cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal tract and selected digestive enzymes in cobia Rachycentron canadum (L.)

The ontogeny of the digestive system of cobia Rachycentron canadum from hatching to 22 days post-hatch (dph) (20·1 mm standard length) was examined with light microscopy. The activities of selected pancreatic enzymes were also determined during this period in order to optimize current rearing methods for this species. At hatching (3·6 mm), the digestive tract consisted of a relatively undifferentiated, straight tube positioned dorsally to the yolk sac. The major morphological changes in the digestive tract primarily occurred over the first 1–4 dph (3·6–4·4 mm). During this time, larvae began exogenous feeding (3 dph) and the digestive tract differentiated into five histologically distinct regions: buccopharynx, oesophagus, stomach anlage, anterior intestine and posterior intestine. Yolk reserves were exhausted by 5 dph (4·5 mm) and the oil globule began rapidly decreasing in size disappearing entirely by 9–10 dph (6·3–6·8 mm). Gastric glands differentiated at this time, and by 12 dph (8·1 mm) surface mucous cells of the stomach anlage stained positive for neutral mucosubstances. By 16 dph (11·6 mm), the blind sac (fundic region) of the stomach formed as did the pyloric caecae which initially appeared as a single protrusion of the anterior intestine just ventral to the pyloric sphincter. Generally, enzyme activities (U larva−1) for amylase (0·0–1·8), chymotrypsin (0·0–7902·4), trypsin (0·2–16·6) and lipase (9·3–1319·0) were measurable at or soon after hatching and increased steadily from c. 8–22 dph (5·7–20·1 mm). The results of this study are discussed in terms of current and future weaning practices of this species.
Computations of enhanced soot production in time-varying CH4/air diffusion flames

Abstract Recent experimental measurements of soot volume fraction in a flickering CH4/air diffusion flame show that for conditions in which the tip of the flame is clipped, soot production is ≈ 5 times greater than that measured for a steady flame burning with the same mean fuel flow velocity (Shaddix et al., Ref. 9). This paper presents time-dependent numerical simulations of both steady and time-varying CH4/air diffusion flames to examine the differences in combustion conditions which lead to the observed enhancement in soot production in the flickering flames. The numerical model solves the two-dimensional, time-dependent, reactive-flow Navier-Stokes equations coupled with submodels for soot formation and radiation transport. Qualitative comparisons between the experimental and computed steady flame show good agreement for the soot burnout height and overall flame shape except near the burner lip. Quantitative comparisons between experimental and computed radial profiles of temperature and soot volume fraction for the steady flame show good to excellent agreement at mid-flame heights, but some discrepancies near the burner lip and at high flame heights. For the time-varying CH4/air flame, the simulations successfully predict that the maximum soot concentration increases by over four times compared to the steady flame with the same mean fuel and air velocities. By numerically tracking fluid parcels in the flowfield, the temperature and stoichiometry history were followed along their convective pathlines. Results for the pathline which passes through the maximum sooting region show that flickering flames exhibit much longer residence times during which the local temperatures and stoichiometries are favorable for soot production. The simulations also suggest that soot inception occurs later in flickering flames, and at slightly higher temperatures and under somewhat leaner conditions compared to the steady flame. The integrated soot model of Syed et al. (Ref. 12), which was developed from a steady CH4/air flame, successfully predicts soot production in the time-varying CH4/air flames.
Lipoperoxidation and cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 inhibitory compounds from Iryanthera juruensis.

Plants from Iryanthera genus have been traditionally used as food supplements by South American Indians. The MeOH extract of leaves of Iryanthera juruensis, one of the plants endemic to the Amazon region and consumed in Brazil, and the hexane extract from its seeds inhibited lipid peroxidation (LPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2)) enzymes in in vitro assays. Further analyses of these extracts yielded 5-deoxyflavones (1−5) from the leaf extract and sargachromenol (6), sargaquinoic acid (7), a novel juruenolic acid (8), ω-arylalkanoic acids (9a−c), and the lignan guaiacin (10) from the seed extract. Compounds 3−5 inhibited LPO by 86%, 77%, and 88% at 10 ppm, respectively, and compounds 6 and 9a−c showed inhibition at 76% and 78% at 100 ppm, respectively. However, compounds 7 and 8 were inactive and lignan 10 exhibited LPO inhibitory activity by 99% at 100 ppm compared to commercial antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and vitamin E. The flavones 1−5 also inhibited ...
COST ANALYSIS OF MARSH RESTORATION THROUGH SEDIMENT STRIPPING AND SPARTINA PROPAGATION

ABSTRACT A cost comparison is presented between conventional methods and a new alternative surface sediment stripping and Spartina propagation technique for the cleanup of oil in marshlands. The sediment-stripping and propagation technique is competitive with the cost of conventional cleanup for spills in small marshland areas, and may be significantly less expensive for the cleanup of large marsh areas severely impacted by an oil spill. Factors affecting the cost of the stripping and propagation technique are discussed, and an optimal stripping and propagation strategy is presented.
The logic of how-questions

