cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of baclofen and γ-aminobutyric acid on different types of medullary respiratory neurons

Abstract Effects of baclofen and γ-aminobutyric acid on medullary respiratory neurons were investigated. Medullary inspiratory neurons of the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups were stimulated by baclofen, 0.5–2 mg/kg, and depressed by doses greater than 4–6 mg/kg. Expiratory neurons were depressed by doses of baclofen which increased phrenic nerve activity. Microelectrophoresis of baclofen (5 mM, pH 3) depressed medullary inspiratory neurons. It is suggested that low i.v. doses of baclofen increase inspiratory activity by disinhibition of medullary neurons whereas higher doses directly depress medullary inspiratory neurons.
Tenure Choice with Sample Selection: Differences among Alternative Samples

Abstract Most tenure choice models using cross-sectional data have used either a sample of recent movers or a sample comprising all households. There are problems with estimating both types of models in cross-sectional data. A sample of recent movers oversamples renters, and a sample of all households will yield estimates based on household decisions made in the past. This research designs a method to correct for sample selection in a sample of recent movers. There are large differences in the importance of age, immigrant status, and immigrant length of stay as predictors of homeownership. At the same time, income effects are similar across models.
The PiezoElectronic switch: A path to low energy electronics

The information age has produced astonishing improvements in compute power, but the current highly successful CMOS technology is running into power limitations. Computing takes up of order 5% of the US electricity production, power is now the primary limiting factor on clock speed, and power limits practical development of exascale computing facilities. CMOS power depends on voltage which is now limited by fundamental physics and cannot be further lowered by an engineering fix. A fundamentally new device concept is needed in order to take computing into a new lower power regime.
Third-order isotope-shift constants for alkali-metal atoms and ions

We derive expressions for third-order matrix elements of one- and two-particle operators within the framework of relativistic many-body perturbation theory and use these formulas to evaluate specific-mass isotope shifts and isotope field shifts in atoms and ions with one valence electron. Third-order corrections to isotope-shift constants for $3s,$ $3p,$ and $3d$ levels in sodium and sodiumlike ions with $Z=12--18$ and $Z=26$ are given. Applications to $4s,$ $4p,$ $3d,$ and $4d$ levels in K and $4s,$ $4p,$ and $3d$ levels in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ are also given. Comparisons are made with previous calculations and with experiment. Including third-order corrections improves the agreement between theoretical and experimental values of the specific-mass isotope-shift constants for the cases considered.
Multifrequency Instability of Cavitating Inducers

Recent testing of high-speed cavitating turbopump inducers has revealed the existence of more complex instabilities than the previously recognized cavitating surge and rotating cavitation. This paper explores one such instability that is uncovered by considering the effect of a downstream asymmetry, such as a volute on a rotating disturbance similar to (but not identical to) that which occurs in rotating cavitation. The analysis uncovers a new instability that may be of particular concern because it occurs at cavitation numbers well above those at which conventional surge and rotating cavitation occur. This means that it will not necessarily be avoided by the conventional strategy of maintaining a cavitation number well above the performance degradation level. The analysis considers a general surge component at an arbitrary frequency ω present in a pump rotating at frequency Ω and shows that the existence of a discharge asymmetry gives rise not only to beat components at frequencies, Ω−ω and Ω+ω (as well as higher harmonics), but also to rotating as well as surge components at all these frequencies. In addition, these interactions between the frequencies and the surge and rotating modes lead to “coupling impedances” that effect the dynamics of each of the basic frequencies. We evaluate these coupling impedances and show not only that they can be negative (and thus promote instability) but also are most negative for surge frequencies just a little below Ω. This implies potential for an instability involving the coupling of a surge mode with a frequency around 0.9 Ω and a low-frequency rotating mode about 0.1 Ω. We also examine how such an instability would be manifest in unsteady pressure measurements at the inlet to and discharge from a cavitating pump and establish a “footprint” for the recognition of such an instability.
Shell Growth and Structure of Planktonic Foraminifera

Planktonic foraminiferal tests show bilamellar additions to each chamber and develop a "secondary thickening" in the form of a calcite crust in late ontogeny. The evidence presented indicates that additional calcium carbonate is deposited upon the original bilamellar test and that maximum calcite crust thickness is attained at depths greater than 500 meters.
Social drinking in a simulated tavern: An experimental analysis

Five groups of five male social drinkers, who frequently drank with one another, were observed during a 30-min drinking period in an experimental tavern. Audio/video tapes of each session were rated by two observers for onset and duration of drinking and talking using a computer scoring system. Drinking was found to follow a negatively accelerating function, with session intakes correlated with reported weekly drinking. Group talking was found to increase during the session, supporting previous reports of increased socialization following drinking. Drinking patterns and intakes were found to be comparable to some of the observations from naturalistic tavern settings suggesting that the simulated tavern is an appropriate environment in which to study drinking consequences.
Microviscosity of lipid domains in human serum lipoproteins.

