cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Echocardiography-guided left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischemic vs nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients

Background Echocardiography-guided (EG) left ventricular (LV) lead placement at the site of latest mechanical activation improves outcome in heart failure (HF) patients receiving a cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)-defibrillator (CRT-D). Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a strategy of EG LV lead placement in each of ischemic (ICM) vs nonischemic (NICM) cardiomyopathy patients. Methods Patients enrolled in the Speckle Tracking Assisted Resynchronization Therapy for Electrode Region (STARTER) prospective, randomized trial who were treated with a CRT-D device (108 EG strategy and 75 routine strategy) were followed to the end-points of death, appropriate CRT-D therapy, or HF hospitalization. Results Of the patients enrolled in STARTER, 115 had ICM and 68 had NICM. Over mean follow-up of 3.7 ± 2.1 years, 62 patients died, 40 received appropriate CRT-D therapy, and 67 had HF hospitalizations. Compared to NICM patients, patients with ICM had worse survival (P = .0003), worse survival free from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy (P = .004), and survival free from HF hospitalization (P = .0001). A strategy of EG LV lead placement improved the outcome of CRT-D therapy-free survival primarily in ICM patients and the outcome of HF hospitalization-free survival in both ICM and NICM patients. Achieving LV resynchronization was most critical in ICM patients in whom arrhythmic and HF outcomes improve with resynchronization to levels comparable to those of NICM patients. Conclusion A strategy of EG LV lead placement improves HF-free survival equally in ICM and NICM patients and CRT-D therapy-free survival more favorably in ICM patients to levels comparable to those of NICM patients.
LOW ENERGY ION ASSISTED CARBON FILM GROWTH : METHODS AND MECHANISMS

Abstract Hydrogen-free amorphous carbon films (a-C) prepared by different ion assisted methods (i) ion assisted evaporation (IAE), (ii) unbalanced magnetron sputtering (MS), (iii) mass separated ion beam deposition (MSIBD) and (iv) filtered vacuum cathodic arc evaporation (VA) in the optimum energy range of about 100 eV were compared. Density data, Raman spectra and surface topography images show a different behaviour of the films. The different growth processes were discussed in connection with results from ion implantation experiments into IAE a-C and computer calculations of the ion-solid interactions by use of the TRIM-code. Self-interstitials in the sub-surface region of the carbon matrix created due to pure carbon ion beam bombardment (MSIBD and VA) are the key for the understanding of the densification process. The lower number of self-interstitials created during the noble-gas ion assisted processes can be compensated by extremely high argon-ion to carbon-neutral arrival ratios in the case of MS. Furthermore, the sputtered carbon atoms with energies in the range of a few eV should assist this deposition process. Without energetic carbon particles (thermal carbon atoms from the evaporation process) as in the case of neon ion assisted evaporation, it is also possible to prepare dense a-C, however with lower density (2.7 g/cm 3 ).
Hands-on experiments in dynamic systems and control for applied education in robotics and automation

A common set of equipment is widely used in an undergraduate engineering curriculum to provide hands-on experiences for fundamental theories in machine science that provide the underpinnings to automation and robotics. Theories taught in the classroom are coordinated with physical devices used in the courses to reinforce theoretical concepts and further stimulate studentspsila interest and learning. The extent and scope of the hands-on exercises for dynamic systems and control is usually in the form of structured experiments but may exist as supplemental motivational demonstrations, less-structured laboratory assignments, individual projects, or larger scale group projects.
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER

There is a lively debate about the causes of racial residential segregation. Counter to the racial-proxy hypothesis (Harris 1999, 2001), we argue that race, per se, continues to be influential when Whites make housing decisions. Using a survey-based experiment, we ask: Does information about neighborhood racial composition influence how Whites judge the quality of that neighborhood, quite apart from the actual characteristics of the homes located in it? A random sample of adults aged twenty-one and older in the Chicago and Detroit metropolitan areas watched videos embedded in a face-to-face interview. These videos portrayed neighborhoods ranging from lower working class to upper class. All respondents saw the same neighborhoods but were randomly assigned to see either (1) White residents, (2) Black residents, or (3) a mix of both White and Black residents. Respondents then evaluated the neighborhoods in terms of housing cost, property upkeep, safety, trajectory of housing values, and quality of the schools. Results show that Whites who saw White residents rated the neighborhood more positively on four of five dimensions than did Whites who saw the identical neighborhood with Black residents; racially mixed neighborhoods fell in between. In addition, Whites who endorsed negative stereotypes about Blacks were more likely to give low evaluations to neighborhoods with Black residents than were Whites who did not endorse stereotypes.
Sharing what he saw: An appreciation of Gunnar Erdtman’s life and illustrations

Gunnar Erdtman is known for his founding contributions to pollen analysis and morphology, and for his richly illustrated books. The palynogram illustrations he devised, which include multiple perspectives and transects of pollen’s surface and internal structures, helped to bring order to a subject of overflowing complexity. This article explores Erdtman’s visual skills and the influences of both nature and nurture on his work – investigating his development as an articulate observer, his eventual focus on pollen structure and his sustained career outside of Swedish academia.
Risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in breast-fed newborns and their mothers.

