cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk-adjusted incidence rates for prostate cancer in the United States.

BACKGROUND Risk-adjusted incidence rates (RAIRs) are population-based cancer incidence rates that reflect those who have never had the cancer but are at risk of developing it. This study compares RAIRS with conventionally reported incidence rates for prostate cancer. METHODS A retrospective cohort design was used, based on data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries, with focus on white and black malignant prostate cancer cases in the years 2000–2007. RAIRs use only the first primary cancer and adjust for cancer prevalence in order to obtain a better population-based measure of cancer risk. RESULTS Conventionally reported prostate cancer incidence rates underestimate risk for white males by from 0.1% in the age group 40–49 to 20.1% in the age group 80 years and older. In black males, conventional rates underestimate risk by 0.2% in the age group 30–39 to 26.4% in the age group 80 years and older. Trends in RAIRs from 2000 to 2007 increased in the age group 30–49 (17.0% for whites and 14.8% for blacks), decreased in the age group 50–69 (−4.5% for whites and −5.9% for blacks), and decreased in the age group 70 and older (−15.8% for whites and −26.5% for blacks). Trends in RAIRs were similar or less pronounced than trends in conventional rates. The estimated number of cases in the United States in 2007 based on RAIRS was 9.0% greater for whites and 11.3% greater for blacks than when based on conventional rates. CONCLUSION Prostate cancer incidence rates that include second and later prostate cancer primaries and adjust for prevalence better reflect cancer burden, whereas, prostate cancer incidence rates that only include the first diagnosed case and adjust for prevalence better reflect cancer risk. Prostate 72:181–185, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
THE SIL-ICON COMPILER—AN ICON-ORIENTED SYSTEM GENERATOR

The SIL-ICON Compiler is a software system for the specification, interpretation, prototyping and generation of icon-oriented systems. In this paper, the design of the SIL-ICON Compiler is described. An application example to design a text editor using the Heidelberg Icon Set is presented in detail.
Reactivity of 1-propanol on p(n × 2) reconstructed WO 3(100) thin films

The reactivity of active sites on reduced WO3(100) thin film surfaces was studied using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). When films were annealed in either O2 or NO2 (∼1 × 10-6 Torr) above 700 K, the surfaces were predominantly covered by strands in a p(n × 2) periodicity with n ranging from 3 to 5. The catalytic activity of the p(n × 2) surfaces was probed using 1-propanol exposure at room temperature. During dosing, STM showed the accumulation of features associated with adsorption solely on the tops of the strands, unlike the stoichiometric c(2 × 2) WO3(001) surface which required annealing to desorb water before strongly localized features could be resolved. Thus the features in the images were attributed to 1-propoxide formed by deprotonation of the alcohol on adsorption at room temperature. High-resolution images revealed that the positions of the alkoxides on the strands were consistent wi...
Investigation of the System CaO‐MgO‐V2O5: I, Phase Equilibria

The ternary subsolidus phase equilibria were determined for the system CaO-MgO-V2O5. Limits of crystalline solubility were determined along the meta- and orthovanadate joins. The metavanadate join was characterized as two large solution regions with the end-members as host structures separated by a small two-phase region. The orthovanadate join was characterized as a small solution region in the center with the defect garnet structure. Eighteen compatibility triangles were found to make up the proposed subsolidus equilibrium diagram.
Permutation symmetry for neutrino and charged lepton mass matrices

Permutation symmetry S{sub 3} is applied to obtain two equal Majorana neutrino masses, while maintaining three different charged-lepton masses and suppressing neutrinoless double beta decay. The resulting radiative splitting of the two neutrinos is shown to be suitable for solar neutrino vacuum oscillations. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.
Sina Weibo of China: From a Copycat to a Local Uptake of a Global Technology Assemblage

In this essay the author presents an expanded genre view to examine global diffusion of interactive technologies in this increasingly globalized world. Through an analysis of its generic features, the author explores how Sina Weibo, a technology considered as a copycat of a Western technology, arises as a local uptake in a discourse of global technology diffusion. In studying its struggle and resistance, the author shows how a local uptake is shaped by the implicit value and ideology of the technology it imitates from. Meanwhile, this diffusion process is also a process of enacting the emergent structure of local technology use. The dynamic and dialogical structuring process behind genre formation worldwide manifests the complex interactions of technology and culture in our contemporary conditions.
BAD is a pro-survival factor prior to activation of its pro-apoptotic function.

