cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative Cost Analysis of Endoscopic versus Microscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas.

Objective This study presents a comparative analysis of cost efficacy between the microscopic and endoscopic transsphenoidal approaches, evaluating neurological outcome, extent of resection (EOR), and inpatient hospital costs. Design This study was a retrospective chart review. Setting This study was conducted at a tertiary care center. Participants The study group consisted of 68 patients with transsphenoidal surgeries between January 2007 and January 2014. Main Outcome Measures Two-sample t-tests and Pearson's chi-square test evaluated inpatient costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), volumetric EOR, and neurological outcomes. Results Total inpatient costs per patient was $22,853 in the microscopic group and less ($19,736) in the endoscopic group (p = 0.049). Operating room costs were $5,974 in the microscopic group and lower in the endoscopic group ($5,045; p = 0.038). Operative time was 203.6 minutes in the microscopic group and 166.3 minutes in the endoscopic group (p = 0.032). The QALY score, length of hospital stay, and postoperative outcomes were found to be similar between the two cohorts. Multivariate linear regression modeling suggested that length of stay (p Conclusion This study shows that transsphenoidal surgery is more cost effective with the endoscopic approach than with the microscopic approach and depends on efficiency in the operating room as well as reduction in the length of hospitalization.
The Cognitive, Affective, and Somatic Empathy Scales (CASES) for Children

Although the assessment of empathy has moved from general empathy to differentiating between cognitive and affective empathy, no instruments have assessed somatic (motor) empathy, and none have separated positive from negative affect empathy. The main objective of this study was to develop a 30-item self-report cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy scale (CASES) with positive and negative affect components for use with children and adolescents. A community sample of 428 male and female 11-year-olds completed the CASES together with validity questionnaires and were assessed on IQ. Caregivers reported on callous-unemotional traits, behavior problems, social adversity, and paternal criminality. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for a 3-factor cognitive—affective—somatic structure of CASES and support for a broader 6-factor model of empathy. Configural and metric factor invariance across genders was established. Good internal consistency was obtained for the main scales. Criterion validity was...
The role of the physician in the prognostic accuracy of advanced cancer patients and their caregivers.

9521 Background: Accurate understanding of prognosis among terminally ill patients and their informal caregivers is necessary for informed medical decision-making. We report on the relationship bet...
Personality change across the life span: Insights from a cross-cultural, longitudinal study

Objective: Personality traits are characterized by both stability and change across the lifespan. Many of the mechanisms hypothesized to cause personality change (e.g., the timing of various social roles, physical health, and cultural values) differ considerably across culture. Moreover, personality consistency is valued highly in Western societies, but less so in non-Western societies. Few studies have examined how personality changes differently across cultures. Method: We employed a multi-level modeling approach to examine age-related changes in Big Five personality traits in two large panel studies of Americans (n = 6,259; Mage = 46.85; 52.5% Female) and Japanese (n = 1,021; Mage = 54.28; 50.9% Female). Participants filled out personality measures twice, over either a 9-year interval (for Americans) or a 4-year period (for Japanese). Results: Changes in agreeableness and openness to experience did not systematically vary across cultures; changes in extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness did vary across cultures. Further, Japanese show significantly greater fluctuation in the level of all of the traits tested over time than Americans. Conclusions: The culture-specific social, ecological, and life-course factors that are associated with personality change are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Understanding the Tyler rationale: Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction in historical context

This historical study attempts to contribute to our understanding of the widely recognized and widely critiqued Tyler rationale for the development of curriculum and instruction by explaining it in the historical context in which Ralph Tyler developed it, by tracing its origins in Tyler’s work, and by reconstructing a history of the course, Education 360, Tyler taught at the University of Chicago. This analysis found that Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction, which emerged from Tyler’s field work with teachers and professors and his conception of evaluation, is best understood as a study guide that Tyler prepared for the use of his students in the course by that name that he taught during the 1940s and 1950s. This analysis found that Tyler’s rationale was remarkable in its time for its embrace of three curriculum sources, its conception of education essentially as experience, its approach to assessment as evaluation rather than as measurement, its approach to curriculum development as a problem-solving process, and its commitment to teacher participation in the development of curriculum and instruction.
Midair collisions: limitations of the see-and-avoid concept in civil aviation.

