cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpreting Dynamic Hardness: Separating Roles of Speed, Strain Rate and Shock

Mechanical hardness is classically defined as force divided by indented area. Hardness (dynamic) is alternately sometimes defined based on indentation energy absorbed normalized by displaced volume. This elementary study compares static and dynamic hardness using standard definitions. Hardness is often observed to increase with strain rate and this is commonly interpreted as strain-rate hardening by mechanisms such as dislocation drag. This analysis considers the simplest situation – ballistic indentation of an elastic-perfectly plastic material without rate dependence. Results from both Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) and Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) show a linear correlation between indenter impact speed and dynamic hardness. Extrapolating to an impact speed of 0 m/s converges to static hardness. Neither approach demonstrates indenter size dependence. High impact speeds also can introduce shock. It is suggested that speed and shock hardening effects can account for the increase in dynamic hardness with increased indenter speed without strain-rate-hardening.
Neural Signal Processing

The major thrust of this chapter is on neural signal processing in the central nervous system (CNS). In order to establish the framework for this discussion, it is instructive to look at the biological foundations, from single neurons to the peripheral nervous systems, because these are important building blocks and provide input and output signals for the complex neuronal structure of the CNS. Section 6.2 gives an overview of biological structures and historical discoveries. Section 6.3 examines signal processing in the single neuron and how it contributes to the complex network of signals. Examination of the function of the central and peripheral nervous systems depends to a large extent on time series analysis. Basic techniques are summarized in Section 6.4. Section 6.5 describes the peripheral nervous system as input and output media for the CNS. Section 6.6 describes methods for analyzing signals emanating from the CNS. Section 6.7 discusses the use of signal analysis in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disease. Because of the complexity of signal analysis, its use in diagnosis of disease is dependent on higher-order decision models, which are described in Section 6.8. Finally, Section 6.9 describes current frontiers of signal analysis and prospects for the future.
Precise γ-Ray Energy Standards

A number of γ-ray energy standards have recently been remeasured with respect to a visible standard wavelength with an accuracy of about 0.5 ppm. These measurements which were made on a double axis flat crystal spectrometer established the γ-ray energy scale in the 50 keV to 1 MeV region about 40 times more accurately than it was previously known. This report describes the measurement steps involved in the visible to γ-ray comparison. Some results and applications of the results are presented. The extension of the measurement techniques developed for the γ-ray measurements to X-rays, higher energy γ-rays, and dense γ-ray spectra is briefly discussed.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ON-THE-JOB TRAINING

The availability of direct measurement of job training provides an opportunity to test directly theories dealing with the relationship among training, schooling, wage growth, and labor mobility. Since most training is informal, obtaining a good estimate is complicated but crucial. This paper analyzes and compares the training information provided by two data sets: The Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the DOT. The analysis shows that the PSID reports only partially training obtained via vocational education and experience in other jobs. The average reported training in the DOT is, therefore, higher, but the correlation between the two measures is high.
Performance modeling of ultraviolet Raman lidar systems for daytime profiling of atmospheric water vapor

We describe preliminary results from a comprehensive computer model developed to guide optimization of a Raman lidar system for measuring daytime profiles of atmospheric water vapor, emphasizing an ultraviolet, solar-blind approach.
Effects of Systemic Demethylchlortetracycline on Human Cutaneous Microflora

The aerobic flora of the axilla and forehead of 20 normal human subjects was studied through a 3-week course of 600 mg of demethylchlortetracycline daily and a 3-week follow-up. In general in the axilla, an initial fall in bacterial density was followed by recovery in numbers due to the proliferation of resistant coagulase-negative cocci and diminution of the lipophilic diphtheroid group of bacteria within 1 week of treatment. During the remainder of the treatment period, the flora was essentially stable in both density and composition. In the follow-up phase, the initial flora was slowly re-established but resistant cocci persisted for more than 3 weeks. On the forehead the fall in density was slower and recovery during treatment was incomplete. Resistant coagulase-negative cocci became dominant and persisted through the follow-up phase. In two individuals, temporary colonization of the axilla by Staphylococcus aureus was seen.
Digital Divide(s)

The digital divide refers to an inequality in the access to, use, and impact of digital information and communication technology (ICT) among social agents. Research on this social inequality has evolved around the questions of who, with which attributes, connects how to what kind of ICT. Different foci on these questions lead to different answers about the closing or widening nature of the divide. Digital inequality has evolved beyond a binary distinction between “have” and “have not,” becoming a question of “more” versus “less” that evolves with the incessant innovation of ICT. The digital divide is not merely a technological, but a social challenge, and the key question of how to tackle it hinges on the context-dependent issue of the expected social benefit achieved by ICT. Since the potential applications of ICT are diverse, the strategies aimed at tackling these diverse challenges must be diverse as well. Keywords: communication and public policy; development communication; inequality; information and communication technology
Kathleen Mears Memorial Lecture: rising to the challenge of electroneurodiagnostic licensure.

