cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The one-dimensional fully non-additive binary hard rod mixture: exact thermophysical properties

The non-additive binary hard particle mixture is characterized by a collision parameter between unlike hard particles that is not the arithmetic mean of the two pure component collision diameters. Instead, σ12=(σ11+σ22)(1+Δ)/2, where σ12 is the collision diameter between species 1 and 2 and Δ is a non-additivity parameter in which Δ≥−1 (Δ=0 corresponds to the additive mixture). For mixtures in which repulsive forces are mostly responsible for the observed behavior, the binary non-additive hard particle mixture provides a useful model for examining the thermophysical properties of a wide class of real fluid mixtures. To extend further the range of applicability of these mixtures, another layer of complexity can be considered by including potential interactions that exist past contact which themselves may also be defined as non-additive. For example, the well depth of the interaction of unlike species can be defined as e12=δ∣e11e22∣1/2, where δ is another non-additivity parameter which may take on any real value (note that Δ=0 and δ=1 correspond to the Lorentz–Berthelot mixing rules). To gain insight into these complicated mixtures in higher dimensions, we consider the one-dimensional non-additive binary hard rod mixture with various attractive interactions. We generate the exact thermophysical properties of these mixtures, including a general form of the equation of state. Similarly, we also determine the radial distribution functions, g ij(r), using the exactly known nearest-neighbor probability density distributions. Such relations enable one to determine the effects of the various non-additive parameters on the properties of the mixtures.
Carotid sinus nerve projections to the brain stem in the cat.

The distribution of carotid sinus nerve (CSN) afferent and efferent fibers in the brain stem was examined in eight cats using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) neurohistochemistry. The transganglionic transport of HRP yielded dense extraperikaryal labeling within the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (nTS). Labeling was also present in the area postrema (ap) and in the region of the nucleus ambiguus (nA). The nTS labeling was bilateral, the ipsilateral side being more intense. Within the nTS, the labeling was not uniform, being heaviest in the dorsal, dorsolateral and commissural subnuclei. Moderate labeling was seen in the ventrolateral nTS. In the region of the obex, HRP labeled fibers could be followed from the nTS to the region of the nA, where extraperikaryal labeling could be seen. HRP labeled perikarya were found in the rostral pole of nA. In two controls, the CSN was sectioned close to its junction to the glossopharyngeal nerve just prior to HRP injection. In both cases, no labeling was found in either the petrosal ganglion or brain stem.
CLINICAL AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS OF SPROUTY2 FEEDBACK DYSREGULATION IN BRAF V600E MUTATION POSITIVE PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER

Background The BRAF V600E (BRAF+) mutation activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway and may confer an aggressive phenotype in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Clinically, the behavior of BRAF+ PTC, however, varies from an indolent to an aggressive course. SPRY2 is a negative feedback regulator of the MAPK/ERK pathway. We hypothesize that the level of SPRY2 expression contributes to MAPK/ERK pathway output and accounts for BRAF+ and clinical heterogeneity. Methods A tissue microarray with BRAF-positive PTCs (BRAF+ PTCs) was constructed and analyzed for SPRY2 expression and MAPK/ERK output. Data were studied in the context of clinicopathologic factors to develop a risk stratification system predictive of tumor biology. SPRY2 function was studied by silencing SPRY2 in BRAF+ PTC cells. These cells were treated with MAPK/ERK pathway inhibitors and assessed for growth effects. Results BRAF+ PTCs with an intact MAPK/ERK feedback pathway do not exhibit lymph node metastases. BRAF+ PTCs with dysregulated feedback pathways have nodal metastasis. When SPRY2 is silenced, the BRAF+ PTC cells are significantly more sensitive to MAPK/ERK inhibition. Conclusion PTC behavior likely is dependent on both the driver of the MAPK/ERK pathway and its regulatory feedback. When the feedback pathway is intact, the tumor phenotype seems to be less aggressive. This observation has direct and important clinical implications and may alter our treatment strategies.
Local application of dopamine inhibits pyramidal tract neuron activity in the rodent motor cortex

