cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interaction of 28-GeV protons with thorium: Study of charge dispersions and mass yields

Yields of 53 nuclides ranging from $^{43}\mathrm{Sc}$ to $^{173}\mathrm{Hf}$ (with the majority in the rare-earth region) produced in the interaction of 28-GeV protons with thorium have been measured. Cumulative yields for neutron-rich nuclides with $A\ensuremath{\ge}140$ exhibit similar mass dependence as those in low-energy fission. Charge dispersion curves for $A=146$ and $A=170$ have been constructed based on independent and cumulative yields measured in this work for these masses and the published data on cesium isotopes. Total isobaric yields for 18 mass numbers were evaluated from results obtained in this study and earlier investigations. The overall shape of the mass-yield curve is thus determined. The hump of the mass-yield curve in the middle $50\ensuremath{\le}A\ensuremath{\le}150$ can be attributed mainly to binary fission but the broad background underneath probably cannot be accounted for by spallation alone. The charge dispersion curves and the mass-yield curve for thorium are qualitatively similar to those for uranium. However, the neutron-rich cumulative yields are 3-5 times smaller in thorium than in uranium targets; the fission peak from thorium is shifted to lower mass and the yields are shifted slightly toward higher neutron deficiency when compared with the yields from uranium.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION $^{232}\mathrm{Th}(p,f)$, ${E}_{p}=28$ GeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(A,Z)$, 53 products $^{43}\mathrm{Sc}$-$^{173}\mathrm{Hf}$; deduced charge dispersion curves and mass-yield curve. mass, chemically separated samples.
Expectations for Crater Size and Photometric Evolution from the Deep Impact Collision

The NASA Discovery Deep Impact mission involves a unique experiment designed to excavate pristine materials from below the surface of comet. In July 2005, the Deep Impact (DI) spacecraft, will release a 360 kg probe that will collide with comet 9P/Tempel 1. This collision will excavate pristine materials from depth and produce a crater whose size and appearance will provide fundamental insights into the nature and physical properties of the upper 20 to 40 m. Laboratory impact experiments performed at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range at NASA Ames Research Center were designed to assess the range of possible outcomes for a wide range of target types and impact angles. Although all experiments were performed under terrestrial gravity, key scaling relations and processes allow first-order extrapolations to Tempel 1. If gravity-scaling relations apply (weakly bonded particulate near-surface), the DI impact could create a crater 70m to 140m in diameter, depending on the scaling relation applied. Smaller than expected craters can be attributed either to the effect of strength limiting crater growth or to collapse of an unstable (deep) transient crater as a result of very high porosity and compressibility. Larger then expected craters could indicate unusually low density (<0.3 g cm−3) or backpressures from expanding vapor. Consequently, final crater size or depth may not uniquely establish the physical nature of the upper 20m of the comet. But the observed ejecta curtain angles and crater morphology will help resolve this ambiguity. Moreover, the intensity and decay of the impact “flash” as observed from Earth, space probes, or the accompanying DI flyby instruments should provide critical data that will further resolve ambiguities.
Which Policy to ADAP-T: Waiting Lists or Waiting Lines?

The AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP) was initiated in the early 1990s as part of the Ryan White CARE Act, which was designed to "provide emergency assistance to localities that are disproportionately affected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus epidemic and to ... provide for the development, organization, coordination, and operation of more effective and cost efficient systems for delivery of essential services to individuals and families with HIV disease" (Public Law 101-381). The implementation of the Ryan White CARE Act is based on 4 titles and 3 targeted components: Title I provides emergency assistance to high-impact epicenters of the early epidemic through local HIV Health Services Planning Councils; Title II funding goes to states for provision of health care and support services, health insurance continuation, and prescription drugs via ADAP, which constitutes more than one-half of
A note on an alternative derivation of the likelihood of an autoregressive moving average process

Abstract We give an alternative derivation of the likelihood of a Gaussian ARMA process to that usually given in the literature [see, for example, Newbold (1974), Hillmer and Tiao (1979), and Nicholls and Hall (1979,1980)]. A different computing formula is also derived.
Role of potassium in the control of aldosterone secretion in the rat.

In the rat, dietary sodium depletion results in an increased conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone, an increase in zona glomerulosa width, and a sustained increase in aldosterone production with no increase in corticosterone secretion. In the present studies, oral potassium loading has been shown to lead to similar changes in adrenal steroidogenesis: an increased conversion of corticosterone to aldosterone and a sustained increase in aldosterone production without increased corticosterone secretion. It was also found that potassium-deficient rats do not respond normally to sodium depletion. Further, it was noted that arterial plasma potassium concentration increased significantly during sodium depletion. It is concluded that the potassium ion is an important regulator of adrenal function in the rat, playing a significant role in the mediation of the zona glomerulosa response to sodium depletion. (Endocrinology 88: 556, 1971)
Instructional Laboratories for Biology: An Essay in Design

made quite early in the laboratory planning process. How many students will the laboratory accommodate? What courses might be offered in the laboratory? What kinds of activities, e.g., chemical analyses and preparations, microscopic examination, analysis of data, dissection, etc., will the students perform? Will students work singly, or in groups? What will be the relationship of the laboratory to related rooms, such as stockrooms, prep rooms, and instrument rooms?
A thermal tribo-dynamic mechanical power loss model for spur gear Pairs

