cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The oxidation of carbidic monolayers on Ni(110)

Abstract Previous studies of ethylene adsorption and decomposition on a Ni(110) single crystal surface have been extended to measurement of the interaction of oxygen molecular beams with the carbonaceous layers formed in the ethylene adsorption process. A combination of Auger electron spectrometric and modulated molecular beam techniques have been used to measure the kinetics of oxygen adsorption and CO production on the surface. Results for oxygen adsorption on the clean Ni(110) surface are in agreement with previous studies. For the surface formed by adsorbing ethylene on the clean nickel surface at room temperature, room temperature adsorption of oxygen results in formation of a surface layer of NiO without removal of carbon from the surface. Heating the layer formed at room temperature above 500 K leads to a surface rearrangement that produces two different surface carbon species both of which react with oxygen to form CO. The kinetics of the oxidation of one species can be described in terms of partial control by the surface oxidation process and partial control by desorption of product. Competing carbon dissolution and nickel oxide forming processes preclude quantitative evaluation of the oxidation kinetics of the other carbon species.
A Systematic Approach to Instruction in Research Ethics

This article describes a systematic approach for developing instructional programs that emphasizes defining learning needs, planning the learning environment, and evaluating learning to ensure continuous course improvement. This review outlines the nature of these interrelated components of instructional development and draws attention to issues specific to instruction in research ethics. Guiding questions summarize key, practical considerations, and the discussion suggests future steps in the pursuit of effective instruction in research ethics. Overall, the variety of approaches to instruction and mixed findings regarding its effectiveness underscore the need to apply a systematic framework to instruction in research ethics.
Gauge symmetry and supersymmetry breaking by discrete symmetry

Abstract We study the principles of the gauge symmetry and supersymmetry breaking due to the local or global discrete symmetries on the extra space manifold. We show that the gauge symmetry breaking by Wilson line is the special case of the discrete symmetry approach where all the discrete symmetries are global and act freely on the extra space manifold. As applications, we discuss the N =2 supersymmetric SO (10) and E 8 breaking on the spacetime M 4 × A 2 and M 4 × D 2 , and point out that similarly one can study any N =2 supersymmetric SO ( M ) breaking. We also comment on the one-loop effective potential, the possible questions and generalization.
Aortic aneurysm after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation: a prospective analysis of prevalence, screening tests and risks

Abstract Twenty-nine children were evaluated prospectively for the presence of an aortic aneurysm at the repair site 1 to 19 years after patch aortoplasty repair of coarctation of the aorta. In each child, noninvasive evaluation included a chest X-ray film, computed tomography of the chest and two-dimensional echocardiography. The presence and size of an aortic aneurysm were determined quantitatively by measuring the ratio of the diameter of the thoracic aorta at the repair site to the diameter of the aorta at the diaphragm (aortic ratio). An aortic ratio of ≥1.5 was judged abnormal and was shown to be significantly greater than the aortic ratio of a normal control group. An aortogram was obtained in each child if any noninvasive screening test was found to be abnormal. As assessed by the aortogram, the prevalence of aortic aneurysm was 24% in this patient group. The sensitivity of echocardiography and chest computed tomography for detecting an aneurysm was 71% and 66%, and the specificity 76% and 85%, respectively. The chest X-ray film was 100% sensitive and 68% specific in determining the presence of an aneurysm. Although the data are not statistically significant, they suggest that children undergoing patch aortoplasty as the primary procedure (rather than a reoperation after earlier resection), and children in whom a Dacron patch is utilized may be at increased risk for aneurysm formation. Thus, in a prospective manner, this study has documented that aortic aneurysm occurs commonly after patch aortoplasty for coarctation in childhood, that the chest X-ray film provides a sensitive screening test and that the aneurysm may be evaluated quantitatively (by measuring the aortic ratio) with echocardiography or chest computed tomography.
The effects of mass flow on the temperature and abundance structure of the solar transition region

The density and temperature structure of a multicomponent plasma consisting of electrons, protons, ionized helium, and a trace minor ion species are computed. The equations of force and energy balance for this model are developed and solved. It is found that in the case of downflows the minor ion temperature can be significantly hotter than the electron temperature, and significant abundance enhancements are possible due to the slowdown of the minor species from the effect of the thermal force. A simple physical picture of the source of the thermal force is given.
The differential response of isolated intestinal crypt and tip cells to the inductive actions of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Abstract The cell specific induction of uridine diphosphate(UDP)-glucuronyltransferase by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) in intestinal epithelium was studied by administering [ 14 C]TCDD (8 μg/kg to adult female rats). Intact epithelial cells from the tip and crypt regions were isolated by differential vibration of rat duodenum. Cell separation was monitored by electron microscopy and marker enzymes. UDP-glucuronyltransferase and radioactivity were assayed in both cell types 0 h, 3 h, 10 h, 1 day, 3 days and 5 days after treatment. UDP-glucuronyltransferase activities were not significantly changed in either cell type isolated from TCDD-treated rats until 24 hr after treatment when a three-fold increase in crypt cell activity was evident. No significant changes in UDP-glucuronyltransferase activity were observed in the differentiated tip cells until 3 days after TCDD treatment. UDP-glucuronyltransferase was increased approximately two-fold in both cell types from 3 and 5 days following TCDD treatment. There was a negative correlation between the time-course of UDP-glucuronyltransferase induction and the [ 14 C]TCDD concentrations measured in these cells. These studies suggest that the undifferentiated cells of the intestinal crypt region are more sensitive to TCDD inductive actions than are the absorptive tip cells.
PROLIFERATION OF TRANSFERRED SPLEEN CELLS AFTER ANTIGENIC CHALLENGE.

