cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of vehicle silhouettes on perceptions of car environmental friendliness and safety in 2009 and 2016: a comparative study

Automakers are interested in creating optimal car shapes that can visually convey environmental friendliness and safety to customers. This research examined the influence of vehicle form on perceptions based on two subjective inference measures: safety and perceived environmental friendliness (PEF). A within-subjects study was conducted in 2009 (Study 1) to study how people would evaluate 20 different vehicle silhouettes created by designers in industry. Participants were asked to evaluate forms on several scales, including PEF, safety, inspired by nature, familiarity, and overall preference. The same study was repeated in 2016 (Study 2). The results from the first study showed an inverse relationship between PEF and perceptions of safety. That is, vehicles that appeared to be safe were perceived to be less environmentally friendly, and vice versa. Participants in the second study showed a similar trend, but not as strongly as the 2009 participants. Several shape variables were identified to be correlated with participants’ PEF and safety ratings. The changes in the trend of participants’ evaluations over seven years were also discussed. These results can provide designers with insights into how to create car shapes with balanced PEF and safety in the early design stage.
Renewable Hydrogen-Economically Viable: Integration into the U.S. Transportation Sector

The U.S. transportation sector is expected to meet numerous goals in differing applications. These goals address security, safety, fuel source, emissions reductions, advanced mobility models, and improvements in quality and accessibility. Solutions to meeting these goals include a variety of alternative-fuel technologies, including batteries, fuel cells, synthetic fuels, and biofuels, as well as modifying how current transportation systems are used and integrating new systems, such as storing renewable energy. Overall, there are many combinations of problems, objectives, and solutions.
A formula for solution separation without subset solutions for advanced RAIM

Advanced RAIM (ARAIM) algorithms developed for aviation can be applied in situations where the probabilities of fault are arbitrarily high. However, with large probabilities, the user receiver needs to protect against a large number of fault modes (which results from the combination of simultaneous independent faults). In baseline ARAIM algorithms, the user receiver must compute a fault tolerant position solution for each fault mode (computed using the subset of the available measurements that would not be affected by the fault mode), or at least its error covariance. After showing how to use a solution separation algorithm without computing the fault tolerant position solutions, we present a technique to obtain upper bounds on the subset error covariance for a given subset size. This upper bound does not require the computation of every subset error covariance, and can be computed without additional matrix inversions. We evaluate the potential of this technique by examining a specific satellite geometry.
Generating Geometric Models through Self-Organizing Maps

A new algorithm for generating shape models using a Self-Organizing map (SOM) is presented. The aim of the model is to develop an approach for shape representation and classification to detect differences in the shape of anatomical structures. The Self-Organizing map requires specification of the number of clusters in advance, but does not depend upon the choice of an initial contour. This technique has the advantage of generating shape representation of each cluster and classifying given contours simultaneously. To measure the closeness between two contours, the area difference method is used. The Self-Organizing map is combined with the area difference method and is applied to human heart cardiac borders. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in generating shape representation and classification of given various human heart cardiac borders.
Pediatric Brain Tumors: Application of Stratification Criteria to Refine Patient Management

Current treatment strategies for children with brain tumors focus on improving outcome for tumor types that have historically been relatively resistant to therapy, and reducing treatment-related sequelae for children with therapy-responsive tumors. Refinements in clinical and molecular stratification for many types of childhood brain tumors have facilitated these efforts to achieve risk-adapted treatment planning. In some instances, molecular characterization approaches have also yielded insights into new therapeutic targets. This chapter reviews advances in stratification approaches for several of the most common types of childhood brain tumors, including high- and low-grade gliomas, medulloblastomas and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), and infant brain tumors, and discusses how new information regarding the biological features critical to tumorigenesis is being translated into novel therapeutic approaches for these challenging tumors.
Programming with MATLAB for Scientists : A Beginner's Introduction

This book offers an introduction to the basics of MATLAB programming to scientists and engineers. The author leads with engaging examples to build a working knowledge, specifically geared to those with science and engineering backgrounds. The reader is empowered to model and simulate real systems, as well as present and analyze everyday data sets. In order to achieve those goals, the contents bypass excessive "under the hood" details, and instead gets right down to the essential, practical foundations for successful programming and modeling. Readers will benefit from the following features: Teaches programming to scientists and engineers using a problem-based approach, leading with illustrative and interesting examples. Emphasizes a hands-on approach, with "must know" information and minimal technical details. Utilizes examples from science and engineering to showcase the application of learned concepts on real problems. Showcases modeling of real systems, gradually advancing from simpler to more challenging problems. Highlights the practical uses of data processing and analysis in everyday life.
Overutilization of Computed Tomography for Odontogenic Infections.

