cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Melanocyte Differentiation Marker gp75, the Brown Locus Protein, Can Be Regulated Independently of Tyrosinase and Pigmentation

Human melanoma arises from epidermal melanocytes and displays remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity in part reflects the ability of melanoma cells to undergo differentiation along a pathway parallel to differentiation of normal melanocytes. Tyrosinase, encoded by the albino (c), and the tyrosinase-related protein-1 or gp75, encoded by the brown (b) locus, are two of the best-characterized markers for melanocyte differentiation. Both molecules are glycoproteins expressed in melanosomes, the site of pigment synthesis. We studied the regulation of these proteins in human melanoma cells induced by the polar-planar compound hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). In well-differentiated melanoma cell lines, HMBA induced dendritic morphology and specifically regulated the expression of melanosomal glycoproteins (but not a panel of other molecules expressed by melanoma cells). HMBA specifically down-regulated gp75 expression by rapidly decreasing the steady-state level of gp75 mRNA and gp75 synthesis. HMBA was able to down-regulate gp75 expression even in the presence of cholera toxin, which when added alone induced a two- to threefold increase in gp75 expression. In contrast to uniform down-regulation of gp75 expression, HMBA could either up-regulate or down-regulate tyrosinase expression and pigmentation. Based on the differential regulation of gp75 and tyrosinase, melanoma cells could be classified into two groups. In one group, gp75 expression was coordinately regulated with tyrosinase activity and pigmentation. In the other group, gp75 expression and tyroslnase activity and pigmentation were dissociated (with pigmentation coupling to tyrosinase activity, not to gp75 expression). These results show that in mature melanocytlc cells, regulation of gp75 expression follows a pattern that can be independent of regulation of tyrosinase and pigmentation.
Carcinoma of the vulva involving the perianal or anal skin

From January 1, 1985, to December 31, 1987, 58 patients underwent radical vulvar surgery for primary squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Twenty-four (41%) of the tumors involved the perianal or anal tissues. Nineteen patients had FIGO stage III disease and five patients had stage IV disease. Nineteen of the 24 patients underwent radical excision of their tumors, without colostomy. Two of the 19 excisions included resection of the majority of the anus, and both patients were subsequently left with severe fecal incontinence. In 8 patients the resection involved partial removal of the external and sphincter. Four of these patients developed persistent postoperative fecal incontinence. In the remaining 9 patients the resection involved partial removal of the anal skin, but with the external anal sphincter intact. One of these patients had postoperative fecal incontinence which was unchanged from her preoperative state. In conclusion, carcinoma of the vulva involving perianal tissue can be resected in most cases with adequate preservation of external anal sphincter function. If the sphincter is damaged during the operation, there is a significant risk for subsequent fecal incontinence.
Selection and Reduced Population Size Cannot Explain Higher Amounts of Neandertal Ancestry in East Asian than in European Human Populations

It has been hypothesized that the greater proportion of Neandertal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans is due to the fact that purifying selection is less effective at removing weakly deleterious Neandertal alleles from East Asian populations. Using simulations of a broad range of models of selection and demography, we have shown that this hypothesis cannot account for the higher proportion of Neandertal ancestry in East Asians than in Europeans. Instead, more complex demographic scenarios, most likely involving multiple pulses of Neandertal admixture, are required to explain the data.
Combined iodine-125 plaque irradiation and indirect ophthalmoscope laser therapy of choroidal malignant melanomas: Comparison with iodine-125 and cobalt-60 plaque radiotherapy alone

The authors studied the short-term impact of combined episcleral iodine-125 plaque radiotherapy and argon laser treatment in a series of 24 patients with choroidal malignant melanoma. All patients underwent plaque therapy prior to their initial laser session. All laser treatments were performed with an indirect ophthalmoscope argon green laser, using low-power, long-duration exposures. The endpoint of laser therapy was a well-defined atrophic circumbasal chorioretinal laser scar and complete or nearly complete nonfluorescence of the lesion on fluorescein angiography. In a case-by-case matched comparison study, the authors evaluated the relative local regression of tumors treated by combined plaque-laser therapy, iodine-125 plaque therapy alone, and cobalt-60 plaque therapy alone. The tumors treated with supplemental laser regressed substantially faster and more completely than did those treated by either type of plaque therapy alone. However, the short-term visual loss was greater in eyes treated by the combined therapy.
Noncontact Electron Gun Actuation of a Piezoelectric Polymer Thin Film Bimorph Structure

Noncontact electron gun actuation of a bimorphmirror structure composed of two polyvinylidene fluoride layers is demonstrated. The electric field is applied to the piezoelectric structure by controlling the potential of a nickel-copper electrode on one side of the bimorph mirror and subjecting the opposite, bare side of the bimorph to an electron flux. The electrode also serves as the reflecting surface of the thin film mirror structure. Significant characteristics of this actuation approach are demonstrated, including the ability to address discrete areas of the continuous mirror without affecting the global mirror shape and the persistence of the shape changes after the electron beam is turned off.
Real-time internal standardization with an axially-viewed inductively coupled plasma for optical emission spectrometry

