cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do New Sports Facilities Attract New Businesses

We examine the impact of new sports facilities on new businesses, an unexplored topic in the literature. We use data from the Dun and Bradstreet MarketPlace files to examine how new sports facilities affect nearby business activity in terms of the number of new businesses and workers. We find no evidence of increased new businesses openings after the opening of new sports facilities in 12 U.S. cities in the 2000s; employment at new businesses near new facilities is larger than at new businesses elsewhere in the metropolitan statistical area; this increase cannot be linked to businesses in any specific industry.
Stochastic Choice and Preferences for Randomization

We conduct an experiment in which subjects face the same questions repeated multiple times, with repetitions of two types: (1) following the literature, the repetitions are distant from each other; (2) in a novel treatment, the repetitions are in a row, and subjects are told that the questions will be repeated. We find that a large majority of subjects exhibit stochastic choice in both cases. We discuss the implications for models of stochastic choice.
Robust H/sub /spl infin// control of a traction drive system for precision motion

The control system for a traction drive must produce robust response with respect to a change in the mass of the workpiece on the slide. It has been found that a conventional controller cannot tolerate a large range of mass change. In this paper, a discrete-time H/sub /spl infin// controller is described that has achieved robustness with respect to a change in mass. Comparison between the robustness of two controllers, PID and H/sub /spl infin//, is given by the experimental results and shows the improvement using the H/sub /spl infin// controller.
Exploring Potential Benefits of 3D FPGA Integration

A new timing-driven partitioning-based placement tool for 3D FPGA integration is presented. The circuit is first divided into layers with limited number of inter-layer vias, and then placement is performed on individual layers, while minimizing the delay of critical paths. We use our tool as a platform for exploring potential benefits in terms of delay and wire-length that 3D technologies can offer for FPGA fabrics. We show that 3D integration results in wire-length reduction for FPGA designs. Our empirical analysis shows that wire-length can be reduced by up to 50% using ten layers. Delay reductions are estimated to be more than 30% if multi-segment lengths are employed between layers.
From black hole to qubits: evidence of fast scrambling in BMN theory

BMN Matrix theory admits vacua in the shape of large spherical membranes. Perturbing around such vacua, the setup provides for a controlled computational framework for testing information evolution in Matrix black holes. The theory realizes excitations in the supergravity multiplet as qubits. These qubits are coupled to matrix degrees of freedom that describe deformations of the spherical shape of the membrane. Arranging the ripples on the membrane into a heat bath, we use the qubit system as a probe and compute the associated Feynman-Vernon density matrix at one loop order. This allows us to trace the evolution of entanglement in the system and extract the characteristic scrambling timescale. We find that our numerical analysis is consistent with this time scaling logarithmically with the entropy of the qubit system, in tune with suggestions by Sekino and Susskind.
Biofuels : markets, targets and impacts

This paper reviews recent developments in biofuel markets and their economic, social and environmental impacts. Several countries have introduced mandates and targets for biofuel expansion. Production, international trade and investment have increased sharply in the past few years. However, several existing studies have blamed biofuels as one of the key factors behind the 2007-2008 global food crisis, although the magnitudes of impacts in these studies vary widely depending on the underlying assumptions and structure of the models. Existing studies also have huge disparities in the magnitude of long-term impacts of biofuels on food prices and supply; studies that model only the agricultural sector show higher impacts, whereas studies that model the entire economy show relatively lower impacts. In terms of climate change mitigation impacts, there exists a consensus that current biofuels lead to greenhouse gas mitigation only when greenhouse gas emissions related to land-use change are not counted. If conversion of carbon rich forest land to crop land is not avoided, the resulting greenhouse gas release would mean that biofuels would not reduce cumulative greenhouse gas emissions until several years had passed. Overall, results from most of the existing literature do not favor diversion of food for large-scale production of biofuels, although regulated production of biofuels in countries with surplus land and a strong biofuel industry are not ruled out. Developments in second generation biofuels offer some hope, yet they still compete with food supply through land use and are currently constrained by a number of technical and economic barriers.
A Toolkit for Developing Critically Reflective Science Teachers

The purpose of this paper is to describe various “tools” we use to facilitate critical reflection as we teach prospective science teachers. The notion of “tools” refers to materials and experiences used to facilitate prospective teachers’ critical reflection on science teaching and learning. Reflective tools are not intrusive devices used by instructors to analyse mechanically what prospective teachers are learning; rather, these tools are intended to provide prospective teachers with the means to generate and critique their own views of science teaching and learning. Each tool is described herein with respect to its potential use and the way in which it is introduced to prospective science teachers. We conclude with discussion of the potential for reflective tools to contribute to research on reform of science teacher education, with particular attention to primary teacher preparation.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RIDESHARING INCENTIVES. DISCRETE-CHOICE MODELS OF COMMUTING IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

