cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isotopic age of the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, Arizona: An example of dating a continental sandstone

Zircons from the Black Forest Bed, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, in Petrified Forest National Park, yield ages that range from Late Triassic to Late Archean. Grains were analyzed by multigrain TIMS (thermal-ionization mass spectrometry), single-crystal TIMS, and SHRIMP (sensitive, high-resolution ion-microprobe). Multiple-grain analysis yielded a discordia trajectory with a lower intercept of 207 6 2 Ma, which because of the nature of multiple-grain sampling of a detrital bed, is not considered conclusive. Analysis of 29 detrital-zircon grains by TIMS yielded UPb ages of 2706 6 6M a to 2066 6 Ma. Eleven of these ages lie between 211 and 216 6 6.8 Ma. Our statistical analysis of these grains indicates that the mean of the ages, 213 6 1.7 Ma, reflects more analytical error than geologic variability in sources of the grains. Grains with ages of ca. 1400 Ma were derived from the widespread plutons of that age exposed throughout the southwestern Cordillera and central United States. Twelve grains analyzed by SHRIMP provide 206 Pb*/ 238 U ages from 214 6 2M a to 200 6 4 Ma. We use these data to infer that cores of inherited material were present in many zircons and that single-crystal analysis provides an accurate estimation of the age of the bed. We further propose that, even if some degree of reworking has occurred, the very strong concentration of ages at ca. 213 Ma provides a maximum age for the Black Forest Bed of 213 6 1.7 Ma. The actual age of the bed may be closer to 209 Ma. Dating continental successions is very difficult when distinct ash beds are not clearly identified, as is the case in the Chinle Formation. Detrital zircons in the Black Forest Bed, however, are dominated by an acicular morphology with preserved delicate terminations. The shape of these crystals and their inferred environment of deposition in slow-water settings suggest that the crystals were not far removed from their site of deposition in space and likely not far in time. Plinian ash clouds derived from explosive eruptions along the early Mesozoic Cordilleran margin provided the crystals to the Chinle basin, where local conditions insured their preservation. In the case of the Black Forest Bed, the products of one major eruption may dominate the volcanic contribution to the unit. Volcanic detritus in the Chinle Formation was derived from multiple, distinct sources. Coarse pebble- to cobble-size material may have originated in eastern California and/or western Arizona, where Triassic plutons are exposed. Fine-grained detritus, in contrast, was carried in ash clouds that derived from caldera eruptions in east-central California or western Nevada.
Macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa differentiates AIDS from chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques

The relationship between recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphoid and gut tissues and disease in HIV and SIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we conducted cross-sectional analyses of dendritic cell (DC) subsets and CD163(+) macrophages in lymph nodes (LNs) and ileum of rhesus macaques with acute and chronic SIV infection and AIDS. In LNs significant differences were only evident when comparing uninfected and AIDS groups, with loss of myeloid DCs and CD103(+) DCs from peripheral and mesenteric LNs, respectively, and accumulation of plasmacytoid DCs and macrophages in mesenteric LNs. In contrast, there were fourfold more macrophages in ileum lamina propria in macaques with AIDS compared with chronic infection, and this increased to 40-fold in Peyer's patches. Gut macrophages exceeded plasmacytoid DCs and CD103(+) DCs by ten- to 17-fold in monkeys with AIDS but were at similar low frequencies as DCs in chronic infection. Gut macrophages in macaques with AIDS expressed IFN-α and TNF-α consistent with cell activation. CD163(+) macrophages also accumulated in gut mucosa in acute infection but lacked expression of IFN-α and TNF-α. These data reveal a relationship between inflammatory macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa and disease and suggest a role for macrophages in AIDS pathogenesis.
Towards a Narratological Analysis of the Romantic Lied: Events, Voice, and Focalization in Nineteenth-Century German Poetry and Music

Despite the fact that the tools of narratology have been used to explore a wide range of musical genres, the nineteenth-century lied has never been the subject of sustained narratological inquiry. This article proposes an application of narrative theory to the analysis and interpretation of the Romantic lied, illustrated with analyses of works by Schubert, Robert and Clara Schumann, Liszt, and Brahms. Drawing upon recent scholarship on narrative in lyric poetry and the narratological theories of Mieke Bal, the article focuses on selected aspects of narratology: the events of lyric poetry and the ways music can create new ‘discourse events’, and how music affects issues of mediacy, in particular voice and focalization (perspective). Music provides much more than mere accompaniment; rather, it can become an integral component of the narrative discourse, bringing new potential meanings to the original poem and opening up for the music analyst new interpretative angles.
A hybrid finite-difference and analytic element groundwater model

