cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of hepatitis C in patients with idiopathic glomerulopathies in native and transplant kidneys

Abstract Previous studies suggest that there is an association between hepatitis C (HCV) infection and glomerular diseases in native and transplanted kidneys. However, the data are controversial. To reexamine this issue, we determined the prevalence of serum anti-HCV antibodies in patients with glomerulopathies of native kidneys (n = 105) and in patients with acute and chronic transplant glomerulopathy (TxGN) (n = 62). Compared with a control group of patients with diabetic nephropathy (n = 37, 0% HCV +), the prevalence of HCV antibodies was significantly higher in patients with focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) (4 of 32, 13%, P = 0.04 by chi-square), but not in patients with membranous nephropathy (MGN) (1 of 19, 5%) or in patients with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) (2 of 17, 12%). All of the patients with positive HCV serology had histories of intravenous (IV) drug use. Thus, HCV serology was negative in all of the patients with native glomerulopathies without histories of IV drug use. Compared with a group of 105 transplant patients without TxGN (1.8% HCV+), the prevalence of HCV antibodies was significantly higher in patients with acute (A)TxGN (12 or 41: 29%. P = 0.0004) and in patients with chronic (C)TxGN (9 of 27: 33%. P = 0.0004). Compared with controls, patients with ATxGN also had a significantly higher prevalence of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) (3% and 26% of patients, respectively, P = 0.0004). However, there were no statistical associations between HCV and CMV serologies. These results do not support the postulate that HCV infection is associated with idiopathic native glomerulopathies; instead, the data suggest that the presence of HCV positivity in these patients can be explained by the inclusion of patients with a history of IV drug use. In contrast, these studies demonstrate for the first time an association between HCV infection and transplant glomerulopathies.
The fabrication of periodic metal nanodot arrays through pulsed laser melting induced fragmentation of metal nanogratings

We propose and demonstrate a new method for fabricating periodic arrays of metal nanodots over a large area. In this method, metal nanogratings were first patterned on a substrate by nanoimprint lithography and lift-off, and were then melted using a single excimer laser pulse. We found that the laser melting broke the metal nanogratings into periodic nanodots. Furthermore, we demonstrated the control of the nanodot array pitch using a substrate surface topology, and the fabrication of two-dimensional periodic metal nanodot arrays of 70 nm diameter and 200 nm period. The fragmentation of lines into dots was attributed to the Rayleigh instability in a liquid cylinder.
Axial-Flux Motor System Efficiency in a Solar Powered Vehicle

This paper presents a study of maximizing motor system efficiency for a solar powered vehicle by providing guidelines for the setup and operation of the motor system. It describes the vehicle, the motor system, and the dynamometer used for testing. Solar racecars use the axial flux motor described in the work because of its high efficiency, direct drive feature, and lead screw driven variable air gap. We present efficiency test results at a range of operating points. Motor operation in drive and regeneration modes is covered. During regeneration mode testing, the axial flux motor system converts mechanical energy provided by the dynamometer to electrical energy. In drive mode, the dynamometer absorbs the mechanical energy produced by the axial flux motor. The parameters varied in studying motor efficiency are battery voltage, speed, torque, and air gap size. Regeneration efficiency as influenced by back EMF is discussed. Guidelines for motor operation are developed. For example, guidelines for setting the motor air gap as a function of speed are given. The users of solar powered vehicles can employ these guidelines to setup and operate the motor more efficiently through improved regenerative energy capture and decreased drive losses. Application of the guidelines may be extended to other electric and hybrid vehicles, thus improving automotive energy efficiency.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Quantization of anomalous gauge theories on a lattice

Abstract We discuss advantages and disadvantages of three equivalent lattice actions proposed before for anomalous chiral gauge theories. Applications to the chiral Scwinger model and the 4 dimensional chiral QED are presented.
Neonatal research and the validity of informed consent obtained in the perinatal period.

BACKGROUND: Consent for participation in clinical research is considered valid if it is informed, understood, and voluntary. In the case of minors, parents give permission for their child to participate in research studies after being presented with all information needed to make an informed decision. Although informed consent is a vital component of clinical research, there is little information evaluating its validity in neonatal intensive-care populations. The objective of this project was to determine the validity of informed consent obtained from parents of infants enrolled in the multicenter randomized research study, neurologic outcomes and pre-emptive analgesia in the neonate (NEOPAIN). DESIGN/METHODS: Parents of infants who survived to discharge and had signed consent for their newborn to participate in the NEOPAIN study at the University of Kentucky were asked 20 open-ended questions to determine their level of understanding about the NEOPAIN study. The NEOPAIN consent form, which had been approved by the University of Kentucky Medical Institutional Review Board (IRB), was used to formulate these questions. Questions addressed the timing of consent, parental understanding of the purpose, benefits, and risks of the study, the voluntary nature of the project, and their willingness to enroll in future studies if the opportunity presented. Answers were scored on a Likert scale, with 1 for no understanding and 5 for complete understanding. RESULTS: Five of 64 parents (7.8%) had no recollection of the NEOPAIN study or of signing consent. Of those who remembered the study, only 67.8% understood the purpose of the study, with a higher proportion of the mothers than fathers knowing the purpose of the study (73.3% vs 57.1%), (p=0.029). Of those who understood the purpose of the study 95% were able to verbalize the benefits, but only 5% understood any potential risks. No parents reported feeling pressured or coerced to sign consent for the project and all parents reported they would enroll their child in additional studies if asked. CONCLUSIONS: Valid consent in the antenatal/perinatal population is difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. To maximize validity of consent in the antenatal/perinatal population every effort should be made to include mothers in the consent process. Additional attention during the consent process should be given to possible risks of the study.
Phorbol esters modulate the high Ca2(+)-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates in bovine parathyroid cells.

