cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic insight into light-dependent recognition of Timeless by Drosophila cryptochrome

Cryptochrome (CRY) entrains the fly circadian clock by binding to Timeless (TIM) in light and triggering its degradation. Undocking of a helical C-terminal tail (CTT) in response to photoreduction of the CRY flavin cofactor gates TIM binding. A generally-applicable Select Western-blot-Free Tagged-protein Interaction (SWFTI) assay enables quantification of CRY binding to TIM in dark and light. The assay is utilized to study CRY variants with residue substitutions in the flavin pocket and correlate their TIM affinities with CTT undocking, as measured by pulse-dipolar ESR spectroscopy and evaluated by molecular dynamics simulations. CRY variants with the CTT removed or undocked bind TIM constitutively, whereas those incapable of photoreduction bind TIM weakly. In response to flavin redox state, two conserved histidine residues contribute to a robust on/off switch by mediating CTT interactions with the flavin pocket and TIM. Our approach provides an expeditious means to quantify protein-protein interactions and photoreceptor targeting.
Optical deciphering of multinary chiral compound mixtures through organic reaction based chemometric chirality sensing.

The advances of high-throughput experimentation technology and chemometrics have revolutionized the pace of scientific progress and enabled previously inconceivable discoveries, in particular when used in tandem. Here we show that the combination of chirality sensing based on small-molecule optical probes that bind to amines and amino alcohols via dynamic covalent or click chemistries and powerful chemometric tools that achieve orthogonal data fusion and spectral deconvolution yields a streamlined multi-modal sensing protocol that allows analysis of the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and concentration of structurally analogous—and therefore particularly challenging—chiral target compounds without laborious and time-consuming physical separation. The practicality, high accuracy, and speed of this approach are demonstrated with complicated quaternary and octonary mixtures of varying chemical and chiral compositions. The advantages over chiral chromatography and other classical methods include operational simplicity, increased speed, reduced waste production, low cost, and compatibility with multiwell plate technology if high-throughput analysis of hundreds of samples is desired. The stereoselective analysis of mixtures of chiral compounds typically requires time-consuming chromatography. Here, the authors combine reaction based chiroptical sensing and chemometric tools to directly determine the absolute configuration, enantiomeric composition and concentration of convoluted samples without physical separation.
THE CONCEPTION, BIRTH, AND CHILDHOOD OF A BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH THE NEW YORK LONGITUDINAL STUDY

On the Olympus of any science, the researcher stands at the pinnacle and the clinician at its base. From this lofty vantage point the researcher engages in “investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws [Webster’s, p. 730].” Indeed, when I began my career as a clinician, this definition, together with reports in the literature, led me to assume that all researchers started their investigations with elegant, unbiased designs, carried them through with single-mindedness of purpose, and finished with clear, unequivocal, meaningful results.
Athletic Training Education: There's an App for That.

Context: Mobile applications (apps) are growing in popularity due to the increased use of smartphones. Many available apps are educational in nature and may provide both students and educators free...
A descriptive study of adverse events from clenbuterol misuse and abuse for weight loss and bodybuilding.

ABSTRACT. Background: Clenbuterol is a β2-agonist approved in the United States for veterinary use in nonfood animals. Clenbuterol use is emerging among bodybuilders and fitness enthusiasts attracted to the hypertrophic and lipolytic effects. Cases: This was a retrospective chart review of clenbuterol exposures reported to 2 poison control centers. Misuse of clenbuterol for weight loss and bodybuilding was reported in 11 of 13 clenbuterol users. Reported clinical effects included tachycardia, widened pulse pressure, tachypnea, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, ST changes on electrocardiogram (ECG), elevated troponin, elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK), palpitations, chest pain, and tremor. Measured serum clenbuterol concentration was 2983 pg/mL post 4.5 mg ingestion. Coingestants included T3 and anabolic steroids. Treatments included activated charcoal, benzodiazepines, β-blockers, potassium replacement, and intravenous (IV) fluid. Conclusions: There is an increasing use of the Internet for illicit drug use...
Another look at the single wheel derailment criteria

The friction force in the plane of contact, between the wheel flange of a rail vehicle and the rail, reaches its Coulomb's limit only when the direction of sliding coincides with the net resultant tangential force in this plane. Therefore, for derivation of any derailment criterion, it becomes necessary to embed the inequality that relates the friction force to the normal contact force and coefficient of friction into the equations of action and reaction equilibrium between the two contacting surfaces at the point of contact. Assuming a quasi static state, it is natural to ignore all the detailed and microscopic considerations such as whether the lateral creep is due to spin or lateral velocity or both etc.. However, by ignoring the spin moment, the method remains general and it recognizes that there are lateral and longitudinal creep forces which are due to longitudinal, lateral, and spin creepages. The main consideration is based upon balancing the action and reaction between the two contacting surfaces at the point of flange contact. It is further assumed that the effect of wheel yaw in the contact angle is negligible. This can be proved by geometrical considerations. The mathematical solutions show why Nadal's limit (Nadal, 1896) is the most conservative derailment criterion. They also provide the ranges of L/V for which the wheel has potential to climb or slide up the rail. The solutions also reveal why, at times, the wheel withstands a much higher L/V ratio than Nadal's limit without derailing.
Metallocarboranes: Past, Present, and Future

