cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From Sector-Specific Regulation to Antitrust Law for U.S. Telecommunications: The Prospects for Transition

In the United States, a vigorous debate has developed around the questions of whether, and if so to what extent, telecommunications regulation should move from the sector-specific jurisdiction of the Federal Communications Commission to the more general regime of antitrust law. The debate so far has focused mostly on whether the FCC should continue to have a role in reviewing telecommunications mergers. But the question of whether the Commission should retreat entirely from regulation of telecommunications carriers has also emerged as a serious question for long-run policy. The impetus for these public discussions comes principally from the wave of consolidation in the U.S. telecommunications industry, and from the failure of competition in local exchange service to develop as quickly as some had expected, in the years following passage of the Telecommunications Act of 1996. This paper examines the debate over eliminating sector-specific regulation for telecommunications mergers and then addresses the prospects for a more general retreat from industry-specific regulation of telecommunications. This paper concludes, first, that while there has been a significant shift away from sector-specific regulation of telecommunications mergers, the FCC will continue for the foreseeable future to retain at least a formal role in the merger review process. The important substantive role has mostly shifted, however, to the general antitrust authorities at the Justice Department and at the Federal Trade Commission. Second, this paper concludes that, although the development of competition since the 1996 Act may appear slow, changes in the legal and economic environment of U.S. telecommunications are in fact creating the conditions necessary for significantly reducing regulation of telecommunications carriers and that the transition to regulation via general competition policy is likely to continue, albeit slowly, in the foreseeable future.
Bartter Syndrome and Gitelman Syndrome

Bartter and Gitelman syndromes are conditions characterized by renal salt-wasting. Clinical presentations range from severe antenatal disease to asymptomatic with incidental diagnosis. Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis is the common feature. Bartter variants may be associated with polyuria and weakness. Gitelman syndrome is often subtle, and typically diagnosed later life with incidental hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Treatment may involve fluid and electrolyte replenishment, prostaglandin inhibition, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system axis disruption. Investigators have identified causative mutations but genotypic-phenotypic correlations are still being characterized. Collaborative registries will allow improved classification schema and development of effective treatments.
The Effect of Information Organization on Cognitive Workload and Visual Search Performance

This study examined the relationship between how visual information is organized and people’s visual search performance. Specifically, we systematically varied how visual search information was org...
Realizing both short- and long-term memory within a single magnetic tunnel junction based synapse

Synaptic plasticity forms the basis of memory retention in the human brain. Whereas a low “rehearsal” rate causes short-term changes in the synaptic connections such that the synapse soon “forgets,” a high rehearsal rate ensures long-term retention of memory in the brain. In this paper, we propose an artificial short- and long-term memory magnetic tunnel junction (SALT-MTJ) synapse. Changes in the synaptic strength are mapped to the SALT-MTJ conductance, which is varied stochastically via spin-transfer torque resulting from input current stimuli. A meta-stable intermediate magnetic state of the SALT-MTJ synapse provides short-term synaptic plasticity and the associated forgetting behavior as in a biological synapse. Repeated spin-current stimulations, while the SALT-MTJ remains in the short-term state, then can cause a near-permanent change in the magnetic state and associated conductance to provide long-term potentiation. The synaptic weight sensitivity to the input stimulus and the forgetting behavior of these short- and long-term states can be controlled via shape engineering of the artificial synapse.
Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Injury: Part II: Animal and Human Studies

This review so far has considered the role of vascular cells in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and novel approaches to their detection in integrated systems such as animal models of vascular disease and humans. We now turn attention to evidence consistent with a role for ROS in models of human disease and in discrete patient populations. We also briefly comment on the outcomes of clinical trials of antioxidants. Mainly, these have been disappointing. However, it is premature to conclude that the oxidation hypothesis of disease causality has been adequately tested. Animal studies, for the most part, support a fundamental role for ROS in cardiovascular disease. Any controversy could in part reflect the use of ineffective antioxidants and the selection of models in which ROS generation is of marginal relevance to the measured outcome. Both of these issues require a quantitatively accurate measurement of drug effect (ie, antioxidant capacity) before hypotheses relating to the role of oxidant stress can be addressed rationally. These issues pertain to clinical trials also, as we will discuss. However, animal studies permit administration of much more powerful antioxidants (eg, rate constant for interaction of superoxide dismutase (SOD) with O2·− ≈1.6×109 · mol/L−1 · s−1) than is possible in humans (eg, rate constant for vitamin E ≈0.59 mol/L−1 · s−1) or, like in the case of vitamin E, doses of the antioxidant in excess of those usually applied in clinical research. ### Atherosclerosis Animal models of atherosclerosis have documented that all the constituents of the plaque produce and use ROS. Lesion formation is associated with the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products1,2 and induction of inflammatory genes,3 inactivation of NO·resulting in endothelial dysfunction, 4,5 activation of matrix metalloproteinases,6 and increased smooth muscle cell growth.7 …
Bloody war: menstruation, soldiering, and the ‘gender-integrated’ United States military

