cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain effects on the thermal conductivity of nanostructures

Applying stress/strain on a material provides a mechanism to tune the thermal conductivity of materials dynamically or on demand. Experimental and simulation results have shown that thermal conductivity of bulk materials can change significantly under external pressure (compressive stress). However, stress/strain effects on the thermal conductivity of nanostructures have not been systematically studied. In this paper, equilibrium molecular-dynamics (EMD) simulation is performed to systematically study the strain effects on the lattice thermal conductivity of low-dimensional silicon and carbon materials: silicon nanowires (one dimensional) and thin-films (two dimensional), single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT, one dimensional) and single-layer graphene sheet (two dimensional). Spectral analysis of EMD is further developed and then applied to avoid the numerical artifacts such as the neglect of long-wavelength phonons that are often encountered when using EMD with periodic boundary conditions. Intrinsic thermal conductivity of the simulated bulk and nanostructures can be obtained using spectral analysis of EMD. The thermal conductivity of the strained silicon and diamond nanowires and thin films is shown to decrease continuously when the strain changes from compressive to tensile. However, for SWCNT and single-layer graphene, the thermal conductivity has a peak value, and the corresponding applied strain is at $\ensuremath{-}0.06$ or $\ensuremath{-}0.03$ for SWCNTs depending on the chirality and at zero for graphene, respectively. The following two reasons could explain well the effects of strains on the thermal conductivity of the nanowires and thin films that decreases continuously from compressive strain to tensile strain: (1) mode-specific group velocities of phonons decrease continuously from compressive strain to tensile strain and (2) the specific heat of each propagating phonon modes decrease continuously from compressive strain to tensile strain. However, for SWCNT and single-layer graphene, the mechanical instability induces buckling phenomenon when they are under compressive strains. The phonon-phonon scattering rate increases significantly when the structure buckles. This results in the decreasing behavior of thermal conductivity of SWCNT and graphene under compressive stress and explains the peak thermal conductivity value observed in SWCNT and single-layer graphene when they are under strain. The results obtained in this paper has important implications of challenging thermal management of electronics using advanced materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene. It also points to a potentially new direction of dynamic thermal management.
Field statistics of localized waves within a one-dimensional waveguide

We present measurements of field spectra along the length of one-dimensional samples consisting of randomly positioned dielectric slabs placed in a rectangular waveguide with a slit along its length. This provides the spatial field profile as a function of frequency and time delay.
Does obligatory linguistic marking of source of evidence affect source memory? A Turkish/English investigation

Abstract This study examined the influence of obligatory linguistic marking of the source of information on source memory. Turkish grammar requires speakers to indicate if an assertion is based on first hand knowledge or non-firsthand knowledge (hearsay or inference); English grammar does not require this distinction. We hypothesized that obligatory coding of source of evidence leads to a greater weighting of first hand relative to non-firsthand accounts of events (an “evidentiality effect”), resulting in better memory for first hand sources. In support of this hypothesis, across two experiments native Turkish speaking adults showed significantly better recognition and source memory for assertions coded with first hand than non-firsthand evidential markers. Further, among Turkish speakers who also knew English, those who learned English later had less accurate recognition and source memory for non-firsthand sources presented in English than those who learned English earlier, suggesting a carryover from the first language (Turkish). English monolingual speakers showed no difference in recognition or source memory as a function of source type, but showed better memory than Turkish speakers for non-firsthand sources. These findings provide the first empirical support for an evidentiality effect, suggesting that when marking the source of evidence is required by the grammar first hand sources are privileged in memory and non-firsthand sources are discounted.
Developmental propagation of V(D)J recombination-associated DNA breaks and translocations in mature B cells via dicentric chromosomes.

Mature IgM+ B-cell lymphomas that arise in certain ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)-deficient compound mutant mice harbor translocations that fuse V(D)J recombination-initiated IgH double-strand breaks (DSBs) on chromosome 12 to sequences downstream of c-myc on chromosome 15, generating dicentric chromosomes and c-myc amplification via a breakage-fusion-bridge mechanism. As V(D)J recombination DSBs occur in developing progenitor B cells in the bone marrow, we sought to elucidate a mechanism by which such DSBs contribute to oncogenic translocations/amplifications in mature B cells. For this purpose, we applied high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing to study the fate of introduced c-myc DSBs in splenic IgM+ B cells stimulated for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent IgH class switch recombination (CSR). We found frequent translocations of c-myc DSBs to AID-initiated DSBs in IgH switch regions in wild-type and ATM-deficient B cells. However, c-myc also translocated frequently to newly generated DSBs within a 35-Mb region downstream of IgH in ATM-deficient, but not wild-type, CSR-activated B cells. Moreover, we found such DSBs and translocations in activated B cells that did not express AID or undergo CSR. Our findings indicate that ATM deficiency leads to formation of chromosome 12 dicentrics via recombination-activating gene-initiated IgH DSBs in progenitor B cells and that these dicentrics can be propagated developmentally into mature B cells where they generate new DSBs downstream of IgH via breakage-fusion-bridge cycles. We propose that dicentrics formed by joining V(D)J recombination–associated IgH DSBs to DSBs downstream of c-myc in ATM-deficient B lineage cells similarly contribute to c-myc amplification and mature B-cell lymphomas.
Toward a Square Grid Polymer: Electrochemistry of Tentacled Tetragonal Star Connectors, C4R4−Co−C5(HgY)5, on Mercury

