arbitrary number of symmetric tensors, skew-symmetric tensors and vectors.
Localization of load sensitivity of working memory storage: Quantitatively and qualitatively discrepant results yielded by single-subject and group-averaged approaches to fMRI group analysis

The impetus for the present report is the evaluation of competing claims of two classes of working memory models: Memory systems models hold working memory to be supported by a network of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-based domain-specific buffers that act as workspaces for the storage and manipulation of information; emergent processes models, in contrast, hold that the contributions of PFC to working memory do not include the temporary storage of information. Empirically, each of these perspectives is supported by seemingly mutually incompatible results from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies that either do or do not find evidence for delay-period sensitivity to memory load, an index of storage, in PFC. We hypothesized that these empirical discrepancies may be due, at least in part, to methodological factors, because studies reporting delay-period load sensitivity in PFC typically employ spatially normalized group averaged analyses, whereas studies that do not find PFC load sensitivity typically use a single-subject “case-study” approach. Experiment 1 performed these two approaches to analysis on the same data set, and the results were consistent with our hypothesis. Experiment 2 evaluated one characteristic of the single-subject results from Experiment 1 – considerable topographical variability across subjects – by evaluating its test–retest reliability with a new group of subjects. Each subject was scanned twice, and the results indicated that, for each of several contrasts, test–retest reliability was significantly greater than chance. Together, these results raise the possibility that the brain bases of delay-period load sensitivity may be characterized by considerable intersubject topographical variability. Our results highlight how the selection of fMRI analysis methods can produce discrepant results, each of which is consistent with different, incompatible theoretical interpretations.
CAP is a bifunctional component of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae adenylyl cyclase complex

CAP, a protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that copurifies with adenylyl cyclase, appears to be required for yeast cells to be fully responsive to RAS proteins. CAP also appears to be required for normal cell morphology and responsiveness to nutrient deprivation and excess. We describe here a molecular and phenotypic analysis of the CAP protein. The N-terminal domain is necessary and sufficient for cellular response to activated RAS protein, while the C-terminal domain is necessary and sufficient for normal cellular morphology and responses to nutrient extremes. Thus, CAP is a novel example of a bifunctional component involved in the regulation of diverse signal transduction pathways.
Invariant subspace based eigenvalue tracing for power system small-signal stability analysis

This paper presents a novel eigenvalue computation tool for eigenvalue tracing and stability margin identification of power systems. It provides us advanced features for the small-signal stability analysis as well as improved capabilities for eigenvalue analysis. The algorithm is based on the combination of invariant subspace method and the predictor-corrector scheme. As a result, one can trace any specified set of eigenvalues of interest. The application of eigenvalue tracing to identify various dynamic phenomena is discussed. The eigenvalue and eigenvector sensitivities can also be extracted successively during the continuation process without additional computational cost. An efficient oscillatory stability margin and damping margin identification is described by using the eigenvalue sensitivity information. The numerical results on the New England 39-bus system are described in detail.
Environmental variation and developmental rate among free ranging yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

Behavioral development was observed for the first 3 months of life on 18 infants from three troops of yellow balloons (Papio cynocephalus) in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Developmental rates were determined for each subject on six major behaviors using the slope from regression equations performed on developmental functions changes in behavior with age. These slopes were examined statistically for associations with social and physical variables that were hypothesized to influence developmental rates. Results showed that faster rates of development were significantly associated with certain environmental and social conditions. Infants born late in their cohort, infants born in a more physically immature state, infants living in a large troop, and female infants of low ranking mothers all had significantly faster rates of development than infants at the other extreme in these categories. These results are interpreted as evidence for developmental processes that compensate for environmental or physical conditions that negatively influence survivorship. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Two lives or three? Pericles on the Athenian character (Thucydides 2.40.1–2)

