cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Iron-aluminum Oxide on Corrosion Behavior of Copper for Grounding Grids in Red Soil

As test materials acidic red soil i.e. ferrallitic soil was taken from Yichun area of Jiangxi province and an Fe-Al double oxide was synthesized in laboratory. The corrosion behavior of copper for grounding grids in saturated solutions of mixtures of red soil with different amount of the Fe- Al double oxide was studied by EIS, polarization curve measurement, SEM, EDS and XRD.The results show that the Fe-Al double oxide can promote and then inhibit the copper corrosion process in the red soil. The corrosion impedance of copper increases and then tends to be stable in the saturated solutions of mixtures of red soil with different amount of the Fe-Al double oxide. The corrosion rates of copper increase and then decrease with the increase amount of the Fe-Al double oxide. Corrosion of copper is mainly uniform corrosion, accompanied by microbial corrosion phenomena, corrosion products formed are consisted mainly of Cu2 O.
FDG PET-CT in Immunotherapy

2047 Objectives: Pictorial review of FDG PET/CT in Immunotherapy, with the description of the different available treatments and their effects, including immune related adverse events, seen on PET/CT, as well as the comparison of the different proposed response criteria methods used with anatomic imaging and/or PET/CT. Methods and Results: Definition of Immunotherapy and dysregulation of tumor cells. Description of the different immunotherapies currently available in Oncology, which include Monoclonal Antibodies, Vaccines, Oncolytic Virus Therapy, Adoptive Cell Therapy and Immune Checkpoint inhibitors (iCPI). iCPI, are described in more detail, including important terms like pseudoprogression, hyperprogression, Abscopal effect and immune-related adverse events (iAE), with respective FDG PET/CT examples. Will also describe the different methods proposed for response criteria, from the most commonly used in clinical trials iRECIST, to the newer ones like PECRIT, PERCIMT, imPERCIST5 and LYRIC for lymphoma. Examples of iAE will also be presented. Will also explain the importance of dendritic cells and T cells in the immune respone to cancer cells, as well as understanding newer concepts like iUPD, iCPD, clinical benefit and indeterminate response. Conclusions: Immunotherapy has been introduced as a new paradigm in cancer treatment with new challenges when evaluating response criteria and side effects. The better we understand basic concepts associated with all of these different treatments, including new proposed methods for assessing response and their side effects, the better we will be able to help our oncologic patients treated with immunotherapy.
Flexible Segmented Surface Coil Resonator for In Vivo EPR Measurements in Human Subjects

There is a strong need to enable accurate and convenient oxygen measurements in vivo for human subjects to improve treatments for cancer, peripheral vascular disease, and other diseases where tissue oxygen levels have a significant impact. While EPR spectroscopy has the potential to do this effectively, the full exploitation of these capabilities requires optimization of resonators for use with human subjects. Patient motion, and its effects on resonator coupling and positioning relative to the implanted oximetry probe, is a major source of noise and artifacts. Additionally, optimization of detection sensitivity to enable measurements from tissues at depths of several centimeters with clinically practical acquisition times is needed. To meet these needs, surface resonators with high sensitivity and flexible cables that allow the detection loop to be conveniently attached to the skin surface were developed for use with low frequency (L-Band, 1.15 GHz) continuous wave EPR. These resonators include a multi-segment sensing loop with a common capacitance. The light-weight segmented sensing loops, with diameters of 10–20 mm, can be connected to a commercial topical fixation applicator to conveniently and securely position them on patients’ skin surfaces. It was shown that a resonator of 20 mm in diameter makes it possible to obtain adequate EPR signals in tissue phantoms up to a depth of 20 mm with ~ 2 min of signal averaging. This novel lightweight resonator design, with sensitive multi-segment design and flexible cable with skin surface attachment, significantly reduced the impacts of subject motion enabling reliable EPR oximetry measurements in human subjects.
The Effect of Bromination on the Melting Point and Heat of Fusion of Polyethylene Single Crystals

The demonstration that the chain axis of a polymer is approximately perpendicular(1) to the lamella face initiated controversy on the nature of the chain fold. Use of primarily physical methods has not been successful in determining the degree of surface roughness, which is still in question(2). Chemical attack of the fold particularly in PE has mainly resulted in degradation of the polymer(3). However chemical modification of a polymer fold followed by the application of physical methods has been reported(4). It is felt that this kind of work will prove useful not only as an extension of analytical techniques but also as a means of modifying those properties of the polymer which are sensitive to the nature of the lamella surface. In addition the selective attack of the fold could produce novel block copolymers which may themselves be the precursors of other copolymers, gels or rubbers.
Female Urethral Diverticula

The first clinical description of a female urethral diverticulum is credited to Dr. John Hey in 1805. In his essay “Of Collections of Pus in the Vagina,” Dr. Hey described the diagnosis and treatment of this entity, which included a transvaginal incision, and packing of the diverticular sac with lint (1). Over the next 150 yr, the medical literature offers scant references pertaining to the topic of female urethral diverticula. However, in 1956, with the advent of a new diagnostic tool in the form of positive pressure urethrography (PPU), the detection and diagnosis of female urethral diverticula demonstrated a predictable dramatic increase (2).
Evaluation of the Susceptibility of Simulated Welds in HSLA‐100 and HY‐100 Steels to Hydrogen Induced Cracking

