cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self diffusion of network formers (silicon and oxygen) in naturally occurring basaltic liquid

Self diffusion coefficients (D*) for silicon and oxygen in anhydrous basaltic liquid [O/(Si + Al) = 2.5] were measured at 1 and 2 GPa and temperatures between 1320 and 1600°C. Simple diffusion couples were composed of isotopically normal basaltic glass synthesized from chemical reagents mated to chemically identical glass enriched in 18O and 30Si. Concentrations of 18O and 30Si across the interfacial region of the couples were analyzed by ion microprobe. At 1 and 2 GPa, Do* is consistently larger than DSi* for a given diffusion couple, but only at the highest temperature (1600°C) is the difference outside the small uncertainties for the analytical measurements. At 1 GPa the self diffusivities for both Si and O are well-described by the Arrhenius relationship InD(Si.O)*=(−12.5±0.2)−(170000±2000)/RT, where T is temperature in K, R is the gas constant in J K−1 mole−1, and D* is expressed in m2 s−1. Self diffusion coefficients at 2 GPa are a factor of 1.5 greater and at 1400°C the activation volume (Va) is −6.7 cm3 mol−1. The similarity in self diffusion coefficients, small activation energies (<50% of the Si-O bonding energy), and negative activation volumes for Si and O self-diffusion in basaltic liquid suggest that network former diffusion is a largely cooperative process involving local contraction of the anionic structure. An evaluation of the Eyring η-D relationship implies a mean translation distance for network former diffusion that is 2–3 times the diameter of the oxygen ion and of the order of the Si-Si separation distance. These features of network former diffusion are consistent with the formation of high-coordinated Si as a transition complex in melts populated by Q2, Q3, and Q4 species. In light of inferred changes in melt structure with increasing silica content, we further speculate that the dominant mode of network former diffusion changes from a cooperative process in basaltic liquid, perhaps involving SiO5 transition complexes, to an ionic process (Si4+ and O2−) in liquids approaching full polymerization.
Mechanistic insight into the formation of cationic naked nanocrystals generated under equilibrium control.

Cationic naked nanocrystals (NCs) are useful building units for assembling hierarchical mesostructured materials. Until now, their preparation required strongly electrophilic reagents that irreversibly sever bonds between native organic ligands and the NC surface. Colloidal instabilities can occur during ligand stripping if exposed metal cations desorb from the surface. We hypothesized that cation desorption could be avoided were we able to stabilize the surface during ligand stripping via ion pairing. We were successful in this regard by carrying out ligand stripping under equilibrium control with Lewis acid–base adducts of BF3. To better understand the microscopic processes involved, we studied the reaction pathway in detail using in situ NMR experiments and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. As predicted, we found that cationic NC surfaces are transiently stabilized post-stripping by physisorbed anionic species that arise from the reaction of BF3 with native ligands. This stabilization allows p...
Projected societal needs in pediatric otolaryngology

With the recent increase in pediatric otolaryngology fellowship training programs, fellows are being trained in record numbers and there is concern about the possibility that the supply of these physicians will soon exceed societal needs. This study was conducted to determine the number of fellowship-trained pediatric otolaryngologists that would meet the needs of society and when this need will be met. Information was collected from national organizations and from a survey of fellowship training programs. A hospital-based practitioner model was used to predict societal needs based on the anticipated changes in patient care, mainly managed-care capitated systems. The projected societal need is 382 pediatric otolaryngologists. If current fellowship training levels continue, this need will be met in just over 7 years.
Evaluation of liquid retention capacity measurements as a tool for estimating optimal ore agglomeration moisture content

Abstract Agglomeration is a pretreatment step which binds fine particles to coarser particles. Typical objectives of agglomeration are to improve heap leaching recovery, reduce leaching time by enhancing solution distribution, and reducing fine particle migration which can result in plugging at the bottom of a heap. Initial binding mechanisms in the agglomeration process involve interfacial capillary forces which depend on three phase contact, such as a solid–liquid–gas interface. Appropriate liquid or moisture content plays a very important role in agglomerate formation. This study is for heap leaching ores but useful for other applications. It shows that optimal moisture needed for agglomeration can be estimated using liquid retention capacity measurements.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH HORMONE OF PLANTS : VI. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GROWTH SUBSTANCE IN PLANT TISSUES.

