cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Non-Partisan Fact-Finding Committee for Hoover 1932

Edward Bernays, the founder of modern public relations, had the pleasure of counseling a winner when he did some PR work for Calvin Coolidge in 1924. It wasn't the same story in 1932, when Bernays was called in to help the Herbert Hoover campaign convince the electorate that the American economy was on the rebound. "I suggested the formation of a committee I would advise," Bernays recalled many years later. "Leaders of groups would be asked to support him." In due course, a "Non-partisan Fact Finding Committee for Hoover sent telegrams to leaders in various occupations, asking them to support Hoover." The results were mixed. One of those solicitous telegrams is reproduced below, followed by responses from scholars at Amherst, Buffalo, Dartmouth, Harvard, Minnesota, Northwestern, Stanford, and Virginia. How much has public intellectual culture changed since Bernays served Coolidge and Hoover? Compare the letters on the following pages with, for example, the coverage of "Historians for Obama" at InsideHigherEd.com. What would Barack Obama's historians - or Fred Thompson's law professors, or John Edwards's economists, or John Kerry's Nobel Prize winners - say if they thought about the roots of their own behavior? One view is that "groups of citizens, self-defined by occupation or ideology or ethnic group or religion or gender, have been doing this since the late 19th century," and scholars publicly plumping for presidential candidates are simply carrying on this important tradition, "in which voluntary associations thrive and take the obligations of citizenship seriously." But for good or ill this academic politicking also perpetuates a powerful 20th-century tradition: the presentation of carefully selected academic opinions as expert consensus for the purpose of swaying public opinion. Bernays's PR genius lives on.
Prostaglandins but not nitric oxide are endothelium-derived relaxing factors in the trout aorta

"AIM: To identify the type of prostanoids produced by endothelial cells of trout aorta and to determine whether or not the smooth muscle responds to nitric oxide. METHODS: Ventral aortas, with and without endothelium from rainbow trout (S gairdneri), were incubated in a buffered salt solution. RESULTS: Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 caused a significant increase in prostaglandin E's and a consistent increase in the stable metabolite of prostacyclin (6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha) in the incubation media only when the endothelium was present. This production was inhibited by methylene blue (10 mumol/L). In rings of trout aorta without endothelium suspended for the measurement of isometric force in organ chambers, prostacyclin and prostaglandin E1 but not prostaglandin E2 caused concentration-dependent decreases in tension when the rings were contracted with acetylcholine. The smooth muscle did not relax to nitric oxide but did so to sodium nitroprusside. Relaxations to the latter nitrovasodilator were not inhibited by methylene blue. Descending aorta without endothelium from frogs relaxed in a concentration-dependent manner to nitric oxide. CONCLUSION: Predominant endothelium-derived relaxing factors in trout aorta are prostaglandins, the synthesis of which can be inhibited by methylene blue. A phylogenetic appearance of nitric-oxide sensitive mechanism for vasodilatation, perhaps is associated with the transition from water to air respiration."
The Ostracized Self: The Saga of the Japanese Canadians in Joy Kogawa's Obasan

(1986). The Ostracized Self: The Saga of the Japanese Canadians in Joy Kogawa's Obasan. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 167-171.
Airway Resistance in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Enlarged tonsils and adenoids, the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children, results in upper airway (UA) loading. This contributes to the imbalance between structural and neuromotor factors ultimately leading to UA collapse during sleep. However, it is unknown whether this UA loading can cause elevated airway resistance (AR) during wakefulness. We hypothesized that children with OSAS have elevated AR compared to controls and that this improves after OSAS treatment. METHODS Case control study performed at an academic hospital. Children with OSAS and nonsnoring healthy controls underwent baseline polysomnography and spirometry, and AR measurement by body plethysmography while breathing via an orofacial mask. Children with OSAS repeated the previously mentioned tests after adenotonsillectomy. RESULTS 31 OSAS participants (mean age ± SD = 9.7 ± 3.0 y, obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) median [range] = 14.9 [2-58.7] events/h, body mass index [BMI] z = 1.5 ± 1) and 31 controls (age = 10.5 ± 2.5 y, P = 0.24; OAHI = 0.4 [0-1.4], P < 0.001; BMI z = 0.9 ± 1, P = 0.01) were tested. OSAS AR at baseline was 3.9 [1.5-10.3] cmH2O/L/sec and controls 2.8 [1.4 - 6.2] (P = 0.027). Both groups had similar spirometry results. 20 patients with OSAS were tested 6.4 ± 6.6 mo after adenotonsillectomy. OAHI decreased from 15.2 [2.1-58.7] to 0.5 [0 - 5.1] events/h postoperatively (P < 0.001), and AR decreased from 4.3 [1.5 - 10.3] to 2.8 [1.7 - 4.7] cmH2O/L/sec (P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Children with OSAS have elevated AR that decreases after treatment. This is likely because of upper airway loading secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy and may contribute to the increased frequency of respiratory diseases in untreated children with OSAS.
Logistics Is about Competitiveness and More

