cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Contact-Aided Compliant Mechanical Cycle-Doubler: Preliminary Analysis and Testing

The performance of a contact-aided compliant mechanism that functions as a cycle doubler is studied in this paper via nonlinear finite element simulations. The topology of this mechanism was obtained from a systematic synthesis procedure and is reported elsewhere. Although the design was obtained for a quasi-static specification, the kinematic characteristics of the design suggest its ability to function adequately at low to moderate frequencies. The scalability of the design and its single-piece construction enable fabrication using different materials at various length scales. Therefore, it is possible to choose a scale and material combination that yields the frequency doubling action for various input frequencies. Explicit dynamic nonlinear finite element simulations are used to verify the functionality of the design at two different length scales: macro (device footprint of 289 sq. cm) corresponding to an input frequency of 20 Hz and meso (device footprint of a square of 14.3 sq. cm) corresponding to an input frequency of 1 kHz. Experiments on a macro scale prototype are used to validate the FE simulations for low frequencies.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
AXONAL TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVITY IN THE GOLDFISH OPTIC SYSTEM FOLLOWING INTRAOCULAR INJECTION OF LABELLED RNA PRECURSORS

After injection of the tritiated RNA precursors [3H]guanosine, [3H]uridine or [3H]orotic acid into the eye of goldfish, labelled TCA-soluble material and RNA appeared to be axonally transported to the contralateral optic tectum. From the time courses of arrival in the tectum,‘average’rates of transport of 6 mm/day for the soluble material and 1·7 mm/day for the RNA were calculated. If the optic nerve was cut after the transported material had arrived in the tectum, about 60 per cent of the TCA-soluble material disappeared by 7 days after the cut, but almost none of the RNA. After a further 8- to 13-day period, the TCA-soluble material had declined by a further 50 per cent from the 7-day value, but the RNA by only 20 per cent. Thus, relatively little RNA was lost when the optic axons degenerated, an observation which suggested that the RNA might be extra-axonal. However, if the optic nerve was crushed before the arrival of the transported material, RNA did not appear in the tectum until the regenerating optic nerve fibres arrived. Therefore, the presence of RNA must be dependent on intact nerve fibres. Moreover, in the earliest stages of regeneration the proportion of transported RNA to TCA-soluble material was considerably higher than normal, suggesting that the regenerating fibres arrived in the tectum already carrying RNA. This implies that the RNA itself was transported in the optic fibres.
Paleomagnetic and petrologic evidence bearing on the age and origin of uranium deposits in the Permian Cutler Formation, Lisbon Valley, Utah

An approximate age for uranium deposits in red beds of the Permian Cutler Formation, Lisbon Valley salt anticline, Utah, was obtained using paleomagnetic techniques. Progressive thermal demagnetization of samples of mineralized sandstone isolates stable magnetization components having high (≳400 °C) unblocking temperatures that define a tilt-corrected mean direction of D = 358.1°, I = 65.5°, α 95 = 3.3°. This direction is close to expected Late Cretaceous to middle Tertiary mean directions at Lisbon Valley. In contrast, thermal cleaning of samples of unmineralized sandstone isolates tilt-corrected southeasterly, shallow mean directions (D = 140.5°, I = −9.5°, α 95 = 8.6°, and D = 155.9°, I = −4.4°, α 95 = 10.9°, for two localities in the Lisbon Valley area). These results are closely similar to results from the Cutler Formation elsewhere on the Colorado Plateau and from other Lower Permian strata in North America. In unmineralized sandstone, the stable remanent magnetization is carried predominantly by martite of postdepositional or detrital origin, whereas in mineralized sandstone, the stable magnetization is carried largely by authigenic specular hematite as uranium- and vanadium-bearing clusters in interstitial areas, and it thus reflects the time of mineralization. Partial dissolution of martite grains and grain-coating ferric oxide pigment prior to formation of abundant interstitial specular hematite has minimized or eliminated the influence of late Paleozoic magnetic components in mineralized sandstone. These results, combined with information on the structural development of the Lisbon Valley area and on nearby uranium deposits in the Triassic Chinle Formation, suggest that the growth of the Lisbon Valley anticline during Late Cretaceous to early or middle Tertiary time promoted oxidative destruction of Chinle orebodies and led to a redistribution of uranium and iron from the Chinle into the Cutler. Acidic solutions generated during destruction of sulfide minerals in Chinle orebodies may account for the simultaneous transport of significant quantities of iron and uranium and for the partial dissolution of martite in the Cutler host beds. Neutralization of these solutions by reaction with host-rock constituents (especially calcite) caused precipitation of amorphous ferric oxide, which incorporated uranium by adsorption and which aged to form specular hematite.
Early diagenesis of vascular plant tissues: Lignin and cutin decomposition and biogeochemical implications

