cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Material aspects of dynamic neck retardation

Neck retardation in stretching of ductile materials is promoted by strain hardening, strain-rate hardening and inertia. Retardation is usually beneficial because necking is often the precursor to ductile failure. The interaction of material behavior and inertia in necking retardation is complicated, in part, because necking is highly nonlinear but also because the mathematical character of the response changes in a fundamental way from rate-independent necking to rate-dependent necking, whether due to material constitutive behavior or to inertia. For rate-dependent behavior, neck development requires the introduction of an imperfection, and the rate of neck growth in the early stages is closely tied to the imperfection amplitude. When inertia is important, multiple necks form. In contrast, for rate-independent materials deformed quasi-statically, single necks are preferred and they can emerge in an imperfection-free specimen as a bifurcation at a critical strain. In this paper, the interaction of material properties and inertia in determining neck retardation is unraveled using a variety of analysis methods for thin sheets and plates undergoing plane strain extension. Dimensionless parameters are identified, as are the regimes in which they play an important role.
Vascular changes in the eye of the treated and untreated patient with essential hypertension.

HE VESSELS of the optic fundi are structures easily seen with common and readily available clinical equipment. Observation of these vessels has yielded considerable information concerning the degree and nature of the vascular disease in patients with essential hypertension. It is perhaps surprising to find that there is a paucity of reliable information concerning the the cause of optic vessel changes associated with hypertension and their course with continued disease. Even less is known about the effect of treatment for hypertension on alterations in this vascular bed. An opportunity to pursue this subject developed when we set up a plan to follow a group of patients with essential hypertension treated in a well-controlled study.r To evaluate the retinal vascular changes, initially and at yearly intervals, we took retinal photographs of patients treated with vasodepressants and the placebo-treated control subjects. We have followed some of our patients for four years, many for three, and reports of our findings at the end of both the first2 and second year3 have been published.
Observations of unstable atmospheric shear layers in the lower E region in the post‐midnight auroral oval

Observations of the neutral wind profiles in the post-midnight sector of the auroral oval show the development of a narrow jet near 110–120 km altitude during disturbed conditions. The shears on the bottom side of the jet are highly unstable with Richardson numbers near or below the critical value of 0.25. The unstable shears imply that turbulence and, consequently, the eddy diffusivity will be enhanced in that part of the atmosphere.
Induction of glutathione S-transferases in genetically inbred male mice by dietary ethoxyquin hydrochloride.

Abstract 1. Constitutive and ethoxyquin hydrochloride (EQ-HCl)-induced hepatic glutathione (GSH) S-transferase, GSH reductase, and GSH peroxidase activities were determined in 5 strains of 8n10 week old inbred male mice. 2. The constitutive GSH S-transferase (GST) activity varied from 2.9 (SJL/JCR) to 8.9 (C57BL/6NCR) mmol product formed/min/mg protein and the corresponding values for the EQ-HCl-treated mice were in the range of 15.3n25.3 mmol product formed/min/mg protein. 3. EQ-HCl nduced GST activity in all the strains examined and this contrasted to the induction activity of Aroclor 1254 which was strain-dependent. GST activity was induced 2.9-fold in Aroclor 1254-responsive (C57BL/6) and 2.8-fold in non-responsive (DBA/2) mice, respectively.
Iron uptake by plants from nutrient solutions with excess chelates in long term studies‐relationship with pe + ph

Abstract Bush bean and corn plants were grown in nutrient solutions for 21 and 14 days respectively with CaCO3 in the solution to give solution pH of near eight and mild iron deficiency. The bush beans were subjected to excess EDDHA and the com to excess EDTA. Excess EDDHA at 1000 and 100 μmolar resulted in increased Fe in leaves at both 10‐7 and 10‐6 M FeEDDHA and in some of the solutions concentration of Fe2+ would be less than 10‐8 M if pe + pH were 6 or more. If pe + pH were more than 7, concentration of Fe2+ would be even less. Excess EDTA at 1000 and 100 ymolar resulted in no decrease of Fe in shoots of corn for 10‐6 M Fe and the 100 resulted in a slight decrease at 10‐7 M Fe on the per plant basis. Concentration of Fe2+ would be less than 10‐8.8 and 10‐7.8M respectively for 10‐7 and 10‐6 M Fe with the 1000 ymolar excess chelate. The pe + pH would be greater for corn than for bush beans because of less Fe stress response in corn. In another experiment where Fe was not deficient (pe + pH would then b...
Chlamydia trachomatis Immune Evasion via Downregulation of MHC Class I Surface Expression Involves Direct and Indirect Mechanisms

Genital C. trachomatis infections typically last for many months in women. This has been attributed to several strategies by which C. trachomatis evades immune detection, including well-described methods by which C. trachomatis decreases the cell surface expression of the antigen presenting molecules major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, and CD1d in infected genital epithelial cells. We have harnessed new methods that allow for separate evaluation of infected and uninfected cells within a mixed population of chlamydia-infected endocervical epithelial cells to demonstrate that MHC class I downregulation in the presence of C. trachomatis is mediated by direct and indirect (soluble) factors. Such indirect mechanisms may aid in priming surrounding cells for more rapid immune evasion upon pathogen entry and help promote unfettered spread of C. trachomatis genital infections.
Reproducible layering of tissue culture cells onto electrostatically charged membranes

