cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynein activator Hook1 is required for trafficking of BDNF-signaling endosomes in neurons.

Axonal transport is required for neuronal development and survival. Transport from the axon to the soma is driven by the molecular motor cytoplasmic dynein, yet it remains unclear how dynein is spatially and temporally regulated. We find that the dynein effector Hook1 mediates transport of TrkB–BDNF-signaling endosomes in primary hippocampal neurons. Hook1 comigrates with a subpopulation of Rab5 endosomes positive for TrkB and BDNF, which exhibit processive retrograde motility with faster velocities than the overall Rab5 population. Knockdown of Hook1 significantly reduced the motility of BDNF-signaling endosomes without affecting the motility of other organelles. In microfluidic chambers, Hook1 depletion resulted in a significant decrease in the flux and processivity of BDNF-Qdots along the mid-axon, an effect specific for Hook1 but not Hook3. Hook1 depletion inhibited BDNF trafficking to the soma and blocked downstream BDNF- and TrkB-dependent signaling to the nucleus. Together, these studies support a model in which differential association with cargo-specific effectors efficiently regulates dynein in neurons.
Development of Large-Diameter Reinforcing Bars for the Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns

This paper presents an investigation on the bond–slip behavior and development of large-diameter bars embedded in well-confined concrete under seismic load conditions. Bond–slip tests and bar pull–push tests were conducted to characterize the bond strength, cyclic bond deterioration, and tension development of large-diameter bars up to No. 18 in size. A bond stress-versus-bar slip model was developed and implemented in a finite element analysis software. The model was validated with test data and used in a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the adequacy of the AASHTO requirements for tension bar development. Based on the results of this study, an improved development length formula was proposed. Furthermore, large-scale tests and finite element analyses were conducted to determine the minimum development length required for large-diameter bars connecting a bridge column to an enlarged pile shaft. Design recommendations were proposed based on the experimental and numerical results.
The Home Court Advantage in the Persistence of CEO Real Asset Performance

Trends in CEO pay indicate that most boards believe that the CEO is uniquely able to deliver superior real asset (i.e. physical assets, labor, and intangibles) performance and thus stock performance. Further, the increasingly prevalent tendency to shop around for a superior CEO from outside the firm is driven by the belief that a CEO with transferable skills and a strong track record can continue her performance into the future. We begin our analysis of these beliefs by using the standard optimal skills matching model to develop testable hypotheses. Then residual income and return on asset performance of 19,444 different CEOs at non-financial firms, spanning 53 years is investigated. In addition, we examine the real asset performance of 2,397 CEOs hired from outside the firm in the 1986 to 2002 period. The empirical results suggest the commonly held beliefs, regarding superior performance, are likely misguided. First, a small fraction of firm-CEO pairs show persistent exceptional performance beyond chance expectations, after accounting for factors such as luck and industry productivity. In the high performance group, none are giant firm-CEO pairs. Second, if either the CEO or firm in a high performance match separate, performance falls significantly for both. CEOs rarely leave high performance matches; when they do, they fail to ever excel again. Finally, median cumulative performance and persistent superior performance for inside hires is at least as great as that of outside hires in all the circumstances we explore. We believe our results indicate that (a) CEOs promoted from within the firm have a "home court" advantage over outside hires and (b) superior performance is likely the result of an interaction between firm capabilities and non transferable CEO abilities. The implications for firm profitability are substantial; the median return on assets is typically six percentage points higher for firms that attain superior performance compared to those who do not. We believe our findings have significant implications for boards' hiring, promotion, and pay policies. We also believe the results may influence theoretical models being developed to explain CEO pay.
Numerical study of the temperature dependence of the NMR relaxation rate across the superfluid-Bose glass transition in one dimension

Author(s): Dupont, M | Abstract: We study the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation rate 1/T1 in random one-dimensional spin chains as a function of the temperature and disorder strength. In the zero temperature limit, the system displays a disorder-induced quantum phase transition between a critical Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) phase and a localized Bose glass phase. The 1/T1 is investigated across this transition using large-scale simulations based on matrix product state techniques. We find that this quantity can detect the transition and probe the value of the dimensionless TLL parameter K. We also compute the NMR relaxation rate distributions for each temperature and disorder strength considered. In particular, we discuss the applicability of the stretched exponential fit to the return-to-equilibrium function to extract the 1/T1 experimentally. The results presented here should provide valuable insights in regards of future NMR experiments in realistic disordered spin compounds.
Identifying mega-environments for hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Texas

Although plant breeding programs can vary in operations and objectives, all must contain high performing germplasm and diverse testing environments. Additionally, these elements must be well understood in order for the program to be successful. The purpose of this research was to investigate Texas AM while ‘TAMW-101’ (CItr 15324) was the lowest yielding and unstable.
Study the impact of CuSO 4 and H 2 SO 4 concentrations on lateral growth of hydrogen evolution assisted copper electroplating