The mammalian BAD protein belongs to the BH3-only subgroup of the BCL-2 family. In contrast to its known pro-apoptotic function, we found that endogenous and overexpressed BADL can inhibit cell death in neurons and other cell types. Several mechanisms regulate the conversion of BAD from an anti-death to a pro-death factor, including alternative splicing that produces the N-terminally truncated BADS. In addition, caspases convert BADL into a pro-death fragment that resembles the short splice variant. The caspase site that is selectively cleaved during cell death following growth factor (interleukin-3) withdrawal is conserved between human and murine BAD. A second cleavage site that is required for murine BAD to promote death following Sindbis virus infection, γ-irradiation, and staurosporine treatment is not conserved in human BAD, consistent with the inability of human BAD to promote death with these stimuli. However, loss of the BAD N terminus by any mechanism is not always sufficient to activate its pro-death activity, suggesting that the N terminus is a regulatory domain rather than an anti-death domain. These findings suggest that BAD is more than an inert death factor in healthy cells; it is also a pro-survival factor, prior to its role in promoting cell death.
Vaccination history and risk of non-hodgkin lymphoma: a population-based, case–control study

Objective As factors that alter the immune system have been implicated in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) etiology, it is of interest to explore the association between vaccination and risk of NHL. Results of few epidemiologic studies conducted thus far are inconsistent, and only one has examined the association by histologic subtype.
Calibrating 2D potential models for fully depleted SOI MOSFET's

We examine three basic approximations from which the existing quasi-2D models for fully depleted SOI MOSFET's are derived. Based on our analysis, we propose corresponding strategies to calibrate these models.
An illuminance-reflectance nonlinear video enhancement model for homeland security applications

A illuminance-reflectance model based video stream enhancement algorithm is proposed for improving the visual quality of digital video streams captured by surveillance camera under insufficient and/or nonuniform lighting conditions. The paper presents computational methods for estimation of scene illuminance and reflectance, adaptive dynamic range compression of illuminance, and adaptive enhancement for mid-tone frequency components. The images are processed in a similar way as human eyes sensing a scene. The algorithm demonstrates high quality of enhanced images, robust performance and fast processing speed. Compared with Retinex and multi-scale retinex with color restoration (MSRCR), the proposed method shows a better balance between luminance enhancement and contrast enhancement as well as a more consistent and reliable color rendition without introducing incorrect colors. This is an effective technique for image enhancement with simple computational procedures, which makes real-time enhancement for homeland security application successfully realized. The application of this image enhancement technique to the FRGC images yields improved face recognition results
Intelligent adaptive occupant restraint system

Thousands of people die every year in car accidents. Current restraint systems such as conventional seatbelts and airbags are designed to accommodate several occupant/crash scenarios and lack the capability of varying their output during the impact event. This paper introduces and demonstrates the benefits of real time control of a novel adaptive restraint system. Through applying intelligent control techniques, it will be shown in this paper that occupant injuries during frontal crashes can be minimized to much lower levels than what can be achieved today with conventional restraint systems. Our control system will be designed and tested first using a lumped parameter model and second on a complete crash simulation environment.
Sequence of linear programming for fine-scalable coded image transmission with delay bound

We study the problem of peer assignment to maximize the quality of transmitting fine-scalable coded images on peer-to-peer networks. The requesting peer has a delay constraint to display the images within a certain delay bound, and it has limited incoming bandwidth. Under these constraints, we first use a simple example to illustrate the peer assignment problem, and then formulate this problem as one linear programming problem and one nonlinear programming problem. Then we propose to solve the second nonlinear problem efficiently using a sequence of linear programming problems. Finally, extensive experiments show the superior performance of our algorithm by comparing it with a nonlinear formulation and with two heuristic schemes.
Ex Vivo measurements of myocardial viscoelasticity using Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV)

Stiffening of the left ventricle can compromise the ability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood into the systemic circulation and could lead to heart failure. Quantifying mechanical properties of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium using a noninvasive technique would be of great benefit in clinical settings. We investigated the feasibility of using Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) to measure viscoelasticity of the myocardium. A mechanical actuator was used to induce shear waves at multiple frequencies (40–500 Hz) in excised LV myocardium and urethane rubber samples, and a pulse echo ultrasound transducer was used to detect the motion at each frequency. An anti-symmetric Lamb wave model was fit to the shear wave dispersion curves in four orthogonal directions to obtain elastic and viscous moduli.
Feature shaping for linear SVM classifiers

Linear classifiers have been shown to be effective for many discrimination tasks. Irrespective of the learning algorithm itself, the final classifier has a weight to multiply by each feature. This suggests that ideally each input feature should be linearly correlated with the target variable (or anti-correlated), whereas raw features may be highly non-linear. In this paper, we attempt to re-shape each input feature so that it is appropriate to use with a linear weight and to scale the different features in proportion to their predictive value. We demonstrate that this pre-processing is beneficial for linear SVM classifiers on a large benchmark of text classification tasks as well as UCI datasets.
Memory for remote events in anterograde amnesia: Recognition of public figures from newsphotographs.

