cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A New Look at Multiple Goal Pursuit: the Promise of a Person-Centered Approach

The current study reviewed and synthesized studies employing a person-centered approach to studying achievement goals. Towards this end, a common labeling scheme was developed for goal profiles. Ten profile types were identified across studies and compared via meta-analytic techniques in terms of academic motivation, social/emotional well-being, engagement, and achievement. Two theoretically relevant profiles—Mastery High and Approach High—were relatively common and adaptive across all outcomes; the Performance/Work Avoidance Low profile was also generally adaptive. The Average All Goals and Low All Goals profiles, conversely, were consistently maladaptive. The pursuit of performance-approach, performance-avoidance, or work-avoidance goals alone was rare and generally maladaptive except with respect to achievement. Supplementary moderator analyses revealed that school level and goal model—but not analytic technique—were important variables to consider regarding both the prevalence and adaptive nature of goal profiles. This research synthesis provides insight into longstanding debates within the achievement goal literature and highlights the potential of person-centered analyses to complement findings from more predominant variable-centered research.
Molecules for converting sunlight into electricity

The dream of generating electricity from sunlight in large scale at low cost may not be that far from reality in this century. Rapidly emerging solar energy technology using low cost dye sensitized photovoltaic cells on plastics would be a real boost for the third world countries. Though the conventional silicon solar cells are efficient in converting solar energy into electricity until now, the non conventional solar cells based on molecular photosensitization by colored materials in wide band gap semiconductors is a fast growing field of basic scientific and industrial research. Present state-of-the-art cells using molecular dyes shows energy conversion efficiencies of 10–11%. In this article, we present the concept of dye-sensitized photovoltaic (DSPV) cell and the progress in current research. The important contributions of molecular dyes that are used as photosensitizers in these photovoltaic or solar cells are also described.
Stall detection on a leading-edge plasma actuated pitching airfoil utilizing onboard measurement

This experimental work develops a new technique to identify between separated and unseparated flow states on a plasma actuated, pitching airfoil undergoing incompressible dynamic stall. The approach exploits the flow’s receptivity to periodic disturbances introduced by the actuator at the airfoil’s leading edge; these disturbances act as a mechanism to prevent separation and, additionally, provide a decisive indication of the flow state through their pressure signature. No, light, and deep dynamic stall regimes are investigated. Short-time Fourier transforms and wavelet transforms map the pressure time-series obtained by an in-situ sensor into the time-frequency domain where the detection scheme is most apparent.
Legal and Practical Aspects of the Relationships Between the Federal and State Quarantine Offices and Between National and Regional Plant Boards

Legal relationship comes into existence between Federal and State quarantine officers when an interstate plant quarantine, having intrastate features, is put into force within the United States. Practical relationships between Federal and State quarantine officers may rise from sources such as state instituted quarantines imposing restrictions that bear incidentally upon interstate commerce, and international quarantines which bear onerously upon some section or sections of the United States. To make these relationships efficient it is necessary that the Federal and State quarantine officers should make their plans and pursue their duties in a spirit of cooperation and mutual helpfulness. In view of the fact that nearly all plant quarantines interfere somewhere, somehow with private rights and may constitute an interference with the legitimate business of large groups of our citizens, it is obvious that in addition to insect and plant disease distribution facts, the effect of such quarantine action upon the legitimate business, bound to be effected by it, must be considered as an important factor in determining when, where and how quarantine lines shall be laid. Quarantines must not only be laid with judgment and extreme care but they must be enforced with sympathetic consideration for the interests of those citizens whose legitimate business is being injured thereby and not in the spirit of the blood hound of the law engaged solely in the process of catching the evil doer. The national plant board is designed to represent the interests of the regional plant boards where these interests are national in scope and serves in matters of this kind as a medium through which to present to the Federal Plant Quarantine and Control Administration the combined views of the state authorities. Naturally also the national plant board must think along national lines and afford leadership to the regional plant boards.
Plasticity of the α4βδ GABAA receptor

