cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acceptor Gradient Polymer Donors for Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells

In organic solar cells, maximizing the open-circuit voltage (VOC) via minimization of the ionization energy or electron affinity offsets of the blended donor and acceptor often comes at the expense...
Why Not Relate the Conic Sections to the Cone

THIS article is addressed to those who believe that analytic geometry still has an important place in a mathematics se quence and that the study of the conic sections is an important part of analytic geometry. If this premise be accepted, then the various conies should be defined, their equations derived, and their properties investigated. It seems unfortunate to this writer that most, if not all, modern text books give three different definitions for the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola, whereas a single definition would be his torically, aesthetically, and pedagogically sounder. The definitions usually given for the ellipse and hyperbola are really prop erties of those curves?properties impor tant both mathematically and physically, but still only properties. In the usual present-day treatment of conies, eccentricity of an ellipse or a hyperbola is discussed after the equations are derived. The term "eccentricity" may not even be mentioned in connection with the parabola. Whether the authors of cur rent textbooks intend it or not, this treat ment of eccentricity appears to the student as a sort of afterthought, one of no great importance. It is here submitted that eccentricity is a basic parameter of a conic section. There seems to be no good reason for taking what could be regarded as enor mous liberties with the original notion of the conic sections. Is it argued that a uni fied treatment is too difficult for the stu dents concerned? This writer holds that it is not. The algebra involved in deriving the equations of the ellipse and hyperbola, starting with a focus, a directrix, and an eccentricity, is (if anything) easier than that involved in deriving them from the other definitions. This writer believes, moreover, that starting with the cone and using some elementary solid geometry to demonstrate the physical significance of the focus, directrix, and eccentricity adds greatly to the elegance of the treatment, at little or no extra cost in time and effort either for the instructor or for the student.
The Role of Fluid Shear and Metastatic Potential in Breast Cancer Cell Migration

During the migration of cancer cells for metastasis, cancer cells can be exposed to fluid shear conditions. We examined two breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-468 (less metastatic) and MDA-MB-231 (more metastatic), and a benign MCF-10A epithelial cell line for their responsiveness in migration to fluid shear. We tested fluid shear at 15 dyne/cm2 that can be encountered during breast cancer cells travelling through blood vessels or metastasizing to mechanically active tissues such as bone. MCF-10A exhibited the least migration with a trend of migrating in the flow direction. Intriguingly, fluid shear played a potent role as a trigger for MDA-MB-231 cell migration, inducing directional migration along the flow with significantly increased displacement length and migration speed and decreased arrest coefficient relative to unflowed MDA-MB-231. In contrast, MDA-MB-468 cells were markedly less migratory than MDA-MB-231 cells, and responded very poorly to fluid shear. As a result, MDA-MB-468 cells did not exhibit noticeable difference in migration between static and flow conditions, as was distinct in root mean square (RMS) displacement - an ensemble average of all participating cells. These may suggest that the difference between more metastatic MDA-MB-231 and less metastatic MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells could be at least partly involved with their differential responsiveness to fluid shear stimulatory cues. Our study provides new data in regard to potential crosstalk between fluid shear and metastatic potential in mediating breast cancer cell migration.
Isoscalar giant dipole resonance in 90 Zr , 116 Sn , and 208 Pb

Strength functions for isoscalar dipole excitations in ${}^{90}\mathrm{Zr},$ ${}^{116}\mathrm{Sn},$ and ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ have been measured with inelastic scattering of 240 MeV \ensuremath{\alpha} particles at small angles. The isoscalar $E1$ strength distribution in each nucleus is found to consist of a broad component at ${E}_{x}\ensuremath{\sim}{114/A}^{1/3}\mathrm{MeV}$ containing approximately 100% of the $E1$ EWSR and a narrower one at ${E}_{x}\ensuremath{\sim}{72/A}^{1/3}\mathrm{MeV}$ containing 15--28 % of the total isoscalar $E1$ strength. The higher component is the compression mode $E1$ strength previously reported only in ${}^{208}\mathrm{Pb},$ whereas the lower component may be a new mode not reported previously, but suggested by recent RPA-HF and relativistic mean field calculations.
Factors Associated with Low and High Article Citations in Four Prominent Orthopaedic Surgery Journals.

Research is a cornerstone for the advancement of clinical practice and guidelines across all medical and surgical fields. To achieve significant contribution to the field, research must be circulated, read, and understood. The purpose of this paper is to investigate which factors are associated with higher and lower citation rates in orthopaedic surgery literature. A query was performed to identify all of the primary research articles published between 1998 and 2008 in four prominent orthopaedics journals. From there, the 50 most highly and lowly cited articles were identified and analyzed for various factors that distinguished the highly cited group from the lowly cited group. Various statistical tests were used depending on the type of variable being evaluated. After data compilation and statistical analysis, 16 statistically significant factors were apparent that differed between the two groups. Seven non-statistically significant factors were also identified. This study illustrates that certain statistically significant factors influence the citation rates of papers in orthopaedic surgery literature. If utilized appropriately, these factors could lead to increased consumption and circulation of future orthopaedic surgery literature.
Coronary Vascular Function and Cardiomyocyte Injury: A Report From the WISE-CVD.

