cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iron oxide-gold core-shell nanoparticles and thin film assembly

This paper reports findings of an investigation of the synthesis of monolayer-capped iron oxide and core (iron oxide)–shell (gold) nanocomposite and their assembly towards thin film materials. Pre-synthesized and size-defined iron oxide nanoparticles were used as seeding materials for the reduction of gold precursors, which was shown to be effective for coating the iron oxide cores with gold shells (Fe oxide@Au). The unique aspect of our synthesis is the formation of Fe oxide@Au core–shell nanoparticles with controllable surface properties. The novelty of our assembly strategy is the exploitation of the ligand-exchange reactivity at the gold shells for the thin film assembly of the core–shell nanoparticles. The core–shell nanocomposites and assemblies have been characterized using TEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, TGA, and DCP-AES techniques. In addition to evidence from TEM detection of the change in particle size, UV-Vis observation of the change in the surface plasmon resonance band, and XRD detection of disappearance of the magnetite diffraction peaks after coating the gold shell, the formation of the core–shell morphology was further confirmed by DCP-AES composition analysis of Au and Fe in the molecularly-mediated thin film assembly of Fe oxide@Au particles. The interparticle ligand exchange–precipitation chemistry at the gold shell is to our knowledge the first example demonstrating the inter-shell reactivity for constructing thin films of Fe oxide@Au particles. The results have provided important insights into the design of interfacial reactivities via core–shell nanocomposites for magnetic, catalytic and biological applications.
Experimental search for a heavy neutrino in the beta spectrum of 35S.

We present results of an experimental study of the shape of the energy spectrum for the decay /sup 35/S..-->.. /sup 35/Cl+e/sup -/+..nu../sub e/. The measurements were performed to search for evidence of a beta-decay branch with a heavy neutrino. No evidence for heavy neutrinos is observed. In particular, our limit for the branch to a 17-keV neutrino is 0.4%, in serious disagreement with the 3% branch claimed by Simpson.
Pattern Recognition Approach to Medical Diagnosis

A sequential method of pattern recognition was used to recognize hyperthyroidism in a sample of 2208 patients being treated at the Straub Clinic in Honolulu, Hawaii. For this, the method of class featuring information compression (CLAFIC) [1] was used, introducing some significant improvements in computer medical diagnosis, which by its very nature is a pattern recognition problem. A unique subspace characterizes each class at every decision stage, and the most prominent class features are selected. Thus the symptoms which best distinguish hyperthyroidism are extracted at every step and the number of tests required to reach a diagnosis is reduced.
The Stark effect for surface states in a finite superlattice structure

The surface states in a finite superlattice in an electric field using the stair case approximation are studied. The eigenenergy equation is derived by the transfer matrix technique. The dependence of eigenenergy and probability profile on the electric field is discussed. A Stark effect for surface state energies is calculated for an actual finite superlattice structure, and the shifts in the probability density profiles are also determined.
The Lack of Effect of a Pyridoxine Deficiency on the Utilization of the Hydroxyl Analogue of Methionine by the Chick

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether a vitamin B6 deficiency affects the utilization of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMB), an analogue of methionine. The basal diet used for this purpose was based on peas, peanut meal, and glucose monohydrate and was low in both methionine and pyridoxine. Supplemental pyridoxine hydrochloride and L-methionine or HMB resulted in significant increases in growth rate and efficiency of feed utilization; supplemental pyridoxine also produced significant increases in the activity of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (PGOT, EC 2.6.1.1.) in plasma. There was no discernible effect of change in vitamin B6 status on the utilization of HMB as compared with L-methionine.
Rapamycin in patients with chronic renal allograft dysfunction

