cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Maternal Relationship Quality on Emerging Adults’ Prosocial Tendencies: Indirect Effects via Regulation of Prosocial Values

Studies document that parents serve as children’s primary socialization agents, particularly for moral development and prosocial behavior; however, less is known regarding parental influences on prosocial outcomes during the transition to adulthood. The purpose of this study was to investigate how mother–child relationship quality was related to prosocial tendencies via emerging adults’ regulation of prosocial values. Participants included 228 undergraduate students (ranging from 18 to 25 years; 90% European American) and their mothers (ranging from 38 to 59 years) from four locations across the United States. Path analyses using structural equation modeling revealed that mother–child relationship quality was related to emerging adults’ regulation of prosocial values, which was, in turn, related to emerging adults’ prosocial tendencies. Specifically, emerging adults who reported higher levels of internal regulation of prosocial values were more likely to report prosocial tendencies that de-emphasized themselves, and were less likely to report prosocial tendencies for the approval of others.
5-Hydroxytryptaminergic control of testes development through the androgenic gland in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Summary The possibility that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) stimulates testicular maturation in the red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, was investigated. A series of 5-HT agonists and antagonists was used in addition to 5-HT itself. 5-HT and its agonists not only induced testicular maturation but also development of the androgenic glands. In contrast, the 5-HT antagonists had no stimulatory effects on the testes or androgenic gland. This stimulatory action of 5-HT is hypothesized to be indirect, 5-HT stimulating release of the gonad-stimulating hormone, which in turn activates the androgenic gland to synthesize and release androgenic gland hormone, and the androgenic gland hormone then triggers testicular maturation.
A dominant electrical defect in GaAs

Abstract Several as-grown Bridgman and Czochralski GaAs crystals, with dominant electrical levels from 0.13–0.20 eV below the conduction band, have been studied by the temperature-dependent Hall-effect, spark-source mass spectroscopy, and secondary-ion mass spectroscopy. It is shown that no impurity is of a sufficient concentration to account for these levels, and therefore they are composed of single or multiple defects. The detailed nature of the defects has not yet been established but may involve an As vacancy. It is believed that this is the first time that a dominant electrically active center has been shown to be a pure defect in any as-grown semiconductor.
Geology of Scipio Pass Quadrangle, Millard County, Utah: ABSTRACT

The Scipio Pass quadrangle is comprised of three separate packages of stratigraphy: (1) the Canyon Range Precambrian and Cambrian allochthonous section, (2) the Pavant allochthon of Paleozoic carbonates and quartzites, and (3) a thick Cretaceous to Quaternary blanket of coarse clastics that unconformably overlies the other packages. A fourth package, the Pavant autochthon, is inferred in the subsurface. Mesozoic rocks of this package crop out farther south where the Jurassic Navajo Sandstone is overlain in thrust contact by the Cambrian Tintic Quartzite. Based on lithology and biostratigraphic evidence, the heretofore undivided Cambrian section of the Pavant allochthon correlates well with the End_Page 942------------------------------ East Tintic section to the north, but differs notably from the Cambrian section of the Canyon Range allochthon, which closely parallels the House Range stratigraphy. Juxtaposition of two separate Cambrian packages is attributed to a major Cretaceous thrusting episode during the Sevier orogeny. The Canyon Range allochthon placed Precambrian and Cambrian rocks on top of Cambrian through Devonian rocks of the Pavant allochthon. Later detachment of the Pavant allochthon emplaced the Paleozoic section over the Mesozoic rocks farther east. Movement of the Pavant allochthon carried the Canyon Range allochthon "piggyback." Folding of both allochthonous sheets occurred, and Precambrian klippen of the Canyon Range allochthon are preserved, in two major synclinal troughs. Miocene to Holocene blo k faulting elevated and exhumed both the Canyon and Pavant Ranges from beneath their cover of self-derived conglomerates. End_of_Article - Last_Page 943------------
Party cohesion in presidential races: applying social network theory to the 2011 preprimary

In this paper we analyze individual contributions data from the 2012 Republican Party preprimary that was collected by the Federal Elections Commission (FEC). We use the basic principles of Social Network Analysis of multiple donors to discern patterns concerning presidential candidates and the Republican Party as a whole.
The channel kinase, TRPM7, is required for early embryonic development

