cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Post-removal Geographies: Immigration Enforcement and Organized Crime on the U.S. – Mexico Border

What happens after deportation? What contexts must Mexican deportees navigate and contend with after removal from the United States? This article explores the challenges for people post-removal in Mexico, particularly by drawing on fieldwork conducted in Tamaulipas, which is home to the Zetas drug trafficking organization and the infamous massacre of seventy-two migrants. We argue that incidental exposure to violence and crime began as an implicit aspect of immigration enforcement and has grown into one of the central tenets of current policy. We take a feminist geopolitical approach to connect the post-deportation experiences of migrants to the policies of deportation, incarceration, and punishment levied against them by the U.S. government. Migrants, particularly those apprehended through the Criminal Alien Program, have been returned to Tamaulipas in concentrated numbers despite its violent reputation. The processes of criminalization have led to a system that prioritizes punishment for migrants, meaning that we cannot extricate experiences that occur after removal from enforcement measures that create those situations. These practices are directly connected to the current wave of policies aimed at stopping asylum seekers, including “metering,” where people are made to wait at the border to apply for asylum at the port of entry, and the Remain in Mexico program (otherwise known as the Migrant Protection Protocols). We argue that enforcement is more complex than “prevention through deterrence” narratives and exposure to non-state violence in Mexico has slowly become a more integral part of enforcement plans.
Civic Identity Development in a Critical Service-Learning Context: A Critique of the Civic-Minded Graduate Rubric 2.0

Critical service-learning (CSL) enhances community-engaged service-learning and civic identity development, but are CSL principles congruent with assessments guided by the Civic- Minded Graduate Rubric 2.0? Using a CSL lens, I critique the rubric, noting areas of progress and recommendations to enhance its treatment of identity, power, and privilege. I suggest extending this work to foundational and emerging service-learning theories, pedagogies, and evaluation methodologies to fulfill the promise of social-justice-oriented civic learning.
Patterns of vascular access device use and thrombosis outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a pilot multi-site study of Michigan hospitals.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, few studies have described vascular access device use and VTE risk in this cohort. To examine the use of vascular access devices and incidence of VTE in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We performed a retrospective, multi-center cohort study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 who received a midline catheter, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICCs), tunneled or non-tunneled central venous catheter (CVC), hemodialysis (HD) catheter or a port during hospitalization. Mixed-effects multivariable logit models adjusting for VTE risk factors in the Caprini risk score were fit to understand the incremental risk of VTE in patients with vascular access devices vs. those that did not receive devices. Management of VTE was determined by examining anticoagulant use pre- vs. post-thrombosis. Results were expressed using odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). A total of 1228 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in 40 hospitals, of which 261 (21.3%) received at least one vascular access device of interest, were included. The prevalence of acute, non-tunneled CVCs was 42.2%, acute HD catheters 18.4%, midline catheters 15.6%, PICCs 15.6%, tunneled CVCs 6.8%, and implanted ports 1.4%. The prevalence of VTE was 6.0% in the study cohort, and 10.0% among patients with vascular access devices. After adjusting for known VTE risk factors, patients that had a vascular access device placed were observed to have a four-fold greater odds of VTE than those that did not (OR 4.17, 95% CI 2.33-7.46). Patients who received multiple different catheters experienced more VTE events compared with patients that received only one type (21.5% vs. 6.1%, p < .001). Among the 26 patients with VTE, only 8 (30.8%) survived to discharge and among these, only 5 were discharged on therapeutic doses of anticoagulation. Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 that receive vascular access devices experienced higher rates of VTE than those that do not. Future studies to evaluate the nexus between COVID-19, vascular device use, and thrombosis appear are warranted.
AAV1.NT-3 gene therapy for X-linked Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy type 1

X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy (CMTX) is caused by mutations in the gene encoding Gap Junction Protein Beta-1 (GJB1)/Connexin32 (Cx32) in Schwann cells. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is an important autocrine factor supporting Schwann cell survival and differentiation and stimulating axon regeneration and myelination. Improvements in these parameters have been shown previously in a CMT1 model, TremblerJ mouse, with NT-3 gene transfer therapy. For this study, scAAV1.tMCK.NT-3 was delivered to the gastrocnemius muscle of 3-month-old Cx32 knockout (KO) mice. Measurable levels of NT-3 were found in the serum at 6-month post gene delivery. The outcome measures included functional, electrophysiological and histological assessments. At 9-months of age, NT-3 treated mice showed no functional decline with normalized compound muscle action potential amplitudes. Myelin thickness and nerve conduction velocity significantly improved compared with untreated cohort. A normalization toward age-matched wildtype histopathological parameters included increased number of Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, and muscle fiber diameter. Collectively, these findings suggest a translational application to CMTX1.
Rupture process for micro-earthquakes inferred from borehole seismic recordings