Purpose There is clear overuse of computed tomography (CT) in the emergency setting, which is associated with a long-term potential for malignancy. This study aimed to determine the rate of overuse of CT for odontogenic infection workup and the correlation of history and physical examination (H&P) findings to diagnose moderate- to high-risk infections. Materials and Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was implemented to determine the rate of overuse of CT for odontogenic infections. Included patients presented through the emergency department for evaluation of an odontogenic infection. CT was deemed unnecessary if patients presented without “red-flag” signs at physical examination, which included voice change, elevated floor of mouth, signs of inflammation of deep fascial spaces, periorbital edema, nonpalpable inferior border of the mandible, dyspnea, dysphagia or odynophagia, and trismus. Patients could have no evidence of involvement of a moderate- to high-risk space or airway change at CT. Infection severity was low, moderate, or high risk based on anatomic proximity to the airway and critical structures. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive and negative predictive values of H&P findings to predict moderate- to high-risk infections were calculated and included 95% confidence intervals. Results For the 470 included patients, 389 CT scans were performed, with 220 (56.6%) deemed unnecessary. Unnecessary scans were most prevalent in patients with low-risk infections, in whom 284 CT scans were performed, with 222 (78.2%) deemed unnecessary. There was a strong correlation between red-flag signs and moderate- to high-risk infections. Conclusion There is overuse of CT for odontogenic infections that is most prevalent in low-risk infections without indicative findings in the workup. H&P findings can help accurately diagnose a higher-risk infection before subjecting a patient to CT.
Rare recurrence of apical ballooning (takotsubo) syndrome in an elderly man

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is an under recognised clinical entity characterised by acute reversible left ventricular systolic dysfunction that mimics acute myocardial infarction in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease; typically occurring in the setting of profound stress.1 ABS disproportionately affects older women and recurrences are infrequent. We, hereby, describe a rare phenomenon of recurrent ABS in an elderly male patient, 10 years apart, presenting with the same left ventricular morphological appearance following non-cardiac surgeries. The case illustrates the importance of considering ABS in the differential diagnosis of perioperative acute myocardial infarction in older men undergoing major surgery.
Feasibility study of using flattening-filter-free photon beams to deliver conventional flat beams.

Abstract Various dosimetric benefits such as increased dose rate, and reduced leakage and out of field dose have led to the growth of flattening-filter-free (FFF) technology in the clinic. In this study, we concentrate on investigating the feasibility of using FFF beams to deliver conventional flat beams, since completely getting rid of the flattening-filter module from the gantry head can not only simplify the gantry design but also decrease the workload on machine maintenance and quality assurance. Two intensity modulated radiotherapy techniques, step-and-shoot (S&S) and sliding window (SW), were used to generate flat beam profiles for 6 regular-shaped beams and 3 clinical beams while operating in FFF mode. The inverse plans were generated based on uniform dose optimization. Degree of flatness, MU efficiency, and beam delivery time for both methods were assessed. S&S technique is able to achieve a degree of flatness less than 2.5% for most field configurations. While SW technique was able to generate relatively flat beams for field sizes less than 18 × 18 cm2. For all field configurations, S&S beams resulted in a longer delivery time compared to reference flat beams and SW beams. For field sizes less than 18 × 18 cm2, SW modulated FFF beams resulted in a faster delivery time compared to reference flat beams. The ability to deliver conventional flat beams is not absent when operating in FFF mode. Utilizing beam modulation, FFF mode can achieve reasonable flat profiles and comparable efficiency to conventional flat beams. The ability to deliver most clinical treatments from the same treatment unit will allow for less quality assurance as well as maintenance, and completely eliminate the need for the flattening filter on modern linacs.
The Role of Partisan Gerrymandering in U.S. Elections

The literature on partisan bias in U.S. redistricting has emphasized the role of incidental or accidental causes like incumbency and political geography, while questioning the importance of deliberate gerrymandering. I reconsider this settled understanding with a wider range of data, a robust difference-in-differences design, and a new measure of bias called the “efficiency gap” that measures the differential wasted votes of a gerrymander directly. I show that the accepted notion of a null effect for gerrymandering was appropriate for an earlier time period, but that gerrymandering has played a much larger and more durable role in the last two rounds of redistricting. I conclude that it is no longer certain that gerrymandering will play a modest role in the future.
Measures of Effectiveness (MoEs) for MarineNet: A Case Study for a Smart e-Learning Organization.

