cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Germination of Japanese Stewartia seeds: the effects of warm and cold stratification.

Abstract Japanese Stewartia (Stewartia pseudocamellia (Maxim.)) is a species with outstanding landscape qualities, but is not widely available because reliable propagation protocols have not been developed, including procedures for overcoming seed dormancy. Three experiments were conducted to determine the warm and cold stratification requirements of Japanese Stewartia seeds. In the first experiment, seeds given a 3-day aerated water soak in 1 mM GA3, followed by 3 months warm moist stratification at 25C (77F) had greater germination 173 to 297 days after initiation of cold (7C, 45F) stratification than seeds given a 3-day aerated water soak and similar warm and cold stratification treatments. Final germination was 70%, but germination was not synchronous, it occurred over 172 days. In the second experiment, germination was low (less than 1%) for seeds given either 9 months cold moist stratification or 3 months warm moist stratification at 20C (68F) before 6 months cold moist stratification. Seeds given a...
How the City University of New York (CUNY) Can Improve Efficiency, Reduce Waste, and Save Millions

One researcher asserts that half of the 4,000 colleges and universities in the United States will be bankrupt within the next few decades. Change is coming whether colleges and universities like it or not. Think of what is happening to the newspapers and retailers. Unfortunately, most institutions of higher learning have a mindset that might have made sense in the industrial age but is dangerous in the knowledge economy. The institutions of higher education that survive will be the ones that learn how to eliminate waste and be efficient. This paper highlights several simple changes that have the potential of saving colleges millions of dollars. CUNY is used an example but most colleges will benefit from implementing these changes.
Ethical dilemmas in nursing: An integrative review

Aims To identify themes and gaps in the literature to stimulate researchers to develop strategies to guide decision-making among clinical nurses faced with ethical dilemmas. Background The concept of ethical dilemmas has been well explored in nursing because of the frequency of ethical dilemmas in practice and the toll these dilemmas can take on nurses. Although ethical dilemmas are prevalent in nursing practice, frequently leading to moral distress, there is little guidance in the literature to help nurses resolve them. Design This study is an integrative review of published research from 2000 to 2017. Methods The keywords ethics, ethical dilemmas and nurs* were searched in CINAHL, PubMed, OVID and SCOPUS. Exclusion criteria were sources not available in English, not in acute care, and without an available abstract. Seventy-two studies were screened; 35 were retained. Garrard's matrix was utilised to analyse and synthesise the studies. Results Ethical dilemmas arose from end-of-life issues, conflict with physicians or families, patient privacy concerns and organisational constraints. Differences were found in study location, and yet international research confirms that ethical dilemmas are universally prevalent and must be addressed globally to protect patients and nurses. Conclusions This review offers an analysis of the available evidence regarding ethical dilemmas in acute care, identifying themes, limitations and gaps in the literature. The gaps in quantitative intervention work, US paucity of research, and lack of comparisons across practice settings/nursing roles must be addressed. Further exploration is warranted in the relationship between ethical dilemmas and moral distress, the significance patient physical appearance plays on nurse determination of futility, and strategies for pain management and honesty. Relevance to nursing practice Understanding and addressing gaps in research is essential to develop strategies to help nurses resolve ethical dilemmas and to avoid moral distress and burnout.
Load duration effects in wood members and connections: order statistics and critical loads

Abstract Load duration behavior, arising from creep-rupture, is one of the most significant effects distinguishing wood materials from other structural materials. The phenomenon of creep-rupture has been widely studied over the past two decades. Recent experimental programs have focused on duration-of-load (DOL) effects in full-size lumber and a number of different cumulative damage models have been proposed. These models have been used in reliability analyses that take into account the stochastic nature of the loading process to evaluate appropriate load duration adjustment factors for use in design. More recently, the stochastic damage accumulation process itself has been investigated. This has resulted in proposals for simplified cumulative damage analyses and the re-emergence of the ‘killer pulse’ concept for load duration effects in wood. Other recent studies have focused on evaluating analogous load–time effects in mechanical connections in wood. While the mechanisms in connections are recognized as different from those in wood members, the treatment of time effects in design are (at least at the present time) similar. With the tendency toward engineered design of wood structures subject to natural hazards loadings, such as wind and seismic loads, load duration effects in both the primary framing members and the structural connections may be of particular importance. The evolution of the new LRFD standard for wood provides a good opportunity to re-visit this important issue. This paper will briefly review DOL research, with particular emphasis on the work used as the basis for the time effects factors in the LRFD standard, and describe some recent work in (a) a simplified approach to cumulative damage analysis using order statistics, and (b) load–time effects in simple wood connections. It is shown that reliability analyses including DOL behavior can be performed more simply (efficiently) using an order statistics approach or even a simple FORM analysis. Thus, it may be possible to evaluate load duration factors for design without having to perform complex stochastic cumulative damage analyses.
Elastic Measurements Near a Valence Transition

