cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical consideration of the parameter space for thermal conductivity measurements of thin diamond films

Thin diamond films have important technological applications in microelectronics. The advent of new methods of synthesis and a wide variety of growth morphologies require effective characterization of their thermal properties. The theoretical basis for the measurement of thin film thermal conductivity is discussed. Temperature distributions in the case of steady state and transient methods of thermal conductivity measurement are enumerated with a view to providing a quantitative basis for thermal property measurements of diamond thin films. The effect of three different substrate materials viz., glass, Si and SiC on the thermal conductivity measurement are numerically evaluated. It is shown that the presence of a substrate material does significantly alter the calculated temperature profiles, thereby indicating that a careful consideration of the experimental implementation is imperative for effective extraction of the thermophysical data. A brief discussion on thermal conductivity anisotropy is also included.
Extraction of americium(VI) by a neutral phosphonate ligand

Recently the use of the more unusual hexavalent oxidation state of americium has been receiving increased attention for the purpose of developing an efficient Am/Cm or Am/lanthanide separation system. We have already demonstrated the feasibility of performing this separation with 30% TBP in dodecane, and are now looking at different extractants to increase Am(VI) distribution ratios. Following on from this the extraction of bismuth oxidized americium from nitric acid solutions by dibutyl butyl phosphonate has been studied. The results of this study indicate that increasing the basicity of the extractant molecule has significantly improved the extraction efficiency.
The effects of cytokines on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production by a trophoblast cell line

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of cytokines on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and its alpha- and beta-subunit release as well as protein synthesis in a trophoblast cell line. The human choriocarcinoma cell line, Jar, was used as a trophoblast model. Jar cells were incubated for 24 h with varying concentrations (5 x 10(-4)-40 micrograms/ml) of the following cytokines: Il-1, Il-2, Il-3, Il-4, Il-5, Il-6, IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, M-CSF and GM-CSF. Supernatants were assayed for hCG and its alpha- and beta-subunits by immunoradiometric methods. Cytotoxic effects were assessed by trypan blue staining. Protein synthesis was measured by [3H]leucine incorporation. The cytokines Il-1 and TNF-alpha significantly stimulated hCG release. The other cytokines had no significant effect on hCG production. Protein synthesis by the Jar cells was not significantly affected by either Il-1 or TNF-alpha. However, IFN-gamma (40 micrograms/ml) significantly suppressed protein synthesis by the Jar cells. Trophoblast viability in the presence of TNF-alpha (10 micrograms/ml) and IFN-gamma (40 micrograms/ml) was only 40% and 50%, respectively. These results suggest that cytokines may be important regulators of trophoblast function. Il-I appears to have a stimulatory effect on trophoblast hCG release, while TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma appear to have cytotoxic effects on trophoblast cells.
Elucidation of Nitrate Reduction Mechanisms on a Pd‐In Bimetallic Catalyst using Isotope Labeled Nitrogen Species

To understand nitrate reduction pathway and to improve selectivity towards dinitrogen (N2) over toxic ammonia species (NH4+, NH3), aqueous reduction experiments with an Al2O3-supported Pd-In bimetallic catalyst were conducted by using isotope-labeled nitrite (15NO2−). Nitrite is the first reduction intermediate of nitrate. Experiments were performed using nitrite alone and in combination with unlabeled proposed reduction intermediates (N2O, NO), and using only N2O and NO alone, each as a starting reactant. Use of 15N-labeled species eliminates interference from ambient N2 when assessing mass balances and product distributions. Simultaneous catalytic reduction of 15NO2− and 14N2O shows no isotope mixing in the final N2 product, demonstrating that N2O does not react with other NO2− reduction intermediates; N2O reduction alone yielded only N2. In contrast, simultaneous catalytic reduction of 15NO2− and 14NO yielded mixed-labeled 15/14N2 (MW: 29), whereas reduction of 15NO alone yields a mixture N2 and NH4+, the ratio of which varies with initial 15NO concentration. These findings, along with those from a new kinetic model we propose, indicate that highly reactive adsorbed NO (NO*), or other unspecified adsorbed N species (Nads), is a key intermediate involved in determining final product selectivity.
Operational Earthquake Forecasting: Some Thoughts on Why and How

The goal of operational earthquake forecasting is to provide the public with authoritative information on the time dependence of regional seismic hazards.
Microprocessor applications of integer arithmetic

