cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functions of codeswitching in ESL classrooms: Socialising bilingualism in Jaffna

Abstract This study analyses codeswitched utterances in ESL classes of 24 secondary school teachers in Jaffna (Sri Lanka). Although teachers are mostly unaware of using or permitting Tamil, and even consider it inappropriate for ESL classrooms, the study shows some useful functions codeswitching serves for classroom management and transmission of lesson content. The negotiation of values, identities and roles through codeswitching during the unintended opportunities in the classroom additionally prepares students for their sociolinguistic life outside. Since it is primarily through codeswitching that bilingualism persists in nationalistic Jaffna, the study posits that code choice in the ESL classroom is influenced by the modes of bilingualism existing outside. The communicative norms in the classroom also serve to reinforce language attitudes and practice in society. In the light of developments in communicative pedagogies, the study argues that codeswitching might well be a socially relevant language lea...
More than ancillary: HIV social services, intermediate outcomes and quality of life

Abstract In HIV care, the use of social or “ancillary” services to stabilize life situations and remove barriers to care is often seen as a means to the end of ensuring more consistent participation in medical care. By examining the impact of HIV social services on the achievement of intermediate outcomes (i.e., ceasing substance use, initiating anti-retroviral therapy (ART), and entering stable housing) and the relationship between intermediate outcome status and quality of life (QOL), our analysis aims to demonstrate the importance of achieving intermediate outcomes in and of themselves and thereby the importance of the ancillary services that assist clients in attaining desired intermediate outcomes. Our analysis relies on baseline and follow-up data from 1646 HIV-positive participants collected during a longitudinal outcome evaluation of 23 HIV social service programs in the New York metropolitan area. Multivariate linear regression modeling was used to assess the impact of achieving intermediate outc...
Major Pulmonary Resection for Bronchogenic Carcinoma in the Elderly

The results of major pulmonary resection in 58 patients greater than 70 years of age were reviewed. The histological distribution and extent of nodal metastases in this age group are the same as in younger patients. The absolute five-year survival rate for the 55 patients undergoing curative resection was 30% (17 patients). It was 36% (11 patients) for those patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 22% (5 patients) for those with adenocarcinoma. The operative mortality was only 14% (8 patients). Of the 49 patients treated by lobectomy, 17 lived five years or more free of disease, whereas none of the 6 patients treated by pneumonectomy survived five years. The five-year survival rate of 30% in this series of elderly patients treated by major pulmonary resection makes resections in such patients with bronchogenic carcinoma worthwhile.
Retrovirus Restriction by TRIM5α Variants from Old World and New World Primates

The TRIM5α proteins of humans and some Old World monkeys have been shown to block infection of particular retroviruses following virus entry into the host cell. Infection of most New World monkey cells by the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac) is restricted at a similar point. Here we examine the antiretroviral activity of TRIM5α orthologs from humans, apes, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys. Chimpanzee and orangutan TRIM5α proteins functionally resembled human TRIM5α, potently restricting infection by N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV) and moderately restricting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Notably, TRIM5α proteins from several New World monkey species restricted infection by SIVmac and the SIV of African green monkeys, SIVagm. Spider monkey TRIM5α, which has an expanded B30.2 domain v3 region due to a tandem triplication, potently blocked infection by a range of retroviruses, including SIVmac, SIVagm, HIV-1, and N-MLV. Tandem duplications in the TRIM5α B30.2 domain v1 region of African green monkeys are also associated with broader antiretroviral activity. Thus, variation in TRIM5α proteins among primate species accounts for the observed patterns of postentry restrictions in cells from these animals. The TRIM5α proteins of some monkey species exhibit dramatic lengthening of particular B30.2 variable regions and an expanded range of susceptible retroviruses.
Spatial stochastic direct and inverse analysis for the extent of damage in deteriorated RC structures

The problem of updating the parameters of a probabilistic model, describing spatially large structures, based on uncertain output information is analyzed. An unscented Kalman filter (UKF) variant is successfully used, although the analysis has not been cast in a filtering format. The performance of the UKF-variant is compared with other generic gradient-free inverse solvers. To reduce the computational demand of the stochastic model, sensitivity analysis for functional inputs and probabilistic homogenization techniques are used. Without loss of generality for this type of problems, the whole process is described along a specific application concerning diffusion phenomena and steel damage in RC.
A treatment planning system for pleural PDT

Uniform light fluence distribution for patients undergoing photodynamic therapy (PDT) is critical to ensure predictable PDT outcome. However, common practice uses a point source to deliver light to the pleural cavity. To improve the uniformity of light fluence rate distribution, we have developed a treatment planning system using an infrared camera to track the movement of the point source. This study examines the light fluence (rate) delivered to chest phantom to simulate a patient undergoing pleural PDT. Fluence rate (mW/cm2) and cumulative fluence (J/cm2) was monitored at 7 different sites during the entire light treatment delivery. Isotropic detectors were used for in-vivo light dosimetry. Light fluence rate in the pleural cavity is also calculated using the diffusion approximation with a finite-element model. We have established a correlation between the light fluence rate distribution and the light fluence rate measured on the selected points based on a spherical cavity model. Integrating sphere theory is used to aid the calculation of light fluence rate on the surface of the sphere as well as inside tissue assuming uniform optical properties. The resulting treatment planning tool can be valuable as a clinical guideline for future pleural PDT treatment.
Serous Detachments of the Macula Associated With Presumed Small Choroidal Melanomas

