cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hydrogeologic model of stratiform copper mineralization in the Midcontinent Rift System, Northern Michigan, USA

This paper presents a suite of two-dimensional mathematical models of basin-scale groundwater flow and heat transfer for the middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System. The models were used to assess the hydrodynamic driving mechanisms responsible for main-stage stratiform copper mineralization of the basal Nonesuch Formation during the post-volcanic/pre-compressional phase of basin evolution. Results suggest that compaction of the basal aquifer (Copper Harbor Formation), in response to mechanical loading during deposition of the overlying Freda Sandstone, generated a pulse of marginward-directed, compaction-driven discharge of cupriferous brines from within the basal aquifer. The timing of this pulse is consistent with the radiometric dates for the timing of mineralization. Thinning of the basal aquifer near White Pine, Michigan, enhanced stratiform copper mineralization. Focused upward leakage of copper-laden brines into the lowermost facies of the pyrite-rich Nonesuch Formation resulted in copper sulfide mineralization in response to a change in oxidation state. Economic-grade mineralization within the White Pine ore district is a consequence of intense focusing of compaction-driven discharge, and corresponding amplification of leakage into the basal Nonesuch Formation, where the basal aquifer thins dramatically atop the Porcupine Mountains volcanic structure. Equilibrium geochemical modeling and mass-balance calculations support this conclusion. We also assessed whether topography and density-driven flow systems could have caused ore genesis at White Pine. Topography-driven flow associated with the Ottawan orogeny was discounted because it post-dates main-stage ore genesis and because recent seismic interpretations of basin inversion indicates that basin geometry would not be conductive to ore genesis. Density-driven flow systems did not produce focused discharge in the vicinity of the White Pine ore district.
Hydrogenase-independent uptake and metabolism of electrons by the archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis.

Direct, shuttle-free uptake of extracellular, cathode-derived electrons has been postulated as a novel mechanism of electron metabolism in some prokaryotes that may also be involved in syntrophic electron transport between two microorganisms. Experimental proof for direct uptake of cathodic electrons has been mostly indirect and has been based on the absence of detectable concentrations of molecular hydrogen. However, hydrogen can be formed as a transient intermediate abiotically at low cathodic potentials (<−414 mV) under conditions of electromethanogenesis. Here we provide genetic evidence for hydrogen-independent uptake of extracellular electrons. Methane formation from cathodic electrons was observed in a wild-type strain of the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis as well as in a hydrogenase-deletion mutant lacking all catabolic hydrogenases, indicating the presence of a hydrogenase-independent mechanism of electron catabolism. In addition, we discovered a new route for hydrogen or formate production from cathodic electrons: Upon chemical inhibition of methanogenesis with 2-bromo-ethane sulfonate, hydrogen or formate accumulated in the bioelectrochemical cells instead of methane. These results have implications for our understanding on the diversity of microbial electron uptake and metabolism.
Blue (or purple) toe syndrome

The blue (or purple) toe syndrome consists of the development of blue or violaceous discoloration of one or more toes in the absence of obvious trauma, serious cold-induced injury, or disorders producing generalized cyanosis. The major general categories are: (1) decreased arterial flow, (2) impaired venous outflow, and (3) abnormal circulating blood. Depending on its pathogenesis, the discoloration may be blanching or nonblanching. An accurate diagnosis is critical, because many of the causes threaten life and limb, but the patient's medical history, accompanying nondermatologic findings on physical examination, and a discriminating use of laboratory tests are usually more important than the nature of the cutaneous abnormalities in determining the cause. Learning objectives After completing this learning activity, participants should be able to define the blue (or purple) toe syndrome, categorize the causes, and recognize the important historical, clinical, and laboratory findings that differentiate the causes and lead to the correct diagnosis.
Searching for the vomeronasal organ of adult humans: Preliminary findings on location, structure, and size

The adult human vomeronasal organ (VNO) has been the focus of numerous recent investigations, yet its developmental continuity from the human fetal VNO is poorly understood. The present study compared new data on the adult human “VNO” with previous findings on the fetal human VNO. Nasal septa were removed from twelve adult human cadavers and each specimen was histologically sectioned. Coronal sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff-hematoxylin. The sections were examined by light microscopy for the presence of VNOs and the anterior paraseptal cartilages (PC). VNOs were quantified using a computer reconstruction technique to obtain VNO length, volume, and vomeronasal epithelium (VNE) volume. Histologically, VNOs and PCs were identified in eleven specimens. VNOs had ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells. Variations (e.g., multiple communications to the nasal cavity) were observed in several specimens. Quantification was possible for 16 right or left VNOs. Right or left VNOs ranged from 3.5 to 11.8 mm in length, from 1.8 to 33.8 x 10-4cc in volume, and from 2.7 to 18.1 x 10-4cc in VNE volume. Results indicated that the adult human VNO was similar in VNE morphology, lumen shape, and spatial relationships when compared to human fetal VNOs. By comparison with previous fetal VNO measures, mean VNO length, volume, and VNE volume were larger in adult humans. These results support previous suggestions that postnatal VNO growth occurs. Findings on location and spatial relationships of the adult VNO were similar to those seen in human fetuses, but critical questions remain regarding the ontogeny of the vomeronasal nerves and VNE. Microsc. Res. Tech. 41:483–491, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Chitosan-Induced Perturbation of Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Membrane Bilayer

