cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developmental changes induced by graded prenatal systemic hypoxic-ischemic insults in rats.

Abstract In infants, a common consequence of systemic perinatal insults is disruption of neonatal brain development. Such insults can cause cerebral palsy, cognitive delay, epilepsy and other chronic neurologic deficits in children. The mechanisms underlying disruption of brain development after perinatal insults are poorly defined. To mimic human systemic insults, a transient prenatal hypoxic–ischemic insult model was developed in rodents. Ischemic animals showed reproducible histological lesions including oligodendrocyte loss, gliosis, and axonal disruption. Ischemic animals displayed persistent postnatal loss of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and cortical neurons, decreased cell proliferation, increased cell death, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and impaired motor skills as young adults. Progressive ischemic intervals produced a graded pattern of injury. This systemic rodent prenatal hypoxic–ischemic insult accurately models human perinatal brain injury in several important criteria, including functional association of altered brain development with motor delay, and consequently provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of human perinatal brain insults.
NMR spin trapping: detection of free radical reactions using a phosphorus-containing nitrone spin trap.

This study employs (31)P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to probe for changes in molecular structure arising from reactions between free radicals and a phosphorus-containing nitrone spin trap, 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO). A number of biologically relevant free radical reactions were detected: a) reactions of DEPMPO with ( small middle dot)OH resulted in a new (31)P-NMR resonance at 27.05 ppm (shifted from the parent compound at 23.67 ppm); evidence suggests that this species is a diamagnetic hydroxy-pyrrolidone reduction product; b) (31)P-NMR spectra of DEPMPO/( small middle dot)CH(3) reactions resulted in peaks at 24.54, 30.83, and 32.31 ppm, while DEPMPO/( small middle dot)CH(2)OH produced peaks at 24.05, 30.80 and 32.52 ppm; in the presence of excess ascorbate, only resonances between 30 and 32 ppm were evident, which we have tentatively assigned to the hydroxylamine isomers of their respective adducts; and c) reaction of DEPMPO with O(2)( small middle dot-), produced by xanthine/xanthine oxidase or stimulated neutrophils, resulted in a single line, indistinguishable from DEPMPO/( small middle dot)OH reaction products. We conclude that NMR spin trapping is a useful approach for detecting free radical reaction pathways. It may have future applications for human free radical biology and imaging. Magn Reson Med 42:228-234, 1999.
Analysis of carrier mobility and concentration in Si-doped GaN grown by reactive molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract Quantitative information on acceptor concentration, donor concentration and donor activation energy has been obtained for Si-doped GaN epitaxial layers grown by reactive MBE through simultaneous fitting of the temperature dependent Hall mobility ( μ ) and carrier concentration ( n ) data. The analysis indicates that the electron mobility at high temperatures is significantly influenced by crystal defects. But the dominant scattering at low temperatures is by ionized impurities. Fitting the mobility data over a wide temperature range yields a good estimate of the acceptor concentration ( N A ) in the sample which is then used as a known parameter in the fit to the n vs T data in order to determine the other important parameters, namely the donor activation energy ( E D ) and donor concentration ( N D ). Correct estimation of N A is very important because the fitted value of E D is very sensitive to the value of N A . For a good fit, two donor levels had to be used in all the Si-doped GaN layers except in a sample grown at relatively lower temperature. The thermal activation energies of the shallower donor levels determined in different samples range from 4.5 to 8.9 meV, and are consistent with screened hydrogenic donors in GaN. The deeper levels are from 77 to 122 meV in different samples and not hydrogenic.
Immunoprofiling toll-like receptor ligands: Comparison of immunostimulatory and proinflammatory profiles in ex vivo human blood models

There is a pressing need for the development of novel, safe, and effective adjuvants. The recent discovery and characterization of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-recognizing elements such as the Toll-like, NOD-like, and RIG-like receptors, has brought into sharp focus the role of PAMPs in bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses, and a detailed understanding of the immunostimulatory vis-a-vis proinflammatory activities could lead to the development of effective adjuvants, monophosphoryl lipid A being an excellent example. We describe in this paper a series of hierarchical assays that were employed to characterize TLR agonists in vitro including primary TLR-reporter assays, secondary indices of immune activation, and tertiary screens characterizing transcriptomal activation patterns to identify optimal immunostimulatory chemotypes. The evaluation of representative members of known human TLR agonists demonstrate that TLR2, -4, -5, and -7 agonists were immunostimulatory. TLR7 agonists ...
Quantum devices: Nanowires charge towards integration.

