cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histopathology of Adult and Pediatric Glioblastoma

Glioblastomas (GBMs) are the most common overall malignant primary brain tumor, with 3.23 cases per 100,000 in the adult population. In children, they are much less common, with a reported incidence of 0.14 cases per 100,000. The prognosis of these high-grade tumors is typically poor and most patients succumb to their disease within a few years. Most of these tumors occur sporadically; although rare, GBMs can display familiar inheritance. Syndromes that are associated with GBM include Li-Fraumeni, L-2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria, Neurofibromatosis type 1, Ollier/Mafucci, and Turcot. This chapter summarizes the histopathologic features of all major GBM subtypes, as well as includes important clinical features of certain subtypes when relevant. Additionally, the expected histopathological features and subtypes of children, versus adults, versus syndrome-associated will be elucidated. Our goal is to assist the practicing pathologist in recognition and diagnosis of GBM, including intraoperatively, in order to aid neurosurgeons and neuro-oncologists in treatment and patient care decisions.
ISOLATION AND DEVELOPMENT

This paper exploits cross-country variation in the degree of geographical isolation, prior to the advent of sea-faring and airborne transportation technologies, to examine its impact on the course of economic development across the globe. The empirical investigation establishes that prehistoric geographical isolation has generated a persistent beneficial effect on the process of development and contributed to the contemporary variation in the standard of living across countries.
Information Design in Non-atomic Routing Games with Partial Participation: Computation and Properties

We consider a routing game among non-atomic agents where link latency functions are conditional on an uncertain state of the network. The agents have the same prior belief about the state, but only a fixed fraction receive private route recommendations or a common message, which are generated by a known randomization, referred to as private or public signaling policy respectively. The remaining agents choose route according to Bayes Nash flow with respect to the prior. We develop a computational approach to solve the optimal information design problem, i.e., to minimize expected social latency over all public or obedient private signaling policies. For a fixed flow induced by non-participating agents, design of an optimal private signaling policy is shown to be a generalized problem of moments for polynomial link latency functions, and to admit an atomic solution with a provable upper bound on the number of atoms. This implies that, for polynomial link latency functions, information design can be equivalently cast as a polynomial optimization problem. This in turn can be arbitrarily lower bounded by a known hierarchy of semidefinite relaxations. The first level of this hierarchy is shown to be exact for the basic two link case with affine latency functions. We also identify a class of private signaling policies over which the optimal social cost is non-increasing with increasing fraction of participating agents for parallel networks. This is in contrast to existing results where the cost of participating agents under a fixed signaling policy may increase with their increasing fraction.
Jones Matrix Holography with Metasurfaces

We propose a new class of computer generated holograms whose far fields possess designer-specified polarization response. Using form-birefringent metasurfaces, we demonstrate holograms whose far-fields implement parallel polarization analysis and custom waveplate-like behavior.
Nodule DNA in the (GA)37.(CT)37 insert in superhelical plasmids.

Di- or trivalent metal ions stabilize a supercoil-dependent transition in pGA37, which contains the (GA)37.(CT)37 insert, at neutral and basic pH. The structure formed is different from the well known protonated triplexes (H-DNA) adopted at low pH by polypurine.polypyrimidine (Pur.Pyr) inserts in plasmids. DNA samples must be preincubated in the presence of multivalent ions at 50 degrees C for the new transition to occur. At neutral pH in the presence of Co hexamine, both strands of the insert have modification maxima situated at one-third of the distance from both ends. We propose the formation of a new structure called nodule DNA which consists of both Pyr.Pur.Pyr and Pur.Pur.Pyr triplexes and does not contain continuous single-stranded regions. At basic pH (greater than 8.5) in the presence of magnesium ions, the modification pattern corresponds to Pur.Pur.Pyr triplex formation in the whole insert. At neutral pH in the presence of magnesium, both nodule DNA and the Pur.Pur.Pyr triplex can be formed in the insert. We also observed a magnesium-dependent transition at neutral pH in the other Pur.Pyr insert containing plasmids. These data demonstrate that Pur.Pyr sequences can adopt several non-B conformations at close to in vivo conditions.
The P2000S unitized sport utility vehicle body structure