Stripped to its basics, logistics is about capturing competitive advantage and creating customer value, not just optimizing costs.[...]
Interactive SQL—Architecture

In the last chapter, I discussed in depth the architectural details of Hive and the batch-processing-based SQL engine on Hadoop. You learned about its architecture, components, and features, and how it is evolving to keep pace with the technology innovations.
Do ethical funds charge unethical fees

This paper examines the impact of 12b-1 fees of socially responsible mutual funds on funds' shareholders. Using a sample of 262 socially responsible funds, we find that 12b-1 fees are mainly deadweight costs and do not add any economic value to funds' shareholders. Our results suggest that fund shareholders of socially responsible funds pay the costs of 12b-1 plans but do not benefit in the form of lower operating expenses per share.
Geography of breast cancer incidence according to age & birth cohorts.

Abstract Purpose Geographic variation in breast cancer incidence across Connecticut was examined according to age and birth cohort –specific groups. Methods We assigned each of 60,937 incident breast cancer cases diagnosed in Connecticut, 1986–2009, to one of 828 census tracts around the state. Global and local spatial statistics estimated rate variation across the state according to age and birth cohorts. Results We found the global distribution of incidence rates across places to be more heterogeneous for younger women and later birth cohorts. Concurrently, the spatial scan identified more locations with significantly high rates that pertained to larger proportions of at-risk women within these groups. Geographic variation by age groups was more pronounced than by birth cohorts. Conclusion Geographic patterns of cancer incidence exhibit differences within and across age and birth cohorts. With the continued insights from descriptive epidemiology, our capacity to effectively limit spatial disparities in cancer will improve.
Dual-Mobility vs Fixed-Bearing Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients Under 55 Years of Age: A Single-Institution, Matched-Cohort Analysis.

Abstract Background Prosthetic dislocation of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common cause for revision surgery. Dual-mobility (DM) bearings were introduced to mitigate complications; however, their performance in younger patients is unknown. This study compared results of patients Methods Our total joint registry was used to evaluate primary THA patients Results There were no dislocations or intraprosthetic dissociations (0%) in the DM group and 7 (5.1%) dislocations in the FB group (P = .01) at the mean follow-up of 3 years postoperatively. Two of the 7 unstable patients in the FB cohort were revised for recurrent instability (1.5%). There was no difference in postoperative Modified Harris Hip Score between the DM (87.2 ± 16.6) and the control cohorts (87.9 ± 13.7; P = .78). Conclusion DM bearings in patients
Repression of Middle Sporulation Genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the Sum1-Rfm1-Hst1 Complex Is Maintained by Set1 and H3K4 Methylation

The conserved yeast histone methyltransferase Set1 targets H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) for mono, di, and trimethylation and is linked to active transcription due to the euchromatic distribution of these methyl marks and the recruitment of Set1 during transcription. However, loss of Set1 results in increased expression of multiple classes of genes, including genes adjacent to telomeres and middle sporulation genes, which are repressed under normal growth conditions because they function in meiotic progression and spore formation. The mechanisms underlying Set1-mediated gene repression are varied, and still unclear in some cases, although repression has been linked to both direct and indirect action of Set1, associated with noncoding transcription, and is often dependent on the H3K4me2 mark. We show that Set1, and particularly the H3K4me2 mark, are implicated in repression of a subset of middle sporulation genes during vegetative growth. In the absence of Set1, there is loss of the DNA-binding transcriptional regulator Sum1 and the associated histone deacetylase Hst1 from chromatin in a locus-specific manner. This is linked to increased H4K5ac at these loci and aberrant middle gene expression. These data indicate that, in addition to DNA sequence, histone modification status also contributes to proper localization of Sum1 Our results also show that the role for Set1 in middle gene expression control diverges as cells receive signals to undergo meiosis. Overall, this work dissects an unexplored role for Set1 in gene-specific repression, and provides important insights into a new mechanism associated with the control of gene expression linked to meiotic differentiation.
Evaluating Oncology Value-Based Frameworks in the U.S. Marketplace and Challenges in Real-World Application: A Multiple Myeloma Test Case.

BACKGROUND: With the continuous rise in costs for oncology drugs, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center’s Drug Abacus (DrugAbacus), and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) have developed value-based frameworks (VBFs) to assist stakeholders in formulary and treatment decision-making processes. Since emerging VBFs have the potential to affect available treatment options for patients, it is important to understand the differences associated with these VBFs within various therapeutic areas. OBJECTIVES: To (a) compare VBFs across 3 therapeutic options for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) and (b) identify challenges and limitations associated with real-world decision making using VBFs in the U.S. marketplace. METHODS: The values of regimens carfilzomib (CFZ), elotuzumab (ELO), and ixazomib (IX) were generated using the ASCO, NCCN, ICER, and DrugAbacus VBFs. These regimens, use...
Hydrolysis of Lipopolysaccharide With Acid

Hydrolysis of Polysaccharides does not require such strong acidic treatment as does hydrolysis of proteins. However, although the conditions are relatively mild, destruction of the liberated carbohydrates takes place easily. It is important, therefore, to keep the time of hydrolysis as short as possible while trying to achieve a complete hydrolysis of the Polysaccharide molecule.
Red-Black Heuristics for Planning Tasks with Conditional Effects.