We examined the effects of TPA on the high Ca2+-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates in bovine parathyoid cells to determine whether protein kinase C modulates phosphoinositide turnover in a fashion similar to that observed in other cell types stimulated by more classic Ca2+ mobilizing hormones. Following exposure of parathyroid cells to TPA (10−6 M) for 10 or 30 minutes, there was a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of the accumulation of inositol monophosphate (IP), inositol bisphosphate (IP2), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3) stimulated by 3 mM Ca2+. Half the maximal observed inhibition took place at 1–10 nM TPA, with 50–60% inhibition of high Ca2+-stimulated accumulation of inositol phosphates at 10−6 M TPA. The active phorbol ester, 4β-phorbol didecanoate, produced similar effects; the inactive derivative, 4α-phorbol didecanoate, was without effect. When parathyroid cells were exposed to TPA (10−6 M) for varying times and were then incubated with high (3 mM) Ca2+, inhibition of inositol phosphate accumulation was observed with 10 or 30 minutes preincubation. In contrast, preincubation of cells with TPA for 3 or 18 h markedly enhanced the high (3 mM) Ca2+-induced increase in inositol phosphates. In cells preincubated with TPA for 18 h, binding sites for [3H]phorbol dibutyrate and total protein kinase C (PKC) activity were reduced by greater than 95% and by 71%, respectively, consistent with downregulation of the enzyme. These results suggest that the high extracellular Ca2+-stimulated increase in accumulation of inositol phosphates in parathyroid cells, which has been postulated to result from a receptorlike process, can be modulated by agonists of protein kinase C in a fashion similar to that observed with more classic Ca2+ mobilizing hormones. Activators of kinase C initially inhibit the generation of inositol phosphates, presumably as a result of reduced turnover of phosphoinositides, but subsequently enhance inositol phosphate accumulation, probably because of down-regulation of protein kinase C.
INTRACELLULAR UPTAKE OF HUMAN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE FOLLOWING INTRATRACHEAL ADMINISTRATION. † 1964

INTRACELLULAR UPTAKE OF HUMAN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE FOLLOWING INTRATRACHEAL ADMINISTRATION. † 1964
Unusually Strong Vertical Motions in a Caribbean Hurricane

Abstract Unusually strong updrafts and downdrafts in the eyewall of Hurricane Emily (1987) during its rapidly deepening phase are documented by both in situ aircraft measurements and a vertically pointing Doppler radar. Updrafts and downdrafts as strong as 24 and 19 m s−1, respectively, were found. Mean updrafts and downdrafts were approximately twice as strong as those found in other hurricanes. Updrafts had approximately the same width as downdrafts. The most vigorous updrafts were located in the front quadrants of the storm, and most of the strongest downdrafts were found in the rear quadrants. The downdrafts could not be explained in terms of evaporative or melting cooling, or precipitation drag. Evidence is presented that moist symmetric instability initiated by precipitation loading may have been responsible for the strong downdrafts.
World War II and the growth of southern city planning: a gigantic force?

Many historians believe that war produces revolutionary or at least extraordinary change. That would seem to be true of some wars in a military sense and sometimes in a diplomatic sense. However, the picture of non-military change is not so clear for every society. Since World War II had such a great impact on American cities, the experience of cities seems like an ideal realm in which to test the degree of change. Since city planning is one of the premier modern urban professions, gauging the impact on city planning is a good place to begin. This article argues that southern city planning experienced only modest changes during the World War II. The war did create considerable growth in a few southern cities. However, the vast majority of them did not grow and usually declined. In the boom cities, the war created disorderly conditions, inimical to good city planning. On the other hand, the cities that declined made modest progress in planning, mainly in establishing amateur planning commissions and adopti...
The effect of androgen deprivation on the early changes in prostate volume following transperineal ultrasound guided interstitial therapy for localized carcinoma of the prostate

