cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conjunctive Management of Reservation Water Resources: Legal Issues Facing Indian Tribes

Conjunctive management is the integrated management of all water sources as a single system. As complicated as conjunctive management of state water resources is, things become even more complicated when conjunctive management involves tribal water resources as well. On virtually all Indian reservations, two governments exercise regulatory authority over some of the water allocation and use decisions. Those allocation and use decisions are based on different laws and different legal principles. To complicate matters further, surface water decisions may be made on a different basis than groundwater decisions and, even if the same legal regime determines both, the decisions may not be integrated with one another.Against that background, Indian tribes face substantial legal impediments to conjunctive management of reservation waters. In particular, three aspects of federal and state law frustrate effective tribal participation in conjunctive management. First, Indian tribes are, in many instances, barred by federal action from creating comprehensive, enforceable water codes. Without a water code, management of any kind, much less conjunctive management, becomes problematic. Second, the reserved rights doctrine does not include a clear, universal right to groundwater. Instead, the determination of whether tribes have rights to groundwater as well as surface water is left to individual court decisions and settlement acts, with a resulting wide variation among tribes in groundwater rights. Because conjunctive management is the integration of surface and groundwater regimes, the variability of tribal rights to groundwater hampers comprehensive approaches. And third, the lack of conjunctive management in some states can impact tribal reserved rights to water. While states have long been legally obligated to protect tribal rights to surface water in their allocation of state surface water rights, protecting tribal reserved rights to all water sources requires states to take account of tribal rights in the states’ allocation of groundwater as well.
DEVELOPMENT OF MANDIRI LEARNING MODEL BASED ON OPEN LEARNING IN LEARNING CALIBULUS IN PRODUCING MATHEMATICS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY STATE MAKASSAR

This research is categorized as research and development, refers to Plomp model (1997). This model consists of 5 steps, namely (a) first study step, (b) planning step, (c) realizing/construction step, (d) test, evaluation and revision step, and (e) implementation step. The results of the study reveal that (1) based on expert validation result, it is obtained that the instruments used in independent learning model based on opened questions (PMBST) is extremely valid, (2) the practical result of independent learning model based on opened questions through observation sheets instruments is in entirely conducted category, and the lecturer’s ability to manage the class is in average score of 3.5 (high qualification), (3) the effectiveness of independent learning model based on opened questions for 3 effectiveness components had been achieved, that: (a) the students’ activities had met the set ideal time (>75%), (b) the students’ response of independent learning model based on opened questions is in positive category, that 80% of the students give positive response on learning process, (c) the students’ learning achievements cover: (1) the students’ creativity in calculus problem solving obtained 63% for creative thinking criteria is in medium category, (2) the students’ learning independent in understanding calculus material is in positive category, there are 28 out of 39 students’ (72%) give positive response on independent learning, and (3) calculus material mastery in terms of completeness learning result, there are 34 out of 39 students’ (87%) obtained the score above 61
Fundamental Questions of Geometry

English translation of Moritz Pasch,“Grundfragen der Geometrie,”Journal fur die reine und angewandte Mathematik 147 (1917), pp. 184–190. Pasch reviews the conceptual developments that lead from points and bounded straight segments , understood as physical objects, to the “arithmetical constructions” we find in projective geometry. He insists that mathematical proofs be presented “in a purely deductive form” and suggests that “full insight into the structure of deduction” requires that proofs be “atomized”: broken up into steps linked by inferences of a certain elementary form.
ACTIN FILAMENT MECHANICS IN THE LASER TRAP

Numerous biological processes, including muscular contraction, depend upon the mechanical properties of actin filaments. One such property is resistance to bending (flexural rigidity, EI). To estimate EI, we attached the ends of fluorescently labelled actin filaments to two microsphere‘handles’ captured in independent laser traps. The positions of the traps were manipulated to apply a range of tensions (0--8 pN)to the filaments via the microsphere handles. With increasing filament tension, the displacement of the microspheres was inconsistent with a microsphere-filament system that is rigid. We maintain that this inconsistency is due to the microspheres rotating in the trap and the filaments bending near their attachments to accommodate this rotation. Fitting the experimental data to a simple model of this phenomena, we estimate actin's EI to be ×15 × 103 pN nm2, a value within the range of previously reported results, albeit using a novel method. These results both: support the idea that actin filaments are more compliant than historically assumed; and, indicate that without appropriately pretensioning the actin filament in similar laser traps, measurements of unitary molecular events (e.g. myosin displacement) may be significantly underestimated
A Survey of the Sn/n Problem

Abstract This is an expository paper devoted primarily to a presentation of the historical development and (virtually complete) solution of what is known as the Sn/n Problem. A family of zero-mean X-distributions is given to illustrate our Sn/n results. For many distributions in this family, three seemingly incompatible statements hold simultaneously: As may be apparent from the above, advances in several areas have occurred as a consequence of the progress made on this problem. Two outgrowths stressed here include: 1 a completely new generalization of the Law of the Iterated Logarithm which applies to all i.i.d. mean zero random variables 2 evidence of the fundamental character of extended-valued stopping rules. An important outgrowth not elaborated on here involves a method developed by this author of approximating the expectation Ef (|Wn|) of a function f of the absolute value of a sum Wn = Y1 +…+Yn of independent random variables.
Little filtered cigars: US sales, flavours, package sizes and prices

