cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Androgen prevents hypogonadal bone loss via inhibition of resorption mediated by mature osteoblasts/osteocytes

Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed throughout the osteoblast lineage. Two different AR transgenic families (AR2.3-tg and AR3.6-tg mice) demonstrating overlapping and distinct expression profiles were employed to assess the effects of enhanced androgen sensitivity to ameliorate hypogonadal loss. Two different paradigms of steroid replacement following orchidectomy (ORX) were used as either preventative or therapeutic therapy. ORX was performed in male wild-type (WT), AR2.3-tg and AR3.6-tg mice at 5 months with immediate DHT replacement (prevention, higher turnover) or at 3 months with DHT treatment delayed for 2 months (therapeutic, lower turnover), both with treatment for the last 6 weeks. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), micro-computed tomography (μCT), and histomorphometry were performed. In the prevention model, ORX significantly reduced BMD and BMC in all genotypes compared to sham and DHT was effective at prevention of osteopenia. In the therapeutic model, all genotypes became osteopenic compared to sham, but after a prolonged hypogonadal period, delayed DHT treatment provided little benefit. μCT analysis of mid-shaft total bone in all genotypes generally showed reductions after ORX. Delayed DHT was ineffective at restoring bone volume in any genotype whereas immediate treatment prevented loss only in AR transgenic mice. Cortical thickness also decreased with ORX but immediate DHT treatment was effective to increase thickness only in WT mice, likely due to expansion of marrow volume in both AR-tg lines. In metabolically highly active cancellous bone, ORX resulted in lower bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) in all genotypes, consistent among 3 sites measured. Again with delayed treatment, there was little effect of DHT to restore BV/TV, but when administered at the time of ORX, DHT completely prevented the decrease in cancellous bone in all genotypes. Improvement in cancellous bone architecture was seen with immediate DHT replacement that was enhanced in AR transgenic lines compared to WT. In contrast, there were only modest changes in all genotypes using the delayed treatment paradigm. With ORX in both paradigms, trabecular number was decreased while spacing increased. Thus, androgen therapy is effective for the prevention of endosteal and cancellous osteopenia primarily through its anti-resorptive properties, but shows little anabolic action as a therapeutic strategy to restore bone. Given the similarity in response to androgen treatment in both AR transgenic lines, overlapping expression profiles suggest that the target cells mediating androgen action in vivo are mature osteoblast/osteocytes. Combined, these results demonstrate that in the adult mouse, androgen treatment can reduce bone resorption but has little overall anabolic activity.
A dynamic longitudinal examination of social media use, needs, and gratifications among college students

This study extends the U&G theoretical perspective to account for the situated, adaptive, and dynamic nature of mediated cognition and behavior. It specifies dynamic uses and gratifications of social media (compared to other media) in the everyday lives of college students using experience sampling data across 4weeks. The study tests and quantifies reciprocal causal relationships between needs, social media use, and gratifications, as well as their self-sustaining endogenous (i.e., feedback) effects. Social media use is significantly driven by all four categories of needs examined (emotional, cognitive, social, and habitual), but only gratifies some of them. Ungratified needs accumulate over time and drive subsequent social media use. Interpersonal social environments also affect social media use. In particular, solitude and interpersonal support increase social media use, and moderate the effects of needs on social media use.
A fluid mechanical perspective on esophageal bolus transport

A fluid mechanical description of peristaltic esophageal transport is presented in pedagogical form, without equations and with minimal technical jargon, using simple theoretical models of peristaltic pumping. In the most basic model, a viscous fluid is transported along a tube of circular cross-section by periodic sinusoidal contractions of the tube wall. From this model the primary mechanisms of fluid transport are discerned, and an analysis is made of the proximal leakage of bolus fluid that results from incomplete luminal contraction. A modification of the theoretical model is described next, in which a fluid layer with viscosity different than the bolus fluid is placed adjacent to the tube wall to simulate the effect of a mucous coating in esophageal transport. With this model it is discovered that, when leakage can occur, a coating of low viscosity increases the amount of leakage and reduces net transport. Finally, the theory is applied to peristaltic wave characteristics that are more representative of esophageal bolus transport; and intrabolus pressures, computed using radiographic data of bolus shapes as input, are compared with manometric measurement.
Aligning innovation with market characteristics in the nonprofit professional theater industry

Abstract In this study, the authors integrate theories of innovation diffusion, relational exchange behavior, and organizational learning to explain the roles of innovation, product exploration experience, promotion, and market sophistication in determining firm performance. They test the research questions using objective measures of financial performance from a sample of 124 firms in the nonprofit professional theater industry. The results suggest that the independent variables interact in systematic ways to influence firm performance across two different customer segments: relational and transactional. The findings lend empirical support to two theoretical perspectives that have received little prior empirical examination: (1) Innovation performance is determined by characteristics of the overall marketplace and target market segments, and (2) product exploration experience enhances organizational learning and performance.
Existence for a Diffusing Population with Discrete Returns to the Interior