The P2000S body structure was designed as part of an advanced research project to determine the feasibility of a high volume, lightweight sport utility vehicle (SUV) that would achieve performance targets of the newly emerging "City SUV" market by developing a unitized (no frame) SUV body structure fabricated principally of aluminum. In order to be viable, this body structure was required to meet all safety, durability, NVH and other functional attributes of a truck while having the ride characteristics of a sedan. This paper describes the P2000S body structure including the structural philosophy, project constraints on the design, manufacturing processes, supporting analyses, assembly processes and unique material and design concepts which resulted in the 50% body structure weight reduction in comparison to similar sized body-on-frame production steel sport utility vehicles.
Work-related activities associated with injury in occupational and physical therapists.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine work activities associated with work-related injury (WRI) in occupational and physical therapy.Participants: 1,158 occupational and physical therapists in Wisconsin responded to a mailed survey, from a total of 3,297 OTs and PTs randomly selected from the State licensure list. Methods: The study used a cross-sectional, survey design. Participants reported information about WRI they sustained between 2004 and 2006, including the activities they were performing when injured. Investigators analyzed 248 injury incidents using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results: Data were examined across OT and PT practice in general, and also by practice area. Manual therapy and transfers/lifts were associated with 54% of all injuries. Other activities associated with injury were distinct to practice area, for example: floor work in pediatrics; functional activities in acute care; patient falls in skilled nursing facilities; and motor vehicle activities in home care. Conclusions: Injury prevention activities must address transfers and manual therapy, but also must examine setting-specific activities influenced by environment and patient population. Language: en
Performability of algorithms for connection admission control

Connection admission control (CAC) in broadband, ATM-based telecommunication networks is a problem of recognized importance. We consider algorithms for this purpose that accommodate variable bit rate (VBR) connections and are based on effective bandwidth computations. Arriving VBR traffic streams are assumed to be leaky-bucket regulated and are represented by worst-case, periodic, on-off-fluid sources that are randomly phased. Moreover certain traffic classes may benefit from statistical multiplexing (S-VBR) while others may not (NS-VBR). We then evaluate the ability of such CAC algorithms to perform in the presence of fluctuating channel capacity, where the performability variable Y/sub T/ is the fraction of some specified busy period T during which the quality of service requirement is violated. A general base model that supports Y/sub T/ is then formulated and instances of the resulting performability model are constructed and solved using UltraSAN.
Lipoprotein(a), polymorphisms in the LPA gene, and incident venous thromboembolism among 21 483 women

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is composed of a low density lipoprotein (LDL)-like particle with apoB-100 linked to the apolipoprotein(a) component. Elevated levels relate to increased risk of arterial disease.[1, 2] Lp(a) has structural homology to plasminogen,[3] may compete for binding to fibrin, inhibit tissue plasminogen activator, impair fibrinolysis and promote thrombosis by conveying a hypercoagulable state. Disparate data exist, however, in terms of whether Lp(a) relates to increased incidence of VTE, as some[4–6] but not all[7–9] studies have reported positive associations. To address whether circulating Lp(a) levels impact the development of VTE, we assessed its relationship to incident VTE. In addition, more than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein concentrations may be attributable to the apolipoprotein(a) gene [10] and two common polymorphisms in the LPA gene, rs3798220 and rs10455872 may account for at least 40% of variation in Lp(a) levels[2]. Therefore, the relation of these polymorphisms to VTE was assessed.
An Examination of Ethical Issues Raised in the Pretreatment of Normal Volunteer Granulocyte Donors With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

Abstract Objective.—To explore some of the ethical issues surrounding the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to healthy individuals for the purpose of retrieval of granulocytes. Design.—Review of the historical precedent of drug administration to normal blood donors and review of the literature concerning the side effects of G-CSF administration to healthy individuals, particularly as related to granulocyte collection. We identify and discuss some of the ethical questions regarding this issue. Results.—Although the short-term side effects of G-CSF use in normal donors are generally felt to be benign, little is known about the long-term side effects. Ethical questions regarding the administration of this drug to normal donors for the purpose of collecting large numbers of granulocytes include the following: Does the potential benefit to a patient/recipient justify the unknown risks to the medicated granulocyte donor? Who should act as an advocate for donors so that their best i...
Computers in the design of solar energy systems

Abstract Simulations are tools of major importance in the design of solar energy systems. Only with simulations can a variety of system designs be studied and evaluated in a comparative way. Simulations are used both for systems research and as a design tool for large, one-of-a-kind systems using programs such as TRNSYS. Simulations are also the basis for development of quick design methods for standard system configurations for solar heating; these quick methods are also programmed for easy use in combination with economic analyses (e.g. f-chart).
Acute changes in the state of dopamine receptors; in vitro monitoring with 3H-dopamine.

Abstract Preincubation of homogenates of rat caudate nucleus at 37 degrees C induced a 3-fold increase in the saturable and stereospecific binding of 3H-dopamine in washed suspensions of the 20,000 × g pellet. EGTA prevented and CaCl2 or MgCl2 reinstated the increase in 3H-dopamine binding. Stereospecific binding was reduced by 53% in the caudate nuclei of animals given a single dose of reserpine which depleted brain dopamine. The addition of dopamine to depleted homogenates restored the effect of preincubation on 3H-dopamine binding. The binding of 3H-spiroperidol was unaffected by preincubation or by reserpine pretreatment. These results suggest that dopamine regulates the 3H-dopamine, but not the 3H-spiroperidol binding site in rat brain.
Factors Influencing Service-Learning Utilization in Social Work: Results from an Online Survey of Faculty

