cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF VASOPRESSIN: APPLICATION TO UNEXTRACTED HUMAN URINE.

ABSTRACT A sensitive, specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for arginine vasopressin (AVP). It is capable of detecting < .1 μU/ml. Lysine vasopressin displaces AVP 131I from antibody to AVP more strongly than did AVP itself, but oxytocin and other vasopressin analogues cross reacted much less strongly. AVP was detected in unextracted human urine, with excretory rates of 1.2–6.5 mU/hr observed during 24 hour dehydration, and rates of 0–0.35 mU/hr during water loading. Urinary immunoreactivity was similar in size to AVP as determined by dialysis, ultrafiltration and passage through a Sephadex G-15 column.
Contemporary outer dress and clothing market source use of Middle Eastern women

Contemporary Qatari women's outer dress and clothing market source use were explored using Hamilton's1 dress as a cultural subsystem metatheory. Data were gathered by interviewing 50 Qatari female nationals. Dependent variables were traditionalism of outer dress worn in public and private situations and clothing information and acquisition sources. Independent variables were demographic characteristics of age, education, socioeconomic status, work status and travel. Analyses included correlations and t-tests. Outer dress was traditional in most public, but less so in private, situations. As age increased, clothing traditionalism increased. The most used market sources were store displays, TV, video, tailors and the suq. Store display use increased with age, while use of video, TV and salespersons increased as education decreased. Women travelled outside Qatar to acquire clothing and when travelling, most women wore non-traditional outer dress. Findings were compared with a study completed in Saudi Arabia,2 Qatari women's contemporary outer dress was less traditional and they used both traditional and non-traditional information sources and traditional acquisition sources more than Saudi women.
Preparation and x-ray crystal structures of volatile copper(II) alkoxides

Abstract Volatile amino-alkoxide complexes Cu[OCH2CH2NMe2]2 (1), Cu[OCHMeCH2 NMe2]2 (2) and Cu[OCH2CH2NMeCH2CH2NMe2]2 (3) have been prepared. X-ray crystal structures reveal a mononuclear, square-planar geometry for 2, and a mononuclear, distorted, square-pyramidal geometry for 3. Thermal decomposition (25–300°C) of 1 gives a mixture of copper, CuO and Cu2O whereas thermal decomposition of 2 gives copper.
Growth and Erosion of Thin Solid Films

Thin films that are grown by the process of sputtering are, by and large, quite unlike the smooth, featureless structures that one might expect. In general, these films have a complicated surface morphology and an extended network of grooves and voids in their interiors. Such features can have a profound effect on the physical properties of a thin film. The surface irregularities and the bulk defects are the result of a growth instability due to competitive shadowing, an effect that also plays a role in geological processes such as erosion. For amorphous thin films, the shadow instability can be described by a remarkably simple model, which can be shown to reproduce many important observed characteristics of thin film morphology.
A global strategy for protecting vulnerable coastal populations

The 2014 Working Group II report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warns that lowlying coastal areas are increasingly exposed to risks from sea-level rise, flooding, and extreme storm events ( 1 ). Low-lying coasts of developing countries in particular face two types of vulnerability: (i) a lack of capacity to respond quickly and effectively to natural disasters and (ii) declining protection for people and property as coastal habitats disappear. A science-based global strategy for protecting coastal populations should address both sources of vulnerability, through investments in short-run emergency response and long-term coastal adaptation.
Fabrication of Gas Electrodes by Wet Powder Spraying of Binder-Free Particle Suspensions Using a Pulse Injection Process

A process for wet powder spraying of binder-free particle suspensions using pulse injection was devised for the fabrication of gas electrodes. The resulting deposited electrodes were found to have fine and uniformly distributed pores, to have good adhesion, and low interfacial resistance on electrolyte substrates. The uniformity of the layers was improved by decreasing the spray pulse to 0.05 s with a 1-s off period. Even without drying or any pre-treatments before firing, there was no cracking or delamination of the deposited layer. The deposited layer remained porous, crack-free, and well bound to the substrate after firing.
Resting frontal gamma power at 16, 24 and 36 months predicts individual differences in language and cognition at 4 and 5 years