THE transfer of immunologically competent cells to an immunologically inert recipient is a technique which has been useful in the examination of the antibody-forming capacity of the donor cells. Under these conditions, circulating antibody may be found in the recipient, if the antigenic stimulation is given to the donor prior to transfer, or to the recipient after transfer1,2. That the donor cells are responsible for the antibody found in the recipient is evident in that disruption of the donor cells eliminates the antibody response.
Criminal Infliction of Emotional Distress

This Article identifies and critiques a trend to criminalize the infliction of emotional harm independent of any physical injury or threat. The Article defines a new category of criminal infliction of emotional distress (“CIED”) statutes, which include laws designed to combat behaviors such as harassing, stalking, and bullying. In contrast to tort liability for emotional harm, which is cabined by statutes and the common law, CIED statutes allow states to regulate and punish the infliction of emotional harm in an increasingly expansive way.In assessing harm and devising punishment, the law has always taken nonphysical harm seriously, but traditionally it has only implicitly accounted for emotional harm; it has not made emotional harm an element of criminal liability. CIED statutes represent a break in this narrative. The Article uses these statutes as an entry point to examine the role that victim emotion does and should play in substantive criminal law, and it finds that CIED statutes may endanger free expression and equality and provide insufficient notice to defendants. These statutes thus offer a cautionary tale, illustrating problems that can arise when victim emotion plays an explicit role in criminal culpability. CIED statutes also reveal the comparative benefits of the implicit approach, which acknowledges the significance of nonphysical harm yet does not predicate criminal liability on the existence of emotional harm.
Sources and dispersal of late Quaternary silt on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf

Abstract The surficial sediments of the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf consist of large volumes of silt and clay and lesser amounts of sand of late Quaternary age. A study of the roundness and surface textures of quartz silt grains in these surficial sediments was conducted to determine the sources and dispersal patterns of this size fraction and to gain a better understanding of late Quaternary sedimentation on this shelf. The results indicate that there are six distinct silt provinces within the study area that can be distinguished on the basis of grain roundness and surface textures. Three of the provinces are characterized by relatively angular quartz silt grains (on the average) and an abundance of first-cycle crystalline quartz grains; the remaining three provinces are characterized by relatively rounded quartz silt grains and an abundance of multicyclic (sedimentary) rounded grains. The dispersal patterns of these six provinces are partly controlled by the late Wisconsinian paleogeography. Thus, a comparison of the dispersal patterns with the locations of the modern and ancient fluviodeltaic depocenters allows the identification of these six provinces as deposits of the Rio Grande, the coastal plain streams of South Texas, the Brazos and Colorado River, the Mississippi, the Mobile River and the rivers of the southeastern United States. However, the dispersal patterns have also been modified by the prevailing shelf and longshore currents, and there is up to 400 km of downcurrent displacement of silt from its Late Wisconsinian sites of deposition on some parts of the shelf.
On a New MILP Model for the Planning of Heat-Exchanger Network Cleaning. Part III: Multiperiod Cleaning under Uncertainty with Financial Risk Management

This paper is a follow-up to a two-part paper on the scheduling of heat exchanger network cleaning. In the first part (Lavaja, J. H.; Bagajewicz, M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 3924−3938), a new...
Systemic Mannitol-Induced Hyperosmolality Amplifies rAAV2-Mediated Striatal Transduction to a Greater Extent Than Local Co-infusion

Recombinant viral vectors derived from adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2) have been investigated as highly effective vehicles for gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS). Transduction with rAAV2 vectors results in long-term transgene expression in CNS neurons. Optimal injection parameters leading to efficient targeting and spread of the transgene to large neuroanatomical regions are important in molecular gene therapy studies of the CNS. In the present study, we reexamined the effects of both local and systemic administration of mannitol-induced hyperosmolality on facilitation of transgene expression and vector distribution in the CNS. Systemic intraperitoneal administration of mannitol prior to vector administration improved gene transfer to striatal neurons, increasing the total number of transduced cells by 400% and vector distribution by 200%. On the other hand, local coadministration of mannitol in the striatum increased the number of transduced striatal neurons by 25% and had little effect on transduction volume. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that systemic coadministration of mannitol significantly enhances transgene spread of rAAV2 viral delivery in the brain to a much greater degree than local coadministration.
The mode and mechanism of the last deglaciation: Oceanic evidence

