cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Never Again? The Legacy of the Argentine and Chilean Dictatorships for the Global Human Rights Regime

Widespread forced disappearances, summary executions, and torture practiced by the military regimes in Argentina and Chile came to define human rights abuse during the 1970s and 1980s. Opposition to these practices and their parent regimes helped to shape the contemporary human rights movement and, by extension, human rights norms and institutions. Thomas C. Wright's State Terrorism in Latin America contends that the movement's struggle with the Argentine and Chilean dictatorships resulted in an era of greater deterrence and enforcement power for human rights institutions. Sonia Cardenas' Conflict and Compliance, however, maintains that despite the advance in norms and the creation of supranational structures to promote accountability for human rights abuse, the mechanisms for changing state practice have remained remarkably constant throughout the past three decades. Both in Latin America and elsewhere, domestic forces and cost-benefit analysis—at times aided by international pressure—continue to be the ...
Multiple Intramedullary Wire Fixation of a Radial Fracture in a Dog

Multiple intramedullary wire fixation infrequently can be used as an alternative technique to plating, transfixation devices, single intramedullary pinning, or external coaptation for some radius and ulna fractures. This report describes a comminuted fracture of the radius and ulna with fissures and comminution extending too far into the proximal radius for effective application of a bone plate or Kirschner-Ehmer apparatus. Resulting fracture instability and collapse prohibited effective use of external coaptation as a primary means of fixation. The radial fracture was repaired and stabilized with full cerclage wires and multiple intramedullary Kirschner wires. The dog was using the leg normally 12 months following surgery.
Orientation of fast ions excited in surface collisions

Abstract We have investigated the grazing angle scattering of fast heavy ions (He, Ne and Ar at 0.05–3.0 MeV) from copper and gold surfaces by (a) measuring the angular distribution of the scattered ion distribution and (b) observing the states of polarization of light emitted from excited states of the scattered ions. The ion distributions disagree significantly with those calculated by Firsov, but agree with previous lower velocity measurements. The polarization is strongly dependent on the angle of scattering and we show evidence that the atomic orientation depends principally upon the exit grazing angle. We discuss the surface collision mechanisms.
Games within borders: are geographically differentiated taxes optimal?

The discontinuous tax treatment of sales at borders creates incentives for individuals to cross-border shop. This paper addresses whether it is optimal for a state composed of multiple regions to levy differentiated commodity tax rates across the regions. In a model where states maximize social welfare, a state’s optimal commodity tax system is almost always geographically differentiated. The optimal pattern of geographic differentiation critically depends on fundamental parameters as well as whether the state has a preference for high or low taxes. Under the assumption that utility is linear in consumption and that the elasticity of cross-border shopping is less than unity in absolute value, high-tax states will find it optimal to set a tax rate that is lower in the border region than in the periphery region and low-tax states will find it optimal to set a tax rate that is higher in the border region than in the periphery region. Optimizing high-tax states will set a higher tax rate in the border region if the social welfare measure is sufficiently redistributive. With welfare maximization, it is possible for taxes to be higher in the region near the state border—an outcome that cannot arise when the government cares only about total tax revenue.
A Century of Missing Trade

In contemporary data, the measured factor content of trade is far smaller than its predicted magnitude in the pure Heckscher-Ohlin-Vanek framework, the so-called 'missing trade' mystery. Authors wonder if this problem has been there from the beginning: that is, authors ask if the Heckscher-Ohlin theory was so much at odds with reality at its time of conception. Authors apply contemporary tests to historical data, focusing on the major trading zone that inspired the factor abundance theory, the Old and New Worlds of the pre-1914 'Greater Atlantic' economy. This places autor's analysis in a very different context than contemporary studies: an era with lower trade barriers, higher transport costs, a more skewed global distribution of the relevant factors (especially land), and comparably large productivity divergence. These conditions might seem more favorable to the theory, but the results are still very poor.
Convergent sequences of orthogonal polynomials

are precisely the spectral points of and ifthe moment problem is indeterminate, they are the spectral points of an extremal solution. For theabove, see [1].Examples of this phenomenon are provided by the Al-Salam and Carlitz q-polynomials and byStieltjes–Carlitz polynomials [2]. However, in all of these examples, we actually have
Few-body physics in effective field theory

Effective field theory (EFT) provides a powerful framework that exploits a separation of scales in physical systems to perform systematically improvable, model-independent calculations. Particularly interesting are few-body systems with short-range interactions and large two-body scattering length. Such systems display remarkable universal features. In systems with more than two particles, a three-body force with limit cycle behaviour is required for consistent renormalization already at leading order. We will review this EFT and some of its applications in the physics of cold atoms and nuclear physics. In particular, we will discuss the possibility of an infrared limit cycle in QCD. Recent extensions of the EFT approach to the four-body system and N-boson droplets in two spatial dimensions will also be addressed.
A Particle Filter Approach to Multiprocess Dynamic Models with Application to Hormone Data

