cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Social Network Modeling and Analysis for Security Informatics

Social relational networks are becoming an important technology in studying terrorist and criminal organizations. Our goal here is to enrich the domain of social network modeling by introducing ideas from fuzzy sets and related granular computing technologies. We approach this extension in a number of ways. One is with the introduction of fuzzy graphs representing the networks. This allows a generalization of the types of connection between nodes in a network from simply connected or not to weighted or fuzzy connections. Here the idea of strength of connection becomes important. A second and perhaps more interesting extension is the use of Zadeh's fuzzy set based paradigm of computing with words to provide a bridge between a human network analyst's linguistic description of social network concepts and the formal model of the network. Fundamental to this capability is the realization that both formal network models and the paradigm of computing with words are built upon set based technologies. More specifically, the formal representation of a social network is in terms a mathematical set object called a relationship and computing with words uses a set object, fuzzy subsets, to formally represent the semantics of linguistic terms. This common underlying set based technology allows us to take human concepts and formally represent them in terms of network properties. This in term allows an analyst to determine the truth or falsity of observations about a network as well helps in the mining of social relation networks.
Finance/Financial Markets

Finance has evolved historically as a distinctive system of activities. If production, consumption, and distribution or exchange – the market interface between production and consumption – are three different spheres of economic activity, then finance is a fourth sphere. It fulfills a specialized function: that of supplying and controlling credit. In a capitalist economy, credit needs to be obtained before a production cycle can start; credit, Keynes argued, is prior to production. Only after production has been financed can it result in employment income, part of which could then be used to generate savings. Credit can be obtained through two channels: bank lending and financial markets. Manufacturing-oriented economies – such as that of continental Europe, or more specifically Germany – historically developed a financial organization in which bank lending dominated. In Anglo-Saxon countries such as the United States a different pattern emerged, one placing less emphasis on bank lending, while important credit channels were provided by money and securities markets. Keywords: finance; Marx, Karl; Marxist theory
Clinical outcomes of oncologic gastrointestinal resections in patients with cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND: Cirrhosis is a risk factor for postoperative morbidity and mortality after general surgical procedures. However, the impact of cirrhosis on outcomes of surgical resection for gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies has not been described. The authors' objective was to characterize early postoperative and transitional outcomes in cirrhotic patients undergoing GI cancer surgery. METHODS: Query of the National Inpatient Sample Database (2005-2008) identified 106,729 patients who underwent resection for GI malignancy; 1479 (1.4%) had cirrhosis. The association of cirrhosis with postoperative outcomes was examined. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included length-of-stay (LOS) and discharge to long-term care facility (LTCF). RESULTS: Cirrhotic patients had higher risk of in-hospital mortality (8.9% vs 2.8%, P < .001), longer LOS (11.5 ± 0.26 vs 10.0 ± 0.03 days, P < .001), and higher rate of discharge to LTCF (19.0% vs 15.7%, P < .001). Mortality was highest in patients with moderate to severe liver dysfunction (21.5% vs 6.5%, P < .001). On multivariate analysis, cirrhosis was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.5-3.7) and nonhome discharge (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.0). In cirrhotic patients, moderate to severe liver dysfunction was the only independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR, 4.03; 95% CI, 2.7-5.9), but did not predict discharge disposition. CONCLUSIONS: Resection of GI malignancy in cirrhotics is associated with poor early postoperative and transitional outcomes, with severity of liver disease being the primary determinant of postoperative mortality. These data suggest that GI cancer operations can be performed safely in well-selected cirrhotic patients with mild liver dysfunction. Cancer 2012;3494–3500. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Abstract 710: A Novel Mechanism by Which CPI-17 Is Down-regulated in Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Tissues by TNFα and in C57BL/6 Mice by Lipopolysaccharide

