cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of electronic and magnetic properties of MnN

We present electronic structure calculations of manganese mononitride (MnN) in its tetragonally distorted NaCI structure using density-functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation. The structure with anantiferromagnetic arrangement of the spins on the Mn ions is found to be the energetically stable phase of the MnN compound. The chemical bonding between Mn and the N ion is of a mixed type (i.e., mainly ionic but partly metallic and covalent). The calculated spin magnetic moment on the Mn ion is close to the experimental value of 3.3μ B .
Resonant neutrino interaction and mixing

Abstract We investigate the resonant interaction of neutrinos in matter in the presence of mixing. At energies near the W resonance, oscillations are absent; the survival probability of electron antineutrinos is suppressed due to the presence of open inelastic channels.
Assessment Practices in AACSB-Accredited Business Schools

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) International adopted accreditation standards in 2003 that required business schools to develop new ways of assessing student learning. In this article, the authors report the results of a survey of current assessment practices at 138 AACSB-accredited schools. Of particular interest among the findings are the assessment methods that schools use, including their continuing use of indirect measures, the amount of time that assessment takes, the extent of faculty resistance, and the results that assessment yields. The findings suggest several directions for future research.
Decarboxylation of retinoic acid in tissue slices from rat kidney and liver.

Abstract The oxidative decarboxylation of the isoprenoid side chain of retinoic acid has been studied in vitro in tissue slices of rat liver and kidney. The intestinal mucosa has significantly less activity than either the kidney or liver. The reaction occurs to the same degree in stock rats or in either retinol-deficient or stock rats which have been supplemented with retinoic acid, an indication that the decarboxylation enzymes are not inducible. In 2 hours, about 30% of the C-15-is released as CO 2 when either liver or kidney slices are used. The oxidation of the C-14 to CO 2 occurs to a greater extent in the kidney (4.5–6%) than in the liver slices (1.5 – 2.5%). Studies with inhibitors indicate that the production of 14-CO 2 requires the participation of the Krebs cycle enzymes, whereas the C-15-decarboxylation exhibits no requirement for these or for the mitochondrial electron transport system. A rate study demonstrates that the C-15-decarboxylation is very rapid and that the oxidation of the C-14 to CO 2 appears to result from an enzymic reaction on the product of the former.
Rapidly switchable optical filter for color generation.

A ferroelectric liquid-crystal (FLC) color filter is described and experimentally demonstrated. The device consists of three polarizers and five smectic C* FLC cells. With the application of an appropriate electric field to each FLC cell, five outputs are observed. These consist of the three primary colors (red, green, and blue) along with white and black. With the rapid addressing speed of the FLC’s, the FLC color filter can be used for color display applications, such as backlighting FLC television.
Performance of a mobile CO 2 -laser-based DIAL sensor for range-resolved measurements of organic trace gases

Being well suited for remote detection of hazardous organic gases, CO2 laser DIAL may find its application in environmental sensing and industrial monitoring. To obtain a detailed performance picture of small mobile CO2 DIAL sensors, simulations of aerosol backscatter signals are performed.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The interaction of point defects with dislocations in high purity copper above room temperature. I. Electron irradiation

Abstract Damping and modulus measurements were made on high-purity, : olycrystalline copper during and following 1.0 MeV electron irradiations in the temperature range, 37–500°C. Above a critical temperature (225°C) the pinning rate decreases. An analysis of the pinning rate data gave a value of 0.25 eV for the binding energy of a vacancy to a dislocation. An initial increase in the decrement, at the onset of irradiation, was observed at temperatures as high as 375°C.
On neighbouring matrices with quadratic elementary divisors

This paper presents new results on matrices with quadratic elementary divisors neighbouring a given matrixA and relates them to those given by Kakan. It shows that all results of this kind may give severe overestimates of the distance to the nearest defective matrix and that matrices with elementary divisors of degrees higher than two are often at a much greater distance than those with quadratic divisors.
TWO TYPES OF MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DORMANCY IN SEEDS OF TWO GENERA (OSMORHIZA AND ERYTHRONIUM) WITH AN ARCTO-TERTIARY DISTRIBUTION PATTERN

Temperature requirements for embryo growth and germination were determined for seeds of Osmorhiza occidentalis, 0. chilensis, and Erythronium grandiflorum collected in western North America (Utah). Initially, embryos were 1.2, 0.6, and 0.8 mm in length, respectively, and they grew to 9.4, 9.2, and 4.1 mm, respectively, before germination occurred. Embryo growth and germination occurred during cold stratification (1,5, 5/1 C), without a warm stratification pretreatment. However, warm stratification pretreatments at 30/15 C increased rates of embryo growth in 0. occidentalis and E. grandiflorum seeds moved to low temperatures and germination rates in all three species. Optimum germination temperatures were 1, 5, or 5/1 C; gibberellic acid did not substitute for cold stratification. Thus, seeds of the three species have deep complex morphophysiological dormancy (MPD). In comparison, two species each of Osmorhiza and Erythronium from eastern North America have nondeep complex MPD and require warm followed by cold stratification for germination. Thus, disjunct species in genera with an Arcto-Tertiary distribution pattern can have different types of MPD. It is suggested that deep complex may have been derived from nondeep complex MPD.
If Only Grown-ups Would Pay Attention