Researchers have shown that it is possible to control the coupling between two quantum dots in a semiconducting nanowire, and also to count the charges on these dots with a third quantum dot in a different nanowire.
Feedback-based mitigation of torque harmonics in interior permanent magnet synchronous machines

Harmonics in the electromagnetic torque can be a source of concern in interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) drives. The harmonics are created by nonidealities in the electromagnetic fields produced by the magnets and the stator excitation. They lead to vibration that can cause premature wear of the drivetrain components as well as acoustic noise that may be bothersome to users. In this research, a feedback-based currentcontrol scheme has been developed to mitigate the torque harmonics.
High-order noise analysis for low dose iterative image reconstruction methods: ASIR, IRIS, and MBAI

Iterative reconstruction techniques (IRTs) has been shown to suppress noise significantly in low dose CT imaging. However, medical doctors hesitate to accept this new technology because visual impression of IRT images are different from full-dose filtered back-projection (FBP) images. Most common noise measurements such as the mean and standard deviation of homogeneous region in the image that do not provide sufficient characterization of noise statistics when probability density function becomes non-Gaussian. In this study, we measure L-moments of intensity values of images acquired at 10% of normal dose and reconstructed by IRT methods of two state-of-art clinical scanners (i.e., GE HDCT and Siemens DSCT flash) by keeping dosage level identical to each other. The high- and low-dose scans (i.e., 10% of high dose) were acquired from each scanner and L-moments of noise patches were calculated for the comparison.
Warthin tumor presenting as a fungal abscess in an immunocompetent host: case report and review of the literature.

Background Fungal abscesses of the parotid gland are rare, and cases arising within parotid neoplasms have not been described previously. This report conveys our experience managing such an entity, which is further distinguished by its occurrence in an immunocompetent host. Methods and Results A 59-year-old man experienced multiple recurrences of a parotid fungal abscess requiring repeated drainage procedures. Definitive excision ultimately demonstrated Candida glabrata infecting a Warthin tumor. Conclusions This case is the first report of a parotid neoplasm presenting as a fungal abscess. It contributes to the scant literature on fungal abscesses of the parotid, which previously has only been described in debilitated hosts and without an associated neoplasm. The case also expands the spectrum of disease associated with C. glabrata. Warthin tumor may be an occult etiology for a parotid fungal abscess, and definitive diagnosis and therapy may require parotidectomy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
The impact of information technology on design methods, products and practices

Abstract The paper examines the impact of the IT revolution on the design professions, especially that of architecture. It looks at the impacts of past technological revolutions on established methods, products, and practices, and examines the potential impacts of ubiquitous computing, telecommunication, mass-customization and embedded computing on methods of design and construction, and on the products of architecture. This examination leads to conclusions about the implications of these technologies on the nature of architectural practice in the future.
Some recent results in hamiltonian graphs

A variety of recent developments in hamiltonian theory are reviewed. In particular, several sufficient conditions for a graph to be hamiltonian, certain hamiltonian properties of line graphs, and various hamiltonian properties of powers of graphs are discussed. Furthermore, the concept of an n-distant hamiltonian graph is introduced and several theorems involving this special class of hamiltonian graphs are presented.
Economic implications of end-of-life care in the ICU.

Purpose of review Advance care planning and palliative care interventions can improve the quality of end-of-life care by reducing unwanted high intensity care at the end of life. This may have important economic implications and may reduce the financial burden of patients' families. We review the literature to examine the impact advance care planning and palliative care has on ICU utilization, specifically ICU admissions and ICU length of stay (LOS), and to provide insight into ways to reduce costs and financial burden of care while simultaneously improving quality of care. Recent findings We identified three studies assessing the impact of palliative care consultation on ICU admissions for patients with life-limiting illness; all three demonstrate reduced ICU admissions for patients receiving palliative care consultation. Among 16 studies evaluating ICU LOS as an outcome, five report no change and 11 report decrease in LOS for patients receiving advance care planning or palliative care. These studies are heterogeneous in design and target population; however, a trend toward reduced ICU utilization exists. Summary Advance care planning and palliative care can reduce ICU utilization at the end of life. The degree to which reducing ICU utilization decreases emotional and financial burden of end-of-life care for patients and families is unknown.
In Vivo Epithelial Wound Repair Requires Mobilization of Endogenous Intracellular and Extracellular Calcium

