cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation-induced optical absorption bands in low loss optical fiber waveguides

Abstract The radiation-induced optical absorption of high purity silica and doped silica glass in the visible and near infrared has been studied using the long path length afforded by low loss optical fiber waveguides. This technique has permitted the investigation of previously unobserved bands of low absorption coefficient in this spectral region. Absorption measurements were made during steady state irradiation, after pulsed irradiation and at long times following irradiation over the 0.4–1.7 μ region. Photobleaching of induced bands centered near 700 nm in high purity synthetic silica core fibers has been studied, and the effects of dopants such as Ge, P, B, F, and Cs on the absorption spectra have been investigated.
Rat heart-derived endothelial and smooth muscle cell cultures: isolation, cloning and characterization

This report describes the initiation, cloning and establishment of long-term serial cultures of rat heart-derived vascular endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Populations of these cells derived from both the macro-and microcirculation were obtained utilizing isolated heart perfusion technique. Elimination of potential mesothelial cell contamination was achieved by ethanol fixation of the pericardial surface prior to perfusion. Initial outgrowths from perfusate yielded both endothelial (rapid adhering) and smooth muscle (slow adhering) appearing cell populations. Subsequent pooling of individual EC colonies resulted in maintaining, with gradual subcultivation, a stable homogeneous population which was designated RHE-parent. Upon continual subculture late passage (greater than P10) RHE-parent cell cultures expressed a marked heterogeneity in endothelial phenotypes. Cloning experiments resulted in establishing two distinct EC populations designated RHE-clone 1A and RHE-clone 2A. All RHE cell cultures exhibited the typical cobblestone growth pattern and positive immunofluorescent staining for factor VIII related antigen. In contrast, rat heart-derived smooth muscle cell (RH-SMC) cultures displayed the typical multilayered 'hill and valley' pattern and positive fluorescence for SMC-specific actin and myosin antibodies. Additional EC preparations, obtained without prior fixation of the pericardial surface, revealed cell clusters which stained positive for cytokeratin. On the other hand, RHE parent and cloned populations stained exclusively for vimentin, further confirming the absence of mesothelial cell contamination in these cultures. Cell growth studies on early (less than P10) and late (greater than P10) passage RHE-parent population revealed markedly different cell growth responses and cell morphology. Both EC cloned populations and more notably RHE-parent (less than P10) cultures were capable of significant growth when maintained in limiting serum concentration. Growth studies using serum-free RHE-parent conditioned medium demonstrated mitogenic activity when tested on RHE-parent cultures indicating the presence of an endothelial cell-derived growth factor. These studies indicate that long-term RHE and RH-SMC derived cell cultures can serve as a useful model to study the biology of vascular cells derived from different sites. In addition the demonstration of mitogenic activity in these cultures will enable us to explore further the nature of this response and compare this phenomenon with growth factors identified in large vessel cell systems.
Roughness picture of friction in dry nanoscale contacts

Large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations are performed to study friction in nanoscale single asperity contacts. The modeling system consists of a tip made of H-terminated diamond-like carbon and an H-terminated diamond sample. Simulations are carried out using a reactive bond-order interatomic potential integrated with dispersive interactions. A quantitative agreement in contact pressures and shear strengths is achieved between our simulations and previously reported experimental studies. We show that the roughness theories capture the correct physics of deformation at the nanoscale. Our study provides a consistent explanation of the widely observed transition from a linear to sublinear dependence of the friction force on the applied load and we demonstrate that both regimes of friction are governed by the same physical phenomenon. Specifically, we show that friction is controlled by the mean number of atoms that interact chemically across the contact interface.
Uniaxial stress dependence of the incommensurate phase transition in K2SeO4

Abstract The effect of uniaxial stress along the orthorhombic “c” axis of K2SeO4 crystals (c
A note on Hardy-type inequalities

We use a theorem of Cartlidge and the technique of Redheffer’s ”recurrent inequalities” to give some results on inequalities related to Hardy’s inequality.
Acute phase response elicited by experimental bovine diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is associated with decreased vitamin D and E status of vitamin-replete preruminant calves.

Abstract Studies in young animals have shown an association between vitamin deficiencies and increased risk of infectious disease; however, there is a paucity of information regarding the effect of acute infection on the vitamin status of the vitamin-replete neonate. To characterize the effects of acute infection on vitamin D and E status of the neonate, 6 vitamin-replete preruminant Holstein bull calves were experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; strain BVDV2-1373). Six mock-inoculated calves served as controls. Sustained pyrexia, leukopenia, and asynchronous increases in serum haptoglobin and serum amyloid A characterized the response of calves to infection with BVDV. Infection was also associated with increased serum IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-6 concentrations. During the last 8 d of the 14-d postinoculation period, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and α-tocopherol concentrations in infected calves decreased by 51 and 82%, respectively. The observed inverse association between vitamin D and E status and serum amyloid A in infected calves suggests that the infection-induced acute phase response contributed to the reduced vitamin status of these animals. Additional studies are necessary to determine if the negative effect of infection on status are unique to this specific infection model or is representative of preruminant calf's response to acute infection. Studies are also needed to characterize mechanisms underlying infection-related changes in vitamin D and E status and to determine whether additional vitamin D or E supplementation during an acute infection diminishes disease severity and duration in the young animal.
Foreclosing on Incarceration? State Correctional Policy Enactments and the Great Recession:

