cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supplemental risk evaluations and status of Puccinia carduorum for biological control of musk thistle

Abstract Tests of seven rare and endangered native North American Cirsium species and four modern artichoke lines were requested in response to a proposal for introduction of Puccinia carduorum into the United States for biological control of musk thistle ( Carduus nutans ssp. leiophyllus ). These tests were supplemental to an earlier extensive host-range study that established P. carduorum from musk thistle as host specific, useful for biological control, and suitable for limited field tests in Virginia. Test plants in the current study were evaluated in support of a proposal to use the rust in the western United States, and particularly, in California. None of the test plants in this study had been evaluated in previous assessments and all were either rare, endangered or threatened in California. Tests were conducted in both field and greenhouse settings. Field tests were run for two seasons, and test plants were inoculated by natural spread of the pathogen from source plants inside rings of test plants. Greenhouse tests involved direct inoculation under optimal conditions of dew and temperature (18–20 °C, 16 h) for infection. None of the seven Cirsium species or subspecies tested became infected by P. carduorum , either in field or greenhouse tests, compared to infection of 98% of the individual musk thistle plants ( n = 102) from all the studies. Modern artichoke cultivars were tested only by direct inoculation under optimal greenhouse conditions. All artichoke plants ( n = 115) either were immune (no macroscopic symptoms, n = 69) or at most, resistant ( n = 46); pustules on all but two of the resistant plants were very small (⩽0.30 mm diam). Despite infections on artichokes, P. carduorum could not be maintained on artichokes under optimal greenhouse conditions. These results confirm earlier findings from host-range tests and risk assessments of P. carduorum . This information suggests that rare, threatened, or endangered Cirsium spp. and modern artichoke cultivars are not likely to be adversely affected by the use of P. carduorum for biological control of musk thistle. These data have been reviewed by grower groups and regulatory agencies in a proposal for permission to use the rust for musk thistle control throughout the United States.
Bio-inspired multi-mode optic flow sensors for micro air vehicles

Monitoring wide-field surrounding information is essential for vision-based autonomous navigation in micro-air-vehicles (MAV). Our image-cube (iCube) module, which consists of multiple sensors that are facing different angles in 3-D space, can be applied to the wide-field of view optic flows estimation (μ-Compound eyes) and to attitude control (μ- Ocelli) in the Micro Autonomous Systems and Technology (MAST) platforms. In this paper, we report an analog/digital (A/D) mixed-mode optic-flow sensor, which generates both optic flows and normal images in different modes for μ- Compound eyes and μ-Ocelli applications. The sensor employs a time-stamp based optic flow algorithm which is modified from the conventional EMD (Elementary Motion Detector) algorithm to give an optimum partitioning of hardware blocks in analog and digital domains as well as adequate allocation of pixel-level, column-parallel, and chip-level signal processing. Temporal filtering, which may require huge hardware resources if implemented in digital domain, is remained in a pixel-level analog processing unit. The rest of the blocks, including feature detection and timestamp latching, are implemented using digital circuits in a column-parallel processing unit. Finally, time-stamp information is decoded into velocity from look-up tables, multiplications, and simple subtraction circuits in a chip-level processing unit, thus significantly reducing core digital processing power consumption. In the normal image mode, the sensor generates 8-b digital images using single slope ADCs in the column unit. In the optic flow mode, the sensor estimates 8-b 1-D optic flows from the integrated mixed-mode algorithm core and 2-D optic flows with an external timestamp processing, respectively.
Countercurrent Multipliers in Avian Kidneys

The capacity to conserve urinary water by producing a concentrated urine is directly related to the number of Henle's loops in the kidneys of three terrestrial birds. This suggests that a Henle's loop countercurrent multiplier is responsible for urine concentration in these birds. Several features of the organization of the kidneys of these birds may account for the importance of multiplier number, as contrasted to multiplier length in mammals, in determining maximum urine concentration.
Phase transitions in tris-sarcosine calcium chloride (TSCC) to 14 GPa

Abstract The capacitance of samples of tris-sarcosine calcium chloride (TSCC) has been measured at room temperature at pressures up to 14 GPa. A diamond anvil cell was employed to control the pressure. Experimental results indicate that TSCC undergoes two phase transitions, near 1.3 GPa and 4.1 GPa.
Finding a Way to Offer Something More: Reframing Teen Pregnancy Prevention