Abstract Patients with anterograde amnesia, including the case H.M. and a group of alcoholic Korsakov cases, were tested for their prompted and unprompted recognition of public figures who had become famous at various points in time from the 1920's to the 1960's. The comparisons between prompted and unprompted recognition for figures from before and after the onsets of the patients' amnesic syndromes were discussed in relation to competing theories of anterograde amnesia. The results were interpreted as not favoring the strong versions of either a faulty-storage or a faulty-retrieval theory.
Mutations Leading to Altered CheA Binding Cluster on a Face of CheY

CheY is the response regulator of Escherichiacoli chemotaxis and is one of the best studied response regulators of the two-component signaling system. CheY can receive phosphate from the histidine kinase, CheA. Phospho-CheY interacts with the motor-switch complex to induce clockwise flagellar rotation, thus causing the cell to tumble. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to study the direct interaction between the kinase, CheA, and the regulator, CheY. The products of random, suppressor, and site-specific cheY mutants were assayed for their ability to bind CheA. Nine mutants showed altered binding. We sequenced and mapped these point mutations on the crystal structure of CheY, and a high degree of spatial clustering was revealed, indicating that this region of CheY is involved in CheA binding. Interestingly, five of these altered binding mutants were previously defined as being involved in motor-switch binding interactions. This suggested a possible overlap between the motor-switch binding and CheA binding surfaces of CheY. Using CheY (Trp-58) fluorescence quenching, we determined the equilibrium dissociation constants of CheA(124-257) binding for these CheY mutants. The results from the fluorescence quenching are in close agreement with our initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results. Therefore, we propose that the CheA and the motor binding surfaces on CheY partially overlap and that this overlap allows CheY to interact with either the CheA or the flagellar motor, depending on its signaling (phosphorylation) state.
The effect of goal instructions and need for cognition on interactive argumentation

Abstract This study examines the effect of goal instructions on students’ reasoning and argumentation in an interactive context (discussing a topic on-line). Goal instructions specify the goal of a discussion. General goals (to persuade or explore) were crossed with specific goals (to generate reasons or counterarguments/rebuttals) in a 3 × 3 randomized design using 224 undergraduates. The design also controlled for need for cognition, which measures dispositions to think. The goal instruction to “generate as many reasons as possible” resulted in deeper, more contingent arguments, closer to Mercer’s (1996) notion of exploratory talk, whereas the persuade goal resulted in arguments that were more adversarial and somewhat better supported. The other goals had less dramatic effects. Need for cognition also predicted total argument claims and depth. These findings have important implications for building richer interactive discussions that promote the integration of ideas.
Do Juvenile White Perch Morone americana Grow Better in Freshwater Habitats of the Blackwater River Drainage (Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA)?

Increasing rates of freshwater habitat loss in the Chesapeake Bay (and elsewhere) have renewed interest in the role of freshwater in population integrity for euryhaline fishes. Freshwater habitats may be important nurseries for juveniles of anadromous species. Using length–weight residuals and scales, we determined if body condition and growth of juvenile (<120 mm total length) white perch Morone americana (a semi-anadromous species) differed between brackish and freshwater tributaries within the Blackwater River drainage (Chesapeake Bay Watershed, U.S.A.). We then examined how monthly variation in body condition varied with monthly variation in selected environmental factors. Body condition differed between tributaries and was greater in freshwater (specific conductivity <0.45 mS) than brackish water when water temperature was greater than 9.6°C. White perch growth rates did not differ between tributaries, except for a short time during summer or early fall. Some anadromous fishes may spawn in freshwater to promote greater body condition, thereby ensuring a quality contingent of individuals for the population. With continued loss or impairment of freshwater habitat, the availability of nurseries for juvenile white perch will be reduced and reduce the number of quality juveniles recruiting to the adult population.
MISIDENTIFICATION, MISEMBODIMENT AND THE PARADOX OF BEING A MODEL MINORITY

Discrimination of Asian immigrants has a long history in the USA. After 9/11, violence against Asian immigrants, particularly Sikhs, has increased dramatically. Asian Americans are viewed as the ‘model minority in the United States’. Yet Sikh immigrants, one of the most successful Asian immigrants in the United States, experience discrimination that ranges from verbal taunts to physical attacks. The violent racist attack and the tragic killings of Sikh immigrants at the Milwaukee Gurdwara is an example of this trend. Often media portrays misidentification of Sikhs for ‘Middle Eastern Muslim’ terrorists as the reason for such mindless violence against Sikh immigrants. In this paper, I argue that misembodiment accompanies misidentification. Psychological research on immigrants needs to explore the phenomenological aspects of embodying a mistaken identity. Furthermore, in this paper I discuss the paradox of being a model minority who experience the most discrimination among Asian immigrants and its implicati...
Lycopene stability in tomato powders.

