cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Bernstein type inequality for the Askey–Wilson operator

Abstract We establish a Riesz-type interpolation formula on the interval [ − 1 , 1 ] for the Askey–Wilson operator. As consequences, sharp Bernstein inequality and Markov inequality are obtained when differentiation is replaced by the Askey–Wilson operator. Moreover, an inverse approximation theorem is proved using a Bernstein type inequality in L 2 -space. We conclude our paper with an overconvergence result which is applied to characterize all q -differentiable functions of Brown and Ismail.
Calmodulin kinase II regulates atrial myocyte late sodium current, calcium handling, and atrial arrhythmia

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia. Abnormal atrial myocyte Ca2+ handling promotes aberrant membrane excitability and remodeling that are important for atrial arrhythmogenesis. The sequence of molecular events leading to loss of normal atrial myocyte Ca2+ homeostasis is not established. Late Na+ current (INa,L) is increased in atrial myocytes from AF patients together with an increase in activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation at Ser571 on NaV1.5 increases atrial INa,L, leading to aberrant atrial Ca2+ cycling, altered electrophysiology, and increased AF risk. Methods Atrial myocyte electrophysiology, Ca2+ handling, and arrhythmia susceptibility were studied in wild-type and Scn5a knock-in mice expressing phosphomimetic (S571E) or phosphoresistant (S571A) NaV1.5 at Ser571. Results Atrial myocytes from S571E but not S571A mice displayed an increase in INa,L and action potential duration, and with adrenergic stress have increased delayed afterdepolarizations. Frequency of Ca2+ sparks and waves was increased in S571E atrial myocytes compared to wild type. S571E mice showed an increase in atrial events induced by adrenergic stress and AF inducibility in vivo. Isolated S571E atria were more susceptible to spontaneous atrial events, which were abrogated by inhibiting sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, CaMKII, or the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Expression of phospho-NaV1.5 at Ser571 and autophosphorylated CaMKII were increased in atrial samples from human AF patients. Conclusion This study identified CaMKII-dependent regulation of NaV1.5 as an important upstream event in Ca2+ handling defects and abnormal impulse generation in the setting of AF.
Caenorhabditis elegans-on-a-chip: microfluidic platforms for high-resolution imaging and phenotyping

Abstract Caenorhabditis elegans is an attractive alternative animal model for identifying toxicological phenotypes in vivo, studying the mode of action of drugs, and characterizing physiological responses. With its tractable genetics and 60% sequence homology with human genes, C. elegans can be used to elucidate the complex behavior traits and cellular physiologies of higher organisms in health risk assessment. However, these toxicity screens, especially neurotoxicity with subtle phenotypes, demand platforms that accommodate high-content phenotyping. In this chapter, we introduce C. elegans-on-a-chip technologies that enable high-resolution imaging, including vivoChip, the only large-scale microfluidics platform to date that can immobilize 4000 nematodes simultaneously within 3 minutes and image them within 15 minutes. This platform facilitates high-content phenotyping of C. elegans strains at high throughputs. The integration of advanced imaging systems and machine-learning algorithms for automated and rapid image analysis will leverage the use of C. elegans in on-chip toxicological studies.
Not the 2020 we asked for

2020 was poised to be the year when the larger ophthalmic community, including academia and industry, would showcase its accomplishments and eye care advances. Unfortunately, 2020 has become the year that a viral pandemic upended everything, leaving scores dead and many more severely ill. Life as we knew it is on hold and will never be the same for many of us. The COVID-19 pandemic presents the biggest challenge our generation has ever faced. In this context, it is …
Crystal plasticity model for single crystal Ni-based superalloys: Capturing orientation and temperature dependence of flow stress

Abstract We develop a dislocation density based crystal plasticity model to capture the micromechanical behavior of γ′ strengthening nickel-based superalloys. The elasto-viscoplastic model presented here accounts for hardening behavior of both γ and γ′ which are the two phases considered in the present work. The model includes multiple strengthening mechanisms such as Orowan stress, evolving slip resistance caused by dislocation interactions, and γ′ structural contribution to initial slip resistance. Interaction between γ and γ′, a key feature of these alloys has been modelled in terms of back stress induced by dislocation pileup or looping around the large γ′ precipitates. Furthermore, anti-phase boundary (APB) shearing is considered as the dominant deformation mechanism for shearable γ′ precipitates. In addition to octahedral {111}⟨110⟩ slip, the model also accounts for cube slip systems {100}⟨110⟩ which are known to be instrumental in γ′ shearing and introducing flow stress orientation dependence. Temperature dependence of the initial slip resistance is fitted against experimental observation of anomalous yielding for two different single crystal orientations. An optimization procedure based on the minimization of the error between simulated and experimental stress strain curves, is adopted to evaluate a selected group of material parameters. Subsequently, proper working of the model is tested against an independent set of single crystal experimental data available for CMSX-4 around service temperature and MD2 at room temperature. The model also represents a strong orientation dependence of yield stress anomaly (YSA), a salient feature of Ni-based superalloys.
Unit Roots in the Presence of Abrupt Governmental Interventions with an Application to Brazilian Data

