cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obstructive hydrocephalus from venous sinus thrombosis.

Background Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare form of stroke. Although increased intracranial pressure is a well-described complication of CVST, hydrocephalus has rarely been reported.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF INDIVIDUAL NITROGLYCERIN TABLETS.

A spectrophotometric procedure for the microdetermination of glyceryl trinitrate through alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent determination of the nitrite formed through diazotization and coupling has been devised which avoids the serious interference in the presence of lactose. The principal feature of the method is based on the substitution of strontium hydroxide for the usual sodium hydroxide as the hydrolyzing alkali. Presumably the formation of the strontium salt of lactose removes this carbohydrate from the field of interference. The results of more than 500 assays of individual tablets of nitroglycerin representing four different sources of manufacture and five different dosages are reported.
Safety of Upper Extremity Surgery After Prior Treatment for Ipsilateral Breast Cancer: Results of an American Society for Surgery of the Hand Membership Survey and Literature Review

Lymphedema, infection, and healing delay are among feared complications in patients undergoing upper extremity surgery after prior mastectomy and axillary dissection with or without radiation therapy. Most of these cancer patients are advised to avoid any procedure on their ipsilateral upper extremity including blood pressure monitoring, intravenous punctures, and surgery. As a result, many of these patients hesitate to undergo necessary upper extremity surgery such as arthritis surgery and even carpal tunnel release. Many hand and upper extremity surgeons believe that these precautions are unnecessarily stringent and believe that indicated upper extremity surgeries could be performed safely in these patients. We surveyed 1,200 members of The American Society for Surgery of the Hand and the 606 returned questionnaires were analyzed. More than 95% of the hand surgeons surveyed do not hesitate to perform surgery on an upper extremity in a patient after ipsilateral lymphadenectomy and/or irradiation, decreasing to 85% if there is pre-existing chronic lymphedema; 94% use a tourniquet in a routine fashion (74% use a tourniquet in the presence of existing lymphedema); 46% use a Bier block when clinically indicated (only 21% would use a Bier block in a patient with lymphedema); and 36% are comfortable using an axillary block (25% in the case of lymphedema). Thus, most of the polled surgeons would prefer to perform surgery on these patients under a general anesthetic, but still would use an extremity tourniquet for a bloodless surgical field in their routine manner. The rate of reported complications in these patients was 23% in patients with pre-existing chronic lymphedema and only 3% in patients with no lymphedema. After surgery, 46.2% of the surgeons do not undertake any additional precautions than in their routine practice with all upper extremity surgery patients. However, 53.8% would change their routine practice for such patients and these changes range from placing the surgical tourniquet on the forearm instead of the upper arm, use of perioperative prophylactic antibiotics in all patients irrespective of the type of surgery, use of postoperative compression garments, and specific postoperative hand therapy aimed at the prevention of postoperative edema.
Star Formation Studies From Antarctica

Star formation is the fundamental cosmic process that determines the evolution of ordinary baryonic matter in the Universe. Because stars form from cold, dense, and obscured cores in interstellar molecular clouds, star formation investigations require observations in the infrared to radio wavelength portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The high elevations and dry conditions at sites on the Antarctic plateau provide the darkest sky and best transparency available from any ground-based location. I present an overview of unique observational opportunities in the general area of star and planet formation studies from Antarctica. A 2 to 3 meter diameter mid-IR telescope optimized for wide-field imaging provides the most exciting near-term opportunities for a program of star formation studies.
Identifying high-risk youth for secondary gang prevention

Efforts to reduce gang violence by deterring youth from joining street gangs are of major interest in cities across the United States. Current thinking supports a comprehensive gang reduction approach that includes concurrent efforts that prevent joining, encourage leaving, and interrupt gang violence. This paper focuses on a method of strengthening the prevention component by improving the identification of youth at high risk for gang joining. The authors advocate a secondary prevention approach supported by an empirically based assessment of risk factors consistently associated with gang joining in rigorous studies across multiple locations in the United States, Canada, and Europe.The process of developing a Gang Risk of Entry Factors (GREF) assessment tool to identify youth at high risk for gang involvement is described in the context of the authors' collaboration with ongoing comprehensive gang reduction efforts undertaken by the City of Los Angeles. The rationale for the approach as well as the frame...
Responding to the rofecoxib withdrawal crisis: a new model for notifying patients at risk and their health care providers.

The authors' institution used its electronic medical record to rapidly identify and notify individual patients and their providers about the withdrawal of rofecoxib. For medical practices with elec...
The liver--a potential new player in islet regeneration?

