cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular risk factors in children exposed to maternal diabetes in utero

Recent studies have provided evidence that intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes has lifelong effects on adult offspring, including increased risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between exposure to maternal diabetes in utero and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy children and to investigate whether these associations are independent of maternal prepregnancy BMI and offspring attained BMI. Data were from a retrospective cohort of children aged 6–13 years born during 1994–2002. Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations between exposure and cardiovascular risk factors with adjustment for demographic factors and pubertal stage and additionally for maternal prepregnancy BMI and offspring attained BMI. Ninety-nine offspring of diabetic pregnancies had significantly increased E-selectin, vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), leptin, waist circumference, BMI and systolic blood pressure and decreased adiponectin levels compared with 422 offspring of non-diabetic pregnancies after adjustment for age, sex and race/ethnicity (p < 0.05 for each risk factor). Additional adjustment for maternal prepregnancy BMI substantially attenuated group differences in the risk factors except for E-selectin, VCAM1 and waist circumference, which remained significantly higher in exposed children. Compared with unexposed children, healthy offspring exposed to maternal diabetes in utero have a worse cardiovascular risk profile. In particular, offspring have substantially increased levels of circulating cellular adhesion molecules, which are biomarkers of adverse endothelium perturbation and may be related to the earliest preclinical stages of atherosclerosis and diabetes.
If you can't walk the walk, do you have to talk the talk: ethical considerations for the emerging field of sports genomics.

General interest in personal genomics may soon, if not already, translate into a growing cadre of athletes, trainers, and coaches exploring the expanding field of sports genomics. And while athlete...
Leading the transformation to co‐creation of value

Purpose – Leading businesses are learning how to use the engagement experiences of individuals and communities as the new basis of their value creation for customers. This paper aims to look at this issue.Design/methodology/approach – To initiate and implement this co‐creation model, especially in established organizations, the paper proposes adopting a new mindset.Findings – The paper finds that once leaders recognize the “interactions among individuals everywhere in the system” as the new locus of value creation, it stands to reason that organizations must be designed to function around them.Practical implications – In the co‐creation paradigm, value is a function of experiences other than the product itself, such as web platforms and environments for consumer interactions with the product and with a community of other users. Intuit's www.intuitlabs.com is another good illustration; there, Intuit's internal engineers get a fast, direct connection to customers, and the community of customers connects to ...
Distinct Poly(rC) Binding Protein KH Domain Determinants for Poliovirus Translation Initiation and Viral RNA Replication

The limited coding capacity of picornavirus genomic RNAs necessitates utilization of host cell factors in the completion of an infectious cycle. One host protein that plays a role in both translation initiation and viral RNA synthesis is poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2). For picornavirus RNAs containing type I internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements, PCBP2 binds the major stem-loop structure (stem-loop IV) in the IRES and is essential for translation initiation. Additionally, the binding of PCBP2 to the 5′-terminal stem-loop structure (stem-loop I or cloverleaf) in concert with viral protein 3CD is required for initiation of RNA synthesis directed by poliovirus replication complexes. PCBP1, a highly homologous isoform of PCBP2, binds to poliovirus stem-loop I with an affinity similar to that of PCBP2; however, PCBP1 has reduced affinity for stem-loop IV. Using a dicistronic poliovirus RNA, we were able to functionally uncouple translation and RNA replication in PCBP-depleted extracts. Our results demonstrate that PCBP1 rescues RNA replication but is not able to rescue translation initiation. We have also generated mutated versions of PCBP2 containing site-directed lesions in each of the three RNA-binding domains. Specific defects in RNA binding to either stem-loop I and/or stem-loop IV suggest that these domains may have differential functions in translation and RNA replication. These predictions were confirmed in functional assays that allow separation of RNA replication activities from translation. Our data have implications for differential picornavirus template utilization during viral translation and RNA replication and suggest that specific PCBP2 domains may have distinct roles in these activities.
Structure of a small RNA hairpin

Abstract The hairpin stem-loop form of the RNA oligonucleotide rCGC(UUU)GCG has been studied by NMR spectroscopy. In 10 mM phosphate buffer this RNA molecule forms a unimolecular hairpin with a stem of three base pairs and a loop of three uridines, as judged by both NMR and UV absorbance melting behavior. Distance and torsion angle restraints were determined using homonuclear proton-proton and heteronuclear proton-phosphorus 2-D NMR. These values were used in restrained molecular dynamics to determine the structure of the hairpin. The stem has characteristics of A-form geometry, although distortion from A-form occurs in the 3'-side of the stem, presumably to aid in accommodating the small loop. The loop nucleotides adopt C2'-endo conformations. NOE's strongly suggest stacking of the uracils with the stem, especially the first uracil on the 5'-side of the loop. The reversal of the chain direction in the loop seems to occur between U5 and U6. Loop structures produced by molecular dynamics simulations had a wide range of conformations and did not show stacking of the uracils. A flexible loop with significant dynamics is consistent with all the data.
Encapsulation of Submicrometer-Sized 2-Methoxyestradiol Crystals into Polymer Multilayer Capsules for Biological Applications