We extend the multiprocess dynamic models to the general non-Gaussian and nonlinear setting. Under this framework, we propose specific models to simultaneously model hormone smooth basal trend and pulsatile activities. The pulse input is modeled by two processes: one as a point mass at zero and one as a gamma distributed random variable. This gamma-driven approach ensures the pulse estimates to be nonnegative, which is an intrinsic characteristic of hormone dynamics. The smooth trend is modeled by smoothing splines. Both additive and multiplicative observational errors are investigated. Parameters are estimated by maximizing the marginal likelihood. Baseline and pulses are estimated by posterior means. For implementation, particle filter is adopted. Unlike the traditional condensation method where a single distribution is used to approximate a mixture of distributions, this particle filter approach allows the model components to be accurately evaluated at the expense of computational resources. The specific models are applied to a cortisol series. The finite sample performance is evaluated by a simulation. The data application and the simulation show that the biological characteristics can be incorporated and be accurately estimated under the proposed framework.
Explicit Finite-Element Analysis of 2024-T3/T351 Aluminum Material under Impact Loading for Airplane Engine Containment and Fragment Shielding

Uncontained aircraft engine failure can cause catastrophic damaging effects to aircraft systems if not addressed in the aircraft design. Mitigating the damaging effects of uncontained engine failure and improving the numerical modeling capability of these uncontained engine events are crucial. In this paper, high strain rate material behavior of one of the most extensively used materials in the aircraft industry is simulated and the results are compared against ballistic impact tests. Ballistic limits are evaluated by utilizing explicit finite-element (FE) simulations based on the corresponding ballistic impact experiments performed at different material thicknesses. LS-DYNA is used as a nonlinear explicit dynamics FE code for the simulations. A Johnson–Cook material model with different sets of parameters is employed as a thermo-viscoplastic material model coupled with a nonlinear equation of state and an accumulated damage evaluation algorithm for the numerical simulations. Predictive performance of the...
A clipping divider

When compared with a drawing on paper, the pictures presented by today's computer display equipment are sadly lacking in resolution. Most modern display equipment uses 10 bit digital to analog converters, providing for display in a 1024 by 1024 square raster. The actual resolution available is usually somewhat less since adjacent spots or lines will overlap. Even large-screen displays have limited resolution, for although they give a bigger picture, they also draw wider lines so that the amount of material which can appear at one time is still limited. Users of larger paper drawings have become accustomed to having a great deal of material presented at once. The computer display scope alone cannot serve the many tasks which require relatively large drawings with fine details.
An Effective Fractal-Tree Closure Model for Simulating Blood Flow in Large Arterial Networks

The aim of the present work is to address the closure problem for hemodynamic simulations by developing a flexible and effective model that accurately distributes flow in the downstream vasculature and can stably provide a physiological pressure outflow boundary condition. To achieve this goal, we model blood flow in the sub-pixel vasculature by using a non-linear 1D model in self-similar networks of compliant arteries that mimic the structure and hierarchy of vessels in the meso-vascular regime (radii $$500 {-} 10\,\mu {\text{m}}$$ ). We introduce a variable vessel length-to-radius ratio for small arteries and arterioles, while also addressing non-Newtonian blood rheology and arterial wall viscoelasticity effects in small arteries and arterioles. This methodology aims to overcome substantial cut-off radius sensitivities, typically arising in structured tree and linearized impedance models. The proposed model is not sensitive to outflow boundary conditions applied at the end points of the fractal network, and thus does not require calibration of resistance/capacitance parameters typically required for outflow conditions. The proposed model convergences to a periodic state in two cardiac cycles even when started from zero-flow initial conditions. The resulting fractal-trees typically consist of thousands to millions of arteries, posing the need for efficient parallel algorithms. To this end, we have scaled up a Discontinuous Galerkin solver that utilizes the MPI/OpenMP hybrid programming paradigm to thousands of computer cores, and can simulate blood flow in networks of millions of arterial segments at the rate of one cycle per 5 min. The proposed model has been extensively tested on a large and complex cranial network with 50 parent, patient-specific arteries and 21 outlets to which fractal trees where attached, resulting to a network of up to 4,392,484 vessels in total, and a detailed network of the arm with 276 parent arteries and 103 outlets (a total of 702,188 vessels after attaching the fractal trees), returning physiological flow and pressure wave predictions without requiring any parameter estimation or calibration procedures. We present a novel methodology to overcome substantial cut-off radius sensitivities.
Large Violation of Bell Inequalities with Low Entanglement