Abstract An evaluation of precision improvements using real-time internal standardization with an axially-viewed inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is presented. New findings are presented with respect to the nature of the noise in the analytical signals from the axial ICP. It is observed that a high degree of correlation exists in the line signals from the axial ICP. Using the yttrium ion line at 371.030 nm as the internal standard, the analytical precision after the application of real-time internal standardization is maintained between 0.1 and 0.2% relative standard deviation (RSD) for ion lines. Precision improvement factors of 3 to 4 are obtained by comparison with the uncorrected results. With atomic lines, real-time internal standardization using the yttrium ion line is less effective, yielding precision values between 0.2 and 0.7% RSD. The precision improvement factors for atomic lines are between 1.5 and 3. Thus, real-time internal standardization provides significant improvements in the RSDs of the line signals. The limits of these improvements are explored and an equation is presented which yields the fundamental shot noise limit for precision. Shot noise limited precision is demonstrated. However, this is not possible for all elements using a single internal standard signal. The effectiveness of real-time internal standardization is shown to be dependent on the nature of the specific spectral line. With the axially-viewed ICP, the dominant phenomenon preventing the full benefit of internal standardization from being obtained is the amplitude of the noise in the line signals and not the degree of correlation between analyte and internal standard signals. A trend is observed for atomic transitions in which lower excitation energy is correlated with higher relative noise amplitudes. This finding is in contrast with previously published work on the radially-viewed ICP. An explanation of this result is proposed which takes into account the influence of vaporizing sample droplets in the observation volume.
Tolerance of aversive stimulation

Forty-eight subjects participated in two trials of the cold pressor test. Between trials each subject received training in (a) brief progressive relaxation, (b) specific verbal/symbolic activities, or (c) expectancy for decreased discomfort. A control group received only the two test trials. Measures of heart rate, tolerance duration, and subjective discomfort ratings were obtained. Tolerance increased significantly only for the group that had received verbal/symbolic training. Significant heart rate decreases over trials were obtained only in the relaxation and verbal/symbolic groups. Discomfort ratings showed trends similar to the heart rate data. The results were discussed in terms of a self-control paradigm, perceived control of noxious stimulation, and the relation between physiological response and pain tolerance.
Transitions amongst synchronous solutions in the stochastic Kuramoto model

We consider the Kuramoto model of coupled oscillators with nearest-neighbour coupling and additive white noise. We show that synchronous solutions which are stable without the addition of noise become metastable and that we have transitions amongst synchronous solutions on long timescales. We compute these timescales and, moreover, compute the most likely path in phase space that transitions will follow. We show that these transition timescales do not increase as the number of oscillators in the system increases, and are roughly constant in the system size. Finally, we show that the transitions correspond to a splitting of one synchronous solution into two communities which move independently for some time and which rejoin to form a different synchronous solution.
Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric HIV Infection (Contempo 1998: Updates Linking Evidence and Experience)

Research focusing on the timing and pathogenesis of vertical HIV-1 infection has led to the development of effective interventions to prevent vertical transmission of HIV-1. Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 can best be achieved when women are identified as being HIV-1-infected as early as possible during pregnancy. Early treatment of pregnant women and their newborn children can substantially decrease the risk of transmission of the virus to the child. Since exposure to HIV in utero during childbirth and during breast-feeding can infect children women should undergo zidovudine treatment during pregnancy. In addition infants born to HIV-1-infected women should be tested at birth by HIV-1 DNA polymerase chain reaction and repeatedly during the first months of life to ensure the early identification of perinatally acquired HIV-1 infection and the prompt treatment of infected infants with a potent combination of antiretroviral drugs.
The Effects of Political Violence on Palestinian Children's Behavior Problems: A Risk Accumulation Model

Interviews with 150 Palestinian mothers and their children living amidst the Intifada in the West Bank were conducted to assess exposure to political violence and family negativity as risk factors associated with behavioral problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. The number of risks present in the child's life was significantly correlated with the number of behavioral problems the child exhibited (R = .53, p < .001). The analysis further examined the role of gender, age, and community context in moderating the impact of high levels of accumulated risk on children's behavioral problems. Under conditions of high accumulated risk, boys evidenced more problems than girls, and younger children exhibited more problems than older children. Community context (as indicated by a high or low level of political violence) was a significant factor for girls but not for boys.
Cost-Benefit Comparison of Aerosol Bronchodilator Delivery Methods in Hospitalized Patients

