cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intense Combined Source of Neutrons and Photons for Interrogation Based on Compact Deuteron RF Accelerator

Abstract Interrogation of special nuclear materials can benefit from mobile sources providing significant fluxes of neutrons (108/s at 2.5 MeV, 1010/s at 14.1 MeV) and of photons (>1012/s at 1-3 MeV). We propose a source that satisfies these requirements simultaneously plus also provides, via the reaction 11 B(d,n)12C(γ15.1), a significant flux of 15-MeV photons, which are highly penetrating and optimal for inducing photo-fission in actinides. The source is based on a compact (
Erotica: romance novels

A love story with a happy ending, the romance novel is as old as the form of the novel itself. The modern romance novel emerged with Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740), and scholars have studied the relationships of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century romance novels with imperialism, Orientalism, and anti-sentimental modernism. The popular romance novel, a mass-market form predominantly written by and for women, is a twentieth-century phenomenon. Critiqued by feminist thinkers, it has responded to changing social and sexual mores, and with the advent of digital publishing, it has proliferated and diversified, with an equal diversity of scholarship beginning to emerge. Keywords: feminism; love; romance; sexuality
Some new thoughts and findings on Bode integrals

This paper establishes relationships between Bode type sensitivity and complementary sensitivity integral relations and optimal tracking and regulation performance, where the latter are defined in quadratic measures. These relationships link together frequency and time domain performance constraints, and further lead to new insight into these two independent areas of research.
High altitude cerebral edema and acute mountain sickness. A pathophysiology update.

The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of high altitude cerebral edema (HACE) are fairly well established. The major unresolved issues are 1) the pathophysiology, 2) the individual susceptibility, and 3) the relationship of HACE to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE).
JPEG2000 for handheld applications

In this paper, we motivate JPEG2000 at length for digital still cameras by highlighting new usage models. These models show how JPEG2000's new features will make digital photography more convenient and practical for handheld applications than JPEG. Some of the major challenges associated with developing cost-effective, high-performance systems are identified. We propose a new block-based approach for wavelet decomposition that reduces memory requirements, enables processing concurrency and efficiency, and promotes coexistence with JPEG.
Structural sugars in adipose tissue

The sections in this article are: 1 Observations in Vivo 2 Observations in Vitro 3 Summary
Distribution of suboptimally induced β-d-galactosidase in Escherichia coli: The enzyme content of individual cells

Abstract Novick & Weiner (1957) proposed a model in which induction of the lac operon with suboptimal concentrations of inducer generates a population containing both uninduced and fully induced cells. The latter arise as cells acquire the galactoside transport system, thus initiating an autocatalytic cycle of induction since this permease can transport an inducer for its own synthesis. Evidence in favor of this model has been obtained from direct measurements of the enzyme content of individual cells, using a fluorogenic assay sensitive to one molecule of β- d -galactosidase. Fully induced cells, at the predicted frequency, were found in suboptimally induced populations of wild type strains, and of a strain lacking thiogalactoside transacetylase, but not of a strain lacking galactoside permease. In the wild type, the frequency of cells with an enzyme content intermediate between uninduced and fully induced levels was greater than the frequency predicted for cells within the autocatalytic cycle of induction. According to the model, then, in some of these cells, induction of β- d -galactosidase has occurred without formation of the permease necessary to initiate accumulation of inducer.
Data Reduction and Analysis of Pioneer Venus Orbital Ion Mass Spectrometer

Research was carried out on developing a flow field interaction model for both the dayside and nightside ionosphere of Venus. Specific topics related to the dayside ionosphere included: (1) wave particle mechanisms at the ionopause, (2) structure and dynamics of the Venus ionopause and Ionosphere, and (3) flows and fields in the Venus Ionosphere. The structure and dynamics of ion troughs was also studied in the nightside ionosphere of Venus.
Mechanical percolation in nanocomposites: Microstructure and micromechanics

Abstract Polymer nanocomposites can enable innovative designs of multifunctional materials. Metallic fillers in polymer matrices exhibit improved electrical properties at low volume fractions, often maintaining the low density, transparency and easy processing of polymers. Surprisingly, enhanced mechanical properties have also been observed at uncharacteristically low volume fractions in these nanocomposites. The majority of mathematical models used to describe this novel mechanical behavior are based on percolation models of microstructural connectivity. Changes in mechanical properties, however, are likely to be affected by complex microstructures, beyond simply connected, as well as by the micromechanical mechanisms associated with a composite material. Both microstructural and micromechanical mechanisms are thought to be significantly influenced by the presence and properties of an interface region, between particles and matrix, which functions as a third composite phase. In this work, the relative influence of the competing and compounding effects of the spatial position/distribution of the particles (microstructure) and of the composite constitution (micromechanics) are examined. The results show that models based solely on the inclusion of a third composite phase do not predict the experimentally observed mechanical response. This work continues with a study of the micromechanical effects of microstructure using a probabilistic and statistical characterization of the local strain fields associated with random microstructures. These continuous fields are not only more amenable to statistical characterization than the spatial ternary (matrix, particle and interface) fields that describe the microstructure, but offer a more direct, and potentially more visual, link between microstructure and mechanics. An apparent percolation threshold for a 2D material model is identified based on statistical characterization of the elastic moduli, distributions of local strains and spatial autocorrelation of local strain fields. The statistics of strain fields associated with microstructures producing minimum and maximum moduli are also compared.
The relation between mindfulness and fear of negative evaluation over the course of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder.