In this paper we obtain violations of general bipartite Bell inequalities of order \({\frac{\sqrt{n}}{\log n}}\) with n inputs, n outputs and n-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Moreover, we construct explicitly, up to a random choice of signs, all the elements involved in such violations: the coefficients of the Bell inequalities, POVMs measurements and quantum states. Analyzing this construction we find that, even though entanglement is necessary to obtain violation of Bell inequalities, the entropy of entanglement of the underlying state is essentially irrelevant in obtaining large violation. We also indicate why the maximally entangled state is a rather poor candidate in producing large violations with arbitrary coefficients. However, we also show that for Bell inequalities with positive coefficients (in particular, games) the maximally entangled state achieves the largest violation up to a logarithmic factor.
A PREDICTIVE APPROACH TO MODEL SELECTION AND MULTICOLLINEARITY

We argue for the adoption of a predictive approach to model specification. Specifically, we derive the difference between means and the ratio of determinants of covariance matrices when a subset of explanatory variables is included or excluded from a regression. Results for an economic application are presented as an example.
A formula for the Selmer group of a rational three-isogeny

A formula is given for the dimension of the Selmer group of the rational three-isogeny of elliptic curves of the formy 2 = x 3 +a(x b) 2 . The formula is in terms of the three-ranks of the quadratic number elds Q( p a) and Q( p 3a) and various aspects of the arithmetic of these number elds. In addition a duality theorem is used to relate the dimension of the Selmer group of the three-isogeny with the dimension of the Selmer group of its dual isogeny.
THE MAXIMUM ENERGY OF ACCELERATED PARTICLES IN RELATIVISTIC COLLISIONLESS SHOCKS

The afterglow emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is usually interpreted as synchrotron radiation from electrons accelerated at the GRB external shock that propagates with relativistic velocities into the magnetized interstellar medium. By means of multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we investigate the acceleration performance of weakly magnetized relativistic shocks, in the magnetization range 0 ? 10?1. The pre-shock magnetic field is orthogonal to the flow, as generically expected for relativistic shocks. We find that relativistic perpendicular shocks propagating in electron-positron plasmas are efficient particle accelerators if the magnetization is ? 10?3. For electron-ion plasmas, the transition to efficient acceleration occurs for ? 3 ? 10?5. Here, the acceleration process proceeds similarly for the two species, since the electrons enter the shock nearly in equipartition with the ions, as a result of strong pre-heating in the self-generated upstream turbulence. In both electron-positron and electron-ion shocks, we find that the maximum energy of the accelerated particles scales in time as ?maxt 1/2. This scaling is shallower than the so-called (and commonly assumed) Bohm limit ?maxt, and it naturally results from the small-scale nature of the Weibel turbulence generated in the shock layer. In magnetized plasmas, the energy of the accelerated particles increases until it reaches a saturation value ?sat/?0 mic 2 ~ ??1/4, where ?0 mic 2 is the mean energy per particle in the upstream bulk flow. Further energization is prevented by the fact that the self-generated turbulence is confined within a finite region of thickness ??1/2 around the shock. Our results can provide physically grounded inputs for models of non-thermal emission from a variety of astrophysical sources, with particular relevance to GRB afterglows.
The learning effect of assessment and evaluation in high school

Abstract The implications for student behavior of different standards in testing are explored and the importance of a student's position in the distributions of student attainment is demonstrated. We show that competition between students does stimulate academic effort provided students are appropriately rewarded for achieving. We argue that stratifying students into groups in which each has a chance for success may be preferred to the setting of a single national standard.
On catalyzed and uncatalyzed hydroborations of chiral allylic alcohols and amines

Abstract A model for predicting the sense of diastereoselection in catalyzed hydroborations of allylic alcohol and allylic amine derivatives is discussed.
Magnetohydrodynamic Shearing Waves

I consider the nonaxisymmetric linear theory of a rotating, isothermal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shear flow. The analysis is performed in the shearing box, a local model of a thin disk, using a decomposition in terms of shearing waves, i.e., plane waves in a frame comoving with the shear. These waves do not have a definite frequency as in a normal mode decomposition, and numerical integration of a coupled set of amplitude equations is required to characterize their time dependence. Their generic time dependence, however, is oscillatory with slowly varying frequency and amplitude, and one can construct accurate analytical solutions by applying the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin method to the full set of amplitude equations. The solutions have the following properties. (1) Their accuracy increases with wavenumber, so that most perturbations that fit within the disk are well approximated as modes with time-dependent frequencies and amplitudes. (2) They can be broadly classed as incompressive and compressive perturbations, the former including the nonaxisymmetric extension of magnetorotationally unstable modes, and the latter being the extension of fast and slow modes to a differentially rotating medium. (3) Wave action is conserved, implying that their energy varies with frequency. (4) Their shear stress is proportional to the slope of their frequency, so that they transport angular momentum outward (inward) when their frequency increases (decreases). The complete set of solutions constitutes a comprehensive linear test suite for numerical MHD algorithms that incorporate a background shear flow. I conclude with a brief discussion of possible astrophysical applications.
A New Power Combining and Outphasing Modulation System for High-Efficiency Power Amplification

