cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model-building of neurohypophyseal hormones.

Abstract An attempt is made to construct models of the polypeptide backbone of the neurohypophyseal hormones. Using the sequences of six hormones and the empirical statistical approach (Kabat & Wu, 1972; Wu & Kabat, 1973), an initial selection is made of a set of φ, ψ angles satisfying all six sequences from a 20 × 20 × 20 table of φ, ψ values of tripeptides in 11 known proteins. Because of insufficient data at several positions, φ, ψ angles in the α-helical and β-sheet domains were considered as possible alternatives and the final selection was made to bring the disulfide bond as close as possible (model I). These initial values are then subjected to an energy minimization to refine the model; reasonable agreement with nuclear magnetic resonance data for possible φ values is obtained. Model II is constructed to be consistent with the available nuclear magnetic resonance data and the suggestion of a sequential Cu2+-binding site. Both models contain similar structural features and may be converted to one another with rotation of only a few angles. Interactive computer graphics was applied to construct model II, and its use in problems in this type is described. The relation of the experimental data to the various models that have been proposed for the neurohypophyseal hormones is discussed and an experiment is suggested that may permit a choice between them.
Caloric restriction: life span extension and retardation of brain aging

Abstract Caloric restriction (CR) increases maximum life span in many species. In laboratory rodents, it opposes the development of age-associated biological and pathological changes. Although most rodent studies start CR early in life (∼1–3 months of age), CR from middle age also retards the aging process. Reviewed herein is the approach we are taking to address three questions concerning CR. How does CR retard aging and disease processes? There is evidence that CR lowers oxidative stress generated by mitochondrial oxidative energy (i.e. calorie) metabolism. This lowering is most profound in post-mitotic tissues. We have used microarrays to describe the gene expression profile of aging skeletal muscle, heart and brain (neocortex and cerebellum) in mice and its alteration by CR. In both brain regions, aging resulted in an expression profile indicative of a marked inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and reduced neurotrophic support. CR attenuated the age-associated inductions of genes involved in inflammatory and stress responses while shifting expression levels for several genes not changing with age. Does CR retard aging in primates? Two ongoing studies in rhesus monkeys on CR plus epidemiological data support the idea of human translatability. Whether life extension occurs in monkeys on CR should become known in ~15 years. Studies in humans on CR were launched by the NIA in 2002. Can substances be found which mimic the beneficial actions of CR? The search for ‘CR mimetics’ should benefit from the use of genomic and proteomic approaches.
System of systems interoperability types and characteristics in joint command and control

The United States Department of Defense and their Joint Vision 2010 and 2020 articulates the necessity for multinational and interagency cooperation and interdependent command and control for a full range of capabilities. Joint vision relies on system of systems to bridge participant systems with interoperability as a key enabler. To achieve this key enabler, this paper discusses the need for interoperability implementation at the programmatic, constructive, and operational levels. The system of systems interoperability must take into account its unbounded characteristics and engineer constituent systems for syntactic and semantic interoperability and to be system of systems enabled for an omnipresent environment. This paper demonstrates why systems must be managed and engineered as system of systems centric versus systems centric. System readiness levels and integration readiness levels are suggested to manage the constituent systems within a system of systems.
Two-dimensional late-stage coarsening for nucleation and growth at high-area fractions

Numerical simulations of two-dimensional late-stage coarsening for nucleation and growth (Ostwald ripening) are performed at large-area fractions without shape restrictions. We employ efficient computational methods that allow us to study large systems. The free energy of the system we consider is composed of two different curves. Thus, the system consists of a set of isolated particles even at high-area fractions. This is totally different from the interconnected spinodal structures generated by the Cahn-Hilliard model, where the free energy is composed of a single curve. Although the domain structures are quite different, we find that the qualitative features of the structure function for both models are the same.
Automatic stereotypes vs. automatic prejudice: Sorting out the possibilities in the Payne (2001) weapon paradigm ☆

Abstract Payne (2001) has documented that African-American faces automatically facilitate the categorization of handguns, relative to White faces. We suggest that these provocative results could derive from either the automatic activation of prejudice (negative evaluations) or the automatic activation of stereotypes (both positively and negatively valenced associations). In an extension of Payne’s procedure, we show that African-American faces facilitate the categorization of both handguns and sports-related objects, but not the categorization of insects or fruits. Additionally, both handguns and sports objects are more likely to be miscategorized following a White face prime than an African-American one. These results suggest that when perceivers are attempting to identify objects, automatic stereotypic associations, both positively and negatively valenced ones, are more influential than general negative sentiments towards African-Americans.
A LOW-TEMPERATURE EMISSION BAND FROM DILUTE SOLUTIONS OF PURE CHLOROPHYLL A.

