cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3185: The eSNV-Detect: a computational system to identify expressed single nucleotide variants from tumor transcriptomes.

MOTIVATION: Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) is the most economical and information-rich next generation sequencing technology to study genomic medicine. Genomic features such as gene expression, transcript expression, fusion transcripts, long non-coding RNAs and expressed single nucleotide variants (eSNVs) can be obtained from RNA-seq data. There are several computational workflows to obtain gene counts, transcript counts and fusion gene candidates, but not a comprehensive system to identify expressed SNVs from RNA-sequencing data. METHODS: We have developed a novel computational system (The eSNV-Detect) with parallel alignment strategies to identify expressed SNVs accurately from tumor transcriptome sequencing data. Sequence-based features like reads supporting reference allele, alternate allele, ratio of alternate reads to total read depth, base qualities, mapping qualities, forward strand and reverse strand supporting reads etc. along with a variety of databases such as dbSNP, 1000 genome, 5400 exome, refGene, avsift, ljb_phylop from UCSC were used to call SNVs from RNA-sequencing data. For the expressed SNVs detected in tumors, we can also identify the amino acid change and classify the protein domains using our method. RESULTS: We have applied the eSNV-Detect method to call novel expressed SNVs in two tumors (one HER2 positive and one ER positive breast tumor). BWA and Bowtie were used to align the two breast tumors. Several filtering criteria9s were applied to the tumors to remove any known (germ line) or low confidence SNVs. We randomly selected 83 and 31 eSNVs for the HER2 and ER positive tumors respectively and performed Sanger sequencing validation in tumor and matched normal tissues of the tumor. We were able to validate 81 out of 83 eSNVs in the HER2 tumor sample, and 29 out of 31 eSNVs in the ER positive tumor sample. Of the eSNVs that we validated 39/81 and 10/31 were localized to functional protein domains in HER2 and ER positive tumors respectively. We are also in the process of validating eSNVs detected from RNA-seq with the tumor and blood exome sequencing data we have for the same patients. Citation Format: Xiaojia Tang, Saurabh Baheti, Khader Shameer, Kevin J. Thompson, Jean-Pierre Kocher, Edith A. Perez, Aubrey E. Thompson, Krishna R. Kalari. The eSNV-Detect: a computational system to identify expressed single nucleotide variants from tumor transcriptomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3185. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3185
Muscle artifacts in single trial EEG data distinguish patients with Parkinson's disease from healthy individuals

Parkinson's disease (PD) is known to lead to marked alterations in cortical-basal ganglia activity that may be amenable to serve as a biomarker for PD diagnosis. Using non-linear delay differential equations (DDE) for classification of PD patients on and off dopaminergic therapy (PD-on, PD-off, respectively) from healthy age-matched controls (CO), we show that 1 second of quasi-resting state clean and raw electroencephalogram (EEG) data can be used to classify CO from PD-on/off based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC). Raw EEG is shown to classify more robustly (AROC=0.59-0.86) than clean EEG data (AROC=0.57-0.72). Decomposition of the raw data into stereotypical and non-stereotypical artifacts provides evidence that increased classification of raw EEG time series originates from muscle artifacts. Thus, non-linear feature extraction and classification of raw EEG data in a low dimensional feature space is a potential biomarker for Parkinson's disease.
37 CORRELATION BETWEEN HYPERTONIC SALINE PD20 AND METHACHOLINE PC20 IN ASTHMA.

Aim Studies have reported contradictory results on the relationship between airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine (Mch) and that elicited by hypertonic saline (HS) inhalation. We investigated the correlation between Mch-PC20 and HS-PD20 in mild asthmatics who had performed both challenges in a research setting. Methods We assembled data on mild asthmatics on prn b-agonists, with a history of positive response to Mch (PC20 ≥ 8 mg/mL), who had undergone a staged 3% saline challenge. Mean time between challenges was 23 months (range 0.1-74, SD 21). We also compared the bronchial reactivity to exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH, a putative marker of airway inflammation. Results Subject data: Of the 24 subjects, 16 (67%) were responsive to the HS challenge. Nonresponders were assigned an HS-PD20 value of 74 mL. HS-PD20 correlated significantly with Mch-PC20 (r = .52, p = .0089). EBC pH did not have a significant relationship with either HS-PD20 or Mch-PC20. Conclusion HS and Mch reactivity provide similar assessments of airway reactivity in asthmatics not on controller medications. Considering the stability of the correlation, these data suggest that HS may be a substitute for Mch challenge. Neither measure of hyperresponsiveness correlates with EBC pH.
Abstract IA48: Cultural determinants of disparities in lung cancer care and outcomes