Gamma activity has been linked to a variety of different cognitive processes and exists in both transient and persistent forms. Across studies, different brain regions have been suggested to contribute to gamma activity. Multiple studies have shown that the function of gamma oscillations may be related to temporal binding of early sensory information to relevant top-down processes. Given this hypothesis, we expected gamma oscillations to subserve general brain mechanisms that contribute to the development of cognitive and linguistic systems. The present study aims to examine the predictive relations between resting-state cortical gamma power density at a critical point in language and cognitive acquisition (i.e. 16, 24 and 36 months), and cognitive and language output at ages 4 and 5 years. Our findings show that both 24- and 36-month gamma power are significantly correlated with later language scores, notably Non-Word Repetition. Further, 16-, 24- and 36-month gamma were all significantly correlated with 4-year PLS-3 and CELF-P sentence structure scores. Although associations reported here do not reflect a direct cause and effect of early resting gamma power on later language outcomes, capacity to generate higher power in the gamma range at crucial developmental periods may index better modulation of attention and allow easier access to working memory, thus providing an advantage for overall development, particularly in the linguistic domain. Moreover, measuring abilities at times when these abilities are still emergent may allow better prediction of later outcomes.
a Procedure for Estimating Off-Site Sediment Damage Costs and AN Empirical Test

This paper reports on research to develop a methodology for estimating agricultural off-site sediment damage costs and includes an empirical estimate of such damages for a watershed. The economics of off-site sediment damage costs are discussed as a theoretical basis for the procedures developed. A detailed methodology is described for estimating five different types of off-site sediment damages commonly associated with rural watersheds. The methodology is then applied to a central Illinois watershed and estimates of individual types of damage are made. The estimates are combined into an off-site sediment damage function for the watershed, and the usefulness of the damage function for analyzing off-site sediment damages and achieving a reduction in those costs is discussed.
Local continuum shape sensitivity with spatial gradient reconstruction for nonlinear analysis

Gradient-based optimization for large-scale, multidisciplinary design problems requires accurate and efficient sensitivity analysis to compute design derivatives. Presented here is a nonintrusive analytic sensitivity method, that is relatively easy to implement. Furthermore, it can be as accurate as conventional analytic sensitivity methods, which are intrusive and tend to be difficult, if not infeasible, to implement. The nonintrusive local continuum shape sensitivity method with spatial gradient reconstruction (SGR) is formulated for nonlinear systems. This is an extension of the formulation previously published for linear systems. SGR, a numerical technique used to approximate spatial derivatives, can be leveraged to implement the sensitivity method in a nonintrusive manner. The method is used to compute design derivatives for a variety of applications, including nonlinear static beam bending, nonlinear transient gust response of a 2-D beam structure, and nonlinear static bending of rectangular plates. To demonstrate that the method is nonintrusive, all analyses are conducted using black box solvers. One limiting requirement of the method is that it requires the converged Jacobian or tangent stiffness matrix as output from the analysis tool. For each example the design derivatives of the structural displacement response are verified with finite difference calculations.
Stochastic Simulations and Sensitivity Analysis of Plasma Flow

For complex physical systems with large number of random inputs, it will be very expensive to perform stochastic simulations for all of the random inputs. Stochastic sensitivity analysis is introduced in this paper to rank the significance of random inputs, provide information on which random input has more influence on the system outputs and the coupling or interaction effect among different random inputs. There are two types of numerical methods in stochastic sensitivity analysis: local and global methods. The local approach, which relies on a partial derivative of output with respect to parameters, is used to measure the sensitivity around a local operating point. When the system has strong nonlinearities and parameters fluctuate within a wide range from their nominal values, the local sensitivity does not provide full information to the system operators. On the other side, the global approach examines the sensitivity from the entire range of the parameter variations. The global screening methods, based on One-At-a-Time (OAT) perturbation of parameters, rank the significant parameters and identify their interaction among a large number of parameters. Several screening methods have been proposed in literature, i.e., the Morris method, Cotter's method, factorial experimentation, and iterated fractional factorial design. In this paper,more » the Morris method, Monte Carlo sampling method, Quasi-Monte Carlo method and collocation method based on sparse grids are studied. Additionally, two MHD examples are presented to demonstrate the capability and efficiency of the stochastic sensitivity analysis, which can be used as a pre-screening technique for reducing the dimensionality and hence the cost in stochastic simulations.« less
Validity of vaccination cards and parental recall to estimate vaccination coverage: A systematic review of the literature

Immunization programs frequently rely on household vaccination cards, parental recall, or both to calculate vaccination coverage. This information is used at both the global and national level for planning and allocating performance-based funds. However, the validity of household-derived coverage sources has not yet been widely assessed or discussed. To advance knowledge on the validity of different sources of immunization coverage, we undertook a global review of literature. We assessed concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and coverage percentage point difference when subtracting household vaccination source from a medical provider source. Median coverage difference per paper ranged from -61 to +1 percentage points between card versus provider sources and -58 to +45 percentage points between recall versus provider source. When card and recall sources were combined, median coverage difference ranged from -40 to +56 percentage points. Overall, concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value showed poor agreement, providing evidence that household vaccination information may not be reliable, and should be interpreted with care. While only 5 papers (11%) included in this review were from low-middle income countries, low-middle income countries often rely more heavily on household vaccination information for decision making. Recommended actions include strengthening quality of child-level data and increasing investments to improve vaccination card availability and card marking. There is also an urgent need for additional validation studies of vaccine coverage in low and middle income countries.
Variability of venous anatomy of rat testis: application to experimental testicular surgery.