Against the backdrop of an unprecedented number of women deploying in a new array of roles in the so-called "global war on terror" and the official opening of combat arms units to women in the Unit...
Adopting an Anti-Racist Model of COVID-19 Drug Allocation and Prioritization

The impacts of COVID-19 on communities of color, namely, Black Americans, Latinx Americans, and Indigenous People, underscore persistent racial health disparities in rates of infection, testing ava...
Network Risk and Cross-Section of Expected Stock Returns

Current empirical asset pricing research on idiosyncratic volatility (IVOL), negatively related to cross-sectional expected returns, fails to take explicit account of risk that results from a shock to a network of economically related stocks. These stocks move together, and are therefore difficult to hedge. This paper examines the pricing of this ”network risk” in the cross section of stock returns. Using the Fama-McBeth regression, I show that a newly-derived network volatility component of IVOL, termed NVOL, was priced with a 1.01 percent monthly premium between Sep. 1967 and Dec. 2012. This finding suggests a risk-based explanation of the equity premium: Stocks are compensated for risk that arises from shocks to networks that contain them.
Comparison of antibacterial Apis mellifera honey varietals from northeastern United States

The demand for alternative medicine is increasing as more bacteria become resistant to antibiotics. Apis mellifera is a honeybee that feeds on nectar from a variety of plants, some of which have antibacterial properties. The objective of this study was to identify antibacterial honeys native to the northeastern USA. Six honey varietals were examined: black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus), basswood (Tilia americana), blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), orange blossom (Citrus seninsis), and goldenrod (Solidago altissima). Well diffusion and zones of inhibition were used to examine the antibacterial properties of these varietals against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Three out of six honey varietals significantly inhibited bacterial growth. Basswood honey exhibited the greatest antibacterial effect on E. coli and S. aureus, inhibiting growth at 1% and 2% w/v, resulting in zones of inhibition of 30.3 ± 2.0 mm and 12.7 ± 0.6 mm, respectively. Six volatile compounds were identified using GC-MS. Four compounds were identified within blueberry honey (dodecane, methyl [4-(propan-2-yl)phenyl] carbonate, butan-2-yl heptanoate, and disalicylide), two were identified in goldenrod honey (ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate and 9-methylphenanthrene), and one was identified in basswood honey (ethyl 4-ethoxybenzoate). Basswood, orange blossom, and goldenrod were as inhibitory or more inhibitory than the commonly used antibiotic tetracycline, which would suggest that these honey varietals should be further explored as a potential topical antibiotic.
Learning On and At the Edge: Enabling Remote Instructional Activities with Micro Controller and Microprocessor Devices

As a result of the global pandemic of 2020, many colleges and universities shifted to remote instruction. Thanks in part to the reliance on cloud-based hosting for mission-critical enterprise systems (e.g., enrollment, library collections, learning management, and videoconferencing), most higher education institutions have been able to continue teaching and learning activities overall in this difficult context [1]. For a small but important subset of courses, however, the lack of access to laboratory, workshop, or studio spaces has presented enormous obstacles to carrying on [2]. The negative impact to hands-on instruction has been a major preoccupation during the pandemic, but there are some signs of hope. As we'll see, inexpensive microcontroller and microprocessor systems and accessories have emerged as enabling technologies that show promise as a solution for carrying on certain kinds of remote hands-on activities. This paper looks at three situations where instructors were able to overcome the challenges of remote instruction by being able to distribute kits and digital lab materials to students for remote work using devices such as Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and NVIDIA Jetson. The three examples suggest a potential role for academic computing services in being able to scale up these sorts of device-based solutions to achieve broader impact.
An Interview with Antti Juvonen: Creativity, Talent and Giftedness in Finland

- In your opinion, how well does Finland teach, mentor, coach and help gifted and talented and creative students? I suppose you mean the school education context. I am afraid that gifted, talented and creative students have been almost forgotten in our Finnish school system. I believe that the only thing that is currently being done for gifted, talented and creative pupils is differentiating upwards, which means in practice, offering them some extra exercises. This is mostly because in Finland we have a system where pupils with special needs are put in normal classes with other pupils. It is called inclusion. Pupils with special needs have been supported with a so called “three step support” since 2011. The first step is general support which the teacher offers with individual pedagogical solutions. The second step is aimed for pupils with long-lasting wider needs for support. It is called intensified support. If this does not help the pupil, the system offers specific support which can be offered after quite comprehensive studies are made by psychologists and other specialists. The idea of this model was to help all pupils to get as good and comprehensive an education as possible. What went wrong was that the cities and especially small towns, did not hire enough helping personnel to support the pupils with special needs. This causes big challenges to class teachers who are put in a position of a special education teacher: they have to take care of pupils with special needs, but at the same time they should be able to teach the rest of the class with normal level pupils and the gifted, talented and creative pupils. Of course, the pupils with special needs take most of their time, which means that the others must try to learn at least the minimum of the curriculum’s requirements. The most gifted often become frustrated and start inventing activities which also disturb the classroom action and atmosphere. This happens because they are bored and do not get any response or activation or response for their innovativeness or special gifts. So, as a whole I see the situation quite poor from the point of view of those groups mentioned.
Choosing dynamical systems that predict weak input.