Recently, chitosan, a positively charged polysaccharide in slightly acidic condition, has been used as a membrane perturbant in a novel gene delivery assay. In this study, the fundamental interactions between chitosan and DPPC membrane bilayers were investigated with cross-polarization microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. The cross-polarized images showed that chitosan induced fusions of multilamellar vesicles. It was determined that the mixing of chitosan with dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and subsequent hydration of the mixture at 60 °C significantly suppressed the enthalpy of the gel−liquid crystalline transition in a concentration-dependent manner. Chitosan also affected the thermotropic behavior of DPPC bilayer during the cooling cycle. However, chitosan addition to DPPC had no effect on the main phase transition temperature (Tm) of DPPC bilayers. When DPPC and chitosan were mixed in chloroform before hydration, the initial rate...
A genetic investigation of the mechanism of adenovirus marker rescue.

Abstract We have developed quantitative and segregational methods for investigating the mechanism of genetic exchange in adenovirus marker rescue. Estimates of “marker rescue frequency” (m.r.f.) were used to show that marker rescue increases linearly with increasing dose of fragment up to equimolarity with the full-length genome. The m.r.f. is also affected by the size of the rescuing fragment and the position of the wild-type allele within it, regardless of whether the fragment is terminal or internal. This is compatible with marker rescue being based on homologous exchange between the recombining partners. Examination of individually transfected cells showed that there is very wide variability in the values of the m.r.f.'s. This suggests that marker transfer can occur after replication of the full-length genome has begun, and can occur late into the infectious cycle. Unselected markers on the rescuing fragment were shown to be co-inherited frequently. This suggests that physical linkage is accompanied by genetic linkage. To examine this more closely, a multifactorial marker rescue was performed. The data show unequivocally that markers resident on the same fragment as the selected allele are inherited at high frequency, with a gradient of transfer in which markers closest to the selected marker are transferred most frequently. Markers up to 13 and perhaps as many as 17 kb apart can be inherited together. There are very few examples of the inheritance of distal markers in the absence of proximal ones. These data suggest that large pieces of DNA are transferred in a concerted reaction during marker rescue.
Fabrication of Two- and Three-Dimensional Silica Nanocolloidal Particle Arrays

Monodispersed silica spheres with diameters of 100−500 nm were prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the presence of water and ammonia in ethanol medium. Silica colloidal sph...
Transformation: A Key to Shaping Nursing

This article focuses on a time that expands the present and embraces the year 2000. The transformational world view is presented as a system of values and beliefs ever-changing and leading in different directions. Several directions are discussed in relation to the shaping of nursing.
Development of Na+-dependent hexose transport in cultured renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1).

A number of factors were explored to analyze how they interact to yield the increasing transport capacity in differentiating cell populations. These factors include the number of functional transporters in the population, the distribution of these transporters among the individual cells, the Na/sup +/ chemical gradient, the transmembrane potential, the pathways and activities of these pathways for efflux of glucoside, and cell-cell coupling between accumulating and non-accumulating cells. 35 references, 9 figures, 2 tables. (ACR)
The social context of bullying and peer victimization: An introduction to the special issue

An overlooked aspect of bullying and peer victimization is the social context in which it occurs. To advance the research and effectively prevent bullying, additional research is needed to better understand various aspects of the school context that may influence victimization. Drawing on several theoretical frameworks, this article outlines the rationale for the special issue and its focus on the social context of bullying and peer victimization. The authors identify important themes from across the five empirical articles and invited commentaries. Issues related to the measurement of bullying and peer victimization, and other methodological challenges associated with the study of context, are discussed. Consistent with a public health approach to prevention, the authors discuss implications of these findings for improving the effectiveness of school-based prevention programs.
Transition metal nitrate complexes of 1,4,5-triazanaphthalene

Abstract Coordination compounds of some first row transition metal nitrates with 1,4,5-triazanaphthalene (pyrido[2,3- b ]pyrazine), abbreviated tnp, have been prepared and characterized by thermal analysis, infrared, visible and near-infrared spectra, and magnetic susceptibility. The compounds have the formulas Co(tnp)(NO 3 ) 2 , Ni(tnp)(NO 3 ) 2 ·H 2 O, Cu(tnp) 2 (NO 3 ) 2 , and Zn(tnp)(NO 3 ) 2 . The infrared spectra identify the nitrate groups as functioning as bidentate ligands. The absorptions in the TGA and DSC appear in the same temperature ranges. The major decompositions correspond to simultaneous loss of ligand and decomposition of the nitrate groups leaving an oxide as the residue.
Flow visualization of a secondary jet by means of lampblack injection techniques.