The cracking susceptibility of a micro-alloyed HSLA-100 steel was examined and compared to that of a HY-100 steel in the as-received condition and after heat treatment to simulate the thermal history of a single pass weld. Slow strain rate tensile tests were conducted on samples of these alloys with these thermal histories in an inert environment and in an aqueous solution during continuous cathodic charging at different potentials with respect to a reference electrode. Both alloys exhibited reduced ductilities at cathodic potentials indicating susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The results of these experiments will be presented and discussed in relation to the observed microstructures and fractography.
Engine cycle simulation of ethanol and gasoline blends

Ethanol is one of many alternative transportation fuels that can be burned in internal combustion engines in the same ways as gasoline and diesel. Compared to hydrogen and electric energy, ethanol is very similar to gasoline in many aspects and can be delivered to endusers by the same infrastructures. It can be produced from biomass and is considered renewable. It is expected that the improvement in fuels over the next 20 years will be by blending biomass-based fuels with fossil fuels using existing technologies in present-day automobiles with only minor modifications, even though the overall costs of using biomass-based fuels are still considerably higher than conventional fuels. Ethanol may represent a significant alternative fuel source, especially during the transition from fossil-based fuels to more exotic power sources. Mapping engines for flexible fuel vehicles (FFV), however, would be very costly and time consuming, even with the help of model-based engine mapping (MBM). The need for using CAE (computer aided engineering) tools to reduce cost and shorten the time of engine mapping is urgent. In the present research, an ethanol model has been developed using a Ford proprietary engine CAE tool, GESIM (General Engine Simulation program) for the simulation of ethanol and ethanol-gasoline blends. GESIM was then validated against available experimental data in a 3.0L V6 2-valve engine. Results have shown that the new GESIM has successfully predicted the trends of engine burn rates, fuel consumption, exhaust temperature and various exhaust emissions for E22 and E85 fuels without any model calibrations.
Sparse Nonparametric Density Estimation in High Dimensions Using the Rodeo

We consider the problem of estimating the joint density of a d-dimensional random vector X = (X1,X2, ...,Xd) when d is large. We assume that the density is a product of a parametric component and a nonparametric component which depends on an unknown subset of the variables. Using a modification of a recently developed nonparametric regression framework called rodeo (regularization of derivative expectation operator), we propose a method to greedily select bandwidths in a kernel density estimate. It is shown empirically that the density rodeo works well even for very high dimensional problems. When the unknown density function satisfies a suitably defined sparsity condition, and the parametric baseline density is smooth, the approach is shown to achieve near optimal minimax rates of convergence, and thus avoids the curse of dimensionality.
Air Pollution Monitoring by Advanced Spectroscopic Techniques

The monitoring requirements related to air pollution are many and varied. The molecules of concern differ greatly in their chemical and physical properties, in the nature of their environment, and in their concentration ranges. Furthermore, the application may have specific requirements such as rapid response time, ultrasensitivity, multipollutant capability, or capability for remote measurements. For these reasons, no single spectroscopic technique appears to offer a panacea for all monitoring needs. Instead we have attempted to demonstrate in the above discussion that, regardless of the difficulty and complexity of the monitoring problems, spectroscopy offers many tools by which such problems may be solved.
Targeted gene inactivation reveals a functional role of calpain‐1 in platelet spreading

To cite this article: Kuchay SM, Wieschhaus AJ, Marinkovic M, Herman IM, Chishti AH. Targeted gene inactivation reveals a functional role of Calpain-1 in platelet spreading. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 1120–32. Summary. Background: Calpains are implicated in a wide range of cellular functions including the maintenance of hemostasis via the regulation of cytoskeletal modifications in platelets. Objectives: Determine the functional role of calpain isoforms in platelet spreading. Methods and Results: Platelets from calpain-1 )/) mice show enhanced spreading on collagenand fibrinogen-coated surfaces as revealed by immunofluorescence, differential interference contrast (DIC) and scanning electron microscopy. The treatment of mouse platelets with MDL, a cell permeable inhibitor of calpains 1/2, resulted in increased spreading. The PTP1B-mediated enhanced tyrosine dephosphorylation in calpain-1 )/) platelets did not fully account for the enhanced spreading as platelets from the double knockout mice lacking calpain-1 and PTP1B showed only a partial rescue of the spreading phenotype. In nonadherent platelets, proteolysis and GTPase activity of RhoA and Rac1 were indistinguishable between the wild-type (WT) and calpain-1 )/) platelets. In contrast, the ECM-adherent calpain-1 )/) platelets showed higher Rac1 activity at the beginning of spreading, whereas RhoA was more active at later time points. The ECM-adherent calpain-1 )/) platelets showed an elevated level of RhoA protein but not Rac1 and Cdc42. Proteolysis of recombinant RhoA, but not Rac1 and Cdc42, indicates that RhoA is a calpain-1 substrate in vitro. Conclusions: Potentiation of the platelet spreading phenotype in calpain-1 )/) mice suggests a novel role of calpain-1 in hemostasis, and may explain the normal bleeding time observed in the calpain-1 )/) mice.
Improving Outcomes of Liver Transplantation for Polycystic Disease in MELD Era.