Pancreatic islet β cell mass expands in response to certain physiological conditions such as pregnancy and obesity, but the signaling pathways involved are not well understood. Possible insights come from a newly described regulatory circuit through which obesity-enhanced kinase signaling in the liver triggers expansion of islet mass and enhanced insulin secretion.
Crisis management: prevention, diagnosis and intervention

This article deals basically with the dynamic environment of today’s businesses. Despite all of the efforts a company puts forth to scan the environmental issues, crises can occur and have to be managed. We have first reviewed several crises in businesses during the recent times, to define and identify the nature of a crisis. Then the anatomy of a crisis is presented schematically. Finally, by recommending certain preventive measures and interventions, the article concludes that acknowledging a crisis and communicating with the stakeholders are as important as planning the prevention, diagnosis, and intervention to solve crisis situations.
Nonlinear Adaptive Robust Observer for Velocity Estimation of Hydraulic Cylinders Using Pressure Measurement Only

This paper considers the design of an observer to estimate the velocity of an electro-hydraulic system using pressure measurements only. The difficulties involved in the design of an observer for such a system include the highly nonlinear system dynamics, severe parametric uncertainties like large variation of inertial load and unmatched model uncertainties. In order to tackle these problems a nonlinear model based Adaptive Robust Observer (ARO) is designed which provides not only a robust estimate of the velocity of the system but also the robust identification of the system parameters. Online monitoring of certain persistence of excitation conditions allow us to improve the quality of the parameter and velocity estimates. Simulation and experimental results on the swing motion control of a three-degree-of freedom hydraulic robot arm demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed observer.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
529 VITAMINS A, E, FAT AND CHOLESTEROL CONTENT OF PRE TERM AND TERM HUMAN MILK

We studied the vitamins A, E, fat (total lipid) and cholesterol content of milk from 8 preterm mothers (gest. 30-36 weeks) and 10 term (gest. 40 weeks) mothers. Expressed milk was collected on days 3, 9, 15, 21, 27 and 33 postpartum. To study the effects of maternal diet on its milk composition, a 48 hour dietary intake was recorded on days 3, 15, and 33. There were no differences in the vitamin A content between the preterm (PT) and term (T) milks; mean total for the study, 993±237 (M±SD) and 809±368 IU/d1 respectively. The vitamin E content of PT and T milk was also not different; 0.95±0.36 IU/d1 for PT and 1.4±0.5 IU/d1 for T. However, PT milk had a lower mean fat content during the study than T milk (2.08±.81 vs. 3.28±1.33 gm/d1, p<.01). In both groups the fat content of the milk increased from day 3 to 33 (p<.001). There was no difference in cholesterol content of PT and T milk except on day 15 when preterm milk cholesterol was higher than T milk (7.84±3.5 mg/dl vs. 2.49±2.67 mg/d1, p<.02). The cholesterol content of the milk in both groups on day 33 was significantly higher than days 3, 9, 15 and 27. All mothers met or exceeded the recommended daily allowance of vitamins, fats and cholesterol during the study. No significant correlation was shown between maternal dietary ingestion and milk content. In conclusion, preterm milk is similar to term milk in vitamin A and E content, but has a lower fat and a higher cholesterol content during the first 33 days of lactation.
The inverse source problem for Maxwell's equations

The inverse source problem for Maxwell's equations is considered. We show that the problem of finding a volume current density from surface measurements does not have a unique solution, and characterizes the non-uniqueness. We also show that if further a priori information is available, the inverse source problem may have a unique solution (in particular for surface currents or dipole sources).
A novel Escherichia coli strain allows functional analysis of guanylate kinase drug resistance and sensitivity.

Abstract Guanylate kinase is a critical enzyme in the biosynthesis of guanosine 5 ′ -triphosphate (GTP) and dGTP and is responsible for the phosphorylation of guanosine 5 ′ -monophosphate (GMP) and dGMP to guanosine 5 ′ -diphosphate (GDP) and dGDP, respectively. As with many nucleotide-metabolizing enzymes, guanylate kinase is involved in antimicrobial and antineoplastic drug activation. This is due to the structural similarities of such agents with nucleobases or nucleosides that are acted upon by endogenous enzymes. Despite the involvement of guanylate kinase in 6-thioguanine, mercaptopurine, and abasic guanosine analog (e.g., ganciclovir) activation, studies have only recently focused on the molecular basis of the structure to function relationship of a mammalian guanylate kinase. As a means to evaluate the details of amino acid side chain involvement in substrate interaction, we have constructed a conditional guanylate-kinase-deficient Escherichia coli strain that requires the presence of a functional, plasmid-borne guanylate kinase for growth under selective conditions. Positive genetic selection provides a rapid mechanism to identify not only functional guanylate kinase mutants but also those that result in drug resistance. This novel strain will be beneficial to assess the role of specific amino acids of guanylate kinase in structure, function, drug activation, and drug resistance.
Mixed Petrov-Galerkin methods for the Timoshenko beam problem

Abstract A new mixed Petrov-Galerkin method is presented for the Timoshenko beam problem. The method has enhanced stability compared to the Galerkin formulation, allowing new combinations of interpolation, in particular, equal-order stress and displacement fields. The methodology is easily generalizable for multi-dimensional Hellinger-Reissner systems.
Exploring quality: what Robert Pirsig's 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance can teach us about technical communication