Abstract Microviscosities for the hydrophobic lipid regions of human serum lipoproteins and for dispersions of lipids extracted from the lipoproteins have been determined using fluorescence polarization measurements with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, a rod-like molecule, as the main fluorescent probe. Additional microviscosity measurements were carried out on LP-X, an abnormal human lipoprotein characteristic of cholestasis. Perylene, a disc-shaped fluorescent probe, was used with intact human lipoproteins in order to confirm relative microviscosity values measured with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and to estimate the anisotropy of the lipid domains. Logarithmic plots of microviscosity against the inverse of absolute temperature, over the range of 0–40°C, gave no indication of phase transitions and yielded activation energy values for all human lipoproteins and for the isolated lipids. The microviscosity results at 25°C range from a high value of 6.1 ± 0.9 P for low density lipoprotein down to 1.0 ± 0.2 P for chylomicrons, when 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene is used as the probe. Activation energies vary from 9 kcal per mol to 6 kcal per mol for the intact lipoproteins. In contrast, isolated lipids have microviscosities from 2.4 ± 0.3 P for low density lipoprotein lipids to 1.0 ± 0.2 P for chylomicron lipids, with activation energies around 6 kcal per mol. The absolute microviscosity values indicate fluid yet viscous and anisotropic lipid domains in higher density lipoproteins, and more fluid and disordered states for isolated lipids and chylomicrons. Differences in microviscosities between the intact lipoproteins and isolated lipids can be attributed to the effects of proteins in restricting the mobility of lipids, these effects are strongest for low density lipoproteins, followed by high density lipoproteins, LP-X, very low density lipoproteins, and chylomicrons. Flow activation energies are thought to reflect mtermolecular interactions, and are again higher for the higher density lipoproteins than for isolated lipids, or for chylomicrons.
A tri-allelic diffusion model with selection, migration, and mutation

Abstract A diffusion equation of the type developed by Wright and Fisher is used to study the evolution of three alleles at one locus in a population of finite size N . The mechanisms of selection, migration, and mutation are included in the model. This diffusion equation for the probability density function u ( x 1 , x 2 , t ) of the allelic proportions x 1 and x 2 at time t is singular in the triangular domain. The explicit solution for u ( x 1 , x 2 , t ) is not known in general. Approximate solutions of u ( x 1 , x 2 , t ) valid for small time are obtained using the ray method of Tier and Keller. These asymptotic solutions exhibit the interaction between random genetic drift and the mechanisms of selection, migration, and mutation. For the case with only migration, the asymptotic results are compared with the steady state solution obtained by Wright.
DNA-based genetic testing in fifty fragile X families.

During the past 4 years (1985–1989), we have analyzed 171 cases in 50 fragile X [fra(X)] families by DNA linkage methods. Most (140 cases; 81%) were for carrier detection, both female (98 cases; 57%) and male (41 cases; 24%). Women who were obligate carriers of the fra(X) mutation accounted for an additional 6 “prior-to-pregnancy” cases. Four pregnancies have subsequently occurred with 3 having been successfully monitored (one male, 2 females). One pregnancy miscarried early prior to testing. Prenatal diagnoses (26 cases; 15%) accounted for the remainder of cases (15 males, 11 females). These will be discussed in the companion paper by Shapiro et al. (Am J Med Genet, 1991). A diagnosis in the cytogenetically uninformative carrier cases was reached in >75% of analyses with a panel of 5 probes: 3 proximal (F9, DXS105, DXS98) and 2 distal (F8, DXS52). Five additional probes, 3 proximal (DXS10, DXS51, DXS102) and 2 distal (DXS15, DXS33), were used in cases that were resistant to analysis with the standard panel. In 60% of cases, flanking markers were identified (proximal and distal). Given this panel, only 5% of cases did not have any informative markers identified. Thus, molecular methods can provide a useful adjunct to cytogenetic analysis in most situations. An unusual association between the rare allele (A1) of DXS10 with the X chromosome carrying the fra(X) mutation was observed. This occurred in both male and female carriers in the uppermost generation tested. The basis for this association is uncertain at the present time.
Comparative antistreptococcal activity of two newer fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin and sparfloxacin

