cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing Foreign Direct Investment: Commitment, Deterrence, And Diversion

The paper models the multinational choice between foreign direct investment in and exporting to a domestic market as an equilibrium outcome of strategic play between domestic and foreign firms. Two cases are considered, one in which the domestic firm can precommit to output levels (as, for example, through investment in a distribution network), and one in which such precommitment is not possible. The domestic firm's strategy in the case of precommitment includes aggressive efforts to deter or divert foreign investment and results in fewer observed equilibria with foreign investment than would otherwise occur. Tariffs designed to switch the foreign decision from exporting to direct investment may lead instead to monopolization of the market by the domestic firm.
Integrating Case Topics in Medical School Curriculum to Enhance Multiple Skill Learning: Using Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders as an Exemplary Case

Objectives This article describes the use of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) as a theme to connect the learning of basic neurosciences with clinical applications across the age span within a systems-based, integrated curricular structure that emphasizes problem-based learning.
Teachers Voices Interpreting Standards

The State of Virginia has adopted state-mandated testing that aims to raise the standards of performance for children in our schools in a manner that assigns accountability to schools and to teachers. In this paper we argue that the conditions under which the standards were created and the testing implemented undermine the professionalism of teachers. We believe this result has the further consequence of compromising the critical thinking and learning processes of children. We argue this has happened because teachers’ views and experiences have driven neither the setting of standards nor the assessment of their achievement. We use data from essays by teachers in an innovative masters program to compare teachers’ experiences involving the Virginia Standards of Learning with ideal standards for professional development adopted by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards. We argue that there are serious negative consequences of the failure to include dialogue with K-12 teachers in setting standards and especially in the creation of assessments to measure performances relative to the standards. We believe the most successful, honest, and morally defensible processes must be built on the experience and wisdom of classroom teachers.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STRAIN ANALYSIS IN STUDIES OF PSEUDOMORPHIC GROWTH

Since a pseudomorphic film is usually strained both in the plane of the surface and in the perpendicular direction, strain analysis is necessary in order to determine the strains and identify the equilibrium (i.e. the unstrained) phase of the film material. A procedure for carrying out the strain analysis within the limits of linear elasticity theory is described by way of a simple hypothetical example with cubic {001} surfaces, which illustrates the concept of epitaxial lines. These are lines relating the perpendicular spacing between atomic planes, as produced by epitaxial strain on a stable or metastable crystal phase, to the in-plane spacing in pseudomorphic films.
Parent Success Indicator: Development and Factorial Validation:

Responses from 612 Parent Success Indicators (PSI) by parents and children were subjected to factor analysis. Data were factor analyzed to determine if the underlying factor structure of the instrument fit the hypothesized dimensions suggested by the position of 60 items on six subscales. The principal components extraction analysis produced 13 factors with prerotation eigenvalues greater than 1.0. A principal component solution set at six factors yielded the best fit, accounting for 49.6% of the variance. The pattern of item-to-factor correlation suggested that the 60 items tended to fit the hypothesized pattern of subscales.
γ-Butyrolactone-sensitive and -insensitive dopamine release, and their relationship to dopamine metabolism in three rat brain regions

Some data suggest dopamine (DA) release from neuronal terminals is partially independent of impulse flow. We examined the changes in tissue DA and its major metabolite levels 30 and 90 min after treatment with y-butyrolactone (750 mg/kg). Accumulation of 3-methoxytyramine within 10 min of pargyline injection (75 mg/kg) was used as an index of DA release. Thirty minutes after gamma-butyrolactone injection, DA content was increased maximally in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens and striatum (by 91%, 80% and 73%, respectively). 3-Methoxytyramine rates of accumulation were reduced by 77%, 77%, and 92%, respectively. Ninety minutes after the treatment, DA levels remained high in all three areas, while DA release was persistently low in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, but had returned to baseline in the frontal cortex. Changes in 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid and homovanillic acid levels were not synchronized with changes in DA release in the striatum and nucleus accumbens, and were absent in the frontal cortex. The data suggest that an impulse flow-independent mechanism contributes to approximately one tenth and one fourth of the basal DA release in the terminals of DA neurons originating in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, respectively. The acidic DA metabolite levels become at best poorly associated with DA release during blockade of the DA neuronal firing, probably because of the increased in situ metabolism of newly synthesized DA.
Nonradiative multiphonon transitions in semiconductor quantum dots

A mathematical formalism suitable for a treatment of nonradiative multiphonon transitions in semiconductor quantum dots is developed. An analytical expression for the temperature dependence of the transition rate is derived.
African women and sport: the state of play†