Objective At least four varieties of little filtered cigars (LFCs) violate the US prohibition on flavoured cigarettes other than menthol. This study characterises the sales of prohibited products and other LFCs by flavour category and pack size, as well as the price of LFCs relative to cigarettes. Methods Using retail sales data for 2016, we computed the sales volume in dollars and equivalent units and the percentage of total sales by flavour and pack size for the USA by region and state. Paired t-tests compared the prices for LFCs and cigarettes sold in same-sized packs and cartons. Results LFC sales totalled 24 033 equivalent units per 100 000 persons in 2016. Flavoured LFC varieties accounted for almost half (47.5%) of the total sales. LFCs were sold in 12 different pack sizes, but 79.7% of sales were packs of 20. The price of 20-packs averaged $2.41 (SD=$1.49), which was significantly less than cigarettes (M=$5.90, SD=$0.85). Regional differences suggest a greater proportion of menthol/mint LFCs and lower prices in the South than in other regions. Conclusion Classifying all LFCs as cigarettes would require that they be offered in a minimum package of 20, eliminate flavoured varieties other than menthol and increase prices through applicable state and local cigarette taxes.
Advances in Orphan Nuclear Receptor Pharmacology: A New Era in Drug Discovery

Over the past decade, advances in biophysical chemistry, genomic analysis, and structural biology have resulted in the exponential growth of knowledge and critical insight into the function and regulation of orphan nuclear receptors. This article summarizes the current progress in illuminating the structure, function, and regulation of orphan nuclear receptors and their involvement in the physiology, development and molecular mechanism of different pathological conditions. Moreover, current strategies for discovering endogenous ligands, downstream NR-regulated target genes, and new drugs for future therapeutics will be discussed.
Is Parent-Adolescent Drug Talk Always Protective? Testing A New Scale of Drug Talk Styles in Relation to Adolescent Personal Norms, Parental Injunctive Norms, Substance Use Intentions, and Behaviors.

According to parent-offspring drug talk (PODT) model, the specificity of drug talk styles is identified by the timing and directness of communication about substance use between parent and adolesce...
Mild hyperandrogenemia in presence/absence of a high-fat, Western-style diet alters secretory phase endometrial transcriptome in nonhuman primates.

Objective To identify novel transcriptomic changes to eutopic endometrium by exposure to chronic mild hypernadrogenemia (testosterone [T]) with/without exposure to an obesogenic Western-style diet (WSD). Design Two-by-two factorial arrangement of treatments. Setting National primate research center. Animal(s) Rhesus macaque females were chronically exposed to T and/or consumed a WSD from menarche through adulthood. After 4.5 years of treatment, Tru-Cut endometrial biopsies were obtained at the midsecretory phase (n = 6–4/group), and paired-end sequencing of RNA was performed. Several females in the T, WSD, and T+WSD cohorts developed endometriosis within 6 months of biopsy; a separate analysis was performed contrasting diagnosis of endometriosis stage 0–2 versus stages 3 and 4 (American Society for Reproductive Medicine revised criteria). Intervention(s) Chronic exposure to mild elevation of T (∼five-fold elevation) and/or WSD from menarche until adulthood. Main Outcome Measure(s) Limma voom empirical Bayes pipeline was performed to detect differentially expressed RNAs (DEs) significantly impacted by treatments and endometriosis severity. Differentially expressed RNAs were then interrogated by Ingenuity Pathway Analyses and Protein Analysis through Evolutionary Relationships. Result(s) Total DEs included C versus T, 469; C versus WSD, 525; C versus T+WSD, 549; and T versus T+WSD, 1,505. The majority of DEs mapped to the ontology pathways: heterotrimeric G-protein signaling pathways Gi alpha and Gs alpha (C vs. T), WNT signaling (C vs. WSD and T vs. T+WSD), and Huntington disease (C vs. T+WSD). A total of 2,171 DEs from eutopic endometrium were altered by the presence of stage 3 and 4 endometriosis lesions. Conclusion(s) The present global transcriptomic analyses demonstrate that the greatest magnitude of changes occurred in contrasts of C and T versus T+WSD, adding to the evidence that these two insults have a synergistic effect on female physiology. These data also support the concept that prior alterations to the function of eutopic endometrium increase the risk for endometriosis.
Novel AT1R-Allosteric Ligands Mask the Preeclampsia Auto-antibody Epitope and Decrease Angiotensin-induced Vasoconstriction