1. It is shown that when plant tissues are ground with water the growth substance contained therein is inactivated by the oxidizing enzymes. 2. A simple method of extraction is described which enables the quantitative determination of growth substance in such tissues. 3. The amount and distribution of growth substance in the Avena coleoptile is determined by this method, and it is shown that while the substance does not diffuse out from the lower parts of the coleoptile, it is nevertheless present in considerable amounts, the concentration decreasing steadily with the distance from the tip. 4. Growth substance is also present in considerable amounts in Avena roots, and here also its concentration decreases steadily with distance from the tip. 5. The amount of growth substance diffusing out of root tips into dextrose agar, even during long periods of time, is not greater than the amount obtainable by direct extraction. Actual production in the root tip therefore either does not take place at all, or else takes place under quite different conditions from the production in the tip of the coleoptile.
Optimal input shaping filters for non-zero initial states

This paper presents an approach to design optimal vibration reduction input shapers for systems with non-zero initial conditions. The problem is first formulated as an optimal control problem and the optimal solution is shown to be bang-bang. Once the structure of the optimal shaper is known, a parametric problem formulation is presented for the computation of the switching times. For digital implementation, discrete time approximate solutions are derived by solving a quasi convex Linear Program. Simulation results are shown for closed-form implementation of these filters on flexible structures. The digital solutions are experimentally verified on a portable bridge crane.
Turbo-PRML: a compromise EPRML detector

Extended partial-response maximum-likelihood (EPRML) detection outperforms PRML on very high density magnetic recording channels. However, EPRML detection is much more complex than PRML and is difficult to implement at high data rates. Turbo-PRML is a compromise EPRML detector which comprises a conventional PRML detector plus a digital circuit operating on the PRML outputs. A bit-by-bit simulation is presented that confirms the expected performance gains over PRML. >
Treatment Attrition of Probationers With Mental Illness From an Enhanced Day Reporting Center

Treatment completion is an important outcome for both mental health and criminal justice agencies tasked with managing offenders with mental illness in the community. Previous research has shown that greater degrees of criminogenic risk factors (e.g., specific criminal history variables) predict treatment non-completion among legally mandated populations. However, most studies were conducted with offenders without mental illness. In this study, demographic (e.g., age, gender), clinical (e.g., psychiatric diagnosis), and criminogenic risk factors (measured using the Level of Service Inventory-Revised [LSI-R]) were compared by treatment completion status using 167 probationers with mental illness treated at an enhanced day reporting center. Bivariate and multivariate (i.e., forward entry logistic regression) analyses revealed that while the LSI-R total score was unrelated to treatment completion, higher scores on the LSI-R Alcohol and Drug use subscale (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.01, 1.54]) and older age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI = [1.00, 1.09]) were significantly predictive of non-completion.
A current perspective on insect gene transformation

The genetic transformation of non-drosophilid insects is now possible with several systems, with germ-line transformation reported in published and unpublished accounts for about 12 species using four different transposon vectors. For some of these species, transformation can now be considered routine. Other vector systems include viruses and bacterial symbionts that have demonstrated utility in species and applications requiring transient expression, and for some, the potential exists for genomic integration. Many of these findings are quite recent, presenting a dramatic turning point in our ability to study and manipulate agriculturally and medically important insects. This review discusses these findings from the perspective of all the contributions that has made this technology a reality, the research that has yet to be done for its safe and efficient use in a broader range of species, and an overview of the available methodology to effectively utilize these systems.
Health state utility values in patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The primary study goal was to measure health state utility values in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) before and after undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). A secondary goal was to assess the meaning of these values by comparing them with other chronic disease processes and currently available medical or surgical treatments. Study Design: Prospective, observational cohort study. Methods: Adults with CRS were enrolled after electing ESS and were observed for a 5-year period. Baseline demographic and medical comorbidities were recorded for each patient, as well as findings from computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, olfaction, and disease-specific quality of life scores. Utility values were derived using the Short-Form 6D (SF-6D) at baseline and again after surgery. Results: The mean SF-6D utility value for the baseline health state of all patients with CRS (n = 232) was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.66). Baseline utility values correlated with disease-specific quality of life as measured by the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (r = −0.660; P < .001), but not baseline CT, endoscopy, or olfactory scores. Follow-up utility values (≥6 months) after ESS improved by 0.087 (95% CI: 0.06-0.12; P < .001) in patients with no history of sinus surgery and 0.062 (95% CI: 0.04-0.09; P < .001) in those undergoing a revision procedure. Conclusions: Patients with CRS who failed medical therapy and elected to undergo ESS reported health state utility values that were significantly lower than the US population norm. Utility values showed improvement after ESS, which was statistically and clinically significant. These results provide the initial data necessary for formal cost-effectiveness analyses incorporating ESS.
A theoretical study on an accurate reconstruction of multiview images based on the Viterbi algorithm