ɸιλοκαλο⋯μέν τe γ⋯ρ μeτ' eὐτeλeίας κα⋯ ɸιλοσοɸο⋯μeν ἄνeυ μαλακίαας. πλούτῳ τe ἔργου μ⋯λλον καιῷ ἢ λόγου κόμπῳ χρώμeθα, κα⋯ τ⋯ πένeσθαι οὐχ ⋯μολοσeῖν τιν⋯ αἰσχρόν, ⋯λλ⋯ μ⋯ διαɸeύγeιν ἔργῳ αἴσχιον ἔνι τe τοῖς αὐτοῖς οἰκeίων ἄμα κα⋯ πολιτικ⋯ν ⋯πιμέλeια, κα⋯ ⋯τέροις πρ⋯ς ἔργα τeτραμμένοις τ⋯ πολιτικ⋯ μ⋯ ⋯νδe⋯ς γν⋯ναι.J. Kakridis has seen in this famous passage a reflection of the popular debate, conducted most memorably by Amphion and Zethus in Euripides' Antiope and Callicles and Socrates in Plato's Gorgias, over the respective merits of the vita activa and vita contemplativa. Normally the intellectual is faulted as lazy and helpless, the politician as an ignorant busybody; yet Pericles, according to Kakridis, claims that Athenians avoid these faults and combine the traits of both lives at their best.This interpretation accords well with the idealism of the funeral oration, but it falters over what Pericles places between philosophy and politics, viz.πλο⋯τος. Kakridis must struggle to account for the transition directly from philosophy to wealth, on the assumption that πλούτῳ τe…χρώμeθα serves to amplify ἄνeυ μαλακίας, while ἔνιτe…⋯πιμέλeια extends the description of the non-intellectual life from the private sphere of trade to the public one of politics (pp. 50–1).
Next-generation Sequencing-Based Panel Testing for Myeloid Neoplasms

Our ability to interrogate a broad array of genetic alterations in myeloid neoplasm has increased significantly with the advance in next-generation sequencing (NGS). In addition to morphologic examination, flow cytometry, and cytogenetics, NGS-based testing can add additional information to the diagnostic workup. More than a dozen myeloid-focused NGS-based panels are now available from commercial and academic laboratories. In this review, we examine the content of these panels in the context of our current understanding of driver alterations in myeloid neoplasms. With improved turnaround time, decreasing costs, and an expanding knowledge of the therapeutic and prognostic significance of the detected variants, NGS-based panel testing is likely to play a major role in the management of patients with myeloid neoplasm in the coming decade.
Improved error probability bounds for block codes on the Gaussian channel

We derive eight upper and lower bounds on the soft decoding error probability for block codes of length n with M equally likely, equal-energy codewords c/sub i/, i=0,..., M-1, represented in n-dimensional Euclidean space and received in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. These bounds show significant improvement over well-known bounds, e.g., the union upper bound, Berlekamp's tangential union bound, and Shannon's sphere packing bounds. Following Shannon (1959), we consider the differentially thin conical shell d/spl Sscr//sub n/(/spl Theta/) between two circular cones of half-angles /spl Theta/ and /spl Theta/+d/spl Theta/, each with vertex at the origin and axis passing through the correct codeword c/sub 0/. >
Computed tomographic analysis of brain morphometrics in 30 healthy men, aged 21 to 81 years.

Computed transverse axial tomography (CT) was employed to examine brain morphometrics in 30 healthy men, aged 21 to 81 years. Seven consecutive CT slices 30 to 80 mm above the inferior orbitomeatal line were analyzed. CT numbers in grey and white matter regions were not correlated significantly with age (p 0.05), and the volume of cerebrospinal fluid correlated positively with age, in the seven slices. The volumes of the lateral and third ventricles were elevated in the elderly, and volumes of the thalamus and tenticular nucleus were reduced. The results demonstrate that brain atrophy, evidenced by a loss of grey matter and by dilatation of cerebrospinal fluid spaces, occurs in the healthy elderly, and provide baseline CT-derived brain morphometric data for healthy men in relation to age.
Petrov‐Galerkin methods for natural convection in directional solidification of binary alloys

A Petrov-Galerkin finite element method is presented for calculation of the steady, axisymmetric thermosolutal convection and interface morphology in a model for vertical Bridgman crystal growth of nondilute binary alloys. The Petrov-Galerkin method is based on the formulation for biquadratic elements developed by Heinrich and Zienkiewicz and is introduced into the calculation of the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. The algebraic system is solved simultaneously for the field variables and interface shape by Newton's method. The results of the Petrov-Galerkin method are compared critically with those of Galerkin's method using the same finite element grids. Significant improvements in accuracy are found with the Petrov-Galerkin method only when the mesh is refined and when the formulation of the residual equations is modified to account for the mixed boundary conditions that arise at the solidification interface. Calculations for alloys with stable and unstable solute gradients show the occurrence of classical flow transitions and morphological instabilities in the solidification system.
An introduction to congregating in multi-agent systems

