cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny and classification of birds based on the data of DNA-DNA hybridization

The elements of phylogeny are clustering, branching, and time. Ideally, to reconstruct the phylogeny of a group of organisms it is necessary to define the monophyletic clusters of taxa, to determine the branching pattern of their divergences, and to place that pattern on the scale of absolute time. This definition is simple, but to reconstruct a phylogeny in which all three elements are correctly determined is far more difficult. To our knowledge it has never been done with a high degree of accuracy.
Thank You to JMPT Peer Reviewers for 2009

This article recognizes editorial board members and peer reviewers who completed manuscript reviews for the Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics in 2009.
The glutathione-S-transferase mu-1 null genotype increases wood smoke-induced airway inflammation

A 2-hour exposure to 500 μg/m3 wood smoke particles caused neutrophilic airway inflammation in human volunteers, with GSTM1 null genotype being associated with greater inflammatory response to this pollutant.
Understanding the Properties of Ionic Liquids: Electrostatics, Structure Factors, and Their Sum Rules.

The properties of room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs) may be viewed as resulting from a balance of electrostatic interactions that can be tuned at short range but constrained to satisfy universal, asymptotic screening conditions. Short-range interactions and ion packing provide ample opportunity for chemical tunability, while asymptotic sum rules dictate that the long-range structure and charge oscillation be similar to those of molten alkali halide salts. In this work, we study the structure factors and long-range electrostatic interactions in six ILs. The cation in all cases is 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMIM+), and we study six anions, namely, tetrafluoroborate (BF4-), hexafluorophosphate (PF6-), nitrate (NO3-), triflate (CF3SO3-), bisfluorosulfonylimide [(FSO2)2N-], and bistriflimide [(CF3SO2)2N-]. To gain insight, we perform similar computer simulations of a primitive molten salt model with and without electronic polarization. We emphasize universal similarities among ionic liquids and molten salts in the long-range ion ordering and the influence of electronic polarization on the screening conditions while also characterizing important differences in the short-range electrostatic interactions. We show that polarization systematically reduces charge oscillations by as much as ∼0.5-1 ion per radial shell, which we argue is general to all room-temperature ILs as well as molten salts. We suggest that a fundamentally important distinction among BMIM-based ionic liquids (with different anions) is the nature of the midrange, ∼1 A-1 peak in the charge-correlation structure factor; while this correlation is straightforward to analyze in computer simulations, it may often be hidden in X-ray and/or neutron scattering structure factors.
Intraoperative Ketamine in Total Knee Arthroplasty Does Not Decrease Pain and Narcotic Consumption: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background Multiple studies have demonstrated that ketamine, a glutamate receptor blocker, may decrease postoperative pain in abdominal and orthopedic surgeries. However, its role with spinal anesthesia and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of subanesthetic dosing of ketamine during TKA on postoperative pain and narcotic consumption. Methods In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial, we enrolled 91 patients undergoing primary TKA with spinal anesthesia in a single institution from 2017 to 2018. Patients were randomized to receive intraoperative ketamine infusion at a rate of 6 mcg/kg/min for 75 minutes or a saline placebo. All patients received spinal anesthesia and otherwise identical surgical approaches, pain management, and rehabilitation protocols. Patient-reported visual analog pain scores were calculated preoperatively, postoperative days (POD) 0-7, and 2 weeks. Narcotic consumption was evaluated on POD 0 and 1. Results There was no difference in average pain between ketamine and placebo at all time points except for at PODs 1 (45 vs 56, P = .041) and 4 (39 vs 49, P = .040). For least pain experienced, patients administered with ketamine experienced a reduction in pain only at POD 4 (22 vs 35, P = .011). There was no difference in maximum pain cohorts at all time points of the study or in-hospital morphine equivalents between the 2 cohorts. Conclusion As part of multimodal pain management protocol, intraoperative ketamine does not result in a clinically significant improvement in pain and narcotic consumption following TKA.
Curious nonlinearity of rocks

Many geological materials, ranging from “rocks to unconsolidated sand,” exhibit highly nonlinear elastic properties. Rocks fall in to a class of materials know as Nonlinear Mesoscopic Elastic Mesoscopic materials (NMEMs) in which the nonlinearity they possess is not derived from the constituent material, but rather the microscopic structure. Their behavior manifests as characteristic wave distortion, and slow dynamics, a recovery process to equilibrium that takes place over hours, days, weeks and sometimes years after a wave disturbance. A number of acoustic techniques have been developed to quantify a the material’s nonlinear elastic coefficients and image localized damaged areas; and while much has been learned, much is left unknown, particularly identifying and understanding the underlying physical mechanisms that give rise to a rock’s nonlinear elastic response, such as frictional losses, soft regions, and the influence of water content. But rocks also are a platform to understand other localized and distributed nonlinearity. Nondestructive evaluation techniques of metal and concrete are being developed with applications towards crack detection and wellbore integrity. Nonlinear acoustic techniques have recently appeared promising for performance evaluation of pressed powders and additively manufactured materials. In this presentation, we will provide an overview of nonlinear elasticity as illustrated by some examples.
An atomistic simulation study of nanoscale sintering: The role of grain boundary misorientation