This discussion of the ‘state of play’ of writing on sports in Africa gives particular emphasis to the study of female athletes across the continent. It highlights the rich seam of work that has been forthcoming about athletics in southern Africa as well as conceptual frameworks that have been used to good effect. Empirical historical material is introduced to demonstrate, following Bourdieu, how far sport requires management of the body, which is ‘central to the acquisition of status’.
Correction: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and the Kidney

Excerpt To the Editor:Please note the correct citation (1) for the work cited as unpublished observations (page 35, second paragraph) in our article (2) appearing in the 1 January 1990 issue....
Recent advances in the cultivation of molluscs in the Pacific United States and Canada

Abstract The commercial exploitation of various molluscs on the west coast of North America is discussed with comments on latest culture innovations dealing with specific groups. Emphasis over recent years has been placed on new methodology and mechenization of culture techniques. Although more specialty items such as the half-shell oyster trade are being realized in the west coast market, the historic oyster fishery has not shown significant production increases over the past 5 to 10 years. A new method, which is being used by individual farmers who are catching their own seed using hatchery-reared eyed larvae, is discussed as a means to stabilize the oyster seed production problems. The use of stake, rack, and raft oyster culture is still limited for the west coast and for specific bays. Innovations in the culture of clams are also discussed. The steamer clam (Venerupis japonica and V. staminea) is in great demand on the west coast, and the market exceeds the production at the present time. A new method to enhance V. japonica production on beaches is discussed. Mussel (Mytilus edulis) culture is on the upswing for the west coast, especially in the state of Washington. Although the basic techniques are available for raft cultivation of mussels, there are difficulties in using these techniques, as well as constraints encountered for successful cultivation. Abalone (Haliotus sp.) culture has yet to show profitable returns. Recently, sales of small abalone for the specialty restaurant trade appear to have high potential. Recently, scallops are also looked upon very favorably for potential culture in Washington and British Columbia. Aside from attempts to spawn the local weathervane scallop (Patinopecten caurinus), the Japanese scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) is being investigated as a potential culture organism.
Cross-presentation of antigen by diverse subsets of murine liver cells.

Antigen cross-presentation is a principal function of specialized antigen-presenting cells of bone marrow origin such as dendritic cells. While these cells are sometimes known as “professional” antigen-presenting cells, non-bone marrow derived cells may also act as antigen-presenting cells. Here, using four-way liver cell isolation and parallel comparison of candidate antigen presenting cells, we show that depending on the abundance of antigen-donor cells, different subsets of liver cells could cross-present a hepatocyte-associated antigen. This function was observed in both liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells even at very low antigen concentration, as well as when using soluble protein. Antigen cross-presentation by liver cells induced efficient CD8+ T cell proliferation in a similar manner to classical dendritic cells from spleen. However, proliferated cells expressed lower level of T-cell activation markers and intracellular interferon-gamma levels. In contrast to classical spleen dendritic cells, cross-presentation by liver antigen presenting cells was predominantly dependent on Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1. Conclusion Hepatic sinusoids are an environment rich in antigen cross-presenting activity. However the liver's resident antigen-presenting cells cause partial T-cell activation. These results clarify how the liver can act as a primary site of CD8+ T-cell activation, and why immunity against hepatocyte pathogens is sometimes ineffective
Damage Tolerance of Well-Completion and Stimulation Techniques in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs

Coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs are characterized as naturally fractured, dual porosity, low permeability, and water saturated gas reservoirs. Initially, the gas, water, and coal are at thermodynamic equilibrium under prevailing reservoir conditions. Dewatering is essential to promote gas production. This can be accomplished by suitable completion and stimulation techniques. This paper investigates the efficiency and performance of the openhole cavity, hydraulic fractures, frack and packs, and horizontal wells as potential completion methods which may reduce formation damage and increase the productivity in coalbed methane reservoirs. Considering the dual porosity nature of CBM reservoirs, numerical simulations have been carried out to determine the formation damage tolerance of each completion and stimulation approach. A new comparison parameter, named as the normalized productivity index J np (t) is defined as the ratio of the productivity index of a stimulated well to that of a nondamaged vertical well as a function of time. Typical scenarios have been considered to evaluate the CBM properties, including reservoir heterogeneity, anisotropy, and formation damage, for their effects on J np (t) over the production time. The results for each simulation technique show that the value of J np (t) declines over the time of production with a rate which depends upon the applied technique and the prevailing reservoir conditions. The results also show that horizontal wells have the best performance if drilled orthogonal to the butt cleats. Long horizontal fractures improve reservoir productivity more than short vertical ones. Open-hole cavity completions outperform vertical fractures if the fracture conductivity is reduced by any damage process. When vertical permeability is much lower than horizontal permeability, production of vertical wells will improve while productivity of horizontal wells will decrease. Finally, pressure distribution of the reservoir under each scenario is strongly dependent upon the reservoir characteristics, including the hydraulic diffusivity of methane, and the porosity and permeability distributions in the reservoir.
Seizures in setting of dementia.

Dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease, is an important cause of seizures and epilepsy midst the elderly. With the increasing life span, the incidence of dementia and epilepsy is expected to increase exponentially. Care of patients with advanced dementia can be demanding and seizures add to this burden. Though recognition of seizures in these patients can be difficult, seizures in these patients tend to be highly responsive to pharmacological therapy. However, choosing the right antiepileptic drug can be a challenge and complicated by altered kinetics and polypharmacy. While ongoing seizures can worsen the cognitive status in these patients, antiepileptic drugs could also add to the cognitive burden. The newer generation drugs show promise in terms of their side effect profile without compromising on the efficacy.
The Dynamics of Disaster Recovery: Resilience and Entropy in Hurricane Response Systems 2005–2008

The challenge for policy makers and disaster managers is to achieve a balance between two dynamics — resilience and entropy — in order to develop sustainable risk reduction. Achieving an appropriate balance between resilience and entropy in any given community requires a systematic exploration of both dynamics. The recent hurricanes that struck Louisiana, Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005 and Hurricane Gustav, on September 1, 2008, offer an unusual opportunity to assess the degree to which both dynamics operated following Hurricane Katrina.
Animal-based hyaluronic acid fillers: scientific and technical considerations.

Background Successful clinical application of dermal filler products requires an understanding of their physical characteristics and in vivo behavior. This study reviewed the data for hyaluronic acid dermal filler products derived from an animal source--the rooster comb. Methods A review of the hyaluronic acid literature was performed. Clinical experience with the animal-derived hyaluronic acid products was evaluated. Results The source of the hyaluronic acid has not been demonstrated to be a clinically important point of differentiation among filler products. Hypersensitivity reactions are rare and are also present in the products derived from bacteria. Variations that effect the hyaluronic acid products' physical characteristics and clinical performance are more closely related to cross-linking and formulation. Hyaluronic acid gel derived from animal sources is cross-linked by a sulfonyl-bis-ethyl bond and is a soft gel compared with other hyaluronic acid products. There is minimal gel swelling, which results in modest postinjection edema. Optimal clinical application favors patients who desire quick recovery and minimal palpability. Conclusions Hyaluronic acid skin filler products derived from an animal source are safe and effective. Successful clinical application should be based on an understanding of the patient's goals and the choice of a hyaluronic acid product with the optimal characteristics.
SOD1 Integrates Signals from Oxygen and Glucose to Repress Respiration

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is an abundant enzyme that has been best studied as a regulator of antioxidant defense. Using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we report that SOD1 transmits signals from oxygen and glucose to repress respiration. The mechanism involves SOD1-mediated stabilization of two casein kinase 1-gamma (CK1γ) homologs, Yck1p and Yck2p, required for respiratory repression. SOD1 binds a C-terminal degron we identified in Yck1p/Yck2p and promotes kinase stability by catalyzing superoxide conversion to peroxide. The effects of SOD1 on CK1γ stability are also observed with mammalian SOD1 and CK1γ and in a human cell line. Therefore, in a single circuit, oxygen, glucose, and reactive oxygen can repress respiration through SOD1/CK1γ signaling. Our data therefore may provide mechanistic insight into how rapidly proliferating cells and many cancers accomplish glucose-mediated repression of respiration in favor of aerobic glycolysis.
Photochemical reactions of fluoroxyperfluoroalkanes with perfluorocycloolefins

Abstract Under photolysis perflouro-t-butyl hypofluorite readily undergoes one-electron reduction at -20°C in the presence of perflourocycloolefin, which functions as a fluoroxy fluorine atom acceptor, to yield bis(perflouro-t-butyl) peroxide as the major product. The other products are the simple adducts C 5 F 9 OC(CF 3 ) 3 and C 6 F 11 OC(CF 3 from the corresponding perfluorocycloofins C 5 F 8 and C 6 F 10 , the cleavage compounds of (CF 3 ) 3 COF (i.e., CF 3 COCF 3 and CF 4 ), the corresponding perfluorocycloalkanes, C 5 F 10 and C 3 F 12 , a small amount of vicinal perfluorodi-t-butoxycycloalkanes, and a trace of the dimers and oligomers. The formation of the peroxide (CF 3 3 COOC(CF 3 ) 3 confirms the homolysis of the O-F bond in (CF 3 ) 3 COF under photolysis. The photochemical reactions of CF 3 OF and perfluorocyloolefins at -60°C give mainly the simple adducts C 5 F 9 OCF 3 and C 6 F 10 OCF 3 from the corresponding perfluorocycloolefins. The other products are perfluoroalkanes, dimers, and oligomers, but the peroxide CF 3 OOCF 3 and pefluorodimethoxycycloalkanes are absent. This paper examines the differences between the products of reactions of primary and tertiary fluoroxyperfluoroalkanes with perfluorocycloolefins and discusses the mechanisms of these reactions.
The applicability of energy models to occupied houses: summer electric use in Davis