PREVIOUSLY published fluorescence spectra of chlorophyll a in dilute ethyl other solution show a major band with maximum at 668 mµ and a minor band with maximum at 723 mµ., at room temperature1,2; at 77° K in ether–isopentane–ethanol (EPA), chlorophyll also exhibits two emission bands, with maxima at about 684 and 735 mµ3.
Formation of Bright Matter-Wave Solitons during the Collapse of Attractive Bose-Einstein Condensates

We observe bright matter-wave solitons form during the collapse of (85)Rb condensates in a three-dimensional (3D) magnetic trap. The collapse is induced by using a Feshbach resonance to suddenly switch the atomic interactions from repulsive to attractive. Remnant condensates containing several times the critical number of atoms for the onset of instability are observed to survive the collapse. Under these conditions a highly robust configuration of 3D solitons forms such that each soliton satisfies the condition for stability and neighboring solitons exhibit repulsive interactions.
Bank Rates of Return and Entry Restrictions, 1869-1914

This article uses a variety of data in a simple regression framework to test various hypotheses about the regional differences in U.S. bank rates of return existing before 1915. We find that the observed pattern in the return differences is a function of the measures of bank returns used in previous studies, regional differences in economic conditions, restrictions on interstate branch banking, and private bank minimum capital requirements. These results are inconsistent with most of the bank monopoly-power hypotheses in the literature. A number of studies have found that bank rates of return (used as a proxy for loan interest rates) in the rest of the country were noticeably greater than those in the Mid-Atlantic region in the 1870s, but the differences decreased over time and disappeared almost completely by about the turn of the century.' The differences have been attributed to monopoly power, which, it is argued, was due to legal restrictions on entry: for example, the prohibition of branch banking by national banks, minimum capital requirements for national or state chartered banks, and the absence of general incorporation laws for banks in some states.2 We extend previous research by using a more appropriate variable to measure monopoly power, directly estimating the effects of the variables hypothesized to be entry barriers, examining the role of all institutions that competed with national banks in the market for commercial loans, and controlling for regional business conditions. We find that the regional differences in bank returns documented in previous work were due to the way returns were measured and to a lesser degree to regional differences in agricultural returns, restrictions on
Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of fluoromalonyl-CoA

Abstract Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the conversion of fluoroacetyl-CoA to fluoromalonyl-CoA. Fluoromalonyl-CoA was isolated and purified using reverse phase HPLC. The resulting purified compound was characterized with 19 F NMR.
I Came, I Saw, I Put It on My Resume For Medical School

The author argues for the myriad benefits of extracurricular involvement to students' psychosocial development and calls upon administrators and professors to encourage students to participate in carefully selected activities with earnest commitment of their time and efforts.The author contends that colleges demonstrate that they encourage prospective students to take their involvement in activities seriously when college admissions emphasize the level of student involvement in each activity over merely the number of extracurricular activities in their profiles of first-year students.
Expression and purification of mouse TIMP-1 from E. coli

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) constitute a family of secreted glycoproteins involved in regulating extracellular matrix degradation in both normal and malignant tissues. We have expressed a cDNA clone of mouse TIMP-1 as a 22-kDa protein with 12 cysteine residues in E. coli and purified protein that shows inhibitory activity against collagenase following renaturation by chemical means. The low specific activity and circular dichroism measurements suggest, however, that the renaturation of the mouse recombinant (non-glycosylated) protein is not efficient under the conditions we have used, indicative of either thermodynamic instability or the transition to kinetic intermediates which have very low in vitro refolding rates.
Efficient handling of obligation constraints in synthesis from omega-regular specifications

A finite state reactive system (for instance a hardware controller) can be specified through a set of ω-regular properties, most of which are often safety properties. In the game-based approach to synthesis, the specification is converted to a game between the system and the environment. A deterministic implementation is obtained from the game graph and a system's winning strategy. However, there are obstacles to extract an efficient implementation from the game in hardware. On the one hand, a large space must be explored to find a strategy that has a concise representation. On the other hand, the transition structure inherited from the game graph may correspond to a state encoding that is far from optimal. In the approach presented in this paper, the game is formulated as a sequence of Boolean equations. That leads to significant improvements in the quality of the implementation compared to existing automata-based techniques. It is also shown discussed to extend this approach to the synthesis from obligation properties.
Quality of life impact of public policies for energy and telecommunications

The objective of this preliminary investigation is to identify actual current public policy options for managing these two interdependent infrastructures to explore possible impacts on measures of quality of life. Causal relationships are investigated between public policies and quality of life related to two critical infrastructures energy and telecommunications. Specific components of these infrastructures are selected to narrow the scope of the investigation. Within the broad area of energy, the focus is the electric power industry. The telephone and Internet communications subsystems are the focus within the telecommunications infrastructure. For the purposes of this work, these two subsystems are referred to as the telecommunications infrastructure, even though a more encompassing definition would typically include broadcast television and radio, enterprise networks, amateur radio systems, and a variety of other voice and data exchange systems.
Presumed safe no more: lessons from the Wingspan saga on regulation of devices.