Eight cases of presumed small choroidal melanomas, associated with subretinal fluid in the macula, were studied to determine the eventual outcome of these tumors and the value of photocoagulation in eliminating subretinal fluid. Photocoagulation resulted in resolution of subretinal fluid involving the macula in six cases for a mean duration of 12 months. Six cases showed tumor growth over a mean interval of 24 months. Two cases were eventually managed with enucleation and two with I 125 brachytherapy. The occurrence of subretinal fluid involving the macula in cases of small choroidal melanomas implies a high chance of subsequent tumor growth. Photocoagulation may be useful in eliminating subretinal fluid and improving vision during this observation period.
Production of mannitol by Streptococcus mutans.

Abstract Mannitol was produced as an end product when resting cell suspensions of strains of Streptococcus mutans were given high levels of sucrose or glucose. The presence of mannitol in the supernatant from glucose incubated cells and the occasional detection of mannitol-1-phosphate suggest that mannitol was formed by a reduction of fructose-6-phosphate. This pathway would permit the regeneration of NAD under anaerobic conditions, thereby permitting maximal catabolism of hexoses via the glycolytic pathway.
Hydrological simulation of Po River (North Italy) discharge under climate change scenarios using the RCM COSMO-CLM.

Abstract The impacts of climate change on Po River discharges are investigated through a set of climate, hydrological, water-balance simulations continuous in space and time. Precipitation and 2 m mean temperature fields from climate projections under two different representative concentration pathways, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, have been used to drive the hydrological model. Climate projections are obtained nesting the regional climate model COSMO-CLM into the global climate model CMCC-CM. The bias in climate projections is corrected applying the distribution derived quantile mapping. The persistence of climate signal in precipitation and temperature after the bias correction is assessed in terms of climate anomaly for 2041–2070 and 2071–2100 periods versus 1982–2011. To account for the overall uncertainty of emission scenarios, climate models and bias correction, the hydrological/water balance simulations are carried out using both raw and bias corrected climate datasets. Results show that under both RCPs, either considering raw and bias corrected climate datasets, temperature is expected to increase on the whole Po River basin and in all the seasons; the most significant changes in precipitation and discharges occur in summer, when the reduction of precipitation leads to an increase in low flow duration and occurrence likelihood, and in autumn and winter where precipitation shows a positive variation increasing the high flows frequency.
Aerosol infection of mice with recombinant BCG secreting murine IFN-γ partially reconstitutes local protective immunity

To better understand the contribution of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) to the immune response during the first 60 days of mycobacterial infection in the lungs, IFN-γ gene disrupted (IFN-γ-/-) mice were infected via aerosol with recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) secreting murine IFN-γ (BCG-IFN-γ) and compared to mice infected with recombinant BCG containing the vector only (BCG-vector). When IFN-γ-/- mice were infected with BCG-vector, increasing bacillary loads and large undifferentiated granulomas that did not express inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were observed in the lungs. In contrast, infection with BCG-IFN-γ resulted in reduced bacillary load and better differentiated granulomas containing epithelioid macrophages expressing iNOS as well as reduced levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) mRNA. However, local production of IFN-γ by the recombinant BCG did not protect IFN-γ-/- mice from subsequent challenge with M. tuberculosis. Infection of IFN-γ-/- peritoneal macrophages in vitro with BCG-IFN-γ led to induction of iNOS expression and lower IL-10 mRNA levels. Nevertheless, the growth of the intracellular BCG was unaffected. Since IFN-γ induced-iNOS protein and reduced IL-10 production were insufficient to control mycobacterial growth in vitro, the results suggest that additional mediator(s) present in vivo are required for control of mycobacterial growth.
Twenty-Four Hour Continuous ECG Recordings in Long-Distance Runners