Abstract This study proposes a formulation for the description of the gear mesh mechanical power loss under the thermal tribo-dynamic condition. A six degree-of-freedom motion equation set and the thermal mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication governing equations are coupled to model the mechanical power loss under the condition where the gear dynamics and tribology disciplines interact. The important role of the gear thermal tribo-dynamics in power loss is demonstrated by comparing the predictions of the proposed model to those under the thermal quasi-static condition, and those under the iso-thermal tribo-dynamic condition. Considering an example spur gear pair, the impacts of the lubricant inlet temperature, input torque, and surface roughness on gear mesh mechanical power loss under the thermal tribo-dynamic condition are also investigated.
Structure of a Bacillus subtilis endo-β-l,4-glucanase gene

The nucleotide sequence of the portion of a Bacillus subtilis (strain PAP115) 3 kb Pst I fragment which contains an endo-beta-1, 4-glucanase gene has been determined. This gene encodes a protein of 499 amino acid residues (Mr = 55,234) with a typical B. subtilis signal peptide. Escherichia coli which has been transformed with this gene produces an extracellular endoglucanase with an amino-terminus corresponding to the thirtieth encoded amino acid residue. The gene is preceded by a cryptic reading frame with a rho-independent terminator structure, and itself has such a structure in the immediate 3'-flanking region. We have also identified, in the 5'-flanking region, nucleotide sequences which resemble promoter elements recognized by Bacillus RNA polymerase E sigma 43. Comparison of the encoded amino acid sequence to other known beta-glucanases reveals a small region of similarity to the encoded protein of the Clostridium thermocellum celB gene. These similar regions may contain substrate-binding and/or catalytic sites.
Front- or rear-weighted track start or grab start: Which is the best for female swimmers?

The aim of this study was to compare three competitive swimming starts (grab, rear-weighted track, and front-weighted track). The starts were compared in terms of time and instantaneous horizontal velocity, both at take-off from the block and at 5 m from the wall. Twenty US college female swimmers performed three trials of each of the three randomly ordered starts. Swimmers left the block significantly sooner using the front-weighted track start (0.80 s) than the other two starts (both 0.87 s; P < 0.001). In the rear-weighted track start, however, the athletes left the blocks with significantly higher horizontal velocity than in the grab or front-weighted track start (3.99 vs. 3.87 and 3.90 m/s, respectively; each P < 0.001). By 5 m, the front-weighted track start maintained its time advantage over the grab start (2.19 vs. 2.24s; P = 0.008) but not the rear-weighted track start (2.19 vs. 2.21 s; P = 0.336). However, the rear-weighted track start had a significant advantage over the front-weighted track start in terms of instantaneous horizontal velocity at 5 m (2.25 vs. 2.18 m/s; P = 0.009). Therefore, the rear-weighted track start had a better combination of time and velocity than the front-weighted track start. There was also a trend for the rear-weighted track start to have higher velocity at 5 m than the grab start, although this did not reach statistical significance (2.25 vs. 2.20 m/s; P = 0.042). Overall, these results favour the rear-weighted track start for female swimmers even though most of the athletes had little or no prior experience with it. Additional research is needed to determine whether males would respond similarly to females in these three different swimming starts.
Cisplatin-based combined modality therapy for anal carcinoma: a wider therapeutic index.

BACKGROUND Definitive chemoradiation therapy is the standard of care for anal carcinoma. The chemotherapy regimen comprising 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin-C is the most commonly used among patients with anal carcinoma but causes well documented toxicities. In the current study, the authors evaluated their experience in treating anal carcinoma with combined modality therapy using cisplatin and 5-FU. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of 92 patients with nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the anus who were treated between 1989 and 1998. The primary tumor and involved lymph nodes received a total dose of 55 grays (Gy) administered in more than 30 daily fractions. Cisplatin (4 mg/m2/day) and 5-FU (250 mg/m2/day) were given as a continuous infusion, 5 days each week during the entire radiation course. Kaplan–Meier methodology was used to determine local control (LC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Ten patients had T1 or Tx, 43 had T2, 27 had T3, and 12 patients had T4 disease. There were 21 male and 71 female patients. Sixty-five patients (71%) were lymph node negative. With a median follow-up duration of 44 months, the actuarial 5-year OS rate was 85%, the DFS rate was 77%, and the colostomy-free survival rate was 82%. Local recurrences occurred in 16 patients (17%). Distant metastases (DM) occurred in eight patients (9%). Advanced T classification (> T2) predicted lower LC and DFS rates. Advanced N classification (> N1) predicted worse DFS, OS, and DM rates. Greater than 90% of patients completed treatment without significant treatment interruption. Only five patients developed acute toxicities of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Grade 4 or higher and only three patients developed chronic toxicities of RTOG Grade 4 or higher. CONCLUSIONS Combined modality therapy with continuous infusion of cisplatin and 5-FU is a well tolerated regimen that results in high rates of LC, OS, and sphincter preservation. These rates are comparable to the best results reported with mitomycin-C and 5-FU. Without the normally severe toxicity, cisplatin-based therapy results in a wider therapeutic index. Cancer 2003;97:1195–202. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11161
What is wrong with plans to aid the CIS