Introduction: Midair collisions cause loss of life and property and undermine general aviation; they also represent failures of the see-and-avoid concept in air traffic control. This study identifies limitations of the see-and-avoid concept. Methods: Analysis of National Transportation Safety Board data on 159 U.S. civil aviation midair collisions and limitations of the see-and-avoid concept. Results: On average, there were 15.6 midair collisions annually from 1991 through 2000. At least one aircraft was maneuvering in 88% of collisions, and both in 70%. There were 77% that involved arrival to, departure from, or flight over an airport, with 61% in the traffic pattern. Head-tail collisions were more frequent in the traffic pattern than out (28.3%, 2.8%, p < 0.05). Other horizontal convergence angles were equally frequent in or out of the pattern: head-on (8.3%, 11.0%), obtuse (11.0%, 8.3%), and acute (13.8%, 16.6%). Discussion: Because the relative bearing to each aircraft on an unaccelerated collision course is constant, pilots sometimes cannot see converging aircraft when climbing, descending, or level. Even if a converging aircraft is unobstructed, it appears small, motionless, camouflaged, and inconspicuous until imminent impact. A statistical model reveals that the probabilities of seeing and avoiding a converging 40-ft aircraft, for an optimal observer or theoretical pilot scanning 2/3 or 1/3 of the time, respectively, are less than 0.91, 0.60, 0.30 at 200 kn; 0.49, 0.32, 0.16 at 300 kn; 0.28, 0.18, 0.09 at 400 kn; and 0.15, 0.10, 0.05 at 500 kn. The see-and-avoid concept has striking physical and behavioral limitations.
Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: Part II—Management of One-Lung Ventilation

The choice of anesthetic drug and technique is one of the factors that may influence the distribution of blood flow during one-lung ventilation (1LV), and is a factor that is under the control of the anesthesiologist. The first half of this lecture will consider the “Effect of Inhalation Anesthetics on Arterial Oxygenation and Intrapulmonary Shunt During One-Lung Ventilation.” Since the two lungs are separated by a double-lumen tube during 1LV, it is possible to treat the two lungs differently. The second half of this lecture “Management of Each Lung Separately During One-Lung Ventilation” outlines the initial management of 1LV and what to do if hypoxemia ensues (such as nondependent lung CPAP, dependent lung PEEP, differential lung ventilation).
Parsing positivity in the bipolar spectrum: The effect of context on social decision-making.

Abstract Introduction People with bipolar disorder often show more approach-related behavior and positive appraisals of others during social interactions. This may be due to an increased sensitivity to positive contexts or to tendencies toward positive affectivity. In this study, we investigated the influence of reward versus prosocial positive contexts on social decision-making in people at high (n = 21) and low (n = 111) risk for bipolar disorder. Methods Participants completed a computerized task consisting of two blocks. In the No Context block, participants were presented with a face and asked to make decisions related to approach, appraisal, and trust behavior toward that person. In the Context block, designed to assess the influence of contextual information on decision-making, each face was preceded by a written statement describing a positive or neutral context. Results Compared to the low risk group, the high-risk group made significantly higher approach and appraisal ratings, regardless of the context condition. Effects were sustained controlling for positive affect. We did not find any effect of bipolar risk on trust ratings. Limitations The study was conducted in an analogue sample. Discussion Taken together, these results suggest risk for bipolar disorder is associated with greater positive social approach and appraisal tendencies, and that these effects are not secondary to social context or positive affect. Implications for understanding social decision-making in the bipolar spectrum are discussed.
Perspectives on Biological Monitoring in Environmental Health Research: A Focus Group Study in a Native American Community

Background: Reliance on natural resources brings Native American communities into frequent contact with environmental media, which, if contaminated, represents an exposure route for environmental pollutants. Native American communities vary in their perspectives on research and relatively little is known about the range of perspectives regarding the use of biological samples for environmental exposure assessment. Methods: Thirty-one members of Zuni Pueblo (median age = 40.0 years, range = 26–59 years) participated a series of four focus groups. Qualitative themes emerging from the focus group discussion transcripts were identified by content analysis. Results: Emergent themes included adequate informed consent, traditional beliefs, and personal choice. Conclusions: The discussions reinforced the central role of traditional values in the decision to participate in research involving biological samples for environmental exposure assessment. Decision-making required a balance between the perceived value of the proposed project and its purpose, with cultural perspectives surrounding the biological sample requested. We examine the potential for study bias and include recommendations to aid in the collaborative identification and control of unintended risks posed by the use of biological samples in environmental health studies in native communities.
The Mammalian Harderian Gland: Ultrastructure, Sexual Dimorphism, and Its Regulation by Light and Steroids

One of the earliest ultrastructural studies of the Harderian gland was by Chiquoine (1958), in which he examined the myoepithelial cells of the Harderian glands in mice, rabbits, and rats. Since then, there have been a number of reports of Harderian gland ultrastructure from a variety of animals. However, it is clear from a survey of Harderian gland literature that two groups of animals, the rodents and the birds, have received the most attention. General ultrastructure of the Harderian gland has been described in the armadillo (Weaker 1981), fowl (Rothwell et al. 1972; Kittner et al. 1978; Niedorf and Wolters 1978; Maxwell and Burns 1979), frog (DiMatteo et al. 1989), gerbil (Sakai and Yohro 1981; Johnston et al. 1983), golden hamster (Bucana and Nadakavukaren 1972a, b, c, 1973), lizard (Chieffi Baccari et al. 1990), mouse (Woodhouse and Rhodin 1963; Watanabe 1980; Strum and Shear 1982a; Johnston et al. 1985, 1987), rabbit (Bjorkman et al. 1960; Kuhnel 1971; Wooding 1980), rat (Kelenyi and Orban 1965; Tsutsumi et al. 1966; Feria-Velasco and Tapia-Arizmendi 1974; Browns-cheidle and Niewenhuis 1978), toad (Minucci et al. 1989), and turkey (Maxwell and Burns 1979; Maxwell et al. 1986). Although Harderian glands are known to be present in a number of other species (see review by Sakai 1981), ultrastructural studies of these are currently lacking.
Martian dust storm activity near the Mars 2020 candidate landing sites: MRO-MARCI observations from Mars years 28–34