Said the little boy, "Sometimes I drop my spoon." Said the old man, "I do that too." The little boy whispered, "I wet my pants." "I do that too," laughed the little old man. Said the little boy, "I often cry." The old man nodded, "So do I." "But worst of all," said the boy, "it seems Grown-ups don't pay attention to me." And he felt the warmth of a wrinkled old hand. "I know what you mean," said the little old man.-Shel Silverstein, "The Little Boy and the Old Man"1
Radiotherapy for brain tumors.

Over the last 2 years, several advances have been made in the field of radiotherapy for brain tumors. Key advances are summarized in this review. Crucial technologic advances, such as radiosurgery, fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy, are discussed. Better understanding of the interaction between the processes of angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell-cycle regulation, and signal transduction and the effects of ionizing radiation has made it clear that many of these ‘new agents’ are, in fact, valuable modulators of the radiation response. Another exciting molecular discovery is the recognition of radiation-induced promoters that can be exploited to cause spatially and temporally configured expression of selected genes; this approach may represent the ideal application of conformal radiation techniques in the future, yielding welldefined genetic changes in specifically targeted tissues. The final ‘frontier’ covered in this review is the newer categories of radiosensitizers, ranging from topoisomerase-I inhibitors, to expanded metalloporphyrins, to oxygendissociating agents.
Implications of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Proterozoic piercing lines for Laramide oblique-slip faulting in New Mexico and rotation of the Colorado Plateau: Discussion and reply Discussion

[Cather's (1999)][1] paper concerning the amount of Laramide right slip along northerly trending faults on the east side of the Colorado Plateau in northern New Mexico contains two major flaws and several minor ones that cause his estimate of a minimum of ∼85 km of right slip to be highly
Efficiency enhancements for Fabry-Perots used in velocimetry.

This Letter discusses the premise that using a Fabry-Perot for velocity measurements wastes most of the energy arriving at the input mirror and suggests a way to use more of the energy.
Theory of spin waves in a ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model

A random-phase approximation theory for spin waves in a ferromagnetic Kondo lattice model is presented. In the strong-coupling limit, this theory agrees with the existing theoretical results, in which the magnetic coupling is taken to be infinite a priori. It is shown explicitly that, in the strong-coupling limit, the spin-wave spectrum of the system is identical to that of a short-range Heisenberg model for the case of a single conduction band with short-range hopping integrals. In the intermediate coupling regime, on the other hand, more complicated effects, such as softening or disappearance of spin waves, are likely to be observed.
Spontaneous recovery after reversal and partial reinforcement

Six experiments used magazine approach in rat subjects to explore changes with time in responding for stimuli brought to a common moderate level of performance through acquisition or extinction. They found no evidence for increases with time in behavior during stimuli given simple acquisition. However, stimuli brought to that same level by reversal learning, repeated reversal, or partial reinforcement all showed increases in responding with time. These results suggest that the decremental process established by nonreinforcement endures through subsequent reinforcement and is especially sensitive to the passage of time.
Sleep in patients with schizophrenia

Numerous electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies have reported neurophysiological and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia patients during wakefulness. However, these findings have been inconsistently replicated across different groups of patients, thus complicating the identification of underlying neuronal defects. Sleep minimizes possible waking-related confounds, including decreased motivation and presence of active symptoms. Additionally, the two main sleep rhythms, slow waves and spindles, reflect the intrinsic activity of corticothalamic circuits and are associated with cognitive activities, including learning and memory, occurring during wakefulness. In this review I will present the most relevant sleep findings in schizophrenia, with particular emphasis on several recent studies that have consistently reported sleep spindle deficits in patients with schizophrenia. I will then elaborate on how these findings may contribute to a better understanding of the neurobiology of schizophrenia as well as to the development of novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to ameliorate the symptoms and cognitive impairments of schizophrenia patients.
Isolation and partial characterization of rat brain synaptic plasma membranes.