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Vitamin D plays a critically important role in the development, growth, and mineralization of the skeleton during its formative years, and performs an equally essential role in maintaining a healthy mineralized skeleton for adults of all ages. We evaluated the vitamin D status and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in healthy breast-fed newborns and their nursing mothers. METHODS: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (250HD), calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase levels were measured in 54 newborns and their nursing mothers whose ages ranged from 18 to 38 y. The relation between serum 25OHD level and demographic factors was analyzed. Bone mineral density was measured in the mothers with a serum 25OHD level below 25 nmol/L to determine the extent of bone mineralization. RESULTS: The mean serum 25OHD level in the 54 mothers was 29.11 ± 10.47 nmol/L. Forty-six percent of the mothers had serum 25OHD levels below 25 nmol/L. The risk factors for low maternal serum 25OHD level were found in decreasing order of importance as follows: low socioeconomic class (odds ratio [OR] = 8.1, P = 0.000), being covered (OR = 4.3, P = 0.023), and low educational level (OR = 3.5, P = 0.033). The mean serum 25OHD level in the newborns was 18.62 ± 8.00 nmol/L. Eighty percent of the newborns had serum 25OHD levels below 25 nmol/L. There was a significant correlation between the serum 25OHD levels of the newborns and their mothers ( r = 0.63, P = 0.01). The most important risk factor for low serum 25OHD level in the newborn was a maternal 25OHD level below 25 nmol/L (OR = 15.2, P = 0.002), followed a covered mother (OR = 6.8, P = 0.011). Bone mineral densitometry showed osteopenia in 40% of the women with serum 25OHD levels below 25 nmol/L. All women were from a lower socioeconomic class and 80% were covered. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency is still a common and serious health problem of women of reproductive age and their babies in developing countries at the outset of a new millennium.
Effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone on the reversible mitochondrial transhydrogenase in the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta

Abstract The reversible, mitochondrial membrane-associated transhydrogenase from the midgut of Manduca sexta (L.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) catalyzes hydride-ion transfer between NADP(H) and NAD(H). The effects of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were evaluated and compared to both the NADH-NADP+ and NADPH-NAD+ transhydrogenations. In the direction of NADPH-formation, the developmentally significant transhydrogenations occur as non-energy- or energy-linked reactions. The energy-linked activity couples with either electron transport-dependent NADH or succinate utilization, or ATP hydrolysis by Mg++ -dependent ATPase. Upon the addition of ecdysone alone, all energy-linked reactions in the direction of NADPH formation exhibited a notable increase in activity level over the control reaction. The addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone yielded no significant increase in the activity of any of the transhydrogenations. Synergistic addition of both ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone resulted in no significant effect on transh...
β3 Integrin Activation Improves αvβ3-Mediated Retraction of Fibrin Matrices

Abstract Background. Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate cell interactions with the extracellular matrix. In vivo, integrin affinity can be modulated by intracellular signaling events. This can be simulated by a point mutation (D723R) in the cytoplasmic tail of the β3 integrin subunit which results in constitutive activation. The effects of β3 integrin activation on the function of αvβ3, an integrin which is important to the adhesive events of multiple cell types, were addressed using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing either the wild-type αvβ3 integrin or the mutant αvβ3(D723R). The interactions of these cell lines with fibrin matrices were compared. Methods. Receptor expression levels were confirmed by FACS analyses using a monoclonal anti-αvβ3 antibody. Cell attachment to fibrin-coated dishes was determined after 1 h by fixation and crystal violet staining followed by elution of the dye and OD measurement. Fibrin clot retraction was measured by culturing cells in fibrin clots for 24 h. The clots were detached from the dish and the surface area was calculated at individual time points. Results. CHO αvβ3(D723R) cells displayed a greater than twofold increase in attachment to fibrinogen or to fibrin matrices when compared to wild-type transfectants. Further, CHO αvβ3(D723R) cell retraction of fibrin matrices was significantly greater at nearly all time points. Conclusion. Activation of the β3 integrin subunit significantly improves the interaction of αvβ3 with fibrin and may play a role in the integrin-mediated signaling events which occur following vascular injury.
Cooperative Enhancement of Two-Photon Absorption in Multi-branched Structures