Fluid flow processes for secondary sonic jet injection into Mach 6 free stream, noting upstream flow into separated flow regions
Management of clonidine ingestion in children.

Six cases of toxic ingestion of clonidine hydrochloride are reviewed. Apnea, respiratory depression, and rhythm disturbances were more frequent in our patients than in those previously reported; hypotension and bradycardia occrred at a similar frequency. Satisfactory management consisted of close attention to vital signs and judicious treatment of specific physiologic abnormalities. Atropine effectively corrected bradycardia. Tolazoline was found to be ineffective in reversing symptoms and signs of clonidine overdosage. Hypotension was managed by volume expansion, and if necessary, by a continuous infusion of dopamine. Naloxone, although not used in our patients, may be of both diagnostic and therapeutic value in treating clonidine overdosage.
A mixed method approach to understanding brand personality

Purpose – This paper aims to use a mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) approach to exploring product personality. It also aims to focus on the personality dimensions of two retails stores (Target and Wal‐Mart) and two athletic brands (Adidas and Nike). While personality has been investigated in marketing settings, the focus has been limited to using quantitative scales. This approach has the potential of leaving out rich details of personality not captured by the scale, thereby offering little helpful information for advertising copy writers. While qualitative approaches may lack the formal test of hypotheses, they afford rich narrative that adds important insights about the products and practical help for advertising development.Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a concurrent, two‐studies design where qualitative and quantitative data are both collected and analyzed separately (concurrently or sequentially). A survey is used to measure the personality dimensions based on Aaker's ...
A minimum variance of utility approach to ideal point estimation in certain biased groups

Abstract This paper discusses a problem of group decision making called ideal point estimation. This problem is equivalent to all individuals of the group, or a representative committee, attempting to estimate the maximum point for an unknown group multiattribute value function. The paper concentrates on a type of systematic error which is possible in such processes and proposes a method of estimation, the minimum variance of utility method, which is capable of debiasing such estimates in certain cases. A model of group error called the dome error process is shown to provide a concrete instance of this type of systematic bias. The method is illustrated numerically and some applications are discussed.
Mitochondrial and nuclear variants in a U.S. black population: origins of a hybrid population.

Summary The maternal transmission of mitochondria in higher eukaryotes makes it possible to distinguish between reciprocal matings, since offspring possess the mitochondrial DNA variants received from the mother. This possibility can be extended to hybrid populations, the mitochondrial frequencies reflecting the relative maternal contributions from the parental populations. Nuclear variations reflect the relative genetic contributions of the parental populations, irrespective of parental sex. The U.S. Black population is a hybrid of West African and European populations. The African-European matings that contributed to the present Black population are traditionally considered to have been almost exclusively between African females and European males. We have studied nuclear and mitochondrial variants in a sample of U.S. Blacks, comparing them with published frequencies from African and Caucasian groups. Our results suggest that the mitochondria of present-day American Blacks are derived from Caucasians to an extent similar to nuclear genes. In contrast to traditional beliefs, the contribution from Caucasian females is of the same magnitude as that from Caucasian males.
Antidromic activation of a peptidergic pathway in the limbic system of the male rat

Stimulation of the medial amygdaloid nucleus (AME) produces a long-latency and long-lasting inhibition of pyramidal cells in both the dorsal and the ventral hippocampus. The inhibition is blocked by a specific antagonist to vasopressin, which is a candidate neurotransmitter in the system. Antidromic activation of the AME from the hippocampus occurs with a latency suggestive of the conduction velocity of small diameter unmyelinated fibers. Immunocytochemistry for vasopressin reveals small diameter, unmyelinated immunoreactive fibers in the vicinity of the stimulating electrode in the hippocampus, and immunoreactive cell bodies in the vicinity of the recording electrode in the AME.
Fire drainage system

Present firesafety measures were conceived to deal with hypothetical fires spreading by destruction of successive compartment boundaries. A new firesafety system, referred to as the “fire drainage system,” is designed to cope with real-world fires spreading mainly by convection. It confines fire and smoke to the room of origin and to a small corridor element adjacent to the room. The system can be designed to operate without the use of water and electric energy. The fundamentals of its design are described and some experimental information is presented.
Periodontal restorative interrelationships: the isolated restoration.