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) for polycystic liver disease (PLD) has evolved to be an option for treating these patients. Patients with PLD suffer from incapacitating symptoms because of very large liver volumes but liver function is preserved until a late stage. Objective/Methods: Herein, we reviewed the outcome of adult patients with PLD who underwent LT in the US comparing pre-MELD (1990–2001) to MELD era (2002–2009). Results: During this period, only 309 patients underwent LT for PLD. The number of LT for PLD is very low comparing the two eras. The percentage of patients who had combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKT) for this disease has not changed during MELD era (42.8% vs 38.6%). The waiting time for LT (337 vs 272 days) and CLKT (289 vs 220) has increased in MELD era (p<0.001). In MELD era, 53.4% of LT and 31.2% of CLKT were done as MELD exceptional cases. The allograft and patent survival have significantly improved in MELD era. Conclusion: Patients with PLD had marked improvement of their outcomes after LT in MELD era.
A hillslope‐scale experiment to measure lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity

[1] One of the most challenging parameters in hillslope- and watershed-scale, distributed, hydrologic models is the lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). In this paper, we present a methodology to determine the hillslope-scale lateral Ks above a moderately deep sloping restrictive layer in an 18 × 35 m hillslope plot using perched water level measurements and drain tile outflow data. The hillslope-scale lateral Ks was compared to small-scale Ks measured with small soil cores and the Guelph permeameter. Our results show that small-scale Ks measurements underestimate the actual hillslope-scale Ks. The hillslope-scale Ks measurements were 13.7, 4.1, and 3.2 larger than small soil core measurements in the A, B, and E horizons, respectively. We argue that the gap between small-scale and hillslope-scale Ks within the same porous medium is foremost a measurement problem. Data analysis provided the Ks distribution with depth, showing a sharp decrease in Ks within the first 0.1 m of the soil and an exponential decline in Ks below 0.1 m. The distribution of Ks with depth was best described by a double-exponential relationship. Overall, results indicate the importance of macroporosity, perhaps of biological origin, in determining Ks at a hillslope scale.
The impact of surgical strategy on survival after repair of type A aortic dissection

Abstract Objective A diverse group of operative strategies are utilized for treatment of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection. We hypothesized that a surgical strategy to prevent cross-clamp injury or false lumen pressurization would be associated with reduced morbidity, mortality, persistent false lumen patency, and improved survival. This study was designed to determine the differences in outcomes between operative techniques. Methods Outcomes and postoperative imaging were compared in patients who underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Two groups were compared, based on operative strategy. The surgical strategy for group 1 consisted of no aortic cross-clamp use, use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, and use of only antegrade perfusion after aortic replacement. The surgical strategy for group 2 consisted of any other combination that lacked 1 of these 3 technical steps. Results Between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2012, a total of 196 patients underwent surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. Operative mortality and postoperative morbidity were not statistically different between groups. Mean follow-up time was 3.95 (range: 0-15.4) years. Persistence of a false lumen was not statistically different between groups ( P = .78). Overall survival was significantly better in group 1, versus group 2 ( P = .0020). Multivariate Cox regression identified preoperative renal failure, chronic lung disease, greater number of packed red blood cells transfused, and being in group 2 as risk factors for poor long-term survival. Conclusions The operative strategy of group 1 (no cross-clamp, use of DHCA and antegrade perfusion) was associated with a highly significant improvement in survival, despite a lack of statistical difference in the incidence of persistent false aortic lumen between groups.
Eastern Enlargement Ten Years On: Transcending the East–West Divide?

This introduction summarizes the findings of nine research articles that examine the consequences of the European Union's eastern enlargement ten years on. The volume reaches three surprising conclusions: since 2004, the EU's economic effects have been more far-reaching than its political effects; all of the new Member States (NMS) have had problems with democratic consolidation; and, despite four years of intense crisis in the eurozone, both the EU's enlargement and neighbourhood-shaping efforts have continued. We set these economic, political and institutional developments in the context of the long-standing east–west divide in Europe, and ask whether EU membership for post-communist countries upends the continent's traditionally persistent divisions. Notable achievements of EU enlargement notwithstanding, the volume points to the continuing important differences between east and west and highlights the issue areas in which the EU transcends but also reinforces the centuries-old partition.
Assessment of the breeding prognosis of mares using paired endometrial biopsy techniques

