cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IL-21 Induces Differentiation of Human Naive and Memory B Cells into Antibody-Secreting Plasma Cells

IL-21 is a type I cytokine that influences the function of T cells, NK cells, and B cells. In this study, we report that IL-21 plays a major role in stimulating the differentiation of human B cells. When human B cells were stimulated through the BCR, IL-21 induced minimal proliferation, IgD down-modulation, and small numbers of plasma cells. In contrast, after CD40 engagement, IL-21 induced extensive proliferation, class switch recombination (CSR), and plasma cell differentiation. Upon cross-linking both BCR and CD40, IL-21 induced the largest numbers of plasma cells. IL-21 drove both postswitch memory cells as well as poorly responsive naive cord blood B cells to differentiate into plasma cells. The effect of IL-21 was more potent than the combination of IL-2 and IL-10, especially when responsiveness of cord blood B cells was examined. IL-21 costimulation potently induced the expression of both B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (BLIMP-1) and activation-induced cytidine deaminase as well as the production of large amounts of IgG from B cells. Despite the induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase and CSR, IL-21 did not induce somatic hypermutation. Finally, IL-2 enhanced the effects of IL-21, whereas IL-4 inhibited IL-21-induced plasma cell differentiation. Taken together, our data show that IL-21 plays a central role in CSR and plasma cell differentiation during T cell-dependent B cell responses.
In-Band Spectrum Sensing in IEEE 802.22 WRANs for Incumbent Protection

In cognitive radios, in-band spectrum sensing is essential for the protection of legacy spectrum users, enabling secondary users to vacate channels immediately upon detection of primary users. For in-band sensing, it is important to meet detectability requirements, such as the maximum allowed detection latency and the probability of misdetection and false alarm. In this paper, we propose key techniques for efficient in-band sensing. We first advocate the use of clustered sensor networks, and propose a periodic in-band sensing algorithm that optimizes sensing period and sensing time to meet the detectability requirements while minimizing sensing overhead. The scheme also determines the better of energy or feature detection incurring less sensing overhead at each SNR level, and derives the threshold aRSSthreshold on the average received signal strength of a primary signal above which energy detection is preferred to feature detection. We consider two key factors affecting aRSSthreshold noise uncertainty and inter-CRN interference. aRSSthreshold appears to lie between -114.6 dBm and -109.9 dBm with noise uncertainty ranging from 0.5 dB to 2 dB, and between -112.9 dBm and -110.5 dBm with 1-6 interfering CRNs. We also investigate how strict the detection requirement must be for efficient reuse of idle channels without incurring unnecessary channel switches due to false detection of primaries.
On the linear structure of self-similar processes

Self-similar processes have a rich linear structure, based on scale invariance, which is analogous to the shift-invariant structure of stationary processes. The analogy is made explicit via Lamperti's (1962) transformation. This transformation is used here to characterize the reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) associated with self-similar processes and hence to solve problems of prediction, whitening, and Gaussian signal detection. Some specific results for the fractional Brownian motion illustrate the general concepts.
Fluoride ion complexation by a B2/Hg heteronuclear tridentate lewis acid

The reaction of [Li(THF)4][1,8-μ-(Mes2B)C10H6] with HgCl2 affords [1,1′-(Hg)-[8-(Mes2B)C10H6]2] (3) or [1-(ClHg)-8-(Mes2B)C10H6] (4), depending on the stoichiometry of the reagents. These two new compounds have been characterized by 1H, 13C, 11B and 199Hg NMR, elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. The cyclic voltammogram of 3 in THF shows two distinct waves observed at E1/2 −2.31 V and −2.61 V, corresponding to the sequential reductions of the two boron centers. Fluoride titration experiments monitored by electrochemistry suggest that 3 binds tightly to one fluoride anion and more loosely to a second one. Theses conclusions have been confirmed by a UV-vis titration experiment which indicates that the first fluoride binding constant (K1) is greater than 108 M−1 while the second (K2) equals 5.2 (± 0.4) × 103 M−1. The fluoride binding properties of 3 have been compared to those of [1-(Me2B)-8-(Mes2B)C10H6] (1) and [1-((2,6-Me2-4-Me2NC6H2)Hg)-8-(Mes2B)C10H6] (2). Both experimental and computational results indicate that its affinity for fluoride anions is comparable to that of 2 but significantly lower than that of the diborane 1. In particular, the fluoride binding constants of 1, 2 and 3 in chloroform are respectively equal to 5.0 (± 0.2) × 105 M−1, 1.0 (± 0.2) × 103 M−1 and 1.7 (± 0.1) × 103 M−1. Determination of the crystal structures of the fluoride adducts [S(NMe2)3][1–μ2-F] and [S(NMe2)3][3–μ2-F] along with computational results indicate that the higher fluoride binding constant of 1 arises from a strong chelate effect involving two fluorophilic boron centers.
Signal transduction in Campylobacter jejuni-induced cytokine production

