cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concomitant chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin, 5‐fluorouracil and hydroxyurea in poor‐prognosis head and neck cancer

Based on encouraging results with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), hydroxyurea, and concomitant radiotherapy in patients with advanced or recurrent head and neck cancer, an attempt was made to modulate the regimen by the addition of cisplatin as a third active agent. A cohort of 26 patients with head and neck cancer of all histologies were entered into a broad phase I study investigating simultaneous radiation therapy, 5-FU (with or without leucovorin), HU, and infusional cisplatin administered on an alternate-week schedule. Eleven patients (group 1) had failed prior curative local therapy and 15 patients (group 2) were considered to have a poor prognosis with standard therapy. The median follow-up was 30 months. The response rate for all evaluable patients was 82% (14/17), and the complete response rate was 65% (11/17). Patients in group 1 demonstrated a high failure rate (9/11), while few group 2 patients failed after treatment (2/15). The median time to progression was 4.4 months in group 1 and has not been reached in group 2. Patients in group 1 failed locally (7/11), while no local failures were observed in group 2. Acute and cumulative hematologic toxicity was encountered at all dose levels and schedules tested and prevented escalation of the cisplatin dose beyond the desired level of 100 mg/m2 per months. Mucositis was a second significant toxicity in patients with head and neck cancer and was more pronounced during cycles containing leucovorin. A detailed analysis of survival, time to progression, and site of failure is presented.
Immunological Methods for the Detection and Determination of Connective Tissue Proteoglycans

In this paper we report the use of immunological methods for specifically detecting and determining proteoglycan in cartilage and other connective tissues. Antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal) have been raised against specific components of cartilage proteoglycan aggregates (i.e., proteoglycan monomer and link protein). Radioimmunoassay procedures and immunohistochemical procedures have been developed and used to demonstrate the occurrence of cartilage-like proteoglycan and link protein in bovine aorta. Similarly, immunofluorescent studies have been used to analyze proteoglycan distribution in skin. Using antibodies specific for chondroitin-4-sulfated proteoglycan, their presence was demonstrated in dermal connective tissue and connective tissue surrounding nerve and muscle sheaths. However, chondroitin-4-sulfated proteoglycan was completely absent in the epidermis of skin and areas surrounding invaginating hair follicles. These immunological procedures are currently being used to complement conventional biochemical analyses of proteoglycans found in different connective tissue matrices.
Changes Throughout Estrous Cycles of Variables That Might Indicate Estrus in Dairy Cows

Two experiments examined physiological changes throughout estrous cycles of Holstein cows. In experiment one, changes were characterized for physical activity, vaginal pH, vaginal temperature, milk yield, heart rate, and concentration in blood plasma of progesterone and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha. Variables were measured daily in 11 cows through a total of 28 estrous cycles. Cows in estrus at least once postpartum were used. Observations for estrus were at least twice daily. Variables changed significantly with day of estrous cycle. Changes of progesterone, physical activity, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha were more marked around estrus than were changes of the other variables. Peaks of physical activity coincided with estrus in 75% of the cases. Experiment two was to determine if increased physical activity, measured with pedometers, coincided with estrus in commercial dairy herds. Cows on 14 farms in New York were fitted with mechanical pedometers, and the pedometers were read at each milking. Readings from 3 days before until 3 days after estrus were used from 55 estrous periods identified by the producers. Physical activity was maximal on day of estrus in 73% of the estrous periods. Increased physical activity of commercial dairy cows agreed well with the producers' diagnoses of estrus. Pedometers could be a valuable component of an estrous detection program.
UNDERREPRESENTATION OF WOMEN OF COLOR IN THE SCIENCE PIPELINE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF SCIENCE IDENTITIES

Underrepresentation of women of color in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) disciplines continues to remain a pressing issue facing the future of science. The lack of representation of diverse groups of individuals in science related fields has been the target of national initiatives that offer both funding and support to underrepresented groups, yet little progress has been made toward understanding how student’s experiences lead them toward or away from science as a career choice. Addressing the call to provide a better understanding of this critical problem, this study explores the experiences of sixteen women of color majoring in one of STEM fields. Using all four dimensions of Gee’s identity theory as a framework, this study represents an effort to understand how women of color are able to strengthen their science identities during their college and pre-college experiences. Through the use of in depth interviews, elements of all four dimensions of identity were captured and analyzed. The analysis of this data provided the opportunity to gain a greater perspective into the role that identity development has for encouraging persistence in science for this population of students.
Shrugging It Off: Does Psychological Detachment From Work Mediate the Relationship Between Workplace Aggression and Work-Family Conflict?