Regional finite-difference models tend to have large cell sizes, often on the order of 1-2 km on a side. Although the regional flow patterns in deeper formations may be adequately represented by such a model, the intricate surface water and groundwater interactions in the shallower layers are not. Several stream reaches and nearby wells may occur in a single cell, precluding any meaningful modeling of the surface water and groundwater interactions between the individual features. We propose to replace the upper MODFLOW layer or layers, in which the surface water and groundwater interactions occur, by an analytic element model (GFLOW) that does not employ a model grid; instead, it represents wells and surface waters directly by the use of point-sinks and line-sinks. For many practical cases it suffices to provide GFLOW with the vertical leakage rates calculated in the original coarse MODFLOW model in order to obtain a good representation of surface water and groundwater interactions. However, when the combined transmissivities in the deeper (MODFLOW) layers dominate, the accuracy of the GFLOW solution diminishes. For those cases, an iterative coupling procedure, whereby the leakages between the GFLOW and MODFLOW model are updated, appreciably improves the overall solution, albeit at considerable computational cost. The coupled GFLOW-MODFLOW model is applicable to relatively large areas, in many cases to the entire model domain, thus forming an attractive alternative to local grid refinement or inset models.
Parameterization of N 2 O 5 reaction probabilities on the surface of particles containing ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate

A parameterization was developed for the hetero- geneous reaction probability ( ) of N2O5 as a function of temperature, relative humidity (RH), particle composition, and phase state, for use in advanced air quality models. The reaction probabilities on aqueous NH4HSO4, (NH4)2SO4, and NH4NO3 were modeled statistically using data and un- certainty values compiled from seven different laboratory studies. A separate regression model was fit to laboratory data for dry NH4HSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 particles, yielding lower values than the corresponding aqueous parameter- izations. The regression equations reproduced 80% of the laboratory data within a factor of two and 63% within a factor of 1.5. A fixed value was selected for on ice- containing particles based on a review of the literature. The combined parameterization was applied under atmospheric conditions representative of the eastern United States using 3-dimensional fields of temperature, RH, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. The resulting spatial distributions of were contrasted with three other parameterizations that have been applied in air quality models in the past and with atmo- spheric observational determinations of . Our equations lay the foundation for future research that will parameterize the suppression of when inorganic ammoniated particles are mixed or coated with organic material. Our analyses draw attention to a major uncertainty in the available laboratory data at high RH and highlight a critical need for future labo- ratory measurements of at low temperature and high RH to improve model simulations of N2O5 hydrolysis during win- tertime conditions.
Sodium current density correlates with expression of specific alternatively spliced sodium channel mRNAs in single neurons

Elements within the first cytoplasmic loop of voltage-gated sodium channels have been implicated in regulating channel function. We have examined the role of alternative splicing within the first cytoplasmic loop of the Drosophila sodium channel gene para in regulating sodium current expression, using single-cell RT-PCR. In addition to a previously described exon (a), we identified a second exon in this region, designated exon i. Alternative splicing of exons a and i results in the expression of four para transcripts that are present individually or in combination within single neurons. Analysis of sodium current density and the pattern of para mRNA expression suggested that the presence of exon a was necessary though not sufficient for expression of sodium currents in cultured embryonic neurons. A similar pattern of alternative splicing of para mRNA was also evident in RNA isolated from whole embryos. Combined with our observation that the patterns of alternative splicing of para mRNA change during development, these findings suggest that neuronal sodium current expression in vivo, is also modulated by alternative splicing.
Alongshelf Variability of Inner-Shelf Circulation along the Central Oregon Coast during Summer

The spatial and temporal variability of inner-shelf circulation along the central Oregon coast during the 2004 upwelling season is described using a 70-km-long array of moorings along the 15-m isobath. Circulation at three stations located onshore of a submarine bank differed from that of a station north of the bank, despite the relatively uniform wind forcing and inner-shelf bathymetry present. During upwelling-favorable winds, strong southward alongshelf flow occurred north of the bank, no alongshelf flow occurred onshore of the northern part of the bank, and increasing southward flow occurred onshore of the southern part of the bank. During downwelling-favorable winds, strong northward flow occurred in the inner shelf onshore of the bank while weak flow occurred north of the bank. These alongshelf differences in inner-shelf circulation were due to the effects of the bank, which isolated the inner shelf onshore of the bank from the regional upwelling circulation that was evident at the northernmost station. As a result, circulation onshore of the bank was drivenprimarily by local wind forcing, whileflow north of the bank was only partiallydriven by local winds. A secondary mode of variability, attributed to the movement of the regional upwelling jet due to remote forcings, contributed the bulk of the variability observed north of the bank. With the time-dependent wind forcing present, acceleration was an important term in the depth-averaged alongshelf momentum equation at all stations. During upwelling, bottom stress and acceleration opposed the wind stress north of the bank, while bottom stress was weaker onshore of the bank where the across-shelf momentum flux and the alongshelf pressure gradient balanced the residual of the acceleration and stresses. During downwelling, waters onshore of the bank surged northward at magnitudes much larger than that found north of the bank. These spatial variations developed as the season progressed and the regional upwelling circulation intensified, explaining known variations in growth and recruitment of nearshore invertebrate species.
Work in progress - stratifying the Introduction to Engineering Design course

