cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tricresyl Phosphate Retention by Bearing Retainer and Reservoir Materials

Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) is an important extended-pressure additive in lubricating oils. Its depletion from reservoir oil could constitute a failure mechanism for bearing system. The interaction of TCP with bearing retainer and reservoir materials was investigated using an apparatus that mimicked centrifugal oil feed. TCP was not selectively absorbed by cotton-phenolic retainer or wool felt reservoir materials, but was absorbed by nitrile-acrylic and sintered nylon reservoir materials, which exhibited significant TCP retention. The results are discussed in terms of the degree of bulk oil absorption, the availability of polar sites on the sorbents, and the interaction between such sites and the TCP molecules. Presented at the 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 7–10, 1984
Age and Speech Breathing

Thirty healthy men representing three widely different age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied with respect to general respiratory function and speech breathing. Subdivisions of the lung vol...
The reaction of ammonia with indium bromide in methanol. Indium bromide ammines

Abstract Indium(III) bromide reacts with ammonia in methanol to form a series of ammine complexes. In the presence of excess ammonia the product is pentaammineindium(III) bromide, from which lower ammines can be formed by thermal decomposition. Conductivity and spectral data indicate that both ammonia and bromide are coordinated, and it is suggested that the two principal complexes, pentaammineindium(III) bromide, and triammineindium(III) bromide should be represented as [In(NH3)5Br]Br2 and [In(NH3)3Br]Br2, respectively.
SYNTHESIS OF THE MARINE SPONGE CYCLOHEPTAPEPTIDE STYLOPEPTIDE 1

The solution-phase synthesis of the marine sponge stylopeptide 1 (2), cyclo-(Leu-Ile-Phe-Ser-Pro-Ile-Pro), was conveniently accomplished using N-terminal Fmoc- and C-terminal tert-butyl ester protection with tert-butyl ether side-chain blocking for serine. Peptide bond formation for each step except for the final cyclization was effected with diethyl phosphorocyanidate to give the linear heptapeptide in 19% yield. Both TBTU (4) or BOP-Cl (5) were used to cyclize the heptapeptide and resulted in 67% and 13% yields of stylopeptide 1 (2), respectively. Peptide 2 was obtained in 11% overall yield based on the TBTU cyclization procedure. The general approach represents a useful improvement in the synthesis of such cyclic peptides. The synthetic stylopeptide 1 (2) proved to be identical with the natural product.
Combined electric and contralateral acoustic hearing: word and sentence recognition with bimodal hearing.

Purpose The authors assessed whether (a) a full-insertion cochlear implant would provide a higher level of speech understanding than bilateral low-frequency acoustic hearing, (b) contralateral acou...
Notes on the Development of a Mother-reared Orang-utan: The First Six Months*

Reproductive behavior is a topic of extreme importance in the literature of primate behavior. This report concerns the mother-infant interaction system in a captiveborn, mother-reared infant orang-utan during the first six months of its life. Of particular interest are the sexual behaviors directed by the mother toward the infant, and the regular stimulation of the infant's genitals. The behaviors described herein are compared to other mother-infant pairs of this and other anthropoid species.
Molecular beam epitaxy for high-performance Ga-face GaN electron devices

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has emerged as a powerful technique for growing GaN-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) epistructures. Over the past decade, HEMT performance steadily improved, mainly through the optimization of device fabrication processes. Soon, HEMT performance will be limited by the crystalline quality of the epistructure. MBE offers heterostructure growth with highly abrupt interfaces, low point defect concentrations, and very low carbon and hydrogen impurity concentrations. Minimizing parasitic leakage pathways and resistances is essential in the growth of HEMTs for high-frequency and high-power applications. Through growth on native substrates with very low threading dislocation density, low-leakage HEMTs with very low on-resistance can be realized. Ga-rich plasma-assisted MBE (PAMBE) has been studied extensively, and it is clear that this technique has inherent limitations, including a high density of leakage pathways and a very small growth parameter space. Relatively new MBE growth techniques—high-temperature N-rich PAMBE and ammonia-based MBE—are being developed to circumvent the shortcomings of Ga-rich PAMBE.
Spermatogonial stem-cell renewal in the mouse†

Type A spermatogonia in the mouse can be separated into five successive classes on the basis of nuclear morphology and stage of the cycle in which they occur. Enumeration of all types throughout the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium reveals that the As spermatogonia are the stem cells. They divide throughout the cycle and, especially at stages IX to I, form chains of cells which then give rise to spermatogonia A1 at stages II–VIII. The A1 cells divide in IX to form the A2, which divide in XI to form A3, and the A3 cells divide in I to form the class A4 spermatogonia. Spermatogonia A4 give rise only to the In type; there is no evidence for the formation of either As or A1 from A4 spermatogonia. Repeated injections of 3H-thymidine and tracing the history of labeled cells to 15 days after labeling supported the conclusion obtained from morphological and numerical data that As spermatogonia are the stem cells of the testis.
Retention of the Effect of Oral Propaganda

(1936). Retention of the Effect of Oral Propaganda. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 479-483.
Is fatter fitter? Body storage and reproduction in ten populations of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus minus.