The venous drainage of the testis of the laboratory rat was observed in 31 animals. The right testicular (internal spermatic) vein drained directly into the right common iliac vein in 77.4%, and into the inferior vena cava in 22.6% of the animals. The left testicular vein drained into the left common iliac vein in all animals, but in 90.3% there was also an accessory branch of the testicular vein draining into the left renal vein. These observations suggest that in the rat the exact anatomy of the venous drainage of each testis should be identified prior to undertaking any surgical procedure on the testis where the venous vasculature plays a major role such as testicular transplantation or the creation of an experimental varicocele. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical Trials in Cancer Patients: An Introduction

As chairman of today's session, I extend my thanks to the Kroc Foundation and to the panel members for making these discussions possible. The objectives of this meeting are to review the recent history of randomized clinical trials in cancer, to assess the advances in medical practice that have resulted, and to ask whether we are smart enough to distinguish between those trials that are fruitful and those that are not. Before calling up our first speaker, I wish to take the chairman's prerogative of 10 minutes to give an eyewitness view of some of the forces and individuals that led to the first randomized clinical trials in cancer. There were two streams of influence---infectious disease chemotherapy and comparative studies of analgesics and hypnotic drugs. The infectious disease component started with the wartime malaria studies. Although no randomized trials were undertaken, the renal physiologists, Shannon, Earle, Berliner, and Taggart, and the pharmacologists, Brodie and Udenfriend, designed highly quantitative trials of antimalarial drugs with special attention to pharmacokinetics and to the immunological response of the host [1]. Dr. Chalmers was part of this team and, of course, later went on to many studies in controlled trials. That remarkable man, E.K. Marshall, Jr., of Johns Hopkins, who played the key role in the clinical use of the sulfonamides, had a good deal to do with the malaria trials and after the war I joined him in studies of penicillin [2]. The group at Johns Hopkins made a number of contributions to controlled trials. About this time the studies of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis by the Medical Research Council were published and had a profound influence on the Johns Hopkins group [3]. We had formed a clinical trials committeeMac Harvey, Marshall, Tommy Turner, Perrin Long, and Bill Cochrane---and had intense discussions of the ethics and methodology of trials. The first clinical study of penicillin in pneumococcal pneumonia at Johns Hopkins was not randomized [4]. The second trial [5] was our first effort at a randomized trial and these were continued over winters for six years. When Tumulty and
The impact of lymph node status on survival in cervical carcinoma

Abstract Four hundred and sixty three patients with Stage IB through IIIB primary squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix were treated at the M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute between 1968 and 1971. Lymphangiography was performed in 215 patients with tumors in Stages III to IIIB. Data on these 215 patients were reviewed and survival was correlated with lymphangiogram (LAG) status, tumor volume (stage) and selected patient characteristics. Three risk categories were identified using clinical staging and LAG criteria. These risk categories differed in median survival as follows: good risk (Stage IIA and B, LAG negative - 92+ months); intermediate risk (Stage 1111, LAG positive, Stage IIIA and B, LAG negative - 31 months) and poor risk (Stage IIIA and B, LAG positive - 11 months). Frequency of persistent disease and two year failure rates were both positively correlated with stage among LAG negative and LAG positive patients.
Lineage and pattern in the developing vertebrate limb.

Abstract Skeletal development in the vertebrate limb occurs independently of that of associated muscles and nerves. Patterning of muscles and nerves within the vertebrate limb depends on cues provided by the developing skeleton. Recent work suggests that skeletal pattern formation depends on spatially periodic prepatterns of extracellular matrix, the biosynthesis of which may be stimulated by diffusible growth factors. In concert with the regulation of limb bud size and shape by endogenous retinoids and other substances, this mechanism could explain how characteristic limb asymmetries are generated.
ULCERATIVE COLITIS BEGINNING IN INFANCY; A REPORT OF 5 CASES.

