cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of CaMg exchange between olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene: potential for geobarometry

Abstract The distribution of Ca and Mg among coexisting olivine, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene has been studied in a piston-cylinder apparatus in the temperature range 1100–1300°C and pressure range 9–41 kbar. Ca in olivine decreases with increasing pressure and decreasing temperature. The pressure effect is the result of Ca going into the higher-coordination M2 site in clinopyroxene as pressure is increased. For the Ca Mg exchange reaction between olivine and clinopyroxene, ΔV°=0.249J bar−1 mole−1; this is sufficient for pressure estimates accurate to ±3kbar if temperatures of equilibration are independently known. Ca Mg exchange between olivine and orthopyroxene is not sufficiently pressure dependent to be used as a geobarometer. Application of the olivine-clinopyroxene geobarometer to coarse garnet lherzolites from southern Africa gives P-T results consistent with a continental geotherm. For spinel lherzolites from southwestern United States, the geotherm appears to be displaced to higher temperatures indicating oceanic affinities. Application of the geobarometer to natural systems requires assumptions about activity relationships in clinopyroxene which should be checked by experiment.
Optimization of the anaerobic treatment of a waste stream from an enhanced oil recovery process.

Abstract The aim of this work was to optimize the anaerobic treatment of a waste stream from an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process. The treatment of a simulated waste water containing about 150 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and the saturation level of CO 2 was evaluated. A two-step anaerobic system was undertaken in the mesophilic temperature range (30–40 °C). The method of evolutionary operation EVOP factorial design was used to optimize pH, temperature and organic loading rate with the target parameters of CO 2 reduction and CH 4 production in the first reactor and TPH removal in the second reactor. The results showed 98% methanogenic removal of CO 2 and CH 4 yield of 0.38 L/gCOD in the first reactor and 83% TPH removal in the second reactor. In addition to enhancing CO 2 and TPH removal and CH 4 production, application of this method showed the degree of importance of the operational variables and their interactive effects for the two reactors in series.
Mesure in vitro en conditions dynamiques de la cinématique rachidienne

Resume La robotique s’est recemment repandue pour les experimentations biomecaniques du rachis. Le but de ce travail est de decrire et valider une nouvelle methode permettant d’etudier in vitro un specimen rachidien plurisegmentaire en conditions dynamiques. Cette methode repose sur l’utilisation d’un simulateur avec six degres de liberte permettant d’imposer des mouvements dans toutes les directions, d’un systeme optoelectrique de recueil de donnees cinematiques, et d’un systeme original d’attache des marqueurs cinematiques permettant leur retrait et leur replacement precis entre les differentes conditions d’examen. La precision des mesures, ainsi que leur reproductibilite en conditions statiques et dynamiques sont ici rapportees a partir de l’etude d’un specimen de rachis lombaire humain (L1-sacrum). La methode apparait fiable et reproductible, et devrait donc permettre dans le futur d’etudier les variations de mobilites entre rachis sain pathologique, ainsi que de mieux comprendre l’influence des differents implants sur la cinematique rachidienne.
Urgent distal splenorenal shunt in low-body weight patients.

The authors report two patients with extrahepatic portal hypertension and repeated massive␣bleeding from esophageal varices who underwent urgent distal splenorenal shunting (DSRS) after having proved refractory to medical treatment, endoscopic sclerotherapy, and ligation of esophageal varices. Their ages and weights were 18 months/10 kg, and 11 months/6.4 kg, respectively. The splenic veins were 6 and 4 mm in diameter. During follow-up of 4 and 3 years, respectively, the shunts have remained patent in both patients as demonstrated by Doppler Ultrasound. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage has not recurred, splenomegaly regressed, and platelet and white blood cell counts increased gradually. Nither patient developed a significant encephalopathy, and liver function tests showed no significant changes throughout the observed period. The authors considered the shunting feasible despite the relatively narrow splenic veins. In both patients the anatomic position of the splenic vein – more caudal to the posterior wall of the pancreas – facilitated its isolation. In the smaller infant, the inferior mesenteric vein was sutured to gain a satisfactory segment of splenic vein. The successful use of a DSRS to control actively bleeding varices in a child weighing 6.4 kg has not been previously reported.
Molecular events associated with arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human prostatic epithelial cells: aberrant genomic DNA methylation and K-ras oncogene activation