Despite a randomized controlled trial showing clear safety concerns with the Wingspan intracranial stent system, the device remains on the market. Ari J Gartenberg and colleagues argue that the exemption system used to obtain its market approval in the US is not adequate for high risk devices
Missing In Action: International Aid Agencies In Poor Countries To Fight Chronic Disease

Chronic conditions are not just a problem for industrialized countries; they also affect more than a billion people in low- and middle-income countries. This Perspective shows how some middle-income countries are beginning to respond to the growing cost and prevalence of noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs). The primary message here, however, is that low-income countries will need substantial international assistance to confront the growing cost and burden of disease associated with NCDs. Evidence from middle-income countries suggests that there are low-cost, cost-effective ways to prevent and treat NCDs in low-income countries.
Ultraviolet and photosynthetically active bands : plane surface irradiance at corn canopy base

The potential increase in ultraviolet (UV) irradiance and potential decrease in productivity of agricultural crops due to stratospheric ozone loss requires knowledge of the characteristics of UV irradiance above and within crops. Little is currently known about the distribution of UV radiation within crops. The objectives of this study were to describe the UV radiation environment with respect to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) environment at the base of a corn canopy and relate the differences in measured irradiances to differences in canopy characteristics and differences in the proportion of direct and diffuse radiation in the two wavelength bands. Measurements of the near UV (wavelength band approximately 305-350 nm) and PAR irradiance on plane surfaces (such as leaves) oriented in a wide range of view zeniths and azimuths were made at the base of a corn canopy in September 1989 at West Lafayette, IN (solar zenith angle 54.6 ± 5°). Comparisons between the transmitted energy in near UV (NUV) and PAR wavelengths through the corn canopy were made using normalized paired irradiance measurements for a plane surface in 737 different view zenith and azimuth orientations. The NUV irradiance decreased more rapidly than the PAR irradiance as either the incidence angle (between the sun and the plane surface normal) or the view zenith angle increased. Results suggest that the corn canopy transmittance of PAR and NUV are similar but the canopy reflectance of PAR is greater than that of NUV. Contribution of Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Purdue Journal Paper no. 12,260.
Writing Self-Efficacy in Young Children: Issues for the Early Grades Environment

The intent of this study was to examine young children’s perceptions of writing self-efficacy (Grades K–1). Most research studies find a significant relationship between self-efficacy and achievement in older students (Grades 4–16). Research has also shown that children are affected by personal perceived self-efficacy. Therefore, self-efficacy can affect young learners as well. There are few self-efficacy studies among young learners, especially kindergarten and first grade. This study was conducted to determine if young learners could describe their writing self-efficacy and, if so, how student perceptions compare to teachers’ and researchers’ perceptions.
Correlates and consequences of chronic insomnia

Approximately one half of patients with insomnia have a primary psychiatric disorder such as a depression or anxiety. Insomnia is associated with increased risk of new or recurrent psychiatric disorders, increased daytime sleepiness with consequent cognitive impairment, poorer prognoses, reduced quality of life and high healthcare-related financial burden. Emerging data suggest that resolution of insomnia may improve psychiatric outcomes, which underscores the importance of vigorous treatment. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of patients receive such care. An ideal monotherapeutic strategy would treat both depression and insomnia. There are, however, only a handful of modern antidepressants that objectively improve sleep maintenance problems, and none do so without causing adverse next-day effects such as sedation. Thus, a significant number of patients must take adjunctive hypnotic medications, even though longer-term efficacy has not been established. New and emerging anti-insomnia agents may prove useful in the long-term treatment of chronic insomnia. Further research is needed to establish the benefits of such treatment.
IP-level implementation of a resistance-based physical unclonable function

A complete on-chip implementation of a bit generation engine using a physical unclonable function is presented in this paper. The bit generation engine, called the JellyFishPUF (JFP), provides keying material for encryption, authentication bitstrings for anti-counterfeiting and true random number generation. JFP utilizes a Physical Unclonable Function that is based on resistance variations in metals and transistors. JFP is fully implemented as a layout in an area of 0.125 mm 2 using a 65 nm technology, which includes a 2KB SRAM for public data storage. The bitstrings produced from Monte Carlo SPICE-level simulations of the entropy source in combination with logic simulations of the digital engine are evaluated with respect to randomness, uniqueness and stability metrics across a wide range of temperature and voltage corners.
Rapid measurement of drug release from temperature-sensitive liposomes by electron paramagnetic resonance and radioisotope techniques

