cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence Of Ethics Instructions On Ethical Judgment Of Minority Students

Recent ethical scandals in corporate America have brought to the fore the issue of ethics in business. Many have questioned the role of the American educational system in general and the business school curriculum in particular for failing to inculcate in students and future business leaders good ethical standards. This exploratory study examines the influence of ethics instruction on the ethical judgment of students. Business students in an accredited (AACSB International) business program who have taken at least two formal courses in business ethics were compared to engineering seniors and freshmen business students who had not been introduced to formal instructions in ethics. Respondents were exposed to realistic ethical business scenarios dealing with conflict of interest transactions and personal integrity. The results showed a significant difference between the two groups of respondents on conflict of interest scenarios but no difference on personal integrity scenarios. Implications are considered for ethics education.
Long‐Term Hydrogen Outgassing from Plasma Facing Components

The time evolution of hydrogen outgassing fluxes from plasma facing components (PFCs) in tokamaks at room temperature is investigated using a diffusion-reaction model with a single trap in the bulk of PFCs material. The release of hydrogen is surface-limited or diffusion-limited depending on properties of material and surface processes. In both surface and diffusion-limited regimes, the long-term decrease of the hydrogen outgassing flux follows a time power-law ∼t–κ, for which κ depends on the concentration of hydrogen in the material and on surface desorption processes. In surface-limited regime, reaction-diffusion models of hydrogen outgassing from wall material(with hydrogen diffusion in the material bulk) are shown to be equivalent to models of outgassing from wall surfaces. Experimental results showing power-law decays of hydrogen outgassing fluxes from PFCs during long off-plasma events (κ = 0.7 for graphite and κ = 0.8 for ITER-like JET configuration) can be then reproduced using a diffusion-reaction model in surface-limited regime. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Junction capacitance studies of deep defects in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Recent results obtained by applying two methods, drive-level capacitance profiling and transient photocapacitance spectroscopy, to the study of deep defects in undoped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) are reviewed. From the first method, we illustrate how it is possible to obtain the density, energy distribution, electronic occupation and spatial distribution of light-induced metastable deep defects for a set of hydrogenated amorphous silicon samples with well-characterized impurity levels. These results strongly suggest an extrinsic carbon-related component to the degree of instability in some films. We also illustrate how a detailed comparison between transient photocapacitance and photocurrent spectra provides specific information about gap state dynamics and carrier-transport processes in a-Si:H films and, in particular, metastable changes in those properties.
Allocation of nutrient resources to body components by regenerating Luidia clathrata (Say) (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Abstract Intact Luidia clathrata (Say) and individuals with two adjacent arms amputated were fed on a maintenance-level diet or starved for 3 months during the gametogenic period. The radius of the intact arms did not change significantly in any of the groups. The radius and the amount (g dry weight) of regenerating arms of fed individuals were 3- to 4-fold as great as those of starved individuals. The amount of pyloric caeca and gonad in an intact arm increased in fed individuals and the amount of pyloric caeca decreased in starved ones independently of regeneration. The amount of pyloric caeca in an intact arm increased more in fed, regenerating individuals than in fed, intact individuals; the total amount of increase in the pyloric caeca was equivalent in the two groups. Absorbed nutrients are allocated primarily to growth of the pyloric caeca and gonads of the intact arms and secondarily to regeneration. This increase in functional capacity in terms of nutrient storage (pyloric caeca) and reproduction (gonads) may be more important than an increase in capacity for locomotion.
Invertebrate Domestication: Behavioral Considerations

Domestication has traditionally been associated with vertebrates, but interest in domesticating invertebrates has increased significantly in recent years. Specifically, domestic invertebrates are being used for genetic and physiological research (e.g., Ehrman and Parsons 1981), biological. control (e.g., Debach 1974, Huffaker 1971, Van den Bosch et al. 1982), and animal products and foodstuffs (Corbin 1976, Hanson and Goodwin 1977). Still, truly domesticated invertebrates with a long domestic history are few relative to those that people use after collection from wild populations (Table 1). Animal domestication involves adaptations, usually to a captive environment, arising from a combination of genetic change over generations and environmentally induced developmental changes during each generation (Price 1984). Natural behaviors closely linked to the animal's ecology must be carefully considered in any domestication program (Malecha et al. 1979). Locomotor behavior, for example, will affect space requirements; feeding behavior will affect diet and feeding schedules; and agonistic behavior may determine whether individuals can be raised communally. The behavioral traits that preadapt invertebrates for domestication are listed in the box on p. 577.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Neat Alkanes: The Viscosity Dependence of Rotational Relaxation

Molecular dynamics simulations of neat octane, dodecane, hexadecane, and eicosane at 323 K are compared with experiment and analyzed with respect to terms that contribute to reorientational relaxation of CH vectors. Agreement with experiment for translational diffusion constants and rotational relaxational times is excellent. It is found that gauche−trans isomerization rates, while weakly dependent on chain position, are essentially independent of chain length and, hence, shear viscosity. In contrast, rotational correlation times of the symmetry (or “long”) axis of the instantaneous moment of inertia tensor increase monotonically with chain length, and, taking the shape dependence into account with a hydrodynamic cylinder model, are proportional to viscosity. Rotation about the long axis is strongly coupled with isomerization. Using an approximate separation of internal and overall motion, reorientation of octane is shown to be largely “rigid body”. For the central carbons in eicosane flexibility contribu...
Worker environment Research V. Effect of soil dusts on dissipation of paraoxon dislodgable residues on citrus foliage.