We compared two modes of aerosol bronchodilator delivery in 34 patients hospitalized with obstructive airways diseases. The standard mode, therapist-administered up-draft nebulization (UDN), is labor-intensive and therefore relatively costly. The alternative mode, self-administration by a metered dose inhaler (MDI), is less costly, but its efficacy over an entire hospitalization has heretofore not been established. Patients were enrolled after transfer to the pulmonary ward from the emergency room or intensive care units (ICU). We then randomized them to receive metaproterenol q4h either via MDI or UDN. Daily spirometry revealed that MDI and UDN were associated with equivalent bronchodilation initially and equivalent improvement at discharge. The duration of hospitalization for the two groups was also the same. Thus, the two delivery methods were equally effective. We could not attribute this equivalence to pretreatment intergroup differences or to differences in concomitant therapy with steroids, theophylline, other bronchodilators, or antibiotics. Routine use of MDI rather than UDN in all non-ICU adult patients would save $253,487 per year at our institution alone.
A conserved haem redox and trafficking pathway for cofactor attachment

A pathway for cytochrome c maturation (Ccm) in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes (mitochondria) requires the genes encoding eight membrane proteins (CcmABCDEFGH). The CcmABCDE proteins are proposed to traffic haem to the cytochrome c synthetase (CcmF/H) for covalent attachment to cytochrome c by unknown mechanisms. For the first time, we purify pathway complexes with trapped haem to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of haem binding, trafficking and redox control. We discovered an early step in trafficking that involves oxidation of haem (to Fe3+), yet the final attachment requires reduced haem (Fe2+). Surprisingly, CcmF is a cytochrome b with a haem never before realized, and in vitro, CcmF functions as a quinol:haem oxidoreductase. Thus, this ancient pathway has conserved and orchestrated mechanisms for trafficking, storing and reducing haem, which assure its use for cytochrome c synthesis even in limiting haem (iron) environments and reducing haem in oxidizing environments.
Thyroid activation in rats after intrapituitary administration of synthetic thyrotrophin-releasing factor (TRF).

Release of pituitary TSH was measured indirectly by elevation of the concentration of131I in blood after intrapituitary or intravenous infusion or after intravenous injection of synthetic TRF. Intrapituitary infusion was a more effective means of administration of TRF than either intravenous injection or intravenous infusion. The infusion of TRF directly into the anterior pituitary at the rate of 5 pg/hr for 3 hr stimulated significant release of TSH as judged by release of 131I from the thyroid. The resulting elevation of 131I concentration in blood in response to 3-hr infusion of TRF into the pituitary increased linearly with the logarithm of the dose of TRF infused. Linearity was observed for dosages ranging from 5–2000 pg TRF/hr. (Endocrinology 94: 794, 1974).
Ethene loss kinetics of methyl butanoate ions studied by threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence:

Abstract Threshold photoelectron–photoion coincidence spectroscopy has been used to investigate the unimolecular chemistry of gas-phase methyl butanoate ions (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 COOCH 3 ·+ ). This ester ion isomerizes to a lower energy distonic ion (CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COHOCH 3 ·+ ) prior to dissociating by the loss of C 2 H 4 . The asymmetric time of flight distributions, which arise from the slow rate of dissociation at low ion energies, provide information about the ion dissociation rates. By modeling these rates with assumed k ( E ) functions, the thermal energy distribution for room temperature and molecular beam samples, and the analyzer function for threshold electrons, it was possible to extract the dissociative photoionization limit for methyl butanoate which at 0 K is 10.275 ± 0.010 eV as well as the dissociation barrier of the distonic ion of 0.735 ± 0.010 eV. By combining these with an estimated heat of formation of methyl butanoate, we derive a 0 K heat of formation of the distonic ion CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 COHOCH 3 ·+ of 119.0 ± 2.0 kcal/mol. The product ion is the enol of methyl acetate, CH 2 COHOCH 3 ·+ , which has a derived heat of formation at 0 K of 122.0 ± 2.0 kcal/mol. This energy agrees well with a derived energy obtained recently from the rate analysis of energy selected methyl acetate ions. Also measured was the adiabatic ionization energy of the methyl butanoate, 9.95 ± 0.05 eV.
Road traffic and nearby grassland bird patterns in a suburbanizing landscape.

An extensive road system with rapidly increasing traffic produces diverse ecological effects that cover a large land area. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of roads with different traffic volumes on surrounding avian distributions, and its importance relative to other variables. Grassland bird data (5 years) for 84 open patches in an outer suburban/rural landscape near Boston were analyzed relative to: distance from roads with 3000–8000 to >30,000 vehicles/day; open-habitat patch size; area of quality microhabitat within a patch; adjacent land use; and distance to other open patches. Grassland bird presence and regular breeding correlated significantly with both distance from road and habitat patch size. Distance to nearest other open patch, irrespective of size, was not significant. Similarly, except for one species, adjacent land use, in this case built area, was not significant. A light traffic volume of 3000–8000 vehicles/day (local collector street here) had no significant effect on grassland bird distribution. For moderate traffic of 8000–15,000 (through street), there was no effect on bird presence although regular breeding was reduced for 400 m from a road. For heavier traffic of 15,000–30,000 (two-lane highway), both bird presence and breeding were decreased for 700 m. For a heavy traffic volume of ≥30,000 vehicles/day (multilane highway), bird presence and breeding were reduced for 1200 m from a road. The results suggest that avian studies and long-term surveys near busy roads may be strongly affected by traffic volume or changes in volume. We conclude that road ecology, especially the effects extending outward >100 m from roads with traffic, is a sine qua non for effective land-use and transportation policy.
Some remarks about the effect of glycerol on cells during freezing and thawing: electron-spin resonance investigations concerning this effect.