: Purpose: Nephrotoxicity of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) complicates the management of chronic renal allograft dysfunction. Rapamycin is a promising immunosuppressive agent free of nephrotoxicity. The effect of conversion from CNI to rapamycin in recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction is still unclear. We investigated the effect of rapamycin in patients with chronic allograft dysfunction. Methods: We conducted a prospective study on kidney transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction. The patients were under classic CNI, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisolone triple therapy. They had progressive deterioration of the allograft function. They were converted from CNI to rapamycin directly and observed for 6 months. The CNI serum levels before the conversion were within recommended range. Allograft function, clinical features and adverse effects were evaluated before and after the rapamycin conversion. Results: A total of 16 patients were enrolled. Six of them (37.5%) failed to have a smooth conversion because of deterioration of allograft function and intractable adverse effects. Ten patients (62.5%) went through the 6-month observation period with improved graft function. The average reduction of serum creatinine was 27.7% (p < 0.001) in successful conversion. There were no significant differences on age, gender, lipid profile, sugar control, and rapamycin levels between successful and failed conversion. Anemia and diastolic blood pressure were significantly improved after successful conversion. The failed patients had a longer transplantation period (6.1 ± 4.1 vs. 11.2 ± 3.4 yr, p < 0.05). Two of them (12.5%) developed bacteria pneumonia. Self-limited diarrhea developed in three patients (18.8%). Conclusion: We suggested that conversion from CNI to rapamycin was beneficial in some kidney transplant recipients with chronic allograft dysfunction.
Decadal regime shift linkage between global marine fish landings and atmospheric planetary wave forcing

Abstract. This investigation focuses on a global forcing mechanism for decadal regime shifts and their subsequent impacts. The proposed global forcing mechanism is that the global atmospheric planetary waves can lead to changes in the global surface air–sea conditions and subsequently fishery changes. In this study, the five decadal regime shifts (1956–1957, 1964–1965, 1977–1978, 1988–1989, and 1998–1999) in the most recent 59-year period (1950–2008) have been identified based on Student t tests and their association with global marine ecosystem change has been discussed. Changes in the three major oceanic (Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian) ecosystems will be explored with the goal of demonstrating the linkage between stratospheric planetary waves and the ocean surface forcing that leads to fisheries impacts. The global forcing mechanism is described with a top-down approach to help the multidisciplinary audience follow the analysis. Following previous work, this analysis addresses how changes in the atmospheric planetary waves may influence the vertical wind structure, surface wind stress, and their connection with the global ocean ecosystems based on a coupling of the atmospheric regime shifts with the decadal regime shifts determined from marine life changes. The multiple decadal regime shifts related to changes in marine life are discussed using the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) global fish capture data (catch/stock). Analyses are performed to demonstrate that examining the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, and fisheries is a plausible approach to explaining decadal climate change in the global marine ecosystems and its impacts. The results show a consistent mechanism, ocean wind stress, responsible for marine shifts in the three major ocean basins. Changes in the planetary wave pattern affect the ocean wind stress patterns. A change in the ocean surface wind pattern from longwave (relatively smooth and less complex) to shorter-wave (more convoluted and more complex) ocean surface wind stress creates changes in global marine fisheries.
Elastic properties of cubic and rhombohedral BiFeO 3 from first-principles calculations

First-principles elastic constants ${c}_{\text{ij}}$'s of ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ with cubic nonmagnetic (NM)/ferromagnetic (FM) structures and rhombohedral antiferromagnetic (AFM) structure have been calculated within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and the $\text{GGA}+U$ approach. In addition, the elastic properties of polycrystalline aggregates including bulk modulus and shear modulus are also determined and compared with experiments. It is found that the predicted ${c}_{\text{ij}}$'s decrease with increasing volume (or decreasing pressure) except for the ${c}_{14}$ of the rhombohedral AFM phase. The cubic NM and FM phases are predicted to be harder than the rhombohedral AFM one, indicated by their smaller equilibrium volumes and larger bulk moduli. Additionally, the cubic FM phase is found nearly isotropy (by GGA and $\text{GGA}+U$ with ${U}_{\text{eff}}=6\text{ }\text{eV}$), and the cubic NM phase is mechanical unstable at high temperatures. The presently predicted ${c}_{\text{ij}}$'s of ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ provide helpful guidance for future measurements, and make the stress estimation and elastic energy calculation in ${\text{BiFeO}}_{3}$ thin films possible.
Coexistence of paramagnetism and superconductivity in (Gd0.2Ca0.8)Sr2(Tl0.5Pb0.5)Cu2Oy