Abstract Sintering is a processing technique used to produce bulk materials from powder compacts. Recently, sintering has been the subject of active research for its relevance to a wide range of applications, such as additive manufacturing and fabrication of bulk nanocrystalline materials. Of particular interest is the role of grain boundaries (GBs) on sintering mechanisms, cooperative mass transport, and pore shrinkage rates. Herein, atomistic simulations are leveraged to investigate sintering kinetics and densification rates of nanoscale particles as a function of GB misorientation. The two-particle geometry is used to examine particle neck growth rates and crystallographic re-orientation events, and report relative GB diffusion rates as a function of GB misorientation. For the three-particle configuration, simulation results reveal a plethora of pore shrinkage profiles ranging from complete shrinkage to stagnant response depending on the GBs present in the system. This is the first atomistic study that systematically examines the role of GB misorientation on pore shrinkage rates. Our results highlight the need to revisit continuum sintering treatments in order to account for the anisotropy in GB properties.
A taxonomy of features for preventing identity deception in online communities and their estimated efficacy

Abstract Malicious attackers have been prevalent in online communities with the ability to create accounts freely and with ease on social platforms. This negatively impacts sub-communities on these platforms that often require trusted members especially when they are intended to be used for exchange of valuable goods or services. Prior research on identity deception detection on social platforms has focused on identifying features that are effective in detecting these accounts. These studies often utilize years of historical data to demonstrate the effectiveness of detection models. However, to this day, there has not been a classification and comparison of these detection features that have been used in past studies. Furthermore, for these features to become viable for wider implementation in large social platforms, a reduction in the volume of data necessary for the fine operation of these models is necessary. This paper proposes a proactive approach to detecting malicious accounts at the point of attempted entry into a sub-community. We constructed a taxonomy of features based on user data and provide a comparison of their efficacy as well as opportunities for reducing data requirements for these types of detection models. The features are generalized so that they can be applied to other social media platforms.
The Ego and the Other in a Pairing Relation

The Husserlian corpus contains numerous passages focusing on intersubjectivity and related issues. Husserliana XIII–XV, texts collected and edited by Iso Kern in 1973, span the first thirty-five years of this century and bear witness to Husserl’s dynamic account of social ontology. Indeed, it is a question that never left him and one which he never thought to have solved in its entirety. To pick the Cartesian Meditations from this catalog and claim for it a special standing as Husserl’s definitive theory of intersubjectivity would, clearly, be an historic and scholarly inaccuracy. Kern’s introductions make clear that there is no reason to privilege the Cartesian Meditations—it is simply one statement of one form of one theory.
Harmonic Mean Point Processes: Proportional Rate Error Minimization for Obtundation Prediction

In healthcare, the highest risk individuals for morbidity and mortality are rarely those with the greatest modifiable risk. By contrast, many machine learning formulations implicitly attend to the highest risk individuals. We focus on this problem in point processes, a popular modeling technique for the analysis of the temporal event sequences in electronic health records (EHR) data with applications in risk stratification and risk score systems. We show that optimization of the log-likelihood function also gives disproportionate attention to high risk individuals and leads to poor prediction results for low risk individuals compared to ones at high risk. We characterize the problem and propose an adjusted log-likelihood formulation as a new objective for point processes. We demonstrate the benefits of our method in simulations and in EHR data of patients admitted to the critical care unit for intracerebral hemorrhage.
Information source dependence, presumed media influence, risk knowledge, and vaccination intention

Adults aged 18–29 have the lowest vaccination rates in the United States, which include the college student segment. Even though influenza can spread quickly on a college campus and its adjacent co...
Effect of cobalt addition on platinum supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes for water-gas shift

Abstract A series of cobalt-promoted Pt catalysts supported on multi-walled carbon nanotubes was synthesized, and their performance was evaluated for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. Compared to the monometallic Pt catalyst, the WGS turnover rate (TOR) at 300 °C was promoted by a factor of 10 at a Pt:Co molar ratio of 1:3. X-ray absorption spectroscopy and XRD showed the presence of a Pt3Co alloy along with a partially oxidized cobalt and a free cobalt metal phase after reduction pretreatment. In order to determine the dominant active site over the Co-promoted catalysts, selective leaching of partially oxidized Co (designated as CoOxHy) and Co metal was performed with a 5% wt. acetic acid solution, while preserving the Pt-rich phases. The WGS TOR at 300 °C for the Co-promoted catalysts after leaching was observed to be even lower than that of the monometallic Pt catalyst. Thus, the alloy formation was determined to be inconsequential towards promotion in the WGS TOR, while the dominant active site was determined to be a PtCo alloy in intimate contact with the CoOxHy phase. Combined Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and ab-initio thermodynamic phase diagrams point to a monolayer of CoOH being the most stable Co phase on Pt(1 1 1) under WGS conditions. Calculations of OH binding energies on Pt(1 1 1), Pt3Co(1 1 1), and at the interface between CoOH overlayers and Pt(1 1 1) show that trends in the WGS activity of these catalysts are linked to the strength of OH binding, with the strongest OH binding found at the interface between CoOH and Pt, supporting the conclusion that a similar interface is the source of enhanced WGS activity in the PtCo bimetallic system.
NTFPs from trees: Fraser fir

