cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Birth weight categorization according to gestational age does not reflect percentage body fat in term and preterm newborns

This study was performed to prove the applicability of the small-for-gestational age (SGA), appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA), and large-for-gestational age (LGA) classification depending on birth weight to predict percentage body fat (%BF) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in term and preterm infants. The data of 159 healthy term and preterm neonates (87 boys and 72 girls) with a gestational age at delivery of 38.4 weeks from two longitudinal studies were analyzed. Anthropometry and body composition data were assessed within the first 10 days after birth. Correlations between anthropometric parameters and fat mass measured by DXA were calculated. Prevalences of observations with low, middle, and high %BF measured by DXA were compared between SGA, AGA, and LGA groups, according to sex and gestational age. In term infants, 42.9% of the newborns with less than 10% body fat were classified to be AGA; 9.9% of all AGA newborns had less than 10% body fat. For the whole group, among the ratios investigated, the weight–length ratio (r=0.82) showed the best correlation to fat mass measured by DXA. The %BF at the time of study was higher in girls (14.75%) than in boys (11.95%). In conclusion, traditional classification based on birth weight centiles does not reflect %BF in term and preterm newborns.
Childhood derivatives of high and low reactivity in infancy

A group of 193 children, classified as high or low reactive to stimulation at 4 months and observed again at 14 and 21 months, were observed at 4 1/2 years of age for behavioral signs of inhibited or uninhibited behavior. Children who had been high reactive were less spontaneous and less sociable than those who had been classified as low reactive, but only a small proportion of children maintained a consistently inhibited or uninhibited phenotype at all ages.
The small anisotropy formulation of elastic deformation

The specific internal energy defines the constitutive relation (stress-strain function) in elastic deformations. We introduce a form for the specific internal energy that expresses the idea of small anisotropy. In this formulation, only one parameter is needed to specify the anisotropic part of the deformation.
Toward a Unifying Definition of Psychological Pain

Loss and trauma are often associated with psychological pain. However, a generally accepted understanding and clear definition of what is constituted by psychological pain do not exist. Morse and colleagues' criteria (definition, characteristics, boundaries, preconditions, outcomes) were used to analyze related concepts (suffering, psychache, emotional pain, and psychic pain) that could contribute to a definition of psychological pain. The analysis indicated that psychological pain may best be defined as a lasting, unsustainable, and unpleasant feeling resulting from negative appraisal of an inability or deficiency of the self. This negative self-appraisal is typically brought on by loss of someone or something, or failure to achieve something that is intimately linked to core psychological needs.
Quantitative analysis of siRNA-mediated GFP silencing in transgenic pine cells

A quantitative analysis approach of siRNA-mediated green fluorescence protein gene (gfp) silencing was established in this investigation. This approach is based on both the application of transgenic cells using GFP as a visual marker and siRNA-mediated gfp silencing in Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). We used m-gfp5-ER as a reporter gene to examine design rules for efficient gene silencing in terms of both the levels of mRNA degradation in transgenic cells showing gfp silencing and the degree of silencing by quantitative green fluorescence analyses of confocal images. Using this method, silencing of the m-gfp5-ER gene in gfp transgenic cells can be efficiently determined. Moreover, it can be used to measure the degree of silencing derived from gfp transgene at different developmental stages and at high efficiency. This investigation may provide a useful alternative to study signaling mechanisms of gene silencing in transgenic cells. The method described here allows the quantitative analysis of gene silencing and may also facilitate function discovery of novel plant genes based on siRNA-mediated gene silencing.
Genetic fine structure analysis of the myosin heavy chain gene unc-54 of Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract Taking advantage of the relative ease of detecting single wild-type animals among large numbers of Unc-54 mutant animals, rare intragenic recombinants were recovered between mutations of unc-54 I , the gene coding for the myosin heavy chain of Caenorhabditis elegans body wall musculature. Appropriate closely linked marker mutations were used to improve screening efficiency, to distinguish recombination and conversion events, and to establish the relative order of unc-54 mutations in the gene. From the analysis of more than 400 exceptional chromosomes recovered from tests involving 91 heteroallelic strains, 27 unc-54 mutations have been separated into ten distinct sites. Null mutations, comprising the majority of the mutations studied, are scattered throughout the map, with the e1300 and st60 mutations located at the left and right ends, respectively. Three small deficiencies are clustered at an internal site nearer the left end. Two missense mutations lie to the right of these deficiencies. By correlating these results with molecular investigations of specific mutations, we conclude that the 5′ end of the coding sequence is at the right end of the gene and is located distally on the chromosome. These correlations also demonstrate that the map includes at least 80% of the structural sequence. The genetic map allows us to infer the approximate location of mutations in the coding sequence, and should aid in the genetic dissection of myosin structure and function.
Behavioral experimental epilepsy in monkeys. II. Video-tape control gate for the detection and recording of motor seizures☆

