cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
North Over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era

In most studies of nationalism, the United States is curiously ignored or is examined only during its colonial and republican periods. But it was the Civil War, argues Susan-Mary Grant, that truly formed the American nation by unifying the states once and for all, abolishing slavery, and setting the country on the path to modernity. In light of this, says Grant, the antebellum period was the crucial phase of American national construction. In North Over South, Grant offers an original and controversial interpretation of a much discussed but poorly understood period of American history. Despite the attention generally given to Southern nationalism, Grant focuses on what Northerners thought about the South and how their beliefs created a distinct outlook: a Northern nationalism based on opposition to things Southern. Grant identifies Northern views of the South between 1830 and 1856 and examines how they developed, how they changed, and how they were used by the Republican Party in its first national election campaign. She demonstrates that the Republicans employed negative images of the South to transform Northern regionalism into a self-styled "American nationalism" -- at the same time transforming the South into a region antithetical to the nation. In support of this thesis, Grant examines attitudes toward the South expressed by writers, travelers, and politicians. Focusing on works of such prominent writers as Ralph Waldo Emerson, William Cullen Bryant, and Horace Mann, she shows that the North used the South as a negative point of reference against which to define its own -- hence American -- identity, effectively excluding the South from full participation in the process ofAmerican national construction. This provocative study links the process of national construction in America with recent studies of European nationalism and fills a gap in the historiography of North/ South relations. One of the first scholars to relate new theories of national construction to America, Grant shows that the United States has more in common with the European experience than is often acknowledged and offers a unique and illuminating perspective on the process of American nation-building. Her book will be required reading for anyone interested in antebellum America and the origins of the Civil War.
Combustion instability with finite Mach number flow and acoustic liners

Small amplitude linear analysis of combustion instability with finite Mach number flow and acoustic liners
Mate choice in the neotropical frog, Eleutherodactylus coqui

Abstract The degree of intra-populational variation in male body size and condition, as well as spectral and temporal features of the advertisement call (‘co qui’), was extensive in a population of Eleutherodactylus coqui at El Verde, Puerto Rico. Dominant frequency of the ‘qui’ note was significantly, although weakly, associated with male body size and condition; call rate was not associated with either male attribute. In both laboratory two-choice trials and natural observations of courtship initiation, females showed no preference for call dominant frequency, but a strong preference for calls of relatively high rate. All mated males called at a rate that was greater than both the populational average and the average rate for unmated males, and all males reached their peak calling effort (maximum number of calls produced per minute) prior to 2300 hours. No size-assortative mating or large-male advantage regarding mating success was observed. Therefore, differential male mating success is not manifested through size-related variation in the spectral qualities of the advertisement call in this population of E. coqui. However, males may enhance their mating opportunities by calling rapidly, early in the night.
Preventing children from being extra-riders on tractors

Background Children are often allowed to ride on tractors without a separate seat under the pretext of having fun and creating bonding. All too often they fall off and are seriously injured or killed. Aims/Objectives/Purpose This is part of a larger NIOSH-funded study aimed at utilising the Theory of Planned Behaviour to evaluate a family-based farm safety intervention. This presentation focuses on reducing the risk of youth being extra-riders on tractors. Methods This research utilised a longitudinal, randomised-control design including two intervention groups (primary farmers or safety experts as teachers) and a no-treatment control. Lessons were taught to the whole family. Almost all primary farmers were fathers. Data were collected from the whole family. Data reported in this presentation were from 115 families. Results/Outcome ANCOVAs revealed that, after controlling pre-intervention levels, farmers in the primary farmer-led group were less likely to have unsafe behaviours and intentions related to giving a child ride on tractors than those in safety expert or control group. Both intervention groups reported positive changes in attitudes and risk awareness compared to control group. Youth in primary farmer-led group reported positive changes in behaviour and intentions compared to control group. Significance/Contribution to the Field The safety intervention had a positive impact on primary farmer's behaviours, intentions, attitudes and risk awareness related to giving a child a ride on tractor, in both study groups. Similar findings emerged for youth. Findings help us create effective interventions that impact behavioural change in fathers and youth related to farm safety. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
Altered endothelin-1 signaling in production of thromboxane A2 in kupffer cells from bile duct ligated rats.

