cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beverage choices of young females: changes and impact on nutrient intakes.

Abstract Objective To examine trends in beverage consumption and evaluate the impact of beverage choices on the nutrient intakes of females ages 12 to 19 years. Design Dietary intake data from the USDA's Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys, including the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), were assessed for trends in beverage consumption. The CSFII 1994-1996 data was used to examine the diets of young females grouped based on their milk and soda consumption status. Mean energy, nutrient, and beverage intakes were compared. Subjects Females with complete dietary intake information on Day 1 of the survey were included in the study. There were 732 females ages 12 to 19 years in the CSFII 1994-1996. Statistical Analysis Percentages of females consuming specific beverages were estimated. Pairwise mean comparisons were made between groups based on milk and soda consumption status. Results Milk intakes decreased by 36% whereas that of sodas and fruit drinks almost doubled from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s. The CSFII 1994-1996 data showed that between ages 12 and 19 years, intakes of fruit juices, soda, tea, fruit drinks, and alcoholic beverages either increased or remained relatively steady, while milk intakes decreased with an increase in age. At age 12 years, 78% drank milk and had the lowest soda intake (276g), while at age 19-years, only 36% drank milk and drank a high amount of soda (423g). Those who did not drink milk had inadequate intakes of vitamin A, folate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Application A rapid decrease in milk intake during the early adolescent years indicates a need for interventions at this age. Dietitians should identify barriers to drinking milk and recommend strategies for including appropriate food sources to increase calcium intakes during growing years. Nutrition educators should provide parents of adolescent children with ideas for ensuring the adequacy of their children's calcium intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 1234–1239 .
Alterations in hepatocyte function of thermally acclimated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract 1. 1. There was a higher level of total protein (mg/g wet wt.) in the liver of cold-acclimated as compared with warm-acclimated trout. 2. 2. Cold-acclimated trout had a higher level of incorporation of 14 C-leucine into total liver protein than did warm-acclimated fish. 3. 3. There was a decreased secretory rate in the cold-acclimated fish.
Measuring x-ray burn history with the Streaked Polar Instrumentation for Diagnosing Energetic Radiation (SPIDER) at the National Ignition Facility (NIF)

We present a new diagnostic for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) [1,2]. The Streaked Polar Instrumentation for Diagnosing Energetic Radiation (SPIDER) is an x-ray streak camera for use on almost-igniting targets, up to ~10 17 neutrons per shot. It measures the x-ray burn history for ignition campaigns with the following requirements: X-Ray Energy 8-30keV, Temporal Resolution 10ps, Absolute Timing Resolution 30ps, Neutron Yield: 10 14 to 10 17 . The features of the design are a heavily shielded instrument enclosure outside the target chamber, remote location of the neutron and EMP sensitive components, a precise laser pulse comb fiducial timing system and fast streaking electronics. SPIDER has been characterized for sweep linearity, dynamic range, temporal and spatial resolution. Preliminary DT implosion data shows the functionality of the instrument and provides an illustration of the method of burn history extraction.
ESR studies of radicals derived from tetrahydrofuran derivatives

Free radicals derived from tetrahydrofuran, 2,3- or 2,5-dihydrofuran as well as from some methoxy or mono- and di-methyl derivatives thereof have been generated via hydrogen abstraction via photolytically generated t-butoxy radicals. The g values of these radicals have been determined by ESR spectrometry and the hyperfine splitting constants have been assigned using deuterium labeling. Saturated systems give rise to cyclic alkyl radicals via hydrogen abstraction from the carbon in the a-position to oxygen; unsaturated systems yield cyclic allyl-type radicals.
Design Considerations for the ORNL 25 MV Tandem Accelerator

Construction of a 25 MV tandem electrostatic accelerator is now planned as part of a new heavy-ion facility at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The design of this accelerator incorporates several unusual features. The most important of these are a folded design, in which the low-energy and high-energy acceleration tubes are contained within a single column structure, and a digital control system. Motivations for these design features are discussed in conjunction with a brief description of the accelerator.
Glycerolation and Thawing Effects on Bull Spermatozoa Frozen in Detergent-Treated Egg Yolk and Whole Egg Extenders

Abstract Bull sperm in Experiment 1 were added to a standard egg yolk-Tris extender containing 0, .25, .5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0% (vol/vol) of the detergent mixture, sodium and triethanolamine lauryl sulfate. Glycerol was added in one step to the initial extender or in three steps after cooling semen to 4°C. The extended semen was packaged in .5-ml French straws and frozen over static nitrogen vapor. Thawing was at 4, 30, and 60°C. There was little difference due to the method of adding glycerol provided detergent was present. Percentages of motile sperm after freezing in the six concentrations of detergent, in ascending order, were 31, 45, 52, 51, 48, and 36. Percentages of motile sperm following thawing at 4, 30, and 60°C were 36.5, 46.0, and 48.6. Acrosome retention also was better preserved with the higher thaw temperatures. A second experiment, similar in design to the first one, was conducted with whole egg-Tris extender. The best results were in whole egg-Tris containing .125% detergent where post-thaw motile sperm of 70.4% greatly exceeded 30.7% without sodium and triethanolamine lauryl sulfate. Fertility of sperm frozen in yolk-Tris-detergent was equivalent to whole milk used as a control.
Is caffeine a flavoring agent in cola soft drinks