The economic collapse of 2008 has forced states to reconsider their priorities in punishment and corrections. States have exhibited a wide range of responses to the fiscal crisis. Using data from t...
Mixing and detection of coherent light in a bulk photoconductor

The use of a bulk photoconductor as a detector for microwave-modulated light or as a mixer to detect the beat frequency between coherent optical sources is studied. A model for the photoconductor as a parametric conductance is presented and used in the analysis of a dc-biased detector and an ac-biased mixer-detector arrangement. The results of experimental measurements on both dc- and ac-biased detectors are presented and found to be in good agreement with the theoretically predicted performance. The bulk photoconductor is compared with the traveling-wave phototube and the PIN photodiode in both signal power and SNR and is found to compare favorably with these devices if the semiconductor parameters can be reasonably optimized and if it is biased with fairly high fields. The desired semiconductor properties are that the lifetime should be on the order of the reciprocal of the angular frequency of modulation, the mobility should be high, and the dark conductance of the sample should be very small.
Characterization of the platelet response to exogenous arachidonic acid.

Abstract When aggregation and release are the end points, washed human platelets treated with a range of concentrations of arachidonic acid display a bell-shaped dose-response curve. The peak is at approximately 200 μM, followed by a sharp decrease with minimum reaction at 400 μM. Prostaglandin synthesis, measured by malondialdehyde production, reaches peak activity at 400–500 μM and does not decrease. Platelet lysis, as manifested by lactate dehydrogenase release, increases only in response to arachidonate concentrations above 400 μM. When platelets are treated with 400 μM arachidonate for three minutes, subsequent reaction with thrombin, but not with A23187, is inhibited. This inhibitory activity is not sensitive to aspirin, indomethacin or ETYA and cannot be transferred in the supernatant fraction of the platelet suspension. The inhibitory activity generated from platelets reacted with 400 μM arachidonate is not a product of the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase systems.
Stochastic deconvolution over groups

In this paper, we address a class of inverse problems that are formulated as group convolutions. This is a rich area of research with applications to Radon transform inversion for tomography, wide-band and narrow-band signal processing, inverse rendering in computer graphics, and channel estimation in communications, as well as robotics and polymer science. We present a group-theoretic framework for signal modeling and analysis for such problems and propose a minimum mean-square error (MMSE) deconvolution method in a probabilistic setting. Key components of our approach are group representation theory and the concept of group stationarity. The proposed deconvolution method incorporates a priori information and noise statistics into the inversion process, which leads to a natural regularized solution. We present recovery of self-similar processes that are "blurred" and embedded in noise as a demonstration example. The method is applicable to a wide range of inverse problems involving both commutative and noncommutative groups including finite, compact, and majority of well-behaved locally compact groups.
Computerized Tomography in Chronic Subdural Hematomas (Effusions) of Infancy

During the past 2 years six infants were seen at University of Wisconsin Hospitals (UWH) with subdural hematomas (effusions). This communication describes the abnormalities found on computerized tomographic (CT) evaluation of the six infants.
Introduction: White-Collar and Corporate Crime in Asia

In this introduction to this special issue of the Journal we broadly consider the problem of white-collar and corporate crime in Asia. Official reports from China show the pervasiveness of current problems and the inherent dangers underlying continued economic growth and reforms. We also consider evidence bearing on the idea that Japan’s remarkably low rate of common crime is likely eclipsed by the level of white-collar and corporate crime, and briefly discuss the institutionalization of economic crime in South Korea. Issues related to the lack of study of white-collar and corporate lawbreaking in Asia are also addressed. Finally, we introduce the papers and topics of this special issue, which include comparative research on cybercrime, the enforcement of intellectual property violations, accounting fraud, financial crime, and offenses in the mutual fund industry.
Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma arising in immunosuppressed patients (organ transplant, human immunodeficiency virus infection).