Kupffer cells (KCs), the liver resident macrophages accounting for 80–90% of the total population of fixed tissue macrophages in the body, not only play a key role in host defense via removing particulate materials from the portal circulation, but may also contribute to the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. We have previously demonstrated that KCs play an important role in controlling portal hypertension and hepatocellular injury via releasing thromboxane A2 (TXA2) in early fibrosis induced by one-week bile duct ligation (BDL). Production of TXA2 is controlled by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) that is activated by the interaction of entothelin-1 (ET-1) with its G-protein coupled ET receptor B (ETBR). However, the signaling pathways that contribute to the ET-1-induced activation of cPLA2 and production of TXA2 in KCs in the normal healthy or injured livers are not yet clear, which are investigated in the present study using isolated KCs from one-week BDL or sham rats. The pharmacological inhibition of cPLA2 or chelation of intracellular calcium abrogated the ET-1 induction of TXA2 from KCs. Compared to those from sham rats, KCs from BDL animals displayed a significantly enhanced responsiveness of p38 MAPK to ET-1, increased ETBR and Gαi subunit but decreased Gαq and Gα11 expression. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or Gq signaling abrogated significantly the ET-1 induction of TXA2 in sham KCs but only slightly in BDL KCs. In contrast, inhibition of p38 MAPK and Gi signaling markedly attenuated the ET-1 induction of TXA2 in BDL KCs but had no effect in sham KCs. Lastly, inhibition of PLC or PKC abrogated ET-1 induction of TXA2 in KCs from both sham and BDL groups. The hepatic stress (such as BDL) induces significant modifications in the receptor and intermediates of ET-1 signaling in KC and subsequently alters ET-1 signaling mechanisms, particularly a shift from Gq induced signaling to Gi induced signaling, in the activation of cPLA2 and production of TXA2 in response to ET-1.
Ocean-Bottom Topography: The Divide between the Sohm and Hatteras Abyssal Plains

A compilation of precision echo soundings has delineated the complex topography between the Sohm and Hatteras abyssal plains off the Atlantic coast of the United States. At present the divide between the two plains is a broad, flat area about 4950 meters deep; however, the configuration of channels and depressions suggests spillage of turbidity currents from the Sohm Plain into the Hatteras Plain and a shifting of the divide toward the northeast. Hudson Canyon terminates in the divide area and has probably fed sediment into both plains.
Vulnerability Risk Index Profile for Elder Abuse in a Community‐Dwelling Population

Objectives: To develop a vulnerability index for elder abuse in a community-dwelling population. Design: Population-based. Setting: Geographically defined community in Chicago. Participants: Community-dwelling older adults (N = 8,157) who participated in the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP); 213 were reported to social services agency for suspected elder abuse. Measurements: A nine-item vulnerability index for elder abuse was constructed from sociodemographic, health-related, and psychosocial factors. The outcomes of interest were reported and confirmed elder abuse. Logistic regression models were used to determine the accuracy of the index with respect to elder abuse outcomes. Results: For every 1-point increase in the vulnerability index, there was twice the risk of reported (OR = 2.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.00�2.40) and confirmed (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.94�2.47) elder abuse. Older adults with three to four vulnerability index items had greater risk than the reference group (no elder abuse) of reported (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 1.98�4.49) and confirmed (OR = 3.90, 95% CI = 2.07�7.36) elder abuse, and the risk of reported (OR = 18.46, 95% CI = 12.15�28.04) and confirmed (OR = 26.79, 95% CI = 14.18�50.61) elder abuse was 18 and 27 times as great, respectively, in older adults with five or more risk index items. Statistically derived receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves ranged from 0.77 to 0.84 for predicting reported elder abuse and from 0.79 to 0.86 for predicting confirmed elder abuse. Conclusion: The vulnerability risk index demonstrates value for identifying individuals at risk of elder abuse. Additional studies are needed to validate this index in other community-dwelling populations.
Employment characteristics, social support and the well-being of women.

The impact of employment on the well-being of women is examined using a theoretical framework which is based on the premise that social roles and qualities of roles affect well-being through their imoact on self-esteem and social support. The nature and magnitude of the effects of employment on well-being are ex- pected to vary according to the characteristics of employment. Two aspects of the nature of work are examined, autonomy aid complexity. Data are based on a probability sample of adult employed women (N = 534). Results indicate that both dimensions of employ- ment characteristics have positive effects on social supp ort. Social support and employment characteristics also directly affect well- being.
Decomposition of distributed programs into communication-closed layers

Abstract The safe decomposition of a distributed program into communication closed layers is suggested as a superstructure of its decomposition into a collection of communicating processes. This decomposition may simplify the analysis of a distributed program, as is exemplified by examples of program verification. A programming language construct to enforce safety of a decomposition is introduced. The application to systematic construction of distributed programs is also shown.
Historical Development of the Hydrogen Ion Concept

The concept of a positive hydrogen entity, later called the hydrogen ion and proton, seems to have started with Theodor von Grotthuss in 1805. The conception proposed by von Grotthuss has evolved via the works of many scientists; especially the contributions of Justus Liebig, Svante Arrhenius, S. P. L. Sorensen, I. M. Kolthoff, and R. P. Bell. This process of evolution has at times led to confusion, yet even after more than two centuries of use, the earlier model (though dressed in different trappings) still is intact.
Dual-targeting nanoparticles for reprogrammed T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment

One of the largest obstacles in cancer immunotherapy involves overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment [1]. While many therapies are focused primarily on activating antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, the tumor microenvironment often expresses immunosuppressive cytokines and other immunoregulatory proteins such as checkpoint blockade molecules that diminish their effects [2]. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an inhibitory checkpoint molecule upregulated on many cancers, including melanoma, ovarian cancer, and renal cancer [3]. This can shield a tumor from immune attack by binding to its receptor, PD-1, on T cells. We have developed a nanoparticle platform that combines blockade of PD-L1 with the T cell co-stimulatory signal, anti-4-1BB. This dual targeting system redirects effector cells to recognize target cells while simultaneously blocking checkpoint inhibitors. Antagonistic anti-PD-L1 antibodies and agonistic anti-4-1BB antibodies are conjugated to the surface of biocompatible 50-100 nm iron dextran nanoparticles. The nanoparticles cause a 6-fold increase in IFN-γ production by CD8+ T cells with an exhausted phenotype in the presence of tumor cells in vitro. Additionally, we have shown tumor suppression and a 30% decrease of PD-1 expression in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in an in vivo B16 mouse melanoma model. This approach may not only reprogram local signaling within the tumor microenvironment, but also promote polyclonal cytotoxic T cell responses in the absence of defining the antigenic specificity of the infiltrating T cells.
On correlated sources of uncertainty in four dimensional computed tomography data sets.

The purpose of this work is to estimate the degree of uncertainty inherent to a given four dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) imaging modality and to test for interaction of the investigated factors (i.e. object displacement, velocity, and the period of motion) when determining the object motion coordinates, motion envelope, and the confomality in which it can be defined within a time based data series. A motion phantom consisting of four glass spheres imbedded in low density foam on a one dimensional moving platform was used to investigate the interaction of uncertainty factors in motion trajectory that could be used in comparison of trajectory definition, motion envelope definition and conformality in an optimal 4D-CT imaging environment. The motion platform allowed for a highly defined motion trajectory that could be as the ground truth in the comparison with observed motion in 4D-CT data sets. 4D-CT data sets were acquired for 9 different motion patterns. Multifactor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed where the factors considered were the phantom maximum velocity, object volume, and the image intensity used to delineate the high density objects. No statistical significance was found for three factor interaction for definition of the motion trajectory, motion envelope, or Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) conformality. Two factor interactions were found to be statistically significant for the DSC for the interactions of 1) object volume and the HU threshold used for delineation and 2) the object velocity and object volume. Moreover, a statistically significant single factor direct proportionality was observed between the maximum velocity and the mean tracking error. In this work multiple factors impacting on the uncertainty in 4D data sets have been considered and some statistically significant two-factor interactions have been identified. Therefore, the detailed evaluation of errors and uncertainties in 4D imaging modalities is recommended in order to assess the clinical implications of interaction among the various uncertainty factors.
Jing and Yang: balancing asynchronous and synchronous training

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an examination of how web conferencing software and screencasting software has been used to provide training to librarians participating in the Illinois State Library's AskAway Illinois virtual reference cooperative.Design/methodology/approach – Brief overview of the features of the web conferencing and screencasting software used, Wimba and Jing, respectively, is provided followed by a discussion of the implementation of these products as librarian training tools within the AskAway Illinois. Recommendations for training with these tools are also made based on experience and a review of the literature.Findings – Using an online synchronous environment (Wimba) to provide AskAway Illinois introductory training ensures all librarians joining the cooperative have at least a basic level of knowledge. Follow‐up training is sometimes necessary and is best accomplished using an online asynchronous method (Jing) that is more convenient than a synchronous environmen...
An in vivo comet assay of multiple organs (liver, kidney and bone marrow) in mice treated with methyl methanesulfonate and acetaminophen accompanied by hematology and/or blood chemistry