The Introduction to Engineering Design (IED) course must be a down-to-earth, meaningful and engaging encounter for the students, must meet the academic needs of the program, and must be manageable and affordable, all within a three or four credit hour framework. Commonly, this course is taken once in either the freshman or sophomore year. We are in the planning stages to split the IED course over our two-years, rather than keeping it in its current single-year form. The current IED will be combined with an existing one-hour Freshman Seminar (FS) course, required of freshman and meant to expose new students to college life in general, and to the engineering educational requirements. This FS course will be expanded to overlap some of the work done in the more-involved IED, allowing both our first- and second-year students to work together in each of their two years. The FS course will continue to introduce freshman to college, but will also have them work on current projects with sophomore students in IED as part of the design teams. Each project will have a layered team of the more experienced 2nd year students working with the newer 1st year students, more reflective of the situation in industry. Time in the 2nd year will be spent without the freshmen from FS, to allow a more in-depth look at engineering management, ethics, and economics for the sophomores.
Childhood emotional abuse and the attachment system across the life cycle: What theory and research tell us.

The purpose of this article is to review the theoretical and empirical literature regarding the normative development of the attachment system from infancy through adulthood, and then discuss deviations from the normal developmental pathways that occur in response to emotionally abusive parenting (e.g., strong rejection, intrusive or controlling, hostile, or frightening behavior). A theoretical model grounded in attachment theory is presented describing the development of maladaptive interaction patterns in adult romantic relationships. The model proposes that early emotional abuse engenders insecure attachment, which impairs emotional regulation, fosters negative views of self and others that support maladaptive coping responses, interferes with social functioning and the capacity for intimate adult attachments, contributes to poor mental health, and consequently shapes the quality of romantic relationships.
Computation of Recession and Runoff Integral

Prediction of recession time and runoff volumes is useful in the design of an irrigation system to evaluate the performance of the given system. Simplified computations of recession were lacking until Stelkoff developed an algebraic computation model for surface irrigation. The model is simple, inexpensive, and sufficient for preliminary investigations. This paper presents another numerical technique for computation of recession and runoff integrals which provides similar accuracy with less computation time and is thus less expense.
INTERACTION OF NERVOUS AND LOCAL CONTROL OF THE INTESTINAL CIRCULATION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the interaction of local and nervous mechanisms in the intestinal microcirculation of isolated perfused gut loops. The intestinal circulation is regulated by three different types of physiological mechanisms: circulating hormones, nervous mechanisms, and local mechanisms intrinsic to the gut itself. The investigations of nervous mechanisms in the intestinal circulation have a long history, which established that the gut, like many other organs, is capable of autoregulating its blood flow. However, the interactions of local and nervous mechanisms, especially at the microvascular level, have received little attention. One reason for this is the disparate experimental approaches for studying the two types of mechanisms. Reflex control is generally investigated in conscious or anesthetized animals, but the studies of autoregulation require the isolated, perfused organ approach. The results obtained in the two kinds of studies are often difficult to compare and in many cases, they are contradictory. Both approaches are essential. The perfused organ yields more direct evidence of local control or nervous effects at the microvascular level, while studies in intact animals delineate the relative roles played by local and nervous mechanisms in various physiological settings.
NEUTRON CROSS SECTION MEASUREMENTS ON FISSION PRODUCT SAMARIUM AND IODINE

The ORNL chopper has been used to measure the neutron total cross sections of samples of fission product samarium and iodine in the thermal and resonance energy regions. At 2200 meters/sec, the tot...
Texas wildrice (Zizania texana Hitchc.) propagule production and survival in outdoor ponds as influenced by water depth and velocity

Propagule production (seeds or tillers) of Texas wildrice, Zizania texana Hitchc. (Poaceae), grown in ponds can be manipulated by adjusting water levels and flow rates. Water levels
Larval traits carry over to affect post-settlement behaviour in a common coral reef fish.

Most reef fishes begin life as planktonic larvae before settling to the reef, metamorphosing and entering the benthic adult population. Different selective forces determine survival in the planktonic and benthic life stages, but traits established in the larval stage may carry over to affect post-settlement performance. We tested the hypothesis that larval traits affect two key post-settlement fish behaviours: social group-joining and foraging. Certain larval traits of reef fishes are permanently recorded in the rings in their otoliths. In the bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), prior work has shown that key larval traits recorded in otoliths (growth rate, energetic condition at settlement) carry over to affect post-settlement survival on the reef, with higher-larval-condition fish experiencing less post-settlement mortality. We hypothesized that this selective mortality is mediated by carry-over effects on post-settlement antipredator behaviours. We predicted that better-condition fish would forage less and be more likely to join groups, both behaviours that would reduce predation risk. We collected 550 recently settled bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum) from three reef sites off St. Croix (USVI) and performed two analyses. First, we compared each settler's larval traits to the size of its social group to determine whether larval traits influenced group-joining behaviour. Secondly, we observed foraging behaviour in a subset of grouped and solitary fish (n = 14) for 1-4 days post-settlement. We then collected the fish and tested whether larval traits influenced the proportion of time spent foraging. Body length at settlement, but not condition, affected group-joining behaviour; smaller fish were more likely to remain solitary or in smaller groups. However, both greater length and better condition were associated with greater proportions of time spent foraging over four consecutive days post-settlement. Larval traits carry over to affect post-settlement behaviour, although not as we expected: higher quality larvae join groups more frequently (safer) but then forage more. Foraging is risky but may allow faster post-settlement growth, reducing mortality risk in the long run. This shows that behaviour likely serves as a mechanistic link connecting larval traits to post-settlement selective mortality.
Brain activation profiles in mTBI: Evidence from combined resting-state EEG and MEG activity