The outcome of patients with lung cancer remains poor, particularly among individuals of ethnic and racial minorities. Two well-documented causes for the currently observed disparities in survival are diagnosis at a more advanced stage and lower rates of indicated treatment of minority patients. The underlying reasons for these disparities however, are not clear. A range of potential explanations have been suggested including patient-level (beliefs, preferences, and expectations regarding lung cancer care), physician-level (biases, stereotyping, and uncertainty), patient-provider interaction-level (barriers in cross-cultural relationships) and system-level (health system organization, accessibility) factors. Understanding the influence and relative importance of these factors is an important first step towards designing interventions to improve the outcomes of minority patients with lung cancer. In this presentation, we will review the underlying reasons for the observed disparities in stage at diagnosis, treatment, and end-of-life care of minority patients, with a particular focus on cultural factors. We will discuss results from a recently completed, four-site study assessing behavioral and cultural barriers to appropriate diagnosis and treatment of minorities with lung cancer. Our focus will be on potentially modifiable barriers that could be the target for future interventions aimed at reducing disparities in care. Citation Format: Juan Wisnivesky. Cultural determinants of disparities in lung cancer care and outcomes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Seventh AACR Conference on The Science of Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; Nov 9-12, 2014; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015;24(10 Suppl):Abstract nr IA48.
11:The Reaction Mechanism of the Molybdenum Hydroxylase Xanthine Oxidoreductase: Evidence Against the Formation of Intermediates Having Metal-Carbon Bonds

ENDOR spectra of the catalytically relevant “very rapid” Mo(V) species generated in the course of the reaction of xanthine oxidoreductase with substrate have been examined by two different groups. While the data themselves are virtually identical, the analysis has been variously interpreted as supporting or refuting the existence of a molybdenum-carbon bond in the signal-giving species. While the basis for this difference in interpretation has now been generally agreed upon – the Mo-C distance in the signal-giving species is now understood to be too long to represent a direct Mo-C bond – independent information concerning the structure of the signal-giving species is highly desirable. Recently, several X-ray crystal structures of catalytically relevant complexes of the enzyme with several substrates and inhibitors have been reported. Taken together, these structures strongly and unambiguously support the interpretation that the intermediate giving rise to the “very rapid” EPR signal, as well as the Mo(IV) intermediate that precedes it in the reaction mechanism, has product coordinated to the active site molybdenum via the catalytically introduced hydroxyl group in a simple “end-on” fashion, with no metal-carbon bond character to the complex. The manner in which product is bound and its orientation within the active site provide important clues as to the specific catalytic roles of active sites in accelerating the reaction rate.
Elucidating the Role of the Electric Field at the Ni/YSZ Electrode: A DFT Study

To decrease the deactivation of the Ni/YSZ electrode during hydrocarbon oxidation in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and coelectrolysis of H2O and CO2 in a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC), it is very important to first understand oxygen vacancy formation at the triple-phase boundary (TPB) of Ni/YSZ because such vacancies are the active sites for coke formation and sulfur poisoning. Furthermore, the effect of the electric fields on oxygen vacancy formation must be investigated because such fields could potentially be used to alter the Ni/YSZ system and directly modify its electrocatalytic performance. In this study, three scenarios were considered: (i) oxygen vacancy formation in YSZ with and without a Ni cluster, (ii) oxygen vacancy formation and oxygen diffusion in YSZ and Ni/YSZ at different oxygen vacancy concentrations, and (iii) the effect of the electric fields on scenarios (i) and (ii). Our computational results show that the oxygen-enriched Ni/YSZ (Ni/YSZ+O) electrode is most likely to occur i...
First-principles analysis of electron transport in BaSnO 3

Transparent conducting oxides are used in a wide variety of applications, including solar cells and displays. Recently, the perovskite oxide BaSnO${}_{3}$ was demonstrated to be a superior material, with a carrier mobility that is 30 times larger than that of the prototypical perovskite oxide, SrTiO${}_{3}$. This outstanding value has opened up prospects for applications in advanced electronic devices. Using accurate first-principles calculations and Boltzmann transport theory, the authors perform a careful and detailed numerical analysis of the LO phonon and ionized impurity scattering mechanisms to elucidate their impact on mobility. They also compute the Hall factor explicitly, enabling a direct comparison to experimental reports of Hall mobilities for bulk and thin films. The analysis provides insights into the nature of the dominant mechanisms that limit mobility in state-of-the-art samples, and will aid the design of perovskite oxides with targeted transport properties.
Decomposition of Organic Acids During Processing and Storage

Solutions (0.1 N) of organic acids as well as tissue concentration levels were processed at several temperatures with varyious F0 values. Analyses were done using an automatic organic acid analyzer and paper chromatography. Pyrrolidone-carboxylic acid was produced from glutamic acid, fumaric from maleic acid, itaconic and trans-aconitic from cis-aconitic acid, malonic acid decomposed to acetic acid, and oxalacetic to pyruvic acid. At tissue concentration level oxalacetic acid decomposed completely at all process temperatures to pyruvic acid and to a lesser degree during storage without processing. Decomposition of other organic acids increased with increasing process time. The decompositon of malonic to acetic acid was the only reaction which was decreased significantly by use of a High-temperature Short-time process. However, the amount of decomposition of all acids, except oxalacetic, was low both after processing and during storage.
Using Loglinear Model for Discrimination Discovery and Prevention

