cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of inhaled endotoxin-containing bacteria

Abstract Results of a study of pulmonary response-producing mechanisms resulting from the inhalation of endotoxin are reported. A number of experimental variations in challenging unimmunized rabbits with Escherichia coli without envelope antigens was attempted. Changes in arterial blood gases, leukocytes, platelets, and peripheral complement were monitored as indices of inhalation response. When either purified endotoxin or heat-treated E. coli cells were used for a single challenge, consistent elevations in P aO 2 with concurrent depressions in P aCO 2 were noted 4 hr after challenge. Experimental animals also exhibited a leukocytosis 10 min post challenge, which persisted up to 4 hr, but no evidence of fever could be documented. Since occupational exposure to endotoxin-contaminated dusts would involve exposures of varying concentration and duration, a comparison was made between single and dual challenges with the same dose given 24 hr apart, in an effort to see if something analogous to a pulmonary Shwartzman reaction might take place in unimmunized animals. When an aerosol sensitizing dose of E. coli was followed 24 hr later by an intravenous provoking dose of the same cell suspension, marked decreases in P aO 2 occurred within several hours after challenge and continued for up to 8 hr. Moreover, a decline in the number of circulating platelets coincided with the observed depressions of P aO 2 . A portion of the animals died with hemorrhagic lung injury, but in those surviving, P aO 2 values returned to normal within 24 hr. Indomethacin was shown to be effective in inhibiting these changes observed following dual challenge, thus pointing to the role of prostaglandins in the response. These experiments demonstrate that common endotoxin-containing microorganisms may cause pulmonary reactions in at least two ways. The ubiquity of gram-negative organisms allows for possible pulmonary injury in individuals associated with a wide variety of occupational exposures.
Deletions near the N-terminus of HIV-1 Rev reduce RNA binding affinity and dominantly interfere with Rev function irrespective of the RNA target

The contributions of the near N-terminal residues of Rev protein of HIV were investigated by analyzing N-terminal deletions of Rev in the context of a Rev/MS-C fusion protein that can bind and activate both the Rev responsive element (RRE) and the MS2 phage translational operator RNAs. Rev/MS-C fusion proteins deleted for residues 3–19 of Rev retained trans-activation potential for both RRE and MS2 targets. Coincidentally, peptides spanning residues 17–87 or 22–85 were functionally competent for trans-activation of RRE containing HIV-1 gag mRNA. Deletion of residues 18–24 of Rev in the Rev/MS-C fusion protein abolished the activation potential for both RRE and MS2 targets, although this mutant was competent for specific RNA binding, protein multimerization, and nuclear and nucleolar localization. Four mutants dominantly interfering with Rev activation of RRE were mapped near the N-terminus of Rev; (i) between residues 18 and 24, (ii) 25–34, (iii) 43–50, and (iv) 51–60. Of these, the mutant lacking residues 18–24 was a novel trans-dominant inhibitor of Rev and Rev/MS-C for activation of RRE or MS2 RNA, while the oligomerization domain mutants mapping between residues 25–34 or 51–60 inhibited the activation of RRE rather than MS2 RNA.
Direct observation of an ordered step surface reconstruction on Au(111) by scanning tunneling microscopy

Abstract Experiments with a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) are reported which include the first surface topographic images of Au(111), cleaned and annealed in ultrahigh vacuum. The STM system used for this work includes in situ sample manipulation for sample cleaning, annealing and characterization. Topographs with very large atomically flat (111) regions are obtained and no corrugation on the scale of about 0.1 A is observed. Some single atomic steps are observed. Surprisingly, ordered arrays of single steps are observed over a large region. These represent a type of surface reconstruction whose repeat period agrees with values derived from previous LEED, TEM and ion scattering measurements. These results represent the first critical information about the surface topography of the Au(111) surface.
Activation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor is neuroprotective during nitric oxide toxicity in primary hippocampal neurons of rats

Abstract Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) can influence neuronal survival and have been shown to be neuroprotective during glutamate toxicity in retinal cells and in cortical neurons. The mechanisms that mediate protection by this group of receptors are not clear. Since nitric oxide (NO) production can lead to neuronal cell death during excessive glutamate release, we examined whether neuronal survival was directly linked to mGluR activity and the NO pathway. Treatment with the mGluR4 receptor subtype agonist, l -(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, in hippocampal cell cultures protected neurons during NO exposure. Treatment with l -(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid, an antagonist of the mGluR1 receptor subtype and inhibitor of inositool trisphosphate formation, did not significantly alter neuronal survival during NO administration. We conclude that activation of the mGluR4 receptor protects hippocampal neurons from NO toxicity and that the mechanism of NO induced neurodegeneration does not appear to involve inhibition of the mGluR1 receptor subtype activity or the phosphoinositide system.
Alcohol Intoxication Blunts Sympatho‐Adrenal Activation Following Brain Injury