ADAMS et al. (1976) reported that dust from soils or a particular clay often used in wettable powder formulations could influence dislodgable foliar residue levels of paraoxon derived from parathion. Thirty days after application, as much as 34% of the originally applied parathion was found as paraoxon in the dislodgable residues on citrus leaves. Paraoxon dislodgable
Unstable Models from Incorrect Forms

Parametric tests for structural change are conditional on the joint hypothesis of functional form and other aspects of the model specification. This problem is often disregarded. Monte Carlo evidence using three data sets indicates that apparently innocuous specification errors can lead to substantial increases in the probability of finding structural change when it is not present in the data-generating mechanism. Significant Chow tests and autocorrelation are much more likely when the wrong functional form is used. Maximum Chow tests falsely reject stable preferences much more often than their nominal size suggests, even when the correct model is estimated.
Prognostic value of Doppler transmitral flow patterns in patients with congestive heart failure

AbstractObjectives. This study was designed to determine whether Doppler echocardiographic transmitral flow patterns can predict cardiac mortality in patients with congestive heart failure.Backgrou...
Recognition and matching of occluded objects

This paper presents a method for both recognising and determining the position and orientation of occluded objects. The method works by determining the extreme points of the collection of objects, and then matching these points to a database of known objects using point-pattern matching. The results of the method are insensitive to both noise and affine transformations. Computer-vision examples are given.
Sound modes in a nonequilibrium fluid with acoustic boundary conditions

The sound modes in a plane fluid layer with sound-absorbing walls at different temperatures are evaluated. The eigenvalue problem is solved by means of a singular perturbation theory and the WKB method. The bending of sound, the nonexponential damping, and the roie of the wall admittance are discussed.
Catch Efficiencies of a 6.1‐Meter Otter Trawl for Estuarine Fish Populations

Abstract Gear catch efficiencies, q, are useful in achieving more accurate estimates of fish abundance. Twenty mark-recapture experiments using juveniles (50-80 mm) and yearling (90-140 mm) pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, and spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, were conducted in an enclosed 5-hectare North Carolina estuarine embayment to estimate the catch efficiencies for a 6.1-m otter trawl. Catch efficiencies, defined as the percentage of fish in the path of the trawl that are captured, were calculated from the ratio of the average trawl estimate of marked fish density to the known density of marked fish. The trawl was towed at approximately 1.6 knots and sampled a path 5 m wide. Estimated catch efficiencies for the trawl during daylight were: juvenile pinfish 48%; yearling pinfish 49%; juvenile spot 32%; and yearling spot 32%. Precision for the efficiencies was relatively low with the standard error ranging between 9 and 58% of the mean. Catch efficiencies did not differ between day versus night recovery or appe...
Photochemical pathogen reduction: improved safety for the blood supply?

Safety of the blood supply depends on an increasingly intense donor-screening process and a series of serologic or nucleic acid-based tests for HIV1/2, HTLVI/II, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and syphilis. There are, however, no tests for myriad other disease agents that could threaten the blood supply
Perceptions of a housespouse: The effects of sex, economic productivity, and subject background variables

Two studies were performed investigating college students' attitudes toward male and female housespouses whose primary duties were child-care and major household tasks and whose economic contributions were earnings from writing. Introductory psychology students read a descriptive paragraph and then evaluated the housespouse on semantic differential scales. In addition, the following subject background variables were investigated: sex role typing in Experiment 1; and authoritarianism, parental atypical household duties, and maternal employment history in Experiment 2. Subject impressions were less positive in describing male homemakers, and homemakers of either sex were viewed more positively when more successfully pursuing activities beyond childcare and housekeeping. Androgynous subjects and subjects whose mothers had been employed evaluated housespouses more positively than other subjects. Housespouse age, subject sex, subject authoritarianism, and atypical parental duties were not significantly related...
Acylglycerols containing trihydroxy fatty acids in castor oil and the regiospecific quantification of triacylglycerols.

