cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INCORPORATION OF S 35 INTO RIBOSOMAL PROTEINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI.

Duerre, John A. (University of North Dakota, Grand Forks). Incorporation of S35 into ribosomal proteins of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 88:130–136. 1964.—The rate of incorporation of S35 was followed in exponentially growing cultures of Escherichia coli. Within a few seconds, the isotope was incorporated into proteins, appearing first in or on the ribosomal particles. Ribosomal proteins from these particles were fractionated into molecular weight classes by gel filtration. The radioactivity from S35O4= appeared in the proteins of large molecular weight at a faster rate than in those of small molecular weight. This radioactivity could be displaced from the large molecular weight class with nonradioactive sulfate more rapidly than from the small class. The large molecular weight protein could also be distinguished from the small molecular weight proteins on basis of their higher sulfur content, which corresponds to that of soluble proteins.
Stationary concentration patterns on an isothermal catalytic wire

Abstract Steady-state concentration patterns may exist on a catalytic wire on which an isothermal bimolecular Langmuir—Hinshelwood reaction occurs. The structure of these solutions and the intrinsic size of the pattern is determined as a function of the kinetic and transport parameters. Singularity theory with symmetry is used to predict the intricate structure and organiztion of the qualitatively different types of bifurcation diagrams of inhomogeneous solutions next to the singular points. A Liapunov—Schmidt reduction procedure enables a systematic finding of the various singular points and division of the parameter space into regions with qualitatively different bifurcation diagrams, such as one with isolated branches of stable inhomogeneous solutions. Secondary bifurcation can cause formation of branches of mixed-mode solutions.
Reflex inhibition of crural diaphragmatic activity by esophageal distention in cats.

Abstract Distention of the esophagus has been shown to result in selective inhibition of phasic inspiratory activity in the crural portion of the diaphragm, with no effect on costal diaphragmatic activity. The purpose of this study was to determine rigorously the afferent pathways that mediate this response. Bipolar EMG electrodes were placed in the costal and crural portions of the diaphragm in decerebrate, spontaneously breathing cats. Distention of the esophagus by inflation of a Foley catheter balloon with 20 ml of air resulted in a selective inhibition of crural hiatal EMG activity, while costal EMG activity was maintained at predistention levels. The distention was accompanied by a reduction in respiratory frequency. Transection of the spinal cord at the C8-T1 level did not obliterate the crural inhibition produced by inflation. Section of the C4-C8 dorsal roots also failed to abolish the response. However, after bilateral cervical vagotomy, esophageal distention no longer influenced diaphragmatic EMG activity. These results indicate that the crural inhibition observed with esophageal distention is vagally mediated and is not influenced importantly by intercostal or phrenic afferents. Records of activity of the phrenic nerve branch innervating the crural portion of the diaphragm showed a similar response pattern, confirming that the inhibition is central in origin and that the crural fibers inhibited by distention are only a fraction of the total population of crural phrenic motoneurons.
Surgical Options in Solitary and Bilateral Renal Carcinoma

Summary— Seven patients with solitary or bilateral renal carcinoma were treated surgically over a 7-year period. Ten kidneys were operated upon, 3 by in situ partial nephrectomy, 3 by autotransplantation following bench surgery, 3 by radical nephrectomy and one by simple nephrectomy. Four of the 6 patients treated by partial nephrectomy are alive without disease with an average follow-up of 3½ years. By detailed selective renal arteriography we can usually predict pre-operatively the appropriate operation.
Relationship between Parental Views and Romantic Happiness in College Women

The aim of this study was to determine whether women's view of their fathers related to romantic happiness with their boyfriends. Attachment to the father, view of him as powerful, and his rated physical attractiveness were the main questionnaire items pertaining to the women's Oedipus Complex. Their relationships with boyfriends were evaluated in terms of intimacy, passion, and commitment, the three components of love according to Sternberg's triangular theory of love. In 56 romantically involved undergraduate women, significant positive correlations were found between the rated power and attractiveness of the father and the passion and commitment components in these women's relationships with their boyfriends. Low correlations of ratings of intimacy were found only with responses to questions relating to mothers. Ratings of attachment to mothers were greater than attachment to fathers, and 56 romantically involved women had greater present attachment to their mothers than 39 who were not involved. Perha...
Multigenerational perceptions of the academic work environment in higher education in the United States

The current workforce composition of the academy is comprised of multiple generational cohorts, Traditionalists, Leading Edge Boomers, Trailing Edge Boomers, Generation Xers and Millennials. Despite the plethora of research identifying a myriad of differences in the way these generational cohorts approach work and social activities little attention has been paid to their perceptions of the psychosocial aspects of the academic work environment. The present study used the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II to assess job perceptions of 434 academic personnel across four generational cohorts. A direct discriminant function analysis revealed Trailing Edge Boomers perceived a greater effort-reward imbalance than Traditionalists/Leading Edge Boomers and Generation Xers, and Millennials perceive less imbalance than all other generations. There were also generational group differences in perceived stress and health. These results draw attention to the value of knowing the generational composition of a higher education institution in order to take into account the unique needs of each generational cohort when planning ways to improve recruitment, retention, and productivity of administrators, faculty and staff.
Small-sample in vivo cellulose digestion procedure for forage evaluation.