We have developed two new methods for quantifying drug release from temperature-sensitive liposomes. Large unilamellar vesicles were made by the reverse phase evaporation process. They contained a water-soluble electron paramagnetic resonance probe, trimethyl-4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine N-oxyl and the radioisotope cytosine-[3H]1-β-D-arabinofuranoside in their aqueous compartment. Release of the electron paramagnetic resonance probe was measured by placing the liposomes in a solution of a spin label quenching agent, potassium ferricyanide, and monitoring the reduction in signal strength. The measurement of radioisotope release involved rapid ultracentrifugation of the liposomes after which the supernatant was tested for the presence of radioactivity. Both methods were found to be rapid and convenient ways of measuring drug release from temperature-sensitive liposomes and both methods gave comparable results. The radioisotope assay provides a direct measurement of drug leakage, whereas the electron spin resonance assay provides a continuous marker for liposome stability as a function of temperature.
So, you want to be an entrepreneur? Lessons from the Entrepreneurship Bootcamp for Veterans with Disabilities

Abstract Based on helping dozens of military veterans refine their ideas for starting a business, we identify and discuss a series of potential pitfalls that aspiring entrepreneurs—veterans and civilians alike—must avoid in order to be successful. Potential entrepreneurs must not confuse the pursuit of hobbies and self-employment with the act of creating a business. People who wish to build a business around public speaking or consulting need to firmly establish why customers should be willing to pay for their advice. Individuals that seek to develop a new non-profit organization must have a viable value proposition even though they are not pursing a profit motive. Overall, the entrepreneurial ventures that are most likely to succeed are those that (1) are based on a sustainable business model, (2) leverage the entrepreneur's unique experiences and attributes, and (3) are built around a process or system that enables the venture to prosper even if the entrepreneur leaves the venture.
Growth and Process Induced Dislocations in Zinc Oxide Crystals

Zinc oxide crystals were grown using hydrothermal method, and the habit faces were indexed by computing from inter-axial angles of the as grown boules. The dislocation structures were studied using synchrotron white beam X-ray topography. Grown-in dislocations as well as process-induced defects were characterized in the ZnO crystals. Knoop and Vickers micro-hardness were studied on sliced crystal plates. Chemical etching was used to study the dislocations running perpendicular to the wafer.
The principle of optimality in the design of efficient algorithms

The influence of Richard Bellman is seen in algorithms throughout the computer science literature. Bellman’s principle of optimality has been used to develop highly efficient dynamic programming solutions to many important and difficult problems. The paradigm is now well entrenched as one of the most successful algorithm design tools employed by computer scientists. The optimality principle was given a broad and general statement by Bellman [23, making it applicable to problems of diverse types. Since computer programs are often employed to implement solutions based on the principle of optimality, Bellman’s impact on computing in general has been immense. In this paper we wish to focus in particular on the influence of Bellman’s work on the area of computer science known as algorithm design and analysis. A primary goal of algorithm design and analysis is to discover theoretical properties of classes of algorithms (e.g., how efficient they are, when they are applicable) and thus learn how to better apply the algorithms to new problems. From the perspective of algorithm design and analysis, combinatorial optimization problems form the class of problems on which the principle of optimality has had its greatest impact. Problem decomposition is a basic technique for attacking problems of this type-the solution to a large problem is obtained by combining solutions to smaller subproblems. The trick of this approach, of course, is to define an efficient decomposition procedure which assures that combining optimal solutions to subproblems will result in an optimal solution to the larger problem. As a standard course of action, computer scientists attempt to define a decomposition 97 0022-247X/86 $3.00
Evaluation and implementation of self-management programs for children with asthma.

Abstract We have reviewed the needs and problems associated with the evaluation and implementation of programs designed to assist children with asthma and their parents to manage the illness. To date, there are several programs that have been evaluated and found to be effective in terms of the objectives and dimensions described. Implementation has presented a larger problem because there are few implementors and because of the major barriers to be overcome by those who would make these programs available to the significant numbers of children and families who would benefit. Unless ways can be found to overcome the medical and reimbursement barriers, asthma self-management programs will not thrive. The growing number of individuals enrolled in some form of health maintenance organization, however, suggests a greater market for asthma self-management programs, under circumstances in which the costs of emergency room use and hospital services must be borne by physicians and hospitals, rather than by their patients.
Individual Difference Variables and the Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Analgesic Imagery Interventions on Cancer Pain