Electrochemical reduction of cyclobutadienecyclopentadienylcobalt derivatives, C4R4−Co−C5(HgY)5 [R = C6H5−, Y = −SMe (3), −SCOMe (4), −SCH2CH2SCH3 (5), −SCH2CH2SCOCH3 (6); R = p-EtOCOC6H4−, Y = −SEt (7), −SCOMe (8), −SCH2CH2SCH3 (9), −SCH2CH2SCOCH3 (10)], and the parent C4R4−Co−C5H5 [R = C6H5− (11) and R = p-EtOCOC6H4− (12)] has been examined. Reversible one-electron “metal-centered” reduction of 11 (−2.24 V vs Ag/AgCl) yields a stable radical anion. In 12, it takes place at −1.70 V. In 3−10, similar metal-centered reduction occurs irreversibly, accompanied by an adsorption pre-wave at −0.7 to −1.15 V. We propose that the radical anion loses a −HgSX substituent soon after it is formed. Electrochemical cleavage of the substituents occurs before the metal-centered reduction in 4 and 8 and afterward in the others. The cleaved thiolate fragments yield an anodic peak. In all compounds with ester groups, ester reduction is observed at −2.1 to −2.5 V.
Changes in the Coincidence of the Boundaries and Populations of Central Cities

Several factors are investigated that affect the use of annexation by central cities of Urbanized Areas to retain decentralized populations. A multivariate model of the responses of central cities to overand underboundedness is presented and evaluated. Two distinct patterns were suggested by the model, one for cities experiencing significant levels of annexation and the other for cities whose response to decentralization did not include annexation. The results suggest that expected predictors (e.g., central city density, extent of suburbanization, credit) of the extent to which cities recoup their dispersing populations do affect changes in boundary coincidence through their influence on both annexation and the level of out-movement. A number of recent studies (Bromley and Smith; Kasarda and Redfearn) of annexation in the growth of U.S. metropolitan areas indicate that it has been a major tactic for containing or recapturing dispersing city populations. Indeed, the existence of very large populations within city boundaries that encompass dozens or even hundreds of square miles more than their original land areas reflects the importance of annexation in the formation of urban centers. Nonetheless, cities vary considerably in the proportions and changes in the proportions of their populations affected by dispersion (Zimmer). Moreover, annexation as a process and its relation to decen*This paper is the product of a collective effort. The order of authorship does not reflect any difference in the importance of each person's contribution. The authors wish to thank both the Department of Sociology and the Center for Demographic Studies of Duke University and the Department of Sociology of the University of Texas at Arlington and to acknowledge numerous sources of support for this work. The basic data set was constructed with the assistance of the National Science Foundation, Grant # GS-1077. The third author is a postdoctoral fellow supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Grant # 5T01 GM01291. Computations were performed through the Duke University Computation Center.
Using negative stuffing retiming for circuit emulation in a packet switching network

A circuit emulation scheme based on negative stuffing retiming that can effectively remove large bursty delay between packets is described. The approach can be applied to various applications such as T-carrier emulation and packet voice and video communication. The key element of the proposed negative stuffing scheme is the stuffing control or when to add negative stuffing. Two stuffing control algorithms are discussed. The first one is very simple and can provide a smooth output without the need of knowing or estimating the transmitter clock. This algorithm transforms large and fast packet arrival jitter into small and slowly varying frequency wander. The second algorithm tries to estimate the transmitter clock to further reduce the wander. Both algorithms will in principle eliminate the large packet arrival jitter completely, and they also ensure no buffer overflow and underflow. To evaluate buffer delay, jitter, and wander of the recovered clock, time domain simulation has been done for DS1 and DS3 signals over a SONET STS-3c-based switching network. >
PW02-003 - Efficacy of anakinra in etanercept-resistant TRAPS

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) is an autoinflammatory disease inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion. TRAPS develops secondary to mutations in TNFRSF1A. Associated symptoms include periodic attacks of peritonitis, constipation, arthritis in large joints, arthralgia, migratory rash with underlying myalgia, periorbital edema, conjunctivitis, splenomegaly, and increased risk for AA amyloidosis. Typically, attacks last from days to weeks. The common treatment modalities are corticosteroids, the p75 TNFR:Fc fusion protein, etanercept, and IL-1 antagonists. Recent studies suggest that multiple cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of TRAPS. To date, there are limited data comparing the efficacy of etanercept and IL-1 inhibitors in TRAPS.
New clinical trends in the adjuvant therapy of early stage breast cancer

