cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of quantum confinement in Ga 2 O 3 nanolayers

$\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ox}}_{3}$ is a wide-band-gap semiconductor with promising applications in transparent electronics and in power devices. $\ensuremath{\beta}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has monoclinic crystal symmetry and does not display a layered structured characteristic of 2D materials in the bulk; nevertheless, monolayer-thin ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ layers can be created. We used first-principles techniques to investigate the structural and electronic properties of these nanolayers. Surprisingly, freestanding films do not exhibit any signs of quantum confinement and exhibit the same electronic structure as bulk material. A detailed examination reveals that this can be attributed to the presence of states that are strongly confined near the surface. When the ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ layers are embedded in a wider band-gap material such as ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, the expected effects of quantum confinement can be observed. The effective mass of electrons in all the nanolayers is small, indicating promising device applications.
Canada's Internal Security

May 8 and 9, 1945, were officially proclaimed V-E Days in England. On the latter day in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Mr. Herbert Morrison, as Home Secretary, announced certain revocations of the Defence Regulations which had been in effect since the outbreak of war in 1939. He stated that in accordance with the government's declared policy of relaxing war-time restrictions as soon as changes in the war position made this possible or desirable, advance consideration had been given to the question of what Defence Regulations could be dispensed with on the termination of hostilities in Europe, with the result that as of May 9, by order-in-council, eighty-four of the Defence (General) Regulations were revoked entirely and another twenty-five in part. He added that he was happy to announce the sweeping away of these limitations, the relinquishment of the exceptional powers entrusted to the Home Secretary, and the return to traditional British freedoms. In Canada, on June 14, 1945, an order-in-council was passed establishing an inter-departmental committee to examine the Defence of Canada Regulations “with a view to the revision thereof, including the variation, modification and revocation of the same.” The inter-departmental committee so established was to report to the President of the Privy Council and make such recommendations regarding war-time regulations as it considered appropriate, and consistent with the vigorous prosecution of the war against Japan. The precipitous surrender of Japan hastened the relaxation of the provisions for Canada's internal security. Twelve of the Defence of Canada Regulations, among which were most of the regulations directly affecting civil liberties, were revoked by order-in-council of August 16, 1945. A month later, on September 14, forty-four of the remaining Defence Regulations were revoked and four others revoked in part or amended. The net result of these two orders-in-council was to remove most of the restrictions on liberties normally enjoyed by individuals in peace-time, but continuing in effect upwards of forty Defence Regulations, including some of those relating to enemy aliens, to protection of property, and to custody of Japanese persons, and those Regulations containing administrative and procedural provisions. It is therefore timely to present a survey of the nature and extent of Canada's Defence Regulations, and to assay their value in preventing sabotage and controlling subversive activity.
Fast list decoding of polar codes: Decoders for additional nodes

This work focuses on fast successive-cancellation list decoding of polar codes. We propose list decoders for five newly-identified types of nodes in the decoding tree of a polar code. The proposed list decoders significantly improve the decoding speed by determining the best paths and calculating their corresponding path metrics without computing bit log-likelihood ratios.
The role of local fields and interparticle pair correlations in light scattering by dense fluids: IV. Removal of the point-polarizability approximation

The Kirkwood-Yvon dielectric theory is generalized to the case of fluids consisting of molecules possessing arbitrary polarizability densities. The theory is used to find expressions for the equilibrium dielectric constant, the polarized scattering intensity, and the depolarized scattering intensity, which we have previously calculated under the approximation (PPA) that molecules have point polarizabilities. A simplified version of the general theory, in which each atom in a polyatomic is given a point polarizability (PAPA), is proposed, and worked out in detail for the case of homonuclear diatomics. A discussion is given of how we hope to obtain numerical results in the near future for liquids composed of model homonuclear diatomics considered by us previously.
Measurements of Solar Radiation on Vertical Surfaces in the Shade of Individual Trees

Shortwave radiation, measured by pyranometers at six sample points on an imaginary one-story south-facing wall tangent to the north edge of deciduous tree crowns, was compared to radiation on a parallel vertical surface in the open. Sampling periods were up to 8 h long on 22 d, some of which were partly cloudy. In March and April, with no snow on the ground, reductions of estimated daily insolation on the entire south-facing wall by leafless trees (Acer platanoides, A. saccharum, and Platanus acerifolia) were 2.0 to 3.2 MJ m-2 or 13 to 18 percent of insolation without trees. In March, with snow, the largest of the three, P. acerifolia, reduced daily insolation by 4.5 MJ m-2 or 19 percent. In June and July, the trees in leaf reduced daily insolation on the wall by 2.7 to 3.6 MJ m-2 or 29 to 38 percent. On clear days, irradiance reductions on the south-facing wall within the shadow of the trees were 30 to 34 percent when trees were leafless and 65 to 75 percent when trees were in full leaf in midsummer.
What Happens to the Amino Acids When the Supernova Explodes

