cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3662: Absence of leukotriene B4 receptor-1 (BLT1) protects against lung cancer

Chemokines direct leukocyte trafficking, which plays a major role in immune and inflammatory responses, thus contributing to (or) modulating a number of disease conditions. During carcinogenesis leukocytes infiltrate the site of the tumor microenvironment and could exert a major influence on promotion or suppression of cancer depending on their activation status. Leukotriene B4, a pro-inflammatory lipid chemokine, mediates many of its activities through BLT1, a high affinity G-protein coupled receptor. BLT1 is expressed on an array of immune cells and has been implicated to play a critical role in many inflammatory diseases. We investigated whether BLT1 also influences lung carcinogenesis, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In this study, we used BLT1-deficient mice (BLT1-/-) to determine their susceptibility to lung cancer development in a transgenic model expressing an oncogenic form of K-ras (K-ras LA1) as well as in carcinogen (3-Methylcholanthrene; 3 MCA)-induced and inflammation (butylated hydroxy toluene; BHT) – promoted murine lung cancer model. We found that in the activated K-ras transgenic background the BLT1-/- mice showed fewer and smaller lung tumors as compared to the BLT1+/+ mice. In the MCA-BHT induced lung cancer model also the BLT1-/- mice showed fewer and smaller lung tumors than the BLT1+/+ mice. Lung lesions in BLT1-/- mice were more of adenomatous hyperplasia type and fewer adenomas when compared to those in BLT1+/+ mice. Moreover, the frequency of induced mutations in cells derived from the lungs of BLT1-/- mice was greatly reduced compared to BLT1+/+ mice. Pulmonary inflammation was assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids following one, three or six weekly injections of BHT. At one and three week time points macrophages, and at six weeks lymphocytes constituted the predominant leukocyte subtypes in the BAL fluids of BLT1+/+ mice. In BLT1-/- mice both of these responses were significantly attenuated leading to an overall reduction in pulmonary inflammation. Based on these results, we conclude that BLT1 mediated pulmonary inflammation has a promoting role in lung cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3662. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3662
Prevention and control,baseline survey of health knowledge and intervening measures of occupational disease in a enterprise in Zichuan District of Zibo City

[Objective]To understand the awareness of workers exposed to occupational hazards about occupational disease prevention knowledge and health knowledge in Zichuan District of Zibo City,to discuss effective occupational health education method,and provide scientific evidence for carrying out health promotion in enterprises.[Methods]Questionnaires,seminars,training courses and other methods combined with health promotion in enterprises of Zichuan District were adopted to conduct baseline survey of occupational disease prevention knowledge and health knowledge on 195 workers with occupational exposure,and to develop corresponding intervention measures.[Results] Most workers had a certain degree of occupational health knowledge and health knowledge,knew occupational disease prevention law and could correctly understood the route of exposure.Workers had the strong demands of occupational health services and chronic disease prevention and control knowledge generally.[Conclusion]Wide publicity to the occupational hazards and control measures through pre-service training,warning labels,inform bar,and other forms has achieved good effect.But the requirement of developing intervening measures about occupational health knowledge is still needed.
Quantifying the Influence of the Crowded Cytoplasm on Small Molecule Diffusion.

Cytosolic crowding can influence the thermodynamics and kinetics of in vivo chemical reactions. Most significantly, proteins and nucleic acid crowders reduce the accessible volume fraction, ϕ, available to a diffusing substrate, thereby reducing its effective diffusion rate, Deff, relative to its rate in bulk solution. However, Deff can be further hindered or even enhanced, when long-range crowder/diffuser interactions are significant. To probe these effects, we numerically estimated Deff values for small, charged molecules in representative, cytosolic protein lattices up to 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 μm3 in volume via the homogenized Smoluchowski electro-diffusion equation. We further validated our predictions against Deff estimates from ϕ-dependent analytical relationships, such as the Maxwell–Garnett (MG) bound, as well as explicit solutions of the time-dependent electro-diffusion equation. We find that in typical, moderately crowded cell cytoplasm (ϕ ≈ 0.8), Deff is primarily determined by ϕ; in other words, div...
A comparison of simple global kinetic models for coal devolatilization with the CPD model