This paper describes a new power combining and outphasing system that provides both high efficiency and linear output control. Whereas conventional outphasing systems utilize two power amplifiers, the system introduced here combines power from four or more amplifiers. The proposed technique overcomes the loss and reactive loading problems of previous outphasing systems. It provides ideally lossless power combining, along with resistive loading of the individual power amplifiers over a very wide output power range. A conceptual development illustrating the operating principles of the system is provided, along with a representative design, detailed analysis, and supporting simulations. The relation of the proposed technique to multi-level resistance compression is also described. It is anticipated that the new power combining and outphasing modulation approach will find widespread use in applications where both high linearity and high efficiency are desired.
QCD Coulomb gauge approach to exotic hadrons

The Coulomb gauge Hamiltonian model is used to calculate masses for selected J PC states consisting of exotic combinations of quarks and gluons: ggg glueballs (oddballs), \( q\bar qg \) hybrid mesons and \( q\bar qq\bar q \) tetraquark systems. An odderon Regge trajectory is computed for the J −− glueballs with intercept much smaller than the pomeron, explaining its nonobservation. The lowest 1−+ hybrid-meson mass is found to be just above 2.2 GeV while the lightest tetraquark state mass with these exotic quantum numbers is predicted around 1.4 GeV consistent with the observed π(1400).
Consumer Rationality and the Status Quo

Received microeconomic theory presumes rational consumers maximize utility over all commodity bundles. Recent analysis, however, suggests that a consumer's status quo may limit economic rationality, "bias" consumer decisions, and induce serious errors in survey-based valuations of public and private goods. Using regression and choice-theoretic frameworks, we investigate the existence of status quo effects in the consumer valuation of a particular unpriced product—the reliability of residential electrical service. Such valuations have become important in electric utility resource planning and rate making. We find substantial status quo effects, which must be addressed in welfare comparisons regarding electric service reliability.
h-Adaptive Stabilized Finite-Element Solver for Calculation of Generalized Aerodynamic Forces

A finite-element method based on the streamline-upwind/Petrov–Galerkin stabilization technique is developed to solve the compressible Euler equations. The method is extended for computing unsteady small disturbances in the flow domain as a result of boundary motion, which is applied through the linearized solid-wall boundary condition. The method is able to calculate the frequency-dependent generalized aerodynamic forces without any need for deformation of mesh inside the flow domain. Error estimates are used to drive automated h-refinement of mesh for steady-state and frequency-domain calculations. Steady-state solutions and generalized aerodynamic forces are compared to benchmark data for transonic and supersonic Mach numbers. The results show that the presence of shocks in the flow makes it difficult to use a single mesh for all computations, including the linearized flow. The h-refinement procedure is shown to be an effective way of ensuring reliable computations for the nonlinear and linearized solve...
A communication curriculum in engineering education: An alternative model

Typical model curricula in engineering disciplines assume that training in communication will occur early in the student's academic career in the course taken to meet the general liberal arts requirements of the university. This paper argues that this assumption defines communication as a preliminary skill to be learned as a prelude to technical study. An alternative view perceives increasing sophistication in the technical disciplines as requiring a simultaneous increase in sophistication in communication. The Program in Scientific and Technical Communication at the University of Washington is designed according to the latter view. The courses address the needs of engineers as these needs emerge and change across the academic and professional life of the engineer.
SULFUR COVERAGE EFFECTS ON THE REDUCTION OF DILUTE NITRIC OXIDE AT PLATINUM BLACK GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODES

To study the effect of sulfur coverages on porous platinum black gas diffusion during the reduction of nitric oxide in a quantitative manner, electrodes were prepared with fractional sulfur coverages between 0.0 and1.0 (based on total platinum surface sites as measured by electrochemical hydrogen adsorption). The deposited sulfur was obtained through reduction of adsorbed SO2 in a controlled system. The reduction of dilute streams of nitric oxide (3% in nitrogen) was performed in electrogenerative (iegalvanic) cells at positive potentials. At fractional sulfur coverages above 0.2, cell current began to diminish, though NO conversion could be controlled at a high level (80–95% in a single pass). The product selectively during NO reduction was markedly effected at higher sulfur coverages (θs > 0.2). Nitrous oxide formation was diminished, and ammonia production was greatly inhibited at these higher sulfur coverages. Hydroxylamine became the dominant product on sulfur-covered electrodes at lower voltages. Results from voltammetric experiments for NO reduction on a smooth bulk platinum electrode at comparable sulfur coverages did not reflect the results obtained with the platinum black-Teflon gas diffusion electrodes, illustrating some structure sensitivity. Some of the sulfur adsorbed on Pt-black gas diffusion electrodes is postulated to exist as sulfur doublets adsorbed between every other platinum atom.
High-accuracy algorithms for computational aeroacoustics