Philosophers and scientists are concerned with the why and the how of things. Questions like the following are so much grist for the philosopher’s and scientist’s mill: How can we be free and yet live in a deterministic universe?, How do neural processes give rise to conscious experience?, Why does conscious experience accompany certain physiological events at all?, How is a three-dimensional perception of depth generated by a pair of two-dimensional retinal images?. Since Belnap and Steel’s pioneering work on the logic of questions, Van Fraassen has managed to apply their approach in constructing an account of the logic of why-questions. Comparatively little, by contrast, has been written on the logic of how-questions despite the apparent centrality of questions such as How is it possible for us to be both free and determined? to philosophical enterprise.1 In what follows I develop a logic for how-questions of various sorts including how-questions of cognitive resolution, how-questions of manner, how-questions of method, of means, and of mechanism.
DBH gene as predictor of response in a cocaine vaccine clinical trial

Abstract We examined a pharmacogenetic association of the dopamine β-hydroxylase ( DBH ) gene with a response to an anti-cocaine vaccine that was tested in a recent clinical trial. This gene is associated with cocaine-induced paranoia, which has a slower onset than the euphoria from cocaine. The vaccine reduced euphoria by slowing the entry of cocaine into the brain, but it may not reduce aversive symptoms like paranoia. A 16-week Phase IIb randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of 114 cocaine and opioid dependent subjects who received five vaccinations over the first 12 weeks was examined. We genotyped 71 subjects for the rs1611115 (-1021C>T) variant of the DBH gene and compared vaccine to placebo subjects on cocaine-free urines. Using repeated measures analysis of variance, corrected for population structure, vaccine pharmacotherapy reduced cocaine positive urines significantly based on DBH genotype. Patients with the low DβH level genotype dropped from 77% to 51% on vaccine ( p = 0.0001), while those with the normal DβH level genotype dropped from 83% to 72%. Placebo showed no effect on cocaine use overall or by genotype. This study indicates that a patient's DBH genotype could be used to identify a subset of individuals for whom vaccine treatment may be an effective pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence.
Simultaneous Excision of Bilateral Neurogenic Tumors of the Mediastinum

Bilateral adjacent neurogenic tumors of the mediastinum were excised in a 20-year-old man through a single left thoracotomy. The presence of bilateral lesions was indicated by the discrepancy betweeen excised tumor and the mass on x-ray examination. Two distinct histologic patterns resulted in one mass representing a ganglioneuroma, and the second, a neurofibroma.
Optimally informative backbone structural propensities in proteins.

We use basic ideas from information theory to extract the maximum amount of structural information available in protein sequence data. From a non-redundant set of protein X-ray structures, we construct local-sequence-dependent [ϕ,ψ] distributions that summarize the influence of local sequence on backbone conformation. These distributions, approximations of actual backbone propensities in the folded protein, have the following properties: (1) They compensate for the problem of scarce data by an optimized combination of local-sequence-dependent and single-residue specific distributions; (2) They use multi-residue information; (3) They exploit similarities in the local coding properties of amino acids by collapsing the amino acid alphabet to streamline local sequence description; (4) They are designed to contain the maximum amount of local structural information the data set allows. Our methodology is able to extract around 30 cnats of information from the protein data set out of a total 387 cnats of initial uncertainty or entropy in a finely discretized [ϕ,ψ] dihedral angle space (18 × 18 structural states), or about 7.8%. This was achieved at the hexamer length scale; shorter as well as longer fragments produce reduced information gains. The automatic clustering of amino acids into groups, a component of the optimization procedure, reveals patterns consistent with their local coding properties. While the overall information gain from local sequence is small, there are some local sequences that have significantly narrower structural distributions than others. Distribution width varies from at least 20% less than the average overall entropy to at least 14% above. This spread is an expression of the influence of local sequence on the conformational propensities of the backbone chain. The optimal ensemble of local-sequence-specific backbone distributions produced is useful as a guide to structural predictions from sequence, as well as a tool for further explorations of the nature of the local protein code. Proteins 2002;48:463–486. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Occupational and Leisure Preferences of Older Adults with Mental Retardation.

