cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source process of the 3 November 2002 Denali fault earthquake (central Alaska) from teleseismic observations

[1] The November 3, 2002 Denali fault earthquake, which is the largest inland event ever recorded in central Alaska, occurred along an arcuate segment of the right-lateral strike-slip Denali fault. We use first-motion P wave polarities and inversions of teleseismic P waveforms for a fixed focal mechanism to constrain the rupture process. We find clear evidence for a substantial reverse component near the hypocenter at the beginning of the rupture. Twenty-five seconds later, rupture propagated unilaterally to the east on a strike-slip fault and released most of the seismic moment along an asperity located 170 km east of the hypocenter with a maximum slip of 8 m. This earthquake had a duration of ∼120 s and ruptured more than 300 km in length. Correlation with gravity anomalies suggests a relation between moment distribution and physical properties of subsurface rock units that may support a weaker middle fault segment marked by fewer aftershocks.
Attenuation of methamphetamine-induced effects through the antagonism of sigma (σ) receptors: evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies

Methamphetamine (METH) and many other abused substances interact with σ receptors. σ Receptors are found on dopaminergic neurons and can modulate dopaminergic neurotransmission. Antisense knock down of σ receptors also mitigates METH-induced stimulant effects, suggesting that these proteins are viable medication development targets for treating pscyhostimulant abuse. In the present study, AC927, a σ receptor antagonist, was evaluated for its ability to attenuate METH-induced effects in vivo and in vitro. Radioligand binding studies showed that AC927 had preferential affinity for σ receptors compared to 29 other receptors, transporters and ion channels. Pretreatment of male, Swiss Webster mice with AC927 significantly attenuated METH-induced locomotor stimulation, striatal dopamine depletions, striatal dopamine transporter reductions, and hyperthermia. When the neurotoxicity of METH was further examined in vitro under temperature-controlled conditions, co-incubation with AC927 mitigated METH-induced cytotoxicity. Together, the results demonstrate that AC927 protects against METH-induced effects, and suggests a new strategy for treating psychostimulant abuse.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: clinicoradiological spectrum and therapeutic strategies

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinical syndrome of encephalopathy, headache, visual disturbance, and seizures. In most cases, symptoms present acutely or subacutely in the setting of accelerated hypertension, eclampsia, autoimmune disease, immunosuppressive treatment, or cancer chemotherapy. One essential feature of PRES is the presence of reversible cerebral vasogenic edema that has a predominantly posterior distribution on brain imaging. Atypical imaging features are commonly described, including involvement of the anterior brain or brainstem and the coexistence of ischemia or hemorrhage. In most cases, both clinical and radiological findings are reversible, although permanent imaging abnormalities and residual neurological sequelae can be seen in a minority of patients. The syndrome is thought to be caused by a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and an extravasation of the intravascular fluid. Treatment of hypertension and seizures, and withdrawal of causative agents are the mainstays of therapy in PRES.
Treatment of anergic depression in hashimoto's thyroiditis with fluoxetine and d-amphetamine

Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been known to produce symptoms of severe anergia, fatigue, and depression. The hypothyroidism impairs cerebral function causing marked motor slowing which complicates the treatment of concomitant depression. In this open trial, three patients with documented Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Major Depression responded to a combination of fluoxetine and d-amphetamine. Despite improvement in mood with fluoxetine alone, all three patients had persistent anergia which resolved after the addition of d-amphetamine to their regimen. A discussion of the unique aspects of anergia and depression associated with hypothyroidism follows, with a focus on the cerebral impairment and delayed reaction time that complicates this illness. The neurotransmitter enhancing properties of serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and direct-acting psychostimulants may, in combination, provide a unique treatment approach to anergic depression associated with hypothyroidism. Depression 1:110–114 (1993). © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Maltreatment and delinquency: Investigating child welfare bias in juvenile justice processing ☆

Abstract There is at least thirty years of research that focuses on the increased risk of delinquency associated with child maltreatment. Yet there are few studies that investigate the outcomes associated with victims of child abuse and neglect beyond the initial arrest. Using child welfare and juvenile justice administrative data from Los Angeles County, the current study investigates the relationship between child welfare status and two judicial outcomes: case dismissal and probation. The results indicate that delinquency cases originating in child welfare are less likely to receive probation, controlling for a wide range of factors including age, gender, race, and type of offense. The results also indicate that the child welfare system is a significant source of overrepresentation for African American youth in juvenile justice. Adolescents simultaneously involved with child welfare and juvenile justice may require alternative arrangements with regard to juvenile justice dispositions and placements.
Coping, competence, and aggression prevention: Part 1. Developmental model

