cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rheological properties of selected gum solutions

Abstract Gums are integral ingredients in fluid foods used for controlling viscosity and mouthfeel. Advances in rheological instrumentations permits enhanced evaluations of the viscoelastic properties of fluids. Rheological properties of twelve gum solutions were investigated at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%. The viscous ( η ″) and elastic ( η ″) components of the complex viscosity η ∗, elastic yield stress, and tan δ were measured as functions of oscillatory shear. Konjac exhibited the highest η ′ and η ″ components among all gums at 0.5% and 50 s −1 . Gum Arabic, methylcellulose and pectin, exhibited the least η ′ and no η ″ component under the same conditions. Konjac exhibited greatest elastic yield stress, whereas microcrystallinecellulose had the least. Modeling results showed that rheological properties of CMC were characterized by an exponential relationship, whereas riota-carrageenan and xanthan were described by a power type relationship. A substantial increase in tan δ was observed for most 0.5% gums solutions at shear rates beyond 10 s −1 , indicating a shift from a visco-elastic regime to a purely viscous one. For gums that showed substantial visco-elasticity, peak tan δ values ranged from 5.7 to 68.3.
Pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia: Current status and future trends

The advent of the “atypical” antipsychotics has significantly advanced the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. In contrast to the first-generation conventional neuroleptics, these second-generation antipsychotic agents possess a broader spectrum of efficacy and cause fewer motor side-effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. However, despite these advantages, second-generation antipsychotic agents also have significant limitations in terms of efficacy and adverse effects. Several strategies to address these shortcomings are currently under study and some of these are likely to become part of our therapeutic armamentarium in the future. Current short-comings in the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia and strategies under investigation to address each of these deficiencies are reviewed. New formulations of existing medications and new antipsychotic agents under development are discussed. Developing adjunctive treatment strategies to address each of the major psychopathological domains in schizophrenia are summarized. The potential application of genetic information to treatment matching in schizophrenia is reviewed, and likely refinements in the practice of evidence-based medicine in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia are considered. New molecular targets that are being explored in schizophrenia pharmacotherapy are summarized.
PREDICTING OPTIMUM MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE and SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN CHICKEN BROTH AS AFFECTED BY SPICE ADDITION

Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to determine the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations on the hedonic score of nonspiced and spiced chicken broth. Sensory analysis indicated that both MSG and NaCl concentrations affected (P < 0.005) the hedonic score of the chicken broth. Estimated by the second order polynomial equation, the maximum hedonic score of nonspiced broth was 7.28 on a 9-point hedonic scale with the combination of 0.33% MSG and 0.83% NaCl. In the presence of spice, the maximum hedonic score increased to 7.81 with the estimated levels of 0.38% MSG and 0.87% NaCl. the increase in the hedonic score of spiced chicken broth might indicate the contribution of spice to the palatability. the increase in levels of MSG and NaCl for the maximum hedonic score of spiced chicken broth was probably due to a masking effect of spices on the taste response of MSG and NaCl.
Beginning to Understand the End of the Chromosome

In their 1985 Cell paper, Greider and Blackburn announced the discovery of an enzyme that extended the DNA at chromosome telomeres in the ciliate, Tetrahymena. Since then, there has been an explosion of knowledge about both the RNA and protein subunits of this unusual ribonucleoprotein enzyme in organisms ranging from the ciliates to yeast to humans. The regulation of telomerase is now understood to take place both at the level of synthesis of the enzyme and via the state of its substrate, the telomere itself. The roles of telomerase in both cellular immortality and cancer are vibrant areas of current research.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication Impairs Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clearance in the Lung by Impeding Epithelial Production of Reg3γ

The incidence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia in previously healthy individuals has increased in the past 5 years. Such infections are associated with bronchiectasis and high mortality rates, making them a significant public health concern. The mechanisms of host defense against this pathogen are not well characterized. However, patients diagnosed with MRSA, as opposed to methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), are more likely to have abused alcohol in the past, and these patients are more likely to die from sepsis. In the United States, USA300 is the predominant strain that causes necrotizing pneumonia. To investigate whether acute ethanol exacerbates MRSA pneumonia, mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered 2 or 4 g/kg of ethanol 30 min prior to oropharyngeal inoculation of 2 × 10(7) CFU of USA300. An increased pulmonary bacterial burden was observed in alcohol-intoxicated mice at 16 and 24 h and was associated with decreased levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6). IL-6 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as part of an acute-phase response of infection. Reg3γ is an antimicrobial C-type lectin that is induced by STAT3 signaling in response to Gram-positive bacteria. Previously, in situ hybridization studies showed that Reg3g is highly expressed in lung epithelium. In the present study, we found that acute ethanol exacerbated USA300 in a murine model of USA300 pneumonia. This was associated with reduced IL-6 expression in vivo as well as inhibition of IL-6 induction of STAT3 signaling and Reg3g expression in mouse lung epithelial (MLE12) cells in vitro. Furthermore, recombinant Reg3γ administration 4 h after MRSA infection in alcohol-intoxicated mice rescued USA300 clearance in vivo. Therefore, acute alcohol intoxication leads to decreased MRSA clearance in part by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 induction of the antimicrobial protein Reg3γ in the pulmonary epithelium.
Diabetes Mellitus A Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke in a Large Biracial Population