Background Concern has been expressed about the nutrition and health impact of high rates of soft drink consumption. Caffeine is an added ingredient in approximately 70% of soft drinks consumed in the United States. The soft drink manufacturers' justification to regulatory agencies and the public for adding caffeine to soft drinks is that caffeine is a flavoring agent. Objective To examine the claim that caffeine plays an integral role in the flavor profile of soft drinks, by examining the effect of caffeine on the threshold for detection of flavor differences in cola beverages. Design Double-blind crossover study starting November 1998 and ending July 1999. Setting An academic research center. Participants Twenty-five adult regular consumers of cola soft drinks. Based on a screening session, all were able to detect a flavor difference between cola containing sugar and diet cola. Intervention A sensitive version of a forced-choice flavor-detection procedure was used to evaluate the effects of a wide range of caffeine concentrations (range, 0.05-1.6 mg/mL) on the ability to detect flavor differences between caffeinated and caffeine-free cola beverages. Repeated tests permitted determination of significant detection at each concentration in individual subjects. Main outcome measures Percentage of subjects significantly detecting a flavor difference and mean percentage of trials correct at each caffeine concentration. Results Detection of flavor differences increased as a function of caffeine concentration. At the 0.1-mg/mL concentration, which is the approximate concentration in the majority of cola soft drink products, 2 subjects (8%) significantly detected a flavor difference and the mean percentage correct (53%) was at chance levels. Conclusions The finding that only 8% of a group of regular cola soft drink consumers could detect the effect of the caffeine concentration found in most cola soft drinks is at variance with the claim made by soft drink manufacturers that caffeine is added to soft drinks because it plays an integral role in the flavor profile. It is valuable for the general public, the medical community, and regulatory agencies to recognize that the high rates of consumption of caffeinated soft drinks more likely reflect the mood-altering and physical dependence-producing effects of caffeine as a central nervous system-active drug than its subtle effects as a flavoring agent. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:727-734
Modeling microbial levels using precipitation data and seasonal analysis

Abstract This paper presents models for estimating fecal coliform concentrations in the Bogue Falaya and Tchefuncte Rivers as a function of basin average precipitation. Fecal coliform data from the Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals were available for a period of 15 years (1975 through 1991). Precipitation data from the Louisiana Climate Center at Louisiana State University were available for 49 years (1943 through 1991). The climate of the area is characterized by different precipitation/runoff mechanisms for the summer and winter seasons. This seasonal effect has been successfully applied in modeling fecal coliform in the Tchefuncte River as a function of discharge (Barbe and Francis, 1995). Even though a seasonal effect was found for the Tchefuncte River, no seasonal effect was evident for the Bogue Falaya River. A reason for this difference is discussed. Statistical analysis entailed regression analysis to determine the relationship between precipitation and fecal coliform concentration and ...
Carcinogen risk assessment.

A molecular biological rationale for the linear nonthreshold dose-response pattern for carcinogenesis is presented based on the mutagenic activation of oncogens as the basis of initiation. The appr...
Integrated Circuit Active Arrays And Spatial Power Combiners Using Aperture Coupled Patch Antennas

Integrated circuit active arrays and spatial power combiners using aperture coupled patch antennas have been developed. Results from a prototype element and a two-element combiner are very encouraging. Methods for achieving phase coherency have been developed.
Parathyroid hormone–related peptide is a naturally occurring, protein kinase A–dependent angiogenesis inhibitor

Angiogenesis is a highly regulated process that results from the sequential actions of naturally occurring stimulators and inhibitors. Here, we show that parathyroid hormone-related peptide, a peptide hormone derived from normal and tumor cells that regulates bone metabolism and vascular tone, is a naturally occurring angiogenesis inhibitor. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide or a ten-amino-acid peptide from its N terminus inhibits endothelial cell migration in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo by activating endothelial cell protein kinase A. Activation of protein kinase A inhibits cell migration and angiogenesis by inhibiting the small GTPase Rac. In contrast, inhibition of protein kinase A reverses the anti-migratory and anti-angiogenic properties of parathyroid hormone-related peptide. These studies show that parathyroid hormone-related peptide is a naturally occurring angiogenesis inhibitor that functions by activation of protein kinase A.
A high level language architecture: Bit-slice-based processor and associated system software

