cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Placement and beyond in honor of Ernest S. Kuh

Professor Kuh is a pioneer and giant in physical layout. In this talk, we will describe his influence in placement. His pioneering work from interval graph for one dimensional gate assignment, BBL (Building-Block Layout System for Custom Chip IC Design) [2, 3, 6, 8], BEAR [7] layout system, BAGEL (Gate Array Layout) [17], RAMP (Resistive Analog Module Placement) [5], PROUD (Sea of Gates Placement) [28] to congestion, timing, and low power driven placement, Prof. Kuh always starts with innovative theoretical construction, software system building, and applications with impact on productivity.Physical layout is an indispensable software system for VLSI Design with millions of modules. Placement is the key component of about 500 million dollars market for physical synthesis. In the layout design flow, the placement is the core of the system integrating with other synthesis and analysis tools.For building block layout, Kuh's group tackled the nonslicing architecture. They devised the tile plane to represent the topology of the floorplan and the bottleneck of the routing. A routing order is derived to guarantee 100 percent routing completion [12]. The methodology and algorithms of building block placement [2] were adopted by companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation and ECAD, which was later renamed as Cadence.For standard cell placement, RAMP placement is devised using the analogy of a resistive network [12]. The minimization of the circuit power corresponds to the quadratic wire length reduction. The approach provides a convergent solution in the era of interconnect dominance. As the technology scales, interconnect becomes dominating the system performance in terms on delay and power consumption. Performance driven logic synthesis, signal interconnect with repeater insertion, power ground and clock distribution strongly rely on the physical layout information. On the other hand the placement requires the synthesis result to perform the task. This mutual dependence has caused serious design convergence issues in the 1990s.
Relationships among government payments, crop insurance payments and crop revenue

Risk abatement characteristics of a public sector programme (counter-cyclical payments) and a quasi-private market instrument (crop insurance) are assessed at the farm level. Crop market revenues and insurance payments have strong linkages to pre-planting price and yield conditions, whereas the conditions underlying government programme payments are less affected by prices, crop shares or actual yields. Contrary to a belief often expressed by producers, the counter-cyclical programme does not duplicate or substitute strongly for crop insurance programmes. It is also found that measurement of crop-revenue risk abatement from using either public or quasi-private instruments can be particularly sensitive to the price environment and components of market revenue. Copyright 2004, Oxford University Press.
Grain refinement and superplasticity in 5083 Al

Abstract A preliminary investigation of thermomechanical processing of 5083 aluminum plate (Al-4.7%Mg-0.7%Mn) was undertaken to develop a fine-grain sheet for superplastic forming applications. Significant differences in grain size and the extent of superplasticity are seen in hot-rolled vs. cold-rolled sheets, with tensile elongations exceeding 600% for the cold-rolled alloy. Additionally, a separate fine-grain sheet of the same alloy, produced by Alusuisse Co., was studied in greater detail. Superplastic deformation behavior of this sheet was investigated under uniaxial tension over the temperature range of 500–565 °C. Strain rate sensitivity values greater than 0.3 were observed over a strain rate range of (3 × 10−5)–(1 × 10−2) s−1 with a maximum value of 0.65 obtained for strain rate of 5 × 10−4 s−1 at 565 °C. Constant-velocity tension tests consistently show larger strains to failure and lower strain hardening rate than the corresponding “constant-strain-rate” tests for the range investigated. A short but rapid prestraining step, prior to the normal superplastic straining, produced enhanced tensile elongation at all temperatures. Under the two-step schedule, a maximum tensile elongation of 600% was obtained at 550 °C, which was regarded as the optimum superplastic temperature under this condition. This paper and a companion paper are used to provide the details of results obtained to date from this study.
Exploring the relationships between Web usability and students' perceived learning in Web-based multimedia (WBMM) tutorials

The purpose of this case study is to better understand the relationships between Web usability and students' perceived learning in the design and implementation of Web-based multimedia (WBMM) tutorials in blended courses. Much of the current research in this area focuses on the use of multimedia as a replacement for classroom instruction rather than as a complement to teaching practices in courses that meet face-to-face. This study analyzed data collected from 41 undergraduate students who accessed a series of WBMM tutorials to learn Web design in an upper-level undergraduate information science course that combines both in-class and online instruction. We provide a descriptive analysis of student survey responses and apply Kendall's rank correlation coefficient to examine significant relationships (p<0.05) between usability factors and students' perceived learning performance. We also explore the impact of WBMM on other aspects of the course, such as readings, email, office hours, and computer lab. Findings indicate that students responded favorably to most of the usability factors defined in this study and that course lectures and readings may have been enhanced by this virtual resource. In addition, we identified a significant correlation between usability factors of the WBMM tutorials and how students perceive their own learning. This study suggests that multimedia instruction is an effective approach to teaching Web design in blended learning environments that include both face-to-face and Web-based resources.
The Ocean of Truth: A Personal History of Global Tectonics