Abstract According to coping-competence theory, current challenge encounters determine future life outcomes and competence. This theory provides a testable causal model of the development of persistent aggression. The model suggests that protective circumstances enable resilient youth to cope prosocially (helping self without harming others) even with uncontrollable challenges. Unprepared for language-based prosocial coping, high-risk youths' antisocial coping yields adverse life outcomes (e.g., school expulsion, teen pregnancy, police arrest). Each adverse outcome increases future antisocial coping, threatens future competence (i.e., self-definition, social reputation, dominant coping strategy), and aggravates status on risk-protection variables (i.e., parent warmth and skill, child temperament and intelligence). The same structural model may apply across the lifespan with changes in indicators and weighting of constructs during key developmental transitions. Part 2 presents the model's prevention implications.
Utility of lead-in period in cocaine dependence pharmacotherapy trials

We examined whether drug use behaviors during a 2-week lead-in for a pharmacotherapy trial were predictive of retention in treatment and of the level of cocaine use during the subsequent 12 weeks of treatment. Fifty cocaine dependent patients were grouped based on: (1) principal route of cocaine administration: intranasal versus smoking, and (2) level of cocaine use during the 2-week lead-in: high versus low. Results indicate that level of cocaine use during the 2-week lead-in was a significant predictor of cocaine use during the subsequent 12 weeks of treatment. Patients with reported higher level of use during the lead-in period were more likely to continue using cocaine during the treatment. Patients who used smoking as their primary route of cocaine use were more likely to drop out early in the treatment. Findings of this study suggest that route and level of cocaine use during lead-in be used as a covariate in models testing treatment effect.
Gender differences in neuroleptic nonresponsive clozapine-treated schizophrenics

Gender differences in neuroleptic-refractory chronic schizophrenic disorder patients were examined to determine whether a superior or equivalent antipsychotic response in women vs. men existed similar to that of the general schizophrenic population. Sixty-nine DSM-III schizophrenic patients (47 males and 22 females) were treated with clozapine using a standardized medication regime. The gender differences in these neuroleptic-nonresponsive chronic schizophrenic disorder patients differed from those previously observed in the general schizophrenic population in that an equivalent antipsychotic treatment response in females versus males was not found. These treatment-refractory women appear to be a severely ill subgroup of female schizophrenics with distinct onset of illness, course and treatment response characteristics.
Determination of Aflatoxins B1 and M1 in Milk

Abstract Cows fed contaminated rations containing the mold metabolite aflatoxin B 1 secrete low levels of aflatoxin B 1 and its metabolite aflatoxin M 1 in milk. To establish the relationship between ingested aflatoxin and milk-secreted aflatoxin, a sensitive method is needed to determine aflatoxins B 1 and M 1 in milk. A method is presented by which good recoveries, within the limits of visual comparison, were obtained from samples containing 0.5 parts per billion aflatoxin. Deproteinized milk (80% methanolic filtrates) was adjusted to 50% by addition of 4% salt solution and defatted by extraction with hexane. Aflatoxins were extracted from the alcoholic phase with chloroform which was removed in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in benzene :hexane (1:1) and chromatographed on a partition column of Celite coated with an aqueous solution of calcium chloride to separate aflatoxins B 1 and M 1 . The eluted B 1 was passed through another partition column of Celite coated with methanol :water (1:1) for additional cleanup. Aflatoxin eluates were evaporated to dryness and residues were dissolved in chloroform and spotted on thin-layer chromatographic plates for fluorescence comparisons.
Ladder Dyson-Schwinger calculation of the anomalous γ − 3 π form factor

The anomalous processes $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}3\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ are investigated within the Dyson-Schwinger framework using the rainbow-ladder approximation. Calculations reveal that a complete set of ladder diagrams beyond the impulse approximation are necessary to reproduce the fundamental low-energy theorem for the anomalous form factor. Higher momentum calculations also agree with the limited form factor data and exhibit the same resonance behavior as the phenomenological vector meson dominance model.
Warfarin prophylaxis and venous thromboembolism in the first 5 days following hip and knee arthroplasty

Many orthopaedic surgeons use warfarin to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) following hip or knee arthroplasty. Since warfarin's antithrombotic effects are delayed, we hypothesized that early VTE (occurring within 5 days post-operatively) would be more common in arthroplasty patients receiving warfarin monotherapy compared to those receiving enoxaparin. We performed a secondary analysis of a case-control study examining risk factors for post-operative thrombosis in postmenopausal women. We defined cases as patients who were diagnosed with thrombosis within 5 days of surgery. Controls without thrombosis were matched with cases by age, surgeon, year of surgery and surgical joint. 84 women with early post-operative thrombosis (cases) were matched with 206 controls. 18 cases (21.4%) had been prescribed warfarin mono-therapy, compared with 7 controls (3.4%). 58 (69.1%) cases and 195 (94.7%) controls had been prescribed subcutaneous enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily, starting 12-24 hours after surgery. The odds ratio for any early thrombosis in patients receiving warfarin as opposed to enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily was 8.6 (p<0.0001). For proximal thrombosis, the odds ratio was 11.3 (p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis did not alter these findings. Warfarin's delayed antithrombotic effects may not provide adequate VTE prophylaxis in the immediate post-operative setting. We suggest caution in employing warfarin monotherapy following joint arthroplasty.
Determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides by densitometry on thin layer chromatograms.