The interplay of marginal placement and the periodontal attachment apparatus is reviewed and demonstrated clinically in two case reports.
A cinematic study of centric and eccentric occlusions

Abstract One hundred dentulous subjects were recorded cinematically in order to investigate the relationship between the occlusal pattern, centric relation, centric occlusion, and temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The majority of the subjects (81 per cent) exhibited lateral working side cuspal contact; only 19 per cent had a canine-protected occlusion. A 2 mm. discrepancy between centric relation and centric occlusion was found in only one subject of the working side contact group, whereas more than half of the canine-protected group had this degree of “hit and slide.” This evidence suggests the possibility of an association between a canine-protected occlusion and large discrepancies between centric relation and centric occlusion. Three subjects of the 4 with temporomandibular joint dysfunctions were found in the canine-protected occlusion group. However, 2 mm. discrepancies between centric relation and centric occlusion in each subject with temporomandibular joint disturbances leads to the association of centric occlusal disharmony with joint pathology. However, it would be premature to relate the canine-protected occlusion directly to temporomandibular joint dysfunction.
Incidence of mycotoxic molds in domestic and imported cheeses.

Domestic and imported cheeses were studied to determine the incidence of mycotoxin producing molds. The total incidence of molds in visibly non. moldy cheese was very low. Isolation of molds from plate counts, and directly from samples, showed that the major portion of the flora was made up of Penicillium species; 86% in domestic cheeses and 80% in imported cheeses. Many of the Penicillium isolates were capable of growing at low storage temperatures. Mold counts done at 5"C, and prolonged storage of cheese samples at 5°C indicated a potential for considerable mold growth on cheese during refrigerated storage. While the overall incidence of known mycotoxin producing molds was low, a number of potentialy toxic species were found, including P. cyclopium, P. viridicatum, A. flavus and A. ochraceus. These species accounted for 4.4% of all the isolates from domestic cheeses and 4.0% from imported cheeses. Screening of all mold isolates for production of several known mycotoxins showed that a number of isolates (14.1% of all molds in domestic cheeses and 11.5% in imported cheeses) were capable of producing certain mycotoxins including patulin, penicillic acid, ochratoxin A, citrinin and aflatoxins.
Beneficial and Adverse Effects of Water-Protein Interactions in Selected Dairy Products

Abstract Water-protein interaction is an important factor in the dehydration, rehydration, solubility, viscosity, gelation, heat stability, browning reaction, and other important properties of dairy products over a wide range of water activities. The ability of the major milk proteins, e.g., casein micelles and whey proteins, to interact with and immobilize water in dehydrated, solution, and gelled milk product systems is largely dependent upon their physicochemical state. This latter phenomenon is largely a function of pH; temperature; protein concentration: total solids concentration; ionic composition; addition of Ca-chelating compounds, stabilizer gums and sugars; and by thermal processing treatments that promote whey protein denaturation, aggregation, and interaction with casein micelles. Examples of the role of water and protein interactions in dairy products are illustrated by casein micelle solvation and voluminosity; whey protein aggregation in heated whey systems; casein micelle aggregation and syneresis in cheese manufacture; viscosity and gelation of sterile milk concentrates; rehydration, solvation, solubility, and functionality of casein, caseinate, whey protein concentrate, and milk powder in formulated food products; viscosity, body, and texture of ice cream and frozen desserts; and viscosity and gelation of cultured dairy products.
Positron emission tomography imaging of regional cerebral glucose metabolism

The (F-18) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) technique to measure local cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (LCMRglu) is well accepted and widely used by many institutions around the world. A large number of studies has been carried out in normal volunteers and patients with a variety of CNS disorders. Several investigators have noted that no significant age-related changes in cerebral glucose use occur with normal aging. Some important and interesting findings have been revealed following sensory, motor, visual, and auditory stimulations. Functional imaging with FDG in certain neurologic disorders has dramatically improved our understanding of their underlying pathophysiologic phenomena. Some abnormalities detected on the positron emission tomography (PET) images have no corresponding changes on either x-ray computed tomograms (XCT) or magnetic resonance images (MRI). In patients with Alzheimer's disease, primary sensorimotor, visual, and cerebellar metabolic activity appears relatively preserved. In contrast, parietal, temporal, and to some degree, frontal glucose metabolism is significantly diminished even in the early stages of the disease. Patients with Huntington's disease and those at risk of developing this disorder have a typical pattern of diminished CMRglu in the caudate nuclei and putamen. In patients with stroke, PET images with FDG have demonstrated abnormal findings earlier than either XCT or MRI and with a wider topographic distribution. FDG scans have revealed interictal zones of decreased LCMRglu in approximately 70% of patients with partial epilepsy. The location of the area of hypometabolism corresponds to the site of the epileptic focus as determined by electroencephalography and microscopic examination of the resected tissue. Ictal scans during partial seizures demonstrate areas of hypermetabolism corresponding to the sites of seizure onset and spread. Several investigators have reported relative hypofrontal CMRglu in patients with schizophrenia. In our center, FDG scans from patients with schizophrenia were successfully differentiated from those obtained in normal controls. Finally, our preliminary data (using PET, XCT, and MRI) in patients with CNS disorders indicate that MRI provides excellent delineation of the structural abnormalities. It may prove to be superior to XCT in the evaluation of certain diseases such as cerebral ischemia and infarcts, head injury, tumors, and white matter lesions. Metabolic imaging with FDG provides functional information not obtainable with either MRI or NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, PET studies will play a complementary role to the anatomic imaging in the management of patients with CNS disorders.
An Immersion Approach to Teaching Food Science