This paper studies the effects of certain incentives designed to promote ridesharing on work trips to reduce congestion and air pollution. Ordered probit discrete choice models of commuters' mode choices (always rideshare, sometimes rideshare, and always drive alone) are estimated using a new study of full-time workers' commuting behavior in the greater Los Angeles area. We find that women and those who have larger households with multiple workers, longer commutes, and larger worksites are more likely to rideshare. Partial equilibrium policy simulations with our model indicate that providing all workers with reserved parking, ridesharing subsidies, guaranteed rides home, and high-occupancy vehicle lanes would reduce drive-alone commuting between 11 and 18 percent.
Application of signal processing algorithms in microwave applications

The objective of this paper is to illustrate that the principle of analytic continuation can be utilized to interpolate/extrapolate either computational results or measured data in efficient fashion instead of utilizing sheer brute force.
Governance of public pension funds : lessons from corporate governance and international evidence

An understanding of corporate governance theory can promote the adoption of appropriate governance tools to limit agency problems in public pension fund management. The absence of a market for corporate control hinders the translation of lessons from the private sector corporate world to public pension governance. The establishment of a fit, and proper governing body for public pension funds, thus may be even more important than the maintenance of a comparable body for private sector corporations. In particular, behavioral controls should be carefully designed.
Flip the Cloud: Cyber-Physical Signaling Games in the Presence of Advanced Persistent Threats

Access to the cloud has the potential to provide scalable and cost effective enhancements of physical devices through the use of advanced computational processes run on apparently limitless cyber infrastructure. On the other hand, cyber-physical systems and cloud-controlled devices are subject to numerous design challenges; among them is that of security. In particular, recent advances in adversary technology pose Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) which may stealthily and completely compromise a cyber system. In this paper, we design a framework for the security of cloud-based systems that specifies when a device should trust commands from the cloud which may be compromised. This interaction can be considered as a game between three players: a cloud defender/administrator, an attacker, and a device. We use traditional signaling games to model the interaction between the cloud and the device, and we use the recently proposed FlipIt game to model the struggle between the defender and attacker for control of the cloud. Because attacks upon the cloud can occur without knowledge of the defender, we assume that strategies in both games are picked according to prior commitment. This framework requires a new equilibrium concept, which we call Gestalt Equilibrium, a fixed-point that expresses the interdependence of the signaling and FlipIt games. We present the solution to this fixed-point problem under certain parameter cases, and illustrate an example application of cloud control of an unmanned vehicle. Our results contribute to the growing understanding of cloud-controlled systems.
Multidimensional indices of achievements and poverty: What do we gain and what do we lose? *

Poverty and wellbeing are multi-dimensional. Nobody questions that deprivations and achievements go beyond income. There is, however, sharp disagreement on whether the various dimensions of poverty and wellbeing can be aggregated into a single, multidimensional index in a meaningful way. Is aggregating dimensions of poverty and wellbeing useful? Is it sensible? Here I summarize and contrast three key papers that respond these questions in strikingly different ways. The papers are: The HDI 2010: New Controversies, Old Critiques by Jeni Klugman, Francisco Rodriguez and Hyung-Jin Choi; Understandings and Misunderstandings of Multidimensional Poverty Measurement by Sabina Alkire and James Foster; and, On Multidimensional Indices of Poverty by Martin Ravallion.
A sender-receiver framework for knowledge transfer

The shift to more distributed forms of organizations and the prevalence of interorganizational relationships have led to an increase in the transfer of knowledge between parties with asymmetric and incomplete information about each other. Because of this asymmetry and incompleteness, parties seeking knowledge may not be able to identify qualified knowledge providers, and the appropriate experts may fail to be motivated to engage in knowledge transfer. We propose a sender-receiver framework for studying knowledge transfer under asymmetric and/or incomplete information. We outline four types of information structures for knowledge transfer, and focus on the sender-advantage asymmetric information structure and the symmetric incomplete information structure. We develop formal game-theoretical models, show how information incompleteness and asymmetry may negatively influence knowledge transfer, and propose solutions to alleviate these negative impacts. Implications for knowledge transfer research and practice are also discussed.
Trade Theory with Numbers: Quantifying the Consequences of Globalization

Abstract We review a recent body of theoretical work that aims to put numbers on the consequences of globalization. A unifying theme of our survey is methodological. We rely on gravity models and demonstrate how they can be used for counterfactual analysis. We highlight how various economic considerations—market structure, firm-level heterogeneity, multiple sectors, intermediate goods, and multiple factors of production—affect the magnitude of the gains from trade liberalization. We conclude by discussing a number of outstanding issues in the literature as well as alternative approaches for quantifying the consequences of globalization.
Voluntary Quality Disclosure under Price‐Signaling Competition

