cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Value-added service providers for mobile education: empirical challenges and analytics

More people have access to Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS, a.k.a. mobile picture messaging) than to the Internet, but mobile education markets have yet to adopt MMS as a content delivery mechanism. This paper investigates the role of carrier interoperability as an enabler of MMS in mobile multimedia distance learning. Using instructor reuse of content and learner access to content as feasibility criteria, we empirically evaluate the performance, user adoption, and commercial market of MMS-based mobile education. This study deployed a value-added service that broadcasts videos via MMS to cell phones, and conducted a 9-month public education campaign with weekly broadcasts on breast cancer. We selected a video format and markup language that is compatible with domestic carriers and cell phones, and supports existing educational material. To contrast behaviors between participants with and without access to the Internet, we offered participants the same content via MMS, email and the Web. 277 participants enrolled in the campaign; 120 opted to receive the videos via mobile messaging, and 157 had Internet access and opted to receive videos via email or the Web. Campaign analytics reveal that all participants without Internet access successfully received the MMS video broadcasts, and significantly, one-third of participants with Internet access opted to receive the videos via MMS as well. We conclude with a discussion of why participants with Internet access may have chosen MMS over Internet-based alternatives. We also estimate the size of the market for MMS-based mobile education, and distinguish it from the person-to-person messaging market. This research is beneficial to educators targeting diverse demographics and education disparities, and to mobile commerce economists evaluating emerging markets.
Which Technique is most Effective for Learning Declarative Concepts—Provided Examples, Generated Examples, or Both?

Students in many courses are commonly expected to learn declarative concepts, which are abstract concepts denoted by key terms with short definitions that can be applied to a variety of scenarios as reported by Rawson et al. (Educational Psychology Review 27:483–504, 2015). Given that declarative concepts are common and foundational in many courses, an important question arises: What are the most effective techniques for learning declarative concepts? The current research competitively evaluated the effectiveness of various example-based learning techniques for learning declarative concepts, with respect to both long-term learning and efficiency during study. In experiment 1, students at a large, Midwestern university were asked to learn 10 declarative concepts in social psychology by studying provided examples (instances of concepts that are provided to students illustrate how the concept can be applied), generating examples (instances of concepts that the student generates on his or her own to practice applying the concept), or by receiving a combination of alternating provided examples and generated examples. Two days later, students completed final tests (an example classification test and a definition cued recall test). Experiment 2 replicated and extended findings from experiment 1. The extension group was a variation of the combination group, in which participants were simultaneously presented with a provided example while generating an example. In both experiments, long-term learning and study efficiency were greater following the study of provided examples relative to the other example-based learning techniques.
The Case for Teachers' Classroom English Proficiency.

New conceptualizations of English are challenging traditional norms of what the language is, as well as how it is taught and by whom. These changes, coupled with the expansion of teaching English a...
Tracking Fish Movements to Inform Conservation

A dart-tagged Bonefish ready for release in the Bahamas. Photo credit: Bonefish and Tarpon Trust.Tagged Bonefish being released in the Bahamas. Photo credit: Bonefish and Tarpon Trust.Bonefish Albu...
Defining a Geogame Genre Using Core Concepts of Games, Play, and Geographic Information and Thinking

In 2008, the National Science Foundation (NSF) released the report “Fostering Learning in the Networked World: The Cyberlearning Opportunity and Challenge”. NSF argued in this report that the heavy investment and focus on Cyberinfrastructures must be complemented by a parallel investment in Cyberlearning, “…learning that is mediated by networked computing and communications technologies.” (Borgman et al. 2008). The rationale was that information and communication technologies had reached a critical tipping point where high-end computing, cyberinfrastructures and mobile technologies were readily available for billions of users, but it was still unclear what affordances they could bring to learning in structured classroom settings and more informal learning environments.
Nucleation of rotating crystals by Thiovulum majus bacteria

Thiovulum majus self-organize on glass surfaces into active two-dimensional crystals of rotating cells. Unlike classical crystals, these bacterial crystallites continuously rotate and reorganize as the power of rotating cells is dissipated by the surrounding flow. In this article, we describe the earliest stage of crystallization, the attraction of two bacteria into a hydrodynamically-bound dimer. This process occurs in three steps. First a free-swimming cell collides with the wall and becomes hydrodynamically bound to the two-dimensional surface. We present a simple model to understand how viscous forces localize cells near the chamber walls. Next, the cell diffuses over the surface for an average of s before escaping to the bulk fluid. The diffusion coefficient of these diameter cells corresponds to a temperature of K, and thus cannot be explained by equilibrium fluctuations. Finally, two cells coalesce into a rotating dimer when the convergent flow created by each cell overwhelms their active Brownian motion. This occurs when cells diffuse to within a distance of 13.3 ± 0.2 μm of each other.
A Small-Molecule Oligosaccharyltransferase Inhibitor with Pan-flaviviral Activity

