cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Robust Fault Diagnosis of Aircraft Engines: A Nonlinear Adaptive Estimation-Based Approach

In this brief, a fault detection and isolation (FDI) method is developed for aircraft engines by utilizing nonlinear adaptive estimation techniques. The fault diagnosis method follows a general architecture developed in previous papers, where a fault detection estimator is used for fault detection, and a bank of nonlinear adaptive fault isolation estimators are employed to determine the particular fault type/location. Each isolation estimator is designed based on the functional structure of a particular fault type under consideration. The general FDI architecture is applied to a realistic nonlinear aircraft engine model recently developed by NASA Researchers. In addition, the robustness of the fault diagnostic method with respect to normal engine health degradation is enhanced by adaptive thresholds and adaptive approximation techniques, hence accurate diagnostic performance is maintained while the engine continues to degrade over its lifetime. Some representative simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the robust nonlinear FDI method.
The Invisible Man: A Self-Help Guide for Men With Eating Disorders, Compulsive Exercise and Bigorexia

Body image disorders affect millions of individuals each year. Although women are more affected overall than men, men are not immune. The prevalence of men who struggle with these problems is more ...
Modeling of particulate matter dispersion from a poultry facility using AERMOD

This study evaluates the performance of AERMOD, the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulatory model, in simulating particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) dispersion from a poultry pullet facility. At the source, the daily mean PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations with strong diurnal patterns were estimated to be 436.01 ± 166.77 μg m⁻³ and 291.09 ± 105.81 μg m⁻³, respectively. This corresponded to daily mean emission rates of PM10 and PM2.5 as 0.067-0.073 g sec⁻¹ and 0.044-0.047 g sec⁻¹,respectively. The modeled hourly PM concentration showed acceptable accuracy relative to the measured PM concentrations downwind of the source. Increasing the averaging period from hourly to daily resulted in improved prediction. The simulations revealed that PM concentrations at and beyond the property line of the poultry facility were within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. This study suggested that AERMOD is effective in predicting and assessing the impacts of PM downwind of poultry facilities.
Parametrization of all stabilizing IMC controllers for unstable plants

A complete parametrization of all stabilizing IMC controllers for open-loop unstable plants is presented. Within this general setting the class of all steady-state offset free IMC controllers for asymptotically constant inputs is given.
Comparative properties of glutamic-alanine transaminase from several sources

Abstract Rat liver mitochondrial glutamic-alanine transaminase can be distinguished from the supernatant enzyme on the basis of its markedly greater lability and its nonresponsiveness to glucocorticoid administration. The activity of this enzyme in rat skeletal muscle, heart, and kidney are considerably less than that in liver and are also nonresponsive to glucocorticoids. Enzyme from some of these tissues and from liver of some other species cross reacts with antiserum to the rat liver supernatant enzyme. Both glutamic-alanine and glutamic-aspartic transaminase from several sources are inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid.
24-hour and 72-hour preservation of canine kidneys.

Abstract Extracorporeal perfusion of canine kidneys for periods of 24 to 72 hours were consistently successful. The functional viability of the perfused kidneys was proved by reimplanting the perfused kidneys and simultaneously removing the contralateral kidneys. The essential features of successful perfusion are: (1) a pulsatile pump; (2) moderate hypothermia (8-12°C); (3) a buffered perfusate of canine plasma to which are added magnesium sulphate, dextrose, insulin, penicillin, and hydrocortisone; (4) microfiltration of the perfusate before use; (5) oxygenation by means of a membrane oxygenator to limit the air-fluid interphase; and (6) control of pH, temperature, PO 2 , PCO 2 , and flowrates during perfusion. Since a 24-hour to 72-hour period is adequate for preparing a recipient and such preliminaries as tissue-typing, the details of the technique in twelve consecutive perfusions, six for 24 hours and six for 72 hours are reported.
Designing Experiments That Generalize

Organizational research has relied too heavily on methods characterized by passive observation, likely because there is a widespread belief that experimental research has limited generalizability. However, this is often because researchers (and reviewers or editors) misunderstand the nature of generalizability and what it requires. This article reiterates the importance of experimental research for understanding organizational phenomena and separates the legitimate concerns about experimental generalizability from the irrelevant ones. Whereas most criticisms of experiments focus on sample characteristics and mundane realism (i.e., superficial resemblance to the real world), more attention needs to be paid to the degree to which the treatment manipulation is valid, representative, and strong.
Does simulator-based clinical performance correlate with actual hospital behavior? The effect of extended work hours on patient care provided by medical interns.