This paper presents an analysis of high-bandwidth operators developed for use with an essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) method. The spatial operators of a sixth-order ENO code are modified to resolve waves with as few as 7 points per wavelength (PPW) by decreasing the formal order of the algorithm. Numerical and analytical solutions are compared for the model problems of plane-wave propagation and sound generation by an oscillating sphere. These problems involve linear propagation, wave steepening, and shock formation. An analysis of the PPW required for sufficient accuracy shows that low-order algorithms need an excessive number of grid points to produce acceptable solutions. In contrast, high-order codes provide good predictions on relatively coarse grids. The high-bandwidth operators produce only modest improvements over the original sixth-order operators for nonlinear problems in which wave steepening is significant ; however, they clearly outperform the original operators for long-distance linear propagation. Because the high-bandwidth operators have the same stencil as the original sixth-order operators, these gains are achieved with no additional computational work.
Nonlinear photophysics and charge generation of donor-acceptor two-photon absorbing dyes

The nonlinear energy dynamics and charge carrier generation of a model donor-acceptor two-photon dye, AF-380, is investigated using ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy. This material has been the focus of several investigations due to its large reported two-photon absorption cross-section, the discrepancies between long and short pulse measurements, and its use in microfabrication through holographic two-photon induced photopolymerization. It is believed that a substantial excited state absorbance can account for the difference in two-photon cross section measurements, and furthermore, that the resulting excited state exhibits a lifetime substantially long enough to affect subsequent absorption of longer pump pulses or higher repetition rates. Experimental and theoretical considerations of the electronic dynamics are discussed using a rate analysis and beam propagation code for comparison.
Smoking patterns, beliefs, and the practice of healthy behaviors in abstinent, relapsed, and recalcitrant smokers.

The purpose of this study was to perform a secondary analysis of smoking patterns and beliefs related to healthy behaviors in adult smokers ( N = 71). Data for the secondary analysis were obtained from an original study that examined guided health imagery as a smoking cessation intervention. The imagery intervention resulted in significantly higher 2-year smoking abstinence rates for the intervention group of participants (26% vs. 12% for the control group). In this study, discriminant function analysis demonstrated that "well-established smoking patterns" accounted for 42% of the variance in those smokers who relapsed or never made any attempt to quit smoking. Higher baseline smoking rates, longer lifetime smoking histories, younger age at initiation of smoking, more positive beliefs about smoking (pros), and fewer healthy behaviors differentiated abstinent smokers from those who relapsed or were considered recalcitrant. Smoking patterns, belief systems related to smoking, and the practice of healthy behaviors need to be assessed as smokers enroll in cessation programs. Knowledge about relapsed and recalcitrant smokers will assist in the development of future interventions to meet smokers' unique needs and demands for cessation.
PULSAR KICKS AND DARK MATTER FROM A STERILE NEUTRINO

The observed velocities of radio pulsars, which range in the hundreds kilometers per second, and many of which exceed 1000 km/s, are not explained by the standard physics of the supernova explosion. However, if a sterile neutrino with mass in the 1–20 keV range exists, it would be emitted asymmetrically from a cooling neutron star, which could give it a sufficient recoil to explain the pulsar motions. The same particle can be the cosmological dark mater. Future observations of X-ray telescopes and gravitational wave detectors can confirm or rule out this explanation.
A Direct Solution Method for Stochastic Impulse Control Problems of One-dimensional Diffusions

We consider stochastic impulse control problems where the process is driven by one-dimensional diffusions. Impulse control problems are widely applied to financial engineering and decision-making problems including the dividend payout problem, portfolio optimization with transaction costs, and inventory control. We shall show a new mathematical characterization of the value function in the continuation region as a linear function in a certain transformed space. The merits of our approach are as follows: (1) One does not have to guess optimal strategies or verify the optimality via a verification lemma, (2) the method of finding the solution (based on the new characterization of the value function) is simple and direct, and thereby (3) one can handle a broader class of reward and cost functions than the conventional methods that use quasi-variational inequalities.
The use of bone anchoring in the surgical management of female stress urinary incontinence

Recent reviews have noted failures of transvaginal surgical procedures designed to cure female stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Modifications continue to be applied to improve the transvaginal approach, including anchoring of the supporting sutures to the pelvic bones, reduction of the transvaginal dissection to help reduce further prolapse, and simpler techniques to allow a wider use of sling procedures. This paper reports on the use of a bone-anchoring technique and preservation of the endopelvic fascia in both transvaginal suspension surgery for hypermobility and sling surgery for intrinsic sphincteric deficiency. Results show an 81.7% cure rate in 71 patients who underwent the bone-anchor suspension and were followed for at least 3 years; a 97.5% cure rate in 40 patients who underwent an in situ sling procedure with bone anchoring and were followed for at least 2 years; and a 94% cure rate in 78 patients who underwent a sling procedure with autologous or synthetic material and bone anchoring and were followed for at least 2 years. The use of this bone-anchoring technique and preservation of the endopelvic fascia appears to enhance the success rate without increasing the risk to the patient and, as minimally invasive procedures, reduce the surgery time and the length of hospitalization, thus reducing costs.
Descriptive Set Theoretic Methods Applied to Strictly Singular and Strictly Cosingular Operators

