cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A compatible MOS-bipolar device technology for low-power integrated circuits

A major problem in the design of low-power integrated circuits occurs in the need for high-value resistors occupying a small area. Another problem area exists in the need for active devices capable of operation at extremely low current levels. This paper consists largely of an attack upon these problems. The relative merits of various resistor structures, including the MOS resistor, are discussed, and their electrical characteristics are compared. Active device design for low-power circuit operation is also discussed, and the design of a bipolar transistor structure is described which optimizes the current gain at low current levels. Next, a process technology is described which allows MOS resistors, double-diffused planar epitaxial NPN transistors, and diffused junction isolations to be realized within the same integrated cricuit structure.
Large-Scale Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Dislocation Intersection in Copper

The results of massively parallel three-dimensional molecular dynamics simulations of the perpendicular intersection of extended dislocations in copper are reported. The intersection process, which involves three of the four possible {111} glide planes in the face-centered cubic lattice, begins with junction formation, followed by unzipping, partial dislocation bowing, cutting, and, finally, unit jog formation. The investigation provides insights into this complex atomistic process, which is currently not accessible to experimental investigation.
Shock Fitting Method for Complicated Two-Dimensional Supersonic Flows

The floating shock fitting technique is examined. Second-order difference formulas are developed for the computation of discontinuities. A procedure is developed to compute mesh points that are crossed by discontinuities. The technique is applied to the calculation of internal two-dimensional flows with arbitrary number of shock waves and contact surfaces. A new procedure, based on the coalescence of characteristics, is developed to detect the formation of shock waves. Results are presented to validate and demonstrate the versatility of the technique.
The Future of Reservoir Characterization

Traditional methods of reservoir characterization using well data provide a limited spatial sampling of reservoir properties. Timelapse multicomponent seismology integrated with well and production data is the tool of the future for characterizing reservoirs. To illustrate this point time-lapse multicomponent seismic data were acquired in Weyburn Field, Saskatchewan, Canada. The time-lapse multicomponent seismic data were integrated with well and production data to perform dynamic reservoir characterization and to improve recovery.
Diagnosis of trichomoniasis in pregnant cows by culture of cervical-vaginal mucus

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Cervical-Vaginal Mucus (CVM) cultures for isolating Trichomonas fetus from pregnant cows. Cervical-vaginal mucus was cultured from sixty-eight cows averaging 98 days of gestation. Trichomonas fetus was isolated from 7 of 36 cows in groups exposed to bulls found to be infected at the end of the breeding season. The remaining 32 cows which were bred to bulls found not to be infected at the end of the breeding season were negative. Seven of the cows serviced by infected bulls aborted. Three of these had been positive and 4 negative on culture. The incidence of abortion was determined by examination 81 days after the previous examination and CVM culture. During the same interval there were no abortions in the 32 cows served by non-infected bulls. Culture of CVM identified infected groups of cows which had a high risk for abortion.
Experiences from modeling and exploiting data in air traffic control

Summary form only given. Robotics and automation in general and Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) in particular are growing research fields with many application areas that could have a big impact on human society. It has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans in a safe and intelligent way. Tactile sensing is strategic for safe interaction of robots with humans, objects, possibly in unstructured conditions. Contact sensing provides an important and direct feedback to control contact both in case of voluntary and non-voluntary interactions with the environment. Advanced applications require a complex form of interaction, for instance in the case of skin based social cognition tasks, where the modes of interaction arise from the human-robot contact, and convey the information related to the robot task. This half day tutorial will present some of the technical, design and implementation challenges faced in the development of the ROBOSKIN technologies. ROBOSKIN is a FP7 project funded by the European Commission. The project aims to improve the ability of robots to act efficiently and safely during tasks involving human-robot interaction and to develop and demonstrate a range of new robot capabilities based on robot skin tactile feedback from large areas of the robot body. The three main objectives of the project are i) to develop new sensor technologies providing tactile feedback, ii) to develop and integrate fundamental cognitive structures for efficient and safe use of tactile data and iii) to develop cognitive mechanisms exploiting tactile feedback to improve human-robot interaction capabilities.
Use of cardioplegia delivery equipment for rapid warm volume replacement after cardiopulmonary bypass

Often, after cardiopulmonary bypass involving aortic dissection, aortic root replacements, or valve conduits, rapid volume replacement with blood products is essential to obtain hemostasis and patient survival. We describe a method of using cardiopulmonary bypass equipment for rapid warm volume replacement and infusion of remaining residual volume in the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit after a cardiac operation.
Programmed ventricular stimulation in predicting vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias and their response to antiarrhythmic therapy