Abstract MRO-MARCI daily global mapping images from 16 November 2006 (Ls = 111.4°) through 15 July 2017 (Ls = 33.5°), covering portions of seven consecutive Martian years (MY 28 – MY 34), were used in a survey of dust storm activity within 2000 km radius of the final three candidate sites for the 2020 Mars Rover mission (Columbia Hills at 14.59° S 175.53° E, North East Syrtis at 17.89° N 77.16° E, and Jezero at 18.39° N 77.54° E). A total of 1321 dust storms (1228 local, 93 regional) were observed. Storms were observed in all seasons, but showed distinct seasonal trends. Columbia Hills monitoring area experienced eastward traversing polar hood/seasonal cap edge storms during southern autumn and winter, with a gradual transition during southern spring to northern hemisphere storms along the Elysium and Arcadia-Amazonis tracks with winter dominated by the northern hemisphere storms. Syrtis sitess were dominated by cap edge storms during northern spring, transitioning to subtropical (Syrtis Major and north of Hellas Basin) storms in both hemispheres during northern summer, with autumn bringing continued storm activity in the southern subtropics and increased activity along the Utopia cross-equatorial storm-track, followed in winter by a transition back to north polar hood/seasonal cap edge storms. Peak storm frequency occurs during autumn for the Syrtis sites and winter for Columbia Hills site. During the entry, descent, and landing (EDL) season, Ls = 345–25°, the daily probability of dust storm activity at the landing sites ranged from ≤ 1.6% for the Columbia Hills to ≤ 3.2% for Syrtis sites. For EDL sol (Ls ∼ 6°), storm probabilities drop to approximately 0.0% for Columbia Hills and ranged from 0.6–1.2% for the other sites, indicating that storms are of minimum concern for EDL.
Balancing Stakeholder Expectations in Sustainability Management: The Rinker Center Project at Stetson University

The Marshall and Vera Lea Rinker Welcome Center is a US$7.634 million budgeted new building that was opened in August 2016 to house various administrative and student-related functions at Stetson University in Florida. Al Allen, the University’s Vice President of Facilities Management, was the point person entrusted with not only completing the project on time and on budget but also ensuring that the building received external certification that validated its sustainability standards. Allen’s task was not an easy one because he had to address the often-conflicting demands of the project’s stakeholders, many of whom, although well meaning, had no knowledge of how the building’s architectural details related to sustainability. Freeman’s [1] idea of stakeholders affecting an organization’s actions come into play in this case. This paper examines Allen’s path as the project leader and the choices that he confronts via the lens of stakeholder theory as it impacts a sustainability initiative. As a result of engaging in the analysis of this case, the reader should have a fine-grained perspective on how organizations confront the trade-offs between the financial and the sustainability sides of a decision, particularly when these sides may not be completely convergent.
Layers of information: interacting constraints on breast cancer risk-management by high-risk African American women

Objectives: To understand how various decision-making dynamics interact to shape the risk-management choices of African American women at high-risk of breast cancer, and to explore whether African ...
Sensory Features as a Marker of Autism Spectrum Disorders.

We explored sensory features as distinguishing characteristics of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Four groups of males (n = 36): Six with 47, XYY syndrome and ASD (XYY+ASD), six with 47, XYY syndrome and no ASD (XYY−ASD), 12 with idiopathic ASD (ASD-I) and 12 typically developing (TYP). The short sensory profile (SSP) the sensory challenge protocol (SCP) were used to assess sensory features. SSP Total Score for the YY+ASD was significantly lower than the XYY−ASD (p = .002) and TYP (p < .001), but were not different from ASD-I (p = .714). The XYY+ASD group had significantly lower baseline heart rate variability during the SCP than TYP (p = .044). Findings provide preliminary support of sensory features as important in ASD diagnosis.
Deletion of Osteopontin Enhances β₂-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Anti-Fibrotic Signaling in Cardiomyocytes.

