cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulating Cumulative Fire Effects in Ponderosa Pine/Douglas-Fir Forests

A successional process model has been adapted for use with species from ponderosa pine/Douglas—fir (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa)/(Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forests of the inland Northwest. Its design allows modification for application to other forest types. This model, FIRSUM, simulates tree establishment, growth, and mortality, along with live and dead fuel accumulation, fire behavior, and fuel reduction on a 400—m2 plot. The modeling contains algorithms for influences on tree establishment and growth including temperature, water stress, light tolerance, and site quality. The model was used to predict 200 yr of forest succession for five different disturbance regimes. This allowed comparison of patterns of basal area by species, of duff and fuel accumulation, and on fire intensities among the following scenarios: (1) no fires (fire suppression), (2) consistent fire intervals of 10, 20, and 50 yr, and (3) a natural fire regime of variable intervals reconstructed from fire scarred trees. Frequent fires (10— and 20—yr intervals) were simulated to be of low intensity, resulting in scorch heights of 0.5—3.0 m. These fires prevented Douglas—fir saplings from surviving and becoming part of the overstory. Simulation results for the 10— and 20—yr fire intervals were similar to those for the natural fire regime, based on fire occurrence between AD 1600 and 1900. However, the occasional long fire intervals within the natural fire regime allowed greater regeneration success for ponderosa pine. Fires at regular intervals of 50 yr were more severe and resulted in a decrease of western larch (Larix occidentalis) after 150 yr, with a corresponding increase in ponderosa pine. Douglas—fir slowly increased in basal area and became established in the overstory after 200simulations years. The no—fire scenario allowed Douglas—fir to achieve dominance in the understory, and eventually in the overstory, thereby limiting survival of ponderosa pine and western larch regeneration. A test of the model showed predictions to be within 19% of field observations, and a sensitive analysis of FIRESUM showed parameters associated with the growth algorithm to be most critical for predicting successional trends.
Subpicosecond pulse propagation on coplanar waveguides: experiment and simulation

Experimental results are presented concerning subpicosecond pulse propagation on normal metal, coplanar transmission line structures. The pulse distortion that occurs is modeled using a semiempirical curve fit to the full-wave analysis for the modal dispersion and quasi-static approximations for the conductor and radiation loss. Without using any adjustable parameters, very good agreement is obtained for the delay, rise time, and amplitude of the pulse for various propagation distances. For terahertz-bandwidth pulses on lines similar to the one studied, the modal dispersion and radiation losses are the dominant pulse-shaping mechanisms. >
p-version hierarchical three dimensional curved shell element for elastostatics

This paper presents a hierarchical three dimensional curved shell finite element formulation based on the p-approximation concept. The element displacement approximation can be of arbitrary and different polynomial orders in the plane of the shell (ξ, η) and the transverse direction (ξ). The curved shell element approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variables are derived by first constructing the approximation functions of orders pξ, pη and pξ and the corresponding nodal variable operators for each of the three directions ξ, η and ξ and then taking their products (sometimes also known as tensor product). This procedure gives the approximation functions and the corresponding nodal variables corresponding to the polynomial orders pξ, pη and pξ. Both the element displacement functions and the nodal variables are hierarchical; therefore, the resulting element matrices and the equivalent nodal load vectors are hierarchical also, i.e. the element properties corresponding to the polynomial orders pξ, pη and pξ are a subset of those corresponding to the orders (pξ + 1), (pη +1) and (pξ +1). The formulation guarantees C° continuity or smoothness of the displacement field across the interelement boundaries. The geometry of the element is described by the co-ordinates of the nodes on its middle surface (ξ = 0) and the nodal vectors describing its bottom (ξ = −1) and top (ξ = +1) surfaces. The element properties are derived using the principle of virtual work and the hierarchical element approximation. The formulation is equally effective for very thin as well as very thick plates and curved shells. In fact, in many three dimensional applications the element can be used to replace the hierarchical three dimensional solid element without loss of accuracy but significant gain in modelling convenience. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency and overall superiority of the present formulation. The results obtained from the present formulation are compared with those available in the literature as well as analytical solutions.
A secreted salivary inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase from a blood-feeding insect: allosteric activation by soluble phosphoinositides and phosphatidylserine.

