cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens activated in human cells by 5-bromodeoxyuridine.

SummaryActivation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR) in “virus-free” Raji or NC37 cells resulted in the synthesis of early viral antigens (EA) detectable by immunofluorescence. A high proportion of sera (65-97%) from patients with infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma reacted with these antigens while only 1/3 of the sera from healthy persons were reactive. Forty to 80% of sera from subhuman primates also contained anti-EA antibodies. The significance of these antibodies in man in relation to EBV infection or associated illnesses remains obscure. EA appeared to be immunologically distinct from EBV-related soluble complement-fixing antigens. BUDR activation of Raji or NC37 cells offers a simple and convenient method of obtaining EA preparations free of viral capsid antigens.
How much time does a tunneling particle spend in the barrier region

The question in the title may be answered by considering the outcome of a ``weak measurement'' in the sense of Aharonov, Albert, and Vaidman. Various properties of the resulting time are discussed, including its close relation to the Larmor times. It is a universal description of a broad class of measurement interactions, and its physical implications are unambiguous.
Development of dexamethasone-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase activity in WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stemlike cells cultured in the presence of sodium butyrate

Sodium butyrate acts as a differentiation-promoting agent for a wide variety of cell types, including some tumor cell lines. In this study, we examined the effects of sodium butyrate (SB) on the functional differentiation of cultured WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stemlike cells. Treatment of WB-F344 cells with 3.75 mM SB resulted in an inhibition of cellular proliferation, alterations to normal cellular morphology (increased cell size and decreased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio), and significant increases in cellular protein synthesis. The SB-mediated changes in cell morphology, proliferative status, and protein catabolism were accompanied by development of dexamethasone-inducible tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) enzyme activity. Culture of WB-F344 cells in growth medium containing SB and dexamethasone (DEX; 1 x 10(-6) M) resulted in greater than sevenfold increase in the basal TAT activity compared with control cultures. An additional sixfold increase in TAT activity was observed when cells cultured in medium containing SB and DEX were exposed to 1 x 10(-7) M DEX during the last 24 hours of culture. The DEX-inducible TAT activity developed by SB-treated WB-F344 cells responded to the modulating effects of insulin and L-tyrosine in a manner that closely resembled that reported for cultured hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines. These studies show that treatment of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stemlike cells with the differentiation-promoting agent SB in vitro leads to expression of the differentiation-specific hepatocyte enzyme TAT.
Confirmation of hybridization between Declieuxia fruticosa and D. passerina (Rubiaceae)

A mixed population involvingDeclieuxia fruticosa (Willd. ex R. & S.) O. Kuntze,D. pas-serina Mart. & Zucc. ex Schult. & Schult., and a third, morphologically variable group of plants ofDeclieuxia was encountered on Serra do Cipo, Minas Gerais, Brazil. An analysis was made of dried, individual plants of the population using the following techniques: construction of a hybrid index and scatter diagrams from morphological characters, and determination of pollen fertility. Hybridization betweenD. fruticosa andD. passerina was confirmed, and introgression is strongly indicated.
Rethinking the Assessment of Photochemical Modeling Systems in Air Quality Planning Applications

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides guidelines for demonstrating that future 8-hr ozone (O3) design values will be at or below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards on the basis of the application of photochemical modeling systems to simulate the effect of emission reductions. These guidelines also require assessment of the model simulation against observations. In this study, we examined the link between the simulated relative responses to emission reductions and model performance as measured by operational evaluation metrics, a part of the model evaluation required by the guidance, which often is the cornerstone of model evaluation in many practical applications. To this end, summertime O3 concentrations were simulated with two modeling systems for both 2002 and 2009 emission conditions. One of these two modeling systems was applied with two different parameterizations for vertical mixing. Comparison of the simulated base-case 8-hr daily maximum O3 concentrations showed marked model-to-model differences of up to 20 ppb, resulting in significant differences in operational model performance measures. In contrast, only relatively minor differences were detected in the relative response of O3 concentrations to emission reductions, resulting in differences of a few ppb or less in estimated future year design values. These findings imply that operational model evaluation metrics provide little insight into the reliability of the actual model application in the regulatory setting (i.e., the estimation of relative changes). In agreement with the guidance, it is argued that more emphasis should be placed on the diagnostic evaluation of O3-precursor relationships and on the development and application of dynamic and retrospective evaluation approaches in which the response of the model to changes in meteorology and emissions is compared with observed changes. As an example, simulated relative O3 changes between 1995 and 2007 are compared against observed changes. It is suggested that such retrospective studies can serve as the starting point for targeted diagnostic studies in which individual aspects of the modeling system are evaluated and refined to improve the characterization of observed changes.
Selecting the best variables for classifying production batches into two quality levels

Datasets containing a large number of noisy and correlated process variables are commonly found in chemical and industrial processes, making it hard for engineers to identify the key variables. Typically, the goal has been to identify the most important process variables and create a model using these to predict product variables. Here the focus is not on predicting product variables but on correctly classifying the outcome of each production batch into two quality classes, conforming and non-conforming, for example. The objective is to reduce the number of process variables needed for classification by eliminating noisy and irrelevant ones. We compare several approaches that combine data mining classification techniques with Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression. We propose new indices that measure variable importance based on PLS parameters. Alternative approaches are applied to five manufacturing datasets. With the recommended approach, only 9% of the variables are used for classification, while the classification accuracy slightly increased from average 0.79 to 0.84, compared to using all variables.
Managing Suicidal Inpatients.

