cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting embodied carbon emissions from purchased electricity for United States counties

Abstract Predicting the embodied scope 3 carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions from purchased electricity for end users in the United States is challenging due to electricity transmission within interconnected power grids. Existing methods only focus on large aggregation areas, thereby ignoring potentially significant emission factor (EF) variations, so this study proposes a novel method to translate the CO2e emissions from the balancing authority (BA)-level to the county-level by utilizing explicit finite-difference theory for electricity flow predictions, and then employing economic input–output theory to evaluate the scope 3 embodied lifecycle CO2e emissions. Results show that the generation-based EFs at the BA-level range from 0.007 to 0.905 MT-CO2e/MWh with a mean value of 0.400 MT-CO2e/MWh and a standard deviation of 0.229 MT-CO2e/MWh. The consumption-based EFs at the BA-level range from 0.008 to 0.836 MT-CO2e/MWh with a mean value of 0.378 MT-CO2e/MWh and a standard deviation of 0.019 MT-CO2e/MWh. Results also show that sixteen BA consumption-based EFs deviate by more than 20% compared to their generation-based EFs, which indicates the significance of accounting for electricity interchanges in emissions quantification processes. A larger range of possible consumption-based EFs is revealed at the county-level: 0.007 to 0.902 MT-CO2e/MWh, with a mean value of 0.452 MT-CO2e/MWh and a standard deviation of 0.123 MT-CO2e/MWh. Results also indicate significant variations in EFs of counties within each BA: 20 BAs have county-level EFs range greater than 0.1 MT-CO2e/MWh, 13 BAs have county-level EFs range greater than 0.2 MT-CO2e/MWh and 6 BAs have county-level EFs range beyond 0.3 MT-CO2e/MWh.
Was Mises Right

This paper argues that Mises's methodological position has been misunderstood by both friends and foes alike. On the one hand, Mises's critics wrongly characterize his position as rejecting empirical work. On the other hand, his defenders wrongly interpret his stance as rejecting empirical analyses on the grounds that they contradict apriorism and push economics towards historicism. We show that Mises's methodological position occupies a unique place that is at once both wholly aprioristic and radically empirical.
Hybrid Embroidery Games: Playing with Materials, Machines, and People

Our work centers on aspects of crafting creativity that are often overlooked in digital fabrication: playful- ness, and possibilities for social engagement. We draw from precedents in both crafting (e.g. quilting bees) and gameplay (e.g. “Exquisite Corpse”) to inform the design of a set of turn-based collaborative games which center a computer-controlled embroidery machine as a “player” in games for one or more crafters. We proto- type these games using our own computational input/ output embroidery pipeline and observe how they can guide crafter-players to engage with physical, digital, and social affordances. We summarize our findings on how creative focus can shift over a playful experience of fabrication and how technology can mediate social crafting.
Using Competing Risk of Mortality to Inform the Transition from Prostate Cancer Active Surveillance to Watchful Waiting.

Abstract Background For men on active surveillance (AS) for prostate cancer (PCa), disease progression and age-related changes in health may influence decisions about pursuing curative treatment. Objective To evaluate the predicted PCa and non-PCa mortality at the time of reclassification among men on AS, to identify clinical criteria for considering a transition from AS to watchful waiting (WW). Design, setting, and participants Patients enrolled in a large AS program who experienced biopsy grade reclassification (Gleason grade increase) were retrospectively examined. All patients who had complete documentation of medical comorbidities at reclassification were included. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis A validated model was used to assess 10- and 15-yr untreated PCa and non-PCa mortalities based on patient comorbidities and PCa clinical characteristics. We compared the ratio of predicted PCa mortality with predicted non-PCa mortality (“predicted mortality ratio”) and divided patients into four risk tiers based on this ratio: (1) tier 1 (ratio: >0.33), (2) tier 2 (ratio 0.33–0.20), (3) tier 3 (ratio 0.20–0.10), and (4) tier 4 (ratio Results and limitations Of the 344 men who were reclassified, 98 (28%) were in risk tier 1, 85 (25%) in tier 2, 93 (27%) in tier 3, and 68 (20%) in tier 4 for 10-yr mortality. Fifteen-year risk tiers were distributed similarly. The 23 (6.7%) men who met the “transition triad” (age >75 yr, Charlson Comorbidity Index >3, and grade group ≤2) had a 14-fold higher non-PCa mortality risk and a lower predicted mortality ratio than those who did not (0.07 vs 0.23, p Conclusions At reclassification, nearly half of patients had a more than five-fold and one in five patients had a more than ten-fold higher risk of non-PCa death than patients having a risk of untreated PCa death. Despite a more significant cancer diagnosis, a transition to WW for older men with multiple comorbidities and grade group Patient summary Men with favorable-risk prostate cancer and life expectancy of >10 yr are often enrolled in active surveillance, which entails delay of curative treatment until there is evidence of more aggressive disease. We examined a group of men on active surveillance who developed more aggressive disease, and found, nevertheless, that the majority of these men continued to have a dramatically higher risk of death from non–prostate cancer causes than from prostate cancer based on a risk prediction tool. For men older than 75 yr, who have multiple medical conditions and who do not have higher-grade cancer, it may be reasonable to reconsider the need for curative treatment given the low risk of death from prostate cancer compared with the risk of death from other causes.
Actualist rationality