Abstract We have performed dc electrical resistivity and static magnetic susceptibility measurements on the monophasic polycrystalline superconductor (Gd 0.2 Ca 0.8 )Sr 2 (Tl 0.5 Pb 0.5 )Cu 2 O y under various magnetic fields up to 5.4 Tesla. Experimental results show that the diamagnetic shielding and the field induced paramagnetism by the magnetic ion Gd persist simultaneously in the sample.
Illumination-invariant recognition of 3D hyperspectral textures using spectral/spatial Gabor filters

We develop a method for the recognition of textures with three-dimensional structure in hyperspectral images. Properties of a texture are captured by a feature vector that is generated by a bank of spectral/spatial Gabor filters. Variation in the illumination and atmospheric conditions is modeled using a subspace of the feature vectors. Since a large bank of filters is used, we develop methods for reducing the dimension of the feature vector that is used to represent a texture. The goal of the dimension-reduction process is to optimize the discriminability of a set of textures. We demonstrate the utility of the approach using experiments with hyperspectral textures of three-dimensional objects that are generated by DIRSIG over a range of conditions.
Joint report of the Third International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, 25-27 April 1984.

Summary. The Third International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse was held on 25–27 April 1984 in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. Twelve laboratories from five countries participated. The principal purpose of this Workshop was to determine the phenotypic and gene frequencies of the 10 equine lymphocyte antigens (ELA) and a non-ELA lymphocyte antigen, ELY-2.1, in several breeds of horse. A total of 86 alloantisera characterized in previous workshops were tested against lymphocytes from 1179 horses. In addition, several experimental antisera were also tested against the same panel of lymphocytes. As a result of analysis of these data, the Workshop recognized two new equine lymphocyte alloantigens: W11 of the ELA system, and ELY-1.1, an antigen not linked to the ELA system.
Source characterization from ambient measurements of aerosol optical properties

[1] A general method to identify air masses impacted by distinct primary aerosol sources from in situ observations of optical properties of atmospheric aerosols is developed theoretically and tested against measurements made during the second New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS 2004) on board the NOAA R/V Ronald H. Brown. Distinct events are identified based on the observation of a temporal coherence in the relationship between a measured intensive optical property (i.e., single scatter albedo) and the extensive property of total light absorption of the sub-micron aerosol. We show that this relationship can be used to differentiate between and quantitatively determine properties of the background aerosol and recent inputs of primary aerosol. Additionally, we show that the fraction of aerosol extinction (or aerosol mass) from primary emissions can be estimated from the albedo-absorption relationship. During the NEAQS 2004 study, the primary aerosol was usually found to be highly absorbing, and thus likely to be derived from anthropogenic combustion sources. Overall primary aerosol contributed a relatively small amount (ca. 11%) to the total sub-micron aerosol burden sampled onboard R/V Ron Brown.
The effects of intraoperative hypothermia on surgical site infection: an analysis of 524 trauma laparotomies.