The mosquito-borne flaviviruses include important human pathogens such as dengue, Zika, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses, which pose a serious threat for global health. Recent genetic screens identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-membrane multiprotein complexes, including the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, as critical flavivirus host factors. Here, we show that a chemical modulator of the OST complex termed NGI-1 has promising antiviral activity against flavivirus infections. We demonstrate that NGI-1 blocks viral RNA replication and that antiviral activity does not depend on inhibition of the N-glycosylation function of the OST. Viral mutants adapted to replicate in cells deficient of the OST complex showed resistance to NGI-1 treatment, reinforcing the on-target activity of NGI-1. Lastly, we show that NGI-1 also has strong antiviral activity in primary and disease-relevant cell types. This study provides an example for advancing from the identification of genetic determinants of infection to a host-directed antiviral compound with broad activity against flaviviruses.
Diversification Patterns of Lanternfishes Reveal Multiple Rate Shifts in a Critical Mesopelagic Clade Targeted for Human Exploitation.

Summary The mesopelagic (midwater) and deep-sea environments together comprise over 90% of the volume of the world ocean [1] and provide services that are only recently becoming recognized [2]. One of the most significant of these services relates to midwater fish biomass, recently estimated to be two orders of magnitude larger than the current worldwide fisheries catch [3, 4]. Calls to exploit midwater fish biomass have increased despite warnings about the unknown recovery potential of such organisms [2] and despite existing data suggesting that deep-sea fishes could be classified as endangered [5]. Here, to provide a null model for the respondability of midwater fishes, I use lanternfishes—which comprise the majority of worldwide midwater fish biomass [6]—to examine the diversification response of a critical midwater clade to oceanic changes over evolutionary timescales, including several extinction and turnover events. Using a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny based on seven autosomal protein-coding loci, with over 50% species sampling and three ingroup node calibrations, I show that lanternfishes exhibit a continuously increasing diversification rate, consistent with nonequilibrium speciation dynamics, and three major evolutionary rate shift locations with timing that is similar to those of marine clades in more well-known environments. These results suggest that lanternfish diversification patterns overlapped with major events in the physical partitioning of the ocean volume and that the clade has responded positively to a range of pre-Anthropocene extinction drivers [7]. However, lanternfish respondability to modern extinction drivers—habitat loss and overexploitation—is best addressed with populational and ecological data and remains largely unknown.
Comprehensive Sexuality Education as a Primary Prevention Strategy for Sexual Violence Perpetration

Sexual violence (SV) represents a serious public health problem with high rates and numerous health consequences. Current primary prevention strategies to reduce SV perpetration have been shown to be largely ineffective-not surprisingly, since as others have pointed out current prevention largely fails to draw on existing knowledge about the characteristics of effective prevention. In this article, we examine the potential of K-12 comprehensive sexuality education (CSE), guided by the National Sexuality Education Standards (NSES), to be an effective strategy. Our discussion uses socioecological and feminist theories as a guide, examines the extent to which NSES-guided CSE could both meet the qualities of effective prevention programs and mitigate the risk factors that are most implicated in perpetration behavior, and considers the potential limitations of this approach. We suggest that sequential, K-12 program has potential to prevent the emergence of risk factors associated with SV perpetration by starting prevention early on in the life course. CSE has not yet been evaluated with SV perpetration behavior as an outcome, and this article synthesizes what is known about drivers of SV perpetration and the potential impacts of CSE to argue for the importance of future research in this area. The primary recommendation is for longitudinal research to examine the impact of CSE on SV perpetration as well as on other sexual and reproductive health outcomes.
Decision-Making over the Project Life Cycle: An Analytical Hierarchy Approach

Modern project management decisions are made in an environment often characterized by complexity, need for flexibility, and inclusion of a decision-maker's subjectivity. Typical project management,...
The blood-air barrier in desquamative interstitial pneumonia (D.I.P.).

Two biopsies of lung diagnosed as D.I.P. were studied by electrom microscopy to ascertain the type of cells lining the alveoli and of those lying free in the alveolar spaces. The alveoli were lined predominantly by granular pneumocytes that were P.A.S.-negative after diastase digestion. In contrast, the free intraluminal cells were mostly phagocytic pneumocytes mixed with desquamated granular pneumocytes and were diastase resistant P.A.S.-positive. Sometimes the phagocytic pneumocytes were joined by intertwining pseudopodial-like processes. In addition to that dual cellular reaction (hyperplasia and desquamation of granular pneumocytes, with groups of phagocytic pneumocytes in the alveolar spaces), there were ultrastructural changes in capillaries and infiltrates of lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils in the interstitial tissue of the alveolar wall. We believe that these alterations in the blood-air barrier are one of the factors responsible for the reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity recorded in the two cases presented.
Weak acids with super-electron-donor dimetal complexes: Synergy in bifunctional activity