Abstract High-level language processor architecture is presently attracting a lot of research interest (6, 7, 8, 9). This problem can be treated by a number of different approaches. One of them which proved useful for the small-size time-critical dedicated signal and data processing, is based on the mapping of high-level language constructs into the constructs typical of the microcode. This paper discusses different aspects of both: bit-slice-based implementation of the proposed approach as well as the implementation of all associated system software.
PubMed® Search Interface Alternatives: A Descriptive Comparison

The Entrez interface developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) includes basic and advanced features that benefit novice and expert searchers alike. After NCBI made its content available as an application programming interface (API), external database developers started creating alternative interfaces to search Entrez databases. This article reviews the features and functionality of several of these alternatives (ClusterMed™, eTBlast 3.0, HubMed, and SLIM v.2) and compares search results for two PubMed® strategies executed in each of the four comparison interfaces. The similarities and differences of these interfaces have implications for achieving comprehensive and relevant search results, understanding and teaching end users, and designing effective interfaces.
Spectrotemporal sound preferences of neighboring inferior colliculus neurons: implications for local circuitry and processing.

How do local circuits in the inferior colliculus (IC) process and transform spectral and temporal sound information? Using a four-tetrode array we examined the functional properties of the IC and metrics of its micro circuitry by recording neural activity from neighboring single neurons in the cat. Spectral and temporal response preferences were compared for neurons found on the same and adjacent tetrodes, as well as across distant recording sites. We found that neighboring neurons had similar preferences while neurons recorded across distant sites were less similar. Best frequency was the most correlated parameter between neighboring neurons and best frequency differences exhibited unique clustering at ~0.3 octave intervals, indicative of the frequency band lamina. Other spectral and temporal parameters of the receptive fields were more similar for neighboring neurons than for those at distant sites and the receptive field similarity was larger for neurons with small differences in best frequency. Furthermore, correlated firing was stronger for neighboring neuron pairs and increased with proximity and decreasing best frequency difference. Thus although response selectivities are quite diverse in the IC, spectral and temporal preference within a local microcircuit are functionally quite similar. This suggests a scheme where local circuits are organized into zones that are specialized for processing distinct spectrotemporal cues.
Evidence for a Stabilizer Element in the Untranslated Regions of Drosophila Glutathione S-Transferase D1 mRNA

The neighboring genes gstD1 andgstD21 share 70% sequence identity. gstD1 encodes a 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(P-chlorophenyl)ethane dehydrochlorinase; gstD21, a ligandin. Both of their mRNAs are inducible by pentobarbital but otherwise behave very differently. Intact gstD21 mRNA is intrinsically labile, but becomes stabilized when separated from its native untranslated region (UTR). In contrast, whereasgstD1 mRNA is very stable in its entirety, without its native UTRs it becomes even more labile than that ofgstD21. Decay patterns from four chimeric D1-D21 mRNAs, designed to reveal the individual importance of each molecular region to stability, strongly indicate the presence of destabilizing elements in the coding region of gstD1 mRNA. Thus, the UTRs of this molecule must contain a dominant stabilizer element that overrides the destabilizing influence of the coding region and confers overall stability to the entire molecule. The suspected presence of such a stabilizer element in gstD1 mRNA extends a concept from mRNA metabolism in yeast and cultured mammalian cells to include a multicellular organism, Drosophila melanogaster. The complementary presence of destabilizing and stabilizer elements on the same mRNA reveals a regulatory mechanism by which an abundant mRNA can be further induced by a chemical stimulus, or otherwise be returned to normal levels during recovery.
CFD modelling of sampling locations for early detection of spontaneous combustion in long–wall gob areas

In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling was conducted to optimize gas sampling locations for the early detection of spontaneous heating in longwall gob areas. Initial simulations were carried out to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations at various regulators in the gob using a bleeder ventilation system. Measured CO concentration values at these regulators were then used to calibrate the CFD model. The calibrated CFD model was used to simulate CO concentrations at eight sampling locations in the gob using a bleederless ventilation system to determine the optimal sampling locations for early detection of spontaneous combustion.
The surface ocean productivity response of deeper water benthic foraminifera in the Atlantic Ocean

