cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surgical Factors Influencing Wound Complication After Cochlear Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE To identify perioperative surgical factors associated with wound complications following cochlear implantation (CI). DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. STUDY SELECTION Eligible studies included peer-reviewed research in English evaluating wound complications (wound infection, skin flap breakdown/dehiscence, seroma/hematoma) following CI. Studies with paired samples were included in the meta-analysis. DATA EXTRACTION Surgical factors (techniques and perioperative management) in CI and reported wound complications were examined. Level of evidence was assessed using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine guidelines and bias was assessed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool. DATA SYNTHESIS Twenty-six studies representing 10,214 cochlear implantations were included. The overall wound complications rate was 3.1% (range 0.03-13.9%). Eleven studies contained paired data and were used for meta-analysis regarding three different surgical factors: incision length, implant placement method, and antibiotic usage. Longer incision lengths (≥7 cm) demonstrated a higher risk of wound complications (risk ratio 2.27, p = 0.02, CI 1.16-4.43). Different implant placement techniques (suture fixation versus periosteal pocket) (p = 0.08, CI 0.92-3.69) and postoperative antibiotic regimens (postoperative use versus none) (p = 0.68, CI = 0.28-7.18) were not associated with differences in wound complication rates following CI. CONCLUSIONS Overall rate of wound complications following CI is low. Shorter incision length is associated with lower risk of wound complications. Differences in perioperative techniques and practices regarding implant placement and antibiotic use were not associated with differences in wound complication rates. Considering the low number and quality of studies, there is a need for research in CI outcomes using paired sample prospective designs and standardized reporting.
Quantum Phase Transitions in Interacting Bose Systems

Some of the recent progress in the theory of quantum phase transitions in interacting bosonic systems is overviewed. A scaling theory of the transitions is outlined. Analytic and numerical results are given for the phase diagram and for possible exotic phases, such as the predicted “supersolid”. The critical phenomena are reviewed in the ordered situation with short and long range interactions, and in the presence of disorder.
Caregiver responses to early cleft palate care: A mixed method approach

Objective This study sought to understand caregivers' (CGs') responses to early cleft lip/palate care for their infants. Method A prospective, mixed methods multicenter longitudinal study was conducted among CGs (N = 118) seeking treatment for their infants' cleft lip and palate or cleft lip only at 1 of 6 cleft treatment centers in the United States. Participants were in 1 of 2 treatment groups: traditional care only or nasoalveolar molding (NAM) plus traditional care. The CGs completed semistructured interviews and standardized questionnaires assessing psychosocial well-being and family impact at 3 time points: the beginning of treatment (∼1 month of age), prelip surgery (∼3-5 months of age), and postpalate surgery (∼12-13 months of age). Multilevel modeling was used to longitudinally assess CGs' psychosocial outcomes. Results Although the first year was demanding for all CGs, NAM onset and the child's lip surgery were particularly stressful times. CGs used optimism, problem-solving behavior, and social support to cope with this stress. Qualitatively, CGs' ability to balance cleft treatment demands with their psychosocial resources and coping strategies influenced family adaptation. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated CGs of NAM-treated infants experienced more rapid declines in anxiety and depressive symptoms and better coping skills over time than CGs whose infants had traditional care. Conclusion CGs of NAM-treated infants experienced more positive psychosocial outcomes than CGs whose infants had traditional care. Results from the mixed model support the family adjustment and adaptation response model as used in pediatric chronic condition research.
Gli-Similar Proteins: Their Mechanisms of Action, Physiological Functions, and Roles in Disease

Gli-similar (Glis) 1–3 proteins constitute a sub-family of Kruppel-like zinc finger proteins that are closely related to members of the Gli family. Glis proteins have been implicated in several pathologies, including cystic kidney disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, fibrosis, osteoporosis, psoriasis, and cancer. In humans, a mutation in the Glis2 gene has been linked to the development of nephronophthisis (NPHP), a recessive cystic kidney disease, while mutations in Glis3 lead to an extended multi-system phenotype that includes the development of neonatal diabetes, polycystic kidneys, congenital hypothyroidism, and facial dysmorphism. Glis3 has also been identified as a risk locus for type-1 and type-2 diabetes and additional studies have revealed a role for Glis3 in pancreatic endocrine development, β-cell maintenance, and insulin regulation. Similar to Gli1-3, Glis2 and 3 have been reported to localize to the primary cilium. These studies appear to suggest that Glis proteins are part of a primary cilium-associated signaling pathway(s). It has been hypothesized that Glis proteins are activated through post-translational modifications and subsequently translocate to the nucleus where they regulate transcription by interacting with Glis binding sites in the promoter regions of target genes. This chapter will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms of action of the Glis family of proteins, their physiological functions, as well as their roles in disease.
Calibrating the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale using NASA mission data

