cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foundations of Fluency: An Exploration

This study examined young children's growth, over time, in phonics knowledge, word-recognition, and fluent oral reading. Correlations and causal relationships among these variables were explored in an attempt to identify the foundational knowledge and skills needed for reading fluency. Measures of phonics knowledge, word-recognition development, word-recognition accuracy and speed, and fluency in story reading were obtained from first-grade, second-grade, and third-grade students in February and again in November when they had advanced to a higher grade. Causal relationships were examined and are suggested between two related variables, if a change in one variable measured at one time tends to precede a change in the other variable measured at a later time. Cross-lagged panel analyses were used to test for such a pattern between variables. The findings suggested that phonics knowledge and word recognition are precursors of fluency. The data suggests that students' word recognition has a causal effect on t...
Absence of rippling in graphene under biaxial tensile strain

Recent experiments [C. H. Lui, L. Liu, K. F. Mak, G. W. Flynn, and T. F. Heinz, Nature (London) 462, 339 (2009)] on graphene grown on ultraflat substrates have found no rippling in graphene when subject to temperature cycling. Unsupported/unstrained films of graphene as well as films grown on various substrates on the other hand have been found to show rippling effects. As graphene grown on a substrate is invariably strained, we examine the behavior of the out-of-plane acoustic-phonon mode with biaxial tensile strain. This mode is generally associated with the rippling of graphene. We find that it can be fit to a relation of the form ${w}^{2}=A{k}^{4}+B{k}^{2}$, where $w$ and $k$ are the frequency and wave vector, respectively. The coefficient $A$ is found to show a weak dependence on strain while $B$ is found to increase linearly with strain. The strain-induced hardening explains the absence of rippling in graphene subject to biaxial strain. In addition, we find that graphene when subject to a biaxial tensile strain is found to undergo a structural transition with the mode at K going soft at a strain percentage of 15%.
Magnetic susceptibility of a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum strong magnetic field limit

Abstract It is shown that the peak values of the magnetic susceptibility of a two-dimensional electron gas in the quantum strong magnetic field limit are integral multiples of μ 2 B 2π .
A METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF MYOINOSITOL BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract 1. 1. The formation and subsequent separation of a trimethylsilyl derivative of myoinositol by gas-liquid chromatography was used for the specific, quantitative determination of myoinositol. 2. 2. Conditions for the formation and separation of this derivative are described. 3. 3. The method was used for the estimation of the amount of myoinositol liberated from several microorganisms by two methods of hydrolysis.
A Numerical Procedure to Design the Optimal Axial Balance of Pressure Compensated Gear Machines

This paper presents an innovative numerical procedure to determine the optimal balancing area of lateral bushes in external gear pumps or motors. In pressure compensated designs of external gear machines, the lateral bushes perform the important functions of sealing the tooth space volumes while they transfer fluid from the inlet to the outlet port. In normal operating conditions, a lubricating gap exists between the lateral bush and the gear permitting to minimize losses due to shear stress and leakage. These conditions are found by determining proper balancing areas at the side of the bushes not facing the gears, in which the pressure of the high pressure port is properly established. This problem is also known as “axial balance” of external gear machines.To determine the optimal axial balance which minimizes the power losses associated with the lubricating gap in all operating conditions, all the static and hydrodynamic forces acting on the lateral bushes have to be considered. This delicate aspect of external gear units design is usually addressed through empirical procedures; while in this paper an automatic numerical procedure is presented. The proposed method is based on the solution of the force balance of the lateral bushes, taking into account all force components, including the hydrodynamic terms due to the relative inclination between bushes and gears and material deformation.After detailing the procedure, the paper describes its potentials by showing the advantages arising from the optimization of the axial balance of a particular external gear pump for fluid power applications.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Family Businesses Can Out-Compete: As Long as They Are Willing to Question the Chosen Path

This commentary extends the discussion of whether CEO tenure will lead to strategies that have a longer–term orientation by examining the moderating role of task conflict which may either foster a ...
Development of adaptive liquid microlenses and microlens arrays

We report on the development of sub-millimeter size adaptive liquid microlenses and microlens arrays using two immiscible liquids to form individual lenses. Microlenses and microlens arrays having aperture diameters as small as 50 microns were fabricated on a planar quartz substrate using patterned hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions. Liquid lenses were formed by a self-assembled oil dosing process that created well-defined lenses having a high fill factor. Variable focus was achieved by controlling the lens curvature through electrowetting. Greater than 70° of contact angle change was achieved with less than 20 volts, which results in a large optical power dynamic range.
DIFFERENTIAL FLOW IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS AT BALANCE ENERGIES