A facile approach has been developed to encapsulate submicrometer-sized drug crystals into polymer multilayer capsules produced by sequential deposition of polymers onto the drug particle surfaces. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a hydrophobic metabolite of 17-beta estradiol, which has been demonstrated as a potential anticancer agent. It was selected as a model drug and was formulated into submicrometer-sized particles through fine milling followed by intense sonication in the presence of dipalmitoyl-dl-(R)-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The reserved positive charges on the 2-ME crystal surface by DPPC enhanced the water solubility of the particles and subsequent self-assembly of dextran sulfate (DS) and dextran (DN) multilayers through hydrogen bonding and physical adsorption. Upon the exposure of the drug capsules to ethanol, hollow DS/DN multilayer polymer shells can be formed. The encapsulation process and hollow polymer multilayer shell formation were confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while the surface morphology of the formed drug capsules was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro studies show that the inhibitory effect of the formed 2-ME capsules is the same as that of the conventional formulation of 2-ME in a concentrated ethanol solution, as demonstrated by dramatic changes in cell morphology and significantly decreased viability of target cells. We also demonstrate that the change of the outermost layer of the drug capsules does not significantly influence its bioactivity. The presented strategy to encapsulate submicrometer-sized hydrophobic drug particles is expected to provide a general pathway to fabricate drug capsules for various biological applications.
Continuity of weak solutions to certain singular parabolic equations

Le equazioni paraboliche singolari (1.1)nella introduzione, si presentano come modelli di una classe generale di fenomeni di diffusione con cambio di fase. Le soluzioni deboli sono trovate in senso globale come classi di equivalenza in certi spazi di Sobolev. In questo lavoro si dimostra che le soluzioni deboli ammettono delle rappresentanti continue nell'interno del dominio di definizione. Si danno anche delle condizioni di continuita fino alla frontiera.
Pathophysiology of battlefield associated traumatic brain injury

As more data is accumulated from Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF in Afghanistan), it is becoming increasing evident that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious and highly prevalent battle related injury. Although traditional TBIs such as closed head and penetrating occur in the modern battle space, the most common cause of modern battle related TBI is exposure to explosive blast. Many believe that explosive blast TBI is unique from the other forms of TBI. This is because the physical forces responsible for explosive blast TBI are different than those for closed head TBI and penetrating TBI. The unique force associated with explosive blast is the blast shock pressure wave. This shock wave occurs over a very short period, milliseconds, and has a specific profile known as the Freidlander curve. This pressure-time curve is characterized by an initial very rapid up-rise followed by a longer decay that reaches a negative inflection point before returning to baseline. This is important as the effect of this shock pressure on brain parenchyma is distinct. The diffuse interaction of the pressure wave with the brain leads to a complex cascade of events that affects neurons, axons, glia cells, and vasculature. It is only by properly studying this disease will meaningful therapies be realized.
Substance Abuse Recovery and Schooling: The Role of Recovery High Schools and Collegiate Recovery Communities

When considering rates of substance dependence and abuse in the United States, surveys have shown that education is an important factor in predicting rates and severity of dependence. According to ...
Template-directed Synthesis of a Genetic Polymer in a Model Protocell

The phospholipids that form the membranes of modern cells present a formidable barrier to polar and charged molecules, necessitating complex channels and pumps to permit the exchange of molecules with the external environment. This presents a problem when trying to imagine what a primitive cell would have looked like earlier in the evolution of life. With no transport machinery, how could simple cells take in complex nutrients? A possible answer comes in the form of a model 'protocell' produced by a team at Harvard. Fatty acids and their derivatives are attractive candidates as components of early protocell membranes as they are simple amphiphiles that form bilayer membrane vesicles. A proto-cell equipped with such a membrane is found to be able to take in charged molecules such as nucleotides, while retaining longer genetic polymers made from them inside. The membranes of modern cells are made of phospholipids, which are formidable barriers to the uptake of polar and charged molecules, a challenge to our understanding of the origins of cellular life. Membranes made of simple amphiphiles, such as fatty acids, allow the passage of charged molecules (such as nucleotides), while retaining longer genetic polymers made from them inside such protocells. Primitive cells could thus have acquired complex nutrients from their environment in the absence of any transport machinery. Contemporary phospholipid-based cell membranes are formidable barriers to the uptake of polar and charged molecules ranging from metal ions to complex nutrients. Modern cells therefore require sophisticated protein channels and pumps to mediate the exchange of molecules with their environment. The strong barrier function of membranes has made it difficult to understand the origin of cellular life and has been thought to preclude a heterotrophic lifestyle for primitive cells. Although nucleotides can cross dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine membranes through defects formed at the gel-to-liquid transition temperature1,2, phospholipid membranes lack the dynamic properties required for membrane growth. Fatty acids and their corresponding alcohols and glycerol monoesters are attractive candidates for the components of protocell membranes because they are simple amphiphiles that form bilayer membrane vesicles3,4,5 that retain encapsulated oligonucleotides3,6 and are capable of growth and division7,8,9. Here we show that such membranes allow the passage of charged molecules such as nucleotides, so that activated nucleotides added to the outside of a model protocell spontaneously cross the membrane and take part in efficient template copying in the protocell interior. The permeability properties of prebiotically plausible membranes suggest that primitive protocells could have acquired complex nutrients from their environment in the absence of any macromolecular transport machinery; that is, they could have been obligate heterotrophs.
Effects of Timbre on College Woodwind Players' Intonational Performance and Perception.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of timbre on musicians' intonational acuities during a listening and a performance task. Nine saxophonists, nine clarinetists, and nine flut...
Disulfide structures of human interleukin-6 are similar to those of human granulocyte colony stimulating factor

