cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combining Electrochemical CO2 Capture with Catalytic Dry Methane Reforming in a Single Reactor for Low-Cost Syngas Production

We here report a potentially low-cost catalytic dry methane reforming process to make syngas with CO2 electrochemically captured from a CO2 source via a mixed conducting membrane in a single reactor. The mixed conducting electrochemical membrane is a composite comprising an O2–-conductor and molten carbonate phase, where the catalytic bed contains a Ni-MgO-1 wt % Pt (NMP) or LaNi0.6Fe0.4O3-δ (LNF) catalyst. The reactor with the NMP catalyst generally outperforms the LNF counterpart in CH4 conversion rate and syngas production yield. At 850 °C and over the NMP catalyst, the membrane reactor yields a CO2 permeation flux of 2.25 mL min–1 cm–2, a H2 and CO production rate of 3.75 and 3.24 mL min–1 cm–2, respectively, and a CH4 conversion of 93.9%. The LNF catalyst shows a long activation period due to the slow Ni ex-solution process but does offer a better coking and coarsening resistance. Long-term stability tests show no apparent sign of degradation within 200 h. With 3% H2O added into methane, the reactor ...
Inductively-coupled-plasma reactive ion etching of single-crystal β-Ga2O3

Dry etching behavior of unintentionally-doped β-Ga2O3 has been studied in a BCl3/Ar chemistry using inductively-coupled-plasma reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE). The effects of various etch parameters like ICP and RIE powers, BCl3/Ar gas ratio and chamber pressure on etch rate are studied systematically. Higher ICP, RIE powers and lower pressure conditions are found to enhance the etch rate. A synergic etching mechanism between chemical and physical components is proposed and used to obtain fast Ga2O3 etch rates more than 160 nm/min, nearly-vertical sidewalls and smooth etched surfaces. The findings of this work will enable Ga2O3 vertical devices for power electronics.
The Jesuits and the Method of Indivisibles

Alexander’s Infinitesimal is right to argue that the Jesuits had a chilling effect on Italian mathematics, but I question his account of the Jesuit motivations for suppressing indivisibles. Alexander alleges that the Jesuits’ intransigent commitment to Aristotle and Euclid explains their opposition to the method of indivisibles. A different hypothesis, which Alexander doesn’t pursue, is a conflict between the method of indivisibles and the Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist. This is a pity, for the conflict with the Eucharist has advantages over the Jesuit commitment to Aristotle and Euclid. The method of indivisibles was a method that developed in the course of the seventeenth century, and those who developed ‘beyond the Alps’ relied upon Aristotelian and Euclidean ideals. Alexander’s failure to recognize the importance of Aristotle and Euclid for the development of the method of indivisibles arises from an unwarranted conflation of indivisibles and infinitesimals (Sect. 2). Once indivisibles and infinitesimals are distinguished, we observe that the development of the method of indivisibles exhibits an unmistakable sympathy for Aristotle and Euclid (Sect. 3). Thus, it makes sense to consider an alternative explanation for the Jesuit abhorrence of indivisibles. And indeed, indivisibles but not infinitesimals conflict with the doctrine of the Eucharist, the central dogma of the Church (Sect. 4).
Religion and politics: examining the impact of faith on political participation

This study examines the relationship between religion and political activity. It theorises religious influences on political activity and tests the impact of various religious factors on political ...
3D Seismic Reflection Amplitude and Instantaneous Frequency Attributes in Mapping Thin Hydrocarbon Reservoir Lithofacies: Morrison NE Field and Morrison Field, Clark County, KS

Thin hydrocarbon reservoir facies pose resolution challenges and waveform-signature opportunities in seismic reservoir characterization and prospect identification. In this study, we present a case study, where instantaneous frequency variation in response to a thin hydrocarbon pay zone is analyzed and integrated with other independent information to explain drilling results and optimize future drilling decisions. In Morrison NE Field, some wells with poor economics have resulted from well-placement incognizant of reservoir heterogeneities. The study area in Clark County, Kanas, USA, has been covered by a surface 3D seismic reflection survey in 2010. The target horizon is the Viola limestone, which continues to produce from 7 of the 12 wells drilled within the survey area. Seismic attributes extraction and analyses were conducted with emphasis on instantaneous attributes and amplitude anomalies to better understand and predict reservoir heterogeneities and their control on hydrocarbon entrapment settings. We have identified a higher instantaneous frequency, lower amplitude seismic facies that is in good agreement with distinct lithofacies that exhibit better (higher porosity) reservoir properties, as inferred from well-log analysis and petrographic inspection of well cuttings. This study presents a pre-drilling, data-driven approach of identifying sub-resolution reservoir seismic facies in a carbonate formation. This workflow will assist in placing new development wells in other locations within the area. Our low amplitude high instantaneous frequency seismic reservoir facies have been corroborated by findings based on well logs, petrographic analysis data, and drilling results.
Tradeoffs between revenue and emissions in energy storage operation