We analyze an oligopolistic competition with differentiated products and qualities. The quality of a product is not known to consumers. Each firm can make an imperfect disclosure of its product quality before engaging in price-signaling competition. There are two regimes for separating equilibrium in our model depending on the parameters. Our analysis reveals that, in one of the separating regimes, price signaling leads to intense price competition between the firms under which not only the high-quality firm but also the low-quality firm chooses to disclose its product quality to soften the price competition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Government deficits, the real interest rate and LDC debt : on global crowding out

Abstract The paper uses a three-regions model of global saving-investment balance to present a ‘global crowding out’ interpretation of present economic trends. The model builds on data which point to a possible shortage of savings; explosive growth of social expenditures, structural public sector deficit in North and South; changes of the age pyramid; real wage rigidity in many industrial countries.
The Importance, Design and Implementation of a Middleware for Networked Control Systems

Due to the advancement of computing and communication technology, networked control systems may soon become prevalent in many control applications. While the capability of employing the communication network in the control loop certainly provides many benefits, it also raises several challenges which need to be overcome to utilize the benefits.
A supergame-theoretic model of business cycles and price wars during booms

This paper studies implicitly colluding oligopolists facing fluctuating demand. The credible threat of future punishments provides the discipline that facilitates collusion. However, we find that the temptation to unilaterally deflate from the collusive outcome is often greater when demand is high. To moderate this temptation,the optimizing oligopoly reduces its profitability at such times,resulting in lower prices. If the oligopolists' output is an input to other sectors, their output may increase too. This explains the co-movements of outputs which characterize business cycles. The behavior of the railroads in the 1880's, the automobile industry in the 1950's and the cyclical behavior of cement prices and price-cost margins support our theory. (J.E.L. Classification numbers:020, 130, 610).
Nonstandard regular variation of in-degree and out-degree in the preferential attachment model

The research of the authors was supported by MURI ARO Grant W911NF-12-10385 to Cornell University
Does public capital crowd out private capital? : evidence from India

A recent but rapidly growing empirical literature focuses on the relationship between public and private capital. But for the most part, it ignores the heterogeneity of public investment. In many countries, especially in the developing world, public investment includes not only basic infrastructure projects, but also commercial and industrial projects similar to those undertaken by the private sector. And those two types of public investment are likely to have quite different effects on the accumulation of private capital. Using data from India, the author examines this issue empirically by implementing a simple analytical model encompassing two types of public capital. The empirical results show that in the long run capital for public infrastructure projects crowds in private capital - other types of public capital have the opposite effect. But in the short run, both kinds of public investment may crowd out private investment.
Characteristics of a high energy μ+μ− collider based on electro-production of muons

We analyze the design of an high energy {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} collider based on electro-production of muons. We derive an expression for the luminosity in terms of analytic formulae for the electron-to-muon conversion efficiency and the electron beam power on the production target On the basis of studies of self-consistent sets of collider parameters under 'realistic' ('optimistic') assumptions about available technology with beam cooling, we find the luminosity limited to 10{sup 27} m{sup -2}s{sup -1} (10{sup 28} m{sup -2}s{sup -1}). We also identify major technological innovations that will be required before {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} colliders can offer sufficient luminosity (10{sup 30} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}) for high energy physics research.
Development of astrocytes in the vertebrate eye.

Astrocytes represent the earliest glial population in the embryonic optic nerve, contributing critically to retinal angiogenesis and formation of brain-retinal-barrier (BRB). Despite of many developmental and clinical implications of astrocytes, answers to some of the most fundamental questions of this unique type of glial cells remain elusive. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the origination, proliferation and differentiation of astrocytes, their journey from the optic nerve towards the neuroretina, and their involvement in physiological and pathological development of the visual system.
Nature of radiation-induced defects in quartz.

Although quartz (α-form) is a mineral used in numerous applications wherein radiation exposure is an issue, the nature of the atomistic defects formed during radiation-induced damage has not been fully clarified. Especially, the extent of oxygen vacancy formation is still debated, which is an issue of primary importance as optical techniques based on charged oxygen vacancies have been utilized to assess the level of radiation damage in quartz. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations are applied to study the effects of ballistic impacts on the atomic network of quartz. We show that the defects that are formed mainly consist of over-coordinated Si and O, as well as Si–O connectivity defects, e.g., small Si–O rings and edge-sharing Si tetrahedra. Oxygen vacancies, on the contrary, are found in relatively low abundance, suggesting that characterizations based on E′ centers do not adequately capture radiation-induced structural damage in quartz. Finally, we evaluate the dependence on the incident energy, of the amount of each type of the point defects formed, and quantify unambiguously the threshold displacement energies for both O and Si atoms. These results provide a comprehensive basis to assess the nature and extent of radiation damage in quartz.
Experimental evaluation of hydraulic accumulator efficiency with and without elastomeric foam