Advocacy organizations have consistently framed adolescent pregnancy as profoundly and enduringly detrimental for young women, their families, and their communities, despite equivocal evidence about the causal relationship between young maternal age and poor outcomes. Without this attribution, logic mandates that such organizations find more evidence-based justifications for teen pregnancy prevention that still address the lived experiences of populations most at risk for early parenthood. If such evidence-based justifications continue to be lacking, it is unlikely that these well-intentioned efforts will truly have a beneficial impact on the communities with which they are concerned. This paper presents such justifications, including recognition of the challenges inherent in parenting and protection of adolescence as a developmental stage, the need to make pregnancy prevention more accessible for those who chose it, and overall investment in adolescent sexual health. From this new paradigm, sexual health advocates can build a class-conscious model of sexual health that recognizes the necessity of providing more options for at-risk youth, the appeal of models of conjoint agency, and the necessity of comprehensive health resources and sexuality education. By adopting a new framework for teen pregnancy prevention, the promise of prevention within a social justice movement can begin to be discussed.
Cardiac expression of kinase-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-bisphosphatase inhibits glycolysis, promotes hypertrophy, impairs myocyte function, and reduces insulin sensitivity

Glycolysis is important to cardiac metabolism and reduced glycolysis may contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy. To understand its role independent of diabetes or hypoxic injury, we modulated glycolysis by cardiac-specific overexpression of kinase-deficient 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (kd-PFK-2). PFK-2 controls the level of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2), an important regulator of glycolysis. Transgenic mice had over 2-fold reduced levels of Fru-2,6-P2. Heart weight/body weight ratio indicated mild hypertrophy. Sirius red staining for collagen was significantly increased. We observed a 2-fold elevation in glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate levels, whereas fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was reduced 2-fold. Pathways branching off of glycolysis above phosphofructokinase were activated as indicated by over 2-fold elevated UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and glycogen. The kd-PFK-2 transgene significantly inhibited glycolysis in perfused hearts. Insulin stimulation of metabolism and Akt phosphorylation were sharply reduced. In addition, contractility of isolated cardiomyocytes was impaired during basal and hypoxic incubations. The present study shows that cardiac overexpression of kinase-deficient PFK-2 reduces cardiac glycolysis that produced negative consequences to the heart including hypertrophy, fibrosis, and reduced cardiomyocyte function. In addition, metabolic and signaling responses to insulin were significantly decreased.
MODELING DISTRIBUTIONS OF RARE PLANTS IN THE GREAT BASIN, WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Abstract In this 2-phase study, we developed field-validated site and landscape-level predictive models for identifying potential rare and endemic plant habitat in the Great Basin of western North America. Four species were chosen to include a range of environmental variability and plant communities. Herbarium records of known occurrences were used to identify initial sample sites. The geographic coordinates, environmental attributes, and vegetation data collected at each site were used to develop 2 predictive models for each species: a field key and a probability-of-occurrence or predictor map. The field key was developed using only field data collected at the sites on environmental attributes and associated species. Predictive maps were developed with a geographic information system (GIS) containing slope, elevation, aspect, soils, and geologic data. Classification-tree (CT) software was used to generate dichotomous field keys and maps of occurrence probabilities. Predictions from both models were then ...
A knowledge-based approach to the design of document-based retrieval systems

This article presents a knowledge-based approach to the design of document-based retrieval systems. We conducted two empirical studies investigating the users' behavior using an online catalog. The studies revealed a range of knowledge elements which are necessary for performing a successful search. We proposed a semantic network based representation to capture these knowledge elements. The findings we derived from our empirical studies were used to construct a knowledge-based retrieval system. We performed a laboratory experiment to evaluate the search performance of our system. The experiment showed that our system out-performed a conventional retrieval system in recall and user satisfaction. The implications of our study to the design of document-based retrieval systems are also discussed in this article.
Purification and characterization of xylanases from Trichoderma

Abstract Xylanase preparations free of cellulase contamination are often required for applications in the pulp and paper industry. Xylanases from Trichoderma have been purified and characterized in an effort to better understand the behavior of the various components of the xylanolytic system in order to optimize their effect. However, purification and characterization of xylanases from Trichoderma species are still incomplete. This review organizes current techniques for xylanase purification and examines the properties of xylanases that have been previously characterized. Problems with assays, lyophilizing, gel permeation behavior, gel electrophoresis and developing are also noted. From this review, a strategy for the isolation of an endoxylanase from a commercial preparation of T. longibrachiatum is developed.
SU-GG-T-318: External Beam Dose Perturbation from Non-Radioactive I-125 Seeds: Film and Monte-Carlo Measurements