In 46 patients experiencing traumatic brain injury, we studied the interactions of alcohol intoxication and severity of neurologic dysfunction on the resulting sympathetic nervous system activation. Sixty percent of the variation in norepinephrine (p less than 0.0001) and more than 50% of the variation in epinephrine (p less than 0.0001) were due to the initial ethanol concentrations and extent of brain injury assessed by the admission Glasgow Coma Score (GCS). As brain function deteriorated plasma cathecholamines rose (p less than 0.0001), but ethanol qualitatively and quantitatively modified this observation. The magnitude of the sympathetic response to worsening neurologic function was progressively diminished in association with increasing ethanol levels, i.e., the inverse relationship of GCS values with both norepinephrine and epinephrine was flattened. In comatose patients (GCS less than 8) increasing ethanol levels was associated with progressively decreasing norepinephrine and epinephrine responses (p less than 0.04), such that catecholamines were reduced by 80 to 90% at ethanol concentrations approaching 400 mg/dl (87.0 mmol/l). However, the impact of ethanol on the degree of sympathetic nervous system activation depended upon the degree of injury; the apparent ethanol suppression was greatest in patients with the most severe neurologic dysfunction (GCS 3 or 4), but it diminished as neurologic function improved. We conclude that the presence of alcohol appears to modify the rise in catecholamine levels following traumatic brain injury in a dose-dependent manner and alters the relationship between neurologic dysfunction and SNS activation. These alterations may have profound effects on patient morbidity in the immediate post-accident period. Language: en
Pathogenesis of IgE‐mediated food allergy

Food allergy is a prevalent disease for which there is no current treatment beyond careful food avoidance. Accidental exposure to foods causes reactions in allergic individuals that can range in severity from mild skin reactions to severe and life-threatening anaphylaxis, and there are no validated tools to predict severity of reactions. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of food allergy is needed to develop prevention and treatment strategies for food allergy. In the last few years, there have been significant developments in the field of food allergy that have led to new ideas about food allergy prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This review will discuss these recent advances in the food allergy field as well as identify gaps in our knowledge about the immune mechanisms of allergy and tolerance to foods.
PRIMARY ANASTOMOSIS IN EMERGENCY DISTAL COLONIC SURGERY AFTER ON‐TABLE COLONIC LAVAGE

The traditional operative management of emergency distal colon pathology has involved staged procedures, but recently Hartmann's operation has gained popularity. The indications for primary anastomosis without covering colostomy have remained controversial, but the technique of on-table lavage has extended the use of this approach in the acute setting. A series of seven patients having this procedure for diverticular abscess (three), obstructing colonic carcinoma (one), perforating colonic carcinoma (one) and sigmoid volvulus (two) is presented. The saline irrigation is introduced by a Foley catheter inserted via the appendix stump and the effluent is diverted from the proximal colon by anaesthetic scavenger tubing. The lavage is continued until the effluent is clear and anastomosis performed with one-layer interrupted absorbable sutures. There were no deaths in the series; one patient developed a wound infection and average hospitalization was 16 days (range: 6–31 days). Immediate anastomosis in selected cases of emergency distal colonic pathology is thus feasible and safe following on-table colonic lavage.
The impact of infertility and treatment guidelines for couples therapy

Abstract Infertility affects approximately 8–16% of all couples. This common occurrence constitutes a crisis in development for the involved individual, couple, and extended family. This paper presents an overview of the medical, psychological, and relational issues of infertility that are pertinent to the practicing couples and family therapist. Recommendations are presented for the treatment of the individual, couple, and extended family touched by the experience of infertility.
Bisphenol-A: an estrogenic substance is released from polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving

In studies to determine whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced estrogens, the organism was grown in culture media prepared using distilled water autoclaved in polycarbonate flasks. The yeast-conditioned media showed the presence of a substance that competed with [3H]estradiol for binding to estrogen receptors (ER) from rat uterus. However, it soon became clear that the estrogenic substance in the conditioned media was not a product of the yeast grown in culture, but was leached out of the polycarbonate flasks during the autoclaving procedure. [3H]Estradiol displacement activity was monitored by ER RRA, and the active substance was purified from autoclaved medium using a series of HPLC steps. The final purified product was identified as bisphenol-A (BPA) by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. BPA could also be identified in distilled water autoclaved in polycarbonate flasks without the requirement of either the organism or the constituents of the culture medium. Authentic BPA was active in competitive RRAs, demonstrating an affinity approximately 1:2000 that of estradiol for ER. In functional assays, BPA (10-25 nM) induced progesterone receptors in cultured human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) at a potency of approximately 1:5000 compared to that of estradiol. The BPA effect on PR induction was blocked by tamoxifen. In addition, BPA (25 nM) increased the rate of proliferation of MCF-7 cells assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Thus, BPA exhibited estrogenic activity by both RRA and two functional bioresponse assays. Finally, MCF-7 cells grown in media prepared with water autoclaved in polycarbonate exhibited higher progesterone receptor levels than cells.grown in media prepared with water autoclaved in glass, suggesting an estrogenic effect of the water autoclaved in polycarbonate. Our findings raise the possibility that unsuspected estrogenic activity in the form of BPA may have an impact on experiments employing media autoclaved in polycarbonate flasks. It remains to be determined whether BPA derived from consumer products manufactured from polycarbonate could significantly contribute to the pool of estrogenic substances in the environment.
Neural networks for robot navigation

