cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Human Performance on Clustering Problems: Some Potential Objective Criteria and Experimental Research Opportunities

The study of human performance on discrete optimization problems has a considerable history that spans various disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to outline a program of study for the measurement of human performance on discrete optimization problems related to clustering of points in the two-dimensional plane. I describe possible objective criteria for clustering problems, the measurement of agreement of solutions produced by subjects, and categories of experiments for investigating human performance on clustering problems. To facilitate future experimental testing of human subjects on clus- tering problems, optimal partitions were obtained for 233 two-dimensional clustering problems ranging in size from 10 to 70 points. For each test problem, an optimal solu- tion was obtained for each of three objective criteria: (a) maximizing partition split, (b) minimizing partition diameter, and (c) minimizing within-cluster sums of squares, and similarity of the solutions among these criteria has been computed.
Gel Permeation Chromatography and Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Abstract Although gel permeation chromatography is firmly established as a technique for investigating heterogeneity in synthetic polymers, the character of the chromatographic process-whether it is dominated by diffusion, by flow effects, or by an equilibrium partitioning of polymer between the mobile phase and the micropores in the column packing-is still disputed. General chromatographic theory supports the idea that under ordinary experimental conditions the equilibrium distribution of a solute determines the position of its elution peak in the chromatogram. Statistical mechanical calculations of distribution coefficients for linear and branched polymer chains and idealized pores of simple geometry lead to predictions in good accord with some experimental findings.
Evidence for a dioecious mating system in Early Jurassic Hardapestheria maxwelli gen. et sp. nov. (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Spinicaudata) from the Kalkrand Formation of Namibia

A new spinicaudatan (clam shrimp), Hardapestheria maxwelli gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Jurassic Kalkrand Formation of central Namibia. Specimens were collected from a sedimentary interbed within a succession of flood basalts. These are the first spinicaudatans to be described from the Jurassic of south-western Africa. The new taxon is assigned to the family Eosestheriidae based on the combination of punctae and radial ornamentation on the carapace. Ornamentation on the growth bands in H. maxwelli differs from other eosestheriid genera because the punctate ornamentation is not restricted to the dorsal region of the carapace. Instead, all growth bands include a proximal region with punctae even though the distal portion of each growth band may exhibit anastomosing lirae. Among well-documented Mesozoic spinicaudatan genera, Hardapestheria is most closely related to Carapacestheria from the contemporaneous Kirkpatrick Basalt of Antarctica and Yanjiestheria from the Early Cretaceous of China. Hardapestheria maxwelli displays sexual dimorphism, which can be definitively related to a dioecious mating system with discrete male and female individuals. Review of additional early members of the Eosestheriidae suggests that the maintenance of two discrete sexes was the ancestral state for the clade. The ability to discriminate sexual mating system type unambiguously is rare in fossils, and this new species sheds light on the relationship between environmental stability and mating system evolution.
Importance of seagrass as a carbon source for heterotrophic bacteria in a subtropical estuary (Florida Bay)

A stable carbon isotope approach was taken to identify potential organic matter sources incorporated into biomass by the heterotrophic bacterial community of Florida Bay, a subtropical estuary with a recent history of seagrass loss and phytoplankton blooms. To gain a more complete understanding of bacterial carbon cycling in seagrass estuaries, this study focused on the importance of seagrass-derived organic matter to pelagic, seagrass epiphytic, and sediment surface bacteria. Particulate organic matter (POM), seagrass epiphytic, seagrass (Thalassia testudinum) leaf, and sediment surface samples were collected from four Florida Bay locations with historically different organic matter inputs, macrophyte densities, and primary productivities. Bulk (observed and those reported previously) and compound-specific bacterial fatty acid d 13 C values were used to determine important carbon sources to the estuary and benthic and pelagic heterotrophic bacteria. The d 13 C values of T. testudinum green leaves with epiphytes removed ranged from � 9.9 to � 6.9&. Thalassia testudinum d 13 C values were significant more enriched in 13 C than POM, epiphytic, and sediment samples, which ranged from � 16.4 to � 13.5, � 16.2 to � 9.6, and � 16.7 to � 11.0 &, respectively. Bacterial fatty acid d 13 C values (measured for br14:0, 15:0, i15:0, a15:0, br17:0, and 17:0) ranged from � 25.5 to � 8.2&. Assuming a � 3& carbon source fractionation from fatty acid to whole bacteria, pelagic, epiphytic, and sediment bacterial d 13 C values were generally more depleted in 13 C than T. testudinum d 13 C values, more enriched in 13 C than reported d 13 C values for mangroves, and similar to reported d 13 C values for algae. IsoSource mixing model results indicated that
EMG pattern recognition control of multifunctional prostheses by transradial amputees

