cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Police Legal Advisors in the USA: Past, Present, and Future

Over the last three decades police work has become very complex due to continuous change in criminal law, social change, and an increased demand for police accountability and professionalism. In re...
Aging Adults With Intellectual Disabilities

Increasing age is but one of manyfactors associated with disparities in health accessandoutcomes,alongwithsex,nonwhiterace,lowersocio-economic status, geographic proximity to health profes-sionals,andhavingadisability.Moreover,withinthepopu-lation of those with disabilities, persons with intellectualdisabilities (ID) are further disadvantaged.
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements on a Delta Wing with Periodic Forcing

The mechanism by which periodic blowing and suction improves lift and increases stall angle of a 70-deg sweep delta wing is investigated in water tunnel experiments using particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Periodic sinusoidal blowing and suction with zero net mass flux is applied at the leading edge of the wing, normal to the edge and in the plane of the wing. The experiments were conducted at a root chord Reynolds number of 4 × 10 4 . Other parameters were an angle of attack of 35 deg, a forcing frequency of F + = 1.75 and a momentum coefficient cµ of 0.004. The two main vortices that dominate the unforced flowfield are stationary without forcing. With forcing, however, the vortex centers travel both in spanwise and wing normal directions along an elliptic path. The streamwise location of the vortex breakdown is not changed as determined by measurements of the streamwise vorticity component. Instead, the forcing increases the axial velocity downstream of the vortex breakdown location, thus decreasing surface pressure and increasing normal force. This effect is attributed to the formation of a shear layer vortex during the blowing cycle, which carries high momentum fluid into the wake left downstream of the main vortex breakdown.
Chemokines and leukocyte trafficking in rheumatoid arthritis

Leukocyte infiltration into the joint space and tissues is an essential component of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking into the synovium, focusing on the role of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors in synovial autoimmune inflammation. The process by which a circulating leukocyte decides to migrate into the synovium is highly regulated and involves the capture, firm adhesion, and transmigration of cells across the endothelial monolayer. Adhesion molecules and chemokine signals function in concert to mediate this process and to organize leukocytes into distinct structures within the synovium. Chemokines play a key regulatory role in organ-specific leukocyte trafficking and activation by affecting integrin activation, chemotaxis, effector cell function, and cell survival. Consequently, chemokines, their receptors, and downstream signal transduction molecules are attractive therapeutic targets for RA.
VLSI-compatible carbon nanotube doping technique with low work-function metal oxides

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have great potential to become the channel material for future high-speed transistor technology. However, as-made carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs) are p-type in ambient, and a consistent and reproducible n-type carbon nanotube (CNT) doping technique has yet to be realized. In addition, for very large scale integration (VLSI) of CNT transistors, it is imperative to use a solid-state method that can be applied on the wafer scale. Herein we present a novel, VLSI-compatible doping technique to fabricate n-type CNT transistors using low work-function metal oxides as gate dielectrics. Using this technique we demonstrate wafer-scale, aligned CNT transistors with yttrium oxide (Y2Ox) gate dielectrics that exhibit n-type behavior with Ion/Ioff of 10(6) and inverse subthreshold slope of 95 mV/dec. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses confirm that slow (∼1 A/s) evaporation of yttrium on the CNTs can form a smooth surface that provides excellent wetting to CNTs. Further analysis of the yttrium oxide gate dielectric using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques revealed that partially oxidized elemental yttrium content increases underneath the surface where it acts as a reducing agent on nanotubes by donating electrons that gives rise to n-type doping in CNTs. We further confirm the mechanism for this technique with other low work-function metals such as lanthanum (La), erbium (Er), and scandium (Sc) which also provide similar CNT NFET behavior after transistor fabrication. This study paves the way to exploiting a wide range of materials for an effective n-type carbon nanotube transistor for a complementary (p- and n-type) transistor technology.
Chemotherapy for Treatment of Choroidal Metastases from Breast Carcinoma

Of 15 patients with choroidal metastases from breast carcinoma, eight were treated with radiation therapy and six with chemotherapy. One patient received both. Although five of the six patients receiving chemotherapy died after an average follow-up period of 12 months, these patients generally had more widespread disease and a worse prognosis originally. Chemotherapy proved to be as effective as radiation therapy for this tumor.
A Triode Useful to 10,000 Mc

A small receiving tube having a noise figure of 7 db at 1,200 mc has been developed. Experimental tubes of this type may be precisely assembled using low-loss materials. An exhaust temperature of 800 degrees C. is practicable, and the tube can be made small enough to make possible operation up to 10,000 mc.
How Might Yoga Help Depression? A Neurobiological Perspective

