cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of catecholamine antagonists and depletors on the CNS effects of TRH in rabbits.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MT), 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and phenoxybenzamine (POB) on the CNS actions of TRH in conscious and pento-barbital-narcotized rabbits were investigated. 2. 2. All of these catecholamine antagonists attenuated the behavioral excitatory actions of 25 νg of icv TRH, but were without apparent effect against 100 μg of TRH. 3. 3. In pentobarbital-narcotized rabbits TRH produced an analeptic effect, and animals regained their righting reflex much sooner than those receiving saline icv. 4. 4. After α-MT, 6-OHDA or POB pretreatment, the analeptic effect of TRH (100 jig) was attenuated or abolished. 5. 5. It appears that catecholamines may play a minor part in the TRH-induced behavioral excitation in conscious rabbits, but a major role in the analeptic action in pentobarbital-pretreated animals.
Computational Studies of the Origin of Regiospecificity in the [4+2] Diels−Alder Reaction between R2BNR2‘ Compounds and Substituted cis-Butadienes

Computational studies comparing the energetics of [4+2] Diels−Alder-like cyclizations of aminoboranes R2BNR2‘ (R = H, CF3; R‘ = H, CH3) with substituted cis-2-R‘ ‘-1,3-butadienes (R‘ ‘ = CH3, NH2, ...
Circuit switched demand assignment multiple access

Abstract Demand assignment multiple access (DAMA) can lead to efficient utilization of expensive satellite channels although its equipment may be more expensive than equipment for fixed assignment. In many applications, the cost savings from DAMA may be substantial. In this overview fundamental concepts of DAMA suitable for a variety of applications are presented.
Therapeutic Options to Decrease Actinic Keratosis and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Incidence and Progression in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Practical Approach

BACKGROUNDSolid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) have a 50 to 250 times greater risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than the general population and experience higher rates of invasive and metastatic disease. These greater risks are a product of the tumorigenic effects of their immunosuppressive
Granular matter and networks: three related examples

Granular matter is broadly defined as the class of materials composed of large numbers of discrete solid particles or grains, where the grains are large enough so that they do not suffer thermal fluctuations, and with a cut-off size being approximately one micron. On first viewing granular matter constitutes a simpler class of matter than soft matter, since quantum effects and temperature play no role. This view, however, is misleading. Granular matter displays a rich set of behaviors and serves as a test-bed for an array of complex systems tools with a potentially wide range of applicability that goes well outside the realm of granular materials and can be extended to concentrated emulsions and pastes. It may be argued that some of the mathematical representations of complex systems, such as networks or agent-based representations, are but charicatures of the actual systems. However, it is undeniably true that some representations have the power to transcend disciplines. Consider for example the highly idealized model of segregation in cities by Thomas Schelling, the co-winner of the 2005 Nobel Memorial Prize for Economic Science. In his book Micromotives and Macrobehavior (WW Norton, New York, 2006) Schelling considers many forms of collective behavior. In one of them, dealing with segregation in cities, a city is represented by a square grid and individuals by colors, say red and green. Green individuals have a degree of tolerance towards red, and red towards green. The surprise is that even if individuals are tolerant the result is a macroscopically segregated system with structures representing spinodal decomposition. And that is precisely the point: someone looking at this problem in social sciences with the perspective of material scientist and spinodal decomposition may have anticipated the qualitative aspects of the result. This short article considers three topics in granular physics, connected though a networks approach, starting with small scales and moving progressively towards larger scales. Although these topics can, in principle, be studied from a more traditional perspective, one finds that the networks viewpoint can inspire new analysis techniques, provide new clues as to the underlying phenomena and generate new, broad interpretations of results that might not always be gained from the more traditional viewpoints.
Efficient design of OFDMA-based programmable wireless radios

With the increasing demand for efficient spectrum management, programmable wireless radios can potentially play a key role in shaping our future spectrum use. In this paper, we consider the design of low-power programmable wireless radios based on orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA). To meet the demands of higher data rate communications, we split OFDMA symbols carrying multiuser data across several noncontiguous bands of available spectrum. To relax power consumption in analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, we use a programmable narrowband RF front end comprising of programmable synthesizers and fixed low-pass filters. To perform digital baseband signal processing in an energy efficient manner, we propose efficient designs for the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT (IFFT) modules. Our designs of the FFT/IFFT modules reduce power consumption and chip area, and are capable of handling the dynamic nature of spectrum in programmable radios. To recover data that falls within the transition band of the filters, we propose a combiner similar to maximal ratio combiner. We also present the complete design of programmable wireless radios in accordance with the IEEE 802.22 (draft) standard.
Copper(II) complexes of novel N-alkylated derivatives of cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane. 1. Preparation and structure.