Electromyogram (EMG) pattern recognition approach has been investigated widely with able-bodied subjects for control of multifunctional prostheses and verified with high performance in identifying different movements. However, it remains unclear whether transradial amputees can achieve similar performance. In this study, we investigated the performance of EMG pattern recognition control of multifunctional transradial prostheses in five subjects with unilateral below-elbow amputation. Testing results on both residual and intact arms showed that the average classification error (21%) of amputated arms for ten motion classes (four wrist movements, six hand grasps) and a ‘no movement’ class over all five subjects was about 15% higher than that of intact arms. For six basic motion classes (wrist flexion/extension, wrist pronation/supination, and hand open/close), the average classification error over all five subjects was about 7% from residual arms, which was similar to the result from intact arms (6%). Only six optimal electrode channels might be needed to provide an excellent myoelectric control system for the six basic movements. These results suggest that the muscles in the residual forearm may produce sufficient myoelectric information to allow the six basic motion control, but insufficient information for more hand functions with fine finger movements.
SMART on FHIR Genomics: Facilitating standardized clinico-genomic apps

Background Supporting clinical decision support for personalized medicine will require linking genome and phenome variants to a patient’s electronic health record (EHR), at times on a vast scale. Clinico-genomic data standards will be needed to unify how genomic variant data are accessed from different sequencing systems. Methods A specification for the basis of a clinic-genomic standard, building upon the current Health Level Seven International Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) standard, was developed. An FHIR application protocol interface (API) layer was attached to proprietary sequencing platforms and EHRs in order to expose gene variant data for presentation to the end-user. Three representative apps based on the SMART platform were built to test end-to-end feasibility, including integration of genomic and clinical data. Results Successful design, deployment, and use of the API was demonstrated and adopted by HL7 Clinical Genomics Workgroup. Feasibility was shown through development of three apps by various types of users with background levels and locations. Conclusion This prototyping work suggests that an entirely data (and web) standards-based approach could prove both effective and efficient for advancing personalized medicine.
Advancing materials science semantic metadata via HIVE

This poster reports on the process and the initial results of an ontology for metals developed in Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS), a World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standard, and integrated into the HIVE technology.
Nitrite accumulation in a denitrifying biocathode microbial fuel cell

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a potential treatment technology-energy requirements for treatment can be offset with electricity production, biomass yield can be minimized, and microbial electron donors can be decoupled from acceptors, expanding treatment options. One potential MFC configuration uses an organic-oxidizing anode biofilm and a denitrifying cathode biofilm. However nitrite, a denitrification intermediate with environmental and public health impacts, has been reported to accumulate. In this study, before complete denitrification was achieved in a bench-scale, batch denitrifying cathode, nitrite concentrations reached 66.4 ± 7.5% of the initial nitrogen. Common environmental inhibitors such as insufficient electron donor, dissolved oxygen, insufficient carbon source, and pH, were considered. Improvement in these conditions did not mitigate nitrite accumulation. We present an Activated Sludge Model with an integration of the Nernst–Monod model and Indirect Coupling of Electrons (ASM–NICE) that effectively simulated the observed batch data, including nitrite-accumulation by coupling biocathodic electron transfer to intracellular electron mediators. The simulated half-saturation constants for mediated intracellular transfer of electrons during nitrate and nitrite reduction suggested a greater affinity for nitrate reduction when electrons are not limiting. The results imply that longer hydraulic retention times (HRTs) may be necessary for a denitrifying biocathode to ensure complete denitrification. These findings could play a role in designing full-scale MFC wastewater treatment systems to maximize total nitrogen removal.
Foreign Direct Investment as an Instrument of Growth: The United States and China’s Strategic, Economic and Global Roles (Part I)

“The ability of multi-national enterprises to promote sustainable development is greatly enhanced when trade and investment are conducted within the context of open, competitive and appropriately regulated markets."In consolidating on the objectives of its predecessor, this paper aims to address challenges which have arisen over the years and contributed to the present levels of global foreign investment. In so doing, it seeks to highlight how goals of corporate social responsibility of multinational enterprises can be efficiently and maximally realized where political, environmental, legal and social factors present impediments to the maximal achievement and realization of these goals.To what extent do multinational enterprises, whose goals include the fostering of growth and development, through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), actually realize their corporate social goals?This paper not only aims to address the above, but also highlight why obstacles and hindrances to the maximal realization of corporate social responsibility objectives need to be addressed – given the instrumental and vital role played by Foreign Direct Investment in fostering growth and development of the world’s economy.
Introduction to Plasma Dynamo, Reconnection and Shocks

In our plasma universe, most of what we can observe is composed of ionized gas, or plasma. This plasma is a conducting fluid, which advects magnetic fields when it flows. Magnetic structure occurs from the smallest planetary to the largest cosmic scales. We introduce at a basic level some interesting features of non linear magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). For example, in our plasma universe, dynamo creates magnetic fields from gravitationally driven flow energy in an electrically conducting medium, and conversely magnetic reconnection annihilates magnetic field and accelerates particles. Shocks occur when flows move faster than the local velocity (sonic or Alfven speed) for the propagation of information. Both reconnection and shocks can accelerate particles, perhaps to gigantic energies, for example as observed with 10{sup 20} eV cosmic rays.
To the Editor: The PARADIGM-HF trial.