Fraser fir (Abies fraseri [Pursh] Poir) is a popular, high-demand Christmas tree species, making it an important nontimber forest product. Fraser fir is the only endemic fir to the Southern Appalachian Mountains. It is a small to medium-sized tree with a very limited range in upper elevations of western North Carolina, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee.
Towards Intraoperative Quantification of Atrial Fibrosis Using Light-Scattering Spectroscopy and Convolutional Neural Networks.

Light-scattering spectroscopy (LSS) is an established optical approach for characterization of biological tissues. Here, we investigated the capabilities of LSS and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to quantitatively characterize the composition and arrangement of cardiac tissues. We assembled tissue constructs from fixed myocardium and the aortic wall with a thickness similar to that of the atrial free wall. The aortic sections represented fibrotic tissue. Depth, volume fraction, and arrangement of these fibrotic insets were varied. We gathered spectra with wavelengths from 500–1100 nm from the constructs at multiple locations relative to a light source. We used single and combinations of two spectra for training of CNNs. With independently measured spectra, we assessed the accuracy of the CNNs for the classification of tissue constructs from single spectra and combined spectra. Combined spectra, including the spectra from fibers distal from the illumination fiber, typically yielded the highest accuracy. The maximal classification accuracy of the depth detection, volume fraction, and permutated arrangements was (mean ± standard deviation (stddev)) 88.97 ± 2.49%, 76.33 ± 1.51%, and 84.25 ± 1.88%, respectively. Our studies demonstrate the reliability of quantitative characterization of tissue composition and arrangements using a combination of LSS and CNNs. The potential clinical applications of the developed approach include intraoperative quantification and mapping of atrial fibrosis, as well as the assessment of ablation lesions.
Learning in the Wild: Fieldwork, Gender, and the Social Construction of Disciplinary Culture

This paper examines the creation and negotiation of disciplinary culture, through ethnographic fieldwork about socialization in a critical learning environment: scientific fieldwork. Field-based sc...
Handbook of Contamination Control in Microelectronics: Principles, Applications and Technology

This book introduces contamination control in a comprehensive manner. It covers the basics for the beginner, and delves in depth into the more critical issues of process engineering and circuit manufacturing for the more advanced reader. The reader will begin to see how the puzzle of contamination control comes together and to focus on the fundamentals required for excellence in modern semiconductor manufacturing. What makes the area of contamination control unique is its ubiquitous nature, across all facets of semiconductor manufacturing. Clean room technology, well recognized as a fundamental requirement in modern day circuit manufacturing, barely scratches the surface in total contamination control. This handbook defines and describes most of the major categories in current contamination control technology.
Reflexive Analysis of Groups

This chapter develops further a model I previously introduced, of an agent facing a choice between the positive and the negative poles. Here I will consider agents whose individual behavior depends on a ‘society’ compounded by all of them. Four ideas underlie the theory. The first idea is to consider relationships between the subgroups of agents, not just pairs of agents; this idea allows us to represent a decomposable graph corresponding to an agent or a group of agents as a tree of subgraphs. The second idea is to establish a correspondence between decomposable graphs and polynomials, allowing us to replace a tree of subgraphs with a tree of polynomials representing a computational process. The third idea consists of the interpretation of the tree of polynomials as an agent who has images of the self, which can have images of the self, etc. Finally, the fourth idea is putting an equation into correspondence to the agent, allowing us to find out the agent’s state. The theory is illustrated here with several examples from modern geopolitics, including scenarios of current interest.
Toward a Predictive Model of Arctic Coastal Retreat in a Warming Climate, Beaufort Sea, Alaska

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to quantify the environmental drivers of rapid coastal erosion in the Arctic, and to begin developing predictive models of future rates of coastal erosion resulting from climate change. Our study is focused on the Beaufort Sea coast within the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPR-A), approximately halfway between Barrow and Prudhoe Bay. We are focusing our efforts on collecting empirical data that will help us to develop process-based models of coastal change.
Short-term memory in olfactory network dynamics

Neural assemblies in a number of animal species display self-organized, synchronized oscillations in response to sensory stimuli in a variety of brain areas. In the olfactory system of insects, odour-evoked oscillatory synchronization of antennal lobe projection neurons (PNs) is superimposed on slower and stimulus-specific temporal activity patterns. Hence, each odour activates a specific and dynamic projection neuron assembly whose evolution during a stimulus is locked to the oscillation clock. Here we examine, using locusts, the changes in population dynamics of projection-neuron assemblies over repeated odour stimulations, as would occur when an animal first encounters and then repeatedly samples an odour for identification or localization. We find that the responses of these assemblies rapidly decrease in intensity, while they show a marked increase in spike time precision and inter-neuronal oscillatory coherence. Once established, this enhanced precision in the representation endures for several minutes. This change is stimulus-specific, and depends on events within the antennal lobe circuits, independent of olfactory receptor adaptation: it may thus constitute a form of sensory memory. Our results suggest that this progressive change in olfactory network dynamics serves to converge, over repeated odour samplings, on a more precise and readily classifiable odour representation, using relational information contained across neural assemblies.
Antibody Response to Viral Antigens