Summary Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of food-borne illness in the USA and one of the most common causes of diarrhoea worldwide. Central to its pathogenicity is its ability to induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8 in intestinal epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrated that C. jejuni infection of intestinal epithelial cells results in the activation of the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases and that the ERK kinase pathway is essential for IL-8 production. We found that MAP kinase stimulation leading to IL-8 secretion requires C. jejuni gene products whose production is stimulated upon contact with epithelial cells. We also found that C. jejuni flagellin is a very poor stimulator of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-5 and therefore does not play a significant role in the stimulation of cytokine production.
The Spirit and the Creative Transformation of Human Existence

The Spirit seeks to bring about a creative transformation of human existence, in which, by sustained attention to the creative presence of God in the world, primacy is given to God's lures toward the realization of the most relevant possibility of being human. This creative transformation of human existence has its origin in the historical event of the death and resurrection of Jesus. The Spirit known in the new life of Christian faith is the same God who is the constant, creative ground of all things. The Spirit, therefore, is a particular but not exclusive mode of God-in-the-world. This essay is a revision of the final chapter of the author's Ph. D. dissertation, 'PNEUMA' in Paul's Letter to the Churches of Galatia: An Interpretation of the Spirit in Light of Early Christian Experience in Galatia, Paul's Message to the Galatians, and Theology Today (Claremont Graduate School, 1978). David J. Lull (Ph. D., Claremont Graduate School) teaches New Testament at the School of Theology at Claremont and is a Research Fellow at the Center for Process Studies. He also chairs the SBL/ Process Hermeneutic and Biblical Exegesis Group.
A test of the cyclicity of earthquakes

The periodogram analysis of time intervals between successive earthquakes is used for testing the seismic gap hypothesis. Using the available data, it is shown that the existence of a periodic component can be rejected with high confidence. The test provides evidence against quasi-periodicity and regular clustering of the arrival times.
Farming Within a Knowledge Creating System Biotechnology and Tomorrow's Agriculture

U.S. agriculture is experiencing a time of turbulence. Relatively rapid and substantial changes appear likely, but the timing, nature, and extent of those changes are uncertain. Biotechnology is one, but only one, of several powerful forces shaping the structure of agriculture. This article examines concepts from strategic management and information economics that have proven useful in understanding structural change in other industries. Those concepts are used to improve our understanding of the potential relationships between biotechnology and the structure of agriculture. Doing so emphasizes that, even though forces such as biotechnology appear beyond the reach and control of individuals, their eventual structural effects will be greatly influenced by the actions of farmers, agribusiness managers, and policy makers. The analysis highlights the critically important role of information and management innovations as complementary assets, which will markedly affect biotechnology's eventual impacts on decision making and returns from innovation in the sector.
Real-Time Prediction of the Lake Breeze on the Western Shore of Lake Michigan

Abstract A forecast verification study of the occurrence and inland penetration of the lake breeze on the western shore of Lake Michigan was conducted. A real-time version of The Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) with 5-km grid spacing was evaluated for a set of 71 (68) dates at 12–24-h (36–48-h) forecast range from summer 1998 and spring 1999. Contingency measures showed skill in predicting lake-breeze development at both day 1 and day 2 [Kuipers skill score (KSS) of 0.80 and 0.74, respectively]. These skill levels exceeded capabilities demonstrated by a simple lake-breeze index computed for the identical set of cases and also surpassed the published performance of the operational 29-km Eta Model for another site. Skill in the prediction of the inland penetration of the lake breeze (relative to a baseline defined by the sample average distance of the lake-breeze front from the shoreline) peaked at 2100 UTC at both day 1 and day 2...
Electoral Rules and Discrimination: Do Electoral Arrangements Reduce Political and Economic Discrimination of Ethnic Minorities?

Political and economic discrimination of minorities is not only detrimental to their well-being but is a strong motivator for civic conflict (Gurr 2000, 2002). The goal of this project is to look at political institutions that ameliorate the discrimination. In particular, electoral institutions in conjunction with other political institutions can improve the conditions in which minority groups live. In this paper we uncover different configurations that reduce political and economic discrimination. We conclude that personal vote electoral systems reduce political but not economic discrimination of ethnic minorities. Federal systems, parliamentary regimes and regimes with legislative quotas for minorities are also conducive for a better political climate. Economic discrimination is not likely to be affected by the same institutions, but is ameliorated in the systems with more veto players.
Interface Properties of II-VI/III-V Heterostructures