T he sudden and unexpected collapse of communism in East-Central Europe in the fall of 1989 alerted analysts to the possibility that the Soviet Union might succumb to forces of radical change. To forestall undesirable results of such a collapse, some Western leaders soon began advocating a Marshall Plan for the USSR that would encourage democracy and a smooth transition from the command economy to the market.’ This advocacy took many forms, culminating in Graham Allison’s and Robert Blackwill’s proposal for a “grand bargain.” Under this grand bargain, the West would finance the Soviet’s transition to a market system by providing 45 to 60 billion dollars of assistance over a three-year period. In return, Moscow would make military and economic concessions, providing the world with secure futures.* The twin threats of authoritarianism and disunion-which arose in the aftermath of the abortive coup of August 19, 1991-gave added urgency to the suggestion of Allison and Blackwill, but these threats went largely unheeded. Propelled by an economic crisis of extraordinary intensity, the Soviet Union then disintegrated and was replaced on December 21, 1991, by a loose association of sovereign nations, the “Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv,” or Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), which describes itself neither as a state nor as a super-state structure. The death of the USSR, and the birth of the CIS, swiftly ushered in a series of radical changes that undermined the premises of the grand bargain. Specifically, the former Soviet Union unilaterally cut military spending, and seemingly introduced sweeping market reforms without requiring a quidpm quo from the West. Moreover, the shock therapy applied to the Russian economy
Design and Evaluation of an Optimal Controller for Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation Process

Ethanol from corn is produced using dry grind corn process in which simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) is one of the most critical unit operations. In this work an optimal controller based on a previously validated SSF model was developed by formulating the SSF process as a Bolza problem and using gradient descent methods. Validation experiments were performed to evaluate the performance of optimal controller under different process disturbances that are likely to occur in practice. Use of optimal control algorithm for the SSF process resulted in lower peak glucose concentration, similar ethanol yields (13.38±0.36% v/v and 13.50±0.15% v/v for optimally controlled and baseline experiments, respectively). Optimal controller improved final ethanol concentrations as compared to process without optimal controller under conditions of temperature (13.35±1.28 and 12.52±1.19% v/v for optimal and no optimal control, respectively) and pH disturbances (12.65±0.74 and 11.86±0.49% v/v for optimal and no optimal control, respectively). Cost savings due to lower enzyme usage and reduced cooling requirement were estimated to be up to $1 million for a 151 million L/yr (40 million gal/yr) dry grind plant.
Functional associations between the cribellum spinning plate and capture threads of Miagrammopes animotus (Araneida, Uloboridae)

Uloborid cribellar silk consists of torus-shaped puffs. In Miagrammopes animotus the width of these puffs is about 36% that of the cribellum of the spider and shows a 2.3-fold increase in surface area during development. The cribellar spigot number increase 5.7-fold during development, although, relative to spider mass, it decreases by 34%. Cribellum width is the best predictor of both cribellar silk puff width and length and is as good a predictor of puff surface area as is cribellum surface area. Relative to cribellum width, the length of the calamistrum comb responsible for drawing fibrils from the cribellum changes little during development. The attachment points of cribellar silk to a parallel frame thread become more widely spaced during development, although the number of puffs they delimit changes little.
intelligent Balancing Authorities (iBAs) for transient stabilization of large power systems

This paper proposes the establishment of intelligent Balancing Authorities (iBAs), to supplement the role of the existing Balancing Areas (BAs) whose performance specifications are for normal operations conditions only. These iBAs would be portofolia of controllable equipment responsible for having adequate control to ensure stability and good dynamic response of their own areas, as well as limited dynamic interactions with the rest of the grid. These controllable portofolia may include fast storage, batteries, FACTS, and/or flywheels to supplement existing AVR and PSS control. It is illustrated in this paper on the IEEE RTS 24 bus system how would boundaries of iBAs be determined for given set of contingencies.
Pressure Dependence of Charge Carrier Mobilities in Superfluid Helium

