cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Refractive index and surface layers of ceramic (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O 3 compounds

Refractive indexes of the (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O(3) system are determined by minimum deviation for eight ceramic compounds over the 400-750-nm wavelength range and for two compounds over the 25-150 degrees C temperature range. The index of one compound (10/65/35) is reported to 2600 nm. Ellipsometric measurements show the presence of a low-index surface layer on these ceramics. Such layers, whose origin is not determined, have influenced previous index measurements based on reflection techniques.
Revealing unsteady flow structure from flow visualization images

Flow visualization images of unsteady high Reynolds number flows contain a wealth of information about the flows from which they are obtained. Unfortunately, the primary structure in the flow is often obscured by smaller structures. In addition, periodic and quasi-periodic flows often require large data sets to fully characterize them. In this article, the application of the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) to flow visualization images of a turbulent swirling jet and in the near wake behind a bluff body is considered. The results show the ability of POD to isolate the larger, more important structure. In the quasi-periodic wake flow, the results of applying POD may be used further to recreate the typical dynamic behavior of the flow. Furthermore, the modal description of the flow obtained through POD analysis provides unique insight into the unsteady flow structure and its relative importance to the flow. As a result, POD enables the extraction of information from flow visualization imagery well beyond that possible from simple inspection.
Helicobacter pylori infection: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most commonly encountered human pathogens. It has been shown to be closely associated with peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastric adenocarcinoma, and the gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that may lead to gastric lymphoma. The current diagnostic methods include histology, microbiological culture, classic serology, urease activity detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and stool antigen detection. Its treatment modality options are multiple; however, a triple regimen consisting of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI), and two antibiotics for 10 to 14 days is preferred. Drug resistance is a growing problem in this organism and new therapeutic options are currently limited.
A high sensitivity 3D experiment for measuring Cα–Hα residual dipolar coupling constants

Abstract A new sensitivity improved approach is presented to measure the C α –H α scalar and dipolar coupling constants in 13 C/ 15 N-labeled proteins using a HA(CA)CONH scheme. The proposed experiment has significantly higher sensitivity than the previously published (HA)CA(CO)NH sequence, and provides accurate and straightforward measurements of the scalar and residual dipolar coupling constants. The sequence is easy to implement, and has been demonstrated on the C-terminal domain of the human Ku-80 protein (152 amino acid residues). On average, sensitivity is improved by 40% for both isotropic and anisotropic samples. The sensitivity enhancement is more pronounced for structured regions than unstructured regions, with an average of 50–60% enhancement being observed in the well-structured regions of the protein.
The Determinants of Mock Jurors' Verdicts in a Rape Case1

The determinants of verdicts in a rape case were examined. Pretrial attitudes (rape empathy, juror bias, belief in a just world, and authoritarianism) were measured to ascertain both the intercorrelations among the attitudes and their predictive value of verdicts. The eye contact (staring, avoiding, or random) of the alleged rape victim with the defendant was also examined. Results showed that rape empathy was predictive of verdict. The eye contact of the alleged victim with the defendant also affected verdicts of female mock jurors. Specifically, when eye contact was avoided, more guilty verdicts were rendered. Furthermore, interpretation of eye contact was found to be a function of mock jurors' reported rape empathy. Specifically, subjects who reported empathy with the victim tended to interpret the victim's behavior as consistent with being raped. Finally, differences were found between high and low empathizers for the rape victim in what aspects of the trial were important to mock jurors' decisions.
Three recent case series of novel H1N1 influenza and their contribution to our understanding of the H1N1 infection in pregnancy.

The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century is now well upon us and several articles published in prominent journals in the past three months provide us with some information about the characteristics of H1N1 infection in the pregnant population. Although data from previous pandemics have significant limitations, it has repeatedly been shown that pregnant women are particularly prone to severe cases of influenza.1,2 The following three reports appear to confirm this pregnancy-associated increase in influenza virulence and suggest the wisdom of early antiviral treatment for pregnant women with influenza-like illness. A summary of their findings can be found in Table 1.
Assembly of type IV neuronal intermediate filaments in nonneuronal cells in the absence of preexisting cytoplasmic intermediate filaments