The chemical stability of lycopene in 2 commercial tomato powders was evaluated during storage. Liquid chromatography and spectral analysis were used to determine lycopene loss and the formation of cis isomers and degradation products. Tomato powder products were stored at 6 and 45 degrees C or under fluorescent light for up to 6 wk. Several lycopene degradation products were tentatively identified in the initial and stored powders. After 6 wk at 45 degrees C, 60% of the lycopene was degraded. At lower storage temperatures the losses were about 30% after 6 wk. Mechanisms of loss appear to be both isomerization and oxidation.
An efficient hardware implementation for interpolating and decimating filters

In this age of 40-microcent transistors, it is easy to become complacent about the consumption of resources. Easy, that is, until your design no longer fits in the desired target device. This paper revisits techniques for multirate, multichannel filter design that were used from the mid-1970s through the 1980s and applies them by using contemporary development tools and hardware. It demonstrates a 7∶1 reduction in hardware resources over intellectual property (IP) supplied by field programmable gate array (FPGA) vendors.
The Family-Home Nutrition Environment and Dietary Intake in Rural Children.

Obesity and food insecurity rates are higher among rural compared to non-rural populations. Little is known, however, about how family-home environments influence childhood obesity-related behaviors, particularly in rural settings. This study examined associations between the family-home nutrition (FN) environment, food insecurity, and dietary intake (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, protein foods, and added sugars) in rural elementary school-age children (grades K-5/6; n = 102). Parents/caregivers completed surveys on FN, food insecurity, and the Block Kids Food Screener (BKFS). Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated from measured height and weight. Approximately 33% of children were classified as overweight/obese and 28% of families were at-risk for food insecurity. Multivariable linear regression analyses examined associations between dietary intakes with FN and food insecurity. More favorable FN scores were associated with lower added sugar intake (B = −1.38, p = 0.04) and higher vegetable (B = 0.15, p < 0.001), fruit (B = 0.71, p = 0.01), and dairy (B = 0.31, p < 0.001) intakes. No significant associations were found between food insecurity and dietary intake. Given the association between higher FN scores and more favorable dietary intake, promoting healthy FN environments among rural children is warranted.
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens defining tumor malignancy: basis for development of anti-cancer vaccines.

Tumors expressing a high level of certain types of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (T ACAs) exhibit greater metastasis and progression than those expressing low level of TACAs, as reflected in decreased patient survival rate. Well-documented examples of such TACAs are: (i) H/Ley/ILea in primary non-small cell lung carcinoma; (ii) sialyl-Lex(SLex) and sialyl-Lea (SLea) in various types of cancer; (iii) Tn and sialyl-Tn in colorectal, lung, breast, and many other cancers; (iv) GM2, GD2, and GD3 gangliosides in neuroectodermal tumors (melanoma and neuroblastoma); (v) globo-H in breast, ovarian, and prostate cancer; (vi) disialylgalactosylgloboside in renal cell carcinoma.
The Dance of the Fertile Universe

Did we come about by chance or by necessity in the evolving universe? The first thing to be said is that the problem is not formulated correctly. It is not just a question of chance or necessity because, first of all, it is both. Furthermore, there is a third element here that is very important. It is what I call the "fertility" of the universe. This is the dance of the fertile universe, a ballet with three ballerinas: chance, necessity and fertility. What this means is that the universe is so fertile in offering the opportunity for the success of both chance and necessary processes that such a character of the universe must be included in the search for our origins in the universe. In this light I am going to try to present in broad strokes what I think is some of the best of our modern scientific understanding of the universe and then ask the question at the end: What does this say about the God who loves us and who made this universe?
Too old for what

Stage An 87-year-old independent and active woman with no known heart or pulmonary disease went to see her physician because she had shortness of breath. Response The two most common causes of shortness of breath in this age group are pulmonary disease and cardiac disease. In the pulmonary category, I would worry that she had pneumonitis or an interstitial process such as pulmonary fibrosis. In the cardiac category, I'd be concerned about left ventricular failure secondary either to coronary artery disease or to hypertensive heart disease. Dyspnea could also be a manifestation of valvular heart disease. Patients in this age . . .
Teams in Transition: Analogous Systems:

We describe a series of analogous systems, from tank crews to emergency room staffs, in which a team of operators must rapidly mobilize to cope with a crisis. The ways in which these teams, and their dynamic responses, may differ are enumerated, and some tentative conclusions drawn by an interdisciplinary panel are offered.
A Decision-Support System to Assess Surface-Water Resources in Massachusetts

Federal, State and local water supply, regulatory, and planning agencies require easy-touse, technically-defensible, decision-support (DS) applications that can evaluate impacts of proposed water withdrawals, determine baseline streamflow conditions needed for sustainability of aquatic habitat, and estimate inflows to drinking-water-supply reservoirs for safe yield analyses at ungaged locations. An interactive, point-and-click DS application is developed in combination with a geographic-information system to address these needs. The DS application estimates unimpacted daily streamflow at any user-selected location – gaged or ungaged -on a perennial stream in Massachusetts. A new method is proposed to estimate a daily flow-duration curve at an ungaged site by exploiting the strong structural relationship among streamflow quantiles. This method offers improvement -particularly for low flows -over traditional regression-based approaches that relate flows at selected flow quantiles to measurable basin characteristics. A time series of daily flows is then created by transferring the timing of the daily flows at an index gage to the ungaged site at equivalent exceedance probabilities. Estimated daily streamflows show remarkably good agreement with observed daily flows and are generally comparable to the agreement obtained from a calibrated rainfall-runoff model. A jack-knife cross-validation experiment indicates that the agreement between observed and estimated flow series at an ungaged site is also remarkably good.
Review of Placement Work