Accurate and extensive measurements were made of the mobility of positive and negative charge carriers in 4He at pressures up to the melting pressure and temperatures in the range 0.27 < T < 1°K. The data are analyzed in terms of the scattering of phonons and rotons by the carriers. The phonon-dominated mobility of the negatives agrees well with existing theories, and analysis of our results provides a new determination of the electron bubble radius as a function of pressure. The phonon term for the positives is calculated from the electrostriction model and is in good agreement with the experimental results.
Perception Without Representation? On Travis’s Argument Against the Representational View of Perception

In this paper I begin by considering Travis’s main argument against a representational view of experience. I argue that the argument succeeds in showing that representation is not essential to experience. However, I argue that it does not succeed in showing that representation is not an essential component of experience enjoyed by creatures like us. I then provide a new argument for thinking that the perceptual experience of earthly creatures is representational. The view that ensues is compatible with a certain relational view of experience but entails a rejection of representationalism.
AGU Authorship Policy

Over the last 2 decades the size and complexity of experiments have grown enormously in the area of space science, with the result that large teams of scientists are often formed to help design and build a given instrument. Simultaneously, a large number of research studies have evolved from the simple examination of one's own data to detailed studies involving multidisciplinary data sets. The end result is the publication of an incredible number of papers with a large number of coauthors. The central idea behind a given research topic usually orginates from one, two, or sometimes three people. Yet data from several different experiments are often required to bring the idea to fruition. This necessitates interaction with other scientists, whose contributions are often useful in strengthening and clarifying the theme of the paper. Thus the originators and the contributors have both played a part in the saga. Yet do both groups deserve equal billing? In the case of the cooriginators, they are often cast adrift among the sea of coauthors, where little credit is usually given. Is this a fair policy?
Novel resorcinarene-based pH-triggered gelator

Iminodiacetate resorc[4]arene is shown to produce gels that are pH-reversible. The gels formed are clear and stable to inversion. (The gels are not stable above a certain temperature, which varies with concentration.) When the pH of an iminodiacetate resorc[4]arene solution (concentration >7.6 mM) is lowered to below 2.5, which is near one of the Ka values of the molecule, the dissolved molecules aggregate and cause gelation of water. 1H NMR showed that at the pH of gelation a change occurs in the chemical environment of the iminodiacetate group. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the gel is composed of long strands that interweave and create a molecular mesh.
Prospects for the commercial cloning of animals by nuclear transplantation

Abstract Recent accomplishments in the cloning of mammals by nuclear transplantation have been driven by the enormous potential use of this technology for increasing genetic gain in animal agriculture, reducing the number of animals needed for experiments and investigating genetic and environmental interactions in animals. Nuclear transplantation entails transfer of individual nuclei from preimplantation embryos to unfertilized, mature oocytes. The mature oocyte is a uniquely suitable recipient because it has the ability to reprogram the transplanted nucleus, inducing it to develop as a newly fertilized embryo. Using the oocyte as a recipient for transplanted nuclei offspring have been produced in sheep, cows and rabbits. Before this technique can become of widespread commercial use, many problems remain to be solved to increase its efficiency. These include an economical source of recipient oocytes and refinements in methods of enucleating oocytes, fusion of the donor nucleus with the recipient oocyte, activation of the recipient oocyte and embryo culture procedures. If nuclear transplant embryos can serve as nuclear donors, then an unlimited number of genetically identical embryos could be produced, even with a relatively low rate of efficiency.
The binet-cauchy theorem and inequalities for the schur power matrix

The Schur power matrix of an n×n matrix A is the n!×n matrix π(A) whose entries are where σ and τ run lexicographically over Sn . We prove a Binet-Cauchy theorem for π(A) and derive several resulting inequalities.
Factors controlling emission of dimethylsulphide from salt marshes

Salt marshes are presently identified as systems exhibiting high area-specific sulfur emission in the form of dimethylsulfide (DMS) and H2S, with the former predominating in vegetated areas of the marshes. Attention is presently given to the distribution of DMS in salt marshes; it is found that this compound primarily arises from physiological processes in the leaves of higher plants, especially the grass species Spartina alterniflora. Uncertainties associated with DMS emission measurements are considered.
The Agency of Welfare Workers: Negotiating Devolution, Privatization, and the Meaning of Self-Sufficiency

In this article I examine how the neoliberal agenda of downsizing the state and minimizing its role in regulating the market has shaped welfare policy and the work of welfare provision. Using a study of welfare reform in Oregon, I explore how the enactment of welfare-to-work policies positions workers to negotiate the ideological terrain of welfare reform and the conflicts that privatization and devolution generate in a social welfare context. Self-sufficiency, the professed goal of welfareto- work programs, is a complex concept, saturated with ideological meaning. Examination of the work of welfare provision provides an opportunity to analyze how workers give meaning to self-sufficiency and construct their work as positive for the families they serve. However, high caseloads, unrealistic agency expectations, and conflicting mandates bear down hard on workers, creating disenchantment with agency policy and undermining workers' ability to meet clients' needs, [welfare, ideology, work, the United States, neoliberalism]
A Dynamic Regression Model of the U.S. Hog Market