Abstract Total electricity use and cooling loads for a three month cooling season (July–September, 1980) in single-family detached houses in Davis, California, are estimated and compared with measured data. Total electricity use is estimated by predicting cooling loads and appliance electricity use using a technique approximating a relatively low cost audit program. Cooling loads are estimated using an interpolation model to simplify application of the DOE-2.1A energy use computer model. Appliance electricty use is derived from manufacturers' data, and patterns of appliance use are elicited from occupants through a survey. While reasonably accurate prediction of aggregate electricity use and cooling load for a group of houses is possible, similar accuracy for individual houses is more difficult because of variation and uncertainty in occupant behavior patterns and building parameters. We conclude that precise forecasting of individual house electricity use is unlikely, even when there are no changes in occupancy, unless impracticably expensive monitoring techniques are employed.
Constant pressure and temperature molecular dynamics simulation of a fully hydrated liquid crystal phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer

We report a constant pressure and temperature molecular dynamics simulation of a fully hydrated liquid crystal (L alpha) phase bilayer of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine at 50 degrees C and 28 water molecules/lipid. We have shown that the bilayer is stable throughout the 1550-ps simulation and have demonstrated convergence of the system dimensions. Several important aspects of the bilayer structure have been investigated and compared favorably with experimental results. For example, the average positions of specific carbon atoms along the bilayer normal agree well with neutron diffraction data, and the electron density profile is in accord with x-ray diffraction results. The hydrocarbon chain deuterium order parameters agree reasonably well with NMR results for the middles of the chains, but the simulation predicts too much order at the chain ends. In spite of the deviations in the order parameters, the hydrocarbon chain packing density appears to be essentially correct, inasmuch as the area/lipid and bilayer thickness are in agreement with the most refined experimental estimates. The deuterium order parameters for the glycerol and choline groups, as well as the phosphorus chemical shift anisotropy, are in qualitative agreement with those extracted from NMR measurements.
Energetics of a strongly pH dependent RNA tertiary structure in a frameshifting pseudoknot.

Retroviruses employ -1 translational frameshifting to regulate the relative concentrations of structural and non-structural proteins critical to the viral life cycle. The 1.6 A crystal structure of the -1 frameshifting pseudoknot from beet western yellows virus reveals, in addition to Watson-Crick base-pairing, many loop-stem RNA tertiary structural interactions and a bound Na(+). Investigation of the thermodynamics of unfolding of the beet western yellows virus pseudoknot reveals strongly pH-dependent loop-stem tertiary structural interactions which stabilize the molecule, contributing a net of DeltaH approximately -30 kcal mol(-1) and DeltaG degrees (37) of -3.3 kcal mol(-1) to a total DeltaH and DeltaG degrees (37) of -121 and -16 kcal mol(-1), respectively, at pH 6.0, 0.5 M K(+) by DSC. Characterization of mutant RNAs supports the presence of a C8(+).G12-C26 loop 1-stem 2 base-triple (pK(a)=6.8), protonation of which contributes nearly -3.5 kcal mol(-1) in net stability in the presence of a wild-type loop 2. Substitution of the nucleotides in loop 2 with uridine bases, which would eliminate the minor groove triplex, destroys pseudoknot formation. An examination of the dependence of the monovalent ion and type on melting profiles suggests that tertiary structure unfolding occurs in a manner quantitatively consistent with previous studies on the stabilizing effects of K(+), NH(4)(+) and Na(+) on other simple duplex and pseudoknotted RNAs.
JUVENILE COURT INTAKE An Analysis of Discretionary Decision‐Making

An increasing amount of pressure has been directed toward juvenile court operations, much of which has focused on the hypothesized abuse of the broad discretionary decision-making power that has traditionally been vested in the court. In this paper, we attempt to examine the extent to which factors not directly associated with the nature of the alleged offense may alter the probability that a juvenile w.11 be referred for a formal hearing in the juvenile court, a step which many analysts feel may have the unintended function of promoting rather than inhibiting subsequent involvement in delinquent behavior. Based on an analysis of 346 cases, our findings show that a number of variables that are not of direct legal relevance do exert a significant influence on the dispositional process, but the magnitude of this influence is not as great as many have been led to expect given the orientation of some explanatory models, particularly those based on the propositions of the labeling school.
Religious Tradition, Religiosity, or Everyday Theologies? Unpacking Religion’s Relationship to Support for Legalizing Same-Sex Marriage Among a College Student Sample

