cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computational Study of Environmental Effects in the Adsorption of DMMP, Sarin, and VX on gamma-Al2O3: Photolysis and Surface Hydroxylation

The adsorption of the chemical warfare agent simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and the real agents Sarin and VX on the γ-Al2O3 surface has been studied using density functional theory. The...
State splitting for variable-length graphs (Corresp.)

The state splitting algorithm of Adler, Coppersmith, and Hassner for graphs with edges of fixed length is extended to graphs with edges of variable lengths. This has the potential to improve modulation code construction techniques. Although the ideas of state splitting come from dynamical systems, completely graph-theoretic terms are used.
Selective Inactivation of PTEN in Smooth Muscle Cells Synergizes With Hypoxia to Induce Severe Pulmonary Hypertension

Background-—Pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by increased vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) and adventitial fibroblast proliferation, small vessel occlusion, and inflammatory cell accumulation. The underlying molecular mechanisms driving progression remain poorly defined. We have focused on loss of the phosphatase PTEN in SMCs as a major driver of pathological vascular remodeling. Our goal was to define the role of PTEN in human PH and in hypoxiainduced PH using a mouse model with inducible deletion of PTEN in SMCs. Methods and Results-—Staining of human biopsies demonstrated enhanced inactive PTEN selectively in the media from hypertensive patients compared to controls. Mice with induced deletion of PTEN in SMCs were exposed to normoxia or hypoxia for up to 4 weeks. Under normoxia, SMC PTEN depletion was sufficient to induce features of PH similar to those observed in wild-type mice exposed to chronic hypoxia. Under hypoxia, PTEN depletion promoted an irreversible progression of PH characterized by increased pressure, extensive pulmonary vascular remodeling, formation of complex vascular lesions, and increased macrophage accumulation associated with synergistic increases in proinflammatory cytokines and proliferation of both SMCs and nonSMCs. Conclusions-—Chronic inactivation of PTEN selectively in SMC represents a critical mediator of PH progression, leading to cell autonomous events and increased production of factors correlated to proliferation and recruitment of adventitial and inflammatory cells, resulting in irreversible progression of the disease. (J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000188 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000188)
Pulsed-beam propagation in lossless dispersive media. II. A numerical example

In Part I of this two-part investigation we presented a theory for propagation of pulsed-beam wave packets in a homogeneous lossless dispersive medium with the generic dispersion relation k(ω). Emphasis was placed on the paraxial regime, and detailed studies were performed to parameterize the effect of dispersion in terms of specific physical footprints associated with the PB field and with properties of the k(ω) dispersion surface. Moreover, critical nondimensional combinations of these footprints were defined to ascertain the space–time range of applicability of the paraxial approximation. This was done by recourse to simple saddle-point asymptotics in the Fourier inversion integral from the frequency domain, with restrictions to the fully dispersive regime sufficiently far behind the wave front. Here we extend these studies by addressing the dispersive-to-nondispersive transition as the observer moves toward the wave front. It is now necessary to adopt a model for the dispersive properties to correct the nondispersive high-frequency limit k(ω)=ω/c with higher-order terms in (1/ω). A simple Lorentz model has been chosen for this purpose that allows construction of a simple uniform transition function which connects smoothly onto the near-wave-front-reduced generic k(ω) profile. This model is also used for assessing the accuracy of the various analytic parameterizations and estimates in part I through comparison with numerically generated reference solutions. It is found that both the asymptotics for the pulsed-beam field and the nondimensional estimators perform remarkably well, thereby lending confidence to the notion that the critical parameter combinations are well matched to the space–time wave dynamics.
Spatiotemporal multicast in sensor networks

Sensor networks often involve the monitoring of mobile phenomena. We believe this task can be facilitated by a spatiotemporal multicast protocol which we call "mobicast". Mobicast is a novel spatiotemporal multicast protocol that distributes a message to nodes in a delivery zone that evolves over time in some predictable manner. A key advantage of mobicast lies in its ability to provide reliable and just-in-time message delivery to mobile delivery zones on top of a random network topology. Mobicast can in theory achieve good spatiotemporal delivery guarantees by limiting communication to a mobile forwarding zone whose size is determined by the global worst-case value associated with a compactness metric defined over the geometry of the network (under a reasonable set of assumptions). In this work, we first studied the compactness properties of sensor networks with uniform distribution. The results of this study motivate three approaches for improving the efficiency of spatiotemporal multicast in such networks. First, spatiotemporal multicast protocols can exploit the fundamental tradeoff between delivery guarantees and communication overhead in spatiotemporal multicast. Our results suggest that in such networks, a mobicast protocol can achieve relatively high savings in message forwarding overhead by slightly relaxing the delivery guarantee, e.g., by optimistically choosing a forwarding zone that is smaller than the one needed for a 100% delivery guarantee. Second, spatiotemporal multicast may exploit local compactness values for higher efficiency for networks with non uniform spatial distribution of compactness. Third, for random uniformly distributed sensor network deployment, one may choose a deployment density to best support spatiotemporal communication. We also explored all these directions via simulation and results are presented in this paper.
The Urgency Of Preparing Primary Care Physicians To Care For Older People With Chronic Illnesses