H. W. Menard died on February 9, 1986. His professional legacy includes much of his scientific work in unearthing the floor of the Pacific Ocean, his former students, and his work in the history of science. In addition to his earlier endeavor into the history and sociology of science, Science Growth and Change (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1971), Menard leaves us The Ocean of Truth. Unable to stop himself from doing research, he corrected the galley proofs for The Ocean of Truth during the last days of his life, in his hospital bed, while dying of cancer. I include Menard's work in the history of science within his professional legacy, since Menard did not approach the history of science as a retired scientist who decides to write, with memory as his only guide, about his and his fellow scientists' research. The Ocean of Truth is a serious and successful attempt to recount the rise of oceanography and its bearing upon the recent revolution in the Earth sciences.
Children with acute myeloblastic leukemia presenting with extramedullary infiltration: the effects of high-dose steroid treatment

To evaluate whether children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) presenting with extramedullary infiltration (EMI) have different clinical, morphologic features and prognosis from children without EMI, a 127 consecutive previously untreated children with AML were entered in this study. Fifty-one children (40%) had EMI at diagnosis and 27% of these showed multiple site involvement. Twenty-seven of 127 children (21%) presented myeloid tumors. No age related differences in the incidence of EMI was noted. However, analysis of clinical and biological features at diagnosis showed that WBC count > or =50 x 10(9) l(-1), hepatosplenomegaly >5 cm, FAB AML-M4 and AML-M5 subtypes and CD13, CD14 expression of bone marrow (BM) leukemic cells (>20%) were more frequent in children with EMI. Two consecutive treatment protocols were used. In both protocols remission was achieved with combined high-dose methylprednisolone (HDMP) as a differentiating and apoptosis inducing agent with mild cytotoxic chemotherapy (low-dose cytosine arabinoside (LD Ara-C), weekly mitoxantrone and Ara-C or 6-thioguanine). Administration of short-course (4-7 days) HDMP (20-30 mg/kg per day) alone resulted in a remarkable decrease in peripheral blood, BM blasts and in the size of EMI in responding patients. In both protocols, remission rate in patients with EMI was 71 and 80%, which was lower than that of the patients without EMI (87 and 89%). This may be attributed to the higher frequency of unfavorable features in children with EMI. However, in patients who presented with myeloblastoma and treated with a more intensive post-remission therapy (AML-94), the 4-year disease-free survival (DFS) and event-free survival (EFS) rates were not found to be significantly different from children who had no EMI (P>0.05). Whereas, the outcome of children who presented with gingival infiltration did not improve. In further studies, the prognostic significance of different localisation of EMI and the effect of addition of HDMP to cytotoxic chemotherapy should be explored in larger series.
Applicability of the hooper visual organization test to pediatric populations: Preliminary findings

Abstract The Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT) has been widely used with adults to screen for brain pathology and assess visual-constructional abilities; however, there has been relatively little attempt to utilize this instrument with children. In the present study, normative data from children between the ages of 5 and 11 years (n = 207) and data from a mixed clinical group (n = 49) between the ages of 6 and 11 were obtained. In the normative sample, VOT scores were significantly correlated with age but not gender. The distribution and internal consistency of these normative VOT scores are discussed. Data obtained from the clinical group suggested that VOT scores were related to performances on measures of visual-spatial functions but generally not on tests of verbal skills. Similar to reports in the adult literature, a control group selected from the normative sample performed significantly better on the VOT than did the mixed clinical group. In general, these preliminary data suggest that the VOT ...
Fiber Content And Cost Of Selected Vegetables And Fruits

Selected vegetables and fruits in fresh and processed forms were analyzed for dietary fiber (neutral detergent fiber plus pectin) and cost. Dietary fiber was cal culated as grams dietary fiber per ½ cup serving and cost was determined per ½ cup serving. In grams of dietary fiber per ½ cup serving, carrots contained the most dietary fiber followed by green beans, tomatoes, and potatoes. Tomatoes cost more per ½ cup serving than other vegetables. In this study, the dietary fiber content of fresh and processed vegetables did not differ significantly. Canned strawberries had more dietary fiber per ½ cup serving than fresh strawberries. Strawberries cost the most per ½ cup serving followed by peaches, apples, and oranges. Although consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, frozen vegetables and fruit juice has increased, this study does not support reduced cost as a reason for this practice. Of the foods studied, apples, oranges, and carrots ap pear to be the most economical sources of dietary fiber.
The Science of Patterns

