cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PD-1 Inhibitor Gastroenterocolitis Case Series and Appraisal of “Immunomodulatory Gastroenterocolitis”

Aims PD-1 inhibitors facilitate immune response against certain tumor types, including melanoma. These drugs have led to prolonged survival but can also result in autoimmune-type side effects, including gastrointestinal inflammation. The histopathologic effects of this medication class have not been well studied. Methods and Results We identified 37 gastrointestinal tract biopsies from 20 patients taking a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor and evaluated clinicopathologic findings. Diarrhea was the most common symptom, and endoscopic findings ranged from mild erythema to erosion/ulceration. Common histologic findings included lamina propria expansion, villous blunting (if applicable), intraepithelial neutrophils, and increased crypt/gland apoptosis, though intraepithelial lymphocytes were rarely prominent. A few cases showed crypt rupture with resultant histiocytic/granulomatous response. Most patients responded to drug cessation and/or steroids, but follow-up endoscopies were not performed. Conclusions PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors can cause gastritis, enteritis, and colitis, similar to other immunomodulatory antibodies (such as CTLA-4 inhibitors and PI3Kδ inhibitors), but the histologic findings vary somewhat among drug classes. Clinical history, lack of prominent intraepithelial lymphocytes, and crypt rupture may help distinguish PD-1 inhibitor gastroenterocolitis from mimics, which include other medication effect, inflammatory bowel disease, graft-versus-host disease, cytomegalovirus infection, and autoimmune enteropathy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Mechanical and metabolic determination of VO2 and fatigue during repetitive isometric contractions in situ.

Repetitive isometric tetanic contractions (1/s) of the canine gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle were studied either at optimal length (L o) or short length (L s; ∼0.9 ⋅ L o), to determine the effects ...
Detrending crop yield data for spatial visualization of drought impacts in the United States, 1895–2014

Historical drought events have had severe impacts on United States agriculture, but attempts to quantify and compare these impacts across space and time have been challenging because of the nonlinear and non-stationary nature of the crop yield time series. Here, we address this challenge using long-term state- and county-level corn yield data from 1895 to 2014. We apply and compare six trend simulation models – simple linear regression, second order polynomial regression, centered moving average, locally weighted regression, spline smoothing, and empirical mode decomposition – to simulate the nonlinear trend, and two decomposition models – an additive decomposition model and a multiplicative decomposition model – to remove the nonlinear trend from the yield time series. Our comparison of each method evaluates their respective advantages and disadvantages with respect to applicability across time and space, efficiency, and robustness. We find that a locally weighted regression model, coupled with a multiplicative decomposition model, is the most appropriate data self-adaptive detrending method. Detrended crop yield minus one represents the percentage lower or higher than normal yield conditions, termed “crop yield anomaly”. We then apply this detrending method and perform correlation analysis to show the quantitative relationship between state-level corn yield anomalies and multiple drought indices. We find that the 3-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in August and Palmer Z-index in July correlate most closely with corn yield anomalies. This correlation is higher east of the 100° W meridian, where irrigation is not as extensively used. Finally, we show how the detrending process allows spatial visualization of drought impact on corn yield in the US using gridded August 3-month SPI values with examples from six major droughts. Our focus on comparing detrending methods produces a methodology that can aid analysis of agricultural yield for both empirical and modeling studies connecting environmental and climate conditions to crop productivity.
ER stress and distinct outputs of the IRE1α RNase control proliferation and senescence in response to oncogenic Ras

Oncogenic Ras causes proliferation followed by premature senescence in primary cells, an initial barrier to tumor development. The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in regulating these two cellular outcomes is poorly understood. During ER stress, the inositol requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) endoribonuclease (RNase), a key mediator of the UPR, cleaves Xbp1 mRNA to generate a potent transcription factor adaptive toward ER stress. However, IRE1α also promotes cleavage and degradation of ER-localized mRNAs essential for cell death. Here, we show that oncogenic HRas induces ER stress and activation of IRE1α. Reduction of ER stress or Xbp1 splicing using pharmacological, genetic, and RNAi approaches demonstrates that this adaptive response is critical for HRas-induced proliferation. Paradoxically, reduced ER stress or Xbp1 splicing promotes growth arrest and premature senescence through hyperactivation of the IRE1α RNase. Microarray analysis of IRE1α- and XBP1-depleted cells, validation using RNA cleavage assays, and 5' RACE identified the prooncogenic basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor ID1 as an IRE1α RNase target. Further, we demonstrate that Id1 degradation by IRE1α is essential for HRas-induced premature senescence. Together, our studies point to IRE1α as an important node for posttranscriptional regulation of the early Ras phenotype that is dependent on both oncogenic signaling as well as stress signals imparted by the tumor microenvironment and could be an important mechanism driving escape from Ras-induced senescence.
Application of Surfactant Micelle-Entrapped Eugenol for Prevention of Growth of the Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Ground Beef