Novel N,N‘,N‘ ‘-trialkylated derivatives of cis,cis-1,3,5-triaminocyclohexane (tach), designated tach-R3, were prepared through alkylation of N-protected tach with subsequent acid deprotection, to afford N-methyl, N-ethyl, and N-n-propyl derivatives as their trihydrobromide salts. The tach-neopentyl3 and tach-furan3 derivatives were prepared by formation of the imine from tach and pivaldehyde or furan-2-carboxaldehyde, respectively, followed by reduction of the imine. Complexes [Cu(tach-R3)Cl2] (R = Me, Et, n-Pr, CH2-2-thienyl, and CH2-2-furanyl) were prepared from CuCl2 in MeOH or MeOH−Et2O solvent. Crystallographic characterization of [Cu(tach-Et3)Br0.8Cl1.2] (Pnma, a = 8.2265(1) A, b = 12.5313(1) A, c = 15.3587(3) A, Z = 4) reveals a square-based pyramidal CuN3X2 coordination sphere in which one nitrogen donor occupies the apical position at a slightly longer distance (Cu−N = 2.218(5) A) than those of the basal nitrogens (Cu−N = 2.053(2) A). The solution-phase (pH 7.4 buffered and methanol) and solid-p...
A study of the low-energy transitions arising from the prompt de-excitation of fission fragments

Abstract A four-dimensional experiment has been performed in which the energies of coincident complementary fragment pairs, internal conversion electrons, and K X-rays emitted as a result of the spontaneous fission of 252 Cf were recorded event by event using a multiparameter analyser. The fission fragment energies were used for mass identification and the X-ray energies supplied precise atomic number identification. The analysis of the conversion electron spectra has resulted in the assignment of numerous transitions to new isotopes, the determination of many transition half-lives, and the procurement of limited information concerning multipolarities. It was concluded, based on the X-ray and conversion electron data, that most of the large number of observed low-energy transitions associated with heavy fragments are attributable to odd-mass or doubly odd nuclei and that surprisingly little contribution to the low-energy spectra is associated with doubly even nuclei in the rare-earth region. Low-energy transitions in doubly even nuclei were found to be more prevalent among the light fragments. Data are presented supporting the assignment of a high intensity 241 keV transition as the 2 + to 0 + transition in 110 Ru. An examination of this transition in terms of the energy predicted on the basis of rotational behaviour and with regard to the systematics of neighboring doubly even Ru isotopes reveals evidence which strongly suggests that 110 Ru belongs to a new region of stable deformation.
Effects of soil acidity on nodulation ofAlnus glutinosa and viability ofFrankia

Black alder seedlings were grown from seed for 7 weeks in six soils limed to various pH levels and inoculated withFrankia in two inoculation-seeding time combinations (inoculated and seeded concurrently; inoculated then seeded 5 weeks after inoculation). Three mine soils and three non-mine soils were used. Soil pHs in the study ranged from 3.6 to 7.6. In the second inoculation-seeding time combination, a series of soil samples at each of the pH levels below 7.0 were relimed to pH 7.0 immediately prior to seeding. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of soil acidity on the nodulation of black alder byFrankia and the viability ofFrankia in acid soils. Based on the average number of nodules established per seedling, soil pH was determined to be a significant factor affecting nodulation in the mine soils. The highest levels of nodulation occurred between soil pH 5.5 and 7.2. Below pH 5.5, nodulation was reduced. There was also evidence of decreased viability of the endophyte below pH 4.5.
OXYGEN EFFECT IN THE PROTECTION OF E. COLI AGAINST U.V. INACTIVATION AND MUTAGENESIS BY ACRIDINE ORANGE.

— Protection by acridine orange against ultraviolet light effects in resting cells of E. coli B/r/1, try- was studied with special reference to a possible oxygen effect. Dose-response relationships were described by the function S= 1–(1 - e-kD)n where S is the surviving fraction and D is the u.v. dose in ergs/mm2. For cells suspended in 5 × 10--6M acridine orange (AO) in air, the radiation sensitivity k was reduced from 0.010 (ergs/mm2))-1 in the absence of the dye to 0.0053 (ergs/mm2)-1 in the presence of the dye. Under anoxia at this AO concentration, k was further reduced to 0.0015 (ergs/mm2)-1. The oxygen effect ratio, kO2/kN2, was 3.5 at this concentration of AO. Greater protection was observed in cells suspended in 2 × 10--5M AO, the oxygen effect ratio was unchanged. No oxygen effect was detected in the u.v. response in the absence of the dye. The value of n was reduced from about 12 with no dye to about 5 at dye concentrations of 5 × 10--6M AO or more when oxygen was present. Under anoxia, in the presence of AO, n was further reduced to about 1.3. Atebrin, an efficient u.v. protective agent but an inefficient photodynamic agent, had no oxygen effect for protection against u.v. inactivation. Acridine orange protected against u.v.-induced reversion to tryptophan indepence in E. coli WP2 to about the same extent as it did for inactivation. A similar oxygen effect was observed for both inactivation and mutagenesis.
The Role of β Cell Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Signaling in Glucose Regulation and Response to Diabetes Drugs

