cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Bimetallic Tetrathiafulvalene Building Blocks and Self-Assembled, Two-Dimensional Conductors Derived from Regioregular, Head-to-Tail Coupled Polythiophenes

Of paramount importance in the development of new advanced materials, is the design and synthesis of well-defined molecular and polymeric building blocks. These blocks can be assembled and the resultant material’s physical properties characterized. The physical properties of the material can then act as a guide toward the redesign of the building blocks, in order to optimize a particular property. It is clear that the optimization of electronic, optical, and magnetic properties are coupled very strongly to the molecular orientation in the three dimensional architecture, which controls the solid state orbital connectivity. The solid state orbital connectivity determines electronic band structure, local magnetic interactions, and polarizability. These fundamental properties are at the heart of electrical conductivity, bulk magnetism, and optical non-linearities respectively, found in numerous inorganic, polymeric, and organic materials. Despite the fact that interesting building blocks continue to be prepared, the engineering design and synthesis of solids with desirable three dimensional arrangements remains a difficult problem in solid state chemistry [1–3].
Candidemia in pediatric outpatients receiving home total parenteral nutrition.

This is a cohort study of pediatric outpatients receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and follow-up care in a Tennessee hospital between January and June 1999. The study was conducted following an increase in the incidence of candidemia. Of 13 children receiving home TPN, five had candidemia; three were due to Candida parapsilosis. Case patients were more likely to have an underlying hematologic disease (P=0.02) as well as previous history of fungemia (P=0.02). Two case patients had successive candidemia episodes 3 months apart; karyotypes and RAPD profiles of each patient's successive C. parapsilosis isolates were similar. Candida spp. were frequently detected in hand cultures from cohort members (four of 10) and family member caregivers (nine of 11); C. parapsilosis was isolated from five caregivers. Our findings underscore the challenges of maintaining stringent infection control practices in the home health care setting and suggest the need for more intensive follow-up and coordination of home TP...
DARS (Decoys As the Reference State) Potentials for Protein-Protein Docking

Decoys As the Reference State (DARS) is a simple and natural approach to the construction of structure-based intermolecular potentials. The idea is generating a large set of docked conformations with good shape complementarity but without accounting for atom types, and using the frequency of interactions extracted from these decoys as the reference state. In principle, the resulting potential is ideal for finding near-native conformations among structures obtained by docking, and can be combined with other energy terms to be used directly in docking calculations. We investigated the performance of various DARS versions for docking enzyme-inhibitor, antigen-antibody, and other type of complexes. For enzyme-inhibitor pairs, DARS provides both excellent discrimination and docking results, even with very small decoy sets. For antigen-antibody complexes, DARS is slightly better than a number of interaction potentials tested, but results are worse than for enzyme-inhibitor complexes. With a few exceptions, the DARS docking results are also good for the other complexes, despite poor discrimination, and we show that the latter is not a correct test for docking accuracy. The analysis of interactions in antigen-antibody pairs reveals that, in constructing pairwise potentials for such complexes, one should account for the asymmetry of hydrophobic patches on the two sides of the interface. Similar asymmetry does occur in the few other complexes with poor DARS docking results.
Progress Report on Long Period Seismographs

Summary Long period seismograph systems in operation in Pasadena are described. Extension of the group velocity curves for mantle Rayleigh waves and G-waves, the detection of these waves from earthquakes in the magnitude range 53/4–7, and the recording of unusual body waves with unsuspected long period components are among the results which have been achieved.
The Antigenicity of Bovine Spermatozoa

Summary Iso-immune serum, containing antibodies for bovine erythrocytes, also reacted specifically with bovine spermatozoa. Antibodies produced in sheep against bovine spermatozoa caused agglutination of bovine spermatozoa and also produced specific lysis of erythrocytes of certain cattle. This evidence supports the theory that the antigens previously recognized in bovine erythrocytes have similar or identical coimterparts in the spermatozoa.
Correct and incorrect nucleotide incorporation pathways in DNA polymerase β

Tracking the structural and energetic changes in the pathways of DNA replication and repair is central to the understanding of these important processes. Here we report favorable mechanisms of the polymerase-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions corresponding to correct and incorrect nucleotide incorporations in the DNA by using a novel protocol involving energy minimizations, dynamics simulations, quasi-harmonic free energy calculations, and mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics dynamics simulations. Though the pathway proposed may not be unique and invites variations, geometric and energetic arguments support the series of transient intermediates in the phosphoryl transfer pathways uncovered here for both the G:C and G:A systems involving a Grotthuss hopping mechanism of proton transfer between water molecules and the three conserved aspartate residues in pol b’s active-site. In the G:C system, the ratelimiting step is the initial proton hop with a free energy of activation of at least 17 kcal/mol, which corresponds closely to measured kpol values. Fidelity discrimination in pol b can be explained by a significant loss of stability of the closed ternary complex of the enzyme in the G:A system and much higher activation energy of the initial step of nucleophilic attack, namely deprotonation of terminal DNA primer O3 0 H group. Thus, subtle differences in the enzyme active-site between matched and mismatched base pairs generate significant
Electromagnetic Image-Guided Orbital Decompression: Technique, Principles, and Preliminary Experience with 6 Consecutive Cases