Numerous studies link arsenic exposure to human cancers in a variety of tissues, including the prostate. Our prior work showed that chronic arsenic exposure of the non-tumorigenic, human prostate epithelial cell line, RWPE-1, to low levels of (5 microM) sodium arsenite for 29 weeks resulted in malignant transformation and produced the tumorigenic CAsE-PE cell line. The present work focuses on the molecular events occurring during this arsenic-induced malignant transformation. Genomic DNA methylation was significantly reduced in CAsE-PE cells. A time course experiment showed that during malignant transformation DNA methyltransferase activity was markedly reduced by arsenic. However, DNA methyltransferase mRNA levels were not affected by arsenic exposure. Microarray screening showed that K-ras was highly overexpressed in CAsE-PE cells, a result further confirmed by Northern blot and Western blot analyses. Since ras activation is thought to be a critical event in prostate cancer progression, further detailed study was performed. Time course experiments also showed that increased K-ras expression preceded malignant transformation. Mutational analysis of codons 12, 13, and 61 indicated the absence of K-ras mutations. The K-ras gene can be activated by hypomethylation, but our study showed that CpG methylation in K-ras promoter region was not altered by arsenic exposure. Arsenic metabolism studies showed RWPE-1, CAsE-PE, and primary human prostate cells all had a very poor capacity for arsenic methylation. Thus, inorganic arsenic-induced transformation in human cells is associated with genomic DNA hypomethylation and K-ras overexpression. However, overexpression of K-ras occurred without mutations and through a mechanism other than promoter region hypomethylation.
Association between schizophrenia symptoms and neurocognition on mobility in older adults with schizophrenia

Objectives: Older persons with schizophrenia develop problems associated with aging, such as poor mobility, at more rapid rates than people without serious mental illness. Decrements in mobility contribute to poor health outcomes. Impaired neurocognitive function and psychiatric symptoms are central aspects of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between neurocognitive impairment and schizophrenia symptoms to mobility in older adults with schizophrenia.Methods: A cross-sectional study with 46 older adults with schizophrenia. Participants were assessed on neurocognitive function (MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery), psychiatric symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or PANSS), and mobility (Timed Get Up and Go or TGUG test). Pearson's bivariate correlations (two-tailed) and a simultaneous regression model were used.Results: Lower severity of negative symptoms and faster speed of processing tests were associated with faster TGUG time in bivariate correlations an...
Topographic mapping of the EEG in premature infants and neonates

The topography of the brain electrical activity is presented for the low voltage theta (LV theta), high voltage slow (HVS), delta brush (DB), trace alternant (TA), frontal sharp transient (FST), and premature temporal theta (PT theta) patterns in pre-term and term neonates, 28-49 weeks conceptional age. The maps for the delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands are described, demonstrating distinctive localizations and distributions of these patterns, emphasizing midline peaks, especially the Fz for theta (LV theta, TA, DB) and alpha (FST, PT theta) and the Pz for delta (DB, HVS, PT theta). Topographic variability of these patterns tends to decrease in those rhythms that are developing with advancing conceptional age and increase in those that are diminishing in time.
Alteration of Sequence Specificity of the Type II Restriction Endonuclease HincII through an Indirect Readout Mechanism.

Abstract The functional and structural consequences of a mutation of the DNA intercalating residue of HincII, Q138F, are presented. Modeling has suggested that the DNA intercalation by Gln-138 results in DNA distortions potentially used by HincII in indirect readout of its cognate DNA, GTYRAC (Y = C or T, R = AorG) (Horton, N. C., Dorner, L. F., and Perona, J. J. (2002) Nat. Struct. Biol. 9, 42-47). Kinetic data presented here indicate that the mutation of glutamine 138 to phenylalanine (Q138F) results in a change in sequence specificity at the center two base pairs of the cognate recognition site. We show that the preference of HincII for cutting, but not binding, the three cognate sites differing in the center two base pairs has been altered by the mutation Q138F. Five new crystal structures are presented including Q138F HincII bound to GTTAAC and GTCGAC both with and without Ca2+ as well as the structure of wild type HincII bound to GTTAAC. The Q138F HincII/DNA structures show conformational changes in the protein, bound DNA, and at the protein-DNA interface, consistent with the formation of adaptive complexes. Analysis of these structures and the effect of Ca2+ binding on the protein-DNA interface illuminates the origin of the altered specificity by the mutation Q138F in the HincII enzyme.
Operational sex ratios and sperm limitation in populations of Drosophila pachea

Males of the cactophilic fruitfly, Drosophila pachea, produce relatively few but very large sperm, and partition their limited gamete numbers among successive mates. The present study found that males take 10 days longer than females, post-eclosion, to become sexually mature. The pattern of testes development suggests that the need to produce testes long enough to manufacture the giant sperm is the cause of the delayed male maturity. These findings generate the prediction that the operational sex ratio (OSR) of populations will be female-biased. The size, sex ratio, and OSR of natural populations were examined. In general, local populations tended to be small and sex ratios tended to be slightly male-biased. However, as predicted, the OSR of populations, at least in one season, tended to be female-biased, with an average of 2.3 receptive females for each sexually active male. Results of laboratory experiments to determine the relationship between female remating frequency and fitness, and between population OSR and productivity, suggest that natural populations with female-biased OSRs are sperm-limited. The origin and maintenance of sperm gigantism and the unusual sperm-partitioning behavior of males are discussed with respect to population structure.
Transactions cost, endogenous labor, and the superneutrality of money