The current study investigates workplace aggression and psychological detachment from work as possible antecedents of work-family conflict. We draw upon Conservation of Resources theory and the Effort-Recovery Model to argue that employees who fail to psychologically detach from stressful events in the workplace experience a relative lack of resources that is negatively associated with functioning in the nonwork domain. Further, we extend prior research on antecedents of work-family conflict by examining workplace aggression, a prevalent workplace stressor. Utilizing multisource data (i.e., employee, significant other, and coworker reports), our findings indicate that self-reported psychological detachment mediates the relationship between coworker-reported workplace aggression and both self- and significant other-reported work-family conflict. FINDINGS from the current study speak to the value of combining perspectives from research on recovery from work stress and the work-family interface, and point toward implications for research and practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Economics, Ethics, and the Quantification of Indian Water Rights

For years the economists' domain has been restricted to questions concerning allocative efficiency. The axiomatic structure of economics evolved in such a way so that equity issues could not be squarely addressed. Rather, one must make value judgments based on one's own value system. The economist usually disqualifies himself, asserting that his position as a professional economist in no way makes his system of values more appropriate for judging equity issues than that of other individuals. Society as a whole must make these decisions. Yet, Arrow's theorem reveals the futility of this approach. Consequently, we are left at an impasse. On one hand we do not have the tools with which to make value judgments, but on the other, value judgments must be made. While we are not presumptuous enough to suggest a mechanism by which one could make such judgments, we do briefly review some of the approaches that have been considered and then develop some of the information pertinent to the ultimate decisions at hand.
Exercise training restores impaired dilator responses of cerebral arterioles during chronic exposure to nicotine

Our goal was to determine whether exercise training (ExT) alleviates impaired nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent dilation of pial arterioles during chronic exposure to nicotine. We measured dila...
A Comparison of Soft-Tissue Implanted Markers and Bony Anatomy Alignments for Image-Guided Treatments of Head-and-Neck Cancers

Purpose To compare the geometric alignments of soft-tissue implanted markers to the traditional bony-based alignments in head-and-neck cancers, on the basis of daily image guidance. Dosimetric impact of the two alignment techniques on target coverage is presented. Methods and Materials A total of 330 retrospective alignments (5 patients) were performed on daily megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) image sets using both alignment techniques. Intermarker distances were tracked for all fractions to assess marker interfractional stability. Using a deformable image registration algorithm, target cumulative doses were calculated according to generated shifts on daily MVCT image sets. Target D95 was used as a dosimetric endpoint to evaluate each alignment technique. Results Intermarker distances overall were stable, with a standard deviation of Conclusion The use of daily MVCT imaging demonstrates that implanted markers in oral tongue and soft-palate cancers are stable localization surrogates. Alignments based on implanted markers generate shifts comparable overall to the traditional bony-based alignment, with no observed systematic difference in magnitude or direction. The cumulative dosimetric impact on target clinical target volume and planning target volume coverage was found to be similar, despite large observed differences in daily alignment shifts between the two techniques.
The History of Multicultural Music Education and Its Prospects: The Controversy of Music Universalism and Its Application.

This article examines how American perspectives about world music have evolved based on the controversial discussion of “music is the universal language.” At earlier periods, scholars showed their ...
Refugees in first-year college: Academic writing challenges and resources

Abstract This article reports on a qualitative year-long multiple-case study that investigated the challenges refugee students face with academic writing in their first year of college and the resources they draw upon to overcome these difficulties. Participants were seven refugee students from four different countries who were admitted to a liberal arts college despite not being considered “college-ready” by traditional admissions measures. Data collection involved interviews with the focal participants and faculty, class observations, and written documents. All seven participants were successful in completing their first year in college, passing all the classes they registered for. At the same time, writing in college presented these students with challenges resulting from their still-developing English language proficiency. Findings reveal that these challenges were successfully addressed because of these students’ ability to draw upon the resources made available to them. The case is made that, within a highly supportive environment, refugees who graduate from high school not having reached the standard college admissions literacy level may still be able to cope with tertiary academic writing.
Generalized Wigner distributions, moments and conditional correspondence rules

Methods are presented to generate conditional moments for all quasi-probability distributions, and explicit expressions for all conditional moments are given. In analogy to the generalized characteristic function operator, which generates all joint quasi-distribution functions, the conditional characteristic function operator which generates all conditional quasi-distributions is defined. This allows one to introduce the concept of conditional correspondence rules; formulations are given for all such rules.
First mover advantage through franchising