This paper seeks to assess the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale in order to understand its ability to provide estimates of the forward costs of developing a new technology to a state of flight readiness. TRLs are in common use throughout NASA, industry and military organizations and are characterized by being easy to determine using a set of well-defined parameters. However, the TRL scale is not calibrated to any consistent unit and the relative size of TRL steps are not linear and can vary for different technologies. We use archived cost data from a variety of recent NASA flight missions and from several technology-heavy instrument suites on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). Development costs are extracted at the time of several NASA life cycle review milestones. We relate the project requirements associated with these defined milestones with approximate TRL steps and use the cost data as a proxy for TRL step costs. When corrected for programmatic variations in time spent at each TRL step, the NASA mission data demonstrated a 30% reduction in variability, illustrating how unexpected events mask a more stable progression of technology development. A calibrated TRL scale is determined with an “S-curve” shape to TRL growth. The steepest step sizes are in the TRL 6 to 8 range, matching the region of technology maturation known to be a difficult barrier to traverse.
Basic Aspects of Absorption and Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Resonance Energy Transfer Methods

Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy are the heart of life science laboratory techniques. These two spectroscopic tools are sensitive, are easy to use, and can provide a wide range of information. The goal of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with some basic principles and applications of absorption and steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy. Selected applications are illustrated with examples.
Performance Parameters of Gamma Cameras

The quality and detail of an image obtained by gamma cameras are affected by several parameters associated with these imaging systems. These parameters include spatial resolution, sensitivity, uniformity, and contrast, and they are described here in detail. A brief description of the quality control tests for gamma cameras is also included.
Citation Classics of Herpes Simplex Virus in 5 High-Impact General Medical Journals, 1970-2012

Citation analysis remains one of the prominent mechanisms to determine which scholarly work has exerted the most influence on the scientific community. Article citation counts are catalogued to help identify landmark papers [1]. This study aims to provide citation classics pertaining to the Herpes Simplex Virus in order to review well-developed areas of research in dermatology. The authors conducted a search of the Thomson Reuter’s Science Citation database using five high-impact general medicine journals. The top 100 articles pertaining to the Herpes Simplex Virus research from 1970 to 2012 were identified for their contribution to the field and were analyzed based on publication topic, number of citations, publication date, type of article, and country of origin. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(8):e146, 2015.
Occupation and Resistance in World Politics

There have been some 163 foreign occupations since 1900. In many cases, military occupations have led to bloody and protracted resistance. More than a mere byproduct of conflict, this resistance can be a decisive factor in interstate war. This article seeks to explain the puzzle: under what conditions do foreign occupations produce consequential resistance? Explanations in the existing literature have centered on nationalism, opportunity structures, or international context. However, states exhibit different levels of resistance to different occupiers, indicating that not only the nature of the occupied but also the nature and the policies of occupiers play a role. Specifically, I look at the role of political dislocation and trust. First, domestic groups that would have otherwise waited out the occupation may be driven to resistance when occupiers implement policies or establish institutions that permanently weaken their relative domestic position, what I call political dislocation. Second, resistance will be muted when occupiers can credibly commit to treating the population benignly and vacating occupied territory promptly. I argue that democracies, international organizations, and co-religionists are better able to make credible commitments and therefore more likely to elicit trust among occupied communities. Conversely, occupiers that victimize the occupied population will also face greater resistance. I test these hypotheses on an original dataset of occupier fatalities in every occupation since 1900. I find that political dislocation, in the form of forceful regime change, increases the likelihood of resistance. I also find that occupations led by democracies, international organizations, and co-religionists are less likely to face resistance. Thus, the nature and context of occupation are some of the most important predictors of resistance. Notably, measures of nationalism are found to be poor predictors of resistance to occupation.
4. Conductivity, Permeability, and Electrokinetics

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on conductivity, permeability, and electrokinetics. It describes some of the basic issues associated with both experimental techniques and theoretical understanding, focusing mainly on brine-saturated samples. In addition to the steady-state (DC) behavior, the chapter discusses the way AC measurements can give useful information. It presents several theoretical models to provide an understanding of the physical meaning of empirical parameters, such as F and m. These models enable to see that relationships between σ and k require additional knowledge of either the pore size or grain size of a sample. The effective pore size can be determined exactly by electrokinetic measurements. Electrokinetic phenomena arise from the coupling between charge and fluid flow because of the presence of excess ions at the fluid-solid interface. Using nonequilibrium thermodynamics, the linear response coefficients, called “electrokinetic coefficients,” can be used to relate k to σ rigorously, independent of any detail of the pore geometry. This theoretical prediction has been borne out by experiments on real rock and FGB samples. This chapter also discusses the difficulties associated with multiphase flow measurements because of the nonequilibrium nature of the problem.
Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Optical Properties