AbstractPurposeThe correlation between simulator-based medical performance and real-world behavior remains unclear. This study explored whether the effects of extended work hours on clinical performance, as reported in prior hospital-based studies, could be observed in a simulator-based testing envi
The State of American Federalism, 1997-1998

Although it was a relatively quiet year for the courts and congressional action, 1997-1998 saw several developments that may significantly define federalism in the coming years. The 1998 federal budget is projected to show a surplus, ending decades of deficit financing in Washington, D. C., but also raising questions about the budget's fiscal impact on federalism and intergovernmental relations. Devolution took a back seat in Washington, D.C., as concerns about managed care, education, and internet access led to proposals for increased federal involvement in state and local affairs. The states continued their implementation of welfare reform and launched other programs in health, environment, and education.
Finite-element analysis of turbulent flow in annular exhaust diffusers of gas turbine engines

A modified version of the Petrov-Galerkin weighted residual method coupled with a biquadratic finite element of the Lagrangian type was used to develop a finite-element model of the turbulent flow field in the annular exhaust diffuser of a gas turbine engine. The swirling flow field was analyzed with emphasis on the diffuser off-design operation. A comparison of the numerical results with experimental data shows that the model is applicable to moderately separating flows of the kind that are typically associated with the off-design performance of diffusing passages in gas turbines.
Lack of gonadal control of the dorsal gland and sandbathing in male and female bannertail kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis)

Previous studies have demonstrated gonadal control of mammalian scent glands; castration leads to reduced scent-marking rates and smaller gland sizes. I investigated whether gonadal hormones control the size of the dorsal gland (a specialized sebaceous gland) and sandbathing as a scent-marking behavior in adult male and female bannertail kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spectabilis). Gland sizes of males and females were similar in all age classes, except adult males with larger body weights had proportionately larger glands than females. Male gland sizes declined 18% following castration but were not significantly smaller than those of intact males; females showed no change in dorsal gland size either as a result of ovariectomy or after estradiol benzoate implants. Sandbathing rates also did not decline as a result of gonadectomy. Rather, castrated males and overiectomized females sandbathed at higher frequencies than intact males and ovariectomized females with estradiol benzoate implants, respectively. Gonadal hormones apparently have little influence on the function of a specialized scent gland and may inhibit sandbathing as a scent-marking behavior in adult D. spectabilis.
Opalescence of an IgG2 monoclonal antibody solution as it relates to liquid–liquid phase separation

Opalescence for a monoclonal antibody solution was systematically studied with respect to temperature, protein concentration, ionic strength (using KCl), and pH conditions. Multiple techniques, including measurement of light scattering at 90° and transmission, Tyndall test, and microscopy, were deployed to examine the opalescence behavior. Near the vicinity of the critical point on the liquid-liquid coexistence curve in the temperature-protein concentration phase diagram, the enhanced concentration fluctuations significantly contributed to the critical opalescence evidently by formation of small liquid droplets. Furthermore, our data confirm that away from the critical point, the opalescence behavior is related to the antibody self-association (agglomeration) caused by the attractive antibody-antibody interactions. As expected, at a pH near the pI of the antibody, the solution became less opalescent as the ionic strength increased. However, at a pH below the pI, the opalescence of the solution became stronger, reached a maximum, and then began to drop as the ionic strength further increased. The change in the opalescence correlated well with the trends of protein-protein interactions revealed by the critical temperature from the liquid-liquid phase separation.
In islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase-related protein, the beta cell antigenic sequence that is targeted in diabetes is not responsible for the loss of phosphohydrolase activity

There are three members of the glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) family: (1) the liver/kidney/intestine G6Pase-α (encoded by G6PC), which is a key enzyme in glucose homeostasis; (2) the ubiquitous G6Pase-β (encoded by G6PC3); and (3) the islet-specific G6Pase-related protein (IGRP, encoded by /G6PC2). While G6Pase-α and G6Pase-β are functional glucose-6-phosphate hydrolases, IGRP possesses almost no hydrolase activity. This was unexpected since G6Pase-α is more closely related to IGRP than G6Pase-β. Recently, amino acids 206–214 in IGRP were identified as a beta cell antigen targeted by a prevalent population of pathogenic CD8+ T cells in autoimmune diabetes, suggesting that this peptide confers functional specificity to IGRP. We therefore investigated the molecular events that inactivate IGRP activity and the effects of the beta cell antigen sequence on the stability and enzymatic activity of G6Pase-α. Studies were performed using site-directed mutagenesis and transient expression assays. Protein stability was evaluated by Western blotting, proteasome inhibitor studies and in vitro transcription–translation. We showed that the residues responsible for G6Pase activity are more extensive than previously recognised. Introducing the IGRP antigenic motif into G6Pase-α does not completely destroy activity, although it does destabilise the protein. The low hydrolytic activity in IGRP is due to the combination of multiple independent mutations. The loss of catalytic activity in IGRP arises from the sum of many sequence differences. G6Pase-α mutants containing the beta cell antigen sequence are preferentially degraded in cells, which prevents targeting by pathogenic CD8+ T cells. It is possible that IGRP levels in beta cells could dictate susceptibilities to diabetes.
A geometrical approach to the ordinal data of Likert scaling and attitude measurements: The density matrix in psychology

