cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tire choices in Roman chariot racing

Formal chariot racing was a sophisticated and popular sport for over 1800 years, from Etruria in the 6th c. B.C. down to the fall of Constantinople, and the races held in a large number of circuses and hippodromes imply that huge numbers of racing chariots were made over the course of those centuries. It may therefore be thought surprising that no racing machine has been found, but the dearth of such hardware is plausible given the perishable wood and leather components of the lightweight vehicles and the desirability of recycling the metal parts. In this situation a particular artifact must be accorded special significance. It is a hand-sized bronze model of a Roman racing biga, known as the Tiber model because found in the river. Dated to the 1st-2nd c. A.D., it is now on display in the British Museum (GR 1894.10-30.1, Bronze 2694). With this model as our guide, all the major dimensions of Roman racing chariots have been reasonably well determined; further, several technical aspects (some obvious, others quite subtle) of actual racing chariots can be established from it. Among the subtle details of the model, one feature is especially intriguing in view of the remarkably realistic work of its maker, who was clearly knowledgeable in matters large and small of vehicular racing. As first mentioned to me by J. Swaddling of the British Museum during our latest study of the model (November 2014), an unusual tire configuration is apparently represented on this all-bronze model: the right wheel has a slightly raised rim, as if to indicate a thin iron tire, but the left wheel lacks this feature (fig. 1). This asymmetrical arrangement is not only curious, it also implies extra work and expense. What, then, could be the reason for it? One possibility for having apparently only one tire on the Tiber model — which was probably a toy for a rich individual; the emperor Nero, an avid racer, was said to play with toy chariots — is that two different castings were used in the toy's production, and either one could have been used in the assembly, in random selection from a box.
Creating community from the inside out: A concentric perspective on collective artmaking

ABSTRACTAs the original antidote to social alienation (and its tragic repercussions), community art through its large-scale, public, and collaborative nature has the potential to rebuild a sense of community from the inside out. This concentric notion of community art is addressed at both the individual and classroom level, exploring the origins of community in the social and emotional roots of cognition as well as the potential for initiating a sense of community within the classrooms before extending into schools, districts, and counties. Using an interdisciplinary lens, the author establishes this concentric perspective on community and its contemporary relevance through support from neuroscience, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and educational research, concluding with guidelines for practical application.
Design and Control of the Butyl Acetate Process

Butyl acetate can be produced by the reaction of methyl acetate with butanol in a reversible, liquid-phase, mildly exothermic reaction. Methanol is the second product. The chemical equilibrium constant is less than unity, so the reactor effluent contains significant amounts of the reactants, which must be recovered for recycle back to the reactor. The volatilities are such that there are three distillation columns and two recycles. The nonideal vapor−liquid equilibrium results in two azeotropes that must be considered. The first column C1 takes the two light components overhead (methyl acetate and methanol) and the two heavy components out of the bottom (butanol and butyl acetate). The C1 distillate is fed to a second column, which produces product methanol out of the bottom and a recycle stream of the methyl acetate/methanol azeotrope in the distillate. The C1 bottoms is fed to a third column, which produces product butyl acetate out of the bottom and a recycle stream of butanol in the distillate. Becaus...
Databases and bioinformatics tools for rice research

Rice is one of the most important agricultural crop in the world and widely studied model plant. The completion of whole genome sequence of rice (Oryza sativa) and high-throughput experimental platforms have led to the generation of the tremendous amount of data, and development of the specialized databases and bioinformatics tools for data processing, efficient organization, analysis, and visualization. In this article, we discuss a collection of biological databases that host genomics data on sequence, gene expression, genetic variation, gene-interactomes, and pathways, and facilitate data analysis and visualization.
Stresses Due to Thermal Gradients in Reactor Shieldings

Stresses due to sudden rise in surface temperature on inner side of fixed ended arch with rectangular cross section are evaluated; results are extended to case of surface temperature which first increases linearly and then remains constant, by means of Duhamel integral; formula for final state of stress in arch due to thermal shock; calculation of end moments and shears.
What Can and Should Be the Role of Intervention Studies in GEX Research

This volume offers the presentations and related commentary from a multidisciplinary conference entitled: “Gene-Environment Transactions in Developmental Psychopathology: Role in Intervention Research.” The meeting was held in Chicago on September 10 and 11, 2014 under the auspices of the Brain Research Foundation. This working conference was the second in the series of efforts designed to examine substantive scientific and methodological issues related to gene-environment transaction with the context of developmental psychopathology. The participants were asked to join in this effort to identify novel opportunities for scientific and clinical advances by exploring translational science and its ability to broaden our knowledge base, pursue novel methods, and set an agenda for the next phase in the study of developmental psychopathology.
The Relative Effects of Three Response-Elimination Procedures in Severely/Profoundly and Trainable Retarded Individuals