Type II inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (IPPs) act on both soluble inositol phosphate and phosphoinositide substrates. In many cases, these enzymes occur as multidomain proteins in which the ...
Proinflammatory cytokines, microRNAs and schizophrenia

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been identified as a putative trigger of multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that latent EBV infection alters the immune response to a second stimulus thereby exacerbating autoimmunity. Previously, we reported that mice latently infected with murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (gammaHV-68), the murine homolog to EBV, were induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), they developed an enhanced neuroinflammatory disease more reminiscent of MS with lesions developing in the brain with both CNS infiltrating CD4 and CD8 T cells as well as focal demyelination. In this report, we demonstrate that when gammaHV-68 establishes latency a persistent upregulation of CD40 on dendritic cells is observed. We show that this upregulation of CD40 on DCs from latently infected mice is required to drive the priming of the strong TH1 response as well as the significant drop in Treg frequencies observed in latently infected mice before and during EAE. Further, virus latency is established in memory B cells and not dendritic cells and importantly, virus reactivation and/or replication is not observed post EAE induction. In addition, upregulation of CD40 on DCs accompanies and persists with viral latency for over 5 months post infection retaining the ability to enhance autoimmunity. We demonstrate that latent virus infection of memory B cells indirectly facilitates DC regulation of the immune response and most likely does this through changes in the balance of type I interferons. Clearly, latent gammaherpesvirus infection leaves a long-lasting immune impact that enhances subsequent immune responses leading to enhanced neuroinflammation and CNS pathology. This represents a novel mechanism by which EBV acts to influence MS.
Elementary Processes in the Formation of Slip Bands in Single Crystals of α-Phase CuAl Alloys†

The mechanism for the formation of slip bands by the sequential activation of internal Frank-Read sources on clusters of glide planes is widely accepted. A study of slip bands produced by plastic deformation at the yield point of single crystals of α-phase CuAl alloys provides no evidence for the operation of this mechanism. The observations lead to the conclusion that the elementary primary process in these alloys involves the generation of long-range avalanches of dislocations at opposite surfaces of the crystals on adjacent clusters of glide planes by the correlated operation of surface terrace sources. Als Mechanismus zur Bildung von Gleitbandern wird allgemein die aufeinanderfolgende Aktivierung innerer Frank-Read-Quellen auf Bundeln von Gleitebenen angenommen. Eine Untersuchung der Gleitbander, die durch plastische Verformung an der Fliesgrenze von Einkristallen aus α-CuAl-Legierungen erzeugt werden, hat jedoch keinen Beweis fur die Betatigung dieses Mechanismus erbracht. Die Beobachtungen fuhren zu dem Schlus, das der elementare Primarprozes in diesen Legierungen mit der Erzeugung langreichweitiger Versetzungslawinen an gegenuberliegenden Kristalloberflachen auf benachbarten Gleitebenenbundeln durch die korrelierte Betatigung von Oberflachenterrassen-Quellen verbunden ist.
Driver landmark and traffic sign identification in early Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: To assess visual search and recognition of roadside targets and safety errors during a landmark and traffic sign identification task in drivers with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: 33 drivers with probable Alzheimer's disease of mild severity and 137 neurologically normal older adults underwent a battery of visual and cognitive tests and were asked to report detection of specific landmarks and traffic signs along a segment of an experimental drive. Results: The drivers with mild Alzheimer's disease identified significantly fewer landmarks and traffic signs and made more at-fault safety errors during the task than control subjects. Roadside target identification performance and safety errors were predicted by scores on standardised tests of visual and cognitive function. Conclusions: Drivers with Alzheimer's disease are impaired in a task of visual search and recognition of roadside targets; the demands of these targets on visual perception, attention, executive functions, and memory probably increase the cognitive load, worsening driving safety.
Developing Brain and Heart Cells Respond Similarly to Altered Mechanical Loads

Past studies have shown that the mechanical environment plays a critical role in regulating tissue development and function. For example, in the embryonic heart abnormal internal pressures cause morphological adaptation leading to aberrant morphogenesis [1]. Similarly, increasing luminal pressure in the early brain results in hyper-proliferation of the neuroepithelium [2]. Less is known, however, about how embryonic precursor cells quantitatively adapt to changes in loading, especially in vivo and across tissue types. These data would be valuable in determining the role of altered mechanical loads in congenital defects.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Neuroendocrinology: past, present and future.

Neuroendocrinology had a double origin in the 1940’s and 1950’s with the morphological recognition of neurosecretory cells from invertebrates to the hypothalamus of all mammals, and with demonstration of physiological controls by these neurosecretory cells of various functions including those of both lobes of the pituitary. The characterization of the molecules involved in these relationships, which turned out to be peptides, became a major undertaking with the methodology then available.
Sum rules for polarization-dependent x-ray absorption

A complete set of sum rules is obtained for polarization-dependent x-ray-absorption fine structure and x-ray circular magnetic dichroism (CMD), analogous to those for CMD derived by Thole et al. These sum rules relate x-ray-absorption coefficients to the ground-state expectation values of various operators. Problems with applying these sum rules are discussed.
Reduced cortical inhibitory synaptogenesis in organotypic cerebellar cultures developing in the absence of neuronal activity

