cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimal utilization and extension of interoffice trunking facilities

Many optimization problems in the communications field are characterized by the fact that they involve large numbers of highly interconnected variables. This has forced communications engineers, planners, and managers to resort to various suboptimization schemes, many of which have been of the empirical or trial-and-error types. This situation has in large part been caused by the lack of adequate mathematical and numerical techniques for analyzing and solving such problems.
Conscious experience and information

Conscious experience, our main source of information, has special properties. Primary among them is privacy, or privileged access by persons to their own conscious states. The consequent theoretical and practical problems for research on both consciousness and information are delineated.
SIMULTANEOUS EXPRESSION OF GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC (GFA) PROTEIN AND NEURON‐SPECIFIC ENOLASE (NSE) BY THE SAME REACTIVE OR NEOPLASTIC ASTROCYTES

In normal cells of the central nervous system (CNS), glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein is demonstrable by immunohistochemistry in fibrillated astrocytes, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in neurons and their processes. However, it has been shown that NSE may also be expressed in reactive astrocytes and in various neoplastic cells of non-neuronal origin, including those of astrocytomas and glioblastomas. In the present study, a double-labelling technique using immunoperoxidase (PAP) and immunofluorescence (FITC) was employed to determine whether GFA protein and NSE could be expressed simultaneously by the same cell. This was found to be the case in some, but not in all reactive astrocytes in the human brain. In glial tumours, many of the neoplastic cells in the glioblastomas and astrocytomas examined demonstrated either GFA protein or NSE, but usually not both. However, occasional neoplastic cells in those gliomas were found to show both proteins. Because of the relatively low sensitivity of the FITC technique, the percentage of cells expressing both proteins could not be determined, but it is clearly possible for a single reactive or neoplastic astrocyte to demonstrate both GFA protein and NSE.
Wave propagation in laminates: A study of the nonhomogenized dynamic method of cells

Abstract The nonhomogenized dynamic method of cells (NHDMOC) method uses a truncated expansion for the particle displacement field; the expansion parameter is the local cell position vector. We derive and numerically solve the NHDMOC equations for the first-, second-, and third-order expansions, appropriate for modeling a plate-impact experiment. All materials are linear elastic. The performance of the NHDMOC is tested at each order for its ability to resolve the shock wave front as it propagates through a homogeneous target. The same performance is again tested for a shock propagating through a bilaminate target. We find for both cases that the displacement field expansion converges rapidly: given the same cell widths, the first-order theory gives only a qualitative description of the propagating stress wave; the second-order theory performs much better; and the third-order theory gives small refinements over the second-order theory. In the third-order theory the stress is nearly always continuous across material boundaries, whereas in first-order, one commonly encounters substantial stress discontinuities. The first-order theory requires a considerable finer computational grid to achieve the same satisfactory representation of the wave profile as the third-order theory. Thus very little computational time is saved by using it. The numerical (unphysical) oscillations inherent in these calculations are largely reduced in the third-order theory, again indicating the rapid convergence of the displacement series.
Simultaneous changes in tissue and serum levels of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone releasing factor after castration in the male rat.

The changes in hypothalamic and peripheral serum levels of LH/FSH releasing factor (RF) and pituitary and serum levels of LH and FSH were examined at systematic intervals from 1–60 days after gonadectomy in the adult male rat. On the basis of our results, it appears that the post-castrational changes in RF and LH can be divided empirically into two phases. Phase I is characterized by an immediate 15-fold rise in serum LH levels of castrates, relative to shams, which is detectable within 24 h after castration. During this phase, which lasted until the seventh post-castrational day, there were no significant differences in pituitary LH content or in serum or hypothalamic RF levels. At about the seventh day, Phase II seemed to begin and was characterized by an abrupt, marked rise in serum LH levels which reached a level 3 times that seen during Phase I by the 14th post-castrational day. Coincident with these increases in LH levels, pituitary LH increased by 3-fold and hypothalamic RF dropped to less than 50%...
Cytoscription: Computer controlled micropositioning of cell adhesion proteins and cells

Methods are described for the computer controlled micropositioning of both mammalian cells and cell adhesion proteins. Cell adhesion proteins can be micropositioned by using cell adhesion proteins instead of ink in an inkjet printer. Cells can be positioned with a computer controlled X-Y translation table and a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS).
Cell-Mediated Immune Response to the Recombinant 57-kDa Heat-Shock Protein of Chlamydia trachomatis in Women with Salpingitis