We investigate the spatial extent of rupture and variability in fault slip for micro-earthquakes by inverting seismic moment rate functions derived from empirical Green’s function deconvolution. By using waveforms from an array of borehole seismometers, we determine the spatial distributions of fault slip for M 3+ earthquakes that occurred along the Hayward fault in central California and identify a variety of slip behaviors including subevents, directivity, and high stress drop. The 2013 M w 3.2 Orinda earthquake exhibits a complex rupture process involving two subevents with northwest and up-dip directivity. The two subevents release 43 and 18 % of the total seismic moment (6.7 × 1013 N m), and their inferred peak stress drops are 18 and 8 MPa. The 2011 M w 4.0 Berkeley and 2012 M w 4.0 El Cerrito earthquakes are marked by high stress drop. The inferred peak and mean stress drops are about 100–130 and 40 MPa, respectively, which suggests that there are locally high levels of fault strength on the Hayward fault. Our finite-source modeling suggests that the radiation efficiency determined for these two earthquakes is very low (<0.1) and implies that most energy is dissipated during the earthquake rupture process.
Union rent seeking and import competition

We empirically evaluate two issues: (1) how the union rent seeking responds to import competition and (2) whether union bargaining power, as proxied by the proportion of the labor force in an industry that is unionized, moderates the impact of import com-petition on union wage differentials. Unlike other studies, our emphasis is on the influ-ence of import competition on union rent seeking, rather than on union wages per se. Our primary results indicate that while import competition negatively and significantly affects union rent seeking, the extent of unionization does not substantially influence the impact of import competition on the union wage differentials. This is a somewhat surprising result since the literature suggests that union wages are greater in the pres-ence of stronger unions.
Meeting the Needs of Student Users in Academic Libraries: Reaching across the Great Divide. Chandos Information Professional Series by Michele Crump and Leilani Freund

Learning Commons, or Information Commons, have become a standard addition to academic libraries as a means of engaging students and connecting them with research tools and technology. This book que...
Applications of Exponential Sums in Communications Theory

We provide an introductory overview of how exponential sums, and bounds for them, have been exploited by coding theorists and communications engineers.
A method for decreasing neural network training time as applied to ECG classification

The single-layer feedforward neural network (FFNN) in conjunction with the backpropagation training algorithm (BPTA) is used for electrocardiogram (ECG) classification. It has been observed that, for such a problem, the values of the input weights are closely related to the input training set. An implication of this observation is that, rather than choosing initially random weights for the BPTA, one may choose initial weights that are actually quite close to an optimal solution. An advantage of such a choice is faster convergence time based on knowledge of the incoming training data. Decreasing convergence time makes more promising the use of the FFNN to classify ECGs for arrythmia detection, ambulatory monitoring and analysis, and front-line physician support instrumentation. >
Lysine residues in the C-terminal lobe and lysosomal targeting of procathepsin D

A major pathway to the lysosome for soluble hydrolases involves the 6-phosphorylation of mannose residues. The initial step in this reaction is catalyzed by a phosphotransferase which recognizes lysosomal precursors. We constructed mutants of human procathepsin D whose targeting to the lysosome could be assayed directly in intact cells. Eight lysine residues were individually converted to glutamic acid on the surface of the carboxyl terminal lobe of the protein. Mutants with as many as four Lys to Glu mutations were normally targeted to the lysosome and processed to the mature form of the enzyme in transfected cells. We conclude that the C-terminal lobe of procathepsin D may not carry a determinant essential for lysosomal targeting in intact fibroblasts.
Toward Intelligent Representation of Database Content

We address the problem of automating the display of database records in an intelligent way. By this we mean the synthesis of complete multimedia documents from database records. We propose an architecture for mapping diverse data stored in a database to markup language (SGML) programs. These programs are ready for final presentation. The mapping is based on a computational extension of the linguistic concept of register. The resulting presentation represents data as information in an intelligent way. General conditions for such a system are discussed. Our own treatment of registers as rule based computational structures is offered with some early results on the behavior of rule based registers.
An improved model for the non-linear velocity power spectrum

The velocity divergence power spectrum is a key ingredient in modelling redshift-space distortion effects on quasi-linear and non-linear scales. We present an improved model for the z= 0 velocity divergence auto and cross power spectrum which was originally suggested by Jennings et al. Using numerical simulations we measure the velocity fields using a Delaunay tessellation and obtain an accurate prediction of the velocity divergence power spectrum on scales k 0 P(k) to markedly greater accuracy with the new model. The non-linear Pθθ and Pθδ at z= 1 are recovered accurately to better than 2 per cent on scales k < 0.2 h Mpc−1. Recently, it was shown that the velocity field shows larger differences between modified gravity cosmologies and Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) compared to the matter field. An accurate model for the velocity divergence power spectrum, such as the one presented here, is a valuable tool for analysing redshift-space distortion effects in future galaxy surveys and for constraining deviations from general relativity.
Treatment of patients with recurrent and primary refractory acute myelogenous leukemia using mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine : A pharmacologically based regimen