Twenty-four hour ambulatory ECG recordings were performed on 20 male long-distance runners, aged 19 to 28 years, during normal activities other than running. Average, maximum, and minimum waking heart rates, respectively, ranged from 58 to 108 (mean ± SD, 73 ± 15), 90 to 164 (120 ± 19), and 34 to 53 (43 ± 5) beats/min. Longest waking sinus pauses ranged from 1.35 to 2.55 (1.7 ± 0.3) seconds. Average, maximum, and minimum sleeping heart rates, respectively, ranged from 38 to 58 (47 ± 6), 69 to 114 (83 ± 14), and 31 to 43 (36 ± 3) beats/min. Longest sleeping sinus pauses ranged from 1.60 to 2.81 (2.0 ± 0.3) seconds. All 20 runners had atrial premature beats, but only one (5 percent) had more than 100/24 hours. Fourteen runners (70 percent) had ventricular premature beats, but only two (10 percent) had more than 50/24 hours, and none had ventricular couplets or ventricular tachycardia. Eight runners (40 percent) had one or more episodes of type 1 second-degree atrioventricular (A-V) block. Compared with untrained males of similar age, the runners had slower heart rates (by approximately 10 beats/min), longer sinus pauses, and a higher prevalence of A-V block. Runners and untrained males did not differ with respect to prevalence of ventricular premature beats, R on T phenomenon, ventricular couplets, or ventricular tachycardia.
The Role of Firm Resources in Returns to Market Deployment

Abstract Researchers in marketing tend to adopt one of two approaches to examining competitive advantage: a focus on a firm’s resources or a focus on a firm’s strategic or tactical actions. The authors suggest that neither of these approaches by itself fully captures the drivers of competitive advantage. Focusing on marketing-specific actions referred to as market deployment, the authors investigate the roles of both resources and action by examining how the nature and level of a firm’s resources influence the success of the firm’s marketing actions. The results, based on a secondary data approach and a series of sequentially estimated hierarchical regression models, indicate that resource possession influences returns to market deployment. Specifically, higher levels of intangible marketing resources and intangible technological resources increase the effectiveness of market deployment related to distribution and coupon activity, whereas higher levels of financial resources decrease the effectiveness of ...
Geometry-aware Probabilistic Communications for Urban Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Safety message exchange embodies a crucial proportion of inter-vehicle communications in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks. In prior studies, direct single-hop broadcast seems a promising approach for simple transportation networks such as highways. In urban areas the geometry of roads and the placement of obstacles plays an important role in determining the efficient communication strategy. Here, due to the high penetration loss of the 5.9 GHz. wave passing through obstacles, single-hop communications between non-line-of-sight vehicles is not always the best choice. In this study we utilize geometric concepts to deploy appropriate power and hop control schemes for such environments. That is, based on the local geometry observed by the vehicle, it probabilistically decides on a single or multi-hop strategy upon each of its retransmission opportunities. As we shall see, the probabilistic decision on single or multi hop communications is proposed to allow for efficient delay- capacity tradeoffs in such environments.
To Divide or Not to Divide

The irreversible decision a cell makes when choosing its fate is based on diverse sources of information. How a cell integrates multiple signals into an all-or-none decision is the fascinating subject of a new study by Justman et al. ( 1 ) on the maturation of amphibian oocytes in response to the hormone progesterone. On page [509][1] of this issue, the authors show that interacting feedback loops within the network of cellular signaling pathways modulate sensitivity to progesterone in response to external cues. Depending on the generality of the solution, this work may have broad implications for cellular transitions contingent on multiple signals. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1169498
Precipitation from a reactive silicate on MgO

For this paper, high-temperature interactions between a reactive silicate liquid and the (001) surface of a MgO single crystal were studied. The paper discusses the influence of the morphology of the MgO surface on both the dewetting of a silicate liquid and the mechanism of precipitation of excess MgO out of this silicate liquid. Alternative pathways were considered for MgO precipitation; it may occur by nucleation and growth of plateaus on the MgO surface or by MgO absorption at surface steps. On flat MgO(001) surfaces, precipitation of MgO from the continuous layer of silicate liquid led to the formation of plateaulike precipitates. Precipitation from disconnected silicate droplets onto stepped MgO(001) surfaces resulted in the growth of ridges at steps on the surface.
Rosa's roses : reduced vowels in American English

Beginning phonetics students are taught that some varieties of American English have two contrasting reduced vowels, transcribed as [e] and [i], illustrated by the unstressed vowels in the minimal pair Rosa's vs. roses (e.g. Ladefoged 2001, 2005). However, little seems to be known about the precise nature or distribution of these vowels. This study explores these questions through acoustic analysis of reduced vowels in the speech of nine American English speakers. The results show that there is a fundamental distinction between the mid central [e] vowel that can occur in unstressed word-final position (e.g. in Rosa), and high reduced vowels that occur in most other unstressed positions, and might be transcribed as [i]. The contrast between pairs like Rosa's and roses derives from this difference because the word-final [e] is preserved when an inflectional suffix is added, so the schwa of Rosa's is similar to the final vowel of Rosa, whereas the unstressed vowel of roses is the high [i] reduced vowel quality found elsewhere. So the standard transcription of the reduced vowel contrast is justified, but the widespread use of [e] to transcribe word-internal reduced vowels is misleading – mid reduced vowels are generally only found in stem-final position.
Digital signal processing solutions to 2-D phase retrieval problems

