cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vascular Supply of Nerves in the Tarsal Tunnel

The normal vascular supply of nerves in the tarsal tunnel was studied by intra-arterial injection of latex. In general, the blood supply to the tibial nerve and its branches came directly from corresponding arteries. Each nutrient artery to the tibial nerve bifurcated on the surface of the lateral plantar nerve fasciculus to create longitudinal vessels that made anastomoses with bifurcating nutrient vessels proximally and distally. This primary longitudinal system supplied intersubfascicular vessels to the medial plantar fasciculus. The last nutrient artery from the posterior tibial artery usually supplied the terminal branching point of the tibial nerve midway through the tarsal tunnel. The lateral and medial plantar nerves received most of the nutrient vessels from their corresponding arteries in shorter intervals. In 65% of cases, the lateral plantar nerve received a nutrient vessel from the medial plantar artery. Potential anatomical areas of vascular compromise in the etiology or surgical release of tarsal tunnel syndrome are discussed.
If You Build Teachers, Will Students Come? The Role of Teachers in Broadening Computer Science Learning for Urban Youth

Despite the digital saturation of today's youth across demographic groups, students of color and females remain severely underrepresented in computer science. Reporting on a sequential mixed methods study, this article explores the ways that high school computer science teachers can act as change agents to broaden the participation in computing for historically underrepresented students. Three high school case studies reveal a critical need for professional development and support to do this work. The subsequent part of the study focuses on the impact of a district-university intervention which trained 25 urban teachers to teach Advanced Placement computer science in their schools. The swift success of this intervention was evident from the following years' dramatic increase in course offerings and enrollment of females, Latinos, and African Americans.
Leucine-Aspartic Acid- valine Sequence as Targeting Ligand and Drug Carrier for Doxorubicin Delivery to Melanoma Cells: In Vitro Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity Studies

To study the feasibility of Leucine-Aspartic Acid-Valine (LDV) as targeting ligand and drug carrier for targeted delivery to integrin α4β1 over-expressing cancer cells. Poly(L,D,V) was randomly copolymerized using N-carboxyanhydrides of leucine, β-benzyl-aspartic acid, and valine. Oligo(LDV), consisting of 2-6 LDV units, were synthesized by solid phase protein synthesis (SPPS) method. Binding of Leu-Asp-Val, Val-Asp-Leu, and Leu-Asn-Val, and internalization of FITC labeled LDV by wild-type and integrin α4 knock-down A375 cells were studied. Cytotoxicity of poly(L,D,V)-Dox, oligo(LDV)-Dox, and doxorubicin (Dox) was also determined on wild-type, integrin α4 knock-down A375 cells, and normal human epithelial keratinocytes (NHEK). LDV was essential for the specific binding and internalization by cells expressing integrin α4β1. Cytotoxicity of poly(L,D,V)-Dox and oligo(LDV)-Dox was integrin α4-dependent, while free Dox did not show this differential effect. No observable cytotoxicity trend was found when increasing LDV repeating unit. Poly(L,D,V) was relatively more effective than oligo(LDV) for the delivery of Dox to A375. LDV containing moieties bind specifically to integrin α4β1 expressing cancer cells. The binding, internalization, and cytotoxicity depend on the level of integrin α4β1 expression. Poly(L,D,V) and oligo(LDV) were both effective in the in vitro targeted delivery of Dox to integrin α4β1 over-expressing A375 cells.
Surface underspecification of tone in Chichewa

In Chichewa, a Bantu language spoken mainly in Malawi, there is a contrast between high and low tone, as illustrated by such minimal pairs as mtengo ‘price’ vs. mtengo ‘tree’. But there is a strong asymmetry between the two tones in their phonological behaviour: high tone is phonologically active, while low tone is phonologically inert. Tone changes occur in Chichewa only if there is a high tone present in the phrase; a phrase composed only of low-toned morphemes is always realised unchanged with all low tones. The tonal phonology of the language can be described completely without reference to low tone (Kanerva 1989), as is typical for the Bantu languages (Stevick 1969). I argue in this paper that this asymmetry is due to underspecification. The contrast in Chichewa is a privative one between high tone and no tone. Low tone is phonologically inert because it is simply the absence of tone. In particular, low tone is absent from surface representation. Syllables that are not specified as high-toned are assigned F0 by a non-linear transition function, as proposed for English intonation by Pierre-humbert (1980).
The Determinants of the Cost Efficiency of Electric Generating Plants: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

