cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Should Lawyers Participate in Rigged Systems: The Case of the Military Commissions

Lawyers often represent clients when the odds are long or a catastrophe likely. The facts might be harmful, the evidence overwhelming, or the law clearly on the side of the opponent. Still, we do the best we can. But what if the system is rigged? What if the system has the trappings of a fair fight, but is, in fact, skewed to one side and, by design, the lawyer cannot fully defend the client? What if the lawyer can only lend legitimacy to a process that at its core is biased, slanted in favor of the other side, or fundamentally unfair? Indeed what if the system is arranged to prevent the lawyer from zealously representing the client or compromises the lawyer's undivided loyalty to the client? Should lawyers refuse to participate in such systems, or should they, should we, still do the best we can? These questions were at the heart of a debate among civilian lawyers who considered whether to represent the enemy combatants facing trial by military commissions in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Most prominently, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers advised its members that it would be unethical to represent an accused before the military commissions because the conditions imposed would make it impossible to provide adequate or ethical representation. This article argues in favor of the NACDL position and, in so doing, lays bare the complexity of the question of non-participation and the factors that can push in one direction or the other. Although the circumstances surrounding civilian participation in the military commission trials are quite unusual, this is not the first time that lawyers have had to face the dilemma of participation or non-participation, and historical examples are identified.
A Record Rainfall at Okinawa

A maximum rainfall of 38 in. was recorded during an 18-hr period as a typhoon passed over the island of Okinawa in September 1956. The observed weather conditions during the typhoon passage are dis...
What Clinicians Need to Know About the Cardiovascular Effects of the Most Recent Classes of Drugs Used for Type 2 Diabetes.

Abstract The treatment of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes has seen a sea change in recent years with the development of novel antihyperglycemic agents. The impact of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), two medication classes introduced in the United States in the wake of increased scrutiny by the US Food and Drug Administration on cardiovascular disease and antihyperglycemic agents, highlight this progression. In recent trials, SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated significant reductions in admissions for heart failure in patients with established cardiovascular disease and those at risk of cardiovascular disease, as well as significant reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events for those with established cardiovascular disease. GLP-1 RAs have exhibited consistent reductions in major adverse cardiovascular events for patients with established cardiovascular disease. These developments have led the 2019 American Diabetes Association guidelines to recommend considering each patient’s cardiovascular history when selecting antihyperglycemic agents. The goal of this article is to review recent updates and provide relevant strategies for providers on SGLT2 and GLP-1 RAs in treating cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes.
Control strategies for rapid, visually guided adjustments of the foot during continuous walking

When walking over stable, complex terrain, visual information about an upcoming foothold is primarily utilized during the preceding step to organize a nearly ballistic forward movement of the body. However, it is often necessary to respond to changes in the position of an intended foothold that occur around step initiation. Although humans are capable of rapidly adjusting foot trajectory mid-swing in response to a perturbation of target position, such movements may disrupt the efficiency and stability of the gait cycle. In the present study, we consider whether walkers sometimes adopt alternative strategies for responding to perturbations that interfere less with ongoing forward locomotion. Subjects walked along a path of irregularly spaced stepping targets projected onto the ground, while their movements were recorded by a full-body motion-capture system. On a subset of trials, the location of one target was perturbed in either a medial-lateral or anterior-posterior direction. We found that subjects were best able to respond to perturbations that occurred during the latter half of the preceding step and that responses to perturbations that occurred during a step were less successful than previously reported in studies using a single-step paradigm. We also found that, when possible, subjects adjusted the ballistic movement of their center of mass in response to perturbations. We conclude that, during continuous walking, strategies for responding to perturbations that rely on reach-like movements of the foot may be less effective than previously assumed. For perturbations that are detected around step initiation, walkers prefer to adapt by tailoring the global, pendular mechanics of the body.
Brain metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer by BRCA1/2 mutation status

Abstract Objective To evaluate clinical outcomes of patients with BRCA-associated ovarian cancer who developed brain metastases (BM). Methods Patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer (EOC) and BM, treated at a single institution from 1/1/2008–7/1/2018, were identified from two institutional databases. Charts and medical records were retrospectively reviewed for clinical characteristics and germline BRCA mutation status. Appropriate statistics were used. Results Of 3649 patients with EOC, 91 had BM (2.5%). Germline mutation status was available for 63 (69%) cases; 21 (35%) of these harbored a BRCA1/2 mutation (15 BRCA1, 6 BRCA2). Clinical characteristics were similar between groups. BM were diagnosed at a median of 31 months (95% CI, 22.6–39.4) in BRCA-mutated (mBRCA) and 32 months (95% CI, 23.7–40.3) in wild-type BRCA (wtBRCA) (p = 0.78) patients. Brain metastases were the only evidence of disease at time of BM diagnoses in 48% (n = 10) mBRCA and 19% (n = 8) wtBRCA (p = 0.02) patients. There was no difference in treatment of BM by mutation status (p = 0.84). Survival from time of BM diagnosis was 29 months (95%CI, 15.5–42.5) in mBRCA and 9 months (95% CI, 5.5–12.5) in wtBRCA patients, with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.53, p = 0.09; 95% CI, 0.25–1.11. HR was adjusted for presence of systemic disease at time of BM diagnosis. Conclusion This is the largest study to date comparing outcomes in patients with EOC and BM by mutation status. mBRCA patients were more likely to have isolated BM, which may be a factor in their long survival. This supports the pursuit of aggressive treatment for mBRCA EOC patients with BM. Additional studies examining the correlation of BRCA mutational status with BM are warranted.
Two Decades of Experimental Manipulation Reveal Potential for Enhanced Biomass Accumulation and Water Use Efficiency in Ponderosa Pine Plantations Across Climate Gradients