Historical patterns of hog slaughterings are analyzed and related to a hog-corn price ratio series using the transfer function or dynamic regression technique. This technique permits explicit tests of causal relationships and provides a systematic means for specifying distributed lag forms. It is determined that the hog-corn price ratio series leads hog slaughterings and that there is no feedback. The estimated transfer function is analyzed in terms of its implications for the supply of hogs and its implications for the length of the hog cycle. Nous analyserons les schemas historiques de l'abattage de pores et Us mettrons en correspondence avec une serie de rapportsprix du porc —prix du mais en ulilisant lafonction de transfert ou la technique de regression dynamique. Cette technique permet de tester explicitement les relations causales et foumit un moyen systematique de specifier les formes de retard distribue. On a determine que Vabattage de pores depend de la serie de rapports prix du pore —prix du mais mais que I'inverse n'est pas vrai. La fonction de transfert est analysee en fonction de ce qu'elle impliquepour I'approvisionnement en pores et pour la longueur du cycle chez les pores.
A magnetohydrodynamic particle code for fluid simulation of plasmas

Abstract A novel Lagrangian type of MHD code has been developed by treating elements of the fluid as finite-sized particles. The particle quantities, i.e., position, mass, momentum and temperature, are pushed in a Lagrangian way, while the magnetic fields are advanced in an Eulerian manner. The fully Lagrangian fluid is represented by a distribution of Gaussian-shaped particles. Drag forces between particles with different velocities in the same cell prevent extensive mufti-streaming from developing. A combination of finite differences, to calculate the magnetic field, and fast Fourier transforms, to evaluate the pressure gradient term, guarantees momentum and magnetic flux conservation. The use of particles eliminates many difficulties often associated with Eulerian codes such as, for example; negative densities. The method also means that any particle code of which there are many can be converted to a fluid code. The codes have been extensively tested with the propagation of sound waves, Alfven and magnetosonic waves among others. Applications of the codes to hydrodynamics and magnetohydrodynamics in one, two and three dimensions, in cartesian as well as in toroidal geometry, are further discussed.
Folded free-space polarization-controlled multistage interconnection network

We present a folded free-space polarization-controlled optical multistage interconnection network (MIN) based on a dilated bypass–exchange switch (DBS) design that uses compact polarization-selective diffractive optical elements (PDOE’s). The folded MIN design has several advantages over that of the traditional transparent MIN, including compactness, spatial filtering of unwanted higher-order diffraction terms leading to an improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and ease of alignment. We experimentally characterize a folded 2 × 2 switch, as well as a 4 × 4 and an 8 × 8 folded MIN that we have designed and fabricated. We fabricated an array of off-axis Fresnel lenslet PDOE’s with a 30:1 SNR and used it to construct a 2 × 2 DBS with a measured SNR of 60:1. Using this PDOE array in a 4 × 4 MIN resulted in an increased SNR of 120:1, highlighting the filtering effect of the folded design.
Striving for benchmark infection rates: Progress in control for patient mix

The outcome of clinical events has become the major focus for quality assurance programs in the United States. Assessment of outcome depends on the availability of accurate benchmark rates appropriate to the clinical situation. Although mortality, length of stay, cost, and other resource utilization measures are important outcome events for review, nosocomial infection is one of the best-studied outcome events for which benchmark rates and distributions of rates are available. To monitor nosocomial infection acquisition, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) has proposed indicators for wound infections after clean and clean-contaminated surgical procedures, for pneumonia in intensive care units (ICUs), and for intravascular device infections in ICUs. From the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system, we know that the mean rate of surgical wound infections (SWIs) for clean-contaminated wounds is 2.7%. However, the range is too broad and depends on the types of surgical procedures and the patient risk factors in each category. As an example, the SWI rate for appendectomies is 2.2% while for colon surgery it is 7.1%. In addition, the patients should be stratified by underlying risk factors. For example, the NNIS risk index is composed of wound class, duration of surgery, and American Society of Anesthesiology score. Other commonly used severity of illness scores could be used, such as a comorbidity score or APACHE II. Other proposed JCAHO indicators are reviewed. Controlling for case mix and for severity of illness will be necessary for the development of benchmark infection rate distributions if clinical indicators are to be used as reliable quality assurance tools in the 1990s.
Critical mass and international marketing strategy

Economies of scale have long been recognized as being important for the production side of international business. This article suggests that economies of scale can be equally critical in international marketing. This is illustrated by numerous examples in the areas of marketing research, product policy, promotion, and distribution. There are consequent implications for international marketing strategy.
Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance studies of trifluoroacetylinsulin derivatives effects of salts and denaturants

