cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel diffusion pathways in low temperature self-organization of nanostructures

Abstract Surface diffusion is the key process responsible for mass transport on surfaces. Experiments can be carried out to measure surface diffusion either under equilibrium or non-equilibrium conditions. Equilibrium experiments can be used to measure the coverage and temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient D c ( θ , T ) which in turn is useful to deduce thermodynamic information about the system (adatom–adatom interactions, phase transitions, collective effects, etc.). Non-equilibrium experiments are more relevant to systems grown epitaxially because of the lower temperatures and higher deposition rates commonly used. Under these conditions metastable self-organized structures can be prepared within surprisingly short times, which suggests that some novel but still unclear kinetic pathways must exist at low temperatures. Such effects will be illustrated with the formation of uniform height Pb islands on Si ( 1 1 1 ) because of quantum size effects (QSE) and the formation of numerous “Devil's Staircase” phases in the dense Pb / Si ( 1 1 1 ) - α 3 × 3 phase. In addition, the failure of the quasi-equilibrium description of nanostructure relaxation for sufficiently small sizes will be discussed to stress the need for better knowledge of the kinetic barriers controlling the relaxation.
Addressing Parents' Perceptions in the Marginalization of Physical Education.

(2011). Addressing Parents’ Perceptions in the Marginalization of Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 82, No. 7, pp. 42-56.
A Facile Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Thiolsulfonates via Sulfonylation of Mercaptans1

Abstract The reaction of p-toluenesulfonyl bromide with mercaptans provides a convenient procedure for the synthesis of unsymmetrical thiolsulfonates.
Development of an estuarine climate change monitoring program

Abstract Numerous coastal and estuarine management programs around the world are developing strategies for climate change and priorities for climate change adaptation. A multi-state work group collaborated with scientists, researchers, resource managers and non-governmental organizations to develop a monitoring program that would provide warning of climate change impacts to the Long Island Sound estuarine and coastal ecosystems. The goal of this program was to facilitate timely management decisions and adaptation responses to climate change impacts. A novel approach is described for strategic planning that combines available regional-scale predictions and climate drivers (top down) with local monitoring information (bottom up) to identify candidate sentinels of climate change. Using this approach, 37 candidate sentinels of climate change were identified as well as a suite of core abiotic parameters that are drivers of environmental change. A process for prioritizing sentinels was developed and identified six of high priority for inclusion in pilot-scale monitoring programs. A monitoring strategy and an online sentinel data clearinghouse were developed. The work and processes presented here are meant to serve as a guide to other coastal and estuarine management programs seeking to establish a targeted monitoring program for climate change and to provide a set of “lessons learned.”
Laser suture lysis after trabeculectomy.

Purpose The author attempted to avoid ocular hypotony following a mitomycin-C trabeculectomy by controlling the interval between surgery and laser suture lysis. Methods When 10 seconds of digital pressure on the eye following a mitomycin-C trabeculectomy produced a 20% drop of the intraocular pressure, the decision of whether or not to perform laser suture lysis was delayed until the following examination. Results Twenty-nine consecutive eyes (27 patients) with primary open-angle glaucoma underwent mitomycin-C trabeculectomy in which laser suture lysis was required during the postoperative period to reach the target intraocular pressure. The eyes were classified by the severity of the glaucoma: mild, moderate, and severe. For moderate and severe glaucoma, an unqualified success was defined as an intraocular pressure of 10 ± 2 mm Hg. A qualified success had an intraocular pressure of 5 to 7 mm Hg or 13 to 15 mm Hg. Failure was defined as an intraocular pressure less than 5 mm Hg or greater than 15 mm Hg. Fifteen eyes were called success, 7 eyes qualified success, and 7 eyes failure. When the final laser suture lysis was carried out within the first two postoperative months, two of the failure eyes sustained hypotony. If the final laser suture lysis had been carried out after the first two postoperative months, there were no eyes with hypotony. There was no statistical difference in the final intraocular pressure between the early laser suture lysis and late laser suture lysis groups. Conclusions From this pilot study it would appear that delaying the final laser suture lysis following trabeculectomy (MMC) until after the second postoperative month may reduce the risk of hypotony without adversely affecting the final intraocular pressure.
Lognormal Model for Determining Dose-Response Curves from Epidemiological Data and for Health Risk Assessment

A practical method is proposed for determining human dose-response curves based on reasonable assumptions and simplifications. The epidemiological data needed are the fractions of the population suffering an adverse response from exposures to two or more patterns of fluctuating concentrations of a pollutant, and the statistical parameters of each pattern. The method calculates the two parameters of the threshold type dose-response curve of the pollutant, represented by a cumulative lognormal distribution. This distribution was derived from a reasonable statistical model. The calculation does not require any arbitrary safety factors and yields central values. The dose-response parameters then may be used to calculate the health risk rate of exposure to any other fluctuating concentration pattern. Another method is proposed to select appropriate threshold limit values (TLVsR) using calculations involving these parameters. Examples are given to illustrate the calculations. Results with hypothetical data gave...
The Validity and Reliability of the Back Saver Sit-and-Reach Test in Middle School Girls and Boys