Beef safety may be compromised by O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) contamination. The capacity of surfactant micelles loaded with the plant-derived antimicrobial eugenol to reduce STEC on beef trimmings that were later ground and refrigerated for five days at 5 ± 1 °C was tested to determine their utility for beef safety protection. STEC-inoculated trimmings were treated with free eugenol, micelle-encapsulated eugenol, 2% lactic acid (55 °C), sterile distilled water (25 °C), or left untreated (control). Following treatment, trimmings were coarse-ground and stored aerobically at 5 ± 1 °C. Ground beef was then sampled for STEC immediately post-grinding, and again at three and five days of storage. STEC minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in liquid medium for free eugenol and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-loaded micelles were 0.5% and 0.125%, respectively. STEC numbers on beef trimmings treated by sterile water (6.5 log10 CFU/g), free eugenol (6.5 log10 CFU/g), micelle-loaded eugenol (6.4 log10 CFU/g), and lactic acid (6.4 log10 CFU/g) did not differ compared to untreated controls (6.6 log10 CFU/g) (p = 0.982). Conversely, STEC were significantly reduced by refrigerated storage (0.2 and 0.3 log10 CFU/g at three and five days of storage, respectively) (p = 0.014). Antimicrobial treatments did not significantly decontaminate ground beef, indicating their low utility for beef safety protection.
Childhood maltreatment and post-deployment psychological distress: The indirect role of emotional numbing

Objective Childhood maltreatment is an increasingly established predictor of psychological problems. However, limited research addresses pathways though which childhood maltreatment influences the mental health of military personnel following deployment. The current study investigated the direct, and indirect through emotional numbing, relations between childhood maltreatment and psychological distress of recently deployed veterans. Method For a sample of 131 predominantly White, male Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom members of U.S. Army National Guard and Reserve units, a path model was used to test the direct and indirect (through numbing) roles of childhood maltreatment on distress. Results Results showed that childhood maltreatment was not significantly directly associated with psychological distress one-year post-deployment but was indirectly related to distress by way of emotional numbing symptoms. Conclusions Our findings suggest that childhood maltreatment may serve to influence returning veterans' experiences of psychological distress indirectly through increased emotional numbing following deployment. The importance of attending to emotional numbing symptoms among veterans with experiences of childhood maltreatment after deployment is highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record
Abscisic Acid-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Are Modulated by Flavonols to Control Stomata Aperture

Abscisic acid (ABA) increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) in guard cells to close Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stomata. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we find that ABA-increased ROS is followed by stomatal closure and that both responses are blocked by inhibitors of ROS-producing respiratory burst oxidase enzymes. ABA-induced ROS sensor fluorescence accumulates in the nucleus, chloroplasts, and endomembranes. The accumulation of flavonol antioxidants in guard cells, but not surrounding pavement cells, was visualized by confocal microscopy using a flavonol-specific fluorescent dye. Decreased flavonols in guard cells in the anthocyanin reduced (are) mutant and elevated levels in the anthocyanin without (aw) mutant were quantified by confocal microscopy and in leaf extracts by mass spectrometry. Consistent with flavonols acting as antioxidants, higher levels of ROS were detected in guard cells of the tomato are mutant and lower levels were detected in aw both at homeostasis and after treatment with ABA. These results demonstrate the inverse relationship between flavonols and ROS. Guard cells of are show greater ABA-induced closure than the wild type, reduced light-dependent guard cell opening, and reduced water loss, with aw having opposite responses. Ethylene treatment of wild-type tomato plants increased flavonol accumulation in guard cells; however, no flavonol increases were observed in Neverripe (Nr), an ethylene receptor mutant. Consistent with lower levels of ROS due to elevated flavonols, ethylene treatments decreased ABA-induced stomatal closure in the wild type, but not Nr, with ethylene responses attenuated in the are mutant. Together, these results are consistent with flavonols dampening the ABA-dependent ROS burst that drives stomatal closure and facilitating stomatal opening to modulate leaf gas exchange.
Methamphetamine and Precursor Laws in the United States

Methamphetamine is a potent synthetic central nervous system stimulant used by diverse populations around the globe. Both the consumption and production of methamphetamine influence its circulation through licit and illicit markets. At the level of consumption, it is used both for pleasure and for more instrumental ends such as increasing work productivity and weight loss. At the level of production, it is made using chemicals designed for and available through the licit economy, such as the pseudoephedrine in many common cold remedies. Both aspects pose challenges and opportunities for regulators. This chapter examines the precursor laws introduced in the United States to limit access to the chemicals used in domestic production of methamphetamine. The specific focus is on efforts to more tightly control access to products containing pseudoephedrine at points of sale. Research suggests that tightening pseudoephedrine regulations would likely curb local production of methamphetamine—particularly small-scale production—thereby mitigating many of the risks such operations pose. However, research also suggests that such precursor laws alone will not have long-term impacts on either the availability of methamphetamine or use rates.
Motor Systems — Pyramidal