Abstract We examine a one-dimensional steady-state diffusion model for a biological population in which individuals collected either throughout the domain or from one endpoint of the domain are returned to the population at a discrete set of locations. Specifically, the modeling equations are u″(x) + f(x, u(x)) + (∑ni = 1 κiδβi(x))g(∫10 α(s)u(s) ds) = 0 in the former case and u″(x) + f(x, u(x)) + (∑ni = 1 κiδβi(x))g(u′(0)) in the latter case, where the function g specifies the rate of return and f is the usual net population growth term. With Dirichlet boundary conditions imposed at both ends of the domain, the topological transversality theorem is used to show that a positive solution exists provided g does not increase too rapidly.
Unusual polyphase folding in a portion of the northeastern Front Range, Colorado

Geologic mapping of a portion of the northeastern Front Range, Colorado, has established the relationship between multiple structural events. Planar and linear mesoscopic structural elements indicate three generations of folding (F 1 F 2 , F 3 ) in which three axial-plane foliations (S 1 S 2 , S 3 ) were formed. However, on a macroscopic scale, the superposition of F 3 on F 2 is unusual in that it does not appear to disturb the areal orientation of F 2 folds. An explanation for the apparent lack of refolding is derived from a foliation-trend analysis which indicates that the displacement direction of F 3 folding lies parallel with the F 2 axial plane. Therefore, when viewed parallel to the S 2 axial plane, S 2 is folded into a series of sinusoidal folds, but when examined in map view, little folding is apparent. This structural sequence is substantiated in the southwestern portion of the mapped area where a well-developed dome-and-basin pattern emerges. The foliation-trend analysis serves to illuminate a structural geometry that, in turn, resolves an unusual apparent lack of refolding that is characteristic of a large portion of the northeastern Front Range.
Spectroscopic Studies of a Superionic Plastic Phase Crystal: Lithium Sulfate

Temperature dependent Raman spectroscopic studies of single crystal lithium sulfate are summarized. Coupling between sulfate ion bending modes and the lithium ion translatory modes becomes weaker with increasing temperature until the lithium modes can no longer be observed above 250° C. The temperature interval above 450° in the monoclinic phase is marked by the onset of significant sulfate ion reorientational motion, as evidenced by the bandshape studies of the sulfate ion v1, mode and the librational modes. Bandshape analysis of the v3 mode in the plastic phase strongly suggests that the symmetry of the sulfate ion potential energy environment has planar anisotropy. The lithium ion-sulfate ion interactions are modeled for correlated sulfate ion configurations as a function of lithium ion position. The results support the role of the octahedral site in lithium ion transitions contributing to the ionic conductivity.
Multiple Regression with Inequality Constraints: Pretesting Bias, Hypothesis Testing and Efficiency

Abstract This article analyzes, within the context of the standard multiple regression model, the problem of handling inequality constraints specifying the signs of certain regression coefficients. It is common econometric practice when regression coefficients are encountered with incorrect sign to delete the variables in question and reestimate the equation. This article shows that this procedure causes bias and can lead to inefficient parameter estimates. Furthermore, we show that grossly exaggerated statements concerning significance levels are likely to be made when other regression coefficients in the model are tested with the final regression obtained after deleting variables with incorrect sign.
Scale model development of a high efficiency dual polarized line feed for the Arecibo spherical reflector

The experimental development of a 1:6.535 scale model line feed for the Arecibo spherical reflector is described. The 14.7-ft long model at 2810 MHz simulates a 96.6-ft feed at 430 MHz capable of illuminating the full 1000-ft aperture of the reflector. The feed design requirements are discussed and an experimental program is outlined in which the necessary line source parameters were established using a number of leaky cylindrical test sections. Experimental measurements of both the near and far fields of the model feed are described and typical results are quoted and discussed. Finally, some results obtained after installation of a full size feed in the reflector are given and compared with predictions based on the model data.
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in primary afferent pathways to the sacral spinal cord of the cat