Objective: Women with symptoms or signs of myocardial ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) often have coronary vascular dysfunction and elevated risk for adverse cardiovascul...
Jet and jet-like correlations studies from STAR

I present recent results from jets and jet-like correlation measurements from STAR. The pp data are compared to those from Au–Au collisions to attempt to infer information on the medium produced and how hard scattered partons interact with this matter. Results from d-Au events are utilized to investigate the magnitude of cold nuclear matter effects on hard scatterings. The evolution of the underlying event from pp to d-Au collisions is studied. In heavy-ion collisions, background fluctuations are the major source of systematic uncertainties in jet measurements. Detailed studies are therefore being made of these fluctuations and recent progress in our understanding is reported. Jet and jet–hadron correlation results are presented and give clear indications that partonic fragmentation at the RHIC is highly modified in the presence of a strongly coupled colored medium, resulting in a significant broadening and softening of the jet fragment correlation. Finally, di-hadron correlations utilizing identified particles as triggers indicate that the 'ridge' is stronger for p+ K than for π but that the near-side peak per-trigger yield remains unaltered from d-Au to Au–Au collisions.
FedRAN: Federated Mobile Edge Computing with Differential Privacy

In this paper, we propose FedRAN, a mobile edge, federated learning system that incorporates differential privacy to improve the privacy integrity of sensitive edge information, preventing adversarial entities from exploiting the network interactions within a federated ecosystem to access private edge data, while tapping into the vast amounts of data generated from distributed endpoints. We deploy and evaluate FedRAN in a real controlled radio-frequency LTE environment, as opposed to a simulated one. We show that FedRAN's distributed model outperforms locally-constrained models on the MNIST handwritten digits dataset. Additionally, we explore a variety of differential privacy settings, in an effort, to enable a privacy preserving, large scale mobile edge computing ecosystem. To our knowledge, our work is the first evaluation of a federated learning system within a controlled radio-frequency LTE environment.
Construction of Grand Coulee Third Power Plant

Construction of Grand Coulee Third Power Plant, begun in July, 1967, will add 3,900 mW to the existing 2,329-mW capacity of Grand Coulee. Major items of work for the total project include modifications to electrical facilities; over 22,000,000 cy yd (17,000,000 cu m) of excavation; removal of 260 ft (79 m) of existing concrete dam; construction of a 200-ft (61-m), 1,275-ft long (389-m) concrete gravity dam containing over 600,000 cu yd (460,000 cu m); construction of a 1,128-ft long (344-m) power plant; and a 500-kV switchyard. Six 40-ft diam (12-m) steel penstocks will deliver 30,000 cfs (840 m³/s) each to three 600-mW and three 700-mW turbine-generator units. For the first three 600-mW units, turbine capacity is 820,000 hp at 285-ft (86.9-m) head) and 72 rpm, and generator capacity is 615,385-kVA, 97.5% power factor; each rotor is 60 ft (18 m) in diameter and weighs 1,936 tons (1,756,000 kg). Upstream control of penstocks is provided by 29-ft by 43.5-ft (8.8-m by 13.3-m) wheel-mounted gates.
Antenatal detection of hemoglobinopathies. A preliminary report.

Abstract A surgical endoamnioscope (laparoamnioscope) was used to visualize the fetus and obtain fetal blood and skin biopsy specimens. This procedure, if safe, might be used not only for in utero detection of hereditary anemias and other genetic disorders but also for intrauterine therapy.
DEPENDENCY OF TREPONEMA MICRODENTIUM ON OTHER ORAL ORGANISMS FOR ISOBUTYRATE, POLYAMINES, AND A CONTROLLED OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL

Socransky, S. S. (Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Mass.), W. J. Loesche, C. Hubersak, and J. B. Macdonald. Dependency of Treponema microdentium on other oral organisms for isobutyrate, polyamines, and a controlled oxidation-reduction potential. J. Bacteriol. 88: 200–209. 1964.—Strains of Treponema microdentium can be cultivated on a variety of autoclaved commercially available media in the presence of other oral organisms. Organisms supporting growth in these circumstances include a facultative diphtheroid accompanied by either a strain of Fusobacterium or a motile gram-negative anaerobic rod. Culture filtrates and lysates of these “supporting organisms” failed to substitute for growing organisms. Measurement of the oxidation-reduction potential of the test system demonstrated that the spirochetes grew in a narrow range of Eh (optimum, −190 mv). The supporting organisms could be replaced by their filtrates when the Eh of the medium was poised in this range by a combination of reducing agents. Both filtrates contained a heat-labile factor required by the spirochete, which could be replaced by 5 μg/ml of cocarboxylase. Isobutyric acid, which could be detected in the fusiform filtrate, and putrescine which could be detected in the diphtheroid filtrate, replaced the spirochete9s remaining filtrate requirement. Maximal growth occurred when any of the following were incorporated into the medium: 2 μg/ml of sodium isobutyrate; 250 μg/ml of putrescine dihydrochloride; 200 μg/ml of spermidine phosphosphate, or 150 μg/ml of spermine tetrahydrochloride. Images
State Foreclosure Mitigation Strategies: A Comparison of Round 1 and 2 Hardest Hit Fund Plans in States with Nonjudicial Foreclosure Processes

This paper seeks to identify the how the seven Round 1 and Round 2 Hardest Hit Fund (HHF) states with predominantly nonjudicial foreclosure systems formulated their HHF strategies in response to the foreclosure crisis as it is playing out in their respective states. While the focus here is on nonjudicial states, some general lessons about how state governments responded given significant resources and given their varied nature of the crisis across regions are likely to be applicable to judicial foreclosure states as well. A major goal of the paper is to glean the strategic responses of these states after receiving substantial – if perhaps still inadequate – resources to deal with continuing high rates of foreclosure. Understanding some of the thinking and strategies that these states went through may be of helpful to other states and local communities in formulating programmatic responses at foreclosure mitigation. Of course, the key ingredient that enabled these plans has been the flow of significant federal funds, and many communities around the country do not have access to such funds – or at least funds of this magnitude. Nonetheless, when resources are available – or if they become available – understanding the development of these plans may be helpful in the formulation of strategies in other places.
Structure of Glass‐Forming Melts‐Lanthanide in Borosilicates

Over the past few years, we studied several complex Na2O-Al2O3-B2O3-SiO2 glass systems to answer key questions: effects of melt chemistry on solubility of lanthanide oxides; lanthanide solution behavior, and intermediate-range ordering in the melts. This paper summarizes our currently understanding on rare earth elements in borosilicate glasses, covering solution behavior, solubility limits, crystalization and phase separation.
A reactive planner for a model-based executive

A new generation of reactive, model-based executives are emerging that make extensive use of componentbased declarative models to analyze anomalous situations and generate novel sequences for the internal control of complex autonomous systems. Burton, a generative, model-based planner offers a core element that bridges the gap between current and target states within the reactive loop. Burton is a sound, complete, reactive planner that generates a single control action of a valid plan in average case constant time, and compensates for anomalies at every step. Burton will not generate irreversible, potentially damaging sequences, except to effect repairs. We present model compilation, causal analysis, and online policy construction methods that are key to Burton's performance.
Pro's and con's on a superconducting memory

The most direct way to attain a faster computer is to increase speed of the random-access memory (RAM). In this connection, application of the principles of superconductivity to memory to attain rapid switching times is currently being givcn serious cousideration. This report covers the advantages and disadvantages experienced during our investigations on 8 x 8 memory planes.
Enhanced cognitive and perceptual processing: a computational basis for the musician advantage in speech learning

Long-term music training can positively impact speech processing. A recent framework developed to explain such cross-domain plasticity posits that music training-related advantages in speech processing are due to shared cognitive and perceptual processes between music and speech. Although perceptual and cognitive processing advantages due to music training have been independently demonstrated, to date no study has examined perceptual and cognitive processing within the context of a single task. The present study examines the impact of long-term music training on speech learning from a rigorous, computational perspective derived from signal detection theory. Our computational models provide independent estimates of cognitive and perceptual processing in native English-speaking musicians (n = 15, mean age = 25 years) and non-musicians (n = 15, mean age = 23 years) learning to categorize non-native lexical pitch patterns (Mandarin tones). Musicians outperformed non-musicians in this task. Model-based analyses suggested that musicians shifted from simple unidimensional decision strategies to more optimal multidimensional (MD) decision strategies sooner than non-musicians. In addition, musicians used optimal decisional strategies more often than non-musicians. However, musicians and non-musicians who used MD strategies showed no difference in performance. We estimated parameters that quantify the magnitude of perceptual variability along two dimensions that are critical for tone categorization: pitch height and pitch direction. Both musicians and non-musicians showed a decrease in perceptual variability along the pitch height dimension, but only musicians showed a significant reduction in perceptual variability along the pitch direction dimension. Notably, these advantages persisted during a generalization phase, when no feedback was provided. These results provide an insight into the mechanisms underlying the musician advantage observed in non-native speech learning.
Legal Implementation of Orbital Debris Mitigation Measures: A Survey of Options and Approaches