Ricinoleate, a monohydroxy fatty acid in castor oil, has many industrial uses. Dihydroxy and trihydroxy fatty acids can also be used in industry. We report here the identification of diacylglycerols (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG) containing trihydroxy fatty acids in castor oil. The C18 HPLC fractions of castor oil were used for mass spectrometry of the lithium adducts of acylglycerols to identify trihydroxy fatty acids and the acylglycerols containing trihydroxy fatty acids. Two DAG identified were triOH18:1–diOH18:1 and triOH18:0–OH18:1. Four TAG identified were triOH18:1–OH18:1–OH18:1, triOH18:0–OH18:1–OH18:1, triOH18:1–OH18:1–diOH18:1 and triOH18:0–OH18:1–diOH18:1. The structures of these two newly identified trihydroxy fatty acids were proposed as 11,12,13-trihydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid and 11,12,13-trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid. The locations of these trihydroxy fatty acids on the glycerol backbone were almost 100% at the sn-1,3 positions or at trace levels at the sn-2 position. The content of these acylglycerols containing trihydroxy fatty acids was at the level of about 1% or less in castor oil.
Afferent-induced changes in rhythmic motor programs in the feeding circuitry of aplysia.

A manipulation often used to determine whether a neuron plays a role in the generation of a motor program involves injecting current into the cell during rhythmic activity to determine whether acti...
Fluorescence polarization anisotropy and kinetics of malachite green measured as a function of solvent viscosity

Abstract The fluorescence kinetics and polarization anisotropy of the triphenylmethane dye malachite green were measured as a function of solvent viscosity. The relationshp between the relaxation kinetics and the solvent viscosity was investigated in order to obtain information on the effect of enviromnental changes on the orientational order of dye molecules in solution. It was found that the fluorescence lifetimes follow an η 2 3 dependence for 1 1 2 dependence for 60 P 1000 P. The dependence of the fluorescence decay rates on the solvent viscosity was fit to k = 5 × 1010η− 2 3 + 5 × 108 s−1. The fluorescence polarization anisotropy term, R(0), was also measured as a function of solvent viscosity. A marked decrease in R(0) was observed at a viscosity of 1000 P. For η 3000 P, R(0) was measured to be ≈0.11. This small value of R(0) may indicate a nonrand The observed change of the polarization anisotropy with increasing viscosity indicates that the dye molecules become ordered at higher viscosities. This may arise through the formation of a long range order due to lack of rotational deexcitation of the malachite green dye molecules at high viscosities.
Confirmation of linear system theory prediction: Changes in Herrnstein's k as a function of changes in reinforcer magnitude.

Eight human subjects pressed a lever on a range of variable-interval schedules for 0.25¢ to 35.0¢ per reinforcement. Herrnstein's hyperbola described seven of the eight subjects' response-rate data well. For all subjects, the y-asymptote of the hyperbola increased with increasing reinforcer magnitude and its reciprocal was a linear function of the reciprocal of reinforcer magnitude. These results confirm predictions made by linear system theory; they contradict formal properties of Herrnstein's account and of six other mathematical accounts of single-alternative responding.
Critical Volume Fractions in Conductive Composites

An empirical method to predict critical volume fractions for conduction in conductor-filled polymers is presented, based on the idea that a conductive composite can be thought of as a conductive sk...
Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database

The past decade has witnessed hundreds of reports declaring or refuting genetic association with putative Alzheimer disease susceptibility genes. This wealth of information has become increasingly difficult to follow, much less interpret. We have created a publicly available, continuously updated database that comprehensively catalogs all genetic association studies in the field of Alzheimer disease (http://www.alzgene.org). We performed systematic meta-analyses for each polymorphism with available genotype data in at least three case-control samples. In addition to identifying the epsilon4 allele of APOE and related effects, we pinpointed over a dozen potential Alzheimer disease susceptibility genes (ACE, CHRNB2, CST3, ESR1, GAPDHS, IDE, MTHFR, NCSTN, PRNP, PSEN1, TF, TFAM and TNF) with statistically significant allelic summary odds ratios (ranging from 1.11-1.38 for risk alleles and 0.92-0.67 for protective alleles). Our database provides a powerful tool for deciphering the genetics of Alzheimer disease, and it serves as a potential model for tracking the most viable gene candidates in other genetically complex diseases.
Threat-Related Attentional Bias in Anxious Youth: A Review

The research literature suggests that children and adolescents suffering from anxiety disorders experience cognitive distortions that magnify their perceived level of threat in the environment. Of these distortions, an attentional bias toward threat-related information has received the most theoretical and empirical consideration. A large volume of research suggests that anxiety-disordered youth selectively allocate their attention toward threat-related information. The present review critically examines this research and highlights several issues relevant to the study of threat-related attentional bias in youth, including the influences of temperament, trait anxiety, and state anxiety on threat-related attentional bias. It furthermore identifies the need for developmental and methodological considerations and recommends directions for research.
Electronic structure, donor and acceptor transitions, and magnetism of 3d impurities in In2O3 and ZnO