Somehow, our brain and other organisms manage to predict their environment. Behind this must be an input-dependent dynamical system, or recurrent neural network, whose present state reflects the history of environmental input. The design principles for prediction---in particular, what kinds of attractors allow for greater predictive capability---are still unknown. We offer some clues to design principles using an attractor picture when the environment perturbs the system's state weakly, motivating and developing some theory for continuous-time time-varying linear reservoirs along the way. Reservoirs that inherently support only stable fixed points are generically good predictors, while reservoirs with limit cycles are good predictors for noisy periodic input.
Predicting the effect of drain depth on profitability and hydrology of subsurface drainage systems across the eastern USA

Abstract The choice of drain depth in subsurface drainage design affects system performance. Previous studies have focused on investigating the hydrology of shallow drains at discrete locations. However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated the profitability of shallow drains across a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. The main objective of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of 75-cm shallow drains versus 125-cm deep drains on profitability and hydrology of subsurface drainage systems across the eastern USA. We conducted DRAINMOD simulations under continuous corn production (Zea mays L.) using 30 years of weather data (1990–2019) for combinations of three factors: two drain depths, four soils, and seven locations. Simulations were optimized for crop production that maximized annual economic return on investment. The results showed that corn yield for shallow drains went from 1.6% increase to –1.3% decrease with increasing growing-season rainfall from northeast to southeast USA. Shallow drains provided the benefit of reduced year-to-year corn yield variability across the region. Corn yield for coarse-textured soil benefited more from shallow drains than fine-textured soil across the region. Even though shallow drains increased annual benefit from higher corn yield under certain soil and weather conditions, they were less profitable than deep drains (lower benefit-cost ratio and higher payback period). The benefit of drainage discharge reduction under shallow drains generally intensified with increasing annual precipitation from northeast to southeast USA. Results were used to develop an empirical equation for estimating the benefit of drainage discharge reduction with shallow drains in the eastern USA. In conclusion, even though shallow drains were less profitable than deep drains, they provide benefits that may be of interest to farmers and policymakers.
A Review of Muir's Textbook of Pathology

According to the preface, this book is intended as an illustrated text of pathology suitable for medical students, yet sufficiently comprehensive for graduate trainees. Both should be quite well served by this multi-authored textbook. The organization is traditional general pathology progressing to systemic pathology, with some duplication which is crossreferenced with paginations. A number of outstanding sections are clear, lucid, and well illustrated. These are of the quality that should admirably serve as a “review of current concepts” for the practicing (forensic) pathologist. Particularly impressive is the section on the respiratory system, while the sections on the immune response, immunopathology, bone repair, pyrexia, and radiation injury are excellent although not exhaustive. Other sections of this textbook do not share these strengths. Congenital heart disease and viral diseases are given short shrift; the breast section is marred by poor illustration, and breast malignancies are classified as “spheroidal-cell” and “encephaloid” carcinoma, a classification somewhat at variance with that of the World Health Organization.
Blood Relations: Collective Memory, Cultural Trauma, & the Prosecution & Execution of Timothy McVeigh

In the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing, processes of reconstruction - remembering victims, caring for family members and survivors, and punishing the perpetrators - began even as debris from the Murrah Federal Building was being cleared. Based on conclusions obtained from intensive interviews with 27 victims' family members and survivors, this article explores how memory of the bombing as a culturally traumatic event was constructed through participation in groups formed after the bombing and participation in the legal proceedings against perpetrators Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols. These acts cultivated the formation of various relationships - between family members and survivors as well as between these victimized populations and the perpetrators - that both helped and hindered individual and communal reconstructions of meaning. This article will first address the efficacy of a collective memory and cultural trauma perspective for analyzing two collective processes of sense-making - group membership and legal proceedings - in the aftermath of the Oklahoma City bombing. It will then briefly describe the mental context in which family members and survivors joined groups in the wake of the bombing, and the functions those groups played in trauma recovery, after which it will summarize the impact of group membership on punishment expectations. Next, it will discuss the involuntary relationship that formed between McVeigh and family members and survivors predicated on the social and media representations of McVeigh; due to this relationship, McVeigh was felt to be a constant presence in victims' lives until his 2001 execution. Finally, this article will examine family members' and survivors' perceptions of communicative interchange with McVeigh in the venues of the trial and execution. The implications of this case study illustrate in what ways concepts such as victimhood and justice are continually being expanded, with the implication that law is not only a social institution that mediates cultural trauma and cultivates collective memory, but also is manifestly conscious of these roles.
Simulation based approach for improving heuristics in stochastic resource-constrained project scheduling problem

