cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial, lunar, and interplanetary rock fragmentation

Abstract Collected data are presented on mass distributions of fragmented rocks. These can be used to interpret extraterrestrial rock samples. Lunar surface material disturbed by Surveyors is broken in a way characteristic of low-energy, mechnical breakage, as expected. Debris around decameter-scale lunar craters with strewn rock fields also exhibits this property, suggesting that many such craters are secondary impacts. Centimeter-scale debris on the lunar maria shows evidence of extensive regrinding, probably due to repeated primary and secondary impacts, but such debris near Tycho appears not to have been so extensively ground; evidently this results from Tycho's young age. Telescopic asteroids have evidently been fragmented by attenuated shock waves in sporadic collisions, while meteorites are apparently the debris from repeated and/or hypervelocity collisions.
A control system testbed to validate critical infrastructure protection concepts

Abstract This paper describes the Mississippi State University SCADA Security Laboratory and Power and Energy Research laboratory. This laboratory combines model control systems from multiple critical infrastructure industries to create a testbed with functional physical processes controlled by commercial hardware and software over common industrial control system routable and non-routable networks. Laboratory exercises, functional demonstrations, and lecture material from the testbed have been integrated into a newly developed industrial control system cybersecurity course, into multiple other engineering and computer science courses, and into a series of short courses targeted to industry. Integration into the classroom allows the testbed to provide a workforce development function, prepares graduate students for research activities, and raises the profile of this research area with students. The testbed enables a research process in which cybersecurity vulnerabilities are discovered, exploits are used to understand the implications of the vulnerability on controlled physical processes, identified problems are classified by criticality and similarities in type and effect, and finally cybersecurity mitigations are developed and validated against within the testbed. Overviews of research enabled by the testbed are provided, including descriptions of software and network vulnerability research, a description of forensic data logger capability developed using the testbed to retrofit existing serial port MODBUS and DNP3 devices, and a description of intrusion detection research which leverages unique characteristics of industrial control systems.
Potential of a national monitoring program for forests to assess change in high-latitude ecosystems.

Broad-scale monitoring in Alaska has become of increasing interest due to uncertainty about the potential impacts of changing climate on high-latitude ecosystems. The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program is a national monitoring program for all public and private forestlands in the US, but the program is not currently implemented in the boreal region of Alaska. We provide an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the FIA system for monitoring the potential impact of climate change on Alaska's species, communities, and ecosystems. The primary strength of the system is a scientifically rigorous design-based statistical estimation method that produces estimates of forest attributes with known sampling error and quantifiable measurement error. The weaknesses of the system include low power for small area estimates, lack of spatial context and contiguity, and difficulty in inferring causality of factors when changes in monitored attributes are detected. Climate change is expected to impact many components of boreal ecosystems, but for most indicators the direction and magnitude of change are difficult to predict because of complex interactions among system components. Status and trend information provided by FIA monitoring that could be helpful to conservation decisions includes abundance and rarity of vascular plants, invasive species, biomass and carbon content of vegetation, shifting vegetation species distribution, disturbance frequency, type, and impact, and wildlife habitat characteristics. Because of unique factors such as the low level of infrastructure, modifications to the FIA monitoring system used in the conterminous US have been proposed for Alaska. Remote sensing data would play a greater role in meeting monitoring objectives, and sampling intensity of field plots would be reduced. Coordination with other national, regional, and local monitoring efforts provides potential for increased understanding of change in boreal ecosystems at multiple scales.
Revisiting the contribution of larval characters to an analysis of phylogenetic relationships of basal anurans

The higher-level relationships of anurans have been explored by numerous studies, producing a variety of hypotheses. The relationships of the basal anurans (‘archaeobatrachians’) are, however, poorly known . In part, this may be because the adult morphology of basal anurans is derived and therefore may not provide suitable phylogenetic signal. Recently, several authors have shown the phylogenetic utility of information derived from anuran larvae. In this paper we conduct separate and combined analyses of anuran relationships based on adult and larval morphology. Our combined results suggest that anurans form two major clades − the pipoids and all other frogs. Evidence also suggests that, taken together, Neobatrachia and Pelobatoidea form a monophyletic group. We discuss support for various groupings as shown by the different data sets. We also comment on the consequences of our phylogenetic hypothesis for the interpretation of reduction of vertebral elements and evolution of Orton's tadpole types in anurans. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 139, 129−155.
Dynamic imaging of intracranial lesions using fast spin-echo imaging: Differentiation of brain tumors and treatment effects