This article presents baseline information on the occupational and leisure preferences of a statewide sample of older adults with mild to moderate mental retardation who reside in the State of Oregon, USA. Data were collected through an interview with the older person with mental retardation and through a questionnaire sent to a knowledgeable other who was matched to each older adult. Findings are presented on the types of occupational and leisure activities that were participated in by these older adults, on the level of satisfaction experienced with these activities, and on their preferences for continued participation as they grow older. Results indicate an overwhelming desire for continued participation in occupational and leisure pursuits that are personally meaningful. Strong preferences are expressed for greater variety, frequency, and choice in these activities. Implications of the findings for designing retirement options for older adults with mental retardation are discussed.
Electronic Full-Text Articles as a Substitute for Traditional Interlibrary Borrowing

ABSTRACT This study examines the potential for electronic full-text journal articles to reduce the level of traditional interlibrary borrowing requests typically placed at a large academic research library. With the growth in availability of electronic full-text journal articles and improvements in accessing and using this format, library users have access to journal articles not physically owned by their institution's library. This fact may lead to a reduced demand for photocopied journal articles typically requested through interlibrary borrowing departments. This study begins by examining the recent literature on this topic, including several which have measured the impact that electronic full-text resources have had on their interlibrary borrowing levels. This is followed by a description of the methodology used in this particular study and a presentation of the results. The final section offers an explanation of these results as well as some conclusions regarding the potential for electronic full-tex...
Cellulase-treated coastal bermudagrass silage and production of soluble carbohydrates, silage acids, and digestibility

Abstract Chopped Coastal bermudagrass, low in water-soluble carbohydrate, was treated with a commercial cellulase before ensiling in laboratory silos. After 30 and 60 d, silage was removed and analyzed for residual water-soluble carbohydrates, silage acids, dry matter disappearance during fermentation, and digestibility. Residual water-soluble carbohydrate content was significantly higher in cellulase-treated silage when compared to untreated (control) silage. Silage acids, acetic and lactic, were significantly increased after 30 d. There was also an increase in acetic and lactic acids after 60 d; however, this was nonsignificant. Timed fermentation studies showed the greatest dry matter disappearance during the 12-h incubation; however, afterward the rate dropped rapidly. Digestibility showed a significant day by treatment effect for 30 and 60 d silage, but the increase was less for 60 (4%) than 30 d silage (7%).
H and H 2 NMR properties in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H)

It is shown that the basic NMR properties of ortho-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ molecules with a rotational angular momentum J and a spin angular momentum I under the influence of a completely asymmetric crystalline field in an amorphous matrix can be described by an effective nuclear spin Hamiltonian which contains only the nuclear spin angular momentum operators (${I}_{i}$), but is independent of the molecular rotational angular momentum operators (${J}_{i}$). By directly applying the existing magnetic-resonance theories to this effective nuclear spin Hamiltonian, a simple description is presented for various static and dynamic NMR properties of the ortho-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ NMR centers in amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H), thereby resolving many difficulties and uncertainties encountered in understanding and explaining the H and ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ NMR observations in a-Si:H.
Proton Cancer Therapy Center: An Entrepreneur's Dilemma:

This case deals with the dilemma faced by an entrepreneur named John Styles who was faced with the decision of whether or not to enter into a partnership with M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston to build a Proton Cancer Therapy Center. The decision was clouded by the fact that most of the $100 million investment required for the venture would be invested in facilities and technology that could be used for nothing else if the project failed. In addition, the typical venture capitalists who would normally invest in such a venture would not find this deal enticing because of the long time lag to profitability.
Piperonyl butoxide metabolism by cytochrome P-450: factors affecting the formation and disappearance of the metabolite-cytochrome P-450 complex.

1. The metabolism of piperonyl butoxide produces a metabolite-cytochrome P-450 complex with an absorbance maximum at 455 nm. This absorbing species is formed rapidly but destroyed only very slowly. The max. absorbance observed in the presence of excess piperonyl butoxide, NADPH and O2 is proportional to the protein concn.2. The metabolite-cytochrome P-450 complex is only observable when the cytochrome is in the reduced state. The ability to observe the spectrum upon the addition of reduced pyridine nucleotide, following the oxidation of the cytochrome P-450, depends upon the time elapsed since the max. formation of the metabolite-reduced cytochrome P-450 absorbing species.3. The presence of the metabolite-cytochrome P-450 complex inhibits the metabolism of piperonyl butoxide and prevents the hexobarbital stimulation of microsomal NADPH oxidation, but does not affect the endogenous rate of NADPH oxidation.4. Oxidative and conjugative reactions do not appear to be responsible for the removal of the metaboli...
Notes on the anthropological study of Islam and Muslim societies in Africa

In this paper, the author considers the interpretation of and the ethnographic production about Islam and Muslim societies, particularly in Africa. The Orientalist 'doctrine' of an unchanging and timeless Islam has long been shown to be inadequate for understanding the obvious diversity and complexity within and between Muslim societies. However, the limitations of certain anthropolocial studies - notably, their almost exclusive focus on local context and cultures to which they sometimes attribute different 'Islams' (e.g. African Islam) - have not been critically examined to the same degree. The author argues that one must study Islam as a discursive tradition at the intersection of the local and the supralocal, including broader scriptural traditions of Islam. Drawing on ethnographic and historical research on Islamic law in West Africa, the author shows how Muslims in Mali participate in the supralocal discourses of Islam and some of the ways in which local and regional history and culture shape their participation in these discourses. [Journal abstract]
Cellular contribution to supernumerary limbs resulting from the interaction between developing and regenerating tissues in the axolotl