Abstract Long-term subaqueous decomposition patterns of five different vascular plant tissues including mangrove leaves and wood ( Avicennia germinans ), cypress needles and wood ( Taxodium distichum ) and smooth cordgrass ( Spartina alternifora ) were followed for a period of 4.0 years, representing the longest litter bag decomposition study to date. All tissues decomposed under identical conditions and final mass losses were 97, 68, 86, 39, and 93%, respectively. Analysis of the lignin component of herbaceous tissues using alkaline CuO oxidation was complicated by the presence of a substantial ester-bound phenol component composed primarily of cinnamyl phenols. To overcome this problem, we introduce a new parameter to represent lignin, Λ 6 . Λ 6 is comprised only of the six syringyl and vanillyl phenols and was found to be much less sensitive to diagenetic variation than the commonly used parameter Λ, which includes the cinnamyl phenols. Patterns of change in lignin content were strongly dependent on tissue type, ranging from 77% enrichment in smooth cordgrass to 6% depletion in cypress needles. In contrast, depletion of cutin was extensive (65–99%) in all herbaceous tissues. Despite these differences in the overall reactivity of lignin and cutin, both macromolecules were extensively degraded during the decomposition period. The long-term decomposition series also provided very useful information about the compositional parameters which are derived from the specific oxidation products of both lignin and cutin. The relative lability of ester-bound cinnamyl phenols compromised their use in parameters to distinguish woody from herbaceous plant debris. The dimer to monomer ratios of lignin-derived phenols indicated that most intermonomeric linkages in lignin degraded at similar rates. Acid to aldehyde ratios of vanillyl and syringyl phenols became elevated, particularly during the latter stages of decomposition supporting the use of these parameters as indicators of diagenetic alteration. Given the observation that cutin-derived source indicator parameters were generally more sensitive to diagenetic alteration than those of lignin, we suggest the distributional patterns of cutin-derived acids and their associated positional isomers may be most useful for tissue-specific distinctions complementing the general categorical information obtained from lignin phenol analysis alone.
A property of the counting function of integers with no large prime factors

Abstract For log y log log x → ∞ as x → ∞, ψ ( Cx , y ) ≈ Cψ ( x , y ) uniformly for C in compact subsets of (0, 1]. The condition log y log log x → ∞ is necessary. For fixed sufficiently large K , x → ∞, and y = exp( K log log x ), we have for 1 2 ≤ C ≤ 1 that Ψ(Cx,y)≈C 1−1/K Ψ(x,y) .
External beam radiation therapy after transurethral resection of the prostate: a report on acute and late genitourinary toxicity.

Purpose To describe genitourinary (GU) toxicity in men with a history of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for prostate cancer. Methods and Materials Seventy-one men with a history of TURP were treated with EBRT for prostate cancer. The median time from TURP to EBRT was 15 months. The median EBRT dose was 70 Gy, and 21 men (30%) received androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Acute GU toxicity and late GU toxicity were scored by Radiation Therapy Oncology Group criteria and compared with a cohort of 538 men without prior TURP. The median follow-up for men with TURP and men without TURP was 40 months and 50 months, respectively ( p = 0.7605). Results The rate of acute Grade 2 GU toxicity or higher was 41%, and was increased with a history of more than 1 TURP (73% vs. 31%, p = 0.0036). The 4-year rate of freedom from late Grade 3 GU toxicity or higher was 84%, and was decreased with ADT (45% vs. 95% without ADT, p = 0.0024). By last follow-up, maximal GU toxicity tended to resolve ( p p = 0.6911). Compared to men without a prior TURP, TURP patients had a lower rate of freedom from late Grade 3 toxicity or higher (84% vs. 96%, p = 0.0483). Multivariate analysis suggested a higher rate of late Grade 3 toxicity or higher with TURP (risk ratio, 2.87; p = 0.0612) and EBRT dose of 74 Gy or greater (risk ratio, 2.26; p = 0.0521). Conclusions Men treated for prostate cancer with EBRT after TURP have a higher risk of severe GU toxicity; however, the overall incidence is low, and toxicity tends not to persist.
Talking Feelings: The Collaborative Construction of Emotion in Talk Between Close Relational Partners

This article reports findings from recent investigations into emotional talk between close relational partners. These findings are based upon 44 half-hour videotaped and transcribed conversations of interactants discussing an emotionally influential issue. It was found that interactants' emotional experiences were interactively constructed through (1) downgrading and upgrading emotional expressions, and (2) developing characteristics of the situation seen to have produced the emotion so as to justify it. These collaborative constructions of emotional experience were found to be guided by a complicated system of constraints which takes into account both the great utility of emotional attributions in the construction of selves and relationships and their likelihood of survival in the interactional environment. Face-to-face interaction with close relational partners was, therefore, seen to play a significant role in the social construction of human emotion.
Part III: The evolution of photopic visual pigments in fishes