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for differentiating between recurrent brain tumors and treatment-related changes, such as radiation necrosis, using dynamic MRI. Ninety-five patients with intracranial mass lesions were evaluated using T1-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) MRI at 1.5 T. Pathologies included treatment-related changes (n = 32), primary tumors (n = 41), metastatic tumors (n = 5), meningiomas (n = 4), and mixed primary/treatment related changes (n = 13). Signal enhancement-time curves were analyzed by fitting to a sigmoidal-exponential function. Maximal enhancement rates were calculated as the first derivative of the fitted curve. Based on the maximal enhancement rates, treatment-related changes could be differentiated from primary tumors, metastatic tumors, and meningiomas at the P < .05 confidence level. Lesions of mixed tumor and treatment-related change had intermediate values. Dynamic MRI can be used to differentiate treatment-related changes from primary tumors in previously treated patient populations based on maximal enhancement rates. Individual case studies demonstrate the clinical significance of these findings.
A combination of distribution- and anchor-based approaches determined minimally important differences (MIDs) for four endpoints in a breast cancer scale

Objective To determine distribution- and anchor-based minimal important difference (MID) estimates for four scores from the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Breast (FACT-B): the breast cancer subscale (BCS), Trial Outcome Index (TOI), FACT-G (the general version), and FACT-B.
Efficient trace-driven metaheuristics for optimization of networks-on-chip configurations

As industry moves towards many-core chips, networks-on-chip (NoCs) are emerging as a scalable communication fabric for interconnecting the cores. With increasing core counts, there is a corresponding increase in communication demands in multi-core designs to facilitate high core utilization, and a consequent critical need for high-performance NoCs. Another megatrend in advanced technologies is that power has become the most critical design constraint. In this paper, we focus on trace-driven virtual channel (VC) allocation in application-specific NoCs. We propose a new significant VC failure metric to capture the impact of VCs on network performance and efficiently drive NoC optimization. Our proposed metaheuristics achieve up to 38% reduction in the number of VCs under a given average packet latency constraint. In addition, compared to a recently proposed trace-driven VC allocation approach [13], we obtain up to an O(|L|) speedup, where |L| is total number of links in the network, with no degradation in the quality of results.
Multilocular cysts of kidney

Abstract Three cases of multilocular cyst of the kidney, studied by selective renal angiography, are reported. Angiographic findings in these cases and in 6 others in the literature are reviewed. 1–4 Four of these 9 cases exhibited neovascularity.
Psychosocial factors and the onset of genetic diseases: Dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease and ataxia—A preliminary investigation

Certain psychosocial factors such as marriage and involvement with support groups can influence longevity by unknown cellular mechanisms. To determine whether social factors impact upon the phenotypic expression of neurodegenerative disorders, we organized a standardized database on 43 patients with familial Alzheimer's disease [(FAD) (n = 18)] and spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types one and three (n = 25). Variables including information on social factors (marital status, close friends, church attendance and group memberships) were correlated with genetic and clinical data. In the total population (n = 43) higher education was linearly related to a greater income. Social factors did not significantly affect the onset of symptoms in patients with FAD. Regardless of the number of CAG trinuceotide repeats, most SCA patients who regularly attended church related activities and social group activities had a later onset of disease symptoms compared to those individuals with less social interaction.
Towards a stages theory approach to privatization

In analysing the path of optimal sequencing of privatizations by public administrations, it is too simplistic to characterize the process as one in which in the early phase small state-owned enterprises are disposed of and, in the later stage, the larger enterprises. Such a dichotomy fails to capture fully the market failure elements, technological dimensions, sociological imperatives and political constraints that help to determine the choice and timing of enterprises to be privatized. Rather, the privatization experience of the developing and developed countries, including the former centrally planned economies, can be eclectically analysed as traditional, transitional and transformation stages in an almost inexorable movement towards a pure capitalist economy. In the traditional stage, countries have tended to privatize those enterprises for which the private sector has an obvious comparative advantage. In the transitional stage, the privatization programme includes certain important enterprises, which, despite a considerable amount of government subsidy or tariff protection, have performed ‘inefficiently’. In the stage of transformation from a still basically mixed economy to a near pure capitalist economy, there is privatization of the strategic enterprises. Although the stages approach varies between countries, the above-mentioned sequencing allows for more effective cumulative internalization of the learning experience.
Preserving endangered species and other biological resources

Abstract The expected future value of endangered species and other biological resources is extremely uncertain inasmuch as it depends on the future discovery of knowledge as well as future tastes. The economics discipline has no special advantage in this unenviable set of circumstances. Nevertheless, this paper sets forth a few simple economic principles which are essential for saving substantial biological resources.
Motor neuron degeneration induced by excitotoxin agonists has features in common with those seen in the SOD-1 transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

A superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) genetic defect has been identified in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and motor neuron degeneration has been described in SOD-1 transgenic mice. Because an excitotoxic mechanism has been implicated in ALS, we undertook studies to provide a description of excitotoxic degeneration of spinal motor neurons for comparison with the degenerative process observed in SOD-1 transgenic mice. Excitotoxin agonists selective for each of the three major types of ionotropic glutamate receptors were applied directly onto the lumbar spinal cord of 21-day-old rats following posterior laminectomy. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) preferentially affected dorsal horn neurons, whereas the non-NMDA agonist, kainic acid, preferentially affected motor neurons. Cytopathological changes in motor neurons closely resembled those described in SOD-1 mice. These changes consist of massively swollen dendritic processes in the presence of well-preserved presynaptic axon terminals; cell bodies of motor neurons filled with vacuoles that originate both from endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria; pleomorphic changes in mitochondria; axons of motor neurons becoming swollen proximally with accumulation of vacuoles, organelles, filaments, and degeneration products in the swollen segment. The observed changes in motor axons resemble changes described in the spinal cord of ALS patients. These findings are consistent with the proposal that motor neuron degeneration in ALS may be mediated by an excitotoxic process involving hyperactivation of non-NMDA glutamate receptors.
SWIMMY: A virtual neurophysiology exercise examining central pattern generators involved in locomotion (Virtual neurophysiological research on a virtual animal)

Abstract To provide students a realistic neuroscience research experience requiring only computers and no laboratory equipment, we have used the public domain neural simulator NEURON to create a program called SWIMMY. This program simulates neural mechanisms underlying fish swimming motions and allows students to do realistic neurophysiological experiments to discover how SWIMMY's neural circuitry works.
Comparative Pharmacodynamics of Intermittent and Prolonged Infusions of Piperacillin/Tazobactam Using Monte Carlo Simulation and Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Data from Hospitalized Patients

With increasing antibiotic resistance in gram-negative pathogens, dosing strategies that optimize pharmacodynamic parameters of currently available antibiotics play an important role in treatment. The likelihood of success with piperacillin/tazobactam, a widely used broad-spectrum antibiotic, can be manipulated by increasing the amount of time that unbound drug concentrations remain above the pathogen's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). However, this success depends greatly on knowing the MIC value as well as accurately estimating the individual's pharmacokinetic parameters. Clinicians should carefully factor these variables into their decision-making process when considering prolonged infusion strategies with piperacillin/tazobactam.
Hope, Meaning, and Growth Following the September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attacks

Positive psychologists found the increase of seven character strengths that encompass the so-called theological virtues, including hope and spirituality, in Americans after the September 11, 2001, attacks. Little is known about how they may affect post-September 11, 2001, mental health. Using multivariate analysis, this study investigated the relationship of hope and spiritual meaning with depression and anxiety in a sample of 457 students 3 months after September 11, 2001. Both characters contributed to lower levels of symptoms. In qualitative analysis, of 313 answers to an open-ended question regarding personal change, four categories emerged. The first three were consonant with other studies on posttraumatic growth (PTG), including changes in the self or behavior, relationships, and worldviews. The fourth category unique to September 11, 2001, was changes in political views. These findings offer further credence to the study of positive aspects resulting from violence-related trauma and highlight the n...
Weak convergence and averaging for ODE

Abstract This mostly expository paper shows how weak convergence methods provide simple, elegant proofs of (i) the stabilization of an inverted pendulum under fast vertical oscillations, (ii) the existence of particle traps induced by rapidly varying electric fields and (iii) the adiabatic invariance of ∫ Γ p d x for slowing varying planar Hamiltonian dynamics. Under an appropriate, but very restrictive, unique ergodicity assumption, the proof of (iii) extends also to many degrees of freedom.
Integration of multispectral face recognition and multi-PTZ camera automated surveillance for security applications