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a simulation-based approach for improving heuristics in stochastic resource-constrained project scheduling problem. It introduces a novel way of addressing the uncertainties in the resource-constrained project scheduling problem (RCPSP), based on a discrete time Markov chain, which enables us to model probabilistic correlation of the uncertain parameters observed from previous historical data of a series of tasks in a project. (For example, the probability of success of a previous task may not be independent of those for current or future tasks.) Furthermore, a novel solution method, dynamic programming in a subset of the states, is tailored for the problem to obtain high-quality solutions. The problem inputs are a set of M potential products that are in various stages of the company's research and development pipeline. Each potential product is required to pass a series of tests. For each task in project, several possible parameter modes are given. A parameter mode is defined as the set of parameter values for duration, costs, and the probability of success of the tasks. These values may represent the actual values or the mean values for the parameters. Then, transition probabilities are specified among the parameter modes for successive tasks.
High patient satisfaction of inflatable penile prosthesis insertion with synchronous penile plication for erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease.

Abstract Introduction Twenty to thirty percent of patients with Peyronie's disease (PD) have erectile dysfunction (ED) refractory to medical therapy and may benefit from a combined procedure addressing both conditions. Aim The aim of this study was to show the efficacy of inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) insertion and synchronous penile plication for correcting penile curvature and ED in patients with PD. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent IPP insertion with synchronous penile plication at our tertiary care center between 2010 and 2013. All patients received an intraoperative saline intracorporal injection to induce an artificial erection. After the tunica albuginea was exposed via a standard transverse scrotal incision over the proximal penile shaft, the incision was retracted distally and/or laterally as needed for plication suture placement. Plication sutures were placed in parallel opposite the angle of greatest curvature. The incision was returned proximally to the standard penoscrotal junction for IPP insertion. Demographic and surgical data were collected from the patients' medical records. Patient satisfaction was assessed postoperatively using a nonvalidated questionnaire. Main Outcome Measures The focus of this study was surgical outcomes, both technical and patient-reported satisfaction. Results Eighteen patients with a mean age of 63 years underwent IPP insertion with synchronous penile plication. Patients presented with dorsal (n = 11), lateral (n = 2), and biplanar curvature (n = 5). Mean preoperative curvature was 39 degrees (range 30–60) and was corrected on average to Conclusions IPP insertion with synchronous penile plication for the correction of ED and PD is effective and results in high patient satisfaction. Chung PH, Scott JF, and Morey AF. High patient satisfaction of inflatable penile prosthesis insertion with synchronous penile plication for erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med 2014;11:1593–1598.
Perinatal bisphenol-A exposure causes colonic and liver inflammation in rabbit pups and alters gut bacterial and metabolite profiles

Recent evidence suggests that bisphenol-A (BPA), an environmental endocrine-disrupter, is present in all the samples of umbilical cord blood obtained from pregnant women. BPA at low doses has been ...
Lithium Butyl(cyano)cuprate

[41742-63-6] C5H9CuLiN (MW 153.62) InChI = 1S/C4H9.CN.Cu.Li/c1-3-4-2;1-2;;/h1,3-4H2,2H3;;; InChIKey = OSNVBBZZYODGIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N (organometallic reagent for the addition of an n-butyl group to enones, vinyl epoxides, simple epoxides, vinyl sulfones, and allylic halides) Solubility: sol diethyl ether, THF at −78 °C. Preparative Method: the title reagent, like other alkyl or arylcyanocuprates, is prepared at −78 °C from the addition of the alkyl- or aryllithium precursor to 1 equiv anhyd Copper(I) Cyanide 1.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: thermally unstable organocuprate; generated at −78 °C in the absence of moisture and oxygen.
Looking forward towards peace by remembering the past : recycling war and lived histories in contemporary Mozambican art

