cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a heparin cofactor obtained from bovine plasma fraction I.

Abstract Heparin cofactor material of M ~15,000 has been separated from Fraction I. Isolated systems containing heparin, cofactor, and thrombin exhibit a progressive, limited thrombin inactivation. Complications arise since reaction velocity, specific capacity of cofactor (units T/mg. C) and extent of reversibility (using protamine) are functions of cofactor concentration.
Adaptive feedback compensation for distributed load-based routing systems in datagram packet-switched communications networks

Routing systems for datagram packet-switched networks' iteratively applying Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithms on load-based link cost metrics exhibit poor stabilization and convergence properties at moderate traffic loads without the addition of experimentally determined Bertsekas Additive Bias Factors to aid in damping undesirable oscillations. Routing systems which iteratively apply SPF Algorithms on load-varying link costs implicitly assume routing assignments can be independently modified without affecting the validity of cost estimates on other links. Even under stationary offered loads, this assumption is less accurate as the load increases due to nonlinear dynamical interactions among traffic flows. Failure to compensate for this independence assumption in iterative SPF computations leads to dynamical instabilities above moderate offered loads. Unfortunately, while Bertsekas Additive Bias Factors improve stability, they also reduce the sensitivity of the routing system to network congestion. As alleviation of traffic congestion is often an important service requirement for a routing system, this is a serious drawback. This paper is motivated by a search for techniques to improve the convergence of routing systems upon near-optimum sets of routing assignments for current traffic conditions, without introducing a loss of congestion sensitivity. Due to the limitations of Markov Chain Models of packet-switching networks for our application, a network simulation is developed which provides a more accurate reflection of network dynamics, as it incorporates bounded queue and minimum interarrival time constraints. Utilizing this simulation, it is demonstrated that a Genetic Algorithm which estimates the near-optimal number of routing assignment changes allowed by the Dijkstra SPF Algorithm during each routing update interval, enables substantial performance advantages for networks operated at or above moderate offered loads. This adaptive feedback compensation technique achieves these performance improvements by avoiding the Kauffman and Eigen Catastrophes, although additional processing and slight increases in routing update packet lengths are required. In a broader context, the technology of adaptive feedback compensation should prove a relevant to a variety of real-time distributed adaptive control applications.
Peptide fragmentation by corona discharge induced electrochemical ionization

Fundamental studies have greatly improved our understanding of electrospray, including the underlying electrochemical reactions. Generally regarded as disadvantageous, we have recently shown that corona discharge (CD) can be used as an effective method to create a radical cation species [M](+·), thus optimizing the electrochemical reactions that occur on the surface of the stainless steel (SS) electrospray capillary tip. This technique is known as CD initiated electrochemical ionization (CD-ECI). Here, we report on the fundamental studies using CD-ECI to induce analytically useful in-source fragmentation of a range of molecules that complex transition metals. Compounds that have been selectively fragmented using CD-ECI include enolate forming phenylglycine containing peptides, glycopeptides, nucleosides, and phosphopeptides. Collision induced dissociation (CID) or other activation techniques were not necessary for CD-ECI fragmentation. A four step mechanism was proposed: (1) complexation using either Fe in the SS capillary tip material or Cu(II) as an offline complexation reagent; (2) electrochemical oxidation of the complexed metal and thus formation of a radical cation (e.g.; Fe - e(-) → Fe(+·)); (3) radical fragmentation of the complexed compound; (4) electrospray ionization of the fragmented neutrals. Fragmentation patterns resembling b- and y-type ions were observed and allowed the localization of the phosphorylation sites.
Synthesis of the Aglycones of Altromycins and Kidamycin from a Common Intermediate

The aglycone structures 1 and 2, respectively corresponding to the antitumor antibiotic natural products altromycin and kidamycin, have been efficiently synthesized from a common advanced intermediate 3. A series of Claisen condensations and aromatizations affords the anthracene section of 3, followed by annulation of the pyrone ring. The functional groups of 3 can be manipulated for enantioselective introduction of the epoxide side-chain of altromycin aglycone 1, as well as synthesis of the kidamycin aglycone 2.
Designing Pseudorandom Coded Ranging Systems

This paper develops a set of mathematical tools for system design or analysis of a type of pseudorandom coded ranging system used in several space programs. Certain probabilities of failure of the system to perform the ranging function and the times required for the system to perform prescribed ranging functions are defined and related to system parameters. A set of sample calculations is presented for clarification of the computational techniques.
How many ways are there to die? Identification of ICU death typologies using cluster analysis

Although avoidance of death is a key goal of critical care, so too is provision of high-quality end-of-life care when life-prolonging therapy is not desired. One often-used measure of ICU performance is risk-adjusted mortality, yet this measure treats all deaths equally and thus is flawed. In this work, we identify different death typologies using cluster analysis, with the ultimate goal of more narrowly targeted ICU quality improvement measures and efforts.
Testing evolving software: Current practice and future promise