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an insulinotropic gut peptide released after eating, is essential for normal glucose tolerance (GT). To determine whether this effect is mediated directly by GLP-1 receptors (GLP1R) on islet β cells, we developed mice with β cell-specific knockdown of Glp1r. β cell Glp1r knockdown mice had impaired GT after intraperitoneal (i.p.) glucose and did not secrete insulin in response to i.p. or intravenous GLP-1. However, they had normal GT after oral glucose, a response that was impaired by a GLP1R antagonist. β cell Glp1r knockdown mice had blunted responses to a GLP1R agonist but intact glucose lowering with a dipeptidylpeptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. Thus, in mice, β cell Glp1rs are required to respond to hyperglycemia and exogenous GLP-1, but other factors compensate for reduced GLP-1 action during meals. These results support a role for extraislet GLP1R in oral glucose tolerance and paracrine regulation of β cells by islet GLP-1.
Short-term versus long-term risk for coronary artery disease: implications for lipid guidelines.

Purpose of review The aim of this article is to describe recent advances in our understanding of lifetime risks for cardiovascular disease and their implications for lipid guidelines. Recent findings Recent studies have indicated that, among younger and middle-aged adults, there is a large subset with low 10-year risk but high lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease. Individuals with high lifetime risks can be identified on the basis of single adverse risk factors or on the basis of overall risk factor burden. For example, using the ATP-III online risk estimator, a 45-year-old obese, nonsmoking, nondiabetic man with total cholesterol of 200 mg/dl, HDL-cholesterol of 40 mg/dl, and untreated systolic blood pressure of 135 mmHg has an estimated 10-year risk for hard coronary heart disease of 3%. In contrast, recent data indicate that his predicted remaining lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease is 50% and his predicted median survival is over 10 years shorter than a man at the same age with optimal risk factors. Summary Lifetime risk estimation for cardiovascular disease may be an important adjunct to short-term (10-year) risk estimation that may help identify more treatment-eligible individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease, improve risk communication, motivate changes in lifestyle and behaviors, and promote adherence to therapy.
Evidence that hepatocyte growth factor abrogates contact inhibition of mitosis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayers.

Abstract It is becoming increasingly apparent that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) 1 plays an important role in kidney development, regeneration, and transformation to carcinoma. Previous in vitro studies have shown that HGF stimulates cell scattering, but not proliferation, in the renal epithelial cell line Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) when grown on plastic at low density. This communication demonstrates that HGF treatment of confluent monolayers of MDCK also stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division. HGF stimulated thymidine incorporation in confluent MDCK cell monolayers grown on plastic in a dose dependent fashion, but did not stimulate thymidine incorporation in MDCK cells at 10–20% confluency on plastic. Additionally, basolaterally, but not apically, applied HGF stimulated thymidine incorporation in confluent MDCK cell monolayers grown on filters. Immunofluorescent labeling of nuclei in control and HGF treated MDCK cell monolayers grown on filters demonstrated an increase in mitotic figures. Confocal X-Z section views and direct cell counts of MDCK cell monolayers grown on filters demonstrated an increase in cell number after HGF treatment compared to controls. This is the first report of HGF stimulating cell proliferation in previously quiescent renal epithelial cell monolayers. This model will be useful for studying the mechanisms controlling cell proliferation rates in epithelial tissue.
Reconstitution of the Bacterial Core Light-harvesting Complexes of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum with Isolated α- and β-Polypeptides, Bacteriochlorophyll a, and Carotenoid (∗)

Methodology has been developed to reconstitute carotenoids and bacteriochlorophyll a with isolated lightharvesting complex I (LHI) polypeptides of both Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum. Reconstitution techniques first developed in this laboratory using the LHI polypeptides of R. rubrum, R. sphaeroides, and Rhodobacter capsulatus reproduced bacteriochlorophyll a spectral properties characteristic of LHI complexes lacking carotenoids. In this study, carotenoids are supplied either as organic-solvent extracts of chromatophores or as thin-layer chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography-purified species. The resulting LHI complexes exhibit carotenoid and bacteriochlorophyll a spectral properties characteristic of native LHI complexes of carotenoid-containing bacteria. Absorption and circular dichroism spectra support the attainment of a native-like carotenoid environment in the reconstituted LHI complexes. For both R. sphaeroides- and R. rubrum-reconstituted systems, fluorescence excitation spectra reveal appropriate carotenoid to bacteriochlorophyll a energy-transfer efficiencies based on comparisons with the in vivo systems. In the case of R. rubrum reconstitutions, carotenoids afford protection from photodynamic degradation. Thus, carotenoids reconstituted into LHI exhibit spectral and functional characteristics associated with native pigments. Heterologous reconstitutions demonstrate the applicability of the developed assay in dissecting the molecular environment of carotenoids in light-harvesting complexes.
Consistency of Children's Sexualized or Avoidant Reactions to Anatomical Dolls: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT Anatomical dolls are a common but controversial tool in the assessment of suspected child sexual abuse. The present pilot study was conducted to explore the consistency of behaviors of 10 young children who had demonstrated clear intercourse positionings with anatomical dolls (Demonstrators) and 10 children who had avoided any contact with the unclothed dolls (Avoiders) during a prior normative study. These children, along with matched controls from the original sample, were re-interviewed 16 months later to determine whether their interactions with the dolls changed over time. Items of interest included the frequency of the childrens' sexualized and avoidant behaviors with the dolls as well as their knowledge of the mechanics of intercourse and possible sources of such knowledge. Findings revealed that changes over time occurred in all groups. Changes in the children's behaviors may be explained by cultural, maturational and socialization factors. Implications for interviewing young children are...
Presepsis Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Incident Cognitive Impairment in Survivors of Severe Sepsis: A Prospective Cohort Study of Older Americans