Objectives: Sepsis is characterized by a severe inflammatory response to infection, and its complications, including hypotension, can be fatal. It has long believed that hypotension in sepsis occur as a result of failure of the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to constrict. However, the molecular mechanism that links inflammation and decreases in vasoconstriction is largely unknown. Approaches and Results: CPI-17, a key regulator in vasoconstriction, was markedly decreased in mesentery arteries (MA) in mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Incubation of cultured MA or VSMC with TNFα had similar effects on CPI-17 as LPS injection in mice. To identify transcriptional factors that respond to TNFα to suppress CPI-17 expression, we cloned a 1 kb murine CPI-17 promoter (-1,015 to +2 bp). Promoter deletion analysis revealed that a CPI-17 promoter region (-115 to -50 bp) was critical for TNFα to inhibit CPI-17 promoter activity. Bioinformatics analysis revealed this region contained 3 GC boxes that are putative binding sites for transcription factors SP1 and KLF4. Mutation of the 2nd and 3rd GC boxes, but not 1st GC box, abolished TNFα-mediated inhibitory effect on CPI-17 promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) illustrated that SP1 and KLF4 bound to the 2nd and 3rd GC boxes, but not 1st GC box. Interestingly, TNFα had no effect on SP1 expression but suppressed SP1 binding to the CPI-17 promoter. In contrast, TNFα increased KLF4 expression and KLF4 binding to the CPI-17 promoter. Down-regulation of either SP1 or KLF4 by siRNA abolished inhibition of CPI-17 promoter activity by TNFα but the effects were opposite: SP1 siRNA decreased CPI-17 promoter activity whereas KLF4 siRNA increased CPI-17 promoter activity. Moreover, KLF4 up-regulation, but not SP1, was also found in MA in mice injected with LPS. KLF4 up-regulation by LPS preceded CPI-17 down-regulation and correlated with a decrease in vasoconstriction and hypotension. Conclusions: These studies reveal a novel mechanism by which CPI-17 is down-regulated by LPS/TNFα through SP1 and KLF4 in vascular wall and identify SP1, KLF4, and CPI-17 as new potential therapeutic targets for treatment of hypotension in patients with sepsis.
Free surface Hele-Shaw flows around an obstacle: A random walk simulation

This paper presents computer simulations of pressure driven viscous flows that creep in two dimensions (Hele-Shaw cells). We model the time and spatial evolution of free liquid-gas interfaces perturbed by solid obstacles of various configurations such as wedges, steps, and ellipses. Our goal is to study short- and long-scale obstacle effects on the interface shape and velocity. Specific focus is given to the dynamics of a triple (gas-liquid-solid) contact line, which determines local wetting of obstacles. As a principal contribution, we derive a functional relationship between the contact line velocity and the obstacle geometry.
Daphnia Population Dynamics in Western Lake Erie: Regulation by Food Limitation and Yellow Perch Predation

Two Daphnia species exhibited similar dynamic patterns in western Lake Erie. Populations peaked in early summer, declined to minimum abundance in mid-July, and then disappeared after August. To determine relative importance of food limitation and young-of-year (YOY) fish predation in regulating Daphnia dynamics, we examined relationships (1) between edible phytoplankton abundances and Daphnia fecundity and birth rates, and (2) between Daphnia biomass consumed by YOY yellow perch (Perca flavescens) and Daphnia death rates. The population peak was created by a burst of parthenogenetic reproduction. Suppression of birth rates (<1 individual d−1) by low edible phytoplankton resources (<4 g•m−3 wet wt) and increased consumption by YOY yellow perch caused a midsummer decline of Daphnia populations. Once the Daphnia populations were reduced, the predation from age-1 and older planktivorous fish in western Lake Erie was likely to keep the populations at low densities in spite of increased food resources in late summer. An increased white perch (Morone americana) population and the invasion of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) in western Lake Erie may alter the cycle of Daphnia dynamics, hence influencing yellow perch population in the lake.
Laser-Excited Atomic Fluorescence Techniques For Temperature Measurements In Flames: A Summary

Twelve laser-excited atomic fluorescence methods suitable for abso­ lute temperature measurements in flames and other atomic and/or ionic reser­ voirs are reviewed and summarized. The different characteristics of the techniques are discussed. Several important parameters that need to be evalu­ ated experimentally and the assumptions that need to be made in order to obtain meaningful temperature data from the selected method are emphasized.
PS1-11: A Dissemination and Implementation Research Agenda for the Cancer Research Network: Looking Back and Looking Forward.

Background/Aims2013 is the fifth year for the Cancer Research Network’s (CRN) only funded research center, the Cancer Communication Research Center (CCRC), an NCI-designated Center of Excellence in Cancer Communication Research (CECCR). This CRN center has sister centers at the University of Pennsylvania, University of Michigan, University of Wisconsin, and Washington University in St. Louis. An emphasis of the CRN center has been the application and study of dissemination and implementation (DI a recommendation that implementation research be clearly distinguished as consisting of two types is made; greater emphasis is called for to study the sustainability of effective practices and programs by identifying key outputs and outcomes that constitute sustainability. Lastly, a research agenda is proposed that lists key topics for study concerning dissemination, implementation, and sustainability for the CRN.ConclusionsFederal attention to issues of dissemination and implementation research in health is rapidly escalating. The new Cancer Research Network 4 has the opportunity to lead the nation in demonstrating innovative and effective approaches to the study of D&I. Expertise for this research expertise will be a primary legacy of the Cancer Communication Research Center.
Extubation and Pancuronium

Excerpt To the editor: I must take issue with a statement of Drs. Roizen and Feeley in their review of pancuronium bromide (1). In an otherwise excellent article, an assertion is made in the sectio...
Modeling Child-Based Theoretical Reading Constructs With Struggling Adult Readers