This study explores the differential impact of religious tradition, religiosity, and everyday theologies on support for legalizing same-sex marriage among a sample of undergraduate college students. The findings suggest that among college students in the United States the group of everyday theologies—personal religious beliefs that emerge through individuals’ lived experiences and social interactions—that we examine has a larger influence on attitudes about legalizing same-sex marriage than do either religious tradition or religiosity (measured as attendance, prayer, and guidance). We operationalize the concept of everyday theologies as levels of endorsement for six different religious themes. Implications for social movements promoting same-sex marriage and future research are discussed.
Guidance for RNA-seq co-expression network construction and analysis: safety in numbers

Motivation: RNA-seq co-expression analysis is in its infancy and reasonable practices remain poorly defined. We assessed a variety of RNA-seq expression data to determine factors affecting functional connectivity and topology in co-expression networks. Results: We examine RNA-seq co-expression data generated from 1970 RNA-seq samples using a Guilt-By-Association framework, in which genes are assessed for the tendency of co-expression to reflect shared function. Minimal experimental criteria to obtain performance on par with microarrays were >20 samples with read depth >10 M per sample. While the aggregate network constructed shows good performance (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve � 0.71), the dependency on number of experiments used is nearly identical to that present in microarrays, suggesting thousands of samples are required to obtain ‘gold-standard’ co-expression. We find a major topological difference between RNA-seq and microarray co-expression in the form of low overlaps between hub-like genes from each network due to changes in the correlation of expression noise within each technology.
Members of the Francisella tularensis Phagosomal Transporter Subfamily of Major Facilitator Superfamily Transporters Are Critical for Pathogenesis

Francisella tularensis is the causative agent of tularemia. Due to its aerosolizable nature and low infectious dose, F. tularensis is classified as a category A select agent and, therefore, is a priority for vaccine development. Survival and replication in macrophages and other cell types are critical to F. tularensis pathogenesis, and impaired intracellular survival has been linked to a reduction in virulence. The F. tularensis genome is predicted to encode 31 major facilitator superfamily (MFS) transporters, and the nine-member Francisella phagosomal transporter (Fpt) subfamily possesses homology with virulence factors in other intracellular pathogens. We hypothesized that these MFS transporters may play an important role in F. tularensis pathogenesis and serve as good targets for attenuation and vaccine development. Here we show altered intracellular replication kinetics and attenuation of virulence in mice infected with three of the nine Fpt mutant strains compared with wild-type (WT) F. tularensis LVS. The vaccination of mice with these mutant strains was protective against a lethal intraperitoneal challenge. Additionally, we observed pronounced differences in cytokine profiles in the livers of mutant-infected mice, suggesting that alterations in in vivo cytokine responses are a major contributor to the attenuation observed for these mutant strains. These results confirm that this subset of MFS transporters plays an important role in the pathogenesis of F. tularensis and suggest that a focus on the development of attenuated Fpt subfamily MFS transporter mutants is a viable strategy toward the development of an efficacious vaccine.
Modelling of Seeing Effects in Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology

Convolution methods for modelling of astronomical seeing effects have been investigated. The advantages and disadvantages of several techniques are discussed, and particular attention is given to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method. This method is then applied to two classes of problems, the structure of cores of elliptical galaxies, appearance of distant galaxies and the consequences of seeing effects in some cosmological tests. Estimates are presented for dimming of the central surface brightness and changes in the apparent core radius for elliptical galaxies, as well as seeing-induced changes in ellipticity. Modelling of galaxies with stellar nuclei has also been performed. Some consequences of these effects in investigations of dynamics of elliptical galaxies are addressed briefly. The influence of seeing in observational cosmology is discussed in the context of Hubble diagram (m-z) tests. It is shown that inadequate compensation for seeing effects can seriously distort the conclusions in such tests. Some suggestions for future work in this direction are offered.
Stationary-Phase Acid Resistance and Injury of Recent Bovine Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 Biotype I Escherichia coli Isolates †

Stationary-phase acid resistance and the induction of acid resistance were assessed for recent bovine carcass isolates of Escherichia coli, including 39 serotype O157 strains and 20 non-O157 strains. When grown to stationary phase in the absence of glucose and without prior acid exposure, there was a range of responses to a pH challenge of 6 h at pH 2.5. However, populations of 53 of the 59 E. coli isolates examined were reduced by less than 2.00 log CFU/ml, and populations of 24 of these isolates were reduced by less than 1.00 log CFU/ml. In contrast, there was little variation in population reductions when the E. coli were grown with glucose and preadapted to acidic conditions. With few exceptions, acid adaptation improved survival to the acid challenge, with 57 of the 59 isolates exhibiting a log reduction of less than 0.50. Differences in acid resistance or the ability to adapt to acidic conditions between E. coli O157:H7 and non-O157 commensal E. coli were not observed. However, we did find that the ...
Towards Reducing Disparities in Disparities Research