Red-black planning is a state-of-the-art approach to satisficing classical planning. Red-black planning heuristics are at the heart of the planner Mercury, the runner-up of a satisficing track in the International Planning Competition (IPC) 2014 and a major component of four additional planners in IPC 2018, including Saarplan, the runner-up in the agile track. Mercury’s exceptional performance is amplified by the fact that conditional effects were handled by the planner in a trivial way, simply by compiling them away. Conditional effects, however, are important for classical planning, and many domains require them for efficient modeling.Consequently, we investigate the possibility of handling conditional effects directly in the red-black planning heuristic function, extending the algorithm for computing red-black plans to the conditional effects setting. We show empirically that red-black planning heuristics that handle conditional effects natively outperform the variants that compile this feature away, improving coverage on tasks where black variables exist by 19%.
Species diversity of Orchids in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia

Munawaroh E, Yuzammi. 2019. Species diversity of Orchids in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: xxxx. Orchids, belonging to the family Orchidaceae, are well known ornamental plants due to their beautiful flowers and varied colors. The members of this family have received more scientific attention than other plant families because of their unique botanical features and economic value. This study was conducted to explore and record the species diversity of Orchidaceae in Sumatera, especially in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Lampung, Indonesia. This research was carried out from 2011 to 2014 at four locations, namely Kubu Perahu Resort, Sukaraja Atas Resort, Pugung Tampak Resort and Sekincau Resort, using purposive sampling method. A total of 132 species belonging to 52 genera of orchids have been identified from BBSNP, Lampung, of which 37 genera are epiphytic orchids and 15 genera are terrestrial orchids. Two species namely, Vanda sumatrana and Grammatophyllum speciosum, have been recognized as protected species. Vanda sumatrana is also endemic to Sumatera. These orchids are also cultivated at Liwa Botanic Garden, as an ex situ conservation.
Advances in the Direct Strength Method of cold-formed steel design

Abstract Twenty years ago, the Direct Strength Method (DSM) was first proposed as an efficient alternative to traditional design methods for thin-walled cold-formed steel (CFS) structural members. DSM may be regarded as one implementation of a class of generalized slenderness methods that are used in structural design. The objective of this paper is to provide additional context on how DSM-based design fits within past design knowledge and summarize the current state of development and future potential of the approach. Although DSM is regarded as a relatively new member design approach, its fundamental principles have long been used to explore relationships between stability, material yielding, and strength. The first ten years of DSM development (1998–2008) focused largely on simple prismatic CFS members under single actions and was conducted by a small group of researchers. In the last ten years of DSM development both the scope of DSM-based solutions and the researchers who are contributing to this development have broadly expanded. Since 2008 significant advances in DSM have occurred in strength prediction in shear, torsion, and combined loading; DSM efforts have also addressed buckling mode interactions, built-up members, elevated temperatures, member optimization, stiffness and ductility predictions, system-level implementations and more. DSM’s ability to directly integrate elastic buckling simulation and provide efficient structural predictions for complex folded cross-sections remains one of its central advantages. Looking to the future DSM is well positioned to provide useful and efficient structural predictions and current efforts will continue to expand the scope and applicability of DSM.
The prosody of corrective focus and its domain in Korean

Speakers place focus on specific linguistic elements using systematic modulations to highlight new or important information. Focus effects have primarily been studied for domains larger than a segment, such as syllables or words. By eliciting focus on segment-sized units using a corrective focus task, this study examines at what granularity or scope speakers manifest focus and its acoustic consequences for consonants differing in gestural and tonal compositions. Data were obtained from 16 native Korean speakers producing corrective focus on segments having varying syllable-internal positions (i.e., onset, nucleus, versus coda focus) and varying segmental compositions (i.e., tense and lax consonants). The results indicate that the patterns of focus modulation do not differ depending the on anticipated sub-syllabic focus position but rather are exhibited through the syllable. This suggests that the domain of focus extends beyond segment-sized intervals. Moreover, focus is manifested with systematic variations as a function of the gestural compositions active during its domain. Finally, there is some support for an interaction among multiple prosodic gestures—focus gestures and accentual phrase tone gestures. Overall, evidence suggests that focus has a syllable-sized (or larger) scope of effect that is sensitive to co-active articulatory and prosodic (tonal) gestures. [Work supported by NIH.]
Crisaborole 2% ointment for the treatment of intertriginous, anogenital, and facial psoriasis: A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled trial.