In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study the nature of the bonding at CdTe/InSb and ZnSe/GaAs interfaces grown by molecular beam epitaxy. A comparison of the In3d core level features from the InSb epilayer surface, a Tereacted InSb surface, very thin (a few monolayers) CdTe/InSb epilayer/epilayer heterostructures and from separately grown (In,Te) epilayers, indicate similar In bonding characteristics for the Te-reacted layer, the CdTe/InSb heterostructures and the (In,Te) epilayers. A parallel XPS study of ZnSe/GaAs interfaces leads to the conclusion that there is a general tendency for the formation of a III-VI interfacial compound when forming IIVI/ III-V junctions.
10 THE VALUE OF HEALTHY BABIES, A PERINATAL SERVICE PROGRAM, IN FACILITATING HEALTHY PREGNANCIES AND HEALTHY DELIVERIES

Perinatal services play an important role in facilitating healthy pregnancies and healthy deliveries. Healthy Babies (HB) is a system-wide provider of coordinated, quality perinatal services, developed by Community Outreach for Prevention and Education (COPE) for Medi-Cal patients who chose to deliver at the Citrus Valley Health Partners9 (CVHP), Queen of the Valley Medical Center in Covina, CA. This program includes a wide variety of health education courses and supportive nursing staff for clients to participate in. Master level health educators instruct clients on nutrition, infant development, preparation for labor and delivery, newborn characteristics, family planning, SIDS, infant safety and breast-feeding basics. In this study, a comparison was made between Medi-Cal HB, Medi-Cal non-HB (NHB), and commercial healthcare providers (C) in terms of newborns9 gestational term, birth weight, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay, and breast-feeding. Among HB newborns, 11% were considered preterm, whereas NHB and C had 12% and 15% preterm deliveries, respectively. Medi-Cal HB had 7% low birth weight compared to 8% for NHB and 6% for C. Average NICU stay for HB, NHB, and C were 11.3, 14.5 and 14.6 days, respectively. Breast Feeding for HB, NHB and C were 47%, 28% and 36%, respectively. In conclusion, Medi-Cal HB is a valuable program for facilitating healthy pregnancies and healthy deliveries, and may provide as a helpful model for healthcare providers. The program demonstrated optimal results in all variables studied.
Recent divergences in stratospheric water vapor measurements by frost point hygrometers and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder

Abstract. Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers (FPs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) provide high-quality vertical profile measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). A previous comparison of stratospheric water vapor measurements by FPs and MLS over three sites – Boulder, Colorado (40.0° N); Hilo, Hawaii (19.7° N); and Lauder, New Zealand (45.0° S) – from August 2004 through December 2012 not only demonstrated agreement better than 1 % between 68 and 26 hPa but also exposed statistically significant biases of 2 to 10 % at 83 and 100 hPa (Hurst et al., 2014). A simple linear regression analysis of the FP–MLS differences revealed no significant long-term drifts between the two instruments. Here we extend the drift comparison to mid-2015 and add two FP sites – Lindenberg, Germany (52.2° N), and San Jose, Costa Rica (10.0° N) – that employ FPs of different manufacture and calibration for their water vapor soundings. The extended comparison period reveals that stratospheric FP and MLS measurements over four of the five sites have diverged at rates of 0.03 to 0.07 ppmv year−1 (0.6 to 1.5 % year−1) from ∼ 2010 to mid-2015. These rates are similar in magnitude to the 30-year (1980–2010) average growth rate of stratospheric water vapor ( ∼ 1 % year−1) measured by FPs over Boulder (Hurst et al., 2011). By mid-2015, the FP–MLS differences at some sites were large enough to exceed the combined accuracy estimates of the FP and MLS measurements.
Multifunctional structural lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles:

An innovative concept for a multifunctional structural battery using lithium-ion battery materials as load bearing elements in a sandwich panel construction has been demonstrated. The structural battery prototype has exhibited an initial capacity of 17.85 Ah, an energy density of 248 Wh L−1, a specific energy of 102 Wh kg−1, and a capacity retention of 85.8% after 190 charge–discharge cycles at ~C/3 rate and eight mechanical loading cycles (upto 1060 N). The mechanical stiffness in three-point bend tests follows expectations based on sandwich beam theory, proving that the battery materials are sharing in the load-carrying function of the sandwich panel. While areas for improvement of the fabrication and performance of the prototype still exist, the results of the current investigation demonstrate the promising potential of the proposed structural battery concept for the efficient use of space and mass in an electric vehicle.
Thermodynamics of Phase Selection in MnO2 Framework Structures through Alkali Intercalation and Hydration

While control over crystal structure is one of the primary objectives in crystal growth, the present lack of predictive understanding of the mechanisms driving structure selection precludes the predictive synthesis of polymorphic materials. We address the formation of off-stoichiometric intermediates as one such handle driving polymorph selection in the diverse class of MnO2-framework structures. Specifically, we build on the recent benchmark of the SCAN functional for the ab initio modeling of MnO2 to examine the effect of alkali-insertion, protonation, and hydration to derive the thermodynamic conditions favoring the formation of the most common MnO2 phases—β, γ, R, α, δ, and λ—from aqueous solution. We explain the phase selection trends through the geometric and chemical compatibility of the alkali cations and the available phases, the interaction of water with the system, and the critical role of protons. Our results offer both a quantitative synthesis roadmap for this important class of functional ox...
Abnormalities in hippocampal volume of glioma patients prior to radiotherapy.