Abstract This paper develops a tractable perfect-foresight-shopping-time model with endogenous labor-leisure choice to investigate the superneutrality of money. Different from the existing literature, we examine the effects of money growth on both employment and capital accumulation. Under the lump-sum money transfer, we show that an increase in money growth rate unambiguously reduces steady-state capital, labor, leisure, consumption, and welfare, contrary to previous work. Since money is introduced into transaction effort technology via time allocation, the positive correlation between steady-state labor and leisure emerges.
Poly[[tris­(μ2-acetato-κ2O:O′)(4-chloro­benzene-1,2-di­amine-κN)(μ3-hydroxido)dizinc] ethanol monosolvate]

The title compound, {[Zn2(CH3CO2)3(OH)(C6H7ClN2)]·C2H5OH}n, has alternating octa­hedrally and tetra­hedrally coordinated Zn2+ ions. The octa­hedral coordination sphere is composed of one N atom of the monodentate di­amino­chloro­benzene ligand, three acetate O atoms and two bridging hydroxide ligands. The tetra­hedral coordination sphere consists of three acetate O atoms and the hydroxide ligand. The zinc ions are bridged by acetate and hydroxide ligands. The result is a laddered-chain structure parallel to [100] with ethanol solvent mol­ecules occupying the space between the chains. The di­amine ligand chlorine substitutent is disordered over two equally populated positions as a result of a crystallographically imposed inversion center between adjacent ligands. The ethanol solvent mol­ecule exhibits disorder with the two components having refined occupancies of 0.696 (11) and 0.304 (11). O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds form between the hydroxide ligand and the ethanol solvent mol­ecule. N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonding between the uncoordinated amine group and the acetate ligands and the coordinated amine group are also observed.
Remote Sensing for Productivity in Pelagic Fisheries

IT has been argued that the reason for going into space is to obtain a better look at our own planet. One of the specific projects of NASA will be remote measurement of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the world's oceans, the practical use of this measurement most often mentioned relating to pelagic fisheries. A proponent is Dr Maurice Blackburn of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, who argues that the detection of phytoplankton concentrations by the measurement of chlorophyll may increase the efficiency of the tuna fisheries by reducing the scouting time necessary for the fishing fleet. Blackburn's arguments are based on a rather simple hypothesis that the distribution of a pelagic fish such as the tuna is controlled by water temperature and the availability of food1. His group has tested this hypothesis in an area off Baja, California, where large schools of tuna concentrate, feeding primarily on a red crustacean. The crustaceans in turn feed at least partially on the phytoplankton, which are abundant in this area. There is some feeling among fishery biologists that the Baja case may be an exception. Also, if the energy change through the food web is higher than the generally accepted value of 10%, small fluctuations in primary production observed in the open ocean may be too small to explain the yield of a particular fish or its distribution2. As Blackburn points out, tests with pelagic fishes are not easily arranged. The opportunity for testing the hypothesis in the Atlantic Ocean occurred when the research vessel Delaware made an exploratory fishing cruise across the North Atlantic Ocean, roughly between the Azores and the North American coast3.
Single-instruction multiple-data (SIMD) parallel optical computation of high-level image operations

In this paper, we extend our earlier work in image algebra (IA)-based optical processing to the optical computation of high-level image operations (HLIOs) such as connected component labelling, determining component adjacency graphs, finding corresponding points in stereo pair images, and computing the Euler number. In particular, we transform an IA expression that describes a given image procedure into the dataflow graph of the corresponding MEA-conformable (Multiple Execution Array) architecture. From the MEA dataflow graph, we deduce the components and connectivity of a corresponding optical processor. Analyses emphasize computational cost inclusive of propagation time, as well as information loss expected from optical devices such as Spatial Light Modulators.
Depressive syndrome in schizophrenia

A depressive syndrome, closely resembling melancholia, was found in a large proportion of chronic schizophrenic men. Depression was most prominent during acute psychotic phases and was characterized by a delusional core of worthlessness and guilt. The depressive syndrome may persist throughout the patient's psychotic life and appears to be an integral component of schizophrenic psychopathology.
Disappearing Socialism: Volker Braun's Unvollendete Geschichte

One aspect of the Cold War's legacy has slipped from collective memory: the distinctly socialist arguments against the regimes of the East, for instance the GDR.Volker Braun's 1977 novella Unvollendete Geschichte provides an instructive example of the current invisibility of such socialist arguments. In the West, Unvollendete Geschichte has been read as a straightforward condemnation of an authoritarian state that penalizes individuals on illegitimate grounds. Yet Braun is a committed socialist and criticizes the state not for its violation of the individual's integrity, but for the suppression of conflict internal to the collective. A historically sensitive reading reveals that Braun seeks to expose the (East German) state as a distorted manifestation of social collaboration, in line with a radical socialist tradition.
An experimental examination of implicit stress theory