A 20-year experiment was reported on the effects of climate variability and management in California's ponderosa pine plantations. Pine trees were grown in three different climatic and edaphic zones treated with herbicide to reduce competition from understory plants and/or fertilizer to stimulate growth. We found that management increased tree growth and, in most but not all cases, the combination of understory suppression and fertilization stimulated productivity beyond the expected growth potential of each site. In addition, wet sites have the most productive forests overall, but they also respond less strongly to management than do dry sites of low productivity, where understory suppression and fertilization were most effective in increasing tree growth and water use efficiency. These results provide a road map for enhancing carbon accumulation and water use efficiency through adaptive management of soil‐plant‐atmosphere interactions in planted forests and will help modeling efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on montane forest landscapes.
Validating a Competency-Based HIT Curriculum in a BHA and MHA Program Through the Voice of the Customer

Competency mapping in higher education is not a new technique for curriculum development. Competency-based curriculum in health care administration programs has appeared in the literature every few...
Successful Use of Microporous Polytetrafluoroethylene Flexible Thin Sheets in NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission

Microporous black polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) flexible thin sheets are successfully flown as solar diffusers on NASA's Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft. They serve as multilayer insulation (MLI) blanket outer covers for the arm of the Touch And Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM), the sunshade of the OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) PolyCam imager, and the motor riser of the OCAMS SamCam imager. Additionally, microporous white PTFE flexible thin sheets are successfully flown as a MLI blanket outer cover with a low ratio of absorptance to emittance for the Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS). For ground testing, microporous black and white PTFE flexible thin sheets were successfully used as optical targets of the Touch And Go Camera System (TAGCAMS) NavCam imagers in the flight system thermal vacuum test.
Examination of a Shannon entropy-like figure of merit for controlled release of drugs and other molecules

Abstract We propose a figure of merit, based on temporal entropy, to evaluate the degree to which a controlled drug release system is able to adhere to its target release pattern. This criterion can be used, for example, to design multilayered drug release systems whose release flux optimally tracks the target pattern. Such multilayered systems are produced by sequential polymerization, sequential spraying, 3D printing, and other additive manufacturing techniques. After calculating this figure of merit for certain canonical controlled release mechanisms, with zero-order release as the target pattern, we optimize the pattern of initial drug concentrations in a multilayer system with respect to the figure of merit.
Stripline-Slotline Rectangular Resonators for Measurement of Uniaxial Anisotropic Permittivity of Composite PCB Dielectric Material

Anisotropic permittivity affects the accuracy of PCB component high frequency models especially in the cases of long via delay time and stripline far end crosstalk. In this paper, striplineslotline rectangular resonators are used for measuring uniaxial anisotropic permittivity of composite dielectric materials for high-speed system PCB signal integrity modeling and simulation. Transmission resonance frequencies of the sample are measured and compare with the simulated ones by commercial electromagnetic simulation tools supporting anisotropic permittivity of the dielectric material. Two different transmission line cross sections, namely, stripline and slotline, are used to generate different electromagnetic field distribution to emphasis different directional components of the anisotropic permittivity. Two different basic resonators, namely ring and stub, are also tested and compared to each other. The proposed methods use samples by the same regular PCB manufacture technology as in the real products. That makes sense for a better model to hardware correlation in high speed system signal integrity design.
Generalizable deep features for ocular biometrics

Abstract There has been a continued interest in learning features that are generalizable across sensors and spectra for ocular biometrics. This is usually facilitated through a model that can learn features that are robust across pose, lighting conditions, spectra, and device sensor variations. In this paper, we propose an efficient deep learning-based feature extraction pipeline for learning the aforementioned generalizable features for ocular recognition. The proposed pipeline uses a relatively small Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based feature extraction model along with a region of interest (ROI) detector and data augmenter. Our proposed CNN model has 36 times fewer parameters compared to the popular ResNet-50. Cross dataset experiments on five benchmark datasets suggest that the proposed feature extraction model, trained only on 200 subjects from the VISOB dataset, reduces the error rate up to 7 × when compared to the existing models.
Allosteric Changes in the NMDA Receptor Associated with Calcium-Dependent Inactivation.