This is the chapter in which we will put all the things we have been discussing together, along with a few new entities, to form the SNAAP model. This will necessarily involve several important aspects of supernova astrophysics, some neutrino physics, interactions of neutrinos with nuclei, some basic nuclear physics, some physics conservation laws, and fi nally, some properties of Wolf-Rayet stars and of red giants. Along the way, I’ll try to give you some interesting facts about some of the entities we encounter, especially the neutrinos.
The Travel Ban Decision, Administrative Law, and Judicial Method: Taking Statutory Context Seriously

The Supreme Court’s deferential decision upholding President Trump’s travel ban muted longtime values of judicial craft. Consider the interaction of constitutional and statutory interpretation. In her dissent, Justice Sotomayor likened the Court’s decision in Trump v. Hawaii to Korematsu v. United States, in which the Court rejected an equal protection challenge to a conviction arising from the Japanese-American internment. Writing for the Hawaii majority, Chief Justice Roberts rejected the comparison. Lost in the clamorous debate about Korematsu’s substantive relevance was an important methodological point: The Hawaii Court could have taken a page from another decision on the internment, Ex Parte Endo, which held that a key component of the internment exceeded the scope of Congress’s delegation to the Executive. Instead, the Hawaii Court coupled a mechanical defense of the travel ban on statutory grounds with an unconvincing analysis of the plaintiffs’ Establishment Clause claim. The prime flaw in the Court’s Establishment Clause analysis was its puzzling reliance on rational basis review decisions, such as City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Independent Living Center, that subjected government action to far more searching means-ends scrutiny than the Hawaii majority was willing to employ. The robust inquiry in those cases contrasted with the Hawaii majority’s blinkered deference. An approach more attuned to judicial craft would have recognized this problem and pivoted toward a statutory holding against the travel ban. Practicing foreign affairs deference, the Hawaii majority instead read an immigration law provision in isolation from its statutory context. That move failed to acknowledge earlier cases such as Kent v. Dulles, which tempered Executive overreach during the Cold War, and more recent administrative law decisions such as King v. Burwell, which examined the overall scheme of the Affordable Care Act to interpret a provision governing health care exchanges. This article critiques Hawaii’s flawed Establishment Clause and statutory analyses, applying the wisdom of Ex Parte Endo, the Cold War cases, and the recent administrative law decisions. That approach also highlights the risks of the Hawaii Court’s undue deference. In method, Hawaii’s deference resembles the Korematsu holding that Justice Robert Jackson’s dissent warned was a “loaded weapon” aiding further executive branch abuses. This article offers a toolkit for defusing that dangerous weapon and making sense of legislative delegation on immigration issues.
Computer-aided diagnosis of congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract in children based on ultrasound imaging data by integrating texture image features and deep transfer learning image features.

Summary Introduction Anatomic characteristics of kidneys derived from ultrasound images are potential biomarkers of children with congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT), but current methods are limited by the lack of automated processes that accurately classify diseased and normal kidneys. Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of deep transfer learning techniques to classify kidneys of normal children and those with CAKUT. Study design A transfer learning method was developed to extract features of kidneys from ultrasound images obtained during routine clinical care of 50 children with CAKUT and 50 controls. To classify diseased and normal kidneys, support vector machine classifiers were built on the extracted features using (1) transfer learning imaging features from a pretrained deep learning model, (2) conventional imaging features, and (3) their combination. These classifiers were compared, and their diagnosis performance was measured using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity. Results The AUC for classifiers built on the combination features were 0.92, 0.88, and 0.92 for discriminating the left, right, and bilateral abnormal kidney scans from controls with classification rates of 84%, 81%, and 87%; specificity of 84%, 74%, and 88%; and sensitivity of 85%, 88%, and 86%, respectively. These classifiers performed better than classifiers built on either the transfer learning features or the conventional features alone (p Discussion The present study validated transfer learning techniques for imaging feature extraction of ultrasound images to build classifiers for distinguishing children with CAKUT from controls. The experiments have demonstrated that the classifiers built on the transfer learning features and conventional image features could distinguish abnormal kidney images from controls with AUCs greater than 0.88, indicating that classification of ultrasound kidney scans has a great potential to aid kidney disease diagnosis. A limitation of the present study is the moderate number of patients that contributed data to the transfer learning approach. Conclusions The combination of transfer learning and conventional imaging features yielded the best classification performance for distinguishing children with CAKUT from controls based on ultrasound images of kidneys.
Persistent attenuation of nicotine self-administration in rats by co-administration of chronic nicotine infusion with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 or the serotonin 5-HT2C agonist lorcaserin.

