cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NI-47GLIOMATOSIS MENINGI AND GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI: KISSING COUSINS? CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Primary Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis is a rare neoplastic disease of the central nervous system. This tumor arises solely in the leptomeninges without a dominant intraparenchymal brain or spinal cord lesion. The diagnosis is very challenging during life, with fewer than 100 reported cases in the medical literature. Initially thought to present as either a nodular or diffuse subtype (Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis: PDLG), the nodular forms are currently felt to be more appropriately termed Primary Leptomeningeal Glioma. This tumor is too rare to have been assigned a WHO classification. We propose that the term PDLG be replaced with Gliomatosis Meningi to make the relationship to the other form of Gliomatosis—Gliomatosis Cerebri, clearer. We report the case of a 63 year-old man who first presented with a grand mal seizure followed by progressive neurological decline, hydrocephalus, and spinal radiculopathy. He had an initial tentative diagnosis of neurosarcoidoisis radiographically. He went on to have progressive leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI involving the brain and the spinal cord with a negative initial temporal lobe biopsy followed by a subsequent biopsy of the leptomeninges, which revealed Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis. He continued to decline clinically and died 9 months after symptom onset despite treatment with craniospinal radiation therapy and chemotherapy with oral Temozolamide. We present a comprehensive review of the cases published in the literature to date. We restricted our search to the cases that described diffuse meningeal disease and excluded solitary tumors, non glial tumors as well as secondary leptomeningeal spread. A comprehensive review of the natural history of this disease is provided in the hope that this diagnosis can be made earlier in the future so that treatment can be offered before the tumor is too advanced.
High porosity silica xerogels prepared by a particulate sol gel route: pore structure and proton conductivity

The lower cost and higher hydrophilicity of silica xerogels could make them potential substitutes for perfluorosulfonic polymeric membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). For that purpose, we need to obtain micro or micro and mesoporous silica xerogels with a high porosity. The preparation of micro (<2 nm) and micro and mesoporous silica xerogels (2<dporesize⩽10nm) from particulate as oppossed to polymeric suspensions of silica using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor is used. Two techniques of varying packing density have been performed in this work: (1) Control of the aggregation degree in the sol by adjusting its pH before gelation (pH 5, 6 and 8) and (2) Mixture of sols with a different average particle size (particles formed under acid and base catalyzed reactions). Proton conductivity of the obtained xerogels was studied as a function of temperature and relative humidity (RH). High pore volume, high porosity and small pore size SiO2 xerogels have been achieved in the calcination temperature range from 250 to 550 °C. The calcined xerogels showed microporosity or micro and mesoporosity in the whole range of calcination temperatures. By mixing sols (molar ratio: acid/base=4.8) porosities up to 54.7±0.1% are achieved, at 250 °C of firing temperature. According to EMF measurements, electrical transport is due to protons in this kind of materials. The proton conductivity of the studied xerogels increased linear with measured temperature. A S-shaped dependence of the conductivity with the RH was observed with the greatest increase noted between 58% and 81% RH. Xerogels with a low porosity (40.8±0.1%) and an average pore size less than 2.0 nm showed lower values of proton conductivity than that of xerogels with a higher porosity and a higher average pore size in the whole range of temperature and RH. When silica xerogels, with the highest conductivity, are treated at pH 1.5, that property increased from 2.84×10−3±5.11×10−5 S/cm to 4.0×10−3±7.2×10−5 S/cm, at 81% RH and 80 °C. It indicates that the surface site density of these materials has a strong effect on conductivity. Proton conductivity values achieved are less than one order of magnitude lower than that of Nafion, under the same conditions of temperature and RH.
Angiogenesis is regulated by a novel mechanism: pro- and antiangiogenic proteins are organized into separate platelet α granules and differentially released

Platelets, in addition to their function in hemostasis, play an important role in wound healing and tumor growth. Because platelets contain angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors, the mechanisms by which platelets regulate angiogenesis remain unclear. As platelets adhere to activated endothelium, their action can enhance or inhibit local angiogenesis. We therefore suspected a higher organization of angiogenesis regulators in platelets. Using double immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that pro- and antiangiogenic proteins are separated in distinct subpopulations of α-granules in platelets and megakaryocytes. Double immunofluorescence labeling of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (an angiogenesis stimulator) and endostatin (an angiogenesis inhibitor), or for thrombospondin-1 and basic fibroblast growth factor, confirms the segregation of stimulators and inhibitors into separate and distinct α-granules. These observations motivated the hypothesis that distinct populations of α-granules could undergo selective release. The treatment of human platelets with a selective PAR4 agonist (AYPGKF-NH2) resulted in release of endostatin-containing granules, but not VEGF-containing granules, whereas the selective PAR1 agonist (TFLLR-NH2) liberated VEGF, but not endostatin-containing granules. In conclusion, the separate packaging of angiogenesis regulators into pharmacologically and morphologically distinct populations of α-granules in megakaryocytes and platelets may provide a mechanism by which platelets can locally stimulate or inhibit angiogenesis.
Response of intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium mobilization to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in thyroparathyroidectomized rats.

