cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum

This cross-sectional study compared the distribution of anxiety symptoms among pregnant, non-pregnant, and postpartum women of lower socioeconomic status. Participants were 807 women who were pregnant (24-36 weeks), postpartum (2-8 weeks), or not pregnant. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were assessed by the state-trait anxiety index and the Beck depression inventory, respectively. English and Spanish versions of the instrument were available. Group differences in anxiety were evaluated using analysis of variance. Multivariate regression was performed to evaluate differences in anxiety while controlling for marital status, education, race/ethnicity, employment, cohabitation, income, parity, history of depression/anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Anxiety scores were lower among postpartum women relative to pregnant and non-pregnant women (both P < 0.001), who did not differ (P = 0.99). After controlling for depressive symptoms and patient characteristics, anxiety remained lowest among postpartum women. Additionally, history of depression/anxiety and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of anxiety in the multivariate analysis. Comparatively low anxiety and depressive symptoms were observed among women who were 2-8 weeks postpartum. Anxiety symptoms that occur postpartum may not appear until later in the postpartum period.
Generalization of Epidemic Theory: An Application to the Transmission of Ideas

Abstract : One of the most fundamental problems in the field of information retrieval is that of determining the circumstances under which it might be necessary to introduce an information retrieval system as an aid to a given population of scientists. It is proposed that this problem be examined in terms of the transmission and development of ideas within a population. Specifically, the transmission of ideas within a population will be treated as if it were the transmission of an infectious disease, that is, in terms of an epidemic process. An attempt is made to indicate the role of information retrieval in the development of such a process. (Author)
Numerical Simulation of Surface Tension Driven Flows and Boron Concentrations Around a Vapor Bubble During Sub-Cooled Boiling in Boric Acid Solution

In this study, the previously developed hemispherical bubble model has been extended to a full spherical bubble, in which the bubble contact angle can range from 0° to 90°. The surface tension driven flow and boron concentration distributions around the bubble under sub-cooled boiling are simulated with constant wall temperature. Bubble contact angle and sub-cooling level are studied on their effects on boron concentration distribution. Boron precipitation under these circumstances is discussed. This is of possible concern in precipitation of boron from the solution at the triple interface during sub-cooled boiling. The deposition of porous compounds on fuel cladding provides one of the possible hideout mechanisms for Boron, which may eventually result in Axial Offset Anomaly (AOA) in PWRs.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Topology optimization of structured power/ground networks

This paper presents an efficient method for optimizing the design of power/ground (P/G) networks by using locally regular, globally irregular grids. The procedure divides the power grid chip area into rectangular sub-grids or tiles. Treating the entire power grid to be composed of many tiles connected to each other enables the use of a hierarchical circuit analysis approach to identify the tiles containing the nodes having the greatest drops. Starting from an initial equal number of wires in each of the rectangular tiles, wires are added in the tiles using an iterative sensitivity based optimizer. A novel and efficient table lookup scheme is employed to provide gradient information to the optimizer. Experimental results on test circuits of practical chip sizes show that the proposed P/G network topology after optimization saves 16% to 28% of the chip wiring area over other commonly used topologies.
Influence of soluble aluminosilicate complex formation on imogolite solubility determination

Abstract In a earlier paper (Su and Harsh, 1994), we presented a free energy of formation for imogolite based on solubility studies and including a formation constant for a monomeric, soluble aluminosilicate complex (Browne and Driscoll, 1992). Farmer and Lumsdon (1994) have argued that the aluminosilicate formation constant is too high, calling into question solubility determinations utilizing this value. We have recalculated the log K value for imogolite dissolution using the new value for the aluminosilicate species. The result is a slight, but insignificant, increase in the log K for imogolite dissolution, supporting our earlier contention that the free energy of imogolite is larger than found in previous studies.
Family Care Related to Alpha‐Fetoprotein Screening

A family's coping repertoire may he challenged when the result of a standard prenatal maternal serum alpha‐fetoprotein screening is not within a normal range. Abnormal screening results can cause families to experience anxiety and confusion at a time when they may need to make difficult decisions. The nurse's role is to provide information and emotional support and to coordinate health care services for optimal family coping.
Large-scale computational identification of regulatory SNPs with rSNP-MAPPER

Background The computational analysis of regulatory SNPs (rSNPs) is an essential step in the elucidation of the structure and function of regulatory networks at the cellular level. In this work we focus in particular on SNPs that potentially affect a Transcription Factor Binding Site (TFBS) to a significant extent, possibly resulting in changes to gene expression patterns or alternative splicing. The application described here is based on the MAPPER platform, a previously developed web-based system for the computational detection of TFBSs in DNA sequences.
Deuterium Enrichment of Vitamin A at the C20 Position Slows the Formation of Detrimental Vitamin A Dimers in Wild-type Rodents