Global disruption of transient receptor potential-melastatin-like 7 (Trpm7) in mice results in embryonic lethality before embryonic day 7. Using tamoxifen-inducible disruption of Trpm7 and multiple Cre recombinase lines, we show that Trpm7 deletion before and during organogenesis results in severe tissue-specific developmental defects. We find that Trpm7 is essential for kidney development from metanephric mesenchyme but not ureteric bud. Disruption of neural crest Trpm7 at early stages results in loss of pigment cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons. In contrast, late disruption of brain-specific Trpm7 after embryonic day 10.5 does not alter normal brain development. We developed induced pluripotent stem cells and neural stem (NS) cells in which Trpm7 disruption could be induced. Trpm7−/− NS cells retained the capacities of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons and astrocytes. During in vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to NS cells, Trpm7 disruption prevents the formation of the NS cell monolayer. The in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate a temporal requirement for the Trpm7 channel kinase during embryogenesis.
Connecticut Professional School Counselors: College and Career Counseling Services and Smaller Ratios Benefit Students

Results connect the implementation of the college and career counseling components of a comprehensive school counseling program and lower student-to-school-counselor ratios to a reduction in suspension rates and disciplinary incidents for Connecticut high school students. Principal ratings of college and career counseling services provided in their school extended benefits for students to include better attendance and graduation rates, as well as lower disciplinary incidents and suspension rates. This article highlights the importance of college and career counseling services and smaller ratios for promoting student success.
Detection of clinically relevant levels of protein analyte under physiologic buffer using planar field effect transistors.

Electrochemical detection of protein binding at physiological salt concentration by planar field effect transistor platforms has yet to be documented convincingly. Here we report detection of streptavidin and clinically relevant levels of biotinylated monokine induced by interferon γ (MIG) at physiological salt concentrations with AlGaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFETs). The AlGaN HFETs are functionalized with a silane linker and analyte-specific affinity elements. Polarity of sensor responses is as expected from n-type HFETs to negatively and positively charged analytes. Sensitivity of the HFET sensors increases when salt concentration decreases, and the devices also exhibit dose-dependent responses to analyte. Detection of clinically relevant MIG concentrations at physiological salt levels demonstrates the potential for AlGaN devices to be used in development of in vivo biosensors.
k-Uniform rotundity is equivalent to k-uniform convexity

Abstract R. Geremia and F. Sullivan proved that 2-uniform rotundity is equivalent to 2-uniform convexity. This paper extends this result to k-uniformly rotund spaces.
imp2, a new component of the actin ring in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

Cytokinesis is the part of the cell cycle in which the cell is cleaved to form two daughter cells. The unicellular yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent model organism in which to study cell division, since it shows the general features of eukaryotic cell division and is amenable to genetic analysis. In this manuscript we describe the isolation and characterization of a new protein, imp2, which is required for normal septation in fission yeast. imp2, which colocalizes with the medial ring during septation, is structurally similar to a group of proteins including the S . pombe cdc15 and the mouse PSTPIP that are localized to, and thought to be involved in actin ring organization. Cells in which the imp2 gene is deleted or overexpressed have septation and cell separation defects. An analysis of the actin cytoskeleton shows the lack of a medial ring in septating cells that overexpress imp2 , and the appearance of abnormal medial ring structures in septated cells that lack imp2 . These observations suggest that imp2 destabilizes the medial ring during septation. imp2 also shows genetic interactions with several, previously characterized septation genes, strengthening the conclusion that it plays a role in normal fission yeast septation.
Failure Mode Identification through Clustering Analysis

Research has shown that nearly 80% of the costs and problems are created in product development and that cost and quality are essentially designed into products in the conceptual stage. Currently, failure identification procedures (such as FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), FMECA (Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis) and FTA (Fault Tree Analysis)) and design of experiments are being used for quality control and for the detection of potential failure modes during the detail design stage or post-product launch. Though all of these methods have their own advantages, they do not give information as to what are the predominant failures that a designer should focus on while designing a product. This work uses a functional approach to identify failure modes, which hypothesizes that similarities exist between different failure modes based on the functionality of the product/component. In this paper, a statistical clustering procedure is proposed to retrieve information on the set of predominant failures that a function experiences. The various stages of the methodology are illustrated using a hypothetical design example.
PROFILE: Wetland Mitigation Banking: A Framework for Crediting and Debiting.

88(41):1–103), assessment of credits and determination of a compensation ratio that reflects existing and/or potential functional condition in a mitigation bank has been a formidable task. This study presents a framework for a systematic approach for determination of credits and debits and subsequently the compensation ratio. A model for riparian systems is developed based on this framework that evaluates credits and debits for spatial and structural diversity, contiguity of habitats, invasive vegetation, hydrology, topographic complexity, characteristics of flood-prone areas, and biogeochemical processes. The goal of developing this crediting and debiting framework is to provide an alternative to the current methods of determining credits and debits in a mitigation bank and assigning mitigation ratios, such as best professional judgement or use of preset ratios. The purpose of this crediting and debiting framework is to develop a method that (1) can be tailored to evaluate ecological condition based on the target resources of a specific mitigation bank, (2) is flexible enough to be used for evaluation of existing or potential ecologic condition at a mitigation bank, (3) is a structured and systematic way to apply data and professional judgment to the decision-making process, (4) has an ecologically defensible basis, (5) has ease of use such that the level of expertise and time required to employ the method is not a deterrent to its application, and (6) provides a semiquantitative measure of the condition of aquatic resources that can be translated to a mitigation ratio.
Rogerian Science: Opening New Frontiers of Nursing Knowledge through its Application in Quantitative Research