This paper considers econometric issues related to time series data that have been subject to abrupt governmental interventions. The motivating example for this study is the Brazilian monthly inflation and interest rate series (1974:1- 1994:6) which we use throughout for illustration. These series have been heavily influenced by the effect of so-called shock plans implemented by various governments starting in the mid 80's. The plans act as "inliers" in the sense that the series are temporarily brought down to low levels before returning to their previous trend path. We analyze the effects on standard unit root tests and measures of persistence caused by the presence of these "inliers". We show a substantial bias in favor of concluding that the series are stationary and that shocks have temporary effects. We then construct appropriately corrected statistics which take into account the presence of the plans. These show, unlike the standard tests, that the stochastic behavior of inflation and interest rate was indeed explosive over this period. Simulation results are presented to support the adequacy of our corrected statistics.
Case report: echocardiographic detection of rare single coronary artery anomaly in a child with an atrial septal defect.

Background A single right coronary artery (RCA) with the left anterior descending (LAD) and circumflex coronary arteries located in the usual anatomic position and supplied by collaterals is the rarest variant of single RCA. Case summary We report a paediatric patient with an incidental finding of single RCA Lipton type RI pattern during assessment for transcatheter device closure of an ostium secundum atrial septal defect (secASD). Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed a dilated RCA, abnormal flow in the LAD, and no identifiable left main coronary artery. Diagnosis of a single RCA was confirmed with angiography. Dobutamine stress echocardiography revealed no inducible ischaemia. Transcatheter device closure of the secASD was subsequently successfully performed. Discussion TTE in paediatric patients can raise suspicion of coronary artery origin anomalies. Additional modalities, such as computed tomography and angiography, are required to comprehensively determine coronary artery anatomy. Functional assessment of ventricular function is also indicated. Coronary artery anatomy is important to delineate prior to transcatheter device closure of a secASD and should be part of the pre-procedure assessment.
Portion size can be used strategically to increase intake of vegetables and fruits in young children over multiple days: a cluster-randomized crossover trial.

BACKGROUND Although dietary guidelines recommend that vegetables and fruits make up half the diet, it is unclear whether serving vegetables and fruits in larger portions will have sustained effects on children's intake over multiple days. OBJECTIVE This study tested the effects on children's intake of 2 strategies for increasing the proportion of vegetables and fruits: either adding or substituting extra portions as side dishes at meals and snacks over 5 days. DESIGN In a cluster-randomized crossover design with 3 periods, we provided all meals and snacks for 5 days to 53 children aged 3-5 y in classrooms in their childcare centers. In the Control condition, we served typical portions for all food groups. In the Addition condition we increased portions of low-energy-dense vegetables and fruits by 50% and in the Substitution condition we increased portions of vegetables and fruits by 50% and also reduced portions of other foods by an equivalent weight. RESULTS For vegetables, the Addition strategy increased daily intake compared to Control by 24% (mean ± SEM 12±3 g/d; P = 0.0002) and the Substitution strategy increased intake compared to Control by 41% (22±3 g/d; P < 0.0001). For fruits, consumption increased by similar amounts: Addition by 33% (60±6 g/d) and Substitution by 38% (69±8 g/d; both P < 0.0001). Both strategies increased vegetable and fruit intakes compared to Control across all 5 days (all P < 0.004), although the increase in fruit consumption with Addition declined over time (P < 0.0001). Daily energy intake compared to Control increased by 5% with Addition (57±17 kcal; P = 0.001) but decreased by 6% with Substitution (-64±21 kcal; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Both the Addition and Substitution strategies promoted increases in vegetable and fruit intake over 5 days in preschool children. When excess energy intake is a concern, substituting vegetables and fruits for other foods is a better option than simply serving more.This trial was registered as NCT03242863 at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03242863, where the protocol is available.
The other way around: The modernist movement in Brazil

1. Introduction: Architecture, Development, and Identity Part 1: The Will of the Age 2. The Other Way Around: The Modernist Movement in Brazil 3. Contesting Modernism in Morocco 4. Agrupacion Espacio and the CIAM Peru Group: Architecture and the City in the Peruvian Modern Project Part 2: Building the Nation 5. Campus Architecture as Nation Building: Israeli Architect Arieh Sharon's Obademi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria 6. Modernity and Revolution: The Architecture of Ceylon's 20th Century Exhibitions 7. This Is Not an American House: Good Sense Modernism in 1950s Turkey Part 3: Entangled Modernities 8. Modernity Transfers: The MoMA and Postcolonial India 9. Building a (Post)Colonial Technoscientific Network: Tropical Architecture, Building Science and the Politics of Decolonization 10. Otto Koenigsberger and the Tropicalization of British Architectural Culture 11. Epilogue: Third World Modernism, or Just Modernism: Towards a Cosmopolitan Reading of Modernism
Witch-Hunting in Scotland: Law, Politics and Religion