AbstractPurpose: To assess the feasibility of routine use of electromagnetic image guidance systems in orbital decompression.Methods: Six consecutive patients underwent stereotactic-guided three wall orbital decompression using the novel Fusion ENT Navigation System (Medtronic), a portable and expandable electromagnetic guidance system with multi-instrument tracking capabilities. The system consists of the Medtronic LandmarX System software-enabled computer station, signal generator, field-generating magnet, head-mounted marker coil, and surgical tracking instruments.In preparation for use of the LandmarX/Fusion protocol, all patients underwent preoperative non-contrast CT scan from the superior aspect of the frontal sinuses to the inferior aspect of the maxillary sinuses that includes the nasal tip.Results: The Fusion ENT Navigation System (Medtronic™) was used in 6 patients undergoing maximal 3-wall orbital decompression for Graves’ orbitopthy after a minimum of six months of disease inactivity. Preoper...
Synthetic dyes based on environmental considerations. Part 4: Aquatic toxicity of iron‐complexed formazan dyes

In previous papers it has been shown that chromium or cobalt in metal-complexed azo dyes can be replaced by iron without adversely affecting the dyeing or mutagenic properties. Before commercial exploitation could be considered, an assessment of the aquatic toxicity of the iron complex dyes was important. The effect of replacing chromium and cobalt with iron on the aquatic toxicity of metal complex acid dyes for polyamide and protein substrates has been assessed in terms of the effect on Lemna minor (duckweed). A similar assessment has been carried out to show the effect on toxicity of dyebath decolorisation using ozonolysis. The results confirm that iron-complexed dyes are generally less toxic than the corresponding chromium or cobalt complexes, and that ozonolysis of aqueous solutions causes an increase in both pH and toxicity to Lemna minor. Received: 30 April 2005; Accepted: 23 June 2005.
Homebuyer preferences in the post-housing bubble era

The limited availability of mortgages since 2008 prompted us to determine what motivates qualified homebuyers to choose the home they do. Segmenting homebuyers according to preferences related to the home, neighborhood, and schools enabled us to develop profiles of homebuyers. This study contributes to the literature by holistically explaining thematic preferences of homebuyers as delineated across four homebuyer segments. Using a web-based survey to gather a representative sample of US households, we ranked homebuyer preferences based on respondents’ most recent home-buying experience. The top-10 items, ranked by mean values, were divided by themes to create homebuyer segments, which enabled us to cross reference common and differentiable homebuyer preferences for each segment. Members in the segment most influenced by Neighborhood Quality were next most impacted by the first impression of the home’s exterior and interior, whereas those in the School Quality segment were next most impacted by the overall...
Laser Beam and Photon — Assisted Processes for Surface Treatments

Laser processing is a relatively new technique for modifying the near surface region of materials without altering the in-bulk characteristics. A single laser can perform several functions by manipulating processing conditions such as laser power, beam diameter, and traverse speed. Lasers have shown attractive applications such as glazing, alloying, and cladding, synthesis of materials and thin films. This paper reviews some of the major advances in understanding and engineering new materials for electronic industries and high temperature applications in the auto, aerospace, and turbine industries. This paper will start with the introduction of lasers followed by applications such as laser glazing, cladding, photon assisted physical and chemical vapor deposition.
Fermi-surface-free superconductivity in underdoped (Bi,Pb)(Sr,La)2CuO6+δ (Bi2201)

Fermi-surface-free superconductivity arises when the superconducting order pulls down spectral weight from a band that is completely above the Fermi energy in the normal state. We show that this can arise in hole-doped cuprates when a competing order causes a reconstruction of the Fermi surface. The change in Fermi surface topology is accompanied by a characteristic rise in the spectral weight. Our results support the presence of a trisected superconducting dome, and suggest that superconductivity is responsible for stabilizing the (π,π) magnetic order at higher doping.
A Practical Method for Industrial Heat Stress Allowance Determination

