cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fault-Tolerant Design for Nanowire-Based Programmable Logic Arrays

As complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology faces more and more severe physical barriers down the path of continuously feature size scaling, innovative nano-scale devices have been developed to enhance future circuit design and computation. Among them, programmable logic arrays (PLAs) using self-assembly nanowire crossbars have shown promising potential for future nano-scale circuit design. However, due to the density and size factors of nanowires and molecular switches, the fabrication fault densities are much higher than the conventional silicon technology, and hence pose greater design challenges. To improve the reliability of nanoelectronic PLA designs, various electronic design automation tools with emphases on defect tolerance are developed. In this chapter, we discuss some promising examples of defect-tolerant techniques for nano-PLAs, specifically, the approaches based on information redundancy and defect-aware configuration. We summarize some of our own results as well as other works in this area and provide some future research directions.
Effective many-body parameters for atoms in nonseparable Gaussian optical potentials

An approach to calculating eigenfunctions of particles in nonseparable optical potentials is presented, and it is shown that parameters such as tunneling and interaction matrix elements can be significantly different from their separable counterparts.
Social Strain, Structural Breakdown, Political Opportunity, and Collective Action

Sociology traditionally identified social strain and structural breakdown as causes of collective action. Such explanations were widely interpreted as endorsing social order and viewing its breakdown and the resulting collective action in a negative light. In the 1970s, advocates of the resource mobilization perspective criticized strain and breakdown explanations and this negative connotation of collective action. Rather than strain or breakdown, these theorists explained collective action in terms of solidarity, interests, and resources. Despite these criticisms, strain and breakdown explanations persisted at the margins of mainstream social movement theory. Moreover, the resource mobilization approach invoked ‘opportunity’ to explain collective action. There is a strong resemblance between ‘strain and breakdown’ and ‘opportunity’. Both explain collective action in terms of external, facilitating conditions, but opportunity explanations connote a more favorable evaluation of the resulting collective action. Such resemblances suggest the viability of a synthesis between older and newer explanations of collective action.
Turner Syndrome Reveals That X Marks the Spot for Imprinting

“She must get that from you.” Parents are often credited (or otherwise) with contributing to the traits of their offspring. Yet in some cases, an allele from a single parent actually can be preferentially expressed through genomic imprinting. Genomic imprinting is a heritable epigenetic process that results in the preferential expression of either the maternal or paternal allele for some genes. The function of this mysterious form of gene regulation is unknown. In 1997, David Skuse and colleagues discovered evidence for imprinting on the X chromosome in studies of female Turner syndrome patients, who are monosomic for the X chromosome. Skuse and colleagues reported that X p O individuals have better verbal and higher-order executive functions mediating social interactions as compared with those of X m O individuals. A cluster of X-linked imprinted genes was later discovered in mice in 2005. Despite these exciting insights, the influence of X-linked imprinting effects on human brain development and function have been greatly debated. In a new study by Lepage et al. , the authors demonstrate that significant differences exist in the brain morphology of Turner syndrome patients with X p O and X m O genotypes. Females with the X p O genotype have a thicker cortex in temporal regions, whereas females with the X m O genotype exhibit enlarged gray matter volume in the superior frontal regions. The brain region–specific effects on morphology suggest that imprinting on the X chromosome may act in a brain region–specific manner in humans. The authors control for many issues that may have confounded previous studies; in particular, they include a large number of Turner syndrome patients (23 X m O and 17 X p O) and control for age and hormone treatments. These new insights provide important information to understand the cognitive impairments associated with Turner syndrome. Further, the findings indicate the existence of sexually dimorphic imprinting effects and raise new questions about the identity and function of imprinted genes in the human brain. J. F. Lepage et al. , Genomic imprinting effects of the X chromosome on brain morphology. J. Neurosci. 33 , 8567–8574 (2013). [[Abstract] ][1] [1]: http://www.jneurosci.org/content/33/19/8567
Persistent internal polarizations in poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. II. Thermoelectret formation

Abstract Thermoelectrets were formed in commercial poly(ethylene terephthalate) films over several temperature ranges. The depolarization of charges injected during thermoelectret formation indicated holes to be the majority charge carriers in the conduction process. The depolarization of dipoles oriented during thermoelectret formation indicated that the Tg peak reflects stresses introduced into the mobile chain segments during orientation of the glycol linkages.
Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Developments: Implications for Clinical Assessment in Traumatic Brain Injury.

Adolescence is a time of significant physical, social, and emotional developments, accompanied by changes in cognitive and language skills. Underlying these are significant developments in brain structures and functions including changes in cortical and subcortical gray matter and white matter tract
Testing machine for evaluating wear by paper

Abstract A testing machine has been built to aid in the study of sliding wear between paper and various other materials. The machine has proven useful in two areas: 1. (1) The study of the abrasion resistance of materials subjected to wear by paper. 2. (2) Assessment of the relative abrasiveness of different papers. The equipment is capable of operating at high sliding velocities, up to 2500 cm/s, so that conditions encountered in paper handling machinery may be simulated. Sliding distances of as much as 107 cm may be achieved in one hour, so that the study of extremely hard abrasion resistant materials becomes a practical matter. The machine is not limited to the use of paper, but can accommodate any material available in thin web form. This paper describes the construction of the testing machine and discusses typical applications.
Human chest wall function while awake and during halothane anesthesia. II. Carbon dioxide rebreathing.