Discrimination discovery and prevention has received intensive attention recently. Discrimination generally refers to an unjustified distinction of individuals based on their membership, or perceived membership, in a certain group, and often occurs when the group is treated less favorably than others. However, existing discrimination discovery and prevention approaches are often limited to examining the relationship between one decision attribute and one protected attribute and do not sufficiently incorporate the effects due to other non-protected attributes. In this paper we develop a single unifying framework that aims to capture and measure discriminations between multiple decision attributes and protected attributes in addition to a set of non-protected attributes. Our approach is based on loglinear modeling. The coefficient values of the fitted loglinear model provide quantitative evidence of discrimination in decision making. The conditional independence graph derived from the fitted graphical loglinear model can be effectively used to capture the existence of discrimination patterns based on Markov properties. We further develop an algorithm to remove discrimination. The idea is modifying those significant coefficients from the fitted loglinear model and using the modified model to generate new data. Our empirical evaluation results show effectiveness of our proposed approach.
High Prevalence of Chronic Health Conditions in Survivors of Hodgkin Lymphoma Treated during Adulthood.

Abstract Background: An increased risk of morbidity, including second primary malignancies and cardiovascular disease, has been reported in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) diagnosed during adulthood. However, in contrast to our understanding of the late effects of treatment of children with HL, the global burden of chronic morbidity among long-term survivors of adult-onset HL is poorly characterized. Methods: We conducted a survey-based cohort study of patients treated as adults with protocol-based first-line therapy for HL at our center from 1975 to 2000. The protocols included 6 combined modality trials (CMT) of chemotherapy (CT) + radiation therapy (RT), with the exception of a single CT-only arm in 1 trial. Chronic health conditions were assigned severity scores based on a modification of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3 (grades 1 through 4, ranging from mild to life-threatening or disabling). Results: Of 707 patients for whom follow-up was available, 517 were alive. Median survival was 29 years. Survey data were available from 169 patients, with a median time from last treatment to interview date of 21 years. Of responders, median age at interview was 48 years (range, 25–88) and median age at treatment was 29 years (range, 16–66). Fifty percent were women, and 96% were white, non-Hispanic. Self-reported chronic health conditions were very common in our cohort: 94% of respondents reported any chronic health condition, and 60% described chronic health conditions that were grades 3 or 4 in severity (Table 1). Frequently reported conditions included cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and psychiatric disorders. Sixty percent of patients reported grade ≥1 cardiovascular dysfunction (20% ≥grade 3), 40% grade ≥1 musculoskeletal (7% ≥grade 3), 71% ≥grade 1 endocrine (17% ≥grade 3), and 23% ≥grade 1 psychiatric (21% ≥grade 3). Second primary malignancies were reported by 23%, and infectious conditions by 34%. Additional data collection on surviving and deceased patients is ongoing. Conclusions: These results document the high prevalence of chronic illness among survivors of HL treated as adults. Evidence-based guidelines built upon such data are needed to aid clinicians in the management of the late morbidities associated with HL treatment. Table 1 . Chronic health conditions among adult-onset Hodgkin lymphoma survivors, according to severity score. Health Condition Frequency (%) Conditions by grade No condition 10 (6%) Grade 1 17 (10%) Grade 2 41 (24%) Grade 3 67 (40%) Grade 4 34 (20%) Any condition Grades 1–4 159 (94%) Grade 3 or 4 101 (60%) Multiple health conditions ≥Grade 1 ≥2 conditions 142 (84%) ≥3 conditions 120 (71%) ≥Grade 2 ≥2 conditions 111 (66%) ≥3 conditions 72 (43%) ≥Grade 3 ≥2 conditions 50 (30%) ≥3 conditions 19 (11%)
Multiparametric estimation of brain hemodynamics with MR fingerprinting ASL.