Abstract 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to study the effects of salts and denaturants on the structure and aggregation properties of several trifluoroacetyl derivatives of insulin. This technique has been shown to be a powerful tool in the study of specific sites on the protein molecule. Circular dichroic and sedimentation velocity studies were also carried out to aid in the interpretation of the magnetic resonance data. At pH 6.8 Zn2+ had no effect on the 19F magnetic resonance spectrum, however, citrate and acetate ions significantly sharpened the signal from the trifluoroacetyl probe at the N-terminal end (glycineA-1) of the insulin A chain. No alterations were observed in the S20,w value or circular dichroic spectra, suggesting that the probe had gained a considerable degree of motional freedom without changes in aggregation or conformational properties. In the absence of perturbants the trifluoroacetyl group on glycineA-1 showed considerably more motional freedom than on phenylalanineB-1. Guanidine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used to study the unfolding of several trifluoroacetylinsulin derivatives. The results suggested differential alterations in the environments of the probes located at glycineA-1, phenylalanineB-1, and lysineB-29 in the insulin molecule as the concentration of perturbant was increased.
Macrolide immunomodulation of chronic respiratory diseases.

Important immunomodulatory properties of 14-and 15-membered macrolides may benefit patients with respiratory diseases associated with chronic inflammation. These properties include decreased neutrophil chemotaxis and infiltration into the respiratory epithelium, inhibition of transcription factors leading to decreased proinflammatory cytokine production, down-regulation of adhesion molecule expression, inhibition of microbial virulence factors including biofilm formation, reduced generation of oxygen-free radicals, enhanced neutrophil apoptosis, and decreased mucus hypersecretion with improved mucociliary clearance. Chronic, low-dose macrolides have dramatically improved survival in patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB). Given the overlap in pathogenesis between DPB and other chronic respiratory diseases, macrolides are being investigated for cystic fibrosis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic sinusitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Preliminary data (largely from open-label trials) are promising, but conclusive results are needed.
Geophysical constraints on lunar bulk composition and structure - A reassessment

Theoretical lunar mantle seismic velocity and density profiles were calculated for a series of specific bulk composition models, thermal models, and evolutionary models. It was found that most of the calculated seismic profiles are in qualitative agreement with the Nakamura (1983) observational mantle seismic velocity model. With respect to the density modeling results, the most interesting finding is that none of the considered models yield mantle density increases that are sufficient to match the adapted upper bound on the lunar moment-of-inertia factor (0.3928). The results suggest that the moon possesses a dense metallic core with a mass in the range of 1 to 4 percent of the lunar mass and that the alumina-rich models of Morgan et al. (1978) and Taylor (1982) are best able to match the middle mantle velocity increase that characterizes the Nakamura model.
Divorce and Death Forty Years of the Charleston Heart Study

Forty years of follow-up data from the Charleston Heart Study (CHS) were used to examine the risk for early mortality associated with marital separation or divorce in a sample of more than 1,300 adults assessed on several occasions between 1960 and 2000. Participants who were separated or divorced at the start of the study evidenced significantly elevated rates of early mortality, and these results held after adjusting for baseline health status and other demographic variables. Being separated or divorced throughout the CHS follow-up window was one of the strongest predictors of early mortality. However, the excess mortality risk associated with separation or divorce was completely eliminated when participants who had ever experienced a marital separation or divorce during the study were compared with all other participants. These findings suggest that a key predictor of early death is the amount of time people live as separated or divorced. It is possible that the mortality risk conferred by marital diss...
Underspecification and vowel height transfer in Esimbi

Since the advent of distinctive feature theory, few issues have received as many interpretations as the phonological representation of vowel height. Vowel height features have been denned acoustically and articulatorily, have allowed three, four or five distinct heights, have been unary, binary and n-ary, and have been on a single tier, multiple tiers or in various head-dependency relationships. It is fair to say that there is no consensus on how vowel height should be represented. While many generative phonologists have been quite content working for nearly three decades with a pair of binary vowel height features, the literature of this period includes a steady flow of criticisms of this approach as well as suggestions for improvement or radical change. This literature generally addresses itself to two problems inherent in the SPE features [high] and [low] and the three vowel heights they define: First, how does one account for systems with four (five?) vowel heights? Second, how can rules that raise (lower) vowel heights by one step each be accounted for? In the first question we ask what the theory has to say about distinctive oppositions such as /i e ∊ ae/ in the second question we ask what the theory has to say about a rule such as one that would lower /i/ to [e] and /e/ to [∊].
Potential mechanisms in chemical intolerance and related conditions.