Purpose: Large numbers of radioactive seeds are often used in prostate brachytherapy procedures. External beamradiotherapy is often used to salvage failed brachytherapy treatments ignoring their presence. Present study attempts to quantify the dose perturbation due to these seeds as a function of energy, depth, field size, number of seeds, etc. during external beam treatments. Method and Materials: A number of non‐radioactive I‐125 seeds were procured. Film measurements were primarily carried out using Kodak XV2 layered above and below an I‐125 seed placed in a groove on a Lucite plate with 5‐cm buildup and 10‐cm backscatter at 95‐cm SSD. The phantom was irradiated with and without seed with 6 MV photons with a 1×1cm2 field‐size. Monte‐Carlo simulations were done using DOSXYZnrc and compared with Gafchromic‐EBT2 film. Effect of energy, depth, and field size including metals of various Z of the seed's dimensions was also studied. Study also looked into effect of 3 seeds spaced 0.5‐cm vertically with single and with two opposing fields. Results:XV film measurements for a single and three I‐125 seeds show a localized dose enhancement of 6.3% upstream but reduction of 10.9% downstream. With two opposing fields, a cold spot around the seed of ∼3 percent was observed. Increasing beam energy and field size decreased the effect. Use of higher Z of materials greatly increased perturbation. At higher depths, a slight increase was noticed. DOSXYZnrc and EBT2 film verified maximum dose enhancement of 15% upstream and −20% downstream of the I‐125 seed surface. In general, the range of the dose perturbation was noticed up to ∼2‐mm upstream and ∼5‐mm downstream. Conclusion: Presence of I‐125 seeds causes dose perturbation which depends on energy, field size, depth, and material. With multiple seeds spaced apart and multi‐fields external beamradiotherapy, the net perturbation may not be clinically significant.
The United States and the World: A History of Connections in Early Childhood Education

As examples from this issue show, early education practice around the world has long been intertwined and the care and education provided for young children in most places draws at least in part from non-indigenous sources. A review of the articles reveals numerous parallels and even direct linkages between U.S. early childhood advocates and educators and each of the countries highlighted. Similarities are to be found, for example, in their patterns of development and in the impediments faced by the advocates and founders of day nurseries, kindergartens, and nursery schools in each country. Collaboration between early childhood educators in the United States and their counterparts around the world, beginning in the 1800s with ocean voyages and postal mail, has grown today with the use of modern technology and the continuation of consultative visits by U.S. experts to many lands. Through networks of connections U.S. early childhood professionals and their supporters have played a large role in the development of early childhood education worldwide. For example, knowledge of the work of Americans John Dewey, Patty Smith Hill, and Arnold Gesell found its way to the other countries described in this issue. In particular, women of means, with social, cultural, and political connections did much to develop early childhood education and care in the United States and other countries, in many cases sponsoring or founding kindergartens, nursery schools, or day nurseries. James Albisetti's article reveals the rise of the kindergarten in Italy, which was personally aided by U.S. kindergarten advocate Elizabeth Peabody. In addition to providing initial training to kindergarten teachers in Italy, Peabody recommended individuals for employment there as teachers and teacher-educators. In this way she utilized and extended existing international kindergarten networks. This pattern of transnational networking is also seen in the United Kingdom, where Margaret McMillan whose work was supported by Lady Nancy Astor, the subject of Kevin J. Brehony's article established the Rachel
Evaluation of chromic oxide marker in the absorption of fat.

The usefulness of chromic oxide as an indicator in the study of I131 triolein absorption was evaluated. Chromic oxide minimized the uncertainties encountered in determining the duration of the collection period and served as a quantitative check on the completeness of the collection. Accurate estimation of the total fecal radioactivity utilizing samples of feces with the highest chromic oxide content is feasible.
Thin-layer chromatography: a non-specific method for demonstrating carcinogen-DNA interactions

Abstract The utilization of thin-layer chromatography revealed an apparent interaction of native calf thymus DNA with two carcinogens: 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide and the 8-methyl ether of xanthurenic acid. Similar results with 2,6-quinolinediol, l -kynurenine and anthranilic acid were observed. The observed “binding” of these compounds to DNA at the origin of the chromatograms was related to physical occlusion of the solvent by the DNA and retardation of normal solvent flow through the DNA spot. The test compounds were physically trapped within the DNA spot and could not be eluted by the solvent to give their normal R F values. Thhese inherent problems with thin-layer chromatography have precluded its use as positive proof of interaction of water-soluble carcinogens with DNA.
Status and Future of FASTBUS

This paper primarily focuses on developments which are needed to make FASTBUS a viable option for future experiments and control systems. The basic tools available or under development are discussed.
Use of enzyme hydrolysis in the rapid analysis of blood estrogens.