Hydrogen evolution assisted (HEA) electroplating has shown some potentials to be used for rapid lateral copper electrodeposition. A lateral electric field was established between the two cathodes while the voltage between the anode and one cathode was set to be high enough for water electrolysis and hydrogen evolution. In this work, the effect of concentrations of cupric sulfate (CuSO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in the electrolyte on the lateral deposition rate and the deposited layer morphology was studied. We have found that incrementing the acid concentration in the aqueous acidic solution to 1.0 M (H2SO4) and 1.5 M (H2SO4) accelerates the deposition rate to 15.38 and 15.6 μm s−1, respectively, by the interaction of hydrogen bubbles with the surface of the electrode being plated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique was employed to analyze the morphology of the deposited copper after the completion of the procedure. The technique was also tested for soldering electronic components which demonstrated the potential of using the method for soldering at low temperatures suitable for wearable electronics.
Ethylene signaling in plants

Ethylene is a gaseous phytohormone and the first of this hormone class to be discovered. It is the simplest olefin gas and is biosynthesized by plants to regulate plant development, growth, and stress responses via a well-studied signaling pathway. One of the earliest reported responses to ethylene is the triple response. This response is common in eudicot seedlings grown in the dark and is characterized by reduced growth of the root and hypocotyl, an exaggerated apical hook, and a thickening of the hypocotyl. This proved a useful assay for genetic screens and enabled the identification of many components of the ethylene-signaling pathway. These components include a family of ethylene receptors in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); a protein kinase, called constitutive triple response 1 (CTR1); an ER-localized transmembrane protein of unknown biochemical activity, called ethylene-insensitive 2 (EIN2); and transcription factors such as EIN3, EIN3-like (EIL), and ethylene response factors (ERFs). These studies led to a linear model, according to which in the absence of ethylene, its cognate receptors signal to CTR1, which inhibits EIN2 and prevents downstream signaling. Ethylene acts as an inverse agonist by inhibiting its receptors, resulting in lower CTR1 activity, which releases EIN2 inhibition. EIN2 alters transcription and translation, leading to most ethylene responses. Although this canonical pathway is the predominant signaling cascade, alternative pathways also affect ethylene responses. This review summarizes our current understanding of ethylene signaling, including these alternative pathways, and discusses how ethylene signaling has been manipulated for agricultural and horticultural applications.
Reconstructing SARS-CoV-2 response signaling and regulatory networks

Several molecular datasets have been recently compiled to characterize the activity of SARS-CoV-2 within human cells. Here we extend computational methods to integrate several different types of sequence, functional and interaction data to reconstruct networks and pathways activated by the virus in host cells. We identify the key proteins in these networks and further intersect them with genes differentially expressed at conditions that are known to impact viral activity. Several of the top ranked genes do not directly interact with virus proteins though some were shown to impact other coronaviruses highlighting the importance of large-scale data integration for understanding virus and host activity. Software and interactive visualization: https://github.com/phoenixding/sdremsc.
Structural performance of a hybrid timber wall system for emergency housing facilities

Abstract This paper presents an innovative and sustainable timber constructive system that could be used as an alternative to traditional emergency housing facilities. The system proposed in this study is composed of prefabricated modular elements that are characterized by limited weight and simple assembly procedures, which represent strategic advantages when it comes facing a strong environmental disaster (e.g. an earthquake). The complete dismantling of structural elements and foundations is granted thanks to specific details and an innovative connection system called X-Mini, capable of replacing traditional anchoring devices (i.e. hold downs and angle brackets) by resisting both shear and tension loads. This constructive system, denoted as Hybrid Timber Frame (HTF), takes advantage of the strong prefabrication, reduced weight of light-frame timber systems, and of the excellent strength properties of the Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) panels. Specifically, the solid-timber members typically used in the structural elements of light-frame systems are replaced by CLT linear elements. The results of experimental tests and numerical simulations are critically presented and discussed, giving a detailed insight into the performance of the HTF under seismic conditions.
Human papillomavirus 16 E2 repression of TWIST1 transcription is a potential mediator of HPV16 cancer outcomes