A survey is provided of options for legal implementation of space debris mitigation measures. United States Federal regulatory agencies have the authority to impose mitigation requirements on commercial satellite and launch vehicle operators, subject to proper rulemaking proceedings. Existing international organizations, while possessing the appropriate authority, do not provide fora to resolve the debris problem in an effective and timely fashion. A conference of spacefaring nations is offered as an alternative. Only space debris from civil and commercial missions is addressed.
Patterns of glutamate immunoreactivity in the goldfish retina

Postembedding silver-intensified immunogold procedures reveal high levels of glutamate immunoreactivity in "vertical" elements of the goldfish retina: (1) Red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones display strong glutamate immunoreactivity, especially in their synaptic terminals, but blue-sensitive cones are poorly immunoreactive. (2) All type Mb (on-center) and Ma (off-center) mixed rod-cone bipolar cells and all identifiable cone bipolar cells are highly glutamate immunoreactive. We find no evidence for bipolar cells that lack glutamate immunoreactivity. (3) The majority of the somas in the ganglion cell layer and certain large cells of the amacrine cell layer resembling displaced ganglion cells are strongly glutamate immunoreactive. (4) Despite their high affinity symport of acidic amino acids, the endogenous levels of glutamate in Muller's cells are among the lowest in the retina. (5) GABAergic neurons possess intermediate levels of glutamate immunoreactivity. Quantitative immunocytochemistry coupled with digital image analysis allows estimates of intracellular glutamate levels. Photoreceptors and bipolar and ganglion cells contain from 1 to 10 mM glutamate. The bipolar and ganglion cell populations maintain high intracellular glutamate concentrations, averaging about 5 mM, whereas red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones apparently maintain lower levels. Importantly, photoreceptor glutamate levels are extremely volatile, and in vitro maintenance is required to preserve cone glutamate immunoreactivity in the goldfish. GABAergic horizontal and amacrine cells contain about 0.3-0.7 mM glutamate, which matches the values predicted from the Km of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Muller's cells and non-GABAergic amacrine cells contain less than 0.1 mM glutamate. Though Muller's cells are known to possess potent glutamate symport, they clearly possess equally potent mechanisms for maintaining low intracellular glutamate concentrations.
Approaches to high aspect ratio triangulations

In aerospace computational fluid dynamics calculations, high aspect ratio, or stretched, triangulations are necessary to adequately resolve the features of a viscous flow around bodies. In this paper, we explore alternatives to the Delaunay triangulation which can be used to generate high aspect ratio triangulations of point sets. The method is based on a variation of the lifting map concept which derives Delaunay triangulations from convex hull calculations.
A resilient distributed energy management algorithm for economic dispatch in the presence of misbehaving generation units

The legacy power system is gradually evolving into the smart grid. A variety of distributed control algorithms are being applied for smart grid energy management applications because of their flexibility, robustness, and local communication and computation features. These algorithms, however, increase the vulnerability of smart grid to adversaries. Thus, there is an urgent need to protect the distributed energy management algorithms from malicious cyber-attacks. A reputation-based distributed energy management algorithm is proposed to guarantee an accurate control computation in distributed energy management algorithms to solve the economic dispatch problem in the presence of misbehaving generation units. The proposed method is capable of performing a resilient distributed control without a central coordinator and allows all the wellbehaving generation units to reach the correct state asymptotically. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated through simulation case studies.
An introduction to the design of the Cassini spacecraft

In October of 1997 NASA launched its largest interplanetary spacecraft to date. The Cassini spacecraft will arrive at Saturn in July of 2004 and begin a four year tour of that planetary system. After the spacecraft arrives it will separate into an orbiter and a probe. The Huygens Probe, developed by the European Space Agency, will follow a ballistic trajectory into the atmosphere of the moon Titan. The orbiter will relay signals received from the probe back to Earth and then begin the tour. This article provides an introduction to the design of the Cassini spacecraft. The major engineering functions of mechanical configuration, power generation and distribution, telecommunications, information system, pointing and course correction, and some other miscellaneous design features are discussed. A description of the engineering elements of the Huygens Probe is also provided.
Hawaiian lava flows in the third dimension: Identification and interpretation of pahoehoe and ′a′a distribution in the KP‐1 and SOH‐4 cores