Abstract A methodology for determining the heat stress allowances of industrial workers is presented. The methodology has been developed for use by industrial engineers as part of their production assignment and scheduling duties. The methodology provides exposure and recovery allowances in tabular form where the allowances have been developed using the appropriate equations, concepts found in the physiological literature, and meteorological data. The assumptions necessary to provide tabular values are emphasized. A comparison is made with heat stress allowances determined by more arbitrary methods.
Given What I Know: Seeing the Past as a Portal to an Intentional Future

Dr. Terrence Roberts is our second guest for the Hearing Our Elders series. Dr. Roberts is one of the Little Rock Nine, the first group of African American students to attend Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Interview segments are woven into the article, providing a historical and political context from which to understand the current national climate with regard to social justice and multicultural responsiveness. Dr. Roberts's interview revealed 6 critical themes: resilience, understanding context in the face of the status quo, reimagining language, choice as key to good mental health, use of the self as an intervention tool, and the importance of being historical in one's thinking. Intentionality is identified as a metatheme that asks the question of where one falls on the status quo versus change agent continuum. Dr. Terrence Roberts es nuestro segundo invitado en la serie Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores. El Dr. Roberts es uno de los Little Rock Nine, el primer grupo de estudiantes afroamericanos que estudiaron en la escuela Little Rock Central High School en 1957. Se insertan fragmentos de la entrevista en el articulo, lo que proporciona un contexto historico y politico desde el que se puede comprender el clima nacional actual respecto a la justicia social y la sensibilidad multicultural. La entrevista con el Dr. Roberts revelo 6 temas criticos: la resiliencia, comprender el contexto frente al status quo, reimaginar el lenguaje, la capacidad de eleccion como clave para una buena salud mental, el uso del autoconcepto como herramienta de intervencion y la importancia de ser historico en el pensamiento personal. La intencionalidad se identifica como un metatema que formula la pregunta de donde se situa uno mismo a lo largo del continuo entre status quo y agente de cambio.
Influence of Adrenal Cortex on Synthesis of α2-AP Globulin of Rat Serum.

SummaryThe effects of cortisol administration on the α2-AP globulin response to tissue injury were studied in adrenalecto-mized, sham-operated, and intact rats. Ad-renalectomy significantly reduced the response to challenge. The response could be partially or completely restored, or suppressed depending upon the dosage of the hormone. It was concluded that the adrenal cortex has a permissive role in the synthesis of α2-AP globulin of rat serum.
Quality Improvement Initiative and Safety of Insulin Pen Usage in a Small Hospital

Abstract Background: The Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) has stressed the need for hospitals to re-evaluate their methods of insulin delivery in an effort to minimize complications of insulin pen use. Improper use of insulin pens can lead to adverse effects, such as hypoglycemia or blood-borne infections. Objective: This study was an American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) quality improvement activity focused on insulin pen safety in the hospital. The objective of this study was to improve insulin pen delivery and patient health and to reduce adverse effects related to insulin pen use. The purpose of the impact activity was to utilize pharmacist experts to evaluate processes related to the use of insulin pens within the hospital and then implement quality improvement efforts to address potential safety concerns. Methods: Baseline and postintervention questionnaires were administered to all nursing personnel (N = 400) to assess their analytical and procedural knowledge regarding...
Endogenous opioidergic dysregulation of pain in fibromyalgia: a PET and fMRI study.

Endogenous opioid system dysfunction potentially contributes to chronic pain in fibromyalgia (FM), but it is unknown if this dysfunction is related to established neurobiological markers of hyperalgesia. We previously reported that µ-opioid receptor (MOR) availability was reduced in patients with FM as compared with healthy controls in several pain-processing brain regions. In the present study, we compared pain-evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging with endogenous MOR binding and clinical pain ratings in female opioid-naive patients with FM (n = 18) using whole-brain analyses and regions of interest from our previous research. Within antinociceptive brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (r = 0.81, P 0.67; all P < 0.02), reduced MOR availability was associated with decreased pain-evoked neural activity. Additionally, reduced MOR availability was associated with lower brain activation in the nucleus accumbens (r = 0.47, P = 0.050). In many of these regions, pain-evoked activity and MOR binding potential were also associated with lower clinical affective pain ratings. These findings are the first to link endogenous opioid system tone to regional pain-evoked brain activity in a clinical pain population. Our data suggest that dysregulation of the endogenous opioid system in FM could lead to less excitation in antinociceptive brain regions by incoming noxious stimulation, resulting in the hyperalgesia and allodynia commonly observed in this population. We propose a conceptual model of affective pain dysregulation in FM.
Transient Response Studies of No Reduction by H2 over a Rh/SiO2 Catalyst

Transient response studies suggest that NO reduction by H2 over Rh is initiated by dissociation of adsorbed NO, a process facilitated by H2 coadsorption, and that NH3, and H2O formation are delayed relative to N2 and N2O by the accumulation adsorbed H-atoms.
The survival of serum resistant Escherichia coli in the bovine mammary gland following experimental infection.