The integer arithmetic technique is introduced via an example taken from digital signal processing. There the technique is implemented on a bit slice microprocessor to calculate scaled values of a quantized input signal Successive solution points are generated within 200 ns of the input signal increments, and there is no accumulation of errors. The technique is extended to the calculation of incremental solutions to polynomials and ordinary differential equations. The extended applications are based on the properties of F space solutions and contour following algorithms. Both are reviewed prior to the discussion of an extended microprocessor application.
Estimating Kapitza Resistance Between ${\rm Si}\hbox{-}{\rm SiO}_{2}$ Interface Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The interface between nano-scale films is of relevance in many critical applications. Specifically, recent technological advances in semiconductor industry that utilize silicon-on-insulator devices have given importance to the understanding of thermal transport across ${\rm Si}{\hbox{-}}{\rm SiO}_{2}$ interface. Estimates of interfacial (Kapitza) resistance to the thermal transport across ${\rm Si}{\hbox{-}}{\rm SiO}_{2}$ films do not appear to exist at the present time. In this paper, we develop and carryout reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations by imposing known heat flux to determine the Kapitza resistance between ${\rm Si}{\hbox{-}}{\rm SiO}_{2}$ thin films. For the ${\rm Si}{\hbox{-}}{\rm SiO}_{2}$ interface, the average Kapitza resistance for a ${\sim}{8}~{\rm\AA}$ thick oxide layer system was 0.503 ${\times}10^{-9}~{\rm m}^{2}{\rm K}/{\rm W}$ and for a ${\sim}{\rm 11.5}~{\rm\AA}$ thick oxide layer system was 0.518 $\,\times 10^{-9}~{\rm m}^{2}{\rm K}/{\rm W}$ . These values were of the same order of magnitude as the Kapitza resistance values determined from the acoustic mismatch model and the diffuse mismatch model for the ${\rm Si}\hbox{-}{\rm SiO}_{2}$ interface.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Proline 94 to Alanine in Amicyanin Converts a True Electron Transfer Reaction into One That Is Kinetically Coupled†

Amicyanin is a type I copper protein that mediates electron transfer (ET) from methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH) to cytochrome c-551i. Pro(94) resides in the "ligand loop" of amicyanin, a sequence of amino acids that contains three of the four copper ligands. ET from the reduced O-quinol tryptophan tryptophylquinone of MADH to oxidized P94A amicyanin is a true ET reaction that exhibits values of electronic coupling (H(AB)) and reorganization energy (lambda) that are the same as for the reaction of native amicyanin. In contrast, the parameters for the ET reaction from reduced P94A amicyanin to oxidized cytochrome c-551i have been significantly altered as a consequence of the mutation. These values of H(AB) and lambda are 8.3 cm(-)(1) and 2.3 eV, respectively, compared to values of 0.3 cm(-)(1) and 1.2 eV for the reaction of native reduced amicyanin. The crystal structure of reduced P94A amicyanin exhibits two alternate conformations with the positions of the copper 1.4 A apart [Carrell, C. J., Sun, D., Jiang, S., Davidson, V. L., and Mathews, F. S. (2004) Biochemistry 43, 9372-9380]. In one of these, conformation B, a water molecule has replaced Met(98) as a copper ligand, and the ET distance to the heme of the cytochrome is increased by 1.4 A. Analysis of these structures suggests that the true k(ET) for ET from the copper in conformation B to heme would be much less than for ET from conformation A. A novel kinetic mechanism is proposed to explain these data in which the reduction of Cu(2+) by methylamine dehydrogenase is a true ET reaction while the oxidation of Cu(1+) by cytochrome c-551i is kinetically coupled ET. By comparison of the temperature dependence of the observed rate of the coupled ET reaction from reduced P94A amicyanin to cytochrome c-551i with the predicted rates and temperature dependence for the true ET reaction from conformation A, it was possible to determine the K(eq) and values of DeltaH degrees and DeltaS degrees that are associated with the non-ET reaction that modulates the observed ET rate.
Differential utilization of carbon substrates by aggregate-associated and water-associated heterotrophic bacterial communities

The capacity to utilize carbon substrates is fundamental to the functioning of heterotrophic microbial communities in aquatic environments. Carbon-source utilization within the water column, however, is not a bulk property because microbial communities are patchily distributed on suspended organic aggregates (i.e., marine snow, marine aggregates, river aggregates, organic detritus, and bioflocs). In this study, Biolog Ecoplates were used to evaluate the metabolic capacity of heterotrophic bacterial communities associated with aggregates compared to communities in the surrounding water. Overall, aggregate-associated microbial communities demonstrated higher levels of metabolism, metabolic versatility, and functional redundancy, and a more consistent pattern of carbon-source utilization compared with water-associated communities. In addition, aggregate-associated communities more effectively exploited available resources, including representatives from several biochemical guilds and nitrogen-containing carbon sources. Within the aggregate-associated microbial community, metabolic activity was significantly higher in the presence of polymers, amino acids, and carbohydrates relative to amines and carboxylic acids. In comparison, metabolic activity of water-associated communities exceeded a threshold value for only two of the five guilds (polymers and carbohydrates) evaluated. These results suggest that compared with their free-living counterparts, aggregate-associated communities have a greater capacity to respond to a wider array of carbon inputs. Results also underscore the importance of targeting organic aggregates to better understand the role of microbial processes in ecosystem functioning.
Inhibition of recrystallization of ice by insect thermal hysteresis proteins: A possible cryoprotective role