The 2-D discrete phase retrieval problem is to reconstruct an image defined at integer coordinates and having known finite spatial extent from the magnitude of its discrete Fourier transform. Most methods for solving this problem are iterative and alternate between the spatial and wavenumber domains. These algorithms are not POCS and they tend to stagnate. We present a completely novel approach that uses a battery of digital signal processing algorithms to produce an algorithm that comes close to expressing the solution in closed form. The only requirement on the image is that it have finite spatial extent and be roughly bandlimited so that a fractional spatial shift also has finite spatial extent (this requirement is almost always met in practice).
Ascertaining Deadly Harms: Aesthetics and Politics of Global Evidence

This article asks what anthropology can contribute to public and scholarly debates about politics of knowledge in global governance and argues that bringing together insights from aesthetics of governance, science and technology studies, and theories of performativity offers a productive reorientation to existing approaches. My specific question is: how did WHO research that was intended to counter alarmist discourses about female genital cutting end up legitimizing them? For anthropologists who participated in the scientific controversy, the answer was clear: the study was driven by ideology. To expand the range of analytical responses, I suggest, we need to understand the rearrangements of knowledge and power in neoliberal governance, as well as a conception of authorship that uncouples scientific statements from sovereign subjects. Deadly harms were not made certain by ideology, I argue, but by aesthetics of expertise, WHO bundling of governance by emergency and governance by evidence, and performative iterations at the cultural boundaries of science. To make this argument, I analyze the historical conditions of possibility for the WHO study, offer an ethnography of knowledge production, and trace the social and governmental lives of fact and meaning-making. [WHO, female genital cutting, science controversy, governance by evidence, anthropology in the public sphere, aesthetics, performativity]
A T Helper Cell 2 (Th2) Immune Response against Non-self Antigens Modifies the Cytokine Profile of Autoimmune T Cells and Protects against Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and the most commonly used experimental model for multiple sclerosis. It is mediated by autoreactive T cell clones exhibiting a T helper cell (Th) 1 cytokine profile. Nonencephalitogenic T lymphocytes specific for self or exogenous antigens have been found to suppress encephalitogenic T cell responses and to protect against autoimmune disease. The mechanisms by which exogenous antigens modulate autoimmunity are not fully understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a Th2-type immune response against an exogenous, nonself antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), by releasing IL-4 in the microenvironment, could shift the cytokine profile of encephalitogenic T cells from an inflammatory Th1 to a protective Th2 type. SJL/J mice were preimmunized with the KLH in incomplete Freund9s adjuvant to induce a population of Th2 memory cells that would be expected to release Th2 cytokines when activated by the specific antigen at the time of EAE induction. Four weeks later, mice received an encephalitogenic challenge containing guinea pig myelin in complete Freund9s adjuvant with or without KLH. All KLH primed animals not receiving the exogenous antigen at the time of EAE induction developed a severe clinical disease indistinguishable from control mice not KLH primed. In contrast, animals preimmunized and challenged with the encephalitogenic inoculum containing KLH showed either no, or markedly reduced, clinical signs. Enzyme-linked immunospot analysis demonstrated that KLH-specific T cells in the primed mice were producing IL-4 characteristic of Th2 cells. In the KLH-primed and restimulated mice, the cytokine profile of the autoreactive, myelin basic protein–specific T cells was shifted from an inflammatory Th1 towards a protective Th2 type. We infer that the presence of IL-4 secreted by KLH-specific memory Th2 cells in the lymphoid system microenvironment in which the autoreactive T cells were engaged by the encephalitogenic stimulus were able to bias their cytokine profile towards a protective Th2 phenotype. This interpretation is supported by the observation that the protective effect of preimmunization with KLH was overcome by rm– IL-12, which inhibited the production of IL-4 by the Th1 cells and biased the autoimmune response to a predominantly Th1 type. Since IL-4 mRNA could not be detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in the CNS, the protective effect was inferred to be mediated by Th2 cells in the lymphoid system, and not the target organ. We conclude that exogenous, nonself antigens that can induce Th2 responses, can modify the cytokine environment sufficiently to alter the cytokine phenotype of inflammatory, autoreactive T cell clones, and ultimately, to provide significant protection against EAE and possibly other T cell–mediated autoimmune diseases.
Discrete-time, Bi-cumulant minimax and Nash games

Continuous time, cumulant games have gathered interest, recently, but not much has been done for the discrete time case. In this paper, this problem will be addressed. Discrete time, two player, Nash and minimax cumulant games will be formulated and developed for a nonlinear system with non-quadratic costs. A recursion equation for the determining the equilibrium solutions is derived. For the linear quadratic case, equilibrium solutions are determined. Furthermore, through the use of cumulants, generalizations of H2/Hinfin and Hinfin control are shown.
High Extracellular Levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Glutamine Synthetase and Superoxide Dismutase in Actively Growing Cultures Are Due to High Expression and Extracellular Stability Rather than to a Protein-Specific Export Mechanism