Paired endometrial biopsy samples were taken from 530 subfertile mares, before and after treatment (where indicated) and a period of sexual rest. Prognoses were made after each biopsy (Categories 1A-4A before treatment and Categories 1B-4B after treatment), using histopathological criteria similar to those described by Kenney and Doig (1986). Eighty-seven per cent of the mares were assigned to first biopsy prognosis Category 3A. The second biopsy prognosis produced a more even population distribution (10, 47, 40 and 3 per cent respectively for Category 1B, 2B, 3B and 4B mares). First biopsy Category 3A and 4A mares produced mean foaling rates of 51 and 40 per cent respectively. None of the 14 second biopsy Category 4B mares delivered a live foal (12 were barren, one aborted and one suffered early foetal death). This study supports the hypothesis that a breeding prognosis assigned on the basis of two endometrial biopsy samples, taken before and after specific uterine treatment, where indicated, which takes into consideration the mare's ability to respond to treatment, is likely to be more accurate than one assigned after a single biopsy sample.
Effective moduli and electro-acoustic performance of epoxy-ceramic 1-3 piezocomposites

ABSTRACT The inclusion of piezoceramic rods in a passive polymer can greatly enhance the piezoelectric effect— a fact which has been exploited in the manufacturing of sensitive pulse-echo transducers. Weanalyze this phenomenon from the point of view of the theory of composite materials, focusing onthe evaluation of dh, the hydrostatic piezo-electric coefficient, dhgh, the hydrophone figure of merit,and kh, the hydrostatic coupling factor measuring the efficiency of energy conversion. We show howthese quantities can be expressed as algebraic functions of a single microstructural parameter, p.In the limit of large elastic contrast (soft matrix, hard ceramic), this theory gives a first-principlesexplanation of the decoupling effect of the composite on the hydrostatic piezo-electric coefficient, aswell as the role played by the porosity and Poisson's ratio of the matrix phase. Using a DifferentialEffective Medium (DEM) type scheme, we compute the aforementioned properties for two commercialpolymer-piezoceramic composites. It is thus shown that this effective medium approach provides asimple yet self-consistent framework for the design of effective 1—3 piezocomposites.
BOUND WATER IN FRUIT PRODUCTS BY THE FREEZING METHOD

SUMMARY— An insulated heat-sink containing Freon-12® (N.B.P. −21.6°F) provides a reproducible system for measurement of thermal properties of fruit products. The difference in time required to remove the latent heat of fusion of the “eutectic” mixture in comparison with distilled water measures the “bound” water. The 34-37%“bound” water in papaya (var. solo) pulp is unaffected by varying pH in the range 3.0–6.0. Less than 10% water is bound in guava, passion fruit and pineapple juice products with up to 35% sucrose added. Thermal conductivity of the solid phase “eutectic” mixture in the 5–50% soluble solids range fits the regression Y = ABx, Y = (3.69) (0.96)x where x = percent total soluble solids (TSS) and Y = thermal conductivity (Cal x 103/(cm2) (sec) (°C/cm)). The relationship of freezing point to TSS values as 1.10 + 0.64 (TSS) in the test system is significant (P < 0.01) in the range 5–50% TSS. The time for fusion (θw) of sucrose/water in the range 5–50% TSS fits the regression: log θw= (−0.8325) (−0.0165) (TSS) or θw= (0.984) (0.164)TSS sec. Addition of solutes such as sucrose will inhibit gelation without affecting “bound” water values. Pectin gel structures apparently are dependent on secondary bonding and independent of “bound” water per se.
Patents on human-animal chimeras and threats to human dignity.

(2003). Patents on Human-Animal Chimeras and Threats to Human Dignity. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 35-36.
Force-controlled ultrasound robot for consistent tissue pre-loading: Implications for acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging

Acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based measurements of tissue elasticity require transmission of an acoustic pulse and ultrasound image-based tracking of the resulting tissue displacements. This technique provides diagnostic information about various disease states of tissue. One limitation, however, is the dependency on applied probe pressure, which is difficult to control manually and prohibits standardization of quantitative measurements. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a custom-built robot that controls probe contact forces. The robot was evaluated in an in vivo canine prostate and ex vivo bovine liver. Markers implanted in the prostate were visualized with 3D probe contact forces (i.e. tissue pre-loading) that ranged 10–11 N. The resulting displacement of the markers were evaluated to estimate the variability in pre-loading strains that could exist prior to making an ARF-based elasticity measurement. One standard deviation of corresponding strains ranged 0–2%. In the ex vivo liver, differences in speckle-tracked tissue displacements were observed when the probe sustained tissue contact as it returned to its initial position, indicating that there is a potential benefit in losing tissue contact prior to taking measurements that will be used for standardization (e.g. to avoid differences in pre-loading and corresponding tissue elasticity). Results are promising for the introduction of robotic systems to control the applied probe pressure for ARF-based measurements of tissue elasticity.
The dynamins: Redundant or distinct functions for an expanding family of related GTPases?