Degenerative eye diseases are the most common causes of untreatable blindness. Accumulation of lipofuscin (granular deposits) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a hallmark of major degenerative eye diseases such as Stargardt disease, Best disease, and age-related macular degeneration. The intrinsic reactivity of vitamin A leads to its dimerization and to the formation of pigments such as A2E, and is believed to play a key role in the formation of ocular lipofuscin. We sought a clinically pragmatic method to slow vitamin A dimerization as a means to elucidate the pathogenesis of macular degenerations and to develop a therapeutic intervention. We prepared vitamin A enriched with the stable isotope deuterium at carbon twenty (C20-D3-vitamin A). Results showed that dimerization of deuterium-enriched vitamin A was considerably slower than that of vitamin A at natural abundance as measured in vitro. Administration of C20-D3-vitamin A to wild-type rodents with no obvious genetic defects in vitamin A processing, slowed A2E biosynthesis. This study elucidates the mechanism of A2E biosynthesis and suggests that administration of C20-D3-vitamin A may be a viable, long-term approach to retard vitamin A dimerization and by extension, may slow lipofuscin deposition and the progression of common degenerative eye diseases.
Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale

Society needs a quantitative and systematic way to estimate and compare the impacts of environmental problems that affect large geographic areas. This paper presents an approach for regional risk assessment that combines regional assessment methods and landscape ecology theory with an existing framework for ecological risk assessment. Risk assessment evaluates the effects of an environmental change on a valued natural resource and interprets the significance of those effects in light of the uncertainties identified in each component of the assessment process. Unique and important issues for regional risk assessment are emphasized; these include the definition of the disturbance scenario, the assessment boundary definition, and the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape.
Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder: A meta-analytic review of factor analyses and cross-validation in a clinic sample

Abstract This study is a meta-analytic summary of 60 factor analyses from 44 published studies of 28,401 children and adolescents. The results suggested that, strictly in terms of behavioral covariation, conduct problems in children may best be conceptualized in terms of two orthogonal dimensions of behavior: (1) an overt/covert dimension and (2) a destructive/nondestructive dimension. The four quadrants created by the intersection of these two bipolar dimensions corresponded well to distinctions among norm-violating behaviors made by legal systems and previous diagnostic conceptualizations: oppositional, aggressive, property violations, and status offenses. The results of this meta-analysis were cross-validated in a clinic sample of 177 boys age 7–12. One major finding from the validation sample was a strong correspondence between empirically derived syndromes based on the meta-analysis and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev., American Psychiatric Association, 1987) (DSM-III-R) definitions of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. A second major finding from the validation study was that age of onset may be a critical variable in explaining the results of the meta-analysis.
Environmental factors influencing the distribution of rRNA from Verrucomicrobia in soil

The Verrucomicrobia constitute a newly discovered division of the Bacteria identified as a numerically abundant component of soil microbial communities in numerous sites around the world. The relative abundance of rRNA from Verrucomicrobia was investigated in the soil to examine the influence of specific environmental factors on the distribution of Verrucomicrobia and to better understand the distribution of this group in terrestrial ecosystems. The abundance of the verrucomicrobial rRNA was determined by using a novel oligonucleotide probe that is specific for verrucomicrobial 16S rRNA. The abundance of verrucomicrobial 16S rRNA in soil microbial communities was determined in relation to plant community composition and soil management history over a period of 2 years. Additional samples were analyzed to determine if verrucomicrobial rRNA relative abundance changes in relation to either soil depth or soil moisture content. The Verrucomicrobia composed 1.9±0.2% of the microbial community rRNA present in the 85 soil samples examined. The distribution of verrucomicrobial rRNA in the soil reveals that Verrucomicrobia are significantly affected by environmental characteristics that change in relation to time, soil history, and soil depth, and reveals that a statistically significant amount of the variation in verrucomicrobial rRNA abundance can be explained by changes in soil moisture content.
Reflex Absence Epilepsy