— Synaptic plasma membranes from the cortices of adult rat brain were isolated from synaptosomes prepared by flotation of a washed mitochondrial pellet (P2) in a discontinuous Ficoll-sucrose gradient. Contamination of the synaptosome fraction by microsomes was estimated by enzymic and chemical analysis to be less than 15 per cent. (2) The purified synaptosome fraction was subjected to osmotic shock, subfractionated on a discontinuous sucrose gradient and the distribution of enzymic and chemical markers for synaptic plasma membranes, microsomal membranes and mitochondria was determined. (3) Comparison of synaptosome subfractions prepared in the presence and absence of 1 mM NaH2 PO4/0.1 mM EDTA buffer pH 7.5, indicated that the ionic composition of the isolation medium markedly affected the distribution and enzymic composition of the subfractions. (4) Synaptic plasma membranes prepared in the presence of PO4/EDTA exhibited a 10-fold enrichment in [Na++ K+] ATPase and were characterized by less than 15 and 10 per cent contamination by microsomes and mitochondria respectively. (5) The polypeptide composition of the purified synaptic plasma membranes was compared with the microsomes and mitochondria by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. No differences between the protein and glycoprotein composition of the synaptic plasma membranes and microsomes were detected. The mitochondria, in contrast, possessed a unique protein composition.
MIBC adsorption at the coal/water interface

Etude comparative des isothermes d'adsorption de MIBC par un charbon a haute teneur en matiere volatile et par un charbon a teneur moyenne en matiere volatile non oxyde et oxyde, determines a l'aide de differentes techniques
Retraining in an interdependent system of labor markets: A network analysis

Abstract The study of a system of markets for labor of different categories (heterogeneous labor) must be based on the recognition that individual workers may move from one category to another through schooling and retraining. Here such transitions are viewed as a flow through a retraining network. The nodes of the network represent various stages of education and acquired abilities. The directed links represent avenues of possible schooling and retraining. If wages are rigid downwards, failing to fall in the face of a weakening demand for labor, there may be unemployment at one or several nodes of the retraining network. An optimizing principle, inspired by developments in the analysis of spatial networks, is presented which solves for the supply of labor of each category, the number of workers enrolled in the various retraining activities, and the possible unemployment at each node of the network. The Lagrange multiplier of each market balance is the market wage rate, whether the labor market is in equilibrium or not.
Vegetation change monitoring with spectral indices: The importance of view and sun angle standardized data

Remotely sensed reflectance data are often acquired at variable view and solar geometric configurations. Vegetation change monitoring with the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) is sensitive to the effects of solar and view angle geometry. However, by using a BRDF (Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function) model, the view and sun angle variability in the NDVI can be standardized. If multi- sun angle data are not available, a second method allows us to extrapolate (nadir) satellite observations to a standard sun angle by using predetermined linear regression relationships between sun angle and ground-based nadir NDVI values for a range of vegetation types. Both methods were applied to one month of daily, atmospherically corrected, multi-angle SeaWiFS (Sea viewing Wide Field-of-view Spectroradiometer) land reflectance data, with promising results. The difference in NDVI due to a sun angle change from 20 degrees to 70 degrees can be up to 50%. The NDVI values for very dense vegetated and bare soil surface areas are less affected by changes in solar zenith angles. This research shows that the sun and view angle effects on the widely used spectral indices could be standardized to improve the accuracy of regional and global vegetation and crop monitoring efforts.
BUTTERFLY POLLINATION OF THE DRYLAND WILDFLOWER GLORIOSA MINOR

Gloriosa minor (Colchicaceae) is a showy dryland wildflower species of northern Kenya. The pollination ecology of G. minor was investigated by direct observation. Gloriosa minor relies on pollinators for fruit-set, but natural fruit set appears to be low. Gloriosa minor was found to have a specialised pollination system, with butterflies (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera) being the only pollinators/flower visitors observed at South Turkwel, Turkana. Pollinators of Gloriosa minor in northern Kenya were all butterflies from the family Pieridae. Five different species of butterfly were observed visiting the flowers: Belenois aurota, Colotis protomedia, Colotis phisadia, Colotis halimede and Catopsilia florella. Gloriosa minor relies on butterfly pollinators for seed production and hence survival in its arid environment.
The relationship between learning and intelligence

Abstract The historical separation of the study of learning and of intelligence is seen as an anomaly in the development of scientific psychology. Although learning and intelligence can be conceptually distinguished in terms of formal definitions and measurements, a review of evidence on the relationship between individual differences in measures of learning and of intelligence suggests that no clear distinction can be made between the cognitive processes that contribute to individual differences in these two definitionally different realms. Problems of measurement and methodology in the study of individual differences in learning have often contributed to misleading results and conclusions. The results of proper analyses are consistent with the conclusion that performance on learning tasks and on conventional tests of intelligence, or IQ, both reflect common factors, principally Spearman's g, or the general factor common to all cognitive abilities. There is no evidence of a general factor of learning ability independent of g. It is argued that the observed correlations between individual differences in learning and in g can best be understood from the viewpoint of information processing theory, in particular, in terms of individual differences in the speed of operation of the various components of the information processing system.
Cobalt cytochrome C: Preparation and characterization☆