Abstract The feeding strategies of diurnal, tropical marine fishes correlate with the visual pigments extracted from their retinae and with the photic environments in which they hunt prey. Two basic feeding modes prevail: (1) silhouetting prey from below against the surface background light; and (2) contrasting prey against other fields of view, which are more monochromatic. Fishes that silhouette prey from below possess a single visual pigment matched to the spectral distribution of downwelling light. This maximizes the contrast between the brighter background and darker target. To predators that view prey in the horizontal fleld, their targets may appear either darker or brighter than the background. The photocontrast of a nonreflective target is maximized by a class of cones with a matching visual pigment. But the contrast of reflective (“bright”) targets is enhanced by visual pigments offset from the spectral distribution of the monochromatic blue background. Thus, the evolutionary selection of multiple photopic systems, and of color vision itself, is probably related to the maximization of visual contrast against monochromatic backgrounds.
Water-equivalent plastic scintillation detectors for high-energy beam dosimetry: I. Physical characteristics and theoretical considerations

A minimally perturbing plastic scintillation detector has been developed for the dosimetry of high-energy beams in radiotherapy. The detector system consists of two identical parallel sets of radiation-resistant optical fibre bundles, each connected to independent photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). One fibre bundle is connected to a miniature water equivalent plastic scintillator and so scintillation as well as Cerenkov light generated in the fibres is detected at its PMT. The other 'background' bundle is not connected to the scintillator and so only Cerenkov light is detected by its PMT. The background signal is subtracted to yield only the signal from the scintillator. The water-equivalence of plastic scintillation detectors is studied for photon and electron beams in the radiotherapy range. Application of Burlin cavity theory shows that the energy dependence of such detectors is expected to be better than the commonly used systems (ionization chambers, LiF thermoluminescent dosimeters, film and Si diodes). It is also shown that they are not affected by temperature variations and exhibit much less radiation damage than either photon or electron diode detectors.
Associations of vitamin C, calcium and protein with bone mass in postmenopausal Mexican American women.

We investigated the associations of vitamin C, calcium and protein intakes with bone mass at the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal Mexican American women. Bone mass was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and expressed as areal (BMD, g/cm2) and volumetric (bone mineral apparent density or BMAD, g/cm3) bone mineral density. Diet was assessed using a modified version of the National Cancer Institute Food Questionnaire, which was administered by trained bilingual interviewers familiar with Mexican dietary practices. Data gathered from 125 subjects were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with age, body mass index (BMI), acculturation, years of estrogen use, physical activity, total energy intake, and the nutrient of interest as independent variables. Neither calcium nor calcium/protein ratio was associated with bone mineral density. There was evidence of a positive association between dietary vitamin C intake and femoral neck BMD (β=0.0002 g/cm2 per mg/day, SE=0.0001,p=0.07) and BMAD (β=0.0001 g/cm3 per mg/day, SE=0.00006,p<0.05), but vitamin C was not associated with lumbar spine bone mass. Further investigation of the role of vitamin C in skeletal health is warranted.
Redefining Vocabulary: The New Learning Strategy for Social Studies

Although vocabulary development is an important part of the social studies curriculum, vocabulary activities are often inadequate, leaving students with cursory knowledge of terms. Worse still is t...
Static Channel Width Routeless Routing with Network Holes Avoidance (SCWRRHA) Protocol

In this paper, we introduce a network holes bypassing routeless routing protocol. Our protocol is an extension to our previous routeless protocol SCWRR. It uses nodes' mobility as an advantage to bypass trapped packets over networks holes. It does not require any prior knowledge of neighbors' locations. It only requires the locations sources and destinations which can be known reactively. The simulation results show that our protocol is able to avoid obstacles and holes to some extend. Hence, our prutocol is amenable to deployment in areas of restricted power-budget and bandwidth, such as the MASNET domain.
Explanations of service gratuities and tipping: Evidence from individual differences in tipping motivations and tendencies

Abstract Consumers often give service workers gifts of money in the form of tips. Desires to help servers, reward service, buy future service, buy social status/esteem, avoid social sanctions, and fulfill internalized social obligations have all been proposed as possible explanations for this behavior, but surprisingly little research has documented the effects of these desires/motives. Results of an online survey indicate that self-reported individual differences in each of these motives for tipping predict the likelihood of tipping, uncertainty about the general likelihood of tipping, and/or tip sizes among those who tip. Results also indicate that the effects of future-service and duty motives on tipping likelihood vary across service occupations and that duty motives have opposite effects on the likelihood of tipping and on the size of tip left by those who do tip – increasing the former while decreasing the latter. Finally, results indicate that reward, altruistic, and esteem motives for tipping are positively related to attitude toward tipping while avoidance and duty motives for tipping are negatively related to attitude toward tipping. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed along with directions for future research.
Comparison of Probe Hay Moisture Detector and Conventional Method for Determining Poultry Litter Moisture

Abstract Rapid measurement of poultry litter moisture content with a probe hay moisture detector was compared with conventional oven drying at 50 C. An average of six detector readings together with a calibration curve can be used to estimate moisture content within ± 5% (wb) with 90% confidence over moisture contents from 15 to 45%. Total time required to make such a determination was about two minutes. Below 15%, the detector is insensitive, above 45%, the detector scale divisions are too small to read precisely. When a quick estimate of moisture content is needed, this detector should be useful as a management tool.
Influence of Family, Religion, and Social Conformity on Client Participation in Sexual Reorientation Therapy