BACKGROUND Changes in the distribution of respiratory drive to different respiratory muscles may contribute to respiratory depression produced by halothane. The aim of this study was to examine factors that are responsible for halothane-induced depression of the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide rebreathing. METHODS In six human subjects, respiratory muscle activity in the parasternal intercostal, abdominal, and diaphragm muscles was measured using fine-wire electromyography electrodes. Chest wall motion was determined by respiratory impedance plethysmography. Electromyography activities and chest wall motion were measured during hyperpnea produced by carbon dioxide rebreathing while the subjects were awake and during 1 MAC halothane anesthesia. RESULTS Halothane anesthesia significantly reduced the slope of the response of expiratory minute ventilation to carbon dioxide (from 2.88 +/- 0.73 (mean +/- SE) to 2.01 +/- 0.45 l.min-1.mmHg-1). During the rebreathing period, breathing frequency significantly increased while awake (from 10.3 +/- 1.4 to 19.7 +/- 2.6 min-1, P < 0.05) and significantly decreased while anesthetized (from 28.8 +/- 3.9 to 21.7 +/- 1.9 min-1, P < 0.05). Increases in respiratory drive to the phrenic motoneurons produced by rebreathing, as estimated by the diaphragm electromyogram, were enhanced by anesthesia. Anesthesia attenuated the response of parasternal electromyography and accentuated the response of the transversus abdominis electromyography to rebreathing. The compartmental response of the ribcage to rebreathing was significantly decreased by anesthesia (from 1.83 +/- 0.58 to 0.48 +/- 0.13 l.min-1.mmHg-1), and marked phase shifts between ribcage and abdominal motion developed in some subjects. However, at comparable tidal volumes, the ribcage contribution to ventilation was similar while awake and anesthetized in four of the six subjects. CONCLUSIONS Halothane anesthesia enhances the rebreathing response of neural drive to the primary respiratory muscle, the diaphragm. These findings provide direct evidence that, at the dose examined in this study, halothane-induced respiratory depression is caused by alterations in the distribution and timing of neural drive to the respiratory muscles, rather than a global depression of respiratory motoneuron drive.
Other Causes of Rhinitis: Mixed Rhinitis, Rhinitis Medicamentosa, Hormonal Rhinitis, Rhinitis of the Elderly, and Gustatory Rhinitis

It is important to consider a comprehensive differential of possible rhinitis types when considering the diagnosis of chronic rhinitis, including at least 9 subtypes of nonallergic rhinitis: drug-induced rhinitis, gustatory rhinitis, hormonal-induced rhinitis, infectious rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome, occupational rhinitis, senile rhinitis, atrophic rhinitis, and nonallergic rhinopathy. This article focuses on some of the most common types of chronic rhinitis, including mixed rhinitis (allergic and nonallergic overlap), rhinitis medicamentosa, hormonal rhinitis, rhinitis of the elderly, and gustatory rhinitis.
“Crossroads in Sepsis Research” Review Series Overview of the pathophysiology of sepsis

Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation,Oklahoma City, OK, USASepsis is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that arises throughthe innate response to infection [1], and can appear as a compli-cation of trauma, cancer or major elective surgery [2]. Despitegreat strides being made in understanding the pathophysiologyand designing treatment for this disease, mortality rates stillremain unacceptably high. Currently, sepsis rivals myocardialinfarction as a common and potentially reversible cause of mortal-ity in the developed world. At least 8,000,000 people develop thissyndrome in the United States alone, and one-quarter of these diewithin 28 days of its onset. It is, therefore, of great importance toadvance our understanding and hopefully find appropriate therapyfor this major, and increasingly frequent medical problem.The pathogenesis of sepsis and its accompanying systemicinflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) reflect the inability of thebody to regulate the immune response [3] (Fig. 1). Sepsis initiatesas microbial components are recognized by soluble or cell-boundpattern recognition molecules or receptors, such as CD14 andToll-like receptors (TLRs). Activation of these receptors inducesthe transcription of inflammatory and immune response genes,often vianuclear factor-kB (NF-kB), and establishes a hyperactiveinflammatory response. Endothelial and epithelial cells, as well asneutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes, produce the powerfulpro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF- , interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 and IL-8 [4]. Neutrophils and macrophages respond to thesemediators by releasing granular enzymes and producing reactiveoxygen species (ROS) such as H
A study of quasi-experimental control group methods for estimating policy impacts