Abstract An electronic control gate has been constructed which recognizes the signature of gross motor seizures of chronic experimental epileptic monkeys. This device activates a video-tape recorder which gives unattended 24 h clinical verification of the seizures.
Dictionary of American immigration history

With some 2,500 entries, this dictionary, the first reference guide of its kind, is designed as a comprehensive reference work on all aspects of American immigration history. All American ethnic groups are included, with essay-entries on general subjects, e.g., immigration, patterns of immigrant settlement in the US, socialization, acculturation, and related themes. Biographical entries on individuals important in the history of immigration are included, along with notices of immigrant historical societies, mutual aid societies, immigrant-help groups, and immigration legislation and restrictionism.
Life-Cycle Impact Analysis of Energy Systems for Buildings

Cogeneration systems offer an opportunity to satisfy a building’s electrical and thermal loads, which could result in an overall energy efficiency improvement and lower environmental impact. Hourly energy simulation and a life-cycle assessment framework are used to evaluate the relative environmental impacts and energy efficiencies of the construction and operation of alternative technologies for providing space and domestic water heating, cooling, and electrical power for equipment and lights in buildings. Life-cycle comparisons are presented for current practice (average U.S. power generation mix, electric chillers, and gas-fired boilers), high-efficiency natural gas combined-cycle power generation, and three building-integrated combined heat and power (CHP) technologies. The analysis demonstrates (1) a framework that supports decision making regarding system selection and operational strategies to limit environmental impact; (2) the importance of a life-cycle assessment framework, illustrated by the an...
Second-order light scattering and local anisotropy of diffusion-limited aggregates and bond-percolation clusters.

Though having similar fractal dimensionality ($D\ensuremath{\approx}2.5$), diffusion-limited aggregates and bondpercolation clusters are shown to have quite different second-order light scattering (SOLS) behaviors. The SOLS intensities scale as power of the fractal mass, ${I}^{(2)}\ensuremath{\propto}{N}^{x}$, with $x$ equal to \ensuremath{\approx} 1.1 for diffusion-limited aggregates and \ensuremath{\approx} 1.5 for bond-percolation clusters. This difference arises from the contribution of three- and four-body correlations. Thus it is suggested that SOLS can be used to reveal new structural information about fractals and to differentiate between them when they obey the same mass-size relations.
Differential characteristics of Waldenström macroglobulinemia according to patterns of familial aggregation

Familial aggregation of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) and related B-cell disorders (BCDs) suggests a role for genetic factors, but few data address environmental influences. We designed a questionnaire-based study to examine clinical and environmental factors in a cohort of WM families with various patterns of case aggregation. We analyzed data on 103 WM patients and 272 unaffected relatives from 35 multiple-case WM and 46 mixed WM/BCD kindred and 28 nonfamilial (sporadic) WM patients, using logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for association. In this study population, the WM disease process appeared similar among patients regardless of family history. Familial WM patients were more likely than unaffected relatives to report a history of autoimmune disease (OR, 2.27; 95% CI = 1.21-4.28) and infections (OR, 2.13; 95% CI = 1.25-3.64). Familial WM patients were also more likely to report exposure to farming (OR, 2.70; 95% CI = 1.34-5.42), pesticides (OR, 2.83; 95% CI = 1.56-5.11), wood dust (OR, 2.86; 95% CI = 1.54-5.33), and organic solvents (multiple-case WM OR, 4.21; 95% CI = 1.69-10.51) compared with unaffected family members. These data provide clues to both genetic and environmental factors that may influence development of WM. Well-designed case-control studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Exploration of the Rayleigh roughness in THz medical imaging

The effect of rough surface scattering on the contrast observed in THz medical imaging is explored. A Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) THz imaging system operating at a center frequency of 650 GHz with a time averaged bandwidth varied between ∼ 0.01% and 1% bandwidth was used to image rough surface targets to explore the effect of rough surface scattering on the contrast observed in THz medical imaging. In addition to the commonly characterized expected power reflected in the specular direction we also ascertained the variance (second moment) of the power and computed the observed signal to clutter ratio (SCR). The results fit well to standard Rayleigh roughness theory and confirm that operating THz imaging systems at moderate incidence angles offer a significant increase in SCR at the minimal cost of spatial resolution.
Presence and Formation of ‘Free Apolipoprotein A-I–Like’ Particles in Human Plasma