Abstract Suicidality is the most common and vexing challenge presented by psychiatric inpatients. Although clinicians' ability to predict suicide is limited and suicide may inevitably occur, conscientious assessment of risk, effective distinction among various characteristics of the suicidal crisis, and thoughtful policies and procedures will help keep many patients from fatal outcomes.
Induced Rapid Release and Uptake of Phosphate by Microorganism

Cultures of bacteria and of mixed microorganisms are able to release actively a large proportion of their phosphorus to the medium in a matter of hours when kept under anoxic conditions. Only phosphorus is lost, probably as orthophosphate and apparently mostly from the acid-soluble fraction of the cells. The process, which is completely reversible upon aeration, has a change in rate (for a change of 10°C) of 2 to 2.5.
Argon Assisted Growth of Epitaxial Graphene on Cu(111)

The growth of graphene by catalytic decomposition of ethylene on Cu(111) in an ultra-high vacuum system was investigated with low energy electron diraction, low energy electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Attempts to form a graphene overlayer using ethylene at pressures as high as 10 mTorr and substrate temperatures as high as 900 C resulted in almost no graphene growth. By using an argon overpressure, the growth of epitaxial graphene on Cu(111) is achieved. The suppression of graphene growth without the use of an argon overpressure is attributed to Cu sublimation at elevated temperatures. During the initial stages of growth, a random distribution of rounded graphene islands is observed. The predominant rotational orientation of the islands is within 1 of the Cu(111) substrate lattice.
SU-FF-I-02: Automatic Detection and Sizing of Metastatic Brain Tumors Using 3D Template Matching

Purpose: The prognosis of patients with brain metastases is generally poor, but is improved with early detection and treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery as performed routinely at our institution. To achieve the earliest possible detection of subclinical lesions requires frequent screenings and use of high resolution volumetric imaging. This results in an ever‐increasing workload for the radiologist, predisposing an increased tendency for reading error, especially for small nodules. We have developed a novel small tumor detection algorithm based on 3D template matching that also quantifies nodule size and hence growth between scanning sessions. Method and Materials: Post‐contrast, coronal, SPGR, T1‐weighted MRI datasets (voxel size 0.43×0.43×2.5 mm) were acquired. Autoextraction of bone and other non‐brain tissue from the brain volumes was accomplished using morphological operations. Spherical tumor appearance models were created to match the expected geometry of the small tumors of interest and accounting for offsets due to the cut of MRI sampling planes. A 3D normalized cross‐correlation coefficient (NCCC) between the brain volume and spherical templates was calculated using a fast frequency domain algorithm. Volumes of nodules were determined using both voxel‐based measurements and by modeling each as an ellipsoid. Results: Spherical templates were optimized for values of the radius, padding, and thresholding parameters. The data collected shows that a 100% tumor detection rate can be achieved with a true positive to false positive ratio of 4.5 with the cerebellum cropped out and 1.25 with the cerebellum present. Growth of the nodules over 11 months was automatically quantified, as well as detection of 1 new lesion. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the 3D template‐matching method can be an effective, fast and accurate tool for automated detection of tumors in brainMRIs. Strategic integration of results from multiple templates can further minimize the false positive rate while maintaining a 100% detection rate.
A single exposure to an acute stressor has lasting consequences for the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal response to stress in free-living birds.

In vertebrates, activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to unpredictable events results in elevated glucocorticoid secretion. Repeated exposure to stressors alters subsequent glucocorticoid secretion, either by inducing chronic stress or as a result of habituation. However, most studies of repeated stress focus on the impacts of multiple and frequent exposures to acute stressors, and few have been carried out in free-living animals. We investigated whether a single exposure to a novel stressor was sufficient to produce long-lasting alterations in HPA function in free-living eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis). We subjected adult females to a capture/restraint protocol in which we collected serial blood samples over an hour of restraint to be analyzed for corticosterone. We administered this protocol to three groups of females during the nestling phase of their first and/or second brood of the season: Repeaters (sampled during brood 1 and brood 2), Naive-Brood 1 (sampled only during brood 1), and Naive-Brood 2 (sampled only during brood 2). Repeaters had attenuated corticosterone responses to the second restraint bout compared to the first, and in brood 2, Repeaters had lower responses than Naive-Brood 2 females. However, Naive-Brood 1 and Naive-Brood 2 birds did not differ in their responses to restraint. Thus, as little as one prior experience with an acute stressor was sufficient to alter subsequent HPA responsiveness, and this effect was not due to a natural change in HPA responsiveness as the breeding season progressed. These data may have important implications for understanding how acute stressors can alter a free-living animal's ability to cope in the face of subsequent stressors, and for longitudinal field studies in which individuals are repeatedly sampled for glucocorticoid responsiveness.
Modal expansion approach for accurately computing resonant modes in a high-Q optical resonator