This study examined whether measurement constructs behind reading-related tests for struggling adult readers are similar to what is known about measurement constructs for children. The sample included 371 adults reading between the third-and fifth-grade levels, including 127 men and 153 English speakers of other languages. Using measures of skills and subskills, confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to test child-based theoretical measurement models of reading: an achievement model of reading skills, a core deficit model of reading subskills, and an integrated model containing achievement and deficit variables. Although the findings present the best measurement models, the contribution of this article is the description of the difficulties encountered when applying child-based assumptions to developing measurement models for struggling adult readers.
Behavioral correlates of activity in basal ganglia neurons

Changes of neuronal discharge in the striatum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reliculata (SNr) precede movement in certain behavioral situations but not in others. A given SNr neuron may pause in advance of a saccade to a remembered target but not in relation to the same saccade directed to a target that is present. A click or a visual stimulus may evoke a response in SNr, globus pallidus, or striatum when the stimulus is behaviorally significant but not when the same stimulus is delivered without such significance. On the basis of these and other observations it is suggested that the ‘internal’ initiation of movement in the absence of sensory guidance may be a unique contribution of a system that includes the basal ganglia. In light of the close anatomical connections between frontal cortex and basal ganglia, such a system may include the frontal cortex.
B and T-cell stimulatory activities of multiple mitogens from pokeweed.

MITOGENS, which stimulate cell division in immunocompetent cells, are being used in the study of control mechanisms in cellular division and differentiation. In general mitogens are specific for one major class of cells. To stimulate immunocompetent cells1,2, most soluble plant mitogens such as concanavalin A (con A) and phytohaemagglutinin require the presence of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells). On the other hand, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates the B (thymus independent) class of lymphocytes3. In contrast, extracts of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) are reported to have mitogenic activities directed toward both T and B lymphoid cells4–7. A study of the pokeweed system may provide further information on the differences and similarities in the mechanisms by which these two classes of lymphoid cells are stimulated.
Effect of variation in host size on sex ratio, size, and survival of Syngaster lepidus, a parasitoid of Eucalyptus longhorned beetles (Phoracantha spp.): II

Abstract Larvae of the cerambycid beetle Phoracantha recurva Newman colonize the inner bark of stressed or dying Eucalyptus trees. These cryptic larvae are parasitized by the solitary ectoparasitoid Syngaster lepidus Brulle. When denied a choice of host sizes in a previous study, parasitoid females produced only male progeny in 2 week old larvae, but when given access to only large larvae, the sex ratio of the progeny was significantly female biased. When female wasps were simultaneously presented with a range of host sizes in the study presented here, the sex ratio was significantly male biased for wasps produced from the smallest host class (2 weeks old), but was not different among the 3, 4, or 5 week old hosts. The sex ratio of progeny remained constant throughout the life of the ovipositing females. Fertility peaked during the second week of adult life, then declined to zero by the fourth week, with females producing about 22 progeny during their lifetimes. Longevity of females was significantly greater than that of males. Significantly more progeny were produced from 3 week old hosts than from any other age class. There was no difference in the number of progeny emerging from 2 or 4 week old hosts, but significantly fewer progeny were produced from 5 week old hosts. The size of emerging wasps increased with host size for both males and females. In Australia, a complex of parasitoids, uses Phoracantha larvae as hosts. S. lepidus prefers to use younger, smaller larvae, while other members of the parasitoid guild exploit larger larval hosts. The results from this study suggest tradeoffs between sex allocation and percent survival in different host size classes, and reflect the observations from previous field studies of this host–parasitoid complex in Australia.
Design automation methodology and rf/analog modeling for rf CMOS and SiGe BiCMOS technologies

The rapidly expanding telecommunications market has led to a need for advanced rf integrated circuits. Complex rf- and mixed-signal system-on-chip designs require accurate prediction early in the design schedule, and time-to-market pressures dictate that design iterations be kept to a minimum. Signal integrity is seen as a key issue in typical applications, requiring very accurate interconnect transmission-line modeling and RLC extraction of parasitic effects. To enable this, IBM has in place a mature project infrastructure consisting of predictive device models, complete rf characterization, statistical and scalable compact models that are hardware-verified, and a robust design automation environment. Finally, the unit and integration testing of all of these components is performed thoroughly. This paper describes each of these aspects and provides an overview of associated development work.
Initiation into adolescent marijuana use

In this longitudinal study, the relationship of three domains (personality/attitudinal orientations, peer relationships, and family socialization factors) with initiation into adolescent marijuana use was examined. One hundred and eighty-three adolescent boys and girls and their mothers were interviewed when the adolescents were 13-17 years old and again three years later. The results indicate that the domains of personality and family (with control on the other two domains and demographic variables) each appear to be related to subsequent involvement with marijuana. In contrast, the peer domain is not significantly associated with initiation into marijuana use once personality, family, and demographic clusters are controlled. However, the interaction of maternal demographic clusters are controlled. However, the interaction of maternal conventionality and peer marijuana use was related to initiation into marijuana use.
A behavioral comparison of New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) housed individually or in pairs in conventional laboratory cages