Purpose To describe the relationship between chronic systemic immune suppression and conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Design Retrospective interventional case series. Participants Thirteen immunosuppressed patients with conjunctival SCC. Methods Surgical excision in all cases plus additional topical interferon alpha-2B or mitomycin. Main Outcome Measures Tumor control. Results There were 3 groups of patients with chronic immunosuppression and conjunctival SCC, including 8 patients who received an organ transplant, 4 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 1 patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) receiving long-term corticosteroids. The transplanted organ was kidney (n=4) (1 with additional pancreas transplant), lung (n=2), liver (n=1), and heart (n=1). The mean patient age at presentation for the organ transplant group was 60 years, and the mean interval from transplant to conjunctival SCC was 8.2 years. Management included surgical excision (n=8) plus additional topical interferon alpha-2B (n=3) and mitomycin C (n=1). Three patients showed aggressive recurrence or new tumor, and 1 patient died of brain invasion of SCC. In the HIV group, the mean patient age at presentation was 54 years and the mean interval from HIV diagnosis to conjunctival SCC was 5 years. Management included surgical excision (n=5) plus additional topical interferon alpha-2B (n=3) and mitomycin C (n=1). One patient showed aggressive extensive recurrence requiring enucleation and radiotherapy, and there were no related deaths. The patient with SLE was 49 years old, had been taking systemic corticosteroids for 18 years, and showed control with surgical resection and topical interferon alpha-2B. Of the 5 patients treated with excision and prompt topical interferon alpha-2B, none showed recurrence or new tumor. Conclusions Conjunctival SCC can occur in immunosuppressed patients and can be more aggressive and invasive, requiring enucleation or exenteration. Surgical resection plus topical interferon alpha-2B might reduce the risk for recurrence or new tumor. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Relative cue encoding in the context of sophisticated models of categorization: Separating information from categorization.

Traditional studies of human categorization often treat the processes of encoding features and cues as peripheral to the question of how stimuli are categorized. However, in domains where the features and cues are less transparent, how information is encoded prior to categorization may constrain our understanding of the architecture of categorization. This is particularly true in speech perception, where acoustic cues to phonological categories are ambiguous and influenced by multiple factors. Here, it is crucial to consider the joint contributions of the information in the input and the categorization architecture. We contrasted accounts that argue for raw acoustic information encoding with accounts that posit that cues are encoded relative to expectations, and investigated how two categorization architectures—exemplar models and back-propagation parallel distributed processing models—deal with each kind of information. Relative encoding, akin to predictive coding, is a form of noise reduction, so it can be expected to improve model accuracy; however, like predictive coding, the use of relative encoding in speech perception by humans is controversial, so results are compared to patterns of human performance, rather than on the basis of overall accuracy. We found that, for both classes of models, in the vast majority of parameter settings, relative cues greatly helped the models approximate human performance. This suggests that expectation-relative processing is a crucial precursor step in phoneme categorization, and that understanding the information content is essential to understanding categorization processes.
More Than Meets the Eye: There's More to Meaning Maintenance Than Violated Expectations

In the target article, “The Five ‘A's of Meaning Maintenance: Finding Meaning in the Theories of Sense-Making,” Travis Proulx and Michael Inzlicht (this issue) took on an ambitious and laudable tas...
Comparison of Return-on-Effort and Conventional Expectancy Theory Predictions of Work Effort and Job Performance: Results from Three Field Studies

ABSTRACT It was predicted that a return-on-effort version of expectancy theory, an approach that examines the incremental benefits associated with increased effort, would yield superior predictions of work effort and job performance, in comparison with the conventional approach. Data were collected from the following three work settings: a manufacturing concern, a supermarket, and a bank. Unlike prior research that has uniformly found superior predictions using the return-on-effort model (and that has uniformly examined student samples), the present research found only modest support. Three possible boundary conditions were discussed—format effects, reward system responsiveness, and ability differences. The latter two, examined empirically via supplementary analyses, provided increased support for the return-on-effort model.
Cost impact of dynamically managing generation reserves

Abstract Generation reserves are needed to maintain the real time balance between power supply and power demand. Because power is noninventoriable, power generation follows power demand. Demand for power varies considerably depending on the time of day, day of the week and season. The predictable portion of power demand is met by purchasing firm energy on a day ahead or real time market. The random unpredictable portion of demand is met by purchasing a set of online and offline generation reserves on an ancillary market. The total energy purchasing cost includes payments for firm energy and payments for generation reserves. The latter include fixed capacity payments for reserve generation capacities and variable payments for the random energy produced from these reserves. The main contribution of this paper is to present an optimization model that captures the dynamism in the selection of the dispatch interval to determine the amount of firm energy and reserve capacities given a set of market prices. This is done by explicitly including in the model the duration of the dispatch period and the frequency this decision is reevaluated. In this model the randomness of the demand is captured by using a Doubly Truncated Normal Distribution. The cost incurred to activate generation reserves is modeled as a Poisson process. The total model captures the price differences from using different reserve sources. An empirical example is presented to illustrate the cost benefits of using the method proposed in this research with two different strategies: a static strategy and a dynamic strategy. It is shown that dynamically setting generation reserves results in cost savings.
Reciprocal Antagonism Coordinates C-type Natriuretic Peptide and Mitogen-signaling Pathways in Fibroblasts