We report that a localized intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ mobilization occurs at the site of microscopic epithelial damage in vivo and is required to mediate tissue repair. Intravital confocal/two-photon microscopy continuously imaged the surgically exposed stomach mucosa of anesthetized mice while photodamage of gastric epithelial surface cells created a microscopic lesion that healed within 15 min. Transgenic mice with an intracellular Ca2+-sensitive protein (yellow cameleon 3.0) report that intracellular Ca2+ selectively increases in restituting gastric epithelial cells adjacent to the damaged cells. Pretreatment with U-73122, indomethacin, 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane, or verapamil inhibits repair of the damage and also inhibits the intracellular Ca2+ increase. Confocal imaging of Fura-Red dye in luminal superfusate shows a localized extracellular Ca2+ increase at the gastric surface adjacent to the damage that temporally follows intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Indomethacin and verapamil also inhibit the luminal Ca2+ increase. Intracellular Ca2+ chelation (1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid/acetoxymethyl ester, BAPTA/AM) fully inhibits intracellular and luminal Ca2+ increases, whereas luminal calcium chelation (N-(2-hydroxyetheyl)-ethylendiamin-N,N,N′-triacetic acid trisodium, HEDTA) blocks the increase of luminal Ca2+ and unevenly inhibits late-phase intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Both modes of Ca2+ chelation slow gastric repair. In plasma membrane Ca-ATPase 1+/− mice, but not plasma membrane Ca-ATPase 4−/− mice, there is slowed epithelial repair and a diminished gastric surface Ca2+ increase. We conclude that endogenous Ca2+, mobilized by signaling pathways and transmembrane Ca2+ transport, causes increased Ca2+ levels at the epithelial damage site that are essential to gastric epithelial cell restitution in vivo.
Track-finding in emulsion plates with the aid of high resolution spark chambers

Abstract We have demonstrated that minimum ionizing tracks at near-normal incidence to an emulsion plate can be found rapidly and with near - 100% efficiency with the aid of high resolution optical spark chambers. The mean distance between predicted and found track locations was 150 μm. The mean difference between angles predicted by the spark chambers and measured in the double-sided emulsion plate was 1.4 mrad. We discuss the implications of these results for use in emulsion-magnetic spectrographs with maximum detectable momenta greater than 10 4 GeV/ c .
A cell multipole based domain decomposition algorithm for molecular dynamics simulation of systems of arbitrary shape

A domain decomposition algorithm for molecular dynamics simulation of atomic and molecular systems with arbitrary shape and non-periodic boundary conditions is described. The molecular dynamics program uses cell multipole method for efficient calculation of long range electrostatic interactions and a multiple time step method to facilitate bigger time steps. The system is enclosed in a cube and the cube is divided into a hierarchy of cells. The deepest level cells are assigned to processors such that each processor has contiguous cells and static load balancing is achieved by redistributing the cells so that each processor has approximately same number of atoms. The resulting domains have irregular shape and may have more than 26 neighbors. Atoms constituting bond angles and torsion angles may straddle more than two processors. An efficient strategy is devised for initial assignment and subsequent reassignment of such multiple-atom potentials to processors. At each step, computation is overlapped with communication greatly reducing the effect of communication overhead on parallel performance. The algorithm is tested on a spherical cluster of water molecules, a hexasaccharide and an enzyme both solvated by a spherical cluster of water molecules. In each case a spherical boundary containing oxygen atoms with only repulsive interactions is used to prevent evaporation of water molecules. The algorithm shows excellent parallel efficiency even for small number of cells/atoms per processor.
Hepatitis C Virus and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Gastroenterologists frequently treat patients with complex illnesses such as chronic hepatitis C infections and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Occasionally, a patient will present with these two diseases which behave very differently and the treatment for one may potentially exacerbate the other. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature regarding hepatitis C virus therapy in the setting of IBD as well as the effects of common IBD therapies on the hepatitis C virus. Based on limited data, anti-viral therapy is probably safe in patients with well-controlled IBD, but there might be a risk of causing new onset of IBD. Also, it does not appear that the commonly used medications for IBD have much of an effect on the hepatitis C virus (HCV) or its course.
Mediastinal histoplasmosis presenting with esophageal involvement and dysphagia: Case study

Esophageal involvement with histoplasmosis is uncommon, but has been recognized in two clinical settings. Most commonly, the esophagus becomes involved as a result of contiguous mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Such patients usually present with dysphagia secondary to midesophageal compression or stricture. The esophagus can also be involved in cases of disseminated histoplasmosis. Esophageal ulcers or nodular lesions are the usual clinical manifestations in this setting. We report a case of mediastinal histoplasmosis with esophageal narrowing and mucosal ulceration that presented with dysphagia. The diagnosis was established at thoracotomy by the histologic finding of necrotizing granulomas and a positive fungal stain. The case was successfully treated with amphotericin B. The literature on esophageal and gastrointestinal histoplasmosis is reviewed.
The Phenomenology of Cognition Or What Is It Like to Think That P

A number of philosophers endorse, without argument, the view that there’s something it’s like consciously to think that p, which is distinct from what it’s like consciously to think that q. This thesis, if true, would have important consequences for philosophy of mind and cognitive science. In this paper I offer two arguments for it. The first argument claims it would be impossible introspectively to distinguish conscious thoughts with respect to their content if there weren’t something it’s like to think them. This argument is defended against several objections. The second argument uses what I call “minimal pair” experiences—sentences read without and with understanding—to induce in the reader an experience of the kind I claim exists. Further objects are considered and rebutted.
As-cast Zr–Ni–Cu–Al–Nb bulk metallic glasses containing nanocrystalline particles with ductility