This study examined the likelihood of participating in sexual reorientation therapy (SRT) based on actual or expected family reactions to the disclosure of one's same-sex sexuality, religious fundamentalism, social conformity, and several demographic variables. A sample of 52 SRT participants and 211 SRT nonparticipants who had ever identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual completed a survey either online or in hardcopy format. Actual or expected negative family reactions, high religious fundamentalism, and identifying as spiritual significantly increased one's odds of participating in SRT. The findings are essential for preparing practitioners in any clinical practice setting to work with clients struggling with their sexuality.
Weather and water

Clouds and Storms: The Behaviour and Effect of Water in the Atmosphere. By F.H. Ludlam Pp.405 + plates. Published by (Pennsylvania State University Press: 1980.) £24.95, $57.50.
Cognitive algorithms: dynamic logic, working of the mind, evolution of consciousness and cultures

The paper discusses evolution of consciousness driven by the knowledge instinct, a fundamental mechanism of the mind which determines its higher cognitive functions. Dynamic logic mathematically describes the knowledge instinct. It overcomes past mathematical difficulties encountered in modeling intelligence and relates it to mechanisms of concepts, emotions, instincts, consciousness and unconscious. The two main aspects of the knowledge instinct are differentiation and synthesis. Differentiation is driven by dynamic logic and proceeds from vague and unconscious states to more crisp and conscious states, from less knowledge to more knowledge at each hierarchical level of the mind. Synthesis is driven by dynamic logic operating in a hierarchical organization of the mind; it strives to achieve unity and meaning of knowledge: every concept finds its deeper and more general meaning at a higher level. These mechanisms are in complex relationship of symbiosis and opposition, which leads to complex dynamics of evolution of consciousness and cultures. Modeling this dynamics in a population leads to predictions for the evolution of consciousness, and cultures. Cultural predictive models can be compared to experimental data and used for improvement of human conditions. We discuss existing evidence and future research directions.
Direct Determination of Acetaminophen in Plasma by Differential Pulse Voltammetry

A rapid, simple method for the direct determination of acetaminophen in plasma at toxic levels was developed. The method is based on the oxidation of the phenolic moiety of acetaminophen at a carbon paste electrode in a differential pulse voltammetric mode. Linear calibration curves are obtained from 20 to 400 μg/ml. No sample cleanup is required.
Black Bear Predation on Salmon at Olsen Creek, Alaska

Zusammenfassung Das Verhalten des Baribal (Ursus americanus) wurde im Sommer 1967 in Alaska an einem Flus beobachtet, in dem Ketalachs und Buckellachs ablaichen. Die Baren waren von der Morgendammerung an 2 Std. aktiv und mehrere Stunden vor und nach Sonnenuntergang. In erster Linie frasen sie Lachse, die andere Baren getotet und liegen gelassen hatten. Auf einen gefangenen Lachs kamen etwa 7 Versuche. Baribals bevorzugen den Rogen und lassen oft den Rest liegen; sie erkennen laichreife ♀♀. Obwohl sie gleich viele ♂♂ wie ♀♀ fingen, behielten sie doppelt so viele ♀♀; 65 % davon hatten beim Fang noch nicht abgelaicht. Insgesamt fangen die Baren 8 % der weiblichen Lachse, ehe sie ablaichen konnen. Fisch-Reviere scheinen die Baren nicht zu haben.
Altered hypothalamic monoamine metabolism and pituitary prolactin regulation in female spontaneously hypertensive rats

Prolactin (PRL) secretion after aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibition with NSD-1015 was significantly elevated in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as compared to normotensive (WKY) controls. Although basal PRL levels tended to be elevated in SHR rats, the differences were not significant. In vitro PRL secretion was also significantly elevated in the SHR rats as compared to the WKY rats, but the SHR rats were more responsive to the inhibitory effects of dopamine (DA). Despite changes in pituitary PRL secretion and DA response, there was no apparent difference in tubero-infundibular DA activity between the two rat strains. Hypothalamic serotonin levels were elevated in SHR rats, but metabolism did not appear to be significantly changed based on measurements of 5-hydroxytryptophan accumulation after NSD-1015 treatment.
Supreme Decisions: Great Constitutional Cases and Their Impact. By Melvin I. Urofsky. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2012. Pp. xvi, 382. $49.00.)