Testing is the most common way to increase confidence in the correctness and reliability of software. Studies report that testing consumes about half the cost of software development. Studies also show that maintenance can consume up to 80% of the cost for the entire software lifecycle, and much of that cost is devoted to testing. Rapidly changing software and computing environments present many challenges for effective and efficient testing in practice.Past research in testing of evolving software has resulted in techniques that attempt to automate or partially automate the process. Although few of these techniques have been successfully transferred to practice, existing techniques show promise for use in industry. By combining program analysis, machine learning, and visualization techniques, we can expect significant improvement in the process of testing evolving software that will provide reduction in cost and improvement in quality.
Cooling laying hens by intermittent partial surface sprinkling.

This study investigated the efficacy of intermittent partial surface sprinkling to cool caged layers at 20, 38, and 56 weeks of age. Ten birds were used per age group with two birds per paired trial (Experiment, Expt, and Control, Ctrl) that were subjected to an acute heat exposure of 40.0 ± 0.5°C air temperature, 45 ± 3% RH, and air velocity of 0.15 to 0.20 m/s for a maximum of 8 h. The Expt birds were sprinkled with water mist (8 mL/sprinkling session) on the head and appendages at 15-min intervals from the time when panting was observed; whereas, the Ctrl birds received no sprinkling. Continuous measurement of the rectal temperature and periodic thermographical measurement of the surface temperature of the birds were performed. The intermittent partial surface sprinkling had the following merits as compared with the control: lower body temperature rise (4.3 vs 5.7°C; P < 0.05), higher lethal heat load threshold (10.0 vs 6.6°C-h, P 480 vs 92 to 266 min), and reduced mortality (20 to 60% vs 100%). The maximum reduction in surface temperature of the head and appendages due to the sprinkling averaged 2.2°C. Under the present environmental conditions (i.e., 40°C, 45% RH, and 0.15 to 0.20 m/s), sprinkling once every 5 to 6 min would provide adequate cooling to prevent the surface temperature from rising. The concept of body heat load ( â) seems to provide an effective measurement of heat tolerance of the birds under different cooling schemes.
A shape memory alloy microvalve with flow sensing

Abstract A Nitinol™ actuated silicone tubing microvalve is combined with a downstream thermocouple forming an integrated system for the control and metering of microliter volumes. The integrated device is of a normally closed design having a break pressure of more than 68.9 kPa (517 mmHg), dimensions on the order of 1 mm × 2 mm × 2 mm, inert fluid contact surfaces, and senses flow. Power pulses of 213 mW are required for 2.5 s response times. Opening of the valve is brought about by a temperature induced metallurgical transition of a short piece of nitinol wire with a diameter of 75 μm. The force generated by the transition is harnessed in order to stretch microbore silicone tubing away from a luminal plug (synthetic ruby ball), thus forming flow channels. Actuation is performed using a pulsed paradigm with a distinctive on and off period enabling flow sensing capabilities. The integrated thermal principle flow sensor operates by sensing the peak temperature derivative of a transient thermal pulse in the flow stream imparted by joule heating of the nitinol wire when actuated. It was found that this flow sensing scheme proved to be a reliable method of detecting valve performance changes over time. The system is constructed using readily available commercial components including microbore silicone tubing, nitinol shape memory alloy (SMA) wire, a miniature synthetic ruby ball, and a thermocouple.
Perturbation of states of rest and rigid motion of simple fluids and solids

Abstract In the lecture I advocate perturbing states of rest and rigid motion with arbitrary motions. This procedure leads to general expressions for the relation between stress and deformation and defines the parameters which must be measured in order to distinguish one material from another.
Forecasting recreation demand in the Upper Savannah River Basin.

Abstract Saunders, Paul R., Herman F. Senter, and James P. Jarvis, Forecasting Recreation Demand in the Upper Savannah River Basin. Annals of Tourism Research 1981, VIII(2):236–256. The Upper Savannah River Basin in Georgia and South Carolina, USA, offers opportunities for a variety of recreation activities. Four major reservoirs, and a fifth one under construction, are available for recreation use. Most users live within 80 to 160 kilometers of the two principal reservoirs, Hartwell Lake and Clark Hill Lake. A recreation demand model was developed for these two reservoirs and the soon to be completed Russell Lake, basing total demand on projected population and participation rates for fourteen selected activities. Total demand, consisting of met and unmet demand, was predicted for 1976, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010. The model is a relatively simple tool which can be used by state, local, and regional planners to predict both demand for facilities, and the supply of facilities needed to meet future demand.
Cytoarchitectural and Axonal Maturation in Human Auditory Cortex