In this chapter we will review previous placement algorithms. First we review algorithms for partitioning problem, which is tightly related to placement problem. Then we discuss constructive and iterative placement methods. Next we review popular placement algorithms mainly for wirelength minimization. Then we review some approaches for detailed placement, and give an overview for existing congestion-driven and timing-driven placement techniques.
Barnes, L. Diane, ed.Frederick Douglass: A Life in Documents

Frederick Douglass is, arguably, one of the most fascinating figures of nineteenth-century America. Born into slavery in 1818; freed by his own wits in 1838; and, thereafter, a fierce antislavery a...
Maize, switchgrass, and ponderosa pine biochar added to soil increased herbicide sorption and decreased herbicide efficacy

ABSTRACTBiochar, a by-product of pyrolysis made from a wide array of plant biomass when producing biofuels, is a proposed soil amendment to improve soil health. This study measured herbicide sorption and efficacy when soils were treated with low (1% w/w) or high (10% w/w) amounts of biochar manufactured from different feedstocks [maize (Zea mays) stover, switchgrass (Panicum vigatum), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)], and treated with different post-processing techniques. Twenty-four hour batch equilibration measured sorption of 14C-labelled atrazine or 2,4-D to two soil types with and without biochar amendments. Herbicide efficacy was measured with and without biochar using speed of seed germination tests of sensitive species. Biochar amended soils sorbed more herbicide than untreated soils, with major differences due to biochar application rate but minor differences due to biochar type or post-process handling technique. Biochar presence increased the speed of seed germination compared with herbici...
Working with Wheels

W EE K 2 Nick rides his bicycle from his house, located at (2, 3) on a Cartesian coordinate map, to the basketball courts, located at (2, –2), to his grandparents’ house, located at (5, –2), and then to his friend Pete’s house, located at (5, 2), before returning home for his 7:30 p.m. curfew. Create a coordinate grid and graph the ordered pairs on the coordinate plane. What type of quadrilateral do they form? Which properties did you use to classify the quadrilateral? Next, fi nd the area of the quadrilateral. Describe your strategy.
Genetic control of cellular differentiation and proliferation during gametogenesis in mammals

Understanding the genetic program that controls the regulation of cells progressing through the mitotic and meiotic cell cycles, whether in response to growth factors, other extracellular signals, or intrinsic programs, is critical to problems in infertility and in gonadal neoplasias. In this study, we present a consideration of important stages of cell cycle control in mammalian germ cells and data illustrating the experimental approaches that can be used to determine the pattern of such genes which may be involved in these events.
Monosynaptic EPSPs in primate lumbar motoneurons

1. Homonymous and heteronymous monosynaptic composite excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) were evaluated by intracellular recordings from 89 motoneurons innervating triceps surae (n = 59) and more distal (n = 30) muscles in 14 pentobarbital-anesthetized monkeys (Macaca nemestrina). 2. Homonymous EPSPs were found in all motoneurons tested. The mean values +/- SD for maximum EPSP amplitude of triceps surae motoneurons were 2.5 +/- 1.3, 1.8 +/- 1.3 and 4.5 +/- 2.0 mV for medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus motoneurons, respectively. Heteronymous EPSPs were almost always smaller than their corresponding homonymous EPSPs. 3. Triceps surae EPSP amplitude was larger in motoneurons with higher input resistance. However, this relationship was weak, suggesting that factors related to input resistance play a limited role in determining the magnitude of the EPSP. 4. The mean ratio +/- SD of the amplitude of the EPSP elicited by combined stimulation of all triceps surae nerves to the amplitude of the algebraic sum of the three individual EPSPs was 0.95 +/- 0.05. This ratio was greater in motoneurons with lower rheobase. 5. Some patterns of synaptic connectivity in the macaque are consistent with previously reported differences between primates and cat (e.g., heteronymous EPSPs elicited by medial gastrocnemius nerve stimulation in soleus motoneurons are small in macaque and other primates but large in cat). However, no overall pattern emerges from a comparison of the similarities and differences in EPSPs among species in which they have been studied (i.e., macaque, baboon, and cat). That is, there are no two species in which EPSP properties are consistently similar to each other, but different from those of the third species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multidisciplinary approach to evaluating welfare of veal calves in commercial facilities.