Comprising cells and fibers of the upper motor neuron system arising from the cerebral cortex, which project without synapse, to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord and adjacent regions.
Management of Root-Khot Nematodes in Soybean

The use of resistant cultivars has been the mainstay of root-knot nematode management in soybean. Genes which impart a quantitative resistance to Meloidogyne incognita have been incorporated into several cultivars of maturity groups VI – VIII. Though some yield losses are experienced by these cultivars when grown in heavily infested soil, the additional use of nematicidal soil treatment is not generally practiced. Management by crop rotation is complicated by the extensive host ranges of the causal organisms, which also include M. arenaria, and M. javanica. However, the declining economics of soybean production over the last decade has encouraged growers individually to adopt rotational cropping practices. This should favor the management of the latter two species, against which resistant cultivars have not been adequately developed.
Alcohol Mixed With Energy Drinks and Sexually Related Causes of Conflict in the Barroom.

The popularity of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) among young adults has spurred studies that focus on its links to aggression and risk-taking behaviors, including risky sex and sexual vict...
Managing Conflict with Parents-in-Law in a Secular Society Steeped in Islamic Traditions: Perspectives of Married Turkish Couples

In Turkey, conflicts with parents-in-law can be shaped by opposing viewpoints that can emerge from the coexistence of modern secular and Islamic traditions. The integral role of parents-in-law in T...
Looking beyond the first cycle in phase I cancer clinical trials.

6587 Background: Phase I cancer trials use toxicity data from the first cycle to define dose limiting toxicity and guide dose escalation. Since doses are assigned only after outcomes for previous p...
Sinking Point: Dynamic Precision Tracking for Floating-Point

We present sinking-point, a floating-point-like number system that tracks precision dynamically though computations. With existing floating-point number systems, such as the venerable IEEE 754 standard, numerical results do not inherently contain any information about their precision or accuracy; to determine if a result is numerically accurate, a separate analysis must be performed. By contrast, sinking-point records the precision of each intermediate value and result computed, so highly imprecise results can be identified immediately. Compared to IEEE 754 floating-point, sinking-point's representation requires only a few additional bits of storage, and computations require only a few additional bitwise operations. Sinking-point is fully generalizable, and can be extended to provide dynamic error tracking for nearly any digital number system, including posits.
Genetics and genomics of dairy cattle

Abstract Dairy cattle selection programs aim to improve the profitability and sustainability of the dairy industry, either by targeting traits that increase revenues or traits that reduce expenses. These breeding objectives are typically addressed using selection indices, in which relevant traits are combined and weighted according to their economic importance. The advent of genomics in the last decade has revolutionized dairy cattle breeding, enabling more rapid genetic progress, particularly for low heritable traits, while facilitating the selection for novel traits that are not feasible to improve using conventional progeny testing programs. The focus of selection has evolved over time, from increasing milk yield to improving milk solids and enhancing health and fertility traits. Future selection programs will emphasize milk composition and quality, as well as, fitness traits and feed efficiency, given the raising concerns about dairy cow welfare and the environmental impacts of dairy farming.
O BEM ESTAR ANIMAL APLICADO A ESPÉCIE Gallus gallus domesticus (Linnaeus 1758) DO TRANSPORTE AO ABATE

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir e aprimorar praticas, tendo em vista o bem-estar da especie Gallus gallus popularmente conhecido como frango domestico, desde o transporte ate o abate realizado pelos frigorificos. As condicoes nas quais os animais sao abatidos resultam em impacto direto ou indireto no mercado dos produtos destinados a alimentacao humana, tais operacoes devem estar amparadas pela legislacao e fiscalizadas para garantir sanidade, qualidade, aparencia e coloracao do produto final, bem como seguranca alimentar. A eficiencia das Industrias impacta na comercializacao, sendo essa nacional ou internacional. Assim garantir o bem-estar animal, deve ser objetivo desde a criacao ate o abate, uma vez que a producao de carne de frango brasileira vem se destacando internacionalmente nos ultimos anos, colocando o Pais em destaque no mercado exportador.
IMPROVING EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: NEW INSIGHTS FROM BIG DATA

Children's chances of earning more than their parents have fallen from 90% to 50% over the past half century in America. How can we restore the American Dream of upward mobility for our children? In this talk, Raj Chetty discusses recent work that he and his colleagues at Opportunity Insights have done addressing this question. Among other topics, Professor Chetty covers how and why children's chances of climbing the income ladder vary across neighborhoods, how race still matters for economic mobility in the U.S. today, and the relationship between equality of opportunity, innovation, and growth. (JEL I3, H4, D9)
Financial Contagion in International Supply-Chain Networks