Cortical neurons respond in a variety of ways to locally applied dopamine, perhaps because of the activation of different receptors within or among subpopulations of cells. This study was conducted to assess the effects of dopamine and the receptor subtypes that mediate the responses of a specific population of neurons, the pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) in the rodent motor cortex. The specific subfamilies of dopamine receptors expressed by PTNs also were determined. PTNs were identified by antidromic stimulation in intact animals. Extracellular recordings of their spontaneous activity and glutamate-induced excitation were performed with multi-barrel pipettes to allow simultaneous recording and iontophoresis of several drugs. Prolonged (30 s) application of dopamine caused a progressive, nonlinear decrease in spontaneous firing rates for nearly all PTNs, with significant reductions from baseline spontaneous activity (71% of baseline levels) occurring between 20 and 30 s of iontophoresis. The D1 selective (SCH23390) and the D2 selective (eticlopride) antagonists were both effective in blocking dopamine-induced inhibition in nearly all PTNs. Mean firing levels were maintained within 3% of baseline levels during co-application of the D1 antagonist with dopamine and within 11% of baseline levels during co-application of the D2 antagonist and dopamine. SCH23390 was ineffective however, in 2 of 16 PTNs, and eticlopride was ineffective in 3 PTNs. The dopamine blockade by both antagonists in most neurons, along with the selective blockade by one, but not the other antagonist in a few neurons indicate that the overall population of PTNs exhibits a heterogeneous expression of dopamine receptors. The firing rate of PTNs was significantly enhanced by iontophoresis of glutamate (mean = 141% of baseline levels). These increases were attenuated significantly (mean= 98% of baseline) by co-application with dopamine in all PTNs, indicating dopaminergic interactions with glutamate transmission. The expression of dopamine receptors was studied with dual-labeling techniques. PTNs were identified by retrograde labeling with fast blue and the D1a, D2, or D5 receptor proteins were stained immunohistochemically. Some, but not all PTNs, showed labeling for D1a, D2, or D5 receptors. The D1a and D2 receptor immunoreactivity was observed primarily in the somata of PTNs, whereas D5 immunoreactivity extended well into the apical dendrites of PTNs. In accordance with findings of D1 and D2 receptor antagonism of dopamine's actions, the identification of three DA receptor subtypes on PTNs suggests that dopamine can directly modulate PTN activity through one or more receptor subtypes.
Nucleate boiling from smooth and rough surfaces - Part 1: Fabrication and characterization of an optically transparent heater-sensor substrate with controlled surface roughness

Abstract The effect of surface roughness on nucleate boiling heat transfer is not clearly understood. This study is devised to conduct detailed heat transfer and bubble measurements during boiling on a heater surface with controlled roughness. This first of two companion papers discusses details of the fabrication, construction, and operation of the experimental facility. Test pieces are fabricated from 50.8 mm × 50.8 mm × 3.18 mm borosilicate glass squares that are roughened by abrading with diamond compound with particles of known size and then annealed in order to control small-scale roughness features. Heater/sensor devices are fabricated by depositing indium tin oxide (ITO), a transparent electrically conductive material, on top of the roughened glass surfaces. A method for calibrating the ITO devices for use as temperature sensors is developed. Experimental boiling curves are reported for seven surfaces of different roughness tested in the perfluorinated fluorocarbon liquid, FC-72. The measured receding contact angle for FC-72 on the ITO-coated surfaces is reported. The wall superheat during saturated pool boiling at atmospheric pressure was found not to vary consistently with surface average roughness (Ra) values. Qualitative differences between smooth and rough surface boiling visualizations obtained simultaneously from the side and from below the heaters are discussed.
Land Development Regulation: A Case Study of Dallas and Houston, Texas

This paper compares the approaches to land development regulation in Dallas and Houston and attempts to measure the impact of regulation on lot prices in the two cities. Land development in Dallas appears to be subject to a greater degree of regulation than in Houston, especially with respect to zoning and the provision of utilities. In Houston, utilities are provided by Municipal Utility Districts which give developers greater flexibility in subdivision site selection. Other regulations concerning land use, platting, road financing and environment are examined for their impact on development costs in the two cities. The paper closes with a “full” lot cost comparison for selected subdivisions in Dallas and Houston. Lot prices are found to be lower in Houston. The difference is largely explained by differences in regulation and a transfer of cost from the private to the public sector.
Hole spectrum: model-based optimization of morphological filters

An image representation is developed that is useful for designing optimal morphological filters to restore images suffering from degradation due to subtractive noise. The image and noise models are predicated on the existence of some class of shape primitives into which both image and noise can be decomposed (relative to union). Both deterministic and nondeterministic cases are considered, and in each case the relevant model constraints are fully discussed. The type of filters that are naturally compatible with the image-noise models are analyzed, and the relation to general mean-square morphological optimization is explored.
Pionic atoms from inside out: Direct production in (p, π−) reactions

Abstract Behavior near threshold of the (p, π−) reaction is discussed, and the feasibility of using this reaction for direct production of pionic-atom states is indicated. Important extensions of pionic-atom studies could be made possible by this new technique.
Reliability of internal oblique elbow radiographs for measuring displacement of medial epicondyle humerus fractures: a cadaveric study.

Background Standard elbow radiographs (AP and lateral views) are not accurate enough to measure true displacement of medial epicondyle fractures of the humerus. The amount of perceived displacement has been used to determine treatment options. This study assesses the utility of internal oblique radiographs for measurement of true displacement in these fractures. Methods A medial epicondyle fracture was created in a cadaveric specimen. Displacement of the fragment (mm) was set at 5, 10, and 15 in line with the vector of the flexor pronator mass. The fragment was sutured temporarily in place. Radiographs were obtained at 0 (AP), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees (lateral) of internal rotation, with the elbow in set positions of flexion. This was done with and without radio-opaque markers placed on the fragment and fracture bed. The 45 and 60 degrees internal oblique radiographs were then presented to 5 separate reviewers (of different levels of training) to evaluate intraobserver and interobserver agreement. Results Change in elbow position did not affect the perceived displacement (P=0.82) with excellent intraobserver reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient range, 0.979 to 0.988) and interobserver agreement of 0.953. The intraclass correlation coefficient for intraobserver reliability on 45 degrees internal oblique films for all groups ranged from 0.985 to 0.998, with interobserver agreement of 0.953. For predicting displacement, the observers were 60% accurate in predicting the true displacement on the 45 degrees internal oblique films and only 35% accurate using the 60 degrees internal oblique view. Conclusions Standardizing to a 45 degrees internal oblique radiograph of the elbow (regardless of elbow flexion) can augment the treating surgeon's ability to determine true displacement. At this degree of rotation, the measured number can be multiplied by 1.4 to better estimate displacement. The addition of a 45 degrees internal oblique radiograph in medial humeral epicondyle fractures has good intraobserver and interobserver reliability to more accurately estimate the true displacement of these fractures. Level of evidence Diagnostic study, Level II (Development of diagnostic study with universally applied reference "gold" standard).
Maturation of MAD phasing for the determination of macromolecular structures