Abstract The influence of dilution on apolipoprotein (apo) A-I–containing subpopulations was studied in human plasma. Agarose electrophoresis and two-dimensional agarose nondenaturing gradient polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used. Both in one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, an increase of charge was observed that resulted in an increase of subpopulations with pre-α mobility. Dilution of plasma also resulted in a decrease in the size of apo A-I–containing pre-β1 subpopulations. The existence of smaller pre-β1 particles was confirmed by subjecting undiluted and 8× diluted plasma to 3% to 16% nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for 4 hours. In addition to the generally observed pre-β1 subpopulations, smaller particles similar in size to the free apo A-I were detected even in the undiluted plasma. During dilution, the proportion of larger pre-β1 particles decreased while the smaller ones increased, and in 8× diluted plasma, almost all the pre-β1 was present in smaller sizes. Using 3% to 35% nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels run for 24 hours, no pre-β1 particles could be detected in 8× diluted plasma because the small pre-β1 electrophoresed out. These studies show that pre-β1 particles can be converted to smaller ones during dilution. It also was demonstrated that “free apo A-I–like” pre-β1 particles are present in undiluted plasma. The presence of these particles may have important physiological and pathophysiological functions.
Intracranial stimulation and natural reward: Differential effects of trial spacing

Rats rewarded with intracranial stimulation (ICS) in a runway ran faster after a decrease in intertrial interval and slower after an increase. The effect was not found in rats rewarded with water under highly similar conditions. The effect appears on the first trial. Therefore, it must be attributed to the decay of a drive-like process, and not to a change in the incentive value of ICS.
neuroD Induces Photoreceptor Cell Overproduction In Vivo and De Novo Generation In Vitro

The molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of the various types of cells in the vertebrate retina are largely unknown. We investigated the possibility that genes belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcriptional factors participate in cell-type specification during retinal neurogenesis. Chick neuroD was isolated from an embryonic cDNA library and its deduced amino acid sequence showed 75% identity with mouse neuroD. In situ hybridization showed that neuroD was expressed in cells located at the outer portion of the developing retinal neuroepithelium, the location where prospective photoreceptors reside. Misexpression of neuroD in retinal neuroepithelium through replication-competent, transformation-deficient retroviruses produced a retina with three, instead of two, layers of photoreceptor cells; the number of cells that express visinin, a marker for cone photoreceptors, increased over 50% compared to control embryos misexpressing the green fluorescent protein. No significant changes were observed in the number of other retinal neurons, including those that express RA4 (ganglion cells), pax6 (ganglion cells and amacrine cells), and chx10 (bipolar cells). Retroviral-driven misexpression of neuroD in monolayer cultures of retinal pigment epithelium yielded de novo production of photoreceptor cells with no other types of retinal neurons detected. We propose that neuroD is important for photoreceptor cell production in the vertebrate retina. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 36: 485–496, 1998
Biomedical Fluid Dynamics: Rich Flow Physics in Pulsatile Flow (Keynote)

Many biological flows, e.g. speech production and the vasculature, are pulsatile and consequently exhibit a rich array of flow physics not observed in steady flows. A classical example in biomedical flows is flow in a rigid walled pipe subjected to non-zero mean harmonic forcing. This flow, solved analytically by Womersley [1], has retrograde flow in the Stokes layer during portions of the cycle. This paper will highlight some of interesting flow phenomena that result from pulsatile flow.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
On Empirical Recognition Capacity of Biometric Systems Under Global PCA and ICA Encoding

Performance of biometric-based recognition systems depends on various factors: database quality, image preprocessing, encoding techniques, etc. Given a biometric database and a selected encoding method, the recognition capability of a system is limited by the relationship between the number of classes that the recognition system can encode and the length of encoded data describing the template at a specific level of distortion. In this paper, we evaluate empirical recognition capacity of biometric systems under the constraint of two global encoding techniques: principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA). The developed methodology is applied to predict the capacity of different recognition channels formed during the acquisition of different iris and face databases. The proposed approach relies on data modeling and involves classical detection and information theories. The major contribution is in providing a guideline on how to evaluate capabilities of large-scale biometric recognition systems that are based on PCA and ICA encoding. Recognition capacity can also be promoted as a global quality measure of biometric databases.
Atmospheric pressure cold plasma applied to steam reforming of small oxygenated molecules from bio-oil