Abstract Despite their gregarious nature, rabbits used for research are often housed individually due to concerns about aggression and disease transmission. However, conventional laboratory cages restrict movement, and rabbits housed singly in these cages often perform abnormal behaviors, an indication of compromised welfare. Pairing rabbits in double-sized cages could potentially improve welfare by providing both increased space and social stimulation. We compared the behavior of female New Zealand White rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) housed either individually ( N =4) in cages measuring 61 cm ×76 cm ×41 cm or in non-littermate pairs (four pairs) in double-wide cages measuring 122 cm ×76 cm ×41 cm. The rabbits were kept under a reversed photoperiod (lights on 22:00–12:00 h). Each rabbit was observed five times per week for 5 months, using 15-min focal animal samples taken between 08:00–09:00, 12:00–13:00, and 16:00–17:00 h. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures General Linear Model (GLM). Over the 5 months, individually housed rabbits showed an increase in the proportion of the total behavioral time budget spent engaged in abnormal behaviors (digging, floor chewing, bar biting), from 0.25 to 1.77%, while pairs remained unchanged at 0.95% (treatment×time interaction, F 1,24 =4.60; P ≤0.0422). Paired rabbits engaged in more locomotor behavior ( F 1,6 =16.49; P ≤0.0066) than individual rabbits (average proportions of time budget: 2.71 and 0.70% for paired and individual rabbits, respectively), which may be important because caged rabbits are susceptible to osteoporosis and other bone abnormalities due to the restricted ability to move. Time spent feeding and body weights of dominant and subordinate rabbits in a pair did not differ, indicating that food competition was not a problem, and paired rabbits were often observed in physical contact (26.7% of data records) although the size of the cages allowed physical separation. Aggression between pairmates did not increase significantly during the study. However, one pair did have to be separated at the end of the study due to bite wounds from persistent aggression. Thus, although methods for decreasing injurious aggression require further investigation, the beneficial effects of pair housing in decreasing abnormal behaviors and increasing locomotion suggest that pair housing should be considered as an alternative to individual housing for caged laboratory rabbits.
Glycolate pathway in green algae.

By three criteria, the glycolate pathway of metabolism is present in unicellular green algae. Exogenous glycolate-1-(14)C was assimilated and metabolized to glycine-1-(14)C and serine-1-(14)C. During photosynthetic (14)CO(2) fixation the distributions of (14)C in glycolate and glycine were similar enough to suggest a product-precursor relationship. Five enzymes associated with the glycolate pathway were present in algae grown on air. These were P-glycolate phosphatase, glycolate dehydrogenase (glycolate:dichloroindophenol oxidoreductase), l-glutamate:glyoxylate aminotransferase, serine hydroxymethylase, and glycerate dehydrogenase. Properties of glycerate dehydrogenase and the aminotransferase were similar to those from leaf peroxisomes. The specific activity of glycolate dehydrogenase and serine hydroxymethylase in algae was 1/5 to 1/10 that of the other enzymes, and both these enzymes appear ratelimiting for the glycolate pathway.Labeling patterns for products of the glycolate pathway during (14)CO(2) fixation are not the same as those obtained with higher plants. In higher plants glycolate, glycine, and serine are uniformly labeled at shortest time periods. In algae, serine was predominately carboxyl-labeled, similarly to 3-phosphoglycerate. This result, plus the lower specific activity of serine hydroxymethylase, indicates that the glycine-serine interconversin in algae is slower than in plants. Initially (2 to 4 seconds) glycolate and glycine were more C-2 labeled. They rapidly became uniformly labeled, with glycine becoming uniformly labeled first. In the presence of isonicotinylhydrazide, labeled glycolate and glycine accumulated, and only a trace of serine-(14)C was detected. Then glycolate and glycine were initially carboxyl-labeled, and glycolate became uniformly labeled almost immediately and before glycine. These results suggest rapid metabolism of glycolate and glycine, in addition to the glycolate pathway.
The significance of significance: Overstating in the setting of many comparisons.

Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS. A clinical sign of canal paresis. Arch Neuro 1988;45:737–9. Kattah JC, Talkad AV, Wang DZ, Hsieh YH, Newman-Toker DE. HINTS to diagnos stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three steps bedside oculomoto examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. Strok 2009;40:3504–10. MacDougall HG, Weber KP, McGarvie LA, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS. The video hea impulse test. Diagnostic accuracy in peripheral vestibulopathy. Neurolog 2009;73:1134–41. Ramat S, Colnaghi S, Boehler A, Astore S, Falco P, Mandala M, et al. A device for th functional evaluation of the VOR in clinical settings. Front Neurol 2012;3:39. Weber KP, MacDougall HG, Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS. Impulsive testing o semicircular-canal function using video-oculography. Basic and Clinic Aspects of Vertigo and Dizziness: Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009;1164:486–91.
Exacerbation of neuronal cell death by activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors: role of NMDA receptors and arachidonic acid release.