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on humoral antibody response. It describes the general nature of viral antigens, what is being determined by seriological procedures applied to virus systems, the appraisal of such data for diagnostic and vaccine evaluation purposes, and the nature of the antibody response and some potential implications to basic immunological and virological problems. The chapter focuses on the viruses of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and influenza, because they may serve as models for the structurally and antigenically simple and complex viruses, respectively. Other viruses are considered in the chapter for comparative purposes. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) belongs to a vast group of serologically distinct, small, single-stranded, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses—picornaviruses. The picornaviruses may be divided into two general groups based on their sensitivity to acid pH—acid-stable and acid-labile viruses. Influenza viruses are variable in size and morphology but are generally spherical having a diameter of 800–1200 A.
Evidence for a Role of Prolactin in Mediating Effects of Photoperiod during the Dry Period

Photoperiod manipulation during the lactation cycle alters milk yield, with long days (LDPP) increasing yield in lactation and short days (SDPP) in the dry period improving subsequent yield. Circulating prolactin (PRL) is directly related to day length, with LDPP increasing and SDPP decreasing PRL, respectively. Two blocks of 24 multiparous Holstein cows were used during two consecutive years to test the hypothesis that the mammary response to SDPP is the result of decreased concentrations of PRL in the circulation relative to LDPP. Cows were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups during the dry period: SDPP, LDPP, or SDPP+PRL. Cows were returned to ambient photoperiod at calving and milk yield and DMI recorded for 120 d and 42 d, respectively. Mammary biopsies were obtained to determine rates of [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA in vitro. Treatment of SDPP cows with PRL caused a rapid increase in systemic PRL that reached concentrations similar to cows under LDPP. The periparturient PRL surge was similar for LDPP and SDPP+PRL cows, but those groups had greater surge concentrations versus SDPP. Cows exposed to SDPP produced more milk than LDPP cows, and there was a trend for SDPP+PRL cows to produce more milk than LDPP cows. Milk production was inversely related to the periparturient PRL surge. There was a trend for a treatment effect on mammary cell proliferation with greater proliferation in mammary tissue of SDPP cows relative to LDPP or SDPP+PRL on day −20 relative to parturition. Replacement of PRL to cows on SDPP when dry resulted in milk yield intermediate to cows on SDPP or LDPP, supporting the concept of a link between dry period PRL and yield.
Ultrafast infrared near-field vibrational nano-spectroscopy

We demonstrate femtosecond infrared vibrational free-induction decay spectroscopy on the nano-scale. The near-field coupling between the transient molecular polarization and optical antenna properties of the metallic scanning probe tip can enhance the vibrational dephasing.
Cashmere: resilient anonymous routing

Anonymous routing protects user communication from identification by third-party observers. Existing anonymous routing layers utilize Chaum-Mixes for anonymity by relaying traffic through relay nodes called mixes. The source defines a static forwarding path through which traffic is relayed to the destination. The resulting path is fragile and shortlived: failure of one mix in the path breaks the forwarding path and results in data loss and jitter before a new path is constructed. In this paper, we propose Cashmere, a resilient anonymous routing layer built on a structured peer-to-peer overlay. Instead of single-node mixes, Cashmere selects regions in the overlay namespace as mixes. Any node in a region can act as the MIX, drastically reducing the probability of a mix failure. We analyze Cashmere's anonymity and measure its performance through simulation and measurements, and show that it maintains high anonymity while providing orders of magnitude improvement in resilience to network dynamics and node failures.
Analysis of purified tRNA species by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract Six purified amino acid acceptor tRNA species were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Small differences in migration were observed under conditions that preserve the conformation of tRNA. When tRNA was heated in the presence of either 10 mM acetate or EDTA at 60° a change in migration was observed for tRNAGlu. No difference in migration was seen between Val-tRNAVal and tRNAVal. When tRNA was denatured by heating in 4M urea and applied to a gel containing the same amount of urea, all tRNA species migrated approximately the same distance with the exception of tRNALeu V, which showed an appreciable slower migration. From the difference in migration of tRNALeu V as compared to tRNAVal and 5 S RNA, the difference in chain length between tRNAVal and tRNALeu V was estimated to be approximately 9 nucleotides.
Nucleotide Excision Repair of Actively Transcribed Versus Nontranscribed DNA in Rat Hepatocytes: Effect of Age and Dietary Restriction