Volume 31 of Epidemiologic Reviews, which accompanies this issue of the Journal, focuses on health disparities. Research on “differences”—that is, comparing groups of people who differ with respect to a health condition or risk factor—is the core of epidemiologic research. “Disparities” research is the field of epidemiology that seeks to understand and eliminate health differences derived from systematic, persistent discrimination against disadvantaged social groups (1). In this issue of Epidemiologic Reviews, James makes the case that “the current global attention on health disparities reduction is arguably best understood as the legacy of an implicit human rights-inspired paradigm shift in epidemiologic research that began in the middle of the 20th century”
The Assault on 'The Assault on Humanism': Classicists Respond to Abraham Flexner's 'A Modern School'

Abraham Flexner’s controversial proposal in “A Modern School” (1916) to eliminate the classics from the secondary curriculum, prepared under the auspices of the General Education Board (GEB), precipitated a concerted campaign from classicists who kept the controversy before the public through editorials in the popular press, before educators through articles in professional journals, before social elites through a high profile conference at Princeton University and publication of Value of the Classics, and before the GEB through persistent correspondence. Capitalizing on the prestige that the classics enjoyed among social and political elites, classicists succeeded, through deft use of the existing and establishment of a new professional network, to persuade the GEB to subsidize a comprehensive study of classical pedagogy in US high schools. Through the resulting Classical Investigation, classicists co-opted progressive educators’ utility criterion and “scientific” method, exploited opportunities for favorable public promotion of the discipline, and procured generous funding from the GEB that supported not only the Classical Investigation, but also the fledgling American Classical League in the lean years ahead. After summarizing the development of and recommendations in Flexner’s “A Modern School,” this study reconstructs the response to Flexner’s proposals and evaluates the extent to which existing historical interpretations explain this overlooked struggle to defend the traditional academic curriculum.
Achieving full-view coverage in camera sensor networks

Camera sensors are different from traditional scalar sensors, as cameras at different positions can form very different views of the object. However, traditional coverage model does not consider this intrinsic property of camera sensors. To address this issue, a novel model called full-view coverage is proposed. It uses the angle between the object's facing direction and the camera's viewing direction to measure the quality of coverage. An object is full-view covered if there is always a camera to cover it no matter which direction it faces and the camera's viewing direction is sufficiently close to the object's facing direction. An efficient method is proposed for full-view coverage detection in any given camera sensor networks, and a sufficient condition on the sensor density needed for full-view coverage in a random uniform deployment is derived. In addition, the article shows a necessary and sufficient condition on the sensor density for full-view coverage in a triangular lattice-based deployment. Based on the full-view coverage model, the article further studies the barrier coverage problem. Existing weak and strong barrier coverage models are extended by considering direction issues in camera sensor networks. With these new models, weak/strong barrier coverage verification problems are introduced, and new detection methods are proposed and evaluated.
Fiber-Based Slow-Light Technologies

A review of current fiber-based technologies capable of producing slow-light effects is presented, with emphasis on the applicability of these technologies to telecommunications. We begin with a review of the basic concepts of phase velocity, group velocity, and group delay. We then present a survey of some of the figures of merit used to quantify the engineering properties of slow-light systems. We also present a description of several of the physical processes that are commonly used to induce a slow-light effect. Finally, a review of some recent advances in this field is presented.
Mars topography harmonics and geophysical implications

The paper describes an improved model of Martian global topography which has been obtained by fitting a sixteenth-degree harmonic series to occultation, radar, spectral, and photogrammetric measurements. Empirical elevation data based on photographic data are used to supplement the observations in areas without data. Values for the mean radius, the mean density, and the displacement of the center of the figure from the center of mass are presented. The reported geometric flattening is too great and the reported dynamic flattening is too small for Mars to be homogeneous and hydrostatic. Maps of the data distribution, global topography, and Bouguer gravity anomaly are interpreted in terms of a crustal thickness map which is consistent with gravity, topography, and recent preliminary Viking seismic results.
Consumption of trans-Fatty Acid and Its Association with Colorectal Adenomas

trans-Fatty acid consumption is known to have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health, but little is known about its role in digestive tract neoplasia. To investigate the association between colorectal adenomas and trans-fatty acid consumption, the authors utilized data from a cross-sectional study of 622 individuals who underwent complete colonoscopy between 2001 and 2002 at the University of North Carolina Hospitals. Participants were interviewed about demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors thought to be related to colorectal cancer. trans-Fatty acid consumption, energy adjusted by the residual method, was categorized into quartiles based on its distribution in controls. Compared with participants in the lowest quartile of consumption, those in the highest quartile had an increased prevalence of colorectal adenomas, with an adjusted prevalence odds ratio of 1.86 (95% confidence interval: 1.04, 3.33). The authors further investigated the relation between trans-fatty acid consumption and colorectal neoplasia by examining the adenoma characteristics, with the adjusted prevalence odds ratios showing little or no difference by adenoma location, size, or number. These results suggest that consumption of high amounts of trans-fatty acid may increase the risk of colorectal neoplasia, and they provide additional support to recommendations to limit trans-fatty acid consumption.
SCAN: An Efficient Decoding Algorithm for RAID-6 Codes