Utilizing the Viterbi algorithm, a forward dynamic programming technique, and a compact disparity graph representation, reconstruction of intermediate views is made possible, including those objects whose views are occluded from various viewpoints. Based on the camera configuration for the capture of multiview images, and the one-to-one correspondence between a real world point and its multiview images, a number of geometric constraints are generated and taken advantaged of. In our proposal, the Viterbi algorithm is used to compute a dense disparity field for every pixel on the left extreme view and consistently for those pixels on the right extreme view. Thus even objects, present in one extreme view but not the other, can be accurately projected onto an intermediate frame. Furthermore, in the presence of obstructed-revealed-obstructed (ORO) objects, whose views are obstructed in both extreme views but revealed in some intermediate views, a third image composed of all ORO objects is incorporated. The large set of multiview images are then reduced to a maximum of three images along with their dense disparity maps, thus accounting for all objects viewable from a range of viewpoints. A simple view interpolation procedure is developed for accurate construction of all intermediate images, whether the originally captured ones or virtually added ones.
Introducing RFID technology in dynamic and time-critical medical settings

Graphical abstractDisplay Omitted Highlights? We derive design requirements for RFID tracking system in trauma resuscitation. ? We analyze tasks, environment, and interactions with objects. ? Object location, motion and interaction guided the placement of RFID tags. ? Zone-based location of objects guided the positioning of RFID antennas. ? Placement of RFID tags and antennas requires careful design. We describe the process of introducing RFID technology in the trauma bay of a trauma center to support fast-paced and complex teamwork during resuscitation. We analyzed trauma resuscitation tasks, photographs of medical tools, and videos of simulated resuscitations to gain insight into resuscitation tasks, work practices and procedures. Based on these data, we discuss strategies for placing RFID tags on medical tools and for placing antennas in the environment for optimal tracking and activity recognition. Results from our preliminary RFID deployment in the trauma bay show the feasibility of our approach for tracking tools and for recognizing trauma team activities. We conclude by discussing implications for and challenges to introducing RFID technology in other similar settings characterized by dynamic and collocated collaboration.
Graphene nanoribbon devices and quantum heterojunction devices

We fabricate lithographically patterned graphene nanoribbon structures. The sizes of these energy gaps estimated from the conductance in the nonlinear response regime indicate that the gap is scaling inversely proportional to the width of the ribbons. The temperature dependent conductance measurements suggest the substantial amount of edge disorders in the graphene nanoribbons. We also fabricate the lateral graphene heterojunction devices employing the local top gate structures. Quantum conductance oscillations are observed in these devices.
Class XI Myosins Are Required for Development, Cell Expansion, and F-Actin Organization in Arabidopsis

The actomyosin system is conserved throughout eukaryotes. Although F-actin is essential for cell growth and plant development, roles of the associated myosins are poorly understood. Using multiple gene knockouts in Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated functional profiles of five class XI myosins, XI-K, XI-1, XI-2, XI-B, and XI-I. Plants lacking three myosins XI showed stunted growth and delayed flowering, whereas elimination of four myosins further exacerbated these defects. Loss of myosins led to decreased leaf cell expansion, with the most severe defects observed in the larger leaf cells. Root hair length in myosin-deficient plants was reduced ∼10-fold, with quadruple knockouts showing morphological abnormalities. It was also found that trafficking of Golgi and peroxisomes was entirely myosin dependent. Surprisingly, myosins were required for proper organization of F-actin and the associated endoplasmic reticulum networks, revealing a novel, architectural function of the class XI myosins. These results establish critical roles of myosin-driven transport and F-actin organization during polarized and diffuse cell growth and indicate that myosins are key factors in plant growth and development.
Revisiting the Coleman Report: Deficit Ideologies and Federal Compensatory Funding in Low-Income Latino School Communities

The essay argues that the Coleman Report helped give credence to contemporary deficit ideologies in education by proclaiming that schools do not make much of a difference in the educational outcomes of students in poverty including Latino communities. Furthermore, the author explores how deficit ideologies influence compensatory funding, in particular Title I, and concludes with recommendations to improve compensatory allotments that reject deficit views for low-income Latino students.
Change Factors Influencing the Diffusion and Adoption of Green Building Practices

This study aims to improve how human performance improvement (HPI) practitioners manage attributes of change. While there have been numerous studies addressing various aspects of change management, few have examined how the characteristics of the change itself contribute to adoption. This study addresses a change scenario of current importance and interest. Researchers coded applicable survey responses from a previous study and performed factor analysis to identify barriers and incentives to green building, including Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification, for construction industry professionals in the Pacific Northwest, and how those professionals feel about adopting “green” building practices—among them, the LEED rating system. Findings suggest that (a) the qualities of some changes have far more influence on adoption than others, such as difficulty of transition, and (b) other characteristics combine to exert their influence in concert with one another. Finally, a user's perception of the value of the change was significant. The article's conclusion addresses how HPI practitioners can integrate the findings into green building adoption specifically, as well as within the greater context of change management and implementation practices in general.
Impact of Medicare Age Eligibility on Health Spending among U.S. and Foreign-Born Adults.

