cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic health record (EHR) based postmarketing surveillance of adverse events associated with pediatric off-label medication use: A case study of short-acting beta-2 agonists and arrhythmias.

Purpose Use electronic health record (EHR) data to (1) estimate the risk of arrhythmia associated with inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists (SABA) in pediatric patients and (2) determine whether risk varied by on-label versus off-label prescribing. Methods Retrospective cohort study of 335 041 children ≤18 years using EHR primary care data from 2 pediatric health systems (2011-2013). A series of monthly pseudotrials were created, using propensity score methodology to balance baseline characteristics between SABA-exposed (identified by prescription) and SABA-unexposed children. Association between SABA and subsequent arrhythmia for each health system was estimated through pooled logistic regression with separate estimates for children initiating under and over 4 years old (off-label and on-label, respectively). Results Eleven percent of the cohort received a SABA prescription, 57% occurred under the age of 4 years (off-label). During the follow-up period, there were 283 first arrhythmia events, most commonly atrial tachyarrhythmias and premature ventricular/atrial contractions. In 1 health system, adjusted risk for arrhythmia was increased among exposed children (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.31-2.73) without evidence of interaction between label status and risk. The absolute adjusted rate difference was 3.6/10 000 person-years of SABA exposure. The association between SABA exposure and arrhythmias was less strong in the second system (OR 1.26, 95% CI 0.30-5.33). Conclusion Using EHR data, we could estimate the risk of a rare event associated with medication use and determine difference in risk related to on-label versus off-label status. These findings support the value of EHR-based data for postmarketing drug studies in the pediatric population.
The intelligent robotics system architecture applied to robotics testbeds and research platforms

A complete robotic system software architecture is presented including elements of an operator control station and the Intelligent Robotics System Architecture (IRSA) for embedded robotic system software. The architecture has been implemented for various robotics testbeds and prototypes including comet surface sample return sampling validation, Europa Lander sampling autonomy, Mars 2020 mission testbeds, and the RoboSimian mobile robot. IRSA provides a reference architecture for development of complete robotics systems or systems with knowledge of what subset of capabilities are provided. The architecture is presented and its use in various applications is described. The system includes operator side components including sequence generation and simulation and robot side components such as hierarchical behaviors and sequencing.
Values, ideologies, and dilemmas: professional and occupational contradictions.

1. Developments in many «for-profit» psychiatric hospitals over the past decade raise concerns about the nature of values in proprietary health care. These developments raise questions of whether nursing values and ideologies can coexist with those of the current health care environment. 2. There are two influences that are important in considering the issue of nursing within the for-profit context: the commercial motivation of the present health care system and the possible subordination of nursing values to the objectives of lay (business) persons. 3. It is imperative to initiate dialogues of the problematic ideological and ethical dilemmas confronting nurses in the work setting
Differential Quantitation of Urinary β-Glucuronidase of Human and Bacterial Origins

A method for the differential quantitation of urinary beta-glucuronidases of human and bacterial origins is presented. The activity of human enzyme at pH 6.5 was 36 per cent of its peak activity at pH 5.0 while the activity of bacterial enzyme at pH 5.0 was 20 per cent of its peak activity at pH 6.5. By simultaneous determination of the activity in a mixture of the enzymes of these two sources at both pH 5.0 and 6.5 and by simple mathematic proportion the individual activity of human and bacterial enzymes could be determined separately. This provides a quick method for differential diagnosis between bacterial and non-bacterial disease of the urinary system.
A review of cachexia: a tribute to Ken Fearon.

We dedicate this special addition on cachexia to the late Professor Ken Fearon. Many of us count him as a mentor and guide when counseling and treating patients with cancer cachexia. He was instrumental in advancing the knowledge, the staging and management of cachexia internationally.
The impact of the ASCO Choosing Wisely campaign for breast and prostate cancer on physician behavior.

6592Background: In April 2012, ASCO published its Choosing Wisely (CW) list of low-value services not supported by clinical evidence. The effectiveness of this campaign in changing physician behavi...
A Path(way) to Keeping Your Synapses on an Even Keel

In this issue of Neuron, Harris et al. (2018) show that a signal transduction pathway normally exploited by the innate immune system in recognizing foreign agents plays a critical role in controlling a synapse's ability to maintain stability in the efficacy of synaptic transmission over both rapid and prolonged timescales.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of GaAsSb/GaAsSbN/GaAlAs core-multishell nanowires for near-infrared applications