We present congregating both as a metaphor for describing and modeling multi-agent systems (MAS) and as a means for reducing coordination costs. We show how congregations can be used to explain and predict the behavior of self-interested agents that are searching for other agents to interact with. This framework is integrated with VidaI and Durfee's CLRI framework (1998) for evaluating learning within MAS. We provide experimental and analytical results which describe how the difficulty of the congregating problem increases exponentially with the number of agents, and present a solution to this in the form of labelers, which are agents that assign a description to a congregation, thereby reducing agents' search problem.
Selectivity in the reactions of alkyllithium reagents with α,ω-dichloropermethylsiloxanes

Abstract The reactions of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane and 1,5-dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane with alkyllithium reagents have been studied. At low temperature (− 78°C) only one of the two silicon-chlorine bonds of 1,3-dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane reacts readily with alkyllithium reagents. This permits the selective preparation of 1-alkyl-3-chlorotetramethyldisiloxanes or by hydrolysis 1-alkyl-3-hydroxytetramethyldisiloxanes. The silicon-chlorine bond of 1-alkyl-3-chlorotetramethyldisiloxanes reacts with alkyllithium reagents at higher temperatures (0°C). Both the silicon-chlorine bonds of 1,5-dichlorohexamethyltrisiloxane react competitively with alkyllithium reagents at − 78°C. No cleavage of siloxane bonds by alkyllithium reagents is observed under these conditions. Spectral properties of a number of 1-alkyl-3-hydroxytetramethyldisiloxanes and 1-alkyl-5-hydroxyhexamethyltrisiloxanes are reported.
Nutrition research to affect food and a healthy lifespan

Proper nutrition offers one of the most effective and least costly ways to decrease the burden of many diseases and their associated risk factors, including obesity. Nutrition research holds the key to increasing our understanding of the causes of obesity and its related comorbidities and thus holds promise to markedly influence global health and economies. After outreach to 75 thought leaders, the American Society for Nutrition (ASN) convened a Working Group to identify the nutrition research needs whose advancement will have the greatest projected impact on the future health and well-being of global populations. ASN's Nutrition Research Needs focus on the following high priority areas: 1) variability in individual responses to diet and foods; 2) healthy growth, development, and reproduction; 3) health maintenance; 4) medical management; 5) nutrition-related behaviors; and 6) food supply/environment. ASN hopes the Nutrition Research Needs will prompt collaboration among scientists across all disciplines to advance this challenging research agenda given the high potential for translation and impact on public health. Furthermore, ASN hopes the findings from the Nutrition Research Needs will stimulate the development and adoption of new and innovative strategies that can be applied toward the prevention and treatment of nutrition-related diseases. The multidisciplinary nature of nutrition research requires stakeholders with differing areas of expertise to collaborate on multifaceted approaches to establish the evidence-based nutrition guidance and policies that will lead to better health for the global population. In addition to the identified research needs, ASN also identified 5 tools that are critical to the advancement of the Nutrition Research Needs: 1) omics, 2) bioinformatics, 3) databases, 4) biomarkers, and 5) cost-effectiveness analysis.
Here We Are! Where Are We? Locating Mixed Reality in The Age of the Smartphone

Mixed reality (MR), from location- and context-aware systems through immersive augmented reality applications, has been studied in research labs for more than two decades. With the advent of the modern smartphone, and the rapid adoption of wireless broadband technologies, this research is moving out of the lab and into the real world. Beyond just providing a platform for MR to reach a broad range of users, the capabilities and limitations of the smartphone provide a set of constraints on what kinds of applications can and cannot be delivered to consumers that have fundamentally changed how researchers think about MR. We examine previous definitions of MR, and reimagine the term as a class of experiences occurring in an ecosystem consisting of the smartphone, the cloud, and the user. Using a selection of current MR applications as a lens, we identify three key areas of continuing evolution and suggest how the development of a next-generation MR environment can help us channel the future growth of MR in research, industrial, and consumer communities.
Modulating GABA modulators