Implicit theories lead individuals to make assumptions about one trait based on their knowledge of another trait. This study experimentally examined Implicit Stress Theory under conditions of high and low performance information. The objective was to test for evidence of Implicit Stress Theory in ratings of effectiveness, commitment, and burnout. Results indicated moderate support for Implicit Stress Theory such that raters evaluated employee burnout and commitment as higher when the employee was perceived to be working under stressful conditions. Interestingly, the data suggested stronger support (based on the proportion of variance explained) for an Implicit Performance Theory such that information regarding good performance was associated with higher levels of commitment and less burnout than poor performance.
Vicariously and directly learned helplessness and effectiveness1

Experiment 1 demonstrated the typical helplessness effect of inescapability on directly participating female subjects. Predictions drawn from social learning theory and comparison level theory on vicariously learned helplessness and effectiveness were then tested in a second study employing the prototypical learned helplessness induction design. In Experiment 2, 180 women served as either observers or direct participants and were pretreated as dyads with escapable, inescapable, or irrelevant noise. Consistent with social learning theory, subsequent instrumental task performance demonstrated facilitation effects of escapability on observers, and the same effect on direct participants also was found. No debilitation effects of vicariously or directly experienced inescapability were obtained. The combined results suggest that the induction of helplessness and effectiveness may depend on the social context in which relative controllability is operative, and are discussed primarily in terms of possible coaction effects.
Standardized varimax descriptors of event related potentials: Evaluation of psychiatric patients

A large normative data base of visual and auditory event related potentials (ERPs) was collected. Factor analysis (PCVA) was used to extract factor wave shapes that accurately reconstructed these normal ERPs with appropriate "factor scores." The mean value and standard deviation (SD) of the normative factor score distribution were computed separately for each stimulus, factor, and electrode. This enabled reconstruction of any individual ERP as a combination of these standardized Varimax descriptors, with z-transformation of the required factor scores giving objective statistical assessment of ERP wave shape. Statistical probability factor z-score topographic maps were constructed, color coded in SDs from the normative means. The incidence of significant individual deviations from these normative mean values was at or near chance levels in test groups of normal subjects. For many of these new ERP descriptors, significant deviations from the norms were found for single features in from 20% to as much as 63% of the patients in particular diagnostic categories. Factor z-scores were used to construct multivariate discriminant functions that accurately and replicably separated (1) normal from schizophrenic from demented subjects and (2) schizophrenic from bipolar depressed subjects.
The set of limiting distributions for a Markov chain with fuzzy transition probabilities

Abstract Using point-to-set maps and the Hausdorf metric, we derive the stationary set of distributions for a finite Markov chain with fuzzy (i.e., specified within bounds) transition probabilities, and give two limiting-set theorems which are analogous to the ergodic theorems for ordinary stationary Markov chains. We also describe the testable properties of a fuzzy-probability chain which will guarantee existence of a unique limiting set, give a test for elements in or arbitrarily close to the limiting set, and give a method for approximating the stationary set to any desired degree of accuracy with respect to the Hausdorf metric. An illustrative example in three dimensions is included.
“A Way to Cross Over”: Caribbean Literary Criticism

This article briefly introduces the major themes of contemporary Caribbean literary criticism as well as the key theorists. The pertinent themes discussed are creole identity, new cosmopolitan and other alternative universalisms, migratory and diasporic identity, and the politics of language.
Evaluation of Grid Modification Methods for On- and Off-Track Sonic Boom Analysis

Grid modification methods have been under development at NASA to enable better predictions of low boom pressure signatures from supersonic aircraft. As part of this effort, two new codes, Stretched and Sheared Grid - Modified (SSG) and Boom Grid (BG), have been developed in the past year. The CFD results from these codes have been compared with ones from the earlier grid modification codes Stretched and Sheared Grid (SSGRID) and Mach Cone Aligned Prism (MCAP) and also with the available experimental results. NASA's unstructured grid suite of software TetrUSS and the automatic sourcing code AUTOSRC were used for base grid generation and flow solutions. The BG method has been evaluated on three wind tunnel models. Pressure signatures have been obtained up to two body lengths below a Gulfstream aircraft wind tunnel model. Good agreement with the wind tunnel results have been obtained for both on-track and off-track (up to 53 degrees) cases. On-track pressure signatures up to ten body lengths below a Straight Line Segmented Leading Edge (SLSLE) wind tunnel model have been extracted. Good agreement with the wind tunnel results have been obtained. Pressure signatures have been obtained at 1.5 body lengths below a Lockheed Martin aircraft wind tunnel model. Good agreement with the wind tunnel results have been obtained for both on-track and off-track (up to 40 degrees) cases. Grid sensitivity studies have been carried out to investigate any grid size related issues. Methods have been evaluated for fully turbulent, mixed laminar/turbulent and fully laminar flow conditions.
ESR spectra, structure and photochemistry of carboxylic acid and ester anions: matrix isolation study