This procedure provides a reproducible method to collect cells on 10-mm-diameter Zeta-Probe blotting membrane discs. This method allows for a defined number of cells to be available for studies with intact tissue in cell-tissue electrofusion protocols. In addition, this procedure can be used to rapidly and efficiently remove nonadherent cells from suspension cultures. The number of cells placed on these electrostatically charged membranes can be quantitated spectrofluorometrically or by microscopic count. Once the cells are placed on the Zeta-Probe they can be moved or inverted without falling off. In addition, the discs can remain at room temperature for 3 to 5 h without a significant change in the number of layered cells or an adverse effect on the fusion process. The ability to control the number of cells placed in contact with tissue will allow for the further development of cell-tissue electrofusion.
Forecast of Airport Ground Access Mode Choice with the Incremental Logit Model: Case Study of the AirTrain at John F. Kennedy International Airport

As factors affecting airport passengers' and other travelers' transportation choices constantly change, the probability of choosing a particular mode also changes. For example, an increase in highway congestion would tend to shift auto travelers to public transport, or an increase in transit fare would make auto traveling more attractive. Although current modal share of airport ground access can be easily determined from passenger's revealed preference surveys, any forecast on mode choice is difficult because characteristics of individual travelers vary. This paper attempts to forecast airport ground access and egress trips at John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) with the incremental logit or pivot point model. The model is developed by using modal share data from a revealed preference survey conducted by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which operates JFK. The resulting model predicts how changes in highway travel time due to traffic congestion, increases in transit fare to the airpo...
Basal forebrain amnesia

Abstract This article reviews the current evidence on the structural and functional components of basal forebrain amnesia in humans. The structural basis of this form of amnesia is described by bringing together the current findings from rodent, primate and human studies. In considering the anatomy of basal forebrain amnesia, the issues of interdependence and modularity of various neural structures are discussed. The functional components of basal forebrain amnesia are reviewed by considering the strengths and drawbacks of testing different patient groups exhibiting damage to the basal forebrain. These findings are discussed within the context of the dominant theories of memory and amnesia. Within this theoretical context, the importance of task equivalence and process considerations in designing future studies on basal forebrain amnesia is discussed.
Echocardiographic predictors of mortality in patients with pulmonary hypertension and cardiopulmonary comorbidities.

Objective We aimed to identify the echocardiographic measures associated with survival in a patient population with a high prevalence of co-morbid cardiovascular and pulmonary disease that have significantly elevated estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressures (ePASP). Background Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a clinical feature of several cardiopulmonary diseases that are prevalent among elderly. While certain echocardiographic parameters have been shown to be important in the prognosis in specific PH groups, the prognostic relevance of echocardiographic characteristics in a cohort with multiple cardiopulmonary comorbidities is unclear. Methods We retrospectively identified 152 patients with ePASP > 60 mmHg by echocardiography over a five year period (6/2006–11/2011) and followed until 4/2013. Candidate clinical and echocardiographic characteristics suggestive of PH severity were compared between deceased and surviving subpopulations. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to identify echocardiographic predictors of death adjusted for age and clinical characteristics. Results This was a predominantly elderly (age 78.8 ± 10.2 years), male (98.7%) cohort with several cardiopulmonary comorbidities. Overall mortality was high (69.7%, median survival 129 days). After adjusting for age and clinical characteristics, decreased right ventricular (RV) systolic function assessed by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.33–0.96, p = 0.034) and increased RV thickness (HR: 4.34, 95% CI: 1.49–12.59, p = 0.007) were independently associated with mortality. In contrast, left ventricular systolic function, left ventricular diastolic parameters, ePASP, or echo-derived pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) were not associated with increased mortality. Conclusion In a cohort of patients with PH and high prevalence of cardio-pulmonary comorbidities, RV systolic function and hypertrophy are associated with mortality and may be the most relevant echocardiographic markers for prognosis.
A theoretical perspective of the antecedents and consequences of organizational learning in marketing channels

Abstract A theoretical framework for the study of organizational learning in marketing channels is developed in this article. The framework is based on: (1) the degrees of learning subprocesses and (2) the cognitive levels of learning. Task-specific, environmental, and organizational factors are also incorporated into the framework. Then, to help explain how marketing channels remember what they have learned, potential features of organizational memory are explored. On the basis of past research and a series of case studies, several propositions are developed to clarify the relationships between the various constructs. Finally, research directions are developed to guide future empirical testing of the theoretical framework advanced.
Plant defense against fall armyworm in micro‐sympatric maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) and Balsas teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis)