Abstract Cobalt cytochrome c has been prepared from porphyrin cytochrome c in water/acetic acid solvent. The dominant band in the electrophoresis of the product at pH7 has the same mobility as the native protein. Dithionite changes the ultraviolet/visible spectrum markedly and generates an epr signal with cobalt hyperfine and other superhyperfine features. Nitric oxide removes part of the epr signal. Fractionation on Amberlite CG-50 under NaCl gradient at pH8.0 yields two major components distinguished by their rates of reactivity to dithionite and electrophoretic mobility. Cobalt cytochrome c is reduced by DPNH cytochrome c reductase to produce the same electron paramagnetic resonance signal as that generated by dithionite.
In Search of Monsters: Realism and Progress in International Relations Theory after September 11

Whereas the end of the Cold War sparked debates within and among paradigms in the field, the response to September 11 has been comparatively muted. Some observers have questioned the significance of September 11, while others have cast doubt on the ability of realism to account for an outcome that falls outside of its emphasis on great-power conflict. Realism must not only address outside critics but also overcome internal resistance in the face of these changes. This resistance entails reluctance by theorists to address a novel phenomenon, as well as axiomatic impediments that lie in the hard core of the realist research program. The mechanism of “monster-adjustment,” discussed by Imre Lakatos, is offered as a way in which realism can extend its scope beyond centralized territorial states. This process subjects the underspecified assumption of the necessity of unit isomorphism in international systems to increased scrutiny, offering a way to extend the explanatory capacity of realist frameworks. With rea...
A glass dissolution model for the effects of S/V on leachate pH☆

Abstract The observed relationship between the ratio of the glass surface area to the volume of the leachant (S/V) and the leachate pH is discussed in terms of a simple model of the glass dissolution process. Data from leach tests on several nuclear waste glass compositions at different S/V ratios show that the leachate pH increases with time and stabilizes at a nearly constant value beyond about 28 days. This stabilized pH increases systematically with the S/V ratio of the test. The model developed here reproduces the essential features of the data and suggests that a single parameter describing the intrinsic rate of alkali diffusion and ion exchange from the glass is sufficient to represent the major glass composition dependence. Interestingly, the results are essentially independent of the rate constant for matrix dissolution. This study suggests that the diffusion-ion exchange process is central in determining the solution pH and its dependence on S/V. Under static or low-flow-rate conditions, the rate of the matrix hydrolysis reaction slows to a long-term value that is determined by the (diffusional) rate of alkali release.
Rapid and sensitive method for evaluating Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors during corneal infections in mice

A murine corneal scratch model has been used extensively to study various aspects of the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common etiologic agent of corneal infections. This model uses mild inhalation anesthetics which keep the animals immobile for a relatively short time and promote the interaction between the infecting organisms and the corneal wound. Under these circumstances, only a small number of P. aeruginosa isolates delivered at inocula of > 10(7) CFU are infectious. We determined that this model is useful for studying other P. aeruginosa strains given at lower doses if injectable anesthetics are administered prior to infection to keep the animals immobile for 15 to 30 min. Under these conditions, eight clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa tested at doses of 10(8) CFU per eye induced corneal perforation and/or phthisis in C3H/HeN mice. The 50% infective doses of several strains were between 3 x 10(2) and 1 x 10(5) CFU per mouse eye. When this modified anesthetic procedure was used to evaluate the roles of different P. aeruginosa virulence factors in eye infections, pathology was not observed when eyes were inoculated with 10(8) CFU of strains deficient in production of a complete lipopolysaccharide or the RpoN sigma factor. A strain with a point mutation in the fur gene, involved in production of iron-regulated factors, showed decreased virulence, while a mutant deficient in both hemolytic and nonhemolytic phospholipase C was fully virulent. By modifying the anesthesia procedure, the corneal scratch model allows rapid evaluations of the roles of P. aeruginosa virulence factors in corneal infections.
Radiographic appearance of artificially prepared periapical lesions confined to cancellous bone

Summary. Twenty artificial periapical lesions confined to cancellous bone were prepared at the apices of first and second mandibular molars of human cadavers. The lesions emphasized removal of the lamina dura and preparation of a ‘halo’ lesion surrounding the root apex, plus the addition of a simulated sclerotic border. Radiographs taken before and after creation of the lesions were scored by three examiners for detectable lesions Cross-sections of the lesions were assessed for the extent of bone destruction. Periapical lesions confined to cancellous bone were detected in 80 per cent of cases, and the presence of a sclerotic border tended to enhance visualization, although not in all cases. Intentional cortical involvement also improved detection of lesions. The anatomical features of the periapical area appear to promote the visualization of lesions which might not be detected in other locations.
Male-male mounting and the unreliability of body size as a character for mate choice in male Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman)