The first metallocarborane complex, [3,3’-FeII(l,2-C2B9H11)2]2−1 the carborane analog of ferrocene, was first synthesized ten years ago. This compound bridged boron hydride and carborane chemistry with that of the transition metals, and heralded the explosive proliferation of metallocarborane chemistry.
2D 15N-15N isotropic chemical shift correlation established by 1H-1H dipolar coherence transfer in biological solids

Abstract A 2D 15 N – 15 N chemical shift correlation method is proposed to assign resonances in non-selectively or uniformly 15 N labeled biological solids. A reverse cross-polarization sequence is used to transfer 15 N magnetization to the directly bonded amide-protons through the 1 H – 15 N dipolar coupling and a longitudinal proton magnetization transfer via 1 H – 1 H dipolar couplings is used to mix amide- 1 H resonances. It is shown that this procedure allows the observation of cross-peaks between 15 N chemical shift resonances of adjacent amino acid residues with a proton mixing time as short as 10 μs in a polycrystalline sample of N-acetyl-L– 15 N-valyl-L– 15 N-leucine.
A Posteriori Physicalism and Introspection

Introspection presents our phenomenal states in a manner otherwise than physical. This observation is often thought to amount to an argument against physicalism: if introspection presents phenomenal states as they essentially are, then phenomenal states cannot be physical states, for we are not introspectively aware of phenomenal states as physical states. In this article, I examine whether this argument threatens a posteriori physicalism. I argue that as along as proponents of a posteriori physicalism maintain that phenomenal concepts present the nature of their referents in a partial and incomplete manner, a posteriori physicalism is safe.
Propionicacidemia (ketotic hyperglycinemia): dietary treatment resulting in normal growth and development.

A number of metabolic disorders are now known to bring about a syndrome of recurrent ketoacidosis, vomiting, lethargy, stupor, and hypotonia, to present in the newborn period and to result in neurological impairment or death, if not properly controlled. The subject has been discussed by O9Brien and the number of disorders, primarily those involving a block in the metabolism of amino acids, continues to increase. See image in the PDF file The principles involved in diagnosis and management of these disorders are well exemplified in the present report. At the earliest suspicion that such a disorder exists, one should discontinue protein feeding, obtain blood and urine specimens for metabolic screening, and restore and temporarily maintain a normal metabolic milieu by the administration of water, glucose and balanced electrolytes. Should a specific metabolic block be ascertained, appropriate management, usually lifelong and dietary, may then be instituted with high expectations as to being able to control if not entirely prevent the usually unfavorable consequences. While the sporadic case may not be ascertained before some permanent damage is done, in situations in which the genetic predisposition has been defined the potential for normalcy is present. That this potential has been achieved in this patient is in greatest measure due to the cooperation and understanding of the parents, since the burden of management was primarily theirs.
Isolation and culture of primary mouse retinal pigmented epithelial cells.

A number of cases of retinal degeneration are caused by mutations in genes that are expressed in the retinal pigmented epithelial (rpe) cells. These genes include rpe65 (gu et al., 1997; marlhens et al., 1997), rgr (chen et al., 1996; morimura et al., 1999), mertk (gal et al., 2000; vollrath et al., 2001), pedf (goliath et al., 1996), and myo7a (weil et al., 1995; liu et al., 1998b). To study the normal function of the products of these genes, the pathology caused by mutations in the genes, as well as methods of therapy, cultured rpe cells would provide an invaluable tool. Because passaged and immortalized rpe cells quickly lose some characteristics of polarized epithelial cells (nabi et al., 1993; davis et al., 1995), use of primary cultures of rpe cells is often a necessity.
Holocene vegetation and fire regimes in subalpine and mixed conifer forests, southern Rocky Mountains, USA

Our understanding of the present forest structure of western North America hinges on our ability to determine antecedent forest conditions. Sedimentary records from lakes and bogs in the southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico provide information on the relationships between climate and vegetation change, and fire history since deglaciation. We present a new pollen record from Hunters Lake (Colorado) as an example of a high-elevation vegetation history from the southern Rockies. We then present a series of six sedimentary records from ~2600 to 3500-m elevation, including sites presently at the alpine–subalpine boundary, within the Picea engelmannii–Abies lasiocarpa forest and within the mixed conifer forest, to determine the history of fire in high-elevation forests there. High Artemisia and low but increasing percentages of Picea and Pinus suggest vegetation prior to 13 500 calendar years before present (cal yr BP) was tundra or steppe, with open spruce woodland to ~11 900 cal yr BP. Subalpine forest (Picea engelmannii, Abies lasiocarpa) existed around the lake for the remainder of the Holocene. At lower elevations, Pinus ponderosa and/or contorta expanded 11 900 to 10 200 cal yr BP; mixed conifer forest expanded ~8600 to 4700 cal yr BP; and Pinus edulis expanded after ~4700 cal yr BP. Sediments from lake sites near the alpine–subalpine transition contained five times less charcoal than those entirely within subalpine forests, and 40 times less than bog sites within mixed conifer forest. Higher fire episode frequencies occurred between ~12 000 and 9000 cal yr BP (associated with the initiation or expansion of south-west monsoon and abundant lightning, and significant biomass during vegetation turnover) and at ~2000–1000 cal yr BP (related to periodic droughts during the long-term trend towards wetter conditions and greater biomass). Fire episode frequencies for subalpine–alpine transition and subalpine sites were on average 5 to 10 fire events/1000 years over the Holocene, corresponding to one fire event every ~100 to 200 years. (5) Our Holocene-length sedimentary charcoal records provide additional evidence for the anomalous nature of the 20th-century fire regime, where fires were largely suppressed as a national policy.
Escape probabilities for slowly recurrent sets