TO THE EDITOR : Two considerations concerning the interpretation of the Prospective Comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and Morbidity in Heart Failure (PARADIGM-HF) trial are not addressed in the article by Sabe et al regarding a new class of drugs for systolic heart
Process Intensification in Hydrogen Production from Biomass-Derived Syngas

Biomass is a renewable and worldwide-abundant energy resource that shows great potential for environmentally benign power generation by minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. A “one-box” process has been proposed and studied in order to economically produce pure hydrogen from biomass-derived syngas in the presence of its common impurities through the use of the water gas shift (WGS) reaction. The heart of the process is a catalytic membrane reactor making use of carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes and an impurity-tolerant commercial Co/Mo/Al2O3 catalyst. CMS membrane stability was investigated in the presence of model tar and organic vapor compounds at experimental conditions similar to the WGS reaction environment. Experimental studies were carried out utilizing simulated biomass-derived syngas containing H2S and NH3 as key impurities, which was fed into the catalytic membrane reactor to produce a contaminant-free hydrogen product using the WGS reaction. The reactor performance has been investigated for...
Overlapping Domain Cover for Scalable and Accurate Regression Kernel Machines.

In this paper, we present the Overlapping Domain Cover (ODC) notion for kernel machines, as a set of overlapping subsets of the data that covers the entire training set and optimized to be spatially cohesive as possible. We propose an efficient ODC framework, which is applicable to various regression models and in particular reduces the complexity of Twin Gaussian Processes (TGP) regression from cubic to quadratic. We also theoretically justified the idea behind our method. We validated and analyzed our method on three human pose estimation datasets and interesting findings are discussed.
Hydrocarbon mixture condensation inside horizontal smooth tubes

Abstract The results from an experimental investigation of condensing zeotropic mixtures of hydrocarbons inside horizontal tubes are presented. The trends in heat transfer coefficient with temperature glide, saturation pressure, concentration, mass flux, and quality and tube diameter are discussed with reference to the changing thermodynamic and physical phenomena across the condensing conditions. The modeling techniques most commonly used to account for the non-equilibrium conditions and changes in the bubble and dew point temperatures affecting the condensing heat transfer coefficient are assessed. The degradation in heat transfer coefficient due to mixture effects is most significant at large temperature glides and in the larger tube diameter, and is least significant at higher mass fluxes. The data are analyzed using the Silver–Bell–Ghaly approach as well as the Colburn and Drew framework. The study provides insight into the behavior of zeotropic mixtures during condensation. The conditions that results in the largest concentration changes and cause the greatest degradation in the heat transfer rate are outlined.
The evolution of the American pharmaceutical industry.

L'histoire et le developpement de l'industrie pharmaceutique aux Etats-Unis sont decrits et montrent le role de la recherche scientifique dans la naissance de l'industrie pharmaceutique moderne, et l'impact de l'industrie sur la therapeutique
Measuring Diploma Production Costs: Does an Undergraduate Business Degree Cost More to Produce than a Non-Business Degree?

Many colleges and universities have implemented tuition differentials for certain degree programs including business and engineering. The primary justification for the differential is that the cost of producing these degrees is higher than the cost of other degrees. Most college accounting systems are unsuited for measuring cost differentials by degree program and instead look at the cost of operating the academic unit itself. This research outlines a method that can be used to convert commonly available financial data to a more appropriate form for cost analysis using a value stream accounting approach. We apply Lean management thinking and value stream accounting to compute the per capita salary expense incurred individual students as they progress through their degree program, then aggregate those costs per student to arrive at the average direct teaching cost of earning the degree. Our results show that the average aggregate faculty salary expense differs between degree programs. However, while business salaries tend to be higher than other disciplines, we find that the cost of delivering the classroom instruction portion of a business degree falls within a range. It was higher than the humanities, but significantly lower than the teaching costs for engineering and for the sciences. Cross-subsidies between degree programs can be ameliorated through well-designed tuition differentials, but institutions must understand the underlying cost structure to better manage scarce resources. Although the results we obtained are specific to this institution, the process we used is generalizable to all institutions.
Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Risk of Biliary Tract and Gallbladder Cancer in a Prospective Study.