(1996). The Validity and Reliability of the Back Saver Sit-and-Reach Test in Middle School Girls and Boys. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 67, No. 4, pp. 448-451.
Approaches to phenazine-derived N-isosteres of anthracyclinones

1-Hydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide showed antitumor properties against mouse leukemia P388. It also participated in biochemical mechanisms of quinoid antitumor agents, as indicated by inhibition of radiolabeled DNA-RNA precursors in cultured leukemia L1210 cells and by stimulation of oxygen consumption in mammalian microsomes. This suggests that the isosteric di-N-oxide system may be a biologically active substitute for 1,4-quinone, and that di-N-oxides of tetrahydrobenzo[b]phenazines can be explored as anthracyclinone N-isosteres. As potential synthetic intermediates, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,11-dihydroxybenzo[b]-phenazines have been prepared by 1) Diels-Alder addition of phenazine-1,4-quinone and 1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,3-butadiene to give isolable but labile adducts and 2) condensation of 6,7-diamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-5,8-dimethoxy-2-naphthoic acid with 3-methoxy-1,2-quinone. Attempts at N-oxidation gave instead oxidation of the 6,11-hydroquinone ring to quinone, regardless of hydroxyl protection. Despite previous literature indications, we have been unable to synthesize the 1,4-dihydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide system. We conclude that this hydroxyl substitution pattern (1,4) in an adjacent ring must be avoided in the redesign of anthracyclinone isosteres that have di N-oxide in place of quinone.
A Developmental Study of D-Glyceric Acid Dehydrogenase

Since the mere presence of an enzyme in a tissue does not establish a physiological role, further data are needed in order to elucidate the possible metabolic function of this enzyme. As an aid in obtaining such information, the developmental pattern of this dehydrogenase was studied. The previous investigation (13) had shown that although D-glyceric acid dehydrogenase is widely distributed in the tissues of various higher plants, the enzyme is present in a particularly high concentration in green leaves. This localization has been substantiated by following the pattern of the increase in the enzymatic activity upon germination. Another DPN-dependent enzyme, glyoxylic acid reductase (17), was studied for comparison. Peas and wheat were selected as representative plants because of their ease of growth under laboratory conditions.
Multipurpose Senior Centers: Opportunities for Community Health Nursing

Nationally, almost 10 million older Americans are served by approximately 12,000 multipurpose senior centers (MSCs). Among those over age 65, 15% attended an MSC in the previous year. We can expect that the number of older Americans attending MSCs will increase as our population ages. We conducted face-to-face interviews with 59 older adults at an MSC that provides programming to approximately 350 individuals aged 60 and older during the course of 1 year. We identified several areas in which senior center participants could benefit from the presence of community health nursing: loneliness and social support; diet and nutrition, oral health, and self-rated health and exercise. Community health nurses should play an integral role in MSCs by providing direct healthcare in the form of interventions and referrals and by providing preventative care and advice so that senior center participants may maintain and improve the prospects for their independence and quality of life.
Late Miocene Hominid from Fort Ternan, Kenya

Faunal and temporal relationships of the early hominid sites at Fort Ternan and in North India further support the morphological evidence that “Kenyapithecus” from Fort Ternan ought to continue in the synonymy of Ramapithecus.
Partial maternal separation and adult emotionality in balb/c mice.

Twenty-four h after birth, BALB/c mice were separated from their mothers every 6 h, around the clock, for 18 consecutive days. When tested for emotionality at 50 days of age, the experimental group was significantly less active than the control group in an open field. Two other dependent measures, quadrants traversed and defecation, did not yield significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The results are interpreted as failing to confirm the hypothesis of increased emotionality as a function of maternal separation. The problem of emotionality measures in mice is discussed.
Imperfect competition with complements and substitutes

Abstract I study price competition in settings where end products are combinations of components supplied by different monopolists, nesting standard models of perfect complements and imperfect substitutes. I show sufficient conditions for a discrete-choice demand system to yield demand for each product which is log-concave in price, and has log-increasing differences in own and another product's price, leading to strong comparative statics results. Many results familiar from simple models, like the price effects of mergers or changes in marginal costs, extend naturally to this more complex setting.
How Listening to Student Voices Informs and Strengthens Social Justice Research and Practice