: Introductory Food Science courses are most often lecture-based courses, but some include limited laboratory experiences. As described in this paper, the course minimizes lecture and maximizes experiential or “hands-on” learning by using an immersion approach to teach basic concepts of food science. Additionally, it requires students to work in groups to accomplish tasks, thus providing valuable experience in working cooperatively. The course has been taught in this basic manner at Ohio State for 10 y. Analysis of pre-test and post-test results shows that none of the students pass the pre-test and 92% pass the post-test. In 2002, the average increase in scores from the pre-test to the post-test was 65.7 ± 14.7 (n = 22).
Gender Differences in Body Consciousness and Substance Use Among High-Risk Adolescents

This study explores the association between private and public body consciousness and past 30-day cigarette, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use among adolescents. Self-reported data from alterative high school students in California were analyzed (N = 976) using multilevel regression models to account for student clustering within schools. Separate regression analyses were conducted for males and females. Both cross-sectional baseline data and one-year longitudinal prediction models indicated that body consciousness is associated with specific drug use categories differentially by gender. Findings suggest that body consciousness accounts for additional variance in substance use etiology not explained by previously recognized dispositional variables.
Downhole Electronics Cooling Using a Thermoelectric Device and Heat Exchanger Arrangement

This paper investigates the use of thermoelectric (TE) devices for thermal management of downhole electronics. The research carried out will help in the mitigation of costs associated with thermal damage of downhole electronics used in oil drilling industry. An experimental set up was prepared where a TE device was used in conjunction with heat exchanger and a cold plate to remove heat from electronics module. A finned copper rod in contact with hot side of TE device was used to reject the heat out to the ambient. The experimental set up was housed inside a cylindrical vacuum flask, which was in turn placed inside an oven to simulate thermally harsh downhole conditions. Experiments were carried out with electronics heat dissipation of 0–8 W and ambient temperature of 140 °C. Due to the differences in the environmental conditions of the laboratory and the practical downhole scenario, the experiment could not completely capture the conditions of downhole heat rejection. A mathematical model of the experimental apparatus was prepared and validated against the experimental results. The model was used to predict performance of a TE device for thermal management of downhole electronics at an ambient temperature of 200–250 °C. It was observed that the ability of the thermal management system to keep electronics cool varied from 30 °C to a few degrees below the surrounding temperature, for chip wattage varying from 0 W to 8 W, respectively.
Chromosome substitution reveals the genetic basis of Dahl salt-sensitive hypertension and renal disease

This study examined the genetic basis of hypertension and renal disease in Dahl SS/Mcwi (Dahl Salt-Sensitive) rats using a complete chromosome substitution panel of consomic rats in which each of the 20 autosomes and the X and Y chromosomes were individually transferred from the Brown Norway (BN) rat onto the Dahl SS/Mcwi genetic background. Male and female rats of each of the two parental and 22 consomic strains (10-12 rats/group) were fed a high-salt (8.0% NaCl) diet for 3 wk. Mean arterial blood pressure rose by 60 mmHg and urinary protein and albumin excretion increased 3- and 20-fold, respectively, in male SS/Mcwi rats compared with BN controls. Substitution of chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 8, 13, or 18 from the BN onto the SS/Mcwi background attenuated the development of hypertension, proteinuria, and albuminuria in male rats. In female rats, substitution of chromosomes 1 and 5 also decreased blood pressure, protein excretion, and albumin excretion. These studies also identified several chromosomes in male (6, 11, Y) and female (4, 6, 11, 19, 20) rats that reduced albuminuria without altering blood pressure. These data indicate that genes contributing to salt-sensitive hypertension are found on multiple chromosomes of the Dahl SS/Mcwi rat. Furthermore, this consomic rat panel provides a stable genetic platform that can facilitate further gene mapping by either linkage studies or the breeding of congenic and subcongenic rats.
Nitrate uptake by Enteromorpha spp. (Chlorophyceae): Applications to aquaculture systems