Purpose Assessment of brain hemodynamics without exogenous contrast agents is of increasing importance in clinical applications. This study aims to develop an MR perfusion technique that can provide noncontrast and multiparametric estimation of hemodynamic markers. Methods We devised an arterial spin labeling (ASL) method based on the principle of MR fingerprinting (MRF), referred to as MRF-ASL. By taking advantage of the rich information contained in MRF sequence, up to seven hemodynamic parameters can be estimated concomitantly. Feasibility demonstration, flip angle optimization, comparison with Look-Locker ASL, reproducibility test, sensitivity to hypercapnia challenge, and initial clinical application in an intracranial steno-occlusive process, Moyamoya disease, were performed to evaluate this technique. Results Magnetic resonance fingerprinting ASL provided estimation of up to seven parameters, including B1+, tissue T1, cerebral blood flow (CBF), tissue bolus arrival time (BAT), pass-through arterial BAT, pass-through blood volume, and pass-through blood travel time. Coefficients of variation of the estimated parameters ranged from 0.2 to 9.6%. Hypercapnia resulted in an increase in CBF by 57.7%, and a decrease in BAT by 13.7 and 24.8% in tissue and vessels, respectively. Patients with Moyamoya disease showed diminished CBF and lengthened BAT that could not be detected with regular ASL. Conclusion Magnetic resonance fingerprinting ASL is a promising technique for noncontrast, multiparametric perfusion assessment. Magn Reson Med, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Do children and adults learn forward and inverse conditional probabilities together

Learning p(A|B) often provides information about p(B|A). Do learners attend to this information? In Experiment 1, preschool-aged children learned to predict the sound of an alien from its color. The predictability of color from sound did not have a large effect on learning rate. During testing children seemed to use the learned probabilities, p(sound|color) to make judgments of the inverses, p(color|sound) rather than the actual encountered frequency distribution. In Experiment 2 adults showed a similar pattern. Adults used the probabilities they were trained on, either p(sound|color) or p(color|sound), to make judgments of the inverses. These results support previous demonstration of an “inverse fallacy” and suggest that both young children and adults show very task-specific learning.
Gender disparity in breast cancer: A veteran population-based comparison.

1606 Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) is <1% of all cancers in men and continues to rise. Because of rarity, there is paucity in literature. Management of MBC is generalized from female breast ...
Malignant Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma: 272 Patients Over 55 Years.

Context Malignant pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare and knowledge of the natural history is limited. Objective We aimed to describe baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with malignant PHEO and PGL (PPGL) and to identify predictors of shorter survival. Design Retrospective review of patients with malignant PPGL evaluated from 1960 to 2016. Setting Referral center. Patients The group comprised 272 patients. Main outcome measures Baseline description, survival outcomes, and predictors of shorter survival were evaluated in patients with rapidly progressive (n = 29) and indolent disease (n = 188). Results Malignant PPGL was diagnosed at a median age of 39 years (range, 7 to 83 years), with synchronous metastases in 96 (35%) patients. In 176 (65%) patients, metastases developed at a median of 5.5 years (range, 0.3 to 53.4 years) from the initial diagnosis. Median follow-up was 8.2 years (range, 0.01 to 54.1 years). Median overall and disease-specific survivals were 24.6 and 33.7 years, respectively. Shorter survival correlated with male sex (P = 0.014), older age at the time of primary tumor (P = 0.0011), synchronous metastases (P Conclusions The clinical course of patients with malignant PPGL is remarkably variable. Rapid disease progression is associated with male sex, older age at diagnosis, synchronous metastases, larger tumor size, elevated dopamine, and not undergoing resection of primary tumor. An individualized approach to patients with metastatic PPGL is warranted.
Natural and Climate Change Mediated Invasions

Species distributions are constantly in flux. Biological and physical factors continually influence the rates of range expansions and contractions, altering the distribution of species in space and through time (MacArthur 1972; Brown 1995; Brown et al. 1996). Ranges expand as individuals colonize new areas and contract as populations become locally extinct. Understanding how organisms respond to environmental changes and describing the underlying mechanisms are key research components in the fields of ecology and biogeography. Knowing where populations occur—and where they are absent—provides insights into the ecological and physical factors that regulate patterns of density and distribution (see also Chap. 2, Carlton). Historically, biological responses were due to natural processes and often occurred over long (geological) time scales. More recently, anthropogenic (i.e. human-mediated) processes have played an increasingly important role in driving patterns of density and distribution. In this chapter I will present biological invasions in the context of geographic range shifts, explore range shifts due to natural, anthropogenic, and artificial processes, and consider how climate change is already affecting species distributions.
In vivo repeatability of the pulse wave inverse problem in human carotid arteries.

Abstract Accurate arterial stiffness measurement would improve diagnosis and monitoring for many diseases. Atherosclerotic plaques and aneurysms are expected to involve focal changes in vessel wall properties; therefore, a method to image the stiffness variation would be a valuable clinical tool. The pulse wave inverse problem (PWIP) fits unknown parameters from a computational model of arterial pulse wave propagation to ultrasound-based measurements of vessel wall displacements by minimizing the difference between the model and measured displacements. The PWIP has been validated in phantoms, and this study presents the first in vivo demonstration. The common carotid arteries of five healthy volunteers were imaged five times in a single session with repositioning of the probe and subject between each scan. The 1D finite difference computational model used in the PWIP spanned from the start of the transducer to the carotid bifurcation, where a resistance outlet boundary condition was applied to approximately model the downstream reflection of the pulse wave. Unknown parameters that were estimated by the PWIP included a 10-segment linear piecewise compliance distribution and 16 discrete cosine transformation coefficients for each of the inlet boundary conditions. Input data was selected to include pulse waves resulting from the primary pulse and dicrotic notch. The recovered compliance maps indicate that the compliance increases close to the bifurcation, and the variability of the average pulse wave velocity estimated through the PWIP is on the order of 11%, which is similar to that of the conventional processing technique which tracks the wavefront arrival time (13%).
Train Them to Retain Them: Work Readiness and the Retention of First-time Women Workers in India:

To explore when and why workplace training facilitates the retention of first-time workers from historically underrepresented groups in formal employment, I combine ethnographic fieldwork at an Ind...
Trimethylamine N-oxide: breathe new life.

Association between elevated levels of systemic trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events have been proposed in recent years. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence in the last decade has implicated TMAO as an important contributor to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. TMAO, the oxygenated product of trimethylamine (TMA), belongs to the class of amine oxides. Most of the TMA derived from the metabolism of choline and L-carnitine by gut bacteria is absorbed into the bloodstream and gets rapidly oxidized to TMAO by the hepatic enzyme, flavin-containing monooxgenase-3. Here, we discussed the biosynthesis of TMAO and clinical studies that have assessed TMAO as a biomarker for various cardiovascular and other diseases such as kidney failure, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes and cancer. We also summarized the interaction of TMAO with synthetic and traditional molecules that together affect circulating TMAO levels. Linked articles This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
Wittgenstein: Some Perspectives on the Development of His Thought

There is an inveterate tendency among philosophers to view their distinguished predecessors and colleagues in terms of fixed doctrines or systems, antagonisms between such doctrines, and inexplicable moves from one doctrine to another rather than in terms of dialectical development and progressive problem-solving. Jaakko Hintikka has protested against this tendency in the case of Aristotle and tried to produce a counter-example.1 It is even more distressing to find a contemporary or near-contemporary figure subjected to a similar treatment. It seems to us that this fate has befallen Wittgenstein to a far greater extent than has been recognized. This paper is a modest attempt to put the dynamics of Wittgenstein’s development into perspective by using a few key concepts as our focal points. They include the notions of showing, ostensive definition, language game, rule, and criterion, Our attempt if based on our earlier joint work on Wittgenstein. 2 For reasons of space, we have to assume that the reader has some familiarity with our earlier papers.
The specificity and role of microglia in epileptogenesis in mouse models of tuberous sclerosis complex

Objective Microglial abnormalities have been reported in pathologic specimens from patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a genetic disorder characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, and autism. However, the pathogenic role of microglia in epilepsy in TSC is poorly understood, particularly whether microglia defects may be a primary contributor to epileptogenesis or are secondary to seizures or simply epiphenomena. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Tsc1 gene inactivation in microglia is sufficient to cause epilepsy in mouse models of TSC. Methods Using a chemokine receptor, Cx3cr1, to target microglia, conventional Tsc1Cx3cr1-Cre CKO (conditional knockout) mice and postnatal-inducible Tsc1Cx3cr1-CreER CKO mice were generated and assessed for molecular and histopathologic evidence of microglial abnormalities, mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTORC1) pathway activation, and epilepsy. Results Tsc1Cx3cr1-Cre CKO mice exhibited a high efficiency of microglia Tsc1 inactivation, mTORC1 activation, increased microglial size and number, and robust epilepsy, which were rapamycin-dependent. However, Cre reporter studies demonstrated that constitutive Cx3cr1 expression affected not only microglia, but also a large percentage of cortical neurons, confounding the role of microglia in epileptogenesis in Tsc1 Cx3cr1-Cre CKO mice. In contrast, postnatal inactivation of Tsc1 utilizing a tamoxifen-inducible Cx3cr1-CreER resulted in a more-selective microglia Tsc1 inactivation with high efficiency, mTORC1 activation, and increased microglial size and number, but no documented epilepsy. Significance Microglia abnormalities may contribute to epileptogenesis in the context of neuronal involvement in TSC mouse models, but selective Tsc1 gene inactivation in microglia alone may not be sufficient to cause epilepsy, suggesting that microglia have more supportive roles in the pathogenesis of seizures in TSC.
Naphtho[2,3- b]carbaporphyrins.

