cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of the surface migration of gold on the growth of silicon nanowires

Silicon nanowires hold great promise as components of tiny electronic devices, but the usual method of growing them is poorly understood. New work shows that excessive cleanliness can actually stunt a nanowire's growth. They are made by the ‘vapour–liquid–solid’ method, in which a tiny liquid droplet of a metal such as gold absorbs silicon atoms from a gaseous precursor molecule. As the droplet saturates with silicon, it grows a solid, cylindrical silicon crystal whose diameter is determined by the size of the droplet. But in conditions of extreme cleanliness, gold atoms from the droplet can migrate over the surface of the growing nanowire, resulting in misshapen structures. Interest in nanowires continues to grow, fuelled in part by applications in nanotechnology1,2,3,4,5. The ability to engineer nanowire properties makes them especially promising in nanoelectronics6,7,8,9. Most silicon nanowires are grown using the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism, in which the nanowire grows from a gold/silicon catalyst droplet during silicon chemical vapour deposition10,11,12,13. Despite over 40 years of study, many aspects of VLS growth are not well understood. For example, in the conventional picture the catalyst droplet does not change during growth, and the nanowire sidewalls consist of clean silicon facets10,11,12,13. Here we demonstrate that these assumptions are false for silicon nanowires grown on Si(111) under conditions where all of the experimental parameters (surface structure, gas cleanliness, and background contaminants) are carefully controlled. We show that gold diffusion during growth determines the length, shape, and sidewall properties of the nanowires. Gold from the catalyst droplets wets the nanowire sidewalls, eventually consuming the droplets and terminating VLS growth. Gold diffusion from the smaller droplets to the larger ones (Ostwald ripening) leads to nanowire diameters that change during growth. These results show that the silicon nanowire growth is fundamentally limited by gold diffusion: smooth, arbitrarily long nanowires cannot be grown without eliminating gold migration.
The hemoglobins of a fresh-water teleost, Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard)—I. The effects of phosphorylated organic compounds upon the oxygen equilibria

Abstract 1. 1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was found to be the major phosphorylated organic compound in the red cells of the teleost, Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum. 2. 2. Addition of ATP to phosphate-free solutions of hemoglobin decreases the oxygen affinity, increases the Bohr effect and modifies heme-heme interaction. 3. 3. The effects of DPG and ADP are similar but much smaller than the effect of ATP; cyclic AMP has no effect.
Interpenetrating polymer networks based on thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUS) and cis-1,4-polyisoprene

Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on two elastomers, cis-1,4-polyisoprene (PI) and thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPUs) were prepared in varying compositions. The PI component was cross-linked using peroxide initiators. Modulus and mechanical properties were investigated as a function of composition and temperature. Slight synergisms were observed in mechanical properties, particularly for compositions containing 10% PI by weight. Little or no molecular mixing is shown by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for these two-phase materials. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Maximum degree of polarization of the resultant of two partially polarized incoherent beams.

On cherche a savoir si deux faisceaux incoherents partiellement polarises se combinent pour donner un faisceau dont le degre de polarisation est superieur a celui de ses composantes
Dependence of the induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes on the composition of the culture medium

A chemically defined medium developed for the maintenance of differentiated adult rat hepatocytes (T1) was compared with two commercially available media (Waymouth 752/1 and Leibovitz L-15) for maintenance of cytochrome P-450 metabolic activity in cultured hepatocytes. Specific metabolic activities of initially isolated cells and 72-hr control and phenobarbital-treated cultures were determined with 7-ethoxycoumarin, 7-ethoxyresorufin, and 7-pentoxyresorufin as substrates. Control and phenobarbital-treated cultures in T1 medium had a higher metabolic activity towards each of the three substrates than comparable cultures in the other media. These studies indicated that the metabolic activity and the response to phenobarbital of the major isozyme of the phenobarbital-inducible family of cytochrome P-450 were maintained in hepatocytes in T1 medium. However, there was anomalous expression and induction by phenobarbital of the major 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible isozyme, cytochrome P-450c, in cultured hepatocytes in each of the three media tested, but this response was more pronounced in T1 medium. In conclusion, the regulation of cytochrome P-450 metabolic activity in cultured hepatocytes was shown to be dependent on the composition of the culture medium.
My Story: Implementing a Grief and Loss Program in a Remote Village in Zambia

The purpose of this paper is to describe one nurse's experience in implementing a grief and loss program for caregivers, teachers, and guardians of orphans in a remote village in Zambia. Nursing professionals at a Texas university responded to the needs of this underserved community because of the high death rate caused by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The rewarding experience produced successful outcomes in terms of spiritual service, and continued efforts toward achieving social justice. Evaluation results proved that a distance approach to implementing grief and loss initiatives in Zambia is achievable.
Acoustic gravity waves: a computational approach