AbstractBackground: Radiation-induced cognitive impairment may be mediated by hippocampal damage, but the structural integrity of this region in tumor patients at baseline is unclear. Hippocampal volumes of 31 glioma patients prior to receiving radiotherapy were compared to a group of 34 healthy controls.Materials and methods: Left and right hippocampi on T1-weighted pre-contrast magnetic resonance images were automatically segmented using Freesurfer, and visually inspected for segmentation errors. Normalized hippocampal volume for each subject was calculated as the sum of left and right hippocampal volumes divided by the estimated total intracranial volume. The normalized amygdala volume was similarly analyzed as a reference structure.Results: A Wilcoxon rank-sum test showed a significant difference in normalized hippocampal volumes between patients and controls (mean value 0.499 vs. 0.524, p = .01). No statistically significant difference was found for the amygdala. A post-hoc analysis revealed a signif...
Role of the CBP catalytic core in intramolecular SUMOylation and control of histone H3 acetylation.

The histone acetyl transferases CREB-binding protein (CBP) and its paralog p300 play a critical role in numerous cellular processes. Dysregulation of their catalytic activity is associated with several human diseases. Previous work has elucidated the regulatory mechanisms of p300 acetyltransferase activity, but it is not known whether CBP activity is controlled similarly. Here, we present the crystal structure of the CBP catalytic core encompassing the bromodomain (BRD), CH2 (comprising PHD and RING), HAT, and ZZ domains at 2.4-A resolution. The BRD, PHD, and HAT domains form an integral structural unit to which the RING and ZZ domains are flexibly attached. The structure of the apo-CBP HAT domain is similar to that of acyl-CoA–bound p300 HAT complexes and shows that the acetyl-CoA binding site is stably formed in the absence of cofactor. The BRD, PHD, and ZZ domains interact with small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO-1) and Ubc9, and function as an intramolecular E3 ligase for SUMOylation of the cell cycle regulatory domain 1 (CRD1) of CBP, which is located adjacent to the BRD. In vitro HAT assays suggest that the RING domain, the autoregulatory loop (AL) within the HAT domain, and the ZZ domain do not directly influence catalytic activity, whereas the BRD is essential for histone H3 acetylation in nucleosomal substrates. Several lysine residues in the intrinsically disordered AL are autoacetylated by the HAT domain. Upon autoacetylation, acetyl-K1596 (Ac-K1596) binds intramolecularly to the BRD, competing with histones for binding to the BRD and acting as a negative regulator that inhibits histone H3 acetylation.
Effect of endothelin on outflow facility and accommodation in the monkey eye in vivo.

The effect of the vasoactive peptide, endothelin, on facility -of outflow, accommodation, and pupil diameter was measured in the monkey eye in vivo. Endothelin increased the outflow facility 22-71% at approximate anterior chamber concentrations ranging from 10~ 10 -10~ 7 M. Endothelin-induced accommodation was modest but consistent and statistically significant ranging from 1.61 to a maximum of 2.43 diopters at 10~ 9 M and 10~ 7 M endothelin, respectively. No change in pupil diameter was noted with any of the administered doses. These data demonstrate an action of endothelin on outflow facility and, together with prior evidence indicating the presence of endothelin receptors on the ciliary muscle, suggest that, like cholinergic agonists, the observed effects of endothelin on outflow facility may be mediated, at least in part, through an action on the ciliary muscle. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 32: 492-495,1991 Endothelins are a group of vasoconstrictor polypeptides which have recently been isolated from porcine aortic endothelial cells. 1 Effects of endothelin on the cardiovascular system are similar to those of angiotensin II, but endothelin is much more potent. Endothelin also contracts nonvascular smooth muscle. 2 " 4 A recent report documented that endothelin causes a membrane voltage depolarization and an increase in intracellular calcium in cultured human ciliary muscle cells at a concentration about two orders of magnitude lower than acetylcholine. 5 This result points to a possible physiologic role for endothelin in the ciliary muscle. In this report, we describe the results of in vivo experiments that demonstrate endothelin-mediated effects on both the facility of outflow and accommodation.
The evolution of Darwin's theism

The photographs taken of Charles Darwin late in life (indeed, from his fifties on) make him seem a kind of sage, venerable and enigmatic. It is an impression no doubt created partly by his imposing figure and by the copious, untrimmed beard hiding much of his face.' But while Darwin seems to have relished looking sage,2 he did not fancy himself particularly wise in metaphysics or religion. In these matters he was deeply and designedly reticent. Nevertheless, his legacy undeniably has been religious as well as scientific. And the fact remains that although he lived in relative seclusion and was by nature a private person, Darwin was also a public figure and a representative Victorian an illustrious "modern" trying at a crucial moment in history to make emotional and intellectual sense of the world. His views on God and religion quite naturally are of special interest, not only to scientists and religion scholars but also to the public at large.3 It is unfortunate, therefore, that the various pictures we have been given of Darwin's life and thought are less subtle and suggestive with regard to his religious attitudes than the photographs are with regard to his general demeanor. It may be true, as Michael Ruse says, that "Darwin simply cared less about religion than many other men."4 Yet Darwin's religious concerns were in fact more
Robust Allocation and Scheduling Heuristics for Dynamic, Distributed Real-Time Systems