The class of strictly singular operators originating from the dual of a separable Banach space is written as an increasing union of ω 1 subclasses which are defined using the Schreier sets. A question of J. Diestel, of whether a similar result can be stated for strictly cosingular operators, is studied.
A Highly Efficient Route to Enantiomerically Pure l-N-Bz-Pmp(t-Bu)2-OH and Incorporation into a Peptide-Based Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitor

Abstract Phosphonomethyl phenylalanine (Pmp), a nonhydrolyzable mimic of phosphotyrosine, is an important building block in the development of peptide-based PTP inhibitors. We have designed a novel, efficient synthesis of N -Bz-Pmp( t -Bu) 2 -OH. A Pmp-containing peptide based on a known biological substrate of the tyrosine phosphatase CD45 (Ac-TEGQ-Pmp-QPQP-NH 2 ) inhibits CD45 with an IC 50 value of approximately 100 μM with virtually no inhibition of TCPTP up to concentrations of 120 μM.
Efficient scavenging of Ph3P and Ph3P=O with high-loading merrifield resin

A simple, highly effective method for removing triphenylphosphine and/or triphenylphosphine oxide from reaction mixures is described. Commercially available high-loading chloromethylated polystyrene 1, modified in situ with NaI, acts as a scavenger resin. Several coupling reactions catalyzed by Pd(0) or Ni(0) which require the removal of triphenylphosphine are tested.
Non-binding of Flavor-Singlet Hadrons to Nuclei

Strongly attractive color forces in the flavor singlet channel may lead to a stable H dibaryon. Here we show that an H or other compact, flavor singlet hadron is unlikely to bind to nuclei, so that bounds on exotic isotopes do not exclude their stability. Remarkably, a stable H appears to evade other experimental constraints as well, when account is taken of its expected compact spatial wavefunction.
Methyldibromoglutaronitrile (Euxyl K400): A new and important sensitizer in the United States?

Abstract Background: Methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDGN) is a component of Euxyl K400, a preservative used in many skin care products in Europe. MDGN has been used in skin care products in the United States for the last 5 years. Contact allergy from MDGN has been reported from Europe. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of MDGN as a sensitizer in patients undergoing routine patch testing. Methods: We reviewed the results in 163 patients who underwent patch testing during a 4-month period to determine the number who had any reaction to MDGN at two different concentrations (0.2% and 0.5%). Tests were graded with the use of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group criteria (0 to 3+), and readings were performed at 48 and 96 hours (all positive reactions were evaluated at a follow-up visit or by telephone interview). Results: In the 4-month period, 45 of the 163 patients showed some reaction (± to 3+) at one or more readings. Of these, the results for 23 patients were considered to be irritant false-positive reactions; for 3 patients, the results were classified as uncertain; and for 19 patients, the results were classified as allergic. Of these, the results for eight patients were of definite relevance; the results for five patients were of probable relevance, and the results for six patients were of doubtful relevance to the problem condition. Other positive patch tests to a variety of allergens were frequently seen in persons positive to MDGN. Conclusion: MDGN is a sensitizer in skin products and, with the increase of its use, should be considered in the patch test evaluation of patients with persistent dermatitis. Optimum patch test concentrations are yet to be determined. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:934-7.)
Space-Time Resonances and the Null Condition for First-Order Systems of Wave Equations

In this manuscript we prove global existence and linear asymptotic behavior of small solutions to nonlinear wave equations. We assume that the quadratic part of the nonlinearity satisfies a nonresonance condition that is a generalization of the null condition given by Klainerman. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Singlets and reflection symmetric spin systems

Abstract We rigorously establish some exact properties of reflection symmetric spin systems with antiferromagnetic crossing bonds: At least one ground state has total spin zero and a positive semidefinite coefficient matrix. The crossing bonds obey an ice rule. This augments some previous results which were limited to bipartite spin systems and is of particular interest for frustrated spin systems.
Meteoroid ablation in Neptune's atmosphere

Abstract Meteoroid ablation rates in Neptune's atmosphere are calculated for certain assumptions concerning the mass and velocity distribution of meteoroids in the outer Solar System. Silicate meteoroids lose most of their mass in the 1- to 100-μbar region of Neptune's atmosphere while water-ice meteoroids ablate at even higher altitudes, i.e., pressures ⪅1 μbar. Although the ablation of both silicate and water ice occurs at altitudes that are too low to significantly affect ionospheric chemistry, meteors might contribute to ionization in Neptune's lower “bottomside” ionosphere. In addition, the interaction of water dissociation products with neutral atmospheric constituents can generate CO molecules in Neptune's upper atmosphere. The total column influx of water molecules due to meteoroid ablation on Neptune is found to range from 7 × 105 to 2 × 108 cm−2 sec−1 (an amount that could lead to stratospheric column abundances of CO of 5 × 1015 to 1× 1018 molecules cm−2); the exact value depends on the characteristics of the meteoroid population. Even the upper value of this range appears to be too small to explain the recent observations of CO on Neptune; however, given the uncertainty is these calculations, meteoroid ablation cannot be ruled out as the source of CO on Neptune. The total column influx of silicate material ranges from 2 × 106 to 3 × 108 cm−2 sec−1. Even the lower value of this range is sufficient for providing a source of dust particles to initiate nucleation and condensation of hydrocarbons in Neptune's lower stratosphere.
An Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Electrocyclic Ring Opening of α-Fluorocyclopropyl Radicals