This article provides a detailed analysis of generation plant operating cost efficiency over the period 1988-1997. I estimate a stochastic frontier cost function together with a model of plant inefficiencies to measure the operating efficiencies of individual plants and identify factors that are associated with variations in plant efficiencies. I find evidence that plant efficiencies are associated with capacity utilization of the plant, the number of plants under utility management, and ownership form. I also find that regulatory restructuring activity in certain states is associated with improvements in plant operating performance. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed analysis of the operating cost efficiencies of electricity generating plants over the period 1988-1997. I estimate the operating efficiencies of fossil-fueled steam generating plants and examine factors that influence plant operating performance. I use the estimation procedure of Battese and Coelli (1995) to simultaneously estimate a stochastic frontier cost function and a function relating plant efficiency levels to plant-specific factors and other explanatory variables. A comprehensive data set allows me to investigate the influence of capacity utilization, ownership form, and utility experience on plant efficiency levels. Since significant regulatory change in the electricity industry had begun during this time period, I also investigate the impact of state-level regulatory change on plant operating efficiency. A number of authors have analyzed the efficiencies of electricity generating plants relative to a best practice frontier, including Kopp and Smith (1980), Schmidt and Lovell (1979), Stevenson (1980), Cote (1989), Reifschneider and Stevenson (1991), Hammond (1992), Pollitt (1995), and Fire, Grosskopf, and Logan (1983, 1985). These studies find considerable evidence of inefficiency in electricity generation during the 1960s and 1970s. The present study provides more recent information regarding generating plant efficiencies during a period of significant regulatory and structural change. Studies investigating the determinants of power plant departures from the frontier have focused primarily on the effects of ownership mode. Pollitt (1995) provides a comprehensive review of these studies. Reifschneider and Stevenson (1991) examine the impact on cost efficiency of a number of variables, including the capacity utilization of the firm's generating facilities. More recently, Knittel (2001) examines the impact of incentive regulation on plant efficiency levels. Steiner
DMD-based random-access optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy

The scanning mechanism is a major technical focus in optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy. Flexible scanning access with fast scanning speed is desired to monitor biological and physiological dynamics with high temporal resolution. We developed random-access optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (RA-OR-PAM) using a digital micromirror device (DMD). Each micromirror on the DMD can be independently controlled, allowing imaging of regions of interest with arbitrary user-selected shapes without extraneous information. A global structural image is first acquired, and the regions of interest are selected. The laser beam then scans these regions exclusively, resulting in a faster frame rate than in a conventional raster scan. This system can rapidly scan arbitrarily shaped regions of interest with a lateral resolution of 3.6 μm within a 40×40 μm 2 imaging area, a size comparable to the focal spot size of a 50 MHz ultrasound transducer. We demonstrated the random-access ability of RA-OR-PAM by imaging a monolayer of red blood cells. This system was then used to monitor blood flow in vivo within user-selected capillaries in a mouse ear. By imaging only the capillary of interest, the frame rate was increased by up to 13.3 times.
Bipolar Transurethral Resection of Prostate: Current Status in the Management of Bladder Outflow Obstruction

Monopolar transurethral resection of prostate has been the preferred surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Even in modern series there are significant risks such as haemorrhage requiring transfusion and TUR syndrome, although their incidence is lower than previously. Over the last decade or so newer technologies have emerged that have proven to be at least equivalent to monopolar TURP. Bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate in normal saline is a potentially safer option to monopolar resection but with equivalent efficacy in the medium term. This is supported by 2 recent meta-analyses. This review describes the technology, efficacy and safety profile of bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate.
New method for ultrasonic Doppler probe angle determination.

Abstract A new method is described to determine the Doppler probe angle using a standard pulsed Doppler; the technique is based on the determination of vessel position with respect to the skin surface. The transit times of ultrasound waves toward the vessel from multiple probe positions on the skin, the distance between probe positions, and the probe-skin angle are measured. Using the probe-skin angle and the slope of the regression curve, the vessel-skin angle is determined trigonometrically. Experimental results show high accuracy within a vessel-skin angle range of 5–40°.
Endoscopic goniotomy: a potential surgical procedure for primary infantile glaucoma

Goniotomy is an effective treatment for primary infantile glaucoma. Unlike trabeculotomy, goniotomy facilitates the visualization of the trabecular meshwork and does not disturb the conjunctiva. Because a cloudy cornea may prevent a clear view of the anterior chamber angle through the operating microscope, we investigated whether an endoscope would improve visualization during goniotomy in pig cadaver eyes. We deepened the anterior chamber of each pig eye with viscoelastic material. A modified 23-gauge needle attached to an Olympus 0.8 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic endoscope entered the anterior chamber through a 3 mm limbal incision. The angle was clearly seen on a videoscreen as the needle approached and incised the trabecular pillars for 120 degree(s); the iris immediately fell back. Following the procedure, the eyes were fixed in formalin and sectioned for light microscopy, or fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde for scanning electron microscopy. Trabecular pillars were present from the iris root to Schwalbe's line in the untreated region of the anterior chamber angle. The treated area demonstrated incision of the trabecular pillars with opening of the underlying trabecular meshwork.
Direct evolution of brine from a crystallizing silicic melt at the Questa, New Mexico, molybdenum deposit