Background Psoriasis of the intertriginous, anogenital, and facial regions remains a therapeutic challenge, with current algorithms lacking a topical agent that exhibits both high efficacy and minimal side effects. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of crisaborole 2% ointment—a nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor—in the treatment of intertriginous, anogenital, and facial psoriasis. Methods A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled trial was conducted in 21 participants. Participants were randomized 2:1 to receive 4 weeks of twice-daily treatment with either crisaborole 2% ointment (n = 14) or vehicle ointment (n = 7), followed by 4 weeks of open-label treatment with crisaborole 2% ointment. Disease severity was measured by using the Target Lesion Severity Scale (TLSS). Results After 4 weeks, participants in the crisaborole group demonstrated 66% improvement compared with 9% in the vehicle group (P = .0011). Participants in the crisaborole group continued to experience improvement through the open-label phase, demonstrating 81% lesional improvement by week 8, with 71% of these participants achieving clinical clearance. There were no adverse events. Limitations The study was limited to a single tertiary care center and small sample size. Conclusion Treatment with crisaborole 2% ointment was well-tolerated and led to clinical improvement in participants with intertriginous, anogenital, or facial psoriasis.
Serotonin-Modulating Antidepressants and Risk of Bleeding after Trauma.

Serotonin-modulating antidepressants have been associated with increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and increased blood loss during elective surgery. This study sought to investigate the eff...
An Interview with Film Maker Mary Jane Doherty

This chapter is an interview with Mary Jane Doherty, Associate Professor of Film in the College of Communication at Boston University. The original interview followed the showing of her short film, Let the River Run, a portrait of the children of the Boston Children’s Chorus (BCC) at the NIME6 Conference. The BCC is a community-based chorus that aspires to transcend social barriers through music making.
Development and Preliminary Validity Evidence for the Direct Behavior Rating-Classroom Management (DBR-CM)

Effective classroom management is of critical importance to the success of universal, Tier I supports and services. Unfortunately, teacher-reported deficits in classroom management training are wel...
Natural Resources and the Making of Modern Indian Law

Today, fires in Brazil's rain forests threaten numerous indigenous peoples, and the Dakota Access Pipeline pumps oil under Lake Oahe. This Essay for the University of Connecticut Law Review Symposium, Regulating for the Seventh Generation, places these natural resource struggles in historical perspective, arguing that natural resource disputes are responsible for core advances in Native peoples' rights in the twentieth century. Although there are many examples, I focus on four particularly influential disputes. First, in 1905, at the height of an aggressively assimilationist federal policy, United States v. Winans preserved and expanded principles of treaty rights and preemption of state law. Next, in the 1920s, Pueblo struggles over water catalyzed new federal Indian policies that turned away from assimilation and toward tribal self-determination. Then, in the 1960s, a resurgent struggle for off-reservation fishing rights both created powerful judicial precedents and initiated a new era of pan-Indian activism and federal Indian policy. Most recently, the global indigenous struggle against natural resources exploitation by states and multi-national corporations was decisive in moving international law to recognize indigenous rights as human rights. The resurgence of rights of tribal nations is about much more than natural resources. Indigenous peoples have always struggled for self-determination broadly defined; understanding them solely through traditional resource use denies that self-determination. But the pivotal role of natural resource struggles is not a coincidence. Because so many indigenous groups built key parts of their cultures around resource use, natural resource claims have helped reinvigorate sometimes-frayed tribal bonds and identities. Although rooted in tradition, these struggles have also been uniquely generative, inspiring new forms of protest and creating new coalitions and organizations. In the twentieth century, as all peoples have become more concerned about environmental change, these tribal claims met unusually sympathetic courts and lawmakers. This combination of distinctly motivated indigenous action and distinctly receptive non-indigenous audiences helped create principles and policies that benefit tribal peoples in areas far removed from natural resource use. At the same time, the threat of climate change and habitat destruction make increasingly clear how the principles that preserve tribal natural resource use redound to the benefit of us all.
Augmented scientific investigation: support the exploration of invisible "fine details" in science via augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR) has great potential to radically change science education by making abstract science concepts visible and interactive. In this paper, we describe initial investigations into high school students' perceptions of learning science with an AR technology (i.e., SmartIR) through analyzing semi-structured interviews. SmartIR is an app that supports the investigation of science, such as thermodynamics. Specifically, it can show changes in thermal imaging over time and provides a data analytics function that visualizes data for analyzing and interpreting the changes. Our analysis of 31 interviews shows that students perceived the exploration of science phenomena with "fine details", including a full vision of second-by-second changes in thermal imaging, as helpful and engaging to understand science concepts. In future work, these findings will be triangulated with logging data of their interactions with SmartIR and student-generated lab reports.
Easy-to-prescribe nutrition support in the intensive care in the era of COVID-19.