The valence transitions in the Ce and SmS based systems involve gigantic discontinuous volume changes with no change in lattice symmetry. An appropriate order parameter for such a transition is the reduced volume (V-VC)/VC (VC = critical volume) and the appropriate instability in the elastic constant matrix is the vanishing of the bulk modulus(1) (divergence of the isothermal compressibility kT). Velocity of sound measurements across first order valence transitions in Sm1-XYXS by Penney, Mel cher, Holtzberg and Guntherodt(2) and in Ce by Vornov, et al.(3) and Rosen(4) reflect the insipient critical divergence in kT. The large slope of volume versus pressure curves for the high temperature continuous transition in Ce(5) is directly related to the kT anomaly. The purpose of this work is to examine the form of the divergence of kT at a valence transition.
Inflammation and Chemotaxis

We saw in Chapter 2 that neutrophils are mobile cells that spontaneously explore their environment in a random way and that can be induced to migrate in particular directions by suitable stimuli. This chapter will be concerned with the nature of the stimuli and with the processes by which neutrophils accumulate at inflammatory sites.
Public Attitudes toward Private Military Companies: Insights from Principal–agent Theory

This article examines the distribution and correlates of mass attitudes toward the privatization of US military operations. Relying on insights from principal–agent theory, we form predictions abou...
A world of cheapness: Affordability, shoddiness, and second‐best options in Guinea and China

For people who trade and consume low‐priced, low‐quality goods, cheapness shapes their experiences of the world. In Guinea, West Africa, affordable Chinese‐manufactured goods expand the limits of people's everyday lives, while Guinean traders seek their fortunes by traveling to China to buy cheap merchandise. However, shoddy products that break easily often disappoint consumers, and traders find their journeys to China risky and difficult; many of them would migrate elsewhere if they could. Exploring the parallels between traders' and consumers' perspectives, this article considers how cheapness and second‐best options allow people to participate in a globalized economy of manufactured goods, thereby improving their quality of life in ways that work sometimes, but not as well as they would like.
Translation of CUD Therapeutics from Drug Discovery to the Clinic

The first part of this chapter will outline the typical designs used in modern drug discovery programs, starting with initial hit discovery and leading up to the point that FDA permits “first-in-human” testing. It is intended that this outline will provide insight into the different skill sets and ways of thinking and working that are needed to bring a new medication to the clinic. The purpose is not only to provide basic scientists with a view from the “other side” but also to convey the complexities involved in drug development projects, as a way of explaining why it takes so long to get from initial discovery to clinical testing. Having covered some of the considerations of the drug development process, the second half of the chapter will discuss experimental approaches used to date to treat cannabis use disorder (CUD) as well as a brief history of cannabinoid pharmacology (and physiology). It is hoped that these factors may clarify where we have come from, why it has taken so long, and the direction forward.
Efforts to Study Consumers Over Their Life Span

The study of consumers over the course of their lives has been a topic of interest to scientists even before the development of the field of consumer behavior in the marketing area. Psychologists and economists were among the first to investigate certain types of consumer behaviors over the life span or a significant part of it. One of the earliest studies focuses on the development of brand preferences (Guest 1942). This cross-sectional study, which examines awareness for brands in 16 types of product categories, finds awareness to increase with age during childhood and adolescent years (ages 7–18), with the onset of awareness being a function of the type of product and having a positive relationship with socioeconomic status (SES) and IQ. The development of brand preferences is also assessed longitudinally among participants of this early study in two follow-up investigations 12 and 20 years later (Guest 1955, 1964). The 12-year study finds that preference for brands does not change for approximately 27% of the subjects, while the second study finds consistency in preferences for brand for approximately one-fourth of the subjects over a 20-year period. The latter study concludes that preference for brands is context-specific—i.e., it depends on the type of product and social pressure.
Complementarity in Bond Design

This study examines the joint choice of bond features that corporations make in defining their bonds. Using data on new corporate bond issues from 1990 through 2012, we find that corporate bonds are packages of different provisions and restrictions reflecting complementarities between bond features that change with issuer characteristics. Broadly, we find evidence that asymmetries of information between issuer and investors, agency conflicts between stockholders and bondholders, credit risk, the nature of the firm’s growth prospects, and bond market conditions all play a role in the use or non-use of different corporate bond features.
The Hierarchy Based on the Jump Operator

The problem of iterating the jump operator into the transfinite is discussed from several points of view.
Sterile neutrinos and neutrinoless double beta decay in effective field theory