Abstract Purpose: To determine the change in volume of the prostate as a result of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation prior to prostate implant and in the early postimplant period following transperineal ultrasound guided palladium-103 brachytherapy for early-stage prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: Sixty-nine men received 3 to 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy followed by treatment planning ultrasound followed 4 to 8 weeks later by palladium-103 implant of the prostate. All patients had clinical and radiographic stage T1c–T2b adenocarcinoma of the prostate. A second ultrasound study was carried out 11 to 13 days following the implant to determine the change in volume of the prostate as a result of the implant. The prehormonal and preimplant volumes were compared to the postimplant volume to determine the effect of hormones and brachytherapy on prostate volume. Results: The median decrease in prostate volume as a result of androgen deprivation was 33% among the 54 patients with prostate volume determinations prior to hormonal therapy. The reduction in volume was greatest in the quartile of men with the largest initial gland volume (59%) and least in the quartile of men with smallest glands (10%). The median reduction in prostate volume between the treatment planning ultrasound and the follow-up study after implant was 3%, but 23 (33%) patients had an increase in prostate volume, including 16 (23%) who had an increase in volume >20%; 11 of these patients (16%) had an increase in volume >30%. The time course of development and resolution of this edema is not known. The severity of the edema was not related to initial or preimplant prostate volume or duration of hormonal therapy. Conclusions: Prostate edema may significantly affect the dose delivered to the prostate following transperineal ultrasound guided brachytherapy. The effect on the actual delivered dose will be greater when shorter lived isotopes are used. It remains to be observed whether this edema will affect outcome.
Optimized reflection imaging in laser confocal microscopy and its application to neurobiology: Modificationsa to the biorad MRC-500

Reflection images of biological specimens recorded using laser-scanned confocal microscopes are frequently degraded by low image contrast, poor signal to noise, and the inability to image deeper in the specimen than 10–20 μm. Artifactual internal reflections often are a source of these limitations, but they can be reduced or eliminated by the use of polarization components. Designs for the incorporation and optimum use of these components in the BioRad MRC-500 are presented. The effect of the internal reflections was reduced by optimum rotational alignment of both a quarterwave plate and an analyzer. Absorption of incident and reflected light by both the stained cells and the background tissue of the specimen also seriously degrades image signal to noise, and is a function of specimen preparation and the wavelength of light used. The red line of a helium-neon laser was not as readily absorbed as the blue and green lines of an argon-ion laser when imaging neurobiological specimens contrasted with either peroxidase/diaminobenzidine or Golgi staining. Specimens many times thicker were imaged with red laser light and with superior image quality compared with blue or green laser light.
Septo-optic dysplasia with olfactory tract and bulb hypoplasia.

Abstract Optic nerve hypoplasia can be associated with other central nervous system malformations. When associated with absence of the septum pellucidum or thinning of the corpus callosum, it is termed septo-optic dysplasia. Considered to be a first trimester event, the embryologic timing and etiology of this syndrome still is not clearly defined. This report represents the first documented case of septo-optic dysplasia with associated hypoplasia of the olfactory tract. Optic nerve hypoplasia is attributed to an abnormal developmental process during gestation. Generally accepted to be due to a first trimester insult, the timing of this abnormality has been debated given its association with other central nervous system abnormalities. 1 These central nervous system abnormalities often include cerebral hemispheric and hypothalmic-pituitary axis abnormalities. Specifically, the presence of optic nerve hypoplasia with absence of the septum pellucidum and thinning of the corpus callosum has been termed septo-optic dysplasia or de Morsier's syndrome. 1,2 Septo-optic dysplasia in association with olfactory tract and bulb hypoplasia has not been reported previously. J AAPOS 2001;5:398-9.
Hermann Giliomee and The Shaping of South African Society: Memories of a Collaboration

ABSTRACT This article reflects on the collaboration between 1973 and 1979 of Hermann Giliomee and Richard Elphick, as well as that between the two of them and other scholars, a process which resulted in the publication of their co-edited study The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1820. It also dwells on reaction to the book, and its revised edition of 1989, which were prescribed texts in many South African universities for over a decade,
Atomistic simulator of polycrystalline thin film deposition in three dimensions

Thin film deposition involves processes from 10−13 to 102 s in time scale. It is desirable, and also challenging, to include important physics of all the time scales in modeling the deposition. The hierarchical bridging of ab initio, molecular dynamics, and lattice kinetic Monte Carlo has proven feasible in incorporating important time scales of thin film deposition. However, one bottleneck is the representation of polycrystals within the lattice kinetic Monte Carlo method. A brutal force representation of N grains each with linear dimension L requires additional computer memory of order NL3, beyond that of a single crystal. Instead, we here propose and implement a memory efficient algorithm of three consecutive two-dimensional mappings to represent the N grains. As a result, the additional memory requirement is on the order of NL2. Using energetics representative of Al, we demonstrate the new implementation by simulating texture competition with and without sufficient diffusion. Our demonstrations show that the implementation (1) allows the physical representation of texture evolution, and (2) enables atomistic simulations of polycrystalline thin films of 0.15--0.20 m or larger in linear dimension, on a standalone PC in the year of 2004; without the memory efficient algorithm, this would have not been possible until a decade later.
High-resolution image reconstruction from lower-resolution image sequences and space-varying image restoration