Abstract Tobacco addiction each year causes millions of deaths worldwide. Brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have been shown to be central to tobacco addiction. Nicotine replacement therapy aids tobacco cessation, but the success rate is still far too low. This may in part be due to the fact that neurons with nicotinic receptors are not the only neural systems involved in tobacco addiction. Interacting neural systems also play important roles in tobacco addiction. Nicotine increases the release of a variety of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and serotonin. Dopamine, in particular dopamine D1 receptors, has been shown to be involved in the reinforcing action of nicotine. Serotonin through its actions on 5-HT2C receptors has been shown to play a key role in modulating the reinforcement of addictive drugs, including nicotine and alcohol. Combination of treatments could provide greater treatment efficacy. These studies were conducted to evaluate combination therapies utilizing nicotine replacement therapy in conjunction with either a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 or a serotonin 5-HT2C receptor agonist, lorcaserin. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given access to self-administer nicotine via IV infusions. Osmotic pumps were implanted to reproduce the kinetic of chronic nicotine patch therapy. SCH-23390 (0.02 mg/kg) or lorcaserin (0.6 mg/kg) were administered prior to nicotine self-administration sessions. Reproducing earlier findings SCH-23390, lorcaserin and nicotine replacement therapy were effective at reducing IV nicotine self-administration. 5HT2C agonist treatment had additive effects with chronic nicotine infusion for significantly lowering nicotine self-administration. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combination of chronic nicotine with therapies targeting non-nicotinic receptors as treatment options for tobacco addiction.
Malicious HTML File Prediction: A Detection and Classification Perspective with Noisy Data

Cybersecurity plays a critical role in protecting sensitive information and the structural integrity of networked systems. As networked systems continue to expand in numbers as well as in complexity, so does the threat of malicious activity and the necessity for advanced cybersecurity solutions. Furthermore, both the quantity and quality of available data on malicious content as well as the fact that malicious activity continuously evolves makes automated protection systems for this type of environment particularly challenging. Not only is the data quality a concern, but the volume of the data can be quite small for some of the classes. This creates a class imbalance in the data used to train a classifier; however, many classifiers are not well equipped to deal with class imbalance. One such example is detecting malicious HMTL files from static features. Unfortunately, collecting malicious HMTL files is extremely difficult and can be quite noisy from HTML files being mislabeled. This paper evaluates a specific application that is afflicted by these modern cybersecurity challenges: detection of malicious HTML files. Previous work presented a general framework for malicious HTML file classification that we modify in this work to use a χ2 feature selection technique and synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). We experiment with different classifiers (i.e., AdaBoost, Gentle-Boost, RobustBoost, RusBoost, and Random Forest) and a pure detection model (i.e., Isolation Forest). We benchmark the different classifiers using SMOTE on a real dataset that contains a limited number of malicious files (40) with respect to the normal files (7,263). It was found that the modified framework performed better than the previous framework's results. However, additional evidence was found to imply that algorithms which train on both the normal and malicious samples are likely overtraining to the malicious distribution. We demonstrate the likely overtraining by determining that a subset of the malicious files, while suspicious, did not come from a malicious source.
“Song from the Soil”: The Role of Nature in Yusef Komunyakaa’s Poetry

Raised in the American South during the political and social upheavals of the Civil Rights era, poet Yusef Komunyakaa came of age at a time when his identity as an African American cast him constan...
Brains and Blocks: Introducing Novice Programmers to Brain-Computer Interface Application Development

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) hardware is becoming more affordable and accessible. However, there is limited work investigating ways to design software that broadens participation with BCI technology. In this article, we present a block-based programming environment designed to assist novice programmers with creating BCI applications. We also discuss learning barriers encountered by novice programmers developing neurofeedback applications. Our findings suggest that visual programming assists novice programmers with building basic BCI applications; however, students may experience understanding and learning barriers initially.
1995–2005: A Decade of Innovation in Low Temperature Plasma and Its Applications