The symptom of chemical intolerance may occur in isolation, but often occurs in conjunction with other chronic symptoms such as pain, fatigue, memory disturbances, etc. This frequent clustering of symptoms in individuals has led to the definition of several chronic multisymptom syndromes, such as multiple chemical sensitivity, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and Gulf War illnesses. The aggregate research into these syndromes has suggested some unifying mechanisms that contribute to symptomatology. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is aberrant function of numerous efferent neural pathways, such as the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary axes, in subsets of individuals with these conditions. There is perhaps the greatest evidence for abnormal sensory processing in these syndromes, with a low "unpleasantness threshold" for multiple types of sensory stimuli. Psychological and behavioral factors are known to play a significant role in initiating or perpetuating symptoms in some persons with these illnesses. In the field of pain research, the interrelationship between physiologic and psychologic factors in symptom expression has been well studied. Using both established and novel methodologies, studies have suggested that psychologic factors such as hypervigilance and expectancy are playing a relatively minor role in most individuals with fibromyalgia and that clear evidence exists of physiologic amplification of sensory stimuli. These studies need to be extended to more sensory tasks and to larger numbers of subjects with related conditions. It is of note, though, that existing data on this spectrum of illnesses would suggest that there may be greater psychologic contributions to symptomatology if an illness is defined in part by behavior (e.g., avoidance of chemical exposures) rather than on the basis of symptoms alone.
Perceptions of Transformational Leadership among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans: A Level of Analysis Perspective:

Executive Summary This study asserted a theoretical framework of transformational leadership and its effects on several process and outcome variables among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans from a levels of analysis perspective. Nomological relationships among the constructs of interest also were tested. Results indicated that effects of transformational leadership were positive, but generally stronger among Asian Americans than among Caucasian Americans. Results from Within and Between Analysis indicated that variation in perceptions of transformational leadership and other measured variables in the two ethnic groups was mainly due to individual differences. Based on these results, we offer several theoretical and practical implications.
Can you ever be too old to be too thin? Anorexia nervosa in a 92-year-old woman

Anorexia nervosa is a common psychiatric condition that most often affects young adults. If left untreated, it can have significant morbidity and mortality. Methods and Discussion In this report, we describe a woman first diagnosed with anorexia nervosa at age 92 and we discuss the relevant diagnostic and treatment-related issues. Conclusion This case underscores the need to heighten diagnostic sensitivity for this and other eating disorders at any age. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 123–2001.
Electromagnetic scattering by a straight thin wire

The traveling-wave energy, which multiply diffracts on a straight thin wire, is represented as a sum of terms, each with a distinct physical meaning, that can be individually examined in the time domain. Expressions for each scattering mechanism on a straight thin wire are cast in the form of four basic electromagnetic wave concepts: diffraction, attachment, launch, and reflection. Using the basic mechanisms from P.Ya. Ufimtsev (1962), each of the scattering mechanisms is included into the total scattered field for the straight thin wire. Scattering as a function of angle and frequency is then compared to the moment-method solution. These analytic expressions are then extended to a lossy wire with a simple approximate modification using the propagation velocity on the wire as derived from the Sommerfeld wave on a straight lossy wire. Both the perfectly conducting and lossy wire solutions are compared to moment-method results, and excellent agreement is found. As is common with asymptotic solutions, when the electrical length of wire is smaller than 0.2 lambda the results lose accuracy. The expressions modified to approximate the scattering for the lossy thin wire yield excellent agreement even for lossy wires where the wire radius is on the order of skin depth. >
Minimal requirements for murine resistance to infection with Francisella tularensis LVS.

Intraperitoneal or intravenous infection of mice with Francisella tularensis LVS is lethal, with an intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose (LD50) approaching a single bacterium. Intradermal (i.d.) LVS infection has a much higher LD50, about 10(6) bacteria in BALB/cByJ mice, and survival of i.d. infection leads to solid generation of immunity against lethal challenge. To define the minimal requirements for both initial and long-term survival of i.d. infection, we characterized the nature of i.d. LVS infection in lymphocyte-deficient BALB/cByJ.scid (scid) mice. scid mice infected i.d. with strain LVS survived for about 20 days and then died from overwhelming disseminated infection. However, scid mice treated with monoclonal antibodies to gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or neutrophils-granulocytes all died within 1 week of infection, indicating that these were essential for early control of infection. Studies using GKO (gamma interferon knockout) mice emphasized that gamma interferon is absolutely required for initial survival of i.d. LVS infection. scid mice could be reconstituted for long-term survival of i.d. LVS infection and clearance of bacteria by intravenous transfer of splenic lymphocytes or purified B220-/T+ lymphocytes but not nu/nu lymphocytes. T cells are therefore required for long-term clearance and survival of i.d. LVS infection; efforts to determine whether CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or both are involved are ongoing.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND AERODYNAMICS OF LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER MULTI-STAGE MICROTURBOMACHINERY