We test the relationship of deep sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage composition to the surface ocean productivity gradient in the low latitude Atlantic Ocean using 81 surface sediment samples from a water depth range between 2800 and 3500 m. The samples are selected so that the surface ocean productivity gradient, controlling the flux of organic carbon to the seabed, will be the most important environmental variable. The first two principal components of the assemblage data account for 73% of data variance and are clearly linked to the productivity gradient across the Atlantic. These components show that under higher productivity the assemblages contain a higher abundance of Uvigerina peregrina, Melonis barleeanum, Globobulimina spp. and other taxa with probable infaunal microhabitats. Alabaminella weddellensis, a species linked to episodic phytoplankton debris falls, is also important in these assemblages. As productivity decreases there is a regular shift in assemblage composition so that low productivity assemblages are dominated by Globocassidulina subglobosa and several Cassidulina species along with Epistominella exigua. We hypothesize that these taxa are epifaunal to very shallow infaunal since nearly all organic carbon oxidation occurs near the sediment-water interface in low productivity settings. Discriminant function analysis of the foraminiferal assemblages, with groups selected on the basis of surface ocean productivity, shows clear separation among five productivity levels we used. This analysis demonstrates that productivity variations have a strong influence on assemblage composition. Finally, we used two groups of samples from the Rio-Grande Rise representing water depths from 2007 to 2340 m and 2739 to 3454 m to test for effects produced by changing water depth. All these samples are from a low productivity region and represent nearly identical environmental conditions. Although the low productivity nature of all the Rio-Grande Rise samples is obvious, there are assemblage differences between our depth groups. We cannot account for the assemblage differences with changes in organic carbon flux, dissolution effects or other physical/chemical properties of the ocean. Thus there are as yet unidentified factors related to water depth which cause some assemblage variation in the low productivity setting we investigated.
Physical Activity Intervention Effects on Perceived Stress in Working Mothers: The Role of Self-Efficacy

Working mothers often report elevated stress, and efforts to improve their coping resources are needed to buffer the detrimental effects of stress on health. This study examined the impact of changes in physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-regulation across the course of a brief intervention on subsequent levels of stress in working mothers. Participants (N = 141) were randomly assigned to an intervention or control condition (2:1 ratio). The intervention was conducted in Illinois between March 2011 and January 2012 and consisted of two group-mediated workshop sessions with content based on social cognitive theory. Participants completed measures of physical activity, self-efficacy, self-regulation, and perceived stress at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 6-month follow-up. Stress levels declined across the 6-month period in both groups. Changes in stress were negatively associated with changes in self-efficacy and self-regulation among intervention participants only. Regression analyses revealed the intervention elicited short-term increases in physical activity, self-efficacy, and self-regulation, but only changes in self-efficacy predicted perceived stress at 6-month follow-up. These results suggest that enhancing self-efficacy is likely to improve working mothers' perceived capabilities to cope with stressors in their lives. Future interventions should continue to focus on increasing self-efficacy to promote improvements in physical activity and psychological well-being in this population.
Accidental and Suicidal Adolescent Poisoning Deaths in the United States, 1979-1994

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological features of poisoning deaths in adolescents in the United States. DESIGN: Descriptive analysis of poisoning deaths in persons aged 10 to 19 years in the United States from January 1, 1979, to December 31, 1994, based on national mortality data. STUDY POPULATION: Adolescents whose cause of death was identified as poisoning using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Nature of injury (accident vs suicide). RESULTS: There were 4129 suicides and 3807 accidental deaths due to poisoning. Victims were most frequently male and white. However, poisoning was more often the method of suicide in adolescent girls than in boys (28.0% vs 8.7%). The number of deaths (7138 vs 798) and death rate (2.36 vs 0.28 per 100,000 population) were higher in 15- to 19-year-olds vs 10- to 14-year-olds. The distribution of substances involved was different for 10- to 14-year-olds compared with 15- to 19-year-olds and for suicides compared with accidents. Among 10- to 14-year-olds, drugs other than alcohol accounted for 232 (85.3%) of 272 suicides but only 118 (22.4%) of 526 accidental deaths. Gases and vapors played an important role in accidental deaths and suicides in 15- to 19-year-olds and in accidents in 10- to 14-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: The rates of suicides and accidental poisoning deaths were lower in 10- to 14-year-olds compared with 15- to 19-year-olds. Areas where injury-prevention efforts might have an influence on adolescent fatalities include management of depression, substance abuse education, and use of carbon monoxide detectors or shutoff switches. Language: en
Scientists Develop Precision Maps for Other Planets

Earth and planetary scientists are united by their need for accurate maps. Without them, features studied have no reference point, attempts to understand how our and other planets evolved have no context, and missions flown to other planets lack purpose. “Making maps out of data is critical to further progress in our fields,” explained Randolph Kirk of the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Astrogeology Science Center, based in Flagstaff, Ariz. “Building maps helps other people find what's out there.”
Maternal Depressive Symptomatology and Parenting Behavior: Exploration of Possible Mediators