Maternal blood pressure regulation by the hormone angiotensin II (AngII) sustains fetal growth through feto-placental circulation. AngII binding to orthosteric pocket in the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) induces G protein and beta-arrestin signaling. AT1R blocking drugs and beta-arrestin biased ligands also bind to the orthosteric pocket but evoke different inactive and active states 1-6. AT1R-directed auto-antibodies observed in preeclampsia bind outside the orthosteric pocket to extracellular loop-2 (ECL2) of AT1R 7-9. How auto-antibodies modulate AT1R activity causing preeclampsia pathogenesis is unknown. Here we report a druggable cryptic allosteric pocket encompassing the preeclampsia epitope on ECL2. Using structure based high-throughput small molecule screening we discovered 18 ligands specific for the AT1R-allosteric pocket. After procuring these ligands we validated inhibition of preeclampsia epitope-specific antibody binding. We characterize their inhibitory effect on antibody- and AngII-signaling in cells and vasoconstriction ex vivo. These novel AT1R allosteric ligands, thus act as dual action negative modulators of auto-antibody action and vasoconstriction. Our study demonstrates that positive allosteric modulator action of auto-antibody causes a disease linked to AT1R. We anticipate our findings to kindle structure-based discovery of AT1R allosteric ligands for intervention in maladies such as preeclampsia 7-10, rejection of organ transplants11, vasodilatory shock 12, 13 and metabolic syndrome 14.
Model Development of CDK4/6 Predicted Efficacy in Patients With Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer.

PURPOSEThree cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDKIs) are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of patients with hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth ...
AC Magnetic Field Amplitude Dependence of Magnetoacoustic Emission Spectra and Effects of Temper Embrittlement of HY80 Steel

Certain impurity species trapped in the grain boundaries of HY80 steel during the post-fabrication heat treatment are known to cause temper embrittlement [1]. On the other hand, the local residual stress fields due to lattice mismatch at grain boundaries are the main pinning sites causing irreversible magnetic domain wall motion that creates magnetoacoustic emission (MAE). The peak amplitude of MAE depends on two major factors; the waveform of applied AC magnetic field and the strength of the 90° domain wall-defect interaction which creates an effective potential barrier against the domain wall motion. As the degree of embrittlement increases, therefore, the peak amplitude of MAE burst should increase since the higher concentration of impurities enhances the 90° wall-defect interaction at the grain boundaries.
THE SISTER'S HILL SITE: A HELL GAP SITE IN NORTH-CENTRAL WYOMING

The cultural horizon at the Sister’s Hill Site has produced typical Hell Gap points and a small group of associated artifacts. The radiocarbon date of 9650 ± 250 B. C. is in agreement with late Aga...
An MCMC Feature Selection Technique for Characterizing and Classifying Spatial Region Data

We focus on characterizing spatial region data when distinct classes of structural patterns are present. We propose a novel statistical approach based on a supervised framework for reducing the dimensionality of the initial feature space, selecting the most discriminative features. The method employs the statistical techniques of Bootstrapping simulation, Bayesian Inference and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), to indicate the most informative features, according to their discriminative power across the distinct classes of data. The technique assigns to each feature a weight proportional to its significance. We evaluate the proposed technique with classification experiments, using both synthetic and real datasets of 2D and 3D spatial ROIs and established classifiers (Neural Networks). Finally, we compare our method with other dimensionality reduction techniques.
Comparison of heat production of chickens measured by energy balance and by gaseous exchange.

An open-circuit respiration calorimeter suitable for chickens or other small animals has been constructed. The system contains two animal chambers and is capable of determining heat production of two animals or groups of animals independently and simultaneously with gas collection apparatus for continuous sampling of chamber gases. The operation of the system was tested in two experiments by determining heat production of two groups of 10-week-old, full-fed cockerels over a 4-day period both by energy retention (body balance) and gaseous exchange. Heat production (kilocalories per bird per 24 hours) as determined by energy balance versus gaseous exchange was 359 versus 348 in one experiment and 395 versus 393 in the other. The agreement was sufficiently close to support the use of respiration calorimetry to measure heat production of chickens under experimental conditions in this laboratory without killing the experimental subjects. On the basis of metabolic body weight (in kilograms, W0.75) heat production measured in this manner was 161 and 173 kcal (day . W0.75) in experiments 1 and 2, respectively.
Using Multiple Levels of Abstractions in Embedded Software Design

The methodologies that are in use today for software development rely on representations and techniques appropriate for the applications (compilers, business applications, CAD, etc.) that have been traditionally implemented on programmable processors. Embedded software is different: by virtue of being embedded in a surrounding system, the software must be able to continuously react to stimula in the desired way. Verifying the correctness of the system requires that the model of the software be transformed to include (refine) or exclude (abstract) information to retain only what is relevant to the task at hand. In this paper, we outline a framework that we inted to use for studying the problems of abstraction and refinement in the context of embedded software for hybrid systems.
Helminth-Induced Immunoregulation of an Allergic Response to Food