MarineNet is an US Marine Corps system that provides one-stop shop and 24/7 access to thousands of online courses, videos, and educational materials for the whole Marine Corps. The need for the e-learning organization is to identify the significant capabilities and measures of effectiveness (MoEs) for appropriate e-learning, and then design and identify how to collect and analyze the big data to achieve an effective integration of analytic within the MarineNet learning ecosystem. We show this as a use case and the sample data of the MarineNet CDET website on how to design MoEs that can guide how to collect big data, analyze and learn from users’ behavior data such as clickstreams to optimize all stakeholders’ interests and results for a typical e-organization. We also show the processes and deep analytics for exploratory and predictive analysis. The framework helps e-organization determine where investment is best spent to create the biggest impact for performance results.
Incidental Finding of Oral White Lesions Due to Tobacco Chewing - A Case Report

The diagnosis of oral white lesions might be quite challenging. White lesions are only 5% of all oral pathologies. Smokeless tobacco (ST), also known as tobacco chewing, spit tobacco, dip, plug, or chew, is one of the well-documented agents that causes white lesions. The use of ST is associated with a variety of oral cavity lesions, including tooth decay, periodontal disease, tooth loss, leukoplakia, keratosis, oral cancers such as carcinoma-in situ, verrucous carcinoma, and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The prevalence and severity of lesions are dose related. Therefore, it can be best predicted by the amount, frequency, and duration of ST used. This case report highlights an unusual presentation of an adolescent child presenting in the orthodontic retention phase that was originally misdiagnosed as gingival recession due to treatment. A clinical examination of the oral cavity and careful history taken should be routinely performed in every patient presenting at a dental office.
Emergency department visits for nontraumatic dental conditions: a systematic literature review

Objective To summarize the literature on factors associated with emergency department (ED) use for nontraumatic dental conditions (NTDCs). Methods Following a database search, empirical studies were included if they examined factors associated with ED visits for NTDCs. The factors identified in these studies were further categorized using the Andersen Behavioral Model. Where appropriate, odds ratios (ORs) predicting the likelihood of NTDC ED visits were extracted to obtain summary estimates using random effects models. Results Sixty-three articles were included. Nontraumatic dental ED visits made up about 2.2 percent of all ED visits. Having public health insurance coverage such as Medicaid [OR = 2.17, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 1.79-2.64], and being uninsured (OR = 2.80, 95 percent CI = 2.39-3.39) were predictive of ED visits for NTDCs. Adults were more likely to use the ED for NTDCs compared to children and older adults. Rural adults had increased odds of ED use for NTDCs compared to urban adults (OR = 1.31, 95 percent CI = 1.12-1.52). Among younger children, regular dental care without sealant placement was associated with increased ED use for NTDCs. In the United States, both expansion and restriction of Medicaid dental coverage for adults were associated with increased ED visits for NTDCs. Conclusions Policy makers and health care providers should address modifiable factors such as accessible dental care for the uninsured, and comprehensive dental coverage for those with public dental benefits. Targeted interventions should focus on young adults, children with special needs, and subpopulations with low socioeconomic status and chronic health conditions.
Abuse deterrent opioids

Prescription opioid abuse is a growing problem that has become a critical public health issue. The development of abuse-resistant opioid formulations is an emerging strategy aimed at curbing the abuse of opioid analgesics. Over the next few months to years, new products within this category will enter the market. This article serves to provide an introduction to many of the upcoming formulations that may find their way into the therapeutic arsenal of pain management practitioners.
Degloving Soft Tissue Injuries of the Extremity: Characterization, Categorization, Outcomes, and Management.

We aimed to identify degloving soft tissue injury (DSTI) patient characteristics, injury and reconstruction patterns, and factors affecting outcomes of DSTI injuries to propose a reconstructive protocol for these injuries. Methods A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with DSTIs of an extremity over a 22-year period has been done. Results 188 patients with 201 extremity DSTIs were included. Mean patient age was 37 years, with follow-up of 19.6 months. In total, 96% of injuries were related to motor vehicles or machinery, and 74.6% of DSTIs had injuries to structures deep to skin/subcutis. The avulsed tissue was utilized in reconstruction in 71.6% of cases and 86.8% of these experienced some loss of the used avulsed tissues. Of the total cases, 82% employed skin grafting in reconstruction. Dermal regeneration templates were used in 32% of patients. An estimated 86.5% of patients had negative pressure wound therapy utilized. Of the injured patients, 21% required flap reconstruction and 22% required some form of amputation. Age, body mass index, and tobacco use did not increase perioperative complications or amputation. DSTIs with injury to structures deep to skin/subcutis were associated with negative pressure wound therapy use (P = 0.02). DSTIs with underlying fractures required more procedures to reach reconstruction completion (P = 0.008), had more minor (P = 0.49) and major perioperative complications (P = 0.001), longer time to heal (P = 0.002), and increased need for amputation (P = 0.02). Conclusions Factors affecting the reconstructive management and outcome of DSTIs include injury to structures deep to the skin/subcutis. We categorized DSTIs based on the level of injury and proposed a systematic approach to extremity DSTIs which may be utilized by plastic surgeons and other surgical services to manage these complex injuries.
Presidential Signing Statements and the Durability of the Law

Prior literature suggests that presidents use signing statements to unilaterally move policy closer to their own ideal point after Congress has already voted on and passed a particular bill. However, Congress retains the ability to revisit and amend the law by passing another bill. In this sense, a presidential signing statement may make a law less durable and more likely to be amended in the future. To investigate this relationship, matching methods are applied to laws created during the 95th to the 107th Congress in order to demonstrate the specific influence of presidential signing statements on future congressional amendment activity. The results of the analysis lend support to the theory that laws receiving presidential signing statements are in fact more likely to be revisited and revised by Congress. These findings add to the literature both on presidential signing statements as well as the evolution of laws.
Mucosal eosinophils, mast cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes in youth with rumination syndrome.