The relationship between limb development and limb regeneration is considered with regard to the mechanisms by which pattern is established during limb outgrowth. In a previous paper (Muneoka, K. and Bryant, S. V. 1982 Nature (London) 298, 369-371) the interaction between cells from the developing limb bud and the regenerating limb blastema was found to result in the production of organized supernumerary limb structures. In this paper the relative cellular contribution from developing and regenerating cells to supernumerary limbs resulting from contralateral grafts between limb buds and blastemas has been analyzed using the triploid cell marker in the axolotl. Results show that there is substantial participation from both developing and regenerating limb cells to all supernumerary limbs analyzed. These data lend further support to the hypothesis that developing and regenerating limbs utilize the same patterning mechanisms during limb outgrowth. This conclusion is discussed in terms of patterning models for developing and regenerating limbs and it is proposed that the rules of the polar coordinate model can best explain the behavior of cells during limb development as well as limb regeneration.
A theory of subjective compound lotteries

Abstract We develop a Savage-type model of choice under uncertainty in which agents identify uncertain prospects with subjective compound lotteries. Our theory permits issue preference ; that is, agents may not be indifferent among gambles that yield the same probability distribution if they depend on different issues. Hence, we establish subjective foundations for the Anscombe–Aumann framework and other models with two different types of probabilities. We define second-order risk as risk that resolves in the first stage of the compound lottery and show that uncertainty aversion implies aversion to second-order risk which implies issue preference and behavior consistent with the Ellsberg paradox .
Use of elliptic functions to study skip-lock of automobile seat-belt retractors

This paper discusses the locking dynamics of automobile seat-belt retractors. The retractors considered are those having a locking bar which engages cogs when the bar is tilted by a pendulum sensing vehicle acceleration or deceleration. Conditions where a retractor may fail to lock in a timely manner are examined. It is found that such conditions can occur if the pendulum is in the neutral position (that is, out of the locking position) when the webbing unspools due to occupant movement. The pendulum can be in this out-of-locking position due to webbing slack, edge fracture of the locking bar, and pendulum rebound from oscillation. This phenomena is most likely to occur in violent accidents where occupant restraint is most needed to prevent serious injury. Elliptic functions are used to examine the pendulum dynamics.
Children's perspectives of the family: A phenomenological inquiry

Families and everyday life are inextricably linked. Family occurrences, im? ages, and stories are the grist of the conversations of daily life. These conver? sations teach people their roles within families. Discourse provides information about the practice of family living and help to shape and transform families. Whether the transformation comes through learning gender roles or life ex? pectations, the conversations generate and perpetuate the practice. The purpose of this study is to examine the integration of children's lived experience into the family discourse; the specific focus will be on the ways in which they enter and are transformed by the practice of everyday life. An understanding of children's situatedness in families will depend on the abil? ity to disentangle the intertwining threads traversing the multiple and contra? dictory everyday practices. An analysis of children's discursive content, its forms and its presence, will help to explicate the production and situatedness of their everyday life. Children's perspectives provide a unique and privileged place from which to observe and understand family practice and relationships. Children's con? structions of "family" are not presently known. The ideology of "common sense" (Belsey, 1989) suggests that what is already known, assumed, and taken for granted about families is true. For instance, a common assumption is that the family of origin will influence understanding of, family roles in, and organization in later family households (Fields, 1986). Common sense is produced in a specific society by the way it talks about and experiences the family.
Comparative feeding ecology of four sympatric skate species off central California, USA

The big (Raja binoculata), California (R. inornata), longnose (R. rhina), and sandpaper (Bathyraja kincaidii), skates are commonly found on soft-bottom regions of the central California continental shelf and upper slope. The feeding ecology of this assemblage was compared to evaluate the degree of trophic separation among species, based on the results of previous species-specific diet studies. Specimens were collected from fishery independent trawl surveys conducted during September 2002–March 2003 at depths of 9–536 m. Using single and compound measures, diet composition of small (≤60 cm TL) and large (>60 cm TL) individuals were compared within continental shelf (≤200 m) and slope (>200 m) regions using traditional, multivariate, and novel techniques. Diet compositions within size classes were similar in both regions. Diet compositions between size classes generally differed, however, with fishes more important and crustaceans (especially shrimps and euphausiids) less important in the diets of large individuals. Crabs contributed substantially to skate diet compositions on the shelf, but were uncommon prey items at deeper depths, probably because of their relative scarcity in slope waters. Conversely, cephalopods were common prey items at slope depths, but were rarely ingested at shelf depths. The studied skate assemblage appears to consist primarily of generalist crustacean and fish predators that exhibit high dietary overlap at similar sizes. It is possible that resource competition among skates and groundfish species has been reduced because of considerable recent declines in the biomass of upper trophic level groundfishes. Skates may therefore play important roles in contemporary benthic food web dynamics off central California.
Comparison of walking performance over the first 2 minutes and the full 6 minutes of the Six-Minute Walk Test