This paper discusses numerical solutions of a hyperbolic initial boundary value problem that arises from acoustic wave propagation in the atmosphere. Field equations are derived from the atmospheric fluid flow governed by the Euler equations. The resulting original problem is nonlinear. A first order linearized version of the problem is used for computational purposes. The main difficulty in the problem as with any open boundary problem is in obtaining stable boundary conditions. Approximate boundary conditions are derived and shown to be stable. Numerical results are presented to verify the effectiveness of these boundary conditions.
A modified synthesis of 4-chloromethylthiazoles

A two-reaction synthesis of 2-substituted-4-chloromethylthiazoles from thioamides and 1,3-dichloroacetone is reported. The first step, cyclization to a 2-substituted-4-chloromethyl-4-hydroxythiazoline is carried out in the presence of bicarbonate in an aprotic solvent. Dehydration of this intermediate to a 2-substituted-4-chloromethylthiazole is accomplished by reaction with thionyl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, phosphoryl chloride, phosphorus trichloride or phosphorus pentachloride. Substituents on the thioamide, such as amino, alkyl, or aryl, are shown not to affect the success of the reaction. As a trend, alkylthioamides give slightly better yields of 4-chloromethylthiazoles than do arylthioamides. The yields of 4-chloromethylthiazoles prepared using this procedure are comparable to the yields obtained using acid catalyzed procedures.
College men and women respond to X‐rated videos intended for male or female audiences: Gender and sexual scripts

To assess psychosexual responses to X‐rated videos intended for male or female audiences, 200 male and 195 female undergraduates were randomly assigned to view one of six videos: three X‐rated videos intended for men and three X‐rated videos designed by and for women. Reactions were assessed on measures of sexual arousal, affective response, absorption, and sexual behavior. As predicted, men reported more positive. psychosexual responses to all X‐rated videos than did women. In comparison to videos intended for men, which activated negative affect, women reported more sexual arousal, more positive and less negative affect, more absorption, and more frequent intercourse after viewing the videos designed for women. A preference for the sexual script of role enactment, which is more common in men than women, was related to psychosexual responsiveness to X‐rated videos of both men and women. But the script of partner engagement, which is more common in women than men, did not predict responsiveness to the videos.
On the Mechanism of Nonaqueous Li–O2 Electrochemistry on C and Its Kinetic Overpotentials: Some Implications for Li–Air Batteries

Quantitative differential electrochemical mass spectrometry and cyclic voltammetry have been combined to probe possible mechanisms and the kinetic overpotentials, responsible for discharge and charge in a Li–O2 battery, using C as the cathode and an electrolyte based on dimethoxyethane as the solvent. Previous spectroscopy experiments (X-ray diffraction, μRaman, IR, XPS) have shown that Li2O2 is the principle product formed during Li–O2 discharge using this electrolyte/cathode combination. At all discharge potentials and charge potentials 4.0 V, the electrochemistry requires significantly more than 2e–/O2, and we take this as evidence for electrolyte decomposition. We find that sequential...
High-intensity x-ray spectra and stimulated emission from laser plasmas☆

Abstract The time history of conversion of input laser radiation to output soft X-rays from an oxygen-doped, spherical, laser-produced plasma is calculated. Experimental measurements of total X-ray conversion efficiency are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical model. The predicted fast risetime (
Infants' attention to intrastimulus motion.

Abstract Twenty-four 5-week-old infants sucked significantly less when shown a schematic face in which the eye dots oscillated at 4 or 7 cm/sec than when shown the same face with the eye dots oscillating at 1 cm/sec. When identical moving dots were presented in the absence of the surrounding facial configuration, infants showed the same pattern of response. These results indicate (a) that 5-week-old infants can attend to intrastimulus movement, and (b) that the “externality effect” does not extend to compound visual displays which have moving internal elements.
Revolutionary Coalition Strength and collective failure as determinants of status reallocation

Abstract This experiment investigated the effects of collective performance and coalition strength on the redistribution of status prerogatives in triads. A status hierarchy was established within triads, such that one person held higher control status and the two others held lower status. Each group performed an ambiguous, decision-making task over two trials. Collective performance (i.e., success vs failure) was manipulated via bogus feedback regarding the group's performance, while coalition strength was manipulated by varying the extent to which the two low-status members, acting together as a revolutionary coalition, could damage the outcomes received by the high-status member. Results indicate a collective-performance main effect, with the control prerogatives of the high-status person being reduced more under failure than under success. This effect is mediated by member dissatisfaction with the group's activities. As predicted, the results also indicate a significant Collective Performance × Coalition Strength interaction effect. Strong coalitions achieved more extensive reallocation of status prerogatives than weak ones, but this occurred only on the second trial for groups experiencing recurring failure. This effect elucidates some of the difficulties involved in mobilizing joint efforts to exercise coalition-based influence.
Maturation of cardiorespiratory interactions in spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea (autoresuscitation).

