cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The preparation, structure, and conductivity of scandium-substituted NASICONs

A series of NASICON type compounds was prepared in which Sc(III) partially replaced Zr(IV). By simultaneously correlating the extent of this substitution with the amount of Si(IV) replacement o P(V) it was possible to obtain a series with a constant amount (3 mole) of sodium ion. All of the rhombohedral members of this series exhibited similar conductivities and activation energies over the temperature range 30-350/sup 0/C. Transformation to the monoclinic phase occurred at a composition of Na/sub 3/ Sc /SUB 0.5/ Zr /SUB 1.5/ Si /SUB 1.5/ P /SUB 1.5/ O/sub 12/ and was accompanied by a threefold increase in conductivity. Activation energies of the monoclinic (room temperature) phases in the temperature range 200-300/sup 0/C were 0.2-0.23 eV. Crystal structures of the rhombohedral phase of composition Na/sub 3/ScZrSiP/sub 2/O/sub 12/ and the monoclinic phase, Na/sub 3/ Sc /SUB 0.5/ Zr /SUB 1.5/ Si /SUB 1.5/ P /SUB 1.5/ O/sub 12/, were carried out by Rietveld refinement of their X-ray powder patterns. The structures confirmed those presented by Hong, and also confirmed the stoichiometry of these phases as evidenced from site occupancy refinement. These results were compared with the structure of a nonstoichiometric phase, Na /SUB 3.20/ Zr /SUB 1.68/ Simore » /SUB 1.84/ P /SUB 1.16/ O /SUB 11.54/ , prepared by hydrothermal route. In the latter case it was shown that the low Zr content is due to Na/sup +/ substitution for Zr/sup 4 +/. No such substitution occurred in the scandium containing phases, and it is suggested that when Sc/sup 3 +/ substitution for zirconium takes place it prevents the sodium ion from occupying these sites.« less
Child and adolescent outcomes of inpatient psychiatric services: A research agenda

Abstract Psychiatric inpatient hospitalization is viewed generally as an expensive, most-restrictive treatment setting which should be replaced by communitybased alternatives for children and adolescents. But little is known about the outcomes of psychiatric hospitalization, and evidence that the alternatives are more effective is inconclusive. We describe the distribution of services provided to children and adolescents in psychiatric inpatient, outpatient and partial care facilities from 1986 national estimates. We find that over the course of a year, 682,756 children and adolescents receive treatment in inpatient (16.4%), outpatient (80.8%), or partial care (2.6%) facilities in a year. We then review the research literature and find that the existing research on outcomes of hospitalization is methodologically inadequate, severely limiting the causal inferences that can be made. However, trends in the evidence suggest that treatment and aftercare are important predictors of better psychiatric outcomes, controlling for organicity, symptoms, and diagnosis. Finally, we recommend testing treatment and aftercare services explicitly; using systematic, controlled research designs with comparison groups; and developing more refined descriptions of services in order to replicate effective interventions, and to generate and test theory about causes and effects of services and outcomes.
Bath Salts: A Newly Recognized Cause of Acute Kidney Injury

Bath salts are substance of abuse that are becoming more common and are difficult to recognize due to negative toxicology screening. Acute kidney injury due to bath salt use has not previously been described. We present the case of a previously healthy male who developed acute kidney injury and dialysis dependence after bath salt ingestion and insufflation. This was self-reported with negative toxicology screening. Clinical course was marked by severe hyperthermia, hyperkalemia, rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, oliguria, and sepsis. We discuss signs and symptoms, differential diagnoses, potential mechanisms of injury, management, and review of the literature related to bath salt toxicity.
A Study of the Identity of Pastoral Counselors

Abstract This exploratory study examined the identity of pastoral counselors, also the distinguishing characteristics of pastoral, Christian, and biblical counseling. Data was collected from three focus groups totalling 67 participants affiliated with 12 religious denominations. Two groups of clerics reported professionally trained pastoral counselors to be the leading provider of pastoral counseling and the professionally trained pastoral counselor to be the most qualified provider of pastoral counseling. Although the clerics considered themselves to be one of the leading providers of pastoral counseling, many could not classify their activities between “pastoral care” versus “pastoral counseling.” Two focus groups of counselors highly agreed that the pastoral counselor is a professionally trained clinician whereas the opinion-makers and clerics disagreed. No participants could clarify the distinguishing aspects of pastoral, Christian, or biblical counseling.
STRUCTURE AND THERMAL HISTORY DEPENDENT ENTHALPY RELAXATION AT THE GLASS TRANSITION OF SEMICRYSTALLINE POLYIMIDES