Clinicians in acute care settings are often called upon to manage cancer pain unrelieved by medications. Cognitive-behavioral strategies, such as relaxation and imagery, are recommended for cancer pain management; however, there appear to be individual differences in their effects. This pilot study examined variation in pain outcomes achieved with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) and analgesic imagery interventions among hospitalized patients with cancer pain, and assessed the influence of four individual difference variables (cognitive ability, outcome expectancy, previous experience, and concurrent symptoms) on pain relief achieved with each intervention. A crossover design was used in which 40 hospitalized cancer patients received two trials of PMR, two trials of analgesic imagery, and two trials of a control condition. In comparing means between treatment and control conditions, both PMR and analgesic imagery produced greater improvements in pain intensity, pain-related distress, and perceived control over pain than the control condition. However, individual responder analysis revealed that only half of the participants achieved a clinically meaningful improvement in pain with each intervention. Patients who achieved a meaningful improvement in pain with analgesic imagery reported greater imaging ability, more positive outcome expectancy, and fewer concurrent symptoms than those who did not achieve a meaningful reduction in pain. Similar relationships were not significant for the PMR intervention. Investigators should continue efforts to identify factors that moderate the effects of cognitive-behavioral pain coping strategies so that clinicians can identify the most beneficial treatments for individual patients.
Laser radar spectrum of a rotating random rough surface

A theoretical model is presented for the mutual coherence function that describes the power spectrum of the intermediate frequency (IF) signal resulting from coherent laser radar detection of a fully illuminated rough rotating cylinder. Preliminary calculations for the correlation length and bandwidths of the coherently detected dynamic speckle fields show that Doppler effects on speckle dynamics are on the same order of magnitude as speckle translation effects, and that scatterer exchange effects are negligible. We show that for a fully diffuse object, the shape of the spectrum (and autocorrelation function) is Gaussian. The spectrum appears to be the sum of two Gaussian functions when the scattering object has a near-specular component, one due to the specularly reflected field and the other due to the diffusely reflected field. While the IF BW of the signal resulting from the diffusely scattered field depends upon the cylinder's radius, the IF BW of the specularly reflected field depends upon the width of a window function, which is wavelength dependent.
The importance of strategy for the evolving field of radiology.

During the 20th century, the field of radiology experienced extraordinary growth and became an essential component of the practice of clinical medicine. In the 21st century, it is likely that radiology will continue to grow by interfacing with new and important domains such as information technology and molecular biology and by playing a more central role in general medical education, biomedical research, and noninvasive therapeutic interventions. To sustain such wide-ranging growth and yet remain intact as a medical specialty, the profession will require many radiologists who can provide leadership to bridge the many gaps between the various frontiers and the traditional core of radiology. These radiologists will need skills and background in two critical management areas: leadership and strategy. This article approaches the broad topic of strategy in several ways. First, it provides the radiologist with a basic framework for strategy development. Second, it summarizes central ideas from the evolving fie...
Loeb-measurable solutions to ∗finite games

Abstract Let ∗M be a denumerately comprehensive enlargement of a set-theoretic structure sufficient to model R. If F is an internal ∗finite subset of ∗N such that F = {1,…,γ}, γϵ ∗ N−N , we define a class of ∗finite cooperative games having the form Γ F ( ∗ ν) = 〈F,A(F), ∗ ν〉 , where A(F) is the internal algebra of the internal subsets of F, and ∗ ν is a set-function with Dom ∗ ν=A(F) , Rng ∗ ν = ∗ R + , and ∗ ν(O) = 0 . If SI( ∗ ν) is the space of S-imputations of a game ΓF(∗ν) such that ∗ ν(F) , for some ηϵ ∗ N , then we prove that SI( ∗ ν) contains two nonempty subsets: QK(Γ F ( ∗ ν)) and SM 1 (Γ F ( ∗ ν)) , termed the quasi-kernel and S-bargaining set, respectively. Both QK(Γ F ( ∗ ν)) and SM 1 (Γ F ( ∗ ν)) are external solution concepts for games of the form ΓF (∗ν) and are defined in terms of predicates that are approximate in infinitesimal terms. Furthermore, if L(Θ) is the Loeb space generated by the ∗finitely additive measure space 〈F, A(F), UF〉, and if a game ΓF(∗ν) has a nonatomic representation ψ( ∗ ν −0 ) on L(Θ) with respect to S-bounded transformations, then the standard part of any element in QK(Γ F ( ∗ ν)) is Loeb-measurable and belongs to the quasi-kernel of ψ( ∗ ν −0 ) defined in standard terms.
Attenuated Insular Processing During Risk Predicts Relapse in Early Abstinent Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals

There is some evidence that neuroimaging can be used to predict relapse among abstinent methamphetamine-dependent (MD) individuals. However, it remains unclear what cognitive and neural processes contribute to relapse. This investigation examined whether insula activation during risk-taking decisions—a process shown to be disrupted in MD—is able to predict susceptibility for relapse. Sixty-eight MD enrolled in a treatment program during early abstinence completed a risk-taking task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Sixty-three of the sixty-eight individuals were followed up 1 year after the study. Of these, 18 MD reported relapse. The 45 abstinent MD showed patterns of insula activation during risky decisions that resembled those found in prior studies of healthy controls, consisting of lower insula activation during safe decisions paired with higher activation during risky decisions. In contrast, the 18 relapsed MD showed similar insula activation during safe and risky decisions. An increase in one standard deviation in the difference in insula activation between risky and safe choices was associated with a 0.34 odds ratio for relapse at any given time. A median split of insula activation (difference between risky and safe) showed that individuals in the bottom half were two times more likely to relapse. In addition, a model that included several other brain regions increased prediction accuracy compared with insula-based model alone. These results suggest that failure to differentially activate the insula as a function of risk is a part of an altered risk-processing network associated with an increased susceptibility to relapse.
An automated, direct method for measuring adipocyte cell size.

Abstract Current methods for direct determination of fat cell size are optical and non-automated. They are thus tedious, but have the advantage of providing estimates of the variance of a cell size distribution, as well as a measure of the mean cell size. An indirect method based on counting the number of osmium-fixed fat cells derived from a known wet weight of adipose tissue is also available. This method is automated and thus rapid, but does not provide information about the variance of the cell size distribution. In the present paper we describe a direct, automated method of fat cell sizing that provides estimates for both mean cell size and the variance of the cell size distribution. The correlation between our method and an indirect method based on counting osmium-fixed cells was 0.96. Transformation of the volume distribution to diameters indicated that cell diameters appeared to be normally distributed, confirming the observations of others.
Preliminary data on rotifers in the interstitial of the Ninnescah river, Kansas, USA

One-hundred five rotifer species were identified from a sandy, plains river in Kansas, USA (the Ninnescah river). Of those rotifers identified, eighty occurred only in the interstitial sand, fifty-six in only the flow as plankton, and thirty-one from both habitats. Most species can be characterized as being more commonly found in littoral habitats, and not the interstitial or plankton. Lecane inermis (Bryce, 1892) had the highest density in the hygropsammon interstitial with an average 401 ind. 10 cm−3 at 1–3 cm depth in September 1993. New records for the US include Encentrum wiszniewski Wulfert (1939), E. longidens Donner (1943) ant E. (Parencentrum) longipes Wulfert (1960). A small form of Lecane levistyla Olofsson (1917) is further examined and discussed.
Survival of equine embryos transferred to normal and subfertile mares.

Abstract To test the hypothesis that an abnormal uterine environment was a cause of early embryonic loss in subfertile mares, morphologically normal embryos were transferred to normal mares (n = 20) and subfertile mares (n = 20), and embryo survival rates were compared. Embryos were recovered nonsurgically at Days 7 to 8 postovulation and transferred surgically to normal and subfertile mares that had ovulated on the same day or within 2 d after a donor. Survival of transferred embryos was monitored by ultrasonography of the recipient mare's uterus from Day 9 through Day 28 postovulation. There were no significant differences (P > 0.5) in the embryo survival rates at Day 12 ( 11 20 vs 9 20 ) or Day 28 ( 10 20 vs 8 20 ) for normal or subfertile mares, respectively. The uterine environment of subfertile mares was apparently adequate to support the development of transferred embryos from Days 7 or 8 through Day 28 postovulation.
High hydrogen production from glycerol or glucose by electrohydrogenesis using microbial electrolysis cells

Abstract The use of glycerol for hydrogen gas production was examined via electrohydrogenesis using microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). A hydrogen yield of 3.9 mol-H 2 /mol was obtained using glycerol, which is higher than that possible by fermentation, at relatively high rates of 2.0 ± 0.4 m 3 /m 3 d ( E ap = 0.9 V). Under the same conditions, hydrogen was produced from glucose at a yield of 7.2 mol-H 2 /mol and a rate of 1.9 ± 0.3 m 3 /m 3 d. Glycerol was completely removed within 6 h, with 56% of the electrons in intermediates (primarily 1,3-propanediol), with the balance converted to current, intracellular storage products or biomass. Glucose was removed within 5 h, but intermediates (mainly propionate) accounted for only 19% of the electrons. Hydrogen was also produced using the glycerol byproduct of biodiesel fuel production at a rate of 0.41 ± 0.1 m 3 /m 3 d. These results demonstrate that electrohydrogenesis is an effective method for producing hydrogen from either pure glycerol or glycerol byproducts of biodiesel fuel production.
Current Vocational Assessment Models for Students With Disabilities