1. Witch-Hunting in Scotland and England 2. Witchcraft and the Law in Early Modern Scotland 3. King James VI and Witchcraft 4. Witch-Hunting in Revolutionary Britain 5. The Great Scottish Witch-Hunt of 1661-1662 6. Absolutism, State-Building, and Witchcraft 7. Demonic Possession and Witch-Hunting in Scotland 8. The Decline and End of Scottish Witch-Hunting 9. Witch-Hunting and Witch-Murder in Early Eighteenth-Century Scotland
Nitric Oxide and Genomic Stability

Epidemiological evidence accumulating over the years has provided a positive correlation between cancer incidence and chronic inflammation. Regardless of etiology, inflammatory conditions are characterized by overexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and overproduction of nitric oxide/reactive nitrogen species (NO/RNS) in epithelial and inflammatory cells at the site of carcinogenesis. NO/RNS produced in infected and inflamed tissues can contribute to the process of carcinogenesis by different mechanisms. In this chapter, we discuss NO/RNS-dependent mechanisms of genomic instability (GI) and bystander effects. We explain the mechanism of “synthetic lethality” of the NO-donor/PARP-inhibitor combination and its role in sensitization of the cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. We postulate the “mutator field” theory and the definition of mutagenesis efficacy.
Systems Alignment for Comprehensive Faculty Development in Liberal Arts Colleges.

Using an alignment framework, the authors explore faculty development initiatives in liberal arts colleges in order to understand the connection between organizational priorities and processes as connected to faculty members’ stated needs. The study draws on mixed-methods data from The Initiative for Faculty Development in Liberal Arts Colleges (IFDLAC), including survey and interview data from the 13 member institutions of the Great Lakes Colleges Association (GLCA).The authors offer future implications for faculty development practice.
Unemployment: Structural vs. Cyclical – and Globalization's Adverse Impact

The U.S. economy continues to be characterized by a persistently-high rate of unemployment, with at least another three years before attainment of the pre-recession unemployment rate. Six significant structural trends are identified and their impacts discerned. The pernicious impact of globalization on U.S. employees, as manifested by the post-2000 business practices of America’s multinational corporations (MNCs), has seen multinationals shifting and growing their workforces overseas. Between 1999 and 2008, U.S. non-bank MNCs cut their domestic employment by 1.9 million while increasing their foreign-based employment by 2.4 million. After a decade, it is apparent globalization has yet to come full circle and bestow its gains to American workers. Offshoring by U.S. companies is also having a deleterious effect on the level of domestic employment, particularly in manufacturing and data processing. Advances in technology are serving to replace domestic employees with software or lower-paid foreign-based workers. In 2000-08, domestic spending on capital expenditures by U.S. MNCs grew at an annual rate of 1.1 percent while their foreign-based affiliates invested at an annual rate of 6.2 percent. A need for more highly-educated employees has manifested itself by consistently-favorable wage patterns. The low levels of monthly job creation and a declining labor force participation rates, particularly for prime-age men, since the turn of the century left workers vulnerable to the harshest post-World War II recession. The decreasing participation rate after 2000 may also reflect harmful impacts of globalization, with discouraged laid-off U.S. workers no longer looking for jobs. Over 23 million people – 50 percent of the increase in the U.S. population between 2000 and 2009 – were classified by the Bureau of Labor Statistics as “not in the labor force”. And the detrimental effect of long-term unemployment is a structural impediment to becoming well-positioned to compete for available jobs. The six structural factors – globalization, technological advances, the need for a highly-educated and skilled workforce, declines in the labor force participation rates, particularly for prime-age men, the relatively-low levels of job creation and the effects of long-term unemployment – seem to be currently dominated by cyclical causes. However, if unemployment rates remain elevated for an extended period, structural causes of unemployment will likely predominate.
Parametric Approximation Algorithms for High-Dimensional Euclidean Similarity

We introduce a spectrum of algorithms for measuring the similarity of high-dimensional vectors in Euclidean space. The algorithms proposed consist of a convex combination of two measures: one which contains summary data about the shape of a vector, and the other about the relative magnitudes of the coordinates. The former is based on a concept called bin-score permutations and a metric to quantify similarity of permutations, the latter on another novel approximation for inner-product computations based on power symmetric functions, which generalizes the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. We present experiments on time-series data on labor statistics unemployment figures that show the effectiveness of the algorithm as a function of the parameter that combines the two parts.
TYPES OF HEMOLYSINS PRODUCED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, AS DETERMINED BY THE REPLICA PLATING TECHNIQUE