We report here on the in vivo assembly of alpha-internexin, a type IV neuronal intermediate filament protein, in transfected cultured cells, comparing its assembly properties with those of the neurofilament triplet proteins (NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H). Like the neurofilament triplet proteins, alpha-internexin coassembles with vimentin into filaments. To study the assembly characteristics of these proteins in the absence of a preexisting filament network, transient transfection experiments were performed with a non-neuronal cell line lacking cytoplasmic intermediate filaments. The results showed that only alpha-internexin was able to self-assemble into extensive filamentous networks. In contrast, the neurofilament triplet proteins were incapable of homopolymeric assembly into filamentous arrays in vivo. NF-L coassembled with either NF-M or NF-H into filamentous structures in the transfected cells, but NF-M could not form filaments with NF-H. alpha-internexin could coassemble with each of the neurofilament triplet proteins in the transfected cells to form filaments. When all but 2 and 10 amino acid residues were removed from the tail domains of NF-L and NF-M, respectively, the resulting NF-L and NF-M deletion mutants retained the ability to coassemble with alpha-internexin into filamentous networks. These mutants were also capable of forming filaments with other wild-type neurofilament triplet protein subunits. These results suggest that the tail domains of NF-L and NF-M are dispensable for normal coassembly of each of these proteins with other type IV intermediate filament proteins to form filaments.
The Politics of Speed: Connolly, Wolin, and the Prospects for Democratic Citizenship in an Accelerated Polity

Is there a speed limit for democracy? Do the system imperatives of late-modern economic polities necessitate a shrinking of democratic oversight and control? Are the accelerated life-experiences of citizens in late modernity fundamentally hostile to the formation of civic identities, deliberative skills, and democratic habits? In this paper I examine recent work in democratic theory on social acceleration in order to address these questions. I argue that liberal theorists such as William Scheuerman focus excessively on institutional adjustments to the democratic polity rather than on ways in which democratic participation can be nurtured in an attempt to surmount the challenges of social acceleration. At the same time, radical pluralists such as William Connolly come close to romanticizing the effects of speed while ignoring its ill consequences for democracy (and for pluralism). I end the paper with an examination of the work of Sheldon Wolin, whose understanding of democracy has led him to formulate the idea of a “multiple civic self” that is nurtured through slow-time political practices. Wolin's theory of the multiple civic self, I argue, offers us the best way to think about the challenges for democracy represented by social acceleration, especially in conversation with Connolly's emphasis on “bicameral” citizenship and Bonnie Honig's treatment of the “Slow Food” movement.
The effect of increasing levels of fish oil-containing structured triglycerides on protein metabolism in parenterally fed rats stressed by burn plus endotoxin.

This report investigates the effect of various levels of medium-chain/fish oil structured triglycerides on protein and energy metabolism in hypermetabolic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (192 to 226 g) were continuously infused with isovolemic diets that provided 200 kcal/kg per day and 2 g of amino acid nitrogen per kilogram per day. The percentage of nonnitrogen calories as structured triglyceride was varied: no fat, 5%, 15%, or 30%. A 30% long-chain triglyceride diet was also provided as a control to compare the protein-sparing abilities of these two types of fat. Nitrogen excretion, plasma albumin, plasma triglycerides, and whole-body and liver and muscle protein kinetics were determined after 3 days of feeding. Whole-body protein breakdown, flux, and oxidation were similar in all groups. The 15% structured triglyceride diet maximized whole-body protein synthesis (p < .05). Liver fractional synthetic rate was significantly greater in animals receiving 5% of nonprotein calories as structured triglycerid...
The interview mode effect on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale: an item response theory analysis.

BackgroundEvidence of a mode effect has raised concerns about the comparability and validity of self- versus interviewer-administered versions of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Response anonymity has been proposed to explain this effect. However, the factors that co
Percolation View of Novolak Dissolution. 5. The Dissolution of Exposed Resist Films

Dissolution inhibition produced by diazonaphthoquinones in novolak and in other phenolic resins is based on the formation of phenolic clusters. The principal result of the exposure of novolak−diazoquinone resist films to light is the dispersal of these clusters. It occurs through the thermal effect of the Wolff rearrangement that follows the photolysis of diazonaphthoquinone. Indenecarboxylic acid, which is the final product of irradiation, is converted to indenecarboxylate ion in the penetration zone of the dissolving films, where it adds to the concentration of hydrophilic percolation sites. This causes the dissolution rate of exposed resist films to be accelerated above that of pure novolak.
On the question of hysteresis in Hall magnetohydrodynamic reconnection

Controversy has been raised regarding the cause of hysteresis, or bistability, of solutions to the equations that govern the geometry of the reconnection region in Hall magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) systems. This brief communication presents a comparison of the frameworks within which this controversy has arisen and illustrates that the Hall MHD hysteresis originally discovered numerically by Cassak et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 235002 (2005)] is a different phenomenon from that recently reported by Zocco et al. [Phys. Plasmas 16, 110703 (2009)] on the basis of analysis and simulations in electron MHD with finite electron inertia. We demonstrate that the analytic prediction of hysteresis in EMHD does not describe or explain the hysteresis originally reported in Hall MHD, which is shown to persist even in the absence of electron inertia.
The endoplasmic reticulum exerts control over organelle streaming during cell expansion