A setA⊂Z d (d>-3) is defined to be slowly recurrent for simple random walk if it is recurrent but the probability of enteringA∩{z:n<|z|<-2n} tends to zero asn→∞. A method is given to estimate escape probabilities for such sets, i.e., the probability of leaving the ball of radiusn without entering the set. The methods are applied to two examples. First, half-lines and finite unions of half-lines inZ 3 are considered. The second example is a random walk path in four dimensions. In the latter case it is proved that the probability that two random walk paths reach the ball of radiusn without intersecting is asymptotic toc(lnn)−1/2, improving a result of the author.
Somatic mutagenesis and antimutagenesis in aging research

Somatic mutagenesis and antimutagenesis are reviewed from the point of view of a gerontologist. Aging can be defined as a set of phenotypes that have escaped the force of natural selection. In mammalian species, aberrations in proliferative homeostasis, including a variety of cancers, are conspicuous examples. The author argues that there is a strong coupling between intrinsic biological aging and the biology of neoplasia. Genomic instability is likely to be a dominant mechanism underlying such coupling. Ongoing experiments from his laboratory and those of collaborators are briefly reviewed. The approaches include: (1) the characterization of a striking progeroid mutation of man, the Werner syndrome, which exhibits a deletor mutator phenotype; (2) the comparative analysis of intragenic and chromosomal mutations in mammalian species of contrasting life span potentials; (3) attempts to synthesize antimutator strains of mice. An emerging generalization is that there is a significant degree of species specificity in the patterns of somatic mutation in aging mammals.
Regulation and recycling of myosin V.

Recently there has been considerable progress in our understanding of regulation for unconventional myosin-V through elucidation of the structure of its inactive conformation and the factors that affect stability of this conformation. The inactive conformation is a folded compact structure characterized by interactions between the myosin head and the C-terminal cargo binding domain. Concentrations of Ca 2+ greater than 10 μM disrupt folding. The 3-D structure determined by cryoelectron tomography of 2-D arrays in one study and electron micrographs of isolated molecules reported in another reveal similar features, but suggest different F-actin affinities for the inactive conformation. This has raised the question of how inactive myosin-V is recycled to other sites for additional rounds of cargo transport.
Weight change: an indicator of caregiver stress.

This study evaluated weight change and caregiver stress in 200 informal caregivers to elderly patients discharged from a rehabilitation hospital. Previous laboratory and epidemiologic studies have ...
Economics as mechanics and the demise of biological diversity

Abstract Macro explanations of the loss of biological diversity have emphasized how higher population levels have forced the transformation of relatively undisturbed areas and how industrial pollutants and energy-intensive agriculture have put new, and relatively uniform, selective pressures on species. This paper explores how a third macro phenomena, social organization based on specialization and exchange, has contributed to the demise of biological diversity. The world was a patchwork quilt of nearly independent regions until a century ago. Knowledge, technologies and supporting social structures evolved relatively independently within each of the patches of the quilt. With only regional exchange, a wide variety of crops were grown within each patch for subsistence. Hence, people applied diverse selective pressure on the biological system within and across the patches. This pattern, combined with low population levels such that people only applied selective pressure to a portion of each patch, meant that people had relatively little detrimental impact on biological diversity overall and in some cases even enhanced biological diversity. During this past century the patchwork quilt has transformed into a global exchange economy supporting a fourfold increase in population. The global order is organized around a monolithic vision based on comparative advantage, specialization, and exchange. This understanding, common to both capitalist and socialist countries, has resulted in a reduction in the number of crops grown over broad regions. Yet since each region responds to the market signals generated by changes in all of the other regions, there has been more variation within each region with respect to which crops are grown in any given year. Specialization has reduced the diversity of selective pressure of agricultural practices on species, while increased annual variation within each region has selected against species with narrow niches. The dominant vision of social organization stems from the Newtonian model of systems consisting of mechanically related atomistic parts. This view contrasts with our model of ecological systems consisting of tightly coevolved parts and relations. The maintenance of biological diversity will require moderation of the dominant vision and social organization more often designed around a coevolutionary world view.
Pleistocene Deep Sea ostracods from the Bering Sea (IODP expedition 323)