Work from our laboratory has shown that an enteric helminth infection can act as an adjuvant to prime for a Th2-biased response to a typically tolerogenic form of dietary antigen. Helminth infection
Determinism and Total Explanation in the Biological and Behavioral Sciences

Should we think of our universe as law-governed and ‘clockwork’-like or as disorderly and ‘soup’-like? Alternatively, should we consciously and intentionally synthesise these two extreme pictures? More concretely, how deterministic are the postulated causes and how rigid are the modelled properties of the best statistical methodologies used in the biological and behavioural sciences? The charge of this entry is to explore thinking about causation in the temporal evolution of biological and behavioural systems. Regression analysis and path analysis are simply explicated with reference to a thought experiment of painting three universes (clockwork, soup and conscious) useful for imagining our actual universe. Attention to historical, structural and mechanistic explanatory perspectives broadens the palette of methodologies available for analysing determinism in, and explanation of, biological and behavioural systems. Each justified methodology provides a partial perspective on complex reality. Is a total explanation of any system ever possible and what would it require? Key Concepts: A thought experiment delineating three universes – clockwork, soup, and conscious – assists in understanding statistical methodologies. Neither extreme rigid determinism nor radical chancy indeterminism permit accurate depictions of a ‘Laplacian chance’, conscious universe. Standard statistical methodologies related to the General Linear Model (GLM), such as regression analysis and path analysis, synthesise determinism and indeterminism in important ways (e.g. via error terms). History of science illustrates the plurality of scientific methods. Inferring causes using statistical analysis is not impossible. Indeed, randomised experiments and rigorous statistical methodologies can licence causal claims. An analogy from the physical sciences, displacement of springs, provides a running example for the variety of questions asked of system behaviour from statistical, historical, structural, and mechanistic perspectives. Historical explanation and mechanistic explanation remain autonomous explanatory perspectives interested, respectively, in the origin and part-whole structure of a biological or behavioural system. The general methodological analyses here presented should be complemented with more concrete case studies of, for example, sexuality, intelligence, autism, and ‘criminality’. Are explanations from distinct explanatory perspectives ‘miscible’ or do we reach an ‘impasse when we attempt to integrate and mix them? Keywords: models; causes; explanation; statistics; regression analysis; path analysis; history; mechanism; scientific methods; genetics
The effect of simulated microgravity on lumbar spine biomechanics: an in vitro study.

Disc herniation risk is quadrupled following spaceflight. This study tested the hypothesis that swelling-induced disc height increases (comparable to those reported in spaceflight) stiffen the spine and elevate annular strain and nuclear pressure during forward bending. Eight human lumbar motion segments were secured to custom-designed testing jigs and subjected to baseline flexion and compression and pure moment flexibility tests. Discs were then free-swelled in saline to varying supraphysiologic heights consistent with prolonged weightlessness and re-tested to assess biomechanical changes. Swelling-induced disc height changes correlated positively with intradiscal pressure (p < 0.01) and stiffening in flexion (p < 0.01), and negatively with flexion range of motion (p < 0.05). Swelling-induced increases in disc height also led to increased annular surface strain under combined flexion with compression. Disc wedge angle decreased with swelling (p < 0.05); this loss of wedge angle correlated with decreased flexion range of motion (R 2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001) and decreased stiffness fold change in extension (p < 0.05). Swelling-induced increases in disc height decrease flexibility and increase annular strain and nuclear pressure during forward bending. These changes, in combination with the measured loss of lordotic curvature with disc swelling, may contribute toward increased herniation risk. This is consistent with clinical observations of increased disc herniation rates after microgravity exposure and may provide the basis for future countermeasure development.
Supporting low latency TCP-based media streams

The dominance of the TCP protocol on the Internet and its success in maintaining Internet stability has led to several TCP-based stored media-streaming approaches. The success of these approaches raises the question whether TCP can be used for low-latency streaming. Low latency streaming allows responsive control operations for media streaming and can make interactive applications feasible. We examined adapting the TCP send buffer size based on TCP's congestion window to reduce application perceived network latency. Our results show that this simple idea significantly improves the number of packets that can be delivered within 200 ms and 500 ms thresholds.
¿Derecho u Obligación? Parents' and Youths' Understanding of Parental Legitimacy in a Mexican Origin Familial Context

This study draws from a social domain framework to explore judgments of parental authority in a Mexican origin familial context. The sample included 277 ninth-grade youth (M = 14.53 years, SD = .61) and one of each of their parents. The average age of mothers was 39.88 years (SD = 5.85), and for fathers it was 41.65 years (SD = 5.51). As expected, parents were less acculturated and adhered to familismo and machismo. Results also showed that youth and parents agreed that parents have the right and obligation to authority in the personal domain more than in the conventional. The present findings are discussed in terms of rights and obligations of perceived authority and cultural orientations for parents and youth.
Sol-gel derived antireflective coatings for silicon