The authors address the problem of reconstruction of a high-resolution image from a number of lower-resolution (possibly noisy) frames of the same scene where the successive frames are uniformly based versions of each other at subpixel displacements. In particular, two previously proposed methods, a frequency-domain method and a method based on projections onto convex sets (POCSs), are extended to take into account the presence of both sensor blurring and observation noise. A new two-step procedure is proposed, and it is shown that the POCS formulation presented for the high-resolution image reconstruction problem can also be used as a new method for the restoration of spatially invariant blurred images. Some simulation results are provided. >
Bubble stability in a class of non-Newtonian fluids with shear dependent viscosities

Abstract Using elementary dynamical systems theory we delineate the locally asymptotically stable, stable, and unstable equilibrium states of a spherical vapor bubble immersed in an unbounded non-Newtonian fluid with shear dependent viscosity; stability results for the equilibrium states of bubbles immersed in a Newtonian fluid are obtained as special cases.
A high-accuracy motor drive system for facsimile equipment

The development of a high-accuracy low-speed reluctance synchronous motor is described. Low rotational speed, 60 rpm (revolutions per minute), is obtained directly from a high-frequency 1,800-cps (cycles per second) drive signal by the use of a Vernier drive technique. Of particular interest is the self-starting capability in a reluctance synchronous motor. High torque and great positional accuracy are obtained by unconventional design techniques. Possible applications include use as a high-torque stepping motor.
Effects of wave shape and ultrahigh vacuum on elevated temperature low cycle fatigue in type 304 stainless steel

Abstract The results of continuous-cycling and hold time tests on type 304 stainless steel in an ultrahigh vacuum environment are presented and compared with results of similar tests performed in air. Under continuous symmetrical cycling the fatigue life is significantly longer in vacuum than in air. The strain rate (or frequency) strongly influences life in both air and vacuum. In a compressive hold time test the effect of environment on life is similar to that in a continuous-cycling test. However, tensile hold times are nearly as damaging in vacuum as in air. On the basis of these results the effects of environment, strain rate, hold times and wave shapes that involve “slow-fast” and “fast-slow” loadings on high temperature low cycle fatigue resistance are discussed in terms of a damage rate approach to creep fatigue analysis.
Epigenetic Programming of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Response to Fetal Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a major stress to the fetal development and may result in irreversible injury in the developing brain, increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) malformations in the neonatal brain and long-term neurological complications in offspring. Current evidence indicates that epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the development of hypoxic/ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the developing brain in response to fetal stress. However, the causative cellular and molecular mechanisms remain elusive. In the present review, we summarize the recent findings of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of the brain and their roles in fetal hypoxia-induced brain developmental malformations. Specifically, we focus on DNA methylation and active demethylation, histone modifications and microRNAs in the regulation of neuronal and vascular developmental plasticity, which may play a role in fetal stress-induced epigenetic programming of hypoxic/ischemic-sensitive phenotype in the developing brain.
Secretion of the Pasteurella leukotoxin by Escherichia coli

Nucleic acid sequence analysis has indicated that the leukotoxin determinant from Pasteurella haemolytica is related to the hemolysin determinant from E. coli. The cloning and expression in E. coli of the lktCA genes has been previously reported, but the existence of leukotoxin secretory genes equivalent to hlyBD has not been documented. In this report we demonstrate that a 4.0 kb segment of P. haemolytica genomic DNA distal to the lktA gene, when expressed in trans to the previous cloned lktCA genes, allow the synthesis and secretion of active leukotoxin from E. coli. Complementation analysis using the cloned hlyB and hlyD genes indicates that this secretory locus derived from P. haemolytica contains two genes which we designate, by analogy, lktB and lktD.
Mother rotors and fibrillatory conduction: a mechanism of atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia and the major cardiac cause of stroke. Recent studies in patients with paroxysmal AF have shown that the arrhythmia is triggered by focal sources localized usually in one of the cardiac veins. However, in chronic AF, the prevailing theory is that multiple random wavelets of activation coexist to create an unorganized atrial rhythm. Experiments in isolated hearts have demonstrated that stable, self-sustained rotors can exist in the atria and that high frequency activation by such rotors results in the complex patterns of activation that characterize AF. Studies in animals and patients support the view that at least some cases of paroxysmal and chronic AF are the result of the uninterrupted periodic activity of discrete reentrant sites. In this brief review article, we examine historical data and more recent experimental evidence behind the hypothesis that AF may be organized by one, or a small number of high-frequency reentrant sources localized in the left atrium. We then discuss the potential implications and evidence supporting such a hypothesis for human AF. Finally, we suggest future studies designed to unravel the detailed molecular, cellular and pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for AF initiation and maintenance. The work discussed may open potentially exciting new diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities.
Chemical evolution from hydrogen cyanide: photochemical decarboxylation of orotic acid and orotate derivatives