Population trends are driving an undeniable imperative: The United States must begin training its primary care physicians to provide higher-quality, more cost-effective care to older people with chronic conditions. Doing so will require aggressive initiatives to educate primary care physicians to apply principles of geriatrics—for example, optimizing functional autonomy and quality of life—within emerging models of chronic care. Policy options to drive such reforms include the following: providing financial support for medical schools and residency programs that adopt appropriate educational innovations; tailoring Medicare’s educational subsidy to reform graduate medical education; and invoking state requirements that physicians obtain geriatric continuing education credits to maintain their licensure or to practice as Medicaid providers or medical directors of nursing homes. This paper also argues that the expertise of geriatricians could be broadened to include educational and leadership skills. These g...
Aseptic processing of protein pharmaceuticals.

The objective of this chapter is to present a planning guide for designing and implementing aseptic processing for drug product manufacturing, for both clinical supplies and the commercial market, from the perspective of the unique characteristics of protein-containing drug products. The discussion will be restricted to solution, suspension, and lyophilized dosage forms in final containers made of glass or plastic. It will present a conceptual framework for the development of aseptic processes at the lab bench, subsequent scale-up to clinical batches, and, finally, validation of the fully scaled-up and well-defined processes for commercial manufacturing of the drug product.
Implementing a Cooperative MAC Protocol for Wireless Video Multicast

Wireless video multicast enables delivery of popular events to many wireless users in a bandwidth efficient manner. However, providing good and stable video quality to a large number of users with varying channel conditions remains elusive. In our previous work, we integrated layered video coding with cooperative communication to enable efficient and robust video multicast in infrastructure-based wireless networks [1]. Through simulation and analysis, we showed that cooperative multicast improves the multicast system performance and the coverage area. In this work, we integrate the proposed system with packet level Forward Error Correction (FEC) and evaluate the viability of the system in a realistic environment. We implement the system at the MAC layer and report the experimental results in a medium size (i.e., 8 stations) testbed. The experimental results confirm that the new cooperative MAC protocol for multicast, delivers superior performance.
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of indolent lymphomas

Humanised monoclonal antibodies have transformed the treatment of patients with lymphomas. The first application of these new drugs appeared less than 10 years ago but currently a lymphoma patient will certainly receive at least one of them once or several times during the evolution of his/her disease. This review covers the use of these monoclonal antibodies alone or in combination with chemotherapy. Rituximab, an unconjugated anti-CD20 chimeric antibody, is certainly the most widely used but other unconjugated or radiolabelled monoclonal antibodies are catching up quickly. If there are randomised studies demonstrating the benefit of adding these drugs to the treatment of patients with lymphoma, very few studies have compared the activity of the different monoclonal antibodies. Many questions need to be answered before the best setting for these drugs will be known.
Looking Back and Looking Forward: A Review and Reflection on Research Articles Published in Child Maltreatment From 1996 Through 2010:

According to major indicators of journal success, Child Maltreatment (CM) is thriving. It has a broad interdisciplinary readership, a 2009 impact factor of 2.613 and is ranked highly among its peers, placing first in the categories of family studies and social work (out of 32 journals in each category). Having just passed its 15th birthday and as the journal looks forward to maintaining this positive trajectory, we at the journal office have undertaken a review of published articles. The purpose of this review was to evaluate past progress and to consider future directions; we did so out of a conviction that, as with 15-year-old adolescents, self-reflection is a central component of healthy growth and development for scientific journals. Accordingly, we report here on our examination of changes in the types of articles published in CM over the last 15 years, from its inception in 1996 through the end of 2010. Although we endeavored to be rigorous in this process, we neither provide statistical analyses of the significance of patterns observed over time, nor do we generalize from those patterns to the overall field of child maltreatment. Our primary purpose was to examine trends as a means to reflect on the accomplishments and future direction of the Journal. Although we do consider patterns in regard to others noted in publications about the maltreatment field, this report is a self-study and as such is not intended to be generalized beyond this venue. As we had hoped, we believe that this descriptive analysis reveals a number of encouraging trends and also suggests specific areas for future growth. Readers should, however, keep in mind that the findings are limited by the categories we chose to examine and therefore our recommendations should not be misinterpreted as necessary standards for progress.
A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Scheduling In-Vehicle Messages