BACKGROUND Rumination syndrome has been associated with increased duodenal eosinophils and intraepithelial lymphocytes in adults. The aims of the current study were to assess densities of antroduodenal eosinophils and mast cells and duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes in youth with rumination syndrome and to compare cell densities in those with and without abdominal pain or early satiety. METHODS Twenty-eight youth fulfilling Rome IV criteria for rumination syndrome who had undergone endoscopy were identified and compared to 10 controls. Antral and duodenal biopsies were assessed to determine densities of eosinophils, mast cells, and intraepithelial lymphocytes. Cell densities were also compared between rumination patients with and without abdominal pain and those with and without early satiety. KEY RESULTS Antral mast cell (peak 18.5±6.5 vs. 12.5±2.7) and eosinophil (peak 9.6±5.2 vs. 4.9±2.1) densities were significantly greater in patients with rumination syndrome as compared to controls. Duodenal intraepithelial lymphocyte densities were also increased in rumination syndrome (18.9 ± 5.1 vs. 11.7 ± 1.5; p<.001). Associations were independent of the presence of abdominal pain or early satiety. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES In conclusion, we found an increase in eosinophil and mast cell densities in the gastric antrum and an increase in intraepithelial lymphocytes in the duodenum in youth with rumination syndrome which was independent of the presence of abdominal pain or early satiety. These findings suggest a potential role for inflammation in the pathophysiology of rumination syndrome. Future studies should address whether treatment directed at these cells are beneficial in treating rumination syndrome.
Imaging of the Pediatric Temporomandibular Joint.

ABSTRACT Interpretation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) imaging in pediatrics requires an understanding of the normal appearance and developmental changes which occur at this joint during childhood. These developmental changes include morphologic changes and changes in bone marrow signal on MRI that should not be confused with pathology. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause for imaging TMJ pathology in children. We will review current guidelines for imaging and grading TMJ pathology in JIA, as well as less frequent pathology which can occur at the TMJ.
Abstract LB254: PKA signaling: a friend or foe to pediatric medulloblastoma

Pediatric brain tumor is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in pediatric patients ranging 0-19 years of age. Medulloblastoma is one of the most commonly occurring brain tumor in children. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) activated subgroup of medulloblastoma is considered to be highly aggressive and metastatic in nature. Recent studies and oncomine, a cancer microarray database has shown that GABAA receptor is down regulated in pediatric medulloblastoma. In this study, we have evaluated the anti-cancer effects of an anthelminthic drug ‘moxidectin9 a GABAA receptor agonist. Treatment of medulloblastoma cells with moxidectin, resulted in reduced Protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Leading to the inhibition of Gli1, a major transcription factor of non-canonical Shh signaling. Moxidectin has inhibited the proliferation of Daoy, UW426, UW228, ONS76, and PFSK1 medulloblastoma cells and significantly induced apoptosis in a concentration and time dependent manner in all the cell lines. Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that moxidectin treatment significantly induced GABAA receptor expression and inhibited cAMP mediated PKA signaling. As a result, the non-canonical activation of Gli1 and its downstream effector molecules such as Pax-6, Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog were also inhibited by moxidectin treatment. Efficacy of moxidectin was also evaluated in subcutaneous and intracranial medulloblastoma tumor models. Our results demonstrated that daily oral administration of 2.5 mg/kg moxidectin suppressed the growth of medulloblastoma tumors by 55-70% in subcutaneous and intracranial models. Ex-vivo analysis of tumors by western blotting, IHC, TUNEL and HE 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB254.
The historical structuring of the U.S. tourism workforce: a critical review

Although tourism jobs have been acknowledged as being low-wage, low-quality, and at times even dangerous, investigations have yet to look at the historical development of such characteristics. Usin...
Specialized Technology Education for Pumps & Pens in Underserved Populations with Diabetes (STEPP-UP).