Abstract N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate synaptic excitatory signaling in the mammalian central nervous system by forming calcium-permeable transmembrane channels upon binding glutamate and coagonist glycine. Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors leads to channel inactivation through a process mediated by resident calmodulin bound to the intracellular C-terminal segment of the GluN1 subunit of the receptor. Using single-molecule FRET investigations, we show that in the presence of calcium-calmodulin, the distance across the two GluN1 subunits at the entrance of the first transmembrane segment is shorter and the bilobed cleft of the glycine-binding domain in GluN1 is more closed when bound to glycine and glutamate relative to what is observed in the presence of barium-calmodulin. Consistent with these observations, the glycine deactivation rate is slower in the presence of calcium-calmodulin. Taken together, these results show that the binding of calcium-calmodulin to the C-terminus has long-range allosteric effects on the extracellular segments of the receptor that may contribute to the calcium-dependent inactivation.
Shoulder magnetic resonance imaging findings in manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of rotator cuff and long head of the biceps pathologies in manual wheelchair (MWC) users with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design: Cross-sectional study. Setti...
Genetic Parameters and Genotype-by-Environment Interactions in Regional Progeny Tests of Pinus taeda L. in the Southern USA

Genetic parameters were estimated using a five-series multienvironment trial of Pinus taeda L. in the southern USA. There were 324 half-sib families planted in five test series across 37 locations. A set of six variance/covariance matrices for the genotype-by-environment (G × E) effect for tree height and diameter were compared on the basis of model fit. In single-series analysis, extended factor analytical models provided generally superior model fit to simpler models for both traits; however, in the combined-series analysis, diameter was optimally modeled using simpler variance/covariance structures. A three-way compound term for modeling G × E interactions among and within series yielded substantial improvements in terms of model fit and standard errors of predictions. Heritability of family means ranged between 0.63 and 0.90 for both height and diameter. Average additive genetic correlations among sites were 0.70 and 0.61 for height and diameter, respectively, suggesting the presence of some G × E interaction. Pairs of sites with the lowest additive genetic correlations were located at opposite ends of the latitude range. Latent factor regression revealed a small number of parents with large factor scores that changed ranks significantly between southern and northern environments.
Extensions to NIFO and CRP to Estimate Frequency-Independent Nonlinear Parameters

The Nonlinear Identification through Feedback of the Output (NIFO) and Conditioned Reverse Path (CRP) methods are a popular family of approaches for nonlinear system identification. They estimate the underlying linear Frequency Response Function (FRF) as well as the parameters describing the mechanical system’s nonlinearities. However, one troubling aspect is that the parameters obtained are complex numbers and typically are found to vary with frequency, so post-processing must be employed to obtain physically reasonable parameters and an accurate estimate of the underlying FRFs. This work proposes two methods (based on the H1 and H2 algorithms) which can be used in the estimation of the linear FRF as well as frequency-independent nonlinear parameters. This paper evaluates the methods numerically using a single degree of freedom system and exploring various methods for determining which nonlinear parameters to include in the model.
Is Cleft Lip or Palate a Risk Factor for Perioperative Complications in Orthognathic Surgery

Purpose Perioperative outcomes following cleft orthognathic surgery are not well established. The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence of orthognathic specific complications (OSCs) in patients with and without cleft lip and/or palate. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program adult and pediatric databases were used to enroll patients undergoing orthognathic surgery. The primary predictor variable was a prior diagnosis of cleft lip and/or palate: cleft versus noncleft. The primary outcome variable was OSCs (yes/no) within 30 days of the index operation. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple logistic regression statistics were computed to measure the association between cleft status and OSCs. Results The study sample was composed of 1,149 subjects: 98 in the cleft group and 1,051 in the noncleft group. The incidence of OSCs was 6.1 and 4.7% for the cleft and noncleft groups, respectively (P = .461). After adjusting for age, cleft status, bone grafting, segmentation of the maxilla, and history of bleeding disorder, classification as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) III (P = .002, odds ratio [OR] = 3.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63-9.40), ASA IV (P = .039, OR = 9.47, 95% CI 1.12-80.4), and isolated mandibular osteotomies (P = .006, OR = 3.23, 95% CI 1.40-7.48) were independent predictors of OSCs. Length of stay was 1.66 ± 1.14 days compared to 1.37 ± 3.74 days for the cleft and noncleft groups, respectively (P = .443). Conclusions There was no significant difference in the incidence of perioperative OSCs and length of hospital stay between cleft and noncleft patients. Cleft status was not an independent predictor of OSCs; instead, greater ASA classification and isolated mandibular osteotomies were the only predisposing factors. Patients with clefts undergoing orthognathic surgery do not have an increased risk of short term OSCs within the limitations of this study.
Direct quantification of fatty acids in wet microalgal and yeast biomass via a rapid in situ fatty acid methyl ester derivatization approach