Possible mediators of the relation between maternal depressive symptomatology and parenting behavior were examined for 96 children with ADHD and their mothers drawn from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) as part of an add-on investigation conducted by two of the six MTA sites. General cognitions (i.e., maternal locus of control and self-esteem) and parenting-specific factors (i.e., maternal parenting efficacy and parenting stress) were examined as possible mediators. Findings provide initial support that maternal parenting stress, as well as maternal locus of control and self-esteem mediate the relation between maternal depressive symptomatology and parenting behavior. This provides support for the argument that some families of children with ADHD may benefit from an expanded version of parent management training that includes sessions directly targeting affective and cognitive factors in parents, similar to treatment programs used to treat childhood conduct problems.
Further results on Hermitian algebras derived from latin squares with potential applications to physics and chemistry: Unitary matrices that diagonalize the algebras

Abstract In an earlier paper Srivastava [2005. Combinatorial Hermitian Algebras Derived from Latin Squares. J. Statist. Plann. Inference 129, 305–316], subsequently referred to as [S05], the author had presented an infinite class of algebras of Hermitian matrices. Each of these algebras were derived from Latin Squares. In this paper, we show how to obtain a unitary matrix U (over the complex field) such that ( U ˜ MU ) is a diagonal matrix, for all matrices M belonging to a particular algebra. The notation ( ˜ ) is defined in the next paragraph. The said diagonal matrix is a matrix that contains the characteristic roots of M . The matrix U may be different for different algebras. Many other related results are also presented. The algebras are further discussed. How the Hermitian matrices arise in Quantum Mechanics (where every observable attribute of every physical phenomenon is in a sense characterized by a Hermitian matrix) is briefly described. The significance of the existence of Hermitian algebras and the application to Physics and Chemistry is pointed out.
On sets of pairwise disjoint blocks in Steiner triple systems

Abstract In a Steiner triple system with 19 points, each disjoint pair blocks is contained in at least 43 quadruplets of pairwise disjoint blocks. In a Steiner triple system with 25 points, each disjoint pair of blocks is contained in a pairwise disjoint quintuple of blocks. Theorems used are those of Connor on determinants based on intersecting and nonintersecting blocks of a BIBD, and of Turan on extremal graphs without triangles.
Responses to Riparian Restoration in the Spring Creek Watershed, Central Pennsylvania

Riparian treatments, consisting of 3- to 4-m buffer strips, stream bank stabilization, and rock-lined stream crossings, were installed in two streams with livestock grazing to reduce sediment loading and stream bank erosion. Cedar Run and Slab Cabin Run, the treatment streams, and Spring Creek, an adjacent reference stream without riparian grazing, were monitored prior to (1991–1992) and 3–5 years after (2001–2003) riparian buffer installation to assess channel morphology, stream substrate composition, suspended sediments, and macroinvertebrate communities. Few changes were found in channel widths and depths, but channel-structuring flow events were rare in the drought period after restoration. Stream bank vegetation increased from 50% or less to 100% in nearly all formerly grazed riparian buffers. The proportion of fine sediments in stream substrates decreased in Cedar Run but not in Slab Cabin Run. After riparian treatments, suspended sediments during base flow and storm flow decreased 47–87% in both streams. Macroinvertebrate diversity did not improve after restoration in either treated stream. Relative to Spring Creek, macroinvertebrate densities increased in both treated streams by the end of the posttreatment sampling period. Despite drought conditions that may have altered physical and biological effects of riparian treatments, goals of the riparian restoration to minimize erosion and sedimentation were met. A relatively narrow grass buffer along 2.4 km of each stream was effective in improving water quality, stream substrates, and some biological metrics.
SECTION OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING: THE METALLURGY OF A LIQUID FUEL REACTOR*

A proposed liquid metal fuel reactor is described which uses a uranium-- bismuth fuel and a graphite moderator. The concentration of uranium in the bismuth and the dimensions of the core moderator are such that a fission chain reaction occurs in the core. Containment and corrosion studies are in progress. Problems of designs metallurgy, and moderator are discussed. (A.C.)
Who's Afraid of Being a Freier+ The Analysis of Communication Through a Key Cultural Frame

This work presents an analytical approach to assessing the negotiation of interaction through a key cultural symbol. Six distinct dimensions are proposed to explain how the term freier (roughly glossed as “sucker”) functions in Israeli society and what impact it has on communication: the freier concept as a frame for interaction; its centrality as a key cultural concept within cultural discourse; its prevalence in several social realms; the terms of negotiation delimited by the frame; the dynamics of the freier frame as a scale; and the duality of its function in interaction as both means and end. Critical analysis based on these dimensions shows that the freier frame is detrimental to communication and social interaction and has the potential to threaten the cohesion of an entire society.
Council for European Studies: Toward the Social and Cultural History of Capitalism