Benzodiazepines produce a broad spectrum of behavioral effects, which may be clinically desirable or undesirable, by positively or negatively modulating the effects of GABA at GABAA receptors. Over the past 20 years, much effort has been devoted towards identifying new compounds with limited undesirable effects. Most of this work has focused on developing drugs either with lower intrinsic activity than drugs such as diazepam, or with different binding profiles at subtypes of GABAA receptors. However, the benzodiazepine binding site is only one of multiple binding sites contained within the GABAA receptor complex, and other endogenous or exogenous compounds also may positively or negatively modulate the effects of GABA. Despite the availability of ligands for each of these distinct binding sites, very little research has examined the effects of GABA modulators given in combination. This may be due, in part, to the noncompelling results of those few studies which, depending on the particular drugs, have demonstrated site-selective antagonism or only additive effects, suggesting that each site modulates the effects of GABA independently. In this issue, McMahon and France challenge this view by showing that low-efficacy benzodiazepine ligands will effectively antagonize midazolam and, at the same doses, will enhance the effects of a neuroactive steroid. These studies raise interesting questions regarding the nature of the interaction between the benzodiazepine and neurosteroid binding sites on GABAA receptors.
Probing the conformation of a human apolipoprotein C-1 by amino acid substitutions and trimethylamine-N-oxide

To test, at the level of individual amino acids, the conformation of an exchangeable apolipoprotein in aqueous solution and in the presence of an osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), six synthetic peptide analogues of human apolipoprotein C-1 (apoC-1, 57 residues) containing point mutations in the predicted alpha-helical regions were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD). The CD spectra and the melting curves of the monomeric wild-type and plasma apoC-1 in neutral low-salt solutions superimpose, indicating 31 +/- 4% alpha-helical structure at 22 degrees C that melts reversibly with T(m,WT) = 50 +/- 2 degrees C and van't Hoff enthalpy deltaH(v,WT)(Tm) = 18 +/- 2 kcal/mol. G15A substitution leads to an increased alpha-helical content of 42 +/- 4% and an increased T(m,G15A) = 57 +/- 2 degrees C, which corresponds to stabilization by delta deltaG(app) = +0.4 +/- 1.5 kcal/mol. G15P mutant has approximately 20% alpha-helical content at 22 degrees C and unfolds with low cooperativity upon heating to 90 degrees C. R23P and T45P mutants are fully unfolded at 0-90 degrees C. In contrast, Q31P mutation leads to no destabilization or unfolding. Consequently, the R23 and T45 locations are essential for the stability of the cooperative alpha-helical unit in apoC-1 monomer, G15 is peripheral to it, and Q31 is located in a nonhelical linker region. Our results suggest that Pro mutagenesis coupled with CD provides a tool for assigning the secondary structure to protein groups, which should be useful for other self-associating proteins that are not amenable to NMR structural analysis in aqueous solution. TMAO induces a reversible cooperative coil-to-helix transition in apoC-1, with the maximal alpha-helical content reaching 74%. Comparison with the maximal alpha-helical content of 73% observed in lipid-bound apoC-1 suggests that the TMAO-stabilized secondary structure resembles the functional lipid-bound apolipoprotein conformation.
Letter to the Editor-The End

In the face of the view that the probability is 1 of the human race eventually being destroyed by some environmental calamity, one may argue that increasing controls over the environment may reduce this probability. But then the probability of eventual extinction via poor health is 1. However, one may argue that increasing controls over human health may reduce this probability. But then, under reasonable hypotheses and regardless of accelerating environmental and health controls, extermination of the human race will be ensured modulo probability 0 by a long run of consecutive human births of the same sex.
El ajuste de medio y programa en los entornos escolares

RESUMENUn escenario es un segmento del contexto externo que tiene una estructura: un medio fisico y una pauta de conducta (o programa). A la relacion que existe entre el medio y el programa se le denomina sinomorfia. Los autores proponen estudiar los entornos escolares como agrupamientos de sinomorfias. A veces medio y programa no estan bien conformados entre si y en este caso deberian cambiar hasta adoptar cierta similaridad. Como se produzca este cambio dependera de la flexibilidad del medio y de las prioridades del programa. Se citan algunos ejemplos de ajustes del medio al programa y del programa al medio en algunas escuelas americanas.
Quasi-magnetostatic solution for a conducting and permeable spheroid with arbitrary excitation

Broad-band electromagnetic induction (EMI) methods are promising in the detection and discrimination of subsurface metallic targets. In this paper, the quasi-magnetostatic solution for a conducting and permeable prolate spheroid under arbitrary excitation by a time-harmonic primary field is obtained by using the separation of variables method with vector spheroidal wave functions. Numerical results for the induced dipole moments are presented for uniform axial and transverse excitations, where the primary field is oriented along the major and minor axis of the prolate spheroid, respectively. They show that the EMI frequency responses are sensitive to the orientation and permeability of the spheroid. An approximation is also developed that aims to extend the exact solution to higher frequencies by assuming slight penetration of the primary field into the spheroid. Under this approximation, a system of equations that refers only to the external field expansions is derived. It is shown that, for spheroids with high relative permeability, this approximation is in fact capable of yielding an accurate broad-band response even for highly elongated spheroids.
QUANTIFYING FLUID FOOD TEXTURE