Abstract A quantitative in situ t.l.c. method for the determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their salts in waters is described. The detection limit (1 ppb) is similar to that obtainable by gas chromatography, but no derivatization is needed. Silica gel G plates are pre-impregnated with a sensitized silver nitrate reagent, and the spots are scanned with a densitometer after u.v. irradiation. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the range 100–1000 ng for most of the herbicides studied. Preliminary cleanup methods are discussed.
Determination of the mid-IR optical constants of water and lubricants using IR ellipsometry combined with an ATR cell

Abstract The mid-IR bulk optical constants for the lubricants Fomblin, Demnum S200, 2001A and Krytox 16256N, as well as water, are determined by infrared ellipsometric analysis using an Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) cell. The water optical constants closely match those found in other studies. In addition, the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric functions for all the fluids are self-consistent under Kramers–Kronig transformation.
Terpenoid Variations within and among Half-Sibling Avocado Trees, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae)

Chemical analyses were conducted to determine the qualitative and quantitative differences in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in plant material from avocado trees, Persea americana Mill. (Lauraceae). The initial study analyzed plant material sampled from the trunk to the leaves through different branch diameters to quantify proximo-distal spatial differences within a tree. All trees were seedlings initiated from a single maternal tree. Two-way analysis of variance was conducted on 34 chemicals that comprised at least 3% of the total chemical content of at least one tree and/or location within a tree. There were significant interactions between genotype and location sampled for most chemicals. Parentage analysis using microsatellite molecular markers (SSR's) determined that the four trees had three fathers and that they represented two full-siblings and two half-sibling trees. Descriptive discriminant analysis found that both genotype and location within a tree could be separated based on chemical content, and that the chemical content from full-siblings tended to be more similar than chemical content from half-siblings. To further explore the relationship between genetic background and chemical content, samples were analyzed from leaf material from 20 trees that included two sets of full-sibling seedling trees, the maternal tree and the surviving paternal tree. Descriptive discriminant analysis found good separation between the two full-sibling groups, and that the separation was associated with chemistry of the parental trees. Six groups of chemicals were identified that explained the variation among the trees. We discuss the results in relation to the discrimination process used by wood-boring insects for site-selection on host trees, for tree selection among potential host trees, and the potential use of terpenoid chemical content in chemotaxonomy of avocado trees.
Application of duality theory to a class of composite cost control problems

Let a control system be described by a continuous linear map ℒ* from the input spaceU* (some dual Banach space) into the output spaceX* (some finite-dimensional normed space). Within the class of control problems where the constraints and cost are expressed in terms of the norms on the input and output spaces, the following two have had extensive coverage: (i)minimum effort problem: find, from amongst all inputs which have corresponding outputs lying in some closed sphere inX* centered on some desired outputx d *, an output of minimum norm; and (ii)minimum deviation problem: find, from amongst all inputs lying in some closed sphere inU*, an input having corresponding output at a minimum distance fromx d *. However, thecomposite cost problem, where we seek to minimizeF(∥u*∥, ∥x d * −x*∥) over elements satisfyingx* = ℒ*u* (F a certain kind of convex functional), has not received the same attention. This paper presents results for the composite cost problem paralleling known results for the minimum effort and deviation problems. It is hoped that a gap in the literature is thereby filled. We show that (a) a solution exists, (b) the solution can be characterized in terms of some closed hyperplaneH inX, and (c)H can be computed as being an element on which some concave functional over closed hyperplanes inX achieves its maximum. The treatment allows of infinite-dimensional output spaces. We make extensive use of recently developed duality theory.
Photoreactions of isorhodopsin at low temperatures.

— The photoreactions of isorhodopsin, a synthetic visual pigment containing 9-cis retinal, were studied between –45° and –75°C using flash photolysis. Light-induced absorbancy changes were observed which were indistinguishable from those caused by the photo-production of prelumirhodopsin from the natural visual pigment rhodopsin. It is concluded that isorhodopsin is converted to prelumirhodopsin although less efficiently than is the natural pigment. Thermally unstable intennediates of bleaching are also converted to pre-lumirhodop-sin by light, possibly by way of rhodopsin or isorhodopsin.
Chemical stimulation of discrete brain loci as a method of producing dyskinesia models in primates

Abstract The technique of chemical stimulation of the CNS was utilized in a study designed to develop models of dyskinesias in a primate. Four sites in the extrapyramidal motor system of squirrel monkeys were stimulated with carbachol, a cholinergic drug. This was achieved by intracranial injection of microgram amounts of the drug via chronically implanted cannulae. Injection of carbachol into the neostriatum, both caudate nucleus and putamen, produced a hyperkinetic choreiform syndrome. Tremor and chorea in the contralateral limbs and facial dyskinesia with sialorrhea were the most common results of this procedure. Carbachol stimulation of the medial globus pallidus produced an akinetic hyperextension syndrome characterized by an immobile extension of the contralateral limbs. The extended limbs had the appearance of being rigid. Brief bursts of tremor or chorea were rarely superimposed. Carbachol stimulation of the subthalamus produced a hyperactive state consisting of ceaseless ambulation, climbing, and circling. All of the above effects were reproducible and consistent for each cannula site, suggesting that specific dyskinesias can be elicited by cholinergic stimulation of discrete loci in the extrapyramidal system. Such information is critical to the understanding of the physiology of these structures.
Immunotherapeutic treatment of Condyloma acuminata