The fibroblast, a cell central to effective wound remodeling, not only contains various growth factor receptors but also high activities of a guanylyl cyclase receptor (GC-B). Here we demonstrate that marked elevations of cyclic GMP induced by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), the ligand of GC-B, blocks activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in fibroblasts. We also show that platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, serum, or Na3VO4 rapidly (within 5 min) and extensively (up to 85% inhibition) disrupt CNP-dependent elevations of cyclic GMP. In addition, the mitogens also lower cyclic GMP concentrations (50% decrease) in cells not treated with CNP. Cytoplasmic forms of guanylyl cyclase, in contrast to the CNP-stimulated pathway, are not antagonized by the various mitogens. The effects of the mitogens on cellular cyclic GMP are fully explained by a direct and stable inactivation of GC-B. Homogenates obtained from fibroblasts treated with or without the various mitogens contain equivalent amounts of GC-B protein, but both ligand-dependent and ligand-independent activity are markedly (up to 90% inhibition of CNP-dependent activity) decreased after mitogen addition. The stable inactivation is correlated with the dephosphorylation of phosphoserine and phosphothreonine residues of the cyclase receptor. These results not only establish a specific and reciprocal antagonistic relationship between mitogen-activated and GC-B-regulated signaling pathways in the fibroblast but also suggest that one of the earliest events following mitogen activation of a fibroblast is an interruption of cyclic GMP production from this receptor.
Experimental and numerical investigation of laser hot wire welding

With respect to autogenous laser welding, laser welding assisted by a hot wire was capable of saving the consumption of laser power, tailoring the mechanical and physical properties of welds, and improving the gap-bridging capability. In this work, the influences of welding parameters were investigated to combine the positive aspects of laser beam and hot wire. Sound welds were obtained when the laser beam was focused inside the samples. The welding direction had a significant effect on the gap-bridging capability, while the offset distance between the laser focal spot and hot wire tip determined the stability of the feeding of the hot wire into the molten pool. The effect of hot wire on the temperature field and thermally induced residual stress of laser welding was investigated by using the finite element method. X-ray diffraction technique was used to measure the residual stress at the obtained weld beads, and a good agreement between the experimental and numerical results was achieved. Results showed that the transverse and longitudinal stresses prevailed in the laser hot wire welding process, and the thermal stress concentration occurred in the weld pool. When the hot wire voltage was lowered, the residual stresses, especially the transverse residual stress, were markedly reduced.
Srgeo3-srtio3 perovskites: high-pressure synthesis, structure, and dielectric properties

Abstract The new high-pressure synthesis route to obtain mixed compounds along the perovskite join with non-transition (metastable phase) and transition metal B cations is reported. The structure of the recovered phases is discussed within the Pm3m space group. TO-LO splittings and dielectric constant, inferred from the infrared reflectance spectra, are observed to decrease towards the SrGeO3 end-member of the join.
The lymphocyte and macrophage profile in the pancreas and spleen of NOD mice: percentage of interleukin-2 and prolactin receptors on immunocompetent cell subsets

The NOD mouse is a model for autoimmune diabetes that develops symptoms similar to Type I diabetes. The incidence of diabetes is greater in females but the degree of insulitis is comparable in both sexes. The purpose of this study was to assess the populations of lymphocytes and macrophages in the pancreas and spleen of NOD mice. Comparisons were made between male and female; young (32-40 days old) and old (197-297 days old); diabetic and non-diabetic mice. Using analytical fluorescent cell cytometry we quantitated the percentages of CD4, and CD8 T-cells, B-cells and macrophages and the percentages of these subsets expressing interleukin-2 (IL-2R), prolactin (PRLR) and Hi-intensity PRL (Hi-PRLR) receptors. Evaluation of T-splenocytes indicated a 2:1 ratio of CD4 to CD8 T-lymphocytes in the spleen. The pancreas had higher percentages of all of the subsets in the old male and female groups compared to their young counterparts. Pancreatic immunocompetent cell subsets expressed lower percentages of IL-2R, PRLR and Hi-PRLR compared to splenocytes. The results did not demonstrate any dramatic differences in the immunocompetent cell populations of the spleen or pancreas between male and female animals, however we were able to establish the percentage of immunocompetent cells with IL-2R, PRLR and Hi-PRLR as a reference for future studies.
In vivo effects of doxorubicin on kinase C in cultured cells.