The GABAR [GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptor], which mediates most inhibition in the brain, is regulated homoeostatically to maintain an optimal level of neuronal excitability. In particular, the α4βδ subtype of the GABAR plays a pivotal role in this regulation. This receptor, which is expressed extrasynaptically on the dendrites, normally has low expression in the brain, but displays a remarkable degree of plasticity. It can also be a sensitive target for endogenous neurosteroids such as THP (3α-hydroxy-5[α]β-pregnan-20-one ( allo -pregnanolone); a neurosteroid and positive modulator of the GABAR), which is released during stress, although the effect of the steroid is polarity-dependent, such that it increases inward current, but decreases outward current, at α4β2δ GABAR. Expression of α4β2δ GABAR in CA1 hippocampus is also tightly regulated by fluctuating levels of neurosteroids, as seen at the onset of puberty. Declining levels of inhibition resulting from the decrease in THP at puberty are compensated for by an increase in α4βδ GABAR along the apical dendrites of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, which reduces neuronal excitability by decreasing the input resistance. However, excessive decrease of neuronal function is averted when THP levels rise, as would occur during stress, because this steroid decreases the outward GABAergic tonic current via inhibition of α4β2δ GABAR, thereby restoring measures of neuronal excitability to pre-pubertal levels. Thus the homoeostatic regulation of α4βδ GABAR expression plays an important role in maintaining ambient levels of neuronal excitability at puberty. Abbreviations: BDZ, benzodiazepine; CNS, central nervous system; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GABAA, GABA type A; GABAR, GABAA receptor; hCN, hyperpolarization-activated cation channel; Ih, hyperpolarization-activated current; THDOC, 5α-pregnane-3α,21-diol-20-one; THP, 3α-hydroxy-5[α]β-pregnan-20-one (allo-pregnanolone); TM, transmembrane
P4.083 Prevalence and Correlates of Sexual Partner Concurrency Among Patients Attending a Publicly-Funded STI Clinic in the United States

Background Partner concurrency, or overlapping sexual partnerships, is associated with the transmission of HIV and other STIs. In the United States, some urban populations report high rates of partner concurrency but relatively few U. S. studies have investigated correlates of partner concurrency empirically. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and correlates of partner concurrency among urban patients attending a publicly-funded STI clinic. Methods Participants were 502 patients attending an STI clinic (41% female; 69% African American). They completed a computerised survey assessing demographic characteristics, partner concurrency, substance use, concurrency norms, environmental factors affecting concurrency (i.e., shortage of men), attitudes towards concurrency, and self-efficacy for having one partner. Results Nearly one-half of the sample (46%) reported concurrent sexual partnerships in the past 3 months. In univariate analyses, being male, drinking more, using marijuana more frequently, perceiving multiple partners as normative, perceiving that the shortage of men influenced sexual partnerships, more positive concurrency attitudes, and less self-efficacy for having one partner were associated with concurrency (all p s < 0.05). Other demographic characteristics (race, income, education, age) were not associated with concurrency. In multivariate analyses, greater marijuana use (OR = 1.17) and having more positive concurrency attitudes (OR = 1.95) were independently associated with partner concurrency ( p s < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of concurrency was high in this population of patients attending an STI clinic. Interventions to reduce concurrency should target marijuana use and attitudes towards concurrency.
Development of the fracture-based flexibility index for asphalt concrete cracking potential using modified semi-circle bending test parameters

Abstract Asphalt concrete (AC) pavement sustainability can be achieved by enhancing mixture durability, improving construction practices, optimizing pavement design, and maximizing the use of recycled resources to reduce life-cycle investments. Recycled materials are commonly used to improve sustainability of AC pavement as they replace natural resources and reduce initial construction costs and greenhouse gases during the material production phase. However, net savings, in terms of environmental and economic impact, can only be realized if the performance targeted by the initial design is achieved. The use of RAP and RAS may result in a significant reduction in the demand for virgin, quarried aggregates and, more importantly, asphalt binder. However, replacing virgin materials in AC mixtures with aged, stiffer binders poses numerous technical challenges in terms of mixture volumetrics and thermal (low temperature) and flexural fatigue cracking resistance. This paper introduces a practical fracture test method to screen AC mixtures’ cracking resistance using the semi-circular bending test geometry. The selection procedure of the test method is presented along with the development of a flexibility index (FI) derived from the load-displacement curves. A discussion about the effect of viscoelasticity on fracture process is provided. The results indicate positive correlation between SCB test results and other independent fatigue tests. The proposed FI reflects positive correlation with the crack velocity, indicating brittleness of the materials, obtained from the same SCB experiments. The paper also provides a validation of the proposed IL-SCB test method results, including fracture energy and flexibility index (FI), using the number of cycles to fatigue cracking failure obtained from an accelerated pavement test sections.
Bone Metastasis of Breast Cancer.