Expert systems and other conventional approaches have proven to be of limited ability in addressing the problem of robot navigation. Recent advances in neural network technology, in particular, powerful learning paradigms and neuro-computer hardware, could provide crucial tools for developing improved algorithms and computational hardware for robot navigation. Several researchers have designed nonlinear controllers using neural networks for precise navigation and positioning of the robotic vehicles around fixed and moving objects. This paper reviews various neural net applications in the areas of robot control. Autonomous land vehicles, and underwater robotic vehicles. The results show the feasibility of using neuro-controllers for these robotic vehicles in the presence of unpredictable changes int eh dynamics of the vehicle and its environment.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Research Resource: Progesterone Receptor Targetome Underlying Mammary Gland Branching Morphogenesis

Progesterone (P4)-activated progesterone receptors (PRs) play an essential role in driving pregnancy-associated mammary ductal side-branching morphogenesis and alveologenesis. However, the global cistromic and transcriptome responses that are required to elicit P4-dependent branching morphogenesis have not been elucidated. By combining chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing to identify genome-wide PR-binding sites in PR-positive luminal epithelial cells with global gene expression signatures acutely regulated by PRs in the mammary gland, we have identified a mammary epithelial PR targetome associated with active P4-dependent branching morphogenesis in vivo. We demonstrate that P4-induced side-branching is initiated by epithelial cell rearrangement into a multilayered epithelium that sprouts laterally from quiescent ducts via a mechanism requiring P4-dependent activation of Rac-GTPase signaling. We identify effectors of Rac-GTPases as direct transcriptional targets of PRs, and we demonstrate that disruption of the P4-activated Rac-GTPase signaling axis is sufficient to eliminate P4-dependent side-branching. Our data reveal that the molecular mediators of P4-dependent ductal side-branching overlap with those implicated in breast cancer.
Guidance and Control of a Computer Vision based Spacecraft Docking System

An innovative approach to automatic "soft" docking of a spacecraft with a space station (or with another spacecraft) is proposed, using a computer vision system where a camera is rigidly fixed to the spacecraft as a position and orientation measurement device. The emphasis in this paper is on the spacecraft guidance and control loops, which make use of position and orientation estimates obtained by the computer vision system. A simple guidance plan provides the desired input commands to keep the camera always pointed at the space station and to perform control of the spacecraft range. Theoretical properties of the control loops, under ideal assumptions, are described. Integration of the computer vision and control loops into a complete docking system and performance analysis of the complete docking system are considered elsewhere.
Functional Analysis of a Cardiac Myosin Rod in Dictyostelium discoideum

Manipulation of the single conventional myosin heavy chain (mhc) gene in Dictyostelium discoideum (Dd) has delineated an essential role for the filament-forming, or light meromyosin (LMM) domain of the myosin molecule in cyto-kinesis, development, and in the capping of cell surface receptors (see Spudich: Cell Regulation 1:1–11, 1989; Egelhoff et al.: Journal of Cell Biology, 112:677–688, 1991a). In order to assess the functional relationship between sarcomeric and cytoplasmic myosins, a chimeric gene encoding the Dd myosin head and subfragment 2 fused to rat β cardiac LMM was transfected into both wild-type and Dd mhc null cells. Chimeric myosin was organized into dense cortical patches in the cytoplasm of both wild-type and Dd mhc null cells. Although null cells expressing chimeric mhc at ∼10% of Dd mhc levels were unable to grow in shaking suspension or to complete development, chimeric myosin was able to rescue capping of cell surface receptors, to associate with filamentous actin, and to localize to the correct subcellular position during aggregation. Deletion of 29 amino acids in the rod corresponding to a previously defined filament assembly competent region eliminated the cortical patches and the posterior localization during chemotaxis. Taken together, these observations suggest that sarcomeric and cytoplasmic myosin rods are functionally interchangeable in several aspects of nonmuscle motility. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“English is like the dollar”: hard currency ideology and the status of English in Peru