Summary Small samples of forage in nylon sacks were suspended in the rumen of fistulated cows to determine how the coefficients of cellulose digestibility obtained by this method compared with those obtained by conventional digestion trials. The cellulose digestion coefficient of 63.7% determined for Coastal Bermuda in a conventional digestion trial was not significantly different from the coefficient of 61.0% at the end of 72 hr by the small-sample method. Cellulose digestibility of average-quality alfalfa hay was 56.5% by conventional methods. This was not significantly different from the digestion coefficient (55.2%) determined by the small-sample method. Three fistulated cows were fed Coastal Bermuda hay and eight different hay samples were subjected to digestion by the small-sample method. A correlation of +0.83 was obtained when the 48-hr legume and 72-hr grass hay digestion coefficients were compared with results from conventional trials. Significant positive correlations between cellulose digestion measured by the two methods indicate that the small-sample technique used with a regression equation might provide a valid estimate of cellulose digestion.
Transatlantic Friendships & The German Influence on American Law in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century

There has been a tendency in recent decades to pass over the importance of German influences on American law. Indeed, in the past few years, the perception has been that the flow of ideas has often gone in the other direction, for instance in the area of antitrust law. But during the first half of the nineteenth century, German jurists were actively involved with American lawyers and legal scholars on both a personal and professional level and their ideas influenced the development of American law and jurisprudence. It is easy to understand the reasons for this phenomenon, for Germany during this period was experiencing an intellectual and literary renaissance. This was the land of the Romantic movement in literature, of Goethe and of Schiller.' In historical studies, the German universities outstripped the rest.2 In classics, it was the Prussian universities, especially, that provided a model for the whole world.3 B.G. Niebuhr, for instance, was acclaimed throughout the world as the greatest of all Roman historians and was the discoveror of the Verona palimpsest of Gaius' Institutes in 1816, one of the most important and basic of all Roman law texts and which revolution-
Autoreceptor-mediated changes in dopaminergic terminal excitability: effects of potassium channel blockers.

The effects of the potassium channel blockers, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) and tetraethylammonium (TEA), on autoreceptor-mediated changes in dopaminergic terminal excitability were examined in urethane-anesthetized rats. Local infusions of 4-AP or TEA into neostriatal terminal fields of nigral dopaminergic neurons led to marked decreases in terminal excitability, as measured by the increase in stimulating current required to activate the neurons antidromically from the site of the infusion. The decreased excitability resulting from 4-AP could be reversed by subsequent i.v. injection of haloperidol, and was blocked in rats that had been depleted of endogenous dopamine by prior treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMpT). Thus, the decrease in excitability elicited by the potassium channel-blockers was indirect, and apparently due to increased autoreceptor stimulation resulting from enhanced transmitter release. In addition, co-infusion of 4-AP and apomorphine in AMpT-treated animals led to decreased terminal excitability that did not differ from the effects of apomorphine alone, indicating that 4-AP did not block the effects of exogenous autoreceptor agonist administration. These results provide in situ electrophysiological evidence that autoreceptor-mediated processes occurring at dopaminergic terminals are not mediated by 4-AP- or TEA-sensitive potassium channels. Furthermore, our findings suggest that, as in other types of presynaptic terminals, blockade of voltage-sensitive potassium channels in dopamine terminals leads to enhanced release of transmitter.
Skeletal Measurements by Quantitative Ultrasound in Adolescents and Young Women with Anorexia Nervosa

Objective To compare quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measurements in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) with that in healthy control subjects and to determine the utility of QUS as a tool to evaluate skeletal status in these patients. Study design Female adolescents with AN (n = 41) and healthy control subjects (n = 105) were recruited. Speed of sound (SOS) was measured at the radius and tibia. Participants with AN also had hip and spinal areal bone mineral density measurements by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA); bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) was calculated. Results Subjects with AN had higher mean radial SOS (4044 ± 99 m/s) than did control subjects (3947 ± 116 m/s; P P Conclusions Subjects with AN had higher mean tibial and radial SOS than did control subjects. QUS variables did not correlate with DXA measures, calculated BMAD, or anthropometric variables. QUS measurements of SOS do not appear to be appropriate for bone density screening in patients with AN.
Examining Outcomes of Acute Psychiatric Hospitalization among Children.