The author argues that the major reason why Robert Pirsig's 'Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance', first published in 1974, continues to attract so much interest lies in the way Pirsig challenges our values. Pirsig shows that we have lost our understanding of quality, and he explores how we can restore a sense of quality to our lives. The author suggests that technical communication could benefit from Pirsig's idea. >
The National Medical Technology TestBed

The objective of the Loma Linda University Medical Center (LLUMC) National Medical Technology TestBed (NMTB) Program is to promote development and application of the established and evolving defense technology base to obtain dramatic improvements in healthcare delivery in both the battlefield and civilian healthcare sectors. Specifically, its current goal is to significantly enhance the quality and delivery of medical care to combat casualties, with corresponding applicability to civilian trauma care.
Current status of hybrid coronary revascularization

Hybrid coronary revascularization combines coronary artery bypass surgery with percutaneous coronary intervention techniques to treat coronary artery disease. The potential benefits of such a technique are to offer the patients the best available treatments for coronary artery disease while minimizing the risks of the surgery. Hybrid coronary revascularization has resulted in the establishment of new 'hybrid operating suites', which incorporate and integrate the capabilities of a cardiac surgery operating room with that of an interventional cardiology laboratory. Hybrid coronary revascularization has greatly augmented teamwork and cooperation between both fields and has demonstrated encouraging as well as good initial outcomes.
Synergism Between a Novel Chimeric Lysin and Oxacillin Protects Against Infection by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of several serious infectious diseases. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains has resulted in significant treatment difficulties, intensifying the need for new antimicrobial agents. Toward this end, we have developed a novel chimeric bacteriophage (phage) lysin that is active against staphylococci, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The chimeric lysin (called ClyS) was obtained by fusing the N-terminal catalytic domain of the S. aureus Twort phage lysin with the C-terminal cell wall-targeting domain from another S. aureus phage lysin (phiNM3), which displayed Staphylococcus-specific binding. ClyS was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified protein lysed MRSA, vancomycin-intermediate strains of S. aureus (VISA), and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) strains of S. aureus in vitro. In a mouse nasal decolonization model, a 2-log reduction in the viability of MRSA cells was seen 1 h following a single treatment with ClyS. One intraperitoneal dose of ClyS also protected against death by MRSA in a mouse septicemia model. ClyS showed a typical pattern of synergistic interactions with both vancomycin and oxacillin in vitro. More importantly, ClyS and oxacillin at doses that were not protective individually protected synergistically against MRSA septic death in a mouse model. These results strongly support the development of ClyS as an attractive addition to the current treatment options of multidrug-resistant S. aureus infections and would allow for the reinstatement of antibiotics shelved because of mounting resistance.
Postdischarge community pharmacist–provided home services for patients after hospitalization for heart failure

Abstract Objective To establish a community pharmacist–provided home health service to improve medication adherence and reduce 30-day heart failure–related hospital readmissions. Setting Visiting Nurse Services of Newport and Bristol Counties located in Portsmouth, RI, from December 2013 to April 2014. Practice description Each patient received one in-home visit provided by a Postgraduate Year 1 community pharmacy resident within 1 week of admission to visiting nurse services followed by two follow-up telephone calls, 1 week and 4 weeks after the visit. The in-home visit consisted of a baseline assessment of medication adherence using the Morisky 8-Item Medication Adherence Questionnaire as well as pharmacist-provided education regarding chronic heart failure management. The follow-up telephone calls were used to reassess patient adherence and to monitor for hospital readmission within 30 days of the initial in-home visit. Practice innovation Community pharmacist–provided in-home medication reconciliation and medication teaching has not been described in the literature previously. In addition, pharmacists are often not included on home health care teams placing patients undergoing transitions in care at risk for potential medication-related errors. Main outcome measures Improvement in medication adherence and reduction in 30-day heart failure–related hospital readmission rates. Results Ten patients were enrolled from December 2013 through April 2014. Following intervention, all patients saw improvements in adherence questionnaire scores during follow-up. Hospital readmission rates for patients seen by the pharmacist were lower compared with agencywide figures over a similar time period. Conclusion A community pharmacist–provided in-home medication teaching service for patients following recent hospital discharge helps facilitate successful transitions of care from an inpatient to outpatient setting, improves medication adherence and has produced lower observed 30-day heart failure–related hospital readmission rates. Expansion of this or a similar service within the community pharmacy to reach as many patients as possible, including those not using visiting nurse services, could serve to only augment these benefits.
Very low frame-rate video streaming for face-to-face teleconference