Relationships between body storage (estimated as fat content and residuals of body mass regressed against body length) and offspring investment [brood mass, brood size (number of embryos per brood) and embryo mass] were examined within and among populations of the amphipod Gammarus minus in ten cold springs in central Pennsylvania, USA. Two major hypotheses and six corollary hypotheses were tested. Total reproductive investment (brood mass and brood size) was usually strongly positively correlated with maternal body length and body storage both within and among populations. These positive associations between reproductive and somatic investments are expected if individual variation in resource acquisition exceeds that of resource allocation. That is, individuals or populations that are able to acquire more resources should also be able to allocate more resources to both reproduction and somatic reserves than those acquiring fewer resources. This hypothesis is consistent with evidence showing that individual differences in body storage in G. minus and other amphipods are related to differences in resource acquisition. Positive associations between reproductive and somatic investments do not mean that energy costs of reproduction do not exist in G. minus. Evidence for reproductive energy costs included the lower body-fat contents of brooding versus nonbrooding females and the relatively low body mass per length of females who had just deposited eggs in their brood pouch. Unlike brood mass and brood size, individual embryo mass was usually unrelated to maternal body length and body storage. This pattern is largely consistent with optimal offspring investment theory, which predicts that offspring size should be insensitive to variation in parental resource status. However, in contrast to theory, embryo mass increased in winter when brooding females were significantly ”fatter”, presumably due to the availability of autumn-shed leaf food. This seasonal change in offspring size may be a maternally mediated effect of increased resource availability, though other explanations are possible. Overall, this study suggests that ”fatter” female amphipods are fitter than ”thinner” ones, though both the costs and benefits of increased body storage and brood size require investigation to substantiate this claim. This study also suggests that effects of individual variation in resource acquisition on life-history patterns deserve more theoretical and empirical attention by ecologists than they have received. It should be recognized that positive and/or nonsignificant correlations between life-history traits are just as interesting and important as are the negative correlations predicted by many theoretical models.
Dependence of Tc on hydrostatic pressure in β″-(ET)2SF5CH2CF2SO3 and κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2

Abstract The dependence of Tc on hydrostatic (He-gas) pressure is determined for the recently discovered organic superconductor β″-(ET)2SF5CH2CF2SO3 [ET = bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene] with T c (0) ⋍ 5 K , yielding the pressure derivative d T c d P ⋍ −1.34 K kbar −1 . The present experiments also included κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 where we find the extremely large value d T c d P ⋍ −3.84 K kbar −1 , in agreement with earlier studies. For both samples the pressure dependence Tc(P) does not depend on the temperature at which the pressure is changed.
TH‐D‐210A‐01: Exploration of Soft‐Tissue Visualization at Low Dose Using Flat‐Panel Imagers Incorporating Thick, Segmented Scintillators for Megavoltage Cone‐Beam CT

Purpose: Megavoltage (MV) active matrix, flat‐panel imagers (AMFPIs) have become the gold standard in radiotherapy portal imaging by virtue of their many advantages. Nevertheless, conventional MV AMFPIs are very inefficient, detecting only ∼2% of the incident radiation at 6 MV. However, recent theoretical and empirical studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of thick, segmented scintillators can significantly improve the DQE of MV AMFPIs, leading to improved image quality at very low dose. This creates the possibility of using megavoltage cone‐beam computed tomography (MV CBCT) to provide soft‐tissue visualization at clinically practical doses.Method and Materials: Prototype AMFPIs incorporating segmented scintillators based on CsI:Tl or BGO crystals with thicknesses ranging from ∼11 to 40 mm have been constructed and are under evaluation for MV CBCT. Each prototype incorporates a detector consisting of a matrix of 120x60 scintillator elements separated by 50 μm‐thick, reflective septal walls, with an element‐to‐element pitch of 1.016 mm. The prototypes are being configured to allow acquisition of tomographic images of low‐contrast, soft‐tissue‐equivalent objects, embedded in a water‐equivalent phantom, at the lowest available dose (one beam pulse per image).Results: For projection imaging, all prototypes offer substantial improvement in contrast sensitivity at low dose compared to conventional MV AMFPIs. In particular, the BGO prototype with a zero‐frequency DQE of ∼20% provides comparable contrast resolution at ∼20 times less dose. In view of such good performance, it is anticipated that reconstructed tomographic images of the contrast phantom, obtained at practical doses, will demonstrate soft‐tissue delineation. Conclusion: Prototype AMFPIs incorporating thick segmented BGO and CsI:Tl scintillators provide significant improvement in image quality at extremely low dose, facilitating the visualization of soft‐tissue at clinically practical doses. It is expected that future, optimized scintillators will lead to highly useful MV AMFPIs for projection and CBCTimaging.
Alcohol dehydrogenase of wheat germ.