Abstract Simulations of coal combustors and gasifiers generally cannot incorporate the complexities of advanced pyrolysis models, and hence there is interest in evaluating simpler models over ranges of temperature and heating rate that are applicable to the furnace of interest. In this paper, six different simple model forms are compared to predictions made by the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model. The model forms included three modified one-step models, a simple two-step model, and two new modified two-step models. These simple model forms were compared over a wide range of heating rates (5 × 103 to 106 K/s) at final temperatures up to 1600 K. Comparisons were made of total volatiles yield as a function of temperature, as well as the ultimate volatiles yield. Advantages and disadvantages for each simple model form are discussed. A modified two-step model with distributed activation energies seems to give the best agreement with CPD model predictions (with the fewest tunable parameters).
Endovascular Approaches to Penile Arterial Revascularization for Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) and coronary artery disease (CAD) share many common cardiovascular risk factors, including age, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and tobacco use (Thompson et al., JAMA 294(23):2996–3002, 2005; El-Sakka et al., J Urol 172(1):251–254, 2004; Rosen et al., J Urol 145(4):759–763, 1991). ED has been shown to be a preceding symptom of CAD and a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease (Gazzaruso et al., Circulation 110(1):22–26, 2004), with up to 70 % of males experiencing new-onset angina and angiographically confirmed CAD having a previous past medical history significant for ED (Chiurlia et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 46(8):1503–1506, 2005; Dong et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 58(13):1378–1385, 2011; Montorsi et al., Eur Urol 44(3):360–364, 2003). Prior angiographic studies have observed significant obstructive atherosclerotic disease in iliac, internal pudendal, and cavernosal arteries in males with ED (Bookstein et al., J Urol 137(2):333–337, 1987; Mueller et al., J Urol 143(5):928–932, 1990; Rosen et al., Radiology 174(3 Pt 2):1043–1048, 1990). Although the causes for ED are multifactorial, the vasculogenic etiology is the most predominant, with one study documenting that it may account for >80 % of cases of ED (Ramanathan et al., J Sex Med 4(5):1336–1344, 2007) with the arteriogenic subtype present in greater than 55 % of males with ED (Virag et al., Lancet 1(8422):181–184, 1985). Furthermore, of the 50 % of males who had suboptimal responses to PDE5i pharmacotherapy, 90 % have been shown to have angiographically severe penile arterial insufficiency (PAI) (Montorsi et al., BJU Int 91(5):446–454, 2003). Thus, there exists a potential need for the development of minimally invasive penile arterial revascularization therapies for the treatment of vasculogenic ED. This chapter will discuss the current state of endovascular penile arterial revascularization for vasculogenic erectile dysfunction. We will aim to summarize background anatomy and physiology, etiologies of ED, and the ZEN trial of pudendal artery stents. Last, we focus on endovascular stent restenosis, available imaging modalities, recent work on transluminal balloon angioplasty of the penile arterial supply, and future directions for the field of endovascular penile arterial revascularization for the treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction.
Justice Scalia's Jiggery-Pokery in Federal Arbitration Law

"Jiggery-pokery," a phrase introduced into the U.S. Reports by the late Justice Scalia, is emblematic of Justice Scalia's style -- both his lively writing style and his penchant for criticizing his colleagues for judicial practices in which he frequently indulged himself. Though less well-known than his opinions in constitutional or administrative law, Justice Scalia's contribution to federal arbitration law is a prime example of his own jiggery-pokery in statutory interpretation. Federal arbitration law comprises the largely judge-made doctrine under the aegis of interpreting and applying the 1925 Federal Arbitration Act ("FAA"). Justice Scalia's impact in this area boils down to three recent and significant 5"4 majority opinions issued between 2010 and 2013. The purpose and effect of these decisions has been to winkle unconscionability doctrine out of the law of arbitration contracts, and to establish, at least for now, a legal regime in which arbitration clauses can be used by corporate defendants to immunize themselves from class actions. These decisions display reasoning that casts aside both doctrinal fidelity and logic to reach a desired result.
Health information exchange associated with improved emergency department care through faster accessing of patient information from outside organizations.

Objective To assess whether electronic health information exchange (HIE) is associated with improved emergency department (ED) care processes and utilization through more timely clinician viewing of information from outside organizations. Materials and Methods Our data included 2163 patients seen in the ED of a large academic medical center for whom clinicians requested and viewed outside information from February 14, 2014, to February 13, 2015. Outside information requests w.ere fulfilled via HIE (Epic’s Care Everywhere) or fax/scan to the electronic health record (EHR). We used EHR audit data to capture the time between the information request and when a clinician accessed the data. We assessed whether the relationship between method of information return and ED outcomes (length of visit, odds of imaging [computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiographs] and hospitalization, and total charges) was mediated by request-to-access time, controlling for patient demographics, case mix, and acuity. Results In multivariate analysis, there was no direct association between return of information via HIE vs fax/scan and ED outcomes. HIE was associated with faster outside information access (58.5 minutes on average), and faster access was associated with changes in ED care. For each 1-hour reduction in access time, visit length was 52.9 minutes shorter, the likelihood of imaging was lower (by 2.5, 1.6, and 2.4 percentage points for CT, MRI, and radiographs, respectively), the likelihood of admission was 2.4 percentage points lower, and average charges were $1187 lower ( P ≤ .001 for all). Conclusion The relationship between HIE and improved care processes and reduced utilization in the ED is mediated by faster accessing of information from outside organizations.
Distributions of Ozone and Nitric Acid Measured by the Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS)

The Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) experiment on the Nimbus 7 spacecraft provided seven months of data on the distribution of ozone and nitric acid. The evaluations of the accuracy, precision and resolution of these data is described before a description of the major features of their distributions is presented. The zonal mean for ozone shows a stratospheric layer, with largest mixing ratios in the tropics and maximum ozone mixing ratios at a given latitude occurring at 10 mb or higher. Nitric acid is distributed in a stratospheric layer that peaks near 30 mb, with the largest mixing ratios occurring in polar regions. Longitudinal variations for a month may be expressed as the sum of stationary and transient zonal harmonics. The amplitudes of the first harmonics can be up to 10–20% of the zonal mean in the winter, but only a few percent in the autumn, and very low in the spring and summer. The second harmonic is generally smaller. These features also appear in the monthly average maps. Time height cross-sections for both display seasonal variations that probably result from dynamical and chemical processes, and rapid dynamically induced fluctuations.
RNA Sequence Context Effects Measured In Vitro Predict In Vivo Protein Binding and Regulation

Summary Many RNA binding proteins (RBPs) bind specific RNA sequence motifs, but only a small fraction (∼15%–40%) of RBP motif occurrences are occupied in vivo. To determine which contextual features discriminate between bound and unbound motifs, we performed an in vitro binding assay using 12,000 mouse RNA sequences with the RBPs MBNL1 and RBFOX2. Surprisingly, the strength of binding to motif occurrences in vitro was significantly correlated with in vivo binding, developmental regulation, and evolutionary age of alternative splicing. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that the primary context effect that affects binding in vitro and in vivo is RNA secondary structure. Large-scale combinatorial mutagenesis of unfavorable sequence contexts revealed a consistent pattern whereby mutations that increased motif accessibility improved protein binding and regulatory activity. Our results indicate widespread inhibition of motif binding by local RNA secondary structure and suggest that mutations that alter sequence context commonly affect RBP binding and regulation.
Desert New Urbanism: testing for comfort in downtown Tempe, Arizona

Outdoor human comfort is determined for the remodelled downtown of Tempe, Arizona, USA, an acclaimed example of New Urbanist infill. The authors desired to know whether changes were accompanied by more comfortable conditions, especially in hot, dry summer months. The physiological equivalent temperature provided an assessment of year-round outdoor human comfort. Building compactness and tree shade that became part of the changes in the downtown provided more overall daytime human comfort than open nearby streets; however some downtown sites were less comfortable at night, but below 40°C, a threshold for human comfort in this desert environment.
Early Math Trajectories: Low-Income Children's Mathematics Knowledge from Ages 4 to 11.

Early mathematics knowledge is a strong predictor of later academic achievement, but children from low-income families enter school with weak mathematics knowledge. An early math trajectories model is proposed and evaluated within a longitudinal study of 517 low-income American children from ages 4 to 11. This model includes a broad range of math topics, as well as potential pathways from preschool to middle grades mathematics achievement. In preschool, nonsymbolic quantity, counting, and patterning knowledge predicted fifth-grade mathematics achievement. By the end of first grade, symbolic mapping, calculation, and patterning knowledge were the important predictors. Furthermore, the first-grade predictors mediated the relation between preschool math knowledge and fifth-grade mathematics achievement. Findings support the early math trajectories model among low-income children.
The moral contents of anti‐atheist prejudice (and why atheists should care about it)

Anti-atheist prejudice is pervasive worldwide. Past research indicates that this is driven by perceptions of atheist immorality, yet such perceptions have not been explored in detail. Using Moral Foundations Theory and samples of U.S. Christians, we investigated whether anti-atheist prejudice is explained by atheists' perceived adherence to certain foundational moral values more than others. Study 1 participants completed measures of moral value endorsements from the perspective of a typical atheist. Study 2 participants read that either atheists or people in general strongly endorse one of five moral foundations. Anti-atheist prejudice was consistently explained best by perceived atheist concern for values of caring/compassion rather than fairness/justice, loyalty, deferential respect, or purity/decency. Findings suggest that efforts to reduce anti-atheist prejudice should emphasize atheists' capacity for kindness and caring.
S2-AI screw placement with the aide of electronic conductivity device monitoring: a retrospective analysis.