Abstract Bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) exhibit inhomogeneous deformation under loading at room temperature due to the formation of highly localized shear bands, which leads to a catastrophic failure. We present recent advances in the processing technique, and in the further understanding of the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical behavior of Zr-based BMG composites (BMGCs). By adding Nb to Zr–Ni–Cu–Al, nanocrystalline-particle-containing BMGCs were synthesized in an as-cast condition without subsequent heat treatments. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy results show that the addition of 2 atomic percent (at.%) Nb introduces nanocrystals with an average size in the range of 1–3 nm. Differential-scanning calorimetry and differential-thermal analyses indicate that the glass-forming ability increased after adding Nb. The compressive plasticity of the Nb-containing BMGC at room temperature is significantly improved (about 3%), when compared to the monolithic BMGs (about 0.1–0.3%) with an increase in the compressive strength from 1820 to 1860 MPa.
Twenty-five-year experience with prune belly syndrome.

Abstract Thirty cases of the prune belly syndrome with no stillborn deaths seen over a twenty-five-year period at a university hospital are reviewed and the management, findings, and prognosis discussed.
The B-cell antigen CD22 mediates monocyte and erythrocyte adhesion.

INTERACTION with antigen-presenting accessory cells is thought to be an important step in B-cell activation1–5, and the B-cell receptor CD22, which is coordinately expressed with surface immunoglobulin, has been proposed to participate in the antigen response6. Here we show that CD22 has a structure closely related to myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG, a neuronal adhesion protein), and mediates monocyte and erythrocyte adhesion. Like CD2, the T-cell erythrocyte receptor, CD22 may facilitate antigen recognition by promoting antigen-nonspecific contacts with accessory cells.
Public bike sharing in New York City: helmet use behavior patterns at 25 Citi Bike™ stations.

Urban public bicycle sharing programs are on the rise in the United States. Launched in 2013, NYC’s public bicycle share program, Citi Bike™ is the fastest growing program of its kind in the nation, with nearly 100,000 members and more than 330 docking stations across Manhattan and Brooklyn. The purpose of this study was to assess helmet use behavior among Citi Bike™ riders at 25 of the busiest docking stations. The 25 Citi Bike™ Stations varied greatly in terms of usage: total number of cyclists (N = 96–342), commute versus recreation (22.9–79.5 % commute time riders), weekday versus weekend (6.0–49.0 % weekend riders). Helmet use ranged between 2.9 and 29.2 % across sites (median = 7.5 %). A total of 4,919 cyclists were observed, of whom 545 (11.1 %) were wearing helmets. Incoming cyclists were more likely to wear helmets than outgoing cyclists (11.0 vs 5.9 %, p = .000). NYC’s bike share program endorses helmet use, but relies on education to encourage it. Our data confirm that, to date, this strategy has not been successful.
Fire in the hole : A review of national spent nuclear fuel disposal policy

Abstract Today, nuclear power plants operate in 31 countries and account for approximately 15% of the world's electricity production. Moreover, a number of additional reactors are expected to come on-line over the next several years as a result of a global resurgence in nuclear power. Since the amount of spent nuclear fuel generated by these plants is expected almost to double by 2020, the issue of how to dispose of highly radioactive waste properly is an international concern of growing importance. As of now, no country has yet solved the problem of what to do with the mounting inventories of spent nuclear fuel created as a by-product of nuclear power generation. This article focuses on national approaches for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel, and discusses the need for a global approach to cope adequately with the increasing inventories of highly radioactive waste.
Analytical screening criterion for sequencing of distillation columns

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of a quantitative criterion based on the total interstage flowrate in a distillation column. This criterion reflects the total optimum cost of a column and can be used for screening simple column sequences. It has been shown that the interstage flowrate measure is compatible with known heuristics and the results have been compared with those obtained from other methods in the literature.
Breaking and Fixing Origin-Based Access Control in Hybrid Web/Mobile Application Frameworks.

