cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legal Indeterminacy and the Bivalence of Legal Truth

ly, we can say that for any sentence 'P,' 'P' is true if and only if P. Regarded as a condition that any definition of truth must honor, Tarski referred to the abstract schema as 'Condition T'. Regarded alone it can be referred to as 'Schema T'. Many philosophers, the logical positivist Rudolf Carnap as well as W.V.O. Quine and others, seized on Schema T not only as providing a minimum condition for an acceptable definition of truth. They regarded Schema T as saying about all that was of interest concerning the conceptm The meaning of any sentence, any 'P', is just given by the sentence itself, that is, by simply removing the quotation marks and stating (rather than mentioning) 'P'. Hence, 'disquotationalism.' On this account, asserting that a sentence is true does no more than simply reasserting the sentence itself. To say that a sentence is true, therefore, explains nothing about the sentence, in contrast in particular, for example to saying that a sentence is confirmed by prediction. When we assert that a sentence is confirmed by prediction, we say something important about the sentence. To say simply that a sentence is true tells us no more than reasserting the sentence, no additional information is given. Now let 'P' be a sentence about the law, a sentence that purports to describe the law as if the law was determinate. But the law that 'P' describes is in fact indeterminate. If we adopt Kress's convention, 'P' would have the truth-value indeterminate. But if 'P' is indeterminate, then Schema T comes out false. 'P' is true if and only if P. Schema T is a biconditional and biconditionals are true only if both parts of the biconditional have the same truth-value. Ordinarily, where the principle of bivalence holds, both sides would have to be either true 30. Hilary Putnam describes the embrace of disquotationalism by the logical positivists, particularly by Carnap, in his introduction to MEANING AND THE MORAL SCIENCES (1978). Quine's own most recent discussion of disquotationalism appears in his PURSUIT OF TRUTH
The Reaction of Tetranitromethane with Pituitary, Luteinizing and Thyroid-stimulating Hormones

The reaction of tetranitromethane with the tyrosine residues of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been compared. The total reaction products were inactive if sufficient reagent was used. Although polymer formation is a major reaction, nitrated LH monomer was obtained which was then separated into its α and β subunits and a fraction containing cross-linked monomer. The α subunit was fully nitrated at position 21; the two tyrosines at positions 92 and 93 were each partially nitrated while tyrosines 30 and 41 had not reacted. Nitrated LH-α recombined with either LH-β or TSH-β as judged by gel electrophoresis, but only 10 to 25% of the hormonal activity expected after recombination of native subunits was restored. The immunological response of the nitrated products against antisera to the native hormone or to the subunits was unimpaired. The results show that nitration of tyrosine residues 21 and 92–93 of the α subunit does not interfere with its association to either LH-β or TSH-β, but it is probable that these residues are involved in the interaction of the two hormones with receptor structures at their respective target organs. The alternatives of dissociation in vivo or of increased destruction in plasma as causes of loss of activity, however, are not excluded. The two tyrosines of LH-β isolated from the monomer were not nitrated although in much of the nitrated LH these residues participated in the formation of interchain or intramolecular cross-links. When isolated subunits are allowed to react with tetra-nitromethane under similar conditions, an additional tyrosine, residue 41, of the α chain is fully nitrated. The additional nitration of the α chain partially or completely inhibits recombination with native LH-β, nitrated LH-β, and native TSH-β, thus indicating the participation of tyrosine 41 in the interaction between α and β subunits. In LH-β nitration of tyrosine 59 and partial nitration of tyrosine 37 occurred, but the effects of nitration on the isolated β chain were less clear; some recombination and restoration of hormonal activity were found. Nitration of intact TSH, even in the presence of a limited amount of reagent, yielded largely polymeric material with a molecular weight range of 150,000 to 220,000, thus showing that some of the 16 tyrosines of its subunits are particularly well located for the formation of cross-links. The immunological response was not affected.
Photography at the End of the World. On Darren Almond’s Fullmoon Series

Abstract: This essay examines the Fullmoon photographs of London-based artist Darren Almond and puts them in relation to speculative realist philosophy (that of Timothy Morton and Bruno Latour), which claims that we are living in a post-natural condition. As such, Almond’s work, which is also productively compared to the photography and video of related artists such as Ursula Biemann and Subhankar Banerjee, shows the conceptual end of the category “world,” which has dominated philosophies of nature since the beginning of the Enlightenment. The essay inquires into the aesthetic and political dimensions of this ecological transformation and the fraught images that mediate and negotiate it. Resume: Cet essai examine les photographies de la serie Fullmoon de l’artiste Darren Almond et les met en relation avec la philosophie du realisme speculatif (de Timothy Morton et de Bruno Latour) qui affirme que nous vivons dans une condition post-naturelle. Le travail d’Almond, efficacement compare aux photographies et aux videos d’artistes oeuvrant dans la meme veine tels qu’Ursula Biemann et Subhankar Banerjee, montre la fin conceptuelle de la categorie « monde » qui dominait les philosophies de la nature depuis le debut du Siecle des Lumieres. L’essai nous plonge dans les dimensions esthetiques et politiques de cette transformation ecologique ainsi que dans les « fraught images » qui les relatent et les mettent en question.
The Effect of Religious Membership on Teen Abortion Rates.