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin against contemporary strains of streptococci. Susceptibility testing of a panel of 300 recent clinical isolates of streptococcus (100 each of β-hemolytic, viridans group, and Streptococcus pneumoniae ) using reference broth microdilution methods was performed, and the results were compared. Sparfloxacin was the most active of the four tested fluoroquinolones, inhibiting 99–100% of all isolates at concentrations of ≤1 μg/ml, and was two- to eightfold more potent than the three comparative agents. Levofloxacin was also quite active, inhibiting 98–100% of the isolates at concentrations ≤2 μg/ml. Both sparfloxacin and levofloxacin possess an improved spectrum and potency against contemporary strains of streptococci compared to currently available fluoroquinolones.
A Monte Carlo study of water clusters

Abstract The free energy, internal energy and entropy for water clusters of 8 and 64 molecules have been calculated using the Monte Carlo method and both the Lie-Clementi (C-XII) and Stillinger (ST2) potential functions. Detailed structural data for a cluster of 64 water molecules was also obtained by averaging over a large number of configurations. Average dipole orientations and radial density distributions indicated that individual water molecules were not particularly restricted to fixed orientations and that general ordering tendencies were small.
Distribution across cortical areas of neurons projecting to the superior colliculus in new world monkeys.

Surprisingly little is known about the proportions of projections of different areas and regions of neocortex to the superior colliculus in primates. To obtain an overview of such projection patterns, we placed a total of 10 injections of retrograde tracers in the superior colliculus of three New World monkeys (Callithrix, Callicebus, and Aotus). Because cortex was flattened and cut parallel to the surface, labeled corticotectal neurons could be accurately located relative to architectonic boundaries and surface features. While there was variability across cases and injection sites, the summed results clearly support several conclusions. One, three well-defined visual areas, V1 (18%), V2 (14%), and MT (11%), contributed nearly half of the total of labeled cells. Two, several other visual areas (V3, DL, DM, and FST) that are early in the processing hierarchy provided another fifth of the total. Three, inferior temporal visual areas of the ventral stream provided only minor projections. Four, visuomotor fields (FEF, FV, cortex in the region of SEF, and posterior parietal cortex) contained less than 10% of the labeled neurons. Five, few labeled neurons were in auditory or somatosensory areas. The results indicate that cortical inputs to the superior colliculus originate predominantly from early visual areas rather than from multimodal or visuomotor areas. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Collaborative for Historical Information and Analysis: Vision and Work Plan

This article conveys the vision of a world-historical dataset, constructed in order to provide data on human social affairs at the global level over the past several centuries. The construction of this dataset will allow the routine application of tools developed for analyzing “Big Data” to global, historical analysis. The work is conducted by the Collaborative for Historical Information and Analysis (CHIA). This association of groups at universities and research institutes in the U.S. and Europe includes five groups funded by the National Science Foundation for work to construct infrastructure for collecting and archiving data on a global level. The article identifies the elements of infrastructure-building, shows how they are connected, and sets the project in the context of previous and current efforts to build large-scale historical datasets. The project is developing a crowd-sourcing application for ingesting and documenting data, a broad and flexible archive, and a “data hoover” process to locate and gather historical datasets for inclusion. In addition, the article identifies four types of data and analytical questions to be explored through this data resource, addressing development, governance, social structure, and the interaction of social and natural variables.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE INDIRECT PRODUCTIVITY GAINS FROM QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

Recent theoretical work suggests that quality-improvement activities can yield significant indirect effects through process improvements and reduced factory congestion and confusion, benefits that are overlooked or hidden in most management accounting or cost of quality systems. Using time series data from two consumer durables manufacturing plants, I estimate the indirect productivity gains from quality improvement. The evidence from the plants indicates that the indirect effects from improved quality are at least two to three times the direct benefits attributable to lower scrap, rework, and inventory holding costs. An important implication of these findings is that companies that justify investments and measure performance based only on the direct costs of poor quality will motivate managers to make suboptimal decisions regarding quality-improvement activities.
Network analysis of motor system connectivity in Parkinson's disease: Modulation of thalamocortical interactions after pallidotomy

Structural equation modeling was used to examine functional interactions between cortical and subcortical motor areas in Parkinson's disease patients and normal subjects. Neuronal activity was defined by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during performance of movement and control tasks. Patients were scanned before and 8-12 weeks after stereotactic unilateral left posterovental globus pallidotomy. Pallidotomy attenuates basal ganglion inhibition of thalamocortical neurons involved in motor control and reduces the severity of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease patients. It was hypothesized that with surgery there would be a similar alteration in thalamocortical interactions as measured with PET rCBF. A path analysis model of cortical and basal ganglia circuitry (defined by anatomic and electrophysiologic connectivity) was used to estimate unidirectional path coefficients describing the magnitude of region to region interactions. The resultant interactions defined a composite task-and disease-specific functional network of connectivity. After pallidotomy, there were significant reductions in the strength of interactions between the globus pallidus projection to thalamus, and the thalamus, projection to mesial frontal motor areas, consistent with the presumed physiologic interactions of these areas. This modeling approach can identify regional interactions that are not always apparent in categorical comparisons of inmaging data. ©1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gender Trends in the U.S. Army and a Discussion of Implications for Readiness and Retention