BACKGROUND Although chemotherapy can achieve a high rate of disease remission induction in patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), patients with recurrent or refractory AML generally have a poorer rate of response. This study assessed the utility of mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine (Ara-C) in the treatment of patients with recurrent or refractory AML. METHODS Forty-seven patients with recurrent or refractory AML were treated with Ara-C, 0.5 gm/m2, intravenously (i.v.) every 12 hours × 12 doses on Days 1–6 and mitoxantrone, 5 mg/m2, i.v. on Days 1–5. RESULTS Twenty-nine of the 47 patients (62%) achieved a complete response. The median duration of disease remission was 112 days (range, 29 days–8 years). Of the 25 patients age ≥ 60 years, 19 (76%) had a complete disease remission and the median duration of disease remission in this group was 114 days (range, 33–370 days), although all patients subsequently developed a disease recurrence. The chemotherapy generally was well tolerated, with a mean duration of neutropenia of 31 days and a mean duration of thrombocytopenia of 33 days. Three patients died of infectious complications between 23–26 days after the initiation of chemotherapy, 1 patient died of sudden cardiac arrest 13 days after the initiation of chemotherapy, and 1 patient developed cutaneous desquamation. Three patients developed acute cerebellar dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The use of mitoxantrone and Ara-C is effective in the treatment of patients with recurrent and refractory AML. The subgroup of patients age ≥ 60 years also had a high rate of disease remission induction with this regimen, and the regimen generally was well tolerated. Cancer 2000;88:2037–41. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Extracting Scattering Phase-Shifts in Higher Partial-Waves from Lattice QCD Calculations

L\"uscher's method is routinely used to determine meson-meson, meson-baryon, and baryon-baryon s-wave scattering amplitudes below inelastic thresholds from lattice QCD calculations---presently at unphysical light-quark masses. In this work we review the formalism and develop the requisite expressions to extract phase shifts describing meson-meson scattering in partial waves with angular momentum $l\ensuremath{\le}6$ and $l=9$. The implications of the underlying cubic symmetry, and strategies for extracting the phase shifts from lattice QCD calculations, are presented, along with a discussion of the signal-to-noise problem that afflicts the higher partial waves.
STUDIES ON HORMONE SECRETING ADRENOCORTICAL TUMOR IN TISSUE CULTURE.

Abstract Hormone secreting adrenocortical tumor cells, previously described in tissue culture, have been further studied. In addition to responding to ACTH, they are stimulated by high concentrations of NADPH and of 3'–5' cyclic AMP, and are able to convert pregnenolone to Δ4-3-keto steroids in the absence of ACTH stimulation. No ascorbic acid was detectable in functioning adrenocortical tumor tissue cultures, and the value was placed at less than 0.5 μg per mg protein or less than 5 per cent of that of the fresh tumor. The adrenocortical tumor cells in culture have a special ability to concentrate ascorbic acid from the medium, and this ascorbic acid can be partially depleted by ACTH stimulation. Steroid 3β-ol dehydrogenase was demonstrated histochemically in tissue cultures of adrenocortical tumor cells.
Petrologic and thermal constraints on the origin of leucogranites in collisional orogens

Leucogranites are typical products of collisional orogenies. They are found in orogenic terranes of di! erent ages, including the Proterozoic Trans-Hudson orogen, as exemplified in the Black Hills, South Dakota, and the Appalachian orogen in Maine, both in the USA, and the ongoing Himalayan orogen. Characteristics of these collisional leucogranites show that they were derived from predominantly pelitic sources at the veining stages of deformation and metamorphism in upper plates of thickened crusts. Once generated, the leucogranite magmas ascended as dykes and were emplaced within shallower parts of their source sequences. In these orogenic belts, there was a strong connection between deformation, metamorphism and granite generation. However, the heat sources needed for partial melting of the source rocks remain controversial. Lack of evidence for significant intrusion of mafic magmas necessary to cause melting of upper plate source rocks suggests that leucogranite generation in collisional orogens is mainly a crustal process. The present authors evaluate five types of thermal models which have previously been proposed for generating leucogranites in collisional orogens. The first, a thickened crust with exponentially decaying distribution of heat-producing radioactive isotopes with depth, has been shown to be insu" cient for heating the upper crust to melting conditions. Four other models capable of raising the crustal temperatures su" ciently to initiate partial melting of metapelites in thickened crust include: (1) thick sequences of sedimentary rocks with high amounts of internal radioactive heat production; (2) decompression melting; (3) thinning of mantle lithosphere; and (4) shear-heating. The authors show that, for reasonable boundary conditions, shear-heating along crustal-scale shear zones is the most viable process to induce melting in upper plates of collisional orogens where pelitic source lithologies are usually located. The shear-heating model directly links partial melting to the deformation and metamorphism that typically precede leucogranite generation.
HIV-Associated Plasmablastic Lymphoma Following HAART-Related Immune Reconstitution

Summary Plasmablastic lymphoma is a unique AIDS-related lymphoma. Data from the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era shows that they portend a poor prognosis. However, recent reports suggest that these lymphomas may respond to HAART. We describe a case of EBV-associated plasmablastic lymphoma in a 39-year-old homosexual man with concomitant pulmonary cryptococcus that was aggravated following the initiation of HAART. The exacerbation of plasmablastic lymphoma following HAART in this case may represent a novel manifestation of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. This report highlights the fact that the optimal time to commence HAART in this setting remains to be established.
Secretory Mediators Regulate Nod2-Induced Tolerance in Human Macrophages