ABSTRACT.The primary function of licensure is to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public and patients. In the state of Alabama, electroneurodiagnostic (END) technologists have been working toward getting a licensure bill passed. The purpose of a licensure bill is to establish a law, a regulatory board, and procedures that will ensure that the public is protected from unprofessional, improper, unauthorized, or unqualified END technology practices. Patients and the public demand competent healthcare professionals.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) comprises approximately 1–2% of thyroid malignancies and occurs in sporadic and heritable forms. Hereditary forms include multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), and MEN type 2B. Most cases of MTC demonstrate characteristic cytomorphology and a distinctive immunophenotype, but MTC can show a wide variety of cell shapes, nuclear and cytoplasmic features, and growth patterns. This morphologic heterogeneity leads to significant diagnostic challenges in the histologic and cytologic evaluation of this neoplasm. Characteristic features include a dispersed, noncohesive cell pattern, plasmacytoid and/or spindled cell shapes, finely granular chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, intranuclear pseudoinclusions, cytoplasmic granularity, and amyloid. Immunocytochemistry is helpful for distinguishing MTC from its cytologic mimics. Additional ancillary tests include measurement of calcitonin levels in needle washout fluid from FNA of thyroid nodules, thyroidectomy beds, and/or lymph nodes, particularly in patients with elevated serum calcitonin levels and/or with FNA findings that are inconclusive for MTC. Surgical treatment is usually total thyroidectomy and central lymph node dissection, with consideration of lateral cervical lymph node dissection depending on imaging studies and serum calcitonin levels.
Strengthening the links between health sciences information users and providers.

Abstract In 1994, the Hospital Library Service Program of the Central New York Library Resources Council conducted a study to evaluate the usefulness, impacts, and potential services of eleven hospital libraries in a four-county area in New York State; determine the degree to which the libraries comply with Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) standard IM.9.2; and provide recommendations for improved services in the member libraries. Two research instruments were used: a survey for hospital-based health sciences professionals and a survey for hospital-based information providers. Results from the two surveys were compared to determine if users' needs were being filled, and to develop plans for improved information services and products. Fourteen recommendations are made that, if implemented, will support the creation of user-defined information products, enhance the library's profile within the hospital, and exploit resource sharing to reduce costs and enhance coordination.
USING PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY TO PREDICT VOTING INTENTIONS

Voting is an essential component of civic engagement. To demonstrate the utility of a reasoned action approach to predict voting, we created an instrument that measured non-normative political beliefs and voting intentions. We identified political beliefs and attitudes of the Republican Party, Democratic Party, Libertarian Party, Tea Party, and Occupy Wall Street Movement. A total of 2,637 participants from Mechanical Turk completed the survey using Survey Monkey. We identified the three political belief items best characterizing each political ideology and associated attitudes and beliefs. Regression analysis confirmed the utility of our approach to predict intentions to vote for candidates who were concordant with participants’ attitudes, beliefs, and norms. The reasoned action analyses accounted for a majority of the variance in intention to vote for candidates sharing respondent favored political beliefs and specific political positions. The study is the first to demonstrate that reasoned action approach is an effective tool for predicting civic engagement.
GRIP1 is required for homeostatic regulation of AMPAR trafficking

Homeostatic plasticity is a negative feedback mechanism that stabilizes neurons during periods of perturbed activity. The best-studied form of homeostatic plasticity in the central nervous system is the scaling of excitatory synapses. Postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) can be inserted into synapses to compensate for neuronal inactivity or removed to compensate for hyperactivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the homeostatic regulation of AMPARs remain elusive. Here, we show that the expression of GRIP1, a multi-PDZ (postsynaptic density 95/discs large/zona occludens) domain AMPAR-binding protein, is bidirectionally altered by neuronal activity. Furthermore, we observe a subcellular redistribution of GRIP1 and a change in the binding of GRIP1 to GluA2 during synaptic scaling. Using a combination of biochemical, genetic, and electrophysiological methods, we find that loss of GRIP1 blocks the accumulation of surface AMPARs and the scaling up of synaptic strength that occur in response to chronic activity blockade. Collectively, our data point to an essential role of GRIP1-mediated AMPAR trafficking during inactivity-induced synaptic scaling.
Parts renewal in continuous-time Monte Carlo reliability simulation

The simulation of complex multicomponent systems by Markov Monte Carlo methods has, to date, been limited to systems where system performance can be modeled by a time-inhomogeneous Markov process. This model is capable of including component dependencies as well as wear phenomenon represented by time-dependent failure rates. A discussion is presented of the formulation and implementation of a generalization of continuous-time Markov Monte Carlo simulation to include the renewal of system components. To demonstrate the use of this generalized Monte Carlo method, it is applied to a variety of problems which include the combined effects of wear and component dependency. Particular emphasis is given to the triple modular redundant system with reconfiguration of spares that is widely used in avionic electronics. >
A geochemical model for sulfide paragenesis and zoning in the CuFeAsS system (Tsumeb, South West Africa/Namibia)