This article concerns the prescriptive function of decision analysis. Consider an agent who must choose an action yielding welfare that varies with an unknown state of nature. It is often asserted that such an agent should adhere to consistency axioms which imply that behavior can be represented as maximization of expected utility. However, our agent is not concerned the consistency of his behavior across hypothetical choice sets. He only wants to make a reasonable choice from the choice set that he actually faces. Hence, I reason that prescriptions for decision making should respect actuality. That is, they should promote welfare maximization in the choice problem the agent actually faces. Any choice respecting weak and stochastic dominance is rational from the actualist perspective.
TH‐CD‐BRB‐02: Image Guidance in the SBRT Era: Optimizing Imaging and Managing Uncertainties

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) have now been applied clinically for several decades. The accumulation of published technical and clinical studies currently available has offered insights into both the efficacy and special concerns associated with the delivery of the stereotactic approach to different disease sites. The last few years have witnessed significant advances in both delivery technology and planning approaches. Digital linacs equipped with high dose rate flattening-filter free (FFF) beams are particularly well suited to stereotactic applications. Modern image guidance provides a framework for managing uncertainties and optimizing margins. Knowledge-based approaches can automate many aspects of the treatment planning process. This session will provide an overview of these important technical considerations in SRS/SBRT, and discuss approaches to safe clinical implementation. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand commissioning and application of FFF beams in SRS and SBRT applications 2. Understand how image guidance plays a role in the design of treatment margins and the management of uncertainties 3. Understand the methodology and application of knowledge-based planning to SRS and SBRT Kevin Moore: research funding, honoraria and travel support from Varian Medical Systems Kristy Brock: licensing agreement with RaySearch Laboratories for deformable registration technology Richard Popple: research funding and honoraria from Varian Medical Systems Timothy Solberg: honoraria from BrainLAB, ownership of Global Radiosurgery Services
Patent Exclusivity versus Regulatory Exclusivity under the Hatch-Waxman Act

The pharmaceutical industry is exceptional. Pharmaceutical development is one of the most cost- and time-intensive areas of technology largely because it is one of the industries most subject to regulatory intervention. Unlike most other technologies, pharmaceuticals are heavily regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) to ensure their safety and efficacy; indeed, the FDA regulates the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceuticals more strictly than it regulates food, dietary supplements, or cosmetics. The pharmaceutical industry is now exceptional in two additional ways. First, pharmaceuticals are subject to provisions both limiting and extending patent protections that do not apply to other technologies. Second, pharmaceuticals now enjoy non-patent regulatory exclusivities that no other technology enjoys. Both the latter two exceptions are thanks to the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act, known informally as the Hatch-Waxman Act after its two leading sponsors, and its subsequent amendments. Some of Hatch-Waxman’s provisions favor brand-name pharmaceutical innovators, whereas other provisions foster market entry of generic pharmaceuticals and their typically much lower-price imitations of brand-name pharmaceuticals. In terms of increasing generic entry, the Hatch-Waxman Act seems to be a huge success, although a number of other unintended consequences also seem to have arisen from Hatch-Waxman’s provisions. One change that many commentators continue to debate, however, is the creation of periods of regulatory exclusivity. Some sort of market exclusivity is widely believed to be necessary to protect the large investments that pharmaceutical manufacturers invest in creating and testing new drugs. For most of the pharmaceutical industry’s history, however, patents have been widely regarded as a highly effective means of providing such exclusivity. What, then, can be the role of regulatory exclusivities? Originally created partially in compensation for the more pro-generic provisions of Hatch-Waxman, and partially to incentivize further studies on existing drugs, regulatory exclusivities may also provide other advantages. Accordingly, the following discussion looks at regulatory exclusivity as not just an adjunctive form of exclusivity but in fact as a possible alternative to patents. This article therefore takes a closer look at the differences between the two and how data exclusivity more aptly protects innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The discussion concludes that, depending on whether pharmaceutical innovators are currently receiving enough of the returns on their investments, leveraging the potential advantages of regulatory over patent exclusivity may be more or less difficult. Regardless, given the exceptionalism of the pharmaceutical industry and its unique regulatory exclusivities, examination of how to take advantage of that exceptionalism is warranted.
An autonomous distributed control method based on tie‐set graph theory in future grid

