cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active Antenna Power Combining, Beam Control and 2-Dimensional Combining

A review of the 2- and 3-dimensional active power combiners, and beam—control arrays was presented. Emphasis was placed on the arrays, instead of single-elements. 3-dimensional arrays include the active grid and that of the array-type. 2-dimensional arrays use the hybrid dielectric slab beam waveguide as the transmission medium. Beam-control, including beam—scanning, beam—switching and retrodirective, will be discussed. In all these arrays, both amplifier and oscillator arrays will be presented.
Simulation of Charge Transport in a Distributed Computing Environment

A network of SUN workstations was configured into a virtual parallel computer using the PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) parallel programming toolkit from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Computationally intensive engineering applications written in Fortran and C may be distributed over this network to significantly improve the performance of such codes. A boundary-element formulation of charge transport in a photoconductive media was modified for parallel execution using the PVM system. This application was distributed across a local-area network of six SUN SPARC Stations. Depending upon the size of the problem, the application ran three to five times faster than on a single workstation.
UX Approaches for Museum Contexts: Evaluating a Museum's Participatory Elements

Our research applies UX principles and scholarship to museum design in order to provide these institutions with tools that they can use to evaluate the effectiveness of their existing participatory elements, implement new participatory practices, and provide visitors with interactive experiences. After conducting observations and cataloging participatory elements in the MSU Museum, as well as reviewing relevant UX scholarship from Norman (2013), Shirky (2008), Simon (2010), Spinuzzi (2005), and others who have talked about participation and experience design, we created two documents: a definition guide and an evaluation form. Using the documents, we created and museum contexts as an example, we explain that UX concepts can be broadly applied to other industries in order to inform participation practices. The main takeaway from our research is that UX terms and concepts are flexible enough to be applied to multiple industries in order to improve the effectiveness of an organization or institution's current participatory elements and help them reach their goals regarding user participation.
Class Matters: Interviewing across Social Class Boundaries.

In this paper, we explore the methodological implications of conducting qualitative interviews when researchers and participants come from different social classes. Singling out class on its own te...
Outcomes of a hospital-based recreation program

Abstract The experience of hospitalization is stressful and traumatic for children and their families. A common way to address these threats to positive development is by introducing play programs in hospitals. Studies of therapeutic activities have had a decided focus on medical-related outcomes. Few studies have explored potential outcomes for children who participate in recreational play activities. This study explored potential short-term changes in children after participating in a recreational play experience, from the perspectives of parents/caregivers and of hospital staff. One-hundred and ten parents/caregivers and 114 hospital staff completed questionnaires after interacting with the “Hospital Outreach Program” (HOP), reflecting a total of 126 patients. Questionnaires included questions about patients' anxiety, comfort in the hospital, openness to hospital staff, positive affect, sadness, physical pain, physical activity level, and socializing with other patients, and other potential changes. Results showed several reports of improvements in patients' positive affect and sadness. Few respondents reported any changes in patients' socializing with other patients and physical pain. Parents/caregivers and hospital staff perceived other short-term outcomes involving more activity, communication, and willingness to participate in medical-related activities. The findings from this study contribute to the research base on effects of adult-led, recreation-focused, in-hospital activities for pediatric patients.
Perspectives on advance care planning and palliative care among adults with congenital heart disease.

Background Patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) report that advance care planning (ACP) is important, and that they want information about prognosis. However, recognizing importance and being willing to participate are different constructs, and how and when to begin ACP and palliative care discussions remains ill-defined. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 150 consecutive outpatients to assess willingness to participate in ACP, with whom, and important barriers and facilitators to these discussions. Results The majority of participants (69%) reported being willing to participate in ACP; 79% to have a meeting to discuss goals and care preferences; and 91% to speak to a clinician who specializes in palliative care. Being married and anticipating a shorter lifespan were associated with increased reported willingness to participate in ACP. The health care provider with whom most participants preferred to have these discussions was their ACHD clinician. Participants identified important barriers and facilitators to these discussions. Conclusion Patients with ACHD report being willing to participate in ACP and palliative care discussions. Patients prefer to have these discussions with their ACHD clinicians, thus ACHD clinicians need to be prepared to address these issues as part of routine care.
Tibiofemoral kinematics in the transverse and frontal planes influence the location and magnitude of peak patella cartilage stress: An investigation of runners with and without patellofemoral pain.