Background and Purpose— We previously reported increased incidence of ischemic stroke among both blacks and whites with diabetes mellitus, especially in those aged Methods— This is a population-based study. First ischemic strokes among black and white residents of the 5-county Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region, aged ≥20 years, for periods 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1999, and 2005, were included in this analysis. Incidence rates were adjusted for sex, race, and age, as appropriate, to the 2000 US population. Results— History of diabetes mellitus among first ischemic strokes was reported for 493/1709 (28%) in 1993/1994, 522/1778 (29%) in 1999, and 544/1680 (33%) in 2005. Risk ratios (95% confidence interval) for rates of stroke in those with versus without diabetes mellitus for blacks reduced significantly from 5.6 in 1993/1994 to 3.2 in 2005; for whites the risk ratio remained stable at 3.8 in 1993/1994 and 2005. However, risk ratios varied with age, with an overall 5- to 14-fold increased risk observed in those aged 20 to 65 years. Conclusions— Those with diabetes mellitus remain at greatly increased risk for stroke at all ages, especially
Chilled versus ambient aeration and fumigation of stored popcorn Part 1: Temperature Management

Abstract During the summer of 1994, four commercial 121.5 tonne corrugated steel bins of stored popcorn were evaluated for chemical-free pest management and conditioning. Two of the bins were managed conventionally with intensive aeration for moisture conditioning and calendar-based fumigation treatments for pest control. In the other two bins grain temperatures were managed with the Purdue prototype grain chiller. They were monitored and chilled only as needed throughout the summer. The average grain temperature in the core of the chilled bins was 11.3 °C, which was well below the critical 15–17 °C limit for most insect development. The average temperature along the south wall of the two bins was maintained at 17.5 °C. Grain temperatures in the bins conditioned with ambient aeration never dropped below 23 °C, and thus were on average 6–18 ° higher during the same period. Electrical operating costs of chilled aeration were 0.11 cents per kg of popcorn.
Venusian highlands: geoid to topography ratios and their implications

Geoid-to-topography ratios (GTRs) are estimated for 12 Venusian highland features to allow comparison with convection calculations and with terrestrial data of oceanic hot spots, swells, and plateaus. The geoid is estimated in the wavenumber domain from the isostatic formula, using the topography and the apparent depths isostatic compensation (ADC) for each region. In the space domain, the GTR is equal to the least squares slope of the linear fit of the geoid to the topograpy. The resulting GTR range is 7-31 m/km, which is much higher than terrestrial oceanic values (-1 to 5 m/km). The features fall into two distinct groups, one with a GTR range of 7-13 m/km, and one with a range of 19-25 m/km. A model for thermal thinning of a 100-km-thick lithosphere fits all values in the lower GTR group to within one standard deviation.
Electroencephalographic findings in urea-cycle disorders

Eleven electroencephalograms in 4 infants with urea-cycle disorders were reviewed. All infants had one or more abnormal EEGs. The abnormalities consisted mainly of multiareal spikes, spike-waves, or sharp-and-slow-wave activity. In addition, one patient, a term infant, exhibited exaggerated spindle-delta bursts. This infant, and also one other at a similar age, had monorhythmic paroxysmal theta activity. Clinically, all patients had seizures shortly preceding abnormal EEGs. EEG alterations were encountered over a wide range of elevated serum ammonia levels. Normal EEGs occurred in the face of slightly elevated levels. It is concluded that epileptiform EEG alterations may be a characteristic manifestation of urea-cycle disorders.
Oxidation of SO2 in fog droplets by primary oxidants

Abstract Experiments described in this paper demonstrate that incomplete combustion is a source of gas-phase oxidants. These species, when dissolved in water, are manifested predominantly as H2O2. Experiments involving a fog chamber show that these primary oxidants oxidize SO2 to sulfuric acid or sulfate in fog droplets. Drying such fog droplets results in suspended particles. For a constant SO2 concentration and amount of fuel combusted, the amount of SO2 oxidized and the amount of oxidant produced depend critically on the combustion conditions, being highest for incomplete combustion and negligible for stoichiometric flames.
Laboratory observation of quantum control level sets