Human papillomaviruses are causative agents in around 5% of all cancers, including cervical and oropharyngeal. A feature of HPV cancers is their better clinical outcome compared with non-HPV anatomical counterparts. In turn, the presence of E2 predicts a better clinical outcome in HPV positive cancers; the reason(s) for the better outcome of E2 positive patients is not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that HPV16 E2 regulates host gene transcription that is relevant to the HPV16 life cycle in N/Tert-1 cells. One of the genes repressed by E2 and the entire HPV16 genome in N/Tert-1 cells is TWIST1. Here we demonstrate that TWIST1 RNA levels are reduced in HPV positive versus negative head and neck cancer, and that E2 and HPV16 downregulate both TWIST1 RNA and protein in our N/Tert-1 model; E6/E7 cannot repress TWIST1. E2 represses the TWIST1 promoter in transient assays, and is localized to the TWIST1 promoter; E2 also induces repressive epigenetic changes on the TWIST1 promoter. TWIST1 is a master transcriptional regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and a high level of TWIST1 is a prognostic marker indicative of poor cancer outcomes. We demonstrate that TWIST1 target genes are also downregulated in E2 positive N/Tert-1 cells, and that E2 promotes a failure in wound healing, a phenotype of low TWIST1 levels. We propose that the presence of E2 in HPV positive tumors leads to TWIST1 repression, and that this plays a role in the better clinical response of E2 positive HPV tumors. ImportanceHPV16 positive cancers have a better clinical outcome that their non-HPV anatomical counterparts. Furthermore, the presence of HPV16 E2 RNA predicts a better outcome for HPV16 positive tumors; the reasons for this are not known. Here we demonstrate that E2 represses expression of the TWIST1 gene; an elevated level of this gene is a marker of poor prognosis for a variety of cancers. We demonstrate that E2 directly binds to the TWIST1 promoter and actively represses transcription. TWIST1 is a master regulator promoting EMT and here we demonstrate that the presence of E2 reduces the ability of N/Tert-1 cells to wound heal. Overall, we propose that the E2 repression of TWIST1 may contribute to the better clinical outcome of E2 positive HPV16 positive tumors.
The role of magnetic field dissipation in the black hole candidate Sagittarius A

The compact, nonthermal radio source Sgr A* at the Galactic center appears to be coincident with a ~2.6 × 106 M☉ pointlike object. Its energy source may be the release of gravitational energy as gas from the interstellar medium descends into its deep potential well. However, simple attempts at calculating the radiative spectrum and flux based on this picture have come tantalizingly close to the observations, yet have had difficulty in accounting for the unusually low efficiency in this source. Regardless of whether the radiating particles in the accretion flow are thermal or nonthermal, there now appear to be two principal reasons for this low conversion rate of dissipated energy into radiation: (1) the plasma separates into two temperatures, with the protons attaining a significantly higher temperature than that of the radiating electrons; and (2) the magnetic field B is subequipartition, which reduces the magnetic bremsstrahlung emissivity, and therefore the overall power of Sgr A*. In this paper, we investigate the latter with a considerable improvement over what has been attempted before. In particular, rather than calculating B based on some presumed model (e.g., equipartition with the thermal energy of the gas), we instead infer its distribution with radius empirically with the requirement that the resulting spectrum matches the observations. Our assumed Ansatz for B(r) is motivated in part by earlier calculations of the expected magnetic dissipation rate due to reconnection in a compressed flow. We find reasonable agreement with the observed spectrum of Sgr A* as long as its distribution consists of three primary components: an outer equipartition field, a roughly constant field at intermediate radii (~103 Schwarzschild radii), and an inner dynamo (more or less within the last stable orbit for a nonrotating black hole), which increases B to about 100 G. The latter component accounts very well for the observed submillimiter hump in this source.
Aux confins des paradoxes de la protection de l’enfance - Le confinement lié à la pandémie du coronavirus comme révélateur

La pandemie mondiale du coronavirus est une crise sanitaire et societale majeure qui nous confronte tous, sans distinction et de facon globale, a la maladie, a la crainte de la mort et interroge l’ensemble des pratiques professionnelles.Des signifiants, donnant une interpretation confuse de la realite se sont imposes avec fulgurance sur la scene societale : « confinement », « distanciation sociale », « gestes barrieres », « masques », « gels hydro-alcooliques », imposant de nouvelles regles sociales comme imperatives. Des injonctions sanitaires bouleversent nos habitudes et nos reperes les plus fondamentaux dans une temporalite hesitante et indefinie. Des incertitudes contradictoires ont ete assenees par des experts a longueur de journee, dans l’immediatete des chaines d’information continue, provoquant au mieux une anxiete diffuse parmi la population. Des pratiques professionnelles ont emerge, avec l’apparition de techniques numeriques qui se sont revelees indispensables a la continuite de l’enseignement, ou de soins psychologiques.Nous questionnons ici, les effets dans le champ de la protection de l’enfance de cette crise sanitaire sans precedent, mais aussi des decisions politiques face a la complexite de l’organisation de la protection de l’enfance faisant intervenir de multiples acteurs, effets qui nous sont apparus comme paradoxaux pendant la duree du premier confinement et dont il faudra ensuite analyser les effets d’apres-coup dans les mois a venir.
HIV increases sleep-based brain age despite antiretroviral therapy.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Age-related comorbidities and immune activation raise concern for advanced brain aging in people living with HIV (PLWH). The brain age index (BAI) is a machine learning model that quantifies deviations in brain activity during sleep relative to healthy individuals of the same age. High BAI was previously found to be associated with neurological, psychiatric, cardiometabolic diseases, and reduced life expectancy among people without HIV. Here, we estimated the effect of HIV infection on BAI by comparing PLWH and HIV- controls. METHODS Clinical data and sleep EEGs from 43 PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (HIV+) and 3,155 controls (HIV-) were collected from Massachusetts General Hospital. The effect of HIV infection on BAI, and on individual EEG features, was estimated using causal inference. RESULTS The average effect of HIV on BAI was estimated to be +3.35 years (p < 0.01, 95% CI = [0.67, 5.92]) using doubly robust estimation. Compared to HIV- controls, HIV+ participants exhibited a reduction in delta band power during deep sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. CONCLUSION We provide causal evidence that HIV contributes to advanced brain aging reflected in sleep EEG. A better understanding is greatly needed of potential therapeutic targets to mitigate the effect of HIV on brain health, potentially including sleep disorders and cardiovascular disease.
Strategic Interactions between Liquefied Natural Gas and Domestic Gas Markets: A Bilevel Model