Abstract Grid-level energy storage is an emerging technology that provides operational flexibility for managing electricity demand, integrating renewable energy, and improving system reliability. However, it has been established that revenue-maximizing grid-level energy storage tends to increase system emissions in current US electricity grids. In this work, we consider storage operational strategies that value both revenue and CO2 emissions to understand the tradeoffs between these two criteria. We use actual electricity prices and marginal emissions factors in a linear programming model that optimizes operation between annual revenue and CO2 emissions to find the Pareto Frontier for 22 eGRID sub-regions. We find that, in many US regions, marginal storage-induced CO2 emissions can be decreased significantly (25–50%) with little effect on revenue (1–5%). Electricity grids with larger flexibility in daily electricity prices and in marginal emissions factors have more potential to reduce annual storage CO2 emissions at low cost to storage operators. These results show that negative environmental effects of storage operation can be reduced or eliminated at low cost through voluntary or regulatory shifts in operational patterns.
Tessellation: space-time partitioning in a manycore client OS

We argue for space-time partitioning (STP) in manycore operating systems. STP divides resources such as cores, cache, and network bandwidth amongst interacting software components. Components are given unrestricted access to their resources and may schedule them in an application-specific fashion, which is critical for good parallel application performance. Components communicate via messages, which are strictly controlled to enhance correctness and security. We discuss properties of STP and ways in which hardware can assist STP. We introduce Tessellation, a new operating system built on top of STP, which restructures a traditional operating system as a set of distributed interacting services. In Tessellation, parallel applications can efficiently coexist and interact with one another.
Occipital Neuralgia: The Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis and Treatment

Occipital neuralgia is defined as a unilateral or bilateral paroxysmal, shooting, or stabbing pain in the posterior part of the scalp, in the distribution of the greater, lesser, or third occipital nerves. It is commonly associated with tenderness over the involved nerve and sometimes accompanied by diminished sensation or dysaesthesia in the affected area. The pain of occipital neuralgia may reach the fronto-orbital area through trigeminocervical interneuronal connections in the trigeminal spinal nucleus.
Two-tiered defense strategy may compensate for predator avoidance costs of an ecosystem engineer

Inducing defenses to deter predators is a necessary process theorized to incur costs. Although studies have investigated defense trade-offs, quantifying trade-offs is challenging and costs are often inferred. Additionally, prey employ strategies to reduce costs, making costs difficult to predict. Our purpose was to investigate induced defense costs by characterizing the defense mechanisms and costs in eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). In the field, newly-settled oysters exposed to blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) exudates grew stronger shells containing less percent organic material than oysters in controls. In natural populations, shell density was negatively correlated with shell thickness, further suggesting oysters thicken their shells by increasing low-density calcium carbonate. Reproductive investment showed an increasingly negative relationship with thickness as density decreased (and induction increased). In a laboratory experiment, oysters exposed to a temporal gradient in risk grew heavier shells in all crab treatments, but only grew stronger shells under constant exposure. Collectively, these results suggest oysters initially react to predators by adding inexpensive calcium carbonate to their shells to quickly outgrow risk. However, in high-risk environments, oysters may increase the production of costly organic material to increase the shell strength. Thus, oysters demonstrate a two-tier mechanism allowing them to cheaply escape predation at lower risk but to build stronger shells at greater expense when warranted. These results illuminate the complex strategies prey deploy to balance predation risk and defense costs as well as the importance of understanding these strategies to accurately predict predator effects.
2419. Standard vs. Alternative Therapy for Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infections: Focus on Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole, Minocycline, and Moxifloxacin Monotherapy

Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a Gram-negative bacilli associated with nosocomial infections. TMP-SMX is often considered the first-line agent; however, use may be limited due to adverse effects or resistance. Both minocycline and moxifloxacin have historically been used based on in vitro data; however, there are limited studies assessing clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of TMP-SMX, minocycline, or moxifloxacin monotherapy for treatment of S. maltophilia infections.
A Fast and Accurate Automated Pavement Crack Detection Algorithm

Over the last 20 years, several crack detection algorithms have been developed to implement safe and efficient automated road condition survey (ARCS) systems. Although the current state-of-the-art algorithms can achieve a high level of accuracy, their computation time makes them infeasible to implement in real-time without massive parallelization. This paper presents a fast and accurate crack detection algorithm. The algorithm consists of the following major steps: 1) Image preprocessing; 2) Preliminary crack segmentation to minimize false negatives; 3) Crack object generation and connection to remove false positives; and 4) Refinement of the crack segmentation through a minimal path search based procedure. The proposed algorithm achieves an overall score of 80 in the Crack Detection Algorithm Performance Evaluation System (CDA-PES). With a median processing time of 0.52 seconds for 0.65 megapixel images on a single CPU thread, this algorithm makes accurate, real-time processing viable. The research presented in this paper contributes towards more widespread adoption of safer and efficient automated road condition surveys.
A novel method for conjugating the terminal amine of peptide ligands to cholesterol: synthesis iRGD-cholesterol.