Gas-charged hydraulic accumulators utilize the compressibility of a gas to store energy. This energy storage capability has numerous applications, many of which are sensitive to frictional and thermal losses that occur during the charge/discharge cycle. Under some conditions, the magnitude of these losses can be quite high. The thermal loss is caused by variations in the gas temperature during compression and expansion and is highly dependent upon the cycling rate. Experimental data show that the thermal loss can be minimized by inserting elastomeric foam in the gas side of the accumulator. This study reports experimental data taken with an 8.185-liter (2.162-gal) piston-type hydraulic accumulator. Measured accumulator efficiencies are presented, and the effect of holding time, precharge pressure, rate of charging and discharging, and foam mass on the thermal loss and accumulator efficiency are discussed. Frictional and thermal losses are quantified for this accumulator, and their relative magnitudes are determined. For this accumulator, foam insertion improved the efficiency by as much as 60 percent. 18 references.
Research Productivity in a System of Universities

This paper considers research performance of U.S. universities for eight science fields. At the aggregate level we find that research output follows a constant returns to scale process. However, for individual universities we find evidence of diminishing returns. We offer two explanations for these differing results. First, data errors are more important at the individual level. Second, research spillovers exist between universities and fields that are captured only at the aggregate level.
Pediatric Resident Attitudes About Technologic Support of Vegetative Patients and the Effects of Parental Input—A Longitudinal Study

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the change over time of attitudes about withdrawal of care from hopelessly ill children among a cohort of pediatric residents. DESIGN: Prospective data collection via surveys. SETTING: A pediatric residency program in a children's hospital. SUBJECTS: Pediatric residents beginning training in 1987 and 1988; 29 residents completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Study participants completed a structured case-oriented questionnaire yearly from June 1988 through the completion of their residency training. The withholding of vasoactive agents or cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and the withdrawal of intravenous fluids, nutrition, or mechanical ventilation were the specific therapeutic options presented for a patient in a persistent vegetative state. The effects of time (further training) and parental wishes on resident decisions were assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: No resident wanted to provide intensive care to a child in a persistent vegetative state who was in respiratory failure; all residents would withhold vasoactive agents and CPR from such a child. At the conclusion of training, most (97%) would withdraw mechanical ventilation. A minority would withdraw intravenous (IV) fluids (41%) or nutrition (35%). Residents became more willing to withdraw IV fluids from these patients (0/16 vs 6/16; P = .03) and to withhold or withdraw therapies in general (P = .03) over the course of their training. All of this change occurred over the first year of training. Parental wishes altered treatment plans for these patients significantly, both when parents desired additional treatment (P < .0001), and when parents wanted treatment stopped (P = .04). The residents' level of training had no effect on responses to parents' therapeutic requests. CONCLUSION: Although exposure to level of care issues occurs throughout pediatric residency training, almost all changes in trainees' attitudes occur during the first year. Efforts to promote effective learning and coping should be concentrated in this period.
On the relation between kappa calculus and probabilistic reasoning

We study the connection between kappa calculus and probabilistic reasoning in diagnosis applications. Specifically, we abstract a probabilistic belief network for diagnosing faults into a kappa network and compare the ordering of faults computed using both methods. We show that, at least for the example examined, the ordering of faults coincide as long as all the causal relations in the original probabilistic network are taken into account. We also provide a formal analysis of some network structures where the two methods will differ. Both kappa rankings and infinitesimal probabilities have been used extensively to study default reasoning and belief revision. But little has been done on utilizing their connection as outlined above. This is partly because the relation between kappa and probability calculi assumes that probabilities are arbitrarily close to one (or zero). The experiments in this paper investigate this relation when this assumption is not satisfied. The reported results have important implications on the use of kappa rankings to enhance the knowledge engineering of uncertainty models.
Does the Indexing of Government Transfers Make Carbon Pricing Progressive

Whether in the form of a carbon tax or cap-and-trade permit system, climate policy is likely to raise the price of all energy-intensive goods such as electricity, heating fuel, and gasoline. The fraction of income used on these goods falls with income, measured either by annual income or by total annual expenditure (as a proxy for permanent income). Thus, climate policy is found to be regressive on the “uses side” (e.g. Burtraw, Sweeney, and Walls 2009, and Hasset et al. 2009). For these reasons, the economics literature and actual legislation have focused on whether permit revenue can be used to offset regressive burdens.
The Cosmic Microwave Background after Maxima and Boomerang