Organotypic cerebellar cultures derived from newborn mice were continuously exposed to medium containing tetrodotoxin and elevated levels of magnesium to block all electrical activity. After 2 weeks in vitro, no activity was evident during the first 15–20 minutes following transfer to a recording medium without blocking agents. Thereafter, cortical discharge rates increased until a state of sustained hyperactivity was reached. Ultrastructural examination of such cultures revealed a reduction of inhibitory Purkinje cell somatic synapses to half the control value along with an even greater reduction of axodendritic synapses (largely inhibitory) in the cortical neuropil. No loss of axospinous synapses (excitatory) was evident. These results support the concept that spontaneous neuronal activity is necessary for the full development of inhibitory circuitry. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SPIKED‐PLATE FREEZE DRYING

SUMMARY— The acceleration of freeze-drying rates using spiked plates was observed experimentally and found to reduce overall drying times by as much as 24 hr. Experiments were conducted using different spike diameters, sample thickness, spike materials and heater plate temperatures. Weight loss and temperature profiles were obtained as a function of drying times. These experimental results were used to develop a simplified mathematical model for predicting drying rates which will be of use to the designer of spiked-plate freeze-drying systems. Results obtained using the mathematical model indicate spike diameter, spike spacing and plate temperature have significant effect on the drying rate, whereas sample thickness and spike material are not significant.
Modeling precipitation and sorption of elements during mixing of river water and porewater in the Coeur d'Alene River basin.

Reddish brown flocs form along the edge of the Coeur d'Alene River when porewater drains into river water during the annual lowering of water level in the basin. The precipitates are efficient scavengers of dissolved elements and have characteristics that may make metals associated with them bioavailable. This work characterizes the geochemistry of the porewater and models the formation and composition of the flocs. Porewater is slightly acidic, has suboxic to anoxic characteristics, tends to have higher alkalinity, and contains elevated concentrations of many constituents relative to river water. Laboratory mixing experiments involving porewater and river water were done to produce the precipitates. Thermodynamic predictions using PHREEQC indicate that predicted amounts of ferrihydrite and gibbsite agree with removal of Fe and Al. Predictions of element removal by adsorption onto ferrihydrite are consistent with observed removal using a combination of surface complexation constants for the generalized tw...
Visualizing Computer Activity to Support the Resumption of Long-term Creative Work

Creative projects can span weeks, months, or even years. Working on these timescales can be difficult due to the need to restore context - a task's physical, digital, and mental resources - after each break. Prior research on using computers to restore context has focused on digital context, reopening collections of documents or visualizing interactions with a single program. My research explores how visualizing system-wide activity can help people restore the mental context of creative work.
Flexible group behavior: virtual commanders for synthetic battlespaces

This paper describes a project to develop autonomous commander agents for synthetic battlespaces. The commander agents plan missions, monitor their execution, and replan when necessary. To reason about the social aspects of group behavior, the commanders take various social stances that enable them to collaborate with friends, exercise or defer to authority, and thwart their foes. The purpose of this paper is to describe these capabilities and how they came to be through a series of lessons learned while developing autonomous agents for this domain.
Identification and characterization of a novel inhibitor of alginate overproduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In this study, we performed whole-genome complementation using a PAO1-derived cosmid library, coupled with in vitro transposon mutagenesis, to identify gene locus PA1494 as a novel inhibitor of alginate overproduction in P. aeruginosa strains possessing a wild-type mucA.
Using Existing Teams to Teach about Teams: How an MBA Course in Managing Teams Helps Students and the Program:

This article chronicles the unique manner in which a second-year MBA elective course in managing teams has been crafted using existing first-year learning teams as its core. The design and orchestration of this course are detailed, as are the challenges posed, in delivering a course that not only teaches about teams and team dynamics but does so integrating first- and second-year MBA experiences. Recognizing that some features are specific to the MBA context in which this course was designed, this article also offers the underlying generalizable and adaptable features for other teams' courses.
Demonstration and verification of a model that generates defoliation patterns in forested landscapes

Abstract Research into the sensitivity of a forest health monitoring network to outbreaks of defoliating insects spurred development of a new model that simulates outbreaks and generates patterns of defoliation in forested landscapes. Key features of the model included (1) input of a few data layers that were readily obtainable, (2) user control over the pattern generation process, (3) strong linkage between model parameters and a readily available source of parameter values, (4) simulation of large areas in a reasonable amount of time, and (5) detailed spatial output. A verification of the model was made by comparing model results with the results from actual outbreaks. Spruce budworm incidence maps for the period 1997–2003 in Minnesota were obtained and 12 different outbreaks identified. Model runs were developed, one for each of the outbreaks, and the numbers of plots defoliated in the actual outbreaks were compared to simulation frequencies. The number of plots falling in the actual outbreak matched the number of plots with the highest and second highest simulation frequency in nine and three of the verification runs, respectively. Results suggested that the computer model was an accurate implementation of the conceptual model and therefore suited to the intended application.
Identification of a KRAB-zinc finger protein binding to the Rpe65 gene promoter.