Abstract A procedure for rapid enzymic hydrolysis of conjugated estrogens in blood employing a mixed glucuronidase-sulfatase enzyme preparation is described and examples of the results obtained with typical blood samples are presented. The method is no more difficult nor time-consuming than hot acid hydrolysis.
Compact perfect sets in weak analytic spaces

Abstract We define a very general class of analytic-like spaces, not necessarily completely regular, whose members have the property that they are either σ-scattered or contain a compact perfect subset. The result immediately gives as corollaries three known “perfect subset theorems” due to Koumoulis, Mansfield, and Stegall respectively.
Time and Temperature Effect on Stability of Moroccan Processed Orange Juice during Storage

The loss of quality of processed pasteurized orange juice stored at 4°C, 22.5°C, 35°C, and 45°C for up to 14 wks was evaluated. The results showed that parameters such as pH, total solids, titratable acidity, formal index, and total sugars did not significantly change during storage at all temperatures. However, a major change was observed for ascorbic acid content, reducing sugars and furfural production, except for storage temperature at 4°C. Ascorbic acid degradation, sucrose hydrolysis, and furfural build-up followed pseudo-zero order reaction kinetics. The minimal change of formol number and total sugars suggested that nonenzymatic browning was mainly due to ascorbic acid degradation. Fufurfal formation during storage was found to be much higher than that reported in the literature.
Optical Properties of Cd-O and Zn-O Complexes in GaP

We report sharp line spectra, due to Cd and O impurities in GaP, which show that the red luminescence previously attributed to recombination between distant donor-acceptor pairs arises instead from nearest-neighbor Cd-O complexes. The binding energy of isolated O donors is thus shown to be \ensuremath{\sim}1 eV. The energy levels and the optical selection rules for the complexes are found to be consistent with the ${C}_{3v}$ symmetry of these centers. The spectra reveal three local phonon modes which we identify with the symmetric modes of vibration of the O atom and its four nearest neighbors. We show that the broad red emission band from Zn- and O-doped GaP is attributable to similar complexes having a strongly damped local vibrational mode.
Empirical Bayes Estimation in the Weibull Distribution

In part I empirical Bayes estimation procedures are introduced and employed to obtain an estimator for the unknown random scale parameter of a two-parameter Weibull distribution with known shape parameter. In part II, procedures are developed for estimating both the random scale and shape parameters. These estimators use a sequence of maximum likelihood estimates from related reliability experiments to form an empirical estimate of the appropriate unknown prior probability density function. Monte Carlo simulation is used to compare the performance of these estimators with the appropriate maximum likelihood estimator. Algorithms are presented for sequentially obtaining the reduced sample sizes required by the estimators while still providing mean squared error accuracy compatible with the use of the maximum likelihood estimators. In some cases whenever the prior pdf is a member of the Pearson family of distributions, as much as a 60% reduction in total test units is obtained. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the procedures.
Relationships among preference for educational structure, self-directed learning, instructional methods, and achievement.

The purpose of this study was to generate information about possible relationships among preference for education structure (eg, high or low educational structure), self-directed learning, instructional methods (lecture or module), and achievement. The study was designed to use both the difference and correlation model to analyze these variables. The difference model is a 2×2 randomized block posttest-only design. Five research questions guided the study. It was found that (1) there was a statistically significant inverse linear relationship between preference for educational structure and self-directed learning ( r =−.3081, P =.027); (2) there was no relationship between self-directed learning and achievement ( P =.24); (3) neither of the instruments could successfully predict achievement ( R 2 =.12), but the direction of the prediction was other than expected; (4) students who preferred high structure had no statistically significant differences in achievement in either instructional method (t=−.53, P =.60), although the direction of the difference was of interest; and (5) students who preferred low structure had no statistically significant differences in achievement in either instructional method (t=1.75, P =.099), although here too the direction of the difference was of interest. The unexpected outcomes in this study were opposite to what has been found in the literature and assumed for years. (Index words: Preference for educational structure; Self-directed learning; Instructional methods; Achievement)
SiMPE: speech in mobile and pervasive environments

Traditionally, voice-based applications have been accessed using unintelligent telephone devices through Voice Browsers that reside on the server. The proliferation of pervasive devices and the increase in their processing capabilities, client-side speech processing is emerging as a viable alternative. This workshop will explore the various possibilities and issues that arise while enabling speech processing on resource-constrained, possibly mobile devices. The workshop will highlight the many open areas that require research attention, identify key problems that need to be addressed, and also discuss a few approaches for solving some of them - to build the next generation of conversational systems.
Total knee arthroplasty for post-traumatic arthrosis

The outcomes of total knee arthroplasty for post-traumatic arthrosis were studied in 31 knees. The average age at arthroplasty was 60 years old (range, 36-78 years). The interval from fracture to total knee arthroplasty averaged 13 years. Simultaneous corrective osteotomy was necessary in 4 patients to correct axial alignment and preserve ligamentous integrity. Follow-up averaged 46 months. Mean arc of motion increased significantly, from 94 degrees to 100 degrees (P = .027). Average function score improved from 44 to 72 points. This change was statistically significant (P<.0001). Knee Society knee scores also improved significantly, from 36 to 78 points (P<.0001). At most recent follow-up, the functional scores were considered excellent or good in 58%; knee scores were considered excellent or good in 71% of cases. All periarticular osteotomies and tibial tubercle osteotomies healed uneventfully within 16 weeks. Complications occurred in 57% of cases, including aseptic failure (26%), septic failure (10%), patellar tendon rupture (3%), patellar subluxation (6%), thromboembolism (6%), and wound breakdown requiring debridement and muscle flap coverage (6%). Despite significant improvements in motion and function, patients with post-traumatic arthrosis are susceptible to high rates of complications. Adverse outcomes can be minimized by restoring limb alignment, soft tissue balance, and component alignment and by preserving vascularity of the skin and subcutaneous tissues.
Postpartum Stress: Current Concepts and the Possible Protective Role of Breastfeeding