Abstract Quantitative differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) measurements were conducted to assess the enthalpy relaxation behaviour of a series of semicrystalline polyimides with different chain flexibilities. The polymers consisted of a rigid group (the imide and aromatic rings, 4,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride, (ODPA)) and a flexible linkage (ethylene glycol sequence). The polymers are designated as ODPA(n = x) where x is the number of flexible ethylene glycol repeating units (n = 1, 2 and 3). Non-isothermal experiments at different cooling and heating rates lead to hysteresis effects. Isothermal experiments in which the ODPAs were held for various times at three sub-Tg annealing temperatures (undercoolings) show physical ageing behaviour. The results are analysed based on the multi-order parameter model, which assumes thermorheological simplicity, a distribution of relaxation times, and structure and temperature dependent relaxation times. The apparent activation energies (Δh) of these ODPA polyimides were obtained through non-isothermal experiments, and they are assumed to be independent of thermal history. The parameter that characterizes the distribution of relaxation times (β) is, however, dependent on annealing temperature in the isothermal experiments. The parameter (x) used to fractionize the temperature and structure dependency of the relaxation time shows for each polymer only very minor changes with annealing temperature. The variation of these parameters with chain flexibility is also discussed.
Three mode control as an optimal control

Abstract Three mode control with Ziegler-Nichols or Cohen-Coon controller settings is shown to be the solution to an optimal control problem for a linear first order system with dead time and a quadratic cost functional. The implication of this result is that in the absence of an economically meaningful cost criterion there is no reason to prefer the results of optimal control theory to traditional design procedures for feedback control systems. The multivariable generalization of the optimal control problem solved here provides the means for extending classical control experience in design of single loop processes to multivariable control systems
Coherent atomic mirrors and beam splitters by adiabatic passage in multilevel systems.

We study atomic-beam deflection by adiabatic passage between Zeeman ground levels via Raman transitions induced by counterpropagating ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\sigma}}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$-polarized lasers. We show that complete population transfer between the ground states can be achieved, which corresponds to the scattering of the atomic wave packet into a single final momentum state by absorption and induced emission of laser photons. Although the lasers can be resonant, the excited state(s) are never populated during the adiabatic transfer, which suppresses the effects of spontaneous emission and preserves the coherence of the atomic wave function. This scheme has attractive features as a beam splitter and mirror for atomic interferometry.
Interactive Training Model: Enhancing Beginning Counseling Student Development

The authors propose the Interactive Training Model (ITM), a full classroom role play experience, as a method for helping student counselors develop essential interviewing and counseling skills and self-awareness as required by the 2009 Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs Standards. This pre-post, quasiexperimental study involving 45 master's-level students indicated that those who participated in the ITM made greater gains in supervisee development compared with those who participated in a traditional peer feedback model. Narrative student feedback regarding the use of ITM in an essential skills course is presented, and implications for counselor education are discussed.
Influence of transverse normal stress on sheet metal formability

Abstract Since the late 1960's, the strain space forming limit diagram, FLD ϵ , has been nearly universally employed as a method to help predict sheet metal failure for the open die stamping process. Traditional FLD ϵ 's in use today are based upon a plane stress assumption. However, a plane stress assumption may not always be valid for many sheet metal forming operations. Through the employment of a strain-to-stress space mapping procedure, a new sheet metal formability model that takes into account the through-thickness normal stress ( σ 3 ) is proposed. Good agreement with a limited set of experimental data is found.
The human Duffy blood group in rhesus monkeys1

Summary There is good evidence that susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax infection and to P. knowlesi erythrocyte invasion is influenced by certain human Duffy (Fy) blood group antigens. Since P. knowlesi readily infects rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto), it was not surprising to find an Fy-like antigen on rhesus erythrocytes. Using human Fy antisera in elution and absorption experiments, we found that all 40 rhesus monkeys tested displayed the Fy(a-b +) phenotype. Furthermore, the rhesus Fybantigen was inactivated by chymotrypsin but not by trypsin, suggesting that it is homologous to the human Fybantigen. Preliminary serological analyses and enzyme hydrolysis experiments suggest that none of the 13 blood group systems that we have described in rhesus are analogous to the human Fy system. Thus, it appears that there is no Duffy-like polymorphism in rhesus monkeys.
Anaplerotic Triheptanoin Diet Enhances Mitochondrial Substrate Use to Remodel the Metabolome and Improve Lifespan, Motor Function, and Sociability in MeCP2-Null Mice

Rett syndrome (RTT) is an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene that encodes methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Symptoms range in severity and include psychomotor disabilities, seizures, ataxia, and intellectual disability. Symptom onset is between 6-18 months of age, a critical period of brain development that is highly energy-dependent. Notably, patients with RTT have evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as abnormal levels of the adipokines leptin and adiponectin, suggesting overall metabolic imbalance. We hypothesized that one contributor to RTT symptoms is energy deficiency due to defective nutrient substrate utilization by the TCA cycle. This energy deficit would lead to a metabolic imbalance, but would be treatable by providing anaplerotic substrates to the TCA cycle to enhance energy production. We show that dietary therapy with triheptanoin significantly increased longevity and improved motor function and social interaction in male mice hemizygous for Mecp2 knockout. Anaplerotic therapy in Mecp2 knockout mice also improved indicators of impaired substrate utilization, decreased adiposity, increased glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, decreased serum leptin and insulin, and improved mitochondrial morphology in skeletal muscle. Untargeted metabolomics of liver and skeletal muscle revealed increases in levels of TCA cycle intermediates with triheptanoin diet, as well as normalizations of glucose and fatty acid biochemical pathways consistent with the improved metabolic phenotype in Mecp2 knockout mice on triheptanoin. These results suggest that an approach using dietary supplementation with anaplerotic substrate is effective in improving symptoms and metabolic health in RTT.
Theory of phase conjugation by stimulated scattering in a waveguide