SUMMARY In future power grids where electricity flows bidirectionally, the essential problem is to maximize the total efficiency of distributed energy resources. In complicated and large-scale systems such as modern power distribution networks, maximizing the efficiency of the entire system as a whole is extremely difficult. To solve the global optimization problem of such a complex network, this paper proposes an efficient distributed control method for future grid on the basis of tie-set graph theory, where a tie-set is a set of all the edges in a loop of a graph. On the basis of tie-set graph theory, global optimization of an entire network can be realized as a result of local optimization in μ-dimensional liner vector space, where μ is the nullity of the underlying graph of a power network. Although each tie-set has its limited local information, an entire network is gradually optimized in an orderly manner because of the theoretical basis of a tie-set graph. Simulation results of several thousand-node networks demonstrate balanced allocation of dispersed energy resources and thus effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real-Time Data and Coordination Control for Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems

Reconfigurability is the ability to rearrange modules or controls based on new constraints or requirements. It includes the ability to add new control to the system and it should be easy, fast, and inexpensive. An important aspect in realizing reconfigurable manufacturing systems (see http://erc.engin.umich.eduand [3])is developing the necessary real-time control techniques and associated software and hardware systems to effect them. Reconfigurable systems appear to need largely autonomous modular units, and the required real-time control systems should be designed in a modular way for a distributed environment. One aspect are the interactions with the manufacturing environment which involves large quantities of real-time sensor, actuator and control data which need to be managed correctly and efficiently. We believe that the analysis and design of distributed real-time control systems in a modular heterogeneous environment will require the study of two complementary areas: development of modular, distributed, reconfigurable real-time control strategies — i.e, an area within control systems design and implementation of modular, distributed real-time coordination software, on heterogeneous platforms — i.e., an area under computer software systems
Direct Observation of Continuous γ2-Networks in Ag3Sn Amalgams

Previous investigators have proposed the existence of continuous networks of the γ2-phase in Ag-Sn amalgams. Scanning electron micrographs are presented which confirm the presence of such networks in Ag3Sn amalgams.
Statistical Viewer: a tool to upload and integrate linkage and association data as plots displayed within the Ensembl genome browser

To facilitate efficient selection and the prioritization of candidate complex disease susceptibility genes for association analysis, increasingly comprehensive annotation tools are essential to integrate, visualize and analyze vast quantities of disparate data generated by genomic screens, public human genome sequence annotation and ancillary biological databases. We have developed a plug-in package for Ensembl called "Statistical Viewer" that facilitates the analysis of genomic features and annotation in the regions of interest defined by linkage analysis. Statistical Viewer is an add-on package to the open-source Ensembl Genome Browser and Annotation System that displays disease study-specific linkage and/or association data as 2 dimensional plots in new panels in the context of Ensembl's Contig View and Cyto View pages. An enhanced upload server facilitates the upload of statistical data, as well as additional feature annotation to be displayed in DAS tracts, in the form of Excel Files. The Statistical View panel, drawn directly under the ideogram, illustrates lod score values for markers from a study of interest that are plotted against their position in base pairs. A module called "Get Map" easily converts the genetic locations of markers to genomic coordinates. The graph is placed under the corresponding ideogram features a synchronized vertical sliding selection box that is seamlessly integrated into Ensembl's Contig- and Cyto- View pages to choose the region to be displayed in Ensembl's "Overview" and "Detailed View" panels. To resolve Association and Fine mapping data plots, a "Detailed Statistic View" plot corresponding to the "Detailed View" may be displayed underneath. Features mapping to regions of linkage are accentuated when Statistic View is used in conjunction with the Distributed Annotation System (DAS) to display supplemental laboratory information such as differentially expressed disease genes in private data tracks. Statistic View is a novel and powerful visual feature that enhances Ensembl's utility as valuable resource for integrative genomic-based approaches to the identification of candidate disease susceptibility genes. At present there are no other tools that provide for the visualization of 2-dimensional plots of quantitative data scores against genomic coordinates in the context of a primary public genome annotation browser.
Reversing cytoplasmic flow in nucleated, constricted sand dollar eggs