Nephrectomized vitamin D-defkient rats on a low-calcium diet show the same intestinal calcium transport response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 whether parathyroid hormone is present or not. Additionally, vitamin D-deficient rats on a low phosphorus diet give an intestinal calcium transport response equal to sham-operated controls even 4 days after thyroparathyroidectomy. On the other hand, only a partial mobilization of calcium from body stores in response to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is noted in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. This response can be restored with exogenous parathyroid extract (10 units every 6 hr). Thus parathyroid hormone has a direct function in mobilization of calcium from body stores in addition to stimulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis. These results strongly support the idea that parathyroid hormone has no direct action on intestinal calcium absorption, but it stimulates this system by stimulating the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(Endocrinology 94: 1022, 1974)
Auto-locating and fix-propagating for HTML validation errors to PHP server-side code

Checking/correcting HTML validation errors in Web pages is helpful for Web developers in finding/fixing bugs. However, existing validating/fixing tools work well only on static HTML pages and do not help fix the corresponding server code if validation errors are found in HTML pages, due to several challenges with dynamically generated pages in Web development. We propose PhpSync, a novel automatic locating/fixing tool for HTML validation errors in PHP-based Web applications. Given an HTML page produced by a server-side PHP program, PhpSync uses Tidy, an HTML validating/correcting tool to find the validation errors in that HTML page. If errors are detected, it leverages the fixes from Tidy in the given HTML page and propagates them to the corresponding location(s) in PHP code. Our core solutions include 1) a symbolic execution algorithm on the given PHP program to produce a single tree-based model, called D-model, which approximately represents its possible client page outputs, 2) an algorithm mapping any text in the given HTML page to the text(s) in the node(s) of the D-model and then to the PHP code, and 3) a fix-propagating algorithm from the fixes in the HTML page to the PHP code via the D-model and the mapping algorithm. Our empirical evaluation shows that on average, PhpSync achieves 96.7% accuracy in locating the corresponding locations in PHP code from client pages, and 95% accuracy in propagating the fixes to the server-side code.
Fabrication and simulation of nanopore optoelectronic devices

ABSTRACT Nanopores are a new class of low dimensional semiconductor na nostructures which have been recently proposed for use in lasers and other photonic applications. This paper provides an overview of patterned nanopore lattices with an emphasis on their electronic and optical properties. The ability to control nanopore properties by geometry and material composition are demonstrated. Two methods for controlled na nopore fabrication are presen ted and compared. Spectral characteristics of nanopore lasers are presented. Finite element numerical simula tions are also performed to determine the band structure and emission properties of nanopores. Keywords: semiconductor lasers, nanostructures 1. INTRODUCTION Due to the advantages arising from low di mensional electronic systems, considerable effort has been put into the use of quantum dots and wires as the active media in photonic devices 1-6 . The realization of quantum dot-based devices however has been somewhat limited. Conventional quantum dots are formed by strain driven self-assembly. The stochastic nature of the formation process results in a distribution of dot sizes. If a device is composed of more than one quantum dot, the issue of uniformity becomes critical. Even if the device has only one quantum dot, uniformity is essential to obtain reproducible characteristics across multiple devices. Thus, the geometrical parameters of a quantum dot such as shape and size as well as the chemi cal composition need to be precisely controlled. Theoretical studies indicate the potential advantages of nanost ructures which include reduced threshold current densities, improved noise characteristics and temper ature-independent operation. There rema in, however, fundamental limitations to the realizable benefits due to fabrication variations
Conformational dynamics of metallo-β-lactamase CcrA during catalysis investigated by using DEER spectroscopy.

Previous crystallographic and mutagenesis studies have implicated the role of a position-conserved hairpin loop in the metallo-β-lactamases in substrate binding and catalysis. In an effort to probe the motion of that loop during catalysis, rapid-freeze-quench double electron–electron resonance (RFQ-DEER) spectroscopy was used to interrogate metallo-β-lactamase CcrA, which had a spin label at position 49 on the loop and spin labels (at positions 82, 126, or 233) 20–35 A away from residue 49, during catalysis. At 10 ms after mixing, the DEER spectra show distance increases of 7, 10, and 13 A between the spin label at position 49 and the spin labels at positions 82, 126, and 233, respectively. In contrast to previous hypotheses, these data suggest that the loop moves nearly 10 A away from the metal center during catalysis and that the loop does not clamp down on the substrate during catalysis. This study demonstrates that loop motion during catalysis can be interrogated on the millisecond time scale.
An experimental field test of host-finding mechanisms in a Caribbean gnathiid isopod