In this paper, the design process for multi-stage micro scale turbomachinery will be presented, along with CFD predictions of the key aerodynamic performance parameters required in this design process. This work focuses on the unique and unexplored design space defined by the small scale and planar geometries characteristic of MEMS turbopumps, compressors, gas turbines, steam turbines, or other turbomachinery-based microsystems. Correlations are proposed for the loss coefficient, based on laminar flow theory. A critical Reynolds number is also identified (Recrit = 200–300), below which adjacent boundary layers merge, inducing a sharp increase in loss and deviation. This imposes practical limits on the miniaturization of such microturbomachinery.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Radiation therapy as a treatment for benign lymphoepithelial parotid cysts in patients infected with human immunodefiency virus-1

Abstract Patients who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may develop benign lymphoepithelial cysts within the parotid gland that cause severe facial deformity. Standard treatment for this disorder has been superficial parotidectomy, repeated fine-needle aspirations or observation alone. These approaches are unsatisfactory because elective surgery in immunocompromised patients should be avoided, the cysts recur soon after aspiration, and observation alone for a treatable deforming facial process is unacceptable. Radiotherapy's proven effectiveness in treating other benign disorders of the parotid gland led us to evaluate its usefulness as a treatment for this disorder. Eight patients with parotid enlargement, who were seropositive for HIV, received 8–10 Gy to the parotids in 1 week. Five patients had complete response and three patients had partial response. All were very satisfied with the cosmetic result. Treatment-related toxicity was well tolerated and consisted of mild xerostomia and transient taste loss. In all cases, these side effects resolved within 1 month. Radiation therapy thus appears to be an effective and well-tolerated treatment for AIDS-related parotid enlargement.
APL Lets You Put Big Ideas into Small Programs Quickly and Easily

APL is a very powerful, yet almost unknown, computer language that is now available for several micros. After a few hours of hands-on self-instruction, it is possible to construct many illustrations for the classroom, develop complex statistical programs, and replicate much of today's expensive software.
Entropy and software systems: towards an information-theoretic foundation of software testing

We integrate information theory into software testing. In particular, we use entropy in information theory to measure the amount of uncertainty in a software system before it is fully tested, and we show how the amount decreases when we test the system. Moreover, we introduce behaviorial complexity as a novel complexity metric for labeled graphs (which can be interpreted as control flow graphs, design specifications, etc.), which is also based on information theory. We seek practical approaches in testing real systems using the above theories, and we apply our novel approaches in testing model-based embedded systems and network intrusion detection systems. Our information-theoretic approach is syntax-independent, which is a desired property in software testing.
Interannual temperature variability in the tropical Pacific and Lagrangian heat transport pathways

[1] In a previous study we found that volume variability during an El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event is well described by variations in, and redistribution of, the heat content for any given region within the tropical Pacific. In this study we use numerical model temperature and velocity fields in a Lagrangian analysis of heat content variability. These three-dimensional fields are used to examine specific warm and cool anomaly regions by computing trajectories back through time to the origins of the anomalously warm or cool water. In particular, we find that three distinct pathways are important in creating and maintaining the warm eastern equatorial anomaly, including pathways in the basin interior in both hemispheres. After this warm anomaly at peak ENSO, off-equatorial anomalies form both in the eastern Pacific and in the far western Pacific. The west Pacific off-equatorial cool anomalies are attributed to ENSO variations in the Ekman pumping in those regions.
Digital Pulse Shape Discrimination in Triple-Layer Phoswich Detectors Using Fuzzy Logic

In this paper, a new pulse shape discrimination algorithm for a triple-layer phoswich detector is implemented and tested. The three-layer detector which was used in this experiment was originally designed for simultaneous detection of beta particles and gamma rays in a mixed radiation field. The first two layers are specifically designed for beta particles and the third layer is designed for gamma-ray interaction. The pulse output of the photomultiplier is digitized and sent to the host computer for further processing. A de-noising algorithm based on the Wavelet Transform (WT) is implemented to reduce the effect of noise introduced by the noisy analog channel and by the photomultiplier tube. Three new timing features were extracted and given as input to a fuzzy interface system (FIS). The FIS output indicates to which scenario the input signal belongs. Compared to the non-fuzzy method which was initially implemented for this detector, the fuzzy algorithm shows a better performance in separating beta and gamma spectra, especially at high energies. Also, fewer pulses are rejected, due to classification as unknown pulses, and interaction in multiple layers is detected more efficiently.
Island hopping across the central Pacific: mitochondrial DNA detects sequential colonization of the Austral Islands by crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae)

Aim Phylogenetic studies concerning island biogeography have been concentrated in a fraction of the numerous hot-spot archipelagos contained within the Pacific Ocean. In this study we investigate relationships among island populations of the thomisid spider Misumenops rapaensis Berland, 1934 across the Austral Islands, a remote and rarely examined southern Pacific hot-spot archipelago. We also assess the phylogenetic position of M. rapaensis in relation to thomisids distributed across multiple Polynesian archipelagos in order to evaluate the proposed hypothesis that thomisid spiders colonized Polynesia from multiple and opposing directions. The data allow an examination of genetic divergence and species accumulation in closely related lineages distributed across four Polynesian archipelagos.