The single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay is a simple and effective method for detecting DNA damage in cells with or without the capability of cell division. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), as a genotoxic compound that reacts with DNA directly, was confirmed for its DNA damage potential by in vivo comet assay in multiple organs such as liver, kidneys and bone marrow in mice and acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used analgesic drug, was evaluated for whether it possesses DNA damage potential or not. Furthermore, cytotoxicity was verified by hematology and /or blood chemistry simultaneously. Male Crj:CD1(ICR) mice were intraperitoneally once treated with MMS at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, and APAP at 12, 60, and 300 mg/kg. These organs were collected at 4 and 24 hr after treatment, and the comet assay was performed concomitantly with hematology and/or blood chemistry. The results showed that MMS induced a significant concentration-dependent increase in the frequency of tailed nuclei (DNA damage), tail moment, % DNA in the tail, and tail length in the liver, kidneys and bone marrow at both time points. With regard to hematology and blood chemistry results, nephrotoxic markers were not changed, but aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased in the 150 mg/kg-treated group, and bone marrow counts (BMC) decreased in all of the treatment groups 24 hr after treatment. These results suggested that DNA damage observed in the kidneys was due to genotoxicity, not nephrotoxicity. The DNA damage was more severe at 4 hr than 24 hr after treatment. This might indicate that the decrease in DNA damage was due to detoxification, repair of the lesions induced by the treatment, or cell turnover, all of which would reduce cellular damage. On the other hand, APAP induced increases in plasma AST and ALT levels in the highest dose group only, and the DNA damage in the liver increased at the same dose. These results suggest that the in vivo comet assay might be used to detect the DNA damage induced by MMS and the subsequent DNA repair in mouse liver, kidneys and bone marrow. APAP at the highest dose induces DNA damage in liver. Blood chemical results may indicate that the DNA damage by APAP treatment was attributable to hepato-cytotoxicity, because DNA damage and hepato-cytotoxicity were detected at the same doses.
Transnational Feminism: Reading Joan Scott in the Brazilian Sertão

Accounts of globalization often depict a world awash in faceless flows of global capital that deprive broad sectors of humanity of a role in the international division of labor. Extrapolating from ...
Conductor and Dielectric-Property Extraction Using Microstrip Tee Resonators

A pair of microstrip tee resonators, each with a different impedance resonating element, are employed to extract conductor-sheet resistance as well as dielectric properties. The method's performance is evaluated for copper lines on microwave laminate substrate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 14–16, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21067
BOREHOLE COUPLING OF SEISMIC WAVES IN A PERMEABLE SOLID1

Expressions are derived for the acoustic pressure in a fluid-filled borehole due to the passage of plane compressional or shear waves propagating in a porous and permeable medium. The derivation is based on a quasistatic description, yielding results applicable at low frequencies. Computations for a plausible sandstone (with porosity of 0.21 and permeability of 300 millidarcies) show accoustic pressure to be a surprisingly distortion-free version of the stress waveform in a plane compressional wave. For a plane shear wave, the pressure waveform is visibly distorted.
The phospholipid pattern of Tenebrio molitor larvae.

Abstract The phospholipids of Tenebrio molitor larvae have been examined by chromatography on columns of DEAE-cellulose and silicic acid-Hyflo Super Cel. The major constituents consist of choline and ethanolamine phospholipids. Inositol phosphatides represented a relatively small portion of the total phospholipids. Phosphatidyl serine and lysolecithin compounds were not detected. A choline sphingolipid was demonstrated to be present, and only ethanolamine phosphatides were detected in the plasmalogen form. The overall phospholipid pattern was qualitatively similar to other insects.
The scattering of electromagnetic waves from a randomly rough 2D metallic surface

Abstract By a computer simulation approach we study the scattering of a finite beam of p-polarized light from very rough two-dimensional metallic surfaces. Enhanced backscattering is observed. It is found that the approximation of a metal surface by a perfectly conducting surface in the visible region of the optical spectrum is less good for in-plane, co-polarized and out-of-plane, crossed-polarized scattering than it is for in-plane, crossed-polarized and out-of-plane, co-polarized scattering.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING PINTO BEAN QUALITY

This study was designed to objectively describe the chemical and physical attributes of three pinto cultivars grown at Thrall and El Paso, TX, and Twin Falls, ID. The relationships of these attributes were established through analysis of variance and correlation coefficients. Shear values were found to be the more reliable quality attribute. The expected relationship between rehydration and shear was not found. Maximum imbibition did not yield the most tender product. The amount of water imbibed varied by location. Beans from El Paso that suffered a late frost failed to imbibe water until heat treatment was applied. Firmness was found to be related to calcium and magnesium contents. Sensory preference scores rated the Texas-grown cultivars over the Idaho-grown cultivars. Whole, reddish-brown beans of a mild distinguishable flavor were preferred.
An overview of NASA intermittent combustion engine research

This paper overviews the current program, whose objective is to establish the generic technology base for advanced aircraft I.C. engines of the early 1990's and beyond. The major emphasis of this paper is on development of the past two years. Past studies and ongoing confirmatory experimental efforts are reviewed, which show unexpectly high potential when modern aerospace technologies are applied to inherently compact and balanced I.C. engine configurations. Currently, the program is focussed on two engine concepts the stratified-charge, multi-fuel rotary, and the lightweight two-stroke diesel. A review is given of contracted and planned high performance one-rotor and one-cylinder test engine work addressing several levels of technology. Also reviewed are basic supporting efforts, e.g., the development and experimental validation of computerized airflow and combustion process models, being performed in-house at Lewis Research Center and by university grants.
A simple proof of the stability criterion of Gray and Griffeath