We consider the backward optical wave stimulated by a multimode, monochromatic, incident optical wave in a waveguide filled with a transparent nonlinear medium, when the incident wave is negligibly perturbed by the nonlinear processes. We derive the conditions on guide length, area, mode number, and Stokes shift in order that a given high percentage of the power in the backscattered field be the “phase conjugate” of the incident field, i.e., be proportional to its complex conjugate in the entrance plane of the waveguide.
The Surprise of Ethnography

This speech to an NIMH audience is about the process of discovery in ethnography and the hazards of presumptive universals in research on family life practices, emotions, moral development, and representations of the life cycle.
A comprehensive study of plant density consequences on nitrogen uptake dynamics of maize plants from vegetative to reproductive stages

Abstract Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE), defined as grain produced per unit of fertilizer N applied, is difficult to predict for specific maize ( Zea mays L.) genotypes and environments because of possible significant interactions between different management practices (e.g., plant density and N fertilization rate or timing). The main research objective of this study was to utilize a quantitative framework to better understand the physiological mechanisms that govern N dynamics in maize plants at varying plant densities and N rates. Paired near-isogenic hybrids [i.e., with/without transgenic corn rootworm ( Diabrotica sp.) resistance] were grown at two locations to investigate the individual and interacting effects of plant density (low—54,000; medium—79,000; and high—104,000 pl ha −1 ) and sidedress N fertilization rate (low—0; medium—165; and high—330 kg N ha −1 ) on maize NUE and associated physiological responses. Total aboveground biomass (per unit area basis) was fractionated and both dry matter and N uptake were measured at four developmental stages (V14, R1, R3 and R6). Both plant density and N rate affected growth parameters and grain yield in this study, but hybrid effects were negligible. As expected, total aboveground biomass and N content were highly correlated at the V14 stage. However, biomass gain was not the only factor driving vegetative N uptake, for although N-fertilized maize exhibited higher shoot N concentrations than N-unfertilized maize, the former and latter had similar total aboveground biomass at V14. At the R1 stage, both plant density and N rate strongly impacted the ratio of total aboveground N content to green leaf area index (LAI), with the ratio declining with increases in plant density and decreases in N rate. Higher plant densities substantially increased pre-silking N uptake, but had relatively minor impact on post-silking N uptake for hybrids at both locations. Treatment differences for grain yield were more strongly associated with differences in R6 total biomass than in harvest index (HI) (for which values never exceeded 0.54). Total aboveground biomass accumulated between R1 and R6 rose with increasing plant density and N rate, a phenomenon that was positively associated with greater crop growth rate (CGR) and nitrogen uptake rate (NUR) during the critical period bracketing silking. Average NUE was similar at both locations. Higher plant densities increased NUE for both medium and high N rates, but only when plant density positively influenced both the N recovery efficiency (NRE) and N internal efficiency (NIE) of maize plants. Thus plant density-driven increases in N uptake by shoot and/or ear components were not enough, by themselves, to increase NUE.
Comparison of performance of microreactor and semi-batch reactor for catalytic hydrogenation of o-nitroanisole

Abstract Hydrogenation reactions are ubiquitous in the fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries. Conventionally, the kinetic studies of hydrogenation reactions are conducted in slurry or batch reactors. The kinetics of fast hydrogenation reactions is often difficult to study in a batch reactor because of the poor mass transfer characteristics of this system. The use of a microchannel reactor for such reactions provides improved mass transfer rates which may ensure that the reaction operates close to intrinsic kinetics. In the present study, a laboratory semi-batch reactor (25 mL) and a packed-bed microreactor (775 μm ID) were evaluated to determine the reactor system that would be best suited for conducting the kinetic study of hydrogenation reactions. For this purpose, hydrogenation of o-nitroanisole to o-anisidine in methanol was selected as a model three-phase reaction. The reaction rates in the two reactor systems were found to be similar under the conditions used for kinetic experiments. Therefore, both batch and microreactors are suitable for studying the kinetics of this reaction. Subsequently, the two reactors were modeled and the modeling results were used to determine the mass transfer coefficients in the two systems under typical operating conditions. The mass transfer coefficients in the microreactor were found to be two orders of magnitude higher than in the semi-batch reactor. This order of magnitude difference in the mass transfer coefficients enables the microreactor to obtain intrinsic kinetics data for fast hydrogenation reactions with half lives in the order of magnitude between 100 and 102 s.
The controversy continues