In-vehicle information systems (IVISs) can enhance or compromise driving safety. Such systems present an array of messages that range from collision warnings and navigation instructions to tire pressure and e-mail alerts. If these messages are not properly managed, the IVIS might fail to provide the driver with critical information, which could undermine safety. In addition, if the IVIS simultaneously presents multiple messages, the driver may fail to attend to the most critical information. To date, only simple algorithms that use priority-based filters have been developed to address this problem. This paper presents a dynamic programming model that goes beyond the immediate relevance and urgency parameters of the current Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) message scheduling algorithm. The resulting algorithm considers the variation of message value over time, which extends the planning horizon and creates a more valuable stream of messages than that based only on the instantaneous message priority. This method has the potential to improve road safety because the most relevant information is displayed to drivers across time and not just the highest priority at any given instant. Applying this algorithm to message sets shows that scheduling that considers the time-based message value, in addition to priority, results in substantially different and potentially better message sequences compared with those based only on message priority. This method can be extended to manage driver workload by adjusting message timing relative to demanding driving maneuvers.
China Foreign Direct Investment: Greenfield, Mergers & Acquisition, Or Joint-Venture

Foreign investment in China is once again beginning to grow as the economy sees signs of recovery. Companies looking to establish a presence in mainland China, have three options to evaluate and choose between 1) entering into a joint-venture, 2) acquiring an existing company, or3) developing an organization via Green Field development. This paper delves deeper into these three options, outlining the benefits and pitfalls of each approach. The purpose is to provide the reader with a general overview of investment vehicles available in China and to guide the business professional in a course of action, including the social impact of these options.
Rokeach's dogmatism scale and leftist bias

THE study reported here is similar to one reported recently by the senior author. That study found a leftist bias in the Haiman Scale of Open-Mindedness and called into question the possibility of a similar bias in the object of this research, Rokeach's widely used Dogmatism scale. Tests of ideological bias are central to any determination of the construct validity of dogmatism, open-mindedness or authoritarianism measures. If the Rokeach instrument and its underlying theoretical construct are valid, it should fae as sensitive to dogmatism on the left as it is to dogmatism amongrightists; i.e., it should measure dogmatism rather than political ideology. Billed as a measure of "general authoritarianism," the Rokeach Dogmatism scale was actually designed to correct for a marked ideological bias in the California F scale. Yet, Rokeach's own vali-
ERG Amplitude and Latency Changes During Early Diabetes Mellitus in Rats

Electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded in three insulin treatment groups of Wistar albino rats before and two to three weeks following the onset of Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, as well as in normal rats. 48 rats arbitrarily subdivided into four groups showed no significant inter-group differences between any ERG parameters at the start of the experiment, by two-tail t-test. Two week diabetic rats (no insulin) had significantly (p < 0.03 to 0.001) lower amplitudes of the a, b-waves and of the second wavelet and longer (p < 0.02 to 0.01) a-wave implicit time and of the first three averaged wavelets than the sex and age matched normal group. The same two week diabetic no insulin rats showed, to our surprise, higher b-amplitudes and wavelet amplitudes (p < 0.002 to 0.00002) and shorter (p < 0.005) a-wave implicit time than a matched group of rats injected once daily with 10 u/Kg insulin. Consequently, all amplitude parameters (a, b-waves, averaged 3 wavelets) were lower (p < 0.01 to 0.001) and the a-latency and wavelet latencies were longer (p < 0.001) in the once daily injection group than in the normal group. The latency to the b-intersection with the isopotential line and the parameters of the first wavelet were least different in the two groups. The a-wave and wavelet amplitudes and the a-, b-wave and wavelet latencies were the same in the normals and in rats receiving 3.3 u/Kg insulin thrice daily. The once daily insulin and the thrice daily insulin groups differed dramatically with respect to all amplitude parameters (thrice daily being higher, p < 0.002 to 0.0001) and all latency parameters (thrice daily being shorter, p < 0.001).
Stem growth and respiration in loblolly pine plantations differing in soil resource availability

Stem respiration and growth in 10-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were measured monthly during the third year of fertilization and irrigation treatments to determine whether soil resource availability differentially altered growth and respiration in stem tissue. Fertilized trees had significantly greater stem biomass, stem nitrogen concentration ([N]) and growth rate than unfertilized trees. Stem respiration (R t ) was significantly greater in fertilized trees when expressed on a per unit surface area (R t,a , μmol CO 2 m −2 s −1 ), sapwood volume (R t,v , μmol CO 2 m −3 s −1 ), or mass (R t,w , nmol CO 2 g −1 s −1 ) basis; however, there was no difference between treatments when expressed as a function of stem N content (R t,n , μmol CO 2 (mol N) −1 s −1 ). Irrigation had no significant effect on R t or annual stem growth. Daily total respiration (R d , mol CO 2 m −2 day −1 ) and stem diameter growth both had a seasonal bimodal pattern with peaks in early spring and midsummer. Stem [N] declined significantly during the growing season. Stem growth rate and [N] explained 75% of the seasonal variation in temperature-normalized R t,a .The mature tissue method was used to partition total stem respiration (R t ) into maintenance (R m ) and growth (R g ) components. There was a linear correlation between winter R t,v , a measure of basal R m , and sapwood N content; however, R t,v per unit N was greater in January before diameter growth started than in the following December after growth ceased, indicating that R t,v declined as stem diameter increased. Consequently, estimates of annual maintenance respiration (R M ) based on January data were 44% higher than estimates based on December data. Growth respiration was correlated with stem growth rate (r 2 = 0.55). The growth respiration coefficient (r g )—the slope of the relationship between R g and stem growth rate—was 0.24. Respiration accounted for 37% of annual stem carbon budget. Stem carbon-use efficiency (CUE)—the ratio of stem growth to stem growth plus respiration—averaged 0.63 and was unaffected by fertilization.
Diagnosis and treatment of absence seizures.