Abstract Evidence is presented that extracts of wheat germ contain alcohol dehydrogenase(s) catalyzing the reduction of both TPN and DPN by a variety of alcohols. The enzyme reaction is completely inhibited by 10−2 M iodoacetate. Because of the presence of this enzyme activity, the TPN-dependent oxidation of hexose phosphates may be coupled with the reduction of acetaldehyde. A procedure is described for following such coupled reactions by measuring acid formation manometrically in bicarbonate-CO2 mixtures.
Effects of calcium channel-blocking agents on platelet–osteogenic sarcoma interaction: Platelet aggregation and electron microscopic findings

A variety of tumors stimulate platelet activation. Because platelet activation may, in part, require calcium channel mobilization, we evaluated whether calcium channel blocking agents inhibit osteogenic sarcoma induced platelet aggregation. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) from normal subjects was incubated with one of four calcium channel-blocking agents: nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil, or amlodopine, all 0-25 micrograms/ml, or diluent. Osteogenic sarcoma cells (2 or 4 x 10(6)/ml) were then added. Platelet aggregation was monitored by light transmission through PRP, and residual PRP was processed for electron microscopy. MG63 cells caused aggregation of PRP in most subjects (mean, 36 +/- 3%). Calcium channel-blocking agents (nifedipine greater than diltiazem greater than amlodopine greater than verapamil) caused partial inhibition of osteogenic sarcoma-induced platelet aggregation, at high concentrations only. Electron microscopy showed platelets aggregating to each other and to tumor cell membranes within 1-5 minutes. Changes in pattern of platelet clumping around tumor cells occurred when PRP was incubated with high concentration of diltiazem (50 micrograms). This study shows that calcium channel-blocking agents inhibit osteogenic sarcoma-induced platelet aggregation when used in high doses.
Complications Following Fundoplication

Laparoscopic fundoplication has become a widely used therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although safe and effective in most patients, some patients will report persistent, recurrent, or new symptoms following fundoplication. These symptoms, as well as recurrent reflux symptoms, can develop due to recognizable technical or surgical complications, including disruption or herniation of the fundoplication. In addition, they may develop without obvious technical problems with the fundoplication. Common symptoms include dysphagia, gas-bloat syndrome, and diarrhea. Successful management requires an understanding of the possible causes of postoperative symptoms and problems and a systematic evaluation of the patient. This article provides a framework and approach for evaluating and managing problems and complications after fundoplication for GERD.
Opioid Peptide Receptor Studies. 8. One of the Mouse Brain δNCX Binding Sites is Similar to the Cloned Mouse Opioid δ Receptor: Further Evidence for Heterogeneity of δ Opioid Receptors

Abstract Xu, H., Y-F. Lu, J. S. Partilla, J. Pinto, S. N. Calderon, D. Matecka, K. C. Rice, J. Lai, F. Porreca, S. Ananthan and R. B. Rothman. Opioid peptide receptor studies. 8. One of the mouse brain δNCX binding sites is similar to the cloned moused opioid δ receptor: further evidence for heterogeneity of δ opioid receptors. Peptides 19(2) 343–350, 1998.—Quantitative ligand binding studies resolved two subtypes of the δ opioid receptor, termed δncx1 and δncx2, in mouse brain membranes depleted of μ receptors by pretreatment with the irreversible ligand, BIT. The purpose of the present study was to compare the binding parameters, ligand-selectivity profile and pharmacological properties of the cloned mouse δ receptor (MDOR) stably expressed in a cell line to the δncx binding sites of mouse brain. [3H][D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin labeled a single binding site in membranes prepared from MDOR cells under several different assay conditions including BIT-pretreatment. The MDOR had high affinity for δ agonists and antagonists. [3H][D-Ala2,D-Leu5]enkephalin labeled two binding sites in mouse brain membranes depleted of μ receptors by pretreatment with BIT: the δncx1 site (high affinity for DPDPE and deltorphin) and the δncx2 site (low affinity for DPDPE and deltorphin). Some agents were moderately selective for the deltancx2 site: [pCl]DPDPE (10.9-fold), JP41 (5.9-fold) and JP45 (3.8-fold). The Ki values of 12 opioids at the mouse MDOR were determined. These values were highly correlated with their values at the deltancx1 site but not the deltancx2 site. These data suggest that the deltancx2 site may be distinct from the cloned delta opioid receptor.
A Solution-Focused Approach to Cross-Cultural Clinical Social Work Practice Utilizing Cultural Strengths

A major challenge faced by clinical social work practice today is how to apply clinical social work knowledge and practice theories to ethnic and racial groups who have diverse cultural values and practices. A solution-focused approach that incorporates the premises and techniques of social constructivism, empowerment-based practice, and a strengths perspective is well suited for responding to the needs of these groups with respect for their values and practices. With its focus on pragmatic change and encouraging clients to create solutions for themselves, in addition to avoiding the shame that clients in these enthnic and racial populations feel in seeking professional help, this approach fits cultural approval to seek support and advice.
Oncogenic Myc translocations are independent of chromosomal location and orientation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.