Molybdenum mineralization in the Southwest orebody at the Questa deposit is associated with crystallization of aplite porphyry, explosive brecciation, and exsolution of magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Quartz, K feldspar, fluorophlogopite, and molybdenite precipitated from exsolving aqueous fluids and cemented aplite porphyry and andesite wall-rock clasts forming a magmatic hydrothermal breccia ore.Fluid inclusions in quartz in the breccia matrix trapped aqueous fluids that transported and precipitated molybdenum. Two fluid inclusion populations associated with molybdenite mineralization were identified. The largest population commonly contains liquid, vapor, halite, sylvite, and one or more opaque daughter crystals. These inclusions homogenize between 200 degrees and 500 degrees C and have a prominent mode at 360 degrees to 400 degrees C; salinities vary from 31 to 57 wt percent NaCl equiv. Low first ice-melting temperatures suggest that additional fluid components, possibly calcium or magnesium chlorides, may be present. Approximately 80 percent of these inclusions homogenize by halite dissolution; phase equilibria constraints require that these inclusions trapped fluids in the vapor-absent field. The remaining saline inclusions homogenize to liquid at temperatures above halite dissolution temperatures. Significantly, the saline fluid did not coexist with a low-density aqueous fluid.A second population of inclusions contains fluids with salinities of 2.7 to 25.0 wt percent NaCl equiv and homogenizes by vapor bubble disappearance, vapor bubble expansion, or critical behavior. Textural relationships and phase behavior during microthermometry indicate that these inclusions constitute a single population which formed as pressure and temperature fluctuated at near-critical conditions.Pressure changes related to brecciation followed by crystallization and system resealing produced the observed fluids. Saline fluids were trapped as the system sealed following a major brecciation event. These high-salinity fluids were produced as the melt, under pressure that increased from hydrostatic to lithostatic, partitioned increasing amounts of chlorine into the exsolving aqueous fluid. Renewed fracturing and abrupt pressure decrease to hydrostatic conditions reduced the mass of chlorine partitioning to the exsolving fluid. Lower salinity fluids exsolved at near-critical conditions and were trapped by inclusions that homogenize to liquid, to vapor, or by critical behavior. The lack of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-rich fluid inclusions and phase equilibria constraints indicate that high-salinity fluids (< or = 57 wt % NaCl equiv) were generated directly by the crystallizing magma and were not a product of aqueous fluid immiscibility.
Central diabetes insipidus and inv(3)(q21q26) and monosomy 7 in acute myeloid leukemia

Chromosomal anomalies involving region 3q21q26 have been reported associated with thrombocytosis in various hematological malignancies, such as chronic myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recent reports described the association of central diabetes insipidus with AML and chromosomal anomalies involving region 3q21q26. We review the database in our institution and report five cases of inv(3)(q21q26) in consecutive cytogenetic studies of AML and myelodysplastic syndromes from 1992 to 2000, two cases presented as sole abnormalities and three cases were associated with monosomy 7. Only one case was associated with central diabetes insipidus. The literature of 3q21q26 syndrome and central diabetes insipidus in myeloid leukemia is reviewed.
An estimator of the mutant frequency in assays using transgenic animals.

The Poisson distribution is a fundamental probability model for count data, and is a natural model for the observed plaque counts in mutation assays using animals with λ or ΦX174 transgenes. The Poisson likelihood for observed counts is a function of the mutant fraction, and it is straightforward to derive the associated maximum likelihood estimate of the mutant fraction and its variance. The estimate is easy to calculate, and if not the same, very similar to ad hoc estimates in current use. The model indicates the proper way to combine data from a number of plates, possibly prepared with different sample dilutions. The estimator of the mutant fraction is biased as a consequence of dividing by a random variable, the plaque count used to calculate the total recovered plaque-forming units. Fortunately, the bias becomes negligible as this count becomes large. On the other hand, increasing this count can increase the variance by decreasing the amount of sample assayed for mutant phages. Concurrent heed to the bias and the variance provides some guidance as to the optimum allocation of a sample into portions assayed for mutant phages and total recovered phages. The distribution of the estimate of the mutant fraction is related to the binomial distribution. This relationship implies a binomial distribution for the mutant count conditional on an overall count (either the sum of mutant and counted total plaques or the sum of counted mutant and non-mutant plaques). A special but important case occurs when each plate can be evaluated for mutant plaques and non-mutant plaques. Then, the observed proportion of mutants estimates the mutant fraction. More generally, the relationship to a binomial distribution provides a procedure for calculating a confidence interval.
Stories of stone

Explores the life of stone, following its matter-energy as it confounds the boundary between organic and inorganic, art and nature, human and mineral.
1631 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS TREATED WITH NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT

1631 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANTS TREATED WITH NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKING AGENT
Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue that they initially termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells. Since then, these stem cells have been renamed as Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs and have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Thousands of articles now describe the use of ASCs in a variety of regenerative animal models, including bone regeneration, peripheral nerve repair and cardiovascular engineering. Recent articles have begun to describe the myriad of uses for ASCs in the clinic. The protocol shown in this article outlines the basic procedure for manually and enzymatically isolating ASCs from large amounts of lipoaspirates obtained from cosmetic procedures. This protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.
More than risk reduction: The investment appeal of insurance

Abstract This study of 154 MBA students confirms attraction to insurance which is not explained by risk reduction or Expected Utility theory. The results suggest that this attraction is caused by the investment appeal of insurance. People are attracted by the opportunity to salvage a positive transaction from a negative situation. These results have important implications for both public policy and the private sector sale of insurance. Efforts to increase insurance coverage should focus on insurance as an investment which can yield positive returns.
Funding Shocks and Optimal University Admissions and Financial Aid Policies

A positive shock to funding, such as a major donation, causes an optimizing university to raise its admissions standards and reduce tuition charges net of financial aid across all student categories. However, the shock’s effect on enrollment may not be uniform. Student categories given little weight in the university’s objective function may be treated as inferior goods; that is, positive shocks decrease their enrollments, while other student categories’ enrollments are increased. The paper’s findings shed light on the effect of federal direct-to-student aid on tuition levels, permitting a new perspective on William Bennett’s controversial hypothesis that aid accommodates tuition hikes.
Serum melatonin after a single aqueous subcutaneous injection in Syrian hamsters.

A single injection of 25 µg melatonin was given subcutaneously in 0.1 ml saline either at 3 h into the light phase (morning) in female Syrian hamsters or at 1 h before the beginning of the dark phase
The Validity of the HNTLA for Evaluation of the Abilities of Bilingual Children

The present study evolved from the rising controversy concerning the validity of evaluation of bilingual pupils in special education classes. This study utilized random groups of 50 Mexican American and 50 Navajo students enrolled in special education classes throughout Arizona. Six test administrators were used. For the combined sample significance at the .01 level was found in correlation coefficients between subtests of the HNTLA and those of the WISC Performance Scale.
Immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in the human striatum: A postmortem ultrastructural study

An electron microscopic evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry was used to describe the synaptic organization of dopamine innervation of the striatum in postmortem human brain tissue. TH immunoreactivity was qualitatively and quantitatively similar in the caudate and putamen. TH immunoreactivity was present mainly in unmyelinated axons and occasionally in myelinated axons. Both TH-immunoreactive (TH-i) varicosities (0.75-1.5 microm) and intervaricose segments (0.2-0.3 microm) formed synapses with spines and dendrites. Most synapses formed by TH-i profiles were symmetric axospinous (57-62%) or symmetric axodendritic (33-35%). An occasional asymmetric axodendritic or asymmetric axospinous synapse was observed. Approximately 35-50% of all symmetric axospinous and axodendritic synapses were formed by TH-i boutons. Synapses formed by TH-i profiles were short in length (0.226 microm) and had nonperforated postsynaptic densities. TH-i profiles formed synapses with both the head (40%) and the neck (60%) of spines. Typically, the TH-i bouton was apposed to both a spine and a nonlabeled terminal which formed an asymmetric synapse with that spine. Direct, nonsynaptic appositions were often seen between TH-labeled and nonlabeled boutons forming asymmetric synapses. The general pattern ofTH immunoreactivity was similar to that of other species except for the presence of TH-i myelinated axons and the observation that the majority of TH-i synapses were formed with spines rather than with dendritic shafts.
Anatomy of graft-induced dyskinesias: Circuit remodeling in the parkinsonian striatum

The goal of researchers and clinicians interested in re-instituting cell based therapies for PD is to develop an effective and safe surgical approach to replace dopamine (DA) in individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease (PD). Worldwide clinical trials involving transplantation of embryonic DA neurons into individuals with PD have been discontinued because of the often devastating post-surgical side-effect known as graft-induced dyskinesia (GID). There have been many review articles published in recent years on this subject. There has been a tendency to promote single factors in the cause of GID. In this review, we contrast the pros and cons of multiple factors that have been suggested from clinical and/or preclinical observations, as well as novel factors not yet studied that may be involved with GID. It is our intention to provide a platform that might be instrumental in examining how individual factors that correlate with GID and/or striatal pathology might interact to give rise to dysfunctional circuit remodeling and aberrant motor output.
International Diffusion and Postcommunist Electoral Revolutions

Abstract Over the past decade, a number of elections in postcommunist regimes perched between democracy and dictatorship have led to the triumph of liberal oppositions over illiberal incumbents or their anointed successors. The international diffusion of these electoral revolutions reflects the interaction among five factors: the long term development of civil society, expanded opportunities for democratic political change, the rise of collaborative networks among international democracy promoters, regional exporters of democracy and local oppositions, and, finally, careful application of an electoral approach to regime transition. The cross-national diffusion of the electoral model in this region, however, may have run its course, largely because of less supportive local and international conditions.
The synthesis of 1-silaphenalanes from 1,8-difunctional naphthalenes. Confirmation of the structures of the pyrolysis products of (1-naphthyl)vinyldichlorosilane