The amino acid sequences of human interleukin-6 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor are approximately 30% homologous in the N-terminal region. The relative positions of four half-cystines in human interleukin-6 (IL-6) match four of the five in human granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Labeling experiments of recombinant interleukin-6 with tritiated iodoacetate confirmed that the molecule forms two intramolecular disulfide bonds and contains no detectable level of free sulfhydryls. By isolation and characterization of tryptic and subtilytic peptides obtained from different proteolytic digestions, the disulfide bonds of the IL-6 molecule were assigned to Cys44-Cys50 and Cys73-Cys83. The two disulfide bridges form two small loops which are separated by 22 amino acids. These structures are similar to those of recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor.
Surface interactions on alumina-supported iridium catalysts: Oxygen and carbon monoxide

Abstract The temperature programmed desorption characteristics of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide from a polycrystalline Ir ribbon and alumina-supported Ir catalysts have been studied in order to compare the catalytic oxidation of CO in the presence of oxygen adatoms and CO admolecules. On the basis of these kinetic studies a surfact area titration technique for the measurement of Ir dispersions on supported catalysts is developed.
The Influence of the Size of the Dose on the Distribution and Elimination of Inorganic Mercury, Hg(NO3)2, in the Rat

Abstract The influence of the size of the dose of inorganic mercury on the distribution and elimination of mercury was studied by intraperitoneally injecting three groups of rats with 1, 10 and 100 μg Hg as Hg(NO3)2, serially sacrificing the rats during a 70-day period, and then analyzing the rats' organs for Hg. The excreta from four rats in each group were collected daily for mercury analysis. Only in the case of the kidney was there an effect on the distribution—the fraction of the injected dose stored in the kidney increased with increasing dose. The gastrointestinal tract was found to be a major avenue of elimination in all cases. However, as the size of the dose increased, the urinary route played an increasingly important role during the days immediately after injection.
Liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) grown junction In1-xGaxP (x∼0.63) laser of wavelength λ∼5900 Å (2.10 eV, 77°K)

Laser operation (77 °K) of In1−xGaxP LPE p‐n junctions is demonstrated at λ∼5900 A (2.10 eV, yellow). The junctions are prepared by the sequential growth (on GaAs1−yPy substrates) of first an n‐type layer and then a Zn‐doped p‐type layer (not compensated). During growth of the p‐type layer, Zn diffuses slightly (at reduced concentration) into the first layer, yielding a thin compensated active layer. The structure which results approximates in operation the behavior of a single heterojunction. Although the threshold for the laser operation of these devices is fairly high, it is demonstrated, nevertheless, that In1−xGaxP LPE grown junctions can be operated as lasers and, furthermore, at wavelengths λ ≲ 5900A.
Baculoviruses and nucleosome management

Negatively-supercoiled-ds DNA molecules, including the genomes of baculoviruses, spontaneously wrap around cores of histones to form nucleosomes when present within eukaryotic nuclei. Hence, nucleosome management should be essential for baculovirus genome replication and temporal regulation of transcription, but this has not been documented. Nucleosome mobilization is the dominion of ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes. SWI/SNF and INO80, two of the best-studied complexes, as well as chromatin modifier TIP60, all contain actin as a subunit. Retrospective analysis of results of AcMNPV time course experiments wherein actin polymerization was blocked by cytochalasin D drug treatment implicate actin-containing chromatin modifying complexes in decatenating baculovirus genomes, shutting down host transcription, and regulating late and very late phases of viral transcription. Moreover, virus-mediated nuclear localization of actin early during infection may contribute to nucleosome management.
Oral toxicity and excretion of four commercial polyoxyalkylene glycol compounds