Mindfulness is negatively related to a wide range of psychopathology (Baer, Smith, & Allen, 2004; Brown & Ryan, 2003; Feldman, Hayes, Kumar, Greeson, & Laurenceau, 2007; Smalley et al., 2009; Wupperman, Neumann, Whitman, & Axelrod, 2009) and mindfulness training has alleviated symptoms across a range of problems (Baer, Smith, Hopkins, Krietemeyer, & Toney, 2006). One recent study showed that the inclusion of mindfulness training in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for individuals diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (SAD) was beneficial (Piet, Hougaard, Hecksher, & Rosenberg, 2010), but also showed that nonmindfulness-based treatment was equally efficacious. The current study takes a different perspective by examining whether people with higher levels of mindfulness benefit more from CBT, when the therapy does not explicitly target mindfulness. The potential influence of mindfulness on exposure therapy for anxiety disorders has recently been reviewed (Treanor, 2011), and some empirical research is suggestive of how mindfulness may facilitate traditional CBT treatment for SAD. For example, mindfulness training is associated with the cultivation of sustained attention (Rani & Rao, 1996; Valentine & Sweet, 1999), and thus mindfulness may combat maladaptive attentional processes well known to be associated with SAD, such as hypervigilance for negative social cues, and problematic self-focused attention (Boogels & Mansell, 2004). Mindfulness may also create a greater awareness of distressing internal experience, which may increase one’s ability to evaluate thoughts in the context of cognitive restructuring (Kohlenberg, Hayes, & Tsai, 1993). Furthermore, mindfulness may facilitate exposure therapy through increased contact with current experience and willingness to experience negative emotional content (Hayes, Wilson, Gifford, Follette, & Strosahl, 1996). However, the potential affect of mindfulness on CBT for people with SAD has not been tested. The current study is a secondary report of a controlled trial, which examined the relation between self-report mindfulness and levels of social anxiety in a clinical sample with a primary diagnosis of SAD before treatment, after treatment, and at 3-month follow-up, as well as the relation between mindfulness and treatment response. We hypothesized that mindfulness would be inversely associated with fear of negative evaluation at each time point, and that higher levels of mindfulness would be associated with a better treatment response.
Hepatitis C viral infection in drug users.

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Using hybrid and backcross larvae of Papilio canadensis and Papilio glaucus to detect induced phytochemical resistance in hybrid poplar trees experimentally defoliated by gypsy moths

Sub-plots of hybrid poplars were experimentally defoliated using 10 million gypsy moth larvae. Half of the defoliated (and undefoliated control) plots were fertilized to see if this would ameliorate the predicted induction of carbon-based phenolic defenses in the regrowth leaves. In order to bioassay the leaves of the four different treatments, we employed a continuum of genotypes (different hybrids and backcrosses of two different species of tiger swallowtail butterflies) with different abilities to detoxify these allelochemicals. Based on our previous studies with phytochemicals from the Salicaceae plant family, Papilio canadensis was likely to consume and process all Populus spp treatments, whereas P. glaucus predicted to either not consume or else quickly die on all Populus treatment leaves. Hybrid and backcross larvae of these two butterfly species are known to have intermediate levels of esterase detoxication enzymes and would therefore be likely to provide a continuum or at least varying degrees of sensitivity in bioassays for even the most subtle induction responses in the regrowth leaves. This presumption was supported in the feeding and growth studies conducted at different times post-defoliation during the 1997 growing season in Michigan.
The Inhibition of Seedling Growth by Streptomycin Sulfate

The action of streptomycin sulfate (SS) on the growth of germinating seeds was investigated. It inhibited root growth more than shoot growth. Chemical analysis of roots indicated that nucleic acids decreased but their elution pattern from a column of methylated albumin kieselghur showed no qualitative differences. SS decreased the number of cells undergoing mitosis per root tip. This number was correlated with root length. One nM N5-benzyladenine reversed the effect of SS on both root length and mitosis. Thus the effect of SS appears specific to cell division. SS failed to affect oxidative phosphorylation in isolated mitochondria so its effect on cell division would not be secondary to the inhibition of energy conservation. It s possible inhibition of enzyme activity is selective since it also failed to affect RNase activity in vitro.
Upper-Air Weather Soundings by Radio

A radio system for upper-air weather soundings with small unmanned balloons is described. The balloon instrument comprises elements for measuring pressure, temperature, and humidity, and a miniature radio transmitter; the latter converts the response of the measuring instruments into characteristic signals modulating the emitted radio wave and sends this wave to a ground station where the signals are measured and recorded. Details of the system are given and a discussion is given of the accuracy of the upper-air observations obtained and of the tolerances permissible for component elements of the system.
Differences between essential and reactive alcoholics on tests of neuropsychological functioning and affect.