Many constitutional historians (including this reviewer) first became excited about the field after reading Quarrels That Have Shaped the Constitution, a collection of essays edited by John Garraty...
Social separation increases alcohol consumption in rhesus monkeys

This study used 16 socially reared juvenile rhesus monkeys as subjects to test the hypothesis that social separation promotes alcohol consumption in this species. In the first part of the study, 12 monkeys were intermittently separated from their social groups, while 4 were separated before the beginning of the study and remained continuously separated. Refrigerated water or aspartame-sweetened water (vehicle) containing 6% alcohol (w/v) were presented after 4.5 h of fluid deprivation. Intermittently separated monkeys drank more alcohol during separation than when they were socially housed, and more than the continuously separated monkeys. Stable individual differences in consumption rate developed over repeated separations. These differences were not correlated with consumption of refrigerated water or vehicle, or with differential behavioural (locomotor) responses to social separation. This suggested that some monkeys were predisposed to drink more alcohol than others. The second part of the study determined whether established alcohol/vehicle consumption rates for all 16 monkeys were altered when the monkeys were not water deprived, and then when water and the vehicle were available at the same time as alcohol/vehicle. Among monkeys that drank the most (mean of 2.4 g/kg/h) and the least (mean of 0.8 g/kg/h), alcohol consumption was not affected. These results, combined with previous reports, suggest a neurobiological linkage between genetically based social attachment mechanisms, social stressors, and vulnerability to alcohol abuse and addiction in primates.
Chy-3 mice are Vegfc haploinsufficient and exhibit defective dermal superficial to deep lymphatic transition and dermal lymphatic hypoplasia.

Recent advances in molecular lymphology and lymphatic phenotyping techniques in small animals offer new opportunities to delineate mutant mouse models. Chy-3 mutant mice were originally named for their chylous ascites, but the underlying lymphatic disorder was not defined. We now re-examined these mice and applied advanced genotyping and lymphatic phenotyping techniques to pinpoint the specific lymphatic defect in this mouse model. We demonstrated that Chy-3 mice carry a large chromosomal deletion that includes Vegfc and narrowed this region by monitoring the heterozygosity of genetic markers. We found that Chy-3 mice not only exhibited chylous ascites but also lymphedema of the hind paws and, in approximately half of the males, lymphedema of the penis. Visual lymphangiography and immunofluorescence staining showed a hypoplastic dermal lymphatic network, whereas the blood vasculature appeared unaffected. This hypoplastic lymphatic network was functional, and all adult Chy-3 mice exhibited a lateral lymphatic pathway directly connecting the inguinal to the axillary lymph node. The dermal superficial to deep lymphatic connections in upper limbs and in all cervical regions were intact and functionally drained the upper body. Lymphatic tracer was not transported from the dermal to the deep truncal lymphatic system in the lower limbs, even though the deep lymphatic vessels and nodes were present and patent. These findings further delineate the lymphatic phenotype of Chy-3 mice, identify a collateral lymph drainage pathway previously undescribed in other genetic models of lymphedema, and demonstrate a predilection for lymphatic abnormalities of the lower limbs. Developmental Dynamics 236:2346 –2355, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Influence of a Sense of Time on Human Development

The subjective sense of future time plays an essential role in human motivation. Gradually, time left becomes a better predictor than chronological age for a range of cognitive, emotional, and motivational variables. Socioemotional selectivity theory maintains that constraints on time horizons shift motivational priorities in such a way that the regulation of emotional states becomes more important than other types of goals. This motivational shift occurs with age but also appears in other contexts (for example, geographical relocations, illnesses, and war) that limit subjective future time.
ANALYSIS OF THE THERMODYNAMIC LINKAGE OF DNA BINDING AND ION BINDING FOR DIMERIC AND TETRAMERIC FORMS OF THE LAC REPRESSOR

The salt concentration dependences of the observed association constants (Kobs) for the binding of wild-type lac repressor tetramer and the dimeric lacI-18 mutant repressor to lactose operator DNA were compared. For both proteins, the data are consistent with a class of linkage models in which ion binding by the protein is driven by differences in the ionic concentrations in bulk solution and in the volume near the DNA surface. The models that best agree with the data are those in which ion-binding reactions are cooperative. In spite of close agreement between these models and the data, the determination of ion stoichiometries and apparent ion-binding affinities requires additional mechanistic or structural information. The simplest ion-binding mechanism consistent with the data is compatible with a current structural model of the repressor-operator complex. At salt concentrations in excess of 50 mM, at which cation displacement from the DNA and anion displacement from the protein are expected to dominate, similar ion stoichiometries are found for the DNA binding of dimeric and tetrameric repressors. This supports the notion that the DNA contacts of these proteins are homologous. At lower salt concentrations, in which cation binding by the proteins is expected to be significant, the net ion stoichiometry of wild-type repressor binding is slightly greater than that of the lacI-18 mutant. This difference may reflect the availability of ion-binding sites in the distal subunits of tetramer that are not present in the dimer, or may be a consequence of the involvement of ion binding in the dimer/monomer equilibrium.
The New Conservation Debate: Ethical foundations, strategic trade-offs, and policy opportunities

