cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tail-Anchored Membrane Protein Recognition by Get3

Targeting of newly synthesized membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum is an essential cellular process. Most membrane proteins are recognized and targeted co-translationally by the signal recognition particle. However, nearly 5% of membrane proteins are ‘tail-anchored’ (TA) by a single C-terminal transmembrane domain that cannot access the co-translational pathway. Instead, TA proteins are targeted post-translationally by a conserved ATPase termed Get3. The mechanistic basis for TA protein recognition or targeting by Get3 is not known. Here we present crystal structures of Get3 in ‘open’ (nucleotide-free) and ‘closed’ (ADP•AlF4--bound) dimer states. In the closed state, the dimer interface of Get3 contains an enormous hydrophobic groove implicated by mutational analyses in TA protein binding. In the open state, Get3 undergoes a dramatic rearrangement that disrupts the groove and shields its hydrophobic surfaces. These data provide a molecular mechanism for nucleotide-regulated binding and release of TA proteins during their membrane targeting by Get3.
Influence of the local environment on Zn acceptors in the GaAs(110) surface

Individual Zn acceptors in the GaAs (110) surface layer are studied with a scanning tunneling microscope. Tunneling spectroscopy reveals a peak associated with a Zn acceptor state, whose linewidth and response to local band bending depend on proximity to neighboring subsurface Zn acceptors. Though identical in topographic images, surface-layer Zn with nearby subsurface neighbors exhibits a broad peak that is insensitive to band bending, while more isolated surface-layer Zn exhibit a narrow peak which is sensitive to band bending. These results are suggestive of a shallow-to-deep acceptor transition, driven by the random dopant distribution.
An Upper Bound on the Number of Edges of a 2-Connected Graph

Let G be a loopless 2-connected graph whose largest cycle has c edges, and whose largest bond has c* edges. We show that |E(G)| ≤ hcc*.
Brief Hypnotic Intervention Increases Throwing Accuracy

The present study examined whether motor skill learning could be enhanced through a hypnotic intervention. The task involved throwing a tennis ball overhand at a target. Participants were assigned to either a hypnosis or control group. Both groups first completed a pre-test of 20 throws. Prior to the second block of 20 throws (post-test), the hypnosis group received a 10-minute hypnotic intervention. The theme of the hypnosis session was to focus on the target while throwing. Participants were aroused from the hypnotic state prior to the throwing task. The control group was asked to relax in the same environment for the same length of time. Control group participants were told that focusing on the target had been shown to increase accuracy. On the post-test, as well as on a retention test (20 throws), conducted 5-8 days after the post-test, the hypnosis group showed an increase in throwing accuracy relative to the pre-test and more effective performance than the control group whose performance was similar to that on the pre-test. These findings show that hypnosis can have a positive impact on motor learning. Potential mechanisms for this effect are discussed.
Three family N=1 SUSY models from Zn orbifolded AdS/CFT

Abstract We present an analysis of compactifications of the type IIB superstring on AdS 5 × S 5 / Γ , where Γ is an Abelian cyclic group. Every Γ = Z n of order n ⩽12 is considered. This results in 60 chiral models, and a systematic analysis with n n .
A dynamic multiple thresholding method for automated breast boundary detection in digitized mammograms

We have previously developed a breast boundary detection method by using a gradient-based method to search for the breast boundary (GBB). In this study, we developed a new dynamic multiple thresholding based breast boundary detection system (MTBB). The initial breast boundary (MTBB-Initial) is obtained based on the analysis of multiple thresholds on the image. The final breast boundary (MTBB-Final) is obtained based on the initial breast boundary and the gradient information from horizontal and the vertical Sobel filtering. In this way, it is possible to accurately segment the breast area from the background region. The accuracy of the breast boundary detection algorithm was evaluated by comparison with an experienced radiologist's manual segmentation using three performance metrics: the Hausdorff distance (HDist), the average minimum Euclidean distance (AMinDist), and the area overlap (AOM). It was found that 68%, 85%, and 90% of images have HDist errors less than 6 mm for GBB, MTBB-Initial, and MTBB-Final, respectively. Ninety-five percent, 96%, and 97% of the images have AMinDist errors less than 1.5 mm for GBB, MTBB-Initial, and MTBB-Final, respectively. Ninety-six percent, 97%, and 99% of the images have AOM values larger than 0.9 for GBB, MTBB-Initial, and MTBB-Final, respectively. It was found that the performance of the proposed method was improved in comparison to our previous method.
Thematic and Lexical Repetition in a Contemporary Screenplay

Several works on film theory and screenwriting practice take up the question of repetition within narrative. However, few if any, have articulated theories about the relationship between the repetition of the words that comprise the screenplay itself and repetition of the themes that lend coherence to the narrative. In this study we address this gap in the screenwriting and film literature. Specifically, we analyze repetition of words and themes in the screenplay of Sunshine Cleaning, a critically-acclaimed independent film. Based on our survey of the literature, we expect and we find several varieties of repetition among words associated with the major themes in Sunshine Cleaning. This repetition includes but is not limited to polyptoton (words formed by inflections, declensions, and conjugations of a common stem), homonymy, paregmenon (words sharing a common derivation), and compounding (words formed by combining two or more words). We further expect and find that the repetition of words linked to themes is extensive and found in the large majority of the scenes of the screenplay. Finally, we expect and find that words associated with the themes are repeated far more frequently than in a random sample of screenplays contained within the Corpus of Contemporary American English. We conclude the paper with a discussion of our study’s implications for the art and craft of screenwriting.
When do older adults turn to the internet for health information? Findings from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study.