Summary Background & aims COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in a massive increase in the number of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). This created significant organizational challenges including numerous non-specialist ICU caregivers who came to work in the ICU. In this context, pragmatic protocols were essential to simplify nutritional care. We aimed at providing a simple and easy-to-prescribe nutritional protocol and evaluated its usefulness with questionnaires sent to physicians involved in the care of ICU COVID-19 patients. Methods A simplified nutrition protocol was distributed to all physicians (n = 122) of the ICU medical team during COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical dieticians estimated energy targets for acute and post-acute phases at patient's admission and suggested adaptations of nutrition therapy. More complex situations were discussed with clinical nutrition doctors and, if required, a clinical evaluation was performed. To further facilitate the procedure, a chart with prescription aids was also distributed to the whole medical ICU team. At the end of the current pandemic wave, a 13-item questionnaire was emailed to the ICU medical team to obtain their opinion on the suggested nutritional therapy. Results Answers were received from 81/122 medical doctors (MDs) (66% response rate), from intensive care physicians (41%), anaesthesiologists (53%) and MDs from other specialties (6%). Thirty-two percent of MDs felt that their knowledge of nutrition management was insufficient and 45% of the physicians surveyed did not face nutrition management in their daily practice prior to the pandemic. The initially proposed nutritional protocol, the chart with prescription aids and the suggested nutritional proposals were considered as useful to very useful by the majority of physicians surveyed (89.9, 90.7 and 92.1% respectively). The protocol was followed by 92% of MDs, and almost all participants (95%) were convinced that adaptations of nutritional therapy had beneficial effects on patients’ outcomes. Conclusions Nutritional therapy in critically ill COVID-19 patients is a challenge and the implementation of this specific pandemic simplified nutritional protocol was assessed as useful by a great majority of physicians. Pragmatic and simplified protocols are useful for ensuring the quality of nutritional therapy and could be used in future studies to assess its actual impact on the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients.
Federalism by Contract

Just as private parties use contracts to facilitate joint projects and nation-states use treaties to organize joint undertakings, domestic governments use a breathtaking array of written instruments to coauthor legal rules and coordinate public programs. But we lack a vocabulary — literal and conceptual — to describe these agreements. Our meager vocabulary does not reflect a meager practice. Intergovernmental agreements define the contours of public-benefits programs, cross-deputize police and immigration officers, facilitate the exchange of land and jurisdiction, manage vast flows of information, and more generally allow our levels of government to coauthor legal rules in a wide range of policy areas. Nor is our impoverished vocabulary an indication of neglect from our judicial institutions. The Supreme Court, lower federal courts, and state courts routinely address disputes that arise from the distinctive multilateral nature of intergovernmental agreements. The central framework courts use to resolve such disputes is the private law of contract, yet they also adjust those contractual principles — often in an ad hoc way — to accommodate their public parties and public purposes. By drawing these cases together across contexts, we can see doctrinal patterns, jurisprudential puzzles, and theoretical implications that stem from this dual character as both contract and public law. We can begin, for the first time, to build a treaty law for American federalism.
Porndemic? A Longitudinal Study of Pornography Use Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Nationally Representative Sample of Americans.

Of the many changes in daily life brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, social distancing efforts and governmentally mandated lockdowns were among the most drastic. Coinciding with these changes, popular pornography websites made some previously premium content available for free, spurring dramatic increases in traffic to these websites. This increase in time spent at home and reported increases in traffic to specific pornographic websites led to some speculation that pornography use might generally increase over the course of the pandemic and that problematic use might also increase. To test these speculations and quantify the effects of the pandemic and its associated restrictions on social behaviors on pornography use, we analyzed data from a longitudinal sample of American adults. Baseline, nationally representative data were collected in August 2019 via YouGov (N = 2518). Subsequent data were collected in February 2020 (n = 1677), May 2020 (n = 1533), August 2020 (n = 1470), and October 2020 (n = 1269). Results indicated that, in May 2020, immediately following the height of the first wave of pandemic-related lockdowns, more people reported past-month pornography use than at other follow-up time points, but less did so than at baseline. Among those who reported use in May 2020, only 14% reported increases in use since the start of the pandemic, and their use returned to levels similar to all other users by August 2020. In general, pornography use trended downward over the pandemic, for both men and women. Problematic pornography use trended downward for men and remained low and unchanged in women. Collectively, these results suggest that many fears about pornography use during pandemic-related lockdowns were largely not supported by available data.
A Perspective on Hydrogen Near the Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition and Metallization of Fluid H.