We investigate neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ) in the presence of sterile neutrinos with Majorana mass terms. These gauge-singlet fields are allowed to interact with Standard-Model (SM) fields via renormalizable Yukawa couplings as well as higher-dimensional gauge-invariant operators up to dimension seven in the Standard Model Effective Field Theory extended with sterile neutrinos. At the GeV scale, we use Chiral effective field theory involving sterile neutrinos to connect the operators at the level of quarks and gluons to hadronic interactions involving pions and nucleons. This allows us to derive an expression for 0νββ rates for various isotopes in terms of phase-space factors, hadronic low-energy constants, nuclear matrix elements, the neutrino masses, and the Wilson coefficients of higher-dimensional operators. The required hadronic low-energy constants and nuclear matrix elements depend on the neutrino masses, for which we obtain interpolation formulae grounded in QCD and chiral perturbation theory that improve existing formulae that are only valid in a small regime of neutrino masses. The resulting framework can be used directly to assess the impact of 0νββ experiments on scenarios with light sterile neutrinos and should prove useful in global analyses of sterile-neutrino searches. We per- form several phenomenological studies of 0νββ in the presence of sterile neutrinos with and without higher-dimensional operators. We find that non-standard interactions involving sterile neutrinos have a dramatic impact on 0νββ phenomenology, and next-generation experiments can probe such interactions up to scales of $$ \mathcal{O} $$ (100) TeV.
SGLT2 inhibitors reduce all-cause mortality

SOURCE CITATION Silverii GA, Monami M, Mannucci E. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:1052-6. 33283969.
A Preliminary Study of Deep-Learning Algorithm for Analyzing Multiplex Immunofluorescence Biomarkers in Body Fluid Cytology Specimens.

Introduction Multiplex biomarker analysis of cytological body fluid specimens is often used to assist cytologists in distiguishing metastatic cancer cells from reactive mesothelial cells. However, evaluating biomarker expression visually may be challenging, especially when the cells of interest are scant. Deep-learning algorithms (DLAs) may be able to assist cytologists in analyzing multiple biomarker expression at the single cell level in the multiplex fluorescence imaging (MFI) setting. This preliminary study was performed to test the feasibility of using DLAs to identify immunofluorescence-stained metastatic adenocarcinoma cells in body fluid cytology samples. Methods A DLA was developed to analyze MFI-stained cells in body fluid cytological samples. A total of 41 pleural fluid samples, comprising of 20 positives and 21 negatives, were retrospectively collected. Multiplex immunofluorescence labeling for MOC31, BerEP4, and calretinin, were performed on cell block sections, and results were analyzed by manual analysis (manual MFI) and DLA analysis (MFI-DLA) independently. Results All cases with positive original cytological diagnoses showed positive results either by manual MFI or MFI-DLA, but 2 of the 14 (14.3%) original cytologically negative cases had rare cells with positive MOC31 and/or BerEP4 staining in addition to calretinin. Manual MFI analysis and MFI-DLA showed 100% concordance. Conclusion MFI combined with DLA provides a potential tool to assist in cytological diagnosis of metastatic malignancy in body fluid samples. Larger studies are warranted to test the clinical validity of the approach.
Group polarization in virtual communities: The case of stock message boards

This study examines group polarization, the phenomenon that group members tend to become more extreme in their decisions after group discussions, in the setting of virtual communities, specifically on stock message boards. In this paper, I propose two factors – group size and discussion thread length – to introduce the group polarization theories, social comparison theory (SCT) and persuasive arguments theory (PAT), respectively, to virtual communities. I examined the effects that group size and thread length have on group polarization, which is measured by forum participants’ sentiments. The findings suggest that group size has a significant effect on group polarization. The result of thread length, however, is mixed: the effect of thread length depends on the degree of posting activity on the message board. The analysis and findings echo prior literature, in which SCT and PAT are claimed to serve as two key mechanisms that drive group polarization.
Mammalian LINE-1 Retrotransposons and Related Elements

This chapter emphasises on the studies that have focused on understanding the mechanism of L1 retrotransposition, which were conducted since the publication of Mobile DNA in 1989. In addition, when appropriate the similarities and differences between the retrotransposition mechanisms of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1s or L1s), closely related L1-like elements, and more distantly related non-LTR retrotransposons, are discussed. The majority of Cin4 elements are variably 5’ truncated, rearranged, or mutated. The basic structural features of these nonautonomous retrotransposons are introduced in the chapter. The cultured cell assay also has yielded unexpected information about L1 retrotransposition. First, in cultured cells, 5 to 10% of new L1 retrotransposition events occurs into the introns of actively transcribed genes. Second, because L1s can be considered processed pseudogenes, the L1 pA signal lacks conserved elements that normally reside downstream of the poly(A) addition site in canonical RNA polymerase II pA signals. Finally, because most L1s are 5’ truncated, it is possible that many transduction events are not detected because they completely lack L1 sequences. However, biochemical data argue that ORF1 binds particular A-rich sequences in L1 RNA with relatively high affinity and that ORF1p is more abundant than ORF2p. We just are beginning to realize the consequences of L1 retrotransposition on the human genome. Clearly, L1 is a mutagen. Moreover, because of the abundance of L1s, it is likely that L1s provide scaffolds for illegitimate recombination, which may contribute to the genome instability seen in many tumors.
Redox History of the Earth's Interior since ∼3900 Ma: Implications for Prebiotic Molecules