Cardiac β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) are known to inhibit collagen production and fibrosis in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes. The β2AR is a Gs protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and, upon its activation, stimulates the generation of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP has two effectors: protein kinase A (PKA) and the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac). Epac1 has been shown to inhibit cardiac fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Osteopontin (OPN) is a ubiquitous pro-inflammatory cytokine, which also mediates fibrosis in several tissues, including the heart. OPN underlies several cardiovascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis and cardiac adverse remodeling. We found that the cardiotoxic hormone aldosterone transcriptionally upregulates OPN in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts—an effect prevented by endogenous β2AR activation. Additionally, CRISPR-mediated OPN deletion enhanced cAMP generation in response to both β1AR and β2AR activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, leading to the upregulation of Epac1 protein levels. These effects rendered β2AR stimulation capable of completely abrogating transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-dependent fibrosis in OPN-lacking H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Finally, OPN interacted constitutively with Gαs subunits in H9c2 cardiac cells. Thus, we uncovered a direct inhibitory role of OPN in cardiac β2AR anti-fibrotic signaling via cAMP/Epac1. OPN blockade could be of value in the treatment and/or prevention of cardiac fibrosis.
Analyzing Cross-Cultural Writing Differences using Contrastive Rhetoric: A Critical Review

This paper presents a critical review of the cross-cultural writing styles in the light of contrastive rhetoric approach established by Kaplan in 1966. Although Kaplan compared different writing styles depending on the culture each language was attached to, his comparison was criticized by some scholars the prominent one of which is Conor 1996. Advantages and disadvantages of the approach being utilized to find the cultural influences in L2 writing was discussed detail. Further, the implementation of such approach was shed light on, apart from how policy makers would benefit from the approach in teaching the L2 writing skill.
Blood and robots: How remotely piloted vehicles and related technologies affect the politics of violence

New technologies such as Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPVs) make it possible to remove human beings from direct involvement in combat. How will this evolving dynamic affect the practice and purposes ...
Classification of the Frequency, Severity, and Propagation of Thrombi in the HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device

Computational fluid dynamics has become a dynamic tool in the development of ventricular assist devices (VADs) and as a predictor of thrombosis within these pumps. The genesis of thrombi could be in loco, due to deposition within the VAD, or upstream such as the left atrial appendage or inside the left ventricle. To calibrate our group's computational model, a retrospective analysis of 29 explanted HeartMate II (HMII) VADs due to suspected pump thrombosis (PT) from the University of Michigan was conducted. Thrombi in these pumps were characterized by their frequency, composition, severity, and physical distribution in five regions of the blood flow pathway. The outlet bearing/stator region had the highest frequency of deposition (≈72%), and the preponderance of thrombi appeared white and unlaminated in their microstructure. Conversely, 41.3% of VADs showed thrombus on the fore bearing of the HMII, and these formations tended to be red and laminated, indicating they formed in layers over time. Furthermore, the majority of clots observed in the fore bearing and outlet bearing/stator regions were partially occlusive in nature. Fourteen VADs presented PT in multiple regions and analysis of the data showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.01) between deposition in the fore bearing and subsequent thrombosis in the outlet bearing/stator; however, no other regions exhibited statistically significant correlations. This gives credence to the hypothesis that thrombi do not occur independently in multiple regions of the blood flow pathway in the HMII but may propagate downstream.
Diagnosis and treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia of 36 newborn infants

Objective To analyze the clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newborn infants,and to improve the operative success rate and quality of life.Methods Thirty-six neonates were diagnosed as congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Zhengzhou Children's Hospital from May 2007 to May 2012.The clinical data were retrospectively reviewed.Results Thirty-four cases were treated surgically and 32 cases survived,while 2 cases died.The main causes of death was congenital pulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary artery hypertension.Another 2 cases did not accept surgical treatment and they all died.Conclusions The mortality of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in neonates is still high,should strengthen prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia and the cooperation between the obstetric and neonatal surgery,to improve the survival rate of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in newbom infants. Key words: Nenotal ; Congenital diaphragmatlc hernia ; Diagnosis ; Treatment
Characterizing Biointerfaces and Biosurfaces in Biomaterials Design

Often in composite biomaterials, molecular interactions at various interfaces are known to have significant role on mechanical response of the composite system as well as biocompatibility of the biomaterials. The biomaterial surface elicits a response from tissue that is specific to the nature of the surface and several surface modification techniques are used to analyze the response. Currently, many physical and spectroscopic methods are available to characterize the nature of the biomaterial surface. This Chapter introduces various characterization techniques for characterizing biointerfaces and biosurfaces in biomaterials Design. The important characterization tools used by biomaterials researchers are outlined in the chapter and the fundamental principles governing these tools are elaborated.
Decreased inspired oxygen stimulates de novo formation of coronary collaterals in adult heart.