Objective: To review stress during the postpartum and the research supporting that a unique, protective biology exists in breastfeeding mothers that may reduce reactivity to stress. Data Sources: Publications from nursing and biomedical literature. Study Selection: Studies reviewed were those that have contributed to concurrent conceptualizations of postpartum stress. Additionally, studies with sufficient participants were analyzed for common findings. Animal literature was reviewed for studies on the stress response in lactating and nonlactating animal models. Data Extraction: Stress during the postpartum may be conceptualized as physical, intrapersonal, and interpersonal. Animal data and a few recent human studies suggest that the neuroendocrinology of the lactating mother may down-regulate the magnitude of the stress response. Data Synthesis: A diminished stress response may serve to protect the breastfeeding maternal-infant dyad from environmental stimuli and to direct the physiology of the mother toward milk production, energy conservation, and nurturance. Conclusion: Nurses understand the benefits of breastfeeding for optimal infant health, but new research suggests that maternal health may also be benefited in a biologic and as yet unexplored way. JOGNN, 31, 411–417; 2002.
In vitro studies of the pathways of fatty acid synthesis in the rabbit

Abstract 1. 1. Pathways of lipogenesis in rabbit liver and adipose tissue were investigated utilizing tissue slice incubations coupled with activities of relevant enzymes. 2. 2. Acetate was the major carbon source for fatty acid synthesis and high rates of lipogenesis were noted for adipose tissue (perirenal and subcutaneous) and liver. 3. 3. The citrate-cleavage pathway and malate-transhydrogenation pathway play only a minor role in fatty acid synthesis in rabbit liver and adipose tissue based on limited glucose incorporation into fatty acids, very low activities of ATP-citrate lyase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase and results from studies using radioactive glutamate. 4. 4. High activities of NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were consistent with the isocitrate pathway and the pentose pathway being the major sources of reducing equivalents for lipogenesis in rabbit tissues.
The Problem of Sentential Unity

If words have meanings, then how is it that these meanings unite to form the meaning of a sentence? This question will naturally arise for anyone who recognizes the composition principle--the principle that the meaning of a sentence is a function of the meanings of its constituent words--and also recognizes that the sentence is the basic unit of discourse. Given the first principle plus some fairly intuitive notions of word meaning, sentence meaning, and sentence, it may seem surprising that we can do with sentences what we cannot do with their constituent words: assert propositions, utter commands, ask questions, etc. Crudely put, the question amounts to something like this: why is the meaning of a sentence not just the meaning of a list of words?
DC and pulsed studies of field emission from carbon fiber and carbon nanotube cathodes

Field emission cathodes have been a research topic for many decades, with recent interest centering on carbon nanotube (CNT) and carbon fiber structures. These cathodes may well prove useful for a variety of applications, ranging from compact millimeter and THz vacuum electronic devices (VEDs), flat panel displays, and compact x-ray sources. In this presentation we describe experiments performed by the Air Force Research Laboratory's Directed Energy and Materials Directorates to investigate small area, and in many cases, single emitter cathodes. The cathodes range from multiple emitters of 100 micron diameter on a 1 mm2 substrate to single emitters consisting of single carbon fibers or CNT ropes. We also discuss various coatings applied to these emitters. We describe lifetime data, as well as the effective beta for each configuration. In addition, we present preliminary information on efforts to determine the Fermi energy for each cathode sample. Finally, we compare each of the cathodes under both DC and pulsed operation in identical geometries for both cases.
After the Holodomor: the enduring impact of the great famine on Ukraine

The book purports to examine the various ways the Soviet famine of 1931–1933 affected Ukraine. A few of the chapters are valuable contributions, but most of them rehash old and often discredited cl...
Evaluation of lactic acid bacterium fermentation products and food-grade chemicals to control Listeria monocytogenes in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat

Fresh blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat was obtained from retail markets in Florida and sampled for viable Listeria monocytogenes. The pathogen was found in crabmeat in three of four different lots tested by enrichment and at levels of 75 CFU/g in one of the same four lots by direct plating. Next, crabmeat was steam sterilized, inoculated with a three-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes (ca. 5.5 log10 CFU/g), washed with various lactic acid bacterium fermentation products (2,000 to 20,000 arbitrary units [AU]/ml of wash) or food-grade chemicals (0.25 to 4 M), and stored at 4 degrees C. Counts of the pathogen remained relatively constant in control samples during storage for 6 days, whereas in crabmeat washed with Perlac 1911 or MicroGard (10,000 to 20,000 AU), numbers initially decreased (0.5 to 1.0 log10 unit/g) but recovered to original levels within 6 days. Numbers of L. monocytogenes cells decreased 1.5 to 2.7 log10 units/g of crabmeat within 0.04 day when washed with 10,000 to 20,000 AU of Alta 2341, enterocin 1083, or Nisin per ml. Thereafter, counts increased 0.5 to 1.6 log10 units within 6 days. After washing with food-grade chemicals, modest reductions (0.4 to 0.8 log10 unit/g) were observed with sodium acetate (4 M), sodium diacetate (0.5 or 1 M), sodium lactate (1 M), or sodium nitrite (1.5 M). However, Listeria counts in crabmeat washed with 2 M sodium diacetate decreased 2.6 log10 units/g within 6 days. In addition, trisodium phosphate reduced L. monocytogenes counts from 1.7 (0.25 M) to > 4.6 (1 M) log10 units/g within 6 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Felt emotion and social context determine the intensity of smiles in a competitive video game

The present study uses automatic facial expression recognition software to examine the relationship between social context and emotional feelings on the expression of emotion, to test claims that facial expressions reflect social motives rather than felt emotion. To vary emotional feelings, participants engaged in a competitive video game. Deception was used to systematically manipulate perceptions of winning or losing. To vary social context, participants played either with friends or strangers. The results support the hypothesis of Hess and colleagues that smiling is determined by both factors. The results further highlight the value of automatic expression recognition technology for psychological research and provide constraints on inferring emotion from facial displays.
Comparative analysis of NBTI effects on low power and high performance flip-flops

Mitigating the circuit aging effect in digital circuits has become a very important concern for current and future technology nodes. Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) is one of the most important circuit aging mechanisms, which can incur timing errors. Flip-flops play a vital role as storage elements in pipelined architectures and are prone to effects of aging. NBTI increases the transistor threshold voltage, affecting the performance of the chip. In this paper, we study the effects of NBTI on the timing characteristics of different types of low power and high performance flip-flops. Factors such as input data probability and temperature which affect the degradation rate are also analyzed.
Glenohumeral joint injections: a review.

Shoulder disorders are a cause for significant morbidity, with a prevalence of 6.9% to 34% in the general population and up to 21% in those over 70 years old.15 These debilitating disorders present a challenge to the treating clinician; conservative treatment options are finite before surgery is indicated. Current modalities include physical therapy, corticosteroid injection, viscosupplementation with hyaluronic acid (HA), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate. The success of these therapies may in part be based on the self-limiting nature of conditions such as adhesive capsulitis. Shoulder injections of corticosteroids and HA are not limited to the glenohumeral joint. Rather, they are used in conditions of the subacromial space, acromioclavicular joint, bicipital tendon sheath, sternoclavicular joint, and the subcoracoid bursa.51 Though the use of HA is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for intra-articular injections in the knee, it remains an off-label use in the shoulder and its surrounding spaces. In this review, intra-articular injections to the pathologies affecting the glenohumeral joint are addressed with focus on corticosteroids and viscosupplementation. The accuracy of injection delivery to the glenohumeral joint proper has been unreliable.55 Tobola et al55 examined the accuracy of intra-articular injection utilizing anterior, supraclavicular, and posterior approaches. Differences among these approaches were not significant; the anterior approach had a reliability of 64.7%, compared with 45.7% and 45.5% for supraclavicular and posterior approaches, respectively. However, anatomic delivery of injectable medications into the glenohumeral joint may not be relevant.26 Hegedus et al found that relief of shoulder pain with injectables did not correlate with clinician experience, injection intra- or extracapsularly, and duration of symptoms.26
New information on olenelline trilobites from the Cambrian Sekwi Formation in northwestern Canada

This is the author's accepted manuscript, the published version is available at http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/E10-073#.U21JO4FdXUL .
Trehalose-P synthase of mycobacteria: its substrate specificity is affected by polyanions