Summary.-This study tested the hypothesis that Essential Alcoholics (n = 15) develop a more severe form of alcoholism than Reactive Alcoholics (n = 12). VA alcoholic patients were classified as Essential or Reactive Alcoholics, using the Rudie-McGaughran questionnaire, and tested on four neuropsychological tests, the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, Tarter's Hyperactivity/MinimaI Brain Dysfunction questionnaire, and Latcham's Measure of Antisocial Behavior. While the two groups did not differ in age, education, or Family History of alcoholism, Essential Alcoholics had an earlier age of onset and a longer chronicity of alcoholism. After analysis of covariance was used to control for group differences in age of onset and chronicity, Essential Alcoholics were still significantly higher on depression and significantly more impaired on five subtests of the Neuropsychological Impairment Scale: global measure, total items, general, learning-verbal, and frustration. Nonsignificant group differences, in the expected direction, were found £or the Shipley Mental Age and Tarter's questionnaire. These results suggest that Essential Alcoholics have higher depression scores and greater impairments m neuropsychological Functioning than Reactive Alcoholics. Based on clinical evidence Knight (1937) identified two groups of alcoholic patients who differed in the kind of alcoholism they demonstrated. One group started to abuse alcohol in adolescence or early adulthood in the absence of identifiable precipitating factors. The other group started to abuse alcohol later in life in response to psychosocial stressor(s). Knight (1937) labeled the first group Essential Alcoholics, and the second Reactive Alcoholics. Rudie and McGaughran (1961) used Knight's description of these two groups to construct an open-ended questionnaire which included 55 items which could be scored and 14 filler items. The items which could be scored
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate does not predict cardiovascular death in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo Study.

Background High levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) appear to be associated with a reduced risk of fatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in men. We examined the association between baseline DHEAS levels and the 19-year CVD and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates in 942 postmenopausal women free of known heart disease at baseline. Methods and Results The 199 CVD deaths and 102 IHD deaths were not related to baseline DHEAS levels. DHEAS was not related to body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, or family history of coronary heart disease, but significantly higher DHEAS levels were found in women who had elevated total or HDL cholesterol or blood pressure, were current smokers, or were nonusers of estrogen replacement therapy. After we adjusted for age, cholesterol, blood pressure, smoking, estrogen replacement therapy, obesity, fasting plasma glucose, and family history of heart disease, the relative risk of fatal CVD and IHD was 1.11 (95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 1.23) and 0.92 (95%...
Induction and Stabilization of IκBα by Nitric Oxide Mediates Inhibition of NF-κB

To determine the mechanism(s) by which the endogenous mediator nitric oxide (NO) inhibits the activation of transcription factor NF-κB, we stimulated human vascular endothelial cells with tumor necrosis factor-α in the presence of two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside and S-nitrosoglutathione. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that both NO donors inhibited NF-κB activation by tumor necrosis factor-α. This effect was not mediated by guanylyl cyclase activation since the cGMP analogue 8-bromo-cGMP had no similar effect. Inhibition of endogenous constitutive NO production by L-N-monomethylarginine, however, activated NF-κB, suggesting tonic inhibition of NF-κB under basal conditions. NO had little or no effects on other nuclear binding proteins such as AP-1 and GATA. Immunoprecipitation studies showed that NO stabilized the NF-κB inhibitor, IκBα, by preventing its degradation from NF-κB. NO also increased the mRNA expression of IκBα, but not NF-κB subunits, p65 or p50, and transfection experiments with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene linked to the IκBα promoter suggested transcriptional induction of IκBα by NO. We propose that the induction and stabilization of IκBα by NO are important mechanisms by which NO inhibits NF-κB and attenuate atherogenesis.
Luminescence resonance energy transfer to study conformational changes in membrane proteins expressed in mammalian cells.

Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, or LRET, is a powerful technique used to measure distances between two sites in proteins within the distance range of 10-100 A. By measuring the distances under various ligated conditions, conformational changes of the protein can be easily assessed. With LRET, a lanthanide, most often chelated terbium, is used as the donor fluorophore, affording advantages such as a longer donor-only emission lifetime, the flexibility to use multiple acceptor fluorophores, and the opportunity to detect sensitized acceptor emission as an easy way to measure energy transfer without the risk of also detecting donor-only signal. Here, we describe a method to use LRET on membrane proteins expressed and assayed on the surface of intact mammalian cells. We introduce a protease cleavage site between the LRET fluorophore pair. After obtaining the original LRET signal, cleavage at that site removes the specific LRET signal from the protein of interest allowing us to quantitatively subtract the background signal that remains after cleavage. This method allows for more physiologically relevant measurements to be made without the need for purification of protein.
Coupled Impacts of the Diurnal Cycle of Sea Surface Temperature on the Madden–Julian Oscillation