ABSTRACT: The maturation of the process of spontaneous recovery from hypoxic apnea by gasping (autoresuscitation) was characterized in adult, weanling (18-22 d), and infant (5 and 10 d) BALB/c mice. ECG and respiration were recorded and hypoxic apnea was induced with 97% N2-3% CO2. Administration of 21% O2 at onset of hypoxic apnea resulted in successful autoresuscitation in all 63 animals tested. In all mice, three sequential stages occurred: 1) gasping with marked bradycardia, 2) rapid increase in heart rate (cardiac resuscitation), and 3) increase in respiratory rate (respiratory resuscitation). Despite these similar stages, marked maturational differences were apparent. The times to cardiac and respiratory resuscitation were longer in the pups than in the older mice, whereas the gasp frequency before cardiac resuscitation was lower in the infants. Resuscitation time correlated with gasp interval (1/gasp frequency). In addition, the initial bradycardia at onset of gasping was more pronounced in the pups. A 30- or 60-s delay in oxygen administration after onset of hypoxic apnea caused a marked decrease in the adults' ability to autoresuscitate, without affecting that of the pups. A comparison of gasp frequency in 21% O2 versus 97% N2-3% CO2 showed that the presence of oxygen increased gasp frequency in the pups, but had no effect on gasp frequency in the weanlings or adults. We conclude that autoresuscitation is equally effective in both infant and adult BALB/c mice but only when oxygen is available before the onset of hypoxic gasping. Accordingly, the adult's ability to autoresuscitate rapidly can be viewed as an adaptation required by a limited tolerance for prolonged hypoxia. In contrast, it appears that the infant mouse's greater tolerance of hypoxia allows a slower autoresuscitation with a lower heart rate and gasp frequency. This conserves energy, thus facilitating prolonged survival and enabling recovery when O2 availability is delayed.
Ethylene, a Regulator of Young Fruit Abscission

In an earlier study we reported that detached cotton flowers produced sufficient ethylene before the period of natural abscission to suggest that ethylene might be a natural regulator of young fruit abscission. The present report explores this probability further. Intact cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruits produced ethylene at rates as high as 36 μl ethylene/kg fresh wt·hr during the 2 days before they abscised. Direct measurements of ethylene in gas samples withdrawn from fruits indicated that production of 1 μl ethylene/kg fresh wt·hr is equivalent to an internal concentration of approximately 0.1 μl/l. Fumigation of fruiting cotton plants with only 0.5 μl/l caused 100% abscission of young fruits and floral buds within 2 days. This correlated with the estimated endogenous levels of ethylene. Reduced pressure, which reduced the internal levels of ethylene, delayed abscission of young fruits and leaves, a result which supports our conclusion from this study— that ethylene is one of the regulators of young fruit abscission in cotton.
Systems genetics for drug target discovery

The collection and analysis of genomic data has the potential to reveal novel druggable targets by providing insight into the genetic basis of disease. However, the number of drugs targeting new molecular entities, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration has not increased in the years since the collection of genomic data has become commonplace. The paucity of translatable results can be partly attributed to conventional analysis methods that test one gene at a time in an effort to identify disease-associated factors as candidate drug targets. By disengaging genetic factors from their position within the genetic regulatory system, much of the information stored within the genomic data set is lost. Here we discuss how genomic data is used to identify disease-associated genes or genomic regions, how disease-associated regions are validated as functional targets, and the role network analysis can play in bridging the gap between data generation and effective drug target identification.
Cavitation Dynamics of Medtronic Hall Mechanical Heart Valve Prosthesis: Fluid Squeezing Effect

The cause of cavitation in mechanical heart valves is investigated with Medtronic Hall tilting disk valves in an in vitro flow system simulating the closing event in the mitral position. Recordings of pressure wave forms and photographs in the vicinity of the inflow surface of the valve are attempted under controlled transvalvular loading rates averaged during valve closing period. The results revealed presence of a local flow field with a very high velocity around the seat stop of mechanical heart valves that could induce pressure reduction below liquid vapor pressure and a cloud of cavitation bubbles. The analysis of the results indicates that the "fluid squeezing" between the stop and occluder as the main cause of cavitation in Medtronic Hall valves. The threshold loading rate for cavitation initiation around the stop was found to be very low (300 and 400 mmHg/s; half the predicted normal human loading rate that was estimated to be 750 mmHg/s) because even a mild impact created a high speed local flow field on the occluder surface that could induce pressure reduction below vapor pressure. The present study suggests that mechanical heart valves with stops at the edge of major orifice region are more vulnerable to cavitation, and hence, have higher potential for damage on valve components and formed elements in blood.
Cell-Bound Complement Biomarkers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Benchtop to Bedside

Systemic lupus erythematosus is arguably the most clinically and serologically diverse autoimmune disease. This article highlights the biomarkers helpful in diagnosing this disease. The authors' own research is presented.
Thermodynamics of Oligoarginines Binding to RNA and DNA