A challenge facing real-time computing is the need to deploy real-time systems in dynamic operational environments. The systems have explicit deadline requirements, but their execution times are often affected by unpredictable environmental inputs that cannot be known a priori and have no worst-case estimates. As a result, traditional real-time task allocation and scheduling techniques do not apply.
Landscape Transformation and Language Change: A Case Study in Amazonian Historical Ecology

The author shows the influence of European trade and colonisation on the changes in Amerindian vocabulary. He uses the analysis to reflect on the knowledge of Amazonian landscape and associated biota. Balee is concerned specifically with the case of cacao and the way in which its denominations were transformed in the Tupi-Guarani language, thanks to the importance of the commodity in the 18th century Amazonia. Balee shows that the socio-environmental picture in which both caboclo and Amerindian societies were placed was very complex, a timely reminder of the importance of a historical approach for the understanding of both.
The Hallucinogens, PCP, and Related Drugs

Both marijuana and the hallucinogens produce a change in the level of consciousness, and both are capable of inducing hallucinations. However, in the usual doses taken, the predominant effect of cannabis is to alter the “feeling state” without frank hallucinations, whereas the drugs discussed in this chapter produce abnormal sensory inputs of a predominantly visual nature (illusions or hallucinations) even at low doses.
Abstract WP440: Relaxin Selectively Affects Brain Parenchymal Arteriolar Structure during Hypertension

Background: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is a common hypertension-related vasculopathy of the penetrating arterioles (PA) that causes lacunar stroke, white matter lesions and vascular dement...
Examining and Understanding Value: The Impact of Preoperative Characteristics, Intraoperative Variables, and Postoperative Complications on Cost of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

Abstract Introduction and Objective: Quality-based reimbursement continues to gain popularity as value-based care becomes more prominent. Our goal is to describe the impact of preoperative characte...
RbAg2As3Se6: A unique three-dimensional silver-selenoarsenate framework ∞3[Ag2As3Se6] -, Assembled from [As3Se6]3- rings and "Ag22+" Dumbbell units

The three-dimensional silver-selenoarsenate RbAg2As3Se6 is a kinetic product in the methanolothermal reaction between RbCl, AgBF4 and Li3AsSe3. It contains [As3Se6]3- rings, connected by formal “Ag22+“ dumb-bell units to form a three-dimensional framework structure [Ag2As3Se6]-. The ability of the Ag22+ units to adapt an octahedral coordination environment of chalcogenide atoms is crucial for obtaining this unique framework. The Rb+ cations are coordinated in a crown-like manner by two [As3Se6]3- rings and form polar columns [Rb(As3Se6)]2-.
STATISTICAL MODELLING OF TURBULENT REACTIVE FLOWS

Turbulent combustion occurs in many engineering applications: spark-ignition engines, gas-turbine combustors, and furnaces, for example. In each of the applications cited the design process is lengthy and expensive. The industries involved are attempting to improve their design procedures by using computer models of turbulent reacting flows.
Mortality Forecasts and Linear Life Expectancy Trends

Two important articles on aggregate mortality trends were published in the spring of 2002, with important implications for our perspective on modeling, forecasting, and interpreting mortality trends. One such article was Oeppen and Vaupel (2002, henceforth OV), which shows a remarkable linear trend in the female life expectancy (at birth, period basis) of the national population with the highest value for this variable from 1840 to 2000. Of course the set of nations reporting credible life expectancy values has greatly expanded over this period, but that is unlikely to have mattered much for the results. Over this entire 160-year period, the record life expectancy consistently increased by 0.24 years of life per calendar year of time, or at the rate of 24 years per century. Extrapolation would lead us to expect a female life expectancy of around 108 years at the end of the twenty-first century.
Breast Conserving Surgery Compared With Mastectomy in Male Breast Cancer: A Brief Systematic Review.