Enteromorpha linza and E. intestinalis thrive in aquatic systems rich in inorganic fixed nitrogen. At 15°C and ca. 1800 μW cm−2 these algae showed a Vmax for nitrate uptake of 129 μmol h− g−1 dry weight ( = ca. 22 μmol h−1 g−1 wet weight) and a Ks of 17 μM. At 20 μM rates averaged 70 ± 21 μmol h−1 g−1. They dropped to 19% of this value at 5°C, and at 0°C nitrate uptake ceased. In the first hour of darkness, nitrate uptake decreased to 35% and in the second hour to 10% of the rate in light. Enteromorpha spp. scavenged nitrate from the medium at concentrations < 0.5 μM, and no nitrate leaked out of the tissue into nitrate-free water. Information from this study may be useful in designing nutrient feeding strategies in aquaculture systems.
Passive and low energy research and development: a global view

ABSTRACT Passive and low energy applications in buildings has become a topic of worldwide interest within the last few years. It has now been demonstrated very clearly that indoor comfort can be maintained with an expenditure of only 10 to 20% of the energy often required by modern buildings. This is accomplished through a combination of conservation measures to minimize the load, passive use of solar energy for heating, natural cooling, and daylighting. Hybrid systems to assist air flow or evaporation are often effective. Accompanying these developments has been an increasing level of research activity. The major research emphasis has been on devising mathematical models to characterize heat flow within buildings, on the validation of these models by comparison with test results, and on the subsequent use of the models to investigate the influence of both design parameters and weather on system performance. The results have clearly shown that correct design is very climate dependent, and many factors must be considered to obtain the best results. To this end, design guidelines have been developed, and simplified methods of analysis have been promulgated. The initial emphasis was on estimating and maximizing energy savings. Now that this is well established, the emphasis is shifting to maximizing the comfort and convenience characteristics of the building, which, when well designed, normally exceed those of conventional buildings. Performance has been monitored in test modules, test buildings, and many residential and commercial buildings. The results both confirm good performance and establish the accuracy of model predictions. A significant change in the research picture has been seen in the last 4 years; whereas the major effort was originally in the United States, research is now being conducted in many countries throughout the world as many people have realized that passive and low energy methods are appropriate in virtually every climate and are well suited to economic, convenient, and reliable building construction and operation.
Epidermal Growth Factor Ameliorates Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease in Mice

C57BL/6J mice homozygous for the cpk gene exhibit an autosomal recessive (AR) form of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), similar to human ARPKD, with massive collecting duct cysts. These cysts are lined by epithelial with an immature phenotype. Since renal expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) is also significantly decreased in affected mice, we hypothesized that renal EGF is necessary for normal developmental maturation of the collecting duct. To determine if the lack of EGF may be a decisive factor in the initiation and/or growth of collecting duct cysts, we administered exogenous EGF (1 microgram/g body wt subcutaneously) daily for Postnatal Days 3-9 (a critical period for collecting duct maturation) to C57BL/6J-cpk mice. EGF but not sham or albumin treatment retarded the development of PKD, reduced the degree of renal failure associated with the disease, and prolonged the survival of cystic mice. Sulfated glycoprotein-2 gene expression, a marker of immaturity in collecting duct cells, was reduced in cystic kidney by EGF treatment. This finding indicates that EGF treatment was associated with an increase in the maturation of the collecting duct epithelial cells. These findings support the view that decreased EGF may play a significant role in promoting the enlargement of collecting duct cysts in a hereditary model of ARPKD and that PKD involves defective and/or arrested collecting duct cell maturation.
Fan-in and Fan-out with Optical Interconnections

Optical beams are known to have many desirable properties when used for providing interconnections. Such interconnections would be used in an all-optical computer based on optical gates, but can be...
In situ measurement of dissolved H2 and H2S in high-temperature hydrothermal vent fluids at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge

The first in situ measurements of dissolved H2 and H2S in high-temperature vent fluids were made at the Main Endeavour Field (Juan de Fuca Ridge) using the submersible Alvin and a newly developed electrochemical sensor. The measurements were successfully conducted in chimneys at sites of venting fluid and in pools of more quiescent hydrothermal fluid that underlie flanges on chimney structures at a depth of 2200 m below the sea surface. Fluid temperatures measured simultaneously with dissolved gas concentrations were up to 370°C. At the highest temperatures, dissolved H2 and H2S concentrations were 0.72 and 17.3 mmol/kg, respectively, which are consistent with data obtained at the same sites through conventional sampling methods. The relatively high concentration of dissolved gases measured by both techniques, however, may be linked to recent tectonic and volcanic activity. The ability to measure in situ dissolved gas concentrations simultaneously with fluid temperature in real time represents a major advance in the approaches available to study the origin and temporal evolution of seafloor hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges. Although the present investigation is primarily based on sensor deployment for relatively short-term measurement of vent fluids, long-term monitoring of vent fluid holds great promise for further applications.
Effect of inorganic additives on solutions of nonionic surfactants VII. Suspension stability