A retrospective analysis of two consecutive patients who underwent a novel surgical technique. A report of a novel surgical technique utilizing an electronic conductivity device guidance to aide placement of S2-Alar-Iliac (S2-AI) instrumentation. Electronic conductivity guidance for instrumentation of the thoracolumbar spine is an accepted means of improving intraoperative accuracy. Although commercially available for percutaneous techniques, there is a paucity of literature regarding its use. Percutaneous implantation of S2-AI screws has been previously described as another technique surgeons can avail, primarily employing fluoroscopy as a means of intraoperative feedback. We describe a novel technique that utilizes electronic conductivity as an added feedback measure to increase accuracy of percutaneous S2-AI fixation. Two patients were treated by the senior author (FAS) who underwent surgery employing S2-AI fixation utilizing an electronic conductivity device (Pediguard cannulated probe, Spineguard, Paris, France). The surgical technique, case illustrations, and radiographic outcomes are discussed. Stable and accurate fixation was attained in both patients. There were no peri-operative complications related to hardware placement. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported literature combining S2-AI screws with electronic conductivity for immediate intraoperative feedback. This technique has the opportunity to provide surgeons with increased accuracy for placement of S2-AI screws while improving overall radiation safety. This feedback can be particularly helpful when surgeons are learning new techniques such as placement of S2AI screws.
Efficient Intertemporal Allocation, Consumption-Value Maximization, and Capital-Value Transversality: A Unified View

In recent years, based on Malinvaud's seminal work, there have been a number of important contributions towards resolving the following fundamental question: What observable properties characterize some (all) competitive price system(s) associated with an efficient growth path? The natural focus in efforts to answer this question has been on the dynamical behavior of capital-value--"natural" in the sense that Malinvaud's theorem establishes that, under very general conditions, efficient growth is tantamount to the existence of an associated competitive price system with the special property that, in every period, capital-value is minimized among all potential growth paths yielding the same stream of consumption goods thereafter. In other words, dealing with the question eventually reduces to looking for a more concrete version of Malinvaud's capital-value minimization condition.
High-severity fire: evaluating its key drivers and mapping its probability across western US forests.

Wildland fire is a critical process in forests of the western United States (US). Variation in fire behavior, which is heavily influenced by fuel loading, terrain, weather, and vegetation type, leads to heterogeneity in fire severity across landscapes. The relative influence of these factors in driving fire severity, however, is poorly understood. Here, we explore the drivers of high-severity fire for forested ecoregions in the western US over the period 2002–2015. Fire severity was quantified using a satellite-inferred index of severity, the relativized burn ratio. For each ecoregion, we used boosted regression trees to model high-severity fire as a function of live fuel, topography, climate, and fire weather. We found that live fuel, on average, was the most important factor driving high-severity fire among ecoregions (average relative influence = 53.1%) and was the most important factor in 14 of 19 ecoregions. Fire weather was the second most important factor among ecoregions (average relative influence = 22.9%) and was the most important factor in five ecoregions. Climate (13.7%) and topography (10.3%) were less influential. We also predicted the probability of high-severity fire, were a fire to occur, using recent (2016) satellite imagery to characterize live fuel for a subset of ecoregions in which the model skill was deemed acceptable (n = 13). These 'wall-to-wall' gridded ecoregional maps provide relevant and up-to-date information for scientists and managers who are tasked with managing fuel and wildland fire. Lastly, we provide an example of the predicted likelihood of high-severity fire under moderate and extreme fire weather before and after fuel reduction treatments, thereby demonstrating how our framework and model predictions can potentially serve as a performance metric for land management agencies tasked with reducing hazardous fuel across large landscapes.
Dysregulation of the IFN-γ-STAT1 signaling pathway in a cell line model of large granular lymphocyte leukemia

T cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGLL) is a rare incurable disease that is characterized by defective apoptosis of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Chronic activation of the Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is a hallmark of T-LGLL. One manifestation is the constitutive phosphorylation of tyrosine 701 of STAT1 (p-STAT1). T-LGLL patients also exhibit elevated serum levels of the STAT1 activator, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), thus contributing to an inflammatory environment. In normal cells, IFN-γ production is tightly controlled through induction of IFN-γ negative regulators. However, in T-LGLL, IFN-γ signaling lacks this negative feedback mechanism as evidenced by excessive IFN-γ production and decreased levels of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a negative regulator of IFN-γ. Here we characterize the IFN-γ-STAT1 pathway in TL-1 cells, a cell line model of T-LGLL. TL-1 cells exhibited lower IFN-γ receptor protein and mRNA expression compared to an IFN-γ responsive cell line. Furthermore, IFN-γ treatment did not induce JAK2 or STAT1 activation or transcription of IFN-γ-inducible gene targets. However, IFN-β induced p-STAT1 and subsequent STAT1 gene transcription, demonstrating a specific IFN-γ signaling defect in TL-1 cells. We utilized siRNA targeting of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5b to probe their role in IL-2-mediated IFN-γ regulation. These studies identified STAT5b as a positive regulator of IFN-γ production. We also characterized the relationship between STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5b proteins. Surprisingly, p-STAT1 was positively correlated with STAT3 levels while STAT5b suppressed the activation of both STAT1 and STAT3. Taken together, these results suggest that the dysregulation of the IFN-γ-STAT1 signaling pathway in TL-1 cells likely results from low levels of the IFN-γ receptor. The resulting inability to induce negative feedback regulators explains the observed elevated IL-2 driven IFN-γ production. Future work will elucidate the best way to target this pathway, with the ultimate goal to find a better therapeutic for T-LGLL.
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS: INTRODUCTION