We present a method based on the modal expansion approach for computing resonant modes of a high-Q optical resonator. We reconstruct both the complex eigenfrequencies and the spatial modal profiles by solving an inhomogeneous linear system excited by a current source in the resonator. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:278–284, 2014
Breast thermography: a prognostic indicator for breast cancer survival

A prognostic classification for thermographic staging of breast cancer has been applied to a cohort of 70 patients from 5040 screenees enrolled in the Albert Einstein Medical Center (AEMC) Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project (BCDDP). A diagnosis of breast cancer was established in each case before December 31, 1980. None of the patients have been lost to follow-up which extended from a minimum of 6 to a maximum of 13 years. Survival rates for those with favorable, equivocal, and poor thermographic factors are compared with each other and with results in accordance with tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification. As of December 31, 1986, there have been 22 (31.4%) deaths, all attributed to breast cancer. The thermographic scoring system clearly shows shorter survival for patients with poor thermographic prognostic factors, 30% surviving at 5 years and only 20% at 10 years compared with overall survival of 80% at 5 years and 70% at 10 years.
Taking Hand-Outs or Going It Alone: Nationalization versus Privatization in the Funding of Islamist Terrorist Groups

This article explores the consequences for the funding of Islamist terrorist groups of nationalization, in the form of state sponsorship, versus privatization, in the form of autonomous financing. The article begins by examining the evolution in terrorist groups’ sources of funding from state sponsorship to autonomous activity, then turns to the benefits and costs to terrorist groups of relying on state sponsors. The article then analyzes the benefits and costs of procuring funding autonomously. Finally, the article weighs those benefits and costs in relation to a terrorist group's emphasis on enhancing its constituency versus pursuing its agenda. The article's central conclusion is that nationalization tends to boost a terrorist group's constituency while privatization tends to bolster a group's agenda. Determining which advantage takes priority depends on the relative importance to a given terrorist group at a particular time of enhancing its constituency versus advancing its agenda.
Piezoelectric devices: Squeezed virus produces electricity

A bioengineered thin film of M13 bacteriophage shows piezoelectric properties that are promising for small-scale device integration.
The distribution of p-aminohippuric acid in rat kidney slices. II. Depth of uptake

The distribution of p-aminohippuric acid in rat kidney slices. II. Depth of uptake. Section freeze-dry autoradiography was used to measure the depth to which concentrative uptake of PAH- 3 H occurs within rat renal cortical slices in vitro under conditions of varied incubation time, temperature and PAH medium concentration. Depth of concentrative uptake appears to be proportional to incubation time and approximately proportional to the square root of PAH medium concentration. When the medium PAH concentration is 1.3 mg/100 ml, the slice-to-medium (S/M) concentration ratio increases progressively for three hours. However, autoradiography revealed that the PAH concentration within those tubules demonstrating cellular accumulation remained relatively constant after five minutes. Thus, the increase in the S/M ratio with time of incubation appears to reflect the increasing volume of tissue participating in concentrative transport. The maximum depth at which concentrative uptake occurs appears to be limited by oxygen availability. Autoradiography permits correction of tissue PAH concentration for the fraction of the slice actually showing cellular accumulation, and thus reduces error when slice uptakes under differing incubation conditions are compared. Distribution de l'acide para amino hippurique dans les tranches de rein de rat. II. Importance de la captation. Des autoradiographies de coupes apres congelation ont ete utilisees pour mesurer l'importance de la captation du 3 H-PAH par les tranches de cortex renal de rat in vitro , dans des conditions diverses de duree d'incubation, de temperature, de concentration de PAH dans ce milieu. L'importance de la captation parait etre proportionnelle au temps d'incubation et approximativement proportionnelle a la racine carree de la concentration de PAH dans le milieu. Quand celle-ci est de 1.3 mg/100 ml le rapport de concentration tranche sur milieu augmente progressivement pendant trois heures. Cependant l'autoradiographie a revele que la concentration du PAH a l'interieur des tubules ou apparait une accumulation cellulaire est pratiquement constante apres cinq minutes. Ainsi l'augmentation du rapport tranche/milieu en fonction du temps d'incubation parait traduire l'augmentation du volume du tissu qui participe au transport. Le facteur limitant la captation parait etre la disponibilite d'oxygene. L'autoradiographie permet la correction de la concentration tissulaire du PAH pour la fraction de la tranche montrant reellement une accumulation cellulaire. Ceci permet de reduire les erreurs quand les captations par des tranches dans differentes conditions d'incubation sont comparees.
Value Activation and Processing of Persuasive Messages