[1] Hawaiian lava flows are classified as pahoehoe or 'a'a by their surface morphology. As surface morphology reflects flow emplacement conditions, the surface distribution of morphologic flow types has been used to study the evolution and eruptive history of basaltic volcanoes. We extend this analysis to the third dimension by determining the distribution of flow types in two deep drill cores, the Scientific Observation Hole-4 (SOH-4) core, drilled near Kilauea's East Rift Zone (ERZ), and the pilot hole (Kahi Puka-1 (KP-1)) for the Hawaiian Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), drilled through distal flows from Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea. Flows are classified using both internal structures and groundmass textures, with the latter useful when identification based on mesoscopic flow features (e.g., surface morphology and vesicle content and distribution) is ambiguous. We then examine the temporal distribution of pahoehoe and ′a′a flows in proximal (SOH-4) and distal (KP-1) settings. Sequence analysis shows that the two flow types are not randomly distributed in either core but instead are strongly clustered. The proximal SOH-4 core is dominated by thin pahoehoe flows (∼60% by volume), consistent with the common occurrence of surface-fed pahoehoe flows in near-vent settings. The distal KP-1 core has a high proportion of ′a′a (∼58% by volume), although the proportion of pahoehoe and ′a′a varies dramatically throughout the Mauna Kea sequence. Thick inflated pahoehoe flows dominate when the drill site was near sea level, consistent with the numerous inflated pahoehoe fields on the current coastal plains of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. ′A′a flows are abundant when the site was far above sea level. As slope increases from the coastal plains to Mauna Kea's flank, this correlation may reflect the combined effect of long transport distances and increased slopes on flow emplacement. These results demonstrate that flow type and thickness variations in cores provide valuable information about both vent location and local site environment. Observed variations in flow type within the KP-1 core raise interesting questions about feedback between volcano evolution and flow morphology and suggest that flow type is an important variable in models of volcano growth and related models for lava flow hazard assessment.
Evaluation of Isokinetic Single-Leg Cycling as a Rehabilitation Exercise Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the most commonly injured ligaments, with over 250,000 injuries per year in the United States. Previous studies have found that ACL-deficient individuals avoid use of the quadriceps in the injured limb as a means of limiting anterior movement of the tibia in the absence of a functioning ACL. From these results, a study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of isokinetic single-leg cycling in increasing quadriceps muscle recruitment and activation. Ten control and seven ACL-reconstructed subjects completed a series of 15 s cycling trials in isokinetic mode at 75 rpm, while kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data of the lower limbs were collected, with the trials including both double-leg and single-leg cycling. It was hypothesized that there would be an increase in quadriceps muscle activity, peak knee extensor moment, and knee joint power in single-leg cycling when compared to double-leg cycling. The results of the study suggest that single-leg cycling may be an effective exercise in increasing the strength of the quadriceps following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Although no significant changes occurred, the results indicate that, given a specific limb power, more muscle force will be generated from the quadriceps muscle group in single-leg cycling than double-leg cycling.
Medical and psychological correlates in children with learning disabilities

Data are presented on 100 children with learning and/or behavioral problems whowere referred to a diagnostic and evaluation clinic because of suspected “minimal brain dysfunction”. Each child received through medical and psychological examinations. Electroencephalograms were done on 88 of the children. A chi square interaction analysis was set up comparing the results of the neurologic examination, electroencephalogram, and final dignosis. There was no significant relationship among any of these factors, nor was there any combined or additive effect. The results indicate that the final diagnosis is more contigent upon symptomatology and psychological findings than upon any specific medical, neurologic, or electroencephalographic findings. In view of the poor correlation of the neurologic examination and the electroencephalogram with the final diagnosis, there appears to be minimal utility in referring such children routinely for these procedures.
Procedures for defining FSE standards

Abstract Formal steric enthalpies (FSE's) of a given class of molecules are defined in terms of FSE values assigned to standards. As an aid to selecting standard molecules and in determining appropriate FSE values for them, a procedure has been developed for the systematic generation of molecules that incorporate specified structural groups, for identifying all heavy atom torsions of the conformer (usually) of minimum energy, and for assigning gauche enthalpies to the torsions. The estimates of gauche enthalpies are derived by an interpolation procedure which provides a consistent set of values. The sum of the gauche enthalpies for all torsions for a given standard molecule may be assigned as the formal steric enthalpy for the standard. Three programs FSEUNITA.BAS, FSEUNITB.BAS, AND FSEUNITC.BAS together with a data set TORSION.DAT define the procedures. FSEUNITA.BAS includes descriptors of substituent groups such as H, C, COOH, NH2, and writes a file UNITS.DAT. FSEUNITB.BAS accepts torsion descriptors and calculates interpolated gauche enthalpy values based on a modified Buckingham potential. It produces the file TORSION.DAT. FSEUNITC.BAS uses UNITS.DAT to construct a set of molecules and to identify all heavy-atom torsions for each; it uses TORSION.DAT to look up the gauche enthalpy value for each torsion.
Phase boundary mobility in naturally deformed, high-grade quartzofeldspathic rocks: evidence for diffusional creep