Bone is the most common site of metastasis for breast cancer. Bone metastasis significantly affects both quality of life and survival of the breast cancer patient. Clinically, complications secondary to bone metastasis include pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression, and hypercalcemia of malignancy. Because bone metastasis is extremely common in patients with metastatic breast cancer, clinical management of bone metastases is an important and challenging aspect of treatment in the metastatic setting. The skeleton is a metabolically active organ system that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life. A delicate balance of the bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts in the dynamic microenvironment of the skeleton maintains normal bone remodeling and integrity. The presence of metastatic lesions in bone disrupts the normal bone microenvironment and upsets the fine balance between the key components. The changes in the bone microenvironment then create a vicious cycle that further promotes bone destruction and tumor progression. Various therapeutic options are available for bone metastases of breast cancer, and treatment can be tailored for each patient and, often requires multiple therapeutic interventions. Commonly used modalities include local therapies such as surgery, radiation therapy and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) together with systemic therapies such as endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, monoclonal antibody-based therapy, bone-enhancing therapy and radioisotope therapy. Despite the use of various therapeutic modalities, bone metastases eventually become resistant to therapy, and disease progresses. In this chapter, we describe the clinical picture and biological mechanism of bone metastases in breast cancer. We also discuss known risk factors as well as detection and assessment of bone metastases. We present therapeutic options for bone metastasis using a multidisciplinary approach. Further, we describe future directions for bone metastasis management, focusing on novel bone-specific targeted therapies.
Immunologic aspects of congenital infections.

The relative immaturity of the fetal immune system may explain in part why congenital infections are unduly severe. Antigen-antibody complexes have been implicated in renal and other manifestations of congenital infections. Impairments of specific cell-mediated immunity in children with congenital cytomegalovirus or rubella infections may be associated with prolonged virus excretion. And although congenitally infected children generally have intact immune function, immunologic deficits of clinical significance develop in a small proportion of children with congenital rubella.
Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Bibliotherapy: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective This randomized controlled investigation examined the effectiveness of a self-help bibliotherapy format of the evidence-based mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention. Method College students seeking stress reduction were randomly assigned to a 10-week MBSR bibliotherapy intervention group (n = 47) or a no-treatment control group (n = 45). Self-report measures were collected at baseline and postintervention. Results A total of 25 bibliotherapy and 43 control group participants provided final data following the intervention period. Compared to the control group, bibliotherapy participants reported increased mindfulness following the intervention. Significant decreases on measures of depression, anxiety, stress, perceived stress, and anxiety sensitivity also were reported postintervention as well as increased quality of life in physical health, psychological, and environmental domains. No statistically significant group effects were found for social relationships quality of life domain, worry, and experiential avoidance measures. Conclusion This MBSR workbook may provide an acceptable and effective alternative for motivated individuals seeking to reduce stress, at least for a select group of individuals who are willing and able to sustain participation in the intervention.
Fair Game: Designing Quests

Chapter 6 distinguishes between problems and puzzles and helps the reader think through designing particular ones for his or her game. In doing so, the chapter explores various types of scaffolding and how scaffolding can best be used to support learning so all students can be challenged (Mind in Society, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1980), thus keeping students in a state of flow (Flow: The psychology of optimal experience, Harper & Row, New York, 1990). This chapter also discusses different levels within a game and matches them with types of knowledge as well as possible gateways to the different levels.
Emergence of complex behavior: an interactive model of cardiac excitation provides a powerful tool for understanding electric propagation.

We have developed a straightforward, physiologically based mathematical in silico model of cardiac electric activity to facilitate understanding of the fundamental principles that determine how excitation propagates through the heart. Despite its simplicity, the model provides a very powerful teaching tool. In fact, its simplicity is integral to the model's utility. The contrast between the minimal set of rules that govern the model's function and the widely varied complex behaviors it can manifest offers insight into the nature of emergent behavior in wave propagation. Emergence in this context refers to the richness of the tissue activation patterns that arise from the aggregate behavior of the simple cells that comprise the tissue. Each cell can be active, inactive, or refractory and interacts only with its immediate neighbors. From these simple building blocks, very elaborate global behaviors emerge. From the perspective of the electrophysiology student, the notion of emergent properties can act as a Rosetta stone for deciphering electrophysiological behavior. The spread of electric excitation through the intricate 3D structure of the heart can take widely varied forms, ranging from the orderly propagation seen during sinus rhythm to the marked disorganization seen during ventricular fibrillation. Observation of the diverse and sometimes complex patterns of conduction (eg, unidirectional block, reentry, spiral waves) as well as the responses to pacing maneuvers (eg, entrainment) suggests to the electrophysiology student a nearly infinite array of possibilities, the mastery of which can be daunting. However, with study, it becomes apparent that one need not memorize every possible cardiac behavior. Instead, there are overarching principles of cardiac excitation and propagation1 from which these varied phenomena emerge and through which one can understand and predict rather than memorize electrophysiological behavior. Understanding these fundamental principles is integral to mastering electrophysiology. A framework for interpreting clinical observations predicated on these …
Progress in doping semiconductor nanowires during growth