In controlled quantum dynamics, a level set is defined as the collection of control fields that produce a specific value for a particular observable. This paper explores the relationship between individual solutions to a control problem, and presents the first experimentally observed quantum control level sets, which are found to be continuous submanifolds. Level sets are observed for two photon transitions where the control is the spectral phase function, which is expressed as a fourth-order polynomial. For the systems studied here, the level sets are shown to be closed surfaces in the spectral phase control space. A perturbation analysis provides insight into the observed topology of the level set, which is shown to be preserved by the low-order polynomial phase representation. Each of the multiple control fields forming a level set preserves the observable value by its own distinct manipulation of constructive and destructive quantum interferences. Thus, the richness of quantum control fields meeting a particular observable value is accompanied by an equally diverse family of control mechanisms.
Eye-Movements during Unit-Task Execution in a Complex Problem-Solving Situation

We have studied the performance of subjects as they acquired skill in the Georgia Tech Aegis Simulation Program (GT-ASP) with a particular focus on their eye movements. Our task analysis showed that the GT-ASP breaks down into the selection of unit tasks and the execution of these unit tasks. We focused on the Identification unit-task. Our results showed that most of the practice benefit in Identification came from increasing efficiency during cognitive process, in which people make inferences and decisions on the basis of the currently available information. We also analyzed eye fixations when people perform this unit-task. Participants showed different fixation patterns, depending on what portion of the unit-task was being executed. Fluency in a dynamic complex problem-solving seems to be achieved by efficiency in cognitive as well as perceptual processes.
Cardiotoxicity of Naja nigricollis phospholipase A2 is not due to alterations in prostaglandin synthesis.

Abstract P. L. Barrington , K. R. Soons , and P. Rosenberg . Cardiotoxicity of Naja nigricollis phospholipase A2 is not due to alterations in prostaglandin synthesis. Toxicon24, 1107 – 1116, 1986. — The basic phospholipase A2 from Naja nigricollis snake venom is cardiotoxic, causing decreased contractility and arrhythmias at concentrations which induce low levels of phospholipid hydrolysis. Cardiac tissue has a high content of arachidonic acid at the sn-2 position of the major membrane phospholipids, thus increased prostaglandin synthesis might contribute to the cardiotoxic effects of N. nigricollis phospholipase A2. Intracellular action potentials and cardiac contractility were monitored in the isolated right ventricular wall of the rat heart exposed for 1 hr to N. nigricollis phospholipase A2, with or without indomethacin, or to arachidonic acid. The tissues were homogenized, prostaglandins extracted and the 6-keto PGF1a and PGE2 content of the hearts determined. The physiologic effects and prostaglandin content of hearts treated with N. nigricollis phospholipase A2 were not altered by indomethacin nor mimicked by concentrations of arachidonic acid comparable to that present in N. nigricollis phospholipase A2-treated tissue. These results support our previous suggestion that exogenously applied N. nigricollis phospholipase A2 causes cardiotoxic effects by a mechanism that is independent of phospholipid hydrolysis.
ON SUMS OF INDEPENDENT RANDOM VARIABLES WITH INFINITE MOMENTS AND "FAIR" GAMES.

At the origin of this investigation is the well-known result of Feller1 concerning the Petersburg game, in which the player receives $2i if heads first appears at the ith toss of an unbiased coin (i = 1, 2, …). Since the expectation of the player’s gain x is infinite, a problem arises in deciding on the proper fee for the privilege of playing the game; Feller shows that if the player pays variable entrance fees with cumulative fee b n = n log2 n for the first n games, and if s n = x 1 + … + x n denotes his total gain, then the games becomes “fair” in the sense that $$\mathop {\lim }\limits_{n \to \infty } \frac{{{S_n}}}{{{b_n}}} = 1{\text{ in probability}}{\text{.}}$$ (1) .
Corporate Reporting of Cross-Sector Alliances: The Portfolio of NGO Partners Communicated on Corporate Websites

Nongovernmental organization (NGO)–corporate alliances are a strategic type of institutional positioning communication. From a sample of 155 US Fortune 500 corporations and 695 NGOs drawn from corporations' websites, this research examines: (a) the number of NGOs with which corporations communicate alliances; (b) the patterns of communicated alliances that exist between corporations in economic industries and NGOs in social issue industries; and (c) the relationship between corporate stakeholders and the communication of alliances with NGOs in particular social issues. This research tests the propositions of Symbiotic Sustainability Model concerning the number and type of NGO alliances likely to be communicated by corporations. In particular, this research demonstrates that most corporations only communicate alliances with a few NGOs and with one NGO in an issue industry. In addition, the results suggest that corporations in the same economic industry are likely to communicate alliances with different NGO...
Probabilistic models of choice

Abstract Proposed is a reorientation of the problem of choice as one of determining the probabilities of choosing among the various alternatives. This reorientation, which applies to both individual choice and social choice, differs from the usual selection of a specific alternative on the basis of a ranking of the alternatives in that it allows the various alternatives to be chosen with different probabilities. These probabilities are determined on the basis of fundamental preferences, and the determination of a specific alternative is accomplished by a random mechanism keyed with these probabilities. Social choice leads to an average rule for determining these probabilities, while individual choice leads to a weighted average rule for determining them, the weights reflecting the relative importance of various criteria.
Interaction of Sted-eze, nikethamide, pipradrol, or ammonium chloride with ethanol in human males.