Abstract A series of α-fluorobicyclopropyl radicals were generated by the reaction of CF with the corresponding cycloalkene. The tendency of these radicals to undergo electrocyclic ring opening to the corresponding cyclic allyl radicals was evaluated computationally and experimentally. The symmetry forbidden ring openings will occur if there is significant thermodynamic driving force. AM1 calculations and product analysis indicate that those radicals with calculated ring opening exothermicities of 50 kcal/mol or more give ring opened products © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
The VEBA Relativistic Electron Accelerator

The VEBA high-current, relativistic electron accelerator has been designed and constructed at NRL for application in the study of high-power microwave sources. To meet the requirements of this study, the accelerator was designed for operation in either a short (60 nsec) or long (2.2 ?sec) pulse mode. The short-pulse mode has been in operation for nearly two years and has proven to be an extremely reliable design. The design of the long-pulse mode is now complete and component fabrication will soon be underway. The pulse-forming network in the short-pulse mode is an unbalanced, water Blumlein with an output impedance of 9.2? The Blumlein is pulse charged by a 17 stage Marx generator which has a series capacitance of 29.4 nF. By transmission along a tapered coaxial line, the output pulse is transformed to 20 ? and the voltage developed across a matched load increased to a maximum of 2.5 MV. The proposed conversion to the long-pulse mode will require that the Blumlein and transformer sections be removed and the diode assembly be attached directly to the oversized Marx tank. The direct coupling between the Marx and the Blumlein will then be replaced by two, nested, water capacitors which are shunted by spiral inductors. When coupled in series with the Marx, this output filter will form a three-section, voltage-fed, Guillemin (type A), pulse-forming network with a characteristic impedance of 40 ? and a maximum output voltage of 0.9 MV.
The Poynting Vector and Angular Momentum of Airy Beams

We analyze and describe the evolution of the Poynting vector and angular momentum of the optical Airy beam. A numerical approach is used to show these values explain the acceleration of this beam.
Direct Simulation of Scattering and Absorption by Particle Deposits

A computational scheme is presented to exactly calculate the electromagnetic field distribution, and associated radiative absorption and scattering characteristics, of large-scale ensembles of spherical particles that are subjected to a focussed incident beam. The method employs a superposition extension to Lorenz/Mie theory, in which the internal and scattered fields for each sphere in the ensemble are represented by vector spherical harmonic expansions, and boundary conditions at the surfaces of the spheres are matched by application of the addition theorem for vector harmonics. The incident field is modeled as a transverse, linearly-polarized wave with a Gaussian amplitude distribution along a fixed focal plane. Application of the method to prediction of the absorption and reflectance characteristics of particle deposits is discussed, and illustrative calculations are presented.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Radical ligand-containing single-molecule magnets

Abstract Single-molecule magnets represent the ultimate size limit for spin-based information storage and processing; however, such applications require large spin relaxation barriers and blocking temperatures. Ongoing efforts to synthesize single-molecule magnets with higher barriers must take into consideration key physical parameters, such as spin ground state, S, and axial zero-field splitting parameter, D, which are both correlated to the barrier height. A third critical parameter that has received less attention is the exchange coupling constant, J. This constant determines the degree of separation between spin ground state and excited states, which must be sufficiently large in a single-molecule magnet to maintain slow magnetization dynamics at elevated temperatures, and also serves to shut down fast quantum relaxation pathways. Toward this end, one synthetic strategy to engender strong magnetic exchange is the incorporation of radical ligands into metal complexes. Within these complexes, the presence of direct exchange between paramagnetic ligand and metal units can result in exceptionally strong magnetic coupling, much stronger in fact than more common superexchange interactions. This review article provides a survey of radical ligand-containing single-molecule magnets, with a brief overview of other classes of metal–ligand radical complexes that could be exploited in the design of new single-molecule magnets. Furthermore, ligand-field and electronic structure considerations in dictating exchange strength and slow magnetic relaxation are highlighted, with the aim of helping to guide the synthesis of future radical ligand-containing single-molecule magnets with even stronger exchange coupling.
Pollution Monitoring: An Engineering Challenge