Changes in ocean temperature, carbonate productivity, and ice-rafted detritus in the North Atlantic suggest that half of the Northern Hemisphere ice volume at the last glacial maximum had disappeared by 13,000 yr B.P., despite the still-extensive limits of the ice sheets. This early thinning of the ice sheets occurred during a time when summer insolation values were slowly rising but when pollen evidence south of the ice margins indicates cold, dry air masses. We infer that this rapid early ice disintegration (16,000–13,000 yr B.P.) was caused by oceanic mechanisms: (1) rising sea level, causing increased calving along ice margins; (2) the chilling of the sea-surface by icebergs and meltwater, reducing moisture extraction by the atmosphere and transport to the ice sheets; and (3) winter freezing of the low-salinity meltwater layer, suppressing local moisture extraction and the regional influx of moisture-bearing storms from lower latitudes in winter and hence starving the ice sheets. These oceanic feedback mechanisms were strongest from 16,000 to 13,000 yr B.P., and weaker but still active from that date until the end of deglaciation at 6000 yr B.P.
Outcome of avulsion fractures of the ulnar base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb treated nonsurgically

Abstract We report a retrospective study of avulsion fractures of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint that were treated nonsurgically. The study included 30 patients who answered a questionnaire. None of the patients underwent surgery after treatment. The average follow-up interval was 3.1 years (range, 1–5.2 years). All 30 patients were satisfied with the treatment and outcome. No patient had a permanent job change or inability to participate in recreational activities. Nineteen patients had no pain on motion of the thumb. Of the 20 patients (67%) who agreed to a follow-up examination, key pinch and grip strength were not statistically different between the injured and noninjured sides. Three patients had instability on stress testing. There was a 25% nonunion rate. While not statistically significant, symptomatic patients tended to have slightly larger fragments (5.4 mm × 1.7 mm vs 3.2 mm × 1.4 mm on anterioposterior x-rays) and greater initial rotation (26A° vs 24°) of the fracture than asymptomatic patients. Despite the nonunion rate and the patients with clinical instability, all 30 patients were satisfied with their treatment. (J Hand Surg 1999;24A: 275–282. Copyright © 1999 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
Biodegradable Mg corrosion and osteoblast cell culture studies

Abstract Magnesium (Mg) is a biodegradable metal that has significant potential advantages as an implant material. In this paper, corrosion and cell culture experiments were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of Mg. The corrosion current and potential of a Mg disk were measured in different physiological solutions including deionized (DI) water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and McCoy's 5A culture medium. The corrosion currents in the PBS and in the McCoy's 5A-5% FBS media were found to be higher than in DI water, which is expected because corrosion of Mg occurs faster in a chloride solution. Weight loss, open-circuit potential, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were also performed. The Mg specimens were also characterized using an environmental scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). The X-ray analysis showed that in the cell culture media a passive interfacial layer containing oxygen, chloride, phosphate, and potassium formed on the samples. U2OS cells were then co-cultured with a Mg specimen for up to one week. Cytotoxicity results of magnesium using MTT assay and visual observation through cell staining were not significantly altered by the presence of the corroding Mg sample. Further, bone tissue formation study using von Kossa and alkaline phosphatase staining indicates that Mg may be suitable as a biodegradable implant material.
Gas Chromatography-Infrared (GC-IR) Applications In Pesticide Chemistry

After pesticides in bait formulation have been applied in the field, it is important that the fate of that amount of toxicant which has not been consumed by the pest is known. Many of these substances are not compatible with the environment and it is also important that their biodegradation be understood and controlled to a certain extent. In efforts to monitor and direct these reactions GC-IR has been found to be an invaluable tool.
Factors determining distributions of tree species and plant functional types

Plant functional types have been identified by the International Geosphere Biosphere Program as functionally similar basic plant types, especially trees, as needed for global ecological modeling. Based to some extent on an earlier set of pheno-physiognomically defined plant types, a Global Biome Model was produced but has not satisfied all the desired functional criteria posed by IGBP physiologists and modelers. This paper asks two questions: what are the main environmental factors which limit terrestrial plant types, especially tree types; and how many types of potential vegetation are needed to cover the world's terrestrial vegetation patterns? Based on the main environmental factors recognized, a model of world potential dominant vegetation types was produced and used to estimate the minimal number of vegetation types needed. The resulting set of 40 potential dominant vegetation types may serve as an initial basis for a structural-functionally based set of world plant functional types.
A new level-set algorithm for the diffuse optical imaging of the brain