Abstract In predicting vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmias and their response to antiarrhythmic therapy, several factors and questions need to be considered, including the following. (1) Ventricular tachycardia (VT) can be induced in most patients who have recurrent sustained VT. (2) Because induced VT can often be pace terminated, termination by pacing should be attempted before cardioversion is applied. (3) Acutely effective antiarrhythmic agents are no longer being found for the majority of patients undergoing electrophysiologic-pharmacologic study in our series. (4) Specific VT-induction programs affect both the inducibility of VT and the acute efficacy of drugs at electrophysiologic study; this point requires examination. (5) Arrhythmia-induction studies may not produce high yield in patients with clinical ventricular fibrillation or unsustained VT. (6) It is as yet unclear whether some drugs, such as amiodarone, can be accurately evaluated by using arrhythmia-induction techniques. (7) Induction of the repetitive ventricular response by V 2 stimulation is not a useful method for antiarrhythmic drug selection in patients with recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias. (8) Adequate data do not yet exist to identify either the ECG-monitoring technique or the arrhythmia-induction technique as the preferred method for selecting antiarrhythmic drugs for chronic therapy of patients with recurrent ventricular tachyarrhythmias. A study to compare the accuracies of the two techniques is both feasible and needed.
A tale of three disciplines and a revolution [software engineering]

Circuit engineering is a discipline that has done the job right, and genetic engineering is at least trying to do the job right. Both have managed vast complexity and achieved a high level of public trust. Software engineering could take lessons from either discipline, and this is not simply an academician's lament; the cost of software is enormous and risk to public safety daunting. Many of us regard the 1968 NATO conference as the birth of software engineering, which was then regarded as the design of computer programs and software-intensive systems within a performance, quality, and economical framework. Like circuit and genetic engineers, software engineers should look first to the underlying science for vocabulary, methods and tools. Software is the hope and means for progress in science and in better industrial products, yet software engineering seems to be languishing in a dark prison of its own making. Professional societies, industry associations and government regulators must certify products in narrow specializations. Programming language compilers is an area that is sufficiently mature to support effective certification protocols. The software field must find a way to bind university preparation with industry practice.
The new biology of body weight regulation

Abstract A growing body of evidence suggests that energy balance (the difference between energy intake and expenditure) and body fuel stores in the form of adipose tissue are maintained by the body within a narrow range. This regulation of adiposity is mediated by the secretion of hormonal signals into the circulation in proportion to body adipose stores and their subsequent actions on brain systems that control caloric intake and energy expenditure. As a result, changes in energy balance sufficient to alter fuel stores elicit compensatory changes in energy intake and expenditure that return fat stores to their regulated level. Recent scientific break-throughs have identified the key components of this physiologic system. These include the circulating signals, leptin (the hormone encoded by the ob gene that is secreted by fat cells) and the pancreatic hormone insulin; and brain peptides such as neuropeptide Y, which is released from nerve terminals in the hypothalamus to elicit changes in feeding behavior and energy expenditure that mediate adaptive changes in energy balance. This article reviews the discovery of leptin and its receptor and discusses the interaction of leptin and insulin with the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y system. These observations provide a basis for understanding how weight lost during a period of negative energy balance (because of the inability to consume and/or store sufficient energy to meet ongoing energy demands) is eventually recovered. As our understanding of this weight-regulatory system increases, new insights into the causes of human obesity are likely to follow. Such insights may yield improvements in the medical and nutrition management of obese patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:54–58.
Form and Function in Organisms

SYNOPSIS. While form and function are always together in organisms, the studies of morphology and physiology often take place in different places by different people. In the 20th century some zoologists have re-united the two into a point of view called “functional morpholgy.” The concepts a student should know in order to set about a study in functional morphology include: (1) the scales of size and time, (2) structural hierarchy, (3) permission and constraint of function, (4) properties as descriptors of structure and function, (5) analogy and homology. The structural phenomena that a student will see in any organism include: (1) pattern, especially polarity and symmetry, (2) dimensions that signify the size scale, (3) heterogeneity, which includes the concepts: (4) composite materials and (5) anisotropy resulting from the preferred orientation of fibers and crystals. Rather than being a discipline, functional morphology is the combination of structural and physiological thinking that invites other points of view, especially those of development and evolution, to be added.
An inversion formula for two polynomials in two variables

For any automorphism φ of C[x, y], an explicit formula for the inverse automorphism was given earlier. This formula, which generalizes Cramer's rule for two variables, uses resultants involving ‘face polynomials for φ(x) and φ(y). These face polynomials (and thus the inversion formula) do not utilize any coefficients of ‘mixed terms in φ(x) and φ(y). The automorphism group of C[x, y] is known (first proved in 1942 by H.W.E. Jung). Further research is needed to determine the automorphism group of C[x1,…,xn] for n>2. Extension of the inversion formula to higher dimensions should contribute an understanding of the properties of the polynomials for any automorphism. The theorems of this paper, including a rederivation of the inversion formula for n=2 from a more general perspective, are directed toward extending the inversion formula to higher dimensions. It is proven in this paper that any automorphism of C[x1,…,xn] is completely determined by the face polynomials. We also introduce the concept of a complementary system of polynomials and prove theorems relating complementary system with conditions on a set of polynomials to be the face polynomials of an automorphism. Although the theorems in this paper have been proved for polynomials over C, all the theorems remain true if C is replaced by an arbitrary field.
The distribution and chromatographic characterization of an amino-terminal fragment of cholecystokinin (CCK) 58 in rat brain