Aim: Conventional conjugation reactions often involve the use of activated PEG as a linker, but concerns about PEG-mediated reduction in intracellular delivery and enhanced immunogenicity have gene...
On Cultural Politics in Special Education: Is Much of It Justifiable?:

This article examines the nature of cultural politics in special education, specifically conceptual and methodological issues, as well as political implications related to minority disproportionate...
Effect of Steeping Regime on Barley Malt Quality and Its Impacts on Breeding Program Selection

When making malt, the endosperm is hydrated during steeping to make stored starch available for extraction. Differences in steep regime impact malt quality. Differences in malt quality results betw...
Management of Newborns with Prenatal Opioid Exposure: One Institution's Journey

The prevalence of newborns with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is rising sharply. To respond to this crisis, our institution re-examined our policies and procedures regarding our approach to the management of newborns with prenatal opioid exposure. Our 6-pronged approach included: (1) a commitment to nonpharmacologic care as first-line treatment; (2) a simplified function-based approach to observation of the infant (Eat-Sleep-Console); (3) improved prenatal education to prepare parents for the newborn's postnatal course; (4) a cuddler program; (5) strategies to help parents remain at the bedside; and (6) change from morphine to methadone for infants who require medication for NAS. Our obstetrics collaborators and outpatient pediatric colleagues have partnered with us to prepare mothers for delivery by strengthening them in their recovery prenatally and helping them maintain their recovery after discharge. Among many improvements, our changes resulted in a decrease in medication treatment for NAS (from 87% to 40%), a decrease in the need for adjuvant medication (from 34% to 2%), and a decrease in length of hospital stay (from 18 days to 10 days). The 3 most significant factors that have contributed to our success have been: (1) a committed champion leader; (2) a strong collaborative multidisciplinary team; and (3) a quality improvement approach that facilitates implementation of ideas easily and provides timely feedback to guide further change. Although we have seen notable improvements with our new approach, emerging data from our outpatient colleagues indicate that much more is needed to help improve the long-term health of these dyads.
Regulation of Stress Granule Formation by Inflammation, Vascular Injury, and Atherosclerosis.

Objective Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic cytoplasmic aggregates containing mRNA, RNA-binding proteins, and translation factors that form in response to cellular stress. SGs have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of several human diseases, but their role in vascular diseases is unknown. This study shows that SGs accumulate in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and macrophages during atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of atherosclerotic plaques from LDLR-/- mice revealed an increase in the stress granule-specific markers Ras-G3BP1 (GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein) and PABP (poly-A-binding protein) in intimal macrophages and smooth muscle cells that correlated with disease progression. In vitro, PABP+ and G3BP1+ SGs were rapidly induced in VSMC and bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to atherosclerotic stimuli, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein and mediators of mitochondrial or oxidative stress. We observed an increase in eIF2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha) phosphorylation, a requisite for stress granule formation, in cells exposed to these stimuli. Interestingly, SG formation, PABP expression, and eIF2α phosphorylation in VSMCs is reversed by treatment with the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-19. Microtubule inhibitors reduced stress granule accumulation in VSMC, suggesting cytoskeletal regulation of stress granule formation. SG formation in VSMCs was also observed in other vascular disease pathologies, including vascular restenosis. Reduction of SG component G3BP1 by siRNA significantly altered expression profiles of inflammatory, apoptotic, and proliferative genes. Conclusions These results indicate that SG formation is a common feature of the vascular response to injury and disease, and that modification of inflammation reduces stress granule formation in VSMC.
Determining the influence of patient-perceived curability on advance care planning in patients with cancer.

198Background: Advance Care Planning (ACP) allows patients to express their wishes regarding medical interventions when they are no longer able to make decisions. We hypothesized that among cancer ...
Visual Diagnosis: Midline Thoracic Dimple in a 10-month-old Girl.