Abstract Rationale Collateral vessels lessen myocardial ischemia when acute or chronic coronary obstruction occurs. It has long been assumed that although native (pre-existing) collaterals enlarge in obstructive disease, new collaterals do not form in the adult. However, the latter was recently shown to occur after coronary artery ligation. Understanding the signals that drive this process is challenged by the difficulty in studying collateral vessels directly and the complex milieu of signaling pathways, including cell death, induced by ligation. Herein we show that hypoxemia alone is capable of inducing collateral vessels to form and that the novel gene Rabep2 is required. Objective Hypoxia stimulates angiogenesis during embryonic development and in pathological states. We hypothesized that hypoxia also stimulates collateral formation in adult heart by a process that involves RABEP2, a recently identified protein required for formation of collateral vessels during development. Methods and results Exposure of mice to reduced FiO2 induced collateral formation that resulted in smaller infarctions following LAD ligation and that reversed on return to normoxia. Deletion of Rabep2 or knockdown of Vegfa inhibited formation. Hypoxia upregulated Rabep2, Vegfa and Vegfr2 in heart and brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs). Knockdown of Rabep2 impaired migration of HBMVECs. In contrast to systemic hypoxia, deletion of Rabep2 did not affect collateral formation induced by ischemic injury caused by LAD ligation. Conclusions Hypoxia induced formation of coronary collaterals by a process that required VEGFA and RABEP2, proteins also required for collateral formation during development. Knockdown of Rabep2 impaired cell migration, providing one potential mechanism for RABEP2's role in collateral formation. This appears specific to hypoxia, since formation after acute ischemic injury was unaffected in Rabep2−/− mice. These findings provide a novel model for studying coronary collateral formation, and demonstrate that hypoxia alone can induce new collaterals to form in adult heart.
Important Personal Values of Veterans Enrolled in Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Background Home-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) heavily relies on patients' personal motivation to engage in behavior change. Patients' core values (e.g., health, family) may serve as motivational factors to strengthen program engagement. This study sought to identify personal values of veterans participating in home-based CR. Method Veterans enrolled in a home-based CR program at the Providence VA Medical Center completed a self-report questionnaire assessing core values at intake and completion. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests (e.g., Friedman, Wilcoxon sign rank comparisons) were used to assess differences in core value ratings between intake and completion. Results Sixty-six patients (72±7 years, 86% white, 97% male) completed the questionnaire. Patients most often rated independence (86%), family (70%), and health (67%) as important values. Value ratings did not change from intake to discharge (ps >.20). Conclusions Future research should evaluate whether incorporating values-based activities in home-based CR can improve patient adherence to treatment and outcomes.
JAK1 palmitoylation by ZDHHC3/7 is Essential for Neuropoietic Cytokine Signaling and DRG Neuron Survival

Janus Kinase-1 (JAK1) plays key roles in pro-survival signaling during neurodevelopment and in responses to neuronal injury. JAK1 was identified as a potential palmitoyl-protein in high-throughput studies, but the importance of palmitoylation for roles of JAK1 in neurons has not been addressed. Here, we report that JAK1 is endogenously palmitoylated in cultured Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) neurons and, using an shRNA knockdown/rescue approach, reveal that JAK1 palmitoylation is important for neuropoietic cytokine-dependent signaling and neuronal survival. We further identify the related palmitoyl acyltransferases (PATs) ZDHHC3 and ZDHHC7 as dominant regulators of JAK1 palmitoylation in transfected non-neuronal cells and endogenously in neurons. At the molecular level, palmitoylation is critical for JAK1 kinase activity in transfected cells and even in vitro, likely because palmitoylation facilitates transphosphorylation of key sites in the JAK1 activation loop. These findings provide new insights into palmitoylation-dependent control of neuronal development and survival.
Can We Automate Scientific Reviewing

The rapid development of science and technology has been accompanied by an exponential growth in peer-reviewed scientific publications. At the same time, the review of each paper is a laborious process that must be carried out by subject matter experts. Thus, providing high-quality reviews of this growing number of papers is a significant challenge. In this work, we ask the question "can we automate scientific reviewing?", discussing the possibility of using state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) models to generate first-pass peer reviews for scientific papers. Arguably the most difficult part of this is defining what a "good" review is in the first place, so we first discuss possible evaluation measures for such reviews. We then collect a dataset of papers in the machine learning domain, annotate them with different aspects of content covered in each review, and train targeted summarization models that take in papers to generate reviews. Comprehensive experimental results show that system-generated reviews tend to touch upon more aspects of the paper than human-written reviews, but the generated text can suffer from lower constructiveness for all aspects except the explanation of the core ideas of the papers, which are largely factually correct. We finally summarize eight challenges in the pursuit of a good review generation system together with potential solutions, which, hopefully, will inspire more future research on this subject. We make all code, and the dataset publicly available: this https URL, as well as a ReviewAdvisor system: this http URL.
The Intellectual History of European Laws about Religious Toleration Prior to the Planting of English America

Law matters, and laws about religion matter a lot. Both the European laws about religious toleration prior to the planting of English America and the laws about religious toleration enacted by the settlers who founded English American colonies for religious reasons employed law primarily as a means of social control. European monarchs wanted power, and they utilized laws about religion to help them acquire it and maintain it. The leaders of the English American colonies planted for religious reasons used law to effectuate their designs: to foster religious toleration in those colonies committed to that animating principle (Maryland, Rhode Island, and Pennsylvania); to try to create an ideal Bible commonwealth for the colonies dedicated to the idea that religion must be practiced as God had ordained (Connecticut and Massachusetts). In short, the settlers of English America were impacted by the European laws about religious toleration that preceded their voyages to the New World. The planters of religiously tolerant colonies tried to learn from what they regarded as Europe’s mistakes, while those who strove for religious purity rejected the prevailing European notion that divine sovereignty must occupy a decidedly secondary place to the sovereignty of the state.
104 – Traumatic Brain Injury