Abstract Franchising has been argued to be a technique for entrepreneurs in service industries to assemble resources in order to rapidly create large chains and gain first mover advantage. Whether and how such first mover advantage is created is the subject of this paper. Using theories from strategic management and marketing, it is argued that the first mover advantage initially takes the form of a lead in the number of retail outlets, followed by a market share lead, and, finally, superior profitability. A structural equations model is specified, and empirical results from the restaurant industry support the model's predictions. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Characterization of direct-current atmospheric-pressure discharges useful for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Two relatively new ambient ionization sources, direct analysis in real time (DART) and the flowing atmospheric-pressure afterglow (FAPA), use direct current, atmospheric-pressure discharges to produce reagent ions for the direct ionization of a sample. Although at a first glance these two sources appear similar, a fundamental study reveals otherwise. Specifically, DART was found to operate with a corona-to-glow transition (C-G) discharge whereas the FAPA was found to operate with a glow-to-arc transition (G-A) discharge. The characteristics of both discharges were evaluated on the basis of four factors: reagent-ion production, response to a model analyte (ferrocene), infrared (IR) thermography of the gas used for desorption and ionization, and spatial emission characteristics. The G-A discharge produced a greater abundance and a wider variety of reagent ions than the C-G discharge. In addition, the discharges yielded different adducts and signal strengths for ferrocene. It was also found that the gas exiting the discharge chamber reached a maximum of 235 °C and 55 °C for the G-A and C-G discharges, respectively. Finally, spatially resolved emission maps of both discharges showed clear differences for N2+ and O(I). These findings demonstrate that the discharges used by FAPA and DART are fundamentally different and should have different optimal applications for ambient desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (ADI-MS).
First Report of Stachybotrys chartarum Causing Soybean Root Rot.

Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb. ex Link) S.J. Hughes was isolated from surface-disinfested soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) root lesions. The fungus was cultured on potato dextrose agar, and its morphology was examined by light and environmental scanning electron microscopy. Conidiophores were determinate, macronematous, solitary or in groups, and simple or irregularly branched. Phialides occurred in whorls and were obovate or ellipsoidal. Conidia were unicellular, round to ellipsoidal, 5 to 13 × 4 to 7 μm, initially hyaline, smooth-walled, and dark brown to black and rough-walled when mature. A pure culture obtained from infected soybean roots was used to test pathogenicity under greenhouse and growth-chamber conditions. S. chartarum was grown on sterilized sorghum grain for 2 weeks and placed in soil 2 to 3 cm below sown soybean seeds. Noninfested sorghum grain was used as a control. All soybean plants inoculated with S. chartarum had root lesions ranging from 7 to 25 mm 21 days after sowing, while cont...
THE INFLUENCE OF ANAPHORIC RELATIONS AND DEPARTURES FROM STORY GRAMMAR STRUCTURE ON TEXT PROCESSING

Abstract The use of anaphoric relations and text adherence to story grammar rules were manipulated to produce different conditions of inferencing demands for college‐age students. Participants read passages that varied in the degree to which bridging inferences had to be formulated for text cohesion and understanding. This was done by using either word/concept repetition (least demanding; the low‐inference group) or pronominal, substitution, and ellipsis anaphora (most demanding; the high‐inference group) in passages. Subjects in both conditions read a passage consistent with story grammar rules and another passage departing from the typical narrative story schema.
The pyrolysis of trimethylene sulfide. A unimolecular decomposition

The kinetics of decomposition of trimethylene sulfide to ethylene and thioformaldehyde was investigated in a single-pulse shock tube using the «relative rate» technique. The extent of reaction was measured in the reflected shock regime from 860° to 1170°K, but experimental difficulties limited the useful data to the temperature range of 980°–1040°K. The first-order rate constant was found to be k = 1013.0 exp (−48,200/RT) sec−1. This result sets an upper limit of 50 kcal/mole for the standard enthalpy of formation of CH2S, with 35 kcal/mole as a more likely value. The isomerization of cyclopropane to propene was used for the reference reaction; in turn, this was checked, in a relative rate experiment, against the pyrolysis of cyclohexene.
Ligand recognition by the lactose permease of Escherichia coli: specificity and affinity are defined by distinct structural elements of galactopyranosides.

Specificity of substrate recognition in lactose permease is directed toward the galactosyl moiety of lactose. In this study, binding of 31 structural analogues of D-galactose was examined by site-directed N-[(14)C]ethylmaleimide-labeling of the substrate-protectable Cys148 in the binding site. Alkylation of Cys148 is blocked by D-galactose with an apparent affinity of approximately 30 mM. Epimers of D-galactose at C-3 (D-gulose) and C-4 (D-glucose) or deoxy derivatives at these positions exhibit no binding whatsoever, indicating that these OH groups participate in essential interactions. Interestingly, the C-2 epimer alpha-D-talose binds almost as well as D-galactose, while 2-deoxy-D-galactose affords no substrate protection, indicating that nonstereospecific H-bonding at C-2 is required for stable binding. No substrate protection is detected with D-fucose, L-arabinose, 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-galactose, 6-O-methyl-D-galactose, or D-galacturonic acid, suggesting that the C-6 OH is an essential H-bond donor. Both alpha- and beta-methyl D-galactopyranosides bind more strongly than galactose, supporting the notion that the cyclic pyranose conformation is the bound form and that the anomeric configuration at C-1 does not contribute to substrate specificity. However, methyl or allyl alpha-D-galactopyranosides exhibit 60-fold lower apparent K(d)'s than D-galactose, demonstrating that binding affinity is significantly influenced by the functional group at C-1 and its orientation. Taken together, the observations confirm and extend the current binding site model [Venkatesan, P., and Kaback, H. R. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 9802-9807] and indicate that specificity toward galactopyranosides is governed by H-bonding interactions at C-2, C-3, C-4, and C-6 OH groups, while binding affinity can be increased dramatically by hydrophobic interactions with the nongalactosyl moiety.
The glutamine synthetase of Prevotella bryantii B14 is a family III enzyme (GlnN) and glutamine supports growth of mutants lacking glutamate dehydrogenase activity