Background Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption raises blood glucose concentration and has been positively associated with weight gain and type 2 diabetes, all of which have been implicated in the development of biliary tract cancer (BTC). This study examined the hypothesis that sweetened beverage consumption is positively associated with risk of BTC in a prospective study. Methods The study population comprised 70 832 Swedish adults (55.9% men, age 45-83 years) from the Swedish Mammography Cohort and Cohort of Swedish Men who were free of cancer and diabetes and completed a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Incident BTC case patients were ascertained through linkage with the Swedish Cancer Register. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to analyze the data. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results During a mean follow-up of 13.4 years, 127 extrahepatic BTC case patients (including 71 gallbladder cancers) and 21 intrahepatic BTC case patients were ascertained. After adjustment for other risk factors, women and men in the highest category of combined sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption had a statistically significantly increased risk of extrahepatic BTC and gallbladder cancer. The multivariable hazard ratios for two or more servings per day (200 mL/serving) of sweetened beverages compared with no consumption were 1.79 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02 to 3.13) for extrahepatic BTC and 2.24 (95% CI = 1.02 to 4.89) for gallbladder cancer. The corresponding hazard ratio for intrahepatic BTC was 1.69 (95% CI = 0.41 to 7.03). Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that high consumption of sweetened beverages may increase the risk of BTC, particularly gallbladder cancer.
Antifíbrsnolytic Therapy and Cerebral Vasospasm

The role of antifibrinolytic drugs in the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to remain uncertain. Recent controlled studies suggest that although these agents may alter the course of the illness, they confer no benefit in terms of overall outcome. Confronted with these data, clinicians in North America have radically altered their management of patients with ruptured aneurysms in the last decade. In the Timing of Surgery Study (1980-1983), 54% of patients were treated with antifibrinolytic drugs and only 32% underwent surgical clipping of the aneurysm on days 0-3 from the subarachnoid hemorrhage. In contrast, only 13% of the patients in the Randomized Trial of Nicardipine in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (1987-1989) received antifibrinolytics, whereas 53% had early surgery (unpublished observations). Further study will be required to determine if this strategy has resulted in an improvement in overall outcome. Some observers have suggested that as effective therapy for symptomatic vasospasm evolves (e.g., with hypertensive or hypervolemic therapy or calcium antagonists), the adverse effects of antifibrinolytic drugs on brain ischemia may be ameliorated. This idea must be confirmed by further evaluation of the combined use of these treatments. In the interim, antifibrinolytic drugs, if used at all, should be used with caution, and their use should be restricted to those patients judged not to be candidates for early surgery. If therapy cannot be started before day 7 after subarachnoid hemorrhage, it should not be started at all, as the reduced rate of rebleeding after the first 7 days does not justify the increased risk of brain ischemia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract 1787: Adolescent boys and the human papillomavirus (HPV) - Geographical patterns of vaccination uptake

INTRODUCTION Human Papillomavirus (HPV) remains the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) and is associated with multiple cancers. Previous research has examined HPV vaccine initiation and completion among girls. Among adolescent boys who are also at risk for contracting HPV, however, vaccine initiation and completion have not been widely explored. OBJECTIVE To examine predictors of HPV vaccine initiation and completion among boys in the United States. METHODS Analysis was conducted on 10,866 adolescent boys aged 13-17 using the 2014 National Immunization Survey-Teen. Our outcomes of interest, HPV vaccine initiation and completion, were measured using provider-verified vaccine history. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models assessed predictors of HPV vaccine initiation and completion. RESULTS Data stratified by geographic region showed that the prevalence of HPV vaccine initiation and completion ratio was lowest in the South: South (initiation: 38.82%, completion: 18.20%), Midwest (initiation: 38.15%, completion: 19.69%), West (initiation, 48.88%, completion: 26.12%), Northeast (initiation: 48.30%, completion: 26.96%). Multivariable analysis of geographic patterns indicated that adolescent boys residing in the West had higher odds of vaccine initiation compared to those in the South (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.08 - 1.83).On the other hand, the odds of vaccine completion were higher in adolescents residing both in the Northeast (OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.14 - 1.87) and West (OR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.95) compared to adolescent boys residing in the South. Adolescent boys who were recommended the HPV vaccine by a physician had 8.49 (95% CI; 7.03 - 10.26) and 5.97 (95% CI: 4.49 - 7.94) higher odds of initiation and completion, respectively. Compared to White adolescent boys, the odds of vaccine initiation (OR = 1.90; 95% CI: 1.47 - 2.48) and completion (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09 - 2.04) were higher amongHispanics boys. Moreover, boys aged 17 had higher odds of vaccine initiation compared to those who were 13 (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.05 - 1.90). Finally, while mothers’ education partially influenced the odds of vaccine initiation in adolescent boys ( CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the suboptimal HPV vaccine across the United States, as well as the sociodemographic disparities and geographic variation of HPV vaccine initiation and completion. Particularly among adolescent boys residing in the South, tailored interventions are needed to improve HPV vaccine uptake. Citation Format: Christian J. Geneus, Kahee A. Mohammed, Betelihem B. Tobo, Eric Adjei Boakye, Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters. Adolescent boys and the human papillomavirus (HPV) - Geographical patterns of vaccination uptake. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1787.
The social implications of casual online gaming