Background & Aims Nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (Nod2) polymorphisms increase the risk of developing Crohn's disease, which is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation. Bacterial peptidoglycan products chronically stimulate Nod2 in the intestine. Recent studies found that chronic Nod2 stimulation in human macrophages down-regulates proinflammatory cytokines on Nod2 or Toll-like receptor (TLR) restimulation. Therefore, an emerging hypothesis is that Nod2-mediated cytokine down-regulation is required for intestinal homeostasis, but the mechanisms mediating this down-regulation are incompletely understood. Methods Utilizing primary human macrophages, we examined secretory mediators as a mechanism of Nod2-mediated tolerance by inhibiting their function and assessing tolerance reversal through cytokine secretion. Signaling pathways contributing to secretory mediator induction and Nod2-mediated tolerance were identified through pathway inhibition. Results We found that chronic Nod2 stimulation cross-tolerizes not only to TLRs but also to the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor. Moreover, chronic IL-1β stimulation down-regulates Nod2 responses. Accordingly, IL-1β blockade partially reverses Nod2-mediated tolerance. We found that an additional essential mechanism for Nod2-mediated tolerance is the early secretion of the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10, transforming growth factor β, and IL-1Ra. Importantly, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, involved in cell growth, differentiation, and activation, significantly contributes to Nod2-induced anti-inflammatory as opposed to proinflammatory cytokines and to Nod2-mediated tolerance. Conclusions Inflammatory responses through the IL-1R are down-regulated upon chronic Nod2 stimulation, secretory mediators are a critical mechanism for Nod2-mediated cytokine down-regulation, and the mTOR pathway is crucial for Nod2-mediated tolerance. These results further contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms through which Nod2, a protein critical to intestinal homeostasis, down-regulates cytokine responses.
Growth pouch method for studying the influence of Ca, Al and pH on crop growth in nutrient solutions

Abstract Response of plants to soil acidity is difficult to study under field conditions due to the complexity of soil systems. To circumvent this difficulty, it was thought that growth pouches, which have been used for nodulation and plant breeding studies, would be a practical method for studying the effects of acidity on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth, since single factors could be studied independently. Preliminary observations with commercial pouches showed that when pH 4.5 nutrient solutions remained in the pouches 5 h the pH increased to 6.5. Chemical analysis of the control solution (lacking Ca and Al) after remaining in the pouches 5 h contained Ca, Al and other ion contaminants. This indicated that the conventional pouch method is not reliable for studies with Ca, Al and pH. Because of the potential for using the pouch method for nutrient studies, modifications of commercial pouches were investigated. Acid washing of the original brown paper wick in the pouch was not adequate for removing i...
Membrane distillation. II. Direct contact MD

Abstract Pure water direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) experiments were used to measure the permeability parameter associated with the molecular diffusion in membrane distillation (MD). The fluxes given by a recently reported MD model, which is based on the dusty-gas model of gas transport through porous media, showed good agreement with the experimental results over the entire range of feed temperatures studied. The model was also capable of predicting flux as a function of the difference between bulk feed and permeate temperatures for the limiting case in which only molecular diffusion contributes to flow. The DCMD experiments were performed in this work with a new laboratory-scale module that does not require a support for flat-sheet membranes. The resulting DCMD fluxes were two to three times higher than those reported in the literature for either DCMD or reverse osmosis. The MD model was also used to predict the performance of DCMD desalination, and the results were compared to those of reverse osmosis, in terms of both water production rates and NaCl rejection.
Femoral hypoplasia—unusual facies syndrome: A genetic syndrome?

A new case of femoral hypoplasia—unusual facies syndrome is presented, bringing the total number of cases in the literature to seven. A differential diagnosis involving an environmental phenocopy is presented and the etiology of the syndrome is discussed.
PRESUPPOSITION PROJECTION AND LOGICAL EQUIVALENCE

These sorts of observations stretch back, in their contemporary form, to the discussion of definite descriptions in Strawson (1956). On the Strawsonian style of analysis—which was not explicit but very suggestive—these judgments are explained by the fact that “x knows P” is an expression that requires for its meaningfulness the truth of P . This is one possible explanation of this phenomenon but not the only one, and I will take the subject of presupposition to be the phenomenon illustrated by (1), without tying the term to any particular style of explanation. When I talk of presuppositions, I refer to the propositions that utterances of certain sentences take for granted, in the way that the utterances of the sentences in (1) take for granted that Mary was a communist. On this way of talking about presuppositions, the question is not whether presuppositions exist but how to explain them. There are several research questions that arise in the study of presupposition. One prominent question, the triggering question, is: why do certain terms such as definite descriptions, factive verbs, and expressions such as stop, still, too, and also give rise to presuppositions? Another question involves patterns such as that exemplified by ∗Forthcoming in Philosophical Perspectives. I am grateful to Be Birchall, Jessica Boyd, Emmanuel
INTRALAMINAR, INTERLAMINAR, CALLOSAL AND THALAMOCORTICAL CONNECTIONS IN FRONTAL AND PARIETAL AREAS OF THE ALBINO RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX.