An analysis of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity (VIP-IR) and substance P-IR in the cat spinal cord has revealed marked differences in the distribution of the two peptides. While substance P-IR was located at all levels of the cord, VIP-IR was most prominent in the sacral segments in Lissauer's tract and lamina I on the lateral edge of the dorsal horn. VIP-IR was also present in the sacral cord in (1) laminae V, VII, and X, (2) a thin band on the medial side of the dorsal horn, (3) the dorsal commissure, (4) the lateral band of the sacral parasympathetic ucleus, and (5) in a few animals in Onuf's nucleus. In other segments of the spinal cord VIP-IR was much less prominent but was present in Lissauer's tract and laminae I, II, and X. Substance P-IR was more uniformly distributed at all segmental levels in laminae I–III, V, VII, and X and in the dorsal commissure. In ventrolateral lamina I of the sacral spinal cord both VIP-IR and substance P-IR exhibited a distinctive periodic pattern in te rostrocaudal axis. The peptides were associated with bundles of dorsoventrally oriented axons and varicosities spaced at approximately 210-μm intervals center to center along the length of the spinal cord. The bundles in lamina I continued into lamina V where they further divided into smaller bundles that extended medially through laminae V and VII. The most prominent bundles of VIP axons passed ventrally from lateral laminae V and VII to enter lamina X and the ventral part of te dorsal gray commissure. On the other hand the maority of substance P axons in lamina V turned dorsally to join wth axons on the medial side of the dorsal horn and to pass into the dorsal part of the dorsal gray commissure. Rostrocaudal VIP axons were present not only in Lissauer's tract but also in dorsolateral lamina I, in the lateral funiculus and in the ependymal cell layer of the central canal. Following unilateral transectionofthe sacral dorsal roots (2 weeks–22 months) the density of VIP axons and terminals was markedly reduced in ipsilateral Lissauer's trat and lateral laminae I and V; however, no change was detected in lamina X. Sacral deafferentation reduced substance P-IR in the dorsal gray commissure and in lateral laminae I and V. It is concluded that VIP-IR and substance P-IR are present at all levels of the cat spinal cord, but that VIP-IR is most prominent in sacral afferent pathways. The distribution of VIP-IR in spinal cord was very similar to the central projections of sacral visceral afferents. These findings are consistent with data from other experiments indicating that VIP may be a transmitter in visceral afferent pathways.
ON THE ORIGIN AND TRANSPORT OF THE WINTER ARCTIC AEROSOL

Results of a systematic study of the winter aerosol at Barrow, Alaska, are presented which show that the atmosphere of arctic Alaska contains an abundance of pollution-derived aerosol, particularly during the winter half-year, and that Europe, rather than the U.S., appears to be primarily responsible for the winter arctic aerosol. It is found that the aerosol is an order of magnitude more concentrated in winter than in summer throughout most of the troposphere, is gray in winter but colorless in summer, is much more enriched in pollution-derived constituents (such as V, Mu, and SO/sub 4/) in winter than in summer, and appears to be highly secondary in nature. A simple transport model is described, and it is demonstrated that the actual concentrations of V, SO/sub 4/, and Pb-210 at Barrow are quantitatively consistent with polluted European air masses as the source, followed by transport over the European USSR and then to the north.
Frugivory by introduced black rats (Rattus rattus) promotes dispersal of invasive plant seeds

Oceanic islands have been colonized by numerous non-native and invasive plants and animals. An understanding of the degree to which introduced rats (Rattus spp.) may be spreading or destroying seeds of invasive plants can improve our knowledge of plant-animal interactions, and assist efforts to control invasive species. Feeding trials in which fruits and seeds were offered to wild-caught rats were used to assess the effects of the most common rat, the black rat (R. rattus), on 25 of the most problematic invasive plant species in the Hawaiian Islands. Rats ate pericarps (fruit tissues) and seeds of most species, and the impacts on these plants ranged from potential dispersal of small-seeded (≤1.5 mm length) species via gut passage (e.g., Clidemia hirta, Buddleia asiatica, Ficus microcarpa, Miconia calvescens, Rubus rosifolius) to predation where <15% of the seeds survived (e.g., Bischofia javanica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Prosopis pallida, Setaria palmifolia). Rats consumed proportionally more seed mass of the smaller fruits and seeds than the larger ones, but fruit and seed size did not predict seed survival following rat interactions. Although invasive rat control efforts focus on native species protection, non-native plant species, especially those with small seeds that may pass internally through rats, also deserve rat control in order to help limit the spread of such seeds. Black rats may be facilitating the spread of many of the most problematic invasive plants through frugivory and seed dispersal in Hawaii and in other ecosystems where rats and plants have been introduced.
Centroid-moment tensor solutions for January-March 1993

Abstract Centroid-moment tensor solutions are presented for 177 earthquakes that occurred during the first quarter for 1993. The solutions are obtained using corrections for aspherical Earth structure represented by Dziewonski and Woodward's whole mantle shear velocity model, SH8/U4L8.
WEATHER-RELATED EFFECTS ON WOODLAND VERNAL POOL HYDROLOGY AND HYDROPERIOD

Woodland vernal pools occur commonly throughout northeastern North America. These pools provide preferred breeding habitat for mole salamanders (Ambystoma spp.) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and support an abundant and diverse macroinvertebrate fauna. Vernal pool hydrology, and especially hydroperiod or duration of the wet phase, affects the composition and productivity of pool fauna. The hydrology of ephemeral wetlands is dominated by local weather conditions. In this paper, I report a ten-year record of the relationships between precipitation and evapotranspiration and water-level change and hydroperiod in four typical southern New England vernal pools. Long-term average precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year in the Northeast; potential evapotranspiration peaks in the summer months and exceeds precipitation from mid-June through mid-September. This period of water deficit causes the period of maximum vernal pool drying. Vernal pool hydroperiods were shorter and pools dried earlier in those years with larger cumulative water deficits, especially when early spring ground-water resources were below long-term means and late winter snowpack was reduced or absent. Weekly water-level change in vernal pools was significantly related to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, with precipitation having 2–5 times greater effect than evapotranspiration. Under elimate-change predictions of more episodic precipitation and increased evapotranspiration, vernal pools would dry earlier in the year and remain dry longer. These changes would adversely affect the successful reproduction of pool-breeding amphibians and isolate the remaining productive pools.
Analyzing eBay Platform Strategies: An Application of Meyer's Product Platform Strategy Model