The present experiment was designed to compare the response-eliminating efficiency of omission training, extinction training, and graduated omission training following VR reinforcement training in severely/profoundly retarded and trainable retarded individuals. In both populations, the results indicate that the graduated omission training procedure reduced responding significantly faster and more thoroughly than did either omission training or extinction training, and that the latter two procedures do not differ in effectiveness from one another.
Scientific Philosophy from Helmholtz to Carnap and Quine

The concept of a “scientific philosophy” (wissenschaftliche Philosophie) first developed in the mid nineteenth century, as a reaction against what was viewed as the excessively speculative and metaphysical character of post-Kantian German idealism. One of the primary intellectual models of this movement was a celebrated address by Hermann von Helmholtz, “Uber das Sehen des Menschen,” delivered at the dedication of a monument to Kant at Konigsberg in 1855. Helmholtz begins by asking, on behalf of the audience, why a natural scientist like himself is speaking in honor of a philosopher. This question only arises, he says, because of the current deplorable climate of enmity and mutual distrust between the two fields – a climate which is due, in Helmholtz’s opinion, to the entirely speculative system of Naturphilosophie that Schelling and Hegel have erected wholly independent of, and even in open hostility towards, the actual positive results of the natural sciences. What Helmholtz is now recommending, however, is a return to the close cooperation between the two fields exemplified in the work of Kant, who himself made significant contributions to natural science (in his nebular hypothesis put forward in 1755), and, in general, “stood in relation to the natural sciences together with the natural scientists on precisely the same fundamental principles.”1 And it was this recommendation that was enthusiastically embraced within the emerging “back to Kant!” movement, where it led to the idea that all metaphysics should be replaced by the new discipline of “epistemology” or “theory of knowledge” (Erkenntnistheorie), so that philosophy itself would now become “scientific.”
Alfonso Pecha's Treatise on the Origins of the Great Schism: What an Insider "Saw and Heard"

The Conscriptio of Alfonso Pecha that treats the origins of the Great Schism of the West has not attracted the attention it deserves. Alfonso Pecha was the confessor and trusted familiar of Cardinal Pedro de Luna at the time of the outbreak of the Schism and was well located to be minutely informed of events surrounding the fateful conclave of April 1378. Hence his detailed narrative, albeit explicitly written to promote the cause of Urban VI, is a very valuable source. Aside from recounting numerous lively conversations and depicting vivid scenes, it contains a report of a hitherto unknown mission in the summer of 1378 to King Charles V of France that probably resulted in emboldening the cardinals to break unanimously with Urban in a new election. Moreover, the Schism narrative constitutes only one of three parts of Alfonso's Conscriptio: the other two seek to prove Urban VI's legitimacy by means of supernatural visions and confirmations from canon law. By the analysis of diverse evidence the conclusion is reached that Alfonso Pecha composed the Conscriptio in Genoa in 1386. The work was published by Franz Bliemetzrieder in 1909 on the basis of a single manuscript located in Basel. The present study with appended edition draws on a second complete manuscript copy located in Prague, particularly important for revealing the identity of the dedicatee, a councilor of Giangaleazzo Visconti. It also draws on a small portion of the text from a manuscript in Uppsala.
Weighting critical infrastructure dependencies to facilitate evacuations

Abstract Significant work has sought to improve our understanding of critical infrastructure dependencies. Efforts have focused on the importance (weight) of the connections between infrastructures, mitigating damage, and prioritizing responses after failures. Less research has been completed to understand how critical infrastructure dependencies impact the ability to complete successful evacuations. Focusing on three critical infrastructures—transportation, communication, and energy—this study proposes and reports results of a methodology to assign weight to the value of connections between infrastructures necessary for evacuations. Establishing values to weight infrastructure linkages will identify the most vital connections relevant to evacuations. This allows planners to prioritize improvements and mitigations, as well as identify locations for deploying emergency services to facilitate a timely evacuation. A fictitious evacuation was simulated using the Real time evacuation Planning Model (RtePM). Model results show the effects of communication outages resulting in changes to evacuation response and the effects of power outages resulting in changes to roadway access that require power. The output of the model allows compilation of rankings between infrastructure connections and a better understanding of the effects critical infrastructures have on an evacuation. This methodology aids decision makers in resiliency and mitigation planning to avoid unanticipated cascading failures across dependent infrastructures that inhibit effective evacuations.
Democratic Digital Inequalities: Threat and Opportunity in Online Citizenship From Motivation and Ability:

Internet access provides a number of ways to read, share, and discuss politics. However, the political benefits from technology are most likely afforded to those with greater Internet skill, politi...
Language policy and economics. The language question in Africa

The Palgrave Studies in Minority Languages and Communities book series explores how language policies promote cultural and linguistic diversity – or homogenization and assimilation – in a globalizi...
Sport-specific biomechanical responses to an ACL injury prevention programme: A randomised controlled trial.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury prevention programmes have not been as successful at reducing injury rates in women’s basketball as in soccer. This randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTria...
Respiratory Therapy Devices