Abstract TiO 2 -SiO 2 films containing from 30 to 95 mol% TiO 2 were prepared by a sol-gel process. These films were applied to polished silicon and heat treated at temperatures less than 450°C to convert the applied films to amorphous oxide films ranging in refractive index from approximately 1.63 to 2.17. The films were evaluated for antireflectance as a function of conversion temperature. It was found that the sol-gel films applied at 400°C showed broad regions of antireflectance compared to other titanium-based films.
HlGt-i TEMPERATURE-SHORT TIME (HTST) PROCESSING OF SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING BACTERIAL SPORES

HTST sterilization of nutrient broth containing particles inoculated with B. subtilis 5230 spores was evaluated. The particles were tight rolls of chromatography paper 12.7 mm long by 7.64 mm in diam. Presence of these particles increased the time needed to sterilize the broth. These results are quantitatively presented as a protection ratio. For nutrient broth containing paper rolls, the protection ratio was of no concern at a processing temperature of 240° F, began to become important at 250° F and became the dominant factor at 260° F and above. It is thus established that the time of a HTST process of liquids containing particles differs significantly from HTST processing of clear liquids. For example, this difference should apply to commercial HTST processing of meat in a gravy stew or dumplings in a chicken soup as contrasted with consommes or to fermentation mashes as compared to fermentation broths.
Transcription map of the B genome component of tomato golden mosaic virus and comparison with A component transcripts.

In a previous study, the bipartite genome of tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) was shown to be transcribed into at least six polyadenylated RNAs (G. Sunter, W.E. Gardiner, and D. M. Bisaro, 1989, Virology 170, 243-250). Two of these, a 1.3-kb complementary sense and a 0.9-kb viral sense transcript, were mapped to the B genome component of this geminivirus. The results of more detailed primer extension and S1 nuclease protection experiments presented here define the limits of the single transcription unit corresponding to the 0.9-kb RNA which spans the BR1 open reading frame (ORF). The data also demonstrate that complementary sense TGMV RNAs are more complex than indicated by our earlier studies. Analysis of the 1.3-kb BL1-specific RNA indicates that it is actually a family of distinct transcripts with different start sites. Three transcripts have 5' ends that map near the common region of DNA B and all of these start sites lie upstream of the BL1 ORF. Similar analysis of the 1.6-kb complementary sense AL1 RNA indicates that a complex set of transcripts also map to the analogous region of genome component A. Four transcripts have 5' ends that map near the common region but only one of these start sites is upstream of the initiation codon for the AL1 open reading frame (ORF). None of the transcripts appear to be processed. The possible significance of multiple transcripts in these regions of the TGMV genome is discussed, and the common region-proximal transcription units of the A and B genome components are compared.
Acute lung injury edema fluid decreases net fluid transport across human alveolar epithelial type II cells.

Most patients with acute lung injury (ALI) have reduced alveolar fluid clearance that has been associated with higher mortality. Several mechanisms may contribute to the decrease in alveolar fluid clearance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that pulmonary edema fluid from patients with ALI might reduce the expression of ion transport genes responsible for vectorial fluid transport in primary cultures of human alveolar epithelial type II cells. Following exposure to ALI pulmonary edema fluid, the gene copy number for the major sodium and chloride transport genes decreased. By Western blot analyses, protein levels of αENaC, α1Na,K-ATPase, and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator decreased as well. In contrast, the gene copy number for several inflammatory cytokines increased markedly. Functional studies demonstrated that net vectorial fluid transport was reduced for human alveolar type II cells exposed to ALI pulmonary edema fluid compared with plasma (0.02 ± 0.05 versus 1.31 ± 0.56 μl/cm2/h, p
Synthesis and Characterization of a Mixture-Based Library of Oxime Ethers Based on a Common Aromatic Scaffold

A mixture-based library of oxime ethers of general structure 4 (Scheme 2) has been prepared and characterized. Synthesis of the aromatic scaffold 3 (Scheme 1) containing two aromatic aminooxy groups followed by its reaction with 55 pairwise combinations of 11 aromatic aldehydes A−K in separate wells results in the formation of a library of sublibraries each containing four major oxime ether components. Extensive characterization of the sublibraries by LC−MS and NMR shows formation of all of the expected products in comparable amounts. The library compositions show little sensitivity of the oximation reaction to the aldehyde structure. This synthetically simple procedure provides a rapid approach to covering diversity space for this class of compounds and has implications for their use in dynamic combinatorial libraries.
Economical reorder quantities and reorder points with uncertain demand