Objectives:Our primary study objective was to determine whether intraoperative hypothermia predisposes patients to postoperative surgical site infections (SSI) after trauma laparotomy.Background:Although intraoperative normothermia is an important quality performance measure for patients undergoing
Perfect Storm Boding for the Accounting and Finance Academic Disciplines and Professions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the problems faced by Accounting and Finance (A&F) Departments concerning the hiring and retention of tenure/tenure‐track faculty members.Design/methodology/approach – Analytic research.Findings – Due to the rigorous Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business standards for “academically qualified” classification, increasing enrollment for A&F majors, and demographic trends of faculty members, it is becoming very challenging to hire and retain high‐quality academicians. This challenge is especially dire for public institutions of higher learning that are facing budget cuts and possible steep salary inversion. As an example, the average salary of US faculty members are compared to the salaries allowed under the California State University (CSU) collective bargaining agreement. The paper analytically argues that unless CSU A&F faculty members' salaries are allowed to reflect market conditions, severe negative externalities will impact the education...
Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron in the Primary Cosmic Radiation

In order to resolve the controversy concerning the abundance of the light elements ($3l~Zl~5$) in the primary cosmic radiation, a further experiment has been performed. The charge spectrum of the cosmic radiation has been determined on October 19, 1957 in a stack of nuclear emulsions exposed nearer the top of the atmosphere than before. The results of the experiment prove that these light elements make up an appreciable fraction of all those nuclei with $Zg~3$ present in primary cosmic radiation. The flux values found after correction to the top of the atmosphere are, in particles/${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ sec sterad: These values appear to be lower than observed previously in agreement with the decrease in the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-nparticle flux associated with the sun's increased activity.
Cyclopia and other anomalies following maternal ingestion of salicylates

and child, a l though the familial cases usually occur in siblings. 1~ This would be analogous to the congeni ta l form of myotonic dystrophy, which is a t t r ibuted to the comb ined effect of a ma te rna l in t rau ter ine factor which affects the fetus who has also inher i ted from the mo the r the d o m i n a n t gene for myotonic dystrophy; such infants have marked muscle weakness and flexion contractures. 1~
Crithidia fasciculata: reconstruction of the mitochondrion based on serial thick sections and high-voltage electron microscopy.

Abstract By the use of high-voltage electron microscopy (1000 kV) and serial thick sectioning techniques, the chondriome of Crithidia fasciculata was found to be unitary. The mitochondrion consists of several tubular extensions which course through the cell cytoplasm just below the pellicular membrane. These extensions circumvent the flagellar pocket at the anterior apex of the cell and embrace the kinetoplast. Small protrusions or nodes were found on the mitochondrial extensions, but their position or number was not constant from cell to cell. It was stressed that these cells were fixed in the log phase of growth, and changes in mitochondrial configurations may vary with changing culture conditions or temporally in the cell cycle.
Interferometer design for optical stochastic cooling demonstration at Bates

Optical stochastic cooling (OSC) holds significant promise for enhancing the luminosity of high energy colliders by cooling charged particle beams. This paper describes the conceptual design and requirements for an interferometer to be built for an OSC demonstration experiment with stored electrons at the MIT-Bates South Hall Ring. The paper presents an overview of the optical and charged particle beamlines, the intensity detection system and the phase stabilizing feedback loop.
Solid State Lighting Life Prediction Using Extended Kalman Filter

Solid-state lighting (SSL) luminaires containing light emitting diodes (LEDs) have the potential of seeing excessive temperatures when being transported across country or being stored in non-climate controlled warehouses. They are also being used in outdoor applications in desert environments that see little or no humidity but will experience extremely high temperatures during the day. This makes it important to increase our understanding of what effects high temperature exposure for a prolonged period of time will have on the usability and survivability of these devices. The U.S. Department of Energy has made a long term commitment to advance the efficiency, understanding and development of solid-state lighting (SSL) and is making a strong push for the acceptance and use of SSL products to reduce overall energy consumption attributable to lighting.Traditional light sources “burn out” at end-of-life. For an incandescent bulb, the lamp life is defined by B50 life. However, the LEDs have no filament to “burn”. The LEDs continually degrade and the light output decreases eventually below useful levels causing failure. Presently, the methods described in IES TM-21 are used to predict the L70 life of white LEDs from LM-80 test data. Several failure mechanisms may be active in a LED at a single time causing lumen depreciation. The underlying TM-21 Arrhenius Model may not capture the failure physics in presence of multiple failure mechanisms. Correlation of lumen maintenance with underlying physics of degradation at system-level is needed.In this paper, a Kalman Filter and Extended Kalman Filters (EKF) have been used to develop a 70% Lumen Maintenance Life Prediction Model for LEDs used in SSL luminaires. This model can be used to calculate acceleration factors, evaluate failure-probability and identify ALT methodologies for reducing test time. Nine-thousand hour LM-80 test data for various LEDs have been used for model development. System state has been described in state space form using the measurement of the feature vector, velocity of the feature vector change and the acceleration of the feature vector change. System state at each future time has been computed based on the state space at preceding time step, system dynamics matrix, control vector, control matrix, measurement matrix, measured vector, process noise and measurement noise. The future state of the lumen depreciation has been estimated based on a second order Kalman Filter model and a Bayesian Framework. The measured state variable has been related to the underlying damage using physics-based models. Life prediction of L70 life for the LEDs used in SSL luminaires from KF and EKF based models have been compared with the TM-21 model predictions and experimental data.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A hierarchy of gene expression accompanying induction of the primitive streak by Vg1 in the chick embryo.