Utilizing a specific antiserum against CCK 58, a single immunoreactive peptide of about 1750 daltons was detected in rat brain extracts. It is distributed in all rat brain regions containing CCK 8, though it is most abundant in areas where CCK terminals predominate (septum, striatum and olfactory tubercle/nucleus accumbens). Based on its molecular weight, it is probably the amino terminal portion of CCK 58 left when CCK 39 is cleaved, and it may represent an intermediate in the processing of pre-pro-CCK. The presence of this peptide in CCK terminal areas implies that the proteolytic cleavage of CCK 58 occurs late in the processing, possibly in synaptic vesicles. It is also possible that this peptide can be released along with CCK 8 and exert an influence on synaptic transmission.
2-D potassium structures in the disordered phases of C12nK (n = 2, 3, 4)

Abstract The X-ray diffraction profiles from the high temperature disordered potassium structures in the compounds C24K, C36K and C48K show remarkable differences. In all cases, however, the in-plane (hk0) intensity distribution does not fall off normal to the (hk0) plane, thus verifying the 2-D character of the structural disorder. In each of the three cases, the calculated intensity distribution from a modeled lattice-gas type disorder cannot reproduce the main features of the measured diffraction profiles, although a simple, fully dense, 2-D “liquid” provides a very suggestive comparison with C36K and C48K.
XML query routing in structured P2P systems

This paper addresses the problem of data placement, indexing, and querying large XML data repositories distributed over an existing P2P service infrastructure. Our architecture scales gracefully to the network and data sizes, is fully distributed, fault tolerant and self-organizing, and handles complex queries efficiently, even those queries that use full-text search. Our framework for indexing distributed XML data is based on both meta-data information and textual content. We introduce a novel data synopsis structure to summarize text that correlates textual with positional information and increases query routing precision. Our processing framework maps an XML query with full-text search into a distributed program that migrates from peer to peer, collecting relevant document locations along the way. In addition, we introduce methods to handle network updates, such as node arrivals, departures, and failures. Finally, we report on a prototype implementation, which is used to validate the accuracy of our data synopses and to analyze the various costs involved in indexing XML data and answering queries.
The Predication of the Individual in Anthropological Interactionism

In Memory of Max Gluckman Theories of strategic interaction have been offered as a cure for the failings of structural functionalism and currently enjoy considerable influence in social anthropology. Employing in illustration Barth's Models of Social Organization, this essay argues that interactionism's focus on the individual, rather than on the group, issues from the presupposition of physicalism and makes it impossible to account for values and socioculture as such. A dialectical approach is urged. [transactional analysis, theory, dialectical approach, the “individual”]
Mechanical thrombectomy options in complex percutaneous coronary interventions.

Percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) of thrombus-containing lesions are associated with an increased risk of acute complications and poorer long term vessel patency. Dealing with these vessels provides many technical challenges, especially with the significant risk of coronary no reflow and distal embolization. Pharmacological strategies, including intravenous and intracoronary glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors reduce intracoronary thrombus propagation, improve TIMI flow and are associated with a reduction in adverse event rates. Mechanical strategies (particularly embolic protection and thrombectomy catheters) help to improve coronary blood flow and myocardial perfusion. However, their impact on clinical outcomes is less clear. The use of embolic protection devices is associated with better perfusion, blood flow, and clinical outcomes among patients undergoing saphenous vein graft (SVG) PCI. However, the role for these devices in primary PCI and native coronary artery interventions is uncertain. This study examines the current approaches to manage thrombotic lesions during PCI and reviews the evidence in support of the different mechanical thrombectomy options that are available to the interventional cardiologist. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Absorption of X-Rays of Wave-Length 1.5 ≤ λ ≤ 8.3 A

The mass absorption coefficients for Be (4), C (6), Al (13), Cu (29), Ag (47) and Au (79) have been determined in the wave-length region $1.5\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\le}8.3$ A. Only characteristic line radiation obtained with a vacuum spectrometer was used. Because of the presence of about 1 percent of heavier impurities in the Be (4), the apparent absorption coefficients for Be (4) may be as much as 100 percent higher than for the pure element. This large effect of a small amount of impurity on the apparent absorption coefficient of Be (4) leads to a suggested method of microanalysis for heavy impurities in elements of low atomic number. Following J\"onsson's procedure, a universal absorption curve is plotted.
Vegetation Change Over Sixty Years In the Central Sierra Nevada, California, USA