This study followed the maturation of human auditory cortex from the beginning of the second trimester of gestation to young adulthood. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to trace the development of a laminar cytoarchitecture and an adult pattern of axonal neurofilament expression. From the 16th fetal week to the 4th postnatal month, the cortex progresses from a marginal layer and an undifferentiated cortical plate to incipient lamination. Between the 22nd fetal week and the 4th postnatal month, a two-tiered band of neurofilament-immunoreactive axons develops in layer I, but subsequent to the 4th month, the number of immunopositive axons in this layer is greatly reduced. Between the middle of the first year of life and age 3 years, the laminar pattern of cytoarchitecture becomes fully mature and a network of immunostained axons develops in layers VI, V, IV, and IIIc. This axonal plexus in the deep cortical layers continues to increase in density until age 5. Beginning at 5 years of age, a network of neurofilament-positive axons develops in the superficial layers IIIb, IIIa, and II, and by 11-12 years of age, overall axonal density is equivalent to that seen in young adulthood. This extended time span of axonal maturation has implications for the emergence of auditory cortical function.
Suicide is not the inevitable outcome of “perpetual” selfing in tetrahymenines collected from natural habitats

A significant fraction of the Tetrahymena clones isolated from natural habitats self (mating occurs within a clone). Early attempts to study such clones failed because stable subclones were rarely, if ever, observed, and isolated pairs all died. Isozyme analysis revealed that these wild selfers were a diverse group; some were very similar to T. australis, a species with synclonal mating type determination and to T. elliotti, shown recently to have a karyonidal mating type system. One originally stable clone of T. australis included some selfing clones after a few years in our laboratory. Other clones manifested unique zymograms. Subclones isolated from 18 selfer strains were heterogeneous. All subclones of several selfers mated massively at each transfer through 100 fissions. Selfing among subclones of other selfers was highly variable or not observed. Although 77% of the pairs isolated died, and 9% of the pair cultures selfed, 15 selfers yielded some viable nonselfing “immature” progeny. Additional immature progeny were obtained by isolating pairs from macronuclear retention synclones. Although some “immature” progeny eventually selfed, most remained stable. Giemsa staining revealed macronuclear anlagen in nearly all mating pairs and some anomalies. Crosses among the F1 progeny clones of the T. elliotti selfers yield viability data comparable to those from crosses among normal strains. Perhaps perpetual selfing is a mechanism of getting rid of deleterious combinations of genes and uncovering better combinations in homozygous state by playing genetic roulette. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the Processing of Proghrelin to Ghrelin

The orexigenic hormone ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide derived from a 99-amino-acid precursor and acylated at Ser-3, which was initially isolated from rat stomach. In addition to stimulating appetite and growth, it also plays various important roles in energy homeostasis and in the cardiovascular and immune systems. Although analysis of its physiological effects has yielded many significant results, much less information is available on its biosynthesis and the mechanism of its acylation. In this report, we have studied the endoproteolytic processing of this molecule from its precursor (proghrelin) into mature ghrelin in various prohormone convertase null mouse strains generated in our laboratory and have identified the convertase responsible for this event. Using Western blotting, mass spectrometry, and immunocytochemical methods, we have demonstrated that (a) in mouse stomach, prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) is the endoprotease responsible for the conversion of proghrelin to ghrelin, (b) the acylation of this peptide is processing-independent, and (c) the expression of proghrelin mRNA is increased in the processing-deficient (PC1/3 null) mouse.
The effects of item preference and token reinforcement on sharing behavior exhibited by children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract The current studies evaluated variables affecting sharing exhibited by children with autism spectrum disorder. Study 1 evaluated the effects of manipulating item preference on the level of assistance needed to exhibit sharing behavior for 4 children with autism. Item preference clearly affected 2 participants’ percentage of independent sharing. Preference did not have as clear of an effect for a third participant. However, sharing a high-preference item generally required a higher level of prompting (e.g., vocal prompts) to share. The fourth participant's percentage of independent sharing was not influenced by preference, and his independent sharing behavior was similar across item preference. Study 2 assessed the effectiveness of a token reinforcement procedure as an intervention designed to increase independent sharing of high-preference items for the two participants who did not independently share those items during Study 1. Independent sharing increased for both participants when the token procedure was in place and decreased when it was removed.
Acute Alcohol Effects on Contextual Memory BOLD Response: Differences Based on Fragmentary Blackout History