Absence seizures are characterized by a brief, blank stare. Such seizures occur suddenly, without an aura, and likewise end suddenly, without mental confusion. They may be associated with mild clonic movements, an increase or decrease in postural tone, or automatisms. The ictal electroencephalogram (EEG) reveals generalized spike-and-wave discharges, usually at 3 Hz, though the interictal EEG is usually normal. Seizures usually begin between five and 15 years of age and usually subside with adulthood. Half the patients have a history of one or more generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which may precede or follow the onset of absence seizures. One third have a family history of seizures. Ethosuximide is the preferred treatment in individuals who have absence seizures alone, while valproic acid is preferred for those with a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Once the dose is adjusted to provide an effective trough drug level, nearly all seizures can be completely (or at least satisfactorily) controlled.
Optimizing Fluorescence Collection in Multiphoton Microscopy

Efficient fluorescence collection is critically important when maximizing imaging depth in multiphoton microscopy. Here we present an optimized, large-aperture fluorescence collection system for use with Hamamatsu GaAsP photomultiplier tubes.
The effects of thyroid state on rat liver hexokinase isozymes.

SummaryA chromatographic procedure and different substrate concentrations were used to resolve the activities of the four hexokinase isozymes of rat liver. Animals rendered hypothyroid by radiothyroidectomy showed no significant changes in hexokinase isozyme activities after 14 days. Treatment of animals with high doses of thyroxine resulted in increased Hex I activity and decreased Hex IV (glucokinase) activity. Possible physiological consequences of these changes were discussed.
Spontaneous Rupture of Urinary Bladder in a Young Alcoholic Male

Spontaneous rupture of the urinary bladder (SRUB) is a rare clinical condition. Prompt diagnosis is often difficult both clinically and radiologically and necessitates a high index of suspicion as the patients present with non-specific abdominal pain and may not offer a clear history. We report this young male who presented with SRUB which occurred after alcohol intoxication and presented to us with vague abdominal pain, anuria, and intraperitoneal fluid collection. He had presented with a painful urinary retention few days prior to this visit, was catheterized temporarily and was discharged on antibiotics with a diagnosis of prostatitis. Currently, he stated that he had not urinated since the recent discharge, and noticed increasing abdominal distension. He also had diffuse severe abdominal pain. Patient stated that prior to this, he had consumed 12 beers. Examination revealed a male in acute distress, with normal ranges vital signs. Abdomen was soft, diffusely tender, with sluggish bowel-sounds, and no rebound-tenderness. Rest of examination was normal. Blood workup was significant for elevated BUN and creatinine from his baseline, and leukocytosis. A Foley catheter was placed. His abdomen computed tomography (CT) scan showed a newly developed pneumoperitoneum. CT cysto-urethrogram confirmed intraperitoneal bladder rupture. The patient had an exploratory laparotomy. The bladder defect was closed, and an indwelling catheter was left to ease healing. He had an uneventful postoperative course, and was discharged with a follow-up appointment in the urology clinic. Spontaneous urinary-bladder rupture is a rare event. Excessive alcohol consumption causes diuresis, over-distension and rupture of the urinary bladder. Initial presentation remains imprecise; continuous urinary leakage leads to abscesses, sepsis, and metabolic derangements. CT scan is imaging modality of choice. The condition is a surgical emergency, and necessitates laparotomy and closure of the breach. J Med Cases. 2016;7(6):245-247 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jmc2470w
Omega-3 fatty acids and coronary artery disease. More than a fish tale.

PreviewIs fish oil the miracle discovery for reducing the incidence of coronary artery disease, or are investigators barking up the proverbial wrong tree? If fish oil indeed is antiatherogenic, what properties make it so? How much fish oil is needed for the desired effect? Does ingestion of fish oil have deleterious effects on health? Dr Leaf reviews the fish oil story and examines current theories that seem most plausible.
Swan-neck deformity following extensive cervical laminectomy. A review of twenty-one cases.