We propose a new image reconstruction algorithm for functional near infrared spectroscopic imaging of the brain. Our approach considers the functional changes in the optical properties to be support limited. We simultaneously estimate the values of changes as well as the support from the available measurements. Since this scheme exploits the structure inherent to functional imaging, it provides reconstructions with better spatial resolution and is more robust to noise.
Impact of catheter ablation on P-wave parameters on 12-lead electrocardiogram in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Abstract Background Catheter ablation has emerged as a widely used treatment modality for atrial fibrillation (AF). P-wave abnormalities have been described in the patients with AF, and catheter ablation may potentially further impact P-wave parameters due to ablation of atrial tissue. Methods We reviewed data on P-wave parameters (P-wave duration, amplitude and P-wave duration and amplitude product) in leads V1 and aVF and changes in the P-terminal force (Ptf; product of duration and amplitude of terminal part of P-wave) in lead V1 from 12-lead electrocardiograms obtained prior to and after CA of a total of 46 (28 paroxysmal and 18 persistent) AF patients. Results The median age of patients in our study was 63 (range: 30–77) years. We noticed a significant reduction in the P-wave duration (from 87.39±28.62ms at baseline to 72.09±24.59ms; p =0.0072) and the product of P-wave duration and amplitude in lead V1 (12.16±5.54mVms at baseline to 8.30±5.78mVms, p =0.0015) after CA. There was also a significant decrease in P-wave duration (from 92.57±19.67ms at baseline to 76.48±16.32ms after CA, p =0.0001) and P-wave duration and amplitude product in lead aVF (12.61±4.05mVms at baseline to 9.77±3.86mVms after CA, p =0.0001). CA also led to a significant decrease in Ptf (from 4.56±1.88 at baseline to 2.85±1.42mVms, p Conclusion Radiofrequency catheter ablation of AF leads to modification of P-wave parameters with substantial diminution in both the amplitude and duration of the P-wave in leads V1 and aVF. This likely represents reduction in electrically active atrial tissue after ablation, and may serve as a marker for the extent of ablated atrial tissue.
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and rotavirus vaccination: reports to the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS).

Abstract Background Rotavirus vaccines are the only live vaccines recommended for infants in the US. Postmarketing reports have described severe gastroenteritis with vaccine viral shedding in infants who received rotavirus vaccine and were later diagnosed with SCID. The US Food and Drug Administration recently approved labeling changes for RotaTeq and Rotarix contraindicating administration to individuals with a history of SCID. We queried VAERS to characterize reports of SCID after rotavirus vaccination. Methods VAERS inclusion criteria included current US-licensed rotavirus vaccines, report dates from February 3, 2006 to January 15, 2010, and queries for the MedDRA preferred term “combined immunodeficiency” as well as any text containing the terms, “SCID” or “combined immunodeficiency.” Results We identified nine reports of SCID and rotavirus vaccination in infants between 3 and 9 months of age. All but one case presented with diarrhea among other symptoms. All infants were hospitalized and had workups leading to the SCID diagnosis. Stool rotavirus testing was positive in all cases and the virus was identified as the vaccine strain in six cases. Prolonged viral shedding was documented in five cases. No deaths were reported. Conclusion The aforementioned labeling changes were warranted given the risk posed by live rotavirus vaccine to individuals with SCID, as illustrated by these VAERS cases. Although congenital, SCID was not diagnosed in these infants until after rotavirus vaccination. Earlier identification of SCID (e.g., from expanded newborn screening or heightened clinical vigilance) could prevent inadvertent live rotavirus vaccine administration and also potentially result in earlier life-saving stem cell transplants.
Does the stigma of slavery explain the maltreatment of blacks by whites?: The case of lynchings

This paper explores whether the stigma of slavery can explain the maltreatment of blacks by whites by considering the effects former slave status had on a brutal form of maltreatment—lynching. Parameter estimates from shared frailty Cox proportional hazard specifications reveal that consistent with a theory of stigma in which former slave status conditions maltreatment, former slaves were frail—or more likely to be subjected to lynching. Overall, our parameter estimates suggest that while the stigma of slavery has some power in explaining the inferior outcomes blacks realize in their interactions with whites, race and the race discrimination engendered by job competition are more important explanatory factors.
From supervenience to superdupervenience: Meeting the demands of a material world

The concept of supervenience has been employed for a variety of purposes in philosophy, a rather dominant tendency since the early 1970’s has been to invoke it in efforts to articulate a broadly materialistic, or physicalistic, position in philosophy of mind or in metaphysics generally. British emergentism will be instructive to begin by considering supervenience in relation to an account of the special sciences that has been dubbed “British emergentism” in a splendid and fascinating paper, McLaughlin. The British emergentists were not substance-dualists; they held that all particulars are physical entities wholly constituted out of physical entities as their parts. But they were not full-fledged materialists either, because they denied that physics is a causally complete science. The term “supervenient” was employed by Morgan in contexts where synchronic inter-level relations among properties were under consideration.
p63 expression defines a lethal subset of muscle-invasive bladder cancers