This paper presents observations from an agro–pastoral village in the Andes, at the periphery of Lima and from an upper–class shopping area, and discusses attitudes toward the state–driven promotion of English. In these communities, a nearly universal ideology in Peru manifests itself in the belief that “hard currency” cultural capital in the form of English competence is needed for technological advancement, employment opportunities, national progress and international travel. In education, there are increasing but ineffectual investments in public schools and a mushrooming private school industry. The struggle for linguistic distinction generates a low level language war, where colonially rooted anxieties about race and class come into conflict with popular aspirations for social mobility.
Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization signal detection by computing intensity variance along the optical axis

Fluorescence in situ Hybridization technology is a commonly used tool to detect chromosome aberrations, which are often pathologically significant. Since manual FISH analysis is a tedious and time-consuming procedure, reliable and robust automated image acquisition and analysis are in demand. Under high magnification objective lenses such as 60x and 100x, the depth of field will often be too small and the FISH probes may not always lie in the same focal plane. A statistical variance based automated FISH analysis method is developed in order to address this problem. On a stack of slices at consecutive image planes with a step size d, the statistical variance alone the z-axis is calculated to form a 2-D matrix. Since pixels shift dramatically to high intensity at FISH probe location, the probes will manifest high peak values in the matrix. A computer-aided detection scheme based on top-hat transform is applied to the matrix to detect FISH probe signals. This study demonstrates a simple and robust method for FISH probe detection as well as a way of 2- D representation of 3-D data.
Parent-Directed Approaches to Enrich the Early Language Environments of Children Living in Poverty

Children's early language environments are critical for their cognitive development, school readiness, and ultimate educational attainment. Significant disparities exist in these environments, with profound and lasting impacts upon children's ultimate outcomes. Children from backgrounds of low socioeconomic status experience diminished language inputs and enter school at a disadvantage, with disparities persisting throughout their educational careers. Parents are positioned as powerful agents of change in their children's lives, however, and evidence indicates that parent-directed intervention is effective in improving child outcomes. This article explores the efficacy of parent-directed interventions and their potential applicability to the wider educational achievement gap seen in typically developing populations of low socioeconomic status and then describes efforts to develop such interventions with the Thirty Million Words Project and Project ASPIRE (Achieving Superior Parental Involvement for Rehabilitative Excellence) curricula.
Process Evaluation Results From an Environmentally Focused Worksite Weight Management Study

There is currently much interest in exploring environmental approaches to combat weight gain and obesity. This study presents process evaluation results from a workplace-based study that tested two levels of environmentally focused weight management interventions in a manufacturing setting. The moderate treatment featured a set of relatively simple, low-cost environmental modifications designed to facilitate healthy eating and physical activity; the intense treatment added elements intended to actively involve and engage management in program efforts. Fidelity varied across the 11 interventions comprising the two treatment conditions but did not vary systematically by treatment condition (moderate vs. intense). Environmental assessments showed improvements in workplace supports for weight management and significant differences by treatment level. Positive shifts in health climate perceptions also occurred, but sites receiving the intense treatment were not perceived as more supportive by employees. Challenges and limitations associated with environmental interventions are discussed with specific reference to activating management support.
On the projective dimension and the unmixed part of three cubics

Let R be a polynomial ring over a field in an unspecified number of variables. We prove that if J R is an ideal generated by three cubic forms, and the unmixed part of J contains a quadric, then the projective dimension of R/J is at most 4. To this end, we show that if K R is a three-generated ideal of height two and L R an ideal linked to the unmixed part of K, then the projective dimension of R/K is bounded above by the projective dimension of R/L plus one.
The effect of imprinting training on hyperstriatal EEG in young domestic chicks (Gallus domesticus).

Duration of low amplitude (< 50 μV) hyperstriatal EEG activity is both a treatment and stimulus-specific indicator of imprinting training in domestic chicks. Trained birds exhibited sustained EEG arousal in the presence of the imprinted stimulus whereas both they and control birds evinced temporary desynchronization when presented with a strange stimulus. The EEG pattern observed in the chicks was virtually identical to that obtained in domestic turkeys tested under similar conditions.
The Dimension of the Dutch Slave Trade From Western Africa

The Dutch share in the Atlantic slave trade has been assessed largely by means of speculation. This article relies extensively on documents of the Dutch West Indian Companies (WIC), which maintained a dozen or more trading stations on the Guinea Coast, and became the principal agents of the Dutch slaving activities. For approximately 16 years (1630–1795), the Dutch played a substantial role in the Atlantic slave trade. Based on the combined criteria of available documentary evidence and fluctuating techniques of the trade, the Dutch slave trade has been outlined in three successive stages, viz. the monopoly of the first WIC (1630–74), the monopoly of the second WIC (1675–1734), and the free trade period (1735–95). Information on the first period is scarce, leaving much to speculation, but for the years after 1675 a reliable assessment is possible.On the whole, the Dutch share constituted about 10 per cent of the overall Atlantic slave trade. Annual averages (calculated by decades) ranged from less than a thousand to over 6,000 slaves. During selected years in the 1630s and 1640s, the Dutch may have become the single most active slave trading nation, but toward the end of the seventeenth century the Dutch trade stagnated while other nations drastically increased their volume. When the WIC began to relinquish its monopoly of the slave trade (1730), the volume of the Dutch trade increased until it reached its peak during the 1760s and early 1770s. As a result of the American Revolutionary War and the ensuing Anglo-Dutch war, Holland's participation in the slave trade virtually came to a halt. Feeble efforts to revivie the trade in subsequent decades failed as a result of the unstable political situation in Europe following the revolution in France and also due to the movement to suppress the slave trade.
Validating a Measure of Organizational Cultural Competence in Voluntary Child Welfare.