Abstract Prevotella spp. are believed to play a central role in ruminal nitrogen metabolism, but little is understood about the genetics and biochemistry of nitrogen assimilation and regulation in these bacteria. The gene encoding a family III glutamine synthetase (GSIII, glnN ) in Prevotella bryantii B 1 4 was cloned by Escherichia coli mutant complementation, and enzyme assays as well as Northern blot analysis showed that maximal enzyme activity and glnN transcription occurred in cells grown under nitrogen-limiting conditions. Addition of methionine sulfoximine (MSX), a GS inhibitor, terminated bacterial growth when ammonium was provided as the sole nitrogen source, but the inhibitory effect could be overcome by the inclusion of either L -glutamine or trypticase in the growth medium. A P. bryantii mutant lacking glutamate dehydrogenase (GdhA) activity was isolated by ethylmethylsulfonate mutagenesis. Growth studies with different nitrogen sources showed that the mutant strain was still capable of growth with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source, albeit at a decreased growth rate. The mutant strain could also grow with L -glutamine as a nitrogen source in the presence of MSX. These data suggest that GlnN provides an effective route of ammonium assimilation for P. bryantii, in addition to that afforded by the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway.
The combined influence of sub-optimal temperature and salinity on the in vitro viability of Perkinsus marinus, a protistan parasite of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica.

Perkinsus marinus is a major cause of mortality in eastern oysters along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. It is also well documented that temperature and salinity are the primary environmental factors affecting P. marinus viability and proliferation. However, little is known about the effects of combined sub-optimal temperatures and salinities on P. marinus viability. This in vitro study examined those effects by acclimating P. marinus at three salinities (7, 15, 25 ppt) to 10 °C to represent the lowest temperatures generally reached in the Gulf of Mexico, and to 2 °C to represent the lowest temperatures reached along the mid-Atlantic coasts and by measuring changes in cell viability and density on days 1, 30, 60 and 90 following acclimation. Cell viability and density were also measured in 7 ppt cultures acclimated to each temperature and then transferred to 3.5 ppt. The largest decreases in cell viability occurred only with combined low temperature and salinity, indicating that there is clearly a synergistic effect. The largest decreases in cell viability occurred only with both low temperature and salinity after 30 days (3.5 ppt, 2 °C: 0% viability), 60 days (3.5 ppt, 10 °C: 0% viability) and 90 days (7 ppt, 2 °C: 0.6 ± 0.7%; 7 ppt, 10 °C: 0.2 ± 0.2%).
Phosphodiester amidates of unsaturated nucleoside analogues: synthesis and anti-HIV activity.

The effect of introduction of a lipophilic phosphodiester amidate moiety on the HIV activity of inactive unsaturated nucleoside analogues was investigated. Phosphodiester alaninates 5a, 5b, and 6 derived from unsaturated nucleoside analogues 3b, 3c, and 4a were synthesized and investigated as inhibitors of cytopathic effect and replication of HIV-1 in ATH-8 cells. Compound 5a is an inhibitor of HIV-1 whereas analogue 6 is inactive with cytotoxicity appearing above 10 μM and 5b is both inactive and nontoxic. Alkaline or enzymic hydrolysis of 5a gave phosphomonoester alaninate 14, a putative product of intracellular metabolism. Compound 14 as well as adenallene derivative 15c were devoid of anti-HIV activity, and they also failed to inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase. A new regioselective method for preparation of (Z)-4-(benzoyloxy)-1-hydroxy-2-butene, 7, a key intermediate for the synthesis of unsaturated nucleoside analogues of cis configuration such as 3a, 3b, and 3c, is also described.
Two turntables and a microphone: Turntablism, ritual and implicit religion

Within the limited body of research investigating hip hop culture and religion, articles that focus on the religious dimensions of rap music and rap lyrics have predominated the literature, much to the detriment of exploring the religious dimensions of other practices, such as dancing, graffiti writing and turntablism. This article aims to lay groundwork for the discussion of the religious dimensions of DJ battles and turntablism. First, I discuss battling in hip hop as a form of ritual practice. Next, the characteristics of battling as expressed in turntablism and DJ battles are outlined. By examining two battle events from turntablism as examples, I posit that battle events should be viewed as implicitly religious. Lastly, I examine the religious dimensions of turntablism using the theoretical constructs of implicit religion and complex subjectivity as frameworks of analysis. In fact, as battle events transpire, they can potentially take on an emergent religious significance for their participants.
A Preferential Binding Site for Insulin-Like Growth Factor II in Human andRat Placental Membranes