Purpose: The purpose of this research article is to illustrate the value of including students’ voices in educational leadership and research practices, to more fully understand what students are actually experiencing in transformative learning spaces, and to determine what we might learn from them in terms of how to improve both leadership practice and our research efforts. Method: The first 2 years of an ongoing ethnography used participant observation, photography, a student survey, and focus group interviews to discover and describe the emergent school culture and the lived experiences of female secondary students in a single-sex public magnet school. Findings: Findings illumine why the young women in this study chose to attend an all-female STEM academy and what makes their schooling experiences at this particular school different from their prior experiences. Students’ voices also bring to the fore unintended negative consequences associated with attending a school devoted to social justice praxis and point to the ways leadership practices must evolve to provide an even more powerful, transformative learning space that better meet students’ needs. Implications: Findings have implications for leadership preparation programs as well as continuing professional development. That is, true transformative and social justice leadership is not static or linear. 1
Trends in Prescribing of Antipsychotic Medications for US Children

Objective To identify frequencies of prescribing for antipsychotics among all US children. Methods Data were drawn from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, which are national samples of health care services rendered to the US population. Survey data were used to determine antipsychotic prescription frequencies for 2–18 year old US children from 1995–2002. Results During 1995–2002, there were 5 762 193 visits to health providers by US children during which an antipsychotic was prescribed. Almost one third (32.4%) of the prescriptions were associated with visits to nonmental health providers. Fifty-three percent of the prescriptions were for behavioral indications or affective disorders, conditions for which antipsychotics have not been carefully studied in children. The overall frequency of antipsychotic prescribing increased from 8.6 per 1000 US children in 1995–1996 to 39.4 per 1000 US children in 2001–2002 (rate ratio 4.89, 95% CI, 2.50-9.55). Across all age groups, increases for nonstudied indications were even more pronounced than increases for approved indications. Conclusion The increase in frequencies of antipsychotic prescribing and the large number of children receiving antipsychotics each year reinforce the urgent need to conduct well-controlled studies of these medications in children.
Cars, calls, and cognition: investigating driving and divided attention

Conversing on cell phones while driving an automobile is a common practice. We examine the interference of the cognitive load of conversational dialog with driving tasks, with the goal of identifying better and worse times for conversations during driving. We present results from a controlled study involving 18 users using a driving simulator. The driving complexity and conversation type were manipulated in the study, and performance was measured for factors related to both the primary driving task and secondary conversation task. Results showed significant interactions between the primary and secondary tasks, where certain combinations of complexity and conversations were found especially detrimental to driving. We present the studies and analyses and relate the findings to prior work on multiple resource models of cognition. We discuss how the results can frame thinking about policies and technologies aimed at enhancing driving safety.
MASS: a multi-axis storage structure for large XML documents

Effective indexing for XML must consider both the query requirements of the XPath language and the dynamic nature of XML. We introduce MASS, a Multiple Axis Storage Structure, to provide scalable indexing for XPath expressions with guaranteed update performance. We describe the building blocks of MASS and provide results that demonstrate MASS's scalability. We show that MASS can outperform other state-of-the-art XML indexing solutions, even with constrained system resources.
Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahertz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors

Using the method of time-domain spectroscopy, we measure the far-infrared absorption and dispersion from 0.2 to 2 THz of the crystalline dielectrics sapphire and quartz, fused silica, and the semiconductors silicon, gallium arsenide, and germanium. For sapphire and quartz, the measured absorptions are consistent with the earlier work below 0.5 THz. Above 1 THz we measure significantly more absorption for sapphire, while for quartz our values are in reasonable agreement with those of the previous work. Our results on high-purity fused silica are consistent with those on the most transparent fused silica measured to date. For the semiconductors, we show that many of the previous measurements on silicon were dominated by the effects of carriers due to impurities. For high-resistivity, 10-kΩ cm silicon, we measure a remarkable transparency together with an exceptionally nondispersive index of refraction. For GaAs our measurements extend the precision of the previous work, and we resolve two weak absorption features at 0.4 and 0.7 THz. Our measurements on germanium demonstrate the dominant role of intrinsic carriers; the measured absorption and dispersion are well fitted by the simple Drude theory.
Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America by Dowell Myers

Dowell Myers, Immigrants and Boomers: Forging a New Social Contract for the Future of America (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007).It is a pleasure to watch a pro at work. While the essential ...
Urocanic acid production using whole cells immobilized in a hollow fiber reactor

The feasibility of using hollow fiber membrane dialyzers (C-DAK) for immobilization of microbial whole cells was investigated. The cells are located on the shell side of the dialyzer, while substrates and products are free to diffuse across the hollow fiber membranes. The biochemical reaction studied was the conversion of L-histidine to urocanic acid and catalyzed by L-histidine ammonia-lyase. C-DAK dialyzers containing a heat-treated suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 11299b (with L-histidine ammonia–lyase activity) were incorporated into constant volume recycle reactor systems for continuous product formation. A simple model successfully correlated the data and predicted performance. It was found that the reaction was not likely to be diffusion limited, and such a cell immobilization scheme is convenient and workable for continuous production of biochemicals.
Fatty acid digestion in lactating dairy cows fed fats varying in degree of saturation and different fiber sources.