A strong differential transverse collective flow is predicted for the first time to occur in heavy-ion collisions at balance energies. We also give a novel explanation for the disappearance of the total transverse collective flow at the balance energies. It is further shown that the differential flow especially at high transverse momenta is a useful microscope capable of resolving the balance energy's dual sensitivity to both the nuclear equation of state and in-medium nucleon-nucleon cross sections in the reaction dynamics.
Prescription medication dependence and neuropsychologic function

The abuse of prescription drugs is an insidious complication among patients with chronic pain. This study examines cognitive intellectual functions in patients with chronic pain who are using prescribed analgesics, sedatives and hypnotics. A comprehensive battery of psychologic tests measuring intelligence, learning, memory, sensory-perceptual integrity, motor skills and general adaptive abilities was administered to 47 subjects. The subjects were patients admitted to a chronic pain management program, and they were divided into drug-dependent, drug-abusing and non-drug-abusing groups according to strictly defined criteria. Findings indicated that the prescribed use of these medications for pain over a prolonged time is detrimental to the cognitive function of such patients and complicates their clinical management.
Hydrogen atom in circularly polarized microwaves:nChaotic ionization via core scattering

The ionization of hydrogen atoms in a circularly polarized (CP) microwave field is studied using classical mechanics and simulations. We first focus on the ionization of circular orbits in a model two-dimensional atom for which there have been previous simulations and studies. It has been suggested that in the ionization of both circular and elliptical states collisions with the nucleus play only a minor role. However, the ionization of circular states, in particular, is known to be strongly dependent on the details of the microwave pulse shape. We explain this observation and show that, in some cases, essentially the entire initial ensemble of atoms is ionized during the rise time of the microwave field. Under these conditions, atoms are switched directly into unbound parts of phase space and promptly scatter to infinity without collisions with the nucleus{emdash}succinctly, the rise time of the pulse is responsible for the vast majority of ionization events. We identify the conditions leading to this situation based on analytical and numerical studies of the behavior of the Jacobi constant K (energy in the rotating frame) during the rise time of the field. A large number of classical simulations are presented not only for initially circular statesmore » but also for states of medium eccentricity. For orbits that survive the pulse rise time these computations support a model of ionization that involves collisions with the core. We argue that the complexity of the ionization of hydrogen atoms in CP microwaves can be ascribed to the fact that orbits of different initial eccentricity in the original ensemble are not only switched to different regions of phase space, but also to different values of the Jacobi constant, during the rise time of the pulse. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Two types of quisqualate receptors are decreased in human olivopontocerebellar atrophy cerebellar cortex

We used receptor autoradiography to study the distribution of ionotropic and metabotropic quisqualate (QA) receptors in normal human cerebellar cortex and cerebellar cortex from 7 cases of olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA). In normal human cerebellar cortex, both types of QA receptors were densest in the molecular layer. Both ionotropic and metabotropic QA receptors were significantly diminished in the molecular layer of OPCA specimens. These results suggest that both ionotropic and metabotropic QA receptors are localized on Purkinje cell dendrites.
Brownian simulation of cytochrome C551 association and electron self-exchange

Abstract In this paper we describe the results of a theoretical study of the dynamics of electron self-exchange in Pseudomanas aeruginosa cytochrome c551 using the Brownian Dynamics computer simulation method. The proteins are treated as spheres with imbedded monopole/dipole charge arrangements based on an electrostatic analysis of the crystallographic coordinate sets. For the first time, the electron transfer event is explicitly coupled to the Brownian association dynamics. The intrinsic electron transfer rate constant is modelled as an exponential function ∼exp(-αr) of distance r between porphyrin edges. Reasonable agreement of this simple theory with kinetic data from NMR line-broadening experiments is obtained. The role of factors such as solvent electrolyte screening effects, protein-protein electrostatic interactions, heme exposure and overall protein size are elucidated. An estimate is made of the electron transfer exponential distance factor α which agrees quite well with various experiments.
Intermolecular Dynamics in Crystalline Iron Octaethylporphyrin (FeOEP)

The new technique of nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) has increased the range and quality of dynamical data from Fe-containing molecules that when combined with Raman and infrared spectroscopies impose stricter constraints on normal mode simulations, especially at lower frequencies. Going beyond the usual single molecule approximation, a classical normal-mode analysis that includes intermolecular coupling and the full crystalline symmetry is found to produce a better fit with fewer free parameters for the heme compound iron octaethylporphyrin (FeOEP), using NRVS data from polycrystalline material. Off-diagonal force constants were completely unnecessary, indicating that their role in previous single molecule fits was just to emulate intermolecular coupling. Sound velocities deduced from the calculated phonon dispersion curves are compared to NRVS measurements to further constrain the intermolecular force constants. The NRVS data by themselves are insufficient to rigorously determine all unknown force constants for molecules of this size, but the improved crystal model fit indicates the necessity of including intermolecular interactions for normal-mode analyses.
Correction to ‘A note on the discrete Lyapunov and Riccati matrix equations’