BACKGROUND: Understanding how and when patients use nonphysician sources of health information is important to facilitate shared decision making within provider outpatient visits. However, little is known about which older adults seek health information on the internet or when.
Maneuvering the internal porosity and surface morphology of electrospun polystyrene yarns by controlling the solvent and relative humidity

This article presents a simple and reliable method for generating polystyrene (PS) yarns composed of bundles of nanofibrils by using a proper combination of solvent and relative humidity. We elucidated the mechanism responsible for the formation of this new morphology by systematically investigating the molecular interactions among the polymer, solvent(s), and water vapor. We demonstrated that vapor-induced phase separation played a pivotal role in generating the yarns with a unique structure. Furthermore, we discovered that the low vapor pressure of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was critical to the evolution of pores in the interiors. On the contrary, the relatively high vapor pressure of tetrahydrofuran (THF) hindered the formation of interior pores but excelled in creating a rough surface. In all cases, our results clearly indicate that the formation of either internal porosity or surface roughness required the presence of water vapor, a nonsolvent of the polymer, at a proper level of relative humidity. The exact morphology or pore structure was dependent on the speed of evaporation of the solvent(s) (DMF, THF, and their mixtures) as well as the interdiffusion and penetration of the nonsolvent (water) and solvent(s). Our findings can serve as guidelines for the preparation of fibers with desired porosity both internally and externally through electrospinning.
Response to comment on “The conundrum between chemoautotrophic production and reductant and oxidant supply: A case study from the Cariaco basin”

Abstract Jost (in press) argued that our measured chemoautotrophic production is overestimated due to methodology and that oxygen contamination is the most likely explanation for the energy conundrum. We have endeavored to minimize atmospheric exposure from sample collection through incubation since the CARIACO program began. We have also intentionally added headspaces to examine the aeration effect and found that, if anything, oxygen contamination appears to suppress 14 C fixation rates at the depths of interest. Even if trace oxygen contamination occurs during sample preparation and incubation, we do not believe that could explain the 800 to1600-fold difference between the chemoautotrophic production and the reactant supply using stoichiometry based on lab cultures of sulfide oxidizers. In Li et al. (2012) , the stoichiometry we used does not violate any thermodynamic laws. Thus the value we used, while probably on the high side, is theoretically possible. We argue that production of sulfide within the redoxcline may be a significant source based on the fact that a large fraction of the organic matter produced by the chemoautotrophs within the redoxcline does not seem to settle into underlying sediment traps. Our main intention was to propose that in situ sulfide production, i.e., a “cryptic sulfur cycle”, within the redoxcline might be a significant, but neglected process.
Non-abelian Kaluza-Klein monopoles

Abstract I classify magnetic monopoles in general Kaluza-Klein theories. The construction of monopole solutions is explicitly carried out for an SO(3) model.
MRP lot sizing with multiple purchase discounts

Abstract Five MRP lot sizing models are modified to accommodate multiple purchase discounts and tested in an experiment involving different levels of requirements variability, discount attractiveness, and order cost. The testing of multiple purchase discounts is an extension of earlier research that compared MRP lot sizing models under a simplified discount structure involving a single price break [3, 4, 7]. The models tested here have either been implemented in some actual MRP systems or have been proposed as effective models by other researchers. Five hundred test problems were solved by each model, generating 2500 cost figures for comparison. The results indicate that an incremental version of part-period balancing and, to a lesser extent, the least unit cost method are the best models of those tested.
Auditory brainstem response in sheep. Part I: Fetal development

The Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) was recorded from fetal sheep in utero between gestational ages of 111 days and 136 days (Normal gestation is 145 days). The ABR was detected at 111 days gestation (dGA) and morphology of the waveform improved rapidly from 116 to 123 dGA. At 123 dGA, the four vertex-positive peaks were similar to those observed in adult ewes. Thresholds of the ABR to clicks and tone bursts improved rapidly between 111 and 123 dGA. From 123 to 136 dGA, ABR thresholds continued to improve, but at a much slower rate. Latencies for the peaks also decreased during development from 111 to 136 days, with latencies for Waves III and IV showing a greater decrease than latencies for Waves I and II.
Psychiatric symptoms masking pituitary adenoma in Spanish speaking immigrants