Recent reports of molecular structures with considerably enhanced two-photon absorption cross-section have generated considerable interest in this phenomenon from both fundamental and applications perspectives. In this letter, we report cooperative enhancement of two-photon absorption in multi-branched structures which may lead to new design criteria for development of highly efficient two-photon materials. The multi-branched structures were synthesized using coupling of two and three two-photon active asymmetric donor−acceptor chromophores linked together by a common amine group. The two-photon cross-sections measured both with nanosecond and femtosecond pulses show that the value for the trimer is more than six times larger than that for the monomer, and not just three times larger as expected from the number density increase.
Differential effects of endothelin receptor A and B antagonism on behavioral outcome following traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objectives: Previously we have reported that endothelin receptor A and B antagonists elicit differential effects on cerebral blood flow and cellular damage. In summary, endothelin receptor A antagonists restore microcirculation and diminish cellular damage after injury, while endothelin receptor B antagonists had no effect on either parameter. However, what is not known is the effect of either antagonist on behavioral outcome. Therefore, this work was designed to test the effects of endothelin receptor A and B antagonism on behavioral outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: A total of 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats (400-450 g) were used in this study. Four groups (n = 12 per group) were generated as follows: sham operation, trauma+vehicle (0·9% saline), trauma+40 nmol BQ-123 (a selective endothelin receptor A antagonist) and trauma +20 nmol BQ-788 (a selective endothelin receptor B antagonist). All treatments were delivered via intracerebroventricular injection. Trauma was i...
Makiguchi Tsunesaburo and Language, Value-Creative Composition Instruction, and the Geography of Identity in Community Studies: A Response to Politicized Imagining and Ineffective Critical Approaches

In this article, the author examines Makiguchi Tsunesaburo's philosophy and practice of human geography (jinsei chirigaku), community studies (kyodoka), and composition instruction based on “value-creating pedagogy” (soka kyoikugaku) for thinking through and responding to two competing trends intersecting language, identity, and education in the contemporary United States—the politicized imagining of America and increasingly ineffective critical approaches to second language education. As the politicized imagining and language policies Makiguchi faced in wartime Japan are echoed, though in substantively different form, in the contemporary United States, the author draws on Makiguchi's own words in these areas to think through and suggest ways contemporary educators can “create value” from the two aforementioned trends intersecting language, identity, and education in the United States.
The cultural theory and model of suicide

A growing body of research has demonstrated important variations in the prevalence, nature, and correlates of suicide across ethnic and sexual minority groups. Despite these developments, existing clinical and research approaches to suicide assessment and prevention have not incorporated cultural variations in any systematic way. In addition, theoretical models of suicide have been largely devoid of cultural influence. The current report presents a comprehensive analysis of literature describing the relationship between cultural factors and suicide in three major ethnic groups (African Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos) and LGBTQ1 sexual minority groups. We utilized an inductive approach to synthesize this variegated body of research into four factors that account for 95% of existing culturally specific risk data: cultural sanctions, idioms of distress, minority stress, and social discord. These four cultural factors are then integrated into a theoretical framework: the Cultural Model of Suicide. Three theoretical principles emerge: (1) culture affects the types of stressors that lead to suicide; (2) cultural meanings associated with stressors and suicide affect the development of suicidal tendencies, one's threshold of tolerance for psychological pain, and subsequent suicidal acts; and (3) culture affects how suicidal thoughts, intent, plans, and attempts are expressed. The Cultural Model of Suicide provides an empirically guided cohesive approach that can inform culturally competent suicide assessment and prevention efforts in future research and clinical practice. Including both ethnic and sexual minorities in our investigations ensures advancement along a multiple identities perspective.
Testing for a Structural Change in U.S. Wage Determination

Previous tests for structural changes (slope changes) and shifts (intercept changes) in the Phillips curve and union wage determination specify the date of structural change a priori. This article tests for structural changes and shifts without specifying the change point ex ante. The results support the belief that structural changes occurred in the early 1980s. Contrary to some previous research, however, the results do not support a structural shift in the Phillips curve.
Franklin H. Epstein: reminiscences of a brilliant physician-scientist and master clinician.

Franklin Harold Epstein, MD, died on November 5, 2008. As the William Applebaum Professor of Medicine at the Harvard Medical School, he was 84 years old and actively engaged in research, teaching, and clinical care until a few weeks before his death. Frank exemplified the ideal physician: An investigator, a teacher, and a master clinician, and he encouraged this model in his trainees. I first met Frank in New Haven in 1963 while interviewing for an internship in Paul Beeson's Department of Medicine. I was attracted to Yale because of his research, and he invited me to lunch that day. He talked about his new studies on the effects of water diuresis on susceptibility to pyelonephritis1 and his previous articles in the Journal of Clinical Investigation on the mechanism of impaired concentrating ability in hypokalemia and hypercalcemia.2,3 I was struck by his clarity and intellectual rigor, his capacity to probe complex renal and electrolyte disorders, and his sheer brilliance. A few years later, we published together an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of lithium-induced diabetes insipidus in human and the rat.4 Frank was widely considered one of the giants of metabolism and nephrology. Among his more than 400 publications, he published 39 articles in the Journal of Clinical Investigation and 26 in the New England Journal of Medicine . He reveled in the discoveries and accomplishments of others, and his generosity with ideas inspired those who worked with him. He was a cheerful and enthusiastic man who laughed heartily and sang or whistled constantly, always on pitch. Frank entered Brooklyn College at the age of 16 and graduated summa cum laude in 1944. His father was a school principal and his mother a teacher who taught him elocution, at which he excelled. He then entered …
Natural Hazards Experts Learn First Hand from the Colorado Storm and Flood