Five infants with ulcerative colitis beginning during the first 18 months of life have been studied. Particular emphasis has been placed on the clinical details which may be of value in the evaluation of the patient initially and during the course of the disease. The cases illustrate the considerable diversity of the course of the disease, its complications, and eventual outcome when the onset is during the very early months of life.
A historical account of NMR in the solid state

Abstract This article attempts to chronicle major milestones in the application of NMR in the solid state over the first 50 years since the discovery of NMR in 1945. After recording the earliest experiments with solids, we discuss in approximate chronological order the following topics: structure of solids, dynamics of solids including molecular reorientation, selfdiffusion and conformational motion, quadrupole effects, NQR, metals, negative temperatures, rotating frame temperatures, magnets and experimental methods, Fourier transform methods, magic angle spinning, multiple pulse NMR, CP/MAS, CRAMPS, double resonance, Overhauser effect, magnetic materials, ordered nuclear spin systems, phase transitions in solids, surfaces of solids, zero field NMR, 2D NMR, multiple quantum and overtone NMR in solids, NMR in high temperature superconductors, NMR in fullerenes, NMR imaging of solids, NMR force spectroscopy.
Influence of support flexibility and damping characteristics on the stability of rotors with stiffness anisotropy about shaft principal axes

Abstract Analysis of a single disk rotor with unequal stiffness in bending along its principal axes, has shown that the system becomes unstable when its operating speed is between the first two critical speeds. This paper investigates the influence of support flexibility and damping characteristics on this instability. The results show that rotor instability can be eliminated altogether by a suitable choice of support characteristics.
Computed Tomography of the Gastrointestinal Tract

New generation CT scans combined with high-detail barium studies have now allowed radiologists to see and gain a more complete understanding of the wall and surrounding structures of the gastrointestinal tract. The editors state that their intent is to ''present in a comprehensive volume an up-to-date evaluation o the role, significance, indications, and limitations of computed tomography of the gastrointestinal tract.'' There is an initial chapter on CT scanning techniques and the use of oral contrast agents. Chapters follow on Ct of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, small bowel, and colon. The chapters start with a description of the anatomic structures and then cover in detail common pathologic conditions that affect the organ. Indications for examinations are also included in many chapters. There are final chapters on percutaneous drainage of abscesses and fluid collections and on radiologic-patholoic correlation of some of the more common entities.
Hydroxylamine on Clay: a Direct Synthesis of Nitriles from Aromatic Aldehydes Using Microwaves Under Solvent-Free Conditions

In a solvent-free system, hydroxylamine hydrochloride impregnated montmorillonite K 10 clay expeditiously converts arylaldehydes to the corresponding nitriles under microwave irradiation conditions. This rapid one-pot method produces pure products in high yields (89–95%) within 1 to 1.5 min.
Simple isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method for measuring pyridoxine kinase activity in crude biological extracts.

To measure the enzymatic activity of pyridoxine kinase (EC 2.7.1.35) when pyridoxine or pyridoxamine are the substrates an additional enzymatic step is usually required. The products of the kinase activity, pyridoxine 5′-phosphate or pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate, are oxidized, enzymatically, to pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (co-enzyme) which is then measured either spectrophotometrically or using apo-enzymes. In this report the enzymatic activity of pyridoxine kinase, in crude biological extracts, is assayed by a simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method which determines the amount of pyridoxine 5′-phosphate formed when pyridoxine is the substrate. The same method could be used when pyridoxamine is the substrate.
Negative halothane-caffeine contracture test in mdx (dystrophin-deficient) mice☆☆☆

The genetics of malignant hyperthermia (MH) are ill-understood; however, the association of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with MH is well known. A deficiency of dystrophin is common to both the DMD and mdx mouse, an animal model for DMD. Using muscle contracture tests for MH, we have shown that in the mdx mouse there is no MH susceptibility, suggesting the lack of a direct role of the dystrophin in the development of MH syndrome.
Design of cache memories for dataflow architecture

Abstract The recent advance in dataflow processing — to combine the dataflow paradigm with the control-flow paradigm — has brought out many new challenging issues. This hybrid organization has made it possible to study and adapt familiar control-flow concepts such as cache memories within the framework of the dataflow architecture. The concept of cache memory has proven its effectiveness in the von Neumann architecture due to the spatial and temporal localities which govern the organization of the conventional programming execution. A dataflow paradigm, does not informally support locality, since the execution sequence is enforced only by the availability of operands. However, dataflow programs can be reordered based on various criteria to enhance the locality of instruction references. This can be achieved by: (i) careful partitioning of a dataflow program into vertical layers of data dependent instructions; and (ii) proper distribution and allocation of the recurrence portions of the dataflow program. Enhancing the locality of data references in the dataflow architecture is a more challenging problem. This paper studies the design of instruction, data (operand), and I-Structure cache memories using the Explicit Token Store (ETS) model of dataflow system. The performance results obtained using various benchmark programs are presented and analyzed.
Reporting of variations in the natural isotopic composition of mercury

High-precision measurements of natural variations in the stable isotopic composition of mercury show great promise as a new tracer of mercury sources and chemical transformations in the environment. We strongly suggest that all laboratories adopt a common means of data correction, standardization, and nomenclature in order to ensure that data from various laboratories can be easily evaluated and compared. We make suggestions for mass bias correction, reporting of mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope variations, and a standard protocol for reporting analytical uncertainties. We also present our measured values for isotope ratios in several mercury standard solutions.
Microscopic and thermodynamic properties of the HFA134a-water interface: atomistic computer simulations and tensiometry under pressure.