Abstract The surgical guidelines for male breast cancer (MBC) have been largely guided by female-predominant clinical trials. Because no clinical trial has been conducted to examine the surgical treatment of MBC, we performed a systematic review comparing the survival of patients with MBC who had undergone breast conserving surgery (BCS) and those who had undergone mastectomy and evaluated the patients’ radiotherapy compliance after BCS. We performed a systematic search of electronic databases to find MBC cohort studies that had reported ≥ 1 survival outcome (disease-free survival [DFS], disease-specific survival [DSS], or overall survival [OS]) stratified by surgical treatment (BCS and/or mastectomy) and/or radiotherapy compliance with BCS. A total of 1 prospective and 9 retrospective cohort studies were included, with the number of patients ranging from 7 to 6039. Of the BCS patients, compliance with postoperative radiotherapy was low (range, 27%-46%), with the exception of 1 single-institution prospective study that reported 86% compliance (6 of 7 patients). The pooled estimate for all patients with MBC was 83% (95% confidence interval [CI], 78%-88%) for 5-year DSS and 66% (95% CI, 63%-70%) for 5-year OS. Most studies reported no differences in DFS, DSS, or OS for BCS and mastectomy. BCS is a reasonable treatment approach for MBC because it was associated with oncologic outcomes similar to those with mastectomy. However, the low rates of radiotherapy compliance among male patients who underwent BCS is concerning and highlights the importance of shared decision-making with patients with MBC when selecting a surgical treatment strategy.
HATtracting Nucleases to Stalled Forks.

In this issue of Molecular Cell, Kim et al., 2020 report that PCAF is a fork-associated histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that regulates the stability of stalled forks and the response to PARP inhibition in BRCA1/2-deficient cells.
Essay Property, Dignity, and Human Flourishing

The relationship between human dignity and human rights has become increasingly well-established in recent years. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union declares, for example, “Human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected.” What is not so clear is the relationship between human dignity and human flourishing. For one thing, even if we all shared the same conception of human dignity (highly doubtful), we surely do not all share a clear understanding of human flourishing, let alone how that concept relates to dignity. Even less likely do we all share a well-defined understanding of how property relates to the other two, i.e., human dignity and human flourishing. My task here is to sketch such an understanding.
Abstract MP36: Blood Pressure Reductions in the Hyperacute Phase of Large Vessel Occlusion Ischemic Stroke Are Associated With Infarct Progression and Poor Functional Outcome

Introduction: Decreases in blood pressure (BP) during endovascular therapy (EVT) have been associated with infarct progression and worse outcome after large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke. However, ...
Developing and Approving a LETS! Teach, Affirm, Learn, Know (LETS! T.A.L.K.) Curriculum for Grades K-2 in a Public-School System

Few public schools in Massachusetts offer a sex-positive, inclusive sexuality education curriculum at the elementary school level. One Massachusetts public elementary school identified the need for...
Review of control surface freeplay

Abstract In the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the field of nonlinear aeroelasticity. With substantial improvements in computing capabilities, the control surface freeplay problem is now being reinvestigated by many researchers with the goal of developing more advanced and accurate analytical models. Modern theoretical and experimental analyses of freeplay are opening many new avenues of studies within aeroelasticity. While the fundamental problem is believed to be understood and numerous modeling approaches exist, freeplay research continues to yield different numerical predictions of the aeroelastic dynamical behavior and its associated properties. This paper reviews the recent literature on this topic, showing many variabilities in the parameters that define freeplay and its aeroelastic response, with the majority of the existing models being developed deterministically. The research is categorized into the major subtopics that define the freeplay problem, observing that the phenomena has characteristics of nonlinear dynamics.
Modeling Relative Trajectory Costs for Airborne Trajectory Reroutes using Trajectory Option Sets

This paper proposes a novel approach to calculating Relative Trajectory Costs (RTC) as part of a new third-party tool to enable advanced airborne reroute operations. A selection of cost and delay factors, such as Crew, Fuel, Airspace Cost and Downstream Congestion, have been modeled to rank reroute options within the NextGen capability called the Trajectory Options Set (TOS). Feedback from airline operations subject matter experts suggested potential limitations of generalized cost modeling due to the divergence in cost estimation between different airlines based on their proprietary business models. Suggestions were made to allow a future RTC tool to allow the airlines to tune the models based on requirements. Nevertheless, we successfully demonstrated the ability of using automation to rank trajectories in airborne reroute scenarios which was well received by the participants. The automated ranking helps to alleviate the additional workload in this airline-centric concept in which responsibilities once held by air traffic service providers are then shifted towards the airline industry.
Ultrasonic Imaging and Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of the Hearts of Patients

Cross fertilization between the quantitative nondestructive evaluation (QNDE) community and the diagnostic medicine community in the area of ultrasonics represents an attractive but challenging goal. High resolution, real-time ultrasonic imaging is routinely available not only in major medical centers but even in modest community hospitals. However, quantitative ultrasonic evaluation based on the physics of the interaction of ultrasound with tissue (often described by the term tissue characterization) is relatively limited in comparison with the rather sophisticated approaches developed for QNDE.
A Study of Factors Influencing the Hatch Rate of Penaeus vannamei Eggs. II. Presence of a Spermatophore