Glutamine synthetase (GS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), large multimeric enzymes that are thought to play important roles in the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are among the bacterium's major culture filtrate proteins in actively growing cultures. Although these proteins lack a leader peptide, their presence in the extracellular medium during early stages of growth suggested that they might be actively secreted. To understand their mechanism of export, we cloned the homologous genes (glnA1 and sodA) from the rapid-growing, nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis, generated glnA1 and sodA mutants of M. smegmatis by allelic exchange, and quantitated expression and export of both mycobacterial and nonmycobacterial GSs and SODs in these mutants. We also quantitated expression and export of homologous and heterologous SODs from M. tuberculosis. When each of the genes was expressed from a multicopy plasmid, M. smegmatis exported comparable proportions of both the M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis GSs (in the glnA1 strain) or SODs (in the sodA strain), in contrast to previous observations in wild-type strains. Surprisingly, recombinant M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis strains even exported nonmycobacterial SODs. To determine the extent to which export of these large, leaderless proteins is expression dependent, we constructed a recombinant M. tuberculosis strain expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) at high levels and a recombinant M. smegmatis strain coexpressing the M. smegmatis GS, M. smegmatis SOD, and M. tuberculosis BfrB (bacterioferritin) at high levels. The recombinant M. tuberculosis strain exported GFP even in early stages of growth and at proportions very similar to those of the endogenous M. tuberculosis GS and SOD. Similarly, the recombinant M. smegmatis strain exported bacterioferritin, a large (∼500-kDa), leaderless, multimeric protein, in proportions comparable to GS and SOD. In contrast, high-level expression of the large, leaderless, multimeric protein malate dehydrogenase did not lead to extracellular accumulation because the protein was highly unstable extracellularly. These findings indicate that, contrary to expectations, export of M. tuberculosis GS and SOD in actively growing cultures is not due to a protein-specific export mechanism, but rather to bacterial leakage or autolysis, and that the extracellular abundance of these enzymes is simply due to their high level of expression and extracellular stability. The same determinants likely explain the presence of other leaderless proteins in the extracellular medium of actively growing M. tuberculosis cultures.
WHEAT BRAN AND MIDDLINGS IN WHITE LAYER CAKES

White cakes were prepared with substitutions of bran and middlings for both 60 and 70% extraction flours. Substitution levels included 4, 8 and 16% bran, 12% middlings bleached or unbleached, and 16% bran plus 12% middlings bleached or unbleached. Results of this study indicate that bran and middlings may be successfully substituted in the cake system. Batter viscosity increased with increasing substitution levels while the cake volumes were decreased only in cakes containing unbleached middlings. Substitutions of bran and/or middlings in the cake formula resulted in increased tenderness, yellowness and redness but lightness of the cake crumb decreased. The characteristics of specific gravity, shrinkage, symmetry, uniformity, pH and moisture, as well as sensory scores, were not adversely affected by bran or middlings substitutions.
Processes and support tools for interhospital neonatal patient transfer: A preliminary study

There has been a growing interest in interhospital patient transfers. However, much of this research has focussed on the criteria for transferring patients; very little research is available about the transfer process itself. The purpose of this preliminary study was to describe the process and support technology used to transfer neonatal intensive care patients from metropolitan and rural hospitals to Vanderbilt Children's Hospital (VCH). Three patient transfer events were observed using ethnographic observational methods. One researcher observed processes at VCH while a second researcher accompanied the transport team. Data from both perspectives were collated and integrated. The resulting process model shows that patient transfers are complex, highly choreographed processes involving three leaders. Multiple modes of technology are used for very different purposes. Areas of potential vulnerability include leader inexperience, the use of paper forms by multiple leaders and complexities associated with th...
MR Imaging–Guided Prostate Biopsy Techniques

Nearly all prostate biopsies are performed via the transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided technique which suffers from its inability to accurately visualize and target suspicious lesions. Advances in prostate MR imaging now allow for the detection of suspicious regions of the prostate gland, opening the door for lesion-directed biopsy techniques. The ability to obtain a definitive histologic grade has become increasingly important due to the rise of active surveillance as a popular method to approach low-grade cancer. Biopsies obtained with MR guidance or MR imaging/transrectal ultrasound fusion can accurately identify and characterize cancers and thus appropriately stratify patients for specific therapies.
Neuraminidase Activities in Oligodendroglial Cells of the Rat Brain

: Neuraminidase activities in oligodendroglial cells were characterized using rats of different ages. Rat oligodendroglial cells had intrinsic neuraminidase activities directed toward GM3 and N-acetylneuramin(2–3)lactitol (NL). Developmental profiles of the neuraminidase activities toward the two substrates in oligodendroglial cells were different from each other. The neuraminidase activity toward GM3 increased rapidly with the onset of active myelination and, after 26 days of development, reached the adult level which was about 18 times higher than that in myelin. At the adult age, oligodendroglial cells had the highest neuraminidase activity toward GM3 among the individual brain cell types examined. The activity of NL-neuraminidase showed a less remarkable developmental profile, with a peak value at 26 days. The UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase activity in oligodendroglial cells increased during the period of active myelination and, afterward, returned to the basal level. The enrichment and unique developmental profile in oligodendroglial cells of the neuraminidase activity toward GM3 suggest that this enzyme may play an important role in the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath.
Nest Hydrocarbons as Cues for Philopatry in a Paper Wasp