Der Glyzerin-Schutz der Zellen gegen Schaden beim Gefrieren und Auftauen wird mittels einer Komplexbildung zwischen Glyzerin und Metallionen erklart. Elektron-Spin-Resonanz-Untersuchungen bestatigen die Bildung eines solchen Komplexes.
In situ characterization of aluminum-containing mineral-microorganism aqueous suspensions using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy.

In situ characterization of colloidal particles under hydrous conditions is one of the key requirements for understanding their state of aggregation and impact on the transport of pollutants in aqueous environments. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) is one of the few techniques that can satisfy this need by providing element- and chemical-state-specific 2-D maps at a spatial resolution better than 50 nm using soft X-rays from synchrotron radiation wiggler or undulator sources tuned to the absorption edges of different elements. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra can also be collected simultaneously at a similar spatial resolution and can provide phase identification in many cases. In this study, we report STXM images and XANES spectroscopy measurements at or above the Al K-edge (E = 1559.6 eV) of various Al-containing minerals and synthetic oxides [α-Al2O3 (corundum), γ-Al2O3, γ-AlOOH (boehmite), α-Al(OH)3 (bayerite), KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 (muscovite), (Al,Mg)8(Si4O10)4(OH)8·nH...
Better services through organizational change

This essay seeks to identify relevant issues regarding the relationship between organizational change strategies aimed at improving the delivery of public services to low income clientale in human service agencies. * *A human service is defined as a form of assistance given to a client by a public agency; such assistance i s ameliorative in nature and is intended to provide for a social welfare need that cannot otherwise be met.$ef: The strategies discussed in this essay are: organizational development (OD), transorganizational development, reorganization and decentralization. The discussion is mainly theoretical, derived only in part from the literature and from actual experiences. The focus i s on detemining (logically, not empirically) the consequences of applying different types of organization change strategies as means for improving the delivery of human services. A major assumption i s that each of the strategies would incur somewhat different costs and produce different benefits with varying opera...
Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethnic Politics: An Institutional Complement to Demographic, Behavioral, and Cognitive Approaches

The influence of “ethnic politics” has been demonstrated in a range of empirical studies of economic growth, violence, and public goods provision. While others have raised concerns about the measurement of ethnic variables in these works, we seek to situate such discussions within a more thoroughgoing conceptual analysis. Specifically, we argue that four conceptual approaches—demographic, cognitive, behavioral, and institutional—have been used to develop theories in which the mechanism that relates causes to outcomes is ethnic political competition. Within this literature, we believe that institutional approaches have been relatively under-appreciated, and we attempt to address that imbalance. We begin by critically reviewing the three main ways in which ethnic variables have been specified and operationalized, delineating the assumptions and trade-offs underlying their use. Next, we describe an institutional approach to the study of ethnic politics, which focuses on the rules and procedures for differentiating ethnic categories. We propose some new indices based on this latter approach that might be developed and used in future research. Subsequently, we analyze the relationship between each of these approaches and patterns of ethnic political competition in a set of six country cases, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, as well as theoretical links between them.
Exercise to Improve Physical Function and Quality of Life in CKD

It is estimated that one in 10 adults in the United States (>20 million people) may have CKD. Patients with advanced CKD have a comparable burden of patient-reported symptoms, including fatigue, poor sleep, depression, and poor overall health-related quality of life (HRQOL), as those with dialysis-
Note on Enomoto and Ota's Conjecture for Short Paths in Large Graphs

With sufficient minimum degree sum, Enomoto and Ota conjectured that for any selected set of vertices, there exists a spanning collection of disjoint paths, each starting at one of the selected vertices and each having a prescribed length. Using the Regularity Lemma, we prove that this claim holds without the spanning assumption if the vertex set of the host graph is sufficiently large.
Color Television Luminance Detail Rendition

The luminance detail rendition, obtained from a color television signal in which the high-frequency components of the luminance signal are formed in the same way as the lows, is not correct in two respects: (1) The luminance transition amplitude is nearly always reproduced with incorrect amplitude, and (2) the transition is in a dark surround. This paper explains the cause of these two defects and derives an expression for a luminance signal which is free of these defects, and which may be transmitted within the present FCC standards.
Comparative genotoxicity of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and anthranilic acid in the presence of a metal cofactor Cu (II) in vitro.