Accurate determination of fatty acid contents is routinely required in microalgal and yeast biofuel studies. A method of rapid in situ fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derivatization directly from wet fresh microalgal and yeast biomass was developed in this study. This method does not require prior solvent extraction or dehydration. FAMEs were prepared with a sequential alkaline hydrolysis (15 min at 85 °C) and acidic esterification (15 min at 85 °C) process. The resulting FAMEs were extracted into n-hexane and analyzed using gas chromatography. The effects of each processing parameter (temperature, reaction time, and water content) upon the lipids quantification in the alkaline hydrolysis step were evaluated with a full factorial design. This method could tolerate water content up to 20% (v/v) in total reaction volume, which equaled up to 1.2 mL of water in biomass slurry (with 0.05-25 mg of fatty acid). There were no significant differences in FAME quantification (p>0.05) between the standard AOAC 991.39 method and the proposed wet in situ FAME preparation method. This fatty acid quantification method is applicable to fresh wet biomass of a wide range of microalgae and yeast species.
ARIS (ATM ring switch): an ATM switch with multicasting capability

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) is considered to be the most suitable for broadband integrated networks, because of its time transparency and bandwidth flexibility. Most of the ATM switch architectures proposed are space division type and based on multistage interconnection networks. In this paper, a shared media type of ATM switch architecture is proposed. An important feature of this architecture Is the complete separation of control and data transfer phase. The control information to route the cell internal to switch fabric, is transmitted prior to cell transmission in a pipelined fashion. This helps high speed transmission of data without any header processing bottleneck at the output port The performance of the switch is similar to that of complete output buffer switch. A simple and efficient scheme is proposed to implement broadcasting and multicasting feature without any cell duplication at the input of the switch fabric.
Brake Squeal Rig and LACT Vehicle Test Correlation Improvements – Focus on Thermal Conditionings

Today's newer friction materials and brake systems are able to operate under extreme conditions that are not normally evaluated with the standard squeal rig procedures. This could cause some discrepancy between the squeal rig test results and the vehicle test results like Los Angeles City Traffic Test (LACT). In some cases the noise behavior of brake systems could change dramatically and take us by surprise with new squeal frequencies being uncovered or get flagged due to high occurrences. This discrepancy could also be a major handicap with respect to developing a noise fix in the lab if the squeal cannot be reproduced. In this paper, we evaluated some case studies where some extreme conditionings especially related to thermal inputs drastically changed the squeal behavior of the brake system. Comparison between the squeal rig tests and vehicle tests will be done to analyze the root cause of the discrepancies observed and help improve brake noise rig test procedures in future to better correlate with the vehicle tests. Finally, the future improvements on noise rig testing procedure will be discussed.
Superfoetative viviparity in a Carboniferous chondrichthyan and reproduction in early gnathostomes

Chondrichthyan fishes have an evolutionary history spanning over 400 million years and are characterized, in part, by internal fertilization. Traditionally, oviparity has been assumed to be the primitive birthing mode for these fishes and for vertebrates in general, with viviparity and matrotrophic nutrition being derived. The fossilized remains of two specimens of Harpagofututor volsellorhinus from the Upper Mississippian of Montana now provide the first direct evidence of matrotrophic live birth in a Palaeozoic chondrichthyan and of superfoetation in an extinct fish. Each female exhibits multiple foetuses of two size groups, indicating simultaneous gestation of multiple litters. There is no evidence of yolk sacs, only preserved organic pigments enveloping the young, suggesting matrotrophically derived material. Young were born large, as head lengths of the largest embryos measured up to 66 per cent of the mother's head length. Comparison of in utero embryos to isolated specimens suggests, unlike all extant chondrichthyans, the absence of a juvenile stage and rapid maturity. These new data suggest the advantages of superfoetative viviparity for a small bodied fish in a 318 Myr old species- and predator-rich marine bay. In the greater view of gnathostome evolution, this finding combines with other recent discoveries to document that multiple, and not necessarily closely related, species of both placoderms and chondrichthyans exhibited viviparity by the Upper Devonian and the Upper Mississippian. The capacity for internal fertilization probably predisposed members of these lineages to develop viviparity so early in gnathostome history. Yet, the surprising range of viviparity exhibited at this stage of vertebrate evolution emphasizes that derived reproductive strategies had evolved in gnathostomes by 380–318 million years ago. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 161, 587–594.
Distribution and abundance of baling twine in the landscape near Osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) nests: implications for nestling entanglement