We report on the bandgap engineering of the GaAsSb/GaAsSbN heterostructured nanowires (NWs) in the core–shell architecture using the unique properties of dilute nitride material system for near-infrared photodetection. A high density of vertical GaAsSb/GaAsSb(N)/GaAlAs core-multishell configured NWs with well faceted, smooth surface morphology has been grown on Si (111) substrates using Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. A low Sb content GaAsSb core has been shown to enable the coherently strained growth of dilute nitride shell with higher Sb content in GaAsSbN shell NWs. A systematic study of N and V/III beam equivalent pressure ratios is carried out to achieve the large band-gap reduction, while successfully incorporating higher Sb content in the dilute nitride shells (GaAs1−x Sb x N; x = 0.27). The incorporation of N acts to relieve strain and provide a smooth surface morphology as well as redshift the 4K photoluminescence (PL) peak energy by ~160 meV in comparison to a non-nitride shell. The selected area diffraction pattern confirms zinc-blende structure in all the NWs and did not show any noticeable planar defects in dilute nitride NWs. We successfully, thus demonstrate GaAsSb/GaAsSbN/GaAlAs core–shell NWs by engineering the lattice strain of nitride shell with the non-nitride ternary core, for extending the 4K photoemission up to 1.43 μm.
Comparative micromechanical analysis of alloy 625 coatings deposited by air plasma spraying, wire arc spraying, and cold spraying technologies

Abstract In this paper, we analyze microstructures of alloy 625 coatings deposited by three different methods in the context of their elastic properties. Dominant microstructural features of coatings produced by air plasma spraying, wire arc spraying and cold spraying technologies are identified. Effective elastic properties are given in terms of the proper microstructural parameters. The major microstructural parameters affecting overall Young's moduli of air plasma and wire arc sprayed alloy 625 coatings are crack density and concentration of chromium oxide platelets formed during the deposition process; while the major parameter for cold sprayed coating is dislocation density at the grain boundaries. Predictions of the effective Young's modulus in the plane normal to the deposition direction, made on the basis of the microstructural analysis, were tested against experimental measurements. It is demonstrated that the developed framework can be directly linked to microstructural data obtained from the analysis of photomicrographs.
Predicting vertical ground reaction force during running using novel piezoresponsive sensors and accelerometry

Running is a common exercise with numerous health benefits. Vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) influences running injury risk and running performance. Measurement of vGRF during running is now p...
Modified nucleoside triphosphates in bacterial research for in vitro and live-cell applications

Modified nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are invaluable tools to probe bacterial enzymatic mechanisms, develop novel genetic material, and engineer drugs and proteins with new functionalities. Although the impact of nucleobase alterations has predominantly been studied due to their importance for protein recognition, sugar and phosphate modifications have also been investigated. However, NTPs are cell impermeable due to their negatively charged phosphate tail, a major hurdle to achieving live bacterial studies. Herein, we review the recent advances made to investigate and evolve bacteria and their processes with the use of modified NTPs by exploring alterations in one of the three moieties: the nucleobase, the sugar and the phosphate tail. We also present the innovative methods that have been devised to internalize NTPs into bacteria for in vivo applications.
Katz, David 1884–1953

David Katz was born on October 1, 1884, as the seventh of eight children of his parents in Kassel, Germany, where he attended the local Realgymnasium. As a child and student, he became a talented amateur painter, interested in color and other sensory abilities. In 1902, he began studying at the nearby University of Gottingen.
DisoLipPred: Accurate prediction of disordered lipid binding residues in protein sequences with deep recurrent networks and transfer learning.

MOTIVATION Intrinsically disordered protein regions interact with proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Regions that bind lipids are implicated in a wide spectrum of cellular functions and several human diseases. Motivated by the growing amount of experimental data for these interactions and lack of tools that can predict them from the protein sequence, we develop DisoLipPred, the first predictor of the disordered lipid-binding residues (DLBRs). RESULTS DisoLipPred relies on a deep bidirectional recurrent network that implements three innovative features: transfer learning, bypass module that sidesteps predictions for putative structured residues, and expanded inputs that cover physiochemical properties associated with the protein-lipid interactions. Ablation analysis shows that these features drive predictive quality of DisoLipPred. Tests on an independent test dataset and the yeast proteome reveal that DisoLipPred generates accurate results and that none of the related existing tools can be used to indirectly identify DLBR. We also show that DisoLipPred's predictions complement the results generated by predictors of the transmembrane regions. Altogether, we conclude that DisoLipPred provides high-quality predictions of DLBRs that complement the currently available methods. AVAILABILITY DisoLipPred's webserver is available at http://biomine.cs.vcu.edu/servers/DisoLipPred/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cervical Cancer Screening: Updated Guidelines from the American Cancer Society.

The American Cancer Society (ACS) has released new guidelines for cervical cancer screening.
Extraction of Drugs from Biofluids and Tissues with XAD-2 Resin

Good toxicological procedure necessitates the analysis of biological fluids and tissue for a wide range of drugs. The forensic toxicologist must also consider the analytical problems associated with the isolation and quantitation of drugs present in low concentrations. The usual approach is to use a solvent extraction procedure or one of its numerous modifications.
True to our feelings: What our emotions are really telling us.

PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION PART I: EMOTIONAL STRATEGIES: AN EXISTENTIALIST PERSPECTIVE 1. Anger as a Way of Engaging the World 2. Why It Is Good to Be Afraid 3. Varieties of Fear and Anger: Emotions and Moods 4. Lessons of Love (and Platos Symposium) 5. We Are Not Alone: Compassion and Sympathy 6. Extremes of Emotion: Grief, Laughter, and Happiness 7. Self-Reproach in Guilt, Shame, and Pride 8. Nasty Emotions: Envy, Spite, Jealousy, Resentment, and Vengeance PART II: TOWARD A GENERAL THEORY: MYTHS ABOUT EMOTIONS 9. What an Emotion Theory Should Do 10. Myth 1: Emotions Are Ineffable 11. Myth 2: Emotions Are Feelings 12. Myth 3: The Hydraulic Model 13. Myth 4: Emotions Are in the Mind 14. Myth 5: Emotions Are Stupid (They Have No Intelligence) 15. Myth 6: Two Flavors of Emotion, Positive and Negative 16. Myth 7: Emotions Are Irrational 17. Myth 8: Emotions Happen to Us (They Are Passions) PART III: THE ETHICS OF EMOTION: A QUEST FOR EMOTIONAL INTEGRITY 18. Emotions as Evaluative Judgments 19. Emotions, Self, and Consciousness 20. Emotional Experience (Feelings) 21. The Universality of Emotions: Evolution and the Human Condition 22. Emotions Across Cultures 23. Happiness, Spirituality, and Emotional Integrity ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
Correcting and Improving the NP Proof for Cryptographic Protocol Insecurity

We improve the NP proof for the insecurity problem, partly motivated by an error in the NP proof of the influential paper "Protocol insecurity with a finite number of sessions and composed keys is NP-complete" by Rusinowitch and Turuani [1]. We enhance several different aspects of the proofs with a complete presentation, and we prove stronger results that fix the non-trivial error. Besides fixing the error, our proof framework has reusable structure and proves several results that are neither covered nor proved in [1] and its sequels, including the important fact that the attacker does not need to generate nonces in an attack, which the proof of [1] relies on. We show a sharper result that the complexity of the derivation problem is in square time. Furthermore, we extend the scope of the NP complexity to cover the scenarios where a fixed number of role instances are assumed, and delayed decryption is allowed. These are new results since the NP result of assuming a fixed number of role instances does not seem to be obtainable by a reduction from the NP result of assuming a fixed number of sessions, and [1] and its sequels cannot handle delayed decryption.
Crowdsourcing innovative service ideas: The effect of negative interactions on ideation forums’ effectiveness

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how negatively worded innovative ideas can be rejected during a crowdsourcing event sponsored by a service firm via an online forum. The goal of an ideation forum is to collect user-generated content in the form of ideas for new products or services. An ideation forum attempts to clarify the “fuzziness” on the front-end of new product development. Design/methodology/approach – A 2 × 2 (satisfied/dissatisfied customers and negatively/positively worded ideas) experiment replicates the effect of mood-incongruent interactions within ideation forums and measures the likelihood for an idea to be buried or selected on the basis of its merit rather than its negative/positive wording. Findings – The results demonstrate that mood-incongruent interactions have different effects on different groups of participating customers. Negatively worded innovative ideas are rated lower by satisfied customers, despite their superior merit. Research limitations/implications –...
Turning inward versus outward: Relationship work in young adults and romantic functioning

This study examined 106 romantically involved young adults to determine the frequency of disclosure of romantic problems to both partners and best friends and links to romantic functioning. Results revealed females and males did not differ in frequency of this “relationship work” (RW) with either partners or friends and both engaged in more frequent RW with partners. Simple slopes analyses indicated that discussing romantic problems often with a friend and rarely with a partner was associated with poorer romantic functioning (e.g., less happiness, commitment, love). Conversely, when engaging in frequent RW with partners, regardless of RW performed with friends, relationships flourished. Findings link the social network to romantic functioning and reinforce the importance of discussing romantic problems with one's partner.
Substantial optical dielectric enhancement by volume compression in LiAsSe 2

Based on first-principles calculations, we predict a substantial increase in the optical dielectric function of ${\mathrm{LiAsSe}}_{2}$ under pressure. We find that the optical dielectric constant is enhanced threefold under compression along all three axes by 3%. This enhancement is mainly due to the dimerization strength reduction of the one-dimensional (1D) As--Se chains in ${\mathrm{LiAsSe}}_{2}$, which significantly alters the wave function phase mismatch between two neighboring chains and changes the transition intensity. By developing a tight-binding model of the interacting 1D chains, the essential features of the low-energy electronic structure of ${\mathrm{LiAsSe}}_{2}$ are captured. Our findings are important for understanding the fundamental physics of ${\mathrm{LiAsSe}}_{2}$ and provide a feasible way to enhance the material optical response that can be applied to light harvesting for energy applications.
An experimental study of the countercurrent moving-bed chromatographic reactor