The history of the oxidation state in the Earth's mantle has beenconstrained using (a) the whole-rock abundances of Cr and V inancient volcanics, and (b) the composition of Cr-rich spinels in ancient volcanics. Results indicate that the Earth's mantle hasbeen at-or-near its current oxidation state (±0.5 log-unitfO2) since at least 3600 Ma, and probably since at least 3960 Ma. Volatiles released into the Earth's atmosphere by high-temperature (T ≥ 1300 K) volcanism during this time have been dominated by H2O, CO2, and SO2. This blend ofvolatiles is known to provide smaller yields of prebiotic, organic molecules by atmospheric and surface processes than gasmixtures containing higher concentrations of reduced species suchas H2, CO, and H2S (e.g., Miller, 1998; Zolotov and Shock, 2000). The results discussed in this article independentlysupport the conclusion of Canil (1997, 1999). f the atmosphere was reducing (e.g., CH4, H2, H2S, NH3, CO) at any time during the last ∼3900 Ma,high-temperature volcanic outgassing was not the cause of it.
K-shell x-ray-production cross sections in 6C, 8O, 9F, 11Na, 12Mg, and 13Al, by 0.75- to 4.5-MeV protons

Article discussing K-shell x-ray-production cross sections in 6C, 8O, 9F, 11Na, 12Mg, and 13AI, by 0.75- to 4.5-MeV protons.
Rudin’s orthogonality problem and the Nevanlinna counting function

Let 4 be a holomorphic function taking the open unit disk U into itself. We show that the set of nonnegative powers of 4 is orthogonal in L2 (qU) if and only if the Nevanlinna counting function of q, No, is essentially radial. As a corollary, we obtain that the orthogonality of {q': n = 0, 1, 2,... } for a univalent 0 implies +(z) = az for some constant ar. We also show that if {nfl: n = 0, 1, 2, ... } is orthogonal, then the closure of +(U) must be a disk.
Potential Theory and Static Gravity Field of the Earth

Classical potential theory and Newton's law of gravitation form the foundation of determining and modeling the Earth's gravitational field. This chapter offers a mathematical review and derivation of models used for terrestrial and satellite-based measurements. The approach is based on developing solutions to a boundary-value problem. A section is devoted to the measurement of gravitational field quantities, especially using satellite techniques, which currently are receiving the most attention in view of their application to global studies related to climate, sea level, and polar ice sheet mass balance. A discussion of the geoid, its accessibility and determination, rounds out the chapter.
TU-G-BRB-04: Digital Phantoms for Developing Protocols in Particle Therapy

Proton therapy, in particular, and ion therapy, just beginning, are becoming an increasing focus of attention in clinical radiation oncology and medical physics. Both modalities have been criticized of lacking convincing evidence from randomized trials proving their efficacy, justifying the higher costs involved in these therapies. This session will provide an overview of the current status of clinical trials in proton therapy, including recent developments in ion therapy. As alluded to in the introductory talk by Dr. Schulte, opinions are diverging widely as to the usefulness and need for clinical trials in particle therapy and the challenge of equipoise. The lectures will highlight some of the challenges that surround clinical trials in particle therapy. One, presented by Dr. Choy from UT Southwestern, is that new technology and even different types of particles such as helium and carbon ions are introduced into this environment, increasing the phase space of clinical variables. The other is the issue of medical physics quality assurance with physical phantoms, presented by Mrs. Taylor from IROC Houston, which is more challenging because 3D and 4D image guidance and active delivery techniques are in relatively early stages of development. The role of digital phantoms in developing clinical treatment planning protocols and as a QA tool will also be highlighted by Dr. Lee from NCI. The symposium will be rounded off by a panel discussion among the Symposium speakers, arguing pro or con the need and readiness for clinical trials in proton and ion therapy. Learning Objectives: 1. To get an update on the current status of clinical trials allowing or mandating proton therapy. 2. Learn about the status of planned clinical trials in the U.S. and worldwide involving ion therapy. 3. Discuss the challenges in the design and QA of clinical trials in particle therapy. 4. Learn about existing and future physical and computational anthropomorphic phantoms for charged particle clinical trial development and support. Research reported in this presentation is supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National; Institutes of Health under Award Number P20CA183640.
Healthcare Needs of the Transgender Homeless Population

This is the first of three articles in this issue of The Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health documenting the proceedings of the workshop “The Psychiatric Needs of the Transgender Homeless Population” at the 2009 American Psychiatric Association's Institute on Psychiatric Services Conference in New York City. This article describes some of the healthcare needs of the transgender homeless population and potential ways of addressing these needs. Homelessness disproportionately affects the transgender population for many reasons. Transgender persons are often rejected by their families and peers, and marginalized in our society, leading to increased risks of unemployment and homelessness. They are frequently not engaged in necessary mental health and medical care due to barriers arising from both their gender minority status and the barriers associated with homelessness. In order for this population to gain access to necessary mental health and medical care, all providers interfacing with them need to id...
Targeting Brain Tumor Stem Cells with Oncolytic Adenoviruses