Purpose: We wish to identify transcriptional factors involved in regulation binding to the proximal promoter region of the RPE65 gene that confers RPE-specific expression. Methods: We incubated human D407 RPE cell nuclear extract with double-stranded (sense 5-prime biotinylated) oligonucleotides, based on the RPE65 proximal gene promoter, bound to streptavidin-Dynabeads. Bound nuclear proteins were eluted, separated on SDS-PAGE, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Peptide sequence was used to identify cDNA clones that were subcloned into pCDNA3.1 for expression and co-transfection into D407 cells to assess transcriptional activation of mouse Rpe65 gene promoter/reporter constructs. SiRNA interference was used to suppress ZNF492 expression. Results: We identified a D407 nuclear protein binding to biotinylated-DNA/streptavidin beads as the product of clone KIAA1473 encoding a protein named ZNF492. ZNF492 has an open reading frame of 531 amino acids with a truncated N-terminus and lacks the usual Kruppel-asso...
Integrating Geologic and Geodetic Estimates of Slip Rate on the San Andreas Fault System

Interseismic deformation measurements are generally interpreted in terms of steady slip on buried elastic dislocations. Although such models often yield slip rates that are in reasonable accord wit...
The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis

Although co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with greater distress, impairment, and health care utilization than PTSD alone, the magnitude of this problem is uncertain. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the mean prevalence of current MDD co-occurrence among individuals with PTSD and examine potential moderating variables (U.S. nationality, gender, trauma type, military service, referral type) that may influence the rate of PTSD and MDD co-occurrence. Meta-analytic findings (k = 57 studies; N = 6,670 participants) revealed that 52%, 95% confidence interval [48, 56], of individuals with current PTSD had co-occurring MDD. When outliers were removed, military samples and interpersonal traumas demonstrated higher rates of MDD among individuals with PTSD than civilian samples and natural disasters, respectively. U.S. nationality, gender, and referral type did not significantly account for differences in co-occurrence rates. This high co-occurrence rate accentuates the importance of routinely assessing MDD among individuals with PTSD and continuing research into the association between these disorders.
TRADE AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: THE IMPACT OF EEC ACCESSION ON THE UK*

We combine establishment-level employment data with trade data by port to examine the impact of accession to the European Economic Community on the spatial distribution of UK manufacturing. We test the predictions from economic geography models of how external trade affects the spatial distribution of employment. We treat accession as a natural experiment which helps mitigate problems of endogeneity. Our results suggest that accession changed the country composition of trade and via the port composition induced an exogenous shock to different locations. In line with theory, we find that better access to export markets and intermediate goods increase employment while increased import competition decreases employment.
Central Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Piper methysticum (Kava)

Aqueous extracts of Piper methysticum Forst, were tested for pharmacological activity. The roots of this plant have been used by the natives of many of the islands of the South Pacific in a beverage known as Kava to allay anxiety and reduce fatigue. The extracts were shown to have a depressant action on the central nervous system, evidenced by depression of spontaneous motor activity, marked reduction in irritability of rats having bilateral septal lesions, inhibition of the conditioned avoidance response in rats, and blockade of EEG arousal patterns in cats.
A direct comparison of Ge and Si(Li) detectors in the 2-20 keV range

The spectral response of high-purity Ge (HPGe) and lithium-drifted Si (Si(Li)) surface barrier detectors of similar geometry has been measured over a range of X-ray energies under identical experimental conditions. Detector characteristics such as spectral background, escape peak intensity, entrance window absorption, and energy resolution are presented and compared. Although these characteristics have been discussed previously, the authors attempt to consolidate the information by making comparisons under equivalent experimental conditions for the two types of detectors. A primary goal of the study was a comparison of the two types of detectors for use in X-ray fluorescence applications. >
A hybrid Multi Meshed Tree routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks

A proactive routing protocol called multi-mesh tree (MMT) was developed for use in wireless ad hoc network to extend connectivity from an Internet gateway to around 20 mobile nodes in a city area. In the work presented here, we extend MMT to wireless ad hoc networks of around one hundred nodes through a clustering algorithm that is integrated into the MMT creation. The proposed scheme uses a hybrid approach, where the proactive MMT is used for intra cluster routing while a reactive MMT (RMMT) introduced in this article is used for inter cluster routing. We further propose a novel route discovery and route recording scheme using route request and route response messages but has low flooding overheads and exhibits high route stability under high node mobility conditions. We apply the proposed RMMT scheme to provide connectivity among moving teams of ground troops and present simulation results based on a study of this scenario.
Behavioural differences: a link between biodiversity and pathogen transmission