Abstract The results of an experimental investigation of the performance of a countercurrent moving-bed chromatographic reactor are presented. The test reaction is the hydrogenation of 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene vapor at 190°C by Pt supported on 30–50 mesh Al 2 O 3 . Simultaneous reaction and separation of the reactant and product, 1,3,5,-trimethylcyclohexane, occur during the continuous contacting, giving good product purity. Conversions can, in some cases, significantly exceed the equilibrium conversion expected in a tubular reactor operating at the same temperature and feed conditions. The dependence of product purity and conversion upon experimental conditions is investigated. A dispersionless, adsorption equilibrium model is presented for the two cases of a linear isotherm and a Langmuir isotherm. The trends of observed reactor behavior with changes in feed rate and feed position are satisfactorily accounted for by the models.
On the downstream boundary conditions for the vorticity-stream function formulation of two-dimensional incompressible flows

Downstream boundary conditions equivalent to the homogeneous form of the natural boundary conditions associated with the velocity-pressure formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations are derived for the vorticity-stream function formulation of two-dimensional incompressible flows. Of particular interest are the zero normal and shear stress conditions at a downstream boundary.
An exploratory study of loading and morphometric factors associated with specific failure modes in fatigue testing of lumbar motion segments

Abstract Background There is currently little information regarding factors associated with specific modes of motion segment failure using a fatigue failure model. Methods Thirty-six human lumbar motion segments were fatigue tested using spinal compressive and shear loads that simulated lifting a 9 kg weight in three torso flexion angles (0°, 22.5°, and 45°). Twenty-five segments failed via fatigue prior to the 10,000 cycle maximum. These specimens were visually inspected and dissected so that the mode(s) of failure could be determined. Failure modes included endplate fractures (classified into nine varieties), vertebral body fractures, and/or zygapophysial joint disruption. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine whether certain morphometric variables, amount of motion segment flexion, disk degeneration scores, and/or loading characteristics were associated with the occurrence of specific failure modes. Findings Results indicated that stellate endplate fractures were associated with increased posterior shear forces (P Interpretation These results suggest that prediction of failure modes (e.g., specific endplate fracture patterns) may be possible (at least for older specimens) given knowledge of the spinal loads along with certain characteristics of the lumbar spine.
A Comparative Study of the Percutaneous versus Intraoral Technique for Mental Nerve Block

Objective: Mental nerve block is frequently used to aid repair of facial lacerations; both percutaneous and intraoral approaches to blocking this nerve are used, but have never been compared. The authors compared the two techniques for pain of administration and effectiveness of anesthesia. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blind, crossover study was conducted using ten healthy volunteers aged 22 to 33 years. Patients having prior experience with mental nerve blocks, lidocaine allergy, active oral/facial infection, or previous facial fractures were excluded. Bilateral mental nerve blocks were done using intraoral technique on one side and percutaneous technique on the other. Both techniques were used by the same investigator and were carried out with 27-gauge needles and 2.5 mL of 2% buffered lidocaine at room temperature injected over 20 seconds. The oral mucosa was topically anesthetized with viscous lidocaine for 1 minute prior to intraoral injection. The orders of the blocks and sides of the face anesthetized were randomized. Subjective and objective pain (visual-analog scale), efficacy (anesthesia of lower lip), time to onset, and duration of anesthesia were evaluated. Results: The intraoral technique was subjectively less painful than the percutaneous approach in nine of ten subjects (p = 0.02). Scores on the visual-analog pain scale were significantly lower for the intraoral technique (p = 0.03). Intraoral injection produced lower-lip anesthesia in 10/10 subjects versus 7/10 for percutaneous (p = 0.25). Times to onset (approximately 1–2 minutes) and durations of anesthesia (approximately one hour) were similar for the two techniques. Conclusion: The intraoral approach to the mental nerve block with adjunctive topical anesthesia was subjectively and objectively less painful than the percutaneous approach without adjunctive anesthesia. While the intraoral approach had a greater efficacy of lower-lip anesthesia and a longer duration of action, these differences were not statistically significant.
Ionic propulsion based on heated taylor cones of ionic liquids

Electrical propulsion characteristics of emissions from heated Taylor cones in vacuo are investigated for the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumbis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide. Low specific impulses are encounteredat room temperature. However, the drop size decreases and the ion currents become very large at increasing temperatures, leading above 119°C to the appearance of a purely ionic regime with currents in excess of 4 μA. This mode of operation leads to thrusts approaching 1 μN per Taylor cone, at a specific impulse above 2000 s. The ion beam is dominated by the dimer ion (∼80%), with a mass-over-charge ratio larger than 600 amu, substantially larger than possible with traditional ion sources. The purely ionic regime had been previously observed in roomtemperature 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium + -BF 4 , but this is the first report where this regime exists over a wide range of currents. The levels of both thrust and specific impulse reported are considerably higher than those previously attained from single Taylor cones of organic electrolytes.
A causal hypothesis explaining predator-prey dynamics in Great Salt Lake, Utah