The ability of doxorubicin to inhibit kinase C in vivo in cultured BALB/c 3T3 mouse fibroblasts was determined by the phosphorylation of the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) and the induction of c-fos transcription following treatment with 200 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. A concentration of 60 μM doxorubicin did not inhibit MARCKS phosphorylation but completely inhibited c-fos expression. The inhibition of c-fos expression was not specifically mediated via kinase C, since both the total RNA synthesis as measured by [3H]-uridine uptake and the fraction of serum-induced c-fos expression that was not attributable to kinase C were inhibited by doxorubicin. The present data do not support the hypothesis that the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin is attributable to the inhibition of kinase C in vivo.
Avoiding the classic catastrophic computer science failure mode: 2010 acm sigsoft outstanding research award talk

Many computer science research efforts fail. Some of this is inevitable, since research is risky. But sometimes the agenda of a group of researchers fails because there is a part of the problem that everyone agrees is crucial, but that nobody works on. Often this is because there are not enough rewards for working on it; it is hard to publish and/or there is no funding. This is more common than you might think; I call it the classic catastrophic computer science failure mode.Design Patterns could have fallen into this trap. Our hypothesis was "A standard description of design techniques will enable new designers to become expert faster and will improve the design process for experts." I don't believe we have proven this hypothesis yet, though there is a lot of anecdotal evidence for it. A key step in proving it is developing the standard description of design techniques, and "Design Patterns" is part of that. There were lots of reasons not to write the book. Who were we to try to standardize design? How did we know we had the right patterns? These are unanswerable questions, so we focused on writing the catalog and let other people decide whether it was worthwhile. Other people publicized it for us. Without those people, it would not have made much of an impact.Other projects have not been so fortunate. I've seen several projects fail because they needed something like a catalog, but nobody worked on developing it. This talk will describe warning signs of the classic catastrophic computer science failure mode and how to avoid it.
Exercise training ameliorates progressive renal disease in rats with subtotal nephrectomy

Exercise training ameliorates progressive renal disease in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. To determine the effect of chronic exercise training on renal function in animals with moderate renal insufficiency, rats with 75% renal ablation were either exercise trained by swimming for two months or remained sedentary. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly higher in trained (1.89 ± 0.07 ml/min) than in sedentary rats (1.52 ± 0.11 ml/min). No change was observed in renal blood flow or the degree of hypertension. Proteinuria was reduced in trained (13.6 ± 4.9 mg/24 hr) compared to sedentary animals (33.5 ± 9.2 mg/24 hr). The degree of glomerulosclerosis was much less prominent in trained animals. Plasma, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-levels and total triglycerides were reduced in trained compared to sedentary rats. This study suggests that chronic exercise training ameliorates the progression of renal disease and improves plasma lipids in rats with moderate renal insufficiency. The mechanism for this improvement in renal function appears to be independent of the influence of systemic blood pressure.
Using ground-based GNSS observations to improve aviation turbulence monitoring and prediction

According to the U.S National Transportation Safety Board, atmospheric turbulence is the number-one cause of injuries to passengers and crew in nonfatal aviation accidents and is responsible for about 75 percent of all weather-related incidents and accidents each year. Significant improvements in discriminating and localizing turbulence events are required to meet the FAA's long-range Aviation Research Program objectives.
Some one-loop calculations for a gphi/sup 4/ field theory

The one-loop corrections to the classical Lagrangian for a gphi/sup 4/ field theory are presented for the following classical solutions: the massless and massive ''plane waves'' and the time-independent spherically symmetric solutions phi/sub c/proportionalr and phi/sub c/proportional1/r. The form of the source, J(x), giving rise to these solutions is presented for each case. The results are not renormalized.
Chaotic motion in the Solar System

The motion of planetary bodies is the archetypal clockwork system. Indeed, clocks and calendars were developed to keep track of the relative motions of the Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. However, studies over the past few decades imply that this predictable regularity does not extend to small bodies, nor does it apply to the precise trajectories of the planets themselves over long timescales.
Structure and properties of a bovine liver UGA suppressor serine tRNA with a tryptophan anticodon

A bovine liver serine tRNA with a variety of unusual features has been sequenced and characterized. This tRNA is aminoacylated with serine, although it has a tryptophan anticodon CmCA. In ribosome binding assays, this tRNA (tRNASERCmCA) binds to the termination codon UGA and shows little or no binding in response to a variety of other codons including those for tryptophan and serine. The unusual codon recognition properties of this molecule were confirmed in an in vitro assay where this tRNA suppressed UGA termination. This is the first naturally occurring eucaryotic suppressor tRNA to be so characterized. Other unusual features, possibly related to the ability of this tRNA to read UGA, are the presence of two extra nucleotides, compared to all other tRNAs, between the universal residues U at position 8 and A at position 14 and the presence of an extra unpaired nucleotide within the double-stranded loop IV stem. This tRNA is also the largest eucaryotic tRNA sequenced to date (90 nucleotides). Despite its size, however, it contains only six modified residues, tRNASerCmCA shows extremely low homology to other mammalian serine (47-52% homology) or tryptophan (49% homology) tRNAs.
15-m laser-stabilized imaging interferometer