Abstract The study presents the first Pleistocene (0–1.9 Ma) record of Deep Sea ostracods from the Bering Sea, derived primarily from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 323, Site U1344 (59°3.0′N, 179°12.2′W, 3171 m of water depth). Deep Sea ostracod abundances in the Bering Sea sediments are some of the lowest that have been recorded in bathyal and abyssal marine environments (
Controlled Polymerization of Methacrylates to High Molecular Weight Polymers Using Oxidatively Activated Group Transfer Polymerization Initiators

Oxidative activation of group transfer polymerization initiator silyl ketene acetals with a catalytic amount of the olefin polymerization activator Ph3CB(C6F5)4 directly affords the first methyl methacrylate addition product, the highly active propagating species that contains both the nucleophilic and electrophilic catalyst sites to promote the controlled methacrylate polymerization via cooperative catalysis.
The electronic structure of KC8

Abstract The preliminary results of an ab initio band structure calculation for first stage potassium graphite, KC8, are presented. We use the presently accepted crystal structure with 18 atoms per unit cell (space group Fddd). The crystal potential is constructed with overlapping atomic charge densities for K+1 and C -1 8 , using Xα exchange approximation. Band structure results show general correspondence with the bands of two dimensional graphite “folded” into the Brillouin zone of KC8. The 3p core states of potassium are found to lie a few eV above the bottom of the C σ bands. The 4s valence bands of potassium are found to have minima near the Fermi level of KC8, distorting the graphite π bands in the vicinity of the Fermi level. The effects of this distortion on the Fermi surface of KC8 are discussed. In addition, the K 4s levels hybridize with several of the low lying π and σ bands of graphite, indicating an element of covalency in the potassium-carbon interaction.
Head, facial, and clavicular trauma as a predictor of cervical-spine injury

Study hypothesis: The American College of Surgeons teaches that "trauma occurring above the clavicle should raise a high suspicion for a potential cervical spine injury". In this study, we investigated the association of head, facial, and clavicular trauma with cervical-spine and cord injury. Methods: The records of 5,021 consecutive trauma patients admitted to a Level I regional trauma center during a three and one-half year period were reviewed retrospectively. The incidence rates of head, facial, clavicle, cervical spine, and cervical cord injuries were recorded. Glasgow Coma Scores (GCS) were obtained on all patients. Statistical analysis using multiple logistic regression and χ 2 analysis were performed to determine the relationship between traumatic injury above the clavicle and cervical spine and cord injury. Results: Head-injured patients had no greater incidence of cervical-spine injury than did non-head-injured patients (4.76% vs 4.37%, P = .52) but were found to have significantly fewer spinal cord injuries (1.5% vs 2.3%, P = .048). There was no difference in incidence of cervical-spine injuries between patients with and those without facial injuries (4.2% vs 4.6%, P = .61). However, there were significantly fewer cord injuries among patients with facial injuries (0.75% vs 2.2%, P = .01). The presence or absence of clavicular fracture was not associated with a significant increase in cervical spine (6.9% vs 4.4%, P = .11) or cervical cord injuries (1.6% vs 2.0%, P = .68). A GCS of less than 14 was associated with a higher incidence of cervical-spine injury than was a GCS of 14 or more in both head-injured (6.7% vs 3.9%, P = .007) and non-head-injured patients (12.2% vs 5.9%, P = .002). There was a greater incidence of cervical cord injury among patients with a GCS of less than 14 than in those with a GCS of 14 or more in both the head-injured (2.2% vs 1.2%, P = .09) and non-head-injured (8.8% vs 2.7%, P Conclusion: Trauma to the head, face, and clavicle is not associated with a higher incidence of cervical-spine or cord injury. Physiologic parameters such as the GCS appear to be more accurate predictors of cervical spine or cord injury than mere evidence of trauma occurring above the clavicle.
Accelerating ncRNA homology search with FPGAs

Over the last decade, the number of known biologically important non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has increased by orders of magnitude. The function performed by a specific ncRNA is partially determined by its structure, defined by which nucleotides of the molecule form pairs. These correlations may span large and variable distances in the linear RNA molecule. Because of these characteristics, algorithms that search for ncRNAs belonging to known families are computationally expensive, often taking many CPU weeks to run. To improve the speed of this search, multiple search algorithms arranged into a series of progressively more stringent filters can be used. In this paper, we present an FPGA based implementation of some of these algorithms. This is the first FPGA based approach to attempt to accelerate multiple filters used in ncRNA search. The FPGA is reconfigured for each filter, resulting in a total system speedup of 25x when compared with a single CPU.
High temperature electrical properties and defect chemistry of La2 − xCaxCuO4 − y superconductors—I. Electrical properties