The preparation and administration of autogenous vaccine and the possible mechanism(s) of its action in the immunotherapeutic treatment of Condyloma acuminata are presented as an alternative means of treatment to or as an adjunct to conventional means of therapy.
Calcium-aluminate glass for use as n<1 hollow waveguides in the delivery of CO2 laser energy

Calcium-aluminate glass has been studied as a possible candidate for use as an n < 1 hollow waveguide material at CO2 laser wavelengths. We have measured the optical constants, n and k, for calcium-aluminate glasses containing differing amounts of SiO2. Glasses with the lowest silica content have the n < 1 region centered near 10.6 μm, and, therefore, these are the best glass compositions for fabrication into attenuated total reflectance-type hollow waveguides. Our calculations of the attenuation coefficient for a hollow glass waveguide give a loss less than 0.5 dB/m at 10.6 μm. Applications of this technology include the use of hollow calcium-aluminate glass waveguides for CO2 laser power delivery in surgery and industrial cutting and welding.
The Arabidopsis thaliana lysophospholipid acyltransferase At1g78690p acylates a variety of lysophospholipids including bis (monoacylglycero)phosphate

When the lysoglycerophospholipid (GPL) acyltransferase At1g78690 from Arabidopsis thaliana is over-expressed in Escherichiacoli a headgroup acylated GPL, acyl phosphatidylglycerol (PG), accumulates despite that in vitro this enzyme catalyzes the transfer of an acyl chain from acyl-CoA to the sn-2 position of 1-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) or 1-acyl PG to form the sn-1, sn-2, di acyl PE and PG respectively; it does not acylate PG to form acyl PG. To begin to understand why the overexpression of a lyso GPL acyltransferase leads to the accumulation of a headgroup acylated GPL in E. coli we investigated the headgroup specificity of At1g78690. Using membranes prepared from E. coli overexpressing At1g78690, we assessed the ability of At1g78690 to catalyze the transfer of acyl chains from acyl-coenzyme A to a variety of lyso GPL acyl acceptors including lyso-phosphatidic acid (PA), -phosphatidylcholine (PC), -phosphatidylserine (PC), -phosphatidylinositol (PI) and three stereoisoforms of bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). The predicted products were formed when lyso PI and lyso PC were used as the acyl acceptor but not with lyso PC or lyso PA. In addition, At1g78690 robustly acylates two BMP isoforms with sn-2 and/or sn-2' hydroxyls in the R-stereoconfiguration, but not the BMP isoform with the sn-2 and sn-2' hydroxyls in the S-stereoconfiguration. This strongly suggests that At1g78690 is stereoselective for hydroxyls with R-stereochemistry. In addition, this robust acylation of BMPs by At1g78690, which yields acyl PG like molecules, may explain the mechanism by which At1g78690 so strikingly alters the lipid composition of E. coli.
Influence of x-irradiation on oxygen poisoning in mice.

SummaryThe survival time of mice in 6 atmospheres of oxygen was about 40 minutes. The average survival times were prolonged 12, 22, 34, and 146 minutes, respectively, when the mice were irradiated (8800 r) 30, 48, 72 and 84 hours previously. Anorexia may have contributed to the observed protection.
Coxsackievirus replication and the cell cycle: a potential regulatory mechanism for viral persistence/latency

Coxsackieviruses (CV) are characterized by their ability to cause cytopathic effects in tissue culture and by their capacity to initiate acute disease by inducing apoptosis within targeted organs in vivo. These viruses are considered highly cytolytic, but can establish persistence/latency in susceptible cells, indicating that a regulatory mechanism may exist to shut off viral protein synthesis and replication under certain situations. The persistence of coxsackieviral RNA is of particular medical interest due to its association with chronic human diseases such as dilated cardiomyopathy and chronic inflammatory myopathy. Here, we discuss the potential mechanisms regulating coxsackievirus replication, and the ability of viral RNA to remain in an apparent latent state within quiescent cells.
From neurite to nerve terminal: induction of presynaptic differentiation by target-derived signals

Abstract The developing neuromuscular junction provides a simple system for understanding the cellular and molecular events that transform a growth cone into a nerve terminal. Molecules on the surface and within the extracellular matrix of the skeletal muscle cell provide cues for presynaptic differentiation which culminates in the development of presynaptic specializations. Growth factors bound to the heparan-sulfate proteoglycan on the muscle surface have been implicated as signals for the induction of these specializations. Upon reaching the target, the nerve may secrete a molecule to cause the local release of these factors, which then activate receptor tyrosine kinases on the neuronal membrane. This process may lead to the assembly of a cytoskeletal specialization to effect the clustering of synaptic vesicles and the organization of the presynaptic membrane.
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE FETAL OVARY.