Many tumors are characterized by recurrent translocations between a tissue-specific gene and a proto-oncogene. The juxtaposition of the Ig heavy chain gene and Myc in Burkitt’s lymphoma and in murine plasmacytoma is a classic example. Regulatory elements within the heavy chain constant region locus are required for Myc translocation and/or deregulation. However, many genes are regulated by cis-acting elements at distances up to 1,000 kb outside the locus. Such putative distal elements have not been examined for the heavy chain locus, particularly in the context of Myc translocations. We demonstrate that a transgene containing the Ig heavy chain constant region locus, inserted into five different chromosomal locations, can undergo translocations involving Myc. Furthermore, these translocations are able to generate plasmacytomas in each transgenic line. We conclude that the heavy chain constant region locus itself includes all of the elements necessary for both the translocation and the deregulation of the proto-oncogene.
Ultra-compact intra-cavity contacts for multi-terminal VCSEL power enhancement

We demonstrate ultra-compact intra-cavity contacts fabricated with an embedded Al 2 O 3 etch-stop, which effectively shorten the cavity length and enhance the output power of a multi-terminal VCSEL.
The effects of inducer duration on successive brightness contrast

Abstract This experiment investigated the effects of inducer duration on successive contrast in order to determine if the strength of lateral inhibitory interactions grows, with an increase in exposure duration of the inducing field. It was found that inducer effectiveness increased with inducer duration, and contrast effects were found over a greater temporal range for the longer duration inducers. It is argued that the stronger contrast effects resulting from longer duration inducers reflects an increase in the neural output of the inhibitory channel while the inducer is on and consequently an increase in the range and strength of the residual effects accompanying inducer offset.
PRAGMATICISM AND BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS: SOME COMMENTS ON THE WORK OF PETER OCHS

This article considers the tension between Peter Ochs' commitment not to apply external standards to scripture and his view that rules of meaning must continually be adjusted to new conditions. In this context, the article rejects Ochs' claim that “the ‘isms’ of modernity [have] exhausted their positive contribution to the betterment of humanity,” arguing instead, on the basis of Ochs' work itself, that we remain “children of the epoch of great dyads”—between the logic of scripture and consciousness of our historicity, between the children of Abraham and the children of Adam, between Abraham's tent and the desert outside of it.
Using Data-Collection Activities to Enrich Science Courses

I describe the use of long-term data-collection projects for introductory biology or environmental science students at both the high school and the college nonmajors level. I provide specific examples of projects and information on guiding students as they learn to gather, organize, and describe data sets.
Extensions of the Signal Richness Preservation Problem in LTI Systems

The idea of signal richness has recently been studied in considerable details, and the conditions on linear time invariant (LTI) systems to preserve such richness have been established. In this paper, the concept of richness is extended to practically useful classes such as bounded signals. The class of LTI systems studied for the richness preservation problem are generalized to cases including rectangular systems and infinite impulse response (IIR) systems. Structured proofs of the newly found necessary and sufficient conditions are also presented
The Drosophila dCREB-A gene is required for dorsal/ventral patterning of the larval cuticle

We report on the characterization of the first loss-of-function mutation in a Drosophila CREB gene, dCREB-A. In the epidermis, dCREB-A is required for patterning cuticular structures on both dorsal and ventral surfaces since dCREB-A mutant larvae have only lateral structures around the entire circumference of each segment. Based on results from epistasis tests with known dorsal/ventral patterning genes, we propose that dCREB-A encodes a transcription factor that functions near the end of both the DPP- and SPI-signaling cascades to translate the corresponding extracellular signals into changes in gene expression. The lateralizing phenotype of dCREB-A mutants reveals a much broader function for CREB proteins than previously thought.
Why is there discordance between calcific aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease

There are many similarities in the disease processes of calcific aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease. Both increase in prevalence with age, but neither is thought to be a normal consequence of aging. Calcific aortic stenosis is present in 2–3% of adults over age 65 years and irregular aortic valve thickening without obstruction to left ventricular outflow (aortic sclerosis) is present in about 25% of elderly adults.1 2 The presence of an abnormal aortic valve on echocardiography is associated with the same clinical factors, at a similar level of risk, as have been associated with coronary artery disease. Specifically, older age, male sex, increased serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) and Lp(a) lipoprotein concentrations, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes are associated with calcific aortic valve disease.1 3-5 Calcific aortic valve disease, ranging in severity from sclerosis to stenosis, is characterised by irregular areas of increased thickening on the aortic side of the valve. Grossly, these areas are opaque, yellowish-white, and are firm on palpation. Microscopically these areas contain evidence of chronic inflammation, with infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes. Accumulation of plasma lipoproteins, including LDL and Lp(a) lipoprotein, is present6 and a recent study has shown that these lipoproteins are oxidatively modified.7 In addition, microscopic calcification is present in these early lesions with localisation to areas of lipoprotein accumulation.6 These lesions develop not only in the subendothelium, on the aortic side of the leaflet, but also extend into the adjacent fibrosa, the dense central collagenous layer of the aortic valve (fig …
ISMP Adverse Drug Reactions - Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis Caused by Pentamidine; Tigecycline-Induced Pancreatitis; Minocycline-Induced Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome Followed by Autoimmune Sequelae; Fatal Hypersensitivity Myocarditis Associated With Azithromycin; Altered Mental Status Caused by High Levels of Phenytoin; Pseudogout After Polyethylene Glycol Bowel Cleansing; Severe Pseudomembranous Colitis After Moxifloxacin Use: A Case Series