Background: Contextual memory, or memory for source details, is an important aspect of episodic memory and has been implicated in alcohol-induced fragmentary blackouts (FBs). Little is known, however, about how neural functioning during contextual memory processes may differ between individuals with and without a history of FB. This study examined whether neural activation during a contextual memory task differed by history of FB and acute alcohol consumption. Methods: Twenty-four matched individuals with (FB+; n = 12) and without (FB; n = 12) a history of FBs were recruited from a longitudinal study of alcohol use and behavioral risks and completed a laboratory beverage challenge followed by 2 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions under no alcohol and alcohol (breath alcohol concentration = 0.08%) conditions. Task performance and brain hemodynamic activity during a block design contextual memory task were examined across 48 fMRI sessions. Results: Groups demonstrated no differences in performance on the contextual memory task, yet exhibited different brain response patterns after alcohol intoxication. A significant FB group by beverage interaction emerged in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex with FB individuals showing greater blood oxygenation level-dependent response after alcohol exposure (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Alcohol had differential effects on neural activity for FB+ and FB individuals during recollection of contextual information, perhaps suggesting a neurobiological mechanism associated with alcohol-induced FB.
An MHC anchor‐substituted analog of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55 induces IFN‐γ and autoantibodies in the absence of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and optic neuritis

Previous strategies to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) include the treatment of autoreactive T cells with altered peptide ligands, which contain amino acid substitutions at TCR contact residues. We recently showed that a variant of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 35–55 possessing low affinity for MHC (45D) induced anergy in MOG 35–55-specific T cells and reduced their encephalitogenicity upon adoptive transfer. Here we investigate the characteristics of the primary immune response to this MHC anchor-substituted peptide. Overall, we observed that immunization with 45D resulted in the production of IFN-γ and anti-MOG 35–55 autoantibodies at levels similar to those of MOG 35–55-immunized mice with active EAE. However, no symptoms of clinical or histological EAE or overt histological optic neuritis were observed in 45D-immunized mice. Consistent with this finding, 45D-immunized mice did not exhibit CD4+ infiltrates into the CNS. Therefore, MOG 35–55-specific precursors stimulated with a weak ligand (45D) mediate some EAE-associated effector functions but are unable to fully initiate the inflammatory process in the central nervous system that leads to clinical manifestation of EAE.
Activation and antitumor activity of CPT-11 in plasma esterase-deficient mice

Purpose: To examine the antitumor activity and the pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 (irinotecan, 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino] carbonyloxycamptothecin) in a plasma esterase-deficient scid mouse model, bearing human tumor xenografts. Experimental design: Plasma carboxylesterase (CE)-deficient mice were bred with scid animals to develop a strain that would allow growth of human tumor xenografts. Following xenotransplantation, the effect of the plasma esterase on antitumor activity following CPT-11 administration was assessed. In addition, detailed pharmacokinetic studies examining plasma and biliary disposition of CPT-11 and its metabolites were performed. Results: In mice lacking plasma carboxylesterase, the mean SN-38 systemic exposures were approximately fourfold less than that observed in control animals. Consistent with the pharmacokinetic data, four to fivefold more CPT-11 was required to induce regressions in human Rh30 xenografts grown in esterase-deficient scid mice, as opposed to those grown in scid animals. Additionally, the route of elimination of CPT-11, SN-38, and SN-38 glucuronide (SN-38G) was principally in the bile. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetic profile for CPT-11 and its metabolites in the esterase-deficient mice more closely reflects that seen in humans. Hence, these mice may represent a more accurate model for antitumor studies with this drug and other agents metabolized by CEs.
Enhancing law enforcement identification and investigation of child maltreatment.

Abstract Objective: Data from two independent studies is presented, representing the investigators’ ongoing work with faculty from a state criminal justice academy to analyze existing knowledge and skill levels among veteran law enforcement officers and recruits, as well as to enhance future training. Method: Through an anonymous questionnaire, the first of these studies examined officers’ perceptions of maltreatment, including those factors that do and do not influence a determination of whether a particular act constitutes child maltreatment and assessments of whether particular acts constitute abuse or neglect. The second study also utilized an anonymous questionnaire to examine officers’ knowledge of the developmental strengths and limitations of children relative to their ability to provide accurate information in suspected cases of child maltreatment. Results: As hypothesized, several gaps both in law enforcement officers’ knowledge of certain characteristics that can serve to denote a case of maltreatment and their knowledge of fundamental developmental issues and interview techniques that could assist them in the performance of their professional duties are identified. Conclusions: Suggestions for enhanced law enforcement training programs are presented and discussed.
A radioimmunoassay for measurement of thyroxine sulfate