Abstract Using photo-induced electron transfer technique, anion radicals of carboxylic acids (CH 3 ) n (= 0,1,2,3)CH 3- n COOH and their ethyl esters were generated in argon matrices and examined by ESR. The study confirmed the previously reported photolysis path A for both the acid and ester anions, and revealed the presence of the second photolysis path B, an intramolecular abstraction. where R = ethyl or H. Both reaction paths are effected by visible light (λ =450 nm). Reaction path A prevailed for the ethyl ester anions, while reaction path B generally prevailed for the acid anions. For (CH 3 ) 3 CCOOH anions, the intramolecular abstraction involving a γ proton was observed. The conformations (the pyramidal shape and the azimuthal position of the β alkyl group) and the unpaired electron distributions of the acid and ester anions given by the AM1-MNDO molecular orbital method are in excellent agreement with those deduced from the ESR spectra observed at 4 K.
Analysis of the 5′-termini of nascent DNA chains synthesized in permeable cells of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract The nascent DNA synthesized by permeable cells of Bacillus subtilis in the presence of 5′-mercurideoxycytidine triphosphate and 2′,3′-dideoxyATP has been isolated and characterized. The newly synthesized DNA was isolated free from other cellular nucleic acids by affinity chromatography on thiol-substituted agarose. The number average chain length of the nascent DNA synthesized in one minute at 25 °C was 33 nucleotide residues, due to the chain-terminating action of 2′,3′-dideoxyATP. Several lines of evidence indicated that at least 90% of the DNA thus isolated carried a terminally phosphorylated RNA moiety at its 5′-end: (1) the nascent DNA was resistant to exonucleolytic degradation by spleen phosphodiesterase unless first hydrolyzed by strong alkali or ribonuclease; (2) the 5′-termini of nascent DNA could not be phosphorylated by polynucleotide kinase unless first treated with alkaline phosphatase or subjected to hydrolysis by strong alkali or ribonuclease; (3) alkaline hydrolysis of nascent DNA labeled with 32 P at the 5′-end released unlabeled DNA with a free 5′-terminus and 32 P-labeled ribonucleoside 3′,5′-bisphosphates; (4) ribonuclease degradation of similarly labeled material produced an unlabeled DNA-containing polynucleotide fraction and 32 P-labeled ribo-oligonucleotides; (5) chromatography on dihydroxyboryl cellulose showed that the RNA moiety lacked a 3′-terminal cis -diol grouping (even after treatment with alkaline phosphatase) unless first subjected to the 3′-exonucleolytic action of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. The sequence of the ribonucleotide chains was elucidated by end-group labeling with polynucleotide kinase and digestion with various ribonucleases. The ribonucleotide moiety was primarily three and four residues in length with the predominant sequence (pp)pApG(pC) 1–2 pDNA. The possibility that it represents a primer for discontinuous DNA synthesis is discussed.
On the determination of coronal temperature from the decay of type III radio bursts

Assumptions inherent in the determination of coronal temperature from the decay rate of type III radio bursts are examined. It is suggested that no reliable temperature estimates can yet be made.
Slow-waves in rat small intestine

Abstract Rat small intestine generates rhythmic slow-wave activity. The slow-waves are not eliminated by ouabain application or incubation in potassium free solution. Exposure to low sodium or calcium free solution decreases slow-wave activity. Incubation in sodium and calcium free solution eliminates activity. It is concluded that rat small intestinal slow-waves may not result from the same mechanism as in the cat.
Efficacy and safety of idebenone in the treatment of Friedreich ataxia: a review of early results and future prospects

Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal-recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by difficulty walking, dysarthria and absent reflexes. At present, no treatment or cure exists, but the pathophysiology of FRDA suggests that antioxidants and related compounds may be efficacious. Research in the field has focused on idebenone, a lipid-soluble synthetic short-chain analogue of the quinone coenzyme Q10. Idebenone protects mitochondrial membranes from oxidative damage in vitro and may facilitate electron transport within the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In FRDA, idebenone decreases cardiac hypertrophy, but the clinical significance of this finding remains unknown. Recent Phase II trials using higher doses of idebenone have suggested a dose-dependent improvement in neurologic symptoms. To confirm these results, a Phase III trial has begun in the USA with the goal of assessing the efficacy of idebenone for the treatment of neurologic dysfunction in FRDA.
Exploratory factor analysis of MRI brain structure measures in schizophrenia

Much of the literature shows various regional structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, but the complexity and variability of the brain makes it difficult to determine how these regions are related. Statistical methods which estimate factors underlying patterns of covariance have not been widely used, but could be useful for analyzing such complex data. We applied exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis procedures to specific cortical and subcortical regional brain volume measures from MRI data in 60 normal and 44 schizophrenic subjects. Basal ganglia, heteromodal cortical gray, and medial temporal lobe factors were present in both the normal and the schizophrenia groups. The factor structure observed in the normal group showed a high degree of bilateral symmetry which is present but disrupted in the schizophrenia group. In the bilateral data, the disruption is most pronounced with medial and lateral temporal lobe structures including entorhinal cortex and anterior and posterior superior temporal gyri. There was a significant correlation between the basal ganglia factor and the heteromodal cortical gray factor in the normal group that was not present in the schizophrenia group. In the unilateral data, left posterior superior temporal gyrus did not load onto any factor in the schizophrenia group. Confirmatory factor analyses showed significant differences between the two groups in factor structure. A number of specific brain regions are affected in schizophrenia, and structural relationships between groups of regions also are abnormal. The results suggest that heteromodal dorsolateral prefrontal and superior temporal cortical gray regions are structurally related, whereas inferior parietal cortical gray is less so. These results should be viewed as preliminary as the ratio of parameters to subjects was relatively low, and replication is needed. However, the results demonstrate the potential utility of latent structure methods such as factor analysis in study of complex relationships in neuropsychiatric data.
Experimental analysis of communication/data-conditional aspects of a mixed-mode parallel architecture via synthetic computations