The method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) is having a large and ever-increasing impact in macromolecular crystallography. Synchrotron radiation is essential for the practical implementation of this concept for solving crystal structures, but the method was slow to evolve despite two decades of synchrotron availability. Other factors critical in the maturation of MAD analyses have included the development of area detectors for the accurate and rapid recording of diffraction patterns, techniques for cryopreservation against radiation damage, the systematic incorporation of selenomethionine into recombinant proteins, and new beamlines equipped for optimized MAD experiments. Continued expansion of MAD applications is anticipated since several new beamlines designed to accommodate MAD experiments have recently become operational.
A high-resolution emission inventory for eastern China in 2000 and three scenarios for 2020

We develop a source-specific high-resolution emission inventory for the Shandong region of eastern China for 2000 and 2020. Our emission estimates for year 2000 are higher than other studies for most pollutants, due to our inclusion of rural coal consumption, which is significant but often underestimated. Still, our inventory evaluation suggests that we likely underestimate actual emissions. We project that emissions will increase greatly from 2000 to 2020 if no additional emission controls are implemented. As a result, PM2.5 concentrations will increase; however O3 concentrations will decrease in most areas due to increased NOx emissions and VOC-limited O3 chemistry. Taking Zaozhuang Municipality in this region as a case study, we examine possible changes in emissions in 2020 given projected growth in energy consumption with no additional controls utilized (BAU), with adoption of best available end-of-pipe controls (BACT), and with advanced, low-emission coal gasification technologies (ACGT) which are capable of gasifying the high-sulfur coal that is abundant in China. Emissions of NH3 are projected to be 20% higher, NMVOC50% higher, and all other species 130–250% higher in 2020 BAU than in 2000. Both alternative 2020 emission scenarios would reduce emissions relative to BAU. Adoption of ACGT, which meets only 24% of energy service demand in Zaozhuang in 2020 would reduce emissions more than BACT with 100% penetration. In addition, coal gasification technologies create an opportunity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and sequestering CO2 emissions below ground. r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keyword: Air pollution; Particulate matter; CO2; Energy technology; Coal
Differences in rates of incorporation of intravenously injected radiolabeled fatty acids into phospholipids of intracerebrally implanted tumor and brain in awake rats.

This study investigates the incorporation of three intravenously administered radiolabeled fatty acids, [9,10-3H]palmitate (3H-PAM), [1-14C]arachidonate (14C-ACH) and [1-14C]docosahexaenoate (14C-DHA), into lipids of intracerebrally implanted tumor and contralateral brain cortex in awake rats. A suspension of Walker 256 carcinosarcoma cells (1×106 cells) was implanted into the right cerebral hemisphere of an 8- to 9-week-old Fischer-344 rat. Seven days later, the awake rat was infused intravenously for 5 min with3H-PAM (6.4mCi/kg),14C-ACH (170)μCi/kg or14C-DHA (100)μCi/(kg). Twenty min after the start of infusion, the rat was killed and intracranial tumor mass and brain cortex were removed for lipids analysis. Each radiolabel was incorporated more into tumor than into brain cortex. Ratios of net incorporation rate coefficients (k *) into tumor as compared with brain were 4.5, 3.4 and 1.7 for3H-PAM,14C-ACH and14C-DHA, respectively. Lipid radioactivity comprised more than 80% of total tumor or brain radioactivity for each probe. Phospholipids contained 58%, 89% and 68% of tumor lipid radioactivity, and 58%, 82% and 74% of brain lipid radioactivity, for3H-PAM,14C-ACH and14C-DHA, respectively. Incorporation coefficients (k i * )for a phospholipid class (i)-choline phosphoglycerides (PC), inositol monophospho-glycerides (PI), ethanolamine phosphoglycerides (PE), serine phosphoglycerides (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM)-were greater in tumor than in brain for each fatty acid probe, except that values fork PE * andk PS * using14C-DHA were equivalent. Differences ink i * between tumor and brain were largest for SM and PC and the change ink PC * accounted for 65–90% of the increase in the net phospholipid incorporation rate for each probe. Differences ink PI * ,k PE * andk PS * were smaller than those ink PC * andk SM * , and varied with the probe. Differences ink i * were related to differences in tumor and brain phospholipid composition and metabolism. The results indicate that suitably radiolabeled fatty acids may be used to image and characterize metabolism of lipid compartments of a brain tumorin vivo using positron emission tomography.
Dechlorination of p-chlorophenol on a Pd/Fe catalyst in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed; Implications for sludge and liquid remediation