Abstract This study examines the efficacy of quasi-experimental control group (QECG) methods for estimating policy impacts. It establishes that QECG estimators can outperform the conventional regression (CR) estimator when policy adoption is endogenous (nonrandom), the relationship between outcomes and policies is nonlinear, and CR equations do not correctly specify the nonlinear form of the relationship. In the case of perfect matching, QECG methods produce unbiased estimates. In the case of imperfect matching, QECG estimators will be biased. To address this and other issues, we develop a more general QECG estimator that (1) allows control places to be matched to more than one treatment place, and (2) weights observations by the “closeness” of the match. Using Monte Carlo analysis we demonstrate that our estimator substantially improves estimates of policy impacts.
Regularity of harmonic maps with prescribed singularities

In this paper, we studied the regularity problem for harmonic maps into hyperbolic spaces with prescribed singularities along codimension two submanifolds. This is motivated from one of Hawking's conjectures on the uniqueness of Kerr solutions among all axially symmetric asymptotically flat stationary solutions to the vacuum Einstein equation in general relativity.
Die wahre Natur der Myxobakterien-„Rhapidosomen”

1. Der untersuchte Stamm von Archangium violaceum ist fur einen defekten Phagen lysogen; dieser wird normalerweise durch Spontanlyse freigesetzt, Induktion mit Mitomycin C fuhrt jedoch zu hoherer Ausbeute. 2. Von diesem Phagen wird allein noch der Schwanzteil gebildet; er setzt sich aus einem Core, einer contractilen Scheide sowie einer Schwanzplatte mit Spikes und Fibrillen zusammen. 3. Die fruher beschriebenen „Rhapidosomen” sind solche Phagenschwanze mit kontrahierter Scheide und vorstehendem Core. 4. Die Schwanzscheide hat eine Schraubenstruktur; diese ist nur bei Negativfarbung mit Uranylacetat erkennbar. 5. Neben Phagenschwanzen mit unverkurzter und kontrahierter Scheide finden sich in den Kulturlysaten auch Polysheaths. Diese entsprechen ihrem Bau nach kontrahierten Schwanzscheiden, erreichen jedoch ein Mehrfaches von deren Lange und besitzen weder Core noch Endplatte.
Charity in children: The influence of “charity” stimuli and an audience

Abstract This study examined (a) the functional relation between “charity” stimuli and a class of behaviors typically assumed to be charitable, and (b) the possible influence of an observing adult (audience) in charitable and noncharitable situations. Ten- and 11-year-olds ( N = 40) were given an opportunity to pull a lever which resulted in the delivery of money into either a neutral (noncharity) or a charity box. Each S responded in both the presence and absence of an audience. Subjects responded significantly more toward the charity box than to the neutral box. This finding provides evidence for a lawful relation between “charity” stimuli and a class of behaviors, thereby justifying the label “charity” for those behaviors which have heretofore been assumed to be charitable. The presence of an observing adult had no significant effect on responding in charitable and noncharitable situations, thus failing to support derivations from the social facilitation and altruism literature.
Novel transparent conducting barriers for photovoltaics

NREL has leveraged its expertise in multifunctional thin-film technologies to develop enabling and inexpensive transparent conductive coatings for energy applications (Figure 1). The design of these films provides an unique complement of performance characteristics including enhanced durability, flexibility, and impermeable and self-healing barriers to environmental contaminants (e.g., water and oxygen). This is especially needed for environmentally sensitive thin-film and organic photovoltaic technologies. In general, the majority of transparent conducting films used in industry today involves 0.5 to 2 micrometers of relatively expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) and/or doped zinc oxide coatings that have 60%–80% transmission in the visible region and resistances from 10 to 500 ohms/sq. However, to reduce materials/processing costs and maintain a high level of conductivity/transparency while enhancing barrier and durability performance, we have developed nanoscale film composites of ultra-thin TCOs (focusing on lower-cost materials that will include doped ZnO) and atomic layer-deposited materials. These composite structures will be a disruptive technology providing the transparency, conductivity, structural integrity (adhesion and fracture toughness), and impermeability needed for the most demanding applications, with processing that is scalable and adaptable for inexpensive, low-temperature manufacturing. Specifically, NREL has demonstrated transparent conducting films with the potential to reduce water/oxygen vapor transport rates by more than five orders of magnitude compared to typical organic materials. In addition, these films have resistances of ∼5 ohms/sq. and transmissions over 90%. These transparent conducting barrier films also have significantly enhanced cyclic loading durability and strain tolerance. Finally, despite these substantial improvements, NREL's transparent conducting barrier layers can be integrated with PV devices for two orders of magnitude less cost than ITO. NREL's ultimate goal is to improve the technology and provide water vapor transport rates (WVTRs) lower than 10−6 g/m2-day—the barrier protection needed to enable organic, some thin-film, and 3rd generation photovoltaics.
A comparison of models relating successive to simultaneous measures of stimulus control

Abstract Six pigeons were trained to peck at a 135° line (S+) and not to peck at a 45° line (S−). Training, given in a two-key operant chamber, included both successive and simultaneous presentations of S+ and S−. Extinction and maintained generalization tests were subsequently given to measure rate of responding to S+, S− and three intermediate line orientations. Stimuli were presented singly on some trials and were paired on others. Rate of responding to a stimulus decreased both as it deviated from S+ and as the stimulus with which it was paired approached S+. Responding to the members of each stimulus pair was predicted by mathematical models, from rates of responding to the stimuli when presented singly.
Flicker adaptation. II. Effect on the apparent brightness of intermittent lights.