Although the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), as recommended by the American Thoracic Society, is widely used as a measure of functional endurance, it may not be applicable in some settings and populations. We sought to examine, therefore, performance over the first 2 minutes and the full 6 minutes of the 6MWT. Specifically, we investigated completion rates, distances walked, test-retest reliability, and the relationship between distances walked over the first 2 and the full 6 minutes of the 6MWT. Community-dwelling children and adults age 3–85 years (n = 337) were asked to walk back and forth on a 15.24 meter (50 ft) course as far as possible without running over a 6 minute period. Test completion and the distance covered by the participants at 2 and 6 minutes were documented. The reliability of distances covered at 2 and 6 minutes was determined by retesting a subsample of 54 participants 6 to 10 days later. The relationship between distances covered at 2 and 6 minutes was determined for the 330 participants completing the 6MWT. All 337 participants completed at least 2 minutes of walking, but 7 children less than 5 years of age ceased walking before 6 minutes had elapsed. For the remaining 330 participants the mean distance walked was 186 meters at 2 minutes and 543 meters at 6 minutes. The distances covered at 2 and 6 minutes were reliable between sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.888 and 0.917, respectively). The distances covered over 2 and 6 minutes were highly correlated (r = 0.968). The completion rate, values obtained, test-retest reliability, and relationship of the distances walked in 2 and 6 minutes support documentation of 2 minute distance during the 6MWT. The findings also provide support for use of a Two-Minute Walk Test as the endurance component in the Motor Battery of the NIH Toolbox.
Chimera: a virtual data system for representing, querying, and automating data derivation

A lot of scientific data is not obtained from measurements but rather derived from other data by the application of computational procedures. We hypothesize that explicit representation of these procedures can enable documentation of data provenance, discovery of available methods, and on-demand data generation (so-called "virtual data"). To explore this idea, we have developed the Chimera virtual data system, which combines a virtual data catalog for representing data derivation procedures and derived data, with a virtual data language interpreter that translates user requests into data definition and query operations on the database. We couple the Chimera system with distributed "data grid" services to enable on-demand execution of computation schedules constructed from database queries. We have applied this system to two challenge problems, the reconstruction of simulated collision event data from a high-energy physics experiment, and searching digital sky survey data for galactic clusters, with promising results.
Phylogeography of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus

We have taken a phylogeographic approach to investigate the demographic and evolutionary processes that have shaped the geographic patterns of genetic diversity for a sample of isolates of the cosmopolitan thermophilic cyanobacterial Mastigocladus laminosus morphotype collected from throughout most of its range. Although M. laminosus is found in thermal areas throughout the world, our observation that populations are typically genetically differentiated on local geographic scales suggests the existence of dispersal barriers, a conclusion corroborated by evidence for genetic isolation by distance. Genealogies inferred using nitrogen metabolism gene sequence data suggest that a significant amount of the extant global diversity of M. laminosus can be traced back to a common ancestor associated with the western North American hot spot currently located below Yellowstone National Park. Estimated intragenic recombination rates are comparable to those of pathogenic bacteria known for their capacity to exchange DNA, indicating that genetic exchange has played an important role in generating novel variation during M. laminosus diversification. Selection has constrained protein changes at loci involved in the assimilation of both dinitrogen and nitrate, suggesting the historic use of both nitrogen sources in this heterocystous cyanobacterium. Lineage-specific differences in thermal performance were also observed.
Use of postmastectomy radiotherapy in older women.

Purpose Clinical trials and guidelines published between 1997 and 2001 concluded that postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) improves overall survival for women with high-risk breast cancer. However, the effect of these findings on current practice is not known. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare cohort, we sought to characterize the adoption of PMRT from 1992 to 2002 and identify risk factors for PMRT omission among high-risk older patients. Methods and Materials We identified 28,973 women aged ≥66 years who had been treated with mastectomy for invasive breast cancer between 1992 and 2002. Trends in the adoption of PMRT for low- (T1-T2N0), intermediate- (T1-T2N1), and high- (T3-T4 and/or N2-N3) risk patients were characterized using a Monte Carlo permutation algorithm. Multivariate logistic regression identified the risk factors for PMRT omission and calculated the adjusted use rates. Results Postmastectomy radiotherapy use increased gradually and consistently for low-risk (+2.16%/y) and intermediate-risk (+7.20%/y) patients throughout the study interval. In contrast, PMRT use for high-risk patients increased sharply between 1996 and 1997 (+30.99%/y), but subsequently stabilized. Between 1998 and 2002, only 53% of high-risk patients received PMRT. The risk factors for PMRT omission included advanced age, moderate to severe comorbidity, smaller tumor size, fewer positive lymph nodes, and geographic region, with adjusted use rates ranging from 63.5% in San Francisco to 44.9% in Connecticut. Conclusion Among the high-risk patients, PMRT use increased sharply in 1997 after the initial clinical trial publication. Despite subsequent guidelines recommending the use of PMRT, no further increase in PMRT use has occurred, and nearly 50% of high-risk patients still do not receive PMRT.
The Lyapunov spectrum for conformal expanding maps and Axiom-A surface diffeomorphisms