Recent clinical trials of adjuvant therapy for early stage breast cancer support two general observations. First, overall survival is not impacted by the extent of surgery. Low rates of axillary relapse in patients treated with total mastectomy alone combined with the availability of systemic therapy as a substitute for surgical control of the axilla mean that patients can often be spared the morbidity of axillary node dissection. In problematic cases, newer diagnostic approaches, such as sentinel node biopsy, can help in making appropriate treatment decisions. Second, systemic therapy can reduce the clinical manifestations of disease. The incorporation of more sophisticated approaches to predicting outcomes, to varying timing and dose of treatment, and to developing new modalities of treatment, including immunotherapy, will contribute to a general strategy aimed at reducing the tumor to a harmless parasite. These observations support a paradigm shift in our definition of 'adjuvant'. Rather than referring...
A 2.4-GHz ISM-Band Sliding-IF Receiver With a 0.5-V Supply

We report an ultra-low-voltage RF receiver for applications in the 2.4 GHz band, designed in a 90 nm CMOS technology. The sliding-IF receiver prototype includes an LNA, an image-reject LC filter with single-ended to differential conversion, an RF mixer, an LC IF filter, a quadrature IF mixer, RF and IF LO buffers, and an I/Q baseband section with a VGA and a low-pass channel-select filter in each path, all integrated on-chip. It has a programmable overall gain of 30 dB, noise figure of 18 dB, out-of-channel IIP3 of -22 dBm. The 3.4 mm2 chip consumes 8.5 mW from a 0.5 V supply.
The problem is osteolysis

Recent studies have generated considerable information that reveals substantial support for major change in the understanding of total hip arthroplasty and its current state. Although some of these observations appear unrelated at first glance, they can be drawn together to support the thesis that osteolysis is the dominant problem in total hip arthroplasty. These observations are as follows: (1) Five-year followup data are required for a minimum assessment of a new concept in total hip design and material because osteolysis is uncommon before that time. (2) Excellent fixation can be achieved on the femoral side with good cementing and good cementless techniques. Thus, femoral component loosening is less of an issue currently. (3) Many acetabular components become loose because of the ingress of particulate debris that leads to linear bone loss at the interface with the pelvis, a process that is biologically akin to the more florid forms of osteolysis. Thus, much acetabular component loosening represents a form of osteolysis. (4) Many cementless femoral reconstructions have developed a high incidence of femoral osteolysis. (5) Many cementless sockets have developed a high incidence of pelvic osteolysis. Taken in conjunction, these observations suggest that periprosthetic osteolysis is the leading problem in contemporary total hip replacement.
Cabazitaxel: More Than a New Taxane for Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer?

The taxanes are recognized as a major class of chemotherapeutic agents; however, mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance can limit their usefulness. Cabazitaxel, a novel taxane with microtubule-stabilizing potency similar to docetaxel, exhibits activity against tumor cell lines resistant to paclitaxel and docetaxel. Cabazitaxel showed linear pharmacokinetics and a terminal elimination half-life comparable with that of docetaxel, findings which support dosing as a single infusion in three-week treatment cycles. Dose-ranging studies recommended doses of 20 or 25 mg/m(2) every three weeks. Antitumor activity was shown in patients with advanced cancer and chemotherapy failure (including taxane failure). Other early studies investigated the efficacy of cabazitaxel in pretreated metastatic breast cancer, either as a single agent or in combination with capecitabine. Objective antitumor response rates of up to 24% and sustained tumor stabilizations were also observed. The TROPIC phase III study, conducted in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel, established cabazitaxel as the first chemotherapeutic agent to offer a survival advantage in this patient population. Across these studies, the dose-limiting hematologic toxicity was neutropenia (including febrile neutropenia), usually controllable with colony-stimulating factor/granulocyte-colony stimulating factor support.
Linkage relationships among stress-induced genes in wheat

Linkage relationships among genes responding to water-deficit, salt stress, and heat shock were investigated in diploid wheat, Triticum monococcum L. The position of these gene loci relative to closely linked markers and the centromeres is reported. It is proposed to continue to use the present T. monococcum mapping population and the genetic maps based thereon as a framework for future determination of relationships among other genes related to environmental stress in the tribe Triticeae.
XBMPRII, a novel Xenopus type II receptor mediating BMP signaling in embryonic tissues