Abstract 1-Silaphenalanes have been prepared from 8-bromo-1-(2′-haloethyl)naphthalenes in modest yields. Attempts to dehydrogenate 1-silaphenalanes to 1-silaphenalenes were unsuccessful. Verified is 1,1-dichloro-1-silaphenalene as the major volatile silicon-containing product from the pyrolysis of (1-naphthyl)-vinyldichlorosilane. 1,1-Dichlorosilaphenalane was found to be a significant minor product.
Endogenous NIS Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancers

The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) mediates iodide transport into cells and has been identified in approximately 70% of breast cancers. Functional NIS expression raises the possibility of using 131I for therapeutic targeting of tumor cells. Treatment of triple-negative breast cancers [estrogen/progesterone receptor-negative and HER2-negative (ER−/PR−/HER2−)] is primarily limited to chemotherapy. Our aim was to characterize NIS expression in this subset of tumors. Archival tissue sections from 23 women with triple-negative breast cancer were analyzed for NIS expression using immunohistochemical methods and an anti-human NIS antibody. Tumors were evaluated for the presence of plasma membrane immunoreactivity. One patient with a NIS-expressing positive tumor underwent 123I scintigraphic imaging with dosimetric analysis. Fifteen cases (65.2%) demonstrated NIS-positivity with 11 tumors (47.8%) exhibiting strong expression. Plasma membrane immunoreactivity was observed in four breast cancers and was equivocal in another four tumors. Tumor-specific radioiodide uptake was demonstrated by 123I scintigraphy in a patient with a large primary breast cancer unresponsive to neoadjuvant therapy. The tumor concentrated 2.05, 1.53, and 1.96 times more isotope than normal breast tissue at 1, 5, and 21 h. The relative increased uptake is consistent with positive NIS expression in the tumor on definitive surgery; however, the cumulative concentration in the tumor was not sufficient to achieve a therapeutic effect, had the isotope been 131I. NIS is strongly expressed in a significant proportion of triple-negative breast cancer cells, suggesting a potential role for NIS-directed 131I-radioablative strategies in this patient population.
Worst-case Optimized V-BLAST Receiver Design for Imperfect MIMO Channels

V-BLAST systems require perfect knowledge of the channel at the receiver, which could be impractical in real world. The channel state information (CSI) that contains the unknown estimation error will hurdle the zero forcing based intersymbol interference nulling and symbol detection ordering in V-BLAST. This paper extends the V-BLAST scheme to the imperfect CSI under the assumption that the channel estimation errors are unknown and norm-bounded. The extension consists of novel worst-case optimized zero forcing nulling and symbol detection ordering. In each layer, the zero-forcing nulling is designed to minimize the worst case error power due to the imperfect channel estimation, while the order of symbol detection is organized to detect the symbol corresponding to the best worst-case post-processing signal over interference plus noise ratio (SINR). We have shown in computer simulations that the proposed algorithm considerably outperforms the standard ZF V-BLAST in the worst case CSI, while making no significant degradation in non worst-case scenarios.
Teacher Temporal Orientation and Management of the Urban School Reform and Change Process

To address the many changes that have occurred over the past several decades with regard to the inputs of the schooling process (students, teachers, facilities), the processes of schooling (new curriculums, multiculturalism, computer technology), and the outputs of schooling (test scores, social promotion, accountability, equal educational opportunity), urban school organizations have had to make enormous commitments to school reform and change. In this study, approximately 1,000 urban classroom teachers were surveyed with regard to their temporal orientation, their attitudes toward school change and reform, and their time investment behaviors. Using a multivariate discriminant analysis model, a statistically significant classification of urban classroom teachers, by age (younger than age 30 and older than age 50) and gender, was attained. Using a reduced sample of 507 classroom teachers, major differences were found in temporal orientations and willingness to participate in school reform activities acros...
Debt Maturity and the Effects of Growth Opportunities and Liquidity Risk on Leverage

I test the hypothesis that short debt maturity attenuates the negative effect of growth opportunities on leverage. Using simultaneous equations with leverage and maturity endogenous, I find strong support for an economically significant attenuation effect. The negative effect of growth opportunities on leverage for firms with all shorter-term debt is less than one-sixth as large as the effect for firms with all longer-term debt. Short maturity also increases liquidity risk, however, which negatively affects leverage. The results suggest that firms trade off the cost of underinvestment problems against the cost of liquidity risk when choosing short maturity. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
AN EVALUATION OF STIMULANT MEDICATION ON THE REINFORCING EFFECTS OF PLAY