This article discusses the theoretical and methodological considerations in selecting Rogers' science of unitary human beings as a framework for quantitative research. It elucidates how Rogerian science guided the research process in selected nursing studies.
Hypoglycemia detection and prediction using continuous glucose monitoring-a study on hypoglycemic clamp data.

Motivation: The fear of hypoglycemia remains an important limiting factor in the ability of an individual with type 1 diabetes to tightly regulate glycemia. Continuous glucose monitors provide important feedback to improve glycemic control, but there remains a need for these devices to better alarm of possible impending hypoglycemia, particularly overnight or other periods when the individual is engaged in activities that take their focus away from glucose monitoring. Methods: We have previously proposed an algorithm, based on the use of real-time glucose sensor signals and optimal estimation theory (Kalman filtering), to predict hypoglycemia; the algorithm was validated in simulation-based studies. In this article we further refine and validate the prediction algorithm based on the analysis of clinical hypoglycemic clamp data from 13 subjects. The sensitivity and specificity of the predictions are calculated with respect to reference blood glucose values obtained at the same sampling rate of the sensor. Results: For a 30-minute prediction horizon and alarm threshold of 70 mg/dl, the sensitivity and specificity were 90 and 79%, respectively, indicating that a 21% false alarm rate must be tolerated to predict 90% of the hypoglycemic events 30 minutes ahead of time. Shorter prediction horizons yield a significant improvement in sensitivity and specificity.
A Bayesian Algorithm for Reconstructing Climate Anomalies in Space and Time. Part I: Development and Applications to Paleoclimate Reconstruction Problems

Reconstructing the spatial pattern of a climate field through time from a dataset of overlapping instrumental and climate proxy time series is a nontrivial statistical problem. The need to transform the proxy observations into estimates of the climate field, and the fact that the observed time series are not uniformly distributed in space, further complicate the analysis. Current leading approaches to this problem are based on estimating the full covariance matrix between the proxy time series and instrumental time series over a ‘‘calibration’’ interval and then using this covariance matrix in the context of a linear regression to predict the missing instrumental values from the proxy observations for years prior to instrumental coverage. A fundamentally different approach to this problem is formulated by specifying parametric forms for the spatial covariance and temporal evolution of the climate field, as well as ‘‘observation equations’’ describing the relationship between the data types and the corresponding true values of the climate field. A hierarchical Bayesian model is used to assimilate both proxy and instrumental datasets and to estimate the probability distribution of all model parameters and the climate field through time on a regular spatial grid. The output from this approach includes an estimate of the full covariance structure of the climate field and model parameters as well as diagnostics that estimate the utility of the different proxy time series. This methodology is demonstrated using an instrumental surface temperature dataset after corrupting a number of the time series to mimic proxy observations. The results are compared to those achieved using the regularized expectation‐maximization algorithm, and in these experiments the Bayesian algorithm produces reconstructions with greater skill. The assumptions underlying these two methodologies and the results of applying each to simple surrogate datasets are explored in greater detail in Part II.
The multiple causes of human SCID

SCID, a syndrome characterized by the absence of T cells and adaptive immunity, can result from mutations in multiple genes that encode components of the immune system. Three such components are cytokine receptor chains or signaling molecules, five are needed for antigen receptor development, one is adenosine deaminase — a purine salvage pathway enzyme, and the last is a phosphatase, CD45. In this issue of the JCI, a report describes how complete deficiency of the CD3e chain of the T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complex causes human SCID.
Internal derangement of the TMJ: Changes associated with mandibular repositioning and orthodontic therapy

Abstract Because of its apparent success in relieving symptoms, especially pain, anterior mandibular repositioning therapy is a popular mode of nonsurgical treatment for patients with painful, clicking internal derangement of the tempo romandibular joint. Posterior open bites are a frequent consequence of such therapy and may necessitate either continued appliance wear or closure by equilibration, prosthetics, or orthodontics. The anatomic and functional changes that occur subsequent to mandibular repositioning during orthodontic closure of the posterior open bite are not well understood. A case of a patient with a Class II, deep bite malocclusion and painful internal derangement of the TMJ is presented. Transcranial and cephalometric radiographs, arthrograms, and mandibular movement recordings were obtained before treatment and after both repositioning therapy and orthodontic treatment. Regarding occlusal improvement and pain relief, the treatment was successful. However, not all of the changes that occurred during repositioning therapy were maintained after orthodontic treatment. The strategy used in this case (mandibular repositioning /orthodontic finishing) was evaluated by an examination of these anatomic and functional changes with a discussion centered on the possible mechanisms involved.
A framework for optimization of a multiresolution remote image retrieval system