Abstract A hypothesis explaining the recurring annual plankton dynamics found in a natural two-species system in Great Salt Lake, Utah is developed, and tested via computer simulation. A springtime peak of the phytoplankter Dunaliella viridis is followed by a peak of the sole grazing zooplankter Artemia salina . The annual time patterns of these two species are analyzed using Forrester's feedback dynamics methodology. The goal is to obtain a model with coupled feedback loops sufficient to reproduce the major features shown in three years of field data (e.g., spring phytoplankton blooms and crashes followed by zooplankton). Some details are ignored until a sensitivity analysis has revealed important needed information. For example, we consider an average liter of water, at an average depth, in a homogeneous lake; and we include only eggs, nauplii and adults in the brine shrimp life cycle. Emphasis is given to overall pattern reproduction and model stability. The system is driven by solar energy, but the dynamics arise primarily from the feedback loop structure. Feedback loops included are the life cycles of algae and brine shrimp; algal self-shading; algal grazing by brine shrimp; and brine shrimp starvation. The algae are hypothesized to be limited in spring by self-shading, and then by grazing until the fall disappearance of brine shrimp, when the algae become temperature- and light-limited. Brine shrimp are limited only by food.
Electrical properties of n-n ZnSe/GaAs heterojunctions

Abstract ZnSe/GaAs n-n heterojunctions were prepared by heteroepitaxial growth of ZnSe on GaAs from the vapor phase. The electrical properties of the heterojunctions were found to be strongly dependent on the ZnSe resistivity. Heterojunctions with semi-insulating (10 9 –10 11 Ω cm) ZnSe showed symmetric current density versus voltage ( J-V ) characteristics and a voltage-independent capacitance. Rectification was shown by n-n heterojunctions prepared with conductive (5–25 Ω cm) ZnSe. J-V and capacitance versus voltage measurements indicated that the n-n structure behaves like a lattice-matched Schottky barrier with a barrier height of 0.7 eV. These findings were compared with recent theoretical models of the electronic structure of the ZnSe/GaAs interface.
Searching PubMed on an iPhone or iPod Touch

An increasing number of students and faculty come to campus with an iPhone or iPod touch. Aside from recreational use, these devices can be used to search for medical literature, but picking the right applications for searching can be difficult. A comparison test was created to find the best application for searching PubMed from an iPhone or iPod touch. The products tested were PubSearch, PubMed on Tap, and PubMed for Handhelds. Although equally accurate, PubMed on Tap was the superior product due to its simple method for limiting by date and its readily accessible e-mail feature.
Double-illumination photoacoustic microscopy of intestinal hemodynamics following massive small bowel resection

Massive small bowel resection (SBR) results in villus angiogenesis and intestinal adaptation. The exact mechanism that causes intestinal villus angiogenesis remains unknown. We hypothesize that hemodynamic changes within the remnant bowel after SBR will trigger intestinal angiogenesis. To validate this, we used photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) to image the microvascular system of the intestine in C57B6 mice and to measure blood flow and oxygen saturation (sO_2) of a supplying artery and vein. Baseline measurements were made 6 cm proximal to the ileal-cecal junction (ICJ) prior to resection. A 50% proximal bowel resection was then performed, and measurements were again recorded at the same location immediately, 1, 3 and 7 days following resection. The results show that arterial and venous sO_2 were similar prior to SBR. Immediately following SBR, the arterial and venous sO_2 decreased by 14.3 ± 2.7% and 32.7 ± 6.6%, respectively, while the arterial and venous flow speed decreased by 62.9 ± 17.3% and 60.0 ± 20.1%, respectively. Such significant decreases in sO_2 and blood flow indicate a hypoxic state after SBR. Within one week after SBR, both sO2 and blood flow speed had gradually recovered. By 7 days after SBR, arterial and venous sO_2 had increased to 101.0 ± 2.9% and 82.7 ± 7.3% of the baseline values, respectively, while arterial and venous flow speed had increased to 106.0 ± 21.4% and 150.0 ± 29.6% of the baseline values, respectively. Such increases in sO_2 and blood flow may result from angiogenesis following SBR.
DFT modeling of a methane-to-methanol catalytic cycle via Group 6 organometallics: The role of metal in determining the mode of C–H activation

Abstract Computational modeling of Group 6 complexes of the form [LnM(Y)O]n (Ln: Tp = hydrido-tris(pyrazolyl)borate, Ep = 1,1,1-tris(pyrazolyl)ethane; M = CrIV, MoIV, WIV; Y = CO, pyridine, n = 1+ or 2+) with respect to an oxy-insertion catalytic cycle for the conversion of methane to methanol is reported. Through a DFT study of the reaction mechanism – involving C–H activation and oxygen-atom transfer – competing transition state pathways, molecular geometries, and Gibbs free energies were analyzed. The results indicate that the [EpCr(CO)O]2+ catalyst is the most promising among the twelve Group 6 systems modeled as the transition state for C–H bond activation requires ∼10 kcal mol−1 for [2 + 2] addition with a reasonably flat potential energy surface for the complete catalytic cycle. Calculations indicate that most Cr-oxo and all Mo-oxo complexes favor a hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) pathway, whereas the majority of the W-oxo complexes and one of the Cr complexes favors a [2 + 2] mechanism for methane C–H bond activation. With regards to the catalyst components, the following orders, M (Cr > Mo > W) > Ln (Ep > Tp) > Y (carbonyl > pyridine), expresses the importance of the individual constituents with respect to their impact on the calculated catalytic cycle.
Some obstacles to the automation of reasoning, and the problem of redundant information