Background Healthcare disparities in the use of diabetes devices are particularly prevalent, especially given the high levels of health literacy and numeracy needed to understand their use. Methods To reduce this gap, we created lower literacy, English and Spanish, multicultural guides for insulin pen and pump use. Focus groups provided input, non-branded illustrations were designed, and simplified text was developed. The guides were implemented in our clinic for under-resourced individuals in East Los Angeles, California. Subjects given the low literacy guides participated in guide-driven individual and group education, and measures were administered at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Results 63 adults with T1D were included, and 43 (68%) completed all 12 months of the study. Initial HbA1c was 9.2 +/- 1.97 (SD) with no change over the study course (12-month A1C = 9.3 +/-1.92). However, participants showed significantly reduced psychological distress due to diabetes, increased diabetes knowledge, improved self-report of health, and a trend toward reduced depression. There was also a reduction in rates of DKA. There was also a reduction in rates of DKA. There was no change in rates of hypoglycemia, although there was an increase in fear of hypoglycemia. Conclusions Appropriately targeted teaching guides can be used to improve various patient-reported outcomes in people with T1D, specifically overall self-report of health, distress due to diabetes, and diabetes knowledge. Targeted teaching guides also achieved improvements in rates of DKA in T1D. While these results are encouraging, more work is needed to make a significant impact on glycemic control.
Analysis of Feedback, Enabling Conditions and Fairness Perceptions of Teachers in Three School Districts with New Standards-Based Evaluation Systems

This article reports findings from qualitative case studies of three different school districts that have experience with similar teacher evaluation systems. The study focuses in depth on teachers' responses to feedback, enabling conditions, and perceptions of fairness of systems that have extended beyond a pilot stage. A conceptual model is used to organize the data related these variables using domains of teaching practice, explicit standards, and detailed performance rubrics. The results are discussed in view of contextual variables framing implementation of the teacher evaluation systems in these three districts. Issues related to use of a single set of evaluation criteria, principals as evaluators, how to balance evaluation burdens with making reliable and valid decisions, human resource alignment and training in teacher evaluation systems are discussed. Sets of researchable propositions are formulated that address these issues and the findings are discussed in view of developing and implementing standards-based teacher evaluation systems.
The Anthropology of Korea: East Asian Perspectives

The Anthropology of Korea: East Asian Perspectives. Mutsuhiko Shima and Roger L. Janelli. eds. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 1998. 237 pp.
Observations upon the role of the sex hormones in the development of bony pelvic conformation

Abstract The bony pelves of 13 males and 5 females who exhibited the absence of secondary sexual characteristics because of disease or deficiency of the anterior pituitary gland, or because of absence or functional deficiency of the gonads, were studied roentgenologically. In all instances some of the characteristics appropriate for the particular sex were observed, though in not a few stigmas of incomplete development and characteristics of the opposite sex were present also. It was concluded that the sex hormones are not the primary determinants of the sexual characteristics of the bony pelvis, though it was conjectured that they may aid in the maturation of the pelvis in the proper direction, and, indeed, the possibility of the variations in the shape of adult pelves sometimes being on a hormonal basis cannot be dismissed.
Electronic Discovery: Rules for a Digital Age

Electronically stored information has become the dominant form of discovery in the litigation process. The duty to preserve and produce evidence that is discoverable in pending or anticipated litigation has led to unique problems in electronic discovery. Electronically stored information is more voluminous than paper discovery and can be stored or produced in a variety of formats. These issues have contributed to increased litigation costs. Additionally, electronic discovery has contributed to an increase in the unintentional disclosure of privileged information, which can have significant consequences to litigants. With seemingly unlimited ways to retrieve data, Congress and the Judiciary have responded to these issues by making changes to both the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE) and Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (F.R.C.P). These changes addressed the prevalence and scope of electronically stored information and its impact on the discovery process. The Amendments’ design could work to control and allocate costs, address issues unique to electronic data, and protect against accidental waiver of the attorney-client privilege in electronically stored information. The ubiquitous nature of electronically stored information has increased the complexity and cost of compliance. This article examines the differences between hard copy and electronic discovery and how electronic discovery has complicated the litigation process. It analyzes the issues that surround electronic discovery, including the preservation and production of electronic documents, whether production of metadata is required, ethical issues of metadata, the allocation of discovery costs, privilege, waiver of privilege, and spoliation. Further, this article reviews the history of electronic discovery, leading to the 2006 amendments to the F.R.C.P., and the 2008 amendment to the FRE 502.
Design and construction of a multimode circularly polarized monopulse tracking feed for high-power application in a cassegrain reflector system

The paper describes a feed which was built for the 120-foot diameter Cassegrain antenna system of the Haystack radar. With this feed the system will operate over a band of frequencies from 7700 to 8400 Mcps, and it will produce a pencil beam of total half-power width of about 4 minutes of arc. The system will radiate a signal level as high as 100 kw average, and it will provide monopulse tracking with circular polarization.
Homework exercises can be found all over the place