Abstract In California, the Vegetation Type Map (VTM) project of the 1930's has provided valuable historical vegetation data. Albert Wieslander led this effort to survey the forests of California in the 1930's. His crews surveyed over 150,000 km2, drawing detailed vegetation maps, taking 3000 photos and 17,000 vegetation plots. We developed a technique to digitize the Placerville 30′ quadrangle VTM, rendering it to a Geographic Information System (GIS). The map covers 2408.8 km2 of the west slope of the Sierra Nevada. In this area VTM crews identified 59 dominant plant species and eight genera or land cover classes and mapped their distribution into 3422 polygons. They identified recently disturbed areas that covered 13.5% of the landscape. We compared the digital VTM quad to CALVEG, a satellite-derived vegetation map from 1996. Land cover change for California Wildlife Habitat Relationship (WHR) vegetation types had occurred on 42.1% of the area. WHR types with the largest gains were: Montane Hardwood, D...
Pikillacta: The Wari Empire in Cuzco

The origin of the first Andean imperial state has been the subject of lively debate for decades. Archaeological sites dating to the Peruvian Middle Horizon time period, A.D. 540 to 900, appear to give evidence for the emergence of an expansive empire that set the stage for the development of the later Inca state. This archaeological investigation of Pikillacta, the largest provincial site of Peru's pre-Inca Wari empire, provides essential background for interpreting the empire's political and cultural organization. With engineering skills rivaling those of the builders of Cuzco itself, the Wari at Pikillacta erected more than seven hundred buildings covering nearly two square kilometers, with a fresh water supply and an elaborate underground sewage system but, enigmatically, only seven short streets and a near total lack of windows. In this long-awaited volume, Gordon McEwan and his colleagues report on the labor costs of construction (nearly 6 million man-days), the typology of Pikillacta's enigmatic architecture, and the site's spectacular hydraulic system as well as its ceramics and chronology, human remains, and metal artifacts. In the final section, building on his years of research and excavation, McEwan develops a hypothetical model of Wari provincial administration in the Cuzco region, arguing that the Wari were innovators of techniques of statecraft that explain the function of and the labor investment in the Pikillacta complex. His book not only substantively contributes to our understanding of when and exactly how and why Pikillacta was built and what it was used for, it also illuminates the political and cultural antecedents of the Inca state.
Synthesis of Error Correcting Threshold Gate Networks

Abstract Methods are presented for designing threshold gate networks with error-correcting capabilities. The particular method presented is an extension of the tree method for realizing a Boolean function. A primary realization is a realization for some function on the tree such that either the separating function or the gaps are assigned without knowledge of any other realizations on the tree. It is shown that a realization obtained by the tree method corrects t errors of gates in the system if and only if all primary realizations are selected so that they correct t errors of gates in the primary realizations. Relations are then presented for selecting the primary realizations. By this method, an error can be corrected by the gate immediately following the occurrence of the error or by any other gate whose output is affected by the error.
Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae) and Daucus carota L. (Umbelliflorae: Umbelliflerae): An Example of Relationships Between a Polyphagous Insect and One of Its Plant Hosts)

The relationships between a plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae), and carrot, Daucus carola L. (Umbelliflorae: Umbelliflerae), arc examined as an example of interaction between a polyphagous insect and one of its host plants. Seed exposed to L. hesperus feeding may have significantly more indole acetic acid and a wound-induced chemical stored in the seed. Feeding of the herbivore reduces seed yield and germination and slows germination and early shoot growth. but accelerates subsequent plant growth. The resultant plants and roots are heavier. Some of these plants may exhibit a virus-like foliage disorder or premature bolting. The insect may pollinate carrot and be predaceous on soft-bodied insects harmful to the plant. Carrot umbels provide food and shelter for the Iygus bugs. However, antibiosis is present in some plants and can be increased by selective inbreeding. This insect and plant have an intricate relationship even though they probably have been in contact less than 300 years. Each is benefitted and harmed, but neither is dependent on the other for survival.
Dogs, Women, Cholera, and Other Menaces in the Streets: Cartoon Satire in the Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–11

History is enamored of revolutions. This essay takes as its subject a revolution—the Young Turk Revolution of 1908—which overthrew one of the most enduring autocracies of early modern times. It concerns itself, however, with revolution of a specific kind, cartoon revolution: where images could take precedence over words; where the past, present, and future were created and imagined; where the celebration of new freedoms brought citizens into contact with menaces in the streets.
Palliative Care in the Final Days of Life: “They Were Expecting It at Any Time”

Providing care to actively dying patients presents unique challenges for the clinician. Patients in their final days require careful symptom management. Families need support and coaching as death approaches. Care does not end with the death of the patient but continues through death pronouncement, family notification of the death, discussion of autopsy, and immediate bereavement support. Skills in these and related areas are discussed in the context of one man's death, as illuminated by comments made after death by his daughter and his physician. This case also highlights the often differing perspectives of families and clinicians as they work to deal with a patient's death. A goal of mastering the palliative skills necessary to competently care for an actively dying patient is to enable a patient to die peacefully and relatively free of discomfort. Achieving such competency should also help to relieve clinician stress attendant to caring for dying patients.
CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF SUSPENDED MATERIAL FROM COASTAL SEA WATER OFF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