In the 7 years since dynamin was first isolated from bovine brain in search of novel microtubule-based motors, our understanding of this enzyme has expanded significantly. We now know that brain dynamin belongs to a family of large GTPases, which mediate vesicle trafficking. Furthermore, this enzymatic activity is markedly increased through association with microtubules, acidic phospholipids, and certain regulatory proteins that contain Src homology 3 (SH3) domains. From functional, genetic, and cellular manipulations, it is now generally accepted that dynamin participates in the endocytic uptake of receptors, associated ligands, and plasma membrane following an exocytic event. These observations have confirmed at least one function of dynamin that was predicted from seminal studies on a pleiotropic mutant, shibirets (shits) in Drosophila melanogaster. Of equal interest is the finding that there are multiple dynamin gene products, including two that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner, and they share marked homology with a larger family of distinct but related proteins. Therefore, it is attractive to speculate that the different dynamins may participate in related cellular functions, such as distinct endocytic processes and even secretion. In turn, dynamin could play an important role in cell growth, cell spreading, and neurite outgrowth. The purpose of this review is to enumerate on the expansive dynamin literature and to discuss the nomenclature, expression, and putative functions of this growing and interesting family of proteins.
Surface and bulk electronic structure of ScN ( 001 ) investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy and optical absorption spectroscopy

$\mathrm{ScN}(001)$ $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1$ surfaces have been prepared by growing $\mathrm{ScN}$ on $\mathrm{MgO}(001)$ using radio frequency molecular beam epitaxy. In situ ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling spectroscopy indicates that the Fermi level at the surface lies slightly above the $\mathrm{Sc}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}3d$ conduction band edge, which is attributed to a downward band bending at the surface. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy is used to image the $\mathrm{Sc}$ and $\mathrm{N}$ atom sublattices. While only one atom $(\mathrm{Sc})$ appears at small negative bias, both atoms ($\mathrm{Sc}$ and $\mathrm{N}$) appear at certain positive sample biases due to the partially ionic nature of the bonding. Charge accumulation near ionized subsurface donors is evident from the long-range topographic distortions at the surface. The combination of tunneling spectroscopy and optical absorption results show that $\mathrm{ScN}$ has an indirect bandgap of $0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and a direct transition at $2.15\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Numerically Optimized Experiment Design for Measurement of Grey/White Matter Metabolite T2 in High-Resolution Spectroscopic Images of Brain

Abstract T2 relaxation measurements for choline (Cho), total creatine (Cr = creatine + phosphocreatine), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) were made separately in eight healthy volunteers using an average of forty 0.5 cc volumes (20 from grey matter and 20 from white matter) in spectroscopic images with a 32 × 32 resolution and a 240 mm field of view. In grey matter, the means and standard deviations of the T2 values were 186 ± 23, 149 ± 10, and 232 ± 15 ms for Cho, Cr, and NAA, respectively, and in white matter, the mean T2 values were 178 ± 16, 143 ± 8, and 228 ± 16 ms, respectively, with no significant differences between grey and white matter. The high-resolution measurements of T2 values were possible because of experimental planning based on the minimization of predicted fitting uncertainties. Explicit expressions were derived to estimate the uncertainties in T2 values, and it was found that two spectroscopic images with echo times of 50 and 250 ms, respectively, would yield sufficient precision for T2 measurements. The derivation of the expressions, a discussion of their behavior, and the experimental planning and verification are presented.
College Freshmen Do Not Eat Within Food Pyramid Guidelines

Abstract College students may develop unhealthy eating habits during their freshman year. Poor eating habits or exercise regimens and lifestyle choices could lead to chronic disease later in life. We previously reported that 44 [18 males (41%) and 26 females (59%)] freshmen gained an average of 2.8±2.7kg (6.2±5.9♯) during their first year of college, rather than the "The Freshman Fifteen" commonly reported. Intakes of protein, fat, and alcohol were greater than recommended, and carbohydrate was less than recommended. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess and compare the eating patterns of on- [32 (73%)] and off-campus [12 (27%)] athletes [13 (30%)] and non-athletes [31 (70%)] to food pyramid guidelines. A dietary and lifestyle questionnaire (HHHQ) was completed by all subjects at baseline (BL)(18.5±0.4 years) and follow-up (FU)(19.2±0.4 years). Average intakes at BL and FU were not different and were substandard for all groups except the milk group. Bread, vegetable, fruit, milk, meat, fats/sweets, and alcohol group intakes at BL were 3.6±2.1, 2.2±1.3, 1.6±1.1, 2.8±1.7, 1.9±1.2, 4.0±2.4, and 0.1±0.3 servings and at FU were 3.9±2.4, 2.0±1.5, 1.4±1.5, 2.5±1.4, 1.9±1.2, 3.4±2.0, and 0.1±0.2 servings. Three-way ANOVA indicated that gender only affected meat intake, while residence and athletic status affected fat and vegetable group intakes, respectively. These results indicate that nutrition education is needed to foster an improved intake among college freshmen. These results may be biased and not reflect all freshman, as 85 subjects were recruited and only 44 successfully completed the study.
Stable equilibrium based on Lévy statistics: Stochastic collision models approach.