The present study represents an attempt to relate intracortical connections as seen with the Nauta degeneration method to those seen with the Golgi neuron stain. Lesions were placed in frontal or parietal cortex of 20 albino rats. Fourteen of the brains were prepared with the Nauta ('57) method or a modification of this method (Jacobson, '63). Only in parietal areas 3, 1, 2 were lesions limited to layers I through IV. In these brains the Nauta methods revealed only intercortical (callosal) and interlaminar connections (from II through IV to V and VI). Lesions which extended into layer V of forntal and parietal cortex showed the following connections: intercortical, interlaminar (connecting Vb to VIa); intralaminar fibers (spreading tangentially in V); extracortial to striatum and brain stem. A lesion into layer VI of frontal and parietal cortex showed more callosal and projection fibers, and the intracortical portion of the thalamocortical fiber was cut. Thalamocortical fibers ran tangentially and obliquely in VI vertically in V through I, and tangentially in I, and formed pericellular degenaration in layers VI through IIIb and preterminal degeneration in VI through IIIb, and I. The brains prepared with the Marchi or Gudden method did not show these details. In brains stained with the Golgi rapid method, axons of thalamic and cortical neurons were seen whose distribution corresponded to these connections.
Simulating the influence of the South Atlantic dipole on the South Atlantic convergence zone during neutral ENSO

The South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) is an intrinsic characteristic of the South American Summer Monsoon. In a recent study, we verified that the main mode of coupled variability over the South Atlantic (South Atlantic Dipole (SAD)) plays a role in modulating the position of extratropical cyclones that affect the SACZ precipitation. In this study, we perform numerical experiments to further investigate the mechanisms between SAD and the SACZ. Numerical experiments forced with prescribed SST anomalies showed that, even though the Atlantic SST affects the position of the cyclone associated with the SACZ, the atmospheric response and precipitation patterns over land are opposed to the observations. On the other hand, experiments forced with prescribed anomalous driving fields showed that the atmospheric component of SAD plays a significant role for the right position and intensity of precipitation associated with the SACZ. SAD negative anomalies provide the low-level and upper-level atmospheric support for the intensification of the cyclone at surface and for the increase in precipitation over the land portion of the SACZ. Therefore, the numerical experiments suggest that, during El Nino Southern Oscillation neutral conditions, the SACZ precipitation variability associated with SAD is largely dependent on the atmospheric variability rather than the underlying SST.
1092 INFLUENCE OF ACUTE AND SEROUS OTITIS IN INFANCY ON HEARING TESTING AT 2 YEARS OF AGE

Despite the high level of interest, there is little definitive data concerning hearing outcome in prospectively followed infants with recurrent acute otitis media (AOM). 149 normal children were followed closely during the 1st 24 months of life with special emphasis on middle ear status as judged by pneumatic otoscopy and impedance tympanometry. The incidence of AOM peaked at 7-9 months with 46 visits/100 children with a decrease to 7 visits/100 children by 21-24 months. Type “A” tympanograms correlated with normal ears at each 3 month block between 86-99% of the time. However, type “B” tympanograms were seen 29-59% of the time with ears also judged to be normal by pneumatic otoscopy. At 2 years of age children were tested utilizing sound field audiometry, impedance tympanometry and acoustic reflex thresholds. Sound field testing at 5 frequencies between 250-4000 Hz. showed a hearing loss ≥30 decibels at one or more frequencies in 5-10% of children with no AOM, 11-14% with 1-2 episodes of AOM and 15-29% with ≥3 episodes of AOM. Acoustic reflex thresholds were ≥115 decibels at one or more of 4 frequencies between 500-4000 Hzs. in 3-13% of ears with no AOM, 32-34% with 1-2 episodes of AOM and 44-50% with ≥3 episodes of AOM. In children carefully followed and optimally treated for recurrent AOM abnormal middle ear status and hearing loss were frequent sequelae of AOM in infancy.
Sweeping away disorder with the broom alignment tool

Design diagrams play an important role in many disciplines. Many types of diagrams use spacing and alignment to communicate implicit relationships between objects within the diagram. We describe and evaluate a direct manipulation alignment tool based on a push-broom metaphor.
Identification of class I MHC regions which bind to the adenovirus E3-19k protein

The adenovirus early region 3 glycoprotein E3-19k binds to and inhibits expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded molecules, which may help infected cells evade immune recognition. The role of specific regions of the class I MHC molecule in the interaction with E3-19k was evaluated using a series of HLA-A2.1-, HLA-A2 variant-, and HLA-B7-expressing cell lines. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) W6/32, which recognizes a monomorphic epitope on class I MHC molecules, readily co-immunoprecipitated E3-19k with HLA-A2.1 and 14 different HLA-A2 variant molecules that differ from HLA-A2.1 by single amino acid substitutions. Thus, no single residue tested in the regions of the class I MHC molecule that bind peptide or the T-cell receptor controls the binding to E3-19k. Additional immunoprecipitations performed with mAbs directed against well-defined epitopes on the surface of HLA-A2.1 revealed a dichotomy in the ability of the mAbs to co-immunoprecipitate HLA-A2.1 and E3-19k. The mAbs LGIII-220 (directed against the C-terminal end of the alpha 1-helix), CR11-351 (directed against the N-terminal end of the alpha 2-helix), and PA2.1 (directed against the middle of the alpha 2-helix and an underlying beta-loop) readily co-precipitated HLA-A2.1 and E3-19k. In contrast, mAbs MA2.1 (directed against the N-terminal end of the alpha 1-helix and the C-terminal end of the alpha 2-helix) and HO-2 (directed against the N-terminal end of the alpha 1-helix) did not co-precipitate E3-19k with HLA-A2.1. Similarly, mAb MB40.2 (directed against residues 169-182 of HLA-B7) also did not co-precipitate E3-19k with HLA-B7. These studies lead to the conclusion that the N-terminal end of the alpha 1-helix and the C-terminal end of the alpha 2-helix play an important role in dictating the ability of the E3-19k protein to bind to the class I MHC molecule.
Calculating the internal solar asphericity from frequency splitting measurements