In this study, we compared the brain activation profiles obtained from resting state Electroencephalographic (EEG) and Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) activity in six mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients and five orthopedic controls, using power spectral density (PSD) analysis. We first estimated intracranial dipolar EEG/MEG sources on a dense grid on the cortical surface and then projected these sources on a standardized atlas with 68 regions of interest (ROIs). Averaging the PSD values of all sources in each ROI across all control subjects resulted in a normative database that was used to convert the PSD values of mTBI patients into z-scores in eight distinct frequency bands. We found that mTBI patients exhibited statistically significant overactivation in the delta, theta, and low alpha bands. Additionally, the MEG modality seemed to better characterize the group of individual subjects. These findings suggest that resting-state EEG/MEG activation maps may be used as specific biomarkers that can help with the diagnosis of and assess the efficacy of intervention in mTBI patients.
Probate-Error Costs

Because a will’s authenticity is never certain, probate courts sometimes make incorrect determinations regarding whether a purported will is a genuine expression of the decedent’s intent. When the court incorrectly admits an inauthentic will to probate, a false-positive outcome occurs. Conversely, when the court incorrectly denies probate of an authentic will, a false-negative outcome occurs. Because false-positive outcomes grant probate of inauthentic wills and false-negative outcomes deny probate of authentic wills, both can be characterized as “probate errors.”Probate errors are inevitable, and consequently policymakers must decide how to balance the risk of false-positive outcomes and false-negative outcomes. The conventional method by which courts authenticate wills favors false-negative outcomes and minimizes the risk of false-positive outcomes. By contrast, a reform movement argues that the will-authentication process should be less concerned with avoiding false-positive outcomes and should instead focus more on overall accuracy. Yet, despite a compelling argument, the reform movement has not satisfactorily explained why the proper goal of will-authentication should be accuracy.This Article uses decision theory to more fully explain both why the conventional law focuses on minimizing the risk of false-positive outcomes and why the modern law should be crafted to minimize total probate-error risk. Decision theory suggests that, to identify the proper goal of a decision-making process, one must compare the error costs of false-positive outcomes and false-negative outcomes. If error costs are symmetric, then the decision-making process should be designed to minimize the total risk of error. However, if error costs are asymmetric, then the decision-making process should be designed to minimize the more costly type of error.This Article is the first to systematically analyze relative error costs within the context of will authentication. Specifically, it argues that probate-error costs were previously asymmetric, with false-positive outcomes being more costly than false-negative outcomes, and it therefore explains why the conventional law minimizes the risk of false-positive outcomes at the expense of an increased risk of false-negative outcomes. Furthermore, the Article argues that probate-error costs have changed so that they are now more symmetric. The recognition of this shift bolsters the reform movement’s argument that the goal of will authentication should be increased accuracy.
Indirect immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody tests: comparison of sensitivity and specificity of different substrates.

The sensitivity of the indirect immunofluorescent test for antinuclear antibody varied with the type of substrate used, with fixative procedures employed with these substrates, and with the types of antinuclear antibody present in a given serum. Sera from different patients with systemic lupus erythematosus when screened at a dilution of 1:4 with the indirect immunofluorescent antinuclear antibody test using acetone-fixed rat kidney produced various patterns of nuclear fluorescence. Rat kidney, human leukocytes, and chick erythrocyte nuclei were equally sensitive in the detection of antinuclear activity in patient sera producing homogeneous or rim and fibrillar patterns of fluorescence. Rat kidney and human leukocytes were equally sensitive in detecting antinuclear activity in sera producing speckled patterns of fluorescence. Chick erythrocyte nuclei, however, were relatively insensitive to nonsensitive in detecting antinuclear activity in sera producing patterns of the speckled type. The use of rat kidney sections not fixed in acetone either reduced the sensitivity or rendered the fluorescent test nonsensitive to sera producing speckled patterns of fluorescence on fixed kidney sections.
Management of sleep apnea in the neurology patient: Five new things