The rapid growth of computing and applications has helped cross-fertilize the mathematical sciences, yielding an unprecedented abundance of new methods, theories, and models. Examples from statistical science, core mathematics, and applied mathematics illustrate these changes, which have both broadened and enriched the relation between mathematics and science. No longer just the study of number and space, mathematical science has become the science of patterns, with theory built on relations among patterns and on applications derived from the fit between pattern and observation.
Optimal Detection Methods for the Restoration of Images Degraded by Signal Dependent Noise

The restoration of images degraded by signal dependent noise has traditionally been approached from an estimation framework. These techniques, however, are heavily dependent on a complete and accurate statistical representation of an image field and tend to blur regions where this representation is inaccurate. In this paper we introduce restoration techniques based on optimal vector detection methods. The introduced restoration methods are derived from a Bayesian framework and reduce to a M-ary Hypothesis Test among a representative set, or codebook, of vectors. These techniques remove the signal dependent noise while retaining the structure required for accurate image representation.
Estimating forecast variance with exponential smoothing Some new results

Abstract This note compares MAD and MSE smoothing approaches to estimating the forecast variance for the simple exponential smoothing forecast model. Using simulation techniques, the MSE approach is found to be more efficient than the MAD approach. These results hold for a wide assortment of cases in which both the mean and variance of the underlying demand series are potentially non-stationary. The results are found to be robust even in the presence of outliers. Several heuristic rules are developed for selection of a smoothing coefficient for the variance term, the most significant one being based on an inverse relationship between the optimal smoothing coefficient for the mean and the optimal coefficient for the variance.
The process of evidence-based medicine.

Evidence-based medicine is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
City Spending on Economic Development Versus Affordable Housing: Does Inter-City Competition or Local Politics Drive Decisions?

Public choice theory predicts that interjurisdictional competition and the need for a strong tax base severely limit local policy making. City decision makers must pursue developmental or economica...
Liberal Arts and the School of Education

Author's Summary— The relationship between Liberal Arts colleges and teacher-training institutions need not and should not be on a basis of rivalry. How one University has solved the problem with good results.)
Characteristics of Two Phase Fluids as Microthruster Propellant

Nano- and picosatellites are small satellites that are a more affordable alternative to larger satellites. Nanosats are satellites with a mass ranging from 1kg to 10kg while picosats have a mass that ranges from 0.1kg to 1kg. In addition to their cost, the smaller satellites have the advantage that they are able to carry out missions that would be difficult for a larger satellite. These advantages include using formations to gather data from multiple points and in-orbit inspection of larger satellites. Nano/picosats can be fabricated or procured for under $25k and launched into space for around another $40–60k which makes the total pre-mission expenditures for the satellite under $100k. Currently these satellites have a limited ability to orient themselves and cannot perform orbital maneuvers. For example a satellite could potentially use electro-magnetically charged coils in conjunction with earth’s magnetic field to orient themselves. The problems with the current methods of orientation are they are extremely slow to damp out oscillations due to low power (minutes) and cannot execute out of orbit maneuvers. Once a satellite is deployed from its launcher it is on a set orbit and cannot change its orbital elements on-command for the duration of its mission, limiting their use for science missions. Thus, it would be extremely beneficial for the nano- and pico-satellite community if a micro propulsion system capable of full-authority attitude control and orbital maneuver is developed. This paper describes the limiting characteristics of the refrigerant-based propellant (such as 1,1,1,2-Tetraflurorethan or 1,1-difluoroethane ) for the cold gas systems that is currently under development.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Adaptive control schemes specially designed for systems with unknown orthogonal matrix parameters

Abstract In this paper, we consider two adaptive control problems for systems containing constant unknown proper orthogonal matrices. The first one refers to the adaptive control problem for drift-free systems with unknown control direction (high-frequency gain). The second one refers to the adaptive control problem for systems with unknown drift directions. For both adaptive control problems, we propose new non-certainty-equivalent adaptive controllers that ensure closed-loop signal boundedness and asymptotic convergence of the tracking error to the origin for most initial conditions while simultaneously enforcing orthogonality on the matrix estimate for all time. In addition to stability proofs, numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the closed-loop performance of the resulting controller designs.
Articulate: a conversational interface for visual analytics

While many visualization tools exist that offer sophisticated functions for charting complex data, they still expect users to possess a high degree of expertise in wielding the tools to create an effective visualization. This poster presents Articulate, an attempt at a semi-automated visual analytic model that is guided by a conversational user interface. The goal is to relieve the user of the physical burden of having to directly craft a visualization through the manipulation of a complex user-interface, by instead being able to verbally articulate what the user wants to see, and then using natural language processing and heuristics to semi-automatically create a suitable visualization.
Comparative morphology of the myomeres and axial skeleton in four genera of centrarchid fishes