Abstract Haque, Riaz-Ul (The Ohio State University, Columbus), and Jack N. Baldwin. Types of hemolysins produced by Staphylococcus aureus as determined by the replica plating technique. J. Bacteriol. 88:1442–1447. 1964.—The type of hemolysins produced by a representative number of cells of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus was determined by the replica plating technique, with the use of sheep, rabbit, human, and horse blood agar plates. Unless horse and human red blood cells were used, a distinction between α-and δ-hemolysins was difficult to make. Strains producing α-β–, β-δ–, and α-δ–hemolysins were recognized by the replica plating technique. A few colonies produced lysis of rabbit, horse, and human cells without lysis of sheep red blood cells. This pattern of lysis was not detected by the radial streak or the tube titration procedures when mixed populations were examined, and may be due to a lytic factor not hitherto described.
Adipokines and Osteoarthritis

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis is a prevalent disabling disease linked to obesity. The research community has been active in trying to understand why obesity increases the disability associated with hand osteoarthritis. One area of research is that of the adipokines. QUESTION: Do one or more adipokines, influence the incidence or severity of hand osteoarthritis in obese patients? METHODS: All relevant publications in the leading electronic databases were searched using the key terms adipokines and osteoarthritis. There were 205 listings, but here only 69 are examined and discussed. The articles had to be linked in some way to the key question driving the research. RESULTS: The literature is very tentative at present regarding a definitive role of any adipokine in the osteoarthritic disease process as this affects obese patients in general, and hand osteoarthritis in particular. Both anabolic and catabolic effects are shown with all the derivatives studied, with no consensus emerging. CONCLUSION: While adipokines may aggravate osteoarthritic processes among obese adults with hand osteoarthritis, more research is needed to translate present findings into prevention or treatment measures. This novel review provides a sound basis for examining adipokines in the specific context of non-erosive arthritis,
Codon bias and gene ontology in holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects

The relationship between preferred codon use (PCU), developmental mode, and gene ontology (GO) was investigated in a sample of nine insect species with sequenced genomes. These species were selected to represent two distinct modes of insect development, holometabolism and hemimetabolism, with an aim toward determining whether the differences in developmental timing concomitant with developmental mode would be mirrored by differences in PCU in their developmental genes. We hypothesized that the developmental genes of holometabolous insects should be under greater selective pressure for efficient translation, manifest as increased PCU, than those of hemimetabolous insects because holometabolism requires abundant protein expression over shorter time intervals than hemimetabolism, where proteins are required more uniformly in time. Preferred codon sets were defined for each species, from which the frequency of PCU for each gene was obtained. Although there were substantial differences in the genomic base composition of holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, both groups exhibited a general preference for GC-ending codons, with the former group having higher PCU averaged across all genes. For each species, the biological process GO term for each gene was assigned that of its Drosophila homolog(s), and PCU was calculated for each GO term category. The top two GO term categories for PCU enrichment in the holometabolous insects were anatomical structure development and cell differentiation. The increased PCU in the developmental genes of holometabolous insects may reflect a general strategy to maximize the protein production of genes expressed in bursts over short time periods, e.g., heat shock proteins. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 324B: 686-698, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of a vegetarian diet and treatment preference on biochemical and dietary variables in overweight and obese adults: a randomized clinical trial

Background: A vegetarian diet may lead to numerous health benefits, including weight loss. Objective: We examined the joint effects of personal preference of dietary treatment and a calorie-restricted, low-fat lactoovovegetarian diet (LOV-D) compared with a standard calorie-restricted, low-fat omnivorous diet (STD-D) on changes in weight, total cholesterol, ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol (LDL:HDL cholesterol), triacylglycerols, insulin resistance, and macronutrient intake during an 18-mo study. Design: This was a randomized clinical trial of 176 overweight and obese adults who were recruited and randomly assigned first to 1 of 2 preference conditions (yes or no). If assigned to Preference-No, they were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 diet conditions (STD-D or LOV-D). If assigned to Preference-Yes, they were assigned to the diet they indicated as preferred at screening. The 12-mo intervention was followed by a 6-mo maintenance phase. Results: Participants were mainly women (86.9%) and white (70.5%); 75% completed the 18-mo study. A significant interaction between preference and dietary treatment was not observed for any of the outcome variables. However, participants in the Preference-No groups significantly decreased their triacylglycerols (P = 0.04). The only effect observed for diet was a borderline significant decrease in LDL:HDL cholesterol for the LOV-D group (P = 0.06). Within the LOV-D groups, those who were 100% adherent to the LOV-D had significant and marginally significant reductions in monounsaturated fat (P = 0.02) and total fat (P = 0.05) intakes at 18 mo. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that neither prescribing a vegetarian diet nor allowing persons to choose their preferred diet had a significant effect on outcome measures. However, all participants had a significant reduction in total energy and fat intakes and an increase in energy expenditure, which was reflected in reduced body weight. This clinical trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00330629. © 2007 American Society for Nutrition.
Analysis of Economic Growth Models for Development