A highly sensitive, specific, and reproducible RIA has been developed to measure T4 sulfate (T4S) in ethanol extracts of serum. rT3 sulfate (rT3S) cross-reacted 7.1%, and T3S cross-reacted 0.59% in the RIA; T4, T3, rT3, and 3,3'-diiodothyronine cross-reacted 0.004% or less. The recovery of nonradioactive T4S added to serum averaged 95%. The detection threshold of the RIA was 18 pmol/L. The coefficient of variation averaged 6.9% within an assay and 12% between assays. T4S was bound by T4-binding globulin and albumin in serum. The free fraction of T4S in four normal sera averaged 0.06% compared to a value of 0.03% for T4 (P < 0.001). The serum concentration of T4S was (mean +/- SE) 19 +/- 1.2 pmol/L in normal subjects, 33 +/- 10 in hyperthyroid patients with Graves' disease, 42 +/- 15 in hypothyroid patients, 34 +/- 6.9 in patients with systemic nonthyroidal illnesses, 21 +/- 4.3 in pregnant women at 15-40 weeks gestation, and 245 +/- 26 in cord blood sera of newborns; the value in the newborn was significantly different from normal (P < 0.001). The mean concentration of T4S in amniotic fluid samples at 15-38 weeks gestation was 106 +/- 22 pmol/L (cf. normal adults; P < 0.001). Administration of sodium ipodate (Oragrafin; 3 g, orally) to hyperthyroid patients was associated with a transient increase in serum T4S. The T4S content of the thyroid gland was less than 1/4000th that of T4. We conclude that 1) T4S is a normal component of human serum, and its levels are markedly increased in newborn serum and amniotic fluid; and 2) the sulfation pathway plays an important role in the metabolism of T4 in man.
The Feminist and the Bible: Hermeneutical Alternatives

Amid the varieties of feminist interpretive methods in biblical scholarship, this article suggests a general typology of approaches: rejection of the claims of biblical authority; acceptance of those claims with critique of oppressive interpretations; revisionism, which holds to the possibility of reconstructing the lost experience of women in the texts; reliance on symbol and image of the feminine to convey meaning; and finally, the liberation critique of oppressive structures. An appreciation and critique is offered for each alternative.
A study of "idiopathic" hirsutism; a transitional adrenal abnormality.

A varying degree of hypertrichosis is a common clinical finding in adult females (1). When hair growth is slight there may be only a cosmetic problem; when profuse, the effect may be psychologically debilitating (2) and indicative of a deep seated endocrine abnormality. A small number of women with this condition may, upon extensive clinical examination, exhibit one of a variety of endocrine disorders arising from hyperplastic or neoplastic changes in the pituitary, adrenals or ovaries (2, 3). The majority, however, for want of evidence of specific endocrine disease, fall into a group referred to as “idiopathic” or, if the history warrants, “familial” hirsutism.
Performance measures in acousto-optic chaotic signal encryption system subject to parametric variations and additive noise

ABSTRACT Signal encryption and recovery using chaotic optical waves has been a subject of active research in the past 10 years. Since an acousto-optic Bragg cell with zeroth- and first-order feedback exhibits chaotic behavior past the threshold for bistability, such a system was recently ex amined for possible chaotic encryption us ing a low-amplitude sinusoidal signal applied via the bias input of the sound cell driver 1, 2 . Subsequent recovery of the me ssage signal was carried out via a heterodyne strategy employing a locally generated chaotic carrier, with threshold parameters matched to the transmitting Bragg cell. The simulation results, though encouraging, were limited to relatively low chaos frequencies and sinusoidal message signals only. In this paper, we extend the previous work by (i) increasing the chaos frequency using appropriate parameter control; (ii) carefully examining the system sensitivity to three system parameters, viz., feedback delay, feedback gain, and dc bias level; (iii) examine signal recovera bility relative to shifts in the three parameters mentioned above relative to the transmitter; and (iv) determining the robu stness of such a system relative to the primary transmitter parameters. Additionally, we consider also the effect of the additive bandpass noise (obtained from white Gaussian noise in the simulator) on signal recovery in such a system from a performance standpoint. It is also conjectured that signal recovery can be effected by passing the modulated light through a second sound cell in a matched chaotic regime. This aspect is also under investigation. Keywords : Acousto-optics, chaos, feedback, modulation, encryption, heterodyne, recovery, nonlinear dynamics
Microscale elastic strain evolution following damage in Ti-SiC composites

Fiber fractures are crucial in initiating damage zones that ultimately determine the strength and lifetime of fiber-reinforced metal matrix composites. The evolution of damage in a metal matrix composite (MMC) comprised of a row of unidirectional SiC fibers (32 vol pct) surrounded by a Ti matrix was examined, for the first time, using X-ray microdiffraction. Multiple strain maps including both phases were collected in situ under applied tensile stress. The elastic axial strains were then compared to predictions from a modified shear-lag model, which, unlike other shear-lag models, considers the elastic response of both constituents. The strains showed good correlation with the model. The results confirmed, for the first time, both the need and validity of this new model specifically developed for large scale multifracture simulations of MMCs. The results also provided unprecedented insight for the model, revealing the necessity of incorporating such factors as plasticity of the matrix, residual stress in the composite, and selection of the load sharing parameter.
Handheld threat object identification performance of 2D visible imagery versus 3D visible imagery