Objective Examine differences in health care expenditures between foreign-born and U.S.-born adults in late mid-life, and how these differences change after age 65, when Medicare is near-universal. Data Medical Expenditures Panel Survey data (2000–2010) on adults ages 55–75 years (n = 46,132) to examine annual total and payer-specific expenditures. Study Design We use (1) propensity score matching to generate quasi-experimental samples with equivalent health needs and health care preferences, (2) generalized linear modeling to estimate group differences in expenditures, and (3) bootstrapping methods to obtain variance estimates for significance testing. Principal Findings Among adults ages 55–64, the foreign-born spend $3,314 (p < .001) less on health care, even when they have equivalent health needs and health care preferences. This difference is due mainly to lower spending through private insurance. After age 65, differences in total spending disappear but not differences in payer-specific spending. The foreign-born continue to spend significantly less through private insurance and begin to spend significantly more through Medicare and Medicaid. Conclusion Foreign-born adults in late mid-life spend significantly less on health care than U.S.-born adults. After age 65, with near-universal Medicare coverage, differences in total spending disappear between the groups, although differences in spending by payer persist.
Process variation sensitivity of the Rotary Traveling Wave Oscillator

Rotary clocking is a low-power technology for multi-GHz clock generation and distribution. In this paper, a sensitivity analysis of the Rotary Traveling Wave Oscillator (RTWO) to process variations is presented based on a 90 nm technology. The analysis is focused on the effects of 1) multiple process corners, 2) power supply fluctuation, 3) chip temperature change, 4) the variations of the RTWO transmission line width and separation, on the operating frequency and power consumption of the RTWO. The individual analysis of these factors is presented as well as a Monte-Carlo based analysis to analyze the comprehensive effects of the process parameter variations and process corners. SPICE simulation results show that the RTWO exhibits a natural robustness to resist these on-chip variations.
Demography as a Spatial Social Science

Scholars in many social science disciplines have taken note of the re-emerging interest in issues concerning social processes embedded within a spatial context. While some argue that this awakening is refreshing and new and, in fact, long overdue, I demonstrate that spatially focused demographic theories and research agendas clearly predate contemporary interest in these topics. I assert that recent methodological advancements have merely encouraged and brought refinement to the expanding body of spatially oriented population research—research strongly rooted in demographic tradition and practice. Indeed, I make the claim that, until roughly the mid-20th century, virtually all demography in the United States (and elsewhere, but not specifically examined here) was spatial demography. Then, shortly after mid-century, a paradigm shift occurred, and the scientific study of population quickly came to be dominated by attention to the individual as the agent of demographic action. Traditional spatial demography—macro-demography—gave way to micro-demography, and, I argue, most demographers simply abandoned the data and approach of spatial demography. In closing the paper I include a brief discussion of the recent awakening that has come to spatial demographers from developments in other disciplines, principally geography, regional science, and spatial econometrics.
THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN DEPRIVATION ON ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES

— (1) Thin slices were prepared from guinea pig cerebral cortex and allowed to incubate in oxygenated bicarbonate-buffered medium for 30 min. Subsequent to that time the slices were made hypoxic by passing 95% N2-5% CO2 through the medium. Hypoxic exposure caused the slices to gain Na+ and to lose K+ ions from the non-inulin space. These shifts were especially pronounced when slices were electrically stimulated during the hypoxic period. Thus, after 30 min of hypoxia plus stimulation, non-inulin Na+ had risen from 30 to 84, μequiv./g wet wt., and non-inulin K+ had fallen from 50·5 to 14·3 μequiv./g wet wt. (2) The above shifts were in part reversible, but when reoxygenated slices were subsequently electrically stimulated in oxygenated media, they failed to lose K+ or to gain Na+. (3) The induced inexcitable state could not be attributed to inability of the slices to replenish ATP and phosphocreatine and may indicate an alteration in membrane constituents necessary for preservation of membrane excitability.
Col1a1-GFP Transgene Expression in Developing Incisors