My aim in this introduction is to provide a framework which will help to characterize and critically evaluate the contributions in Part III. The authors and commentators all seem to agree that there is an urgent need to improve our understanding and treatment of children. They also agree that this may require some alteration in the ways we conceptualize, talk, and think about children. However, they do not agree about how we should go about such reconceptualizing. In particular, they are divided over whether it would be helpful to talk and think about children as rights-holders on a par with adults. Some see the extension of equal rights to children as a natural development of the civil rights, women’s rights and gay rights movements. They feel that to reserve certain rights for adults would uphold an unjustifiable double-standard. We might coin the term “ageism” to point to the implied analogy with racism and sexism. Others feel just as strongly that emphasis upon children as rights-holders could be harmful to children by casting them as adversaries of the very adults upon whom they must depend. Still other writers insist that the entire children’s rights controversy is largely irrelevant since most children lack the interests or capacities which our cherished adult rights are designed to protect or further. Instead, the critical agenda calls for an articulation of the unmet needs of children, a strengthening of parental skills, and an enrichment of the special relationships between children and adults.
All Free Trade is Not the Same: Why People Like Liberalized Trade with Some Countries But Not with Others

Why do people like freer trade with one trading partner, but not necessarily with another with similar economic characteristics? The conventional factor-based wisdom suggests that elites in developing countries will prefer trade with countries that are endowed with the “other” factor (e.g. labor). Other recent theoretical approaches have also included some or all of the following: wealthier people prefer freer trade; men prefer freer trade; younger people prefer freer trade; people with positive feelings toward the economy will prefer freer trade; while nationalists prefer closed trade. We expect that none of these approaches are mutually exclusive. We also expect that respondents will prefer freer trade with those who do not share their comparative advantage. Using original survey data from six Latin American countries that asks about preferences for freer trade with specific trading partners, we find: 1) Stolper-Samuelson is a good theoretical starting point, but is not the end of the story, 2) adding revealed comparative advantage to the model is a useful next step, and 3) the reality of trade attitudes is messy, and perhaps to the chagrin of parsimony-lovers, the vagaries of individual countries matter.
How many different John Smiths, and who are they?

In this work we propose three unsupervised measures to automatically identify the number of distinct entities a given ambiguous name refers to in a corpus. We experiment with 22 artificially created name conflations and observe that the measure (PK2) formulated as the ratio of two successive clustering criterion function values outperforms the other two measures. We also describe a method to assign a unique label to each discovered cluster so as to identify the underlying entity that it refers to.
Correction: Fluid displacement during droplet formation at microfluidic flow-focusing junctions.

Correction for ‘Fluid displacement during droplet formation at microfluidic flow-focusing junctions’ by Haishui Huang et al., Lab Chip, 2015, 15, 4197–4205.
The impact of bevacizumab on the occurrence and recurrence of intracranial brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

2081 Background: Patients (pts) with brain metastases (BM) have a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Approximately 40-50% of pts with NSCLC will develop BM during the course of their dis...
Construcción de marcos-puente en el movimiento de personas indígenas con discapacidad

El movimiento de personas indigenas con discapacidad ha optado desde el plano internacional por una estrategia interseccional que busca tender puentes entre el movimiento indigena, el movimiento de personas con discapacidad y los movimientos de mujeres. Este articulo analiza la efectividad de dicha estrategia interseccional a la hora de reducir desigualdades estructurales a nivel internacional, nacional y local. A partir de entrevistas con activistas indigenas con discapacidad de diferentes paises y miembros de organizaciones internacionales se ha elaborado un estudio de caso sobre la Red Global de Personas Indigenas con Discapacidad. Los hallazgos muestran que la estrategia interseccional para reducir desigualdades ha resultado ser mas util a nivel internacional que a nivel nacional y comunitario.
Parents and Adolescents: What’s the Right Mix in Obesity Treatment?

Successful obesity treatment hinges on helping the patient shift to a healthier lifestyle in the context of their environment. For adolescents, this means taking into account their current health status and developmental stage in the context of family, peer, and societal influences. Parents play a pivotal role in helping adolescents negotiate the transition to adulthood, and their involvement is essential in obesity treatment. In this issue of Pediatrics , Bean et al,1 in a systematic review, identify how parents are included in adolescent obesity treatment and “which elements of parental involvement are positively associated with adolescent weight loss.” The studies they examine involve a wide range of intervention strategies that were designed to promote weight loss by addressing diet and exercise behaviors and included a parent component. In this review, the authors raise important questions for future study and highlight the lack of consistent and specific information about parental interventions in adolescent obesity treatment. The authors identify the need for research to further explore the specific role of parents in terms, their adherence to recommendations, and their own lifestyle behaviors and examine the association of parent and adolescent outcomes in longer and more diverse trials. They also note the need for future studies to examine the link between specific parental interventions and adolescent weight loss.1 In addition … Address correspondence to Sandra G. Hassink, MD, 2602 Pennington Dr, Wilmington, DE 19810. E-mail: shassink{at}aap.net
Lighting a fire on the reef