Summary: Epilepsy can be triggered by many unusual mechanisms. Some are exceedingly rare and bizarre, seemingly confined to one patient. This article reports the case of a 20-year-old woman who has had absence epilepsy for 11 years that is evoked by thinking or talking about driving an automobile. This stimulus consistently precipitated absence seizures, as defined by clinical and electroencephalographic criteria. An emotionally traumatic early childhood event may play a role in the triggering mechanism. A similar case has not been reported. RESUME Les crises d'epilepsie peuvent etre provoquees par de nombreux mecanismes inhabituels. Certains sont excessivement rares et surprenants, et restent apparemment d'observation isolee, chez un seul patient. Nous rapportons l'observation d'une femme de 20 ans qui presentait des crises a type d'absences depuis 11 ans, ces crises etant induites par l'evocation mentale ou verbale de la conduite automobile. Ce stimulus a provoque de facon reproductible des absences cliniques et electroencephalographiques. Un antecedent affectif traumatisant remontant a la petite enfance peut avoir joue un role dans le mecanisme de declenchement. Aucune observation semblable n'a ete rapportee anterieurement. RESUMEN La epilepsyia puede ser desencadenada por multiples mecanismos poco comunes. Incluso, algunos son extraordinariamente raros y privativos de un enfermo concreto. Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 20 nos con ausencias durante 11 anos que se evocaban cuando pensaba o hablaba de conduccion de automoviles. Estos estimulos siempre provocaban las ausencias, definidas con criterios clinicos y electroencefalograficos. Quizas un acontecimiento traumaatico ocurrido en su infancia pueda ser el factor desencadenante. Segun nuestra revision no se han publicado casos semejantes en la literature. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Eine Epilepsie kann durch viele ungewohnliche Mechanismen getriggert werden. Manche davon sind auserst selten und bizarr, offenbar nur auf einen Patienten beschrankt. Wir berichten uber eine 20-jahrige Patientin mit Absence-Epilepsie uber II Jahre, die durch Nachdenken oder Sprechen uber das Autofahren ausgelost wurde. Dieser Stimulus ging jeweils den Absencen voraus, was anhand klinischer und elektroencephalographischer Kriterien bestatigt werden konnte. Moglicherweise spielt ein traumatisches emotionales Erleben in der fruhen Kindheit eine Rolle. Ein ahnlicher Fall ist bisher nicht beschrieben worden.
Single-Incision Robotic Colectomy (SIRC) case series: initial experience at a single center.

Laparoscopic colectomy has been associated with favorable outcomes when compared to open colectomy. Single-Incision Robotic Colectomy (SIRC) is a novel procedure hypothesized to improve upon conventional three-port laparoscopic colectomy. We hereby present and analyze our institution’s initial experience with SIRC. We performed a retrospective review of 59 patients who underwent SIRC between May 2010 and September 2013, attempting to identify factors associated with conversion rate and postoperative complication rate. Our study included 34 males (57.6 %) and 25 females (42.4 %). The mean age was 60.3 years (range 29–92 years), and the mean BMI was 26.6 kg/m2 (range 14.9–39.7 kg/m2). We identified 31 right hemicolectomies (53.4 %), 20 sigmoid colectomies (34.5 %), 5 left hemicolectomies (1.7 %), 2 low anterior resections (3.5 %), and 1 total colectomy (1.7 %). The overall median operative time was 188 min with an interquartile range of 79 min. Surgical indications included diverticulitis (n = 23, 39.0 %), benign colonic mass (n = 18, 30.5 %), colon cancer (n = 16, 27.1 %), familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 1, 1.7 %), and Crohn’s disease (n = 1, 1.7 %). There were four conversions to open procedure (6.8 %), three conversions to multiport robotic procedure (5.1 %), and one conversion to single-port laparoscopic procedure (1.7 %). Reasons for conversions include difficulty mobilizing the colon and robotic equipment malfunction. Conversions were associated with both higher complication rates (62.5 vs 25.5 %, p = 0.035) and longer LOS (7.4 vs 4.0 days, p = 0.0003). Postoperative complications occurred in 16 of the 59 cases (27.1 %). Higher BMI was the only significant risk factor for postoperative complications. The overall median LOS was 4 ± 2 days, while the median estimated blood loss was 100 ± 90 ml. Our experience has shown that SIRC can be a safe and feasible procedure for both benign and malignant disease. Patient selection is the key to improving surgical outcomes in SIRC.
Using Media to Teach How Not to Do Psychotherapy

Objective This article describes how using media depictions of psychotherapy may help in teaching psychiatric residents.
A Novel Model for Brain Iron Uptake: Introducing the Concept of Regulation

Neurologic disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and Restless Legs Syndrome involve a loss of brain iron homeostasis. Moreover, iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional concern worldwide with many associated cognitive and neural ramifications. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which iron enters the brain and how those processes are regulated addresses significant global health issues. The existing paradigm assumes that the endothelial cells (ECs) forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB) serve as a simple conduit for transport of transferrin-bound iron. This concept is a significant oversimplification, at minimum failing to account for the iron needs of the ECs. Using an in vivo model of brain iron deficiency, the Belgrade rat, we show the distribution of transferrin receptors in brain microvasculature is altered in luminal, intracellular, and abluminal membranes dependent on brain iron status. We used a cell culture model of the BBB to show the presence of factors that influence iron release in non-human primate cerebrospinal fluid and conditioned media from astrocytes; specifically apo-transferrin and hepcidin were found to increase and decrease iron release, respectively. These data have been integrated into an interactive model where BBB ECs are central in the regulation of cerebral iron metabolism.
Inhibition of adenylyl and guanylyl cyclase isoforms by the antiviral drug foscarnet.