We assumed in the preceding chapter that the electrons behave like particles. This working hypothesis provided us (at least for small frequencies) with equations which reproduce the optical spectra of solids reasonably well. Unfortunately, the treatment had one flaw: For calculation and interpretation of the infrared (IR) absorption we used the concept that electrons in metals are free; whereas the absorption bands in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectrum could only be explained by postulating harmonic oscillators. From the classical point of view, however, it is not immediately evident why the electrons should behave freely at low frequencies and respond as if they would be bound at higher frequencies. An unconstrained interpretation for this is only possible by applying wave mechanics. This will be done in the present chapter. We make use of the material presented in Chapters 5 and 6.
In Search of the Holy Grail: Achieving Global Privacy Rules Through Sector-Based Codes of Conduct

The movement of personal data across national borders is fundamental to the Internet economy. Yet the laws that govern such data flows remain national or, at best, regional. This mismatch weakens privacy protection, increases costs and uncertainty for business, creates tension and political strife between major trading partners such as the US and the EU, and confronts global privacy managers with difficult challenges. These problems have made the harmonization of national and regional privacy laws a very hot topic in privacy law and policy today. Several initiatives have sought to achieve such harmonization, but none has proven satisfactory. This article proposes a relatively simple and elegant solution: internationally-approved, industry codes of conduct. The European Union and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization have each established privacy rules for their respective region. The proposed solution would take advantage of these existing arrangements. It would work as follows. An industry sector would draft a privacy code of conduct that fulfilled the core requirements of the EU and APEC regional privacy regimes. It would then submit the same code to the relevant authority in each system. If each approved the terms of the code, then firms that met those terms could feel quite confident that their activities complied with EU and APEC-region legal requirements. The approved code would function as a nearly global set of privacy rules. The Article provides a fuller exposition of this proposal, situates it in regulatory theory, and explains how it fits with current legal frameworks. It shows that existing privacy law regimes already contain many of the pieces needed to support the proposed approach. It identifies the legal reforms that will be required in order to make this solution work, and so to come closer to that Holy Grail of privacy law: harmonized, global privacy rules.
Control synthesis for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems

The paper investigates the synthesis of nonlinear control systems with performance and stability robustness in the presence of parametric uncertainty. The proposed technique searches for a positive definite function that satisfies simultaneously design criteria stemming from the above requirements and recasts the general problem in the form of two nonlinear matrix inequalities (NLMI). Using nonconventional models, such as fuzzy approximates or global linearizations, the method provides constant-matrix or piecewise quadratic solutions.
Lymphokine receptors: A target for immunotherapy of lymphomas

Lymphoma cells often express lymphokine receptors that provide a target for therapy. For example, malignant cells of patients with HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) express IL-2 receptors. In contrast, normal resting cells do not express the IL-2 receptors identified by the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. Using the unmodified anti-Tac monoclonal antibody, one-third of the 19 patients treated with ATL have undergone a remission. However, unmodified murine monoclonal antibodies are limited by their immunogenicity and their poor effector functions. To address these issues, we used genetic engineering to produce humanized anti-Tac that contains the complementarity-determining regions from the mouse with the remainder of the antibody derived from human IgG1-kappa. Humanized anti-Tac is dramatically less immunogenic than the murine versions and, in contrast to the parent antibody, manifests antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity with human mononuclear cells. To enhance its effector function, anti-Tac was armed with toxins or with alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides. In a clinical trial with 90Y-anti-Tac, 11 of the 17 patients with ATL underwent a partial or sustained complete remission. Thus, the clinical application of lymphokine-receptor-directed therapy provides a new perspective for treatment of certain lymphomas, including HTLV-1-associated ATL.
Cytogenetic methods for the mouse: Preparation of chromosomes, karyotyping, and in situ hybridization

The ability to examine the chromosomes of murine cells is rapidly becoming essential to the mouse molecular geneticist. Although these technologies exist, the protocols are scattered throughout the literature, and in some cases different protocols exist for the same procedure. We attempt here both to augment and to consolidate this body of work. This review provides a complete set of procedures for manipulating mouse chromosomes. Prospective sources of metaphase chromosomes are discussed and detailed protocols are outlined for their preparation and characterization. We assume that the reader has little or no cytogenetic background and have included a troubleshooting guide to assist the process. Protocols for in situ hybridization to metaphase spreads that allow the rapid localization of sequences using nonradioactive probes are also included. Variations in the protocols described here abound and alternatives are indicated.
Smooth Surface Glass lonomer Restoration for Primary Teeth