This paper gives an overview of some applications of computing in the arena of serving as the editor of a scholarly journal. The discussion is then focused on adaptation of portions of the system as homework exercises.
Open collaboration in the public sector : the case of social coding on GitHub

Abstract Open collaboration has evolved as a new form of innovation creation in the public sector. Government organizations are using online platforms to collaborative create or contribute to public sector innovations with the help of external and internal problem solvers. Most recently the U.S. federal government has encouraged agencies to collaboratively create and share open source code on the social coding platform GitHub and allow third parties to share their changes to the code. A community of government employees is using the social coding site GitHub to share open source code for software and website development, distribution of data sets and research results, or to seek input to draft policy documents. Quantitative data extracted from GitHub's application programming interface is used to analyze the collaboration ties between contributors to government repositories and their reuse of digital products developed on GitHub by other government entities in the U.S. federal government. In addition, qualitative interviews with government contributors in this social coding environment provide insights into new forms of co-development of open source digital products in the public sector.
Characterization of Nd1 − x Sr x CoO3 − δ ( 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.5 ) Cathode Materials for Intermediate Temperature SOFCs

The crystal chemistry, thermal expansion behavior, electrical conductivity, chemical compatibility, and electrochemical performance in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) of Nd 1 - x Sr x CoO 3 - δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) perovskite oxides have been investigated. The samples crystallize in an orthorhombic structure, and the lattice volume increases with increasing Sr content, x. The thermal expansion coefficient decreases with x, reaches a minimum at x = 0.3, and then increases. The electrical conductivity increases with x, and the system exhibits a semiconductor-to-metal transition at around x = 0.3. The electrocatalytic activity and power density increase with increasing x, reaches a maximum around x = 0.4, and then decreases due to an interfacial reaction of the x = 0.5 sample with the electrolyte. The x = 0.4 sample shows a maximum power density value of 0.24 W/cm 2 at 800°C in single cells fabricated with the La 0 . 8 Sr 0 . 2 Ga 0 . 8 Mg 0 . 2 O 2 . 8 electrolyte and Ni-Ce 0 . 9 Gd 0 . 1 O 1 . 9 5 cermet anode.
Mutation on the External Gate Changes the pH-dependency of a CLC Cl-/H+ Exchanger

The CLC-ec1 is a bacterial homologue of the transporter-type CLC subclass that catalyzes transmembrane exchange of Cl− and H+. Gluex (E148 in CLC-ec1) is the pH-dependent external gate of both Cl− and H+ transport. The central tyrosine, Y445 (Tyrcen) coordinates the central Cl− ion and acts as the internal gate of the Cl− pathway. Gluin (E203) is remotely located to the internal Cl− gate and acts as the internal proton-transfer residue that delivers protons from the internal aqueous solution to the protein interior. Wild type CLC-ec1 has the pH-dependent Cl- flux: as the pH increased, the transport rate of Cl- is decreased. It has been shown that mutations on the Gluex lead to the loss of pH-dependency of Cl− flux while on the Gluin retain relatively intact pH-dependency. We therefore examined mutations of Gluex and their functional consequences on the pH-dependency. Mutations with neutral amino acids, A or Q (E148A or E148Q) completely lose H+ movement as well as pH-dependency of Cl− transport. E148H mutant also fail to transport H+, but strikingly reverses pH-dependent transport of Cl−, as does the doubly mutated transporter, E148H/E203H. These data support the idea that the pH-dependency is mainly came from the Gluex not Gluin. Currently, we are investigating the effect of other mutants having various ranges of pKa value and their structural and functional consequences.
A Comparative Analysis of a Shared (Inter)National Story: How Brazilian and US Presses Covered Sean Goldman’s Recovery

Journalists do not tell audiences the truth but versions of stories they understand to be true based on what they have seen and know. This comparative analysis of 41 US and Brazilian news reports investigates the first return of an international child abductee from the United States to Brazil and back: Sean Goldman. Framing theory along with the ideological level of the hierarchical model of news influences help clarify four salient latent news frames that arise when two somewhat similar nations with different press systems tell this (inter)national story: A game of high stakes; The muted prize ; US citizen superhero ; and Remember the press, forget the subject . That the players involved in the story come from the right race and class evidences how and why this one incident became a shared news event that rose to the highest offices of each land. More comparative studies about (inter)national journalistic practices and institutions are called for.
Self-efficacy, interest, and consideration of math/science and non-math/science occupations among Black freshmen

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine how self-efficacy and interests relate to consideration of math/science careers among Black freshmen. The findings indicate more factors influenced consideration of math/science occupations than non-math/science occupations; males considered a broader array of career choices than females; and self-efficacy and confidence play a more important role in career consideration for males than for females, for whom interests play a dominant role.
We are all Americans!: the Latin Americanization of racial stratification in the USA