Carter, R. C. and Wilde, P., 1972. Cation exchange capacity of suspended material from coastal sea water off central California. Mar. Geol., 13: 107-122. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of suspended particles (> 0.5 ~) in sea water is measured by a described methylene blue (MB) absorption method which has the following characteristics: sample volume: minimum of 100 ml sea water; time of measurement: about 10 rain; useful range: 0.1-10.0 ~e/~; precision: -+ 0.05 ~te/~ at 0.7 ~e/~2; accuracy: function of organics and clay types. Test of the MB method with sea water samples from the central California off-shore show background values of about 1 ~te/~ with higher values up to 5 ~e/~ in the vicinity of stream discharge.
In vitro fertilization of goat oocytes during the non-breeding season

Abstract A total of 12 does, from mixed Swiss breeds (11 Alpine and 1 Saanen), comprising donors (n = 6) and recipients (n = 6), were used in two experiments during the non-breeding season (January to June 1997) at the Agricultural Research Station of Fort Valley State University, Georgia, USA. Immature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were collected either by laparotomy (surgery, Experiment 2) or aspirated from ovaries obtained from ovariectomized does (Experiment 1). The oocytes were recovered from 2 to 6 mm diameter follicles and matured in vitro for 24 h in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 μg LH/ml, 0.5 μg FSH/ml and 1 μg estradiol 17β/ml at 38.5°C in humid 5% CO2 in air. Expanded COC, obtained from 24 h maturation, were fertilized as described by Parrish et al. (Parrish, J.J., Susko-Parrish, J.L., Leibfried-Rutledge, M.L., Critser, E.S., Eyestone, W.H., First, N.L., 1986. Theriogenology 25, 591–600). Methods of oocyte retrieval (laparotomy vs. ovariectomy) did not affect maturation and fertilization rates. Although the cleavage rate was significantly higher for oocytes obtained by ovariectomy (100%) compared to those retrieved after laparotomy (79%; P 0.05) and morula/blastocyst-stage embryos (90% vs. 65%; P = 0.05) after ovariectomy and laparotomy, respectively. A total of 21 morula/blastocyst-stage embryos were transferred to six recipients. No pregnancy was detected either by progesterone assay or ultrasonography. Results from this study indicate that oocytes from Swiss Alpine and Saanen breeds born and raised under the climate conditions prevailing in Georgia, USA (32°5'N latitude and 83°8'W longitude) can be successfully matured and fertilized in vitro, during the non-breeding season, and that embryo production through in vitro fertilization technology may be an alternative approach to circumvent seasonal anestrus in temperate climates.
Time-efficient laparoscopic skills assessment using an augmented-reality simulator

Computer-based, virtual-reality laparoscopic surgical simulators have several advantages over traditional video trainers. One of these advantages is that performance can be evaluated using unique computer-derived metrics, which can be digitally archived for analysis at a time convenient to instructors. This study sought to determine whether the computer-derived metrics for a unique hybrid simulator correlated with laparoscopic surgical skill. For this study, 24 medical students (3rd year), 19 surgical residents (postgraduate years 1–5), and 3 attending surgeons were invited to perform four different tasks three times in a hybrid laparoscopic trainer (ProMIS). Instruction with minimal supervision occurred at a time convenient to each subject. The four tasks in order of complexity were laparoscopic orientation, object positioning, sharp dissection, and intracorporeal knot tying. The metrics automatically recorded were time, path length, and smoothness. The laparoscopic operative experience for each user was quantified using case logs. A statistically significant correlation was observed between experience and performance for all three metrics for tasks 2 to 4 (p < 0.01). Smoothness was the only metric that correlated with the laparoscopic orientation task. Within tasks, time and smoothness correlated much more strongly with experience and to a similar degree. The strongest correlation was observed for the knot-tying task (r 2 = 0.60 for time and 0.59 smoothness). The computer-derived metrics measured by the hybrid trainer correlate with laparoscopic experience. These metrics are automatically calculated and stored. This may make skills assessment and training a more time-efficient endeavor for instructors and trainees alike. Further study is necessary to determine whether specific metrics are better indicators of actual skill.
The effects of cobalt injections on total circulating red cell volume and bone marrow cytology in normal and adrenalectomized dogs.