Abstract Grain shape fabrics and optical microstructures of some quartzofeldspathic rocks deformed under upper amphibolite facies conditions in the southwestern Grenville Province, Ontario, Canada, suggest that quartz and feldspar have accommodated intracrystalline plastic strains by both diffusional and dislocation creep. In these rocks, quartz and feldspar form polycrystalline domains separated by gently curved and locally cuspate phase boundaries whose morphology is similar in certain respects to the phase boundary morphology of rocks annealed experimentally under hydrostatic stress conditions. In the naturally deformed rocks, however, phase boundary cusps consistently point along the foliation and parallel to the mineral fibre lineation (i.e. in directions of inferred finite extension) which implies that phase boundary motion and cusp formation occurred during deformation. Optical microstructures in feldspar and crystallographic preferred orientations in quartz are consistent with the accommodation of some intracrystalline plastic strains by dislocation creep. However, the morphology of quartz-feldspar phase boundaries cannot be explained by either dislocation creep or static annealing alone. We propose that phase boundary motion resulted from a diffusion-assisted process involving dissolution at foliation-parallel quartz-feldspar phase boundaries, mass transfer over length scales of the order of feldspar domain size (≈200 μm or greater) and precipitation at quartz-feldspar phase boundary cusps. This study extends the range of natural deformation conditions under which diffusional creep has been identified in quartzofeldspathic rocks. It also has important implications for the natural rheological behavior of the mid- and lower-continental crust.
Outcome Evaluation of the National Cancer Institute Career Development Awards Program

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) career development (K) awards program supports investigators to develop their cancer research programs and achieve independence. The NCI Center for Cancer Training conducted a K program evaluation by analyzing outcomes of awardees and individuals who applied to the program but were not funded. The evaluation covered seven NCI mechanisms (K01, K07, K08, K11, K22, K23, and K25) between 1980 and 2008. Descriptive statistics and regression modeling were performed on the full cohort (n = 2,893 individuals, 4,081 K applications) and a comparison cohort described herein. K awardees proportionately received more subsequent NIH grants and authored more publications, and time to first R01 grant was unaffected. Of those not pursuing research, K awardees were more likely to participate in activities signaling continued scientific engagement. The NCI K program had a positive impact, not only on participants’ biomedical research careers but also on achieving outcomes significant to the scientific enterprise.
Proof of soundness (integrity) of cryptographic protocols

In 1990 a workshop on the Mathematical Concepts (or Principles) of Dependable Systems was held at the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach in Germany. The purpose of the workshop was to examine mathematical techniques developed to make it possible to prove the proper functioning of complex systems--where the system could be either hardware, software, information protocols, etc., or combinations of these components. Principal researchers in each of these areas were invited to take part in the workshop, and did--but as is so often the case at scientific meetings, one area emerged as a clear center of gravity for the workshop. This was the topic of applying formal methods to the proof of soundness or correctness of information or cryptographic protocols. The organizers of the workshop felt that the results reported in this area were so important to the cryptology community they deserved publication as a whole, as opposed to publication as separate and isolated papers: hence this special section. This paper, which is essentially an introduction for the invited paper that follows, describes the background for the workshop and the challenge problem(s) that provided a unifying theme for the three systems of formal analysis treated in it.
An experimental investigation of microchannel flow with internal pressure measurements

Abstract Experiments have been conducted to investigate discrepancies in previously published data for the pressure drop in microchannels. Straight channel test sections with integrated pressure sensors were developed with channel hydraulic diameters ranging from 25 to 100 μm. Compressible flow results for 6.8 Re Re
A Method for Differentiation and Analysis of Quinine and Quinidine by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

A method is presented for the positive identification of quinine and quinidine. The method requires extraction of the compounds from an alkaline solution into an organic solvent and concentration of the sample by evaporation of the solvent. The sample is chromatographed without derivatization and may be detected by the flame ionization detector (FID) or mass spectrometry (MS). Limits of sensitivity are less than 5 ng per assay for the underivatized compounds. Analysis of urine extracts is discussed.
Temporal Correlation of DNA Binding, ATP Hydrolysis, and Clamp Release in the Clamp Loading Reaction Catalyzed by the Escherichia coli γ complex

Clamp loaders are multisubunit complexes that use the energy derived from ATP binding and hydrolysis to assemble ring-shaped sliding clamps onto DNA. Sliding clamps in turn tether DNA polymerases to the templates being copied to increase the processivity of DNA synthesis. Here, the rate of clamp release during the clamp loading reaction was measured directly for the first time using a FRET-based assay in which the E. coli γ complex clamp loader (γ3δδ′χψ) was labeled with a fluorescent donor, and the β-clamp was labeled with a nonfluorescent quencher. When a β·γ complex is added to DNA, there is a significant time lag before the clamp is released onto DNA. To establish what events take place during this time lag, the timing of clamp release was compared to the timing of DNA binding and ATP hydrolysis by measuring these reactions directly side-by-side in assays. DNA binding is relatively rapid and triggers the hydrolysis of ATP. Both events occur prior to clamp release. Interestingly, the temporal correlati...
Vanishing of charge renormalization and anomalies in a supersymmetric gauge theory