The central stimulants, pipradrol and nikethamide, the commercially available purported ethanol antagonist vitamin compound, Stedeze, and the acidifying diuretic, ammonium chloride, were tested for their efficacy in reversing acute ethanol intoxication in humans. Male moderate drinkers ingested ethanol (0.8 g/kg) and then either pipradrol (2.5 mg), nikethamide (1.25 g), Stedeze (4 tablets: 160 mg vitamin B, 160 mg vitamin B2, 45 mg niacin, 1 g yeast), ammonium chloride (1.0 g), or placebo according to double-blind, within-subjects, crossover designs. Subjects were individually tested on a battery of physiologic and behavioral measures of intoxication that included platform-balance, divided attention and memory performance, electroencephalographic recordings, mood adjective check list, and objective and subjective inebriation ratings. In addition, blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) were monitored throughout each session. Although some antagonistic effects were found with nikethamide and ammonium chloride, none of the agents consistently reduced the degree of ethanol intoxication on the measures employed. In no instance did treatment with Stedeze significantly reduce intoxication when compared to placebo treatment (t test paired data or Wilcoxon signed-ranks matched-pairs test). These results indicate that none of the tested drugs represent effective sobering agents at the doses employed.
Evaluation of Important Treatment Parameters in Supraphysiological Thermal Therapy of Human Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells

This study was aimed at simulating the effect of various treatment parameters like heating rate (HR), peak temperature (PT) and hold/total treatment time on the viability of human liver cancer HepG2 cells subjected to different thermal therapy conditions. The problem was approached by investigating the injury kinetics obtained using experimentally measured viability of the cells, heated to temperatures of 50–70°C for 0–9 min at HRs of 100, 200, 300 and 525°C min−1. An empirical expression obtained between the activation energy (E) and HR was extended to obtain the E values over a broad range of HRs from 5 to 600°C min−1 that mimic the actual conditions encountered in a typical thermal therapy protocol. Further, the effect of the HR (5–600°C min−1) and PT (50–85°C) on the cell survival was studied over a range of hold times. A significant drop in survival from 90% to 0% with the simultaneous increase in HR and PT was observed as the hold time increased from 0 to 5 min. For complete cell death, the hold time increased with the increase in the HR for a given PT, while the total time showed presence of minima for 60, 65 and 70°C at HRs of 50, 100 and 200°C min−1, respectively.
Population Health Clinical Experiences at an Agency Serving Individuals With Developmental Disabilities

The American Association of Colleges of Nursing's (AACN) Essentials of baccalaureate and master's degree education require teaching population health skills in nursing programs. Clinical site placement for learning population health skills is hoped to be beneficial for both students and the agencies. This article reports on the experience of placing undergraduate and graduate student groups at an agency serving adults and children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) as well as many chronic health conditions. Each group of students developed a population health assessment and program plan, with each group building on the efforts of previous groups. The work of multiple student groups has assisted the agency in improving care for their clients, managing health issues associated with aging and chronic health conditions, and making organizational system changes. Lessons can be drawn from these experiences that are of benefit to others developing population health clinical experiences for n...
Resource abundance promotes the evolution of public goods cooperation

Understanding the evolution of cooperation as part of an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) is a difficult problem that has been the focus of much work. The associated costs of cooperation may lower the fitness of an organism below that of its non-cooperating counterpart, allowing the more fit organism to persist and outcompete the cooperator. Insight into these behaviors can help provide a better understanding of many aspects of the natural world, as well as provide future avenues for fighting disease.In this study, we use digital evolution to examine how the abundance of a required resource affects the cooperative production of a public good in an adverse environment. Evolutionary computation is an excellent tool for examining these problems, as it offers researchers complete access to organisms and total control over their environment. We find that stable cooperation can occur in otherwise competitive environments at discrete levels corresponding to the availability of a required resource. When resource levels are low, organisms focus solely on competitive behaviors. However, once resource levels cross a critical threshold, cooperation persists in populations. Further, this cooperation occurs in patches, where it is most likely to benefit relatives. Finally, we find that in some cases this cooperative behavior allows organisms to increase their competitive abilities as well.
Using PCR amplification to increase the confidence level of Salmonella typhimurium DNA microarray chip hybridization.