The ability of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes to remove cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) from DNA fragments containing the transcriptionally active albumin gene and the transcriptionally inactive embryonic myosin heavy chain (MHCemb) and H-ras fragments as well as the genome overall was measured. At all UV doses studied, more CPDs were observed in the three DNA fragments and the genome overall in hepatocytes isolated from old (24-month-old) rats fed ad libitum than in young (6-month-old) rats fed ad libitum or old rats fed a calorie-restricted diet. The cultured hepatocytes preferentially removed CPDs from the albumin fragment compared to the genome overall or the MHCemb and H-ras fragments. The rate of repair (12 h after UV irradiation) of the albumin fragment was approximately 40% less in hepatocytes isolated from old rats than from young rats; this was due to a decrease in repair of the transcribed strand of this fragment, and dietary restriction prevented this decrease. The extent of repair (24 h after UV irradiation) of the MHCemb and H-ras fragments as well as the genome overall was reduced approximately 40% with age, and this decrease was reversed by dietary restriction.
Thermobarometric profile through the Caledonian nappe stack of Western Ofoten, North Norway

P-T estimates from pelite thermobarometry along a transect through the Caledonian nappe stack in Ofoten, north Norway (68° 30° N) plot as a trend in P-T space (ranging from 443° C, 6.9 kb, to 688° C, 10.6 kb). The P-T range for each nappe overlaps the others, except for those from the lowest unit (Narvik Group) which has significantly higher values. Within the P-T ranges for each nappe, the position on the trend of a given sample is independent of its tectonic position. Results support our earlier conclusion, based on structural and petrographic grounds, that the regional metamorphic peak was reached during or after stacking of the nappes in the Siluro-Devonian Scandian orogeny.
Robotic transaxillary total thyroidectomy through a single axillary incision

Background There is controversy in the literature about whether robotic total thyroidectomy should be performed through unilateral or bilateral axillary incisions. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed critical analysis of the single-incision technique with a focus on postoperative pain, morbidity, and oncologic outcomes. Methods Between June 2009 and May 2012, 30 patients underwent robotic neck surgery through a single axillary incision. The perioperative outcomes of 16 patients who underwent robotic total thyroidectomy were compared with 30 consecutive patients undergoing conventional total thyroidectomy. Data were collected from a prospectively maintained, institutional review board-approved database. All data are presented as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Results Both groups were similar regarding age, gender, body mass index, tumor size, and tumor type. For all patients, skin-to-skin operative time (OT) was less in the conventional group (139 ± 8 vs 183 ± 11 minutes, respectively; P = .002). In the robotic group, a significant improvement of the OT occurred after the 6th case: 245 ± 12 minutes for the first 6 cases versus 153 ± 10 minutes for the last 10 cases ( P P = .631). Conclusion Our results show that robotic total thyroidectomy through a single axillary incision is feasible, with similar short-term oncologic results. However, owing to the extent of dissection, the 2-week operative site discomfort is greater after robotic versus conventional total thyroidectomy.
Cartilage expression of a type II collagen mutation in an inherited form of osteoarthritis associated with a mild chondrodysplasia.

Abstract In a family who expressed severe dominantly inherited osteoarthritis, the underlying mutation was traced by genomic sequencing to a single base change which predicts an amino acid substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 519 of the triple-helical domain of the type II collagen molecule (Ala-Kokko, L., C. T. Baldwin, R. W. Moskowitz, and D. J. Prockop. 1990. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:6565-6568). In the present study we examined whether this predicted protein phenotype was evident in articular cartilage obtained from an affected family member who underwent hip surgery. The cartilage collagen was solubilized by CNBr digestion. Cysteine residues were labeled by reduction and alkylation with 14C-iodoacetate. Collagen CNBr-peptides were fractionated by ion exchange and reverse phase column chromatography. One peptide from the alpha 1(II) chain, alpha 1(II) CB8, was found to be radiolabeled. Tryptic peptides were prepared from it and identified by microsequence analysis. The results show that approximately one-quarter of the alpha 1(II) chains present in the polymeric extracellular collagen of the patient's cartilage contained the Arg519-to-Cys substitution. The protein exhibited other abnormal properties including disulfide-bonded alpha 1(II)-dimers and signs of posttranslational overmodification. The premature cartilage failure and osteoarthritis are presumably a result of the abnormal type II collagen being expressed in the cartilage matrix.
Delta opioid receptor-selective ligands: [ ] enkephalin-dermenkephalin-dermenkephalin chimeric peptides

A number of DPDPE-dermenkephalin chimeric peptides have been synthesized in which the putative C-terminal delta-address of dermenkephalin has been linked to the highly delta opioid selective cyclic peptide [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE). Asp, Met-Asp and Leu-Met-Asp have been added to the C-terminus of DPDPE and both the carboxyl terminal and the carboxamide terminal series have been prepared. The bioassays using the mouse vas deferens and guinea pig ileum preparations have revealed a steady decrease in potency (compared to DPDPE) at delta and mu receptors as the dermenkephalin sequences were added. Some of the analogues, however, retained high delta selectivity. Similar results were obtained using radioligand binding assays. These findings suggest that the C-terminal amino acid sequence of dermenkephalin plays a role of delta-address which is specific to dermenkephalin itself, and is not additive with another delta selective ligand such as DPDPE.
Psychotherapy of a child in a custody dispute.