Biodiversity often serves to reduce zoonotic pathogens, such that prevalence is lower in communities of greater diversity. This phenomenon is termed the dilution effect, and although it has been reported for several pathogens (e.g. Sin Nombre virus, SNV), the mechanism is largely unknown. We investigated a putative mechanism, by testing the hypothesis that higher biodiversity alters behaviours important in pathogen transmission. Using deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) and SNV as our host-pathogen system, and a novel surveillance system, we compared host behaviours between high- and low-diversity communities. Behaviours were observed on foraging trays equipped with infrared cameras and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag readers. Deer mice inhabiting the more diverse site spent less time in behaviours related to SNV transmission compared to deer mice from the less diverse site. The differences were attributed to the composition of behavioural phenotypes ('bold' versus 'shy') on the sites. Bold deer mice were 4.6 times more numerous on the less diverse site and three times more likely to be infected with SNV than shy deer mice. Our findings suggest that biodiversity affects pathogen transmission by altering the presence of different behavioural phenotypes. These findings have implications for human health and conservation.
Design and fabrication of self-packaged, flexible MEMS accelerometer

This paper presents the design, fabrication process and characterization of a self-packaged MEMS accelerometer on a flexible substrate. The novelty lies in that the accelerometer is fabricated in between a polyimide substrate and a superstrate, thus allowing front-end encapsulation and bonding without the need for rigid packages. Modeling and optimization were done using Coventorware® software, where the designed structures were subjected to 6 cm-radius curvature, and the resulting stress was evaluated for each layer. Then, based on the simulated designs, a low-temperature fabrication process flow was developed using a double UV-LIGA fabrication technique in conjunction with surface micromachining. This novel technique allowed us to decouple the thicknesses of the proof-mass and the springs, thus attaining high sensitivity. Our experimental results indicate a sensitivity of about 125 fF/g at the resonant frequency for device size of 640 μm × 640 μm. The response from the device was two orders of magnitude higher than the noise. The resolution of the device was measured to be 150 millig in the range between −10g and +10g.
Mining Mobility Data

The fairly recent explosion in the availability of reasonably fast wireless and mobile data networks has spurred demand for more capable mobile computing devices. Conversely, the emergence of new devices increases demand for better networks, creating a virtuous cycle. The current concept of a smartphone as an always-connected computing device with multiple sensing modalities was brought into the mainstream by the Apple iPhone just a few years ago. Such devices are now seeing an explosive growth. Additionally, for many people in the world, such devices will be the first computers they use. Furthermore, small, cheap, always-connected devices (standalone or peripheral) with additional sensing capabilities are very recently emerging, further blurring the lines between the Web, mobile applications (a.k.a.~apps), and the real world. All of this opens up countless possibilities for data collection and analysis, for a broad range of applications. In this tutorial, we survey the state-of-the-art in terms of mining mobility data across different application areas such as ads, geo-social, privacy and security. Our tutorial consists of three parts. (1) We summarize the possibilities and challenges in the collection of data from various sensing modalities. (2) We cover cross-cutting challenges such as real-time analysis and security; and we outline cross-cutting algorithms for mobile data mining such as network inference and streaming algorithms. (3) We focus on how all of this can be usefully applied to broad classes of applications, notably mobile and location-based social, mobile advertising and search, mobile Web, and privacy and security. We conclude by showcasing the opportunities for new data collection techniques and new data mining methods to meet the challenges and applications that are unique to the mobile arena (e.g., leveraging emerging embedded computing and sensing technologies to collect a large variety and volume of new kinds of "big data").
We didn't start the fire: using an agent-directed thermal simulator to keep servers cool

As energy use by datacenters has risen over the years, the costs required to run a datacenter have substantially increased. Several thermal-aware algorithms exist to minimize energy consumption, but comparing these implementations can be difficult. Thermal modelers aid in the juxtaposition of several of these thermal-aware algorithms. Unfortunately, existing thermal modelers can be slow and difficult to use. Agent-Directed Thermal Modeler (ADTM) provides a solution that has a low learning curve and still quickly produces visualizations of a datacenter. The low number of input parameters significantly simplifies the use of ADTM, and its simulation time runs in seconds and minutes rather than hours. The resulting graphical and pictorial output can be used to determine which thermal-aware algorithm works best for a given datacenter.ADTM is used to compare XInt-GA to random job placement in order to show up to a 13.6% increase in energy savings in an overloaded datacenter. This simulation for both algorithms takes only a few seconds, demonstrating that many thermal-aware algorithms can be compared quickly in order to determine the most effective and realistic algorithm that can be chosen to cool a datacenter.
An Analytical Model for Ocean Wave-Soil-Caisson Interaction

An analytical model is developed to predict the soil responses induced by waves and caisson motion. The caisson is founded on a rubble bedding layer overlying a soil of finite depth. The responses are modeled by the Blot consolidation equations. Two approximations are employed to reduce mathematical difficulties: 1) a boundary layer approximation^ to decouple pore pressure and soil motion in the Blot equations and 2) a contact solution approximation for a thin elastic layer to address mixed-type boundary-value problems.
Highly Conductive Ribbons Prepared by Stick–Slip Assembly of Organosoluble Gold Nanoparticles