Coral gasdermin E is cleaved by activated caspase-3 to induce pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, in response to a bacterial pathogen (see the related Research Article by Jiang et al.).
Design Optimization using MATLAB and SOLIDWORKS

A unique text integrating numerics, mathematics and applications to provide a hands-on approach to using optimization techniques, this mathematically accessible textbook emphasises conceptual understanding and importance of theorems rather than elaborate proofs. It allows students to develop fundamental optimization methods before delving into MATLAB®'s optimization toolbox, and to link MATLAB's results with the results from their own code. Following a practical approach, the text demonstrates several applications, from error-free analytic examples to truss (size) optimization, and 2D and 3D shape optimization, where numerical errors are inevitable. The principle of minimum potential energy is discussed to highlight the deep relationship between engineering and optimization. MATLAB code in every chapter illustrates key concepts and the text demonstrates the coupling between MATLAB and SOLIDWORKS® for design optimization. A wide variety of optimization problems are covered including constrained non-linear, linear-programming, least-squares, multi-objective, and global optimization problems.
Free tissue transfer for central skull base defect reconstruction: Case series and surgical technique.

Abstract Objectives Local reconstruction of central skull base defects may be inadequate for large defects or reoperative cases; free tissue transfer may be necessary. Inset of the flap and management of the pedicle can be challenging. We report our experience and approaches. Methods Retrospective review identifying seven patients with central skull base defects who underwent free flap reconstruction from 2016 to 2020. Results Four patients with recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma, one with recurrent craniopharyngioma, one with clival-cervical chordoma, and one with meningioma of the middle cranial fossa were analyzed. Six defects were closed with an anterolateral thigh free flap and one with a radial forearm free flap. In two patients, the flap was secured in an onlay fashion to the defect via a Caldwell-Luc transmaxillary approach. In one patient, the flap was passed transorally, and the pedicle was delivered into the neck via Penrose drain. In two patients, a parapharyngeal technique and in two others, a retropharyngeal was used for nasopharyngeal inset with endoscopic assistance. There were no flap failures, with an average follow-up time of 20.1 (range 3.2–47.1) months. One patient required flap repositioning on postoperative day three due to midline shift and intracranial contents compression. The transoral inset flap necessitated flap repositioning on postoperative day 13 to improve the nasopharyngeal airway. Conclusion Free flap reconstruction of the central skull base is challenging, but transmaxillary, transoral, parapharyngeal, and retropharyngeal approaches can be used with endoscopic assistance to ensure secure inset flap and avoid airway obstruction.
Quinupristin-dalfopristin

The incidence of infection with multidrug-resistant or pan-resistant gram-positive bacteria has drastically limited or eliminated the conventional antimicrobial options available to clinicians. Quinupristin-dalfopristin, a unique parenteral streptogramin that lacks cross-resistance with other antimicrobials, has shown clinical efficacy against many of these important bacteria. This review focuses on quinupristin-dalfopristin’s mechanism of action, in vitro spectrum of activity, clinical efficacy and toxicity, and likely future role in the management of serious gram-positive infections.
'I Promise You, Exxon-Mobil Does not Need Free Legal Advice from 2Ls': Constructing the First Compliance Clinic

A decade ago, Praveen Kosuri, director of the Entrepreneurship Legal Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania, called for the future of clinical legal education to be characterized by “greater ideological neutrality.” “[A] so[-]called ‘social justice’ or law reform agenda for clinical education,” he argued, “should not be presumed but rather should be considered one type of clinical strategy” among others. In January 2020, Boston University School of Law launched the Compliance Policy Clinic, with me as its founding director. To our knowledge, it is the first U.S. law school clinic to focus on the rapidly-expanding field of compliance—the organizational management of legal risk. The compliance function translates complex, shifting legal and regulatory requirements, voluntary codes, and best practices into systems that seek to protect institutions—especially corporations in highly-regulated industries—not only from legal liability, but also from operational risk and reputational damage. The Clinic was envisioned as a central component of BU Law’s formal Risk Management & Compliance concentration, which offers BU Law J.D. students the opportunity to focus on the impact of legal and regulatory compliance on business operations, legal norms underlying compliance, and the role of ethics in regulatory and compliance practice. Is the BU Law Compliance Policy Clinic the accomplishment of Kosuri’s wish?
Community social vulnerability and access to medications for opioid use disorder within the continental US: A cross-sectional study