In 2004, brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) were isolated from surgical human malignant gliomas. This cancer cell population has been identified as the root for tumor initiation and resistance to therapies. Thus, it is imperative to develop new therapies that can eradicate this subpopulation to improve the prognosis of patients with brain tumors. Our group previously reported the antiglioma effect of the tumor-selective oncolytic adenovirus Delta-24-RGD that is now being tested in a phase I clinical trial for patients with malignant gliomas. We also showed that Delta-24-RGD infects, replicates in, and induces cell death in BTSCs. Interestingly, we observed that adenoviral-infected cells undergo autophagy and that autophagy-related cytoplasmic vacuolization might be part of the lysis process. Here, we summarize the materials and methods used in our study as follows: establishment of neurosphere cultures from surgical samples of human glioblastoma multiformes; assessment of stem cell markers; examination of adenoviral receptors in BTSCs; evaluation of the cytotoxicity induced by oncolytic adenoviruses; and assessment of autophagy in oncolytic adenovirus-infected BTSCs in vitro, and finally we describe a method to detect upregulation of the autophagy-related protein Atg5 in tumors treated with Delta-24-RGD.
Alteration of the Fatty Acid Composition of Membrane Phospholipids in Mouse Lymphoid Cells

A simple method is described for introducing exogenous fatty acids into the membrane phospholipids of the murine leukemia cell EL-4, and into the membrane phospholipids of resting mouse lymphocytes. The method involves culturing of the cells with free or methylated fatty acids at concentrations up to 50 µg/ml. The presence of serum in the culture medium does not interfere with fatty acid uptake, but does increase the growth rate and viability of the cells. Membrane lipid composition returns to normal after the cells are grown in medium without exogenous fatty acid. Fractionation of the cell membranes confirmed that exogenous fatty acids were incorporated into the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.
Abiotrophia Endocarditis in Children with No Underlying Heart Disease: A Rare but a Virulent Organism

Infective endocarditis is extremely rare in children with structurally normal hearts. The most common etiological agents are staphylococcal and streptococcal species. Nutritionally variant streptococci also classified as Abiotrophia species are a group of fastidious organisms that account for only 5% to 6% of all cases of culture-negative infective endocarditis. Only seven cases of Abiotrophia infective endocarditis have been previously reported in children with no underlying structural heart disease. We report two cases of Abiotrophia infective endocarditis in children without any predisposing factors. Both patients presented with nonspecific symptoms leading to delay in diagnosis. While bacteriological clearance was achieved in both cases, both had a complicated course including development of brain mycotic aneurysms, splenic infarction, renal failure, and irreversible damage to the mitral valve. Both patients required surgical removal of the native mitral valve and replacement. We also present review of seven cases with similar diagnosis published previously in literature and highlight important differences. Our cases highlight special challenges in management of Abiotrophia endocarditis in pediatric patients. As the organism may not be isolated in routine culture media, may present with atypical clinical symptoms and may have a complicated course even without antibiotic failure, a high index of suspicion should be maintained in children with subacute symptoms even with no underlying structural cardiac disease.
An apparatus for "channeling" experiments

Abstract A description is given of an apparatus for use in measurements on channeling and related effects seen in the passage of charged particles through single crystals. The system features good angular resolution, suitability of use for many different types of experiment and computer control of the goniometer and detector motions as well as the data acquisition and analysis. Some examples of data recorded with the system are presented.
Possible Interpretation of Cyclotron Resonance Absorption in Graphite

An interpretation of cyclotron absorption experiments in graphite is presented. Evidence is given for the existence of a majority and minority hole, and a majority and minority electron. The masses for the majority hole and electron are $\ensuremath{\sim}0.07 {m}_{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}0.05 {m}_{0}$, respectively. The masses for the minority hole and electron are $0.028{m}_{0}$ and $0.015{m}_{0}$, respectively. Strong indications of second and third harmonic cyclotron resonances for the minority carriers, and weaker indications of harmonics for the majority carriers are noted. Based on the assumption that these lines are correctly interpreted as harmonics, selection rules for harmonics of the cyclotron resonance exclude certain positions of the band extrema in the Brillouin zone.
The stimulatory and inhibitory components of cocaine's actions on the 5-HTP-induced 5-HT2A receptor response