Abstract Four water-soluble Ucon® fluids (butoxypolyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycols, 50-HB-260 and 50-HB-5100, I and II; polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycols, 25-H-2005 and 75-H-1400, III and IV) were studied. The acute oral toxicities to rodents ranged from moderate to low as molecular weight increased. In the rat diet at 0.5 g/kg/day and the dog matching diet of 1.67%, I, II, and IV were without effect; III reduced growth of female rats and resulted in microscopic lesions of the dog intestinal wall muscle, but 0.1 g/kg/day and 0.33%, respectively, had no effect. The results of excretion studies with labeled samples did not distinguish between incomplete absorption from the digestive tract and high absorption followed by substantial excretion in the bile. Only 50-HB-260 resulted in appreciable respiratory carbon dioxide, originating from its butoxy and propoxy moieties.
Model development and control design for high-speed atomic force microscopy

This paper addresses the development of energy-based models and model-based control designs necessary to achieve present and projected applications involving atomic force microscopy. The models are based on a combination of energy analysis at the mesoscopic level with stochastic homogenization techniques to construct low-order macroscopic models. Approximate model inverses are then employed as filters to linearize transducer responses for linear robust control design.
T.V. or Not T.V., Is That the Question?.

It is the purpose of this article to examine the relationship of television viewing to reading and pre‐reading skills. A number of research studies are cited, both positively and negatively correlating televiewing with reading and pre‐reading skills. After examining the research relating television watching and reading, alternative suggestions are given which may be used by parents and teachers to encourage reading readiness, and means of incorporating children's Television experience into reading related activities are suggested.
Measuring Attending Behavior and Short-Term Memory with Knox's Cube Test.

Knox's Cube Test has been used in ability tests since 1915. Most of these test batteries are out of print or dated. A new revision was developed using Rasch psychometric techniques to build a KCT variable and item bank using the tapping series from all previous editions. This new KCT edition now links all previous versions. The report forms developed give a clear and straight-forward picture of the subject's performance set in a context which is both normative and criterion.
Endovascular treatment of a spinal dural arteriovenous malformation (DAVF)

We present a case of a patient with rapid loss of motor strength in his lower extremities. He became bedridden with bowel and bladder incontinence, and developed saddle anesthesia. MRI of the lumbar spine showed edema in the conus medullaris and multiple flow voids within the spinal canal. A spinal angiogram showed a dorsal Type I spinal AVF. This was treated successfully with Onyx 18 (eV3, Irvine, CA). The patient showed rapid post-procedure improvement, and at discharge from the hospital to a rehabilitation center he was fully ambulatory. At 3-year follow-up, the patient was found to ambulate without difficulty. He also had improved saddle anesthesia, and he was voiding spontaneously. There was no evidence of flow voids on repeat MRI of the lumbar spine. The video can be found here: http://youtu.be/SDYNIGNQIW8 .
Concurrent birefringence and forward light-scattering measurements of flash-bleached rod outer segments

A microretardometer--nephelometer was constructed to measure birefringence and forward-direction light scattering concurrently in single retinal rod outer segments (ROS). The relative contributions of light-induced birefringence and light-scattering changes to observed far-red transmission changes measured normal to the cell axis were evaluated in isolated, whole, flash-bleached ROS. No light-scattering transients were found corresponding to the previously reported rapid birefringence loss associated with the metarhodopsin I lead to metarhodopsin II reaction even under conditions in which such a light-scattering change has been reported for outer-segment fragments.
Backshort-Under-Grid arrays for infrared astronomy

Abstract We are developing a kilopixel, filled bolometer array for space infrared astronomy. The array consists of three individual components, to be merged into a single, working unit; (1) a transition edge sensor bolometer array, operating in the milliKelvin regime, (2) a quarter-wave backshort grid, and (3) superconducting quantum interference device multiplexer readout. The detector array is designed as a filled, square grid of suspended, silicon bolometers with superconducting sensors. The backshort arrays are fabricated separately and will be positioned in the cavities created behind each detector during fabrication. The grids have a unique interlocking feature machined into the walls for positioning and mechanical stability. The spacing of the backshort beneath the detector grid can be set from ∼30–300 μm, by independently adjusting two process parameters during fabrication. The ultimate goal is to develop a large-format array architecture with background-limited sensitivity, suitable for a wide range of wavelengths and applications, to be directly bump bonded to a multiplexer circuit. We have produced prototype two-dimensional arrays having 8×8 detector elements. We present detector design, fabrication overview, and assembly technologies.
Regulation by Interleukin-1β of Formation of a Line of Delimiting Astrocytes Following Prenatal Trauma to the Brain of the Mouse☆