Field experiments were conducted from dusk to dawn off St. John (18° 18′ 59.32″ N, 64° 43′ 24.5″ W) and Guana Island (18° 28″ 28.31″ N, 64° 34′ 30.83″ W), Virgin Islands from June through August 2008-2010 to assess the sensory cues used by the nocturnal/crepuscular fish-parasitic gnathiid isopod, Gnathia marleyi, to locate fish hosts. Experimental traps providing both visual and olfactory cues from live French grunts (Haemulon flavioliniatum) attracted significantly more gnathiids than traps providing only visual cues or control traps (empty or with a rock), which were not significantly different from each other. In another experiment, traps providing both cues and only olfactory cues attracted significantly more gnathiids than empty control traps, but were not significantly different from each other. Our findings suggest that during nocturnal and crepuscular periods, visual cues provided by resting or slow-moving fish are not alone sufficient to attract gnathiids, while olfactory cues alone are. The traps designed for this study offer a new method of sampling free-living gnathiid isopods.
Experimental Vibration Control of a Single-Degree of Freedom System Using a State-Switched Absorber

A state-switched absorber (SSA) is a device capable of instantaneously switching between resonance frequencies, increasing its effective bandwidth as compared to classical tuned vibration absorbers (TVAs) for vibration control. Previous simulations show that for a system subjected to a multi-harmonic disturbance, the SSA reduces vibration more effectively than classical TVAs. This study considers the experimental performance of the SSA for vibration suppression of an elastically mounted lumped mass base. State switching is achieved using a clutch to connect or disconnect a coil spring in parallel with other coil springs. An SSA system outperforms a classical TVA system for several combinations of forcing frequencies.
The effect of segment/boundary hydrodynamic interactions on the dynamics of adsorbed polymer chains subjected to flow

Abstract In this paper the bead and spring model of a polymer chain adsorbed onto a solid boundary in the presence of flow is extended to include the effects of hydrodynamic interactions between the polymer segments and the solid surface. In addition, the consequence of the finite dimension of the polymer chain is considered as well as the finite extensibility of the chain. The addition of hydrodynamic interactions is shown to increase the rate at which the imposed flow can compress the adsorbed layer. As would be expected, however, allowing the chain to be of finite dimension decreases the compressibility of the attached chains.
Large-scale protein arrays generated with interferometric lithography for spatial control of cell-material interactions

Understanding cellular interactions with material surfaces at the micro- and nanometer scale is essential for the development of the next generation of biomaterials. Several techniques have been used to create micro- and nanopatterned surfaces as a means of studying cellular interactions with a surface. Herein, we report the novel use of interference lithography to create a large (4 cm2) array of 33nm deep channels in a gold surface, to expose an antireflective coating on a silicon wafer at the bottom of the gold channels. The fabricated pores had a diameter of 140-350nm separated by an average pitch of 304-750 nm, depending on the fabrication conditions. The gold surface was treated with 2-(2-(2-(11-mercaptoundecyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol to create protein-resistant areas. Fibronectin was selectively adsorbed onto the exposed antireflective coating creating nanometer-scale cell adhesive domains. A murine osteoblast cell line (MC3T3-E1) was seeded onto the surfaces and was shown to attach to the fibronectin domains and spread across the material surface.
The New Lipid Guidelines: What Do Primary Care Clinicians Think?

Abstract Background Little is known about the opinions of primary care clinicians regarding the newly released 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines for the Prevention of Primary and Secondary Atherosclerotic Disease. This survey was created to assess the awareness, attitudes, and practices of primary care clinicians on adoption of the new guidelines and to explore obstacles to implementation and suggestions for improving shared decision-making. Methods Six hundred practicing clinicians within the San Francisco Bay Area Collaborative Research Network were invited to participate in this cross-sectional, Internet-based pilot survey of primary care clinicians. These survey data were collected in March 2014, approximately 4 months after the release of the new guidelines and 1 month after the release of the ACC/AHA risk estimator application. Results One hundred eighty-three clinicians responded to the survey. Of those respondents, 176 (96%) were aware of the guidelines. The majority (64%) reported implementing the new guidelines with at least some of their patients, while a minority (25%) reported adopting the guidelines for many of their patients. Disagreeing with the guidelines was the main hindrance to adoption. Conclusions While many primary care clinicians are aware of the new guidelines, a substantial proportion has yet to implement them into their clinical practice, and obstacles remain for full adoption. Further understanding of clinicians' views, opinions, and needs is necessary to optimize the approach to lipid management and ensure integration into current practice.
Creating the park cool island in an inner-city neighborhood: Heat mitigation strategy for Phoenix, AZ

We conducted microclimate simulations in ENVI-Met 3.1 to evaluate the impact of vegetation in lowering temperatures during an extreme heat event in an urban core neighborhood park in Phoenix, Arizona. We predicted air and surface temperatures under two different vegetation regimes: existing conditions representative of Phoenix urban core neighborhoods, and a proposed scenario informed by principles of landscape design and architecture and Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies. We found significant potential air and surface temperature reductions between representative and proposed vegetation scenarios: 1) a Park Cool Island effect that extended to non-vegetated surfaces; 2) a net cooling of air underneath or around canopied vegetation ranging from 0.9 °C to 1.9 °C during the warmest time of the day; and 3) potential reductions in surface temperatures from 0.8 °C to 8.4 °C in areas underneath or around vegetation.
A transit-signal methodology for studying reaction time