We investigate equilibrium properties of two very different stochastic collision models: (i) the Rayleigh particle and (ii) the driven Maxwell gas. For both models the equilibrium velocity distribution is a Levy distribution, the Maxwell distribution being a special case. We show how these models are related to fractional kinetic equations. Our work demonstrates that a stable power-law equilibrium, which is independent of details of the underlying models, is a natural generalization of Maxwell's velocity distribution.
Retinal detachment from inadvertent intraocular injection of botulinum toxin A.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of inadvertent intraocular injection of botulinum toxin A (Botox, BTA) resulting in a retinal tear and bullous retinal detachment. The retinal detachment resolved spontaneously, and the tear was treated with laser demarcation with good visual outcome. Design Interventional case report. Methods A 36-year-old woman underwent Botox injections for paralytic esotropia and developed ocular perforation. Dilated fundus examination showed a slit-like retinal tear infranasally with a bullous retinal detachment nasally. Results The retinal detachment spontaneously resolved, and the patient was treated with laser demarcation on the following day. After 2 more days, her vision returned to baseline. Conclusions Botox did not appear toxic to human intraocular tissues. Close observation may be indicated in the event of an inadvertent intraocular Botox injection.
Genital cancer in wives of penile cancer patients

We identified the wives or ex-wives of 227 males of the 256 reported with cancer of the penis to the New York State Cancer Registry from Upstate New York from 1960-64. Utilizing the Registry, death certificates, hospital and physician records, we ascertained those wives who developed cancer at any site from 1951-1975. We generated expected numbers of cases of cancer at each site by applying the age specific incidence rates experienced by women of a specific age in a specific year designated by the age of the wife of the index case in each year, estimating withdrawals from age-specific death rates. Thus, our expected numbers are based on the experience of the women in Upstate New York with traits like those of spouses of the men in the same population with cancer of the penis. We found significantly more cases of cancer of the cervix than expected. This was not true for other sites of cancer.
Heuristic, optimal, static, and dynamic schedules when processing times are uncertain

Abstract In this paper we compare the static and dynamic application of heuristic and optimal solution methods to job-shop scheduling problems when processing times are uncertain. Recently developed optimizing algorithms and several heuristics are used to evaluate 53 standard job-shop scheduling problems with a makespan objective when job processing times are known with varying degrees of uncertainty. Results indicate that fixed optimal sequences derived from deterministic assumptions quickly deteriorate with the introduction of processing time uncertainty when compared with dynamically updated heuristic schedules. As processing time uncertainty grows, we demonstrate that simple dispatch heuristics provide performance comparable or superior to that of algorithmically more sophisticated scheduling policies.
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE ZOOSPORE OF OEDOCLADIUM CAROLINIANUM (CHLOROPHYTA) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS1, 2

Ultrastructure of the motile zoospore has been investigated in Oedocladium catolinianum & Hoffman. An unwalled zoospore is usually produced from the contents of a terminal vegetative cell and consists of two principal regions: a small anterior dome and a larger body region; a ring of flagella marks the juncture of these two areas. Chloroplast inclusions consist of thylakoids, mature and incipient pyrenoids, starch and striated microtubules; no eyespot has been observed. Zoospores appear to possess permanent contractile vacuoles with numerous accessory vacuoles, coated vesicles and occasionally coated tubules. The cytoplasm of the dome contains numerous mitochondria ER and golgi bodies, as well as two distinct types of vesicles. The first contains an electron-dense; granular core and is surrounded by a loose, sinuate membrane. The second vesicle is electron-opaque and is found at the apex of the dome: it contains mucopolysaccharides employed during zoospore adhesion. A complex flagellar apparatus encircles the lower region of the dome. It consists of ca. 30–65 flagella, a ring-shaped fibrous band, flagella roots and additional supporting material. The flagella and roots alternate with one another beneath the fibrous band. The compound flagellar roots consist of two superimposed components: an outer ribbon-like unit composed of three microtubular elements and a single striated inner component. A band of support material lies beneath the proximal end of the basal bodies. It is a continuous fibrous band, although it often appears as three distinct, repetitive units.
H2O2 is an important mediator of UVB-induced EGF-receptor phosphorylation in cultured keratinocytes

Exposure of human keratinocytes to physiologic doses of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We demonstrate that H2O2 generated by UVB mediates EGFR phosphorylation. Using dihydrorhodamine 123 as a specific fluorescent dye probe, we show that UVB irradiation (50-800 J per m2) of keratinocytes leads within minutes to concentration-dependent intracellular production of H2O2. A corresponding concentration-dependent increase in the release of extracellular H2O2 was measured by using Amplex, a derivative of dihydrophenoxazine. The levels of intracellular H2O2 that are induced by UVB irradiation and that stimulate EGFR phosphorylation correlate strongly with the response induced by exogenously added H2O2. UVB or H2O2 demonstrated concentration- and time-dependent stimulation of EGFR phosphorylation that was initially observed within 1-5 min and exhibited a proportionate delay for UVB-induced production of H2O2. EGFR phosphorylation induced by UVB or H2O2 declined significantly toward baseline levels by 4 h and could be restimulated after H2O2 but not after UVB exposure. Phosphorylation of EGFR was inhibited by the structurally unrelated antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, or by the H2O2-degrading enzyme catalase. These data indicate that generation of H2O2 by UVB radiation of human keratinocytes participates in the rapid, ligand-independent phosphorylation of EGFR and implicate H2O2 as a biologic mediator in EGFR activation and regulation of the downstream signaling cascade. UVB-induced H2O2 has the potential to initiate or modulate early EGFR-mediated signaling events that could play an important role in the cellular response to oxidative stress.
Response of early and late semiarid seral species to nitrogen and phosphorus gradients