Recent studies show hard disk drives fail much more often in real systems than specified in their data-sheets, and RAID-5 may not be able to provide necessary reliability for practical systems. It is desirable to have disk arrays and clustered storage systems with higher data redundancy, such as RAID-6. Meanwhile, latest research also indicates that sector failures become a threat to data reliability in storage systems. As a result, disk failures in RAID-6 systems become complex, and call for efficient decoding approaches to recover data when disk failures take place. This paper proposes a simple and efficient decoding algorithm to reconstruct data from disk failures for RAID-6 systems. First, for many well known RAID-6 codes, we provide the conditions to determine the recoverability of disk failures by using Tanner graph. The covered RAID-6 codes include X-code, EVENODD, and RDP. Then, a generic failure decoding algorithm called SCAN algorithm is derived. The SCAN algorithm is able to efficiently reconstruct data for any recoverable disk failures. Extensive performance evaluation shows the SCAN algorithm achieves higher performance than Matrix Method, another general decoding algorithm. Hence, the SCAN algorithm is an attractive decoding algorithm to be integrated into RAID-6 systems.
Eating Disorders in Adolescence

Eating disorders challenge the pediatrician in several ways. The treatment course can be long, and the patient9s response may be frustrating. Patients find it hard to trust professionals (as they find it hard to trust themselves) and present their situation in provocative terms (eg, "I know what I need to eat; the only problem is that my parents are giving me a hard time.") that ignore the cultural, familial, developmental, and physiological roots of the disorders and minimize the patient9s own confusion. The impression projected by the patient that she is "in control" can make it hard to view her sympathetically. Being "in control" of an emaciated body or of chaotic eating is part of the problem. Unpleasant feelings, such as shame, blame, frustration, inadequacy, rage, and guilt, are felt routinely by patients, parents, and professionals. The risk of serious injury or death is great. The differential diagnosis includes many other serious disorders first presenting in adolescence. For all these reasons, the eating disorders are an important part of pediatric practice, and the pediatrician monitoring the patient9s physical well-being and overall development is an indispensable part of the team. The eating disorders are "model" disorders, whose management requires understanding the physical, physiological, psychological, familial, and cultural dimensions of a teenager9s life.
Constructive similarities of neutral search, focused randomness, and imagination

This paper explores the constructive similarities between focused randomness, neutral search, and the process of imagination. Although neutral search does not serve any immediate adaptive function, like the imagination it provides the basis for exploring possibilities and scenarios that may help when a pressing need for adaptation occurs. I argue that neutral search is similar to imagining. Both involve focused random behavior in a local environment. The process tends to be a reflective loop involving feedforward and feedback, and the environment tends to become a niche. Although these behaviors are not task-oriented, they seem indispensable for the construction of robust system autonomy capable of adaptive innovation in an interactive, dynamic environment.
Media production in a transnational setting: Three models of immigrant journalism:

This study presents an empirical, qualitative investigation into the practices of Venezuelan journalists in South Florida. The Venezuelan population in the United States has more than doubled in th...
LEGO MindStorms: not just for K-12 anymore

Using LEGO Mindstorms robots to support the ACM Computing Curriculum 2001 in lab exercises and projects from the beginner courses in programming to advanced courses in operating systems, compilers, networks, and artificial intelligence.
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH WITHOUT CERTAINTY

In this essay, Robert Floden reviews three recent volumes in the Philosophy, Theory, and Educational Research series that address the philosophical implications of three ''isms'' — postpositivism, pragmatism, and poststructuralism — for empirical educational research. These volumes, written by D.C. Phillips, Gert J.J. Biesta, and Michael A. Peters, each in partnership with Nicholas C. Burbules, draw on several lines of currently active philosophical work to address a challenge to educational researchers: What can empirical research hope to accomplish, given the evident difficulties in discovering any tight connection between, on the one hand, instructional methods and policy directives and, on the other hand, student outcomes, especially student learning? The traditions discussed are rough groupings of scholars, with views that are loosely overlapping, rather than clearly defined. Floden observes that the general ideas represented in postpositivism and pragmatism offer researchers frameworks that support optimism about the contributions of empirical work. In contrast, the book on poststructuralism illustrates scholarship in that tradition, but suggests that most research reports will be colored by power relations and be open to multiple interpretations. Floden concludes that empirical researchers may find material in these books enlightening, but will probably need assistance from philosopher colleagues to see how they can inform the practical work of empirical research. The titles of the three volumes under review here combine ''educational research'' with an ''ism'': Postpositivism and Educational Research ,b y D.C. Phillips and Nicholas C. Burbules; Pragmatism and Educational Research ,b y Gert J.J. Biesta and Nicholas C. Burbules; and Poststructuralism and Educational Research, by Michael A. Peters and Nicholas C. Burbules. 1 These books, however,
Point process adaptive filters for neural data analysis: Theory and applications