The percentage of female soldiers and officers in the U.S. Army has increased dramatically during the last few decades. Gender appears to be correlated with rank, age, education, and race, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about the effects of gender on retention or readiness. Evidence regarding gender and retention is mixed, but available evidence on gender and individual and unit readiness suggests that gender does not adversely influence readiness at either level. However, there is little evidence to date on the effects of gender within combat units, leaving that question open to debate
The design, analysis and display of three-dimensional mechanisms using a CAD executive

Abstract Computer tools for the solution of three-dimensional mechanical systems have been available for some time. Still, one finds practicing engineers reluctant to use them. They are discouraged by the tedious and error-prone process of entering the required three-dimensional description of the system. They are ill-prepared to supply the masses, centers of mass, and moments of inertia that are often needed. They also find that displaying the analysis results in a meaningful way is difficult at best. This paper describes the use of a computer-aided design executive called Leo and its application to the CAD problem of three-dimensional mechanical dynamics. For this application, Leo is used both as a modeling and user information management system. Leo is capable of using stick geometry for kinematic applications. When solid volumetric geometry is required, it is created as Boolean combinations of constructive solid geometry primitives. A solid modeler processes the database to product mass properties and adds those to the database. A mechanical dynamics package processes that database and returns predicted motions. An imaging program processes that new database to produce computer graphics images of the predicted results on both vector and color raster displays. This entire process occurs with minimal user intervention.
Generation of Monodisperse Mesoporous Silica Microspheres with Controllable Size and Surface Morphology in a Microfluidic Device

A one-step in situ method, termed microfluidic diffusion-induced self-assembly, for the synthesis of monodisperse ordered mesoporous silica microspheres, is reported. The method combines microfluidic generation of uniform droplets and subsequent in situ rapid solvent diffusion-induced self-assembly within the microfluidic channel. The mesoporous silica microspheres prepared in this way reveal well-ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructures with unprecedented corrugated surface morphology of disordered mesopores that are larger than 15 nm. It is speculated that the formation of an interfacial subphase and rapid diffusion of solvent to oil are attributed to the formation of the unique surface morphology. It is also shown that the surface morphology and the particle size of the mesoporous silica microspheres can be systematically controlled by adjusting fluidic conditions.
Microwave Landing System Requirements for STOL Operations

The operational/functional requirements for the new Microwave Landing System (MLS) are examined for STOL operations. The study utilizes a nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation of a De Havilland Buffalo C-8A aircraft and automatic flight control system to assess the MLS/STOL accuracy, coverage, and data rate requirements for the azimuth, DME, primary elevation, and flare elevation functions. The aircraft performance is statistically determined for representative curved flight paths through touchdown. A range of MLS errors and coverages, environmental disturbances, and navigation filtering are investigated. The study indicates that STOL applications do not place any unique requirements on the MLS.
Adjustments of visual tilt as a function of age

Using a psychophysical method of adjustment, 175 Ss, ranging in age from 3 to 20 years, made four adjustments each of a luminous line to subjective vertical, horizontal, and 45-deg tilts in the dark. There were no significant differences in mean errors of adjustment to the vertical and horizontal over the ages tested. There were significant differences in intra-S variability of adjustment to the horizontal and vertical, with the greatest improvement occurring before age 10. Older children and adults produced significantly larger mean errors of adjustment to the 45-deg tilt than did the younger children; but the variability of settings by younger children was very high, indicating that they did not discriminate the 45-deg tilt more accurately than the older groups. The intra-S variability at all ages showed that adjustment was more accurate to the horizontal and vertical than to the 45-deg tilt.
The role of winter precipitation and temperature on northern Eurasian streamflow trends