Abstract It was found that an intermittent light must be made more intense after adaptation to a flickering light in order to appear as bright as it does after adaptation to a steady light of the same time-average retinal illuminance. The largest decreases of brightness gain occurred with adapting stimuli of intermediate frequencies (6–11 Hz). Furthermore, the loss of gain produced by an adapting stimulus of intermediate frequency was highly nonlinear in the sense that it was not constant from one test frequency to the next. Both low- and high-frequency adapting stimuli produced relatively small, but reliable, reductions of gain at all test frequencies. The effects of flicker adaptation on brightness gain are compared with published data on the effects of flicker adaptation on temporal modulation sensitivity, and possible mechanisms of flicker adaptation are discussed.
An extension of koopmans' theorem III. ionization energies of the open‐shell atoms Li and B

Extended Koopmans' theorem orbital energies are calculated using unsymmetrized hole states for the Li 2S and B 2P states. These orbital energies are compared with ionization energies obtained from Δci calculations in the same basis sets as well as with experimental ionization energies. The extended Koopmans' orbital energies over unsymmetrized hole states for the outer shell orbital 2sα of Li and for the two outer shell orbitals 2pα and 2sβ of B agree well with Δci ionization energies and with experimental ionization energies. The overlap of the 2sα hole state of Li with a ci wave function of Li+ is 0.999983. The corresponding overlaps of the 2pα and 2sβ hole states of B with ci wave functions are 0.996588 and 0.999258, respectively. The unsymmetrized hole states for inner shell orbitals are strong mixtures of different symmetry types and yield increasingly poorer ionization energies.
Production and respiration rates in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 Northeast and Southwest Monsoons

Abstract In this paper we examine the relationships among oxygen, carbon and nitrogen production and respiration rate measurements made in the Arabian Sea during the 1995 Northeast (NEM) and Southwest (SWM) Monsoons. Increased biological production characterized the SWM, with rates 12–53% higher than the NEM. In most cases, we found remarkable similarity in production rates during the two monsoons and an absence of strong spatial gradients in production between nearshore and offshore waters, especially during the SWM. Daily 14C and total 15N production underestimated gross C production, and at the majority of stations 14C and total 15N production were either the same as net C production or between gross and net C production. Moreover, new production (15NO3), scaled to carbon, was substantially less than net C production. Approximately 50% of the PO14C was metabolized during the photoperiod, with smaller losses (7–11%) overnight. The simplest explanation for the discrepancy between gross and total 15N production and between net C and new production was the loss of 15N-labeled particulate matter as dissolved organic matter. Partitioning of metabolized gross C production into respiratory and dissolved pools showed distinct onshore–offshore distributions that appeared to be related to the composition of the phytoplankton assemblage and probably reflected the trophodynamics of the ecosystem. The percentage of gross C production released as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was highest in the nearshore waters where diatoms dominated the phytoplankton assemblage, while community respiration was a more important fate for production further offshore where picoplankton prevailed. In general, stations that retained more gross C production as net production (i.e., high net C/gross C ratios) had higher rates of DOC production relative to community respiration. Locations where community respiration exceeded DOC production were characterized by low rates of net C production and had low net C/gross C ratios. In those ecosystems, less net C production was retained because higher metabolic losses reduced gross C production to a greater extent than at the more productive sites.
Monitoring of viral levels during therapy of hepatitis C

Alpha interferon therapy of chronic hepatitis C is typically accompanied by a biphasic decrease in hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels: an initial rapid decline during the first 24 to 48 hours, and a second more gradual decline during the following weeks. The rate of second-phase decline correlates with ultimate response to interferon treatment. Thus, assessment of early virological response (EVR) may predict outcome. Data from 2 large clinical trials of peginterferon and ribavirin were combined and analyzed to determine the optimal definition of an EVR which, if not achieved, was associated with a low likelihood of a sustained virological response (SVR). A fall in HCV RNA level to undetectable or by at least 2 log10 units after 12 weeks was found to be the optimal definition of an EVR. Among 965 patients, 778 (80%) achieved an EVR by week 12, including all except 1 patient with genotypes 2 or 3. Among 187 patients without an EVR, only 3 (1.6%) had an SVR. These findings suggest that patients with genotype 1 who do not achieve an EVR should stop treatment after 12 weeks. Use of an early stopping rule reduces treatment costs by at least 16% and avoids the inconvenience and side effects of treatment in the 19% of patients without an EVR who have little chance of a lasting virological response.
OPTIMAL STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY DESIGN USING THE HOMOGENIZATION METHOD WITH MULTIPLE CONSTRAINTS