Adrenalectomized and intact female dogs were injected with cobalt alone for 30 days. Adrenalectomized dogs were injected for an additional period with a combination of cobalt and hydrocortisone. At 10-day intervals measurements were made of the hematocrit, hemoglobin, red cell counts and body weight. Total circulating red cell volume (P32 method) was measured at the end of and at various intervals during the course of the experiment. Femoral bone marrow myelograms and total nucleated cellularity were determined on the day following the last injection in each dog. Intact dogs responded to cobalt injections with a significant increase in hematocrit, red cell count, hemoglobin, red cell volume and erythroid precursors within femoral bone marrows, while the blood picture and bone marrow cytology of adrenalectomized dogs injected with cobalt were not significantly different from those of desoxycorticosterone-maintained adrenalectomized dogs. Treatment of adrenalectomized dogs with a combination of cobalt and h...
Effects of temperature and ultraviolet radiation on diel vertical migration of freshwater crustacean zooplankton

In transparent, thermally stratified lakes, ultraviolet radiation (UV) and temperature are among the primary factors influencing diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. It is not well known how behavioral responses will vary across a wide range of depths with steep gradients in UV, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and temperature. Our objective was to determine the relative importance of UV and temperature on DVM of Daphnia catawba and Leptodiaptomus minutus in a high UV, thermally stratified lake. Using UV-transparent (+UV) and UV-opaque (–UV) columns suspended within the mixed layer and metalimnion, we found that both species were generally shallower in the –UV than in the +UV columns. Daphnia catawba responded negatively to UV, even below the 1% depth for 320 nm, whereas L. minutus responded to UV only within the mixed layer and upper metalimnion. Daphnia catawba did not migrate in the –UV in the mixed layer, but migrated upwards in the –UV in the deep part of the metalimnion, indicatin...
FLOUR FROM GERMINATED SOYBEANS IN HIGH‐PROTEIN BREAD

Examination by scanning electron microscopy indicated differences in size and shape of particles from soy milk and flours from chemically treated, high temperature treated, or germinated soybeans. Germination, combined with heat treatment, modified the particles the most. Nitrogen solubility index was higher for the germinated than for the other flours tested. Chemically treated soy flour contained more total ash and several mineral components, particularly calcium, than the other soy flours; the soy milk flour contained lowest concentrations of total ash and mineral components. When bread was baked with each of the four soy products, in a no-sugar formula, soy milk and high temperature treated soy flour produced unacceptable bread with regard to loaf volume and crumb grain. Bread baked from 90g wheat flour and 10g of the chemically treated or germinated product, in the presence of 0.55g sucrose palmitate or 0.50g sodium stearoyl lactylate plus 3g vegetable shortening, was consumer-acceptable with regard to loaf volume, crumb grain, crumb color, freshness retention, taste and flavor. Wheat flour enriched with flour from germinated soybeans could well be the answer in producing low-priced, nutritionally improved, protein-enriched bread. The use of the flour from germinated soybeans in producing acceptable bread is particularly promising because it can be carried out by conventional breadmaking processes.
I Promethean, bound deeply and fluidly among the brain's associative robotic networks

Merker's insightful broad review fertilely recasts the mind/brain issue, but the phenomenological appeals require additional considerations of behavioral and neural flexibility. Motor equivalences and perceptual constancies may be cortical contributions to a “robotic” tectal orientation mechanism. Intermediate “third layers” of associative neural networks, each with a few diffusely summing convergence-divergence modules, may be the economical expedient by which evolution has extended the limited unity-in-diversity of sensorimotor coordination to perception, action, thinking, and memory.
Investigations of Soybean 11S Protein and Myosin Interaction by Solubility, Turbidity and Titration Studies

Solubility tests, turbidity tests, and titration experiments were employed to study the possible protein-protein interactions between purified soybean 11S protein and skeletal muscle myosin and the involvement of protein subunits in the interactions. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used as an analytical tool for identification of the protein species. These tests indicate that these proteins interacted at temperatures between 85°C and 100°C. Solubility and titration experiments showed that acidic subunits of soybean US protein had little or no interaction with myosin heavy chain subunits. In contrast, soybean 11S basic subunits interacted with myosin heavy chains. The SDS-PAGE method indicated that eight commercial soy protein isolates had a similar protein species composition, but certain proteins in some isolates had lost their availability for water extraction. This may account for different functional properties exhibited by differen soy protein isolates.
Effects of body weight and level of deprivation on activity of rats with lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus

Nine VMH-lesioned rats were tested for photocell and open-field activity at nonobese and obese body weights at 0%, 10%, and 20% deprivation. An increased activity level was displayed by the nonobese VMH animals, but only under food-deprivation conditions. Conversely, a decreased activity level was displayed by obese VMH animals, but once again, only during deprived testing conditions. The results are discussed in terms of recent findings regarding the VMH-lesioned rat’s activity level and willingness to work for food.
Identification of social skill curriculum targets for severely handicapped children in mainstream preschools