Philopatric behavior has been demonstrated in a wide taxonomic spread of animals. In temperate environments, overwintered Polistes wasp foundresses often return to their natal nest prior to initiating colony construction. Previous research has shown that these spring foundresses can identify the natal nest in the absence of landmark and gross morphological cues. Hydrocarbons are essential recognition cues for Polistes nest and nestmate discrimination, but cuticular hydrocarbon profiles can become homogenized when foundresses overwinter in mixed colony groups. We examined the hydrocarbon profiles of Polistes dominulus foundresses and nests before and after an overwintering period, and found that the hydrocarbon profiles of nests remain unique over time and that this uniqueness is influenced by the original foundresses. Our data raise the possibility that in returning to the natal nest, foundresses reacquire their colony-specific signature, which may play a role in the formation of cooperative associations.
Obesity, Diet and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) represents a group of heterogeneous diseases that significantly vary in their causes, molecular profiles, and natural progression. In 2007, there will be approximately 59,000 newly diagnosed NHL cases in the United States and over 300,000 cases worldwide. Although new therapeutic regimens are minimizing the number of deaths related to NHL, causes for the majority of lymphomas remain undetermined. Recent studies suggest that dietary factors may contribute to the rising rates of NHL. This review will summarize epidemiologic reports that have studied the relationship between obesity, physical activity, and diet and risk of NHL. Based on a number of case-control and prospective cohort studies, overweight/obesity probably increases the risk of NHL, whereas moderate physical activity may reduce risk. Several studies support an inverse association between intakes of vegetables and NHL risk, particularly for the consumption of cruciferous vegetables. This may relate to the induction of apoptosis and growth arrest in preneoplastic and neoplastic cells, two important actions of isothiocyanates found in cruciferous vegetables. Studies also suggest that fish intake may be inversely associated with risk of NHL, although findings have not been entirely consistent. This may relate to the high organochlorine content in some fish that could override a protective effect. High consumption of fats, meat, and dairy products also may increase lymphoma risk. The accumulated scientific evidence concerning the associations between obesity, diet, and NHL suggests several identified modifiable risk factors that might be recommended to decrease lymphoma risk.
Thermodynamics in Wilhelm Ostwald’s Physical Chemistry

This essay focuses on the place of the second law of thermodynamics in Wilhelm Ostwald’s physical chemistry. After a brief introduction to his energetic theory, which was supposed to be a generalization of thermodynamics, I contrast Ostwald’s understanding of the second law, which ignored entropy and irreversibility, with Max Planck’s, which emphasized both. I then consider how Ostwald sought to develop physical chemistry without any concern for irreversibility and little concern for entropy, and I argue that he was mistaken.
What Does it Mean for a URI to Resolve

Amongst the best practices that constitute Linked Data, one of the foremost is to use only HTTP-URIs as identifiers for RDF resources. This is so that the URI will resolve in a Linked Data browser to give information about the named resource. At the same time, Linked Data takes a resource-centric, as opposed to page-centric, approach to resolution. We argue that this approach can, in certain cases, obviate the need for insisting on HTTP-URIs. As a use of our “expanded” notion of Linked Data, we present as an example Life Science Identifiers.
Online Patient Ratings: Why They Matter and What They Mean

The increasing focus on patient satisfaction and consumer-driven health care, combined with the recent rise in online social media, have resulted in the growing trend of patients rating physicians on publicly accessible Web sites. The number and use of such Web sites continue to grow despite potential concerns about the validity of these ratings and negative physician perception. These Web sites can influence patient decision making regarding physician selection. In this article, we review the literature regarding the use of such Web sites by patients, the validity of these ratings, potential implications for hand surgical practice, and methods to minimize or challenge inaccurate reviews.
Tenacious Proximal Fusion: The Scobee Phenomenon.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE When patients with intermittent exotropia show an increase in their near deviation after prolonged monocular occlusion, they have been said to have tenacious proximal fusion (TPF). That term is not adequately descriptive, since this finding can occur without the patient having been allowed to fuse. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility that this phenomenon is mediated by the preponderance of binasal retinal disparity and uncrossed localization that occurs with near fixation. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ten patients with intermittent exotropia who manifested TPF were measured at 6 m, 1/3 m, again at 1/3 m after 1 hour of monocular occlusion, and at 1/3 m with a peripheral crossed localization stimulating device (PCLSD) that simulated the retinal bitemporal disparity and peripheral crossed localization usually found with distance fixation. RESULTS For the ten patients, the mean measurement at distance was 28.3Δ±3.1, initially at near was 4Δ±3.9, at near after prolonged monocular occlusion was 25.3Δ±5.3, and at near with the PCLSD was 18.5Δ±4.1. The differences between the initial near measurement and the measurement with the PCLSD, and between the PCLSD and post-prolonged monocular occlusion were significant with P<0.001 and P=0.0049, respectively. CONCLUSIONS What has been previously referred to as TPF in fact appears to be convergence induced by the preponderance of binasal retinal disparity and/or peripheral uncrossed localization typically found with near fixation. For simplicity, I propose the term TPF should be replaced with the "Scobee Phenomenon."
Hotbeds of Biogeochemical Diversity: Insights from Urban Long-Term Ecological Research Sites