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) are potent regulators of embryonic cell fate that are presumed to initiate signal transduction in recipient cells through multimeric, transmembrane, serine/threonine kinase complexes made up of type I and type II receptors. BMPRII was identified previously in mammals as the only type II receptor that binds BMPs, but not activin or TGFbeta, in vitro. We report the cloning and functional analysis in vivo of its Xenopus homolog, XBMPRII. XBMPRII is expressed maternally and zygotically in an initially unrestricted manner. Strikingly, XBMPRII transcripts then become restricted to the mesodermal precursors during gastrulation. Expression is lower in the dorsal organizer region, potentially providing a mechanism to suppress the actions of BMP4 on dorsally fated tissues. Similar to the results seen for a truncated type I BMP receptor (tBR), a dominant-negative form of XBMPRII (tBRII) can dorsalize ventral mesoderm, induce extensive secondary body axes, block mesoderm induction by BMP4 and directly neuralize ectoderm, strongly suggesting that XBMPRII mediates BMP signals in vivo. However, although both tBRII and tBR can induce partial secondary axes, marker analysis shows that tBRII-induced axes are more anteriorly extended. Additionally, coinjection of tBRII and tBR synergistically increases the incidence of secondary axis formation. A truncated activin type II receptor (deltaXAR1) is known to block both activin and BMP signaling in vivo. Here we show that such crossreactivity does not occur for tBRII, in that it does not affect activin signaling. Furthermore, our studies indicate that the full-length activin type II receptor (XAR1) overcomes a block in BMP4 signaling imposed by tBRII, implicating XAR1 as a common component of BMP and activin signaling pathways in vivo. These data implicate XBMPRII as a type II receptor with high selectivity for BMP signaling, and therefore as a critical mediator of the effects of BMPs as mesodermal patterning agents and suppressors of neural fate during embryogenesis.
Validity Generalization and Situational Specificity: An Analysis of the Prediction of First—Year Grades in Law School

Results from 726 validity studies were analyzed to determine the degree of validity generalization of the Law School Admission Test for predicting first- year grades in law school. Four validity generaliza tion procedures were used and their results com pared. As much as 70% of the variance in observed validity coefficients could be accounted for by dif ferences in the within-study variability of LSAT scores, simple sampling error, and between-study differences in criterion reliability. The 90% credibil ity value for the true validities was estimated to be .45, and the average true validity was estimated to be .54. Despite the substantial degree of validity generalization, law school and the year the study was conducted explained significant portions of the residual variance in validities. Thus, some degree of situational specificity of validity remained.
Bioavailability of phosphorus in various phosphate sources using body weight and toe ash as response criteria.

The relative bioavailability values of P from seven sources were determined using male chickens fed a basal corn-soybean meal diet (.40% total P and 1.10% Ca) with varying levels of test and standard phosphates from 0 to 3 wk of age. Each of seven test phosphates was added to the basal diet at .05, .08, .12, .17, .23, and .32% levels. In addition, standard diets were formulated by adding the same levels of P plus .44 and .60% levels from dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4.2H2O) to the same basal diet. Each of the 42 test diets was fed to two pens of 10 chicks each, and each of the standard diets was fed to six pens of 10 chicks each. Three-week body weight gain and percentage ash of dried toe data were fitted with nonlinear (asymptotic and sigmoidal) regression equations, and the ratios of regression coefficients were used to determine the bioavailability of various test phosphates relative to the reference standard. Based on the asymptotic regression equation of body weight gain and on the sigmoidal regression equation of toe ash on the percentage of P added to the diets from the seven phosphate sources, the average relative bioavailability of the P (compared with the standard given a value of 100%) was as follows: Lucaphos-48, 88.4%; Lucaphos-40, 95.1%; Rukana, 83.7%; Cefkaphos-N, 104.8%; phosphoric acid, 93.0%; monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O], 111.8%; and Biophos, 92.0%. A difference of 7.7% units for the average bioavailability of the P was required for significance (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A survey of state and disturbance observers for practitioners

This paper gives a unified and historical review of observer design for the benefit of practitioners. It is unified in the sense that all observers are examined in terms of: 1) the assumed dynamic structure of the plant; 2) the required information, including the input signals and modeling information of the plant; and 3) the implementation equation of the observer. This allows a practitioner, with a particular observer design problem in mind, to quickly find a suitable solution. The review is historical in the sense that it follows the evolution of ideas in observer design in the last half century. From the distinction in problem formulation, required modeling information and the observer design goal, we can see two schools of thought: one is developed in the framework of modern control theory; the other is based on disturbance estimation, which has been, to some extent, overlooked.
Measuring Aggregate Social Capital Using Census Response Rates

Despite the importance of social capital to political science research, conventional means of measuring it are subject to a range of problems, including nonresponse bias, declining validity over time, and/or a lack of conceptual coherence. We argue that, in the case of the United States, rates of response to the decennial census represent a powerful yet overlooked measure for aggregate social capital. In this research note, we elaborate a theoretical rationale for the measure and empirically validate it, showing across multiple data sets and levels of geographic aggregation that census response rates (CRR) strongly predict various dimensions of social capital. Our findings highlight an important opportunity for social capital scholars to use existing governmental data to better measure geospatial variation in a key social science construct.
TEACHING OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT FROM A SCIENCE OF MANUFACTURING