Recognizing and treating sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is essential in delivering neurologic care due to its association with a growing list of neurologic conditions (e.g., stroke, neurodegenerative disorders). Thus, increased proficiency in the recognition and management of SDB is likely to result in better outcomes, care, and utilization of health care resources. To date, continuous positive airway pressure remains the gold standard for patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea and has been shown to be effective in treating variations of SDB. Appropriate application of new methods and technology such as home sleep testing can help bridge the gap between the need and supply for sleep health care and delivery. Increased focus on efficacious strategies to further awareness and education for patients, caretakers, and providers is paramount to long-term adherence to treatment.
Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution with an Immobilized TAML Activator

Iron complexes of tetra-amido macrocyclic ligands are important members of the suite of oxidation catalysts known as TAML activators. TAML activators are known to be fast homogeneous water oxidation (WO) catalysts, producing oxygen in the presence of chemical oxidants, e.g., ceric ammonium nitrate. These homogeneous systems exhibited low turnover numbers (TONs). Here we demonstrate immobilization on glassy carbon and carbon paper in an ink composed of the prototype TAML activator, carbon black, and Nafion and the subsequent use of this composition in heterogeneous electrocatalytic WO. The immobilized TAML system is shown to readily produce O2 with much higher TONs than the homogeneous predecessors.
Effect of Application Technology and Bacillus thuringiensis Subspecies on Management of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki-resistant Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Field and laboratory tests were done to determine effects of application technology, plant age, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subspecies, and rate of application on mortality of 2 populations of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). One population was susceptible (Geneva 88) and the other (Loxa b) was resistant to Bacillus tlwringiensis subsp. kurstaki . In the field, a knapsack, a drop nozzle, and an electrostatic sprayer were used to apply Javelin WG (6.4% \[AI\] ( B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ) and XenTari WG (3.2% \[AI\] ( B. thllringiensis subsp. aizawai .) Laboratory bioassays were done with sprayed leaves. Method of application significantly affected efficacy of B. thuringiensis. Compared with the other two sprayers, the electrostatic technique showed significantly lower variation between plant sections. Efficacy of XenTari increased 2-fold when applied with the electrostatic sprayer. Mortality of Geneva 88 with either formulation was >90% even at the lowest rates tested, but Javelin was significantly more effective compared with XenTari. Mortality of Loxa b with Javelin was <60% even at double the recommended field rate. Susceptibility of Loxa b to XenTari remained constant across generations, whereas resistance of Loxa b to Javelin de-creased from 624-fold at F2 to 41-fold at F6 in absence of selection. Javelin and XenTari did not show cross-resistance although they share some of the S-endotoxins. Studies with individual toxins are needed for a better understanding of the use of B. thuringiensis subspp. kurstaki and aizawai against resistant P. xylostella.
Interaction of a 39 kDa protein with the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP) on rat hepatoma cells

We have recently described a PAI-1-independent pathway of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) uptake and degradation on the rat MH1C1 hepatoma cell line. Further studies have implicated the low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP) as the mediator of plasminogen-activator inhibitor type-1-independent t-PA endocytosis. The LRP is a multi-functional receptor which is shared by a variety of ligands, including alpha 2-macroglobulin, apoprotein E-enriched beta-very-low-density lipoprotein, t-PA and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. In each case, binding of ligand to this receptor can be inhibited by addition of the 39 kDa LRP-receptor-associated protein. This protein, which co-purifies with the LRP receptor, is the focus of our present study. 125I-labelled 39 kDa protein binds specifically and with high affinity to a single kinetic binding species on the rat MH1C1 cell surface. Scatchard analysis reveals an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.3 +/- 0.9 (S.D.) nM, with 380,000 +/- 190,000 (S.D.) binding sites per cell. Cross-linking studies indicate that the specific interaction between MH1C1 cells and the 39 kDa protein is mediated by an association with the LRP receptor. The 39 kDa protein strongly inhibits binding of 125I-t-PA, with an apparent Ki value of 0.5 nM. In addition, both unlabelled t-PA and 125I-labelled 39 kDa protein can be co-bound and cross-linked to the same cell-associated LRP receptor. Endocytosis of cell-surface-associated 39 kDa protein was shown to be rapid, with internalized ligand subsequently degraded and released to the extracellular milieu. The rate of uptake and degradation of 125I-labelled 39 kDa protein at 37 degrees C was determined to be 52 fmol/min per 10(6) cells, and supports a model for active recycling of the LRP receptor.
The requirement of the carboxyl terminus of p53 for DNA binding and transcriptional activation depends on the specific p53 binding DNA element