Acid-catalyzed condensation of a benzo[f]indane dialdehyde with a tripyrrane, followed by an oxidation step, afforded the first example of a naphtho[2,3-b]-21-carbaporphyrin. This π-extended porphyrinoid system is strongly aromatic and gave a porphyrin-like UV–vis spectrum with a Soret band at 432 nm. Protonation with TFA gave a monocation, but under highly acidic conditions a C-protonated dication was generated. Reaction of the naphthoporphyrin with ferric chloride produced a 21-chloro derivative. Alkylation with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate gave a 22-methyl derivative, and this reacted with palladium(II) acetate to afford a palladium(II) complex in which the internal methyl group had migrated from a nitrogen to a carbon atom. Treatment of the naphthocarbaporphyrin with silver(I) acetate generated the corresponding silver(III) complex. In naphtho[2,3-b]-21-carbaporphyrin and many of its derivatives, the aromatic conjugation pathways appear to bypass the naphthalene unit, and for this reason the ...
Automated Strategic Prioritization Matchmaking Tool to Facilitate Federal–Community Adaptation Implementation

AbstractLack of available resources has been identified as a significant barrier for community implementation of climate adaptation actions. Although a broad array of federal resources exists, it i...
Critical Lines of Action for Vulnerability and Resilience Research and Practice: Lessons from the 2017 Hurricane Season

The unprecedented number of devastating disasters recently experienced in the United States is a clarion call to revisit how we understand our vulnerability in the face of global change, and what w...
‘Experiencing life for the first time’: the effects of a traumatic death course on social work student mindfulness and empathy

Mindfulness and empathy are protective factors for social workers and may also improve client outcomes. They may be especially important when dealing with clients experiencing grief and death-relat...
Argument realization of psychological verbs

Abstract By using data from nearly thirty languages of various families and regions, this paper examines the argument realization of three types of psychological verbs (i.e. causative bivalent, non-causative bivalent, and monovalent). It finds that, when compared with the argument realization of core transitive verbs like BREAK, causative bivalent psych verbs show crosslinguistic uniformity in that they pattern with core transitive verbs in argument realization. The same comparative approach finds that the argument realization of non-causative bivalent psych verbs shows a lot of crosslinguistic variation. As for monovalent psych verbs, the paper finds that they almost always pattern with the argument realization of unaccusative verbs. The findings of the paper are accounted for by using the Force-Control-Causality (FCC) model of verb meaning. Under this model, the uniformity in argument realization with respect to causative bivalent psych verbs is due to the prominence of the causative relationship expressed and the directionality of the causality from the Causer to the Causee. The variation in argument realization with respect to non-causative bivalent psych verbs can be attributed to the fact that such verbs express neither causation nor transmission of physical force. As for the near uniformity in argument realization with respect to monovalent psych verbs, it is due to the fact that they involve only one argument (thus no competition for the subject position) and this single argument shares the [−control] feature with the single argument of unaccusative verbs. This study points to the need of recognizing Causer and Causee as two core and highly-ranked thematic roles in a global thematic hierarchy.
Wideband Models for the Electromagnetic Induction Signatures of Thin Conducting Shells

Wideband electromagnetic induction sensors have been shown to be more effective than traditional metal detectors at identifying metallic targets of interest when buried near abundant metallic clutter. A promising strategy for performing target identification using wideband data relies on characterizing the target response using a magnetic polarizability tensor (MPT) that is a function of frequency. In this paper, a surface integral method is presented for deriving the MPT in singularity expansion form using a modal decomposition. The method is verified by comparing the singularity expansion for a spherical shell to a derived analytical solution. The expansion coefficients for cylindrical tubes, of various aspect ratios, are compared to experimental results, showing good agreement. Finally, expansion coefficients are given for a disk and are compared to other numerical results.
Technoeconomic Analysis of Brackish Water Capacitive Deionization: Navigating Tradeoffs between Performance, Lifetime, and Material Costs.

Capacitive deionization (CDI), a class of electrochemical separation technologies, has been proposed as an energy-efficient brackish water desalination method. Previous studies have focused on impr...
The Impact of Comorbidity on Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Response in Youth with Anxiety and Autism Spectrum Disorder

The impact of externalizing comorbidity on treatment outcome was examined in 104 youth ages 7–16 (M = 11.09 years) with autism spectrum disorder and primary anxiety/obsessive compulsive disorder who completed modular cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety/OCD. Three comorbidity profiles were utilized for group comparisons: participants with oppositional defiant or conduct disorder with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ODD; CD; ADHD; group EXT, n = 25); those without ODD/CD and only ADHD (group ADHD, n = 46); and those without externalizing comorbidity (NO-EXT, n = 33). Post-treatment outcomes were measured continuously (Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression-Severity) and categorically (treatment response, remission). The ADHD group was four times more likely of being a treatment responder compared to NO-EXT (OR 4.05). Comorbidity group did not impact remission. After controlling for pre-treatment scores, there was a significantly greater reduction of the CGI-S for ADHD versus NO-EXT and EXT versus NO-EXT, but results did not significantly differ for the PARS. Results suggest that a modular CBT approach yields positive impact for treatment outcomes in youth with comorbid externalizing problems, particularly among those with comorbid ADHD.
Immunomagnetic Sequential Ultrafiltration (iSUF) Platform for Enrichment and Purification of Extracellular Vesicles from Biofluids