Recently, there has been much concern over the dumbing down of production and operations management (pom) courses in response to the repudiation of the theory-heavy operations research (or) approach that became dominant during the 1970s. However, although almost everyone agrees that a new POM framework is needed, there is as yet little agreement on what it should be like. As a result, there is currently a huge variance among POM courses at different universities, ranging all the way from traditional OR courses to almost purely anecdotal case-oriented courses. Although academics have struggled with the search for an appropriate level of methodological rigor in POM courses, our customers (i.e., students and the firms that hire them) have been inundated by a blizzard of management buzzwords. Although many of these undoubtedly contain kernels of truth, the very nature of the buzzword approach is such that it provides little balanced guidance as to what methods work well in a given situation. In recognition of these disparities, POM researchers have begun trying to systematically describe the underlying behavior of production systems. The goal is to provide a framework that will help organize educational approaches and business practices in a consistent fashion. In this paper, we describe our attempt at the needed “science of manufacturing,” which we call factory physics, and illustrate how it fits into a new paradigm of POM teaching.
Quantitative Measure of Ca2+ Current and Permeability in ATP-Gated P2X7 Receptors

ATP-gated P2X7 receptors are prominently expressed in inflammatory cells and play a key role in the immune response. A major consequence of receptor activation is the regulated influx of Ca2+. Although the physiological importance of the resulting rise in [Ca2+]i is universally acknowledged, the biophysics of the Ca2+ current responsible for the effect are poorly understood, largely because traditional methods of measuring Ca2+ permeability cannot be applied to P2X7 receptors. Here we use an alternative approach, called patch-clamp photometry, to quantify the agonist-gated Ca2+ current of recombinant P2X7 receptors of dog, guinea-pig, human, monkey, mouse, rat, and zebrafish. We find that the magnitude of the Ca2+ current depends on the species of origin, the splice variant, and the concentration of the purinergic agonist. Surprisingly, murine P2X7kRs transduce smaller Ca2+ currents than do their P2X7aR counterparts, despite having identical pore-forming domains. We also measured a significant contribution of Ca2+ to the agonist-gated current of the native P2X7Rs of mouse and human macrophages. Our results provide cross-species quantitative measures of the Ca2+ currents of P2X7 receptors for the first time, and suggest that the cytoplasmic domains play a meaningful role in regulating the flow of Ca2+ through the channel.
Object-Oriented Implementation of Adaptive Mesh Refinement Algorithms

We describe C++ classes that simplify development of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithms. The classes divide into two groups, generic classes that are broadly useful in adaptive algorithms, and application-specific classes that are the basis for our AMR algorithm. We employ two languages, with C++ responsible for the high-level data structures, and Fortran responsible for low-level numerics. The C++ implementation is as fast as the original Fortran implementation. Use of inheritance has allowed us to extend the original AMR algorithm to other problems with greatly reduced development time.
The Essential Focus of Engineering Education-The Individual Student

This paper presents the radical view that training manpower to satisfy the needs of industry or government is not the purpose of engineering education. Rather, the focus is the individual student, his needs, his development, his fulfillment. Often the needs of the individual are not compatible with the needs of the corporation or of government; in such cases the latter should yield. The curriculum should be designed with this outlook.
Factors shaping the ontogeny of vocal signals in a wild parrot

SUMMARY Parrots rely heavily on vocal signals to maintain their social and mobile lifestyles. We studied vocal ontogeny in nests of wild green-rumped parrotlets ( Forpus passerinus ) in Venezuela. We identified three successive phases of vocal signaling that corresponded closely to three independently derived phases of physiological development. For each ontogenetic phase, we characterized the relative importance of anatomical constraints, motor skills necessary for responding to specific contexts of the immediate environment, and the learning of signals that are necessary for adult forms of communication. We observed shifts in the relative importance of these three factors as individuals progressed from one stage to the next; there was no single fixed ratio of factors that applied across the entire ontogenetic sequence. The earliest vocalizations were short in duration, as predicted from physical constraints and under-developed motor control. Calls became longer and frequency modulated during intermediate nestling ages in line with motor skills required for competitive begging. In the week before fledging, calls drastically shortened in accordance with the flight-constrained short durations of adult contact calls. The latter constraints were made evident by the demonstrated links between wing-assisted incline running, a widespread prelude to avian flight, just before the shift from long-duration begging calls to short-duration contact calls. At least in this species, the shifting emphases of factors at different ontogenetic stages precluded the morphing of intermediate-stage begging calls into adult contact calls; as shown previously, the latter are influenced by sample templates provided by parents.
Understanding congestion control in multi-hop wireless mesh networks

Complex interference in static multi-hop wireless mesh networks can adversely affect transport protocol performance. Since TCP does not explicitly account for this, starvation and unfairness can result from the use of TCP over such networks. In this paper, we explore mechanisms for achieving fair and efficient congestion control for multi-hop wireless mesh networks. First, we design an AIMD-based rate-control protocol called Wireless Control Protocol (WCP) which recognizes that wireless congestion is a neighborhood phenomenon, not a node-local one, and appropriately reacts to such congestion. Second, we design a distributed rate controller that estimates the available capacity within each neighborhood, and divides this capacity to contending flows, a scheme we call Wireless Control Protocol with Capacity estimation (WCPCap). Using analysis, simulations, and real deployments, we find that our designs yield rates that are both fair and efficient, and achieve near optimal goodputs for all the topologies that we study. WCP achieves this level of performance while being extremely easy to implement. Moreover, WCPCap achieves the max-min rates for our topologies, while still being distributed and amenable to real implementation.
The purification of B-cell precursors from mouse fetal liver.