The mid-September deluge of parts of central Colorado—which broke many precipitation records and devastated communities—also personally affected a number of natural hazards experts who live there.
Methaemoglobin formation by Mycoplasma gallisepticum: the role of hydrogen peroxide.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum, the agent responsible for common respiratory disease of turkeys, has been shown to agglutinate turkey erythrocytes1. During the course of investigations of a neurotropic strain of this organism (S6) which produces encephalitis associated with cerebral arteritis2, it was observed that incubation of a suspension of M. gallisepticum with washed turkey erythrocytes at 37° C caused the cells to become dark brown. Washed mycoplasmas enclosed in dialysis tubing also caused browning of erythrocyte suspensions and converted turkey and human haemoglobin to a brown solution which exhibited the spectral characteristics of methaemoglobin.
Catalysts for Cooperation: Non-Governmental Organizations in Santo Domingo

Abstract Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in development work have aimed traditionally to carry out infrastructure or human development in developing areas, but they have increasingly pursued the development of civic life as a pathway to democracy. Drawing on case studies from Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, this article points to ways in which NGOs can help to foster cooperation among other key sectors in civil society, namely grass-roots organizations (GROs) in poor neighbourhoods. Such cooperation cultivates solidarity among the marginalized and allows GROs working together to make demands on the political system and to enhance democracy in less developed countries. The maintenance of grass-roots autonomy is a key to success in fostering cooperation, along with a clear understanding by NGOs of the local context.
Trials of alum-precipitated pollen extracts in the treatment of hay fever

Abstract Immunotherapy (desensitization) of hay fever with aqueous extracts of pollen is limited to rather small immunizing doses because of the risk of allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Alum-precipitated pollen extracts are absorbed more slowly, and larger doses may be given in fewer injections with a reduced rate of untoward systemic reactions. In a controlled study, alum-precipitated ragweed extract gave therapeutic results in fall hay fever equal to those obtained with aqueous ragweed extract. Immunologic responses to the two types of extract (measured by the technique of histamine release from isolated washed leukocytes) were also similar. Safer antigen preparations which permit higher doses need to be sought further.
Development of a CFD Boundary Condition to Model Transient Vapor Absorption in the Respiratory Airways

The absorption of moderately and highly soluble vapors into the walls of the conducting airways was previously shown to be a transient process over the timescale of an inhalation cycle. However, a boundary condition to predict the transient wall absorption of vapors in CFD simulations does not exist. The objective of this study was to develop and test a boundary condition that can be used to predict the transient absorption of vapors in CFD simulations of transport in the respiratory airways. To develop the boundary condition, an analytical expression for the concentration of an absorbed vapor in an air-mucus-tissue-blood (AMTB) model of the respiratory wall was developed for transient and variable air-phase concentrations. Based on the analytical expression, a flux boundary condition was developed at the air-mucus interface as a function of the far-field air-phase concentration. The new transient boundary condition was then implemented to predict absorption in a realistic model of the extrathoracic nasal airways through the larynx (nasal-laryngeal geometry). The results of the AMTB wall model verified that absorption was highly time dependent over the timescale of an inhalation cycle (approximately 1-2 s). At 1 s, transient conditions resulted in approximately 2-3 times more uptake in tissue and 20-25 times less uptake in blood than steady state conditions for both acetaldehyde and benzene. Application of this boundary condition to computational fluid dynamics simulations of the nasal-laryngeal geometry showed, as expected, that transient absorption significantly affected total deposition fractions in the mucus, tissue, and blood. Moreover, transient absorption was also shown to significantly affect the local deposition patterns of acetaldehyde and benzene. In conclusion, it is recommended that future analyses of vapors in the conducting airways consider time-dependent wall absorption based on the transient flux boundary condition developed in this study. Alternatively, a steady state absorption condition may be applied in conjunction with correction factors determined from the AMTB wall model.
Photoluminescence bands related to localized Mn2+ transitions in diluted magnetic semiconductors

Abstract Photoluminescence excitation measurements have been carried out on the diluted magnetic semiconductors Cd1−xMnxTe and Cd1−xMnxSe. The temperature dependence of the known 2.0 eV and 1.2 eV PL bands is discussed in terms of a configuration coordinate model involving Mn2+ intra-ion transitions. Two broad band emissions in Cd1−xMnxSe, at 2.13 eV and 1.35 eV, are reported which appear to be the analogies to the PL bands seen in Cd1−xMnxTe.
Development of naked growing mouse oocytes in vitro

Half grown oocytes were released from follicles of 7-day-old mouse ovaries during overnight culture. Naked oocytes free of attached follicular cells were cultured in MEM plus 10% fetal calf serum over the developing monolayer of ovarian cells. Oocytes increased in diameter for a period of at least a week at 1.6 μ per day, or 70% of the in vivo growth rate. The ultrastructure of cytoplasmic organelles in cultured growing oocytes was normal. During the second week, about 35% underwent spontaneous fragmentation, and at least 10–20% resumed meiotic maturation. We conclude that a significant fraction of naked oocytes reached a functional state comparable to that of normal full grown oocytes at a rate approaching the in vivo rate. Free oocytes with attached cells grew to a larger average diameter than naked oocytes, and incorporated 3H-leucine 75% more rapidly. Naked oocytes cultured in the absence of ovarian cells did not grow, and died when pyruvate was omitted from the medium. Naked oocytes did not grow when cultured over primary mousefibroblasts, L-cells, CHO cells, or hepatoma cells. Naked oocytes separated from the monolayer of ovarian cells by a 0.7 mm layer of agar grew at 60% of the rate of control oocytes.
Studying the influence of culture in global software engineering: thinking in terms of cultural models