The theory of bounded generalized reciprocity has recently been applied to the study of video games, particularly those that offer cooperative and competitive settings. Emphasizing casual online gameplay, this study investigates how individuals respond to manipulated performance feedback in either a competitive or cooperative game play setting. An interaction between competitive setting and performance feedback was detected on measures of interpersonal liking and perceived competence. Specifically, perceptions of partners and competitors were relatively favorable in the cooperation/success and competition/failure conditions, respectively. On the other hand, participants rated their partners and competitors less favorably during cooperative failure and competitive success, possibly reflecting a unique self-serving bias. The results also suggest that individuals in a cooperative setting experience greater enjoyment than those in a competitive setting. The effectiveness of the two manipulations in this study may also have important implications for the design of serious or educational games, which often have the goal of strategically motivating players in an attempt to promote desired outcomes. Online casual games are ubiquitous and influence socially comparative perceptions.Game performance and social setting are common and valuable gaming elements.Manipulated performance and setting interacted on other competence and liking.Users favored others during team-win/personal-loss versus team-loss/personal-win.Implications for gaming person-perception, enjoyment, and design are discussed.
Bayesian hierarchical regression analysis of variations in sea surface temperature change over the past million years

Statistical challenges often preclude comparisons among different sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions over the past million years. Inadequate consideration of uncertainty can result in misinterpretation, overconfidence, and biased conclusions. Here I apply Bayesian hierarchical regressions to analyze local SST responsiveness to climate changes for 54 SST reconstructions from across the globe over the past million years. I develop methods to account for multiple sources of uncertainty, including the quantification of uncertainty introduced from absolute dating into inter-record comparisons. The estimates of local SST responsiveness explain 64% (62% to 77%, 95% interval) of the total variation within each SST reconstruction with a single number. There is remarkable agreement between SST proxy methods, with the exception of Mg/Ca proxy methods estimating muted responses at high latitudes. The Indian Ocean exhibits a muted response in comparison to other oceans. I find a stable estimate of the proposed “universal curve" of change in local SST responsiveness to climate changes as a function of sin2(latitude) over the past 400,000 years: SST change at 45° N/S is larger than the average tropical response by a factor of 1.9 (1.5 to 2.6, 95% interval) and explains 50% (35% to 58%, 95% interval) of the total variation between each SST reconstruction. These uncertainty and statistical methods are well-suited for application across paleoclimate and environmental data series inter-comparisons.
Equidimensional-In-x Equations

This chapter discusses about equidimensional-in- x equations. An equidimensional-in- x equation is one in which the scaling of the x variable does not change the equation. By a change of independent variable, an equation of this type can be changed into an autonomous equation. An equidimensional-in- x equation is one that is left invariant under the transformation x → ax , where ‘ a’ is a constant. That is, if the original equation is an equation for y ( x ) and the x variable is replaced by the variable ax ′, then the new equation (in terms of y and x ′) will be identical to the original equation (which is in terms of y and x ). An equation of this type can be converted to an autonomous equation of the same order by changing the independent variable from x to t by the transformation x = e t .
A Messianic State? Ideology, Rationality and Eschatology in Iranian Politics

In current discussions regarding Iranian domestic and foreign policy it is often argued that Iran is a messianic state. Specifically, it is asserted that the Iranian regime’s ideology, as institutionalized through the 1979 revolution, is based on the imminent appearance of a messiah, known within Shi'ism as the Mahdi. This emphasis on end times is given as evidence that the Iranian regime does not function within the same logic as "rational" states. More recently, President Ahmadinejad's explicitly messianic rhetoric was cited as proof that the regime embraces an increasingly dangerous eschatology which seeks to in fact hasten the Mahdi's return. This paper argues instead that Mahdism is a strategy intended to institutionalize a religious nationalism that can serve as a powerbase for non-clerical political elites. Iranian religious nationalism is not noticeably different from other ideologies, and is just as rational in its objectives.
Security-Aware Design Methodology

A general security-aware design methodology is introduced in this chapter to provide insights and guidelines for security-aware design problems for cyber-physical systems which usually have limited resources and strict constraints. The methodology includes three major components: security-aware mapping, security mechanism selection, and architecture selection, to address security at early design stages together with all other design constraints.
Impact of food craving and calorie intake on body mass index (BMI) changes during an 18-month behavioral weight loss trial.