Abstract Many electrolytes salt in polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants by complexation between the cations and the ether oxygens [e.g., Mg(NO 3 ) 2 and Al(NO 3 ) 3 ], or because the anions break the structure of water (NaSCN, NaI). Other electrolytes salt out the surfactants by enhancing the structure of water or by dehydration (NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 ). Primidone suspensions stabilized with octoxynol 9 (Triton X-100) were deflocculated and their sediments caked. In contrast to salting-out electrolytes, salting-in electrolytes flocculated these suspensions strongly and practically eliminated caking. Flocculation was demonstrated by increases in the permeability coefficient of the filter cakes (determined from filtration rates of suspensions and from percolation rates of their filtrates through the cakes), in relative viscosity (ratio of apparent suspension viscosity to viscosity of the suspending medium) and in sedimentation volume of the suspensions, and by decreases in reduced turbidity. Prednisone suspensions stabilized with octoxynol were more flocculated, and their sediments did not cake. A salting-out electrolyte, Na 2 SO 4 , and a salting-in electrolyte, Mg(NO 3 ) 2 , produced only minor changes in degree of flocculation and in suspension properties.
Multiple Hits for the Association of Uterine Fibroids on Human Chromosome 1q43

Uterine leiomyomas (or fibroids) are the most common tumors in women of reproductive age. Early studies of two familial cancer syndromes, the multiple cutaneous and uterine leiomyomatosis (MCUL1), and the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC), implicated FH, a gene on chromosome 1q43 encoding the tricarboxylic acid cycle fumarate hydratase enzyme. The role of this metabolic housekeeping gene in tumorigenesis is still a matter of debate and pseudo-hypoxia has been suggested as a pathological mechanism. Inactivating FH mutations have rarely been observed in the nonsyndromic and common form of fibroids; however, loss of heterozygosity across FH appeared as a significant event in the pathogenesis of a subset of these tumors. To assess the role of FH and the linked genes in nonsyndromic uterine fibroids, we explored a two-megabase interval spanning FH in the NIEHS Uterine fibroid study, a cross-sectional study of fibroids in 1152 premenopausal women. Association mapping with a dense set of single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed several peaks of association (p = 10−2–8.10−5) with the risk and/or growth of fibroids. In particular, genes encoding factors suspected (cytosolic FH) or known (EXO1 - exonuclease 1) to be involved in DNA mismatch repair emerged as candidate susceptibility genes whereas those acting in the autophagy/apoptosis (MAP1LC3C - microtubule-associated protein) or signal transduction (RGS7 - Regulator of G-protein and PLD5– Phospoholipase D) appeared to affect tumor growth. Furthermore, body mass index, a suspected confounder altered significantly but unpredictably the association with the candidate genes in the African and European American populations, suggesting the presence of a major obesity gene in the studied region. With the high potential for occult tumors in common conditions such as fibroids, validation of our data in family-based studies is needed.
Nucleation rate in monotectic alloys

Abstract Cooling a melt of a monotectic system into the miscibility gap results in nucleation of fluid droplets in a fluid matrix prior to solidification. For homogeneous nucleation the temperature dependence of the nucleation rate is calculated. As material parameters the chemical potential of the species involved, the diffusion constant of the fluid, and the surface tension between adjacent phases are important. Since their temperature dependence is not well known from experiments, different theoretical models are used and their influence is discussed. The surface tension turns out to be the most crucial parameter in determining the nucleation rate. For AlIn numerical results are presented. In this system the undercooling with respect to homogeneous nucleation increases from zero at the critical point to 100 K at a composition near the monotectic point.
Land change in the Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado), 1986–2002: Comparative analysis and implications for land-use policy

The Brazilian Cerrado, a biodiverse savanna ecoregion covering ∼1.8 million km2 south and east of the Amazon rainforest, is in rapid decline because of the expansion of modern agriculture. Previous studies of Cerrado land-use and land-cover (LULC) change imply spatial homogeneity, report widely varying rates of land conversion, use ambiguous LULC categories, and generally do not attempt to validate results. This study addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing moderate-resolution, multi-spectral satellite remote sensing data from 1986 to 2002 in two regions with identical underlying drivers. Unsupervised classification by the ISODATA algorithm indicates that Cerrado was converted to agro-pastoral land covers in 31% (3646 km2) of the study region in western Bahia and 24% (3011 km2) of the eastern Mato Grosso study region, while nearly 40% (4688 km2 and 5217 km2, respectively) of each study region remained unchanged. Although aggregate land change is similar, large and contiguous fragments persist in western Bahia, while smaller fragments remain in eastern Mato Grosso. These findings are considered in the current context of Cerrado land-use policy, which is dominated by the conservation set-aside and command-control policy models. The spatial characteristics of Cerrado remnants create considerable obstacles to implement the models; an alternative approach, informed by countryside biogeography, may encourage collaboration between state officials and farmer-landowners toward conservation land-use policies.
Molecular isolation and characterization of a soluble isoform of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule that modulates endothelial cell function.