The COVID-19 pandemic, like past natural disasters, was associated with significant disruptions in medications for opioid use disorder services and increased opioid overdose and mortality. We examined the association between community vulnerability to disasters and pandemics and geographic access to each of the three medications for opioid use disorder within the continental US and if this association was impacted by urban, suburban, or rural classification. We found communities with greater vulnerability did not have greater geographic access to medications for opioid use disorder and the mismatch between vulnerability and medication access was greatest in suburban communities. Rural communities had poor geographic access to all three medications regardless of vulnerability. Future disaster preparedness planning should include anticipation of access to medications for opioid use disorder and better match the location of services to communities with greater vulnerability to prevent inequities in opioid overdose deaths.
Bayesian spatial modeling of HIV mortality via zero-inflated Poisson models

In this paper, we investigate the effects of poverty and inequality on the number of HIV-related deaths in 62 New York counties via Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson models that exhibit spatial dependence. We quantify inequality via the Theil index and poverty via the ratios of two Census 2000 variables, the number of people under the poverty line and the number of people for whom poverty status is determined, in each Zip Code Tabulation Area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inequality and poverty in addition to spatial dependence between neighboring regions on HIV mortality rate, which can lead to improved health resource allocation decisions. In modeling county-specific HIV counts, we propose Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson models whose rates are functions of both covariate and spatial/random effects. To show how the proposed models work, we used three different publicly available data sets: TIGER Shapefiles, Census 2000, and mortality index files. In addition, we introduce parameter estimation issues of Bayesian zero-inflated Poisson models and discuss MCMC method implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visualizing Parallel Workspace Activities

Abstract : Palantir is a configuration management workplace awareness tool that continuously informs developers of the changes that are made in parallel by other developers in other workspaces. In order to achieve its goal of reducing the number of merge conflicts when developers commit their artifacts, Palantir deliberately breaks traditional workspace isolation in order to promote better coordination of parallel activities. In this paper we examine four different visualizations that developers can use for visualizing the activities in other workspaces. We discuss their strengths and weaknesses, role within Palantir and opportunities for future improvements.
Soluble gp130 promotes intestinal epithelial hyperplasia during reovirus infection

Soluble gp130 (sgp130) has been shown to suppress the inflammatory response of autoimmune pathologies; however, its effects on virus infection are not known. Here, we report that intraperitoneal treatment of mice with sgp130-Fc fusion protein at the time of oral reovirus serotype 3 infection resulted in altered morphopathological changes that were evident by less shortening of intestinal villi length and crypt depth after infection. That the effect mediated by sgp130 treatment was due to an increase in intestinal crypt cell proliferation was demonstrated by an increase in the number of crypt mitotic figures. This was further confirmed by increased immunoreactivity to the Cdc47 proliferation-associated antigen in crypts of sgp130-treated virus-infected mice compared to infected non-treated mice. These findings suggest that sgp130 may have a beneficial effect during intestinal virus infection by disrupting interleukin-6 trans-signalling, thereby reducing the local inflammatory response.
Nucleotide sequence and mutational analysis of the gene encoding KpsD, a periplasmic protein involved in transport of polysialic acid in Escherichia coli K1.

Abstract The 17-kb kps gene cluster encodes proteins necessary for the synthesis, assembly, and translocation of the polysialic acid capsule of Escherichia coli K1. We previously reported that one of these genes, kpsD, encodes a 60-kDa periplasmic protein that is involved in the translocation of the polymer to the cell surface. The nucleotide sequence of the 2.4-kb BamHI-PstI fragment accommodating the kpsD gene was determined. Sequence analysis showed an open reading frame for a 558-amino-acid protein with a typical N-terminal prokaryotic signal sequence corresponding to the first 20 amino acids. KpsD was overexpressed, partially purified, and used to prepare polyclonal antiserum. A chromosomal insertion mutation was generated in the kpsD gene and results in loss of surface expression of the polysialic acid capsule. Immunodiffusion analysis and electron microscopy indicated that polysaccharide accumulates in the periplasmic space of mutant cells. A wild-type copy of kpsD supplied in trans complemented the chromosomal mutation, restoring extracellular expression of the K1 capsule. However, a kpsD deletion derivative (kpsD delta C11), which results in production of a truncated KpsD protein lacking its 11 C-terminal amino acids, was nonfunctional. Western blot (immunoblot) data from cell fractions expressing KpsD delta C11 suggest that the truncated protein was inefficiently exported into the periplasm and localized primarily to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Chronic helminth infection protects mice from type III hypersensitivity (HYP6P.277)