Glass ionomer restorative cement offers the clinician an alternative to bonded composite resin for restoration of certain lesions in primary teeth. This article details a step-by-step procedure for restoration of a smooth surface carious lesion in a primary incisor using an encapsulated glass ionomer restorative material and reviews advantages and limitations of the cement. A light-hardened glass ionomer liner/base that has proven useful as an enamel and dentin restorative is also described.
Gender differences in autobiographical memory: Developmental and methodological considerations

Abstract Gender differences have surfaced in inconsistent ways in autobiographical memory studies. When apparent, researchers find gender differences such that women report more vivid memory experiences than men and women include more details about emotions, about other people, and about the meaningfulness of their memories. Specifically, females include more emotion, more elaboration, and a greater sense of connectedness to others in their narratives, and we consider the possible connection between these tendencies and women’s advantage on a number of autobiographical and episodic memory tasks. However, not all studies of autobiographical memory find gender differences. We propose that gender differences in autobiographical memory development and interpersonal socialization contribute to the differences found, and that gender differences can be attributed, at least in part, to the influence of conversations with parents when autobiographical memory skills are developing. An examination of studies in which gender differences are not found suggests that specific instructions, context, gender salience, and the type of autobiographical memory measure used can mitigate gender differences. We conclude by outlining future directions for research, including longitudinal studies and experiments designed to systematically examine gender in autobiographical memory for its own sake.
IMPLEMENTING TECHNIQUES FOR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS ON VECTOR PROCESSORS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes techniques for elliptic problems on vector processors. It discusses the variation in performance that can occur on a vector processor as a function of algorithm and implementation, the consequences of this variation, and the performance of some basic operators on the two classes of vector architecture. The chapter describes two types of architecture, that is, memory-to-memory (MM) and register-to-register (RR). RR architecture typically involves some sort of cache between memory and the processing units, with arithmetic operations being performed on contents of the cache. Performance on a vector processor can vary widely as a function of algorithm and implementation. It is found that matrix multiplication is a high-performance operation on vector processors even for banded matrices.
Hydrosilylation reactions of bis(dimethylsily)acetylenes: A potential route to novel σ- and π-conjugated polymers

Abstract Chloroplatinic acid catalyzes hydrosilylation reactions between bis(dimethylsilyl)acetylenes and simple aromatic monoethynyl compounds, yielding styrenic derivatives. Reactions of the bis(dimethylsilyl)acetylenes with aromatic diethynyl compounds yield conjugated short chain oligomers.
“Sour skin” in Darfur, Sudan

A 13 year old boy presented to a field hospital in West Darfur, Sudan, with a mildly pruritic rash for six months involving the face, upper chest, and distal extremities. The facial eruption was characterised by hyperpigmentation and …
Community College Study Abroad: Implications for Student Success

The aim of this research is to explore whether participation in study abroad by community college students impacts levels of engagement and if there is a connection between studying abroad and academic achievement. While university-level studies have a history in exploring these questions, the same is not true for community colleges. The California Community College Student Outcomes Abroad Research project (CCC SOAR) uses a mixed methods design to examine data that evidences how participation in study abroad programs not only has implications for personal development and global learning, but also has a range of indicators of academic success variables. Data show that there is a range of positive outcomes that occur as a result of studying abroad for all students across an array of early, midstream, and terminal outcomes due to engagement-enhancing components such as shared common experiences, nurturing behavior from faculty, and increased student interaction in collaborative activities.
THE VANISHING NEGRO DENTIST

Dr. Applewhite writes with considerable convictioii about the void in Negro dentists, and presents some practical recommendations for a solution.
Administration Time Estimates for WAIS-III Subtests, Scales, and Short Forms in a Clinical Sample

Administration times were recorded for the WAIS-III subtests, IQs, and Indexes for 62 VA patients. Also calculated were the administration times for a select group of short forms. The 11 subtests t...
Effect of tamoxifen, a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, on phospholipid/calcium-dependent protein kinase and phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate proteins from the rat brain and ovary