Fast Pyrolysis converts up to 75 mass % of biomass into bio-oils of which 12 mass % are small molecules with less than five carbon atoms. These molecules cannot be converted by existing technologies into green gasoline or green diesel. However, this fraction could be an excellent source for the production of hydrogen. In conventional steam reforming of oxygenated molecules, catalysts are severely deactivated by coke formation. Adding a cold plasma reactor upstream of and in cascade with a conventional steam reforming reactor could be a promising alternative to mitigate this problem. In the simplest description of cold plasma, electron avalanches become sources of free electrons that posses high directed velocities as they are accelerated in the electric field. Species more massive than the free electrons retain small kinetic energies thus the term “cold plasma'” is used to describe this state of matter. In this work, a mixture of small oxygenated molecules and water will be injected into the first (cold plasma) stage of the system. The cold plasma electron avalanches are expected to induce changes in the mechanism of reaction, affecting bond scission and conventional chemical reactions, which may enhance catalyst performance in the downstream reformer. The overall objective of this work is to observe experimentally the effect of cold plasma on the structure of small oxygenated molecules resulting from biomass fragmentation reactions and the effect that these modifications have on their tendency to form coke during steam reforming. Our working hypothesis is that the cold plasma will change the route of decomposition of small oxygenated molecules, producing intermediate species which in turn will favor the reforming process as well as reduce the formation of catalyst-deactivating carbon deposits. A prototype catalyst-based bio-oil processor that is augmented by a cold plasma reactor (CPR) has been constructed and is being evaluated. The CPR has two fuel injectors, one for water and one for the small molecules derived from bio-oils (CxHyOz). As argon carrier gas transports and mixes the two fuel injector streams the plasma reactor is held at 110 degrees C to keep all constituents in the vapor phase as they pass through a high voltage corona (cold plasma) generator consisting of an array of sharp needles that have a potential of many thousands of volts with respect to the ground plane. Injector duty cycles control the quantity of water and bio-oil molecules in the argon carrier stream.
Diffraction of a plane wave by a perfectly conducting sphere with a concentric shell

A general solution to the problem of diffraction from a perfectly conducting sphere with a concentric shell spaced any distance from the surface of the sphere is presented. If the shell consists of a dielectric material the solution simplifies by using asymptotic expressions for the spherical Bessel function. Another simplification results when the shell is assumed to be thin.
Bayes' Equation, Reliability, and Multiple Hypothesis Testing

The rudiments of applying Bayes' Equation to hypotheses concerning reliability are introduced in a simple manner. The application is a means of obtaining posterior probabilities, for the reliability hypotheses, which are consistent with the prior beliefs and the available test results. The posterior distributions, from which decision theory could formally arrive at optimal estimates, are greatly dependent on the prior distributions. Thus, the discussion centers about the desired properties of a prior and its effects on the posterior for various data situations. Formulations for both continuous-conjugate and discrete representations of the prior beliefs are discussed and contrasted. The use of discrete priors offers many advantages over the use of continuous-conjugate priors.
NAD(P)H:flavin mononucleotide oxidoreductase inactivation during 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene reduction.

Bacteria readily transform 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a contaminant frequently found at military bases and munitions production facilities, by reduction of the nitro group substituents. In this work, the kinetics of nitroreduction were investigated by using a model nitroreductase, NAD(P)H:flavin mononucleotide (FMN) oxidoreductase. Under mediation by NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase, TNT rapidly reacted with NADH to form 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene, whereas 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were not produced. Progressive loss of activity was observed during TNT reduction, indicating inactivation of the enzyme during transformation. It is likely that a nitrosodinitrotoluene intermediate reacted with the NAD(P)H:FMN oxidoreductase, leading to enzyme inactivation. A half-maximum constant with respect to NADH, K N , of 394 μM was measured, indicating possible NADH limitation under typical cellular conditions. A mathematical model that describes the inactivation process and NADH limitation provided a good fit to TNT reduction profiles. This work represents the first step in developing a comprehensive enzyme level understanding of nitroarene biotransformation.
FPGAs vs. CPUs: trends in peak floating-point performance

Moore's Law states that the number of transistors on a device doubles every two years; however, it is often (mis)quoted based on its impact on CPU performance. This important corollary of Moore's Law states that improved clock frequency plus improved architecture yields a doubling of CPU performance every 18 months. This paper examines the impact of Moore's Law on the peak floating-point performance of FPGAs. Performance trends for individual operations are analyzed as well as the performance trend of a common instruction mix (multiply accumulate). The important result is that peak FPGA floating-point performance is growing significantly faster than peak floating-point performance for a CPU.
Improve Accounting For Cost Allocations From Support To Revenue-Generating Departments With The Reciprocal Method

The best accounting method for allocating the cost of support departments to revenue-generating departments is the reciprocal method because it recognizes all services provided to other departments. Hence, the reciprocal method better captures the full cost of services consumed by revenue-generating departments. Yet, many healthcare organizations continue to use the direct or step-down methods because the reciprocal method requires solving algebraic simultaneous equations in the allocation of many support departments. This educational resource removes the difficulty associated with the reciprocal method with a matrix approach that is demonstrated with an example. From information provided for any cost allocation method, three spreadsheet matrix commands formulate the set of linear equations for reciprocated costs of support departments, solve for the reciprocated costs, and then allocate the reciprocated costs to both support departments and revenue-generating departments.
New RAMS cloud microphysics parameterization part I: the single-moment scheme