Instrumental and sensory methods were studied to quantify specific textural attributes of fluid foods. Of the numerous tests performed, instrumental and sensory analyses each identified appropriate techniques for viscosity and yield stress evaluation. Multivariate analyses showed good correlation between these select methods for instrumental and sensory viscosity (r = 0.90) and yield stress (r = 0.96). Individually, principal component analysis showed differentiation between viscosity and yield stress methods, indicating these properties measured separate textural attributes of fluid foods. Although viscosity and yield stress are not the sole properties comprising fluid food texture, in combination these properties provide a more complete description of fluid food texture.
Systemic iron homeostasis

The iron hormone hepcidin and its receptor and cellular iron exporter ferroportin control the major fluxes of iron into blood plasma: intestinal iron absorption, the delivery of recycled iron from macrophages, and the release of stored iron from hepatocytes. Because iron losses are comparatively very small, iron absorption and its regulation by hepcidin and ferroportin determine total body iron content. Hepcidin is in turn feedback-regulated by plasma iron concentration and iron stores, and negatively regulated by the activity of erythrocyte precursors, the dominant consumers of iron. Hepcidin and ferroportin also play a role in host defense and inflammation, and hepcidin synthesis is induced by inflammatory signals including interleukin-6 and activin B. This review summarizes and discusses recent progress in molecular characterization of systemic iron homeostasis and its disorders, and identifies areas for further investigation.
Host Breadth and Parasitoids of Fruit Flies (Anastrepha spp.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Puerto Rico

Twenty fruit species representing 12 families were collected from various regions in western Puerto Rico and monitored for the emergence of Anastrepha spp. pupae. We collected 14,154 tephritid pupae from 16 fruit species representing 10 families. The relative infestations of these fruits (pupae per kilogram of fruit) were recorded. Recorded host ranges were not in complete agreement with those reported in the literature. This host-use pattern should give pause to regulators of fruit importation and exportation that base their decisions on literature from regions other than those of immediate interest to them. We recovered the braconid parasitoid Utetes anastrephae (Viereck) from tephritid pupae collected from Mangifera indica L., Spondias mombin L., Psidium guajava L., Chrysobalanus icacos L., Terminalia catappa L., and Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel. We collected one specimen of the parasitoid Doryctobracon aerolatus (Szepligeti) from the west coast (Anasco), which had not been previously reported in Puerto Rico. We present a preliminary phenology of what are probably the primary fruit hosts of the Anastrepha spp. of Puerto Rico. We also present the first report of Garcinia intermedia (Pittier) Hammel and Coffea arabica L. as reproductive hosts of A. suspensa.
Understanding ratio and proportion as an example of the apprehending zone and conceptual-phase problem-solving models.

Learning mathematics requires learning to use culturally specific mathematical language, formats, and methods (math tools). To use these math tools effectively in a problem situation, one must learn to identify the mathematical elements of that problem situation; i.e., one must learn to mathematize. In traditional approaches to mathematics learning, these aspects are often separated, with problem solving following learning about mathematical tools. We present in this chapter a model for learning mathematics with understanding that highlights the kinds of connections that can facilitate sense-making by the learner. We exemplify this model with a new approach to the learning of ratio and proportion. This approach addresses two major learning difficulties in this domain (e.g., Behr, Harel, Post, & Lesh, 1993; Harel & Confrey, 1994; Kaput & West, 1994; Lamon, 1999). First, students typically use additive rather than multiplicative solution methods (e.g., to solve 6:14 = ?:35, they find the difference between 6 and 14 and subtract it from 35 to find 27:35 rather than seek multiplicative relationships). Second, they have difficulty moving from easy problems that use the basic ratio (e.g., 3:7 = ?:14) to middle-difficulty nondivisible problems in which neither ratio is a multiple of the other (e.g., 6:14 = ?:35). The two models of learning and teaching mathematics introduced here seek to enlarge our view of mathematical cognition by examining such cognition in process during teaching and learning. It is conceptually and methodologically difficult to capture such rich thick data, but our models are intended to serve as lenses to focus on certain central elements of such teaching and learning. We also introduce a new methodological tool for data organization and presentation, our transcliptions. These give the reader brief views of interactions in our classrooms via tables focused on the learning issues we identified in the domain of ratio and proportion.
Proton MR Spectroscopic Characteristics of a Presumed Giant Subcortical Heterotopia