Using hand-collected data on U.S. suppliers and their foreign principal corporate customers, I study the role of cross-border supply-chains for international financial contagion. Following large country-level shocks in the customer countries such as country-index return jumps and natural disasters, the dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) of stock returns between U.S. suppliers and international customers increases by 7% of a standard deviation relative to matched placebo firm-pairs. This increase is beyond any country- or industry-effects and persists for approximately 25 weeks. Consistent with a credit-chain mechanism, I find no effect of positive shocks on supplier-customer DCC and a significant increase in supplier CDS spreads following negative shocks in the customer countries. I further document that contagion is increasing with trade credit usage, customer vulnerability, and cost of bankruptcy resolution in the customer countries, and document that supply-chains contribute up to 50% of overall financial contagion at the country-level. My findings provide novel firm-level evidence on the mechanisms that link fundamentals and asset correlation.
A resolving role for neutrophil CD11d in facilitating neutrophil survival and macrophage efferocytosis during sepsis

Discussion on neutrophil CD11d's potential role in facilitating neutrophil survival and macrophage efferocytosis during sepsis.
Revisiting Learning for Utility-Scale Wind and Solar in the United States

SummaryLearning curves play a central role in power sector planning. One challenge is to address welldocumented limitations in the accuracy of learning-based projections. We improve upon past learning curves for utility-scale wind and solar in three ways. First, we generate plant-level estimates of the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) in the United States, and then use LCOE, rather than capital costs, as the dependent variable. Second, we normalize LCOE to control for exogenous influences unrelated to learning. Third, we use segmented regression to identify change points in LCOE learning. We find fullperiod learning rates of 15% for wind and 24% for solar, with accelerated learning of 40%-45% in recent years. We conclude that (normalized) LCOE-based learning provides a more complete view of technology advancement than much of the existing literature affords. Models that do not account for recent accelerated LCOE reductions or endogenous LCOE-based learning may underestimate future cost reduction.
The Role of Police Reform in Conflict Resolution in Ukraine’s Donbas Region

This chapter analyzes police reform efforts within Ukraine as an example of law enforcement assistance that has achieved a considerable level of success, even as the country continues to lose lives to a conflict that is no closer to resolution. Though deep reform has largely been limited to those police working daily with the public (notably the new urban patrol police and rural community policing officers across many regions in Ukraine), those units also serve as critical interlocutors with the public in the war-torn Donbas region. This study suggests that police reform can serve as a prerequisite to build and enhance the regional trust necessary for a negotiated settlement to work in the Donbas region. Most notably, police reform may facilitate the critical step, as required in the Minsk II Peace Agreement, for Kyiv to trust the residents of the Donbas Region to choose their local governments through elections and further decentralize power in Ukraine.
The failure rate of a convolution dominates the failure rate of any IFR component

Abstract The failure rate of a convolution dominates, i.e., globally outperforms, the failure rate of any IFR component. An example is given to show this is not true for a DFR component.
Chimeric drift in allophenic mice: II. Analysis of changes in red blood cell and white blood cell populations in C57BL/10Sn … a mice

Abstract Nine allophenic mice of the type C57BL/10Sn … A were analyzed quantitatively, at weekly intervals over a period of 6 weeks, for the relative parental contributions to their red blood cell and white blood cell populations. It was found that four of the mice showed a significant change (termed “chimeric drift”) in the parental composition of their peripheral white blood cells, as determined by cytotoxicity testing. Six of the mice analyzed showed chimeric drift in their red blood cell population, as determined by hemoglobin analysis on isoelectric focusing gels. The isoelectric points of the hemoglobins of six inbred strains of mice were determined as an outgrowth of this study. Chimeric drift was observed in the direction of either parental cell type, and was found to be independent of the coat color, age, or sex of the mice.
Internal Needs, Endoxa, and the Truth: An Aristotelian Approach to the Popular Screenplay

Robert McKee, in his widely-esteemed screenwriting manual, Story , speaks of storytelling in general, and the screenplay in particular, as 'the creative demonstration of truth.' But what could it mean to think of the screenplay as a 'demonstration,' that is, as an argument? In this article I explore this question, taking my cue from McKee's own description of screenplay narrative as 'dramatized dialectical debate.' McKee's reference to dialectic suggests a connection to the dialectical inquiries in Aristotle's major treatises, especially the dialectical inquiry into the nature of human happiness found in the first book of the Nicomachean Ethics . I argue for an analogy between this dialectical inquiry in Aristotle's ethics, and the dialectical trajectory of popular screenplays. Such an analogy helps us understand how films do work as kinds of argument, arguments that aim at the truth of what it means for human beings to achieve their good.
Population Structures of Ghanzi and Ngamiland !Kung

The ways in which ecological circumstances condition and are conditioned by population density, population growth, and vital rates are important current interests in anthropology. We present some data relevant to understanding how mobility, diet, and disease may affect the demography of small populations; in particular we examine the widely held hypothesis that the onset of sedentism among formerly mobile hunter-gatherers permits population growth through an increase in fertility and a decrease in infanticide. In the particular case we will consider, the two major groups of !Kung Bushmen in Botswana, we will show that sedentism has led to decreased mortality but not to a detectable change in natality.
Increasing Counseling Center Utilization: Yeshiva University's Experience.