Depression is a prevalent mental health condition worldwide and is the leading cause of disability in adults under the age of 45. Most individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) report only a 50% decrease in symptoms with the use of the standard allopathic treatments for depression. The mechanisms underlying depression remain poorly understood even though stress and its correlates contribute to multiple aspects of the phenomenology of depression. Thus, stress and depression are clearly linked, as stress may precipitate or exacerbate depressive symptoms and depression may be a cause and/or outcome of acute or chronic stress. Therefore, use of additional therapeutic approaches to address stress and depression, such as complementary therapies including yoga, may contribute importantly to symptom reduction. Based on an emerging picture of how stress and mood are regulated within the nervous system, and considering the Executive Homeostatic Network concept that we have recently advanced, we provide an integrative overview of biological mechanisms and substrates that may mediate depression, which should be targets for research to evaluate how the practice of yoga can mitigate depressive symptomatology.
Frustrated magnetic interactions, giant magneto–elastic coupling, and magnetic phonons in iron–pnictides

Abstract We present a detailed first-principles study of Fe-pnictides with particular emphasis on competing magnetic interactions, structural phase transition, giant magneto–elastic coupling and its effect on phonons. The exchange interactions J i , j ( R ) are calculated up to ≈12 A from two different approaches based on direct spin-flip and infinitesimal spin-rotation. We find that J i , j ( R ) has an oscillatory character with an envelop decaying as 1/ R 3 along the stripe-direction while it is very short range along the diagonal direction and antiferromagnetic. A brief discussion of the neutron scattering determination of these exchange constants from a single crystal sample with orthorhombic-twinning is given. The lattice parameter dependence of the exchange constants, dJ i , j / da are calculated for a simple spin-Peierls like model to explain the fine details of the tetragonal–orthorhombic phase transition. We then discuss giant magneto–elastic effects in these systems. We show that when the Fe-spin is turned off the optimized c -values are shorter than experimental values by 1.4 A for CaFe 2 As 2 , by 0.4 A for BaFe 2 As 2 , and by 0.13 A for LaOFeAs. We explain this strange behavior by unraveling surprisingly strong interactions between arsenic ions, the strength of which is controlled by the Fe-spin state through Fe–As hybridization. Reducing the Fe-magnetic moment, weakens the Fe–As bonding, and in turn, increases As–As interactions, causing a giant reduction in the c -axis. These findings also explain why the Fe-moment is so tightly coupled to the As-z position. Finally, we show that Fe-spin is also required to obtain the right phonon energies, in particular As c-polarized and Fe–Fe in-plane modes that have been recently observed by inelastic X-ray and neutron scattering but cannot be explained based on non-magnetic phonon calculations. Since treating iron as magnetic ion always gives much better results than non-magnetic ones and since there is no large c -axis reduction during the normal to superconducting phase transition, the iron magnetic moment should be present in Fe-pnictides at all times. We discuss the implications of our results on the mechanism of superconductivity in these fascinating Fe-pnictide systems.
The adsorption of atomic hydrogen on tellurium and formation of H2Te

Abstract The adsorption of hydrogen on a polycrystalline tellurium surface has been studied with temperature programmed desorption. Atomic hydrogen adsorbs on a tellurium surface and reacts to form H 2 Te. Molecular hydrogen, in contrast, does not adsorb or react with tellurium at temperatures down to 80 K. When a tellurium surface which has been exposed to atomic hydrogen is heated, two desorption products are observed, H 2 and H 2 Te. The H 2 Te desorbs in three peaks at 130, 150, and 270 K. The H 2 desorbs in two peaks at 150 and 270 K. The desorption peaks at 270 K for both H 2 and H 2 Te are unusually broad with a half-width of 80 K, and standard kinetic analysis of these peaks yields unusual desorption parameters. Overall, the adsorption of hydrogen on tellurium is similar to hydrogen adsorption on other covalent solids and differs in several respects from hydrogen adsorbed on metal surfaces.
Memory for the frequency of occurrence of karate techniques: A comparison of experts and novices

Karate techniques were presented in a pattern to a group of karate students, half experts and half novices. The frequency with which these techniques appeared varied from 0 through 11. The experts and novices did not differ in the accuracy with which they judged the frequency of the techniques, but the experts showed a significant advantage over the novices in recalling the techniques. The results indicate that memory for the frequency of observed actions is not affected by subject variables such as prior knowledge, a finding consistent with the conclusion that memory for frequency is based on automatic processes.
Correlation among aortic stiffness, LV scar volume and diastolic dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a cardiac MRI study

Methods Velocity encoded MRI was performed in 80 HCM and 35 normal control subjects. PWV was determined between the mid ascending and descending thoracic aorta. Delayed enhancement MRI was acquired for identification of myocardial fibrosis. Quantitative analysis of the scar was performed using advanced software package (Philips, The Netherlands). LV mass was evaluated by drawing endocardial and epicardial contours in cine-SSFP images. Diastolic function and LVOT gradients were evaluated by echocardiography. Diastolic function was graded from 03 and LVOT gradient was significant if > 30 mm Hg.
Effect of ketorolac, ketoprofen and nefopam on platelet function