The author addresses the importance of vocational assessment for students with disabilities, discusses the legislative and governmental impetus for the development of vocational assessment programs in the schools, and presents several current vocational assessment models. The transdisciplinary vocational assessment model developed by the author, school-based models that have been developed in four states, and a traditional rehabilitation-based model are presented.
Interactions of Efficiency and Material Requirements for Terrestrial Silicon Solar Cells

Recent recognition of the influence of "heavy doping effects" on solar cell performance and the evaluation of new design options such as the "three-layer structure" including a high/low junction, front surface texturizing, and the formation of optically reflective back surfaces has led to a rethinking of approaches to the design of silicon solar cells. This rethinking has been facilitated by the application of the transport velocity transformation method which eases the analysis of muitilayer devices. Many solar cell design variations have been analyzed using this technique in order to determine optimum cell structures. The key results of the analyses are that: low resistivity material should be used, up to the point of onset of Auger recombination; the highest lifetime material available should be used; a properly designed three-layer structure permits base regions approaching in performance the ideal device, even if the back surface is completely covered by an ohmic contact; the surface recombination velocity in the front region must be controlled by passivation or similar means, but the front region itself may be thicker than in current cells; higher resistivity front regions will require more sophisticated grid metallization structures than those that are usually applied now; cells with limited minority carrier lifetimes should be very thin, requiring surface texturizing and back surface reflectors in order to achieve optimum performance. With these design features, the idealized silicon solar cell structures analyzed yield airmass 1 efflciencies between 24 percent and 26.5 percent, so that real cell efflciencies near 22 percent should be achievable.
Effect of FSH and HCG on progesterone secretion by cultured oocyte-cumulus complexes and granulosa cells from porcine antral follicles: Influence of follicular development

Oocyte-cumulus complexes and granulosa cells were harvested from small (1–2 mm), medium (3–5 mm), and large (6–12 mm) porcine antral follicles and cultured for 2 and 3 days. The effects of various doses of purified hCG and human FSH on progesterone secretion and monolayer formation were examined. After a 2-day culture period it was found that FSH was more effective in stimulation of progesterone secretion by cultured oocyte-cumulus complexes than in granulosa cells harvested from small follicles (P < 0.01), whereas hCG was more effective in stimulating progesterone secretion in granulosa cells than in oocytecumulus complexes harvested from large follicles. In contrast, after a 3-day culture period, granulosa cells secreted more progesterone compared to oocytecumulus complexes under control conditions or in the presence of hCG or FSH. After 3 days both FSH and hCG stimulated progesterone secretion by oocytecumulus complexes and granulosa cells; however, the hormone effect was greater upon granulosa cells than oocyte-cumulus complexes. After 3 days of culture in the case of both follicular cell types, there was a greater response to FSH in the case of cells harvested from small compared to large follicles. The reverse was true in the case of hCG responsiveness. Monolayer formation ability of oocyte-cumulus complexes was greater in the case of complexes harvested from small and medium than complexes harvested from large follicles. Addition of hCG to the cultures led to a dose-dependent decrease in monolayer formation by oocyte-cumulus complexes harvested from all sizes of follicles.
Multivariate comparisons of female cranial series from the Ryukyu Islands and Japan

Stepwise discriminant function and Mahalanobis' generalized distance analyses were applied to 29 cranial measurements in six female cranial series from the Ryukyu Islands and ten female cranial series representing modern and prehistoric Japanese and the Ainu. Two separate comparisons were made: the first compares Ryukyu Island cranial series and the second compares 16 cranial series from Japan. The results of this analysis have been used to investigate the biological relationships of the modern and near-modern indigenous inhabitants of the Ryukyu Islands and the modern and pre- historic inhabitants of Japan's main islands. These new multivariate craniometric results are similar to those reported in a previous study that utilized male craniometric data. Overall, the Ryukyu cranial series are generally closest to a cluster consisting of Yayoi, Kofun, and medieval Kamakura cranial series, suggesting these populations were influenced by immigrants from the north. Modern Japanese, Jomon, and Ainu cranial series are well differentiated from each other and from the Ryukyu series. The Jomon are closest to the Ainu, and together these two are the most differentiated groups compared. As in the male results, the female results do not support a connection between Ainu, Jomon, and Ryukyu Island series.
Image browsing and animation over a local ATM testbed

We argue for a time-driven approach for interactive multimedia communication applications. This is in sharp contrast to the traditional data-driven style almost universally adopted. The time-driven approach can take advantage of the multiple communication channels of various quality-of-service levels that will be supported by ATM networks. Such applications can rely on and take advantage of forms of hierarchical coding for handling real-time continuous media (e.g., video, image animations, audio, etc.) effectively and efficiently. In many such cases (e.g., image database browsing), timely presentation is more important than lossless presentation. The use of hierarchical coding by applications will allow the network to intelligently discard traffic of lesser importance to the applications at times of high congestion, and will thus allow networks to operate at higher degrees of statistical multiplexing without causing problems for the integrity of the most important signal components. We present some initial performance results of a simple hierarchically encoded image animation in a local ATM environment, including some results of the image quality when loss is experienced.
Pediatric Participation in Non‐Therapeutic Research