This paper presents a bilevel programming model to aid decision-making for two players who interact strategically in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply chain, possibly with conflicting interests. In the proposed model, an LNG operator is the leader and a natural gas (NG) producer is the follower. The LNG operator attempts to optimally locate LNG export terminals, purchase gas from the NG producer, and export it as LNG. The NG producer aims to optimize production, pipeline investments, and sales to domestic consumers and the LNG operator. To solve the bilevel problem, we first reformulate it as a single-level problem by exploiting the convexity of the lower-level problem. Then, we use disjunctive reformulations of complementarity constraints and piecewise linear approximations of objective function terms to convert the problem into a convex quadratic mixed-integer program (QMIP). Computational experiments confirm that the QMIP is tractable and can be solved efficiently. We apply our bilevel framework to a case study of the Gulf-Southwest region of the United States and evaluate several decision-making scenarios. The scenario results emphasize the importance of using the bilevel methodology to anticipate the effects of new LNG export facilities on NG prices across the domestic gas network. Adding these large gas-consuming facilities at specific locations puts upward pressure on domestic gas prices, although this is somewhat mitigated by the NG producer's optimal production response to the increased demand.
ON BROWN BOXES: HIDDEN INTERDEPENDENCE IN UNBOXING VIDEOS

This paper sheds light on the hidden interdependence in unboxing videos by examining brown cardboard boxes and the mechanism of “brown-boxing” through one extravagant unboxing video by makeup influencer Roxette Arisa on YouTube. I use brown boxes to illustrate the entanglement between digital influencer media and supply chain. Brown boxes are integral sites to explore the operating mechanisms and aesthetics of digital capitalism. Similar to how black-boxing signals the practice of hiding information/labor, and masking operation in technology, brown-boxing points to the mechanisms of concealment across capitalist sectors along the supply chain. Although supply chain is rarely discussed, logistical labor and/as infrastructure do unexpectedly show up in influencer media. These linkages sometimes unintentionally seep into audiovisual media. Perhaps the most unexpected scene takes place when Arisa’s filming of the unboxing video is interrupted by a doorbell ring with the delivery of more boxes by a UPS worker. From the off-frame interaction captured and remain visible briefly in this unboxing video, we feel the presence of the delivery worker. Examining brown boxes and the process of brown-boxing is to think through the containerization of supply chain capitalism. Brown boxes and black boxes are typically discussed in separate spaces, with the former attracting scholars of logistics/supply chains whereas the latter appealing to scholars of digital media/communication. My analysis of the materialities of unboxing video adds to the conversation around the overlapping of infrastructures and the labor that sustain the operation of these infrastructures.
Scaffolding the Online Peer-support Experience: Novice Supporters' Strategies and Challenges

People with mental distress are increasingly turning to one-to-one synchronous communication websites to receive peer support from other members. Though some research has identified benefits and challenges of online peer-support, there is a limited understanding of how to best prepare and scaffold for untrained peer supporters as they attempt to become skillful in an online setting. We recruited 30 (15 pairs) participants to engage in an online support conversation about procrastination problems, gave one member of each pair minimal training in the principles and strategies of motivational interviewing, and used interviews and conversation transcripts to examine challenges novice helpers faced when providing support and learning new conversational skills. We presented the helpers with two conversation goals to achieve with the conversation: building understanding, and promoting readiness for change. The research identified the common strategies the helpers used to achieve these goals and the challenges they faced. We also discuss theoretical and design implications for platform designers to better scaffold this experience.
Children Deprived of Parental Care as a Persisting Social Problem in Romania: Postcommunist Transformation and Institutional Inefficiency