Steroid biosynthesis in bovine fetal ovarian tissue was studied in vitro. Finely minced fetal ovaries (2.5 g) from animals more than 1 month before term were incubated with androstenedione-4-14C and progesterone-4-14C in separate flasks. The incubations were carried out for 4 hr at 37 C in phosphate buffer containing nicotmamide at pH 7.2. With progesterone as substrate, ATP, DPN, TPN and TPNH were added. When androstenedione was substrate, ATP and TPNH were added. Incubation with progesterone (29 μg) yielded several products. Five of these compounds were isolated and structure proof was effected using the carrier-dilution technique. These compounds and percentage conversions were: 17α,20α-dihydroxy- Δ4-pregnene-3-one (10.7 %), 17α-hydroxy- Δ4-pregnene-3-one (4.3 %), 16α-hydroxy- Δ4-pregnene-3-one (1.5%), testosterone (0.25%) and androstenedione (1.9%). A sixth compound has been tentatively identified as 20α-hydroxy- Δ4- pregnene-3-one (14.5%). After incubation with androstenedione (256 μg), testosterone ...
Effect of intermediate heat treatment on microstructure and texture evolution of continuous cast Al-Mn-Mg alloy sheet

The microstructure and crystallographic texture evolution of continuous-cast, hot-rolled Al-Mn-Mg alloy sheet during cold rolling and subsequent annealing was investigated. All specimens cut from the as-received sheet were cold rolled and subsequently annealed, with some of these specimens receiving an intermediate heat treatment (IHT) prior to cold rolling. It was found that the degree of deformation and temperature of the annealing had a significant effect on the final grain size and texture of the sheet specimens, respectively. Furthermore, the IHT altered the development of the microstructure and texture of the final sheet specimens when compared to similarly produced specimens without it. For the sheet specimens without the IHT, a severely elongated grain structure was found in which the texture was dominated by a strong P orientation {011} , despite the fact that the specimen was completely recrystallized. In contrast, specimens receiving the same cold rolling and annealing conditions but with the IHT had an equiaxed grain structure with a sharp Cube orientation {001} . Counterbalancing the deformation textures from rolling with a sharp Cube orientation from annealing may lead to reduced earing behavior of CC Al-Mn-Mg alloy sheet products during deep drawing applications.
First Report of QoI-Resistant Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) of Grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Vidal Blanc) in Kentucky

Fungicides in the quinone outside inhibitor class (QoI, also referred to as strobilurins, FRAC group 11) are relied upon for management of a wide range of diseases, including anthracnose, black rot, downy mildew, and powdery mildew on grape. In June 2012, a grape grower from Anderson County in central Kentucky reported a planting of grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Vidal Blanc) with 90% downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) incidence that would not respond to applications of the QoI fungicide Abound 2.08F (22.9% azoxystrobin, Syngenta Crop) or the QoI-containing fungicide Pristine (12.8% pyraclostrobin + 25.2% boscalid, BASF Corporation). Symptoms included yellow irregular lesions or brownish red angular lesions with necrosis on upper sides of leaves. Undersides of leaves contained dense white sporulation. The grower confirmed usage of 4 to 5 applications each of Abound and Pristine fungicides between 2011 and 2012, which exceeded the maximum number of applications allowed per season, as expressed on individua...
Neighborhood effects on working mothers' child care arrangements

Abstract The implementation of stricter work requirements for low-income mothers following passage of the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act has elevated the importance of developing quality child care options for working families. Prior research indicates that the type of child care used not only is associated with maternal labor force participation, but also affects children's later cognitive outcomes. This study used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study to examine whether neighborhood factors were related to the types of child care selected by employed mothers of three-year old children in the post-welfare reform era. Multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that working mothers in neighborhoods with higher poverty rates were more likely to rely on relative care and family day care than on center care, and mothers in neighborhoods with higher immigrant rates were more likely to rely on family day care than center care. The findings are useful in informing social policies and interventions related to early child care education and child care provision for low-income families, particularly with respect to considering neighborhood factors in targeting parent education and child care development strategies.
A controlled-release strategy for the generation of cross-linked hydrogel microstructures.