Abstract The thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity of La 2 − x Ca x CuO 4 − y superconductors were measured for doping levels, x = 0–0.16, under oxygen partial pressures, P ( O 2 ) = 1–10 −5 atm, at temperatures, T = 700–1000 °C. Despite the reported difference in their oxygen nonstoichiometry behavior, the observed electrical properties of Ca-doped La 2 CuO 4 are similar to those of Ba- and Sr-doped La 2 CuO 4 . The solubility limit was determined to be within x = 0.10–0.12, from XRD and electrical measurements. The conduction mechanism has been identified as band-type conduction for x x = 0. An apparent band gap of 0.74 eV (band conduction) or 1.11 eV (small polaron) was obtained for La 2 CuO 4 at 800 °C.
Plexin a4 expression in adult rat cranial nerves

PlexinsA1–A4 participate in class 3 semaphorin signaling as co-receptors to neuropilin 1 and 2. PlexinA4 is the latest member of the PlexinA subfamily to be identified. In previous studies, we described the expression of PlexinA4 in the brain and spinal cord of the adult rat. Here, antibodies to PlexinA4 were used to reveal immunolabeling in most of the cranial nerve surveyed. Labeling was found in the olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves. This is the first detailed description of the cellular and subcellular distribution of PlexinA4 in the adult cranial nerves. The findings will set the basis for future studies on the potential role of PlexinA4 in regeneration and repair of the adult central and peripheral nervous system.
Biotransformation of alkanes and haloalkanes by a marine amoeba

A marine amoeba, Trichosphaerium I-7, originally found feeding on macroalgae in a region of natural oil seepage, was maintained in the laboratory for prolonged periods on hexadecane, octadecane, 1-chlorooctadecane, or 1-bromooctadecane as a carbon source. The cells attached readily and eroded holes in thin layers of these compounds. Crystalline and clear spherical inclusions appeared in the cytoplasm of cells fed these xenobiotics followed by a marked cell darkening. Thin layer chromatographic analyses of acetone extracts from amoebae grown for 12 days on [1-14C]octadecane demonstrated the formation of labelled substances of higher polarity than the original alkane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography revealed that 14C derived from [1-14C]octadecane was incorporated into acetone-insoluble macromolecules.
Multiple and Overlapping Combinatorial Codes Orchestrate Hormonal Responsiveness and Dictate Cell-Specific Expression of the Genes Encoding Luteinizing Hormone

Normal reproductive function in mammals requires precise control of LH synthesis and secretion by gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary. Synthesis of LH requires expression of two genes [α-glycoprotein subunit (αGSU) and LHβ] located on different chromosomes. Hormones from the hypothalamus and gonads modulate transcription of both genes as well as secretion of the biologically active LH heterodimer. In males and females, the transcriptional tone of the genes encoding αGSU and LHβ reflects dynamic integration of a positive signal provided by GnRH from hypothalamic neurons and negative signals emanating from gonadal steroids. Although αGSU and LHβ genes respond transcriptionally in the same manner to changes in hormonal input, different combinations of regulatory elements orchestrate their response. These hormone-responsive regulatory elements are also integral members of much larger combinatorial codes responsible for targeting expression of αGSU and LHβ genes to gonadotropes. In this review, we will prof...
Fast Charging Circuit for NiCd Battery Used in Implant Electronic Systems

A fast charging circuit for NiCd battery used in implant electronic systems is described. The circuit utilized the techniques of 1) sensing the internal gas pressure and temperature rise by sensing of the battery terminal voltage, and 2) setting the maximum charging current according to the concept of charge retention capacity, >95 percent after 100 cycles, of the battery. Experimental results show that a B-20 cell can be fully charged in 20 minutes instead of 14 hours.
Forget the Fluff: Examining How Media Richness Influences the Impact of Information Security Training on Secure Behavior

User-initiated security breaches are common and can be very costly to organizations. Information security training can be used as an effective tool to improve users' secure behavior and thus alleviate security breaches. Via the lens of learning, media richness, and cognitive load theories, this research examines how to improve the effectiveness of security training. We conduct a realistic laboratory experiment to examine the influence of training with different degrees of media richness on secure behavior. We found that training with lean media richness improved secure behavior more than training with highly-rich media. Suggestions for researchers and practitioners are provided.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for April–June 1988

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 172 earthquakes that occurred during the second quarter of 1988. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure.
A genetic algorithm for the Dubins Traveling Salesman Problem

In this paper the authors study the Traveling Salesman Problem for the Dubins vehicle (DTSP). A genetic algorithm is designed to find the shortest path for DTSP and the performance is evaluated in numerical study. The proposed algorithm can perform better than the well-known Alternating Algorithm and Random Headings Algorithm, in both low waypoint density and high waypoint density situations.
Quantitative nutritional studies with water-soluble, chemically defined diets. VI. Growth studies on mice

Abstract Weanling mice and rats were permitted to feed at will on three diets, namely, Purina chow, water-soluble diet No. 26, and water-soluble diet No. 3. The mice grew on chow and on diet No. 26 at practically the same rate, but did very poorly on diet No. 3, whereas rats grew on No. 3 at a fair rate, somewhat better on No. 26, and still better on chow.
A valedictory from the past president