Within the past two decades, few studies have examined outcomes of acute psychiatric hospitalization among children, demonstrating change in emotional and behavioral functioning. A secondary analysis of pretest/posttest data collected on 36 children was conducted, using the Target Symptom Rating (TSR). The TSR is a 13-item measure with two subscales—Emotional Problems and Behavioral Problems and was designed for evaluation of outcome among children and adolescents in acute inpatient psychiatric settings. Results of this study, its limitations, and the barriers encountered in the implementation of the TSR scale as part of routine clinical practice are discussed.
An Application and Investigation of Rotating Heat Pipes on Motor Rotor Cooling

In some industrial AC motor applications, higher heat dissipation results in faster rotor losses than that can be accommodated with conventional shaft-mounted-fan cooling designs. In this paper, one of the heat pipe technologies - rotating heat pipe - is presented as a means of enhancing motor rotor cooling. Novel rotating heat pipes are designed to improve heat transfer performance at various rotational speeds. Preliminary experimental results indicate that this thermal solution can effectively improve motor rotor cooling. Further, the rotating heat pipes with internal wicks can reduce temperature gradients at low rotational speed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Direct fluorination of phenolsulfonphthalein: a method for synthesis of positron-emitting indicators for in vivo pH measurement.

We report a reaction of direct electrophilic fluorination of phenolsulfonphthalein at mild conditions. This reaction affords the synthesis of novel positron-emitting 18F-labeled pH indicators. These compounds are useful for non-invasive in vivo pH measurement in biological objects.
Race, Capital Punishment, and the Cost of Murder

In recent years, American discussion about capital punishment has shifted its focus from the question of the inherent morality of capital punishment itself to the justness of its administration. Opponents of the death penalty now rarely argue that death is itself an immoral or ineffective punishment but rather that the risks of its being unfairly applied are intolerable. In particular, death penalty opposition groups have made some headway, both legally and in the court of public opinion, by publicizing wrongful convictions and executions. However, surprisingly little attention has been paid to another long-standing procedural worry about the death penalty in the United States, namely, the apparent racial disparities in capital sentencing.1 Empirical studies dating back to the 1940s indicate that, all other things being equal, racial minorities, particularly African-Americans, are disproportionately more likely to receive the death penalty for murder than are convicted whites.2 The U.S. General Accounting Office conducted a comprehensive review of the relevant studies in 1990 and concluded that even with the reforms sparked by the Supreme Court's 1972 decision in Furman,3 racial disparities in the "charging, sentencing, and imposition of the death penalty" persisted. For example, three-fourths of the studies examined by the GAO determined that black defendants were more likely to receive the death penalty, especially when their victims were white.4 State and federal government studies conducted since 2000 largely confirm these findings.5 In effect, murder functions as a status crime in the U.S., with one set of prescribed punishments for African-Americans and another set for other offenders.
Imagining the economic nation: Globalisation in China

(1999). Imagining the economic nation: Globalisation in China. New Political Economy: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 215-232.
THE PERCEIVED VALUE OF FRINGE BENEFITS

One hundred eighty-two University of Arizona employees each participated in one of two field studies of the valuation of fringe benefits. Findings included: (a) a lack of employee knowledge regarding employer cost and market value of the studied benefit, and (b) significant undervaluation of the benefit by employees. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that employee benefit valuations anchor on employee contributions. Implications for practitioners and suggestions for further research are discussed.
Design and Validation of a High-Temperature Comparative Thermal-Conductivity Measurement System

A measurement system has been designed and built for the specific application of measuring the effective thermal conductivity of a composite, nuclear-fuel compact (small cylinder) over a temperature range of 100 °C to 800 °C. Because of the composite nature of the sample as well as the need to measure samples pre- and post-irradiation, measurement must be performed on the whole compact non-destructively. No existing measurement system is capable of obtaining its thermal conductivity in a non-destructive manner. The designed apparatus is an adaptation of the guarded-comparative-longitudinal heat flow technique. The system uniquely demonstrates the use of a radiative heat sink to provide cooling which greatly simplifies the design and setup of such high-temperature systems. The design was aimed to measure thermal-conductivity values covering the expected range of effective thermal conductivity of the composite nuclear fuel from 10 W . m−1 . K−1 to 70 W . m−1 . K−1. Several materials having thermal conductivities covering this expected range have been measured for system validation, and results are presented. A comparison of the results has been made to data from existing literature. Additionally, an uncertainty analysis is presented finding an overall uncertainty in sample thermal conductivity to be 6 %, matching well with the results of the validation samples.
On the growth of algebras with bialgebra action

Ifk is a field,A ak-algebra, andB ak-bialgebra which acts onA, we study the rate of growth ofA under its algebra structure together with the action ofB. We then briefly place our results in the more general context of a vector spaceA on which anoperad acts, and sketch an application to a (still open) question on finitely generated subalgebras of free associative algebras.
Transport of water through the Drake Passage

Abstract Current meters placed near the bottom in the Drake Passage have been used with calculations of relative geostrophic speed to estimate transport of water from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. The concurrent temperature and salinity measurements reveal a pressure field that is very much like those from earlier expeditions. Relative to the greatest depths sampled, a geostrophic transport of 113 × 106 m3/sec was obtained. Adjusting this to the current meter results yields an ‘absolute’ eastward transport of 237 × 106 m3/sec, which is considerably higher than earlier estimates. In earlier results the major transport appeared to be confined to the northern part; the present results show the transport to be distributed more uniformly across the Passage.
A defect of the urea cycle--a case report.