Precisely positioning and assembling nanoparticles (NPs) into hierarchical nanostructures is opening opportunities in a wide variety of applications. Many techniques employed to produce hierarchical micrometer and nanoscale structures are limited by complex fabrication of templates and difficulties with scalability. Here we describe the fabrication and characterization of conductive nanoparticle ribbons prepared from surfactant-free organosoluble gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). We used a flow-coating technique in a controlled, stick–slip assembly to regulate the deposition of Au NPs into densely packed, multilayered structures. This affords centimeter-scale long, high-resolution Au NP ribbons with precise periodic spacing in a rapid manner, up to 2 orders-of-magnitude finer and faster than previously reported methods. These Au NP ribbons exhibit linear ohmic response, with conductivity that varies by changing the binding headgroup of the ligands. Controlling NP percolation during sintering (e.g., by adding p...
Several Fundamental Issues in Large Eddy Simulation of Supercritical Mixing and Combustion

Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) of supercritical cold flow in a swirl injector with axi-symmetric configuration, and supercritical flames for LOX/methane stabilized after a splitter plate have been performed with various grid resolution. LES is used for turbulence closure. Three to four level of grid resolution is used to examine the grid sensitivity in both cold and reaction flows at supercritical conditions. One level of grid resolution corresponds to a 50% grid size decrease for all directions. In addition, the effect of ideal-gas and real-gas thermodynamic and transport property evaluations, sub-grid scale (SGS) models, and turbulent combustion models are also studied under reacting conditions. The results identify that the most important factor for accurate solutions is the grid resolution with the current numerical methodology. Turbulent combustion models are the second most important modeling factor. The effect of SGS models and property evaluation is much less important. To make high-fidelity modeling of supercritical mixing and combustion less expensive, so that they can be widely used in solving practical problems associated with supercritical mixing and combusting , appropriate models are needed to alleviate the grid resolution requirement.
Two Generations of Relaxed Selection in Commercial Crosses of Poultry

Abstract A study of two generations of relaxed selection in three commercial crosses of chickens confirmed a previous report of an 11% to 15% decline in hen-day and hen-housed number of eggs in the first generation. No additional loss in these traits occurred as a result of the second generation of relaxation. No significant change due to relaxation of selection was found for egg weight, body weight, age at 50% production, adult mortality, or hatchability.
Growth and Characterization of Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon using Liquid Organic Sources

The uses of liquid sources such as tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) for n-type doping in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and ditertiarybutylsilane (DTBS) and n-butylsilane (NBS) for hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon alloys (a-SiC:H) are described. A rf glow discharge process is employed to produce the doped a-Si:H and a-SiC:H thin films. Tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) may ultimately be preferred over phosphine because TBP is less toxic, less pyrophoric and safer to implement. The gross doping properties of a-Si:H doped with TBP are the same as those obtained with phosphine, but there are some differences. N-butylsilane (NBS) and DTBS have been used to produce wide band gap (E04 ≈ 3 eV) a-SiC:H.
Evaluation on heavy metal contaminations in the examined health functional food in Henan, 2012-2013

Objective To understand the status of heavy metal pollution in health(functional) food. Methods To determine Pb, As and Hg contents in health(functional) food accepted from 2012 to 2013 according to GB/T 5009 or GB5009. Using the SPSS13.0software to analyze the results of statistical analysis. Results For all the 981 samples, the rate of passing national standard was92.05%. The detection rates of Pb, As and Hg were 51.19%, 70.41% and 61.27%, respectively. The rates of Pb, As and Hg over the standard were 5.16%, 4.54% and 0.98%, respectively. The average content means for Pb, As and Hg were 0.42 0.51 mg/kg, 0.270.67 mg/kg and 0.04 0.08mg/kg, respectively. The detection rates of Pb, As and Hg in pill form of health(functional) food were84.12%, 100.00% and 93.75%, respectively. The differences of the detection rates of Pb, As and Hg among the 5 forms were significant(P0.01). The samples with detected Pb, As and Hg or over the standard were mainly vegetables and animal health(functional) food. The detection rates of Pb, As and Hg from vegetable health(functional) food were 61.67%, 79.18 and 66.33%,respectively, and the rates of over the standard were 7.04%, 5.95% and 1.53%, respectively. The detection rates of Pb, As and Hg from animal health/function food were 43.90%, 72.95% and 67.95%, respectively, and the rates of over the standard were 2.44%,4.92% and 0.00%, respectively. Conclusion The contaminations with Pb, As and Hg in health(functional) food detected in Henan were not severe, in spite of their high detection rates. The contaminations with Pb, As and Hg were mainly from pill form, vegetable and animal health(functional) food.
Quantitative Analysis on Occupational Disease Risks for 27 Industries in Shanghai