Over the last two decades, long-term ecological research in the United States has expanded to urban sites. Cities, despite the dominance of built structures, utilize unexpected amounts of human-generated nutrients. Additionally, cities can both intensify and weaken local impacts of processes such as climate. Challenges remain at these sites, as property-scale biogeochemical forcings from individuals and institutions must be accounted for throughout this research. Meeting the challenge is crucial as prediction of biogeochemical processes is fundamental to the development of sustainable strategies for managing human inputs to cities and surrounding areas.
Seismic image segmentation with multiple attributes

Image segmentation can automatically locate salt boundaries on seismic sections, streamlining an often time-consuming and tedious task when undertaken manually. However, using a single seismic attribute (usually amplitude) is sometimes insufficient to achieve an accurate segmentation result. Since any quantifiable measure may be employed as an attribute for segmentation, it is important to explore other possible attributes in order to develop a more robust segmentation algorithm. Specifically, dip variability and instantaneous frequency attributes show promise for providing unique information relevant to the segmentation problem. Possibilities for combining information from different attributes exist at several different stages of the segmenation process; the most promising methods incorporate an uncertainty measurement that can be easily calculated during segmentation. The ultimate result improves upon single-attribute segmentations by combining the most reliable information from different attributes along different portions of a salt boundary.
Coassembly of Nanorods and Photosensitive Binary Blends: “Combing” with Light To Create Periodically Ordered Nanocomposites

Using computational modeling, we establish a means of controlling structure formation in nanocomposites that encompass nanorods and a photosensitive binary blend. The complex cooperative interactions in the system include a preferential wetting interaction between the rods and one of the phases in the blend, steric repulsion between the coated rods, and the response of the binary blend to light. Under uniform illumination, the binary mixture undergoes both phase separation and a reversible chemical reaction, leading to a morphology resembling that of a microphase-separated diblock copolymer. When a second, higher intensity light source is rastered over the sample, the binary blend and the nanorods coassemble into regular, periodically ordered structures. In particular, the system displays an essentially defect-free lamellar morphology, with the nanorods localized in the energetically favorable domains. By varying the speed at which the secondary light is rastered over the sample, we can control the direct...
Equation of state and spin crossover of (Mg,Fe)O at high pressure, with implications for explaining topographic relief at the core-mantle boundary

Iron-bearing periclase is thought to represent a significant fraction of Earth’s lower mantle. However, the concentration of iron in (Mg,Fe)O is not well constrained at all mantle depths. Therefore, understanding the effect of iron on the density and elastic properties of this phase plays a major role in interpreting seismically observed complexity in the deep Earth. Here we examine the high-pressure behavior of polycrystalline (Mg,Fe)O containing 48 mol% FeO, loaded hydrostatically with neon as a pressure medium. Using X-ray diffraction and synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy, we measure the equation of state to about 83 GPa and hyperfine parameters to 107 GPa at 300 K. A gradual volume drop corresponding to a high-spin (HS) to low-spin (LS) crossover is observed between ~45 and 83 GPa with a volume drop of 1.85% at 68.8(2.7) GPa, the calculated spin transition pressure. Using a newly formulated spin crossover equation of state, the resulting zero-pressure isothermal bulk modulus K 0T,HS for the HS state is 160(2) GPa with a K ′0T,HS of 4.12(14) and a V 0,HS of 77.29(0) A3. For the LS state, the K 0T,LS is 173(13) GPa with a K ′0T,LS fixed to 4 and a V 0,LS of 73.64(94) A3. To confirm that the observed volume drop is due to a spin crossover, the quadrupole splitting (QS) and isomer shift (IS) are determined as a function of pressure. At low pressures, the Mossbauer spectra are well explained with two Fe2+-like sites. At pressure between 44 and 84, two additional Fe2+-like sites with a QS of 0 are required, indicative of low-spin iron. Above 84 GPa, two low-spin Fe2+-like sites with increasing weight fraction explain the data well, signifying the completion of the spin crossover. To systematically compare the effect of iron on the equation of state parameters for (Mg,Fe)O, a spin crossover equation of state was fitted to the pressure-volume data of previous measurements. Our results show that K 0,HS is insensitive to iron concentration between 10 to 60 mol% FeO, while the spin transition pressure and width generally increases from about 50–80 and 2–25 GPa, respectively. A key implication is that iron-rich (Mg,Fe)O at the core-mantle boundary would likely contain a significant fraction of high-spin (less dense) iron, contributing a positive buoyancy to promote observable topographic relief in tomographic images of the lowermost mantle.
Modeling and Simulation of Closed Loop Deliver System of Concrete Pump Based on Matlab