Abstract Dimetal paddlewheel complexes with bicyclic guanidine ligands are extremely strong thermodynamic electron donors. As a probe of the chemical potential and sites for chemical reactivity of these complexes, the interaction of Mo2(TEhpp)4 with weak acids was investigated (TEhpp is the anion of the bicyclic guanidine 3,3,9,9-tetraethyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0.]dec-4-ene). Mo2(TEhpp)4 is readily protonated by acetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid as expected, but surprisingly by a mechanism that is more complicated than a simple acid-base proton exchange. Electrochemistry measurements of the shifts in potentials with successive additions of acid reveals that the conjugate base of the acid plays a critical role throughout the reaction. Computations indicate that initially the acid hydrogen bonds to a TEhpp nitrogen atom bound to the metal, and then a facile rearrangement of the conjugate base toward the axial site of the Mo–Mo bond concomitantly results in protonation of the nitrogen atom. Interestingly, the dimetal complex is bifunctional in this process, acting as a nucleophile at the nitrogen atoms of the TEhpp ligands, and as an electrophile at the Mo–Mo axial bond sites. The protonation requires a novel synergism of these disparate bonding interactions, in which protonation is not favored without enhancement by the coordinated base, and coordination of the base is enhanced by the protonation.
Penetration of liquid droplets into hydrophobic fibrous materials under enhanced gravity

In this paper, experimental and numerical simulations were devised to study and formulate the force required for forcing a droplet to penetrate into a thin nonwetting fibrous structure. Due to the complexity of the problem at hand, we considered only thin fibrous structures comprised of parallel or orthogonally layered fibers. The experiments were conducted using ferrofluid droplets placed on electrospun polystyrene fibrous coatings. A permanent magnet was used to apply a body force to the droplets from below, and the assembly was placed on a sensitive scale for measuring the applied force. Numerical simulations were conducted using the Surface Evolver finite element code validated through comparison with dedicated experimental results. We studied how the force needed to initiate droplet spontaneous penetration into a thin fibrous coating varies with varying the volume of the droplet or the geometric properties of the coating. Using a combination of simulation results and experimental observations, easy-to-use but approximate expressions were derived and used to predict the force required to initiate droplet spontaneous penetration into the above-mentioned fibrous material. These analytical expressions allow one to circumvent the need for running a numerical simulation for each and every droplet–coating combination of interest and thereby expand the application of our work to conditions different from those considered here.
Building a Practice in Rural Settings: Special Considerations

Private practice in rural areas presents special challenges. Rural communities often hold more stigmatizing views about psychotherapy and have fewer economic resources, yet rates of mental health problems are comparable to those in metropolitan areas. Rural practice can be particularly rewarding for clinicians who can build collaborative networks, adjust to visibility, negotiate boundaries, and successfully integrate into the community. This article offers recommendations for mental health counselors on building a practice for branding, marketing, collaborating, and exercising self-care. It also discusses challenges associated with counseling in rural areas and gives suggestions for building a thriving practice.
High-flow priapism treated with selective embolization of a helicine branch of the penile artery: A case report and selected review of the literature

High-flow, or nonischemic, priapism occurs in <5% of observed clinical presentations of all priapism and is characterized by prolonged, painless erection in the context of pelvic and genitourinary trauma. While conservative management can be safely attempted for many cases of high-flow priapism (HFP), selective embolization is becoming the preferred approach as it allows for rapid resolution. We, herein, present a case of a 42-year-old male patient who presented with trauma-induced HFP treated with selective embolization and briefly review the current literature regarding the management of HFP.
Density-Dependent Escapement of Rusty Crayfish from Modified Minnow Traps with Varying Throat Configurations

Abstract Modified minnow traps are the most widely used gear for collecting tertiary burrowing crayfishes. The throats of modified minnow traps are often widened more than 60% to accommodate the ca...
Reconstructing tourism in the Caribbean: connecting pandemic recovery, climate resilience and sustainable tourism through mobility justice

Caribbean islands that are highly dependent on tourism are facing compounding crises from climate-related disasters to the Covid-19 pandemic travel disruption. The rebuilding of tourism infrastruct...
A Revolt Against Expertise: Pseudoscience, Right-Wing Populism, and Post-Truth Politicst

While concern about public irrationality and antiscientific movements is not new, the increasing power of right-wing populist movements that promote distrust of expertise and of scientific institutions gives such concerns a new context. Experience with classic pseudosciences such as creationism, and the long-running efforts by defenders of science to oppose such pseudosciences, may also help us understand today’s post-truth populism. The politics of creationism and science education in the United States and in Turkey does not, however, suggest easy answers. Moreover, there are important features of politics in liberal democracies that drive a populist backlash, which makes it counterproductive for defenders of science to call for deference to all forms of expertise claimed by professionals. There is a danger that the rhetoric of reason that is used to defend science will become part of a more general apologetics for an unsustainable status quo.
Opportunities for probing U (1 ) T 3 R with light mediators