AbstractThis study quantifies, from a systematic set of regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model simulations employing various coupling intervals, the effect of subdaily sea surface temperature (SST) variability on the onset and intensity of Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) convection in the Indian Ocean. The primary effect of diurnal SST variation (dSST) is to raise time-mean SST and latent heat flux (LH) prior to deep convection. Diurnal SST variation also strengthens the diurnal moistening of the troposphere by collocating the diurnal peak in LH with those of SST. Both effects enhance the convection such that the total precipitation amount scales quasi-linearly with preconvection dSST and time-mean SST. A column-integrated moist static energy (MSE) budget analysis confirms the critical role of diurnal SST variability in the buildup of column MSE and the strength of MJO convection via stronger time-mean LH and diurnal moistening. Two complementary atmosphere-only simulations further elucidate the role of ...
The Menil Connection: Louis Kahn and the Rice University Art Center

Stephen James tells the story of a great unrealized project in The Menil Connection: Louis Kahn and the Rice University Art Center . Kahn, Rice, and the art collectors John and Dominique de Menil collaborated in this unusual venture, which, among other things, would have housed the de Menil art collection on the Rice campus. The project embodied Kahn9s approach to designing an institutional landscape, interwoven with the smaller spaces that he judged were essential for teaching and learning. Its abandonment was the genesis of the independent Menil Collection, for which Kahn also prepared a design, but which was ultimately built by Renzo Piano.
The Geometry of a Form of Intuition

For Kant, geometry studies space which is a pure intuition and at the same time a form of empirical intuition. Geometrical statements somehow require or pertain to constructions or productive activity such as drawing, rotating, pointing, bisecting, etc. Space somehow provides the pure manifold which enables thought to pertain to objects. Still more, reality in space is neither finite nor infinite. These are all constraints from Kant’s text on what geometry might be for Kant. The 19th and 20th century have added further constraints on what a justifiable philosophical account of geometry would have to be. It would have to allow for non-Euclidean geometry, for the time parameter making a difference to the spatial geometry (more generally for geometry being space-time geometry) and for a connection between geometry and the distribution of matter. Putting these two classes of constraints together, we get a set of constraints on what a Kantian theory of geometry that is also in itself plausible would have to be. It is such a theory that I should like to begin to present in outline form.
Circadian organization inAplysia explored with red light, eye removal and behavioral recording

We tested the sensitivity of theAplysia activity rhythm to red light in three ways: first, by measuring the response of the rhythm to 24 h cycles of red light (RD), second, by measuring the effect of constant red background light (RR) on the rhythm driven by superimposed white LD, third, by measuring the effect of RR on freerunning. In several experiments we removed the eyes in order to assess their role in mediating the action of red light. Results for individuals and groups were analyzed by calculating form estimates and periodograms. 1. When tested with RD, intact animals were predominantly, though not exclusively, diurnal. In RD 8∶1G activity typically began several hours before dawn (Figs. 1, 3). 2. Eye removal did not prevent diurnal behavior but caused (i) a prominent decrease in activity prior to dawn, (ii) an increase in activity immediately after dawn, (iii) a small decrease of activity during the late lighttime and (iv) a small increase of activity during the mid darktime (Figs. 2, 3). The contribution of the eyes to the entrained locomotor rhythm is thus facilitory at some phases and suppressive at other phases. 3. Continuous red background light reduced the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm driven by superimposed white LD 12∶12. Activity during the white-on time was suppressed and activity during the white-off time was enhanced by continuous red background. This effect was greater in eyeless than in intact animals (Figs. 4, 5). 4. In contrast to its effects on the driven rhythm, continuous red background light strengthened freerunning (Figs. 6, 7, Table 1).
Letters: Robust stability analysis of competitive neural networks with different time-scales under perturbations

We establish robust stability results for competitive neural networks with different time-scales under parameter perturbations and determine conditions that ensure the existence of asymptotically stable equilibria of the perturbed neural system. It is assumed that the system uncertainties are limited by the upper bounds of their norms. We derive a Lyapunov function for the coupled system and a maximal upper bound for the fast time-scale associated with the neural activity state.
Sensory regulation of maternal behavior in rats: Effects of pup age

Maternal behavior (retrieving, crouching, and licking) was induced in Sprague-Dawley virgin female rats by constant exposure to pups aged 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, 11-12, 13-14, or 15-16 days. The incidence of spontaneous components of maternal behavior, notably retrieving, was greater towards pups 1-8 days of age than towards older pups, whereas the occurrence of cannibalism did not differ as a function of pup age. With pups 1-2 through 13-14 days, the latency to onset of full maternal behavior was shortest with 1-2-day-old pups (2-day median) and longest with 13-14-day-old pups (7-day median). Females exposed to pups aged 3-4 through 11-12 days did not differ significantly in their latencies, the medians of which ranged from 4.0 to 5.5 days. Only 1 female out of 8 exposed to pups aged 15-16 days became fully maternal, but 5 more displayed components of maternal responsiveness. The optimal nature of neonates and the general attractiveness of a wider range of pup ages as stimuli for the elicitation of maternal behavior in rats, as well as comparisons to mice and hamsters, were discussed.
There is More than One Way to Frame a Curve