The current study (N = 209) explored service-learning utilization in social work education by examining the influence of personal and institutional characteristics, perceived barriers, and beliefs about service-learning outcomes. Results of an online survey of social work educators showed that neither personal nor institutional characteristics influenced service-learning use. Rather, the use of service learning was driven primarily by social work educators’ beliefs about the effect of service learning on student outcomes and perceived barriers to implementation. Additionally, questions regarding service-learning implementation (such as hours required) suggest that not all social work educators using service learning correctly distinguish it from field practica.
Electron injection from n-type Si substrates into (i) Transition metal high-k dielectrics and (ii) SiO 2 and Si oxynitride alloys: Conduction band edge states and negative ion state electron trap differences

The limiting performance and reliability of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices is determined by intrinsic bonding defects. These are primarily O-atom vacancies. A universal model, developed initially for (i) nano-crystalline transition metal (TM) Oxides is extended to O-vacancies in (i) non-crystalline SiO 2 and Si oxynitride alloys. Differences between electron injection into, and trapping ay O-vacancy states in SiO 2 and TM oxides are correlated with differences in wave function symmetries of conducition band edge electronic states.
Design of a compact blue-green stimulated hydrogen Raman shifter

A design of a compact blue-green stimulated Raman shifter pumped by the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser is presented. Design parameters given here are based on our experimental investigation of various optimization techniques involving parametric studies. Blue-green energy conversion of up to 66% is achieved. The problem of optical breakdown is addressed.
Regional structural change: a comparison of two input-output models ☆

Abstract Employing two survey-data regional input-output models, which were constructed 20 years apart, the structural change in the regional economy is analyzed. Changes in coefficients and multipliers are included in the analysis.
Current Update on HIV-associated Vascular Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly reduced the risk of early death from opportunistic infections and extended the lifespan of people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thus, many complications and organic damage in the HIV-infected population emerge. Cardiovascular disease as coronary artery disease has become a matter of particular concern. Its incidence is greatly increased in the HIV-infected population over that of people of the same age in the absence of general cardiovascular risk factors. Despite several clinical and laboratory studies in the association between HIV infection and cardiovascular disease, the pathogenic mechanisms of this significant clinical problem are largely unknown and are now under active investigation. Endothelial dysfunction is possibly the most plausible link between HIV infection and atherosclerosis. Increased expression of adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and endothelial adhesion molecule (E-selectin) and inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL-6 has been reported in HIV-positive patients. The effect of HAART on endothelial function in HIV-positive patients is also demonstrated. In this review, we focus on the recent research update of HIV-associated vascular disease and vascular injury. We analyze and discuss the recent clinical and laboratory investigations on the effect of HIV, viral protein, and HAART therapy on endothelial injury and vascular disease; identify the areas of controversy and clinical relevance; and suggest some directions for future research.
Classical treatments of quantum mechanical effects in collisions of weakly bound complexes

Abstract Classical and quantum simulations of Ne + Ar2 collision dynamics are performed in order to investigate where quantum mechanical effects are most important and where classical simulations provide good descriptions of the dynamics. It is found that when Ar2 is in a low-lying vibrational state, the differences between the results of quantum and quasiclassical simulations are profound. However, excellent agreement between the results of the quantum and classical simulations can be achieved when the initial conditions for the classical trajectories are sampled from the quantum phase space distribution given by the Wigner function. These effects are largest when collisions occur under constrained geometries or when Ar2 is in its ground vibrational state. The results of this work suggest that sampling the initial conditions using the Wigner function provides a straightforward way to incorporate the most important quantum mechanical effects in simulations of collisions involving very cold weakly bound complexes.
Does Industry Affiliation Influence Wages? Evidence from Indonesia and the Asian Financial Crisis

We exploit panel data and large, abrupt, and unusual dislocations of Indonesian workers in the wake of the Asian Financial Crisis to investigate the robustness and persistence of inter‐industry wage differentials (IWDs). Unobserved worker characteristics explain 36% of IWDs. IWDs persist through the post‐crisis decade, although, consistent with a rent‐sharing explanation, they shift alongside sectors’ terms of trade in the wake of the crisis. Agriculture pays a wage penalty, and manufacturing offers a statistically significant but small premium. Most IWDs do not seem to be driven by minimum wage laws, worker monitoring costs, the disagreeability of the work, job‐ specific skills, industry‐specific human capital, non‐wage benefits or contracting terms.
Phenomenology of the new light Higgs boson search

Abstract We study the feasibility of two experiments to test the existence of the new light Higgs boson (Higglet) h: (1) the observation servation of Higglets produced in high energy proton reactions using the Bethe-Heitler process h + Fe → l+l− + Fe for detection; (2) the production of Higglets using low energy intensive electron beam with detection using the two photon decay mode.
Correlation Filters For Orientation Estimation