Abstract Background To determine whether the location and magnitude of peak patella cartilage stress varies among runners with and without patellofemoral pain. To determine whether tibiofemoral kinematics in the frontal and transverse planes predict peak lateral and medial patella cartilage stress. Methods Twelve recreational runners with patellofemoral pain and 10 pain-free controls participated. Peak patella cartilage stress was quantified using finite element models that incorporated subject-specific kinematic and kinetic data obtained during running. Chi-square analysis was used to determine whether the location of peak patella cartilage stress (medial or lateral) varied between groups. Student's t-tests were used to determine whether the magnitude of peak medial and lateral patella cartilage stress varied between groups. In addition, stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine if tibiofemoral kinematics were predictive of peak medial and lateral cartilage stress. Findings Among all subjects, 64% exhibited peak cartilage stress on the lateral patella facet. No group differences were found for the location and magnitude of peak cartilage stress on the medial or lateral facets. Tibiofemoral rotation in the transverse plane was the best predictor of peak lateral stress (45% of the variance, r = 0.67). Tibiofemoral rotation in the transverse plane was the best predictor of peak medial stress (44% of the variance, r = −0.67), followed by tibiofemoral rotation in the frontal plane (26% of the variance, r = 0.57). Interpretations The location and magnitude of peak patella cartilage stress was similar among runners with and without patellofemoral pain. Tibiofemoral kinematics in the frontal and transverse planes are predictive of cartilage stress on the medial and lateral patella facets.
The Japanese American Wartime Incarceration: Examining the Scope of Racial Trauma

Ten weeks after the 1941 Japanese military attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, the U.S. government authorized the removal of more than 110,000 Japanese American men, women, and children from their homes in Western portions of the country to incarceration camps in desolate areas of the United States. The mass incarceration was portrayed as necessary to protect the country from potential acts of espionage or sabotage that might be committed by someone of Japanese ancestry. However, an extensive government review initiated in 1980 found no evidence of military necessity to support the removal decision and concluded that the incarceration was a grave injustice fueled by racism and war hysteria. The Japanese American wartime experience represents a powerful case example of race-based historical trauma. This article describes the consequences of the incarceration for Japanese Americans during and after their unjust imprisonment, their coping responses and healing strategies, as well as the impacts of receiving governmental redress more than four decades after the war's end. Examination of this specific event provides a perspective for understanding the long-term, radiating effects of racial trauma and the process of healing, over a broad arc of time and across social contexts. Current relevance of the Japanese American incarceration and implications for the field of psychology are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
Logic in the Land of Make-Believe

Philosophers call it “contagion” when pretense influences belief, behavior, perception, or emotion. This pejorative terminology is justified in some cases: fantasy and imagination can exercise a pathological influence. This essay, however, reviews some logical techniques that allow pretense to govern belief in a rational and beneficial way. Philosophers might want similar techniques in their tool-kits when they explore interactions between belief and pretense.
Failure to Thrive

Failure to thrive (FIT) is a syndrome used to describe infants and children up to age 4 who show weight loss or difficulties in gaining weight with an overall weight below the third percentile for the appropriate age group (Roberts & Maddux, 1982). These children usually show general feeding difficulties, such as food refusal, spitting up, vomiting, or diarrhea.
From correlation to causation: The missing point in the study of functional foods and gut microbiota

Abstract Recently, there has been an unprecedented interest in the study of gut microbiota during treatment of diseases by functional foods. However, although great progresses have been made, a significant knowledge gap still exists. The knowledge gap, as argued here, is that in most of the studies we failed to establish a cause–effect relationship between attenuation of the diseases and changes of the gut microbiota. The lack of causation studies deteriorates the foundation for the use of functional foods in disease management that aim to target the gut microbiota. In this sense, we propose here that future studies on the interactions of functional foods and gut microbiota during the treatment of diseases must move beyond correlation to causation, and only after a cause–effect relationship has been established can we fully realize the therapeutic potential of functional foods in the upcoming era of microbiota targeted precision nutrition.
1977 Natural selection favors reduced variance in fitness

Abstract Gillespie (1977) showed that when offspring numbers for genotypes vary over time (or between individuals), natural selection favors those genotypes with the smallest variance. Thus, adaptation to variable environments will be accomplished both by increasing the number of offspring and reducing the variance in the number of offspring.
Numerical Modeling of SiC MOSFET Ageing due to Electrical Stress

Time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is the leading cause of MOSFET failure. Currently, the only information circuit designers are provided with on this ageing mechanism is the gate voltage rating on the device’s data sheet. Creating device-specific models for ageing can allows for more accurate predictions of lifetime during operation in converters and motor drives. This work aims to evaluate the use of numerical modeling for the estimation of SiC MOSFET aging due to electrical stress. Using finite element analysis and experimental verification an effective model for prediction of aeging in SiC MOSFETs have been developed and experimentally verified.
Bayesian Encoding and Decoding as Distinct Perspectives on Neural Coding