Microscale hydrogels of controlled sizes and shapes are useful for cell-based screening, in vitro diagnostics, tissue engineering, and drug delivery. However, the rapid cross-linking of many chemically and pH cross-linkable hydrogel materials prevents the application of existing micromolding techniques. In this work we present a method for fabricating micromolded calcium alginate and chitosan structures through controlled release of the gelling agent from a hydrogel mold. Replica molding was employed to generate patterned membranes, whereas microtransfer molding was used to produce microparticles of controlled shapes. To explore the viability of this technique for producing complex tissue engineering micro-architectures, this approach was used to generate cell-laden size- and shape-controlled 3D microgels as well as composite hydrogels with well-defined spatially segregated regions. In addition, shape-controlled microstructures that can exhibit differential release properties were loaded with macromolecul...
Variability in Mammography Use Among Older Women

OBJECTIVE: To determine rates of and explore factors associated with mammography use among older women. DESIGN: Retrospective review of part B (physician) bills submitted to Medicare during 1990. SETTING: Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) data, including sociodemographic information and part B physician bills for all services delivered to Medicare-eligible women in 1990. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Women age 65 or older as of January 1, 1990, residing in one of 10 states with part B coverage through December 31, 1990. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The outcome was receipt of a mammogram (yes/no). We explored factors associated with mammography use within three age groups: 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 +. The factors considered were race, state, median income of ZIP Code of residence (from the 1990 US Census, and used to divide the population into quintiles within each state), and number of primary care visits (0, 1, 2, and 3+). Overall, 15% of women had a mammogram: 20% of women age 65 to 74, 12% of women age 75 to 84, and 4% of women age 85 and older. Mammography use was lowest in Oklahoma and highest in Washington. However, in each state the older the age category, the less the mammography use (e.g., 9% vs 5% vs 2% in Oklahoma and 25% vs 16% vs 5% in Washington for women 65–74, 75–84, and 85+, respectively). Mammography use was lower for black than for white women age 65 to 74 (14% vs 21%, P < .001) and 75 to 84 (9% vs 12%, P < .001). Women in each of these two age groups had lower mammography use if they resided in the lowest income quintile and highest if they resided in the highest income quintile (17% vs 23% 65–74, and 10% vs 13% 75–84, P values < .001). Among the oldest women (those 85+), mammography use was low (4%) and varied minimally by race and income (P = .907 and .003, respectively). In all age groups, mammography use was lowest among women who did not have a primary care visit, was greater among women who had at least one visit, and continued to rise with increasing numbers of visits (all P values < .001). For example, among women age 75 to 84, mammography use increased from 5% to 10%, 14%, and 17% for those with 0, 1, 2, and 3+ visits. CONCLUSIONS: We found that mammography use was less for women who were older, of black race, who did not visit a primary care provider, and who lived in areas with lower median income and certain geographic locations (states). Similar factors influenced mammography use in women age 65 to 74, where there is greater consensus as to who should receive a mammogram, and women age 75 to 84, where there is neither consensus nor data. Surprisingly, neither race nor income had much influence on mammography use among women age 85 or older. J Am Geriatr Soc 44:922–926, 1996.
Nutritional, Sensory, and Physicochemical Properties of Vitamin E‐ and Mineral‐fortified Fresh‐cut Apples by Use of Vacuum Impregnation

This study evaluated fresh-cut apples (Fuji) fortified with vitamin E and minerals by use of the vacuum impregnation (VI) technique. A 20% diluted high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or 1% calcium caseinate (CC) aqueous solution were used as VI solutions, and 0.4% a-tocopherol acetate, 7.5% Gluconal Cal° (GC), and 0.04% zinc lactate (ZL) were incorporated into the VI solutions for the purpose of nutritional fortification. For VI treatment, fresh-cut apples were immersed in VI solutions subjected to vacuum at 100 mm Hg for 15 min following atmospheric restoration for 30 min. Apples were packed in the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) hinged clear containers and stored at 2 °C and 88% RH up to 3 wk. Nutritional contents, consumer sensory acceptability, microbial population, color, and firmness of the apples were evaluated during cold storage. In 100 g of fresh-cut apples, vitamin E content increased more than 100 times, and calcium and zinc contents increased about 20 times compared with unfortified apples. Consumer sensory study demonstrated that HFCS-treated apples were highly accepted by consumers in respect to overall liking, color, and texture quality. Bacterial growth was concurrently detected in all apples, but the total plate accounts were under 2.6 log colony-forming units (CFU)/ g apple at the end of 7 d of storage, significantly lower than the industrial standard. Instrumental analysis indicated that VI treatment in both HFCS and CC solutions significantly decreased color change and retained the firmness of fresh-cut apples during 3 wk of cold storage.
Development and evaluation of an Eulerian photochemical gas-aerosol model

Abstract A three-dimensional Eulerian model that simulates the concentrations of gaseous pollutants and the size-composition distribution of multicomponent atmospheric aerosols has been developed and used to study the evolution of the aerosol-size distribution and composition in the South Coast Air Basin of California. The predictions of the model are compared with ambient measurements of sulfate, nitrate, sodium, chloride and ammonium aerosol.
Manner of emplacement of pyroclastic andesitic breccias

Heterolithologic, unsorted, non-vesicular, andesitic pyroclastic volcanic breccias have been emplaced by (1) vulcanian or phreatic explosive eruptions, by (2) underground brecciation and subsequent breccia flows, and (3) as massive lahars.
RESEARCH MODELLING IMPLICATIONS OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS IN FAMILY MANAGEMENT