Twenty-one patients, thirteen to sixty-two years old, were treated for cervical swan-neck deformity after extensive laminectomy (with or without foraminotomy), performed for cervical-disc syndrome in nine, spondylosis in six, syringomyelia in three, cord tumor in two, and old fracture-dislocation with nerveroot compression in one. Spontaneous fusion occurred in one patient after prolonged bracing. In the other twenty, the results of surgical stabilization (three posterior and seventeen anterior fusions) were excellent in nine, good in one, fair in four, and poor in six. It was concluded that bracing after extensive laminectomy is indicated, and may prevent this complication; that early recognition and anterior fusion are essential to prevent fixed severe deformity; and that fusion must extend the full length of the laminectomy.
A CHLORINE-BEARING PHASE IN DRILL CORE OF SERPENTINIZED TROCTOLITIC ROCKS OF THE DULUTH COMPLEX, MINNESOTA

Drill core from the troctolitic series of the Duluth Complex, in Minnesota, contains an Fe-Cl-bearing phase in partially serpentinized ultramafic rocks. The phase occurs as vein-filling material in grains up to 200 pm long and 20 pm wide; it has similarities to the phase described by Springer (1989). Analyzed rocks also contain very high concentrations of Cl (up to 3200 ppm) and F (up to 760 ppm), although biotite grains analyzed to date have low halogen contents (< 0.1 wt.9o Cl + F). The presence of this Fe-Clbearing phase and high whole-rock chlorine values is evidence that these rocks were subjected to invasion by a chlorine-bearing fluid with potential to transport platinumgroup elements.
Refrigeration of oyster shellstock: Conditions which minimize the outgrowth of Vibrio vulnificus

The multiplication of Vibrio vulnificus in summer harvest oyster shellstock held without refrigeration was followed over a 14 h postharvest period. Mean (n = 7) increases were 0,75, 1.30, 1.74, and 1.94 log units at 3.5 h, 7 h, 10.5 h, and 14 h postharvest, respectively. Aerobic plate counts (spread plates on plate count agar [PCA] containing 1% NaCl, 25°C) but not standard plate counts (pour plates, PCA, 35°C) showed a similar trend in increase. Reducing the time oyster shellstock remains outside refrigeration can decrease consumer exposure to high numbers of V. vulnificus , but shellstock must be cooled immediately after harvest to eliminate postharvest growth of this bacterium.
The Hyperreality of the Western Frontier

I begin by examining plays with an interest in the idea of the United States as western frontier (geographical ‘west’ being the most relative of terms), the frontier where the image of American unculture originates and where it always returns: manifest destiny, the hyperreal, hypertheatrical si[g]n-cities of Los Angeles and Las Vegas, and the desert. From a global point of view, the ‘West’ would include Western Europe. From a European point of view, ‘West’ means the United States and ultimately the Far West of the United States (the West of the American West) signifies the West of the West of the West, multiplying and deepening all the connotations that go with the western frontier. The American Far West is indeed the heart and soul (the heart of the soul) of most things American. It is simultaneously the extreme dichotomy of natural wilderness in the most modern and technologically advanced society in the world and a symbol of the whole of America and its history: pioneers of the past, pioneers of the future. Despite the contested complications and conflicts of colonial empire, it is quite likely that Europe’s historical memory sees the United States as the frontier of Western civilization, as a kind of European manifest destiny which prefigured and spawned the American one.
Nonlocal electrodynamics of helical metals

We consider the phenomenon of natural optical activity, and related chiral magnetic effect in helical metals, broadly defined as the ones with spin-momentum locking. To reveal the correspondence between the two phenomena, we compute the optical conductivity of a noncentrosymmetric semimetal to linear order in the wave vector of the light wave, specializing to the low-frequency regime. We show that it is the orbital magnetic moment of quasiparticles that is responsible for the natural optical activity, and thus the chiral magnetic effect. We further extend the treatment to the case of spatially non-uniform systems, and derive the most general microscopic formulae for the gyrotropic tensor that satisfies general Onsager relations.
New linear driving force correlation spanning long and short cycle time pressure swing adsorption processes

A simple, semi-empirical, generalized expression was developed for the LDF mass transfer coefficient k as a function of the half cycle time θ c that encompasses and transitions between the well-known regions governed by the long cycle time constant Glueckauf k and the short cycle time dependent k. This new expression can be used to estimate k = f(θ c ) for any system, irrespective of the loading and irrespective of θ c , no matter if k is in the cycle time dependent region or not. A three times wider transition region between the Glueckauf k and the cycle time dependent k was also established, with the Glueckauf LDF limit now valid for θ c > 0.3 and the short cycle time limit now valid for θ c < 0.01. When evaluating this region for several adsorbate-adsorbent systems, the minimum Glueckauf θ c spanned three orders of magnitude from thousands of seconds to just a few seconds, indicating a cycle time dependent k is not necessarily limited to what is normally considered a short cycle time. For virtually any θ c less than this minimum Glueckauf θ c , this new first-of-its-kind expression can be used to readily provide an accurate value of k = f(θ c ). Since the widely accepted half cycle time concept does not apply to the actual simulation of a multi-step, unequal step time, pressure swing adsorption process, the value of k = f(θ c ) from this new expression can be based on either the shortest cycle step in the cycle or a different value of k = f(θ c ) for each cycle step time in the cycle, with validity confirmed either by experiment or by process simulation using the exact solution to the pore diffusion equation.
Sisyphus Laser Cooling of a Polyatomic Molecule