Abstract The regulation of perinatal glia limitans (GL) reformation by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) following prenatal neural trauma in the mouse was studied in lesioned fetal mice by immunocytochemistry and computer-assisted image analysis for presence and distribution of astrocytes and IL-1β immunoreactivity (ir). Astrocytes stained with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were observed as a line of delimiting astrocytes (LDA) near the lesion edge on Postnatal Day 0 (P0, 2 days postlesion). At P6, a new and complete GL composed of GFAP-positive astrocytes was continuous with that of adjacent undamaged tissue. The new GL was located in the same area at P6 as was the LDA at P0, suggesting that the LDA is the precursor structure to a reformed GL. Astrocytes comprising the new GL were positive for anti-IL-1β. The IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), administered acutely into the lesion, produced a significantly decreased optical density of IL-1β-ir at the LDA at P0 compared to animals that received injections of vehicle, human recombinant IL-1β, or a combination injection of IL-1ra + IL-1β. Furthermore, although GFAP-stained cells appeared at the lesion site, an organized LDA was not visible at P0 in IL-1ra-treated animals. Vehicle-, IL-1β-, and combination-injected animals showed a robust LDA at the lesion site at P0. These data suggest that upregulation of IL-1β in astrocytes and interaction of IL-1β with the neural IL-1 receptor are important for reconstruction of the GL following prenatal lesion in the murine brain.
Investigation of the near‐surface soil freeze‐thaw cycle in the contiguous United States: Algorithm development and validation

[1] A combined frozen soil algorithm was developed and validated to detect the near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycle over snow-free and snow-covered land areas in the contiguous United States. The combined frozen soil algorithm consists of two parts. (1) Over snow-free land areas, a passive microwave remote sensing algorithm was used to detect the near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycle. (2) Over snow-covered land areas, a one-dimensional numerical heat transfer model with phase change was used to detect soil freeze/thaw status under snow cover. Using the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) data, the passive microwave algorithm uses a negative spectral gradient between 19 and 37 GHz, vertically polarized brightness temperatures, and a cutoff brightness temperature at 37 GHz with vertical polarization (TB(37V)). SSM/I data and soil temperature data from 26 stations over the contiguous United States from 2 year period, 1 July 1997 through 30 June 1999, were used to calibrate the algorithm (year 1), to validate the algorithm (year 2), and to demonstrate freeze/thaw classification (both years). A cutoff brightness temperature of 258.2 K was obtained on the basis of a linear correlation (r2 = 0.84) between the soil temperature at 5 cm depth and the TB(37V). The combined frozen soil algorithm provides an accuracy for frozen soil detection of about 76% and an accuracy for the correct classification of both frozen and unfrozen soils of approximately 83% with a percent error of about 17%. The combined frozen soil algorithm was used to investigate the timing, duration and number of days, and daily area extent of near-surface frozen soils over the study area. The primary results indicate that the maximum area extent of frozen ground during the winter of 1997/1998 was about 4.4 × 106 km2 or 63% of the total land area of the contiguous United States, while during the winter of 1998/1999, the maximum extent was about 5.2 × 106 km2 or 74%. The duration of the soil freeze ranges from less than 1 month in the south to over 8 months in the Rocky Mountains. The actual number of days of soil freezing varies from a few weeks to more than several months. The number of near-surface soil freeze/thaw cycles varied from 1 to more than 11 during the winters of 1997/1998 and 1998/1999, while the average length frozen period varied from less than 20 days to more than 220 days.
Decomposition of YBa2Cu3Ox under an oxygen potential gradient using a YSZ-based galvanic cell

Abstract Decomposition of a polycrystalline YBa 2 Cu 3 O x superconductor is observed under an oxygen potential gradient, using a yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) galvanic cell: O 2 /Pt/YSZ/Pt/YBa 2 Cu 3 O x /O 2 . A floating voltage of 465 mV was applied at the of the sample to create a low oxygen partial pressure, while the right side was exposed to pure flowing oxygen. Phase segregations were observed at both sides, with an indication of Cu migration towards the high oxygen potential side. Moreover, morphological instabilities accompanied with phase decomposition at the low P O 2 side were observed.
A conservative bound for the probability of failure of a 1-out-of-2 protection system with one hardware-only and one software-based protection train

Redundancy and diversity have long been used as means to obtain high reliability in critical systems. While it is easy to show that, say, a 1-out-of-2 diverse system will be more reliable than each of its two individual “trains”, assessing the actual reliability of such systems can be difficult because the trains cannot be assumed to fail independently. If we cannot claim independence of train failures, the computation of system reliability is difficult, because we would need to know the probability of failure on demand (pfd) for every possible demand. These are unlikely to be known in the case of software. Claims for software often concern its marginalpfd, i.e. average across all possible demands. In this paper we consider the case of a 1-out-of-2 safety protection system in which one train contains software (and hardware), and the other train contains only hardware equipment. We show that a useful upper (i.e. conservative) bound can be obtained for the system pfd using only the unconditional pfd for software together with information about the variation of hardware failure probability across demands, which is likely to be known or estimatable. The worst-case result is obtained by “allocating” software failure probability among demand “classes” so as to maximize system pfd.
Taking Advantage of the Unexpected Consequences of Experiential Activities