Although a vast literature has indicated that stimulant medications are effective for reducing inappropriate behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the effects of stimulant medication on ancillary behaviors (e.g., play) have yet to be investigated with the same rigor. We used a reinforcer assessment procedure to evaluate the effects of medication on the play and social behavior of 5 preschool children who had been diagnosed with ADHD. Conditions included (a) social reinforcement (i.e., playing with friends), (b) alone play, and (c) quiet time (i.e., resting). Results indicated that 1 of the 5 participants selected fewer social reinforcers and more nonsocial reinforcers (alone play or quiet time) while on medication. The findings indicate that the reinforcer assessment procedure may be a viable way to evaluate medication effects on an ongoing basis and to inform treatment decisions.
Synthesis and characterization of binary and ternary III–V quantum dots

Abstract Quantum dots of InP, GaP, GaInP 2 , and GaAs with diameters ranging from 20–80 A can be synthesized as well-crystallized nanoparticles with bulk zinc blende structure. The synthesis is achieved by heating appropriate organometallic precursors with stabilizers in high boiling solvents for several days to produce QDs, which can then be dissolved in nonpolar organic solvents to form transparent colloidal QD dispersions. The high sample quality of the InP and Gap QDs results in excitonic features in the absorption spectra; excitonic features could not be observed for GaAs or GaInP 2 QDs. The GaP and GaInP 2 QD colloids exhibit very intense (quantum yields of 15–25%) visible photoluminescence at room temperature. The photoluminescence for InP QDs preparations show two emission bands: one band is in the visible at the band edge of the QD, and a second band appears above 800 nm. The near-IR PL is attributed to deep traps, presumably phosphorus vacancies on the QD surface. This band can be removed after controlled addition of etchant; subsequently, very intense band-edge emission (quantum yield 30%), which is tunable with particle size, is obtained. The QDs were characterized by TEM, SAXS, AFM, powder X-ray diffraction, steady-state optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, ps to ns transient photoluminescence spectroscopy, and fs to ps pump-probe absorption (i.e., hole-burning) spectroscopy.
Intentional Action and Pure Causality A Critical Discussion of Some Central Conceptual Distinctions in the Work of Jon Elster

This article discusses fundamental problems in "rational choice theory," as outlined by Jon Elster. Elster's discussion of why institutions may not be said to act shows his fundamental presupposition that only "monolithic," unitary entities are capable of action. This is, for him, a reason why only individual human beings may be said to act. Furthermore, human beings may be said to act only insofar as they "maximize" (their "utility") on the basis of a unitary, complete, consistent "preference structure." All action that is not maximization in this sense is for Elster not really human action, but rather instances of "pure causality." Elster distinguishes between the "real," intentional person, who "maximizes," and "purely causal forces" within the person. This article tries to show that this radical, sharp dichotomy between "intentionality," in this narrow sense, and "pure causality" is inadequate as a basis for understanding human action. This radical dichotomy is central to important arguments made by E...
The psychological reality of phrase-structure rules

The experiment was designed to determine the extent to which adult Ss would use their knowledge of grammar to break a sentence into functional subunits as they attempt to learn it. The Ss learned eight sentences, as responses to digits, in a PA task. Their responses were scored for the conditional probability that the words in the sentences were wrong, given that the immediately preceding word was right. It was assumed that these probabilities measured the extent to which adjacent words were independent events during learning. Words from the same functional subunit should be dependent events and those from different subunits should be relatively independent of one another. If Ss break the sentences into subunits using their grammar, the conditional probability of an error should be high between subunits and low within subunits. The results indicated that the conditional probabilities were predictable from the linguistic structure of the sentences.
Effect of Terpenoids and Related Compounds on the Oviposition Behavior of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Twenty-eight volatile plant compounds and related analogs were evaluated in separate laboratory assays for mediation of oviposition behaviors of the female European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. The compounds were acyclic and cyclic monoterpenes or sesquiterpenes or related compounds and possessed different functional groups, chain lengths, and molecular weights. The compounds varied in their effect on O. nubilalis oviposition behaviors, ranging from deterrents to stimulants. Cyclic sesquiterpenes generally stimulated oviposition by O. nubilalis, but several acyclic sesquiterpenes deterred oviposition. Individual compounds also may be used as cues for host finding by adult O. nubilalis. The compounds described in this study may serve as a guide for the creative design of safe, environmentally compatible control methods for the European corn borer, a destructive pest of many agricultural crops. Keywords: Terpenes; behavior; oviposition; Lepidoptera; Pyralidae
Anhedonia associated with stimulant use and dependence in a population-based sample of American adults.