Abstract The “parks vs. people” debate – i.e., the dispute over whether conservation projects and policies should prioritize biodiversity and landscape protection or poverty alleviation and human livelihood improvement – should be quite familiar to most conservation scientists and policy scholars today. Yet, it is clearly a more expansive debate than the argument over whether a particular conservation project should emphasize biodiversity protection or development: it is also a wider disagreement about the proper value and ethical foundations of biological conservation in the age of sustainability, as well as the wisdom and consequences of making complex trade-offs among rivalrous conservation goals in practice. This essay introduces a special section of Biological Conservation focused on this larger dispute, what we are calling the “New Conservation Debate” to distinguish it from the historical debate in the US between “wise use” conservationists and preservationists at the turn of the 20th century. Articles in this special section explore the normative and ethical dimensions of the debate, as well as more pragmatic considerations relating to trade-off analysis and decision-making in real-world conservation plans and projects that impact both biodiversity and human well-being. Collectively, the papers in this section clarify many of the ethical and strategic divisions in the New Conservation Debate, while also revealing opportunities for reconciliation and principled compromise among advocates of strong nature protection and human welfare in the conservation community.
Cytochrome oxidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. II. Reaction with copper protein

Abstract The reaction between a cytochrome oxidase and a copper protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been studied by a rapid mixing technique. The data support the view that a complex is formed rapidly between the two proteins and is followed by a transfer of electrons in either direction. Reduced copper protein donates an electron to the heme c moiety of the oxidase with an apparent first-order rate constant of about 30 s−1 while the transfer in the reverse direction proceeds with a constant of about 120 s−1. The reaction between the copper protein and the heme c of the oxidase is followed by a much slower internal reaction involving electron transfer between the heme c and heme d. The kinetic data have been analyzed in terms of the thermodynamics of the interactions. This analysis indicates that the copper protein has a ΔE of about 0.038 V more positive than the heme c component, a value that compares favorably with that of 0.040 V obtained by equilibrium methods. The value of ΔE obtained by the kinetic method for the internal reaction is less precise but is reasonably close to that of 0.070 V determined by an equilibrium technique.
Targeted therapies: Good news for advanced-stage pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

A phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 171 patients with advanced-stage pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors demonstrated a significant improvement in progression-free survival with sunitinib treatment. We discuss the results of this trial in the context of other studies that have assessed treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Vibratory stimulation and rectal probe electroejaculation as therapy for patients with spinal cord injury: semen parameters and pregnancy rates.

AbstractPurpose: The conception rate of patients with spinal cord injuries following penile vibratory stimulation and rectal probe electroejaculation in conjunction with self-insemination, intrauterine insemination or assisted reproductive technique is poorly documented. We reviewed our success rates with penile vibratory stimulation and rectal probe electroejaculation, and the pregnancy rates achieved with self-insemination, intrauterine insemination and assisted reproductive techniques.Materials and Methods: A total of 78 consecutive patients with spinal cord injuries had a complete neurological examination and was treated initially with penile vibratory stimulation. If unsuccessful, rectal probe electroejaculation was performed to obtain an ejaculate. The ejaculate was then used with self-insemination, intrauterine insemination or assisted reproductive techniques and pregnancies were monitored.Results: Vibratory stimulation was successful in 20 of 37 patients (54 percent) with a cervical lesion, 14 of ...
Extensions of the complex-coordinate method to the study of resonances in many-electron systems

Difficulties in the straightfoward application of the complex-coordinate method to the calculation of resonance states in many-electron systems are examined. For the case of shape resonances, it is shown that many of these difficulties can be avoided by using complex coordinates only after reduction of the system to an effective one-electron problem. Further simplifications are achieved by the use of an inner-projection technique to facilitate the computation of the complex Hamiltonian matrix elements. The method is first illustrated by application to a model-potential problem. Its suitability for studying many-electron problems is demonstrated by calculation of the position and width of a low-energy /sup 2/P/sup o/ shape resonance in Be/sup -/. We discuss the modifications necessary to study core-excited (Feshbach) resonances.
Seasonal growth dynamics of Ruppia maritima L.s.l. and Halodule wrightii aschers. In Southern Texas and evaluation of sediment fertility status