Considerable effort and progress has been made in measuring the internal solar rotation from observations of the odd-order helioseismological splitting coefficients (cf. Brown and Morrow, 1987, and references therein). Less progress has been made in using the even coefficients to measure the internal solar structure (cf. Duvall, Harvey, and Pomerantz, 1986; Gough and Taylor, 1984; Dziembowski and Goode, 1984, and references). Yet, small deviations from spherical symmetry in the internal solar structure may be inferred from the helioseismological splitting observations. Spherical-harmonic decomposition and first-order perturbation theory provide a convenient formalism for describing the distortion. Here I describe the formalism and a new, computationally efficient, method for calculating the kernel functions that are needed to invert the splitting data to obtain the structural asphericity.
Optimizing Low Fat Peanut Spread Containing Sucrose Polyester

Mixture experimental design was used to model the formulation of a low fat peanut spread based on textural profile analysis. Emulsifier was the important factor affecting physical properties of the low fat peanut spread. Sucrose polyester (SPE) contributed only the oily attribute to the product and did not significantly affect physical properties. The optimum combination was 1% salt, 6% corn syrup solids, 2.6% emulsifier, 23.9% SPE, and 66.5% ground defatted peanuts adjusted to 40% peanut oil. The fat content of the optimum sample was 26.6%.
“Peace, Yes, but World Freedom as Well”: Principle, Pragmatism, and the End of the Cold War

Ronald Reagan's role in closing out the Cold War remains controversial. Perspectives alternatively dismiss him as peripheral or dangerous, celebrate him as a “Cold Warrior,” or credit cautious pragmatism in his second term for inducing Soviet reform and eventual collapse. This essay offers a rhetorical analysis of Reagan's 1987 and 1988 National Security Strategy (NSS) documents that both challenges and reconciles such views. The key terms of the NSSs reveal a “both/and” perspective that creatively blended both principle and pragmatism in Reagan's worldview and policies, not simply his rhetoric. Such a perspective is necessary to understand the relationship between principle and pragmatism in rhetoric and to more clearly evaluate Reagan's role in ending the Cold War.
A microcapillary assay (MASS) for macrophage migration inhibition factor.

Abstract A technically simple microassay for macrophage migration inhibition studies is described. Using only 0.08 ml of test solution per assay, meaningful statistical analysis via multiple replicates is possible. A novel feature is that test solutions may be stored frozen in the test well until the indicating macrophages are ready for use. The assay was used to demonstrate that MIF, derived from the human lymphoid cell line RPMI 1788, eluted from Sephadex G-75 in the molecular weight range of 13,000–25,000.
The origin of conical mounds at the mouth of Chasma Boreale

[1] One-hundred and six isolated conical mound landforms were identified proximal to the north polar cap of Mars at the mouth of Chasma Boreale. Five unique morphologies were identified including moderately sloped (4°–6°) cratered mound forms including two mounds of Abalos Colles, flat-topped moderately sloped (4°–6°) polygonal mound forms, steeper (6–13°) conical mound forms, subdued mound forms with low-angle slopes (0.5–3°), and small (<2 km diameter) clustered conical forms with low- to moderate-angle (1–5°) flank slopes. From first-order relationships between flank slope and the volcano productivity index (volume/diameter ratio), 16 mounds were found to be morphologically similar to terrestrial low-angle basaltic shield volcanoes. Thirteen mounds exhibit summit craters that range in depth (d) to diameter (D) ratio from 1:9 to 1:320. The circularity and d/D ratios of mound summit craters are consistent with highly modified northern plains impact craters. Image analysis of shield-like mounds reveals morphologic characteristics inconsistent with pristine volcanic landforms for most features. Horizontal flank layering (10–100 m thick), polygonal map-view morphology, topographic relationships, and spatial association with retreating polar scarps suggest that mound forms at the mouth of Chasma Boreale represent remnants of a once thicker, more continuous sequence of near-polar layered material. Evidence for northward scarp retreat is visible along Rupes Tenuis, a sinuous scarp located west of Chasma Boreale. Along this scarp, a single ∼100-m-thick resistant cap unit (part of the Early Amazonian age Rupes Tenuis unit) is being undermined by aeolian erosion, solar ablation, and mass wasting. Remnants of the cap unit rest along the scarp margin and in places form small conical mound clusters at the base of the scarp. Fracture controlled retreat of the scarp is visible along the eastern portion of Rupes Tenuis and along the Escorial crater remnant mesa where small tongue-like promontories have been sculpted into the cap unit. Isolation of these irregularities by scarp retreat has formed several volcanic-like scarp and mesa proximal mounds. Mound forms located closest to the retreating Rupes Tenuis scarp above 78°N were found to be the steepest and tallest mound landforms in the region. Mounds located distal to Rupes Tenuis were found to be broad and subdued. This observation is consistent with long-term retreat of a once more extensive Rupes Tenuis scarp and long-term modification of isolated conical remnants.
Hemodynamic response of a canine model of chronic heart failure to intravenous dobutamine, nitroprusside, enalaprilat, and digoxin.