Abstract One of the most influential, and controversial, ideas in neuroscience has been to understand the brain in terms of Bayesian computations. Unstated differences in how Bayesian ideas are operationalized across different models make it difficult to ascertain both which empirical data support which models, and how Bayesian computations might be implemented by neural circuits. In this paper, we make one such difference explicit by identifying two distinct philosophies that underlie existing neural models of Bayesian inference: one in which the brain recovers experimenter-defined structures in the world from sensory neural activity (Decoding), and another in which the brain represents latent quantities in an internal model (Encoding). These philosophies require profoundly different assumptions about the nature of inference in the brain, and lead to different interpretations of empirical data. Here, we characterize and contrast both philosophies in terms of motivations, empirical support, and relationship to neural responses. We also show that this implicit difference in philosophy underlies some of the debate on whether neural activity is better described as a sampling-based, or a parametric, distributional code. Using a simple model of primary visual cortex as an example, we show mathematically that probabilistic inference by neural sampling in the encoding framework is, in fact, indistinguishable from a linear probabilistic population code (PPC) in the decoding framework. In sum, Bayesian Encoding and Bayesian Decoding are distinct, non-exclusive philosophies, and appreciating their similarities and differences will help organize future work on the nature of inference in the brain.
Factors associated with increased mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.

Abstract Background The rapid spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has significantly impacted global health. So far, the evidence regarding the risk factors that predict the outcomes of COVID-19 patients is limited. In this study, we identified several risk factors that are associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods We performed a retrospective review of electronic medical records of the patients admitted with an initial diagnosis of COVID-19. We extracted several patient variables (including demographics, lab results, and pre-existing conditions) and examined for their association with increased mortality. Results Of the 487 people included in the study, 340 survived and 147 expired. Significant differences existed in demographics and underlying comorbidities between the two groups. A higher proportion of patients were age 65 and older (87.76% vs 53.24%, p Conclusion Identifying COVID-19 patients with these characteristics may help guide the management and improve mortality.
Optimal convection cooling flows in general 2D geometries

We generalize a recent method for computing optimal 2D convection cooling flows in a horizontal layer to a wide range of geometries, including those relevant for technological applications. We write the problem in a conformal pair of coordinates which are the pure conduction temperature and its harmonic conjugate. We find optimal flows for cooling a cylinder in an annular domain, a hot plate embedded in a cold surface, and a channel with a hot interior and cold exterior. With a constraint of fixed kinetic energy, the optimal flows are all essentially the same in the conformal coordinates. In the physical coordinates, they consist of vortices ranging in size from the length of the hot surface to a small cutoff length at the interface of the hot and cold surfaces. With the constraint of fixed enstrophy (or fixed rate of viscous dissipation), a geometry-dependent metric factor appears in the equations. The conformal coordinates are useful here because they map the problems to a rectangular domain, facilitating numerical solutions. With a small enstrophy budget, the optimal flows are dominated by vortices that have the same size as the flow domain.
Through Thick and Thin: Globalization and Contested Conceptualizations of the Rule of Law in Latin America

This study begins with a brief discussion on the range of definitions accorded to the rule of law, from “thin” approaches that emphasize procedural or institutional aspects of rule to “thick” approaches that incorporate substantive attributes of rules. Next, I examine contemporary efforts in Latin America to construct the rule of law in three issue areas and note their varied outcomes: the relatively successful struggle to hold past government officials accountable for human rights violations; the failed moves to stem violence and ensure citizen security; and attempts to deepen democratization that have had mixed results. The variation underscores a nuanced understanding of globalization and political change: globalization has neither a uniformly positive nor negative effect on political change, but rather its impact is determined on an issue by issue basis mediated by understandings of the rule of law. This is because different issue areas attract and embolden different actors, both global and domestic, as the rule of law is constructed around a given issue area. Whether it be through thick or thin definitions, the composition of the rule of law illuminates the impact of global forces on distinct issue areas of political change in Latin America.
Lack of Sex Disparity in Oral Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Presenting with Ischemic Stroke in a Rural Population

Various studies on oral anticoagulants (OAC) use among atrial fibrillation (AF) patients have shown high rates of undertreatment and the presence of sex disparity. This study used the ‘Geisinger Neuroscience Ischemic Stroke’ (GNSIS) database to examine sex differences in OAC treatment among ischemic stroke patients with the pre-event diagnosis of AF in rural Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2019. We examined sex disparities in OAC undertreatment and associated risks based on age group and ischemic stroke year. A total of 1062 patients were included in the study and 1015 patients (96%) had CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2, of which 549 (54.1%) were women. Undertreatment rates were not statistically significant between men and women in the overall cohort (50.0% vs. 54.5%, p = 0.18), and male sex was not found to be a significant factor in undertreatment (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.62–1.09, p = 0.17). The result persisted even when patients were divided into four age groups and two groups based on the study time period. The undertreatment rates in both sex groups remained consistent following the introduction of novel oral anticoagulants. In conclusion, there was no evidence of sex disparity with respect to OAC treatment, even after stratifying the cohort by age and ischemic stroke year.
Role of systemic approach and of value management in improvement of effectiveness and competitiveness of firm