A new cloud microphysical parameterization is described. Features of this new scheme include: the use of generalized gamma distributions as the basis function for all hydrometeor species; the use of a heat budget equation for hydrometeor classes, allowing heat storage and mixed phase hydrometears; partitioning hydrometeors into seven classes (including separate graupel and hail categories) ; the use of stochastic collection rather than continuous accretion approximations and extension of the ice nucleation scheme to include homogeneous nucleation of ice from haze particles and cloud droplets. The versatility and credibility of the new scheme is explored, using sensitivity experiments for a simple two-dimensional convective cloud simulation.
Response of the Prepubertal Ovary to Acute Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration: Absence of Modulation by Growth Hormone

Twenty-five short term hCG stimulation tests were performed in seven prepubertal girls, aged 3–11 yr, who were being evaluated for short stature. Provocative testing revealed GH deficiency in all patients, but reevaluation of one girl at a later date showed normal somatotropin levels. The study protocol lasted 18 months and included testing before, during, and after 1 yr of GH therapy. Δ4-Androstenedione, testosterone, estrone, and estradiol were determined 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after initiation of a two-injection course of CG. Significant responses (∼ 2-fold over baseline) to the stimulation tests occurred for all steroids except testosterone, though no augmented effects were found in the presence of human GH. The results indicate functional capability of the prepubertal ovary when exposed acutely to a LH-like material, but no role for somatotropin in gonadal steroid production in the prepubertal female.
Recent observations of small‐scale solar convection

Recent advances in instrumentation and data analysis techniques are leading to an improved understanding of solar convection. In the outer third of the Sun, convective motion carries most of the energy from the Sun's core to the surface. Plasma at the bottom of the convective zone is heated, becomes less dense than the plasma above it, and rises. At the surface the energy is radiated into space, the material cools and condenses, and falls back into the interior. The whole process resembles what happens in a pan of water heated on a stove.
Volatile organic compounds in indoor air: Types, sources, and characteristics

Examples are given of occupant activities and consumer and construction products inside residences that cause transient and persistent emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Transient emissions arise from window cleaning, carpet laying, smoking, and automobile operations. Persistent VOC emitters include gasoline, mothballs and pressed-wood products containing urea-formaldehyde resins. Simple screening methods are given for making indoor measurements of VOC. Detailed laboratory and research house studies of formaldehyde emissions decay from pressed-wood building products are described. 14 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Decision strategies that maximize the area under the LROC curve

For the 2-class detection problem (signal absent/present), the likelihood ratio is an ideal observer in that it minimizes Bayes risk for arbitrary costs and it maximizes the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve [AUC]. The AUC-optimizing property makes it a valuable tool in imaging system optimization. If one considered a different task, namely, joint detection and localization of the signal, then it would be similarly valuable to have a decision strategy that optimized a relevant scalar figure of merit. We are interested in quantifying performance on decision tasks involving location uncertainty using the localization ROC (LROC) methodology. Therefore, we derive decision strategies that maximize the area under the LROC curve, A/sub LROC/. We show that these decision strategies minimize Bayes risk under certain reasonable cost constraints. The detection-localization task is modeled as a decision problem in three increasingly realistic ways. In the first two models, we treat location as a discrete parameter having finitely many values resulting in an (L+1) class classification problem. In our first simple model, we do not include search tolerance effects and in the second, more general, model, we do. In the third and most general model, we treat location as a continuous parameter and also include search tolerance effects. In all cases, the essential proof that the observer maximizes A/sub LROC/ is obtained with a modified version of the Neyman-Pearson lemma. A separate form of proof is used to show that in all three cases, the decision strategy minimizes the Bayes risk under certain reasonable cost constraints.
Networked erasure: Visualizing information censorship in Turkey

The essay analyses two cases of digital activism in Turkey, which visualize ‘networked erasure’ to illustrate how censorship is a systematic process. The first case, an interactive online database ...
PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE AS A FUNCTION OF ITS PARTICLE SIZE

This investigation was undertaken to ascertain whether or not certain properties of kaolinite are definite functions of particle size. The studies were carried out on carefully fractionated, single-base kaolinite. The following properties of these fractions were measured: (a) base-exchange capacity, (b) permeability, (c) heat of wetting, (d) thermal conduct, and (e) drying shrinkage. Base-exchange capacity, heat of wetting, and drying shrinkage are not simple functions of the measured particle size of kaolinite because of the unpredictable physical characteristics and habits of the crystalline aggregates. The first three properties named are each linear functions of the other. These properties are independent of the physical groupings of the kaolinite crystals and therefore cannot be predicted from measured particle size except in the case of the finest fractions. Permeability is dependent both on apparent surface and true surface. Thermal-analysis curves may be useful as a rough guide to clay properties.
Law of the Land - Recognition and Resurgence in Indigenous Law and Justice Systems