The first release of data from the MAXIMA and BOOMERANG experiments has introduced a new era of precision cosmology. The two data sets are essentially independent, consistent and complementary. In a joint effort by the two teams, the two data sets were combined and then used to test cosmological models and determine values of cosmological constants. These results are available because of the success of bolometric detection techniques. The experimental approach is described with references to the MAXIMA-1 experiment. Important new cosmological experiments at far infrared and millimeter wavelengths require major improvements in bolometric techniques. A new technology, the voltage-biased superconducting bolometer, promises to provide the required experimental power.
Mirror-based fusion: some possible new directions

This paper examines some possible areas for the study of new approaches to fusion research, ones that employ magnetic confinement systems based on open-ended field topology and employing the magnetic mirror principle. In the spirit of encouraging a wider look at possibilities, some unconventional approaches are suggested. These approaches, involving long linear systems having ion injectors and direct converters at their ends, attempt to exploit some inherent advantages of open-ended systems for fusion. The results of analysis, calculations and preliminary cost estimates for long linear systems of this type that utilize the magnetic mirror effect to achieve their operating regimes will be presented. The approaches suggested, when examined in greater depth, may not stand the test of time, but they might encourage thinking in new areas.
Studies on the Survival and Fate of Enteroviruses in an Experimental Model of a Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and Leachate

In laboratory scale municipal solid waste lysimeters containing simulated refuse, and seeded with either laboratory or field strains of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 7, viruses were not detected in the lysimeter leachate produced over a 4-month period. In addition, viruses were not detected in the lysimeter refuse contents after termination of lysimeter operation. These results appeared to be due to virus retention in the lysimeter caused by virus adsorption and virus inactivation. Evidence for virus inactivation was provided by the results of experiments on virus inactivation in composite leachate samples. Evidence for virus adsorption was supported by the rapid adsorption of viruses to various municipal solid waste components in the presence of a salt solution similar in composition to the major inorganic salts of leachates.
Convergent propagation algorithms via oriented trees

Inference problems in graphical models are often approximated by casting them as constrained optimization problems. Message passing algorithms, such as belief propagation, have previously been suggested as methods for solving these optimization problems. However, there are few convergence guarantees for such algorithms, and the algorithms are therefore not guaranteed to solve the corresponding optimization problem. Here we present an oriented tree decomposition algorithm that is guaranteed to converge to the global optimum of the Tree-Reweighted (TRW) variational problem. Our algorithm performs local updates in the convex dual of the TRW problem - an unconstrained generalized geometric program. Primal updates, also local, correspond to oriented reparametrization operations that leave the distribution intact.
Combinatorial Clock Auctions: Price Direction and Performance

Abstract The lack of price guidance towards efficiency relevant packages in ascending combinatorial clock auctions (ACCA) can lead to a low-efficiency allocation of goods. We propose a descending price combinatorial clock auction (DCCA) with a newly devised pricing strategy to improve on this problem. Using agent-based simulations we document that the DCCA provides significant improvements over the ACCA and we are able to understand in which environments these improvements are likely to be the strongest. We test these predictions in the laboratory with human subjects and find evidence that the DCCA generates improvements in auction efficiency and revenue.
The structure-property relationships of powder processed Fe-Al-Si alloys

Iron-aluminum alloys have been extensively evaluated as semi-continuous product such as sheet and bar, but have not been evaluated by net shape P/M processing techniques such as metal injection molding. The alloy compositions of iron-aluminum alloys have been optimized for room temperature ductility, but have limited high temperature strength. Hot extruded powder alloys in the Fe-Al-Si system have developed impressive mechanical properties, but the effects of sintering on mechanical properties have not been explored. This investigation evaluated three powder processed Fe-Al-Si alloys: Fe-15Al, Fe-15Al-2.8Si, Fe-15Al-5Si (atomic %). The powder alloys were produced with a high pressure gas atomization (HPGA) process to obtain a high fraction of metal injection molding (MIM) quality powder (D{sub 84} < 32 {micro}m). The powders were consolidated either by P/M hot extrusion or by vacuum sintering. The extruded materials were near full density with grain sizes ranging from 30 to 50 {micro}m. The vacuum sintering conditions produced samples with density ranging from 87% to 99% of theoretical density, with an average grain size ranging from 26 {micro}m to 104 {micro}m. Mechanical property testing was conducted on both extruded and sintered material using a small punch test. Tensile tests were conducted on extruded bar for comparison withmore » the punch test data. Punch tests were conducted from 25 to 550 C to determine the yield strength, and fracture energy for each alloy as a function of processing condition. The ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) was observed to increase with an increasing silicon content. The Fe-15Al-2.8Si alloy was selected for more extensive testing due to the combination of high temperature strength and low temperature toughness due to the two phase {alpha} + DO{sub 3} structure. This investigation provided a framework for understanding the effects of silicon in powder processing and mechanical property behavior of Fe-Al-Si alloys.« less
MAD-Bayes: MAP-based Asymptotic Derivations from Bayes