A combined computational and experimental approach is used to determine the interfacial thermodynamic and structural properties of the liquid 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA134a)−vapor and liquid HFA134a−water (HFA134a|W) interfaces at 298 K and saturation pressure. Molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations reveal a stable interface between HFA134a and water. The “10−90” interfacial thickness is comparable with those typically reported for organic−water systems. The interfacial tension of the HFA134a|W interface obtained from the pressure tensor analysis of the MD trajectory is in good agreement with the experimental value determined using in situ high-pressure tensiometry. These results indicate that the potential models utilized are capable of describing the intermolecular interactions between these two fluids. The tension of the HFA134a|W interface is significantly lower than those typically observed for conventional oil−water interfaces and similar to that of the compressed CO2−water interface, obse...
Laser radiation: Some specific dental effects and an evaluation of its potential in dentistry

Abstract Laser technology, in just five years after its birth, has opened many intriguing areas of medical research and clinical application. Preliminary tests have shown the pulsed ruby laser to have demonstrable effects on tooth structure in vivo and in vitro. In this study, several extracted noncarious maxillary incisors were prepared for enamel and dentin laser irradiation. An Ivorine Dentoform tooth was also irradiated. The apparatus employed was a focused, pulsed ruby laser head with a 2,000 joule power supply. After lasing, the samples were examined grossly and microscopically: 1.Enamel exhibited gross cratering from 0.1 to 1.1 mm. deep, depending on the amount of energy delivered to the target area. In dentin-deep enamel penetrations, a dark speckling of the exposed dentin subjacent to the lased enamel was observed. Examination under polarized light strongly suggested the presence of laser-induced crystallographic changes in the enamel bordering the enamel craters. 2.Dentin laser impacts yielded shallow, irregular craters less than 0.1 mm. deep. Three distinct zones of dentinal destruction were revealed: (a) a central zone of complete dentinal destruction; (b) an immediately surrounding zone of partial dentinal destruction; and (c) a scattered zone of dark speckling beyond the first two zones. 3.Lased Ivorine demonstrated the mildest effect, showing only surface irregularities. Suggestions are presented for possible future applications of the laser, as the state of the art of laser technology advances. Laser radiation offers exciting possibilities in dental research, oral tumor management, instrumentation, and precision techniques in restorative and prosthetic dentistry. Though laser researchers are presently too committed to the advancement of the state of the art to divert their attention to practical applications, this should not discourage dental investigators from uncovering further the laser's applicability to dentistry.
Magnetoresistivity in single crystal ErRh4B4

The magnetoresistance of single-crystal ErRh_4B_4 has been measured from 0.05 to 10 K with magnetic fields from 0 to 5 T applied along the magnetically easy a direction. The spin disorder resistivity in the normal state is interpreted with a crystal field model which also fits the magnetic anisotropy and specific heat. The data show that substantial spin disorder remains in ErRh_4B_4 even at T = 0 K in the ferromagnetic state.
The Global Street: Making the Political

This article explores key vectors in the uprisings of the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region from an urban perspective. The aim is to open up a larger conceptual field to understand the complex interactions between power and powerlessness as they get shaped in urban space. I argue that the city makes visible the limits of superior military power and, most importantly, that cities enable powerlessness to become complex, not simply elementary. In this complexity lies the possibility of making history and remaking the political. The question of public space is central to giving the powerless rhetorical and operational openings. But that public space needs to be distinguished from the concept of public space in the European tradition. This leads me to the concept of The Global Street. Este articulo explora los vectores claves en los levantamientos de la region del Medio Oriente y Africa del Norte (MENA, por sus siglas en ingles) desde una perspectiva urbana. El objetivo es abrir un campo conceptual ma...
Relationship Quality in Services Selling: An Interpersonal Influence Perspective:

Salespeople involved in the marketing of complex services often perform the role of “relationship manager.” It is, in part, the quality of the relationship between the salesperson and the customer ...
SELECT: A Computer Program to Identify Associationally Rich Words for Content Analysis. II. Substantive Results.