p-Chlorophenol is dechlorinated using a Pd/Fe bimetallic micro-size catalyst in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed (MSFB) reactor. The catalyst is used in both powder form (dc=7 μm) and entrapped in alginate beads (db=2.0 mm). The dechlorination reaction is performed in aqueous solution containing p-chlorophenol with and without the presence of soil particles (20% w/w). Several important operating parameters involved in this complex chemical process are studied: Pd/Fe weight ratio, the extent of palladization or the ratio of Pd (Fe) interface area to the amount of chlorine to be removed, system pH, and dissolved O2. Important process resistances including formation of Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, and hydrogen gas bubbles, which are dependent on the mentioned operating parameters, are identified for accurate representation of the overall reaction kinetics. Pseudo first-order kinetics (k=3.81±0.08 m3/kg min) with first order deactivation of catalyst (kd=0.12 1/min) are found to excellently represent dechlorination chemical reaction. Once the chemical kinetics were defined, the active Pd/Fe catalyst was entrapped in alginate beads for use in a magnetically stabilized fluidized bed. Diffusion constraints (De=8.0×10-10 m2/s) through the bead material (1.5% alginate +98.5% H2O) are not severe and are reported as being approximately 85–90% of the diffusivity measured in water (Shishido et al., Chem. Engng. Res. Design: Trans. Inst. Chem. Eng. 73(6), 719–725, 1995; Oyaas et al., 1995a Biotechnol. Bioengng 47, 492–500). It can be further moderated by decreasing the size of the beads and by using a nano size Pd/Fe catalyst particles (Wang and Zhang, 1997). Overall, the Pd/Fe bimetallic catalyst has been shown to effectively dechlorinate p-chlorophenol both as a powder and entrapped in 2 mm alginate beads. Integration of the catalyst entrapped in the beads with the MSFB introduces a novel method for the treatment of difficult to handle materials, and toxic compounds. The MSFB and alginate beads are shown to be an excellent engineering platform which can be implemented in a variety of catalytic and non-catalytic liquid-solid reaction processes.
Dry bed training without a urine alarm: Lack of effect of setting and therapist contact with child

Three variations in the mode of delivery of Dry Bed Training as a treatment for nocturnal enuresis were investigated. Twenty-three children, ranging in age from 4 to 14, received dry bed training without the additional use of a urine alarm. Treatment variations included: (a) in-home training of parents and child, (b) office based training of parents and child, and (c) office based training of parents only. An additional 7 children served as a waiting list control during the first 8 weeks of the study. A wide variety of outcome measures showed improvement for the entire sample regardless of specific mode of delivery. Implications for the treatment of enuresis using dry bed training and a number of critical methodological issues are discussed.
Density estimation using a new dimension adaptive particle swarm optimization algorithm

Current Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms do not address problems with unknown dimensions, which arise in many applications that would benefit from the use of PSO. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, called Dimension Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (DA-PSO) that can address problems with any number of dimensions. We also propose and compare three other PSO-based methods with DA-PSO. We apply our algorithms to solve the Weibull mixture model density estimation problem as an illustration. DA-PSO achieves better objective function values than other PSO-based algorithms on four simulated datasets and a real dataset. We also compare DA-PSO with the recursive Expectation-Maximization (EM) estimator, which is a non-PSO-based method, obtaining again very good results.
Diagnosis and Reversal of Rejection in Experimental and Clinical Lung Allografts

Abstract Experience in our patients and dogs with lung transplants has provided reliable criteria for diagnosing rejection and distinguishing it from other pathological processes such as pneumonia and ischemic injury. These criteria include fever; dyspnea; malaise; increased sputum production; decreased arterial oxygen tension; and, most importantly, the rapid development (often within hours) of a roentgenographic alveolar infiltrate without any change in the sputum bacteriology. Using these criteria we have identified multiple rejection episodes in 2 patients and in comparably immunosuppressed dogs. In almost every instance all acute manifestations of rejection, including the roentgenographic infiltrates, have been completely reversed by three to seven large intravenous doses of methylprednisolone given at 12- to 24-hour intervals. In the dogs, reversal of rejection has also been confirmed by gross and microscopical examination of the allograft. These findings show that acute rejection in lung allografts can be reliably identified by noninvasive criteria and successfully reversed.
Character ramification andM-groups

Let G be a finite solvable group, and K/L a chief section of G. Let X e Irr K (the irreducible characters of K). Suppose that Z is invariant in G. Suppose that every subgroup of G is an M-group. Then we show that x[L is either irreducible or a sum of (K: L) distinct characters of L. We provide a characterization of solvable groups which are not M-groups, but all of whose proper subgroups and homomorphic images are Mgroups. We prove that a solvable group has every subgroup an M-group if and only if it has no section of a prescribed sort.
Electronic and structural evolution of Co n clusters ( n = 1 – 1 0 8 ) by photoelectron spectroscopy