Basing attitudes on one’s core values has long been thought to result in strong, consequential attitudes. Recent research suggests a less direct route for values to influence attitude strength—by influencing the extent to which people process attitude-relevant information. That research induced research participants to explicitly consider important or unimportant values in relation to the persuasive message. In contrast, the current research examined whether mere activation of important values before encountering a persuasive message could enhance message processing. Normatively important or unimportant values were subtly activated by simply presenting values (Experiment 1) including the values in a previous “unrelated” study (Experiment 2) or rating the importance of values in a questionnaire prior to the persuasive message. Experiment 3 suggested that important values are not equivalent to any other important constructs. Activation of important values increased information processing but activation of e...
On-chip synthesis of protein microarrays from DNA microarrays via coupled in vitro transcription and translation for surface plasmon resonance imaging biosensor applications.

Protein microarrays are fabricated from double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) microarrays by a one-step, multiplexed enzymatic synthesis in an on-chip microfluidic format and then employed for antibody biosensing measurements with surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI). A microarray of dsDNA elements (denoted as generator elements) that encode either a His-tagged green fluorescent protein (GFP) or a His-tagged luciferase protein is utilized to create multiple copies of mRNA (mRNA) in a surface RNA polymerase reaction; the mRNA transcripts are then translated into proteins by cell-free protein synthesis in a microfluidic format. The His-tagged proteins diffuse to adjacent Cu(II)-NTA microarray elements (denoted as detector elements) and are specifically adsorbed. The net result is the on-chip, cell-free synthesis of a protein microarray that can be used immediately for SPRI protein biosensing. The dual element format greatly reduces any interference from the nonspecific adsorption of enzyme or proteins. SPRI measu...
Plasma hemostatic factors and endothelial markers in four racial/ethnic groups: the MESA study.

Summary. Background: Hemostatic factors and endothelial markers may play some role in racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates. However, little information exists on hemostatic factors and endothelial markers across racial/ethnic groups. Objectives: To describe, in four American racial/ethnic groups (Caucasian, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese), mean levels of selected hemostatic factors and endothelial markers. Patients and methods: Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis baseline data were used (participant age: 45–84 years). Sex-specific analysis of covariance models, and t-tests for pairwise comparisons, were used to compare means of factors and markers. Adjustments were made for demographics and traditional CVD risk factors. Differences were significant at P < 0.05. Results: Blacks had the highest levels of factor VIII, D-Dimer, plasmin–antiplasmin (PAP), and von Willebrand factor, among the highest levels of fibrinogen and E-selectin (women only), but among the lowest levels of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and, in men, the lowest levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Whites and Hispanics tended to have intermediate levels of factors and markers, although they had the highest levels of ICAM-1, and Hispanics had the highest mean levels of fibrinogen and E-selectin (women only). Chinese participants had among the highest levels of PAI-1, but the lowest, or among the lowest, of all other factors and markers. No soluble thrombomodulin differences were observed. Conclusions: In this large cohort, hemostatic factor and endothelial marker mean levels varied by race/ethnicity, even after adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors.
Abstract B35: SLUG-induced plakoglobin gene repression in triplenegative breast cancer cells

Breast cancer with the triple-negative phenotype (TNBC) are ER-negative, PR-negative and ERBB2 (HER2)-negative and represent one of the most aggressive and difficult to treat subtypes of human breast cancer. TNBC is highly over-represented in African American breast cancer patients and determining the genetic and molecular basis for this incidence and the biological basis for the aggressiveness of TNBCs are largely unknown and of high priority. The transcription factor SLUG, which controls epithelial to mesenchymal transition, stem cell phenotypes and therapeutic responsiveness, is highly expressed in the basal-type TNBC cells, making it a candidate master regulator of the TNBC phenotype. Plakoglobin, also known as γ-catenin or JUP, is a member of the armadillo motifcontaining proteins. This protein is a critical component of the desmosomal structure conferring structural integrity and resistance from mechanical stress to epithelial cells in tissues. We report here that SLUG inhibits the expression of several desmosomal proteins including the plakoglobin gene directly and thus, among other downstream effects, help disseminating the TNBC cells. Overexpression of SLUG in the SLUG-deficient cancer cells significantly decreased the levels of mRNA and protein of plakoglobin. On the contrary, knockdown of SLUG in SLUG-high TNBC cells elevated the levels of plakoglobin. Inhibition of SLUG activity with a molecular decoy in the TNBC cells abrogated the inhibitory effect of SLUG on plakoglobin gene expression. Although overexpression of SLUG in the SLUG-deficient cells elevated the invasiveness and motility of these cells, knockdown of plakoglobin only affected the growth and migration rates of these cells. This study thus implicates high levels of SLUG and low levels of plakoglobin as determinants in the progression of highly disseminating breast cancer of the TNBC type. Supported by the DOD-CDMRP BCRP Grants W81XWH-06-1-0466, W81XWH-08-1-0446, BC086542, and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation grant# BCTR0707627 to GC. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011;20(10 Suppl):B35.
Variation of the Young's Modulus of Austenite with carbon concentration