Each year, over 1 million individuals in the US with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) are treated and released from hospital emergency departments. Approximately two-thirds of those who die from a severe TBI and come to autopsy have been found to have structural abnormalities in the hypothalamic–pituitary axis. The incidence of hypopituitarism in survivors of a moderate to severe TBI is approximately 40%. The incidence of growth hormone deficiency in TBI survivors is approximately 20%. Metabolic complications include fatigue, increased abdominal fat, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Neuropsychological complications include: memory and concentration impairment, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Gonadal deficiencies, present in approximately 10%, may produce weakness, decreased libido, and fertility. Testosterone deficiencies have been associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes. Progesterone may be useful as a neuroprotective agent. Thyroid deficiencies, seen in 5% of survivors, may produce weakness, fatigue, and decreased muscle mass. Neuropsychological and psychiatric complications have been found in individuals with both overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. Adrenal deficiencies, seen in 5% of survivors, can produce weakness, fatigue, metabolic disturbances, and psychiatric symptoms. For example, diminished cortisol levels have been associated with fatigue, whereas elevated levels may lead to anxiety symptoms. It is recommended that TBI survivors be screened for hypopituitarism.
Taking the Cure: Mineral Waters and Love’s Folly in Lady Mary Wroth’s The Countess of Montgomery’s Urania

Werth’s chapter discusses Lady Mary Wroth’s prose romance, The Countess of Montgomery’s Urania, first published in 1621. Plunges into icy cold salty water from sea cliffs, immersive warm water baths underground, draughts drunk from pebble-strewn nymphs’ springs—characters throughout Wroth’s text engage in a variety of hydrotherapeutic cures to erase or enflame love’s afflictions. Werth examines three specific episodes in which water cures recur as a motif with various forms of hydrotherapy administered throughout Urania. She explores, in particular, how the newly revived interest in the healing properties of mineral waters in late sixteenth-century England infiltrates the imaginative landscape of romance.
Neuroendocrine interactions of the stress and reproductive axes.

Abstract Reproduction is controlled by a sequential regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis. The HPG axis integrates multiple inputs to maintain proper reproductive functions. It has long been demonstrated that stress alters fertility. Nonetheless, the central mechanisms of how stress interacts with the reproductive system are not fully understood. One of the major pathways that is activated during the stress response is the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In this review, we discuss several aspects of the interactions between these two neuroendocrine systems to offer insights to mechanisms of how the HPA and HPG axes interact. We have also included discussions of other systems, for example GABA-producing neurons, where they are informative to the overall picture of stress effects on reproduction.
Effects of Principal Stress Rotations and Excess Pore-Water Pressure Changes on Soft Subgrade Deformation of Airfield Mat Structures under Pseudodynamic Loading

AbstractThe Airfield Mat 2 (AM2) matting system typically is employed as an expedient surface for airfields. It usually is emplaced over soft existing subgrades due to logistical, material, and equ...
Under the Umbrella: Grounded Christian Theologies and Democratic Working Alliances in Hong Kong

Taking the geographies of the 2014 Umbrella Movement as its point of departure, this paper provides a geographical reading of democratic landscapes in Hong Kong. Using a new cultural geography approach, this study unpacks the grounded theologies that undergird the participation of Christians in democratic movements in Hong Kong. The central argument is that two Christian grounded theologies in Hong Kong—collaborative and critical—have been generated according to how Christians acting within two different working alliances have positioned themselves vis-a-vis the Hong Kong government. Drawing from both ethnographic and public archival research, I trace the origins of a democratic working alliance back to the 1978 Golden Jubilee Incident, after which a democratic consensus was developed in Hong Kong. Following this thread through the 1997 handover, I demonstrate that this consensus bifurcated into two groups of Christians who disagreed theologically as to whether collaborating or critiquing the government was the ideal way to implement democratic reform. This paper contributes to the study of religion in Chinese societies by providing a geographical approach that can be used for comparative work in the social scientific study of religion and democracy.雨傘之下：香港基督教兩種接地神學與民主合作聯盟摘要本文以二零一四年雨傘運動為起點，從地理學的角度研究香港的民主景觀。此硏究乃以一個新的文化地理學路徑去分析多種的接地神學如何從下面支撐起香港基督徒對於民主運動的參與。其中心論點是已經形成了兩個不同的香港基督教接地神學 —— 合作性的和批判性的，其不同之處在於如何定位自身與香港政府之間的關係。本文通過民族誌和檔案硏究法追溯作為民主合作聯盟之起源的一九七八年金禧事件。從金禧事件到一九九七年回歸，民主共識在神學上演變為訴求方式不同的兩派，一派認為與政府合作乃執行民主改革的理想途徑，另一派則認為批評政府才是執行民主改革的理想途徑。本文使用地理學路徑做宗教和民主運動研究，對華人社會的宗教社會科學硏究或有助益。
Introduction to Leibniz’s Individuals and Their Individuation

Leibniz made major contributions to the development of philosophy in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, giving the history of philosophy well known concepts. These include, most famously, the monad and the monadological approach to metaphysics. Leibniz advanced what he called the reformed philosophy, philosophia reformata, and his influence on subse-quent philosophers such as Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, G.W.F. Hegel, and, much later, Alfred North Whitehead will remain the subject of scholarly inquiry for many years to come. In recent decades Leibniz has come to increas-ing prominence in the canon of “modern” European philosophy. In addition, Leibniz’s importance for contemporary philosophy, Anglo-American philos-ophy especially, cannot be overstated, given that so many of his concepts continue to command philosophical attention, such as the principle of suffi-cient reason, crucial revisions to the ontological argument for the existence of God, and the principle of the identity of indiscernibles.
Radical Reactivity in the Condensed Phase: Intermolecular versus Intramolecular Reactions of Alkoxy Radicals.