Barriers to clear communication, such as culture, language, and other aspects of self-presentation may have an important impact on the doctor-patient relationship. When not addressed, cultural and linguistic issues can result in unreliable clinical histories, noncompliance with medical treatment, misinterpretation of data, poor continuity of care, less preventive screening, miscommunication, and inadequate analgesia. Lack of access to competent interpreters and failure to take a full history may result in inaccurate assessment of presenting complaints leading to a delay in initiating necessary treatment. In addition, the presence of psychiatric symptoms can interfere with the medical diagnostic process, leading sometimes to premature closure of the differential diagnosis and attributing all presenting complaints to psychiatric illness. When both language barriers and psychotic symptoms present together, the risk of inaccurate diagnosis is multiplied. We report two Spanish-speaking patients with primary central nervous system tumors who had delayed diagnosis and treatment due to triage personnel focusing on presenting psychiatric complaints without attention to co-morbid medical symptoms. In each case, the patients initially presented to non-Spanish-speaking medical providers who did not have access to trained interpreter services. Physician attention to primary psychiatric symptoms led to referral for psychiatric care, delaying treatment for obvious neuro-endocrinologic problems.
Cold lability of mouse sperm binding to zona pellucida.

Epididymal spermatozoa were maintained at 4°C during and after release from the epididymis to assess the effect of membrane fluidity on acquisition by the sperm of the ability to bind to zonae pellucidae of mouse eggs. The hypothesis to be tested was: If membrane fluidity is necessary for acquisition of the ability to bind, then exposure of sperm to 4°C to reduce fluidity markedly should lead to a characteristic delay time in acquiring the ability to bind to zonae. This result was not observed; instead, the relative extent of binding measured at 37°C was decreased relative to control by preincubation at 4°C. The relative extent of binding was reduced to 43% of control after 15 min and to 20% of control after a 60-min preincubation at 4°C. The loss of binding ability was not reversed by subsequent exposure to 37°C in the insemination mixture for up to 60 min if fresh sperm were dispersed directly from epididymides into the cold medium. Dispersal of sperm into medium at 37°C followed by a 15-min preincubation at this temperature, during which time sperm acquire the ability to bind to zonae, conferred full protection against cold-induced loss of binding ability. This loss could not be attributed to motility effects: Mouse sperm are completely immotile if cooled to 4°C, but fully regain their original motility upon warming to 37°C, the temperature of the insemination medium. The binding sites on the sperm plasma membrane for the zona pellucida appear to lose irreversibly their binding ability at 4°C with a half-time of about 15 min. These results suggest the hypothesis that rearrangement of binding site subunits is involved in the acquisition of the ability to bind to zonae, rather than long-range interaction of plasma membrane proteins.
Audit committee support for auditors: The effects of materiality justification and accounting precision

Abstract This study evaluates whether the auditor’s materiality justification and the precision of the accounting issue affect audit committee members’ support for the auditor in an auditor-management disagreement. Audit committee members participated in an experiment with materiality justification (i.e., auditor provides “quantitative-only” versus quantitative and “qualitative,” consequences-oriented materiality justification) and accounting precision (i.e., precise versus imprecise accounting issue in dispute) manipulated between participants. Audit committee members provided greater support for the auditor when the auditor’s materiality justification included both quantitative and consequences-oriented factors (i.e., the interruption of an earnings trend) and when the accounting issue was subject to precise measurement. In addition, more experienced audit committee members and those who are CPAs were more supportive of the auditor. From a public policy perspective, the results suggest that (a) regulators should require auditors and audit committees to discuss qualitative aspects of materiality (e.g., consequences) for all unrecorded auditor-proposed adjustments; (b) regulators and standard setters should seek to enhance auditor testing of accounting estimates and consider requiring greater disclosure of estimate ranges; and (c) current regulatory efforts to enhance audit committee financial expertise are supported by our findings.
Phantom, a cytochrome P450 enzyme essential for ecdysone biosynthesis, plays a critical role in the control of border cell migration in Drosophila

Abstract The border cells of Drosophila are a model system for coordinated cell migration. Ecdysone signaling has been shown to act as the timing signal to initiate the migration process. Here we find that mutations in phantom (phm), encoding an enzyme in the ecdysone biosynthesis pathway, block border cell migration when the entire follicular epithelium of an egg chamber is mutant, even when the associated germline cells (nurse cells and oocyte) are wild-type. Conversely, mutant germline cells survive and do not affect border cell migration, as long as the surrounding follicle cells are wild-type. Interestingly, even small patches of wild-type follicle cells in a mosaic epithelium are sufficient to allow the production of above-threshold levels of ecdysone to promote border cell migration. The same phenotype is observed with mutations in shade (shd), encoding the last enzyme in the pathway that converts ecdysone to the active 20-hydroxyecdysone. Administration of high 20-hydroxyecdysone titers in the medium can also rescue the border cell migration phenotype in cultured egg chambers with an entirely phm mutant follicular epithelium. These results indicate that in normal oogenesis, the follicle cell epithelium of each individual egg chamber must supply sufficient ecdysone precursors, leading ultimately to high enough levels of mature 20-hydroxyecdysone to the border cells to initiate their migration. Neither the germline, nor the neighboring egg chambers, nor the surrounding hemolymph appear to provide threshold amounts of 20-hydroxyecdysone to do so. This “egg chamber autonomous” ecdysone synthesis constitutes a useful way to regulate the individual maturation of the asynchronous egg chambers present in the Drosophila ovary.
The Future of Hotel Revenue Management