We consider strategies for using new data sets to probe scenarios in which light right-handed SM fermions couple to a new gauge group, $U(1{)}_{T3R}$. This scenario provides a natural explanation for the light flavor sector scale and a motivation for sub-GeV dark matter. There is parameter space, which is currently allowed, but we find that much of it can be probed with future experiments. In particular, cosmological and astrophysical observations, neutrino experiments, and experiments that search for displaced visible decay or invisible decay can all play a role. Still, there is a small region of parameter space which even these upcoming experiments will not be able to probe. This model can explain the observed $2.4\text{\ensuremath{-}}3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ excess of events at the COHERENT experiment in the parameter space allowed by current laboratory experiments, but the ongoing/upcoming laboratory experiments will decisively probe this possibility.
Understanding Psychological Distress and Protective Factors Amongst Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ABSTRACT Objectives This study examined the emotional distress and loneliness during COVID-19 and the roles of resiliency and activities. Design A cross-sectional national survey. Setting Amazon Mechanical Turk (mTurk) and Prolific Research Platforms. Participants Five hundred and one U.S. dwelling English-speaking adults 60 years old and older. Measurements Participants completed an online survey with the PHQ-9; GAD-7; Short Health Anxiety Inventory; 3-item UCLA Loneliness scale; PROMIS measures of global health, instrumental, and emotional support; 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale; and COVID-19 needs assessment. Results Across the sample 13% reported moderate depressive symptoms, 9% reported moderate anxiety symptoms, and 26% endorsed being “lonely.” The emotionally distressed group endorsed more loneliness, lower resiliency, less physical exercise, and worse physical health. The low Socio-Economic Status group endorsed less loneliness, less likely to engage in physical exercise and worse physical health.The lonely group endorsed less resilience, less physical exercise, and worse physical health. A multiple logistic regression found that resilience, socioeconomic status, and physical health were significant predictors of loneliness, whereas global health was the best predictor of emotional distress. Conclusions Even after prolonged social distancing, older adults in this study did not report greater psychological distress compared to earlier studies of older adults during COVID-19. Older adults with lower SES, worse physical health, and less resiliency, were more likely to report more loneliness. It is this group that should be the focus of intervention.
Characterizing short and long term iron stress responses in iron deficiency tolerant and susceptible soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Abstract Nutrient deficiencies limit growth and yield in many different crop species. The calcareous soils in the upper Midwestern United States favor the development of iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Even minor symptoms result in end of season yield loss. To identify molecular pathways and networks underlying tolerance to iron deficiency stress in soybean, we leveraged two near isogenic lines (Clark and Isoclark) that differ in their tolerance to iron stress. Clark and Isoclark were grown in hydroponics in one of three treatments: iron sufficient media for ten days, iron deficient media for ten days, or iron sufficient media for eight days followed by transfer to iron deficient media for two days. Following phenotyping, plant tissues were harvested for RNA-seq analysis. To facilitate analyses, we clustered differentially expressed genes across genotypes and timepoints in both roots and leaves. With this experimental design, we could identify iron stress response differences between Clark and Isoclark, evaluate the impact of iron stress duration, and link expression clusters with discrete biological functions and the transcription factor families that regulate them. We identified thousands of differentially expressed genes associated with soybean stress tolerant responses including the cell cycle, gene silencing, iron acquisition, and defense. In Clark, the number of differentially expressed genes and magnitude of expression increased with increasing iron stress duration. In contrast, Isoclark decreased the number and magnitude of differentially expressed genes across time. Differences in gene expression corresponded to phenotypic differences. The shifting expression patterns between timepoints and tissues suggests novel mechanisms for iron stress signaling between source and sink tissues.
The Challenges of Implementing a National Party Message: A Comparative Analysis of the 2014 and 2018 Midterm US Senate Elections

It is commonplace in US politics for parties and candidates to organize their election efforts around a key issue, policy position, or promise. Candidates and parties will dwell on a particular topic or issue for a variety of reasons, including when they hope to capitalize on a salient political issue, or to highlight their own successes in government in contrast to their opponents’ failures. But it is also often been part of a broader strategy to centrally coordinate, or “nationalize” a party’s core message across states and campaigns. This, political marketing scholars note, has become increasingly common, and reflects what they describe as a growing effort to “implement” a single, unifying policy strategy nationally. To examine the strength of this trend during the last two midterm elections, this paper examines the degree of coordination that occurred between each of the parties and incumbent Democrats and Republicans who sought reelection to the Senate in 2014 and 2018. I will do so by looking at the continuity between the party and the candidates on two distinct policy issues, immigration, and health care reform.
Demonstrating the Efficacy of Incorporating Peers Into Addiction Training for Internal Medicine Residents.