We perform magnetically assisted Sisyphus laser cooling of the triatomic free radical strontium monohydroxide (SrOH). This is achieved with principal optical cycling in the rotationally closed P(N^{''}=1) branch of either the X[over ˜]^{2}Σ^{+}(000)↔A[over ˜]^{2}Π_{1/2}(000) or the X[over ˜]^{2}Σ^{+}(000)↔B[over ˜]^{2}Σ^{+}(000) vibronic transitions. Molecules lost into the excited vibrational states during the cooling process are repumped back through the B[over ˜](000) state for both the (100) level of the Sr-O stretching mode and the (02^{0}0) level of the bending mode. The transverse temperature of a SrOH molecular beam is reduced in one dimension by 2 orders of magnitude to ∼750 μK. This approach opens a path towards creating a variety of ultracold polyatomic molecules by means of direct laser cooling.
The Role of SNAP in Home Food Availability and Dietary Intake among WIC Participants Facing Unstable Housing.

Objective Little nutrition research has been conducted among families with unstable housing. The objective of this study was to examine the role of food stamps (i.e., Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SNAP) in home food availability and dietary intake among WIC families who experienced unstable housing. Design and Sample Cross-sectional study among vulnerable families. Low-income, multiethnic families with children participating in WIC (n = 54). Measures Dietary intake was assessed with 24-hr recalls. Home food availability was assessed with an adapted home food inventory for low-income, multiethnic families. Validation results from adapted home food inventory for these families are also reported. Results SNAP households had more foods than non-SNAP households; few significant associations were observed between food availability and child dietary intake. Conclusions With few exceptions, the home food environment was not related to children's dietary intake among these vulnerable families. More research is needed on food access for families facing unstable housing.
In vivo Raman spectroscopic sensing of biophysical changes in skin cancer

We developed a biophysical Raman model of human skin and validated it using in vivo clinical screening data. Key biophysical changes were used for fast and accurate diagnosis of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer.
Integrating Tinbergen's inquiries: Mimicry and play in humans and other social mammals

Visual signals convey emotions and intentions between individuals. Darwin underlined that human facial expressions represent a shared heritage between our species and many other social mammals. Social play is a fertile field to examine the role and the potential communicative function of facial expressions. The relaxed open-mouth (or play face) is a context-specific playful expression, which is widespread in human and non-human mammals. Here, we focus on playful communication by applying Tinbergen’s four areas of inquiry: proximate causation, ontogeny, function, and evolution. First of all we explore mimicry by focusing on its neural substrates and factors of modulation within playful and non-playful context (proximate causation). Play face is one of the earliest facial expressions to appear and be mimicked in neonates. The motor resonance between infants and their caregivers is essential later in life when individuals begin to engage in increasingly complex social interactions, including play (ontogeny). The success of a playful session can be evaluated by its duration in time. Mirroring facial expressions prolongs the session by favoring individuals to fine-tune their own motor sequences accordingly (function). Finally, through a comparative approach we also demonstrate that the elements constituting play communication and mimicry are sensitive to the quality of interindividual relationships of a species, thus reflecting the nature of its social network and style (evolution). In conclusion, our goal is to integrate Tinbergen’s four areas of ethological inquiry to provide a broader framework regarding the importance of communication and mimicry in the play domain of humans and other social mammals.
Arterial Lipoprotein Metabolism: Site-Specific Differences Related to Susceptibility to Atherosclerotic Lesions

Early atherosclerotic lesions occur in predictable locations in the aortas of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. A number of hemodynamic theories have been proposed to account for this localization, but until the unit biochemical and cellular processes leading to the formation and progression of lesions are understood, these theories remain incomplete. In our recent studies we made use of the predictable localization of early lesions to test the hypothesis that lipoprotein metabolism in susceptible sites differs from that in lesion-resistant sites in some key respect (Schwenke and Carew 1986a,b,c). Specifically, we asked whether arterial tissue concentrations and rates of irreversible degradation of LDL are higher in lesion-susceptible sites than in lesion-resistant sites in normal rabbits, or in rabbits early after the onset of cholesterol feeding. If so, does this precede the accumulation of intimai foam cells of monocyte/macrophage origin? In the studies described here we found that even in normal animals both the intra-arterial LDL content (“concentration”) and rate of LDL degradation were indeed somewhat higher in lesion susceptible sites (e.g., the aortic arch region and the distal edges of major branch sites in the abdominal aorta) than in adjacent lesion-resistant portions of the aorta. Even more striking differences were found early (4–16 days) after initiating cholesterol feeding, especially in the arterial LDL content of lesion-susceptible sites.
Coherence beamforming and its applications to the difficult-to-image patient