Abstract A pulse echo technique using thin line ultrasonics has been used to measure the variation with carbon content of austenite. The measurements span the austenite phase field of the Fe-Fe3C diagram up to the γ-Fe3C phase boundary at 1000 and 1050°C. The resulting data have been used to calculate the manner in which the partial thermodynamic properties of the C-atoms would vary with composition if the volume of the solid solution were held constant. The results found indicate the extent of the error which arises when the thermodynamic functions calculated from models involving constant interaction energies are compared with exparimantal thermodynamic data measured at constant pressure.
Percutaneous Versus Surgical Interventions for Coronary Artery Disease in Those with Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies that causes long-term damage of various organs including the cardiovascular system. A consistent observation shows that DM amplifies the risk of cardiovascular events by 4- to 6-fold. Since coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients exhibits diffuse and accelerated lesions, invasive revascularization continues to be a challenge and has worse outcomes than patients without DM. Owing to the pathogenesis of DM and the presence of severe endothelial dysfunction, investigators have been trying to find new treatment modalities that could target the treatment of the disease rather than the treatment of the lesion. Until new treatment modalities are proven and gain acceptance, invasive revascularization remains to be the choice of treatment in such patients. The focus of this review is to compare the results of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for the treatment of stable CAD in patients with DM.
Renal effects of acute infrarenal aortocaval fistula

Aortocaval fistula is an uncommon complication of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture or penetrating abdominal trauma. Hemodynamic consequences of these large arteriovenous fistulas include increases in cardiac output and heart rate, with decreases in peripheral resistance and mean systemic arterial pressure. Physiologic sequelae of aortocaval fistulas have been investigated in experimental [9, 12, 21, 22, 24] as well as clinical [17, 20] settings. Altered renal function is a poorly understood but common consequence of aortocaval fistula [16, 18, 25, 27]. Acute changes in renal function are transient, resolving promptly with fistula closure [16, 24]. Although alluded to in previous works [15, 21], this phenomenon has not been subjected to extensive experimental study. The present investigation was designed to document carefully hemodynamic and renal effects of aortocaval fistulas in a canine model.
Influence of the gas phase on doping in diamond chemical vapor deposition

A series of calculations has been carried out to examine the relationship between gas phase composition and film composition in diamond chemical vapor deposition. It is predicted that the ability to carry out in situ doping of films with N and S, and the inability to dope with O, can be explained from a simple thermodynamic perspective. Probable precursor dopant species are identified as ?CN and ?SH for the CH rH rN and CH rH rH S systems, although it is expected that these are the most likely 42 2 4 22 precursors regardless of the initial forms of nitrogen and sulfur. Q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Formulation and modeling of dyed positive i-line resist for control of the reflective notching and CD variation

This study evaluates the effect of dyes, including photosensitive dyes, on resist performance such as: swing curve reduction, resist dissolution rate, resolution, dose and focus latitude, scumming, etc. The paper demonstrates good correlation between modeling of the dyed resist performance and experimental results.
Time-Elapse Communication: Bacterial Communication on a Microfluidic Chip

Bacterial populations housed in microfluidic environments can serve as transceivers for molecular communication, but the data-rates are extremely low (e.g., 10-5 bits per second.). In this work, genetically engineered Escherichia coli bacteria were maintained in a microfluidic device where their response to a chemical stimulus was examined over time. The bacteria serve as a communication receiver where a simple modulation such as on-off keying (OOK) is achievable, although it suffers from very poor data-rates. We explore an alternative communication strategy called time-elapse communication (TEC) that uses the time period between signals to encode information. We identify the limitations of TEC under practical non-zero error conditions and propose an advanced communication strategy called smart time-elapse communication (TEC-SMART) that achieves over a 10x improvement in data-rate over OOK. We derive the capacity of TEC and provide a theoretical maximum data-rate that can be achieved.
Systemic Haemophilus influenzae type b infection presenting as fever of unknown origin

11. of porphyrins in biological material, Methods Biochem Anal 8:211, 1960. Dallman PR, and Siimes MA: Percentile curves for hemoglobin and red cell volume in infancy and childhood, J PEDIATR 94:26, 1979: United States Public Health Service Statement: Preventing lead poisoning in young children, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, 1978. 12. Cohen GJ, and Ahrens WE: Chronic lead poisoning, J PEDIATR 54:271, 1959. 13. Betts PR, Astley R, and Raine DN: Lead intoxication in children in Birmingham, Br Med J 1:402, 1973. 14. Flanagan PR, Hamilton DL, and Valberg LS: Interrelationships between iron and lead absorption in iron deficiency mice, Gastroenterology 77:1074, 1979.
Cadmium and other heavy metals in the livers of white-tailed deer in Alabama