Hybrid mobile applications (apps) combine the features of Web applications and “native” mobile apps. Like Web applications, they are implemented in portable, platform-independent languages such as HTML and JavaScript. Like native apps, they have direct access to local device resources—file system, location, camera, contacts, etc. Hybrid apps are typically developed using hybrid application frameworks such as PhoneGap. The purpose of the framework is twofold. First, it provides an embedded Web browser (for example, WebView on Android) that executes the app's Web code. Second, it supplies “bridges” that allow Web code to escape the browser and access local resources on the device. We analyze the software stack created by hybrid frameworks and demonstrate that it does not properly compose the access-control policies governing Web code and local code, respectively. Web code is governed by the same origin policy, whereas local code is governed by the access-control policy of the operating system (for example, user-granted permissions in Android). The bridges added by the framework to the browser have the same local access rights as the entire application, but are not correctly protected by the same origin policy. This opens the door to fracking attacks, which allow foreign-origin Web content included into a hybrid app (e.g., ads confined in iframes) to drill through the layers and directly access device resources. Fracking vulnerabilities are generic: they affect all hybrid frameworks, all embedded Web browsers, all bridge mechanisms, and all platforms on which these frameworks are deployed. We study the prevalence of fracking vulnerabilities in free Android apps based on the PhoneGap framework. Each vulnerability exposes sensitive local resources—the ability to read and write contacts list, local files, etc.—to dozens of potentially malicious Web domains. We also analyze the defenses deployed by hybrid frameworks to prevent resource access by foreign-origin Web content and explain why they are ineffectual. We then present NoFrak, a capability-based defense against fracking attacks. NoFrak is platform-independent, compatible with any framework and embedded browser, requires no changes to the code of the existing hybrid apps, and does not break their advertising-supported business model.
Web-based parenting skills to reduce behavior problems following abusive head trauma: A pilot study

Pediatric abusive head trauma causes significant cognitive and behavioral morbidity, yet very few post-acute interventions exist to facilitate long-term recovery. To meet the needs of this vulnerable population, we piloted a web-based intervention with live coaching designed to improve positive parenting and child behavior. The efficacy of this parenting skills intervention was compared with access to Internet resources on brain injury. Participants included seven families (four randomized to the parenting intervention and three randomized to receive Internet resources). Parenting skills were observed and child behavior was rated at baseline and intervention completion. At completion, parents who received the parenting skills intervention showed significantly more positive parenting behaviors and fewer undesirable behaviors during play than parents who received access to Internet resources. Additionally, during play, children in the parenting skills intervention group were more compliant following parent commands than children in the Internet resources group. Lastly, parents who received the parenting intervention reported less intense oppositional and conduct behavior problems in their children post-intervention than did parents in the Internet resources group. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the use of this web-based positive parenting skills intervention to improve parenting skills and child behavior following abusive head trauma.
Constrictive pericarditis after myocardial infarction. Sequela of anticoagulant-induced hemopericardium

Hemopericardium developed following adequate (and not excessive) anticoagulation in a patient with acute transmural anterior myocardial infarction and an early pericardial friction rub. Drainage of a bloody effusion by pericardiocentesis did not prevent progression to constrictive pericarditis within one year. The clinical features of this case and of the only two other similar occurrences reported in the medical literature are described and lead to a discussion of therapeutic and preventive measures.
Platinum(II) Terpyridyl Acetylide Complexes on Platinized TiO2: Toward the Photogeneration of H2 in Aqueous Media

New platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes having the ability to bind to TiO(2) have been synthesized and assayed in their ability to sensitize platinized titanium dioxide for the photogeneration of H(2) using visible light (lambda > 410 nm). Specifically, the complexes [Pt(tpy-phen-COOH)(C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(5))]Cl (1), where tpy-phen-COOH = 4'-(4-carboxyphenyl)-[2,2';6',2'']terpyridine and C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(5) = phenylacetylide, and [Pt(tpy-COOH)(C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(5))]Cl (2), where tpy-COOH = 4'-carboxy-2,2';6',2''-terpyridine, were prepared to investigate the effectiveness of attachment and proximity to the TiO(2) surface on hydrogen yield. Both complexes 1 and 2 sensitize the photogeneration of hydrogen, but produce fewer turnovers than the unbound chromophore, [Pt(ttpy)(C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(5))]PF(6) (5). On the basis of these observations and electrochemical data, a major limitation to the effectiveness of these chromophores is their instability upon oxidation. To attempt to remedy this problem, two donor-chromophore (D-C) dyads, [Pt(tpy-phen-COOH)(C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(4)CH(2)-PTZ)]PF(6) (3), where C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(4)CH(2)-PTZ = N-(4-ethynylbenzyl)-phenothiazine and [Pt(tpy-COOH)(C[triple bond]C-C(6)H(4)CH(2)-PTZ)]Cl (4) were prepared to function as TiO(2)-attached sensitizers. Transient absorption measurements have shown that the PTZ moiety reductively quenches the Pt center in several picoseconds. While the resultant PTZ(+) radical cation is capable of oxidizing rapidly the triethanolamine sacrificial electron donor, dyads 3 and 4 attached to platinized TiO(2) do not function to generate hydrogen upon irradiation, in contrast with results seen for 1 and 2.
Control of state 3 respiration in liver mitochondria from rats subjected to chronic ethanol consumption.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats were pair-fed a liquid diet containing 36% of calories as ethanol for at least 31 days. Mitochondria were isolated from the livers and assayed for state 3, state 4 and uncoupled respiration at all three coupling sites. Assay conditions were established that maximized state 3 respiration with each substrate while maintaining a high respiratory control ratio. In mitochondria from ethanol-fed animals, state 3 respiratory rates were decreased at all three coupling sites. The decreased state 3 rate observed at site III was still significantly higher than the state 3 rates observed at site II in mitochondria from either ethanol-fed or control animals. Moreover, the maximal (FCCP-uncoupled) rates with succinate and α-ketoglutarate were the same in mitochondria from ethanol-fed and control animals, whereas with glutamate-malate as substrate it was lowered 23% by chronic ethanol consumption. To investigate the role of cytochrome oxidase in modulating the respiratory rate with site I and site II substrates, the effects of cyanide on state 3 and FCCP-uncoupled respiration were determined. When the mitochondria were uncoupled there was no decrease in the rate of succinate oxidation until the rates of ascorbate and succinate oxidation became equivalent. Conversely, parallel inhibition of ascorbate, succinate and glutamate-malate state 3 respiratory rates were observed at all concentrations (1–50 μM) of cyanide utilized. These observations suggest strongly that in coupled mitochondria ethanol-elicited decreases in cytochrome oxidase activity depress the state 3 respiratory rates with site I and II substrates.
Astrocytomas in Young Dogs