United Stated federal regulations allow participation of children in greater than minimal risk research with no potential for direct benefit under narrowly defined circumstances. This type of research is controversial, as it runs contrary to the best interest standard, on which we base most decisions made on behalf of children. I argue that such research is ethically defensible if a fully informed, scrupulous, and virtuous parent would choose to enroll his or her child in the study. Further, I defend the current regulations, which allow local Institutional Review Boards to approve more than minimal risk, nontherapeutic research when the research involves children with the medical condition being studied, but requires federal review for similarly risky studies that involve healthy children. Because families of children with medical diseases tend to be more familiar with the health care system and with medical procedures, they are more able to make informed decisions about the burdens of research participation. Further, parents of children with medical conditions have a morally significant interest in advancing medical knowledge about their child's condition. It is appropriate to take this interest into account when evaluating the ethical status of a research study.
Does registration of PET and planning CT images decrease interobserver and intraobserver variation in delineating tumor volumes for non–small-cell lung cancer?

Purpose: To compare tumor volume delineation using registered positron emission tomography (PET)/CT vs. side-by-side image sets. Methods and Materials: A total of 19 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer had 18-fluorine-deoxyglucose (FDG)-PET scans registered with planning CT scans. The disease was Stage I-II in 26%, IIIA in 42%, and IIIB in 32%. Two radiation oncologists contoured 9 tumor volumes using registered images (registered) and 10 using separate FDG-PET images as a guide (nonregistered). A third physician, who had done the treatment planning for these patients a median of 40 months before using registered images, repeated all contours: 10 on registered images (registered/registered) and 9 without registration (registered/nonregistered). Each pair of volumes (A and B) was compared. Quantitative comparison used the concordance index, (A∩B)/(A∪B). For qualitative analysis, pairs of volumes were projected onto digitally reconstructed radiographs. The differences were graded as insignificant, minor, moderate, or major. Results: The median interobserver percentage of concordance among nonregistered pairs was 61% vs. 70% in the registered group (p Conclusion: Registration of FDG-PET and planning CT images results in greater consistency in tumor volume delineation.
Productivity, Part 1: Getting Things Done, Using E-Mail, Scanners, Reference Managers, Note-taking Applications, and Text Expanders

In an era of declining reimbursements and tightening of the job market, today's radiologists are forced to "make do with less." With the rollout of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly called "Obamacare," radiologists will be expected not only to interpret studies but to also take on many additional roles, adding a new layer of complexity to already demanding daily duties. These changes make it more important than ever to develop a personal workflow management system incorporating some of the most potent productivity tools. In this article, the authors discuss current productivity techniques and related software with the most potential to help radiologists keep up with the ever increasing demands on their time at the work place and help us lead more balanced lives.
Fuzzy-logic based trend classification for fault diagnosis of chemical processes

Abstract In this paper, fault diagnosis based on patterns exhibited in the sensors measuring the process variables is considered. The temporal patterns that a process event leaves on the measured sensors, called event signatures, can be utilized to infer the state of operation using a pattern-matching approach. However, the qualitative nature of the features leads to imprecise classification boundaries at the trend-identification stage and hence at the trend-matching stage. Moreover, noise and other underlying phenomena may lead to non-reproducibility of the same trends chosen to represent an event. Thus, a crisp inference process might lead to a large knowledge-base of signatures; it could also cause misclassification. To overcome this, a fuzzy-reasoning approach is proposed to ensure robustness to the inherent uncertainty in the identified trends and to provide succinct mapping. A two-staged strategy is employed: (i) identifying the most likely fault candidates based on a similarity measure between the observed trends and the event-signatures in the knowledge-base and, (ii) estimation of the fault magnitude. The fuzzy-knowledge-base consists of a set of physically interpretable if–then rules providing physical insight into the process. The technique provides multivariate inferencing and is transparent. We illustrate the application of the proposed approach in the fault diagnosis of an exothermic reactor case study.
Low drive voltage GaAs quantum well electroabsorption modulators obtained with a displaced junction

A reduction in the drive voltage of an electroabsorption waveguide modulator based on an AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well laser heterostructure is demonstrated by a simple change in the position of the p-n junction relative to the quantum well. This is accomplished by adjusting the doping profile and does not significantly alter the operation of the structure as a laser or degrade other aspects of device performance such as reverse breakdown voltage and series resistance. A contrast ratio of 25 dB (5 dB/100 /spl mu/m) was obtained with a bias change of -2 V. >