Gray and Griffeath studied attractive nearest neighbor spin systems on the integers having “all 0's” and “all 1's” as traps. Using the contour method, they established a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of the “all 1's” equilibrium under small perturbations. In this paper we use a renormalized site construction to give a much simpler proof. Our new approach can be used in many situations as a substitute for the contour method.
Professional Disclosure and Consumer Protection in Counseling.

Professional counselors have entered the age of credentials. We can register our names, certify our preparation, or in some states license our activities (American Personnel and Guidance Association, 1980). These different types of credentials represent an attempt by counselors to gain public recognition for their competencies and for the contribution that counselors make to society. Also, counselors want to provide protection to consumers who must select from agencies and individuals who have varying degrees of expertise. The profession hopes that the credibility provided by selectively credentialing counselors will help consumers make better decisions when seeking
PPPS-2013: Observed multi-decade DD and DT Z-pinch fusion rate scaling in 5 Dense Plasma Focus fusion machines

Summary form only given. Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) machines are in use worldwide for a wide variety of applications; one of these is to produce intense, short bursts of fusion via r-Z pinch heating and compression of a working gas. We have designed and constructed a series of these, ranging from portable to a maximum energy storage capacity of 2 MJ. Fusion rates from 5 DPF pulsed fusion generators have been measured in a single laboratory using calibrated activation detectors. Measured rates range from ~ 1015 to more than 1019 fusions per second have been measured. Fusion rates from the intense short (20-50 ns) periods of production were inferred from measurement of neutron production using both calibrated activation detectors and scintillator-PMT neutron time of flight (NTOF) detectors. The NTOF detectors are arranged to measure neutrons versus time over flight paths of 30 Meters. Fusion rate scaling versus energy and current will be discussed. Data showing observed fusion cutoff at D-D fusion yield levels of approximately 1*1012, and corresponding tube currents of ~ 3 MA will be shown. Energy asymmetry of product neutrons will also be discussed. Data from the NTOF lines of sight have been used to measure energy asymmetries of the fusion neutrons. From this, center of mass energies for the D(d,n)3He reaction are inferred. A novel re-entrant chamber that allows extremely high single pulse neutron doses (> 109 neutrons/cm2 in 50 ns) to be supplied to samples will be described. Machine characteristics and detector types will be discussed.
Orthotopic liver transplantation for biliary atresia: The U.S. experience

Biliary atresia is the most common indication for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in the pediatric population. The outcomes of liver transplantation for biliary atresia, however, have not been formally examined on a national scale. The objective of this study was to identify pretransplant variables that predict patient survival after primary liver transplantation for biliary atresia. A cohort of 1,976 pediatric patients undergoing primary liver transplantation for biliary atresia between 1/1988 to 12/2003 was enrolled from the United Network for Organ Sharing database after excluding patients with a history of multiorgan transplant or previous liver transplant. Follow-up data up to 16 years post-OLT was available. The 5- and 10-year actuarial survival rates of patients that underwent liver transplantation for biliary atresia in the United States are 87.2% and 85.8%, respectively, and the 5- and 10-year graft actuarial survival rates are 76.2% and 72.7%, respectively. Early deaths (≤90 days post-OLT) were more often caused by graft failure (P = 0.01), whereas late deaths (>90 days post-OLT) were more often due to malignancy (P < 0.01). An analysis of outcomes over time demonstrated a decrease in post-OLT survival and an increase in the number of OLTs done for biliary atresia at an increasing number of centers. A multivariate analysis revealed that cadaveric partial/reduced liver grafts, a history of life support at the time of OLT, and decreased age were independent predictors of increased post-OLT mortality. In conclusion, OLT is an effective treatment for biliary atresia. Certain pretransplant variables may help predict patient survival following liver transplantation for biliary atresia. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:1193–1200.)
RETENTION OF D‐LIMONENE DURING FREEZE DRYING OF ORANGE JUICE

Retention of d-limonene during freeze drying of citrus juices from several sources was investigated as a multi-phase problem. Reconstituted to 25 and 10° Brix, commercial frozen concentrates show high retention (between 90 and lOO%), whereas fresh-squeezed juice shows a relatively low retention (about 30%), comparable to that found previously for synthetic emulsions. Retention data for pasteurized fresh juice after substantial agitation and for never-concentrated, commercial pasteurized juices show an intermediate value (between 60 and 70%). Presence and stability of cloud are shown to correlate closely with improved d-limonene retention in commercial frozen concentrates. On this basis, a simple model is developed which predicts the retention level for this type of juice in the asymptotic region. The results for the other types of juice studied are interpreted with the aid of microscopic determinations of oil droplet size and the model derived for synthetic emulsions.
Satellite structure in the photoelectron spectra of the core electrons of NO, N2O and H2O☆