A newborn presented with a mass replacing the left cerebral hemisphere. Although the internal signal characteristics of the lesion were suggestive of disorganized gray and white matter, a true neoplasia such as a ganglioglioma could not be totally excluded. Biopsy is not recommended in these cases since the results may be misleading. Proton MR spectroscopy was used; this technique also suggested the hamartomatous nature of the lesion. Based on the clinical course and the imaging features, conservative therapy and observation were undertaken instead of surgery. At 6 months of age, the patient is stable and the lesion is unchanged.
Edge importance identification for energy efficient graph processing

Modern graphs are large, often containing billions of nodes and edges that demand huge amount of processing for analysis purposes. The algorithms processing these graphs often run for long time and consume substantial amount of energy. However, not all edges in the graphs are equally important. Some edges play critical role in maintaining the community and other interesting structures in the graph, while the rest are less important for analysis. Identifying edges as important and unimportant allows one to apply elastic fidelity computing when processing edges of low importance, hence saving significant amount of energy while processing large graphs. In this paper we propose a novel technique for identifying important edges in a graph using a fast method that exploits locality sensitive hashing. We then propose a framework for energy-efficient computing that applies elastic fidelity computing when processing edges of low importance and applies full fidelity computing when processing important edges. This allows the framework to deliver good results while saving energy when processing a large number of low-importance edges. Our proposed technique reduces the power consumption by 3–30% while still producing results that are within acceptable range of the full-accuracy results.
A Gradual Polymorphic Type System with Subtyping for Prolog

Although Prolog was designed and developed as an untyped language, there have been numerous attempts at proposing type systems suitable for it. The goal of research in this area has been to make Prolog programming easier and less error-prone not only for novice users, but for the experienced programmer as well. Despite the fact that many of the proposed systems have deep theoretical foundations that add types to Prolog, most Prolog vendors are still unwilling to include any of them in their compiler's releases. Hence standard Prolog remains an untyped language. Our work can be understood as a step towards typed Prolog. We propose an extension to one of the most extensively studied type systems proposed for Prolog, the Mycroft-O'Keefe type system, and present an implementation in XSB-Prolog. The resulting type system can be characterized as a Gradual type system, where the user begins with a completely untyped version of his program, and incrementally obtains information about the possible types of the predicates he defines from the system itself, until type signatures are found for all the predicates in the source code.
Cultivating a Culture of Mentorship in Palliative Social Work

It is no longer news that we're facing a major shortage of social workers in the fields of oncology, geriatrics, and palliative care. People are living longer with multiple chronic and advanced ill...
39 MYALGIA DOES NOT CORRELATE WITH CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE LEVELS IN STATIN TREATED PATIENTS

Background Myopathic pain is a feared complication of HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy, due to associated rhabdomyolysis. The incidence of rhabdomyolysis is low, but myalgias, fatigue and weakness are frequent in statin treated patients and often play a decisive role in patient adherence to the prescribed treatment. Preliminary evidence has implicated mitochondrial defects in ATP production as responsible for these symptoms in patients on chronic statin therapy. Methods Prospectively studied patients on chronic statin therapy (with simvastatin or atorvastatin) with complaints of muscle pain, weakness, fatigue had their myalgias graded on a validated pain scale (range 0-10). Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were obtained and correlated with the patients9 self-rated discomfort, statin choice and dosage. The patients participated in a randomized blinded trial of coenzyme Q10 or vitamin E supplementation with the statin choice and dosage held constant. Pain scale and CPK were repeated at the end of 1 month. Statistical testing included measurement of correlation coefficients, Fisher exact test with significance at p Results A total of 41 patients (16 atorvastatin 10-80 mg/day; 25 simvastatin 10-80 mg/day) were enrolled. On entry the average pain score was 4.7 (range 0-8) and the average CPK was 138.8 (range 34-573 mg/dL). There was no significant baseline correlation between pain score and CPK (lowest versus highest CPK quartile 5.4 versus 4.2 mean pain score; p = NS). There was no significant difference in baseline pain score between atorvastatin versus simvastatin (5 versus 4.5 respectively; p = NS) treated patients and no significant correlation in either group of pain severity with statin choice (correlation coefficients -0.13 atorvastatin, -0.47 simvastatin) or dose. After one month pain scores improved (-3 mean) in 20 patients and remained the same or worsened (+0.7 mean) in 21 patients. There was no relation between the magnitude or direction of change in pain score and the change in the repeat CPK. The mean CPK increased by 15.3 mg/dL in the improved pain group and decreased by 14.7 mg/dL in the group with the same or worsened pain; p = NS. Conclusions Myalgias, fatigue and weakness not associated with marked increases in CPK are frequent in patients treated with statins. Traditional CPK testing is unreliable for confirming the presence and severity of the patient9s symptoms and assessing changes in severity. Further work is necessary to develop an objective marker to detect, confirm and quantitate myalgias, fatigue, and weakness associated with statin therapy.
Rehabilitation and Home Care for Ventilator-Assisted Individuals