This article points out that incidents like those described in the "Killer Group" article, if handled properly, can be used to teach valuable lessons that will be long remembered. The key is being certain that everyone involved is given the opportunity to examine both the consequences of the behavior of each of the parties involved in the classroom incident and the consequences of similar behavior in parallel situations that they will encounter in the workplace environment.
Uso de la genética y la transcriptómica en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad coronaria

Full English text available from: www.revespcardiol.org La enfermedad cardiovascular es un trastorno complejo, multifactorial y poligenico que tiene un importante componente de influencia ambiental. Esto hace que la prediccion y la estratificacion individual del riesgo resulten muy dificiles. Los avances tecnologicos y la publicacion de estudios mas amplios y bien disenados han llevado a un progreso importante en la definicion de las repercusiones de la variacion genetica frecuente en la progresion de la enfermedad cardiovascular. El descubrimiento de variantes geneticas frecuentes, como el locus del cromosoma 9p21.3 como el factor de riesgo coronario genetico independiente mas potente y con una alta replicacion, ha estimulado tambien el interes por las pruebas geneticas de variantes de riesgo cardiaco. A este conocimiento de la genetica de la enfermedad cardiovascular, se suma la creciente informacion disponible sobre el papel de los transcritos o la expresion genica. Es probable que la combinacion de ADN, ARN y datos clinicos sea util para aclarar muchas de las complejidades que se observan en la enfermedad cardiovascular.
Reviews and comments on alcohol research: Metabolism, time, and place

Abstract This section of the journal is designed to provide readers with reviews of recent literature, and to stimulate research on questions that are important in the treatment and prevention of alcohol addiction. Research can provide insight into the causes of alcohol abuse and addiction, as well as answers to questions concerning the biomedical and psychological consequences of alcohol consumption. The ideas and critique expressed in this department are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the editor, editorial board, or publisher of Alcohol. Reference to the original articles is recommended before quoting any of this material in scientific publications.
Incomplete Democratization and the Outbreak of Military Disputes

Whereas most research on the democratic peace has focused on relations within pairs of states, research on the relationship between democratization and armed conflict has centered primarily on the behavior of individual states. Moreover, the existing literature has placed primary emphasis on explaining the effects of democratization on war, rather than military disputes more generally. In this article, we find that certain types of democratic transitions markedly increase the risk of such disputes within dyads, even when economic and political relations between states are taken into account. Particularly prone to violence are dyads in which either state undergoes an incomplete democratic transition; that is, a shift from an autocratic to a partially democratic (or anocratic) regime that stalls prior to the establishment of consolidated democratic institutions.
Interface magnetic anisotropy in epitaxial superlattices

We have studied the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of Co/Pd superlattices grown under identical conditions by molecular-beam epitaxy along the three crystal axes: [001], [110], and [111]. Our measurements unambiguously demonstrate that the large systematic variations of the anisotropy energy with crystal orientation result solely from differences in the volume contribution to the anisotropy. We find the perpendicular interface anisotropy to be independent of the epitaxial orientation (0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$), and hence to be an intrinsic property of the Co/Pd interface.
Use of mental health services by the rural aged: Longitudinal study

Recent longitudinal research investigating historic shifts in attitudes toward mental health services reveal a positive cohort shift. Most likely, this shift equates to greater use of mental health services. The purpose of this study was to examine historic shifts in the use of mental health services in a rural population. In 1987, we administered a survey to 358 randomly selected rural individuals investigating their willingness to use mental health services. In 1994, we resurveyed 110 individuals from our original sample. As predicted, we found that there was a shift in our participants' willingness to use mental health services, increasing from 5% to 18%. This increased use, although improved, still fell somewhat below the actual need for mental health services, which had remained constant (about 25%). Interestingly, there was no greater reliance on psychotropic medication in lieu of psychotherapy (about 10%). In 1987, we found that those rural elderly who had the greatest need for mental health services were the least likely to use them. This trend may be shifting as well, although it requires further investigation and confirmation. The salient implications for the design and implementation of rural mental health services for baby boomers are noted.
The Leontief and Schultz Methods of Deriving “Demand” Curves

I. The technique of the Schultz and Leontief methods, 219. — II. The logic of the methods, 223. — III. Application of both methods to price-quantity data for coffee, 232; copper, 237; sugar, 240. — IV. English import and export indexes, 242. — V. Comparison of the results of these experiments, 253. — VI. Criticism of the Leontief and Schultz logic, 255. — Conclusion, 260.
Sabbatical in Paradise