Polypropylene baling twine used by Ospreys ( Pandion haliaetus ) during nest construction creates a risk of entanglement for nestlings and adults on the yellowstone River, Montana. In 2013, we evaluated the abundance of twine in 2-km-radius buffer zones centred on 38 nests for three categories of road density. We found more twine per kilometre along roads in low (n = 19) and moderate (n = 13) road density nest buffer zones than in high road density nest buffer zones (n = 6). The estimated total amount of twine found along roads in nest buffer zones ranged from 0 to 2602 m and did not differ among road density strata. The percentage of Osprey nests containing twine was highest in low (63.2%) and moderate (61.5%) road density nest buffer zones and lowest (33.3%) in high road density buffer zones, which reflected a gradient from rural and suburban to urban landscapes. The estimated total amount of twine within a nest buffer zone did not predict whether a nest contained twine. The amount of twine found in seven nests destroyed by wind or power company personnel ranged from 0 to 206 m and was not correlated with the amount of twine found in their buffer zones. During the 2012 and 2013 breeding seasons, four of 120 nestlings (3.3%) became entangled in twine: two were cut free and fledged normally, one died, and one was euthanized. The abundance of twine in the environment surrounding nests and its slow rate of biodegradation mean that vigilance by citizen scientist nest monitors and assistance from power companies are the only short-term solution to reducing mortality resulting from entanglement.
On Chromospheric Emission and Photometric Variability of Active Late-Type Stars

To pursue the study of solar phenomena in late-type stars, we have investigated chromospheric activity in 100 single and binary stars of spectral type F6 to M2 and luminosity class III, IV, and V. Attempts are made to “quantify” starspot activity and correlate it to chromospheric activity.
Children's clinical syndromes and generalized expectations of control.

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates that the helplessness-reactance model provides a viable explanation for clinical syndromes in children. A number of approaches have been adopted in attempting to support the value of this model. The link between clinical states (which provide the clearest support for the helplessness-reactance model) and clinical syndromes is strengthened by drawing from evidence regarding clinical stages. The chapter demonstrates that syndromes relate to generalized expectations of control in a manner consistent with the helplessness-reactance model. Finally, it is shown that the evidence regarding childrearing practices is consistent with the hypothesized relationships between generalized expectations of control and syndromes.
How do Medical Societies Select Science for Conference Presentation? How Should They?

Introduction: Nothing has been published to describe the practices of medical societies in choosing abstracts for presentations at their annual meetings. We surveyed medical societies to determine their practices, and also present a theoretical analysis of the topic. Methods: We contacted a convenience sample of large U.S. medical conferences, and determined their approach to choosing abstracts. We obtained information from web sites, telephone, and email. Our theoretical analysis compares values-based and empirical approaches for scoring system development. Results: We contacted 32 societies and obtained data on 28 (response rate 88%). We excluded one upon learning that research was not presented at its annual meeting, leaving 27 for analysis. Only 2 (7%) made their abstract scoring process available to submitters. Reviews were blinded in most societies (21; 78%), and all but one asked reviewers to recuse themselves for conflict of interest (96%). All required ≥3 reviewers. Of the 24 providing information on how scores were generated, 21 (88%) reported using a single gestalt score, and three used a combined score created from pooled domain-specific sub-scores. We present a framework for societies to use in choosing abstracts, and demonstrate its application in the development of a new scoring system. Conclusions: Most medical societies use subjective, gestalt methods to select research for presentation at their annual meetings and do not disclose to submitters the details of how abstracts are chosen. We present a new scoring system that is transparent to submitters and reviewers alike with an accompanying statement of values and ground rules. We discuss the challenges faced in selecting abstracts for a large scientific meeting and share the values and practical considerations that undergird the new system.
APIVT-grown silicon thin layers and PV devices

Large-grained (5-20 /spl mu/m) polycrystalline silicon layers have been grown at intermediate temperatures of 750/spl deg/-950/spl deg/C directly on foreign substrates without a seeding layer by iodine vapor transport at atmospheric pressure with rates as high as 3 /spl mu/m/min. A model is constructed to explain the atypical temperature dependence of growth rate. We have also used this technique to grow high-quality epitaxial layers on heavily doped CZ-Si and on upgraded MG-Si substrates. Possible solar cell structures of thin-layer polycrystalline silicon on foreign substrates with light trapping have been examined, compared, and optimized by two-dimensional device simulations. The effects of grain boundary recombination on device performance are presented for two grain sizes of 2 and 20 /spl mu/m. We found that 10/sup 4/ cm/s recombination velocity is adequate for 20-/spl mu/m grain-sized thin silicon, whereas a very low recombination velocity of 10/sup 3/ cm/s must be accomplished in order to achieve reasonable performance for a 2-/spl mu/m grain-sized polycrystalline silicon device.
The pathogenesis of infection with minute virus of mice depends on expression of the small nonstructural protein NS2 and on the genotype of the allotropic determinants VP1 and VP2.