Abstract In the chick embryo, two secreted factors have recently been shown to cooperate in inducing the first axial structure, the primitive streak: cWnt8C (normally expressed around the circumference of the embryo, in the marginal zone) and the TGFβ superfamily member cVg1 (expressed in the posterior part of the marginal zone) (Development 128 (2001) 2915). Misexpression of Vg1 in the anterior marginal zone induces an ectopic primitive streak and recapitulates the morphological changes associated with normal primitive streak formation. Here, we analyse the time-course of appearance and disappearance of expression of 12 genes (cVg1, Lef1, Nodal, FGF8, cWnt8C, cBra, cNot1, goosecoid, HNF3β, Chordin, Otx2 and Sox3, whose normal expression is also polarized at early stages of development) in response to cVg1 misexpression in the anterior marginal zone. We show that a hierarchy of gene expression accompanies induction of the ectopic axis, reminiscent of the order in which the same genes begin to be expressed in the normal embryo.
A Hierarchy of Relaxations Leading to the Convex Hull Representation for General Discrete Optimization Problems

We consider linear mixed-integer programs where a subset of the variables are restricted to take on a finite number of general discrete values. For this class of problems, we develop a reformulation-linearization technique (RLT) to generate a hierarchy of linear programming relaxations that spans the spectrum from the continuous relaxation to the convex hull representation. This process involves a reformulation phase in which suitable products using a defined set of Lagrange interpolating polynomials (LIPs) are constructed, accompanied by the application of an identity that generalizes x(1−x) for the special case of a binary variable x. This is followed by a linearization phase that is based on variable substitutions. The constructs and arguments are distinct from those for the mixed 0-1 RLT, yet they encompass these earlier results. We illustrate the approach through some examples, emphasizing the polyhedral structure afforded by the linearized LIPs. We also consider polynomial mixed-integer programs, exploitation of structure, and conditional-logic enhancements, and provide insight into relationships with a special-structure RLT implementation.
A note on demand-revealing

Green and Laffont (1979: 44) have pointed out that there is essentially only one demand-revealing (DR) mechanism, to which the varied proposals in the literature must be reducible. But the relation among versions of DR is often obscure. This note gives a geometrical treatment of the underlying mechanism, presented in a way that brings out the connection between the two bestknown proposals: Tideman and Tullock's (1976) presentation of the Clarke (1971) mechanism, hereafter TT; and Groves and Ledyard (1977), hereafter GL. It turns out that GL differs only in a rather trivial way from TT. In particular, the often-noted Nash vs. dominant equilibrium distinction between the two turns out to be an illusion, as does the GL claim to provide a budget balance.while preserving incentive-compatibility. Throughout the discussion here I ignore the more fundamental issues raised in my 'Thought Experiment on Demand-Revealing Mechanisms' (Margolis, 1982). Further, it is sufficient for our purpose to treat the case in which there are large numbers of voters, so that the term in brackets in Groves and Ledyards's Equation 4.3c can be harmlessly simplified to (mi -)2 a2, where mi is the message of voter i, h is the mean across all messages, and a2 is the variance among all the messages.1'2
Base-catalyzed racemization of 3-O-acyloxazepam