Ketorolac, ketoprofen and nefopam are often used in the treatment of postoperative pain. While nefopam is a non-narcotic, non-opioid central analgesic agent, ketorolac and ketoprofen are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which, due to their prostaglandin-synthetase inhibiting activity, have antiplatelet effects. In this study we investigated the effect of ketorolac, ketoprofen and nefopam on platelet function by performing bleeding time and in vitro platelet aggregation in 30 healthy volunteers (10 for each treatment) before and 3 h after drug administration. Nefopam did not affect bleeding time and platelet aggregation, while ketorolac and ketoprofen significantly prolonged bleeding time without significantly inhibiting platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate. The prolongation of bleeding time observed after ketorolac and ketoprofen may have clinical relevance and suggests that nefopam could be more safely administered for the treatment of postoperative pain, especially in patients with haemostatic defects or after high bleeding risk surgery.
Hot isostatic pressing of niobium carbide

The mechanical properties of the transition metal carbides have made them technologically significant for many years. Among the studies on fabrication procedures only a miner percentage has been involved with sintering in the absence of sizable amounts of liquid place. A relatively new process for fabricating ceramic components form powders is hot isostatic pressing. This process was used in the present work to prepare dense NbCsub(x) material. Details of the extensive procedures used to produce the samples for the hot isostatic pressing as well as the results of the reached densities, microstructure and purity are given.
Serum Creatine Kinase MB Isoenzyme Activity in Long-term Hemodialysis Patients

Serum creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) activity was determined in 46 male long-term hemodialysis patients without evidence of myocardial infarction. Thirteen (28.3%) showed mild elevations. The abnormality persisted in seven of eight patients on repeated measurement at three- to eight-month intervals. There was a significant correlation between serum CK-MB and CK-MN activity, and the activity of both enzymes rose after intramuscular injection. The reason for the abnormality is not known. It is possible that skeletal muscle is the source of elevated enzyme activity. Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of serum CK-MB activity in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in this patient population.
An absorption model consistent with elastic unitarity

Abstract An absorption model consistent with elastic unitarity is proposed for two-body and quasi-two-body productions in high-energy hadron collisions. A comparison between the theoretical results and a representative set of experimental results is presented.
The Kallars: A Tamil “criminal tribe” reconsidered

(1978). The Kallars: A Tamil “criminal tribe” reconsidered. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 38-51.
Dependence of Photosynthetic Electron-Transfer Kinetics on Temperature and Energy in a Density-Matrix Model†

We use a multidimensional density-matrix model to explore the temperature dependence of electron transfer from the excited singlet state of the primary electron donor (P*) to the neighboring bacteriochlorophyll (B A ) in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers. This reaction, which has the unusual property of increasing in rate with decreasing temperature, occurs too rapidly to be treated reliably by approaches that assume thermal equilibration of the vibrational levels of the reactant electronic state. In the density-matrix treatment, the frequencies and displacements of the vibrational modes that are coupled to electron transfer, and the microscopic time constants for transitions between different vibrational states, are obtained from molecular-dynamics simulations by the dispersed-polaron (spin-boson) approach. The electron-transfer dynamics are simulated by integrating the stochastic Liouville equation following excitation of the system with a short pulse of light. In this model, the increase in the rate with decreasing temperature depends strongly on the fact that electron transfer occurs more rapidly than vibrational thermalization. The high rate of electron transfer also affects the dependence of the kinetics on the energy difference between the reactant and product electronic states (ΔE°), making the optimal value of -AE° smaller than the reorganization energy. This interesting effect can be rationalized qualitatively in simple semiclassical and quantum mechanical models.
Use of the alkenone unsaturation ratio U37k to determine past sea surface temperatures: core-top SST calibrations and methodology considerations

Abstract A new technique for determining sea surface temperatures (SST), based on the unsaturation ratio, U37k, of long chain C37 methyl alkenones produced by the phytoplankton Prymnesiophyceae, has previously been shown by other researchers to have a linear response with temperature in culture and water column studies, and a good correlation with δ18O over ∼ 100,000 years in a core from the east Equatorial Atlantic. These results indicate this technique has potential for determining paleo-SST in marine sediments. In order to apply U37k rigorously and quantitatively in sediments for paleotemperature estimations, we have calibrated the method in sediments and evaluated how well the alkenone's temperature signal is preserved under some common conditions of deposition and sample handling, i.e. the effects on these compounds of dissolution of sedimentary carbonates, and storage and sampling. Comparison of U37k in duplicate samples collected and stored frozen versus those stored at room temperature for up to four years shows no significant differences. Carbonate dissolution which renders foraminifera-based techniques unusable or unreliable show no effect on U37k values in laboratory experiments. Initial field results support this, but more studies are necessary. The U37k “thermometer” was calibrated by analyzing U37k in core-tops from widely varying open ocean sites. Sediment values of U37k reflected overlying SST, with the results falling on the same regression line for culture and water column samples of Prahl and Wakeham [1], indicating that their equation (U37k = 0.033 T + 0.043) is suitable for use in converting U37k values in sediments to overlying warm season SST. Neither a wide range of productivity nor lowered salinity of the overlying waters appears to affect U37k accuracy. With a calibration for sediments, the U37k method can begin to be quantitatively applied down core to open ocean sediments for paleotemperature estimations of the late Quaternary.
Effects of a Simulation Game upon Tolerance for Ambiguity, Dogmatism, and Risk Taking