In applications of the homogenization method for optimal structural topology design the solution is obtained by solving the optimahty conditions directly. This reduces the computational burden by taking advantage of closed-form solutions but it restricts the optimization model to having only one constraint. The article develops a generalized class of convex approximation methods for mathematical programming that can be used for the optimal topology homogenization problem with multiple constraints in-eluded in the model, without substantial reduction in computational efficiency. A richer class of design models can be then addressed using the hotnogenization method. Design examples illustrate the performance of the proposed solution strategy.
Viscoresistive ballooning and density fluctuations in the ZT-40 device

Resistive ballooning subject to the effects of viscosity is put forward as a possible explanation for some of the observed density fluctuations in the ZT-40 device at Los Alamos.
Mass Differences of Charmed Hadrons

The mass difference $m({D}^{+})\ensuremath{-}m({D}^{0})$ of the charmed pseudoscalar meson doublet is estimated as about 6.7 MeV, as compared with the value 15 MeV given by De R\'ujula, Georgi, and Glashow. Mass differences are also estimated for charmed baryons.
Religious Involvement, Gratitude, and Change in Depressive Symptoms Over Time

Three hypotheses are evaluated in this study. The first predicts that feelings of gratitude will offset (i.e., moderate) the deleterious effects of chronic financial strain on depressive symptoms over time. The second hypothesis specifies that people who go to church more often will be more likely to feel grateful. The third hypothesis predicts that individuals with a strong sense of God-mediated control will also feel more grateful. Data from a nationwide longitudinal study of older adults in the United States (N = 818) provide support for all three hypotheses. The data suggest that the effects of ongoing economic difficulty on depressive symptoms are especially pronounced for older people who are less grateful. But in contrast, persistent financial difficulties fail to exert a statistically significant effect on depressive symptoms over time for older individuals who are especially grateful. The results further reveal that more frequent church attendance and stronger God-mediated control beliefs are ass...
A Low-Order Parametric Description of Left Ventricular Kinematics

An approximate description for the deformation of the left ventricle (LV) throughout the cardiac cycle is developed in terms of three time-dependent parameters. The reference configuration, corresponding to end-diastole, is represented as a thick-walled prolate spheroid. By using prolate spheroidal coordinates, a three-parameter family of mappings is defined to represent the deformed shapes of the LV wall, while identically conserving wall volume. The three parameters represent lengthening with constant internal volume, contraction with reduction of internal volume, and torsion. Feasibility is illustrated using echocardiography data from a healthy subject. The reference configuration was defined by fitting observed points on LV endocardial and epicardial surfaces in long-axis images at end diastole. Time-courses of parameters defining LV kinematics were obtained for best fit to longitudinal strains, circumferential strains and rotations (LS, CS and R) obtained from speckle tracking echocardiography at 36 LV regions. Fitted versus echocardiography-measured CS, LS and R were compared at the LV base, mid-wall and apex at the endocardium and epicardium. The RMS deviation between fitted and measured peak strains was 0.06 (LS) and 0.08 (CS). Fitted and measured LV volume changes during contraction agreed closely. Circumferential variations in strain, which may be significant in normal and pathological hearts, are not represented here. The results demonstrate feasibility of a low-order description of the deformation field in the LV myocardium, based on echocardiographic imaging data. Such a description provides a basis for low-order models of LV mechanics and eventual real-time patient-specific analysis of LV mechanical parameters.
Cardiometabolic risk: a Framingham perspective.

Objective: To review published data on vascular disease- and diabetes-related outcomes related to adiposity and metabolic risk factors. Design: Community cohort study with cross-sectional and prospective data. Subjects: Middle-aged Caucasian adults in a suburban environment. Measurements: Traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as measures of insulin resistance, left ventricular hypertrophy and vascular calcification. Results: The cardiometabolic risk factors cluster in the population and a common core that includes adiposity (both waist and body mass index), abnormal lipids (both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides), and abnormal glucose and insulin metabolism was found to be present in Framingham participants. Increased insulin resistance was also found to be associated with coronary artery calcification and left ventricular hypertrophy in women. Analyses of the metabolic syndrome risk factors showed that a greater burden of risk factors was associated with greater risk of both cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. An equation to estimate risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus has been developed from the Framingham experience, and the risk factors included in the metabolic syndrome are key components, including increased waist girth, elevated blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides and impaired fasting glucose. Conclusion: Cardiometabolic factors and insulin resistance are important contributors to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, subclinical cardiovascular disease and clinical cardiovascular disease.
Effect of aging on pulmonary superoxide dismutase.