Function, Phylogeny and Fossils: Miocene Hominoid Evolution and Adaptations Begun, DG, Ward, CV, Rose, MD eds. (1997). New York: Plenum Press. xii + 424 pp. ISBN 0-306-45457-2. $120.00 (cloth). The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas Bernor, RL, Fahlbusch, V, Mittman, H (eds). (1996). New York: Columbia University Press. ix + 487 pp. ISBN 0-231-08246-0. $92.00 (cloth). © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
When Nontraditional is Traditional: A Faculty Dialogue with Graduating Community College Students about Persistence

Nontraditional characteristics of community college students contribute to a sense of belonging and a sense of common struggle, uniting students in their uniqueness to persist. These diverse students, combined with faculty and peer encouragement, provide a learning environment conducive to completion. As community college educators, we have the privilege and responsibility to foster class environments where students may connect and encourage each other in their intersected identities.
Atmospheres around the Solar System

The Origin and Evolution of Planetary Atmospheres. By Ann Henderson-Sellers. Adam Hilger, Bristol/Heyden, Philadelphia: 1983. Pp.236. £19.50, $34.
On conditional volatility transmission among mutual fund portfolios

Using monthly return data from January 1968 to December 2000, the study analyses the transmission of conditional return volatility across growth, growth and income, and income fund classes. It finds that volatility shocks transmit between the different classes in accordance with the standard dividend valuation model.
New Roles for AIS Courses: A Surprising Finding from a Case Study

To meet the growing need for accountants familiar with information systems, many colleges and universities have added a concentration in Accounting Information Systems (AIS) to their accounting programs. While there is general—albeit not universal—agreement on the “core concepts” for the primary AIS course, there is no such consensus on what topics should be covered by supplemental AIS coursework. This paper begins by describing the efforts of one university to create, and then revise, an AIS curriculum. During the review process, the faculty made a surprising discovery: the roles of the AIS content in the professional and career development of the alumni were completely different from the roles expected. Consideration of these new roles might assist other institutions in improving their programs.
Distinct structural features of TFAM drive mitochondrial DNA packaging versus transcriptional activation.

TFAM (transcription factor A, mitochondrial) is a DNA-binding protein that activates transcription at the two major promoters of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)—the light strand promoter (LSP) and the heavy strand promoter 1 (HSP1). Equally important, it coats and packages the mitochondrial genome. TFAM has been shown to impose a U-turn on LSP DNA; however, whether this distortion is relevant at other sites is unknown. Here we present crystal structures of TFAM bound to HSP1 and to nonspecific DNA. In both, TFAM similarly distorts the DNA into a U-turn. Yet, TFAM binds to HSP1 in the opposite orientation from LSP explaining why transcription from LSP requires DNA bending, whereas transcription at HSP1 does not. Moreover, the crystal structures reveal dimerization of DNA-bound TFAM. This dimerization is dispensable for DNA bending and transcriptional activation but is important in DNA compaction. We propose that TFAM dimerization enhances mitochondrial DNA compaction by promoting looping of the DNA.
An Analysis of Arithmetic Problem Posing by Middle School Students.

The mathematical problems generated by 509 middle school students, who were given a brief written "story-problem" description and asked to pose questions that could be answered using the information, were examined for solvability, linguistic and mathematical complexity, and relationships within the sets of posed problems. It was found that students generated a large number of solvable mathematical problems, many of which were syntactically and semantically complex, and that nearly half the students generated sets of related problems. Subjects also solved eight fairly complex problems, and the relationship between their problem-solving performance and their problem posing was examined to reveal that "good" problem solvers generated more mathematical problems and more complex problems than "poor" problem solvers did. The multiple-step data analysis scheme developed and used herein should be useful to teachers and other researchers interested in evaluating students' posing of arithmetic story problems.
Synthesis of Model Compounds of The Nematic Polyester Poly(2,2′-Dimethyl-4,4′-Dioxyazoxy-Benzenedodecanedioyl)

Abstract We describe synthesis and phase characterization of model compounds of the thermotropic nematic polymer poly(2,2′-dimethyl-4,4′-dioxyazoxybenzene dodecanedioyl), which consists of regularly alternating rigid mesogenic and flexible aliphatic moieties. Models were composed of the following sequences: flexible-rigid-flexible; rigid-flexible-rigid (9-DDA-9); rigid-flexible; flexible-rigid-flexible-rigid-flexible. Only 9-DDA-9 displays a mesophase (monotropic nematic). The appearance of an enantiotropic nematic phase is associated with the development of a polymeric structure (approximately six repeating units are required).
New achievements in ultralow-threshold semiconductor lasers