Due to increasing security concerns, a complete security system should consist of two major components, a computer-based face-recognition system and a real-time automated video surveillance system. A computerbased face-recognition system can be used in gate access control for identity authentication. In recent studies, multispectral imaging and fusion of multispectral narrow-band images in the visible spectrum have been employed and proven to enhance the recognition performance over conventional broad-band images, especially when the illumination changes. Thus, we present an automated method that specifies the optimal spectral ranges under the given illumination. Experimental results verify the consistent performance of our algorithm via the observation that an identical set of spectral band images is selected under all tested conditions. Our discovery can be practically used for a new customized sensor design associated with given illuminations for an improved face recognition performance over conventional broad-band images. In addition, once a person is authorized to enter a restricted area, we still need to continuously monitor his/her activities for the sake of security. Because pantilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras are capable of covering a panoramic area and maintaining high resolution imagery for real-time behavior understanding, researches in automated surveillance systems with multiple PTZ cameras have become increasingly important. Most existing algorithms require the prior knowledge of intrinsic parameters of the PTZ camera to infer the relative positioning and orientation among multiple PTZ cameras. To overcome this limitation, we propose a novel mapping algorithm that derives the relative positioning and orientation between two PTZ cameras based on a unified polynomial model. This reduces the dependence on the knowledge of intrinsic parameters of PTZ camera and relative positions. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm presents substantially reduced computational complexity and improved flexibility at the cost of slightly decreased pixel accuracy as compared to Chen and Wang’s method [18].
Prevalence of Off-Label Use and Spending in 2010 Among Patent-Protected Chemotherapies in a Population-Based Cohort of Medical Oncologists

Purpose The prevalence of off-label anticancer drug use is not well characterized. The extent of off-label use is a policy concern because the clinical benefits of such use to patients may not outweigh costs or adverse health outcomes. Methods Prescribing data from IntrinsiQ Intellidose data systems, a pharmacy software provider maintaining a population-based cohort database of medical oncologists, was analyzed. Use of the most commonly prescribed anticancer drugs (“chemotherapies”) that were patent protected and administered intravenously to patients in 2010 was examined. Use was classified as “on-label” if the cancer site, stage, and therapy line met the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved indication. All other use was “off-label.” Off-label use was divided by whether it conformed to National Comprehensive Care Network (NCCN) Compendium recommendations, a basis of insurer coverage policies. IMS Health National Sales Perspectives was used to estimate national spending by use category. Results ...
Stackable nonvolatile memory with ultra thin polysilicon film and low-leakage (Ti,Dy)xOy for low processing temperature and low operating voltages

We report the fabrication process as well as material and electrical characterization of ultra thin body (UTB) thin film transistors (TFTs) for stackable nonvolatile memories by using in situ phosphorous doped low-temperature polysilicon followed by the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process. The resulting polysilicon film is about 13nm thick with approximately 10^1^9cm^-^3 doping. Root mean square surface roughness below 1nm is achieved. Metal nanocrystals and high-k dielectric are selected for storage nodes and tunneling barriers to achieve low operating voltages. The number density and average diameter of nanocrystals embedded in the gate stack are 7.5x10^1^1cm^-^2 and 5.8nm, respectively. Furthermore, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are performed for material characterization. The dielectric constant of the (Ti,Dy)"xO"y film is 35, and the off-state leakage current at -1V bias and 2.8nm equivalent oxide thickness is 5x10^-^7A/cm^2. We obtain a memory window of about 0.95V with +/-6V program/erase voltages. Our results show that UTB TFT is a promising candidate for the three-dimensional integration in high-density nonvolatile memory applications.
Predictors of enrollees' satisfaction with a county-sponsored indigent health care plan.

This article summarizes the findings from a study examining the predictors of satisfaction among individuals enrolled in a county-sponsored indigent health care plan. Mail survey procedures were used to obtain information from enrollees regarding their satisfaction with the health care plan, as well as enrollees' demo-graphics, health care status, and trust in their providers. Results of a stepwise regression model developed using a random half of the respondents revealed enrollees' trust in health care providers was the strongest predictor of general satisfaction, followed by perception of change in health status, and age. The model explained 49% of the variance and demonstrated little shrinkage when cross-validated on the remaining half of the respondents. Trust in health care providers, followed by perception of change in health status also emerged as the strongest predictors of enrollees' satisfaction with freedom of choice.
Computational aspects of Young's modulus reconstruction from ultrasonic freehand scanning

In this paper, we report a method for absolute Young's modulus reconstruction under freehand scanning. The absolute modulus, an intrinsic tissue property, can be used to quantitatively monitor pathological evolution of certain diseases and to evaluate therapeutic treatments. This method could iteratively assess the absolute tissue modulus distribution by simultaneously measuring the surface pressure and tissue deformation. This method could also be used to obtain pressure-sensitive tissue elasticity through a sequence of phase sensitive (either radiofrequency or quadrature) echo signals to study tissue nonlinearity. Since the proposed method uses clinical equipment and procedures that are similar to the standard clinical examinations, this approach is likely to gain significant clinical impact if successful. Numerical simulations and a phantom experiment are reported here as preliminary studies with emphasis on computational aspects. The results show that the modulus distribution can be accurately reconstructed, though work in hardware and algorithm development needs to continue prior to clinical trials.
Pulmonary vein isolation as an end point for left atrial circumferential ablation of atrial fibrillation.