Previous studies have shown that terminal differentiation of odontoblasts is accompanied by dramatic increases in type I collagen synthesis. Recently transgenic mice in which green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression is under the control of the rat 3.6 (pOBCol3.6GFPtpz) and 2.3 (pOBCol2.3GFPemd) Col1a1 promoter fragments were generated. Our analysis of these GFP-expressing transgenic mice shows that the 2.3-kb promoter fragment directs strong expression of GFP only to bones and teeth, whereas the 3.6-kb fragment of promoter directs strong expression of GFP in bone and tooth, as well as in other type I collagen producing tissues. Our observations of incisors in these transgenic mice show high levels of GFP expression in functional odontoblasts and in differentiated osteoblasts. These observations show that expression of GFP reporter genes closely follow the patterns of expression of alpha 1(I) collagen in various tissues including odontoblasts.
THE STEEL BIBLE: A CASE STUDY OF 20TH CENTURY TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION

The “steel bible” emerged in 1919 and went through 11 editions in 80 years. In its evolution we can see the shift from individual to group authorship, an increasing use of visual elements, and a physical change from a small, hand-held volume to a weighty desktop reference. In a textual analysis, we can see that it was essentially static, changing only by additions and deletions, as the industry evolved. The eventual closing of hundreds of plants and the migration of the industry to other countries can be seen in the change of publisher, the sudden absence of photography, and the international references. Originally, the steel bible came from the factory floor and the words of the plant managers, but by the 1990s, it was a highly-abstracted representation of knowledge. In the steel bible, we can see the history of the industry and the maturing of technical communication in the 20th century.
Ideal Projections and Forcing Projections

It is well known that saturation of ideals is closely related to the “antichain-catching” phenomenon from Foreman–Magidor–Shelah [10]. We consider several antichain-catching properties that are weaker than saturation, and prove: (1) If ${\cal I}$ is a normal ideal on $\omega _2 $ which satisfies stationary antichain catching , then there is an inner model with a Woodin cardinal; (2) For any $n \in \omega $ , it is consistent relative to large cardinals that there is a normal ideal ${\cal I}$ on $\omega _n $ which satisfies projective antichain catching , yet ${\cal I}$ is not saturated (or even strong). This provides a negative answer to Open Question number 13 from Foreman’s chapter in the Handbook of Set Theory ([7]).
Evaluating automatically generated personalized interfaces on an ergometer for people with diverse abilities

The MedURC (Medical Universal Remote Console) technology uses a collection of standards to create universal interfaces for various medical equipment, including user information on preferences and capabilities to create a personalized accessible interface. This project significantly extends MedURC by supporting an ad hoc fitness industry communication standard for that makes it possible for MedURC to operate any other supported exercise equipment. A variety of alternative interfaces (default, universally designed, personalized) were evaluated by subjects that included persons with disabilities and older adults, using performance data while executing specific tasks and subject interviews. Results show that subjects prefer and perform better on a personalized interface.
Image distortion analysis using polynomial series expansion

In this paper, we derive a technique for analysis of local distortions which affect data in real-world applications. In the paper, we focus on image data, specifically handwritten characters. Given a reference image and a distorted copy of it, the method is able to efficiently determine the rotations, translations, scaling, and any other distortions that have been applied. Because the method is robust, it is also able to estimate distortions for two unrelated images, thus determining the distortions that would be required to cause the two images to resemble each other. The approach is based on a polynomial series expansion using matrix powers of linear transformation matrices. The technique has applications in pattern recognition in the presence of distortions.
The Dictionary of Anthropology.; Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture, and Social Life.; A Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory.

The Dictionary of Anthropology. Thomas Barfield. ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1997. 626 pp. Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology: Humanity, Culture, and Social Life. Tim Ingold. ed. New York: Routledge, 1997. 1128 pp. . Dictionary of Cultural and Critical Theory. Michael Payne. ed. Maiden, MA: Blackwell, 1996. 644 pp.
Interference of backscatter from two droplets in a focused continuous-wave CO2 Doppler lidar beam.

Interference due to the superposition of backscatter, beta, from two micron-sized droplets using a NASA/MSFC cw (continuous wave) CO2 Doppler lidar at 9.1 micrometer wavelength was detected for the first time. The resultant single beta signal from both droplets contained an interference structure with a well-defined periodicity which was accurately measured and compared with cw lidar theory. The agreement between measurements and theory is excellent, indicating that the interference arises because the droplets are moving at different speeds and, therefore, the relative droplet separation is not constant. This gives the superimposed beta signal from both droplets in the lidar beam moving in and out of constructive and destructive interference with a well-defined periodic structure. A measurement of a time-resolved signal pulse with an oscilloscope of the combined from two approx. 14.12 micrometers in diameter silicone oil droplets responding to the Gaussian lidar beam intensity at the lidar beam focus is shown. Full details of this laboratory experimental setup, particle generation method, measurement technique, and the cw lidar can be found elsewhere. The stream of silicone oil droplets resided at a Doppler-shift center frequency of f (sub D) approx. (3.4 plus or minus 0.2) MHz, giving droplet speed v approx.(21.9 plus or minus 1.3) ms (exp. -1). Also shown on a separate channel is the corresponding signature using an amplitude demodulator circuit designed to detect the amplitude envelope of f(sub D) within the pulse profile. beta from simultaneous droplet events show a complete cyclic interference structure of maximum and minimum. The average period T of the complete cycle of interference is 13.02 plus or minus.39 microseconds. Toward the right edge of the profile, the interference disappears because one of the droplets is leaving the lidar beam while the other one remains in the beam, thus, giving beta for a single droplet.
A theorem regarding the commutation of antenna rotations