This paper begins with a discussion of the Indigenous legal tradition and explores its connection to the land. Borrowing from the work of Indigenous scholars, it describes the Indigenous legal tradition as a part of Indigenous knowledge, which stems from an ecological order rooted in specific “place.” The recognition of the Indigenous legal tradition by nation states does not always lead to its acceptance. Indigenous legal tradition requires a special approach because of its unique texts. Drawing on previous work, this paper elaborates on the Indigenous legal tradition. The Indigenous legal tradition struggles in relation to the existing justice systems of U.S. tribes because these justice systems are products of the common law tradition which were introduced to tribes. While development of these justice systems is within the hands of indigenous peoples, the tension between the two traditions is apparent. The paper addresses first its recognition by the judiciaries of the United States, Australia and Canada exploring the characterization of the Indigenous legal tradition by these courts. The recognition by external courts is challenged by the ingrained frame used to understand thier law. The Indigenous legal tradition is often viewed as contrary to the law of nation states and misunderstood, as can be seen in various court opinions of the highest court of the United States. Canada and Australia’s high courts seem to captivate and restrict its usage. The paper then considers the use of the Indigenous legal tradition by tribes themselves in the development of law and justice systems. The tension between tribal court systems, modeled on the common law tradition of American law, and the Indigenous legal tradition is sharp. Indigenous language is an important key in comprehending Indigenous law and in understanding its principles. The Indigenous legal tradition is a part of Indigenous knowledge and therefore must be considered in that vein. The paper concludes with a consideration of three critical elements of conscious Indigenous planning: language, process and knowledge. These three elements are considered in the context of the Pueblo of Isleta’s movement to establish its justice system. The reaction to the challenges of modern”tribal” justice systems with their foundations in the common law, can be to accommodate the Indigenous legal tradition.
In vitro generation of highly purified functional invariant NKT cells in multiple myeloma: A strategy for immunotherapy.

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are important immunoregulatory cells that recognize glycolipid antigens with CD1d restriction and contribute to antitumor immune responses through the production of IFN-γ and IL-2. However, in progressive multiple myeloma (MM), the iNKT cell population is decreased along with its capacity to produce IFN-γ. Thus, a novel strategy for the immunotherapy of MM entails the enhancement of iNKT cell functions. In this study, we established iNKT cell lines from MM patients via enrichment with Vα24 + and subsequently with Vβ11 + cells, followed by several rounds of stimulation with α-GalCer-pulsed DCs. These techniques resulted in highly purified iNKT cell lines (>97%). To evaluate potential in vivo interaction between iNKT cells and myeloma cells, we evaluated the CD1d expression on primary myeloma cells as well as MM cell lines. Gene expression profiling revealed compared to normal plasma cells, majority of primary MM cells (11 out of 15) expressed higher levels of CD1d; in contrast, all 6 MM cell lines tested had no expression. Flow cytometric analysis further confirmed the expression of CD1d on primary MM cells and lack of its expression on 12 different MM cell lines. A CD1d-transfected MM1S cell line (MM1S-CD1d) was therefore established for the functional study. To determine whether CD1d-expressing primary MM cells have the antigen presenting capacity, iNKT cell lines from healthy donors (n=2) and MM patients (n=2) were cocultured with 5 cases of CD1d positive primary MM cells with or without α-GalCer. Monitored by the CD25 expression, we demonstrated primary MM cells presented α-GalCer and also endogenous antigen(s) to activate iNKT cells. We have further evaluated the functional profile of expanded iNKT cell lines from MM patients (n=5). Upon stimulation with α-GalCer-pulsed MM.1S-CD1d cells, iNKT cells produced high levels of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) compared to low level Th2-type cytokine production (IL-4). Our results thus demonstrate that iNKT cell lines from MM patients were functionally restored by expansion with α-GalCer-pulsed DCs in vitro . To further augment iNKT cells function, we evaluated effects of lenalidomide on iNKT cell lines, an immunomodulatory drug which has been demonstrated to enhance T cell costimulation and NK cell activity. Lenalidomide did not directly stimulate iNKT cells in the presence or absence of α-GalCel. Importantly, upon CD1d-restricted activation by α-GalCer-loaded MM1S-CD1d cells, lenalidomide significantly enhanced the Th1-type immune responses of iNKT cell lines from both healthy donors and MM patients. Compared to those of controls, a significant increase of IFN- γ (healthy donor, p p p p >0.05, n=7; MM patients, p>0.05, n=3). Taken together, our results provide preclinical feasibility and support a rationale to evaluate efficacy of adoptive transfer of iNKT cells in MM. Moreover, it provides a clinical basis for use of lenalidomide to enhance iNKT cell mediated immunotherapy in myeloma.
The Impact of the Prechoice Process on Product Returns