Objectives We sought to determine whether elimination of pulmonary vein (PV) arrhythmogenicity is necessary for the efficacy of left atrial circumferential ablation (LACA) for atrial fibrillation (AF). Background The PVs often provide triggers or drivers of AF. It has been shown that LACA is more effective than PV isolation in eliminating paroxysmal AF. However, it is not clear whether complete PV isolation is necessary for the efficacy of LACA. Methods In 60 consecutive patients with paroxysmal (n = 39) or chronic (n = 21) AF (mean age 53 ± 12 years), LACA to encircle the left- and right-sided PVs, with additional lines in the posterior left atrium and along the mitral isthmus, was performed under the guidance of an electroanatomic navigation system. The PVs were mapped with a decapolar ring catheter before and after LACA. If PV isolation was incomplete, no attempts at complete isolation were made. Results After LACA, there was incomplete electrical isolation of one or more PVs in 48 (80%) of the 60 patients. The prevalence of PV tachycardias was 82% before and 8% after LACA (p Conclusions Left atrial circumferential ablation modifies the arrhythmogenic substrate within the PVs. Complete electrical isolation of the PVs is not a requirement for a successful outcome after LACA.
A recurrent regulatory change underlying altered expression and Wnt response of the stickleback armor plates gene EDA

Armor plate changes in sticklebacks are a classic example of repeated adaptive evolution. Previous studies identified ectodysplasin (EDA) gene as the major locus controlling recurrent plate loss in freshwater fish, though the causative DNA alterations were not known. Here we show that freshwater EDA alleles have cis-acting regulatory changes that reduce expression in developing plates and spines. An identical T → G base pair change is found in EDA enhancers of divergent low-plated fish. Recreation of the T → G change in a marine enhancer strongly reduces expression in posterior armor plates. Bead implantation and cell culture experiments show that Wnt signaling strongly activates the marine EDA enhancer, and the freshwater T → G change reduces Wnt responsiveness. Thus parallel evolution of low-plated sticklebacks has occurred through a shared DNA regulatory change, which reduces the sensitivity of an EDA enhancer to Wnt signaling, and alters expression in developing armor plates while preserving expression in other tissues.
A refresher on curvature for application to centripetal acceleration

Three derivations of the standard formula for the curvature K of a plane curve () yx are reviewed. Curvature is equal to 1 / r , where r is the radius of curvature, and is thus needed to compute the centripetal acceleration of a particle traversing that path. As an example, the centripetal and tangential accelerations are calculated for a projectile on its parabolic trajectory.
Minireview: Regulation of Steroidogenesis by Electron Transfer

Cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyze the degradation of drugs and xenobiotics, but also catalyze a wide variety of biosynthetic processes, including most steps in steroidogenesis. The catalytic rate of a P450 enzyme is determined in large part by the rate of electron transfer from its redox partners. Type I P450 enzymes, found in mitochondria, receive electrons from reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) via the intermediacy of two proteins-ferredoxin reductase (a flavoprotein) and ferredoxin (an iron/sulfur protein). Type I P450 enzymes include the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), the two isozymes of 11-hydroxylase (P450c11beta and P450c11AS), and several vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes. Disorders of these enzymes, but not of the two redox partners, have been described. Type II P450 enzymes, found in the endoplasmic reticulum, receive electrons from NADPH via P450 oxidoreductase (POR), which contains two flavin moieties. Steroidogenic Type II P450 enzymes include 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (P450c17), 21-hydroxylase (P450c21), and aromatase (P450aro). All P450 enzymes catalyze multiple reactions, but P450c17 appears to be unique in that the ratio of its activities is regulated at a posttranslational level. Three factors can increase the degree of 17,20 lyase activity relative to the 17alpha-hydroxylase activity by increasing electron flow from POR: a high molar ratio of POR to P450c17, serine phosphorylation of P450c17, and the presence of cytochrome b(5), acting as an allosteric factor to promote the interaction of POR with P450c17. POR is required for the activity of all 50 human Type II P450 enzymes, and ablation of the Por gene in mice causes embryonic lethality. Nevertheless, mutation of the human POR gene is compatible with life, causing multiple steroidogenic defects and a skeletal dysplasia called Antley-Bixler syndrome.
A separable domain of the p150 subunit of human Chromatin Assembly Factor-1 promotes protein and chromosome associations with nucleoli

Chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1) is a three-subunit protein complex conserved throughout eukaryotes that deposits histones during DNA synthesis. Here we present a novel role for the human p150 subunit in regulating nucleolar macromolecular interactions. Acute depletion of p150 causes redistribution of multiple nucleolar proteins and reduces nucleolar association with several repetitive element–containing loci. Of note, a point mutation in a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) within p150 abolishes nucleolar associations, whereas PCNA or HP1 interaction sites within p150 are not required for these interactions. In addition, acute depletion of SUMO-2 or the SUMO E2 ligase Ubc9 reduces α-satellite DNA association with nucleoli. The nucleolar functions of p150 are separable from its interactions with the other subunits of the CAF-1 complex because an N-terminal fragment of p150 (p150N) that cannot interact with other CAF-1 subunits is sufficient for maintaining nucleolar chromosome and protein associations. Therefore these data define novel functions for a separable domain of the p150 protein, regulating protein and DNA interactions at the nucleolus.
Holoprosencephaly and interstitial deletion of 2(p2101p2109).

We report on a girl with holoprosencephaly and a small, de novo interstitial deletion of most of band 2(p21). The similarity between the cytogenetic findings and CNS malformations in our patient and those recently reported by Munke et al. [Am J Med Genet 30:929-938, 1988] suggests a phenotypic relationship between deletion of this band and holoprosencephaly.
Current injection method to eliminate harmonics in AC power systems

A method is proposed to eliminate AC harmonic currents by injecting equal-but-opposite harmonic compensating currents. This method is applicable to any type of load considered as a harmonic source. A system involving a hardware interface, a PC, and advanced software to measure, analyze, and report the condition of harmonics on the power system is described. This system is used to generate all the necessary harmonic currents for compensation. Digital simulation and experimental results from single- and three-phase AC/DC converters are shown to verify the effectiveness of this technique. >
Organized Labor and the Mexican Revolution under Lázaro Cárdenas

In this book one can trace the determined growth of the Mexican labor movement from the time of an uneasy imperialist government to a system of firmer self-sufficiency. Behind the struggles of the period looms the powerful figure of Cardenas, ever ready to support the efforts of labor and to suppress excesses. Originally published 1967. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Visual search automation for unmanned aerial vehicles

The design, development, and testing of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with automated capabilities is described: searching a prescribed area, identifying a specific building within that area based on a small sign located on one wall, and then identifying an opening into that building. This includes a description of the automated search system along with simulation and flight test results. Results include successful evaluation at the McKenna Military Operations in Urban Terrain flight test site.
Stress and life events during childhood and adolescence

Abstract Research concerned with life events and stress during childhood and adolescence is reviewed. Models of stress and life events and measures of stressful events during childhood and adolescence are described. Although problems in each of these areas are noted, recent progress in measurement is encouraging. Cross-sectional studies have found a consistent, although modest, correlation of stressful events with psychological, behavioral, and somatic problems. However, recent prospective studies provide greater support for the role of chronic strains and daily Stressors than major life events in the development of psychological and behavioral difficulties during adolescence. Directions for future research are outlined.
Factors associated with presenting >12 hours after symptom onset of acute myocardial infarction among Veteran men

Approximately 2/3 of Veterans admitting to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities present >12 hours after symptom onset of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (“late presenters”). Veterans admitted to VHA facilities with AMI may delay hospital presentation for different reasons compared to their general population counter parts. Despite the large descriptive literature on factors associated with delayed presentation in the general population, the literature describing these factors among the Veteran AMI population is limited. The purpose of this analysis is to identify predictors of late presentation in the Veteran population presenting with AMI to VHA facilities. Identifying predictors will help inform and target interventions for Veterans at a high risk of late presentation. In our cross-sectional study, we analyzed a cohort of 335 male Veterans from nine VHA facilities with physician diagnosed AMI between April 2005 and December 2006. We compared demographics, presentation characteristics, medical history, perceptions of health, and access to health care between early and late presenting Veterans. We used standard descriptive statistics for bivariate comparisons and multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of late presentation. Our cohort was an average of 64 ± 10 years old and was 88% white. Sixty-eight percent of our cohort were late presenters. Bivariate comparisons found that fewer late presenters had attended at least some college or vocational school (late 53% vs. early 66%, p = 0.02). Multivariate analysis showed that presentation with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was associated with early presentation (OR = 0.4 95%CI [0.2, 0.9]) and ≥2 angina episodes in the prior 24 hours (versus 0-1 episode) was associated with late presentation (OR = 7.5 95%CI [3.6,15.6]). A significant majority of Veterans presenting to VHA facilities with AMI were late presenters. We found few differences between early and late presenters. Having a STEMI was independently associated with early presentation and reporting ≥2 angina episodes in the 24 hours prior to hospital admission was independently associated with late presentation. These independent predictors of early and late presentation are similar to what has been reported for the general population. Despite these similarities to the general population, there may be untapped opportunities for patient education within the VHA to decrease late presentation.
Fréchet kernels for finite‐frequency traveltimes—II. Examples