Primary brain tumors are not commonly reported in young dogs; however, they are the second most common cancer in children. Astrocytomas are the majority of these tumors. This report presents three cases of astrocytomas in young dogs, indicating a possible higher incidence than what is currently held. When suspected, it is recommended that biopsy or surgical excision be performed to further characterize and grade the tumor and, if appropriate, guide treatment.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CRITICAL MEHLICH 3 SOIL ZINC CONCENTRATION FOR RICE IN ARKANSAS

Zinc (Zn) fertilizer recommendations for rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Arkansas have been based on soil pH since the 1970s and have not accounted for the residual carryover of previous Zn fertilizer applications. Continuous application of Zn fertilizer to soil in some fields cropped to rice has resulted in very high Mehlich 3 extractable Zn (M3Zn) concentrations in soil and illustrates the need to develop improved recommendations. The objective of this research was to develop a critical M3Zn soil concentration for making Zn fertilizer recommendations to rice. The relationship between relative yield (RY), soil pH, and soil M3Zn concentration was determined from 36 Zn fertilizer studies conducted on silt loam soils between 1992 and 2000. Multiple regression analysis showed that soil pH, M3Zn concentration, and their interaction best described rice yield response to Zn fertilization. When soil pH was >5.5, a yield response to Zn fertilization was possible, but depended on the soil's M3Zn concentration. The criti...
Visual localization and discrimination in squirrel monkeys with bilateral lesions of the superior colliculus.

This study measured the effects of superior colliculus (SC) lesions on skill at localizing stationary or moving objects, and on ability to discriminate between objects which differed in pattern or brightness in squirrel monkeys. Bilateral electrolytic lesions of the SC were made in 8 monkeys (EXP group); the lesions in 5 (SC group) were restricted essentially to the SC (22-25 % damaged), the other 3 had additional unilateral damage to the midbrain reticular formation (10 to 14% damage to SC). The control group (N = 15) consisted of 9 unoperated, 3 sham-operated, and 3 lesioned-control monkeys.General cage behavior of the EXP group was not significantly changed as a result of the lesions. Eye movements were observed in all monkeys with SC lesions. Pupillary constrictions to light were also present except for a temporary unilateral mydriasis (two cases). On tests which measured reaction time, localization ability, and brightness discrimination, performance between the SC and control groups did not differ si...
Estimation of the equilibrium surface free energy components of restructuring solid surfaces

Abstract Polymeric materials can adopt different surface configurations, depending upon whether they are equilibrated in nonpolar or polar liquids. Correspondingly their wetting properties can be quite different in different environments. Based on this consideration, a contact angle procedure, involving the measurements of four initial wetting angles, is suggested for the estimation of the equilibrium values of the polar and dispersion components of the surface free energies of polymeric surfaces equilibrated in both polar and nonpolar environments. The suggested procedure is illustrated by the surface characterization of six different solids with various degrees of hydrophilicity.
The chromosomal arrangement of two linked actin genes in the sea urchin S. purpuratus

Four distinct actin genes of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus have been isolated from a recombinant Charon 4 phage library of genomic DNA. The four genes differ considerably from each other in many of their restriction sites. Two of the four genes are closely linked; they are present in the same fragment of cloned DNA. This fragment has been extensively mapped, and some parts of the DNA have been sequenced. The two linked genes are oriented in the same direction, separated by 7.5 kb of DNA. One has an intron following the CAG that codes for the glutamine residue at position 121 in the amino acid sequence of actin. This represents the fifth distinct site at which introns have been found in actin genes, suggesting that the primordial actin gene had at least 6 exons and 5 introns. The actin genes from a distinctive family in which most introns have apparently been precisely excised from the genes.
Territorial responses to energy manipulations in the Anna hummingbird.