Likert scaling is one of the oldest and most widely used methods in behavioral science research, and is one of the key methodologies for attitude measurement. Arguably, there are several reasons for Likert scaling’s appeal: the measures that are analyzed (i.e., multiple item questionnaires) are relatively easy to administer, quantify, and code; and the parametric analysis of mean scores is intuitively meaningful. Here, in order to expand the scope of research that can be addressed through these data, we take a vector-space approach to the ordinal data of Likert scaling: the attitudes of individual subjects are defined as vectors in an abstract attitudinal vector space, and we introduce the density matrix as a means of quantifying the statistics of these vectors. We show that the vector-space approach leads naturally to two different types of attitude state, which we define as a mixed attitude state and a coherence attitude state. As we show, coherence attitude states are intimately linked to subjects “being of two minds” with regard to any particular questionnaire item (i.e., marking two as opposed to one response for a questionnaire item). Additionally, we show that a vector-space approach to Likert-scaling leads quite naturally to order-effects, where (for example) primacy arguments for attitude change may or may not prove more persuasive than recency arguments; and we show that a density matrix description of Likert-scale data can lead to a more nuanced assessment of order-effects.
Outcomes of a hospital-wide plan to improve care of comatose survivors of cardiac arrest.

Summary Background Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) improves outcomes in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Few hospitals have protocol-driven plans that include TH. We implemented a series of process interventions designed to increase TH use and improve outcomes in patients successfully resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) or in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA). Methods and results Linked interventions including a TH order sheet, verbal and written feedback to individual providers, an educational program, TH "kit" and on-call consultants to assist with patient care and hypothermia induction were implemented between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2007 in a large, university-affiliated, tertiary care center. We then completed a retrospective review of all patients treated for cardiac arrest during the study period. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared analyses, or Fisher's exact test were used as appropriate. A p value 135 OHCA patients and 106 IHCA patients were eligible for post-arrest care. TH use increased each year in the OHCA group (from 6% to 65% to 76%; p p =.02). A good outcome was achieved in 21% and 8% of comatose patients with OHCA and IHCA, respectively. Patients with OHCA and ventricular dysrhythmia were more likely to have a good outcome with TH treatment than without it (good outcome in 57% vs. 8%; p =.005). Conclusion Implementing a series of aggressive interventions increased appropriate TH use and was associated with improved outcomes in our facility.
Symptoms and electrocardiographically documented rhythm preceding spontaneous shocks in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator☆

Abstract During a follow-up of 24 ± 20 months after treatment with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), 101 of 241 patients (42%) received ≥ 1 spontaneous ICD shocks with documentation of the rhythm leading to shock by Hotter or telemetry monitoring or stored electrograms by the device. Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) was documented in 67 of the 101 patients (66%) with electrocardiographically documented shocks, nonsustained VT in 4 patients (4%), supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in 41 patients (41%), and normal sinus or pacemaker rhythm in 10 patients (10%). No, mild (palpitations and/or mild dizziness) and severe symptoms (presyncope/syncope) preceded spontaneous ICD shocks in 20 (30%), 33 (49%) and 27 (42%) of the 67 patients, respectively, with electrocardiographically documented VT or VF, and in 23 (56%), 16 (39%) and 1 (2%) of the 41 patients, respectively, with electrocardiographically documented supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Three of the 4 patients with nonsustained VT had mild symptoms, and 1 patient with nonsustained VT had presyncope. None of the 10 patients with spurious discharges during normal sinus or pacemaker rhythm had symptoms preceding the ICD shocks. It is concluded that (1) most patients with either electrocardiographically documented VT VF or a non- VT VF rhythm preceding spontaneous ICD shocks have no or mild symptoms preceding the shock, and (2) severe symptoms preceding ICD shocks suggest sustained VT or VF as the underlying rhythm, although severe symptoms rarely occur in patients with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias or nonsustained VT.
Reexpression of developmentally regulated MAP2c mRNA after ischemia: colocalization with hsp72 mRNA in vulnerable neurons.

Levels of mRNAs encoding the microtubule-associated proteins MAP2b and MAP2c as well as the 70-kDa stress protein [72-kDa heat shock protein (hsp72)] were evaluated in postischemic rat brain by in situ hybridization with oligonucleotide probes corresponding to the known rat sequences. Rats were subjected to 10-min cardiac arrest, produced by compression of major thoracic vessels, followed by resuscitation. The normally expressed MAP2b mRNA showed transient twofold elevations in all hippocampal neuron populations at 6-h recirculation, followed by a return to control levels by 24 h. MAP2b hybridization was progressively lost thereafter from the vulnerable CA1 and outer cortical layers, preceding both the fall in immunoreactive MAP2b and the eventual cell loss in these regions. The depletion of MAP2b mRNA coincided with an increase in the alternatively spliced MAP2c in vulnerable regions during 12–48 h of recirculation, precisely overlapping the late component of hsp72 expression that persisted in these cell...
Quantum phase slips in the presence of finite-range disorder.