Well-resolved photoelectron spectra are reported for ${\mathrm{Co}}_{n}^{\ensuremath{-}}(n=1--108)$ clusters. The data provide evidence for structural transitions and reveal in detail the molecular to bulk electronic evolution in Co clusters. Clusters with $nl20$ behave molecularlike with discrete transitions and dramatic size variations. Clusters with $ng~20$ behave bulklike with broad spectral features and smooth-size evolution. But discrete and well-resolved spectral features are observed around $n=55,$ evident of a highly symmetric ${\mathrm{Co}}_{55}$ cluster. The molecularlike to bulklike transition is also shown in the electron affinities as a function of size, which obey the metallic-droplet model above ${\mathrm{Co}}_{20}$ and extrapolate to the bulk workfunction.
A peroxide-dependent reduction of cytochrome c by NADH.

Abstract 1. (a) Ethyl hydrogen peroxide, fatty acid peroxides, hydrogen peroxide or p-dioxane peroxide caused the reduction of ferricytochrome c by NADH. Benzoyl peroxide was much less effective in causing this reduction. 2. (b) O2 had no effect on the rates of oxidation of NADH or reduction of cytochrome c; but the presence of O2 did change the mechanism of the reaction. This was demonstrated through the use of superoxide dismutase which inhibited the reduction of cytochrome c in the presence of O2 but had no effect in the absence of O2. 3. (c) Ethyl hydrogen peroxide was converted to acetaldehyde in the course of this reaction. Indeed, ethyl hydrogen peroxide was converted to acetaldehyde by reaction with ferricytochrome c, methemoglobin or hemin but not with ferrocytochrome c or with ferricyanide. 4. (d) A mechanism has been proposed which satisfactorily accounts for these observations.
Access to Scientific Literature in Rural Veterinary Practice

The advent and use of new technologies is affecting rural veterinary practices in a number of ways, including increasing access to digital information in even the least urbanized areas of the country. Veterinary practitioners who can connect to the internet have access to much of the veterinary, medical, and agriculture literature published anywhere in the world. This access to scientific literature in rural areas is equal to that available anywhere in the U.S. with the possible exception of...
Normal range prostate-specific antigen versus age-specific prostate-specific antigen in screening prostate adenocarcinoma.

Abstract Objectives Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has become the most useful serum tumor marker in the diagnosis and screening of prostate adenocarcinoma. The currently cited reference range of normal (0 to 4.0 ng/mL monoclonal) lacks both the sensitivity and specificity to be universally accepted as a screening test, and alternatives to serum PSA have been proposed, such as PSA density, PSA velocity, and age-adjusted PSA. Age-adjusted PSA takes into account the facts that as men grow older the prostate enlarges and that screening should have maximum sensitivity in younger men and maximum specificity in older men. Methods A population of 4710 men with no known history of prostate adenocarcinoma underwent 5629 examinations by transrectal ultrasound of the prostate (TRUS) from 1987 to 1994. This population consists of Mobile Urology Group, Mobile, Alabama, and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, patient databases. We have examined our data to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values for normal range PSA (0 to 4 ng/mL) versus age-specific PSA values. Results A total of 2040 patients had an abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) and 3581 procedures were performed for an elevated PSA and a normal DRE. Biopsies were performed in 2657 patients with 945 (35.6%) positive for cancer. Criteria for biopsy included elevated PSA (more than 4 ng/mL), PSA density more than 0.15, abnormal DRE, or suspicious TRUS. Patients were grouped according to decade: group 1 (ages 40 to 49 years, n = 183), group 2 (ages 50 to 59 years, n = 1018), group 3 (ages 60 to 69 years, n = 2358), and group 4 (ages 70 to 79 years, n = 1687). Conclusions Use of the age-specific range for PSA increases the sensitivity in younger men more likely to benefit from treatment, and decreases the biopsy rate in older patients who may not be candidates for aggressive treatment. Age-adjusted PSA is the most valuable for patients over the age of 70 years of whom 22% would be spared TRUS with biopsy.
“Strangers” in a not‐so‐strange land: a response to Goddard and Jaeger

Purpose – Aims to responds to Goddard and Jaeger (Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management (PIJPSM), Vol. 28 No. 4) who offered a thorough critique of an article previously published in PIJPSM.Design/methodology/approach – Welcoming the insights Goddard and Jaeger provide, attempts to address their expressed concerns and elaborate on the rationale behind the various definitions and methods. Additionally, seeks to expand the general discourse about policing in a comparative context.Findings – Goddard and Jaeger raise concerns about several conceptual and methodological approaches used in the study. While the present authors do not agree with all of Goddard and Jaeger's critique, they do agree on one of the most important points: employing multiple methodologies whenever possible is essential to the advancement of any science.Originality/value – Provides a response to a thorough critique of an article previously published in PIJPSM.
Guanosine triphosphatase activity in human erythrocyte membranes.