Scrum resistant strains of Escherichia coli were injected into one or two quarters of the udders of eight healthy dairy cows. Animals receiving infection into two quarters showed variation in their ability to eliminate the bacteria. This variation extended from elimination from both glands to complete failure to remove the organisms from either gland. In most cases, the organisms were removed from one gland before the clinical signs of infection were observed, but persisted in the other gland for three to four days. Following a single infection most animals eliminated the organisms before the appearance of clinical signs, but one retained the bacteria for four days. The retention of bacteria within the gland for a period longer than the initial inflammatory response resulted in their survival within neutrophils; and in some of these glands spasmodic clinical signs of mastitis reappeared for up to at least 40 days after the initial infection. These signs were associated with the reappearance of the same serological strain of E coli. Bovine serum albumin levels in the milk were found not to constitute the most effective marker of the serum components involved in the bactericidal activity.
Approach to the Child Suspected of Having a Disorder of Fatty Acid Oxidation

Hypoketotic hypoglycemia signifies a disorder of fatty acid oxidation. An absence of ketones in urine at the time of hypoglycemia is an important clue, but the presence of ketonuria may be misleading. Blood levels of free fatty acids and 3-hydroxybutyrate are much more reliable. A modern work-up may begin with assay of the acylcarnitines by MS/MS, and this may indicate the diagnosis and the appropriate enzymatic assay. Organic acid analysis should reveal the diagnosis in those with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase deficiency.
No association between latent toxoplasmosis and multiple body measures in U.S. adults

Toxoplasma gondii (Nicolle et Manceaux, 1908) is an intracellular parasite that can cause ongoing latent infection persisting for the duration of a non-definitive host's life. Affecting approximately one-third of the world's population, latent toxoplasmosis has been associated with neuropsychological outcomes and a previous report suggested an association between latent toxoplasmosis and adult height. Given the large number of people with latent toxoplasmosis and its potential associations with human height, we sought to better understand the association between latent toxoplasmosis and human morphology by evaluating seropositivity for T. gondii and multiple body measures reported in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) and in the more recent continuous NHANES data sets from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for which data on T. gondii are available. In these analyses, latent toxoplasmosis was not associated with any of the body measures assessed in the NHANES datasets even after taking into account interactions between latent toxoplasmosis and testosterone suggesting that in these samples, latent toxoplasmosis is not associated with adult morphology including height.
Changes in depression mediate the effects of AA attendance on alcohol use outcomes

ABSTRACTBackground: Depression may contribute to increased drinking in individuals with alcohol use disorder. Although Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) attendance predicts drinking reductions, there is conflicting information regarding the intermediary role played by reductions in depression. Objectives: We explored whether AA attendance reduces depressive symptoms, the degree to which improvement in depression results in reductions in drinking, and in which subgroups these effects occur. Methods: 253 early AA affiliates (63% male) were recruited and assessed at baseline 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and was administered at baseline 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. AA attendance and alcohol use outcomes were obtained with the Form 90. Mediation analyses were performed at early (3, 6, and 9 months) and late (12, 18, and 24 months) follow-up to investigate the degree to which reductions in depression mediated the effect of AA attendance on drinking, c...
Randomized trial of exercise on quality of life and fatigue in women diagnosed with ovarian cancer: The Women’s Activity and Lifestyle Study in Connecticut (WALC).

9505 Background: Ovarian cancer survivors experience a wide range of treatment side effects that can affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Physical activity has been shown to improve HRQOL...
The Role of Antibiotic Stewardship in Promoting Appropriate Antibiotic Use

Antibiotics are one of the most significant medical discoveries in human history. The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. This fact, coupled with the paucity of new antibiotic developments, has spurred efforts to combat antibiotic resistance. One of the most critical components of these efforts is antibiotic stewardship, a multidisciplinary endeavor, employing a collection of interventions in a variety of health care settings with the aim of promoting appropriate utilization of antibiotics. This article describes antibiotic stewardship programs and key practices used to minimize the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens including the optimization of antibiotic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the application of rapid diagnostic tools, and the use of computerized provider order entry tools.
Recognizing normal pressure hydrocephalus in older adults.