Providing the best possible face-to-face video over low bandwidth networks is a major challenge for current teleconferencing systems especially when implementing multi-party conversations. With the limitations of fixed webcams and low bandwidth, the transmitted faces may be significantly blurred, even unrecognizable. We describe a novel strategy for real-time coding of face video at a very low frame rate such as one frame per 2-3 seconds. By reducing the frame rate, we transmit high spatial fidelity face video at a very low bit-rate of 8 Kbit/s, with a reasonable representation of the original video, especially for conversants in "listening" mode. One challenge overcome is selecting which frames to transmit. We provide experimental results that show that our compression strategy provides very low bit-rate face-to-face teleconferencing.
Association of Radiation Pneumonitis Related Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Changes in Pulmonary Function in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer After Definitive Concurrent Chemoradiation

Purpose/Objective(s): Despite advances in cancer detection and management, the outcome for patients with Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma (TSCC) has not significantly improved over the last years. It is important to identify tissue molecular biomarkers that can provide information complementary to the histopathological studies and to define its relationship with progression and survival. Materials/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 67 patients treated with curative intent between 2004 and 2012. Oral tongue specimens were obtained from archived tissue samples of biopsy and surgery. The expression of cell cycle acceleration and proliferation markers: Cdk2, cyclin B1; and tumor suppression and apoptosis markers: p16, p27, p63, bcl2, PTEN, survivin and Daxx in the cancer cells was assessed immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays (TMAs). Its predictive value on survival and relapse was analyzed. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the resulting curves were compared using the Log-rank test. Mean follow-up: 43.6 months (DT: 29.1). Male/Female: 35/32. Mean age: 63 years (range: 24-89). Tumor stage: I-II 44 (66%); III-IV 23 (34%). Treatment: 58 (87%) pts. were surgically treated, 20 with adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) +/chemotherapy (CT). Radical RCT: 9 pts. We used the 15% labeling index as a cutoff point in cyclin B1, 5% in CdK2, p63 and bcl2, 10% in p27, p16, PTEN, Daxx, and survivin. Results: Recurrence: 22 pts (31.4%). Disease-free survival: 37.4 months (DT: 29.25), Global survival: 43.16 months (DT: 29.53). When overall and disease-free survival curves were compared, Cdk2 marker was statistically significant for overall survival (pZ 0.034), p63 for disease-free survival (p Z 0.012) and p27 for both survival curves (pZ 0.000). The other markers showed no significance although cyclin B1 was near significance (p Z 0.098). p16 overexpression was found in 9,3% (6/65 pts.) and was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The present study shows a significant predictive value for p27, Cdk2 and p63 markers with respect to survival in TSCC. p27 is the marker with a stronger significance. Thus, those markers might be useful in order to facilitate the decision for appropriate therapy modality. Cyclin B1 could also be a useful marker and needs to be further investigated. p16 expression was low and was not a marker of favorable prognosis. Author Disclosure: A. Ruiz-Alonso: None. C. Ballestin Carcavilla: None. M. Alonso Riano: None. R. Garcia-Martin: None. M. Colmenero: None. M. Murillo: None. R. Gutierrez: None. G. Sanchez-Aniceto: None. J. Perez-Regadera: None.
A Risk and Outcome Based Strategy for Justifying Characterization to Resolve Tank Waste Safety Issues

This report describes a risk-based decision-making strategy for determining characterization needs and resolving safety issues during the storage and remediation of radioactive waste stored in the 177 underground tanks located on the U. S. Department of Energy’s Hanford Site in Washington State. From 1944 to the late 1980’s, Hanford reprocessed 100,000 metric tons of irradiated nuclear fuel to produce 67 metric tons of plutonium-239 for use in nuclear weapons. The high-level radioactivity and chemical waste generated from this reprocessing is now stored in aging carbon steel tanks. The recommended strategy uses interactive problem evaluation and decision analysis methods commonly used in industry to solve problems under conditions of uncertainty (i. e., lack of perfect knowledge). It acknowledges that problem resolution comes through both the application of high-quality science and human decisions based upon pReferences and sometimes hard-to-compare choices. It recognizes that to resolve a safety problem, the controlling waste characteristics and chemical phenomena must be measurable or estimated to an acceptable level of confidence tailored to the decision being made.
Hybrid inelastic-scattering models for particle thermometry: unpolarized emissions

A hybrid modeling technique is reported for studying inelastic (Raman and fluorescent) scattering from molecules embedded in spherical particles of large optical size parameters. The modeling technique, which combines the Lorenz–Mie theory (for determination of the incident excitation field) with a geometric optics formulation (for determination of an inelastic-scattering efficiency function), permits predictions of a weighting function inside a particle and also the angular scattering patterns. These calculations provide insight into the scattering processes and may serve as a theoretical basis for guiding experiments and interpreting results in aerosol particle thermometry by using inelastic-scattering techniques.
Presolar SiC in chondrites: How variable and how many sources?