Specialized respiratory therapy devices are crucial to the perioperative care of the thoracic surgery patient. Some, such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) attachments for double-lumen endotracheal tubes, described elsewhere, are used primarily in the operating room (OR). Others, such as the INOmax DS™ nitric oxide delivery system, described below, may be initiated in the OR but continued in the intensive care unit (ICU) for hours to days postoperatively. Many specialized pieces of equipment, such as the “thoracic walker,” are used exclusively in the postoperative period and are critical to the successful postoperative recovery of the thoracic surgery patient.
Twenty-Five Years in Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction (1945–1970)

Born and raised in Vermont, I graduated from Middlebury College in 1937 with an A.B. in biology and an interest in enzymes and hormones. Actually I had gone to college to major in music but had switched majors after a month in Longwell’s course in general biology. The interest in enzymes and hormones had been stimulated by Barney, the other member of Middlebury’s two-man biology department. On graduation I was lucky enough to win Middlebury’s Dutton Traveling Fellowship, which provided for a year’s study abroad, and I registered in physiology and biochemistry at Cambridge University. Two years before the start of World War II, British physiology was very excited about acetylcholine, Cholinesterase, and neurohumoral transmission, and Dale and Loewi had just received the Nobel Prize for their research on humoral mediation of the nerve impulse. In England Dale, Feldberg, Gaddum, and Vogt were advancing neurohumoral concepts, and Adrian in his first year as professor of physiology at Cambridge was transmitting them sympathetically, although he was himself a Nobel Laureate in electrophysiology. Marshall (of Physiology of Reproduction fame) lectured to us about sex behavior in cats, and steroid hormones were stressed in biochemistry. By further good fortune I met two Americans in Cambridge who were influential in my career plans: Donald Barron and Edgar Boell.
Methodological and Practical Comparison of Integrated Probabilistic Risk Assessment (I-PRA) with the Existing Fire PRA of Nuclear Power Plants

AbstractNearly half of the U.S. nuclear power plants (NPPs) are in the process of transitioning, or have already transitioned, to a risk-informed, performance-based fire protection program. For this transition, Fire Probabilistic Risk Assessment (Fire PRA) is used as a foundation for fire risk evaluation. To increase realism in Fire PRA by reducing conservative bias, the authors have developed an Integrated Probabilistic Risk Assessment (I-PRA) methodological framework that does not require major changes to the existing plant Probabilistic Risk Assessments (PRAs). The underlying failure mechanism models associated with fire events are developed in a separate module, which can be interfaced and connected to the existing plant PRA. This paper explains the areas of methodological advancements in I-PRA, comparing them with the existing Fire PRA of NPPs. This comparison is further demonstrated in a realistic case study that applies the I-PRA framework to a critical fire-induced scenario at an NPP. The core dam...
Should Attitudinal Views toward Innovation Development Play a Role in Policy in Peripheral EU Regions?: New Evidence from Vouchers Program in Northern Ireland

The impact and effectiveness of policies to support collaboration for Research & Development (R&D) and Innovation is critical to determining the success of regional economic development. (O’Kane, 2008) The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the level of success of the Innovation Vouchers Program operated by Invest Northern Ireland (Invest NI) from 2009 to 2013 and address if attitudinal views towards innovation development should play in a role in future policy design in peripheral EU regions.
Remote Sensing of Root-Zone Soil Moisture Using I- and P-Band Signals of Opportunity: Instrument Validation Studies

Root zone soil moisture (RZSM) is an essential variable in meteorology, hydrology, and agriculture. A penetration depth sufficient to sense RZSM requires frequencies below about 500 MHz (I- and P-band). Active or passive microwave sensing in these bands presents substantial technical challenges due to antenna size, radio frequency interference (RFI) and competition for spectrum. Bistatic radar using Signal of Opportunity (SoOp) (e.g. digital satellite transmitters) offers an alternative approach, through reutilizing powerful signals already occupying bands allocated for communications. Airborne experiments using 240–270 MHz sources were conducted in October 2016, followed by a campaign using 360–380 MHz from a fixed tower location in an agricultural research site during the 2017 growing season. A new campaign that will also include I-band (137 MHz) is presently being installed in advance of the 2018 season. This paper will summarize activities to support the reduction of data from these campaigns and development of soil moisture profile retrievals.
Modeling Airflow and Particle Deposition in a Human Acinar Region.