Abstract Six cannulated cows were assigned to six treatments in a 6 × 6 Latin square design to evaluate the effects of fat saturation and amount and source of effective fiber on fatty acid metabolism. Cows were fed a control diet with no added fat or diets with 5% added fat from saturated tallow, tallow, or animal-vegetable fat; the diets with animal-vegetable fat had three percentages of effective fiber: 40% forage, 40% forage plus 20% soyhulls, or 60% forage. Cows fed diets supplemented with fat tended to have more disappearance of total fatty acids in the rumen than did those fed the control diet. Disappearance of fatty acids from the rumen, especially C 16 and C 18 , was higher for cows fed the low fiber diet. The apparent digestibility of fatty acids in the small intestine was higher for cows fed the control diet than for those fed supplemental fat. Apparent digestibility also was reduced as fat saturation increased, primarily because of saturated tallow. Digestibility of C 18:1 in saturated tallow was reduced, apparently in association with other saturated fatty acids. Fiber source had no effects on apparent intestinal digestibility of fatty acids. Concentrations of C 18:0 and C 18:1 in milk fat increased as the degree of fat saturation decreased, reflecting higher unsaturated C 18 intake and ruminal biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated C 18 fatty acids.
Work in progress - Introduction of K-map based nano-logic synthesis as knowledge module in logic design course

This work in progress reports an effort of introducing knowledge module regarding novel nano-devices and novel logic primitives in undergraduate logic design class. Our motivation is to make our students aware of fundamental abstracted logical behaviors of future nano-devices, their functionality. This effort would also help the students use their existing knowledge of K-map based logical synthesis into constructing logic blocks for novel devices that uses majority logic as basic construct. Moreover, additional to stimulating our students' interests, we are also augmenting their learning by challenging them to use their existing knowledge to analyze, synthesize and comprehend novel nano-logic issues through the worksheets and lecture modules. Whereas many efforts are focusing on developing new courses on nanofabrication and even nano-computing, we intend to augment the existing standard EE and CS courses by inserting knowledge modules on nano-logic structure for stimulating their interest without significant diversion from the course framework.
Age-Related Changes in Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit α4 Expression Are Modified by Long-Term Nicotine Administration

The distribution of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha4 (nAChRalpha4) in the brains of young (2-4 months) or aged (24-28 months) CBA/J mice was examined using immunohistochemical staining. Anti-nAChRalpha4 immunoreactivity corresponded with nAChRalpha4 RNA expression and high-affinity [3H]nicotine binding. Immunostaining in aged mice relative to that in young animals was diminished in the medial septum and diagonal band but was unchanged in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra. The staining of neurons was almost completely absent in the hippocampus of aged animals. The oral administration of nicotine to aged animals for 6 weeks did not alter nAChRalpha4 expression relative to that in aged controls. However, the long-term delivery of nicotine (11 months) to 14-month-old animals corresponded with the highly specific preservation of nAChRalpha4 expression in some neurons of the dentate gyrus region and in neurite processes of remaining neurons of the hippocampal CA1 region. These results support the conclusion that the loss of nAChRalpha4 expression occurs in key cholinergic regions during normal aging. Furthermore, sustained long-term nicotine delivery may promote highly region-specific retention of nAChR expression, but only if initiated before normal age-related receptor decline.
Optimism and Pessimism in the Context of Health: Bipolar Opposites or Separate Constructs?

One difficulty plaguing research on dispositional optimism and health is whether optimism and pessimism are bipolar opposites or constitute distinct constructs. The present study examined the Life Orientation Test to determine whether the two-factor structure is explained by method bias (due to measurement) or substantive differences. The authors compared three measurement models: bipolar, bivariate, and method artifact. Optimism and pessimism emerged as distinct constructs due to substantive differences. The authors also considered the validity of optimism and pessimism, examining their relations with psychological and physical health outcomes. Optimism and pessimism were more similar in relation to psychological health than to other health-related behavior or physical health outcomes. However, a strongly interpretable pattern for the relation of optimism and pessimism to the health outcomes did not emerge. Further research may benefit from considering optimism and pessimism as bivariate and also should consider the conceptual components and behavioral mechanisms specific to each variable.
Co-ordinated expression of multiple enzymes in different subcellular compartments in plants