Above- and below-ground biomass production, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) tissue concentrations, and root: shoot ratios were examined for five species that are characteristic of a semiarid successional sequence under controlled greenhouse conditions. In two simultaneous experiments, seedlings of one forb, two grass, and two shrub species important in a sagebrush successional sere, were subjected to seven levels of N and P. Results of the experiments suggest distinct differences in nutrient response patterns between early and late seral species. Early seral species produced more biomass but had lower tissue nutrient concentrations than late seral species. As N and P availabilities decreased, late seral species displayed characteristics indicative of increasing competitive advantage over those of early seral species. Root: shoot ratios of the five species primarily reflected patterns related to lifeform, but with some early and late seral characteristics. Results from this study 1) confirm that nutrient use pattern, nutrient availability, and seral position relationships characteristic of mesic ecosystems hold equally true for semiarid systems, and 2) suggest that nutrients are important organizing factors in semiarid ecosystems.
Effects of ovarian steroids on luteal function: prevention of luteolysis following LH-neutralization in the pseudopregnant rat.

AbstractThe ability of estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) to act as luteotrophins in place of LH was investigated in pseudopregnant (PSP) rats. The length of PSP was extended by either hysterectomy (hyst.) or by the experimental induction of decidual tissue (DT) on Day 5 (Day 1 = ovulation). On Day 9, LH was removed from circulation by a sc injection of a specific LH antiserum (LHAS) and each rat was simultaneously treated with various dosages of E and/or P. Control rats were treated with normal horse serum (NHS) and/or oil vehicle. Blood samples were collected at 0, 24, and 72 hr post-treatment for the estimation of serum P levels. Day 5 hyst. rats treated with any dose (0.1 − 10.0 μg) of E or P (2 mg), alone or in combination, and simultaneously injected with NHS or LHAS exhibited elevated P levels through Day 12 and an extended diestrous cycle. In contrast, oil-treated, LHAS-injected rats underwent immediate luteolysis. DT-bearing PSP rats treated with 10 μg of E failed to undergo luteolysis following ...
THE DOMINANT LOGIC: RETROSPECTIVE AND EXTENSION

This paper briefly reviews some history of the concept of dominant logic, and then elaborates some of the ways in which the authors have further developed this concept in recent years. Discussion focuses on the dominant logic as a filter, on the dominant logic as a level of strategic analysis, on the unlearning (forgetting) curve, on the dominant logic as an emergent property of organizations as complex adaptive systems, and on the relationship between organizational stability and the dominant logic. Throughout emphasis is given to the inherent nonlinear nature of organizations and the mental models that they create.
pin double-heterojunction thin-film solar cell p-layer assessment

Abstract The simplest realization of a pin double-heterojunction thin-film solar cell would consist of a lightly doped, moderate-bandgap absorber i-layer; a heavily doped, wide-bandgap n-layer window (cathode); and a heavily doped, wide-bandgap p-layer window (anode) in which the anode and cathode are electrically contacted by at least one transparent conductor. The focus herein is on p-layer interfacial assessment, which is accomplished using modern Schottky barrier and heterojunction theory and is directed to the analysis of p-windows for copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) and cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar cells. A p-type window layer serves as an electron reflector and also aids in the formation of an ohmic anode contact. Ohmic anode contacts are particularly difficult to form in CIGS and CdTe thin-film solar cells since these materials have very large ionization potentials, i.e., IP S = 5.65 (CIGS) and 5.78 V (CdTe) and significant interfacial screening, characterized by extremely small Schottky barrier interface parameters, i.e., S = 0.14 (CIGS) and 0.21 (CdTe). An ideal p-type window material would be heavily doped, p-type, and would have a wide bandgap, a large ionization potential, and a smaller charge neutrality level energy than that of the absorber layer.
Execution control for crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing marketplaces enable a wide range of applications, but constructing any new application is challenging - usually requiring a complex, self-managing workflow in order to guarantee quality results. We report on the CLOWDER project, which uses machine learning to continually refine models of worker performance and task difficulty. We present decision-theoretic optimization techniques that can select the best parameters for a range of workflows. Initial experiments show our optimized workflows are significantly more economical than with manually set parameters.
An interference-reduction theory of the effects of ethanol on conflict behavior.

The classic tension-reduction theory of the effects of ethanol on approach-avoidance conflict behavior involves the assumption that the drug reduces conflict by selectively weakening fear-motivated avoidance but not approach. An alternative interpretation in which alcohol is seen as reducing the capacity of the weaker of any two competitive tendencies, whether inhibitory or excitatory, to interfere with the stronger is proposed here. Data from studies of isolated avoidance gradients and from experiments on approach-avoidance and avoidance-avoidance conflicts which support an interference-reduction rather than a tension-reduction theory are reported.
Lipid peroxidation products inhibit dopamine catabolism yielding aberrant levels of a reactive intermediate.