Religious membership can be related to teen abortion rates both directly, through antiabortion sentiment, and indirectly, through the higher probability of parental involvement laws being enacted in states with high levels of religious membership. Using data from the 1,024 counties in the 18 states that report teen abortion numbers, counties with high levels of religious membership were more likely to be in a state with a parental involvement law. In weighted regressions with several control variables—restrictive public funding, unemployment rate, per capita income, population density, percent white population, percent of families headed by a married couple, and regional indicators—both the religious membership level and a parental involvement law were negatively related to teen abortion rates. The coefficients for both variables were smaller when both variables were included in the model, indicating an interaction effect between religious membership and parental involvement laws on teen abortion rates.
Abstract 13950: A Head-to-Head Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Prasugrel versus Ticagrelor in Clopidogrel Treated Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Results of a Prospective Randomized Study

Background: The comparative effects between the P2Y12 receptor inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor is a topic of growing interest. To date there are no studies comparing the pharmacodynamic (PD) impact of a loading dose (LD) and maintenance dose (MD) regimen of these agents in a cohort of all-comer patients on clopidogrel therapy. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized PD study of prasugrel vs ticagrelor in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients on maintenance clopidogrel (75mg/qd) therapy, in adjunct to aspirin (81mg/qd). Patients (n=110) were randomized to switch to prasugrel (60mg LD/10mg MD qd) or ticagrelor (180mg LD/90mg MD bid) for 1 week. PD assessments evaluating the acute (baseline, 30 min, 2 hrs, 24 hrs) and chronic (1 week) effects of therapy were performed. All patients initiated MD 24 hrs after LD of prasugrel (Group P) and ticagrelor (Group T1); a subgroup of T1 patients repeated the acute phase (first 24 hrs) starting the MD 12 hrs after LD (Group T2). The platelet reactivity index (P...
Regulation of Diet in the Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta

In social insects, colony nutrition depends upon the volume and quality of food distributed, ingested, and assimilated by its members. The ability of Solenopsis invicta workers and larvae to regulate the volume of food ingested individually has been well documented. In this paper, the ability of fire ant workers and larvae to regulate the quality and type of food ingested is demonstrated. Larvae displayed independent appetites for solid protein, amino acid solution, and sucrose solution. When larvae that had fed on one food type were switched to another, they fed on the second food type at rates characteristic of that food type, not of the volume of food previously ingested. Larvae preferred concentrated sucrose and amino acids solutions over dilute solutions. Larval “fullness” was thus a relative property, depending upon the nature of food as well as the volume ingested. The number of workers recruiting to food sites also depended upon food concentration and food type. Workers preferred sucrose to amino acids, concentrated to dilute solutions, and novel to accustomed food. The absence of protein in the worker diet rather than the presence of larvae caused workers to switch their preference from sugar to amino acids solutions. When the colony was offered sucrose and amino acids solutions simultaneously, individual workers ingested from one or the other site, but not both. Little mixing of crop contents occurred when workers solicited from one another inside the nest. Workers tended to regurgitate to larvae after ingesting amino acids and to other workers after ingesting sucrose. The mechanism regulating the distribution of protein pellets, which workers do not ingest, among larvae is unknown. In summary, colony nutrition was regulated by a chain of demand. Forager hunger determined the rate at which food flowed from the environment into the nest. Larval hunger and nest-worker hunger determined the rate and direction in which food moved within the nest.
Repetitively pulsed Cr:LiSAF laser for lidar applications

A Cr:LiSAF laser has been successfully operated at time averaged powers up to 11 W and at pulse repetition rates to 12 Hz. During Q-switched operation, output energy as high as 450 mJ (32 ns FWHM) was obtained. Line-narrowed Q-switched pulses (<0.01 nm) from the Cr:LiSAF laser were successfully used as a tunable light source for lidar to measure atmospheric water content for the first time.
Poisson geometry of differential invariants of curves in some nonsemisimple homogeneous spaces

In this paper we describe a family of compatible Poisson structures defined on the space of coframes (or differential invariants) of curves in flat homogeneous spaces of the form M ≅ (G x R n )/G where G C GL(n,R) is semisimple. This includes Euclidean, affine, special affine, Lorentz, and symplectic geometries. We also give conditions on geometric evolutions of curves in the manifold M so that the induced evolution on their differential invariants is Hamiltonian with respect to our main Hamiltonian bracket.
Interlaboratory proficiency survey of cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement.