Objective:This research examines the psychometric properties of two subscales of the Association of University Centers on Disabilities (AUCD) Multicultural Council’s Organizational Cultural Competence Assessment, which together have been used to assess organizational cultural competence in child welfare agencies.Method:Confirmatory factor analysis was utilized to analyze data on 478 child welfare workers.Results:Six models were generated based upon the theoretical literature. The best-fitting model was unidimensional (χ2 = 13.18, df = 9, p = .15; root mean square error of approximation = 0.03; comparative fit index = 0.99; Tucker–Lewis Index = 0.99).Discussion and applications to social work:Factors that are more proximal to client interaction were stronger indicators of organizational cultural competence than those that were more distal. Those wishing to examine organizational cultural competence in voluntary child welfare settings should consider using the validated form of the AUCD instrument.
What Do Preservice Teachers Learn in an Inquiry-Based Science Methods Course?.

This study investigated how early childhood education (ECE) (PreK-3) preservice teachers’ ideas about science education change as a result of implementing an inquiry-based curriculum within an ECE science methods course (ten-week quarter). Fifty-two preservice teachers, including 50 females and 2 males, with 2 members of an ethnic minority group were part of the study. The preservice teachers’ knowledge and undertanding of how to implement inquiry learning deepened over the tenweek period. The preservice teachers seemed to gain some confidence in implementing inquiry learning. Preservice teachers need to have focused science teaching time with primary students to strengthen and support their confidence, attitudes, and abilities to implement inquiry learning. Also, support for inquiry learning must come from K-12 educators as well as arts and science faculty, as this is where preservice teachers can develop substantive content knowledge within authentic science learning experiences.
A New Argument For Intrinsic Biological Essentialism

Intrinsic biological essentialism (INBE) is the view that biological taxa have fixed identity conditions, conditions which consist at least in part of intrinsic properties. After a long period of near universal rejection within both philosophy of biology and theoretical biology, INBE is making a comeback. Here I attempt to support this revival by clarifying the nature of INBE, developing a new argument on its behalf, and addressing an important anti-essentialist critique.
Practical strategies to improve treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: The purpose of this review was to document the need for, barriers to, and available treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes, with a focus on modern insulins and delivery systems. Data sources: Extensive review of the scientific literature was carried out, concentrating on data supporting the need for tight glycemic control, and efficacy and safety data on oral antidiabetes agents, insulins (particularly insulin analog therapies), incretins, and insulin delivery devices. Conclusions: Nurse practitioners and other clinicians need to be aware of the urgent need to help patients optimize glycemic control using therapies that can bring blood glucose levels within the target range throughout the day. Choice of therapy must take into account anticipated hemoglobin A1c decrease, tolerability, effect on comorbid conditions, and cost. As diabetes progresses, insulin is the only hypoglycemic agent with unlimited potential to lower blood glucose; earlier initiation of insulin therapy can help many patients achieve glucose targets more rapidly and provide symptomatic relief. Modern insulins and related therapies in conjunction with innovative delivery devices, appropriate counseling, and patient education can help overcome many barriers to insulin therapy. Implications for practice: The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate. More aggressive treatment, based on the pathophysiology of the disease, is necessary and should include greater attention to control both fasting and postmeal glucose excursions, as well as earlier introduction of insulin therapy that is both effective and acceptable to patients. The educated use of oral antidiabetes agents, modern insulin analogs, incretin agents, and innovative delivery devices can help many patients achieve blood glucose targets in a scientifically logical manner that takes into account a patient’s lifestyle needs.
Principles for the evaluation and management of shoulder instability.