1. Neha Gupta, MD* 2. Leyden Standish-Parkin, MD* 3. Sergey Prokhorov, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Lincoln Medical Center, New York, NY A 10-month-old girl presents to the clinic with a dimple at the level of the midthoracic spine that has been present since birth. The parents do not have any other concerns. Developmental milestones are appropriate for age. The mother reports that there is no discharge from the dimple, motor anomalies, or changes in bowel or bladder pattern. The patient was born at 33 weeks’ gestation by cesarean delivery owing to fetal bradycardia. She had respiratory distress at birth and was treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure for 1 day. The mother had a history of gestational diabetes, poorly controlled with insulin. On physical examination, her temperature is 98.8°F (37.1°C), heart rate is 134 beats/min, and respiratory rate is 32 breaths/min. She has a dimple over the T5 spinous process; it is a very small opening without erythema or discharge (Figs 1 and 2). Mental status is appropriate for age, and no facial asymmetry or weakness is noted. She has normal sensory response to touch, normal motor examination findings with normal bulk and tone in arms and legs, and no nystagmus. She is able to crawl and has normal reflexes with absent clonus. Figure 1. A dimple in the midline of the back of a 10-month-old girl at the …
Epitope promiscuity and population coverage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein antigens in current subunit vaccines under development

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide and claimed over 1.6 million lives in 2017. Furthermore, one-third of the world population is estimated to be latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). A safe and effective MTB vaccine that can prevent both the primary infection and the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and that can protect against all forms of TB in adults and adolescents is urgently needed. In this study, using computational approaches, we predicted the capacity of the epitopes to be presented by the HLA molecules for ten MTB protein antigens (Mtb39a, Mtb32a, Ag85B, ESAT-6, TB10.4, Rv2660, Rv2608, Rv3619, Rv3620, and Rv1813) constituting five MTB subunit vaccines (M72, H1, H4, H56, and ID93) that are currently in clinical trials. We also assessed the promiscuity of the predicted epitopes based on a reference set of alleles and supertype alleles, and estimated the population coverage of the ten antigens in three high TB burden countries (China, India, and South Africa). Among the ten antigens evaluated, Rv2608 was found to have the highest number of promiscuous epitopes predicted to bind the most MHC-I and MHC-II supertype alleles, highest predicted immunogenicity, and the broadest population coverage in three high burden countries. Between the two latency-related antigens (Rv1813 and Rv2660), Rv1813 was predicted to have a better epitope diversity and promiscuity, immunogenicity, and population coverage. As a result, the ID93 vaccine consisted of Rv2608, Rv1813, Rv3619, and Rv3620 was predicted to have the best potential for preventing both active and latent TB infection. Our results highlighted the importance and usefulness of a systematic and comprehensive assessment of protein antigens using computational approaches in MTB vaccine development.
Managing leafy green safety from adenoviruses and enteroviruses in irrigation water

Abstract Irrigation water regulations use Escherichia coli as an indicator of fecal contamination. However, it is well documented that bacterial indicators may not be ideal for predicting viral pathogen presence. Viral pathogens survive relatively long periods in water, are resistant to treatment processes, and cause a large number of illnesses annually. Therefore, this study explored the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to understand adenovirus and enterovirus concentration limits in irrigation water to achieve an acceptable annual risk estimate of 1 infection per 10,000 exposures. A two-step approach was used to define target viral concentrations: 1) a risk model describing infection from consuming irrigated leafy greens and 2) optimization of the risk model using Monte Carlo simulation to define viral concentrations with an output risk value of 1 × 10−4. Our QMRA estimates target concentrations for adenoviruses and enteroviruses would be 6.9 × 10−3 and 1.5 genome copies/100 mL irrigation water, respectively. Improving the accuracy of the risk model will require a more robust survey of enteric viruses in irrigation waters and dose-response models specific for adenoviruses and enteroviruses present throughout the farm-to-fork continuum.. This research contributes to the important step of adapting irrigation water monitoring practices to more accurately represent viral pathogens’ role in foodborne outbreaks.
Perceived mechanisms targeting cancer-related fatigue, song choice rationale, and song function: An interpretivist study of patient-preferred live music with adult oncology patients on a blood and marrow transplant unit:

Although patient-preferred live music (PPLM) can be an effective music therapy intervention for addressing cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in adult oncology patients, there is a gap in the literature ...
Copyright Conversations: Rights Literacy in a Digital World. Sara R. Benson, ed. Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2019. 401p. Paper, $88.00 (ISBN 978-0-8389-4654-1). LC 2019951271.

Copyright law is a complex and powerful set of regulations that establishes rights of creators and outlines the ways in which others may or may not exploit these products. For librarians, informed decision making related to copyright is essential to their institutional missions and their daily work. Copyright Conversations: Rights Literacy in a Digital World contextualizes copyright for academic librarians, offers advice on how to interpret and navigate the law, educate others, and establish leadership and authority within their communities. Published by the Association of College and Research Libraries, a division of the American Library Association, there is a clear focus on United States law with some essays included to offer Canadian and other international perspectives for American readers. It is important to remain current and up to date regarding the effects of copyright law on the work of the academic library. Regardless of one’s role in the library, this is a valuable text to have available for consultation.
Single pixel hyperspectral Cherenkov-excited fluorescence imaging with LINAC X-ray sheet scanning and spectral unmixing