Neonatal C3H/He mice were oronasally inoculated with similar doses of four genotypes of minute virus of mice (MVM). MVMp, a fibroblast-specific variant, caused an asymptomatic infection. MVM(1035), a chimera which had the allotropic determinant of virulent MVMi inserted onto an MVMp background, caused a lethal infection and renal papillary infarcts, the hallmark of MVMi infection. MVMi(NS2-1990), the virulent lymphocyte-specific variant mutated to eliminate NS2 synthesis, was infectious but caused an asymptomatic infection. Sequential virus titration, histology, in situ hybridization with a full-length MVMi genomic probe, and immunohistochemistry for viral capsid antigen were used to compare the pathogenesis of infection with the four MVM genotypes. Infectious virus was recovered from multiple organs of mice infected with MVMi, MVMp, and MVM(1035) but not from mice infected with MVMi(NS2-1990). MVMp titers were lower than MVMi titers in all organs except the intestine. MVM(1035) titers were higher than MVMi titers in all organs except the blood. MVMp was localized to connective tissue elements of the intestine, to cells in mesenteric lymph nodes, and rarely to cells in other organs. MVM(1035) was localized to multiple organs and shared the same target cells, endothelium, lymphoid cells, and hematopoietic cells, as MVMi. MVM(1035) also replicated in external germinal cells of the cerebellum and smooth muscle cells of the stomach and colon, which were not targets of MVMi or MVMp infection. MVMi(NS2-1990) replicated to a limited degree in some MVMi target organs. Images
Structure of the Yang-Mills vacuum in the Coulomb gauge☆

Abstract The non-uniqueness of Yang-Mills potential in the Coulomb gauge leads to a non-trivial vacuum structure featuring vacuum fields of both integer and half-integer topological charge. Instantons fit in consistently with this picture and their interpretation is not charged. Integer and half-integer vacua are connected by certain meron solutions and the existence of half-integer charged states appears to be important for the confinement properties of the theory.
Entrainment and vertical transport of deep-ocean water by buoyant hydrothermal plumes

Submarine hydrothermal vents produce effluent plumes in the water column which can be easily detected with tracers such as 3He, manganese and methane1–3. Comparison of the tracer concentrations and temperature anomalies in such plumes with direct measurements of the pure vent waters shows that the plumes are typically mixtures of 1 part vent water with 104 parts ambient sea water1. However, the extent to which hydrothermal plumes entrain and transport sea water and contribute to deep-ocean mixing is not known. We present here hydrographie data collected in the vicinity of an active hydrothermal field on the Endeavour segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge where a well-defined effluent layer resides in the water column ∼200 m above the depth of the vent field. The temperature and salinity signature of this layer indicates that a small volume of hot vent water can be very efficient at entraining ambient sea water. Directly above the Endeavour vent field, the effluent layer is composed of 0.01% vent water, 30% ambient water normally found at that depth, and ∼70% entrained water which has been transported from deeper in the water column.
Dynamic Indoor Tire Testing and Fourier Transform Analysis

Abstract Laboratory tire tests for dynamic spring rate and damping, steady state forces and moments, rolling radius, and cornering force transient measurements are described. Data are shown for bias, belted bias, and radial constructions in a range of automobile tire sizes. The significant differences in the results are noted on all tests for the three tire constructions.
Holocene growth history of an eastern Pacific fringing reef, Punta Islotes, Costa Rica

Rock and sediment cores reveal that a well-developed fringing reef in Golfo Dulce, Pacific Costa Rica, up to 9 m thick was established on Cretaceous basalt about 5500 y BP. It is presently being smothered with fine sediments and is almost completely dead. This reef is made up of three main facies that are represented by comparable extant reef zones: reef-flat branching coral, fore-reef slope massive coral, and fore-reef talus sediment facies. Reef growth began with the establishment of small patch reefs dominantly formed by the branching coral Pocillopora damicornis. P. damicornis spread across the basalt bench and massive colonies of Porites lobata grew on the outer slopes, eventually blocking the seaward transport of Pocillopora fragments to the fore-reef talus sediments. The reef flourished until 500 years ago. Lower accumulation rates during the past 500 years may be due to deteriorating environmental conditions rather than slower growth after the reef reached sea level. Present-day reef communities are severely degraded with less than 2% living coral cover. The increased turbidity associated with the final stage of degradation of this reef is probably related to human activity on the adjacent shores, including deforestation, mining, and road construction.
Antimicrobial action of compound 48/80—II. Mechanism of action