Cell adhesion molecules regulate a variety of endothelial cell functions such as migration, response to inflammation, and angiogenesis. Recently, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), a member of the Ig superfamily, has been detected in the primitive subsets of hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells during embryogenesis. ALCAM supports the development of hematopoietic cells as well as enhancing capillary tube formation in vitro. Here, we isolated a novel soluble isoform of ALCAM (sALCAM) that is produced via alternative splicing. sALCAM contains the single amino-terminal Ig-like domain of ALCAM and lacks a transmembrane domain. When expressed in cultured cells, sALCAM was properly secreted into the media. Both ALCAM and sALCAM are expressed in a variety of cultured human endothelial cells. Notably, their transcripts were differentially regulated in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) upon tumor necrosis factor-α stimulation. ALCAM significantly enhanced tube formation of endothelial-like yolk sac cells on Matrigel, whereas it inhibited their migration in vitro. sALCAM completely abolished these effects of ALCAM. Furthermore, sALCAM enhanced migration of mock-transfected endothelial-like yolk sac cells that do not express ALCAM, indicating that sALCAM has an independent effect on cell migration in addition to modulating ALCAM function. In addition, sALCAM significantly enhanced migration of HMVEC, whereas it inhibited tube formation of HMVEC on Matrigel. sALCAM demonstrated an ability to bind ALCAM and partially inhibited ALCAM-ALCAM homophilic interactions. Taken together, these data characterize a novel soluble isoform of ALCAM that may have ALCAM-dependent and ALCAM-independent functions, providing further insights regarding the role of this adhesion molecule in the regulation of endothelial cell function.
Pyeloplasty in Infants and Children with Particular Reference to the Method of Drainage Post‐operatively

Summary— Sixty-three consecutive Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasties in infants and children have been reviewed with particular reference to any influence the method of drainage might have on the post-operative course and the final radiological result. Extra-anastomotic drainage, usually with a sump drain, was used in 40 cases and pyelostomy drainage in 23 cases. Fewer post-operative complications were encountered in the former group. The final radiological result was not influenced by the method of drainage except that, in patients under 2 years of age, those with pyelostomy drainage fared rather better. It is concluded that (a) extra-anastomotic sump drainage is the method of choice following pyeloplasty in children over 2 years of age, and (b) in infants under 2 years of age pyelostomy drainage probably should be combined with a trans-anastomotic splint.
Implications of time-reversal symmetry for the band structure of single-wall carbon nanotubes

When electron states in carbon nanotubes are characterized by two-dimensional wave vectors with the components K1 and K2 along the nanotube circumference and cylindrical axis, respectively, then two such vectors symmetric about a M-point in the reciprocal space of graphene are shown to be related by the time-reversal operation. To each carbon nanotube there correspond five relevant M-points with the following coordinates: K1(1) = N/2R, K2(1)= 0; K1(2) = M/2R, K2(2)= −π/T; K1(3)= (2N −M)/2R, K2(3)= π/T; K1(4)= (M + N)/2R, K2(4)= -π/T, and K1(5)= (N − M)/2R, K2(5)= π/T, where M and N are the integers relating the chiral, Ch, symmetry, R, and translational, T, vectors of the nanotube by NR = Ch + MT, T = |T|, and R is the nanotube radius. The states at the edges of the one-dimensional Brillouin zone, which are symmetric about the M-points with K2 = ±π/T, are shown to be degenerate due to the time-reversal symmetry.
Progress with Transistors

Advances in transistor-device technology and production are hastening the introduction of this device in motion-picture and television equipment. This paper reviews the progress in device characteristics—i.e., gain, bandwidth, frequency, noise, power and life survival; the effect of tremendous increase of usage in the portable-radio, automobile-radio and computer industries on quantity production and unit price; and the net result in providing devices which meet the needs of the television and motion-picture fields.
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN PEDIATRIC SEDATION AND ANALGESIA

The ability to provide safe, effective procedural sedation and analgesia is a necessary skill for physicians caring for the acutely ill or injured pediatric patient. They physician should be familiar with the agent(s) chosen, including dosage, duration, adverse effects, and contraindications. The choice of agent and regimen should be individualized for the patient and situation. Successful outcomes depend on performing careful pre- and post-sedation evaluations, following appropriate monitoring and equipment guidelines, and having the knowledge and skills to manage any adverse cardiorespiratory event.
Is “Ethical Managed Care” an Oxymoron?

Ethical issues involved in providing managed health and mental health care have received much attention from policymakers, the helping professions, consumer groups, and the popular press. Many contend that managed care is inherently unethical, given its emphasis on controlled access to needed resources. A less visible but no less fervent minority contends that managed care need not lead to ethical compromise and, in fact, is at least as ethically justifiable a means of providing care as was the unregulated fee-for-service system. The author reviews the literature, presents arguments on both sides of the question, and offers a list of principles, characteristics, and resources by which ethical managed care might be identified.