Maize [Zea mays L. ssp. mays (Poaceae)] was domesticated from Balsas teosinte (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Iltis & Doebley) in present-day Mexico. Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is among the most important pests of maize in Mexico and Central America. We compared the strength of plant defenses against fall armyworm between micro-sympatric landrace maize and Balsas teosinte in the field and laboratory. The field comparison, conducted in Mexico, consisted of comparing the frequency of fall armyworm infestation between young maize and Balsas teosinte plants in dryland agricultural fields in which Balsas teosinte grew as a weed. The laboratory comparison contrasted the performance of fall armyworm larvae provided a diet of leaf tissue excised from maize or Balsas teosinte plants that were intact or had been primed by larval feeding. In the field, maize plants were more frequently infested with fall armyworm than Balsas teosinte plants: over 3 years and three fields, maize was infested at a ca. 1.8-fold greater rate than Balsas teosinte. In the laboratory, larval growth, but not survivorship, was differently affected by feeding on maize vs. Balsas teosinte, and on primed vs. intact plants. Specifically, survivorship was ca. 98%, and did not differ between maize and Balsas teosinte, nor between primed and intact plants. Larvae grew less on intact vs. primed maize, and similarly on intact vs. primed Balsas teosinte; overall, growth was 1.2-fold greater on maize compared to Balsas teosinte, and on primed compared to intact plants. Parallel observations showed that the differences in growth could not be attributed to the amount of leaf tissue consumed by larvae. We discuss our results in relation to differences in the strength of plant defenses between crops and their ancestors, the relevance of unmanaged Balsas teosinte introgression in the context of fall armyworm defenses in maize, and whether greater growth of larvae on primed vs. intact plants signifies herbivore offense.
Coxiella burnetii effector protein subverts clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking for pathogen vacuole biogenesis

Successful macrophage colonization by Coxiella burnetii, the cause of human Q fever, requires pathogen-directed biogenesis of a large, growth-permissive parasitophorous vacuole (PV) with phagolysosomal characteristics. The vesicular trafficking pathways co-opted by C. burnetii for PV development are poorly defined; however, it is predicted that effector proteins delivered to the cytosol by a defective in organelle trafficking/intracellular multiplication (Dot/Icm) type 4B secretion system are required for membrane recruitment. Here, we describe involvement of clathrin-mediated vesicular trafficking in PV generation and the engagement of this pathway by the C. burnetii type 4B secretion system substrate Coxiella vacuolar protein A (CvpA). CvpA contains multiple dileucine [DERQ]XXXL[LI] and tyrosine (YXXΦ)-based endocytic sorting motifs like those recognized by the clathrin adaptor protein (AP) complexes AP1, AP2, and AP3. A C. burnetii ΔcvpA mutant exhibited significant defects in replication and PV development, confirming the importance of CvpA in infection. Ectopically expressed mCherry-CvpA localized to tubular and vesicular domains of pericentrosomal recycling endosomes positive for Rab11 and transferrin receptor, and CvpA membrane interactions were lost upon mutation of endocytic sorting motifs. Consistent with CvpA engagement of the endocytic recycling system, ectopic expression reduced uptake of transferrin. In pull-down assays, peptides containing CvpA-sorting motifs and full-length CvpA interacted with AP2 subunits and clathrin heavy chain. Furthermore, depletion of AP2 or clathrin by siRNA treatment significantly inhibited C. burnetii replication. Thus, our results reveal the importance of clathrin-coated vesicle trafficking in C. burnetii infection and define a role for CvpA in subverting these transport mechanisms.
29Si MAS NMR spectroscopic investigation of alkali silica reaction product gels

Abstract 29 Si magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and 1 H 29 Si cross-polarization MAS results are reported for gels prepared by reactions of a nevada opal, Beltane opal, and cristobalite with KOH in the presence and Ca(OH 2 ). The extents of the reaction can be followed as functions of time. The opals react much more rapidly than cristobalite. In the presence of calcium, the predominantly Q 4 sites of the starting materials change to predominantly Q 2 and Q 3 sites. Q 1 sites are less abundant and in part transient. Cross-polarization experiments confirm that all the reaction products are hydrous. Poor signal to noise ratios for the cross-polarization experiments at room temperature and increased signal/noise at −80°C suggest that most of the protons are loosely bound at room temperature and may occur predominantly in water molecules. The chemical shifts of the Q 1 and Q 2 sites observed for these products suggest local environments suprisingly similar to those of the calcium silicate hydrate gel produced in portland cement hydration. Gel products produced in the absence of caclium yield broad peaks corresponding to Q 3 , Q 2 , Q 1 sites, but the spectra vary in a non-monotomic way with reaction time.
On the Concept of Attractor

This note proposes a definition for the concept of “attractor,” based on the probable asymptotic behavior of orbits. The definition is sufficiently broad so that every smooth compact dynamical system has at least one attractor.
Testicular Complaints and the Young Man