Various semiconductor laser material system and device structures which have led to the ultralow threshold current (<EQ 1 mA) operation are reviewed with an emphasis on the quantum well (QW), especially strained QW, structures. To date, cw threshold current as low as approximately 1 mA for as cleaved lasers and 0.35 mA (pulsed 0.25 mA) for high reflectivity coated lasers are realized. These low threshold lasers also display excellent dynamic behavior, a direct current modulation bandwidth of 4.6 GHz at a bias current of only 1 mA above threshold has been demonstrated.
Chloroplast DNA phylogeography in long-lived Huon pine, a Tasmanian rain forest conifer

Genealogy based methods were used to estimate phylogeographic history for a Tasmanian endemic conifer, Huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii (Hook. f.) Quinn). DNA from trees in eight populations was...
Differential necrosis despite similar perfusion in mouse strains after ischemia.

Background Numerous mouse models have been used to study the tissue response to ischemia, but multiple technical differences make comparisons difficult. We have comprehensively characterized the mouse hind limb ischemia model and determined how different genetic backgrounds of mice affect recovery. Materials and methods Severity of tissue necrosis and restoration of perfusion after femoral artery excision or femoral artery transection, using five different surgical procedures, were evaluated using laser Doppler imaging in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Severity of necrosis was concurrently measured using a five-point scale. Results Significant differences were observed depending upon the surgical procedure used to initiate ischemia as well as the strain of mouse used. First, a progressively delayed and incomplete recovery of vascular perfusion occurred in relation to the anatomical position and extent of the arterial defect. Second, among mouse strains, the severity of tissue necrosis varied despite similar restoration of perfusion. Thus, DBA/1J mice had significantly increased severity and incidence of tissue loss as compared with either C57Bl/6J ( P = 0.01) or BALB/c ( P = 0.01) mice. Finally, contrary to previous reports, T-cell–mediated immune events did not modify ischemia-induced hind limb perfusion and necrosis as responses in nude mice were not different than controls on either BALB/c or C57Bl/6J backgrounds. Conclusions Surgical approach, mouse strain, and measures of hind limb perfusion and tissue injury are crucial considerations in the study of ischemia. Understanding how different genetic backgrounds in mice can affect necrosis may provide insights into the diverse healing responses observed in humans.
Sulfur versus Oxygen Reactivity of Organic Molecules at the Ge(100)-2×1 Surface

The adsorption behavior of sulfur- versus oxygen-containing organic molecules, including ethanol, ethanethiol, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide, at the Ge(100)-2×1 surface was investigated using a combination of multiple internal reflection infrared (MIR-IR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). The results show that ethanol and ethanethiol both adsorb via Ch−H dissociation at 310 K, where Ch (chalcogen) is either S or O. DFT calculations indicate that S−H dissociation is both kinetically and thermodynamically favored over O−H dissociation. IR spectra of diethyl ether and diethyl sulfide reveal that both molecules adsorb via dative bonding through the heteroatom for temperatures up to approximately 255 and 335 K, respectively, and reversibly desorb at higher temperatures. From these desorption temperatures, the S−Ge dative bond of a sulfide is calculated to be 5.9 kcal/mol stronger than the O−Ge dative bond of an ether, a trend consistent with results from DFT calculations. Moreover, for all...
Essential amino acids for milk protein synthesis in the in vitro secretory cell and stimulation by elevated levels.

Abstract Cell cultures prepared from the lactating mammary glands of rats and cows were used with a defined nutrient medium to evaluate the amino acids required by the secretory cell to synthsize the milk proteins β-casein and β-lactoglobulin Deviations from the usual list of essential amino acids included a lack of requirement for glutamine by the cells of both species, for tyrosine by the bovine cells, and for cystine by the rat cells. Thus the cells of both species are capable of synthesizing the usual non-essential amino acids and do not appear to lack this facility as has been postulated. Elevated levels of the essential amino acids above physiological levels stimulated the synthesis of both proteins in the rat cells but only β-casein in the bovine cells.
Determinants of condom use stage of change among heterosexually-identified methamphetamine users.

There is a paucity of research on the association between methamphetamine use (meth) and sexual risk behavior among heterosexual meth users. This study used a multiple theories approach to identify factors associated with stage of change for condom use in a sample of 181 HIV-negative, heterosexually identified meth users. Background characteristics, drug use variables, and theoretical mechanism of change variables were examined in relation to Prochaska’s contemplative and preparation stages of change. Sexual risk behavior was highest among those in the contemplation stage of change. When compared with those in the preparation stage of change, contemplators were more likely to be never married, more likely to have an STD, consumed larger amounts of meth and other illicit drugs, had lower scores on self-efficacy and outcome expectancies for condom use and negotiation of safer sex practices, and had less positive social norms in relation to AIDS preventive behaviors. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that the preparation stage of change was associated with increased self-efficacy for condom use, stronger social norms regarding condom use, and reduced occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases. The findings are discussed in relation to the development of sexual risk reduction interventions for heterosexual meth users.
Cerebral metabolic profile, selective neuron loss, and survival of acute and chronic hyperglycemic rats following cardiac arrest and resuscitation.