In Tran and Sawan (1984), we derived a lower bound for the determinant of the discrete algebraic Riccati equation where A, B, P, Q are n x n matrices, Q = Q T > 0 and Rank (B) = n. We assumed that BB T>Q and the matrix A is stable. The purpose of this note is to include an additional assumption about the above equation in order for the result of Theorem 1 given in Tran and Sawan (1984) to be valid. Without the additional assumption, this theorem would be invalid as has been pointed out by Kwon and Youn (1985). The additional assumption is given below with the same notation as in Tran and Sawan (1984).
Relationship Between Religiosity and Conduct Problems Among African American and Caucasian Adolescents

This study investigated the relationship between religiosity and conduct problems in a racially diverse sample of high school aged adolescents (ages 13–19) who attended public schools in a large metropolitan area. The results of the study found racial and gender differences in religiosity: African American adolescents were more likely to attend church, describe themselves as very religious and use Collaborative and Deferring religious coping styles; they were less likely to use Self-Directing religious coping styles when compared to Caucasian adolescents. Females were more likely to be involved in church activities, use a Collaborative religious coping style and tended to be less likely to use a Self-Directing religious coping style when compared to males. The results of multiple regression analyses, after controlling for race, gender, and self-reported religiousness found that Self-Directing and Deferring religious coping styles were risk factors for conduct problems; there was no relationship between Collaborative religious coping and conduct problems. The findings from the study provide additional support for the importance of considering religiosity, race and gender when examining mental health outcomes in adolescents and have implications for the development of mental health interventions for adolescents.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Personality Assessment Inventory

This special issue of the Journal of Personality Assessment brings together 13 new research studies on the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) that should inform users and stimulate future empirical activity with this measure. In 4 articles, authors evaluate the validity scales and indexes of the PAI using both analog and criterion designs and samples from a variety of clinical and forensic settings. In a 5th article, the authors describe a novel approach to profile interpretation using two PAI negative distortion measures. The authors present applications of the PAI to new populations and problems including a German translation of the PAI and profile information for male batterers and victims of head injury. The authors of 2 studies extend research on the validity of the PAI for the assessment of borderline personality disorder. In the final 3 studies, the authors evaluate the validity of PAI measures of violence and aggression to predict subsequent aggressive behavior and institutional misconduct. Finally, the authors offer several suggestions for future research with the PAI.
Effects on growth of chicks and poults of feeding yeast isolated from streptomycin-fed poults.

SummaryA 5- to 10-fold increase was noted in the yeast population of the intestinal contents of turkey poults when they were fed a ration containing streptomycin. When the yeasts were isolated and fed to other poults and chicks there was no consistent increase in growth, although very slight increases were noted in some trials. The growth increase observed with the feeding of antibiotics apparently cannot be simulated by feeding the particular strains of yeast isolated.
Beneficial Metabolic Effect of Nucleoside Augmentation on Reperfusion Injury following Cardioplegic Arrest

Restoration of coronary flow after hyperkalemic cardioplegic arrest (HCA) is associated with a unique metabolic reperfusion injury (RI) manifested by declining nucleotide stores despite their end-ischemic preservation. Prevention of this RI by exogenous provision of adenosine with or without inhibition of adenosine's major catabolic enzyme was assessed in 27 dogs subjected to 60 minutes of HCA. The effect of aortic root infusion of 40 mg/kg of adenosine in addition to adenosine deaminase inhibition by 10 mg/kg of EHNA (group 2) initiated during 60 minutes of reperfusion on myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) stores and coronary blood flow (CBF) were compared to animals having adenosine infusion alone (group 3) or controls (group 1). Although ATP levels were preserved at the end of HCA in all groups, adenosine infusion with or without EHNA prevented the significant 23 percent decline in ATP stores incurred during unmodified reperfusion (p less than 0.01, group 1). The CP stores decreased (p less than 0.05, all groups) during arrest, but were restored to preischemic levels during reperfusion. When measured 60 minutes after aortic unclamping, CBF was 312 percent of preischemic flow in group 3 (p less than 0.01), only 170 percent in group 2 (p less than 0.05), and unchanged in controls (group 1). The data indicate that provision of adenosine as a nucleotide precursor prevents the metabolic RI following HCA. In addition, inhibition of adenosine catabolism is not necessary for this salutary effect, nor is adenosine's efficacy solely mediated by augmentation of CBF.
Influence of prazosin on cardiac reflex function

Abstract Prazosin administration significantly decreased arterial blood pressure without affecting heart rate in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. While pressor and reflex bradycardic responses to angiotensin II were not altered by prazosin, reflex tachycardia produced produced by histamine and acetylcholine were significantly attenuated by prazosin. The failure of prazosin administration to cause an increase in heart rate may be due to the ability of the agent to inhibit reflex tachycardic responses to depressor stimuli, the mechanism of which needs to br further investigated.
Expression of CD4 by human megakaryocytes.