Building on Merton's notion of the unintended consequences of purposive social action, this article examines the Romanian government's response to the social problem of children deprived of parental care and the consequences of institutional action. Based on historical analysis of legislative data and interviews with actors in the Romanian child welfare system, I discuss the mechanism behind the perpetuation of the child abandonment social problem, with emphasis on the inability to effectively implement child protection law over time. The analysis shows that transformations inherent to the transition to a free-market economy, and the failure to recognize that child abandonment is not an isolated social problem, have constrained social actors' foresight regarding the outcomes of Romanian child welfare reform. Moreover, international pressure toward institutional isomorphism has resulted in inefficient child-care institutions, creating tension between globalism and localism that has generated multiple unint...
Automatic Extraction of Cue Phrases for Cross-Corpus Dialogue Act Classification

In this paper, we present an investigation into the use of cue phrases as a basis for dialogue act classification. We define what we mean by cue phrases, and describe how we extract them from a manually labelled corpus of dialogue. We describe one method of evaluating the usefulness of such cue phrases, by applying them directly as a classifier to unseen utterances. Once we have extracted cue phrases from one corpus, we determine if these phrases are general in nature, by applying them directly as a classification mechanism to a different corpus to that from which they were extracted. Finally, we experiment with increasingly restrictive methods for selecting cue phrases, and demonstrate that there are a small number of core cue phrases that are useful for dialogue act classification.
Hydrogen sulfide elicits vasodilation in the human cutaneous circulation in a dose-dependent manner (1104.7)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gasotransmitter that is a putative endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor that causes vasodilation (VD) through KATP channels. However, little is known about the vas...
Trying to Have It Both Ways: Local Discretion, Central Control, and Adversarial Legalism in American Environmental Regulation

AiH5S m. TRYING TO HAVE IT BOTH WAYS: LOCAL DISCRETION, CENTRAL CONTROL, AND ADVERSARIAL LEGALISM IN AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION Robert A. Kagan Center for the Study of Law and Society University of California, Berkeley Working Paper 98-10 INSTITUTE OF dOVERNMENTAL STUDIES LIBRARY AU6 3 ^ 1998 UNIVERSITY (IF CALIFORNIA IGS INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY
The Effects of CaCO3 Buffering on the Hemolymph Acid-Base Level of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)

Abstract An improvement in the survival rate of lobsters held in an aerial environment is needed to allow shipment by commercial flights to potentially lucrative distant markets in the Pacific rim. Despite some degree of facultative breathing out of water, a reduction in gill function reduces the lobsters' respiratory and excretory capacities. This results in potentially lethal blood levels of NH3 and/or low levels of pH. A series of experiments were conducted on the effects and practicality of buffering the blood acid-base level by immersing lobsters for several days in seawater with added CaCO3 prior to shipment. Elevation in the ammonia and magnesium concentrations over time and fluctuations in the calcium contents of the blood were observed. Treatment differences for Ca2+ and NH3 were not significant but the differences were significant for protein and Mg2+ levels. As a result, we concluded that treatment with the CaCO3 solution did not significantly affect the acid-base balance of lobsters. The fluct...
Are There Any Checks And Balances On The Government's Power To Check Our Balances? The Fate Of Financial Privacy In The War On Terrorism

In the years since the terrorist attacks of September 11th, 2001, the laws affecting money laundering and financial privacy in the United States have been changed to give law enforcement agencies easier access to financial information. Although the changes to the law were passed with the claim that they were needed to intercept terrorist financing, the anti-money laundering provisions enacted by the USA PATRIOT Act are being used routinely against non-terrorist criminal suspects as part of regular law enforcement processes. Although the apprehension of ordinary criminals by any means available will sound perfectly acceptable to many, it is at odds with our traditional approach to financial privacy. This paper concludes that Congress ought to revisit the money laundering regime to make sure it strikes the appropriate balance between the legitimate desire for financial privacy and the legitimate need for law enforcement access to suspicious accounts. After review, lawmakers may find that procedural adjustments to provide protection from law enforcement abuse of the system are called for.
Annual Cycle of Equatorial Zonal Circulations from the ECMWF Reanalysis.

The ECMWF 1979-93 upper-air dataset (ECM) has been evaluated for evidence of equatorial zonal circulation cells around the globe. For this it is essential not only to isolate the divergent part of the wind, but also to ascertain the continuity following the flow between the centers of upward and downward motion. The present analysis from ECM complements a recent evaluation from the NCEP-NCAR 1958-97 dataset (NCP). The searches from ECM and NCP are in overall broad agreement concerning the existence of equatorial zonal circulation cells. Over the eastern to central Pacific, a well developed cell with subsidence in the East is found all year round. In ECM this extends to the surface layer, while in NCP the westward return flow is concentrated in the mid troposphere. Both ECM and NCP yield a cell over the western Atlantic in boreal winter, characterized by subsidence in the East and divergent westward flow at the surface. In the Indian Ocean sector, both ECM and NCP capture a strong cell in boreal autumn, with subsidence over the East African coast and eastward flow in the lower troposphere. In perspective, equatorial zonal circulation cells are confined to certain seasons and longitudes over the oceans, with strong zonal flow in the lower troposphere.
Primary debulking surgery and neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma

Surgery and chemotherapy are the standard of care for epithelial ovarian cancer, and it is well established that survival outcomes are improved when the surgery results in no or optimal (less than 1 cm) residual disease. However, for patients with bulky disease that may require extensive or radical procedures to accomplish this goal, the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by interval debulking surgery to simplify the surgery and minimize morbidity has been suggested. Arguably, this is only ideal if this process produces survival outcomes equivalent to those of primary debulking surgery. The purpose of this article is to review the data surrounding this controversial topic.
Kinetic and structural analysis of a cleaved donor intermediate and a strand transfer intermediate in Tn10 transposition.