The LAser-Stabilized Imaging Interferometer (LASII) concept is being developed as an astronomical telescope for the next generation of optical resolution beyond Hubble Space Telescope (HST). The essential ingredients are: a rigid and stable structure to minimize mechanical and thermal distortion, active control of the optical geometry by a laser metrology system, a self-deploying structure fitting into a single launch vehicle, and ultraviolet operation. We have modified earlier design concepts to fit the scale of an intermediate sized NASA mission. Our present design calls for 24 0.5 m apertures in a Mills Cross configuration, supported on four trusses. A fifth truss perpendicular to the primary surface would support the secondary mirror and the laser metrology control points. Either separate interferometers or two guide telescopes would track guide stars. This instrument would have about 6 times the resolution of HST in the visible and the same collecting area. The resolution would reach 2.5 mas at 150 nm. The primary trusses would fold along the secondary truss for launch, and automatically deploy on orbit. Possible orbits are sun-synchronous at 900 km altitude, high earth orbit or solar orbit. Infrared capability could be included, if desired.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Modeling of Interphase Turbulent Transport Processes

Exchange of heat and mass across deformable fluid-fluid interfaces is central to many industrial and environmental processes but is still poorly understood, despite the considerable effort that has gone into its study-uncertainties in greenhouse gas uptake estimates are still very large. This poor state of knowledge arises primarily because of interfacial scalar exchange being controlled by near-surface turbulence, which is difficult to measure and simulate as interfaces move, deform, and sometimes break. However, recent advances in particle imaging velocimetry and numerical approaches have led to some progress in this area. These studies indicate that liquid-side controlled gas exchange is well-predicted for clean, nonbreaking interfaces by surface renewal models in which the renewal frequency is that of turbulent sweeps that impinge on the interface. This, in turn, can be related to the interfacial stress, leading to useful parametrizations for exchange coefficients. For breaking conditions, such approaches break down and a theory that relates the divergence of the surface-velocity fluctuations to scalar exchange rates is found to be useful. Because the surface divergence can be remotely observed, this theory may allow more reliable global and regional estimates of air-water scalar exchange budgets.
Tumor Lysis Syndrome Occurring After the Administration of Rituximab for Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) may occur after the administration of rituximab for lymphoproliferative disorders. We describe the case of a heart transplant recipient who developed TLS after a single dose of rituximab for the treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Because rituximab is being used more frequently, it is important for transplant physicians to be aware of this potential complication particularly after administering the first dose.
Plasmonic nanotweezers based on Au bowtie nanoantenna arrays for manipulation of nano-to-macroscopic objects

Plasmonic optical traps, or plasmonic “nanotweezers”, have emerged as an attractive alternative for optical manipulation because they circumvent the diffraction limit, producing highly confined and enhanced fields that both relax constraints for microparticle manipulation and offer a route for improving nanoparticle trapping. Here, we present an overview of the use of Au bowtie nanoantenna arrays (BNAs) for plasmonic nanotweezers. We show that optical absorption by the BNAs creates convection currents that resemble a Rayleigh-B´enard pattern and that an absorptive substrate, e.g. Indium-Tin-Oxide, is crucial to achieve large convection velocities. Furthermore, we demonstrate phase-like behavior of trapped particles and that the adhesion layer material and nanostructure orientation strongly affect trapping behavior. In addition, we discuss the use of a femtosecond- pulsed source in plasmonic nanotweezers and demonstrate that the fs pulses (1) augment the near-field optical forces compared to comparable, continuous-wave nanotweezers, and (2) increase the diagnostic capabilities of plasmonic nanotweezers by providing access to the nonlinear optical response of trapped species. Finally, we show for the first time that plasmonic nanoantennas are an effective tool for manipulation objects up to at least 50 μm in diameter. Using low-numerical aperture illumination (0.25-0.6 NA), we show that manipulation of these “macroscopic” objects is facilitated by increasing the number of illuminated nanostructures participating in the trapping event. These results open up a new avenue for the usage of plasmonic nanotweezers and may have applications for manipulating Eukaryotic cells, studying self-organization/aggregation of cells, and micro-scale manufacturing.
Self-organization process in open-source software: An empirical study

Software systems must continually evolve to adapt to new functional requirements or quality requirements to remain competitive in the marketplace. However, different software systems follow different strategies to evolve, affecting both the release plan and the quality of these systems. In this paper, software evolution is considered as a self-organization process and the difference between closed-source software and open-source software is discussed in terms of self-organization. In particular, an empirical study of the evolution of Linux from version 2.4.0 to version 2.6.13 is reported. The study shows how open-source software systems self-organize to adapt to functional requirements and quality requirements.
Technology and Quality of Life Outcomes