Cytoplasmic streaming is crucial for cell homeostasis and expansion but the precise driving forces are largely unknown. In plants, partial loss of cytoplasmic streaming due to chemical and genetic ablation of myosins supports the existence of yet-unknown motors for organelle movement. Here we tested a role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as propelling force for cytoplasmic streaming during cell expansion. Through quantitative live-cell analyses in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana cells and mutants with compromised ER structure and streaming, we demonstrate that cytoplasmic streaming undergoes profound changes during cell expansion and that it depends on motor forces co-exerted by the ER and the cytoskeleton.
Activation of the renal renin–angiotensin system in diabetes—new concepts

The incidence of diabetes mellitus, obesity and the metabolic syndrome is rapidly rising to epidemic levels worldwide. Hyperglycemia, the metabolic hallmark of the pathology, is a significant causative factor for the complications of diabetes mellitus which result in significant morbidity and mortality for millions. Hyperglycemia is clearly associated with microvascular complications in many organs including the kidney, and diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in developed countries [1,2]. In addition, diabetes may lead to other vascular complications, including systemic hypertension [1,2]. Recent advances on the cellular and kidney-specific effects of hyperglycemia place activation of the local, intrarenal renin–angiotensin system (RAS) as a strong candidate for the core abnormality that leads to renal tissue injury [1–3]. The nature of RAS activation in diabetes is, however, controversial [3]. It has been difficult to isolate the acute and direct actions of hyperglycemia per se from the many other systemic factors and intra-renal, macula densa-mediated feedback mechanisms that can indirectly activate the intrarenal RAS. Therefore, the primary cause and exact mechanism of RAS activation in early diabetes have been unknown. The prevailing paradigm, the ‘tubular hypothesis of glomerular filtration’ [4], argues that the two hallmarks of early changes, glomerular hyperfiltration and renin activation, originate from the primary effects of glucose on proximal tubule salt reabsorption that secondarily activate macula densa-mediated feedback mechanisms. However, the development of diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration was intact, or even augmented, in mice that lacked tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), demonstrating that the TGF mechanism could not be the major cause of the development of hyperfiltration [5,6].
Does Mathematics Need New Axioms

(1999). Does Mathematics Need New Axioms? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 99-111.
Light’s bending angle in the equatorial plane of a Kerr black hole

We present here a detailed derivation of an explicit spin-dependent expression for the bending angle of light as it traverses in the equatorial plane of a spinning black hole. We show that the deflection produced in the presence of the black hole angular momentum explicitly depends on whether the motion of the light ray is in the direction, or opposite to the spin. Compared to the zero-spin Schwarzschild case, the bending angle is greater for direct orbits, and smaller for retrograde orbits, confirming our physical intuition about the loss of left-right symmetry from a lensing perspective. In addition, we show that for higher spins, the effect is more pronounced resulting in tighter winding of direct orbits with respect to the axis of rotation, and a higher degree of unwinding of retrograde orbits. A direct consequence of this effect is a shift in image positions in strong gravitational lensing.
Morality Policy and Individual‐Level Political Behavior; The Case of Legislative Voting on Lesbian and Gay Issues

Researchers using the morality politics framework have focused on aggregate-level analysis, largely ignoring the behavior of individuals within political inrtitutions. My research fills this gap by euunining legislative voting behavior on lesbian and gay issues in the U. S. House of Representatives. The theory of morality politics is used to extract a number of hypotheses concerning legislative voting behavior. The morality politics framework suggests that legislative voting on lesbian and gay issues will be driven by partisanship, ideology, religious beliefs, constituency opinion, and perhaps interest groups. The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrate that while the morality politics model does a good job of explaining legislative voting behavior, some revisions may be in order. Based on my findings I argue that actually there may be two forms of morality politics, each of which is dependent on how the issue is framed. The dominant issue frame, moreover. may impact the ability of opposing interest groups to influence decisionmakers in the policy process. How does individual-level political behavior change when basic issues of morality are under consideration within political institutions? Morality policy
Emergence of HIV-1 drug resistance during antiretroviral treatment.

Treating HIV-infected patients with a combination of several antiretroviral drugs usually contributes to a substantial decline in viral load and an increase in CD4 + T cells. However, continuing viral replication in the presence of drug therapy can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant virus variants, which subsequently results in incomplete viral suppression and a greater risk of disease progression. In this paper, we use a simple mathematical model to study the mechanism of the emergence of drug resistance during therapy. The model includes two viral strains: wild-type and drug-resistant. The wild-type strain can mutate and become drug-resistant during the process of reverse transcription. The reproductive ratio R0 for each strain is obtained and stability results of the steady states are given. We show that drug-resistant virus is more likely to arise when, in the presence of antiretroviral treatment, the reproductive ratios of both strains are close. The wild-type virus can be suppressed even when the reproductive ratio of this strain is greater than 1. A pharmacokinetic model including blood and cell compartments is employed to estimate the drug efficacies of both the wild-type and the drug-resistant strains. We inves- tigate how time-varying drug efficacy (due to the drug dosing schedule and suboptimal adherence) affects the antiviral response, particularly the emergence of drug resistance. Simulation results suggest that perfect adherence to regimen protocol will well suppress the viral load of the wild-type strain while drug-resistant variants develop slowly. How- ever, intermediate levels of adherence may result in the dominance of the drug-resistant virus several months after the initiation of therapy. When more doses of drugs are missed, the failure of suppression of the wild-type virus will be observed, accompanied by a rela- tively slow increase in the drug-resistant viral load.
Dental students' attitudes toward treating diverse patients: effects of a cross-cultural patient-instructor program.