The alveolar region, encompassing millions of alveoli, is the most vital part of the lung. However, airflow behavior and particle deposition in that region are not fully understood because of the complex geometrical structure and intricate wall movement. Although recent investigations using 3D computer simulations have provided some valuable information, a realistic analysis of the air-particle dynamics in the acinar region is still lacking. So, to gain better physical insight, a physiologically inspired whole acinar model has been developed. Specifically, air sacs (i.e., alveoli) were attached as partial spheroids to the bifurcating airway ducts, while breathing-related wall deformation was included to simulate actual alveolar expansion and contraction. Current model predictions confirm previous notions that the location of the alveoli greatly influences the alveolar flow pattern, with recirculating flow dominant in the proximal lung region. In the midalveolar lung generations, the intensity of the recirculating flow inside alveoli decreases while radial flow increases. In the distal alveolar region, the flow pattern is completely radial. The micron/submicron particle simulation results, employing the Euler–Lagrange modeling approach, indicate that deposition depends on the inhalation conditions and particle size. Specifically, the particle deposition rate in the alveolar region increases with higher inhalation tidal volume and particle diameter. Compared to previous acinar models, the present system takes into account the entire acinar region, including both partially alveolated respiratory bronchioles as well the fully alveolated distal airways and alveolar sacs. In addition, the alveolar expansion and contraction have been calculated based on physiological breathing conditions which make it easy to compare and validate model results with in vivo lung deposition measurements. Thus, the current work can be readily incorporated into human whole-lung airway models to simulate/predict the flow dynamics of toxic or therapeutic aerosols.
The Role of Characteristic Boundaries in the Asymptotic Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations

We discuss several boundary value problems for the steady Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions when the appropriate Reynolds number Re is very large. The essential idea is that certain curves in the flow field on which the conditions of no-slip and impermeability are imposed are characteristic curves (in the mathematical sense) for the system of differential equations governing the conservation of momentum. This observation, coupled with some of the author's recent results on singularly perturbed elliptic boundary value problems, lead to several mathematically rigorous estimates on the behavior of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations as Re → ∞ For example, our approach shows why the thickness of the boundary layer in Prandtl's theory is of order Re−½, without having to resort to the usual heuristic arguments.
London’s Early Modern Gardens and the Performance of Solitude

As London’s population grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the city was populated also by urban gardens, which, like pastoral gardens, were associated with repose and solitary reflection. However, within the context of the city, gardens, both public and private, were understood to be places where a visitor was sure to be seen sooner or later, and visual privacy was in fact not likely. Portrayals of solitude in urban gardens in early modern printed images, horticulture manuals, and Restoration theater show that urban domestic gardens were uniquely urban liminal spaces which were neither interior nor exterior, not quite public but certainly not truly private. Urban garden space was conceived as a threshold between the body, the home, and the city—the site of contact between self and society, where one could imagine oneself performing for an audience. Thus the urban domestic garden was pivotal in a changing, urban, and increasingly performative modern sense of self.
Computer-Assisted Navigation in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Manual total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has successfully treated end-stage knee osteoarthritis for several years. However, recent technological advancements have enabled surgeons to perform TKA with more accuracy and precision. Aligning the femoral and tibial components perpendicular to the mechanical axes of the femur and tibia is a fundamental principle for restoring knee kinematics and soft-tissue balance. Computer-assisted robotic TKA has proven its ability to fine tune lower leg alignment, component position, and soft-tissue balancing. Furthermore, robotic-assisted TKA (RATKA) offers the additional benefit of improving soft-tissue protection compared to manual techniques. Numerous systems have been developed in the advancement of technology in computer processing, and the number of robotic surgical systems is increasing as well. The three main categories of navigation systems can be classified as: image-based console navigation, imageless console navigation, and accelerometer-based handheld navigation systems. The purpose of this review was to describe emerging technologies for TKA. Specifically, we outline the available literature pertaining to each system with regards to their: (1) accuracy and precision of component alignment; (2) soft-tissue protection; (3) postoperative outcomes; and (4) other reported outcomes such as costs.
Prevention and therapy of common complications associated with analgesia and sedation

Critically ill children suffer from pain and anxiety additionally in the face of severe organ dysfunction and often require analgesia and sedation. Different medications and combinations of medications can be used to achieve the desired effect. It is also important to keep in mind the possible adverse reactions and side effects associated with each medication. The side effect of the medications often used in children and prevention and therapy of common complications associated with analgesia and sedation is reviewed. Key words: Analgesia and sedation; Side effect; Complication; Therapy
Blindfolding Improves Communication in Inexperienced Residents Undergoing ACLS Training