An overview of these results indicates that SELECT is, in general, producing results in which elicited themes parallel those produced by frequency-based word selection. More importantly —and consonant with the impetus for development of the method — SELECT is delivering factors which are larger, more easily interpretable, and more discriminable than these available from frequency data and is doing so within the constraint of basic thematic identities.
High-Frequency Semiconductor Spacistor Tetrodes

The basic idea in these devices is to achieve a good high-frequency response by using processes which are localized in the high-field region of reverse-biased p-n junctions. Structures have been proposed previously which use one injecting contact in the space-charge region. These devices have disadvantages which may be overcome by going to devices with two contacts in the space-charge region. These latter devices have been successfully built and tested. Electrons are injected into the space-charge region of a reverse-biased junction. The injection current is modulated by another nearby contact. This modulating contact is a small alloyed p-type region which is biased in "reverse" and consequently draws negligible current. Its function, in a sense, is analogous to the grid in a vacuum tube. In such a device, the second contact has the additional function of shielding the injecting contact from voltage changes across the main p-n junction. The high degree of shielding already achieved in the first few experimental units reflects itself in the fact that the output impedance is of the order of 30 megohms. The measured input impedance is, at present, also about 30 megohms. The input impedance can probably be made even higher. The first experimental devices show a low-frequency power gain at least as high as that obtained with our present-day transistors. The input and output circuits are coupled only through a low interelectrode capacity.
Medial frontal cortex and anterior insula are less sensitive to outcome predictability when monetary stakes are higher

Prior research links greater activation of posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC) and anterior insula (AI) with decreasing outcome predictability during decision making, as measured by decreasing probability for the more likely outcome out of two or increasing outcome variance. In addition to predictability, much work indicates that the magnitude or ‘stakes’ of the outcome is also important. Despite the interest in the neural correlates of these decision variables, it is unknown whether pMFC and AI are differentially sensitive to predictability when magnitude is varied. This study examined brain activity during decision making in relation to decreasing outcome predictability for low as compared with high magnitude decisions. For low magnitude decisions, reduced predictability of the outcome was associated with greater activity in pMFC and bilateral AI, replicating prior studies. In contrast, there was no relationship between predictability and brain activity for high magnitude decisions, which tended to elicit greater pMFC and AI activity than low magnitude decisions for more predictable outcomes. These data indicate that the relationship between outcome predictability and pMFC and AI activity during decision making depends on magnitude, and suggest that these regions may be responding to the motivational salience of the decision rather than predictability information per se.
Facilitators and inhibitors of end-user development by teachers in a school

This paper describes the perceptions and attitudes of teachers who are end-user developers. A semi-structured interview of 22 teachers was carried out. It revealed motivational, situational, knowledge, and tool factors that affect their programming efforts. Five of the survey participants also carried out several program maintenance tasks in order to identify additional challenges in performing end-user programming tasks. The contribution of the study is an understanding of the facilitators and inhibitors of end-user development in a particular professional setting.
Rapid intraoperative insulin assay: a novel method to differentiate insulinoma from nesidioblastosis in the pediatric patient

Introduction: Hyperinsulinism is the most common cause of recurrent and persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and childhood. Causes can include nesidioblastosis, pancreatic islet cell tumors such as insulinoma, and associations with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Although new, improved imaging techniques have allowed for more precise preoperative localization of insulinomas, the differentiation of nesidioblastosis and insulinoma, particularly in children, can be challenging. To improve intraoperative localization and confirmation of successful resection of insulinoma, a novel hormonal assay, the rapid intraoperative insulin assay, is reported for the first time in a pediatric patient. This intraoperative radioimmunoassay for insulin yields results within several minutes and confirms complete resection of insulinoma. Case description: We present a case of pancreatic insulinoma in a child with symptoms of severe hypoglycemia, causing seizures. The insulinoma was enucleated laparoscopically, and rapid intraoperative insulin assay used to determine the success of the procedure. Discussion and evaluation: This rapid intra-operative test provides a valuable adjunct for determining complete excision in complicated cases of recurrent or questionable insulinoma. Although not a common problem, for pediatric patients in whom the diagnosis is not clear, this test may provide a novel approach to confirming disease. Conclusion: We propose the use of this assay in facilitating intra-operative resection and confirmation of complete excision in pediatric patients. This population may especially benefit from this novel assay to confirm complete resection and to differentiate multiple etiologies of hyperinsulinism.
New approach to the surgical management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after cavopulmonary anastomosis

The development of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after cavopulmonary bypass in patients with congenital heart disease is well documented. We report successful management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations after cavopulmonary bypass in a patient with an interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) and multiple hepatic veins utilizing an extracardiac conduit from the hepatic veins to the hemiazygous continuation of the interrupted IVC. This technique, performed without circulatory arrest or an atriotomy, may limit morbidity associated with intracardiac procedures in patients with single ventricle morphology. Furthermore, this case suggests an alternative technique for completion Fontan in patients with an interrupted IVC and multiple hepatic venous drainage.
Consequences of Flexibility Stigma Among Academic Scientists and Engineers