Background: p63 is a member of the p53 family that has been implicated in maintenance of epithelial stem cell compartments. Previous studies demonstrated that p63 is downregulated in muscle-invasive bladder cancers, but the relationship between p63 expression and survival is not clear. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used real-time PCR to characterize p63 expression and several genes implicated in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human bladder cancer cell lines (n=15) and primary tumors (n=101). We correlated tumor marker expression with stage, disease-specific (DSS), and overall survival (OS). Expression of E-cadherin and p63 correlated directly with one another and inversely with expression of the mesenchymal markers Zeb-1, Zeb-2, and vimentin. Non-muscle-invasive (Ta and T1) bladder cancers uniformly expressed high levels of E-cadherin and p63 and low levels of the mesenchymal markers. Interestingly, a subset of muscle-invasive (T2–T4) tumors maintained high levels of Ecadherin and p63 expression. As expected, there was a strongly significant correlation between EMT marker expression and muscle invasion (p,0.0001). However, OS was shorter in patients with muscle-invasive tumors that retained p63 (p=0.007). Conclusions/Significance: Our data confirm that molecular markers of EMT are elevated in muscle-invasive bladder cancers, but interestingly, retention of the ‘‘epithelial’’ marker p63 in muscle-invasive tumors is associated with a worse outcome.
Dual-stylus-arm scratch drive micro-robots controlled by an onboard parallax algorithm

A novel approach to controlling the turning operation of MEMS Scratch-Drive-Actuator (SDA) micro-robots has been developed. The operation of MEMS SDA has been well demonstrated by the research of Donald et al. [1][2][3]. An improvement of adding an additional stylus arm to control left and right rotation as well as using both arms to halt is discussed. In order to eliminate the complication of different stress curling to control multiple micro-robots, an alternative solution of controlling electrical connections between the parallel plate body and stylus arms is presented. By applying this new control, a novel onboard parallax algorithm was developed that allows a micro-robot to move towards a target without any external control.
Optical Properties of HfO2 Thin Films Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering: From the Visible to the Far-Infrared

Abstract Hafnium oxide (HfO 2 or hafnia) holds promise as a high-index dielectric in optical devices and thermal barrier coatings, because of its transparency over a broad spectrum (from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared) and chemical and thermal stability at high temperatures. In the present work, thin hafnia films of thicknesses from about 180 to 500 nm are deposited on Si substrates using reactive magnetron sputtering. The crystalline structure and surface topography are characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy, respectively. The optical and radiative properties of the film–substrate composites are measured at room temperature using spectroellipsometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. The optical constants are obtained from about 0.37 to 500 μm by fitting suitable models to the experimental results. Optical properties and dielectric function modeling are discussed with correlation to both film thickness and surface roughness. It is found that a single-oscillator dielectric-function model can describe radiative properties from about 1 to 20 μm. By combining Cauchy's formula (for the visible and near-infrared regions) with a multiple-oscillator Lorentz model (for the far-infrared region), a dielectric function is obtained for the HfO 2 films that is applicable from the visible to the far-infrared.
Effect of sodium content on the crystallization behavior of fluoramphibole glass-ceramics.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of sodium content on the crystallization behavior of glass-ceramics in the system SiO(2)-MgO-CaO-Na(2)O-K(2)O-F. Five glass compositions were prepared with increasing sodium content. The compositions were melted at 1400 degrees C for 2 h and cast into 60 x 12-mm ingots. Differential thermal analyses were performed on the glasses up to 1400 degrees C. Discs (1.5 x 12 mm) were cut from the ingots, nucleated in the temperature range 600-650 degrees C for 1-2 h, and crystallized in the temperature range 900-1000 degrees C for 0.5-4 h. The crystalline phases were analyzed by x-ray diffraction. The microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Differential thermal analyses showed that the crystallization exotherm occurred in the temperature range 600-750 degrees C. There was a linear relationship between the amount of sodium and the transformation temperatures. X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of mica and diopside as major crystalline phases in the sodium-free composition. Mica, diopside, and fluorrichterite were present in all other glass-ceramics. The microstructure of the sodium-free glass-ceramic was characterized by the presence of hexagonal mica crystals and prismatic diopside crystals. All other compositions exhibited needle-shaped fluorrichterite crystals (2-5 microm in length) in addition to mica and diopside crystals.
Neptunium adsorption on synthetic amorphous iron oxyhydroxide