Experimentation aimed at determining the potential benefit of mixed-mode SIMD/MIMD parallel architectures is reported. The experimentation is based on timing measurements made on the PASM system prototype at Purdue utilizing carefully coded synthetic variations of a well-known algorithm. The synthetic algorithms used to measure and evaluate this system were based on bitonic sorting of sequences stored in the processing elements. This computation was mapped to both the SIMD and MIMD modes of parallelism, as well as two hybrids of the SIMD and MIMD modes. The computations were coded in these four ways and experiments were performed that explore the trade-offs among them. The results of these experiments are presented and are discussed with special consideration of the effects of the system's architecture. The goal is to (as much as possible) obtain implementation independent analyses of the attributes of mixed-mode parallel processing with respect to the computational characteristics of the application being examined. The results are used to gain insight into the impact of computation mode on synchronization and data-conditional aspects of system performance.
Pyroxene orientation within the upper mantle

Petrofabric analyses of orthopyroxene and olivine for a suite of rocks from the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland, show systematic relationships between the minerals9 fabrics, the plane of the Mohorovicic discontinuity determined from the contact of the gabbro and ultramafic sections, and the spreading direction inferred from the attitude of the sheeted dikes. The orthopyroxene c crystallographic axes maxima, which are aligned subparallel to the spreading direction, coincide with olivine a axes maxima. The orthopyroxene b axes and olivine c axes also lie approximately within the plane of the Mohorovicic discontinuity but parallel the ridge, whereas the orthopyroxene a axes maxima and olivine b axes maxima are approximately perpendicular to the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Using olivine and orthopyroxene elastic constants and their pressure derivatives, velocities have been calculated from composite petrofabric data and contoured for varying proportions of olivine and pyroxene. The results of these calculations show that within a vertical direction compressional wave velocities change only slightly with increasing pyroxene content, whereas parallel to the Mohorovicic discontinuity velocities decrease with increasing pyroxene content. Anisotropy decreases from 4% for a rock with 100% olivine to 2.6% for a rock with 50% olivine and 50% orthopyroxene. Also within the plane of Mohorovicic discontinuity, the maximum and minumum velocities occur at approximately the same azimuth for differing percentages of orthopyroxene. A comparison of the calculated anisotropy and the observed seismic anisotropy off the coast of California shows a striking agreement. From this comparison, it is estimated that the percentage of orthopyroxene within the upper mantle of this region varies between 0% and 30%.
Correlations between the Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children for a Preschool Sample

Summary.-The Stanford-Binet, Fourth Edition has potential utility for assessing the cognitive functioning of preschool children; however, construct validation is a necessary precursor to widespread application. In the current study, the Stanford-Binet IV and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children were administered to 36 preschool children to estimate the association of scores. No significant mean difference was obtained between the two composite scores. Correlations between conceptually similar factors were higher than those between dissimilar factors. These results suggest that the Stanford-Binet IV is a valid measure of intellectual functioning for preschool children. One of the newest intelhgence scales for preschool children is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition. One advantage that the test has compared with other cognitive instruments is that its scales extend down to test children as young as two years old. While the reliability and validity have been established, most existing validity studies have been conducted on children over age 5. With the present trend of evaluating children as early as possible to plan educational intervention and remediation, additional research is necessary prior to applying the scale to preschool children. The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition (Thorndike, Hagen, & Sattler, 1986a, 1986b) is an individually administered intelligence test used to assess the cognitive abilities of individuals from Age 2 to Adult. The Fourth Edition is the latest revision of the Stanford-Binet which was originally published in 1916. The greatest difference between the StanfordBinet IV and the earlier forms of this test lies in the number and type of scores provided. In the present version, a Composite score which measures general reasoning ability (g), a Verbal Reasoning score, an Abstract/Visual Reasoning score, a Quantitative score, and a Memory score are available. When any new test is developed, validation against other accepted instruments is imperative. This vabdation should include each age level at which the test will be used. Specifically with preschool children, developmental changes between one age and the next may influence how cognitive skills are expressed and this may, in turn, influence the chddren's test scores.
Adverse effect of dopamine agonist therapy in a patient with motor-intentional neglect