Abstract Thermal hysteresis antifreeze proteins, first discovered in polar marine fishes, are fairly common in overwintering insects where they also help prevent freezing. However, a few species of insects that tolerate freezing also contain these proteins, and in these species the function of the proteins is uncertain. The studies outlined here demonstrate that the thermal hysteresis proteins from the overwintering larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis are extremely efficient in inhibiting ice recrystallization. Since recrystallization is a potential source of freezing damage, we suggest that this may be a role of the antifreeze proteins within freeze tolerant insects.
Direct marketers’ use of public records: Current legal environment and outlook for the future

Abstract Direct marketers use the information available in public records as they develop market, message, and media strategies. However, as consumers have become increasingly concerned about the perceived invasion of privacy such tactics constitute, these concerns have begun to be felt in the legal arena. This paper examines the legal environment regarding marketers’ access to and use of public records, including both statutory and constitutional law. The paper also reports the results of a public opinion survey that explored respondents’ attitudes toward marketets’ use of public records. Finally, the paper predicts a future filled with increasing legislative activity aimed at reducing marketers’ access and use of public records and explains why certain types of laws are most likely to survive (or fail) court scrutiny.
On the time-dependent reversible stochastic compartmental model—I. The general two-compartment system

The distribution of the two-compartment, reversible system with time-dependent transitions is proposed and verified. Inasmuch as the required probabilities cannot, in general, be expressed in closed form, a method of approximating these probabilities is described. An example with specific inverse functions of time is presented.
Quantifying arthropod contributions to wood decay

Summary 1. Wood decomposition is driven primarily by microbial activity but proceeds at greatly varying rates depending on regional or local differences in physical conditions and other determinants. Although many arthropod taxa (e.g. termites, wood-boring beetles) are known to consume or excavate dead wood, their contributions to the decay process remain largely unmeasured. 2. Quantifying arthropod contributions to wood decay is fraught with challenges, but no guidelines are available to assist researchers in designing and carrying out studie so f this kind. We therefore sought to provide ac ritical review of previous studies on this important topic and discuss methodological considerations that may benefit future researchers. 3. The biggest challenge inherent to such research involves excluding arthropods from dead wood (i.e. the reference treatment) without otherwise affecting the decay process. Because mesh bags are likely to alter physical conditions relative to unenclosed substrates and insecticides are likely to inhibit microbial growth, additional experimentation is needed to isolate the arthropod effect. Alternatively, partial exclusion or temporary exposure methods may produce less confounded results. 4. In determining the initial volume of a wood sample (e.g. to estimate the initial mass using specific gravity data), there is a trade-off between the accuracy of this measurement and the realism of the study. A method involving image analysis is described for obtaining accurate initial volume estimates for naturally occurring woody substrates. When measuring changes in specific gravity during the decay process, initial sample volumes must be used in these calculations as opposed to the water displacement technique which fails to measure wood removed by arthropod activity. 5. Termites carry large amounts of soil into dead wood, and this behaviour complicates efforts to measure their contributions to wood decay. A novel method for isolating termite soil by burning the wood is described, and some preliminary results are presented. 6. These and other recommendations described herein should aid efforts to quantify the contributions of arthropods to wood decay. Such research is of great interest given the broad importance of dead wood to forest ecosystems–including its role in carbon storage–and the diversity and conservation concern of the species involved.
Radio wave scattering in the outer heliosphere: Preliminary calculations

Detailed first estimates are presented of an- gular broadening in the outer heliosphere due to scat- tering of radio waves by density irregularities: The ap- plication is to the 2-3 kHz radiation observed by Voy- ager. Two plausible turbulence models, which account very well for scattering within 1 AU, are extrapolated beyond 10 AU. Both models predict significant angular broadening in the outer heliosphere, accounting semi- quantitatively alone for the source sizes inferred from roll modulation data. Predictions are presented for ra- dial variations in the apparent source size if scattering is important. Comparisons with available data argue that scattering is important (and indeed is the domi- nant contributor to the apparent source size) and that the radiation source is located in the outer heliosphere. Other evidence that scattering is important, such as the fluctuations in apparent source direction and intensity, are also identified. The effects of scattering should be included in future analyses of the 2-3 kHz emissions.
Compartmentation of Organic Acids in Corn Roots II. The Cytoplasmic Pool of Malic Acid

The major conclusion drawn was that malate generated in corn roots during a 15-minute period of CO2 fixation and malate introduced into the tissue during a similar period from the bathing medium share a common extramitochondrial compartment, the cytoplasmic pool. The utilization of these 2 forms of malate is normally much slower than that of malate generated in the mitochondria by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. By lowering the pH of the medium or treating the tissue with malonate or 2,4-dinitrophenol, similar increases in the rates of utilization of both forms of cytoplasmic malate were brought about. Changes in (A) the demand for acetyl acceptors in the mitochondria and (B) mitochondrial permeability were invoked to account for the increased utilization of the cytoplasmic malate under the various experimental treatments.
A Linearized, Low-Phase-Noise VCO-Based 25-GHz PLL With Autonomic Biasing