Abstract Antiestrogens (tamoxifen, clomiphene and nafoxidine) were found to inhibit phospholipid/ Ca2+-dependent protein kinase (PL/Ca-PK. or protein kinase C). whereas estrogens (estradiol and diethylstilbesterol) and the weakly estrogenic chlorotrianisene were inactive. Kinetic analysis indicated that the antiestrogens inhibited PL/Ca-PK competitively with respect to phosphatidylserine (Ki = 16–27,μM), but non-competitively with Ca2+ (Ki = 14–30 μM). Tamoxifen, hut not diethylstilbesterol, also inhibited the phospholipid/Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of various endogenous proteins from the total, solubilized fraction of the rat brain and ovary. Myosin light chain kinase, a calmodulin/Ca2+-dependent class of protein kinase, was similarly inhibited by tamoxifen: the drug, however, was without effect on cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases. It is suggested that PL/ Ca-PK, by virtue of the hydrophobic interactions required for the enzyme activation, may represent a potential site of action for the lipophilic antiestrogens, in addition to the commonly recognized intracellular estrogen receptors.
The characterization of neutral species formed by electron impact on methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and neopentane

Abstract The abundances of neutral species generated by electron impact on the title gases increase as each of the hydrogens of methane is systematically replaced by methyl. The most abundant species are P, (P-H), (P-H 2 ), (P-CH 3 ), and (P-CH 4 ). The observed ionization energies for H 2 and ·CH 3 indicate that each is formed in a vibrationally excited state. All other fragments are formed in the ground state of the isomeric form of lowest energy. The observed appearance energies for the neutral fragments show that the fragments are formed as products of dissociative ionization reactions.
Empirical Examination of a Learning Hierarchy Using an Item Response Theory Model

AbstractIn this paper, the use of several measurement models for the analysis of data arising from learning hierarchies is discussed, and the results of an empirical investigation of the application of an Item Response Theory (IRT) model to a learning hierarchy in subtraction are examined. The analysis confronts the test developer’s original intentions with empirical data through the use of the IRT model, and three ways that the model can be useful in explicating the patterns of empirical results from a learning hierarchy are described.
Effects of Helicobacter pylori Infection and Gastritis on Gastric Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity

Sex and age differences in gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity in relation to abnormalities of gastric histology and Helicobacter pylori infection were determined in 63 patients (32 men and 31 women) undergoing upper endoscopy for gastrointestinal symptoms. No sex difference was found in gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Males older than 50 years had lower enzyme activity than younger males. Patients with H. pylori and/or moderate to severe chronic and acute inflammation and epithelial mucin depletion had lower alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the antrum, but not in the fundus. H. pylori was found more frequently in the older male patients. Antral alcohol dehydrogenase was most decreased in older patients of both sexes with H. pylori infection. In conclusion, H. pylori infection and/or chronic active gastritis are important causes of low gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Mode of Blocking of Axonal Activity by Curare and Inhibitors of Acetyl-cholinesterase

MICRO-INJECTION of certain strategic substances into the axon of the squid (Loligo pealii) has been carried out in order to study further the correlations between observed electrical activity of the nerve and possible neuro-chemical events. A micro-pipette with a long shaftlet having a lumen at the tip not more than 5 µ in diameter can be readily inserted into the giant axon between a pair of external electrodes. At will, it can be placed at the site of one electrode. These manœuvres can be accomplished without damage to excitation of, or propagation in, the fibre. The present communication is confined to reporting the blocking action of eserine and prostigmine, stilbamidine and curare, injected in aqueous solutions (usually containing 0.2 per cent phenol red, which colours the injection site an orange-yellow). Total fluid injected varied from about 10−4 mm.3 to 10 or 12 mm.3, usually, however, being of the order of 0.5–5 mm.3.
Archetype and signature in Johnson's 1965 state of the union

From an archetype‐signature perspective on public discourse, this essay explores the community‐building and community‐maintaining aspects of the presidency. President Johnson's first major speech following his 1964 electoral victory provides the case study.
Some Properties of Extracted Protochlorophyll Holochrome

MANY leaf pigments have very different spectral, solubility and physiological properties when in the leaf from those shown when they are extracted and dissolved in organic solvents. Because of this, the pigments in the leaf are assumed to be bound to other substances, probably proteins. This combination has been termed holochrome1. As the derivation indicates, the word means complete pigment and designates the pigment as it is combined in the leaf.
Developmental organization of the mushroom bodies of Thermobia domestica (Zygentoma, Lepismatidae): insights into mushroom body evolution from a basal insect