This article is the first of a series of articles discussing various unsolved research problems in automated reasoning. We begin with an overview of some of the main obstacles that prevent reasoning programs from being even more useful than they currently are. We include a brief discussion of the basic paradigm used by those programs whose power is demonstrated by their use in answering open questions from mathematics. We then turn our attention to an unsolved research problem concerned with finding a strategy to avoid or reduce the deduction of redundant information.
A nanoporous polymeric sorbent for deep removal of H2S from gas mixtures for hydrogen purification

A nanoporous composite sorbent (PEI/SBA-15) was developed by the wet impregnation loading of a linear polyethyleneimine (PEI) on a mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15, which was prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. The sorbent was characterized by XRD at low angles, N2 physisorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT-IR. The sorption performance of the sorbent for removing H2S from H2-containing gas mixtures was evaluated in a flow system. The characterization results showed that after PEI loading, PEI was dispersed inside the meso-channels of SBA-15 with almost no change of the SBA-15 structure, and the interaction of amine groups in PEI with the functional groups on the SBA-15 surface may anchor PEI on the inner surface of SBA-15. The effects of the inlet H2S concentration and co-existing moisture on the sorption performance were examined. With increasing inlet H2S concentration, both the breakthrough capacity and the saturation capacity increased. The sorption of H2S on the PEI/SBA-15 sorbent can be expressed by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. A higher sorption capacity was observed in the presence of moisture, indicating that moisture has a promoting effect on the sorption removal of H2S from gas streams on the PEI/SBA-15 sorbent. However, the desorption rate of the sorbed H2S was also reduced in the presence of moisture. The sorption/desorption cycles showed that the PEI/SBA-15 sorbent had a good regenerability and stable sorption performance.
Paediatric and adolescent sport injury in the wilderness

Participation in backcountry wilderness recreation has increased in recent years with children and adolescents making up an increasing number of participants visiting wilderness destinations. Engaging in wilderness activity involves the risk of injury, illness and even death. Unfortunately, there is very little research investigating the health challenges facing children and adolescents in the wilderness. With the intent of increasing awareness among the sports medicine community, this review examines reported paediatric and adolescent wilderness injuries reported in the state of Washington and in US National Parks, injuries reported during outdoor wilderness programmes and global youth expeditions, and health challenges in wilderness settings where the threat of acute mountain sickness is elevated. Future studies addressing the challenges of establishing numerator data linked to suitable denominator data and monitoring injured and non-injured children and adolescents in the wilderness are recommended.
Do recent life events and social support explain gender differences in depressive symptoms in patients who had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

Objective: Previous studies have documented that among patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), depressive symptoms are more common in women than in men. The objective of this study was to determine if this disparity was explained by gender differences in stressful life events and in perceived social support. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study involving patients who recently had percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). Logistic regression was used to test the associations among gender, depressive symptoms, stressful life events, and social support. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: Of the 660 patients enrolled, 27% were women. A higher proportion of women than men were classified as having substantial depressive symptoms based on a cutoff score of ≥16 on the CES-D (43% vs. 29%, p < 0.01). More women reported experiencing personal stressful life events than men (33% vs. 23%, p < 0.05). Fewer women than men...
Critical period of carbon tetrachloride-induced pregnancy loss in Fischer-344 rats, with insights into the detection of resorption sites by ammonium sulfide staining

Several low-molecular weight halocarbons have been shown to cause full-litter resorption (FLR), i.e., pregnancy loss, in Fischer-344 rats treated during organogenesis. To determine periods of gestation sensitive to acute exposure, a single dose of 150 mg carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)/kg was administered on gestation day (GD) 6, 7, 8, 10, or 12. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on GD 20. Non-gravid uteri were examined for resorption sites, placed in 10% ammonium sulfide, and re-examined for stained resorption sites approximately 1 and 4.5 hr later. FLR was seen in 4% (1/27) of control dams and 36% (4/11), 54% (7/13), 72% (18/25), 54% (7/13), and 0% (0/12) of dams treated on GD 6, 7, 8, 10, and 12, respectively. Ammonium sulfide staining clearly yielded a more accurate account of the incidence of FLR. The technique was most effective when the staining period was extended to 4.5 hr, as two cases of FLR were revealed that had been undetected after 1 hr of staining. For dams with FLR, staining was required to detect resorption sites in all dams treated on GD 6 or 7, most dams treated on GD 8, and one dam treated on GD 10. Fewer implantation sites were detected in the dams treated on GD 6, and the size of the stained resorption sites increased as the day of treatment was delayed. These findings demonstrate a relationship between the time of toxicant exposure and the size and detectability of resorption sites near term, suggesting that the size of the resorption site may reliably reflect the time of embryonic death. Treatment on GD 8 caused the highest incidence of FLR and will be used in subsequent mechanistic research. Teratology 56:252–261, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Specific complex formation between proteins encoded by the yeast DNA repair and recombination genes RAD1 and RAD10.