The Gulf Coast province provides an array of scientific dilemmas ranging from the origin of the gulf itself to the causes and effects of long-lasting circulation of hot, deep waters throughout the thick sedimentary section. The nature of the underlying crust and superjacent sediments and their contained waters; the precise timing of rifting; depositional history and diagenesis of the sedimentary sequence; fluid dynamics; geochemistry; hydrocarbon generation and migration; thermal history, including unusually high thermal gradient; and the fluid pressure regime in the deep sedimentary section are too poorly understood to permit quantitative analysis of processes that are of enormous scientific and practical importance. The area centered on DeWitt and Victoria counties, Texas, on the southeastern extension of the San Marcos arch, is probably the best location for a deep borehole to investigate these important phenomena and problems. The arch extends southeastward from exposed Grenville-age basement rocks of the Llano uplift and separates the deep South Texas and Houston embayment salt basins. Seaward of the Llano uplift, highly deformed and slightly metamorphosed rocks of the Ouachita-Marathon orogen have been intersected beneath Cretaceous sediments. The inferred edge of continental crust underlies an extensive Lower Cretaceous reef trend southeast of known Ouachita orogen rocks. Rapid thickening of Tertiary and possibly of Cretaceous sediments southeast of the shelf edge, together with geophysical indications of a relatively shallow Moho, suggests that “transitional continental crust” underlies sediments basinward of the inferred edge of continental crust. This transitional crust, the ultimate objective for a proposed deep well, could be rifted Grenville basement, buried rocks of the Ouachita trend, an island arc related to the Ouachita trend, or exotic continental basement related to a proto-South American continent. To achieve optimum results to guarantee adequate basement penetration, a borehole should be designed to penetrate a relatively thin succession of lower Mesozoic synrift, graben-fill sediments seaward of the shelf edge. Because of expected high temperatures and pressures, new technologies will need to be developed to successfully drill and test the well.
Enhanced orbital magnetic moment on Co atoms in Co/Pd multilayers: A magnetic circular x-ray dichroism study.

Magnetic circular x-ray dichroism measurements at the Co ${\mathit{L}}_{3}$ and ${\mathit{L}}_{2}$ edges in Co/Pd multilayers give first experimental evidence for a greatly enhanced orbital moment compared to that in bulk Co, confirming recent theoretical predictions. Our results also show that, in general, there is no simple relationship between the dichroism signal and either the spin moment or the total moment. This is verified by a simple model calculation.
Use of commutation relations in no integrability aesthetic field theory

We work with a simple set of no integrability field equations obtained from the aesthetic field theory. We show that with the use of commutation relations we can calculate the field at any point by integrating only along a single path, together with a correction term which is different at each point. This approach is superior, from a numerical point of view, to the summation over paths technique which we developed in a previous paper, because we can better avoid the path proliferation problem. Furthermore, we can make use of considerably smaller grid sizes, which allows for greater accuracy. The resulting map obtained for the simple system of equations considered was similar to the summation over paths results. We found no sign of any two dimensional maxima or minima in the region studied. Combining this result with our previous studies, we conclude that the type of result that we get, when we consider the summation over paths degree of freedom, depends on the kind of lattice solution we are working with. In particular, the summation over paths degree of freedom appears consistent with multiparticles for a ''loop'' lattice. A loop lattice is illustrated in the Appendix. It appears when we specify an integration path.
Effects of apoE on neuronal signaling and APP processing in rodent brain

Abstract We previously reported that primary neuronal cells treated with apolipoprotein E (apoE) or an apoE-derived peptide (EP) increased ERK activation and decreased JNK activation via apoE receptors. Here, we examined if the effects observed in vitro were observed in vivo. Similar to our observations in primary neurons, in vivo we found that injections of 2 μM EP into the rat hippocampus increased the levels of ERK activation and decreased JNK activation. However, the time course of these effects was slower in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis of the tissue showed prominently increased ERK phosphorylation and decreased JNK phosphorylation in neuronal cells throughout the hippocampus, particularly in the CA3 regions. To determine if apoE was endocytosed by neurons, we conjugated fluorescent microspheres with the EP and injected them into the rat hippocampus. After 7 days, the microspheres were present in neurons. We also examined the in vivo effects of apoE on ApoEr2 and APP processing. EP and full-length apoE3 and apoE4 increased C-terminal fragments of ApoEr2 and APP after a single injection, multiple injections, and chronic infusion paradigms. ApoE3 produced higher levels of ApoEr2 and APP C-terminal fragments than apoE4. These results demonstrate that apoE alters ApoEr2 and APP processing in vivo. The increase in ERK activation is consistent with a role for apoE in a neuronal response to stress, and the decrease in JNK activation suggests that apoE may have anti-apoptotic effects, over several days.
Serial Lactic Dehydrogenase Activity in Plasma of Mice with Growing or Regressing Tumors