We used X-rays and dissection of myotomes to quantify the axial morphology of four species of centrarchid fishes (Micropterus salmoides, Ambloplites rupestris, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, and Lepomis macrochirus). Proceeding from dorsal to ventral, we designated the two epaxial and two hypaxial protions of the myomeres AB, BC, CD, and DE, respectively. For each of 11 myomeres, spaced at 10% increments along the length of the fish, a total of 14 variables described the length and orientation of each portion, the dorsalventral symmetry, and the overall height and longitudinal span of the entire myomere. Nine variables described the lengths, orientation, and symmetry of the vertebral centra, neural and hemal spines, and ribs. Analysis of variance revealed that, with one exception, all 23 morphological variables varied significantly both among species and among longitudinal locations within a species. However, the extent of longitudinal and interspecific variance differed considerably among different variables. Maximal myomeric height ranged from about 45% of the standard length (SL) in Lepomis to 27% SL in Micropterus. Longitudinal and interspecific increases in overall height of the trunk myomeres resulted primarily from greater lengths of CD. Compared to other portions of the myomere, the length of BC was most conservative both longitudinally and interspecifically. Dorsal-ventral symmetry of the myomeres and axial skeleton was greater in the caudal region than in the trunk in all species, and the myomeric morphology diverged least among species in the posterior caudal region. The overall longitudinal span of superficial myomeric landmarks varied from 6% to 18% SL, and, including the deep portions of the myomeres, the longitudinal span varied from about 7 to 10 vertebrae. Within each of the species, myomeric and skeletal variables were often not significantly correlated, but for the pooled data of all species there were usually highly significant correlations between myomeric and skeletal morphology. For example, strong correlations existed between BC and the underlying neural spines, and between CD and the underlying ribs and hemal spines. In contrast, the longitudinal spans of entire myomeres and underlying axial skeletal segments were only weakly associated. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of the Ordovician Bromide Formation (Oklahoma): a new perspective on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp

The Upper Ordovician (Sandbian; late Whiterockian to Mohawkian) Bromide Formation of south-central Oklahoma was deposited along a distally steepened ramp that descended into the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen (SOA). It provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine a spectrum of marine facies that extended from back ramp peritidal settings to the center of the basin. The depositional history and environmental context of the unit are reconsidered using lithofacies analysis and the characterization of sequence stratigraphic patterns at a variety of hierarchical scales. Inner-ramp (above fair weather wavebase; FWWB) lithofacies suggest deposition in a range of environments: tidal flat, lagoon, shoreface, semi-restricted shallow subtidal, and bioclastic shoal. Middle-ramp environments between FWWB and storm wavebase (SWB) are thick and faunally diverse, and consist of rhythmically bedded marls, wackestone, packstone, and shales. Outer-ramp environments (below SWB) are represented by either fissile tan-green shale or thin-bedded carbonate mudstone and shale. Ramp stratigraphy, facies associations, and bounding surfaces suggest that three third-order depositional sequences are present in the Bromide. They demonstrate the transition from a clastic-dominated ramp in the late Whiterockian to a carbonate-dominated ramp in the Mohawkian, and show that the deposition of the Bromide was considerably more complex than the simple transgressive–regressive cycle traditionally used to describe accommodation dynamics in the basin. Meter and decameter-scale cycles (high-frequency sequences) are a common motif within the depositional sequences, and the Corbin Ranch Submember records an important peritidal succession prior to a major sequence boundary with the overlying Viola Springs Formation. New correlations based on measured sections, outcrop gamma-ray profiles, and subsurface well-logs document a novel pattern where the middle Bromide depositional sequence 2 (Mountain Lake Member) expanded down-ramp, whereas the succeeding carbonate-dominated sequence 3 (Pooleville Member) was progressively removed down-ramp. This demonstrates the existence of a major, regionally angular unconformity at the base of the Viola Springs Formation that has implications for basin evolution. Other implications include the validation of high-frequency sequences as a model for elementary cycles in mixed carbonate-siliciclastic systems and, more regionally, documentation of a new depositional sequence at the Turinian–Chatfieldian stage boundary.
TO SUFFER WITH OUR LORD: CHRISTIAN RESPONSES TO RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION

Abstract Awareness of religious persecution and advocacy of religious freedom in the US and the international Christian community has grown. However, political gains are not enough and many wrestle with the reason and response to persecution. Those who experience religious persecution must resist the temptation to flee, fight, or compromise. Christians who do not experience persecution directly must respond with righteous outrage and empathy.
Gifted Education Meets Reggio Emilia: Visions for Curriculum in Gifted Education for Young Children.