$3d$ transition impurities in wide-gap oxides may function as donor/acceptor defects to modify carrier concentrations, and as magnetic elements to induce collective magnetism. Previous first-principles calculations have been crippled by the LDA error, where the occupation of the $3d$-induced levels is incorrect due to spurious charge spilling into the misrepresented host conduction band, and have only considered magnetism and carrier doping separately. We employ a band-structure-corrected theory, and present simultaneously the chemical trends for electronic properties, carrier doping, and magnetism along the series of $3{d}^{1}--3{d}^{8}$ transition-metal impurities in the representative wide-gap oxide hosts ${\text{In}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ and ZnO. We find that most $3d$ impurities in ${\text{In}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{3}$ are amphoteric, whereas in ZnO, the early $3d$'s (Sc, Ti, and V) are shallow donors, and only the late $3d$'s (Co and Ni) have acceptor transitions. Long-range ferromagnetic interactions emerge due to partial filling of $3d$ resonances inside the conduction band and, in general, require electron doping from additional sources.
Iqbal and Karbala: Re-reading the episteme of martyrdom for a poetics of appropriation

This article seeks to illumine the trope of Karbala within the writings of Muhammad Iqbal, a 20th-century thinker, who carried forward in various forms, and through qualifications, the Sufi reading...
Effect of standing on proteinuria in renal disease.

Abstract The effect of quiet standing on protein excretion was examined in twenty-two patients with proteinuria in excess of 1 mg. per minute. Proteinuria decreased in 75% of tests. Changes in protein excretion correlated well with changes in creatinine clearance: protein excretion changed least when standing creatinine clearance remained closest to the supine value. These findings suggest that comparable conditions of posture are required when the amount of protein excretion is used as a guide to therapeutic response or prognosis.
Critical Pedagogy, Cultural Studies, and Radical Democracy at the Turn of the Millennium: Reflections on the Work of Henry Giroux:

In this study, the author engages Henry Giroux's project of articulating cul tural studies with critical pedagogy and radical democracy. He argues that Giroux provides cultural studies with a critical pedagogy missing in many versions with the aim of helping to develop a more democratic culture and citizenry. The result is an intersection of critical pedagogy and cultural stud ies that enhances both enterprises, providing a cultural and transformative political dimension to critical pedagogy and a pedagogical dimension to cultural studies.
Utilization of a murine model to optimize volume and dwell time of intraperitoneal cisplatin

Abstract The pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal (ip) cisplatin were investigated in a murine model. Groups of six animals were studied at initial cisplatin concentrations (Ci) of 50, 100, 200, and 400 μg/ml, and at injection volumes (V) of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 ml. For each Ci and V, four dwell times (Dt) between 1.5 and 120 min were studied. At 180 min mice were killed and five tissues (heart, kidney, liver, bowel, and peritoneum) were obtained for platinum measurement. Platinum recovered from the peritoneal cavity at the end of the dwell time and platinum tissue levels were determined by a radioactive tracer assay using Pt 195m-labeled cisplatin. A total of 384 mice were studied. The permeability times the effective surface area product (pS) was found to be independent of Ci, V, and Dt. Platinum tissue levels were proportional to absorbed dose. As the ratio of platinum tissue level to absorbed dose is constant, it is not possible to change Ci, V, nor Dt to minimize toxicity from a given absorbed dose. This study suggests that the therapeutic index of an individual intraperitoneal cisplatin treatment will not be changed by modifying Ci, V, nor Dt.
Model studies of the flow in abdominal aortic aneurysms during resting and exercise conditions.

Pulsatile flow in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) models has been examined in order to understand the hemodynamics that may contribute to growth of an AAA. The model studies were conducted by experiments (flow visualization and laser Doppler velocimetry) and by numerical simulation using physiologically realistic resting and exercise flow conditions. We characterize the flow for two AAA model shapes and sizes emulating early AAA development through moderate AAA growth (mean and peak Reynolds numbers of 362<Remean<1053 and 3308<Repeak<5696 with Womersley parameter 16.4<α<21.2). The results of our investigation indicate that AAA flow can be divided into three flow regimes: (i) Attached flow over the entire cycle in small AAAs at resting conditions, (ii) vortex formation and translation in moderate size AAAs at resting conditions, and (iii) vortex formation, translation and turbulence in moderate size AAAs under exercise conditions. The second two regimes are classified in the medical literature as disturbed flow conditions that have been correlated with atherogenesis as well as thrombogenesis. Thus, AAA disturbed hemodynamics may be a contributing factor to AAA growth by accelerating the degeneration of the arterial wall. Our investigation also concluded that vortex development is considerably weaker in an asymmetric AAA. Furthermore, turbulence was not observed in the asymmetric model. Finally, our investigation suggests a new mode of transition to turbulence: vortex ring instability and bursting to turbulence. The transition process depends on a combination of the pulsatile flow conditions and the tube cross-sectional area change.
The influence of concomitant experimental hypertension and glomerulonephritis.