Scientific breakthroughs tend to come in spurts when unique societal, economical, and political circumstances conspire (knowingly or unknowingly) and create an environment ripe for creativity. The field of low temperature plasma (LTP) recently experienced such an upheaval, which this paper attempts to relate in some details. There have been “roadmap” papers published before, which look towards the future of the field, but all roads start somewhere and even “new” roads are often paved over older roads that were discovered and traveled by early pioneers. With the sharp decrease in funding for fusion research in the USA in the early 1990s the plasma science community was faced with a dire situation that threatened to choke off plasma physics advances. However, in the background and far from the visibility accorded to fusion research, a few laboratories were quietly engaged in innovative research that in due time revolutionized the LTP field and breathed new life into plasma science. Groundbreaking applications of LTP were investigated that until today constitute most of the LTP research activities. These innovations spanned a wide spectrum that included the invention of novel devices, improvement of existing ones, and the deployment of these devices to areas ranging from industrial to biomedical applications. These efforts turned out to have impactful scientific and societal implications. In this paper plasma sources and applications developed during this uniquely innovative decade are briefly discussed.
Carbohalogenation Catalyzed by Palladium and Nickel

In Chap. 1, a Pd- and Ni-catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction of aryl iodides to alkyl iodides, known as carboiodination, is described. In the Pd-catalyzed variant, a diastereoselective Pd-catalyzed carboiodination reaction of enantioenriched carboxamides generating dihydrosioquinolinones is explored. The transformation was the key step in the formal synthesis of (+)-corynoline. In the Ni-catalyzed variant, 3, 3-disubstituted oxindoles are generated in excellent yield and an enantioselective variant employing a dual ligand system is disclosed.
Towards improved speed and accuracy of laser powder bed fusion simulations via representation of multiple time scales

Abstract The current work reports the result of investigations into alternative representations of the temporal evolution of the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. In order to provide the reader with sufficient context for the following discussion, the modeling challenge and its underlying cause, as well as current attempts to provide a satisfactory solution, will be discussed. Next, the author will describe two numerical methods (multirate time integration and parallel-in-time) to better represent the temporal scales of the problem. Finally, the results of applying these methods to a two-dimensional version of the heat transfer portion of the LPBF problem will be presented, reporting on both convergence and performance behavior, which indicate the possibility of significant speedup of solution calculations (40–100 times), along with well-characterized effects on solution accuracy.
Romantic Philosophy as Anthropology

This essay looks at the reception of the new discipline of anthropology, which since the 1770s had gradually gained in popularity throughout Europe, among German Romantic philosophers and authors. An analysis of texts by Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottfried Herder, Achim von Arnim, Friedrich Schlegel, and Alexander von Humboldt demonstrates an interest in understanding other, non-European cultures among these romantic philosophers and their immediate predecessors. However, the essay also shows that this interest is a highly contradictory one. Romantic anthropology connects culture to territory and, on the basis of this, privileges sedentary over non-sedentary and nomadic cultures, leading to a rejection of cultural mobility. This explains why Romanticism is associated with an interest in other cultures and simultaneously also fostered nationalism and anti-Semitism.
Military sexual trauma among women Veterans: The buffering effect of coworker support

Prior research has demonstrated the impact of military sexual trauma (MST) on health and well-being. However, little empirical work has been published identifying protective factors for women who h...
Associations between Transport Distance and Weight Loss during Transit with Health Parameters in Feedlot Cattle

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is the most common disease of feedlot cattle. Most cattle are transported at least once during their lives and the physiologic changes associated with cattle transport stress are well documented. However, limited work exists evaluating how the risk of detrimental health outcomes changes based on the characteristics of the journey including distance cattle traveled or the weight loss in transit (shrink). The objective of this study was to determine potential associations between common measures of transportation (distance traveled (DTV)) and shrink (SHK) with feedlot health.
Contemporary outcomes for adults with AML requiring ICU admission.

7025Background: Patients (pts) with AML frequently encounter life-threatening complications requiring transfer to an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Retrospective analysis of 145 adults with AM...
A multi-objective two-echelon location-routing problem for cash logistics: A metaheuristic approach

Abstract This study proposes a two-echelon location routing framework for cash-in-transit. In order to mitigate the risk of robbery in cash transportation, a dynamic risk index is considered. The utilized risk function encompasses both the amount of cash carried by a vehicle and the travel time of a route, and it relaxes a pre-defined parameter of risk threshold in the literature. Multiple exact and metaheuristic methodologies are utilized and evaluated on several small to medium-sized instances and a case study. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is evaluated and shown by examining various multi-objective performance measures. The case study is researched in more depth to obtain managerial insights, and the results show that depending on the risk or cost efficiency of the solutions on a Pareto frontier, the risk of traversing longer routes or transporting larger amounts of cash can be determining in locating new bank vaults.
Mechanisms of Aminoglycoside- and Cisplatin-Induced Ototoxicity