Lymphocyte progenitor cells isolated on sequential days of gestation from mouse fetal liver represent distinct stages in B cell development. We have utilized polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays to detect immunoglobulin (Ig) gene rearrangement and flow cytometry to assay cell surface markers following fractionation based on the differential expression of the B cell-specific Phosphatase CD45 (B220). The purification of B220+ cells from day 17 fetal liver resulted in a 10-fold enrichment of cells which had undergone gene rearrangement events. We have also shown that day 13 fetal liver cells activate successive Ig gene rearrangements during short-term culture in the presence of fetal calf serum (FCS), interleukin-3 (IL3), and interleukin-7 (IL7). However, partially purified lymphocyte precursors fail to activate Ig gene rearrangement in culture unless they are cultured in the presence of a stromal cell line.
The Lost Fragrance: Protestantism and the Nature of What Matters

Les problemes de population, de consommation et d'ecologie posent de serieuses questions a la theologie protestante qui doit envisager la creation pour elle-meme et non dans la perspective d'un createur transcendant abstrait. C'est seulement a ce prix que les membres de l'Eglise protestante bien engages dans la religion du marche prendront la responsabilite de leurs propres pratiques materielles. Dans cette perspective, l'A. plaide pour un mouvement de renaturalisation du protestantisme, un esprit de protestation a l'egard des formes actuelles de vie sur terre
Anticollagen Antibodies Following Thermal Trauma

SummaryIt was shown by a latex agglutination technique that rats, following thermal injury, are stimulated to produce antibodies to the acid-extractable fraction of collagen in skin. These antibodies do not agglutinate particles coated with the salt-extractable collagen but can be absorbed by this precursor of acid-extractable mature collagen. The anticollagen antibody in rats also reacts with bovine gelatin. An antibody-containing fraction of serum from burned rats was isolated by gel filtration and appears to be a 16.5 S20 macroglobulin by ultracentrifugation and is inactivated by mercaptane reduction. Antibodies to rat collagen and bovine gelatin were also demonstrated in the serum of normal humans. In burned humans the agglutinins disappeared following an extensive burn, presumably by reaction with circulating antigen, and reappeared during convalescence.
Trousseau's Syndrome Associated with Pancreatic Cancer

Trousseau's syndrome is defined as any unexplained thrombotic event that precedes the diagnosis of an occult visceral malignancy or appears concomitantly with a tumor. The high incidence of thromboembolic disease in patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma has been well reported. We report a case of Trousseau's syndrome in a 64-year-old man with pancreatic head cancer, presenting with acute ischemic stroke one week following pancreaticoduodenectomy. The patient was promptly treated with low-molecular-weight heparin without recurrence of thromboembolic events during follow-up.
Age-related considerations in the treatment of ADHD.

Although the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can be found in many “normal” people, these symptoms are present to a greater extent in those affected by the disorder. In these patients, ADHD symptoms cause substantial functional impairment. Therefore, the goal of treatment is not simply to reduce core symptoms, but also to decrease the level of impairment caused by these symptoms.Common impairments in adolescents and adults include academic and occupational problems that are particularly evident in the context of tasks requiring a high degree of organization or attentional function. These impairments result in problems related to task completion, prioritizing work and other obligations, and time management, etc. These symptoms often impact successful completion of tasks in school or at work, and can also result in a variety of problems in initiating and managing relationships (Slide 1).Mood and anxiety disorders often co-occur with ADHD in adults. The accumulation of experiences related to impaired academic and/or occupational performance, and or persistent relationship problems, due to the symptoms of ADHD, can lead to either depressed mood or anxiety related to performance and/or social situations. Therefore, in treating adults with ADHD, reduction of those co-occurring symptom presentations is also an important goal.
Scholarship on #BlackLivesMatter and its implications on local electoral politics

August 9 2016 marked the second anniversary of Mike Brown’s murder at the hands of Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri. This anniversary affords scholars the opportunity to reflect on the nature of...
Is Hemoglobin A1c the Right Outcome for Studies of Diabetes

The goals of treatment of type 2 diabetes are to reduce the risk of diabetic complications and, as a result, improve the quality and, possibly, duration of life. For several decades, authoritative guidelines instructed clinicians to strictly control glucose levels of patients with diabetes to accomplish these goals. In addition, in the 1990s, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to approve drugs for the treatment of diabetes based on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels as the outcome. The prevailing concept was that risk reduction could be achieved by a clinical focus on reaching target values of HbA1c, agnostic to the strategies used. This concept, analogous to early notions about lipid lowering, persisted despite the failure of trials evaluating tight glycemic targets, as assessed by HbA1c levels, to reduce the risk of heart disease or improve survival.1
Low voltage circuit design techniques for cubic-millimeter computing