Ordinarily when an antenna is rotated successively about mutually perpendicular earth-fixed axes such as axes pointing up, north, and west, the order in which the successive rotations are made cannot be reversed without obtaining a very different final antenna orientation. This paper gives an analytic proof that the same final antenna orientation can always be obtained with the rotation order reversed as with the rotations performed in correct order. To accomplish this it is necessary when reversing the order of rotation only to also reidentify the axes of rotation. The required reidentification is obtained by considering the axes as detached from the earth and permitted to turn with the antenna as would lines painted on the antenna before the rotations are begun.
A Handheld Programmable-Logic-Device-Based Temperature and Relative-Humidity Sensor, Processor, and Display System Platform for Automation and Control of Industry Processes

The development, testing, and validation of a small versatile battery-powered handheld programmable-logic-device (PLD)-based temperature and relative-humidity (RH) sensor, processor, and display system platform is addressed in this paper. An initial and illustrative application of the platform, which is used for its validation-temperature and RH sensing, calculation, and display of equilibrium moisture content of wood, is described. The platform may be utilized for computation and display of a range of temperature- and RH-sensitive metrics/parameters of importance to other process industries. The cost of the platform is important but not the highest priority. As illustrated in the wood-process-industry application of the platform, a higher priority is an ability to efficiently explore, implement, and compare, in a timely manner, different processor microarchitectures and display system formats which may be used in the calculation and display of any process-industry temperature- and/or RH-dependent process metric(s). This could include simultaneous calculation and display of multiple metrics which are a function of temperature and RH. After comparison, a best processor microarchitecture and display system can then be chosen and implemented based on specific industry process application performance/cost and other requirements. A PLD-based sensor, processor, and display system platform offers this opportunity.
11. Marine Acoustic Techniques

Publisher Summary A variety of sonar systems have been found to be useful in marine geology and geophysics. This chapter discusses several types of sonar systems from the perspectives of their design and use. Sound absorption, background noise, sound velocity, and the nature of the seafloor all play major roles in controlling system design and operation. The chapter deals systems that operate at frequencies above about 1 kHz-a distinction usually recognized in geological and geophysical literature by calling them sonars, while those operating below 1 kHz are dubbed seismic systems. The line of demarcation is not clear, and the terminology really reflects a much earlier time when the only useful acoustic energy available for studying the earth's crust was that originating from earthquakes, while active underwater acoustic systems were emphasizing the ultrasonic regime. Most acoustic systems are operated from a ship, submersible, towed body, or other type of moving platform. In these cases, the actual background against, which signal reception must take place may not be the ambient noise of the ocean but the local noise generated by motion of the vehicle and by its propulsion and auxiliary machinery.
Output capacitance effect on the voltage gain in the high step-up series resonant converter

For the series resonant converter (SRC), the voltage gain defined as voltage conversion ratio is one when the switching frequency is equal to resonant frequency. However, it can be greater than one at light load condition especially in the high step-up SRC, which is caused by the high voltage side devices output capacitance. Also the current through the resonant tank is no longer the sinusoidal waveform. The steady-state analysis of this phenomenon based on the state trajectories is presented in this paper. The relationship between voltage gain and device output capacitance is given. The experimental results of 300-W hardware prototype with 30-V normal input and 380-V output validated the derived voltage gain under the effect of devices output capacitance.
Leachability of Foundry Process Solid Wastes

A laboratory procedure was developed for testing the leachability of foundry process solid wastes. This procedure uses a shake-flask technique to provide distilled water-foundry waste contact, plus filtration or centrifugation, or both, to separate the resulting liquid for analysis. The procedure was used to examine the leaching characteristics of eight different foundry process wastes, each of which had been previously subjected to temperatures ranging from room temperature to temperatures of molten metal. This was done to simulate the burn-out which would actually be experienced with some wastes. The eight wastes exhibited widely different leaching characteristics, but in all cases the amount of matter leached per unit weight of water decreased markedly as the temperature to which the waste was subjected increased. Additional experiments utilizing the shake-flask procedure indicated that progressively larger particles of waste, such as core butts, release less matter to leachate per unit weight of waste than the unagglomerated sand.
Mechanical Design, Assembly and Testing of a Support Structure for LARP ${\rm Nb}_{3}{\rm Sn}$ Quadrupole Magnets for LHC