An important task in many vision applications is that of rapidly estimating the orientation of an object with respect to some frame of reference. Because of their speed and parallel processing capabilities, optical correlators should prove valuable in this application. This paper considers two algorithms for object orientation estimation based on optical correlations and presents some initial simulation results.
Comparison of methane and propane rockets

Martin (1983) compared methane and propane fuels for a single-stage-to-orbit vehicle, demonstrating a significant advantage for propane. Attention is presently given to the ways that this comparison changes when both methane and propane vehicles are optimized. It is found that while the difference is slightly reduced, propane remains the better hydrocarbon fuel for dry mass minimization.
Occurrence and fate of the herbicide glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid in the atmosphere

This is the first report on the ambient levels of glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the United States, and its major degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), in air and rain. Concurrent, weekly integrated air particle and rain samples were collected during two growing seasons in agricultural areas in Mississippi and Iowa. Rain was also collected in Indiana in a preliminaryphase of the study.Thefrequency ofglyphosate detection ranged from60 to100% inbothair andrain. The concentrations of glyphosate ranged from <0.01 to 9.1ng/m 3 and from <0.1 to 2.5 mg/L in air and rain samples, respectively. The frequency of detection and median and maximum concentrations of glyphosate in air were similar or greater to those of the other high-use herbicides observed in the Mississippi River basin, whereas its concentration in rain was greater than the other herbicides. It is not known what percentage of the applied glyphosate is introduced into the air, but it was estimated that up to 0.7% of application is removed from the air in rainfall. Glyphosate is efficiently removed from the air; it is estimated that an average of 97% of the glyphosate in the air is removed by a weekly rainfall � 30mm. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:548-555. # 2011 SETAC
The Galileo Venus Encounter

The Galileo spacecraft passed Venus on its way to Jupiter on 10 February 1990, less than 4 months after launch from Earth aboard the shuttle Atlantis. Because Galileo's instruments were selected for broad-based planetary exploration, the spacecraft was able to obtain a wide range of measurements during the Venus encounter. Together with ground-based observations conducted during the encounter, these observations have yielded more accurate information about the planet's plasma environment, cloud patterns, and the possible existence of lightning.
Economic Evaluation of Crop Response to Lime

U.S. farmers applied 32.9 million tons of agricultural limestone in 1979 at a cost of roughly $380 million (USDA, tables 650, 662). Although lime is sometimes used to supply calcium or magnesium, its principal use is to neutralize soil acidity (Adams and Pearson, p. 178). When most crops were grown in rotations, legumes supplied much of the nitrogen for other crops. Soil-test recommendations aimed at soil pH values of at least 6.5 to accommodate the legumes. Legumes as a source of nitrogen have now been largely replaced by commercial fertilizers, however. Lime rates need to be reevaluated because many nonlegumes thrive at pH values below 6.5.
The Multidimensionality of School Engagement and Math Achievement among Racial Groups.

The study in this article employed a multidimensional (behavioral, emotional, and cognitive) construct of school engagement to examine its relationship to school achievement in mathematics across the five major racial groups. The sample included 115 American Indians, 486 Asians, 1, 551 Blacks, 1, 682 Latinos, and 7, 554 Whites who participated in the Educational Longitudinal Study (2002-2004). Data were analyzed using a multiple regression analysis for each of the five racial groups. Behavioral and cognitive engagement accounted for much more of the variance in math achievement scores than did emotional engagement. Ways in which professional school counselors can promote these kinds of engagement are discussed.
Comment: primitive accumulation in modern China

Michael Webber's essay is an important contribution to our understanding of the transition from a bureaucratic, post-capitalist society (Post 1999, pp. 138-146) to capitalism in China, with implications for the study of the transition to capitalism in other former so-called "socialist" societies in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Webber's deployment of the concept of primitive accumulation?"the process (or set of processes) through which capitalist production emerges from pre-existing conditions of work" (Webber 2008, p. 3)?allows him to use his extensive research to analyze the extent and limits of capitalist development in contemporary China. However, Webber's use of the concept of primitive accumulation displays problems common to most uses of Marx's theory of the origins of capitalist social property relations. On the one hand, Webber at times equates the primitive accumulation of capital with the accumulation of stocks of wealth for investment. On the other hand, his discussion of primitive accumulation as the transformation of existing means of production into capital fails to specify the conditions under which means of production become capital. Webber's theoretical imprecision leads him to under-analyze the limited emergence of capitalist social property relations in the contemporary Chinese countryside. The limits of capitalist development of Chinese agriculture, along with the Chinese ruling groups' embrace of neo-liberal economic policies, is crucial to understanding the subordinate character of Chinese industrial development over the past three decades. Webber does adopt a relatively standard Marxian definition of primitive accumulation?"the process through which emerge capitalists, who advance capital to purchase means of production in the hope of making a profit, and workers who, separated from the means of production, have only their commodity labor power to sell." (Webber 2008, p. 3) However, at points in the essay he tends to equate
The CXCR1 tail mediates β1 integrin-dependent cell migration via MAP kinase signaling