Achieving economic growth and development is of importance to nations and this is because one of the macroeconomic objectives of a country is to achieve sustainable growth.
Modeling of the plasma heating in unmagnetized low pressure microwave discharges

Summary form only given. Low pressure microwave plasma sources used for materials processing generally operate as overdense plasmas with the plasma density greater than the critical density. These sources can be operated with a static magnetic field that provides for ECR heating or without a static magnetic field via ohmic, resonance and other non-ohmic and stochastic heating mechanisms. Even when ECR strength magnetic fields are present these other heating mechanism that occur in unmagnetized plasmas can be important and may even dominate. This paper examines via a two-dimensional self-consistent microwave field and plasma model the heating of low pressure, overdense, unmagnetized plasma discharges. Further the models are constructed to closely match an experimental system that has been extensively characterized. This experimental system is a 2.45 GHz resonant cavity plasma source that has been studied while running argon discharges at pressures of 4-60 mTorr using Langmuir probes to determine the plasma density and electron temperature and using microwave field probes to measure the microwave field strength.
OpenOrbiter Mechanical Design: a New Approach to the Design of a 1-U CubeSat

The OpenOrbiter Small Spacecraft Development Initiative is working to create a set of designs and implementation instructions for a 1-U CubeSat, called the Open Prototype for Educational NanoSats. These designs target a total parts cost of below USD $5,000. This design will be made publically available to facilitate its use by others, with or without modification. A ‘side slotted’ CubeSat design (where main circuit boards are placed in slots between the rails on the outside) has been developed for OpenOrbiter. This paper discusses the design choices that were made during the mechanical structure development of the OpenOrbiter CubeSat design, required to keep it within the mass, volume and monetary budgets. Choices like the design of the aluminum support structure, fastener mechanisms, circuit board layout and science package support structure are all discussed and their ease of construction and efficacy are considered. A discussion of ongoing work on the spacecraft’s mechanical fabrication and other subsystems is also presented. The paper also discusses how the design can, prospectively, be utilized by others and the ‘bigger picture’ benefits provided by the design approach and open hardware concept.
Distinguishing between chlorophyll-a and suspended solids in lake water using hyperspectral data

Classifying surface water bodies according to trophic status by remote sensing techniques has had limited success in lakes with relatively high nonalgal turbidity levels. Since the trophic status of a lake is typically defined based on its chlorophyll-a concentration, and since relatively high suspended solids concentrations masks chlorophyll absorption and reflectance peaks, determining trophic status remotely is typically only partially successful. Hoer, we were interested in exploring hyperspectral data analysis for estimating trophic status. Hyperspectral data (10 nm resolution between 262 and 850 nm) of light attenuation were measured in Lake Texoma (USA) at the surface, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 meters in depth, while simultaneously analyzing the water column for chlorophyll-a and suspended solids concentration. Data were collected at five sampling stations, each representative of a major zone in the 36,000 hectare lake, approximately monthly, during 1996/97 hydrologic year. Downwelling and upwelling vertical attenuation coefficients were calculated using Bouger-Lambert's law. First and second order derivatives, as well as higher order derivatives were applied to the spectral data. The results showed a clear correlation between first order derivatives and turbidity, while the second order derivatives were correlated to chlorophyll-a concentrations.
Application of the square root

The square root diffusivity matrix [r] and diffusivity matrix [D] have been measured for a Ni-4.0 at. pct Cr-6.3 at. pct Al-3.5 at. pct Mo quaternary alloy at 1100 °C. Using a constant diffusivity analysis, the diffusivities were obtained from three diffusion couples having small initial concentration differences of 5 at. pct or less. When elements of [r] were substituted into the error function solution of the diffusion equation, it was found that the predicted concentration profiles were accurate to within ±0.1 at. pct of measured values. Also, it was found that Mo tends to reduce the diffusion kinetics of Cr and Al in Ni-base alloys. These results suggest that these methods of analyzing diffusion data and predicting interdiffusion data can be applied to alloys containing more than four components.
Brain injury in the premature infant: Overview of clinical aspects, neuropathology, and pathogenesis

Brain injury in the premature infant is an extremely important problem, in part because of the large absolute number of infants affected yearly. The two principal brain lesions that underlie the neurological manifestations subsequently observed in premature infants are periventricular hemorrhagic infarction and perlventricular leukomalacia. The emphases of this article are the neurology, neuropathology, and pathogenesis of these two lesions. Recent work suggests that the ultimate goal, prevention of the lesions, is potentially achlevable. Periventricular hemorrhagic infarction may be preventable by prevention of germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage, and periventricular leukomalacia, by detection of impaired cerebrovascular autoregulation, prevention of impaired cerebral blood flow, and interruption of the cascade to oligodendroglial cell death by such agents as free-radical scavengers.
Habitual Virtuous Actions and Automaticity