The purpose of this investigation was to study the nature of the immediate response of the surface to the mitotic apparatus in sand dollar (Echinarachnius parma) eggs. The normal geometrical relationship was changed by snaring fertilized eggs between opposed, overlapping hooks and constricting the eggs to reshape them into two partial spheres joined by a constricted neck about 27 μm in diameter. When both asters of the mitotic apparatus lay on the same side of the constriction, cytoplasm flowed out of the nucleated part across the constriction, beginning about 30 min before anticipated cleavage time. After the asters moved across the constriction, the direction reversed, and reversal usually occurred several times before cleavage (n = 18). The average time between beginning of flow in one direction and beginning of flow in the opposite direction was 7.7 min (n = 23). Cells were bisected and constricted to determine the role of the mitotic apparatus. Bisected cells with two asters behaved like constricted normal cells (n = 15). Cells with no mitotic apparatus developed no cytoplasmic flow (n = 11). In cells with one aster, flow most often occurred within ten min of anticipated cleavage time (n = 14). When whole constricted eggs were treated with Cytochalasin B at the minimum concentration that blocks cleavage in normal eggs (3 μg/ml), neither cytoplasmic flow nor cleavage occurred, although the mitotic apparatus developed normally. Cytoplasmic flow in constricted eggs in cleavage stages requires asters and functional actin-associated cytoskeleton. The results suggest that the asters cause an increase in tension in nearby surfaces.
Micro tactile sensors with a suspended and oriented single walled carbon nanotube beam embeded in PDMS elastomer

A tactile sensor utilizing a patterned and suspended SWNT film as a sensing element is reported in this paper. Dense and oriented SWNT films were self-assembled using dielectrophoresis through the monitoring of the dc resistance of the film. The SWNT film was patterned by lithography and oxygen plasma etching to form a suspended SWNT beam. PDMS primer was spin-coated on the SWNT structure, and cured to realize a robust tactile sensor. In nanoindentation test, a piezoresistive sensitivity of 5%/mN and a detection limitation of 2 µN were demonstrated. This simple and low temperature fabrication technology is believed to be very promising for flexible tactile sensors and sensor arrays in applications to smart robots, implantable clinic tools, or embedded pressure sensors in microfluidic systems.
Influence of dispersants on the bioavailability and trophic transfer of petroleum hydrocarbons to larval topsmelt (Atherinops affinis).

Abstract Use of chemical dispersants as oil spill clean-up agents may alter the normal behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) by increasing their functional water solubility, resulting in increased bioavailability and altered interactions between dispersant, oil, and biological membranes. The objective of this research was to determine the impact of dispersing agents on PH bioavailability and trophic transfer to larval fish from primary levels of a marine food chain. Uptake, bioaccumulation, depuration, and metabolic transformation of a model PH, [ 14 C]naphthalene, were measured and compared for Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) dispersed with Corexit 9527® (DO) and undispersed preparations of the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of PBCO. The model food chain consisted of a primary producer, Isochrysis galbana ; and a primary consumer, the rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis ; and larval topsmelt, Atherinops affinis . Direct aqueous (AQ) exposure was compared with combined aqueous and dietary (AQD however, both uptake and depuration rate constants varied significantly with route of exposure consistent with greater naphthalene turnover. The majority (≥72%) of naphthalene-derived radioactivity from fish tissue following all exposures was in the parent form, with smaller quantities of α- and β-naphthols, α- and β-naphthyl sulfates, and an unidentified derivative.
The role of romantic attachment security and dating identity exploration in understanding adolescents' sexual attitudes and cumulative sexual risk-taking

Abstract This study addressed how two normative developmental factors, attachment and identity, are associated with adolescents' sexual attitudes and sexual risk-taking behavior. The sample consisted of 2029 adolescents (mean age = 16.2 years) living in the Southeast United States. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Higher levels of attachment anxiety predicted more dating identity exploration and less healthy sexual attitudes. Higher levels of attachment avoidance predicted less dating identity exploration and indirectly predicted less healthy sexual attitudes through dating identity exploration. Females with dating or sexual experience showed the weakest associations between the attachment dimensions and dating identity exploration. More dating identity exploration predicted healthier sexual attitudes; this association was strongest for non-virgins. Finally, higher levels of attachment avoidance were associated with higher cumulative sexual risk scores, but only among non-virgin males. Results are interpreted in light of theory and research on attachment, identity exploration, and adolescent sexual relationships.
Richard Hooker’s ‘labour’ on behalf of the puritan conscience

AbstractAlthough Hooker’s Lawes contains no discussion of conscience, the text is concerned with effecting the puritan conscience in leading nonconformists to understand and obey the ordinances of the Elizabethan Church of England. Through close reading of Hooker’s textual performance, the essay demonstrates how his argumentation strategy defines the conscience to satisfy his polemical goals. In his exploration of the potential of reason to resolve doubts, Hooker designs his discourse to persuade the puritan of how unwise it is to plead conscience as the basis for disobedience. The text’s purpose is to convince puritans to ‘better frame them selves’ and surrender to the guide. Hooker also indicates ways the conscience, standing before public exposure, can know it is following God’s will. This essay suggests how Hooker manipulates his opponents so that if they are reasonable there is no ‘necessitie’ of disobedience. He exposes nonconformity as hardness of heart and weakness of brain. Importantly, however, ...
The role of spiny dogfish in the northeast United States continental shelf ecosystem: How it has changed over time and potential interspecific competition for resources