We have compared the binding of insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) by partially purified human and rat placental membranes. When [125I]IGF-I wasbound by human placental membranes, IGF-I was more effective than IGF-II in displacing the tracer. Scatchard analysis of the binding of IGF-I provided evidence of a high affinity, low capacity binding system and a second lower affinity binding system. When [125I]IGF-II was bound by human placental membranes, it was displaced much more readily by IGF-II than by IGF-I. Scatchard analysis of the binding of IGF-II indicated that the high affinity component of binding was reduced, and most of the binding of IGF-II was due to the lower affinity and higher capacity system. In comparison to human placenta, rat placental membranes bound [125I]IGF-I relatively weakly, the IGF-II was more effective than IGF-I and rat somatomedin in displacing this label. In contrast, the binding of [125I]IGF-II by rat placental membranes was greater than that of [125I]IG...
The marginal high school student: defining the problem and searching for policy☆

Abstract The central issue explored in this paper concerns those principles and objectives that should guide the formulation of policy aimed at the marginal high school student. Recent efforts to make these youth more employable through specialized and remedial programs are examined. After the general ineffectiveness of such programs is noted, an analysis is offered which links delinquency and adolescent development theory. The concept of adolescent social development is explored along with the effects of experiential education programs as a context for stimulating this development. Finally, to promote the use of programs which provide for adolescent social development, a policy of modified vouchers is advocated.
On the social stability of coalitional property rights regimes

We present a model of coalitional property rights (CPR) regimes– regimes in which ownership of a good is attributable to coalitions of various sizes. Specifically, for each good, we define a legal structure that specifies the legal coalitions of individuals that share a communal claim to that good. Generally, each legal coalition may use exclusionary rules to allocate its holdings internally. These rules allow eligible subcoalitions to recontract by expropriating some fraction of the legal coalition's endowment. We then ask: what types of CPR regimes are socially stable in the sense of having a nonempty core? We give conditions on the legal structure and the primitives of the economy that achieve social stability in this sense. We emphasize two cases of particular interest.
Response to Letter by Burgon

We appreciate Patrick Burgon for his interest in our article reporting the identification and characterization of cardiac Isl1-interacting protein (CIP) as a novel cardiac protein that regulates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.1 Burgon argued that the name of CIP should be changed to muscle-enriched A-type lamin-interacting protein (MLIP), because they have reported MLIP as a novel lamin A/C-interacting protein.2 Here is our response: 1. As described in our report, we independently cloned the CIP gene from mouse hearts, using a distinct approach >10 years ago. Using a similar approach, we have previously discovered myocardin and demonstrated that myocardin is a cardiac and smooth muscle–specific transcription factor.3 We have reported this gene, CIP, in May 2006, May 2011, and …
An inexpensive rotating connector for chronic intragastric infusion.

Abstract This paper describes the construction of a watertight rotating connector which is made from inexpensive materials. The connector is suitable for long term intragastric infusion in freely moving rats.
Supersymmetric branes with (almost) arbitrary tensions

We present a supersymmetric version of the two-brane Randall-Sundrum scenario, with arbitrary brane tensions ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2},$ subject to the bound $|{T}_{1,2}|l~\sqrt{\ensuremath{-}6{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{5}},$ where ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{5}l0$ is the bulk cosmological constant. Dimensional reduction gives $N=1,$ $D=4$ supergravity, with the cosmological constant ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{4}$ in the range $\frac{1}{2}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{5}l~{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{4}l~0.$ The case with ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{4}=0$ requires ${T}_{1}=\ensuremath{-}{T}_{2}=\sqrt{\ensuremath{-}6{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{5}}.$ This work unifies and generalizes previous approaches to the supersymmetric Randall-Sundrum scenario. It also shows that the Randall-Sundrum fine-tuning is not a consequence of supersymmetry.
Isotopic Studies of Contaminant Transport at the Hanford Site, Washington

Processes of fluid flow and chemical transport through the vadose zone can be characterized through the isotopic systematics of natural soils, minerals, pore fluids, and groundwater. In this contribution, we first review our research using measured isotopic variations, due both to natural and site-related processes, of the elements H, O, N, Sr, and U, to study the interconnection between vadose zone and groundwater contamination at the Hanford Site in south-central Washington State. We follow this brief review with a presentation of new data pertaining to vadose zone and groundwater contamination in the Waste Management Area (WMA) T-TX-TY vicinity. Uranium isotopic data for the C3832 core (WMA TX) indicate the involvement of processed natural U fuel and link the observed U contamination to releases near single-shelled tank TX-104. The data also preclude contamination from an early 1970s TX-107 leak. In the case of the C4104 core (WMA T), the U isotopic data indicate a mixture of processed natural and enriched U fuels consistent with the major leak from T-106 in 1973. Uranium and strontium isotopic data for the cores also provide direct evidence for chemical interaction between high-pH waste fluid and sediment. Isotopic data (δ15N and δ18O) for groundwater nitrate contamination in multidepth samples just to the northeast of WMA T are distinct from that seen in surrounding wells and suggest tank waste (possibly from the 1973 T-106 event) as a source of very high 99Tc concentrations recently observed at the northeast corner of WMA T.
Linking catalyst composition to chirality distributions of as-grown single-walled carbon nanotubes by tuning Ni x Fe 1− x nanoparticles