The problem of determining reorder quantities and reorder points that minimize the total costs of carrying inventory, placing orders, and penalties for back orders, in the face of uncertain demand, is considered in this paper. By making approximations to the total cost function and the safety factor versus service function relationship, an economic order quantity is derived that depends on the uncertainty in the foiecast of demand during the lead time, but is independent of the back order cost. Reorder points are then determined for the case in which the back order cost is explicitly stated, and for the case in which the back order cost is unknown and the desired customer service is used as the controlling parameter. Simulations indicate that, when compared with use of the Wilson economic order quantity, the use of the formulae derived in this paper will lead to approximately a 5-7-percent reduction in the total cost.
The split abdominal wall muscle flap repair for large congenital diaphragmatic hernias on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Background: Numerous techniques exist for repairing large congenital diaphragmatic hernias (CDHs) including prosthetic patches, tissue-engineered grafts, and various muscle flaps. A split abdominal wall muscle flap is a simple, durable way to repair a large diaphragmatic hernia. This technique has not gained widespread use, and some have suggested that it would be inappropriate in the setting of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) because of bleeding risk. We present our series of diaphragmatic hernias with a focus on those repaired with the split abdominal wall technique while on ECMO. Methods: A retrospective, single-institution chart review was performed on all patients who underwent surgical repair for CDH over 6 years beginning in August 2000. Results: Seventy-five patients underwent repair. Sixteen were performed with patients on ECMO. Of these, 4 were closed primarily, 7 used a prosthetic patch, and 5 used a split abdominal wall muscle flap. Two patients in the prosthetic group developed a recurrent hernia, and 2 required reoperation for bleeding while on ECMO. No reoperations for bleeding were required in the abdominal muscle flap group. Conclusions: The split abdominal wall muscle flap can be safely performed on anticoagulated patients. We believe it is a practical option for repairing large CDHs.
Japanese management and policing in the context of Japanese culture

Notes that the practice of Japanese management contributed to Japan’s renovation from the ashes of the Second World War to become one of the world’s economic leaders, and at the same time, expand the proficiency of Japanese police administration. Identifies, through Ouchi’s Management Theory Z, three commonalties to Japanese police operations and the practices of Japanese corporations: groupism, seniority, and non‐specialized career paths. Concludes with a discussion on implementing Japanese management and policing with American community‐oriented policing.
The Role of Equatorial Waves Forced by Convection in the Tropical Semiannual Oscillation

Abstract Recent satellite observations suggest that convection over the tropical continents is capable of exciting wave motions over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. An equatorial beta-plane model was used to investigate the forcing by convective heating of equatorial waves with zonal wavenumbers from 1 to 15 and a wide range of periods, including diurnal oscillations. Also studied are the propagation of these waves in the equatorial middle atmosphere and their role in driving the tropical semiannual oscillation (SAO). Specification of the heating distribution used to force the model is guided by observations and analyses of tropical convection. It was found that intermediate-scale Kelvin and inertia–gravity waves provide between 25% and 50% of the forcing necessary to drive the westerly phase of the SAO near the stratopause, while the remainder is supplied by planetary-scale Kelvin waves. In the mesosphere, intermediate-scale waves account for an even larger fraction of the force required to ...
Polymer thin-film transistors with high dielectric constant gate insulators

Field-effect transistors consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) have been fabricated with high dielectric constant SrBi2Ta2O9 films working as the gate insulator. Significantly enhanced gate effects were observed in these devices compared to similar transistors with conventional SiO2 gate dielectric. Our devices exhibited operating voltages around 10 V, as compared to about 100 V for devices employing SiO2 as the gate dielectric. Moreover, inverters based on such polymer transistors were demonstrated with nice input–output characteristics.
Efficacy of topical azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1% in the treatment of posterior blepharitis.

Introduction Azithromycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic with potent anti-inflammatory activities, has the potential to effectively treat blepharitis, an inflammatory disease of the eyelid with abnormal eyelid flora as an etiologic determinant. The present study compared the efficacy of topical azithromycin ophthalmic solution 1% (AzaSite®; Inspire Pharmaceuticals, Inc, NC, USA) combined with warm compresses (azithromycin group) to warm compresses alone (compress group) in patients with posterior blepharitis.
Applications of neural network in regression analysis

Abstract A novel artificial network (ANN) structure and the associated design-oriented procedure for network development are proposed to extend the traditional classification-based ANN technology to parametric regression applications. The proposed methodology is illustrated by two practical applications. One is a linearizable regression case concerning the relation between marginal cost and cumulative production; the other is a nonlinear regression case concerning the yield of wheat corresponding to the application rate of fertilizer. Results obtained by the proposed methodology compare well with those obtained by the traditional least squares regression technique, indicating an alternative solution for regression analysis.
Major colonic complications of hepatic transplantation.