The influence of concomitant experimental hypertension and glomerulonephritis. Utilizing the two kidney–one clip Goldblatt model (CH), we have examined the influence of hypertension upon the course of antiglomerular basement membrane antibody-induced glomerulonephritis (GN) over a period of 10 to 14 weeks after induction of CH and GN, utilizing evaluations in the awake rat by renal micropuncture of the undipped kidney and morphologic analysis (control [C], GN, CH, and GN+CH). Metabolic studies revealed that GN and GN+CH rats developed proteinuria, elevations in serum creatinine and blood pressure (P G did not worsen glomerular morphology, but kidney GFR did decrease. Hypertension induced deterioration of glomerular function in nephrons below the surface was not associated with marked morphologic deterioration, but a combination of the characteristics of GN and CH.
Did you hear that? The role of stimulus similarity and uncertainty in auditory change deafness

Change deafness, the auditory analog to change blindness, occurs when salient and behaviorally relevant changes to sound sources are missed. Missing significant changes in the environment can have serious consequences, however, this effect, has remained little more than a lab phenomenon and a party trick. It is only recently that researchers have begun to explore the nature of these profound errors in change perception. Despite a wealth of examples of the change blindness phenomenon, work on change deafness remains fairly limited. The purpose of the current paper is to review the state of the literature on change deafness and propose an explanation of change deafness that relies on factors related to stimulus information rather than attentional or memory limits. To achieve this, work on across several auditory research domains, including environmental sound classification, informational masking and change deafness are synthesized to present a unified perspective on the perception of change errors in complex, dynamic sound environments. We hope to extend previous research by describing how it may be possible to predict specific patters of change perception errors based on varying degrees of similarity in stimulus features and uncertainty about which stimuli and features are important for a given perceptual decision.
A Nexus of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Charcoal, Tryptophan and Profibrotic Cytokines

Fibrosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD). The inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, which promotes fibrosis, has become the standard of care in the treatment of patients with CKD. A novel charcoal compound, AST-120, has been used for over a decade in Japan to prevent progression of CKD. It is thought that the oral administration of AST-120 blocks the intestinal absorption of tryptophan-derived indole. This prevents the hepatic conversion of indole to indoxyl sulfate (IS). IS has been shown to stimulate the production of profibrotic cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta. AST-120 lowers IS in a dose dependent fashion and does not change the creatinine appearance rate in the urine. Enteric capsules containing Bifidobacterium longum have been shown to prevent progression of CKD in a preliminary study. These findings suggest that prospective clinical trials be undertaken to determine if these other potential methods of inhibiting fibrosis are useful in slowing progressive CKD.
Global deep-sea extinctions during the Pleistocene ice ages: Comment and Reply

[Hayward (2001)][1] drew attention to the little-known Pleistocene extinctions of deep-sea elongate benthic foraminifera and showed that the loss of diversity was far greater than previously reported. He concluded that these extinctions of elongate benthic taxa occurred during Pleistocene glacial
Biomembrane-permeable and Ribonuclease-resistant siRNA with enhanced activity.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNA) could be the ideal inhibitor of specific gene expression if they could be delivered efficiently to their targets. Although siRNAs cannot by themselves cross cell membranes, they can enter cells with the help of transfection reagents via facilitated transport. Inside cells, however, they can still be hydrolyzed by cytoplasmic RNases before reaching their target. Here we show that poly-2'- O-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-siRNA (DNP-siRNA) can by itself diffuse into mammalian cells and stay in the cells for several days, with no detectable degradation. Using the DNP-RNA targeting to the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) as an example, we demonstrate that the efficacy of this DNP-siRNA for inhibiting the growth of three different types of tumor cells is several-fold higher than that of the corresponding native siRNA. Similar results were obtained from Western blotting assay. As expected, the control siRNAs with mismatched, scrambled, and reverse sequences are all inactive. Thes...
A characterization of the sensitivity of query optimization to storage access cost parameters

Most relational query optimizers make use of information about the costs of accessing tuples and data structures on various storage devices. This information can at times be off by several orders of magnitude due to human error in configuration setup, sudden changes in load, or hardware failure. In this paper, we attempt to answer the following questions:• Are inaccurate access cost estimates likely to cause a typical query optimizer to choose a suboptimal query plan?• If an optimizer chooses a suboptimal plan as a result of inaccurate access cost estimates, how far from optimal is this plan likely to be?To address these issues, we provide a theoretical, vector-based framework for analyzing the costs of query plans under various storage parameter costs. We then use this geometric framework to characterize experimentally a commercial query optimizer. We develop algorithms for extracting detailed information about query plans through narrow optimizer interfaces, and we perform the characterization using database statistics from a published run of the TPC-H benchmark and a wide range of storage parameters.We show that, when data structures such as tables, indexes, and sorted runs reside on different storage devices, the optimizer can derive significant benefits from having accurate and timely information regarding the cost of accessing storage devices.
Etiology of thrombocytosis in a general medicine population: analysis of 801 cases with emphasis on infectious causes.