The classical mixture of Gaussians model is related to K-means via small-variance asymptotics: as the covariances of the Gaussians tend to zero, the negative log-likelihood of the mixture of Gaussians model approaches the K-means objective, and the EM algorithm approaches the K-means algorithm. Kulis & Jordan (2012) used this observation to obtain a novel K-means-like algorithm from a Gibbs sampler for the Dirichlet process (DP) mixture. We instead consider applying small-variance asymptotics directly to the posterior in Bayesian nonparametric models. This framework is independent of any specific Bayesian inference algorithm, and it has the major advantage that it generalizes immediately to a range of models beyond the DP mixture. To illustrate, we apply our framework to the feature learning setting, where the beta process and Indian buffet process provide an appropriate Bayesian nonparametric prior. We obtain a novel objective function that goes beyond clustering to learn (and penalize new) groupings for which we relax the mutual exclusivity and exhaustivity assumptions of clustering. We demonstrate several other algorithms, all of which are scalable and simple to implement. Empirical results demonstrate the benefits of the new framework.
Finding cliques by quantum adiabatic evolution

Quantum adiabatic evolution provides a general technique for the solution of combinatorial search problems on quantum computers. We present the results of a numerical study of a particular application of quantum adiabatic evolution, the problem of finding the largest clique in a random graph. An n-vertex random graph has each edge included with probability 1/2, and a clique is a completely connected subgraph. There is no known classical algorithm that finds the largest clique in a random graph with high probability and runs in a time polynomial in n. For the small graphs we are able to investigate (n ≤ 18), the quantum algorithm appears to require only a quadratic run time.
Black Hole Microstate Geometries from String Amplitudes

In this talk we review recent calculations of the asymptotic supergravity fields sourced by bound states of D1 and D5-branes carrying travelling waves. We compute disk one-point functions for the massless closed string fields. At large distances from the branes, the effective open string coupling is small, even in the regime of parameters where the classical D1-D5-P black hole may be considered. The fields sourced by the branes differ from the black hole solution by various multipole moments, and have led to the construction of a new \(1/8\)-BPS ansatz in type IIB supergravity.
Land use control of stream nitrate concentrations in mountainous coastal California watersheds

[1] Concentration versus runoff relationships can reveal how land use and watershed hydrology interactively regulate solute inputs to streams and downstream aquatic ecosystems. In six mountainous southern California coastal watersheds, consistent nitrate-runoff patterns within three broad land use classes exist: dilution in agricultural watersheds, invariance in urban watersheds, and enrichment in an undeveloped watershed. Locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) revealed these patterns in nitrate-runoff relationships. A hyperbolic equation reproduced these relationships, also identifying the most common nitrate concentration (i.e., nitrate mode) observed in stream water during periods of low runoff (i.e., base flow) and high runoff (i.e., stormflow). LOWESS and the hyperbolic equation were also used to reveal and reproduce electrical conductance-runoff relationships, which contrary to nitrate-runoff relationships, demonstrated uniform behavior (significant dilution; p < 0.0001) in all watersheds regardless of land use. Nitrate-electrical conductance plots revealed seasonal shifts in stormflow nitrate modes, indicating nitrate flushing behavior at the beginning of the winter wet season for all watersheds except the two with the highest agricultural land usage. Despite variation in land uses between watersheds, we found a consistent reduction in the variability of stormflow nitrate (∼12%) and electrical conductance (∼21%) modes relative to base flow modes indicating a common water and nitrate source during periods of high runoff. We propose the undeveloped, mountainous upland regions of the watersheds as this source, and suggest that this region plays an important role in determining watershed stream nitrate concentrations and nitrate flux to the Santa Barbara Channel (Pacific Ocean).
Decommissioning of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor

The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory was operated from 1982 until 1997. The last several years included operations with mixtures of deuterium and tritium. In September 2002, the three year decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) project for TFTR was successfully completed. The need to deal with tritium contamination as well as activated materials led to the adaptation of many techniques from the maintenance work during TFTR operations to the D&D effort. In addition, techniques from the decommissioning of fission reactors were adapted to the D&D of TFTR and several new technologies, most notably the development of a diamond wire cutting process for complex metal structures, were developed. These techniques, along with a project management system that closely linked the field crews to the engineering staff which developed the techniques and procedures, via a Work Control Center, resulted in a project which was completed safely, on time and well below budget.
Gap junctional coupling and patterns of connexin expression among neonatal rat lumbar spinal motor neurons.