Racial stratification in the United States has operated along bi-racial lines (White–non-White) for centuries.1 For demographic (the relative large size of the Black population) and historical reasons (the centrality of Blacks to the national economic development from the 17th to the middle part of the 20th century), the bi-racial order has been anchored on the Black–White experience (Feagin, 2000). Historically, those on the non-White side of the divide have shared similar experiences of colonialism, oppression, exploitation, and racialization (Amott & Matthaei, 1991). Hence, being non-White has meant having a restricted access to the multiple benefits or “wages of whiteness” (Roediger, 1991) such as good housing, decent jobs, and a good education. Nevertheless, the post-civil rights era has brought changes in how racial stratification seems to operate. For example, significant gaps in status have emerged between groups that previously shared a common denizen position in the racial order. Asian Americans in particular have almost matched the socioeconomic standing of Whites and, in some areas (e.g., educational attainment), have surpassed them.2 For example, in selective colleges across the nation, Asian Americans are represented at 3–10 times their national proportion (U.S. News and World Report, 2003). Another example of the changes is the high rate of interracial dating and marriage between Latinos and Whites and Asians and Whites (Moran, 2001; Qian & Lichter, 2000). These interracial unions, coupled with the collapse of formal segregation, have created the political space for “multiracial activists” to force the Census Bureau in 2000 to allow respondents to pick all the races they felt apply to them (Daniels, 2002; Parker & Song, 2001). Yet another instance of the changes in contemporary America is that few Whites endorse in surveys segregationist views. This has been heralded by some as reality as “the end of racism”
Application of microtrap-GC for continuous monitoring of organic emissions from a catalytic incinerator

In the last few years we have reported the development of a microtrap for the dual purpose of concentration and injection in continuous gas chromatography (GC) monitoring of air emissions. Microtrap-GC exhibits low detection limits, is functionally simple, and can be operated automatically. In this article we report its application in on-line monitoring of trace level organic emissions from a catalytic incinerator which is a widely used emission control device. The microtrap has been configured in two different ways; in a sequential valve microtrap (SVM) mode where it is connected in series with a gas sample valve and in a back-flush desorption mode referred to as the on-line microtrap backflush (OLMT-BF). ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 239–245, 1999
Impact of Assimilating SSM/I Rainfall Rates on Numerical Prediction of Winter Cyclones

Abstract A series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSE) and real data assimilation experiments were conducted to assess the impact of assimilating Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I)-estimated rainfall rates on limited-area model predictions of intense winter cyclones. For the OSSE, the slow-moving, fronto- and cyclogenesis along the cast coast of United States during the second intensive observation period (IOP 2) of the Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE) (26-28 January 1986) was selected as the test case. The perfect “observed” rainfall rates were obtained by an integration of a version of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) limited-area model, whereas the “forecast” was generated by a degraded version of the NRL model. A number of OSSEs were conducted in which the “observed” rainfall rates were assimilated into the “forecast” model. Rainfall rates of various data frequencies, different vertical beating profiles, various assimilation windows, and prescribed systematic errors were...
Some chelating ion-exchange resins containing ketoiminocarboxyclic acids as functional groups

Abstract A series of ion-exchange resins containing —COCH 2 N[(CH 2 ) m COOH 2 ] 2 groups has been synthesized. Additional analogues were prepared by means of the reaction of the carbonyl group with phosphorus trichloride or thioglycollic acid. The properties of these resins and the selectivity for different metal ions have also been investigated.
Developmental relationship between cholinergic amacrine cell processes and ganglion cell dendrites of the mouse retina.

Ganglion cells of the mammalian retina undergo structural remodeling before their dendrites are confined to functionally distinct laminas within the inner plexiform layer. It has been proposed that cholinergic amacrine cells provide laminar cues that remodel ganglion cell dendrites, because their processes stratify before those of the ganglion cells. To address this possibility, it is necessary to know whether cholinergic cells contact all or only some classes of ganglion cells during development. We, therefore, used two-photon microscopy to simultaneously reconstruct the dendritic arbors of different classes of ganglion cells and terminal processes of cholinergic cells in neonatal mouse retina. We determined that, after birth, cholinergic cells contacted only a subset of ganglion cells. Large bistratified cells (LBCs), resembling direction selective ganglion cells in other species, had dendrites that fasciculated with the cholinergic plexuses. The LBCs received numerous presynaptic cholinergic contacts shortly after birth. In contrast, large monostratified cells (LMCs), ramifying outside the cholinergic plexuses at maturity, received few, if any, cholinergic contacts even at early stages when their dendrites overlapped with the cholinergic processes. These observations suggest that cholinergic cells provide laminar cues for only subsets of ganglion cells. They also indicate that the synaptic organization between amacrine and ganglion cells may be specified early in development.
A new method to determine the base inertial parameters of planar mechanisms