Background Closed-loop communication (CLC) is associated with decreased medical errors and improved time-to-task completion during resuscitations. Depriving team leaders of sight during training may accelerate the acquisition of favorable communication skills; however, its effect on the frequency of CLC is unclear, especially with trainees. Objective We assessed the effect of depriving interns of sight during advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) on verbal communication patterns and resuscitation confidence. Methods All interns undergoing ACLS training in June 2019 at a single center were eligible. Interns were randomized to blindfolded training (BT) or standard training (ST). BT team leaders were blindfolded during practice sessions and permitted to use sight during testing. Testing scenarios were video- and audio-recorded. Recordings were assessed for teams' performance and communication patterns. Participants were surveyed for confidence with resuscitation skills before and after ACLS training. Results All 87 eligible interns participated in the study (100% participation). Eighty-five of 87 (98%) interns were included for analysis; 46 were randomized to BT and 39 to ST. Interns in the BT group were significantly more likely to exhibit CLC (mean: BT 20.3, ST 16.6; P = .003), directed communication (mean: BT 4.3, ST 1.5; P < .001), and follower-initiated communication (mean: BT 12.8, ST 10.2; P = .028). There was no significant difference in clinical performance measures or self-reported confidence with resuscitation between BT and ST groups. Conclusions Blindfolding trainees results in greater instances of CLC, directed communication, and follower-initiated communication during ACLS training.
Parental Monitoring Predicts Depressive Symptom and Suicidal Ideation Outcomes in Adolescents Being Treated for Co-Occurring Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders.

Abstract Background Comorbidity of substance use disorders (SUDs) with mood disorders and other psychiatric conditions is common. Parenting processes and family functioning are impaired in adolescents with SUDs and mood disorders, and parent/family factors predict intervention response. However, limited research has examined the relationship between parent/family factors and mood symptom treatment response in adolescents with comorbid SUDs and psychiatric conditions. Method This study examined the predictive effects of parenting processes and family functioning on depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation (SI) in a randomized controlled trial of integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. treatment as usual for 111 adolescents with comorbid SUDs and psychiatric disorders. Measures of parenting processes, family functioning, depressive symptoms, and SI were completed at baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Exploratory analyses involved mixed-effects regression models. Results Across treatment conditions, depressive symptoms and SI improved over 12 months. Family functioning domains of family roles (d=0.47) and affective involvement (d=0.39) significantly improved across treatment conditions over 12 months. Higher baseline parental monitoring predicted improved trajectory of depressive symptoms (d=0.44) and SI (d=0.46). There were no significant predictive effects for baseline family functioning or other parenting processes (listening, limit setting). Limitations Limitations include the modest sample, attrition over follow-up, and generalizability to samples with higher rates of mood disorders and/or uncomplicated mood disorders. Conclusions Parental monitoring may be an important prognostic indicator of depressive symptoms and SI in adolescents with co-occurring SUDs and psychiatric conditions, and therefore may be useful to assess and target in treatment, in addition to family functioning.
Novel human cell expression method reveals the role and prevalence of posttranslational modification in non-muscle tropomyosins

Abstract Biochemical studies require large protein quantities, which are typically obtained using bacterial expression. However, the folding machinery of bacteria is inadequate for many mammalian proteins, which additionally undergo posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that bacteria, yeast, or insect cells cannot perform. Many proteins also require native N- and C-termini and cannot tolerate extra tag amino acids for function. Tropomyosin, a coiled coil that decorates most actin filaments in cells, requires both native N- and C-termini and PTMs, specifically N-terminal acetylation, to polymerize along actin filaments. Here, we describe a new method that combines native protein expression in human cells with an intein-based purification tag that can be precisely removed after purification. Using this method, we expressed several non-muscle tropomyosin isoforms. Mammalian cell-expressed tropomyosins are functionally different from their E. coli-expressed counterparts, display multiple types of PTMs, and can form heterodimers. This method can be extended to other proteins, as demonstrated here for α-synuclein.
Revision of the unstable picrotoxinin hydrolysis product

The plant metabolite picrotoxinin (PXN) is a widely used tool in neuroscience for the identification of GABAergic signaling. Its hydrolysis in weakly alkaline media has been observed for over a century and the structure of the unstable hydrolysis intermediate was assigned by analogy to the degradation product picrotoxic acid. Here we show this assignment to be in error and we revise the structure of the hydrolysis product by spectroscopic characterization in situ. Counterintuitively, hydrolysis occurs at a lactone that remains closed in the major isolable degradation product, which accounts for the longstanding mistake in the literature.
Scalable control of developmental timetables by epigenetic switching networks

During development, progenitor cells follow timetables for differentiation that span many cell generations. These developmental timetables are robustly encoded by the embryo, yet scalably adjustable by evolution, facilitating variation in organism size and form. Epigenetic switches, involving rate-limiting activation steps at regulatory gene loci, control gene activation timing in diverse contexts, and could profoundly impact the dynamics of gene regulatory networks controlling developmental lineage specification. Here, we develop a mathematical framework to model regulatory networks with genes controlled by epigenetic switches. Using this framework, we show that such epigenetic switching networks uphold developmental timetables that robustly span many cell generations, and enable the generation of differentiated cells in precisely defined numbers and fractions. Changes to epigenetic switching networks can readily alter the timing of developmental events within a timetable, or alter the overall speed at which timetables unfold, enabling scalable control over differentiated population sizes. With their robust, yet flexibly adjustable nature, epigenetic switching networks could represent central targets on which evolution acts to manufacture diversity in organism size and form.
(S)‐2‐(Methoxy­di­phenyl­methyl)‐1‐(thio­phen‐3‐yl­methyl)­pyrrolidine