Studies the tradeoffs involved in choosing the bit allocation in a multiresolution remote image retrieval system. Such a system uses a multiresolution image coding scheme so that a user accessing the database will first see a coarse version of the images and will be able to accept or discard a given image faster, without needing to receive all the image data. The authors formalize the problem of choosing the bit allocation (e.g., in the two resolution case, how many bits should be given to the coarse image and the additional information, respectively?) so that the overall delay in the query is minimized. They provide analytical methods to find the optimal solution under different configurations and show how a good choice of the bit allocation results in a significant reduction of the overall delay in the query (by up to a factor of two in some cases). >
Fusion of brushlet and wavelet denoising methods for nuclear images

This paper presents preliminary results on the fusion of denoised PET and SPECT data volumes from brushlet and wavelet thresholding methods. Texture-based brushlet denoising is well suited for enhancement of physiological information while wavelet-based denoising is better suited for enhancement of anatomical contours. A three-dimensional multiscale edge-based data fusion algorithm is applied to combine enhanced data from these two independent denoising methods. Preliminary results with qualitative evaluation of PET and SPECT data by an expert clinician showed great potential of this approach to combine enhancement of both anatomical and physiological signal information for improved image quality.
The lung as a possible target for the immune reaction in myositis

Interstitial lung disease is a common manifestation of autoimmune myositis that confers significant morbidity and mortality. The vulnerability of the lung may offer insight into the etiology of this autoimmune disease. The frequency and patterns of lung injury vary based on the autoantibody. Antibodies against the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and melanoma differentiation-induced gene-5 are frequently associated with interstitial lung disease. Although the mechanisms underlying these associations have not been fully elucidated, emerging data highlight the importance of autoantigen expression and conformation in the target tissue (lung and muscle, in this case), as well as identifying relevant amplifying pathways (such as regeneration).
Dancing with digital interface complexity: a story approach

We're constantly looking for ways to manage the growing complexity of our computer experiences. Software developers are weaving more features into already bloated applications because. It's up to human interface designers as members of development teams to quell this drive of feature creep with smarter interface tools to make life easier for computer users. Methods for dealing with the increasing complexity range from the simple floating tool palettes (as used in Adobe Photoshop) to complex intelligent interfaces and interface agents making their way out of academia and into the commercial marketplace. The dilemma is that easy software sells better than difficult software, feature-rich software sells better than feature-poor software, and the two best-selling categories-easy and feature rich-seem to contradict each other. Story interfaces show some promise of mitigating the ever-increasing complexity of information interfaces. We must of course perform much research in the area of applying the story to interface design. We still have to work out a lot of the choreography, such as interaction between stored information, human relationships, story representation and expression. But eventually, using a story approach to device design can take us closer to dancing with our technology rather than struggling with it.
AN APPLICATION OF THE RELATIVE WARPS ANALYSIS TO PROBLEMS IN HUMAN PALEONTOLOGY - WITH NOTES ON RAW DATA QUALITY

This study investigates the use of geometric morphometrics as well as methodological aspects specifically related to its application in paleoanthropology. Based on lateral photographs taken from a fossil sample of 58 specimens, a relative warps analysis was computed in order to assess the variation of cranial shape among various hominin groups. The fossil sample represents Middle and Late Pleistocene populations commonly assigned to H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis, archaic H. sapiens as well as anatomically modern H. sapiens. The preliminary results indicate that several fossil skulls considered as belonging to archaic H. sapiens have a distinct shape compared to modern humans. The results suggest that these hominins are not as closely related to modern humans as previously thought. Instead, their morphometric affinities suggest that they are as distinct from modern humans as are the Neandertals. Methodological aspects, such as raw data accuracy and the use of type 2 and 3 landmarks that are directly related to this type of quantitative analysis and that potentially affect their results, are discussed.
Fiction in Post-War Japan

In the years following the Manchurian adventure, literature in Japan became more and more nationalistic; it fell into a “dark ravine.” Proletarian literature, which had seen a spectacular rise after World War I, declined rapidly after the death of the leftist writer, Kobayashi Takiji, in a police station at Tsukiji, Tokyo, on February 20, 1933. Writers previously devoted to liberal, progressive, and radical ideas were converted to orthodox thinking. In the late thirties and during World War II the few authors who still nurtured leftist ideas were completely silenced. Some, like Hirabayashi Taiko, went to jail. It was only in the first post-war years, with the release of political prisoners and encouragement given to freedom of expression, that literature once more began to show its former diversity and vitality. As the Occupation continued, various limitations were placed on the activities of the Communist Party, but, as we shall see, leftist authors still have their following.
Full-wave analysis of complicated transmission-line circuits using wire models