We provide a detailed description of the decomposition of a conformal repeller by the level sets of the Lyapunov exponent, along with a similar result for Axiom-A surface diffeomorphisms.
Carrier dynamics studies through free-carrier absorption: a Monte Carlo study for silicon

Monte Carlo based computer simulations normally used for transport studies in semiconductors are extended and used to study free-carrier absorption of subbandgap radiation in semiconductors. The approach is applied to n-type silicon where we find very good agreement with experimental results and calculations based on quantum electrodynamics. The computer simulation method also allows us to study free-carrier absorption in semiconductors with a dc bias. We solve the classical transport equation to show that the absorption coefficient in the presence of a dc bias can be used to obtain information on the carrier temperature, momentum relaxation time, as well as energy relaxation time. Monte Carlo studies show this to be the case. Thus, we show that important carrier dynamics properties can be obtained from long-wavelength free-carrier absorption studies done on samples with a dc bias.
Ultrastructure of the Liver in Infected and Endotoxin-poisoned Mice Exposed to Cold

Exposure of mice to cold caused loss of gycogen from parenchymal cells but little or no change in microvilli or endothelium. Infection or poisoning with endotoxin caused only occasional foci of endothelial damage in animals housed at room temperature, but produced drastic alterations to endothelial and parenchymal cells at 10 C. Damage to parenchymal cells appeared to be secondary to damage to endothelial cells. It is inferred that the extent of damage to the liver in mice exposed to cold may contribute to the increased susceptibility of animals to the lethal effects of infection with Salmonella typhimurium, strain RIA, or to endotoxin of S. typhimurium.
Using infrared thermography to assess seasonal trends in dorsal fin surface temperatures of free‐swimming bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Sarasota Bay, Florida

The temperature differential (ΔT) between a body surface and the environment influences an organism's heat balance. In Sarasota Bay, FL, where ambient water temperature (T w ) ranges annually from 11° to 33°C, ΔT was investigated in a resident community of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Dorsal fin surface temperatures (T dfin ) were measured on wild, free-swimming dolphins using infrared thermography. Field and laboratory calibration studies were also undertaken to assess the efficacy of this non-invasive technology in the marine environment. The portability of infrared thermography permitted measurements of T dfin across the entire range of environmental temperatures experienced by animals in this region. Results indicated a positive, linear relationship between T dfin and T w (r 2 = 0.978, P < 0.001). On average, T dfin was 0.9°C warmer than T w across seasons, despite the 22°C annual range in T w . Changes in integumentary and vascular insulation likely account for the stability of ΔT dfin-w and the protection of core temperature (T core ) across seasons. The high thermal conductivity of water may also influence this ΔT. The use of infrared thermography is an effective, non-invasive method of assessing dorsal fin skin surface temperatures (±1°C) across large numbers of wild, free-swimming dolphins throughout their thermally dynamic aquatic environment.
Inhibition of Jun NH2-Terminal Kinases Suppresses the Growth of Experimental Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate whether c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinases (JNK) are potential targets for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Experimental Design: JNK activity was first evaluated in 20 paired samples of human HNSCC. The antitumor activity of SP600125, a reversible nonselective ATP-competitive inhibitor of JNKs, was then investigated both in an HNSCC xenograft model and in vitro using immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, enzyme immunoassay, flow cytometry, and a Matrigel assay of capillary tube formation. Complementary studies were carried out using small interfering RNA to JNK1/2. Results: JNK activity was increased in human HNSCC compared with normal-appearing epithelium. Treatment of mice bearing HNSCC xenografts with SP600125 resulted in >60% inhibition of tumor growth relative to vehicle-treated animals. Inhibition of tumor growth was associated with significant reductions in both cell proliferation and microvessel density. SP600125 inhibited tumor cell proliferation by causing delays in both the S and G 2 -M phases of the cell cycle. Inhibition of angiogenesis seemed to reflect effects on both tumor and endothelial cells. The JNK inhibitor suppressed the production of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 by tumor cells and also inhibited endothelial cell proliferation and capillary tube formation. Reduced amounts and phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor were found in tumor cells after treatment with SP600125. Small interfering RNA–mediated suppression of JNK1/2 led to reduced tumor cell proliferation and decreased levels of epidermal growth factor receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-8. Conclusions: JNK activity is commonly increased in HNSCC. Our preclinical results provide a rationale for evaluating JNK inhibition as an approach to treating HNSCC.
CtBP family proteins: more than transcriptional corepressors.