[Objective]To analyze the occupational disease risks for 27 industries in Shanghai by a quantitative method.[Methods]Based on the ICI Mond and the Dow's methods, the risk coefficient of occupational diseases for each industry was calculated by multiplying coefficients of inherent hazard, exposure hazard, and occupational hazard effect. According to the1996-2003 occupational health records, the occupational disease risks of 27 industries in Shanghai were analyzed.[Results]The risk coefficients of occupational disease of 27 industries in Shanghai ranged from 0.0280 to 3.5811. The risk coefficient was found highest in the leather products manufacturing industry(3.5811), lowest in the automobile manufacturing industry(0.0280),and the range of 3.0000-3.4999 included the manufacturing industries of glass products, culture and sports products, and hardware products.[Conclusion]Adequate data and appropriate quantitative method are critical to occupational disease risk assessment.It is the first study to analyze occupational disease risk of multiple industries by a quantitative method in one area in one period.The findings of risk distribution can be well explained by the Shanghai's economic restructuring during the end of last century when risks of occupational hazards in automobile manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, chemical, and other pillar industries are paid attention to and well under control, and in contrast the manufacturing of glass products, culture and sports related products,hardware products, and leather products are highlighted by more occupational hazards and greater risks.
State actions on reproductive health issues in 1994.

In 1994, several significant, encouraging trends concerning reproductive health issues unfolded at the state level, as policymakers considered hundreds of legislative and administrative proposals. State legislators across the country were inundated with more than 436 bills related to abortion, family planning, teenage pregnancy and infertility.* By the end of the year, 19 of these bills had been approved, with five later vetoed. In addition, state officials weighed administrative policy changes, initiated at both the federal and state level, on fertility-related matters. While many of these changes were implemented, others are awaiting final action in 1995. A comprehensive examination of the various activities reveals the import state involvement has in the development of reproductive health policy and the provision of services.
The Sick Poor and the State: Arthur Newsholme on Poverty, Disease and Responsibility

La reorganisation des programmes de la sante publique due aux decouvertes scientifiques et aux changements politiques au Royaume-Uni est illustree par la carriere de Sir Arthur Newsholme
Marx: The Revolutionary Movement and State

Marx’s writings on the revolutionary movement and the revolutionary state were set forth in the context of historical events and circumstances from the late 1840s through the beginning of the 1880s. The context includes the surge of the liberal democratic movement in Europe of 1848, the establishment of the First Workingmen’s International in 1864, the establishment of the Paris Commune of 1871, the Gotha Program formulated in 1875 in the aftermath of the Paris Commune, and the role of the Russian democratic revolution in the advance of world socialism.
Introduction: Conflict and Human Security in Northern Kenya

The collapse of the Soviet System and the end of the Cold War have produced a new global political order and a different system of international relations. In the current global order, not only do old challenges persist but new ones have also emerged. These challenges include international terrorism, ethnic cleansing, climate change, human trafficking, transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, inequality between the developed and developing nations, and social and economic inequalities within nation-states.
Nonparametric Curve Estimation

This chapter provides an introduction to nonparametric estimations of densities and regression functions by the kernel method.
Venous thromboembolism in 9,489 patients with glioma

1538 Background: Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are a commonly reported complication of brain tumors. The objective of this study was to define the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associa...
Ants, To-Go: A Portable Demonstration of Large Infrastructure Cyber Defense

Creating a self-organizing system of agents to defend large cyber infrastructures presents many challenges, one of which is demonstrating the system without trying to host it on a large real net-work of tens of thousands of machines. This abstract describes a portable demonstration of PNNL's Ant-Based Cyber Defense (ABCD) that can run on one or a few physical machines with sufficient resources. We have chosen to run the framework on hundreds of virtual machines whose number is limited only by the available memory and processing power. We collect the distributed logs and visualize the results on a large-scale visualization created to represent up to a million nodes. Our approach should be useful for other decentralized adaptive and self-organizing systems that span large numbers of physical machines.
Nonvascular Interventional Radiology Procedures

Interventional uroradiology is management of urological diseases using minimally invasive techniques and imaging guidance.
The Use of Questionnaires and Surveys

Publisher Summary The primary goal of this chapter is to promote an awareness of the scope and breadth of the scientific discipline underlying questionnaire and survey development that should guide the design and analysis phases of the research study. The following study presents measurement, design, and analysis issues with which all clinical investigators should be familiar prior to employing patient surveys and questionnaires in their research studies. Observing or asking patients how they feel and function can also obtain certain types of information required for testing clinical research hypotheses. For many areas of clinical investigation the interpretation of research results derived solely from clinical and laboratory data can be enhanced by information that reflects the patient's perspective of a disease condition or state of health. In particular, studies evaluating the risks and benefits of new therapies should always include a description of benefits from the patient's perspective. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the scientific framework, as well as the more commonly used methodological issues and techniques, for collecting data from clinical research subjects using questionnaires and surveys. The use of questionnaires and survey instruments can greatly expand the types of data that can be obtained from clinical research. The purpose of a questionnaire is to better understand how patients feel and behave as a group, usually after some form of intervention or therapy.
Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Nonlinear Propagation of Femtosecond Pulses