Abstract The anisotropic growth of one-dimensional or filamental crystals in the form of microwires and nanowires constitutes a rich domain of epitaxy and newly enabled applications at different length and size scales. Significant progress has been accomplished in controlling the growth, morphology, and properties of semiconductor nanowires and consequently their device level performance. The objective of this review is two-fold: to highlight progress up to date in nanowire doping and to discuss the remaining fundamental challenges. We focus on the most common semiconductor nanowire growth mechanism, the vapor-liquid-solid growth, and the perturbation of its kinetic and thermodynamic aspects with the introduction of dopants. We survey the origins of dopant gradients in nanowire growth and summarize quantification techniques for dopants and free-carrier concentrations. We analyze the morphological changes due to dopants and the influence of growth droplet seeds on composition and morphology and review growth aspects and alternatives that can mitigate these effects. We then summarize some of the remaining issues pertaining to dopant control in nanowires.
Can Commercially Available Handheld Retinal Cameras Effectively Screen Diabetic Retinopathy

Organizations that care for people with diabetes have increasingly adopted telemedicine-based diabetic retinopathy screening (TMDRS) as a way to increase adherence to recommended retinal exams. Recently, handheld retinal cameras have emerged as a low-cost, lightweight alternative to traditional bulky tabletop retinal cameras. Few published clinical trials have been performed on handheld retinal cameras. Peer-reviewed articles about commercially available handheld retinal cameras have concluded that they are a usable alternative for TMDRS, however, the clinical results presented in these articles do not meet criteria published by the United Kingdom Diabetic Eye Screening Programme and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. The future will likely remedy the shortcomings of currently available handheld retinal cameras, and will create more opportunities for preventing diabetic blindness.
Effectiveness of motivational interviewing for improving physical activity self-management for adults with type 2 diabetes: A review:

Objectives This review examines the effectiveness of motivational interviewing for physical activity self-management for adults diagnosed with diabetes mellitus type 2. Motivational interviewing is a patient centered individually tailored counseling intervention that aims to elicit a patient's own motivation for health behavior change. Review questions include (a) How have motivational interviewing methods been applied to physical activity interventions for adults with diabetes mellitus type 2? (b) What motivational interviewing approaches are associated with successful physical activity outcomes with diabetes mellitus 2? Methods Database searches used PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO for the years 2000 to 2016. Criteria for inclusion was motivational interviewing used as the principal intervention in the tradition of Miller and Rollnick, measurement of physical activity, statistical significance reported for physical activity outcomes, quantitative research, and articles written in English. Results A total of nine studies met review criteria and four included motivational interviewing interventions associated with significant physical activity outcomes. Discussion Findings suggest motivational interviewing sessions should target a minimal number of self-management behaviors, be delivered by counselors proficient in motivational interviewing, and use motivational interviewing protocols with an emphasis placed either on duration or frequency of sessions.
Disulfide high mobility group box-1 causes bladder pain through bladder Toll-like receptor 4.

Bladder pain is a prominent symptom in several urological conditions (e.g. infection, painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis, cancer). Understanding the mechanism of bladder pain is important, particularly when the pain is not accompanied by bladder pathology. Stimulation of protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) in the urothelium results in bladder pain through release of urothelial high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). HGMB1 has two functionally active redox states (disulfide and all-thiol) and it is not known which form elicits bladder pain. Therefore, we investigated whether intravesical administration of specific HMGB1 redox forms caused abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity, micturition changes, and bladder inflammation in female C57BL/6 mice 24 hours post-administration. Moreover, we determined which of the specific HMGB1 receptors, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) or receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), mediate HMGB1-induced changes. Disulfide HMGB1 elicited abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity 24 hours after intravesical (5, 10, 20 μg/150 μl) instillation. In contrast, all-thiol HMGB1 did not produce abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity in any of the doses tested (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 μg/150 μl). Both HMGB1 redox forms caused micturition changes only at the highest dose tested (20 μg/150 μl) while eliciting mild bladder edema and reactive changes at all doses. We subsequently tested whether the effects of intravesical disulfide HMGB1 (10 μg/150 μl; a dose that did not produce inflammation) were prevented by systemic (i.p.) or local (intravesical) administration of either a TLR4 antagonist (TAK-242) or a RAGE antagonist (FPS-ZM1). Systemic administration of either TAK-242 (3 mg/kg) or FPS-ZM1 (10 mg/kg) prevented HMGB1 induced abdominal mechanical hypersensitivity while only intravesical TLR4 antagonist pretreatment (1.5 mg/ml; not RAGE) had this effect. The disulfide form of HMGB1 mediates bladder pain directly (not secondary to inflammation or injury) through activation of TLR4 receptors in the bladder. Thus, TLR4 receptors are a specific local target for bladder pain.
Republican Democracy Evolves: Corporations and Laissez Faire