The carbon and silicon isotropic compositions of 246 isotopically anomalous SiC grains measured in low concentration residues are reported. The residues were prepared from nine chondrites, namely, 6 unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOCs), Qingzhen (EH3), Leoville (CV3), and Murchison (CM2). Murchison is used as a standard to which all the other meteorites studied are compared. The range of isotopic compositions exhibited by UOC SiC is found to be similar to Murchison, except in Inman. Inman SiC has a distinctly different distribution of its silicon isotopic composition compared to the other meteorites. Residues from Qingzhen and Leoville produce only one anomalous SiC grain each.
Residual Analysis for Damage Detection: Effects of Variation on the Noise Model

Deviations from whiteness in the innovations of a Kalman filter indicate that the filter is not optimal for the given data. Lack of optimality can come from changes in the system properties but also from discrepancies between the noise statistics used to formulate the filter and the actual values. This paper examines the importance that changes in the noise part of the filter have on its ability to function as a damage detector. Analysis and numerical results show that the sensitivity is such that a realistic assessment of performance demands that potential fluctuations in the noise statistics be accounted for.
A distributed collision-free time slot and channel assignment algorithm for OFDM/TDMA wireless relay networks

In wireless multi-hop networks employing OFDM/TDMA, a collision-free time slot assignment is equal to finding a matching set in the network routing graph if an exclusive node (single hop) interference model is assumed. In order to maximize throughput, one must compute the maximum weighted matching set of the routing graph. Since the exclusive node interference model does not take into account interference caused by hidden terminals, two-hop interfering links should be scheduled on different channels during a same time slot. For this purpose, we introduce a distributed scheduling algorithm that assigns both time slots and channels to wireless transmission links in a conflict free manner. The suggested algorithm is a greedy solution which finds the local maximum weight of the links. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can incorporate the effects of changes in topology and routing. We present simulation results for networks where all nodes use a single-radio antenna, the MAC layer protocol is synchronized OFDM, and each channel uses TDMA. Comparisons are made using the proposed algorithm and the three-way handshaking algorithm suggested in the 2004 WiMAX standard.
A Reduced Complexity Wallace Multiplier Reduction

Wallace high-speed multipliers use full adders and half adders in their reduction phase. Half adders do not reduce the number of partial product bits. Therefore, minimizing the number of half adders used in a multiplier reduction will reduce the complexity. A modification to the Wallace reduction is presented that ensures that the delay is the same as for the conventional Wallace reduction. The modified reduction method greatly reduces the number of half adders; producing implementations with 80 percent fewer half adders than standard Wallace multipliers, with a very slight increase in the number of full adders.
Arabidopsis P-Protein Filament Formation Requires Both AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2

The structure–function relationship of proteinaceousﬁlaments in sieve elements has long been a source of inves-tigation in order to understand their role in the biology ofthe phloem. Two phloem ﬁlament proteins AtSEOR1(At3g01680.1) and AtSEOR2 (At3g01670.1) in Arabidopsishave been identiﬁed that are required for ﬁlament forma-tion. Immunolocalization experiments using a phloemﬁlament-speciﬁc monoclonal antibody in the respectiveT-DNA insertion mutants provided an initial indicationthat both proteins are necessary to form phloem ﬁlaments.To investigate the relationship between these two proteinsfurther, green ﬂuorescent protein (GFP)–AtSEO fusionproteins were expressed in Columbia wild-type and T-DNAinsertion mutants. Analysis of these mutants by confocalmicroscopy conﬁrmed that phloem ﬁlaments could onlybe detected in the presence of both proteins, indicatingthat despite signiﬁcant sequence homology the proteinsare not functionally redundant. Individual phloem ﬁlamentprotein subunits of AtSEOR1 and AtSEOR2 were capable offorming homodimers, but not heterodimers in a yeasttwo-hybrid system. The absence of phloem ﬁlaments inphloem sieve elements did not result in gross alterationsof plant phenotype or affect basal resistance to greenpeach aphid (Myzus persicae).Keywords: Arabidopsis AtSEOR Myzus persicae Phloem P-protein Sieve element.Abbreviations: DTT, dithiothreitol; ER, endoplasmic reticu-lum; GFP, green ﬂuorescent protein; MALDI-TOF MS,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of ﬂightmass spectrometry; ORF, open reading frame; PBS, phos-phate-buffered saline; P-protein, phloem protein; RT–PCR,reverse transcription–PCR; SE, sieve element; SEO, sieve elem-ent occlusion protein; SEOR, sieve element occlusion-relatedprotein; YFP, yellow ﬂuorescent protein.
Intracellular amino acid content of neuronal, glial, and non-neural cell cultures : the relationship to glutamic acid compartmentation