This paper describes a new approach to low-phase-noise LC VCO design based on transconductance linearization of the active devices. A prototype 25 GHz VCO based on this linearization approach is integrated in a dual-path PLL and achieves superior performance compared to the state of the art. The design is implemented in 32 nm SOI CMOS technology and achieves a phase noise of $-$ 130 dBc/Hz at a 10 MHz offset from a 22 GHz carrier. Additionally, the paper introduces a new layout approach for switched capacitor arrays that enables a wide tuning range of 23%. More than 1500 measurements of the PLL across PVT variations were taken, further validating the proposed design. Phase noise variation across 55 dies for four different frequencies is $\sigma . Also, phase noise variation across supply voltages of 0.7–1.5 V is 2 dB and across 60 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ temperature variation is 3 dB. At the 25 GHz center frequency, the VCO $FOM_{T}$ is 188 dBc/Hz. Additionally, a digitally assisted autonomic biasing technique is implemented in the PLL to provide a phase noise and power optimized VCO bias across frequency and process. Measurement results indicate the efficacy of the autonomic biasing scheme.
Silence and symbolic expression

This essay develops a phenomenological perspective of silence and illustrates its principles through a study of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Traditionally viewed as the absence of speech, silence is discussed as a potential human response to all forms of symbolic expression. Encounters experienced as silent present a challenge; they also provide the opportunity for authentic self‐discovery, which has implications for the relationship of the individual to others and to the state. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is discussed as an architectural instance of object‐silence. The meanings individuals find at the Memorial can be distinguished in terms of various public signs of understanding that characterize their interplay with the Memorial.
Lovenox Induced Tissue Necrosis, a Case Report and Literature Review

Lovenox is a trade name for Enoxaparin. It is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and has other trade names like Clexane and Xaparin. It is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat venous thromboembolism events (VTE) like deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection. General speaking, the most common skin reactions as a result of enoxaparin use are: urticarial, ecchymosis, and even skin necrosis due to vasculitis. These side effects are usually located at the injection site. New studies have pointed out the side effect that could occur a distance from the site of Lovenox injection. In our case extensive skin and subcutaneous tissue necrosis developed at the abdominal wall injection site.
1.54 μm emitter and optical amplifier based on Er doped InGaN/GaN

Er doped III-nitride semiconductors are a major field of research aiming to achieve photonic devices with multiple functionalities in photonic integrated circuits (PICs), which are not possible with either Er doped silica glasses or narrow band gap semiconductors like InGaAsP. Emitters and optical amplifiers based on Er doped GaN/InGaN operating at 1.54 μm are expected to be electrically pumped, integratable, temperature insensitive and have high signal gain with low noise. These properties are very attractive for next generation optical network systems where multiple amplification steps are required. We will discuss here the metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of Er doped GaN/InGaN epilayers. Further, we report on the fabrication of chip size current injected 1.54 μm emitters and optical amplifiers by heterogeneously integrating MOCVD grown Er doped GaN/InGaN with 365 nm nitride light-emitting diodes. The emitted intensity at 1.54 μm varied almost linearly with input forward current. The feasibility of electrically pumped optical amplifiers for PICs with the advantages of both semiconductor optical amplifiers and Er-doped fiber amplifiers will also be discussed.
On Integrating Knowledge Utilization With Knowledge Development: The Philosophy Behind The MAPS Design Technology

A philosophy of science is discussed that distinguishes knowledge development from knowledge utilization. As an integrating link, a technology is defined as a sequence of decision and action steps that seeks to create purposeful change based on whatever knowledge is available currently, subject to ethical considerations. The MAPS design technology is described in this vein, and a number of applications and research studies are summarized to suggest how this technology is being developed and utilized.
Copper toxicity in the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas.

A laboratory study was designed to determine the lethal concentration of Cu to the Pacific oyster. Oysters 18 to 24 months old and sexually mature were held in running unfiltered sea water (33 percent), pH8, at 12 to 15/sup 0/C for one week prior to testing. The oysters were exposed to Cu concentrations of 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 ppM for three separate 96-hr experiments to determine the median tolerance limits (TL/sub m/), the concentration at which 50 percent of an experimental population are dead after 96 hours for this study. The 96-hr TL/sub m/ was estimated to be 0.56 ppM. This value is much higher than the concentrations from 0.001 to 0.010 ppM found in the natural environment. Because adult oysters were used in this study, concentrations lower than 0.56 ppM may be presumed to be lethal to the more susceptible egg and larval stages. Further studies using lower salinities and pH and higher temperatures may have elicited a lower TL/sub m/ value than 0.56 ppM.
Challenges and communities of medical informatics research