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that presepsis depressive symptoms are associated with risk of new cognitive impairment in survivors of severe sepsis. Design: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Population-based cohort of older U.S. adults interviewed as part of the Health and Retirement Study (1998�2006). Participants: Four hundred forty-seven individuals with normal presepsis cognition who survived 540 hospitalizations for severe sepsis and completed at least one follow-up interview. Measurements: Severe sepsis was identified using a validated algorithm in Medicare claims. Depressive symptoms were assessed prospectively using a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Cognitive function was assessed using versions of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS). Logistic regression with robust standard errors was used to examine associations between substantial depressive symptoms at any interview before sepsis and incident cognitive impairment (mild or moderate to severe cognitive impairment) at any interview after sepsis. Results: The prevalence of substantial depressive symptoms in participants with normal cognition before sepsis was 38% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 34�42%). After severe sepsis, 18% (95% CI = 15�20%) of survivors had incident cognitive impairment. In unadjusted analyses, presepsis substantial depressive symptoms were associated with postsepsis incident cognitive impairment (odds ratio (OR) = 2.56, 95% CI = 1.53�4.27). After adjustment for demographics, health-risk behaviors, clinical characteristics of the sepsis episode, and presepsis TICS scores, substantial presepsis depressive symptoms remained the strongest factor associated with postsepsis incident cognitive impairment (OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.45�4.59). Conclusion: Substantial presepsis depressive symptoms are independently associated with incident postsepsis cognitive impairment. Depressed older adults may be particularly at risk of developing cognitive impairment after a serious medical illness.
ROC analysis of the accuracy of Noncycloplegic retinoscopy, Retinomax Autorefractor, and SureSight Vision Screener for preschool vision screening.

The Vision In Preschoolers (VIP) Study Group completed a two-phase study to evaluate preschool vision-screening tests for the detection of pediatric vision problems, including amblyopia, strabismus, significant refractive error, and reduced visual acuity in the absence of amblyogenic conditions. The multicenter, observational study was supported by the National Eye Institute. Screenings were conducted from 2002 to 2004 in five clinical centers. Phase I of the VIP Study, conducted in two consecutive years, was designed to compare the 11 screening tests administered by trained, certified, licensed eye care professionals (LEPs) in a mobile medical unit (controlled environment across all five clinical centers). Four tests including noncycloplegic retinoscopy (NCR), Retinomax Autorefractor (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan), SureSight Vision Screener (SureSight, Alpharetta, GA), and the Lea symbols VA test had the highest sensitivity for identifying preschool children with VIP-targeted vision conditions when overall specificity was set at either 90% or 94%.1,2 Phase II of the VIP Study was designed to compare the performance of the nurse screeners with that of the lay screeners in administering the best-performing preschool vision screening tests identified from phase I. Two screening tests for refraction (Retinomax and SureSight) were administered by trained and certified pediatric nurses and lay people in a Head Start school (typical screening environment). NCR was not included in phase II, because only eye care professionals have the skills and knowledge necessary to administer the test. When specificity was set at 90%, the Retinomax and the SureSight had similar screening performances whether administered by nurses or lay screeners, and performance was similar to the levels achieved when the LEPs screened children using the tests in the mobile medical unit.3 However, the sensitivity of each screening test was evaluated at only 90% or 94% specificity. Because there is a substantial debate concerning the particular specificity level that should be used in evaluating screening tests4,5 and because the best choice for specificity level may vary depending on the screening circumstances, analysis using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves is useful for evaluating the performance of screening tests over the full range of specificity levels.6 The main goal of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the ability of three screening tests of refractive error (NCR, Retinomax, and SureSight) to detect VIP-targeted pediatric vision conditions and to assess whether their performances differ between tests and type of screeners (nurse versus lay) and between younger (3-year-old) and older (4- and 5-year-old) preschoolers.
Mean Girls in College: An Analysis of How College Women Communicatively Construct and Account for Relational Aggression

Relational aggression involves manipulating others' social standing and reputation through communication behaviors that include gossiping, spreading rumors, name-calling, cruel teasing, and ostracizing. Using accounting as the theoretical framework, researchers analyzed transcripts from interviews with 30 college women to understand how they account for their relationally aggressive behaviors. Findings revealed five themes that reflected specific types of accounts (excuses, justifications, concessions, and refusals): girls will be girls, relational aggression as venting, blaming the victim, minimizing their role, and regret. Women's accounting for relational aggression revealed a duality of relational aggression as both normative and harmful that required them to account for their behaviors.
Metastatic malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin: A study of 30 cases