Abstract Previously we have shown that cocaine attenuates the 5-HT2A receptor-mediated head-twitch response (HTR) in mice produced by the 5-HT2A/C direct agonist (±)-1(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). This inhibition appears to be due to cocaine-induced indirect stimulation of the inhibitory serotonergic 5-HT1A and noradrenergic α2 receptors via the inhibition of reuptake of synaptic serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), respectively. In the present study, we investigated the effects of cocaine, its phenyltropane analogue WIN 35428, and the selective 5-HT (sertraline), NE (nisoxetine) and dopamine (DA) (GBR 12935) reuptake inhibitors on the 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)-induced HTR. We utilized two experimental protocols where cocaine or the cited drugs were administered either after (protocol 1) or prior (protocol 2) to 5-HTP injection. Cocaine in both protocols produced a dose-dependent enhancement in the 5-HTP-induced HTR (ED50 4.68 ± 1.21 and 3.55 ± 1.31, respectively). Sertraline was more potent (ED50 2.64 ± 1.1 and 2.1 ± 1.54, respectively) in enhancing the induced behavior and dose by dose produced greater (3 to 10 times) HTRs than cocaine. On the other hand, nisoxetine dose dependently and completely attenuated the induced behavior (ID50 3.33 ± 1.32 and 1.72 ± 1.34, respectively), whereas GBR 12935 only at high doses (ID50 15.34 ± 1.52 and 11.91 ± 1.3, respectively) decreased the induced response. The inability of cocaine to induce as many HTRs as sertraline appears to lie in its ability to also indirectly stimulate the inhibitory 5-HT1A and α2 receptors because the stimulant caused greater enhancement in the 5-HTP-induced HTRs in the presence of their corresponding antagonists [S(−)-UH 301 and yohimbine, respectively]. WIN 35428 was more potent (ED50 2.87 ± 1.3 and 1.79 ± 1.1 for protocols 1 and 2, respectively) in stimulating the 5-HTP-induced HTR and produced a bell-shaped dose-response curve. The results indicate that cocaine enhances the 5-HTP-induced HTR via the inhibition of synaptic 5-HT reuptake. The stimulant also simultaneously attenuates the induced behavior by indirect simulation of the serotonergic 5-HT1A and noradrenergic α2 receptors via inhibition of reuptake of the corresponding monoamines.
Instability of a layer of chemotactic cells, attractant and degrading enzyme☆

Abstract Considered here is the stability of a steady-state uniform planar distribution of chemotactic cells which secrete both an attracting chemical and a second chemical which destroys the attracting activity of the first. The analysis is a generalization of that of Keller & Segel (1970) . Various simplifying assumptions are made. In different cases (i) the Keller-Segel results are recovered, (ii) predictions of “territory size” emerge, (iii) oscillatory instability appears. The biological implications of the results are discussed, particularly with reference to the onset of aggregation in cellular slime mold amoebae.
Farming the reef: is aquaculture a solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs?

Abstract This paper presents the results of an analysis to determine the financial and social feasibility of aquaculture technologies for live reef organisms, including food fish and marine ornamentals, as an alternative to wild capture of live reef organisms in nearshore waters in the Indo-Pacific region. The paper provides information and policy guidance for appropriate aquaculture technology application for Indo-Pacific nations, which are the source of most live reef organisms supplied for international trade. Cautionary evidence indicates that, under certain conditions, some forms of small-scale aquaculture of live coral reef organisms can be a useful solution for reducing fishing pressure on coral reefs.
The Algebra of a Class of Transformations with Applications to Log-Log Models of School Spending

A transformation is defined and algebraic relatconships developed between the least squares coefficients, standard errors, and R2in the original and transformed models. This complete analysis is then used to explain the impact on these quantities of different measures of the tax price and dependent variable in log-log school spending models. More generally, it is shown that the different specifications are linked to each other through this transformation so that they have a common fundamental structure. The results should be interpreted in this light. Other applications are described briefly.
Laser capture microdissection MALDI for direct analysis of archival tissue

MALDI mass spectra were obtained from cancer cells isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) of archived tissue. Frozen human lung tissue from adenocarcenoma and squamous cell carcenoma cases were cut into 5 to 15 microm thick sections, stained with hematoxylin and dehydrated. Cancer cells were isolated by LCM, mixed with matrix solution, and deposited on a MALDI target for mass spectrometric analysis. For comparison with LCM isolated cells, tissue sections were placed directly on the MALDI target without microdissection. Tissue sections frozen in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) solution and cut into 8 microm thick sections gave the best performance with direct MALDI analysis. Between 15 and 20 peaks were observed in the mass region between 1,000 and 4,000 Da, and roughly half of these peaks were common to either squamous cells or adenocarcenoma. Additional peaks were observed in the non-LCM mass spectra and these may result from biomolecules in the healthy tissue. When compared to fresh tissue, both LCM and non-LCM archived tissue produced fewer peaks, possibly due to degradation of the biomolecules in the archived tissue.
The undecidability of self-embedding for finite semi-Thue and Thue systems

A semi-Thue system S (Thue system T) is self-embedding if there exist words x, y and z such that xz ≠ e and y→S∗xyz(y↔T∗xyz). It is shown that it is undecidable in general whether or not a given finite semi-Thue system S (Thue system T) is self-embedding.
Caspase inhibition increases survival of neural stem cells in the gastrointestinal tract