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 9 of 18 women with laparoscopy-verified salpingitis proliferated in response to recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis 57-kDa heat shock protein (hsp). In contrast, PBMC from 0 of 10 women with cervicitis, 1 of 5 women with recurrent abortions, and 3 (7.1%) of 42 healthy reproductive-age women were responsive to hsp (P < .001). After passage of the hsp through an endotoxin-removing column, PBMC from 6 of 14 additional women with salpingitis were responsive to hsp, while those from 10 controls, including the 3 previously positive women, were negative. PBMC from all patients responsive to the chlamydial hsp were unresponsive to Mycobacterium bovis 65-kDa hsp. PBMC from 6 of the 15 women with a positive hsp-induced lymphocyte response were unresponsive to C. trachomatis elementary bodies. Induction of a cell-mediated immune response to the chlamydial 57-kDa hsp is a common feature of an upper genital tract infection but does not appear to be limited to women with apparent chlamydial infections.
Logic optimization and code generation for embedded control applications

We address software optimization for embedded control systems. The Esterel language is used as the front-end specification; Esterel compiler v6 is used to partition the control circuit and data path; the resulting intermediate representation of the design is a control-data network. This paper emphasizes the optimization of the control circuit portion and the code generation of the logic network. The new control-data network representation has four types of nodes: control, multiplexer, predicate and data expression; the control portion is a multi-valued logic network (MV-network). We use an effective multi-valued logic network optimization package called MVSIS for the control optimization. It includes algebraic methods to perform multi-valued algebraic division, factorization and decomposition and logic simplification methods based on observability don't cares. We have developed methods to evaluate a control-data network based on both an MDD and sum-of-products representation of the multi-valued logic functions. The MDD-based approach uses multi-valued intermediate variables and generates code according to the internal BDD structure. The SOP-based code is proportional to the number of cubes in the logic network. Preliminary results compare the two approaches and the optimization effectiveness.
PARADOXES OF POLICE REFORM : Federalism, Parties, and Civil Society in Argentina's Public Security Crisis

This article focuses on three central impediments to police reform in Ar- gentina, each of which has generated an important, yet distinct, paradox. First, al- though advocates of federalism argue that police reform facilitates innovation, in practice, reform efforts at one level of government in Argentina have been sabotaged by offi cials at other levels of government. Second, although electoral pressures have pushed police reform onto the policy agenda, these same pressures have also ob- structed reform efforts because politicians depend on illicit party-police networks for campaign fi nancing. Third, despite copious evidence of police involvement in criminal acts, Argentina's crime wave has energized conservative civil society groups whose demand for a heavy-handed response to crime has derailed the most promising attempts to restructure the police force.
INFORMAL INFLUENCE IN THE FORMAL ORGANIZATION: PERCEIVED SOURCES OR POWER AMONG WORK UNIT PEERS

The article discusses sources of power among work unit peers in organizations. The study examines power sources in terms of power bases, including reward, expertise, legitimate authority and coerci...
Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants : a role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin

Synthese des mecanismes de photoprotection chez les vegetaux, en reponse a un eclairement energetique; implication des carotenoides, en particulier la zeaxanthine, a la dissipation d'energie, en relation avec le cycle des xanthophylles
Effect of Methyl Ester Content on Heat Degradation of Chelator‐Soluble Carrot Pectin

Chelator-soluble pectin was isolated from carrot under mild conditions and used as a model compound for an investigation of the heat degradation mechanism of pectin in an aqueous environment. Methyl ester content was modified with minimal changes in the polymer size. At pH 6.1 the heated pectin preparation degraded primarily through β-eliminative cleavage of the chain. The higher the methyl ester content the greater the degradation. Evidences also indicated a-small amount of hydrolytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds which was not affected by the presence of the methyl ester content. De-esterification of methyl ester groups proceeded at a faster rate than the eliminative cleavage of the chain; however, under the test conditions, it did not terminate the β-elimination.
Effectiveness of unknown growth factors, antibiotic, and animal fat in turkey poult rations.

ABSTRACT IN MEAT production phases of the poultry industry, it is usually considered essential to adhere to feeding programs which call for a rapid rate of early growth. Feeding formulas are frequently based upon the liberal use of corn and soybean oil meal, and nutritionists are faced with the problem of adequate economical supplementation to produce maximum gains. Scott and Jensen (1952) reported that the turkey requires two unidentified growth factors, the first present in fish meal and meat scraps and the second in casein, brewers yeast, skimmilk, and grass juice. Antibiotic supplementation “spared” the requirement for the second factor. Atkinson et al. (1955) indicated that whey products, brewers yeast and fish solubles contained unidentified factors for turkey growth later in the hatching season, suggesting that a depletion of unknown factors may be required prior to the occurrence of definite responses. Kohler and Graham (1952) observed that maternal reserves regulated the . . .
Comparative analysis of mitogenic and morphogenic effects of HGF and EGF on rat and human hepatocytes maintained in collagen gels