Levels of heavy metals in livers of white-tailed deer from Russell Plantation, Macon County, AL, were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Mean levels of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, and Zn in livers were 0.21, 0.08, 32.28, 0.50, and 49.93 ppm, respectively, and did not show any difference (P < 0.05) between male and female deer or between young and old deer. However, the mean Ni levels were different (P < 0.05) between young and old deer. Concentrations of the heavy metals in livers were not influenced by sex or age of the deer.
The phase diagrams of praseodymium, europium, gadolinium and ytterbium

Abstract The high-pressure, high-temperature phase diagrams of praseodymium, europium, gadolinium, and ytterbium were measured to 46 kbars. The melting curves of praseodymium and europium show maxima. The hexagonal-bcc-liquid triple point for praseodymium was found to be at 940°C and 43 kbars. The impurity stabilized hcp phase in ytterbium was present even in the 99.86 w/o pure material used in this work, and the fcc-hcp-bcc triple point was found to be at 475°C and 15.5 kbars.
Sensors and techniques used to monitor processing parameters during spray atomization and deposition

The emerging field of atomization and spray deposition is continually striving to improve the quality of its final products. A major obstacle to achieving consistently high-quality end products is the lack of ability to monitor the various operational parameters associated with spray processes. This paper will present a discussion of the diagnostic techniques that are currently available for monitoring processing parameters, such as droplet size, velocity, and concentration, as well as droplet temperatures and size distributions. To that effect, several methods for obtaining on-line feedback of these parameters are discussed and compared. Techniques such as high-speed cinematography, off-axis holographic cinematography and infrared thermal imaging, are compared and evaluated for their utility in providing information which will elucidate relevant atomization phenomena. In addition, the PCSV-P probe, phase Doppler particle analysis, EPMP monitor, and intelligent sensors are also reviewed and discerned for their usefulness, in making spray atomization and deposition a more controlled process.
The Shockley-like equations for the carrier densities and the current flows in materials with a nonuniform composition

Abstract The basic equations for the current and carrier densities in materials with a nonuniform band structure are reviewed. These equations are then recast into forms containing the effective intrinsic carrier density nie and the intrinsic level Ei. The carrier densities formally attain the standard forms as given by Shockley; however, these forms must be interpreted with care. In particular, nie is not a constant and the intrinsic level Ei does not have the profile of the electrostatic potential energy t-eφ. The current densities are also recast into Shockley-like forms; extra terms arise over and above the conventional results.
Quasi-cyclic codes exhibiting the gene regulatory network of the cell cycle

We present an artificial Boolean network exhibiting the behaviour similar to that of the cell cycle: three phases and checkpoints between them. The phases follow the increase of the cell mass, while checkpoints ensure that internal errors are corrected before moving to the next phase. The network can tolerate up to one gene mutation and one transient error in gene expressions. It has only 6 genes and is the smallest and simplest network with such behavior. It is based on a special type of error correction codes, resulting in an elegant and symmetric network topology and highly symmetric attractor basin.
Isospin breaking and final-state interactions in the weak breakup of the deuteron

We find that the difference in n-n and n-p /sup 1/S/sub 0/ scattering lengths leads to corrections to the ratio of neutral- to charged-current breakup of the deuteron of as much as ten percent.
Guaman Poma: Writing and Resistance in Colonial Peru

Acknowledgments Introduction to the Second Edition: Contextualizing the Nueva coronica y buen gobierno Guaman Poma in the Documentary Record The Production and Facsimile Reproduction of the Autograph Manuscript Recent Advances in the Study of Guaman Poma's Visual and Verbal Art Guaman Poma in the 1590s The Expediente Prado Tello Guaman Poma in the Expediente Prado Tello Guaman Poma versus Don Domingo Jauli and the Chachapoyas The Conclusion of the Land-Title Litigation Guaman Poma in 1600: The Sentence of Exile from Huamanga Chupas and the Chachapoyas in the Nueva coronica y buen gobierno Mestizaje in the Nueva coronica y buen gobierno Guaman Poma's Biography Reconsidered Writing and Religion: The Visita Report An Anticipated Glimpse into the Artist's Studio Introduction History Writing and Polemic Challenging the Canon l. Contradicting the Chronicles of Conquest Guaman Poma's Exploitation of Written Histories Respect for History The Dominican Philosophy of Conquest The Dramatization of a Hypothesis The Present Overwhelms the Past 2. Searching for a Heroic Conception Historical Truth and Moral Vision Biographies of Incas and Kings The Prologue Always Comes Last The Nueva Coronica as Epic Story 3. From Story to Sermon Granadine Strategies On Moving the Reader's Affections The Literature of Conversion A Theory of Cross-Cultural Communication The Privileged Role of Invention The Simile of Lucifer The Voice and Character of the Preacher The Sermon Overtakes the Story 4. Icons in Space: The Silent Orator Baroque Sensibilities Visual Representation and Suppression The Symbolic Values of Pictorial Space Lines of Authority and Hierarchy Disorder on the Horizontal Axis Paradigms Lost: The Reversed Diagonal and the Empty Center 5. Mediating among Many Worlds Allegory, Satire, and the Sermon Of Caciques and Coyas Inside the Coya's Chamber The Present in the Past The Author as Hero Guaman Poma's Final Critique Notes Bibliography Index
Childhood adversity and epigenetic modulation of the leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor: preliminary findings in healthy adults.