Background: The clinical importance of an elevated platelet count is often overlooked, particularly as a diagnostic clue to the presence of an underlying infection. We sought to better describe the relationship between thrombocytosis and inflammatory conditions, with a focus on infectious causes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 801 sequential cases of thrombocytosis (platelet count > 500 × 10 9 /L) at a tertiary care hospital. Results: Essential thrombocythemia was the most common cause of primary thrombocytosis, and these patients were more likely to have extreme ( > 800 × 10 9 /L) and prolonged ( > 1 month) thrombocytosis. Secondary thrombocytosis was more common than primary, with infectious causes accounting for nearly half the cases. Demographic factors associated with an infectious etiology included inpatient status, quadriplegia/paraplegia, an indwelling prosthesis, dementia and diabetes. Clinical and laboratory characteristics associated with an infectious cause of thrombocytosis included fever, tachycardia, weight loss, hypoalbuminemia, neutrophilia, leukocytosis and anemia. Patients with thrombocytosis secondary to infection had a more rapid normalization of platelet count, but higher risk of dying, than those with secondary, non-infectious causes. Conclusions: Infection is a common cause of thrombocytosis and should be considered in patients with comorbidities that increase risk of infection and when clinical and/or laboratory data support an infectious etiology. Thrombocytosis may have prognostic implications as a clinical parameter. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jocmr1125w
Observations of Pressure Jump Lines in the Midwest, 10 12 August 1976

Abstract Strong thunderstorm activity over Iowa on two successive afternoons was the apparent source of pressure-jump lines (PJL's) which moved SSE at 50 km h−1 through the nocturnal boundary layer and were detected by National Weather Service (NWS) stations as far away as Paducah, Kentucky. Rainshowers and thunder were reported at many NWS stations as the PJL's passed. The Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS) network at St. Louis provided detailed information on the PJL'S. Arrival there was indicated by an abrupt pressure rise of 1.5 mb, a near reversal of the surface flow, and a vertical displacement of 750 m extending through the lower 4 km of the atmosphere. The passage of each PJL was coincident with the turbulent collapse of the nocturnal jet. The observations of the PJL events seem indicative of an internal bore and are similar to those of the Morning Glory seen in northern Australia. We speculate that the bore originates from a late afternoon convergence produced by thunderstorm outflow and oppos...
Correlation analyses for bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reactions of chloroacetanilide herbicides and their structural analogs with environmentally relevant nucleophiles

Second-order rate constants (k Nuc ) for aqueous-phase bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 2) reactions of a range of anionic nucleophiles with alachlor, propachlor, and two analogs of propachlor (a thioacetanilide and a β-anilide) were fit to the Swain-Scott and Edwards models. Correlations of literature k Nuc values for analogous reactions of methyl chloride and methyl benzenesulfonate were included for comparison. The Swain-Scott correlation yielded poor to fair results for chloroacetanilides and their analogs, with adjusted (adj) r 2 values ranging from 0.67 to 0.89, which are comparable to correlations for CH 3 Cl and CH 3 OSO 2 Ph (r 2 (adj) = 0.80 and 0.85, respectively). Both the one- and two-parameter Edwards models yielded improved correlations for the majority of substrates. A pronounced dependence on the substrate polarizability (a) factor generally was observed for the Edwards model, with a negligible dependence on the substrate basicity (β) factor. Substrate polarizability factors for the one-parameter Edwards model were significantly larger for alachlor, propachlor, and the β-anilide analog of propachlor than for methyl chloride and methyl benzenesulfonate. This indicates that the chloroacetanilides are activated toward S N 2 reactions with highly reactive nucleophiles (e.g., HS - , PhS - , and S 2- n ) relative to other saturated carbon substrates. At best, the Swain-Scott and Edwards models only furnish order-of-magnitude predictions of k Nuc for the substrates investigated.
Morphologic changes in gelled synthetic latices

Abstract A photomicrographic study was made of the transformations undergone by synthetic latices during concentration by a method involving electrolyte addition, gelation, cooling and subsequent filtration. This investigation has disclosed that in latex-salt mixes suitably adjusted and processed for concentration a characteristic structure is present consisting of quite uniform spheroids suspended in a medium of clear serum. This spheroidal structure has been found to be essential for filterability, the rate of filtration being the faster the larger and more uniform the spheroids. During filtration only serum is removed, the spheroids remaining as a residue. On warming the filter residue the spheroidal particles disintegrate to give again a latex free of coagulum. Photomicrographic study has shown that the spheroids consist of small particles of apparently polymer, embedded in a transparent matrix of presumably soap gel. When the spheroids are warmed the gel breaks down, and the particles diffuse into and are dispersed in the surrounding medium. These phenomena indicate that the spheroids are temporary low temperature agglomerates of rubber and soap which disintegrate into finer latex particles as soon as the temperature is raised above a critical point. The stability of the spheroids is dependent principally upon electrolyte content, temperature and the amount and type of emulsifier present. The above structure has been found in processed and filterable Type II, Type III, GR-S 10, Buna S-3, Hyear OR, and “cold rubber” latex-electrolyte mixes.
Altered genotypic and phenotypic frequencies of aphid populations under enriched CO2 and O3 atmospheres