Annual growth dynamics of Ruppia maritima L.s.l. and Halodule wrightii Aschers. at two southern Texas, U.S.A., coastal sites were compared using plant biomass to monitor production. While sparse Ruppia normally coexists with dense Halodule in southern Texas bays, these two sites contained extensive stands of dense Ruppia mixed with or adjacent to Halodule. Corresponding measurements of water-column salinity and temperature revealed that vigorous Ruppia growth correlated positively with cool spring temperatures and not with low water salinities. In contrast, Halodule growth increased only after warm summer temperatures were reached. Partitioning of biomass into above-ground and below-ground tissues is suggested as an important autecological factor in resource competition between the two species. Ruppia, with a maximum 31% below-ground biomass in mid-spring, could be out-competed by Halodule, with a minimum of 66% below-ground biomass, when sediment or other conditions become favorable for Halodule growth. Analyses of sediment interstitial water from Ruppia or Halodule grass beds showed differences in rhizosphere nutrient pools characteristic of each species. Ruppia-dominated beds contained up to 15 μM nitrate during spring, whereas Halodule beds showed only a trace (< 1 μM). Halodule-dominated beds showed consistently higher levels of sediment H2S compared to Ruppia areas (130 μM vs. 50 μM, respectively, average autumn concentration in top 10 cm). Based on these measurable edaphic differences, growth responses to sediment fertilization with two distinct fertilizer formulations were tested: (1) OsmocoteTM, an ammonium nitrate-based inorganic mixture, and (2) HyponexTM an organic mixture derived from fish meal. Contrasting responses to these two sediment fertilizers were observed. Halodule showed growth stimulation in early autumn by the organic fish meal only, while Ruppia responded to both types of fertilizer in both spring and early autumn. It is postulated that Ruppia normally grows on low-nutrient sediments, whereas Halodule prefers organic-rich sediments with substantial sulfate reduction activity.
Infections and antibiotic use in a community hospital, 1971-1990.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of infections and antibiotic use at a community hospital in 1990 and to compare the results with those from previous surveys in 1971, 1979, and 1984. DESIGN Point prevalence survey. SETTING Community teaching hospital. PATIENTS All hospitalized patients, excluding those on the nursery, psychiatry, and short-stay wards. INTERVENTION Medical records were reviewed and a pertinent physical examination was performed on each patient. RESULTS Overall, 46 (20.1%) of 229 patients had infection in 1990. Community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections were present in 26 (11.4%) and 24 (10.5%) of the patients, respectively. The most common site of community-acquired infection was the deep abdomen in 8 (25.8%) of 32 sites, while hospital-acquired infection most frequently involved the lower respiratory tract in 8 (25.0%) of 32 sites. Antimicrobial agents were being administered to 88 (38.4%) of the patients. Cephalosporins (particularly newer, broad-spectrum agents) were the most frequently used antibiotics, comprising 53 (45.3%) of the 117 total antimicrobial prescriptions. Seven (18.4%) of the 38 antibiotics used for surgical prophylaxis were given for more than 48 hours. Trend analysis revealed no significant changes in the proportions of patients with community-acquired, hospital-acquired, or total infection over the last 20 years (p = .18, p = .12, and p = .07, respectively). While the overall use of antibiotics increased (p less than .001), the administration of prophylactic perioperative antibiotics for greater than 48 hours decreased (p = .009). CONCLUSIONS Despite major shifts in factors associated with an increased risk of infection, the overall prevalences of hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections remained remarkably constant during the last 20 years. Although total antibiotic use increased, the duration of surgical prophylaxis decreased and the pattern of use of therapeutic antibiotics also changed with increased use of broad-spectrum agents.
Reproductive concerns of women treated with radical trachelectomy for cervical cancer.

Abstract Objective To report the reproductive concerns of women treated for stage I cervical cancer with fertility-preserving surgery. Materials and methods Newly diagnosed cervical cancer patients undergoing radical trachelectomy were enrolled in this study preoperatively and assessed over time. Preliminary data from the preoperative analysis and 3-month and 6-month assessment points addressing reproductive concerns are presented. Results Between February 2004 and June 2006, 29 patients were enrolled in the study. Three patients were excluded because they did not undergo the planned surgery and 6 patients were excluded because they required adjuvant therapy. Future childbearing was the main reason most women chose to undergo the procedure; however, treatment choice was also guided by conversations with their doctors (41%, n =12). Twenty-six (90%) initially expressed concern over future conception and childbearing, but this increased to all patients by 6 months. At enrollment, the majority of the patients had high expectations for future conception and childbearing but this declined over time. Despite this, patients' distress gradually decreased over time. Conclusions Our results show that many women who have undergone a radical trachelectomy present with distress and reproductive concerns that persist for up to 6 months postoperatively. Concerns about conception appear to decrease following surgery; however, concerns about pregnancy appear to increase post trachelectomy itself. This pilot study reflects the first preliminary data from an active ongoing study prospectively collecting information over 2 years from newly diagnosed stage I cervical cancer patients undergoing radical trachelectomy.
Finite element costs

Abstract This paper describes an extension to the classical finite element analysis methods. Using the same data inherent in the stiffness matrix, and adding cost parameters as input, a finite element structural analysis program is shown to output cost data. The basic concept is that the material costs are only a fraction of the total costs, which include labor and overhead. It is theorized that the labor and overhead costs may be dominant, and are related to structural complexity and numbers of joints. Two examples are given: a simple four-member truss illustrates the method, and a transmission tower example is offered to demonstrate the principle.
Molecular effects of dopamine on striatal-projection pathways.