The p53 protein specifically binds DNA sequences and activates transcription. In this study, we investigated the requirement of the carboxyl (C)- or amino (N)-terminal domain of p53 for the binding and transactivation of two DNA elements, p53CON and the ribosomal gene cluster (RGC). Three human p53 mutants with deletion in either the C-terminus or N-terminus were used. Mobility-shift assays showed that the oligomerization-defective mutant p53(1-326), from which the final 67 C-terminal amino acids were deleted, retained the wild-type p53's ability to bind the p53CON element in the presence of anti-p53 monoclonal antibody PAb1801. Also, the transient transfection assays showed that the mutant p53(1-326) activated p53CON-mediated transcription. However, this mutant failed to bind the RGC element and was unable to activate RGC-mediated transcription. Thus, the requirement of the C-terminal region of p53 for DNA binding and transcription activation varies with the p53-binding DNA element under study. In contrast, the N-terminus of p53 contains a common transcription activation domain: deletion of the 80 or 159 N-terminal amino acids inactivated both p53CON- and RGC-mediated transactivation. Furthermore, mobility-shift assays did not detect any binding to p53CON- and RGC by either of the two N-terminal-deletion mutants. These results suggest that the N-terminus of p53 affects DNA binding.
SU-F-P-07: Applying Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to Treatment Planning System QA

Purpose: A small-scale implementation of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) for treatment planning system QA by utilizing methodology of AAPM TG-100 report. Methods: FMEA requires numerical values for severity (S), occurrence (O) and detectability (D) of each mode of failure. The product of these three values gives a risk priority number (RPN). We have implemented FMEA for the treatment planning system (TPS) QA for two clinics which use Pinnacle and Eclipse TPS. Quantitative monthly QA data dating back to 4 years for Pinnacle and 1 year for Eclipse have been used to determine values for severity (deviations from predetermined doses at points or volumes), and occurrence of such deviations. The TPS QA protocol includes a phantom containing solid water and lung- and bone-equivalent heterogeneities. Photon and electron plans have been evaluated in both systems. The dose values at multiple distinct points of interest (POI) within the solid water, lung, and bone-equivalent slabs, as well as mean doses to several volumes of interest (VOI), have been re-calculated monthly using the available algorithms. Results: The computed doses vary slightly month-over-month. There have been more significant deviations following software upgrades, especially if the upgrade involved re-modeling of the beams. TG-100 guidance and the data presented here suggest an occurrence (O) of 2 depending on the frequency of re-commissioning the beams, severity (S) of 3, and detectability (D) of 2, giving an RPN of 12. Conclusion: Computerized treatment planning systems could pose a risk due to dosimetric errors and suboptimal treatment plans. The FMEA analysis presented here suggests that TPS QA should immediately follow software upgrades, but does not need to be performed every month.
Animal Rights and Moral Theories

The contemporary philosophical arm of the animal rights or liberation movement effectively began in 1975 with Peter Singer’s book Animal Liberation.1 In this work, and in subsequent development of its ideas,2 Singer argues that the moral theory known as utilitarianism can be used to justify and defend the moral claims of non-human animals. According to utilitarianism, a morally good action is one which promotes or produces the greatest amount of pleasure, happiness, or satisfaction of desires, and Singer argues, quite forcibly, that such promotion requires abandoning such practices as animal husbandry, and experimentation upon animals for scientific or commercial purposes. Singer’s case for animal liberation, then, is anchored in his adoption of a utilitarian moral theory.
Lessons from Ireland

This book has been a journey through culture and history as it considered the ways in which the Irish context has influenced the emergence of its information economy. Throughout the journey, impacts were also noted. This Chapter assesses the information economy that has resulted from Ireland’s industrial plan. It considers the fit between Ireland’s information economy and the country’s socio-cultural characteristics. Finally, it considers challenges for Ireland’s information economy in the future.
The Family Dance: Ambiguous Loss, Meaning Making, and the Psychological Family in Foster Care

This article explores how a child's psychological family can be affected, challenged, and transformed in the foster care system. When placed into foster care, children are often disconnected from many significant relationships, especially familial relationships (e.g., parents, siblings). Similarly, as children navigate their way through the foster care system, placements can change and relationships are formed and dissolved; as a result, children engage in a dance of family formulation, dissolution, and meaning making. The theory of ambiguous loss is used as a guiding framework to explore the choreography of a child's “dance” with family and meaning making during the acculturation into foster care.
Heterotopic Ossification Prophylaxis After Total Hip Arthroplasty: Randomized Trial of 400 vs 700 cGy

Abstract Background Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication following total hip arthroplasty. Radiation is an effective prophylaxis, but an optimal protocol has yet to be determined. We performed a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial in high-risk patients to determine the efficacy of 400 vs 700 cGy doses of radiation. Methods One hundred forty-seven patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty and at high risk for HO at an urban medical center were randomized to receive either a single 400 or 700 cGy dose of radiation postoperatively. High risk was defined as a diagnosis of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, hypertrophic osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, or history of previous HO. Radiation was administered on the first or second postoperative day. A single blinded reviewer graded radiographs taken immediately postoperatively and at a minimum of 6 months postoperatively using the Brooker classification. Progression was defined as an increase in Brooker classification. Operative data including surgical approach, implant fixation, revision surgery, and postoperative range of motion data were also collected. Results A significantly greater portion of patients who received the 400 cGy dose demonstrated progression of HO than patients who received the 700 cGy dose. There were no wound complications. No preoperative factors were associated with a higher rate of progression. Patients who progressed had less flexion on physical examination than patients who did not progress, but this was not clinically significant. Conclusion Seven hundred centigray was superior to 400 cGy in preventing HO formation following total hip arthroplasty in high-risk patients and may be the more effective treatment in this population. Further studies comparing 700 cGy to dosages between 400 and 700 cGy may help to clarify if a more optimal dose can be identified.
First Draft Genome Sequences of Neisseria sp. Strain 83E34 and Neisseria sp. Strain 74A18, Previously Identified as CDC Eugonic Fermenter 4b Species