that the two miscible fluids—pure water above and salt water below the submarine—are not well mixed. This observation may well be caused by a return of the fluid mixed by the propeller to the initial density stratification. If the mean density profiles are axisymmetric, the data could be reduced by a modification of the Abel inversion integral. Data reduction of this type has not been attempted. Localized turbulent statistics can be measured by cross viewing the data from a single hologram. This concept has been applied to the data reduction of the projectile wakes elsewhere.5 The tank was filled about 30 min prior to running the experiment. This time is probably enough time to set up thermal equilibrium of the air-water and wall-water interfaces surrounding the fluid. However, 10 min before recording the data, the tank, which was mounted on rails, was rolled into the test section of the holocamera. This movement probably disturbed the thermal layers surrrounding the fluid. Since the interferogram is recorded as a time sequence of two holograms, it is suspected that the large fringe shift (5 fringes) within the first centimeter of the surface is caused by surface layer cooling by evaporation during the time interval, which was about 1 min. Reduction of the fringe data at the interface shows that this fringe shift corresponds to temperature drop of a maximum of 0.1°C. Because thermal layers in equilibrium are known to have a temperature difference of several tenths of degrees, this surface layer phenomena could be explained this way.6'7 The irregularities in fringe pattern at the interface may be caused by submarine disturbances or by convective recirculation or both. References
A new method for introducing amidate linkages in oligonucleotides using phosphoramidite chemistry.

Cyanoethyl-protected phosphotriester links in oligonucleotides made with standard phosphoramidite chemistry were converted to phosphoramidate linkages during oligonucleotide synthesis on solid support. The cyanoethyl group was removed with piperidine, and the resulting phosphodiester was activated with p-tosyl chloride. An amine nucleophile displaced the tosyl to yield a phosphoramidate linkage.
Are There Enough Ionizing Photons to Reionize the Universe by z ≈ 6?

The number of ionizing photons per baryon as a function of redshift is estimated from the plausible extrapolation of the observed galaxy UV luminosity function and the latest results on the properties of the escape fraction of ionizing radiation. If the escape fraction for low-mass galaxies (MTOT 1011 M☉) is assumed to be negligibly small, as indicated by numerical simulations, then there are not enough ionizing photons to reionize the universe by z = 6 for the cosmology favored by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) third-year results, while the WMAP first-year cosmology is marginally consistent with the reionization requirement. The escape fraction as a function of galaxy mass would have to be constant to within a factor of 2 for the whole mass range of galaxies for reionization to be possible within the WMAP third-year cosmology.
Strategy-proof rules for two public goods: double median rules

We consider the problem of selecting the locations of two (identical) public goods on an interval. Each agent has preferences over pairs of locations, which are induced from single-peaked rankings over single locations: each agent compares pairs of locations by comparing the location he ranks higher in each pair. We introduce a class of “double median rules” and characterize it by means of continuity, anonymity, strategy-proofness, and users only. To each pair of parameter sets, each set in the pair consisting of $$(n+1)$$ parameters, is associated a rule in the class. It is the rule that selects, for each preference profile, the medians of the peaks and the parameters belonging to each set in the pair. We identify the subclasses of the double median rules satisfying group strategy-proofness, weak efficiency, and double unanimity (or efficiency), respectively. We also discuss the classes of “multiple median rules” and “non-anonymous double median rules”.
Constructing gazetteers from volunteered Big Geo-Data based on Hadoop

Traditional gazetteers are built and maintained by authoritative mapping agencies. In the age of Big Data, it is possible to construct gazetteers in a data-driven approach by mining rich volunteered geographic information (VGI) from the Web. In this research, we build a scalable distributed platform and a high-performance geoprocessing workflow based on the Hadoop ecosystem to harvest crowd-sourced gazetteer entries. Using experiments based on geotagged datasets in Flickr, we find that the MapReduce-based workflow running on the spatially enabled Hadoop cluster can reduce the processing time compared with traditional desktop-based operations by an order of magnitude. We demonstrate how to use such a novel spatial-computing infrastructure to facilitate gazetteer research. In addition, we introduce a provenance-based trust model for quality assurance. This work offers new insights on enriching future gazetteers with the use of Hadoop clusters, and makes contributions in connecting GIS to the cloud computing environment for the next frontier of Big Geo-Data analytics.
Dual-activation asymmetric strecker reaction of aldimines and ketimines catalyzed by a tethered bis(8-quinolinolato) aluminum complex.

An aluminum complex was found to be high yielding and enantioselective for the addition of cyanide to aldimines and ketimines. Although catalytic asymmetric addition of cyanide to imines to generate α-amino-protected nitriles (the Strecker reaction) has been extensively studied in the past, alternative, easier-to-handle reagents for this process are required for modern organic synthesis. To date, there are a limited number of reports utilizing alternative sources of cyanide other than KCN/HCN or TMSCN for this important reaction. The present catalyst provides uniformly high enantioselectivity for aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldimines and ketimines using ethyl cyanoformate as the cyanide source.