Irradiation of solutions at pH 7 to pH 8.5 of orotic acid, orotidine, and orotidine 5'-phosphate with light at 254 nanometers yields the corresponding uracil derivative via the singlet excited state. This reaction completes a plausible prebiotic synthesis of uracil and its derivatives starting from HCN as the only carbon source.
Midwave-infrared negative luminescence properties of HgCdTe devices on silicon substrates

We have investigated the negative luminescence properties of a midwave-infrared (MWIR) HgCdTe photodiode (λco = 5.3 µm at 295 K) grown on a silicon substrate. The internal negative luminescence efficiencies measured using a self-referencing optical technique were 88% throughout the 3–5 µm spectral region and nearly independent of temperature in the 240–300 K range. This corresponds to an apparent temperature reduction of 53 K at room temperature and 35 K at 240 K. Efficiencies measured by an electrical modulation technique were consistent with the measured internal efficiencies and the measured reflectivity of the device. This is the highest efficiency and largest apparent reduction in temperature reported to date, and slightly higher than that measured earlier for photodiodes grown on CdZnTe despite a longer cut-off wavelength. These results provide further indication that the HgCdTe/Si photovoltaic device technology is capable of combining high quality with high yield.
Nonequilibrium excitation-energy division in deeply inelastic collisions

The division of the excitation energy between the projectilelike and targetlike fragment was measured for $^{56}\mathrm{Fe}$ + $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ at $8.5A$ MeV incident energy. The excitation energy in the heavy fragment was determined from the mass asymmetry of fission fragments coincident with projectilelike fragments. For total energy losses between 30 and 70 MeV the excitation energy is found to divide more nearly equally than predicted by thermal-equilibrium models and is in good agreement with expectations based on nucleon-exchange models.
The timing and duration of sleep in partial sleep deprivation therapy of depression.

ABSTRACT— The antidepressant response to partial sleep deprivation early in the night (PSD-E) was compared with the response to partial sleep deprivation late in the night (PSD-L) in 16 drug-free depressed inpatients using a balanced order crossover design. PSD-L had a significantly greater antidepressant effect that PSD-E. The response to PSD-L was sustained and enhanced by a second night of treatment. Patients had significantly shorter sleep durations and reduced REM sleep on PSD-L that did not occur in the PSD-E situation. There was a significant negative correlation between response to PSD and sleep duration, and in particular, REM sleep duration, in the late sleep deprivation situation. Thus, the amount and timing of sleep appear to be factors in the response to PSD, but additional studies are needed to evaluate the relative importance of these parameters.
Surface oxidation and ductility loss in boron-doped Ni3Al at 760°C☆

The authors' previous study revealed that the tensile ductility of preoxidized Ni{sub 3}Al specimens tested at 760{degrees}C in vacuum is much more sensitive to grain size than that of the so-called bare-specimens that had not been preoxidized. The ductility remained unchanged at a level of 24% for both bare and preoxidized specimens with fine grain sizes ({lt} 20 {mu}m), whereas preoxidation caused a sharp drop of ductility from 15 to 1% in a large-grained specimen (193 {mu}m). A loss in the ductility was caused by oxygen penetration along grain boundaries during the preoxidation. It is clear from the evidence that oxygen penetration occurred only in the large-grained specimens and not in the fine-grained ones. This difference in behavior is associated with the change in surface oxidation product from aluminum-rich to nickel-rich oxides with increasing grain size: a continuous aluminum-rich oxide layer forms in the fine-grained specimens and protects the underlying alloy from oxygen penetration, whereas the nickel-rich oxide which forms in the large-grained specimens allows oxygen to penetrate along the grain boundaries. The purpose of this study is to elaborate the factor responsible for the ductility of preoxidized Ni{sub 3}Al with the large grain size. This work has demonstrated thatmore » preoxidation does not embrittle large-grained Ni{sub 3}Al at 760{degrees}C if protective oxide scales are first produced on its surface through complex heat treatments.« less
Spectrum of Disease and Outcome in Children with Symptomatic Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection

Objective To evaluate differences in presentation and outcomes in children with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) identified on newborn screening (screened group) and those identified based on clinical findings at birth (referred group). Study design Data on 178 infants with symptomatic cCMV were analyzed. Demographic characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings documented in the nursery, and sequelae data were compared between the screened and the referred groups using χ 2 or Fisher exact test. Results Two or more clinical findings were detected at birth in 91% of referred infants, and only 58% of screened infants ( P P = .009). Fifty-one percent of screened children were free of sequelae compared with only 28% of the referred group ( P Conclusions Infants with symptomatic cCMV identified based on clinical suspicion have more severe disease at birth and more commonly have sequelae than those identified on newborn screening. Inclusion of referral infants in many previous reports may have overestimated the severity of disease because of selection bias. Defining the complete spectrum of symptomatic disease due to cCMV and providing precise estimates of disease burden can only be gathered from large newborn screening studies.
Contribution of the monocyte to thrombotic potential