Abstract The RAD1 and RAD10 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are required for excision repair of ultraviolet light-damaged DNA, and they also function in a mitotic recombination pathway that is distinct from the double-strand-break recombination pathway controlled by RAD52. Here, we show that the RAD1 and RAD10 proteins are complexed with each other in vivo. Immunoprecipitation of yeast cell extracts with either anti-RAD1 antibody or anti-RAD10 antibody coprecipitated quantitative amounts of both RAD1 and RAD10 proteins. The level of coprecipitable RAD1 and RAD10 increased when both proteins were overproduced together, but not if only one of the proteins was overproduced. The RAD1/RAD10 complex is highly stable, being refractory to 1 M NaCl and to low concentrations of SDS. By hydroxylamine mutagenesis, we have identified a rad1 mutant allele whose encoded protein fails to complex with RAD10. The interaction-defective rad1 mutant resembles the rad1 or rad10 null mutant in defective DNA repair and recombination, implying that complex formation is essential for the expression of biological activities controlled by RAD1 and RAD10.
Generation of cytotoxic NK cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia after continuous infusion with recombinant interleukin-2

We have studied the cytotoxic profile and distribution of lymphocyte subsets of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in second remission, after continuous infusion with recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2). The patients received repetitive cycles of 1-1.25 x 10(6) U/m2/day of IL-2, given as 4 days continuous intravenous infusion followed by a 3-day treatment-free interval for the first 4 weeks. Patients receiving greater than 4 cycles were treated with the same dose of IL-2 continuously for 4 days, followed by a 10-day treatment-free interval. These studies showed that IL-2 treatment resulted in the generation of peripheral blood cytotoxic activity against both NK-susceptible, K-562, and NK-resistant Daudi cell lines. In most patients, enhancement of lytic activity increased with the number of IL-2 infusions. The cytotoxicity in some patients increased as much as 700-fold and 830-fold against K-562 and Daudi cells, respectively. It is of importance that oncolytic activity was also induced in bone marrow compartment (up to 182-fold against K-562). Some decline in cytotoxicity was observed within 14 days after initiation of IL-2 infusion in peripheral blood, but high levels of lytic activity persisted at this time in bone marrow. It is of interest to note that the cytotoxicity of in vivo IL-2 primed lymphocytes was further potentiated by IL-2 in vitro. Importantly, the cytotoxic cells induced in vitro displayed lytic activity against fresh leukemic blasts. Phenotypic analysis demonstrated that CD3-, CD56+ NK cells were significantly increased by in vivo IL-2 treatment (34 to 47-fold in absolute numbers), while CD3-, CD56+ T-cell subset remained low. Characterization of cytotoxic cells using the complement-dependent assay and monoclonal antibodies indicated that both the in vivo-induced and ex vivo-potentiated lytic function was mediated by CD3-, CD56+, CD16- -NK cells.
An economic theory of intentional torts: A comment

In an article entitled ‘An Economic Theory of Intentional Torts’ that appeared in an earlier issue of this Review,’ Landes and Posner argued ‘that the concept of intentional tort can be given a coherent economic meaning and . . . that the common law treatment of intentional torts can be explained on the hypothesis that the common law attempts to promote efficiency.‘2 In this comment, I argue that the authors’ explication of their model is confused and that their explanation of punitive damages is both incomplete and inconsistent with their own model. By introducing normative considerations into the model, however, punitive damages become a rational response to deliberate harms. Finally, I suggest reasons for scepticism about the explanatory power of the model as applied to modern decisions of English and American courts.
Exploring metabolic pathways that contribute to the stem cell phenotype

Abstract Background Stem cells must negotiate their surrounding nutritional and signaling environment and respond accordingly to perform various functions. Metabolic pathways enable these responses, providing energy and biosynthetic precursors for cell proliferation, motility, and other functions. As a result, metabolic enzymes and the molecules which control them are emerging as attractive targets for the manipulation of stem cells. To exploit these targets a detailed characterization of metabolic flux regulation is required. Scope of review Here we outline recent advances in our understanding of metabolism in pluripotent stem cells and adult progenitors. We describe the regulation of glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism, and the redox state of stem cells, highlighting key enzymes and transcription factors involved in the control of these pathways. Major conclusions A general description of stem cell metabolism has emerged, involving increased glycolysis, limited oxidative metabolism, and resistance to oxidative damage. Moving forward, the application of systems-based approaches to stem cells will help shed light on metabolic pathway utilization in proliferating and quiescent stem cells. General significance Metabolic flux contributes to the unique properties of stem cells and progenitors. This review provides a detailed overview of how stem cells metabolize their surrounding nutrients to proliferate and maintain lineage homeostasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemistry of Stem Cells.
VPC prediction: reducing the cost of indirect branches via hardware-based dynamic devirtualization