The objective of this research was to determine if there was an improvement in human observer performance, identifying potential weapons or threat objects, when imagery is presented in three dimensions instead of two dimensions. Also it was desired to quantify this potential improvement in performance by evaluating the change in N50 cycle criteria, for this task and target set. The advent of affordable, practical and real-time 3-D displays has led to a desire to evaluate and quantify the performance trade space for this potential application of the technology. The imagery was collected using a dual camera stereo imaging system. A series of eight different resolutions were presented to observers in both two and three dimensional formats. The set of targets consisted of twelve hand held objects. The objects were a mix of potential threats or weapons and possible confusers. Two such objects, for example, are a cellular telephone and a hand grenade. This target set was the same target set used in previously reported research which determined the N50 requirements for handheld objects for both visible and infrared imagers.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Assessing Cancer Pain

Regular assessment for the presence of pain and response to pain management strategies should be high priority in cancer patients. Pain is a multidimensional experience in cancer patients. Pain management will be most effective when treatments are individualized after exploring the various physical and non-physical components of pain, and the patient and family are educated and involved in decision making. This article discusses the various issues that are pertinent to the assessment of pain in cancer patients.
Effect of Experimental Renal Hypertension on Experimental Thiouracil-Cholesterol Atherosclerosis in Dogs

Experimental renal hypertension accelerated the onset and accentuated the severity of thiouracil-cholesterol atherosclerosis in dogs. Increased blood pressure and other hemodynamic changes appear to be responsible for these effects. Hypertension and sex were without significant effect on serum cholesterol, cholesterol: phospholipid ratio and low density lipoproteins. Sex had no significant effect on the incidence or severity of this experimental atherosclerosis, including coronary involvement.
Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): evidence for a gene duplication.

Two sets of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) bands are regularly observed in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): set I is a permanent triplet; set II is variable, as either two or three bands. A faint set III is detected only when extracts from seeds subjected to anerobiosis are run in neutralpH gels. Dissociation-reassociation experiments reveal that the central band of the set I triplet is a heterodimer of the other two. Full-sib progeny analysis from selfed plants shows that the set II bands are doublets, with heterozygotes having only three apparent bands instead of four because of the similar mobilities of the fast-migrating isozyme specified by the slow allele and the slow isozyme specified by the fast allele. We propose a three-locus model as the best explanation of these patterns. Set I consists of the products of two loci and their intergenic heterodimer. Set III is specified by a third locus. Set II isozymes are the intergenic heterodimers of the two set I loci and the set III locus. This explanation is similar to that of Schwartz and Freeling for maize but suggests that the evolution ofSorghum includes a gene duplication of the homologue of theAdh-1 locus inZea.
Hazardous waste incineration : a correlation of operating parameters with risk and emission rates

Abstract Emissions data from twenty-one hazardous waste incineration facilities representing a wide range of incineration technologies, waste feed types, and air pollution control equipment have been compiled into a centralized data base. For all twenty-one facilities, the impact of stack emissions on ambient air adjacent to each facility was projected using air dispersion modeling. The maximum annual concentration, calculated by the model, was employed to evaluate the risk associated with each facility. Three sets of stepwise regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of various independent parameters on the risk associated with carcinogenic metals and volatile organic compounds. Initially, analyses were conducted to identify correlations between the emissioon rates of carcinogenic metals or volatile organic compounds and their associated risk. Regression analyses were then conducted to identify correlations between various independent parameters and risk associated with carcinogenic metals or volatile organic compounds. Finally, regression analyses were conducted to identify correlations between various independent parameters and the emission rates of metals and volatile organic compounds. Our findings indicate that the risk associated with carcinogenic metals appears to be related to both the emission of cadmium and excess oxygen. The risk associated with carcinogenic volatile organic compounds appears to be related to the number of volatile carcinogens evaluated and heat input.
Hypermedia: a tool for alternative assessment?

Summary Applications of hypermedia in alternative performance assessment in science education are explored in this paper. The ways in which modern cognitive theories of learning rationalize the use of hypermedia systems in performance assessment are addressed; selected prototype applications of hypermedia in performance assessment are surveyed; and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Hypermedia appears to be a promising technology for developing alternative process‐oriented assessment systems in science education.
HUVEC Chemotaxis and Force Generation Depend on Substrate Mechanics and Chemical Gradient

Directed migration of endothelial cells is crucial for angiogenesis and vascular remodeling. This migration is known to depend on both chemical and mechanical interactions. It has been shown that HUVECs migrate towards VEGF, but individual cell tracking in a stable and quantifiable gradient has not been done. In order to control for both chemical and mechanical interactions, we have used a microfluidic device that can generate a chemical gradient of VEGF in a spatially and temporally stable manner. This microfluidic device is placed over a polyacrylamide gel so that a range of physiological substrates, on which HUVECs migrate, could be tested. HUVECs were individually tracked and observed to chemotax towards higher VEGF concentrations on a variety of substrates. We were also able to apply traction force microscopy to HUVEC migration inside these chemotactic microfluidic chambers and found that HUVECs generate more force when moving directionally rather than randomly. These results indicate that the chemical gradient as well as the substrate mechanics affect both HUVEC migration and force generation.
Secondary reconstruction of panfacial fractures