A support structure for the 120 mm Nb3Sn quadrupole magnet is presently under development for use in the upgrade for LHC at CERN. The design aims to build on existing technology developed in LARP with the LQ and HQ mag- nets and to further optimize the features required for operation in the accelerator. The structure and the proposed assembly methods include features for maintaining mechanical alignment of the coils to achieve the required field quality. It also includes a helium containment vessel and provisions for cooling with 1.9 K helium. The development effort includes the assembly of a 15 cm model to verify required coil load is achieved. Status of the R&D effort and an update on the magnet design, including its incorporation into the design of a complete one meter long cold mass is presented.
Evaluating Strategies for Ranching in the 21st Century: Ranching in the Ethanol Era

Evaluating Strategies for Ranching in the 21st Century: Ranching in the Ethanol Era DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v30i2_mintert
Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry Tachycardia

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is the most common and best known cardiac arrhythmia in both children and adults, with an estimated prevalence of 2.25 per 1,000 in the normal population worldwide.1 –3 These supraventricular arrhythmias are often repetitive, occasionally persistent, and rarely life threatening.4 Macroreentry through an anomalous atrioventricular (AV) pathway is by far the most frequent mechanism of SVT in children (80%) and accounts for ∼30% of SVT cases in adults.
Dietary intake and risk of lung cancer in women who never smoked

A case-control study was conducted to examine the influence of dietary factors on the risk of developing lung cancer among women who have never smoked cigarettes. This study included 124 cases of histologically confirmed carcinoma of the lung and 263 community-based controls. Dietary data were collected utilizing the reduced version of the National Cancer Institute (Block) food frequency questionnaire. The results of this analysis, adjusted for age, education, and total calories, indicated a strong protective effect associated with total vegetable consumption and intake of carotene. Individuals in the highest quartile of vegetable consumption experienced the greatest decreased risk with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.2, [confidence interval (CI) 0.1-0.5]. The effect of all vegetables combined was greater than that of green and yellow vegetables alone (highest quartile OR 0.4, CI 0.2-0.7). Similarly, the protective effect of total carotene (highest quartile OR 0.3, CI 0.1-0.6) was somewhat greater than that of beta-carotene alone (highest quartile OR 0.4, CI 0.2-0.8). Retinol intake was not associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer in our population. There was an inverse association between lung cancer risk and vitamin C intake, which was not significant, although a statistically significant trend was noted.
Developmental exposure to mercury chloride does not impair social behavior of C57BL/6 × BTBR F(1) mice.

The effects of mercury (Hg) on social behavior and the mechanisms involved remain unknown. This study shows that Hg chloride (HgCl2) exposure during fetal development does not impair social behavior of a mouse strain susceptible to environment-induced autistic-like behavior based on the parental phenotype. On the contrary, Hg exposure elevated the sociability of females. Since B6 mice are behaviorally normal and BTBR mice display low levels of sociability, the F1 offspring (B6BF1) of female B6 mice and male BTBR mice were used to investigate their social behavior and the effects of Hg. Developmental Hg-treatment increased the serum IgG levels of the post-natal day (pnd) 21 offspring, but not pnd70 offspring or the B6 dams. After Hg treatment, there were negligible levels of serum IgG anti-brain antibodies (Ab) in the pnd21 and pnd70 offspring as well as their dams. However, Hg did elevate IgG deposition in multiple assayed brain regions of the pnd21 offspring, but the higher levels were no longer present ...
Wellposedness of a nonlocal nonlinear diffusion equation of image processing

Existence and uniqueness of solutions to non-smooth initial data are established for a slight modification of the degenerate regularization of the well-known Perona–Malik equation first proposed in Guidotti and Lambers (2009). The results heavily rely on the choice of an appropriate functional setting inspired by a recent approach to degenerate parabolic equations via so-called singular Riemannian manifolds (Amann, 2013, 2016).
Ecological, Social and Economic Problems of the Turkmen Caspian Zone

Turkmenistan is one of the five independent states bordering the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea basin is a unique natural region with great significance for the economy of the country and for interstate relations. The sea has great influence on regional climate. It smooths the amplitude of fluctuations of the temperature of the whole Caspian region air mass, thereby considerably “softening” the climate. Supplying the atmosphere with an enormous amount of moisture from evaporation, the sea mitigates the influence of the hot deserts of Central Asia. However, the recent rise of the Caspian Sea level, which started in 1978, is fraught with negative ecological, social and economic consequences.
Water Quality Modeling of Groundwater Systems