Culture appears to have a greater influence on software-engineering practice than originally envisioned. Many recent studies have reported that cultural factors greatly impact global software-engineering (GSE) practice. However, many of these studies characterize culture as a set of dimensions (e.g., Hofstede's), which significantly limits the meaning of culture. In this paper, we discuss the limitations of such a dimensional approach to studying culture by highlighting the aspects of culture that such dimensions fail to capture. Next, we present the idea of thinking of culture in terms of cultural models (inspired by Shore's work), and illustrate this idea by presenting cultural models adopted by the software-engineering domain. Then, based on this idea of cultural models, we present a conceptual reference framework for studying the influence of culture in the global software-engineering setting. Finally, we present some examples that use this framework, which illustrates the benefits of such a framework for studying culture's influence on GSE practice.
Immunoperoxidase assay for anti-dsDNA antibodies using Crithidia luciliae substrates.

In studies on 779 fresh, unselected ANA+ sera, 50 (6.4%) were found to have anti-dsDNA antibodies, by using CIP (C. luciliae immunoperoxidase), and 84% of the 50 patients met the criteria for definite SLE. After freezing 36 of these sera for 13±1 months, only 52.8% were again positive by CIP. Using CIF (C. luciliae immunofluorescence), 16.7% and 52.8% of the same stored sera were anti-dsDNA+, with transmitted and epi-illumination, respectively. We favour CIP to CIF because: (1) slide files are permanent, overcoming any lability of antibodies in frozen sera; (2) kinetoplast, flagellum and nucleus are easily distinguished; (3) perikinetoplast staining is avoided: (4) specialized microscopic equipment is not needed.
Beneficial Dysregulation of the Time Course of Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Factor-Deficient Mice

8) survived a lethal dose of LPS plus D-galactosamine (D-GalN), expressing lower serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines than the WT levels. To extend our knowledge on LPS-induced inflammatory events, an effective sublethal dose of LPS was administered to the animals (n 14). WT animals exhibited an acute inflammatory response that decreased after 4 h. Interestingly, macLITAF / mice exhibited an initial delay in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that peaked after 8 h and reached WT levels after 18 h. Anti-inflammatory cytokine secretions were initially delayed but increased after 4 h and remained elevated compared to WT levels, even after 18 h. Our results demonstrate that LITAF deficiency in vivo affects cytokines other than TNF- and influences the balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which protects the animals from the deleterious effects of an LPS-induced inflammatory response, resulting in a beneficial host regulation of inflammatory cytokines and in enhanced survival. Therapeutic intervention aimed at reducing LITAF via kinase modulators may prove useful in preventing LPS-induced mortality.
Scenarios for software products: what, why, and how

As technical writers, we know about the role of various presentation methods in conveying information about software products, such as ordered lists for presenting procedures, diagrams for presenting processes, and tables for presenting classifications. But where do scenarios fit in and what do they look like? Traditionally, scenarios are not viewed as a necessary part of software product documentation. But with the increasing interdependence of software products and the increasing need for software and documentation that are easy to use, scenarios give us a way to briefly but effectively describe the interactions of related products and to emphasize what users want to do. >
Assessment of Cytomegalovirus Hybrid Preventative Strategy in Pediatric Heart Transplant Patients.

Background Prevention strategies for cytomegalovirus (CMV) in pediatric transplant recipients are sparsely reported. A hybrid strategy that combines prophylaxis with preemptive therapy using serial CMV viral load monitoring is an emerging option. We report our clinical outcomes with a hybrid strategy in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed for pediatric heart transplant recipients who received a hybrid strategy of 2-4 weeks intravenous ganciclovir followed by serial whole blood CMV monitoring from 2002 to 2010. Subject demographics, medications, drug levels, serial CMV viral loads, intravascular ultrasound and angiography reports, and histopathology were collected. Descriptive statistics and patient groups were compared using χ(2), Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Twelve females and 13 males, ranging from 4 months to 19 years of age, underwent 26 heart transplants. Mean follow-up was 39 months (range, 5-94 months). Fourteen (54%) subjects were CMV donor (D) + /recipient (R) - , 8 (31%) were D + /R + , and 4 (15%) were D - /R + . Six subjects (23%) died of complications unrelated to CMV. Median prophylaxis duration was 25 days (range, 7-70 days). Ten (38%) subjects developed CMV infection: 1 subject had 2 episodes of CMV syndrome, and 1 subject had 2 episodes CMV. Although 6 of 14 patients with coronary artery vasculopathy had prior CMV, no association was found (P = .81). Median time to first CMV DNAemia was 2.3 months (range, 9 days to 24.8 months). Median time to viral load clearance was 29 days (range, 4-233 days). In addition, 25 D - /R- patients were transplanted and received no prophylaxis; 2 (8%) patients developed CMV infection. Conclusions Pediatric heart transplant recipients who were at risk for CMV and treated with a novel preventative hybrid strategy developed CMV infection, syndrome, and disease at rates similar to those reported in literature for prophylactic strategies.
Hepatitis Bs Antigen, Malaria Titers, and Primary LiverCancer in South Vietnam