Metallic hydrogen has been a major issue in physical chemistry since its prediction in 1935. Its predicted density implies 100 GPa (106 bar = Mbar) pressures P are needed to make metallic H with the Fermi temperature TF = 220 000 K. Temperatures T can be several 1000 K and still be "very low" with T/TF ≪ 1. In 1996, metallic fluid H was made under dynamic compression at P = 140 GPa and calculated T ≈ 3000 K generated with a two-stage light-gas gun. Those T's place metallic H in the liquid-liquid phase transition region. The purpose of this Perspective is to place the phase curve measured in laser-heated diamond anvil cells in context with those measured electrical conductivities. That phase curve is probably caused by dissociation of H2 to H starting near 90 GPa/1600 K. Metallic H then forms in a crossover as a semiconductor up to 140 GPa/3000 K. Dynamic quasi-isentropic pressure was tuned to make metallic H by design in those conductivity experiments.
The process and implications of doing qualitative research : An analysis of 54 doctoral dissertations

The number of social work doctoral dissertations following qualitative research methods tripled in the ten year period from 1982 to 1992. The purpose of the current study was to understand the qualitative research process of 54 social work dissertations completed between 1986 and 1993. The two general reasons for following a qualitative design were the researcher's dissatisfaction with current theory to explain the studied phenomena and the desire to implement participant driven research. Much was written by the dissertation authors about the place of theory in qualitative research and the mutual influences between the researcher and researched. The study results were discussed within the context of current qualitative/quantitative debates in social work. This is an important study for graduate faculty and students as qualitative research methods are being required in graduate social work education and more is being published on the expected standards of qualitative research
Migrant and Non-Migrant Families in Chengdu, China: Segregated Lives, Segregated Schools

This study documented the experiences of Chinese rural-urban migrant children and their parents living in the host city of Chengdu, China. It was informed by previous studies but applied a theoretical lens cultural reproduction theory—to reveal deeper understanding of rural-urban migrant families’ lives in the city of Chengdu. Participants in this study were 10 families—10 migrant parents, 10 local Chengdu resident parents, 5 local Chengdu children, and 5 migrant children. Through qualitative interviews and observations the researchers created 5 family case studies, documenting differences and similarities in the lives of migrant and local resident families in Chengdu. Results indicated that children in the two groups experienced unequal childhoods. Although the Chinese central government has issued a number of proactive policies to allow migrant children to attend local urban public schools since 2003, the negative effect of the longstanding Hukou residency policy still impacts migrant families’ lives in Chengdu. In this article we discuss an entrenched urban-rural divide between urban residents and rural-urban migrant families, in work, community, and schooling.
LOSING SAMSON: Nature, Crime, and Boundaries

This article examines a community's reaction to the poaching of a large elk. Extending the Durkheimian approach to nature, crime, law, and social control, this study discusses the anguish and anger provoked by the infraction, tributes to the fallen animal, calls for more severe and certain sanctions for poaching, and the boundaries affirmed in the incident's aftermath. The implications of this communal response to a wildlife offense for criminalization and conceptions of community are considered.
Phaeomelanin synthesis and obesity in mice. Interaction of the viable yellow (Avy) and sombre (eso) mutations.

Abstract Is abnormal regulation of phaeomelanin synthesis, which results in yellow coat color, inextricably linked to the development of obesity in viable yellow (Avy) house mice? To answer this question, black male mice of genotypes Avy/A eso/e+ and A/ae eso/e+ were produced from (DFT/Wf X C3H-1 vyfB/HeWf X SO/LeWf matings. The sombre (eso) mutation prevents phaeomelanin synthesis; therefore, all mice carrying this dominant allele are black regardless of the alleles present at the agouti locus. These black males were weighed weekly to 18 weeks of age. Simultaneously the agouti locus genotype of each male was determined by test matings to a/a e+/e+ females. The results of these test matings indicated that the two genotypes could be classified rather accurately by the intensity of pigmentation of the belly hair. Black Avy mice tended to have more dilute belly pigmentation that black A/ae mice. These gross observations were confirmed by microscopic examination of several hair types. Black Avy males reached a mean body weight of 44.2 +/- 0.6 g at 18 weeks, while black A males had a mean weight of 30.7 +/- 0.4 g at the same age. It is concluded that excessive weight gain resulting in obesity is induced by the Avy gene even when phaeomelanin synthesis is completely inhibited.
The Crisis of the European Social Model

The social policies directed at the labor market were established in the 50s and 60s on an environment of international economic stability and predictable growth. Then came the long oil crisis of the 70s and the world economy has entered into recession. Since then the European economy has recovered gradually, but at lower rates than the United States and China. The social policies entailed by the EU aimed to build an European Social Model (public policies in education, health, social protection, poverty relief, pensions, subsidies to the unemployed, assistance to single mothers, family allowances, marriage, contracts, vertical working contracts) have now an insurmountable structural cost that makes it impossible to keep, in the long run. The article looks at the model, its objectives of social justice and equality looking what are the challenges that it is confronted with.
Kinematic GPS solutions for aircraft trajectories: Identifying and minimizing systematic height errors associated with atmospheric propagation delays