Gene regulation studies demonstrate that dopamine differentially regulates the direct and indirect projection neurons of the striatum through their respective expression of the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors. Induction of immediate-early genes (IEGs) in striatal neurons is used to study dopaminereceptor-mediated neuronal plasticity. In the dopamine-depleted striatum there is a switch in receptor-mediated signal transduction mechanisms to produce a supersensitive form of D1- mediated neuronal plasticity. This switch is suggested to underlie dopamine-agonist-induced dyskinetic movements that develop during the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Children as Sexual Objects: Historical and Gender Trends in Magazines:

Trained observers blind to experimental hypotheses rated how often children were depicted sexually in five magazines. Results indicated that children were portrayed sexually in approximately 1.5% o...
A new technique for subtotal (cranial wedge) ostectomy in the treatment of impinging/overriding spinous processes: Description of technique and outcome of 25 cases

Aims To demonstrate that subtotal (cranial wedge) ostectomy represents an effective treatment for overriding spinous processes (SPs), with short surgery time, fewer complications, maintains the contour of the spine, and produces a functionally and cosmetically better outcome than previously reported techniques. Methods A new technique is described and records were retrieved for 25 cases which had undergone the procedure at Newmarket Equine Hospital between 2009 and 2011. Case records were evaluated for anamnesis, clinical findings, and details of surgical and post operative management. Outcome of surgery was assessed by telephone questionnaire with owners, relating to both functional and cosmetic outcome of surgery. Results A total of 78.9% of cases treated using the described technique had resolution of clinical signs and returned to full work, and a further 18.2% were improved. Outcome was unrelated to number of SPs resected or mean radiographic grade of impingement. Cosmetic outcome was described as excellent in 81.8% and good in the remainder. Surgery time ranged from 20 to 70 (median 30) min and there were no intraoperative or post operative complications. Conclusions Previous descriptions of overriding SPs have failed to consider the shape of the SPs, and common site of impingement. As a result, previously reported techniques have been excessively destructive. Additionally, the changing relationships of SPs between standing and recumbent positions complicates surgical procedures when the previously reported technique is employed. Practical significance Based on the above and the presented follow-up data, subtotal (cranial wedge) ostectomy represents a logical and effective treatment for overriding SPs. If performed under general anaesthesia it results in short surgery time, maintains the contour of the spine, has few complications, and produces a functionally and cosmetically better outcome than previously reported nondefined amputation of the dorsal portion of implicated SPs. Ethical animal research Not required by this Congress: retrospective clinical study. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Increased prevalence of light chain monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (LC-MGUS) in first-degree relatives of individuals with multiple myeloma

Previously, we reported increased risk of heavy-chain (HC) monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) among first-degree (1°) relatives of multiple myeloma (MM) or HC-MGUS probands. This study investigated whether there was comparable risk for light-chain (LC) MGUS among 911 relatives of the same HC-MGUS/MM probands versus a reference population of 21,463. Seventeen 1° relatives had LC-MGUS (adjusted prevalence =1.7%, 95% CI=0.9%–2.6%). There was increased risk of LC-MGUS in relatives of MM probands (RR=3.4, 95% CI=2.0–5.5). We saw no increased risk in relatives of HC-MGUS probands. We conclude that the prevalence of LC-MGUS is significantly higher among 1° relatives of MM probands.
Current status, habitat requirements and management of the Larch Mountain salamander Plethodon larselli burns

The Larch Mountain salamander Plethodon larselli is endemic to a narrow corridor along the Columbia River gorge where it occurs within talus slopes in the states of Washington and Oregon. While very little new information has been published on this species since its first description by Burns (1954), its limited range and data indicating that most populations are small and isolated suggest that it is a relict species on the decline. Space analysis of the microhabitat requirements indicates that this plethodon is restricted to steep, wooded talus slopes where the rocks are of small size (1 to 6 cm in length) and there are relatively large amounts of decaying plant material and small quantities of soil. Recently identified additional populations are being or have been severely impacted by a variety of human activities, including extensive removal of gravel from the slopes for road building and maintenance and clear cutting of the overstorey. These environmental alterations appear to damage significantly the salamander's habitat. Therefore, if this species is to survive, appropriate action must be undertaken immediately to protect the remaining habitat.
Fabrication and characterization of electrodeposited antimony telluride crystalline nanowires and nanotubes

Arrays of nanowires and nanotubes of antimony-telluride (Sb2Te3) have been fabricated by an electrodeposition technique. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to characterize the morphology and size of the fabricated Sb2Te3 nanowires and nanotubes. Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy analysis confirmed the composition of the fabricated nanowires and nanotubes. The composition of the nanowires fabricated at a cathodic current density of 10 mA cm−2 and nanotubes fabricated at a cathodic current density of 5.5 mA cm−2 was found to be ∼39% Sb and ∼61% Te (2 : 3 ratio between Sb and Te). The fabricated Sb2Te3 nanowire and nanotube arrays were found to be polycrystalline with no preferred orientation. The average lamellar thickness of the nanowires and nanotube crystallites was determined using the Scherrer equation and found to be ∼36 nm and ∼43 nm, respectively. The measured room temperature Seebeck coefficients for the Sb2Te3 nanowires and nanotubes were +359 µV K−1 and +332 µV K−1, respectively, confirming that the Sb2Te3 nanowires and nanotubes were p-type. The electrical resistance measurements indicated that the resistance of the Sb2Te3 nanowires and nanotubes decreased with increasing temperature, consistent with semiconducting behavior.