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, C23H25NOS, has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. This compound is readily li­thia­ted with n-butyl­lithium at the 2-position of the thio­phene ring to give a chiral li­thio­thio­phene that can be used as a chiral template for enantioselective conjugate addition of an alkyl group to an enone.
A composite arithmetic scheme for evaluation of multinomials

We discuss the implementation aspects of the multinomial online evaluation (MOLE) scheme (P. Adharapurapu et al., 2005) and compare its delay and cost with three other schemes. The MOLE scheme is meant for the evaluation of a generic multinomial represented as an evaluation graph. In this paper, we compare the MOLE scheme with the following schemes: a network of online adders and multipliers, a network of online adders and MLSOs, and a network of conventional multioperand adders and multipliers. A strawman example in the form of a three-variable multinomial and its evaluation graph is used to do the comparison analysis. Compared to the conventional implementation, the MOLE scheme is estimated to have favorable delay at a higher cost.
Chapter Five Transcription factors and metabolic engineering: Novel applications for ancient tools

Publisher Summary The plant kingdom provides a vast source of compounds with important biological activities, and ambitious projects to exploit this diversity have been undertaken. The time when plants and cultured plant cells will be routinely used as factories to produce compounds with importance to medicine and agriculture has yet to come, but important progress in the area of plant metabolic engineering has been made. Transcription factors are emerging as important tools for these processes because they allow the activation of entire pathways with just one or a small number of transgenes. One of the main challenges in the future will be establishing the regulation of important plant metabolic pathways. The regulation of phytochemical accumulation by transcription factors is complex, with distinct types of transcription factors contributing to the regulation of various enzymes involved in both primary and secondary metabolism.
U.S. Bureau of Land Management: The Perils of Implementing Strategic Information Technology

The case describes the challenges faced by IT managers at the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in their efforts to upgrade the Bureau’s IT infrastructure while developing the largest, most complex strategic application ever attempted at the Bureau. After expending 15 years of effort and $400 million, the BLM cancelled the program. The case identifies obstacles faced by IT and non-IT managers in attempting to implement strategic information technology in large, complex organizations. Obstacles identified in this case include: the BLM’s culture of autonomy that tended to undermine support for the initiative, technological limitations that impacted the selection of technical standards, and organizational resource and knowledge constraints that adversely impacted the BLM’s ability to manage such a large IT development effort successfully.
Correction of Renyi's 'gain of information'

A number of measures have been proposed for the divergence (discrepancy, "distance") between two probability distributions. The first such generalized (parameterized) measure of divergence, or 'gain of information', was proposed by Renyi (1961, 1970). However, Renyi's measure is quite restrictive in terms of certain conditions that need to be met. The purpose of this paper is to suggest some corrections, or modifications, to Renyi's measure to make it less restrictive and potentially more useful.
Elevated p21-activated kinase 2 activity results in anchorage-independent growth and resistance to anticancer drug-induced cell death.

Abstract p21-Activated kinase 2 (PAK-2) seems to be a regulatory switch between cell survival and cell death signaling. We have shown previously that activation of full-length PAK-2 by Rac or Cdc42 stimulates cell survival, whereas caspase activation of PAK-2 to the proapoptotic PAK-2p34 fragment is involved in the cell death response. In this study, we present a role of elevated activity of full-length PAK-2 in anchorage-independent growth and resistance to anticancer drug–induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Hs578T human breast cancer cells that have low levels of PAK-2 activity were more sensitive to anticancer drug–induced apoptosis and showed higher levels of caspase activation of PAK-2 than MDA-MB435 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells that have high levels of PAK-2 activity. To examine the role of elevated PAK-2 activity in breast cancer, we have introduced a conditionally active PAK-2 into Hs578T human breast cells. Conditional activation of PAK-2 causes loss of contact inhibition and anchorage-independent growth of Hs578T cells. Furthermore, conditional activation of PAK-2 suppresses activation of caspase 3, caspase activation of PAK-2, and apoptosis of Hs578T cells in response to the anticancer drug cisplatin. Our data suggest a novel mechanism by which full-length PAK-2 activity controls the apoptotic response by regulating levels of activated caspase 3 and thereby its own cleavage to the proapoptotic PAK-2p34 fragment. As a result, elevated PAK-2 activity interrupts the apoptotic response and thereby causes anchorage-independent survival and growth and resistance to anticancer drug–induced apoptosis.
Three Times Daily Milking of Cows in California Dairy Herds