Yeshiva University established a counseling center during the 2004–2005 academic year. As a religiously based institution, the administration recognized that there would likely be significant impediments to utilization of on-campus mental health services as a result of negative attitudes about mental illness and its treatment—stigma. To combat these anticipated attitudes, the university put in place a number of assertive programs. Subsequently, rates of utilization increased to national norms within a relatively brief time, suggesting that a multifaceted outreach and referral campaign was as effective on this campus as at a secular institution. Of note, however, although utilization increased to national norms, levels of reported stigma remained significantly above national college norms, raising the intriguing possibility that stigma may not represent an absolute impediment to help-seeking.
Stabilization policy and the Japanese economy

Abstract Japan shifted from rapid growth to slow growth in 1975. In the rapid-growth period, Japan was a neoclassical economy with saving in short supply. Saving had to be allocated to investment via credit rationing while the interest rate was more or less fixed under the government's low-interest policy. Foreign exchanges were strictly controlled under the fixed-rate regime. With the balanced budget principle in force, the only stabilization policy was monetary policy. The balance-of-payments constraint forced monetary policy to follow the “stop-and-go” pattern, which injected business cycles into an otherwise neoclassical economy. In the slow-growth period, Japan became a Keynesian economy with saving in excess supply. The economy became financially mature, interest rates began fluctuating, the exchange rate floating, and capital flows in principle free. To eliminate the emerging saving surplus, the national government was forced to run a heavy budget deficit. Fiscal policy was activated, but the actual performance shows that fiscal policy served to stabilize the economy in the medium term. For short-term stabilization, the government had to depend on monetary policy. Monetary policy, however, had to meet the dual duty of domestic price stability and exchange-rate stability. An overexpansion of currency supply in defense of the yen value induced an overexpansion of currency supply. Goods inflation was averted but asset inflation was not. Two economic bubbles—in the early 1970s and the late 1980s—shook the foundation of Japan's macroeconomy. Real growth fluctuated with money growth. Thus, monetary policy destabilized rather than stabilized the Japanese economy.
Buspirone is differentiated from diazepam in humans using a three-response drug discrimination procedure.

The discriminative stimulus effects of buspirone and diazepam were examined in 12 healthy volunteers using a three-response drug discrimination procedure and a within-subject design. During an initial sampling phase, the training drug conditions (placebo, 15 mg/70 kg buspirone, and 10 mg/70 kg diazepam) were identified to subjects by letter codes before oral drug administration. During a subsequent training phase, subjects earned money for correct drug identifications made two hours after drug administration. Ten out of 12 subjects acquired the three-response discrimination. When lower doses of buspirone (3.75 and 7.5 mg/70 kg) and diazepam (2.5 and 5.0 mg/70 kg) were tested in a subsequent generalization testing phase, both buspirone and diazepam produced dose-related increases in appropriate drug identifications, without significant cross-generalization. Analyses of standardized and unstructured self report questionnaires revealed that buspirone and diazepam produced different profiles of effects, and that buspirone was associated with a number of “negative” subject-rated effects including tension, nausea, and dizziness. These results demonstrate a distinct profile of discriminative stimulus and subjective effects for buspirone relative to diazepam which is consistent with its distinct pharmacological profile, and provide evidence for the sensitivity of the three-response drug discrimination procedure.
Older adults who seek care in the home

Purpose – This paper aims to identify the characteristics of 260 adults, 65 and over, who applied for services through an Area Agency on Aging in a western state in the United States, and to determine the conditions that resulted in referral to the state‐funded Home and Community Based Alternatives Program (Alternatives) or the Medicaid Aging Waiver (Waiver) program.Design/methodology/approach – The study was an exploratory one utilizing quantitative data from an existing database of older adults who sought home and community based services from Mountainlands Area Agency on Aging (AAA) between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007.Findings – Although most of the sample lived at or near poverty levels, results suggest that higher monthly income and living alone predict referral to the Alternatives program, whereas greater need for assistance with bathing and performing heavy housework are the primary determinants of referral to the Medicaid Waiver program.Originality/value – This study adds to the body of ...
A guide to the productive poking, prodding and injection of cells

![Figure][1] Microinjection: Methods and Applications (Methods in Molecular Biology Vol. 518) Edited by David J. Carroll Humana Press (2009) 224 pages, ISBN 978-1-58829-884-3, $99.50 (hardback) This is just the type of book I would have liked to have had read before I began my own
Description of viral assemblages associated with the Gorgonia ventalina holobiont