We have examined the equilibrium binding of a series of synthetic oligoarginines (net charge z )+ 2t o +6) containing tryptophan to poly(U), poly(A), poly(C), poly(I), and double-stranded (ds) DNA. Equilibrium association constants, Kobs, measured by monitoring tryptophan fluorescence quenching, were examined as functions of monovalent salt (MX) concentration and type, as well as temperature, from which ¢G°obs, ¢Hobs, and ¢S°obs were determined. For each peptide, Kobs decreases with increasing (K + ), and the magnitude of the dependence of Kobs on (K + ),@ log Kobs/@ log(K + ), increases with increasing net peptide charge. In fact, the values of @ log Kobs/@ log(K + ) are equivalent for oligolysines and oligoarginines possessing the same net positive charge. However, the values of Kobs are systematically greater for oligoarginines binding to all polynucleotides, when compared to oligolysines with the same net charge. The origin of this difference is entirely enthalpic, with ¢Hobs, determined from van't Hoff analysis, being more exothermic for oligoarginine binding. The values of ¢Hobs are also independent of (K + ); therefore, the salt concentration dependence of ¢G°obs is entirely entropic in origin, reflecting the release of cations from the nucleic acid upon complex formation. These results suggest that hydrogen bonding of arginine to the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids contributes to the increased stability of these complexes. Protein-nucleic acid interactions are central to most aspects of gene regulation as well as DNA metabolism. In order to understand how these proteins function, it is necessary to know not only the nucleic acid sites to which
Prevention and Treatment of Smokeless Tobacco Use

A review of the literature examining school-based prevention and treatment intervention programs for smokeless tobacco users is provided. Although few school-based prevention studies have been conducted, the results are promising. Many of the treatment studies that have been conducted, thus far, are limited due to the sample size and the lack of a control group. However, of the studies that have not had these limitations, the results are also promising. In general, studies show that intervention in the dental office can be effective and that group behavioral treatment may also improve cessation rates over minimal contact. On the other hand, pharmacological treatment, which has primarily focused on 2 mg nicotine gum, has not been found to be an effective treatment. Dentists are in an ideal position to advise and assist smokeless tobacco users to quit. The majority of smokeless tobacco users want advice and help from their dentists, and a significant number indicate that discussion of the negative oral effects from the use of smokeless tobacco has an impact on their desire to quit.
A NOTE ON GOOD RIDGE ESTIMATORS BASED ON PRIOR INFORMATION

Theil (1963) suggested a mixed estimator when there is prior information used in regression analysis. It implies that the investigator not only estimates a parameter based on the sample data, but also combines the prior information by formulating it in terms of unbiased estimates and their covariance matrix. In particular, he assumes that the prior unbiased estimators r are q linear combinations of the parameters. The mixed regression model is
Effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on midsagittal commissure size in rats

Background Fetal alcohol exposure in humans can cause a variety of brain and behavioral abnormalities. The brain abnormalities include defects in the corpus callosum that range from total absence (agenesis) to reduction in size or thickness. Determination of the critical alcohol level or time period of exposure to produce these effects is difficult because of the lack of control of possible mitigating factors. Methods The present study was undertaken to examine possible relationships between midsagittal corpus callosum dimensions and prenatal alcohol level as measured by blood alcohol concentration, as well as prenatal period of exposure as measured by first- or second- or first- plus second-trimester equivalents in a rat model. In addition to the corpus callosum, the hippocampal and anterior commissures were also examined. Pregnant mothers were given a single daily dose of alcohol by intragastric gavage; four different doses were tested in different mothers. Peak blood alcohol concentration was determined at one of four hourly intervals thereafter. Control pregnant mothers were pairfed to individual alcohol treated mothers and handled accordingly, but no alcohol was given. Other controls consisted of normal, untreated pregnant mothers. Results The results show all measures of corpus callosum and anterior commissure were not affected by any dose of alcohol during any time period. However, higher BAC levels during prolonged periods of alcohol exposure were associated with reduced size of the hippocampal commissure. Conclusions The results suggest that additional experimental factors not included in the present study are responsible for the effects observed in humans. Teratology 63:15–22, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Marginalization of the Mémoires of Louis XIV

This article addresses a peculiar form of marginalization in that the marginalized text it discusses originates not in the margin but at the very center of political power. Generally ignored, sometimes quoted as an illustration, Louis XIV's Memoires for the Instruction of the Dauphin is today rarely read and even more rarely submitted to close reading. The article discusses the reasons for this marginalization and why the text deserves more scholarly attention, including the thorny question what exactly it would mean to take it seriously. I suggest that the oscillating focus of the Memoires—shifting between the labor of state-craft and the enchantment of royal mastery, between expert analysis and god-given intuition, between (modern) instrumentalism and a (pre-modern) logic of royal glory—makes it a unique historical source for exploring constitutive tensions at the heart of absolutism.
Is plant genetic control of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities an untapped source of stable soil carbon in managed forests