Abstract The author discusses the rationale for the therapist's planned interventions into the ongoing custody litigation and describes successful work with parents, lawyers and court to modify custodial arrangements in the child's best interests. The effect of this involvement on the therapeutic relationship and the therapist's countertransference is explored. Techniques for dealing with confidentiality and the collaboration with legal personnel are described. Clinical material is used to illustrate the impact of these events on the child as well as the opportunities afforded by the custody dispute for the understanding and successful resolution of the child's unconscious conflicts.
Kinetochores, microtubules and the metaphase checkpoint

Abstract A decade ago, kinetochores were generally regarded as rather uninteresting structures that served only to attach mitotic chromosomes to microtubules. In the past few years, however, a number of experiments have belied this view and demonstrated that kinetochores are actively involved in moving chromosomes along the microtubules o f the mitotic spindle. Now it appears that in addition to their function in motility, kinetochores act as dynamic and adaptable centres for regulating cell cycle progression through mitosis.
Intercomparison of Aircraft and Surface Buoy Meteorological Data during CODE-1

Abstract Intercomparisons of meteorological data—wind speed and direction, surface temperature and surface pressure—were obtained for NCAR Queen Air overflights of four buoys during the CODE-1 experiment. The overflights were at a nominal altitude of 33 m. Wind and air temperature sensors were at 10 m on two National Data Buoy Office (NDBO) buoys and at 3.5 m on two Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) buoys. The buoy wind speeds were adjusted to the aircraft altitude using diabatic flux-profile relations and bulk aerodynamic formulas to estimate the surface fluxes and stability. For the experimental period (22 April-23 May 1981) and location (northern coast of California), the atmospheric surface layer was generally stable, with the Monin-Obukhov length on average 500 m with large variability. The results of the intercomparisons of the above variables were in general good. Average differences (aircraft - buoy) and standard deviations were +0.1 m s−1 (±1.8) for wind speed, 3.3 deg (±11.2) for wind ...
SU-E-I-13: Comparison of CCD and CMOS Micro-Angiographic Fluoroscope (MAF) Detector Systems Using Contrast Measurements for Specific Imaging Tasks Related to Neuro-Endovascular Image-Guided Interventional (EIGI) Procedures

Purpose: To compare the performance of two high-resolution detector systems for use during neuro-EIGI procedures. Methods: The task-specific performance of custom high-resolution CCD and CMOS micro-angiographic fluoroscopes (MAF) was compared. To simulate the attenuation of x-rays by a patient in neuro-EIGIs, a modified ANSI head phantom was used. A bar phantom with 0.05-mm thick lead was used to simulate the contrast and size of EIGI devices used in neuro EIGIs. The bar phantom, placed at an angle of 6.5 degrees relative to the pixel rows of both detectors, was imaged for 88kVp using the small 0.3mm focal spot in order to decrease the geometric unsharpness and preserve the high-resolution capabilities of both detectors. The resultant images have a geometric object magnification of 1.25, similar to that of a clinical neuro-EIGI, and a fixed field size was used to keep the scatter the same for both detectors. For images obtained using each detector, we calculated and compared the contrast of the averaged line profiles for the 5.0, 5.6 and 6.3 lp/mm bar pattern groups, which have lead-line widths of 100, 89, and 79 microns, respectively. Results: For the MAF-CCD, the measured contrasts were 0.020, 0.019 and 0.013 for the 5.0, 5.6 and 6.3 line pair groups, respectively, and for the MAF-CMOS the contrasts were 0.025, 0.019 and 0.014 for the 5.0, 5.6 and 6.3 line pair groups, respectively. Conclusion: For the very small lines of the bar pattern, the MAF-CMOS appears to provide almost the same contrast as compared to the MAF-CCD, within the measurement error; however, noise and dynamic range characteristics remain to be studied before concluding that the MAF-CMOS can replace the MAF-CCD during task-specific neuro-EIGI procedures where high spatial resolution is required. Supported by NIH Grant: 2R01EB002873 and an equipment grant from Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation.
Smoltification in the Net-Pen Culture of Coho Salmon: Quantitative Genetic Analysis

Abstract Investigations were conducted with underyearling coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch reared in marine net-pens to determine the extent of genetic involvement in traits associated with smoltiffcation and saltwater adaptation and to assess genetic relationships among these traits. Data were obtained from two brood years (1977 and 1978) of experimental families formed by a nested mating design and consisted of length and weight measurements and morphological smolt assessments at 7 and 11 months postfertilization. Reasonably high heritability estimates (h2 = 0.22–0.29) were obtained for all smoltification traits except survival (h2 = 0.07). Correlation estimates among the variables suggested a strong genetic relationship between size and smoltification traits, with the exception of percent survival. The use of these estimates for genetic improvement was illustrated by two types of selection index. Substantial increases in smoltification and saltwater-adaptation traits appeared to be possible. Received A...
A novel shell element including in-plane torque effect

Abstract A novel nine degree-of-freedom flat triangular membrane element is developed by introducing a kinematic degree of freedom associated with rotation about the surface normal at each node. This element is combined with the plate bending element to formulate a general shell element. This in-plane element eliminates the well-known problems caused by zero stiffness corresponding to the in-plane rotation in the shell element. The applicability and the accuracy of the present element are demonstrated through the analysis of various linear and non-linear problems.
Attenuation of specific PCP-evoked behaviors by the potent mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY379268 and comparison with the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine.