Hepatocytes maintained in collagen gels remain differentiated for prolonged periods of time compared to cells maintained on conventional cultures. Previous studies with other culture systems in which chemical supplements or substratum modifications enhanced hepatocyte differentiation showed that in all of these systems hepatocytes do not respond to mitogens. In this study it is shown that hepatocytes maintained between two layers of collagen gels respond to mitogens HGF (also known as scatter factor (HGF/SF)) and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Cell density did not affect the responsiveness to mitogens as in conventional cultures. In addition both mitogens (HGF more pronounced) induce characteristic morphogenic changes in which hepatocytes form processes and join in formation of cords. Hepatocytes respond to mitogens for up to 6 days in culture at which point they become refractory to further mitogenic stimulation. This occurs despite electron microscopic evidence that these cells are fully viable when they become refractory to mitogenesis. The refractory state is not modified by substitution of one growth factor for the other or by addition of growth factors at different times. Hepatocytes in the refractory state become again responsive to mitogens when the collagen gels are dispersed by collagenase and the cells are replated on conventional substrates. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plaque retention by self-ligating vs elastomeric orthodontic brackets: Quantitative comparison of oral bacteria and detection with adenosine triphosphate-driven bioluminescence

Introduction Enamel decalcification is a common problem in orthodontics. The objectives of this randomized clinical study were to enumerate and compare plaque bacteria surrounding 2 bracket types, self-ligating (SL) vs elastomeric ligating (E), and to determine whether adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven bioluminescence could be used for rapid assessment of bacterial load in plaque. Methods Patients (ages, 11-17 years) were bonded with SL and E brackets in 14 maxillary and 12 mandibular arches by using a split-mouth design. Recall visits were at 1 week and 5 weeks after bonding. Plaque specimens were assayed for oral bacteria and subjected to ATP-driven bioluminescence determinations with a luciferin-based assay. Results In most patients, teeth bonded with SL attachments had fewer bacteria in plaque than did teeth bonded with E brackets. At 1 and 5 weeks after bonding, the means for SL vs E brackets were statistically lower for total bacteria and oral streptococci ( P Conclusions SL appliances promote reduced retention of oral bacteria, and ATP bioluminescence might be a useful tool in the rapid quantification of bacterial load and the assessment of oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment.
Wavenumber transport: scattering of small-scale internal waves by large-scale wavepackets

In this work, we treat the problem of small-scale, small-amplitude, internal waves interacting nonlinearly with a vigorous, large-scale, undulating shear. The amplitude of the background shear can be arbitrarily large, with a general profile, but our analysis requires that the amplitude vary on a length scale longer than the wavelength of the undulations. In order to illustrate the method, we consider the raytheoretic model due to Broutman & Young (1986) of high-frequency oceanic internal waves that trap and detrap in a near-inertial wavepacket as a prototype problem. The near-inertial wavepacket tends to transport the high-frequency test waves from larger to smaller wavenumber, and hence to higher frequency. We identify the essential physical mechanisms of this wavenumber transport, and we quantify it. We also show that, for an initial ensemble of test waves with frequencies between the inertial and buoyancy frequencies and in which the number of test waves per frequency interval is proportional to the inverse square of the frequency, a single nonlinear wave-wave interaction fundamentally alters this initial distribution. After the interaction, the slope on a log-log plot is nearly flat, whereas initially it was -2. Our analysis captures this change in slope. The main techniques employed are classical adiabatic invariance theory and adiabatic separatrix crossing theory.
Big Punches Come in Nanosizes for Chemoprevention

Literature to support the chemopreventive potential of several bioactive molecules has been prolific and convincing, but the clinical development of these agents has been slow. Major hurdles for development of bioactive chemoprevention approaches include low potency, lack of reliable formulations with high bioavailability that are suitable for oral administration, and relevant preclinical primary prevention models that use meaningful doses that can be translated to humans. The paper presented in this issue (Grandhi and colleagues) is an important step forward in this direction. It shows the efficacy of an oral, low dose, solid-lipid nanoparticles encapsulated curcumin and aspirin combined with free sulforaphane for long-term chemoprevention of pancreatic cancer in a carcinogen-induced hamster model. Reproducing this benefit in multiple cancer models, accompanied by development of intermediate markers of response will allow rapid translation of these findings. It will constitute the first successful multipronged attack at key pathways known to initiate and promote carcinogenesis.
The Kinematic Structure of a Hurricane with Sea Level Pressure Less Than 900 mb

Abstract A National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration aircraft recorded the first Doppler radar data in a tropical cyclone with a minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) 50 m s−1 extended to 12 km, higher than has been reported in previous hurricanes. The inner eyewall contained weak ...
Microvascular reactivity of the myopathic Syrian hamster cremaster muscle