Eghty-three mated Penaeus vMMmei females were sourced from a commercial sized maturation tank. The hatch rate was rewrded for those shrimp based on the presence of a full spermatophore, a partial spermatophore or the loss of the spermatophore during sourcing and handling. The hatch rates were not significantly different among females for the three spermatophore conditions. The mean hatch rates were 48.8% for full spermatophores, 43.1% for partial spermatophores and 55.6% for lost spermatophores. The location of the sperm at fertilization and the precise mechanisms of fertilization are still unknown.
Visual Pattern Detection and Recognition Memory in Children with Profound Mental Retardation

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses profound retardation and presents the basic measures or operational definitions to test the visual perception of normal infants. The chapter also demonstrates how methods developed to test the visual-perceptual and visual recognition functioning of the normal infant may be employed to explore the visual–perceptual and memory abilities of the profoundly retarded child. Two naturally occurring preferences that prove useful, particularly in the study of infant perception and memory, are greater attention to patterned than to plain targets and a tendency to devote more attention to a novel than to a previously seen target. Generally, the retarded demonstrate immediate recognition memory as inferred from their novelty preferences, which are exhibited when they are faced with previously exposed and novel targets varying simultaneously in multiple aspects of patterning, while some profoundly retarded children seem more efficient than others in recognizing patterns. Thus, individual differences in pattern detection and in recognition memory exist among the profoundly retarded. The measurement of such differences may result not only in more appropriate educational materials and procedures, but also in the identification of those profoundly retarded children who will benefit the most from education.
Limitations and improvement of diffusion tensor imaging

The tensor model assumes that the brain anatomy consists of a fiber population with a uniform fiber angle within a pixel. No matter what the fiber architecture is, tensor fitting forces the results to be fitted into one diffusion ellipsoid, in which there is only one long axis that is supposed to represent the fiber orientation. This is true when there is only one fiber population in a pixel. If there are two fiber populations, different fiber architectures may lead to the same fitting results, and the longest axis may not represent the orientation of any fibers. Two different types of neuroanatomy may lead to the same diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) result (information degeneration). In this case, measurements are under-sampled, and the estimation of fiber architecture from diffusion measurement becomes ill-posed. Depending on the angle and population ratios of fiber populations, diffusion may even look isotropic. The real issue is that many regions in our brain seem to have fiber architectures. In such cases, the tensor model simply fails. Another practical issue is that DTI provides six parameters/pixels. With six times more information per pixel, the tensor model may contain too much data to analyze.
The modification of actomyosin by α-actinin: III. The interaction between α-actinin and actin

Abstract Assay procedures have been developed to test for the interaction between α-actinin, and myosin or actin separately. It was found that only actin reacts with α-actinin. A combination between the two proteins can be observed directly by ultracentrifugation. The combination between the two proteins is strong, and is mutually saturated when about 0.9 parts of α-actinin are mixed with 1 part of actin. The combination leads to cross linkage of actin (or actomyosin) strands. It is concluded that the phenomena described in the course of these investigations result from this cross-linkage, and that they are not necessarily indicative of a functional role of α-actinin in the contraction process. The hypothesis is proposed that α-actinin may represent Z-band material.
Development of Processing Speed in Childhood and Adolescence

Publisher Summary This chapter proposes two general explanations of developmental change in processing speed. One explanation emphasizes experiences that lead to change in speeds of processes in specific domains; the other explanation emphasizes more global changes—those that are not linked to specific domains-that are thought to be maturationally based. The first hypothesis is that age differences in processing speed reflect changes that are specific to particular processes, tasks, or domains. Similarly, age differences in processing speed might reflect the fact that knowledge in specified domains becomes more elaborate, providing multiple paths by which the information can be accessed more rapidly. An alternative to theories in which specific experiences are emphasized is the view that age differences in processing speed result from more general developmental change. The fact that a global mechanism may limit speeded performance is significant for the understanding of typical patterns of cognitive development beyond the domain of speeded tasks. Such a mechanism may be implicated whenever rate of stimulation or pacing of responses is controlled externally, or, more generally, whenever a number of activities must be completed in a fixed period. In these instances, slow processing speed may result in reduced performance because children cannot complete all components of task performance in the time allotted.
Relationship of adenomyosis uteri to endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma.

Abstract 1. 1. Adenomyosis uteri is encountered more often in the uterus with carcinomatous endometrium than in one with benign endometrium. In a group of 100 cases of endometrial carcinoma, adenomyosis was found in 60. In a control group of 100 cases with benign endometrium, adenomyosis occurred in 39. This difference is statistically significant. 2. 2. Adenomyosis is more likely to be of greater degree in the presence of endometrial carcinoma than in the uterus with benign endometrium. “Moderate to extensive” adenomyosis was noted in 40 of the 100 carcinoma cases and in 14 of the 100 controls. This difference is statistically significant. 3. 3. No correlation was found between the presence of “extensive” adenomyosis and the invasiveness of the endometrial carcinoma. 4. 4. Adenomyosis uteri and endometrial hyperplasia coexist more frequently in the presence of endometrial carcinoma than in the uterus with benign endometrium. In the group of endometrial carcinomas, 39 cases exhibited both adenomyosis and endometrial hyperplasia compared with 7 cases in the control group. This difference is statistically significant. 5. 5. The possibility of the development of anaplasia in adenomyosis uteri has been considered. 6. 6. These interrelationships between adenomyosis uteri, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrial carcinoma suggest that a common denominator, possibly hormonal, may exist in the three lesions.
Introduction to Aberrations in Optical Imaging Systems