The diversity and function of viruses in coral holobionts has only recently received attention. The non-reef building gorgonian octocoral, Gorgonia ventalina, is a major constituent of Caribbean reefs. We investigated viral communities associated with G. ventalina tissues to understand their role in gorgonian ecology. Pyrosequencing was used to prepare a total of 514,632 sequence reads of DNA- and RNA-based mixed-community viral genomes (metaviromes). RNA viral assemblages were comprised of primarily unidentifiable reads, with most matching host transcripts and other RNA metaviromes. DNA metaviromes were similar between healthy and diseased tissues and comprised of contiguous sequences (contigs) that matched primarily metazoan and bacterial proteins. Only ~5% of contigs matched viral proteins that were primarily cyanophage and viruses of Chlorella and Ostreococcus. Our results confirm that DNA and RNA viruses comprise a component of the gorgonian holobiont, suggesting that they may play a role in the ecology of G. ventalina.
Neuropsychological Features of Lesion-related Epilepsy in Adults: An Overview

Lesional epilepsy is thought to be a direct consequence of focal brain lesions of dysgenetic, neoplastic, vascular, or traumatic origin. It has been estimated that at least half of all epilepsies are the result of such lesions. The current discussion includes an overview of the cognitive and behavioral presentations in adults with epilepsy secondary to focal pathology. The neuropsychological presentation in this population is influenced by many factors, including the location and nature of the underlying lesion, seizure characteristics, the effects of treatment, and patient variables. Few studies attempt to disentangle the specific contributions of these variables to cognitive performance. However, where available studies examining the separable effects of seizure-related variables on cognitive functioning in individuals with lesional epilepsy are also reviewed. This overview includes a discussion of focal malformations of cortical and vascular development and select foreign tissue and acquired lesions.
Superresolution four-wave mixing microscopy

We report on the development of a superresolution four-wave mixing microscope with spatial resolution approaching 130 nm which represents better than twice the diffraction limit at 800 nm while retaining the ability to acquire materials- and chemical- specific contrast. The resolution enhancement is achieved by narrowing the microscope’s excitation volume in the focal plane through the combined use of a Toraldo-style pupil phase filter with the multiplicative nature of four-wave mixing.
A Characterization of Gaussian Spaces

Abstract A characterization of Gaussian subspaces of L 2 is given. It is shown that Gaussian subspaces are essentially characterized by the property that all linear isometries are induced by measure-preserving transformations.
Small median tumor diameter at cure threshold (<20 mm) among aggressive non-small cell lung cancers in male smokers predicts both chest X-ray and CT screening outcomes in a novel simulation framework

The effectiveness of population-wide lung cancer screening strategies depends on the underlying natural course of lung cancer. We evaluate the expected stage distribution in the Mayo CT screening study under an existing simulation model of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression calibrated to the Mayo lung project (MLP). Within a likelihood framework, we evaluate whether the probability of 5-year NSCLC survival conditional on tumor diameter at detection depends significantly on screening detection modality, namely chest X-ray and computed tomography. We describe a novel simulation framework in which tumor progression depends on cellular proliferation and mutation within a stem cell compartment of the tumor. We fit this model to randomized trial data from the MLP and produce estimates of the median radiologic size at the cure threshold. We examine the goodness of model fit with respect to radiologic tumor size and 5-year NSCLC survival among incident cancers in both the MLP and Mayo CT studies. An existing model of NSCLC progression under-predicts the number of advanced-stage incident NSCLCs among males in the Mayo CT study (p-value = 0.004). The probability of 5-year NSCLC survival conditional on tumor diameter depends significantly on detection modality (p-value = 0.0312). In our new model, selected solution sets having a median tumor diameter of 16.2–22.1 mm at cure threshold among aggressive NSCLCs predict both MLP and Mayo CT outcomes. We conclude that the median lung tumor diameter at cure threshold among aggressive NSCLCs in male smokers may be small (<20 mm).
Breast MR Imaging Lexicon Updated

The American College of Radiology Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System MR imaging lexicon incorporates morphologic and kinetic features of lesions identified on breast MR imaging. This brief article is aimed at introducing this material and should not be used as a definitive guide. Because the breast MR imaging lexicon is a work in progress, there are many areas that need exploring and better characterization. It is hoped that the radiologist uses the terms and concepts presented here as a template to which future lexicon terminology can be added.
LARGE-VOLUME CONTINUOUS-FLOW ELECTROPHORESIS OF SERUM PROTEINS WITH GLASS MICROBEADS.