Purpose This review article summarizes our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying acquired hearing loss from hospital-prescribed medications that affects as many as 1 million people each year in Western Europe and North America. Yet, there are currently no federally approved drugs to prevent or treat the debilitating and permanent hearing loss caused by the life-saving platinum-based anticancer drugs or the bactericidal aminoglycoside antibiotics. Hearing loss has long-term impacts on quality-of-life measures, especially in young children and older adults. This review article also highlights some of the current knowledge gaps regarding iatrogenic causes of hearing loss. Conclusion Further research is urgently needed to further refine clinical practice and better ameliorate iatrogenic drug-induced hearing loss.
Cognitive Determinants of Reading in Mentally Retarded Individuals

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the psychological processes that are implicated in the reading deficiencies of mentally retarded individuals. The reading instruction of retarded individuals should be congruent with the best knowledge available about the critical cognitive underpinnings of the reading process and about the cognitive abilities of retarded individuals. It would make little sense for teachers of retarded children to spend a great deal of time during early reading acquisition on visual discrimination training designed to preclude reversal and transposition errors (e.g., b/d, was/saw). There exists no strong evidence indicating that retarded individuals lack the basic visual feature extraction procedures necessary to sustain letter identification during reading. The tendency for mentally retarded readers to rely less on phonological coding may be because the instruction they are given emphasizes whole-word methods rather than the more powerful phonics techniques. The method of repeated readings, closely linked with the automaticity model of reading, is being increasingly utilized with retarded and learning-disabled readers. Other techniques recently used with mentally retarded readers, such as picture-cue integration and logographic reading systems are theory-based to varying degrees.
Perspective: The big C — for Chemoprevention

Drugs to prevent cancer are clearly possible despite some early missteps, says Michael B. Sporn. Restoring the cooperative ethos of decades past will help get us there.
Uric Acid as a Predictor of All‐Cause Mortality in Heart Failure: A Meta‐Analysis

Serum uric acid (SUA) is a product of xanthine oxidase (XO). Apoptosis and tissue hypoxia lead to increased purine catabolism, which, in turn, increases XO activity and subsequently SUA levels. The purpose of this study was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the evidence supporting SUA as a predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) and to determine the SUA cut-off for the increase in risk. A search of the MEDLINE database (1966 to March 2009) supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies of key relevant articles was performed. The authors selected all cohort studies in which SUA was measured and mortality was reported in patients with HF. The pooled relative risk (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) for all-cause mortality using the fixed-effects method was calculated. The effects of SUA on all-cause mortality at different SUA cut-offs using meta-regression was evaluated. The search strategy yielded 358 studies, of which only 6 met our eligibility criteria. The studies, however, comprised 1456 evaluable patients with HF, with a median ejection fraction of 32% (range, 26%-40%). The RR of all-cause mortality was 2.13 (95% CI, 1.78-2.55) for SUA>6.5 mg/dL compared with 7 mg/dL are associated with higher all-cause mortality.
A Controlled Trial of Colon Bypass in Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy

Summary Ninety-two cirrhotic patients with chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy were considered for entry into a prospective controlled trial of colonic exclusion. Of this number 38 subjects were operable and subsequently randomized into surgical and medical groups. Selection for the study favorably influenced survival because of the rejection of patients with advanced liver failure. Long term mortality experience was similar for the operated and medically treated series in spite of an immediate 26% surgical fatality rate. Preliminary observations of living randomized patients show that colonic exclusion substantially reduces the need for conventional medical treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, but surgery has provided no advantage in terms of over-all rehabilitation. The late occurrence of hemorrhage from bleeding stomal varices renders the operation hazardous in patients who have not received a prior portacaval shunt.
Studies on lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness in cirrhosis: The role of increased monocyte suppressor cell activity

Abstract We investigated the possibility that monocyte suppressor cells play a role in the peripheral lymphocyte hyporesponsiveness of chronic liver disease by utilizing assays of monocyte-mediated suppressor activity in 46 patients with chronic liver disease and 46 controls. The percent change achieved by the addition of indomethacin to a PHA-induced proliferative response was significantly increased in patients with cirrhosis compared with controls (p
Sequential Effects in Essay Ratings.

Contrary to previous research on sequential ratings of student performance, this study found that professional essay raters of a large-scale standardized testing program produced ratings that were drawn toward previous ratings, creating an assimilation effect. Longer intervals between the two adjacent ratings and higher degree of agreement with other raters were associated with smaller assimilation effects. The effect was also found to create a small bias in favor of low-achieving groups of examinees.
Second-order perturbation algebra of invariant operators

We introduce the concept of second-order perturbation algebra for an invariant partial differential equation (PDE) and show how it relates the solutions of PDEs of different orders (especially first and second order). Applications of this technique to the solution of PDEs which arise in the modelling of various physical phenomena are discussed.
Microsatellite variation, effective population size, and population genetic structure of vermilion snapper, Rhomboplites aurorubens, off the southeastern USA