The myopathic Syrian hamster is a genetic model of congestive heart failure that exhibits focal myocytolytic necrosis in both heart and skeletal muscle. Previous investigations of microvascular morphology in heart and skeletal muscle have shown severe arteriolar constrictions without fixed anatomical vessel lesions. This study tested the hypothesis that these constrictions indicate a hyperreactivity of the myopathic microvasculature in vivo and that the reactivity corresponds to the developmental course of myocyte pathology. The microcirculation of the cremaster muscle was studied in eight myopathic and six control hamsters in the active stage of necrosis (39-81 days of age) and five myopathic and six control hamsters in the later stage of muscle healing (150-213 days of age). The internal diameter of second order arterioles was measured during topically applied noradrenaline. The myopathic arterioles of the younger group constricted at significantly lower concentrations of noradrenaline (p<0.01) and constricted to 35-50% of their resting internal diameter over a narrower range of noradrenaline (p<0.01). This indicated both a reduced threshold to noradrenaline and an enhanced response to the agonist. Active myocytolytic necrosis was found in the contralateral cremaster muscle of each myopathic hamster. The older myopathic and control hamsters showed no significant differences in arteriolar responsiveness to applied noradrenaline and no active necrosis. These results indicate a relation between a hyperreactive microvasculature and active necrosis and a normal reacting microvasculature and diminished necrosis in the two phases of the disease. Thus a general correspondence between vascular responsiveness and myocyte pathology exists in this model of heart failure and muscular dystrophy.
Behavioral responses to jamming and 'phantom' jamming stimuli in the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia

The jamming avoidance response (JAR) of the weakly electric fish Eigenmannia is characterized by up- ward or downward shifts in electric organ discharge (EOD) frequency that are elicited by particular combinations of sinusoidal amplitude modulation (AM) and differential phase modulation (DPM). However, non-jamming stimuli that consist of AM and/or DPM can elicit similar shifts in EOD frequency. We tested the hypothesis that these behavioral responses result from non-jamming stimuli being misperceived as jamming stimuli. Responses to non- jamming stimuli were similar to JARs as measured by modulation rate tuning, sensitivity, and temporal dynamics. There was a smooth transition between the magnitude of JARs and responses to stimuli with variable depths of AM or DPM, suggesting that frequency shifts in response to jamming and non-jamming stimuli represent different points along a continuum rather than categorically distinct behaviors. We also tested the hypothesis that non-jamming stimuli can elicit frequency shifts in natural contexts. Frequency decreases could be elicited by semi-natural AM stimuli, such as random AM, AM presented to a localized portion of the body surface, transient changes in amplitude, and movement of resistive objects through the electric field. We conclude that 'phantom' jamming stimuli can induce EOD frequency shifts in natural situations.
The orthopedic literature 2010.

In 1960, Neer [1] published his experience with 2235 patients with clavicle fractures. In this series, the nonunion rate associated with medical treatment was 0.13%, compared with 4.6% among the 45 patients who underwent surgery. Based on that report, medical students have been taught that most fractures should be treated nonoperatively. More recent articles that were included in our 2009 edition of orthopedic summaries [2] presented evidence that nonoperative treatment in adults results in higher rates of malunion, nonunion, chronic pain, and disability than operative repair [3-5]. The cohort of Neer included a large number of children and adolescents, who typically heal well without sequelae. The article by Vander Have et al highlights that younger children are different from adolescents, in that children have more effective “remodeling with continued growth.” Adolescents nearing maturity may benefit from surgical repair. Clavicle fractures account for approximately 15% of the fractures sustained by adolescents [6]. The majority are displaced midshaft fractures that are traditionally treated conservatively with a figure-of-eight brace or arm sling. Although there is general agreement that nondisplaced fractures should be treated nonoperatively, there is considerable debate about how to treat displaced fractures. The approach in adolescents is further complicated by the fact that they are often grouped with younger children, confounding outcome analysis. Vander Have et al followed up adolescents (ages 12-18 years) who were admitted to their trauma center between 2000 and 2008. They excluded patients with pathologic fractures, open fractures, and fractures associated with a neurovascular injury with objective neurologic deficits on physical examination and those who had a medical contraindication to surgery or anesthesia. Patients were offered surgical correction if their fracture was displaced more than 2 cm compared with the uninjured side within the first 3 weeks after injury. The primary outcomes were rates of delayed union (no fracture union at 16 weeks), nonunion (no fracture union at 24 weeks), malunion, and complications. Malunion was defined as loss of anatomical alignment or asymmetry of the shoulder compared
Instability of Sunspot Equilibria in Real Business Cycle Models Under Adaptive Learning

We examine the stability of equilibrium in sunspot-driven real business cycle (RBC) models under adaptive learning. We show that the general reduced form of this class of models can admit rational expectations equilibria that are both indeterminate and stable under adaptive learning. Indeterminacy of equilibrium allows for the possibility that non-fundamental “sunspot” variable realizations can serve as the main driving force of the model, and several researchers have put forward calibrated structural models where sunspot shocks play such a role. We show analytically how the structural restrictions that researchers have imposed on this type of model lead to reduced form systems where equilibrium is indeterminate but always unstable under adaptive learning. We thereby resolve a “stability puzzle” identified by Evans and McGough (2002).
The expression of CD44v6 in colon: from normal to malignant