Abstract In order to design and validate a method to identify virulence genes of Salmonella typhimurium using DNA microarray, a protocol was developed to label the isolated bacterial DNA directly and to use PCR amplification of limited numbers of genes to validate the hybridization signals. Therefore, a DNA microarray chip of 71 virulence genes of S. typhimurium was developed and evaluated using 10 isolates. Each gene was represented by 65 bp oligonucleotide probes (oligoprobes) and immobilized on the surface of chemically modified slides. Whole DNA genomes were digested with Hin f1 and Sau 3AI, labeled with a fluorescent tag of Cy3 and then hybridized. The presence of virulence genes in 10 strains of S. typhimurium was established by measuring a fluorescent signal above the background noise of the chip. PCR amplification of 10 genes ( orgA , ORF319, ttrB, rmbA, misL, spi4F, spi4H, spi4N, rRNA, and purR ) of S. typhimurium was used as a standard to verify the confidence level of the DNA microarray chip. In conclusion, using PCR amplification to increase the confidence level of the microarray hybridization data was successful.
A Cellular Protein Binds Vaccinia Virus Late Promoters and Activates Transcription In Vitro

Available evidence indicates that the transcription of the late class of vaccinia virus genes requires the participation of several virus-encoded proteins in addition to the viral RNA polymerase. In this report we describe the identification of a protein present in extracts of uninfected HeLa cells that binds avidly to viral late promoter DNA. The protein bound specifically to several different vaccinia virus late promoters but not an early nor an intermediate promoter. DNase I footprinting localized the protein’s binding site to nucleotides surrounding the transcriptional start site of the I1L promoter. Optimal promoter binding required sequences in the highly conserved TAAAT motif at the transcriptional start site as well as sequences immediately upstream; however, one variation on the motif’s sequence did not affect promoter binding by the protein. Partially purified late promoter binding protein (LPBP) was capable of stimulating the transcription activity of extracts depleted of LPBP on a late promoter-driven template, establishing LPBP as a transcription activator in vitro. These results suggest that a cellular protein is responsible for targeting vaccinia virus late promoters for initiation of transcription.
The direct and indirect effects of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) on seed fate in the longleaf pine ecosystem

Invasion of non-native ants potentially disrupts natural relationships of native ants and ant-dispersed plants. These relationships may be affected directly through seed collection, or indirectly though impacts on the native ant community. Solenopsis invicta (the red imported fire ant), a widespread invasive of the southeastern United States, negatively impacts human health, agriculture, and wildlife. The impacts of S. invicta on native plant communities are less understood, partially because the invasions are usually coupled with human disturbance of soil or vegetation. The longleaf pine ecosystem is one of the few native communities successfully invaded by S. invicta. In a natural stand of longleaf pine with native groundcover we determined the fate of seeds collected by S. invicta, and the change in the ant community and seed removal due to disturbance by timber harvesting activities. We used cafeteria-selection trials with seeds of native plants to determine rates of seed removal. We presented S. invicta with dyed elaiosome-bearing seeds and recovered seed in middens above ground, and we sampled nests below ground with a wax cast. To examine changes in the ant community following disturbance, we sampled the ant community before and after timber harvest using pitfall traps and observing seed removal.We found that S. invicta preferentially collects myrmecochorous (elaiosome-bearing) seeds. We recovered approximately 30 percent of the dyed seed on the surface in midden piles of which only 17 percent had elaiosomes removed. However, this response varies seasonally. No seeds were recovered in the fall, suggesting that S. invicta is either consuming or storing more seeds prior to cold weather. We recovered few seeds in the nest castes. Initial ant community composition sampling resulted in 24 species. S. invicta was strongly dominant in most plots, and removed 83% of all seeds taken by ants.
The Survey–A research strategy rediscovered

Survey research is a significant way of generating knowledge of what is. Surveys require clear and specific objectives as the basis of equally clear data gathering procedures. The meaning of results from a survey will be enhanced if an analysis plan is generated prior to data collection; then interpretations of the results will more likely be a reflection of pattern in the data and a basis for knowing more about the essential “what is” of the world being surveyed.
Menopause is the “Good Old” Women’s Thoughts about Reproductive Aging

Recent feminist research suggests that individual women find menopause an inconsequential or positive experience overall. While recent aging scholarship also documents that contemporary individuals often define aging neutrally or positively, menopause may not resemble other aging processes in meaning and experience. The author argues that menopause, or reproductive aging, may be unique because of its reproductive and aging contexts. Data in this article are based on interviews with 45 middle-class, heterosexual, menopausal women in a midwestern state in 2001. Interviewees propose that, upon menopause, they do not feel old. They explain these feelings by describing their widespread use of contraceptive technologies, greater enjoyment of sexual activity upon menopause, and parallels between menopause and menarche. As women in this sample place menopause within the context of previous reproductive experiences and compare it to other aging processes, they suggest that reproductive aging represents a “good old.”
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Renal Vasodilatory Action of Dopamine in Patients With Heart Failure: Magnitude of Effect and Site of Action”

Drs Lema and Canessa point out the important intersubject variability of plasma levels of dopamine, which has been shown in normal volunteers. These differences may also be related …
Effect of Ethanol on Rumen Fermentation