Abstract The CD4 antigen, which serves as the receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on T cells, has been detected on human megakaryocytes. Recent evidence of impaired thrombopoiesis in HIV-1-related thrombocytopenia suggested that these cells could be directly infected by the virus and prompted a search for a receptor on megakaryocytes of normal subjects that could permit entry of HIV-1. Bone marrow specimens from uninfected normal control subjects were centrifuged over Ficoll-Hypaque (1.077 g/ml) and analyzed by three-color analysis with a flow cytometer utilizing monoclonal antibodies against CD4 and a glycoprotein present on the surface of megakaryocytes and platelets (GPIIb/IIIa; CD41), as well as 7-aminoactinomycin D, a stain for DNA. Cells presumed to be megakaryocytes were identified by having a DNA content greater than tetraploid and staining brightly with anti-CD41. Approximately 0.4% of the nucleated cells of the marrow met these criteria. Twenty-five percent of these megakaryocytes stained as brightly as CD4+ T cells. Several clones of antibody recognizing different epitopes of the CD4 molecule gave similar results. Platelets were CD4-. Staining of megakaryocytes with anti-CD4 was confirmed by direct microscopic examination of Percoll-gradient-enriched megakaryocytes employing two-color (CD4-phycoerythrin and CD41-fluorescein) immunofluorescence analysis and phase-contrast microscopy. The proportion of double-labeled cells among 112 phase-contrast-identifiable megakaryocytes from five bone marrow specimens varied between 20% and 26% with a mean and SD of 22% +/- 2.5%. Thus some human megakaryocytes express CD4 on their surface that should be capable of binding the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein. This could serve as a portal of entry for HIV-1.
Low-Level Cloud Features and Airflow of an Oklahoma Hailstorm

Abstract The low-level airflow and thermodynamic features of an Oklahoma hailstorm are explored using single-Doppler radar data and research aircraft measurements. Cloud structures at the base of the hailstorm are matched with the airflow in that part of the thunderstorm. A distinct discontinuity in the thermodynamic properties of the air reveals the existence of an outflow boundary in the form of a weak gust front. The nature of the airflow in the area of the gust front indicates that much of the inflow air is ascending over the gust frontal surface as it enters the storm updrafts.
Normal and Shear Impact of Layered Composite With a Crack: Dynamic Stress Intensification

The dynamic response of a layered composite under normal and shear impact is analyzed by assuming that the composite contains an initial flaw in the matrix material. One of the objectives was to develop an analytical method for determining dynamic stress solutions which should lead to a numerical method which utilizes Fourier transform for the space variable and Laplace transform for the time variable. The time-dependent angle loading is separated into two parts: a symmetric and a skew-symmetric with reference to the crack plane. By superposition, the transient boundary conditions consist of applying normal and shear tractions to a crack embedded in a layered composite; one phase of the composite could represent the fiber while the other could be the matrix. Mathematically, these conditions reduce the problem to a system of dual integral equations solved in the transform plane for the transform of the dynamic stress-intensity factor.
Getting my stories straight: A narrativist in quest of congruence

Abstract Drawing on his work in the area of narrative gerontology, the author reflects on the measure of congruence that exists between the theories he has been developing about the storied complexity of adult development and his lived experience as an aging individual himself. His reflections include a discussion of his former career as a parish minister and his ongoing passion for “the writing life”. He concludes with some speculation on the possibility of combining his interests in narrative and aging with his continuing interest in theological themes.
Pluperfects in Korean and English discourse

This paper provides an explanation of the distributional differences in the use of pluperfect in Korean and English in terms of the interplay between discourse properties and crosslinguistic variations in the interpretation of the pluperfect forms. I argue that the English pluperfect is ambiguous between preterit and aspectual meanings, while the Korean pluperfect has only a preterit meaning, requiring the absence of result state at the reference time. In narratives, where the reference time is in the past and the speech time is irrelevant, the pluperfect in both languages induces a flashback effect. In non-narratives, where the reference time coincides with the speech time, the English pluperfect does not show up because its two functions, i.e., signaling an event preceding the reference time and describing a state holding at that time, are served by the simple past and the present perfect, respectively. By contrast, the Korean pluperfect naturally occurs in non-narratives, encoding the discontinuity of the result state at the speech time. This paper discusses further semantic-discourse constraints on the pluperfect and argues that pluperfect, in both preterit and aspectual interpretations, must be related to the context event in terms of topicality. This paper shows that knowledge about the discourse structure influences the semantic interpretation of tense and aspect and proposes a common discourse role of the category pluperfect in both Korean and English.
ON A FORMULATION OF A NONLINEAR THEORY OF PLATES AND SHELLS WITH APPLICATIONS