Flexibility stigma, the devaluation of workers who seek or are presumed to need flexible work arrangements, fosters a mismatch between workplace demands and the needs of professionals. The authors survey “ideal workers”—science, technology, engineering, and math faculty at a top research university—to determine the consequences of working in an environment with flexibility stigma. Those who report this stigma have lower intentions to persist, worse work–life balance, and lower job satisfaction. These consequences are net of gender and parenthood, suggesting that flexibility stigma fosters a problematic environment for many faculty, even those not personally at risk of stigmatization.
Information integration for constructing social statistics: history, theory and ideas towards a research programme

More precise policy making at all levels of government has fuelled tremendous demand for small area data-smaller than ever before. At the same time, there has been an unprecedented accumulation of data in geographic information systems, administrative records databases and more sophisticated survey sampling schemes. Researchers and practitioners have been trying to combine these diverse sources of data. But how should these diverse sources of data be combined in a way that is policy relevant and statistically principled? The paper illustrates these questions with several example applications at the state, county and local level: emerging geographic information systems databases, the need for estimates of small area income, poverty, demographic and uninsurance data by health authorities, and how administrative records databases (such as licensed day care facilities, traffic counts and unemployment insurance records) are being harvested for their information content. Finally, the paper proposes approaches for integrating these diverse sources of data with different error, uncertainty and quality profiles, and surveys persistent challenges in this area.
Diurnal patterns in brain biogenic amines of rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields

Levels of brain neurotransmitters and their metabolites, as well as concentrations of enzymes associated with their synthesis and metabolism, fluctuate during the day in patterns defined as circadian. The present study examined these rhythms in albino rats exposed to 60-Hz electric fields. Thirty-six animals were exposed to a 39 kV/m field for 4 weeks, 20 h/day, in a parallel-plate electrode system. A group of 36 sham animals was similarly handled and housed in a nonenergized exposure system. On the sampling day, animals were sacrificed at 4-h intervals throughout the 24-h day. Brains were removed, dissected, and kept frozen until chemically analyzed. The levels of biogenic amines and their acidic metabolites in the striatum, hypothalamus, and hippocampus were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) methods. Repeated exposure to 60-Hz electric fields produced significant alterations in the diurnal rhythms of several biogenic amines: dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC, the primary metabolite of dopamine in the rat) in the striatum, and norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA; serotonin metabolite) in the hypothalamus. Levels of serotonin in the striatum and hypothalamus showed clear circadian patterns that was not affected by the field. No diurnal or field-related changes were observed in the hippocampal amines.
Determination of pregnanediol in stored urine specimens.

SEVERAL methods for the determination of pregnanediol in urine have been devised and worked out in detail (1–5). The present communication is the result of the experiences gained with a large number of urine samples, which by force of circumstances had to be stored for long periods of time before they could be analyzed. The known methods of pregnanediol estimation were investigated with regard to their applicability to stored urines, and modifications of these methods were developed which are suitable for the quantitative determination of pregnanediol in urine samples stored for periods up to two years. METHODS The urine samples were stored at room temperature under a layer of n-butanol. Samples were analyzed by the methods of Venning (1) and Sommerville et al. (4) when fresh, and checked after intervals ranging from two to twelve months. The methods of Astwood and Jones (2) and of Talbot (3) were applied also to the stored urines.
METRIC ENTROPY OF CONVEX HULLS

LetT be a precompact subset of a Hilbert space. The metric entropy of the convex hull ofT is estimated in terms of the metric entropy ofT, when the latter is of order eℒ2. The estimate is best possible. Thus, it answers a question left open in [CKP].
Evaluation of a Noninvasive Technique for Measuring Fat-Free Mass in Poultry

Abstract Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) has been successfully used to predict fat-free mass and lipid content in various species of mammals and birds. In the current trial, TOBEC was used to predict fat-free mass in broiler chicks through 14 d posthatch. To accomplish this, a calibration equation was developed and then tested for accuracy of prediction. It was determined that two calibration equations (hatch to 4 d and 6 to 14 d) were necessary to predict growth. Equations including only the TOBEC reading had R2 values of .92 (6 to 14 d) and .96 (hatch to 4 d). Equations including additional measures of length or weight had slightly improved R2 values. Through the verification of the calibration equations it was found that when the equations were used in the appropriate range, 95% of the variation in fat-free mass was explained. It was determined that TOBEC measures can be used to predict fat-free mass in live broiler chicks to 2 wk posthatch.
A Tale of Two Teams