Summary Eighty-four male and female undergraduate educational psychology students comprising three intact classes participated in an investigation of the effect of the BaFa BaFa cross-cultural simulation game. One randomly selected class served as the control, the other two as the experimental groups. Pre, post, and across group comparisons were made on tolerance for ambiguity, dogmatism, and risk-taking preferences. Significant increases in tolerance for ambiguity and significant decreases in dogmatism were noted in the experimental groups. No significant changes were observed in experimental group risk-taking preferences. Across group comparisons revealed that there were no differences between the experimental and control groups prior to the simulation, but after the simulation the experimental group had significantly higher tolerance for ambiguity scores and significantly lower dogmatism scores than the control group. No significant differences were observed between groups on the risk-taking measure.
Effect of water vapor on sound absorption in nitrogen at low frequency/pressure ratios

Sound absorption measurements were made in N2-H2O binary mixtures at 297 K over the frequency/pressure range f/P of 0.1-2500 Hz/atm to investigate the vibrational relaxation peak of N2 and its location on f/P axis as a function of humidity. At low humidities the best fit to a linear relationship between the f/P(max) and humidity yields an intercept of 0.013 Hz/atm and a slope of 20,000 Hz/atm-mole fraction. The reaction rate constants derived from this model are lower than those obtained from the extrapolation of previous high-temperature data.
A Web services-based universal approach to heterogeneous fault databases

QuakeSim is a Web browser-based problem-solving environment that provides a set of links between newly available resources from NASA's Earth-observing systems, high-performance simulations, automated data mining, and more traditional tools. It's the first Web services-based, interoperable environment for creating large-scale forward models of earthquake processes. A Web services-based portal provides global access to geologic reference models of faults and fault data, simple analysis tools, new parallel forward models, and visualization support. QuakeTables, a database system for handling both real and simulated data, provides input for earthquake simulation tools using fault data. Later, it will include other types of earthquake data as well. This article describes our Web-based universal approach to heterogeneous earthquake databases using QuakeTables to demonstrate the design, development, and implementation challenges of incorporating solid earth science data sets in high-performance computing simulations.
Mining p53 binding sites using profile hidden Markov model

Hidden Markov model has been successfully applied to bacterial gene finders and mRNA splicing modeling. Using a set of observing DNA sequences, HMM is derived for homologous search. In this paper we develop profile HMM in detecting p53, a tumor suppressor, binding sites along genes. Without assuming the constant number of nucleotides in p53 binding site, profile HMM and viterbi algorithms are designed to detect the embedded p53 binding sites from the promoter genes chosen from GenBank. The p53 regulated genes containing either single or multiple p53 binding sites distributed as clusters can be identified and classified into 7 functional groups including cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, signaling transduction, transcriptional factor, stress response, tumor suppressor, and oncogen.
Maintenance of optical quality during crystalline lens growth

Vertebrate lenses grow throughout life by the division of cells at the lens surface. The fibre cells thus produced are gradually covered by newer tissue, giving a layered structure. During growth, the lens must remain transparent and retain its refractile properties. The severity of these constraints is perhaps most evident in teleost fish which have a spherical lens that may increase in volume by a thousandfold during the first year of life. The dioptric power of the teleost fish eye is vested entirely in this spherical lens, as water, the cornea and the intraocular vitreous humour have almost identical refractive indices. Spherical lenses of uniform refractive index produce poor images because rays entering at different distances from the optic axis are focused at different distances from the lens. Teleost fish do not suffer from this imperfection and it has long been presumed that this is because there exists a refractive index gradient having a high value in the centre and decreasing continuously and symmetrically with radius in all directions. Here we demonstrate in the African cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni, that a refractive index gradient does exist, although its form is significantly different from that previously postulated.
NEURAL SYSTEM FOR UPDATING OBJECT WORKING MEMORY FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES: SENSORY STIMULI OR LONG TERM MEMORY