Thirty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma of unknown primary origin treated at Emory University Clinic between 1940 and 1975 are presented. This group represents the 4.4% of all melanomas treated during the same period of time at Emory. Nineteen (63.3%) patients had nodal metastases only, and they were handled by radical lymphadenectomy of the involved area. The remaining 11 patients presented with lung or widespread subcutaneous metastatic disease and treated with biopsy and radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The former group experienced 28.6% five- and ten-year actuarial survival while patients with lung metastases succumbed within four months after diagnosis. Spontaneous regression of a typical melanoma skin lesion has been reported in three patients prior to development of metastatic disease.
The Death Domain Kinase RIP Protects Thymocytes from Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Type 2–induced Cell Death

Fas and the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)1 regulate the programmed cell death of lymphocytes. The death domain kinase, receptor interacting protein (rip), is recruited to the TNFR1 upon receptor activation. In vitro, rip-/- fibroblasts are sensitive to TNF-induced cell death due to an impaired nuclear factor kappaB response. Because rip-/- mice die at birth, we were unable to examine the effects of a targeted rip mutation on lymphocyte survival. To address the contribution of RIP to immune homeostasis, we examined lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with rip-/- hematopoietic precursors. We observed a decrease in rip-/- thymocytes and T cells in both wild-type C57BL/6 and recombination activating gene 1-/- irradiated hosts. In contrast, the B cell and myeloid lineages are unaffected by the absence of rip. Thus, the death domain kinase rip is required for T cell development. Unlike Fas-associated death domain, rip does not regulate T cell proliferation, as rip-/- T cells respond to polyclonal activators. However, rip-deficient mice contain few viable CD4+ and CD8+ thymocytes, and rip-/- thymocytes are sensitive to TNF-induced cell death. Surprisingly, the rip-associated thymocyte apoptosis was not rescued by the absence of TNFR1, but appears to be rescued by an absence of TNFR2. Taken together, this study implicates RIP and TNFR2 in thymocyte survival.
Leuko-araiosis and cerebral perfusion in normal aging

To clarify the incidence, age relationships and pathogenesis of white matter lesions of unknown origin (leuko-araiosis) detected by neuroimaging among normal elderly volunteers, we measured the severity of leuko-araiosis using computerized tomographic (CT) densitometry among 42 healthy self-supporting men and women of different ages, all with normal neurological and cognitive test performance. Results were correlated with local cerebral perfusion using xenon-contrasted CT. The 42 volunteers, who are followed in this laboratory for studies of normal aging, were divided into two groups in order to determine aging effects by an extremes design. One group consisted of 19 adults below age 60 (M = 53.3, SD = 6.0). The index group comprised 23 individuals all over the age of 60 (M = 71.6, SD = 8.7). Leuko-araiosis around the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles (frontal leuko-araiosis) was more severe (p < .01) among the older group, however, occipital leuko-araiosis did not significantly differ between older and younger groups. Cerebral perfusion in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortex was decreased among older compared with younger volunteers (ps < .001, .01, and .05, respectively). Multiple regression analyses disclosed significant and direct relationships between severity of frontal leuko-araiosis and (a) frontal cortical atrophy and (b) reductions of cerebral perfusion within frontal white matter and caudate nucleus. We conclude that cortical atrophy with hypoperfusion and ischemia of frontal white matter play a part in the pathogenesis of frontal leuko-araiosis associated with normal aging and this may be a predictor for later cognitive declines.
The class that would not read: utilizing Bion's affect theory in group.

Abstract While Bion's group theory continues to inspire contemporary group psychotherapists, his theory of human emotion is not as well known. Bion also introduced a system of alphabetical and mathematic symbols to offer a shorthand for his epistemology in order to make his ideas accessible, flexible, and practical for the working clinician. This article presents aspects of Bion's theory and metapsychological shorthand to conceptualize affectual dimensions of group process, thinking operations, and countertransference. The constructs considered include Klein's paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions; manic defenses; basic assumptions; “proto-mental” and “pre-monitory” emotions; instinctive drives L, H, and K (plus or minus); beta elements; and alpha functioning. With these ideas, the author was able to work through aspects of a group experience in which, as leader, he unknowingly found himself at an opposite affective pole from the members.
Object orientation in CS1-CS2 by design

This paper argues for a design driven approach to an object-oriented CS1-CS2 sequence in which object-orientation is thematic. Our approach integrates several components: (i) a strong object-oriented approach, (ii) design using UML, (iii) design patterns to manage complexity, and (iv) complex examples and projects to motivate the use of object-orientation and to motivate students by solving non-trivial problems. While this is a "programming-first" approach to CS1-CS2, it addresses several disadvantages of programming-first approaches noted in CC2001 [7]. The approach focuses on design rather than syntax, so students do not lose sight of the forest for the trees. We use (relatively speaking) large and complex examples, especially in the CS2 course, which allows us to address in a meaningful way issues of programming in the large. Because the approach is design driven and heavily object oriented, the course is not biased against novices in favor of students with prior programming experience, since CS1 students with prior programming experience typically have no design experience and only procedural programming experience.
A STUDY OF THE TIME BETWEEN PREVIOUS TRAFFIC INFRACTIONS AND FATAL AUTOMOBILE CRASHES, 1984-1986