Objective: Although internists frequently care for patients with substance use disorders (SUDs), they do not receive training that is adequate for the task. The resultant deficiencies in care are compounded by widespread stigma toward SUDs that exists within medicine. However, research demonstrates that sharing personal perspectives and experiences of living with an SUD generate empathy and change attitudes toward this disorder. The objective of this study was to improve internal medicine residents' attitudes with an educational seminar that incorporates perspectives from patients with SUDs and their families. Methods: The study was conducted with internal medicine residents at Weill Cornell Medical College from February 2019 to August 2019. The study used a cross-sectional, longitudinal survey design. Attitudes were measured using a validated Medical Condition Regard Scale (MCRS). Results: A total of 31 internal medicine residents participated. Results showed significant increases in MCRS scores, both from pre- to post-seminar and 6 months after the seminar. For alcohol use disorder, mean (SD) MCRS score increased from 3.80 (SD = 0.69) to 4.60 (SD = 0.87) to 5.00 (SD = 0.68) (P < .001). For opioid use disorder, mean MCRS score increased from 3.30 (SD = 0.92) to 4.36 (SD = 0.99) to 4.62 (SD = 0.70) (P < .001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates that long-term attitudes toward patients with SUDs may be modified through training that integrates peer-based perspectives.
Race and sex based disparities in sepsis

BACKGROUND Studies of sepsis evaluating sex- and race-related disparities in treatment and outcome have been limited by using administrative databases, which may not adequately capture sepsis diagnosis, used limited number and types of races, or not included both sex and race in the analyses. OBJECTIVE To determine if patients of different races and sexes with sepsis have different mortality, receipt of mechanical ventilation or renal replacement therapy, or time to antibiotics? METHODS We retrospectively analyzed clinical data from 34,999 patients with sepsis, defined by Sepsis-3 criteria, using logistic regression and linear regression. RESULTS After adjustments for confounders, Asian females had the lowest adjusted 90-day mortality (OR=0.656, 95% CI=0.385-1.118, p<0.001 compared to White males). Similarly, compared to White males, African-American males had a lower adjusted mortality (OR=0.790, 95% CI=0.648-0.963, p = 0.019), while Asian males (OR=1.185, 95% CI=0. 828-1.696, p = 0.354) and both African-American (OR=0.972, 95% CI=0.800-1.182, p = 0.779) and Caucasian (OR=1.054, 95% CI=0.960-1.158, p = 0.270) females had similar mortality. Both male and female patients with Other/unknown race had higher mortality (OR=1.776, 95% CI=1.395-2.261, p<0.001 and OR=1.658, 95% CI=1.359-2.021, p<0.001), respectively. In the secondary analyses for new-onset mechanical ventilation and new-onset renal replacement therapy post-sepsis, we found no association between any of the race-sex groups and receipt of these therapies. CONCLUSION We found that Asian females had the lowest adjusted 90-day mortality for patients with sepsis. Understanding the reasons for disparities in outcome after sepsis may improve care and outcomes in diverse populations.
Einleitung: Zum Konzept des anomischen Staates

Im nachhinein last sich meist nur schwer feststellen, woher die Idee fur ein bestimmtes Thema stammt und warum man anfing, sich damit zu beschaftigen. Vielleicht war es das juristische Studium des Verfassers, vielleicht das eindrucksvolle Erlebnis einer genuin anomischen Situation im von burgerkriegsahnlichen Wirren geschuttelten Argentinien der beginnenden 70er Jahre, die sein Augenmerk fruh auf Situationen lenkten, in denen das staatliche und gesellschaftliche Regelwerk zusammenbrachen (Waldmann 1978a; ders. 1980). Auf jeden Fall befand er sich mit diesem Interesse lange Zeit auserhalb des wissenschaftlichen Mainstreams in der Entwicklungssoziologie, generell wie auch speziell in bezug auf Lateinamerika. Andere Problemfelder erschienen den Fachkollegen wichtiger, etwa die extrem ungleichen Vermogensverhaltnisse und daraus sich ergebende Spannungen und Konflikte, oder der autoritare, haufig auch repressive Zug lateinamerikanischer politischer Systeme.
Introduction: Issues in the Life and Times of Australopithecus

Australopithecus species have been a topic of debate in paleoanthropology since the original description by Dart in 1925. The Stony Brook University/Turkana Basin Institute sponsored workshop on this subject occurred in September 2007. Participants designated various Australopithecus species as knowns, others as known unknowns (i.e., those for which there was limited fossil material), and “biological realities?” such as Australopithecus bahrelghazali. The chapters in this volume address many questions that arose from these discussions—especially those regarding the paleobiology of the genus: phylogenetic validity, dating problems, biogeography, diet and especially fallback foods, sexual dimorphism, use of stone tools, and reconciling pattern and process in a fossil record of unequal scales.
Teaching women's health from a public health perspective: development of an innovative undergraduate course.