Purpose To review the common causes, diagnostic procedures, treatment options, education, and follow-up care for testicular complaints in the young man between the ages of 15 and 40 and to provide a case study that illustrates diagnostic concerns. Data Sources Current literature published in journals and textbooks. Conclusions A testicular mass has multiple possible etiologies. The mnemonic “TESTICLE” can help the practitioner to remember all the differential diagnoses. Treatment is based upon history and diagnostic findings. Implications for Practice An untreated testicular mass can lead to many adverse outcomes, including infertility and death. It is imperative that the nurse practitioner be up-to-date on differential diagnoses, evaluation, and treatment of a testicular complaint.
The Acid Stabilization of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Depends on Protonation of a Single Group That Affects Loop Insertion into β-Sheet A

Abstract The serpin plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) spontaneously adopts an inactive or latent conformation by inserting the N-terminal part of the reactive center loop as strand 4 into the major β-sheet (sheet A). To examine factors that may regulate reactive loop insertion in PAI-1, we determined the inactivation rate of the inhibitor in the pH range 4.5-13. Below pH 9, inactivation led primarily to latent PAI-1, and one predominant effect of pH on the corresponding rate constant could be observed. Protonation of a group exhibiting a pKa of 7.6 (25°C, ionic strength = 0.15 M) reduced the rate of formation of latent PAI-1 by a factor of 35, from 0.17 h−1 at pH 9 to about 0.005 h−1 below pH 6. The ionization with a pKa 7.6 was found to have no effect on the rate by which PAI-1 inhibits trypsin and is therefore unlikely to change the flexibility of the loop or the orientation of the reactive center. The peptides Ac-TEASSSTA and Ac-TVASSSTA (cf. P14-P7 in the reactive loop of PAI-1) formed stable complexes with PAI-1 and converted the inhibitor to a substrate for tissue type plasminogen activator. We found that peptide binding and formation of latent PAI-1 are mutually exclusive events, similarly affected by the pKa 7.6 ionization. This is direct evidence that external peptides can substitute for strand 4 in β-sheet A of PAI-1 and that the pKa 7.6 ionization regulates insertion of complementary, internal or external, strands into this position. A model that accounts for the observed pH effects is presented, and the identity of the ionizing group is discussed based on the structure of latent PAI-1. The group is tentatively identified as His-143 in helix F, located on top of sheet A.
The Effect of Substrate Wettability on Hydrazine-Processed CZTS Thin Films

We report a study on the wetting and spreading of hydrazine-CZTS solution on a series of solid surfaces. The work of adhesion between a hydrazine solution and soda-lime glass, Si, graphite, ITO, SnO2, ZnO, CdS, In2S3, Cu, Au, Ag, Al, Ni, Mo, and carbon single-walled nanotubes was calculated using observed contact angles and the areas of the interface. The surface roughness of drop-casted CZTS precursor films was lower on surfaces with better hydrazine wettability. This suggests that the surface roughness of solution-processed films can be controlled by altering the wetting behavior of the solution on the substrate.
OP18.05: Endometrial stripe thickness on transvaginal ultrasound as a predictor of uterine intracavitary lesion on saline infusion sonography

appropriate situation only the 2D mode or the 4D mode was switched on to maximize the information to the surgeon. The various aspects of the surgery seen were entry of scope through the cervical canal, the uterine cavity, outline of the cavity and most interestingly the 4D mode demonstrated the hysteroscope and the cornual opening of the tubes and the intramural part of the tube. Interestingly in real time the widening of the cornua ostia were noted. The authors feel the combined approach of 2 and 4 Dimension Ultrasound for intraoperative procedures is the way forward to make surgery safer and more complete. To see the hysteroscope, cornual ostia and the intramural portion of the tube in 4 Dimension ultrasound was most fascinating with a possible clinical potential. Criniti A, Lin PC. Applications of intraoperative ultrasound in gynecological surgery. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005 Aug; 17 (4): 339–42.
Calcium enhanced hydrogen production with CO2 capture

Abstract The addition of a calcium-based sorbent to a standard methane reforming catalyst alters the equilibrium and permits both the reforming and water-gas shift reactions to approach completion in a single step at a temperature approximately 200 K lower than currently used. Depending on reaction conditions greater than 95% CO 2 capture is possible and the product may contain 98+% H 2 (dry basis) and only ppm levels of CO and CO 2 . The requirements for final H 2 purification are thereby minimized for some applications and eliminated for others. While dolomite and limestone sorbent precursors have received the majority of attention because of their widespread availability and low cost, some researchers have studied synthetic calcium-based materials in an effort to improve sorbent durability. Regardless of the source, process economics requires that the sorbent be regenerable and used in many reaction-regeneration cycles. Regeneration is accomplished using temperature swing in an atmosphere of pure CO 2 or a mixture of CO 2 and steam from which pure CO 2 can be produced by condensing the H 2 O. Circulating fluidized-bed reactors are appropriate for large-scale operations while dual fixed-bed reactors with alternating reaction-regeneration functions may be appropriate for small-scale operations. No supplemental energy is required in the H 2 production reactor as the combined reforming, shift, and carbonation reactions are essentially thermally neutral. Supplemental energy is required in the regeneration step but overall energy reduction of 20–25% has been estimated. Other advantages of sorption-enhanced H 2 production include a reduction in capital cost due to process simplification, replacement of high temperature, high alloy steels in the reformer with less expensive materials of construction due to the lower operating temperature, total elimination of the shift reactor(s) and shift catalyst(s), and reduction of carbon deposition in the reformer. The concept is equally applicable to H 2 production from syngas from coal or biomass, with the added advantage that the need for reforming catalyst is eliminated.
Tetradentate −N2O2 ligand complexes of Tin(II). X-ray crystal structure of [N,N′-(1,2-ethylene) bis (salicylaldamine)]tin(II), (SaleanH2Sn)