Vermilion snapper (Rhomboplites aurorubens) were collected from four sites off the Atlantic coast of the USA and one site in the Gulf of Mexico to evaluate effective population size and genetic stock structure. Previous studies had suggested geographic variation in the ratio of males to females, so this population characteristic was explored in conjunction with the genetic analysis. Sex ratio varied greatly among the five sample sites; males comprised 57% of samples in the Gulf of Mexico, while within the South Atlantic Bight they comprised between 36% (Morehead City, North Carolina) and 53% (Carolina Beach, North Carolina) of samples. No clear geographic trends in the sex ratio emerged; instead, it was found to vary with fish length, the percentage of males decreasing with increasing size. Allelic variation assessed at seven dinucleotide microsatellite loci was large; gene diversities ranged from 0.43 to 0.95 and allelic counts from 7 to 39. Estimates of the effective population size ranged from 24 500 (based on the infinite-alleles model) to 150 500 (based on the stepwise-mutation model). There was evidence for excess homozygosity within samples: estimates of FIS (the correlation of alleles within individuals) ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 among the seven loci, and three estimates were significantly greater than zero. Differentiation among localities was very weak, as estimates of FST (the correlation of alleles within populations) were on the order of 0.001 to 0.002 and genetic distance estimates between localities were not related to geographic distances. This suggested that vermilion snapper in the South Atlantic Bight (Cape Hatteras, North Carolina to Cape Canaveral, Florida) and Gulf of Mexico are likely to consist of one genetic stock. Despite the overall homogeneity, there were indications of a temporally dynamic local structure that would bear further examination.
A model for the current on a superconducting transmission line

Abstract A model is proposed for the flow of current on the superconducting wires connecting a battery and resistor. A longitudinal E component, present near the leading edge of a transient wave just outside the conductors, but not present in the steady-state field, provides an impulse to the electrons, causing them to move thereafter with constant velocity. Since some electrons receive an impulse before other electrons, the negative surface-charge density is changed by the leading edge of a wave. When an impulse is opposite to the wave direction the surface becomes positive; when both are in the same direction the surface becomes negative. Equations are derived for surface-charge density, electron drift velocity, and the force between the two wires. It is found that the drift velocities on the two wires are slightly different and that the force between wires can be attractive, zero, or repulsive.
Assessment of Restricted Contact Cutting Tool in Dry Machining of AISI 1045 Steel

This paper studies the performance of restricted cutting tool in dry orthogonal machining of mild steel (AISI 1045 steel) using finite element simulations. The rake face of cemented carbide (WC/Co) cutting inserts is designed and the rake face length is shortened. The purpose is to examine the effect of shortened tools on machining performance and to compare it with regular cutting tools. The following restricted tool parameters are examined: length of rake face, alpha angle (the angle between the rake face and the supporting face), and edge radius. Their effects are assessed in terms of the main force, thrust force, and chip-tool contact length. It is found that restricted cutting tools generate lower cutting force and thrust force and consequently lower the energy necessary for machining. The length of rake face, the angle between the rake face and the supporting face, and edge radius all have influence on cutting force in their own ways. The effects of these three parameters on the tool temperature distribution are also investigated.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A Self-Organizing Mesh Generation Program

A two-dimensional mesh generation program producing quadrilateral elements is presented. It uses a modular, flexible input scheme, and incorporates some existing techniques of initial mesh generation. Some new, more powerful mesh smoothing techniques are developed, and automatic mesh restructuring techniques are coupled with smoothing techniques to produce improved meshes without user interaction.
Depression, stress and body fat are associated with binge eating in a community sample of African American and Hispanic women

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among depressive symptoms, stress and severity of binge eating symptoms in a community sample of African American and Hispanic or Latina women.
Small heat shock proteins are necessary for heart migration and laterality determination in zebrafish.