[1] Eurasian river discharge into the Arctic Ocean has steadily increased during the 20th century, and many studies have documented the spatial distribution of the trends and hypothesized the causes. There is a large variation in the scope of these studies, including the spatial scale of interest, and they often lack consistency in the time period analyzed. Studies have shown a connection between changes in the seasonal snowpack and discharge, but they have been constrained by the limitations of the snow observational network, which contains few long-term stations. This study overcomes these problems by using both in situ observations and a land surface model to evaluate the role snowpack changes have had on increases in runoff across northern Eurasia from 1936 through 1999. Our analysis shows consistent trends in both observations and model predictions. Increases in cold season precipitation propagate into increases in maximum snow water equivalent, which lead to increases in runoff. A series of model experiments demonstrate that the nonlinear interaction between winter precipitation and temperature has driven changes in the snowpack, which are manifested in the modeled runoff trends. Given that winter precipitation is expected to continue to increase and temperatures to warm during the 21st century in this region, these results point to the importance in understanding how the projected changes will influence the seasonal snowpack, which may have important consequences for streamflow in this region and freshwater export to the Arctic Ocean.
Thermal and fickian diffusion of magnesium sulfate

Abstract The thermal diffusion (Soret) coefficient, ST, of a MgSO4 solution is found to be always positive (solute flux from hot to cold), in contrast to the behaviour of NaCl solutions. The magnitude of ST in MgSO4 is much larger than in NaCl at temperatures and pressures of oceanic significance, so that fractionation by this mechanism is possible. The pressure dependence of ST is positive, and linear to 300 bars. The diffusivity of MgSO4 is much smaller than NaCl. Its temperature dependnce is nolinear, but large. Its pressure dependence is small.
Twisting of liquid crystals

We discuss a one-parameter family of general solutions of the hydrostatic equations for liquid crystals. For certain values of the parameter, the energy may take on extremal values. We discuss special features of such solutions. Configurations similar to those considered naturally occur in liquid crystals of cholesteric type, suggesting that some such state has a relatively low energy.
Concentrations of circulating steroids in normal prepubertal and adult male and female humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, and hamsters: a literature survey.

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) data on concentrations of circulating steroids in normal prepubertal and adult male and female humans, chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, rats, mice, and hamsters have been collated from the literature. Few reports include data for both sexes, for age groups, or for more than one species. In selecting references for inclusion in the tables, efforts were made to choose data only from RIA procedures that were adequately validated. A number of similarities can be found by reviewing the tables. Levels of estradiol appear somewhat similar for humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys of both sexes. Among the notable differences are the levels of estradiol and progesterone in primates and rodents, the apparently high level of aldosterone in mice, and the patterns of progesterone secretion in mice and rats. All values in the tables have been converted to picograms for easy comparison between steroids and species. Data for humans are fairly complete, but there is a significant lack of information f...
Modeling “Turbulent” Intensity Dynamics in Multimode Stimulated Brillouin Scattering

We present a simple numerical model that is used in conjunction with a systematic algorithm for parameter optimization to understand the three-dimensional stochastic intensity dynamics of stimulated Brillouin scattering in a multimode optical fiber.
Identification of Equivalent Modal Damping and Frequencies in Multi Degree-of-Freedom Nonlinear Systems

We consider the response of a linear structural system when coupled to an attachment containing strong or even essential nonlinearities. For this system, the attachment is designed as a nonlinear vibration absorber, serving to dissipate energy from the structural system. Moreover, the attachment not only leads to a reduction in the total energy of the system, but also couples together the vibration modes of the linear structural system, thereby allowing for energy to also be redistributed among these structural modes of the system. The effect of the nonlinear attachment on the linear primary system can be quantified in terms of equivalent measures for the damping and frequency of each mode, derived through consideration of the energy in each mode. The identification of these equivalent measures is illustrated on a two degree-of-freedom primary system. Moreover, this procedure depends only on the time history of the response and is therefore suited to both simulation and experimental results.© 2011 ASME
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MONITORING1

: An informal sample of 30 flawed monitoring projects was examined to identify the most common problems and to determine how they could have been prevented. Problems fall into two general categories: 70 percent of the sampled projects had design problems, and 50 percent of the sampled projects had procedural problems. Monitoring projects implemented by land-management agencies tended to have a higher proportion of procedural problems than did university-based programs (generally graduate student research), while the frequency of design problems was similar between agencies and universities. The most common problems were poorly trained or unmotivated field crews (37 percent of projects, a procedural problem), a sampling plan that was not capable of measuring what was needed to meet project objectives (30 percent, design), delays in analyzing data (27 percent, procedure), inadequate monitoring durations (27 percent, design), and absence of the collateral information needed to interpret results (20 percent, procedure). Most of the problems could have been avoided by submission of the study design to thorough technical and statistical review, active participation of the principal investigators in field data collection, and analysis of at least some of the data as soon as information was collected so that problems could be recognized early enough to be corrected.
Homonegative Microaggressions and Their Impact on LGB Individuals: A Measure Validity Study