A new general method has been devised for measuring reaction time, which combines the traditional transit and signal methods. Some applications are described. Advantages over the traditional procedures are considered.
EEG correlates of tonic immobility in the opossum (Didelphis virginiana)

Abstract Five different behavioral states in the opossum were related to five different EEG patterns. The EEG activity during tonic immobility was characterized by low voltage fast activity. Tonic immobility was always preceded by long bursts of both cortical and amygdaloid alpha range EEG activity which characterized an “awaking-alert-fixating” state of behavior. However, a similar pattern was also seen in 3 opossums in which tonic immobility could not be obtained. The results suggest that alpha range activity may be a necessary but not sufficient condition for the onset of tonic immobility in this animal.
Lower bound inequalities for norms of symmetrized tensor powers

Let V be a complex inner product space of positive dimension m with inner product 〈·,·〉, and let Tn(V) denote the set of all n-linear complex-valued functions defined on V×V×⋯×V (n-copies). By Sn(V) we mean the set of all symmetric members of Tn(V). We extend the inner product, 〈·,·〉, on V to Tn(V) in the usual way, and we define multiple tensor products A1⊗A2⊗⋯⊗An and symmetric products A1·A2⋯An, where q1,q2,…,qn are positive integers and Ai∈Tqi(V) for each i, as expected. If A∈Sn(V), then Ak denotes the symmetric product A·A⋯A where there are k copies of A. We are concerned with producing the best lower bounds for ‖Ak‖2, particularly when n=2. In this case we are able to show that ‖Ak‖2 is a symmetric polynomial in the eigenvalues of a positive semi-definite Hermitian matrix, MA, that is closely related to A. From this we are able to obtain many lower bounds for ‖Ak‖2. In particular, we are able to show that if ω denotes 1/r where r is the rank of MA, and A≠0, then ‖Ak‖2⩾r(r+2)(r+4)⋯(r+2(k-1))rk(2k-1)(2k-3)⋯3·1‖A‖2k=∏t=0k-1(1+2ωt)(1+2t)‖A‖2k for all integers k⩾1, with equality in case k⩾2 if and only if MA is a non-negative multiple of a Hermitian idempotent. A similar, but independent inequality is that ‖Ak‖2⩾λ1k+λ2k+⋯+λmk, where λ1,λ2,…,λm are the eigenvalues of MA.
Non-dissipative energy capture of confined liquid in nanopores

In the past, energy absorption of protection/damping materials is mainly based on energy dissipation, which causes a fundamental conflict between the requirements of safety/comfort and efficiency. In the current study, a nanofluidic “energy capture” system is reported, which is based on nanoporous materials and nonwetting liquid. Both molecular dynamics simulations and experiments show that as the liquid overcomes the capillary effect and infiltrates into the nanopores, the mechanical energy of a stress wave could be temporarily stored by the confined liquid phase and isolated from the wave energy transmission path. Such a system can work under a relatively low pressure for mitigating high-pressure stress waves, not necessarily involved in any energy dissipation processes.
Effect of the environment on the durability of plastic-based materials

Plastics in use are exposed to diverse environments, some of which exert a detrimental effect, resulting in overall deterioration. Studies carried out at the Division of Building Research, National Research Council Canada, on the effect of natural and artificial environments for several plastic materials have established the types of change in their properties and the mechanisms involved. Detrimental changes resulting from environmentallyinduced deterioration include chemical degradation, discoloration, surface cracking, crazing, loss of compounding ingredients (e.g., exudation, leaching), fibre release (in glass-reinforced plastic), impairment of mechanical and electrical properties, loss of gloss, reduction of light transmission, opacification and pitting and scratching.
Design and modeling of compact high power fiber lasers

Highly-doped phosphate glasses provide significantly higher gain than regular silica doped glasses. We will discuss a novel design strategy for compact, high gain, double clad and photonic crystal fiber lasers and amplifiers. Modeling tools include higher order finite element-based vector modal solvers for passive and active single and multi-core devices, optical and thermal transport and mechanical stress calculations for high power laser operation.
Effects of sodium intake and nephrotoxin dose on acute renaL failure in the young rat.

Summary: These experiments were undertaken to determine the differences between rats 3–4 and 7–8 wk of age with respect to the severity of acute renal failure (ARF) induced by two nephrotoxins, mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and uranyl nitrate (UN). Two observations suggested that the younger rats might be more susceptible to ARF: ARF developed in response to a dose of HgCl2, which had no effect in the older rats, and mortality rates tended to be higher in the younger rats. Despite this possible age-related difference in susceptibility, increased sodium intake (giving 1% NaCl rather than tap water to drink) had comparable protective effects in both models of nephrotoxin-induced ARF in rats of both ages.
Development of a uniaxial ice tensile specimen for low temperature testing