Close correlation has been observed between the serially tested plasma level of a glycolytic enzyme, lactic dehydrogenase, and the growth of several transplanted mouse tumors. The character of the lactic dehydrogenase curve determined by serial blood sampling of the animals during the development of such tumors is found to consist of five separate phases. The first three appear before any visible evidence of tumor growth. Inhibition or regression of tested tumors, induced by therapeutic compounds, was accurately reflected in a corresponding reduction of lactic dehydrogenase activity in the peripheral plasma of the host.
Study of premature systoles of the canine heart by means of the spatial vectorcardiogram

Abstract Vectorcardiographic recordings of premature systoles arising in the subepicardial region of the canine heart were studied. Review of the QRSsE loops of premature systoles originating in the subepicardial area of the canine heart allows identification of the site of origin into six areas: ventral and dorsal right ventricular free wall, ventral and dorsal left ventricular free wall, ventral transitional area of the left ventricle adjacent to the septum, and dorsal transitional area of the right ventricle in proximity to the septum. The QRSsE loops were characteristic for each of the ventricular free walls and showed consistent differences between ventral and dorsal positions. Transitional QRSsE loops were obtained from stimulation of areas proximal to the septum. The transitional area was over the left ventricle ventrally and over the right ventricle dorsally. Transitional loops were obtained from points almost equidistant from the left and right Purkinje systems, as noted by Lewis in electrocardiographic studies. 11 In the frontal plane, QRSsE loops similar to those over the right ventricle could be obtained on the left side of the descending coronary vessels ventrally; also, curves similar to those from the left ventricle were obtained on the right side of the septum dorsally. The resultant QRSsE loops from the free ventricular walls are best explained by the orientation within the reference system of the canine right and left ventricles and the spatial position of the mean plane of the interventricular septum.
HIV-1 Tat Protein Promotes Neuronal Dysfunction through Disruption of MicroRNAs

Over the last decade, small noncoding RNA molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of eukaryotic genomes. It has been suggested that viral infections and neurological disease outcome may also be shaped by the influence of small RNAs. This has prompted us to suggest that HIV infection alters the endogenous miRNA expression patterns, thereby contributing to neuronal deregulation and AIDS dementia. Therefore, using primary cultures and neuronal cell lines, we examined the impact of a viral protein (HIV-1 Tat) on the expression of miRNAs due to its characteristic features such as release from the infected cells and taken up by noninfected cells. Using microRNA array assay, we demonstrated that Tat deregulates the levels of several miRNAs. Interestingly, miR-34a was among the most highly induced miRNAs in Tat-treated neurons. Tat also decreases the levels of miR-34a target genes such as CREB protein as shown by real time PCR. The effect of Tat was neutralized in the presence of anti-miR-34a. Using in situ hybridization assay, we found that the levels of miR-34a increase in Tat transgenic mice when compared with the parental mice. Therefore, we conclude that deregulation of neuronal functions by HIV-1 Tat protein is miRNA-dependent.
The strictly conserved Arg-321 residue in the active site of Escherichia coli topoisomerase I plays a critical role in DNA rejoining

The strictly conserved arginine residue proximal to the active site tyrosine of type IA topoisomerases is required for the relaxation of supercoiled DNA and was hypothesized to be required for positioning of the scissile phosphate for DNA cleavage to take place. Mutants of recombinant Yersinia pestis topoisomerase I with hydrophobic substitutions at this position were found in genetic screening to exhibit a dominant lethal phenotype, resulting in drastic loss in Escherichia coli viability when overexpressed. In depth biochemical analysis of E. coli topoisomerase I with the corresponding Arg-321 mutation showed that DNA cleavage can still take place in the absence of this arginine function if Mg2+ is present to enhance the interaction of the enzyme with the scissile phosphate. However, DNA rejoining is inhibited in the absence of this conserved arginine, resulting in accumulation of the cleaved covalent intermediate and loss of relaxation activity. These new experimental results demonstrate that catalysis of DNA rejoining by type IA topoisomerases has a more stringent requirement than DNA cleavage. In addition to the divalent metal ions, the side chain of this arginine residue is required for the precise positioning of the phosphotyrosine linkage for nucleophilic attack by the 3′-OH end to result in DNA rejoining. Small molecules that can interfere or distort the enzyme-DNA interactions required for DNA rejoining by bacterial type IA topoisomerases could be developed into novel antibacterial drugs.
Approach to idiopathic recurrent pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is caused by acute or chronic alcohol intake or choledocholithiasis in approximately 80% of cases. In the absence of alcohol abuse or gallstones, a variety of established and putative factors must be considered, any of which can cause a single or recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. When the underlying cause eludes detection following an initial thorough search and leads to a second attack, the term idiopathic acute recurrent pancreatitis (IARP) is applied. This article discusses IARP and its work-up.
Comparative Effects of Three Sequences of Moves for Teaching Selected Mathematical Concepts to College Students.