Abstract Ecosystem based modeling was used to determine the ecological role of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), an opportunistic predator, in the northeast United States marine environment. Two time periods were modeled; one when spiny dogfish populations were depressed and one after recovery. According to our results, the ecological role of spiny dogfish has changed over time. During the depressed time period, spiny dogfish were not a keystone species and had little impact, positive or negative, on other species/groups in this ecosystem. Spiny dogfish currently have one of the highest trophic levels in this ecosystem and are akeystone species, having a high prey overlap with commercially depleted Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Spiny dogfish appear to have responded well to changes in this ecosystem caused by fishing and perhaps environmental change or a combination of both, while other species in the region have not. This is important, as spiny dogfish could now be potentially out competing commercially valuable and highly depleted populations of groundfish for resources. Based on our results, we suggest fisheries managers should look toward ecosystem based management measures in the future in order to actively and properly manage the ecosystem as a whole.
Antioxidants in aqueous fat systems

A number of phenolic inhibitors were tested in pure dry hard lard and in the same lard in contact with an aqueous solution at pH 7.5. In dry lard, at a concentration of .005%, the order of effectiveness of the antioxidants tested was NDGA (best), BHA, propyl gallate, lauryl gallate, and alpha-tocopherol. In contact with aqueous solutions at pH 7.5 NDGA was much less effective, and BHA was the best antioxidant tried. Of a group of synergistic antioxidants in aqueous solution in contact either with plain lard or with lard containing .005% of the phenolic inhibitors mentioned above, hexametaphosphate and Maddrell’s salt were the most effective. Ascorbate generally accelerated rancidity with all of the primary antioxidants except NDGA. Polyphosphates counteracted the accelerating effect of ascorbate. Combinations of polyphosphate with ascorbate and primary inhibitors gave prolonged protection.
cFPGA: CNT emerging memory-based FPGA

This paper develops a novel reconfigurable architecture, CMOS-nanorelay FPGA (cFPGA) by integrating carbon nanorelays with CMOS devices to function as FPGA components. cFPGA is a highly efficient architecture, providing 2X density and standby power improvement along with a 30% dynamic power reduction as compared with solely CMOS FPGA circuits. This performance improvement is achieved by using 2T1N structures as routing switches: Two CMOS transistors (2T): one for programming purposes, the other for signal transmission; and one nanorelay (1N) as the switching element. These 2T1N structures do not have nanorelays in the signal path, thereby eliminating its large quantum resistance. This is a significant improvement over the conventional CMOS-nanorelay hybrid FPGA circuits. The proposed cFPGA is implemented by using vertical carbon nanotubes that are relatively easier to fabricate as compared with horizontal nanotubes.
Flow visualization for investigating stator losses in a multistage axial compressor

The methodology and implementation of a powder-paint-based flow visualization technique along with the illuminated flow physics are presented in detail for application in a three-stage axial compressor. While flow visualization often accompanies detailed studies, the turbomachinery literature lacks a comprehensive study which both utilizes flow visualization to interrupt the flow field and explains the intricacies of execution. Lessons learned for obtaining high-quality images of surface flow patterns are discussed in this study. Fluorescent paint is used to provide clear, high-contrast pictures of the recirculation regions on shrouded vane rows. An edge-finding image processing procedure is implemented to provide a quantitative measure of vane-to-vane variability in flow separation, which is approximately 7 % of the suction surface length for Stator 1. Results include images of vane suction side corner separations from all three stages at three loading conditions. Additionally, streakline patterns obtained experimentally are compared with those calculated from computational models. Flow physics associated with vane clocking and increased rotor tip clearance and their implications to stator loss are also investigated with this flow visualization technique. With increased rotor tip clearance, the vane surface flow patterns show a shift to larger separations and more radial flow at the tip. Finally, the effects of instrumentation on the flow field are highlighted.
A Phase II Trial of Bortezomib and Prednisone for Castration Resistant Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We defined the antitumor effects of bortezomib alone and in combination with prednisone in patients with progressive, castration resistant metastatic prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 men with progressive castration resistant disease were treated in 2 groups. Cohort 1 received 1.5 mg/m2 bortezomib intravenously twice weekly for 2 cycles (2 weeks on and 1 week off), followed by 1.6 mg/m2 weekly (4 weeks on and 2 weeks off). Prednisone (10 mg) was given orally throughout. Cohort 2 comprised patients with limited chemotherapy exposure who received a decreased dose of bortezomib (1.3 mg/m2) during the induction period with prednisone added only at disease progression. The primary end point was no evidence of disease progression at 12 weeks, defined as no increase in prostate specific antigen from baseline and no radiographic progression. Interleukin-6 was assessed to correlate with antitumor effects.Results: One of 24 evaluable patients (4%) achieved the primary end point. In cohor...
Instruction in Experimental Methods: What Should We Be Teaching in Laboratory Courses?