[1] When kinematic GPS processing software is used to estimate the trajectory of an aircraft, unless the delays imposed on the GPS signals by the atmosphere are either estimated or calibrated via external observations, then vertical height errors of decimeters can occur. This problem is clearly manifested when the aircraft is positioned against multiple base stations in areas of pronounced topography because the aircraft height solutions obtained using different base stations will tend to be mutually offset, or biased, in proportion to the elevation differences between the base stations. When performing kinematic surveys in areas with significant topography it should be standard procedure to use multiple base stations, and to separate them vertically to the maximum extent possible, since it will then be much easier to detect mis-modeling of the atmosphere.
THE ZEBRAFISH GENOME

Publisher Summary Analysis of the zebrafish gene map suggests that during the course of vertebrate evolution, the zebrafish and human lineages have shared two rounds of whole genome duplication, and a third whole genome duplication event probably occurred before the teleost radiation. For many genes in humans, there may be two copies in zebrafish, and for many human chromosome segments, zebrafish is likely to have two such segments. The haploid zebrafish genome has 25 chromosomes, most of which are difficult to distinguish. These chromosomes contain about 1.7 X l0 9 base pairs of DNA, about half the mammalian genome size. The first genetic map of the zebrafish included about 400 genetic markers, mostly random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), along with a few genes and mutations. The conservation of genome organization between humans and zebrafish can facilitate the transferal of information from one species to the other. The inference that zebrafish lineage appeared to have suffered an extra polyploidization step not experienced by mammals simply means that both zebrafish copies of a mammalian gene should be studied for better connectivity of molecular genetic mechanisms of development in zebrafish to the tetrapod—especially human—condition.
Predictors of Inadequate Inpatient Colonoscopy Preparation and Its Association with Hospital Length of Stay and Costs

Adequate bowel preparation is essential to safe and effective inpatient colonoscopy. Predictors of poor inpatient colonoscopy preparation and the economic impacts of inadequate inpatient preparations are not defined. The aims of this study were to (1) determine risk factors for inadequate inpatient bowel preparations, and (2) examine the association between inadequate inpatient bowel preparation and hospital length of stay (LOS) and costs. We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult patients undergoing inpatient colonoscopy preparation over 12 months (1/1/2013–12/31/2013). Of 524 identified patients, 22.3 % had an inadequate preparation. A multiple logistic regression model identified the following potential predictors of inadequate bowel preparation: lower income (OR 1.11; 95 % CI 1.04, 1.22), opiate or tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) use (OR 1.55; 0.98, 2.46), and afternoon colonoscopy (OR 1.66; 1.07, 2.59); as well as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class ≥3 (OR 1.15; 1.05, 1.25) and symptoms of nausea/vomiting (OR 1.14; 1.04, 1.25) when a fair preparation was considered inadequate. Inadequate bowel preparation was associated with significantly increased hospital LOS (model relative mean estimate 1.25; 95 % CI 1.03, 1.51) and hospital costs (estimate 1.31; 1.03, 1.67) when compared to adequate preparations. The rate of inadequate inpatient bowel preparations is high and associated with a significant increase in hospital LOS and costs. We identified five potential predictors of inadequate inpatient preparation: lower socioeconomic class, opiate/TCA use, afternoon colonoscopies, ASA class ≥3, and pre-preparation nausea/vomiting; these data should guide future initiatives to improve the quality of inpatient bowel preparations.
Gallium compounds exhibit potential as new therapeutic agents against Mycobacterium abscessus

The rapidly growing nontuberculous mycobacterial species Mycobacterium abscessus has recently emerged as an important pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Treatment options are limited because of the organism's innate resistance to standard antituberculous antibiotics, as well as other currently available antibiotics. New antibiotic approaches to the treatment of M. abscessus are urgently needed. The goal of the present study was to assess the growth-inhibitory activity of different Ga compounds against an American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain and clinical isolates of M. abscessus obtained from CF and other patients. In our results, using Ga(NO3)3 and all of the other Ga compounds tested inhibited the growth of ATCC 19977 and clinical isolates of M. abscessus. Inhibition was mediated by disrupting iron uptake, as the addition of exogenous iron (Fe) restored basal growth. There were modest differences in inhibition among the isolates for the same Ga chelates, and for most Ga chelates there was only a slight difference in potency from Ga(NO3)3. In contrast, Ga-protoporphyrin completely and significantly inhibited the ATCC strain and clinical isolates of M. abscessus at much lower concentrations than Ga(NO3)3. In in vitro broth culture, Ga-protoporphyrin was more potent than Ga(NO3)3. When M. abscessus growth inside the human macrophage THP-1 cell line was assessed, Ga-protoporphyrin was >20 times more active than Ga(NO3)3. The present work suggests that Ga exhibits potent growth-inhibitory capacity against the ATCC strain, as well as against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates of M. abscessus, including the highly antibiotic-resistant strain MC2638. Ga-based therapy offers the potential for further development as a novel therapy against M. abscessus.
The Argument from Design