The development of family management as a field of study has offered, to date, a number of conceptual frameworks which attempt to explain family behaviour with respect to management activities. Historically, the application of these conceptual frameworks has proceeded without orderly empirical testing. This paper attempts to provide guidelines for the empirical testing of these conceptual frameworks by developing a general research model and suggesting empirical testing procedures. The research issues of the unit of analysis, data availability, variable measurement, simultaneity and functional form are discussed. Suggestions for the future direction and the focus of family management research include the development and testing of measurement instruments for the components of the management process and the empirical testing of a general research model which represents the conceptual frameworks in family management.
Chronic sprains of the carpometacarpal joints

The relatively rigid second and third carpometacarpal joints provide stability for the cantilevered metacarpals of the index and middle fingers, about which the thumb and ulnar metacarpals move, providing spatial adaptation for grasping objects. Although seldom recognized, sprains of the carpometacarpal joints as part of a range of injury which includes subluxations, dislocations, and fractures are apparently common. The entity known as carpe bossu also may be related. The second and third carpometacarpal joints are more susceptible to injury in palmar flexion than in dorsiflexion. The sprain may be acute or chronic. Severe swelling over the carpometacarpal area, with tenderness and weakness without significant roentgenographic findings, is suggestive of the acute sprain, which generally responds to immobilization. The chronic sprain is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Point tenderness of one or more carpometacarpal joints, a palpable laxity, and crepitus with manipulation are seen as physical findings, in decreasing order of frequency. Lidocaine, 0.5 ml, injected directly into the joint offers dramatic relief. If conservative measures are insufficient, arthrodesis of the joint is relatively simple, symptomatically reliable, and functionally uncompromising, especially of the second and third rays.
A mathematical model of spontaneous calcium(II) oscillations in astrocytes.

Astrocytes exhibit oscillations and waves of Ca 2+ ions within their cytosol and it appears that this behavior helps facilitate the astrocyte's interaction with its environment, including its neighboring neurons. Often changes in the oscillatory behavior are initiated by an external stimulus such as glutamate, recently however, it has been observed that oscillations are also initiated spontaneously. We propose here a mathematical model of how spontaneous Ca 2+ oscillations arise in astrocytes. This model uses the calcium-induced calcium release and inositol cross-coupling mechanisms coupled with a receptor-independent method for producing inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate as the heart of the model. By computationally mimicking experimental constraints we have found that this model provides results that are qualitatively similar to experiment.
What is Sustainability

The goal of this paper is to provide a definition of the concept of sustainability with the level of rigor and clarity of neoclassical theory, based on two axioms that ensure equal treatment of the present and the future introduced by the author. We discuss applications to markets, business strategy and public policy. The approach is anchored on the concept of satisfying the basic needs of the present and the future, defined in the author's work; it is compared with other important contributions to the theory and practice of sustainability.
Prospects for the observation of a Higgs boson with H→τ+τ−→l+l−p̸t associated with one high-PT jet at the LHC

Abstract We investigate the sensitivity of the LHC experiments to the Standard Model Higgs using H → τ τ → l + l − p t associated with one high- P T jet in the mass range 110 M H 150 GeV / c 2 . Cut and Neural Network based event selections are chosen to optimize the expected signal significance with this decay mode. A signal significance of about 6.2 σ can be achieved for M H = 120 GeV / c 2 with 30 fb −1 of integrated luminosity for one experiment only. Additionally, experimental issues related to tagging forward jets, reconstructing missing transverse momentum and the application of a central jet veto are simplified considerably.
Rational Design and Semisynthesis of Betulinic Acid Analogues as Potent Topoisomerase Inhibitors

Chemical transformation studies were conducted on betulinic acid (1), a common plant-derived lupane-type triterpene. Eleven new rationally designed derivatives of 1 (2−5 and 7−13) were synthesized based on docking studies and tested for their topoisomerase I and IIα inhibitory activity. Semisynthetic reactions targeted C-3, C-20, and C-28 in 1. Structures of the new compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR and MS). Compound 9, 3-O-[N-(phenylsulfonyl)carbamoyl-17β-N-(phenylsulfonyl)amide]betulinic acid, showed 1.5-fold the activity of CPT in a topoisomerase I DNA relaxation assay. Four out of 14 betulinic acid analogues (5, 9, 11, and 12) showed 1.5-fold the activity of etoposide in a topoisomerase II assay. The new analogues exhibited better cytotoxic activities against the human colon cancer cells SW948 and HCT-116 and the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 compared to the parent (1). Betulinic acid (1) is a potential scaffold for the design of new topoisomerase I and IIα inhibitors.
Master's level pastoral counseling training: Skills and competencies

Directors of master's level pastoral counseling training programs were surveyed to determine their perceptions about the skills and competencies in which their students receive training. The data were analyzed as a whole, according to several subsets, and in comparison to similar survey data for master's level counseling psychology programs. A discussion of the findings is included.
Experimental fetal alcohol syndrome: Proposed pathogenic basis for a variety of associated facial and brain anomalies