A total of 306 individuals from South Vietnam were studied: 61 had a diagnosis of primary liver cancer (38 had a tissue diagnosis, and 23 had a clinical diagnosis and a positive alpha-fetoprotein); 9 had viral hepatitis; 101 were hospitalized patie is (60 with various other forms of liver disease and 41 without liver disease); 94 were bloo donors; 29 were drug users; and 12 were medical students. Alpha-fetoprotein was present in 45 of 61 (74%) of those with a diagnosis of primary liver cancer (PLC) and in none of the other patients. Using immunoelectroosmophoresis, hepatitis Bs antigen (HBsAg) was found no more frequently in those with PLC than in the other groups studied. In contrast, using a radioimmunoassay technique HBsAg was present 3 to 8 times as frequently in the PLC patients as in other subjects without viral hepatitis. There was a close relationship between the presence of alpha -fetoprotein and HBsAg in the patients with PLC. Malaria seropositivity rates were no different in the PLC groups than the other groups. It appears that in South Vietnam PLC is associated with an increased frequency of HBsAg.
Dynamic Analysis of Systems with Distributed Properties

The dynamic analysis of structures, modeled as lumped parameter systems with discrete coordinates, was presented in Part I for single-degree-of-freedom systems and in Parts II and III for multidegree-of-freedom systems. Modeling structures with discrete coordinates provides a practical approach for the analysis of structures subjected to dynamic loads. However, the results obtained from these discrete models can only give approximate solutions to the actual behavior of dynamic systems which have continuous distributed properties and, consequently, an infinite number of degrees of freedom.
Hardware acceleration of FDTD computations for 3-D microwave breast tomography

Microwave tomography is an area of ongoing research in the University of Wisconsin Computational Electromagnetics Laboratory (UWCEM). We image anatomically realistic, three-dimensional, numerical breast models using electromagnetic inverse scattering methods [1,2]. The iterative approach described in [1,2] requires a set of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) field solutions at each iteration. The size of the breast model and the spatial sampling density required to simulate UHF-band pulse-widths result in a significant engineering challenge with respect to timely completion of the imaging algorithm.
The efficacy of posterior three-unit zirconium-oxide-based ceramic fixed partial dental prostheses: a prospective clinical pilot study.

Statement of problem Although zirconium-oxide–based restorations for fixed partial denture prostheses (FPDPs) are available for use, clinical studies evaluating their longevity and related complications have not been published. Purpose The aim of this pilot clinical study was to assess the efficacy of zirconia-based posterior 3-unit FPDPs. Material and methods Twenty 3-unit posterior FPDPs (Lava) were placed in 16 subjects who were missing a second premolar or a first molar, met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and provided informed consent. All teeth were prepared in a standardized manner: occlusal reduction of 1.5 to 2 mm; axial reduction of 1 to 1.5 mm; a 1.0-mm, 360-degree rounded shoulder placed 0.5 mm subgingivally on the facial aspect and supragingivally on the lingual aspect on sound tooth structure; and rounded internal line angles. Impressions were made with vinyl polysiloxane (Express) impression material. Frameworks were fabricated using a computer-aided design/computer-assisted manufacturing technique with a retainer thickness of 0.6 mm, and a minimal connector surface area of 9 mm 2 . Restorations were luted with resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Rely X luting). Recall appointments were made after 2 weeks and 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. Clinical fracture resistance, marginal discoloration, marginal adaptation, radiographic proximal recurrent decay, and periapical pathoses were assessed over time using modified Ryge criteria. The probability distributions of these variables were calculated for the baseline data as well as for recall data. Results Mean follow-up was 31.2 months. Fifteen restorations were rated Alpha in all measured parameters. Minor chipping of veneering porcelain was detected in 5 restorations rated Bravo for clinical fracture resistance and Alpha for all other assessed parameters. One restoration was rated Bravo in terms of marginal integrity at 36 months. Conclusions Zirconia-based posterior 3-unit FPDPs performed well after short-term service.
Euclidean perspective on the unfolding of azurin: angular correlations

The geometrical model introduced previously by the authors has been extended quantitatively to document changes in angular correlations between and among residues as azurin unfolds. In the early stages of denaturation, these changes are found to be more pronounced than changes in the spatial displacement of residues, a result that is also found for residues acting in concert, viz., α-helices, β-sheet residues and residues in ‘turning regions.’ Our analysis leads to a picture of the large-scale motion of the polypeptide chain as azurin denatures. Flanking a central ‘ribbon’ of residues whose orientation remains essentially invariant, we find that in the early stages of unfolding, left- and right-hand ‘wings’ adjacent to this stationary scaffolding pivot counterclockwise, while smaller regions on opposing ends of the β-barrel pivot clockwise. As spatial constraints characterising the native state are further relaxed, our calculations show that some regions reverse their orientational motion, reflecting the enhanced flexibility of the polypeptide chain in the denatured state.
In vivo clearance of surfactant lipids during acute pulmonary inflammation.