Background A history of early adverse experiences is an important risk factor for adult psychopathology. Changes in stress sensitivity and functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may underlie the association between stress and risk for psychiatric disorders. Preclinical work in rodents has linked low levels of maternal care to increased methylation of the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene, as well as to exaggerated hormonal and behavioral responses to stress. Recent studies have begun to examine whether early-life stress leads to epigenetic modifications of the GR gene in humans. Methods We examined the degree of methylation of a region of the promoter of the human GR gene (NR3C1) in leukocyte DNA from 99 healthy adults. Participants reported on their childhood experiences of parental behavior, parental death or desertion, and childhood maltreatment. On a separate day, participants completed the dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test, a standardized neuroendocrine challenge test. Results Disruption or lack of adequate nurturing, as measured by parental loss, childhood maltreatment, and parental care, was associated with increased NR3C1 promoter methylation (p<.05). In addition, NR3C1 promoter methylation was linked to attenuated cortisol responses to the Dex/CRH test (p<.05). Conclusions These findings suggest that childhood maltreatment or adversity may lead to epigenetic modifications of the human GR gene. Alterations in methylation of this gene could underlie the associations between childhood adversity, alterations in stress reactivity, and risk for psychopathology.
Prevention of delinquency: Current status and issues

Abstract In the present review, we summarize the extant literature in the field of delinquency prevention. We do not provide a recounting of whether specific programs have or have not been effective but, rather, attempt to judge the overall utility of programs to prevent delinquency in its various forms and among various definable groups. Specifically, we organize our review of programs according to the characteristics of the targeted population, differentiating programs for universal, selected, or indicated populations. Within each population type, we further distinguish programs according to designated intervention context, relying on a biopsychosocial model that specifies four levels of influence on risk for delinquency: individual, close interpersonal relationships, proximal social settings, and societal macrosystems. At each level, we identify a number of effective intervention strategies and highlight those that are based on relevant risk factor research. As we note, the effectiveness of some approaches depends on the specific population, although, in general, multicomponent, multilevel programs appear to have the most substantial effects.
Sex is for sisters: intragenomic recombination and homology-dependent mutation as sources of evolutionary variation.

Sex and recombination generate variation via processes that depend on an underlying complementarity between participants. Sex between DNA segments depends on their sequences having enough in common. Viewed in this way, sex does not depend on genes that originate in separate cells. Sex in the single genome uses many of the same mechanisms as intergenomic sex but has not been properly appreciated as a source of variation or as a selectable process. Mutation is the generation of new sequences rather than the novel grouping of pre-existing alleles. Mechanisms of mutation that depend on pre-existing sequence similarities in the haploid genome are a source of variation with significant and special characteristics.
A perturbation solution for the Laminar boundary layer on a continuous moving surface

A perturbation solution is presented for the nonsimilar boundary layer flow past a moving surface with constant wall velocity. A zero pressure gradiant is assumed and the tangential velocity and stagnation enthalpy profiles are prescribed at the initial station. The eigen values obtained for the first order perturbation solution are integers and the eigen functions are the derivatives of the error function. The same Green's function is obtained for all the higher order perturbation equations, and the higher order perturbation solutions are given in integral form in terms of the Green's function. The analyses include both the momentum equation and the energy equation which is uncoupled with the momentum equation, and which is subjected to a nonsimilar velocity flow field.
The solubility of chlorite solid solutions in 3.2 wt% NaCl fluids from 300–400°C, 500 bars