Cubic-millimeter computers complete with microprocessors, memories, sensors, radios and power sources are becomingly increasingly viable. Power consumption is one of the last remaining barriers to cubic-millimeter computing and is the subject of this work. In particular, this work focuses on minimizing power consumption in digital circuits using low voltage operation. Chapter 2 includes a general discussion of low voltage circuit behavior, specifically that at subthreshold voltages. In Chapter 3, the implications of transistor scaling on subthreshold circuits are considered. It is shown that the slow scaling of gate oxide relative to the device channel length leads to a 60% reduction in Ion/Ioff between the 90nm and 32nm nodes, which results in sub-optimal static noise margins, delay, and power consumption. It is also shown that simple modifications to gate length and doping can alleviate some of these problems. Three low voltage test-chips are discussed for the remainder of this work. The first test-chip implements the Subliminal Processor (Chapter 4), a sub-200mV 8-bit microprocessor fabricated in a 0.13μm technology. Measurements first show that the Subliminal Processor consumes only 3.5pJ/instruction at Vdd=350mV. Measurements of 20 dies then reveal that proper body biasing can eliminate performance variations and reduce mean energy substantially at low voltage. Finally, measurements are used to explore the effectiveness of body biasing, voltage scaling, and various gate sizing techniques for improving speed. The second test-chip implements the Phoenix Processor (Chapter 5), a low voltage 8-bit microprocessor optimized for minimum power operation in standby mode. The Phoenix Processor was fabricated in a 0.18μm technology in an area of only 915x915μm2. The aggressive standby mode strategy used in the Phoenix Processor is discussed thoroughly. Measurements at Vdd=0.5V show that the test-chip consumes 226nW in active mode and only 35.4pW in standby mode, making an on-chip battery a viable option. Finally, the third test-chip implements a low voltage image sensor (Chapter 6). A 128x128 image sensor array was fabricated in a 0.13μm technology. Test-chip measurements reveal that operation below 0.6V is possible with power consumption of only 1.9μW at 0.6V. Extensive characterization is presented with specific emphasis on noise characteristics and power consumption.
Effects of mood change on self-regulatory skill usage and subsequent impacts on physical activity and eating changes within the weight-loss phase of differing behavioral obesity treatment types: A retrospective cohort study

Abstract Introduction Previous research suggests the value of self-regulation for facilitating weight-loss behaviors. This study aimed to determine if improved mood has a facilitative effect on the self-regulation of healthy eating and exercise outputs associated within behavioral obesity treatments. Methods Data were from women with obesity (mean age = 47.1 ± 8.4 years; mean BMI = 35.0 ± 3.2 kg/m2) who previously participated in one of two community-based weight-loss treatment types over 6 months. One supported manual-based education on the need for healthy eating and increased exercise (n = 127). The other focused on self-regulation skills applied first to exercise, then eating behaviors (n = 107). Changes in exercise- and eating-related self-regulation, negative mood, exercise and eating behaviors, and weight were assessed. Results For both the psychological, exercise, and eating changes, effect sizes for within-group improvements were uniformly larger in the self-regulation group. Weight loss was 2.1% in the education group, and 6.3% in the self-regulation group. Based on 95% confidence intervals, changes in self-regulation over 3 months significantly mediated the prediction of changes in exercise, fruit/vegetable intake, and sweets consumption over 6 months by treatment type. Change over 3 months in mood significantly moderated (p-values ≤ 0.01) the above-indicated association of treatment type with self-regulation change. Mood score at month 3 was also a significant moderator (p-values Conclusion Findings clarified benefits for targeting self-regulation and mood within behavioral weight-loss treatments that go well-beyond typical processes of providing education on desirable behaviors.
A comparison of passive and active estimates of sleep in a cohort with schizophrenia