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from tumor cells have the potential to provide a much-needed source of non-invasive molecular biomarkers for liquid biopsies. However, current methods for EV isolation have limited specificity towards tumor-derived EVs that limit their clinical use. Here, we present an approach called immunomagnetic sequential ultrafiltration (iSUF) that consists of sequential stages of purification and enrichment of EVs (nonspecifically and specifically) in 2h. In iSUF, EVs present in different volumes of biofluids (0.1 mL to 100 mL) can be significantly enriched (up to 1000 times), with 99.9 % removal of contaminating proteins (e.g., albumin). The yields of cell culture media (CCM), serum, and urine EVs corresponded to 98% +/- 3.6%, 94% +/- 2.0% and 95% +/- 2.0%, respectively (p > 0.05). The final step of iSUF enables the separation of tumor-specific EVs by incorporating immunomagnetic beads specific to a target subpopulation of EVs. Serum from a small cohort of clinical samples from metastatic breast cancer patients and healthy donors were processed by the iSUF platform and the isolated EVs from patients showed significantly higher expression levels of breast cancer biomarkers (i.e., HER2, CD24 and miR21).
Seeding Bias in Particle Image Velocimetry Applied to Dual-Mode Scramjet

Uniform seeding is important for particle image velocimetry due to the fact that all velocity data are derived from the movement of particles as fluid tracers. However, in some wind tunnel applicat...
Fragile beliefs and the price of uncertainty

A representative consumer uses Bayes’ law to learn about parameters of several models and to construct probabilities with which to perform ongoing model averaging. The arrival of signals induces the consumer to alter his posterior distribution over models and parameters. The consumer’s specification doubts induce him to slant probabilities pessimistically. The pessimistic probabilities tilt toward a model that puts long-run risks into consumption growth. That contributes a countercyclical history-dependent component to prices of risk. Keywords. Learning, Bayes’ law, robustness, risk sensitivity, pessimism, prices of risk. JEL classification. C11, C44, C72, E44, G12.
Chromatography of sugars in body fluids

Abstract The paper chromatographic detection method of White and Hess for urinary aldoses using aniline citrate has been studied and modified. As the reactivity of individual sugars is determined mainly by their molecular weight and structure, our modification is based on a gradual increase in the reaction temperature (room temperature, 37 or 55 and 105°) and variations in heating time. This technique enables reaction conditions to be obtained that lead to a full display of both the transient and final characteristics of the fluorescence and colour of the individual spots in the sugar spectrum of any analyzed material. Compared with other reagents based on aniline or other aromatic amines, aniline citrate possesses unusually wide operational flexibility. The procedure is suitable for paper and thin-layer chromatography and is especially valuable in the analysis of urinary and tissue sugar extracts for the identification of largely overlapping spots with different reaction times, the differentiation of oligosaccharides, particularly those with different linkages, and obtaining additional data for the identification of unknown metabolites.
Chemokine-Mediated B Cell Trafficking during Early Rabbit GALT Development

Microbial and host cell interactions stimulate rabbit B cells to diversify the primary Ab repertoire in GALT. B cells at the base of appendix follicles begin proliferating and diversifying their V-(D)-J genes around 1 wk of age, ∼5 d after B cells first begin entering appendix follicles. To gain insight into the microbial and host cell interactions that stimulate B cells to diversify the primary Ab repertoire, we analyzed B cell trafficking within follicles during the first week of life. We visualized B cells, as well as chemokines that mediate B cell homing in lymphoid tissues, by in situ hybridization, and we examined B cell chemokine receptor expression by flow cytometry. We found that B cells were activated and began downregulating their BCRs well before a detectable B cell proliferative region appeared at the follicle base. The proliferative region was similar to germinal center dark zones, in that it exhibited elevated CXCL12 mRNA expression, and B cells that upregulated CXCR4 mRNA in response to signals acquired from selected intestinal commensals localized in this region. Our results suggest that after entering appendix follicles, B cells home sequentially to the follicle-associated epithelium, the follicular dendritic cell network, the B cell/T cell boundary, and, ultimately, the base of the follicle, where they enter a proliferative program and diversify the primary Ab repertoire.
Evaluating the Use of Twitter to Enhance the Educational Experience of a Medical School Surgery Clerkship