Background Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi provide one of the main pathways for carbon (C) to move from trees into soils, where these fungi make significant contributions to microbial biomass and soil respiration. Scope ECM fungal species vary significantly in traits that likely influence C sequestration, such that forest C sequestration potential may be driven in part by the existing community composition of ECM fungi. Moreover, accumulating experimental data show that tree genotypes differ in their compatibility with particular ECM fungal species, i.e. mycorrhizal traits of forest trees are heritable. Those traits are genetically correlated with other traits for which tree breeders commonly select, suggesting that selection for traits of interest, such as disease resistance or growth rate, could lead to indirect selection for or against particular mycorrhizal traits of trees in forest plantations. Conclusions Altogether, these observations suggest that selection of particular tree genotypes could alter the community composition of symbiotic ECM fungi in managed forests, with cascading effects on soil functioning and soil C sequestration.
High-Technology Investigations Of Rift Propogation And Plate Tectonics

Plate tectonics as originally formulated was so successful in revolutionizing geology that only very few modifications have been necessary. One of these modifications is the suggestion that spreading centers sometimes increase their length by propagation, progressively rifting apart preexisting lithospheric plates and reorganizing the Earth's plate boundary geometry. This small change to plate tectonic theory, known as the propagating rift hypothesis, provides a mechanistic explanation for a wide variety of tectonic puzzles, including the existence of a large class of seafloor and continental margin features which are oblique to both relative and absolute plate motion and thus were inexplicable and seemingly incompatible with previous plate tectonic theory, as well as for the occurrence of spreading center jumps and zones of unusually differentiated FeTi basalts. In addition to routine marine geophysical survey techniques the phenomenon of rift propagation has been investigated with Gloria, Seabeam, Deep-Tow, Sea Marc I, ocean bottom seismometers and transponder-navigated dredging, and ALVIN and ANGUS work is anticipated. We have just completed a very successful investigation of the Galapagos 95.5\deg W propagating rift system using the new Scripps Seabeam system on the R/V Thomas Washington and the Deep-Tow system of the Marine Physical Lab at Scripps. This was the first time Seabeam and Deep-Tow were used together (except on short test cruises), and the combination is proving to be very powerful in understanding seafloor tectonic evolution. In addition, we were fortunate to have the new NAVSTAR Global Positioning System operating throughout the cruise, providing navigational accuracy of a few tens of meters during the 4-8 hrs/day of favorable satellite geometry, as well as the Deep-Tow transponder navigation net. Our results strongly corroborate the propagating rift hypothesis and indicate that this hypothesis can be confidently added to plate tectonic theory. Furthermore, it's clear that if this process continues for many millions of years it will have important implications for large-scale plate tectonic evolution and that propagating rifting of continental and oceanic plates may have important economic implications.
Relationships of EMG to effort in the trunk under isometric conditions: force-increasing and decreasing effects and temporal delays

Background. Electromyograms are used in increasingly sophisticated biomechanical analyses to estimate forces within the trunk to prevent and evaluate painful spinal conditions. However, even under nominally isometric conditions the relationship between EMG and effort is complex. This study quantified influences of pulling direction, increasing versus decreasing effort and electromechanical delay on the EMG/effort relationships for principal lower trunk muscle groups in isometric pulling tasks, to determine whether the observed differences between increasing versus decreasing effort relationships were consistent with electromechanical delay or activation differences. Methods. Twenty-three healthy subjects (15 male, 8 female; mean age 32 years; mean bodymass 74.5 kg) each stood in an apparatus to stabilize the pelvis and performed ramped isometric efforts with a harness around the thorax connected to each of a series of five anchor points on the wall, for angles of pull at each 45� increment from 0� to 180� to the anterior direction. A load cell recorded the generated force for a 5 s timed increase up to a voluntary maximum, a 1 s dwell, and a 5 s relaxation back to zero effort. EMG signals were recorded via electrodes (surface, except indwelling for multifidus) from right and left rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, longissimus, iliocostalis and L2 and L4 level multifidus. EMG signals were rectified with a 250 ms root-meansquare moving average filter. Effort-increasing and effort-decreasing sections of recordings were analyzed separately. Findings. The EMG/effort relationship had a statistically significantly greater gradient as the effort was increasing than when decreasing for 28 of 70 muscle-angle permutations. This difference in gradient was found to explain a significant part of the apparent lag between effort generated and EMG signal that averaged between 261 and 658 ms before and between 31 and 196 ms for different muscles after the slope difference was taken into account. Interpretation. The findings were consistent with the notion that the motor unit recruitment differs in increasing versus decreasing isometric efforts, probably because of a small stretching of the muscle as its tension increases. The residual temporal delay was thought to represent electromechanical delay. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of Online Testing on Student Exam Performance and Test Anxiety

Increased use of course management software to administer course exams online for face-to-face classes raises the question of how well test anxiety and other emotions generalize from the classroom ...
An inexpensive microelectronic environmental test chamber