The purpose of this article is to explore the relationships in curriculum thinking, development, and implementation between gifted education and early childhood education. Young gifted children (ages birth to eight) are among the most underserved populations of gifted children; yet, we know that early intervention has a significant effect on their continued development. In this article, we provide a review of the current curriculum models used in gifted child education and early childhood education, focusing on a comparison of the two. We examine the role of the child in the curriculum making, the voice of the parents, and the responsibilities of the teacher. Finally, we turn our attention to the Reggio Emilia approach to early childhood education as a means to expand our view of "curriculum," the importance of the environment, and the crucial need to use the child's needs, interests, and abilities as the initial and sustaining focus of curriculum development.
A global model for estimating the block time of commercial passenger aircraft

This paper uses a two-stage statistical model to estimate the block time of commercial passenger aircraft. The model considers many of the factors contributing to airport congestion and provides a basis for future development of multivariate statistical models of the flight operation process. The model is tested using 2 million US domestic flights by six airlines in 2004. Model analysis provided insight regarding the relative impact of weather conditions and airport utilization on block time. In particular, population, arrival time, airport utilization, ice, and the interaction of poor weather conditions and traffic were found to be significant predictors of block time.
Communication and problematic integration: Milan Kundera's “lost letters” in the book of laughter and forgetting

This essay uses the theory of problematic integration to analyze Milan Kundera's writing, particularly the central segment, entitled “Lost Letters,” in his first novel written as an emigre. The theory is concerned with the role of communication when desires and expectations diverge, or when we face ambiguity, ambivalence, or impossibility (i.e., when it is difficult to integrate evaluative and probabilistic orientations). Communication plays many significant roles in experiences with such difficulties. The essay reviews problematic integration theory and presents a case study of Kundera's writing designed to illuminate both the theory and a work by one of the most significant of modern novelists. The essay concludes by discussing the relevance of problematic integration theory to other approaches to the study of communication and by identifying questions for future communication research.
Estimating the effect of an intensive surveillance program on stage of breast carcinoma at diagnosis: a propensity score analysis.

BACKGROUND The authors used propensity score adjustment to investigate the impact of intensive screening on stage of breast carcinoma at diagnosis in women who were at elevated risk for breast carcinoma. METHODS The authors compared 58 women participating in a surveillance program at the Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center of New York Presbyterian Hospital who developed breast carcinoma with 3022 nonparticipating breast carcinoma patients. A propensity score was constructed for each woman by using important background covariates, and multivariable regression modeling was used to estimate the association of program membership with disease stage after adjusting for the propensity score. RESULTS Before propensity score adjustment, nine baseline covariates significantly differed between the two groups (number of pregnancies, number of births, age at first delivery, race, how the tumor was discovered, history of prior breast disease, breast carcinoma in mother, breast carcinoma in maternal aunt, and breast carcinoma in sister), and there was a significant difference in stage at diagnosis. After adjustment, no significant differences remained. Program participants were more likely to have lower stage tumors at diagnosis than nonparticipants, but this association did not reach statistical significance (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.94–2.46). CONCLUSIONS Propensity score methods can remove bias in treatment comparisons in observational studies. An intensive surveillance program at a major cancer center may have had some effect on improving stage at diagnosis, but this effect was not statistically significant. Cancer 2001;91:1709–15. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Treating Diabetes With Severe Personality-Disordered Individuals and Families

Diabetes is an increasingly common chronic medical condition that affects not only patients but also their families. Ensuring adherence to a treatment regimen in diabetic patients is particularly challenging for physicians as well as counselors providing health-focused counseling. However, that challenge is exponentially increased when the patient and one or more family members manifest personality-disordered behavior that interferes with and complicates diabetic treatment. Diabetes as a chronic medical condition is described in the context of individual and family borderline dynamics.
The consistency test may be too weak to be useful: Its systematic application would not improve effect size estimation in meta-analyses

Abstract If the consistency test were used to select papers for inclusion in meta-analysis, the resulting estimates of true effect sizes would be no less biased. Increasing its detection rate at the risk of a higher false alarm rate biases the pooled effect size estimates more—not less—because papers reporting large effect sizes are less likely to be judged inconsistent.
Probing nanoparticle interactions in cell culture media

Nanoparticle research is often performed in vitro with little emphasis on the potential role of cell culture medium. In this study, gold nanoparticle interactions with cell culture medium and two cancer cell lines (human T-cell leukemia Jurkat and human pancreatic carcinoma PANC1) were investigated. Gold nanoparticles of 10, 25, 50, and 100 nm in diameter at fixed mass concentration were tested. Size distributions and zeta potentials of gold nanoparticles suspended in deionized (DI) water and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Media (DMEM) supplemented with fetal calf serum (FCS) were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. In DI water, particle size distributions exhibited peaks around their nominal diameters. However, the gold nanoparticles suspended in DMEM supplemented with FCS formed complexes around 100 nm, regardless of their nominal sizes. The DLS and UV-vis spectroscopy results indicate gold nanoparticle agglomeration in DMEM that is not supplemented by FCS. The zeta potential results indicate that protein rich FCS increases the dispersion quality of gold nanoparticle suspensions through steric effects. Cellular uptake of 25 and 50 nm gold nanoparticles by Jurkat and PANC1 cell lines were investigated using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy. The intracellular gold level of PANC1 cells was higher than that of Jurkat cells, where 50 nm particles enter cells at faster rates than the 25 nm particles.
Micromechanical model for comminution and granular flow of brittle material under high strain rate application to penetration of ceramic targets