ABSTRACT A community college librarian from Southern California describes her semester-length sabbatical on the Pacific island territory of New Caledonia, and how the professional, cultural, and language experiences changed her outlook about her job back home. Working at a local library on several projects organizing and processing special collections of materials, the author returned with a new set of useful skills, a refreshed sense of purpose, and a greater understanding of the cultural and language experiences of her own library's diverse users.
When Work And Family Are Allies: A Theory Of Work-Family Enrichment

We define work-family enrichment as the extent to which experiences in one role improve the quality of life in the other role. In this article we propose a theoretical model of work-family enrichment and offer a series of research propositions that reflect two paths to enrichment: an instrumental path and an affective path. We then examine the implications of the model for future research on the work-family enrichment process.
Aggressiveness, Territoriality, and Sexual Behavior in Field Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Most contacts between adult male field crickets involve aggressive behavior by one or both individuals and terminate with the obvious retreat of one individual. Aggressive behavior consists of one or more of several actions: in mild encounters there is either rearing of the forebody, lashing of the antennae, and shaking of the body, or else rearing of the hind body, kicking with the hind legs, and shaking of the body; in intense encounters, antennal lashing and rearing of the forebody are followed by spreading the mandibles, stridulating distinctively, rushing forward, sparring with the forelegs, butting with the head, and grappling, wrestling, or biting with the mandibles. A male is often flipped back or thrown sideways, but mutilation as a result of fighting is rare, and only in the most intense encounters is the winner determined by what seems to be superior strength or fighting ability. The outcomes of most encounters are determined by the relative tenacity of the two males, and the intensity of aggression exhibited is correlated with the length of the fight, continued aggressive activity developing into increasingly severe combat until one male finally retreats. Groups of adult male field crickets caged in small arenas form essentially linear dominance hierarchies which are stable for short periods of time and which can be described in terms of several characteristics: (1) each male dominates all or nearly all of his encounters with males below him in the hierarchy, (2) the total number of encounters by individual males decreases gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy, (3) the intensity of aggression exhibited during encounters decreases more or less gradually toward the bottom of the hierarchy and the numbers of no-decision and no-aggression encounters and actively homosexual contacts increase, and (4) encounters between males which rank next to each other are usually more intense than encounters between males which are far apart in the hierarchy.
Culture‐Independent Rapid Detection Methods for Bacterial Pathogens and Toxins in Food Matrices

Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens and toxins in foods is necessary to provide real-time results to mitigate foodborne illness outbreaks. Cultural enrichment methods, although the most widely used, are time-consuming and therefore inadequate for rapid pathogen detection from food samples. The development of novel "rapid" detection methods has decreased detection time dramatically. This review presents an overview of detection methods for various foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, and bacterial toxins in food matrices, with emphasis on those methods which do not require cultural enrichment. Discussed methods include nucleic acid-, immunological-, and biosensor-based techniques. A summary of each type of detection method is given, including referenced methods from the literature. Since these discussed methods do not require cultural enrichment, there is a higher probability of interference from the food matrices. Therefore, the review also discusses the potential interference of food components on detection methods and addresses preprocessing strategies to overcome matrix associated inhibition and to concentrate low quantities of pathogens and toxins in food. Development of rapid and sensitive detection technologies advances and ensures public health safety and security.
Targeting Signal‐Transducer‐and‐Activator‐of‐Transcription‐3 for Prevention and Therapy of Cancer

Recent evidence indicates a convergence of molecular tar- gets for both prevention and therapy of cancer. Signal-transducer-and- activator-of-transcription-3 (STAT3), a member of a family of six differ- ent transcription factors, is closely linked with tumorigenesis. Its role in cancer is indicated by numerous avenues of evidence, including the fol- lowing: STAT3 is constitutively active in tumor cells; STAT3 is activated by growth factors (e.g., EGF, TGF-� , IL-6, hepatocyte growth factor) and oncogenic kinases (e.g., Src); STAT3 regulates the expression of genes that mediate proliferation (e.g., c-myc and cyclin D1), suppress apop- tosis (e.g., Bcl-xL and survivin), or promote angiogenesis (e.g, VEGF); STAT3 activation has been linked with chemoresistance and radioresis- tance; and chemopreventive agents have been shown to suppress STAT3 activation. Thus inhibitors of STAT3 activation have potential for both prevention and therapy of cancer. Besides small peptides and oligonu- cleotides, numerous small molecules have been identified as blockers of STAT3 activation, including synthetic molecules (e.g., AG 490, decoy peptides, and oligonucleotides) and plant polyphenols (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, flavopiridol, indirubin, magnolol, piceatannol, parthenolide, EGCG, and cucurbitacin). This article discusses these aspects of STAT3 in more detail.
Characterization of the effectiveness of reporting lists of small feature sets relative to the accuracy of the prior biological knowledge.