Systemic approach makes possible solution of analyzed problems in the global way and on qualitative higher level. Its rigorous application increases the quality of realized improvements. The aim of systemic approaches is precede uneffectiveness in production, conception and complexity. Value management is integral complex of specific managerial approaches and activities, which is concentrated on complexity managing of innovative processes. Systemic approach and value management together create effective instrument of increasing of efficiency. competitiveness and of commercial success of firm.
Performance and human factors results from thrust vectoring investigations in simulated air combat

In support of research related to advanced fighter technology, the Langley Differential Maneuvering Simulator (DMS) has been used to investigate the effects of advanced aerodynamic concepts, parametric changes in performance parameters, and advanced flight control systems on the combat capability of fighter airplanes. At least five studies were related to thrust vectoring and/or inflight thrust reversing. The aircraft simulated ranged from F-4 class to F-15 class, and included the AV-8 Harrier. This paper presents an overview of these studies including the assumptions involved, trends of results, and human factors considerations that were found.
Effect of Diethyl Ether on the Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity and the Calcium Uptake of Fragmented Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Rabbit Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Treatment of fragmented preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum with diethyl ether decreases the calcium uptake capacity of reticulum, while the ATP-binding capacity as well as the ATP-splitting activity of reticulum were increased. Diethyl ether-treated reticulum preparations retained both the "basal" and the "extra" splitting activities of Hasselbach and Makinose, although the latter activity was uncoupled from the calcium uptake activity. Taking advantage of the fact that calcium-dependent ATP splitting, namely, the extra splitting of ether-treated reticulum, is not confined in a short period of calcium uptake process, the following kinetic characteristics at 25° were obtained. In the presence of an optimal concentration of calcium, the half-maximal activation of the extra splitting by magnesium was obtained with 0.1 mm added MgCl2. Overoptimal concentrations of calcium exerted a competitive inhibition. The plot of the extra splitting activity as a function of ATP concentration showed two discrete steps, which suggest two different calcium-dependent activities; their Michaelis-Menten constants are 10 µm and g1 mm, and their maximal activities are 1.7 and g0.6 µmoles of phosphate liberated per min per mg of reticulum protein. The ATP splitting by ether-treated preparations of reticulum in the presence of 1,2-bis-(2-dicarboxy methylaminoethoxy)ethane with no added calcium, namely, the basal splitting, occurred at ATP concentrations about the same as those for the second step in the extra splitting, but its activity was too small to account for the activity in the second step. On the other hand, the calcium uptake by nontreated preparations of reticulum also showed two steps as the ATP concentration increased; the first step occurred at ATP concentrations about one-tenth of those for the ATP-splitting activity mentioned above, but the second step occurred at about the same concentrations as those for the ATP splitting.
Prolonged ventilatory failure and flaccid quadriparesis after ingestion of poison hemlock.

Introduction: A 28-year-old man presented with acute flaccid paralysis and respiratory failure that persisted for 2 weeks after suicidal ingestion of unknown substances. Methods: Extensive clinical, nerve, laboratory, and neuroimaging testing excluded alternative causes of this neuromuscular syndrome. Prompted by clues provided by family members, liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to investigate for the presence of poison hemlock. Results: Testing of the residue in a jar used for the ingestion of a poisonous concoction confirmed the presence of the nicotinic alkaloid coniine. Analysis of patient serum suggested the presence of conhydrine. Concentrations of amitriptyline and diazepam were also found to be supratherapeutic, but only through the first few days of hospitalization. Conclusion: This is a case of reversible coma, flaccid quadriparesis, and neuromuscular respiratory failure caused by intentional ingestion of poison hemlock. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Language: en
Subalternity and Religion: The Prehistory of Dalit Empowerment in South Asia

Preface Part 1: Introduction: The Question of a Prehistory 1. Subalternity at the Cusp: Limits and Openings in the Dalit Critique 2. Moral Rite before Myth and Law: Death in Comparative Religion 3. The Time of Having-Found (God): Languages of Dalit Hearsay Part 2: The Vicissitudes of Historical Religion 4. The Anomaly of Kabir: Historical Religion in Dwivedi's Kabir (1942) 5. The Pitfalls of a Dalit Theology: Dr Dharmvir's Critique of Dwivedi (1997) 6. System and History in Rajwade's Grammar for the Dnyaneswari (1909) Part 3: The Prehistory of Historical Religion 7. The Suspension of Iconoclasm: Myth and Allegory in the Time of Deities 8. Miracle and Violence: The Allegorical Turn in Kabir, Dnyaneswara, and Tukaram 9. Deity and Daivat: The Transfiguration of the Folk in Tukaram
First and Second Order Change: Powerful Concepts for Preparing Child Care Practitioners