Abstract A continuous-flow electrophoresis apparatus utilizing siliconized Pyrex glass microbeads has been described. The apparatus has been used to separate and collect large quantities of serum proteins in a relatively short period of time. Evidence is presented to indicate that there is little or no loss of biological activity in the collected fractions.
Self-Interest, Social Security, and the Distinctive Participation Patterns of Senior Citizens

Decades of participation research show that political activity increases with income, but the participation of senior citizens specifically with regard to Social Security poses an exception to this pattern. Social Security-oriented participation decreases as income rises, in part because lower-income seniors are more dependent on the program. The negative income-participation gradient is especially pronounced for letter writing about the program, but even Social Security-related voting and contributing are less common among higher-income seniors. This is an instance in which self-interest is highly influential: Those who are more dependent are more active. It is also an example of lower-class mobilization with regard to an economic issue, something quite unusual in the United States.
Models of learning progress in solving complex problems: Expertise development in teaching and learning

Abstract This study proposes that learning is a process of transitioning from one stage to another stage within a knowledge base that features concepts and relations. Drawing on the theories of expertise, this study explored two different models of learning progress (i.e., three- and two-stage models) in the context of classroom learning and identified a model that was a good fit to the data. Participants in this investigation included 136 students and 7 professors from six different universities in the United States. In order to detect and validate stages of learning progress in participants' written responses to an ill-structured and complex problem scenario, this study utilized Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and the Continuous Log-Linear Cognitive Diagnostic Model (C-LCDM) method (Bozard, 2010). The results demonstrate that the three latent classes matched the three stages of the three-stage model. This study provides an account of a diagnostic model of learning progress and associated assessment methods, yet further studies are required to investigate different conditions.
SAFETY BELT USE IN NEW HAMPSHIRE

Shoulder belt use by drivers and right-front passengers was observed in four New Hampshire cities in May 1991. Driver belt use ranged from 28% to 45% in the four cities and was 36% overall; passenger belt use was 33% overall. These results contrast with those in a 1990 New Hampshire state survey, which reported statewide driver and passenger belt use rates of 52% and 54%, respectively. New Hampshire does not have a safety belt use law. The present results suggest that New Hampshire has belt use rates typical of the other New England states without laws. Based on the experience of other states with laws, it is likely that enactment of a belt use law would increase use considerably.
Prior-image-based few-view cone beam CT for applications to daily scan in image-guided radiation therapy: preliminary study

Interfraction motion of a treatment target such as the prostate in radiation therapy (RT) is, in part, responsible for large planning target volume (PTV) margins and related side effects. Online adjustment of the treatment based on timely cone-beam CT (CBCT) images can be particularly useful for patients with large interfraction motion. However, radiation dose to the patient due to frequent CBCT poses a radiation safety concern. One unique feature of CBCT for interfraction motion detection is the availability of a prior anatomical image most of which has not changed. We propose an iterative algorithm, for image reconstruction from a very limited number of projections in CBCT, that is based on total variation (TV) minimization subject to the constraints of data fidelity and positivity and that utilizes anatomical image prior information. Numerical studies for a 2D fan-beam geometry suggests the proposed algorithm can potentially contribute to lowering the radiation dose to the patient by allowing satisfactory image reconstruction from a very limited number of projections.
THERMOCHEMISTRY OF NORTH CAROLINA OLIVINE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FORSTERITE REFRACTORIES

A review of the properties of forsterite refractories is presented, and the causes of their failure are discussed. The main cause of failure is incomplete conversion of the impurities as shown by photomicrographs. The figures also show the several stages of breakdown of the crude olivine and the stages of conversion to forsterite as dependent upon temperature. The relation of the thermochemistry of the olivine to the manufacture of high-grade forsterite refractories is given.
Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding spinach ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase

The nucleotide sequences of two cDNA clones, totalling 4948 bp in length, encoding 98% of the 1483 amino acids of the mature form of the ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of spinach chloroplasts have been determined. The amino-terminal sequence of the enzyme has been determined by direct sequencing of the protein. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the spinach enzyme is 83% identical to that of the ferredoxin-dependent maize enzyme and shows significant sequence homology to two prokaryotic NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate synthases. Analysis of spinach genomic DNA indicates the presence of a single-copy gene for the spinach enzyme. Northern analysis reveals the presence of a single 5.5 kb transcript, which is present in higher levels in young spinach leaves than in older leaves.
Strain gradient plasticity length scale parameters for LIGA Ni MEMs thin films

Abstract This paper presents a recent study of the effects of plasticity strain gradient length scale parameters on plastic deformation. The plasticity length scale parameters are obtained for LIGA Ni MEMS structures plated from sulfamate baths. Micro-tensile experiments were explored in current study to evaluate the basic tensile properties for LIGA Ni MEMS structures at micron scale. The composite length scale parameter [J.S. Stolken, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 6 (1998) 5109–5115] was obtained from the micro-bend techniques, and the stretch gradient length scale parameter [J.S. Stolken, A.G. Evans, Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 5109–5115; N.A. Fleck, J.W. Hutchinson, Adv. Appl. Mech. 33 (1997) 295–361; W.D. Nix, H. Gao, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46 (1998) 411–425; M.R. Begley, J.W. Hutchinson, J. Mech. Phys. Solids 46 (1998) 2049–2068] was extracted from the nano-indentation experiments. A constitutive expression, which is an extension of the traditional J 2 theory, was obtained for the LIGA Ni MEMS structures. This constitutive equation can be used for the further modeling of plasticity of LIGA Ni MEMS structures plated under similar conditions. The implications of plasticity length scale parameters are discussed for multi-scale modeling between the micron- and nano-scales.
Polyphyly of the Genus Dentaria (Brassicaceae): Evidence from trnL Intron and ndhF Sequence Data