Abstract The Cu-bearing hypogene mineralization at Tsumeb, South West Africa/Namibia, is interpreted to have resulted from the interaction of hot circulating Cu-rich saline solutions and host dolomites. Fluids attending formation of the main sulfide stage were warm (210–280°C) and moderately saline (6–12 wt.% NaCl equivalent). Phase relations within the CuFeAsS system suggest that the observed paragenetic sequence (chalcopyrite → bornite → chalcocite → enargite → tennantite) is consistent with a model calling for successive introduction of a single Cu-rich solution into a host dolomite. The Cu and As content of the solution decreased as it passed through the permeable dolomite precipitating CuAs-sulfides and sulfosalts. A concomitant increase in pH created by the dissolution and buffering effect of dolomite produced sufficient changes in the fluid chemistry to shift the stable sulfide mineral assemblage.
Materials for impurity control

Abstract The materials data base for candidate impurity control materials is reviewed. The plasma side materials considered are Be, C, SiC, TiC, and W, and the heat sink materials considered are copper alloys and vanadium alloys. The properties which are evaluated are physical and chemical sputtering, bulk properties, and irradiation properties. Design implications on design are also discussed.
Cloud Points of Poly(E-caprolactone), Poly(L-lactide), and Polystyrene in Supercritical Fluids

Cloud points were measured, using a high-pressure variable volume cell apparatus for poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(l-lactide) (PLA), and polystyrene (PS) in chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), trifluoromethane (HFC-23), difluoroethane (HFC-32), 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), dimethyl ether (DME), and HCFC-22 + CO2. The cloud points were characterized as functions of pressure, temperature, and polymer molecular weight. The cloud points of these polymers were studied at temperatures ranging up to 413.2 K with various polymer concentrations and the solubility of the above-mentioned three polymers in DME was compared. Among all systems, the cloud point data for PCL + HCFC-22, PCL + DME, PLA + HCFC-22, PLA + HFC-23, PLA + DME, PS + DME, PCL + HCFC-22 + CO2, and PLA + HCFC-22 + CO2 exhibited lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, whereas those for PLA + HFC-152a and PLA + HFC-32 showed upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior. The cloud point pressure of PLA and PCL in the HCFC-22 + CO2...
Time required for establishing detached bow shock.

Abstract : The trajectory of the detached bow shock subsequent to the impulsive start of a flat nosed circular cylinder in an ideal gas is determined on the hypotheses that: the shock is plane over the projection of the face of the body; the mean value of the mass flux across the upstream projection (to the shock) of the lateral surface is independent of time; and the local fluid density between the shock and body does not vary with time. (Author)
The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India

The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. By Paul R. Brass. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003. 448p. 35.00 paper.Rioting in South Asia is commonly understood as a form of political activity, and the idea that it may not be spontaneous but planned is not a novel one. However, in The Production of Hindu Muslim Violence in Contemporary India, Paul Brass makes the more interesting claim that riot-prone cities are those that are marked by institutionalized systems that create, control, and direct the course of riots. He bases these ideas—developed in his earlier work Theft of an Idol—on four decades of research carried out in the northern Indian town of Aligarh, home to a sizable and historic Muslim community. Brass argues that polarizing issues or incidents by themselves do not lead to riots, but that a toxic mix of interested politicians, an existing discourse of communalism, an ineffective administration, and a specialized network that “produces” riots enhances the likelihood that such incidents will eventuate in riots. In describing this social construction of rioting, Brass highlights interesting features, such as the need for a group to dominate the narrative describing the riot, which establishes it as a defensive rather than offensive measure, thereby creating legitimacy for the violence.
Self-similar ground-state wave function for electrons on a two-dimensional Penrose lattice.

I define a hopping Hamiltonian for independent electrons on a two-dimensional, infinite, quasiperiodic Penrose lattice with a particular on-site potential, depending upon a parameter r. I then find the exact ground-state wave function for this Hamiltonian. The wave function is shown numerically to have a power-law decay from the origin, and the exponent is determined numerically. The wave function may or may not be normalizable over the infinite lattice, depending upon the parameter r. The wave function is then demonstrated to be self-similar, in that the wave function for two identical regions of the lattice is the same, except for a scale factor. The scaling of the wave function is discussed, and a bound for the decay of the wave function established. Finally, I determine exactly the scaling distribution for the wave function, and thus calculate exactly the previously introduced decay exponent. The wave function is shown to have a critical value of the parameter r, above which the wave function is normalizable and thus localized, while below the wave function has a power-law decay but is not normalizable.
Molecular orientation distributions in protein films. 1. Cytochrome c adsorbed to substrates of variable surface chemistry