An experimental methods course differs from other courses in an undergraduate aerospace engineering curriculum in that there is no standard syllabus for the experimental methods course. A discussion group within the AIAA Fluid Dynamics Technical Committee was formed to address this issue. Two invited presentation sessions and an invited paper session were held at AIAA conferences. No standard curriculum was produced by these sessions. However, a theme common to most presentations was that students should be taught to think critically about what they are doing in the lab. The largest divergence in opinion was over the “breadth vs. depth” issue. Other common themes were the importance of uncertainty analysis, signal processing, and communications skills. The results of two informal surveys conducted by some of the authors are summarized, and the laboratory courses of other authors are used as illustrations of various practices in experimental methods instruction.
Sun Protection Behaviors of the U.S. White Population

Abstract Background. Sun protection behaviors are recommended to prevent skin cancer, which has increased in incidence. This study measured the prevalence of sun protection behaviors and determined personal characteristics associated with them. Methods. Data from 10,048 white respondents to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey Cancer Control Supplement were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed to relate personal characteristics to specific behaviors. Results. Fifty-three percent of respondents reported they were “very likely” to use sunscreen, wear protective clothing, or seek shade if they were outside on a sunny day for more than 1 hr. Proportions for the individual behaviors were 32, 28, and 30%, respectively. Compared with people who do not burn, those reporting severe sunburn after 1 hr of sun exposure reported more use of sunscreens (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0, 2.9), shade (OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.5, 2.1), and protective clothing (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.9, 2.7). Other factors associated with practicing protection behaviors included a personal history of skin cancer, older age, and female sex. Conclusions. A large percentage of white U.S. adults did not protect themselves from sun exposure. Additional education of the general public and persons at higher risk for skin cancer is needed.
Positive Psychosocial Functioning in Later Life: Use of Meaning-Based Coping Strategies by Nursing Home Residents

This study examined factors associated with positive psychosocial functioning in 94 cognitively intact nursing home residents reporting poor physical health. It was hypothesized that greater use of meaning-based coping strategies would be associated with higher levels of positive psychosocial functioning. Participants completed an interview containing measures of coping, affect, psychological well-being, depression, and activities of daily living. Findings suggest that meaning-based coping variables (positive reappraisal, perceived uplifts) accounted for significant variance in positive psychosocial variables but not distress variables. In contrast, physical health variables accounted for significant variance in distress but not positive psychosocial variables. Results support the view that the absence of distress does not necessarily imply optimal mental health. Thus, a comprehensive assessment of mental health in older adults requires inclusion of indices of both positive and negative psychological and ...
Initial Airway Management Skills of Senior Residents: Simulation Training Compared With Traditional Training

Background Scenario-based training (SBT) with a computerized patient simulator (CPS) is effective in teaching physicians to manage high-risk, low-frequency events that are typical of critical care medicine. This study compares the initial airway management skills of a group of senior internal medicine residents trained using SBT with CPS during their first year of postgraduate training (PGY) with a group of senior internal medicine residents trained using the traditional experiential method. Methods This was a prospective, controlled trial that compared two groups of PGY3 internal medicine residents at an urban teaching hospital. One group (n = 32) received training in initial airway management skills using SBT with CPS in their PGY1 ( ie , the simulation-trained [ST] group). The second group (n = 30) received traditional residency training ( ie , the traditionally trained [TT] group). Each group was then tested during PGY3 in initial airway management skills using a standardized respiratory arrest scenario. Results The ST group performed significantly better than the TT group in 8 of the 11 steps of the respiratory arrest scenario. Notable differences were found in the ability to attach a bag-valve mask (BVM) to high-flow oxygen (ST group, 69%; TT group, 17%; p Conclusions Traditional training consisting of 2 years of clinical experience was not sufficient to achieve proficiency in initial airway management skills, mostly due to inadequate equipment usage. This suggests that SBT with CPS is more effective in training medical residents than the traditional experiential method.
Dynamic Performance of Shoe Centerless Grinding

In this paper, the dynamic performance of shoe centerless grinding is presented. The model is a single-mass system in time and frequency domains. Based on the model, the stability and the critical parameters of the grinding process were studied. Numerical simulations were conducted in order to evaluate key parameters for the grinding process. The model was verified by experiments from real grinding trials.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The relative impact of trait and temporal determinants of subjective fatigue

Personality, time of day, and day of the week were assessed as predictors of state fatigue. After completing an in-lab questionnaire, 172 participants (N = 172) reported their state subjective fatigue three times a day for 8 days. Trait neuroticism, conscientiousness, positive affect, and negative affect were predictive of aggregate state subjective fatigue at different points in the day and over the course of the study. Results indicated mean differences in subjective fatigue at different points in the day and week. Personality traits displayed incremental validity over time and day in predicting subjective fatigue states. Multilevel analyses demonstrated that personality traits have an impact on both between individual and within individual sources of state fatigue variance. The relative contribution of personality traits to state subjective fatigue is discussed.
Winter and summer distribution of dissolved oxygen, pH and nutrients at the heads of fjords in Chilean Patagonia with possible phosphorus limitation