This article describes the effects of a cross-cultural patient-instructor (PI) program on dental students’ attitudes toward diversity. PIs were individuals from the community trained to portray specific simulated patients who presented cross-cultural challenges to students. Dental students interviewed PIs during two rotations, one in their junior and one in their senior year. Using a retrospective pretest-posttest design, after completing each rotation, students reported their likelihood of engaging in certain desirable diversity thoughts and actions before versus after each PI rotation. Seventy-three students completed the first cross-cultural rotation, and eighty-two students completed the second. Each rotation improved students’ diversity-related attitudes. The first rotation, in their junior year, had slightly greater effect on these outcomes than the second rotation, in their senior year. Students also reported very positive evaluations of the course. These findings suggest that students’ attitudes toward diversity can be modified. PIs are a creative way to promote cross-cultural patient care with health professions students, making them more open to thinking about, discussing, and engaging in patient-oriented, diversity-related activities.
Modeling the small-emitter effect in polysilicon-emitter transistors

Arsenic shadowing, which is an important consideration for the small-emitter effect in bipolar polysilicon-emitter transistors, was simulated using two-dimensional process and device modeling tools. Results are compared with data for conventional and epi-base polysilicon-emitter technologies. Consideration is also given to other parameters that affect the base current. This analysis shows that the principle features of the arsenic shadowing effect can be modeled and explained by using the simulation tools. These simulations showed that the small-emitter effect was still present in the more advanced epi-base devices. >
Rapid shape change and release of ninhydrin-positive substances by Leishmania major promastigotes in response to hypo-osmotic stress.

. Leishmania major promastigotes were grown to late-log phase and washed and resuspended in an isosmotic buffer. When osmolality was suddenly decreased by 50%, the cells rapidly became shorter and increased in width. Cell volume, calculated assuming a prolate-ellipsoidal shape, increased 1.4 times after 1 min. Over the next several minutes, the average length and width returned to control values while the volume returned to baseline, indicating the ability to regulate volume. Concomitantly with the swelling, large amounts of alanine and other ninhydrin-positive substances were released. All of the alanine pool was released within 1 min after reduction of the osmolality by 66%. Cells pre-loaded with [14C]-aminoisobutyric acid also released it very rapidly upon hypo-osmotic stress. Release of ninhydrin-positive substances resulted from decreased osmolality rather than changes in ionic composition. The same results were obtained if osmolality was decreased by reducing only the NaCl content of the buffer instead of diluting it with water, and mannitol could substitute for the NaCl. Promastigotes were able to grow well over several days in media as low as 154 mOsm/kg. The nature of the signalling mechanism(s) that initiates the rapid shape change and efflux of ninhydrin-positive substances in response to hypo-osmotic stress is at present unknown.
Relationships between molecular properties and log P and soil sorption (Koc) of substituted phenylureas: QSAR models

Abstract Molecular modeling techniques were used to establish relationships between the molecular properties of 45 substituted phenylureas and their octanol/water partition coefficient (log P ) and soil sorption normalized to organic carbon (K oc ). Log P and K oc values were obtained from the literature. The molecular properties were calculated using MOPAC-MNDO molecular orbital methods. The QSAR models based on van der Waals volume, dipole moment, and energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital produced estimates of log P and K oc that correlate well with experimental values. The QSAR models appear to be specific to structurally similar chemicals.
Older adults in the emergency department: A systematic review of patterns of use, adverse outcomes, and effectiveness of interventions