Background: Same-sex pairing is common in many animal species. In many insects, same-sex pairing is often thought to be a result of poor sexual discrimination (i.e., a mistake), but few detailed studies of the mechanisms underlying the mistaken pairing have been conducted. Previous studies have found that in the field, a small proportion of Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica) mating pairs consist of two males instead of a male and a female. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between body size, the tendency to mount other males, and the duration of these mounts, in laboratory experiments on male Japanese beetles. Results: In the first experiment, we observed male-male mounting in all-male groups in which each male had been uniquely marked. Males of all sizes were likely to mount other males and extend their aedeagus (copulatory organ), but the mounts were longer, and aedeagus extension was more likely to occur, if the mounted beetle (in the ‘female’ position) was larger than the mounting beetle (in the ‘male’ position). In the second experiment, we observed male-female behavior in mixed-sex groups. Females did not immediately copulate with males that had mounted them. If copulation did occur, males tended to remain on the back of females for an extended period of time. Males that mounted other males in mixed-sex groups tended to mate subsequently with a female and then stay with her. Conclusions: We propose that the minimal physical difference between the sexes, in combination with benefits to the males of rapidly attempting to pair with any available female, explains the tendency for males to mount other males. Extended mounts may occur because larger individuals are more likely to be female and because of selection on males to persist in a copulation attempt when females do not immediately copulate with a male.
Evaluation of Surface Analyses and Forecasts with a Multiscale Ensemble Kalman Filter in Regions of Complex Terrain

Previous research suggests that an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation and modeling system can produce accurate atmospheric analyses and forecasts at 30‐50-km grid spacing. This study examines the ability of a mesoscale EnKF system using multiscale (36/12 km) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model simulations to produce high-resolution, accurate, regional surface analyses, and 6-h forecasts. This studytakesplaceoverthecomplexterrainofthePacificNorthwest,wherethesmall-scalefeaturesofthenearsurface flow field make the region particularly attractive for testing an EnKF and its flow-dependent background error covariances. A variety of EnKF experiments are performed over a 5-week period to test the impact of decreasing the grid spacing from 36 to 12 km and to evaluate new approaches for dealing with representativeness error,lack of surface background variance,and low-levelbias. All verificationin this study is performed with independent, unassimilated observations. Significant surface analysis and 6-h forecast improvements are found when EnKF grid spacing is reduced from 36 to 12 km. Forecast improvements appear to be a consequence of increased resolution during model integration, whereas analysis improvements also benefit from high-resolution ensemble covariances during data assimilation. On the 12-km domain, additional analysis improvements are found by reducing observation errorvarianceinordertoaddressrepresentativenesserror.Removingmodelsurfacebiasespriortoassimilation significantly enhances the analysis. Inflating surface wind and temperature background error variance has large impacts on analyses, but onlyproducessmallimprovementsin analysisRMS errors. Bothsurface and upper-air 6-h forecasts arenearlyunchangedinthe12-km experiments.Last, 12-km WRF EnKFsurfaceanalyses and6-h forecasts are shown to generally outperform those of the Global Forecast System (GFS), North American Model (NAM), and the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) by about 10%‐30%, although these improvements do not extend above the surface. Based on these results, future improvements in multiscale EnKF are suggested.
Porphyromonas gingivalis Minor Fimbriae Are Required for Cell-Cell Interactions

Two distinctive types of fimbriae have been identified in Porphyromonas gingivalis. In this report, we demonstrate that minor fimbriae are involved in P. gingivalis autoaggregation and colonization. A mutant with a deficiency in minor fimbriae can bind to a saliva-coated surface but does not form microcolonies as the wild-type strain does.
Doxorubicin blocks proliferation of cancer cells through proteolytic activation of CREB3L1

Doxorubicin is used extensively for chemotherapy of diverse types of cancer, yet the mechanism through which it inhibits proliferation of cancer cells remains unclear. Here we report that doxorubicin stimulates de novo synthesis of ceramide, which in turn activates CREB3L1, a transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor. Doxorubicin stimulates proteolytic cleavage of CREB3L1 by Site-1 Protease and Site-2 Protease, allowing the NH(2)-terminal domain of CREB3L1 to enter the nucleus where it activates transcription of genes encoding inhibitors of the cell cycle, including p21. Knockdown of CREB3L1 mRNA in human hepatoma Huh7 cells and immortalized human fibroblast SV589 cells conferred increased resistance to doxorubicin, whereas overexpression of CREB3L1 in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells markedly enhanced the sensitivity of these cells to doxorubicin. These results suggest that measurement of CREB3L1 expression may be a useful biomarker in identifying cancer cells sensitive to doxorubicin.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00090.001.
Determination of Key Metabolites during Biodegradation of Hexahydro-1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-Triazine with Rhodococcus sp. Strain DN22