During use of the normal shoulder, the humeral head is centered within the glenoid and the coracoacromial arch. When the shoulder cannot maintain this centered position during use, it is unstable. An unstable shoulder prevents normal function of the upper extremity. Shoulder instability is not the same as joint laxity. Joint laxity is a property of normal joints and allows the shoulder to attain its full range of functional positions. The concavity of the glenoid and the coracoacromial arch along with the passive and active forces that press the humeral head into the glenoid and the coracoacromial arch maintain the head in its centered position. This concavity-compression mechanism is dependent on the integrity of the glenoid and the coracoacromial arch, muscular compression, and restraining ligaments of the shoulder. Loss of any of these elements due to developmental, degenerative, traumatic, or iatrogenic factors may compromise the ability of the shoulder to center the humeral head in the glenoid. The questions to answer during an evaluation of a patient with suspected instability are: (1) Is the problem in the glenohumeral joint? (2) Is the problem one of failure to maintain the humeral head in its centered position? (3) What mechanical factors are contributing to this instability? (4) Are the identified mechanical factors amenable to surgical repair or reconstruction? This evaluation is based primarily on a carefully elicited history, a physical examination of the stability mechanics, and plain radiographs. If more complex imaging methods are needed to discover subtle or “occult” instability, the condition is often not responsive to surgical correction. For surgical treatment of glenohumeral instability to be appropriate, the instability must be attributable to mechanical factors that can be modified by surgery. The causes may be deficiencies of the glenoid concavity, deficiencies in the muscles that compress the head into the …
Irrigation and debridement for periprosthetic infections of the hip and factors determining outcome

Our purpose was to identify the success rate and factors predicting outcome of irrigation and debridement (ID mean age 64.9 years) were identified. Mean follow-up was 59 months (range, 12–168). The implants were retained in 42 patients (70%). Failure of I&D treatment correlated with duration of symptoms >five days (p five days, isolation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and obesity should be taken into consideration in pre-operative decision making.
High speed scientific data transfers using software defined networking

The massive data volumes acquired, simulated, processed and analyzed by globally distributed scientific collaborations continue to grow exponentially. One leading example is the LHC program, now at the start of its second three year data taking cycle, searching for new particles and interactions in a previously inaccessible range of energies, which has experienced a 70% growth in peak data transfer rates over the last 12 months alone. Other major science programs such as LSST and SKA, and other disciplines ranging from earth observation to genomics, are expected to have similar or great needs than the LHC program within the next decade. The development of new methods for fast, efficient and reliable data transfers over national and global distances, and a new generation of intelligent, software-driven networks capable of supporting multiple science programs with diverse needs for high volume and/or real-time data delivery, are essential if these programs are to continue to progress, and meet their goals. In this paper we describe activities of the Caltech High Energy Physics team and collaborators, related to the use Software Defined Networking to help achieve fast and efficient data distribution and access. Results from Supercomputing 2014 are presented together with our work on the Advanced Network Services for the Experiments project, and a new project developing a Next Generation Integrated SDN Architecture, as well as our plans for Supercomputing 2015.
A Framework for Multilateral Manipulation in Surgical Tasks

In robot-assisted surgery, exploration and manipulation tasks can be achieved through collaboration among robotic and human agents. Collaboration models can potentially include multiple agents working towards a shared objective—a scenario referred to as multilateral manipulation. We present a flexible software framework to expedite development of various multilateral manipulation strategies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of an implementation of the framework in a palpation task. Five different collaboration models were tested in which the goal of the multilateral manipulation system is to segment a stiff inclusion from its surrounding soft tissue: three of these collaboration models used machine learning methods for segmentation, and two required human operator segmentation. The collaboration models tested were: 1) fully autonomous exploration of the tissue; 2) shared control between a human and robotic agent; 3) supervised control where the operator dictates commands to the robot; 4) traded control between the two agents; and 5) bilateral teleoperation. Results indicate tradeoffs in sensitivity, maximum force applied, safety implications, and duration of experiment among the five models.
Republic of Armenia, Draft Law on Financial Ombudsman: Desktop Review

Ombudsman schemes for the protection of consumer rights are present in many countries, particularly in the area of European financial services. One of their primary objectives is to reduce legal costs for both the consumer and the regulated industries when a dispute arises between the parties. Ombudsman schemes can also result in decisions being made more quickly, either through mediation conducted by the ombudsman or through a decision made by the ombudsman after reviewing the case. Moreover, as the office of ombudsman develops experience in various subject areas, decisions can be well-informed, consistent, proportionate, and fair to both parties. This can be more efficient than case-by-case decision making in courts of general jurisdiction.Although the EU has not enacted binding legislation harmonizing the various ombudsman schemes in its Member States, there has been an effort to set forth the basic principles that such schemes should include. In 1998, the EU Commission issued Recommendation 98/257/EC “on the principles applicable to the bodies responsible for out-of-court settlement of consumer disputes.” This paper reviews the draft law of Armenia on consumer ombudsmen in light of the EU standards and concludes that several modifications should be made to conform to EU norms.
The Stability of Mental Test Performance Between two and Eighteen Years

(1948). The Stability of Mental Test Performance Between two and Eighteen Years. The Journal of Experimental Education: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 309-324.
Connective Tissue VII. Changes in Protein and Hexosamine Content of Bone and Cartilage of Rats at Different Ages.