Contemporary Mozambican artists who use detritus as media create artworks that chronicle their culture through bits and pieces of its discarded histories. By using culturally specific and symbolically charged recyclia, these artists create art that is quintessentially Mozambican, as the materials they use become potent signifiers of Mozambique. Contemporary artists’ use of recycling, in particular the recycling of weapons in the Transforming Arms into Plowshares/Transformacao de Armas em Enxadas (TAE) project allows recycling to emerge as a paradigm in contemporary African art, and as a potent tool for cultural investigation. Utilizing recycling as a tool develops a broad, cross-cultural, interdisciplinary framework to investigate complex issues within divergent African and global societies. Artists in Mozambique who recycle are not only connected to cultural and artistic practices of the past, they continue these traditions within contemporary contexts. By creating artwork from cast-off materials, artists who utilize unwanted debris in Mozambique illustrate how recycling permeates all levels of society, including its broad expansion into art making, and how the use of reprocessed materials by artists both inspires and instills a sense of pride in artistic practices. Keywords: detritus as artworks, Mozambican art, recycling, Transforming Arms into Plowshares/Transformacao de Armas em Enxadas (TAE).
Effects of humic and fulvic acids on growth of tobacco

Organic matter was extracted with a mixture of 0.1M Na4P2O7 and 0.1M NaOH from soil and a commercial organic matter product, ‘Aqua Humus’, and separated into humic and fulvic acids according to their solubility in acid and alkaline solutions. They were purified by passage through a cation exchange resin, freeze-dried, and used for characterization and seedling growth studies. The CEC increased with pH for both humic and fulvic acids. Data from tobacco seedling studies show that humic and fulvic acids from both sources increased root number and length at low concentrations while at high concentrations, humic acids inhibited length and number of roots but fulvic acids had no effect. The results support the proposition that fractions of organic matter referred to as humic and fulvic acids affect root development by means other than as a source of nutrients.
Association complexes between cationic metallophthalocyanines and anionic metalloporphyrins I: Spectrometric studies of electronic interactions

The formation and spectroscopic properties of several metalloporphyrin−metallophthalocyanine complexes have been investigated. The complexes consist of negatively charged tetrasulfonatophenyl or tetracarboxyphenyl porphyrins in ion pairs with positively charged crown ether substituted metallophthalocyanines. The positive charge was delivered to the modified phthalocyanine molecules by inserting potassium ions into the crown ether cavities. The complexes were formed by mixing the constituent tetrapyrrole compounds in DMSO or ethanol. UV−vis spectrophotometric studies of the ground-state complexes showed loss of the metallophthalocyanine spectrum and the appearance of new spectral bands at longer wavelengths, indicating strong electronic coupling between the components. Analysis of the porphyrin−phthalocyanine complex by the method of continuous variations revealed formation of dimeric and trimeric species. Cyclic voltammetric and spectroelectrochemistry experiments indicated a degree of partial charge tran...
Crayfish occupancy and abundance in lakes of the Pacific Northwest, USA

AbstractCrayfish are ecologically important in freshwater ecosystems, but few investigators have evaluated landscape patterns of their prevalence and abundance in temperate lakes. We report results of a crayfish survey for 100 lakes in the Puget Sound lowlands of Washington State (USA) serving as a census of the distributions of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and previously unknown populations of nonnative crayfish, including the red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii. We modeled crayfish presence and abundance with classification and regression trees based on multivariate ordinations of lake-, riparian-zone-, and watershed-scale predictors. We found 4 nonnative crayfish in 15% and P. leniusculus in 53% of surveyed lakes. The presence of P. leniusculus was best predicted by a lake-scale gradient of greater depth (present) to greater productivity (absent), but forested riparian zones with firm or rocky substrates also supported crayfish presence. No models adequately characterized patterns of...
Pulmonary function in asbestosis and asbestos-related pleural disease

This review begins with the classic physiologic syndrome of interstitial lung disease (ILD) described in established asbestosis in the 1950s: reduced VC and pulmonary compliance, maintenance of airflow (measured indirectly), decreased diffusing capacity (a laborious undertaking in those years), and hyperventilation, increased dead space (VD/VT), and desaturation on exercise. Small airways dysfunction (SAD) was recognized in the 1960s and 1970s as the physiologic counterpart of the early peripheral bronchiolar inflammatory and fibrotic narrowing reported in experimental animals and in asbestos workers. SAD is nonspecific and is often overshadowed by more severe obstruction caused by smoking or by the countervailing effects of increased lung recoil caused by interstitial fibrosis. Airtrapping secondary to SAD may explain some of the reduction in VC in asbestos exposed workers whose FEV1/FVC is normal. There may be a greater frequency of obstructive airways disease in asbestos workers who smoke than in other smokers, suggesting an interaction between these two noxious inhalants. An interaction is seen in the greater frequency and severity of radiographic asbestosis in smokers at equivalent durations of exposure and in the greater reduction in FVC in smokers at equivalent ILO profusion scores. The functional importance of PT is well documented by lower values for FVC at equivalent profusions of parenchymal disease. This is true of circumscribed PT but much more so of diffuse PT, which can occasionally result in ventilatory failure and death. Incremental exercise testing often reveals evidence of excessive ventilation and abnormal gas exchange (VD/VT) attributable to ILD, when standard tests of pulmonary function and chest radiography are normal. These abnormalities help explain dyspnea in such patients.
Transition to adult health care for adolescents and young adults with cancer