Twenty-eight California Holstein dairy herds were on twice daily milking for 3 to 17 mo and for 36 mo on three times daily milking. Effect of three times daily milking on yields of milk, fat-corrected milk, fat, and solids-not-fat, udder health, and reproductive performance was evaluated using Dairy Herd Improvement monthly herd summaries. Data for all cows in the herd and for first lactation cows were analyzed separately. Milk yield for the entire herd increased 12% above previous production on twice daily milking. Fat and solids-not-fat percentages were not affected by three times daily milking. First lactation cows milked three times daily yielded 14% more milk over previous twice daily levels. Fat percent was lower for first lactation cows on three time milking, but solids-not-fat percent did not change. Response to three time milking was not related to herd size or production while on twice daily milking. Udder health, evaluated by California Mastitis Test scores, and reproductive indexes were not affected by milking frequency.
Identification of the A protein as a structural component of bacteriophage R17

Abstract The protein product of the A cistron (the maturation protein) of bacteriophage R17 has been identified as a structural component of the virus particle. Examination of wild-type R17 labeled with histidine (an amino acid not present in the coat protein of the phage) reveals the existence of one major polypeptide which co-electrophoreses with the A cistron product extracted from actimomycin-treated infected spheroplasts. The A protein, moreover, is totally absent from the uninfective defective particles produced by the growth of three A cistron amber mutants in non-permissive hosts. Gel filtration on Sephadex G200 yields a molecular weight estimate of 35,000 to 40,000 for the histidine-labeled A protein monomer. It can be present in no more than several copies, since on the average only four molecules of histidine are associated with each wild-type phage particle.
Craniosynostosis involving the sagittal suture only: Guilt by association?

Summary The clinical findings in 42 cases of craniosynostosis are summarized. Eighteen patients had craniosynostosis involving only the sagittal suture. Ten of the 18 did not have surgical treatment, while 5 had inadequate and 3 had adequate surgical procedures. We believe that patients with craniosynostosis involving the sagittal suture alone have been given an unwarrantedly poor prognosis in regard to development, and we question advocation of craniectomy for cosmetic reasons alone.
Atmospheric Wet Deposition in Remote Regions: Benchmarks for Environmental Change

AbstractPrecipitation composition was characterized at 14 remote sites between 65°N and 51°S. Anthropogenic sources contributed to non-sea-salt (nss) SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ in North Atlantic precipitation. Biogenic sources accounted for 0.4–3.3 μeq L−1 of volume-weighted-average (VWA) nss SO42− in marine precipitation. SO42− at the continental sites (2.9–7.7 μeq L−1) was generally higher. VWA NO3− (0.5–1.3 μeq L−1) and NH4+ (0.5–2.6 μeq L−1) at marine-influenced, Southern Hemispheric sites were generally less than those at continental sites (1.4–4.8 μeq L−1 and 2.3–4.2 μeq L−1, respectively). VWA pH ranged from 4.69 to 5.25. Excluding the North Atlantic, nss SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ wet depositions were factors of 4–47, 5–61, and 3–39, respectively, less than those in the eastern United States during 2002–04. HCOOHt (HCOOHaq + HCOO−) and CH3COOHt (CH3COOHaq + CH3COO−) concentrations and depositions at marine sites overlapped, implying spatially similar source strengths from marine-derived precursors. Greater ...
The ultrasonographic spectrum of abdominal and pelvic Hodgkin's disease and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma

Diagnostic B-scan ultrasonography has the capacity to evaluate many potential sites of abdominal and pelvic involvement by Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The varying ultrasonographic features of lymphomatous involvement in the peritoneal cavity and retroperitoneal space are described and potential diagnostic pitfalls are discussed.
Magnetic and resistive measurements of the upper critical field in untwinned single crystals of YBa2Cu3O7-δ

DC magnetization measurements of H c2 are used to establish a 3D Ginzburg-Landau model of the superconductivity near T c Resistive measurements of the characteristic sin 2 θ angular dependence associated with flux motion models show that only a fraction of the dissipation in the superconducting state is due to Lorentz force effects.
The concept of one polymer composites modelled with high density polyethylene

One polymer composite materials have been prepared using a difference in melting points between the components. This depends on the fact that aligned and extended chains provide thermodynamically more stable crystals, which thus will have higher melting points than conventionally crystallized melts. The growth of transcrystalline regions in the melt matrix at the interface plus an observed partial melting between fibre and matrix are indications of a strong and intimate interfacial bond with a gradient in morphologies for the system studied, high-density polyethylene. The pull-out test is a simple and adequate method for evaluating the interfacial shear strength of one polymer composites. The value for the high-density polyethylene composite falls between the strengths for glass-reinforced polyester and epoxy resins. However, the interfacial strength in the polyethylene composites is due mainly to the unique epitaxial bonding rather than the radial forces from compressive shrinkage. The low critical aspect ratio for the filaments in these polyethylene composites suggests possible advantageous uses as short fibrereinforced materials where the interfacial strength is a controlling factor.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN HERITABILITY ESTIMATES FOR TESTS OF SPATIAL ABILITY.