We conducted a proficiency survey of cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol analysis in local clinical laboratories to determine whether increased national emphasis on cholesterol measurement had resulted in changes in performance from previous surveys. Sets of frozen aliquots of plasma and HDL supernate pools were sent to nine laboratories for analysis; results were compared with Northwest Lipid Research Center values, and relationships were determined by linear regression. Of all the cholesterol measurements, 81% were considered acceptable (i.e., within 9% of the NWLRC value), and 61% of the HDL cholesterol measurements were considered acceptable (within 50 mg/L of NWLRC values). These data represented no improvement over previous surveys. Workload had increased significantly: 79% for cholesterol and 284% for HDL cholesterol. On a bias plot, six of the laboratories demonstrated inaccuracy greater than the +/- 3% recommendation within the critical range of 2000-2400 mg/L for total cholesterol. For HDL cholesterol, two laboratories demonstrated bias greater than 10% at the critical point of 350 mg/L, with three additional laboratories displaying strong bias outside the decision point. The survey results indicate that apparently further improvements must be made for laboratories to achieve acceptable performance in cholesterol analysis.
Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons express CCK receptor binding sites in the rat, rabbit, and monkey: possible site of opiate- CCK analgesic interactions

125I-Bolton-Hunter sulfated cholecystokinin-8 was used to localize and characterize cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor binding sites in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia, and in the spinal cord of the rat, rabbit, and monkey. In the rabbit and monkey, a substantial number, 90 +/- 21% and 24 +/- 8%, respectively, of trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons express CCK binding sites. In the spinal cord, the highest concentration of CCK receptors is found in laminae I and II, which is the major termination site of dorsal root ganglia neurons expressing CCK receptor binding sites. Neonatal capsaicin treatment of the rat results in a 70% decline in CCK receptor binding sites in laminae I and II of the spinal cord, indicating that dorsal root ganglia neurons are a major source of CCK receptors in the spinal cord. Pharmacological experiments using selective CCK-A and CCK-B receptor antagonists demonstrate that CCK-B is the prominent CCK receptor subtype in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia neurons in the rat, rabbit, and monkey. In the rat and rabbit spinal cord, CCK-B binding sites are the prominent subtype, whereas in the monkey cord, CCK-A is the prominent receptor subtype. These results demonstrate that CCK-B receptors are expressed by a substantial percentage of dorsal root ganglion neurons at all spinal levels, and that CCK may antagonize opiate analgesia at the level of the primary afferent neuron itself.
Alternative T-Cell Costimulatory Pathways in Transplant Rejection and Tolerance Induction: Hierarchy or Redundancy?

Since the original proposal of a two-signal model for lymphocyte activation (1), it has become firmly established that costimulatory signals mediated primarily via the conventional CD28-B7 and CD154-CD40 pathways, are necessary for full T-cell activation and play a crucial role in mediating allograft rejection (2). In several transplantation models, CD28-B7 or CD154-CD40 blockade has been shown to prevent acute rejection, induce long-term allograft survival and prevent the development and progression of chronic rejection. However, these findings are not reproducible in all strain combinations and models, such as those involving islet, small bowel and skin allografts (3,4), or in primate transplantation (5,6). Moreover, CD28or CD154-deficient animals are still capable of rejecting allografts acutely, albeit at a slower tempo, as well as developing chronic rejection (7,8). Therefore, there are CD28and CD154-independent mechanisms that can initiate alloimmune responses, such as those mediated by CD4 and CD8 effector T cells, NK cells and memory cells that are less reliant on CD28 and CD154 signaling for activation, or effectors utilizing ‘alternative’ costimulatory ligands. These mechanisms may, of course, not be mutually exclusive. It has recently been appreciated that various newly discovered members of the CD28 and TNF-TNF-Receptor superfamilies are capable of acting as ‘alternative’ costimulatory pathways, and thus regulating T-cell immune responses (9) (Figure 1). The roles of these individual pathways in alloimmune responses are only now being unraveled (10–13). One such receptor-ligand pair is the molecule 4–1BB (or CD137) which binds its ligand 4–1BBL. Unlike CD28, but resembling Inducible Costimulator (ICOS) (a T-cell receptor and CD28 superfamily member) and OX40 (or CD134, a TNF-R superfamily member), 4–1BB is not constitutively expressed on T cells, but is up-regulated following initial T-cell activation, suggesting that its main action is not on the initiation of an immune response, but rather on its persistence. It may therefore play an important role in conditions of chronic immune activation. The main cellular targets for 4–1BB are previously activated cells, both CD4 and CD8 T cells, as well as NK cells, in which it promotes proliferation, cellular activation, IL-2 production and cell survival (14,15). In allotransplantation, 4–1BB and 4–1BBL transcripts are found in rejecting murine cardiac grafts (16), and 4–1BB4–1BBL interactions have been shown to regulate alloimmune responses in bone-marrow transplantation models (17,18). Interestingly, 4–1BB-deficient animals have an unaltered time course of skin transplant rejection (19). The precise effect of 4–1BB ligation appears in part to be dependent on the status of the CD28-B7 pathway, since CD28-deficient T cells appear to be more sensitive to 4–1BB blockade than CD28-expressing cells. However, even CD28/4–1BB-double-deficient mice ultimately reject their grafts, demonstrating yet again that there is some redundancy in pathways promoting T-cell activation (19).
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled diphenylhydantoin and its major metabolite 5‐(p‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐phenylhydantoin (HPPH) in 70 minutes