This article discusses experiences and lessons learned from working on health informatics research as a computer scientist. In particular, I present challenges faced when conducting research on medical informatics, and explain some of the aspects that make medical data and systems unique. Then, I present the two broad research communities studying medical informatics problems. Finally, I offer advice on how to bridge the gap between these communities and increase their research productivity.
The Impact of Job Attitudes on Private Correctional Staff's Continuance and Affective Organizational Commitment

Personnel are critical to the success of any security organization, and this is especially true of private prisons. Therefore, it is essential to understand how their organizational commitment is affected by workplace factors. There are two major forms of organizational commitment, continuance and affective. To examine how the salient workplace factors of job stress, job involvement, and job satisfaction were related to the continuance and affective commitment of personnel working for a private prison, data from a survey of personnel at a maximum security private prison were examined. Two ordinary least squares regression equations were run with continuance and affective commitment as the dependent variables. The amount of variance explained between the two regression equations was noticeably different. A larger percentage of the variance was accounted for in the affective commitment regression equation as compared to the continuance commitment multivariate analysis. Moreover, job stress had a positive as...
Bacteria-induced haemolymph proteins of Manduca sexta pupae and larvae

The haemolymph of Manduca sexta larvae and pupae has been analyzed for proteins potentially associated with the bacterial defence response of the insect. Five proteins, M13, M18, M20, M23, and M24 in pupae, and M4, M11, M13, M18 and M23 in larvae, are induced by the injection of bacteria into the haemolymph. Proteins M4 and M11 are always present at high levels in uninjected pupae. Proteins M20 and M24 could not be induced in larvae. These proteins, as well as those not showing a response to bacterial challenge or injury, were also analyzed for presence of disulphide bonds and carbohydrate moieties, and their apparent molecular weights determined.
Endoscopic sutured gastropexy: a novel technique for performing a secure gastrostomy (with videos)

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) involves access to the stomach by a percutaneous needle puncture under endoscopic guidance followed by placement of a gastric tube. 1 The stomach wall is loosely anchored to the anterior abdominal wall by the balloon or internal bumper of the gastric tube, with healing of the tract by inflammatory response and secondary intention. This technique allows a pathway for leakage of intra-abdominal contents such as fluid in patients with ascites or dehiscence of the stomach from the anterior abdominal wall when the tube is inadvertently dislodged or when an endoscopic procedure is performed within a few weeks of placement of a gastrostomy tube. 2,3 The result is often peritonitis with free leakage of gastric contents and the need for urgent surgery. 4-6 Although T-fasteners are widely used by interventional radiologists, few gastroenterologists are familiar with their placement, and the T-fastener leaves a metallic foreign body in the gastric wall, with an external retention device, 7,8 which has the capacity to become infected or cause skin maceration. We describe an endoscopic technique that secures the stomach to the anterior abdominal wall with full-thickness sutures.
Tracking Clinical Status for Heart Failure Patients using Ballistocardiography and Electrocardiography Signal Features

Heart failure (HF) is an escalating public health problem, with few effective methods for home monitoring. In HF management, the important clinical factors to monitor include symptoms, fluid status, cardiac output, and blood pressure--based on these factors, inotrope and diuretic dosages are adjusted day-by-day to control the disorder and improve the patient's status towards a successful discharge. Previously, the ballistocardiogram (BCG) measured on a weighing scale has been shown to be capable of detecting changes in cardiac output and contractility for healthy subjects. In this study, we investigated whether the BCG and electrocardiogram (ECG) signals measured on a wireless modified scale could accurately track the clinical status of HF patients during their hospital stay. Using logistic regression, we found that the root-mean-square (RMS) power of the BCG provided a good fit for clinical status, as determined based on clinical measurements and symptoms, for the 85 patient days studied from 10 patients (p < 0.01). These results provide a promising foundation for future studies aimed at using the BCG/ECG scale at home to track HF patient status remotely.
Xenon Impairs Reconsolidation of Fear Memories in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Xenon (Xe) is a noble gas that has been developed for use in people as an inhalational anesthestic and a diagnostic imaging agent. Xe inhibits glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors involved in learning and memory and can affect synaptic plasticity in the amygdala and hippocampus, two brain areas known to play a role in fear conditioning models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Because glutamate receptors also have been shown to play a role in fear memory reconsolidation – a state in which recalled memories become susceptible to modification – we examined whether Xe administered after fear memory reactivation could affect subsequent expression of fear-like behavior (freezing) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained for contextual and cued fear conditioning and the effects of inhaled Xe (25%, 1 hr) on fear memory reconsolidation were tested using conditioned freezing measured days or weeks after reactivation/Xe administration. Xe administration immediately after fear memory reactivation significantly reduced conditioned freezing when tested 48 h, 96 h or 18 d after reactivation/Xe administration. Xe did not affect freezing when treatment was delayed until 2 h after reactivation or when administered in the absence of fear memory reactivation. These data suggest that Xe substantially and persistently inhibits memory reconsolidation in a reactivation and time-dependent manner, that it could be used as a new research tool to characterize reconsolidation and other memory processes, and that it could be developed to treat people with PTSD and other disorders related to emotional memory.
A Rapid Adsorbing Colloid Flotation Method for the Separation of Molybdenum from Sea water