Abstract Pulmonary Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase was examined in young (1-month-old), adult (4–5-months-old) and aged (24-months-old) rats to determine if partially inactive forms of the enzyme accumulate in the lung with age. Measurement of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity in lung homogenates showed that total Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity/mg DNA was essentially the same in adult and aged rats. The average value of Cu,ZN superoxide dismutase/mg DNA for young rats was less than half that of adult and aged rats. Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase was purified from the lung homogenates and fractionated into isoelectric variants by either isoelectric focusing or chromatofocusing. Three main isoelectric variants of Cu,ZN superoxide dismutase were recovered with pI values of 5.15, 4.88 and 4.75. In all age groups studied, the pI 4.88 variant had a markedly higher specific activity than the other two variants, as well as the highest metal content and greatest resistance to inactivation of all three variants. The pI 4.88 variant declined from 88% of the total Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase activity in the young animals to only 70% in the aged animals. The results of this study indicate that the proportion of the relatively inactive forms of pulmonary Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase increased with age.
A Dilemma for Asymmetric Dependence

Accounts of mental content rooted in asymmetric dependence hold, crudely speaking, that the content of a mental representation is the cause of that representation on which all its other causes depend.1 To speak somewhat less crudely, such accounts, hereafter “AD accounts”, hold 1) that (a) any nomic relations which obtain between, on the one hand, a mental representation and, on the other hand, various causes and possible causes of that representation which are not its content, are dependent on (b) a nomic relation between that representation and its content, but 2) that the latter nomic relation is not dependent on any of the former relations. This paper argues that AD accounts are false. There is more than one AD account; there are a range of possible accounts which share that general form. Yet all of those alternatives are false. The problem is a dilemma defined by reference to three axes of difference among possible AD accounts. Any position along the first axis requires a problematic position along one of the other two. First, AD accounts may deploy nomic relations which differ in scope, which apply for instance to all individuals or merely to particular individuals and hence have in that sense relatively wide or narrow scope. Second, AD accounts may deploy different conceptions of the nature of the syntax of mental representations. Third, AD accounts may deploy different accounts of the grounds of the nomic relations which bind that syntax to target contents. I will argue that AD accounts which deploy wide scope laws cannot fit with a reasonably plausible account of the nature of the syntax of mental representations, and that AD accounts which deploy narrow scope laws cannot fit with a reasonably plausible account of the grounds of the nomic relations which bind that syntax to target contents.2 Section 1 is a brief exposition of AD accounts and of their motivation. It also sketches
Static versus dynamic effects in motor cortex and area 5: comparison during movement time.

We examined the directionality of static and dynamic motor effects on cell discharge recorded during arm movements in motor cortex and area 5. Movements of 8 directions were performed by rhesus monkeys in a two-dimensional space (‘movement task’)3. Static effects were determined using a static hold task in the same workspace (‘static task’); they were adequately described as planar activity surfaces in (63%) and (60%) of motor cortical and area 5 cells, respectively, that showed statistically significant changes in steady-state activity associated with holding in different positions4. The frequency of discharge expected during the movement time on the basis of the static effect alone was calculated for every trial using the static plane equation and the movement path. The difference between this value and the discharge rate observed in the movement task during the same period of time was taken as an estimate of the contribution of non-static, i.e. dynamic factors. Thus static and dynamic tuning curves were generated. These curves were compared with respect to depth of tuning and spatial congruence. The former was estimated by taking the difference between the maximum and minimum of the curve, and the latter by measuring the correlation between the static and dynamic curves. We found the following. First, the dynamic tuning curves were more deeply tuned than the corresponding static ones, by 1.51 and 1.59 times in motor cortex and area 5, respectively. This result was statistically significant in both areas (paired t-test, P < 0.001). Second, the depth of dynamic and static tuning correlated significantly in both areas, but more strongly in the motor cortex (r = 0.667, n = 78, P < 0.001) than in area 5 (r = 0.38, n = 63, P < 0.01). Finally, the static and dynamic curves were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) in (41.0%) and (44.4%) of motor cortical and area 5 cells, respectively. However, both positive and negative correlations were observed.
Effect of material properties on the strain to failure of thick-walled cylinders subjected to internal pressure

The determination of the fully plastic response and pressure limit of a pressure vessel is of considerable importance in design, especially in autofrettage considerations. This paper presents the results of an experimental study which measured the maximum internal pressure which can be applied to thick-walled cylindrical vessels. Both aluminum and steel, with material properties ranging from ductile to brittle, were tested at stress levels through plastic and strain hardening ranges to fracture. From these tests, the pressure-expansion and through-thickness yielding characteristics were determined for these specimens. It is shown that a strain-to-failure criterion, based on the triaxiality of stress in the critical region, can be used to predict the complete pressure versus strain relations and maximum pressure for these cylinders. A simple tension-true stress-strain relation of the material is employed to analytically predict the response of the cylinder into the plastic regime. Finally, simplified theoretical and empirical formulas for bursting pressures are checked against the experimental results.
Metaphoricity in the History of Economic Thought (on the Basis of the 17th Century Economic Discourse)