A simple and convenient method for the synthesis of carbon-14 labeled diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (I) and its major metabolite 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin (HPPH) (II) in 70 minutes is described. This synthesis allows incorporation of carbon-11-11 (physical half-life 20 minutes) into these molecules. Incorporation of short-lived isotopes into drug molecules provides a vastly expanded potential for study of in vivo distribution of drugs and development of tumor specific agents.
A stem cell-like gene expression signature associates with inferior outcomes and a distinct microRNA expression profile in adults with primary cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is hypothesized to be sustained by self-renewing leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Recently, gene expression signatures (GES) from functionally defined AML LSC populations were reported, and expression of a ‘core enriched’ (CE) GES, representing 44 genes activated in LCSs, conferred shorter survival in cytogenetically normal (CN) AML. The prognostic impact of the CE GES in the context of other molecular markers, including gene mutations and microRNA (miR) expression alterations, is unknown and its clinical utility is unclear. We studied associations of the CE GES with known molecular prognosticators, miR expression profiles, and outcomes in 364 well-characterized CN-AML patients. A high CE score (CEhigh) associated with FLT3-internal tandem duplication, WT1 and RUNX1 mutations, wild-type CEBPA and TET2, and high ERG, BAALC and miR-155 expression. CEhigh patients had a lower complete remission (CR) rate (P=0.003) and shorter disease-free (DFS, P<0.001) and overall survival (OS, P<0.001) than CElow patients. These associations persisted in multivariable analyses adjusting for other prognosticators (CR, P=0.02; DFS, P<0.001; and OS, P<0.001). CEhigh status was accompanied by a characteristic miR expression signature. Fifteen miRs were upregulated in both younger and older CEhigh patients, including miRs relevant for stem cell function. Our results support the clinical relevance of LSCs and improve risk stratification in AML.
The role of FDG-PET imaging and involved field radiotherapy in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

We examined the role of fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and the addition of involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) as potential modifiers of salvage therapy. From January 2000 to June 2007, 83 patients with chemosensitive relapsed or primary refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) underwent FDG-PET scans following second-line chemotherapy before high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell rescue (HDT/ASCR). We evaluated the prognostic value of having a negative FDG-PET scan before HDT/ASCR and whether IFRT improved the outcomes. Median follow-up was 45 months, and the 3-year PFS, disease-specific survival (DSS) and OS were 72, 80 and 78%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that a positive FDG-PET scan had worse PFS (hazard ratio=(HR) 3.4; P=0.014), DSS (HR=7.7; P=0.001) and OS (HR=5.4; P=0.001), and that patients not receiving IFRT had worse PFS (HR=2.7; P=0.03) and DSS (HR=2.8, P=0.059). Patients who received IFRT had better local control with fewer relapses within prior involved sites compared with those that did not receive IFRT (P=0.006). These outcomes confirm the important prognostic value of FDG-PET scans before undergoing HDT/ASCR. It also suggests that the role of IFRT should be evaluated further.
Canopy photosynthesis of crops and native plant communities exposed to long‐term elevated CO2

Abstract. There have been seven studies of canopy photosynthesis of plants grown in elevated atmospheric CO2: three of seed crops, two of forage crops and two of native plant ecosystems. Growth in elevated CO2 increased canopy photosynthesis in all cases. The relative effect of CO2 was correlated with increasing temperature: the least stimulation occurred in tundra vegetation grown at an average temperature near 10°C and the greatest in rice grown at 43°C. In soybean, effects of CO2 were greater during leaf expansion and pod fill than at other stages of crop maturation. In the longest running experiment with elevated CO2 treatment to date, monospecific stands of a C3 sedge, Scirpus olneyi (Grey), and a C4 grass, Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., have been exposed to twice normal ambient CO2 concentrations for four growing seasons, in open top chambers on a Chesapeake Bay salt marsh. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange per unit green biomass (NCEb) increased by an average of 48% throughout the growing season of 1988, the second year of treatment. Elevated CO2 increased net ecosystem carbon assimilation by 88% in the Scirpus olneyi community and 40% in the Spartina patens community.
Innovative Enrichment Program for Young Scholars

The United States is facing a shortage of engineers, and while there have been many recently developed programs aimed at reversing this decline, more active recruitment must still be directed toward women and minorities, since it is individuals in these categories that are underrepresented in the engineering profession. Because declining enrollments produce a corresponding decline in graduates, other offices throughout the university can also be affected. One such office is the career-services office, since it arranges interviews between potential employers and perspective engineering graduates. Representatives from engineering and career services at Youngstown State University jointly developed an innovative program to generate interest in engineering among young scholars. These scholars were brought on campus during the summer to participate in a variety of hands-on engineering experiences, including numerous off-campus field trips. After a successful pilot program, modifications were made the following year based on the reactions of the participants. Specific program activities and the participants’ reactions are described in detail. Recommendations for future programs are also cited.
Cardioventilatory effects of acclimatization to aquatic hypoxia in channel catfish.