Abstract The mixture of compounds called compound 48/80 had been shown to have antimicrobial activity against a wide variety of microorganisms. In this paper it is shown that its primary site of attack appears to be on the membrane of the cell. In its presence, Tetrahymena became much more sensitive to osmotic stress, and α-methylglucose was rapidly released from preloaded Escherichia coli cells. The drug also had effects on cell viability, respiration, cell division, and the release of material absorbing at 260 nm. In general, its effects paralleled those of polymyxin B, although its structure is quite different except for the presence of amino groups and hydrophobic regions in both molecules. The activity of 48/80 was not due to detergent-like, surface-active properties and was antagonized by magnesium and other cations and by phosphatidylserine. Purification of the active principle might provide a relatively simple and readily modifiable probe of membrane function and possibly a new family of useful antimicrobial compounds.
Characterization of the antigenic O-polysaccharide produced by Escherichia coli serotype O:70

Abstract The structure of the antigenic O-polysaccharide (O-PS) produced by Escherichia coli serotype O:70 was determined by analysis of the chromatographically purified O-PS polymer prepared by mild hydrolysis of its aqueous phenol-extracted smooth-type somatic lipopolysaccharide. The O-PS is composed of d -glucose, d -galactose, d -fucose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -galactose, and 3-acetamido-3-deoxy- d -quinovose in a ratio of 1:1:1:1:1. From the use of DOC–PAGE, methylation, Smith-type periodate oxidation, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D experiments, the O-PS was shown to be a polymer of a branched repeating pentasaccharide unit having the structure: Download : Download full-size image
Morphology, structure and chemistry of extracted diesel soot: Part II: X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Chemical composition of diesel soot extracted from used diesel engine has been investigated using X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The XANES spectra indicate the presence of phosphates of zinc and calcium and sulfates of zinc and calcium as well as the presence of sulfides of zinc. HRTEM coupled with EDS and lattice imaging indicates the presence of nanoparticles of Ca3(PO4)2 and Fe2O3 embedded in the turbostratic soot structure. Both Ca3(PO4)2 and Fe2O3 are hard particles and appear to have been incorporated within the turbostratic soot structure during third body wear.
Diamond on heteroepitaxial cBN on Si(100)

Abstract Herein is reported for the first time the growth of diamond crystals (about 40 μm) on Si (100) substrates over an area of 1 cm 2 by a plasma-enhanced CVD technique. The Si (100) substrates were prepared for diamond growth through the use of a dual interfacial layer technique, comprising a laser-ablated single-crystal heteroepitaxial cubic BN (cBN)(100) interfacial layer and laser-ablated diamond nucleation layer. The (100) plane of the single-crystal heteroepitaxial cBN interfacial layer is parallel to the (100) plane of Si, with the (011) plane of the cBN film parallel to the (001) plane of the Si substrate. The (100) and (001) planes of the diamond crystals have been found to be oriented parallel to the (100) and (001) planes of the cBN film, respectively.
Potential impact of a computerized system to report late-arriving laboratory results in the emergency department.

Background Results of some laboratory tests for Emergency Department (ED) patients return hours to days after the patient is discharged. Inadequate follow-up for these late-arriving results poses medical and legal risks. We have developed, but not yet implemented, a computerized system called the Automated Late-Arriving Results Monitoring System (ALARMS). ALARMS scans the hospital’s laboratory and ED registration databases to generate an electronic daily log of all late-arriving abnormal laboratory results for ED patients. Objective To determine the potential impact of ALARMS by assessing our ED’s current quality of documented follow-up of late-arriving laboratory results. Methods We applied ALARMS retrospectively, to find all abnormal late-arriving laboratory results returned between 5/1/96 and 4/30/98 for ED patients for the following three tests: serum lead levels, Chlamydia cultures, or urine pregnancy tests. Medical records were reviewed for documentation of follow-up, which was considered appropriate if a clinician noted the abnormal result and documented a follow-up plan within 1 week after the result became available. Medical records were also reviewed for any evidence of complications attributable to delayed or inadequate follow-up. Results Over the 2-year study period, no appropriate follow-up was documented in 6/18 (33%) cases of elevated lead levels, 3/4 (75%) cases of late-arriving positive pregnancy tests, and 23/39 (59%) cases of positive Chlamydia cultures. One case of a positive Chlamydia culture, for which there was no documented follow-up, was associated with subsequent development of pelvic inflammatory disease. Conclusion Our current system of documented follow-up for late-arriving laboratory results has deficiencies. ALARMS, a computerized system of alerts for emergency physicians, has the potential to substantially improve documented follow-up of late-arriving laboratory results in the ED.
Formation of epoxy skin layers on the surface of supported liquid membranes containing polyamines

Abstract Supported liquid membranes containing polyamine extractants have been stabilized with semi-permeable epoxy skin layers. Liquid–vapor interfacial polymerization reactions were employed to deposit the epoxy layers. Different monomers were explored to investigate their effect on the integrity, morphology, and chemical inertness of the resulting epoxy layers. Smooth, dense epoxy layers were formed on membranes containing undiluted 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,5-pentanediamine, or 4-(aminomethyl)-1,8-octanediamine, by polymerization with 1,3-butadiene diepoxide vapor. Both amines yielded skin layers that are more resistant to strong acids than polyamide skin layers. The 4-(aminomethyl)-1,8-octanediamine yielded a cross-linked epoxy skin layer that could withstand exposure to acetic acid. The resulting stabilized membranes transported acetic acid at a flux of ca. 100 μmol/m2 s.
Titan under a red dwarf star and as a rogue planet: requirements for liquid methane