Abstract First order change relies upon step-by-step incremental learning, expansively building upon previous capabilities while simultaneously modifying what has been learned before. In contrast, second order change demands fundamental shifts in students' thinking, a reframing of previous learning which serves as a springboard for a transformation to new levels of comprehension. The concepts of first and second order change are applied to various aspects of training and educating child care practitioners: curriculum planning, classroom learning, and field instruction. The concept is particularly relevant because many training efforts have focused only on first order change, and failing to provide students with high order thinking and practice skills for long term careers and effectiveness.
Interactions of Simple Ion-Atom Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the interactions of simple ion–atom systems. The interactions of ion–atom systems provide a unique opportunity for experimental tests of the foundations of quantum scattering theory. In the collisions of simple ion–atom systems, comparison of the experimental and theoretical results tests the quantum mechanical model of the process in situations where the fundamental interaction forces are known. The simplest three-body collision system, which consists of a proton incident on a hydrogen atom, holds the key for understanding three-body collision physics. The experimental methods employed in the study of ion–atom collisions can be divided into two classes. The classes are distinguished by the particle detected after the collision process. In one case, the primary particle is detected. In the other case, a secondary particle is detected. The secondary particle may be a photon or an electron ejected from the target or the projectile, or the nucleus of the target.
In Vitro Enhancement of Collagen Deposition in Fully Biological Bioprinted Constructs

Engineering new tissues, ideally from the patient's own body cells to prevent rejection by the immune system, is a rapidly growing field that rests on three pillars: cells, supporting structures (or scaffold) and stimulating biological environment. As the cells grow and depose their own extracellular matrix (ECM), the scaffold degrades slowly. After implantation, remnants of the scaffold can trigger chronic inflammation and create mechanically weak zones by interfering with extracellular matrix assembly. Over the last few years, we developed an alternative, scaffold-free method. Our technique exploits well-established developmental processes (such as tissue fusion, spreading and cell sorting). Conveniently prepared bio-ink units (multicellular spheroids or cylinders composed of single or several cell types) are delivered into the bio-paper (a hydrogel support material) to build tubular constructs. Structure formation takes place by the post-printing fusion of the discrete units and maturation in bioreactor. The slow buildup of cell-produced ECM needed for adequate mechanical strength before implantation, however remains an issue. Collagen deposition is hindered in vitro due to the slow conversion of de novo synthesized procollagen to collagen before its secretion.Here we explore different strategies to enhance collagen deposition in the bio-ink units and the post-fusion construct. Collagen deposition could be observed throughout spheroids obtained by seeding human aortic smooth muscle cells in 96 well plates and culturing them in presence of ascorbic acid. However the process still took 3 weeks. Boost in collagen production by the bio-ink units was observed when negatively charged dextran sulfate (DxS, 500 kDa) was added to the medium. After high content bio-ink units fuse into a tube, ECM reorganization is expected under mechanical stimulation in the bioreactor.In conclusion, DxS could fasten the production of ECM in tissue engineering applications.Supported by NSF 0526854.
DDT house spraying and re-emerging malaria.

This article discusses the role of DDT in the re-emerging cases of malaria worldwide. It is noted that malaria is reappearing in urban areas and in countries that previously eradicated the disease including the Amazon Basin South and North Korea Armenia Azerbaijan and Tajikistan. In addition the frequency of imported malaria has also increased in industrial countries. Although many factors contribute to such a phenomenon the strongest correlation is with decreasing numbers of houses sprayed with DDT. Early studies of DDT showed repellent irritant and toxic actions that worked against malaria vector mosquitoes. Sprayed on house walls DDT exerted powerful control over indoor transmission of malaria. However since the ban of DDT in the 1970s and the implementation of alternative malaria-control programs there has been a global outburst of malaria epidemics. In view of this it is recommended that the global response to burgeoning malaria rates allow for DDT residual house spraying where it is known to be effective and necessary. Regulations and policies of industrialized countries and international agencies that block financial assistance to countries that use DDT for malaria control should be eliminated.
Treatment of osteoporosis with calcitonin, with and without growth hormone.

A 24 month randomized parallel study of the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with calcitonin alone v calcitonin alternating with growth hormone (combined treatment) was conducted. Each group received 1000 mg daily of oral calcium supplements. The rate of change in total body calcium for the combined and calcitonin groups was +1.68%/yr and +1.33/yr, respectively (P < .05). However, the difference in the two groups was not statistically significant. Further, the total body calcium level did not increase after 12 to 18 months of treatment. There was a significant difference in the rates of change of bone mineral content (BMC) of the radius for the two groups, with a loss of BMC in the combined treatment group (F = 4.80, P < .05). Calcitonin treatment is effective in producing an increment in bone mass. The addition of growth hormone to this regimen appears to have a deleterious effect on cortical bone mass.
THE P6-P2 REGION OF SERPINS IS CRITICAL FOR PROTEINASE INHIBITION AND COMPLEX STABILITY