The pyrophosphate (PPi) analog foscarnet inhibits viral DNA-polymerases and is used to treat cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency vius infections. Nucleotide cyclases and DNA-polymerases catalyze analogous reactions, i.e. a phosphodiester bond formation, and have similar topologies in their active sites. Inhibition by foscarnet of adenylyl cyclase isoforms was therefore tested with (i) purified catalytic domains C1 and C2 of types I and VII (IC1 and VIIC1) and of type II (IIC2) and (ii) membrane-bound holoenzymes (from mammalian tissues and types I, II, and V heterologously expressed in Sf9 cell membranes). Foscarnet was more potent than PPi in suppressing forskolin-stimulated catalysis by both, IC1/IIC2 and VIIC1/IIC2. Stimulation of VIIC1/IIC2 by Gαs relieved the inhibition by foscarnet but not that by PPi. The IC50 of foscarnet on membrane-bound adenylyl cyclases also depended on their mode of regulation. These findings predict that receptor-dependent cAMP formation is sensitive to inhibition by foscarnet in some, but not all, cells. This was verified with two cell lines; foscarnet blocked cAMP accumulation after A2A-adenosine receptor stimulation in PC12 but not in HEK-A2A cells. Foscarnet also inhibited soluble and, to a lesser extent, particulate guanylyl cylase. Thus, foscarnet interferes with the generation of cyclic nucleotides, an effect which may give rise to clinical side effects. The extent of inhibition varies with the enzyme isoform and with the regulatory input.
Small groups in the church: Problems and dangers

The conflicted quality of the emotional life of some local churches might not tolerate the creation and sustaining of a small-group program. Not only may there be paralyzing ministerial ambivalence, or pastors who are easily threatened, but there are instances where important lay persons do not feel free to participate in such an experience but cannot tolerate that it should be going on apart from them. But where there is sufficient personal and structural flexibility and psychological freedom, along with the potentiality of a skillful leadership, the kind of small-group program discussed here offers an exciting opportunity for personal and community recreation. If such a program has its problems and dangers it is, at the same time, ripe with a promise to be redemptively rich and fruitful. But only as we identify and respond to the former can we realize and fulfill the latter.
Pregnancy complicated by solid-papillary epithelial tumor of the pancreas, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary embolectomy.

Presented in this report is a pregnancy that was complicated by solid-papillary epithelial tumor of the pancreas, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary embolectomy.
Study of boron nitride thin films for ultraviolet-sensor applications

A study is carried out to evaluate the ability of boron nitride thin films to act as ultraviolet - sensitive semiconductors. Boron nitride thin films are sputter deposited from a BN target in Ar, Ar/N2 and N2 discharges. Inter-digital electrodes of various geometries and varying spacing are laid out photolithographically. Results of I(dark) verus voltage and I(u.v.) versus V in the temperature range −40 °C to 80°C are presented here. Preliminary studies on the effect of doping boron nitride films with aluminum and zinc impurities do not yield significant results.
Cardioversion and digitalis. II. Clinical studies.

The electrocardiograms before and immediately after cardioversion of 100 consecutive patients with chronic atrial fibrillation treated at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital have been analyzed. Evidence of digitalis intoxication in the precardioversion tracing was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of serious ventricular ectopic activity following electrical shock. The role of digitalis in post-cardioversion arrhythmias is reviewed. The measures to reduce the incidence and gravity of such arrhythmias are outlined.
Setting Maximum Emission Rates from Ozone Emitting Consumer Appliances in the United States and Canada

Abstract A Monte Carlo analysis of indoor ozone levels in four cities was applied to provide guidance to regulatory agencies on setting maximum ozone emission rates from consumer appliances. Measured distributions of air exchange rates, ozone decay rates and outdoor ozone levels at monitoring stations were combined with a steady-state indoor air quality model resulting in emission rate distributions (mg h−1) as a function of % of building hours protected from exceeding a target maximum indoor concentration of 20 ppb. Whole-year, summer and winter results for Elizabeth, NJ, Houston, TX, Windsor, ON, and Los Angeles, CA exhibited strong regional differences, primarily due to differences in air exchange rates. Infiltration of ambient ozone at higher average air exchange rates significantly reduces allowable emission rates, even though air exchange also dilutes emissions from appliances. For Houston, TX and Windsor, ON, which have lower average residential air exchange rates, emission rates ranged from −1.1 to 2.3 mg h−1 for scenarios that protect 80% or more of building hours from experiencing ozone concentrations greater than 20 ppb in summer. For Los Angeles, CA and Elizabeth, NJ, with higher air exchange rates, only negative emission rates were allowable to provide the same level of protection. For the 80th percentile residence, we estimate that an 8-h average limit concentration of 20 ppb would be exceeded, even in the absence of an indoor ozone source, 40 or more days per year in any of the cities analyzed. The negative emission rates emerging from the analysis suggest that only a zero-emission rate standard is prudent for Los Angeles, Elizabeth, NJ and other regions with higher summertime air exchange rates. For regions such as Houston with lower summertime air exchange rates, the higher emission rates would likely increase occupant exposure to the undesirable products of ozone reactions, thus reinforcing the need for zero-emission rate standard.
Placental angiogenesis markers sFlt-1 and PlGF: response to cigarette smoke