Chirally pure single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are required for various applications ranging from nanoelectronics to nanomedicine. Although significant efforts have been directed towards separation of SWCNT mixtures, including density-gradient ultracentrifugation , chromatography and electrophoresis, the initial chirality distribution is determined during growth and must be controlled for non-destructive, scalable and economical production. Here, we show that the chirality distribution of as-grown SWCNTs can be altered by varying the composition of Ni(x)Fe(1-x) nanocatalysts. Precise tuning of the nanocatalyst composition at constant size is achieved by a new gas-phase synthesis route based on an atmospheric-pressure microplasma. The link between the composition-dependent crystal structure of the nanocatalysts and the resulting nanotube chirality supports epitaxial models and is a step towards chiral-selective growth of SWCNTs.
Fractional spectral collocation method

We develop an exponentially accurate fractional spectral collocation method for solving steady-state and time-dependent fractional PDEs (FPDEs). We first introduce a new family of interpolants, called fractional Lagrange interpolants, which satisfy the Kronecker delta property at collocation points. We perform such a construction following a spectral theory recently developed in [M. Zayernouri and G. E. Karniadakis, J. Comput. Phys., 47 (2013), pp. 2108--2131] for fractional Sturm--Liouville eigenproblems. Subsequently, we obtain the corresponding fractional differentiation matrices, and we solve a number of linear FODEs in addition to linear and nonlinear FPDEs to investigate the numerical performance of the fractional collocation method. We first examine space-fractional advection-diffusion problem and generalized space-fractional multiterm FODEs. Next, we solve FPDEs, including the time- and space-fractional advection-diffusion equation, time- and space-fractional multiterm FPDEs, and finally the space...
Expression of and Role for Ovarian Cancer G-protein-coupled Receptor 1 (OGR1) during Osteoclastogenesis

Osteoclasts differentiate from hematopoietic mononuclear precursor cells under the control of both colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1, or M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL, or TRANCE, TNFSF11) to carry out bone resorption. Using high density gene microarrays, we followed gene expression changes in long bone RNA when CSF-1 injections were used to restore osteoclast populations in the CSF-1-null toothless (csf1tl/csf1tl) osteopetrotic rat. We found that ovarian cancer G-protein-coupled receptor 1 (OGR1, or GPR68) was strongly up-regulated, rising >6-fold in vivo after 2 days of CSF-1 treatments. OGR1 is a dual membrane receptor for both protons (extracellular pH) and lysolipids. Strong induction of OGR1 mRNA was also observed by microarray, real-time RT-PCR, and immunoblotting when mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells and RAW 264.7 pre-osteoclast-like cells were treated with RANKL to induce osteoclast differentiation. Anti-OGR1 immunofluorescence showed intense labeling of RANKL-treated RAW cells. The time course of OGR1 mRNA expression suggests that OGR1 induction is early but not immediate, peaking 2 days after inducing osteoclast differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. Specific inhibition of OGR1 by anti-OGR1 antibody and by small inhibitory RNA inhibited RANKL-induced differentiation of both mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells and RAW cells in vitro, as evidenced by a decrease in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts. Taken together, these data indicate that OGR1 is expressed early during osteoclastogenesis both in vivo and in vitro and plays a role in osteoclast differentiation.
The impact of judge–defendant communication on mental health court outcomes

Abstract Previous research has shown that mental health courts have been successful in reducing the rates of recidivism among mentally ill offenders. However, none of these studies, to date, have examined exactly what aspects of the courts reduce these rates of recidivism and what makes them successful. The current study utilized a sample of 291 mentally ill criminal offenders participating in a mental health court to examine whether those participants who were addressed by and communicated with the judge had a reduction in recidivism rates and the severity of new charges in comparison to those who did not. The hypotheses regarding greater judge–defendant communication and recidivism were not supported. This suggests that communication in and of itself is not sufficient to reduce recidivism. Future research of a qualitative nature is essential to identify if the frequency, tone, and valence of the communication results in improved outcomes. In addition, these results may indicate a necessity for more stringent training and guidelines for the maintenance of Mental Health Courts. Results of the current study suggested differences between genders, such that females were spoken to by the judge more frequently than were men.
Consumer Interest Litigation: A Case Study of Nader v. Allegheny Airlines