Abstract Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) regulate cellular functions not only under stress, but also during normal development, when they are expressed in organ-specific patterns. Here we demonstrate that two small heat shock proteins expressed in embryonic zebrafish heart, hspb7 and hspb12, have roles in the development of left–right asymmetry. In zebrafish, laterality is determined by the motility of cilia in Kupffer's vesicle (KV), where hspb7 is expressed; knockdown of hspb7 causes laterality defects by disrupting the motility of these cilia. In embryos with reduced hspb7, the axonemes of KV cilia have a 9+0 structure, while control embyros have a predominately 9+2 structure. Reduction of either hspb7 or hspb12 alters the expression pattern of genes that propagate the signals that establish left–right asymmetry: the nodal-related gene southpaw (spaw) in the lateral plate mesoderm, and its downstream targets pitx2, lefty1 and lefty2. Partial depletion of hspb7 causes concordant heart, brain and visceral laterality defects, indicating that loss of KV cilia motility leads to coordinated but randomized laterality. Reducing hspb12 leads to similar alterations in the expression of downstream laterality genes, but at a lower penetrance. Simultaneous reduction of hspb7 and hspb12 randomizes heart, brain and visceral laterality, suggesting that these two genes have partially redundant functions in the establishment of left–right asymmetry. In addition, both hspb7 and hspb12 are expressed in the precardiac mesoderm and in the yolk syncytial layer, which supports the migration and fusion of mesodermal cardiac precursors. In embryos in which the reduction of hspb7 or hspb12 was limited to the yolk, migration defects predominated, suggesting that the yolk expression of these genes rather than heart expression is responsible for the migration defects.
THE EFFECTS OF TEN PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS ON HYPOCOTYL GROWTH AND MITOCHONDRIAL METABOLISM OF MUNG BEAN

Ten phenolic compounds were examined for their effect on mung bean (Phaseolus aureus L.) hypocotyl growth and on respiration and coupling parameters of isolated mung bean hypocotyl mitochondria. Three compounds-tannic, gentisic, and p-coumaric acids-inhibited hypocotyl growth and when incubated with isolated hypocotyl mitochondria released respiratory control, inhibited respiration, and prevented substrate-supported Ca2+ and PO4 transport. Vanillic acid also inhibited hypocotyl growth and reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake but did not affect respiration or respiratory control of isolated mitochondria. This is the first compound reported to selectively inhibit Ca2+ uptake in plant mitochondria. Two other phenolic compounds-α, 3,5-resorcylic and protocatechuic acids-showed no significant effect on hypocotyl growth and did not affect mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation either separately or in various combinations. Four phenolic compounds-ferulic, caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids-showed a significant reduction in mung bean hypocotyl growth but did not inhibit any of the mitochondrial processes examined. The results show that phenolic compounds which alter respiration or coupling responses in isolated mitochondria also inhibit hypocotyl growth and may reflect a mechanism of action for these natural growth inhibitors.
Coexisting tattoo pigment and metastatic melanoma in the same sentinel lymph node.

Antecedents: Le principe du ganglion sentinelle veut que le melanome metastase se propage de facon sequentielle predictible du site primaire au bassin regional du ganglion. Objectif et conclusion: Des rapports montrent que le pigment du melanome et des tatous peut se trouver dans le meme bassin de ganglion lymphatique regional. Nous presentons deux cas de melanomes qui se manifestent dans le site d'un tatou ou le ganglion sentinelle contenait a la fois les histiocytes pigmentes et les melanomes metastases tel que constate par evaluation et par histopathologie.
Visualization for security

We have all become more security conscious because our daily life may be greatly affected by the unpredictable terrorism and nonstop cyber attacks. A rapidly growing effort is being made to address these security problems at different levels by collecting and analyzing vast amounts of information from diverse sources. As demonstrated in many other data analysis problems, visualization can be very useful when massive data is involved. For example, it is generally easier to understand the Internet connectivity and traffic or complex relations among people and events that are presented as a graph rather than as a table of descriptive information. Even more powerful is interactive visualization, which facilitates exploration in the data space.
Carbon-13 NMR spectra of macerals separated from individual coals

Abstract The density gradient centrifugation technique has recently been applied to the separation of macerals from whole coals. Sufficient quantities have been separated to permit examination of pure exinite, vitrinite and inertinite fractions by combined cross polarization and magic angle sample spinning (CP/MASS) carbon-13 NMR techniques. The similarities and differences observed in the maceral groups of two coals are discussed. Diversity in precursors or in differential chemical maturation or a combination of both of these factors can be used to account for subtle spectral differences in the two coals and macerals studied even though the gross spectral features are very similar for a given maceral type. The data show that CP/MASS is a technique that can address such interesting geochemical questions.
Discriminability of nicotine in tobacco smoke: Implications for titration☆

Cigarette smokers were presented with puffs from either high (2.5 mg), medium (1.5 mg) or low (.5 mg) nicotine cigarettes in order to determine their ability to discriminate nicotine delivery in tobacco smoke. Puffs were presented in random order during each of two conditions and tar content was controlled by using research cigarettes and a smoke mixing device that varied only nicotine. The first condition allowed olfactory stimuli to be used in discrimination, while the second condition blocked olfaction by occluding subjects' nostrils. In both conditions, subjects discriminated between the nicotine content of different puffs, with higher nicotine puffs rated as significantly stronger (by roughly 50%). Subjective desirability ratings did not vary with nicotine delivery. The implications of the magnitude of change in subjects' ratings for theories of nicotine titration are discussed.
Surface properties of semi-synthetic enteric coating films: Opportunities to develop bio-based enteric coating films for colon-targeted delivery