Abstract Automobile drivers who have a history of traffic infractions may be at increased risk of being involved in a fatal automobile crash. To develop effective intervention strategies, it is important to understand the time that elapses between these events. To investigate the recurrent time, the time between previous traffic infractions and involvement in a fatal automobile crash, we analyzed data from the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) for the three-year period, 1984–1986. We used mathematical modeling techniques to avoid the length-biased sampling problems inherent in data that depend on outcome events occurring during a specific calendar time interval. Our results suggest that the mean time between a previous traffic infraction and a fatal automobile crash was the shortest for individuals aged 16 to 25 years, who had a mean recurrent time of 14.2 months with a 90% confidence interval of 13.9 months to 14.6 months. Approximately 97% of the recurrent times occurred within 60 months of a given traffic infraction, with the highest risk of a fatal crash from 3 to 7 months following the infraction.
Impact of a Three-Dimensional “Hands-On” Anatomic Teaching Module on Acetabular Fracture Pattern Recognition by Orthopaedic Residents

Background: Much of the difficulty in understanding acetabular fracture patterns is due to the complex three-dimensional relationship of the acetabulum to the greater pelvis. We hypothesized that combining three-dimensional “hands-on” anatomic models with two-dimensional informational teaching sheets would improve the ability of orthopaedic residents to accurately classify acetabular fracture patterns and aid in preoperative surgical approach selection. Methods: Thirty-five orthopaedic residents from two programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education participated in this prospective study. Twenty-question quizzes based on radiographs and computed tomography images of acetabular fractures tested the ability of the residents to accurately classify these fractures. One-half of the residents had access to informational teaching sheets only, and the other group had access to three-dimensional pelvic models of the fractures in addition to the informational sheets. Results: There was a positive correlation between the postgraduate year in training and the mean pre-intervention quiz score (r2 = 0.89). The mean improvement in the quiz score was 15% ± 15% for first and second-year residents compared with 3% ± 12% for fourth and fifth-year residents (p = 0.04). The resident group that used the three-dimensional “hands-on” models showed greater post-intervention improvement in the quiz score. Conclusions: In this preliminary study, active learning that incorporated three-dimensional ”hands-on” pelvic models improved the ability of orthopaedic residents to accurately classify acetabular fracture patterns compared with use of informational teaching sheets alone.
Cancer chemotherapy — A new approach

Abstract A considerable body of evidence indicates that interference with amino acid metabolism could be used as a basis for a concerted attack on tumor growth. Tumor cells are known to concentrate amino acids; the same transport mechanisms cause them to concentrate amino acid analogues as well. Furthermore, the growth of many tumors is affected by deficiencies of certain amino acids. This apparent vulnerability of tumors points to a new approach to in vivo testing and clinical trials of amino acid analogues for efficacy against tumor growth. This approach consists of creating a dietary deficiency of an amino acid, replacing the amino acid by a toxic analogue which would be selectively concentrated by the tumor, followed at the appropriate time by restoration of the normal dietary level of the natural amino acid to allow growth of normal tissues.
Graphical t-wise balanced designs

A pair (X, B) will be a t-wise balanced design (tBD) of type t-(v, K, @l) if B = (B"i: i @e I) is a family of subsets of X, called blocks, such that: (i) |X| = v @e N, where N is the set of positive integers; (ii) 1=
Performance analysis of multicast algorithms for mobile satellite communication networks1The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.1

With the rise of mobile computing and an increasing need for ubiquitous high-speed data connections, Internet-in-the-sky solutions are becoming increasingly viable. To reduce the network overhead of one-to-many transmissions, the multicast protocol has been devised. The implementation of multicast in these low earth orbit (LEO) constellations is a critical component to achieving an omnipresent network environment. This paper examines the system performance associated with two terrestrial-based multicast mobility solutions, distance vector multicast routing protocol (DVMRP) with mobile IP and on demand multicast routing protocol (ODMRP). These protocols are implemented and simulated in a satellite LEO constellation. Results from the simulation trials show the ODMRP protocol provided greater than 99% reliability in packet deliverability, at the cost of more than 8 bits of overhead for every 1 bit of data for multicast groups with multiple sources. In contrast, DVMRP proved robust and scalable, with data-to-overhead ratios increasing logarithmically with membership levels. DVMRP also had less than 70ms of average end-to-end delay, providing stable transmissions at high loading and membership levels.
Visualization of boiling bubble dynamics using a flat uniformly heated transparent surface