The tetradentate −N2O2 ligands, [N,N′-(1,2-ethylenebis(salicylaldamine)] (SaleanH4 (1), [N,N′-(1,3-propylene)bis(salicylaldamine)](SalpanH4 (2)and [N,N′-(1,2-phenylenebis(salicylaldamine)] (SalophanH4) 3, were used to prepare Sn(II) complexes that are monomeric (SaleanH2Sn (7), SalpanH2Sn (8)) and dimeric ([SalophanH2Sn]2) (9)). The structure of 7 was determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography: orthorhombic, space pbcn with a = 19.849(4), b = 10.791(3), c = 18.559(5) A and Z = 8. Compounds 8 and 9 undergo transmetallation reactions with three equivalents of AlMe3 to produce the trimetallic derivatives, SalpanAlMe(Alme2)2 (10) and SalophanAlMe(AlMe2)2 (11).
Prepositional Marking of Source-Goal Structure and Children's Comprehension of English Passives

Maratsos and Abramovitch (1975) argued that the presence of a preposition is the major cue for the passive interpretation of sentences by children. Experiment 1 of the present study demonstrates that the semantics of the preposition are more important than the syntactic form-class: In an otherwise passive frame (the giraffe is tickled ... the camel), from elicits as many passive interpretations from preschoolers as the usual by, whereas to elicits primarily active interpretations. The results of Experiment 2 with younger children show that from actually may be a stronger elicitor of the passive interpretation than by. This linkage between the semantics of the preposition and the syntax of the sentence is interpretable in the perspective of the similarity between source-goal and agent-patient structures, as explicated by case grammar.
Coagulopathy Disproportionately Predisposes to Lobar Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background Anticoagulation increases the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), yet whether different underlying disease processes are equally affected is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that coagulopathy, measured by admission international normalized ratio (INR), disproportionately increases the risk for lobar hemorrhages.
Digital generation of random sequences

A procedure for the digital generation of random number sequences having specified autocorrelation and probability density functions is given. Computations required to set up this algorithm are described. Examples illustrate the accuracy and versatility of the procedures described.
New-onset rheumatoid arthritis after anthrax vaccination

Background Anthrax vaccine was licensed in 1970 and is used to protect individuals exposed to biological warfare and those who may come in contact with Bacillus anthracis in infected animals or in laboratory settings. The current adsorbed anthrax vaccine is regarded as effective and safe. Adverse effects reported include fever, chills, myalgia, arthralgia, and nausea. Four cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) temporally related to anthrax vaccine have been reported. As the number of administered doses increases, a better understanding of its adverse events profile will be forthcoming. Objective To describe another patient with RA temporally related to anthrax vaccination. Methods A 42-year-old man developed bilateral knee stiffness and pain in all the proximal interphalangeal joints 5 days after receiving the first dose of anthrax vaccine. He reported chills, fever, and joint and neck pain, with a tender nodule at the injection site after dose 2. Hours after receiving dose 3 he experienced fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and neck, hand, and shoulder pain. The vaccination series was terminated after the third dose. Results Physical examination revealed moderate swelling and tenderness of his bilateral proximal interphalangeal joints. His complete blood cell count was normal; rheumatoid factor level, 198 IU/mL; erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 53 mm/h; antinuclear antibodies, negative; C-reactive protein level, 2.7 mg/L; and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody level, 168 EU. Radiographs revealed mild degenerative changes in his hands and knees bilaterally. Conclusions This case represents a fifth patient with RA temporally related to anthrax vaccine.
Comparisons of blood viscosity between amphibians and mammals at 3°C and 38°C

Abstract (1) The range of temperature exposure of endotherms is narrow compared to ectotherms that can experience daily and seasonal temperature fluxes. (2) Comparison of the blood viscosity of amphibians (bullfrog, Woodhouse's toad, and marine toad) and mammals (horse, dog, and rat) at 3°C and 38°C was undertaken to determine if the effect of temperature on blood viscosity was diminished in amphibians relative to mammals. (3) Mammals did not consistently show greater changes in blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, or relative viscosity with decreasing temperatures relative to the amphibians in this study. (4) These data do not support our hypothesis that blood viscosity of amphibians is less affected by temperature than mammalian blood.
Sources of calibration errors in helicopter EM data