Rationale: Recent studies using phencyclidine (PCP) as a model for psychosis have implicated metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in schizophrenia. We have shown, using an automated motor activity monitoring system, that selective group II mGlu receptor agonists attenuate PCP (5 mg/kg)-evoked increases in ambulations and fine motor movements with similar profiles to the atypical antipsychotic, clozapine. Objective and methods: Because the automated system does not discriminate between specific PCP-evoked behaviors, in this paper we examined the effects of the potent mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY379268 on PCP-evoked behaviors as assessed by observational methods. Furthermore, we have compared the actions of LY379268 to the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. Results: LY379268 and clozapine reduced the expression of PCP-induced falling, turning and back pedaling in a dose-dependent manner. Thirty minutes post-PCP administration, 1 mg/kg LY379269 reduced falls and turns by 89% and 53%, respectively, and 1 mg/kg clozapine attenuated turning by 70%. Interestingly, low doses of clozapine increased PCP-elicited falls. Back-pedaling was particularly sensitive to LY379268 and clozapine, with 1 mg/kg of either agent completely abolishing back-pedaling 30 min after PCP administration. However, in contrast to LY379268, attenuation of these behaviors by clozapine only occurred at doses that augmented PCP-evoked ataxia. Furthermore, LY379268 did not affect PCP-evoked forepaw treading. Conclusions: These results indicate that mGlu2/3 receptors do not mediate a generalized reduction in motor activity, but instead selectively modulate specific PCP behaviors, further implicating group II mGlu receptors as viable drug targets in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Interband cascade infrared photodetectors with InAs/GaSb superlattice absorbers

We present a study of the temperature-dependence of the performance metrics of a set of five GaSb-based MWIR interband cascade infrared photodetectors employing InAs/GaSb superlattice absorbers. The cutoff wavelengths of the detectors varied from 4.3 μm at 78 K to 5.1 μm at 300 K. In this study, the number of stages and absorber thicknesses were varied between the samples. Two of the samples were single-stage devices with long (> 1.0 μm) absorbers, while the other three were multiple-stage detectors with short ( o A and are have a photoresponse that is less sensitive to temperature. This confirms their potential utility for high-temperature detector operation. For the particular samples in this study, the multiple-stage devices were able to achieve better sensitivities above 250 K than the single-stage samples. It is notable that for most of the samples, a fit of the temperaturedependence of the dark current yielded an activation energy slightly larger than half the zero-temperature bandgap. This suggests that there may be an electric field and depletion region in the absorber and the interband transport in this series of detectors is governed by generation-recombination current, even at high temperature. Also, preliminary results of interband cascade infrared photodetectors at longer wavelengths (> 12 μm) are reported.
Broadband behavior of an optical-digital focus-invariant system.

We present experimental evidence that demonstrates a greatly increased depth of field in a broadband-illuminated imaging system through the use of a special-purpose phase mask and digital filtering. The phase mask is of a simple rectangularly separable cubic-phase design, whereas the digital filtering used was a simple object-independent least-squares inverse filter. We demonstrate successful operation of the system over a range corresponding to 30 times the Hopkins criterion for allowable misfocus.
A formal specification of a visual language editor

A non-trivial case study is presented, on the use of the Larch specification languages to describe the Miro visual languages and graphical editor. In addition to excerpts from the specification, the authors discuss properties of Miro provable from the specification, limitations of Larch, and general lessons learned from this exercise. >
On the fuzzified quorum-based wakeup scheduling in heterogeneous wireless sensor network

In this paper, we propose a power-saving protocol, the fuzzified quorum-based wakeup scheduling method. In the 802.11 wireless sensor network, the hosts in the power saving mode must have to wake-up every beacon interval to check if they have to remain awake in the remaining of the beacon interval. In our study, the authors proposed the adaptive grid-quorum method to involve the power saving idea in the event-driven wireless sensor network. With the fuzzified balancing algorithm proposed, the system not only can solve the mentioned network problem, but also can remain the efficiency enhancement and energy-saving issues at the same time.
Precipitation, Temperature and Tillage Effects upon Productivity of a Winter Wheat–Dry Pea Rotation