Working memory (WM) is the active maintenance of currently relevant information so that it is available for use. A crucial component of WM is the ability to update the contents when new information becomes more relevant than previously maintained information. New information can come from different sources, including from sensory stimuli (SS) or from long-term memory (LTM). Updating WM may involve a single neural system regardless of source, distinct systems for each source, or a common network with additional regions involved specifically in sensory or LTM processes. The current series of experiments indicates that a single fronto-parietal network (including supplementary motor area, parietal, left inferior frontal junction, middle frontal gyrus) is active in updating WM regardless of the source of information. Bilateral cuneus was more active during updating WM from LTM than updating from SS, but the activity in this region was attributable to recalling information from LTM regardless of whether that information was to be entered into WM for future use or not. No regions were found to be more active during updating from SS than updating from LTM. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that different regions within this common update network were differentially more correlated with visual processing regions when participants updated from SS, and more correlated with LTM processing regions when participants updated from the contents of LTM. These results suggest that a single neural mechanism is responsible for controlling the contents of WM regardless of whether that information originates from a sensory stimulus or from LTM. This network of regions involved in updating WM interacts with the rest of the brain differently depending on the source of newly relevant information.
Physical Characteristics of Normal and Abnormal Ears

Sensitivity Curves for Normal and Abnormal Ears.---Previous investigators have worked only with normal ears and their results are not as a rule corrected for the resonance properties of the diaphragms used. Lord Rayleigh's curves are more reliable but do not extend above 768 double vibrations. In the present work a telephone receiver was used with a natural frequency above the range of the tests, 5,200 d.v., and its vibrational and electrical characteristics were determined so that the vibrational energy of the diaphragm could be calculated for any current of any frequency used. The currents were generated with an audion oscillating circuit, and a Wheatstone bridge was used in measuring the minimum audible current for both normal and abnormal ears; the readings in the case of normal ears were then converted into minimum vibrational energy and plotted as a function of the frequency up to 4,000 d.v. Curves are given (1) for normal ears; (2) for ears diseased only in the middle ear; (3) for ears diseased only in the internal ear; (4) for ears having a combination of middle and internal ear trouble. The normal ear curve shows a number of characteristic maxima with subsidiary inflections. In middle ear deafness the hearing is most deficient for low tones and more nearly normal for high ones, while inner ear deafness begins for high pitches and may not affect the hearing for low pitches. Sets of curves show the development of the diseases with time. In true nerve deafness cases have been studied in which total deafness appears to exist for a part of the sound spectrum; in one case on record, for instance, 200 billion times the energy required to stimulate the normal ear failed to produce the sensation of sound. Some conclusions regarding the mechanism of audition are drawn. The normal ear acts like a complex mechanical or electrical vibrating system whose response depends on many factors including the tympanum, bones, muscles, ear cavities and the internal ear. No resonant frequency can be assigned to any one member of it. When the middle ear mechanism is absent, the internal ear has resonant frequencies different from those of normal ears. The receiving mechanism in the internal ear is arranged in a linear manner beginning with the basal part which probably responds to the high pitched sounds, and each section is sensitive to only a narrow range of frequencies. The probable fact that the high frequency fibers are under greater tension than the lower frequency ones may account for the characteristics of internal ear deafness.Discussion of Theories of Audition.---The difficulties confronting each theory are briefly pointed out. In some ways the above results tend to confirm the Helmholtz theory, but it is hard to see how any mechanical theory can explain the absolute insensitiveness to a limited range of pitch which has been observed in cases of nerve deafness.
Longitudinal and secular trends in adolescent whole-grain consumption, 1999–2004

Background: The replacement of refined grains in the diet with whole grains may help prevent chronic disease and excess weight gain, but intakes in adolescents are often lower than recommended. Objectives: This study aimed to examine demographic disparities and 5-y longitudinal and secular trends (1999-2004) in whole-grain intake among 2 cohorts of Minnesota adolescents. Design: Whole-grain intake was examined among 996 adolescent males and 1222 adolescent females who were Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) participants in 1999 and 2004. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine demographic differences in whole-grain intake. Mixed linear regression models were used to estimate 1) longitudinal trends among 2 cohorts of adolescents during developmental transitions and 2) age-matched secular trends between the cohorts at middle adolescence. Results: In 1999, 11% of adolescent males and 13% of adolescent females reported that they consumed more than one daily serving of whole grains. Whole-grain intake was lowest among youth of the Native American and white races and among youth of high socio-economic status. During the transition from middle to late adolescence, whole-grain intake increased by a mean of 0.14 daily servings among adolescent males and 0.09 daily servings among adolescent females. No significant changes in whole-grain intake were shown among either sex during the transition from early to middle adolescence. Yeast breads, popcorn, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals were major sources of whole grains in 1999 and 2004. Conclusion: Findings suggest the need to advance efforts that target improvements in the amount of whole-grain foods selected by adolescents.
Pancreatic islet cell transplantation: likely impact on current therapeutics for type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Pancreatic islet transplantation as a cell-based treatment for diabetes mellitus has been pursued for over quarter of a century, ever since the first successful use of this approach to cure diabetes mellitus in rodents in the 1970s. However, even though autoislet intrahepatic transplantation in patients with chronic pancreatitis who did not have diabetes mellitus was successful in the 1980s, reliable success with alloislet transplantation in patients with diabetes mellitus remained elusive until the year 2000. The reasons for previous failures appear to include use of corticosteroids as an immunosuppressive agent, a drug that both interferes with islet β-cell function and promotes resistance to insulin action. Corticosteroid-free immunosuppressive regimens in one recent series have permitted much greater success for over 1 year. Benefits accrued in this series include normal fasting glucose levels, normal levels of glycosylated haemoglobin, and total independence from exogenous insulin or other therapy for hyperglycaemia. These dramatic results have presented the research community with the challenges of replicating these results and, ultimately, with providing solutions to the serious supply and demand issues that will inevitably follow.
Relationships among serum lipids, milk production and physiological status in dairy cows