The trehalose-P synthase was purified to near homogeneity from the cytoplasmic fraction of Mycobacterium smegmatis. At the final stage of purification, the enzyme preparation showed one major band of 59 kDa on SDS gels. The 59 kDa band became labeled with N3-UDP[32P]-glucose, and this labeling was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by either unlabeled UDP-glucose or GDP-glucose. The native enzyme also had a molecular weight of about 60 kDa by gel filtration, indicating that the active enzyme is a monomer. The 59 kDa protein was subjected to endoproteinase Lys-C digestion, and three peptides isolated by HPLC were sequenced. The sequences of 56 amino acids in these three peptides showed 60% identity to the trehalose-P synthases of Saccharomyces cerevesiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The purified mycobacterial enzyme catalyzed the synthesis of trehalose-P from glucose-6-P and a variety of nucleoside diphosphate glucose derivatives, depending on whether a polyanion was absent or present. Thus, UDP-glucose and GDP-glucose were the best glucosyl donors, but maximum activity with UDP-glucose required the presence of a polyanion such as heparin, whereas activity with GDP-glucose was relatively independent of polyanion. The presence of heparin in the incubation mixture increased the affinity of the enzyme for UDP-glucose by a factor of 100, or more. However, the affinity for GDP-glucose was only twofold better in the presence of heparin. The purified synthase also utilized ADP-glucose and CDP-glucose, but the K(m) for these glucosyl donors was quite high even in the presence of polyanion. The effect of heparin on UDP-glucose activity was dose-dependent and maximum at about 1-2 micrograms of heparin/incubation. However, the size of the heparin molecule (i.e., the number of monosaccharide residues) was critical for activation, and only those heparins with 18 or more monosaccharide units were effective in stimulating activity.
Increasing Prevalence of Pneumococcal Serotype 19A Among US Children

The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in children has drastically decreased since the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the United States in 2000. However, epidemiology studies are now finding that non-vaccine serotypes are emerging and are associated with multidrug resistance. Specifically, the incidence of the non-vaccine serotype 19A causing invasive pneumococcal disease has increased over the past few years. Several studies from various areas of the United States report changes in serotypes and antimicrobial resistance associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae causing invasive disease, such as meningitis, bacteremia, and pneumonia. Evidence regarding the 19A isolate emergence in otitis media and mastoiditis is now being identified and detailed. Practitioners must be aware of this evolving pneumococcal organism and the potential clinical impact in children.
The use of linear prediction filters in square law detection of covert signals

The author considers the performance of a square law detector for direct sequence spread spectrum binary phase shift keying (DSSS-BPSK) signals in the presence of broadband interference when filtering is employed to excise the interference. A linear predictive filter operating at steady state is considered as the excision filter. It is demonstrated that large gains can be achieved by the use of predictive filters. The degrading effects of the interference upon the system performance are eliminated when the interference bandwidth is relatively small compared with that of the DS signal. However, for relatively large interference bandwidths, the predictive filters are unable to remove the interference without removing a large percentage of the DS signal energy. The effects due to frequency location and power of the interference as compared with those of the DS signal are examined. >
Sibling Recognition in Bank Swallows (Riparia riparia)

and Summary Observations of the behavior of newly-fledged bank swallows suggest that sibling recognition may be a mechanism promoting location of the home burrow in their large, dense colonies and of cohesion of family groups following departure from the burrow. We tested for sibling recognition in the field by comparing the antiphonal response of sibling groups to the recorded calls of own vs. unrelated sibling groups. Birds responded more to the calls of their own groups. In a laboratory experiment we raised chicks in isolation from 8–10 to 20 days of age and exposed them to a call of an unrelated chick. When tested in a choice situation at 15–20 days, chicks approached the familiar call in preference to a different call which they had not previously heard. We suggest that sibling recognition is based on familiarity, i.e., that it requires a period in which the calls of siblings are learned.
Affect Analysis of Web Forums and Blogs Using Correlation Ensembles

Analysis of affective intensities in computer-mediated communication is important in order to allow a better understanding of online users' emotions and preferences. Despite considerable research on textual affect classification, it is unclear which features and techniques are most effective. In this study, we compared several feature representations for affect analysis, including learned n-grams and various automatically and manually crafted affect lexicons. We also proposed the support vector regression correlation ensemble (SVRCE) method for enhanced classification of affect intensities. SVRCE uses an ensemble of classifiers each trained using a feature subset tailored toward classifying a single affect class. The ensemble is combined with affect correlation information to enable better prediction of emotive intensities. Experiments were conducted on four test beds encompassing web forums, blogs, and online stories. The results revealed that learned n-grams were more effective than lexicon-based affect representations. The findings also indicated that SVRCE outperformed comparison techniques, including Pace regression, semantic orientation, and WordNet models. Ablation testing showed that the improved performance of SVRCE was attributable to its use of feature ensembles as well as affect correlation information. A brief case study was conducted to illustrate the utility of the features and techniques for affect analysis of large archives of online discourse.
Simple code optimizations

Program optimization has received a great deal of attention for many years, which has resulted in numerous advances in compiler technology. The effectiveness of various simple optimizations has received comparably little attention during the same time period. The simplicity of most programs suggests that straightforward optimizations pay the greatest dividends. This paper describes three such optimizations suitable for one-pass compilers. The optimizations involve expression rearrangement, instruction selection, and the use of a cache for the allocation of resources. The cost of these optimizations is low; none require major changes to the size or structure of the compiler or reduce compilation speed by more than 10%. The benefits are high; each optimization results in at least a 10% average reduction in object code size and a corresponding reduction in execution time. Examples and implementation details are also described.
On shock driven jetting of liquid from non-sinusoidal surfaces into a vacuum