Environmental change is anticipated to negatively affect both plant and animal populations. As abiotic factors rapidly change habitat suitability, projections range from altered genetic diversity to wide-spread species loss. Here, we assess the degree to which changes in atmospheric composition associated with environmental change will influence not only the abundance, but also the genotypic/phenotypic diversity, of herbivore populations.
Neural control of aging skeletal muscle

Functional and structural decline in the neuromuscular system with aging has been recognized as a cause of impairment in physical performance and loss of independence in the elderly. Alterations in spinal cord motor neurones and at the neuromuscular junction have been identified as evidence of denervation in skeletal muscles from aging mammals, including humans. However, the reciprocal influences of neurones on gene expression in muscle and of muscle on age-related neurodegeneration are poorly understood, and, as a result, interventions aimed at delaying or preventing degeneration of the neural component in aging muscle have been largely unsuccessful. The present article discusses the evidence for neural influence on age-related impairments of skeletal muscle, including a role in excitation-contraction uncoupling. The role of nerves in regulating the trophic actions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and other neurotrophic factors is considered as a novel influence on the effects of aging on the neuromuscular junction. A better understanding of nerve-muscle interactions will allow for more rational interventions in the aging neuromuscular system.
Forging the vacancy chain: Law enforcement efforts and mobility in criminal economies

Drawing on ethnic succession and vacancychain approaches, I argue that lawenforcement efforts targeted at establishedcriminal enterprises can lead to unintendedvacancy chains in criminal economies. Theextent and impact of these chains onmobility varies, however, depending on theextent to which amputation, decapitation,or eradication enforcement strategies areused. To illustrate this argument, Iexplore crime control policies, vacancychains and mobility in drug markets in thecities of Chicago and Osaka.
The Cytoplasmic and the Transmembrane Domains Are Not Sufficient for Class I MHC Signal Transduction

Abstract Class I MHC molecules deliver activation signals to T cells. To analyze the role of the cytoplasmic and the transmembrane (TM) domains of class I MHC molecules in T cell activation, Jurkat cells were transfected with genes for truncated class I MHC molecules which had only four intracytoplasmic amino acids and no potential phosphorylation sites or native molecules or both. Cross-linking either the native or the truncated molecules induced IL-2 production even under limiting stimulation conditions of low engagement of the stimulating mAb. Moreover, direct comparison of transfected truncated and native class I MHC molecules expressed on the same cell revealed significant stimulation induced by cross-linking the truncated molecules, despite low expression. In addition, truncated class I MHC molecules were as able to synergize with CD3, CD2, or CD28 initiated IL-2 production as native molecules. In further experiments, hybrid constructs made of the extracellular portion of the murine CD8 α chain and of the TM and the intracytoplasmic domains of H-2K k class I MHC molecule were transfected into Jurkat T cells. The expression of the transfected hybrid molecules was comparable to that of the native HLA-B7 molecules. Cross-linking the intact monomorphic HLA-A,B,C epitope or the polymorphic HLA-B7 epitope induced IL-2 production upon costimulation with PMA. In contrast, cross-linking the hybrid molecules generated neither an increase in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) nor stimulated IL-2 production. By contrast, cross-linking intact murine class I MHC molecules induced [Ca 2+ ] i , signal and IL-2 production in transfected Jurkat cells. The data therefore indicate that unlike many other signaling molecules, signaling via class I MHC molecules does not involve the cytoplasmic and the TM portions of the molecule, but rather class I MHC signal transduction is likely to be mediated by the extracellular domain of the molecule.
Co line emission and absorption from the HL tauri disk-where is all the dust?

We present high-resolution infrared spectra of HL Tau, a heavily embedded young star. The spectra exhibit broad emission lines of 12CO gas-phase molecules, as well as narrow absorption lines of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O. The broad emission lines of vibrationally excited 12CO are dominated by the hot (T ~ 1500 K) inner disk. The narrow absorption lines of CO are found to originate from the circumstellar gas at a temperature of ~100 K. The 12CO column density for this cooler material [(7.5 ± 0.2) × 1018 cm-2] indicates a large column of absorbing gas along the line of sight. In dense interstellar clouds, this column density of CO gas is associated with AV ~ 52 mag. However, the extinction toward this source (AV ~ 23) suggests that there is less dust along the line of sight than inferred from the CO absorption data. We discuss three possibilities for the apparent paucity of dust along the line of sight through the flared disk: (1) the dust extinction has been underestimated because of differences in circumstellar grain properties, such as grain agglomeration; (2) the effect of scattering has been underestimated and the actual extinction is much higher; or (3) the line of sight through the disk is probing a gas-rich, dust-depleted region, possibly due to the stratification of gas and dust in a preplanetary disk. Through the analysis of hot rovibrational 12CO line emission, we place strong constraints on grain growth and thermal infrared dust opacity, and separately constrain the enhancement of carbon-bearing species in the neighboring molecular envelope. The physical stratification of gas and dust in the HL Tau disk remains a viable explanation for the anomalous gas-to-dust ratio seen in this system. The measured radial velocity dispersion in the outer disk is consistent with the thermal line widths of the absorption lines, leaving only a small turbulent component to provide gas-dust mixing.
Comparative Effects of Carvedilol and Metoprolol on Regional Vascular Responses to Adrenergic Stimuli in Normal Subjects and Patients With Chronic Heart Failure