Abstract Under sufficiently energetic attack by penetrators or explosives, brittle materials are comminuted and forced into large strain divergent flow, deforming non-elastically by sliding and ride-up of fragments, with accompanying competition between dilatancy and pore compaction. This paper describes a micromechanical model of such deformation with application to penetration of thick ceramic targets. The model was used in parametric finite element code calculations of the penetration of an eroding, long tungsten rod into a target package consisting of a thick aluminum nitride plate confined in steel. The calculations successfully exhibited the key generic features commonly observed experimentally, including the formation of a comminuted ceramic region around the eroding penetrator nose, dilatant expansion of comminuted material into the region behind the penetrator, and conical fractures radiating outward from this region into the intact material. The most important ceramic properties that govern the depth of penetration were inferred to be the friction between comminuted granules, the unconfined compressive strength of the intact material and the compaction strength of the comminuted material. However, further work is needed to define the relative importance of the properties of the comminuted and intact material.
Seven Ways to Increase Servers' Tips:

Abstract Touching, smiling, greeting, squatting, drawing happy faces, and other simple actions are shown to increase servers' tips.
Magnetic field effects in Josephson networks

The zero-temperature critical current of two-dimensional Josephson-junction arrays was studied in square and triangular geometry. The critical current for a low magnetic field is determined by a lattice-dependent pinning force, and is independent of the flux.
A review of chaotic circuits, simulation and implementation

Understanding how to design circuits that display a chaotic behavior is of great importance both to students and to practicing engineers. The benefit is to learn not only how to avoid chaos, which can be a nuisance in a circuit, but also to develop applications that actually exploit this phenomenon. In this paper, we present two autonomous and two nonautonomous circuits that behave chaotically. Electronics Workbench is used to simulate circuits and show the presence of chaos. Complete circuits implementation and oscilloscope plots are all given.
Revisiting the sequencing of the first tree genome: Populus trichocarpa

Ten years ago, it was announced that the Joint Genome Institute with funds provided by the Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research would sequence the black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray) genome. This landmark decision was the culmination of work by the forest science community to develop Populus as a model system. Since its public release in late 2006, the availability of the Populus genome has spawned research in plant biology, morphology, genetics and ecology. Here we address how the tree physiologist has used this resource. More specifically, we revisit our earlier contention that the rewards of sequencing the Populus genome would depend on how quickly scientists working with woody perennials could adopt molecular approaches to investigate the mechanistic underpinnings of basic physiological processes. Several examples illustrate the integration of functional and comparative genomics into the forest sciences, especially in areas that target improved understanding of the developmental differences between woody perennials and herbaceous annuals (e.g., phase transitions). Sequencing the Populus genome and the availability of genetic and genomic resources has also been instrumental in identifying candidate genes that underlie physiological and morphological traits of interest. Genome-enabled research has advanced our understanding of how phenotype and genotype are related and provided insights into the genetic mechanisms whereby woody perennials adapt to environmental stress. In the future, we anticipate that low-cost, high-throughput sequencing will continue to facilitate research in tree physiology and enhance our understanding at scales of individual organisms and populations. A challenge remains, however, as to how genomic resources, including the Populus genome, can be used to understand ecosystem function. Although examples are limited, progress in this area is encouraging and will undoubtedly improve as future research targets the many unique aspects of Populus as a keystone species in terrestrial ecosystems.
The mapping of fine and ultrafine particle concentrations in an engine machining and assembly facility.