A family is described in which 2 male infants died in the neonatal period. The second infant was found to have a defect of the urea cycle. The diagnosis, treatment and implications for the family are discussed.
Effect of GABA on somatosensory evoked potentials and hemodynamic evoked responses

To investigate the neurovascular coupling, we performed simultaneous diffuse optical imaging and EEG measurements in rats while modulating the neuronal activity by topical infusion of GABA on the brain surface.
Protein and Carbohydrate Resources of the Maku Indians of Northwestern Amazonia

The Maku are a linguistically distinct indigenous population of hunter-gatherers living deep within the tropical forest of northwestern Amazonia. Their geographical range greatly overlaps that of another indigenous population, the Tukanoans, riparian fisher -gardeners. In ecological terms, the two populations can be viewed as occupying different niches within their equatorial forest biome. A quantitative examination of the Maku diet indicates that calories may at times pose a dietary problem for the Maku. In contrast, the Tukanoans may occasionally face seasonal shortages of fish, their major protein source. Traditional exchanges of food and labor between members of the two populations may help avert potential dietary problems and increase overall human biomass in this geographical region.
REVIEW: The evolving linkage between conservation science and practice at The Nature Conservancy

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) was founded by ecologists as a United States land trust to purchase parcels of habitat for the purpose of scientific study. It has evolved into a global organization working in 35 countries ‘to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends’. TNC is now the world 's largest conservation non-governmental organization (NGO), an early adopter of advances in ecological theory and a producer of new science as a result of practising conservation. The Nature Conservancy 's initial scientific innovation was the use of distributional data for rare species and ecological communities to systematically target lands for conservation. This innovation later evolved into a more rigorous approach known as ‘Conservation by Design’ that contained elements of systematic conservation planning, strategic planning and monitoring and evaluation. The next scientific transition at TNC was a move to landscape-scale projects, motivated by ideas from landscape ecology. Because the scale at which land could be set aside in areas untouched by humans fell far short of the spatial scale demanded by conservation, TNC became involved with best management practices for forestry, grazing, agriculture, hydropower and other land uses. A third scientific innovation at TNC came with the pursuit of multiobjective planning that accounts for economic and resource needs in the same plans that seek to protect biodiversity. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment prompted TNC to become increasingly concerned with ecosystem services and the material risk to people posed by ecosystem deterioration. Finally, because conservation depends heavily upon negotiation, TNC has recently recruited social scientists, economists and communication experts. One aspect still missing, however, is a solid scientific understanding of thresholds that should be averted. Synthesis and applications. Over its 60-plus year history, scientific advances have informed The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 's actions and strategies, and in turn the evolving practice of conservation has altered the type of science sought by TNC in order to maximize its conservation effectiveness.
Genetics of RAS signaling in C. elegans

Genetic analysis of the RAS function in Caenorhabditis elegans has not only clarified the functional relationship of signal transduction proteins, but also led to the discovery of new proteins involved positively or negatively in RAS signaling. The stereotyped development of C. elegans has allowed many of the functions of RAS to be elucidated at the level of fates of individual cells.
Investigating the candidacy of LPS-based glycoconjugates to prevent invasive meningococcal disease: chemical strategies to prepare glycoconjugates with good carbohydrate loading

In previous studies protective antibodies that could facilitate bactericidal killing of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroup B strains were derived from immunisation with glycoconjugates prepared from O-deacylated lipopolysaccharide (LPS-OH) via direct reductive amination between the reducing end of the oligosaccharide molecule, created by treatment with alkaline phosphatase, and amino functionalities on the CRM(197) carrier protein. These glycoconjugates proved difficult to prepare because the presence of amide linked fatty-acyl groups results in glycolipids that are relatively insoluble and aggregate. Therefore, we have examined several strategies to prepare glycoconjugates in order to identify a robust, consistently reproducible strategy that produces glycoconjugates with a high loading of LPS derived oligosaccharides. Initially we used completely deacylated LPS molecules, but lacking phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) from the core OS as the strong basic conditions required to completely deacylate the LPS would modify the PEtn residue. We utilised a squarate linker and conjugated via the reducing end of the carbohydrate antigen following removal of the glycosidic phosphate to amino groups on CRM(197), however carbohydrate loading on the carrier protein was low. Glycoconjugates were then produced utilising amidases produced by Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd), which partially remove N-linked fatty acids from the lipid A region of the Nm LPS molecule, which enabled the retention of the PEtn residue. LPS-OH was treated with Dd amidase, the reducing glycosidic phosphate removed, and using a cystamine linker strategy, conjugated to the carrier protein. Carbohydrate loading was somewhat improved but still not high. Finally, we have developed a novel conjugation strategy that targets the amino functionality created by the amidase activity as the attachment point. The amino functionality on the PEtn residue of the inner core was protected via a novel blocking and unblocking strategy with t-butyl oxycarbonyl. A maleimide-thiol linker strategy, targeting lysine residues on the carrier protein did not result in high loading of the carbohydrate molecules, however when we targeted the carboxyl residues we have consistently obtained a high loading of carbohydrate antigens per CRM(197), which can be controlled by variation in the amount of activated carbohydrate utilised in the conjugation reaction.
Synthesis of novel polyethyleneimine derivatives by stepwise, reversible blocking of primary and secondary amines