Abstract Members of the traditional genus Dentaria (Brassicaceae) comprise about twenty species disjunctly distributed in three biogeographical areas: eastern North America, western North America, and Eurasia. The group has variously been treated as a distinct genus, as a subgenus of Cardamine, or as several sections within Cardamine. Using chloroplast DNA sequence data from the trnL intron and ndhF gene we examine the evolutionary relationships of traditional Dentaria species to Cardamine sensu stricto and the validity of Schulz's sectional treatment of Cardamine (including Dentaria). Sequence data were obtained from nine Dentaria species, representing all three disjunct biogeographical groups and two of Schulz's sections, and six other Cardamine species representing a range of morphological variation within the genus and three of Schulz's sections. Results from maximum parsimony analysis show multiple origins for Dentaria within Cardamine and do not correspond well to Schulz's sectional classification. ...
On the control of Lyapunov exponents of two-dimensional linear systems with locally integrable coefficients

We show that if a two-dimensional linear nonstationary control system with locally integrable and integrally bounded coefficients is uniformly completely controllable, then the complete spectrum of Lyapunov exponents of the corresponding closed system whose feedback is linear in the phase variables is globally controllable.
Engineering enters new cycle of development and definition.

The profession of engineering is evidencing important changes under the impact of the microprocessor and the energy crisis. Societal considerations are altering the normative criteria of engineering while computerized manufacturing systems require entirely new engineering approaches. The trend is toward greater autonomy of engineering from the traditional basic sciences. Significant changes in engineering education will be necessary. The new technological environment requires closer links among academia, industry, and the professional societies—engineering9s essential triad.
New heterobinuclear μ-oxo-bridged dimer complexes: synthesis, characterization and structural studies

[(C 2 2H 2 2N 4 ) Ti−O−Fe-(salen)] 2 (BPh 4 ) cristallise dans le systeme triclinique, groupe d'espace P1 et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,082
Is Friedrich Nietzsche a precursor to the holistic movement

The focus of this paper revolves around a single question: Is Friedrich Nietzsche a precursor to the holistic movement? While both the question and the answer may be simple, its explication, as any serious reader of Nietzsche will attest, is not. This essay does not merely relate a number of the interesting parallels between the philosophy of Nietzsche and the growing need for and subsequent development of holistic philosophies which deny the lifeless mechanisms of separable parts in favor of living wholes. Rather, the intended desire is to provide readers with an avenue whereby they can at last comprehend the inherent message Nietzsche so frantically tried to make known and to take up the challenge he left. Just as children rarely appreciate a parent’s wisdom until they have matured, so it is that often the brilliance of a thinker’s thought can be assessed only after the seeds of that thought have germinated. Only now can the vision required to penetrate the ultraviolet spectrum nurturing these dawning holistic philosophies be traced back to their origin in Nietzsche. Only now may his philosophy be freed from those misguided interpretations which gleaned confusion, contradiction or nihilism by revealing the structure of ‘the future philosophy’ that none of these interpretations seemed to take seriously. Accomplishing this feat will require: first, an analysis of Nietzsche’s genealogy that reveals the relationship between Platonic metaphysics and the current crisis in the West; second, his reinterpretation of that crisis as but a necessary transitional stage; and, lastly, the nature of a very different worldview whose foundation and consequences must be understood holistically. One of the recurring topics surrounding Nietzsche’s phiIosophy has to do with whether he is himself a nihilist. Admittedly, the extent to which he attempts to undermine the fundamental truths of Western culture have been the principal cause for this discussion. Where scholars have not openly characterised his philosophy as illogical and thereby meaningless, many have branded him a nihilist and, as a consequence, a fatalist. Yet such a reading radically disregards Nietzsche’s hope to transform the impending fatalism for which he is not responsible into a future philosophy which promises hope. Such a misreading was possible only to the extent that such scholars have mistaken Nietzsche’s description of cultural ills arising from its inadequate metaphysical base to be a denial that truth in any sense is possible. This misunderstanding is itself a testament to the central tenet of Nietzsche’s criticism, i.e. that the West has so completely absorbed this understanding of truth that it
The effect of endogenous nitric oxide on neurogenic plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways

We studied the effect of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) on vagally induced plasma exudation into guinea-pig trachea and main bronchi using 125I-albumin as a plasma marker. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 1-10 mg/kg) dose dependently inhibited neurogenic plasma exudation. Intravenous phenylephrine which simulated the vasopressor effect as L-NAME (10 mg/kg) was without effect. The effect of L-NAME (5 mg/kg) was reversed by L-arginine (50 mg/kg). These results suggest that endogenous NO may contribute to neurogenic inflammation in the airways.