Aerosol mapping was used to assess particle number and mass concentration in an engine machining and assembly facility in the winter and spring. Number and mass concentration maps were constructed from data collected with two mobile sampling carts, each equipped with a condensation particle counter (10 nm 1 000 000 particles cm � 3 ) occurred in winter in an area where mass concentration was low (<0.10 mg m � 3 ). The increased number of particles was attributed to the exhaust of direct-fire, natural-gas burners used to heat the supply air. The greatest mass concentrations were found around metalworking operations that were poorly enclosed. The larger particles that dominated particle mass in this area were accompanied by ultrafine particles, probably generated through evaporation and subsequent condensation of metalworkingfluidcomponents.Repeatmappingeventsdemonstratedthattheseultrafineparticlespersist in workplace air over long time periods.
The chiral phase transition

Abstract I review the current understanding of the chiral phase transition in QCD, with particular emphasis on recent results in the instanton liquid model.
Translation Errors in the Pontifical Biblical Commission's THE JEWISH PEOPLE AND THEIR SACRED SCRIPTURES IN THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE

The English version of the 2001 book from the Pontifical Biblical Commission, THE JEWISH PEOPLE AND THEIR SACRED SCRIPTURES IN THE CHRISTIAN BIBLE, has numerous errors in the translation from the French original. These range from errors of fact to what might be construed as doctrinally misleading statements not intended by the Commission's original text. The article reviews the English and French texts of the book paragraph by paragraph to show the errors and the appropriate corrections for English readers.
Predicting individual differences in reading comprehension: a twin study.

We examined the Simple View of reading from a behavioral genetic perspective. Two aspects of word decoding (phonological decoding and word recognition), two aspects of oral language skill (listening comprehension and vocabulary), and reading comprehension were assessed in a twin sample at age 9. Using latent factor models, we found that overlap among phonological decoding, word recognition, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension was primarily due to genetic influences. Shared environmental influences accounted for associations among word recognition, listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension. Independent of phonological decoding and word recognition, there was a separate genetic link between listening comprehension, vocabulary, and reading comprehension and a specific shared environmental link between vocabulary and reading comprehension. There were no residual genetic or environmental influences on reading comprehension. The findings provide evidence for a genetic basis to the “Simple View” of reading.
The Effect of Operative Fit and Hydroxyapatite Coating on the Mechanical and Biological Response to Porous Implants

Femoral intramedullary implants were constructed by threading 4.0-millimeter-thick disks with a titanium-alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) porous bead coating onto a two-millimeter-diameter threaded rod. Each porous-coated disk, which was 6.0, 8.0, 9.0, or 10.0 millimeters in diameter, was separated by a two-millimeter-thick acrylic disk with a diameter of ten millimeters. Implants with and without a hydroxyapatite coating of twenty-five micrometers were inserted into fifteen skeletally mature adult mongrel dogs. The femoral canal was sequentially reamed bilaterally to a ten-millimeter diameter, resulting in uniform initial implant-bone interface gaps of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 millimeters. Each animal received paired hydroxyapatite-coated and uncoated implants. Three animals each were killed at four, eight, twelve, twenty-four, and fifty-two weeks after the implantation. The harvested femora were sectioned through the acrylic spacers, transverse to the long axis, to produce individual push-out test specimens for mechanical testing. Characteristics of interface attachment were determined with test fixtures that supported the surrounding bone to within 150 micrometers of the interface. Histological sections were prepared, and the amount of bone within the porous structure and the amount of the original gap that was filled with new bone were quantified with a computerized video image-analysis system. Mechanical attachment strength and bone ingrowth were found to increase with the time after implantation and with a decrease in the size of the gap. Placement of the implant in proximal (cancellous) compared with distal (cortical) locations had no significant effect on the strength of attachment, bone ingrowth, or gap-filling. However, implants with a large initial gap (1.0 or 2.0 millimeters) demonstrated greater attachment strength in cancellous bone than in cortical bone. With a few exceptions, hydroxyapatite-coated implants with an initial gap of 1.0 millimeter or less demonstrated significantly increased mechanical attachment strength and bone ingrowth at all time-periods. Interface attachment strengths were positively correlated with bone ingrowth, the time after implantation, the use of a hydroxyapatite coating, and decreasing initial gap size. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Initial implant-bone apposition is thought to be a prerequisite for good biological fixation. This apposition is often not achieved because of the design of the implant or instruments and the operative technique. Poor initial fit during the operation may decrease the longevity of the implant. The results of the present study indicate that attachment strength and bone ingrowth are significantly affected by gaps in the interface, particularly those of more than 1.0 millimeter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prefabricated flap size limitations utilizing an omental carrier.