Poor quality ultrasound images and inadequate or suboptimal visualization of imaging targets is a common problem in individuals that are overweight or obese. Acoustic reverberation is an incoherent noise source that is a common factor in overweight and obese individuals and is a significant contributor to the poor image quality. Specifically, diffuse acoustic reverberation is problematic because it appears similar to common tissue texture in ultrasound images, thereby exacerbating the inadequate and suboptimal visualization. We describe the coherence imaging technique called the short-lag spatial coherence (SLSC) beamformer and its related imaging methods as potential solutions to the inadequate and suboptimal visualization problem. The SLSC beamformer detects the spatial similarity of the backscattered ultrasound waves, with a greater emphasis on the spatial similarity at closely-spaced positions. Because diffuse reverberation is spatially incoherent in the wavefield, noise can be differentiated from tissue and other desired imaging targets. Applications of the SLSC beamformer to in vivo imaging and adaptations of the technique to other imaging modalities, including flow imaging, molecular ultrasound imaging, and photoacoustic imaging are reviewed. Although computationally more intensive than conventional delay-and-sum beamforming, we describe several techniques for fast computation of coherence, which enable real-time imaging. The challenges and criticisms of spatial coherence beamforming are reviewed, including the loss in phase information and the nonlinear behavior of the technique.
Engineering Careers in Social Innovation and Global Sustainable Development [Commentary]

The world needs more effective, functional, and affordable solutions to social and environmental problems. Scientific and technological innovation continues to play a pivotal role in catalyzing new industries, spawning job growth, and improving the quality of life for people around the world. Scientific innovation has led to many of the biggest social impacts in human history in ways that are often taken for granted. The author's conversations with the innovators validated that the integration of science and technology-based approaches to address societal needs is clear and compelling. There is an urgent need to train and engage people from the engineering professions to venture into every kind of organization across every sector and every industry, from finance to healthcare to human rights. As scientists and engineers forge their way in the social innovation space, they are also creating paths for future innovators. This article shares five key insights relevant to engineers seeking impact-focused careers.
Image Annotation Retrieval with Text-Domain Label Denoising

This work explores the problem of making user-generated text data, in the form of noisy tags, usable for tasks such as automatic image annotation and image retrieval by denoising the data. Earlier work in this area has focused on filtering out noisy, sparse, or incorrect tags by representing an image by the accumulation of the tags of its nearest neighbors in the visual space. However, this imposes an expensive preprocessing step that must be performed for each new set of images and tags and relies on assumptions about the way the images have been labelled that we find do not always hold. We instead propose a technique for calculating a set of probabilities for the relevance of each tag for a given image relying soley on information in the text domain, namely through widely-available pretrained continous word embeddings. By first clustering the word embeddings for the tags, we calculate a set of weights representing the probability that each tag is meaningful to the image content. Given the set of tags denoised in this way, we use kernel canonical correlation analysis (KCCA) to learn a semantic space which we can project into to retrieve relevant tags for unseen images or to retrieve images for unseen tags. This work also explores the deficiencies of the use of continuous word embeddings for automatic image annotation in the existing KCCA literature and introduces a new method for constructing textual kernel matrices using these word vectors that improves tag retrieval results for both user-generated tags as well as expert labels.
The current status and future potential of personalized diagnostics: Streamlining a customized process.

Recent genetic discoveries and related developments in genomic techniques have led to the commercialization of novel diagnostic platforms for studying disease or gauging therapeutic outcomes in individual patients. This newly emerging field is called “personalized medicine,” and uses the patient's genetic composition to tailor strategies for patient-specific disease detection, treatment, or prevention. Personalized diagnostic tests are used to detect patient-to-patient variations in gene or protein expression levels, which act as indicators for drug treatments or disease prognosis. In turn, medical professionals can better answer questions such as: “Who should be treated with which drug?” and “How should the treatment be administered?” The regulations governing personalized medicine can be complicated because they encompass in vitro diagnostic systems and laboratory tests as well as methods of disease treatment and patient care. Industry, academia, medicine, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are all involved in the cultivation of the field: substantial collaborations between drug developers and regulatory authorities are required to consider and shape emerging regulations as personalized drug strategies mature. Some of the regulatory issues identified by industry and the FDA about personalized medicine and personalized diagnostics will be addressed. In addition, relevant collaborations, advances, and current and draft regulatory guidances will be discussed with respect to the future of personalized medicine.
Chest tube drainage of pleural effusion correcting abdominal ascites in a patient with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: a case report