Both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury. Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) exacerbates neuronal cell death, whereas inhibition is neuroprotective. However, the mechanisms involved remain unknown. Activation of group I mGluR modulates multiple signal transduction pathways including stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis, potentiation of NMDA receptor activity, and release of arachidonic acid. Here we demonstrate that whereas activation of group I mGluR by (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) potentiates NMDA-induced currents and intracellular calcium increases in rat cortical neuronal cultures, partial effects of group I mGluR activation or inhibition on neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation remain despite NMDA receptor blockade. DHPG stimulation also increases basal arachidonic acid release from rat neuronal-glial cultures and potentiates injury-induced arachidonic acid release in these cultures. Thus, activation of group I mGluR may exacerbate neuronal injury through multiple mechanisms, which include positive modulation of NMDA receptors and enhanced release of arachidonic acid.
Inventing the Teenage Girl: The Construction of Female Identity in Nickelodeon's My Life as a Teenage Robot

In recent years, depictions of strong but feminine girl heroes have become common in children's television programming. These girl power icons reflect changing cultural ideas about girlhood. Nickelodeon's My Life as a Teenage Robot is a cartoon popular among preadolescents, which follows the exploits of Jenny, a powerful, female-gendered robot who must save the world while also surviving the trials of high school. This article examines My Life as a Teenage Robot's discourse on girl power and the construction of identity. It focuses on a key theme that contradicts other texts about girl heroes: that strength, agency, and normative femininity cannot be embodied in the same individual. This article interrogates the ways in which the show's messages are simultaneously progressive and regressive, and it calls for further research on girls' reception of media texts.
Lovastatin reduces renal vascular reactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract We have reported that lovastatin attenuates the development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The fall in arterial pressure is associated with an elevation in renal medullary blood flow, normalization of the pressure-natriuresis relationship, and diminished hypertrophy of renal arterioles. However, the mechanism by which lovastatin alters renal vascular tone is unknown. The present study examined the effects of lovastatin on renal vascular tone and the expression of G proteins. Four-week–old SHR were chronically treated with lovastatin (20 mg/kg/day) or vehicle by gavage for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, mean arterial pressure averaged 131 ± 4 (n = 5) and 160 ± 4 mm Hg (n = 6) in lovastatin- and vehicle-treated SHR, respectively. Renal arterioles isolated from lovastatin-treated SHR were significantly less responsive to norepinephrine and vasopressin than those obtained from vehicle-treated rats (ED50: 5.0 v 1.8 × 10−7 mol/L for norepinephrine, and 8.0 v 5.2 × 10−10 mol/L for vasopressin). The fall in renal vascular reactivity in lovastatin-treated SHR was associated with reduced levels of ras and rho proteins in renal arterioles, whereas the expressions of heterotrimeric G proteins (Gs, Gq, Gi) were similar in renal arterioles from vehicle- and lovastatin-treated SHR. Overnight culture of renal arterioles with media containing lovastatin also diminished the expression of ras and rho proteins and the response to vasoconstrictors. These findings indicate that lovastatin diminishes the response to vasoconstrictors and the expression of small G proteins in the renal vasculature of SHR and suggest that a fall in the levels of ras and rho proteins in these vessels may contribute to the antihypertensive effects of lovastatin.
Philosophy: what is to be done?

The isolation and professionalization of philosophy is detrimental to it. The most interesting philosophical activity is conducted at the interface of philosophy and other disciplines. Thus philosophy must continue to cross boundaries and avoid fretting about what is and is not philosophy proper.
Gene expression microarray data analysis for toxicology profiling

: When dealing with thousands of genes, all potentially interesting, it is desirable to rank the genes according to their degree of participation in a physiological process. Therefore, genes with the highest Shannon entropy and ERL can be selected as the best toxicity target candidates, permitting preclinical scientists to focus their research and resources on those genes.
Evaluative communications between affectively ill and well mothers and their children.