The purpose of this study was to explore relations between food craving, caloric intake, and body mass index (BMI) changes over the course of an 18-month weight loss trial. Two-hundred two obese adults (mean BMI = 34.9 kg/m2; mean age = 51.30 years, 92.2% White; 57.8% female) who participated in a behavioral weight loss trial completed measures of food craving, caloric intake, and BMI at baseline, 6 and 18 months. From baseline to 6 months, higher initial food cravings were associated with more gradual and less steep reductions in BMI. Additionally, the relation between changes in food craving and BMI changes varied by levels of change in caloric intake, such that BMI change and change in food cravings were positively associated at low levels of change in caloric intake, but were unrelated at average and high levels of change in caloric intake. Similarly, from baseline to 6 months and from 6 to 18 months, the relation between changes in food craving and BMI changes also varied by initial levels of caloric intake. Explicit clinical targeting of food craving management may be beneficial for individuals beginning weight loss programs, especially for those who report higher levels of food craving at baseline. Baseline caloric intake and change in calorie intake over time may serve as moderators of the relation between food cravings and BMI.
Effects of electronic excitation on cascade dynamics in nickel–iron and nickel–palladium systems

Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations and the two-temperature model, we provide a comparison of the surviving damage from single ion irradiation events in nickel-based alloys, for cascades with and without taking into account the effects of the electronic excitations. We find that including the electronic effects impacts the amount of the resulting damage and the production of isolated defects. Irradiation of nickel–palladium systems results in larger numbers of defects compared to nickel–iron systems, with similar numbers of isolated defects. We additionally investigate the mass effect on the two-temperature model in molecular dynamics simulations of cascades.
Activity selection among baby boomer national park visitors: The search for a sense of adventure

Abstract The U.S. population continues to age, and the large baby boomer cohort is a major influencer. The activity selection of baby boomer visitors to national parks is therefore explored. The literature suggests baby boomers are a group with diverse outdoor interests. Some are interested in adventurous pursuits, while others are interested in more tame forms of recreation. A quantitative study was conducted in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SEKI) in California to see if this cohort is unique in terms of outdoor activity interests. In-person surveys collected at SEKI were used to obtain a sample of 403 individuals within the baby boomer age range. The findings suggest that a majority of baby boomers prefer to participate in outdoor activities in SEKI. They see themselves as healthy and active, and enjoy participating in moderate to strenuous, somewhat risky outdoor activities. Management implications For park managers, this research identifies the activities in which baby boomers choose to participate. This research will allow for informed decisions to be made, such as whether to modify existing signage, educate the cohort on the potential resource issues of entering the backcountry with little to no training or experience, and determine whether some resources near developed areas should be made more accessible. Baby boomer visitors are more active than the typical visitor; they engage in many outdoor recreation activities. At the same time, they are aging and may be less prepared for some of the activities they seek out. Overall, this research may enable park managers to adapt by tailoring communication and perhaps facilities and offerings to the large baby boomer cohort.
Enabling efficient fine-grained DRAM activations with interleaved I/O

DRAM contributes a significant part of the total system energy consumption, and row activation is one of the most energy inefficient components. Prior works on fine-grained DRAM activation rely on increasing the number of local wires to avoid degrading performance, which adds area overheads. This work proposes interleaved I/O to allow data transferring from different partially activated banks to share the global I/O. The proposed DRAM architecture allows half-, quarter-, or one-eighth- page activations without changing the wires. The system performance is competitive as compared with other fine-grained activation designs. For the evaluated benchmarks, an average of up to 15.7% performance improvement is achieved among all of the configurations. Furthermore, the total DRAM energy can be reduced by an average of 11.2% for halfpage, 17.2% for quarterpage, and 22.3% for one-eighth-page.
Model Reference Adaptive Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicle With Dual Clutch Transmission Configurations

This paper proposes the use of an adaptive control of a hybrid electric vehicle with dual clutch transmission (HDCT). First, this paper shows mathematical equations for the nonlinear system. Then it presents the linearized model for the proposed system. The control objective of the model reference adaptive controller (MRAC) considered in this paper is to minimize fuel consumption and reduce torque interruption in a hybrid electric vehicle. The MRAC can be used to control the electric motor during changes in speed and gear, and the system can adapt to a model that simulates different driver patterns. The effects of using different model responses as input combinations are analyzed in an effort to exploit the over-actuation feature of the system, as is the sensitivity of the performance to various design factors. The simulation results for an HDCT demonstrate that the MRAC achieves reduced torque interruption and less vehicle jerk compared to the conventional method of operation.
Using Technologies in Nursing Research Education: A Mixed Methods Case Study