In order to identify potential social skills targets with severely handicapped preschool children, the social interactions of 80 children, 20 in each of the following groups were assessed; (a) nonhandicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received high sociometric ratings from class peers, (b) severely handicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received relatively higher sociometric ratings than their similarly handicapped class peers, (c) nonhandicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received low sociometric ratings from class peers, and (d) severely handicapped 3- to 5-year-olds who received relatively lower sociometric ratings than their handicapped class peers. All children were recruited from 10 mainstream preschool programs. Continuous observations of specific social initiations and responses to those initiations (210 min total per child) indicated that: (a) nonhandicapped children seemed not to have been affected adversely by exposure to handicapped peers and, in fact, normal subjects regulated the complexity of their social initiations to match the developmental level of handicapped interactants; (b) negative social initiations emerged as a behavior pattern that powerfully influenced children's negative evaluations of others; (c) specific approach behaviors such as play organizers, shares, affection, and assistance were displayed more often by higher regard handicapped children; (d) responding to others' social initiations and having others respond to social bids were important requisites for social acceptability, and (e) the above-mentioned behavior patterns were not setting-specific.
A planar microfluidic mixer based on logarithmic spirals

A passive, planar micromixer design based on logarithmic spirals is presented. The device was fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane soft photolithography techniques, and mixing performance was characterized via numerical simulation and fluorescent microscopy. Mixing efficiency initially declined as Reynolds number increased, and this trend continued until a Reynolds number of 15 where a minimum was reached at 53%. Mixing efficiency then began to increase reaching a maximum mixing efficiency of 86% at Re = 67. Three-dimensional simulations of fluid mixing in this design were compared to other planar geometries such as the Archimedes spiral and Meandering-S mixers. The implementation of logarithmic curvature offers several unique advantages that enhance mixing, namely a variable cross-sectional area and a logarithmically varying radius of curvature that creates 3-D Dean vortices. These flow phenomena were observed in simulations with multilayered fluid folding and validated with confocal microscopy. This design provides improved mixing performance over a broader range of Reynolds numbers than other reported planar mixers, all while avoiding external force fields, more complicated fabrication processes, and the introduction of flow obstructions or cavities that may unintentionally affect sensitive or particulate-containing samples. Due to the planar design requiring only single-step lithographic features, this compact geometry could be easily implemented into existing micro-total analysis systems requiring effective rapid mixing.
An Intramolecular Triplex Structure From Non-mirror Repeated Sequence Containing BothPy:Pu·Py andPu:Pu·Py Triads

Abstract A plasmid insert containing the (TA) 7 GATC(TA) 7 inverted repeat and an adjacent (AG) 7 tract adopts a cruciform structure at neutral pH. However, under acidic conditions the cruciform becomes readily disrupted in favor of a triplex. The (AG) 7 ·(CT) 7 duplex and one strand of the (TA) 7 GATC(TA) 7 element are engaged in the three-stranded DNA formation, as determined using single-stranded DNA specific probes. The structure extrudes by displacing the (TA) 7 strand adjacent to the (AG) 7 , and folding it back into the major groove of the (AG) 7 ·(CT) 7 duplex. This new variant of H -DNA is supercoil and pH dependent, requiring pH 6.1 or lower to form. The triplex is stabilized by T:A·T and A + :G·C triads. This unusual triad composition (50% of T:A·T and 50% of A + :G·C), that has not previously been observed in intramolecular triplexes, violates both the widely accepted division of triplexes into Py :Pu·Py or Pu :Pu·Py types and the requirement for mirror repeat symmetry.
New method for obtaining IgA-specific protease☆

A simple method for obtaining an active preparation of IgA-specific protease from a bacterial source is presented. In this method Streptococcus sanguis was inoculated onto the surface of a dialysis membrane on nutrient agar. Following growth, the membrane was removed from the agar surface and washed in a small volume of buffer. A solution with protease activity against IgA1 monoclonal proteins was obtained by clarification of the wash and appeared to be similar to enzyme preparations obtained by other methods.
Photo-Produced Phonons in Semiconductors.

Abstract The techniques of phonon imaging are used to study optically generated phonon sources in Si, Ge and GaAs at 1.7 K. While quasi-diffusive theory applies to all 3 systems under very weak photoexcitation, significant differences in ballistic phonon production occur under strong photoexcitation. Beginning at moderate excitation density, an extra component of low-ν phonons is observed. This component is a small fraction of the total detected phonon energy (∼ 1% in GaAs, 5–10% in Si and Ge) but is spatially and temporally concentrated due to the phonon focusing effect. Measurements of the photoluminescence of Si and Ge verify the presence of a dense e-h liquid phase at these densities. We postulate that acoustic phonons are emitted directly by the e-h plasma in all 3 systems, bypassing the slower production via anharmonic decay which results in quasi-diffusion. For large populations of low-ν phonons coalescence processes may be initiated. This may explain the reduction in ballistic phonon production in Ge at the highest excitation levels.
BEGINNING KINDERGARTENERS' PERCEPTION OF NUMBER