Molecular orientation in hydrated cytochrome c (cyt c) films formed by adsorption to substrates of differing surface chemistry was investigated. The orientation distribution of the heme groups in the protein films was determined using a combination of two techniques: absorption linear dichroism, measured in a planar integrated optical waveguide-attenuated total reflection geometry, and emission anisotropy, measured in a total internal reflection fluorescence geometry. The mean heme tilt angle and angular distribution about the mean were recovered using a Gaussian model for the orientation distribution. These data are the first orientation distribution measurements reported for protein film assemblies. The results show that a macroscopically ordered film of adsorbed cyt c molecules is produced when a single, high-affinity type of noncovalent binding occurs between the surface of the protein and the substrate surface. For example, electrostatic adsorption of the positively charged protein to the negatively...
A Ramsey theorem for structures with both relations and functions

We prove a generalization of Promel's theorem to finite structures with both relations and functions.
Kernel Smoothing of Data with Correlated Errors

Abstract Kernel smoothing is a common method of estimating the mean function in the nonparametric regression model y = f(x) + e, where f(x) is a smooth deterministic mean function and e is an error process with mean zero. In this article, the mean squared error of kernel estimators is computed for processes with correlated errors, and the estimators are shown to be consistent when the sequence of error processes converges to a mixing sequence. The standard techniques for bandwidth selection, such as cross-validation and generalized cross-validation, are shown to perform very badly when the errors are correlated. Standard selection techniques are shown to favor undersmoothing when the correlations are predominantly positive and oversmoothing when negative. The selection criteria can, however, be adjusted to correct for the effect of correlation. In simulations, the standard selection criteria are shown to behave as predicted. The corrected criteria are shown to be very effective when the correlation functi...
Dependence of Time-periodic Vortex Sheets with Surface Tension on Mean Vortex Sheet Strength

Abstract In recent work, the authors have computed time-periodic solutions of the vortex sheet with surface tension in the spatially periodic setting. In these prior results, the mean vortex sheet strength was taken to be zero, so that there is no net shear across the fluid interface. In the current work, we explore the effect of allowing such a net shear, finding time-periodic vortex sheets that overturn without rolling up. We also find that resonances between Fourier modes lead to disconnections in the bifurcation curves that describe a two-parameter family of time-periodic solutions.
p53, Ki-67, and serum alpha feto-protein as predictors of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in liver transplant patients

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are at risk for post-transplant tumor recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether expression of p53 and Ki-67 in hepatocellular carcinoma lesions present in explanted liver tissue was associated with time to tumor recurrence after OLT. Subjects consisted of 20 consecutive patients who underwent OLT and were found to have hepatocellular carcinoma in the liver explant. Immunostaining for p53 and Ki-67 was performed by standard methods. The presence of nuclear immunostaining in >10% of the tumor tissue was considered positive. Time to recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after OLT was compared between patients with positive and negative immunostaining by the log rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using a Cox regression model to control for potentially confounding clinical factors. Time to post-transplant hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence was significantly more rapid in p53+ (P=0.0007) and Ki-67+ cases (P=0.001). These associations remained significant in multivariate analysis. Furthermore, time to recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma was significantly shorter in patients with a serum alpha feto-protein (AFP) level >or=100 ng/ml at time of diagnosis, compared to those with an AFP level or=100 ng/ml were associated with more rapid recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after OLT. Identification of patients at risk for early post-transplant recurrence could be used to guide surveillance and adjuvant treatment strategies.
Patients treated by surgery for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma report similar appearance issues at follow-up as the general population.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Assessment of problems with appearance, following surgery for oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer using the University of Washington appearance domain and the Derriford appearance scale. Katre C, Johnson IA, Humphris GM, Lowe D, Rogers SN. Oral Oncol 2008;44(10):927-34. Reviewer Mike T. John, DDS, PhD Purpose/Question Do patients who were treated by primary surgery for oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and who were disease-free at follow-up between 1 and 14 years after surgery report similar appearance issues at follow-up compared with the general population? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Case series Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
Extreme mid-infrared nonlinear optics in semiconductors

We have made the first observation, to our knowledge, of multiple off-resonance optical sidebands, multiple mid-infrared harmonics, and harmonic-continuum generation in semiconductors in the presence of intense mid-infrared laser fields.
Laminar Burning Velocity of Methane–Air–Diluent Mixtures