What insight do professional revenue management (RM) have about the future? A survey of 487 professionals found the future was going to be much more strategic in nature and will be more strongly driven by technology in which function space will be the new frontier. As technology evolves analytical pricing models and social networking/mobile technology are going to have a major impact on the future. Survey respondents think that the organization of the RM function is going to become more centralized, and that the skills required for a successful revenue manager are going to be a combination of analytical and communication abilities. As a consequence, performance measurement will move to total revenue or gross operating profit rather than by Revenue per available room.
A stereoselective synthesis of cis-alkenylboranes

Abstract The reaction of 1-halo-1-alkynes with dialkylboranes followed by treatment with either lithium triethylborohydride or potassium tri-s-butylborohydride produces cis-alkenylboranes in high yields in a highly stereoselective manner.
Differentiation of the neural pathways mediating cortically induced and dopaminergic activation of the central pattern generator (CPG) for rhythmical jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig

The central pattern generator (CPG) for rhythmical jaw movements (RJMs) was activated, in the anesthetized guinea pig, by systemic injection of a specific dopamine agonist, apomorphine (APO). It was shown that APO induced RJMs required an intact superior colliculus, and were blocked by low doses (0.05-1.0 mg/kg) of haloperidol (HAL), a dopamine antagonist. This is in contrast to the neural pathways mediating RJMs evoked by repetitive electrical stimulation of the masticatory cortex which remained effective following both lesions of the superior colliculus and administration of HAL. These results suggest that there are at least two anatomically separate and pharmacologically distinct command centers for activation of the CPG for RJMs in the guinea pig.
Design and implementation of algorithms for focus automation in digital imaging time‐lapse microscopy

Background Digital time-lapse microscopy using Nomarski-DIC requires that an autofocusing system adapt to changes in cell shape, size, and position while contending with drift, noise, and hysteresis in the microscope and imager. We have designed and implemented an autofocusing system that tracks subjects under dynamic conditions and maintains focus within a threshold of discriminability. Methods With the use of proven and novel algorithms for autofocusing in Nomarski, we performed “virtual” experiments on recorded image stacks to simulate drift and sudden displacements and test the search algorithm response. Results We found that combining a simple [1, −1] contrast function with an adaptive “warmer–colder” focusing algorithm yields a reasonable compromise between focusing precision and noise tolerance. This method was implemented to record growth kinetics of yeast cells in single and multiple fields of view over several hours. Conclusions We have implemented a robust digital autofocus that maintains focus on optically complex samples imaged at high resolution. The tolerance of this system of drift and vibration suggests that it is a practical system for time-lapse imaging in many biological applications. Cytometry 49:159–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
E-Policing: Environmental and Organizational Correlates of Website Features and Characteristics Among Large Police Departments in the United States of America

Increasingly, information technology has pervaded the provision of services by police agencies in the United States. Recent research Jones & de Guzman, 2010 has illustrated that although most police organizations maintain a web presence, these departments showed significant variations in the quality of their websites and the services they offer through the Internet. Using a sample of 162 large municipal police agencies in the United States, this research isolated the factors that contribute to the adoption of e-government practices. Environmental and organizational factors were tested as explanatory variables. The results indicated that organizational resource constraints had minimal influences on the quality and function of police websites and that officer education appeared as the primary predictor. With respect to environmental factors, population size and their levels of education were significantly related to the features and characteristics of police websites. Likewise, the research examined contingency and institutional theories to explain different features and characteristics of police websites. The data tended to support assumptions made by institutional theory.
Average Nusselt Number for Pressure and Suction Sides of Squealer Turbine Blade Tip

Numerical simulations of the flow field and heat transfer of squealer blade tip are performed in this study. The effect of Reynolds number (Re = 10000–40000), the clearance gap to width ratios (C/W = 5%–15%) and the cavity depth to width ratios (D/W = 10%, 20% and 50%) on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics are obtained. The temperature and velocity distributions inside the cavity, the local heat transfer coefficients, and the average Nusselt numbers for the pressure and suction sides of the turbine blade tip are determined. This paper presents the results of the effects of Reynolds number, clearance gap and width ratios on the Nusslet number for the pressure and suction sides of squealer turbine blade tip. The results show a good agreement with the experimental data obtained by Metzger and Bunker. New correlations for the average Nusselt numbers for turbine blade tip pressure and suction sides are presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Design and calibration of microarrays as universal transcriptomic environmental biosensors.