Due to pending legislation and public concerns, a multidisciplinary approach was designed to investigate the welfare of special-fed veal calves in commercial veal facilities. Concerns included housing conditions, dietary regimens, management practices, and behavioral aspects imposed on special-fed calves. Four categories of parameters including environment and housing, nutrition, health and stress, and behavior provided a broad base of evaluating veal systems. Observations and samples were collected on 550 Holstein bull calves located in 10 commercial veal facilities. Each facility was visited to collect data during wk 0 (week of arrival of the calves), 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. Nine facilities used individual stalls 48 to 55 cm in width with tethers attached to the front of the stalls. One facility housed 30 calves in group pens after obtaining calves at 8 wk of age. Ammonia, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide gas did not exceed the permissible limit for humans in any facility. All facilities exceeded the 2-foot-candle recommendation for lighting. The average daily gain of calves was .85 kg during wk 0 to 8 and 1.18 kg during wk 8 to 16. Dietary iron levels decreased from 209 ppm at wk 0 to 32 ppm at wk 16. At 16 wk, 25% of calves were marginally anemic and 10% clinically anemic. Overall mortality was 4.2%. Stress indices such as plasma cortisol concentrations or neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios declined as calves approached market weight. In either pens or stalls, calves spent approximately 25 and 75% of time in standing and lying positions, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
When the Buffer Breaks Disrupted Terror Management in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Anxiety buffer disruption theory posits that a systemic breakdown of the psychological system that manages anxiety plays an important role in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Traumatic life events undermine the capacity of one’s cultural worldview, self-esteem, and close relationships to manage anxiety, rendering people unable to cope with the distress produced by these events and thus leading to the hyperarousal, intrusive thoughts and emotions, negative alterations in cognitions or mood, and avoidance of trauma-related stimuli that are the defining features of PTSD. Evidence linking disrupted anxiety-buffer functioning to this disorder and implications for therapy are discussed.
Differential timing of granule cell production during cerebellum development underlies generation of the foliation pattern.

The mouse cerebellum (Cb) has a remarkably complex foliated three-dimensional (3D) structure, but a stereotypical cytoarchitecture and local circuitry. Little is known of the cellular behaviors and genes that function during development to determine the foliation pattern. In the anteroposterior axis the mammalian cerebellum is divided by lobules with distinct sizes, and the foliation pattern differs along the mediolateral axis defining a medial vermis and two lateral hemispheres. In the vermis, lobules are further grouped into four anteroposterior zones (anterior, central, posterior and nodular zones) based on genetic criteria, and each has distinct lobules. Since each cerebellar afferent group projects to particular lobules and zones, it is critical to understand how the 3D structure of the Cb is acquired. During cerebellar development, the production of granule cells (gcs), the most numerous cell type in the brain, is required for foliation. We hypothesized that the timing of gc accumulation is different in the four vermal zones during development and contributes to the distinct lobule morphologies. In order to test this idea, we used genetic inducible fate mapping to quantify accumulation of gcs in each lobule during the first two postnatal weeks in mice. The timing of gc production was found to be particular to each lobule, and delayed in the central zone lobules relative to the other zones. Quantification of gc proliferation and differentiation at three time-points in lobules representing different zones, revealed the delay involves a later onset of maximum differentiation and prolonged proliferation of gc progenitors in the central zone. Similar experiments in Engrailed mutants (En1 −/+ ;En2 −/− ), which have a smaller Cb and altered foliation pattern preferentially outside the central zone, showed that gc production, proliferation and differentiation are altered such that the differences between zones are attenuated compared to wild-type mice. Our results reveal that gc production is differentially regulated in each zone of the cerebellar vermis, and our mutant analysis indicates that the dynamics of gc production plays a role in determining the 3D structure of the Cb.
Techno-Economic Analysis of a Sustainable Coal, Wind, and Nuclear Hybrid Energy System

The availability of cheap electricity is one of the biggest factors for improving quality of life. The push for large-scale renewable sources of energy has met problems with regards to energy storage and availability. The proposed coal, wind, and nuclear hybrid energy system would combine a renewable energy source, wind, with the traditional and stable energy sources coal and nuclear to create an integrated, resilient, and sustainable system. A next generation small modular nuclear reactor is considered together with a pressurized circulating fluidized bed coal combustion system which also utilizes biomass as a feedstock. This system employs a coelectrolysis unit for utilization of carbon dioxide as a feedstock for the production of synthetic gas and subsequently fuels and chemicals. A techno-economic analysis of the proposed system was performed along with a thermodynamic analysis of overall efficiency and sustainability.
Effect of hammer mass on upper extremity joint moments.