OFTEN MISDIAGNOSED as Parkinson disease or another neurologic disorder associated with aging, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is most common in adults over age 60.1 Because early detection and treatment with ventricular shunting can reverse dementia and other complications of NPH in m
A network model for characterizing brine channels in sea ice

Abstract. The brine pore space in sea ice can form complex connected structures whose geometry is critical in the governance of important physical transport processes between the ocean, sea ice, and surface. Recent advances in three-dimensional imaging using X-ray micro-computed tomography have enabled the visualization and quantification of the brine network morphology and variability. Using imaging of first-year sea ice samples at in situ temperatures, we create a new mathematical network model to characterize the topology and connectivity of the brine channels. This model provides a statistical framework where we can characterize the pore networks via two parameters, depth and temperature, for use in dynamical sea ice models. Our approach advances the quantification of brine connectivity in sea ice, which can help investigations of bulk physical properties, such as fluid permeability, that are key in both global and regional sea ice models.
Neutrophil-Based Drug Delivery Systems

White blood cells (WBCs) are a major component of immunity in response to pathogen invasion. Neutrophils are the most abundant WBCs in humans, playing a central role in acute inflammation induced by pathogens. Adhesion to vasculature and tissue infiltration of neutrophils are key processes in acute inflammation. Many inflammatory/autoimmune disorders and cancer therapies have been found to be involved in activation and tissue infiltration of neutrophils. A promising strategy to develop novel targeted drug delivery systems is the targeting and exploitation of activated neutrophils. Herein, a new drug delivery platform based on neutrophils is reviewed. There are two types of drug delivery systems: neutrophils as carriers and neutrophil-membrane-derived nanovesicles. It is discussed how nanoparticles hijack neutrophils in vivo to deliver therapeutics across blood vessel barriers and how neutrophil-membrane-derived nanovesicles target inflamed vasculature. Finally, the potential applications of neutrophil-based drug delivery systems in treating inflammation and cancers are presented.
Multi-patch discontinuous Galerkin isogeometric analysis for wave propagation: Explicit time-stepping and efficient mass matrix inversion

Abstract We present a class of spline finite element methods for time-domain wave propagation which are particularly amenable to explicit time-stepping. The proposed methods utilize a discontinuous Galerkin discretization to enforce continuity of the solution field across geometric patches in a multi-patch setting, which yields a mass matrix with convenient block diagonal structure. Over each patch, we show how to accurately and efficiently invert mass matrices in the presence of curved geometries by using a weight-adjusted approximation of the mass matrix inverse. This approximation restores a tensor product structure while retaining provable high order accuracy and semi-discrete energy stability. We also estimate the maximum stable timestep for spline-based finite elements and show that the use of spline spaces results in less stringent CFL restrictions than equivalent C 0 or discontinuous finite element spaces. Finally, we explore the use of optimal knot vectors based on L 2 n -widths. We show how the use of optimal knot vectors can improve both approximation properties and the maximum stable timestep, and present a simple heuristic method for approximating optimal knot positions. Numerical experiments confirm the accuracy and stability of the proposed methods.
Effects of Impella on Coronary Perfusion in Patients With Critical Coronary Artery Stenosis.

Background— Mechanical circulatory support devices are used to maintain hemodynamic stability during high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions. Little is known on the effects of such devices on coronary hemodynamics in patients with significant coronary stenosis. We sought to investigate whether mechanical circulatory support in the form of Impella (Abiomed Inc, Danvers, MA) can improve coronary hemodynamics in the presence of a critical coronary stenosis. Methods and Results— We examined coronary perfusion pressures and coronary pressure distal to a critical stenosis using a coronary pressure wire in 11 patients (12 coronary lesions) undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions with the use of mechanical circulatory support. Systemic, ventricular, and coronary hemodynamics were obtained at both minimum and maximum support levels before high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions. All patients had obstructive lesions with angiographically estimated diameter stenosis between 70% and 99% and distal coronary artery pressure to aortic pressure ratios between 0.44 and 0.88. When compared with minimum support, maximum support resulted in a decrease in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (27.3±8.6 versus 21.5±5.2 mm Hg; P =0.002) and increases in the mean systemic blood pressure (77.6±13.5 versus 88.2±12.2 mm Hg; P P P P Conclusions— Mechanical circulatory support with Impella can improve distal coronary pressure and coronary perfusion pressures in the presence of critical coronary stenosis.
State-mandated collaboration for nurse practitioners.