Summary1. Proteins of bone and cartilage from skull, femur, rib and vertebrae of female rats, Wistar strain, age 5 weeks and 2 1/2 years, respectively, were fractionated into TCA supernatant of base soluble protein, nonscleroprotein, soluble collagen, insoluble collagen, glycoprotein and elastin. 2. With an increase in age, there was a decrease of protein and hexosamine in TCA supernatant of base soluble protein, nonscleroprotein and soluble collagen of both bone and cartilage. 3. The amount of insoluble collagen in skull, femur and rib did not change with age; in vertebrae it increased and in cartilage, it decreased. 4. Certain glycoproteins, not present in the connective tissues studied, other than bone and cartilage, decreased in bone and increased in costal cartilage wtih increasing age.
Identification of Ground Beetle Larvae Found in Cropland in South Dakota

The shape of the apical margin of the frontal piece of the head capsule is a good character for quickly identifying larvae of Carabidae commonly found in South Dakota cropland. This structure varies little between specimens or larval stages of a given species. Other features of the head capsule serve as confirming characters.
Program Implementation Approaches to Build and Sustain Health Care Coordination for Type 2 Diabetes

Background: As more people enter the U.S. health care system under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), it is increasingly critical to deliver coordinated, high-quality health care. The ACA supports impl...
Drug allergy and Hymenoptera sensitivity.

Adverse reactions to drugs (ADRs) represent the majority of illnesses due to physician intervention. Surveys of hospitalized (medical) patients yield an ADR prevalence of 6% to 15%. ADRs are complicated by the frequent use of nonprescription drugs and by multiple drug prescribing. Allergic drug reactions probably account for only 6% to 10% of all ADRs. Allergy to drugs may affect 5% of the population; 15% categorize themselves as drug allergic. ADR may be characterized as predictable (80%) or unpredictable. Predictable reactions include (1) overdose or toxicity, (2) side effect, (3) secondary or indirect effects, and (4) drug interactions. The most serious ADRs are toxic. Side effects represent the most frequent ADR and may be unavoidable at pharmacologic doses. Delayed side effects include carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Secondary/indirect effects include consequences of the pharmacologic action of the drug that are not universal. Drug interactions are common due to frequent prescribing of multiple drugs. Unpredictable ADRs include (1) intolerance (lowered threshold to normal pharmacologic actions), (2) idiosyncrasy (a qualitatively unusual, nonimmunologic reaction to normal pharmacologic doses in susceptible individuals; these may be genetically determined defects, such as hemolytic anemia associated with G6PD/primaquine), (3) pseudoallergic reactions (similar clinical manifestations and often similar pathogenic mechanisms to allergic reactions), and (4) allergic reactions (reaction between a drug and antibodies or sensitized T cells). For a drug to be immunogenic, it must either be a complete antigen (insulin or foreign antiserum) or, more commonly, a hapten-protein complex. All usual immunologic mechanisms may be seen in ADRs. Drugs may produce pseudoallergic reactions that often use a nonimmunologic mechanism to activate common inflammatory pathways.
Toward the development of hedonic-utilitarian measures of retail service

Abstract There has been considerable research in the area of hedonic and utilitarian values derived from the shopping experience, but a paucity of research focused specifically on values related to the service expected and delivered in this context. The purpose of this exploratory research was to develop an initial factor structure related to hedonic and utilitarian service dimensions as a first step in a scale development process. Factor structure was analyzed across four different product categories and two shopping dimensions. The results reveal that hedonic and utilitarian value exists for the overall retail service experience, for retail service across different types of product/category choices and also for shoppers on each end of the more holistic hedonic-utilitarian value continuum for the activity of shopping.
From Student to Worker

The transition from adolescence to adulthood in Western societies is marked by many changes. Young people leave school, enter the labor force, move out of the parental home, marry, and establish their own families of procreation. These changes are often interdependent; young people simultaneously follow “interlocking careers” [12]. A change in one domain often affects the likelihood of a change in another domain. The focus of this chapter, however, is limited to the part of the adolescence-to-adulthood transition involving leaving school and entering the labor force.
Propagating Cortical Waves May Underlie Illusory Motion Perception.