CtBP family proteins predominantly function as transcriptional corepressors. Studies with mutant mouse suggest that the two mouse genes, Ctbp1 and Ctbp2, play unique and redundant gene regulatory roles during development.1 Ctbp1-deficient mice are viable, but are small and die early, while Ctbp2 deficiency leads to embryonic lethality. Ctbp2-null mutation causes defects in axial patterning, heart morphogenesis and neural development. The Ctbp2 mutant phenotype is more severe in the absence of Ctbp1. The studies with Ctbp2 mutant embryos suggest that CtBP can also activate transcription. A plant CtBP homolog, Angustifolia (AN), has recently been identified.2,3 AN controls polar elongation of leaf cells via the microtubule cytoskeleton. Microarray analysis suggests that AN also functions as a transcriptional repressor. Thus, the CtBP family proteins control cellular processes by serving as transcriptional activators and regulators of the cytoskeleton as well as transcriptional corepressors.
Protein phosphorylation of plasma membranes from bovine epididymal spermatozoa.

Plasma membranes from bovine epididymal spermatozoa possess both cAMP-independent and cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity. With the synthetic peptide, Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-GIy as substrate, the basal activity of the membrane-associated protein kinase(s) was 0.1 nmol phosphate incorporated#{149}min#{149}mg protein. In the presence of 5 MM cAMP, the apparent activity was increased about twofold. The addition of Nonidet P-40 (0.05%) to the assay mixture increased protein kinase activity to 0.4 and 4.0 nmol phosphate incorporated#{149}min#{149}mg protein in the absence or presence of 5 pM cAMP, respectively. Both isozymes of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase were detected in detergent-solubilized membranes but 95% of the activity appeared as a Type II form based on DEAE-Sephacel chromatography. Several polypeptide components of the plasma membrane served as substrates for membraneassociated cAMP-dependent protein kinases, in vitro. In the absence of detergent, two cAMP-dependent phosphoproteins of 41,000 Mr and 60,000 Mr were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When 0.05% Nonidet P-40 was included in the assay mixture, a cAMP-dependent phosphoprotein of 43,000 Mr appeared. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes phosphorylated in the presence of 5 pM cAMP and 0.05% Nonidet P-40 revealed phosphoproteins of the following molecular weights/isoelectric points: 56,000/6.7, 56,000/6.9, 51,000/6.2, 42,000/5.9, 42,000/6.0, 38,000/6.1, 38,000/6.4, 14,000/7.2, 12,000/7.4 and a train of five polypeptides appearing at 14,000/5.4-6.0.
A survey-based evaluation of the radiology residency interview process.

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic radiology residency interview process and determine variability among programs in their approach to interviewing candidates. Methods A survey of the residency interview process was sent to diagnostic radiology program directors through an e-mail address list provided by the Association of Program Directors in Radiology. Questions addressed were (1) the number of applicants interviewed per residency position offered; (2) the number of interviews scheduled for each applicant on the interview day; (3) whether interviews were performed by staff members, residents, or both; and (4) whether interviewers were granted time away from clinical services to interview applicants. Results Two electronic mailings were sent to 313 individuals. Responses were received from 89 of 188 accredited diagnostic radiology residency programs (response rate, 47.3%). The average number of interviews per residency position was 12.6 (range, 3-28), with university-based programs interviewing significantly fewer candidates (mean, 11.5) than non-university-based programs (mean, 15.3). The average number of individual interviews during the interview day was 3.9 (range, 1-8) per candidate at each program. Of responding programs, 69% of responding programs included residents in interviews, and 67% compensated their interviewing staff members with time off clinical service, with no statistical difference between large and small programs. Conclusion There is a large amount of variability present in the residency interview process. Applicants to programs may have very different experiences while visiting programs. Further study of this variation may allow programs to optimize resource utilization while maintaining success in the match process.
Comparison of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Urography for Evaluation of Contralateral Kidney in Patients With Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease

Purpose: The contralateral kidney is abnormal in up to 25% of patients with multicystic dysplastic kidney. Traditionally, anatomical and functional evaluation of the contralateral kidney has been performed with ultrasound and dimercapto-succinic acid renal scintigraphy, as indicated. Recently magnetic resonance urography has been used to evaluate renal anatomy and function in other urological abnormalities. We compared the results of magnetic resonance urography and ultrasound for evaluating the contralateral kidney in patients with multicystic dysplastic kidney and we describe the range of findings detected.Materials and Methods: Patients with multicystic dysplastic kidney who underwent magnetic resonance urography were identified. Anatomical findings on magnetic resonance urography were analyzed and compared to those on renal ultrasound. Additional functional information derived from magnetic resonance urography was also recorded.Results: We retrospectively identified 58 patients with a unilateral multi...
Blipped multi gradient‐echo slice excitation profile imaging (bmGESEPI) for fast T 2* measurements with macroscopic B0 inhomogeneity compensation