J. S. Almeida1*, D. J. McKillen2, Y. A. Chen1, P. S. Gross2,3, R. W. Chapman3,4 and G. Warr2,3 1Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA 3Marine Biomedicine and Environmental Science Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA 4South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Charleston, SC, USA
The Marginal Effects of the Price for Carbon Dioxide: Quantifying the Effects on the Market for Electric Generation in Florida

Greater emphasis on public policy aimed at internalizing the societal cost of carbon dioxide emissions leads to more questions about the economic impacts of that policy. In cooperation with the State of Florida's Department of Environmental Protection, the authors have constructed a model to simulate the dispatch of electric generating units to serve electric load in the state – and obtained some counterintuitive results.
Surface analysis preparations for multilayer plated through-holes

Surface analysis on multilayer printed wiring board interconnections has been, at best, difficult to achieve. This has been primarily related to geometric considerations, which prevent adequate detection of x-rays, Auger emissions, etc. We have developed a method for analysing solder defects on plated through-holes via a microsectioning technique to generate a coupon and then embedding the coupon in conductive foil for analysis. Samples are shown that have been produced using this technique. Reasonable spectra have been generated on specimens prepared by this technique. This preparation allows analysis on soldered holes, which, because of geometric constraints, are difficult to analyse.
Testing domain-specific languages in eclipse

Domain-specific languages (DSLs) use idioms that are closer to the abstractions found in a specific problem domain. Tool support for testing and debugging DSLs is lacking when compared to the capabilities provided for standard general purpose languages (GPLs). In fact, support for debugging and testing a program written in a DSL is often nonexistent. A common approach for implementing DSLs is to create a pre-processor that translates the DSL source into an object-oriented GPL, such as Java or C++. A DSL grammar serves as the primary artifact for defining DSLs from a higher level of abstraction. This demonstration is focused on a grammar-driven technique to build a testing tool from existing DSL grammars. The DSL grammars are used to generate the hooks needed to interface with a supporting infrastructure written for Eclipse that assists in testing and debugging a program written in a DSL.This demonstration will introduce a framework to automate the generation of DSL testing tools (e.g., debugger and unit test engine) for imperative and declarative DSLs. Our framework provides Eclipse plug-ins for defining DSLs, along with a translator and interface generator that maps the DSL debugging/testing perspective to the underlying GPL debugging/testing services. This demonstration will provide evidence to support the feasibility and applicability of using the information derived from DSL grammars and existing software components to support end-user debugging and testing in a domain friendly programming environment.
Computational models of adult neurogenesis

Abstract Experimental results in recent years have shown that adult neurogenesis is a significant phenomenon in the mammalian brain. Little is known, however, about the functional role played by the generation and destruction of neurons in the context of an adult brain. Here, we propose two models where new projection neurons are incorporated. We show that in both models, using incorporation and removal of neurons as a computational tool, it is possible to achieve a higher computational efficiency that in purely static, synapse-learning-driven networks. We also discuss the implication for understanding the role of adult neurogenesis in specific brain areas like the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus.
Protein dynamical transition at 110 K

Proteins are known to undergo a dynamical transition at around 200 K but the underlying mechanism, physical origin, and relationship to water are controversial. Here we report an observation of a protein dynamical transition as low as 110 K. This unexpected protein dynamical transition precisely correlated with the cryogenic phase transition of water from a high-density amorphous to a low-density amorphous state. The results suggest that the cryogenic protein dynamical transition might be directly related to the two liquid forms of water proposed at cryogenic temperatures.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy of the CN radical produced in the infrared photolysis of CH3CN

Abstract The infrared laser-induced photolysis of CH 3 CN has been studied by observing luminescence from the excited CN (B 2 Σ + ) radical and pulsed dye laser-induced fluorescence of ground state CN(X 2 Σ + ), both produced as primary fragments. Both temporal and wavelength resolved spectroscopy have been performed on the luminescence, whereas pulsed dye laser probing has allowed time-resolution of the CN(X 2 Σ + ) radical as well as measurements of the decay time of the CN(B 2 Σ + ) state produced in the dye laser pumping. A reaction mechanism, characterizing the observed results, is proposed.
Germination, growth rates, and electron microscope analysis of tomato seeds flown on the LDEF.