Abstract A procedure is described whereby the molybdenum in a 500-ml seawater sample is brought to the surface in 5 min by an adsorbing colloid flotation process which utilizes iron(III) hydroxide, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and air. Statistical studies on a test series for recovery of molybdenum by means of spectrophotometric analysis show a mean recovery of 95.3% and a relative standard deviation of 2.6%.
ParB-Stimulated Nucleotide Exchange Regulates a Switch in Functionally Distinct ParA Activities

ParA and ParB of Caulobacter crescentus belong to a conserved family of bacterial proteins implicated in chromosome segregation. ParB binds to DNA sequences adjacent to the origin of replication and localizes to opposite cell poles shortly following the initiation of DNA replication. ParA has homology to a conserved and widespread family of ATPases. Here, we show that ParB regulates the ParA ATPase activity by promoting nucleotide exchange in a fashion reminiscent of the exchange factors of eukaryotic G proteins. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ADP-bound ParA binds single-stranded DNA, whereas the ATP-bound form dissociates ParB from its DNA binding sites. Increasing the fraction of ParA-ADP in the cell inhibits cell division, suggesting that this simple nucleotide switch may regulate cytokinesis.
Statistical explanation in physics: The Copenhagen interpretation

The statistical aspects of quantum explanation are intrinsic to quantum physics; individual quantum events are created in the interactions associated with observation and are not describable by predictive theory. The superposition principle shows the essential difference between quantum and non-quantum physics, and the principle is exemplified in the classic single-photon two-slit interference experiment. Recently Mandel and Pfleegor have done an experiment somewhat similar to the optical single-photon experiment but with two independently operated lasers; interference is obtained even with beam intensity so small that only one photon is in the apparatus at a time. The result can be understood in terms of the superposition of states; or, in terms of the Uncertainty Principle, which is found to forbid the determination of which of the two lasers is the source of a given photon (if conditions for interference are to obtain). The Mandel-Pfleegor experiment gives a physical argument against the continuous localization of a photon that is assumed in the ‘hidden variable’ theories and therefore gives further support for the generally accepted view that an observed entity (observed state) is created in the observation event. This aspect of quantum physics implies a subjectivism on the level of individual quantum-level occurrences, since there is in quantum theory no basis for asserting the existence of the event independently of observation of it. Extension of this subjectivism to large scale, non-quantum phenomena falls within the principles of quantum theory; counter considerations that argue against such an extension are noted.
Cloning of an NF-κB subunit which stimulates HIV transcription in synergy with p65

The transcription factor NF-kappa B is a protein complex which comprises a DNA-binding subunit and an associated transactivation protein (of relative molecular masses 50,000 (50K) and 65K, respectively). Both the 50K and 65K subunits have similarity with the rel oncogene and the Drosophila maternal effect gene dorsal. The 50K DNA-binding subunit was previously thought to be a unique protein, derived from the 105K gene product (p105). We now report the isolation of a complementary DNA that encodes an alternative DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B. It is more similar to p105 NF-kappa B than other family members and defines a new subset of rel-related genes. It is synthesized as approximately 100K protein (p100) that is expressed in different cell types, contains cell cycle motifs and, like p105, must be processed to generate a 50K form. A 49K product (p49) can be generated independently from an alternatively spliced transcript; it has specific kappa B DNA-binding activity and can form heterodimers with other rel proteins. In contrast to the approximately 50K protein derived from p105, p49 acts in synergy with p65 to stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enhancer in transiently transfected Jurkat cells. p49/p100 NF-kappa B could therefore be important in the regulation of HIV and other kappa B-containing genes.
V.U.V. absorption diagnostic for shock tube kinetics studies of C2H4

Abstract A sensitive and quantitative absorption diagnostic has been developed for measurement or C2H4 in shock tube kinetics experiments. This diagnostic has been calibrated from 300 to 2571 K at 1.2 atm in shock tube experiments, resulting in an absorption coefficient at 174.4 nm of kabs = 3.11 × 105/T[K]-51.0 cm-1 atm-1. The absorption coefficient for C2H2 at this wavelenght was also measured over the same temperature and pressure range. Kinetics experiments were performed to measure the rate of ethylene decomposition at reflected shock conditions of 1600–2300 K at 1.2 atm, with mixtures of 189–444 ppm C2H4 in argon. Sensitivity analysis based on a comprehensive hydrocarbon mechanism confirmed that the rate of ethylene decomposition was significantly affected by the rate of only one reaction: C2H4 + M → C2H2 + H2 + M. The rate coefficient for this reaction near the low-pressure limit was determined to be k = 9.17 × 1016 exp(- 37780/T) cm3 · mol-1 · s-1 + 20% over the entire temperature range, in good agreement with past measurements.
Neovascular Expression of E-Selectin, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 in Human Atherosclerosis and Their Relation to Intimal Leukocyte Content