Territorial activity in the Anna hummingbird (Calypte anna) was measured while energy availability on the territory was varied. On days when energy availability was unlimited, residents defended highly exclusive territories primarily by energetically expensive defense behaviors. As energy availability decreased, exclusiveness declined gradually, relative use of energetically inexpensive defense increased, and owners spent less time on the territory.Territorial behavior also varied with short term depressions in energy availability: A lower percentage of intruders was chased and departures of an owner from its territory were more frequent shortly after feeding.When resource dispersion was increased without changing substantially total rewards per territory, chasing by owners increased.
AMEE Medical Education Guide No. 23 (Part 2): Curriculum, Environment, Climate, Quality and Change in Medical Education--A Unifying Perspective.

This paper looks at five focal terms in education - curriculum, environment, climate, quality and change - and the interrelationships and dynamics bemeen and among them. It emphasizes the power and utility of the concept of climate as an operationalization or manifetation of the curriculum and the other three concepts. Ideas pertaining w the theory of climate and its measurement can provide a greater understanding of the medical cumadurn. The environment is an impoltant detemzinant of behaviour. Environment is perceived by students and it is perceptions of environment that are related w behaviour. The environment, as perceived, may be designated as climate. It is argued that the climate is the soul and spirit of the medical school environment and curriculum. Students' experiences of the climate of their medical education environment are related w their achievements, sangaction and success. Measures of educational climate are reviewed and the possibilities of new climate measures for medical education are discussed. These should take account of current trends in medical education and curricula. Measures of the climate may subdivide it inw dzfferent components giving, for example, separate assessment of so-called Faculty Press, Student Press, Administration Press and Physical or Material Environmental Press. Climate measures can be used in different modes with the same stakeholders. For example, students may be asked to report, first, their perceptions of the actual environment they have experienced and, second, w report on their ideal or preferred environment. The same climate index can be used with different stakeholders giving, for example, staff and student comparisons. The climate is important for staff as well as for students. The organizational climate that teaching staff experience in the work environment that they inhabit is important for their well-being, and that of their students. The medical school is a learning organization evolving and changing in the illuminative evaluation it makes of its environment and its curriculum through the action research studies of its climate. Consderations of climate in the medical school along the lines of continuous quality improvement and innovation are likely to further the medical school as a learning organization with the attendant benefits. Unless medical schools become such learning organizations their quality of health and their longevity may be threatened.
Partly Cloudy With a Chance of Rain Academic Training Programs in Counseling Psychology

The three reactions in the September 2005 issue of The Counseling Psychologist provide a context for extending and deepening our understanding of key issues surrounding counseling psychology training programs. This rejoinder (a) comments on their reflections and suggestions, (b) offers a tabular summary of the suggestions made by the various contributors and discussants, and (c) concludes with the hope that this collection of articles and reactions will contribute to an ongoing process of development that will help ensure counseling psychology’s continued viability.
Nonlinear Control of Remote Unstable States in a Liquid Bridge Convection Experiment.

We demonstrate the stabilization of unstable periodic orbits whose trajectories in phase space are distant from the unperturbed dynamics in a convective flow experiment. A model independent, nonlinear control algorithm uses temperature measurements near the free surface of a convecting liquid bridge to compute control perturbations which are applied by a thermoelectric element. The algorithm employs a time series reconstruction of a nonlinear control surface to alter the system dynamics. [18S0031-9007(96)01511-6]
O 2 -MAVS: An instrument for measuring oxygen flux

With the awareness that the surface ocean is becoming more acidic due to the uptake of anthropogenic C0 2 and that the resulting decrease in carbonate ion concentration is contributing to a decline in the calcification rate of many organisms, there is a pressing need to develop methods that can easily and reliably measure the calcification rates of these organisms under natural conditions so that any changes that may be occurring can be detected. Recent advances in control volume [1] and benthic boundary layer eddy correlation methods [2, 3] promise to make continuous non-invasive measurements of net oxygen community production and respiration a reality. These methods, however, cannot be extended to the measurement of calcification rate because no suitable sensor for the measurement of total alkalinity (TA) exists at the present time. We have a solution that is based on measuring the vertical gradients in current velocity and the chemical constituent of interest in the boundary layer. The vertical gradient in velocity gives us K z and K z times oC/δζ gives us the flux of constituent C into or out of the seafloor. The method can be applied to the measurement of calcification but could also be applied to the measurement of the flux of any chemical or biological constituent that can be determined from a water sample, in this case 0 2 . Water samples could be collected with an automated water sampler preferably slowly over the period of an hour so that high frequency variability that cannot be sampled would be averaged out. Here we present preliminary data using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), Modular Acoustic Velocity Sensor (MAVS) and two Aanderaa oxygen optodes. Three test deployments were made on shallow, warm-water coral reefs in La Parguera, Puerto Rico. Time series of net production obtained using the boundary layer gradient flux method (GF) were compared with measurements based on the Eulerian upstream-downstream flow respirometry method and a 1-D water column mass balance method with air-sea gas exchange. The agreement between methods was very encouraging, thus validating the 0 2 -MAVS as an instrument capable of measuring oxygen flux.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Repair Techniques for Complete Gluteus Medius Tears