The mushroom bodies of the insect brain are sensory integration centers best studied for their role in learning and memory. Studies of mushroom body structure and development in neopteran insects have revealed conserved morphogenetic mechanisms. The sequential production of morphologically distinct intrinsic neuron (Kenyon cell) subpopulations by mushroom body neuroblasts and the integration of newborn neurons via a discrete ingrowth tract results in an age-based organization of modular subunits in the primary output neuropil of the mushroom bodies, the lobes. To determine whether these may represent ancestral characteristics, the present account assesses mushroom body organization and development in the basal wingless insect Thermobia domestica. In this insect, a single calyx supplied by the progeny of two neuroblast clusters, and three perpendicularly oriented lobes are readily identifiable. The lobes are subdivided into 15 globular subdivisions (Trauben). Lifelong neurogenesis is observed, with axons of newborn Kenyon cells entering the lobes via an ingrowth core. The Trauben do not appear progressively during development, indicating that they do not represent the ramifications of sequentially produced subpopulations of Kenyon cells. Instead, a single Kenyon cell population produces highly branched axons that supply all lobe subdivisions. This suggests that although the ground plan for neopteran mushroom bodies existed in early insects, the organization of modular subunits composed of separate Kenyon cell subpopulations is a later innovation. Similarities between the calyx of Thermobia and the highly derived fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster also suggest a correlation between calyx morphology and Kenyon cell number.
Site Specific Gene Correction of Defects in CD40 Ligand Using the Crispr/Cas9 Genome Editing Platform

S A T U R D A Y 52 Site Specific Gene Correction of Defects in CD40 Ligand Using the Crispr/Cas9 Genome Editing Platform Caroline Y. Kuo, M.D., Megan D. Hoban, M.S., Alok V. Joglekar, Ph.D., Donald B. Kohn, M.D.; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. RATIONALE: Definitive treatment for CD40 Ligand defects are currently only achieved with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. As HSCT carries significant risks, there is a clear need for improved therapeutic modalities. Previous studies using CD40L-/bone marrow corrected by retroviral-vector transfer of CD40L cDNA in mice resulted in abnormal lymphoproliferation. An alternative approach is targeted gene repair using TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) or CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), which target specific DNA sequences and create double-strand breaks, combined with homologous donor sequences serving as repair templates. METHODS: Six TALENs targeting a patient-specific splice site mutation in intron 3were unsuccessful in creating gene disruption. This is in contrast to TALENs targeting the 5’UTR that achieve up to 31%allelic disruption in cell lines. Recent work has shown that TALENs are sensitive to DNA methylation states and chromatin structure. CRISPRs do not have the same barriers and several guides were designed to target the patient mutation. After electroporation of K562 cells with CRISPR plasmids, allelic disruption was determined by surveyor endonuclease assay. RESULTS: Patient-specific CRISPRs achieved >50% gene disruption in K562 cells. Co-electroporation with a template donormodified to contain a unique restriction enzyme site demonstrated site-specific gene integration by enzyme digest and gel electrophoresis. Electroporation of XHIM primary cells are underway and re-expression of CD40L will be assessed by flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that site-specific modification of the CD40L gene is achievable and that physiologic expression of the endogenous gene could provide a viable therapy for immune reconstitution in XHIM.
Finite element modeling of bone tissue stress adaptation

The design or architecture of bone is quite complex and diverse, ranging from a very porous cellular solid (trabecular bone) to a very dense solid (cortical bone). Significant adaptations to cortical and trabecular bone mass and architecture have been observed in response to changes in stresses acting on the tissue. The purpose of this paper is to examine bone stress-adaptation schemes, including so- called self-optimization theories of bone, within two- dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) finite element modeling (FEM) domains. Stress-adaptive FEM simulations are implemented using Matlab and involve analysis of stresses and strains, followed by successive iterations with the goal to globally minimize stress-strain objective functions (strain energy density, von Mises, maximum shear) without imposing constraints other than bounds on the relative density. Both isotropic and anisotropic material properties are considered while applying time-independent loading conditions for simple geometry domains with isoparametric elements. Application of a uniform tension/shear loading to 2D rectangular domains produced heterogeneous material, complex lattice structures that were qualitatively similar to trabecular bone. Three-dimensional cantilever beam analyses using isotropic and anisotropic material properties produced density-optimized, but not necessarily stiffness and strength optimized, structures. Finite element analysis simulations can assist in understanding complex adaptive structures, including bone.
NuMoM2b sleep-disordered breathing study: Objectives and methods