Abstract This paper presents a simple method to determine the closed form base inertial parameters of general planar mechanisms. Based on mass transfer and moment of inertia transfer concepts, inertial parameter regrouping is physically interpreted. The relationships between inertial parameters of two jointed links are developed, leading to two propositions for inertia parameter regrouping of general moving links. For the unique configuration of moving links jointed to ground, two more propositions are presented. From these four propositions, base inertial parameters of a general planar mechanism can be easily formulated by inspection of the mechanism configuration. An equation to calculate the number of base parameters is also presented. Base parameters are estimated by this new method for several example planar mechanisms. This method gives all base parameters for general planar mechanisms, though in certain cases, it may overestimate the number of base parameters because certain kinematic configurations cause further regrouping of base parameters.
A dynamic view of the immunological synapse

T cell activation requires interactions of T cell antigen receptors (TCR) and peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCp) in an adhesive junction between the T cell and antigen-presenting cell. Stable junctions with bull's eye supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs) have been defined as immunological synapses (IS). These structures maintain T cell-APC interaction and allow directed secretion. T cells can also be activated by asymmetric hemi-synapses (HS) that allow migration during signal integration. IS and HS operate in different stages of T cell priming. Optimal effector functions may also depend upon cyclical use of IS and HS.
Effect of Orientation and Draining on Linear Spray Array Thermal Management

Spray cooling is a candidate solution for high heat flux cooling applications, and previous work has investigated the impact of parameters of conical sprays such as volumetric flux and Sauter mean diameter on heat transfer performance. However, there has been little work on the impact of drainage and spray orientation on spray performances. In addition, conical sprays are not very practical for large area coverage in compact packages, so this study, presents a novel arrangment that uses linear sprays impinging at an angle such that fluid management and uniform droplet coverage of large areas are both improved. Results for the heat transfer coefficient and CHF of a constrained, practical implementation of a spray array (as opposed to a laboratory-only geometry) are presented for FC-72, FC-40 and HFE-7000.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Decision-making roles adopted by university-educated women who travel for pleasure.

Abstract Females, especially those who are educated and pursuing a career, are thought to have different expectations for travel, roles in decision-making and attitudes towards travel. Further, the way in which they make decisions may be influenced by the generation into which they were born. The objective of this study then was to determine whether university-educated women's pleasure travel decision-making roles differed depending on generation. Results suggested that decision-making roles varied markedly based on generation, even when controlling for income. These results are useful to marketers interested in targeting this population and effectively utilizing advertising mediums as well as copy and graphics.
A Program for the T-Score Normal Standardizing Transformation

This FORTRAN program transforms raw values of a variable into T-scores having a normal distribution with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Options are available for the categorization of data, the assignment of missing data, and the merging of old input data records with new output records which contain T-scores of the variables for each case. New records alone or new plus old record output may be placed on cards, tape, or disk.
Upper Cayugan and Helderbergian Stratigraphy of Southeastern New York and Northern New Jersey

Study of stratigraphic sections in the Green Pond-Schunemunk Mountain outlier and along the main Silurian-Devonian outcrop belt 25 mi to the northwest has resulted in alteration and refinement of regional stratigraphic relations of Upper Cayugan and Helderbergian strata in southeastern New York and northern New Jersey. Many well-established stratigraphic units of New York and eastern Pennsylvania can be recognized in the outlier. Two new units in the outlier are here proposed—the Berkshire Valley Formation and the Orrs Mills Member of the Rondout Formation. A tentative paleoenvironmental analysis has resulted in the recognition of eight facies: fluvial redbed; supralittoral; littoral lagoonal; sublittoral lagoonal; biostromal reef; shallow sublittoral (crinoidal meadow and sandstone); intermediate sublittoral; and deep sublittoral arranged in basinward order. Seven recognizable time horizons were used in the establishment of stratigraphic correlations. The approximate geographic distribution of paleoenvironments at eight successive horizons during the late Cayugan and Helderbergian are shown on a series of lithofacies-paleoenvironmental maps. It can be inferred from these maps that the report area was situated on the eastern side of a generally deepening northern Appalachian basin. The northeast-trending shoreline was predominantly located within the report area, but at times receded to the west or advanced to the east. A sediment source was continually active in eastern Pennsylvania south of the main outcrop belt, whereas a source east of the northern portion of the outlier was active only during the late Helderbergian. During the deposition of the Berkshire Valley Formation, the southern part of the outlier appears to have acted as a strait that connected the northern Appalachian basin to a sea located to the south-east. The southern part of the outlier was subjected to rather extensive pre-Oriskany (Deerparkian) erosion, whereas pre-Oriskany erosion in the northern outlier was considerably less. On the other hand, deposition continued uninterrupted along the main outcrop belt throughout late Cayugan, Helderbergian, and Deerparkian time.