A decrease in pulmonary surfactant has been suggested to contribute to the lung dysfunction associated with pulmonary inflammation. A number of studies have implicated surfactant clearance as a possible mechanism for altered pool sizes. The objective of the current study was to specifically investigate the mechanisms of surfactant clearance in a rodent model of acute pulmonary inflammation. Inflammation was induced by intrapulmonary instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 100 μg/kg). Lipid clearance was assessed at 18 and 72 hours post-LPS instillation by intratracheal administration of radiolabel surfactant-like liposomes 2 hours prior to isolation and analysis of inflammatory cells and type II cells. At both 18 and 72 hours after LPS instillation there was significantly less radioactivity recovered in the lavage fluid compared to respective control groups (p < 0.05). At both time points, the number of cells recovered by lavage and their associated radioactivity was greater compared to control groups (p < 0.01). There was no difference in recovery of radioactivity by isolated type II cells or other cells obtained from enzymatic digestion of lung tissue. These results show that increased clearance of surfactant lipids in our model of acute pulmonary inflammation is primarily due to the inflammatory cells recruited to the airspace and not increased uptake by alveolar type II cells.
Apical Spectrin Is Essential for Epithelial Morphogenesis but Not Apicobasal Polarity in Drosophila

Changes in cell shape and position drive morphogenesis in epithelia and depend on the polarized nature of its constituent cells. The spectrin-based membrane skeleton is thought to be a key player in the establishment and/or maintenance of cell shape and polarity. We report that apical βHeavy-spectrin (βH), a terminal web protein that is also associated with the zonula adherens, is essential for normal epithelial morphogenesis of the Drosophila follicle cell epithelium during oogenesis. Elimination of βH by the karst mutation prevents apical constriction of the follicle cells during mid-oogenesis, and is accompanied by a gross breakup of the zonula adherens. We also report that the integrity of the migratory border cell cluster, a group of anterior follicle cells that delaminates from the follicle epithelium, is disrupted. Elimination of βH prevents the stable recruitment of α-spectrin to the apical domain, but does not result in a loss of apicobasal polarity, as would be predicted from current models describing the role of spectrin in the establishment of cell polarity. These results demonstrate a direct role for apical (αβH)2-spectrin in epithelial morphogenesis driven by apical contraction, and suggest that apical and basolateral spectrin do not play identical roles in the generation of apicobasal polarity.
Leucine 41 is a gate for water entry in the reduction of Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin.

Biological electron transfer is an efficient process even though the distances between the redox moieties are often quite large. It is therefore of great interest to gain an understanding of the physical basis of the rates and driving forces of these reactions. The structural relaxation of the protein that occurs upon change in redox state gives rise to the reorganizational energy, which is important in the rates and the driving forces of the proteins involved. To determine the structural relaxation in a redox protein, we have developed methods to hold a redox protein in its final oxidation state during crystallization while maintaining the same pH and salt conditions of the crystallization of the protein in its initial oxidation state. Based on 1.5 A resolution crystal structures and molecular dynamics simulations of oxidized and reduced rubredoxins (Rd) from Clostridium pasteurianum (Cp), the structural rearrangements upon reduction suggest specific mechanisms by which electron transfer reactions of rubredoxin should be facilitated. First, expansion of the [Fe—S] cluster and concomitant contraction of the NH • • • S hydrogen bonds lead to greater electrostatic stabilization of the extra negative charge. Second, a gating mechanism caused by the conformational change of Leucine 41, a nonpolar side chain, allows transient penetration of water molecules, which greatly increases the polarity of the redox site environment and also provides a source of protons. Our method of producing crystals of Cp Rd from a reducing solution leads to a distribution of water molecules not observed in the crystal structure of the reduced Rd from Pyrococcus furiosus. How general this correlation is among redox proteins must be determined in future work. The combination of our high-resolution crystal structures and molecular dynamics simulations provides a molecular picture of the structural rearrangement that occurs upon reduction in Cp rubredoxin.
Frequency Analysis of the Electrocardiogram

The frequency analysis of the electrocardiogram reveals that contributions by frequencies of 100 cycles, or higher, per second are less than 10 per cent of the amplitude of the fundamental of the QRS comples, and it thus appears that transistor-driven amplifier-pen recorders presently available are adequate to record all the information contained in the electrocardiogram, if the standard paper speed is doubled, or quadrupled.
A Reflective Model of Supervision in Speech-Language Pathology

Abstract This paper addresses a model of clinical supervision in speech-language pathology that integrates developmental, collaborative and reflective theoretical constructs. The framework of this clinical education model is based on the underlying belief that all learning takes place in the context of relationships and is critically affected by the quality of those relationships. The student-supervisory relationship is the mechanism for teaching, problem solving, and helping students make ‘outer’ changes in their clinical skills and ‘inner’ changes in their deepening understanding of theoretical constructs and the interactive experience of clinical practice. This paper will explore how this model has been implemented in the clinical education of graduate students in speech-language pathology and the clinical training of supervisors.
SUBSTANCES AFFECTING ADULT TISSUE IN VITRO : III. A STIMULANT (THE "A FACTOR") IN SERUM ULTRAFILTRATE INVOLVED IN OVERCOMING ADULT TISSUE DORMANCY.