Interneuronal gap junctional coupling is a hallmark of neural development whose functional significance is poorly understood. We have characterized the extent of electrical coupling and dye coupling and patterns of gap junction protein expression in lumbar spinal motor neurons of neonatal rats. Intracellular recordings showed that neonatal motor neurons are transiently electrically coupled and that electrical coupling is reversibly abolished by halothane, a gap junction blocker. Iontophoretic injection of Neurobiotin, a low molecular weight compound that passes across most gap junctions, into single motor neurons resulted in clusters of many labeled motor neurons at postnatal day 0 (P0)–P2, and single labeled motor neurons after P7. The compact distribution of dye-labeled motor neurons suggested that, after birth, gap junctional coupling is spatially restricted. RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining showed that motor neurons express five connexins, Cx36, Cx37, Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45, a repertoire distinct from that expressed by other neurons or glia. Although all five connexins are widely expressed among motor neurons in embryonic and neonatal life, Cx36, Cx37, and Cx43 continue to be expressed in many adult motor neurons, and expression of Cx45, and in particular Cx40, decreases after birth. The disappearance of electrical and dye coupling despite the persistent expression of several gap junction proteins suggests that gap junctional communication among motor neurons may be modulated by mechanisms that affect gap junction assembly, permeability, or open state.
Reversible logic based concurrent error detection methodology for emerging nanocircuits

Reversible logic has promising applications in emerging nanotechnologies, such as quantum computing, quantum dot cellular automata and optical computing, etc. Faults in reversible logic circuits that result in multi-bit error at the outputs are very tough to detect, and thus in literature, researchers have only addressed the problem of online testing of faults that result single-bit error at the outputs based on parity preserving logic. In this work, we propose a methodology for the concurrent error detection in reversible logic circuits to detect faults that can result in multi-bit error at the outputs. The methodology is based on the inverse property of reversible logic and is termed as ‘inverse and compare’ method. By using the inverse property of reversible logic, all the inputs can be regenerated at the outputs. Thus, by comparing the original inputs with the regenerated inputs, the faults in reversible circuits can be detected. Minimizing the garbage outputs is one of the main goals in reversible logic design and synthesis. We show that the proposed methodology results in ‘garbageless’ reversible circuits. A design of reversible full adder that can be concurrently tested for multi-bit error at the outputs is illustrated as the application of the proposed scheme. Finally, we showed the application of the proposed scheme of concurrent error detection towards fault detection in quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) emerging nanotechnology.
Perceptions Of Principal Attributes In The Era Of Accountability

This study investigated the perceptions of leadership attributes held by 35 principals who performed a Q-sort on 45 transactional, transformational, and laissez-faire leadership statements from the...
Closure Assumptions in the Cumulus Parameterization Problem

Physical processes associated with condensation of water vapor are inherently nonlinear and, therefore, their collective effects can directly interact with larger-scale circulations. But most individual clouds, in which condensation takes place, are subgrid-scale for the conventional grid size of general circulation and numerical weather prediction models. Then, for a set of model equations to be closed, we must formulate the collective effects of subgrid-scale clouds in terms of the prognostic variables of grid scale. This is the problem of cumulus parameterization in numerical modeling of the atmosphere.
Market imperfections exacerbate the gender gap: the case of Malawi

This paper hypothesizes that labor and credit market imperfections—by discouraging off-farm income-generating activities and restricting access to inputs, respectively—affect female farm productivity more deeply than male productivity. The paper develops a theoretical model that decomposes the contribution of various market imperfections to the gender productivity gap. The paper shows empirically that agricultural labor productivity is on average 44 percent lower on plots managed by female heads of household than on those managed by male heads. Thirty-four percent of this gap is explained by differences in labor market access and 29 percent by differences in credit access.
The Specific Frequency of Globular Clusters in Galaxies

Variations in the number of globular clusters per unit galaxy luminosity, which is the specific frequency, and the mass of globular clusters per unit total available mass, are reviewed. Correlations with galaxy luminosity and morphology, and with the properties of the associated galactic clusters are discussed, as are the color distributions of globular cluster populations. Several models for the origin of these variations are summarized, including the tidal stripping and interaction/starhurst models. Most of the variations in the specific frequency for elliptical galaxies result from variations in the ratio of total mass to light with a nearly constant efficiency for conversion of gas into globular cluster mass. Smaller additional variations may come from tidal stripping, particularly in cD galaxies.
The Power of Partnerships: A Private-Sector Perspective