Three studies were conducted to develop and assess the Homonegative Microaggressions Scale (HMS), a new measure applying Sue et al.'s (2007) taxonomy of microaggressions among racial minorities to sexual minorities. Study 1 assessed content validity through consultation with experts on lesbian, gay, bisexual discrimination and measures of discrimination and a small pilot study. As a result, items were added or reworded (for clarity and reading level), finalizing a measure of 45 items. Study 2 provided evidence of reliability as well as discriminant and convergent validity by comparing the HMS to similar and dissimilar measures. Finally, Study 3 examined criterion-related validity by assessing the relationship between homonegative microaggressions and self-esteem, negative feelings about one's gay identity, and difficulty in the process of developing gay identity.
Microstructure and Texture Evolution of Strip Casting Fe-6.2wt%Si Steel

An Fe-6.2wt%Si as-cast strip with equiaxed grains and obvious {001} fiber texture was produced by twin-roll strip casting process. The as-cast strip was successively performed by hot rolling, warm rolling and annealing. The microstructure and texture evolution at each process stage were investigated by using electron backscatter diffraction and x-ray diffraction. It was found that the finally annealed sheet was characterized by large grain size, mild γ-fiber texture and obvious {001} fiber texture. Therefore, a high magnetic induction and a low core loss were obtained in the sheet.
Etch-delineation of defects in diamond by exposure to an oxidizing flame

An experimental study of the etching properties of defects in diamond using propane flame exposure in air is presented. Both natural diamond crystals and polycrystalline diamond films were exposed to a flame for an optimum time of 3 ‐ 4 s. This process topographically delineates defects in diamond via an accelerated etch rate at defect sites. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the exact nature and density of defects present in the diamond, we have found a direct correlation between topographical delineation observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the defect structure observed by TEM.
Validating the Fhb1 QTL for fusarium head blight resistance in near-isogenic wheat lines developed from breeding populations

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been identified for numerous species since the 1990s using populations developed from biparental crosses. The most common methods of validating QTLs are to quantify their effects in additional mapping populations or test near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed from the original mapping population. These approaches to QTL validation fail to adequately examine the effectiveness of a QTL in breeders' populations. We have developed an alternative QTL validation method in which NILs are developed from existing breeding populations segregating for the QTL. Our objective was to validate this method using Fhbl, a major Fusarium head blight [FHB; causal agent Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe)] resistance QTL in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Microsatellite markers flanking the QTL region were used to develop 19 QTL-NIL pairs by sampling F 3:4 families from 13 different populations. Each pair was tested in a greenhouse point-inoculation experiment and four field FHB resistance screening nurseries. Near-isogenic lines with the Fhbl resistance allele had significant (P < 0.001) average reductions of 23% for disease severity ratings and 27% for infected kernels in harvested grain. Disease spread for 9 out of 19 total pairs was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in greenhouse point-inoculation experiments when the Fhbl resistance allele was present. The QTL validation methodology employed in this study should be broadly applicable to other quantitative traits and plant species.
D. Robert Ladd (1996). Intonational phonology. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 79.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xv+334.

Ladd's Intonational phonology is a substantial addition to an area that has only recently ‘arrived’. Fortunately for the field of intonational phonology, the past two decades have seen a number of seminal contributions from phonologists, including Mark Liberman, Gosta Bruce, Janet Pierrehumbert and Ladd himself. Work on intonation, which has advanced in sync with modern linguistic theory, can also look back on quite a number of rather specific studies by phoneticians and rather general descriptive accounts by linguists and English teachers on this continent and in Europe.The book's basic goal is to present the subject matter of intonational phonology to the non-specialist linguist. The material is not only summarised but also accompanied by critical comments. Ladd's goal of keeping the book accessible to the non-specialist may limit the depth of the presentation of the basic material and the definitiveness of the critical comments, but for many this will be a reasonable price to pay for breadth of coverage.
Roles of attention in perceptual learning from perspectives of psychophysics and animal learning

The role of attention in perceptual learning has been a topic of controversy. Sensory psychophysicists/physiologists and animal learning psychologists have conducted numerous studies to examine this role; but because these two types of researchers use two very different lines of approach, their findings have never been effectively integrated. In the present article, we review studies from both lines and use exposure-based learning experiments to discuss the role of attention in perceptual learning. In addition, we propose a model in which exposure-based learning occurs only when a task-irrelevant feature is weak. We hope that this article will provide new insight into the role of attention in perceptual learning to the benefit of both sensory psychophysicists/physiologists and animal learning psychologists.
Low Cost Sparse Multiband Signal Characterization Using Asynchronous Multi-Rate Sampling: Algorithms and Hardware