Abstract A nonlinear theory of plates and shells based on only one consistent kinematical approximation is employed to investigate finite strain and large deformation structural problems. The kinematics, expanded with respect to the thickness parameter, include consistently and adequately higher-order terms to allow fibers initially straight to deform nonlinearly in the large deformation range. A full Lagrangean formulation is considered. Starting from a three-dimensional principle of virtual work, the equilibrium equations and the resultant stresses of the shell together with their incremental form are derived employing an incremental constitutive relation valid for a wide class of rate-independent material. And, to assess the accuracy of the theory adopted, some boundary value problems are solved using a proposed hyperelastic material to model the constitutive behavior of a semi-infinite plate. The analytical and numerical (finite element method) results show good agreements between the exact and the approximate theories.
Lack of Association of the S769N Mutation in Plasmodium falciparum SERCA (PfATP6) with Resistance to Artemisinins

The recent emergence of artemisinin (ART) resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in western Cambodia, manifested as delayed parasite clearance, is a big threat to the long-term efficacy of this family of antimalarial drugs. Among the multiple candidate genes associated with ART resistance in P. falciparum, the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase PfATP6 has been postulated as a specific target of ARTs. The PfATP6 gene harbors multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in field parasite populations, and S769N has been associated with decreased sensitivity to artemether in parasite populations from French Guiana. In this study, we used an allelic exchange strategy to engineer parasite lines carrying the S769N mutations in P. falciparum strain 3D7 and evaluated whether introduction of this mutation modulated parasite sensitivity to ART derivatives. Using three transgenic lines carrying the 769N mutation and two transgenic lines carrying the wild-type 769S as controls, we found that S769N did not affect PfATP6 gene expression. We compared the sensitivities of these parasite lines to three ART derivatives, artemether, artesunate, and dihydroartemisinin, in 18 biological experiments and detected no significant effect of the S769N mutation on parasite response to these ART derivatives. This study provides further evidence for the lack of association of PfATP6 with ART resistance.
Comparison of interrill soil loss for laboratory and field procedures

Abstract This paper focuses on the way that experimental methodology can affect erosion research results. Soil erosion rates obtained from two laboratory soil pan (or plot box) designs were compared with reported field soil loss values. Two types of simulated rainfall, from a constant drop size (4.6 mm) simulator and an oscillating nozzle (mean drop size of 2.3 mm) simulator, were used and both splash and wash (soil losses) were measured from each soil pan. Ranking of soil loss values between a 0.14 m 2 soil pan for the constant drop size simulator and the field experiments were directly opposite. Splash and wash for the nozzle type simulator were much less than for the constant drop simulator for the 0.14 m 2 box. Wash values for a 0.32 m 2 soil pan with a 0.30 m wide surrounding soil border were within the range of reported field soil loss values. Design of the 0.32 m 2 pan allows for a separation of erosion sub-processes controlling interrill soil loss. Design of the 0.14 m 2 pan limits its use primarily to splash detachment studies.
Characterization and elimination of surface defects in Gax In1−xP grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

In this paper we present a detailed study of the mechanism of formation and microstructure of hillock type defects in GaxIn1−xP layers grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) on GaAs substrates. It was conclusively shown using a combination of dark field microscopy and microprobe analysis that In-containing particulate contamination is responsible for the formation of these defects. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) showed that the hillocks consisted of three distinct regions, namely, a base region within the GaAs buffer layer which is believed to be the In-containing particulate, a polycrystalline core region located just above the buffer layer/epitaxial layer interface and a highly twinned region in the GaxIn1-xP layer. Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies showed that the hillocks contain a high density of non-radiative recombination centers and act as efficient heterogeneous nucleation sites for dislocations. It was demonstrated that a hot wall vapor etch of the reaction cell using HCl leads to the elimination of the hillocks.
Understanding enediyne-protein interactions: diyl atom transfer results in generation of aminoacyl radicals.

The origin of the protein modulating capacity of enediynes has been probed. A series of synthetic enediyne-derived diyls participated in atom transfer chemistry with a labeled amino acid. Subsequent experiments suggest that diyl radicals may modulate protein architecture via formation of captodatively stabilized radicals.
Interpreting the appearance of dispersed systems: I. Model dispersions of polymer latex microspheres