Summary A gene expression system designed for coordinated expression of multiple genes in plants and their targeting to specified subcellular locations was tested. A series of genes encoding polyproteins containing the tobacco vein mottling virus (TVMV) NIa proteinase along with two other reporter genes (those encoding theEscherichia coliacetate kinase (ACK) and Tn9 chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) enzymes) were assembled. The respective coding sequences of these genes were separated by a TVMV NIa proteinase recognition sequence. In addition, in some instances, chloroplast targeting information (a transit peptide (TP) from a pearbcSgene) was incorporated into the polyprotein. We found that the NIa proteinase can be used to express, as individual polypeptides, the ACK and CAT proteins, and that these proteins retain enzymatic activity. Polyproteins with the structure TP-NIa-ACK-CAT or TP-ACK-CAT-NIa failed to yield chloroplast-localized ACK and CAT proteins, although the latter did give rise to a chloroplast-localized ACK-CAT polyprotein. These results indicate that the NIa proteinase actsin cismore rapidly than transport of proteins into the chloroplast, but that chloroplast localization can take place before complete processing of the polyprotein. Polyproteins with the structures ACK-NIa-TP-CAT and TP-ACK-NIa-TP-CAT yielded appropriately processed and targeted ACK and CAT. Our results show that subcellular localization signals can be effectively recognized in the context of a polyprotein, and they suggest an appropriate strategy for simultaneous engineering of multiple subcellular compartments in plants.
Regulation of ion channel structure and function by reactive oxygen-nitrogen species

Ion channels subserve diverse cellular functions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species modulate ion channel function by a number of mechanisms including 1) transcriptional regulation of gene expres...
Population Pharmacokinetics of Ciprofloxacin in Pediatric Patients

The objective of this study was to characterize ciprofloxacin population pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients. A total of 150 pediatric patients (including 28 patients with cystic fibrosis [CF], ages 0.27-16.9 years) received ciprofloxacin by the oral and/or intravenous routes. Population pharmacokinetic analyses were performed with NONMEN software. Exponential error models were used to describe the interindividual variance in pharmacokinetic parameters, and the residual error model included both proportional and additive components. Based on principles of allometry, the patient's body weight was used as a covariate, along with appropriate allometric exponents, in the construction of the base model. Model building was accomplished by a stepwise forward inclusion procedure, and the final model was evaluated by multiple techniques, including bootstrap, leverage analysis, and cross-validation. With body weight included in the model (two compartments with first-order absorption), ciprofloxacin clearance was influenced by age, and the absorption rate constant was altered in CF patients. The final model is summarized as follows: CL(L/h) = 30.3 x (WT/70)0.75 x (1 + 0.045 [AGE-2.5]), VC(L) = 56.7 x (WT/70)1.0, VP(L) = 89.8 x (WT/70)1.0, Q(L/h) = 37.5 x (WT/70)0.75, Ka (1/h) = 1.27 x (1 + [-0.611 x CF]), absorption lag time = 0.35 hours, and bioavailability fraction = 61.1%, where WT and AGE are the patient's body weight (kg) and age (years), respectively, and the variable CF equals 1 for CF patients and 0 for non-CF patients. The interpatient variability in pharmacokinetic parameters (percentage coefficient of variation [%CV]) ranged from 22.5% to 49.8%. The residual variabilities (%CV) for the oral and intravenous data were 40% and 27%, respectively. The shared additive residual variance component was small (SD = 0.04 mg/L). Model evaluation by the different methods indicated that the final model was robust and parameter estimates were precise. A small difference (< 6%) was noted when the patient's age was not used in dose calculation. Therefore, in routine clinical use, for pediatric patients older than 3 months, ciprofloxacin dose may be calculated solely based on body weight.
Student Perceptions of Culture and Environment in an International Context: A Case Study of Educational Camps in Costa Rica

Participant surveys from five camps including 100 students from the United States suggest that international environmental education can contribute positively to knowledge of the social, cultural, and economic context of conservation in the neotropics. After 10-13 days of interaction with rain forest communities in Costa Rica, students had a broader appreciation of the importance of local residents in rain forest conservation, and of discrepancies in resource use between first and third world populations. However, student interest in changing personal behaviour to contribute to rain forest preservation did not increase during the camps. In order to facilitate concrete changes in behaviour among participants, I suggest that international environmental education must be provided in the context of a broader, action-oriented curriculum implemented by the home institution.
In Vivo Baseline Measurements of Hip Joint Range of Motion in Suspensory and Nonsuspensory Anthropoids