Legally mandated affiliations with physicians pose challenges to independent nurse practitioners. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Ground-Based Telescope Parametric Cost Model

A parametric cost model for ground-based telescopes is developed using multi-variable statistical analysis, The model includes both engineering and performance parameters. While diameter continues to be the dominant cost driver, other significant factors include primary mirror radius of curvature and diffraction limited wavelength. The model includes an explicit factor for primary mirror segmentation and/or duplication (i.e.. multi-telescope phased-array systems). Additionally, single variable models based on aperture diameter are derived. This analysis indicates that recent mirror technology advances have indeed reduced the historical telescope cost curve.
Self-Assembled Superlattices of Size- and Shape-Selected Nanocrystals: Interdigitative and Gear Molecular Assembling Models

Abstract Size and shape selected nanocrystals behave as fundamental building blocks that can be used to construct nanocrystal assembled superlattices. This is a new state of materials that has orders in atomistic and nanocrystal length-scales. The nanocrystals are passivated with organic molecules (call thiolates) that not only protect them from coalescing but act as the molecular bonds for forming the superlattice structure. The interparticle distance is adjustable, possibly resulting in tunable electric, optical, and transport properties. In this article, nanocrystal superlattices (NCSs) constructed by truncated octahedral Ag particles are studied to illustrate the bundling and interdigitation of the passivation thiolates in forming the directional molecular bonds in NCSs. The {111}s facets observed in the NCSs suggest the key roles played by the molecular bonding energy in forming the surfaces of NCSs. The formation of twins in the NCSs supports the “gear” assembling model of the nanocrystals. The gear assembling is likely to have higher energy than the interdigitative assembling.
Veteran Status, Income, and Intergenerational Mobility Across Three Cohorts of American Men

Existing research linking prior military employment with labor market outcomes has focused on comparing the relative income of veterans and nonveterans. However, people who join the armed forces are uniquely selected from the broader population, and the form and direction of selectivity has shifted over time, with differential enlistment rates by race, region, and socioeconomic status. Understanding changes in the demographic composition of enlistees and veterans has significant import for the study of social mobility, particularly given changes in the occupational structure since the mid-twentieth century and wage stagnation well into the new millennium. Furthermore, labor market polarization and increases in educational attainment since WWII raise additional concerns about the social origins of military personnel and their occupational trajectories after discharge. Using data from the National Longitudinal Surveys, we investigate how social background is linked to both income and occupational mobility among veterans from three cohorts of American men: World War II, Vietnam, and the All-Volunteer Force. We find few benefits for veterans, for either income or intergenerational occupational mobility, once social background is controlled, suggesting that selection into the armed forces largely governs outcomes in the civilian labor market. Our findings have significant importance for understanding civilian labor market outcomes and trajectories of social mobility during distinct phases of military staffing.
The Demise of Harwich Point College – New England University* Part A: The Day the Music Died

This is a two part, field-based case which describes, from a faculty member’s perspective, some of the events which lead to the closing of the undergraduate programs at Harwich Point College – New England University. In Part A, a Professor receives an e-mail from the President of the University which was sent to the entire college community indicating that their undergraduate programs were to be transferred to another campus of the university; in Part B the professor has found some data on the college’s web site about the college and the university and wants to analyze the data in order to better understand the financial situation of both institutions. The case has a difficulty level appropriate for a junior level course. The case is designed to be taught in two class periods (may vary from fifty to eighty minutes each period depending upon instructional approach employed, see instructor’s note) and is expected to require between six to eight hours of outside preparation by students (again, depending upon instructor’s choice of class preparation method).
Modulation of Relative Fundamental Frequency During Transient Emotional States.

Summary Relative fundamental frequency, a measure of the muscular and aerodynamic influences of voicing offset and onset of vowel-voiceless consonant-vowel production, has been known to reflect conditions of vocal hyperfunction and serves as a measure that might be influenced by transient emotional states. Twenty-six vocally healthy females underwent aversive, neutral, and positive emotional induction while saying /afa/. Results show that individuals had a steeper fundamental frequency decline on the 10 cycles of offset of vocalization during positive and neutral conditions than aversive conditions. Individuals had an overall elevated fundamental frequency curve during the 10 cycles of vocalization onset in positive conditions. Findings suggest that the vocal offset reflected reduced muscular engagement in positive and neutral conditions compared with aversive conditions, suggesting that aversive emotional influence on voicing has a muscular component.
Behavioral changes following HIV seroconversion during the historical expansion of HIV treatment in the United States.