Abstract Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising tool for the restoration of the enteric nervous system in a variety of motility disorders. Post-transplant survival represents a critical limiting factor for successful repopulation. The aim of this study was to determine the role of both immunological as well as non-immune-mediated mechanisms on post-transplant survival of NSC in the gut. Mouse CNS-derived NSC (CNS-NSC) were transplanted into the pylorus of recipient mice with and without the addition of a caspase-1 inhibitor (Ac-YVAD-cmk) in the injection media. In a separate experiment, CNS-NSC were transplanted in the pylorus of mice that were immunosuppressed by administration of cyclosporin A (CsA). Apoptosis and proliferation of the implanted cells was assessed 1 and 7 days post-transplantation. Survival was assessed 1 week post-transplantation. The degree of immunoresponse was also measured. The addition of a caspase-1 inhibitor significantly reduced apoptosis, increased proliferation and enhanced survival of CNS-NSC. CsA-treatment did not result in improved survival. Our results indicate that caspase-1 inhibition, but not immunosuppression, improves survival of CNS-NSC in the gut. Pre-treatment with a caspase-1 inhibitor may be a practical method to enhance the ability of transplanted CNS-NSC to survive in their new environment.
Race-related variation of facial features: Anthropometric data I

Physical anthropological measures of faces of Japanese, whites, and blacks were obtained from several published sources. Comparisons among three racial groups yielded no evidence for racial differences in facial heterogeneity, but features of Japanese women’s faces may display more variation than the other faces studied.
Intelligent control system simulation of an agricultural robot

An intelligent control system for an agricultural robot which performs in an uncertain and unstructured environment was modelled as distributed, autonomous computing modules that communicate through globally accessible blackboard structures. The control architecture was implemented for a robotic harvester of melons. A CAD workstation was used to plan, model, simulate and evaluate the robot and gripper motions using 3-D, real-time animation. The intelligent control structure was verified by simulating the dynamic data flow scenarios of melon harvesting. Control algorithms were evaluated on measured melon locations.
Dislocation-particle interaction at elevated temperatures

There is a major difference in dislocation-particle interaction at low and elevated temperatures. This article will only discuss the historic development of and the current understanding of the interaction of dislocations with non-shearable particles at elevated temperatures. It will show that the understanding of repulsive-attractive transition in dislocation-particle interaction at elevated temperatures has undergone remarkable change and is at a level where a physics-based high-temperature strengthening framework can be developed.
Seeking help from a mental health professional: The influence of one's social network

The decision to seek psychological help may be hindered or facilitated by many factors. Two potential factors that might facilitate help seeking are having a relationship with someone (a) who recommends seeking help or (b) who themselves have sought help. In two studies (N = 780, N = 746), we explored the relationship between these factors and intentions to seek mental health services. In Study 1, being prompted to seek help and knowing someone who had sought help were both related to positive expectations about mental health services. In Study 2, being prompted to seek help and knowing someone who had sought help were related to more positive attitudes toward help seeking. Also, knowing someone who had sought help was related to the intention to seek help. Of those who sought psychological help, approximately 75% had someone recommend that they seek help and about 94% knew someone who had sought help.
Spectral Changes Produced by Scattering of Polychromatic Light on Random Distribution of Particles

An expression is presented for the spectral changes generated by static scattering of polychromatic light on a random distribution of particles. The result is illustrated by specific cases of correlated systems of particles.
Crystal symmetry and magnetic order in iron pnictides: A tight-binding Wannier function analysis

To perform a local-orbital analysis of electronic and magnetic interactions, we construct the Wannier functions (WFs) of the $\text{Fe}\text{ }3d$ orbitals in the parent compound of the recently discovered iron-pnictide superconductors, LaFeAsO, and a comparison material LaFePO. Comparing the WFs for the stripe antiferromagnetic order with those for no magnetic order, the difference is a significant spreading (delocalization) of specifically the ${d}_{xy}$ and ${d}_{xz}$ (but not ${d}_{yz}$) WFs, where parallel Fe spins lie along the $x$ direction. The WF basis gives a tight-binding representation of the first-principles, density-functional based Fe-derived bands. Comparing hopping parameters, it is found that changes due to stripe antiferromagnetism, even if it is weak, enables more isotropic hopping involving spin-majority electrons in the $\text{Fe}\text{ }3{d}_{xz}$ (but not the $3{d}_{yz}$) orbital. This change, counterintuitively, actually reinforces electronic anisotropy. Further insight is gained by comparing the WFs of LaFeAsO and LaFePO, identifying how the difference in WFs is related to the difference in hopping integrals and showing how the pnictide atom is influential in forming the stripe antiferromagnetism. Kinetic-energy considerations suggest that orbital fluctuation, in addition to spin fluctuation, may contribute to the decrease in observed ordered moment compared to the calculated values.
The effects of varied acoustic parameters on performance in dichotic speech perception tasks