Enantiomers of 3-O-acyloxazepam (oxazepam 3-acetate; OXA) underwent base-catalyzed hydrolysis and racemization. Kinetics of reaction products formed from an OXA enantiomer in buffered and unbuffered alkaline solutions were analyzed by chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Racemization occurred with varying rates in aqueous solutions with pH ranging from 7.5 to 14. Racemization mechanism was studied by the dependence of rates of hydrolysis and racemization on temperature and pH. Mass spectral analysis of racemization products derived from an OXA enantiomer in a deuterated solvent indicated that racemization was accompanied by a proton exchange with the solvent. The results indicated that a base-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerism between the C2-carbonyl group and the C3 carbon was responsible for the observed racemization. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Instantaneous interactions of hadrons on the light cone

Hadron wave functions are most naturally defined in the framework of light-cone quantization, a Hamiltonian formulation quantized at equal light-cone time'' [tau][equivalent to][ital t]+[ital z]. One feature of the light-cone perturbation theory is the presence of instantaneous interactions, which complicate the consideration of processes involving bound states. We show that these interactions can be written in a simple and general form, parametrized by an instantaneous contribution [tilde [psi]] to the hadronic wave function. We use the rotational invariance of Feynman diagrams to relate this instantaneous piece of the meson wave function to the propagating part, and to obtain constraints relating wave functions and quark fragmentation amplitudes.
The burning of graphite spheres with gas-phase equilibrium☆

Abstract The method of activation energy asymptotics is used to develop a simple but accurate description of the history of a cold graphite sphere suddenly immersed in a hot oxidizing ambient under conditions such that chemical equilibrium in the gas phase prevails. The conditions for the applicability of the approximate description are obtained as part of the analysis. The results are compared with direct numerical solutions of the describing equations.
Infrared absorption bands of acetylene: Part II. Effect of vibrational l-type doubling

Abstract The effect of vibrational l -type doubling upon levels of C 2 H 2 in which both perpendicular modes ν 4 and ν 5 are excited complicates the evaluation of the vibrational interaction constants x 45 and g 45 . Previous experimental determinations of these two constants have neglected the effect of vibrational l -type doubling and hence assumed r 45 = 0. In the present work, combining the observational data obtained for the vibration rotation bands in the infrared with the measurements made in the far ultraviolet on the electronic bands of acetylene and using the current theory dealing with the problem of vibrational l -type doubling, an attempt has been made to obtain values for r 45 , x 45 , and g 45 . The newly determined x 45 and g 45 differ significantly from those derived by assuming r 45 = 0.
Calreticulin modulates capacitative Ca2+ influx by controlling the extent of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ store depletion

Abstract Calreticulin (CRT) is a highly conserved Ca2+-binding protein that resides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We overexpressed CRT in Xenopusoocytes to determine how it could modulate inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-induced Ca2+ influx. Under conditions where it did not affect the spatially complex elevations in free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) due to InsP3-induced Ca2+ release, overexpressed CRT decreased by 46% the Ca2+-gated Cl− current due to Ca2+influx. Deletion mutants revealed that CRT requires its high capacity Ca2+-binding domain to reduce the elevations of [Ca2+]i due to Ca2+ influx. This functional domain was also required for CRT to attenuate the InsP3-induced decline in the free Ca2+concentration within the ER lumen ([Ca2+]ER), as monitored with a “chameleon” indicator. Our data suggest that by buffering [Ca2+]ER near resting levels, CRT may prevent InsP3 from depleting the intracellular stores sufficiently to activate Ca2+ influx.
A Control for the Direct Manipulation of the Fractional Anticipatory Goal Response