Earlier research suggests that the natural verbal discourse of mothers with their children can be important in clarifying, verifying, and evaluating the behavior in which a child is engaged, in attributing qualities to the child, and in influencing the child's self-perceptions. We investigated the potential influences of parental affective illness (bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression in contrast to no history of psychiatric illness) on such “labeling” behavior in a sample of 61 mothers and their older (school-age) and younger (preschool-age) children. It was hypothesized that the dispositions characterizing affective illness (specifically, negativity and disengagement) would be reflected in the labeling statements of mothers with a diagnosis as they interacted with their children. Based on videotaped interactions during a visit to a home-like laboratory apartment, labeling statements were identified in terms of speaker and person being labeled (“addressee”) and coded (positive, negative, mixed, or neutral) for judgmental and affective quality of the statement and reaction of the addressee. Data were analyzed (a) by family unit and (b) my mother to child statements. The general pattern of findings indicated, in relative terms, an excess of negativity on the part of family members in the bipolar group and a dearth of negative affect for mothers in the unipolar group. Negativity in the bipolar group appeared to be especially likely when the setting involved mothers and two male children. Additionally, findings are discussed in terms of sex differences in vulnerability to depression.
Toward Growing III-V Clusters with Metalorganic Precursors

The present work reports on the formation of GaN-containing clusters from metalorganic precursors by combining pulsed laser photolysis and pulsed nozzle methods. Ammonia (NH3) and triethylgallium (C2H5)3Ga (TEG) or trimethylgallium (CH3)3Ga (TMG) with He, Ar, or N2 as the carrier gas are introduced into a high vacuum chamber via a specialized dual pulsed nozzle source. The light from an ArF excimer laser (193 nm, 23 ns FWHM) is focused into the mixing and reaction region of the nozzle source, and the products are then mass analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Efficient laser-assisted growth of (GaN)x-containing clusters is shown with this technique.
Photoreceptor regulated expression of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the mouse retina

The objective of this investigation is to determine mechanisms for regulation of retinal calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII). To this end, the expression and activity of CaMKII are examined in the retina of the rdta mouse, in which rod photoreceptors have been genetically ablated [47]. CaMKII levels are compared between rdta mice and the normal, littermate control mice. It is demonstrated that retinal CaMKII protein, enzyme activity and mRNA are significantly increased in response to the genetic ablation of rod photoreceptors. The data indicate that CaMKII expression/activity in amacrine and ganglion cells is negatively regulated by the rod photoreceptor-mediated visual input. The regulation appears to occur primarily at the transcriptional level. It is shown that the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB), a regulatory factor for translation that is known to promote CaMKIIα translation in dendrites [83], is also present in the mouse retina. However, the polyadenylation-mediated translational control mechanism is not activated in this experimental paradigm.
Immunohistochemical localization of kininogen in rat spinal cord and brain.

Kininogen localization has been determined by immunocytochemistry in rat spinal cord and brain using a kinin-directed kininogen monoclonal antibody. In the spinal cord, there were immunostained neurons and fibers in laminae I, II, VII, and IX, intensely stained fibers in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn, and immunoreactive glial and endothelial cells. Small neurons, satellite cells, and Schwann cells immunostained distinctly in the dorsal root ganglion. In the brain stem, there were immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the tractus solitarius and nucleus, trigeminal spinal tract and nuclei, periaqueductal gray matter, vestibular nuclei, cochlear nuclei, trapezoid body, medial geniculate nucleus, and red nucleus. Immunostained neurons and fibers were also found in cerebellum (dentate nucleus), cerebral cortex (layers III and V), hippocampus (pyramidal cell layer), and corpus callosum. Glia and endothelial cells stained in all brain regions. The widespread location of kininogen in neurons and their processes, as well as in glial and endothelial cells, indicates more than one functional role, including those proposed as a mediator, a calpain inhibitor, and a kinin precursor, in a variety of neural activities and responses.
Digital readouts superimposed electronically on televised pictures

A display module is described that allows numeric data to be superimposed on televised pictures and recorded as an adjunct to the televised information. The device is inexpensive, versatile, and electrically compatible with most closed circuit television systems. It employs standard, large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits, commonly used in commercial television receivers to display time and channel number. Additional circuits are presented that connect these LSI circuits to those of a conventional television camera and videotape recorder, allow variables other than time and channel number to be displayed, reduce the size of the readouts, and produce more than one set of time and channel number readouts.
Velocity anisotropy in dry and saturated rock spheres and its relation to rock fabric