To study the effect of disorder on quantum phase slips (QPSs) in superconducting wires, we consider the plasmon-only model where disorder can be incorporated into a first-principles instanton calculation. We consider weak but general finite-range disorder and compute the form factor in the QPS rate associated with momentum transfer. We find that the system maps onto dissipative quantum mechanics, with the dissipative coefficient controlled by the wave (plasmon) impedance $Z$ of the wire and with a superconductor-insulator transition at $Z=6.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{k}\ensuremath{\Omega}$. We speculate that the system will remain in this universality class after resistive effects at the QPS core are taken into account.
Pain: Noninvasive functional neurosurgery using ultrasound.

Ultrasound-based technologies are emerging as promising noninvasive approaches to treat brain disorders. Researchers in Switzerland have shown that chronic pain can be alleviated through thermal ablation of thalamic tissue by high-intensity focused ultrasound.
Symmetry properties of aberrated point-spread functions

The symmetry properties of point-spread functions of optical imaging systems with circular pupils aberrated by a Zernike-circle polynomial aberration were discussed by Nijboer [ “ The diffraction theory of aberrations,” Ph.D. dissertation ( University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, 1942)]. Although it was not pointed out by him, his analysis and some of his results are valid only for systems with large Fresnel numbers. The symmetry properties for systems with small and large Fresnel numbers are discussed. The analysis is extended to systems with annular pupils aberrated by a Zernike-annular polynomial aberration. This analysis is further extended to pupils with nonuniform but radially symmetric illumination such as Gaussian. It is shown, in particular, that whereas, for uniform pupils, the axial irradiance of the imaging-forming light cone for a primary spherical aberration is symmetric about the defocused point with respect to which the aberration variance is minimum, it is asymmetric for nonuniform pupils. The discussion is equally valid for focused beams of light. Computer-generated pictures of point-spread functions of systems with circular and annular pupils aberrated by primary aberrations illustrating their symmetry properties are given.
Petrology and Fe-Ti oxide reequilibration of the 1991 Mount Unzen mixed magma

A dacitic magma (64.5 wt.% SiO2), a mixture of phenocryst-rich rhyodacite and an aphyric mafic magma, was erupted during the recent 1991–1995 Mount Unzen eruptive cycle. The experimental and analytical results of this study reveal additional details about conditions in the premixing and postmixing magmas, and the nature of the mixing process. The preeruption rhyodacitic magma was at a temperature of 790±20°C according to Fe–Ti oxide phenocryst cores, and at a depth of 6 to 7 km (160 MPa) according to Al-in-hornblende geobarometry. The mafic magma that mixed with the rhyodacite is found as andesitic (54 to 62 wt.% SiO2) enclaves in the erupted magma and was essentially aphyric when intruded. Phase equilibria indicate that an aphyric andesite at 160 MPa is >1030°C (H2O-saturated) and possibly as high as 1130°C (2 wt.% H2O). The composition of the rhyodacite which was mixed with the andesite is estimated to lie between 67 and 69 wt.% SiO2. Using these compositions and temperatures, the temperature of the Unzen magma after mixing is estimated to be at least 850° to 870°C. The groundmass Fe–Ti oxide microphenocrysts and those in pargasite-bearing reaction zones around biotite phenocrysts both give 890±20°C temperatures; the oxide–oxide contacts give temperatures of 910±20°C. The 900±30°C postmixing temperatures are consistent with phase-equilibria experiments which show that the magma was not above 930°C at 160 MPa. Our Fe–Ti oxide reequilibration experiments suggest that the mixing of the two magmas began within a few weeks of the eruption, which is a shorter time than is calculated using available diffusion data. There is also evidence that some mixing took place much closer to the time of extrusion based on the presence of unrimmed biotite phenocrysts in the magma.
Micro-machining of DNA Linked 2D Colloidal Photonic Crystals Using a Nd:YAG Laser

DNA linked 2D colloidal photonic crystals were micromachined using a pulsed laser to creat controlled line defect and hexagonal shapes. 2D photonic crystals were initially self-assembled via 1.8 µm polystyrene microspheres on functionalized glass substrates.
A Stability Bias in Human Memory: Overestimating Remembering and Underestimating Learning.