(1975). There is More than One Way to Frame a Curve. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 246-251.
Cryogenic small-signal and noise performance of 32nm SOI CMOS

The noise performance of a 32 nm SOI CMOS process is systematically studied for ambient temperatures in the range of 6-293 K. For a fixed transconductance bias, an order of magnitude improvement in calculated T min is observed by cooling from room temperature to 6 K. This improvement is largely attributed to improvements in the device resistances as well as the reduction in thermal noise associated with cooling.
A means of extending streak camera recording into the important 1300-1600 nm wavelength regime: parametric frequency upconversion

We present preliminary data demonstrating the feasibility of coupling an optical parametric frequency upconverter to a streak camera, thereby realizing a hybrid recording system that can sensitively record very fast (approx. 10 ps) single-shot infrared events. The data presented in this paper represent experimental work in the upconversion of 845-nm light. This wavelength was chosen for experimental convenience to expedite our proof of principle demonstration. Our results give an estimated upconversion quantum efficiency of about 25%. We also discuss details of our future experiments in upconversion/streak camera recording at 1300 nm.
Actin content and synthesis in differentiating Drosophila cells in culture

Abstract In response to the addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone, Drosophila line Kc cells extend filopodia, become motile and aggregate. An investigation was carried out to determine whether the appearance of motility was correlated with an increase in intracellular actin content or actin synthesis, or a decrease in actin degradation. With the exception of actin content, measured by DNAse I inactivation, treated and untreated cells were indistinguishable for all parameters. DNAse I inactivation studies indicated a three- to four-fold increase in actin content during the two days following hormone exposure. These data are interpreted by a model in which an inactive pool of actin becomes available for microfilament assembly.
Kinetic characterization of hexokinase isoenzymes from glioma cells: Implications for FDG imaging of human brain tumors

Quantitative imaging of glucose metabolism of human brain tumors with PET utilizes 2-[(18)F]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and a conversion factor called the lumped constant (LC), which relates the metabolic rate of FDG to glucose. Since tumors have greater uptake of FDG than would be predicted by the metabolism of native glucose, the characteristic of tumors that governs the uptake of FDG must be part of the LC. The LC is chiefly determined by the phosphorylation ratio (PR), which is comprised of the kinetic parameters (Km and Vmax) of hexokinase (HK) for glucose as well as for FDG (LC proportional to (Km(glc) x Vmax(FDG))/(Km(FDG) x Vmax(glc)). The value of the LC has been estimated from imaging studies, but not validated in vitro from HK kinetic parameters. In this study we measured the kinetic constants of bovine and 36B-10 rat glioma HK I (predominant in normal brain) and 36B-10 glioma HK II (increased in brain tumors) for the hexose substrates glucose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and FDG. Our principal results show that the KmGlc < KmFDG << Km2DG and that PR2DG < PRFDG. The FDG LC calculated from our kinetic parameters for normal brain, possessing predominantly HK I, would be higher than the normal brain LC predicted from animal studies using 2DG or human PET studies using FDG or 2DG. These results also suggest that a shift from HK I to HK II, which has been observed to increase in brain tumors, would have little effect on the value of the tumor LC.
The Thermal Time Constants of Dynamo-Electric Machines

Considering the thermal behavior of a dynamo-electric machine intended for continuous service, its acceptance tests require, at present, only a limiting temperature elevation under a continuous rated load. For the intelligent operation of a machine after it has been put in service, additional information is desirable concerning its thermal behavior under changes of load. This subsidiary thermal information concerning a machine with a continuous rating may consist of (1) its final temperature rise under some steady load other than its rated load, such as either 75 per cent or 125 per cent of the rated load, and (2) its thermal time constant. The thermal time constant of a machine, assumed as conforming strictly to an exponential law of temperature rise above a constant ambient temperature, after being transferred suddenly from one steady load to another, is taken as the time required to attain 1-?-1 or 63.2 per cent of the final temperature change. This may be called the exponential thermal time constant. This is a fundamentally scientific quantity; but is very awkward to remember or to explain to a person not well versed in the mathematical theory of the subject. It is recommended in the paper that for all practical engineering work, a new time constant called the binary time constant be used. It would correspond to the ``Period,'' or ``Half-value period,'' already used in the Science of Radio-activity and in measurements of Radio active decay.
Vascularized membranes determine the anatomical boundaries of the subcutaneous fat compartments.