Condensed-phase alkoxy (RO) radicals can undergo unimolecular (e.g., intramolecular H atom abstraction) reactions as well as bimolecular (intermolecular H atom abstraction) reactions, though the competition between these two channels is not well constrained. Here, we examine this branching by generating RO radicals from the photolysis of a large alkyl nitrite (C20H41ONO) in hexanes and nebulizing the mixture into an aerosol mass spectrometer for analysis. Product ions associated with unimolecular (isomerization) reactions were observed to increase upon photolysis. However, no formation of the C20 alcohol (C20H41OH, the expected product from RO + RH reactions) was observed, suggesting that bimolecular reactions are at most a minor channel for this condensed-phase system (involving saturated hydrocarbons). This result, combined with previous studies of liquid-phase RO radicals carried out at higher concentrations, suggests that when 1,5-H atom abstraction reactions are facile (i.e., in which a 1,5-H atom sh...
Patterning treatment for retarded children

It is likely that many pediatricians and other physicians are confused and frustrated by the actions and statements of pressure groups, by the news in the daily press, and particularly by the lack of informative data in regard to various treatment regimens which are advocated for all sorts and conditions of handicapped children. Particularly, the various points of view and controversies which have surrounded the socalled patterning regimens have frequently been sources of confusion rather than enlightenment. Against this background, the study by Sparrow and Zigler published in this issue of Pediatrics (p. 137) is especially refreshing and welcome.
Analysis of peak-holding optimalizing control

The peak-holding optimalizing control is analyzed under the assumption of first-order input linear group and output linear group. Design charts are constructed for determining the required input drive speed and the consequent hunting loss with specified time constants of the input and output linear groups, the hunting period, and the critical indicated difference for input drive reversal.
Effects of Some Hormonal and Other Factors on the Excretion of Guanosine 3',5'-Monophosphate and Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate in Rat Urine

Abstract The urinary excretion of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate has been studied in rats in various hormonal states. Hypophysectomy lowered the excretion of cyclic GMP to less than half of normal while reducing only slightly the excretion of cyclic AMP. The effect of the operation on cyclic GMP excretion was not associated with a decrease in the nucleotide content of the whole animal. The effect of hypophysectomy on cyclic AMP excretion was completely reversed by hydrocortisone while cyclic GMP excretion was unaffected by the hormone. A large dose of thyroxine in combination with hydrocortisone completely reversed the effect of hypophysectomy on cyclic GMP, but a more nearly physiological dose of thyroxine with hydrocortisone was only partially effective. A mixture of six purified anterior pituitary hormones completely reversed the effect of hypophysectomy on cyclic GMP excretion. Cyclic GMP excretion was lowered by adrenalectomy and restored to normal by hydrocortisone. Thyroparathyroidectomy also decreased the excretion of cyclic GMP, and this was reversed by maintenance doses of thyroxine. Cyclic AMP excretion was not demonstrably affected by adrenalectomy but was lowered by thyroparathyroidectomy and restored to near normal by thyroxine. The injection of glucagon produced a marked increase in cyclic AMP excretion while having no effect on cyclic GMP excretion. Excretion of both nucleotides relative to body weight was lower in old than young animals and appeared to be independent of the urine volume. When urine was collected for 2 consecutive days, nucleotide excretion was consistently lower during the 2nd day. Relative to the levels of the two nucleotides contained in the whole normal animal, proportionately more cyclic GMP than cyclic AMP was excreted, and the amounts of both nucleotides excreted in a day exceeded the total body content as measured at one point in time.
PBX-M passive coil system reliability improvements

The major cause of lost run time during the start-up year of the Princeton Beta Experiment-Modified (PBX-M) was electrical insulator failures in the passive coil system. The passive coil system forms a close-fitting conducting stabilizing shell around the highly indented bean-shaped plasma. The system consists of five pairs of single-turn coils formed from stainless-steel-clad, explosion-bonded aluminum plates; each pair is connected in a saddle-coil arrangement for stabilizing n=1 kink modes. Because the passive coil system was retrofitted into the former PBX/PDX vacuum vessel with access only through man-access ports, the plates were divided into 70 segments which were bolted together to form the coils. In all, 723 electrical insulators are used. Failures experienced were of three major types: (1) severe mechanical damage due to I*B forces from currents flowing unexpectedly in the coil supports; (2) sudden momentary rises in the vacuum-vessel background pressure due to outgassing of failed polyimide insulators; (3) arcing over great distances along the toroidal field lines. The nature of the failures, the results of voltage measurements which were used to help guide the design changes, and the design changes made to improve reliability are described. >
Contribution of the asymmetric stretch, ν3B1, to the fundamental Raman spectrum of water