raises for the biographer-historian the issue of "what life to select." The lives of Moskowitz, Hillman, and Goldberg, he suggested, raise questions about the motives and experiences of Progressive women hired by "corpo rate welfare systems"; about how workers, too, like Progressive reformers, sought to "impose standards" (which for them meant union rules); and about how workers can become critical of union leadership but fiercely defend their unions and contracts. Both Stebenne and Montgomery agreed that biographies are the best route for labor historians if they want to reach the general reading public. Montgomery emphasized that in biographies the voice of workers is often left out, and he suggested that the size of the panel be doubled to include biographies from "both ends of the spectrum"?both workers and labor leaders. The quality and number of papers presented at the meeting demon strate that labor history continues to thrive. They raised questions about workers' identity, what it means to be a member of the "working class," and whether "labor history" is the history of leaders or workers. However, they often failed to consider gender, religion, and other factors which help to shape workers' identity. Although some of the papers did rely on nontradi tional sources, such as oral testimony, many of the presentations would perhaps have been enhanced by the use of sources employed in the "new cultural history"?film, music, and popular literature. Since many of the papers dealt, in some fashion, with the idea of "workers' identity," the use of these sources may shed further light on the cultural creation of working class cultures. As labor history moves into the twenty-first century, and an age where "cultural studies" is becoming increasingly important, labor historians need to begin to recognize that factors other than class help to create working-class identity.
Algebraic description of spin 3/2 dynamics in NMR experiments.

Abstract The dynamics of spin 3/2 systems is analyzed using the density matrix theory of relaxation. By using the superoperator formalism, an algebraic formulation of the density matrix’s evolution is obtained, in which the contributions from free relaxation and RF application are easily factored out. As an intermediate step, an exact form for the propagator of the density matrix for a spin 3/2 system, in the presence of static quadrupolar coupling, inhomogeneous static magnetic field, and relaxation is demonstrated. Using this algebraic formulation, exact expressions for the behavior of the density matrix in the classical one-, two-, and three-pulse experiments are derived. These theoretical formulas are then used to illustrate the bias introduced on the measured relaxation parameters by the presence of large spatial variations in the B0 and B1 fields. The theoretical predictions are easily evaluated through simple matrix algebra and the results agree very well with the experimental observations. This approach could prove useful for the characterization of the spatial variations of the signal intensity in multiple quantum-filtered sodium MRI experiments.
Amplitude ratios of several groups of variable stars

The observed positions of classical cepheids, RR Lyrae stars, δ Scuti stars and dwarf cepheids in the logg-logTe plane form a continuous sequence, thereby defining the location of maximum instability. The amplitude ratio (the ratio of radial velocity amplitude to light amplitude) is small for variables at the upper end of the instability strip and increases almost linearly towards the lower end of the strip. The theory of radial pulsation predicts the trend of this correlation.
An evaluation of the validity of inferences made from 3 diabetes assessment instruments: a Rasch analysis.

Abstract Background Many patients who have diabetes lack adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and sufficient resources to achieve optimal outcomes in the management of their disease. A key to assessing the impact of pharmacists' interactions with diabetes patients is the resultant impact on patient knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction. As such, it is important that quality instruments be used to obtain accurate and dependable measures of these outcomes. Objective To evaluate the validity of inferences made from 3 separate diabetes instruments used in the assessment of patient knowledge, attitudes, and satisfaction. Methods This pilot study enrolled 30 patients with diabetes mellitus to evaluate the following 3 instruments: (1) Check Your Hemoglobin A1CIQ , (2) the revised Diabetes Questionnaire , and (3) a satisfaction questionnaire. The instruments were used to assess patient knowledge of diabetes and diabetes-related complications, attitudes toward having diabetes mellitus, and satisfaction with the services provided in a pharmacist-run diabetes clinic, respectively. Rasch analysis was used to determine if the instruments were able to measure the concepts they are intended to measure when used in this sample. Results After evaluating the 3 instruments, it was determined that Instrument 1 displayed construct underrepresentation and some mistargeting. Moreover, Instrument 2 demonstrated reasonably good rating scale function but exhibited construct underrepresentation and ceiling effects. Finally, Instrument 3 did not meet the necessary requirements for proper rating scale function and displayed ceiling effects and mistargeting. Conclusions This pilot evaluation suggested that none of the instruments were useful in this population, which reinforces the need for researchers to use item response theories to examine the psychometric properties of instruments used in reporting various patient outcome measures. Pharmacists and other health care professionals should be alerted to potential problems with the validity of inferences made from underperforming instruments, so as to prevent inaccurate conclusions.
Isolation and culturing of hepatocytes from human livers

Using a modified collagenase digestion procedure, we were successful in the isolation of viable hepatocytes from human liver surgical wastes, unused transplantable livers, and diseased livers from transplant recipients. The modified procedures for isolation involved collagenase perfusion of a sample of limited size (<50 g) with only one cut surface, perfusion via only one blood vessel, the use of an appropriate amount of collagenase, as well as manual “massaging” of the liver sample during critical stages of the collagenase perfusion. Using this modified procedures, we had close to 100% success rate in the isolation of viable hepatocytes from the human liver samples.
Task demands modulate decision and eye movement responses in the chimeric face test: examining the right hemisphere processing account.