CAUSED BY PENTAMIDINE Systemic lupus erythematosus and aspergilloma were being treated in a 42-year-old man. Because the patient had developed asper gilloma while receiving prednis olone 30 mg daily, it was decided that prophylactic therapy be used to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. Aerosolized pentamidine by oral inhalation was started at 300 mg once monthly. A day after the patient received his first dose of inhaled pentamidine, a skin eruption developed that rapidly progressed to a gen eralized erythroderma. This was The purpose of this feature is to heighten awareness of specific adverse drug reactions (ADRs), discuss methods of prevention, and promote reporting of ADRs to the US Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) MEDWATCH program (800-FDA-1088). If you have reported an interesting, preventable ADR to MEDWATCH, please consider sharing the account with our readers. Write to Dr. Shuster at ISMP, 200 Lakeside Drive, Suite 200, Horsham, PA 19044 (phone: 215-947-7797; fax: 215-914-1492; e-mail: joel.shuster@temple.edu). Your report will be published anonymously unless otherwise requested. This feature is provided by the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) in cooperation with the FDA’s MEDWATCH program and Temple University School of Pharmacy. ISMP is an FDA MEDWATCH partner.
Writing, reviewing, and presenting an abstract

Abstracts afford an opportunity to report data at professional meetings and, when published, in the literature. Accordingly, they should be prepared with great care. When writing an abstract, anticipate questions the reviewer will ask when judging it and provide complete answers. The presentation of an abstract should follow similar thought processes. State why a problem or question is important, how you addressed it, what you found, and how your findings can be applied to the issue at hand. Slides and text should provide coordinated visual and auditory input, respectively, to ensure complete comprehension.
The Importance of Postoperative Radiation Therapy in Multimodality Management of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer: A Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant MVAC, Surgery, and Radiation

Abstract Purpose: To determine the impact of postoperative radiation on locoregional relapse and overall survival rate in a multimodality protocol for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC). Material and Methods: Of the patients entered in the protocol, 55 were evaluable. Treatment consisted of: neoadjuvant MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin, and cisplatin) until a maximum response had been achieved; modified radical mastectomy; 6 courses of postoperative adjuvant MVAC chemotherapy, and chest wall irradiation (CWXRT). Multivariate analysis of locoregional response and overall survival was done. Results: Of the total, 42 patients received chest wall radiation; 28 of these also received radiation to regional lymph nodes. Chest wall doses ranged from 45 Gy to 50.4 Gy to the whole chest wall, with 31 patients receiving an additional chest-wall boost. The incidence of locoregional relapse with and without radiation was 7% vs. 31%, respectively ( p = 0.026). An overall survival benefit was seen in those receiving radiation, with a mean overall survival of 50 months vs. 20 months, and a 3-year overall survival of 88% vs. 46% with and without radiation, respectively ( p = 0.003). Multivariate analysis showed that overall survival was affected by the presence of pathological CR ( p = .047), the number of pre-operative chemotherapy cycles ( p = .036) and whether or not they received radiation ( p = 0.003). Neither the interval between surgery and radiation, technique of radiation, nor radiation modality significantly affected local control. Conclusion: The significant improvement in local regional control and overall survival with the addition of radiation suggests that radiation should be an integral part of multimodality management of locally advanced breast cancer.
Measurement of Attachment Level in Clinical Trials: Probing Methods

Measurement of clinical attachment level has become a standard for judging clinical response in periodontal therapy. A number of probing methods and instruments have been developed in an attempt to address limitations in obtaining this measurement. First generation instruments include conventional periodontal probes; second generation probes utilize controlled forces; and third generation probes incorporate automated measurement, controlled forces, and computerized data capture. Various types of stents have been used and repeated measurement techniques have been proposed to reduce examiner error. Controlled force probes appear to have their greatest advantage in increasing inter-examiner repeatability. The use of measurement stents increases inter- and intra-examiner reliability. However, use of such stents may be limited to small sample studies of limited duration. Third generation instruments offer advantages in terms of automated measurement and data capture, increased resolution, and a more continuous measurement scale, but do not necessarily result in increased intra- or inter-examiner reliability. Examiner training and calibration are essential for any measurement instrument. Decisions for or against use of a particular instrument must be made on the basis of the needs of each clinical trial. At the present time, no commercially available instrument resolves all of the inherent limitations of clinical measurement of attachment.
Fat, energy and breast cancer.