As the prognosis for children and adolescents with cancer improves, we must reconsider how we will provide care to the adolescents and young adults who have survived these conditions. On the premise that the global needs of adults are best served by health care obtained in the adult health-care system, the case is made for transition from pediatric to adult-oriented health care for adolescents and young adults with cancer. The benefits of transition, barriers to implementation, and models of care are discussed.
Wintertime Interactions of the Atmosphere with the Mediterranean Sea

Abstract The net loss of heat by the Mediterranean Sea was determined for February 1969 while oceanographers observed the cooling and sinking of the water south of France. The heat loss during the four preceding months was found to be sufficient to produce the unstable stratification necessary for the sinking of the water. The mistral wind removed most of the heat through evaporation and sensible heat flux. On days when the mistral was blowing 1200 cal cm−2 day−1 of heat and 1.5 cm day−1 of water were removed from the sea. Throughout the winter season an average of 400 cal cm−2 day−1 was lost by the sea through sensible and latent heat fluxes. About half of the solar radiation absorbed by the water in the winter was lost through infrared radiation. Monthly heat exchanges are computed for an area south of France which show the dominant roles of latent heat exchange and solar radiation absorption in determining the temperature cycle and circulation of Mediterranean water. The flow patterns, turbulence and e...
Thermal Aware Processor Operation Point Management

Existing schemes for dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) do not account for the intertask thermal cycles. The chip reliability testing process usually also is not inclusive of test cases quantifying the chip reliability in the presence of small scale thermal cycles. However, a good number of in-field chip failures are attributed to the consequences of thermal cycles. Thus, it is imperative to include their effects into the processor voltage and frequency selection process. Our work focuses on developing an integrated processor thermal and performance management system centered on novel polynomial time scheduling algorithms that achieve minimal thermal cycle guarantees in soft real time environments. Our scheme leverages application awareness and runtime monitoring for improving the lifetime of the chip, while achieving considerable energy savings. Our scheme shows a significant reduction in thermal cycles and peaks, leading to longer chip life expectations. Our results indicate a 10 fold increase in the expected chip lifetime and 50% energy savings compared to operation at the rated maximum voltage and frequency.
Von Hippel-Lindau status influences phenotype of liver cancers arising from PTEN loss.

Background PTEN loss contributes to the development of liver diseases including hepatic steatosis and both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CC). The factors that influence the penetrance of these conditions are unclear. We explored the influence of sustained hypoxia signaling through co-deletion of Pten and Vhl in a murine model. Methods We used a CreER-linked Keratin 18 mouse model to conditionally delete Pten, Vhl or both in somatic cells of adult mice, evaluating the resultant tumors by histology and gene expression microarray. Existing sets of gene expression data for human HCC and CC were examined for pathways related to those observed in the murine tumors, and a cohort of human CC samples was evaluated for relationships between HIF-1α expression and clinical outcomes. Results Both Pten deletion genotypes developed liver tumors, but with differing phenotypes. Pten deletion alone led to large hepatic tumors with widespread hepatosteatosis. Co-deletion of Pten and Vhl with the Keratin 18 promoter resulted in reduced steatosis and a reduced tumor burden that was characterized by a trabecular architecture similar to CC. Genes associated with hepatic steatosis were coordinately expressed in the human HCC dataset, while genes involved in hypoxia response were upregulated in tumors from the human CC dataset. HIF-1α expression and overall survival were examined in an independent cohort of human CC tumors with no statistical differences uncovered. Conclusion Pten deletion in Keratin 18 expressing cells leads to aggressive tumor formation and widespread steatosis in mouse livers. Co-deletion of Vhl and Pten results in lower tumor burden with gene expression profiling suggesting a switch from a profile of lipid deposition to an expression profile more consistent with upregulation of the hypoxia response pathway. A relationship between tumor hypoxia signaling and altered hepatic steatotic response suggests that competing influences may alter tumor phenotypes.
Another Kind of Diplomacy: International Resource Sharing

Over the past six years, the University of Utah libraries have developed an extensive international presence through digital resource sharing. Services include instruction, electronic document delivery, shared catalogs, and full-text databases. This paper will describe the process of establishing, extending, and improving these services through international cooperation and collaboration. The benefit to the smaller library with limited funding is dramatic and the impact on the larger library providing the service is minimal.
Transmitarray antenna design using slot-type element

Many transmitarray antennas are designed with multilayer frequency selective surface type elements. The goal of this paper is to present a multiple conductor layers transmitarray antenna using slot-type element with no substrate material. A quaternary-layer transmitarray antenna using cross-slot elements has been designed, fabricated, and tested for 11.3 GHz operating frequency. The measured gain of the prototype transmitarray is 22.06 dB. It is observed that the oblique incident associated with the excitation and the polarization direction has a strong effect on the antenna radiation pattern and gain.
The origin of residual internal stress in solvent‐cast thermoplastic coatings