A large and growing body of work, conducted in both brain-intact and brain-damaged populations, has used the free viewing chimeric face test as a measure of hemispheric dominance for the extraction of emotional information from faces. These studies generally show that normal right-handed individuals tend to perceive chimeric faces as more emotional if the emotional expression is presented on the half of the face to the viewer’s left (“left hemiface”). However, the mechanisms underlying this lateralized bias remain unclear. Here, we examine the extent to which this bias is driven by right hemisphere processing advantages versus default scanning biases in a unique way -- by changing task demands. In particular, we compare the original task with one in which right-hemisphere-biased processing cannot provide a decision advantage. Our behavioral and eye-movement data are inconsistent with the predictions of a default scanning bias account and support the idea that the left hemiface bias found in the chimeric face test is largely due to strategic use of right hemisphere processing mechanisms.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AN ELECTRON PLASMA

The thermodynamic properties of an electron plasma are investigated on the basis of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy equation. The correlation energy has been calculated up to the ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}$ term ($\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ is the standard plasma parameter) in terms of an exact solution of the binary correlation function taking into account the short-range collision effect. The contribution of ternary correlations to the correlation energy has been determined in lowest order, which turns out to be of the second order in $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$. The total sum of the corrections due to the short-range collision effect and the ternary correlation effect is found to be in agreement with the result obtained by Abe, Bowers, and Salpeter within the regime of Gibbs' statistical thermodynamics. Although the appearance of the binary correlation function obtained in the present studies differs from those derived by Bowers-Salpeter and by O'Neil-Rostoker, it is shown that all of these expressions are essentially equivalent. According to the present analysis, however, it is proven that these expressions do not describe correctly the way in which correlation effects diminish at large distances and therefore the statement made by DeWitt saying that $g(x)\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{8}(\mathrm{ln}3){\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}{k}_{D}r)$ as $r\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ is not correct.
Nonlinear model predictive control: current status and future directions

Linear model predictive control (LMPC) is well established as the industry standard for controlling constrained multivariable processes. A major limitation of LMPC is that plant behavior is described by linear dynamic models. As a result, LMPC is inadequate for highly nonlinear processes and moderately nonlinear processes which have large operating regimes. This shortcoming coupled with increasingly stringent demands on throughput and product quality has spurred the development of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). NMPC is conceptually similar to its linear counterpart except that nonlinear dynamic models are used for process prediction and optimization. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of current NMPC technology and applications, as well as to propose topics for future research and development. The review demonstrates that NMPC is well suited for controlling multivariable nonlinear processes with constraints, but several theoretical and practical issues must be resolved before widespread industrial acceptance is achieved.
Undergraduate Students' Coursework in Economics.

The National Center for Educational Statistics' Baccalaureate and Beyond study, which had data from its second follow-up released in 1999, drew a nationally representative sample of approximately 11,000 graduates in the 1992-93 academic year. Using transcript data from the study, the authors report what economics courses students in different majors took and some measures of different majors' academic success in principles courses.
SU-GG-T-47: A Novel Approach to HDR Brachytherapy Dose Planning Using Integer Programming with Direct Dosimetric-Index-Based Objectives

Purpose: Develop and test Inverse Planning Integer Program (IP2), an optimization model for computing high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapydose plans. Unlike current models of dose planning, structure dosimetric criteria can be specified directly into IP2. Therefore, the optimal solution will necessarily comply with all dosimetric specifications. Materials and Methods: We derive the IP2 model as well as two heuristic algorithms to compute near‐optimal solutions for it: the Capping and Hard Cut heuristic. We generated plans for 20 prostate patient datasets from both heuristics, and compared them with the clinical dose distributions generated by Inverse Planning Simulated Annealing (IPSA). Runtime, dosimetric indices, and DVH were evaluated. Results: The average run time of the Capping and Hard Cut heuristics were 23 and 900 s, and the maximum run times were 62 and 3060 s respectively. The average run time for IPSA was 5 seconds with a maximum run time of 9 seconds. The Capping heuristic met all specified dosimetric criteria for 19/20 cases, the Hard Cut Algorithm 20/20 cases. IPSA did not satisfy the criteria at the first iteration and would require dose objective parameter adjustment to fulfill them. Both IP2 heuristics produced prostate coverage within 2% of IPSA for 19/20, the one exception being 4% higher coverage than IPSA. Conclusion: We have formulated a new model for optimizing HDR brachytherapydose plans based on dosimetric index objectives using heuristics that achieve: (1) converge to a solution, (2) guarantee compliance with all OAR constraints, and (3) cover of the target comparably to state of the art planning models.
CS Norms, Psychometrics, and Possibilities for the Rorschach Technique