At all times economists resorted to metaphors to explicate abstract phenomena like money, market, labor and so on. The article is devoted to the analysis of metaphoricity in the works of philosophers and pre-classical economists of the 17th century with the aim to trace the source of economic metaphors and look into the factors that have bearing on the proclivity of metaphorical mappings of the nascent intellectual discipline. Each epoch is characterized by a specific metaphorical paradigm which is a result of systematic correlations across domains and carries an impact of the general state of knowledge, relative significance of different areas of learning, national and cultural specificity. These paradigms supply basic guiding images to express new cognitive contents and shape the ways in which reality can be visualized and a new theory constructed. We proceed from the assumption that metaphoricity is the foundational feature of economic discourse and the basis for the conceptualization of economic reality and postulate that economic metaphors are dependent on and epistemologically correlated with the general metaphorical paradigm of the period in question. Adaptations and modifications of universal absolute metaphors (organic – mechanical) are carried out in full conformity with the existing metaphorical paradigm. A historical perspective adopted in this article allows us to discover the cognitive basis of economic metaphors, their pattern setting capacity and implications for modern-day economics.
Classification of alcoholism with reference to comorbidity.

Abstract Classification of individuals with alcoholism is currently limited. The purpose of this analysis was to determine whether antisocial personality disorder and other primary psychiatric syndromes identified subgroups of alcoholics with differing characteristics. Alcoholic probands (n = 224) with alcoholism were divided into those with primary alcoholism (n = 128), antisocial alcoholism (n = 50), and secondary alcoholism (n = 46). These groups were evaluated with regard to alcohol-related symptoms and upon a variety of psychiatric signs and symptoms. The secondary alcoholism group demonstrated a milder form of alcoholism. The antisocial alcoholic and primary alcoholic groups demonstrated many similarities, but overall, the antisocial alcoholic group appeared most severe. The antisocial alcoholic group additionally exhibited a dissociation between the subjectively reported and the observed behavior. These findings support the concept of heterogeneity within the alcoholism spectrum. Longitudinal data are needed to determine whether the observed cross-sectional differences predict outcome differences.
Significance of endothelium in the fine‐needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

We reviewed fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (n = 35), benign hepatic processes (n = 35), cholangiocarcinoma (CC) (n = 6), and metastatic tumors (n = 100) to evaluate the significance of endothelium present either peripherally-wrapping around groups of cells, (peripheral endothelium (PE)), or transgressing sheets of cells (transgressing endothelium (TE)), in distinguishing these lesions. These patterns were assessed as absent, focal, or prominent. Thirty-three of 35 (94%) HCCs contained either focal or prominent PE or TE, compared to only 3 of 35 (9%) benign hepatocytic lesions. Only one benign lesion contained a prominent endothelial component (TE only). Two cases of HCC failed to contain endothelium, one fibrolamellar variant and one well-differentiated HCC. These differences were statistically significant (P < 10–5, sensitivity 94%, specificity 91%, and positive predictive value [PPV] 92%). Neither pattern of endothelium was present in any CC or metastatic tumor. These differences were also statistically significant (P < 10–5, sensitivity 94%, and specificity and PVP 100%). We conclude that the presence of endothelium, at least focally in either one or both distinctive patterns, is highly sensitive and specific for HCC and aides in distinguishing it from benign hepatocytic lesions, CC, and metastases. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How to prepare effective interlibrary loan invoices

ABSTRACT In response to shrinking budgets, interlibrary loan activity is increasing and staff time is decreasing. In addition, more supplying libraries are charging for interlibrary loans, which means that borrowing libraries are processing more invoices. To minimize the time and resources needed to keep the system working, invoices need to be prepared appropriately. This article presents several tips for preparing effective interlibrary loan invoices and for efficiently pursuing late payments.
Partial Excision of Infected Fistula Results in Increased Patency at the Cost of Increased Risk of Recurrent Infection

Reliable vascular access is often an issue of ongoing frustration for those requiring dialysis. Synthetic arteriovenous fistulae (SAVF) have been widely used to provide vascular access; however, the risk of infection at the SAVF site is significant, especially because the SAVF is potentially exposed to pathogens on a regular basis due to the cannulation required for dialysis. Between 11 and 35% of all SAVF become infected and require surgical removal. The purpose of this investigation was to: (1) compare the risk of recurrent infection with complete versus partial excision of the infected SAVF (ISAVF) and (2) explore the risks and benefits of attempting to preserve patency of noninfected portions of ISAVF. In a retrospective review to determine the risk of recurrent infection after removal of ISAVF, charts of 77 patients undergoing surgery for the removal of an ISAVF from the arm were identified with 84 instances of excision of an ISAVF. Of the 84 ISAVF, 26 (31 %) were treated with complete excision (CE), 30 (35.7%) grafts were partially excised with blood flow restoration through a new interposed PTFE segment (PERF), and 28 (33.3%) grafts were partially excised with no flow restoration (PENF), leaving portions that were not grossly infected. Fourteen of 30 (46.7%) PERF grafts, 4/28 (14.3%) PENF, and 0/26 CE grafts developed further infection at the excision site. These differences were significant when comparing PERF to CE (p < 0.001) and PERF to PENF (p < 0.025), but no significance was found when comparing CE to PENF. Patency was significantly greater for the PERF group at 1 and 2 years than for both CE (p < 0.001) and PENF (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the data suggest that restoring blood flow to the remainder of a partially excised ISAVF significantly increases patency without necessitating catherer placement and a new hemoaccess site, but at the cost of significantly increased risk of recurrent infection.
Properties of epoxy-cement mortar systems