Abstract The objective of this research was to develop uniaxial ice tensile specimens that could be tested at temperatures ranging from 255 K down to 150 K. Standard tensile specimens were produced using a mold constructed from a room temperature vulcanizing rubber which was equipped with aluminium end mounts. Tensile tests showed that the casting procedure specimens that failed consistently in the small cross-sectional region and the maximum tensile strength data were reproducible to within experimental error.
On the concepts of photons and photodetection

Abstract The concepts of photons and photodetection are examined in a unified manner by a careful construction of localized-photon creation and annihilation operators. Photons are shown to be localizable in their direction of propagation. An ideal but realistic photodetector is shown to sense the localized photons. It is found that a photodetector with a finite bandwidth may give a small but non-zero mean photocurrent in the vacuum.
Accuracy and convergence of a variational theory of nuclear matter for ν6 models

Abstract A number of higher-order terms in a previously proposed variational theory of nuclear matter are examined to establish the accuracy and convergence of the method. Numerical results for four semirealistic ν 6 model interactions, which include central, spin, isospin and tensor components, are reported. Although individual higher-order terms are substantial (> 1 MeV) they are much smaller than the corresponding lower-order terms, indicating good convergence of the theory. The higher-order terms also tend to cancel out, and three of the four ν 6 models show little net change in their E ( k F ) curves, compared to previous work. The method is believed to have an error ≲1 MeV for k F ≦ 1.6 fm −1 .
Maximum number of edges in connected graphs with a given domination number

Abstract A dominating set for a graph G = ( V , E ) is a subset of vertices V ' ⊆ V such that for all v ϵ V − V ', there exists some u ϵ V ' for which \s{ v , u \s} ϵ E . The domination number of G is the size of its smallest dominating set(s). In this paper we give an upper bound on the number of edges a connected graph with a given number of vertices and a given domination number can have. We also characterize the extremal graphs attaining this upper bound.
Computer simulation of shock wave boundary layer interaction

Development of a boundary layer correction for an analysis program previously used by Bauer et al. (1972) to study two-dimensional flow past transonic airfoils at off-design conditions where shocks which interact with the boundary layer appear. Using a method which combines conformal mapping with a finite-difference scheme due to Murman and Cole (1971), an analysis is made of the interaction between shock waves on a supercritical wing section and a turbulent boundary layer, assuming that the shocks are weak and that separation is insignificant. It is shown that relatively simple shock wave/boundary layer interactions of the kind envisioned in this study can be treated by determining the displacement thickness iteratively together with the flow and altering the profile accordingly. It is concluded that the proposed boundary layer correction appears to furnish an essential improvement in cases where both pronounced aft loading and a large enclosed supersonic region of flow are present.
Forane (Compound 469): Cross-over comparison with enflurane (Ēthrane), halothane, and methoxyflurane in dogs

Forane (Compound 469) is a stable, non-explosive, halogenated ether compound similar in structure to enflurane (Ēthrane). We found that it had effective and safe anaesthetic properties when tested in small, purebred animals (mice, rats, rabbits, beagle dogs, and rhesus monkeys).
On the ground state of MnCO

Abstract The ground state of MnCO− is predicted to be 5λ, which is derived from a mixture of the 3d64s2 and 3d54s24p1 occupations of Mn−. The 7λ state, which is derived from the 3d54s24p1 occupation, is found to be only slightly higher in energy. On the basis of the calculations, the two MnCO states observed in photoelectron detachment experiment are assigned as 4λ and 6λ. The computed geometries and vibrational frequencies are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Shaping of virtual path traffic for ATM B-ISDN

Two mechanisms for shaping private network traffic in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) are proposed and analyzed. The shapers utilize the information about the network policer and implement a form of priority service to assure satisfactory levels of cell loss and delay for traffic streams with differing service requirements multiplexed into a policed ATM virtual path. The performance of the shapers is analyzed using stochastic-fluid methods and Markov-modulated models of bursty traffic sources. The numerical results illustrate the performance benefits and flexibility obtainable through the use of the proposed shapers in comparison to a simple policed path without traffic shaping. >
Usable security as a static-analysis problem: modeling and reasoning about user permissions in social-sharing systems

The privacy policies of many websites, especially those designed for sharing data, are a product of many inputs. They are defined by the program underlying the website, by user configurations (such as privacy settings), and by the interactions that interfaces enable with the site. A website's security thus depends partly on users' ability to effectively use security mechanisms provided through the interface.Questions about the effectiveness of an interface are typically left to manual evaluation by user-experience experts. However, interfaces are generated by programs and user input is received and processed by programs. This suggests that aspects of usable security could also be approached as a program-analysis problem.This paper establishes a foundation on which to build formal analyses for usable security. We define a formal model for data-sharing websites. We adapt a set of design principles for usable security to modern websites and formalize them with respect to our model. In the formalization, we decompose each principle into two parts: one amenable to formal analysis, and another that requires manual evaluation by a designer. We demonstrate the potential of this approach through a preliminary analysis of models of actual sites.
Anderson-localization dimensionality dependence: Further comments

A conductance in any dimensionality is reduced to a one-dimensional (1D) conductance. In an infinite system a true mobility edge appears at 2D. In a finite system a continuous change (with the Fermi energy) in the conductance dependence on the system length is determined.
Environmental control of pupal colour in swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilioninae): Battus philenor (L.) and Papilio polyxenes Fabr.