The world food crisis, exacerbated by accelerating climate change and the global financial crisis, requires that agricultural scientists solve ever more complex problems. Public–private partnerships will play a more critical role in developing agricultural technologies for developing nations to improve farm productivity and alleviate global hunger. In order to make public–private partnerships work, we must move from the ‘sector mentality’ and focus on combinatorial solutions resolving the most pressing issues. Critical observations from past and current efforts are helpful in designing new relationships and approaches towards driving innovation. Aggressively supporting the development of mutually-beneficial partnerships with a novel mindset will ensure that we fully exploit the tremendous potential that modern technologies promise.
Random field disorder and charge order driven quantum oscillations in cuprates

In the pseudogap regime of the cuprates, a period-2 charge order breaks a ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ symmetry, reflecting a broken translational symmetry. Therefore, the interaction of charge order and quenched disorder due to potential scattering, can, in principle, be treated as a random field Ising model. A numerical analysis of the ground state of such a random field Ising model reveals local, glassy dynamics in both two and three dimensions. The dynamics are treated in the glassy limit as a heat bath which couples to the itinerant electrons, leading to an unusual electronic non-Fermi-liquid. If the dynamics are strong enough, the electron spectral function has no quasiparticle peak and the effective mass diverges at the Fermi surface, precluding quantum oscillations. In contrast to charge density, $d$-density wave order (reflecting staggered circulating currents) does not directly couple to potential disorder, allowing it to support quantum oscillations. At fourth order in Landau theory, there is a term consisting of the square of the $d$-density wave order parameter, and the square of the charge order. This coupling could induce parasitic charge order, which may be weak enough for the Fermi liquid behavior to remain uncorrupted. Here, we argue that this distinction must be made clear, as one interprets quantum oscillations in cuprates.
Implications for the Cosmological Landscape: Can Thermal Inputs from a Prior Universe Account for Relic Graviton Production?

Sean Carroll's pre‐inflation state of low temperature‐low entropy provides a bridge between two models with different predictions. The Wheeler‐de Witt equation provides thermal input into today's universe for graviton production. Also, brane world models by Sundrum allow low entropy conditions, as given by Carroll & Chen (2005). Moreover, this paper answers the question of how to go from a brane world model to the 10 to the 32 power Kelvin conditions stated by Weinberg in 1972 as necessary for the initiation of quantum gravity processes. This is a way of getting around the fact CMBR is cut off at a red shift of z = 1100. This paper discusses the difference in values of the upper bound of the cosmological constant between a large upper bound predicated for a temperature dependent vacuum energy predicted by Park (2002), and the much lower bound predicted by Barvinsky (2006). with the difference in values in vacuum energy contributing to relic graviton production. This paper claims that this large thermal in...
Turán problems and shadows II: Trees

Abstract The expansion G + of a graph G is the 3-uniform hypergraph obtained from G by enlarging each edge of G with a vertex disjoint from V ( G ) such that distinct edges are enlarged by distinct vertices. Let ex r ( n , F ) denote the maximum number of edges in an r-uniform hypergraph with n vertices not containing any copy of F. The authors [10] recently determined ex 3 ( n , G + ) when G is a path or cycle, thus settling conjectures of Furedi–Jiang [8] (for cycles) and Furedi–Jiang–Seiver [9] (for paths). Here we continue this project by determining the asymptotics for ex 3 ( n , G + ) when G is any fixed forest. This settles a conjecture of Furedi [7] . Using our methods, we also show that for any graph G, either ex 3 ( n , G + ) ≤ ( 1 2 + o ( 1 ) ) n 2 or ex 3 ( n , G + ) ≥ ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) n 2 , thereby exhibiting a jump for the Turan number of expansions.
Access to Journals

We want to help scientists in developing countries (DC) do research because of their intelligence and devotion to science. But frankly, observational and even theoretical research is very expensive. For a developed country an estimate of the average project cost that includes salaries, the equipment used, and the institutional overhead is roughly $100,000 (US). In DC the salaries are lower, but not necessarily the equipment.
Experimental Demonstration of Quantum Lattice Gas Computation

We report an ensemble nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) implementation of a quantum lattice gas algorithm for the diffusion equation. The algorithm employs an array of quantum information processors sharing classical information, a novel architecture referred to as a type-II quantum computer. This concrete implementa-tion provides a test example from which to probe the strengths and limitations of this new computation paradigm. The NMR experiment consists of encoding a mass density onto an array of 16 two-qubit quantum information processors and then following the computation through 7 time steps of the algorithm. The results show good agreement with the analytic solution for diffusive dynamics. We also describe numerical simulations of the NMR implementation. The simulations aid in determining sources of experimental errors, and they help define the limits of the implementation. PACS: 03.67.Lx; 47.11.+j; 05.60.-k