The procedures used to calibrate helicopter electro-magnetic systems are analysed to determine the errors produced both by mispositioning the Q-coil and by the effects of conducting ground at the calibration site. In general, errors produced by mispositioning the Q-coil can be greater than 2 percent/cm of displacement for movement in-line with the bird axis. Displacement in other directions produces smaller errors. The use of calibration jigs to stabilise Q-coil position is strongly recommended. The effect of conductive ground at the calibration site depends upon the conductivity of the ground, the transmitter frequency, and the coil geometry. As transmitter frequency increases, conductivity effects appear at higher resistivities for typical five-coil-pair birds with frequencies ranging from 900 Hz to 56 kHz. In general, these effects start to appear in the quadrature channels as resistivities drop below 100 ohm-m. Inphase channels are not affected until resistivities are less than 10 ohm-m. The horizontal coplanar coil geometry is more susceptible to conductivity effects than the vertical coaxial coil geometry, which is relatively immune to these effects at resistivities greater than 10 ohm-m for frequencies up to at least 7200 Hz.
Mononuclear and Binuclear Molybdenum(V) Complexes of the Ligand N,N‘-Dimethyl-N,N‘-bis(2-mercaptophenyl)ethylenediamine: Geometric Isomers

The syntheses of mononuclear complexes cis-MoVOXL (X = Cl, Br, OMe, OEt, OPh, SPh, NCS, OSiMe3) and two binuclear complexes MoV2O3L2 of the title ligand LH2 are reported. Two forms of MoOClL, with cis oxo and chloro ligands, were crystallized, one in space group P21/n, with a = 10.440(2) A, b = 14.260(2) A, c = 12.041(2) A, β = 102.76(2)°, V = 1748(1) A3, and Z = 4, and the other in P21/c, with a = 13.564(4) A, b = 7.172(2) A, c = 18.242(6) A, β = 95.19(1)°, V = 1767(2) A3, and Z = 4. MoO(OSiMe3)L crystallizes in space group P21/c, with a = 15.923(3) A, b = 11.141(2) A, c = 14.186(2) A, β = 112.64(2)°, V = 2323(1) A3, and Z = 4, while MoO(NCS)L crystallizes in Pna21, with a = 22.471(2) A, b = 12.136(2) A, c = 7.138(1) A, V = 1947(1) A3, and Z = 4. The four structures reveal two possible conformations for ligand L: one with trans S atoms (cis,trans-MoOClL and -MoO(OSiMe3)L) and one with cis S atoms (cis,cis-MoOClL and -MoO(NCS)L). The cis,cis isomers are converted to the cis,trans forms under reflux in Me...
Non-hierarchical control of a flexible manufacturing cell

Abstract As hierarchically controlled computer-integrated manufacturing systems growthey tend to become complex and their designability, maintainability, expandability and fault tolerance deteriorate. As an alternative, herterarchical control architectures offer prospects of reduced compexity, reduced software development costs, high modularity, high flexibility, and improved fault tolerance. By locating decision making where information originates, global information is reduced to a minimum, scheduling becomes dynamic, machines and parts become “intelligent” entities that cooperatively interact, and the overall system is decomposed into functionally simplified, modular parts. Three flexible machining cell control systems have been constructed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and are described in this paper: a centralized controller, a hierarchical controller with dynamic scheduling, and a fully distributed heterarchical controller with “intelligent parts”. Comparative results are reported showing that the heterarchical approach possesses a number of advantages including increased fault-tolerance, inherent adaptability and reconfigurability, decreased complexity, and reduced software development cost.
Ionic Conductivity and Glass Transition of Phosphoric Acids

Here we report the low-temperature dielectric and viscoelastic properties of phosphoric acids in the range of H2O:P2O5 1.5 5. Both dielectric and viscosity measurements allow us to determine the glass-transition temperatures of phosphoric acids. The obtained glass-transition temperatures are in good agreement with previous differential scanning calorimetric measurements. Moreover, our analysis reveals moderate decoupling of ionic conductivity from structural relaxation in the vicinity of the glass transition.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced-neuroinflammation increases intracellular accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and amyloid β peptide in APPswe transgenic mice

The present study was designed to examine whether brain inflammation caused by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) alters the expression/processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and increases the generation of amyloid beta peptide (Abeta). APPswe transgenic (Tg) mice were treated with either LPS or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In LPS-treated APPswe mice, Abeta1-40/42 was 3-fold and APP was 1.8-fold higher than those in PBS-treated mice (P < 0.05) by ELISA, Western blots and immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry (IP-MS) ProteinChip analysis. Numbers of Abeta- and APP-immunoreactive neurons (Abeta(+) and APP(+) neurons) increased significantly in LPS-treated APPswe mice; APP(+) and Abeta(+) neurons in neocortex were associated with an increased number of F4/80-immunoreactive microglia (F4/80(+) microglia) in their anatomical environment. Our findings demonstrate that experimental neuroinflammation increases APP expression/processing and causes intracellular accumulation of Abeta. It remains to be seen whether such events can cause neuronal dysfunction/degeneration and, with time, lead to extracellular Abeta deposits, as they occur in Alzheimer's disease.
Theoretical foundations and clinical applications of the premack principle: Review and critique