Objectives To discuss recent technological advances in quality of life (QOL) data collection and guidance for use in research and clinical practice. The use of telephone-, computer-, and web/internet-based technologies to collect QOL data, reliability and validity issues, and cost will be discussed, along with the potential pitfalls associated with these technologies. Data Sources Health care literature and web resources. Conclusion Technology has provided researchers and clinicians with an opportunity to collect QOL data from patients that were previously not accessible. Most technologies offer a variety of options, such as language choice, formatting options for the delivery of questions, and data management services. Choosing the appropriate technology for use in research and/or clinical practice primarily depends on the purpose for QOL data collection. Implications for Nursing Practice Technology is changing the way nurses assess QOL in patients with cancer and provide care. As stakeholders in the health care delivery system and patient advocates, nurses must be intimately involved in the evaluation and use of new technologies that impact QOL and/or the delivery of care.
A New Type of REM Measuring Instrument

Research at various laboratories has demonstrated that it is possible to measure the radiation dose from neutrons and gamma rays using a tissue equivalent proportional counter. This paper describes the dose equivalent algorithms and electronic circuitry used to develop an instrument designed to measure the total dose equivalent from mixed radiation fields. The pocket sized instrument utilizes a microprocessor and a cylindrical tissue equivalent proportional counter as the radiation detector.
Multivariate analysis of factors predicting success with dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection for vesicoureteral reflux.

Purpose: Factors influencing outcomes of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid injection for vesicoureteral reflux remain poorly defined. We performed multivariate analysis of the experience of 1 surgeon (WS).Materials and Methods: The study group contained 168 patients and 259 refluxing units. Goal of injection was coaptation of the orifice with creation of a volcanic mound. Outcomes were determined by cystography obtained 12 weeks following injection. Intraoperative photographs of mounds were independently reviewed by 2 authors (WS, SY) without knowledge of results, and classified as “satisfactory” or “other.” Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done evaluating influence of gender, age, voiding dysfunction, reflux grade, unilateral vs bilateral reflux, ureteral duplication, orifice laterality, subureteral vs intraureteral injection, volume injected and mound appearance.Results: A single injection resolved reflux in 70% of patients and 78% of ureters. Additional injection resulted in overa...
Si2H6 adsorption and dissociation pathways on Ge(001)2 ×1: mechanisms for heterogeneous atomic layer epitaxy

Abstract Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) were used to investigate the adsorption, surface dissociation, and thermal desorption of Si 2 H 6 on Ge(001)2 × 1. At room temperature, EELS results show that Si 2 H 6 is dissociatively adsorbed onto Ge dangling bonds and further decomposes to yield a disordered overlayer consisting of SiH 2 , GeH, and undissociated SiH 3 . A saturated coverage of approximately 0.5 monolayers is obtained with Si 2 H 6 exposures greater than or equal to 1 × 10 15 cm -2 . RHEED results indicate that, in contrast to Si 2 H 6 -saturated Si(001), the saturated Ge(001) surface still exhibits a significant fraction of dimerized bonds. H 2 desorption from the silicon dihydride phase occurs during 1 min anneals at T a > 150°C while hydrogen desorption from the silicon monohydride phase and Ge surface segregation both occur at significant rates at T a ⩾ 350 °C. All hydrogen is desorbed by 450°C, compared with ⋍ 550°C for the saturated Si(001) surface.
Thyroidectomy: Technique and applications

Abstract Thyroid surgery over the past century and a half has evolved from an operation associated with considerable mortality and morbidity to a generally safe operation with relatively few complications. However, the risk of vocal cord paralysis and hypocalcemia remains and can be quite devastating to patients experiencing these problems. An adequate knowledge of the anatomy and surgical techniques regarding thyroidectomy is paramount to successful outcomes in this patient population. In this article we review the pertinent anatomy and surgical techniques and discuss their application.
Perceived symmetry and name matching

Letter pairs made from the letters F, G, J, L, and R in normal, reversed, or inverted orientations were used as stimuli in a name-matching experiment. When the same letter was used twice to form a pair, the different orientation combinations produced four types of symmetry: rotational, vertical axis bilateral, and translational symmetry, and a distorted version of horizontal axis bilateral symmetry. The pattern of results suggests that symmetry was used as a “diagnostic” when the presence or absence of symmetry was easily detected (same-letter stimuli with vertical axis bilateral and translational symmetry, and all different-letter stimuli) and that letter names were matched only for those pairs whose symmetry was not easily assessed (same-letter stimuli with horizontal axis bilateral and rotational symmetry).
Age and pro-inflammatory cytokine production: wound-healing implications for scar-formation and the timing of genital surgery in boys.