Abstract We have determined the charge renormalization function β(g) for the supersymmetric nonabelian gauge model of Gliozzi, Scherk and Olive. We find that its one-and two-loop coefficients are zero. The model is thus anomaly-free at the level of our calculation.
Planimetric analysis of redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus) hepatopancreas following selenium exposure

A real ratios of pancreas cells to liver cells (P/L ratios) were determined planimetrically and compared with selenium accumulated in the hepatopancreas (liver and associated exocrine pancreas) of redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus). Fish were collected from four locations in Martin Lake, Texas, and from a reference lake 8 km upstream in the same drainage system. Fish collected from selenium-contaminated areas in Martin Lake had significantly higher P/L ratios than did reference fish. The increase in the P/L ratios could be explained by either pancreatic cell hyperplasia or parenchymal hepatocyte necrosis and cell loss. Since a previous publication documented both central necrosis with loss of parenchymal hepatocytes and architectural disorganization and endoplasmic reticulum changes in the exocrine pancreas cells of these same redear sunfish, both changes probably occurred simultaneously. However, in this study, P/L ratios were not correlated with selenium levels in the hepatopancreas. This contrasts with published data regarding hematological changes, condition factors, and relative hepatopancreas weight for the same redear sunfish collected for this study. Relative ratios of pancreatic cells to liver cells determined in this study, therefore, were less accurate in pinpointing biological changes due to selenium than were the other parameters previously published using these same fish.
Relation of F-test scores to rigidity.

The California F-test and an author-designed Perceptual Rigidity test were given to 100 college girls to help clarify the specific relationship between perceptual rigidity and authoritarianism and to test the hypothesis that the perceptually rigid person will score high on the F-test. A significant correlation was obtained between scores on the two tests and the factor analysis yielded two factors: Conventionality and High Defense Utilization. Devising a test which relates traditional values with perceptual rigidity seems needed to clarify the results.
Tap water for irrigation of lacerations

This study was designed to compare the infection rates of simple lacerations irrigated with tap water versus sterile normal saline before repair. Patients with simple lacerations to an extremity that were less than 8 hours from injury were prospectively enrolled. Exclusions from the study were: dog bites, hand lacerations, immunocompromised patients, and those on antibiotics at the time of injury. Patients who qualified were randomized to receive tap water or normal saline for wound irrigation. Before and after irrigation, wound cultures were obtained. After the procedure was complete, patients were scheduled for a 48 hour follow-up wound check. A total of 46 patients were enrolled in the study. Twenty-four patients were randomized to the normal saline group and 21 were assigned to receive tap water irrigation. There were 2 infected lacerations in both the tap water and normal saline groups. The organisms cultured from the wounds in both groups were similar and there was no difference in colony counts when tap water was used. The use of tap water for the irrigation of lacerations does not result in the growth of unusual organisms or increase the colony counts of organisms. Wound infection rates were the same in both groups. This pilot study suggests that the use of tap water for irrigation of wounds may be safe. Further validation is necessary.
The development of exciton migration routes for phycocyanin 645 and allophycocyanin.

— The origin of the comparatively complex absorption spectrum of the cryptomonad biliprotein, phycocyanin 645 from Chroomonas species, has been investigated by deconvolution of its absorption and CD spectra together with fluorescence polarization studies. The visible absorption and CD spectra were each deconvoluted into four components, three pure Gaussian and one Gaussian-Lorentzian chimera. The difference spectrum between the visible absorption spectra of partially renatured and partially dissociated protein and the fluorescence polarization spectrum are compared to these deconvolutions. All results are consistent with a previous proposal that band splitting from a pair of strongly-coupled dipoles contributes to the absorption and CD spectra of this biliprotein. A model for the flow of exciton migration through this protein is presented that incorporates these data [together with appropriate literature reports]. This exciton migration model together with one for the biliprotein, allophycocyanin, includes both strong and very weak coupling of dipoles. This combination of mechanisms has salient influence on the visible absorption spectra and the routes of exciton migration characteristic of these two proteins.
Inhibition of human ovarian carcinoma cell proliferation by liposome-plasmid DNA complex.

Abstract Anti-cancer gene therapy should ultimately lead to specific growth inhibition and loss of tumorigenicity of the tumor cells. Therefore, when using cationic liposomes as DNA delivery systems, it is essential to know how the liposome plasmid DNA complex itself influences the cell growth. This paper reports on the finding that liposome-plasmid DNA complexes specifically inhibited proliferation of human ovarian carcinoma cells, in vitro and in vivo. This inhibiting activity is likely to be sequence independent, since it was observed using several different plasmids. The degree of growth inhibition appeared dependent on both the lipid to DNA ratio and the total dose of liposome-plasmid DNA complex given to the cells.
Parkia nana (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), a New Species from the Sub-Andean Sandstone Cordilleras of Peru