Abstract Study Objective: We sought to synthesize the literature on patterns of use of emergency services among older adults, risk factors associated with adverse health outcomes, and effectiveness of intervention strategies targeting this population. Methods: Relevant articles were identified by means of an English-language search of MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, Current Contents, and Cochrane Library databases from January 1985 to January 2001. This search was supplemented with literature from reference sections of the retrieved publications. A qualitative approach was used to synthesize the literature. Results: Compared with younger persons, older adults use emergency services at a higher rate, their visits have a greater level of urgency, they have longer stays in the emergency department, they are more likely to be admitted or to have repeat ED visits, and they experience higher rates of adverse health outcomes after discharge. The risk factors commonly associated with the negative outcomes are age, functional impairment, recent hospitalization or ED use, living alone, and lack of social support. Comprehensive geriatric screening and coordinated discharge planning initiatives designed to improve clinical outcomes in older emergency patients have provided inconclusive results. Conclusion: Older ED patients have distinct patterns of service use and care needs. The current disease-oriented and episodic models of emergency care do not adequately respond to the complex care needs of frail older patients. More research is needed to determine the effectiveness of screening and intervention strategies targeting at-risk older ED patients. [Aminzadeh F, Dalziel WB. Older adults in the emergency department: a systematic review of patterns of use, adverse outcomes, and effectiveness of interventions. Ann Emerg Med. March 2002;39:238-247.]
Numerical Investigation of Boundary Effects on Flapping Wing Study

It was experimentally observed that a rectangular SD7003 wing, with an aspect ratio of 3, mounted wall to wall in a water channel, causes strong spanwise velocity variation when the wing undergoes highfrequency pitching or plunging motions. This observation demonstrates a drastic departure from what we observe when the wing is stationary, in which flow is nearly two-dimensional across the span except near the walls. Because the experiment was designed to approximate a two-dimensional flapping wing, the strong spanwise variation imposes two challenges: first, is the experiment still a valid approximation to the two-dimensional case? Second, which cross section is a good approximation to the two-dimensional case? In this paper we aim to answer the two questions using numerical simulation. The flow field is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates. The flapping wing motion is handled using an algebraic moving grid technique. We compare the flow field and force histories between a three-dimensional wing and a two-dimensional airfoil undergoing the same flapping motions. In this paper we also investigate the tunnel blockage/computational domain size effect on flow field and aerodynamic forces. Our simulation indicates that the blockage/computational domain size plays an important role in both flow field and aerodynamic forces. It also shows that the strong spanwise variation is caused by the sidewalls but extenuated by the leading edge vortex.
Computing at the nanoscale

There is currently a tremendous business incentive to invent new electronic devices and circuits that will have dimensions of the order of nanometers. In addition, new fabrication techniques will be required that can inexpensively produce and connect the se devices in vast quantities. The challenges are equivalent to those faced by the inventors of both the transistor and the integrated circuit, who replaced the existing vacuum-tube and wiring technologies with solid-state switches and lithographic fabrication, respectively. In order to satisfy both requirements simultaneously, we have assembled a trans-disciplinary team of chemists, physicists, engineers, computer scientists and mathematicians at HP Labs. Two complementary research areas relevant to future nanocomputing systems are currently under investigation: (1) nano-scale switching devices and circuits for both electrons and photons, and (2) the development of new and inexpensive fabrication techniques. Our approach for the construction of electtro-photonic circuits involves the explicit incorporation of defect tolerance, which is the capability to operate perfectly even in the presence of manufacturing mistakes in the circuit, into the design of the system. This prerequisite arises from the realization that it is prohibitively expensive to fabricate a perfect network of billions of nanoscale components. However, by introducing the appropriate amount of redundancy and utilizing concepts from coding theory, arbitrary complexity can be programmed into a highly regular structure and at the same time any defects can be avoided. Our research group has recently demonstrated the ability to fabricate electronic devices with sub-viral length scales (e.g. ~15 nm) and to build nanoscale devices
Can MR Imaging Be Used to Determine the Efficacy of Gene Therapy in the Heart

In this issue of Radiology, Saeed et al (1) describe (.tie intramyocardial administration of VM202, a newly constructed plasmid human hepatocyt.e growth factor, in a pig model of myocardial infarction. Histopathologic findings were used to characterize and quantify neovascularization, while magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings were used to quantify left ventricular function, perfusion, and infarct size. Compared with control animals, VM202-treated animals demonstrated an increase in number of capillaries, improved perfusion and left ventricular ejection fraction, and reduced infarct size.
The Haier Group: Improvement Upon Success

This paper discusses the necessary elements for a company to be successful. It considers internal and external components, including aspects of management, marketing, and employee loyalty. An analysis of the strategies used by the Haier Group, a producer solely of refrigerators in 1984, to rise to a company that dominated the market of white goods by 2014 is presented. After delving into the processes and techniques used by this company to grow into a global enterprise, the discussion elaborates with suggestions that could make this remarkably successful company advance even more in today’s market.
Accurate Identification and Selective Removal of Rotavirus Using a Plasmonic-Magnetic 3D Graphene Oxide Architecture.