The dynamics of human memory are complex and often unintuitive, but certain features--such as the fact that studying results in learning--seem like common knowledge. In 12 experiments, however, participants who were told they would be allowed to study a list of word pairs between 1 and 4 times and then take a cued-recall test predicted little or no learning across trials, notwithstanding their large increases in actual learning. When queried directly, the participants espoused the belief that studying results in learning, but they showed little evidence of that belief in the actual task. These findings, when combined with A. Koriat, R. A. Bjork, L. Sheffer, and S. K. Bar's (2004) research on judgments of forgetting, suggest a stability bias in human memory--that is, a tendency to assume that the accessibility of one's memories will remain relatively stable over time rather than benefiting from future learning or suffering from future forgetting.
MHz-Rate NO PLIF Imaging in a Mach 10 Hypersonic Wind Tunnel

NO PLIF imaging at repetition rates as high as 1 MHz is demonstrated in the NASA Langley 31 inch Mach 10 hypersonic wind tunnel. Approximately two hundred time correlated image sequences, of between ten and twenty individual frames, were obtained over eight days of wind tunnel testing spanning two entries in March and September of 2009. The majority of the image sequences were obtained from the boundary layer of a 20 flat plate model, in which transition was induced using a variety of cylindrical and triangular shaped protuberances. The high speed image sequences captured a variety of laminar and transitional flow phenomena, ranging from mostly laminar flow, typically at lower Reynolds number and/or in the near wall region of the model, to highly transitional flow in which the temporal evolution and progression of characteristic streak instabilities and/or corkscrew-shaped vortices could be clearly identified. A series of image sequences were also obtained from a 20 compression ramp at a 10 angle of attack in which the temporal dynamics of the characteristic separated flow was captured in a time correlated manner.
Antimicrobial use in horses undergoing colic surgery.

Background Recommendations for antimicrobial prophylaxis for surgery are well-described in human medicine, but information is limited for veterinary practice. Objective To characterize antimicrobial use in horses undergoing emergency colic surgery. Animals A total of 761 horses undergoing emergency colic surgery (2001–2007). Methods Retrospective case review. Antimicrobial dose and timing, surgical description, and duration of treatment were collected from medical records. Associations between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of fever, incisional inflammation or infection, catheter-associated complications, or Salmonella shedding during hospitalization were analyzed using rank-sum methods and logistic regression. Results A total of 511 (67.2%) horses received an inappropriate amount of drug preoperatively. Median time from preoperative dose to incision was 70 (IQR 55–90) minutes; median total surgery time was 110 (IQR 80–160) minutes. Seventy-three horses were euthanized under anesthesia because of poor prognosis. Of 688 horses, 438 should have been redosed intraoperatively based on the duration of surgery. Only 8 (1.8%) horses were redosed correctly. Horses remained on perioperative antimicrobials a median of 3 (IQR 2–4.5) days. Antimicrobial therapy was reinstituted in 193 (28.9%) horses, and median days of total treatment were 3.8 (IQR 2–6). Signs that led to reinstituting therapy were fever (OR 3.13, P = .001) and incisional inflammation/infection (OR 2.95, P = .001). Horses in which treatment was reinstituted had 2.3 greater odds of shedding Salmonella (P = .003). Increased surgical time was associated with longer duration of antimicrobial therapy (OR 1.02, P = .001). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Despite published recommendations regarding antimicrobial prophylaxis, compliance is poor; improvement might reduce postoperative complications.
Genetic and environmental control of fingerling size in channel catfish

Abstract The 360 channel catfish fingerlings used in this study were from three full-sib families (120/family) hatched in the summer of 1980. Forty fish (20 ♀ and 20 ♂) per size-class (large, medium, and small) were visually selected from each full-sib family. Half the fish in each size-class within each family were fed a commercial high protein diet (37.5%) and the other half a commercial low protein diet (32.0%). Catfish from the large, medium, and small size-classes fed the high protein diet for 20 weeks gained 86, 46, and 63% more weight than their full-sibs fed the low protein diet, respectively. The small size-class fingerlings fed the low protein diet for 20 weeks weighed only 24% as much as the large size-class fingerlings fed the high protein diet. Results indicated that economic management of catfish fingerlings should include visual sorting of the fingerlings and feeding according to their size and sex. The smaller fingerlings should be eliminated by selection from within-family due to their high mortality and low growth rate. Continuation of the study for an extra 10 weeks with only the high protein diet fed to all six groups indicated the strongest compensatory growth was for the small size-class catfish previously on the low protein diet. This study demonstrates that catfish size is not strictly genetically controlled and can be altered by protein intake.
Hepatocyte growth factor treatment ameliorates diarrhea and bowel inflammation in a rat model of inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Background/purpose Transfection of the HLA-B27 gene into normal Fischer rats induces phenotypic changes similar to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study investigated the benefits of 2 doses of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on the manifestations of IBD in this rat model. Methods Fischer rats and HLA-B27 rats were divided into 4 groups: Fischer rats treated with saline, HLA-B27 rats treated with saline, HGF at 150 μg/kg/d, and HGF at 300 μg/kg/d. HGF or saline was infused for 14 days via an osmotic pump attached to a catheter in the internal jugular vein. After treatment, rats were evaluated for diarrhea and reduction in gross and microscopic bowel inflammation. Statistics were determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). A P value ≤ .05 was considered significant. Results Administration of HGF at 150 μg/kg/d decreased diarrhea by 40%, gross inflammation by 41%, and microscopic inflammation by 72% ( P ≤ .05). At 300 μg/kg/d HGF decreased diarrhea by 46%, gross inflammation by 45%, and microscopic inflammation by 54% (P ≤ .05). Conclusions HGF administration reduces the clinical manifestations of IBD in this rat model. Similar effects were seen at both doses of HGF administration, implying that there is a plateau above which further increases in HGF levels provides no added benefit. HGF administration may be clinically useful in the management of IBD.
The Impact of Top Management Commitment, Business Process Redesign, and IT Planning on the Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce Site