. 1. Some swallowtail butterflies produce both green and brown pupae. The phenotypes result from the joint action of genotype and environment and usually make the pupae cryptic in their habitats. 2. The major environmental cues influencing pupal colour in two swallowtail species were determined to be textural and optical. 3. Differences in the usage of these kinds of cues in the two species are thought to have evolved because of major differences in the pupation habitats. P.polyxenes, which usually pupates on slender stems amidst vegetation, responds more strongly to optical cues. B.philenor, which usually pupates on exposed surfaces of tree trunks and cliffs, responds more strongly to textural cues. 4. Differences in the overall tendency to produce brown pupae (‘sensitivity’: Hazel, 1977) are thought to be related to the frequency of brown pupation sites utilized by these two species: high average sensitivity in philenor, which often uses brown sites, and lower average sensitivity in polyxenes, which often uses green sites.
Advances and controversies in the diagnosis and management of medullary thyroid carcinoma

Abstract Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) have been significant, but some issues remain controversial. MTC may occur either as a hereditary or a nonhereditary entity. Hereditary MTC can occur either alone—familial MTC (FMTC)—or as the thyroid manifestation of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) syndromes (MEN 2A and MEN 2B). These hereditary disorders are due to germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. Early diagnosis and treatment considerably improve the prognosis in patients with MTC. Genetic testing can identify almost all affected individuals with hereditary disease and permits early thyroidectomy in gene carriers. Plasma CT is an excellent marker for postoperative follow-up. Imaging studies help delineate recurrent or metastatic lesions. Treatment of recurrent or metastatic disease is primarily surgical, including either palliative or microdissective surgery. Radiation therapy is reserved for skeletal metastasis or nonresectable metastatic MTC. Efficacy of current chemotherapy programs is not well established. Overall, the 10-year survival rates are approximately 65%.
A new role for CD28 in the survival of autoreactive T cells in the periphery after chronic exposure to autoantigen

Recent work demonstrates that costimulatory molecules play a critical role for clonal deletion of autoreactive T cells in the thymus. The role of CD28 in the survival of autoreactive T cells in the periphery, however, has not been reported. Here we demonstrate that while mutation of the CD28 gene consistently increased the burden of autoreactive T cells in the thymus, such an increase was not always found in the periphery, as the CD28(� /� ) autoreactive T cells disappeared in the spleen over a period between 4 and 10 weeks. The disappearance of autoreactive T cells associates with a diminished induction of Bcl-2 protein by the self antigen and an increased proportion of apoptotic cells in the periphery. Moreover, the elimination of autoreactive T cells in the periphery requires chronic stimulation by the self antigen, as adoptive transfer analysis revealed no enhancement of apoptosis in CD28(� /� ) T cells in antigen-bearing hosts over a 3 day period. Thus, CD28 plays a significant role in both clonal deletion and survival of autoreactive T cells after chronic exposure to autoantigens, resulting in opposite effects on the burden of autoreactive T cells.
Effective reporting of susceptibility test results

Abstract An overview of effective reporting of susceptibility test results is presented. Areas included in effective antimicrobial reporting are selective reporting of antimicrobials within drug families and by specific drug-organism combinations, automatic computer-delivered susceptibilities to patient-care areas, “flagged” results that are unusual and/or could seriously effect patient care, and the use of a coherent report format. Also included are areas that may significantly enhance antimicrobial result formats such as the reporting of cost information with susceptibility results, reporting “predictive sensitivities” based on institutional antibiograms, and reporting specific drugs for therapy based on gram's stain, and preliminary and final culture information.
Circadian organization in male mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS

Circadian (~24 h) rhythms in physiology and behavior are generated by the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus. For these endogenous rhythms to be synchronized with the external environ- ment, light information must be transmitted to pacemaker cells within the SCN. This transmission of light information is accomplished via a direct retino-hypo- thalamic tract (RHT). Nitric oxide (NO), an endogenous gas that functions as a neurotransmitter, has been implicated as a messenger necessary for photic entrainment. Three isoforms of the enzyme that form nitric oxide, NO synthase, have been identified (a) in neurons (nNOS), (b) in the endothelial lining of blood vessels (eNOS), and (c) as an inducible form in macrophages (iNOS). The present study was undertaken to determine the specific role of eNOS in circadian organi- zation and photic entrainment. Wild-type (WT) and eNOS-/- mice were initially entrained to a 14:10 light:dark (LD) cycle. After 3 weeks, the LD cycle was phase advanced. After an additional 3 weeks, animals were held in constant darkness (DD). eNOS-/- animals did not exhibit a deficit in the ability to entrain to the LD cycle, phase-shift locomotor activity, or free-run in constant conditions. Animals held in DD were killed after light exposure during either the subjective day or the subjective night to assess c-fos induction in the SCN. Light exposure during the subjective night increased c-fos protein expression in the SCN of both WT and eNOS-/- mice relative to animals killed after light exposure during the subjec- tive day. Taken together, these findings suggest that endothelial isoform of NOS may not be necessary for photic entrainment in mice.
Evaluation of corn grain with the genetically modified input trait DAS-59122-7 fed to growing-finishing pigs.