Abstract The purpose of the experiment was to determine cosmic rays long-term effects on living tissue. A batch of tomato seeds were flown in orbit aboard the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) for almost 6 y. During this time, the seeds received an abundant exposure to cosmic radiation. Upon the return of the LDEF to Earth, the seeds were distributed throughout the United States and 30 foreign countries for analysis. Our university analysis included germination and growth rates as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray analysis of the control as well as space exposed tomato seeds. In analyzing the seeds under the electron microscope, usual observations were performed on the nutritional and epidermis layer of the seed. These layers appeared to be more porous in the space exposed seeds than on Earth-based control seeds. This unusual characteristic may explain the increases in the space seeds growth pattern. (Several test results showed that the space-exposed seeds germinated sooner than Earth-based seeds. Also, the space-exposed seeds grew at a faster rate.) The porous nutritional region may allow the seeds to receive necessary nutrients and liquids more readily, thus enabling the plant to grow at a faster rate. Roots, leaves and stems were cut into small sections and mounted. After sputter coating the specimens with argon/gold palladium plasma, they were viewed under the electron microscope. Many micrographs were taken. The X-ray analysis displayed possible identifications of calcium, potassium, chlorine, copper, aluminum, silicon, phosphate, carbon, and sometimes sulfur and iron. The highest concentrations were shown in potassium and calcium. As a result of the electron interaction and X-ray production within the open seeds, the traditional layers of the space-exposed seed gave peaks of Mg, P and S, while the Earth seed gave an iron peak, which was not detected in the space-exposed seed because of electron beam positioning difference. The space-exposed seed and the Earth-control seed specimens displayed high concentrations of copper.
Relationship of Maturation Age to Incidence of Injury in Tackle Football

Abstract X-ray films of the right hand and wrist of 62 boys, age 13 to 16 years, engaged in tackle football (junior high school) were assessed for maturation (skeletal) age. Of this group, 31 were injured and a like number were not injured during a regular season of play. In the injured group, 21 (68%) were advanced, their skeletal age being more than their chronological age, and 10 (32%) were retarded, their skeletal age being less than their chronological age. The average skeletal age of the injured group was 15 years 5 months, and the average chronological age was 14 years 9 months, a difference of 8 months. This difference was found to be significant at the 5 percent level of probability. In the noninjured group, 23 (74%) were advanced, and 8 (26%) were retarded. The average skeletal age of the noninjured group was 15 years 3 months and the average chronological age was 14 years 8½ months. This difference of 6½ months was found to be significant at the 2 percent level of probability. The mean differen...
Inhibition of Liver-Derived Monoamine Oxidase by Several Isopropyl Hydrazides

Six aromatic hydrazide derivatives were examined for their ability to inhibit enzymatic oxidation of tyramine in vitro utilizing the Warburg technique. Two compounds, 1-p-chloro- and 1-p-hydroxybenzoyl-2-isopropyl hydrazide, were included in this study in order to compare their in vitro activities with their reported MAO inhibiting actions in vivo. Four of the acyl isopropyl hydrazines examined were recently synthesized substances whose biologically-relevant activities had not been previously investigated. Iproniazid served as a reference standard against which the other hydrazides were compared. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects were demonstrated for all compounds and activities were expressed in terms of interpolated ID50′s, micromolar concentrations of drugs required to reduce the rate of oxygen uptake to 50 percent of the control rate. None of the substances examined exceeded iproniazid in potency although the 1-p-chlorobenzoyl analog proved to be equivalent to the standard in activity.
Enhanced labeling of mitotic retinal cells with an intraocular [3H]thymidine injectio

Tritiated thymidine ([3H]Tdr) was injected either intraocularly (i.o.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). Autoradiography showed that more retinal cells were labeled by i.o. than by i.p. injection. Controls showed that the increased number of labeled retinal cells was not related to glioblast proliferation produced by trauma from the i.o. injection. After injection of identical doses, the peak concentration of [3H]Tdr available for incorporation into DNA was about 100 times greater after an i.o. than after an i.p. injection. The effective duration of the labeling pulse in goldfish was 9 times longer for an i.o. than an i.p. injection. This study shows that i.o. delivery of [3H]Tdr is preferable to i.p. injection for efficient delivery of label to proliferating retinal cells.
Determination of defect length in disk coatings by autocorrelation

A technique is described for measuring the weighted defect length in particulate disk coatings by calculating the autocorrelation of the noise spectra. Data from several disks are presented. The noise-derived defect length assists the identification of the dominant noise generators in the disk coating. Examples are given where the noise is dominated by the alumina particles, pinholes (and similar voids), and buffing damage. Noise management is facilitated with this information.
Colicin E1 binding to membranes: time-resolved studies of spin-labeled mutants

To investigate the mechanism of interaction of the toxin colicin E1 with membranes, three cysteine substitution mutants and the wild type of the channel-forming fragment were spin labeled at the unique thiol. Time-resolved interaction of these labeled proteins with phospholipid vesicles was investigated with stopped-flow electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The fragment interacts with neutral bilayers at low pH, indicating that the interaction is hydrophobic rather than electrostatic. The interaction occurs in at least two distinct steps: (i) rapid adsorption to the surface; and (ii) slow, rate-limiting insertion of the hydrophobic central helices into the membrane interior.
A computer-aided diagnostic scheme for classification of clustered microcalcifications in mammograms