Abstract Cortical metabolites and regional cerebral intracellular pH (pH i ) were measured in normoglycemic (NM), acute hyperglycemic (AH), and chronic hyperglycemic (CH, 2 week duration, streptozotocin-induced) Wistar rat brains during cardiac arrest and resuscitation. During total ischemia in AH and CH rats (plasma glucose ∼30 mM), cortical ATP, PCr, glucose, and glycogen all fell significantly as expected. Lactate levels increased dramatically in association with a concomitant intracellular acidosis. Although lactate reached higher concentrations in AH and CH than NM, pH i was significantly lower only in the AH group. With 5 min of reperfusion, all groups recovered to near baseline in all variables, though lactate remained elevated. In a separate aspect of the study, animals from each experimental group were allowed to recover for 4 days following resuscitation, with outcome being gauged by mortality rate and hippocampal CA1 neuron counts. NM survival rate was significantly better than AH and CH. In particular, no CH rats survived for 4 days despite rapid initial recovery. After 4 days, the AH group had suffered significantly greater CA1 neuron loss than the NM rats. In summary, our research identified differences in intra-ischemic acid–base status in the two hyperglycemic groups, suggesting that chronic hyperglycemia may alter the brain's buffering capacity. These observations may account for differences between acutely and chronically hyperglycemic subjects regarding outcome, and they suggest that factors other than hydrogen ion production during ischemia are responsible for modulating outcome.
The effect of folate deficiency on the hprt mutational spectrum in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with monofunctional alkylating agents.

Folic acid deficiency acts synergistically with alkylating agents to increase DNA strand breaks and mutant frequency at the hprt locus in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. To elucidate the mechanism of this synergy, molecular analyses of hprt mutants were performed. Recently, our laboratory showed that folate deficiency increased the percentage of clones with intragenic deletions after exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) but not N-nitroso-N-ethylurea (ENU) compared to clones recovered from folate replete medium. This report describes molecular analyses of the 37 hprt mutant clones obtained that did not contain deletions. Folate deficient cells treated with EMS had a high frequency of G>A transitions at non-CpG sites on the non-transcribed strand, particularly when these bases were flanked on both sides by G:C base pairs. Thirty-three percent of these mutations were in the run of six G's in exon 3. EMS-treated folate replete cells had a slightly (but not significantly) lower percentage of G>A transitions, and the same sequence specificity. Treatment of folate deficient CHO cells with ENU resulted in predominantly T>A transversions and C>T transitions relative to the non-transcribed strand. These findings suggest a model to explain the synergy between folate deficiency and alkylating agents: (1) folate deficiency causes extensive uracil incorporation into DNA; (2) greatly increased utilization of base excision repair to remove uracil and to correct alkylator damage leads to error-prone DNA repair. In the case of EMS, this results in more intragenic deletions and G:C to A:T mutations due to impaired ligation of single-strand breaks generated during base excision repair and a decreased capacity to remove O6-ethylguanine. In the case of ENU additional T>A transversions and C>T transitions are seen, perhaps due to mis-pairing of O2-ethylpyrimidines. Correction of folate deficiency may reduce the frequency of these types of genetic damage during alkylator therapy.
The preparation of modulation-Doped GaAs/GaAs 1-x P x strained-layer superlattices by metal organic chemical vapor deposition

Modulation-doped and uniformly doped GaAs/GaAs1-xPx strained-layer superlattices (SLS’s) have been prepared by metal organic chemical vapor deposition in a vertical, atmospheric pressure, quartz reaction chamber. The layers were doped with Se or Si by using a H2Se or SiH4 source and by using a vent-run valve-configuration to minimize dopant tailing. Carrier concentrations and mobilities were determined from Hall measurements at 300 and 77 K. The Se modulation-doped SLS’s with carrier concentrations in the range of 1016 to 1018 cm-13 exhibited enhanced transport properties when compared to the properties of epitaxial GaAs prepared under the same conditions. The use of molecular sieves to purify the arsine or the use of SiH4 resulted in lower mobilities for the SLS’s and the epitaxial GaAs layers. The presence of surface cracking or a large residual strain in the SLS’s also caused the modulation-doped SLS’s to have lower mobilities.
Public Housing Residence and College Performance: Evidence From the Nation's Largest Urban Public University

Despite clear implications for human capital accumulation, there has been little research on the postsecondary educational experiences of students living in public housing. While there is significant and growing research exploring outcomes for public housing tenants, even in the education sphere, little of this work focuses on postsecondary outcomes and what role, if any, public housing plays in human capital accumulation. Our case study, New York City, is home to both the nation's largest urban public university system and the largest public housing authority. In this work, we use matching techniques to identify and describe the residential characteristics of students at the City University of New York. We explore how students who live in public housing developments differ from their peers in terms of characteristics associated with success in college, including demographics, neighborhood poverty, and high school preparation. We use regression techniques to test the relation between public housing reside...
Hydrogen etching for semiconductor materials in plasma doping experiments