Recent work indicates that oxidative stress is a factor in Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, it is unknown how this condition causes selective dopaminergic cell death. The neurotransmitter dopamin...
Distributive and reciprocal fairness: What can we learn from the heterogeneity of social preferences?

Abstract This study evaluates people’s concerns for distributive fairness (equality of outcomes and payoffs to those worse-off) and reciprocal fairness (receiving what one is due based on one’s past actions) using dictator, ultimatum, and trust games. In the dictator games we classify individuals’ preferences as self-interested, inequity averse, efficiency maximizing, or compassionate social surplus maximizing. We find that the different utility functions of the social preference types guide participants’ behavior in the ultimatum and trust games. The self-interested and efficiency maximizers make the lowest offers in the ultimatum game, are least likely to reject a low offer in the ultimatum game, and send back the least amount in the trust game. Consistent with the goal of maximizing the sum of payoffs however, efficiency maximizers and compassionate social surplus maximizers make the highest offers in the trust game, and in attempts to ensure equal outcomes, inequity averters make low offers. Because those classified as self-interested or efficiency maximizing do not exhibit concern for pure distributive fairness, we identify positive offers as first movers in both games as evidence of expectations of reciprocity by second movers and some choices as second movers as clear evidence of their own concerns for reciprocal fairness. Furthermore, we find strong evidence supporting general concern for reciprocal fairness in the trust games where the modal response of second movers in all preference groups is to equalize payments across participants.
Some predictors of psychiatric consultation in nursing home residents

Objective Despite the high rate of psychiatric disorders in nursing homes, research indicates that psychiatric consultation is requested infrequently. The authors sought to determine the rate of psychiatric consultation in a nursing home population and to assess what factors were related to a consultation request. Methods Subjects were recruited from a stratified random sample of 59 nursing homes across Maryland. All new admissions age 65 years and older from September 1992 through March 1995 were eligible for the study. A total of 2,285 subjects were included in the study. Variables examined were factor scores from the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and the Psychogeriatric Dependency Rating Scale (Behavioral Subscale), nursing home characteristics, and whether the resident had a psychiatric consultation within 90 days of admission. Results Twenty percent of the residents (N=404) had a psychiatric consultation. There was no significant association with demographic variables. Behaviors that triggered a psychiatric consultation included agitation, physical/verbal abuse, wandering, and manic/destructive acts. A psychiatric consultation was also requested when residents displayed anxiety. Surprisingly, depression in retarded and psychotic residents did not trigger a psychiatric consult. Conclusion As expected, behavioral problems and agitation are common reasons for a psychiatric consultation. However, the resident who is depressed, particularly the quiet or retarded depressed resident, may be overlooked. In this context, it is important for the nursing staff to recognize that lethargy and social withdrawal may be signs of depression, and a referral to a psychiatrist may be in order.
SPACE CURVES WITH NONZERO TORSION

For a closed curve in R3 with curvature and torsion everywhere nonzero, the sum of the total curvature and the total torsion is greater than 4π.
Laparoendoscopic Transgastric Resection of a Submucosal Mass at the Gastroesophageal Junction

Introduction Traditional management of gastric submucosal lesions usually involves wedge resection. However, lesions close to the gastroesophageal junction are difficult to manage with wedge resection without compromising the lower esophageal sphincter. This video highlights an interesting combined laparoscopic and endoscopic technique for safe resection of a submucosal lesion adjacent to the gastroesophageal junction.
The Preferential Utilization by Bull Spermatozoa of Glucose as Compared to Fructose

Summary Egg yolk has a sparing effect on fructose utilization by bull spermatozoa during anaerobic incubation at 37 or 46.5°C. This sparing effect can be explained by the occurrence of glucose in egg yolk and the utilization of glucose in preference to fructose by bull spermatozoa. At a ratio of 85 parts of fructose to 15 parts of glucose, an equal utilization of fructose and glucose by washed spermatozoa may be expected during incubation at 37° C. under nitrogen, if the initial level of TRS is approximately 0.67mg. per 10 8 cells.
Rat mesencephalic neuronal cells cultured for different periods as a model of dopamine transporter ontogenesis.

Ventral mesencephalic neurons contained only low-affinity and sodium-independent binding sites of [3H]WIN 35,428 (marker of dopamine transporter) during the first 10d in primary cultures. These sites were present in cytosol, and they are not very probably related to dopamine transporter. After 12 d in culture, membrane-bound, high-affinity, and sodium-dependent [3H]WIN 35,428 binding sites were detected. In membranes prepared from cells 14 d in culture, cocaine displaced [3H]WIN 35,428 binding with similar potency to that in striatal membranes of adult rat brain. The high-affinity [3H]WIN 35,428 binding sites in mesencephalic neuronal cell cultures are very probably related to dopamine transporter. The development of high-affinity [3H]WIN 35,428 binding sites in neurons cultured for different time periods could be a useful model of dopamine transporter ontogenesis.