Objectives To identify the ways in which HIV seroconversion impacts subsequent health behaviors in the context of evolving HIV treatment technologies. Design Prospective cohort study. Methods We assessed changes in health and HIV risk behaviors following HIV seroconversion both before and after HIV treatment access (i.e. HAART) in the United States by drawing from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, which collected data from men who have sex with men (MSM) (n = 4616) in four US cities from 1984 to 2008. Longitudinal regression analyses with individual fixed effects accounted for time-invariant, unobservable determinants of risk behaviors. Further analyses assessed the sensitivity of our results to controlling for indicators of physical and mental health (e.g. CD4 cell count, depression) and differential attrition by higher risk individuals. Results Among those who seroconverted during observation (n = 558), HIV seroconversion was associated with reduced odds of subsequent engagement in sex with at least two partners [adjusted odds ratio [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.371; confidence interval (CI): 0.263-0.523], insertive anal sex with at least two partners (aOR: 0.360; CI: 0.219-0.591), and heavy drinking (aOR: 0.704; CI: 0.508-0.977). Seroconversion after HAART availability and treatment initiation was associated with further reduced odds of engaging in these behaviors. CD4 cell count, depression, and attrition did not change these results. Conclusion Specific health and HIV risk behaviors declined following seroconversion, especially with treatment availability and utilization. These positive behavior changes following HIV seroconversion provide evidence for continued investment in the HIV care continuum, including support for HIV testing and engagement in clinical care and treatment.
Development and validation of a five-item Male Role Norms Inventory using bifactor modeling.

Measures of traditional masculinity ideology (TMI) provide important information related to men’s well-being. However, most TMI measures are too long to be included in large public health, psychological, or medical survey batteries. Drawing on previous bifactor analyses of the Male Role Norms Invent
Heterogeneity in first-generation college students influencing academic success and adjustment to higher education

This study questions the notion that first-generation college students (FGCSs) are homogenous. We state that older siblings who have attended college contribute in a significant way to FGCSs’ educa...
Oceanic salt spray and herbivore pressure contribute to local adaptation of coastal perennial and inland annual ecotypes of the Seep Monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)

Identifying the environmental factors responsible for natural selection across different habitats is crucial for understanding the process of local adaptation. Despite its importance, only a few studies have successfully isolated the environmental factors driving local adaptation in nature. In this study, we evaluated the agents of selection responsible local adaptation of the monkeyflower Mimulus guttatus to coastal and inland habitats in California. We implemented a manipulative field reciprocal transplant experiment at coastal and inland sites, where we excluded aboveground stressors in an effort to elucidate their role in the evolution of local adaptation. We found that excluding these stressors, most likely a combination of salt spray and herbivory, completely rescued inland plant fitness when transplanted to coastal habitat. In contrast, the exclosures in inland habitat provided limited fitness benefit for either coastal or inland plants. We have previously established that low soil water availability belowground is the most important agent of selection in inland habitat. Therefore, our study demonstrates that a distinct set of selective agents are responsible for local adaptation at opposite ends of an environmental gradient.
What Does State Law Say About Drug Patent Settlements? The California Supreme Court's Cipro Case

In Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a brand-name drug company’s payment to a generic firm to settle patent litigation and delay entering the market could violate the antitrust laws. After the decision, the federal courts and litigants have wrestled with numerous issues. But one issue that has not received sufficient attention is the role that Actavis will play in state courts’ consideration of the issue.The California Supreme Court is poised to issue a ruling in In re Cipro Cases I & II (Cipro). In a decision that preceded Actavis, the California Court of Appeal had applied a deferential analysis that relied on the “scope of the patent” in upholding a settlement by which the brand paid the generic $398 million to delay its entry until six months before the end of the patent term. The California Supreme Court is considering how such “reverse-payment” settlements should be analyzed.The California Supreme Court’s decision in Cipro will be critical. The decision, obviously, will provide a historic ruling on state law. The Court’s application of a level of scrutiny (either per se illegality or (more likely) a structured Rule of Reason) above Actavis would offer a strong foundation on which future courts could build in developing a justifiable framework for these agreements.But even beyond the effect on state law, the Cipro decision promises to have spillover effects on federal law. District courts confronted with Actavis’s instruction to flesh out the framework have not been clear as to how precisely they should decide questions such as the role of the patent merits, what constitutes payment, how to structure their analysis, and whether there are thresholds plaintiffs must clear even before reaching the Rule of Reason. The Cipro decision can shed light on these determinations.On behalf of 49 professors, I submitted a brief in the case supporting the plaintiff petitioners. This article summarizes the arguments in the brief. It first shows how six pillars of support underlying the California Court of Appeal’s decision were undercut by Actavis. Second, it shows how, after Actavis, California antitrust law must apply a more robust analysis than that articulated in the pre-Actavis California Court of Appeal decision. Third, it shows how federal law does not preempt a state cause of action challenging reverse-payment settlements.
Benchmarking and Decision Making in the IVF Laboratory

Measuring the performance of the IVF laboratory is important for the purpose of monitoring current activities and also for further development. Although the most common indicator of performance is the clinics’ pregnancy rate, the IVF laboratory needs to monitor a larger number of parameters to acquire sufficient information of the daily processes. The chapter details the most common key performance indicators and suggests benchmark levels as well as gives advice on how to evaluate them. Aspects of improving decision making are discussed.
The occurrence of methane in recent deltaic sediments and its effect on soil stability