The etching effects of hydrogen plasma for semiconductor materials including single crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, silicon dioxide, and aluminum in plasma immersion ion implantation (PHI) doping experiments have been investigated. Etching can alter device structure and affect implant profile and dose. The effects of varying different PIII process parameters such as pulse potential, pulse repetition frequency, and substrate temperature are presented. The experimental data show that the spontaneous etching by hydrogen radicals enhanced by ion bombardment is responsible for the etching phenomena that occurs at the material surface. A model is used to calculate the retained implant dose and impurity profile when the etching effect is considered.
Finite element approach to model and analyze piezoelectric actuators

The basic research into the area of the behavior of piezoelectrics under static loading condition in far behind the effort put forth in the study of the vibrational behavior of piezoelectrics. Also, the application of the vibrational characteristics of piezoelectrics has been widespread, but the application of the static characteristics has been relatively left untapped. The piezoelectric based actuators are gaining more pupularity in many areas ranging from micro-motion control as positioners to macro-motion in space applications. So, it is very vital to understand the behavior of practical piezoelectric micro actuator under arbitrarily applied external voltage. The solution for moderately complex piezoelectric model using analytical methodology is very challenging. So, a numerical solution scheme based on the method of finite elements has been developed to analyze the deformations of and potentials within piezoelectric materials subjected to external static voltage loading. The formulation of the finite element equations developed and used for computer implementation is also dealt with. Computer software has been created to model piezoelectric three-dimensional geometries, based on the equations developed. The case studies chosen for evaluation of this numerical scheme are representative of real-world piezoceramic materials. The results are found to be in excellent agreement with published product data. This work carried out would be a foundation for the development of a powerful analysis tool, capable of testing multiple conceptual designs of piezoelectric actuators.
Abstract 3092: The roles of SRC-3 and its isoform SRC-3Δ4 during the progression of DCIS to invasive breast cancer

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Accumulating evidence has shown that SRC-3 plays important roles in tumor metastasis. SRC-3 gene deletion suppresses both v-Ha-ras- and polyomavirus middle T (PyMT) transgene-induced breast tumor metastasis to the lung. SRC-3 overexpression is highly correlated with metastatic phenotype in human breast cancer. SRC-3 promotes cancer cell invasion by co-activating AP-1 and PEA-3-mediated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. We recently found that a SRC-3 isoform with the deletion of exon 4 (SRC-3Δ4) promotes breast cancer cell migration and mammary tumor metastasis by directly mediating EGF signal transduction from EGFR to c-Src and FAK. One of the key tasks in the field of breast cancer research is to identify what factors regulate the progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive breast cancer. Given the importance of SRC-3 and SRC-3Δ4 in breast tumor metastasis, we hypothesize that SRC-3 and/or SRC-3Δ4 promote the progression of DCIS to invasive breast cancer. To test this hypothesis, we either stably overexpressed or stably knocked down SRC-3 or SRC-3Δ4 in two DCIS cell lines (DCIS.COM and SUM225) by lentiviral transduction. Stable knockdown of SRC-3 significantly decreased cell proliferation and cell invasion, whereas knockdown of SRC-3Δ4 only decreased cell invasion. Conversely, Overexpression of either SRC-3 or SRC-3Δ4 promote cell invasion, which is partly due to the increased Akt phosphorylation. We then injected the DCIS cells into the mammary ducts of athymic nude mice. The effect of SRC-3 and SRC-3Δ4 on the formation of DCIS and invasive lesions is under investigation. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms will be analyzed as well. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3092.
A model for solute diffusion in metals based on elasticity concepts

Abstract On the basis of elasticity theory, a model for solute diffusion in metals is presented. Postulating a vacancy mechanism, the basic problem is considered to be the calculation of the enthalpy of movement of a solute ion from a normal lattice site into the saddle-point position adjacent to the vacant site. In this model the solute ion is considered to behave as an elastic sphere and thus part of the enthalpy of jumping is assumed to result from the two-dimensional hydrostatic compression of the solute ion and part from the dilation of the constriction which represents the saddle point. An equation is derived on the basis of this model which permits calculation of the activation energy for solute diffusion in terms of the Goldschmidt radius of the solute and the compressibilities of the solute and solvent. The theory is compared with solute diffusion activation energies measured experimentally in nickel and silver as solvents, and good agreement between theory and experiment is observed.
Quantitative application of the primary progressive aphasia consensus criteria