A growth performance experiment was conducted to assess the feeding value of a double-stacked transgenic corn grain for growing-finishing pigs. The genetically modified corn grain contained event DAS- 59122-7, which expresses the Cry34/35Ab1 binary in- secticidal protein for the control of corn rootworm. This modified transgenic grain is resistant to western corn rootworm and is also tolerant to herbicides containing the active ingredient glufosinate-ammonium. The mod- ified grain (59122), a nontransgenic near-isoline grain (control corn), and a commercial corn (Pioneer brand hybrid 35P12) were grown in a 2005 production trial in individually isolated plots that were located 201 m apart. A total of 108 pigs were allotted to corn-soybean meal diets containing 1 of the 3 grains as the sole source of corn. There were 3 pigs per pen and 12 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs were fed grower diets from 37 to 60 kg, early finisher diets from 60 to 90 kg, and late finisher diets from 90 to 127 kg. Within each phase, data for ADG, ADFI, and G:F were calculated. At the conclusion of the experiment, pigs were slaughtered and data for carcass quality were collected. Differences be- tween 59122 and the control corn were evaluated, with statistical significance at P < 0.05. No differences in ADG, ADFI, or G:F between pigs fed the control corn and pigs fed the modified corn were observed during the grower, early finisher, or late finisher phases. For the entire experimental period, no difference between pigs fed the control and the 59122 corn were observed for final BW (128.9 vs. 127.1 kg), ADG (1.02 vs. 1.00 kg), ADFI (2.88 vs. 2.80 kg), or G:F (0.356 vs. 0.345 kg/kg). Likewise, no differences in dressing percentage (76.48 vs. 76.30%), LM area (49.8 vs. 50.4 cm 2 ), 10th- rib back fat (2.20 vs. 2.12 cm), and carcass lean content (52.9 vs. 53.4%) were observed between pigs fed the control and the 59122 corn grain. It was concluded that the nutritional value of the modified transgenic corn grain containing event DAS-59122-7 was similar to that of the nontransgenic near-isoline control.
Comparison of computer‐based and paper‐based imagery strategies in learning anatomy

This study evaluated the use of computer-based interactive imagery on students' achievement scores when compared with paper-based static imagery. It also assessed students' perceptions about the two imagery strategies and their different components. Sixty-four freshmen veterinary students (50 females, 14 males), enrolled in a comparative anatomy course, volunteered to participate in the study. This study used a pretest/posttest comparison group design and data was examined by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). A close-ended questionnaire was administered to collect students' perceptions about the two imagery strategies. The mean difference in students' perceptions between the two strategies was analyzed using a two-tailed paired t-test. No significant differences were observed between computer-based interactive imagery and paper-based static imagery in the immediate recall of anatomical information. There was a significant difference in students' opinions toward the two strategies: students perceived computer-based interactive imagery as a better strategy in the assimilation of anatomical information than paper-based static imagery. Clin. Anat. 18:457–464, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Submicron enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

Most recent GaN-based HEMT technology has been focused toward microwave power applications. In this work, we report DC and RF characteristics of the first E-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated down to 0.2 /spl mu/m gatelength, and having an f/sub t/ reaching 25 GHz. Further improvement of E-mode GaN HEMTs could open potential applications for mixed-signal ICs with a high dynamic range.
Optimal Control Design Using an H2 Method for the Glovebox Integrated Microgravity Isolation Technology (g-LIMIT)

The acceleration environment on the International Space Station (ISS) will likely exceed the requirements of many micro-gravity experiments. The Glovebox Integrated Microgravity Isolation Technology (g-LIMIT) is being built by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center to attenuate the nominal acceleration environment and provide some isolation for micro-gravity science experiments. G-LIMIT uses Lorentz (voice-coil) magnetic actuators to isolate a platform for mounting science payloads from the nominal acceleration environment. The system utilizes payload acceleration, relative position, and relative orientation measurements in a feedback controller to accomplish the vibration isolation task. The controller provides current command to six magnetic actuators, producing the required experiment isolation from the ISS acceleration environment. This paper presents the development of a candidate control law to meet the acceleration attenuation requirements for the g-LIMIT experiment platform. The controller design is developed using linear optimal control techniques for both frequency-weighted H(sub 2) and H(sub infinity) norms. Comparison of the performance and robustness to plant uncertainty for these two optimal control design approaches are included in the discussion.
Organizational and Encoding Features of Single Neurons in the Inferior Colliculus of Bats