An inexpensive microelectronic environmental test chamber design is proposed that can vary the temperature with a range of greater than 10degC to 90degC. The chamber is capable of automating temperature cycling as well as automating the electronic measurements taken. Driven by thermoelectric devices, the chamber is exceptionally space efficient and flexible in use; occupying an area of less than 1.5 cubic feet and powered by a standard wall outlet. The total cost of such a unit is less than a fraction of the average cost of a typical industrial built unit.
[12‐ASPARAGINE‐B] HUMAN INSULIN: An Analogue with Modification in the Hydrophobic Core of Insulin*

The human [12-Asparagine-B] insulin [Asn12-B] insulin) which differs from the parent molecule in that the valine residue at position B12 is substituted by an asparagine residue, has been synthesized by the procedures developed in this laboratory. In stimulating glucose oxidation and lipogenesis the analogue exhibited potencies of 0.19% and 0.14%, respectively, as compared to insulin. In insulin receptor binding [Asn12-B] insulin was found to possess a potency of ca. 0.29% compared to the natural hormone. At high concentrations this analogue is shown to have the same maximal activity in the in vitro assays as the natural hormone. This indicates that despite the low affinity for of the analogue for the insulin receptor, the analogue-receptor complex is fully capable of initiating the series of chemical events that leads to the biological response. It is concluded that the B12 valine contributes greatly in the maintenance of a structure possessing the proper receptor-binding characteristics, but does not have any role in modulating the activity of the hormone-receptor complex. The potency of this analogue by radioimmunoassay is at least 100-fold higher than the in vitro biological assays, indicating that the immunological determinants of insulin can be essentially unrelated to the biological activity of the molecule.
REPRODUCTION AND SEXUALITY IN PFIESTERIA SHUMWAYAE (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Pfiesteria shumwayae is a heterotrophic dinoflagellate with a widespread distribution in temperate-subtropical estuarine waters. In this study, five clonal isolates from the eastern coast of North America, one from New Zealand, and a mixed composite of clones were cultured in aquaria and fed live fish. Division, sexuality, and phagotrophic feeding on fish were studied by LM, SEM, and flow cytometry. The development of reproductive cysts isolated from aquaria was followed. Synchronously excysted flagellate populations were examined for sexuality and then for feeding behavior and reproduction when given larval fish. Reproductive cysts varied in size and underwent protoplast division(s), most commonly producing two to eight biflagellated offspring. Fusing gametes, resulting planozygotes, and nuclear cyclosis were documented as evidence of sexuality. Gametes emerged from cysts, and fusions were approximately isogamous. Resulting planozygotes had two longitudinal flagella and one transverse flagellum and apparently fed before encysting. Distinct and lengthy chromosome movements (nuclear cyclosis) occurred in presumed zygotic cysts before nuclear division(s). These cysts did not exhibit dormancy in growing cultures and produced two or four biflagellated offspring. Flagellated cells fed on surficial fish tissues and then encysted for reproduction. Stages indicating a completed sexual cycle (fusion, planozygotes, and nuclear cyclosis) were uncommon or absent in clonal cultures but were relatively abundant in the mixed clone culture. Self-sterility factors apparently influenced sexuality. Starved populations formed quiescent cysts that released swimming cells when food was provided. Pfiesteria shumwayae was similar in reproduction and sexuality to closely related species.
DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS OF EPITHELIAL TUMORS OF PENIS

Malignant epithelial tumors of the penis often present aspects which make difficult an accurate clinical and pathologic diagnosis. Frequently, repeated biopsies yield a benign diagnosis while the tumor continues to progress and sections through it indicate malignant components. It is suggested that epithelial tumors of the penis may consist, in many instances from their start, of a mixture of benign and malignant elements in ratios varying from one extreme to the other. This may explain why biopsies are frequently misleading, yielding a benign result while, in fact, the tumor is malignant.
Cholangiocyte Myosin IIB Is Required for Localized Aggregation of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 1 to Sites of Cryptosporidium parvum Cellular Invasion and Facilitates Parasite Internalization

Internalization of the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum, results in the formation of a unique intramembranous yet extracytoplasmic niche on the apical surfaces of host epithelial cells, a process that depends on host cell membrane extension. We previously demonstrated that efficient C. parvum invasion of biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) requires host cell actin polymerization and localized membrane translocation/insertion of Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and of aquaporin 1 (Aqp1), a water channel, at the attachment site. The resultant localized water influx facilitates parasite cellular invasion by promoting host-cell membrane protrusion. However, the molecular mechanisms by which C. parvum induces membrane translocation/insertion of SGLT1/Aqp1 are obscure. We report here that cultured human cholangiocytes express several nonmuscle myosins, including myosins IIA and IIB. Moreover, C. parvum infection of cultured cholangiocytes results in the localized selective aggregation of myosin IIB but not myosin IIA at the region of parasite attachment, as assessed by dual-label immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Concordantly, treatment of cells with the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-7 or the myosin II-specific inhibitor blebbistatin or selective RNA-mediated repression of myosin IIB significantly inhibits (P < 0.05) C. parvum cellular invasion (by 60 to 80%). Furthermore ML-7 and blebbistatin significantly decrease (P < 0.02) C. parvum-induced accumulation of SGLT1 at infection sites (by approximately 80%). Thus, localized actomyosin-dependent membrane translocation of transporters/channels initiated by C. parvum is essential for membrane extension and parasite internalization, a phenomenon that may also be relevant to the mechanisms of cell membrane protrusion in general.
On Being "Attractive" With Resistant Clients.