An experimental facility for measuring burning velocity has been designed and built. It consists of a spherical constant volume vessel equipped with a dynamic pressure transducer, ionization probes, thermocouple, and data acquisition system. The constam volume combustion vessel allows for the determination of the burning velocity over a wide range of temperatures and pressures from a single run. A new model has been developed to calculate the laminar burning velocity using the pressure data of the combustion process. The model solves conservation of mass and energy equations to determine the mass fraction of the burned gas as the combustion process proceeds. This new method allows for temperature gradients in the burned gas and the effects of flame stretch on burning velocity. Exact calculations of the burned gas properties are determined by using a chemical equilibrium code with gas properties from the JANAF Tables. Numerical differentiation of the mass fraction burned determines the rate of the mass fraction burned, from which the laminar burning velocity is calculated. Using this method, the laminar burning velocities of methane-air-diluent mixtures have been measured. A correlation has been developed for the range of pressures from 0.75 to 70 atm, unburned gas temperatures from 298 to 550 K, fuel/air equivalence ratios from 0.8 to 1.2, and diluent addition from 0 to 15 percent by volume.
Energy consumption, pollutant production, and dollar costs of diesel suburban commuter trains

The results presented in this report are based on data obtained from Chicago's three largest diesel commuter railroads. Those aspects of their operations that relate to energy and pollution are described. Service characteristics, such as average occupancy and average trip distance, are presented. Energy consumption results are presented and discussed. With energy efficiency measured in passenger-miles per Btu, it is found that trips by diesel commuter train are 3.5 times more energy efficient than Chicago Central Area auto trips. The total trip from home to suburban station, then by train to a downtown terminal, is found to be 2.2 times more energy efficient than Chicago Central Area auto trips. Pollutant production rates are presented for five pollutants. For every pollutant except sulfur oxides, trains are found to be less polluting per passenger-mile than autos. Per passenger-mile pollutant emissions from trains are, overall, less damaging by a factor of 5.5 than the per passenger-mile emissions from autos. Travel on these diesel commuter trains is less costly to society than auto travel (1972 suburban-based autos). This is the case whether one compares the train trip alone with an auto trip or the home-to-suburb an-station-tlien-to-a-downtown-terminal trip with a home-to-downtown auto trip.
Review essay / rational police

Edwin J. Delattre, Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989, xviii + 247 pp.
Polymorph: dynamic difficulty adjustment through level generation

Players begin games at different skill levels and develop their skill at different rates so that even the best-designed games are uninterestingly easy for some players and frustratingly difficult for others. A proposed answer to this challenge is Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA), a general category of approaches that alter games during play, in response to player performance. However, nearly all these techniques are focused on basic parameter tweaking, while the difficulty of many games is connected to aspects that are more challenging to adjust dynamically, such as level design. Further, most DDA techniques are based on designer intuition, which may not reflect actual play patterns. Responding to these challenges, we present Polymorph, which employs techniques from level generation and machine learning to understand game component difficulty and player skill, dynamically constructing a 2D platformer game with continually-appropriate challenge. We believe this will create a play experience that is unique because the changes are both personalized and structural, while also providing an example of a promising new research and development approach.
SHARE information available to nonmembers

It is unfortunate that almost all of the presently used algebraic languages do not provide the capability of linear algebra. Operations such as the inner product of vectors, the product of two matrices, and the multiplication of a matrix by a scaler must inevitably be written out in detail in terms of the individual components. The reasons usually given for avoiding linear algebra in these languages are (1) the difficulties which would arise in scanning linear algebraic expressions, and (2) the uncertainty involved as to the amount of temporary storage needed during the evaluation of linear algebraic expressions when the program is executed. The purpose of this paper is to show how these two types of difficulties can be overcome. Although suggestions have been made for even further increasing the general capability of ALGOL such as including the ability to form a matrix from a collection of vectors, we shall be content here to consider the ordinary operations of linear algebra. Even if this much becomes available in algebraic languages, considerable progress will have been made. The following remarks constitute a suggestion for the addition to ALGOL of linear algebraic expressions.
The Long Arm of Qing Law? Qing Dynasty Homicide Rulings in Republican Courts

The legal reform initiated during the Republican period brought sweeping changes to Chinese criminal law. Among those changes were increased discretionary powers afforded to judges when determining...
Optical composite nanoparticles with broadband finite absorption in the limit of infinitesimally small losses

In this work we show that two conjoined subwavelength cap-shaped structures may be used as an efficient energy-harvesting nanostructure with unbounded absorption efficiency. Following an analytical method based on coordinate transformation, we show that anomalous plasmonic resonances arise when one of the two nanostructures is plasmonic, resulting in adiabatic focusing of surface plasmons toward the particle corners, which are responsible for large absorption efficiency over a wide and controllable frequency range. Over this continuous bandwidth our proposed composite nanostructure shows finite amount of absorption even in the limit of no intrinsic material loss.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of migraine in urban children