Abstract Titan has a surface temperature of 94 K and a surface pressure of 1.4 atmospheres. These conditions make it possible for liquid methane solutions to be present on the surface. Here, we consider how Titan could have liquid methane while orbiting around an M4 red dwarf star, and a special case of Titan orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 581. Because light from a red dwarf star has a higher fraction of infrared than the Sun, more of the starlight will reach the surface of Titan because its atmospheric haze is more transparent to infrared wavelengths. If Titan was placed at a distance from a red dwarf star such that it received the same average flux as it receives from the Sun, we calculate the increased infrared fraction, which will warm surface temperatures by an additional ∼10 K. Compared to the Sun, red dwarf stars have less blackbody ultraviolet light but can have more Lyman α and particle radiation associated with flares. Thus depending on the details, the haze production may be much higher or much lower than for the current Titan. With the haze reduced by a factor of 100, Titan would have a surface temperature of 94 K at a distance of 0.23 AU from an M4 star and at a distance of 1.66 AU, for Gliese 581. If the haze is increased by a factor of 100 the distances become 0.08 and 0.6 AU for the M4-star and Gliese 581, respectively. As a rogue planet, with no incident stellar flux, Titan would need 1.6 W/m 2 of geothermal heat to maintain its current surface temperature, or an atmospheric opacity of 20× its present amount with 0.1 W/m 2 of geothermal heat. Thus Titan-like worlds beyond our solar system may provide environment supporting surface liquid methane.
On the Milankovitch orbital elements for perturbed Keplerian motion

We consider sets of natural vectorial orbital elements of the Milankovitch type for perturbed Keplerian motion. These elements are closely related to the two vectorial first integrals of the unperturbed two-body problem; namely, the angular momentum vector and the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector. After a detailed historical discussion of the origin and development of such elements, nonsingular equations for the time variations of these sets of elements under perturbations are established, both in Lagrangian and Gaussian form. After averaging, a compact, elegant, and symmetrical form of secular Milankovitch-like equations is obtained, which reminds of the structure of canonical systems of equations in Hamiltonian mechanics. As an application of this vectorial formulation, we analyze the motion of an object orbiting about a planet (idealized as a point mass moving in a heliocentric elliptical orbit) and subject to solar radiation pressure acceleration (obeying an inverse-square law). We show that the corresponding secular problem is integrable and we give an explicit closed-form solution.
Dinosaur Evolution: Student Response to Dinosaur Ramblings

Abstract In the 2007 Journal of Wildlife Management article “Dinosaur Ramblings,” Scalet described a shift in university and agency programs away from applied management research toward basic ecological research. We interpret Scalet's commentary as primarily synonymizing applied management research to game management and basic ecological research to nongame management and theoretical research. Although we agree with Scalet that a change in management practices has occurred, we believe that change is more an integration of applied and basic research as opposed to a shift away from management. We provide a hierarchical framework to alternatively explain Scalet's perceived shift in which we place applied management and basic theoretical research under the science of ecology. We believe integration of basic and applied research has been driven by the evolving structure of society and the public's changing view of natural resources. The integration of basic and applied research is necessary for informed and, t...
Role for catecholamines in tumor progression: possible use for β-blockers in the treatment of cancer.

Commentary to: β2-adrenergic antagonists suppress pancreatic cancer cell invasion by inhibiting CREB, NF-κB and AP-1Dong Zhang, Qing Yong Ma, Heng-Tong Hu and Min Zhang
Aspirin resistance, an emerging, often overlooked, factor in the management of patients with coronary artery disease

Aspirin is the most widely used medication in patients with cardiovascular disease. It has had a greater effect on patients with cardiovascular disease than any other drug. With the importance of aspirin now known for decades, it is recently becoming clearer that some patients do not derive as great a benefit from this "wonder drug" secondary to their resistance to its effects. Aspirin resistance, its prevalence, its identification, and how to overcome or avert it with other medications then becomes a central topic of discussion as important, if not more so, than the importance of aspirin itself as a cornerstone in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease. This review explores the current understanding of the mechanism of aspirin resistance with regard to its prevalence and the magnitude of its clinical significance. It also examines the therapeutic implications of a diagnosis of aspirin resistance.
Instability modes of cantilevered bars induced by fluid flow through attached pipes

Instability modes of cantilevered bars induced by fluid flow through attached pipes, examining cases of torsional and transverse flutter and torsional buckling