Abstract In this study, we examined how IL-8 induces leukocyte migration on major β1 integrin ligands derived from the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin. We assessed individual contributions of signaling by IL-8 receptors by transfection of CXCR1 and CXCR2 into rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells and human monocytic THP-1 cells. CXCR1 expressing cells migrated on the fibronectin ligands for α4β1 and α5β1 integrins in response to IL-8, whereas CXCR2 expressing cells did not. RBL cells expressing the chimeric CXCR1 receptor containing the cytoplasmic tail of CXCR2 had greatly blunted migration, while cells expressing the CXCR2 chimera with the tail of CXCR1 had augmented migration. Last, inhibitors of p38 and JNK MAP kinases blocked IL-8-induced migration in CXCR1(+) cells. We conclude that IL-8 stimulated β1 integrin-mediated leukocyte migration on fibronectin through CXCR1 is dependent on the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of CXCR1 and subsequent p38 and JNK MAPK signaling.
EMG: Myths and Facts:

Electrodiagnostic testing, more commonly known as the EMG test, to many is a “black box.” It is a commonly ordered test that can provide very definitive information that is often not well understood. A large amount of information is usually provided, yet most clinicians rely primarily on the concluding statements, which may or may not be well substantiated. Added insight into this test demands understanding some basic facts about the “EMG” test and dispelling some of the myths.
A numerical investigation on the efficiency of range extending systems using Advanced Vehicle Simulator

Abstract Series plug-in hybrid electric vehicles of varying engine configuration and battery capacity are modeled using Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR). The performance of these vehicles is analyzed on the bases of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions on the tank-to-wheel and well-to-wheel paths. Both city and highway driving conditions are considered during the simulation. When simulated on the well-to-wheel path, it is shown that the range extender with a Wankel rotary engine consumes less energy and emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to the other systems with reciprocating engines during many driving cycles. The rotary engine has a higher power-to-weight ratio and lower noise, vibration and harshness compared to conventional reciprocating engines, although performs less efficiently. The benefits of a Wankel engine make it an attractive option for use as a range extender in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle.
Analytical and semi-analytical solutions for short-time transient response of ground heat exchangers

Abstract Short-time transient temperature response of ground heat exchangers in ground source heat pump systems is of considerable interest as this has important bearing on the aggregate design length of the U-tube heat exchangers. Recent analytical solutions take into account the thermal capacity of the aggregate fluid mass in the system representing the U-tubes as an equivalent single core. This however is limited to only homogenous media. In this paper, Laplace domain solutions have been obtained for the equivalent single core of the U-tube in grouted boreholes. Both the average fluid temperature and borehole boundary temperature have been obtained using Gaver–Stehfest numerical inversion algorithm from these solutions. The temperature values obtained match the results of finite elements models of the actual U-tube geometry of the grouted borehole. With this solution it is possible to obtain both borehole boundary temperatures and the usual water temperature values. Results of this work show that the ‘early time’ borehole boundary temperature data can be analyzed for measurement of the thermal conductivity of the medium in thermal response tests. This approach would reduce the duration of the thermal response test in single strata subsurface ground zone. This solution also can be incorporated in the building energy simulation programs.
Mechanical properties of single crystal YAg

Abstract YAg, a rare earth-precious metal “line compound”, is one member of the family of B2 rare earth intermetallic compounds that exhibit high ductilities. Tensile tests of polycrystalline YAg specimens have produced elongations as high as 27% before failure. In the present work, single crystal specimens of YAg with the B2, CsCl-type crystal structure were tensile tested at room temperature. Specimens with a tensile axis orientation of [0 1 1 ] displayed slip lines on the specimen faces corresponding to slip on the {1 1 0}〈0 1 0〉 with a critical resolved shear stress of 13 MPa. A specimen with a tensile axis orientation of [1 0 0] showed no slip lines and began to crack at a stress of 300 MPa. The test specimens also displayed some slip lines whose position corresponded to slip on the {1 0 0}〈0 1 0〉 ; these slip lines were found near intersections of {1 1 0}〈0 1 0〉 slip lines, which suggests that the {1 0 0}〈0 1 0〉 may be a secondary slip system in YAg. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) examination of the crystals was performed after tensile testing and the dislocations observed were analyzed by g · b=0 out of contrast analysis. This TEM analysis indicated that the predominant Burgers vector for the dislocations present was 〈1 1 1〉 with some 〈0 1 1〉 dislocations also being observed. This finding is inconsistent with the 〈0 1 0〉 slip direction determined by slip line analysis, and possible explanations for this surprising finding are presented.
Dealing with the Dilemmas Posed by Power Asymmetry in Intergroup Conflict