Objective Excess soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and reduced placental growth factor (PlGF) mediate the genesis of preeclampsia. Cigarette smoking reduces the risk of preeclampsia. We hypothesized that placental secretion of sFlt-1 and PlGF was affected by exposure to cigarette smoke extract. Study Design Term placental villous explants were cultured with cigarette smoke extract. Media were analyzed for sFlt-1 and PlGF. Apoptosis was measured by TUNEL staining. Results are reported as sFlt-1 or PlGF picogram/milliliter/milligram wet weight of explant. Results Exposure to cigarette smoke extract reduced secretion of sFlt-1 in a dose-dependent manner. There was no difference in apoptosis. In contrast with sFlt-1, PlGF did not decline when incubated with cigarette smoke extract. Conclusion Exposure of placental villous explants to cigarette smoke extract results in a proangiogenic state with reduced sFlt-1 and relative abundance of PlGF. This is the reverse of changes that are seen in preeclampsia and may explain the reduction of preeclampsia in smokers.
Chemical shift dispersion and secondary structure prediction in unfolded and partly folded proteins

The intrinsic chemical shift dispersion for 15N, 1HN, 13Cα, 1Hα, 13Cβ and 13CO resonances has been evaluated utilizing complete resonance assignment data for unfolded apomyoglobin, together with two other unfolded and five folded proteins, obtained from the literature. The dispersion of 13Cα, 1Hα, and 13Cβ resonances for the unfolded proteins is poor, whereas the dispersion of 15N, 1HN and 13CO is much greater, reflecting the sensitivity of these nuclei to the nature of the neighboring amino acid in the primary sequence. By contrast, the dispersion of the 13Cα, 1Hα, and 13Cβ nuclei are much greater in the folded proteins, reflecting the well-known dependence of the environments of these nuclei on secondary and tertiary structure. These differences in chemical shift dispersion dictate differences in strategies for resonance assignment in unfolded proteins compared with those most commonly used for folded proteins. Strategies utilizing the superior chemical shift dispersion of the 15N, 1HN and, in particular, the 13CO nuclei, are indicated for use with unfolded or partially folded proteins.
Computational Study of Axisymmetric Off-Design Nozzle Flows

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses of axisymmetric circular-arc boattail nozzles operating off-design at transonic Mach numbers have been completed. These computations span the very difficult transonic flight regime with shock-induced separations and strong adverse pressure gradients. External afterbody and internal nozzle pressure distributions computed with the Wind code are compared with experimental data. A range of turbulence models were examined, including the Explicit Algebraic Stress model. Computations have been completed at freestream Mach numbers of 0.9 and 1.2, and nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) of 4 and 6. Calculations completed with variable time-stepping (steady-state) did not converge to a true steady-state solution. Calculations obtained using constant timestepping (timeaccurate) indicate less variations in flow properties compared with steady-state solutions. This failure to converge to a steady-state solution was the result of using variable time-stepping with large-scale separations present in the flow. Nevertheless, time-averaged boattail surface pressure coefficient and internal nozzle pressures show reasonable agreement with experimental data. The SST turbulence model demonstrates the best overall agreement with experimental data.
Insulin interactions with its receptors: experimental evidence for negative cooperativity.

Summary A simple method is reported to detect cooperative interactions in the binding of polypeptide hormones to their membrane receptors. The dissociation of radioiodinated hormone from the receptor is studied under two conditions: first, by diluting the hormone-receptor complex sufficiently to prevent rebinding of the dissociated tracer; second, by dilution to the same extent in a medium containing an excess of unlabeled hormone. If the sites are independent, the dissociation rates must be the same in both cases. If the presence of unlabeled hormone increases the dissociation rate of the tracer, negatively cooperative interactions must occur. Insulin receptors on cultured lymphocytes and liver plasma membranes show negative cooperative interactions. Growth hormone receptor sites lack these interactions.
An Efficient Approach to Writing across the Curriculum: Microthemes in Accounting Classes

Abstract Almost everyone agrees that the movement known as writing across the curriculum (WAC) has had some very positive results. Unfortunately, many business and accounting instructors are already so burdened with current grading efforts that little time is left for adding additional evaluation in the form of writing assignments. Such assignments almost invariably tend to have significant time demands. This article presents a method of incorporating WAC activities in a syllabus without over-stretching the evaluation burden. The approach employs microthemes and a “holistic” grading regime. It has proven genuinely effective for the author and is supported by research results in other disciplines.
Evidence for an arid to semi-arid climate during deposition of the Cambrian system in central Texas, U.S.A

Abstract Petrographic evidence indicates that an arid to semi-arid climate existed in central Texas, U.S.A., during accumulation of the Cambrian System. This interpretation is supported by the presence of ventifacts, quartz with frosted surfaces, fresh well-rounded feldspars, paucity of clay material, and the presence of in situ and transported calcitized evaporites.
The effects of acetylcholine and nicotine on unit activity in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers of the rat.