Abstract Tn10 transposes by a nonreplicative "cut and paste" mechanism. We describe here two protein—DNA complexes that are reaction intermediates in the Th10 transposition process: a cleaved donor complex whose DNA component consists of transposon sequences cleanly exclsed from flanking donor DNA, and a strand transfer complex whose DNA component contains transposon terminl specifically joined to a target site. The kinetic behavior of the first species suggests that it is an early intermediate in the transposition reaction. These two Tn10 complexes are closely analogous to complexes identified in the pathway for replicative "cointegrate" formation by bacterlophage Mu and thus represent intermediates that may be common to both nonreplicative and replicative transposition. These and other results suggest that the Tn10 and Mu reactions are fundamentally very similar despite their very different biological outcomes. The critical difference between the two reactions is the fate of the DNA strand that is not joined to target DNA.
Mouse mammary cells in D-valine medium.

Cells of a mouse mammary epithelial cell line as well as fibroblasts from a mouse mammary explant were severely inhibited from proliferating in a medium in whichd-valine was substituted forl-valine. After the first few days ind-valine medium, the number of epithelial cells did not increase despite the fact that a few percent continued to synthesize DNA. The cells did recognize the presence of thed-valine in the medium because cells ind-valine increased in volume and their numbers remained stationary, whereas cells without valine shrank and the cell numbers decreased with time.
Valance band offsets in strained GaAs 1−x P x /GaAs heterojunctions

Valence band offsets at [100]-oriented heterojunctions between tensile-strained GaASj1−xPx and unstrained GaAs are studied experimentally and theoretically. Light-hole (LH) and heavy-hole (HH) offsets are first extracted from the well-width dependence of valence subband splittings observed in luminescence spectra of tensile-strained GaAs1−xPx/GaAs quantum wells of various compositions (x = 0.06,0.09, and 0.19). This data is then combined with results from two other laboratories, yielding a set of 30 independent experimental offset values for junctions with compositions throughout the range 0.06≤x ≤0.32. The data are found to be highly consistent, with linear fits δELH = −140x (meV) and δEHH= −401x (meV) describing the measured offsets to within less than 5 meV on average. Experimental results are then compared with theoretical predictions for the GaAs1−x Px/GaAs system obtained from a tight-binding model for strained heterojunctions. Predictions from the tight-binding calculations are found to lie within experimental scatter for the LH offsets, which define the valence band edge in these heterostructures, while magnitudes of the tight-binding HH offsets exceed measured values by ~20% on average.
Venous Thromboembolism in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: A Review of the Literature

p d a Venous thromboembolism (VTE), defined as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, or a combination of both, is among the most common complication in hospitalized patients, with an estimated 900,000 cases occurring annually. Pulmonary embolism resulting from DVT is the leading cause of preventable hospital deaths. In over 7 million paients discharged from acute care hospitals in the nited States, VTE was the second most common edical complication, the second most common ause of increased length of hospital stay, the third ost common cause of mortality and a significant ncrease in financial cost. Although disagreement xists regarding risk classification of thromboemboism in hospitalized individuals, most of these paients have at least 1 risk factor for VTE and almost ne half have 3 or more risk factors. With the continually expanding surgical scope and treatment of medically complex patients in the contemporary oral maxillofacial surgical practice, it is imperative to be aware of the risk factors for VTE and implement evidence-based thromboprophylaxis strategies. This article reviews classic and current literature regarding the pathophysiology, risk factors, and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in an effort to increase awareness of this potentially devastating complication.
Bradycardia is associated with development of coronary collateral vessels in humans

BackgroundThe development of mature coronary collateral vessels in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) decreases the ischemic myocardial burden. Chronic bradycardia has been shown to stimulate formation of collateral vessels in experimental models.ObjectiveTo test our hypothesis
Structure of D-Fructosamine Hydrochloride and D-Fructosamine Hydroacetate