Abstract In the design of polyethyleneimine derivatives for use as catalysts and binding media, the placement of reactive and hydrophobic groups previously has been limited by the specificity of the addition reaction. In this paper is described a protocol to limit the sites of addition of nucleophiles and long-chain alkanes to tertiary amines and the less reactive of the secondary amines. Three blocking groups for the primary and secondary amines were tested, but only trifluoroacteylating reagents left the polymer reactive to substitution on the tertiary amines with halogenated alkanes. The secondary amines that resisted trifluoroacetylation were blocked with either tert-butyloxy carbonate or trimethylsilyl carbonate. The tertiary amines were quaternized with iodododecane or dodecyl benzyl chloride. After removal of the trifluoroacetyl groups, the polymer amines were inactivated by methylation, which proceeded to 93% completion. The 7% of the amines that were not quaternized were largely tertiary, since propylene sulfide, which reacts only with secondary and primary amines, was substituted onto the polymer only to the extent of 0.2% total amine, as quantified by the indirect method of P. H. Butterworth, F. Baum, and J. W. Porter (1967, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 118, 716–723). The sulfhydryl group did not oxidize over at least 14 days. This is the first stable sulfhydryl-containing synthetic polymer that has been reported.
Analysis of the airspace design trade space

The objective of this paper is to propose a framework that allows the researchers to examine the trade-space inherent to airspace design. A number of factors preclude purely analytic methods. First, airspace systems are `open,' i.e. their constituent components exit and enter the airspace outside of the control of the airspace; even if the aircraft entry and exit decisions are controlled, other constituent components such as weather hazards, cannot be controlled (and only imperfectly forecast). Additionally, the dynamics of such systems are hybrid in nature, including continuously-evolving dynamics, discrete dynamics, and detection and decisions generated at discrete points in time. Further, many aspects of airspace may be subject to emergence, i.e. behaviors observable at one level of abstraction (e.g. a higher-level abstraction of air traffic flows) that are created by dynamics understandable at a different level of abstraction (e.g. trajectories flown by individual aircraft). The methods demonstrated here rely on predicting the performance of airspace via large scale agent-based simulations to quantify their performance.
Upgrading the Argonne 4-Mv Dynamitron

Recently a new type of accelerator tube,1 made entirely of ceramic and metal and containing no organic material, was installed in the Argonne 4-MV Dynamitron.2 Instead of being cantilevered from the base of the accelerator as was the old tube, the new tube is suspended from the main frame by a set of compact springs of unique design. Consequently, the main frame had to be strengthened against sidewise sway. The new structural members also markedly increased the shear strength of the frame. Previously ion-source assemblies were mounted directly on and their weight supported by the accelerator tube. Now the weight of each source is carried by the terminal frame, and provisions have been made for aligning each source to the tube. To provide space for a new source assembly which incorporates mass analysis, various electronic circuits within the terminal were relocated and the terminal wiring was rerouted. The accelerator has performed well since the modifications.
Can a Sexually Dimorphic Learned Birdsong be Used for Male-Female Recognition?

In many temperate zone songbirds, singing is solely a behavior of males. In these species, the singer's sex is encoded in the act of singing. However, in some species both sexes sing. For songs of these species to be used for sex recognition, the acoustic structure of songs of the two sexes needs to be dimorphic, and the dimorphism needs to be identifiable by the birds themselves. I examined the ability of acoustic sex recognition in a species in which the two sexes produce very similar songs, Northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). A field playback experiment was conducted to examine whether cardinals can distinguish the sex of the singer based on hearing a song. The results showed that cardinals responded differently to the songs of the two sexes, suggesting that songs of cardinals are used for acoustic sex recognition despite their remarkable similarity.
The relative contributions of the receptors and cholinesterases to the effects of acetylcholine on the hearts of bivalve molluscs