Objective: To determine how well the consensus criteria could classify subjects with primary progressive aphasia (PPA) using a quantitative speech and language battery that matches the test descriptions provided by the consensus criteria. Methods: A total of 105 participants with a neurodegenerative speech and language disorder were prospectively recruited and underwent neurologic, neuropsychological, and speech and language testing and MRI in this case-control study. Twenty-one participants with apraxia of speech without aphasia served as controls. Select tests from the speech and language battery were chosen for application of consensus criteria and cutoffs were employed to determine syndromic classification. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to examine participants who could not be classified. Results: Of the 84 participants, 58 (69%) could be classified as agrammatic (27%), semantic (7%), or logopenic (35%) variants of PPA. The remaining 31% of participants could not be classified. Of the unclassifiable participants, 2 clusters were identified. The speech and language profile of the first cluster resembled mild logopenic PPA and the second cluster semantic PPA. Gray matter patterns of loss of these 2 clusters of unclassified participants also resembled mild logopenic and semantic variants. Conclusions: Quantitative application of consensus PPA criteria yields the 3 syndromic variants but leaves a large proportion unclassified. Therefore, the current consensus criteria need to be modified in order to improve sensitivity.
Enteral Nutrition in the Critically Ill Patient

Timing and route of nutrition provided to critically ill patients can affect their outcome. Early enteral nutrition has been shown to decrease specifically infectious morbidity in the critically ill patient. There is a small group of patients who are malnourished on arrival to the intensive care unit and in these patients parenteral nutrition is beneficial.
Effects of water chemistries and properties of membrane on the performance and fouling—a model development study

Abstract The performance of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes involves complex interactions between water chemistries and properties of the membrane as previously observed by other researchers; however, little has been done on comparing the effects of different parameters at once. In this study, a factorial design was employed to integrate four independent factors, i.e., membrane type, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) composition, divalent cation and monovalent cation, to investigate their influences on specific flux decline and fouling. Quantitative linear models were also built to predict the specific flux decline and fouling formation. The model developed to evaluate the specific flux decline displayed a high prediction capability with an adjusted R2 of 0.93, and with membrane properties and DOC composition exhibiting the highest influences. It was found that mechanical sieving was identified as the most important rejection mechanism and biofouling contributed more to the flux decline than abiotic fouling did. Membrane biofouling was found to be strongly affected by monovalent cation concentration and membrane properties, such as roughness and zeta potential. High membrane roughness and zeta potential (i.e. more negative membranes) along with high monovalent cation concentrations in the feed water were observed to contribute to biofouling control. Finally, the humic acid composition was identified as the main abiotic foulant, which was enhanced by high initial specific flux values.
Photosynthetic/photorespiratory characteristics of C3-C4 intermediate species

The extent of photorespiration, the inhibition of apparent photosynthesis (APS) by 21% O2, and the leaf anatomical and ultrastructural features of the naturally occurring C3-C4 intermediate species in the diverse Panicum, Moricandia, and Flaveria genera are between those features of representative C3 and C4 plants. The greatest differences between the photosynthetic/photorespiratory CO2 exchange characteristics of the C3-C4 intermediates and C3 plants occur for the parameters which are measured at low pCO2 (i.e., the CO2 compensation concentration and rates of CO2 evolution into CO2-free air in the light). The rates of APS by the intermediate species at atmospheric pCO2 are similar to those of C3 plants.The mechanisms which are responsible for reducing photorespiration in the C3-C4 intermediate species are poorly understood, but two proposals have been advanced. One emphasizes the importance of limited C4 photosynthesis which reduces O2 fixation by ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and, thus, reduces photorespiration by a CO2-concentrating mechanism, while the other emphasizes the importance of the internal recycling of photorespiratory CO2 evolved from the chloroplast/mitochondrion-containing bundle-sheath cells. There is no evidence from recent studies that limited C4 photosynthesis is responsible for reducing photorespiration in the intermediate Panicum and Moricandia species. However, preliminary results suggest that some, but not all, of the intermediate Flaveria species may possess a limited C4 cycle. The importance of a chlorophyllous bundle-sheath layer in the leaves of intermediate Panicum and Moricandia species in a mechanism based on the recycling of photorespiratory CO2 is uncertain.Therefore, although they have yet to be clearly delineated, different strategies appear to exist in the C3-C4 intermediate group to reduce photorespiration. Of major importance is the finding that some mechanism(s) other than Crassulacean acid metabolism or C4 photosynthesis has (have) evolved in at least the majority of these terrestrial intermediate species to reduce the seemingly wasteful metabolic process of photorespiration.
The computer-based record: patient moving from concept toward reality

In 1991 the Institute of Medicine issued a report on improving patient records which has proven to be a landmark for the many individuals and institutions involved in the development of computer-based patient records (CPRs). The report called Computer-based Patient Records: An Essential Technology for Health Care, recommended that CPRs become the primary form for patient records, and urged widespread implementation of CPRs within a decade. It also provides a framework for reviewing the current status of CPRs. In reviewing progress that has been made toward CPRs since the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report was released, it is useful to look beyond the IOM report's major focus on efforts in the USA and include international activities related to CPR development and implementation. Looking forward, CPR efforts are likely to be expedited through greater collaboration.