Previous work employed Richtmyer-Meshkov theory to describe the development of spikes and bubbles from shocked sinusoidal surfaces. Here, we discuss the effects of machining different two-dimensional shaped grooves in copper and examine the resulting flow of the material after being shocked into liquid on release. For these simulations, a high performance molecular dynamics code, SPaSM, was used with machined grooves of kh0 = 1 and kh0 = 1/8, where 2h0 is the peak-to-valley height of the perturbation with wavelength λ, and k = 2π/λ. The surface morphologies studied include a Chevron, a Fly-Cut, a Square-Wave, and a Gaussian. We describe extensions to an existing ejecta source model that better captures the mass ejected from these surfaces. We also investigate the same profiles at length scales of order 1 cm for an idealized fluid equation of state using the FLASH continuum hydrodynamics code. Our findings indicate that the resulting mass can be scaled by the missing area of a sinusoidal curve with an effe...
Marketing Strategies and Challenges of Small‐Scale Organic Producers in Central North Carolina

This paper describes some of the marketing opportunities available to small-scale, limited-resource organic producers in North Carolina. It examines farmers' markets and community-supported agriculture programs and identifies ways in which growers serve as advocates and educators to get consumers interested in local agriculture and the food they eat. I also discuss the growing demand for locally grown, organic food products in North Carolina and the means by which growers can increase community support for their products. Potentially, small-scale growers could sustain themselves in the face of the farm loss and falling prices for conventional agricultural products by actively pursuing alternative production and niche marketing strategies.
Inpatient Group Therapies for People with Bipolar Disorder: Comparison of a Self-Management and an Interactional Model

Abstract Background: Although diagnostically homogeneous group therapy is a generally accepted component of the outpatient treatment of persons with bipolar disorder, investigations into the use of this modality in the inpatient setting are preliminary. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the Self-Management Group Model with that of the Interactional Group Model in improving the ability of patients hospitalized with bipolar disorder to care for themselves when discharged. Design: This study used a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent comparison group design with repeated measures that were administered before the intervention, after the intervention, and 3 months after discharge from the hospital. Instruments elicited data on self-reported mood states, behavior and symptom identification, coping resources, and satisfaction with the group services. Results: One hundred twenty-two people participated at the first measurement period. No significant total score differences were found between the two groups on any of the four measurements. However, 3 months after hospitalization, Interactional Group Model participants reported significantly less difficulty with behaviors and symptoms at the 3-month measurement period when compared with their admission scores but less satisfaction with the groups than they had at discharge. Conclusions: Results suggest that each method has advantages; the optimal model may be one that combines elements of both methods within a self-management focus. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2001]. 7, 179-187.)
A general performance index for analytical design of control systems

A generally applicable performance index for linear feedback systems is proposed. This performance index enables one to specify a desired (ideal) response towards which the system is optimized. The response of any unity-numerator system can be chosen as the ideal response. The coefficients of the performance index are determined from the specified ideal response, and the procedure of optimization is equivalent to minimization of the numerical value of this performance index. The procedure for constructing Liapunov functions for linear systems is used to minimize the performance index. System optimization is illustrated by means of examples. The results indicate that the smaller the numerical value of the performance index, the closer the actual system response approaches the specified ideal response.
Expression of therapeutic targets in Ewing sarcoma family tumors.

Summary Ewing sarcoma family tumor is an aggressive malignant tumor of bone and soft tissue in children and adolescents. Despite advances in modern therapy, metastasis occurs in 20% to 25% of cases and results in mortality in 80% of patients. Intracellular molecules mammalian target of rapamycin, Akt, vascular endothelial growth factor, nuclear factor κ B, and BRAF are important kinases and transcription factors that regulate the proliferation of tumor cells. We studied the expression of these proteins in 72 Ewing sarcoma family tumors. Patients' survival data were available in 55 cases. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor sections were stained with antibodies against phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin, Akt, BRAF, vascular endothelial growth factor, and nuclear factor κ B proteins. Stained sections were analyzed for percentage and strength of staining, and a composite score (0-200) was subsequently generated. Although most tumors expressed mammalian target of rapamycin, Akt, nuclear factor κ B, and vascular endothelial growth factor, only 37%, 86%, 55%, and 12%, respectively, showed high expression (staining score ≥100). There was no significant correlation between mammalian target of rapamycin and Akt expression and clinical outcome. High nuclear factor κ B expression was significantly associated with tumors in pelvic locations. Decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression (score P