How did republican democracy evolve during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries? How did government—marketplace relations change? Many Americans still believed they were suited for republican democracy. An agrarian economy in which a majority of white men owned property engendered a rough material equality unknown elsewhere in the world. Plus, the exclusion of women, racial and religious minorities, and the poor from the polity allowed white, Protestant, and relatively wealthy men to maintain at least an illusion of homogeneity and to define virtue and the common good in accord with their own values and interests. Even so, the specific understandings of virtue and the common good changed. A key change in the understanding of the common good revolved around corporations and commerce. During the early decades of nationhood, corporations could be formed only pursuant to special legislative charters, rarely granted. State legislatures would charter a corporation if it would act for the common good—for instance, by building and operating a bridge—but not otherwise. During the Jacksonian era, though, the process of incorporation democratized. States enacted general incorporation laws that created simple processes for forming corporations without special legislative charters.
Global Modernism in Colonial Malayan and Singaporean Literature: The Poetry and Prose of Teo Poh Leng and Sinnathamby Rajaratnam

This essay examines the work of Teo Poh Leng and Sinnathamby Rajaratnam, two authors from Singapore who were writing about British colonial Malaya in the 1930s and the decolonizing struggle occurring in the 1940s and 1950s respectively. While other prominent poets from postcolonial Malaysia and Singapore have been described as writing in a modernist vein, the constitutive connections between Teo and Rajaratnam and Euro-American modernism have yet to be explored. Rather than regard these two authors within a purely nationalist framework, this essay interprets their poetry, essays, short stories, and radio plays through a global modernist optic, evaluating how modernist thought and aesthetics shaped their anti-colonial and nationalist imaginations. This essay thus intervenes in global modernist studies and anti-/postcolonial literary studies by discussing literary texts from a region (Southeast Asia) often neglected in both fields.
Ultrasound-stimulated drug delivery of reconstituted high density lipoprotein nanoparticles: Effects of drug concentration on tumor uptake

In cancer treatment, there is a need to improve chemotherapeutic drug uptake at the local tumor site to both enhance dose efficacy and minimize any toxic side effects. It is well known now that stably cavitating microbubbles (MBs) in an ultrasound (US) field can increase the permeability of tumor blood vessel walls. This consequently can enhance the extravasation and accumulation of a circulating anticancer drug. Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) nanoparticles (NPs) allow selective delivery of anticancer agents to tumor cells via the overexpressed scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of US-stimulated drug delivery for improving tumor uptake of rHDL NPs that were preloaded with IR-780 dye (i.e., drug surrogate). Mice implanted with human breast cancer cells were divided into five groups: control, and low- or high-dose rHDL NPs ± US therapy. In vivo fluorescence optical imaging was used to quantify intratumoral NP accumulation at baseline and again at 1, 30, 60 min, 24 and 48 h after dosing. At 48 hours after treatment, tumors were resected and subjected to a fluorescent dye extraction study. Results of in vivo optical imaging revealed that the US therapy group animals exhibited stronger rHDL dye localization in the tumor area comparing to non-US groups. Moreover, in the dye extraction study, higher dye levels were detected in the US therapy groups compared to the non-US exposed animals given the same rHDL doses. Meanwhile, administration of a higher dose of rHDL NPs promoted dye accumulation in tumor sites. Overall, US-stimulated drug delivery can noninvasively promote the improved local tumor uptake of rHDL NP vectors.
A single phase doubly grounded, PV inverter using coupled inductor with integrated magnetics and active power decoupling technique

Transformer-less PV inverters are gaining widespread applications with lower cost, reduced footprint, and improved efficiency. This paper builds on a recently proposed topology with doubly grounded structure that can eliminate the common mode leakage current which is a major challenge in transformer-less PV inverters. An active power decoupling strategy is implemented in the above topology for double line frequency power decoupling, thus achieving high power density and improved reliability by use of film capacitors. A constant input voltage with negligible double line frequency ripple component ensuring high MPPT efficiency is achieved in this topology. Compared to the previously proposed topology, the dc-dc stage and dc-ac stage inductors are coupled with an integrated magnetics design to take advantage of the currents in the two stages to reduce the flux, core loss and the current ripple. A 500 W, 100 kHz single-phase prototype with 200 V DC input and 120 V/60 Hz AC output using SiC MOSFETs has been built to validate the theoretical analysis. The total inductor volume can be reduced by 31%, and the inductor current ripple in the dc-dc stage and dc-ac stage can be reduced by 35% and 50% respectively. The efficiency improves by 0.3% due to savings in the core loss and copper loss compared with topology using discrete inductors.
Intergenerational Associations of Parent Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health Outcomes