Abstract Several clinical studies have reported that an increase in excretion of tryptophan metabolites 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA), anthranilic acid (AA) and other metabolites in the urine of bladder cancer patients are implicated to play a role in the etiology of bladder cancer; however the mechanisms involved are unknown. The present study compares the genotoxicity of tryptophan metabolites AA and 3-OHAA to cause mutagenesis in vitro . The DNA damage effects of tryptophan metabolites were analyzed using plasmid relaxation assay performed with AA and 3-OHAA at various concentrations between 50 μM and 400 μM in the presence of plasmid DNA pSP-72. Both AA and 3-OHAA did not show any plasmid relaxation activity when tested alone. However, 3-OHAA in the presence of metal cofactor Cu (II) induced plasmid relaxation by causing nicks in the plasmid. This effect was not observed in the presence of other metal cofactors Fe (II) and Mn (III). Cu (II) at increasing concentrations between 5 μM and 20 μM and in the presence of 100 μM 3-OHAA showed an apparent dose–response in causing DNA strand breaks. The Cu (II) mediated mutagenic activation of 3-OHAA was further investigated using Ames Salmonella /microsome mutagenicity assay with reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive tester strain Salmonella TA102. When 100 μg of 3-OHAA per plate was incubated with Cu (II) a significant increase in TA102 revertants was observed with an increase in the concentration of Cu (II) from 2.5 μg to 50 μg. In contrast, AA with Cu (II) at such low concentration was unable to cause any significant increase in number of the TA102 revertants. This evidence for mutagenicity with only 3-OHAA and Cu (II) but not AA suggests the presence of hydroxyl group at ortho position to amino group in 3-OHAA structurally, is critical in reacting with Cu (II) to generate genotoxicity.
When to Give Up Control of Outsourced New Product Development

Abstract The author investigates the impact of client control on supplier task performance in the burgeoning area of outsourced new product development. In relationships in which the outsourced task requires a high degree of creativity on the part of the supplier, ex ante contractual control is shown to increase supplier performance. In contrast, ex post client control is shown to reduce supplier performance, though certain highly skilled clients can overcome this effect. Behaviorally, clients exercise less control both ex ante and ex post in relationships in which the outsourced task requires a high degree of creativity on the part of the supplier. Managerially, the results suggest that clients should use more ex ante control to govern highly creative tasks. In general, clients should use less ex post control over such tasks, though highly skilled clients can actually benefit from using greater control.
Water structure and the denaturation of DNA.

Nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the water hydroxyl proton absorption area, line width and chemical shift were made to investigate the binding of water to the DNA molecule. These measurements covered a temperature range of 10 to 90°C, which included the denaturation temperature of DNA in all cases. The results indicate that the amount of water bound to DNA is very small, and is not measureably changed during denaturation. Studies of the correlation of the denaturation temperature of DNA with the structure of water and D 2 O were measured by the chemical shift of the hydroxyl proton resonance. If the chemical shift in sodium perchlorate solutions is divided into a contribution from the Na + and a contribution from the ClO 4 − , then the denaturation temperature of DNA is exactly correlated with the chemical shift due to the ion ClO 4 − . Both Na + and ClO 4 − shift the proton resonance in water to higher fields; however, the Na + has an ordering effect on the water, through hydration, while the ClO 4 − is shown to disorder water in a manner similar to an increase of temperature. The difference in the effect of Na + and ClO 4 − makes clear the difficulty in using nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool in studying changes of water structure in biological systems. The same measurement may reflect two totally different structural changes, one of biological significance, the other not. The denaturation of DNA is discussed in terms of the structure of the surrounding water. It is postulated that intra-water hydrogen bonding supports the secondary structure of DNA, thereby preventing base pairs from separating when intra-strand hydrogen bonds are broken. The probability of these bonds reforming is thus increased.
Finiteness of gravitational corrections to magnetic moments and supergravity embedding

We calculate the one-loop O(κ^2) contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of a lepton in the framework of N = 1 supergravity coupled to super-QED with a charged massive scalar multiplet source, using both supersymmetry violating and preserving regularizations. Since a Pauli term is forbidden by supersymmetry, the ordinary gravity plus QED contribution must be just the negative of that given by the new supersymmetry diagrams in the latter scheme. In particular, the infinite part of the new terms' contribution vanishes; the reason for this is traced to an effective chiral-dual symmetry of our sector. Thus, the “miracle” of the moment's finiteness in ordinary gravity is accounted by supergravity embedding. The significance and implications of regularization ambiguities are also discussed.
Differential inhibition of rat tissue catalase by cyanamide

The relative sensitivity of rat tissue catalase to inhibition by intraperitoneally administered cyanamide was liver greater than kidney greater than heart greater than brain, whereas the activity of the erythrocyte enzyme was affected minimally. The measured ED50 values for cyanamide in these tissues were 31, 44, 107 and 680 mumoles/kg body weight for liver, kidney, heart and brain respectively. On a molar basis, cyanamide was approximately twenty times more potent than 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3-AT) in inhibiting hepatic catalase in vivo in the rat. Like 3-AT, cyanamide inhibited erythrocyte catalase activity in vitro in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The apparent similarities between the inhibition of hepatic catalase by cyanamide and 3-AT in vivo suggest that cyanamide belongs to the family of 3-AT-like catalase inhibitors.
Studies on the tryptic digestion of myosin