Cherenkov light induced from megavolt (MV) X-rays during external beam radiotherapy serves as an internal light source to excite phosphors or fluorophores within biological tissues for molecular imaging. The broad spectrum of Cherenkov light leads to significant spectral overlap with any luminescence emission and, to overcome this problem, a single pixel hyperspectral imaging methodology was demonstrated here by coupling the detection with light sheet scanning and filtered back projection reconstruction of hyperspectral images. Thin scanned sheets of MV X-rays produce Cherenkov light to illuminate the planes deep within the tissue-simulating media. A fluorescence probe was excited by Cherenkov light, and a complete hyperspectral sinogram of the data was obtained through translation and rotation of the beam. Hyperspectral 2D images finally were reconstructed. Through this approach of spectral unmixing, it was possible to resolve hyperspectral images of both the Cherenkov and resulting fluorescence intensity from molecular sensors.
Complete radiation boundary conditions for acoustic waves

The radiation of energy to the far field is a central feature of acoustics. As such, efficient, convergent domain truncation algorithms are a necessary component of any software for simulating acoustic waves in the time domain. Complete radiation boundary conditions are, in our view, an ideal solution to this problem. In particular, they are provably spectrally convergent, depending on parameters which can be chosen automatically to guarantee any required accuracy; as they directly approximate both propagating and evanescent modes, the computational boundary can be placed arbitrarily close to scatterers or other inhomogeneities. In this talk we will outline the theory behind the method for scattering and waveguide problems with a homogeneous far field, discuss the simple implementation of the method via the solution of a coupled system wave equations in a thin double absorbing boundary layer, and consider its application in more complex settings including advective acoustics, stratified media, and random media. Numerical experiments in three space dimensions using high-order methods will be shown.
Combined effects of porosity and stress state on the failure behavior of laser powder bed fusion stainless steel 316L

Abstract Two primary variables that impact failure behavior of ductile metals are defects and stress state. These factors are especially critical in additively manufactured materials, as components made by additive manufacturing (AM) can have complex shapes that result in the material being subjected to multiaxial stresses under load, and these materials may also contain internal porosity due to AM processing. This study experimentally investigates the effects of both internal pores and stress state on the ductile failure behavior of laser powder bed fusion additively manufactured 316L stainless steel through the introduction of intentional penny-shaped pores of varying size at the center of samples whose geometries result in different stress states. It was found that strain to failure depended strongly on stress triaxiality until a large pore size with a diameter of 1200 µm (4% cross-sectional area of the sample gauge sections), while strain to failure was independent of stress triaxiality, and only a function of pore diameter, with larger pores (9% cross-sectional area or larger).
Negotiating Social Diversity in Residential Care for Older Persons

Studies have long noted challenges of diversity in the workplace. Growing evidence suggests that both the aging population and the workforce needed for health and social care will be more diverse t...
When and why do people act on flawed science? Effects of anecdotes and prior beliefs on evidence-based decision-making.

Today’s citizens are expected to use evidence, frequently presented in the media, to inform decisions about health, behavior, and public policy. However, science misinformation is ubiquitous in the media, making it difficult to apply research appropriately. Across two experiments, we addressed how anecdotes and prior beliefs impact readers’ ability to both identify flawed science and make appropriate decisions based on flawed science in media articles. Each article described the results of flawed research on one of four educational interventions to improve learning (Experiment 1 included articles about having a tidy classroom and exercising while learning; Experiment 2 included articles about using virtual/augmented reality and napping at school). Experiment 1 tested the impact of a single anecdote and found no significant effect on either participants’ evidence evaluations or decisions to implement the learning interventions. However, participants were more likely to adopt the more plausible intervention (tidy classroom) despite identifying that it was unsupported by the evidence, suggesting effects of prior beliefs. In Experiment 2, we tested whether this intervention effect was driven by differences in beliefs about intervention plausibility and included two additional interventions (virtual reality = high plausible, napping = low plausible). We again found that participants were more likely to implement high plausible than low plausible interventions, and that evidence quality was underweighed as a factor in these decisions. Together, these studies suggest that evidence-based decisions are more strongly determined by prior beliefs than beliefs about the quality of evidence itself.
A Weight- and Anti-Xa-Guided Enoxaparin Dosing Protocol for venous thromboembolism Prophylaxis in intensive care unit Trauma Patients.