Background Leukocyte recruitment is an early event in atherogenesis, and the leukocyte adhesion molecules E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) recently have been detected in human atherosclerosis. However, no previous study has evaluated either the distribution of these three molecules at different sites within the arterial intima or their relation to plaque leukocyte content. Methods and Results Immunohistochemistry was performed on 99 coronary artery segments (34 controls and 65 with atherosclerotic plaque) to identify E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and T lymphocytes. For each segment, the presence or absence of adhesion molecule was determined at the arterial lumen, on intimal neovasculature, and on intimal nonendothelial cells. Each segment was scored for intimal macrophage and T-lymphocyte densities on a semiquantitative scale of 0 to 3. In atherosclerotic plaques, the prevalences of E-selectin, ICAM-1, a...
Non-linear static and dynamic analysis of stiffened laminated plates

The static and dynamic analysis of eccentrically stiffened laminated plates is presented. For large deformations, the von Karman kinematic relations of the plate and stiffener are considered in the formulation. Also, the formulation accounts for transverse shear deformation effects of the plate and stiffener, and the model is applicable for the analysis of both thin and thick stiffened laminated plates. The finite element model consists of representing the plate by nine-noded isoparametric quadrilateral elements and the stiffener by three-noded isoparametric beam elements. Numerical examples are presented for the non-linear responses of stiffened laminated plates. The influences of stiffeners such as depth, number, and location are examined.
A Simplified Method of Determining Free Methyldopa in Urine

Abstract A specific and relatively sensitive method for the determination of human urinary free methyldona has been developed. The recovery of methyldopa is fast and simple employing urine acidification, organic extraction of unwanted acids, and dilution. The chromatography is reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with an ion-pairing agent utilizing electrochemical detection. The range of precision and linearity is approximately 2–500 μg/ml methyldopa under the conditions set forth in this paper.
Observations of ion layer motions during the AIDA campaign

Abstract The AIDA-89 campaign has yielded the most comprehensive set of low-latitude incoherent scatter radar power profiles and derived electron concentration results ever made. These results have been used to study the time-height trajectories of 80–150 km ion layers and serve to gauge both the periodicity and variability of ion layer structure throughout the campaign. Features of the AIDA ion layer trajectories point to a dynamics ‘zoo’ of processes ranging from multiday-period waves, tides and acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) to geomagnetic storm effects and evidence of coupled neutral sodium and ion layer/plasma processes. The semidiurnal and diurnal tides are evidenced in the almost always present layers, the Tidal Ion Layers (TILs), which are identified by their regular and periodic trajectories that also display regions of variable mixing or confluence of the various tides. The TILs are contrasted with the truly sporadic layers that include sporadic E and sporadic intermediate layers. The sporadic layers may be formed due to interaction of the tidal wind system with AGWs. The formation process may involve horizontal as well as vertical ion convergence mechanisms and/or various non-linear effects. Limits to the study derive from volume undersampling due to use of the single radar beam.
THE KILLING OF WITCHES1

Certaines personnes sont accusees par la societe de porter le mal : on les appelle des sorcieres. Elles representent une menace virtuelle mais les accusations aboutissent parfois au meurtre d'un innocent : comparaison entre les meurtres des sorcieres de l'Europe medievale et ceux pratiques par les Hewa de Nouvelle-Guinee| puis bref examen de la chasse aux sorcieres, a Salem (Massachusetts) et de la chasse aux sorcieres (metaphorique) du mccarthyisme
Changes in the social structure of two groups of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Two previously studied groups of stumptail macaques were restudied to investigate stabilities and instabilities within group structures. Frequency data for nonsocial and dyad behaviors were collected. While there was considerable group stability, several important changes occurred. The most noteworthy group changes were in grooming and playing. Individual changes centered upon females. The first and fourth ranking females of one group switched dominance positions. The roots of this reversal were minimally reflected by aggressive and submissive interactions, and more fully exposed by quiet association patterns such as grooming, huddling, and sitting together. Increased frequencies of huddling, touching, and approaching indicated that the lowest ranking female of each group moved closer to other group members. There was no hint of this change in agonistic interactions.
Estimating coupled harmonics in additive and multiplicative noise

Coupled harmonics indicate the presence of nonlinearities. Existing bispectral detectors of phase coupling in additive Gaussian noise are shown to require averaging over independent records, while single records are sufficient for frequency coupling. Novel bispectral and cyclic approaches are also derived for detection and estimation of phase and frequency coupled harmonics observed in stationary additive and multiplicative noise regardless of their distributions. >
Measurement of clinical attachment levels using a constant-force periodontal probe modified to detect the cemento-enamel junction