Some methods of unofficial intervention in protracted intercommunal conflict fail to consider the impact of power asymmetry on the dynamics of conflict and the predictably divergent goals that lower- and higher-power groups seek in unofficial meetings. As a result, third parties face the dilemma of trying to satisfy seemingly irreconcilable goals of the conflicting parties. This article examines asymmetry of goals and the further dilemmas it creates in choosing the level of discourse in unofficial meetings, and in recruiting participants. The authors propose a more proactive research focus on the dynamics of power asymmetry and advance a three-phase strategy for practitioners to deal with the dilemmas of intervening in asymmetrical conflict.
Recovery behavior of cold-worked and quenched Zircaloy with varying oxygen content

Abstract The recovery behavior of cold-worked and quenched Zircaloy-2 was examined in terms of variations in oxygen content, from about 140 ppm to 1700 ppm O. The cold work was produced by swaging to a 50% reduction in area at room temperature and the quenching was done into ice-brine from a temperature of 800° C. Isochronal recovery started at lower temperatures for the lowest oxygen alloys, but the rates of recovery were greater for the high-oxygen alloys. In addition, the high-oxygen alloys appeared to undergo hardening during the isochronal annealing, reaching a peak in the temperature region of 475–525°C. Net strengthening achieved by quenching was greater than the 50% cold work. This was attributed to the dual effect of solute supersaturation and formation of quenched-in defect clusters. Hardness change, however, occurred in three distinct stages. The change in oxygen content appeared to have a less significant effect on the recovery of quenched-in damage than on the recovery of cold-work damage.
Evaluation of chemotherapy response in pediatric bone sarcomas by [F-18]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography

BACKGROUND Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is a significant prognostic factor for osteosarcoma (OS) and the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT). Conventional radiographic imaging does not discriminate between responding and nonresponding osseous tumors. [F-18]-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging modality that accurately predicts histopathologic response in patients with various malignancies. To describe the FDG PET imaging characteristics and to determine the correlation between FDG PET imaging and chemotherapy response in children with bone sarcomas, we reviewed our single institution experience. METHODS Thirty-three pediatric patients with OS or ESFT with osseous primary sites were evaluated by FDG PET. All patients received standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy. FDG PET standard uptake values before (SUV1) and after (SUV2) chemotherapy were analyzed and correlated with chemotherapy response assessed by histopathology in surgically excised tumors. Twenty-six patients had SUV1, SUV2, and surgical excision. RESULTS Although the mean SUV1 in children with OS or ESFT were similar (8.2. vs. 5.3, P = 0.13), mean SUV2 for OS patients was greater than the values for ESFT patients (3.3 vs. 1.5, P = 0.01). All ESFT patients and 28% of OS patients had a favorable histologic response to chemotherapy (≥ 90% necrosis). Combining ESFT and OS patients, both SUV2 and the ratio of SUV2 to SUV1 (SUV2:SUV1) were correlated with histologic response (P = 0.01 for both comparisons). CONCLUSION FDG PET evaluation of pediatric bone sarcomas demonstrated significant alteration in response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. SUV2 and SUV2:SUV1 correlated with histopathologic assessment of response and potentially could be used as a noninvasive surrogate to predict response in patients. Cancer 2002;94:3277–84. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10599
HAEMOLYMPH LIPIDS OF HEALTHY AND DISEASED JAPANESE BEETLE LARVAE

Extractable lipids from the haemolymph of healthy and diseased larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popilliae japonica, have been characterized and compared. Total lipid content of normal larvae was 5·7 to 7·2 mg/ml haemolymph. This value was reduced to 3·1 to 3·9 mg/ml in haemolymph from larvae infected with the milky disease organism, Bacillus popilliae. Neutral lipids accounted for 70 per cent of total lipids in both normal and diseased larvae haemolymph. Phospholipids accounted for 30 per cent of the total lipids. The neutral lipid fraction is composed of sterols, monoglycerides, free fatty acids, 1,2- and 1,3-diglycerides, triglycerides, sterol esters, and hydrocarbons. Haemolymph phospholipids are composed primarily of phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The fatty acid composition of both neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions is predominately C16 and C18 fatty acids. Significant quantities of hydrocarbons have been detected in the neutral lipids of haemolymph from both healthy and diseased larvae. Infection with B. popilliae resulted in a non-selective decrease of 45 per cent in neutral lipids and phospholipids in haemolymph from third instar larvae.
The guineamides, novel cyclic depsipeptides from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula.