ABSTRACT Background Trauma patients are high risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the optimal dosing strategy for prophylactic enoxaparin remains unknown. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to evaluate a weight-based and anti-Xa-guided enoxaparin dosing protocol in intensive care unit (ICU) trauma patients and to determine if the protocol led to reduced clinical VTE rates. Materials and Methods Adult trauma patients admitted for ≥ 48 hours to our surgical or neurosurgical ICUs who received ≥ 3 consecutive weight-based enoxaparin doses were eligible for inclusion into this pre-post implementation cohort study. Enoxaparin 30 mg every 12 hours was used for weight 50 to 100 kg and body mass index (BMI) Results A total of 110 and 113 patients were included in the PRE and POST cohorts, respectively. Clinical VTE rates were similar between groups. In the POST cohort, 75% of patients achieved goal anti-Xa levels without dose titrations, while 12% of higher weight patients and 9.1% of lower weight patients required adjustment. When comparing weight quartiles, patients > 100 kg were more likely to have sub-prophylactic anti-Xa levels than those ≤ 69 kg. Conclusions Our enoxaparin dosing protocol was safe and frequently achieved initial anti-Xa levels within goal, indicating that weight-based dosing alone may be sufficient. However, patients > 100 kg may benefit from anti-Xa monitoring as they are highest risk for sub-prophylactic levels despite higher initial enoxaparin dosing.
Can Community Resilience to Disaster Be Taught

The field of resilience is multifaceted and diverse. The foundations of resilience research are embedded in psychology; however, in recent years, the concept has been adopted in many other areas. Moreover, resilience has become more prevalent in disaster response literature but is somewhat confusing in the different ways it is defined and applied. This paper attempts to clarify resilience and interest in developing dialogue about better ways to assist those who deal with tragedy and disaster. If we as a society want to survive, recover, and thrive in the aftermath of disaster and/or traumatic events, we need to start with assisting individuals and organizations in understanding resilience. We need to assist them in tapping into past experiences while enhancing their traits and characteristics for better future resilience. Hence, this paper seeks to address how community resiliency to disasters be taught.
On the Directionality Test of Peer Effects in Social Networks

One interesting idea in social network analysis is the directionality test that utilizes the directions of social ties to help identify peer effects. The null hypothesis of the test is that if contextual factors are the only force that affects peer outcomes, the estimated peer effects should not differ, if the directions of social ties are reversed. In this article, I statistically formalize this test and investigate its properties under various scenarios. In particular, I point out the validity of the test is contingent on the presence of peer selection, sampling error, and simultaneity bias. I also outline several methods that can help provide causal estimates of peer effects in social networks.
Collaborative Depression Care in a Safety Net Medical Home: Facilitators and Barriers to Quality Improvement.

Abstract Little is known about how to integrate primary care with mental/behavioral services outside of clinical trials. The authors implemented a collaborative care model (CCM) for depression in a safety net patient-centered medical home. The model focused on universal screening for symptoms, risk stratification based on symptom severity, care management for intensive follow-up, and psychiatry consultation. CCM increased rates of primary care physician encounters, timely follow-up for monitoring symptoms of depression, and documentation of treatment response. Contextual factors that facilitated or hindered practice redesign included clinic leadership, quality improvement culture, staffing, technology infrastructure, and external incentives/disincentives for organizational change. (Population Health Management 2016;19:46–55)
Peptide sequence tags for fast database search in mass-spectrometry

Filtration techniques, in the form of rapid elimination of candidate sequences while retaining the true one, are key ingredients of database searches in genomics. Although SEQUEST and Mascot are sometimes referred to as “BLAST for mass-spectrometry”, the key algorithmic idea of BLAST (filtration) was never implemented in these tools. As a result MS/MS protein identification tools are becoming too time-consuming for many applications including search for post-translationally modified peptides. Moreover, matching millions of spectra against all known proteins will soon make these tools too slow in the same way that “genome vs. genome” comparisons instantly made BLAST too slow. We describe the development of filters for MS/MS database searches that dramatically reduce the running time and effectively remove the bottlenecks in searching the huge space of protein modifications. Our approach, based on a probability model for determining the accuracy of sequence tags, achieves superior results compared to GutenTag, a popular tag generation algorithm.
Mapping the lithosphere and asthenosphere with surface waves : Lateral structure and anisotropy

A review of the basic theory and practice of mapping lateral variations in surface wave phase velocities is presented, with some examples from the work of Ekstrom et al. [1997]. The importance of crustal corrections is demonstrated by comparison of observed phase velocities with those calculated from the recent crustal model of Mooney et al. [1998]. Phase velocity maps including terms of azimuthal anisotropy are presented, and an experiment suggests that in areas of poor path coverage, a bias is introduced when azimuthal effects are neglected in the inversion. The inversion procedure for obtaining a model of three-dimensional velocity heterogeneity in the mantle from surface wave dispersion data is discussed in the context of the new mantle model S20A [Ekstrom and Dziewonski, 1998]. This model exhibits significant lateral variations in radial anisotropy in the top 200-300 km of the mantle, resulting from the incompatibility of Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion data. This result suggests an important new direction for tomographic imaging of the upper mantle.
Gene array and expression of mouse retina guanylate cyclase activating proteins 1 and 2.