Measurements of total absorbance at wavelengths 350–780 nm of aqueous dispersions of polymer latex microspheres of diameters 0.091 μm, 0.254 gmm, 0.325 μm, and 1.10 μm were used to interpret systematic observations of them. Light scattering dissymmetries and scattering ratios of dispersions of the 0.091 μm microspheres were measured at varying concentration and path length at 546 nm and 436 nm. Spectroturbidimetry and observations were also made in binary mixtures of the above particle sizes and in dispersions of microspheres with added dye, the sodium salt of methyl red. For ab-sorbance due to scattering, Ascat, exceeding 0.04 but not 2, the ab-sorbance and its wavelength dependence yield reliable estimates of particle size, even though the dissymmetry and the scattering ratio do not. Observations of nonabsorbing systems under ordinary illum-ination are most reliably interpreted with 0.1 2, it is necessary to decrease the path length — or the concentration, if tolerable — so that the absorbance falls in that optimal range. Outside this range, the literature rules are unreliable. Because observers and illumina-tion conditions vary among laboratories, it seems essential that model systems such as the microspheres and the dye employed here be used to simulate scattering and absorption features of dispersed systems. By direct comparisons of model systems to systems of interest, observations can be standardized and interpretation of appearances can become less subjective. Moreover, combining obser-vations with spectroturbidimetry provides a much more potent tool for estimating sizes simply and quickly.
High permeability pulmonary oedema: pathophysiology and mechanisms of injury.

Abstract In summary, many critically ill patients are at risk for developing HPPE. Since 60% of patients develop HPPE within 24 hours of the pulmonary insult with 11% developing respiratory failure within 72 hours, it is imperative that the critical care nurse understand the pathophysiological responses (Bernard & Bradley, 1986). While the pathophysiological responses are specific, injury to the alveolar-capillary membrane, the mechanisms of injury are diffuse. Knowing the mechanisms can alert health care providers to those patients who are at risk for developing HPPE and more quickly mobilize interventions to alleviate or lessen its occurrence.
Iconic memory and its relation to perceptual processing and other memory mechanisms

Research on iconic memory is reviewed. Specific issues discussed include the duration of the icon, effects of stimulus variables, types of information lost, selection, processing capacity, and scanning. More general issues include the level of encoding in the icon and its relation to short-term memory. It is also argued that a number of experiments do not show what they were intended to show because of possible methodological problems. The view is developed that iconic memory is postretinal but uncoded; nor is it influenced directly by strategies or subsequent mechanisms.
HyperCard administration of a block-design task

HyperCard (Atkinson, 1987) is a new development environment for the Macintosh that shows promise for use in psychological research and testing. In this paper, we discuss the development of HyperCard stackware with which a block-design task similar to that of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) can be administered. The reliability and validity of the computerized block-design task was evaluated by administering both the computerized task and the WAIS-R subtest to college undergraduates. Results indicated that the computerized task’s reliability compared favorably with that of the WAIS-R subtest. Validity coefficients were equivocal; although an elapsed-time measure showed moderate correlation between the tasks, the numbers of designs correctly completed in each condition were not significantly correlated.
The Path Beyond First‐Order Connectionism

L'A. reconnait l'insuffisance du connexionnisme de premier ordre pour rendre compte des processus cognitifs et souleve l'ambiguite de la presentation de la redescription representationnelle de A. Clark et A. Karmiloff-Smith
Non-local continuity equations for self-dual SU(N) Yang-Mills fields

Abstract Using a manifestly gauge invariant formulation, an infinite set of classical non-local continuity equations is constructed for the self-dual SU(N) Yang-Mills fields.
Asymptotic Limit for the Speed of Sound in a System of Relativistically Interacting Particles

A relativistic many-body theory is used to evaluate the equation of state to lowest order in the weak coupling constant for a dense system of electrons and neutrinos interacting through the universal Fermi interaction. The asymptotic limit for the speed of sound ${v}_{s}l~\frac{c}{\sqrt{3}}$ is obtained; it is conjectured that a large class of relativistic interactions leads to the same limit.
The Bernoulli Equation in a Moving Reference Frame

Unlike other standard equations in introductory classical mechanics, the Bernoulli equation is not Galilean invariant. The explanation is that, in a reference frame moving with respect to constrictions or obstacles, those surfaces do work on the fluid, constituting an extra term that needs to be included in the work–energy calculation. A quantitative example is presented here for a horizontal tapered pipe. A frame-independent expression for the pressure drop in the pipe is obtained. The concepts discussed in this paper are accessible to introductory undergraduate physics majors.
Caregiving and help seeking by mothers of low birthweight infants and mothers of normal birthweight infants.

The purpose of this research was to describe perceptions of infant health, caregiving at home, and help seeking by mothers of low birthweight (LBW) infants (n = 30) and mothers of normal birthweight infants (n = 30). In this descriptive study, data were analyzed through multiple regression, t tests, and content analysis of responses to researcher-constructed questionnaires. There were statistically significant relationships between: infant health and both confidence in caregiving (R 2 = 0.18, p < 0.001) and caregiver burden (R 2 = 0.29, p < 0.001); preparation for caregiving and confidence in caregiving (R 2 = 0.10, p <0.05); and confidence in caregiving and caregiver burden (R 2 = 0.12, p < 0.01). Compared with mothers of normal birthweight infants, mothers of LBW infants perceived poorer infant health, t (58) = -2.02, p = < 0.05, and more caregiver burden, t (58) = 3.50, p = < 0.001. Mothers reported seeking help from a variety of resources, mostly nonprofessional for questions on infant care or nonserious infant health problems, and mostly physicians for questions on serious infant health problems. Nurses can use knowledge of mothers' perceptions of infant health, caregiving, and help seeking to facilitate mothers' management of caregiving and resource use.
DIY design: How crowdsourcing sites are challenging traditional graphic design practice