Nowadays, it is no longer possible to dominate large markets by developing one product at a time. Increasingly, high-technology companies are turning to platform-based product development in their quest to manage the complexity of offering greater product variety. Like the traditional automobile industry, where product platforms are used pervasively, companies that make nonphysical or intangible products, such as software and computer-based information services can also benefit from adopting an effective product platform strategy. eBay is such a company that uses its platform strategies to support its rapid growth and its wide-array of e-commerce based products: software and services to handle auction transactions, process payment transactions, and provide peer- to-peer communication for its user community over the Internet. This paper looks at eBay's three platform strategies: eBay platform, PayPal platform, and Skype platform; uses Marc Meyer's product platform strategy model to illustrate these platforms; discusses the implications of these strategies to eBay's overall success as an industry leader; and offers product platform management insights and recommendations for eBay's platform future.
The influence of infiltrating lobular carcinoma on the outcome of patients treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy

Background: The role of conservative surgery and radiation therapy (CS and RT) in the treatment of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma is well established. However, the efficacy of CS and RT for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma is less well documented. The goal of this study was to examine treatment outcome after CS and RT for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma and to compare the results to those of patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and patients with mixed ductal–lobular histology. Methods: Between 1970 and 1986, 1624 patients with Stage I or II invasive breast cancer were treated with CS and RT consisting of a complete gross excision of the tumor and ≥6000 cGy to the primary site. Slides were available for review for 1337 of these patients (82%). Of these, 93 had infiltrating lobular carcinoma, 1089 had infiltrating ductal carcinoma, and 59 had tumors with mixed ductal and lobular feature these patients constitute the study population. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 133 months. A comprehensive list of clinical and pathologic features was evaluated for all patients. Additional histologic features assessed for patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma included histologic subtype, multifocal invasion, stromal desmoplasia, and the presence of signet ring cells. Results: Five and 10-year crude results by site of first failure were similar for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal, and mixed histology. In particular, the 10-year crude local recurrence rates were 15%, 13%, and l3% for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal, and mixed histology, respectively. Ten-year distant/regional recurrence rates were 22%, 23%, and 20% for the three groups, respectively. In addition, the 10-year crude contralateral breast cancer rates were 4%, 13% and 6% for patients with infiltrating lobular, infiltrating ductal and mixed histology, respectively. In a multiple regression analysis which included established prognostic factors, histologic type was not significantly associated with either survival or time to recurrence. Conclusions: Patients with infiltrating lobular carcinoma have a similar outcome following CS and RT to patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma and to patients with tumors that have mixed ductal and lobular features. We conclude that the presence of infiltrating lobular histology should not influence decisions regarding local therapy in patients with Stage I and II breast cancer.
Capillary electrophoretic study of dibasic acids of different structures: Relation to separation of oxidative intermediates in remediation

Dicarboxylic acids are important in environmental chemistry because they are intermediates in oxidative processes involved in natural remediation and waste management processes such as oxidative detoxification and advanced oxidation. Capillary electrophoresis (CE), a promising technique for separating and analyzing these intermediates, has been used to examine a series of dibasic acids of different structures and conformations. This series includes malonic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, phthalic acid, and trans, trans-muconic acid. The CE parameters as well as structural variations (molecular structure and molecular isomers, buffer composition, pH, applied voltage, injection mode, current, temperature, and detection wavelength) that affect the separations and analytical results have been examined in this study. Those factors that affect the separation have been delineated. Among these parameters, the pH has been found to be the most important, which affects the double-layer of the capillary wall, the electro-osmotic flow and analyte mobility. The optimum pH for separating these dibasic acids, as well as the other parameters are discussed in detail and related to the development of methods for analyzing oxidation intermediates in oxidative waste management procedures.
Note on the Classic Stability Problem

It has come to the writer’s attention (private communication) that a question has arisen concerning his comments (STARR 1950) in regard to the stability of zonal flow. In terms of the problem as outlined previously, and in terms of the same symbolism, the question relates to the statement ( I ) that a monotone distribution of the vorticity 5 with respect to y o implies stability of zonal motion. The point at issue is whether an incipient small disturbance of otherwise arbitrary nature imposed upon such zonal flow can so alter the circumstances of the problem as to render the previous conclusion unjustified. The purpose of this second note is to show that such small arbitrary perturbations cannot lead to instability and hence need not be considered explicitly in the case of a sensibly montone vorticity distribution. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01041.x
Flavin-mediated dual oxidation controls an enzymatic Favorskii-type rearrangement