Dual process theorists in psychology maintain that the mind's workings can be explained in terms of conscious or controlled processes and automatic processes. Automatic processes are largely nonconscious, that is, triggered by environmental stimuli without the agent's conscious awareness or deliberation. Automaticity researchers contend that even higher level habitual social behaviors can be nonconsciously primed. This article brings work on automaticity to bear on our understanding of habitual virtuous actions. After examining a recent intuitive account of habitual actions and habitual virtuous actions, the author offers her own explanation in terms of goal-dependent automaticity. This form of automaticity provides an account of habitual virtuous actions that explains the sense in which these actions are rational, that is, done for reasons. Habitual virtuous actions are rational in the sense of being purposive or goal-directed and are essentially linked with the agent's psychological states. Unlike deliberative virtuous actions, the agent's reasons for habitual virtuous actions are not present to her conscious awareness at the time of acting.
Rank test for heteroscedastic functional data

In this paper, we consider (mid-)rank based inferences for testing hypotheses in a fully nonparametric marginal model for heteroscedastic functional data that contain a large number of within subject measurements from possibly only a limited number of subjects. The effects of several crossed factors and their interactions with time are considered. The results are obtained by establishing asymptotic equivalence between the rank statistics and their asymptotic rank transforms. The inference holds under the assumption of@a-mixing without moment assumptions. As a result, the proposed tests are applicable to data from heavy-tailed or skewed distributions, including both continuous and ordered categorical responses. Simulation results and a real application confirm that the (mid-)rank procedures provide both robustness and increased power over the methods based on original observations for non-normally distributed data.
Polychlorinated biphenyl dynamics in hudson river striped bass. I. Accumulation in early life history stages

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) burdens in larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis , from the Hudson River estuary and laboratory determinations of PCB accumulation in larval and juvenile striped bass are presented. Hudson River fish contained variable amounts of PCBs, from below detection (0.05 gm/g dry weight) to 7.07 μ/g. More PCBs similar to Aroclor 1254 than Aroclor 1016 were found. Larval and young-of-year fish exposed to [ 14 C]Aroclor 1254 ([ 14 C]PCB) in water and sorbed to suspended particles and sediments accumulated PCBs at linear rates during the first 24 h of exposure. Larvae exposed in river water accumulated body burdens related to exposure concentrations. Similar accumulation rates and body burdens in larvae exposed in filtered (0.45 μm pore size) river water showed that accumulation resulted from the uptake of dissolved PCB. PCB accumulation in larvae exposed to [ 14 C]PCB on suspended particles resulted from uptake of PCB desorbed from particles. PCB burdens in larvae exposed to sediment-sorbed [ 14 C]PCB resulted from desorption of sediment-bound PCB and maintenance of solubility equilibrium with the water. The linear relationship between the initial PCB concentration in water and accumulated PCB in fish from each exposure suggested that accumulation resulted from equilibrium partitioning between water and fish. There are indications that PCB burdens in river fish reflect the solubility-equilibrium based accumulation determined in these studies.
"Woven" right coronary artery: a previously undescribed congenital anomaly.

Lors de l'exploration d'une insuffisance cardiaque, la coronarographie montre une artere coronaire droite dont deux bronches se croisent formant un 8 et se refusionnent
Applications of Battery Storage to Improve Performance of Distribution Systems

This paper discusses applications and benefits of distributed storage devices on the performance of distribution power systems. In particular, the paper focuses the uses of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) for system improvement. An overview of predominant battery types are covered in this paper along with their benefits and advantages. Diverse applications for BESS are described such as peak load shaving, power quality improvement, load/frequency control, system balancing and congestion management. Impacts of plug-in electric vehicles are explained and problems regarding the dispatch of BESS units are also introduced.
Depression as a Moderator of Relationships between Positive Daily Events and Day-to-Day Psychological Adjustment

For 21 days, 123 participants provided measures of their daily depressogenic adjustment, including Beck’s cognitive triad, causal uncertainty, control over the environment, self-esteem, and anxiety, and they described the positive and negative events that occurred. Daily adjustment negatively covaried with the number of negative events occurring each day and, except as measured by anxiety, positively covaried with positive events. The covariance between negative events and adjustment was stronger than the covariance between positive events and adjustment. Participants also provided measures of depressive symptoms. For the self-esteem and cognitive triad measures, adjustment covaried more strongly with negative and positive events for the depressed than they did for the nondepressed.
Low temperature solid-state NMR experiments of half-integer quadrupolar nuclides: caveats and data analysis.