Two of the prototypic serpins are alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and ovalbumin. alpha1-Proteinase inhibitor is a rapid inhibitor of a number of proteinases and undergoes the characteristic serpin conformational change on cleavage within the reactive center loop, whereas ovalbumin is noninhibitory and does not undergo the conformational change. To investigate if residues from P12 to P2 in the reactive center loop of ovalbumin are intrinsically incapable of being in an inhibitory serpin, we have made chimeric alpha1-proteinase inhibitor variants containing residues P12-P7, P6-P2, or P12-P2 of ovalbumin and determined their inhibitory properties with trypsin and human neutrophil elastase. With the P12-P7 and P6-P2 variants, the steps before and after the fork of the branched suicide-substrate pathway were affected as reflected by changes in rates and stoichiometries of inhibition with both proteinases. The P12-P2 variant showed that those effects were nonadditive, with exclusive substrate behavior for elastase and only residual inhibitory activity against trypsin. The properties of the variants were consistent with them obeying the suicide-substrate mechanism characteristic of serpins. Enzyme activity was regenerated from complexes formed with the P6-P2 variant faster than with wild-type indicating that the rate of turnover of the complex was increased. Based on proteinase susceptibility in the reactive center loops of the P6-P2 and P12-P2 variants, and on an increase in heat stability of the cleaved P12-P2 variant, it was concluded that the variants had undergone complete loop insertion on cleavage. These results show that the reactive center loop residues P12-P2 of ovalbumin can be present in inhibitory serpins although decreasing the inhibitory properties. These data also demonstrate that the residues in the P6-P2 region of serpins are critical for rapid inhibition of proteinases and formation of stable serpin-proteinase complexes.
Extension of a numerical streamline method

A numerical method based on streamline geometry has previously been found useful for free surface problems. The method is modified here so as to permit large changes in streamline direction, and an example is given in which a two-dimensional compressible jet impacts on a flat surface. Careful formulation of the boundary conditions is necessary for computational stability.
Effects of delayed auditory feedback on acquired stuttering following head injury

Abstract This study examined the effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback (DAF) with three cases of acquired stuttering following head injury. To determine the effects of DAF on stuttering behavior a multiple baseline design across three speaking tasks was employed. All subjects reduced stuttering with application of DAF. Stuttering behavior on untreated tasks continuing in baseline was not affected by DAF. When treatment was applied to the untreated tasks, stuttering events decreased for all three subjects. Results indicate DAF has potential as a treatment procedure with cases of acquired stuttering in a way similar to cases of developmental stuttering.
Cluster analysis detection of functional MRI activity in temporal lobe epilepsy.

Summary Purpose The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the ability of a novel method of cluster analysis, 2dTCA, for identifying and characterizing peak fluctuations in fMRI BOLD signals in the temporal lobes and the default-mode network in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) without EEG. Methods BOLD fMRI images were acquired in 17 TLE patients and compared to EEG. The timing of significant transient BOLD peaks was estimated by 2dTCA, and activation maps were determined. Results Sixteen subjects (94%) showed apparent temporal lobe activation. Mesial temporal activation was present in 76.4% (13 patients). Temporal lobe or insula activations were detected ipsilateral to the EEG focus in 64.7% (11 patients), bilaterally with no predominance in 29.4% (5 patients), and exclusively contralateral to the EEG focus in none. Eleven subjects showed activation in the so-called default-mode network including posterior cingulate, bilateral posterior parietal cortex, and sometimes anterior cingulate cortex. Conclusions These results demonstrate significant positive BOLD fluctuations in the temporal lobes and default-mode regions in a higher percentage of TLE patients than previously reported using other methods. These fluctuations appear physiologically relevant and suggest increased neural activity which may not be detected on scalp EEG, but which may be important in understanding the mechanisms and origins of epileptic discharges.
Membrane fluidity and platelet fibrinogen receptor exposure by proteolytic enzymes.

Abstract Incubation of platelets with pronase or chymotrypsin results in the exposure of fibrinogen receptors. We determined that these enzymes did not affect the membrane fluidity as evaluated by the depolarization of the fluorescence of 1, 6-diphenyl-1, 3, 5 hexatriene (DPH). There was no significant difference in either the depolarization or in its temperature dependence for control, pronase or chymotrypsintreated platelets. Thus, it can be concluded that the exposure of fibrinogen receptors on the platelet surface by proteolytic enzymes does not depend on the changes of membrane fluidity. We also propose that the proteolytic enzymes do not cause a major alteration in the extent of protein chains embedded in the lipid layers of the platelet membranes.
Effect of detergents on the thermal behavior of elastin‐like polypeptides

Elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) fusions have been designed to allow large-scale, nonchromatographic purification of many soluble proteins by using the inverse transition cycling (ITC) method; however, the sensitivity of the aqueous lower critical solubility phase transition temperature (T(t)) of ELPs to the addition of cosolutes, including detergents, may be a potential hindrance in purification of proteins with surface hydrophobicity in such a manner. To identify detergents that are known to solubilize such proteins (e.g., membrane proteins) and that have little effect on the T(t) of the ELP, we screened a number of detergents with respect to their effects on the T(t) and secondary structures of a model ELP (denoted here as ELP180). We found that mild detergents (e.g., n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside, Triton-X100, and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylamino]-1-propanesulfonate) do not alter the phase transition behavior or structure (as probed by circular dichroism) of ELP180. This result is in contrast to previous studies that showed a strong effect of other detergents (e.g., sodium dodecylsulfate) on the T(t) of ELPs. Our results clearly indicate that mild detergents do not preclude ITC-based separation of ELPs, and thus that ELP fusions may prove to be useful in the purification of detergent-solubilized recombinant hydrophobic proteins, including membrane proteins, which are otherwise notoriously difficult to extract and purify by conventional separation methods (e.g., chromatography).
Unusual Contact Shifts and Magnetic Tensor Orientation in Rhodobacter capsulatus Ferrocytochrome c': NMR, Magnetic Susceptibility, and EPR Studies

In contrast to high-spin ferrous paramagnetic heme proteins, the chemical shifts of the heme protons are very unusual in the ferrocytochromes c‘. Magnetic susceptibility studies of Rhodobacter capsulatus ferrocytochrome c‘ in frozen solutions have been performed and indicate an S = 2 spin state and a large negative axial (D) zero-field splitting parameter (−18.3 cm-1) as well as a significant rhombic (E) value (−4.9 cm-1). The 1H and 15N resonances have been extensively assigned by TOCSY−HSQC, NOESY−HSQC, and HSQC−NOESY−HSQC 3-D heteronuclear experiments performed on a 8 mM sample labeled with 15N. Based on short-range and medium-range NOEs and HN exchange rates, the secondary structure consists of four helices: helix-1 (3−30), helix-2 (34−49), helix-3 (78−97), and helix-4 (103−117). The 15N, HN, and Hα chemical shifts of the reduced (or ferro) state are compared to those previously assigned for the diamagnetic carbon monoxide complex form. From the chemical shift differences between these redox states, the orientation and the anisotropy of the paramagnetic susceptibility tensor have been determined using the crystallographic coordinates of the ferric state. Values of −23 and −3 cm-1 have been inferred for D and E, and the z-axis of the tensor is tilted approximately 30° from the normal to the heme. The paramagnetic chemical shifts of the heme protons have been determined and split up into Fermi shift and the dipolar shift contributions. The pattern of the contact shifts is very unusual, exhibiting a 2-fold symmetry, and is discussed in terms of molecular orbital interactions between the porphyrin macrocycle and the imidazole ring.
Liver transplantation for pulmonary vascular complications of pediatric end-stage liver disease

Abstract Purpose Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) are poorly understood pulmonary complications of end-stage liver disease (ESLD). We present a case series of children with HPS and PPH. Methods After institutional review board approval, query of our medical database identified children 0 to 18 years of age with ESLD diagnosed with HPS or PPH. Data were collected via chart review. Results We identified 7 children with either HPS (n = 5) or PPH (n = 2). Patients with HPS presented with progressive dyspnea over a mean of 7 months (range, 4-12 months) at a mean of 13 years (range, 5-17 years) of age. Pulmonary shunting by albumin perfusion scan averaged 41% (range, 20%-66%) with an initial mean resting Spo 2 of 88% (range, 84%-94%) and mean Spo 2 during exertion of 79% (range, 60%-89%). Four patients required supplemental O 2 and, upon United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) appeal, received pediatric model for ESLD (or Child-Pugh) score exceptions, enabling them to undergo orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) within 1-2 months. The fifth patient was initially rejected by the UNOS regional review board, but 6 months of worsening hypoxemia led to OLT 2 months after successful UNOS appeal. All patients with HPS undergoing OLT experienced complete resolution of hypoxemia within 8 months. Both children with PPH were treated with intravenous epoprostenol, which lowered or stabilized mean pulmonary artery pressure and bridged them to OLT within 7 months of listing. Overall, there were no pulmonary complications; however, 1 patient with PPH expired shortly after OLT. The remaining patients are alive at a median follow-up of 27 months (range, 6-96 months). Conclusion Hepatopulmonary syndrome and PPH are uncommon complications of ESLD in children. Epoprostenol can bridge PPH patients to OLT. OLT leads to rapid resolution of HPS and PPH and currently represents the only successful treatment for these children.
Snf1 Controls the Activity of Adr1 Through Dephosphorylation of Ser230