Structural and functional studies reveal how the bacterial flavoenzyme EncM catalyses the oxygenation–dehydrogenation dual oxidation of a highly reactive substrate, and show that EncM maintains a stable flavin oxygenating species that promotes substrate oxidation and triggers a rarely seen Favorskii-type rearrangement. Flavoproteins, which contain either a flavin adenine dinucleotide or a flavin mononucleotide cofactor, are redox-active proteins involved in a broad range of biological processes including bioluminescence, photosynthesis and DNA repair. Here the authors undertook structural and functional studies to examine how the bacterial flavoenzyme EncM catalyses the oxygenation–dehydrogenation oxidation of a highly reactive substrate. They observed previously unknown flavin redox biochemistry: EncM maintains a stable flavin-oxygenating species that promotes substrate oxidation and triggers a rarely seen, Favorskii-type rearrangement that is central to the biosynthesis of the marine antibiotic enterocin. Flavoproteins catalyse a diversity of fundamental redox reactions and are one of the most studied enzyme families1,2. As monooxygenases, they are universally thought to control oxygenation by means of a peroxyflavin species that transfers a single atom of molecular oxygen to an organic substrate1,3,4. Here we report that the bacterial flavoenzyme EncM5,6 catalyses the peroxyflavin-independent oxygenation–dehydrogenation dual oxidation of a highly reactive poly(β-carbonyl). The crystal structure of EncM with bound substrate mimics and isotope labelling studies reveal previously unknown flavin redox biochemistry. We show that EncM maintains an unexpected stable flavin-oxygenating species, proposed to be a flavin-N5-oxide, to promote substrate oxidation and trigger a rare Favorskii-type rearrangement that is central to the biosynthesis of the antibiotic enterocin. This work provides new insight into the fine-tuning of the flavin cofactor in offsetting the innate reactivity of a polyketide substrate to direct its efficient electrocyclization.
Fourier-transform hologram by zone plate

Abstract A simple technique is described and demonstrated as well that Fourier-transform holograms can be made with a zone plate.
Relevance of physical environment influences for toddler temperament

Abstract The present study investigated the relation of the physical environment to toddler and parent temperament. Measurement of the physical environment offers a unique way of disentangling environmental influences on temperament from child influences on the environment. Subjects were 82 12-month-old toddlers. The physical environment was assessed during six separate home observations, using codes from the Purdue Home Stimulation Inventory. Toddler temperament was measured by the Toddler Temperament Scale, and maternal temperament was assessed with the revised Dimensions of Temperament Scale. Results indicated that measures of crowding and availability of objects and visual stimuli were most consistently related to specific dimensions of toddler temperament. Relations between physical environment and maternal temperament were inconsistent. Partialling out maternal temperament did not substantially change observed relations between the physical environment and toddler temperament. Implications of these findings for our understanding of environmental contributions to the expression of temperament are discussed.
Projectile energy and atomic number dependence of electron capture from pair production in relativistic heavy ion collisions.

We report the first measurement of the energy dependence of electron capture from electron-positron pair production in relativistic heavy ion collisions. For a ${\mathrm{La}}^{57+}$ beam incident on Au, Ag, and Cu targets at energies of 0.405, 0.956, and 1.3 GeV/u we find that the cross sections for capture from pair production and the free pair production process increase with increasing collision energy at similar rates. Combining with uranium data reported previously gives a projectile atomic number dependence for 0.956 GeV/u ions on a Au target of ${Z}_{p}^{6.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.65}$ for capture from pair production and ${Z}_{p}^{1.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.80}$ for the free pair production process.
Lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein A-I extracted from human aortas☆

Apolipoprotein A-I was quantitated by electroimmunoassay in buffer-soluble fractions of both grossly normal intima and raised atherosclerosis lesions of the human aorta. The mean value for apolipoprotein A-I content in microgram/mg tissue dry weight of normal intima (12 cases) was 0.71 +/- 0.10 S.E. and of aortic plaques (19 cases) was 0.64 +/- 0.40 S.E. When compared to the buffer-extractable apolipoprotein B content measured in these same cases from both regions, the ratio of apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A-I was approximately 6. No apolipoprotein A-I was measurable in tunica media. Following differential ultracentrifugation into d less than 1.063, d 1.063-1.21 and d greater than 1.21 fractions, the distributions of recovered apolipoprotein A-I were, respectively: 1, 94 and 5% for normal intima, 19, 31 and 50% for plaques and 1, 89 and 10% for plasma. Characterization of a chromatographically purified d 1.063-1.21 or HDL density fraction from fatty-fibrous plaques demonstrated particles of between 60 and 120 A diameter, a characteristic apolipoprotein A-I band by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a precipitin peak closely migrating with that for plasma HDL by two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. The d greater than 1.21 density fraction from plaques isolated by affinity chromatography on a Sepharose-anti-apolipoprotein A-I column contained small amounts of phospholipid but no measurable cholesterol. The d 1.063-1.21 density fraction from plaques showed a significant increase in percent free cholesterol and phospholipid contents and decrease in cholesteryl ester content relative to plasma HDL. This increase in free cholesterol could represent evidence for an anti-atherogenic mechanism wherein infiltrated HDL removes cholesterol together with phospholipid from the arterial wall.
Renal P450 Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid and the Development of Hypertension in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats

Abstract Renal transplantation studies indicate that some form of renal dysfunction underlies the development of hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats; however, the factors responsible for altering kidney function remain to be determined. Previous studies have indicated that Dahl S rats require a higher renal perfusion pressure to excrete the same amount of sodium and water as normotensive rats and that this is due largely to an elevation in Cl− transport in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. There are now five lines of evidence that suggest an abnormality in the renal metabolism of arachidonic acid by enzymes of the P4504A family may contribute to the increase in loop Cl− transport and the development of hypertension in Dahl S rats. In this regard, the formation of 20-HETE and the levels of P4504A protein are reduced in the outer medulla of Dahl S rats. Perfusion of the loop of Henle of Dahl S rats with exogenous 20-HETE normalizes the elevated loop Cl− transport. In addition, a genetic marker in the P4504A2 gene, which encodes for the enzyme that makes 20-HETE, cosegregates with the development of hypertension in an F2 cross of Dahl S and Lewis rats. Finally, induction of renal production of 20-HETE with clofibrate prevents the development of hypertension in Dahl S rats and inhibition of renal 20-HETE formation produces hypertension in Lewis rats fed a high salt diet. These results implicate the CYP4A2 locus as a candidate gene that contributes to the alterations in renal function and the development of hypertension in Dahl S rats.
Protein-membrane interactions: equilibrium adsorption and binding of proteins and polyamino acids on erythroblasts transformed by Friend virus.

Abstract Equilibrium adsorption and binding isotherms at different pH values and temperatures were used to study the mechanism of interaction of 6 proteinaceous compounds with erythroblasts transformed by Friend virus (HFL cells). The molecular weight of the adsorbate appeared to influence the amounts adsorbed: fewer moles interacted with increasing molecular weight. The pI value affected binding of adsorbates of low molecular weight in an almost linear way: more moles bound with increasing pI value. Polylysine and polysarcosine adsorbed to labile components on the cell surface. Gelatin,lysozyme, ovalbumin, and polysarcosine interacted with pronase-susceptible, Concanavalin A and polylysine with non-susceptible components.
Existence and uniqueness theorems for three-point boundary value problems for third order differential equations

where f(t, y, z, w) is continuous on [ar, r] x R3. Most of the studies in the literature deal only with cases where OL = p or p = y [4, 5, 8, 9, lo] and even when a: < /3 < y, the boundary conditions relate only to particular cases of (1.2) corresponding to i =j = k = 0 [l-4, 6, 71 or i = k = 1, j = 0 [5]; further, these studies concern themselves mainly with the interdependence of uniqueness and existence of solutions. Existence and uniqueness conditions for (1 .l), (1.2) when (i,j, k) E ((0, 0, O), (1, 0, O), (0, 0, l), (1, 0, 11, CO,& 0))
The discontinuous enrichment method for medium-frequency Helmholtz problems with a spatially variable wavenumber

Numerical dispersion, or what is often referred to as the pollution effect, presents a challenge to an efficient finite element discretization of the Helmholtz equation in the medium frequency regime. To alleviate this effect and improve the unsatisfactory pre-asymptotic convergence of the classical Galerkin finite element method based on piecewise polynomial basis functions, several discretization methods based on plane wave bases have been proposed. Among them is the discontinuous enrichment method that has been shown to offer superior performance to the classical Galerkin finite element method for a number of constant wavenumber Helmholtz problems and has also outperformed two representative methods that use plane waves – the partition of unity and the ultra-weak variation formulation methods. In this paper, the discontinuous enrichment method is extended to the variable wavenumber Helmholtz equation. To this effect, the concept of enrichment functions based on free-space solutions of the homogeneous form of the governing differential equation is enlarged to include free-space solutions of approximations of this equation obtained in this case by successive Taylor series expansions of the wavenumber around a reference point. This leads to plane wave enrichment functions based on the piece-wise constant approximation of the wavenumber, and to Airy wave enrichment functions. Several elements based on these enrichment functions are constructed and evaluated on benchmark problems modeling sound-hard scattering by a disk submerged in an acoustic fluid where the speed of sound varies in space. All these elements are shown to outperform by a substantial margin their continuous polynomial counterparts.
LoveKnowledge: The Life of Philosophy from Socrates to Derrida

Should philosophy be left up to the ‘experts’, those who have accumulated many years reading and writing on highly-specialized topics, often communicating in jargon so technical it might as well be...
Demographic characteristics of American eel in the Potomac River drainage, Virginia