An increasing number of patients with chronic irreversible respiratory disorders are receiving mechanical ventilation in the home. Rehabilitation prior to hospital discharge allows improved independence and mobility in the home for these individuals.
Stereotactic Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Rationale, Feasibility, and Early Experience Using the CyberKnife Radiosurgery Delivery Platform

Purpose: The efficacy of accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) utilizing brachytherapy or conventional external beam radiation has been studied in early stage breast cancer treated with breast conserving surgery. Data regarding stereotactic treatment approaches are emerging. The CyberKnife linear accelerator enables excellent dose conformality to target structures while adjusting for target and patient motion. We report our institutional experience on the technical feasibility and rationale for SAPBI delivery using the CyberKnife radiosurgery system. Methods: Ten patients completed CyberKnife SAPBI in 2013 at Georgetown University Hospital. Four gold fiducials were implanted around the lumpectomy cavity prior to treatment under ultrasound guidance. The synchrony system tracked intrafraction motion of the fiducials. The clinical target volume (CTV) was defined on contrast enhanced CT scans using surgical clips and post-operative changes. A 5 mm expansion was added to create the planning treatment volume (PTV). A total dose of 30 Gy was delivered to the PTV in 5 consecutive fractions. Target and critical structure doses were assessed as per the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-39 study. Results: At least 3 fiducials were tracked in 100% of cases. The Mean treated PTV was 70 cm3 and the mean prescription isodose line was 80%. Mean dose to target volumes and constraints are as follows: 100% of the PTV received the prescription dose (PTV30). The volume of the ipsilateral breast receiving 30 Gy (V30) and above 15 Gy (V>15) was 14% and 31% respectively. The ipsilateral lung volume receiving 9 Gy (V9) was 3% and the contralateral lung volume receiving 1.5 Gy (V1.5) was 8%. For left sided breast cancers, the volume of heart receiving 1.5 Gy (V1.5) was 31%. Maximum skin dose was 36 Gy. At a median follow up of 1.3 years, all patients have experienced excellent/good breast cosmesis outcomes, and no breast events have been recorded. Conclusions: CyberKnife stereotactic accelerated partial breast irradiation is an appealing technique for partial breast irradiation offering improvements over existing APBI techniques. Our early findings indicate that CyberKnife SAPBI delivered in 5 daily fractions is feasible, well tolerated and is a reliable platform for delivering APBI.
The Consequences of “Race and Color” in Brazil