Abstract Five dichotic speech experiments were conducted with normal adult listeners in which the signal to one or both ears was degraded by manipulation of intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, or bandwidth parameters. Results suggest that: (1) performance of the ear (or ears) receiving the degraded signal can be predicted from the monaural identifiability of the stimuli, and (2) dichotic performance, at least in stop consonant-vowel tests, reflects an additive central process which combines speech information from the two ears.
TIME-LAPSE VIDEO SLEEP STATE DETERMINATION COMPARED WITH POLYSOMNOGRAPHY: RECORDING SLEEP IN PRETERM/TERM INFANTS † 973

TIME-LAPSE VIDEO SLEEP STATE DETERMINATION COMPARED WITH POLYSOMNOGRAPHY: RECORDING SLEEP IN PRETERM/TERM INFANTS † 973
General-Dimensional Constrained Delaunay and Constrained Regular Triangulations, I: Combinatorial Properties

Two-dimensional constrained Delaunay triangulations are geometric structures that are popular for interpolation and mesh generation because they respect the shapes of planar domains, they have “nicely shaped” triangles that optimize several criteria, and they are easy to construct and update. The present work generalizes constrained Delaunay triangulations (CDTs) to higher dimensions and describes constrained variants of regular triangulations, here christened weighted CDTs and constrained regular triangulations. CDTs and weighted CDTs are powerful and practical models of geometric domains, especially in two and three dimensions. The main contributions are rigorous, theory-tested definitions of CDTs and piecewise linear complexes (geometric domains that incorporate nonconvex faces with “internal” boundaries), a characterization of the combinatorial properties of CDTs and weighted CDTs (including a generalization of the Delaunay Lemma), the proof of several optimality properties of CDTs when they are used for piecewise linear interpolation, and a simple and useful condition that guarantees that a domain has a CDT. These results provide foundations for reasoning about CDTs and proving the correctness of algorithms. Later articles in this series discuss algorithms for constructing and updating CDTs.
School and Child Level Predictors of Academic Success for African American Children in Third Grade: Implications for No Child Left behind.

The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of being at expected grade level in reading in the third grade. Participants for this study were a nationally representative sample of African American children from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-K). Multilevel modeling was conducted to determine significant predictors of academic achievement. Results suggest that modifiable individual and teacher classroom level constructs are related to African American achievement. Implications will be discussed in terms of increasing African American achievement and the national education policy of No Child Left Behind.
Droppin’ Knowledge on Race: Hip-Hop, White Adolescents, and Anti-Racism Education

In this essay, the author examines how Hip-Hop can be mobilized in anti-racism educational initatives. The author claims that existing research on Hip-Hop and white adolescents suggests a negative corrleation between white youths' engagement with Hip-Hop and their understanding of how race and racism function in American society. In response to this research, the author argues Hip-Hop's diverse racial discourses and ideologies must be made the subject of direct and critical inquiry in secondary and post-secondary classrooms to maximize its democratic potential. The author outlines specific approaches for how teachers can employ Hip-Hop in anti-racism curricula in secondary and post-secondary classrooms. Collectively, the essay serves as a preliminary investigation of Hip-Hop pedagogies of race and whiteness.
Thermal Effects on the Natural Frequency of Nonlinear, Co-Rotating Disks

Thermal effects on the natural frequency for the nonlinear free vibration of co-rotating disks are investigated for non-uniform temperature distributions relative to airflow induced by disk rotation. The natural frequencies for symmetric and asymmetric responses of a 3.5 inch diameter computer memory disk are calculated. When the disk is heated, its stiffness becomes larger for the two lowest nodal diameter numbers and smaller for the other nodal diameter numbers. It implies that the vibration of heated, rotating disks for the higher nodal diameter numbers may be induced more easily than the cooled one.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Residual stresses in a thick-walled cylinder subjected to high pressure

Abstract A new theoretical model for reverse yielding in a high strength steel is used to obtain residual stresses in a closed-end thick-walled cylinder subjected to high internal pressure. The numerical results of residual hoop stresses are also obtained by using the isotropic and kinematical hardening models. A comparison of different models in the theoretical prediction of residual stress is given. The new results indicate that the influence of the Bauschinger and hardening effects on the residual stresses are more significant for cases involving larger wall ratio and higher internal pressure.
Development of antipredator responses in snakes: V. Species differences in ontogenetic trajectories

The ontogeny of antipredator responses in five species of Natricine snakes was examined. In a split-litter experiment, neonates were given a standardized defensive behavior test at 1 and/or 20 days of age. Thamnophis sirtalis and Thamnophis melanogaster showed a significant increase in both striking and fleeing from a threatening stimulus. Thamnophis butleri was not reactive in terms of striking at either age but did flee frequently at both ages. Thamnophis radix showed low rates of striking and high rates of fleeing; only fleeing increased significantly between the two tests. Nerodia rhombifer exhibited moderate rates of both striking and fleeing at both ages with no developmental effects. Subsets of most of these species tested at 40 or 60 days of age found no further developmental changes. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.