: This article offers a brief overview of the argument for God's existence grounded in the evidence of design. It pays particular attention to the way the argument has evolved over time and in relation to changing scientific perspectives. The argument from design has in fact been formulated and reformulated in response to the discoveries and challenges it has encountered from the field of science. The conclusion of the article explores the theological importance of this argument with respect to its extent and its limits
Liquid crystalline side chain polymers consisting of acrylate and 2(S)-[2(S)-methylbutoxy]propionate

Abstract Besides the usual acrylates, 4-[4-(n-acryloloxyalkyloxy)phenyl]benzoic acids (4a-4c), new acrylates containing two units of acrylic acid, 4-{4-[n-(3-acryloloxypropionyloxy)alkyloxy]phenyl}benzoic acid (5a-5c), are formed by the esterification of acrylic acid and 4-[4-(n-hydroxyalkyloxy)phenyl]benzoic acid (3). All the mesogenic monomers which were synthesized from the corresponding acrylates (4a-5c) and 4-hydroxyphenyl 2(S)-[2(S)-methylbutoxy]propionate (2) exhibit the enantiotropic S∗c and SA phases. The S∗ c phase temperature range is up to 44°C. The range of spontaneous polarization and response time for those monomers is between 34 and 85nC cm-2, and 55 and 460μs, respectively. Some liquid crystal side chain polymers containing 2 are switchable in the presence of an electric field. A spontaneous polarization of 72nC cm-2 and a response time of 2.6 ms were the best results obtained for those polyacrylates.
13·9%‐efficient CdTe polycrystalline thin‐film solar cells with an infrared transmission of ∼50%

To fabricate a high-efficiency polycrystalline thin-film tandem cell, the most critical work is to make a high-efficiency top cell ( > 15%) with high bandgap (Eg = 1·5–1·8 eV) and high transmission (T > 70%) in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region. The CdTe cell is one of the candidates for the top cell, because CdTe state-of-the-art single-junction devices with efficiencies of more than 16% are available, although its bandgap (1·48 eV) is slightly lower for a top cell in a current-matched dual-junction device. In this paper, we focus on the development of a: (1) thin, low-bandgap CuxTe transparent back-contact; and (2) modified CdTe device structure, including three novel materials: cadmium stannate transparent conducting oxide (TCO), ZnSnOx buffer layer, and nanocrystalline CdS:O window layer developed at NREL, as well as the high-quality CdTe film, to improve transmission in the NIR region while maintaining high device efficiency. We have achieved an NREL-confirmed 13·9%-efficient CdTe transparent solar cell with an infrared transmission of ∼50% and a CdTe/CIS polycrystalline mechanically stacked thin-film tandem cell with an NREL-confirmed efficiency of 15·3%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transient Decay of Longitudinal Magnetization in Heterogeneous Spin Systems Under Selective Saturation. III. Solution by Projection Operators

Abstract A general method of solving equations governing the transient response of heterogeneous spin systems to continuous and pulsed RF saturation using the projection-operator technique is outlined. An effective rate equation is derived in which there is natural separation of relaxation and source terms. Our previously derived implicit solution to the coupled Bloch equations is reformulated using this more general approach, which avoids some of the restrictive assumptions made earlier. With this formulation, we provide an analytical and explicit solution to the full set of coupled Bloch equations with no additional assumptions or restrictive conditions attached limiting their general validity. The results obtained with this new method of solution are compared with the results previously obtained by the Laplace-transform technique for heat-denatured albumin.
Prenatal Screening for Cystic Fibrosis Carriers: An Economic Evaluation

Summary The cloning of the CFTR gene has made it technically possible to avert the unwanted birth of a child with cystic fibrosis (CF). Several large trials offering prenatal CF carrier screening suggest that such screening is practical and that identified carriers generally use the information obtained. Therefore, a critical question is whether the cost of such screening is justified. Decision analysis was performed that used information about choices that pregnant women were observed to make at each stage in the Rochester prenatal carrier-screening trial. The cost of screening per CF birth voluntarily averted was estimated to be $1,320,000–$1,400,000. However, the lifetime medical cost of the care of a CF child in today's dollars was estimated to be slightly >$1,000,000. Therefore, despite both the high cost of carrier testing and the relative infrequency of CF conceptions in the general population, the averted medical-care cost resulting from choices freely made are estimated to offset ∼74%–78% of the costs of a screening program. At present, if it is assumed that a pregnancy terminated because of CF is replaced, the marginal cost for prenatal CF carrier screening is estimated to be $8,290 per quality-adjusted life-year. This value compares favorably with that of many accepted medical services. The cost of prenatal CF carrier screening could fall to equal the averted costs of CF patient care if the cost of carrier testing were to fall to $100.