Acute teratogenic exposure of C57Bl/6J mouse embryos to ethanol in vivo results, within 12 hours of initial insult, in excessive cell death in selected cell populations. The patterns of excessive cell death observed following exposure of gestational day 8 embryos (late presomite—approximately 5 somite pair stages) vary somewhat temporospatially, but primarily involve the cell populations at the rim of the anterior neural plate. The cell death patterns appear to be pathogenically correlated with subsequently observed malformations including exencephaly (anencephaly), arhinencephaly, pituitary dysplasia, bilateral or unilateral cleft lip, maxillary hypoplasia, and median facial deficiencies and clefts. The association of these brain and facial malformations in this model, and perhaps in humans, may be accounted for by early insult to the selected cell populations identified in the current investigation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Matrix cracking in laminated composites: A review

Abstract This article presents an overview of the problem of matrix cracking in laminated composite materials. The parameters governing the onset and accumulation of internal damage under several types of loadings are reviewed. The analysis of laminates with matrix cracks can be performed using a shear-lag model, variational, elasticity, finite element or finite difference approaches. Prediction of further cracking is based on either a fracture mechanics approach or a probabilistic failure strength theory. Continuum damage mechanics are used by some investigators to model the behavior of the cracked laminate. Recent developments in this area are summarized here, and suggestions for future research are presented.
Effect of age on endogenous DNA single-strand breakage, strand break induction and repair in the adult housefly, Musca domestica

Abstract It has been suggested that genomic alterations involving DNA damage and the ability to repair such damage play an important role in cellular sensecence. In this study, endogenous DNA single-strand breaks, the susceptibility of DNA to induced strand breakage and the capacity to repair these breaks were compared in postmitotic cells from young (3-day-old) and old (23-day-old) houseflies. DNA single-strand breaks did not accumulate during normal aging in the housefly. However, cells of the old flies exhibited a greater sensitivity to single-strand breakage induced by γ-radiation and UV light. The capacity to repair these exogenously induced single-strand breaks declined with age. Results fo not support the view that DNA single-strand breaks are casual factor in aging in the housefly. An age-related increase in the susceptibility to undergo single-strand breakage suggests alterations in chromatin during the aging process.
The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers

For years, scholars have claimed that suicide terrorists are not suicidal, but rather psychologically normal individuals inspired to sacrifice their lives for an ideological cause, due to a range of social and situational factors. I agree that suicide terrorists are shaped by their contexts, as we all are. However, I argue that these scholars went too far. In The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers, Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-Destructive Killers, I take the opposing view, based on my in-depth analyses of suicide attackers from Asia, Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and North America; attackers who were male, female, young, old, Islamic, and Christian; attackers who carried out the most deadly and the least deadly strikes. I present evidence that in terms of their behavior and psychology, suicide terrorists are much like others who commit conventional suicides, murder-suicides, or unconventional suicides where mental health problems, personal crises, coercion, fear of an approaching enemy, or hidden self-destructive urges play a major role. I also identify critical differences between suicide terrorists and those who have genuinely sacrificed their lives for a greater good. By better understanding suicide terrorists, experts in the behavioral and brain sciences may be able to pioneer exciting new breakthroughs in security countermeasures and suicide prevention. And even more ambitiously, by examining these profound extremes of the human condition, perhaps we can more accurately grasp the power of the human survival instinct among those who are actually psychologically healthy.
AB Initio CI Investigation of Hydrogen Atom Adsorption on Li Clusters: Embedded Cluster Model.

Abstract The chemisorption of H on clusters representing the (100) surface of Li bcc lattice has been studied with ab initio SCF and CI methods and an embedding theory based on orbital localization (Whitten and Pakkanen, Phys. Rev. B21 (1980) 4357). The results suggest that a convergence of the properties for adsorption on cluster models is almost reached when all metal atoms involved in the adsorption are surrounded by their neighbors.
Stock synthesis: A biological and statistical framework for fish stock assessment and fishery management

Stock synthesis (SS) is a statistical age-structured population modeling framework that has been applied in a wide variety of fish assessments globally. The framework is highly scalable from data-weak situations where it operates as an age-structured production model, to complex situations where it can flexibly incorporate multiple data sources and account for biological and environmental processes. SS implements compensatory population dynamics through use of a function relating mean recruitment to spawner reproductive output. This function enhances the ability of SS to operate in data-weak situations and enables it to estimate fishery management quantities such as fishing rates that would provide for maximum sustainable yield and to employ these rates in forecasts of potential yield and future stock status. Complex model configurations such as multiple areas and multiple growth morphs are possible, tag-recapture data can be used to aid estimation of movement rates among areas, and most parameters can change over time in response to environmental and ecosystem factors. SS is coded using Auto-Differentiation Model Builder, so inherits its powerful capability to efficiently estimate hundreds of parameters using either maximum likelihood or Bayesian inference. Output processing, principally through a package developed in R, enables rapid model diagnosis. Details of the underlying population dynamics and the statistical framework used within SS are provided.