River-mouth depositional pattern are modified by sediment-deforming processes of sufficient magnitude to severely endanger bottom-supported structures. Several types of deformations are present, including (a) peripheral slumping, (b) differential weighting and diapirism, (c) radial tensional faulting, (d) mass wasting and flowage induced by wave motion and degassing, and (e) deepseated clay flowage. The processes of bacterial methane production and the resulting effects on sediment deformation have been investigated in four cores taken in the Recent deltaic sediments of the Mississippi River. Dissolved methane in the interstitial waters ranged in concentration from 2 × 10−3 to 1.7 ml/l, whereas total CH4 (dissolved plus bubble phase) ranged from 5 × 10−3 to over 300 ml 1. High concentrations of methane corresponded to zones of low shear strength and were observed where dissolved sulfate was depleted. Calculations of maximum in situ methane concentrations, based on chemical reduction of excess total CO2, indicate that methane could be present above saturation levels (bubble phase). Classical anaerobic geochemical gradients were observed in sediment profiles where no movement had previously occurred. The pore water geochemistry of sediment profiles within peripheral mudflows suggest that coexistence of methane and sulfate indicate convective mixing of sediments and bottom seawater. Calculations using the equilibrium slopes of wave-induced mudflows indicate that shear strengths during movement must be less than the values measured before or after the flow. An improved model of mass movement is presented which relates the physical and geochemical properties of unstable sediments.
Extreme morning chronotypes are often familial and not exceedingly rare: the estimated prevalence of advanced sleep phase, familial advanced sleep phase, and advanced sleep-wake phase disorder in a sleep clinic population.

Author(s): Curtis, Brian John; Ashbrook, Liza H; Young, Terry; Finn, Laurel A; Fu, Ying-Hui; Ptacek, Louis J; Jones, Christopher R | Abstract: Study objectivesReport the first prevalence estimates of advanced sleep phase (ASP), familial advanced sleep phase (FASP), and advanced sleep-wake phase disorder (ASWPD). This can guide clinicians on the utility of screening for extreme chronotypes both for clinical decision-making and to flag prospective participants in the study of the genetics and biology of FASP.MethodsData on morning or evening sleep schedule preference (chronotype) were collected from 2422 new patients presenting to a North American sleep center over 9.8 years. FASP was determined using a severity criterion that has previously identified dominant circadian mutations in humans. All patients were personally seen and evaluated by one of the authors (C.R.J.).ResultsOur results demonstrate an ASP prevalence of 0.33%, an FASP prevalence of 0.21%, and an ASWPD prevalence of at least 0.04%. Most cases of young-onset ASP were familial.ConclusionsAmong patients presenting to a sleep clinic, conservatively 1 out of every 300 patients will have ASP, 1 out of every 475 will have FASP, and 1 out of every 2500 will have ASWPD. This supports obtaining a routine circadian history and, for those with extreme chronotypes, obtaining a family history of circadian preference. This can optimize treatment for evening sleepiness and early morning awakening and lead to additional circadian gene discovery. We hope these findings will lead to improved treatment options for a wide range of sleep and medical disorders in the future.
COPD Overdiagnosis, Underdiagnosis, and Treatment.

This article serves as a CME-available enduring material summary of the following COPD9USA presentations: - “Spirometry Isn’t for Screening – So What Is?” Presenter: David H. Au, MD, MS - “Diagnosis of COPD in a Primary Care Midwest Practice” Presenter: Barbara Yawn, MD, MSc - “What Happens in Primary Care Without Screening?” Presenter: Sandra G. Adams, MD, MS - “From Screening to Diagnosis to Management in a Busy Primary Care Practice”Presenter: Min Joo, MD - "Practical Considerations of How Phenotype and Genotype Can Affect Management Decisions” Presenter: Bartolome Celli, MD
A study of damage-free in-situ etching of GaN in metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) by tertiarybutylchloride (TBCl)

Abstract This paper reports a study of the effect of NH3 flow rate and reactor temperature on the tertiarybutylchloride (TBCl) etching of patterned GaN-on-sapphire templates. It is found that a reduced NH3 flow rate and an elevated reactor temperature can eliminate islands or dots on the surface, while at the same time, enhance the etching around dislocations. TBCl etching was also performed on planar bulk GaN templates with much lower dislocation density. We find an atomically flat and layer-by-layer etching behavior within the region free of dislocations. Surface kinetics analysis reveals a short diffusion length of etching products. Room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirm that TBCl etching is capable of removing the damage and impurities induced by plasma etching without introducing additional damage.