Abstract Human red cell membranes have the capacity to hydrolyze enzymatically GTP to GDP. The reaction requires magnesium, is not appreciably affected by sodium, potassium or calcium, and is not inhibited by ouabain. Kinetic analysis suggests that there are two separate enzymes in membranes which cleave GTP, a ‘high K m ’ GTPase and a ‘low K m ’ GTPase. Both enzymes are also ATPases, with an approximately equal affinity for GTP and ATP. GTPase activity did not extract from the membrane with spectrin and was not inactivated by anti-spectrin antibody. Activity was partially destroyed by 0.5% Triton X-100. It seems probable that the low K m GTPase is the sodium- and potassium-independent ATPase of red cell membranes. The identity of the high K m enzyme is not clear.
A CMOS fluorescent-based biosensor microarray

Biosensors are one of the most important analytical tools in biotechnology today. These detection systems take advantage of the selective interaction and binding of certain biological molecules to identify and detect different analytes such as toxins, hormones, DNA strands, proteins, bacteria, etc. The fundamental advantage of array-based biosensors, which compensates for their limited SNR and detection dynamic range [1], is their capability to detect multiple analytes simultaneously in parallel [2]. Today, densely packed biosensor arrays (i.e., microarrays) that detect hundreds or even thousands of different analytes are an integral part of biotechnology.
Selective stimulation of in situ intermediary metabolism by free calcium in permeabilized rat adipocytes

The hypothesis that ionized calcium [Ca2+]i may stimulate in situ rat adipocyte intermediary metabolism distal to glucose transport was tested. A metabolically active porous adipocyte model was employed in which pathway metabolism is exclusively pore-dependent using glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) as substrate. Cellular [Ca2+]i was, furthermore, directly adjusted to between 0–2.5 μM via the membrane pores. Three metabolic fluxes were examined, (1) glycolysis-Krebs ([6-14C]G6P oxidation), (2) glycolysis to lactate ([U-14C]G6P to [14C]lactate)and (3) pentose pathway ([1-14C]G6P oxidation). Glycolysis-Krebs oxidation was found to be selectively (33% above basal P < 0.001) stimulated by 0.625 μM free calcium. In contrast, there was no effect of [Ca2+]i on the other, exclusively cytoplasmic, pathways. The stimulation of glycolysis-Krebs by [Ca2+]i was inhibited by a mitochondrial calcium channel blocker (Ruthernium red) and persisted over a range of ATP/ADP ratios. Separate studies demonstrated that 2-[1-14C]ketoglutarate oxidation was also calcium-stimulated in the porous adipocytes (160% over baseline at 1 μM [Ca2+]i). These studies thus demonstrate that physiologically relevant increments in porous adipocyte [Ca2+]i enhance overall in situ glycolytic-Krebs pathway oxidation by a mechanism which entails mitochondrial calcium uptake. Methodologically, this metabolically active porous adipocyte model presents a novel experimental approach to investigations regarding the effects of ionized calcium on intermediary metabolism beyond glucose transport.
Theory of Meyer–Neldel compensation for adiabatic charge transfer

At sufficiently high temperatures multi-phonon-assisted hopping of localized electronic charge carriers becomes semiclassical. Charge transfer then occurs when atoms’ classical movements bring the electronic energy levels for a carrier at initial and final sites into temporary coincidence. Without rapid relaxation of a coincidence, dissipating vibrational energy away from the involved sites, an adiabatic hop is likely to be followed by a return hop. The lowering of the vibrational frequencies associated with a carrier’s back-and-forth motion between sites augments the vibrational entropy of the hop’s activated state. The proportionality of the additional vibrational entropy to the hop’s activation energy, the minimum energy needed to produce a coincidence, establishes the Meyer–Neldel compensation effect.
Winter Albedo Characteristics at St. Paul, Minnesota

Abstract Mean and median daily albedos of the November-April period are presented for a nonforested station in the North Central region of the United States where frozen soil and persistent snow cover are common winter features. Three distinct albedo periods were found, the occurrence of which can be explained by comparison with associated daily records of air temperature and snow depth. These periods are: I) Introduction to Winter, 9–22 November, a transitional period in which snowfalls begin to occur but with insufficient frequency or duration to greatly alter the mean albedo from growing season values; II) the High Albedo Season, 23 November–17 March, that is characterized by mean and median albedos of 50% or higher and by a negatively skewed distribution of albedo values in contrast to periods I and III; and III) the transition period, Introduction to Spring, 18 March–12 April, where late season snowfalls of brief duration occur, but the mean albedo is lower than in period I because of the more common...
Diabetes mellitus reduces the function and expression of ATP-dependent K+ channels in cardiac mitochondria