The competent and intelligent optical design of today's state-of-the-art products requires an understanding of optical aberrations. This accessible book provides an excellent introduction to the wave theory of aberrations and will be valuable to graduate students in optical engineering, as well as to researchers and technicians in academia and industry interested in optical imaging systems. Using a logical structure, uniform mathematical notation and high quality figures, the author helps readers to learn the theory of optical aberrations in a modern and efficient manner. In addition to essential topics such as the aberration function, wave aberrations, ray caustics and aberration coefficients, this text covers pupil aberrations, the irradiance function, aberration fields and polarization aberrations. It also provides a historical perspective by explaining the discovery of aberrations and two chapters provide insight into classical image formation; these topics of discussion are often missing in comparable books.
Cultural Equivalence in Depressive Symptoms in Older White, Black, and Mexican‐American Adults

OBJECTIVES To examine cultural equivalence in responses to depressive symptom items of three racial or ethnic elderly groups.
Neurogenic control of the cerebral microcirculation: is dopamine minding the store?

Cerebral blood flow is highly regulated by neural activity. New anatomical and functional evidence suggests that dopamine neurons may play a key role in this process.
Rulemaking in 140 Characters or Less: Social Networking and Public Participation in Rulemaking

Rulemaking - the process by which administrative agencies make new regulations - has long been a target for e-government efforts. The process is now one of the most important ways the federal government makes public policy. Moreover, transparency and participation rights are already part of its legal structure. The first generation of federal e-rulemaking involved putting the conventional process online by creating an e-docket of rulemaking materials and allowing online submission of public comments. Now the Obama Administration is urging agencies to embark on the second generation of technology-assisted rulemaking, by bringing social media into the process. In this article we describe the initial results of a pilot Rulemaking 2.0 system, Regulation Room, with particular emphasis on its social networking and other Web 2.0 elements. (A companion article, Rulemaking 2.0, gives a more general overview of the project and is forthcoming in Miami Law Review). Web 2.0 technologies and methods seem well suited to overcoming one of the principal barriers to broader, better public participation in rulemaking: unawareness that a rulemaking of interest is going on. We talk here about the successes and obstacles to social-media based outreach in the first two rulemakings offered on Regulation Room. Our experience confirms the power of viral information spreading on the Web, but also warns that outcomes can be shaped by circumstances difficult, if not impossible, for the outreach effort to control. There are two additional substantial barriers to broader, better public participation in rulemaking: ignorance of the rulemaking process, and the information overload of voluminous and complex rulemaking materials. Social media are less obviously suited to lowering these barriers. We describe here the design elements and human intervention strategies being used in Regulation Room, with some success, to overcome process ignorance and information overload. However, it is important to recognize that the paradigmatic Web 2.0 user experience involves behaviors fundamentally at odds with the goals of such strategies. One of these is the ubiquitousness of voting (through rating, ranking, and recommending) as "participation" online. Another is what Web guru Jacok Neilsen calls the ruthlessness of users in moving rapidly through web sites, skimming rather than carefully reading content and impatiently seeking something to do quickly before they move on. Neither of these behaviors well serves those who would participate effectively in rulemaking. For this reason, Rulemaking 2.0 systems must be consciously engaged in culture creation, a challenging undertaking that requires simultaneously using, and fighting, the methods and expectations of the Web.
Student Voices Following Fieldwork Failure: A Phenomenological Inquiry

Clinical education, or fieldwork, is a required part of learning in many healthcare professions. Successful fieldwork indicates readiness for practice. Failure during clinical education has seldom been examined from the viewpoint of the student. The purpose of the study is to investigate adaptive strategies following fieldwork failure of occupational therapy students in the United States, to understand the meaning associated with the experience, and contribute to professional clinical education. This phenomenological study examines failure with an Occupational Adaptation perspective. Data are collected through open-ended, semi-structured interviews. Twelve occupational therapy students reveal a broad range of adaptive behaviours, strategies and categories without a predominant pattern. Three themes emerge: I need to tell my story not passing is not the same as failing, and convergence, supporting the concept of learning from what goes wrong. When academic or clinical education challenges are greater than a student’s ability to adapt, he or she may fail. The investigator recommends the inclusion of student voices for research in teaching and learning about failure. Future research could apply the Occupational Adaptation theoretical frame of reference to name and frame adaptive strategies in clinical education and intervention across professions and cultures that support professional growth.