Rhodococcus sp. strain DN22 can convert hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) to nitrite, but information on degradation products or the fate of carbon is not known. The present study describes aerobic biodegradation of RDX (175 μM) when used as an N source for strain DN22. RDX was converted to nitrite (NO2−) (30%), nitrous oxide (N2O) (3.2%), ammonia (10%), and formaldehyde (HCHO) (27%), which later converted to carbon dioxide. In experiments with ring-labeled [15N]-RDX, gas chromatographic/mass spectrophotometric (GC/MS) analysis revealed N2O with two molecular mass ions: one at 44 Da, corresponding to 14N14NO, and the second at 45 Da, corresponding to 15N14NO. The nonlabeled N2O could be formed only from -NO2, whereas the 15N-labeled one was presumed to originate from a nitramine group (15N-14NO2) in RDX. Liquid chromatographic (LC)-MS electrospray analyses indicated the formation of a dead end product with a deprotonated molecular mass ion [M-H] at 118 Da. High-resolution MS indicated a molecular formula of C2H5N3O3. When the experiment was repeated with ring-labeled [15N]-RDX, the [M-H] appeared at 120 Da, indicating that two of the three N atoms in the metabolite originated from the ring in RDX. When [U-14C]-RDX was used in the experiment, 64% of the original radioactivity in RDX incorporated into the metabolite with a molecular weight (MW) of 119 (high-pressure LC/radioactivity) and 30% in 14CO2 (mineralization) after 4 days of incubation, suggesting that one of the carbon atoms in RDX was converted to CO2 and the other two were incorporated in the ring cleavage product with an MW of 119. Based on the above stoichiometry, we propose a degradation pathway for RDX based on initial denitration followed by ring cleavage to formaldehyde and the dead end product with an MW of 119.
Tourism Use History: Exploring a New Framework for Understanding Residents’ Attitudes toward Tourism

This study attempts to answer the question “What influence does an individual’s travel have on attitudes concerning who should develop tourism in their community as well as the role of the government in such development?” Research on residents’ attitudes toward tourism has traditionally focused on demographic, socioeconomic, and spatial predictor variables, with relatively few consistent findings. Based on the experience use history concept from the leisure and outdoor recreation literature, this study explores a new framework for understanding residents’ attitudes toward tourism in two distinct destinations in South Carolina, United States. Tourism use history was used to create resident groups within each community and assess attitudes about who should develop tourism (e.g., local businesses, outside investors and developers, government, or a public—private partnership) and government support for tourism businesses. Results are discussed in relation to the stage of tourism development in each destinatio...
The Impact of Enhancing Students’ Social and Emotional Learning: A Meta‐Analysis of School‐Based Universal Interventions

This article presents findings from a meta-analysis of 213 school-based, universal social and emotional learning (SEL) programs involving 270,034 kindergarten through high school students. Compared to controls, SEL participants demonstrated significantly improved social and emotional skills, attitudes, behavior, and academic performance that reflected an 11-percentile-point gain in achievement. School teaching staff successfully conducted SEL programs. The use of 4 recommended practices for developing skills and the presence of implementation problems moderated program outcomes. The findings add to the growing empirical evidence regarding the positive impact of SEL programs. Policy makers, educators, and the public can contribute to healthy development of children by supporting the incorporation of evidence-based SEL programming into standard educational practice.
Willingness or unwillingness to perform cesarean section for impending preterm delivery at 24 weeks gestation: A cost effectiveness analysis

Objective This study was undertaken to compare the costs and health outcomes of 2 management options when encountering a 24-week gestation in labor. Study design We constructed a decision model for willingness versus unwillingness to perform cesarean section for fetal indication (aggressive vs nonaggressive management). We modeled chance nodes for stillbirth, neonatal death, and long-term survival, with and without major morbidity. Main outcome measures were intact (healthy) infant and live infant. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from a societal perspective to determine the cost-effectiveness of the 2 strategies. Results The probabilities of both intact survival (16.8% vs 12.9%) and survival with major morbidity (39.2% vs 19.4%) were higher with willingness to perform cesarean section. Nonaggressive management was less costly for delivery at 24 weeks' gestation. Aggressive management strategy would cost $4,680,387 more than nonaggressive management for each additional intact infant, and $766,241 more per additional live infant. Conclusion Although the probability of survival is increased by physician willingness to perform cesarean section, the more cost-effective strategy is unwillingness because of a strong relationship to the increased probability of survival with major morbidity when physicians are willing to perform cesarean section for fetal indications.
Plasmonic nanomaterials: new avenues for photonics and spectroscopy

Summary form only given. Metal-dielectric nanostructured materials, which can support various plasmon modes, open new avenues for manipulating light with light itself and sensing molecules with unsurpassed sensitivity. Fundamentals of electromagnetic and optical properties of micro- and nano-structured metal-dielectric composites, both ordered and disordered, are reviewed in this presentation.
Early studies reported extreme findings with large variability: a meta-epidemiologic study in the field of endocrinology.