Neptunium adsorption on synthetic amorphous iron oxyhydroxide (Fe2O3·H2O(a)) was investigated at 25°C for initial Np(V) concentrations between 4.5 × 10−11 and 4.5 × 10−13 M in 0.1 M NaNO3 electrolyte solutions undersaturated with atmospheric CO2 for pH > 7. The surface properties of the Fe2O3·H2O(a) were determined by CO2-free acid—base titration (pH(PZC) 8.0 ± 0.2), and surface acidity and electrolyte complexation constants were determined using the triple-layer model (TLM). The aqueous speciation of Np(V) is dominated by the neptunyl oxycation, NpO2+, in the region of the adsorption edges (5 < pH < 8). At the Np concentrations investigated, the adsorption data are consistent with the hypotheses that (1) Fe2O3·H2O(a) can be treated as an “ideal” single-site ligand, (2) no deprotonation of surface sites need be invoked to describe Np(V) adsorption, and (3) NpO2(OH)0 is the dominant Np surface species. A single surface-coordination reaction, XOH + (NpO2+)s + H2O = (XOH − NpO2(OH))0 + Hs+ (log K = −3.2), described all adsorption data and is independent of the surface-coordination model. Surface hydrolysis of NpO2+ occurs 2.4 pH units below NpO2+ hydrolysis in bulk solution (pKHY1 = 8.85).
Distraction, Privacy, and Classroom Design

Environmental features of elementary school classrooms are examined in relation to distraction and privacy. Teachers' adjustments of their activities to make their settings less distracting are also explored. Classrooms were measured on interior spaciousness, degree of open perimeter, and amenities for private study. A group of 65 students and 13 teachers from 5 schools were interviewed. Environmental influences on distraction, both positive and negative, are particularly prominent among teachers. In addition, teachers' adjustments of curricular activities to prevent distraction are associated with the amount of nonstructural walls in the classroom. Few architectural features are associated with student distraction. Students in classrooms with amenities for private study actually report lower levels of privacy than those students without such classroom amenities. This unexpected finding may be due to limited access to these amenities even when present in the classroom. When they want to be alone, children...
Information and energy policy preferences: a survey experiment on public opinion about electricity pricing reform in rural India

A common argument for the lack of economic reform in developing countries is popular opposition. If current economic policies are dysfunctional, could information about alternatives sway the voters? We examine if a simple argument emphasizing the need to increase electricity prices for improved supply can change public opinion in the case of India’s power sector reforms. The evidence comes from a survey experiment in rural Uttar Pradesh, which is both India’s largest state and has one of the lowest levels of household electrification. As expected, people respond to information about the relationship between electricity pricing, capacity investment, and reliability of supply by increasing their support for higher prices. However, no corresponding increase is observed for privatization of electricity generation. For external validity, we analyze an existing national survey on electricity privatization conducted in 2004/2005, finding patterns that support our argument.
Shifting trends in liver-directed management of patients with colorectal liver metastasis: A population-based analysis

Background We sought to evaluate population-based temporal trends in perioperative management, as well as short- and long-term outcomes associated with the operative management of colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). Methods Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results–Medicare linked data, we identified 2,121 patients with operatively managed CRLM between 1991 and 2006. Clinicopathologic data, trends in operative management, and survival were examined. Results Preoperative evaluation included computed tomography (CT; 66%), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; 5%), and positron emission tomography (PET; 2%) with a temporal increase in the use of all 3 modalities over time (all P n = 1,267; 60%) decreased over time, whereas the use of ablation alone ( n = 668; 32%) and combined resection plus ablation ( n = 186; 9%) increased (all P P 3 comorbidities: 1991–1995, 3%; 2003–2006, 12%; P P > .05); 90-day mortality decreased from 9% to 7% over the study period ( P = .007). Overall the 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 74%, 42%, and 28% with no improvement over time ( P = .19). On multivariate analysis, synchronous disease (hazard ratio [HR], 1.7) and use of ablation alone (HR, 1.2) were associated independently with a worse survival (both P Conclusion Most patients were evaluated with CT; PET was employed rarely. Although there was a temporal increase in chemotherapy utilization, only one half of patients received perioperative chemotherapy. Mortality associated with hepatic operations was low, but morbidity remained high with no temporal change despite an increased number of patient medical comorbidities.
Control of bridges using magnetorheological fluid (MRF) dampers and a fiber-reinforced composite-material column

Supplemental energy-dissipating systems for bride structures have been proposed to mitigate harmful effects of earthquakes. Controllable damping devices are among these systems. They can potentially provide immediate vibration control for structures subjected to destructive seismic motions. In response to these demanding needs, a theoretical and experimental study is performed to evaluate the response of a scaled-model bridge using magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) dampers. The scaled- model bridge is analyzed for its dynamic response to various inputs when MRF dampers are utilized to control the structure. In addition, a graphite/epoxy-concrete column is used in the scaled bridge structure, and its interaction with MRF damper is studied. Procedures and results for the theoretical and experimental testing of the MRF dampers and the scaled-model bridge are presented. MRF dampers proved to significantly improve the response of the structure.
Transtibial and tibial inlay double-bundle posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Surgical technique using a bifid bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft

The treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries is difficult and controversial. Reconstructive technique and graft design are 2 of the unsolved issues in posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We present a technique using a bifid bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. This graft more closely mimics normal anatomy and may be used in both transtibial and tibial inlay reconstructions.
Dual-channel red/blue fluorescence dosimetry with broadband reflectance spectroscopic correction measures protoporphyrin IX production during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis

Dosimetry for aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis was examined with an optimized fluorescence dosimeter to measure PpIX during treatment. While insufficient PpIX generation may be an indicator of incomplete response, there exists no standardized method to quantitate PpIX production at depths in the skin during clinical treatments. In this study, a spectrometer-based point probe dosimeter system was used to sample PpIX fluorescence from superficial (blue wavelength excitation) and deeper (red wavelength excitation) tissue layers. Broadband white light spectroscopy (WLS) was used to monitor aspects of vascular physiology and inform a correction of fluorescence for the background optical properties. Measurements in tissue phantoms showed accurate recovery of blood volume fraction and reduced scattering coefficient from WLS, and a linear response of PpIX fluorescence versus concentration down to 1.95 and 250 nM for blue and red excitations, respectively. A pilot clinical study of 19 patients receiving 1-h ALA incubation before treatment showed high intrinsic variance in PpIX fluorescence with a standard deviation/mean ratio of >0.9. PpIX fluorescence was significantly higher in patients reporting higher pain levels on a visual analog scale. These pilot data suggest that patient-specific PpIX quantitation may predict outcome response.
Spectroscopic Analysis of Global Tide Gauge Sea Level Data

Yearly and monthly global tide-gage sea-level data are fitted to numerically generated tidal data in order to search for the 18.6-yr lunar nodal tide and 14-month pole tide. Both of these tides are clearly evident, with amplitudes and phases that are consistent with a global equilibrium response. The ocean's response to atmospheric pressure is studied with the least-squares fit technique. Consideration is given to the global rise in sea level, the effects of postglacial rebound, and the possible causes of the enhanced pole tides in the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Bothnia. The results support O'Connor's (1986) suggestion that the enhanced pole tide in these regions is due to meteorological forcing rather than a basin-scale resonance. Also, the global average of the tide-gage data show an increase in sea level over tha last 80 yr of between 1.1 and 1.9 mm/yr.
Tuberculous aortitis with associated necrosis and perforation: treatment and options

Abstract Tuberculous aortitis is a rare entity and its association with necrosis and perforation is even more unusual. Our pulmonary medicine service originally evaluated an elderly woman with a right pleural effusion and upper lobe infiltrate thought to be tuberculosis. An abdominal CT scan performed at that time showed extensive periaortic adenopathy. Isoniazid and rifampin were started, but both were stopped by the patient after less then 6 months of therapy. The patient later had night sweats, a left pleural effusion, and a tender abdominal mass thought to be a symptomatic aneurysm. At operation, the aorta was necrotic and had an inflammatory mass and perforation on the left side. Infrarenal aortic ligation and resection were performed to control infection. A previously placed axillofemoral graft obviated the need for concomitant revascularization. The patient was treated postoperatively with isoniazid and rifampin until hyperbilirubinemia developed, which necessitated alternate therapy with ethambutol and streptomycin. The patient died one month after operation of a presumed pulmonary embolus. (J VASC SURG 1986;4:612-5.)
Women's Early Modern Medical Almanacs in Historical Context

AbstractThis article examines the prophetical and medical almanacs of two female authors of seventeenth century England, Sarah Jinner of London and Mary Holden of Sudbury. Their works do not resemble the writings of the ecstatic women prophets of the period, but should be contextualized within the increased interest in astrological prediction after mid‐century, the increase in women's literacy, and the relaxation of censorship. The medical content of both almanac makers demonstrates a desire to preserve and transmit classically‐based medical cures for women, and in the case of Jinner, possibly to inform women about abortefacient and emmenagogic drugs. Jinner's medicines are based on classical pharmacology, thus demonstrating that women's medicine of the period was not necessarily a distinct praxis from the Galenic and Hippocratic therapeutics of male university‐trained physicians.
Modeling the Communication Context: A Procedure for Revision and Evaluation in Business Writing.