The transcription factors Adr1 and Cat8 act in concert to regulate the expression of numerous yeast genes after the diauxic shift. Their activities are regulated by Snf1, the yeast homolog of the AMP-activated protein kinase of higher eukaryotes. Cat8 is regulated directly by Snf1, but how Snf1 regulates Adr1 is unknown. Mutations in Adr1 that alleviate glucose repression are clustered between amino acids 227 and 239. This region contains a consensus sequence for protein kinase A, RRAS230F, and Ser230 is phosphorylated in vitro by both protein kinase A and Ca++ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Using an antiphosphopeptide antibody, we found that the level of Adr1 phosphorylated on Ser230 was highest in glucose-grown cells and decreased in a Snf1-dependent manner when glucose was depleted. A nonphosphorylatable Ser230Ala mutant was no longer Snf1 dependent for activation of Adr1-dependent genes and could suppress Cat8 dependence at genes coregulated by Adr1 and Cat8. Contrary to expectation, neither protein kinase A (PKA) nor Ca++ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase appeared to have an important role in Ser230 phosphorylation in vivo, and a screen of 102 viable kinase deletion strains failed to identify a candidate kinase. We conclude that either Ser230 is phosphorylated by multiple protein kinases or its kinase is encoded by an essential gene. Using the Ser230Ala mutant, we explain a long-standing observation of synergy between Adr1 constitutive mutants and Snf1 activation and conclude that dephosphorylation of Ser230 via a Snf1-dependent pathway appears to be a major component of Adr1 regulation.
A syntax—specification system for patterns

Abstract This paper is concerned with the development of a system that generates a finite grammar for a set of hand-drawn patterns. The input to the system is a set of description vectors which reflect the user's individual style of drawing the patterns of the set, and its output is a finite grammar that represents the specified set. Time is included as a third variale in the syntax specification; this allows concurrent inputting and analysis of patterns, thereby speeding up the recognition.
The role of orexin-1 receptors in physiologic responses evoked by microinjection of PgE2 or muscimol into the medial preoptic area

The medial preoptic area (mPOA) of the hypothalamus has long been thought to play an important role in both fever production and thermoregulation. Microinjections of prostaglandin E2 (PgE2) or the GABAA agonist muscimol into the mPOA cause similar increases in body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. Microinjections of these compounds however evoke different behavioral responses with muscimol increasing and PgE2 having no effect on locomotion. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of orexin-1 receptors in mediating these dissimilar responses. Systemic injections of the orexin-1 receptor antagonist SB-334867 reduced temperature and cardiovascular responses produced by microinjections of muscimol, but had no effect on either response produced by PgE2. SB-334867 did not significantly decrease locomotion evoked by microinjections of muscimol into the mPOA. These data suggest that there are two central nervous system circuits involved in increasing body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure: one circuit activated by muscimol, involving orexin neurons, and a separate orexin-independent circuit activated by PgE2.
Saccharin Derivatives VIII. Hypotensive Agents

Saccharin analogs of chlorothiazide have been reported to possess diuretic activity. This paper relates the synthesis of 6-chloro-2-methylsaccharin, which is structurally similar to 7-chloro-3-methyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide (diazoxide), a non-diuretic, hypotensive benzothiadiazine. The 6-chloro-2-methylsaccharin along with some 9 related saccharin derivatives, which had been synthesized earlier in a continuing study of saccharin chemistry, were screened for pharmacological activity. Preliminary results indicate hypotensive effects in cats and dogs, with little diuretic response. In fact, 2-ethyl-4-nitrosaccharin showed antidiuretic properties. In addition to producing a moderate transient hypotension in the anesthetized dog, 6-chloro-2-methylsaccharin produced CNS stimulation in rats.
A SEAWATER MEDIUM FOR DINOFLAGELLATES AND THE NUTRITION OF CACHONINA NIEI1

SUMMARY Two media have been devised: an enriched seawater medium for culture of dinoflagellates and a defined medium for rapid growth of the dinoflagellate Cachonina niei. A wide range in salinity (10.23–42.38 g/liter NaCl) is tolerated by C. niei. Below 0.6 g/liter MgSO4, 0.19 g/liter KCl, and 0.22 g/liter CaCl2, the generation time greatly increases. Increase in MgSO4 to 7.22 g/liter, KCl to 1.12 g/liter or CaCl2 to 2.22 g/liter has little effect on generation time. The temperature optimum is 19–23 C. Saturating light intensity for growth is 1000 ft-c and for photosynthesis (determined manometrically) is slightly less than 2000 ft-c. Cachonina niei requires B12 and thiamin. Neither silicate nor its competitive inhibitor germanate affects generation time or cell yield indicating silicon is not required. Of a variety of buffers tested, Tris is the best. Optimal growth occurs at pHs of 7.5–8.3. Glycerol is inhibitory and does not support dark growth.