The hypothesis of this dissertation is that computer-aided diagnosis(CAD) can improve radiologists’ diagnostic performance in breast cancerdiagnosis. An automated computerized classification scheme was developed to differentiate malignant from benign clustered microcalcifications. This computer scheme used an artificial neural network (ANN) to analyze eight computer-extracted image features based on number, size, uniformity, and shape of individual microcalcifications, and on size and shape of a cluster. The features correlated qualitatively with radiologists’ perceptual experience. The performance of this computer scheme was evaluated on two independent databases of standard-view mammograms digitized at 0.1-mm pixel size: database A contained mammograms from 53 patients with biopsies and database B contained mammograms from 104 patients in a consecutive biopsy series. The computer scheme performed better than radiologists on both databases (p=0.03 and p<0.0001, respectively). An observer performance study was conducted using database B. Ten radiologists read the original standard- and magnification-view mammograms with and without the aid of our computer scheme. The performance of the radiologists improved significantly (p<0.0001) when the computer aid was used: on average, each radiologist recommended 6.4 more biopsies for malignant tumors (p=0.0006) and 6.0 fewer biopsies for benign lesions (p=0.003). We concluded that our computer scheme classifies malignant and benign clustered microcalcifications more accurately than radiologists, and that it can be used to reduce the number of biopsies for benign lesions while maintaining or improving sensitivity for breast cancerdiagnosis.
Computational implementation of sampling-based approaches to the calculation of expected dose in performance assessments for the proposed high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

Abstract A deep geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste is under development by the US Department of Energy (DOE) at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. As mandated in the Energy Policy Act of 1992, the US Environmental Protection has promulgated public health and safety standards (i.e., 40 CFR Part 197) for the YM repository, and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission has promulgated licensing standards (i.e., 10 CFR Parts 2, 19, 20, etc.) consistent with 40 CFR Part 197 that the DOE must establish are met in order for the YM repository to be licensed for operation. Important requirements in 40 CFR Part 197 and 10 CFR Parts 2, 19, 20, etc. relate to the determination of expected (i.e., mean) dose to a reasonably maximally exposed individual (RMEI) and the incorporation of uncertainty into this determination. This paper is the second part of a two-part presentation on the determination of expected dose to the RMEI in the context of 40 CFR Part 197 and 10 CFR Parts 2, 19, 20, etc. The first part of this presentation is contained in the preceding paper, “Conceptual Basis for the Definition and Calculation of Expected Dose in Performance Assessments for the Proposed High-Level Radioactive Waste Repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada”, and describes how general and typically nonquantitative statements in 40 CFR Part 197 and 10 CFR Parts 2, 19, 20, etc. can be given a formal mathematical structure that facilitates both the calculation of expected dose to the RMEI and the appropriate separation in this calculation of aleatory uncertainty (i.e., randomness in the properties of future occurrences such as igneous and seismic events) and epistemic uncertainty (i.e., lack of knowledge about quantities that are poorly known but assumed to have constant values in the calculation of expected dose to the RMEI). The present paper describes and illustrates sampling-based procedures for the estimation of expected dose and the determination of the uncertainty in estimates for expected dose.
Hearing the type of a domain in C 2 with the ∂ ¯ -Neumann Laplacian

A smooth bounded pseudoconvex domain in C2 is of finite type if and only if the number of eigenvalues of its a-Neumann Laplacian that are less than or equal to ? has at most polynomial growth as ? goes to infinity.
Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms according to the 2008 World Health Organization criteria

The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) were first recognized by William Dameshek in 1951. The classic MPNs were polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and chronic myelogenous leukemia. They were originally grouped together based on their shared phenotype of myeloproliferation. Since then, important discoveries have been made, identifying a central role of protein tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of these disorders. As such, the 2008 WHO diagnostic classification for myeloproliferative neoplasms has incorporated molecular markers with histologic, clinical and laboratory information into the diagnostic algorithms for the MPNs. Important changes include (1) the change of nomenclature of myeloproliferative disorder to myeloproliferative neoplasm emphasizing the clonal nature of these disorders; (2) the classification of mast cell disease as an MPN; (3) the reorganization of the eosinophilic disorders into a molecularly defined category of PDGFRA, PDGFRB and FGFR1-associated myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified; and (4) refinement of the diagnostic criteria for PV, ET and PMF incorporating recently described molecular markers, JAK2V617F, JAK2 exon 12 mutations and MPL mutations. This review focuses upon the important changes of the 2008 WHO diagnostic criteria for MPNs.
Distributed-activation kinetics of