172 pairs of MZ twins and 112 pairs of like-sexed DZ twins were given a battery of psychological tests which included Surface Development Test, Porteus Mazes, Newcastle Spatial Test, Paper Folding ...
Effect of Carcinogenic Compounds on the Hæmatin-catalysed Oxidation of Unsaturated Fat

EFFORTS aimed at establishing a biochemical mechanism for carcinogenic action have included studies of the inhibition of unsaturated lipid oxidation by carcinogenic compounds1. The haematin compounds, particularly haemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochrome c, appear to be the main catalysts of unsaturated lipid oxidation occurring in animal tissues. This reaction has been postulated to be of prime importance in many types of pathological unsaturated fat oxidation in vivo2. This report presents results of studies undertaken in an attempt to demonstrate what, if any, effects were induced by the presence of certain carcinogenic compounds in in vitro haematin-catalysed unsaturated fat oxidation systems.
HIV Education In‐service Programming for School Personnel: a model from the United States

ABSTRACT This paper reflects on the importance of equipping the world's youth with the necessary information and skills to reduce the risk of HIV infection. Schools are encouraged to meet the challenge of providing HIV education for young people. To accomplish this educational goal, school personnel need adequate and appropriate in‐service training. A model is provided from the United States for planning and implementing an HIV in‐service program for school personnel. A university is used as a regional site where HIV in‐service training is carried out through the co‐operation of local school administrators, health agency representatives, and health education faculty. Several means of evaluation are described, including the formulation of a school action plan for HIV education.
Magnet community identification on social networks

Social communities connect people of similar interests together and play essential roles in social network applications. Examples of such communities include people who like the same objects on Facebook, follow common subjects on Twitter, or join similar groups on LinkedIn. Among communities, we notice that some of them are {\em magnetic} to people. A {\em magnet community} is such a community that attracts significantly more people's interests and attentions than other communities of similar topics. With the explosive number of self-formed communities in social networks, one important demand is to identify magnet communities for users. This can not only track attractive communities, but also help improve user experiences and increase their engagements, e.g., the login frequencies and user-generated-content qualities. In this paper, we initiate the study of magnet community identification problem. First we observe several properties of magnet communities, such as attention flow, attention qualify, and attention persistence. Second, we formalize these properties with the combination of community feature extraction into a graph ranking formulation based on constraint quadratic programming. In details, we treat communities of a network as super nodes, and their interactions as links among those super nodes. Therefore, a network of communities is defined. We extract community's magnet features from heterogeneous sources, i.e., a community's standalone features and its dependency features with other communities. A graph ranking model is formulated given these features. Furthermore, we define constraints reflecting communities' magnet properties to regularize the model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework on real world social network data.
Fractionation of thorium and uranium isotopes in the acid leaching experiments on monazite

A series of leaching experiments with water and gradually harsher acid solutions have been carried out on a monazite.228Th/232Th,230Th/232Th, and234U/238U activity ratios in the acid fractions show a common variation pattern: high — low — close to bulk values, which can be explained in terms of preferential solution effect of recoil atoms. Compared with228Th, the preferential solution effect of234U is suppressed due to self-annealing of recoil tracks.
A strategy for integrating artificial intelligence technology into a graduate business curriculum

There is much evidence that artificial intelligence technology is beginning to emerge from the research lab and move into business computer-based systems. Applications of artificial intelligence in business in the areas of finance, manufacturing, and software development and data management, are increasing. Since graduate programs in business attempt to provide students with background in, and experience with computer-based modeling, it is important that universities anticipate and plan for the integration of artificial intelligence technology into the Master's degree in Business Administration (MBA) program. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, a framework for integrating artificial intelligence applications and methodology into the curriculum of a graduate business program is presented. Second, an implementation strategy is discussed and detailed examples are given.
Influence of the presence of adult drones on the further production of drones in honey bee (Apis mellifera L) colonies

On a utilise 10 ruches comportant 3 corps de ruche et renfermant toutes 17% de rayons de mâles, quantite moyenne presente dans les colonies sauvages. Cinq colonies ont ete munies de pieges a mâles concus pour capturer tous les mâles adultes quittant la colonie. On a demuni ces colonies de leurs jeunes mâles en les otant a la main du corps de ruche tous les 3 j. A 3 reprises, a 12 j d'intervalle, les 10 colonies ont ete ouvertes et tous les mâles au cours de developpement ont ete comptes au moyen d'une grille sur une face de chaque cadre de couvain. Dans les colonies temoins, les mâles etaient libres d'entrer et de sortir