Introduction Although the primary management of patients with panfacial fractures has been well discussed in the medical and dental literature, secondary management of those patients who were not treated or were incompletely treated has not been as well addressed.
COMPETITIVE FIRM BEHAVIOR UNDER RISK IN DISEQUILIBRIUM TRADING

The objective of this paper is to study the behavior of the purely competitive firm in a market in which traders' plans may not be realized each period. The emphasis of the study is motivated by a desire to introduce explicit price-makers into the theory of competitive markets. The method of introducing price-makers may lead to situations in which markets are not cleared each period and shortages may arise with the realization of plans being in doubt. In this environment traders learn to adjust decisions to offset periodic disappointment. Multiperiod models are introduced to analyze the decision process of the competitive firm in the market and stochastic dynamic programming methods are used to obtain characteristics of optimal plans. Results are compared to the situation in which plans are always realized.
The occurrence of trcmsgranular cleavage-like fracture in an Al-Zn-Mg alloy during tensile testing

The fracture of high-purity A1-Zn-Mg alloys is generally regarded to be ductile. However, observations presented in this communication indicate that regions of t ransgranular cleavage-like fracture can also occur. This form of failure is shown to require the presence of water, and to be dependent on strain rate and yield strength. The tests were carr ied out on tensile specimens of gage dimensions 25 mm • 6.4 mm • 0.25 mm taken longitudinally from sheet of a high-purity A1-5.5 wt pct Zn-2.5 wt pct Mg alloy. The specimens were solution treated for 1 h at 470~ in dry argon, water quenched, held at room temperature for 15 min, and then aged in silicone oil baths for either 72 h at 130~ (0.1 pct offset yield strength of 390 MN/m 2) or 24 h at 160~ (300 MN/m2). The fracture surfaces of specimens aged at 130~ and tensile tested at a strain rate of 0.002 rain -1 in laboratory air were predominantly intergranular and dimpled, resulting from ductile f racture in the p re cipitate-free zones; regions of t ransgranular ductile f racture were also evident. In addition, approximately 1 to 5 pct of the fracture surface exhibited t ransgranular regions having a cleavage-like appearance, Fig. 1. It can be seen from the SEM s tereo-pai rs that the r e gion is not flat but consists of a ser ies of parallel facets, each exhibiting cleavage-like steps. Comparison of s te reo-pai rs from opposite fracture surfaces established that the fractographic features were matching and that the facets were interlocking. At higher magnifications, the facets were found to exhibit parallel markings, approximately 1.5 ~m apart, which were
Estimating the theoretical energy required to dry rice

The total heat of desorption of rice (Qt) was determined for several rice types as a function of moisture content (MC), and kernel temperature, using a semi-theoretical approach in which desorption isotherms were used in conjunction with the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. Qt decreased exponentially as MC increased, decreasing sharply for MCs above 15% and approaching the latent heat of vaporization of free water at MCs around 20%. Qt of parboiled rice at 12.5% MC was significantly less than that of nonparboiled lots. Qt of medium-grain ‘‘Jupiter’’ was significantly greater than that of long-grains at 12.5% MC. Equations that predict the energy required to dry a unit mass of rice from an initial MC to a final MC were derived.
Combined performance and risk analysis for border management applications

When designing critical applications, trade offs between different security solutions and their performance implications are common. Unfortunately, understanding the precise implications of such tradeoffs early in the system development lifecycle is difficult. This paper proposes a methodology for combined analysis of performance and security risk. We transform system requirements into a Layered Queueing Network (LQN) model that subsequently provides analytical performance analysis feedback when considering a set of security mechanisms and incurred security risks. We quantify security risks using cost curves. The proposed approach is illustrated through a realistic case study of a border management application.
Abnormalities associated with aberrant right subclavian arteries: A case report

An aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is an anomaly with a reported incidence of 0.5% to 2%. Usually the aberrant artery follows a retroesophageal course; rarely it takes a course anterior to the esophagus or the trachea. Most patients with an ARSA remain asymptomatic; however, progressive dysphagia develops occasionally. The choice of approach depends on the presence or absence of aneurysmal disease, the urgency of the operation, and the surgeon's experience. A case is reported of a 33-year-old white male patient who had a 3-year history of progressive dysphagia to the point that he was only able to swallow liquids. A barium swallow demonstrated a posterior extrinsic compression of the esophagus. Angiography was performed, which demonstrated an ARSA with a common origin of the right and left common carotid arteries. Surgical correction was performed via a right supraclavicular neck incision. The proximal aberrant artery was mobilized behind the esophagus. The distal, right subclavian artery was exposed, transected, and transposed with reimplantation into the right common carotid artery. An aberrant right thoracic duct was encountered and ligated. The English language literature from 1960 to present was reviewed via a Medline search. Reported anomalies associated with ARSAs include a nonrecurrent right inferior laryngeal nerve, a common origin of the common carotid arteries, a replaced right or left vertebral artery, coarctation of the aorta, a right-sided thoracic duct, and a right-sided aortic arch. It is important to be aware of these associated anomalies and how they impact the operative approach involved in the correction of dysphagia lusoria.
Simulated Seasonal Photoperiods and Fluctuating Temperatures Have Limited Effects on Blood Feeding and Life History in Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Biotic and abiotic factors change seasonally and impact life history in temperate-zone ectotherms. Temperature and photoperiod are factors that change in predictable ways. Most studies testing for effects of temperature on vectors use constant temperatures and ignore potential correlated effects of photoperiod. In two experiments, we tested for effects of larval rearing environments creating ecologically relevant temperatures and photoperiods simulating early and late season conditions (June and August), or constant temperatures (cool and warm) with the June or August photoperiods, respectively. We determined effects on survivorship, development, size, and a composite performance index in a temperate-zone population of Aedes triseriatus (Say). We followed cohorts of resulting females, all held under the same environmental conditions, to assess carry-over effects of rearing conditions for larvae on longevity, blood feeding, and egg production. Larval survivorship was affected by treatment in one experiment. Development time was greater in the June and cool treatments, but the constant and fluctuating temperatures did not differ. Significantly larger mosquitoes were produced in fluctuating versus constant temperature treatments. There were no significant treatment effects on the composite performance index. Adult female longevity was lower after rearing at constant versus fluctuating temperature, but there was no difference between June and August, nor did size affect longevity. There was no effect of treatments on blood feeding and a limited effect on egg production. We conclude that seasonal temperatures and photoperiods during development have limited effects on this population of A. triseriatus and find little evidence of strong effects of fluctuating versus constant temperatures.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent bioactive sphingolipid involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation and malignant transformation among other functions. S1P acts either directly on intracellular targets or activates G protein-coupled receptors, specifically five S1P receptors (S1PRs). The identified S1PRs differ in cellular and tissue distribution, and each is coupled to specific G proteins, which mediate unique functions. Here, we describe functional characteristics of all five receptors, emphasizing S1PR2, which is critical in the immune, nervous, metabolic, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and renal systems. This review also describes the role of this receptor in tumor growth and metastasis and suggests potential therapeutic avenues that exploit S1PR2.
An EQT-based cDFT approach for a confined Lennard-Jones fluid mixture

Empirical potential-based quasi-continuum theory (EQT) provides a route to incorporate atomistic detail into continuum framework such as the Nernst-Planck equation. EQT can also be used to construct a grand potential functional for classical density functional theory (cDFT). The combination of EQT and cDFT provides a simple and fast approach to predict the inhomogeneous density, potential profiles, and thermodynamic properties of confined fluids. We extend the EQT-cDFT approach to confined fluid mixtures and demonstrate it by simulating a mixture of methane and hydrogen inside slit-like channels of graphene. We show that the EQT-cDFT predictions for the structure of the confined fluid mixture compare well with the molecular dynamics simulation results. In addition, our results show that graphene slit nanopores exhibit a selective adsorption of methane over hydrogen.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells Unexpected Disclosures

See related article, pages 314–322 The formation of coronary collateral vessels constitutes a compensatory adaptation of the heart to ischemia. This vascular response increases blood supply to the myocardium reducing the area of hypoxic damage and, ultimately, infarct size. The recruitment of collateral vessels within the coronary circulation is favored by multiple episodes of ischemia, which provide the stimuli necessary for the growth of vascular structures and increased blood flow. The degree of collateralization significantly influences the prognosis of an ischemic episode, which is more severe with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, or in the elderly, the patient population mostly affected by coronary artery disease.1 Originally, angiogenesis, ie, sprouting of vessels from the preexisting circulation, was considered the exclusive mechanism of vascular remodeling and growth. The identification of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has modified this view.2 Migration and homing of EPCs to ischemic regions leads to de novo formation of vascular structures. In analogy with vessel development in the embryo, this process has been called vasculogenesis. Also, circulating EPCs participate in reendothelization of damaged vessels, together with resident vascular progenitor cells.3 EPCs represent a heterogeneous cell population of multiple origins and distinct phenotypes, which are able to give rise to functionally competent endothelial cells.4 In the hierarchy established in the hematopoietic system, progenitors identify cells with lower differentiation potential than stem cells (SCs). However, EPCs possess degrees of stemness, which include self-renewal, clonogenicity, and differentiation capacity.4 EPCs represent various subsets of progenitor cells that have distinct phenotypes but share the ability to differentiate into mature endothelial cells. During embryogenesis, hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells develop temporally and spatially in close association. Blood cells are surrounded by layers of endothelial cells suggesting a joint origin of these lineages from a common precursor, the embryonic hemangioblast.4 …