According to the World Health Organization, even in the 21st century, more than one million children die each year due to the rotavirus contamination of drinking water. Therefore, accurate identification and removal of rotavirus are very important to save childrens’ lives. Driven by the need, in this Letter, we report for the first time highly selective identification and removal of rotavirus from infected water using a bioconjugated hybrid graphene oxide based three-dimensional (3D) solid architecture. Experimental results show that due to the presence of a high intensity of “hot spots” in the 3D network, an antibody-attached 3D plasmonic–magnetic architecture can be used for accurate identification of rotavirus using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Reported data demonstrate that the antibody-attached 3D network binds strongly with rotavirus and is capable of highly efficient removal of rotavirus, which has been confirmed by SERS, fluorescence imaging, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E...
Food irradiation : After 30 years, where do we stand: A government perspective.

The use of irradation to improve the safety, protect the nutritional benefits, and preserve the quality of fresh and processed foods is a well established and proven technology. Over the past 30 years, the United States Government has invested in the science to confirm safety and in the technology to show application. The United States Department of Agriculture and the Food and Drug Administration have approved sources of ionizing radiation for the treatment of foods, and their application to most meats, fruits, vegetables, and spices. Despite the value of this technology to the food industry and to the health and welfare of the public, only minimal application of this technology occurs. This underscorces the importance of increasing the public's understanding of radiation risks relative to other hazards. Accordingly, the Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination of the Executive Office of the President has made recommendations for the creation of a centralized National Radiation Information Center that would work closely with Federal departments and agencies in responding to public queries about radiation issues and Federal programs.
Thyroxine Depression of Mouse Thyroid Iodide Trap Activity

SummaryChronic treatment with thyroxine was no more effective than hypophysectomy in depressing the thyroid iodide trap. TSH had some stimulating effect on the activity of the thyroid iodide trap. The combination of TSH and PTU caused a greater response, but insufficient to serve as an assay technic for thyrotropin.
A Mathematical Model of T1D Acceleration and Delay by Viral Infection

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is often triggered by a viral infection, but the T1D prevalence is rising among populations that have a lower exposure to viral infection. In an animal model of T1D, the NOD mouse, viral infection at different ages may either accelerate or delay disease depending on the age of infection and the type of virus. Viral infection may affect the progression of T1D via multiple mechanisms: triggering inflammation, bystander activation of self-reactive T-cells, inducing a competitive immune response, or inducing a regulatory immune response. In this paper, we create mathematical models of the interaction of viral infection with T1D progression, incorporating each of these four mechanisms. Our goal is to understand how each viral mechanism interacts with the age of infection. The model predicts that each viral mechanism has a unique pattern of interaction with disease progression. Viral inflammation always accelerates disease, but the effect decreases with age of infection. Bystander activation has little effect at younger ages and actually decreases incidence at later ages while accelerating disease in mice that do get the disease. A competitive immune response to infection can decrease incidence at young ages and increase it at older ages, with the effect decreasing over time. Finally, an induced Treg response decreases incidence at any age of infection, but the effect decreases with age. Some of these patterns resemble those seen experimentally.
Characterization of Ferroelectric Thin Films by ESCA

Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is well suited for investigating the surfaces of ferroelectric films. More importantly, this technique is valuable for ferroelectric films because, reduction of ions, such as Pb 2+ , Bi 3+ , and Ti 4+ by photon beam is much less likely than probing electron and ion beams which are used in other methods. In the present paper a brief description of the possibilities of ESCA for determining qualitative and quantitative surface composition, and thickness of extremely thin films was presented. Special emphasis was given to multicomponent films, such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT). Factors that lead to considerable difference in the composition of the surface were discussed. Different depth profiling techniques using ESCA were also presented.
Factors Associated with Survival of New Ohio REALTOR Associates

Using a sample of newly licensed REALTOR Associates®, survival rates are calculated for (1) licensees that maintained active status in the Board and (2) licensees that stayed with their original br...
Performance prediction of carbon fiber / epoxy resin composite material under influence of temperature

To obtain mechanical properties of composite material under the influence of temperature,the model of theory prediction was put forward and dependent parameters in the model were analyzed and discussed.Mathematic models of composite material and epoxy resin material were established. The results of prediction and test coincided well.Performance variation laws of material under the arbitrary temperature were obtained,which can be used as the calculation methods and material design and basic foundation of material selection.Finally,the variation laws of composite material case with temperature were analyzed by using grid theory and mixing laws.This method was expanded to predict the performance of composite material case burst pressure with temperature variation.
Effect of the exposure of intrafollicular oocytes to clomiphene citrate on pregnancy outcome in the rabbit

This study was designed to determine if exposure of rabbit intrafollicular oocytes to clomiphene citrate (CC) affects pregnancy outcome after in vitro ovulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo transfer (ET). Ovaries were perfused in the presence or absence of CC (10 −5 M) and estradiol (E 2 , 100ng/ml). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 50IU) was added to the perfusate of all ovaries. In vitro ovulated ova were retrieved, inseminated, and transferred to host rabbits. Neither CC nor CC+E 2 significantly affected hCG-induced ovulation or fertilization. CC significantly reduced ( P 2 significantly ( P
Identification of cancer-testis genes expressed by melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma using bioinformatics.