BACKGROUND: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) robustly predict future morbidity and mortality. Researchers are just beginning to investigate intergenerational effects. We hypothesize there are intergenerational associations between parent ACE exposure and worse child health, health behaviors, and health care access and use. METHODS: We linked data from 2 population-based cross-sectional telephone surveys in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that were used to ask parents about their past exposure to ACEs and their child’s health, respectively. Participants were 350 parent-child dyads. Logistic regression models adjusted for parent and child characteristics. Parent ACE score was used to summarize indicators of parents’ childhood adversity. Child health outcomes were poor overall health status, asthma diagnosis, obesity, low fruit and vegetable consumption, any soda consumption, inadequate physical activity, excessive television watching, no health insurance, no usual source of health care, and no dental examination in past 12 months. RESULTS: Of adult participants, 80% were female participants and 45% were non-Latino African American. Eighty-five percent of parents had experienced ≥1 ACE and 18% had experienced ≥6 ACEs. In adjusted models, each additional parent ACE was associated with higher odds of poor child overall health status (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.32), asthma (OR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.05–1.30), and excessive television watching (OR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.05–1.28). CONCLUSIONS: The full scope of the health effects of ACEs may not be limited to the exposed individual, highlighting the need for a 2-generation approach to addressing the social determinants of child health.
Oxidation of the 14-Membered Macrocycle Dibenzotetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene upon Ligation to the Uranyl Ion.

Reaction of Li2(tmtaa) (tmtaaH2 = dibenzotetramethyltetraaza[14]annulene) with 1 equiv of [UO2Cl2(THF)3], in an attempt to form cis-[UO2(tmtaa)], affords the bis(uranyl) complex [Li(THF)3][Li(THF)2...
THE SPLIT WINDOW RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM FOR SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE DERIVED FROM SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS

Because remote measurements of the earth's surface from satellite altitude are affected by the earth's atmosphere, measurements of surface parameters must be adjusted. One of the major factors which affects radiances in the atmospheric window regions is absorption due to water vapor. Various techniques for correcting measured earth radiances have been employed. One of the more promising techniques is sometimes called the “split window” technique, even though the basic technique has broader applications than just a split window. A channel is being added to the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) specifically to allow use of this technique. Starting with NOAA D, satellites in the TIROS-N series will provide two measurements in the 10 to 12 ym region, one channel at 10.3 to 11.3 μm and one at 11.5 to 12.5 μm. Because the atmospheric transmittance is greater at 10.3 to 11.3 μm than at 11.5 to 12.5 μm, the measurement at 10.3 to 11.3 μm contains more signal from the earth's surface and less signal from the earth's atmosphere. In its simplest form, the retrieval method uses the difference between these two measurements to estimate a second difference between the measurement at 10.3 to 11.3 μm and a measurement at 10.3 to 11.3 μm that would be obtained if the instrument were located at the earth's surface. This second difference is the correction for atmospheric attenuation at 10.3 to 11.3 μm. If the area is not too moist and the atmospheric transmittance is relatively close to unity, the correction takes the form of a constant times the difference in the two measurements. Basic prinicples of the technique, its advantages, limitations, and modifications for moist areas are discussed. The discussion also includes results obtained from TIROS-N measurements at two separate windows at 4 and 11 μm to estimate the accuracy technique .
DeepTarget: An Automatic Target Recognition Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Automatic target recognition (ATR) is an important part for many computer vision applications. Despite the extensive research which has been carried out in this area for many years, there is no ATR system which performs well on all applications. Recently, different object recognition frameworks have been proposed which yield a high performance in baseline databases. However, our experiments showed that they can fail in real-world scenarios, when dealing with a limited number of data samples. In this paper, we propose a new ATR system, based on deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), to detect the targets in forward looking infrared (FLIR) scenes and recognize their classes. In our proposed ATR framework, a fully convolutional network is trained to map the input FLIR imagery data to a fixed stride correspondingly-sized target score map. The potential targets are identified by applying a threshold on the target score map. Finally, the corresponding regions centered at these target points are fed to a DCNN to classify them into different target types while at the same time rejecting the false alarms. The proposed architecture achieves a significantly better performance in comparison with that of the state-of-the-art methods on two large FLIR image databases.
Race and Prediction