Abstract 1. 1. Serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride and alpha lipoprotein cholesterol were determined in nine Holstein cows during different stages of their gestation and lactation cycles. 2. 2. Serum cholesterol concentrations and daily milk yields were significantly correlated during early and late lactation. The correlations were not significant over the entire lactation. 3. 3. Maximum values for serum cholesterol were observed at mid lactation and minimum at or near parturition. Serum triglyceride concentrations ranged from 4 to 33 mg/dl. Although prepartum levels for triglyceride tended to be higher than postpartum concentrations, no correlation with milk yield was noted. 4. 4. These data are compared with lipid changes which take place in other mammals during lactation.
Social impact of attack on a president: Its public reverberations

Recent assassinations in U.S. history are reviewed and the medical and legal responses that follow such events are covered, as are conspiratorial theories. The question as to whether or not American assassins actually were conspirators is discussed and the reasons for the prevalence of conspiratorial theories are covered, as are the origins of these theories. Language: en
Formation of prostacyclin (PGI2) by the ductus arteriosus of fetal lambs at different stages of gestation

Prostaglandins appear to play a role in maintaining patency of the ductus arteriosus during gestation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is the major product of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the lamb ductus arteriosus. This factor is both a vasodilator and a potent inhibitor of human platelet aggregation. We used inhibition of platelet aggregation as a sensitive bioassay to measure PGI2 generation in rings of ductus arteriosus from fetal lambs. Mechanical manipulation accelerated the rate of PGI2 released from the tissue 10 to 50 times. Tranylcypromine, an antagonist of prostacyclin synthetase, suppressed production of PGI2 by rings of ductus arteriosus. Rings from immature animals (98-103 days gestation, term is 150 days) released significantly more PGI2 (190 +/- 28 ng/g wet weight/ 20 min, n = 9) than did those from near term animals (136-146 days; 106 +/- 23 ng/g wet weight/20 min, n = 10). The capacity of the ductus arteriosus to generate more PGI2 earlier in gestation is consistent with the observation that vessels from animals less than 110 days gestation have a significantly larger indomethacin induced contraction than do vessels near term.
Misoprostol for medical evacuation of early pregnancy failure.

Objective: To determine whether misoprostol (a prostaglandin E1 analogue) 400 μg orally (group 1) or 800 μg vaginally (group 2) will cause complete uterine evacuation in women with early pregnancy failure. Methods: Twenty subjects were recruited for a prospective, non-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Early pregnancy failure was diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasound examination; only women with a closed cervical os and minimal vaginal bleeding were enrolled. Subjects returned 24 hours after misoprostol administration for a transvaginal ultrasound examination. If the gestational sac was still present, the misoprostol dose was repeated and the subject returned again 24 hours later. Subjects who failed to expel the pregnancy were offered a suction curettage. Results: Twelve and eight women were randomized to groups 1 and 2, respectively. Complete uterine evacuation occurred in three of 12 [25%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1%, 50%] and seven of eight (88%, 95% CI 65%, 100%, P = .010) subjects in groups 1 and 2, respectively. Vomiting occurred in 30% and 13%, respectively, and diarrhea in 50% and 38%, respectively. Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol 800 μg is more effective than oral misoprostol 400 μg for uterine evacuation of early pregnancy failure and may be an effective alternative to dilation and curettage.
Pulmonary Hemodynamics in Neonatal Lambs Resuscitated with 21%, 50%, and 100% Oxygen