Patient 1. A 2 89 girl underwent hepatic transplantation for biliary atresia. Despite good hepatic function, a bile leak necessitated biliary revision at two weeks. This was accompanied by a brief period of rectal bleeding, which ceased spontaneously. On her sixty-fifth post-transplant day the patient underwent negative exploratory laparotomy because of suspicion that an abdominal abscess was present. Four days later, massive hematochezia recurred. Laparotomy revealed bleeding from a cecal ulcer, necessitating right hemicolectomy with ileotransverse colostomy. Bleeding ceasd hut pulmonary and hepatic failure rapidly developed. Diffuse cytomegalovirus inclusion disease of the lung, liver, and brain was found. Patient 2. A 16-year-old girl received an orthotopic hepatic transplant for chronic active hepatitis. Despite an initially benign course, rejection occurred on the forty-seventh post-transplant day, necessitating increased steroid administration. Five days later, hepatic function was again normal, but the following day free intraperitoneal air was seen on chest x-ray. Exploration of the abdomen disclosed a freely perforated diverticulum of the right colon with diffuse peritonitis. Hemicolectomy with ileostomy and mucous
The vitelline envelope-to-fertilization envelope transformation in the toad Bufo arenarum

Abstract An investigation of some changes associated with the transformation of the vitelline envelope into the fertilization envelope in the egg of the toad Bufo arenarum is reported here. In most of the experiments described, the parameter used to demonstrate these changes was the stability of structural integrity of isolated envelopes when submitted to different agents and conditions. The envelopes used for this purpose exhibited a high degree of purity and remained apparently unaltered by the isolation procedure. As a quantitative method to ascertain their solubility rate, the release of uv-absorbing materials into solution was determined. Compared to the vitelline envelope, the fertilization envelope has proven to be less soluble in water, more stable in the presence of the chaotropic ion thiocyanate, and less susceptible to digestion in the presence of sperm lysin, trypsin, and pronase. In Bufo arenarum , as in other species, the vitelline envelope appears to be composed of glycoproteins. In contrast to previous results, however, disulfide bonds do not seem to be involved in their structural integrity. Thus, experiments carried out with isolated envelopes as well as with envelopes in situ have demonstrated a lack of effect of disulfide bond breaking agents on envelope stability. Evidence is presented suggesting that the solubility of envelopes in mercaptan solutions, as reported by other laboratories, is likely to be the expression of artifactual results.
Music Therapy in School Settings: Current Practice.

The practice of music therapy in school settings was the focus of this study. Survey forms were mailed to 244 NAMT members who indicated school setting as their place of employment. A total of 190 forms were received, 138 of which fit the qualifications for inclusion and were included in the data summaries. Greater numbers of respondents lived in Texas (21), New York (17), and Michigan (11), and were employed full-time (60p). Employers were more typically school systems (53p) for the highest percentage of full-time respondents (80p), and self-employers (25p) for the highest percentage of part-time respondents (80p). A considerably higher percentage of time was spent each week in direct service delivery (62p) than in consultation (13p), travel (18p), documentation (11p), or preparation (14p). Over 40p of the respondents had been music therapists for more than 8 years, but not necessarily in their current positions. Almost 40p needed a valid teaching certificate for employment, while over 50p currently held one. Respondents most frequently worked with persons who were developmentally disabled (80p). The impact of employer and the inclusion movement on professional practice issues was discussed, as were possible trends in the practice of music therapy in school settings.
Further Research on the Reading-Storage Test as a Measure of Gain during Readinga

The sensitivity of the reading-storage technique as a measure of gain during reading was investigated. Gains on this test were related to three other variables–passage difficulty, reader ability, and the understanding judgments of readers themselves. Reading-storage tests on 16 prose passages were administered to about 600 students in Grades 4–12. The passages ranged in difficulty from beginning reader level to college level. After reading a passage, the 5s made understanding judgments and took a reading-storage test on the passage. The same tests were given to other Ss who had not had the opportunity to read the passage first. The gain on the reading-storage test between nonreading and reading was highly correlated with understanding judgments. It was concluded that the reading-storage test was sensitive to the gain due to reading as long as the difficulty level of the material was approximately equal to the reading ability level of the individual.
Darstellung von katalytisch aktivem Nickel durch Reduktion in flssigem Ammoniak

Durch Reduktion von [Ni(NH3)6](NO3)2O mittels Na, K oder Ca in flussigem NH3 entsteht hochdisperses Ni-Metall, dem Hydroxyde der Reduktionsmetalle beigemengt sind. Die katalytische Aktivitat der mit Na und K reduzierten Praparate ist gering, jedoch besitzen die mit Ca reduzierten Produkte eine ausgezeichnete katalytische Aktivitat gegenuber der Benzolhydrierung; sie enthalten hochdisperses Ni auf einem Trager von Ca(OH)2. Reducing [Ni(NH3)6](NO3)2 in liquid NH3 by elemental Na, K or Ca, highly dispersed Ni-metal admixed with the hydroxide of the respective reducing agent has been prepared. The catalytic activity of the products formed by Na and K is small. The products obtained by Ca-reduction, however, are excellent catalysts for the hydrogenation of benzene; they contain highly dispersed Ni on a Ca(OH)2-carrier.
The location of women's prisons and the deterrence effect of “harder” time

Most studies of the deterrence effect of incarceration treat a year in prison as having the same deterrence effect regardless of the conditions of incarceration. In contrast, we are interested in the deterrence effect of punitiveness that is unrelated to sentence length. We focus on the punitiveness of reduced visitation associated with incarceration in institutions far from one's city of residence. Our estimation strategy takes advantage of the natural experiment created by recent expansions in the female penal system. The physical expansion of the penal system decreased the distance to prisons for some cities while increasing it for others. Our results suggest that incarceration location has a sizable deterrence effect. Increasing the average distance to a woman's prison by 40 miles reduces the female violent crime rate by approximately 6%.
Sub-microsecond thermal reconfiguration of silicon photonic devices