The mechanisms responsible for altering cardioventilatory control in vertebrates in response to chronic hypoxia are not well understood but appear to be mediated through the oxygen-sensitive chemoreceptor pathway. Little is known about the effects of chronic hypoxia on cardioventilatory control in vertebrates other than mammals. The purpose of this study was to determine how cardioventilatory control and the pattern of response is altered in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by 1 week of moderate hypoxia. Fish were acclimatized for 7 days in either normoxia (PO2∼150 Torr) or hypoxia (PO2∼75 Torr). After acclimatization, cardioventilatory, blood-gas and acid/base variables were measured during normoxia (PO2 148±1 Torr) then at two levels of acute (5 min) hypoxia, (PO2 72.6±1 and 50.4±0.4 Torr). Ventilation was significantly greater in hypoxic acclimatized fish as was the ventilatory sensitivity to hypoxia (Δ ventilation/ΔPO2). The increase in ventilation and hypoxic sensitivity was due to increases in opercular pressure amplitude, gill ventilation frequency did not change. Heart rate was greater in hypoxic acclimatized fish but decreased in both acclimatization groups in response to acute hypoxia. Heart rate sensitivity to hypoxia (Δ heart rate/ΔPO2) was not affected by hypoxic acclimatization. The ventilatory effects of hypoxic acclimatization can be explained by increased sensitivity to oxygen but the effects on heart rate cannot.
Dynamics of tilted hexatic phases in liquid-crystal films

We develop a theory for the dynamics of tilted hexatic phases in liquid-crystal films. A renormalization-group analysis gives exponents for the softening of the optical-mode relaxation rate near the hexatic-to-hexatic transitions. These exponents may be observable in experiments on therrnotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals.
Volume change of ion pair formation: Rubidium nitrate and thallium(I) nitrate in water

Density data for dilute aqueous solutions of RbNO3 and TlNO3 at 25°C lead to the following equations for the apparent molal volumes: RbNO3: ΦV = 43.07 + 2.46c1/2 + 0.15c (0−0.41M) TINO3: ΦV = 39.50 + 10.83c1/2 − 25.46c + 26.0c3/2 (0.03−0.25M)
Comparisons of real time microwave rainfall products from TRMM/TMI, DMSP/SSM/I, and NOAA/AMSU

The real time rain estimates from the TRMM/TMI and the SSM/I Goddard Profiling Alforithm (GPROF), along with the Climate Prediction Center real time IR rain estimates, have been merged to a preparatory version of the TRMM global 3-hourly rain product. This paper discusses the issue of merging NOAA/AMSU rain estimates as an addition into this preparatory product and provides comparisons of rainfall among TMI, SSM/I GPROF and AMSU products. The orbit data of the three microwave sensors were aggregated to 3-hourly gridded rain products with horizontal resolution of 0.25°. The histogram data based on the coincident rainfall among TMI, SSM/I and AMSU estimates from the 3-hourly data series showed about +50% bias of AMSU rain as compared to the SSM/I-TMI rain over tropical ocean. However, over land, the AMSU data showed about -20% bias as compared to the SSM/I-TMI products. The correlation between TMI and AMSU oceanic data is about 0.5. In order to justify the results from microwave rainfall estimates, the TMI rain estimate were compared with ground validation data for a 4-year period. The results indicate a lower (-15%) TMI rain amount over ocean and a higher (+25%) TMI estimate over land as compared to the ground observation.
Clocked CMOS adiabatic logic with integrated single-phase power-clock supply: experimental results

In this paper we describe the design and experimental evaluation of a clocked CMOS adiabatic logic (CAL). CAL is a dual-rail logic that operates from a single-phase AC power-clock supply in the 'adiabatic' mode, or from a DC power supply in the 'non-adiabatic' mode. In the adiabatic mode, the power-clock supply waveform is generated using an on-chip switching transistor and a small external inductor between the chip and a low-voltage DC supply. Circuit operation and performance are evaluated using a chain of inverters realized in 1.2 /spl mu/m technology. Experimental results show energy savings in the adiabatic mode versus the non-adiabatic mode at clock frequencies up to about 40 MHz.
Educational attainment moderates the effect of a brief diabetes self-care intervention.

Abstract Aims Those with less education are at increased risk for developing diabetes and have a poorer prognosis. Intensive diabetes self-care interventions have been more effective at improving glycemic control in those with lower educational attainment. Due to limited resources, the focus has shifted to brief, cost-effective health interventions. This study examined whether educational attainment moderates the effect of a brief, telephone delivered self-care intervention on glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes. Methods Randomized clinical trial. Participants (N = 62) were assigned to receive treatment as usual or treatment as usual plus a brief telephone intervention. The primary outcome measure was hemoglobin A1c. Results A significant education by intervention group interaction effect indicated that participants with higher educational attainment had greater improvement in glycemic control (A1c) than those with less educational attainment; whereas, educational attainment was unrelated to change in glycemic control (A1c) within the control group. Conclusions People with higher educational attainment may benefit to a greater extent from brief self-care interventions for diabetes, while those with lower educational attainment may require more intensive treatment.
Visible light-induced hydrogen formation from water by various 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salts (viologens)