D-Fructosamine derivatives are key intermediates of the early Maillard reaction and have been a subject of numerous studies in food and health sciences due to their implication in the nutritional and organoleptic quality of foods, as well as to complications in diabetes and renal disease. We report the crystal structure analyses of 1-deoxy-β -D-fructopyranos-1-ylamine hydrochloride (1) and -hydroacetate (2) salts. The carbohydrate rings adopt the normal 2C5 pyranose chair conformation in 1 and 2. Bond lengths and valence angles in 1 and 2 compare well with the average values from related pyranose structures. There are two conformationally nonequivalent molecules in the asymmetric unit in 1. All hydroxyl and ring oxygen atoms, ammonium groups, and chloride ions in 1 are involved in an extensive three-dimensional hydrogen bonding network. The hydrogen bonding network in 2 is formed by one type of infinite chain with attached antidromic cycles.
Positive identification and quantitation of isomeric cocaines by high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure for separating and identifying the four isomeric cocaines has been developed. Use of this procedure with an internal standard allows for the determination of the quantity of any isomeric cocaine in an unknown sample. The pitfalls and problems encountered in the use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the analysis of cocaines and ecgonine methyl esters are discussed.
Percolation in two-dimensional conductor-insulator networks with controllable anisotropy

The conductivities of two-dimensional conductor-insulator networks generated photolithographically from laser speckle patterns have been measured. Isotropic networks with \ensuremath{\approx} 450 000 statistically independent units show a percolation threshold ${f}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}41%$ conductor and a critical exponent $t\ensuremath{\approx}1.30$. Measurements on anisotropic networks and numerical simulations indicate that either ${f}_{c}$, $t$, or the size of the "asymptotic region" must vary with the degree of anisotropy.
The ethics of sex selection: a comparison of the attitudes and experiences of primary care physicians and physician providers of clinical sex selection services

Objective To compare the perspectives of primary care physicians (PCPs) and physician sex-selection technology providers (SSTPs) about the ethics of sex selection. Design Qualitative interview study. Setting(s) Academic, private, and HMO-based infertility and general medical practices. Patient(s) Forty PCPs and 15 SSTPs. Intervention(s) Semistructured interviews. Main Outcome Measure(s) Comparisons of bioethical attitudes towards sex selection. Result(s) Primary care physicians and SSTPs had distinctly different perceptions of the ethical concepts of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence as applied to sex selection. Sex-selection technology providers argued that sex selection was an expression of reproductive rights, was initiated and pursued by women, and was a sign of female empowerment that allowed couples to make well-informed family planning decisions, prevented unwanted pregnancies and abortions, and minimized the abuse of wives and/or neglect of children. In contrast, PCPs challenged the concept of "family balancing" and questioned whether women could truly express free choice under family and community pressure. In addition, PCPs voiced the concerns that sex selection technologies led to invasive medical interventions in the absence of therapeutic indications, contributed to gender stereotypes that could result in neglect of children of the lesser-desired sex, and were not a solution to domestic violence. Conclusion(s) Primary care physicians and SSTPs had markedly different ethical perspectives on the provision of sex selection services that were informed by their professional and personal attitudes and experiences.
ATM Couples Replication Stress and Metabolic Reprogramming during Cellular Senescence

Replication stress induced by nucleotide deficiency plays an important role in cancer initiation. Replication stress in primary cells typically activates the cellular senescence tumor-suppression mechanism. Senescence bypass correlates with development of cancer, a disease characterized by metabolic reprogramming. However, the role of metabolic reprogramming in the cellular response to replication stress has been little explored. Here, we report that ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays a central role in regulating the cellular response to replication stress by shifting cellular metabolism. ATM inactivation bypasses senescence induced by replication stress triggered by nucleotide deficiency. This was due to restoration of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) levels through both upregulation of the pentose phosphate pathway via increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and enhanced glucose and glutamine consumption. These phenotypes were mediated by a coordinated suppression of p53 and upregulation of c-MYC downstream of ATM inactivation. Our data indicate that ATM status couples replication stress and metabolic reprogramming during senescence.
Fetal effects on sexual behavior and aggression in young and old female mice treated with estrogen and testosterone.

Abstract During fetal life female mice (Mus musculus) that develop between two male fetuses (2M females) have higher blood concentrations of testosterone than do females that do not develop next to a male fetus (0M females). In the first experiment reported here, sexual receptivity and sexual attractiveness to males were examined in young (5 month old) and old (17 month old) ovariectomized, estrogen- and progesterone-treated 0M and 2M female mice that were placed in like-age pairs with a male. Most males inseminated the 0M female prier to inseminating the 2M female regardless of age. In addition, 0M females were more likely to exhibit lordosis when mounted than were 2M females. When the same young females were 9 months of age and the old females were 21 months of age, they were treated with testosterone and again placed together in pairs along with a sexually receptive female. Young 2M females exhibited more aggression toward the testosterone-treated female partner, and also exhibited more mounting of the receptive female, than did young 0M females. But, both old 0M and old 2M females were highly aggressive and exhibited mounting. An increase in sensitivity to the effects of testosterone on behavior thus occurs during aging in 0M females, which are relatively insensitive to testosterone in young adulthood. In contrast, when treated with estrogen and progesterone, 0M females were more attractive to males and were more sexually receptive than 2M females regardless of age.
Palaeontology: Extinction before the snowball