Solubility equilibria for the assemblage chlorite-albite-paragonite-quartz in 3.2 wt% NaCl fluids has been investigated as a function of chlorite composition from 300–400°C, 500 bars. Natural samples of a low Fe-clinochlore and high Mg-chamosite were employed as reactants representing a range of Fe2+/ (Fe2+ + Mg) ratios from 0.09 to 0.52, respectively. At each temperature, reaction of low Fe-clinochlorealbite-paragonite-quartz in NaCl solutions resulted in relatively Mg-rich and Fe-poor fluids compared to reaction of the high Mg-chamosite bearing assemblage. In both cases, Mg concentrations decrease from 300 to 350°C and then increase to 400°C. Iron concentrations increase sharply with increasing temperature. Thus, the aqueous Fe/Mg concentration ratio of NaCl solutions coexisting with chlorite increase with temperature and mole fraction chamosite. Activity-composition models for chlorite solid solution (both ideal and regular) have been evaluated in the context of our solubility data. For this analysis, the enthalpy interaction parameter (WH) was assumed to be independent of temperature and the excess free energy (ΔGex) was symmetric with respect to composition. The results show that the measured dependence of chlorite solubility on composition is consistent with ΔGex values from 0 (ideal) to 200 cal/mol. A larger departure from ideality (ΔGex > 200 cal/mol) is inconsistent with the solubility data. An analysis of fluid-mineral equilibria in this chemical system shows that thermodynamic data for clinochlore and chamosite retrieved from high temperature-pressure phase equilibria experiments are consistent with the aqueous FeMg ratios measured as a function of temperature and chlorite composition. Systematic discrepancies were noted, however, between measured and predicted Fe and Mg concentrations in equilibrium with chlorite-albite-paragonite-quartz assemblages. It is suggested that these discrepancies result from uncertainties in the thermodynamic data for albite and paragonite. Requisite adjustments to the ΔGof and ΔHof of the Na-Al silicates are derived that bring into agreement measured and predicted chlorite solubility. The results of this study are relevant to a wide variety of hydrothermal environments where chlorite solid solution is a common phase and should better constrain the chemical consequences of water-rock interaction at temperatures previously unsupported by experimental data.
Public Works in an Autocratic State: Water Supplies in an Imperial Russian Town

In the 1830s and 1840s, Russians became particularly interested in water as a public health issue. Despite the attention of the state and the tsar, localities like the town of Kazan were largely unable to affect changes in public health due to bureaucratic obstacles and financial constraints. After the modernising Great Reforms, private interests helped bring older plans into reality. However, their success caused Russia to lag further behind the West, where private interests were ceding ground to public ones in the face of new understandings of con tamination and hygiene.
Skeletal muscle heavy-chain polypeptide 3 and myosin binding protein H in the pubococcygeus muscle in patients with and without pelvic organ prolapse.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare gene expression of skeletal muscle heavy-chain polypeptide 3 (MYH3) and myosin binding protein H (MyBP-H) in the pubococcygeus muscle of patients with pelvic organ prolapse and controls. Study design Genes previously identified by microarray genechip analysis of pubococcygeus muscle biopsies were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Specimens were obtained from 17 patients with stage III or IV pelvic organ prolapse and 23 controls with minimal to no prolapse. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as the housekeeping gene. Samples and controls were run in triplicate in separate wells, and the levels of gene expression were analyzed quantitatively using the comparative critical threshold (Ct) method. Differences in gene expression were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank-sum testing. Results Significant differences in gene expression were observed between patients with prolapse and controls for both genes. Skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain polypeptide 3 was 6.5 times underexpressed in patients with pelvic organ prolapse compared to controls ( P = .028). Similarly, myosin binding protein H was 3.2 times underexpressed in patients with prolapse ( P = .042). Overall, patients had a mean age of 62.4 ± 6.5 years compared with controls with a mean age of 45.3 ± 7.4 years ( P P = .02) with similar results. Prolapse patients in this subset were similar in parity and race to controls but had lower body mass index (23.2 vs 29.9, P = .04). MYH3 was 10.9 times underexpressed in patients with pelvic organ prolapse compared to controls ( P = .027). MyBP-H was 10.4 times underexpressed in patients with prolapse ( P = .036). Conclusion These findings suggest that the differences between patients with advanced pelvic organ prolapse and controls may be related to differential gene expression of structural proteins related to myosin. Specifically, advanced pelvic organ prolapse may be related to down-regulation of skeletal muscle heavy-chain polypeptide 3 and myosin binding protein H.
Inhibition of rat pituitary thyrotrophic, gonadotrophic and growth hormone activity with pituitary antiserum.

A potent antiserum against rat pituitary thyrotrophic, gonadotrophic, and growth hormones has been produced in rabbits by their long term immunization with rat pituitary saline homogenates. The procedures used were similar to those we have previously employed with highly purified human and bovine pituitary growth hormones. The detection of antibodies to particular hormones was based largely upon results of antihormone tests performed in hypophysectomized rats injected with the antiserum. It was observed in such animals that the antiserum could neutralize the stimulating effects of the rat pituitary homogenates upon thyroid morphology and I131 uptake, gonadal development, and body growth. Evidence is thus presented for the production of antibodies to anterior pituitary hormones in their crude, natural, or near natural state. In order to strengthen the validity of the specific antihormone effects of the antiserum, particular emphasis is placed upon the control of non-specific or toxic influences of the anti...