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown in rotation with fresh pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the wetter (≥450 mm) zones of the inland Pacific Northwest, and with summer fallow in the drier (<450 mm) zones. Typically, this cropping system has been tillage-intensive. Summer fallow deleteriously affects soil properties, while fresh pea markets have decreased for decades. Alternative wheat-based cropping systems are needed. The objective of this 6-yr study was to evaluate the agronomic viability of a winter wheat-dry pea rotation under four tillage systems. Primary tillage operations for wheat and pea residue, respectively, were: (i) fall disk and chisel plow (Fall D-CH); (ii) fall moldboard plow and moldboard plow (Fall MBD-MBD); (iii) spring moldboard plow and moldboard plow (Spring MBD-MBD); and (iv) fall sweep and skew-tread (Fall SWP-SKW). Spring precipitation strongly influenced dry pea yield, but tillage had little to no effect. Pea yield could be predicted well by a model combining precipitation distribution with a heat stress index. Wheat yield was more influenced by winter than spring precipitation, and was ∼400 kg ha -1 less for the Fall SWP-SKW treatment. Wheat protein content was also reduced in the Fall SWP-SKW tillage treatment. The probable reason for lower wheat yield is poor weed control. Dry pea is agronomically viable as a rotation substitute for summer fallow or fresh pea. The apparent yield decline of wheat yield in the minimum tillage system needs to be evaluated in terms of tillage costs, and improved technologies for weed, residue, and N management.
Microbial oxalate degradation: Effects on oxalate and calcium balance in humans

Abstract Three, 4-wk, controlled feeding periods were used to assess relationships between oxalate excretion, calcium balance, and numbers of oxalate-degrading bacteria during consumption of a baseline diet, and the baseline diet with the addition of 175 g spinach or 260 g broccoli by 8 premenopausal women. Oxalate intakes were 108, 100 and 1570 mg/day during consumption of the baseline, broccoli, and spinach diets, respectively. Numbers of oxalate-degrading bacteria (ODB) ranged from 10 6 –10 7 /g feces in 5 subjects whereas no oxalate-degrading bacteria (no-ODB) were detected in 3 subjects. Four of the 5 ODB subjects exhibited an increase (p
Modeling riverine nitrate export from an east-central Illinois watershed using SWAT

Reliable water quality models are needed to forecast the water quality consequences of different agricultural nutrient management scenarios. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), version 2000, was applied to simulate streamflow, riverine nitrate (NO3) export, crop yield, and watershed nitrogen (N) budgets in the upper Embarras River (UER) watershed in east-central Illinois, which has extensive maize-soybean cultivation, large N fertilizer input, and extensive tile drainage. During the calibration (1994–2002) and validation (1985–1993) periods, SWAT simulated monthly and annual stream flows with Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients (E) ranging from 0.67 to 0.94 and R 2 from 0.75 to 0.95. For monthly and annual NO3 loads, E ranged from –0.16 to 0.45 and R 2 from 0.36 to 0.74. Annual maize and soybean yields were simulated with relative errors ranging from –10 to 6%. The model was then used to predict the changes in NO3 output with N fertilizer application rates 10 to 50% lower than original application rates in UER. The calibrated SWAT predicted a 10 to 43% decrease in NO3 export from UER and a 6 to 38% reduction in maize yield in response to the reduction in N fertilizer. The SWAT model markedly overestimated NO3 export during major wet periods. Moreover, SWAT estimated soybean N fixation rates considerably greater than literature values, and some simulated changes in the N cycle in response to fertilizer reduction seemed to be unrealistic. Improving these aspects of SWAT could lead to more reliable predictions in the water quality outcomes of nutrient management practices in tiledrained watersheds.
Reactions of poly-hexafluoropropylene oxide acids and their corresponding salts

Abstract Investigation of the decomposition or fluorination of poly-hexafluoropropylene oxide (poly-HFPO) carboxylic acids and their salts reveals a new type of product from the decarboxylation of poly-HFPO and proposes an explanation for its formation.
Reliability enhancement of bi-stable PUFs in 65nm bulk CMOS

We demonstrate the efficacy and associated costs of three reliability enhancing techniques for bi-stable PUF designs (SRAM and sense amplifier-based) — directed accelerated aging, multiple evaluations, and activation control. Measured results from a 65nm bulk CMOS full custom PUF testchip demonstrate that these technique are able to reduce the percentage of unreliable bits by up to 40%, 83%, and 71% respectively.
Real-time binocular smooth pursuit

This article examines the problem of a moving robot tracking a moving object with its cameras, without requiring the ability to recognize the target to distinguish it from distracting surroundings. A novel aspect of the approach taken is the use of controlled camera movements to simplify the visual processing necessary to keep the cameras locked on the target. A gaze-holding system implemented on a robot's binocular head demonstrates this approach. Even while the robot is moving, the cameras are able to track an object that rotates and moves in three dimensions. The central idea is that localizing attention in 3-D space makes precategorical visual processing sufficient to hold gaze. Visual fixation can help separate the target object from distracting surroundings. Converged cameras produce a horopter (surface of zero stereo disparity) in the scene. Binocular features with no disparity can be located with a simple filter, showing the object's location in the image. Similarly, an object that is being tracked is imaged near the center of the field of view, so spatially localized processing helps concentrate visual attention on the target. Instead of requiring a way to recognize the target, the system relies on active control of camera movements and binocular fixation segmentation to locate the target.