Abstract Aim Our goal was to determine the effects of type I diabetes mellitus on the function and expression of ATP-dependent K + channels in cardiac mitochondria (mitoK ATP ), composed of a pore-forming subunit (Kir6.1) and a diazoxide-sensitive sulphonylurea receptor (SUR1). We tested the hypothesis that diabetes reduces Kir6.1 and SUR1 expression as well as diazoxide-induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Main methods Male FVB mice were made diabetic for 5 weeks with multiple low dose injections of streptozotocin. Cardiac mitochondria were separated into two populations: subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and interfibrillar mitochondria (IFM). mitoK ATP expression was determined via Western blot analysis of Kir6.1 and SUR1 proteins. mitoK ATP function was determined by measuring ΔΨm with the potentiometric dye rhodamine 123. Key findings Diabetes reduced Kir6.1 and SUR1 expression in IFM by over 40% (p ATP with diazoxide (100 μM) depolarized control IFM ΔΨm by 80% of the valinomycin maximum; diabetic IFM depolarized only 30% (p Significance Our data indicate that diabetes reduces mitoK ATP expression and function in IFM. These changes in mitoK ATP may provide an opportunity to understand mechanisms leading to diabetic cardiomyopathy and loss of cardioprotective mechanisms in the diabetic heart.
Wave-oriented signal processing of dispersive time-domain scattering data

Phase-space data processing is receiving increased attention because or its potential for furnishing new discriminants relating to classification and identification of targets and other scattering environments. Primary emphasis has been on time-frequency processing because of its impact on transient, especially wideband, short-pulse excitations. Here, we investigate the windowed Fourier transform, the wavelet transform, and model based superresolution algorithms within the context of a fully quantified and calibrated test problem investigated by us previously: two-dimensional (2-D) short-pulse plane wave scattering by a finite periodic array of perfectly conducting coplanar flat strips. Because the forward problem has been fully calibrated and parametrized, some quantitative measures can be assigned with respect to the tradeoffs of these time-frequency algorithms, yielding tentative performance assessments of the tested processing algorithms.
Analysis of Human Peripheral Blood Samples from Fatal and Nonfatal Cases of Ebola (Sudan) Hemorrhagic Fever: Cellular Responses, Virus Load, and Nitric Oxide Levels

Peripheral blood samples obtained from patients during an outbreak of Ebola virus (Sudan species) disease in Uganda in 2000 were used to phenotype peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), quantitate gene expression, measure antigenemia, and determine nitric oxide levels. It was determined that as the severity of disease increased in infected patients, there was a corresponding increase in antigenemia and leukopenia. Blood smears revealed thrombocytopenia, a left shift in neutrophils (in some cases degenerating), and atypical lymphocytes. Infected patients who died had reduced numbers of T cells, CD8 + T cells, and activated (HLA-DR + ) CD8 + T cells, while the opposite was noted for patients who survived the disease. Expression levels of cytokines, Fas antigen, and Fas ligand (TaqMan quantitation) in PBMC from infected patients were not significantly different from those in uninfected patients (treated in the same isolation wards), nor was there a significant increase in expression compared to healthy volunteers (United States). This unresponsive state of PBMC from infected patients despite high levels of circulating antigen and virus replication suggests that some form of immunosuppression had developed. Ebola virus RNA levels (virus load) in PBMC specimens were found to be much higher in infected patients who died than patients who survived the disease. Similarly, blood levels of nitric oxide were much higher in fatal cases (increasing with disease severity), and extremely elevated levels (≥150 μM) would have negatively affected vascular tone and contributed to virus-induced shock.
A software storming approach to rapid prototyping

A methodology for very rapid prototyping, called software storming, brings together principles from both brainstorming and software engineering to quickly develop knowledge-based systems for problem assessment and solution. Brainstorming by domain experts drives the simultaneous software development of their ideas. Domain experts and system programmers are brought together in an intense one-week effort during which knowledge-engineering techniques are used to solve a carefully scoped problem. The storming week is itself part of a broader problem-solving activity that includes background research, problem definition, data specification, action plan development, and tool selection. A videotape recording is made of the development week to help followup teams understand how decisions were made. >
Social Background in Elite Analysis: A Methodological Inquiry

This paper attempts to comment empirically upon certain assumptions about the relationship between social background patterns and attitudinal patterns in elite analysis. All political systems are more or less stratified and their elites constitute that minority of participating actors which plays a strategic role in public policy making. As the incumbents of such key positions they have a far greater influence than the masses in structuring and giving expression to political relationships and policy outputs at various levels of authoritative decision making. They wield this influence by virtue of their exceptional access to political information and positions and their consequently highly disproportionate control over public policy making and communication processes which relate society to polity and governors to governed.Usually exceeding no more than about five percent of the members of a political community, such elites not only know a good deal more about the internal workings of the pertinent system than do the rest of its members, but they can do a good deal more to give shape and content to general input demands and supports, as well as to formal governmental rulings at the national or sub-national level. Therefore, their behavior patterns represent a crucial dimension of behavior patterns in a political system, providing important clues to characteristics making it like or unlike other systems.
Bringing Down the House by Targeting the Scaffold