Abstract Satellite structures have been observed in the photoelectron spectra of the core shells of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide and water. An attempt has been made to characterize the satellite structure in terms of monopole transitions resulting from electron shake-up. For this purpose comparisons of the observed excitation energies were made with optical data for both (1) the neutral molecules and (2) the analogous equivalent-core molecular ions. Using these energy comparisons and population densities for various molecular orbitals some assignments are made of the orbitals involved in electron shake-up as a function of the core vacancy.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

Twenty microsatellite loci were identified from genomic DNA enrichment and expressed sequence tags of entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Eight loci were found to be polymorphic in a Northeast Ohio H. bacteriophora population. Levels of polymorphism were evaluated in 31-56 individuals and the number of alleles ranged from two to three. The values of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0 to 0.536 and from 0.223 to 0.616, respectively. All eight loci showed heterozygote deficiencies, but three conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at the subpopulation level. This is the first set of microsatellite markers in entomopathogenic nematodes.
Factors affecting the distribution of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus among gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) egg masses and larvae.

A variety of factors were investigated to determine their influence on the epizootiology of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. Egg masses laid on tree boles had substantially higher levels of contamination than those laid on rocks, ground debris, or understory brush. Egg masses laid on different tree species showed no differences except that those on black oaks were less contaminated at one of the three research sites. Egg mass contamination was not related to date of collection, compass orientation, or number of larvae hatched from the egg mass. Larvae collected from pitch pine had higher infection rates than those from either white or black oaks; however, the differences were not substantial. Mortality rates of larvae collected from different host species were even less distinctive. The implications for epizootiology and sampling are discussed.
Achievement motivation and self-reported grade point average

This experiment examined the impact of achievement motivation on the accuracy of self-reported grades. Since subjects high in achievement motivation have a greater need for success than subjects low in achievement motivation, we predicted that they would also be more likely to overestimate the degree of their success than low need achievers. This was tested by comparing the grade point overestimations of high and low need achievers. Although there was a general tendency toward oyerestimation, this tendency, as predicted, was significantly greater for individuals high in achievement motivation. The present study considered the implications of this finding as well as the validity of the self-reported grade point average.
Promoter region of the bovine growth hormone receptor gene : Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in cattle and association with performance in Brangus bulls

Expression of the GH receptor (GHR) gene and its binding with GH is essential for growth and fat metabolism. A GT microsatellite exists in the promoter of bovine GHR segregating short (11 bp) and long (16 to 20 bp) allele sequences. To detect SNP and complete an association study of genotype to phenotype, we resequenced a 1,195-bp fragment of DNA including the GT microsatellite and exon 1A. Resequencing was completed in 48 familialy unrelated Holstein, Jersey, Brown Swiss, Simmental, Angus, Brahman, and Bran- gus cattle. Nine SNP were identified. Phylogeny analy- ses revealed minor distance (i.e., <5%) in DNA sequence among the 5 Bos taurus breeds; however, sequence from Brahman cattle averaged 27.4 ± 0.07% divergence from the Bos taurus breeds, whereas divergence of Brangus was intermediate. An association study of genotype to phenotype was completed with data from growing Brangus bulls (n = 553 from 96 sires) and data from 4 of the SNP flanking the GT microsatellite. These SNP were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and in phase based on linkage disequilibrium analyses (r 2 = 0.84 and D'= 0.92). An A/G tag SNP was identified (ss86273136) and was located in exon 1A, which began 88 bp downstream from the GT microsatellite. Minor allele frequency of the tag SNP was greater than 10%, and Mendelian segregation was verified in 3 generation pedigrees. The A allele was derived from Brahman, and the G allele was derived from Angus. This tag SNP genotype was a significant effect in analyses of rib fat data collected with ultrasound when bulls were ~365 d of age. Specifically, bulls of the GG genotype had 6.1% more (P = 0.0204) rib fat than bulls of the AA and AG genotypes, respectively. Tag SNP (ss86273136), located in the promoter of GHR, appears to be associated with a measure of corporal fat in Bos taurus × Bos indicus composite cattle.
Relationship Between Tooth Size and Body Size in American Blacks

The relationship between tooth size and body size of American Blacks, although often statistically significant, is low. This parallels earlier findings for white populations of western european origin. Thus, inferring body size of fossil hominoids from tooth size alone is unwarranted on the basis of these results.
Philosophical and Ethical Perspectives on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Low‐wage Workers