Purpose:The subcutaneous tissue of the human body has been described as being arranged in anatomical units or compartments. Distinct compartments have now been identified on the face, trunk, and extremities. Septal boundaries have been noted on histologic evaluation. Despite these observations, a un
Role of E166 in the Imine to Enamine Tautomerization of the Clinical β-Lactamase Inhibitor Sulbactam

Mechanism-based inhibitors of class A beta-lactamases, such as sulbactam, undergo a complex series of chemical reactions in the enzyme active site. Formation of a trans-enamine acyl-enzyme via a hydrolysis-prone imine is responsible for transient inhibition of the enzyme. Although the imine to enamine tautomerization is crucial to inhibition of the enzyme, there are no experimental data to suggest how this chemical transformation is catalyzed in the active site. In this report, we show that E166 acts as a general base to promote the imine to enamine tautomerization.
Search for resonant electron-positron annihilation-in-flight

Abstract We have studied the energy dependence of the electron-positron annihilation-in-flight cross section for di-photon invariant masses in the range of 1600–2000 keV. At the 95% confidence level, no resonances are observed implying, for example, Γ γγ Γ ee Γ meV at the location of the anomalous peak in e + e − sum energy at ≈800 keV observed in heavy ion reactions.
Construction of a DNA nano-object directly demonstrates computation

We demonstrate a computing method in which a DNA nano-object representing the solution of a problem emerges as a result of self-assembly. We report an experiment in which three-vertex colorability for a six-vertex graph with nine edges is solved by constructing a DNA molecule representing the colored graph itself. Our findings show that computation based on "shape processing" is a viable alternative to symbol processing when computing by molecular self-assembly.
Acid-base homeostasis during chronic PTH excess in humans

Acid-base homeostasis during chronic PTH excess in humans. The chronic renal and systemic acid-base effects of hyperparathyroidism in humans remain controversial and unresolved. The present studies evaluated the acid-base response of normal human subjects to a 13-day intravenous infusion of synthetic b(1–34) PTH sufficient to result in sustained hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The acid-base response was biphasic: an initial transient renal acidosis developed on the first day of PTH infusion, followed by a prompt increase in net acid excretion and plasma [HCO 3 − ] of sufficient magnitude to result in a steady state of mild metabolic alkalosis. The results indicate that: 1) sustained, continuous, experimentally produced hyperparathyroidism results in a steady state of mild metabolic alkalosis; 2) the alkalosis is both generated and maintained, at least in part, by renal mechanisms; and 3) reported renal acidosis in sustained clinical conditions of primary hyperparathyroidism is not attributable to either direct or indirect effects of PTH excess when present for a 2-week period, an interval sufficient to re-establish a new steady state of renal and systemic acid-base equilibrium.
Rethinking the Inoculation Analogy: Effects on Subjects With Differing Preexisting Attitudes

Inoculation messages employed in past studies have been consistently preventative. Yet, if inoculation strategies are to be used in mass media campaigns, researchers need to know what the effects will be on all audience members—not just those known to support a message sponsor’s position. A 3-phase experiment was conducted involving 558 participants. Linear regression analyses identified that initially supportive, neutral, and opposed subjects exposed to the inoculation message reported significantly more positive attitudes toward the study topic of agricultural biotechnology following an attack message than did their respective controls. The inoculation message contributed to significantly increased threat levels among initially neutral and opposed subjects and marginally increased counterarguing output among initially supportive and neutral subjects. Additionally, counterarguing partially mediated final attitudes for inoculated supportive subjects.
The promoter-specific transcription factor Sp1 binds to upstream sequences in the SV40 early promoter

Fractionation of HeLa cell extracts reveals the presence of a promoter-specific transcription factor, Sp 1, which activates a class of promoters that includes the SV40 early promoter but not several others that have been tested. We analyzed SV40 early-promoter deletion mutants and determined that transcriptional activation by Sp 1 requires sequences within tandem 21 bp repeats located 70-110 bp upstream of the transcription initiation sites. In a DNAase footprinting assay, Sp 1 protected sequences in this same 21 bp repeat region, thus indicating the presence of a specific site for Sp 1 binding. During purification of Sp 1, there was a correlation between transcription-stimulatory activity and promoter-binding activity. These results suggest that direct binding of Sp 1 to sequences in the upstream promoter element is the mechanism by which this factor activates transcription by RNA polymerase II at the SV40 early promoter.
Rejection of the Mentally Ill: an Experiment in Labeling

Several studies of public rejection of the mentally ill using written vignettes have demonstrated limited support for the societal reaction perspective. Since written vignettes may be inadequate, t...
Technical considerations of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐based bone mineral measurements for pediatric studies