Several researchers and clinicians have taken advantage of the omentum's rich vascular arcades to support skin grafts. We have previously described an experimental model using the omentum as a vascular carrier for prefabricated free flaps in the rat. In this study, we used this model to compare three different sizes of free flaps using the same size omental carrier. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. A 2.5 × 4 cm patch of omentum with gastroepiploic vessels and its rich vascular arcades was transferred under a bipedicled 2.5 × 6 cm (group I), a 2.5 × 8 cm (group II), and a 4 × 10 cm (group III) right abdominal panniculocutaneous flap. On the seventh postoperative day, the skin pedicles were divided and the skin flap raised as a composite island flap vascularized only by the underlying omental patch. The composite flap was then sutured back in place. Prefabricated flaps examined 7 days postoperatively demonstrated a dye florescence index percent (DFI) of 38.19 ± 7.52 and 98.13 ± 3.72% flap survival (FS) in the 6 ± 2.5 cm skin flap group; a DFI of 39.96 ± 6.81% and FS 94.88 ± 7.08% in the 8 ± 2.5 skin flap group (P > 0.05) and a DFI 29.71 ± 2.85% and FS 57.06 ± 9.52% in the 10 × 4 cm skin flap group (P < 0.05). India ink injection study and histologic examination confirmed revascularization of the overlying skin at 7 days. This study confirms that omentum can be used as a vascular carrier for prefabricated flaps. However, there is a limit to the size of the flap. A 10 cm2 carrier can support 57% of a 40 cm2 (10 × 4 cm) flap for a total area of 22.8 cm2, more than twice the area of the carrier. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Young Women With Advanced Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease: New Insights

We identified a group of 24 young (less than 50 years of age) women with isolated, premature atherosclerotic aortoiliac occlusive disease and attempted to identify distinguishing hemostatic characteristics. Most of these patients (62%) presented with acute thromboembolic events (blue toe syndrome, n=6; macroemboli, n=6; or aortoiliac thrombosis, n=3). Aortoiliac reconstruction (aortoiliac endarterectomy, n=10; aortobifurcation bypass grafts, n=6; and percutaneous angioplasty, n=4) was complicated by early thrombosis in 6 of 20 cases (30%), (1 of 10 endarterectomies, 4 of 6 bypass grafts, and 1 of 4 angioplasties). Fresh thrombus overlying an atherosclerotic plaque was a common finding at surgery. This observation and the relatively high incidence of thromboembolic events led us to hypothesize that a characteristic hemostatic profile might underlie the remarkably similar clinical presentations of these women. Levels of antiphospholipid antibodies (anticardiolipin antibodies and lupus anticoagulant), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, fibrinogen, antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, plasminogen, prothrombin fragment F1+2, and D-dimer were determined for these young women and for 21 age-matched white female control subjects without vascular disease and nine white male patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease (mean 61 years, range 43 to 74 years). The incidence of anticardiolipin antibodies was 42% (8 of 19) in the female patients, which was significantly elevated (p=0.028). The female (62.5%) and male (100%) patients had significantly elevated D-dimer levels (p<0.001). Deficiencies of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S were rare. A unique pattern of premature aortoiliac atherosclerosis exists in some young women. Intra-arterial thromboembolic events are common at presentation and complicate surgical management. The role of antiphospholipid antibodies remains uncertain.
Anterior dental evolution in the Australopithecus anamensis–afarensis lineage

Australopithecus anamensis is the earliest known species of the Australopithecus–human clade and is the likely ancestor of Australopithecus afarensis. Investigating possible selective pressures underlying these changes is key to understanding the patterns of selection shaping the origins and early evolution of the Australopithecus–human clade. During the course of the Au. anamensis–afarensis lineage, significant changes appear to occur particularly in the anterior dentition, but also in jaw structure and molar form, suggesting selection for altered diet and/or food processing. Specifically, canine tooth crown height does not change, but maxillary canines and P3s become shorter mesiodistally, canine tooth crowns become more symmetrical in profile and P3s less unicuspid. Canine roots diminish in size and dimorphism, especially relative to the size of the postcanine teeth. Molar crowns become higher. Tooth rows become more divergent and symphyseal form changes. Dietary change involving anterior dental use is also suggested by less intense anterior tooth wear in Au. afarensis. These dental changes signal selection for altered dietary behaviour and explain some differences in craniofacial form between these taxa. These data identify Au. anamensis not just as a more primitive version of Au. afarensis, but as a dynamic member of an evolving lineage leading to Au. afarensis, and raise intriguing questions about what other evolutionary changes occurred during the early evolution of the Australopithecus–human clade, and what characterized the origins of the group.
Lenses for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis: Shadowgraph Method of Determining Focal Properties and Aberration Coefficients

The performance characteristics of electron microscopes and probe-forming instruments depend ultimately on the focal properties and aberrations of electron lenses. A practical method of experimentally determining the properties of electron lenses is described. The method utilizes shadows cast by two meshes inserted separately in front of the lens and behind the lens to study the properties of the image of a point source. The image properties are then used to calculate the lens properties. The paraxial values of the focal length and focal distance as well as their spherical and chromatic aberrations are determined. Experimental data and the analysis are presented in the form of a tutorial that has been tested in the classroom. Discussions of the relationship between image properties and lens properties, in particular, focal point aberrations and focal length aberrations, and the various ways aberration coefficients can be defined, are included to clarify concepts in optics that are important for microscopists.