Abstract The digestion of myosin by trypsin has been followed by measuring: (1) the uptake of base in the pH-stat, (2) changes in viscosity, (3) non-protein N formation, (4) changes in sedimentation properties and (5) changes in optical rotation. The pH-stat studies point to the existence of 2 parallel first-order reaction classes with markedly different velocity constants. Approximately 64 peptide bonds are cleaved in the fast reaction and 240 peptide bonds in slow reaction. The kinetic data obtained by means of the different physicochemical methods are consistent with a model of myosin in which a small number polypeptide chains are arranged parallel to one another throughout the lenght of the myosin rod. Some segments of this rod structure are highly ordered and some are more randomly disposed. The enzyme attacks the random regions at a much higher rate than the folded areas. Thus the early appearance of large intermediates in proteolysis would appear to be a reflection of the difference in the rates of attack of these different segments of the molecule, and does not imply the pre-existence of any sort of subunit structure.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Atrial Flutter

Fetal tachyarrhythmias are infrequently encountered in utero. They are divided into subgroups including: atrial flutter/fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), sinus tachycardia, and atrial extrasystoles. Tachyarrhythmias can lead to fetal hydrops, congestive heart failure, and possibly fetal demise. Atrial flutter in a fetus is defined by an atrial rate of 300 to 600 beats per minute (bpm), with or without a 1:1 conduction rate to the ventricles. Atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) is the most common cause of supraventricular tachycardia and should be considered in cases of atrial tachycardia. Recognition of cardiac dysrhythmias is essential in early intervention. Cardiac antiarrthymic agents are frequently used with success to convert fetal dysrhythmias to a normal sinus rhythm. Digoxin is typically first-line therapy, and in more advanced or severe cases, additional drugs are often used.
A combinatorial problem on finite Abelian groups, I

Abstract This paper continues the discussion of the number s(G) defined, for a finite Abelian group G, as the least number s such that an arbitrary sequence of length s of group elements has a subsequence whose product is 1.
Systems and Information

Information theory is essentially a method for retaining some knowledge of cause-effect relations when the causes, and their effects, become so many that detailed knowledge of each pair is abandoned, while an over-all check is retained that at least the number of causes is sufficient to account for the number of effects. Communication theory has been severely restricted by its original concentration on the ergodic and stationary. Adaptive systems, however, by leaving bad ways of behaving and changing permanently to other (and better) ways of behaving are necessarily nonergodic and nonstationary. The methods of uncertainty analysis (McGill and Garner) seem appropriate here. These methods give a new precision to such questions as: What is a 'system'?-a question that must be answered with precision if a proper theory and dynamics of systems in general is to be built. When systems become complex, their theory is practically that of how to simplify them.
Experiments on literally two-dimensional magnets

Abstract A review is given of experiments on a magnetic material that is a single layer of magnetic ions. Mn stearate deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. Magnetic monolayers produced by condensation of magnetic gases are briefly surveyed. Some comparisons with the theory of 2D magnetism are made.
Implementation of a windblown dust parameterization into MODELS-3/CMAQ: Application to episodic PM events in the US/Mexico border

Abstract Windblown dust is known to impede visibility, deteriorate air quality and modify the radiation budget. Arid and semiarid areas with unpaved and unvegetated land cover are particularly prone to windblown dust, which is often attributed to high particulate matter (PM) pollution in such areas. Yet, windblown dust is poorly represented in existing regulatory air quality models. In a study by the authors on modeling episodic high PM events along the US/Mexico border using the state-of-the-art CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE air quality modeling system [Choi, Y.-J., Hyde, P., Fernando, H.J.S., 2006. Modeling of episodic particulate matter events using a 3D air quality model with fine grid: applications to a pair of cities in the US/Mexico border. Atmospheric Environment 40, 5181–5201], some of the observed PM 10 NAAQS exceedances were inferred as due to windblown dust, but the modeling system was incapable of dealing with time-dependent episodic dust entrainment during high wind periods. In this paper, a time-dependent entrainment parameterization for windblown dust is implemented in the CMAQ/MM5/SMOKE modeling system with the hope of improving PM predictions. An approach for realizing windblown dust emission flux for each grid cell over the study domain on an hourly basis, which accounts for the influence of factors such as soil moisture content, atmospheric stability and wind speed, is presented in detail. Comparison of model predictions with observational data taken at a pair of US/Mexico border towns shows a clear improvement of model performance upon implementation of the dust emission flux parameterization.
Histopathologic analysis of human vertebral bodies after vertebral augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate with use of an inflatable bone tamp. A case report.