Introduction: A review of women's health courses across academic disciplines revealed gaps in addressing the full range of issues that impact women throughout the lifespan. Methods: We designed an undergraduate course in women's health that is taught from a public health perspective, but includes a multidisciplinary approach that addresses health issues across the lifespan. Details related to syllabi, curriculum development, and course delivery are reviewed. Results: Curriculum and topics were developed by reviewing existing women's health courses and identifying strengths and gaps. Course readings are drawn from a textbook, peer-reviewed scientific literature, news/media articles, and popular press. Classes included a mix of lectures, class/group discussions, group activities, videos and/or short media clips, student presentations (individual and group), and invited guest speakers. Of special interest are the innovative and varied student assessments that this course offers and the breadth of knowledge and critical skills that students acquire. Discussion: Although the particular health topics women face may vary by geographic location, the theoretical underpinnings and lifespan approach will stay the same. Students learn health literacy and critical appraisal skills, appreciate the many dimensions of health, and recognize diverse antecedent factors and disparities that influence health. Utilizing this type of course structure, coupled with innovative and flexible student assignments, would be applicable to other courses in any country or setting such as men's, population, or mental health. The presented framework and experiences can facilitate college health professionals in future course development activities and assist in enabling students to be informed health advocates.
Environmental shifts for social work: A principles approach

Miller SE, Hayward RA, Shaw TV. Environmental shifts for social work: A principles approach The social work profession is rooted in a history of addressing the needs of vulnerable populations. Generally, however, this history has not extended to issues relating to the natural environment. Building on a framework of environmental justice, this article proposes a shift from the artificial separation of the social and natural environments in its person-in-environment focus to an expanded holistic understanding of the dynamic interplay between human society and the natural environment. It examines issues surrounding environmental and ecological justice, and proposes a principles approach to move the profession towards a paradigm of environmental justice using as its template the 17 Principles of Environmental Justice adopted by the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in the USA in 1991. It discusses the value of these principles in enhancing social work's capacity to address issues of environmental concern. It proposes that, with greater awareness of the effects of environmental issues on high-needs populations, the profession would be better able to balance environmental and human concerns.
Measurements of the KLO-Nucleus Total Cross Section at GeV Energies

Experimental results on hadron-nucleus scattering at high energy can be used to investigate nuclear structure or, conversely, if the nucleus is sufficiently well understood, to determine hadron-nucleon amplitudes. In the analysis of such experiments the nucleus is described by a complex optical potential and the collision treated according to Glauber scattering theory. The data available at high energy, involving the stable or relatively long-lived hadrons, are not plentiful. It was with the aim of increasing the variety of the available data, against which the basic theoretical approach can be tested, that the experiments to be described were carried out.
Situational analysis of infant and young child nutrition activities in the Sahel--executive summary.

Several international agencies and non-governmental organizations joined forces in 2007 to support an initiative to ‘Reposition children’s right to adequate nutrition in the Sahel’. The overarching goal articulated by these organizations was to achieve optimal feeding of 80% of children 0–24 months based on relevant and internationally agreed-upon childfeeding indicators. An early activity of the working group for this infant and young child nutrition (IYCN) initiative was to carry out a situational analysis to evaluate IYCN activities being conducted in six Sahelian countries of West and Central Africa, namely, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Senegal (1–6). The objectives of this analysis were to compile, analyse and interpret available information on infant and child feeding, and the nutrition and health situation of children <2 years of age in the six target countries. This information was used to determine: (i) whether national IYCN policies and activities match international IYCN recommendations; (ii) where IYCN-related activities have been successful, and why; and (iii) how international agencies can assist in filling gaps to speed progress in improving the feeding practices and nutritional status of infants and young children in the region.
Children and their Childhoods: Retrospectives and Prospectives

AbstractIn the twenty-five years since its birth, the archaeology of children and childhoods has made considerable progress. The misconception that the child is a natural category with little cultural variability has been successfully challenged, as have the notions that children were culturally unimportant and archaeologically invisible. Archaeologists have developed a wide variety of techniques for ‘finding children’ using both embodied traces such as fingerprints and other evidence from artefacts and their distributions. Despite considerable advances, the archaeology of childhood is still not adult. Archaeologists still tend to rely over-heavily on certain artefact types. Other avenues for investigating childhood, such as the theory of affordances, need to be more extensively explored. Furthermore, children are still not as central to our theories of cultural dynamics at both the micro and macro level as they should be. Archaeologists remain to be completely convinced that the child is central to archa...
Repair between Dose Fractions: A Simpler Method of Analyzing and Reporting Apparently Biexponential Repair1