Abstract This study used an OpenSim inverse-dynamics musculoskeletal model scaled to subject-specific anthropometrics to calculate three-dimensional intersegmental moments at the shoulder, elbow and wrist while 10 subjects used 1 and 2 lb hammers to drive nails. Motion data were collected via an optoelectronic system and the interaction of the hammer with nails was recorded with a force plate. The larger hammer caused substantial increases (50–150%) in moments, although increases differed by joint, anatomical component, and significance of the effect. Moment increases were greater in cocking and strike/follow-through phases as opposed to swinging and may indicate greater potential for injury. Compared to shoulder, absolute increases in peak moments were smaller for elbow and wrist, but there was a trend toward larger relative increases for distal joints. Shoulder rotation, elbow varus-valgus and pronation-supination, and wrist radial-ulnar deviation and rotation demonstrated large relative moment increases. Trial and phase durations were greater for the larger hammer. Changes in moments and timing indicate greater loads on musculoskeletal tissues for an extended period with the larger hammer. Additionally, greater variability in timing with the larger hammer, particularly for cocking phase, suggests differences in control of the motion. Increased relative moments for distal joints may be particularly important for understanding disorders of the elbow and wrist associated with hammer use.
Balancing standardized testing with personalized training in surgery

Students pursuing a medical career in the US are subject to standardized testing at regular intervals. These standardized tests not only quantify the milestones students have already achieved, but also define the path for future achievements. The purpose of these examinations is to help students become self-directed, lifelong learners - an essential attribute of a medical professional. However, whether preparing for these examinations actually makes students such disciplined learners needs to be examined. Especially during residency training with its limited time and unpredictable exposure, trainees must learn in the most efficient way for their learning styles, and thus develop attributes that will be helpful to them in their medical career. In this review, we propose that a personalized, learner-centered approach tailored to residents' educational needs and preferences can not only fulfill learning interests and objectives but also serve as a time-efficient and cost-effective approach for graduate medical education.
Guanidinium Group Remains Protonated in a Strongly Basic Arginine Solution

Knowledge of the acid dissociation constant of an amino acid has very important ramifications in the biochemistry of proteins and lipid bilayers in aqueous environments because charge and proton transfer depend on its value. The acid dissociation constant for the guanidinium group in arginine has historically been posited as 12.5, but there is substantial variation in published values over the years. Recent experiments suggest that the dissociation constant for arginine is much higher than 12.5, which explains why the arginine guanidinium group retains its positive charge under all physiological conditions. In this work, we use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to study unsupported, aqueous arginine nanoparticles. By varying the pH of the constituent solution, we provide evidence that the guanidinium group is protonated even in a very basic solution. By analyzing the energy shifts in the C and N X-ray photoelectron spectra, we establish a molecular level picture of how charge and proton transport in aqueous solutions of arginine occur.
Bioenergetic Analyses in Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays an important role in whole body metabolism, and its dysfunction results in poor metabolic health and is associated with a diverse set of disorders, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. The search for cellular processes that can be targeted to activate adipose oxidative metabolism is thought to hold promise for combating these diseases, and so the analysis of adipose bioenergetics is crucial toward this end. A description is provided here for the preparation of mitochondria and primary adipocytes from adipose tissue to be used for bioenergetics profiling.
Incidence of Myocardial Infarction After High-Risk Vascular Operations in Adults

Importance Advances in perioperative cardiac management and an increase in the number of endovascular procedures have made significant contributions to patients and postoperative myocardial infarction (POMI) risk following high-risk vascular procedures. Whether these changes have translated into real-world improvements in POMI incidence remain unknown. Objective To examine the temporal trends of myocardial infarction (MI) following high-risk vascular procedures. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was performed using data collected from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2013, in the American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program database, to which participating hospitals across the United States report their preoperative, operative, and 30-day outcome data. A total of 90 303 adults who underwent a high-risk vascular procedure—open aortic surgery or infrainguinal bypass—during the study period were identified. Patients were divided into cohorts based on their year of operation, and their baseline cardiac risk factors and incidence of POMI were compared. Cases from 2005 to 2014 in the database were eligible for inclusion if one of their Current Procedural Terminology codes matched any of the operations identified as a high-risk vascular procedure. Data analysis took place from August 1, 2016, to November 15, 2016. Exposures The main exposure was the year of the operation. Other variables of interest included demographics, comorbidities, and other risk factors for MI. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcome of interest was the incidence of POMI. Results Of the 90 303 patients included in the study, 22 836 (25.3%) had undergone open aortic surgery and 67 467 (74.7%) had had infrainguinal bypass. The open aortic cohort comprised 16 391 men (71.9%), had a mean (SD) age of 69.1 (11.5) years, and was predominantly white (18 440 patients [80.8%] self-identified as white race/ethnicity). The infrainguinal bypass cohort included 41 845 men (62.1%), had a mean (SD) age of 66.7 (11.7) years, and had 51 043 patients (75.7%) who self-identified as white race/ethnicity. During the study period, patients who underwent open aortic procedures were more likely to be classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists class IV (7426 patients [32.6%] vs 15 683 [23.3%] for the infrainguinal bypass cohort) or class V (1131 [5.0%] vs 206 [0.3%]; P P P P = .64 for trend). Postoperative MI was consistently associated with poor prognosis, with a 3.62-fold (95% CI, 2.25-5.82) to 11.77-fold (95% CI, 6.10-22.72) increased odds of cardiac arrest and a 3.01-fold (95% CI, 2.08-4.36) to 6.66-fold (95% CI, 4.66-9.52) increased odds of mortality. Conclusions and Relevance The incidence of MI did not significantly decrease in the past decade and has been consistently associated with worse clinical outcomes. Further inquiry into why advanced perioperative care did not reduce cardiac complications is important to quality improvement efforts.
The Role of Creep in Diffusional Transformations