Prior research suggests an association between anhedonia—diminished interest or pleasure in rewarding activities—and stimulant use in selected samples. However, it is unclear whether this association generalizes to the overall population and is consistent across stimulant drug types (amphetamine vs. cocaine) and outcome characteristics (any lifetime use vs. dependence). Questions also remain as to whether the anhedonia–stimulant relationship is unique from covariance with depressed mood, psychiatric disorders, and nonstimulant substance use. The current study addressed these questions by examining anhedonia–stimulant relationships in a cross-sectional population-based sample of 43,093 American adults. Results indicated that lifetime anhedonia and depressed mood each were positively associated with lifetime stimulant use and lifetime dependence among those who reported stimulant use. Anhedonia–stimulant relationships were consistent across amphetamine- and cocaine-related outcomes and distinct from covariance with depressed mood, which exhibited no association over and above the effect of anhedonia. After adjusting for demographic, psychiatric, and nonstimulant substance use characteristics, anhedonia–stimulant associations remained significant, although effect sizes were partially attenuated. Lifetime anhedonia was also more prevalent among respondents who initiated use but did not eventually progress to dependence in comparison with individuals who never once used a stimulant drug. Anhedonia appears to be uniquely associated with lifetime use of cocaine and amphetamines and lifetime progression from use to dependence in the American population. Albeit cross-sectional in nature, these findings add further support to the generalizability and specificity of the anhedonia–stimulant relationship. Future research utilizing longitudinal and experimental designs are warranted to clarify the underpinnings of this association.
The tribochemistry of silicon nitride: effects of friction, temperature and sliding velocity

Abstract In order to obtain information on the mechanisms of tribochemistry in silicon nitride, we studied the effects of chemical parameters (temperature and concentration of reagent) and tribological parameters (load and sliding speed) on the kinetics of the reaction, i.e. the rate of material removal. The temperature dependence of the wear rate of silicon nitride has been studied in several solutions. In CrO3 and in KOH, the removal rate increases with temperature; the apparent activation energy is 20 kJ/mole in CrO3 and 22 kJ/mole in KOH. In water, material removal is temperature independent, in KMnO4, its rate decreases with increasing temperature. These changes are accompanied by parallel variations in the coefficient of friction. The reaction rate presents a complex dependence on the concentration of CrO3 solutions. In water and CrO3 solutions, we observed a strong dependence of friction and material removal rate with the load. With the changes in temperature, concentration and load, it is found that the reaction rate (in mm3/(N·m)) is linear with the coefficient of friction above a threshold value μth≈0.2. The velocity dependence is complicated by the phenomena of mixed lubrication. In all cases, the lack of solid wear particles and the production of ammonia have verified the tribochemical nature of the material removal. The mechanism of stimulation of the chemical reaction by friction is a quasi-static stretching of the bonds at the interface and a high local vibration energy of the atoms at the sliding contact.
End effects for anti-plane shear deformations of sandwich structures

The purpose of this research is to further investigate the effects of material inhomogeneity and the combined effects of material inhomogeneity and anisotropy on the decay of Saint-Venant end effects. Saint-Venant decay rates for self-equilibrated edge loads in symmetric sandwich structures are examined in the context of anti-plane shear for linear anisotropic elasticity. The problem is governed by a second-order, linear, elliptic, partial differential equation with discontinuous coefficients. The most general anisotropy consistent with a state of anti-plane shear is considered, as well as a variety of boundary conditions. Anti-plane or longitudinal shear deformations are one of the simplest classes of deformations in solid mechanics. The resulting deformations are completely characterized by a single out-of-plane displacement which depends only on the in-plane coordinates. They can be thought of as complementary deformations to those of plane elasticity. While these deformations have received little attention compared with the plane problems of linear elasticity, they have recently been investigated for anisotropic and inhomogeneous linear elasticity. In the context of linear elasticity, Saint-Venant's principle is used to show that self-equilibrated loads generate local stress effects that quickly decay away from the loaded end of a structure. For homogeneous isotropic linear elastic materials this is well-documented. Self-equilibrated loads are a class of load distributions that are statically equivalent to zero, i.e., have zero resultant force and moment. When Saint-Venant's principle is valid, pointwise boundary conditions can be replaced by more tractable resultant conditions. It is shown in the present study that material inhomogeneity significantly affects the practical application of Saint-Venant's principle to sandwich structures.
Conditional deontic logic augmented with defeasible reasoning

Deontic logic, developed as a logic of normative reasoning, is often too rigid to be applied to practical normative systems. First, it fails to reason about situations in the presence of deontic conflicts. Also, it suffers from various logical paradoxes. A possible approach to solve problems of deontic conflicts is to establish preference hierarchies of norms and reasoning about the nonmonotonicity. This paper provides a mechanism to establish such hierarchies and augments conditional deontic logic with defeasible reasoning in order to maintain consistency in the presence of deontic conflicts and resolve deontic paradoxes.
Comparative effects of heat on chromatography and ultra-violet absorption of deoxyribo- or ribo-nucleic acids.