One of the overriding goals of Healthy People 2010 is to reduce the health disparities observed among Americans. Because workers in small businesses tend to have little or no access to health screening or preventive health education programs, they may be unaware of their unique risk factors and are thus more at risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, occupational health nurses are more likely to be available in health programs to employees in large rather than small businesses. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how nursing values and philosophy might influence public health nurses' thinking about nursing science and ethical issues relating to the risk of CVD among low-wage workers. The following questions will guide the exploration of health disparities among low-wage workers: (a) What are the health disparities observed among low-wage workers with CVD risk? (b) What are the philosophical and ethical perspectives on the issues presented? (c) Based on these findings, how should limited resources be allocated? and (d) How does this affect nursing? These approaches will provide the foundation for developing a culturally sensitive ethical and philosophical perspective to prevent CVD and promote cardiovascular health among low-wage workers.
Avoiding Family Feuds: Responding to Surrogate Demands for Life‐Sustaining Interventions

he laws and ethical guidelines governing decision making for incompetent patients evolved from conT troversies in which family members refused life-sustaining interventions.’ These cases led to a consensus that advance directives to limit interventions should be respected and that a surrogate designated by the patient or specified by statute could refuse interventions, even when other relatives disagreed.* Surrogate decision-making statutes and ethical principles about respect for delegated autonomy promote an active role for family members or other surrogates in medical decisions for incompetent patients. Inviting surrogates to participate actively in medical decisions recognizes the importance of the patient’s personal community and assures that decisions will reflect the patient’s own preferences and values. The standard approach to decisions for incompetent adults gives advance directives priority over a surrogate’s substituted judgment, which in turn has priority over assessments of the patient’s best interest^.^ A patient may express advance directives by appointing a proxy, stating specific preferences, or articulating general values. We use case examples to illustrate the limitations of all three types of advance directives. Another standard encourages patients to designate a single proxy and gives that individual priority over other friends and relatives. Such proxy designation makes particular sense for gay men with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, who want their partners or friends to make decisions for them.4 A single designated surrogate can also resolve a case in which several relatives di~agree.~ However, our cases illustrate how surrogates often make decisions as members of a family unit whose relationships will
Ground-truthing the impact of invasive species: spatio-temporal overlap between native least chub and introduced western mosquitofish

Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) are one of the most destructive introduced species in the American West. The negative impact of introduced species on native taxa depends on their spatio-temporal overlap, which will determine the availability of refugia for native species. Experiments on the mechanisms underlying the interactions between introduced and native species rarely address habitat use, overlap, and refugia because individuals are confined to enclosures. In a previous study we used cages, microcosms, and aquaria to show that mosquitofish could prey on and out-compete native least chub (Iotichthys phlegethontis). In this study, we examined the spatio-temporal overlap between mosquitofish and least chub under natural conditions. We found periods of overlap and partitioning in the seasonal and diel habitat use of these species. Both species used shallow habitats during the day and night throughout the spring when least chub were spawning. Predation by adult mosquitofish on young least chub during the spring likely explains the reduction in least chub recruitment in the presence of mosquitofish. During the summer least chub avoided mosquitofish by exclusively using cooler habitats, or by occupying deeper, cooler habitats during the day when mosquitofish were active, and shallower, warmer habitats at night when mosquitofish were inactive. A shift to cooler habitats in the presence of mosquitofish may result in decreased growth and fecundity of least chub. However, we suggest that a reduction of warm shallow habitat may have a disproportionately greater negative impact on mosquitofish than species native to temperate regions, such as least chub. Habitat manipulations that reduce or eliminate warm habitats may ameliorate the harmful effects of mosquitofish and promote the long-term persistence of native taxa.
The Yin and Yang of Sox proteins: Activation and repression in development and disease.

The general view of development consists of the acquisition of committed/differentiated phenotypes following a period of self-renewal and progenitor expansion. Lineage specification and progression are phenomena of antagonistic events, silencing tissue-specific gene expression in precursors to allow self-renewal and multipotentiality, and subsequently suppressing proliferation and embryonic gene expression to promote the restricted expression of tissue-specific genes during maturation. The high mobility group-containing Sox family of transcription factors constitutes one of the earliest classes of genes to be expressed during embryonic development. These proteins are not only indispensable for progenitor cell specification, but are also critical for terminal differentiation of multiple cell types in a wide variety of lineages. Sox transcription factors are now known to induce or repress progenitor cell characteristics and cell proliferation, or activate the expression of tissue-specific genes. Sox proteins fulfill their diverse functions in developmental regulation by distinct molecular mechanisms. Not surprisingly, in addition to DNA binding and bending, Sox transcription factors also interact with different protein partners to function as co-activators or co-repressors of downstream target genes. In this article, we seek to provide an overview of the current knowledge of Sox gene functional mechanisms, in an effort to understand their roles in both development and pathology.
Development and Preliminary Experimental Validation of a Wind- and Solar-Powered Autonomous Surface Vehicle