Abstract Many types of diffusional transformation involve creep of the matrix phase as a process in series with the diffusion of reactants. These include discontinuous precipitation, some classes of continuous precipitation, and internal reactions such as oxidation. Here, work on displacement reactions, diffusional barrier breakdown, and internal oxidation are summarized. While bulk diffusion is sufficiently slow for creep to be rate controlling in some cases, the system adjusts in all cases so that reactant diffusion is rate controlling.
Homomorphisms, Prime Subgroups, Values and Structure Theorems

In this section we focus on the basic homomorphism and subalgebra picture. Clearly, we will want homomorphisms to preserve not only the group operation but also the lattice operations. So a homomorphism (φ from an l -group G into an l -group H satisfies: $$\left( {fg} \right)\varphi = \left( {f\varphi } \right)\left( {g\varphi } \right)$$ (1) $$\left( {f \vee g} \right)\varphi = f\varphi \vee g\varphi$$ (2) and $$\left( {f \wedge g} \right)\varphi = f\varphi \wedge g\varphi$$ (3) .
Nietzsche on the Death of God and the God of Life

Nietzsche’s account of the death of God is usually seen either as a sociological analysis of late modernity or as a philosophical thesis intended to undermine the God of metaphysics and morality. However, these readings overlook a central concern of his discourse on the death of God: that God, metaphysical philosophy, and the religions, as traditionally conceived and enacted, are opposed to life. I argue that Nietzsche’s discourse on the death of God ought to be seen, first, as a description of a cultural landscape that is now open to radical revision. Second, following Pierre Hadot, I show how his deconstruction of this God and his construction of a God of life can be understood as complementary spiritual exercises meant to reshape this landscape by transforming how those who perform them see and relate to the world.
Everyone deserves quiche: French school lunch programmes and national culture in a globalized world

Globalization poses many challenges for national cultural unity, especially in Europe. Some doubt whether national cultures will be able to survive, but there are many counter-trends pushing to maintain national cultural unity. I analyse the dual trends of global diversity and maintaining unity through an everyday manifestation of French culture: elementary school lunches. French school lunch programmes are part of the nation-building process because they are designed to teach students how to eat, which is especially important in France where the art of gastronomy is a key source of identity and pride. I analyse cultural influences on over 11,000 school lunch menu items from eight municipalities across two French regions. I also conduct in-depth face-to-face interviews with the people who design and approve school lunch menus. My inquiry is guided by three key questions. First, to what extent are foreign influences included? Second, does openness to foreign influences vary across different parts of France? Finally, how are foreign cultures represented? My results suggest that foreign cultures are deployed to nationalize difference. The limited foreign influences that appear in school lunches are strategically chosen to appeal to and to educate students, but in a way that reinforces the centrality of traditional French cultural norms. This article contributes to our understanding of the tension between national culture and a globalizing world.
The Relationship of Affective Changes to Cognitive Skills Development

(1971). The Relationship of Affective Changes to Cognitive Skills Development. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Western College Reading Association: Vol. 4, Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference of the WCRA. Interdisciplinary Aspects of Reading Instruction, pp. 76-88.
Fibroblast growth factor signaling mediates progenitor cell aggregation and nephron regeneration in the adult zebrafish kidney.

Abstract The zebrafish kidney regenerates after injury by development of new nephrons from resident adult kidney stem cells. Although adult kidney progenitor cells have been characterized by transplantation and single cell RNA seq, signals that stimulate new nephron formation are not known. Here we demonstrate that fibroblast growth factors and FGF signaling is rapidly induced after kidney injury and that FGF signaling is required for recruitment of progenitor cells to sites of new nephron formation. Chemical or dominant negative blockade of Fgfr1 prevented formation of nephron progenitor cell aggregates after injury and during kidney development. Implantation of FGF soaked beads induced local aggregation of lhx1a:EGFP ​+ ​kidney progenitor cells. Our results reveal a previously unexplored role for FGF signaling in recruitment of renal progenitors to sites of new nephron formation and suggest a role for FGF signaling in maintaining cell adhesion and cell polarity in newly forming kidney epithelia.
Neoliberal multiculturalism and productive inclusion: beyond the politics of fulfillment in education

While political theorists have elaborated on the phenomenon of neoliberal multiculturalism, many progressive educational scholars have yet to adequately theorize this nexus. Neoliberalism either re...