Abstract Studies of the demographic characteristics of the American eel Anguilla rostrata over broad spatial scales are scarce. Eels in the Shenandoah River drainage and lower Potomac River tributaries of Virginia were sampled over 2 years in both inland and near-coastal areas to describe the demographic characteristics in each area and document drainagewide patterns. Eels from the inland Shenandoah River drainage were significantly longer (median = 767 mm total length) and older (median = 11.5 years) than those found in the near-coastal Potomac River tributaries (median total length = 142 mm; median age = 2.0 years). In addition, the sex ratio varied in Potomac River tributaries, but only female were found in the Shenandoah River drainage. Catch per unit effort decreased with increasing distance inland and was further depressed upstream of some dams. Eel demographics in the Shenandoah drainage were similar to those observed in other studies done at distances exceeding 300 river kilometers (rkm) inland, w...
On designing optimal parallel triangular solvers

This paper explores the problem of solving triangular linear systems on parallel distributed-memory machines. Working within the LogP model, tight asymptotic bounds for solving these systems using forward/backward substitution are presented. Specifically, lower bounds on execution time independent of the data layout, lower bounds for data layouts in which the number of data items per processor is bounded, and lower bounds for specific data layouts commonly used in designing parallel algorithms for this problem are presented in this paper. Furthermore, algorithms are provided which have running times within a constant factor of the lower bounds described. One interesting result is that the popular two-dimensional block matrix layout necessarily results in significantly longer running times than simpler one-dimensional schemes. Finally, a generalization of the lower bounds to banded triangular linear systems is presented.
Locally Generated Angiotensin II in the Adrenal Gland Regulates Basal, Corticotropin-, and Potassium-Stimulated Aldosterone Secretion

Abstract The zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal gland have an intrinsic renin-angiotensin system that appears to modulate the aldosterone response to potassium and corticotropin. The actions of circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) are mediated by the activation of the Ang II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor on the adrenal cortex. In this study we examined the effects of the AT 1 receptor antagonist DuP 753 and other antagonists on aldosterone secretion in cultured bovine zona glomerulosa cells. Zona glomerulosa cells were cultured in PFMR-4 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for 72 hours, and the medium was replaced with serum-free medium for the next 24-hour experimental period. DuP 753 (10 μmol/L) inhibited basal aldosterone secretion (from 88.6±7.1 to 54.8±9.6 pg/10 6 cells per hour; 38% inhibition). EXP 3174, an active metabolite of DuP 753, also inhibited aldosterone dose dependently (from 88.6±7.1 to 55.9±8.4 at 1 μmol/L and 88.6±7.1 to 21.7±3.3 at 100 μmol/L; 37% and 75% inhibition, respectively). Another and more potent AT 1 receptor antagonist, L158,809, showed significant inhibition at 100 nmol/L, and at 10 μmol/L it inhibited basal aldosterone secretion (from 144.7±18.2 to 83.4±17.1 pg/10 6 cells per hour; 42% inhibition). DuP 753 inhibited Ang II (100 nmol/L)–stimulated aldosterone production in a dose-dependent fashion, with a 30% reduction at 100 nmol/L and complete inhibition at 100 μmol/L. DuP 753 also inhibited potassium (12 nmol/L) and corticotropin (1 nmol/L) stimulation of aldosterone in a dose-dependent fashion. There was no evidence of cell toxicity as judged by gross and microscopic appearance of the cell culture, trypan blue exclusion, and the ability of cells to synthesize the protein renin. Furthermore, the AT 2 receptor antagonist PD 123319 did not inhibit basal, Ang II–, corticotropin-, or potassium-stimulated aldosterone. In conclusion, the AT 1 receptor antagonists inhibit basal, corticotropin-, and potassium-stimulated aldosterone. These data suggest that the adrenal renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the regulation of aldosterone secretion.
Structure and Function Studies of Histocompatibility Antigens [Abstract Only]

The three-dimensional structure of class I histocompatibility antigens HLA-A2 and HLA-A28 have been determined by X-ray crystallography at 3.5 $\overset{circ} A$ ~. The structures are currently being crystallographically refined to 2.6 $\overset{circ} A$ resolution. Refinement is revealing the details of the putative foreign-antigen binding cleft and the extra electron density found in the site. A hypothetical model of the foreign antigen-binding site of class II histocompatibility antigens has been developed, which may be useful in designing experiments to understand peptide-binding results.~ $1\overset{circ}A = 10^{-10} m = 10^{-1} nm.$
Evaluation and Quality Control of Environmental Analytical Data from the Niagara River Using Multiple Chemometric Methods

Abstract The use of artificial neural networks (ANN), principal component analysis (PCA) and universal process modelling (UPM) to identify the source of water samples based on the variation of chemical data from these samples has been investigated. Chromatographic data sets generated from three locations on the Niagara River were used in this research. The concentrations of target organic compounds were chromatographically determined and used as classification features. Chromatographic variation between three sampling sites was determined over a one-year period and included 149 separate samples. Variation within sampling sites was evaluated over a seven-year period. ANN and UPM techniques correctly identified the source of 95% of the water samples based on minor differences in the chromatographic data. PCA and UPM gave direct visualization of differences within chemical data sets. PCA and UPM were also found to be useful tools for the detection of chromatographic outliers from within sampling sites. The correlation between target compounds and surrogates are discussed. The results show that these methods are useful for the determination of the variation of target organic compounds over time both within and between sampling sites. The potential of these systems for monitoring analytical quality control based on entire data sets is also presented.
Tests of randomness for pseudorandom number generators