Hominoids and atelines are known to use suspensory behaviors and are assumed to possess greater hip joint mobility than nonsuspensory monkeys, particularly for range of abduction. This assumption has greatly influenced how extant and fossil primate hip joint morphology has been interpreted, despite the fact that there are no data available on hip mobility in homi- noids or Ateles. This study uses in vivo measurements to test the hypothesis that suspensory anthropoids have significantly greater ranges of hip joint mobility than nonsuspensory anthropoids. Passive hip joint mobility was measured on a large sample of anesthetized captive anthropoids (nonhuman hominids 5 43, hylobatids 5 6, cercopithecids 5 43, Ateles 5 6, and Cebus 5 6). Angular and linear data were collected using goniometers and tape measures. Range of motion (ROM) data were ana- lyzed for significant differences by locomotor group using ANOVA and phylogenetic regression. The data demon- strate that suspensory anthropoids are capable of signifi- cantly greater hip abduction and external rotation. Degree of flexion and internal rotation were not larger in the suspensory primates, indicating that suspension is not associated with a global increase in hip mobility. Future work should consider the role of external rota- tion in abduction ability, how the physical position of the distal limb segments are influenced by differences in ROM proximally, as well as focus on bony and soft tissue differences that enable or restrict abduction and exter- nal rotation at the anthropoid hip joint. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:417-434, 2014. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inter- and Intragenic Variations Complicate the Molecular Epidemiology of Human Cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus isolates were analyzed, both by restriction fragment-length polymorphism typing and by sequencing for intra- and intergenic variability at 9 sites on the genome, to determine whether genetic variation influenced disease outcome and whether linkage among genes could be identified. Variation at the UL55 (glycoprotein B [gB]), UL74 (gO), UL75 (gH), UL115 (gL), US9, and US28 gene open-reading frames was studied in relationship to outcome of cytomegalovirus disease. Major findings were that (1) on the basis of analysis of only 9 genomic sites, it is apparent that an almost infinite number of genetic combinations are theoretically possible; (2) genetic linkages are rare; (3) intragenic variability may be a complicating factor in molecular epidemiologic studies; and (4) analysis of only a single gene from a clinical isolate may not reveal the presence of either intragenic variants or mixtures of genotypes.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Molecular Epidemiology after Emergence of Clone USA300 in San Francisco Jail Populations

We performed a longitudinal analysis of 502 unique methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical isolates originating from San Francisco jail inmates between 2000 and 2007. Strain USA300, first encountered in 2001, accounted for 82.1% (412/502) of MRSA infections. Non-USA300 MRSA strains were rarely found after 2005 (one isolate in 2006, three in 2007).
Inherent Tensions in the Governance of Us Public Corporations: The Uses of Ambiguity in Fiduciary Law

This essay is written for an audience comprised importantly of European scholars with an interest in comparative corporation law and governance. It is written by an American whose work has not been that of a scholar, but that of a judge. As a judge I, if I may switch to a personal voice, specialized in the corporation law of the State of Delaware, the body of law that more than any other acts as the authoritative corporation law in the U.S. Part I of this essay provides general background information on the history and structure of the corporate law of the U.S. This part lays the predicate for the assertions (1) that the nature of the large, publicly financed corporation -- which dominate the production of wealth in the U.S. economy -- taken together with the search for efficient systems of wealth production, inevitably dictate that, managerial actions will not be meaningfully constrained by a pre-existing legal rule (meaning constrained with reasonable specificity); (2) that in such an open-textured governance environment non-contractual forms of ex post constraint on discretion -- such as the judicially created fiduciary duties of care and loyalty -- provide one plausible means to attempt to resolve the resulting tensions; but (3) this effort is inevitably pragmatic and imperfect because of limitations of cognition and information, as well of fundamental value conflicts among human actors holding power to effect ex post resolution. Part II considers the role of the fiduciary duty in American corporation law, specifically the directors' duty of care. After a brief exposition of the structural reasons why negotiated ex ante rules are of limited utility in the governance of publicly financed corporations, and after a brief description of fiduciary duties under U.S. law, the corporate directors' duty of care is discussed. The duty of care, especially with respect to the duty to monitor corporate activities that may violate law or constitute inappropriate risk, is much noted: from Salomon Brothers to Metallgesellschaft, to Barings Bank, the duty of corporate managers or directors to be informed -- and losses that result from a failure to be informed -- are much in the news. The assertion made here is that the corporate directors duty of care is characteristic of U.S. corporation law "rules", in that it cannot -- consistently with efficient operation over an indefinite term -- be highly specified and that moreover even as a vague statement of principle to be construed ex post, it has problematic cross-cutting efficiency effects. The judicially created doctrine of the business rule is explained (in a note entirely conventional way) as a response to those cross-effects. A recent U.S. case is discussed. An hypothesis is offered to account for the posited utility of the ambiguous disjunction between directors legal standard of duty with respect to care and the protective standard of judicial review.
When Fund Managers Distinguish Themselves from the Herd: How Stock Correlations Affect Portfolio Returns.

An important component of the asset allocation decision is the timing of any changes to the portfolio weighting. I provide evidence that excess returns from actively managed mutual funds are higher when active fund managers react to prior month stock correlations to make their allocation decision. Fund managers that react to these conditions significantly outperform the benchmark index and are making changes in the ‘activeness’ of their portfolio. My results have important implications for asset management as investors move more funds to actively managed funds when systematic risk is low, which happens to be the time when those same funds perform better relative to their passive peers.
Abstract 116: Single-synapse Analysis Of Synaptic Remodeling In The Post-stroke Rodent Brain