Summary Multiple and single unit activity have been recorded in the rostral hypothalamus of rats anesthetized with urethane. Units which increased their firing frequency in response to radiant heating of the animal's tail also exhibited an increase when acetylcholine or nicotine were injected locally or when nicotine was administered systemically. In the case of nicotine the increased frequency was transient and was followed by a prolonged period in which the firing rate was below that of the control period. It is suggested that the frequency change in these neurons may represent the neuronal correlate of the downward setting of the hypothalamic thermostat that occurs when the animal is exposed to elevated environmental temperatures. This resetting appears to involve a cholinergic receptor that can be activated by exogenous cholinomimetics and such a lowering of the set point could explain the hypothermic effect of these drugs. The response of this receptor to nicotine resembles that of cholinergic receptors in peripheral autonomic ganglia in that initial stimulation, followed by blockade, occurs.
Use of inhaled nitric oxide during interhospital transport of newborns with hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) therapy improves oxygenation and reduces the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in near-term and term newborns with hypoxemic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension.1–4 The use of nitric oxide (NO) gas as an inhalational therapy for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Because iNO therapy has become adopted as a standard of care for PPHN, its use has increased in many centers without the capability of providing other rescue therapies, such as ECMO. Although iNO therapy is often effective, 30% to 40% of sick newborns do not have sustained improvement in oxygenation and hemodynamics after the initiation of therapy. Patients in whom iNO fails are critically ill and often require rapid transfer to an ECMO center. Abrupt discontinuation of iNO therapy before transport, even in patients who have had little apparent clinical benefit, can be dangerous because of acute deterioration with severe hypoxemia.5–7 The use of iNO for the stabilization and transport of such neonates has been previously described5; however, since this report, at least 1 death has been associated with the discontinuation of iNO before transport to an ECMO center.8 Thus, the availability of iNO therapy during transport is vital to its safe and effective application. In this report, we describe: 1) a practical approach to stabilization and transport of critically ill newborns with iNO therapy; 2) the clinical course of newborns treated with iNO during transport; and 3) a survey of the current availability of iNO therapy for transport to ECMO centers in the United States. ### iNO Therapy During Transport—Program Development To determine a practical approach to the stabilization and transport of critically ill newborns, we studied 3 different transport iNO systems. The NO gas used for each … Address correspondence to John P. Kinsella, MD, Division of Neonatology, Box B-070, Children’s Hospital, 1056 E 19th Ave, Denver, CO 80218-1088. E-mail: john.kinsellauchsc.edu
The Consequences of Uniformity: The Struggle for the Boy Scout Uniform in Colonial Kenya

Boy Scout uniforms in colonial East Africa, like civilian clothing, were tangible but malleable archives of social reality that enabled young African men to imagine, if not create, new identities and realities. By appropriating Scout clothing and symbols and turning them to new purposes, they challenged the established colonial order and proposed new social identities. Yet uniforms constituted a special category of clothing that is largely missing from broader studies of African dress. Scholars have tended to assume that the disciplined and regimented nature of Scout clothing protected from capture both authorized and unauthorized wearers. Uniforms conveyed great power in colonial Kenyan society. The colonial regime used them to discipline and empower the African soldiers, policemen, and civil servants who extended its reach into urban and rural African communities. The uniforms of these colonial proxies conveyed the standardized message that their wearers represented the authority of the state and accepted its guidance and discipline regardless of who they actually were. Yet the institutionalized power embedded in uniforms also made them vulnerable to appropriation. Their conformity and enforced anonymity meant that anyone putting them on could claim the authority and privileges they represented. The Scout uniform therefore became the center of a fierce struggle in colonial Kenya between Africans who sought to turn it to their own uses and the colonial authorities who recognized that it had the ability to undermine British rule by blurring racial, class, and gender lines.
Diffusion model predictions for heavier systems: The reaction 197Au + 620 MeV 86Kr

The cross sections and angular distributions for fragments emitted in the reaction 620 MeV 86Kr + 197Au have been calculated using the Diffusion Model to describe the approach to equilibrium of the reaction system along the mass-asymmetry coordinate. The calculated quantities are compared with experimental results, and extensions of the theory are discussed.
Heavy-quark production by neutrinos and antineutrinos

The rates for producing $t$ and $b$ quarks in, respectively, neutrino and antineutrino interactions with nucleons are estimated. Experimental quark-parton distribution functions, SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(2) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(1) gauge group mixing angles, and threshold suppression through rescaling are used in the calculation. The ratios to total cross sections of $b$-quark production by $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, ${R}_{b}^{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}$, and $t$-quark production by $\ensuremath{\nu}$, ${R}_{t}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, are, respectively, ${R}_{b}^{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ and ${R}_{t}^{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}$ for an incident energy of 200 GeV.
Comparison of Filter and Tunable Fluorescence Detection for the HPLC Simultaneous Quantitation of Lactone and Carboxylate Forms of Topotecan in Plasma