Three existing wire models based on the method of moments are used to analyze a transmission-line circuit. Simulation results show that the wire model where the current is assumed to flow along the axis and the testing is on the whole surface (around 2/spl pi/) has the best performance when two wires are close. However, this model is still inaccurate when two wires are very close, which is the case in computer chip and circuit problems. We then develop a new wire model that is valid for many cases. Using the new wire model, complicated transmission-line circuits can be accurately analyzed and simulated. Many numerical simulations are given to test the validity of the new model.
Active pixel sensor (APS) based star tracker

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) based star trackers provide reliable attitude estimation onboard most 3 axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft attitude is calculated based on observed positions of stars, which are located and identified in a CCD image of the sky. A new photon sensitive imaging array, active pixel sensor (APS), has emerged as a potential replacement to CCDs. The APS chips utilize existing Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) production facilities, and the technology has several advantages over CCD technology. These include: lower power consumption, higher dynamic range, higher blooming threshold, individual pixel readout, single 3.3 or 5 Volt operation, the capability to integrate on-chip timing, control, windowing, analog to digital (A/D) conversion and centroiding operations. However, because the photosensitivity of an APS pixel is non-homogeneous, its suitability as a star tracker imager has been unknown. This paper reports test results of a 256/spl times/256-pixel APS chip for star tracker applications. Using photon transfer curves, a system read-out noise of 7 electrons, under laboratory conditions, has been determined (photogate type). The full well of an APS pixel is determined to be around 450,000 electrons. Utilizing astronomical observations, the sensitivity of APS was measured to 13600 e/sup -/(second.mm/sup 2/) for a 0/sup th/ magnitude star. Centroiding accuracy of the APS was in the order of 1/10 pixel. The dynamic range of the APS was better than 9 magnitudes. These measurements allow us to conclude that the APS is a potential replacement for CCD star trackers.
Multiple immobilized enzyme reactors: determination of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate concentrations using immobilized lactate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK), immobilized on solid glass beads by diazotization, were used in packed bed reactors to analyze for both pyruvate (PYR) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through the disappearance of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) monitored spectrophotometrically at 340 nm. Packed bed reactors containing PK and/or LDH were also capable of monitoring continuously varying concentrations of adenosine-5′-diphosphate (ADP), PEP, and PYR. The immobilized enzymes (∼40 μg/g glass) retained about 4% of the activity of the soluble enzymes. Preparations of immobilized LDH and PK exhibited enhanced stability when maintained in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol and NADH or EDTA, respectively, and were shown to regain 75% of the original activity after four months storage at 4°C.
Mode of delivery at periviability and early childhood neurodevelopment.

Objective Little is known regarding the impact of mode of delivery in the periviable period. Even less is understood regarding the effect of mode of delivery on neurodevelopment. Our objective is to determine if the mode of delivery at time of periviability impacts Bayley II scores at 2 years of age. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a randomized, controlled trial of magnesium sulfate for the prevention of cerebral palsy, a multicenter trial where women at imminent risk for delivery were assigned to receive magnesium sulfate or placebo. For this secondary analysis we included nonanomalous singleton gestations delivered between 23 4/7 and 25 6/7 weeks. We excluded women with missing exposure or outcome data. The primary exposure of interest was mode of delivery. The primary outcome was Bayley II scores Results A total of 158 women met inclusion criteria. In all, 91 had a vaginal delivery and 67 had a cesarean delivery. Exposure to magnesium sulfate, maternal education, chorioamnionitis, years of maternal education, and maternal body mass index were similar in both groups. There was no difference in either mental or motor Bayley II scores Conclusion There is no detectable difference in Bayley II scores between mode of delivery at time of periviability. This adds to the literature supporting obstetric indications dictating mode of delivery at this gestational age.
Integrating All the Components of Quality

The roots of quality go back to the role the product/service plays in providing value to the customer. In this book, we have attempted to examine the various facets of quality, right from its inception and design, through its transformation from raw material components to the final product and the final delivery to the customer. In concluding our thoughts, we revisit some of these topics in order to integrate the various components of quality. We will also examine the possible pitfalls on the route to producing quality and identify the core requirements to producing a good quality product.
Control unit synthesis targeting low-power processors