The past five years have witnessed a remarkable increase in the number of studies concerned with the neural basis of echoloca-tion. These studies have dealt with features of the peripheral auditory system (Bruns 1976a,b; Henson 1978; Pollak et al. 1979; Schnitzler et al. 1976; Suga et al. 1975), the lower central parts of the auditory pathway, such as the cochlear nucleus (Neuweiler and Vater 1977) and superior olivary complex (Jen 1978), as well as with higher regions such as the inferior colliculus (Moller et al. 1978a,b; Schuller, 1979a; Schuller and Pollak 1979) and cortex (reviewed by Suga). But beyond the sheer proliferation, the reports have provided much more sophisticated and detailed insights into the principles that underly both the structural and functional organization of the Chiropteran auditory system than were known before. In the previous section, Dr. Neuweiler reviewed the data from studies of the cochlea and lower brain stem centers of the horseshoe bat whereas in the following section Drs. O’Neill and Suga have summarized their findings from the cortex of the long CF/FM mustache bat. In this chapter, I shall attempt to bridge the intervening gap by reviewing the results obtained from experiments on the inferior colliculus.
Longterm Consequences of Child Maltreatment

Over the past three decades, considerable progress has been made in understanding the long-term consequences of childhood victimization. Using a schematic modified ecological model to organize this chapter, the first part reviews the literature on the “cascade of consequences of childhood maltreatment” across multiple domains of functioning, including cognitive and academic, social and behavioral, psychiatric and emotional, and physical health and neurobiological. Where possible, consequences for specific types of childhood maltreatment (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect) are described. Because the negative effects of childhood maltreatment are not inevitable, the next section describes research on protective factors that may buffer maltreated children from succumbing to negative consequences. The next section discusses the important role that contextual factors play in influencing the development of children. Finally, there is a discussion of the challenges to the field and a brief section on gaps in knowledge and suggestions for future research.
Neuropsychological Assessment of Brain Behavior Relationships: An Introduction

A fundamental principle of clinical neuropsychology is the belief that there is a discoverable relationship between brain function and observable behavior. The traditional approaches to inferring the status of the brain involved observation or the clinical neurologic examination. In the last 40 years, approaches utilizing a combination of psychometric and standardized clinical neurologic procedures have emerged. Beginning with the work of Halstead (1947) and Reitan (1966), and continuing with the efforts of Luria (1967) and Golden (1981), a proliferation of neuropsychologic batteries has taken place. In this presentation, I will focus upon the Halstead-Reitan battery, although Luria’s formulations regarding brain functions will serve as a basis for this analysis.
George Eliot's “Fine Excess”: Middlemarch, Energy, and the Afterlife of Feeling

This article advances a fresh understanding of the ethics and aesthetics that defined George Eliot's fictional maturity, particularly in light of Eliot's fascination with energy science. Victorian scientists discovered that the energy of the world was ineluctably lost or “diffused,” never again to perform productive work. But many mid-Victorians saw diffusion in optimistic terms, in contrast to more disconsolate perspectives at the century's close. In Middlemarch (1873-74), I argue, Eliot utilized the theory of energy diffusion as a model of eternal fulfillment. She did so in two ways. First, energy science provided a heuristic for Eliot's sympathetic vision. While her protagonists reflect the breakdown of interpersonal bonds—the impossibility of any perfect recognition of another's pain—the novel deploys the terms and tropes of diffusion to suggest sympathy's post-subjective effects in the lives of others. Second, I submit that energy science shaped Eliot's distinctive understanding of the novel itself as a mode of cultural production. Through figurations of unproductive energy, Eliot came to imagine how wasteful, prodigal acts of reading could bring about an ethically revitalized world. Energy science thus enabled Eliot to reconcile conventional claims about the social purpose of the novel with incipiently Arnoldian canons of art's autonomy from politics. By reading Eliot's work alongside the work of contemporary scientists, I disclose a radical ideal of literature's unproductive powers, one that linked new ideologies of formal appreciation with the novel's longstanding social promise.
A Geometric World

The article reviews the book “The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century,” by Thomas L. Friedman.
Illusory Correlation and the Inverse Base Rate Effect: Different Underlying Mechanisms

The two phenomena of illusory correlation and the inverse base rate effect are both misperceptions of true contingencies and are evoked by training procedures with analogous structures. We therefore explored the possibility that they share a common underlying mechanism. In two experiments using social stimuli (traits and groups), we measured illusory correlation and the inverse base rate effect in a within-subjects design. We found no hint of correlation in their magnitudes, which suggests that the two effects are generated by different mechanisms. In Experiment 2, we gave no explicit feedback for the rare cue in illusory correlation, yet robust illusory correlation was obtained. This suggests that illusory correlation is a response strategy, not a learning effect. Previously established mathematical models of attentional learning and eliminative inference (a response strategy) were fit to the data via computer simulations. The attentional learning model could accurately fit the inverse base rate effect, but fared less well for illusory correlation. The eliminative inference model fit the illusory correlation results better than the inverse base rate effect. We conclude that while the two phenomena are dominated by different underlying mechanisms, both mechanisms may be at work in social situations.