Client resistance is a frequent occurrence within the helping profession. This article helps define client resistance, provides a brief review of related literature, and offers one way—counselor attractiveness—of addressing the issue.
How to Evaluate People in Business: The Track-record Method of Making Correct Judgments

The article reviews the book “How to Evaluate People in Business: The Track Record Method of Making Correct Judgments,” by Charles A. Dailey and Ann M. Madsen.
Regulation of the expression of key genes involved in HDL metabolism by unsaturated fatty acids

The cardioprotective effects of HDL have been largely attributed to their role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, whose efficiency is affected by many proteins involved in the formation and remodelling of HDL. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects, and possible mechanisms of action, of unsaturated fatty acids on the expression of genes involved in HDL metabolism in HepG2 cells. The mRNA concentration of target genes was assessed by real-time PCR. Protein concentrations were determined by Western blot or immunoassays. PPAR and liver X receptor (LXR) activities were assessed in transfection experiments. Compared with the SFA palmitic acid (PA), the PUFA arachidonic acid (AA), EPA and DHA significantly decreased apoA-I, ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and phospholipid transfer protein mRNA levels. EPA and DHA significantly lowered the protein concentration of apoA-I and LCAT in the media, as well as the cellular ABCA1 protein content. In addition, DHA repressed the apoA-I promoter activity. AA lowered only the protein concentration of LCAT in the media. The activity of PPAR was increased by DHA, while the activity of LXR was lowered by both DHA and AA, relative to PA. The regulation of these transcription factors by PUFA may explain some of the PUFA effects on gene expression. The observed n-3 PUFA-mediated changes in gene expression are predicted to reduce the rate of HDL particle formation and maturation.
Human papillomavirus in sinonasal papillomas and squamous cell carcinoma

The diagnostic and prognostic relevance of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18 in squamous papilloma, inverted papilloma, and squamous carcinoma of the sinonasal epithelium was examined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Four (15%) of 26 squamous papillomas, 7 (24%) of 29 inverted papillomas, and 1 (4%) of 24 squamous carcinomas were positive for HPV when examined using the PCR amplification technique. Human papillomavirus 6 was present in 5 specimens (3 squamous and 2 inverted papillomas); HPV-11 was present in 6 specimens (1 squamous and 5 inverted papillomas); and HPV-18 was present in 1 of 24 squamous carcinomas. HPV-16 was not identified in any specimen. The proportion of tissue samples showing HPV presence, and the association of HPV types 6 and 11 with benign lesions and HPV-18 with malignant lesions, are both in accord with findings from prior investigations. Two major questions regarding nasal papilloma are the probability for lesion recurrence after surgical excision and the risk for malignant transformation. There is no unanimity of opinion regarding the prognostic value of histopathologic dysplasia to forecast these outcomes. HPV is etiologically related to a subset of sinonasal papillomas and squamous carcinoma, and those with benign and malignant clinical course are separable on basis of HPV type. Because of the paucity of these nasal lesions, a multi-institutional prospective collaborative study is the ideal way to address these questions.
Exploiting Heterogeneity for Sensor Network Security

Many sensor network deployments are heterogeneous: a large number of regular nodes perform sensing, while some nodes have better energy resources and/or more computational capacity. Whereas the effect of heterogeneous nodes on network reliability and lifetime has been studied [3], we here focus on exploiting heterogeneity for security. For security and privacy, the identity of nodes must be authenticated and keys have to be distributed. In our lightweight end-middle-end security framework, every node has a public/private key pair, but only resource-rich gateway nodes use public key cryptography to compute digital signatures. Since gateway nodes vouch for regular nodes, regular nodes can use symmetric cryptography until a gateway is reached. On regular nodes, this reduces energy consumption and processing delays by more than a factor of 3000. Re-encryption on the gateways is typically not the bottleneck, since gateways are often line-powered and typically more than 100 times faster than regular nodes (e.g. Stargate vs. Mica). An additional advantage of our end-middle-end architecture is that only gateways are affected by changes in user privileges.
Indigenismo Occupied: Indigenous Youth and Mexico's Democratic Opening (1968–1975)

In April 1975, indigenous youth in Mexico occupied regional development centers throughout the southern state of Oaxaca. From the Sierra Sur town of Miahuatlan, to the arid highlands of the Mixteca Alta, to the valley of the Papaloapan Dam project, these youth took control of Instituto Nacional Indigenista (INI) coordinating centers and held them for more than a month. Trained as promotores bilingues (bilingual agents of education and development projects) by a separate regional development agency (the Instituto de Investigacion y Integracion Social del Estado de Oaxaca, or IIISEO), they demanded professional training and the creation of positions for themselves as federal teachers. Their banners accused the Mexican government of ethnocide against native peoples, denouncing the government's celebration of indigenous culture as a mask for continued exploitation.
CHAPTER 5 – Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