The hemodynamic effects of acute intravenous administration of nitroprusside, dobutamine, enalaprilat, and digoxin was investigated in a canine model of chronic heart failure (CHF) produced by multiple sequential intracoronary microembolizations. Dobutamine (4 µg/kg/min) increased cardiac output (2.4±0.1 vs. 4.0±0.4 l/min; p<.001) and LV ejection fraction (LVEF; 26±1 vs. 30±4%; p<.01), and decreased systemic vascular resistance (SVR; 3620±170 vs. 2470±190 dynes sec cm−5; p<.001). Nitroprusside (3 µg/kg/min) acted as a venodilator; it decreased pulmonary artery wedge pressure (16±1 vs. 13±1 mmHg; p<.01) and SVR (3730±440 vs. 3210±280 dynes sec cm−5; NS) but had no effect on cardiac output. Enalaprilat (1.875 mg) produced a significant increase of cardiac output (3.0±0.5 vs. 3.8±0.5 l/min; p<.001) and LVEF (22±1 vs. 30±1%; p<.01), and decreased SVR (3280±400 vs. 2450±250 dynes sec cm−5; p<.01). Intravenous digoxin at a cumulative dose of 0.75 mg increased LVEF (23±2 vs. 31±2%; p<.01) but had no effect on SVR. These data indicate that this canine model of CHF responds to acute pharmacologic intervention in a manner comparable to that seen in patients with CHF. Accordingly, this model may be a useful tool for the preclinical evaluation of new drugs targeted toward the treatment of CHF and for investigating the mechanisms of action of drugs currently used for the treatment of this disease state.
Synthesis in vitro of high-molecular-weight RNA by isolated Euglena chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts isolated from photoheterotrophically grown Euglena gracilis incorporate [3H]UTP into RNA. This incorporation is sensitive to DNAase, RNAase and actinomycin D and requires the presence of magnesium and the other three nucleoside triphosphates. Analysis of the products of the reaction revealed that this incorporation is due to elongation of RNA molecules, resulting in peaks of newly synthesized RNA coincident with the 23 S and 16 S chloroplast ribosomal RNAs. These findings are consistent with chloroplast ribosomal RNA being synthesized in vitro using chloroplast DNA as a template.
Internal organization of long repetitive DNA sequences in sea urchin genomes

Abstract In keeping with earlier reports, we have found that reassociated long repeat DNA from sea urchins is thermostable, indicating the absence of evolutionarily diverged families of repeated sequences. However, we found that when fragments of radiolabeled long repeat DNA were denatured and reassociated with intact long repeat driver DNA, then sheared to 350 basepairs and assayed for thermal stability, the level of mismatch found in the duplexes varied inversely with the length of the starting fragments. This effect was shown to be due directly to the physical size of the molecules involved in reassociation. These results are consistent with, and support a model for, long repeat DNA in which short units of repetition are arranged in precise arrays. The significance of this arrangement of sequence units within long repeat DNA is discussed.
BERNHEIM'S SYNDROME.

Abstract We have reported a case of hypertensive cardiovascular disease with diffuse fibrosis, degeneration and dilatation resulting in septal bulging into the right ventricle with obstruction to the outflow tract. The diagnosis was suspected clinically because of predominant rightsided failure in spite of marked left ventricular enlargement and findings indicating relativelyclear lungs. Arguments for and against the existence of Bernheim's syndrome were presented. Postmortem findings confirmed the clinical impressions in this case.
Localization of [125I]endothelin-1 in injured aorta of rabbits.

Abstract Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor. This study was performed to determine whether arterial injury, induced by either hypercholesterolemia or mechanical disruption of the endothelium, is associated with increased localization of endothelin-1 in the artery. The blood clearance and tissue distribution of intravenously injected [125I]endothelin-1 was evaluated in 33 rabbits - control animals (n = 7), balloon de-endothelialized animals (n = 12), cholesterol -fed animals (n = 6) and animals that had both balloon de-endothelialization and high cholesterol diet (n = 8). The blood clearance half time was less than 20 min, with slightly slower clearance in the ballooned/cholesterol-fed animals. [125I]Endothelin-1 localized in the lung (∼ 12% injected dose (ID)/organ) and kidney (∼ 8%ID/organ). [125I]Endothelin-1 localized in the lung (∼ 12% injected dose of 0.06%kgID/g to its highest level within 5 min of balloon de-endotheliazation (0.2%kgID/g) and decreased to 0.11%kgID/g within one week and remained essentially unchanged through 16 weeks. The area with increased binding of [125I]endothelin-1 corresponded to the zone of arterial injury stained with Evans blue. On the other hand, the binding in the aorta did not increase with the atherogenic diet. These findings suggest that endothelin-1 accumulates in injured vessels, attaining the highest levels immediately after mechanical injury.
An ecological investigation of the Portneuf River, Idaho: a semiarid-land stream subjected to pollution