Abstract Fowler, J. F. Repair between Dose Fractions: A Simpler Method of Analyzing and Reporting Apparently Biexponential Repair. Radiat. Res. 158, 141–151 (2002). Increasing numbers of animal experiments in situ are reporting that repair of sublethal radiation damage in vivo slows down with time, usually described as two components of (monoexponential) repair. For repair of DNA strand breaks, plotting the reciprocal of proportion unrepaired as a function of time yielded straight lines. Two processes have been suggested as causing this: (1) a second-order process (bimolecular) instead of first-order (exponential) and (2) a skewed distribution of monoexponential rates. The present paper investigates whether such plots of hyperbolic or reciprocal repair are relevant for laboratory animal tissue results. Published repair data were reanalyzed from laboratory animal experiments that employed split doses or two fractions per day. Graphs are presented of the reciprocal proportion of damage remaining as a functi...
Regulation of Interleukin-2 Transcription by Inducible Stable Expression of Dominant Negative and Dominant Active Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase in Jurkat T Cells EVIDENCE FOR THE IMPORTANCE OF Ras IN A PATHWAY THAT IS CONTROLLED BY DUAL RECEPTOR STIMULATION

Engagement of the T cell receptor induces the activation of several mitogen-activated protein kinase modules, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades. Whereas extracellular signal-regulated kinase is activated by T cell receptor/CD3 ligation alone, activation of JNK requires co-stimulation by the CD28 receptor. Activation of MEKK-1, which acts as a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase in the JNK pathway, was also induced by CD3 plus CD28 (CD3/CD28) ligation in Jurkat cells. To study the significance of the JNK cascade in T lymphocytes, we established stable Jurkat cell lines that inducibly express dominant active (DA) or dominant negative (DN) MEKK-1. Whereas expression of DA-MEKK-1 resulted in the constitutive activation of JNK along with the transcriptional activation of the minimal interleukin-2 (IL-2) promoter, DN-MEKK-1 inhibited JNK responsiveness during CD3/CD28 co-stimulation. In addition to inhibiting CD3/CD28-induced IL-2 mRNA expression, DN-MEKK-1 abrogated the transcriptional activation of the IL-2 promoter and the distal nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-activating protein 1 (AP-1) response element in that promoter. A c-Jun mutant lacking activation sites for JNK also interfered with the activation of the distal NFAT/AP-1 complex, suggesting that the JNK pathway functions by controlling AP-1 response elements in the IL-2 promoter. Using inducible stable expression of DA- and DN-Ras in Jurkat cells, we found that Ras regulates JNK activation in these cells. Our results suggest that the dual ligation of CD3 and CD28 in T cells triggers a cascade of events that involve Ras, the JNK cascade, and one or more AP-1 response elements in the IL-2 promoter.
Lipoxygenase inhibitor nafazatrom fails to attenuate postischaemic ventricular dysfunction

The role of lipoxygenase activation in the genesis of postischaemic myocardial dysfunction was investigated in open chest dogs undergoing a 15 min occlusion of the left anterior descending artery followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Treated animals (n=9) received nafazatrom, a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor, 10 mg·kg−1 orally 4 h before occlusion followed by intravenous boluses of 1.5 mg·kg−1 and 0.5 mg·kg−1 5 min before occlusion and 1 min before reperfusion respectively. Control animals (n=10) received saline. No discernible haemodynamic effects were produced by the drug. Collateral flow to the ischaemic zone (radioactive microspheres) was 0.14(0.02) ml·min−1·g−1 in the control group and 0.16(0.05) ml·min−1·g−1 in the treated group. The size of the occluded bed as determined by postmortem perfusion was 25.5(0.8)% of the left ventricle in the control and 24.3(1.3)% in the treated group. Histological examination showed a decrease in neutrophil infiltration of the non-ischaemic myocardium and, to a lesser extent, of the reperfused myocardium in nafazatrom treated animals, suggesting lipoxygenase inhibition. Systolic wall thickening (an index of regional function) was assessed using an epicardial pulsed Doppler probe. The two groups exhibited comparable systolic thickening under baseline conditions. Though treated animals showed less dyskinesis during coronary occlusion (p<0.05), recovery of function was not enhanced over controls and in both groups the reperfused myocardium was still dyskinetic at 4 h. Thus nafazatrom failed to improve postischaemic ventricular dysfunction, suggesting that leukotrienes do not contribute importantly to this phenomenon.
Cloning and expression of ragweed allergen Amb a 6.

We have cloned the protein coding region of an isoform of short ragweed allergen Amb a 6 (Ra6) and expressed the secreted product in Pichia pastoris at mg/l levels. 5′ RACE was performed using sequence obtained from a partial Amb a 6 clone. This yielded a product whose deduced protein sequence has a characteristic signal sequence motif at the N-terminus followed by sequence consistent with that previously published for highly purified Amb a 6 [Roebber et al. J Immunol 1983;131:706–11]. The region encoding the secreted product was amplified by PCR and cloned into pPICZαa, an expression vector for the yeast Pichia pastoris. Yeast transformed with this vector secrete a protein which migrates near Amb a 6 in SDS–PAGE. This secreted protein reacts with polyclonal anti-Amb a 6 antisera as well as an anti-Amb a 6 monoclonal antibody, and has the N-terminal sequence of Amb a 6. By time-of-flight mass spectrometry, recombinant Amb a 6 has a molecular weight of 9884 ± 0.2%. In addition to the deduced amino acid sequence of an Amb a 6 clone, the amino acid sequence of Amb a 6 protein is reported for comparison. The amino acid sequence was obtained by aligning overlapping tryptic and chymotryptic peptides from enzymatic digests of extensively reduced and alkylated Amb a 6. Sequences from at least three closely related Amb a 6 isoforms are present among these peptides. The amino acid sequence closely matches the deduced amino acid sequence of the Amb a 6 clone.
Estimating latent distributions