Informacion obtenida en agosto de 2006 y enero de 2007 en los fiordos Baker y Mitchell permite establecer que configuran un sistema permanentemente estratificado de dos capas, con mas de 25% de agua dulce en la capa superior. Sus aguas presentan mas oxigeno disuelto en verano, siendo la oxigenacion impulsada por el flujo fluvial y la intensidad del viento. Estas primeras determinaciones de nutrientes obtenidas en verano en ambos fiordos de la Patagonia tienden a evidenciar que el suministro de nitrogeno inorganico probablemente supera la demanda biologica y que la produccion primaria puede estar alli limitada por fosforo.
Molar enthalpy of formation of CrB2 by high-temperature calorimetry

Abstract The standard molar enthalpy of formation of CrB2 has been determined calorimetrically for the first time by bringing the boride to reaction with solid Pt, Pd, or Ni at (1400 ± 2) K to form a {(1 − 3x)Me + 2xCr + xB}(l) alloy. The weighted average of the results of four types of experiments leading to the formation of different liquid alloys was ΔfHmo(298.15 K) = −(119.4 ± 3.4) kJ · mol−1.
Children's Causal Attributions in Achievement Situations

Summary The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the external validity of children's causal attributions in achievement situations, and (b) explore attributional patterns of different cultures within the United States. One hundred and seventy-four 4th and 5th grade boys and girls (93 Anglo, 54 Mexican-American, and 27 Black) were asked to give rewards to children described by stories. The eight stories varied effort, ability, and outcome for each situation. The results indicated similarities with previous research which suggest that some attributional patterns may be consistent among all children. They conflict with earlier research indicating that intent (effort) was a more important determinant of rewards given than outcome for 10- to 12-year-olds and suggest the need for further research of racial groups to investigate cultural influence on attributional patterns.
A Simple Method to Generate Side-Chain Derivatives of Regioregular Polythiophene via the GRIM Metathesis and Post-polymerization Functionalization

Regioregular poly(3-bromohexylthiophenes) have been synthesized via the GRIM method in high yield. Functionalization of these polymers with various groups afforded poly(3-alkylthiophenes) bearing 6-carboxylic acid, 6-amine, or 6-thiol functionalities. Analytical data for all polymers are consistent with quantitative functional group substitution.
Bidirectional high conversion ratio DC-DC converter

Recent trends in power conversion indicate a need for dc-dc power conversion at very high power levels and with high voltage buck/boost ratio for transmission/distribution purposes. No single conventional topology is well suited to these constraints. This paper proposes a new buck- or boost-derived multilevel non-isolated converter with superior scaling abilities. The paper derives the dynamic model in state space form, presents a suitable modulation method, and validates findings with computer simulations in MATLAB/Simulink and PLECS.
Physiological and psychological variables related to functional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The relationship of selected physiological and psychological variables to functional status in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was investigated in this study. There has been limited exploration of the relative contribution of these variables to the performance of activities of daily living in this population. A convenience sample of 104 outpatients with COPD participated in the study. The independent variables were causal attributions, depressed mood, self-esteem, pulmonary function, and exercise capacity, and the dependent variable was functional status. There was a significant difference in functional status between those who did and those who did not ask the question, "Why me?" (p = .03). In addition, the remaining psychological variables and both physiological variables were significantly correlated with functional status (p less than or equal to .01). To identify the combination of study variables most predictive of functional status a multiple regression analysis was performed. The combined variables of exercise capacity and depression best predicted functional status (p less than .0001). It is concluded that both physiological and psychological factors are important in understanding functional status in this population.
On-line user-computer interface: the effects of interface flexibility, terminal type, and experience on performance

In less than two decades the electronic digital computer has evolved from a high-speed replacement for the abacus to a full-fledged partner in dialogue with humans. By its very nature, on-line computing thrusts the user into an entirely different environment than does conventional batch processing. The problems inherent in a person's being made a system component---in a sense an extension of the computer hardware---were largely ignored until quite recently. Since the early users of on-line systems were highly skilled professionals who were both willing and able to communicate in terms most convenient for the machine, few programmers were aware of the user-computer communications gap, and even fewer were concerned about it. However, the lowered cost of computer access and the proliferation of on-line systems produced a new breed of users, people whose expertise was in some area other than computer technology. As their initial fascination with conversational computing wore off, users reported experiencing feelings of intense frustration and of being "manipulated" by a seemingly unyielding, rigid, intolerant dialogue partner, and these users began disconnecting from time-sharing services at a rate which was very alarming to the industry.
The application of expression analysis in elucidating the eukaryotic elongation factor one alpha gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana

Eukaryotic elongation factor one alpha (eEF1A) encoding genes are part of the large GTP binding protein family. The eEF1A family is important for protein synthesis and actin filament and bundle formation. In this study, the expression of four eEF1A genes in Arabidopsis thaliana is reported. Microarray analyses of the gene family showed high expression levels in germinating seeds, embryos, and shoot and root meristems. Quantitative real time RT-PCR was used to determine individual eEF1A gene expression. Unlike animals, in Arabidopsis tissues all four eEF1A genes were expressed in all tissues sampled. However, the abundance of each transcript varied spatially. Knocking out expression of one eEF1A gene produced seedlings with stunted roots and a subsequent change in expression of the other three eEF1A genes. The varying abundance of each gene in different tissues may indicate different concentration requirements for each message product. These results will be very useful for elucidating the role of each gene in growth, development, and stress responses of the plant.
Superradiance as a source of collective decoherence in quantum computers

We analyze the radiative coupling of qubits to a common radiation bath in free space and discuss that superradiance (collective emission) results in decoherence that scales with the square of the number of qubits. This decoherence mechanism is nonlocal; the collective emission simultaneously decoheres all the qubits in the computer. Because the noise source is not local, the introduced errors are outside the applicability of the threshold theorem. As a result, we argue that the errors due to superradiance cannot be corrected using the current models of fault-tolerant quantum computation.
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia: molecular understanding and prospects for therapy

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is a rare but deadly myeloproliferative disorder of early childhood that infrequently progresses to acute leukemia. The pathogenesis of this leukemia has been linked to deregulated signal transduction, resulting in growth factor hypersensitivity. Several other myeloproliferative disorders appear to share growth factor hypersensitivity as a common pathophysiological mechanism and thus this leukemia serves as an important model. New treatment modalities, such as retinoid therapy, are emerging for juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. Further understanding of deregulated signal transduction should pave the way for even more rationally designed therapy for this leukemia and related disorders.
Irregular intestinal mucosal margination in the dog: normal or abnormal?

The apparently random variability of the margination of the small bowel observed during contrast radiography prompted an investigation to determine the significance and aetiology of such a finding. Upper gastrointestinal tract contrast radiography of twenty-five dogs revealed a marked variation in the smoothness of mucosal margination. Gross and histological examination of the small bowel of these dogs revealed no lesions which could account for the variation in mucosal margination. It was noted that the spatial arrangement of the villi varied in such a way that the degree of irregularity of the mucosa observed radiographically could depend on the ability of the contrast medium to dissect around upright villi.
Impact of spatial effects on income segregation indices

Residential segregation is an inherently spatial phenomenon as it measures the separation of different types of people within a region. Whether measured with an explicitly spatial index, or a classic aspatial index, a region’s underlying spatial properties could manifest themselves in the magnitude of measured segregation. In this paper we implement a Monte Carlo simulation approach to investigate the properties of four segregation indices in regions built with specific spatial properties. This approach allows us to control the experiment in ways that empirical data do not. In general we confirm the expected results for the indices under various spatial properties, but some unexpected results emerge. Both the Dissimilarity Index and Neighborhood Sorting Index are sensitive to region size, but their spatial counterparts, the Adjusted Dissimilarity Index and Generalized Neighborhood Sorting Index, are generally immune to this problem. The paper also lends weight to concerns about the downward pressure on measured segregation when multiple neighborhoods are grouped into a single census tract. Finally, we discuss concerns about the way space is incorporated into segregation indices since the expected value of the spatial indices tested is lower than their aspatial counterparts.
Accuracy of Fall Prediction in Parkinson Disease: Six-Month and 12-Month Prospective Analyses

Introduction. We analyzed the ability of four balance assessments to predict falls in people with Parkinson Disease (PD) prospectively over six and 12 months. Materials and Methods. The BESTest, Mini-BESTest, Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were administered to 80 participants with idiopathic PD at baseline. Falls were then tracked for 12 months. Ability of each test to predict falls at six and 12 months was assessed using ROC curves and likelihood ratios (LR). Results. Twenty-seven percent of the sample had fallen at six months, and 32% of the sample had fallen at 12 months. At six months, areas under the ROC curve (AUC) for the tests ranged from 0.8 (FGA) to 0.89 (BESTest) with LR+ of 3.4 (FGA) to 5.8 (BESTest). At 12 months, AUCs ranged from 0.68 (BESTest, BBS) to 0.77 (Mini-BESTest) with LR+ of 1.8 (BESTest) to 2.4 (BBS, FGA). Discussion. The various balance tests were effective in predicting falls at six months. All tests were relatively ineffective at 12 months. Conclusion. This pilot study suggests that people with PD should be assessed biannually for fall risk.