This study investigated the surface properties of the semi-synthetic enteric coatings materials for colon-targeted bioactive delivery. The enteric coating materials were prepared by combining nanoscale resistant starch, pectin, and carboxymethylcellulose. The surface properties of the coating materials were characterized by atomic force microscopy for barrier properties, physical stability, and the viscoelastic properties: the surface of the coatings was characterized in terms of root-mean square roughness (RMS), peak- to-valley height (Rz), surface skewness (Rsk), and surface kurtosis (Rku). The coating with pure nanoscale resistant starch was used as a control, which showed poor surface properties compared to the other films. However, the enteric coating films with nanoscale resistant starch: pectin 90:10 and nanoscale resistant starch: carboxymethylcellulose 10:90, showed very good barrier properties, visoelasticity, and physical stability. Therefore, the results of study suggest that the nanoscale resistant starch, pectin, and carboxymetylcellulose could be used to produce novel enteric coatings with good surface properties towards targeted delivery of bioactive compounds to the colon.
Micro- vs. macro-optics in free-space optical interconnects

The relative benefits of macro- and micro-optical approaches to parallel interconnection architectures are reviewed. Macro-optics shows significant scaling advantages over micro-optics in volume, latency, and power consumption in interconnection fabrics with high minimum bisection bandwidth.
Teaching information literacy in criminal justice: Observations from the university at albany

The last decade has seen a tremendous expansion in the availability of electronic information in all academic disciplines, including criminal justice. Scholars, practitioners, and students of criminal justice are no longer limited to the material contained within their institutions' libraries. The Internet and other electronic carriers have opened the windows of those libraries to other, remote information sources. This paper describes the development and implementation of a course designed to meet students' needs in this new information environment.
Multianalyte biosensors on optical imaging bundles

Abstract We present an optical biosensor design that expands the utility of enzyme biosensors. These biosensors are fabricated by site-selective photodeposition of analyte-sensitive polymer matrices on optical imaging fibres. These dual-analyte arrays allow for the simultaneous, independent measurement of the analyte of interest and the transducing analyte. The first integrated optical-biosensors using this design have been prepared that allow both the dependent and independent analytes to be measured simultaneously, for example penicillin and pH (Healey & Walt, 1995) or glucose and O 2 (Li & Walt, 1995). Independent measurement of the transducing analyte allows penicillin or glucose to be quantitated in the presence of a concurrent pH or O 2 change, respectively. Penicillin can be measured in the range 0·25–10·0 mM in the pH range 6·2–7·5. Glucose can be measured in the range 0·6–20·0 mM in the O 2 range 20–100%. The utility of the sensor design was demonstrated by using the penicillin-dual-analyte biosensor to quantitate penicillin produced during a Penicillium chrysogenum fermentation.
Bacteriophage T4 tail assembly: structural proteins and their genetic identification.

Abstract We have identified the structural proteins of phage T4 precursor tails. Complete tails, labeled with 14C-labeled amino acids, were isolated from cells infected with mutants blocked in head assembly. The proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and subsequent autoradiography. The complete tails are made up of at least fifteen different species of phage proteins. To identify the genes specifying these proteins we prepared 14C-labeled amino acid lysates made with amber mutants defective in each of the twenty-one genes involved in tail assembly. Comparison of the gel pattern of the amber mutant lysates with wild type lysates enabled us to identify the following gene products, with molecular weights in parentheses: P6 (85,000); P7 (140,000); P8 (46,000); P9 (34,000); P10 (88,000); P11 (26,000); P12 (55,000); P15 (35,000); P18 (80,000); P19 (21,000); P29 (77,000). These eleven species are all structural proteins of the tail. The genetically unidentified tail proteins have molecular weights of 42,000, 41,000, 40,000 and 35,000. They are likely to be the products of known phage genes which were not resolved in the crowded middle region of the whole lysate gel patterns. The major tail proteins are all synthesized during the late part of the phage growth cycle. The mobilities of the proteins derived from tails did not differ from the mobilities of the proteins when derived from the unassembled pools of subunits accumulating in mutant infected cells, or when derived from complete phage particles. The genes for at least seven of the structural proteins are contiguous on the genetic map. Genes for proteins needed in many copies seem to be clustered separ- ately from genes whose products are needed in only a few copies. Consideration of protein sizes and published mapping data on phage T4 also suggest that the phage structural proteins are, on the average, much larger than the non-structural proteins. The requirement that at least fifteen different species of proteins must come together in forming a phage tail emphasizes the complexity of this morphogenetic process.