The circulating monocyte exhibits the capacity to initiate and accelerate the coagulation cascade. We have devised a simple whole blood clotting assay which quantitates the monocyte's contribution of procoagulant (a marker of monocyte activation) to the clotting process and in addition, measures thein vivo activation of the cell. Citrated whole blood is added to saline and the recalcification time (RT) determined without incubation (RT control), with two hours incubation (RT saline), or added to endotoxin with incubation (RT endotoxin). The reduction in value between RT control and RT saline is a measure of monocyte activationin vivo. The reduction, in time between RT saline and RT endotoxin is a marker of monocyte activationin vitro. This simple test enables the measurement of monocyte activation and this cells contribution to the hypercoagulability described in many disease states.
The Psychophysiology of cardiovascular reactivity

In this presentation cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) was discussed in relation to several prominent hypotheses regarding its stability and personality and social factors that appear as moderators of this reactivity. A call for additional research on cardiovascular reactivity in women was made in view of the relatively scarce amount of work on CVR in women.
Utilizing the cochlea as a bio-inspired compressive sensing technique

Structural monitoring for civil infrastructure is a rapidly developing field that has made significant advancements over the last decade. However, a number of performance bottlenecks remain including challenges with cost-effectively scaling monitoring systems up to large nodal counts. Due to the many parallels between biological sensory systems and engineered sensing systems, the biological nervous system can offer potential solutions to the current deficiencies of structural monitoring systems. The nervous system is capable of real-time processing and data transmission of external stimuli through an extremely condensed format with very basic processing units. This study explores the mammalian auditory system for inspiration because it achieves efficient data acquisition processes that outperform existing engineered sensing systems. Specifically, the auditory system realizes this through three steps: (1) real-time decomposition of a convoluted time-based signal into frequency components, (2) information compression for each component, and (3) efficient high-speed data transmission to the auditory cortex. In this paper, these three main mechanisms are explored and a bio-inspired structural monitoring system is proposed. The functionality of the proposed system is compared to traditional data compression techniques (wavelet transforms and compressed sensing) on various vibratory signals. While the wavelet transform is able to outperform the proposed sensor by minimizing signal reconstruction errors, the proposed bio-inspired sensor achieves similar compression rates but, unlike the others, does so using real-time processing. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
The tangle of space and time in human cognition

Everyday concepts of duration, of sequence, and of past, present, and future are fundamental to how humans make sense of experience. In culture after culture, converging evidence from language, co-speech gesture, and behavioral tasks suggests that humans handle these elusive yet indispensable notions by construing them spatially. Where do these spatial construals come from and why do they take the particular, sometimes peculiar, spatial forms that they do? As researchers across the cognitive sciences pursue these questions on different levels – cultural, developmental – in diverse populations and with new methodologies, clear answers will depend upon a shared and nuanced set of theoretical distinctions. Time is not a monolith, but rather a mosaic of construals with distinct properties and origins.
Plasma cortisol and vocalization responses of postweaning age guinea pigs to maternal and sibling separation: Evidence for filial attachment after weaning

Postweaning guinea pigs housed with their mother and littermates since birth vocalized more and exhibited greater increases in plasma cortisol levels when placed for 1 hr into a novel test cage alone than they did when tested in the identical fashion with the mother present. These responses were apparent beyond 50 days of age, but had waned by 90 days of age. When tested with a familiar sibling cagemate, postweaning guinea pigs emitted fewer vocalizations than when tested alone but exhibited no less of an elevation of plasma cortisol levels. These results were obtained regardless of whether the subjects had been housed with mother and littermates from birth until the time of testing or with mother and littermates until weaning and then just the single sibling cagemate until the time of testing. The present findings closely approximate those seen in preweaning guinea pigs during tests of maternal and sibling separation, and indicate that guinea pigs can continue to exhibit a specific attachment to the mother beyond the time of weaning. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paraneoplastic coma and acquired central alveolar hypoventilation as a manifestation of brainstem encephalitis in a patient with ANNA-1 antibody and small-cell lung cancer

Paraneoplastic neurological disorders are a well recognized complication of malignancy. A case report to expand the currently described clinical manifestations of type 1 antineuronal antibody (ANNA-1)-associated paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis to include coma. We present an unusual case of fluctuating coma and rapid fulminant progression to acute respiratory failure from central alveolar hypoventilation caused by ANNA-1 paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis associated with small-cell lung carcinoma. Paraneoplastic infiltration of the brainstem and cerebellum, including respiratory and arousal centers, was documented on autopsy. Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis should be considered as a possible cause of coma and central alveolar hypoventilation.
MC68000: an advanced 16-bit microprocessor