1. The growth of fresh adult tissue in plasma medium suggested that plasma contained a substance active in overcoming the dormancy of adult tissues. 2. Incubation of adult chicken aorta in serum (from chickens or other species) before it was planted in a plasma medium, resulted in a much shorter lag period and a faster initial growth than that of control tissue incubated in Tyrode solution (or of fresh untreated tissue). In other words, serum helped overcome the dormancy of adult tissue while Tyrode solution preserved the tissue in a dormant state. This activity of serum was shown to be due neither to its albumin or globulin nor to its lipase or other enzymes. 3. The ultrafiltrate from serum was highly active in overcoming adult tissue dormancy, while the dialyzed residue was inactive. The ultrafiltrate was not species specific. It withstood 100°C. in neutral solution for 10 minutes, but not for 3 hours, and was destroyed at pH 2 and pH 12. It was active after 10 months in the ice box. It does not affect tissues in the cold. 4. Copper acetate precipitated a fraction from serum ultrafiltrate which, when freed from copper, was stimulating to the initial growth of adult aorta tissue. 5. Calcium chloride precipitated fractions from serum ultrafiltrate (and also from urine) which were stimulating. 6. Attempts to concentrate the A factor, the active agent, by vacuum evaporation and subsequent fractionation with different solvents were not satisfactory. 7. Lymph was highly stimulating and ventricular fluid slightly stimulating. 8. No growth was obtained in the absence of the A factor, but we doubt that it is alone responsible for overcoming the dormancy of adult tissue.
Inconsistency of self-schematic content in moderately depressed college students

Moderately depressed and nondepressed subjects rated positive- and negative-trait adjectives in terms of self-descriptiveness or other-descriptiveness across three presentations of the words. For both the self- and other-referenced tasks, moderately depressed subjects rated negative words more inconsistently across the three presentations than did nondepressed subjects. In addition, depressed subjects demonstrated enhanced recognition of words that produced inconsistent ratings, relative to nondepressed subjects.
Maya Saints and Souls in a Changing World

Maya Saints and Souls in a Changing World. JOHN M. WATANABE. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994 [1992]. xvi + 280 pp., figures, photographs, tables, notes, glossary, references, index.
Investigation of transient relaxation under static and dynamic stress in Hf-based gate oxides

Transient relaxation, which has been addressed as an undesirable issue in high-k alternate gate dielectrics, has been studied systematically. In Hf-based dielectrics, it follows a universal line irrespective of stress times and stress voltages if stressed (static/dynamic) up to certain limits. The results presented here reveal that bulk charge trapping shows a fast transient relaxation (TR) for a very short time (/spl sim/ ms) after stress (substrate injection) followed by a slow relaxation (> 1 s), while interface passivation/relaxation follows a slow trend. Bulk trappings, which play a major role in causing device instabilities in high-k gate oxides, are mostly relaxable, while interface degradation cannot be passivated completely. Moreover, an interface-passivation mechanism seems to be independent of stress histories. Devices with stronger bulk-trapping immunity showed faster TR. The experimental results show good agreement with the simplified mathematical model presented for HfO/sub 2/ gate oxides. The temperature showed a negligible effect in TR.
Intrinsic diffraction losses in 2D SOI photonic crystal waveguides

Spectral dependence of propagation losses above the light line is measured by a cut-back method in silicon photonic crystal waveguides and is compared to leaky mode propagation in conventional strip waveguides. Features in the experimental data are accurately reproduced by 3D-FDTD calculations
CO2 in the upper troposphere: Influence of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange

A two-dimensional transport model constrained to measured surface CO_2 concentrations was used to simulate the spatial and temporal variation of CO_2 in the atmosphere for the period from 1975 to 2004. We find that the amplitude, phase and shape of the CO_2 seasonal cycle vary as a function of both altitude and latitude. Cross tropopause exchanges, especially the downward branch of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, which brings stratospheric air to the upper troposphere at middle and high latitudes, change the CO_2 concentration and seasonal cycle in the extra-tropics. The model results match recent aircraft measurements of CO_2 in the upper troposphere (Matsueda et al., 2002) remarkably well. We conclude that upper tropospheric CO_2 volume mixing ratios will provide a valuable tool for validating vertical transport. The implications of the CO_2 variation caused by the stratosphere-troposphere exchange for remote sensing of CO_2 are discussed.