This paper analyzes the current debate over crowdsourced/do–it–yourself (DIY) design. Specifically, it highlights underlying tensions between discourse within the professional graphic design field and an increasingly sophisticated and global community of DIY designers who are challenging their professional norms and practices. Through an exploration of these sites’ approach to intellectual property, design education, compensation, and community, this research explain how crowdsourcing companies discursively frame (and challenge) traditional design practices. Specific recommendations as to how crowdsourcing sites and the professional design community might coexist peacefully are offered.
Arterial stiffness, wave reflection amplitude and left ventricular afterload are increased in overweight individuals

Abstract Background Reflected pressure waves from the lower body to the heart in overweight subjects return early and augment aortic systolic pressure and increase left ventricular (LV) afterload and wasted energy. Methods Central aortic pressure waves were generated from radial artery pressure waves recorded non-invasively in 176 subjects (age 52 ± 18 years). Augmentation index (Alx), an estimate of wave reflection, and LV wasted energy (Ew) were calculated from the generated aortic pressure wave. Data were collected in 88 non-diabetic, non-renal disease normotensive overweight (BMI 30 ± 5.0 kg/m 2 ) subjects and compared to data collected from 88 normotensive normal weight (BMI 23 ± 2.1, P Results Compared to controls, overweight subjects had higher aortic systolic (124 ± 17 vs 114 ± 14 mmHg, P P P P −2 , P P P Conclusions Overweight subjects have a stiffer arterial system which decreases wave propagation time and causes the reflected pressure wave to arrive earlier at the heart with increased amplitude and duration. These changes in arterial function and wave reflection characteristics cause an increase in LV afterload, myocardial oxygen demand and wasted LV energy.
Plasma ceramides are altered in mild cognitive impairment and predict cognitive decline and hippocampal volume loss.

Abstract Background A blood-based biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD) would be superior to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroimaging measures in terms of cost, invasiveness, and feasibility for repeated measures. We previously reported that blood ceramides varied in relation to timing of memory impairment in a population-based study. The present objective was to examine whether plasma ceramides varied by AD severity in a well-characterized clinic sample and were associated with cognitive decline and hippocampal volume loss over 1 year. Methods Participants included 25 normal controls (NC), 17 amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and 21 early probable AD. A thorough neuropsychological battery and neuroimaging with hippocampal volume determination were conducted at baseline and 1 year later. Plasma ceramides were assayed at baseline using high performance liquid chromatography coupled electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Results Although all saturated ceramides were lower in MCI compared with AD at baseline, ceramides C22:0 and C24:0 were significantly lower in the MCI group compared with both NC and AD groups ( P P > .05) in AD versus NC. There were no cross-sectional associations between ceramides C22:0 and C24:0 and either cognitive performance or hippocampal volume among any group. However, among the MCI group, higher baseline ceramide C22:0 and C24:0 levels were predictive of cognitive decline and hippocampal volume loss 1 year later. Conclusion Results suggest that very long-chain plasma ceramides C22:0 and C24:0 are altered in MCI and predict memory loss and right hippocampal volume loss among subjects with MCI. These plasma ceramides may be early indicators of AD progression.
Short-chain fatty acids stimulate motility of the canine ileum

Based on earlier observations that colonic contents stimulated ileal motility in the dog, our hypothesis is that the ileum would respond to physiological amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Four dogs had isolated ileocolonic loops constructed surgically and boluses of test solutions (15 ml) were instilled into the distal ileum through a small catheter. Intraluminal pressure catheters were used to record motility. Concentrations of SCFA (also called volatile fatty acids) comparable to those found in dog stool (108 mM; 66% acetic, 24% propionic, and 10% butyric acids) regularly stimulated motility with a dose-related effect. The response was not due to the pH of the SCFA solutions and was independent of the pH at which SCFA were instilled. Ricinoleic acid (4 mM) also stimulated motility, as did chenodeoxycholic acid; the bile acid was active only at supraphysiological concentrations (approximately 7.6 mM). Instillates that simulated the composition of ileal chyme in malabsorptive states were without effect. The results suggest that the ileum can "sense" the presence of colonic contents in the lumen and that SCFA are the responsible mechanisms. Stimulation of ileal motility by SCFA could be a response to coloileal reflux.
Coupled channel representation of the advanced adiabatic approach