Abstract This article introduces a framework to help researchers understand the mechanisms underlying product returns. The framework draws on research in consumer choice, consumer memory, and attitude stability to predict how the process that consumers go through at a predecisional stage affects their postpurchase behavior. The likelihood of product returns is considered contingent on the amount and nature of cognitive responses generated during the choice process. In Study 1, the authors focus on the impact of the nature of cognitive responses and show that the generation of responses of a different nature while choosing directly affects the likelihood of choice reversal. The comparative versus noncomparative nature of thoughts generated influences their diagnosticity and, accordingly, their impact on product returns when consumers are exposed to disconfirming information. In Study 2, the authors draw on the inoculation theory to manipulate the number of prechoice thoughts. They find that when faced with...
Abstract 1558: Paracrine signaling through Mycn enhances tumor-vascular microenvironment in neuroblastoma

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Neuroblastoma, a tumor of peripheral neural crest origin, numbers among the most common childhood cancers. Both amplification of the proto-oncogene MYCN and increased vascular density mark high-risk disease. Since angiogenesis is regulated by phosphatidylinositol-3’ kinase (PI3K), we tested a clinical PI3K inhibitor, NVP-BEZ235, in MYCN-dependent neuroblastoma. NVP-BEZ235 decreased angiogenesis in a primary human neuroblastoma (MYCN-amplified orthotopic xenograft), and improved survival in a transgenic mouse model for MYCN-driven neuroblastoma. Using both gain and loss of function approaches, we demonstrate that the anti-angiogenic efficacy of NVP-BEZ235 was critically dependent on Mycn, in vitro and in-vivo. Thus, clinical PI3K/mTOR inhibitors drive degradation of Mycn in tumor cells, with secondary paracrine blockade of tumor-vascular microenvironment. These observations argue that NVP-BEZ235 should be tested in children with high-risk, MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1558. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1558
Use of a new mixture for embolization of intracranial vascular malformations. Preliminary experimental experience.

The internal carotid artery system in swine has a special anatomic configuration similar to a brain “arterial-arterial malformation”. The internal carotid artery breaks up into a multitude of fine channels (rete mirabile) situated at the base of the skull on the side of the hypophysis. This anatomic arterial model was used to analyze acute and chronic angiographic and histological changes after occlusion of the rete mirabile with I) avitene, II) avitene, and 50% ethanol, III) avitene, 30% ethanol and Polyvinyl alcohol, IV) avitene 50% ethanol and Polyvinyl alcohol, V) IBCA and VI) silk. Histopathological changes observed in the rete mirabile six weeks following occlusion demonstrated that a mixture of avitene, 30% ethanol and Polyvinyl alcohol and IBCA produced the best anatomic results. Embolization with avitene, PVA and ethanol induced a more bland histological reaction than the one observed with IBCA. Preliminary clinical experience with this mixture is reassuring in those cases in which the AVM was surgically resected. The partially thrombosed AVM was easily depressed and compressed by the neurosurgeon allowing for satisfactory hemostasis in and around the nidus of the AVM.
Toward efficient aeroelastic energy harvesting through limit cycle shaping

Increasing demand to harvest energy from renewable resources has caused significant research interest in unsteady aerodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena. Apart from the traditional horizontal axis wind turbines, there has been significant growth in the study of bio-inspired oscillating wings for energy harvesting. These systems are being built to harvest electricity for wireless devices, as well as for large scale mega-watt power generation. Such systems can be driven by aeroelastic flutter phenomena which, beyond a critical wind speed, will cause the system to enter into limitcycle oscillations. When the airfoil enters large amplitude, high frequency motion, leading and trailing edge vortices form and, when properly synchronized with the airfoil kinematics, enhance the energy extraction efficiency of the device. A reduced order dynamic stall model is employed on a nonlinear aeroelastic structural model to investigate whether the parameters of a fully passive aeroelastic device can be tuned to produce limit cycle oscillations at desired kinematics. This process is done through an optimization technique to find the necessary structural parameters to achieve desired structural forces and moments corresponding to a target limit cycle. Structural nonlinearities are explored to determine the essential nonlinearities such that the system’s limit cycle closely matches the desired kinematic trajectory. The results from this process demonstrate that it is possible to tune system parameters such that a desired limit cycle trajectory can be achieved. The simulations also demonstrate that the high efficiencies predicted by previous computational aerodynamics studies can be achieved in fully passive aeroelastic devices.
Use of the Wearable Cardioverter Defibrillator in High-Risk Populations

The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved the wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) for use in patients who are at high risk for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and who do not yet have an established indication for an implantation cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) or have contraindications for device implantation for various reasons. The WCD is typically used for primary prevention in (1) high-risk patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35 % after recent acute myocardial infarction (MI) during the 40-day ICD waiting period, (2) before and after coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention during the 90-day ICD waiting period, (3) after recently diagnosed nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM) during the 3- to 9-month medical therapy optimization period, or (4) for those with inherited proarrhythmic conditions such as long QT syndrome or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Unlike the automatic external defibrillator, the WCD does not require assistance from bystanders for therapy and conscious patients can delay or avert therapy with the use of response buttons. The WCD exhibits a small risk of inappropriate shock, mostly due to supraventricular tachycardia and/or electrical noise. Multiple non-randomized observational studies have shown high efficacy in detection and appropriate shock therapy for sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias. This paper discusses the use of the WCD for prevention of SCA in patients with various cardiac substrates.
Direct Synthesis of α-Allenols from TMS-Protected Alkynes and Aldehydes Mediated by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride.