An evaluative review of the Premack Principle (PRE) is presented. After a preliminary clarification of PRE's theoretical foundations, the general trends in its application to classroom management and self-management strategies are delineated and critically examined. PRE's precise empirical assessment of relative probability via response duration measurement is found to be a laborious task—with the difficulty apparently bearing a positive relationship with environmental complexity such that both increase when one moves from the animal laboratory to the semicontrolled classroom environment and finally to the management of complex human behavior in the natural environment. Proposed alternative approximations of empirical probability (i.e., self-reported preference, relative frequency, and imminent performance) are evaluated according to their maintenance of PRE's minimum conceptual parameters. A general caution concerning the legitimate citation of prior theory and/or technique for substantiation of current clinical or research pursuits is asserted.
In Vitro Studies of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Cotton Cotyledons: Effects of Dowex 1-Cl and BSA.

Germinating cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Deltapine 16) cotyledons developed two peaks of in vitro nitrate reductase activity; the first was stable in vitro and appeared 24 hours after imbibition; and the second, which was extremely labile in vitro , began to develop after the seedlings had emerged and developed chlorophyll. Nitrite reductase activity peaked only after the seedlings had emerged. Dowex 1-Cl (10%, w/v) and bovine serum albumin (3%, w/v) significantly improved the activity of extracted enzyme; greater improvement occurred as expansion of the cotyledons progressed. The major effect of bovine serum albumin on nitrate reductase activity in cotyledon extracts appeared to be that of making the extracted enzyme more active rather than increasing the amount of nitrate reductase extracted or improving the stability of the extracted enzyme. Attempts to correlate protease activity with the increasingly labile nitrate reductase activity in expanding cotyledons were unsuccessful. Instead, when extracts containing stable nitrate reductase were mixed with extracts containing labile nitrate reductase, the latter was stabilized. The nature of the “protector” in the stable extracts is not known. It is heat-stable, but apparently does not function in vivo since nitrate reductase in germinating cotton seedlings rapidly declines following a peak of activity at 24 hours. We suggest that the protector may function by preventing nitrate reductase from dissociating into inactive subunits.
Guidelines for improving the reproducibility of quantitative multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements by laser scanning cytometry on fixed cell suspensions from human solid tumors.

Background: Laser scanning Cytometry (LSC) is a versatile technology that makes it possible to perform multiple measurements on individual cells and correlate them cell by cell with other cellular features. It would be highly desirable to be able to perform reproducible, quantitative, correlated cell-based immunofluorescence studies on individual cells from human solid tumors. However, such studies can be challenging because of the presence of large numbers of cell aggregates and other confounding factors. Techniques have been developed to deal with cell aggregates in data sets collected by LSC. Experience has also been gained in addressing other key technical and methodological issues that can affect the reproducibility of such cell-based immunofluorescence measurements. Methods and results: We describe practical aspects of cell sample collection, cell fixation and staining, protocols for performing multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements by LSC, use of controls and reference samples, and approaches to data analysis that we have found useful in improving the accuracy and reproducibility of LSC data obtained in human tumor samples. We provide examples of the potential advantages of LSC in examining quantitative aspects of cell-based analysis. Improvements in the quality of cell-based multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements make it possible to extract useful information from relatively small numbers of cells. This, in turn, permits the performance of multiple multicolor panels on each tumor sample. With links among the different panels that are provided by overlapping measurements, it is possible to develop increasingly more extensive profiles of intracellular expression of multiple proteins in clinical samples of human solid tumors. Examples of such linked panels of measurements are provided. Conclusions: Advances in methodology can improve cell-based multiparameter immunofluorescence measurements on cell suspensions from human solid tumors by LSC for use in prognostic and predictive clinical applications. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of chromosomal integration and deletions of yeast plasmids

Abstract Plasmid DNAs from six strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were compared. Three different plasmids were found, designated Scp 1, Scp 2 and Scp 3, with monomer lengths of 6.19, 6.06 and 5.97 kilobases as referenced to sequenced phiX174 DNA. DNA from each of the plasmids was inserted into a lambda vector DNA. Hybrid phage containing inserted DNA of the desired size were enriched by genetic selection and their DNAs analysed by rapid techniques. All three plasmids share the same organization, two unique sequences separated by two inverted repeats, and share basically the same DNA sequences. Scp 2 and Scp 3 differ from Scp 1 by missing a unique HpaI site and by having small overlapping deletions in the same region. The HpaI site in Scp 1 is, therefore, in a nonessential region and suitable for insertion of foreign DNA in the potential use of the yeast plasmid as a vector. Hybridization of labelled cloned plasmid DNA to restriction fragments of linear yeast DNA separated on agarose gels showed that the plasmid DNA was not stably integrated into the yeast chromosomal DNA.
Self-perception of weight appropriateness in the United States.