Consider vectors of item responses obtained from a sample of subjects from a population in which abilityθ is distributed with densityg(θ‖α), where theα are unknown parameters. Assuming the responses depend onθ through a fully specified item response model, this paper presents maximum likelihood equations for the estimation of the population parameters directly from the observed responses; i.e., without estimating an ability parameter for each subject. Also provided are asymptotic standard errors and tests of fit, computing approximations, and details of four special cases: a non-parametric approximation, a normal solution, a resolution of normal components, and a beta-binomial solution.
Antioxidants prolong life span and inhibit the senescence-dependent accumulation of fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin) in clones, of Podospora anserina.

Abstract Culture of clones of Podospora anserina s+ with either nordihydroguaiaretic acid or reduced glutathione (GSH) at concentrations that were not inhibitory to growth significantly prolonged the average time to onset of senescence. GSH also prolonged the average time to onset of clonal death. The specific concentration of chloroform-methanol soluble fluorescent pigment was larger in senescent than in pre-senescent cells. The pigment exhibited fluorescence excitation and emission spectra and fluorescence polarization numbers characteristic of lipofuscin, an end-product of lipid peroxidation. Analyses of the lipofuscin concentration in either sub-clonal fractions of different times of origin from senescent clones, or in sub-clonal fractions of identical age in time of origin from parent clones of different age, revealed a similar concentration distribution. Although pre-senescent cells contained rather large concentrations, a massive increase occured during senescence prior to the time of onset of clonal death. Culture with GSH not only prolonged clonal life span but also inhibited the formation of lipofuscin by an average factor of 30. Furthermore, unlike untreated clones, the sub-clonal distribution of the pigment was not only low but was also independent of their age.
The Folic Acid Requirements of Starting Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Based on Practical Ingredients.1.Interrelationships with Dietary Choline.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplemental folic acid and methionine on the performance of starting broiler chicks for 18 d. Four levels of dietary folic acid (.24, .54, 1.14, and 2.34 mg/kg) and four levels of dietary methionine (.45, .53, .61, and .69%) were fed in a factorial design. There were three replicates of eight chicks each per each treatment. The basal diet was based on corn, isolated soybean protein, meat and bone meal, and fish meal. It contained adequate amounts of all nutrients except methionine and folic acid. Increased growth was observed in chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with either folic acid or methionine. Total dietary folic acid and methionine plus cysteine requirements for maximum growth were estimated to be 1.80 mg/kg and .85% in Experiment 1 and 1.47 mg/kg and .87% in Experiment 2, respectively. There were interactions between dietary folic acid and methionine on weight gain in both experiments. Chicks fed the diet containing 2.34 mg folic acid/kg tended to have depressed growth, as in previous experiments. There was a significant linear feed conversion response to folic acid in Experiment 1 and to methionine in Experiment 2. There were both linear and quadratic liver folic acid responses to dietary folic acid in both experiments. There was no indication that dietary methionine had any effect on liver folic acid content. No differences in bone ash, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia were detected due to methionine or folic acid supplementation.
Recursive discrete Walsh-Hadamard transformation

New techniques for Walsh-Hadamard spectral analysis are reported, for which spectral coefficients are updated in real time with each new signal sample.
Electrode polarization and the detection of electrical stimulation of the brain

Abstract The objectives of the study were to determine: (1) whether electrode polarization altered the amplitude or waveform of constant-current stimuli delivered to the brain; and (2) whether detection of electrical stimulation by a behaving animal was related to electrode polarization. Four experiments were performed. First, measurements were made of current flow in a saline medium designed to model the electrical stimulation process. An expression was derived to describe the model. Second, similar measurements were made of current flow in cat brain. In the third experiment, detection thresholds for constant-current stimuli were determined behaviorally and the amounts of electrode polarization associated with the threshold-level currents were determined. Finally, the fourth experiment extended the results of the third experiment to include several parameters of electrical stimulation. These experiments, in conjunction with the work of others, indicate that for constant-current stimulation, current through the brain is minimally affected by electrode polarization. No evidence was obtained that showed electrode polarization to be a critical factor in behaviorally measured thresholds for electrical stimulation. The relevance of these findings to brain-stimulation studies is discussed.