CD44v6, an integral transmembrane protein belonging to a family of adhesion molecule receptors, plays an important role in tumor growth, progression and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the expression of CD44v6 in normal, hyperplastic, adenomatous, and malignant colonic epithelium and to determine its correlation with tumor pathologic stage and lymph node metastasis. We examined the immunohistochemical expression of CD44v6 in normal colonic tissue (n = 25), hyperplastic polyps (n = 45), tubular adenomas (n = 57), tubulovillous adenomas (n = 25), villous adenomas (n = 9), adenocarcinomas stage I (n = 26), adenocarcinomas stage III (n = 26), and lymph node metastasis (n = 26). The percentage of positive cells and the staining intensity were assessed and scored. Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression and McNemar test. All normal colonic tissue and hyperplastic polyps showed CD44v6 staining confined to the base of the crypt. In tubular adenomas, the dysplastic surface adenomatous epithelium expressed CD44v6 in 49 (86%) cases. CD44v6 was expressed in the glandular areas of tubulovillous adenomas in 21 (84%) cases and in the villous portion in 18 (72%) cases. All villous adenomas expressed CD44v6. CD44v6 was expressed in 23 (88%) cases of stage I adenocarcinomas, in 24 (92%) cases of stage III adenocarcinomas, and in 9 (35%) cases of metastatic adenocarcinomas. We concluded that the gain of CD44v6 expression in premalignant and malignant colonic lesions suggests that CD44v6 may be functionally involved in the adenoma-to-carcinoma progression. CD44v6 did not correlate to tumor pathologic stage and is lost during the acquisition of migratory function by metastatic tumor cells.
Woodchip Denitrification Bioreactors: Impact of Temperature and Hydraulic Retention Time on Nitrate Removal

Woodchip denitrification bioreactors, a relatively new technology for edge-of-field treatment of subsurface agricultural drainage water, have shown potential for nitrate removal. However, few studies have evaluated the performance of these reactors under varied controlled conditions including initial woodchip age and a range of hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and temperatures similar to the field. This study investigated (i) the release of total organic C (TOC) during reactor start up for fresh and weathered woodchips, (ii) nitrate (NO-N) removal at HRTs ranging from 2 to 24 h, (iii) nitrate removal at influent NO-N concentrations of 10, 30, and 50 mg L, and (iv) NO-N removal at 10, 15, and 20°C. Greater TOC was released during bioreactor operation with fresh woodchips, whereas organic C release was low when the columns were packed with naturally weathered woodchips. Nitrate-N concentration reductions increased from 8 to 55% as HRT increased. Nitrate removal on a mass basis (g NO-N m d) did not follow the same trend, with relatively consistent mass removal measured as HRT increased from 1.7 to 21.2 h. Comparison of mean NO-N load reduction for various influent NO-N concentrations showed lower reduction at an influent concentration of 10 mg L and higher NO-N reductions at influent concentrations of 30 and 50 mg L. Nitrate-N removal showed a stepped increase with temperature. Temperature coefficient () factors calculated from NO-N removal rates ranged from 2.2 to 2.9.
Experimental Exploration of Symmetry Breaking in Plasmonic Meta-Surfaces Exhibiting Double-Continuum Fano Resonances

Fano resonant metamaterials (FRAMM) with varying degree of symmetry breaking were designed, tested, and simulated. Field enhancement of different FRAMM designs were simulated. This will help design FRAMMs suitable for a specific requirement.
Process Performance Measures

This note defines a variety of performance measures that are useful in process analysis. It explains the meaning and usefulness of these concepts through a list of definitions followed by examples. This note should be taught with "H. R. Anna Company" (UVA-OM-0834).
'Preface to' Globalization and International Trade Policies

This book brings together a collection of papers that Robert M Stern and his co-authors have written in recent years. The collection addresses a variety of issues pertinent to the global trading system. One group of papers deals with globalization in terms of what the public needs to know about this phenomenon and the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO), whether some countries may be hurt by globalization, how global market integration relates to national sovereignty, and how and whether considerations of fairness are and should be dealt with in the global trading system and WTO negotiations. A second group of papers consists of analytical and computational modeling studies of multilateral, regional, and bilateral trading arrangements and negotiations from a global and national perspective for the United States and other major trading countries. The remaining papers include an empirical analysis of barriers to international services transactions and the consequences of liberalization, and issues of international trade and labor standards.
Dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy of stimulant designer drugs with PET: Relevance to abuse liability and drug scheduling