Abstract Background The self-perception of weight appropriateness is an important component of eating and weight-loss behaviors. Self-perceived weight status, however, is not fully explained by objective weight status. Objective To examine the influence of sociodemographic factors on Americans' perceptions of their weight appropriateness, controlling for objective weight status. Design In the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, respondents were asked, "Do you consider yourself now to be overweight, underweight, or about the right weight?" Responses to this question were compared with how respondents ( n =15,593) would be classified by medical standards given their body mass index (BMI). A proportional odds logistic regression model was used to assess the predictive effects of various sociodemographic factors on weight self-perception. Results Overall, 27.5% of women and 29.8% of men misclassified their own weight status by medical standards. Of particular note, 38.3% of normal weight women thought they were "overweight," while 32.8% of overweight men thought they were "about the right weight" or "underweight." Multivariate regression analysis revealed that, controlling for BMI, numerous factors—including gender, age, marital status, race, income, and education—were independently associated with the self-evaluation of weight status. Conclusions The self-perceived appropriateness of weight status varies in highly predictable ways among population-level subgroups, likely reflecting differences in the normative evaluation of bodily weight standards. Such evaluations may assist in the explanation of discrepancies between clinical recommendations based on weight status and actual weight control behaviors, discrepancies that are socially patterned along some of the same subgroupings.
Moral Realism, Moral Disagreement, and Moral Psychology

AbstractThis paper considers John Doris, Stephen Stich, Alexandra Plakias, and colleagues’ recent attempts to utilize empirical studies of cross-cultural variation in moral judgment to support a version of the argument from disagreement against moral realism. Crucially, Doris et al. claim that the moral disagreements highlighted by these studies are not susceptible to the standard ‘diffusing’ explanations realists have developed in response to earlier versions of the argument. I argue that plausible hypotheses about the cognitive processes underlying ordinary moral judgment and the acquisition of moral norms, when combined with a popular philosophical account of moral inquiry—the method of reflective equilibrium—undercut the anti-realist force of the moral disagreements that Doris et al. describe. I also show that Stich's recent attempt to provide further theoretical support for Doris et al.'s case is unsuccessful.
Bound Phosphorus and Growth of Phytoplankton

No correlation was found between phytoplankton pulses in four North Carolina ponds and variations in bound phosphorus. It is concluded that the interaction of a complex of chemical and physical factors produces both seasonal fluctuations and sporadic blooms of phytoplankton.
Distribution of Layer-Parallel Shortening Fabrics in Appalachian Foreland of New York and Pennsylvania: Evidence for Two Non-Coaxial Phases of Alleghany Orogeny: ABSTRACT

A structural interpretation of a part of the central and northern Appalachian foreland, uses the correlation of mechanical twinning, solution cleavage, crenulation cleavage, pencils, joints, and deformed fossils. Such a correlation suggests that within the central Appalachians, the Alleghanian orogeny consists of two major phases: a deformation possibly as old as Pennsylvanian, herein called the Lackawanna phase, and a second deformation, termed the Main phase, which is Permian or younger in age. The Lackawanna phase affects mainly the eastern parts of the foreland, such as the Hudson River Valley and Pocono Plateau, while the Main phase affects most of the Valley and Ridge and Alleghany Plateau. The Lackawanna phase is interpreted as the product of strike-slip motion possibly between the Avalon microcontinent and North America. The Main phase may record the final convergence of Africa against North America and its accredited microcontinents. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1168------------
Survey of implant training in oral and maxillofacial surgery residency programs in the United States.

Purpose The status of implant training in US oral and maxillofacial surgery programs has been reported previously based on data gathered from residency program directors. Since the time of those earlier surveys, however, many new technological and surgical developments have occurred in implant therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current status of implant training in oral and maxillofacial surgery residency programs in the United States. Materials and Methods E-mail invitations were sent to 559 resident members of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons asking them to participate in an online survey between January 23 and February 6, 2006. Each survey invitation was assigned a unique URL so that each resident could respond only once to the survey during the specified interval. The survey contained 17 questions assessing various aspects of training in implant placement. Results A total of 201 completed surveys were received by the specified deadline. The participation rate was roughly similar in residents of 4-year certificate programs and those of 6-year MD combined programs (56% vs 44%). In total, 48% of residents reported receiving less than 20 hours of didactic training in implantology per year, and 57% reported using 2 or fewer implant systems. Some 57% estimated that they would place fewer than 20 implants in the coming year, whereas 52% reported that they would place more than 50 implants during their residency. Interestingly, 98% of the residents reported that implant dentistry would be an important part of their practice, but 28% felt inadequately prepared by residency training. Conclusions There is a broad range of experience in implant training in US oral and maxillofacial surgery residency programs. Almost all oral and maxillofacial surgery residents feel that implant dentistry will be an important part of their practice; however, many residents feel that their training during residency has not adequately prepared them for implant surgery. Our findings identify a potential need for additional training in implant surgery during oral and maxillofacial surgery residency.
On understanding the optics of intraocular lenses

The optical considerations of intraocular lenses can be understood, using only the formulae and principles taught in a typical basic science course in ophthalmology. Some of the more common optical problems associated with intraocular lenses are presented and the methods for their solutions are illustrated and explained.