Objective The objective of the Sleep Disordered Breathing substudy of the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study Monitoring Mothers-to-be (nuMoM2b) is to determine whether sleep disordered breathing during pregnancy is a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Study Design NuMoM2b is a prospective cohort study of 10,037 nulliparous women with singleton gestations that was conducted across 8 sites with a central Data Coordinating and Analysis Center. The Sleep Disordered Breathing substudy recruited 3702 women from the cohort to undergo objective, overnight in-home assessments of sleep disordered breathing. A standardized level 3 home sleep test was performed between 6 0 -15 0 weeks' gestation (visit 1) and again between 22 0 -31 0 weeks' gestation (visit 3). Scoring of tests was conducted by a central Sleep Reading Center. Participants and their health care providers were notified if test results met "urgent referral" criteria that were based on threshold levels of apnea hypopnea indices, oxygen saturation levels, or electrocardiogram abnormalities but were not notified of test results otherwise. The primary pregnancy outcomes to be analyzed in relation to maternal sleep disordered breathing are preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes mellitus, fetal growth restriction, and preterm birth. Results Objective data were obtained at visit 1 on 3261 women, which was 88.1% of the studies that were attempted and at visit 3 on 2511 women, which was 87.6% of the studies that were attempted. Basic characteristics of the substudy cohort are reported in this methods article. Conclusion The substudy was designed to address important questions regarding the relationship of sleep-disordered breathing on the risk of preeclampsia and other outcomes of relevance to maternal and child health.
Measurement of the interaction strength in a Bose-Fermi mixture with 87Rb and 40K

A quantum degenerate, dilute gas mixture of bosonic and fermionic atoms was produced using $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}$. The onset of degeneracy was confirmed by observing the spatial distribution of the gases after time-of-flight expansion. Furthermore, the magnitude of the interspecies scattering length between the doubly spin-polarized states of $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{K}$, $\ensuremath{\mid}{a}_{\mathrm{RbK}}\ensuremath{\mid}$, was determined from cross-dimensional thermal relaxation. The uncertainty in this collision measurement was greatly reduced by taking the ratio of interspecies and intraspecies relaxation rates, yielding $\ensuremath{\mid}{a}_{\mathrm{RbK}}\ensuremath{\mid}=250\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{a}_{0}$, which is a lower value than what was reported in [M. Modugno et al., Phys. Rev. A 68, 043626 (2003)]. Using the value for $\ensuremath{\mid}{a}_{\mathrm{RbK}}\ensuremath{\mid}$ reported here, current $T=0$ theory would predict a threshold for mechanical instability that is inconsistent with the experimentally observed onset for sudden loss of fermions in [G. Modugno et al., Science 297, 2240 (2002)].
Unveiling the hidden eagle: acute parotitis-induced eagle syndrome.

Context: A cervicofacial pain and foreign body sensation in pharynx associated with styloid process elongation is called Eagle syndrome. Typically, this syndrome is provoked by tonsillectomy or trauma. We report the first case of acute parotitis-induced Eagle syndrome. Case Report: A 65-year-old woman presented with right facial pain. CT scan of neck revealed asymmetric enhancement of the right parotid gland compatible with acute parotitis. All inflammation was resolved with antibiotics. However, the patient complained of pain in right mandibular region out of proportion to inflammation. Review CT found to have an asymmetrically long right styloid process measures. The diagnosis of acute parotitis-induced Eagle syndrome was established. Conclusion: Physicians should have a high index of suspicion for Eagle syndrome in patients with atypical neck pain and elongated styloid process since another significant manifestation of Eagle syndrome is carotid artery compression leading to recurrent syncope or stroke.
Error analysis leading technology development

The aim of the research was to provide a valid theoretical frame consisting of both task and error analyses methods to analyse elder patients’ clinical pathway within a healthcare system. The research study consisted of (a) utilizing a task analysis method to identify the process workflow affiliated with elder patients transitioning through different continuums of care to receive medical treatment; (b) utilizing an error analysis method to identify opportunities for improvement in the workflow that enhances both patient safety and healthcare worker efficiency and; (c) developing an ideal process workflow that incorporates the recommendations for improvement. The study findings contribute towards a larger research effort being proposed consisting of the development and implementation of a shared web-based patient community information system enabling hospitals and nursing homes to share patient information resulting in increased knowledge of a patient's medical history, decreased errors and enhanced patien...
A dual-consumer design for the Atacama large millimeter array control subsystem

The control subsystem for the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) must fulfill a number of roles. Principle amongst these is the ability to conduct observations and the ability to monitor and maintain the health of the hardware. These two roles impose different requirements on the control subsystem. The ALMA control subsystem uses a design which explicitly recognizes these different roles and provides capabilities that are targeted at the astronomers, engineers and other users of the ALMA control subsystem. In this paper we will describe this aspect of the design of the ALMA control subsystem with emphasis on how the various components of the software interact to meet the requirements of these different users and produce a coherent control subsystem that can transition from a high level, astronomical perspective of the array to a detailed low-level perspective with a focus on a particular piece of hardware.
History and the Duality of Power in Community-based Forestry in Southeast Bolivia

This article discusses theories of power and economic articulation in the framework of a community-based forestry project among the Chiquitano communities of southeastern Bolivia. The analysis focuses on the tensions that characterize indigenous development projects, and the problems that result from competing systems of control and power. Using Norman Whitten's concept of the duality in power, and Carol Smith's elaboration of historical economic analysis, the author examines the connections between historical, political and economic institutions and norms promoting redistribution of resources and goods in Chiquitano culture, and the unique Chiquitano response to the opportunities and challenges of international development. He contends that the distribution of development funds and resources in the form of small gifts and loans by Chiquitano leaders to neighbours and kin follows economic and political models established in Jesuit missions of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The article also argues that patterns of resistance and adaptation in Chiquitano political leadership follow patterns established under rubber and ranching patrons in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Design of a diffractometer and flow cell system for X-ray analysis of crystalline proteins with applications to the crystal chemistry of ribonuclease-S.