The Nader case highlights the related problems of airline “overbooking” and passenger “no shows,” and raises the question of what public policy should be in this area. The paper analyzes the efficiency and equity aspects of Nader's attempt to eliminate overbooking. It also focuses attention on the interplay of litigation and regulation as instruments of economic policy change.
Chain length dependence of apomyoglobin folding: Structural evolution from misfolded sheets to native helices

Very little is known about how protein structure evolves during the polypeptide chain elongation that accompanies cotranslational protein folding. This in vitro model study is aimed at probing how conformational space evolves for purified N-terminal polypeptides of increasing length. These peptides are derived from the sequence of an all-α-helical single domain protein, Sperm whale apomyoglobin (apoMb). Even at short chain lengths, ordered structure is found. The nature of this structure is strongly chain length dependent. At relatively short lengths, a predominantly non-native β-sheet conformation is present, and self-associated amyloid-like species are generated. As chain length increases, α-helix progressively takes over, and it replaces the β-strand. The observed trends correlate with the specific fraction of solvent-accessible nonpolar surface area present at different chain lengths. The C-terminal portion of the chain plays an important role by promoting a large and cooperative overall increase in h...
Urine levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in children with ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Abstract Objectives To determine if there are measurable quantities of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) in the urine of children with either normal or pathologic conditions of the urinary tract, specifically vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). We also sought to determine if the urine TGF-β level could distinguish between renal obstruction and no obstruction. Methods Preoperative bladder urine from consecutive patients undergoing pyeloplasty (UPJO group; n = 13), ureteral reimplantation (VUR group; n = 11), or circumcision/orchiopexy (control group; n = 19) as well as urine from the renal pelvis of the UPJO group was collected. The urine level of TGF-β1 was measured using a quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Results Urine level of TGF-β1 was detected in each group: control (26.6 ± 6.3 pg/mL), reflux (22.1 ± 9.6), UPJO-pelvic urine (82.4 ± 19.3), UPJO-bladder urine (31.2 ± 8.2). The urine TGF-β1 concentration in pelvic urine in the UPJO group was significantly higher than that in bladder urine in children in the UPJO group (P = 0.03). TGF-β1 concentrations were similar from the bladder of children in all three study groups (P = NS). Conclusions Urine TGF-β1 is detectable in children with normal and pathologic urinary tracts. The level of this urine marker is elevated in the renal pelvis of children with UPJO compared to the level in the bladder of either obstructed or nonobstructed upper urinary tracts.
The crystallization behavior of random copolymers of ethylene

Abstract The crystallization behavior of random ethylene—1-alkene copolymers is reviewed. Major attention is focused on fractions and samples that have well-defined and narrow molecular mass and composition distributions. Emphasis is given to the analysis of thermodynamic properties, the basic elements of phase structure, the purity of the crystalline phase and the supermolecular structure. The molar mass, co-unit content and chemical type are treated as independent variables in the analysis of a large amount of experimental data. As is expected from theoretical considerations, the thermodynamic properties are very sensitive to the sequence distribution of the co-units in the chain. It is found that, except for directly bonded methyl groups, the crystallite structure remains pure, irrespective of the chemical nature of the co-unit. Thermodynamic properties and the major elements of phase structure, with the exception of the interfacial structure, are independent of the nature of the side group for groups larger than methyl. The analyses of a large amount of experimental data makes it clear that the molar mass and co-unit content need to be treated as independent variables.
THE EFFECT OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES ON GOBLET CELL MUCUS RELEASE: A possible new mechanism of gastrointestinal host defense

THE EFFECT OF IMMUNE COMPLEXES ON GOBLET CELL MUCUS RELEASE: A possible new mechanism of gastrointestinal host defense
Attenuation lengths of low-energy electrons in solids derived from the yield of proton-excited Auger electrons: beryllium and aluminum

Values are reported for the absolute yields of $\mathrm{KVV}$ Auger electrons from beryllium and ${L}_{23}\mathrm{VV}$ Auger electrons from aluminum excited by 60- to 220-keV proton bombardment. The measurements were made using semi-infinite evaporated samples, and the results were used to derive effective values of the inelastic attenuation lengths for low-energy Auger electrons in the surface regions of the samples. The attenuation lengths determined using this technique were 6.1 $\mathrm{A}$ for 100-eV electrons in Be and 1.9 $\mathrm{A}$ for 67-eV electrons in Al. These effective attenuation lengths are appropriate for use in Auger-electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Radiative lifetimes and electronic quenching rate constants for single-photon-excited rotational levels of no (A2Σ+, ν′ = 0)

Abstract A narrow-band, frequency-doubled, tunable dye laser has been used to excite fluorescence from the A2Σ+, ν′ = 0 state of NO. Collision-free lifetimes were measured for 21 different K′ levels giving a mean radiative lifetime τ = 217 ± 4 ns. Electronic quenching rate constants of NO (A2Σ+, ν′ = 0) were measured for O2, N2, H2O, CO2 and Ar. No dependence of the quenching-rate constant on the initially excited rotational level was observed.
Excited state distortions and their spectroscopic consequences in transition metal compounds