Summary 3-D Born–Frechet traveltime kernel theory is recast in the context of scalar-wave propagation in a smooth acoustic medium, for simplicity. The predictions of the theory are in excellent agreement with ‘ground truth’ traveltime shifts, measured by cross-correlation of heterogeneous-medium and homogeneous-medium synthetic seismograms, computed using a parallelized pseudospectral code. Scattering, wave-front healing and other finite-frequency diffraction effects can give rise to cross-correlation traveltime shifts that are in significant disagreement with geometrical ray theory, whenever the cross-path width of wave-speed heterogeneity is of the same order as the width of the banana–doughnut Frechet kernel surrounding the ray. A concentrated off-path slow or fast anomaly can give rise to a larger traveltime shift than one directly on the ray path, by virtue of the hollow-banana character of the kernel. The often intricate 3-D geometry of the sensitivity kernels of P, PP, PcP, PcP2, PcP3, ? and P+pP waves is explored, in a series of colourful cross-sections. The geometries of an absolute PP kernel and a differential PP−P kernel are particularly complicated, because of the minimax nature of the surface-reflected PP wave. The kernel for an overlapping P+pP wave from a shallow-focus source has a banana–doughnut character, like that of an isolated P-wave kernel, even when the teleseismic pulse shape is significantly distorted by the depth phase interference. A numerically economical representation of the 3-D traveltime sensitivity, based upon the paraxial approximation, is in excellent agreement with the ‘exact’ ray-theoretical Frechet kernel.
Electric Utility Deregulation and the Market Value-Book Value Relation

This study re-examines the electric utility market value-book value relation in light of the changing regulatory climate. The change in the market value-book value relation is examined by comparing the market-to-book ratio in the deregulatory period to the regulatory period. This study tests whether stranded costs are correlated with the change in the market value-book value relation. Also, this study tests whether state regulatory commission ratings alter the relation between stranded costs and the market value-book value relation. This study documents an increase in the market value-book value relation. However, additional tests indicate that the change in the market value-book value relation may reflect general market-wide patterns which obscure the deregulation effects. Furthermore, there is evidence that stranded costs are incorporated in the market value-book value relation. Also, there is no evidence that the state regulatory commission ratings alter the relation between stranded costs and the market value-book value relation.
Newton's Method

This chapter describes the procedure and yield of Newton's method. It is applicable to partial differential equations and ordinary differential equations. It yields a sequence of approximations to the solution. It is observed that when Newton iteration is applied to a nonlinear differential equation, each step of the iteration requires that a linear differential equation be solved. The general procedure on an ordinary differential equation is illustrated. The solution to the first-order ordinary differential equation is approximated. An approximation, near x = 0 , of the solution to the nonlinear ordinary differential equation is also considered.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRID GENERATION FROM ELLIPTIC SYSTEMS

The various types of elliptic partial differential systems of equations which have been used for three-dimensiona l grid generation are surveyed, and correlations among these systems are made. The determination of control functions used in these equations to control the coordinate line spacing and orientation is discussed. It is noted that general three-dimensiona l configurations are best treated by segmentation into sub-regions.
Tullock on the organization of scientific inquiry

In (Tullock, The organization of inquiry, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1966), Gordon Tullock sets out to establish how knowledge is developed and dispersed in science, to such a high degree of reliability, despite the lack of formal organizational structure. He contrasts this against the unreliability of the “non-sciences”. In this essay, I review his perspective and consider the validity of his proposed reforms.
A Common CD36 Variant Influences Endothelial Function and Response to Treatment with Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibition

Context: The scavenger receptor CD36 influences the endothelial nitric oxide-cGMP pathway in vitro. Genetic variants that alter CD36 level are common in African Americans (AAs), a population at high risk of endothelial dysfunction. Objective: To examine if the minor allele (G) of coding CD36 variant rs3211938 (G/T) which reduces CD36 level by approximately 50% influences endothelial function, insulin sensitivity (IS), and the response to treatment with the nitric oxide-cGMP potentiator sildenafil. Design: IS (frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance) and endothelial function (flow mediated dilation [FMD]) were determined in age- and body mass index-matched obese AA women with or without the G allele of rs3211938 (protocol 1). Effect of chronic sildenafil treatment on IS and FMD was tested in AA women with metabolic syndrome and with/without the CD36 variant, using a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (protocol 2). Setting: Two-center study. Participants: Obese AA women. Intervention: A total of 20-mg sil...
Is Tumor Volume an Independent Predictor of Progression Following Radical Prostatectomy? A Multivariate Analysis of 185 Clinical Stage B Adenocarcinomas of the Prostate with 5 Years of Followup