Rates of breast cancer vary approximately fivefold among countries and are strongly correlated with national per capita availability of dietary fat. However, this relation may be substantially confounded by many other factors associated with affluent lifestyles, such as reduced parity and physical activity. In large prospective epidemiologic studies, little evidence has been seen to support any major positive association between dietary fat and risk of breast cancer over the range of 15-45% or more of energy from fat. The observation that women in counties in China consuming approximately 25% of energy from fat have much lower rates of breast cancer than U.S. women with similar fat intakes provides additional evidence that factors other than dietary fat account for the large international differences. Some epidemiologic evidence suggests that monounsaturated fat and olive oil in particular may reduce risk of breast cancer when substituted for other types of fat. In contrast to findings for dietary total fat, most types of epidemiologic studies provide indirect support for a protective effect of energy restriction and reduced growth rates against breast cancer, which is consistently observed in animal studies of mammary carcinogenesis.
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis Presenting as Prostatitis: An Uncommon Scenario

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) formerly known as Wegener’s Granulomatosis is an ANCA associated small vessel vasculitis that commonly involves the pulmonary and renal system. The lower urogenital tract is rarely affected. We present a patient who developed prostatitis initially and later manifested itself with multi-systemic involvement from GPA. doi:10.4021/wjnu18w
Thermally-forced stratification build-up in an initially isothermal, contained fluid

A study is made of transient motions of an initially isothermal, contained fluid in response to an impulsively imposed vertical temperature gradient at the boundaries. Finite-difference numerical solutions have been obtained for a Boussinesq fluid in a circular cylinder with the final state temperature profile linear in the vertical coordinate, with large Rayleigh numbers. New details of the transient flow and the development of temperature field are presented. Descriptions are given for the fundamental mechanism of meridional circulation driven by buoyant boundary layer pumping. A propagating front divides the temperature field into two regions; ahead of the front, the fluid remains to be non-stratified, and behind the front the fluid is being stratified. The flow evolution in the core behaves in a decaying oscillatory manner. The oscillatory nature is due to the presence of internal waves. The temperature evolution in the core is less oscillatory. The temperature adjustment process is governed primarily...
Hyperoxic Acute Lung Injury

Prolonged breathing of very high F(IO(2)) (F(IO(2)) ≥ 0.9) uniformly causes severe hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) and, without a reduction of F(IO(2)), is usually fatal. The severity of HALI is directly proportional to P(O(2)) (particularly above 450 mm Hg, or an F(IO(2)) of 0.6) and exposure duration. Hyperoxia produces extraordinary amounts of reactive O(2) species that overwhelms natural anti-oxidant defenses and destroys cellular structures through several pathways. Genetic predisposition has been shown to play an important role in HALI among animals, and some genetics-based epidemiologic research suggests that this may be true for humans as well. Clinically, the risk of HALI likely occurs when F(IO(2)) exceeds 0.7, and may become problematic when F(IO(2)) exceeds 0.8 for an extended period of time. Both high-stretch mechanical ventilation and hyperoxia potentiate lung injury and may promote pulmonary infection. During the 1960s, confusion regarding the incidence and relevance of HALI largely reflected such issues as the primitive control of F(IO(2)), the absence of PEEP, and the fact that at the time both ALI and ventilator-induced lung injury were unknown. The advent of PEEP and precise control over F(IO(2)), as well as lung-protective ventilation, and other adjunctive therapies for severe hypoxemia, has greatly reduced the risk of HALI for the vast majority of patients requiring mechanical ventilation in the 21st century. However, a subset of patients with very severe ARDS requiring hyperoxic therapy is at substantial risk for developing HALI, therefore justifying the use of such adjunctive therapies.
Epinephrine deficiency results in intact glucose counter-regulation, severe hepatic steatosis and possible defective autophagy in fasting mice

Epinephrine is one of the major hormones involved in glucose counter-regulation and gluconeogenesis. However, little is known about its importance in energy homeostasis during fasting. Our objective is to study the specific role of epinephrine in glucose and lipid metabolism during starvation. In our experiment, we subject regular mice and epinephrine-deficient mice to a 48-h fast then we evaluate the different metabolic responses to fasting. Our results show that epinephrine is not required for glucose counter-regulation: epinephrine-deficient mice maintain their blood glucose at normal fasting levels via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, with normal fasting-induced changes in the peroxisomal activators: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator α (PGC-1α), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPAR-α), and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP-1c). However, fasted epinephrine-deficient mice develop severe ketosis and hepatic steatosis, with evidence for inhibition of hepatic autophagy, a process that normally provides essential energy via degradation of hepatic triglycerides during starvation. We conclude that, during fasting, epinephrine is not required for glucose homeostasis, lipolysis or ketogenesis. Epinephrine may have an essential role in lipid handling, possibly via an autophagy-dependent mechanism.
Effects of Tributyltin on Protein Tyrosine Kinases and Phospholipase C Gamma in Human Natural Killer Cells