Objective.-To establish the frequency, symptoms, duration, and treatment methods of childhood migraine in an urban area. Design.-Self-administered questionnaire survey. The questionnaire was designed according to criteria suggested by the International Headache Society (IHS). Participants.-In 1994, with the help of school officials in 41 elementary and middle schools in the Greater Cleveland Area, 18000 questionnaires were distributed to the parents of schoolchildren who ranged in age from 5 to 13 years. Results.-Of the total 2572 respondents, 222 children (8.6%) met the IHS criteria for migraine. Male to female ratio was 1:1.2 (99:120), 65.8% had a positive family history of migraine, 30.6% had onset of migraine at 4 to 5 years of age, and 54.1% reported having an aura (71% of these were visual aura). The headaches were mostly pulsating, poorly localized, lasted about 2 to 12 hours, and were aggravated by motion, noise, and bright light. The associated symptoms were nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. During the attack, 43% of the migraineurs had to stay in bed, and 27% were unable to attend school. Only 19.8% of the migraineurs were diagnosed to have migraine by their physicians, and most of these had not received treatment. Conclusion.-This study in an urban area indicates that childhood migraine is a common, often underdiagnosed disorder that causes significant suffering for children and their families.
The effects of calories and types of supplements on postpartum amenorrhea in the Philippines.

Data on 3080 mother-infant pairs from Cebu in the Philippines were used to conduct a logistics hazards analysis to determine the effect of supplemental calories and the types of supplements that the infant ingests on return to menses. Breast feeding had a significant reduced odds of the mother returning to menses (odds ratio [OR] = 0.15; p < 0.0001). Supplemental calories (50 calories/kg body weight) had a significant increased odds of return to menses (OR = 1.16; p < 0.05). Other milks accounted for most of the effect of supplemental calories since they increased the odds of return to menses significantly (OR = 1.24 for low milks p < 0.05; OR = 1.78 for high milks p < 0.0001). Only high other liquids had a significant effect (OR = 1.22; p < 0.05). Semi-solids had no effect at all while solid foods reduced the odds of returning to menses (OR = 0.83 for low solids p < 0.05; OR = 0.92 for high solids not significant). These findings suggest that solid foods do not satisfy the need for suckling and/or are not breast milk substitutes and that mothers breast feed at maximal or near-maximal levels.
An Overview of the MINK Study

Highlights of the previous papers in this series are reviewed. Methodology developed for the MINK study has improved the ability of impacts analysis to deal with questions of (1) spatial and temporal variability in climate change; (2) CO2-enrichment effects; (3) the reactions of complex enterprises (farms and forests) to climate change and their ability to adjust and adapt; and (4) integrated effects on current and, more particularly, on future regional economies. The methodology also provides for systematic study of adjustment and adaptation opportunities and of the inter-industry linkages that determine what the overall impacts on the regional economy might be. The analysis shows that with a 1930s ‘dust bowl’ climate the region-wide economic impacts would be small, after adjustments in affected sectors. In this final paper we consider whether synergistic effects among sectoral impacts and more severe climate change scenarios might alter this conclusion. The MINK analysis, as is, leads to the conclusion that a strong research capacity will be required to ensure that technologies facilitating adaptation to climate change will be available when needed. The capacity to deal with climate change also requires an open economy allowing for free trade and movement of people and for institutions that protect unpriced environmental values. More severe climate scenarios and negative synergisms can only strengthen these conclusions.
In vivo transmission of a plasmid containing the KPC-2 gene in a single patient ☆

Here we describe a case of in vivo horizontal interspecies transmission of a KPC-2-producing plasmid from a Klebsiella pneumoniae to an Enterobacter aerogenes strain in the same patient. The patient's gut flora initially contained a carbapenem-susceptible E. aerogenes strain and 10 days after admission a KPC-2-positive K. pneumoniae. Three months after admission, a KPC-2-positive E. aerogenes was identified in fecal surveillance cultures. This isolate was isogenic with the initial E. aerogenes and contained a KPC-2-coding plasmid identical to that of the K. pneumoniae. The patient developed bacteraemia by the KPC-2-positive K. pneumoniae 17 days after her first colonization. In vivo horizontal transmission of blaKPC-carrying plasmids between bacterial species underscores the importance of antibiotic stewardship along with implementation of infection control measures for the containment of KPC-producers.
Thermal radio emission from Jupiter and Saturn

Microwave brightness temperature calculations have been carried out for a number of model atmospheres for Jupiter and Saturn. The models considered are characterized by helium to hydrogen number mixing ratios which range from 0 to 0.2. Gaseous ammonia is assumed to be a trace constituent in all the models. The ammonia abundance below the (NH3) cloud level is a free parameter which is determined by comparing the observed thermal spectrum of Jupiter and the total spectrum of Saturn with the model calculations. The theoretical microwave spectra corresponding to those models in which the ammonia abundance is that expected from an atmosphere containing a solar abundance of elements are found to be in generally good agreement with the observations. This result is shown to be nearly independent of the helium to hydrogen ratio for the models considered. There is no evidence at this time that a non-thermal component contributes to Saturn's microwave spectrum.
Sequence of the yeast protein expression plasmid pEG(KT)