The model proposed by Henderson (1967) for the teaching of mathematical concepts has provided an objective way to identify the moves that a teacher makes during instruction. Hypotheses concerning the effectiveness of different sequences of moves have been generated and tested. For instance, Rector and Henderson (1970) found a characterization sequence of moves to be significantly better than any of the following sequences: characterization-exemplification, exemplification-characterization, and exemplification-characterization-exemplification, whenever the criterion was classified at the knowledge and comprehension levels. The number of moves for a given sequence and the number of concepts taught were fixed at five and 11, respectively. By limiting the number of concepts to one and by shortening the instructional time to one period Gaston and Kolb (1973) found an exemplification sequence of moves to be superior to the two sequences: characterization-exemplification and exemplification-characterization-exemplification on an exemplification criterion test. However, it took 38 exemplification moves to accomplish this. Perhaps from these studies more questions have been raised than answers produced. The differences between the two studies-namely, the moves, the sequencing of moves, the concepts, the length of instructional time, the experimental period, and the criterion tests-indicate the many possibilities that can be constructed from the model.
Evolving Einstein’s field equations with matter: The “hydro without hydro” test

We include matter sources in Einstein's field equations and show that our recently proposed 3+1 evolution scheme can stably evolve strong-field solutions. We insert in our code known matter solutions, namely the Oppenheimer-Volkoff solution for a static star and the Oppenheimer-Snyder solution for homogeneous dust sphere collapse to a black hole, and evolve the gravitational field equations. We find that we can evolve stably static, strong-field stars for arbitrarily long times and can follow dust sphere collapse accurately well past black hole formation. These tests are useful diagnostics for fully self-consistent, stable hydrodynamical simulations in 3+1 general relativity. Moreover, they suggest a successive approximation scheme for determining gravitational waveforms from strong-field sources dominated by longitudinal fields, such as binary neutron stars: approximate quasi-equilibrium models can serve as sources for the transverse field equations, which can be evolved without having to re-solve the hydrodynamical equations (``hydro without hydro'').
Effect of Damping on Surface Plasmon Dispersion

The dispersion of surface plasmons at an air-metal interface has been studied experimentally using the method of attenuated total reflection. In the vicinity of the surface plasmon energy the dispersion curve was found to bend back toward the light line instead of increasing asymptotically to the surface plasmon energy at infinite momentum. We conclude that surface plasmon interactions must be characterized by a complete response-function surface rather than by a single dispersion curve.
Using a software engineering approach to CS1: a comparative study of student performance

This investigation used two groups of CS1 students. The control group was taught with a more traditional synthesis approach emphasizing language use using bottom-up explanations. The treatment group was taught with a software engineering-oriented analysis approach and emphasized topdown functional decomposition. The results indicate that a software engineering approach can produce significantly better student performance than a more traditional approach.
Ion-bombardment-induced disordering of γ′Ni3Si

Abstract Thin films of γ′Ni3Si were formed on the surface of Ni-12.7at%Si discs by Ni∗-ion bombardment at ~575°C. The disordering of these films at temperatures below ~400 C was monitored using γ′-dark-field TEM, electron diffraction and infrared emissivitity changes occurring as a result of further Ni∗-ion bombardment. The degree of long range order. S. did not change during subsequent bombardment at temperatures ⩾440C. At temperatures ≤300C. S decreased from its initial value close to 1.0 to essentially zero. The mechanism for this change involved the local formation of disordered zones surrounding uncollapsed collision cascades. The average zone size was ~ 100 A at 80°C and decreased with temperature to ~ 50 A at 250°C. The zone production rate was~2 × 10−8 zones A3s and did not vary greatly with temperature. Disordered zones were not observed in samples bombarded at temperatures ⩾300°C. but “steady” “state” S values between 0 and 1 were noted. Disorder in these samples was uniformly distributed rather than locally deposited. Dark features visible in γ′-dark field images of these samples are shown to result only from the strain contrast of faulted, interstitial dislocation loops.
From Herding Cats Toward Best Practices: Standardizing the Radiologic Work Process

OBJECTIVE. Considerable variation in radiologic procedures, protocols, policies, and workflows exists across the nation, sometimes even within departments. This lack of standardization fosters idiosyncratic behavior and outcomes, undermining the effort to implement best practices across institutions. The purpose of this article is to discuss the need for rapidly implementing recognized standards and best practices when they exist.CONCLUSION. The use of information systems to monitor a wide variety of quality metrics offers managers the opportunity to standardize radiology and departmental practices, with the goal of transforming these practices into those that are more efficient and cost-effective and of higher quality.
Along-Track Resolution Enhancement Forwide-Bandwidth, Low-Frequency SAR by Accounting for the Wavelength Change over the Bandwidth

Common methods for processing SAR data, such as the Range-Doppler Algorithm (RDA) and the Chirp Scaling Algorithm (CSA), make certain approximations about the SAR signal. As the transmit frequency drops, the bandwidth grows, and the beamwidth increases, the approximations miss important factors required to precisely process the data. This paper shows that the approximations correspond to keeping lower order terms of the expansion of the SAR transfer function. We demonstrate the limits for focusing low frequency SAR data with these approximations. Previous methods for correcting the approximation errors are shown and a new method for including an arbitrary number of terms in processing the data is discussed. The concepts presented are verified using simulated SAR data.