We report the first draft genome sequences of two isolates previously classified as CDC EF-4b species, Neisseria sp. 83E34 and Neisseria sp. 74A18. Both strains were isolated from patients with animal bites and likely constitute novel genomospecies with average nucleotide identities of <95% to other sequenced strains.
Magnetic Back‐End Technology

This chapter provides an overview of the concerns for adaptation of magnetoresistive random‐access memory (MRAM) in a complementary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication facility. Recent years have seen field‐MRAM entrenched as a realistic technology for high‐reliability commercial and aerospace use. Thermal‐assisted MRAM's simplified operation and spin‐transfer torque MRAM's impressive scaling outlook bode well for future high‐volume implementation of MRAM technology in the marketplace. The robustness and simplicity of MRAM structures combined with all‐round desirable operating characteristics promise to make MRAM a part of the large history of magnetic memory success .
Biomarkers of radiation exposure in children with neuroblastoma treated with 131I-mIBG.

10060 Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common solid extra-cranial tumor of childhood. 131I-mIBG is a targeted radiopharmaceutical for patients with advanced NB and is one of the most active agents in this treatment resistant population. To date, no clinically relevant biomarkers of response or toxicity have been reported in patients treated with 131I-mIBG. Methods: Patients with relapsed or refractory NB who received 131I-mIBG at UCSF were eligible to participate in this prospective correlative study. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and 72 hours after 131I-mIBG infusion. We quantified a panel of biomarkers shown to be effected in patients receiving other forms of radiation, including: serum amylase; plasma Flt-3 ligand; plasma monocyte colony stimulating factor (MCSF); and CDKN1A mRNA in mononuclear cells. Extent of modulation of each marker was evaluated using paired t-tests at hour 0 and 72. We assessed potential differential modulation between groups based on response (PR/CR vs SD/PD)...
Are indirect proofs less convincing? A study of students’ comparative assessments

Abstract It has been argued that students not only dislike but also experience a lack of conviction in relation to indirect proofs (Harel & Sowder, 1998) due to the proof’s non-constructive nature (Leron, 1985; Harel & Sowder, 1998) and students’ difficulties accepting the logi- cal theorems employed (Antonini & Mariotti, 2008). Yet, researchers have not examined these claims using comparative selection tasks involving a direct and an indirect proof, even though studies of the forms of proof students find “most convincing” often employ such tasks. To address the need for an empirical basis, three studies were conducted that employed comparative selection tasks to explore the question, “Do undergraduate mathe- matics students find indirect proofs less convincing?” Findings indicate that students’ views of the “most convincing” proof may be more nuanced and subjective that than indicated by prior research on indirect proofs and that the various forms of indirect proof (contraposition and contradiction) may not be equally compelling in the eyes of students. Dispositions towards, as opposed to against, indirect proof are also discussed.
Cardiac Stress Testing during Workup for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Is Not Associated with Improved Patient Outcomes.

Background Cardiac stress testing (CST) is commonly used to help determine whether patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are better candidates for open versus endovascular repair, although it is unknown whether the use of CST achieves its goal of optimizing patient selection and postoperative outcomes. Methods We retrospectively identified 3,635 patients in the Vascular Quality Initiative database (2010–2012) with an AAA ≥ 5.0 cm who were candidates for either open or endovascular AAA repair. The Vascular Study Group Cardiac Risk Index (VSG-CRI) was used to stratify patient risk. We applied generalized estimating equations with inverse probability weighting (IPW) to adjust for patient factors and hospital-level CST utilization to evaluate the effect of CST on composite of 30-day major adverse cardiac events or mortality (MACE-M) following AAA repair. Results CST was utilized in 1,627 (45%) patients during AAA workup, including 451 of 794 (57%) patients selected for open repair and 1,176 of 2,841 (41%) selected for endovascular repair. After IPW, the use of CST was not associated with the probability of patients receiving open versus endovascular repair (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.77–1.32). As compared to patients without CST during AAA workup, adjusted analyses revealed that CST utilization was not associated with improved MACE or mortality outcomes following AAA repair. Among patients receiving CST, an abnormal CST was not significantly associated with selection of open versus endovascular repair or with postoperative outcomes after adjustment for the VSG-CRI score. Similar results were found for patients with either low or high VSG-CRI scores. Conclusions Utilization of CST during workup for AAA is not associated with procedure selection and improved outcomes. Identifying risk factors for individuals who would benefit from preoperative CST before AAA repair will help reduce health care utilization and improve postoperative outcomes.
Ionothermal Synthesis of Lanthanide Tetrafluoride Nanoparticles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents

We have developed a new method for controlling the size, crystallinity, and polydispersity of 100–2000 nm tetrafluoride phosphor particles. Five polyol-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were downselected out of a set of more than 130 candidates. We analyzed their benefits in synthesizing phosphor matrix particles of β-NaYF4, β-NaYbF4, and β-NaGdF4. We produced green (λmax = 540 nm) and blue/UV (λmax = 450 nm) upconverting phosphors in DES using Yb,Er and Yb,Tm codopants, respectively. The blue/UV phosphor reaction was scaled the up to 25 L, yielding nearly 400 g of high-quality, bright photoluminescent, β-phase product under mild conditions. We conclude that polyol-based DES systems offer a uniquely specialized and useful toolkit for phosphor synthesis.
Computers (And Students!) Need Explicit Notation.

Is there a difference between "computer mathematics" and mathematics of the non computer variety? From a notational point of view the answer is a very definite yes (as some examples below will show). Thus, as teachers, we must consider the following question: Since computers are here and their use will only increase in the future, what effect can they have on the teaching of mathematics? This discussion will focus attention on one aspect of the computer's effect on mathematics, namely, the notational diffi culties. That is, will the increasing use of computers (and calculators) have any effect on the way we teach, write, and use our basic mathematics? The central problem for most people who struggle with mathematics is one of notation. The irony is that mathematics, as we teachers often point out, is a science that reduces worldly phenomena and their wordy descriptions to elegant symbolic code. It is the use of this coding system, with its notation and rules, that is most difficult.
Skin-Sparing Total Mastectomy

Skin-sparing mastectomy is done if oncologically feasible and when mastectomy is followed by immediate reconstruction. This chapter lists the indications, essential steps, common technical variations, and complications of the procedure. A detailed template operative dictation note is included.
Drain Placement Does Not Increase Infectious Complications After Retromuscular Ventral Hernia Repair with Synthetic Mesh: an AHSQC Analysis

The use of surgical drains after ventral hernia repair (VHR) remains controversial. Some have concerns of increased infectious complications; others advocate that drains reduce fluid accumulation and surgical site occurrences (SSO). The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of retromuscular drains on SSO following retromuscular VHR with synthetic mesh. Utilizing the Americas Hernia Society Quality Collaborative, patients between January 2013 and January 2016 undergoing retromuscular VHR with synthetic mesh were assessed for the presence of a drain. Propensity score matched patients (2 drains: 1 no drain) were evaluated for 30-day rates of SSO, surgical site infections (SSI) and SSO requiring procedural intervention (SSOPI). Five hundred eighty-one patients were identified as having undergone open, retromuscular VHR with synthetic mesh. Four hundred eighty-one patients with drains and 100 without drains. After matching, 300 patients were compared, 200 with drain placement and 100 without. Retromuscular drains were less likely to develop a noninfectious SSO (OR, 0.33). Drain placement was not associated with SSI (OR, 1.30) or SSOPI (OR, 0.94). Drain placement after retromuscular VHR with synthetic mesh is a common practice. Based on an analysis of early outcomes, surgical drains do not increase the risk of surgical infectious complications, and may be protective against some SSOs, such as seroma formation.
Checks, Balances, and Resistance: The Impact of an Anti-Immigrant Federal Administration on a School for Immigrant Teenagers.

The 2016 presidential election was dominated by anti-immigrant rhetoric where truths counted for less than bombast, obscuring the fact that the majority of refugees and immigrants are women and children. This article describes how teachers and students in a school for newly arrived immigrants are adapting to the reality of the new administration.
The clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and long term outcome of germ cell tumor in 85 patients with Down syndrome.

554Background: The main objective of this study was to determine the clinical features, treatment, clinical outcome and prognosis of Down's syndrome (DS) patients with germ cell tumor (GCT). Methods: Literature search based on PubMed search was performed using the following keywords: “Germ cell tumor (GCT)” and “Down's syndrome”. A total of 85 cases of GCT in DS patients published in literature between January 1985 and October 2017 were identified. Results: Our final cohort of GCT in DS include 44 cases of testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT); 22 intracranial GCT, 2 primary mediastinal GCT, 3 gastrointestinal GCT, 9 retroperitoneal GCT, and 5 cases of ovarian GCT. The median age of forty-four testicular GCT was 30 years (range 2 years – 50 years). In most cases, cancer was diagnosed following the discovering of swelling by care provider or found incidentally (either painless or painful) in the region of the testes, although abdominal pain was a symptom in a few cases. 29 (66%) patients were diagnosed with se...