When confronted with a small sample, feature-selection algorithms often fail to find good feature sets, a problem exacerbated for high-dimensional data and large feature sets. The problem is compounded by the fact that, if one obtains a feature set with a low error estimate, the estimate is unreliable because training-data-based error estimators typically perform poorly on small samples, exhibiting optimistic bias or high variance. One way around the problem is limit the number of features being considered, restrict features sets to sizes such that all feature sets can be examined by exhaustive search, and report a list of the best performing feature sets. If the list is short, then it greatly restricts the possible feature sets to be considered as candidates; however, one can expect the lowest error estimates obtained to be optimistically biased so that there may not be a close-to-optimal feature set on the list. This paper provides a power analysis of this methodology; in particular, it examines the kind of results one should expect to obtain relative to the length of the list and the number of discriminating features among those considered. Two measures are employed. The first is the probability that there is at least one feature set on the list whose true classification error is within some given tolerance of the best feature set and the second is the expected number of feature sets on the list whose true errors are within the given tolerance of the best feature set. These values are plotted as functions of the list length to generate power curves. The results show that, if the number of discriminating features is not too small—that is, the prior biological knowledge is not too poor—then one should expect, with high probability, to find good feature sets. Availability: companion website at http://gsp.tamu.edu/Publications/supplementary/zhao09a/
Construct Validation of the Behavior and Instructional Management Scale.

Abstract Beliefs related to classroom management vary among teachers and play an important role in classrooms. Despite the importance of this construct, valid measures have proven difficult to develop. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Behavior and Instructional Management Scale (BIMS), a short but valid measure of teachers' approaches to behavioral and instructional management. Results revealed a two-factor solution that possessed a good model fit, with large estimated factor loadings using confirmatory factor analysis. Evidence of validity was obtained with the Ohio State Teacher Efficacy Scale. Internal consistency for both subscales was adequate. Implications for future research are discussed.
Clinical, radiographic, and biochemical characterization of multiple myeloma patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Purpose: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) has been reported in patients with a history of aminobisphosphonate use. This study was conducted in order to define ONJ clinically and radiographically and gain insights into its pathophysiology. Experimental Design: Eleven multiple myeloma (MM) patients with ONJ were included in the study. Patients underwent clinical, biochemical, radiographic, and molecular profiling. Ten MM patients on aminobisphosphonates without ONJ and five healthy volunteers were used as controls for biochemical and molecular studies. Results: MM patients with ONJ were treated with either pamidronate ( n = 3), zoledronate ( n = 4), or both agents sequentially ( n = 4) for a mean of 38.7 months. Radiographic studies showed bone sclerosis and fragmentation on plain films and computerized tomography. Quantitative regional analysis of NaF-PET and FDG-PET scans confirmed an increased standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in areas of ONJ. The target to background ratio of SUVmax was significantly greater for NaF-PET compared with FDG-PET scan. Biochemical bone marker data and transcriptional profiling studies showed that genes and proteins involved in osteoblast and osteoclast signaling cascades were significantly down-regulated in patients with ONJ. Conclusions: ONJ was associated with a mean duration of 38.7 months of aminobisphosphonate exposure. Radiographic and functional imaging confirmed sites of clinically established ONJ. Gene and protein studies are consistent with altered bone remodeling, evidenced by suppression of both bone resorption and formation.
Real Options in Ship and Force Structure Analysis: A Research Agenda

In the evaluation of large, risky expenditures on long-lived capital investments, conventional engineering economic analysis methods do not provide adequate insight into the option value of managerial flexibility and strategic interactions. A common practical remedy is to set aside the (incomplete) analysis in favor of intuition and judgment, which in many instances results from tacit knowledge of embedded option-type value. If this value could be explicitly documented then the decision criteria would be more transparent. With this in mind, a “real” options analogy with financial options has been proposed; the attraction is that methods for valuing financial options are mature. Naval ship design and acquisition is an option-laden environment. Therefore if a naval version of the real options analogy were developed, it would add considerable insight. In this paper, the motivation for option-based analysis is introduced, the basic mechanics of financial options are reviewed, and an agenda for developing options-informed naval analyses is suggested.
Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: Epidemiology, Detection, and Treatment

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are extremely broad spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes found in a variety of Enterobacteriaceae. Most strains producing these beta-lactamases are Klebsiella pneumoniae, other Klebsiella species (i.e., K. oxytoca), and Escherichia coli. When producing these enzymes, organisms become highly effective at inactivating various beta-lactam antibiotics. In addition, ESBL-producing bacteria are frequently resistant to many classes of antibiotics, resulting in difficult-to-treat infections. Other problems due to ESBL-producing bacteria are difficulty in detecting the presence of ESBLs, limited treatment options, and deleterious impact on clinical outcomes. Clinicians should be familiar with the clinical significance of these enzymes and potential strategies for dealing with this growing problem.