A house is only as strong as its foundation—or is it? A scaffold is a structure used to support people and materials during a repair process. Knock down the scaffold, and down comes the house. Activation of Ras and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling occurs in >30% of cancers, and genetic and biological evidence validate a central role for this pathway in driving tumor development and progression. Despite this, therapeutically tractable approaches to target these proteins have yet to be fully realized. Many highly selective kinase inhibitors for this nodal pathway have already been tested, with limited to no efficacy in cancer patients. As Steve Jobs said so many times, perhaps we now need to challenge the status quo and “Think different.” Work by Jameson and colleagues has elucidated an essential role for the scaffold protein IQGAP1 in regulating MAPK signaling in a diverse range of cellular contexts. Through a series of sophisticated genetic loss-of-function experiments in mouse models, this group demonstrated a dependence of V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)–driven tumorigenesis on IQGAP1 interaction and function. Mice in which IQGAP1 had been knocked out had decreased MAPK signaling and were resistant to Hras -driven chemical carcinogenesis. Furthermore, IQGAP1 expression was increased in human KRAS-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. Next, the group mapped the site of contact between IQGAP1 and ERK1/2 and demonstrated that a WW binding sequence was necessary for the interaction. A detached WW domain could block this interaction, and lentiviral delivery of WW peptide was able to inhibit the proliferation of MAPK-driven cell lines. This effect was restricted to cell lines with activated MAPK, and Ras-MAPK wild-type tumor cells were not responsive to this therapy. The authors also synthesized an IGGAP1 WW domain cell-penetrating fusion peptide, then demonstrated anticancer activity in cell culture and in vivo using this approach. Whether these findings can be translated to the clinic remains to be seen, because peptide-based therapies have been more difficult to deliver than small molecules for the treatment of cancer patients. Nevertheless, maybe there is something to what Steve Jobs said about thinking differently. K. L. Jameson et al ., IQGAP1 scaffold-kinase interaction blockade selectively targets RAS-MAP kinase–driven tumors. Nat. Med. 19 , 626–630 (2013). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.cancercommons.org/news/iqgap1-scaffold-kinase-interaction-blockade-selectively-targets-ras-map-kinase-driven-tumors/
Shuffling of Promoters for Multiple Genes To Optimize Xylose Fermentation in an Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain

We describe here a useful metabolic engineering tool, multiple-gene-promoter shuffling (MGPS), to optimize expression levels for multiple genes. This method approaches an optimized gene overexpression level by fusing promoters of various strengths to genes of interest for a particular pathway. Selection of these promoters is based on the expression levels of the native genes under the same physiological conditions intended for the application. MGPS was implemented in a yeast xylose fermentation mixture by shuffling the promoters for GND2 and HXK2 with the genes for transaldolase (TAL1), transketolase (TKL1), and pyruvate kinase (PYK1) in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain FPL-YSX3. This host strain has integrated xylose-metabolizing genes, including xylose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulose kinase. The optimal expression levels for TAL1, TKL1, and PYK1 were identified by analysis of volumetric ethanol production by transformed cells. We found the optimal combination for ethanol production to be GND2-TAL1-HXK2-TKL1-HXK2-PYK1. The MGPS method could easily be adapted for other eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms to optimize expression of genes for industrial fermentation.
Is Oklahoma really OK? A regional study of the prevalence of biological evolution-related misconceptions held by introductory biology teachers

Biological evolutionary explanations pervade all biological fields and bring them together under one theoretical umbrella. Whereas the scientific community embraces the theory of biological evolution, the general public largely lacks an understanding, with many adhering to misconceptions. Because teachers are functioning components of the general public and most teachers experience the same levels of science education as does the general public, teachers too are likely to hold biological evolution misconceptions. The focus of this study was to identify the types and prevalence of biological evolution misconceptions held by Oklahoma high school introductory biology teachers and to correlate those findings with demographic variables. Seventy-six teachers who taught at least one section of Biology I during the 2010 to 2011 academic year in one of 71 Oklahoma public high schools served as this study’s unit of analysis. The Biological Evolution Literacy Survey, which possesses 23 biological misconception statements grouped into five categories, served as the research tool for identifying participants’ misconceptions, calculating conception index scores, and collecting demographic data. Analysis of survey results revealed participants’ knowledge of biological evolution concepts to be lacking as indicated by a mean 72.9% rate of understanding coupled with a 23.0% misconception rate. Results also indicated significant differences in participants’ mean index scores related to biological evolution knowledge self-rating and hours dedicated to teaching evolution. Biological evolution-related misconceptions are prevalent within Oklahoma’s introductory biology teachers. Implications associated with the study’s results are explained, including that of teachers serving as sources of student misconceptions.
Separating load torque oscillation and rotor fault effects in stator current-based motor condition monitoring

Stator current spectral analysis techniques are usually used to detect rotational faults in induction motors. However, position-varying load torque oscillation at multiples of the rotational speed has exactly the same effect. Harmonics resulting from the load torque oscillation often obscure or even overwhelm the detection of rotor faults since the magnitudes of a load torque oscillation induced harmonics are usually much larger. This paper develops a simplified method to detect rotor faults effectively in the presence of a load torque oscillation. The interaction between the negative sequence harmonics produced by rotor faults and the positive sequence harmonics generated by a load torque oscillation creates a rotor fault indicator in a new characteristic fault frequency reference frame. A significant advantage of the proposed scheme is that it does not need any information about motor parameters or knowledge of the flux-oriented synchronous reference frame. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme. The sensitivity of the rotor fault indicator on the relative position between the rotor faults and a load torque oscillation is also investigated through repeated simulation trials