Although it is well known that neurons receive, process and transmit signals via sequences of sudden stereotyped electrical events, called action potentials or spikes, many analyses of neural data ignore the highly localized nature of these events. We discuss a point process modeling framework for neural systems to perform inference, assess goodness-of-fit, and estimate a state variable from spiking observations. Under this framework, we develop state space estimation and inference algorithms by constructing state models that describe the stochastic evolution of the signals to estimate, and conditional intensity models that define the probability distribution of observing a particular sequence of spike times for a neuron or ensemble. Posterior densities can then be computed using a recursive Bayesian framework combined with the Chapman- Kolmogorov system of equations for discrete-time analyses or the forward Kolmogorov equation for continuous-time analyses. This allows us to derive a toolbox of estimation algorithms and adaptive filters to address questions of static and dynamic encoding and decoding. We discuss the application of these modeling and estimation methods to the problem of predicting an intended reaching arm movement from simulated neurons in primate primary motor cortex. We show that a Bayesian approximate Gaussian filter is able to maintain accurate estimates of intended arm trajectories.
Seismic Performance of Cantilever Retaining Walls with Clayey Backfills

Current engineering design methods for evaluating the seismic lateral earth pressures of retaining walls are based on limit equilibrium Mononobe-Okabe method. In limit equilibrium method, the effect of dynamic loading is introduced to the soil wedge behind the retaining wall as lateral and vertical inertia forces. The two most important simplifications of these methods are application of pseudo-static solution procedure for a fully dynamic problem and assumption of cohesionless backfill material. In this investigation, a full dynamic numerical modeling on a retaining wall with low frictional angle backfill material is conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of retaining wall and lateral earth pressure variation during the earthquake. A 6-meter high cantilever wall with a base width of 4 m and thickness of 0.5 m is represented by structural element. The concrete wall was assumed to perform elastically and the Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model was selected for soil material. The interaction between concrete wall and soil was modeled by using elasto-plastic bilinear model to account for shear sliding and normal separation of wall and soil. The performance of the retaining wall was analyzed under three distinct earthquakes. The lateral earth pressure distribution along the wall height was evaluated during the earthquakes and was compared to static earth pressure. Furthermore, a set of dynamic analysis were conducted with normalized peak ground acceleration, PGA, of the earthquakes. The dynamic lateral earth pressure coefficients along the stem, middle and heel of the wall during the earthquake were analyzed for various horizontal PGAs induced by earthquakes. Consequently, the lateral earth pressure coefficients along the wall were compared to those concluded by Mononobe-Okabe method. According to the results, in low frictional angle soil backfills that have some cohesion, the lateral earth pressures are overestimated by Mononobe-Okabe method.
Bandwidth-SINR Tradeoffs in Spatial Networks

This paper addresses the following question, which is of interest in the design of a multiuser decentralized network: given a total system bandwidth of W Hz and a fixed data rate constraint of R bps for each transmission, how many frequency slots N of size W/N should the band be partitioned into to maximize the number of simultaneous transmissions in the network? Dividing the available spectrum reduces the number of users on each band and therefore decreases multiuser interference level, but also increases the SINR requirement for each transmission because the same information rate must be achieved over a smaller bandwidth. Exploring this tradeoff between bandwidth and SINR and determining the optimum value of N in terms of the system parameters is the focus of the paper. Using stochastic geometry, we analytically derive the optimal SINR threshold on this tradeoff curve and show that it is a function of only the path loss exponent. Furthermore, the optimal SINR point lies between the low-SINR (power-limited) and high-SINR (bandwidth-limited) regimes.
Braided Streams: Spaces and Flows in a Career

In accordance with the proposal by the Department of Geography, Dr. Janice Monk, professor emerita at the University of Arizona, was awarded Doctor Honoris Causa by the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona on the October 16th 2013. A slightly edited version of the lecture she presented at the ceremony is published here. Dr. Monk has been a key figure in fostering gender geography in the United States as well as internationally. Here she reflects on her academic and professional career, focusing on the principal topics that have characterised her research and her social involvement. A bibliography of her main contributions is attached to the text of her lecture.