Experiments on polystyrene and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) coatings cast from toluene have shown that residual internal stress is independent of dried coating thickness and initial solution concentration. A theory is presented that predicts the magnitude of the stress and shows that it has no dependence on thickness or initial solution concentration. Internal strain is calculated from the volume of solvent lost after the coating has solidified. This solidification point is identified with the solvent concentration that is sufficient to depress the glass transition of the polymer to the prevailing experimental temperature. A one-to-one correlation is confirmed between the volume of solvent lost from solution during drying and the volume change of the polymer film.
Sensori-motor learning and its relevance for task specialization in bumble bees

Individual bees often restrict their visits to only a few species out of the multitude of available plants. This flower constancy is likely caused by limitations of memory for motor patterns, sensory stimuli, or reward levels. Here we test the implications of sensori-motor learning and memory for flower constancy. Artificial “flowers” with two distinct “morphologies” were used, so that in each flower type, a different motor pattern was needed to reach the nectar. As in natural flowers, these morphological types were associated with sensory signals (blue and yellow color stimuli). Bees which learned only a single task were more efficient in several ways than those which had learned two: they made fewer errors, had shorter flower handling times, took shorter times to correct errors, and transitions between flowers were initially more rapid. For bees which had learned two tasks, performance depended strongly on the training schedule: if each task was learned with blocked trials, the memory for the second appeared to interfere with that for the first. Interference affected only the association between flower signal and motor pattern, not the motor pattern itself. This was not the case if bees were trained for both tasks with alternating trials. In that case, bees rapidly learned both tasks, albeit with worse saturation levels than bees which had learned only one. Bees transferred the experience gained on one task to a second task: their initial performance on the second task was better than their initial performance on the first. On the other hand, performance on the second task in the saturation level (in which bees no longer improve their efficiency) was worse than on the first task (negative transfer). In the saturation phase, performance did not directly depend on switch frequency, but on whether the bee had one or two options in memory. Thus, while bees would become proficient at two tasks more quickly if their acquisition phase included switches, such switches had no measurable effect in the saturation phase. The implications of these findings for foraging are discussed using modern learning theory.
Analysis and Simulation of Velocity Modulation by Selective Doping

Various schemes are investigated for modulating the impunty-scattering-limited mobility of an electron gas in a quantum well using wavefunction engineering. For the calculation of the impurity scattering rates, a fully quantum-mechanical prescription is used that accounts for the self-consistent dependence of the electronic states on the precise configuration of the scattering centers. The results indicate that the mobility in a selectively doped quantum well can be tuned significantly with an external electric field, and the tunability is enhanced if δ-doping is employed instead of uniform deping. Mittels Wellenfunktionenengineering werden verschiedene Modelle fur die Modulation der durch Storstellenstreuung begrenzten Beweglichkeit eines Elektronengases in einem Quantentopf untersucht. Zur Berechnung der Storstellenstreuraten wird eine vollstandige quantenmechnische Beschreibung benutzt. die die selbstkonsistente Abhangigkeit der Elektronenzustande von der genauen Konfiguration der Streuzentren erklart. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, das die Beweglichkeit in einem selektiv dotierten Quantentopf mit einem auseren elektrischen Feld signifikant geandert werden kann, und die Abstimmbarkeit erhoht werden kann. wcnn δ-Dotierung anstatt gleichformiger Dotierung angewendet wird.
Forced migration and professionalism.

The complexity of forced migration calls for significant expertise with regard to prevention responses and solutions. This article describes efforts since the early 1980s to professionalize the field. Professional development requires at a minimum that three things be in place: training; standards to govern professional competence; and a process for evaluation and improvement. Professional development must take into account the increasing complexity of humanitarian crises; changing notions of sovereignty that permit new solutions; changing mandates and responsibilities of organizations concerned with forced migration; and technological and communications innovations that enable new approaches to forced migration and professional training. (authors)
A Review of Mechanical and Electromechanical Properties of Piezoelectric Nanowires

Piezoelectric nanowires are promising building blocks in nanoelectronic, sensing, actuation and nanogenerator systems. In spite of great progress in synthesis methods, quantitative mechanical and electromechanical characterization of these nanostructures is still limited. In this article, the state-of-the art in experimental and computational studies of mechanical and electromechanical properties of piezoelectric nanowires is reviewed with an emphasis on size effects. The review covers existing characterization and analysis methods and summarizes data reported in the literature. It also provides an assessment of research needs and opportunities. Throughout the discussion, the importance of coupling experimental and computational studies is highlighted. This is crucial for obtaining unambiguous size effects of nanowire properties, which truly reflect the effect of scaling rather than a particular synthesis route. We show that such a combined approach is critical to establish synthesis-structure-property relations that will pave the way for optimal usage of piezoelectric nanowires.
Differing Psychological Definitions of Liberalism and Conservatism: Their Statistical Association with Personality and with Racism