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the presence of extreme findings and fluctuation in effect size in endocrinology. Study Design and Settings We systematically identified all meta-analyses published in 2014 in the field of endocrinology. Within each meta-analysis, the effect size of the primary binary outcome was compared across studies according to their order of publication. We pooled studies using the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects method. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I 2 and tau 2 . Results Twelve percent of the included 100 meta-analyses reported the largest effect size in the very first published study. The largest effect size occurred in the first 2 earliest studies in 31% of meta-analyses. When the effect size was the largest in the first published study, it was three times larger than the final pooled effect (ratio of rates, 3.26; 95% confidence interval: 1.80, 5.90). The largest heterogeneity measured by I 2 was observed in 18% of the included meta-analyses when combining the first 2 studies or 17% when combing the first 3 studies. Conclusions In endocrinology, early studies reported extreme findings with large variability. This behavior of the evidence needs to be taken into account when used to formulate clinical policies.
Modeling and characterization of copper interconnects for SoC design

Interconnect (wiring) is central to nanometer system-on-a-chip (SoC) design. As such, accurate interconnect modeling and characterization are key to the design and verification of SoCs. Today copper (Cu) has become a mainstream material for on-chip interconnections. Unlike aluminum (Al) interconnects, Cu wire line width and thickness is a function of wire width and spacing, wire-pattern density, and topography. These new effects must be modeled accurately for designs to achieve first-time silicon success. In this paper, we discusses the Cu process and its impact on modeling the interconnect parasitic elements - resistance (R), capacitance (C), and inductance (L). For a given process node, the use of Cu reduces interconnect delay and power, but from a design prospective, the same effect is achieved by reducing wire length. The impact of the X-architecture, which makes pervasive use of diagonal lines and has the promise of reducing wire length by an average of 20%, is also discussed. Finally, silicon validation of the interconnect R, C, and L model, using a test-chip approach, is covered.
Marriage, Romantic Relationships, and Health

Romantic relationships, particularly marriage, have beneficial, and at times, detrimental effects on health. Current research on the topic has focused on the physiological, psychological, and social factors that account for how and why romantic relationships are related to health. Research in this area also has focused on the role that relationships status, gender, sexual orientation, age, and physical health conditions play in whether romantic relationships are related to better (or worse) health. Findings from this line of work have the potential to impact intervention efforts that involve both members of a relationship to enhance physical, psychological, and relational well-being.
Gender identity and role

Gender identity refers to an individual's belief regarding what gender they are. In a culture in which gender is considered dichotomous, individuals are believed to be either masculine or feminine. Many cultures seem to allow for a greater range of possible gender identities. Gender role refers to the public behaviors considered appropriate for a given gender. Appropriate gender roles vary greatly across cultures, societies, and historical periods. Keywords: gender; gender role; gender identity; sex; androgyny
61 – Gender and Gastrointestinal Malignancies: Incidence and Response to Treatment

In patients with gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, gender is a predictor of incidence and mortality, with lower incidence and mortality in women than men for most GI cancers worldwide. Biologic factors and differences in exposure to risk factors may contribute to these differences. Esophageal cancer is four times more frequent in males than females and twice more common in blacks than in whites. Gastric cancer occurs twice as frequently in men than in women, and there is evidence for familial predisposition. The incidence of pancreatic cancer is slightly higher in men than in women, and the cancer is related to environmental exposures. The overall incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is three times higher in men than in women and twice more common in blacks than in whites in the United States. The chapter discusses the epidemiology, and the treatment of upper and lower GI malignancies, with particular emphasis on gender-related factors contributing to both pathogenesis and response to and side effects of therapy.
HIGHLY POLARIZED NEUTRONS FROM THE s-WAVE T(d,n)$sup 4$He AND D(t,n)$sup 4$He REACTIONS.

Formulas are presented in which the polarization of neutrons from the $s$-wave $\mathrm{T}(d, n)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $\mathrm{D}(t, n)^{4}\mathrm{He}$ reactions are expressed in terms of the projectile polarization and two real parameters which characterize the reaction. Neutron polarization limits are calculated from the presently available information about the range of possible values of these parameters. Several experiments are suggested by which these parameters can be determined. When this information is available, approximately 14-MeV neutrons with a large and accurately known polarization can be produced with the aid of a polarized ion source. The advantages, for this application, of a polarized ion source which can select a single nuclear substate are pointed out. The construction of polarized neutron generator with useful intensities and large polarization appears to be feasible at the present time.
MMP-9-Dependent Serum-Borne Bioactivity Caused by Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Exposure Induces Vascular Dysfunction via the CD36 Scavenger Receptor.