By means of power linkage chart method,the model of closed loop deliver system of concrete pump was set up.Simulation was carried out in the Matlab.The results show that:the hydraulic shock in the closed loop do not occur when the swash plate commutates and it actually happens when the concrete;pushed forward after compression.The main piston pump commutation is soft.This shock can be eliminated effectively by means of SN control.
Neogene System Sedimentary Fades Characteristics in Southeast Depression of Tarim Basin

Neogene system sedimentary facies in Southwest Depression of Tarim Basin is a "dustpan" shape depression with steep slope in the south and gentle slope in the north. Deposits are thicker in the north than that in the south, depo-center is misplaced with subsidence center, there an alluvial-locustrine fragmental depositsystem with huge thickness is formed. The system is consisted of meandering river facies, braided river facies, alluvial fan facies, meandering river delta facies, braided river delta facies, fan delta facies and lacutrine facies. The braided river delta facies is widely developed in the southwest side, which is distinctive from fan delta facies and meandering river delta facies. The meandering river facies and the meandering river delta facies are distributed over the northeast side , braided river facies, alluvial fan facies and the fan delta facies are over the southwest side.
Effects of Perspective Taking on Ratings of Human Likeness and Trust

The effects of perspective taking on ratings of human-likeness and trust are investigated. Seventy-four participants were shown pictures of two agents (human and robot) and storytelling narratives, which they had to complete. Afterwards, participants completed augmented versions of the Trust Scale and Human-Likeness Posttask Survey. Half of the participants were given stories using the perspective of the agent (perspective taking condition) and the other half was given stories using a third-person perspective (non-perspective taking condition). It was hypothesized that participants in the perspective taking condition would rate the agent higher on human-likeness and trust compared to the non-perspective taking condition. Interestingly, the results support our hypothesis for human-likeness but not for trust. The findings have important implications for the design of social robots by demonstrating the importance of perspective taking exercises on perception of humanness. Future studies need to validate the effects of perspective taking on human-robot interaction in various contexts and with different robot agents.
Using Technology to Facilitate Collaboration in Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR)

This study explores the use of Computer-Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) technologies, by way of a computer-based system called iCohere. This system was used to facilitate collaboration conducting Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR). Data was gathered from 13 members of a Community Collaborative Board (CCB). Analysis revealed that iCohere served the following functions: facilitating communication, providing a depository for information and resource sharing, and allowing for remote meeting attendance. Results indicated that while iCohere was useful in performing these functions, less expensive technologies had the potential to achieve similar goals if properly implemented. Implications for future research on CSCW systems and CBPR are discussed.
Revisiting the Outdated

The process of writing this piece of spoken word was challenging. It was not particularly challenging because of the subject matter, or because of the tone, or because I knew that I had to read it out loud to an audience at a conference. Rather, writing this spoken word was difficult because it embraces rhythm in a way that I have typically been unaccustomed to writing.
Coal Flotation Washability: An Evaluation of theTraditional Procedures

The characteristic separation performance achievable from the treatment of fine coal using a froth flotation process is commonly estimated using either the release or tree analysis procedure. The two flotation characterization procedures differ substantially in the method of achieving selectivity between particles having varying degrees of hydrophobicity. From the treatment of -180 μm coal, the separation performance curves generated using the release analysis method were superior to those produced by tree analysis on the basis of both product ash and total sulfur contents. However, after grinding to reduce the amount of middling particles, the separation performance achieved by the tree procedure on the basis of product ash content was nearly equal, and in some cases, exceeded the performance provided by release analysis. In terms of product total sulfur content, the results obtained from release analysis remained superior. The differences in the separation performances achieved from the two flotation ch...
Hepatocyte ERBB3 and EGFR are required for maximal CCl4-induced liver fibrosis.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands have been implicated in liver fibrosis. We show that the genetic ablation of EGFR or ERBB3, particularly in combination, results in reduced l...
Novel-stratified low reflectivity anti-reflective coatings derived from self-assembly of high refractive index nanoparticles

We describe new anti-reflective multilayer optical coatings formed from a single liquid coating solution in a single coating step. The nanoparticles in these coatings self-organize as the liquid coating dries on the substrate. The self-assembly of the nanoparticles results in the formation of a two-layer dielectric stack composed of alternating high and low refractive index layers. For the first time, using this process, an ultra-low reflectivity film can be inexpensively and simply formed using high refractive index titanium oxide nanoparticles and a low refractive index fluoropolymer. These films can be made scratch or abrasion resistant by the inclusion of silane coupling agents and low refractive index nanoparticles.