RESULTS. In this study, the mouse GCAP1 and GCAP2 gene array, its chromosomal localization, RNA transcripts, and immunolocalization of the gene products were fully characterized. The GCAP tail-to-tail array is located at the D band of chromosome 17. Each gene is transcribed into a single transcript of 0.8 kb (GCAP1) and 2 kb (GCAP2). Immunocytochemistry showed that both GCAP genes are expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells, but GCAP2 was nearly undetectable in cones. GCAP2 was also found in amacrine and ganglion cells of the inner retina. Light-adapted and dark-adapted retinas showed no significant difference in the distribution of the most intense GCAP2 staining within the outer segment and outer plexiform layers. CONCLUSIONS. Identical GCAP gene structures and the existence of the tail-to-tail gene array in mouse and human suggest an ancient gene duplication-inversion event preceding mammalian diversification. Identification of both GCAPs in synaptic regions, and of GCAP2 in the inner retina suggest roles of these Ca-binding proteins in addition to regulation of phototransduction. (Invest OphthalmolVisSci. 1998;39:867-875)
The Contextual Nature of Critical Care Judgment

Critical care decision-making involves principles common to all medical decision-making. However, critical care is a remarkably distinctive form of clinical practice and therefore it may be useful to distinguish those elements particularly important or unique to ICU decision-making. The peculiar contextuality of critical care decision-making may be the best example of these elements. If so, attempts to improve our understanding of ICU decision-making may benefit from a formal analysis of its remarkable contextual nature. Four key elements of the context of critical care decisions can be identified: (1) costs, (2) time constraints, (3) the uncertain status of much clinical data, and (4) the continually changing environment of the ICU setting. These 4 elements comprise the context for the practice of clinical judgment in the ICU. The fact that intensivists are severely constrained by teh context of each case has important ramifications both for practice and for retrospective review. During retrospective rev...
Microchromatography of hemoglobins : VIII. A general qualitative and quantitative method in plastic drinking straws and the quantitative analysis of Hb-F

The microchromatographic procedure for the quantitative analysis of the hemoglobin components in a hemolysate uses columns of DEAE-cellulose in a plastic drinking straw with a glycine-KCN-NaCl developer. Not only may the method be used for the quantitative analysis of Hb-F but also for the analysis of the varied components in mixtures of hemoglobins.
A 21.54 Gbits/s fully pipelined AES processor on FPGA

This paper presents the architecture of a fully pipelined AES encryption processor on a single chip FPGA. By using loop unrolling and inner-round and outer-round pipelining techniques, a maximum throughput of 21.54 Gbits/s is achieved. A fast and an area efficient composite field implementation of the byte substitution phase is designed using an optimum number of pipeline stages for FPGA implementation. A 21.54 Gbits/s throughput is achieved using 84 block RAMs and 5177 slices of a VirtexII-Pro FPGA with a latency of 31 cycles and throughput per area rate of 4.2 Mbps/Slice.
Market Processes and Entrepreneurial Studies

In 2006, Israel Kirzner received the International Award for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Research prize.1 The award cemented Kirzner’s status as a leading figure in the study of entrepreneurship. It also brought at the forefront of the literature, the important contributions that the Austrian view of markets has provided and continues to provide to the field. Indeed, the last 5 years have seen a significant amount of work in entrepreneurship as well as the emergence of a new generation of scholars whose works are rooted in the Austrian tradition. While some have continued developing Kirzner’s encompassing view of the entrepreneur and entrepreneurship (for example, see works by Koppl and Minniti), others have branched out in areas such as the theory of the firm (among others see works by Klein and Foss), institutions (see Boettke and Coyne), and economic growth (see Sautet and Leeson). The purpose of this chapter is to review the most important contributions to entrepreneurship emerging from the Austrian approach and position them properly within the context of Austrian social science.
Current prostate biopsy interpretation: criteria for cancer, atypical small acinar proliferation, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and use of immunostains.