Wood et al.'s conclusions about the normative problems of the CS are reasonable. The ultimate difficulty may lie with having sought to turn this highly effective projective technique into a true psychometric instrument. Suggestions are made as to the advantages of maximizing and capitalizing on the projective qualities of the instrument.
Substance Use, Mental Illness and Violence: The Co-Occurrence of Problem Behaviors Among Young Adults

A paucity of research exists in which the co-occurrence of substance use, mental illness, and violence in young adults is examined. Concurrently, there is also a lack of research explicating the contribution of theoretically based risk factors for these problematic outcomes in this population. This lack of both outcome and explanatory research equally affects the utility of theories and interventions for this population. This article utilizes a sample of N = 633 21-year-olds to examine the prevalence of (1) violence and substance use, (2) mental illness (i.e., mood and anxiety disorders) and substance use, and (3) the use of multiple substances and investigates the relationship between various social determinants and said outcomes. Overall, the prevalence rates for the comorbid conditions were low; although on average males had higher rates than did females. Individual attitudes, perceived opportunities, and recent stressful life events were associated with the co-occurrence of outcomes. Implications for behavioral health are explored.
EM Diffraction by a Resistive Strip Attached to an Impedance Wedge

The high frequency electromagnetic diffraction by a finite length resistive strip attached to a wedge with equal impedance faces is presented. The problem considered is two dimensional where the in...
Open Services Innovation: An Interview with Henry Chesbrough

(2011). Open Services Innovation: An Interview with Henry Chesbrough. Research-Technology Management: Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 12-17.
The need for evidence-based research ethics: a review of the substance abuse literature.

Participants in substance abuse research may be vulnerable for multiple reasons. International research ethics guidelines and policy statements require that researchers provide extra protections when conducting research with vulnerable subjects, but it is uncertain which measures best protect vulnerable individuals. Concerns about vulnerability have been translated into only the vaguest regulatory requirements, and very little empirical data exist to guide researchers and ethics review committee members who want to protect participants. This article reviews two bodies of substance abuse research ethics literature. First, “normative” articles, that is, articles that discuss ethical issues that may arise in substance abuse research, are discussed. The resulting taxonomy of ethical issues then guides a review of empirical studies on issues like the informed consent process and the use of financial incentives in substance abuse research. While the ethical issues in substance abuse research are numerous and well-documented, the evidentiary base for addressing these issues is inadequate. If any one major theme emerged from the existing studies, it is that many well-intentioned, protectionist concerns – about recruitment incentives, consent comprehension, and drug administration studies – are not supported by empirical data. While these findings are at best tentative, they suggest how research on research ethics might ultimately benefit participants.
Anatomical and Functional Imaging of Metastatic Pheochromocytoma

Although in the majority of patients with pheochromocytoma the tumor is localized in the adrenal, up to 26% of patients have malignant/metastatic disease. Metastatic disease should be ruled out before initial surgery is attempted. Anatomical imaging modalities (computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging) should be done first over the adrenals, and if negative over the abdomen and if no tumor is found, then the chest and neck should be covered. Regardless of the anatomical imaging results functional imaging with [123-I]- or [131-I]-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy should be done to corroborate the diagnosis. Negative MIBG scans should be followed by positron emission tomography (PET) studies with specific ligands like [18-F]-dopamine. Persistently negative evaluations should be followed by PET studies with non-specific ligands such as [18-F]-deoxyglucose or somatostatin receptor scintigraphy.
A hybrid machine-learning approach for segmentation of protein localization data

Motivation: Subcellular protein localization data are critical to the quantitative understanding of cellular function and regulation. Such data are acquired via observation and quantitative analysis of fluorescently labeled proteins in living cells. Differentiation of labeled protein from cellular artifacts remains an obstacle to accurate quantification. We have developed a novel hybrid machine-learning-based method to differentiate signal from artifact in membrane protein localization data by deriving positional information via surface fitting and combining this with fluorescence-intensity-based data to generate input for a support vector machine. Results: We have employed this classifier to analyze signaling protein localization in T-cell activation. Our classifier displayed increased performance over previously available techniques, exhibiting both flexibility and adaptability: training on heterogeneous data yielded a general classifier with good overall performance; training on more specific data cyielded an extremely high-performance specific classifier. We also demonstrate accurate automated learning utilizing additional experimental data. Availability: http://atb.slac.stanford.edu/~kasson/membraneclassifier.html Contact: brunger@stanford.edu Supplementary information: http://atb.slac.stanford.edu/~kasson/classifier_suppl.pdf