The effect of resuscitation with varying levels of O2 on pulmonary hemodynamics at birth is not well known. We hypothesized that the decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and subsequent response to pulmonary vasoconstrictors and vasodilators will differ following resuscitation with 21%, 50%, or 100%O2 for 30 min at birth in normal term lambs. Lambs at 141 d gestation were delivered by cesarean section and ventilated with 21% (21% Res; n = 6), 50% (50% Res; n = 6), or 100% O2 (100% Res; n = 7) for 30 min followed by ventilation with 21% O2 in all three groups. A greater decrease in PVR was seen with 50% and 100% O2 ventilation than with 21% O2 (0.21 ± 0.02, 0.21 ± 0.02, and 0.34 ± 0.05 mm Hg/mL/min/kg, respectively). Subsequent pulmonary vasoconstriction to hypoxia (10% O2) and the thromboxane analog U46619 (0.5 and 1 μg/kg/min) was similar in all three groups. After inducing a stable elevation in PVR with U46619, impaired pulmonary vasodilation to inhaled NO (59 ± 4, 65 ± 4, and 74 ± 5% of baseline PVR with 21, 50, and 100%Res, respectively) and acetylcholine infusion (67 ± 8, 75 ± 6, and 87 ± 4% of baseline PVR with 21, 50, and 100%Res, respectively) and rebound pulmonary hypertension following their withdrawal were observed in the 100%Res group. We conclude that, while ventilation with 100% O2 at birth results in a greater initial decrease in PVR, subsequent pulmonary vasodilation to NO/acetylcholine is impaired.
Solder joint fatigue life of fine pitch BGAs – impact of design and material choices

Abstract The impact of design and material choices on solder joint fatigue life for fine pitch BGA packages is characterized. Package variables included die size, package size, ball count, pitch, mold compound, and substrate material. Test board variables included thickness, pad configuration, and pad size. Three thermal cycle conditions were used. Fatigue life increased by up to 6× as die size was reduced. For a given die size, fatigue life was up to 2× longer for larger packages with more solder balls. Mold compounds with higher filler content reduced fatigue life by up to 2× due to a higher stiffness and lower thermal expansion coefficient. Upilex S tape with punched holes gave 1.15× life improvement over Kapton E tape with etched holes. Once optimized, tape-based packages have equal board level reliability to laminate-based packages. Solder joint fatigue life was 1.2× longer for 0.9 mm thick test boards compared to 1.6 mm thick boards due to a lower assembly stiffness. The optimum PCB pad design depends on failure location. For CSP applications, NSMD test board pads give up to 3.1× life improvement over SMD pads. For a completely fan-out design, there was a 1.6× acceleration factor between −40⇔125°C, 15 min ramps, 15 min dwells and 0⇔100°C, 10 min ramps, 5 min dwells.
Library Lab:: One-on-One Research Assistance in an Undergraduate Setting

Library Lab is a one-on-one research tutorial. Students initiate it when they have a specific assignment. Most sessions take from one hour (the norm) to a maximum of four hours to do background research and thirty minutes to one hour for an interactive meeting. This is a win-win situation; the librarian has time to prepare and the student receives quality, uninterrupted assistance.
The hypotensive action of captopril and enalapril is not prostacyclin dependent.

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have been proposed to have a prostaglandin-dependent component to their hypotensive action. The aim of this study was to assess whether the structurally dissimilar angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors captopril and enalapril stimulate the synthesis of prostacyclin, whether their hypotensive action is blunted by indomethacin, and whether these biochemical or physiologic parameters differ for the two drugs, in white subjects with essential hypertension. Twelve patients were enrolled and 11 finished the study. The study consisted of a double blind, randomized, double-crossover design. All patients received either placebo or 50 mg indomethacin twice a day for 3 weeks; after 1 week of placebo or indomethacin either 50 mg captopril or 10 mg enalapril twice a day was added and continued for 2 weeks. Each patient received every possible combination. Neither captopril nor enalapril stimulated prostacyclin production as determined by measurement of the urinary excretion rate of its main enzymatic metabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandinF1α. Although indomethacin reduced the urinary excretion of the enzymatic metabolite of prostacyclin by more than 50%, it did not influence the hypotensive effect of captopril or enalapril. We conclude that neither captopril nor enalapril have a significant prostacyclin-dependent component to their hypotensive action. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 54, 523–532; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.184
5-HT reuptake and 5-HT2 receptors modulate capsaicin-evoked hypothermia in rats.

Abstract Numerous studies support a role for the endogenous 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) system in the hypothermic effect of capsaicin. None of those studies, however, selectively delineate a role for 5-HT reuptake or 5-HT receptors in this regard. In the present investigation, we determined if the blockade of 5-HT reuptake or the activation of 5-HT 1A or 5-HT 2 receptors modulates capsaicin-evoked hypothermia. The administration of capsaicin (0.2–1 mg/kg, i.m.) produced dose-related hypothermia. Fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), did not affect body temperature. For combined administration, pretreatment with fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly attenuated the hypothermia caused by capsaicin (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, i.m.). For the 5-HT receptor experiments, we pretreated rats with either WAY 100635, a 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist, or mianserin, a 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist, and then administered a fixed, hypothermic dose of capsaicin (1 mg/kg, i.m.). WAY 100635 (1 mg/kg, s.c.) administration did not affect capsaicin-evoked hypothermia. This indicates that 5-HT 1A receptor activation does not play a major role in the hypothermic effect of capsaicin. In contrast, pretreatment with mianserin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) enhanced the hypothermic effect of capsaicin (1 mg/kg, i.m.). The present data reveal that capsaicin-evoked hypothermia in rats is attenuated by the blockade of 5-HT reuptake and enhanced by the antagonism of 5-HT 2 receptors.
Ultraviolet/Visible Light Absorption Spectrophotometry in Clinical Chemistry

Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy has been used in the clinical laboratory for many years. The technique has appeal, as it is almost universal in its application. Although much of the routine work is performed using high-throughput dedicated clinical analysis systems, absorption spectroscopy still has a place in most clinical laboratories. This article discusses the range of application types for which absorption spectroscopy can be used and some examples of common analyses are given. The article also discusses the merits of various instrument types and discusses some more advanced spectroscopic techniques, such as derivative spectroscopy, to enhance the data measured by the spectrophotometer. Brief reference is also made to the use of reflectance in clinical analysis.
Management of high grade renal trauma: 20-year experience at a pediatric level I trauma center.

Purpose: In the last 20 years the management of high grade, blunt renal trauma at our institution has evolved from primarily an operative approach to an expectant nonoperative approach. To evaluate our experience with the expectant nonoperative management of high grade, blunt renal trauma in children, we reviewed our 20-year experience regarding evaluation, management and outcomes in patients treated at our institution.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied all patients sustaining renal trauma between 1983 and 2003. Medical records were reviewed for mechanism of injury, assigned grade of renal injury, patient treatment, indications for and timing of surgery, and outcome. Injuries were categorized as either low grade (I to III) or high grade (IV to V).Results: We reviewed the medical records of 164 consecutive children who sustained blunt renal trauma between 1983 and 2003. A total of 38 patients were excluded for inadequate information. Of the remaining 126 children 60% had low grade and 40% ha...
Performing Queer Latinidad: Dance, Sexuality, Politics

Latinidad moves as a discourse with an ever-changing point of reference. Across mainstream, counterpublic, and academic representations, latinidad is deployed in ways that hail different ethnic, na...
Pedigree and genotype errors in the Framingham Heart Study

The pedigree and genotype data from the Framingham Heart Study were examined for errors. Errors in 21 of 329 pedigrees were detected with the program PREST, and of these the errors in 16 pedigrees were resolved. Genotyping errors were then detected with SIMWALK2. Five Mendelian errors were found following the pedigree corrections. Double-recombinant errors were more common, with 142 being detected at mistyping probabilities of 0.25 or greater.
Teamlet structure and early experiences of medical home implementation for veterans.

BACKGROUND High functioning interdisciplinary primary care teams are a critical component of the patient-centered medical home. In 2010, the Veterans Administration (VA) implemented a medical home model termed the Patient Aligned Care Teams (PACT), with reorganization of staff into small teams (“teamlets”) as a core feature.
Customized Content Delivery for Graduate Management Education: Application to Business Statistics.

Globalization is bringing about a radical "rethink" regarding the delivery of graduate management education. Today, many students entering a residential MBA program do not possess an undergraduate degree in business. As a result, many business schools are increasingly turning to the Internet to provide "customized" instructional content to ensure that students can remain competitive throughout the program. The purpose of this paper is threefold: 1) to estimate student performance in a residential MBA program; 2) to outline a process for identifying specific learning support resources based on student backgrounds and capabilities; and 3) to illustrate the screening process in providing business statistics support content to students requiring additional preparation. The results show that neural net based classification techniques can effectively identify students for the purpose of providing additional learning resources. Business statistics is one area in which this screening process has been used to deliver specialized content to students with a variety of backgrounds enrolled in a MBA residential program.
Cyclin D1 promotes mitogen-independent cell cycle progression in hepatocytes

Cyclin D1 is widely believed to regulate progression through G 1 phase of the cell cycle, and previous studies have shown that this protein is induced during hepatocyte proliferation in culture and in vivo. In this study, the role of cyclin D1 in the cell cycle of primary rat hepatocytes was further examined. Following epidermal growth factor stimulation, cyclin D1 was upregulated at time points corresponding to the mitogen restriction point, and this was associated with enhanced cyclin D1-associated kinase activity. To test whether cyclin D1 expression was sufficient to promote mitogen-independent progression through the G 1-S transition, we constructed a replication-defective adenovirus that overexpressed human cyclin D1. Transfection with the cyclin D1 vector but not a control vector resulted in hepatocyte DNA synthesis in the absence of growth factor that was similar to that seen in mitogen-treated cells. Furthermore, cyclin D1 transfection led to activation of downstream biochemical events, including cyclin A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and cyclin E- and cyclin A-associated kinase activation. These results suggest that cyclin D1 expression is sufficient to promote progression of hepatocytes through the G 1 restriction point.