Abstract A flow cell in which a protein crystal is embedded in a changeable liquid medium during X-ray diffraction studies has proved useful in investigating the crystal chemistry of ribonuclease-S. The cell consists of a small polyethylene tube held in a brass yoke which in turn is held by a standard goniometer head. The crystal is prevented from moving by nesting it in cotton linters or particles of Sephadex. Serious scatter of X-rays from the cell and the liquid is reduced to nominal levels by careful arrangement of the collimating system of the diffractometer and by a special counting procedure which gives tolerance of settings without undue increase of noise level. Applications presented include: studies of diffusion rates of solvent and inhibitors into and out of the crystal with time constants ranging from ninety seconds for ammonium sulfate to many hours for iodinated nucleotides; pH effects on unit-cell constants; curves of binding of iodinated inhibitors as a function of external concentration; comparison of binding sites of various inhibitors; interaction of platinum compounds with the enzyme; catalyzed photo-oxidation of specific residues in situ; and measurements of intensity changes due to heavy-atom binding for use in phasing the protein reflections. The flow cell method is particularly useful in studies where changes of intensity rather than absolute values are of prime importance.
Structural Variability of the Vanadium-Organodiphosphonate System: Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structural Characterizations of One-Dimensional, Two-Dimensional, and Three-Dimensional Phases.

The hydrothermal chemistry of the CsVO3/methylenediphosphonate system was investigated. Variations in reaction temperatures, heating times, and stoichiometries of reactants resulted in the isolation of mononuclear, one-, two-, and three-dimensional species: Cs[VO(HO3PCH2PO3H)2(H2O)] (1), Cs[VO(HO3PCH2PO3)] (2), Cs[(VO)2V (O3PCH2PO3)2(H2O)2] (3), and [V(HO3PCH2PO3)(H2O)] (4), respectively. The structure of the anion of 1 consists of isolated V(IV) octahedra. Phase 2 adopts a chain structure constructed from corner-sharing V(IV) octahedra, forming infinite {−VOVO−} linkages. The layer structure of 3 contains trinuclear units of corner-sharing {VO6} octahedra with the central V site in the III oxidation state and V(IV) centers at the extremities of the cluster. The diphosphonate ligands serve to link neighboring trinuclear motifs into a layer structure three octahedra in depth. The Cs+ cations occupy cavities within the layers, rather than the more common interlamellar positions. The structure of 4 consists...
The instability of a horizontal five-layer jet

The instability of a symmetric jet moving horizontally, in which two shear layers with opposite shear of the same strength are separated by a central irrotational layer and are adjoined by unbounded, irrotational outer layers, is studied. First, the fluid is assumed to be homogeneous. Two unstable modes are found, the central wave one-quarter wave length out of phase with the outer wave. Mode I consists of central waves being in phase and outer waves being in phase. Mode II consists of central waves being in opposite phase and outer waves being in opposite phase. For a given width of the jet, the thicker the central irrotational layer, the stronger the shear of the shear layers, the stronger the instability. For a fixed ratio of the thickness of central layer to that of the shear layers, mode I is more unstable than mode II. Next, a density jump across the outer interface levels and another density jump across the central interface levels are introduced. The effect of these density jumps on mode I is to reduce the growth of the wave. The wave with equal density jump across every interface level grows somewhat slower than the waves with the entire density jump across outer or central interface levels. For an idealized velocity profile with isentropic layers with an overall Richardson number of 4.9, the linear theory predicts that the amplitude of the wave doubles in about 5 min and the wave-length is 241 m, which compares favorably with 320m obtained in the boundary layer by Gossard et al. (1970). For atmospheric parameters with an overall Richardson number of unity, linear theory predicts that the amplitude of the wave doubles in about % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaaGOmamaale% aaleaacaaIXaaabaGaaG4maaaaaaa!383C!\[2{\textstyle{1 \over 3}}\] min and the wave-length is about 510 m, which is only slightly larger than the width of the jet. A physical argument is invoked to explain the evolution of finite-amplitude waves.