The vast majority of quantitative research on ethnoracial inequality uses census categories. In this article, however, I question whether census categories (in Brazil) are the most adequate measure for estimating ethnoracial inequality. Using the first nationally representative survey to include interviewer-rated skin color data in Brazil (LAPOP 2010), I examine: (1) the association between skin color and stratification outcomes, (2) how using multiple measures of race may reveal different information about inequality across different outcomes, and (3) whether census race categories and skin color should be considered equivalent or analytically distinct concepts. I find that skin color is a stronger predictor of educational attainment and occupational status among Brazilians than race (operationalized as census race-color categories used in virtually all research on ethnoracial inequality in Brazil). Centrally, this study finds that “race” and “color” are analytically distinct concepts given that they are empirically distinct, even though they are often conflated in everyday life and by social scientists. The implications of these findings for the study of ethnoracial inequality in Brazil and beyond are discussed, with a focus on directions for future research. En este articulo, se utiliza la primera encuesta representativa a nivel nacional para incluir los datos de tono de piel de acuerdo a los entrevistadores en Brasil (LAPOP 2010) para examinar: (1) la asociacion entre el color de piel, en concreto, y los resultados de estratificacion y (2) si la “raza” y “color” no son solo conceptualmente, sino tambien empiricamente distintos. Extendiendo la investigacion previa que compara el grado de desigualdad asociada con diferentes medidas de “raza” se utiliza multiples medidas de “raza” en los mismos modelos para determinar si ciertas medidas son predictores mas fuertes de ciertos resultados que otras medidas. Si bien el auto-clasificado “raza” no es un predictor significativo de la situacion laboral, el color de piel es un predictor significativo, mientras que la auto-clasificacion de “raza” es un predictor significativo del nivel de instruccion, el color de la piel es un predictor mas fuerte del nivel de instruccion que la auto-clasificacion de “raza”. Este estudio revela que la “raza” y “color” son ambos conceptos analiticamente y empiricamente distintos. Las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para el estudio de las desigualdades de etnia-raciales en Brasil y mas alla se discuten con un enfoque en futuras investigaciones.
Analysis of reactions towards failures and recovery strategies for autonomous robots

Human-robot interaction involving the failure of autonomous robots is not yet well understood. We conducted two online surveys with a total of 1200 participants in which people assessed situations where an autonomous robot experienced different kinds of failure. This information was used to construct a measurement scale of people's reaction to failure where positive values correspond with increasingly positive reactions and negative values with negative reactions. We then used this scale to compare different kinds of failure situations, including the severity of the failures, the context risk involved, and the effectiveness of different kinds of recovery strategies. We found evidence that the effectiveness of recovery strategies depends on the task, context, and severity of failure.
A constrained state space approach for estimating firm efficiency

In this study a panel data state space approach is used to estimate efficiencies of productive units where the states are required to lie in a closed convex constraint set. The constraints are imposed by using oblique projections of state variables onto the constraint set. This approach provides a flexible approximation that can capture the time-varying pattern of firm specific efficiency.
Creation of a 3D Printed Model: From Virtual to Physical

The assessment and management of children and adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) heavily relies upon accurate imaging of the morphology and interrelationships between the cardiac structures. The advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing has allowed for virtual imaging to be printed into tangible models for individualized care. 3D printed heart models have now gained acceptance in cardiac medicine as an additional tool for detailed surgical and interventional planning, especially in corrected or palliated complex CHD. The source datasets for 3D printing include computed tomography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and 3D echocardiography. The settings for image acquisition are critical for high-quality and accurate 3D printed models. Moreover, as each imaging modality has different strengths, integration of the best aspects for hybrid 3D printing may improve the accuracy of the heart models. The components of the heart derived from imaging modalities are segmented by semi-automated methods on dedicated post-processing software followed by 3D rendering. The 3D rendered virtual model is converted into a physical model on a 3D printer. The contribution of experts with in-depth knowledge of cardiac morphology is vital for every step involved in the creation of an accurate 3D model of the heart. The 3D printed model may be useful for teaching patients and family members as well as other medical professionals. As 3D printed heart models are a static representation of a dynamic organ, the functional and hemodynamic characteristics are lost. The visualization of 3D virtual dynamic heart models on a 3D platform with augmented reality will define the future of personalized cardiac medicine.
The Master of Brie-Compte-Robert and His “Direct Method:” Translating the Cycle of Life into Ecology

Lawrence T. Henderson, “Life and Services of Louis Pasteur,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 62 (1923), iii–xiii. My thanks to Sharon Kingsland for pointing out Henderson’s comments on Pasteur’s relationship to the history of ecology.
Primary assessment activity and learner perceptions of attitude change in four MOOCs

AbstractThis study seeks to examine perceptions of attitudinal change in relation to the primary assessment activity within four Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) that were designed for attitudinal learning. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we sought to understand if by focusing on assessing cognitive learning (quizzes) as opposed to behavioral learning (personal projects), the courses would result in greater reported attitude change in the respective areas. The second component of the study examined whether learners who identified cognitive learning (quizzes) as opposed to behavioral learning (personal projects) as the most impactful learning activity (or vice versa) reported stronger learning in the respective attitudinal component. Using an author-created survey that included learner reported attitudinal learning, perceptions of attitude change were collected. Results revealed that learners who utilized assessment activities focusing on behavioral learning did not report higher perceptio...