Abstract Visible-light-induced hydrogen generation from water by seven 1,1'-dialkyl-4,4'-bipyridinium compounds (viologen dyes) as electron transfer agents has been investigated. Among these, pentyl viologen (PV +2 ) was most efficient. The relative rate of hydrogen formation was highest when the redox potential of the viologen was near −0.65 V ( vs . SCE) at pH 4.5. There may also be a relationship between the rate of hydrogen formation and the hydrophobicities of these viologen dyes because of the heterogeneous nature of the ultimate reaction.
Mechanical properties of as-extruded and heat-treated poly-(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) films

The stress-strain behaviour and morphological features of PBT films before and after heat treatment are reported. PBT films possess extraordinary mechanical properties comparable to those of the fibres. A non-uniform residual stress distribution is proposed to account for the elastic-plastic behaviour of as-extruded films and the subsequent extensive fibrillization during tensile testing or tension heat treatment. Tension heat treatment results in significant axial modulus and tensile strength increase by improving overall sample orientation and lateral crystallite size with concomitant straightening of buckled regions in the film.
Implementing a relationship marketing program: a case study and managerial implications

Proposes that successful implementation of a relationship marketing program requires a complement of strategies that satisfies and motivates customers through different phases of relationship development. To accomplish this, firms simultaneously implement transactional marketing strategies and relational marketing strategies. Offers a case study of a non‐profit professional theater to demonstrate how a firm can implement multiple marketing strategies to achieve different relational objectives, and extends these findings to offer recommendations and managerial implications.
CASE STUDY AND SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF Bo01, MALMÖ, SWEDEN

INTRODUCTION The Bo01 high-density mixed-use development in Malmo, Sweden, was based on innovative planning procedures and products. A very broad definition of sustainability required new approaches in collaboration by the city, developers, planners, and designers. The outcomes of the project included outstanding aesthetics in the plan and the individual elements, as well as spaces that foster social interactions at the city, neighborhood, and block scales. A density of 26 residential dwelling units per gross acre balances the 50% open space dedication. Comprehensive planning for energy, water, and waste systems resulted in significant improvements, especially in energy production (100% is from renewable sources) and solid waste management. A wind turbine provides most of the electricity while a district-wide system supplied by a geothermal storage network provides almost all of the heating and cooling resources. Measures taken to replace and sequester toxic soils on the brownfield site were coupled with ...
Transforming growth factor β-mediated suppression of antitumor T cells requires FoxP1 transcription factor expression.

Summary Tumor-reactive T cells become unresponsive in advanced tumors. Here we have characterized a common mechanism of T cell unresponsiveness in cancer driven by the upregulation of the transcription factor Forkhead box protein P1 (Foxp1), which prevents CD8 + T cells from proliferating and upregulating Granzyme-B and interferon-γ in response to tumor antigens. Accordingly, Foxp1-deficient lymphocytes induced rejection of incurable tumors and promoted protection against tumor rechallenge. Mechanistically, Foxp1 interacted with the transcription factors Smad2 and Smad3 in preactivated CD8 + T cells in response to microenvironmental transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and was essential for its suppressive activity. Therefore, Smad2 and Smad3-mediated c-Myc repression requires Foxp1 expression in T cells. Furthermore, Foxp1 directly mediated TGF-β-induced c-Jun transcriptional repression, which abrogated T cell activity. Our results unveil a fundamental mechanism of T cell unresponsiveness different from anergy or exhaustion, driven by TGF-β signaling on tumor-associated lymphocytes undergoing Foxp1-dependent transcriptional regulation.
Vulnerability to sexual coercion among college women: A longitudinal study

Two-year panel data on a random sample of 54 college women were used to assess the link between rape supportive attitudes, prior experiences with sexual coercion, and vulnerability to sexual coercion while in college. Analysis showed that (1) rape supportive attitudes had no effect on vulnerability to physical coercion, rape, or alcohol/drug-related nonconsensual sex, (2) rape supportive attitudes were not changed by experiences with coercion, and (3) prior sexual coerction did not predict vulnerability over a two-year period. There was an increase in unwanted sex through nonviolent means (lies, threats to end the relationship) over the two-year period for women who held sex role stereotyped beliefs and a decrease in nonviolent unwanted sex for women who endorsed rape myths. Otherwise, these college women's atiitudes and individual characteristics were generally not predictive of their risk for most sexual victimization.
Modified procedure for isolation of a major swine whey protein.

Abstract A salt fractionation procedure for the isolation of a polymorphic whey protein in sow's milk was modified to include anion exchange chromatography. The protein, homologous to ruminant β -lactoglobulin, was crystallized from pooled milk and its identity to the previously isolated polymorphic whey protein was verified by alkaline and acid gel electrophoresis.
Needles in haystacks: identifying specific peptide antigens for T cells

The antigen receptors of T cells are engaged by unique peptides displayed by MHC molecules on the antigen-presenting cell surface. These rare peptides can now be distinguished among the thousands normally bound to MHC molecules. Knowledge of the antigenic peptides and their donor proteins is suggesting potential targets for immunotherapy and providing insights into the cellular mechanisms that generate the peptide-MHC complexes.
Evolution of systemic reticuloendotheliosis in childhood.