Summary Ethanol (800ml., 47.5%) was administered via rumen fistula during the once-daily feeding of: (1) 14lb. timothy hay plus 4lb. of equal parts of ground corn and ground corncobs or (2) Ration 1 with 3% urea replacing corn or (3) 20lb. alfalfa hay, to twin 1,100-lb. cows. Each ration was fed with and without ethanol to each cow for 14-day periods. Four per cent of ground ration was added to cheese cloth-strained rumen fluid and incubated for 3 hr. in vitro. Ethanol was not fermented in vitro but disappeared from the rumen with a half-time of 2 hr. Blood contained 75mg.% ethanol 2 to 4 hr. after administration. Ethanol depressed rumen fill, gas production in vitro, and the utilization of radioactive sulfate for synthesis of amino acids and glutathione, but had little effect on the volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen. Digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was slightly reduced by feeding ethanol with grain rations (1) and (2) to four dry nonfistulated cows.
Inexpensive construction of a 3D face model from stereo images

Construction of a three dimensional face model from stereo images is a challenging task. Most of the currently available systems for reconstruction of 3D models require special hardware for calibration. In this paper, we illustrate a mechanism to construct a three dimensional face model from two stereo images. The developed mechanism does not require any special devices to calibrate the stereo images. We used a hand-held inexpensive digital camera to take the stereo images of a face. We did not use any camera-stand to fix and measure the camera system geometry. The stereo images were taken holding the camera in hand and moving it to two slightly different viewpoints. We constructed a depth map from these two stereo images and utilized this depth map to reconstruct the three dimensional face model. The 3D face model reconstruction process described in this paper uses some existing theories and combines them to develop a new system to generate the depth map. The system requires minimal user interaction for the reconstruction.
Effect of region on the food-related benefits to age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) in association with midwater habitat characteristics in the Gulf of Alaska

In the western Gulf of Alaska (GOA), we compared age-0 juvenile walleye pollock body weight, food habits, and expected growth rates between two regions during 3 years. The benefit to rearing off Kodiak Island vs. in the Semidi Islands vicinity increased among years with body length because larger fish consumed more euphausiids, and euphausiids were apparently more available in the Kodiak region. This explains previously observed regional variation in body size, condition, and growth rates within the GOA population and points to potential importance of the Kodiak region as awalleyepollock nursery. During September 2005, 2007, and 2009, Kodiakmidwater was cooler and saltier than Semidi midwater, presumably due to a relatively narrow continental shelf and greater oceanic influence. Zooplankton composition differed between regions with the greater euphausiid population density off Kodiak being most relevant to walleye pollock food habits. As found historically, age-0 walleye pollock abundance was lower in the Kodiak region than in the Semidi region. However, the Kodiak fish were larger in both length and length-specific weight, and had fuller stomachs than Semidi fish, although differenceswere not significant in all years. Regional differencesweremost pronounced during the relativelywarmyear 2005whenfishwere particularly large. Fishdietarymasswasdominatedbyeuphausiids, especially forKodiakfish≥55 mmstandard length. Bioenergeticsmodel output suggests that the greater euphausiid dietary proportion translates into faster growth of the Kodiak fish. The midwater habitat off Kodiak Island might therefore support above-average production of recruits to the GOA adult population due to better condition and likely survival of walleye pollock juveniles, especially when fish are large and thus able to more fully exploit euphausiids, but confirmation of above-average production of recruits depends on our ability to determine spatial structure in juvenile-adult population connectivity.
Molecular pathology of malignant melanoma: changing the clinical practice paradigm toward a personalized approach

Melanocytic proliferations are notoriously difficult lesions to evaluate histologically, even among experts, as there is a lack of objective, highly reproducible criteria, which can be broadly applied to the wide range of melanocytic lesions encountered in daily practice. These difficult diagnoses are undeniably further compounded by the substantial medicolegal risks of an "erroneous" diagnosis. Molecular information and classification of melanocytic lesions is already vast and constantly expanding. The application of molecular techniques for the diagnosis of benignity or malignancy is, at times, confusing and limits its utility if not used properly. In addition, current and future therapies will necessitate molecular classification of melanoma into one of several distinct subtypes for appropriate patient-specific therapy. An understanding of what different molecular markers can and cannot predict is of the utmost importance. We discuss both mutational analysis and chromosomal gains/losses to help clarify this continually developing and confusing facet of pathology.
An ecological classification of forest landscape simulation models: tools and strategies for understanding broad-scale forested ecosystems