Abstract The possible benefits to be obtained by addition of an epoxy resin system to cement mortat have been explored. The epoxy resin system, consisting of a low molecular weight liquid resin, Epon 828, and either an amido-amine or a di-β-hydroxyalkylamine as a curing agent, is first premixed and then varying percentages of the blended epoxy resin are added to a standard cement; sand; water mix. With 5% of added epoxy (by weight of the mortar) tensile strengths above 900 p.s.i. and compressive-strengths above 8000 p.s.i. have been realized with either normal Type I or early Type III cement. Both of the hardeners used gave improved strength properties but the hydroxyalkylamine gives superior strength and workability. Additional tests were made in which the cement: water phase of the mortar was progressively replaced by the blended epoxy system. For 20% replacement, strength properties were improved but they diminished at 40% replacement, as the added epoxy interfered with hydration of the cement. At still higher replacements, strength values rose again; and, for 100% replacement, the average tensile strength exceeded 1800 p.s.i. and the water absorption was effectively zero.
Change and continuity in British voluntary organisations, 1976 to 1988

A cohort of twenty British national voluntary agencies serving handicapped people was studied in 1976 and again in 1989 after a decade of major shifts in public policy. Changes and continuities were identified in income, structure, governance, management, programme, interorganisation relations and advocacy. A consistent pattern of growth, bureaucratisation and professionalisation was found, with relatively little change in the dominant mode of financing, statutory or philanthropic. A three-stage model is proposed to describe the development of British voluntary agencies since the 1970s, and some of the organisational implications of current policies for the 1990s are noted.
SU(4) Assignments for the Vector Resonances

An interpretation of the meson ( kappa ), which is a 730-Mev K pi resonandce, is proposed. A scheme, based on the 1/sup -/ spin and parity assignment for the meson ( kappa ), in which all the vector resonances are interpreted as forming one multiple corresponding to the adjoint representation of SU(4) is considered. (C.E.S.)
Navigating the Thin Line between Education and Incarceration: An Action Research Case Study on Gang-Associated Latino Youth.

This article examines data collected from an ethnographic research project conducted with 56 gang-associated Latino youths ages 15 to 21 from 2007 to 2009. The objectives of the study were to examine how poor Latino gang-associated youths perceived schooling and policing and to find out if the research process could promote educational aspirations among this population. 1 Data from extensive observations, focus groups, interviews, and workshops with gang-associated youths at a continuation high school, a community center, and on the streets are presented. These young people encountered a multitude of negative interactions with authority figures on a daily basis. These adversities impacted their views of future outcomes: Many attributed having dropped out of school to negative treatment. Based on preliminary findings, I collaborated with the community in an attempt to help these young people reintegrate into school and the community. As a group, we implemented a mentoring program, a gender-specific worksho...
Remediation and Air Void Stability of Hauled Self-Consolidating Concrete

In the production of self-consolidating concrete (SCC), long hauling times are often necessary for transportation to the job site. During such hauling time, highly fluid SCC can lose a significant amount of slump flow, necessitating the mixtures to be remediated. Consequently, hauling and remediation can have a detrimental effect on the air void size and spacing, which are necessary characteristics for guaranteeing adequate frost durability in the hardened concrete. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of two forms of remediation, overdosing and retempering, on the air void characteristics of SCC. Three slump flows of 559, 635, and 711 mm and eight hauling times from 20 to 90 min were studied. The required admixture dosage for each remediation technique depended on the target slump flow and hauling time duration. Hauling time and remediation caused the air content to increase and air void characteristics to improve from their initial state, although they typically were inferior to the nonremediated mixtures. Both forms of remediation exhibited similar trends in air void characteristics with hauling time.
Psychosocial characteristics of batterers: A study of 234 men charged with domestic violence offenses

This paper analyzes the characteristics of 234 women abusers who came in contact with the Marion county prosecutor's office and municipal court in Indianapolis during the period from July 1984 to April 1985. The study examines the relationship between battering and such variables as age, race, alcohol, and/or drug abuse, the assailant's relationship to the battered women, criminal history, and employment status. A profile of the psychosocial characteristics of batterers and the implications for assessment and court-mandated treatment are also presented.