Comparative Effects of heat on Chromatography and Ultra-Violet Absorption of Deoxyribo- or Ribo-Nucleic Acids
Neuropeptides in aging and dementia

Although senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is a common disease associated with advancing age, recent studies have suggested that SDAT should not be considered synonymous with old age but a disease process separate from normal aging. This study examined the morphology of two neurochemically-defined neuronal populations (i.e., neurophysin, somatostatin) in the cortex and hypothalamus to determine if structural changes in these neuropeptide systems associated with advancing age are similar to those seen with SDAT. Our findings suggest that morphological changes consistent with neuronal degeneration occur in somatostatin but not neurophysin-containing neurons in cases diagnosed to have SDAT, and these structural changes are different from those seen in aged brain without central nervous system disease. These data support the concept that senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type is not a single neurochemical related disease, but may be associated with anatomical lesions and biochemical imbalances among a number of neuropeptide and neurotransmitter systems.
How Berkeley Corrupted His Capacity to Conceive

Berkeley’s capacity to conceive of mind-independent bodies was corrupted by his theory of representation. He thought that representation of things outside the mind depended on resemblance. Since ideas can resemble nothing than ideas, and all ideas are mind dependent, he concluded that we couldn’t form ideas of mind-independent bodies. More generally, he thought that we had no inner resembling proxies for mind-independent bodies, and so we couldn’t even form a notion of such things. Because conception is a suggestible faculty, Berkeley’s arguments actually made it the case that he himself couldn’t conceive of mind-independent bodies.
Rates and Probable Causes of Freshwater Tidal Marsh Failure, Potomac River Estuary, Northern Virginia, USA

Dyke Marsh, a distal tidal marsh along the Potomac River estuary, is diminishing rapidly in areal extent. This study documents Dyke Marsh erosion rates from the early-1860s to the present during pre-mining, mining, and post-mining phases. From the late-1930s to the mid-1970s, Dyke Marsh and the adjacent shallow riverbottom were mined for gravel, resulting in a ~55 % initial loss of area. Marsh loss continued during the post-mining phase (1976–2012). Causes of post-mining loss were unknown, but were thought to include Potomac River flooding. Post-mining areal-erosion rates increased from 0.138 ha yr−1 (~0.37 ac yr−1) to 0.516 ha yr−1 (~1.67 ac yr−1), and shoreline-erosion rates increased from 0.76 m yr−1 (~2.5 ft yr−1) to 2.60 m yr−1 (~8.5 ft yr−1). Results suggest the accelerating post-mining erosion reflects a process-driven feedback loop, enabled by the marsh's severely-altered geomorphic and hydrologic baseline system; the primary post-mining degradation process is wave-induced erosion from northbound cyclonic storms. Dyke Marsh erosion rates are now comparable to, or exceed, rates for proximal coastal marshes in the same region. Persistent and accelerated erosion of marshland long after cessation of mining illustrates the long-term, and potentially devastating, effects that temporally-restricted, anthropogenic destabilization can have on estuarine marsh systems.
Review of Hydrodynamic Scaling Laws in Aquatic Locomotion and Fishlike Swimming

We consider observations and data from live fish and cetaceans, as well as data from engineered flapping foils and fishlike robots, and compare them against fluid mechanics based scaling laws. These laws have been derived on theoretical/numerical/experimental grounds to optimize the power needed for propulsion, or the energy needed for turning and fast starting. The rhythmic, oscillatory motion of fish requires an “impedance matching” between the dynamics of the actively controlled musculature and the fluid loads, to arrive at an optimal motion of the fish’s body. Hence, the degree to which data from live fish, optimized robots, and experimental apparatus are in accordance with, or deviate from these flow-based laws, allows one to assess limitations on performance due to control and sensing choices, and material and structural limitations. This review focuses primarily on numerical and experimental studies of steadily flapping foils for propulsion; three-dimensional effects in flapping foils; multiple foils and foils interacting with bodies; maneuvering and fast-starting foils; the interaction of foils with oncoming, externally-generated vorticity; the influence of Reynolds number on foil performance; scaling effects of flexing stiffness of foils; and scaling laws in fishlike swimming. This review article cites 117 references.
Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity: Implications for Mental and Physical Health, Affect, and Motivation

Appearance-Based Rejection Sensitivity (Appearance-RS) is a personality-processing system characterized by anxious concerns and expectations about being rejected based on one's physical attractiveness. People differ in their sensitivity to rejection based on appearance, with consequences for mental and physical health, self-esteem, affect, and feelings of belonging. Study 1 describes the development and validation of the Appearance-RS scale, its relation to personality variables and to health-related outcomes. Study 2 provides experimental evidence that high Appearance-RS people feel more alone and rejected when asked to think about negative aspects of their appearance. Finally, Study 3 tests ways to reduce the negative effects of receiving an appearance threat among high Appearance-RS participants. Specifically, high Appearance-RS participants who engaged in self-affirmation (thought of their personal strengths) or received a secure attachment prime (thought of a close, caring relationship) were buffered from the negative effects of an appearance threat on subsequent state self-esteem and mood.