Abstract Three unusual features in the electronic spectra of transition metal compounds which result from excited state distortions are the subject of this paper. The first feature is a regularly spaced progression in the emission spectrum which does not have a separation between the peaks corresponding to any normal vibrational mode of the molecule. This effect, called the Missing Mode Effect (MIME), is a result of the existence of two or more highly displaced normal modes. The second effect, the large gaps separating the emission and absorption spectra of some metal complexes, is a consequence of displacements in two or more normal modes, one of which is not totally symmetric. Finally, unusual intensity distributions in sequences of vibronic peaks is shown to be a consequence of the mixing of two or more modes in the excited electronc state. A powerful theoretical tool for explaining many of these features, Heller's time-dependent theory of electronic spectroscopy, is applied.
Is Happiness Having What You Want, Wanting What You Have, or Both?:

Rabbi Hyman Schachtel (1954) proposed that "happiness is not having what you want, but wanting what you have" (p. 37). In two studies, we tested Schachtel's maxim by asking participants whether or not they had and the extent to which they wanted each of 52 material items. To quantify how much people wanted what they had, we identified what they had and the extent to which they wanted those things. To quantify how much people had what they wanted, we identified how much they wanted and whether or not they had each item. Both variables accounted for unique variance in happiness. Moreover, the extent to which people wanted what they had partially mediated effects of gratitude and maximization on happiness, and the extent to which they had what they wanted partially mediated the effect of maximization. Results indicate that happiness is both wanting what you have and having what you want.
A die for pelletizing samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis

The preparation of pellets of powdered geological samples is a critical step in X-ray fluorescence analysis. A special die has been designed to produce smooth surfaces on extremely durable pellets and to provide a protective, hard outer ring and backing. The outer ring minimises the deterioration of the edge that has in the past limited the usable life of the pellet. Repetitive preparations have shown reproducibility and homogeneity to be within normal counting statistics.
Small‐cell carcinoma of the ovary in peritoneal fluid

Two cases of small-cell carcinoma of the ovary in the ascitic fluid and peritoneal/pelvic washings of a 30- and 28-yr-old woman, respectively, are presented and discussed. Smear preparations from the ascitic fluid showed loose clusters and single malignant cells with scant cytoplasm and nuclei with smooth to irregular nuclear membranes, granular chromatin, and small nucleoli. In the second case peritoneal/pelvic washing specimens contained clusters and single malignant cells with a moderate amount of cytoplasm and nuclei with smooth nuclear membranes, granular, clumped chromatin, and prominent nucleoli. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of small-cell carcinoma of the ovary. These are the first reported cases of this rare ovarian neoplasm present on fluid cytology. Its differentiation from other small-cell neoplasms on peritoneal fluid cytology from young women is discussed. Diagn Cytopathol 1994; 11:266–270. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
CD8 T cell-initiated blood-brain barrier disruption is independent of neutrophil support

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a common feature of numerous neurologic disorders. A fundamental question in these diseases is the extent inflammatory immune cells contribute to CNS vascular permeability. We have previously shown that CD8 T cells play a critical role in initiating BBB disruption in the peptide-induced fatal syndrome model developed by our laboratory. However, myelomonocytic cells such as neutrophils have also been implicated in promoting CNS vascular permeability and functional deficit in murine models of neuroinflammatory disease. For this reason, we evaluated neutrophil depletion in a murine model of CD8 T cell-initiated BBB disruption by employing traditionally used anti-granulocyte receptor-1 mAb RB6-8C5 and Ly-6G-specific mAb 1A8. We report that CNS-infiltrating antiviral CD8 T cells express high levels of granulocyte receptor-1 protein and are depleted by treatment with RB6-8C5. Mice treated with RB6-8C5, but not 1A8, display: 1) intact BBB tight junction proteins; 2) reduced CNS vascular permeability visible by gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging; and 3) preservation of motor function. These studies demonstrate that traditional methods of neutrophil depletion with RB6-8C5 are broadly immune ablating. Our data also provide evidence that CD8 T cells initiate disruption of BBB tight junction proteins and CNS vascular permeability in the absence of neutrophil support.
Color constancy : surface color from changing illumination

Viewing the lights reflected by a set of three or more surfaces, a trichromatic visual system can recover three color-constant descriptors of reflectance per surface if the color of the surfaces’ illuminant changes. This holds true for a broad range of models that relate photoreceptor, surface, and illuminant spectral properties. Changing illumination, which creates the problem of color constancy, affords its solution.
Civil Service Reform: the Views of the Senior Executive Service1

The creation of the Senior Executive Service as part of the 1978 Civil Service Reform Act is thought to be a major step in making government more effective and efficient. However, for SES to functi...