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements have been shown to provide useful information on bone mineral status in young pediatric subjects. The purpose of this study was to challenge this system under various conditions to determine the clinical and experimental parameters that may be encountered which could interfere with DXA-based bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. Variations in data acquisition, including the covering of step phantom (external calibration standard) with a cotton blanket or partial exclusion of step phantom in the scan field, tissue freezing, or the presence of small nonmetallic objects, did not significantly alter DXA BMC or BMD measurements. By contrast, the presence of movement artifact, radiographic contrast media, and nonmetallic orthopedic casts significantly interfered with DXA BMC and BMD measurements. Variability in operator-dependent analysis of DXA scans occurred with regional analysis of whole body scans for DXA BMC and BMD measurements (average coefficient of variation was 2.9% and 1%, respectively, depending on the region analyzed) but did not affect the total (whole body) result. A minor adjustment in the manual delineation of the step phantom during data analysis may result in almost a 30% difference in DXA BMC and BMD. We conclude that movement artifact, radiographic contrast media, nonmetallic orthopedic cast, and variations in operator-dependent data analysis may interfere with DXA BMC and BMD measurement in young pediatric subjects. Therefore, appropriate care should be taken to reduce or eliminate such interference.
Ultra-compact optical switch using high contrast grating hollow-core waveguide

An ultra-compact 2×2 optical switch based on high contrast grating (HCG) hollow-core waveguide (HCW) is proposed. Simulation results show that the switching length is ∼25x smaller than the conventional 2×2 multimode interference coupler.
Preliminary Analysis of the First Spark Spectrum of Cerium—Ce II

By applying the spectral interval sorter and a newly designed interval recorder to new data obtained with the automatic recording spectrum comparator on the M.I.T.-W.P.A. wave-length program, a preliminary term array for Ce II has been set up in which 584 lines have been accounted for as transitions between 31 lower and 51 upper states. The term diagram is found to be the most complex yet observed for a three-electron spectrum. Both configurations $4f5d6s$ and $4f5{d}^{2}$ appear to be low in Ce II, contrary to the analysis of Haspas. Most of the differences between observed wave numbers and those computed from the term array are less than 0.02 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and 60 percent of the lines are found to be consistent to within 0.002A. Several of the term assignments have been checked with partially resolved Zeeman patterns recorded by King and Albertson, and the absolute $J$ values have been determined by this means. An inclusive description of the spectra of the cerium atom is being undertaken in the range 10,000 to 1000A.
Discussion on “Two-Stage Procedures for High-Dimensional Data” by Makoto Aoshima and Kazuyoshi Yata

Abstract Professors Makoto Aoshima and Kazuyoshi Yata have considered a variety of inference problems for high-dimensional data by constructing multivariate two-stage estimation methodologies. Their work opens up numerous other possibilities for further refinements and generalizations. In this discussion, I would like to comment on some specific issues that a practitioner of the proposed procedures may encounter in real-world application.
Glycoproteins in Citrus Foliage and Callus Tissue as Affected by Cold-hardening Temperature and Abscisic Acid

Abstract Soluble proteins were extracted from the foliage of several citrus genotypes that widely differed in cold hardiness after 4 weeks exposure to cold-hardening (16 °/5 °C) and noncold-hardening (30 °/21 °C) temperature regimes. The electrophoretic profiles of glycoproteins were analyzed after transfer to nitrocellulose filters by binding of wheat germ and soybean agglutinin as well as lectin from Lotus tetragonolobus . All three lectins detected a pattern of polypeptides that was highly conserved among citrus genotypes. Many of these polypeptides increased during cold-hardening; one exception was an M r 36,000 (Daltons) polypeptide which disappeared in Valencia orange grafted on rough lemon rootstock. Nearly the same glycoprotein profile was detected in callus lines derived from various tissues of Valencia orange. Polypeptides increased with the addition of abscisic acid ( 10 μm) in the medium and at low-temperature (10 °C). A concomitant reduction of freeze damage as assessed by electrolyte leakage was observed.
The abundance of nickel in some natural glasses

Abstract The nickel content of four australites, one billitonite, two meteorite impact glasses, and three obsidians have been determined by neutron activation analysis. The iron contents of these specimens have been determined by gravimetric techniques and nickel to iron weight ratios tabulated. On the basis of this ratio, the tektites form a group that is distinct from both the obsidians and the meteorite impact glasses. This is consistent with previous analyses on other specimens of each of these types. The nickel to iron ratio was found to be virtually constant for australites distributed geographically over a range of more than 1000 miles. The nickel content for the billitonite specimen analysed was found to be much lower than previously reported for this occurrence. It is suggested that tektites from Billiton may represent two overlapping occurrences, similar to the Indochina tektites. Implications of the data to the origin of tektites are discussed.
Three new silver uranyl diphosphonates: structures and properties.