This study examined the “randomness” of the numbers generated by the VIC-20 computer. Using eight standard tests, it was determined that the numbers provided by the VIC-20 are adequately random for practical purposes. The tests are applicable to other computer systems and provide a general means for evaluating random-number generators.
Types of abuse

The four most common types of abuse are physical, sexual, emotional, and economic. Abuse is often further categorized into child abuse, intimate partner violence, and elder abuse. This article describes the important role that nurses and health care providers play in detecting, assessing, and reporting abuse. Armed with increased knowledge about signs and symptoms of abuse, nurses can guide patients to the appropriate resources. Language: en
Functional Significance of Interspecific Variation in Burmeistera Flower Morphology: Evidence from Nectar Bat Captures in Ecuador

What causes flowers to diverge? While a plant’s primary pollinator should strongly influence floral phenotype, selective pressures may also be exerted by other flower visitors or competition with other plants for pollination. Species of the primarily bat-pollinated genus Burmeistera (Campanulaceae) frequently cooccur, with up to four species in a given site, and broadly overlap in flowering phenology, typically flowering throughout the year. The genus displays extensive interspecific variation in floral morphology in the degree that the reproductive parts (anthers and stigma) are exserted outside of the corolla, and species can be roughly classified as either long or short-exserted. I tested two hypotheses regarding the functional significance of such variation: (1) exsertion lengths correspond to pollination by bat species of different sizes; and (2) variation serves to partition pollinator’s bodies spatially and thus reduces interspecific pollen transfer. I captured bats in Ecuador to evaluate the identity and location of the Burmeistera pollen they were carrying. Results show that exsertion does not correspond to specialization on different pollinators; different bat species carried pollen of both flower types just as frequently. In support of the second hypothesis, pollen from flowers of different exsertion lengths was found to occur on different regions of bats’ heads. This may serve to reduce competition for pollination among coexistingBurmeistera.
Nitric Oxide Represses the Arabidopsis Floral Transition

The correct timing of flowering is essential for plants to maximize reproductive success and is controlled by environmental and endogenous signals. We report that nitric oxide (NO) repressed the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants treated with NO, as well as a mutant overproducing NO (nox1), flowered late, whereas a mutant producing less NO (nos1) flowered early. NO suppressed CONSTANS and GIGANTEA gene expression and enhanced FLOWERING LOCUS C expression, which indicated that NO regulates the photoperiod and autonomous pathways. Because NO is induced by environmental stimuli and constitutively produced, it may integrate both external and internal cues into the floral decision.
Putting the Amish to Work: Mennonites and the Amish Culture Market 1950-1975

In May 1951, Mennonite churchman Grant Stoltzfus profiled the rising renown of Lancaster County's sectarian groups for readers of the Lancaster-based Pennsylvania Dutchman. In his “Memorandum to Persons Interested in Disseminating Information about Mennonites and Amish and Their Way of Life,” Stoltzfus described how, in recent years, the Lancaster Chamber of Commerce had been inundated with requests for information about the county's Mennonite and Amish residents. Even more significant—and, to Stoltzfus, more unsettling—was the commerce in information that transpired outside the chamber's walls. Stoltzfus characterized what he saw being sold in Lancaster's bus station as “cheap, tawdry literature on the Amish and Mennonites,” and he complained that similar materials were available throughout southeastern Pennsylvania. Stoltzfus concluded his memo with a rhetorical question and a call to action: “Can we blame these businesses for handling [this literature] until we take some positive steps to provide something better?” Scholarly works have their place, wrote Stoltzfus, but the hour's most pressing need was the production of “some good popular pamphlets on Mennonite and Amish life.”
Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Supports the Monophyly of Dacini Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) currently consists of 40 genera and 1,000 described species. Among others, it includes the genera Bactrocera, Ceratitis, and Dacus, all of which are pests of agricultural importance because they oviposit in ripening fruit. Although previous studies, based on morphological and molecular data, suggested that the members of Dacini are monophyletic, no extensive molecular phylogenetic studies have been published on Bactrocera, Ceratitis ,o rDacus. Therefore, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of 34 tephritid taxa, including 16 species of the tribe Dacini, utilizing 1,391 bp from the mitochondrial 16S rRNA, 12S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase II tRNALys tRNAAsp genes. Combined maximum parsimony analysis sug- gested the following with strong quantitative support: (1) the subfamilies Tephritinae and Trypetinae are monophyletic, (2) Dacini is monophyletic, and (3) members of the subtribe Dacina are mono- phyletic. In addition, Ceratitidina Gastrozonina are basal to Dacina. Within Dacina, Dacus and Bactrocera were each monophyletic. The results obtained here are generally congruent with those based on morphology.