The OD-stretching overtone from liquid D2O, 2nu, and the fundamental OD stretch from dilute HDO, both display high-frequency depolarization ratio minima, but the fundamental OD stretch from neat D2O displays a maximum, at the equivalent position. The rhoL minima arises from the decreased depolarization ratio produced by the absence of B1 modes. The fundamentals of HDO are of A species, and the 2nu overtone of D2O only involves A1 species, e.g., 2nu3B1 has A1 species via B1 x B1 = A1. A and A1 modes display small rhoL values which produce minima in rhoL near 2665 cm(-1) for HDO, and near 5250 cm(-1) for the D2O overtone. These minima give way to a depolarization ratio maximum when the depolarized, rhoL = 34, nu3B1 fundamental, makes its appearance in D2O at 2650 cm(-1). Fundamental and overtone depolarization ratios were used to determine the nu3B1 contribution to the depolarization ratio of the fundamental OD stretch; a value of approximately 28% resulted at 2655 cm(-1). Liquid H2O displays completely analogous features; a value of approximately 20% resulted for it at 3660 cm(-1). Nonhydrogen-bonded nu3B1, and more strongly hydrogen-bonded nu3B1, modes are also indicated for D2O and H2O. A rigorous test of the current results can be accomplished by measuring the depolarization ratio of the extraordinarily weak second Raman overtone, 3nu, recently detected for D2O.
A novel method of data analysis for utilization of red blood cell transfusion

Background A necessary component of an effective blood management program is the accurate and comprehensive collection and analysis of blood utilization data. This study describes innovative methods for analyzing and presenting data for red blood cell (RBC) utilization that compare hemoglobin (Hb) transfusion triggers and targets to those representing the restrictive transfusion strategy advocated by previous large outcome studies. Study Design and Methods From one institution, blood utilization data for 134,456 patients, 23,559 of whom were transfused with RBCs, were analyzed. Hb triggers and targets for transfused patients were plotted and graphically compared to the trigger and target ranges from previously published randomized clinical trials. Results Nine hospital services with the highest transfusion rates were selected for analysis. The service with the highest Hb trigger and target was further analyzed by comparing transfusion thresholds for individual providers. Differences among services and among individual providers for mean Hb transfusion triggers and targets were significant (up to 1.5 g/dL, p < 0.0001). The variation between the 10th and 90th percentiles for both trigger and target was also significant (up to 3 g/dL, p < 0.0001). If a restrictive transfusion strategy were implemented, the need for transfusion would be reduced or eliminated in 10% to 50% of patients, depending on the service and the individual provider. Conclusion By using these methods for analyzing and presenting RBC utilization data, opportunities can be identified for blood conservation, and educational efforts can be directed toward the appropriate individual hospital services and providers.
Simultaneous structure and elastic wave velocity measurement of SiO2 glass at high pressures and high temperatures in a Paris-Edinburgh cell.

An integration of multi-angle energy-dispersive x-ray diffraction and ultrasonic elastic wave velocity measurements in a Paris-Edinburgh cell enabled us to simultaneously investigate the structures and elastic wave velocities of amorphous materials at high pressure and high temperature conditions. We report the first simultaneous structure and elastic wave velocity measurement for SiO2 glass at pressures up to 6.8 GPa at around 500°C. The first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) in the structure factor S(Q) evidently shifted to higher Q with increasing pressure, reflecting the shrinking of intermediate-range order, while the Si-O bond distance was almost unchanged up to 6.8 GPa. In correlation with the shift of FSDP position, compressional wave velocity (Vp) and Poisson's ratio increased markedly with increasing pressure. In contrast, shear wave velocity (Vs) changed only at pressures below 4 GPa, and then remained unchanged at ∼4.0–6.8 GPa. These observations indicate a strong correlation between the intermed...
Solution and sensitivity analysis of differential-algebraic-Volterra equation systems

Abstract Step-response modeling of time-dependent systems leads to weakly singular Volterra equations for the interfacial states, which may be coupled to differential and algebraic equations for the states in an adjoining region. The numerical solution and parametric sensitivity analysis of the resulting system is a challenging problem because of the history-dependent nature of the Volterra states. This paper presents discretization strategies and a solver DAVES (Differential-Algebraic-Volterra Equation Solver) for doing these calculations for systems with regular and weakly singular Volterra kernels. Backward Difference Formulas (BDFs) are used for local discretization of the differential and Volterra operators, while piecewise Gaussian quadrature is employed for the past history terms of the Volterra equations. The solution strategies extend those used in the differential-algebraic solver DDASAC. The new integrator is demonstrated on various chemical engineering problems, including a differential-algebraic-Volterra system encountered in our data-based modeling of packed-tube reactors.