Managers and researchers would benefit from an understanding of the organizational practices that result in more featured e-commerce sites and of the particular features that contribute to firm performance. In a Web-based survey of 458 business-to-consumer e-commerce managers, CEO commitment and planning resulted in more featured sites whereas business process redesign did not. Four features, namely publishing applications, catalog applications, interactivity, and interfaces, predicted firm performance at a statistically significant level, while transaction applications and server performance did not. The research contributes by demonstrating the general importance of the organizational practices and site features, while raising questions about business process redesign, transaction applications, and server performance.
Coordinately increased lysozymuria and lysosomal enzymuria induced by maleic acid.

Coordinately increased lysozymuria and lysosomal enzymuria induced by maleic acid. During the acute renal tubular dysfunction of Fanconi syndrome and type 2 renal tubular acidosis (FS/RTA2) induced by maleic acid in the unanesthetized dog, we observed: 1) 30 minutes after the onset of FS/RTA2, the urinary excretion of lysosomal enzymes, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG), β-glucuronidase (β-gluc) and β-galactosidase (β-galac), increased simultaneously with the anticipated increase in renal clearance of lysozyme; 2) the severities of all these hyperenzymurias increased rapidly, progressively, and in parallel, all reaching a peak some 60 to 80 minutes after their onset; 3) thereafter, while the FS/RTA2 continued undiminished in severity, the severity of the hyperenzymurias decreased rapidly, greatly, progressively, and in parallel; and 4) sodium phosphate loading strikingly attenuated the FS/RTA2 and the hyperenzymurias. Thus, the maleic acid–induced FS/RTA2 is attended by an acute reversible–complex derangement in the renal tubular processing of proteins that: a) affects not only lysozyme which is normally filtered, but also NAG and other lysosomal enzymes, which are not; and b) is to some extent functionally separable from that of FS/RTA2. The findings suggest that the derangements in renal processing of lysozyme and lysosomal enzymes are linked, and that a phosphate–dependent metabolic abnormality in the proximal tubule can participate in the pathogenesis of both these derangements and the FS/RTA2.
Aseptic necrosis following slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Sixty-five patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis were studied retrospectively for the development of aseptic necrosis. Seven (11%) patients developed segmental or total aseptic necrosis of the capital femoral epiphysis. Radiographically the changes of aseptic necrosis were detectable as early as four months. The cause for the aseptic necrosis is thought to be due to interruption of the blood supply to the capital femoral epiphysis at the time of slippage or during surgical manipulation.
Enhancing data persistence of wireless networks: Where NeMo meets OFDM

In large-scale wireless systems, networks are highly dynamic and nodes are not fully reliable due to limited energy resources or failures. Wireless multipath fading links make the network data delivery more challenging. To cope with network dynamics and link failures, we propose a novel network modulation (NeMo) approach for OFDM over large-scale wireless systems. NeMo enhances data persistence by guaranteeing the symbol recovery at the sink(s) without pre-storing or delaying the decoding process by collecting enough symbols. We consider practical channel conditions and show that NeMo enjoys diversity from grouping and subcarrier mapping strategies in OFDM. The simulation results confirm that NeMo becomes more efficient when it is combined with OFDM in terms of reliability and successful data persistence for unreliable wireless networks.
Foreign direct investment in European transition economies—The role of policies

Abstract Gravity factors explain a large part of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in transition economies, including in Southeastern Europe—a region not comprehensively covered before in econometric studies—but host country policies also matter. Key are policies that affect unit labor costs, the corporate tax burden, infrastructure, and the foreign exchange and trade regime. This paper focuses on non-privatization FDI—a novelty in the literature—and finds evidence of nonlinearities, with the impact of policies on FDI changing above a certain level of income. It also develops the concept of potential FDI for each host country, using its deviation from predicted levels given optimal policies to estimate what governments can realistically expect to achieve in terms of attracting additional FDI. Journal of Comparative Economics ••• (•••) (••••) •••–•••.
Optimal Multiple Stopping of Linear Diffusions