Abstract 1. 1. Isolated hearts of the oyster. Crassostrea virginica , were inhibited equally by acetylcholine (ACh) and 4-ketoamyltrimethylammonium iodide (4K). 2. 2. ACh and 4K were blocked equally by a series of cholinergic antagonists, which therefore demonstrated no significant participation of their anticholinesterase (anti-ChE) actions. The order of potency was: ambenonium > benzoquinonium ⪢ d -tubocurarine. 3. 3. ACh cardioinhibition was potentiated 10-fold by eserine and neostigmine and by the selective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) antagonist. BW 62c47. These same agents blocked 4K cardioinhibition 3-fold. Neostigmine similarly modified the effects of ACh and 4K on the hearts of four other ostreids: C. gigas, C. nippona, Saxostrea echinata and Ostrea denselamellosa . 4. 4. The selective butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) antagonist, iso-OMPA, only weakly potentiated ACh and blocked 4K action. 5. 5. In Modiolus demissus . ACh and 4K were equipotent cardioexcitors. Eserine and neostigmine lowered the ACh threshold, but cardioinhibition appeared at high doses of ACh; the 4K effect was blocked but not modified. BW 248c51, a selective anti-AChE, antagonized both ACh and 4K cardioexcitation; again, cardioinhibition appeared at high ACh doses. Iso-OMPA was a weak potentiator of ACh and an inhibitor of 4K. 6. 6. In Mercenaria mercenaria . BW 248c51 antagonized the cardioinhibition of both ACh and 4K. Iso-OMPA had no effect. 7. 7. The major conclusions are that the ACh receptors (AChR) and AChE of oyster hearts are pharmacologically distinguishable: but that, in general, the nicotinic receptors of bivalve hearts are more similar to AChE than to vertebrate AChR, whether or not the particular species possesses AChE in its tissues.
Patterns of War in the Andes from the Archaic to the Late Horizon: Insights from Settlement Patterns and Cranial Trauma

Over the pre-Columbian sequence, Andean warfare ranged greatly in intensity. This review combines published information on cranial trauma and settlement patterns, which often align and clarify each other, to make an initial assessment of how severely Andean populations were affected by war over time and space. The data speak to a number of major topics in the archaeology of warfare, such as the origin of war, contrasts in state militarism, and changes in the practice of war related to social organization. Although there is considerable regional variation, two large-scale “waves” of escalated conflict that are clearly supported by the cranial trauma and settlement pattern data occurred in the Final Formative (late Early Horizon, 400 BC–AD 100) and the Late Intermediate period (AD 1000–1400).
Rapamycin selectively inhibits interleukin-2 activation of p70 S6 kinase

The macrolide rapamycin induces cell cycle G1 arrest in yeast and in mammalian cells, which suggests that an evolutionarily conserved, rapamycin-sensitive pathway may regulate entry into S phase. In mammals, rapamycin inhibits interleukin-2 receptor-induced S phase entry and subsequent T-cell proliferation, resulting in immunosuppression. Here we show that interleukin-2 selectively stimulates the phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase but not the erk-encoded MAP kinases and rsk-encoded S6 kinases. Rapamycin completely and rapidly inhibits interleukin-2-induced phosphorylation and activation of p70 S6 kinase at concentrations comparable to those blocking S phase entry of T cells (0.05-0.2 nM). The structurally related macrolide FK506 competitively antagonizes the actions of rapamycin, indicating that these effects are mediated by FKBP, which binds the transition-state mimic structure common to both rapamycin and FK506 (refs 4, 6, 9-11). The selective blockade of the p70 S6 kinase activation cascade by the rapamycin-FKBP complex implicates this signalling pathway in the regulation of T cell entry into S phase.
Beyond the Box

Conventional wisdom leads us to think that we're doing a great job if we've successfully performed our prescribed tasks. Indeed, we are. But to fast track our career, we need to think beyond the box and act like an entrepreneur. Thinking beyond the box is a three-step process - examining the bigger picture, forming a vision, and then marketing the vision.
Decomposition of Turbulence Forcing Field and Structural Response

Theme M EASURED cross-spectrum of a turbulence field usually shows some decay in the statistical correlation in addition to convention at a characteristic velocity. Under such a random excitation the computation of structural response statistics becomes much more tedious than that which would be the case if the turbulence were convected without decay, i.e., convected as a frozen-pattern. It is shown that a decaying turbulence can be decomposed into frozen-pattern components thus permitting a simpler way to calculate the structural response. The procedure so devised also provides a relationship whereby the measured input spectra can be incorporated. For illustration the theory is applied to an infinite beam which is backed on one side by a fluid-filled cavity and is exposed on the other side of the turbulence excitation. The effect of the freestream velocity is also taken into consideration.
Ultrathin oxide gate dielectrics prepared by low temperature remote plasma-assisted oxidation

Monolayer N-atom incorporation at Si-SiO 2 interfaces in device-quality SiO 2 gate oxides has been accomplished by a three-step low-thermal budget process: (i) 300 °C remote plasma-assisted oxidation in N 2 O to form the nitrided Si-SiO 2 interface, (ii) 300 °C remote plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition from SiH 4 and O 2 or N 2 O to form the oxide layer, and (iii) a 30 s 900 °C post-deposition rapid thermal anneal for chemical and structural relaxation. This paper reports on an extension of low-temperature plasma processing to ultra-thin gate dielectrics (<3 nm) that is based on the first of the three steps identified above: the 300 °C remote plasma-assisted oxidation in O 2, or N 2 O. This paper: (i) highlights interrupted processing Auger electron spectroscopy measurements to monitor (a) growth rate and (b) interfacial nitrogen: (ii) discusses the reactions pathways for the plasma-assisted oxide growth process: (iii) contrasts (a) plasma-assisted and (b) furnace and rapid thermal oxidation processes.
A type II ribonuclease H from Leishmania mitochondria: an enzyme essential for the growth of the parasite.