Abstract The effects of water saturation on compressional wave velocity, V p , and elastic property anisotropy are investigated omnidirectionally in dry- and water-saturated spheres of Barre Granite and Tennessee marble by the ultrasonic pulse method. Barre Granite is found to be strongly anisotropic in V p with orthorhombic symmetry at both dry and saturated conditions. Tennessee marble is only weakly anisotropic in V p and changes in symmetry from axial at dry, to orthorhombic at saturated conditions. Anomalously low velocity in these rocks in the dry condition, compared with estimated intrinsic velocity, and substantial increases in V p with water saturation of about 30 per cent for the granodiorite and 12 per cent for the marble indicate the presence of pre-existing microcracks in these rocks. Compressional wave velocity anisotropy indicates that the microcrabks have strong preferred orientation in the Barre Granite and weak preferred orientation in the Tennessee marble. Petrofabric investigations of the preferred orientation of structural elements in these rocks support this conclusion. The scanning electron microscope is used to examine typical pore structure characteristics and determine some crack aspect ratios in these rocks. The technique of determining V p in dry and saturated rock spheres is shown to provide information about (1) the presence of microcracks and their effect on the elastic constants, (2) the anisotropy in elastic as well as other physical properties, and (3) the dominant structural cause of anisotropy. The mean V p is saturated rock moreover is useful for predicting the velocity in rock at shallow depths below the water table. The velocity difference method for detecting microcracks and their preferred orientation might be used to assess the effectiveness of certain fragmentation techniques and, moreover, may have widespread application in rock mechanics research because of the great effects microcracks can have on the elastic, strength and other properties of rock.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Is Regulated by a Dual Phosphorylation-dependent Switch

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) regulates genes in the innate immune response. IRF-3 is activated through phosphorylation by the kinases IKK epsilon and/or TBK1. Phosphorylation results in IRF-3 dimerization and removal of an autoinhibitory structure to allow interaction with the coactivators CBP/p300. The precise role of the different phosphorylation sites has remained controversial. Using purified proteins we show that TBK1 can directly phosphorylate full-length IRF-3 in vitro. Phosphorylation at residues in site 2 (Ser(396)-Ser(405)) alleviates autoinhibition to allow interaction with CBP (CREB-binding protein) and facilitates phosphorylation at site 1 (Ser(385) or Ser(386)). Phosphorylation at site 1 is, in turn, required for IRF-3 dimerization. The data support a two-step phosphorylation model for IRF-3 activation mediated by TBK1.
CORRELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) GLYCOPROTEIN SPECIFIC MATERNAL ANTIBODIES AND RSV DISEASE OF INFANTS

CORRELATION BETWEEN RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV) GLYCOPROTEIN SPECIFIC MATERNAL ANTIBODIES AND RSV DISEASE OF INFANTS
Nuclear-spin-dependent coherent population trapping of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond

Coherent population trapping (CPT) provides a highly sensitive means for probing the energy-level structure of an atomic system. For a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond, the CPT offers an alternative to the standard optically detected magnetic resonance method for measuring the hyperfine structure of the electronic ground states. We show that the nuclear-spin-dependent CPT measures directly the hyperfine splitting of these states due to the ${}^{14}$N nuclear spin. The CPT spectral response obtained in the presence of a strong microwave field, resonant or nearly resonant with a ground-state spin transition, maps out the dynamic Stark splitting induced by the coherent spin excitation.
Analog tunable gratings driven by thin-film piezoelectric microelectromechanical actuators.

We present a microfabricated grating whose period can be tuned in analog fashion to within a fraction of a nanometer. The tunable angular range is more than 400 µrad in the first diffracted order. The design concept consists of a diffractive grating defined onto a 400-nm membrane, with the membrane subsequently strained in the direction perpendicular to the grating grooves by thin-film piezoelectric actuation. The strain-tuned grating device was fabricated with microelectromechanical processes, utilizing both surface and bulk micromachining. The fabricated piezoelectric film achieved a measured dielectric constant of 1200. Device characterization yielded grating period changes up to 8.3 nm (0.21% strain in the membrane) at 10 V and a diffracted angular change of 486 µrad, in good agreement with the theory. Uniformity across the actuated grating and out-of-plane deflections are characterized and discussed.
Contrasting the Effects of Coal Mining in Wyoming and Pennsylvania: ABSTRACT

Acid mine water and increased stream siltation are both attributable to Pennsylvania's coal mining and are significant polluters of their water resources. Coal mining affects Wyoming's waters minimally because there are no acid water and very little siltation of permanent streams. In Wyoming coal mining can improve groundwater recharge and store much needed water. Pennsylvania's coal-mined land is adversely affected by (1) subsidence; (2) total disturbed, surface-mined acreage (350,000 acres) and its rate of increase (12,000 acres in 1971 for 27 million tons of coal); and (3) slides on hillsides. Wyoming's sparse population makes subsidence effects minimal. Disturbed surface land effects are minimized by the (1) small total acreage (3,936 acres) and small annual increase (averages 170 acres for 8 million tons); (2) low-relief, flat, basinal rangelands mined; (3) remoteness from population centers; and (4) similarity of mine spoils with some natural landforms. Wind-blown dust and fumes from burning culm banks and mine fires are accentuated in Pennsylvania because of their closer proximity to populated areas. Although at least 80% of the disturbed surface acreage in Pennsylvania is recreational woodland, most disturbed acreage is remote, sparsely vegetated rangeland in Wyoming. Although vegetation in both states can be reestablished by planting or more slowly by natural revegetation, toxicity of mine wastes in Pennsylvania commonly retards its reestablishment and kills vegetation adjacent to the mine as well. In Wyoming, the adverse effects of coal mining other than subjective, esthetic criticisms of temporary surface land disturbances are less damaging than in Pennsylvania. End_of_Article - Last_Page 957------------
Pressure from the lips and the tongue in children with class III malocclusion.