Cancer-testis or germ cell antigens (GCAs) are a category of tumor antigens expressed by male germ cells and by cancers of diverse histological origin, but not usually by normal adult somatic tissue. These antigens include products encoded by the MAGE , BAGE , GAGE , SSX , and LAGE / NY-ESO-1 families that encode antigenic peptides recognized by T lymphocytes. In this study, we exploit oligonucleotide technology to identify genes in melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) that display a cancer-testis/GCA expression profile. We identified 59 such genes, including GCAs we knew to be recognized by T lymphocytes. Among our findings are the expression of PRAME in monophasic synovial sarcoma, PRAME and NY-ESO-1 in myxoid/round cell liposarcoma, and SSX2 and members of the GAGE family in malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Furthermore, the proto-oncogene DBL/MCF2 was identified as encoding a novel candidate GCA expressed by clear cell sarcoma/melanoma of soft parts (MSP). DBL/MCF2 peptides that are bound to HLA-A*0201 were identified and recognized by T lymphocytes. These results show the utility of high-throughput expression analysis in the efficient screening and identification of GCA candidates in cancer, and its application to the discovery of candidate targets for T cell immunity against GCAs expressed by cancer. This article was published in Cancer Immunity , a [Cancer Research Institute][1] journal that ceased publication in 2013 and is now provided online in association with Cancer Immunology Research . [1]: http://cancerresearch.org/
Compressive sensing based structural damage detection and localization using theoretical and metaheuristic statistics

Summary Accurate structural damage identification calls for dense sensor networks, which are becoming more feasible as the price of electronic sensing systems reduces. To transmit and process data from all nodes of a dense network is a computationally expensive BIG DATA problem; therefore scalable algorithms are needed so that inferences about the current state of the structure can be made efficiently. In this paper, an iterative spatial compressive sensing scheme for damage existence identification and localization is proposed and investigated. At each iteration, damage existence is identified from randomly collected sparse samples and damage localization is iteratively detected via sensing–processing cycles with metaheuristic sampling distribution updating. Specifically, simulated annealing and ant colony analogy are used for guidance in future selection of sensing locations. This framework is subsequently validated by numerical and experimental implementations for gusset plate crack identification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Straight white American college students’ attitudes toward a self-identified straight, not gay or gay man who has sex with men: incongruent sexual orientation identity diminishes perceived psychological health

This study examines how participants view men who have sex with men (MSM) based on their sexual orientation identity (SOI) and sexual position identity (SPI). White heterosexual male (n = 93) and female (n = 210) American college students read one of six scenarios about an ordinary man named John who has sex with men. In the scenarios, John’s SOI and SPI were manipulated, in that he considers himself gay, straight or not gay, and thinks of himself as either a top or a bottom. Participants rated their attitudes towards John’s psychology, social character, HIV vulnerability and status as gay. Men were less interested in being friends with John and found him less interesting than women did, and agreed more that, if they were John, they would think of themselves as gay. Participants agreed for all SOIs that, if they were John, they would think of themselves as gay, though they agreed more strongly when John’s SOI was gay than otherwise. Compared to their ratings for gay John, participants rated straight and n...
Energy Drinks: The Elixirs of Our Time

Energy drinks have become very popular in spite of or because of their ability to maintain a nebulous ingredient content and identity.
PAEDIATRIC ELBOW TRAUMA – THE CHRONIC MONTEGGIA LESION

Purpose of Study We report the outcome of five cases of chronic paediatric Monteggia lesion treated with a modified Bell-Tawse procedure. Methods Five patients with a chronic Monteggia lesion were treated over an eight-year period (2004–2012) at our institution. All underwent a modified Bell-Tawse procedure. The patient medical records were retrospectively analysed. We report the outcome in five patients. Results Four girls and one boy were treated for a chronic Monteggia lesion in the period studied. The mean age at time of surgery was 8 years old (range 4–14 years). The mechanism of injury was post-traumatic in four of the five cases, while in one case the mechanism was uncertain. All children underwent modified Bell-Tawse procedure. All children ultimately required ulnar osteotomy, while two also required radial osteotomy. At a mean follow-up of 22 months (range 16–38 months), four children had experienced complications. Symptomatic metalwork was removed in one case, two children re-dislocated the affected joint, and one child required revision Bell-Tawse procedure. No nerve palsies were noted on follow-up. Conclusion Paediatric elbow trauma necessitates early, senior management. We report a series of five patients who underwent modified Bell-Tawse procedure for chronic Monteggia lesion. Four of the five children experienced complications. All required shortening osteotomies. The chronic Monteggia lesion is an unusual but troublesome presentation in the paediatric population. Further research in the area is necessary.
Developing Competencies for Effective Teaching