Abstract Parkia nana D. A. Neill (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) from sandstone areas near the Rio Maranon area in northeastern Peru is described and illustrated. Photographic evidence also indicates presence of this species on sandstone substrate in the Cordillera Azul in east-central Peru. Compared to other species of Parkia R. Brown, which commonly attain 30–40 m in height, P. nana has a dwarf growth form, found as a pachycaul treelet attaining reproductive maturity at 3–4 m in height. The new species is placed in the pantropical section Parkia R. Brown and is similar to P. nitida Miquel and P. balslevii H. C. Hopkins, with which it shares the opposite to subopposite leaves, the biglobose capitula, and indehiscent strap-shaped pods, but differs from both in its short stature, erect compound inflorescence, and erect, velutinous fruits.
The Question of Arbitrability—Challenges to the Arbitrator's Jurisdiction and Authority

The article presents a review of the book “The Question of Arbitrability: Challenges to the Arbitrator's Jurisdiction and Authority,” by Mark M. Grossman.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in rodent mammary carcinomas and the effect of oophorectomy

Abstract Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in tumors, produced by administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to Sprague—Dawley rats, were studied at 0, 3 and 5 days after oophorectomy. Of the two major glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase bands, only one was responsive to oophorectomy and showed a striking decrease in activity as reflected by specific staining after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Likewise, the decrease noted in lactate dehydrogenase activity was found to be most pronounced in the muscle types during this 5-day period. The results indicate that some isoenzyme species are under hormonal control in these neoplasms and change prior to any significant regression of tumor mass.
The Hygiene Hypothesis Revisited

The original hygiene hypothesis proposed that reductions in family size and exposure to childhood infections were responsible for the rise in atopic diseases. Numerous epidemiologic and longitudinal studies have been performed to test this hypothesis, which has evolved in response to these findings and emerging concepts related to the innate immune response and immunoregulatory mechanisms. Collectively, these advances raise hope that the concepts espoused in the original hygiene hypothesis may soon lead to new preventive approaches to atopic diseases.
Theoretical model for intermeshing twin screw extruders: Axial velocity profile for shallow channels

Positive displacement intermeshing twin screw extruders have been analyzed by a simple model for flow in the channel formed by the screw root and screw flights. The model considers the down channel flow to be a combination of drage flow resulting from the relative motion of the barrel and screw and pressure flow resulting from the positive displacement action of the device. The pressure flow in this situation is distinguished from pressure flow in a single screw extruder in that the pressure forces induce flow toward the die for the twin screw model rather than away from the die as in a single screw extruder. Comparison of the down channel shear rate profile of apositive displacement twin screw extruder with that of a single screw extruder with no net flow reveals that they are identical but inverted with respect to channel depth. The model presented does not consider leakage between the twin screws or the rotational motion of the second screw.
Use and rationale for taking nutritional supplements among collegiate athletes at risk for nutrient deficiencies

Abstract This study examined aspects of collegiate athletes’ eating habits, weight, and their use and perception of nutritional supplements. The purpose of this study was to determine if athletes at risk for nutrient deficiencies use nutritional supplements, and if their concerns about positive drug tests discouraged their use of nutritional supplements. This study examined 134 athletes from collegiate universities across the United States. They answered a questionnaire, developed by the researchers through Psychdata. From the athletes’ responses to questions about their eating habits, the study categorized participants into two groups: athletes at risk for nutrient deficiencies and athletes not at risk for nutrient deficiencies. In this study, 49 athletes were considered at risk for nutrient deficiencies. More at-risk athletes (53%) took nutritional supplements than those not at risk (33%). Among those at risk, more athletes (69%) took supplements who were not concerned about nutritional supplements causing a positive drug test, than those athletes who were concerned (38%). Athletes need education about reliable sources of information about supplements, dosing of supplements, and safety of supplements. Athletes also need to be informed of the potential consequences of taking unsafe supplements.
Switching from risperidone to olanzapine in a one-year, randomized, open-label effectiveness study of schizophrenia

ABSTRACTObjective: Switching medications is common in the treatment of schizophrenia. This study examines the effectiveness of olanzapine therapy following a clinically warranted switch from risperidone during treatment of patients with schizophrenia.Research design and methods: This post-hoc analysis used data from the risperidone arm of a randomized, open-label, 1-year study of patients with schizophrenia. Study protocol permitted antipsychotic switching when clinically warranted, and outcomes were assessed with standard psychiatric measures. Statistical analyses assessed changes from pre- to post-medication switch and endpoint comparisons between patients switched from risperidone to olanzapine and patients continued on risperidone.Results: Most patients who switched from risperidone switched to olanzapine (43/60; 71.7%). Average duration of risperidone treatment prior to switching was 86 days (mean modal dose 4.0 mg/day). Most switchers (86%) completed the 1-year study on olanzapine (average duration ...