Abstract Solid-state NMR spectroscopy of half-integer quadrupolar nuclides has received a lot of interest recently with the advent of new methodologies and higher magnetic fields. We present here the extension of our previous low temperature method to an 18.8 T system. This new probe entailed a total redesign including a cross coil and variable capacitors that are operational at cryogenic temperatures. The limitations to sensitivity are also discussed; including a new diode network, the utilization of a cryogenic band pass filter, and the consequences of the RF profiles of the coil. Further, details of the spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei in a protein are discussed, such as the observation of the outer transitions and how to distinguish them from the desired ±1/2 transition.
On the stochastic simulation of particulate systems

The stochastic chemical kinetics approach provides one method of formulating the stochastic crystallization population balance equation (PBE). In this formulation, crystal nucleation and growth are modelled as sequential additions of solubilized ions or molecules (units) to either other units or an assembly of any number of units. Monte Carlo methods provide one means of solving this problem. In this paper, we assess the limitations of such methods by both (1) simulating models for isothermal and nonisothermal size-independent nucleation, growth and agglomeration; and (2) performing parameter estimation using these models. We also derive the macroscopic (deterministic) PBE from the stochastic formulation, and compare the numerical solutions of the stochastic and deterministic PBEs. The results demonstrate that even as we approach the thermodynamic limit, in which the deterministic model becomes valid, stochastic simulation provides a general, flexible solution technique for examining many possible mechanisms. Thus the stochastic simulation permits the user to focus more on modelling issues as opposed to solution techniques.
Sex hormones and male homosexuality in comparative perspective

Animal research has demonstrated the modifiability of sex-dimorphic mating behavior by hormone and brain manipulation, especially in subprimate mammals, and has led to radical attempts at treating human homosexuality by psychosurgery and to the suggestion of preventing homosexuality by prenatal hormone manipulation. This article reviews psychoendocrine studies of human homosexuality — the effects of hormone treatments on sexual orientation, the association of clinical endocrine syndromes with homosexuality, sex hormone measurements in homosexual subjects, and the issue of prenatal endocrine influences on human sexual orientation. The available studies, often deficient in methodology, have produced conflicting and largely negative results as to a hormonal theory of human homosexuality. Unfortunately, there is hardly any overlap between psychoendocrine studies on sexual orientation in man and on sex-dimorphic mating behavior in subhuman mammals that would allow systematic comparisons. A major alternate theory of human homosexuality has been derived from learning theory, and this position has been strengthened by the recent development of partially successful behavior therapy approaches to the change of sexual orientation. There is currently a lack of animal experimentation that could assist in formulating a learning-based etiological theory of human homosexuality. Since the influence of hormones relative to learning on sexual behavior appears to diminish along the evolutionary scale, animal models need to include manipulation of both hormonal and learning conditions.
Kinetics of Propene Desorption from Pd(111) Studied by Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy and Laser-Induced Thermal Desorption with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry

Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and laser-induced thermal desorption coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LITD/FTMS) are used to study the interaction of propene on Pd(111). TDS yields the exposure versus coverage dependence for propene adsorbed to Pd(111). A linear uptake from 0.1 to 1 L (corrected for ion gauge sensitivity) implies precursor mediated adsorption. Significant broadening and shifts to lower temperature occur in the TDS above about 0.26 L, which is assumed to be near saturation. Only propene (320 K) and hydrogen (300 and 500 K) desorb after heating a near-saturation exposure of propene. Propene mostly desorbs intact from the Pd(111) surface. TDS shows that no more than 10% of the near-saturation exposure of propene may decompose to surface bound carbon. Isothermal desorption data are acquired using LITD/FTMS at temperatures between 270 and 390 K. Rate constants are extracted from the data, and an Arrhenius plot yielded kinetic parameters (Ea and A): Ea = 79.2 ± 0.9 kJ/mo...
Effects of pharmacists' interventions on patient outcomes in an HIV primary care clinic

Purpose. The effects of pharmacists’ interventions on patient outcomes in an HIV primary care clinic were studied. Methods. All study participants were referred to a pharmacist-managed drug optimization clinic (DOC) in a county-based HIV primary care clinic between November 1, 2003, and September 30, 2004. Patients were eligible for study participation if they were 18 years of age or older and gave informed consent to participate. Pharmacists’ interventions were categorized as follows: patient education, addition of a medication, dosage adjustment, discontinuation of a medication, and interpretation of viral-resistance tests. Changes in baseline CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and viral load were also measured over the study period. Toxicities related to highly active antiretroviral therapy were recorded and graded from 0 to 4, with 0 indicating no toxicity and 4 indicating severe toxicity. Study participants used a standardized survey to measure their own health-related quality of life. Changes in CD4+ lymphocyte counts and viral load were analyzed using Student’s t test and analysis of variance. Toxicity grades were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results. A total of 34 patients completed the study. Pharmacists made a total of 253 interventions, most of which were categorized as patient education. The mean CD4+ lymphocyte count increased from baseline levels by 54 ± 78 cells/mm3 over the study period ( p < 0.0002). The mean ± S.D. reduction in circulating viral load over the study period was 1.02 log10 copies/mL ( p < 0.004). Conclusion. HIV-infected patients who were managed by pharmacists in a DOC demonstrated significant improvement from baseline in their CD4+ lymphocyte counts, viral loads, and drug-related toxicities.
T-cell regulation of macrophage function.