A s anyone who has read Roger Angell knows, good sports writing is simply good writing. Jay Weiner is a good sportswriter who was assigned to cover the disputed 2008 U.S. Senate election between Norm Coleman and Al Franken when MinnPost, the online news daily he now works for, needed an extra hand as that election went into ‘‘extra innings.’’ Because of his talents as a writer, and because his online platform gave him more space and freedom than an old-fashioned print newspaper, Weiner’s daily reporting of the ColemanFranken dispute was consistently more colorful and detailed in its information than the traditional press accounts. Indeed, in March 2009, while the Coleman v. Franken trial was underway, Weiner received a major Minnesota-based journalism award for coverage of the recount in this Senate race. Based on the knowledge and insights derived from his daily observation of the dispute as it unfolded, as well as a multitude of interviews and other extensive research in its aftermath, Weiner has written a book to tell the whole story of the dispute, from start to finish. His model was Jeffrey Toobin’s Too Close to Call, the fast-paced account of the disputed 2000 presidential election. Weiner has succeeded in emulating that example. His account of the Minnesota dispute is similarly as energetic as the one that Toobin provided of the events in Florida. The bottom line is that Weiner, like Toobin, is a good writer, and it means that his book is a good read. It makes no difference that he is writing about politics instead of sports. Just as Michael Lewis can write compellingly about sports (Moneyball and The Blind Side) or finance (Liar’s Poker and The Big Short), so too can Jay Weiner write felicitously about sports or politics.
Patient assault: a comparison of patient and staff perceptions

The purpose of this study was to compare the perceptions of assaultive patients and staff victims regarding assault incidents. The hypotheses were as follows : (1) There will be congruence between patients' and victims' reports of objective or factual information regarding the assaults and (2) there will not be congruence between patients' and victims' reports of subjective information about the assaults. Monahan's (1981) framework was used for assessing violence on the assaultive patient and the assaulted staff member. Patients who assaulted a nursing staff member and nursing staff members who were assaulted were interviewed, and the congruence of responses between each pair (patient and staff member) on each question was assessed. For 10 items designated as objective, there was agreement between patients and victims in 6 cases and disagreement in 4 cases. For 8 subjective items, in all cases patients and victims gave different perceptions.
Insulin resistance in uremia: insulin receptor kinase activity in liver and muscle from chronic uremic rats

We have studied the structure and function of the partially purified insulin receptors from liver and skeletal muscle in a rat model of severe chronic uremia. 125I-insulin binding was higher in the liver from uremic rats when compared with ad libitum- and pair-fed controls. Furthermore, the ability of insulin to stimulate the autophosphorylation of the beta-subunit and insulin receptor kinase activity using Glu80, Tyr20 as exogenous phosphoacceptor was increased in the liver of the uremic animals. The structural characteristic of the receptors, as determined by electrophoretic mobilities of affinity labeled alpha-subunit and the phosphorylated beta-subunit, were normal in uremia. 125I-insulin binding and insulin receptor kinase activity were similar in the skeletal muscle from uremic and pair- and ad libitum-fed animals. Thus our data are supportive of the hypothesis that in liver and muscle of chronic uremic rats, insulin resistance is due to a defect(s) distal to the insulin receptor kinase.
Analysis of human communication during assembly tasks

This paper studies human-to-human interaction in an attempt to reveal the kinds of human-to-machine interaction that will be necessary for intelligent robot learning of assembly tasks. Experiments were performed in which an "expert" guided an "apprentice" through a complex assembly task using spoken language but no visual communication. An analysis of the dialog reveals that certain protocols and conventions facilitate communication, and that communication breaks down when these protocols are not observed. Five types of protocols were observed: focusing, validators, referencing, descriptors and dialog structure. The implications of these results for human-robot communication are discussed.
Historical and professional perspectives of complementary and alternative medicine with a particular emphasis on rediscovering and embracing complementary and alternative medicine in contemporary Western society.

Harvard University, the oldest university in the United States, established its medical school in 1782. Harvard Medical School led the way in reform of medical education and in medical research. Since the school's earliest days, Harvard physicians and scientists have demonstrated that treatments are often found beyond the boundaries of prevailing medical practice. In 1802, Professor Benjamin Waterhouse, having learned of Edward Jenner's pioneering work, introduced the smallpox vaccine to America. Later in the nineteenth century, Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes promoted new standards of sanitary practice, despite the skepticism of many fellow physicians. In 1847, Dr. John Collins Warren first publicly demonstrated the use of clinical anesthesia with ether. This tradition of inquiry and innovation has continued into the present century, as attested by the 15 Nobel prizes awarded to Harvard Medical School scientists. It is in this spirit of open-minded inquiry and rigorous scientific standards that Harvard Medical...
A modulated complex lapped transform and its applications to audio processing

This paper introduces a new structure for a modulated complex lapped transform (MCLT), which is a complex extension of the modulated lapped transform (MLT). The MCLT is a particular kind of a 2/spl times/ oversampled generalized DFT filter bank, whose real part corresponds to the MLT. That property can be used for efficient implementation of joint echo cancellation, noise reduction, and coding, for example. Fast algorithms for the MCLT are presented, as well as examples that show the good performance of the MCLT in noise reduction and echo cancellation.