Inhalation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) causes systemic effects including vascular inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and acute phase protein expression. MWCNTs translocate only minimally beyond the lungs, thus cardiovascular effects thereof may be caused by generation of secondary biomolecular factors from MWCNT-pulmonary interactions that spill over into the systemic circulation. Therefore, we hypothesized that induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a generator of factors that, in turn, drive vascular effects through ligand-receptor interactions with the multiligand pattern recognition receptor, CD36. To test this, wildtype (WT; C57BL/6) and MMP-9(-/-)mice were exposed to varying doses (10 or 40 µg) of MWCNTs via oropharyngeal aspiration and serum was collected at 4 and 24 h postexposure. Endothelial cells treated with serum from MWCNT-exposed WT mice exhibited significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) generation, as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance, an effect that was independent of NO scavenging. Serum from MWCNT-exposed WT mice inhibited acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated relaxation of aortic rings at both time points. Absence of CD36 on the aortic rings (obtained from CD36-deficient mice) abolished the serum-induced impairment of vasorelaxation. MWCNT exposure induced MMP-9 protein levels in both bronchoalveolar lavage and whole lung lysates. Serum from MMP-9(-/-)mice exposed to MWCNT did not diminish the magnitude of vasorelaxation in naive WT aortic rings, although a modest right shift of the ACh dose-response curve was observed in both MWCNT dose groups relative to controls. In conclusion, pulmonary exposure to MWCNT leads to elevated MMP-9 levels and MMP-9-dependent generation of circulating bioactive factors that promote endothelial dysfunction and decreased NO bioavailability via interaction with vascular CD36.
Feature Selection for Hidden Markov Models and Hidden Semi-Markov Models

In this paper, a joint feature selection and parameter estimation algorithm is presented for hidden Markov models (HMMs) and hidden semi-Markov models (HSMMs). New parameters, feature saliencies , are introduced to the model and used to select features that distinguish between states. The feature saliencies represent the probability that a feature is relevant by distinguishing between state-dependent and state-independent distributions. An expectation maximization algorithm is used to calculate maximum a posteriori estimates for model parameters. An exponential prior on the feature saliencies is compared with a beta prior. These priors can be used to include cost in the model estimation and feature selection process. This algorithm is tested against maximum likelihood estimates and a variational Bayesian method. For the HMM, four formulations are compared on a synthetic data set generated by models with known parameters, a tool wear data set, and data collected during a painting process. For the HSMM, two formulations, maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori , are tested on the latter two data sets, demonstrating that the feature saliency method of feature selection can be extended to semi-Markov processes. The literature on feature selection specifically for HMMs is sparse, and non-existent for HSMMs. This paper fills a gap in the literature concerning simultaneous feature selection and parameter estimation for HMMs using the EM algorithm, and introduces the notion of selecting features with respect to cost for HMMs.
CHEN Kangbo's Imperial Expedition Order Draft and Song Jin War in Shaoxin in Xinyi(1161)

Based on basic facts,this paper analyzes the relationship between CHEN Kangbo's Imperial Expedition Order Draft and Song Jin War in Shaoxin in Xinyi from five different perspectives.We concluded that this document was a great,magnificent article across time-and-space for recovering the Central Plains of China.Imperial Expedition Order Draft laid the foundation of public opinion propaganda for the total victory of the Southern Song Dynasty in the war.It was also the guarantee for the strategic plan of Southern Song in the war-resisting the Jin Dynasty wholeheartedly by the ruler-ministers and military-civilian.Imperial Expedition Order Draft's going on an expedition with the faith of surely winning the battle was vital to winning the final victory.
Unsymmetrical short circuit current analysis of doubly fed induction generators with crowbar protection

Electromagnetic transient characteristics of doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) are very complex during the terminal voltage severely dips. One issue that has not received much attention so far is the contribution of DFIG to the asymmetrical short-circuit fault. In order to describe the DFIG's asymmetrical short-circuit current characteristics accurately, positive and negative sequence vector model of DFIG are established based on space vector theory and sequence component method. Considering the different initial operating power of DFIG, the accurate mathematical expressions of the stator and rotor flux after crowbar insertion is deduced through mathematical analysis. After that, then the accurate expressions of the stator and rotor short circuit current are derived. The method is also suitable for the calculation of DFIG short circuit when symmetrical fault occurs. Finally, the mathematical expressions of stator current are verified according to the standard DFIG model in MATLAB/SIMULINK under the cases of symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage dips respectively.