Characterizing the spectrum of sparse wideband signals of high-speed devices efficiently and precisely is critical in high-speed test instrumentation design. Recently proposed sub-Nyquist rate sampling systems have the potential to significantly reduce the cost and complexity of sparse spectrum characterization; however, due to imperfections and variations in hardware design, numerous implementation and calibration issues have risen and need to be solved for robust and stable signal acquisition. In this paper, we propose a low-cost and low-complexity hardware architecture and associated asynchronous multi-rate sub-Nyquist rate sampling based algorithms for sparse spectrum characterization. The proposed scheme can be implemented with a single ADC or with multiple ADCs as in multi-channel or band-interleaved sensing architectures. Compared to other sub-Nyquist rate sampling methods, the proposed hardware scheme can achieve wideband sparse spectrum characterization with minimum cost and calibration effort. A hardware prototype built using off-the-shelf components is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Numerical Model for Tsunami Run-Up

The generation of tsunamis by earthquakes and their consequent run-up on sloping beaches poses engineering problems of site location and design criteria. A formulation is made of the hydrodynamic problem of wave propagation and run-up perpendicular to a sloping beach that is suitable for digital computer calculations. The inclusion of the kinetic energy of the vertical components of velocity permits solitary waves to propagate and the inclusion of an energy dissipating mechanism permits the formation of bores or shocks. A finite element formulation suitable for numerical analysis is presented which includes the effect of bottom friction. Results of digital computations are presented for the propagation and run-up of solitary waves and of tsunami-type waves.
Application of rate-and-state friction laws to creep compaction of unconsolidated sand under hydrostatic loading conditions

[1] Rate-and-state variable friction laws describe the time-dependent fault-normal compaction that occurs during holds in slide-hold-slide friction tests on unconsolidated materials. This time-dependent deformation is qualitatively similar to that observed during volumetric creep strain tests on unconsolidated sands and shales under hydrostatic loading conditions. To test whether rate-and-state friction laws can be used to model volumetric creep processes in unconsolidated sands, the rate-and-state formulation is expanded to include deformation under hydrostatic stress boundary conditions. Results show that the hydrostatic stress form of the rate-and-state friction law successfully describes the creep strain of unconsolidated sand. More importantly, values obtained for rate-and-state friction parameters by fitting these data are in the same range as those obtained from more traditional tests by fitting the fault-normal compaction of simulated gouge during a hold in a laboratory friction experiment.
MICELLAR-SOLUBILIZED SUBSTRATES AND CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE ACTIVITY IN VITRO.

Abstract Substrates for synthetic and hydrolytic pancreatic juice cholesterol esterase activity have been solubilized in phospholipid-bile salt micelles and prepared as albumin-stabilized emulsions. For esterification studies, the micellar preparation did not provide an adequate substrate system since it appeared that the sterol and fatty acid were not equally available to the enzyme. Disrupting the micellar medium by addition of Mg ++ caused increased esterification of cholesterol. For hydrolysis studies, the micelle was an excellent vehicle for the sterol ester and gave hydrolytic rates higher than previously noted. By using various esters in micellar media, it was found that all esters tested, from cholesterol propionate to cholesterol linoleate, are hydrolyzed equally effectively. Thus, it is shown that there is no fatty acid specificity for hydrolytic cholesterol esterase. Enzymic hydrolysis or esterification was not evident in the absence of the bile salt.
A USER-EXTENSIBLE GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE FOR CONTROL OF EITHER INSTRUMENT-CONTROL PROGRAM, ACE OR SPEC

Abstract A single Graphical User Interface (GUI) has been developed to control the ACE [1–3] and spec [4] beamline-control and data-acquisition programs in use at Brookhaven National Laboratory's National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). The basic GUI provides a user-friendly interface to the primitive and macro-controlled operations of the programs. In addition, the GUI package provides facilities to allow users of the program to extend the GUI by construction of their own GUI screens so that they may have user-friendly interfaces to their customized macros. The GUI is easy to install and the authors expect to maintain it.
Airline fare and seat management strategies with demand dependency

Abstract This paper conceptualizes various discount strategies used by airlines. Using a constrained revenue maximization model that assumes interdependent demand, it develops rules to guide decision-making, and shows that the large fare discount-many discount seats and small fare discount-few discount seats strategies are optimal. Empirical support is provided for the large fare discount-many discount seats, the no fare discount-moderate discount seats and small fare premium-few discount seats strategies. In addition it identifies the large fare premium-very few discount seats strategies. We argue that these strategies are used in various demand situations and allow airlines to price discriminate.
A Systems Approach to International Disaster Psychology