(1957). Developing Competencies for Effective Teaching. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 29-30.
Targeting renal glucose reabsorption to treat hyperglycaemia: the pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibition

Healthy kidneys filter ∼160 g/day of glucose (∼30% of daily energy intake) under euglycaemic conditions. To prevent valuable energy from being lost in the urine, the proximal tubule avidly reabsorbs filtered glucose up to a limit of ∼450 g/day. When blood glucose levels increase to the point that the filtered load exceeds this limit, the surplus is excreted in the urine. Thus, the kidney provides a safety valve that can prevent extreme hyperglycaemia as long as glomerular filtration is maintained. Most of the capacity for renal glucose reabsorption is provided by sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 in the early proximal tubule. In the absence or with inhibition of SGLT2, the renal reabsorptive capacity for glucose declines to ∼80 g/day (the residual capacity of SGLT1), i.e. the safety valve opens at a lower threshold, which makes it relevant to glucose homeostasis from day-to-day. Several SGLT2 inhibitors are now approved glucose lowering agents for individuals with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. By inducing glucosuria, these drugs improve glycaemic control in all stages of type 2 diabetes, while their risk of causing hypoglycaemia is low because they naturally stop working when the filtered glucose load falls below ∼80 g/day and they do not otherwise interfere with metabolic counterregulation. Through glucosuria, SGLT2 inhibitors reduce body weight and body fat, and shift substrate utilisation from carbohydrates to lipids and, possibly, ketone bodies. Because SGLT2 reabsorbs sodium along with glucose, SGLT2 blockers are natriuretic and antihypertensive. Also, because they work in the proximal tubule, SGLT2 inhibitors increase delivery of fluid and electrolytes to the macula densa, thereby activating tubuloglomerular feedback and increasing tubular back pressure. This mitigates glomerular hyperfiltration, reduces the kidney’s demand for oxygen and lessens albuminuria. For reasons that are less well understood, SGLT2 inhibitors are also uricosuric. These pleiotropic effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are likely to have contributed to the results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial in which the SGLT2 inhibitor, empagliflozin, slowed the progression of chronic kidney disease and reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals with type 2 diabetes. This review discusses the role of SGLT2 in the physiology and pathophysiology of renal glucose reabsorption and outlines the unexpected logic of inhibiting SGLT2 in the diabetic kidney.
The Monstrous Masculinities of Chile’s Agrarian Reform, 1965–1970

This chapter opens in 1965, when Chile’s economy became a model for Alliance for Progress agrarian reform and modernization directives in Latin America, and its cultural production became more cosmopolitan and outward looking. The recognition abroad of Jose Donoso’s novels El lugar sin limites (1966) and El obsceno pajaro de la noche (1970), and Miguel Littin’s film El chacal de Nahueltoro (1969) provided the cultural counterpart to Chile’s newly prominent place in world economic affairs. Their work also represented characters whose “monstrous” (though cosmopolitan) performances of masculinity queered ideas about normative reproductive practices. This chapter critiques ideas about modernization to draw parallels between these literary and cinematic models of queerness and the rise of Chile as a new hemispheric model of economic good practices.
Protocol for Cohesionless Sample Preparation for Physical Experimentation

Energy application during cohesionless soil sample preparation significantly influences behavior, strength characteristics, and repeatability, resulting in high degrees of epistemic uncertainty within laboratory testing and analyses. Relative density and void ratios have been used to compare materials and specimens in an attempt to address this uncertainty. However, the maximum void ratio of the material is often determined by wet or air pluviation, while the minimum void ratio is determined by vibratory compaction, yet actual sample preparation may use another method. Each method yields different soil fabric and behaviors unrelated to soil mechanics. The lack of standardized protocols for cohesionless sample preparation can result in numerous confrontational analyses, which are more likely an artifact of sample preparation techniques rather than intrinsic behavior. To accurately compare two materials, consideration must be made to the method by which the sample is made, and the normalization method use to account for variability in physical properties between the sample materials. The aim of this paper was to present (a) a standardized method for cohesionless sample preparation that will yield highly repeatable sample reconstitution; and (b) a means to normalize cohesionless materials, for multiple material comparisons, using first order controllable characteristics in laboratory testing. The protocol presented herein controls the three principle components of sample reconstitution: mass/type of material, quantity of water, and quantity/means of applied energy. All other properties are products of sample preparation. By controlling these components, high sample tolerances of increased repeatability can be readily achieved. To validate both, the sample repeatability and the normalization procedures a total of 203 laboratory tests were performed on two cohesionless sands: 25 compaction tests, 40 sensitivity tests, 45 triaxial, 32 simple shear, 30 hollow core, and 31 ring shear tests. The stress-strain and volumetric behaviors illustrate that sample repeatability and normalization are possible with this protocol.