One-hundred-thirty-seven participants were administered the Psychotemporal Survey of Ideologies (PSI), which yielded scores on six scales: a “visionary liberalism focused on the future” scale, a “pragmatic liberalism focused on the present” scale, a “guilt-ridden liberalism focused on the past” scale, a “dread-ridden conservatism focused on the future” scale, a “pragmatic conservatism focused on the present” scale, and a “nostalgic conservatism focused on the past” scale. These six PSI scores were correlated with “big five” personality dimensions on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R); plus, scores on the Sexual-Racial Double-Standard Test (S-RD-ST) were regressed over the six PSI scores. A significant positive correlation between PSI “guilt-ridden liberalism focused on the past” and NEO PI-R neuroticism indicated that neuroticism is associated not with liberalism in general but with “liberal guilt”. A significant negative correlation between PSI “pragmatic conservatism focused on the present...
The use of ivacaftor in an adult with severe lung disease due to cystic fibrosis (ΔF508/G551D)

We report on an adult with cystic fibrosis (ΔF508/G551D) with severe lung disease (forced expiratory volume (FEV1) in one second 24% predicted) who was admitted for a pulmonary exacerbation. He was managed with maximal medical therapy, but did not have significant improvement until after he was started on ivacaftor on hospital day 15. He subsequently had significant improvement in lung function with normalization of hypercarbia, oxygen saturation on room air, and increase in FEV1 to 36% predicted. Prior to use of ivacaftor he was being assessed for a lung transplant. However, after ivacaftor therapy for 6 months, he is no longer considering this treatment modality due to his improvement of lung function and functional status.
Nutritive Value of Corn Silages Treated with Chemical Additives for Lactation

Abstract Corn silage of 27 to 29% dry matter was ensiled alone and with additions of limestone, urea, diammonium phosphate, as well as with limestone combined with either urea or diammonium phosphate. There was a slight increase in pH over control values with single chemical additives and any combination increased pH more than a single chemical additive (P Addition of urea and diammonium phosphate significantly increased the crude protein equivalent of the treated silage. All added compounds produced an increase in the concentration of organic acids in the treated silage compared to the control silage. Intake of silage dry matter by milking cows was 1.7 to 1.9% of body weight for silages preserved alone or with additions of 0.5% urea, 0.5% limestone, both urea and limestone, or 1.0% diammonium phosphate plus limestone, but intake was less for those with additions of diammonium phosphate alone (1.3%), 0.75% urea alone, or with limestone (1.5%). Differences in fat-corrected milk production due to silages fed were small, but cows fed diammonium phosphate and 0.75% urea-treated silages produced 1.0 and 2.2kg less than those treated with 0.5% urea, which averaged 17.1 kg/cow/day.
Predicting survival in ambulatory patients with severe heart failure on beta-blocker therapy

Peak VO(2) and the Heart Failure Survival Score are 2 clinical parameters used to risk stratify patients with heart failure and time listing for cardiac transplantation. The efficacy of these prognostic variables in patients receiving beta-blocker therapy was evaluated.
Analysis of Biomolecules by Atmospheric Pressure Visible-Wavelength MALDI-Ion Trap-MS in Transmission Geometry

We report the development of a new AP visible-wavelength MALDI-ion trap-MS instrument with significantly improved performance over our previously reported system (Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 315, 66–73 (2012)). A Nd:YAG pulsed laser emitting light at 532 nm was used to desorb and ionize oligosaccharides and peptides in transmission geometry through a glass slide. Limits of detection (LODs) achieved in MS mode correspond to picomole quantities of oligosaccharides and femtomole quantities of peptides. Tandem MS (MS/MS) experiments enabled identification of enzymatically digested proteins and oligosaccharides by comparison of MS/MS spectra with data found in protein and glycan databases. Moreover, the softness of ionization, LODs, and fragmentation spectra of biomolecules by AP visible-wavelength MALDI-MS were compared to those obtained by AP UV MALDI-MS using a Nd:YAG laser emitting light at 355 nm. AP visible-wavelength MALDI appears to be a softer ionization technique then AP UV MALDI for the analysis of sulfated peptides, while visible-wavelength MALDI-MS, MS/MS, and MS/MS/MS spectra of other biomolecules analyzed were mostly similar to those obtained by AP UV MALDI-MS. Therefore, the methodology presented will be useful for MS and MSn analyses of biomolecules at atmospheric pressure. Additionally, the AP visible-wavelength MALDI developed can be readily used for soft ionization of analytes on various mass spectrometers.