The handpiece of a Florida sleeve probe was modified to create a flange with the capability to detect the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ). This new instrument (the Pressure-controlled, Automated, Standardised Handpiece or Florida PASHA probe) was used to determine whether (a) the CEJ could be reproducibly detected in dried, human skulls and (b) clinical attachment levels could be reliably measured in human subjects. When using the Florida PASHA probe to detect the CEJ at 157 different sites in four dried, human skulls, there were no statistically significant (p > or = 0.15) differences in mean CEJ detection measurements for any of the three participating examiners; either when the CEJ was visualised or obscured. The mean differences between first and second replicates ranged from 0.00 to 0.08 mm. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of repeated measures in both conditions ranged from 0.70 to 0.83 for tactile CEJ detection (CEJ obscured), and from 0.95 to 0.96 for visual detection (CEJ visible). In human studies, the Florida PASHA probe was used by two examiners to determine clinical attachment levels (CAL) at 660 sites in 5 human subjects undergoing supportive periodontal therapy. Intra-examiner agreement of replicate measurements recorded by the probe, as measured by calculating ICCs, ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 for the 2 examiners, respectively. A statistically significant inter-examiner difference in mean CAL measurements when using the Florida PASHA probe was found (p<0.001). Notwithstanding this difference, inter-examiner agreement was good, with an ICC of 0.83. These data suggest that the Florida PASHA probe can reproducibly detect the CEJ and is proposed as a tool for measuring CAL in humans.
Coding Style and Good Computing Practices

Replication of scholarly analysis depends on individual researchers being able to explain exactly what they have done. And being able to explain exactly what one has done requires keeping good records of it. This article describes basic good computing practices and offers advice for writing clear code that facilitates the task of replicating the research. The goals are simple. First, the researcher should be able to replicate his or her own work six hours later, six months later, and even six years later.
Intersections of largest bonds in k-connected graphs

S. Smith conjectured that any two distinct longest cycles of a k-connected graph must meet in at least k vertices when k>=2. Here we provide evidence for the dual version of the Smith conjecture: if C and D are largest bonds in a k-connected graph G, then the number of components in G-(C@?D) is at least k+2-|C@?D|. Both conjectures have been proven only for small k. This article establishes a linear lower bound on the number of components of G-(C@?D) which holds for all values of k>=7. This is stronger than the best bound established to date for Smith's original conjecture.
Straight-chain alkanes template the assembly of water-soluble nano-capsules

Cavitand 1 is sufficiently predisposed to form nano-scale capsules in the presence of templating straight-chain hydrocarbons; quaternary complexes are formed when two copies of smaller guests are encapsulated, whilst larger guests form ternary entities.
Schizophrenia symptom and functional correlates of anterior cingulate cortex activation to emotion stimuli: An fMRI investigation

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness characterized by distinct positive and negative symptoms and functional impairment. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a region of the brain's limbic system that is hypoactive during emotion processing in schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests the hypoactive ACC in schizophrenia is due to negative (and not positive) symptoms. However, this finding has not been replicated and the functional significance of this relationship remains unclear. The present study examined the association between positive and negative symptoms, ACC activation to emotional images, and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Specifically, 16 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ/SZAF) and 15 control (CON) participants underwent an fMRI scan while completing an emotional picture-rating task. SZ/SZAF participants also completed clinician-rated measures of positive and negative symptoms and functional abilities. SZ/SZAF participants with high negative symptoms had reduced ACC activation to pleasant images relative to those with low negative symptoms and CON, who did not differ. Furthermore, amongst all SZ/SZAF participants poorer social functioning was associated with decreased ACC activation to pleasant images. Finally, ACC activation partially mediated the relationship between negative symptoms and social dysfunction. These results provide evidence of the functional significance of the relationship between negative symptoms and ACC dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Sorting, Quotas, and the Civil Rights Act of 1991: Who HiresWhen it's Hard to Fire?

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 (CRA91) was enacted after a rancorous debate about whether it was a "quota" hiring bill or a necessary means of opening labor markets. In this paper, we analyze the effects of CRA91 on the composition of firms' workforces. We consider employer behavior when firms vary exogenously in their susceptibility to discrimination suits and when firms can reduce their exposure to discrimination claims by employing more protected workers. These forces lead to a sorting effect, which causes firms that are more susceptible to discrimination litigation to substitute away from protected workers, and a quota effect, which causes firms with fewer pre-CRA91 protected workers to substitute toward these workers. We examine these effects empirically using data collected from a variety of sources. We find that trends in employment shares of protected workers changed after CRA91 in a manner consistent with the sorting effect. Whereas prior to CRA91 employment of blacks and women had been increasing in industries where they had been least represented, this trend did not continue into the post-CRA91 period. We find no evidence that CRA91 lead to widespread quota hiring and no evidence that CRA91 helped integrate industries that excluded protected workers.