Objective To describe a patient with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) demonstrating a beneficial result of reduction in abdominal ascites with a chest tube placed for bilateral pleural effusions. Design Case report. Setting Academic hospital. Patient A 28-year-old white female with primary infertility on hMG (Pergonal; Serono Laboratories, Randolph, MA) therapy. Interventions Intravenous fluids, lasix, and albumin were administered for correction of laboratory abnormalities, including hemoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia, and leukocytosis. A chest tube was placed for treatment of pleural effusions. Main Outcome Measures Laboratory values of hematologic measures and electrolytes. Resolution of pleural effusions and abdominal ascites as determined by chest roentgenogram and physical examination. Results Treatment of OHSS with intravenous fluids, lasix, and albumin corrected the hemoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia, and leukocytosis associated with OHSS. Placement of a chest tube corrected the pleural effusions and abdominal ascites. Conclusion This case report demonstrates a beneficial result of reduction in abdominal ascites by a chest tube placed for pleural effusions.
Eine fast abgeschlossene Langzeitstudie an radonexponierten schwedischen Eisenerzarbeitern

Wir haben die Sterbedaten von 1415 schwedischen Eisenerzarbeitern, die unter Tage gearbeitet haben und relativ niedrigen Konzentrationen von Radon und dessen Zerfallsprodukten ausgesetzt waren, erhalten und analysiert.
Objective assessment of surgical skill transfer using non-invasive brain imaging.

Physical and virtual surgical simulators are increasingly being used in training technical surgical skills. However, metrics such as completion time or subjective performance checklists often show poor correlation to transfer of skills into clinical settings. We hypothesize that non-invasive brain imaging can objectively differentiate and classify surgical skill transfer, with higher accuracy than established metrics, for subjects based on motor skill levels. 18 medical students at University at Buffalo were randomly assigned into control, physical surgical trainer, or virtual trainer groups. Training groups practiced a surgical technical task on respective simulators for 12 consecutive days. To measure skill transfer post-training, all subjects performed the technical task in an ex-vivo environment. Cortical activation was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in the prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex, and supplementary motor area, due to their direct impact on motor skill learning. Classification between simulator trained and untrained subjects based on traditional metrics is poor, where misclassification errors range from 20 to 41%. Conversely, fNIRS metrics can successfully classify physical or virtual trained subjects from untrained subjects with misclassification errors of 2.2% and 8.9%, respectively. More importantly, untrained subjects are successfully classified from physical or virtual simulator trained subjects with misclassification errors of 2.7% and 9.1%, respectively. fNIRS metrics are significantly more accurate than current established metrics in classifying different levels of surgical motor skill transfer. Our approach brings robustness, objectivity, and accuracy in validating the effectiveness of future surgical trainers in translating surgical skills to clinically relevant environments.
Liposomes for Retina and Posterior Segment Disease

Liposomes are bilayer vesicles composed of phospholipids, which can contain the non-lipophilic drugs to increase its bioavailability and to enter the posterior segment of the eye. These liposomes can be formulated in different sizes via these four basic steps: drying lipids from the organic solvent, dispersing the lipid within an aqueous media, purification, and analyzing the product. Majority of the liposome formulations are generally composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-modified lipids, which have been proven to increase circulation time. This drug delivery method renders both active and passive mechanism, which are specific to the targeted area. Liposomes act as barriers when they come in contact with ocular surfaces and protect therapeutic agents from the metabolic enzymes found at the tear junction. However, there are some challenges that still have to be tackled, for instance, sterilization, short shelf life, and also other unknown consequences of their long-term in vivo use. Even with the above issues, liposomes offer a sustained drug release, which reduces the frequency of the intravitreal injections and thus their side effects.
Orientations of Al4C3 and Al films grown on GaAs substrates

Abstract A method for growth of aluminum epilayers on III-V substrates using metalorganic chemic vapor deposition (MOCVD) processes could be beneficial for optoelectronic and photovoltaic device fabrication. However, deposition from common precursors under standard MOCVD conditions results in polycrystalline Al4C3. Both Al4C3 films grown on GaAs (100) substrates, and those grown on GaAs (111) B substrates, show strong alignment of the rhombohedral [110] for the Al4C3 crystallites with the in-plane GaAs directions. However, by using plasma-enhanced MOCVD at low growth temperatures, elemental Al can be deposited. Al growth by this method on (001), (111) B and (110) GaAs substrates gave textured, polycrystalline films. In all cases, the Al crystallites are primarily oriented with a aligned with an in-plane of the substrate at initial growth stages. These insights may lead towards growth of large-grained or epitaxial Al films.
Correction to: Development of the St. Benedict Paul Trap at the Nuclear Science Laboratory

The original version of this article was revised because this article was published with five instances of the word neutrino spelled out in math mode ($\neutrino$ in text) which should be the symbol nu ($\nu$).