Objective Although it has been suggested that social-networking services such as Twitter could be used as a tool for medical education, few studies have evaluated its use in this setting. We sought to evaluate the use of Twitter as a novel educational tool in a medical school surgery clerkship. We hypothesized that Twitter can enhance the educational experience of clerkship students. Design We performed a prospective observational study. We created a new Twitter account, and delivered approximately 3 tweets per day consisting of succinct, objective surgical facts. Students were administered pre- and postclerkship surveys, and aggregate test scores were obtained for participating students and historical controls. Setting Required third-year medical school surgery clerkship at the University of Michigan large tertiary-care academic hospital. Participants Third-year medical students. Results The survey response rate was 94%. Preclerkship surveys revealed that most (87%) students have smartphones, and are familiar with Twitter (80% have used before). Following completion of the clerkship, most students (73%) reported using the Twitter tool, and 20% used it frequently. Overall, 59% believed it positively influenced their educational experience and very few believed it had a negative influence (2%). However, many (53%) did not believe it influenced their clerkship engagement. Aggregate mean National Board of Medical Examiners Shelf Examination scores were not significantly different in an analysis of medical student classes completing the clerkship before or after the Twitter tool (p = 0.37). Conclusions Most of today's learners are familiar with social media, and own the technology necessary to implement novel educational tools in this platform. Applications such as Twitter can be facile educational tools to supplement and enhance the experience of students on a medical school clerkship.
Evaluating Research in Academic Journals: A Practical Guide to Realistic Evaluation (4th edition)

This simple, but detailed and helpful, book is specifically directed towards beginning graduate students in the social and behavioral sciences who are gaining essential skills in reading and evalua...
Capabilities and employability of unwed mothers

Abstract In this paper we assess the economic capabilities of a sample of unwed mothers who gave birth in the spring of 1998 in hospitals that serve low-income residents in seven cities that are part of a national sampling frame. We show that recent unwed mothers who are not in a cohabiting relationship are especially vulnerable to economic hardship because they are more likely to encounter multiple barriers to employment than mothers who do cohabit with their newborn's father. However, analyses of earnings capacity suggest that most single-mother families would be poor even if the mothers worked 1500 hours per year, and near poor if they worked full-time, year round (2000 hours). Analyses of income portfolios indicate that low-income mothers are quite resourceful packaging cash and income transfers from multiple sources to meet the needs of their families. These results are discussed in the context of recent welfare reforms.
Processing LiDAR data to visualize soil erosion and analyze slope stability

LiDAR data can be used in many engineering applications. These applications include, but are not limited to, highway engineering, land development, pipeline mapping and leak detection, power line mapping, cell tower mapping, forestry, mining, flood study, coast erosion, etc. The State of New York (NYS) has collected LiDAR data that cover significant area of the state. This data is made available for educational and research purposes. Data that covers the Mohawk River spans a number of counties and involves areas of the river where there has been significant meander migration and bank erosion. Due to the unstable nature of the soil forming the riverbanks and the considerable steepness of slopes at many locations, displacement, settlement, yielding, and even failure, of the foundations of some structures have been recorded. The goal of the present study was to use the LiDAR data provided by NYS to map the slopes along the banks of the Mohawk River and to detect areas where steep slopes could critical indicators of imminent failure. The data was also used to identify sections of the river where, due to sharp bents, erosion may be accelerating resulting in faster meander migration. Detecting these phenomena at early stage is key toward the prevention of catastrophic failure that can result in loss of life and property.
Minimizing right ventricular pacing: a new paradigm for cardiac pacing in sinus node dysfunction.

Sinus node dysfunction (SND) was first described as a clinical entity in 1968, although Wenckebach reported the electrocardiographic manifestation of SND in 1923. Sinus node dysfunction refers to a broad array of abnormalities in sinus node and atrial impulse formation and propagation. These include persistent sinus bradycardia and chronotropic incompetence without identifiable causes, paroxysmal or persistent sinus arrest with replacement by subsidiary escape rhythms in the atrioventricular (AV) junction or ventricular myocardium, and paroxysmal or persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). The frequent association of paroxysmal AF and sinus bradycardia or sinus inertia, which may oscillate suddenly from one to the other, usually accompanied by symptoms, is termed btachy-bradyQ syndrome. Sinus node dysfunction is primarily a disease of the elderly and is presumed to be due to senescence of the sinus node and atrial muscle. Collected data from 28 different studies on atrial-only (AAIR) pacing for SND showed a mean annual incidence of complete AV block (AVB) of 0.6% (0%-4.5%) with a total prevalence of 2.1% (0%-11.9%). This suggests that the degenerative process also affects the specialized conduction system, although the rate of progression is slow and does not dominate the clinical course of disease. Sinus node dysfunction is typically diagnosed in the sixth and seventh decade of life, which is also the average age at enrollment in clinical trials of pacemaker therapy for SND. Sinus node dysfunction may arise at any time in life as a secondary phenomenon of any condition that results in destruction of sinus node cells, such as ischemia, inflammation, or cardiac surgery. The clinical manifestations of SND are diverse, reflecting the range of typical sinoatrial rhythm disturbances. The most dramatic presentation is syncope. The mechanism of syncope is a sudden pause in sinus impulse formation, either spontaneously or after the termination of an atrial tachyarrhythmia, causing cerebral hypoperfusion. The pause in sinus node activity is