A treatment of the heavy particle collision dynamics in a form of molecular orbital coupled channel approach, emerging from the hidden crossings topology of the complex adiabatic eigenenergy surface, is proposed. We show how this can be self-consistently adjusted for application in the nearly adiabatic limit of collision energies. The method is tested for the charge transfer process in He2++H collisions, in a range of 10–400 eV/u collision energies. Excellent agreement of the partial and total cross sections with other accurate theories and experiments is shown, and comparative advantages of the method are discussed.
The role of radio LANs in the wireless evolution

The wireless communication landscape will continue to develop at a rapid pace over the next years. New systems and standards are on the horizon, which enable broadband wireless communication in the office, at home, and "on the move". They will finally bring the information services provided by the Internet and the World-Wide-Web also to the mobile users, together with a variety of multimedia entertainment services. In this paper we give an overview of key developments in wireless communication systems. The emerging 3rd generation cellular systems and the growing importance of wireless local-area and personal-area networks are discussed. The physical and medium-access control (MAC) layer of the new broadband wireless LANs which enable "hot-spot" data and multimedia services in airports, hotel lobbies, and a variety of other "public" places are presented. We give an outlook towards a future 4th-generation wireless communication system, which can be integrated with the IP backbone network and provides Quality of Service (QoS) support for multimedia applications. It supports dynamic scheduling, link adaptation, and frequency selection in addition to full mobility support. Finally, we illuminate some of the underlying technology developments driving the wireless evolution.
Quantum-Noise-Limited Signal Processors For Infrared Surveillance

Every improvement in infrared detector sensitivity afforded by modern technology amplifies apparent background "clutter," and complicates the task of designing target/background discrimination algorithms for autonomous surveillance systems. To the extent that background clutter rather than detector sensitivity limits over-all performance, the sensitivity inherent in the detector is not being fully exploited. In this paper we design adaptive threshold point target detectors that operate in the background-shot-noise-limited regime against structured backgrounds.
Observers for fault detection in networked systems with random delays

Motivated by applications in an area of control of networked systems, we consider a fault detection problem for a class of linear systems with random delays. We demonstrate that an observer can be developed to detect the fault occurrence even though the delay value is unknown and is modeled by a random Markov process with a finite number of states.
Analyzing archives and finding facts: use and users of digital data records

This article focuses on use and users of data from the NARA (National Archives and Records Administration), U.S. Who is using archival electronic records, and why are they using them? It describes the changes in use and consequently user groups over the last 30 years. The changes in use are related to the evolution of reference services for electronic records at NARA, as well as to growth in the types of electronic records accessioned by NARA. The first user group consisted mainly of researchers with a social science background, who usually expected to handle the data themselves. The user community expanded when electronic records with personal value, like casualty records, were transferred to NARA, and broadened yet again when a selection of NARA’s electronic records became available online. Archivists trying to develop user services for electronic records will find that the needs and expectations of fact or information seeking data users are different from those of researchers using and analyzing data files.
Heterogeneity is a fact of category-specific semantic deficits. so? comments on Rosazza, Imbornone, Zorzi, Farina, Chiavari, And Cappa (2003).

The Sensory/Functional Theory, until recently the received explanation of category-specific semantic deficits, has been shown to be at variance with various facts that have emerged about the nature of these deficits. In this context, Rosazza, Imbornone, Zorzi, Farina, Chiavari, and Cappa (2003: The Heterogeneity of Category-Specific Semantic Disorders: Evidence from a New Case. Neurocase, 9, 189–202.) report the case study of a patient, MA, with a purported category-specific semantic deficit for living things compared to nonliving things, and an associated modality-specific impairment that differentially affected visual/perceptual compared to functional/associative knowledge. While acknowledging that the Sensory/Functional Theory cannot account for the existence of category-specific semantic deficits, Rosazza and colleagues (2003) contend that “… the presence of a more severe loss of specific visual rather than functional knowledge could support an interpretation according to the Sensory/Functional Theory...
Experimental infection of cats and dogs with West Nile virus.

Domestic dogs and cats were infected by mosquito bite and evaluated as hosts for West Nile virus (WNV). Viremia of low magnitude and short duration developed in four dogs but they did not display signs of disease. Four cats became viremic, with peak titers ranging from 103.0 to 104.0 PFU/mL. Three of the cats showed mild, non-neurologic signs of disease. WNV was not isolated from saliva of either dogs or cats during the period of viremia. An additional group of four cats were exposed to WNV orally, through ingestion of infected mice. Two cats consumed an infected mouse on three consecutive days, and two cats ate a single infected mouse. Viremia developed in all of these cats with a magnitude and duration similar to that seen in cats infected by mosquito bite, but none of the four showed clinical signs. These results suggest that dogs and cats are readily infected by WNV. The high efficiency of oral transmission observed with cats suggests that infected prey animals may serve as an important source of infection to carnivores. Neither species is likely to function as an epidemiologically important amplifying host, although the peak viremia observed in cats may be high enough to infect mosquitoes at low efficiency.