The plasmid pEG(KT) is a widely used plasmid for expressing high levels of GST fusion proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Unfortunately, a complete sequence file has been lacking, thus complicating efforts to design cloning projects or to modify the plasmid for other uses (e.g. exchanging selection markers, epitope tags or protease cleavage sites to remove the epitope tag). Here, the complete sequence of the pEG(KT) plasmid is reported, thus facilitating its use. Additionally, its use as a vector backbone for high-level expression of a TAP-tagged protein is shown.
CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE NERVE CORD OF THE LOBSTER

1. The nerve cord of the lobster (Homarus americanus Milne-Edwards) is very delicate and can be used as a living preparation for only a few hours after its removal from the animal. 2. During the first hour or so after removal it discharges CO(2) at a steadily decreasing rate beginning at about 0.20 mg. CO(2) per gram of cord per minute and ending at about 0.07 mg. 3. This discharge exhibits a steady decrease in rate and is not divisible into a period of gush and a period of uniform outflow as with the lateral-line nerve of the dogfish. It terminates in a very few hours with the complete death of the cord. 4. Both handling and cutting the cord temporarily increase the rate of CO(2) output. 5. The stimulated cord discharges CO(2) at a rate about 26 per cent higher than that of the quiescent cord, an increase of about 1.6 times that of the increase observed in the lateral-line nerve of the dogfish under similar circumstances.
Fluid Dynamics: The invisible jet

Generating droplets below a micrometre in size from the break-up of a liquid jet or droplet usually requires surfactants or electric fields. By simply focusing one jet with a pair of coaxial ones, this could be extended down to the nanoscale.
NGOs and Ethnic Conflict: Lessons from the Work of the Project on Ethnic Relations in the Balkans

This article examines the impact of nongovernmental organization-sponsored contact and communication on fostering peaceful solutions to ethnic conflict via case studies of the activities of the Project on Ethnic Relations (PER) in Romania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Serbia. It explores five operational principles that guide PER activity: creating credible, neutral forums for dialogue; maintaining momentum; working within political realities; encouraging indigenous solutions from within existing processes; and acting with the backing of powerful states. These principles explain PER's success as a “weak mediator” of ethnic conflicts. According to this analysis, PER also exhibits organizational characteristics that contribute to success, including nonpartisanship, area expertise and extensive networks of local contacts, and an ability to secure the trust of local actors. A significant indicator of the success of PER activities is the establishment by conflicting parties of institutionalized mechanisms for addressing their differences. Contrary to the view that electoral competition contributes to conflict, this study finds that the possibility of achieving an electoral advantage by participating cooperatively in conflict resolution activities creates incentives for local actors to recognize opportunities offered by PER activities and leads local actors to heed PER's advice. Finally, the article offers a cautionary observation. While PER's perceived influence with major international actors may contribute to its local successes, once a state actor with the power to impose a solution has committed itself to ending a conflict, its preferences outweigh any local interests in determining the outcome and renders the efforts of a “weak mediator” such as PER irrelevant.
Bortezomib, a Proteasome Inhibitor, Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Aortic Remodeling in Rats

Background Hypertension is a highly prevalent disorder and a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Hypertensive vascular remodeling is the pathological mal-adaption of blood vessels to the hypertensive condition that contributes to further development of high blood pressure and end-organ damage. Hypertensive remodeling involves, at least in part, changes in protein turnover. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a major protein quality and quantity control system. This study tested the hypothesis that the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, would attenuate AngII-induced hypertension and its sequelae such as aortic remodeling in rats. Methodology/Principal Findings Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to AngII infusion for two weeks in the absence or presence of bortezomib. Mean arterial pressure was measured in conscious rats. Aortic tissue was collected for estimation of wall area, collagen deposition and expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases (TIMP), Ki67 (a marker of proliferation), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and VCAM-1 (a marker of inflammation). AngII infusion increased arterial pressure significantly (160±4 mmHg vs. vehicle treatment 133±2 mmHg). This hypertensive response was attenuated by bortezomib (138±5 mmHg). AngII hypertension was associated with significant increases in aortic wall to lumen ratio (~29%), collagen deposition (~14%) and expression of TIMP1 and TIMP2. AngII also increased MMP2 activity, proteasomal chymotrypsin-like activity, Ki67 staining, ROS generation and VCAM-1 immunoreactivity. Co-treatment of AngII-infused rats with bortezomib attenuated these AngII-induced responses. Conclusions Collectively, these data support the idea that proteasome activity contributes to AngII-induced hypertension and hypertensive aortic vascular remodeling at least in part by modulating TIMP1/2 and MMP2 function. Preliminary observations are consistent with a role for ROS, inflammatory and proliferative mechanisms in this effect. Further understanding of the mechanisms by which the proteasome is involved in hypertension and vascular structural remodeling may reveal novel targets for pharmacological treatment of hypertension, hypertensive remodeling or both.
Hypoglycemia adverse events in PICUs and cardiac ICUs: differentiating preventable and nonpreventable events*.