In this study we evaluated the effects chronic helminth infection has on type III hypersensitivity, an allergic reaction driven by antigen/antibody immune complex deposition. Mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and 4 weeks later infected with Litomosoides sigmodontis for 10 weeks. Chronically infected animals exhibited significantly reduced ear swelling 12-24 hours after intradermal ear challenge with OVA. Although total IgG levels were higher in sensitized + infected mice than sensitized mice, OVA-specific IgG1 and IgG2a were all significantly reduced in mice that were chronically infected. Immune complexes in the ear tissue were detected by fluorescence microscopy and were found to be larger and more focal in infected animals. Histological analysis of infected mice showed reductions in edema, necrosis, and cellular recruitment compared to sensitized animals. Furthermore, a chemokine array performed on ear tissue 6 hours after OVA challenge showed that infected animals had reduced production of neutrophil-specific chemokines MIP-2 and KC. These data demonstrate that a 10 week L. sigmodontis infection protects against type III hypersensitivity responses. Future studies aim to further elucidate the immunological pathways mediating protection against type III hypersensitivity, and to evaluate whether worm-derived therapies can be useful in protection against diseases in which immune complex deposition is involved such as lupus nephritis.
Recognizing active labor. A test of a decision-making guide for pregnant women.

Abstract The identification of the onset of labor is difficult for even the most knowledgeable, prepared woman, particularly the first time labor is experienced. For many women, the difficulty of this decision means more than one trip to the hospital, as women are often sent home due to false labor or very early labor. At one Los Angeles medical center, providers felt that this was a particularly difficult situation for women of Latin American origin, where language barriers often made it difficult to explain why they were being sent home and how to know when to return. A booklet entitled ‘Understanding Labor’ was developed on the basis of research on birth in Latin women, and tested by conducting postpartum interviews with two sets of women, 69 who had not received the booklet during their last month of pregnancy and 50 who had. The findings showed no statistically signif trips with or without the booklet, but that the booklet improved women's understanding of labor and facilitated communication between staff and patients during the trips to the hospital. There was a statistically significant differences between the number of trips made by English speaking and Latin women, with primiparous Latin women making fewer trips; a finding which contrasts with staff impressions. This is true despite the fact that significantly more of the English speaking women had childbirth education. Women having their second babies made fewer trips to the hospital irrespective of cultural background. Differences between Latin and non-Latin women's perceptions of the onset of labor and terminology for phases of the birth process are also described, as are women's ways of identifying the onset of labor and making the decision to go to the hospital. The study concludes that the problem of ‘repeated trips’ to the hospital was reduced to a need for more information on when and how to make those trips, and on a vehicle to facilitate communication between patients and staff who did not share a common language.
Words Well Spoken: George Kennedy's Rhetoric of the New Testament, C. Clifton Black and Duane F. Watson, eds.

For it is only through speech finely spoken that deeds nobly done gain from their hearers the meed of memory and renown. Plato, Menexenus 237a Now when they saw the boldness [parrhesia] of Peter an...
An investigation of the geomagnetic imprinting hypothesis for salmon

Although evidence indicates that salmon could use geomagnetic cues in their high seas homing migration, the underlying behavioral strategy salmon apply to navigation cues is poorly understood. In one hypothesis, salmon imprint on the magnetic field when entering the ocean as juveniles and use the difference between the local and imprinted fields to navigate home. In this paper we demonstrate that simple behaviors incorporating this cue difference, to approach the isoline matching the imprinted magnetic value and then to follow along the isoline to the river mouth, are sufficient to guide spring Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) to the Columbia River. We model homing trajectories of salmon, combining ocean currents and fish swimming behaviors. Although the magnetic field inclination angle is a more robust cue than magnetic field intensity, both are sufficient to direct fish to the river mouth from a wide region of the Northeastern Pacific. The threshold defining the transition between the isoline approach and follow behaviors is the main factor determining successful homing trajectories. Small thresholds are more successful, meaning the approach behavior predominates until the fish is near the isoline intersecting the river mouth. The follow behavior swim heading can compensate for magnetic field changes, and the directed migration start date determines the longitudinal center of successful starting locations. This analysis suggests that salmon from ocean habitats may approach their home river in a narrow migration corridor along a magnetic field isoline.
An Alarming Solution: Bedwetting, Medicine, and Behavioral Conditioning in Mid-Twentieth-Century America

ABSTRACT This article explores the history of the bedwetting alarm, invented in 1938 by two psychologists to cure enuresis, or bedwetting, using the principles of classical conditioning. Infused with the optimism of behaviorism, the bedwetting alarm unexpectedly proved difficult to implement in practice, bearing a multitude of unanticipated complications that hindered its widespread acceptance. Introduced as a medical and psychological technology, in practice the alarm was also a child‐rearing device, encouraging the kind of behavioristic attitudes that had prompted its initial development, while simultaneously promoting the child‐centered approach that would become dominant in the early 1950s. The life story of the bedwetting alarm muddies the traditional account of how child‐rearing theories progressed in tidy succession, suggesting both that behavioristic approaches did not die out in the 1930s and that elements of permissive child‐rearing were being considered earlier than we traditionally assume.