A widespread biotic turnover occurred around the time of the Sturtian glaciation. Microfossil analyses show that one regional extinction pre-dates the glacial advance, challenging the more severe models for glacial effects in the Neoproterozoic era.
Intentional massive insulin overdose: Recognition and management

A case of intentional massive insulin overdose requiring prolonged glycemic support is presented. Suicidal insulin overdose may be more common than generally appreciated. Because hypoglycemic reactions are evaluated routinely in the ED, emergency physicians should maintain a high degree of suspicion regarding suicidal intent or foul play in diabetics with hypoglycemia who respond minimally to the administration of concentrated glucose solutions or in hypoglycemic presentations by nondiabetics who have access to diabetic medications. Fingerstick glucose evaluations or serum glucose levels should be obtained routinely at 15 to 30 minutes after glucose administration in any hypoglycemic patient to gauge the intensity of glucose use. Inability to maintain euglycemia following glucose administration suggests excessive insulin and requires further workup. Evaluation of serum insulin and C-peptide levels is useful in confirming intentional overdoses in cases that are not clear-cut. Glucose infusion rates must be tailored individually to each overdose situation as great individual variability exists in insulin absorption and effects. The clinician should anticipate the possible need for prolonged glycemic support in this setting.
Children With a Prepubertal and Early Adolescent Bipolar Disorder Phenotype From Pediatric Versus Psychiatric Facilities

ABSTRACT Objective To examine characteristics between subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype from pediatric versus psychiatric venues. Method Subjects ( N = 93) with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype were obtained through consecutive new case ascertainment from designated pediatric and psychiatric sites from 1995 to 1998. Children needed DSM-IV bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed phase) with elation and/or grandiosity as one criterion to avoid diagnosing mania only by symptoms that overlapped with those of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Comprehensive assessment included the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, given separately to parents about their children and to children about themselves by experienced research nurses blinded to subjects' diagnostic status. Results Rates of mixed mania (χ 2 = 7.1, p = .008) and suicidality (χ 2 = 7.2, p = .007) were significantly higher at psychiatric versus pediatric venues. Subjects from pediatric sites were significantly more likely to be living with their intact biological family (χ 2 = 5.3, p = .022). Significantly more subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype ascertained at psychiatric sites versus pediatric sites were taking an antimanic medication (χ 2 = 9.5, p = .002), while stimulant medication was significantly more common among subjects ascertained at pediatric sites (χ 2 = 19.0, p Conclusions These pediatric versus psychiatric site differences suggest that pediatricians may underrecognize mania and thus do not prescribe antimanic mood-stabilizing medications. Moreover, pediatricians may be more likely to refer children to psychiatrists when depression or suicidality is evident.
Dermatitis in loco minoris resistentiae

Thirteen patients are described who illustrate a phenomenon we designate as "dermatitis in loco minoris resistentiae." The term refers to predilective development of eczema in previously damaged skin, such as that resulting from surgery or burns. Damaged skin is more likely to become eczematous than is normal skin.
Application of resonance Raman LIDAR for chemical species identification

BNL has been developing a remote sensing technique for the detection of atmospheric pollutants based on the phenomenon of resonance Raman LIDAR that has also incorporated a number of new techniques/technologies designed to extend it`s performance envelope. When the excitation frequency approaches an allowed electronic transition of the molecule, an enormous enhancement of the inelastic scattering cross-section can occur, often up to 2 to 4 orders-of-magnitude, and is referred to as resonance Raman (RR), since the excitation frequency is in resonance with an allowed electronic transition. Exploitation of this enhancement along with new techniques such as pattern recognition algorithms to take advantage of the spectral fingerprint and a new laser frequency modulation technique designed to suppress broadband fluorescence, referred to as Frequency modulated Excitation Raman Spectroscopy (FreMERS) and recent developments in liquid edge filter technology, for suppression of the elastic channel, all help increase the overall performance of Raman LIDAR.
Development of motor activity in young rats following perinatal methadone exposure.

Abstract Ambulatory behaviors of 21, 45, and 60 day old rats exposed to methadone (5 mg/kg) during gestation and/or lactation were studied by assessing locomation in an activity cage, open field, and activity wheel, and latency times to step down from an elevated platform. Methadone-exposed rats were found to be generally less active than controls at 21 days of age and more active than saline-treated pups at the 45 and 60 day test periods. In addition, behavioral responses appeared to be dependent on the timing and duration of opioid treatment. These data suggest that prenatal and/or postnatal methadone exposure affects behavior in young rats and provide a functional correlate to our earlier observations of microscopic and neurochemical changes in the brains of methadone-treated offspring.