Abstract The hydrolysis of the α-hydroxy-δ-lactone ring moiety in topotecan is routinely monitored using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. While both tunable and filter fluorescence detectors are commercially available, only the tunable detector has been studied for clinical and in vitro applications of topotecan. In the present study we have developed a simple HPLC method for the simultaneous separation of the lactone and carboxylate forms of topotecan in plasma, which, can be utilized for both clinical and in vitro studies. Limits of detection, percent relative standard deviation, and linear range for both the lactone and carboxylate forms of the drug in plasma are presented and compared using a tunable and filter fluorescence detector. Limits of detection in plasma of 0.10 ng/mL for carboxylate and 0.26 ng/mL for lactone have been obtained using a tunable fluorescence detector. A filter fluorescence detector produced limits of detection of 0.15 ng/mL for carboxy...
A New Mechanism for Albuminuria-Induced Podocyte Injury

A large body of evidence describes the relationship between albuminuria and progressive renal damage.[1][1]–[3][2] Podocyte injury contributes to progressive albuminuria in diabetic and nondiabetic glomerular diseases, with antiproteinuric regimens providing a renoprotective effect.[4][3]–[6][4
The Tyranny of Experts: Economists, Dictators, and the Forgotten Rights of the Poor

The Tyranny of Experts is a powerful analysis of how the foundations of development economics contribute to its lack of success. William Easterly, currently a professor of economics at New York Uni...
Long-term instrumental parameter investigation of a Fabry-Perot spectrometer at an isolated field station

To insure that long-term determinations of Doppler width and shift—derived from observations of atmospheric emissions—are internally consistent and reliable, we have developed a method to both continuously and nonintrusively determine and monitor the instrumental constants of the Fabry–Perot spectrometer making the observations. We have used this method at our isolated field experiment at South Pole, Antarctica, because the instrument is only accessible to us for a few days every year. Here we report both the method and the Fabry–Perot stability results for the past 22 years of operation. The method involves the description of real Fabry–Perot instrumental constants as a small departure from those of an ideal Fabry–Perot. In general, this model is applicable for most observations. However, experimentally, there are times when the small-departure model is not applicable, thus indicating how to best reduce the observations into physical quantities for the utmost consistency in the geophysical results.
On the evaluation of a hybrid hypercube architecture employing data movement policies

Hypercube architecture can be modified for use in certain applications such as a knowledge base where shared data are used very often. A hybrid hypercube architecture in which a single copy of shared data is maintained is considered. The performance of such an architecture can be measured in terms of link cost and the communication cost. The performance measures of the proposed architecture are compared with that of hypercube architectures and that of some hypercube architectures with hierarchical interconnection networks. >
The morphology of normal and abnormal pulse waves recorded plethysmographically.

Abstract An analysis of the morphology of the pulse waves from limbs or digits gives clinical information concerning arterial obstructions, and possibly hyperthyroidism, aortic regurgitation and aortic aneurysms. The various simple measurements used in studying the waves include the crest time, the rate of rise time, the pulse amplitude, the half rise time, the presence or absence of the dicrotic notch, the rate of volume change, harmonic analysis, inclination time, and pulse velocity. If properly considered the arterial pulse curve gives significant information relative to the physical state of the arteries and may be used to follow treatment of the cause of arterial disease.
Analysis of inter-subunit contacts reveals the structural malleability of extracellular domains in platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX complex

Summary Background The glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX complex is critical to hemostasis and thrombosis. Its proper assembly is closely correlated with its surface expression level and requires cooperative interactions among extracellular and transmembrane domains of Ibα, Ibβ and IX subunits. Two interfaces have been previously identified between the extracellular domains of Ibβ and IX. Objective To understand how extracellular domains interact in GPIb-IX. Methods The Ibβ extracellular domain (IbβE) or the IX counterpart (IXE) in GPIb-IX was replaced with a well-folded IbβE/IXE chimera called IbβEabc, and the effect of domain replacement on assembly and expression of the receptor complex in transiently transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells was analyzed. Results Replacing IXE with IbβEabc in GPIb-IX retained interface 1 but not interface 2 between the extracellular domains. While this domain replacement preserved complex integrity, the expression levels of Ibβ and Ibα were significantly reduced. Additional domain replacement with IbβEabc or IbβE in GPIb-IX produced the complex at disparate expression levels that cannot be simply explained by two separate interfaces. In particular, when IbβE in GPIb-IX was replaced by IbβEabc, Ibα and IX were expressed at approximately 70% of the wild-type level. Their levels were not reduced when IXE was changed further to IbβE. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the importance of the association between Ibβ and IX extracellular domains for complex assembly and efficient expression, and provide evidence for the structural malleability of these domains that may accommodate and propagate conformational changes therein.
Abortion Medieval Style? Assaults on Pregnant Women in Later Medieval England