As technology for integrated circuits allows more and more gates on a chip, microprocessors become more and more powerful. The MC68000, the first 16bit microprocessor from Motorola, is currently one of the most powerful microprocessors utilizing advanced semiconductor technology. With advanced architecture and circuit design techniques plus careful consideration of software support, the MC68000 has been designed to provide high performance with the maximum flexibility, while maintaining ease of use. The design features of the MC68000 are outhned in the following points:
Estimating South Cascade Glacier (Washington, U.S.A.) mass balance from a distant radiosonde and comparison with Blue Glacier

A simple flux model using twice-daily measurements of wind, humid- ity, and temperature from standard upper-air levels in a distant radiosonde estimated winter balance of South Cascade Glacier over 1959-98 with error 0.24 m w.e. Correla- tion between net and winter balance is strong; the model estimates net balance with error 0.53 m w.e. Over the past 40 years, average net balance of South Cascade Glacier has been strongly negative ( 0.46 m w.e.), and it has been shrinking steadily. In com- parison, 200 km WSW at Blue Glacier, the average balance has been less negative ( 0.13 m w.e.); that glacier has undergone little change over the 40 years. Balance histories of the two glaciers are positively correlated (r = +0.54), and South Cascade has been more out of balance than Blue, presumably because it is still adjusting to climate change since the Little Ice Age. Recent warming and drying has made the net balance of both glaciers strongly negative since 1976 ( 0.84 m w.e. at South Cascade, 0.56 m w.e. at Blue). If South Cascade Glacier were in balance with the 1986-1998 climate, it would be about 1/4 of its present area. If conditions persist, retreat of both glaciers is inevitable.
The televised mediated trial: Formal and substantive characteristics

Mediated trials are distinct from trials observed in person. The author argues that trials observed face‐to‐face are distinct from televised mediated trials. Because television “reformats”; the events it covers, the medium affects what viewers ultimately understand the legal process to be. The authors posit that televised trials should be approached as a media event that represents a discrete genre of television programming, the televised mediated trial. Generic features of face‐to‐face trials and televised mediated trials affect what is communicated to an audience. Implications for public knowledge of the legal system are then discussed.
Suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion during short term food restriction in the adult male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

To determine whether signals occurring during the early stages of undernutrition can have a suppressive effect on the central drive to the reproductive axis, the effects of 1 day of fasting on pulsatile LH and testosterone secretion were examined in adult male rhesus monkeys. Monkeys were maintained with chronic indwelling venous catheters on tether/swivel systems. One day of fasting caused a small weight loss of 0.1-0.2 kg, which represented a loss of 1-3% of the initial body weight. On a day of normal feeding monkeys showed a mean of 4.57 +/- 0.53 LH pulses/12 h (measured from 1900-0700 h). On a subsequent day of fasting LH pulse frequency was significantly reduced to 1.86 +/- 0.46 pulses/12 h (P less than or equal to 0.05). Likewise, there was a similar decrease in testosterone pulse frequency on a day of fasting. The substantial decrease in LH/testosterone pulse frequency was not caused by the intensive blood-sampling regimen, in that collection of blood samples for 12 h on 2 consecutive days of normal feeding did not result in a decrease in either LH or testosterone pulse frequency. Administration of exogenous GnRH in doses of 0.05-0.3 microgram/kg caused LH pulses of similar magnitudes on a day of normal feeding and a day of fasting, suggesting that the decrease in LH pulse frequency during the day of fasting reflects a decrease in GnRH stimulation of the pituitary rather than a loss of pituitary sensitivity to GnRH. Measurement of pulsatile LH across 3 consecutive days (e.g. a day of normal feeding, a day of fasting, and a day of refeeding) indicated that LH pulse frequency is slow before the time that the meal is missed on the second day and remains low throughout the day of fasting (normal feeding, 7 +/- 1.16 pulses/24 h; fasting, 3.33 +/- 0.33 pulses/24 h). Refeeding a normal meal at 1100 h on the third day resulted in an immediate and sustained increase in pulsatile LH secretion above normal frequency (11.07 +/- 0.33 pulses/24 h). These results indicate that very brief periods of undernutrition can significantly suppress the central drive to the reproductive axis in male rhesus monkeys, and this suppression can be rapidly reversed by refeeding. These findings argue against the hypothesis that undernutrition only suppresses central drive to the reproductive axis once a substantial amount of body weight has been lost.
High Dimensional Point Process System Identification: PCA and Dynamic Index Models

In a number of areas of application, system identification problems are being transformed by the unprecedented amounts of data now becoming available. Hundreds or even thousands of signals may be recorded and in areas such as communication networks and systems neuroscience this data takes the form of point processes (spike trains). These huge data dimensions are forcing a renewed interest in dimension reduction methods as traditional approaches predicated on small data dimensions fail. Here we develop for the first time a true principal components analysis for multivariate point processes as well as a dynamic index model.
Supply chain Integration: barriers and driving forces in an action research based industry intervention