Summary The Portneuf River (mean monthly discharge near mouth 1.4-15.4 m3/s) in southeastern Idaho, U.S.A., flows through an area of reduced precipitation (approx. 33 cm/year) and is dependent on underground aquifers and snowmelt runoff from the surrounding mountains for its water. The stream was examined at ten locations, distributed over its 156-km course, during the period 1967-1971. The Portneuf River is shown to have undergone a number of changes from its natural state as evidenced by alterations in water quality and the distribution of benthic invertebrates along the stream course. Of particular interest are changes brought about by the use of the stream for irrigation and by runoff from agricultural lands, factors whose effects are magnified by the semiarid conditions of the region and by poor soil-conservation practices. However, the stream also is affected by wastes from a sewage-treatment plant, phosphate-processing operations, and an assortment of scattered urban sources. Benthic invertebrates were collected during all four seasons by means of artificial substratum samplers and during summer and autumn by a qualitative dip-net technique. In general, the samplers were more effective in obtaining a representative picture ofthe fauna. However, neither procedure alone gave as much information as the combined results. The artificial substratum collections are not believed to be representative of the usual effects of stream devvatering by irrigation withdrawal in as much as the samplers provide refugia for the benthos during the periods of reduced habitat.
An approach to sequence-specific antibody proteases. The use of haptens mimicking both a transition state and a distorted ground state.

We describe here a novel strategy for the isolation of antibodies with sequence-specific protease activity: the synthesis of dipeptide haptens in which the targeted peptide bond has been replaced by a ring-strained or torsionally strained hydroxyethylene transition-state analog. Thus, the analogs mimic both a peptide bond in a distorted, reactive conformation and the transition state for peptide bond hydrolysis. In order to obtain sequence-specific antibody proteases, these analogs have been flanked with additional amino acid residues in preparation for immunization. In particular, we have synthesized peptides containing analogs such as 2-cis-amino-3-cis-hydroxycyclobutane carboxylic acid andendo-(3-amino-2-hydroxy)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-7-anti-carboxylic acid. We have also prepared a series of peptide derivatives containing analogs, such as 2-[3-amino-2-oxo-1-azetidinyl]-3-methylbutanoic acid, in which the targeted peptide bond has been incorporated into a β-lactam ring. Since the “peptide bond” has been left intact, these species mimic only a distorted ground state. At present, antibodies are being elicited against a number of the above peptide derivatives.
Some notes on the nature of methodological indeterminacy

This paper is an attempt to extend the meaning of the concept of indeterminacy for the human sciences. The authors do this by coining the term ‘methodological indeterminacy’ and arguing that indeterminacy is better understood when linked to specific methodological techniques. Paradoxically, while specific research techniques demonstrate that the issue of indeterminacy is complex, yielding the possibility of ‘types’ and ‘degrees’, it does not eliminate the problem of ‘translation’ first raised by Quine. However, the authors go on to argue that, from a research perspective, indeterminacy can and must be approached in such a way that it is possible to ‘reduce’ cases of it, even though never completely eliminating it in the human sciences.
Small NMR Biomolecular Sensors

Abstract By combining the physics of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and silicon radio-frequency (RF) integrated circuits, we recently created progressively smaller NMR systems, which we originally reported in Refs. [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] . Our strategy for NMR system miniaturization proved effective, culminating in the smallest prototype [3] , [4] that weighs 0.1 kg and can be held at the palm of the hand. These small, low-cost NMR systems can be useful as biomolecular sensors in the personalized medicine setting, and we demonstrated their ability to detect proteins, compounds, and human cancer cells. The present paper, which is not a new technical contribution, reviews these developments.
Commentary: whither VGI?

For the most part, we find our way around the planet by tapping memory, perhaps by recalling past routes, or sometimes by accessing stored mental images that approximate maps. In other cases, however, we must rely on information collected and made available to us by others. People visiting strange cities need street maps to help them find their way around; planners need maps of wetlands and other constraints on development; pilots need air navigation charts; children need atlases and globes to learn about the Earth's almost infinite variety; and emergency responders need maps to plan systematic recovery efforts. Geographic information, whether in the form of maps, images, driving directions, or guidebooks is increasingly essential to many aspects of human existence.
Effects of hypothalamic lesions on courtship and copulatory behavior in sexual and unisexual whiptail lizards

Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus-medial preoptic area (AH-MPOA) impair courtship and copulatory behavior in male Cnemidophorus inornatus, a sexually reproducing species of whiptail lizard, and male-like pseudosexual behaviors in C. uniparens, an all-female species. These results suggest that, since C. inornatus is a direct ancestor to C. uniparens, the neural structures responsible for mediating male-typical courtship and copulatory behavior in male whiptails are conserved in the evolution of the all-female parthenogen.