ABSTRACT Tributyltin (TBT) has been used in wood preservation, marine antifouling paints, disinfection of circulating industrial cooling waters, and slime control in paper mills. Detectable levels have been found in human blood. Exposure to TBT decreases the tumor cell lysing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) lymphocytes. In this study we assessed the effects of concentrations of TBT that have been shown to decrease NK lytic function on protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) (Syk, Zap-70, Src, and Pyk) and phospholipase C gamma (PLC-gamma) in NK cells. Exposure to 500 nM TBT caused no change in phosphorylation of any of the PTKs. A 60-min exposure of NK cells to 500 nM TBT did not significantly affect the phosphorylation state of PLC-gamma at any of the lengths of exposure. However, total levels of PLC-gamma were increased by almost 50% after this exposure. Exposure of NK cells to 300 nM TBT for 5 to 60 min caused no significant changes in the phosphorylation state PTKs or PLC-gamma. Exposure of NK cells to 200 nM TBT for 24 h caused no significant changes in the PTK phosphorylation state or total levels. Cells that were exposed to 300 nM TBT for 1 h followed by 24 h or 48 h in TBT-free media showed a significant increase in the phosphorylated forms of Syk and Zap-70 after 24 h in TBT-free media but not after 48 h. These data indicate that in vitro exposure to TBT caused no changes in PTK or PLC-gamma phosphorylation under most conditions.
How muscle insulin sensitivity is regulated: testing of a hypothesis

Muscle contractions induce an increase in glucose transport. The acute effect of muscle contractions on glucose transport is independent of insulin and reverses rapidly after cessation of exercise....
Friendship and Literacy Through Literature

The exploratory research reported in this article was designed to determine the processes and outcomes of planning thematic literacy instruction in a holistic and contextualized manner. The work was conducted in an upper-elementary, self-contained setting for students identified as learning disabled. Specifically, the instructional activities included (a) interactive readings from literature on friendship, (b) personal written responses to the literature, (c) supported retellings of the literature, (d) performance related to the literature, and (e) journal writing on the topic of friendship. The outcomes are reported in terms of the use of intertextuality over the course of the 6-week unit, the emergence of theme as a salient feature in literature, and a change in the children's conceptions of friendship. More specific literacy outcomes are captured in case studies of 3 children.
Pelagic marine protected areas protect foraging habitat for multiple breeding seabirds in the central Pacific

Despite many biotic, physical, and political challenges for place-based conservation in open ocean environments, conservation of discrete oceanic regions by designating pelagic marine protected areas (PMPAs) has gained considerable traction. In the oligotrophic central Pacific, a patchy and dynamic ecosystem, a robust network of PMPAs has recently been established. However, evaluations of PMPA efficacy in providing appropriate habitat coverage for pelagic species are lacking, particularly in the tropics. Here, we used high resolution GPS tracking and home range analyses of tropical boobies to determine the distribution and foraging habitat use of three sympatric species (Sula sula, Sula dactylatra, and Sula leucogaster) in two PMPAs that varied substantially in size and shape. At each site we characterized the extent and use of foraging habitat inside and outside the PMPA that surrounded each breeding colony. We found profound variation within and among species in foraging behavior and habitat use across the two sites; this was partially explained by variation in bathymetry. Yet, despite variation both in PMPA size and shape, and in foraging behavior of the birds, we determined that the PMPAs each encapsulated more than 85% (n = 216 trips) of foraging habitat for each species, indicating that these PMPAs provided important habitat coverage for highly mobile tropical species. While this study highlights the challenges in effectively designing PMPAs even for relatively well-studied, central place foragers, given strong variation in foraging ecologies across sites, it also suggests that PMPAs do provide meaningful habitat coverage for at least some pelagic species.
Cystic Artery Identification During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

During 200 laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by the author, the anatomy of the cystic artery and/or arteries was described. Several variations were noted and a simplified classification of five types is given to aid the surgeon in identifying that structure during the procedure, thus avoiding inadvertent injury which could result in hemorrhage.
Is Surveillance of Uveal Melanoma Just a Screen