Abstract Macrophage function has long been known to be controlled by activated T cells. As the cytokines that control macrophage activation are defined, it is becoming apparent that macrophage ‘activation’ is more subtle than previously appreciated. Moreover, recent work has shown the dependence of T-cell development on macrophages, from the costimulation of T cells by macrophage surface molecules such as the B7 family, to the modulation by monokines of T-cell phenotype and growth, including IL-1, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-15. Combinations of cytokines and costimulators have revealed some of the processes by which an apparently dichotomous T-cell response can regulate the subtle diversity of the immune response.
Prostaglandin E2 rapidly stimulates insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression in primary rat osteoblast cultures: Evidence for transcriptional control

Osteoblast-enriched (Ob) cultures isolated from fetal rat bone synthesize insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which functions as a locally acting growth and differentiation factor in the skeleton. Consistent with prior studies demonstrating that IGF-I production is enhanced in bone by agents that induce cAMP, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates both cAMP synthesis and IGF-I mRNA in Ob cells. However, little is known about how cAMP regulates IGF-I expression in this or any other cell system. In rat tissues, multiple mechanisms influence levels of IGF-I mRNA, including transcription from two promoters, differential RNA splicing and stability, and alternative RNA polyadenylation. To determine how cAMP influences IGF-I gene expression in Ob cultures, we examined the responses of these cells to treatment with PGE2. PGE2 rapidly enhanced the accumulation of both large and small IGF-I transcripts, with increases in IGF-I mRNA detected within 2 h of treatment and persisting for 24 h. Analysis of precursor RNA by...
Increased severity of reperfusion arrhythmias in mouse hearts lacking histamine H3-receptors

We had previously reported that activation of histamine H(3)-receptors (H(3)R) on cardiac adrenergic nerve terminals decreases norepinephrine (NE) overflow from ischemic hearts and alleviates reperfusion arrhythmias. Thus, we used transgenic mice lacking H(3)R (H(3)R(-/-)) to investigate whether ischemic arrhythmias might be more severe in H(3)R(-/-) hearts than in hearts with intact H(3)R (H(3)R(+/+)). We report a greater incidence and longer duration of ventricular fibrillation (VF) in H(3)R(-/-) hearts subjected to ischemia. VF duration was linearly correlated with NE overflow, suggesting a possible cause-effect relationship between magnitude of NE release and severity of reperfusion arrhythmias. Thus, our findings strengthen a protective antiarrhythmic role of H(3)R in myocardial ischemia. Since malignant tachyarrhythmias cause sudden death in ischemic heart disease, attenuation of NE release by selective H(3)R agonists may represent a new approach in the prevention and treatment of ischemic arrhythmias.
Effects of quantum fields on singularities and particle horizons in the early universe. III. The conformally coupled massive scalar field

The behaviors of solutions to the semiclassical backreaction equations are investigated for conformally invariant free quantum fields and a conformally coupled massive scalar field in spatially flat homogeneous and isotropic spacetimes containing classical radiation. With one exception, only solutions that begin with the scale factor equal to zero are considered. It is found that in the limit that the scale factor vanishes the presence of the massive scalar field does not result in any new types of solutions, nor does it eliminate any. Thus the results of the first paper of this series on the existence of particle horizons are also valid for solutions beginning with zero scale factor if a conformally coupled massive scalar field is present. For intermediate values of the scale factor the massive scalar field can significantly affect the behaviors of specific solutions. Nevertheless, no new types of behaviors are observed and no old ones are eliminated. For large values of the scale factor it is uncertain what the behaviors of all solutions are, but asymptotically de Sitter solutions and asymptotically classical solutions continue to exist. Particle production causes the latter to expand like classical-matter-dominated universes at late times.
Color hard copy requirements for medical imaging

Traditionally, color mapping has not been utilized for diagnostic medical imaging. Color mapping was not possible prior to the emergence of electronic imaging modalities. Diagnostic imaging is considered in view of its purpose and goals as distinguished from photographic and scientific imaging. The applications for color in digital imaging modalities are discussed, as well as research directions for color utilized as a means of increasing the information density available to an observer. Requirements for color hardcopy are discussed.