V ertebroplasty, first described by Galibert et al.1 for the treatment of vertebral angiomas, is now often used to treat painful osteoporotic compression fractures of vertebral bodies and the pain associated with malignant tumor osteolysis2,3. Vertebral augmentation with percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate cement after the use of an inflatable bone tamp is a variant of vertebroplasty that is commonly called kyphoplasty, a term that we will use hereafter. Inflation of the balloon tamp elevates the vertebral body end plates to reduce kyphosis4-6. Although infrequent, the complications of these procedures include leakage of cement into perispinal areas or the epidural space, embolization of cement, and spinal infection. Cement leakage is responsible for neurologic complications, including transient radiculopathies and spinal cord compression2,7,8. Thermal necrosis is a well-established consequence of cement-curing in conjunction with arthroplasty9-11, but the role of the exothermic polymerization of polymethylmethacrylate in vertebroplasty is unknown. Temperatures measured in an ex vivo study were sufficiently high for thermal necrosis to be considered a possibility12,13. The authors of a histopathologic study14 attributed a zone of necrosis around polymethylmethacrylate cement that had been injected into a metastatic vertebral tumor to thermal necrosis, but there may be other causes. We are aware of only two previous postmortem human studies in which augmented vertebral bodies were analyzed histologically14,15. The aim of our study was to investigate histopathologically the response of vertebral bodies to augmentation with polymethylmethacrylate cement introduced in a kyphoplasty. Fig. 1 Lateral radiograph of a spine specimen, showing four vertebrae (T11, L2, L4, and L5) containing polymethylmethacrylate. Compression fractures can be seen in several other vertebrae. Aseventy-five-year-old man presented with multiple, extremely painful compression fractures of the …
Evidence for different sources of stress-generated potentials in wet and dry bone

Physiologically moist bone and dry bone behave differently when tested for electrical response to cantilever bending. To characterize this difference more precisely, voltages were generated in the same specimen in each of the two states via the same testing procedure--changing the electrode-to-force distance by moving the electrodes and holding the force position constant. In the dry state, a non-systematic pattern of voltages versus electrode position was generated. In the wet state, a linear relationship was found. Furthermore, the sign of the concave positive regions reversed to concave negative on wetting the specimen. The implication is that different electromechanical transduction mechanisms are involved in the wet and dry cases. The dominant mechanism in the wet case is taken to be the streaming potential rather than piezoelectricity.
“Magic” losses of one to five N2 molecules from metastable N+2n clusters

Abstract SIMS and FAB of solid N 2 generated large N 2n + clusters (N 4 + -N + 54 ) which showed three types of metastable decay: (i) loss of a single N 2 molecule, assigned to ordinary (“thermal”) metastability, (ii) nearly total disintegration, assigned to radiationless decay of an electronically excited state, and (iii) “magic” losses of very specific small numbers of N 2 molecules, assigned to N 2 ( v = 1) vibrational relaxation by use of isotope effects. Average N 2 binding energies are estimated.
Cerebrospinal fluid dissecting into spinal epidural space after lumbar puncture causing cauda equina syndrome: review of literature and illustrative case

Objects We report a case of epidural cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak after lumbar puncture caused by CSF dissecting into the spinal epidural space. The incidence of this phenomenon may be higher than suspected, although most cases may remain asymptomatic.
Chiral separations using dextran and bovine serum albumin as run buffer additives in affinity capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A method utilizing dextran as a run buffer additive in addition to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for chiral separation by means of affinity capillary elec
Tritium labelling and characterization of the potent imidazoline I1 receptor antagonist [5,7-3H] (±)-efaroxan at high specific activity

Abstract (±)-Efaroxan 1 is a selective antagonist at the imidazoline I1 receptor. [ 3 H] (±)-Efaroxan was required to explore its mechanism of action via receptor binding assay, and the radioligand was prepared by means of catalytic dehalogenation of a dibrominated precursor with tritium.
Recent advances in mobility modeling for mobile ad hoc network research

In this paper, we survey recent advances in mobility modeling for mobile ad hoc network research. The advances include some new mobility models and analysis of older mobility models. First we classify mobility models into three categories according to the degree of randomness. We introduce newly proposed mobility models in each of these categories. Next we discuss analysis for existing mobility models. We describe the analysis work in three parts. The first part is the statistical properties of the most widely used Random Waypoint Model. The second part describes the mobility metrics that aim to capture the characteristics of different mobility patterns. The last part is the impact of mobility models on the performance of protocols. We also describe some possible future work.
Theory of Absorption and Scattering Within Integrating Spheres

This paper reports a theory of integrating spheres filled completely with absorbing and scattering material. The development is oriented toward describing the behavior of such an integrating sphere when it is used as a spectrophotometer. The output ratio and effective light-path length of an integrating sphere spectrophotometer are introduced. Equations of radiative transfer theory are given for the determination of the output ratio and effective path length. Several approximations are derived for integrating sphere spectrophotometers having absorption but no scattering in the interior volume. Finally, the equations for an angularly symmetric spherical cavity having absorption and scattering are reduced to solution of the equations for a sphere having a perfectly absorbing wall.
Toward a collaboration model for smart spaces