With demands for reliability and further integration, reducing power consumption becomes a critical concern in today's processor design. Considering the different techniques to minimize power consumption and promote system's reliability, reducing switching activity of CMOS circuits is a promising area to be explored. Motivated by these, we propose two optimization schemes which can be incorporated into processor's control unit synthesis to lower power dissipation. The first one, a low-power decoding scheme, utilizes graph embedding and logic minimization techniques to refine the decoding structure in processor's control unit. To get further optimization for those control units in nanoprogrammed or microprogrammed architecture, the second scheme is proposed to optimally assign ZERO or ONE to the don't-care bits distributed in nanocontrol memory or control memory, to significantly reduce switching activity within the control unit and/or on the path from control unit to data processing unit. To achieve these two goals efficiently, we have used pseudo-Boolean programming to optimize the synthesis parameters. Based on a subset of 8086 instruction set, experimental results show that 15.8 percent improvement is obtained by properly encoding instruction opcodes, and 4.9 to 16.6 percent improvement can be obtained from a optimal don't-care bits assignment.
Preface to the Annual Review of Financial Economics

It is surely a coming of age for financial economics that the field is now covered by Annual Reviews, a not-for-profit organization that has been providing the scientific community with authoritative critical reviews of the most important scholarly advances since 1932, starting with the Annual Review of Biochemistry. Annual Reviews now covers 40 disciplines ranging from analytical chemistry to sociology, and it has been our pleasure and privilege to serve as editors for this inaugural volume of the Annual Review of Financial Economics. One of the most exciting aspects of this discipline is the constant interplay between theory and practice that is unique among the social sciences. Despite its use of rather arcane mathematics, and unlike other mathematically sophisticated branches of economics, financial economics has found its way into the mainstream of financial practice. It was not always thus. The scientific breakthroughs in financial modeling both shaped and were shaped by the extraordinary flow of financial innovation that coincided with revolutionary changes in the structure of world financial markets and institutions during the past four decades. In this preface, we provide some personal reflections - meant neither to be authoritative nor exhaustive - on the origins of financial economics, where the field stands today, and what the future might hold.
RELATIVE PROFITABILITY OF VINE-RIPE TOMATOES IN NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE

The ability of a farmer or group of farmers in a region to produce a specific product profitably depends on the structure of costs of production and marketing and demands of all competing crops. The final decision to grow a particular product is made on the basis of its profitability relative to profitabilities of other alternatives. Relative profitability of a product changes as technological innovations affect yields, resource requirements and production efficiency. Factors affecting demand for resource inputs and products cause changes in profitabilities. Institutional factors can also necessitate adjustments in farm plans by influencing price and/or production of specific products and thereby affecting the profitability of one product relative to other product alternatives.
History of modulation spectrum in ASR

Personal view of recent history of applications of modulation spectrum (spectral dynamics) in automatic recognition of speech (ASR) is reviewed and references to some past works are given.
Superficial exudates of neutrophils prevent invasion of Bacillus anthracis bacilli into abraded skin of resistant mice

Skin window procedures in humans have shown rapid accumulation of neutrophils into the exuded fluids above abraded skin. The present study was undertaken to determine if similar epicutaneous neutrophil accumulation might explain the extreme resistance of HRS/J mice, both hairless (hr/hr) and haired (hr/+), to experimental cutaneous Bacillus anthracis Sterne infections on abraded skin. In this study, very early (6 h) biopsies demonstrated a lack of bacilli in skin from the HRS/J hr/hr mice, indicating that the organisms never did invade in these animals as opposed to early skin entry and then efficient clearance by host responses in the tissues. Touch preparations of either the inoculation filter or the skin surface revealed more inflammatory cells, fewer bacilli, and a higher percentage of cell-associated bacilli in the HRS/J hr/hr mice than in comparator strains. In the HRS/J mice, cyclophosphamide treatment or separation of inoculated spores from the inflammatory infiltrates by a second filter below both produced marked increases in the number of bacilli observed. Examination of inoculation filter specimens demonstrated ingestion of spores and bacilli by neutrophils inside the filter at 6 h after inoculation. These findings suggest that an early and vigorous inflammatory cell infiltrate in HRS/J mice attacks the inoculated organisms above the skin surface and does not allow them to invade the tissues below.
Molecular Cytogenetics in Solid Tumors: Laboratorial Tool for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy

The remarkable progress in the understanding of leukemogenesis was soundly sustained by methodological developments in the cytogenetic field. Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities frequently associated with specific types of hematological disease play a major role in their diagnosis and have been demonstrated as independent prognostic indicators. Molecular pathways altered by chimeric or deregulated proteins as a consequence of chromosomal abnormalities have also significantly contributed to the development of targeted therapies, and cytogenetic assays are valuable for selecting patients for treatment and monitoring outcome. In solid tumors, significantly high levels of chromosome abnormalities have been detected, but distinction between critical and irrelevant events has been a major challenge. Consequently, the application of cytogenetic technology as diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic tools for these malignancies remains largely under appreciated. The emergence of molecular-based techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization was particularly useful for solid malignancies, and the spectrum of their application is rapidly expanding to improve efficiency and sensitivity in cancer prevention, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy selection, alone or in combination with other diagnostic methods. This overview illustrates current uses and outlines potential applications for molecular cytogenetics in clinical oncology.
Survey of Selected Pathogens and Blood Parameters of Northern Yellowstone Elk: Wolf Sanitation Effect Implications