Introduction: The mechanisms of functional recovery after stroke are thought to be based on structural and functional changes in brain circuits adjacent to or connected with the stroke site. Deciphering these changes at the synaptic level is key to understanding the re-organization of the synaptic circuitry (i.e. the connectome). Quantitative information about such synapse rearrangements after stroke has been inadequate however, due to the technical limitations of available methodologies. Here we describe the use of array tomography, a new high-resolution proteomic imaging method, to determine the composition of glutamate and GABA synapses in the post-stroke mouse brain. Methods: A cortical lesion was induced in 12-week-old C57BL/6J male mice using the distal middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia. Small tissue sections were removed from the peri-infarct cortex and ribbons of serial ultrathin (70 nm) sections were obtained using an ultramicrotome. Ribbons were stained with antibodies for the synaptic markers SynapsinI, VGlut1, VGlut2, PSD-95, GAD, VGAT. Analysis of the resultant staining pattern was used to identify subtypes of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. Results: At 1 week post-stroke, an increase in GABAergic synapses was observed in layer 5 of the peri-infarct cortex. A sub-analysis of the type of inhibitory interneurons (e.g. parvalbumin, somatostatin) expressing these synapses is pending. In addition, a trend for an increase of VGlut1+2 synapses was also observed. However, there were no detectable differences in total synapse number between stroke-injured and naive animals, thus suggesting that VGluT2 expression may be upregulated in existing glutamatergic VGluT1 synapses after stroke. Further analysis will be extended to cortical layers 2/3 and 4. Conclusion: These results provide new information about the organization of synaptic circuitry and its plasticity after stroke. Furthermore, it demonstrates how array tomography enables a previously unobtainable level of volumetric visualization and quantification of synapses.
Paramagnetic Impurity Concentrations in Amorphous Polymers

Paramagnetic oxygen molecules are present as impurities in most polymers and are easily detected by nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic susceptibility measurements at liquid helium temperature. The spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) of the protons in the polymers is found to increase from about one second to hundreds of seconds when the oxygen is removed by gentle heating in a vacuum. When the polymers are subsequently exposed to air at room temperature the oxygen again diffuses into them gradually lowering T1. Polyethylene and polystyrene have been studied by this technique, and the oxygen diffusion is found to proceed quite differently in the two materials. The magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used to determine the amount of oxygen in the polymers. Both polyethylene and polystyrene were found to have diamagnetic susceptibilities of the order of 10−6 at liquid helium temperature. When the oxygen was removed the susceptibility increased by an amount comparable to the original susceptibility. This increase in susceptibility is attributed to the removal of approximately 1018 oxygen molecules per cubic centimeter of sample. Polyethylene samples of differing crystallinities were studied by this technique and the data suggests that more oxygen is present in the more amorphous samples.
Abstract 4306: KLF8 promotes human ovarian tumorigenesis in athymic mouse models

KLF8 is a dual transcription factor that plays a role in oncogenic transformation in mouse fibroblast cells and is highly over-expressed in human ovarian cancer. To test if KLF8 alone or together with each of the ovarian oncoprotein c-Myc, Stat3c or Akt plays a role in ovarian cell transformation, we used the immortalized normal human ovarian epithelial cell line T80 to generate stable cell lines that overexpress KLF8 alone or its combination with one of the other three oncoproteins. The Soft agar assay showed that T80/KLF8 formed significantly more colonies compared with the mock control cells, suggesting that KLF8 may play a role to transform T80 cells. Interestingly the cells expressing both KLF8 and c-Myc formed the largest amounts of colonies that were even greater than the sum of colonies formed by the cells expressing either KLF8 or c-Myc alone, suggesting a potential synergistic role of KLF8 with c-Myc. Surprisingly, however, overexpression of KLF8 alone was sufficient to induce tumorigenesis in athymic mice when the T80/KLF8 cells were injected subcutaneously (s.c.), intraperitoneally (i.p.) or orthotopically into the ovarian bursa. HE and IHC staining identified the tumors’ epithelial origin characteristic of human ovarian cancer. The s.c. growth rate of the T80/KLF8 tumors was greater than the T80/Stat3c tumors and similar to T80/Akt tumors although slower than the tumors formed by SKOV3ip1 and T80/c-Myc cells. The average survival time for the mice with the i.p. implantations was about six months for T80/KLF8 as compared to approximately two months for SKOV3ip1. These novel findings suggest that KLF8 plays a critical oncogenic role in synergy with c-Myc in the ovarian cancer progression. The mouse tumor models generated in this work provide important tools for the studies of mechanisms underlying human ovarian cancer progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4306. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4306
Type Studies in the Hydnaceae II. The Genus Steccherinum

(1912). Type Studies in the Hydnaceae II. The Genus Steccherinum. Mycologia: Vol. 4, No. 6, pp. 309-318.
Western blot identification of platelet proteins that bind normal serum immunoglobulins. Characteristics of a 95-Kd reactive protein