In the year 1304, Matilda Bonamy of Guernsey, a young woman from one of the Anglo-Norman island's most established and affluent families, found herself in a predicament familiar to many of today's ...
Lynch Syndrome Patients’ Views of and Preferences for Return of Results Following Whole Exome Sequencing

Whole exome sequencing (WES) uses next generation sequencing technology to provide information on nearly all functional, protein-coding regions in an individual's genome. Due to the vast amount of information and incidental findings that can be generated from this technology, patient preferences must be investigated to help clinicians consent and return results to patients. Patients (n = 19) who were previously clinically diagnosed with Lynch syndrome, but received uninformative negative Lynch syndrome genetic results through traditional molecular testing methods participated in semi-structured interviews after WES testing but before return of results to explore their views of WES and preferences for return of results. Analyses of interview results found that nearly all participants believed that the benefits of receiving all possible results generated from WES outweighed the undesirable effects. The majority of participants conveyed that relative to coping with a cancer diagnosis, information generated from WES would be manageable. Importantly, participants' experience with Lynch syndrome influenced their notions of genetic determinism, tolerance for uncertain results, and family communication plans. Participants would prefer to receive WES results in person from a genetic counselor or medical geneticist so that an expert could help explain the meaning and implications of the potentially large quantity and range of complicated results. These results underscore the need to study various populations with regard to the clinical use of WES in order to effectively and empathetically communicate the possible implications of this new technology and return results.
Secession, legitimacy and the use of child soldiers

Child soldiers remain a stark reminder of the suffering caused by civil wars. This paper explores the long-term calculations that rebel leaders employ when deciding whether or not to use child soldiers. A norm against the use of child soldiers has been strongly stated by the international community. Given their need to attract international support to achieve their goal of state recognition, we argue that separatist rebellions are unlikely to use child soldiers because they are constrained by these norms. We test our expectation on a newly collected dataset of child soldier use from 1998 to 2008. Our analyses find considerable support that separatists are more likely to follow accepted norms and refrain from using underage troops. Consistent with previous work, we also find that child soldier use increases as the duration of the war increases, when there is a vulnerable supply of internally displaced people, as youth unemployment increases, and when rebel groups rely on illicit funds.
From Accident to Crash: The Auto Industry and the Politics of Injury

In many instances, the politics of public health is directly related to the problem of state power. This is especially true for automobile injuries and the 64-year history of the effort to reduce their number in the United States. This article looks at the continual redefinition of the automotive injury problem through these phases: (1) 1920–60, when the automobile manufacturers controlled prevention programs that defined the driver as the cause of accidents, (2) 1960–79, when federal regulations targeted vehicle technology as the best source of prevention strategies, and (3) 1979 to the present, when, during the Reagan years, the framework shifted toward defining health and injury prevention as economic commodities. Throughout this history the dominance of a market ideology in U.S. political culture has largely defined both the character of public health programs to reduce injuries and the capacity of the state to curtail industrial power to design hazardous technologies.
Gold/Molecule/p $^+$ Si Devices: Variable Temperature Electronic Transport

Although a considerable amount of experimental and theoretical work has been devoted to nanoelectronic systems with molecular components, relatively little work has been done on molecular electronic devices on technologically relevant substrates such as silicon. Metal-molecule-semiconductor (MMS) studies have generally focused on structures in which the semiconductor barrier is dominant or treated the semiconductor as a metallic contact. In this paper, we present measured temperature-dependent current-voltage characteristics of gold/molecular monolayer/p+ silicon devices. We explore how the bandstructure of the degenerately doped semiconductor, molecular electronic properties, surface states, and molecular vibronic properties contribute to the electronic transport. We also demonstrate that molecule-dominated behavior can be achieved in a MMS device by appropriate engineering of the contact electronic properties.
Isolation and identification of the fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1.

The fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1 is an acidic, probably cyclic peptide containing the following amino acids in the molar ratios indicated: L-aspartic (1); L-glutamic (2); D-ser...
Cenozoic bolide impacts and biotic change in North American mammals

North American mammals experienced a major mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary that is tied unambiguously to the Chicxulub impact event. Immediately afterwards, there was an immense adaptive radiation that greatly expanded taxonomic diversity and the range of body sizes and ecological strategies. However, ties between later, Cenozoic impact events and specific episodes in mammalian evolution cannot be demonstrated. A time series of maximum known crater sizes within 1.0-million-year-long temporal bins is shown not to cross-correlate with five separate measures of taxonomic turnover rate, one measure of change in relative taxonomic composition, and four measures of change in body mass distributions. The lack of correlation persists even after excluding the volatile Paleocene mammalian data, adding dummy data to represent intervals without known craters, or lagging the time series against each other for up to 5 million years. Furthermore, the data fail to support broad-brush corresponde...