— A protocol for the accurate determination of intracellular levels of amino acids in tissue cultured cells has been developed and used in the measurement of intracellular amino acids levels in neuronal, glial, and non-neural cell lines, with the objective of establishing morphological correlates for large and small glutamic acid compartments and of examining hypotheses for the morphological basis of glutamic acid compartmentation. This survey of intracellular amino acid levels has revealed striking differences among the cell lines tested, but these differences did not correlate with cell type, i.e. neuronal vs glial, in contrast to earlier results (Rose, 1968) based on bulk separated neuronal and pial fractions from rat brain. Amino acid levels were found to be dependent upon tissue culture conditions, yet reproducible differences could be observed when growth and experimental conditions were carefully controlled. Glutamic acid levels for various cell lines ranged from 50.8 ± 14.3 to 158 ± 8.5 nmol/mg protein. Intracellular glutamine levels demonstrated even greater difference, with values ranging from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 107 ± 42.4 nmol/mg protein. Statistically significant differences in intracellular amino acid levels between cell lines were also observed for aspartic acid, praline, glycine, alanine, valine, cystathionine, isoleucine, and leucine. A number of cell lines demonstrating highly elevated elevated levels of γ-aminobutyrate and β-alanine were identified. The significance of neuronal and glial levels of glutamic acid, glutamine and γ-aminobutyrate to models for glutamic acid compartmentation is discussed.
How Do We Know What We Know . . . and How Do We Show It

Our most common approach to selecting a topic for editorial comment is to draw on some recent event or conversation that we view as having broader applicability than just our own personal engagement. Then, as we begin to develop our chosen topic, we ask ourselves some questions: Where have we been? Where are we now? Where should we be going? We see this process as a means of inviting our readers to join us in an ongoing and reflexive conversation about management education practice. In this, our last editorial for Volume 38 (2014), we want to take up the topic of evidence, a theme much discussed in both the management and SoTL literatures, and the subject of a session we facilitated at the 2014 Teaching and Learning Conference (TLC) of the Academy of Management. We came away from that session with a keen appreciation for the many different possible answers to the question, “What is evidence?” and sensitized to the unspoken assumptions that each answer invokes about management education scholarship. In particular, we noted as salient what Morgan and Smircich (1980) warn about theorizing in organization studies—that such discussions may become “a choice about method, which then obscures differences between perspectives and orientations to research” (Cunliffe, 2010, p. 648). The current interest in evidence and evidence-based practice in management education is the result of a number of disparate environmental forces.
Exploiting Fisher Kernels in Decoding Severely Noisy Document Images

Decoding noisy document images is commonly needed in applications such as enterprise content management. Available OCR solutions are still not satisfactory especially on noisy images, and re-trainable systems require difficult and tedious training example preparation. Motivated by this challenging real application, we propose a novel solution that organically combines generative template models with discriminative classifiers via RBF Fisher kernel derived from a generative model. We show that the new approach is highly accurate in decoding noisy document images, making the system more generalizable to variations in font and degradation, and hence significantly reduces the burden in training example preparation. We also show that as it weights the pixel features by their relevancies, RBF Fisher kernel is more robust, and leads to smaller, faster models by dimensionality reduction.
The Dimensions of Residential Segregation

This paper conceives of residential segregation as a multidimensional phenomenon varying along 5 distinct axes of measurement: evenness exposure concentration centralization and clustering. 20 indices of segregation are surveyed and related conceptually to 1 of the 5 dimensions. Using data from a large set of US metropolitan areas the indices are intercorrelated and factor analyzed. Orthogonal and oblique rotations produce pattern matrices consistent with the postulated dimensional structure. Based on the factor analyses and other information 1 index was chosen to represent each of the 5 dimensions and these selections were confirmed with a principal components analysis. The paper recommends adopting these indices as standard indicators in future studies of segregation. (authors)
Demonstration of a phase conjugate resonator using degenerate four-wave mixing via coherent population trapping in rubidium

Optical phase conjugation (OPC) is of interest for many applications such as optical resonators, high speed turbulence correction, and the production of the squeezed vacuum state. In the interest of practical implementation of OPC, the simplest method is to produce a phase conjugate mirror (PCM). In the work we have used the PCM as well as the gain associated with the OPC to form a ring laser.
Integration of Resting‐State FMRI and Diffusion‐Weighted MRI Connectivity Analyses of the Human Brain: Limitations and Improvement

BACKGROUND Integration of functional connectivity analysis based on resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and structural connectivity analysis based on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) has shown great potential to improve understanding of the neural networks in the human brain. However, there are sensitivity and specificity-related interpretation issues that must be addressed. METHODS We assessed the long-range functional and structural connections of the default-mode, attention, visual and motor networks on 25 healthy subjects. For each network, we first integrated these two analyses based on one common seed region. We then introduced a functional-assisted fiber tracking strategy, where seed regions were defined based on independent component analysis of the resting-state fMRI dataset. RESULTS The single-seed based technique successfully identified the expected functional connections within these networks at both subject and group levels. However, the success rate of structural connectivity analysis showed a high level of variation among the subjects. The functional-assisted fiber tracking strategy highly improved the rate of successful fiber tracking. CONCLUSIONS This fMRI/DWI integration study suggests that functional connectivity analysis might be a more sensitive and robust approach in understanding the connectivity between cortical regions, and can be used to improve DWI-based structural connectivity analysis.
Stochastic optimization and the simultaneous perturbation method