The guineamides (1−6) are novel cyclic depsipeptides isolated and characterized from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. The planar structures of these new natural products were established using an extensive array of 1D and 2D NMR experiments, including HSQC, TOCSY, and HMBC. Absolute stereochemistry was determined using a combination of chemical manipulations as well as Marfey's method. These metabolites all contain β-amino or β-hydroxy carboxylic acid residues, an increasingly common feature in marine cyanobacterial metabolites. The identification of 2,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxyhexanoic acid (Dmhha) in guineamides E (5) and F (6) represents the first report of such a residue in a natural product. In addition, characterization of the unique β-amino acid 2-methyl-3-aminopentanoic acid (Mapa) in guineamide A (1), which has also been reported as a component of several marine molluscan metabolites, especially from those of Dolabella auricularia, further supports the diet-...
AutoSOME: a clustering method for identifying gene expression modules without prior knowledge of cluster number

Background Clustering the information content of large high-dimensional gene expression datasets has widespread application in "omics" biology. Unfortunately, the underlying structure of these natural datasets is often fuzzy, and the computational identification of data clusters generally requires knowledge about cluster number and geometry.
Characterization of magnetic inks by measurements of frequency dependence of AC susceptibility

Abstract The frequency dependence of the magnetic susceptibility in the range 10 Hz–10 kHz is used to study the effect of resin concentration, surface pH of the magnetic particles, and milling time on the dispersion process. The parameters used to fit the Cole–Cole model to experimental frequency dependences characterize the `dispersion quality’ of the inks. The low frequency susceptibility and the relaxation time of the susceptibility increase with the milling time and/or resin concentration, suggesting improved dispersion quality. For an acidic wetting resin (polyvinylchloride-acetate copolymer) the increase is more significant if the particles’ surface provides basic sites for strong chemical adsorption. The dispersion quality decreases for acidic particle surfaces indicating that they do not provide adsorption sites strong enough to ensure steric stabilization of the inks.
RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO SEVERAL MYCORRHIZAL INOCULUMS IN TERMS OF PLANT GROWTH, NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND SPORE PRODUCTION

A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Cukurova, Rhisosphere Lab, Adana, Turkey, on a growth medium to assess the impact of several selected mycorrhiza including indigenous AMF-maize hybrid combinations on spore production, plant growth and nutrient uptake. In the experiment, six maize (Zea mays L.) (Luce, Vero, Darva, Pegasso, P.3394, and P.32K61) genotypes were used. Control, Glomus mossea, G. caledonium, G. etunicatum, G. clarium, G. macrocarpum, G. fasciculatum, G. intraradices, Dr. Kinkon (Japanese species), indigenous mycorrhizae (Balcali series) and cocktail mycorrhizae species spores were used. The growth of maize genotypes was found to depend on the mycorrhizal species. For shoot and root dry weight production G. intraradices is one of the most efficient mycorrhiza species on average on all maize genotypes. Genotypes P.3394 and P.32K61 produced the highest shoot and root dry weight as well. Pagasso and Darva genotypes compared to the other genotypes have high root colonization...
What is computational phonology

Computational phonology is not one thing. Rather, it is an umbrella term which may refer to work on formal language theory, computer-implemented models of cognitive processes, and corpus methods derived from the literature on natural language processing (NLP). This article gives an overview of these distinct areas, identifying commonalities and differences in the goals of each area, as well as highlighting recent results of interest. The overview is necessarily brief and subjective. Broadly speaking, it is argued that learning is a pervasive theme in these areas, but the core questions and concerns vary too much to define a coherent field. Computational phonologists are more united by a shared body of formal knowledge than they are by a shared sense of what the important questions are.
In-Situ Quantification of Solute Effects on Grain Boundary Mobility and Character in Aluminum Alloys during Recrystallization

Aluminum alloys exhibit recrystallization kinetics that vary strongly with composition. The conventional understanding is that certain alloying elements, e.g. chromium, retard grain boundary motion due to the formation of fine dispersions of second phase particles, giving rise to particle drag of boundaries. There is countervailing evidence, however, that suggests that solute drag provides a stronger influence on grain boundary mobility. This paper presents new evidence for a pronounced effect of solute based on experiments in which individual boundaries migrate under the driving pressure of stored energy from prior plastic strain. As supported by the literature, boundaries exhibit a maximum mobility for a 38-39 degree misorientation in initial annealing experiments. Specifically, this mobility maximum is asymmetric with a sharp cutoff below 38-39 degrees but a more gradual decrease at misorientations beyond 40 degrees. The occurrence of other, smaller mobility peaks is discussed within the context of the sharpening of evolving maxima with discussed within the context of the sharpening of evolving maxima with increased recrystallization. The presence of a minimum at 38-39 degrees is found at both higher temperatures and higher solute concentrations. This transition from a local mobility maximum to a minimum is discussed within the context of recent theories solute drag activity.
A New Family of Odorant Receptors in Drosophila

In the fruit fly Drosophila, not all olfactory sensory neurons express a seven transmembrane odorant receptor, suggesting that other types of odorant receptors might exist. Benton et al. (2009) now present evidence that a family of proteins related to ionotropic glutamate receptors is a previously unrecognized class of odorant receptors.
Suppressing variation in synthetic circuits