The theoretical benefits of integrated supply chains are well documented, however, the concept remains difficult to operationalize. This paper describes an industry intervention-the transformation of an industry via the standardization of technology and processes. The action research- based case study presents an industry standard-papiNet-and shows how the U.S. paper industry worked to promote, accept, and develop the standard. The case also discusses the driving forces and barriers of integration and implementation.
Communication and the development of social role play

Communication with both caregivers and peers about pretend role enactments precedes the appearance of social role play in the third year of life.
Energy-momentum tensors in nonsimple elastic dielectrics

We use Noether's theorem to derive energy-momentum tensors for a simple elastic material, a nonsimple elastic material of grade two, a simple elastic dielectric and a nonsimple elastic dielectric of grade two. The technique is easily extendable to a nonsimple elastic dielectric of any grade.
TAX-TIMING OPTIONS, LEVERAGE, AND THE CHOICE OF CORPORATE FORM

The tax-timing options associated with opportunities to trade corporate securities are examined. The availability of such options to both the firm and its securityholders is shown to create incentives for, and thereby to add to the possible explanation of, three empirically observed financial phenomena: (1) the existence of complex corporate capital structures; (2) the presence of debt in those capital structures; and (3) corporate spin-offs as vehicles to increase the total market value of a firm's assets. A set of symmetrical arguments also offers a reason to expect at least one negative effect on shareholder wealth from mergers of publicly traded companies.
Private Medical Care in the Correctional Setting: The Case of Florida:

This article examines the current use of private medical contracts in order to provide health care services to inmates incarcerated in state correctional facilities. The principle purpose of the article is to draw into focus several of the major ideological and organizational concerns which impact policy changes in penal medical care systems. This article considers the various levels at which change can occur in the correctional setting, and the role public and vested interest groups play in altering correctional policy.
Expression of ribosomal protein genes during Xenopus development.

Biosynthesis of the eukaryotic ribosome encompasses the expression of genes encoding approximately 60 integral proteins and two distinct classes of rRNA genes in the nucleus and the nucleolus. The regulation of ribosome production is an important aspect of gene expression during Xenopus laevis development. During oogenesis in Xenopus and other amphibia, ribosomes are accumulated at least 1000 times more rapidly than in the most synthetically active somatic cells (Korn and Gurdon, 1981). This massive stockpile of 1012 ribosomes within a single egg is sufficient to support protein synthesis through development of the swimming tadpole, which consists of approximately 106 cells (Brown and Gurdon, 1964). The enormous synthesis of ribosomes during oogenesis and the requirement to impose somatic regulation of ribosome production during embryogenesis renders Xenopus an exquisite model system for the analysis of ribosome biogenesis during vertebrate development.
Wave propagation along domain walls in magnetic films

It is shown by theoretical analysis that domain walls can support two different types of waves denoted as "magnetostatic interface waves" and "wall displacement waves". The magnetostatic interface waves are similar in character to magnetostatic surface waves. The wall displacement waves are analogous to displacement waves on strings and to capillary waves on the surface of liquids, Dispersion relations are derived for both types of waves. The displacement waves are approximately dispersion free at high wavenumbers. At low wavenumbers their dispersion diagram reflects the incipient instability of the straight domain wall against sinusoidal displacement, which occurs as the field gradient is reduced.
Eugenics, Genetics, and the Minority Group Model of Disabilities: Implications for Social Work Advocacy

In the United States, genetic research, as well as policy and practice innovations based on this research, has expanded greatly over the past few decades. This expansion is indicated, for example, by the mapping of the human genome, an expansion of genetic counseling, and other biogenetic research. Also, a disability rights movement that in many ways parallels other "minority" rights campaigns has expanded. The coexistence of these developments poses intriguing challenges for social work that the profession has yet to address in a meaningful way. These issues are especially pertinent for social work professionals in the crucial role as advocates for marginalized populations. This article describes some ofthe concerns of disability rights activists relative to genetic innovations and goals as well as the instrumental role of the social work community in this important debate.
Simulating the task-level control of human motion: a methodology and framework for implementation

A task-level control framework is proposed for providing feedback control in the simulation of goal-directed human motion. An operational space approach, adapted from the field of robotics, is used for this purpose. This approach is augmented by a significant new extension directed at addressing the control of muscle-driven systems. Task/posture decomposition is intrinsically exploited, allowing human musculoskeletal properties to direct postural behavior during the performance of a task. This paper also describes a simulation architecture for generating musculoskeletal simulations of human characters. The evolving capabilities of the collective environment are directed toward autonomously generating realistic motion control for virtual actors in interactive computer graphics applications, as well as synthesizing the control of human-like motion in robotic systems.