97 children in 5 kindergarten classes when tested for perceptions of number could begin counting and 9 counted to 30, 84 counted a set of 6 correctly but when the blocks were covered 33 could say there were 6. 57 showed 1:1 correspondence but some had to count to decide. 14 showed conservation of number, but 94 recognized two sets were unequal and which one was larger. 30 pointed to the third car, but 24 could state an ordinal name for a target. Clearly the children varied greatly.
TU-FF-A1-05: A Motion Phantom Study On Helical Tomotherapy: The Dosimetric Impacts of Delivery Technique and Motion

Purpose: To determine the optimal delivery technique for treating moving targets with Helical Tomotherapy (HT) we measured the dosimetric effects of various motion and Tomotherapy plan parameters using a lung motion phantom. Method and Materials: A motion phantom system was constructed using a programmable motor driving a moving platform. Tomotherapy plans were delivered to a phantom which mimicked lung heterogeneity by using wood inserts with the density of lung tissue and a 3.3cm spherical tissue density material as tumor. A cylindrical planning target volume (PTV) was used with a length and diameter of 3.3cm including the sphere. Treatment plans were created using jaw sizes of 1.04 and 2.47cm with incremental gantry rotation times ranging from (10s) to (60s). Treatments based on these plans were delivered to the phantom with motion periods of 3 and 5 seconds, and amplitudes of +/−6 and 10mm. All plans were normalized to 2.0 Gy fractional doses to 95% of the PTV and Kodak EDR‐2 film was used for 2‐D dose measurements. Axial dose profiles and cumulative dose volume histograms (DVH) of plans for moving and static phantom conditions were compared. Results: Target edge under‐dosing is less with a jaw size of 2.47cm than 1.04cm in this experimental system. Shorter motion periods (3s) and greater gantry rotation (>5 times motion period) resulted in better PTV coverage referenced to static phantoms. Greater than 90% of the PTV received the prescription dose even when the phantom moves +/−10mm. When the gantry rotation time to motion period ratio approached 3 PTV coverage was compromised. Conclusions: PTV expansions smaller than motion excursion may be possible for lungtumor treatment by HT. Larger jaw width provides better target coverage because of the wider inferior/superior penumbra. Increasing the ratio of the gantry rotation time to the motion period improves target edge coverage.
Enantioselective CD analysis of amino acids based on chiral amplification with a stereodynamic probe

Abstract The condensation between stereolabile 1,8-bis(3′-formyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl)naphthalene, 1, and two amino acid molecules results in the formation of chiral diimines exhibiting strong CD signals. This reaction has been used to develop a chiroptical sensing method for the determination of the absolute configuration and enantiomeric composition of unprotected amino acids. This sensing approach is based on distinctive chiral amplification due to central-to-axial chirality induction within the diimine scaffold formed and does not require the use of an enantiopure ligand or metal complex.
Teaching experience and teachers' expectations for grades in academic subject areas

Abstract Seventy-nine subjects who had less than 1, 2, to 3, and more than 3 years of teaching experience were given either a favorable, neutral, or unfavorable fictitious psychological report to read, describing a kindergarten child. Subjects then watched a 5-year-old child in a videotaped testing session. Expectancies toward the child were evaluated using report card grades the subjects expected the child to receive at the end of first grade. A multivariate analysis of variance with five subject area grades as the dependent variables revealed significant multivariate main effects for experience and psychological report. Significant univariate interactions in science and social studies, and social and emotional development suggested that teachers with more than 3 years of experience may have reduced susceptibility to biasing influences in psychological reports.
A comparison of two methods for Boolean query relevancy feedback

The relevance feedback process uses information derived from an initially retrieved set of documents to improve subsequent search formulations and retrieval output. In a Boolean query environment this implies that new query terms must be identified and Boolean operators must be chosen automatically to connect the various query terms. In this study, two recently proposed automatic methods for relevance feedback of Boolean queries are evaluated and conclusions are drawn concerning the use of effective feedback methods in a Boolean query environment.
Measurement of central activation failure of the quadriceps femoris in healthy adults.

The purpose of this investigation was to describe the relationship between the central activation ratio (CAR) and the percent maximum voluntary effort (% MVE) during isometric quadriceps femoris contractions. Twenty-one healthy, young adults participated in three test sessions. During each session, one of three train types was tested: a 100-HZ 120-ms train, a 100-HZ 250-ms train, or a 50-HZ 500-ms train. Subjects were seated on a force dynamometer and stabilized to perform a 3-5-s isometric knee extension at MVE. Force targets were set at 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the MVE. With 5 min rest between efforts, subjects produced forces at the specified target levels. When each target was reached, the test train was delivered to quantify the amount of central activation. There were no significant differences in CARs across train types during maximal efforts, but during submaximal efforts at 25 and 50%, the 100-HZ 250-ms and 50-HZ 500-ms trains produced significantly lower CARs than the 100-HZ 120-ms train. The relationship between the CAR and the %MVE was curvilinear and best described by a second-order polynomial for all three train types. If tests of central activation are going to be used clinically, it is important to know the relationship between the CAR and voluntary effort; however, further study will be required to extend these results to specific patient populations.