Bubble dynamics in saturated pool boiling of R-123 with and without an applied electric field have been investigated using a novel, flat, transparent heated surface. This method allows viewing and measurement of bubble dynamics from the entire heater surface without interference from the fluid or other bubbles. The data have been used to quantify the effect of an electric field on the latent heat contribution to the total heat flux and to demonstrate the effectiveness of this experimental technique. For a given heat flux, the application of the electric field reduces the surface temperature, thereby suppressing boiling and reducing the latent heat contribution.
The determination of protoveratrine

Abstract The protoveratrine A and B complex can be quantitatively separated into its component alkaloids by partition chromatography over Celite® in which a mixture of pH 3.5 buffer and ethylene glycol is incorporated as immobile phase. Benzene elutes the protoveratrine A, while ethylene chloride elutes the protoveratrine B. Each alkaloid is uncontaminated by the other. A quantitative determination of protoveratrine is described, in which passage of a chloroform solution of the alkaloid over a partition chromatographic column containing cblorophenol red in the immobile phase removes quantities of dye proportional to the quantity of alkaloid.
A note on the interactions among monetary policy, the tax structure and equilibrium output

Abstract The proposition that the level of real income is independent of the money stock, originally discussed by quantity theorists, is currently being debated in terms of the rational expectations hypothesis. In this paper, we consider the interactions among monetary policy, the tax structure, and the supply side of the economy and show a potentially important qualification to this proposition. Further, we argue that the impact of monetary policy on output may be perverse.
Canopy processing of acidic precipitation by coniferous and hardwood forests in New England.

There are several important factors that may influence how forest canopies interact with acidic deposition, including forest community species composition, phenological status, and differences in atmospheric loading of strong acids. Results from comparative throughfall chemistry studies in New Hampshire, where precipitation pH is 4.1, indicate that northern hardwood canopies produce a throughfall solution chemistry that is less acid and higher in basic cations than either direct precipitation or throughfall solutions derived from nearby subalpine balsam fir forests. Neutralization of acid precipitation in the hardwood canopy appears to occur through two major processes: ion exchange removal of free H+ by the foliage, and Bronsted base leaching from the plant canopy. Data obtained during the period of senescence preceding leaf-drop suggest a strong link between alkalinity release and potassium leaching in the hardwood canopy. Compared with the hardwood canopy, the coniferous forest canopy exhibits several distinct quantitative differences in canopy processing.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia in developing countries: perspectives from Latin America in the post-tyrosine kinase inhibitor era.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently the first line treatment for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in countries with high and intermediate-high gross national income. Hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) in these countries is considered salvage therapy for eligible patients who failed TKI or progress to advanced disease stages. In Latin America, treatment for CML also changed with availability of TKI in the region. However, many challenges remain, as the cost of this class of medication and recommended monitoring is high. CML treatment practices in Latin America demonstrate that the majority of patients are treated with TKI at some point after diagnosis, most commonly imatinib mesylate, but still TKI can only be used after interferon failure in some countries. Other treatment practices are different from established international guidelines, outlying the importance of continuing medical education. Allogeneic HCT is a treatment option for CML in this region and could be considered a cost-e...
High Pressure Infrared Studies Of Aqueous Lipid Assemblies

Infrared spectra of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers in water have been measured over the pressure range 0 to 35 kbar. Discontinuities in the pressure dependencies of various infrared spectral parameters indicate that structural phase transitions occur at 1.7, 4.8 and 15 kbar. Pressure-induced changes in the CH2 bond angle and in the chain orientation are evident. Pressure also affects the dispersion of,various vibrational frequencies resulting in drastic changes of the Fermi resonance interaction between the symmetric CH2 stretching mode and the continuum of the binary combination of the CH2 bending mode.
DNA Binding and Uptake by Nuclei Isolated from Plant Protoplasts: Fate of Single-stranded Bacteriophage fd DNA

Binding and uptake of exogenous DNA by nuclei isolated from Glycine max L. Merr were studied using 3 H-labeled single-stranded DNA of bacteriophage fd. A comparison of single-stranded with double-stranded DNA for binding and uptake by nuclei was also made. Isolated nuclei were incubated with 3 H-labeled single-stranded bacteriophage fd DNA. Poly-l-lysine or DEAE-dextran at 0.1 and 1 μg/ml stimulated DNA binding. On the other hand, poly-l-lysine at 1 and 5 μg/ml increased DNA uptake but DEAE-dextran did not. Ten to 20 mm Ca and Mg ions were required for DNA uptake. EDTA (1-20 mm) did not differ from the control or the low levels of Ca or Mg ions. These observations on single-stranded fd DNA differed from those obtained with double-stranded DNA of Salmonella typhimurium . Kinetics of single-stranded DNA binding and uptake also deviated from that of double-stranded DNA. Analyses of nuclei-bound DNA by sucrose density gradient and CsCI density gradient centrifugation revealed extensive DNA degradation during a 45-minute incubation period. Poly-l-lysine protected against rapid degradation of bound DNA. DEAE-dextran enhanced DNA binding, but bound DNA was cleaved into much smaller polymers than those detected in control experiments or in the presence of poly-l-lysine. Sucrose density gradient and CsCI density gradient centrifugation analyses on DNA taken up by nuclei also showed extensive DNA degradation. Poly-l-lysine slightly inhibited DNA degradation, but DEAE-dextran appeared to enhance degradation of incorporated DNA. Moreover, nonbound DNA in the incubation medium was completely degraded within a 20-minute incubation period.
Continuity of utility-maximization with respect to preferences