AbstractTumor volume has been shown to be proportionate to Gleason grade, capsular penetration, seminal vesicle invasion, lymph node metastases and capsular margins of resection. Because these variables are often interrelated, it is crucial to determine which of these parameters provides independent prediction of prognosis in prostate cancer. The current study analyzed 185 men who underwent radial retropubic prostatectomy for clinical stage B adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Patients with seminal vesicle invasion or lymph node metastases were excluded, since these findings are almost invariably associated with progression. All patients were followed for a minimum of 5 years after radical prostatectomy. Only 2 men received postoperative adjuvant therapy. At 5 years after radical prostatectomy 58 men (31%) experienced progression, defined by either an elevated postoperative serum prostate specific antigen level, local recurrence or distant metastases. Although by themselves capsular penetration, tumor volume...
The Association Between Subretinal Drusenoid Deposits in Older Adults in Normal Macular Health and Incident Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose Subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDD) have been associated with the progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To determine whether SDD in eyes in normal macular health increases risk for early AMD, this study examined the association between presence of SDD at baseline in a cohort of older adults in normal macular health and incident AMD 3 years later.
Understanding The Typical Vacations Of U.S. Southern Travelers

This paper investigates important factors associated with vacation decisions made for typical vacations by U.S. southern travelers, an area given minimal focus in the marketing tourism literature. The paper effectively identifies key vacation influences to leisure travel which include distance, group size, vacation length, lead time, education level, income level, and age. Additionally, the paper identifies nine unique types of southern vacation travelers using a cluster analysis approach. Ultimately, the paper offers a richer understanding of the pertinent factors influencing vacation decisions—particularly for individuals in the U.S. Southern region.
Precision in Bone Densitometry

Precision is the attribute of a quantitative measurement technique such as bone densitometry that refers to the ability to reproduce the same numerical result in the setting of no real biological change when the test is repeatedly performed in an identical fashion. Like all quantitative tests in clinical medicine, no bone densitometry technique is perfectly reproducible. This is true even when the bone density test is performed in exact accordance with the manufacturer’ s recommendations every time. If the technologist does not position the patient and analyze the data in a consistent fashion, the technique becomes even less reproducible.
Management of Breast Sarcoma

Breast sarcomas are exceptionally rare mesenchymal neoplasms composed of many histologic subtypes. Therapy is guided by principles established in the management of extremity sarcomas. The anatomic site does influence treatment decisions, particularly the surgical management. Surgery should be undertaken with the aim of achieving a widely negative margin. Selected patients can be managed with breast-conserving surgery. Breast reconstruction is increasingly being undertaken for selected patients. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are used selectively for large, high-grade sarcomas for which there is significant concern for local and distant recurrence.
Advancing HIV research with pregnant women: navigating challenges and opportunities.

Objective Concerns about including pregnant women in research have led to a dearth of evidence to guide safe and effective treatment and prevention of HIV in pregnancy. To better understand why these evidence gaps persist and inform guidance for responsible inclusion of pregnant women in the HIV research agenda, we aimed to learn what HIV experts perceive as barriers and constraints to conducting this research. Methods We conducted a series of group and one-on-one consultations with 62 HIV investigators and clinicians to elicit their views and experiences conducting HIV research involving pregnant women. Thematic analysis was used to identify priorities and perceived barriers to HIV research with pregnant women. Results Experts discussed a breadth of needed research, including safety, efficacy, and appropriate dosing of: newer antiretrovirals for pregnant women, emerging preventive strategies, and treatment for coinfections. Challenges to conducting research on pregnancy and HIV included ethical concerns, such as how to weigh risks and benefits in pregnancy; legal concerns, such as restrictive interpretations of current regulations and liability issues; financial and professional disincentives, including misaligned funder priorities and fear of reputational damage; and analytical and logistical complexities, such as challenges recruiting and retaining pregnant women to sufficiently power analyses. Conclusion Investigators face numerous challenges to conducting needed HIV research with pregnant women. Advancing such research will require clearer guidance regarding ethical and legal uncertainties; incentives that encourage rather than discourage investigators to undertake such research; and a commitment to earlier development of safety and efficacy data through creative trial designs.
Thrombosis in AML? Yes, but when to worry?

In this issue of Blood, Libourel et al report the incidence and risk factors for thrombosis in newly diagnosed adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Their data suggested a thrombosis prevalence of 8.7% in younger and 10.4% in older adults with AML; patients at greater risk exhibit disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at diagnosis and high D-dimer levels in particular.1