Computer models are increasingly being used by forest ecologists and managers to simulate long-term forest landscape change. We review models of forest landscape change from an ecological rather than methodological perspective. We developed a classification based on the representation of three ecological criteria: spatial interactions, tree species community dynamics, and ecosystem processes. Spatial interactions are processes that spread across a landscape and depend upon spatial context and landscape configuration. Communities of tree species may change over time or can be defined a priori. Ecosystem process representation may range from no representation to a highly mechanistic, detailed representation. Our classification highlights the implicit assumptions of each model group and helps define the problem set for which each model group is most appropriate. We also provide a brief history of forest landscape simulation models, summarize the current trends in methods, and consider how forest landscape models may evolve and continue to contribute to forest ecology and management. Our classification and review can provide novice modelers with the ecological context for understanding or choosing an appropriate model for their specific hypotheses. In addition, our review clarifies the challenges and opportunities that confront practicing model users and model developers.
Extensive exchange of fungal cultivars between sympatric species of fungus‐growing ants

Fungal cultivars of fungus-growing ants (Attini, Formicidae) are carried by dispersing queens from parent to offspring nest. This vertical cultivar transmission between generations is thought to result in long-term ant-fungus coevolution and selection for beneficial cultivar traits that maximize harvests and thus colony productivity. In contrast to this traditional view of vertical cultivar transmission, frequent horizontal cultivar transmission between ant species is implicated by a phylogenetic analysis of 72 cultivars propagated by two fungus-growing ant species coexisting sympatrically in central Panama. The two ant species are specialized on the same group of closely related cultivars, but in six of 12 cultivar clades identifiable within this group, cultivars from both ant species were united in the same clade. Five of these 'mixed' clades were supported by bootstrap values of about 90% or higher. In one instance, colonies from the two ant species cultivated the same, genetically identical, cultivar clone. These phylogenetic patterns indicate that: (i) cultivar exchanges between the two ant species occur routinely throughout ecological time; and that (ii) coevolutionary processes between ants and their fungi are more diffuse than previously assumed. Because the two ant species are specialized on a narrow group of closely related cultivars that they regularly exchange among each other, but not with other sympatric ant species, cultivar exchanges are constrained, most likely, by ant preferences for their own cultivar group or by stringent selection against transitions of ant lineages to distantly related cultivars.
Object permanency and delayed response as spatial context in monkeys with frontal lesions.

Abstract Frontally lesioned monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) were significantly impaired relative to controls on a task (similar to that used by Piaget to test the development of object permanency) which required subjects to retrieve a grape hidden under one of three baskets. All monkeys with such lesions completely failed to reach criterion on an additional set of tasks in which the baskets were moved (i.e. the spatial context was modified) while controls performed these tasks with relative ease. Both deficits were shown to be attributable to an inability of “frontal” monkeys to process a varying spatial context.
On the Importance of Frailty in Social Science Theory (and other lessons of agent-based modeling)

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from https://sites.google.com/a/fspub.unibuc.ro/european-quarterly-of-political-attitudes-and-mentalities/Home
Who Wants Informal Courts? Paradoxical Evidence from a Yugoslav Attempt to Create Workers' Courts for Labor Cases

The comrades' courts of the East European socialist countries are considered by those who favor alternative means of dispute resolution to be admirable examples of informal courts in modern industrial societies. However, these courts have not been extensively investigated. This article presents the results of an intensive observational study of one kind of socialist alternative court, the Yugoslav Courts of Associated Labor, comparing them with an ideal model of informal courts and with the available data on comrades' courts in other East European socialist countries. We find that, in contrast with the latter, the Yugoslav courts are indeed workers' courts, in the sense that they are used by workers—over 90% of their cases are brought by individual workers. On the other hand, they are not workers' courts in the sense of being controlled by workers—they are instead dominated by legal professionals. We conclude that these Yugoslav courts are attractive to individual workers precisely because they are not informal, social courts, but rather are independent legal agencies from which workers may receive unprejudiced decisions and substantial remedies.
Interactions among Inactivating and Noninactivating Kvβ Subunits, and Kvα1.2, Produce Potassium Currents with Intermediate Inactivation

Experiments were carried out to determine whether coinjection of Kva1.2 with inactivating and noninactivating Kvb subunits would produce currents with intermediate kinetics and channel complexes containing a mixture of these subunits. Upon coexpression with a saturating amount of Kvb1.2 and increasing levels of a noninactivating deletion mutant of Kvb1.2, we show that macroscopic Kva1.2 currents have levels of fractional inactivation and inactivation time constants that are intermediate between those obtained with either the inactivating Kvb1.2 or the noninactivating Kvb1.2 mutant. We also find that coexpression of Kva1.2 with saturating amounts of Kvb1.2 and the deletion mutant produces a population of single channels with properties intermediate to either the inactivating or noninactivating parental phenotype. Our data can best be explained by the presence of an intermediate population of heterooligomeric channels consisting of Kva1.2 with different combinations of both types of subunits. Since Kva1.2 subunits coexist in cells with inactivating and noninactivating Kvb subunits, our findings suggest that heterooligomeric assembly of these subunits occurs to increase the range of K 1 current kinetics and expression levels.
Complexities of the Gender Gap