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical fixation stability conferred by 2 specific arthroscopic repair techniques for complete gluteus medius tendon tears. Methods Twelve fresh-frozen human cadaveric hemi-pelves were tested. Six received double-row repair with massive cuff stitches (DR-MCS), whereas the remaining 6 underwent double-row repair with knotless lateral anchors (DR-KLA). Constructs were preloaded to 10 N, tested from 10 N to 125 N at 90 N/s for 150 cycles, and then loaded to failure at 1 mm/s. Markers were placed on the tissue for video tracking. Results No significant differences in cyclic outcomes were observed. The DR-KLA construct showed a significantly higher normalized yield load than the DR-MCS construct. Post-yield extension for the DR-MCS construct was significantly higher than that for the DR-KLA construct. At yield load, the optically measured soft-tissue elongation of the DR-KLA construct was significantly higher than that of the DR-MCS construct. Conclusions This study strongly suggests that the biomechanical stability conferred by DR-MCS and DR-KLA constructs for gluteus medius tendon repair is similar. Because the failure load of the DR-KLA construct is strongly correlated to bone mineral density (BMD), clinical considerations of bone quality may be particularly important for gluteus medius repairs. Clinical relevance Maximum load was strongly correlated to BMD in the DR-KLA group. On the basis of this analysis, BMD should be considered during surgical planning.
Physiological and reproductive response to varying quantitative lipid inclusion in diets for Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis Baird and Girard

Successful culture of Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis as a live marine baitfish in the south-eastern United States has experienced low fecundity as a primary restriction. Hence, the ability to optimize reproduction in captive populations may increase the potential for viable large-scale production. Broodfish nutrition is an expanding field of aquaculture, and improved nutritional status has been shown to increase reproductive output in some cultured fish. This study examined changes in quantitative inclusion of lipid as fish oil in complete diets fed to actively spawning Gulf killifish and its effects on physiological and reproductive parameters and subsequent larval morphometrics. An increase in dietary lipid levels across a gradient from 4.0 to 13.8% did not affect periodic fecundity, egg size, embryo viability rate, sperm motility, hepatosomatic index or liver total lipid content. Intraperitoneal fat increased significantly in fish fed higher lipid levels, while gonadosomatic index was significantly higher in the lowest lipid content group. Larvae produced by fish fed higher lipid levels had significantly increased endogenous nutritional resources at hatch while standard length was unaffected. No strong reproductive benefits of increased lipid inclusion were found in Gulf killifish.
Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Simulations Using Graphics Processors

This paper presents a graphics processor based implementation of the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD), which uses a central finite differencing scheme for solving Maxwell's equations for electromagnetics. FDTD simulations can be very computationally expensive and require thousands of CPU hours to solve on traditional general purpose processors. Modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) found in desktop computers are programmable and are capable of much higher vector floating-point performance than general purpose CPUs. This paper shows how GPUs can be used to greatly speedup FDTD simulations. The main objective is to leverage GPU processing power for FDTD update calculations and complete computationally expensive simulations in reasonable time. This allows researchers to simulate much longer pulse lengths and larger models than was possible in the past. A new FDTD code was developed to leverage graphics processors using Linux, C, OpenGL, Cg, and commodity GeForce 7 series GPUs. The graphics hardware was accessed through standard OpenGL. The FDTD model space was then transferred to the GPU device memory through OpenGL textures and host readable via frame buffer objects exposed by the OpenGL 2.0 application programming interface (API). GPU fragment processors were utilized for the FDTD update computations via Cg fragment programs. For models that were sufficiently large, greater than (140)3 cells, the GPU performed FDTD update calculations at least 12 times faster than the execution of the same simulation on a contemporary multicore CPU from Intel or AMD. The use of GPUs shows great promise for high performance computing applications like FDTD that have high arithmetic intensity and limited or no data dependencies in computation streams. Until recently, to use GPUs as a co-processor, the normalCPU-based code needed to be rewritten extensively using special graphics programming language Cg and OpenGL APIs, which is difficult for non-graphics programmers. However, newer GPUs, such as NVIDIA's G80, provide unified shaders models for programming GPU processing elements and APIs that allow compiler tools to allow direct programming of graphics hardware without extra intermediate graphics programming with OpenGL and Cg. Currently, a message passing interface-based parallel GPU FDTD code is being developed and benchmarked on a cluster of G80 GPUs.