1757 Objectives Over the past 4 years, an array of novel designer drugs has emerged, which display high abuse liability and, in some cases, life-threatening toxicological effects.The majority of these drugs are phenethylamine or cathinone-like psychostimulants (e.g. mephedrone, methylone, methylendioxypyrovalerone, naphyrone), that function as potent inhibitors of, or substrates for the DAT.The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is increasingly relying on receptor potencies/mechanisms to restrict the legal status and distribution of designer drug analogs. We propose that in vivo DAT occupancy in living brain more accurately predicts abuse liability than in vitro potencies. Methods DAT occupancies of compounds with high affinity in vitro (0.9 nM - 12.8 nM) were monitored by PET, using 11C CFT. DAT binding potential (BP) was measured in monkeys to obtain baseline DAT levels. The test compound (>1 mg/kg) was administered I.V and PET with a second injection performed 1 hr later. The behavioral effects of several of these compounds was measured in rodents, using locomotor stimulant and drug discrimination paradigms. Results A number of compounds that displayed high DAT affinity in vitro significantly displaced 11C CFT at the DAT in primate brain. They also engendered locomotor stimulant effects and generalized to the cocaine discriminative stimulus cue in vivo. Even though they potently blocked the DAT in vitro, several compounds occupied few or no DAT sites in living brain, indicative of reduced or no abuse liability. Conclusions Certain compounds that display potent DAT inhibition in vitro fail to occupy a significant proportion of DAT sites in vivo. These compounds may undergo peripheral metabolism and/or storage in lipid tissues, without the capacity to penetrate the brain, and produce psychostimulant effects. The stimulant, drug discrimination and abuse liability effects of DAT inhibitors are effectively predicted by measuring DAT occupancy in living brain.
Attentional bias to smoking and other motivationally relevant cues is affected by nicotine exposure and dose expectancy

We investigated the effects of acute nicotine dose and expected dose on attentional bias (AB) to smoking and affective cues in overnight nicotine-deprived smokers (n=51; 24 women) using a balanced placebo design, which counterbalanced given nicotine dose (Given-NIC vs. Given-DENIC) with instructed nicotine dose expectancy (Told-NIC vs. Told-DENIC). Before and after smoking a study cigarette, smokers completed a vigilance task where they pressed buttons to every third consecutive even or odd digit, while ignoring intermittent smoking, pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral picture distracters. We examined the early posterior negativity (EPN) and late positive potential (LPP) components of the event-related potentials (ERPs) to the distracters, reaction time (RT) to the target digits, and ratings of the study cigarettes. The EPN was sensitive to both given and instructed nicotine dose, while the instructed dose moderated the impact of given dose for the LPP. The RT metrics were sensitive to given but not to instructed dose. The effects of given dose on ratings following cigarette smoking (e.g. enjoyment) were moderated by the instructed dose. The ERP findings suggest that the anticipated effects of nicotine improve attention much like receiving actual nicotine.
Monitor of ecological response along lower reaches of Tarim River based on remote sensing

The paper is focus on analyzing and summarizing the achievements of the ecological environment of lower reaches of Tarim River after emergent water-transportation.On the basis of application of space information technology,the situation of the ecology and environment of lower reaches of Tarim River during three years(Jul.2000,Jul.2002,Jul.2004) has been analyzed by using NDVI based on CEBERS-1.Firstly,to the CEBERS-1 CCD raw image of three years,the work of geometrical correction,image match,mosaic and clip has been done by using ERDAS;Secondly,Akdong,Yahefumahan,Yingsu,Abudale,Kardayi, Alagan,Tugemailai,Yiganbujima in study area have been selected as the sample points,and field survey has been carried out at sample points.On the basis of NDVI distribute range and field survey results of study area,classification criterion of NDVI in study area has been established by using the way to classify NDVI which has been done by EROS;Thirdly,NDVI of three years has been got from CEBERS-1 CCD image according to classification criterion of NDVI in study area,and the areas of different grade NDVI has been calculated;Fourthly,area change matrix of different grade NDVI regions of three years have been calculated, and area change matrix has been analyzed on the basis of emergent water-transportation of lower reaches of Tarim River.Results show that the areas of good situation,better situation and general situation of vegetations have been increased,and the change areas are 906.39 km2,593.67 km2,384.13 km2 respectively,the areas of worse and worst situation of vegetation have been decreased,and the change areas are 192.54 km2,348.03 km2 respectively.Results from this paper show that vegetation situation of lower reaches of Tarim River has been improved in some degree during 2000-2004,and remote sensing can provide quantitative index for study of ecological environment change in lower reaches of Tarim River after emergent water-transportation,with the aim to provide scientific basis for renew of ecology and environment in Tarim River area.
Grapes and Gastrointestinal Health: Implications with Intestinal and Systemic Diseases

The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, or antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables are well documented. Phytoactive compounds and their metabolites have typically been monitored in blood or non-intestinal tissues of animals or human subjects consuming whole foods, extracts, or individual phytochemicals or examined after phytochemical treatment of cells in culture. Much less is known about the influence of polyphenols, in particular those found in grapes (e.g., anthocyanins), on intestinal health and how these polyphenols indirectly influence systemic metabolism. Notably, polyphenols may influence nutrient digestion and absorption, and gut microbiota taxa and their fermentation products, in part, because they are poorly absorbed in the upper gut and thus persist in the colon. Here, they come in direct contact with microbes, influencing microbial growth and metabolism, as well as undergoing enzymatic modification based on the available microbes. Whereas a great deal is known about the fermentation of fiber, there are gaps in the literature concerning how polyphenols influence microbial metabolism and vice versa. Therefore, this paper will focus on studies examining the influence of polyphenols in general and grape polyphenols in particular, on intestinal health, and subsequent metabolic consequences.
Cognitive Strategies in the Discrimination Learning of Young Children