Groundwater aquifers serve both as reservoirs and as conduits, thus making water readily available over large areas of land for any convenient purpose. A survey sponsored by the Commission of European Communities (1) has shown that groundwater is a source of supply for a variety of economic activities. In Denmark, for instance, groundwater satisfies 100 percent of the water requirements for agricultural uses, 98 percent for domestic uses, and a large proportion of industrial uses. In some countries it is used even as a coolant for conventional power stations. France alone estimates that it will be using annually some 1000 mcm (million cubic meters) of groundwater by the year 2000. Potential groundwater resources in Italy amount to some 13,000 mcm (2). Most of this is located in the north and only a small fraction, i.e., 22 percent, occurs in the south and on the islands. A recent Italy-wide survey indicated that current withdrawal from wells is about 8700 mcm per annum.
Chapter 9 – The Development of Reactions to Guilt-Producing Events

Publisher Summary Individuals experiencing shame report a concern with inadequacies of the self and a desire to run away, retreat, and shrink from the precipitating event. In guilt, the concern is with the act and injury suffered by the victim. The individual experiences a pressing need to approach the situation, to confess, apologize, rectify, make reparation, and set things right. Many of these responses are intrinsically prosocial in nature. Other responses may prompt corrective and remediative behaviors that contain and control damage and prevent recurrences. It is suggested that one of the most important tasks facing parents and caregivers is to induce, instill, and inculcate healthy feelings of guilt and personal responsibility in children. Of equal importance may be the task of teaching children to deal effectively and ethically with feelings of guilt. The challenge is to encourage and reward a healthy predisposition for guilt. Responses that remove the onus of responsibility from the individual such as justifications and excuses hold the potential for extinguishing future as well as past guilt feelings. The absence of guilt is closely associated with sociopathy. Studies show rationalizations are associated with greater aggression and lowered prosocial behavior as reported by peers and more self-reported racist attitudes. At the other extreme, chronic feelings of guilt are associated with poor mental health. Reconciliatory reactions may help channel guilt into positive behaviors and prevent the feelings from becoming chronic.
425 Child injury prevention in china, evidence based policy development

Background As infectious diseases have well controlled and become less common, death due to injury has become the leading cause of mortality among children aged between one and 18 years in China. Every year, more than 80,000 Chinese children die due to unintentional injury, and at least 10 million under the age of 18 are injured, of whom 8 million are treated in hospitals. Methods In recognition of this, UNICEF has developed country program on child injury prevention (CIP) and strategic support on advocating government policy and implementation of CIP. The evidence of child injury issues has been presented to the government through population based child injury survey in Beijing City (2003) and Jiangxi Province (2005), and it has been confirmed that injury is the leading cause of death for children in China. As requested by government, the CIP project in China aiming on policy advocacy and CIP intervention have been developed in UNICEF cooperated project with government of China. Results National policy on CIP developed by National Working Committee for Children and Women through China National Program for Child Development (2011–2020). One sixth reduction of child injury mortality target goal set up in this national plan. Child injury prevention pilots supported by UNICEF developed through implementation safe home, safe school, and safe community activities. The CIP implementation sites has increased from beginning 3 counties supported by UNICEF to 29 counties by both government and UNICEF so far. Conclusions The results of CIP project show that it is feasible to implementing child injury prevention through established government service system from health, education, community, and public security and safety etc. The evidence for advocating CIP development, demonstration of CIP implementation, and technical support on guidance of safe home, safe school, safe community, and monitoring system needed to help government building CIP system.
Management of Gout: A Systematic Review in Support of an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline

This systematic review, done to support an American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline, summarizes evidence about the accuracy of clinical tests and classification algorithms for the...
Legislative “Allies” and Judicial Oversight of Executive Power

ABSTRACTWhen ruling on executive power challenges, judges will exhibit increased deference if faced with the threat of retaliation or non-enforcement from the executive. However, in cases involving executive power, legislatures play a key role in determining whether judges rule against the executive. When equipped with a legislative “ally” the threat of executive retaliation decreases, thus reducing the necessity of strategic behavior on the part of judges, particularly judges whose preferences diverge from the executive. Using an original dataset of cases involving challenges to state executive power between 1980 and 2010, I find that preference congruence with the state legislature affects whether judges defer to executive power. However, the effect of a legislative ally depends on the ideological distance between the judge and the executive. Although many separation of power analyses focus on the conflict between legislatures and courts, legislatures can assist in facilitating judicial independence whe...