Gender differences in political attitudes among whites arise from a variety of sources that may vary from issue to issue. Explanations based on gender-based social roles, basic value differences, socioeconomic status, and women's autonomy are tested in this study through an examination of both compositional and conditional effects. Compositional effects occur when men and women differ on an explanatory variable. Conditional effects occur when a variable has differential effects on the policy preferences of women and men. Using data from the 1996 National Election Study, OLS regression and logit results demonstrate the complex sources of gender gaps across issue areas. Some factors such as education have more of a liberalizing effect on women, while such factors as religiosity have more of a conservatizing effect on men. Overall, issue gender gaps arise both from women's cultural role and from women's increasing autonomy from men.
Relation Between Serum Albumin and Carotid Atherosclerosis: The NHLBI Family Heart Study

Background and Purpose— Lower concentrations of albumin have been positively related to coronary disease. The aim of this project was to assess the association between serum albumin and carotid atherosclerosis. Methods— B-mode ultrasound was used to assess carotid plaques and intima-media thickness (IMT) among white subjects from 592 randomly ascertained families in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. Logistic regression was used to estimate prevalence odds ratios of any carotid plaques. Results— Of the 2072 persons studied, 47% were men. Higher serum albumin was associated with younger age, lower body mass index, and lower prevalence of hypertension and coronary disease. Lower serum albumin levels were not associated with an increased odds of carotid plaques. From the lowest to the highest quartile of albumin, multivariate adjusted odds ratios for the prevalence of any carotid plaques were 1.05 (95% CI, 0.59 to 1.86), 1.34 (95% CI, 0.78 to 2.32), 1.03 (95% CI, 0.52 to 1.86), and 1.0 (reference), respectively, in men and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.40 to 1.26), 0.76 (95% CI, 0.42 to 1.36), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.46 to 1.36), and 1.0, respectively, in women. Similarly, in a linear regression model adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic factors, serum albumin was not associated with carotid IMT. When the first 3 were compared with the highest quartile of serum albumin, regression coefficients for internal carotid IMT were 0.06458 (SE, 0.06408), 0.07205 (SE, 0.05469), and 0.000773 (SE, 0.05687), respectively, for men and −0.01795 (SE, 0.05085), −0.08501 (SE, 0.04800), and 0.009528 (SE, 0.04622), respectively, for women. Conclusions— Our data suggest that lower serum albumin levels are not associated with an increased odds of prevalent carotid atherosclerosis in either men or women.
The Development and Validation of an Instrument to Assess Attitudes toward Cultural Diversity and Pluralism among Preservice Physical Educators

The development and validation of an instrument to assess attitudes toward cultural diversity and cultural pluralism are described. The initial instrument consisted of 60 questions and was complete...
A small displacement torsor model for tolerance analysis in a workpiece-fixture assembly

AbstractWorkpiece geometric error, locator geometric error, and clamping error are factors that influence workpiece setup in workpiece fixturing. These errors accumulate and propagate during fixturing. They may be the reason for a machined feature being out of tolerance after machining. This paper presents a methodology for modelling and analysing the combined effect of these errors on a machined feature. Deviation of a machined feature due to the combined errors is expressed in terms of the small displacement torsor parameters. Given a tolerance on the machined feature, constraints are specified for that feature to establish a relationship between the tolerance zone of the feature and the torsor parameters. These constraints provide boundaries within which the machined feature must lie. This is used for tolerance analysis of the machined feature. A case study example was used to illustrate the approach. An experimental system was also set up to verify the analytical model. The results show that this appr...
Individual localization and tracking in multi-robot settings with dynamic landmarks

We generalize particle filtering [1,2] to multi-robot settings in order to localize the subject robot in a partially observable environment using landmarks and simultaneously track the uncertain location of the other non-cooperative robot(s). Our focus is on the subject robot's localization at its own level in the presence of others who may not be cooperative. Consequently, our perspective and approach differs from previous work in multi-robot settings, which has predominantly focused on joint localization by multiple cooperating robots [3,4]. In this context, we introduce a nested set of particles to track the subject robot and others, and recursively project these particles as the subject robot moves and makes observations. Consequently, the subject robot attributes a behavioral model to the other in order to predict its actions.
Down-sized multi-functional EO Test Collimators

Current and future electro-optical (EO) test equipment requirements demand down-sized, multi-functional, multi-spectral, lightweight, low-cost Test Collimators. The Product Support Division of Hughes Aircraft Company has developed such collimator assemblies for field, depot, and mobile test applications. This has been achieved using diamond turned, all-metal mirrors and multi-spectral Integrated Target Assemblies. Diamond turning permits an optimized opto-mechanical design. The Hughes patented Integrated Target Assemblies are single, compact assemblies that utilize emissivity targets to combine multi-spectral test sources and detectors. This overall approach offers significant size, weight, cost, performance, and reliability/maintainability advantages over traditional methods. >