Summary 1. The relationship of acute reticuloendotheliosis (Letterer-Siwe's type) to chronic reticuloendotheliosis (Hand-Schuller-Christian's and eosinophilic types) has been discussed. 2. It has been suggested that Hand-Schuller-Christian's disease be removed from the chapter of hereditary lipoidoses (Gaucher and Niemann-Pick) and to fill this gap with hyper-cholesteremic familial xanthomatosis (xanthoma tuberosum). 3. Cholesterosis has ben discussed and reasons have been brought forward as to why this process should be termed cholesterol degeneration. 4. An attempt has been made to define the term of reticuloendotheliosis as accurately as possible. 5. Reticuloendotheliosis with leucemic response has been discussed. A new form of systemic reticuloendotheliosis characterized by xanthomatosis and leucemic phenomena has been described in detail and has been classified with the known types of this condition. 6. The literature concerning the relationship of the different types of systemic reticuloendotheliosis has been reviewed.
Experiences of law and reconciliation after genocide

Gacaca: Living together again in Rwanda, directed by Anne Aghion. New York, First Run/Icarus Films, 55 minutes, 2002. US$390 (educational use) In Rwanda we say … the family that does not speak dies...
Stoichiometry of interaction of the polyene antibiotic, filipin, with free and liposomal-bound cholesterol.

The polyene antibiotic, filipin, is known to interact with cholesterol present in aqueous solutions, artificial membranes and sterol-containing biological membranes. The stoichiometry of interaction between filipin and free or liposomal-bound cholesterol present in an aqueous system was determined by quantitating the ultraviolet spectral change of filipin which occurs in the presence of cholesterol. A preliminary analysis of the data obtained from aqueous dispersions of cholesterol + filipin alone suggested that the stoichiometry was 1:1. According to a more refined analysis of this same data by the SCATCHARD technique, there are 1.11±0.18 molecules of cholesterol associated with filipin in this system. Additionally it was found in a liposome solution consisting of lecithin : dicetylphosphate : [4-14C]-cholesterol that the maximum spectral change of filipin only occurred where a 1:1 ratio of filipin : sterol was present. Thus the likely stoichiometry of the filipin-cholesterol complex in both these systems is 1:1.A procedure is described wherein the sterol-mediated spectral-change of filipin can be utilized as the basis of a sensitive assay for quantitating the amounts of sterol in membrane fractions.
Residency programs and psychotherapy competencies: a survey of chief residents.

To survey chief residents’ opinion about various aspects of psychotherapy competency determination. Chief residents of various psychiatry residency programs were surveyed. One hundred two chief residents were surveyed. Seventy two (70.58%) completed the survey. Eighty four percent of the respondents reported that they were aware of the competencies. The number of patients required for competency determination in five areas of psychotherapy varied widely among the programs. Global assessment by psychotherapy supervisors was the most commonly used method of competency determination (61%). Nineteen (26%) chief residents opined that not all the faculty members involved in teaching and assessing competencies are qualified to do so. Only 23 (31%) of respondents reported that competency criteria were well integrated into the residency curriculum. The little consistency in psychotherapy competency determination across various programs, the differential preparedness of programs for competencies and the lack of consistent integration of competencies into residency curricula call for development and implementation of more uniform assessment methods. This variability also calls into question the decision to establish a standard in five areas of psychotherapy competency.
Oral hydrocortisone therapy in bronchial asthma and hay fever

Abstract Thirty-nine patients with bronchial asthma and 10 patients with ragweed hay fever were treated with oral hydrocortisone tablets. Of the 39 asthmatic patients, 20 obtained excellent relief of symptoms; 5, marked relief; 9, moderate relief; and 1, slight relief. Four patients failed to respond. Of the 10 ragweed hay fever patients, 7 obtained excellent relief; 2, marked relief; and 1, moderate relief. Where cortisone had previously been used (24 patients) the response to hydrocortisone orally was as effective in 15, and superior in 8 patients. One patient failed to respond to both cortisone and hydrocortisone. Significant side effects requiring discontinuation of therapy were observed in two patients, consisting of headache in one, and sweating, tachycardia, and dizziness in the other. Mild side effects were present in 7 patients. Forty patients showed no side effects. No serious side effects were encountered in this series. Oral hydrocortisone is an effective form of therapy for symptomatic relief in bronchial asthma and hay fever.
Determination of mercury in biological and environmental materials by instrumental neutron activation analysis

Mercury is determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis and Ge(Li) gamma-ray spectroscopy in biological and environmental samples. Samples are sealed in polyethylene vials and irradiated with standards for 8–10 hours in a water cooled assembly at a thermal neutron flux of 8.1012 neutrons/cm2/second. High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy allows the measurement of the 279 keV gamma ray of203Hg. Corrections are made for203Hg decay and for75Se interference on the 279 keV gamma-ray. No interferences are important in biological or environmental samples and the problem of mercury volatilization and loss is eliminated by cooling during irradiation and the use of a sealed irradiation/counting container. The precision (counting statistics) of a single determination range from 0.4 to 15% (relative standard deviation). The detection limit for mercury varies with sample composition. For human blood the detection limit is 0.0035 ppm Hg.
Grounding, scientific explanation, and Humean laws