The burgeoning field of international disaster psychology has grown over the last 2 decades out of necessity and humanitarian concern, yet it lacks unity and perspective. This article describes the history of international disaster psychology and outlines the contemporary theories and approaches dominating the field, including the clinical, community mental health, and family models. It also sets out the domains of application, which involve people, disaster management processes, and core principles governing disaster management, itself. It goes on to highlight that these models of care and domains of application are presently incorporated in such a way that they often yield a variegated approach to international disaster psychology that too often leads to competition, redundancy, dependencies, and, moreover, lapses in care. In response to these limitations, the authors propose a systems approach to international disaster psychology that unifies both the existing theoretical foundations and the domains of...
A probabilistic look at networks of quasireversible queues

Probabilistic arguments are given to explain some recent results on networks of queues. Those results are the product form and the distribution at the jumps. The proposed approach shows that those properties are consequences of the behavior of the nodes in isolation.
Magnetic resonance imaging of glenohumeral joint instability

Shoulder instability is common, especially anterior subluxation and dislocation. The sequelae are well seen on magnetic resonance imaging and include tears of the labrum, glenohumeral ligaments, capsule, tendons, and muscles. This article seeks to discuss and illustrate common pitfalls and lesions associated with instability. Anatomic and technical considerations, including the use of magnetic resonance arthrography, are also addressed.
Epithelial Na+ channel regulation by cytoplasmic and extracellular factors

Electrogenic Na+ transport across high resistance epithelial is mediated by the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC). Our understanding of the mechanisms of ENaC regulation has continued to evolve over the two decades following the cloning of ENaC subunits. This review highlights many of the cellular and extracellular factors that regulate channel trafficking or gating.
Hemoglobin Synthesis in Somatic Cell Hybrids: Independent Segregation of the Human Alpha- and Beta-Globin Genes

Hybrid somatic cells containing a partial complement of human chromosomes were used to demonstrate that the human alpha- and beta-globin genes are located on different chromosomes. Two cell lines consisting of a cross of mouse with human fibroblasts contained the human alpha- and not the beta-globin gene, while a cross of human marrow cells with mouse erythroleukemia cells expressed the human beta- but not the alpha-globin gene.
Relation of health literacy to gonorrhoea related care.

Objective: To assess the relation between health literacy and receipt of a screening test for gonorrhoea in the past year. Methods: Study design was multisite, cross sectional survey of subjects enrolled from clinics, from community based organisations, and by street intercept. Data were obtained using face to face interview. The dependent variable was self reported receipt of a test for gonorrhoea in the past year. Health literacy was measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), recoded to represent 8th grade or lower reading or 9th grade and higher reading level. Statistical analyses were adjusted to account for selection bias in literacy assessment. Results: 54% of the sample reported at least one gonorrhoea test in the previous year. 65% of the sample read at a 9th grade level or higher. REALM score was moderately correlated with the respondent's years of education. After adjustment for missing REALM data, past suspicion of gonorrhoea, self inspection for gonorrhoea, self efficacy for care seeking, REALM score of 9th grade reading level or higher, and younger age were independently associated with gonorrhoea testing in the previous year. For the average respondent, REALM reading grade level of 9th grade or higher is associated with a 10% increase in the probability of having a gonorrhoea test in the past year. Conclusions: Low literacy appears to pose a barrier to care for sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea.
Interleukin-1 Reduces the Glycolytic Utilization of Glucose by Pancreatic Islets and Reduces Glucokinase mRNA Content and Protein Synthesis by a Nitric Oxide-dependent Mechanism

Abstract Culture of rat pancreatic islets with interleukin-1 (IL-1) results in up-regulation of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase and overproduction of nitric oxide (NO). This is associated with reversible inhibition of both glucose-induced insulin secretion and islet glucose oxidation, and these effects are prevented by the inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitorN G-monomethylarginine. IL-1 also induces accumulation of nonesterified arachidonic acid in islets by an NO-dependent mechanism, and one potential explanation for that effect would involve an IL-1-induced enhancement of islet glycolytic flux. We have therefore examined effects of IL-1 on islet glycolytic utilization of glucose and find that culture of islets with IL-1 in medium containing 5.5 mm glucose results in suppression of islet glucose utilization subsequently measured at glucose concentrations between 6 and 18 mm. The IL-1-induced suppression of islet glucose utilization is associated with a decline in islet glucokinase mRNA content, as determined by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and in glucokinase protein synthesis, as determined by immuoprecipitation experiments, and all of these effects are prevented byN G-monomethylarginine. These findings suggest that IL-1 can down-regulate islet glucokinase, which is the primary component of the islet glucose-sensor apparatus, by an NO-dependent mechanism. Because reductions in islet glucokinase levels are known to cause a form of type II diabetes mellitus, these observations raise the possibility that factors which increase islet NO levels might contribute to development of glucose intolerance.