ABSTRACT The restoration or conservation of predators could reduce seroprevalences of certain diseases in prey if predation selectively removes animals exhibiting clinical signs. We assessed disease seroprevalences and blood parameters of 115 adult female elk (Cervus elaphus) wintering on the northern range of Yellowstone National Park [YNP] during 2000–2005 and compared them to data collected prior to wolf (Canis lupus) restoration (WR) in 1995 and to two other herds in Montana to assess this prediction. Blood parameters were generally within two standard deviations of the means observed in other Montana herds (Gravelly-Snowcrest [GS] and Garnet Mountain [GM]), but Yellowstone elk had higher seroprevalences of parainfluenza-3 virus (95% CI YNP = 61.1–78.6, GS = 30.3–46.5) and bovine-virus-diarrhea virus type 1 (95% CI YNP = 15.9–31.9, GM = 0). In comparisons between pre-wolf restoration [pre-WR] (i.e., prior to 1995) seroprevalences with those post-wolf restoration [post-WR] in Yellowstone, we fo...
Zero sequences for bergman spaces

Let Z be a sequence of points in the unit disk. For a variety of analytic function spaces, it is shown that the properties of the function completely determine whether Z is a zero sequence for the given space. For example, if A -n= {f analytic in D f(z)(1-|z|2)n then Z is a zero sequence for A −n if and only if kZ(z)−nlog[1/(1-|z|2)] has a harmonic majorant.
mHealth Physical Activity Intervention: A Randomized Pilot Study in Physically Inactive Pregnant Women.

Introduction Physical inactivity is prevalent in pregnant women, and innovative strategies to promote physical activity are strongly needed. The purpose of the study was to test a 12-week mobile health (mHealth) physical activity intervention for feasibility and potential efficacy. Methods Participants were recruited between December 2012 and February 2014 using diverse recruitment methods. Thirty pregnant women between 10 and 20 weeks of gestation were randomized to an intervention (mobile phone app plus Fitbit) or a control (Fitbit) group. Both conditions targeted gradual increases in physical activity. The mHealth intervention included daily messages and a mobile phone activity diary with automated feedback and self-monitoring systems. Results On monthly average, 4 women were screened for initial eligibility by telephone and 2.5 were randomized. Intervention participants had a 1096 ± 1898 step increase in daily steps compared to an increase of 259 ± 1604 steps in control participants at 12 weeks. The change between groups in weekly mean steps per day during the 12-week study period was not statistically significant (p = 0.38). The intervention group reported lower perceived barrier to being active, lack of energy, than the control group at 12-week visit (p = 0.02). The rates of responding to daily messages and using the daily diary through the mobile app declined during the 12 week study period. Discussion It was difficult to recruit and randomize inactive women who wanted to increase physical activity during pregnancy. Pregnant women who were motivated to increase physical activity might find using mobile technologies in assessing and promoting PA acceptable. Possible reasons for the non-significant treatment effect of the mHealth intervention on physical activity are discussed. Public awareness of safety and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy should be promoted. Clinicaltrials.Gov Identifier NCT01461707.
Developing Fruit Cultivars with Enhanced Health Properties

One hypothesis to account for the dramatic increase of inflammatory driven diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and others, across the world is the coincidental displacement of fruits and vegetables in the diet with processed foods as populations in the developing world rapidly acculturate to a more affluent lifestyle. Fruits are rich sources of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory natural compounds that offset many of the biological events leading to the development of the above-mentioned chronic diseases. In this review, potentially cancer-protective phytochemicals in fruits are reviewed to describe the research approaches, the range of chemistry and mechanisms seen in the study of the health benefits of fruit phytochemicals. Furthermore, given the rapid increase in research, public’s interest in the health benefits of food, and the government’s and food industry’s efforts to develop and promote healthy foods, fruit breeders have begun to investigate the feasibility of developing health-enhanced fruit cultivars. Thus far, there appears to be ample genetic variability within fruit crops to develop cultivars with higher levels of plant phytochemicals, such as total phenolics, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, selecting breeding targets is elusive as there is little information on which specific phytochemical or combination of phytochemicals and the levels needed to effectively enhance the health of the consuming public.
Ethnic disparity in intracranial hemorrhage among anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: an answer in search of a question?