A unique chemoselective synthesis of α-allenic alcohols is presented. Tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) mediated this transformation under mild reaction conditions. A range of functional groups is well-tolerated in this reaction, while affording adducts in moderate to excellent yields (48–96 %, average 76 %). Mechanistic studies, including the use of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH), revealed that the hydroxide ion can be the responsible for the observed rearrangement.
Obsession and Identity: Revenge Tragedy

‘I’m hir’d to kill myself’, remarks Vindice drily in Act IV of The Revenger’s Tragedy.1 More sharply than other genres, revenge plays define and explore the pressures of the role — whether it is felt to be alien or is willingly assumed — on the dramatic self. The ontological challenge for the main protagonist is how to commit himself to retaliation and still retain his integrity: how to assume the role of revenger without becoming engulfed in savagery. The dramatic convention that develops from Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy (c. 1589) to The Revenger’s Tragedy (c. 1606) puts the revenging hero in a no- win situation.2 On one hand is his strong emotional drive to avenge the death of a relative or loved one (what Laertes calls the motive’ of nature’), coupled with a moral imperative to cleanse society from the resulting evil: Hamlet needs to eradicate the ‘something … rotten in the state of Denmark’, Vindice to scourge the Villainous dukedom, vex’d with sin’. Yet the restraints on the other side are equally strong. If the protagonist goes ahead and acts, he is breaking the cosmic law ‘Thou shalt not kill’. In any case, engaging in revenge is bound to submerge what Prospero calls nobler’ impulses (The Tempest, V. i. 26): if not to be merciful (like Prospero), then to wait patiently for legal redress or, when that proves impossible — the case in a society where the murderer or his kinsman is also the ruler — to trust that God’s vengeance will eventually strike down the sinner.3
Journalism’s fortune tellers: Constructing the future of news

How do future-of-news experts construct accounts of the future of journalism and on what do they base these accounts? What do their methods imply about manifest and latent reasons for constructing these accounts in the first place? This exploratory study adapts a model from the sociology of work, which provides a typology of strategies that guide decision-making in ‘future work’ – that is, work that involves collective and systematic efforts to predict and legitimize predictive claims. We first examine economic literature on uncertainty and risk, which explains the extreme difficulty of making predictions in an environment of high uncertainty. We then situate journalism ‘future work’ within the literature on the social construction of the future, and using Fine’s model, outline strategies pursued in this construction. We conduct an exploratory qualitative content analysis of published predictions written by ‘future of news’ experts, examining the strategies they use to legitimize their predictive claims. ...
Special issue on: HIV across the lifespan

We hear it all the time and know it to be true—HIV does not discriminate based on age, race or ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status. This issue explores living with HIV th...
Die neue elektromechanische Lenkung APA-BS

Die Lenkung mit dem internen Entwicklungsnamen APA-BS (Achs-Parallel-Antrieb-BraunSchweig) ist eine Eigenentwicklung der Volkswagen AG, Braunschweig. Dieser Beitrag stellt die Konzeption vor, die eine stosfreie und dabei sehr feinfuhlige, prazise und leistungsstarke Lenkungsperformance bietet. Erstmalig kommt die neuentwickelte elektromechanische Lenkung im Volkswagen Kompakt- SUV, dem Tiguan, zum Einsatz.
Kinematic-based Markerless Human Tracking in 3D Probabilistic Occupancy Grids

Markerless human motion tracking can be employed in many applications such as automatic surveillance, motion capture, human-machine interface and activity recognition. This problem has been extensively studied in the computer vision research community in the last years. In this context, the present paper presents an approach for 3D markerless human motion tracking based on a skeletal kinematic model of the human body. This method is applied over a 3D probabilistic occupancy grid of the environment, which is constructed by means of a Bayesian fusion of images from multiple synchronized sensoring cameras. Although the use of kinematic models in 3D human tracking is widely employed, its use over 3D probabilistic occupancy grids still was not vastly investigated in the literature. The experiments were performed using a public dataset with video sequences of people in motion. The results show that the method is capable of dealing adequately with the 3D markerless human motion tracking problem.