Despite the realization that half of patients with uveal melanomawill ultimatelydevelopmetastaticdisease, questions remain regarding theutility of routine surveillance. In2011, a literature review of 31 articles failed to demonstrate convincing evidence of a survival advantage from routine surveillance.1 However, these studies were conducted in the context of traditional chemotherapy regimens, none of which demonstrated adequate response rates for uvealmelanoma.Aphase 2 trial of selumetinib conductedbetween2010 and 2013 yielded improved response rates and progressionfreesurvival (despiteno improvement inoverall survival) compared with chemotherapy.2 These landmark findings shed somehope on the dismal landscape ofmetastatic uvealmelanoma andhave thus reignited the potential benefit of routine surveillance and early detection of disease. For this reason, establishing the optimal surveillance method for uveal melanoma, should it prove to be meaningful, is an important proposition. Key characteristics of a screening regimen include adequate sensitivity and specificity as well as balancing the toxicity of the screening examination with the financial and emotional costs. Because 90% of metastases are first recognized in the liver, it is logical to focus on tests of the liver. Computed tomography is limited by its emission of radiation (especially if repeated every 6-12 months for many years) and the very high incidence of false-positive results.3 While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is perceived as being the most sensitive test, it is expensive and less accessible and also has many false-positive results. As Choudhary et al4 have pointed out in this issue of JAMA Ophthalmology, abdominal ultrasonography is an attractive screening modality. Historically, owing to its operator dependence and limitation by body habitus, abdominal ultrasonography was rarely used as a surveillance tool in the United States and has been more commonly adopted in Europe.5,6 Almost a decade ago, a study from Finland estimated that semiannual ultrasonography in concert with liver function tests could detect metastases in more than 95% of asymptomatic patients.6 At the time, the authors could not justify the expense of such a regimen in the face of poor response from the conventional chemotherapy used at the time.6 However, the promising results of targeted and immunotherapy treatments for metastatic disease2,7 may now justify an exploration of this proposed screening regimen. The work of Choudhary et al4 is most intriguing because it addresses themodel that was raised by the Finnish study a decade ago, in a US population that was historically believed to be less eligible for such a screening approach. The authors Related article page 174 Research Original Investigation Hepatic Ultrasonography for Surveillance in Uveal Melanoma
Diamond Coatings on Surface-Modified Carbide Tools Using KrF Pulsed Laser

The surface of a cemented carbide was modified using a KrF pulsed laser process to achieve a microrough structure, leading to stronger adherence of diamond films to cemented carbide substrates. The surface morphology and roughness were investigated with laser conditions. After the surface modification with the laser and the etching of the modified surface, heat treatment was performed prior to deposition of diamond film in order to observe changes in surface morphology and adhesion. Diamond films were grown by chemical vapor deposition process. The results indicated that the heat treatment of the modified cemented carbide improved the adhesion of diamond films by the recrystallization of tungsten carbides into the fine and long grains. As laser energy for the modification of a cemented carbide increased, the surface roughness increased and tungsten carbide (WC) was transformed to WC1−X (X=0−0.3) and then to W2C.
Research Note: Relationship of Feed Surface Area to Fungal Activity in Poultry Feeds

Weekly composite feed samples were collected from three farms that had manually filled tube type feeders and three that had automatic pan type feeders. Feed from pan type feeders had four-fold higher fungal activity than did feed from tube type feeders. The data suggest that the ratio of surface area to feed weight was associated with this difference.
Ex vivo alloanergization with belatacept: a strategy to selectively modulate alloresponses after transplantation.

Ex vivo alloanergization of human immune cells, via allostimulation in the presence of costimulatory blockade with either a combination of anti-B7.1 and anti-B7.2 antibodies or first-generation cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig), induces alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness and expands alloantigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg). We have successfully used this approach in the clinical setting of haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recently, the in vivo use of a new second-generation CTLA4-Ig, belatacept, has shown promise in controlling alloresponses after transplantation of both human kidneys and islet cells. We therefore compared the efficiency of first- and second-generation CTLA4-Ig in alloanergizing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and investigated whether ex vivo alloanergization with belatacept could be used to engineer an alloantigen-specific immunoregulatory population of autologous cells suitable for administration to recipients o...
Production of Highly Purified Choleragen and Choleragenoid

It is now generally accepted that the diarrhea of cholera is brought about by the action of an exoenterotoxin elaborated by cholera vibrios in the small bowel. This development, while significant of itself, raises a number of questions that must be resolved before it can be applied to the problem of the disease in man. The questions of primary importance are: (7) can effective antitoxic immunity be elicited in man, and, if so, does it offer any significant advantage over currently used antibacterial immunity or any improvements that may be anticipated in that area [1-3]; (2) by what means, at the cellular and subcellular levels, does the enterotoxin cause the outpouring of fluid and electrolytes; and {3) how can this process, once initiated, be attenuated or completely halted short of its natural progression. In order to provide answers to these and other questions, it seems evident that one must first have sufficient amounts of toxin purified to such a degree that it will serve the purpose of the desired study. In order that field
Prediction of the water intake capacity of injection wells at low permeability reservoir by successive step-back selection method

Based on the geological and dynamic statistics of injection wells at low permeability oilfield,a statistical model was built by the multiple regression method.The successive step-back selection method for factors’ determination was used to solve the optimized regression prediction equation.All the factors were ordered according to their effect on the water intake capacities.And the optimized regression prediction equation is then verified with the water well data from Oilfield.The results show that the injection well connectivity is the primary factor that affects the water intake capacity for low permeability reservoirs,and the formation permeability takes the second place..