Research on children’s discrimination learning during the past 10 to 15 years has brought about some major changes in our theoretical conceptualizations about the way children solve such tasks. The role of mediating processes in children’s learning has been prominent in theoretical viewpoints since the early work of Kuenne (1946). Research during the 1950s on the hypothesis of acquired distinctiveness of cues (see Cantor, 1965; Spiker, 1956, 1963, for reviews) represented an attempt to identify and describe the mediating mechanisms. The Kendler and Kendler (1962) theory of representational mediation was a recognition that the discrimination learning and concept identification of older children, at least, was strongly influenced by the development of dimension-specific mediating processes. The attentional theory of Zeaman and House (1963) also placed between the complex physical stimulus and the overt instrumental response an observing response on the part of the subject, whether infrahuman, human adult, or child, that determined which of the existing stimulus dimensions would become effective. Dimension-specific responding was also a feature of a modification of Spence’s (1936) theory of discrimination learning that the present writers began to develop about 10 years ago (Spiker, 1970, 1971; Spiker & Cantor, 1973).
EOG Based Interface to Command a Powered Orthosis for Lower Limbs

Users of powered or thoses for lower limbs, use Human Machine Interface (HMI) to trigger these devices. This work, presents a HMI based on Electrooculography (EOG) to command a powered orthosis for lower limbs, through the eye movements. This interface, is responsible by generation of high-level commands like: walking, stop, sit down, stand up, up and down stairs. By using this HMI, the user's hand will always be free to perform other tasks. Preliminary results, showed that, it was possible to command a powered hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis through eyes movements.
Double-stage nematic bond ordering above double stripe magnetism: Application to BaTi 2 Sb 2 O

Spin-driven nematicity, or the breaking of the point-group symmetry of the lattice without long-range magnetic order, is clearly quite important in iron-based superconductors. From a symmetry point of view, nematic order can be described as a coherent locking of spin fluctuations in two interpenetrating N\'eel sublattices with ensuing nearest-neighbor bond order and an absence of static magnetism. Here, we argue that the low-temperature state of the recently discovered superconductor ${\mathrm{BaTi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ is a strong candidate for a more exotic form of spin-driven nematic order, in which fluctuations occurring in four N\'eel sublattices promote both nearest- and next-nearest-neighbor bond order. We develop a low-energy field theory of this state and show that it can have, as a function of temperature, up to two separate bond-order phase transitions, namely, one that breaks rotation symmetry and one that breaks reflection and translation symmetries of the lattice. The resulting state has an orthorhombic lattice distortion, an intra-unit-cell charge density wave, and no long-range magnetic order, all consistent with reported measurements of the low-temperature phase of ${\mathrm{BaTi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$. We then use density functional theory calculations to extract exchange parameters to confirm that the model is applicable to ${\mathrm{BaTi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$.
Characterizing light attenuation within Northwest Florida Estuaries: Implications for RESTORE Act water quality monitoring

Water Quality (WQ) condition is based on ecosystem stressor indicators (e.g. water clarity) which are biogeochemically important and critical when considering the Deepwater Horizon oil spill restoration efforts under the 2012 RESTORE Act. Nearly all of the proposed RESTORE projects list restoring WC as a goal, but 90% neglect water clarity. Here, dynamics of optical constituents impacting clarity are presented from a 2009-2011 study within Pensacola, Choctawhatchee, St. Andrew and St. Joseph estuaries (targeted RESTORE sites) in Northwest Florida. Phytoplankton were the smallest contribution to total absorption (at-wPAR) at 412nm (5-11%), whereas colored dissolved organic matter was the largest (61-79%). Estuarine at-wPAR was significantly related to light attenuation (KdPAR), where individual contributors to clarity and the influence of climatic events were discerned. Provided are conversion equations demonstrating interoperability of clarity indicators between traditional State-measured WQ measures (e.g. secchi disc), optical constituents, and even satellite remote sensing for obtaining baseline assessments.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia: Clinical Management

The management of the infant with BPD is aimed at maintaining adequate gas exchange while at the same time limiting the progression of the lung damage. The challenge is that the supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation needed to maintain gas exchange are some of the key factors implicated in the pathogenesis of the lung damage (Chap. 79).
High-k Polymerized Dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane Films Deposited by Radio Frequency Pulsed Plasma for Gate Dielectrics in Polymer Field Effect Transistors