Multivariate stochastic optimization plays a major role in the analysis and control of many real-world systems. In almost all large-scale practical optimization problems, it is necessary to use a mathematical algorithm that iteratively seeks out the solution because an analytical (closed-form) solution is rarely available. In the above spirit, the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation (SPSA) method for difficult multivariate optimization problems has been developed. SPSA has recently attracted considerable international attention in areas such as statistical parameter estimation, feedback control, simulation-based optimization, signal and image processing, and experimental design. The essential feature of SPSA-which accounts for its power and relative ease of implementation-is the underlying gradient approximation that requires only two measurements of the objective function regardless of the dimension of the optimization problem. This feature allows for a significant decrease in the cost of optimization, especially in problems with a large number of variables to be optimized.
Mapping Protein Interactions between Dengue Virus and Its Human and Insect Hosts

Background Dengue fever is an increasingly significant arthropod-borne viral disease, with at least 50 million cases per year worldwide. As with other viral pathogens, dengue virus is dependent on its host to perform the bulk of functions necessary for viral survival and replication. To be successful, dengue must manipulate host cell biological processes towards its own ends, while avoiding elimination by the immune system. Protein-protein interactions between the virus and its host are one avenue through which dengue can connect and exploit these host cellular pathways and processes. Methodology/Principal Findings We implemented a computational approach to predict interactions between Dengue virus (DENV) and both of its hosts, Homo sapiens and the insect vector Aedes aegypti. Our approach is based on structural similarity between DENV and host proteins and incorporates knowledge from the literature to further support a subset of the predictions. We predict over 4,000 interactions between DENV and humans, as well as 176 interactions between DENV and A. aegypti. Additional filtering based on shared Gene Ontology cellular component annotation reduced the number of predictions to approximately 2,000 for humans and 18 for A. aegypti. Of 19 experimentally validated interactions between DENV and humans extracted from the literature, this method was able to predict nearly half (9). Additional predictions suggest specific interactions between virus and host proteins relevant to interferon signaling, transcriptional regulation, stress, and the unfolded protein response. Conclusions/Significance Dengue virus manipulates cellular processes to its advantage through specific interactions with the host's protein interaction network. The interaction networks presented here provide a set of hypothesis for further experimental investigation into the DENV life cycle as well as potential therapeutic targets.
Topographic Map Formation by Silicon Growth Cones

We describe a self-configuring neuromorphic chip that uses a model of activity-dependent axon remodeling to automatically wire topographic maps based solely on input correlations. Axons are guided by growth cones, which arc modeled in analog VLSI for the first time. Growth cones migrate up neurotropin gradients, which arc represented by charge diffusing in transistor channels. Virtual axons move by rerouting address-events. We refined an initially gross topographic projection by simulating retinal wave input.
The numerical risks of reduction operations in OpenMP

OpenMP is a popular programming environment for high-level shared-memory parallel processing in C, C++ and Fortran on multiple platforms. Using OpenMP, application developers can focus on the code they want to parallelize for better performance without having to do all the work in code parallelization. While hiding much of the complexity in parallel processing, it imposes a great challenge for the developers to make sure the run-time behavior of the code is as expected. In this paper, we explore potential risks with using OpenMP through reduction, a frequently performed operation in parallel processing.
Developing a theory of auditing behavior in the electronic business environment

The rapid adoption of e-business technology has led to the disappearance of paper documents. Auditors now receive electronic information from their clients instead of the traditional paper-based information. Current auditing literature acknowledges that auditors have concerns about the competency and sufficiency of electronic information. Hence, this study endeavors to develop a theory of auditing behavior in the e-business environment by exploring those factors that may influence the assessment of electronic evidence as “sufficient competent evidential matter.” The recommended solutions, presented in the literature, to alleviate the auditing concerns are technology-focused solutions. While the technology-focused solutions may address some of the concerns, they are inadequate because e-business technology does not function independently of the humans who interact with it. Therefore, the consideration of certain social, behavioral and contextual factors in seeking resolution to the auditing concerns is essential. This study seeks to answer the question of what factors influence auditors' concerns regarding evidential matter in the e-business environment, as well as the questions of how and why these factors exert influence in the ways that they do. A grounded theory research design is utilized to collect and evaluate research data to formulate a theory of auditing behavior. Three types of auditing behavior emerge from the data; these behaviors are consistent with the technological imperative, social/organizational imperative and socio-technical imperative schools of thought. The study identifies six factors that influence auditors' behavior toward electronic information as sufficient, competent evidential matter. Consequently, the study theorizes that the auditor's behavior toward electronic information as audit evidential matter is influenced by his or her perceived risk associated with the institutional factors of audit objective, professional orientation (training), professional standards, professional responsibility, professional reputation, and legal liability.
Distribution of H-2 specificities within the LM mouse cell line and derived lines.