With the rapid development of human MRI at field strengths ≥ 7 T, knowledge of T relaxation times at such field strengths is needed to optimize acquisition parameters and understand relaxation mechanisms in many applications. However, standard T measurements (e.g., using conventional multiecho gradient-echo (GE) sequences) are affected by macroscopic static magnetic field (B0) inhomogeneities, which are particularly severe at high field strength. The multi-GE slice excitation profile imaging (mGESEPI) method was developed for T measurements in the presence of macroscopic B0 inhomogeneity, but it requires excessive acquisition times at field strengths ≥ 7 T. In this paper a more efficient technique, named blipped mGESEPI (bmGESEPI), is proposed. To demonstrate its advantages, T maps were acquired using a conventional multiecho GE method, the mGESEPI method, and the bmGESEPI method in postmortem and in vivo human brains at 8 T. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Advanced Semiconductor Technology Center: a technology engine for the future

Summary form only given. IBM's Advanced Semiconductor Technology Center (ASTC), which provides a model of a development fabricator for future generations of semiconductor technology, is discussed. The ASTC assures development with a manufacturing environment. Facilities, equipment, and materials have been designed to meet future technology manufacturability. Some technology trends are given. >
Genetic markers of vascular aging

Age is a powerful determinant of cardiovascular risk, being associated with a number of deleterious changes in the cardiovascular system. Increased arterial stiffness is an almost ubiquitous accompaniment of aging. However, there is significant variability in age-related arterial changes between individuals likely due, in part, to genetic factors. Measures of arterial stiffness such as pulse pressure and aortic pulse wave velocity have been shown to be heritable, indicating that genetic factors play a role in the interindividual variation of these phenotypes. Linkage analyses in related individuals have identified several genomic regions that may influence measures of arterial stiffness, and numerous association studies have investigated whether polymorphisms in candidate genes are related to this phenotype. Genome-wide association studies using 500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms or more are now feasible and will accelerate the discovery of specific genetic polymorphisms that influence vascular aging...
Library Research Labs: A Hands-On Approach to Taking the First Step with Your Students to Reflect Good Practice in Legal Education

In 2002, Suffolk University Law School began offering library research labs to students in the first-year Legal Practice Skills (LPS) course to give them the opportunity to tackle their first legal research exercises as part of a small group with the ready assistance of a reference librarian and an LPS professor. This article describes the structure of the research labs and explains how they reflect the "Seven Principles of Good Practice in Legal Education" that were developed to improve student learning, enhance law school teaching, and increase faculty and student personal satisfaction.
QUARTERLY OUTLOOK ON MONETARY, BANKING, AND PAYMENT SYSTEM IN INDONESIA: QUARTER I, 2016

Globally, the economy continues to recover. The economic growth in AS increases supported by solid consumption and increase on non-residential investment, as well as the economy of Tiongkok, supported by private investment and better export performance. European economy also better off with stronger consumption and export, and the reduction of geopolitical risk post the presidential election in France. The economy in Japan also increases supported by stronger domestic and export demand. This global trend supports the growth in Indonesia that rises to the level of 5,01% (yoy), with the pillars of export performance, better global demand and commodity prices, as well as higher government expenditure – particularly on investment – and the household consumption. Spatially, the national growth was mainly from Java and Kalimantan due to their better export performance. Inflation increases slightly particularly related to price regulation implemented in early 2017. Spatially, inflation occurs in most area except Sumatera who recorded deflation. The balance of payment recorded a surplus arisen from financial and capital surplus of 7.9 milliard dolar AS. However, the current account recorded deficit due to the deficit of oil trade balance and primary income. The reserve increases to 121.8 miliar dolar AS, accompanied with stronger Rupiah with lower volatility relative to peer countries. Following the monetary ease on previous Quarter IV, 2016, the monetary transmission is better yet not optimal due to the prudent practice of the bank on allocating credit. The interest rate decreases reflected on daily PUAB O/N reduction by 7 point to 4.23%. The deposit rate also decreases as well as the lending rate with larger decrease. Looking forward, the growth in 2017 will be higher than 2016 on the range of 5.0 – 5.4%, while inflation will be around the target of 4 + 1%. We need to anticipate the impact of Fed Fund Rate increase, the lower of FED balance, and the trade and fiscal US policy, as well as the geopolitical dynamics across regions particularly in Korean Bay. Bank Indonesia will keep strengthening his policy mix and macroprudential, and his coordination with the government to ensure the inflation control, greater stimulus for growth, and the implementation of structural reform run on the right track, and hence preserve the sustainable economic development.