The fractional anticipatory goal response (r,) has carried a heavy burden in recent theorizing. Because of its importance it has seemed reasonable to attempt to manipulate it directly. The r, is usually conceived of as a small part of the terminal goal response. This fractional part of the goal response becomes evocable by stimuli at the start of whatever apparatus is being used and leads to an important part of the stimuli (so) initiating the instrumental response. There are undoubtedly many components to the r,, but the one most frequently mentioned is salivation. It has seemed reasonable, therefore, to attempt direct manipulation of r, through salivation. Lewis, Butler, and Diamond (1958) suggested that they had directly manipulated the r, using two drugs. One of the drugs was chlorbutinal plus benzocaine, 20 gr. per fluid oz., in alcohol 64% by volume. It is a mild anesthetic and was sprayed directly into S's mouth. The assumption was that the afferent consequences of a salivary r, would thus be reduced or eliminated. The second drug, the function of which was to increase salivation, was pilocarpine in solution, 1/2 gr. in 2 oz. distilled water. In addition, a control group, given plain distilled water, was used. All animals were given identical training in a T maze, following which the oral solutions were administered. Activity measurements indicated no differential effect as a function of the three solutions, although activity was depressed by all three treatments. Running speed measures indicated that both pilocarpine and water resulted in increased performance, relative to chlorbutinal plus benzocaine. Although inconclusive, these effects were believed to be in line with r,-s, theory. One reason the results were inconclusive was because of the remaining possible differential side effects of the solutions. The chlorbutinal plus benzocaine had an alcohol base and the pilocarpine had a distilled water base, each of which may have introduced different side effects. The third group was a control only for the effects of water. Specific controls are needed for the effects of alcohol on activity.
The Current State of Knowledge in International Business in Producer Services

In this paper the authors review recent research on the characteristics and operations of service multinationals. To provide an understanding of the determinants of internationalization, entry modes, and strategies of product and market diversification, examples are taken from producer service firms with specific emphasis upon accounting and advertising services. The competitive advantage of service multinationals in the United States and Western Europe is at the core of most discussion; however, the competitive strategies of the Japanese advertising firms vis-a-vis their Western counterparts are discussed to highlight interorganizational differences. This paper is organized into five sections: the definition of services and the determinants of growth in producer services in the industrially advanced nations; theoretical explanations of international investments in services; empirical research on the determinants of internationalization, entry mode, and business strategies of service firms; industry-speci...
Effect of the water-soluble fractions of crude, refined and waste oils on the embryonic and larval stages of the quahog clam Mercenaria sp.

The embryonic and larval stages of the quahog clam Mercenaria sp. were exposed to the water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of 6 oils and the effects on survival and growth rate of the various stages were noted. Kuwait crude oil was the least toxic on initial exposure to both stages, having LC50 values in excess of 10 ppm after continuous exposure to the WSF for up to 6 days. However, at 10 days, Kuwait was slightly more toxic than southern Louisiana crude oil, with both oils having LC50 values near 2 ppm. Florida Jay crude oil was much more toxic, with an LC50 of less than 1 ppm at 48 h and less than 0.2 ppm at 10 days. Two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and Bunker “C”, had LC50 values of 1 to 2 ppm after 48 h, while used crankcase motor oil, the most toxic oil tested, had LC50 values of 0.10 ppm or less at all exposure times. Larvae surviving exposure to water-soluble fractions of the various oils often grew at slower rates than the controls.
SU-E-I-86: Evaluation of the New RaySafe Unfors X2 Dosimetry System