It has often been argued that Humean accounts of natural law cannot account for the role played by laws in scientific explanations. Loewer (Philosophical Studies 2012) has offered a new reply to this argument on behalf of Humean accounts—a reply that distinguishes between grounding (which Loewer portrays as underwriting a kind of metaphysical explanation) and scientific explanation. I will argue that Loewer’s reply fails because it cannot accommodate the relation between metaphysical and scientific explanation. This relation also resolves a puzzle about scientific explanation that Hempel and Oppenheim (Philosophy of Science 15:135–75, 1948) encountered.
Toxic metal levels in children residing in a smelting craft village in Vietnam: a pilot biomonitoring study.

In Vietnam, environmental pollution caused by small-scale domestic smelting of automobile batteries into lead ingot is a growing concern. The village of Nghia Lo is a smelting craft village located roughly 25 km southeast of Hanoi in the Red River Delta. Despite the concern of toxic metal exposure in the village, biomonitoring among susceptible populations, such as children, has not been previously conducted. The aim of this study was to determine the body burden of toxic metals in children residing in a smelting craft village. Twenty children from Nghia Lo, Vietnam, ages 18 months to four years were selected for capillary whole blood and toenail biomonitoring. Whole blood lead levels (BLLs) were measured using a portable lead analyzer, and toenail levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and mercury were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The findings show that all of the 20 children had detectable BLLs, and every child had levels that exceeded the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline level of 5 μg/dL. Eighty percent of tested subjects had BLLs higher than 10 μg/dL. Five children (25%) had BLLs greater than 45 μg/dL, the level of recommended medical intervention. In addition to blood lead, all of the children had detectable levels of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese, and mercury in toenail samples. Notably, average toenail lead, manganese, and mercury levels were 157 μg/g, 7.41 μg/g, and 2.63 μg/g respectively, well above levels previously reported in children. Significant Spearman’s rank correlations showed that there were relationships between blood and toenail lead levels (r = 0.65, p < 0.05), toenail levels of lead and cadmium (r = 0.66, p < 0.05), and toenail levels of manganese and chromium (r = 0.72, p < 0.001). Linear regression showed that reducing the distance to the nearest active smelter by half was associated with a 116% increase in BLL (p < 0.05). The results suggest that children in battery recycling and smelting craft villages in Vietnam are co-exposed to toxic metals. There is an urgent need for mitigation to control metal exposure related to domestic smelting.
Electron Spin Resonance of Concentrated Copper Phthalocyanine Crystals

An electron-spin-resonance study of pure copper phthalocyanine single crystal reveals a highly anisotropic environment. There are strong exchange and dipolar interactions between equivalent sites. However, the exchange interactions between the two nonequivalent sites are small enough to permit detection and separation of the two individual resonances. Values of $g$ and the linewidth have been measured as a function of angle in the three crystallographic planes. The variation of $\ensuremath{\Delta}H$ is discussed in terms of the exchange narrowing, exchange broadening, dipolar broadening, and hyperfine interaction.
RNA SEEING DOUBLE : CLOSE-PACKING OF HELICES IN RNA TERTIARY STRUCTURE

Abstract Structured RNA molecules play essential roles in RNA processing, chromosome maintenance and protein biosynthesis. RNA necessarily uses different strategies than proteins for folding and assembly of complex architectures. The RNA-folding problem is largely an issue of helical packing: how does RNA organize and pack short, double-helical segments to produce active sites and recognition motifs for proteins? Noncanonical base pairs, metal ions and 2′-hydroxyl groups are key elements in RNA higher-order structure formation.
Nature of buoyancy-driven flows in a reduced-gravity environment

The role of buoyancy-driven convection in reduced-gravity environments has been emphasized. It is shown that for some materials-processing experiments the values of the fundamental dimensionless parameters such as Gr or Ra are shifted from the very large (ground-based values) to moderately large (space-based values). As a consequence, in cases where approximate analytical solutions are desired, the accuracy of the usual asymptotic (boundary-layer) analysis in which infinitely large parametric ranges are assumed is reduced. Approximate analytical techniques for refinement of the asymptotic solutions are identified that will extend the accuracy to the moderately large parametric ranges associated with space-based processing.
A practical and comprehensive graduate course preparing students for research involving scientific computing

Abstract We describe a new graduate course in scientific computing that was taught during Fall 2010 at Louisiana State University. The course was designed to provide students with a broad and practical introduction to scientific computing which would provide them with the basic skills and experience to very quickly get involved in research projects involving modern cyberinfrastructure and complex real world scientific problems. The course, which was taken by thirteen graduate students, covered basic skills, networks and data, simulations and application frameworks, scientific visualization, and distributed scientific computing. Notable features of the course include a modularized team-teaching approach, and the integration of national cyberinfrastucture with teaching.