Motivated by the analysis of financial instruments with multiple exercise rights of American type and mean reverting underlyers, we formulate and solve the optimal multiple-stopping problem for a general linear regular diffusion process and a general reward function. Instead of relying on specific properties of geometric Brownian motion and call and put option payoffs as in most of the existing literature, we use general theory of optimal stopping for diffusions, and we illustrate the resulting optimal exercise policies by concrete examples and constructive recipes.
Making sense of divorce grief

The various models of divorce recovery put forward by researchers have previously been divided into two general categories. The first focuses on emotional or affective stages, while the second describes the recovery in terms of behavior/event dimensions. These two approaches are now integrated by recognizing that the behavior/event stages represent specific psycho/social losses in the life of the divorcing person. Stages of grief, therefore, may arise repeatedly in response to the different losses. These emotional stages may reappear with varying intensity, depending on the varying amount of importance of each loss to the individual. The complex interaction between sequential losses and responding emotional stages is described. Erikson's thematic theory of development and the Tennessee Self Concept Scale are offered as helpful tools for clarifying the meaning of emotions and needs which appear to spiral back and forth within the individual's experience.
Time-Domain Inverse Scattering Using a Nonlinear Renormalization Technique

A nonlinear renormalization technique is implemented for the one-dimensional inverse scattering in the time-domain. This algorithm, which is approximate but highly accurate, is tested with both bandlimited and noisy data. The merits of this algorithm are its ease of implementation, increased understanding of the scattering process, and its robustness to noise corruption and bandwidth limitations. Several examples are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Ga(III)-catalyzed cycloisomerization strategy for the synthesis of icetexane diterpenoids: total synthesis of (+/-)-salviasperanol.

A general approach to the tricyclic core of the icetexane natural products via the cycloisomerization of alkynyl indenes using GaCl3 is presented. This strategy provides an efficient synthesis of the natural product salviasperanol and sets the stage for access to other members of this family of diterpenoids.
SIMPLISMA applied to two-dimensional wavelet compressed ion mobility spectrometry data

A modified SIMPLe-to-use Interactive Self-modeling Mixture Analysis (SIMPLISMA) algorithm, referred to as real-time (RT) SIMPLISMA has been combined with two-dimensional (2D) wavelet compression (WC 2 ). This tool was evaluated with datasets of drugs and bacteria that were acquired from two different ion mobility spectrometers and published reference data that comprised Raman, FTIR microscopy, near-infrared (NIR) and mass spectral data. RTSIMPLISMA is amenable for real-time modeling and is able to determine the number of components automatically. The 2D wavelet compression, which compresses both acquisition and drift time dimensions of measurement, was applied to the datasets prior to RTSIMPLISMA modeling. RTSIMPLISMA models obtained from the compressed data were wavelet transformed back to the uncompressed representation. The effects of wavelet filter types and compression levels were investigated. The relative root-mean-square errors (RRMSE) of reconstruction, which calculate the relative difference between the extracted models with and without 2D compressions, were used to evaluate the effects of compression on self-modeling. The results showed that satisfactory models could be obtained when a data was compressed to 1/256 of its size. © 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Measure independent Gödel speed-ups and the relative difficulty of recognizing sets

We provide and interpret a new measure independent characterization of the G6del speed-up phenomenon. In particular, we prove a theorem that demonstrates the indifference of the concept of a measure independent G6del speed-up to an apparent weakening of its definition that is obtained by requiring only those measures appearing in some fixed Blum complexity measure to participate in the speed-up, and by deleting the "for all r" condition from the definition so as to relax the required amount of speed-up. We interpret our results as correlating the relative difficulty of mechanically recognizing theories with the relative power and the relative abstractness of the theories. We conclude by providing two open problems concerning possible similarities and relationships between the Blum speedability and G6del speed-up phenomena. MSC: 03D15, 03F20.
Infection control measures for human parvovirus B19 in the hospital setting.