The hydrothermal reaction of uranium trioxide and methylenediphosphonic acid in the presence of silver nitrate resulted in the formation of three new uranyl coordination polymers: AgUO2[CH2(PO3)(PO3H)] (Ag-1), [Ag2(H2O)1.5]{(UO2)2[CH2(PO3)2]F2}·(H2O)0.5 (Ag-2), and Ag2UO2[CH2(PO3)2] (Ag-3). All consist of uranyl pentagonal bipyramids that form two-dimensional layered structures. Ag-1 and Ag-3 possess the same structural building unit, but the structures are different; Ag-3 is formed through edge-sharing of F atoms to form UO5F2 dimers. The pH and silver cation have significant effects on the structure that is synthesized. Raman spectra of single crystals of Ag-1, Ag-2, and Ag-3 reveal v1 UO22+ symmetric stretches of 816 and 829, 822, and 802 cm–1, respectively. Electronic structure calculations were performed using the projector augmented wave (PAW) method with density functional theory (DFT) to gain insight into the nature of bonding and electronic characteristics of the synthesized compounds. Herein, we...
Counteracting effect of eosin and related dyestuffs on the production of respiration-deficient mutants in yeast by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide

Abstract Production of respiration-deficient (rho−) mutants under growing conditions in a strain of Saccharomyces chevalieri by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO), a potent carcinogen, reached 100%. the mutation frequency was considerably reduced when eosin Y was applied in various combinations with 4NQO. The counteracting effect was slight when eosin Y was applied concurrently with 4NQO, but was very strong adn persistent when eosin Y was impregnated into the yeast cells before their exposure to 4NQO. Eosin B, erythrosin B and uranin also showed more or less counteracting effects against 4 NQO in producing the rho− mutants. Possible mechanisms for the counteracting effects of these dyestuffs against 4NQO are discussed in relation to antimutagenesis and chemotherapeutic interference.
Effects of nitrogen and potassium in kikuyu grass on feeding by yellow sugarcane aphid

In Hawaii, infestations of yellow sugarcane aphid (YSA), Sipha flava (Forbes) (Homoptera: Aphididae) reduced growth of the forage grass, kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov). To determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) on tolerance of kikuyu grass to YSA, cuttings of eight and five cultivars were grown in the greenhouse using nutrient solutions in two separate trials, respectively. The first trial was conducted during the summer of 1991 and the second during the winter of 1993. In both trials, kikuyu was grown at three N levels (0.05, 0.5 and 3.0 mM) and four K levels (0.05, 0.5 1.0 and 3.0 mM), with one cultivar comprising a block. Prior to exposure to aphids, representative plants were harvested, and shoots were analyzed for foliar nutrients. Then, plants were confined with aphids and rated visually for YSA injury. Dry matter yields and foliar N concentration increased significantly with increasing N fertilization in both trials. In the first trial, there was a significant interaction between N and K levels, in which the greatest increases of shoot and root dry matter with increasing N levels were found at the highest K level. In the second trial, K fertilization had no effect on dry weight of shoots. In both trials, foliar K concentration increased significantly with increasing K levels. Damage due to YSA tended to increase with increasing N levels, although it was unaffected by K fertilization in both trials. Thus, fertilization with increasing N resulted in greater kikuyu dry matter production, but it also tended to increase the damage caused by YSA feeding.
Analysis of Modified Whole Casein with Different PhosphorusContents Using Phosphorus-31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract The different types of P in modified caseins and the role of P in casein interactions were studied using 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of whole casein with reduced or elevated P concentrations and using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of whole casein with elevated P concentrations. Bovine whole casein (5.7 mmol of P/mmol of casein, 100% P) was either enzymatically dephosphorylated or chemically superphosphorylated to obtain casein containing 0.4, 3.3, 9.1, 10.6, or 12.5 mmol of bound P/mmol of casein (7, 60, 160, 190, or 220% P, respectively). The nuclear magnetic resonance spectra showed that all casein samples contained serine monophosphates; the caseins containing 160, 190, and 220% P also contained additional diphosphates, and the 220% P casein contained inorganic phosphate and other di- and polyphosphates. When the concentration of the 160 and 190% P caseins increased, they gelled, yet the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra did not show any differences that were typical of changes in conformation. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that the addition of covalently bound P to whole casein in any amount did not change the distribution of extended strand and sheet, helix, loop, and turns in their secondary structures. Study of the phosphates that were bound to casein and the influence of phosphates on casein interactions improves the understanding of how casein interacts in food systems.
Prevalence, reproduction and morphology of the parasitic isopod Athelges takanoshimensis Ishii, 1914 (Isopoda: Bopyridae) from Hong Kong hermit crabs

AbstractThe bopyrid isopod Athelges takanoshimensis is a relatively common abdominal parasite of hermit crabs from Asia. This study investigated the prevalence, reproduction, and morphology of A. takanoshimensis from over 1560 hermit crab specimens collected in Hong Kong between 2000 and 2004. Among these collections, A. takanoshimensis was on ∼7% of the hermit crab Pagurus angustus and was also recorded from 5% of Pagurus hedleyi; no hermit crabs from the genus Clibanarius were infested. The male–female ratio of parasitized P. angustus was approximately 3:7, in contrast to a 3:2 ratio for uninfested hosts, suggesting that parasitism has an influence on host sex ratio. Athelges takanoshimensis produced up to 5031 embryos (average brood size = 2852). Estimates of body size (head length, pereon length, and total length) were analysed as predictors of fecundity but a significant correlation was only found between brood size and pereon length. The morphology of the life history stages of A. takanoshimensis is...