SummaryThe distribution of H-2 specificities on LM mouse cells and derived lines was studied using an immunofluorescent technique. All specificities of the H-2k allele were found to be distributed uniformly among cells of all lines studied regardless of the presence or absence of alkaline phosphatase and of marker chromosomes. Variations in modal number of chromosomes and in morphology and growth characteristics of the cells also were unrelated to the presence of H-2 antigens.
A TEST OF THE SPONTANEOUS HETEROSIS HYPOTHESIS FOR UNISEXUAL VERTEBRATES.

The coupling between clonal modes of reproduction and hybridization in unisexual vertebrates has led to the hypothesis that heterosis accounts for their ecological success (the "spontaneous heterosis" hypothesis). High levels of genic heterozygosity characteristic of unisexual-hybrid vertebrates are believed to result in enhanced growth, survivorship, and fertility relative to their sexual ancestors. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized 33 new unisexual-hybrid strains of fishes in the genus Poeciliopsis (Atheriniformes: Poeciliidae). On average, the synthetic unisexuals had lower survivorship and a higher incidence of birth defects than either of the sexual ancestors or two natural strains of unisexuals. However, a subset of these synthetic unisexuals exhibited characteristics within the range of the sexual ancestors and natural unisexual strains. These results support the alternative hypothesis that the ecological success of natural unisexuals results from selection of the most fit clones from a broad spectrum of genotypes that arose via multiple hybrid events. We propose that the coupling between unisexuality and hybridization in the vertebrates exists because hybridization is a dysgenic process that can disrupt normal gametogenesis and thus lead to clonal reproduction.
Innovation Challenges When Multinationalizing: The Source of Innovation

Bregolat (2014) evidenced the ambition of China in science and technology in its second revolution in economic development. This is also considered as one of the principal motives for Chinese firms to internationalize along with resource seeking and market penetration. On the other hand, the great interest in investing in China and attracting Chinese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) to Western countries and other parts of the world (Alon and McIntyre, 2008), has encouraged many scholars to explore the phenomenon of China’s economy and enterprises. In their attempt to better understand the evolution of systematic knowledge on management and organization in Chinese management, Tsui et al. (2004) extended the literature review on the nature and influence of market transformation on firms and management in China, and concluded that “the original theorizing on Chinese business organizations and management is still in a primitive stage” despite a growing body of literature and the legitimacy of Chinese context for knowledge generation in the global management base (p. 137). The aim of this book is twofold: First, to call the attention of scholars and practitioners to the innovation phenomenon in China; second, to set a sprat to catch a mackerel — that is, our work may serve as a modest spur to someone to come forward with their contributions to future studies on this theme.
Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Bacteremia and Sepsis on 5-year Risk of Cardiovascular Events

BACKGROUND The long-term and cumulative effect of multiple episodes of bacteremia and sepsis across multiple hospitalizations on the development of cardiovascular (CV) events is uncertain. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study of 156 380 hospitalizations in 47 009 patients (≥18 years old) who had at least 2 inpatient admissions at an academic tertiary care center in St Louis, Missouri, from 1 January 2008 through 31 December 2012. We used marginal structural models, estimated by inverse probability weighting (IPW) of bacteremia or sepsis and IPW of censoring, to estimate the marginal causal effects of bacteremia and sepsis on developing the first observed incident CV event, including stroke, transient ischemic attack, and myocardial infarction (MI), during the study period. RESULTS Bacteremia and sepsis occurred during 4923 (3.1%) and 5544 (3.5%) hospitalizations among 3932 (8.4%) and 4474 (9.5%) patients, respectively. CV events occurred in 414 (10.5%) and 538 (12.0%) patients with prior episodes of bacteremia or sepsis, respectively, vs 3087 (7.2%) and 2963 (7.0%) patients without prior episodes of bacteremia or sepsis. The causal odds of experiencing a CV event was 1.52-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21- to 1.90-fold) and 2.39-fold (95% CI, 1.88- to 3.03-fold) higher in patients with prior instances of bacteremia or sepsis, respectively, compared to those without. Prior instances of septic shock resulted in a 6.91-fold (95% CI, 5.34- to 8.93-fold) increase in the odds of MI. CONCLUSIONS Prior instances of bacteremia and sepsis substantially increase the 5-year risk of CV events.
The Role of Motor Cortex in the Pathophysiology of Voluntary Movement Deficits Associated with Parkinsonism

The characteristic motor deficits of parkinsonism result from dysfunction of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system of the basal ganglia. These subcortical deficits must ultimately be expressed at the cortical and spinal motoneuron levels to result in the difficulty with initiation and execution of movements seen in parkinsonism. This article describes the neuronal activity of two motor cortical regions, the primary motor cortex (MI) and supplementary motor area (SMA), which receive the majority of basal ganglia outputs related to movement control through the ventral lateral thalamus. The kinematics and electromyographic characteristics of stimulus-initiated and self-initiated normal and parkinsonian movements are described, and the possible relation of SMA and MI task-related neuronal activity to the parkinsonian movement deficits is reviewed.