Martensitic nucleation under normal circumstances is a heterogeneous process, and the heterogeneity can be explained by the potency distribution of defects that provide the nucleation sites, including both preexisting and autocatalytically generated defects. The potency distribu- tion of the preexisting defects has been shown earlier by small-particle studies to follow an exponential function, whereas that of the autocatalytic defects is found in the present work to obey a Gaussian function. A major distinction between these two distributions is that the number density of thepreexisting defects increases monotonically with decreasing defect potency, while the number density of theautocatalytic defects is distributed about a mode, giving a saturation level of its cumulative distribution. As a result of these potency distributions, the nucleating sites of both origins exhibit distributions in their activation energies for nucleation, and a distributed- activation kinetic model is now proposed to take these variations into account for martensitic transformations. The features of this model are tested with considerable success in experiments on an Fe-32.3Ni alloy, leading to calculations of the entire course of martensitic transformation curves (including the athermal, anisothermal, and isothermal contributions), the changing shapes of time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams for a range of Fe-Ni compositions, and the grain-size dependence of “bursting” behavior.
Hand Harvesting Quickly Depletes Intertidal Whelk Populations

Abstract: With the collapse of the offshore whelk trawl fishery in Georgia, interest has increased in harvesting whelk from inshore areas where trawling is prohibited. This study examines the effects of hand harvesting on local intertidal populations of whelk. Over a 34 day period from 27 February to 1 April 2006, 1,824 whelk were hand harvested at low tide: 91.2% knobbed, Busycon carica (Gmelin, 1791); 4.7% lightning, Busycotypus sinistrum (Hollister, 1958); 4.1% channeled, Busycotypus canalicalatus (Linnaeus, 1758); and one pearwhelk, Busycotypus spiratus (Lamarck, 1816). Significantly greater numbers of knobbed and lightning female whelk were found than males. Mean shell lengths for females were consistently larger than males of all species. The study period was divided into three collection periods that were separated by approximately one week. The numbers of whelk harvested and their mean shell lengths significantly decreased between sampling periods as stocks were depleted. All species and sexes wer...
Motivational Influences on Student Participation in Classroom Learning Activities

This study examined how one type of student work habitFclassroom participationFis related to a combination of both student factors (math achievement, personal achievement goals, perceptions of classroom goal structures, and teacher support) and features of the classroom context (teachers’ instructional practices, average perceptions of classroom goal structures). We focused on the participation of two students in mathematics class during both sixth and seventh grades. Differential teacher expectations, calling patterns, and instructional and motivational support and nonsupport interacted with beliefs and behaviors of both students, and those interactions were associated with different patterns of participation each year. Results suggest that student participation is malleable rather than stable and emphasize the potential of teacher practices to both support and undermine the development of student work habits.
Improved in vitro growth inhibitory effect of N-(phosphonacetyl)-l-maspartic acid in immunoliposomes

The use of liposome-encapsulated N-(phosphonacetyl)-l-maspartic acid (PALA) for the possible treatment of human ovarian cancer has been investigated in vitro. Protein A or tumor-specific antibodies were conjugated to liposomes via the reaction of a maleimide derivatized phospholipid (MPB-PE) with a thiol introduced into the protein by a heterobifunctional cross-linking agent, N-succimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). Antibody-conjugated PALA-containing liposomes were separated from free antibodies by ultracentrifugation in discontinuous metrizamide gradients. PALA in Protein A-conjugated liposomes was found to be over 400-fold more effective (IC50 = 0.04 μM) than free drug (IC50 = 18 μM) for growth inhibition of L929 cells in vitro, when the cells were pretreated with 20–40 μg of 11-4.1 monoclonal antibody for 30 min. PALA in tumor-specific antibody-conjugated liposomes was 60-fold more effective (IC50 = 0.2 μM) than free drug (IC50 = 12 μM) for growth inhibition of HEY 1B human ovarian cancer cells. Anti-c-erbB2 antibody (454C11) and anti-transferrin receptor antibody (454A12) were particularly effective in this regard. For growth inhibition of SKOV-3 cells, a human ovarian cancer cell line that grows more slowly than HEY 1B, PALA in antibody-conjugated liposomes was also about 60-fold more effective (IC50 = 0.9 μM) than free drug (IC50 = 50 μM). Antibody against a high molecular weight glycoprotein (2G3) and anti-transferrin receptor antibody (454A12) were the most effective antibodies among those tested for their ability to inhibit growth of SKOV-3 cells. These results demonstrate that PALA is a good candidate for drug delivery to ovarian cancer cells by immunoliposomes, and that the c-erbB2 oncogene product, a high molecular weight glycoprotein, and the transferrin receptor are suitable ligands, through which to target the delivery of PALA.
Sequestering the Gravitino: Neutralino Dark Matter in Gauge Mediation

In conventional models of gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking, the lightest supersymmetric particle is invariably the gravitino. However, if the supersymmetry-breaking sector is strongly coupled, conformal sequestering may raise the mass of the gravitino relative to the remaining soft supersymmetry-breaking masses. In this paper, we demonstrate that such conformal dynamics in gauge-mediated theories may give rise to satisfactory neutralino dark matter while simultaneously solving the flavor and {mu}/B{mu} problems.