Indirect branches have become increasingly common in modular programs written in modern object-oriented languages and virtual machine based runtime systems. Unfortunately, the prediction accuracy of indirect branches has not improved as much as that of conditional branches. Furthermore, previously proposed indirect branch predictors usually require a significant amount of extra hardware storage and complexity, which makes them less attractive to implement.This paper proposes a new technique for handling indirect branches, called Virtual Program Counter (VPC) prediction. The key idea of VPC prediction is to treat a single indirect branch as multiple virtual conditional branches in hardware for prediction purposes. Our technique predicts each of the virtual conditional branches using the existing conditional branch prediction hardware. Thus, no separate storage structure is required for predicting indirect branch targets.Our evaluation shows that VPC prediction improves average performance by 26.7% compared to a commonly-used branch target buffer based predictor on 12 indirect branch intensive applications. VPC prediction achieves the performance improvement provided by at least a 12KB (and usually a 192KB) tagged target cache predictor on half of the examined applications. We show that VPC prediction can be used with any existing conditional branch prediction mechanism and that the accuracy of VPC prediction improves when a more accurate conditional branch predictor is used.
Dynamics of random early detection

In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of Random Early Detection (RED) over traffic types categorized as non-adaptive, fragile and robust, according to their responses to congestion. We point out that RED allows unfair bandwidth sharing when a mixture of the three traffic types shares a link. This unfairness is caused by the fact that at any given time RED imposes the same loss rate on all flows, regardless of their bandwidths.We propose Fair Random Early Drop (FRED), a modified version of RED. FRED uses per-active-flow accounting to impose on each flow a loss rate that depends on the flow's buffer use.We show that FRED provides better protection than RED for adaptive (fragile and robust) flows. In addition, FRED is able to isolate non-adaptive greedy traffic more effectively. Finally, we present a "two-packet-buffer" gateway mechanism to support a large number of flows without incurring additional queueing delays inside the network. These improvements are demonstrated by simulations of TCP and UDP traffic.FRED does not make any assumptions about queueing architecture; it will work with a FIFO gateway. FRED's per-active-flow accounting uses memory in proportion to the total number of buffers used: a FRED gateway maintains state only for flows for which it has packets buffered, not for all flows that traverse the gateway.
Chronic sinusitis and anosmia: pathologic changes in the olfactory mucosa.

Objectives To evaluate histological changes in the olfactory mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. These results are analyzed in light of current understanding of the pathophysiology of anosmia secondary to nasal and sinus disease. Study Design Prospective study of olfaction on patients undergoing sinus surgery for the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods Thirty patients, aged 22 to 39 years, underwent olfactory biopsy at the time of surgery with evaluation by a pathologist. Inflammatory changes were graded as mild (normal), moderate, or severe. Clinical olfactory function was evaluated using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). The results correlated with the degree of olfactory dysfunction. Results Of the 30 patients 19 had unequivocal olfactory mucosa in the biopsy specimen. Eleven had only respiratory or indeterminate mucosa. Nine patients demonstrated normal olfactory mucosa and normal olfactory function (UPSIT >35). Ten patients demonstrated pathological changes in the olfactory mucosa with an influx of lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils. Of these 10 patients, 7 had olfactory deficits as determined by UPSIT. The remaining three patients had normal olfactory function despite moderate chronic inflammation. These studies indicate that the olfactory mucosa is capable of mounting an inflammatory response similar to that seen in the respiratory mucosa of patients with chronic sinusitis. These data suggest that the olfactory deficits in these patients may be the result of inflammatory changes within the olfactory mucosa in addition to any alteration in airflow to the olfactory cleft.
Metabolism of inorganic cations by quail (Coturnix coturnix) drinking solutions of CaCl2 and MgCl2.

Abstract 1. 1. In experiments to indicate the abilities of birds to tolerate and excrete Mg and Ca in drinking water, twenty-eight male quail received solutions of CaCl 2 or MgCl 2 perenterally for several days or in single doses. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na and K were subsequently measured in excretory fluids voided spontaneously or collected by intubating cloaca and rectum, and in plasma. 2. 2. The physiological mechanisms of quail which deal with divalent cations are affected similarly by both Ca and Mg, without distinguishing sharply between the two. 3. 3. Calcium appears to be less readily absorbed in the gut than Mg. 4. 4. Excretion of Na is increased by intake of CaCl 2 or MgCl 2 . 5. 5. Water appears to be absorbed from ureteral urine in cloaca or rectum. 6. 6. The effects of CaCl 2 and MgCl 2 on salt metabolism of the quail are complex.
The use and misuse of statistics in space physics

This paper presents several statistical techniques most commonly used in space physics, including Fourier analysis, linear correlation, auto- and cross-correlation, power spectral density and superimposed epoch analysis, and presents tests to assess the significance of the results. New techniques such as bootstrapping and jackknifing are presented. When no test of significance is in common usage, a plausible test is suggested.