OBJECTIVES To describe the use of an adverse event detection system to identify, characterize, and categorize preventable versus nonpreventable hypoglycemia AEs in PICUs and cardiac ICUs. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. SETTING PICU and cardiac ICU of a tertiary pediatric hospital. SUBJECTS All hypoglycemia triggers generated over a 3-year period. INTERVENTIONS All hypoglycemia triggers generated via an electronic health record-driven surveillance system were investigated to determine if they represented a true adverse event and if that event was preventable or nonpreventable. Clinical and demographic variables were analyzed to identify characteristics of patients who developed a preventable or nonpreventable hypoglycemia adverse event. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were 197 hypoglycemia adverse events in 90 patients. Thirty percent of the adverse events in the PICU and 36% of the adverse events in the cardiac ICU were characterized as preventable. Of the adverse events, 118 (59.9%) necessitated an intravenous dextrose bolus. No adverse events were associated with reporting of symptoms of hypoglycemia including apnea, altered mental status, or seizures. Events were more likely to be preventable (p < 0.001) if the patient was receiving only parenteral sources of nutrition (intravenous fluids or total parenteral nutrition). Controlling for weekends and holidays, adverse events associated with sole parenteral nutrition source had an increased odds ratio of 9.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.8-31.9) of being preventable. Stratifying by ICU, cardiac ICU events occurring on a weekend or holiday were more likely to be preventable (p = 0.001). Stratifying by unit and controlling for parenteral nutrition source, adverse events in the cardiac ICU occurring on weekends or holidays had an increased odds ratio of 11.6 (95% confidence interval: 2.7-50.2) of being preventable. CONCLUSIONS Preventable hypoglycemia adverse events are associated with patients receiving sole parenteral sources of nutrition in both the PICU and cardiac ICU. In the cardiac ICU, there is an association between weekend and holiday time periods and the development of preventable hypoglycemia adverse events.
THE EFFECTS OF KINETIN AND NAPHTHALENEACETIC ACID ON IN VITRO SHOOT MULTIPLICATION AND ROOTING IN THE FISHTAIL FERN.

This study is concerned with the determination of the shoot and root inducing effects of kinetin (K) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) on shoots of the fishtail fern (Nephrolepisfalcata forma furcans) in sterile tissue culture. The data shows that K is the major factor involved in maximal shoot production. The NAA is not essential. Specific concentrations of NAA must be present with specific concentrations of K for maximal root production. At the same time, the data also demonstrate that shoots on media containing no NAA but with K concentrations of 5 X 10-7 and 10-6 M produced as many roots as with any other NAA concentration. The data can be used as a guide to rapid commercial propagation of fishtail fern, and demonstrate that media available commercially for Boston fern multiplication will induce maximal shoot production in fishtail fern. MURASHIGE (1974) developed media and techniques for the rapid clonal multiplication of several herbaceous plants using aseptic techniques. Murashige's review is the first publication that refers to the in vitro propagation of any of the members of the genus Nephrolepis. However, specific data collected for the specific plants in that review were unpublished since the research was done in his laboratory. A more detailed study on Nephrolepis exaltata bostoniensis, the popular Boston fern, was done by one of his former graduate students (Harper,
Integral manifold approach to slow adaptation

The notion of an integral manifold M is used to obtain an exact separation of the parameter update equation from the state equations in continuous adaptive schemes. The update equation on M is then analyzed by averaging and the results used to interpret and justify several previous approaches.
Modeling wildland fire with DIRSIG

The purpose of this paper is to describe a physics based fire model in DIRSIG. The main objective is to utilize research on radiative emissions from fire to create a 3D rendering of a scene to generate a synthetic multispectral or hyperspectral image of wildfire. These synthetic images can be used to evaluate detection algorithms and sensor platforms. To produce realistic flame structures and realistic spectral emission across the visible and infrared spectrum, we first need to produce 3D time-dependent data describing the fire evolution and its interaction with the environment. Here we utilize an existing coupled atmosphere-fire model to represent the finescale dynamics of convective processes in a wildland fire. Then the grid-based output from the fire propagation model can be used in DIRSIG along with the spectral emission representative of a wildland fire to run the ray-tracing model to create the synthetic scene. The technical approach is based on a solid understanding of user requirements for format and distribution of the information provided by a high spatial resolution remote sensing system.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.