Studies in animals and humans report dopamine agonists can improve neglect. Because dopamine deficit reduces intention to act, it has been suspected the dopamine agonist bromocriptine would improve deficient hemispatial intention. Thus, the effect of bromocriptine on line bisection was examined in a patient with neglect and failure of the action-intention system. The 58-year-old patient had left-sided neglect from a right cerebral infarction involving both cortical and subcortical (striatal) structures. It was determined that neglect on a line bisection task was attributable to a motor-intentional bias by testing under congruous and incongruous video monitoring. Testing sessions were held before starting bromocriptine, on 20mg/d, and after stopping bromocriptine. The patient's ipsilesional bias increased on bromocriptine, and improved when bromocriptine was stopped. Bromocriptine may worsen neglect if putamenal receptors are damaged. Dopamine agonists may activate the normal hemisphere, increasing an intentional bias. Clinicians using dopaminergic pharmacotherapy should assess patients for this possible adverse effect.
Long-distance quantum key distribution in optical fibre

Use of low-noise detectors can both increase the secret bit rate of long-distance quantum key distribution (QKD) and dramatically extend the length of a fibre optic link over which secure keys can be distributed. Previous work has demonstrated the use of ultra-low-noise transition-edge sensors (TESs) in a QKD system with transmission over 50?km. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of the TESs by successfully generating an error-corrected, privacy-amplified key over 148.7?km of dark optical fibre at a mean photon number ? = 0.1, or 184.6?km of dark optical fibre at a mean photon number of 0.5. We have also exchanged secret keys over 67.5?km that is secure against powerful photon-number-splitting (PNS) attacks.
RNA binding by the novel helical domain of the influenza virus NS1 protein requires its dimer structure and a small number of specific basic amino acids

The RNA-binding/dimerization domain of the NS1 protein of influenza A virus (73 amino acids in length) exhibits a novel dimeric six-helical fold. It is not known how this domain binds to its specific RNA targets, one of which is double-stranded RNA. To elucidate the mode of RNA binding, we introduced single alanine replacements into the NS1 RNA-binding domain at specific positions in the three-dimensional structure. Our results indicate that the dimer structure is essential for RNA binding, because any alanine replacement that causes disruption of the dimer also leads to the loss of RNA-binding activity. Surprisingly, the arginine side chain at position 38, which is in the second helix of each monomer, is the only amino-acid side chain that is absolutely required only for RNA binding and not for dimerization, indicating that this side chain probably interacts directly with the RNA target. This interaction is primarily electrostatic, because replacement of this arginine with lysine had no effect on RNA binding. A second basic amino acid, the lysine at position 41, which is also in helix 2, makes a strong contribution to the affinity of binding. We conclude that helix 2 and helix 2', which are antiparallel and next to each other in the dimer conformation, constitute the interaction face between the NS1 RNA-binding domain and its RNA targets, and that the arginine side chain at position 38 and possibly the lysine side chain at position 41 in each of these antiparallel helices contact the phosphate backbone of the RNA target.
A saxpy formulation for plane rotations

An algorithm for pre- or post-multiplication of a matrix by a plane rotation, using only three vector saxpy operations instead of the four vector operations usually considered necessary, is described. No auxiliary storage for overwriting is required. The method is shown to be numerically stable.
Retinoid-binding proteins in plasma and in cells

Much has been learned during the past decade about the specific retinoid-binding proteins that exist in plasma, and in the intracellular compartment in a number of tissues. Vitamin A is mobilized from liver stores and transported in plasma in the form of the lipid alcohol retinol, bound to a specific transport protein, retinol-binding protein (RBP). A great deal is now known about the chemical structure, metabolism, and biological roles of RBP. Vitamin A mobilization from the liver is highly regulated by factors that control the rates of RBP production and secretion. Retinol deficiency specifically blocks the secretion of RBP, which can then be rapidly stimulated by intravenous retinol repletion. The cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate these phenomena are under investigation. Delivery of retinol to peripheral tissues appears to involve specific cell surface receptors for RBP. The retinol so delivered enters the target cell, where it may become associated with the intracellular binding protein for retinol (CRBP). A number of tissues of rats, humans, and other species contain soluble proteins with binding specificity for retinol (CRBP) or for retinoic acid (CRABP). These proteins have been purified from several tissues and partly characterized. They differ in a number of ways from plasma RBP, and differ from each other in regard to binding specificity and immunoreactivity. It has been suggested that these intracellular proteins may play a direct role in the biological expression of vitamin A activity in the cell. Studies are in progress to explore this and other possibilities.
Interindividual Variance of Cytochrome P450 Forms in Human Hepatic Microsomes: Correlation of Individual Forms with Xenobiotic Metabolism and Implications in Risk Assessment