Sleep abnormalities are considered an important feature of schizophrenia, yet convenient and reliable sleep monitoring remains a challenge. Smartphones offer a novel solution to capture both self-reported and objective measures of sleep in schizophrenia. In this three-month observational study, 17 subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia currently in treatment downloaded Beiwe, a platform for digital phenotyping, on their personal Apple or Android smartphones. Subjects were given tri-weekly ecological momentary assessments (EMAs) on their own smartphones, and passive data including accelerometer, GPS, screen use, and anonymized call and text message logs was continuously collected. We compare the in-clinic assessment of sleep quality, assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Questionnaire Inventory (PSQI), to EMAs, as well as sleep estimates based on passively collected accelerometer data. EMAs and passive data classified 85% (11/13) of subjects as exhibiting high or low sleep quality compared to the in-clinic assessments among subjects who completed at least one in-person PSQI. Phone-based accelerometer data used to infer sleep duration was moderately correlated with subject self-assessment of sleep duration (r = 0.69, 95% CI 0.23–0.90). Active and passive phone data predicts concurrent PSQI scores for all subjects with mean average error of 0.75 and future PSQI scores with a mean average error of 1.9, with scores ranging from 0–14. These results suggest sleep monitoring via personal smartphones is feasible for subjects with schizophrenia in a scalable and affordable manner. Smartphones may one-day offer accessible, clinically-useful insights into schizophrenia patients’ sleep quality. Despite the clinical relevance of sleep to disease severity, monitoring technologies still evade convenience and reliability. In search of a preferential method, a group of Harvard University researchers led by Patrick Staples investigated the validity of data collected via patients’ own mobile phones. The team, with a cohort of 17 schizophrenia patients, compared the quality of data produced by smartphone sensors and smartphone-delivered questionnaires to that of an in-clinic evaluation. The results significantly showed that smartphone monitoring could generate information that approached the accuracy of in-clinic assessments. The team noted some areas for improvement; however, this study provides convincing justifications for further research into this non-invasive, low-cost, scalable method to monitor the sleep quality of schizophrenic patients.
Chapter 41 – Clinical and Basic Aspects of Glucocorticoid Action in Bone

Publisher Summary The chapter describes the effects of glucocortieoids in bones. Cortisol, the glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal gland, is essential in physiologic doses for the differentiation and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and modulates the effects of other hormones and mediators of cell function, whereas supraphysiologic doses inhibit bone formation. These direct effects on bone, combined with effects on other systems that indirectly regulate bone metabolism, cause rapid bone loss in patients treated with glucocorticoids. The most commonly prescribed compounds are prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, and triamcinolone. Glucocorticoids are widely used in the treatment of asthma, collagen-vascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, granulomatous, and skin diseases. The skeletal response to glucocorticoids is not disease specific, and accelerated bone loss has been described in patients with each of these diseases when they are treated with steroids. The usual risk factors for involutional osteoporosis do not apply to the same extent to glucocorticoid-induced bone loss. The overall effect of glucocorticoids is catabolic. Inhibition of pituitary secretion of growth hormone and alterations in IGF-binding proteins lead to a fall in the biologic activity of growth factors with loss of their anabolic effect on bone and other tissues. Gonadotrophin secretion is inhibited and, along with direct inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on gonadal secretion of estrogen/testosterone, leads to a fall in circulating gonadal hormone concentrations. Deficiency in gonadal hormones causes an increase in bone resorption. Membrane transport systems are also altered by glucocorticoids, resulting in inhibition of gastrointestinal absorption of calcium and decreased renal tubular absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
The hydrogen atom in D = 3 − 2ϵ dimensions

Abstract The nonrelativistic hydrogen atom in D = 3 − 2 ϵ dimensions is the reference system for perturbative schemes used in dimensionally regularized nonrelativistic effective field theories to describe hydrogen-like atoms. Solutions to the D-dimensional Schrodinger–Coulomb equation are given in the form of a double power series. Energies and normalization integrals are obtained numerically and also perturbatively in terms of ϵ. The utility of the series expansion is demonstrated by the calculation of the divergent expectation value 〈 ( V ′ ) 2 〉 .
Reoperative Issues Following Upper Extremity Injuries

This chapter presents some interesting cases encompassing some of the psychosocial aspects regarding reoperative surgery, specifically in the traumatic situation. As reviewed in the first chapter, reoperative surgery does require more counseling, time, and patience in explaining and discussing options with the injured patient. This chapter, in developing some cases, allows the reader to understand more fully some of the personal issues affecting these patients; and how in some cases further surgery or reoperative surgery may not be in the patient’s best interest. This chapter serves to hopefully further hone the reoperative surgeon’s judgment skills in discerning who may and may not benefit from more surgery.
Where Do You Get DICOM from

The DICOM standard is free and can be found on the official DICOM website (http://medical.nema.org) maintained by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). However, from a practical perspective, you usually deal with DICOM implementations in devices and software. Currently, hundreds of these products are on the market constantly transforming and vying for your attention. This natural selection, however, only adds another layer of commonly misunderstood and confusing concepts to the original complexity of the DICOM standard.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases and Their Scaffolding Proteins

Signaling pathways mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are critically involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. A typical MAPK signaling pathway is organized as a three-tier MAPK module consisting of an upstream MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), a penultimate MAP kinase kinase (MAP2K), and the downstream MAP kinase (MAPK). The remarkable fidelity and context-specific signaling of MAPK modules are primarily due to the family of MAPK-specific scaffolding proteins that interact with the components of the MAPK module. By tethering the signaling partners in close proximity, the scaffolding proteins are critically involved in the spatiotemporal organization of the MAPK modules in addition to modulating the signaling outputs of the respective MAPK module. This chapter focuses on defining the diverse mechanisms by which different MAPKs and their scaffolding proteins interact and the significance of such interactions in the regulation of specific cellular responses.