Many scholars over the years have claimed that there is race discrimination in the detention decision because more blacks are detained pretrial than whites charged with the same crimes. Studies suggest that judges‘ perceptions using stereotypes of minorities determine whether they deem a defendant dangerous, reliable, or blameworthy. Other studies explain that in pretrial decisions, blacks have been deemed more dangerous, more likely to recidivate and more violence prone, and have thus received less lenient decisions due in part to their race. However, few of these studies account for the inquiry imposed on judges in making decisions on defendants of various races. This paper examines the dangerousness inquiry that judges are tasked with to determine whether this is a source of bias. It considers whether racial bias enters into variations within counties, between specific judges, or with bail amounts set for defendants.
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Homogenization Across US National Parks: The Role of Non-native Species

US national parks are firmly engrained into the culture of the country. Since the first national park was established in 1872, these protected areas have been central to biodiversity conservation, education, and recreation in the United States. However, national parks face many of the same threats to biodiversity as non-protected areas, including non-native species invasion. As invasive species spread and replace native species across national parks, the composition, function, and evolutionary history of these ecological communities continue to change. To better understand the impact of non-native species on ecological communities in US national parks, we compared species composition for bird and plant assemblages in 244 and 241 national park units, respectively, with and without non-native species. We specifically ask if the establishment of non-native species has resulted in taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization across national parks. We show that the establishment of non-native plants in US national parks has resulted in both taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization. However, the establishment of non-native birds has led to phylogenetic differentiation in spite of taxonomic homogenization, indicating that taxonomic and phylogenetic homogenization are decoupled. As the uniqueness of regional floras and faunas is lost through the process of homogenization, not only is biodiversity lost but so are cultural resources and values that define the United States.
Manuka Honey Modulates the Inflammatory Behavior of a dHL-60 Neutrophil Model under the Cytotoxic Limit.

Recent work has shown that Manuka honey, an increasingly popular wound additive with potent antibacterial properties, also has anti-inflammatory properties. However, little research has been done examining its effect on neutrophils. This study investigates the hypothesis that Manuka honey reduces neutrophil superoxide release and chemotaxis and reduces the activation of the inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway under honey’s cytotoxic limit. A differentiated HL-60 cell line was used as a neutrophil model and cultured in various concentrations of Manuka honey for 3 and 24 hours to measure cytotoxicity via mitochondrial activity and visual trypan-exclusion count. Cytochrome C and Boyden chamber assays were used to measure the effect of Manuka honey on superoxide release and chemotaxis toward fMLP, respectively. Additionally, a Western blot for NF-κB inhibitor α (IκBα) was performed to measure Manuka honey’s effect on the NF-κB pathway via IκBα phosphorylation. The results indicate a cytotoxic limit of 3-5% v/v. The presence of 1% honey decreased superoxide release at 24 hours. The 0.5, 1, and 3% honey concentrations reduced chemotaxis and IκBα phosphorylation in a dose-dependent fashion. These results suggest that Manuka honey significantly reduces neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory behavior in the wound site in a dose-dependent fashion under the cytotoxic limit.
Medical dissolution therapy for the treatment of uric acid nephrolithiasis

Uric acid (UA) nephrolithiasis represents 10% of kidney stones in the US with low urine pH and high saturation of UA as the main risk factors for stone development. Dissolution therapy for UA kidney stones via urinary alkalization has been described as a treatment option. We present our experience in treating UA nephrolithiasis with medical dissolution therapy. A retrospective review was performed of UA stone patients referred for surgery but treated with dissolution therapy between July 2007 and July 2016. Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes. Patients were treated with potassium citrate alone or in combination with allopurinol. Serial imaging and urine pH were obtained at follow-up. Demographics, aggregate stone size, time to stone clearance, urine pH (office dip), and complications were recorded. Twenty-four patients (14 men and 10 women) were identified that started medical dissolution therapy for UA nephrolithiasis after initial referral for surgical management. Three patients (13%) did not tolerate the initiation of dissolution therapy and discontinued this treatment. Of the 21 patients that were maintained on dissolution therapy, 14 patients (67%) showed complete resolution of nephrolithiasis and 7 patients (33%) showed partial reduction. Patients with partial response had a mean reduction in stone burden of 68%. There were 3 recorded complications (UTI, GI upset with therapy, and throat irritation) and 4 recorded stone recurrences among these 21 patients. Based on our study population, medical dissolution therapy is a well-tolerated, non-invasive option for UA nephrolithiasis.
Common ground among beech forest development stages: Matrix versus stage-typical live tree structure