To discuss possible relationships between class III malocclusion and perioral forces by measuring the pressure from the lips and the tongue of children with class III malocclusion. Thirty-one children with class III malocclusion were investigated and their perioral forces were measured at rest and during swallowing under natural head position by a custom-made miniperioral force computer measuring system. The resting pressures exerted on the labial side and palatine side of the upper left incisor, as well as the labial side and lingual side of the lower left incisor, were 0 g/cm2, 0 g/cm2, 0.57 g/cm2 and 0.23 g/cm2, respectively. Correspondingly, the swallowing forces were 2.87 g/cm2, 5.97 g/cm2, 4.09 g/cm2 and 7.89 g/cm2, respectively. No statistical difference between muscular pressure and gender existed. During swallowing, the lingual forces were significantly higher than the labial forces (P<0.01), however, at rest there was no significantly different force between these two sides. Compared to the normal occlusion patients, children with class III malocclusion had lower perioral forces. The upper labial resting forces (P<0.01), the lower labial resting forces (P<0.05) and all the swallowing pressures from the lips and the tongue (P<0.01) showed statistical differences between the two different occlusion conditions. Meanwhile, no significant difference was found for the resting pressure from the tongue between class III malocclusion and normal occlusion. Patients with class III malocclusion have lower perioral forces and this muscle hypofunction may be secondary to the spatial relations of the jaws. The findings support the spatial matrix hypothesis.
Comparison of Quality Characteristics and Breadmaking Functionality of Hard Red Winter and Hard Red Spring Wheat

ABSTRACT Various whole-kernel, milling, flour, dough, and breadmaking quality parameters were compared between hard red winter (HRW) and hard red spring (HRS) wheat. From the 50 quality parameters evaluated, values of only nine quality characteristics were found to be similar for both classes. These were test weight, grain moisture content, kernel size, polyphenol oxidase content, average gluten index, insoluble polymeric protein (%), free nonpolar lipids, loaf volume potential, and mixograph tolerance. Some of the quality characteristics that had significantly higher levels in HRS than in HRW wheat samples included grain protein content, grain hardness, most milling and flour quality measurements, most dough physicochemical properties, and most baking characteristics. When HRW and HRS wheat samples were grouped to be within the same wheat protein content range (11.4–15.8%), the average value of many grain and breadmaking quality characteristics were similar for both wheat classes but significant differen...
Corrosive attack of glass by a pharmaceutical compound

Glass delamination, or the generation of glass flakes, continues to be an unwanted occurrence in the manufacture of parenteral (injectable) solutions and suspensions. In this root cause analysis study, advanced analytical tools including atomic force microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy, quantitative image analysis, and dynamic secondary ion mass spectroscopy (D-SIMS) showed significant differences in glass characteristics and performance. By observing the size and spatial arrangement of defects found on the interior surface of vials used as primary packaging for these products, in conjunction with the chemical changes that can occur to the glass because of product contact, a considerable amount of insight can be obtained into this phenomenon. Elemental depth profiling obtained by D-SIMS revealed that the interior vial surface was significantly altered by the presence of the parenteral solution, while another vial (manufactured by another vendor) was not. Although significant chemical changes can occur to the glass, the surface defect structure appears to be the dominant factor controlling the generation of glass flakes.
Spatial distribution of nematodes in polar desert soils of Antarctica

The vertical and horizontal distribution of nematodes in polar desert soils was investigated at two field sites in the Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Soil samples were collected from horizontal (2-m interval) and vertical (depths of 0–2.5 cm, 2.5–5 cm, 5–10 cm, 10–20 cm) grids on the north and south shores of Lake Hoare, and nematodes were extracted, identified to genus and lifecycle stage, and enumerated. Nematodes occurred primarily at depths between 2.5 and 10 cm in the soil profile, and were less abundant at the surface (0–2.5 cm) and at 10–20 cm. Distribution along the horiz ontal grid was patchy. This aggregation may indicate favorable microhabitat sites for nematode growth and reproduction, and provide information about the potential influence of environmental parameters on nematode distribution and population structure in Antarctic soils.
Recent advances in algorithm-based fault tolerance

The technique of Algorithm-Based Fault Tolerance was developed as a low-cost scheme for providing concurrent error detection and fault location in computation-intensive applications. This paper describes some of the recent work in this area, including new encoding schemes, modeling techniques, and experimental evaluation. Possible directions for future research are pointed out.