Abstract Context.—The past decade has brought major changes in prostate biopsy sampling, interpretation, and reporting. Objective.—To summarize current information on diagnostic decision making, Gleason grading, “atypical” diagnoses, and use of immunostaining. Data Sources.—Pertinent literature from 1985 to 2005 is reviewed, emphasizing recent findings. Conclusions.—Diagnosis begins by evaluating a focus of atypical single-cell layer lined acini according to the 3 minimal diagnostic criteria for cancer: an infiltrative pattern, nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia, and prominent nucleoli. The Gleason score and linear extent or percent of each core containing cancer should be reported. Atypical small acinar proliferation suspicious for malignancy designates foci that have either qualitative or quantitative limitations in atypia precluding a definite cancer diagnosis. It has about a 3% incidence as an isolated finding. Contemporary studies indicate a 39% predictive value for cancer on repeat biopsy. Isola...
New Class of Streptomycin-Resistant Mutants Incompatible with supX Suppressor Mutations in Salmonella typhimurium

Streptomycin-resistant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium appearing in platings of supX suppressors of strain leu-500 are less variegated in size than are those derived from strain leu-500 counterparts. Several of the streptomycin-resistant leu-500 clones, furthermore, yield suppressors and revertants of the leu-500 auxotrophy at unusually low rates, suggesting that they provide a genetic background inimicable to supX suppression. Two such “suppression-restrictive” leu-500 streptomycin-resistant ( str ) mutants, designated strains M 1 and M 4 , were characterized as to their ability to receive the trp-supX-cysB linkage region by transduction. Coentry of a donor supX deletion mutation with the selected trp + marker was not observed even though these sites display more than 10% linkage in control experiments. This was demonstrably the result of nonviability of the combined supX mutant, M 1 or M 4 streptomycin-resistant genotype, rather than the lack of suppression of the leu-500 imparted auxotrophy. Both M 1 - and M 4 -type resistance was accompanied by pleiotropic effects resembling those caused by strB (nonribosomal)- rather than strA (ribosomal)-type resistance, but both restrictive mutants had a high upper limit of resistance corresponding to that of strA -type mutants. Transduction analyses indicated that the str character of neither the M 1 nor the M 4 strain was linked to the strA or the strB gene. These mutations define a previously undescribed locus, which we propose to designate strC , apparently related to streptomycin uptake rather than its intracellular action. Mutation at this locus is evidently incompatible with the inactivation or removal of the supX site, suggesting a functional association between products of the genes. Images
Comparison of the myogenic response in rat cerebral arteries of different calibers

The myogenic response, the characteristic of blood vessels to contract with increasing pressure, was studied at three different locations along the middle cerebral artery (MCA) vascular tree. We hypothesized that smaller caliber vessels would have a more pronounced myogenic response at lower pressures than larger diameter arteries, corresponding to pressures normally experienced in vivo. Cerebral vessels (MCAs, branches of the MCA, and penetrating arterioles) were isolated from male rats, cannulated with glass micropipettes, and pressurized. Changes in diameter were measured as the transmural pressure was increased from 20-100 mmHg. The MCAs, which had a resting diameter of 202 +/- 10 micron (n = 9) at 50 mmHg, showed its greatest myogenic response between 60-100 mmHg (8+/-2% constriction, n = 9, p < 0.001). The penetrating arterioles [58 +/- 4 micron (n = 8) at 50 mmHg], on the other hand, showed its greatest myogenic response between 20-60 mmHg (10 +/- 4% constriction, n = 8, p < 0.05). Branches of the MCA [118 +/- 14 micron (n = 8) at 50 mmHg] showed a slight constriction over the entire pressure range (5 +/- 9% constriction between 20-100 mmHg, p=ns). Our results suggest that the myogenic response appears to be best developed in the range of pressures found during physiological conditions for a given vessel in the MCA territory. This characteristic is fundamental in the overall control of cerebrovascular resistance.
Models of HCMV latency and reactivation

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that causes severe disease primarily in immunosuppressed individuals. A major characteristic of HCMV, with obvious clinical importance, is its ability to establish lifelong infection within the host following the initial acute infection. One strategy used by HCMV to maintain itself within the host is the establishment of cellular sites of persistent infection and viral latency. At present, the viral and host mechanisms of HCMV latency and reactivation are not clear, although several in vitro and in vivo systems have been developed to understand these processes. Here we discuss recent advances in this field that provide new understanding of the mechanisms involved in HCMV latency and reactivation.
Mechanochemical Synthesis and Spark Plasma Sintering of the Cerium Silicides

Abstract The cerium silicides, Ce 5 Si 3 , Ce 3 Si 2 , CeSi, CeSi 2− y , and CeSi 2− x , have been prepared from the elements by mechanochemical processing in a planetary ball mill. Preparation of the cerium silicide Ce 5 Si 4 was unsuccessfully attempted and potential reasons for this are discussed. Temperature and pressure of the milling vial were monitored in situ to gain insight into the mechanochemical reaction kinetics, which include a mechanically-induced self-propagating reaction (MSR). Some prepared powders were consolidated by spark plasma sintering to high density. Starting materials, as-milled powders, and consolidated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results obtained help elucidate key questions in mechanochemical processing of intermetallics, showing first phase formation similar to thin films, MSR ignition times that are composition- and milling speed-dependent, and sensitivity of stable compound formation on the impact pressure. The results demonstrate mechanochemical synthesis as a viable technique for rare earth silicides.