Differences in biotransformation activities may alter the bioavailability or efficacy of drugs, provide protection from certain xenobiotic and environmental agents, or increase toxicity of others. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes are responsible for the majority of oxidation reactions of drugs and other xenobiotics and differences in their expression may directly produce interindividual differences in susceptibility to compounds whose toxicity is modulated by these enzymes. To rapidly quantify CYP450 forms in human hepatic microsomes, we developed, and applied, an ELISA to 40 samples of microsomes from adult human organ donors. The procedure was reliable and the results were reproducible within normal limits. Protein content for CYP1A, CYP2E1, and CYP3A positively correlated with suitable marker activities. CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2E1, and CYP3A protein content demonstrated 36-, 13-, 11-, 2-, 12-, and 22-fold differences between the highest and lowest samples and the values were normally distributed. Of the forms examined, CYP3A was expressed in the highest amount and it was the only form whose content was correlated with total CYP450 content. Content of other forms was independent of total CYP450. We further determined the contribution of specific forms to the biotransformation of trichloroethylene as a model substrate. CYP2E1 was strongly correlated with chloral hydrate formation from trichloroethylene; CYP2B displayed the strongest correlation with trichloroethanol formation. These data describing the expression and distribution of these forms in human microsomes can be used to extrapolate in vitro derived metabolic rates for toxicologically important reactions, when form selectivity and specific activity are known. This approach may be applied to refine estimates of human interindividual differences in susceptibility for application in human health risk assessment.
A level set approach for diffusion and Stefan-type problems with Robin boundary conditions on quadtree/octree adaptive Cartesian grids

We present a numerical method for simulating diffusion dominated phenomena on irregular domains and free moving boundaries with Robin boundary conditions on quadtree/octree adaptive meshes. In particular, we use a hybrid finite-difference and finite-volume framework that combines the level-set finite difference discretization of Min and Gibou (2007) [13] with the treatment of Robin boundary conditions of Papac et al. (2010) [19] on uniform grids. We present numerical results in two and three spatial dimensions on the diffusion equation and on a Stefan-type problem. In addition, we present an application of this method to the case of the simulation of the Ehrlich-Schwoebel barrier in the context of epitaxial growth.
Bose-Einstein correlation of positive kaon pairs in E859--Extended results and model comparisons

Results are presented for multidimensional Bose-Einstein Correlation analyses of {pi}{sup +} and K{sup +} mid-rapidity pairs collected by BNL-AGS experiment E859 in 14.6 A{center_dot}GeV/c Si + Au central collisions. Comparisons are made to the cascade codes ARC (v. 1.9.5) and RQMD (v. 1.08). 14 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
IN VITRO STUDIES OF CELLULAR HYPERSENSITIVITY II. RELATIONSHIP OF DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY AND INHIBITION OF CELL MIGRATION BY PICRYLATED PROTEINS

Some characteristics of inhibition of cell migration induced in tissue culture by the addition of specific antigen were studied. The following characteristics were found to be shared by this type of cellular hypersensitivity and delayed cutaneous sensitivity: 1. Specificity for the carrier moiety of haptene protein conjugates. The picryl protein conjugate used to sensitize guinea pigs inhibited migration of monocytic cells from these animals. Other picrylated proteins produced little inhibition. 2. Enhancement by mycobacterial adjuvants. Incorporation of tubercle bacilli with picrylated proteins in adjuvant-antigen emulsions stimulated the development of this cellular hypersensitivity to antigen. 3. Independence of circulating antibody. In contrast to cellular hypersensitivity, serum antibody (a) reacted with any of a number of picrylated proteins, (b) developed well in the absence of mycobacterial adjuvant, and (c) persisted in unchanged titer for 5 weeks in animals sensitized with saline solutions of antigen. During this time cellular hypersensitivity decreased remarkably. The in vitro system described provides a direct method to measure cell-antigen interaction and permits study of an aspect of the immune response not mediated by humoral antibody. The relation of cellular hypersensitivity to antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity is discussed.
Repairable Systems: Bayesian Analysis

The Bayesian approach to analyzing data from repairable systems is presented in this chapter. Specifically, the homogeneous Poisson process and the power law process, a nonhomogeneous Poisson process with intensity equal to λ(t) = (β/θ)(t/θ)β−1, t > 0, are studied. Other models, such as the renewal process, follow a similar pattern. Also, measures of system performance, such as availability, are discussed, where the Bayesian approach provides a convenient way to combine uncertainties. For multiple copies of a repairable system, we discuss empirical Bayes and hierarchical Bayes methods. Keywords: Poisson process; empirical Bayes; hierarchical Bayes
The Biology of Littorina littorea . Part I. Growth of the Shell and Tissues, Spawning, Length of Life and Mortality.

The Periwinkle, Littorina littorea (L.), is one of the most abundant gastropods on the shore, and can live under widely varying conditions. It is found on clean, alga-covered rocks, among small stones, on gravel, on soft mud, and rarely even on sand. It ranges from about high water of neap tides to extreme low water of spring tides, and in some places even slightly below this, although in most localities it is restricted to a much smaller part of the tidal zone. It occurs also from shores with high wave-exposure to sheltered and even polluted estuaries, where it is tolerant of considerable lowering of the salinity. The material for the present study was collected at intervals throughout 1934—1936 from three localities near Plymouth, the details of which are as follows.