Stroke due to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) carries a higher morbidity and mortality than ischemic stroke, and it has been estimated that among persons 45 to 64 years of age, 8% to 12% of ischemic strokes and 37% to 38% of hemorrhagic strokes result in death within 30 days ([1][1]). The risk of ICH
Design of DC-DC Dickson Charge Pump

This chapter expands upon circuit theory of DC-DC Dickson charge pump and discusses how the charge pump voltage multiplier is optimally designed. Design equations and equivalent circuit models are derived for the charge pump. Power efficiency of the charge pump is described as a function of device and design parameters. Using the model, optimizations are discussed to minimize the circuit area under various conditions that the output current, the ramp time, and the power dissipation are given theoretically. Guideline for comprehensive optimum design is also described.
Protecting the Inner Environment: What Privacy Regulation Can Learn from Environmental Law

The Information Economy produces a host of new injuries to personal privacy. These include damage from data mining, data spills, identity theft, the tracking of online activity, and spam. Policymakers are currently searching for a framework with which to think about the governance of these pressing problems. This article argues that environmental law can serve as a useful model. Environmental law is promising for two reasons. First, privacy injuries and environmental damage share a common conceptual structure. Both are negative externalities. Moreover, in the absence of regulation, both will produce a tragedy of the commons - privacy injuries will create such a tragedy in the online environment, while environmental damage will produce one in the natural world. These structural similarities suggest that environmental policy has been dealing with problems that are comparable to those that privacy regulation now faces, and so may be an appropriate model for it. Second, environmental law and policy has been the focal point of a decades-long, highly productive discussion about governance. The intensity of this debate, and the regulatory innovations that it has produced, have made environmental policy the hub of creative thinking about regulation. The article identifies four contemporary regulatory strategies, pioneered in the environmental field, that could serve as particularly good models for privacy regulation. They are: emission fees, pollution transfer and release registries, regulatory covenants, and government support for environmental management systems. The article describes each of these environmental policies in some detail. It then explains how policymakers might productively adapt them for use in protecting privacy. The author initially discussed these ideas in a brief book chapter that he posted on SSRN. This article explores the topic in far greater depth than that earlier publication.
Lung Bioassay Methodologies for Assessing Hazards After Exposures to Nanoscale or Fine Particulates

Data generated from well-conducted in vivo pulmonary bioassay studies provide important outcomes for differentiating lung hazards of different particulate test materials. The experimental designs of these studies should include (i) rigorous physicochemical characterization of the test material; (ii) dose response and (iii) time course paradigms; and (iv) reference particles for insightful interpretation of findings. Generation of meaningful bioassay results can serve as adjuvants by bridging with longer-term inhalation study findings to provide estimates of occupational exposure limits for similar materials. Nonetheless, guideline inhalation studies still serve as the foundation for setting safety standards for consumer and workplace exposures. Implementation of the various components that comprise a subchronic, 90-day inhalation study with carbon nanofibers in rats (OECD TG 413) are briefly described herein and serve to provide a fundamental starting point for evaluating the hazards of inhaled particulates.
Allozyme differentiation in theCucurbita pepo complex:C. pepo var.medullosa vs.C. texana

Two interfertile species ofCucurbita, the wildC. texana and the domesticatedC. pepo (var.medullosa), were hybridized to elucidate the genetic basis of inter-specific differences in isozyme phenotypes. Presented here are descriptions of phenotypes associated with 6 enzyme systems (GOT, IDH, MDH, PER, PGI, PGM). Genetic interpretation for 6 gene loci and 12 alleles is based on F2 segregation data while 10 additional loci and 15 alleles are presumed on the basis of phenotypic variation found throughout theC. pepo complex. A coefficient of genetic identity calculated for single populations of each taxon was within the range that traditionally separates species. However, observations on phenotypes in both taxa leave the taxonomic delimitation of C. texana unresolved. The complexity of banding patterns in some enzyme systems suggests a polyploid origin for the genus Cucurbita.
The voice of lived experience: mobile video narratives in the courtroom

ABSTRACTVideo is overtaking other modes of communication in new media. Whether from a smartphone, a wearable device or surveillance camera, video is being made, stored and shared in unprecedented ways. Once the exclusive territory of institutions becomes large enough to finance video production and its storytelling power, technology’s contemporary democratization is changing the landscape of visual narrative. This project explores the discursive nature of video based on a case study of a courtroom trial that was both about the legality of filming crime scenes and the evidentiary use of videos from crime scenes. This unique intersection of surveillance, counter-surveillance, word and image, body and text allows for deeper understanding of how video serves human purposes. Based on ethnographic fieldwork and textual analysis, we build upon Walter Fisher’s narrative paradigm by identifying significant attributes of unedited, evidentiary video that distinguish it from other forms of visual documentation. Raw v...