Purpose Fewer complications occur when hypospadias is repaired early in childhood. We hypothesize that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by fibroblasts from neonatal foreskin is decreased compared with fibroblasts from older boys. We believe that these age-related differences may explain the greater risk of complications following repair in older boys. Materials and methods With IRB approval, we collected 15 samples of foreskin from boys undergoing elective circumcision. They were divided into one of three groups: a neonatal group (under 28 days), an intermediate age group (6 months–1 year), and an older age group (7–17-years-olds). Fibroblasts were cultured then incubated for 16 h with serum-free medium containing 0, 0.1, 1 or 10 ng/mL of PDGF. Supernatants were analyzed for production of IL-6 and IL-8 with quantitative ELISA. Fibroblasts had RT-PCR performed for IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TGF-β1, TGF-β3 and TNF-α. Results Fibroblasts from neonatal foreskin produced significantly less IL-6 and IL-8 at baseline and following stimulation with PDGF compared to the intermediate and older age groups (P < 0.01). Real-time PCR revealed greater expression of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and TGF-β1 mRNA in the older age groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions There is a clear association between age and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by genitourinary fibroblasts. This relationship exists at baseline and following stimulation with PDGF. The dramatic difference in levels of pro-inflammatory factors may explain the observed age-associated differences in wound scarring and stricture formation following hypospadias repair. Further clinical studies are needed, however, to validate this finding.
The efficacy of rehabilitative management of dysphagia

Efficacy of treatment for dysphagia in medically stable patients was defined as a reduction in the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia was diagnosed by radiographic and/or laboratory analysis and was identified by retrospective chart review. Two groups of treated patients (48 without and 13 with a history of aspiration pneumonia) were compared to a group of untreated patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia in the treated groups, but both treated groups were subject to significantly less aspiration pneumonia than the untreated group. Measures of severity indicated that even mildly dysphagic patients were at risk for the development of aspiration pneumonia, and even severely dysphagic patients responded to rehabilitative management of their swallowing problems. Efficacy of treating swallowing was demonstrated, and a general outcome criterion for treatment was proposed.
Modeling ultrathin dielectric breakdown on correlation of charge trap-generation to charge-to-breakdown

Degradation in ultrathin dielectric films due to high-field stress is a critical concern in ULSI technology. We investigate here the link between trap-generation and breakdown as a function of five technologically relevant parameters, namely stress-current density (10/sup -3/-10/sup 1/ A/cm/sup 2/), oxide thickness (70-250 A), stress temperature (25-100 /spl deg/C), charge-injection polarity (gate vs substrate), and nitridation of pure oxide (using N/sub 2/O). For all five parameters, a strong correlation has been observed between oxide degradation and the generation of new traps by physical bondbreaking. >
Performance of the enhanced Abbott AxSYM Cardiac Troponin I reagent in patients with heterophilic antibodies

The presence of heterophilic antibodies in the serum of a small subpopulation of individuals continues to cause false results for modern-day immunoassays. In order to determine the frequency of heterophilic antibody (HA)-related false positives within our population of positive cardiac troponin I (cTnI) patients, we assayed 200 samples using the original in-house cTnI assay (Abbott AxSYM) and the Bayer ACS:180 cTnI, which we had previously observed to be more effective at blocking HA interference. Four samples were identified as false positives based on discordant results between the two assays, as well as the correction of the false positives by treatment of the samples with heterophilic antibody blocking reagent (HBR). An 'enhanced' version of the AxSYM cTnI reagent was designed to greatly reduce or eliminate HA interference, and has now replaced the original reagents. The present study shows that the enhanced reagent significantly reduced or eliminated much of the HA interference. Comparative studies between the enhanced cTnI reagent and the original Abbott AxSYM cTnI reagent showed excellent correlation and equivalent diagnostic concordance, when HA samples were excluded from the analysis.
MODULATION OF IONIZING RADIATION-INDUCED G2 ARREST BY CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 AND ITS INHIBITOR CELECOXIB

Purpose: Prolongation or attenuation of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced G{sub 2}-M arrest in cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpressing or celecoxib-treated cells, respectively, has been previously observed. To better understand the molecular mechanisms involved, we investigated the molecules involved in G{sub 2} checkpoint pathways after treatment with IR {+-} celecoxib. Methods and Materials: Various molecules in the G{sub 2} checkpoint pathways were investigated in HCT-116-Mock and -COX-2 cells. Western blot, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, confocal microscopy, and fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses were performed to investigate whether expression and activity of the ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related (ATR) could be modulated by COX-2 and its selective inhibitors. Results: COX-2 overexpression increased expression and activity of ATR after IR exposure. Celecoxib downregulated ATR in all tested cell lines independent of COX-2 expression, but downregulation was greater in COX-2 overexpressing cells after cells were irradiated. Celecoxib pretreatment before radiation caused strongly inhibited G{sub 2} arrest. Conclusions: COX-2 appears to prolong IR-induced G{sub 2} arrest by upregulating ATR. Celecoxib downregulated ATR preferentially in irradiated COX-2 overexpressing cells. Celecoxib may radiosensitize cancer cells by inhibiting G{sub 2} arrest through ATR downregulation.