QUESTIONS: Doubt has recently been shed on the validity of the European patch mosaic‐forest life cycle model involving the assignment of stages of development to natural forests. To partially explain the inconsistency in development stage assignment, we ask: does the high neighborhood‐scale structural heterogeneity inherent to old‐growth beech forests subject to small‐scale gap dynamics transcend development stages? LOCATION: Natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests in four regions of the Elborz Mountain range in northern Iran. METHODS: Natural tree neighborhoods at three different scales (ca. 112, 508, and 1,228 m²) were identified within 1.0 ha plots in each of the three main development stages (Initial, Optimum, Decay) in each region using the spatially explicit Delaunay‐triangulation‐based floating neighborhood approach. The diameter distribution across all neighborhoods in all three stages was summarized using Principal Components Analysis. Neighborhoods exhibiting shared structure among stages were identified as those within one standard deviation of the centroid of the 2D ordination space. RESULTS: Shared neighborhoods, which were highly heterogeneous with a weakly rotated sigmoid size class structure, were found to consistently occur in ca. 10%–20% of neighborhoods in all three development stages. Only neighborhoods more than one, and particularly more than two, standard deviations from the centroid differed among development stages in size class structure, with stage‐typical distributions observed in each development stage (i.e., negative exponential in the Initial stage, normal in the Optimum, and bimodal in the Decay). CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of development stage, forested beech stands subject to a small‐scale disturbance regime share a common core of tree neighborhoods with similar, heterogeneous live tree structure. We conjecture that this structure reflects temporal and spatial variation in gap dynamics, with variously aged but relatively newer gap patches with relatively high within‐patch homogeneity nested within a matrix of the highly heterogeneous neighborhoods that develop in the absence of recent disturbance.
Cases Relating to Chapter 15 – Corporate and Computer Crimes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents several case studies related to corporate and computer crimes. The cases presented are: People of the State of Michigan v. Patrick Hegedus and United States of America v. Erik Bowker.
Predictors of Lung Cancer Screening Utilization in a Population-Based Survey

Abstract Purpose Annual low-dose CT (LDCT) screening in high-risk individuals has been recommended to detect lung cancer earlier and reduce mortality. The objective of this study was to identify demographic, financial, and health care factors associated with screening uptake in a population-based survey. Methods Data from the Lung Cancer Screening Module and core modules of the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a population-based survey administered via cell phone and landline, were analyzed to examine demographic, health, and financial factors associated with screening uptake among the 10 states that administered the screening module. Weighted frequencies and confidence intervals (CIs) were produced, and weighted Wald χ2 tests were used to compare differences in screening utilization by patient characteristics. A multivariate logistic mixed-effects model was constructed, in which participant clustering by state was accounted for with a random intercept. Results The uninsured were less likely to undergo LDCT screening (odds ratio [OR], 0.28; 95% CI, 0.12-0.65). LDCT screening uptake was higher for participants with chronic respiratory conditions (OR, 4.14; 95% CI, 2.33-7.35); those who were divorced, separated, widowed, or refused to answer (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.05-1.86); those who had previous cancer diagnoses (OR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.40-2.56); and those aged 65 to 69 years (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.06-1.44) or 70 to 74 years (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.00-1.37). Utilization also varied significantly across states. Conclusions Having a related health condition whereby participants were sensitized to the benefits of early screening (ie, another cancer diagnosis, presence of chronic respiratory conditions) and having insurance coverage were associated with higher LDCT screening uptake. Providers should engage LDCT-eligible patients through informed and shared decision making to increase preference-sensitive screening decisions.
Early childhood educators’ teaching of digital citizenship competencies

Abstract As technology access and use increases in early childhood classrooms and at home, there is an increased need to support students’ understanding of how to be safe, responsible, and cooperative digital media users. While teaching media literacy in education has some historical context, it is only relatively recently that school districts have expanded their efforts to teach other digital citizenship competencies, including internet safety, media balance, and digital footprint. The purpose of this paper is to use survey data of teachers to document how the teaching of digital citizenship competencies in elementary school varies based on factors such as demographics of the students and the amount of educator experience. Results from this descriptive study indicate that elementary educators are teaching digital citizenship as early as Kindergarten but not all competencies of digital citizenship are being taught equally. Additionally, early teaching of digital citizenship competencies is more likely to occur in suburban schools and schools with more racially-ethnically diverse students. These results have implications for education policies around supporting digital citizenship competencies starting early in formal schooling.
The Impact of Tightly Contested Governance Proposals on Firms' Narrative Disclosures: Evidence from a Regression-Discontinuity Design (RDD)

Corporate governance and firm disclosure are endogenously determined. We exploit locally exogenous variations in corporate governance created by “close-call” governance-related shareholder proposals, using a fuzzy RDD and text analytics to examine whether better corporate governance causally affects the narratives in corporate disclosures. We find that although better corporate governance in firms leads to more disclosure in their 10-K filings, the passage of “close-call” governance proposals also significantly increases the complexity and the boilerplate nature of such disclosures. These results are robust to several robustness tests, alternative RDD bandwidths, and different specifications, and amplified when the investors are undistracted.