Motion-inducing illusions can reveal basic mechanisms of motion processing by separating the contributions of local versus global mechanisms within the motion detection hierarchy. In studies of animals ([Conway et al., 2005][1]; [Tuthill et al., 2011][2]) and humans ([Seghier and Vuilleumier, 2006][
Transformation to Inducible Pluripotent Stem Cells

Since the discovery of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in 1981, they have been used as a gold standard for stem cell therapy. However, the generation of ESCs requires the destruction of an embryo, making the use of these cells ethically controversial. ESC therapy is also hampered by immune rejection of ESC-derived allografts. In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka and colleagues developed an innovative protocol whereby somatic cells could be reprogrammed and dedifferentiated into a pluripotent state by transduction of four transcription factors, providing scientists with an alternative to overcome the ethical and immune rejection issues posed by ESCs. Since the breakthrough, numerous groups have developed various protocols to generate these induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, the original protocol used to generate iPSCs involves the use of retrovirus, which can lead to genomic integration of virus genome into the host genome and can be a potential obstacle for future clinical translation of iPSC-based regenerative medicine. Recent rapid development of this field has introduced modified protocols to generate iPSCs using non-integrative techniques with increasing efficiency. These new developments have brought us one step closer to developing a safe and efficient method to reprogram cells for clinical use and shall be discussed in this chapter.
Do teaching assistants matter? Investigating relationships between teaching assistants and student outcomes in undergraduate science laboratory classes

This study explores the relationship between teaching assistants (TAs) and student learning in undergraduate science laboratory classes. TAs typically instruct laboratory courses, yet little, if any, research examines professional development (PD) for TAs or relationships between instructors and students in laboratory settings. The use of undergraduate TAs (UTAs) in the same manner as graduate TAs (GTAs) in inquiry-based lab settings has yet to be explored. This quantitative study explored how TAs’ content knowledge, beliefs about teaching, and teaching confidence change as a result of PD and how TAs’ prior experience, UTA/GTA status, content knowledge, beliefs, and teaching confidence relates to students’ content knowledge learning in an inquiry-based general chemistry laboratory. Participants included 14 GTAs, 5 UTAs, and their 529 students at a public university. PD supported TAs to lead inquiry-based general chemistry laboratory classes, involving a week-long workshop and 14 weekly follow-up meetings. Results demonstrate that TAs’ content knowledge improved following PD and teaching, t(18) = −3.62, p = 0.002, and students’ content knowledge significantly improved across the semester, t(528) = −36.27, p = 0.000, dCohen = 1.3. Further, TAs with higher content knowledge post-PD tended to have students with higher end-of-semester content (r = 0.517, p = 0.000). No differences existed between UTAs or GTAs on any TA characteristic or student outcome measure. Using a hierarchical linear regression model, student post-semester content knowledge was predicted by student demographics; however, no TA characteristics or demographics were significant predictors of student content knowledge. Students who perceived their TA as more supportive also believed they learned more content (r = 0.280, p =0.000). Thus, UTAs can be used in lieu of GTAs in our inquiry-based general chemistry laboratory context and could be a possible alternative for TA instructors at other universities. Continued work examining TA PD, TA characteristics, TA practice, and student learning in inquiry-based laboratory contexts is warranted. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54: 463–492, 2017
Random Fractal Time Series and the Teen-Birth Phenomenon

The number of babies born to teenagers ranging in ages from 10 to 19 in the state of Texas during the years 1964 to 1990 is not strictly regular, but has both a systematic and random component. Herein we use the relative dispersion, the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean of a time series, to show by systematically aggregating the teen-birth data, that the correlation in the number of teen births is a modulated inverse power law. This scaling of the aggregated relative dispersion indicates the existence of long-time memory in the underlying control process and that the social process leading to teen pregnancy and having a baby are random, fractal and nonlinear. It is shown that this statistical behavior is the same as that observed in other sexual partner selection processes. We discuss the possible allometric nature of time series having such an inverse power-law character, and the implications of such memory for the properties of social control systems.
Decision mechanisms underlying mood-congruent emotional classification.

There is great interest in understanding whether and how mood influences affective processing. Results in the literature have been mixed: some studies show mood-congruent processing but others do n...
Gait Speed and Survival in Patients With Brain Metastases.

Abstract Context Accurate estimation of life expectancy in patients with brain metastases is critical for counseling and choosing appropriate therapy. Performance status is the single greatest determinant of overall survival in this population. However, current measures of performance status are subjective and often based on brief clinical encounters. Gait speed is an objective, reliable predictor of overall health and survival. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between gait speed and survival in patients with brain metastases. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients with documented gait speed and Karnofsky performance status seen in consultation for newly diagnosed brain metastases from 2014 to 2015. Gait speed was measured during neurological examination over 4 m at normal pace. Graded prognostic assessment scores were calculated from clinical information. The primary outcomes were overall survival and 30-day mortality. Results Eighty-five of 88 patients (97%) met inclusion criteria. Overall, the median gait speed was 0.7 m/s (range 0–1.0 m/s). Gait speed was associated with increased overall survival in addition to graded prognostic assessment score. Median survival was longer in patients with normal gait speed (>0.6 m/s, 11.9 months) compared to those with slow gait speed (≤0.6 m/s, 4.5 months, P P Conclusion Gait speed is associated with overall survival in patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. Gait speed assessment is simple, objective, and may provide additional prognostic information to improve life expectancy estimation and management decisions.