Abstract Replication of kDNA in the mitochondrion of the kinetoplastid protozoan is an essential process. One of the proteins that may be required for the kDNA replication is the ribonuclease H (RNase H; EC 3.1.26.4). We have identified four distinct ribonuclease H genes in Leishmania, one type I (LRNase HI) and three type II (LRNase HIIA, LRNase HIIB and LRNase HIIC). We detail here molecular characterization of LRNase HIIC. The coding sequence of LRNase HIIC is 1425 bp in length encoding a 474-amino acid protein with a calculated molecular mass of ∼53 kDa. While LRNase HIIC shares several conserved domains with mitochondrial RNase H from other organisms, it has three extra patches of amino acid sequences unique to this enzyme. Functional identity of this protein as an RNase H was verified by genetic complementation in RNase H-deficient Escherichia coli. The precursor protein may be enzymatically inactive as it failed to complement the E. coli mutant. The mitochondrial localization signal in LRNase HIIC is within the first 40 amino acid residues at the N-terminus. In vitro import of the protein by the mitochondrial vesicles showed that the precursor protein is processed to a 49-kDa protein. Antisense ablation of LRNase HIIC gene expression is lethal to the parasite cells both in vitro and in vivo. This study not only reveals the significance of the LRNase HIIC in the kinetoplast biology but also identifies a potential molecular target for antileishmanial chemotherapy.
Some economic lessons from past hydrological projects and applications to the Ebro river transfer proposal

In many arid countries water project planning has undergone significant changes over the past 20 years. This re-evaluation has been motivated by the shortcomings of the traditional 'supply' approach to water project development and the differences between the planned project outcomes and the actual results. The response has been for projects whose water was allocated and priced using the traditional methods to restructure their water allocation and pricing to accommodate changing demands for water and evolving environmental preferences. The transfers proposed under the Spanish National Hydrological Plan are compared to water projects in other arid countries.
238 THE EFFECTS OF COMBINED HYPOTHERMIA AND HYPOXIA ON KEGIONAL PERFUSION IN THE NEONATAL PIGLET

Radioisotope labeled (85Sr and 141Ce) 15±3μ microspheres were injected into the left atrium of 9 anesthetized neonatal piglets during normoxia and normothermia, N/N, and after 30 minutes of mild hypothermia (4.5-5.0°C reduction in core temperature) and hypoxia (mean PAO2 reduction 38.7%), H/H. The cardiac index was not significantly changed. (N/N 150.8±18.1cc/kg/min, H/H 133.5 ±15.1 cc/kg/min). Most tissue blood flows appeared to be reduced; however only renal blood flow and flow to the separated mucosa with H/H and submucosa of the distal small intestine (DSI) and colon (C) were significantly reduced with p>.05. Hypoxia or hypothermia alone does not produce both the DSI and C mucosal changes with H/H. The blood flow reduction with H/H occurs in the same areas as the necrosis seen in neontal necrotizing entero-colitis (NNEC). Differential blood flow due to shunting at the submucosal and mucosal levels during H/H may be an etiologic factor in NNEC.
Rapid identification of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses with H274Y mutation by RT-PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism assay.

Abstract In the beginning of 2007–2008 Northern Hemisphere influenza season, the frequency of influenza A(H1N1) viruses bearing a previously defined oseltamivir resistance conferring amino acid change of Histidine to Tyrosine at position 274 (H274Y) of the neuraminidase (NA) increased dramatically. In order to rapidly detect such resistant viruses, an RT-PCR/restriction fragment length polymorphism (RT-PCR/RFLP) assay targeting amino acid 274 of the N1 NA molecule was developed to investigate the presence or absence of the H274Y mutation. The reverse primer was engineered to produce a BspHI site in the amplicon for oseltamivir-sensitive viruses with Histidine at position 274 (274H). A total of 50 influenza A(H1N1) specimens including 30 oseltamivir-sensitive and 20 oseltamivir-resistant ones submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during the 2007–2008 influenza season were successfully characterized by this assay. The assay was specific for grown A(H1N1) viruses and original clinical specimens, with a lower limit of detection of approximately 10 RNA transcript copies per reaction. Our RT-PCR/RFLP assay provides a simple, rapid and sensitive tool to monitor the emergence and spread of H274Y oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses.
Virus induced gene silencing in Lolium temulentum

Lolium temulentum L. is valuable as a model species for studying abiotic stress in closely related forage and turf grasses, many of which are polyploid outcrossing species. As with most monocot species, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of L. temulentum is still challenging, time consuming and inefficient. The aim of this study was to use the Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) vector to develop a virus induced gene silencing (VIGS) system in L. temulentum to facilitate functional gene analysis. Plants infected with the BSMV vector containing a small region of the L. temulentum phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which is commonly used as a phenotypic marker in VIGS studies, displayed the characteristic albino phenotype observed in PDS silenced plants. Decreased PDS gene expression in these albino leaves was also confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate the utility of using the VIGS vector for gene interactions in L. temulentum, a region of the translation factor eIF4A gene was incorporated into the VIGS vector. Inoculation of young seedlings with this modified vector resulted in a partial reduction in the expression of eIF4A suggesting that this vector will be a useful tool to examine gene interactions in L. temulentum.
Ontogeny of Neurochemical Markers for Noradrenergic, GABAergic and Cholinergic Neurons in Neocortex Lesioned with Methylazoxymethanol Acetate

: Methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM), a potent, rapidly eliminated nucleic acid alkylating agent, produces microencephaly in rat pups when injected into their dams on day 15 of gestation. In the adult microencephalic rats, neuronal loss is largely confined to telencephalic structures, such as the superficial neocortical laminae, whose neuroepithelial progenitor cells were undergoing vigorous replication during the chemical exposure. Histological examination of the forebrain 2 days after injection revealed early selective damage to the ventricular geminal zone with relative sparing of cortical plate neurons generated on earlier days. The degree of specificity of MAM's action on neurochemically defined neuronal populations was examined by measuring presynaptic markers for GABAergic, noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons in atrophic lateral cortex from 20 days gestation to adulthood. Although treatment reduced GABAergic markers (GABA, its synthetic enzyme and synaptosomal uptake process) in proportion to loss of cortex mass (-67%), the maturational pattern for remaining GABAergic neurons was virtually normal. Although the maturational sequence of noradrenergic markers was similar to control, the concentration of endogenous norepinephrine, [3H]norepinephrine uptake and tyrosine hydroxylase specific activity were two- to fourfold higher than control at each time. However, total noradrenergic markers per cortex section were nearly identical to control throughout development, indicating that development of the noradrenergic axonal arbor in neocortex was insensitive to loss of neurons in the terminal field. Maturation of cholinergic markers (endogenous acetylcholine, its synthetic enzyme and [3H]choline uptake) in the atrophic cortex was biphasic: concentrations were similar to control values for the first 12 postnatal days, but gradually rose to levels twofold higher than control. These results indicate that neurochemical alterations observed in cortex from prenatally MAM-treated rats are primarily the result of early selective elimination of neuronal subpopulations. Fetal MAM exposure appeared to have minimal effects on biochemical differentiation of neurons remaining intact in the atrophic cortex. MAM appears to be a useful toxin for producing selective loss of neuronal groups based on their time of generation in the fetus.
Endotracheal intubations in rural pediatric trauma patients.

Abstract Background/purpose Evidence from urban trauma centers questions the efficacy of pediatric field endotracheal intubations (ETIs). It is recognized that in the rural environment, discovery, transport delays, and a paucity of pediatric expertise contribute to higher pediatric trauma mortality rates compared with urban environments. The purpose of our study was to determine the effectiveness of field ETI in rural pediatric trauma patients. Methods ETI attempts (field, referring hospital, trauma center [TC]) in trauma patients less than 19 years old were included. Prehospital and TC charts, including demographics, injury mechanism, indication, location, person performing, number of attempts, Glascow Coma Scale (GCS), complications from ETI, and outcome, were assessed. Results Between 1991 and 2000, 105 of 2,907 patients met study criteria. Paramedics, trauma flight nurses (field ETIs), emergency physicians, surgeons, and anesthesiologists performed the ETI. One hundred fiftyfive ETIs (1 to 6 per patient) were attempted in 105 children. Fifty-seven percent of the ETIs were attempted in the field, 22% in transferring hospital, and 21% at the TC. Successful intubation on first attempt was 67% (field), 69% (referring hospital), and 95% (TC). Subsequent ETI attempts had failure rates of 50% (field) and 0% (referring hospital, TC). Indication for ETI included fear of losing airway control (37%), closed head injury (36.1%), respiratory rate less than 10 or greater than 40 (11.2%), cardiopulmonary arrest (6.5%), respiratory arrest (4.6%), and airway obstruction 4.6%. Only 9.3% of children could not be oxygenated or ventilated by bag valve mask (BVM) before ETI. Twenty-three percent had complications directly related to ETI (eg, aspiration). The relative risk of an airway complication was 2.5× higher with more then one ETI attempt ( P P P P > .05). Conclusions Multiple ETI attempts are associated with significant complications and may offer limited advantage over BVM and possibly may affect outcome. Indications for field intubations may require review especially in rural pediatric trauma.
On minimizing resource consumption with constraints on the makespan and the total completion time

Abstract We investigate a single machine scheduling problem where the resource consumed depends on the release times of jobs. The objective is to minimize the total consumption subject to a constraint on the makespan or the total completion time. Results by Li are extended to the case where the consumption function is convex decreasing. A further extension to multiple consumption functions is shown. Conditions for feasibility are developed in each case.
Metabolism Under Control

Abstract Understanding the Control of Metabolism. Frontiers in Metabolism 2. By David Fell. London, Portland Press, 1997, £18.95/$30.00 (xii +301 pages), ISBN 1-85578-047-X .