A human parvovirus was first discovered serendipitously in blood from asymptomatic donors in 19751 and designated B19 because of the location of the original positive serum in a test panel.2 Subsequently, the newly discovered virus was determined to be the etiologic agent of most cases of transient aplastic crisis in the setting of chronic hemolytic anemia3-18 and of the childhood exanthem erythema infectiosum, or fifth disease.'9-0" While erythema infectiosum with its classic "slapped-cheek" rash is a childhood illness, "fifth disease" in the adult should not be overlooked.24-32 At least 40% of adults lack serological evidence of past human parvovirus B19 infection and are at risk.20,33-36 Adults tend to have a more subtle rash, often lacking the "slapped cheeks," and tend to have a more severe constitutional, flu-like illness with prominent joint symptoms.37,38 While the arthralgia and arthritis of adult "fifth disease" are often self-limiting, they may become chronic and lead to an arthropathy that meets American College of Rheumatology criteria for a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis.38-4' The arthropathy has been reported to persist up to five years, the longest follow-up now available39 (A. Wolf, MD, personal communication, August 27, 1987). Following an outbreak of fifth disease in Scotland, it became clear that maternal human parvovirus infection could also have catastrophic results for the fetus.42-45 Subsequent studies have demonstrated a broad spectrum of fetal response to human parvovirus B19 infection, including no ill effect46; a neonatal syndrome of anemia, thrombocytopenia, cardiomyopathy and hepatic dysfunction47; hydrops fetalis; and fetal death.42-45,48-50 While the rate of maternal-fetal transmission of human parvovirus B 19 is estimated at 10% to 25% of maternal infections51 and preliminary data suggest that only a third of infected fetuses have an untoward outcome,46 concern for fetal risk remains. Largely this is because fifth disease is a common and widespread illness among children."52 Indeed, most infected pregnant women in one large study were exposed via their own children.5'
Safety of IGIV therapy and infusion-related adverse events

Patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases have been treated with intravenous gammaglobulin (IGIV) for over 20 years. Gamma globulins were first introduced as a therapeutic modality in 1952 by Robert A. Good, who injected gamma globulins by the intramuscular (IM) route to treat patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Subsequently, the clinical indications for gamma globulins therapy expanded from patients with Bruton's disease and other primary immune deficiency disorders to include a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This expansion in clinical indications paralleled two critical steps in the development of gamma globulins preparations. First, proteolytic enzyme-treated immunoglobulins became available for intravenous (IV) administration; unlike earlier IM preparations, IV preparations could be administered in larger volumes, were less painful, rapidly achieved physiologic concentrations of serum IgG, and were similar to native immunoglobulins with respect to their distribution of IgG subclasses and their pharmacokinetic features. Newer, highly purified IGIVs also became available. Second, significant efforts have been made to enhance the viral safety of IGIVs. Manufacturers no longer depend on Cohn-Oncley or cold ethanol treatment as the only viral elimination step; rigorous donor screening, plasma testing by sensitive nucleic acid testing, and additional viral inactivation steps in the manufacturing processes for IGIVs have been implemented. In spite of the fact that this therapy has been life-saving in patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases, a number of adverse events have been reported as a result of its use. This paper will review some of the more frequent and important adverse events associated with the administration of IGIV, and discuss the mechanisms by which these reactions may occur. Our approach for replacement therapy with IGIV of patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases will be described, and some of the concerns related to the availability of commercial IGIV for this important patient population will be presented. Availability of IGIV product has been of particular concern to the clinical immunologists who take care of patients with primary immune deficiency disorders since there are no alternative therapies for these patients.
The Separation of Ownership and Control in American Industry

Introduction. The concept "control." — Types of control; complete ownership, 72; majority control, 73; legal device, 74; minority control, 81; and management control, 83. — Separation of ownership and control among the 200 largest American corporations; basis of classification and extent of separation, 89. — Conclusion, 95. — Tables showing types of control, 98.
Invasive ductal carcinoma with lobular features: a comparison study to invasive ductal and invasive lobular carcinomas of the breast

Invasive ductal carcinoma with lobular features (IDC-L) is not recognized as a distinct subtype of breast cancer, and its clinicopathologic features and outcomes are unknown. In this retrospective study, we focused on characterization of clinicopathologic features and outcomes of IDC-L and compared them to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). 183 cases of IDC-L from 1996 to 2011 were compared with 1,499 cases of IDC and 375 cases of ILC. Available slides of IDC-L (n = 150) were reviewed to quantify the lobular component (≤20, 21–50, 51–80, >80 %), defined as small cells individually dispersed, arranged in linear cords, or in loose aggregates without the formation of tubules or cohesive nests. E-cadherin immunostain was performed to confirm ductal origin. Compared to IDC, IDC-L was more likely to have lower histologic grade (p 90 % of cases being E-cadherin positive, the clinical and biological characteristics are more similar to that of ILC.
Mathematical and experimental investigation of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) of TiAl3 and Ni3Al intermetallic compounds

One-dimensional mathematical modeling was used to describe the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) process for preparing TiAl3 and Ni3Al intermetallics. The kinetic parameters (activation energies and pre-exponential factors) for the two compounds were obtained by matching experimental measurement and the numerical solution. The results thus obtained were compared with rate parameters obtained using different methods. The activation energy was 483 and 283 kJ mol−1 for the formation of TiAl3 and Ni3Al, respectively. The temperature profiles calculated using the mathematical model were compared with experimental measurements for both aluminides which indicated reasonable agreement. Fine particle size and moderate preheating increase the SHS rates.