Nonlinear propagation through optically transparent media is characterized using two-dimensional spectral interferometry. Spatio-temporal coupling and differences in nonlinear effect versus the polarization state are quantified.
A less invasive treatment solution for a bound seventeenth century parchment volume

A survey of documents identified as ‘unfit for production’ within The National Archives collection was vital in order to address their continued restriction from public access. The subsequent proje...
Hymnological Dramaturgy as Escape from Ideology in Horton Foote

In the 1960s in the United States, ideas often became formulas or slogans, and, as such stripped down ideas tend to do, some of these abstracted ideas, simplified by abbreviation, took on not only the convenience of brevity but also the fatal charm of oversimplification, as though complex issues could be divested of some of their essential internal contradictoriness or the requirement that they be considered properly not only from the basis of selective logic but also from that of experience. In Horton Foote’s plays, screenplays, and teleplays, a central characteristic is the writer’s aversion to such kinds of simplification. Foote’s own background gave him a more philosophic attitude than is compatible with mere intellectual convenience. His rejection of easy rationalization and ill-grounded aesthetic speculation sprang from his impulse to dissociate art from empty abstractions, an impulse particularly manifested in Foote’s frequent invocation of hymns, the simple songs of ordinary people whose spiritual need for comfort is at the heart of this music and its unsophisticated honesty. This article makes a case for the significance of what can be called ‘hymnological dramaturgy’ in Foote’s work. The influence of composer Charles Ives and that of dancer Martha Graham helped shape this author’s artistic purpose, but so, undeniably, did his involvement in the church music of the Texas cotton town in which blacks and whites found common ground in an art quite alien to slogans and superficial cleverness.
Longitudinal monitoring of metabolic alterations in TMEV mouse model of multiple sclerosis using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (P1.388)

Objective: To monitor metabolic changes within the cortex (Cx), thalamus (Th) and basal ganglia (BG) in Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) over 9 months. To this end, we used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) to track metabolic consumption (glucose, lactate, alanine), cellular integrity (GPC, NAA), and neurotransmission (GABA, glutamate) during disease progression. Background: Under-characterized metabolic mechanisms active in MS pathology are crucial for determining therapeutic strategies. TMEV model of demyelination closely resembles biphasic MS pathology. Furthermore, 1 H-MRS allows for non-invasive quantification of metabolites and helps characterize pathological implications of TMEV. Design/Methods: 48 Swiss Jim Lambert (SJL) mice received an intracerebral inoculation of either TMEV (24) or saline (24). Mice were 1 H-MRS scanned at pre-induction, 2, 6 and 9 months post injection (mPI) and clinically monitored every 4 weeks. Glucose, lactate, alanine, NAA, GABA, GPC and glutamate were quantified within voxels of interest (VOI). VOIs were registered in the Cx and Th for all mice and in BG for TMEV-mice only. Results: TMEV cohort presented clinical symptoms starting 2 mPI. In the Cx and Th of TMEV mice, a shift in metabolic function was apparent as evidenced by a decline in glucose with a rise in lactate, compared to saline controls, by 9mPI. Similar metabolic trend was observed in the BG in TMEV infected mice. NAA declined within the Cx and Th at 6 and 9mPI of TMEV mice, indicating potential loss of neural integrity. Further, loss of synaptic function occurred in TMEV-mice, as evidenced by glutamate and GABA decline in all structures. Conclusions: TMEV is characterized by metabolic stress, as indicated by the shift in metabolic consumption from glucose to lactate, loss of synaptic functionality implied by the reduction in glutamate and GABA, and loss in cellular integrity within the Cx, Th and BG. Study Supported by: N/A Disclosure: Dr. Sudyn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schweser has received research support from SynchroPET. Dr. Modica has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pol has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dwyer has received personal compensation for activities with Claret Medical and EMD Serono. Dr. Dwyer has received research support from Novartis. Dr. Siebert has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hagemeier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Preda has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bertolino has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zivadinov has received personal compensation for activities with EMD Serono, Genzyme, Novartis, for speaking and consultant fees. Dr. Zivadinov has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for BioMed Research International, BMC Medicine, BMC Neurology, Clinical CNS Drugs, Conf Pap Neurosci, Journal of Alzheimer9s Disease, Vein and Lymphatics, and Word J Surg Proc. Dr. Zivadinov has received research support from Biogen Idec, Claret Medical, Genzyme, Intekrin-Coherus, Novartis, and Teva Pharmaceuticals.