This article presents a model for analyzing the communication context of a message and discusses the model's application to revision and evaluation. This context model has two sections. The first (The Context, The Audience, Purpose and Uses), completed before composing, sets the message's parameters. The second (Explanation of Writing Decisions), completed after composing, asks students to analyze their content, arrangement, and style at the global and parts level. Thus section two encourages reflection on all aspects of the message, leading to revision. Section one provides the evaluator with essential contextual information, while section two allows informed error-analysis and further revision.
Confluence analysis for distributed programs: a model-theoretic approach

Building on recent interest in distributed logic programming, we take a model-theoretic approach to analyzing confluence of asynchronous distributed programs. We begin with a model-theoretic semantics for Dedalus and introduce the ultimate model, which captures non-deterministic eventual outcomes of distributed programs. After showing the question of confluence undecidable for Dedalus, we identify restricted sub-languages that guarantee confluence while providing adequate expressivity. We observe that the semipositive restriction Dedalus+ guarantees confluence while capturing PTIME, but show that its restriction of negation makes certain simple and practical programs difficult to write. To remedy this, we introduce DedalusS, a restriction of Dedalus that allows a kind of stratified negation, but retains the confluence of Dedalus+ and similarly captures PTIME.
Managing Urban Parks for a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Clientele

A major planning effort for Chicago's largest park provided an opportunity to examine outdoor recreation use patterns and preferences among a racially and ethnically diverse clientele. Results from on-site surveys of 898 park users (217 Black, 210 Latino, 182 Asian, and 289 White) showed that park users shared a core set of interests, preferences, and concerns about the park and its management. But there were also some important differences among and within racial and ethnic groups with respect to park use patterns, participation, and reports of racial discrimination. Implications for management and future research are discussed.
Sorting Reordered Packets with Interrupt Coalescing

TCP performs poorly in networks with serious packet reordering. Processing reordered packets in the TCP-layer is costly and inefficient, involving interaction of the sender and receiver. Motivated by the interrupt coalescing mechanism that delivers packets upward for protocol processing in blocks, we propose a new strategy, Sorting Reordered Packets with Interrupt Coalescing (SRPIC), to reduce packet reordering in the receiver. SRPIC works in the network device driver; it makes use of the interrupt coalescing mechanism to sort the reordered packets belonging to the same TCP stream in a block of packets before delivering them upward; each sorted block is internally ordered. Experiments have proven the effectiveness of SRPIC against forward path reordering.
Cognitive Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery: Revisiting Etiology:

Cognitive dysfunction remains a frequent complication of cardiac surgery. Despite many years of research, few preventive strategies and no definitive therapeutic options exist for the management of this troublesome clinical problem. This shortcoming may be secondary to an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of cognitive loss after cardiac surgery; a better understanding of the etiology is essential to finding new therapies. The etiology of cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery is multifactorial and includes cerebral microembolization, global cerebral hypoperfusion, systemic and cerebral inflammation, cerebral temperature perturbations, cerebral edema, and possible blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all superimposed on genetic differences in patients that may make them more susceptible to injury or unable to repair from injury once it has occurred. This review expands on these potential etiologies in detailing the evidence for their existence.
Optimising seat design for all-terrain vehicle injury prevention: wide variability illustrates need for evidence-based standardisation

Background All-terrain vehicle (ATV)-related deaths and injuries are a growing public health concern, particularly in rural and suburban communities. More engineering approaches that address vehicle safety and promote injury prevention are critically needed. Objectives Our study was designed to determine the variability in seat characteristics among 2012 model-year, adult-size ATVs. Methods Measurements of 67 models were performed using an image-based method. Seat characteristics were compared by manufacturer and by ATV type (sport vs utility). Results There were significant differences in seat length and seat placement among manufacturers and between sport and utility ATVs. Seat lengths ranged from 19.8 to 37.0 inches, with sport models significantly longer than utility models. Longer seats resulted from the back of the seat extending further beyond the rear axle and/or the seat front extending closer to the handle grips. Seat front to handle grip distances ranged from 3.25 to 16.5 inches. Combined data showed a strong inverse correlation between seat length and the distance from the seat front to the handle grips, but no significant correlation with wheelbase or engine size. Conclusions We found wide variability in seat length and placement for adult-size ATVs. However, existing seat specifications were identified that may be a good starting point for improved seat design. Optimal design would allow for safe operation while reducing the likelihood of multiple riders and use by underaged operators, both major risk factors for ATV-related deaths and injuries. Ultimately, regulations may be needed to ensure standardised seat design is incorporated throughout the ATV industry.
Model for Alumina Nanopore-Based Optical Filter

1present a ray-optics model for the optical filter. We present a detailed simulation and a simplified analytical expression for the; reflectance as a function of the alumina parameters such as pore diameter, pore density, alumina thickness, and a function of the ' wavelength and angle of incidence of the illuminating plane electromagnetic wave. The reflectance vs wavelength in the range of.: 400-800 nm obtained from the simulation and the analytical expression are compared with that of the experiments for thin and thick alumina. All results agree well for a thin layer of alumina pores (90 nm). When comparing experimental and theoretical results for a thick layer of alumina ( 1300 nm), the results disagree. One possible explanation for the discrepancy is that the dielectric constant may vary with the thickness of the anodized alumina. Based on this work, a ray optic mixing theory is presented for waves propagating obliquely to parallel slabs of dielectric mediums with a degree of spatial periodicity.