This paper provides an easy verifiable regularity condition under which the investor’s utility maximizer depends continuously on the description of her preferences in a general incomplete financial setting. Specifically, we extend the setting of Jouini and Napp (2004) to 1) noise generated by a general continuous semi-martingale and 2) the market price of risk is allowed to be a general adapted process satisfying a mild integrability condition. This extension allows us to obtain positive results for both the mean-reversion model of Kim & Omberg (1996) and the stochastic volatility model of Heston (1993). Finally, we provide an example set forth in Samuelsen’s complete financial model illustrating that without imposing additional regularity the continuity property of the investor’s optimizer can fail.
Particulate matter distributions, chemistry and flux in the panama basin: response to environment forcing

Multidisciplinary studies of the particle cycle were carried out during two cruises in July–August and November–December 1979 at 5°N 82°W in the Panama Basin as part of the Sediment Trap Intercomparison Experiment (STIE) and Composition, Flux and Transfer Experiments (C-FATE). Measurements included: primary production; new production; hydrography; nutrient distributions; 12-kHz echo sounding; macrozooplankton biomass and group abundances; microzooplankton group abundances; vertical distributions, chemistry, and morphology of suspended and sinking particulate matter; and vertical particulate matter fluxes. Comparisons were made among particle fluxes determined by several means. Size distributions of fecal matter and fecal pellets determined on samples from the Large Volume in-situ Filtration System (LVFS) were used in settling models to calculate vertical particle fluxes. These results were compared with fluxes estimated from measurements of new production, with fluxes determined by short-term deployments of sediment traps in the upper 300m, and with fluxes recorded by moored time-series traps at 1268m. Previous C-FATE results had shown that the rates of primary production and new production are determined by the physical and chemical environment of the euphotic zone at this location. Results presented here indicate that new production and particle flux are in balance in the euphotic zone on the time scale of days. The data also demonstrate that particulate matter distributions, chemistry and fluxes in the water column extending from the euphotic zone to 1000m are closely related to rates of primary production and new production in the euphotic zone. Finally, the data show that the vertical particle flux gradient in the upper 1000m is determined by the instantaneous distributions, feeding activities, and migratory behaviour of zooplankton and fish present in the water column.
A role for N-cadherin in mesodermal morphogenesis during gastrulation

Cell adhesion molecules mediate numerous developmental processes necessary for the segregation and organization of tissues. Here we show that the zebrafish biber (bib) mutant encodes a dominant allele at the N-cadherin locus. When knocked down with antisense oligonucleotides, bib mutants phenocopy parachute (pac) null alleles, demonstrating that bib is a gain-of-function mutation. The mutant phenotype disrupts normal cell-cell contacts throughout the mesoderm as well as the ectoderm. During gastrulation stages, cells of the mesodermal germ layer converge slowly; during segmentation stages, the borders between paraxial and axial tissues are irregular and somite borders do not form; later, myotomes are fused. During neurulation, the neural tube is disorganized. Although weaker, all traits present in bib mutants were found in pac mutants. When the distribution of N-cadherin mRNA was analyzed to distinguish mesodermal from neuroectodermal expression, we found that N-cadherin is strongly expressed in the yolk cell and hypoblast in the early gastrula, just preceding the appearance of the bib mesodermal defects. Only later is N-cadherin expressed in the anlage of the CNS, where it is found as a radial gradient in the forming neural plate. Hence, besides a well-established role in neural and somite morphogenesis, N-cadherin is essential for morphogenesis of the mesodermal germ layer during gastrulation.
Jonathan Edwards and the lapsarian debate

Contrary to what might be expected from such a thinker, Jonathan Edwards was restrained in conversation with the Reformed debate about the order of the divine decrees, known as the infralapsarian/supralapsarian debate. I will address Edwards's caution regarding this particular debate: first, by tracing the contours of the broader Reformed debate on the divine decrees and its evolution from engagement of Arminian theology to that of theodicy; second, by noting where Edwards does not speak to this debate and exegeting the few passages where he does take it up; third, by analysing the particular questions that Edwards addresses when he does engage the debate; fourth, by pointing to constructive lessons gained by understanding why a careful thinker might be atypically silent. I will demonstrate that Edwards engaged the lapsarian debate insofar as was necessary to rebuke the Arminian denial of unconditional election, yet he refused to engage the debate as a means of articulating a theodicy. In both his engagement and disengagement, Edwards refused to answer the debate on its standard terms and offers an example of carefully crafting doctrine according to theological and contextual concerns.