Mol Syst Biol. 7: 520 One of the challenges in engineering biological devices is to precisely control the number of parts in each cell. Automobile engineers do not worry about control mechanisms for variation in the number of wheels on a car—if an engineer designs a car with four wheels, then all the cars roll off the assembly line with four wheels. But biology is dynamic, and biological circuits change continuously. Therefore, synthetic biologists are faced with the challenge that the number of DNA, RNA, and protein components of their devices may vary between cells, possibly by several folds. Are there simple methods for ensuring that stoichiometric changes do not affect the proper functioning of the device? In a recent Molecular Systems Biology article, Bleris et al (2011) address this question by identifying useful circuits that can make biological output insensitive to DNA dosage. Although the network of interactions between the components of a cell is dazzlingly complex, biological networks contain smaller, recurrent subnetworks called motifs (Milo et al , 2002). Motifs often convey useful properties, such as altering the response time or magnitude of a propagated signal. A particular motif found in many biological contexts is a three‐node motif called a Type I incoherent feed‐forward loop (I1‐FFL; Figure 1A …
Estimating trends in alligator populations from nightlight survey data

Nightlight surveys are commonly used to evaluate status and trends of crocodilian populations, but imperfect detection caused by survey- and location-specific factors makes it difficult to draw population inferences accurately from uncorrected data. We used a two-stage hierarchical model comprising population abundance and detection probability to examine recent abundance trends of American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) in subareas of Everglades wetlands in Florida using nightlight survey data. During 2001–2008, there were declining trends in abundance of small and/or medium sized animals in a majority of subareas, whereas abundance of large sized animals had either demonstrated an increased or unclear trend. For small and large sized class animals, estimated detection probability declined as water depth increased. Detection probability of small animals was much lower than for larger size classes. The declining trend of smaller alligators may reflect a natural population response to the fluctuating environment of Everglades wetlands under modified hydrology. It may have negative implications for the future of alligator populations in this region, particularly if habitat conditions do not favor recruitment of offspring in the near term. Our study provides a foundation to improve inferences made from nightlight surveys of other crocodilian populations.
Heavy fermions in an optical lattice

We employ a mean-field theory to study ground-state properties and transport of a two-dimensional gas of ultracold alkaline-earth-metal atoms governed by the Kondo lattice Hamiltonian plus a parabolic confining potential. In a homogenous system, this mean-field theory is believed to give a qualitatively correct description of heavy-fermion metals and Kondo insulators: It reproduces the Kondo-like scaling of the quasiparticle mass in the former and the same scaling of the excitation gap in the latter. In order to understand ground-state properties in a trap, we extend this mean-field theory via local-density approximation. We find that the Kondo insulator gap manifests as a shell structure in the trapped density profile. In addition, a strong signature of the large Fermi surface expected for heavy-fermion systems survives the confinement and could be probed in time-of-flight experiments. From a full self-consistent diagonalization of the mean-field theory, we are able to study dynamics in the trap. We find that the mass enhancement of quasiparticle excitations in the heavy-Fermi liquid phase manifests as slowing of the dipole oscillations that result from a sudden displacement of the trap center.
Prednisone-responsive aplastic anemia associated with T-lymphocyte proliferation

In some cases, bone marrow aplasia has been thought to result from immunologic abnormalities. Our patient had severe transfusion-dependent aplastic anemia, which responded to treatment with prednisone on two occasions. The exacerbations of aplastic anemia were associated with lymphocytic proliferation which on one occasion had the characteristics of T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Though he had had mild lymphoproliferation for a number of years, he ultimately died with progressive diffuse lymphoid infiltration of the bone marrow and other organs. The simultaneous occurrence of the T-cell lymphoproliferation and aplastic anemia and their simultaneous response to therapy suggests that this may be a clinical example of T-lymphocyte mediated suppression of erythropoiesis.
Generation and characterization of sulfate aerosols for laboratory studies

Eight sulfate aerosols including Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4. MnSO4·H2O, ZnSO4·7H2O, AI2(SO4)3·18H2O, Fe2(SO4)3·xH2O, (NH4)2SO4·ZnSO4 6H2O and H2SO4 were generated and characterized with respect to size distribution, mass concentration, chemical component, and crystal structure of the aerosols. The aerosols were generated utilizing an ultrasonic nebulizer whose performance characteristics were also thoroughly investigated in this study. The aerosol generation system was very stable, showing virtually no change in both size distribution and total mass concentration (±5%) of the output aerosol during six hour continuous operation. For solutions of same concentration of each salt, size distributions of the aerosols were similar without regard to the salt used. The distributions were log-normal with geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 1.4–1.6. The mass median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) averaged over all the sulfate aerosols used were in the size range of 0.3 µm for 0.01% solution and 2.29 µm for 10% soluti...