Background— Adrenergic receptor blockers used in the treatment of heart failure have distinct receptor affinity profiles. We hypothesized that α-adrenergic–blocking effects of carvedilol would limit vasoconstriction in response to adrenergic stimuli when compared with metoprolol. Methods and Results— Forearm vascular resistance responses to isometric handgrip and cold pressor test were determined by plethysmography before and during adrenergic receptor blockade in prospective randomized trials. Acute effects were assessed in a crossover trial in normal subjects (single dose of 25 mg carvedilol, 100 mg metoprolol tartrate, and placebo). Chronic effects (25 mg carvedilol BID versus 200 mg extended-release metoprolol succinate daily for 6 months) were assessed in a parallel group trial of chronic heart failure subjects. In normal subjects, carvedilol decreased forearm vascular resistance responses to adrenergic stimuli when compared with metoprolol and placebo (isometric handgrip −3.5 U for carvedilol versus...
Changes in DNA damage, molecular integrity, and copy number for plastid DNA and mitochondrial DNA during maize development

The amount and structural integrity of organellar DNAs change during plant development, although the mechanisms of change are poorly understood. Using PCR-based methods, we quantified DNA damage, molecular integrity, and genome copy number for plastid and mitochondrial DNAs of maize seedlings. A DNA repair assay was also used to assess DNA impediments. During development, DNA damage increased and molecules with impediments that prevented amplification by Taq DNA polymerase increased, with light causing the greatest change. DNA copy number values depended on the assay method, with standard real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) values exceeding those determined by long-PCR by 100- to 1000-fold. As the organelles develop, their DNAs may be damaged in oxidative environments created by photo-oxidative reactions and photosynthetic/respiratory electron transfer. Some molecules may be repaired, while molecules with unrepaired damage may be degraded to non-functional fragments measured by standard qPCR but not by long-PCR.
The sedimentary framework of the southern basin of Lake George, New York

Abstract Information from 240 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles has been analyzed to show the bathymetric and subsurface configuration of southern Lake George in the southeastern corner of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Three units have been identified and sampled in 13 piston cores as long as 7 m and 4 grab samples; they are glacial drift, glaciolacustrine nonorganic clay, and Holocene lake mud rich in organic material. Three deep bedrock basins controlled glacial, glaciolacustrine, and postglacial deposition within the lake. Glaciolacustrine clay is more than 30 m thick in these basins but is generally absent in water depths less than 20 m. An unconformity separates glaciolacustrine clay from overlying Holocene mud in water depths less than 30 m, but the contact is conformable and transitional in deeper water. The unconformity may have originated from subaqueous or subaerial erosion during a low stage of lake level which probably occurred between 10,000 and 700 yr B.P. Holocene lake mud is thin to absent in the shallower waters separating the three basins, but reaches 15-m thickness near the entrance to The Narrows. A new radiocarbon date of 6950 ± 60 yr B.P. was obtained from a wood fragment which was found in the Holocene lake mud. We found no clear evidence of postglacial tectonic disturbances of the lake sediments although recent releveling profiles suggest that the Adirondack Mountains are undergoing contemporary uplift.
Short-term effects of land leveling on soil physical properties and microbial biomass

Land leveling is a practice that facilitates more uniform delivery of irrigation water. However, the spatial variability and distributions of soil physical and biological properties, and the relationships between them, are not well characterized in agroecosystems that have been land leveled. The objectives of this study were to characterize the short-term impacts of land leveling on the magnitudes, spatial variability, and spatial distributions of soil physical and biological properties, and to evaluate the relationships between these properties in a Stuttgart silt loam (fine, smectitic, thermic Albaqultic Hapludalf) used for irrigated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and rice (Oryza saliva L.) production in eastern Arkansas. Bulk density and sand and clay contents significantly increased, while silt content and fungal and bacterial biomass significantly decreased, as a result of land leveling. Land leveling did not change the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio indicating that, despite the effect leveling had on the relative abundance of the fungal and bacterial biomass, the relative proportion of fungal/ bacterial biomass, hence the structure of the soil microbial community, remained unaffected as indicated by soil-sample staining methods. Land leveling significantly changed the variance associated with soil biological properties, but the variances of soil physical properties were unaffected. The relationships between soil physical and biological properties also changed significantly as a result of land leveling, but the ability to predict soil biological properties from soil physical properties was surprisingly poor. These results indicate that variability in soil biological properties may play an important role in restoring productivity to precision-leveled soils.