To better prepare nurses for the new and expanding roles required in healthcare, faculty are expected to integrate emerging technology into educational processes. Using a mixed methods research design, this study aimed to examine nursing student reactions and learning based on their participation in an online research course through two technology-enhanced assignments: (1) annotation of the structure of a research article and (2) reflection on the content of a research article. Quantitative analysis examined students' questionnaire responses, and qualitative analysis explored students' reflective learning journals and the instructor's notes. These two separate strands of data were then integrated using a joint display. The discussion was guided by two components of the New World Kirkpatrick model, reaction and learning. Our findings suggest that the use of technology in the design of assignments is a way to engage students in learning and can be used to enhance nursing students' research learning online.
Opportunities of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Advanced Applications

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of functional nanostructures with intriguing properties, due to their unprecedented combination of high crystallinity, tunable pore size, large surface area, and unique molecular architecture. The range of properties characterized in COFs has rapidly expanded to include those of interest for numerous applications ranging from energy to environment. Here, a background overview is provided, consisting of a brief introduction of porous materials and the design feature of COFs. Then, recent advancements of COFs as a designer platform for a plethora of applications are emphasized together with discussions about the strategies and principles involved. Finally, challenges remaining for this type material for real applications are outlined.
Does using a smartphone for work purposes “ruin” your leisure? Examining the role of smartphone use in work–leisure conflict and life satisfaction

This study examined a model centered on the concept of work-leisure conflict that included three antecedents (daily smartphone use, work overload due to smartphone use, and segmentation culture) an...
Comparisons of bone density and body composition among adolescents with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa.

OBJECTIVE To compare bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition among adolescents: (a) with atypical anorexia nervosa (AAN) versus anorexia nervosa (AN) and (b) those with and without a prior history of overweight. METHOD Electronic medical records of patients 9-20 years with AN or AAN who underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS A total of 286 adolescents with AN or AAN were included. In linear regression models, AAN was associated with greater Z-scores in whole body bone mineral content (BMC, B = 0.88, p < 0.001), lumbar spine BMD (B = 0.79, p = 0.002), femoral neck BMD (B = 0.670, p = 0.009); fat mass index (B = 1.33, p = 0.003), and lean body mass index (LBMI, B = 1.10, p < 0.001) compared to AN, adjusting for age, sex, and duration of illness. A prior overweight history was associated with greater Z-scores in whole body BMC; lumbar spine BMD, total hip BMD, femoral neck BMD, and LBMI. DISCUSSION Adolescents with AAN had higher BMD Z-scores than adolescents with AN; adolescents with a prior overweight history had greater BMD Z-scores than adolescents without a prior overweight history. These findings may inform clinical guidelines for the medical management of AAN.
Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) Ameliorated the Onset and Severity of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurologic autoimmune disease, which is the leading cause of nontraumatic neurologic disability in young adults in United States and Europe. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are reported to mitigate severity of this disease. Recent studies suggest that phospholipid (PL) form of dietary n-3 PUFA may lead to their higher tissue accretion than triacylglycerol (TAG) form. We compared efficacy of PL-docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) (DHA) and TAG-DHA on onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in a mouse model of MS. Female mice were fed low alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) (ALA) diet (control) for 2 weeks and then fed either control, 0.3%, or 1.0% DHA (PL or TAG) for 4 weeks pre-EAE induction and 4 weeks post-EAE induction. The brain and spinal cord n-6:n-3 ratio was significantly lower in all mice fed DHA compared to control. EAE onset was delayed in mice fed both DHA forms and concentrations, except for 1% TAG-DHA. The inverse association between the EAE score and the brain DHA concentration was nonsignificant at the end of the study (p = 0.08). Daily EAE scores of mice fed different DHA diets did not differ from control, however, the score of all DHA groups combined during days 9-16 was lower (p = 0.028) compared to the control. During days 17-22, the EAE score trended lower in 0.3% TAG-DHA and during days 23-28, the EAE score trended lower in both PL-DHA groups than those in all other groups. These findings suggest that TAG-DHA may be more effective than PL-DHA in the early phases of EAE, and in the final outcome, PL-DHA may be more effective than TAG-DHA.
Estimating groundwater recharge