Developing and deploying a pervasive space is a multi-disciplined process where knowledge from various domains intersects. How can individual roles efficiently contribute their expertise and smoothly integrate their work to create a pervasive space? How does system design and architecture enable effective decoupling of these roles? Based on our own experience in building several pervasive systems including the Gator Tech Smart House (GTSH), this paper discusses a collaboration model that allows multiple roles, working together, to design, develop, and maintain pervasive systems in physical spaces such as homes and buildings. The paper first introduces each role in the model with its designated resources and responsibilities. It then explains the collaboration model and shows how it can be applied in real-world deployments. This paper does not claim to provide an ultimate solution to a well-defined problem. Rather, it attempts to define an increasingly important problem and provides an installment of thoughts toward solutions. We hope the paper raises awareness to the importance of this subject and leads to a productive discussion during and following the workshop.
Measurement of GABA in human cerebrospinal fluid

Abstract An automatic method is described utilizing ion-exchange column chromatography and fluorescence detection after reaction with orthophthalaldehyde to determine levels of GABA in human CSF. The standard curve was linear over the range tested (50–800 picomoles). The method is rapid enough (2 hrs) for clinical application and provides resolution comparable to that of usual amino acid analyses of physiological fluids. The level of GABA was found to be 270 ± 260 (SD) picomoles/ml in CSF from 25 patients with a variety of neurological disorders.
Toward a widely tunable narrow linewidth RF source utilizing an integrated heterogenous silicon photonic module

A system for generating widely tunable, narrow-line RF signals from a pair of injection-locked lasers has been developed. By injection seeding one laser with a sideband obtained from a second laser that is phase modulated by a spectrally pure low-frequency RF reference oscillator and then mixing these coherent optical outputs on a fast photodiode, RF with the same linewidth and phase noise characteristics as the reference oscillator can be produced. By using harmonics of the reference oscillator the RF output can be tuned over a much wider range than the reference oscillator while maintaining its narrow linewidth.Here we present the results of our efforts to develop an integrated version of this system, based on a silicon-photonic integrated circuit coupled to III-V semiconductor gain chips.Towards that goal we have successfully demonstrated an integrated module and shown tunable RF generation with a 1 Hz linewidth.
Complex step derivative approximation for numerical evaluation of tangent moduli

Abstract In this paper the concept of complex step derivative approximation (CSDA) is revisited and its application in constitutive modeling of hyperelastic materials is presented. The performance of CSDA is demonstrated using simple examples. The idea of CSDA is then extended to numerically evaluate the second Piola–Kirchhoff stress tensor and tangent moduli for five popular hyperelastic constitutive models. The performance of CSDA is compared with the finite difference methods for the considered constitutive models. CSDA numerical scheme is observed to outperform other numerical differentiation schemes in terms of computational efficiency and sensitivity to the size of finite difference interval.
Liquid-liquid-solid transition in viscoelastic liquids

Liquid-liquid-solid transitions (LLST) are known to occur in confined liquids, exist in supercooled liquids and emerge in liquids driven from equilibrium. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations claim many successes in forecasting the phenomena. The transitions are also studied in the framework of thermodynamics based methods and minimalistic models. In here, the proposed approach is derived in the framework of continuum and includes spatial and temporal dynamic heterogeneities; the approach is meant to capture the material behavior at small scales. We conjecture that the liquid-like and solid-like behaviors are dissimilar enough for the two to be governed by different constitutive relations. In this way, we gain additional degree of freedom, which is found essential when predicting the transitional phenomena. As a result, we derive the LLST criteria for liquids in equilibrium, during steady flow and at transient conditions. Lastly, we forecast short-lived LLSTs in human blood during cardiac cycle.
WAS: computer software for wheat quality data management

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar development programs benefit from the efficient assessment of end-use quality of experimental lines. Efficiency of assessment is enhanced when quality testing data are accurately collected, recorded, interpreted, and reported. The Wheat Analysis System (WAS) software specifically addresses this management need by providing a user-friendly, menu-driven system that generates data collection forms and reports, structures data entry, and maintains a cumulative database which is amenable to statistical analysis and interpretation. Data are managed in two master files according to a nursery-sample system of organization. Quality tests and analyses are grouped into processes that accommodate all of the common methodologies used for soft and hard wheat evaluation, including grain and flour analyses, milling, and baking [...]
Interplay of nonlinearity and gain-shaping in high-energy femtosecond Yb-doped fiber amplifiers

Spectral shaping in a fiber amplifier in the presence of finite gain bandwidth (15 nm) and large nonlinear phase shifts (up to /spl sim/12 /spl phi/) is studied numerically and experimentally. Pulses amplified to 30 /spl mu/J are dechirped to /spl sim/250 fs duration.