It is seen that Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) are a major cause of diarrheal disease in humans and animals. ETEC-mediated diarrhea in humans is largely endemic and is responsible for one-fifth of all severe diarrheal illnesses. In animals, ETEC infections are generally associated with neonatal diarrhea in calves, lambs, and pigs, and postweaning diarrhea in pigs. These infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in these animals with substantial economic impact on the livestock industry. ETEC are distinguished from other E.coli pathotypes by their production of enterotoxins LT (heat-labile enterotoxin) and ST (heat-stable enterotoxin). It is seen that for an E.coli pathogen to be considered an ETEC strain, it must produce at least one of these enterotoxins. Another characteristic common to ETEC strains is their ability to adhere to the intestinal epithelium, a phenotype mediated by structures referred to as colonization factors. Colonization factor mediated adherence allows for the delivery of enterotoxins and the subsequent host secretory response that is experienced as diarrhea.
The Organic Metals (TSeF) x (TTF)1 — x -TCNQ—A Systematic Study

The recent interest in quasi-one-dimensional metals, although stimulated by hopes of finding a high-temperature superconductor, has been sustained for two other reasons. First, these materials have exhibited a wide variety of behavior that may be considered anomalous when compared with normal three-dimensional nonmagnetic materials. Second, while the strengths of synthetic organic chemistry assure that there will be a wide range of possible materials with quasi-one-dimensional behavior, the number of systems that have been studied extensively at this time is very small. There is therefore the very attractive possibility that the study of new systems will increase our understanding and uncover even more interesting patterns of behavior.
An Improved Tag Dictionary for Faster Part-of-Speech Tagging

Ratnaparkhi (1996) introduced a method of inferring a tag dictionary from annotated data to speed up part-of-speech tagging by limiting the set of possible tags for each word. While Ratnaparkhi’s tag dictionary makes tagging faster but less accurate, an alternative tag dictionary that we recently proposed (Moore, 2014) makes tagging as fast as with Ratnaparkhi’s tag dictionary, but with no decrease in accuracy. In this paper, we show that a very simple semi-supervised variant of Ratnaparkhi’s method results in a much tighter tag dictionary than either Ratnaparkhi’s or our previous method, with accuracy as high as with our previous tag dictionary but much faster tagging—more than 100,000 tokens per second in Perl. 1 Overview
Comparison of Neodymium Laser Hosts Based on Fluoro-Apatite Structure

A comparative study of the Czochralski crystal growth of Ca and Sr fluoro-phosphate, Ca and Sr fluoro- and chloro-vanadate is reported. Sr fluoro-phosphate and fluoro-vanadate demonstrate the best overall properties and crystal quality. Codoping of the fluoro-apatite crystals with Si 4+ or Ge 4+ ions increases the neodymium distribution coefficient but somewhat deteriorate the Nd 3+ emission.
The response of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) subjected to large strains, high strain rates, high pressures, a range in temperatures, and variations in the intermediate principal stress

This article presents the response of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) subjected to large strains, high strain rates, high pressures, a range in temperatures, and variations in the intermediate principal stress. Laboratory data from the literature, and new test data provided here, are used in the evaluation. The new data include uniaxial stress compression tests (at various strain rates and temperatures) and uniaxial stress tension tests (at low strain rates and ambient temperatures). The compression tests include experiments at e = 13,000 s−1, significantly extending the range of known strain rate data. The observed behavior of PMMA includes the following: it is brittle in compression at high rates, and brittle in tension at all rates; strength is dependent on the pressure, strain, strain rate, temperature, and the intermediate principal stress; the shear modulus increases as the pressure increases; and it is highly compressible. Also presented are novel, high velocity impact tests (using high-speed imaging) that provide insight into the initiation and evolution of damage. Lastly, computational constitutive models for pressure, strength, and failure are presented that provide responses that are in good agreement with the laboratory data. The models are used to compute several ballistic impact events for which experimental data are available.
Disparity sensitivity of frontal eye field neurons.

Information about depth is necessary to generate saccades to visual stimuli located in three-dimensional space. To determine whether monkey frontal eye field (FEF) neurons play a role in the visuo-...
Chile Pepper and The Threat of Wilt Diseases

Chile, chili, and chilli; which is which? The literature on “peppers” contains a confusing labyrinth of names with various derivations and slight nuances of meaning. Etymologically, the word “chile” is derived from the Aztec language, and refers to Capsicum peppers in Central America including Mexico, and in several parts of southwestern United States (18). The word “chili” is thought to be the anglicized form of “chile” and now denominates pungent types of Capsicum peppers in the United States. Similarly, the words “chilli” (singular form) or “chillies” (plural form) are used in Middle Eastern and Asian countries in connection with pungent forms. In 1983, Senator Domenici from New Mexico