We have found that Western blots (WBs) of whole platelets exposed to normal autologous or homologous sera commonly have bands at 90 to 95 (95) Kd, and less often at 100 to 110, 80 to 85, 60 to 75, and 50 to 60 Kd when developed with antiglobulins. The percentages of normal sera producing a 95-Kd band with anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG), -IgA, and -IgM are 85, 50, and 30, respectively. Antiglobulin reagents alone also produce background bands on WBs that we have shown correspond to levels of platelet-associated Igs (PAIgs) or their derivatives. Titers of 95 Kd-reactive IgG in normal sera range from 10 to 1,280 (85% less than or equal to 50), and the reaction appears to be partially F(ab')2-mediated. The 95-Kd protein is internal and differs in many respects from surface glycoproteins IIIa, IV, and V of similar apparent molecular weight. In thrombocytopenic patients there was no correlation between severity of thrombocytopenia or PAIgG of platelet eluates and corresponding serum titers of 95 Kd-reactive IgG. Some WB reactions previously reported as evidence of autoimmunity may represent normal variations in reactions of Igs with internal platelet proteins. These reactions may be immunospecific or analogous to nonspecific, partially F(ab')2-dependent binding of Igs by certain bacterial proteins.
Statistical Description of CdSe/CdS Dot-in-Rod Heterostructures Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM) is employed to provide a statistical description of faceting, core location, stacking faults, and polar self-assembly behavior of CdSe/CdS dot-in-rod heterostructures. Applied to dot-in-rod and rod-in-rod heterostructures, STEM enables statistical measurements of core locations that show that the position of the CdSe core lies at ≈45% of the length of the sample, slightly closer to the blunt (001) facet of the CdS nanorod shell. A study of stacking faults reveals a substantially enhanced probability near the epitaxial interface of the core and shell, suggesting the role of epitaxial strain in the formation of defects. Structural analysis is extended to liquid-crystalline monolayers of nanorods, and the role of dipolar interactions within lamellae is analyzed using one-dimensional pair-distribution analysis of polarity, showing that the nanorods have a random dipole alignment.
Recognizing the Caregiver as a Patient

In September 2011 my husband was diagnosed with Stage IV cancer and I entered the world of caregiving. My worlds collided as the knowledge I had from my research was lived firsthand. Like most care...
Investigation of the Failure of Infectious Disease Report in the Hospitals of Shaoguan City during 1997—2006

[Objective] To understand the missing reports of notifiable infectious diseases in the hospitals Xinfeng County and provide scientific evidence for the establishment of preventive countermeasures. [Methods] Investigation was carried out among the hospitals of the county based on the "National Investigation Scheme for the Missing Reports of Notifiable Infectious Diseases". [Results] A total of 2483 cases of type B and C notifiable infectious diseases were found during 1997—2006; 667 cases were missed out with an average missing report rate of 27.7%; the missing report rate of class B (30.65 %) was lower than that of type C (66.48%) (P0.01); the average missing report rate during 2002—2006 (13.26%) was lower than that between 1997 and 2001 (40.84%) (P0.05); the missing report rate in the hospitals at county level (12.30%) was lower than that at township level (40.80%) (P0.01); 1507 out of 2631 report cards were timely reported with an average timely-reporting rate of 57.28%; the average timely-reporting rate during 1997—2003 before the implementation of network report (80.95%) was lower than that after the implementation of network report (28.04%). [Conclusion] In order to reduce the missing and delaying report and improve the quality of infectious disease report, supervision and management of infectious disease report should be strengthened and the laws and regulation consciousness should be enhanced among the medical staff.
Comparative mortality among people diagnosed with HIV infection or AIDS in the U.S., 2001-2010.

Objective The comparative mortality figure (CMF) is the expected number of deaths in the standard population compared with those observed. We assessed state-based CMFs for people with HIV infection to allow standardized assessment of mortality in all states. Methods We used National HIV Surveillance System data to compute CMFs for people diagnosed with HIV and AIDS from 2001 to 2010 who met the CDC HIV case definition; were alive on December 31, 2009; and died during 2010. Results In 33 U.S. states with name-based HIV reporting since 2001, the 2010 CMF for people with an HIV diagnosis was 2.8 compared with 4.5 for those with an AIDS diagnosis. CMFs for males were higher than for females (3.4 vs. 3.1) and black people had higher CMFs than white people for HIV (3.2 vs. 2.2) and AIDS (4.7 vs. 4.3). CMFs by state ranged from 0.9 to 4.2 for HIV and 1.9 to 9.7 for AIDS. In 50 states and the District of Columbia with AIDS reporting, CMFs for males and females were similar (4.5 and 4.6, respectively), CMFs for black people remained higher than for white people (5.0 and 3.9, respectively), and the range for states remained broad (1.2-9.4). Conclusion State mortality figures varied based on population composition and disease stage at diagnosis, possibly indicating a need for state-specific testing, linkage to care, and viral suppression strategies to reduce mortality.
A Comparison of Metric and Non-Metric Methods for Multidimensional Analysis of Marketing Survey Statements: Does the Method Really Metter?

In this study the objective is to examine evidence for the relative effectiveness of factor analysis and multidimensional analysis of marketing survey data.