Using the experimental data we show the possibility of sub-microsecond reconfiguration of silicon photonics microresonators through pulse shaping of micro-heater excitation. Also, a novel heater structure based on small microdisk resonators with sub-hundred-nanosecond reconfiguration speed is proposed and investigated theoretically. OCIS codes: (130.3130) Integrated optics materials; (160.6840) Thermo-optical materials (230.5750) Resonators.
Antipsychotic medication: effects on regulation of glucose and lipids

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine in the 1950s, antipsychotics have been used for the treatment of schizophrenia. The phenothiazines were followed by the butyrophenones, particularly haloperidol. With all the movement disorder side effects of these medications (extrapyramidal syndrome, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia), the pharmaceutical industry has gradually released atypical antipsychotics. This class includes clozapine (released in the USA in 1990), risperidone (1994), olanzapine (1996), quetiapine (1998) and ziprasidone (2001). However, the rate of diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia appeared to increase with the availability of this class of medications. In reviewing rate and degree of changes in weight, glucose control and lipid levels induced by typical and atypical antipsychotics, it was found that in contrast to case reports, there is a dearth of retrospective, open and controlled studies. However, in studies as early as 1964, significant weight increases were found to be associated with use of chlorpromazine. While the phenothiazines may have some effect on patients with chemical diabetes, there is little evidence of the typical antipsychotics producing diabetes mellitus de novo, or worsening diabetes that is already been discovered. Ziprasidone appears to be the antipsychotic with the most beneficial combination of effects: no weight gain, no change in glucose utilisation and reductions in cholesterol and serum triglycerides (TGs).
The effects of self‐construals and ethnicity on self‐reported conflict styles

This study examined whether self‐construal and/or ethnicity predict self‐reported conflict styles of individuals in small group settings. Participants (N=349) completed a questionnaire about a cooperative or competitive task with members from an ingroup or outgroup. Comparisons between Latino(a)s (n=115) and European Americans (n=234) suggest that: (1) self‐construal is a better predictor of conflict styles than ethnic/cultural background; (2) dominating conflict styles are associated positively with independent self‐construals while avoiding, obliging, and compromising conflict styles are associated positively with interdependent self‐construals; and (3) integrating conflict styles are associated strongly and positively with interdependent self‐construals and weakly and positively with independent self‐construals.
Resonance phenomena in a time-dependent, three-dimensional model of an idealized eddy

We analyze the geometry of Lagrangian motion and material barriers in a time-dependent, three-dimensional, Ekman-driven, rotating cylinder flow, which serves as an idealization for an isolated oceanic eddy and other overturning cells with cylindrical geometry in the ocean and atmosphere. The flow is forced at the top through an oscillating upper lid, and the response depends on the frequency and amplitude of lid oscillations. In particular, the Lagrangian geometry changes near the resonant tori of the unforced flow, whose frequencies are rationally related to the forcing frequencies. Multi-scale analytical expansions are used to simplify the flow in the vicinity of resonant trajectories and to investigate the resonant flow geometries. The resonance condition and scaling can be motivated by simple physical argument. The theoretically predicted flow geometries near resonant trajectories have then been confirmed through numerical simulations in a phenomenological model and in a full solution of the Navier-Stokes equations.
An Expected Value Analysis of When to Avoid Type 1 and Type 2 Statistical Errors in Applied Research

For decades, applied researchers have relied heavily on either the null hypothesis significance testing procedure (NHSTP) or Bayesian statistics to help them determine the probability of the null hypothesis given their findings. While there may be some flaws in both methods, there are cases where the probability of the null hypothesis can be known, or at least estimated fairly accurately, thus making such analyses worthwhile. Assuming the worth of using such analyses, another issue in play is whether or not to avoid Type 1 or Type 2 statistical errors. While much has been said about the importance of avoiding both types of errors, we offer a new way of looking at the situation. We use an Expected Value analysis to help applied researchers determine when to avoid either type of error. We give examples and perform simulations to back up our mathematical arguments. Theoretical and applied issues are discussed.
Time-dependent system reliability analysis by adaptive importance sampling

Abstract A method for evaluating time-dependent reliability of a structural system subjected to stochastic loads is presented. Structural deterioration due to environmental stressors is also taken into account. An adaptive Monte Carlo simulation procedure combined with conditional expectation is proposed. The optimum common ratio of the standard deviation of an importance sampling variables to that of the corresponding original valuables is estimated iteratively as well as their mean values. Unlike systems evaluated by simple Monte Carlo simulations, the accuracy of the failure probability evaluated by adaptive importance sampling is relatively insensitive to the magnitude of the probability.