Polymerized dichlorotetramethyldisiloxane (DCTMDS) films deposited by radio frequency pulsed plasma polymerization (PPP) demonstrated very high dielectric constants for an organic-based system, in the range of 7 to 10. The high dielectric constants of PPP DCTMDS films are due to the high polarizability of the DCTMDS monomer. The pulsed plasma duty cycle (ON/OFF) resulted in higher dielectric constant DCTMDS films for higher duty cycles. The variation of dielectric constants does not show any trend with varying film thicknesses, indicating that the thickness of the deposited films is not significant for controlling permittivity. Post-deposition annealing in a certain temperature range improves the electrical integrity of PPP DCTMDS films, but temperatures that are too high induce even higher leakage than the samples with no heat treatment. An optimal annealing temperature was identified to be in the range of 150 °C to 200 °C. Samples annealed within this temperature window have low leakage current densities below 0.1 pA/νm2 at 10 V for film thicknesses about 100 nm. The PPP DCTMDS films are resistant to typical chemical solvents, and have withstood conventional photolithographic processing with no observable film shrinkage, warping or peeling. Film adhesion was excellent and withstood the scotch tape test.
Alternative Metrics ("Altmetrics") for Assessing Article Impact in Popular General Radiology Journals.

Rationale and Objectives Emerging alternative metrics leverage social media and other online platforms to provide immediate measures of biomedical articles' reach among diverse public audiences. We aimed to compare traditional citation and alternative impact metrics for articles in popular general radiology journals. Materials and Methods All 892 original investigations published in 2013 issues of Academic Radiology, American Journal of Roentgenology, Journal of the American College of Radiology, and Radiology were included. Each article's content was classified as imaging vs nonimaging. Traditional journal citations to articles were obtained from Web of Science. Each article's Altmetric Attention Score (Altmetric), representing weighted mentions across a variety of online platforms, was obtained from Altmetric.com. Statistical assessment included the McNemar test, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Pearson correlation. Results Mean and median traditional citation counts were 10.7 ± 15.4 and 5 vs 3.3 ± 13.3 and 0 for Altmetric. Among all articles, 96.4% had ≥1 traditional citation vs 41.8% for Altmetric (P < 0.001). Online platforms for which at least 5% of the articles were represented included Mendeley (42.8%), Twitter (34.2%), Facebook (10.7%), and news outlets (8.4%). Citations and Altmetric were weakly correlated (r = 0.20), with only a 25.0% overlap in terms of articles within their top 10th percentiles. Traditional citations were higher for articles with imaging vs nonimaging content (11.5 ± 16.2 vs 6.9 ± 9.8, P < 0.001), but Altmetric scores were higher in articles with nonimaging content (5.1 ± 11.1 vs 2.8 ± 13.7, P = 0.006). Conclusions Although overall online attention to radiology journal content was low, alternative metrics exhibited unique trends, particularly for nonclinical articles, and may provide a complementary measure of radiology research impact compared to traditional citation counts.
The Family Farm

S THE Corn Belt family farm unit becoming obsolete? In industry and trade the small individual business unit comparable to the family farm is having great difficulty in maintaining itself, if it has not already disappeared. Farmer comment and observation suggest the possibility that the family farm unit is also in trouble. Is the family farm worth preserving? Judging by the evident preference of farmers and farm neighborhoods, and the great contri-
Time-Resolved Kinetic Chirped-Pulse Rotational Spectroscopy in a Room-Temperature Flow Reactor

Chirped-pulse Fourier transform millimeter-wave spectroscopy is a potentially powerful tool for studying chemical reaction dynamics and kinetics. Branching ratios of multiple reaction products and intermediates can be measured with unprecedented chemical specificity; molecular isomers, conformers, and vibrational states have distinct rotational spectra. Here we demonstrate chirped-pulse spectroscopy of vinyl cyanide photoproducts in a flow tube reactor at ambient temperature of 295 K and pressures of 1–10 μbar. This in situ and time-resolved experiment illustrates the utility of this novel approach to investigating chemical reaction dynamics and kinetics. Following 193 nm photodissociation of CH2CHCN, we observe rotational relaxation of energized HCN, HNC, and HCCCN photoproducts with 10 μs time resolution and sample the vibrational population distribution of HCCCN. The experimental branching ratio HCN/HCCCN is compared with a model based on RRKM theory using high-level ab initio calculations, which were ...
Cross-talk between renal lithogenesis and atherosclerosis: an unveiled link between kidney stone formation and cardiovascular diseases

The prevalence of kidney stones and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing throughout the world. Both diseases are chronic and characterized by accumulation of oxidized proteins and lipids in the renal tissue and arterial wall, respectively. Emerging studies have revealed a positive association between nephrolithiasis and CVDs. Based on preclinical and clinical evidences, this review discusses: (i) stone forming risk factors, crystal nucleation, aggregation, injury-induced crystal retention, and stone formation, (ii) CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, perturbation of gut microbiome, obesity, free radical-induced lipoprotein oxidation, and retention in the arterial wall, subsequent foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis, (iii) mechanism by which stone forming risk factors such as oxalate, calcium, uric acid, and infection contribute toward CVDs, and (iv) how CVD risk factors, such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and uric acid, contribute to kidney stone formation are described.