The design and initial testing of a wind- and solar-powered (WASP) autonomous surface vehicle (ASV) are presented. The concept vehicle is a 4.2-m length overall monohull keelboat powered by a rigid wing sail with a 5-m span. It is designed to operate in 7-10 km of wind and a maximum sea state of 2. Specific attention is placed on the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, and systems integration aspects of the design. Rigid wing sails are shown to have superior performance to conventional cloth sails for use on ASVs owing to their higher aerodynamic efficiency and robustness. The manual design process involved in selection of the airfoil cross section for the wing sail and the resulting aerodynamic performance predictions are presented. Through mathematical derivation, the optimal angle for switching the sail configuration from an upwind/crosswind lift-generating mode to a downwind drag-generating mode is found to be 135 . To simplify implementation of the control system when operating in the lift-generating sailing mode, a control scheme that decouples heading and speed control by simply setting the wing sail to an angle of attack of 10 and independently controlling heading was used. The simulation results from a velocity prediction program (VPP) used to verify the feasibility of this control approach are presented. Initial field trials of the vehicle using the control approach with autonomous wing control and manual rudder control are presented. It is shown that the measured boat speeds and wind speed/directions are within the range of values expected from the VPP. Temperatures recorded in a thermal plume during the field trials of the ASV are shown as a function of global positioning system (GPS) location and time.
GIVING UP THE CAR KEYS: PERCEPTIONS OF WELL ELDERS AND FAMILIES

This qualitative study sought to discover and compare the perceptions of well elders and their families regarding the impact of the elder's cessation of driving. Similar themes emerged from both groups regarding the sense of burden, the decision process, and the meaning of driving to the elder. Congruent and divergent perceptions between family members and elders are illustrated in the text. These provide insight to occupational therapists and others working with the elderly regarding the meaning of the occupation of driving.
Use of Gestalt Therapy within a Drug Treatment Program

This chapter describes the basis for using a Gestalt Therapy approach in drug treatment, and an account of its use with individuals and groups within a drug treatment program. The basic philosophy behind the Gestalt therapeutic encounter lends itself to working with drug addicts. An effective therapeutic treatment for drug addiction is being sought. The personal issue relating to the therapist is just the beginning in approaching the avoidance of contact. The drug addict has other motives in keeping that wall between them and the therapist. The addict starts to realize he has other alternatives than shooting-up. In Gestalt “operational” terms is their inability to deal with the “topdog-underdog” conflict. The topdog in this case is that part of the patient setting up unrealistic goals. Along with the avoidance of interpretations by the therapist and relying on the patient to take responsibility places the emphasis on self-support which should extend beyond the therapeutic situation.
Stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles

Previous studies of stretch reflexes in patients with spastic hypertonia have emphasized the dynamic character of stretch reflex output. In contrast, our own studies of stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles of 14 hemiparetic human subjects have shown that stretch-evoked torque displays a relatively weak dependence on stretch velocity, and there is generally no preferential enhancement of dynamic as compared with static reflex output. Moreover, stretch reflex dynamics are broadly similar in voluntarily activated spastic and normal elbow flexor muscles. These findings support our hypothesis that spastic hypertonia results primarily from a decrease in stretch reflex threshold. The strong velocity dependence of stretch-evoked electromyographic activity in initially inactive spastic muscles could be due to a decrease in reflex threshold with increasing stretch velocity, rather than an abnormal velocity-dependent increase in stretch reflex responsiveness.
A simple molecular orbital treatment of hyperconjugation

Abstract A modification of the simple molecular orbital theory has been successfully applied to the treatment of ionization potentials of unsaturated molecules. Of the several models examined for the hyperconjugative effect of a methyl group, best results were obtained for a model in which the methyl group is treated as a single “heteroatom” which donates two electrons to the φ system.
Germanic umlaut from a physiological and phonological point of view: Prolegomena to a theory of sound change

This paper represents a return to the theme of Germanic umlaut, umlaut in general, and sound change in general. It invokes first the concept of the parameter, then the concept of parametric inertia. That is, since all parameters are produced by physical organs, they are governed by inertia, and this allows a (phonetic) explanation of assimilation (including umlaut) and dissimilation. Further, the concept of a hierarchy of parameters based on a phonetically most similar notion is developed to replace the unworkable phonetically similar criterion in classical phonemics.