Understanding groundwater recharge is essential for successful management of water resources and modeling fluid and contaminant transport within the subsurface. This book provides a critical evaluation of the theory and assumptions that underlie methods for estimating rates of groundwater recharge. Detailed explanations of the methods are provided - allowing readers to apply many of the techniques themselves without needing to consult additional references. Numerous practical examples highlight benefits and limitations of each method. Approximately 900 references allow advanced practitioners to pursue additional information on any method. For the first time, theoretical and practical considerations for selecting and applying methods for estimating groundwater recharge are covered in a single volume with uniform presentation. Hydrogeologists, water-resource specialists, civil and agricultural engineers, Earth and environmental scientists and agronomists will benefit from this informative and practical book. It can serve as the primary text for a graduate-level course on groundwater recharge or as an adjunct text for courses on groundwater hydrology or hydrogeology. For the benefit of students and instructors, problem sets of varying difficulty are available at http://wwwbrr.cr.usgs.gov/projects/GW_Unsat/Recharge_Book/
Prevalence of Bladder Dysfunction in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Background The primary therapeutic objective during the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) is relief from volume overload. This is achieved primarily through urinary losses of sodium and water from diuretics. Urine output is a primary source of data for monitoring and titrating therapy in these patients. To our knowledge, the prevalence and natural history of bladder dysfunction in patients with ADHF undergoing diuresis has not been described. Hypothesis Bladder dysfunction will be common among patients with ADHF. Methods Patients admitted to Yale New Haven hospital with worsening heart failure requiring IV diuresis were prospectively enrolled. After a forced void, bladder ultrasounds were conducted using a Verathon® BVI 3000 bladder scanner. Three values were taken for each patient and averaged. In a subset of these patients, an ambulatory outpatient follow-up bladder scan was performed. Results 283 patients were enrolled and underwent determination of post void residual (PVR) volume. The average PVR volume was 131 ± 169 ml. Only 41% of patients had a normal PVR ( 100 ml and 23% of the patients had a PVR greater than 200 ml, which meets criteria for acute urinary retention. Surprisingly, we did not find a significant difference in the PVR retention volume between men (138 ± 166 ml) and women (118 ± 173 ml; p=0.32). There was also no difference in the prevalence of a PVR greater than 200 ml between men and women (p=0.19). Similarly, age and diabetic status were not correlated with PVR (p=NS for both) and in patients with a PVR >200 ml both the age (65 ± 15 years vs. 64 ± 13 years, p=0.62) and odds of having diabetes (OR=1.1, p=0.78) were not different. A total of 106 patients returned for an ambulatory a median of 43 days after discharge and had a repeat determination of PVR. Notably, there was a significant improvement in PVR volume post discharge with a mean 58 ± 134 ml (p 200 ml while hospitalized but only 4.7% had a PVR>200 ml at the return visit. Conclusion Significant bladder dysfunction is highly prevalent in ADHF patients and was not associated with traditional causes for bladder dysfunction. This dysfunction was largely resolved upon outpatient follow-up. Additional research is needed to understand the cause and clinical implications of the high rate of bladder dysfunction in patients with ADHF.
Toward a Comprehensive View of MicroRNA Biology

In this issue of Molecular Cell, two complementary studies illuminate miRNA biology with unprecedented depth and breadth. Reichholf et al. (2019) present a quantitative view of miRNA biogenesis and turnover, while Becker et al. (2019) describe an exhaustive evaluation of miRNA target recognition.
Linking Arenas: structuring concepts in the study of politics and protest

An arena is a familiar, common-sense word to specify what constrains and enables human actors, or players, in politics, in the sense of the places where they do politics. It joins a long list of si...
Near-isometric motion analysis using spectral geometry

Abstract This chapter presents a novel method to analyze a set of poses of 3D models that are represented with triangle meshes and unregistered. Different shapes of poses are transformed from the 3D spatial domain to a geometry spectral domain defined by the Laplace–Beltrami operator. During this space-spectrum transform, all near-isometric deformations, mesh triangulations, and Euclidean transformations are filtered away. The different spatial poses from a 3D model are represented with near-isometric deformations, and therefore they have similar behaviors in the spectral domain. Semantic parts of that model are then determined based on the computed geometric properties of all the mapped vertices in the geometry spectral domain. A semantic skeleton can be automatically built with joints detected as well. The method turns a rather difficult spatial problem into a spectral problem that is much easier to solve. The applications show that the 3D pose analysis method leads to a registration-free pose analysis and a high-level semantic part understanding of 3D shapes.
“An Ægyptian darknesse”: pagan chronologies, historia sacra, and the hieroglyph in England, 1646-1690

In this article I consider the depiction of the Egyptian hieroglyph in several seventeenth-century English religio-historiographical works that engage with the problems posed by the Egyptian dynast...