Purpose: To evaluate the new RaySafe Unfors X2 (X2) dosimetry system and compare it to the operation of the RaySafe Unfors Xi (Xi) and Radcal Accugold (RCAG) dosimetry systems. The comparison was done for the radiographic/fluoroscopic detectors, mammography detectors and the CT ionization chambers. Methods: This study used several R/F rooms, GE AMX4 portable x-ray unit, Siemens Biograph 16 slice CT scanner and a Hologic Dimensions mammography unit to evaluate the dosimetry systems. The three X2 detectors were compared to similar detectors of the older Xi and RCAG detectors under clinical conditions used for diagnostic medical physics testing. Measurements of kVp, HVL and exposure were made under identical conditions. Results: For radiography and fluoroscopy the three systems agreed to within +2 kVp in the 60 to 140 kVp range, HVL measurements agreed to within +2 mm Al and the exposures agreed to within +5%. The RCAG 6 cc ionization chamber measured at least 3% higher than the diode systems. The X2 R/F detector appeared to be transparent to the fluoroscopy AEC system. For exposures made using both the CT ACR dose phantoms, the X2 agreed to within +3% of the other two systems. For mammography measurements, the three systems agreedmore » to within +0.4kVp (25-49 kVp range), HVL measurements agreed to within +0.05 mm Al and the exposures agreed to within +1% of the ionization chamber. Conclusion: The X2 system is a new version of the older Xi system. The system is faster, more robust, very easy to use, has a larger dynamic range, produced less errors and stores 1000 exposures. The measurements showed that the system performs well in the clinical environment and the X2 is within + 5% agreement of the other two calibrated systems.« less
Convection-Driven Zonal Flows in the Major Planets

The major planets produce heat flux from their interiors that is comparable to the radiative flux they receive from the sun. The dynamics of convection flows carrying the heat flux are discussed, and the dominating effect of the Coriolis force is demonstrated. The characteristic high-velocity jets in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn can be explained on the basis of Reynolds stresses generated by the fluctuating convective motions. A simple annulus model, which elucidates the more complex mathematical analysis of the spherical case given in an earlier paper (Busse, 1983), is considered in detail. Various aspects of the observational evidence are discussed in relation to the model.
Core Analysis of Unconsolidated and Friable Sands

Special techniques have been developed that permit complete analysis of unconsolidated sands under conditions that offer some assurance that results are representative of the in-situ reservoir sand. This paper discusses procedures for measuring compressibilities, multiphase flow properties, permeability, porosity, trapped gas effects, and the influence of reservoir pressure decline on these properties. Included is a discussion of acoustic and pressure-pulse field tests that suggest that high first-cycle compressibility measured in laboratory experiments is a realistic reservoir phenomenon.
Plato in Rabbi Shimeon bar Yohai's Cave (B. Shabbat 33b–34a): The Talmudic Inversion of Plato's Politics of Philosophy

Thus we are told in one of the most famous narratives in talmudic literature, in its most elaborate and complex version in the Babylonian Talmud. The late ancient and early medieval rabbinic popularity of Rabbi Shimeon bar Yohai's (henceforth Rashbi) sojourn in the cave is demonstrated by the wide distribution of the motif in various rabbinic texts. It later gained additional prominence in the Jewish collective imagination to such a degree that no less than the composition of the Zohar was attributed to Rashbi; indeed, the text was considered a product of his sojourn in the cave. As is the case with other extensive narratives in the Babylonian Talmud about early rabbinic sages from the days of the Mishnah, different and most likely earlier versions of the whole or parts of this story can be found elsewhere in rabbinic literature. Others have gone about the task of carefully assembling and comparing the versions of the story, and various interpretations of it have been offered. Surely, any additional attempt at making sense of the story and decoding what the rabbinic narrators in the Babylonian Talmud sought to convey with its inclusion in the larger corpus needs to take this work into account.
Growth of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) following recovery from the stunted stage in a commercial farm in California, USA.

Abstract Runt white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) develop during grow-out and are characterized by atrophied muscles and decreased growth. Our first objective was to compare the growth (and body condition) of previously-runt white sturgeon after they recovered from the runt state and sturgeon that had never been runts. On 12 occasions, recovered runts and age- and size-matched controls that had never been runts were tagged and put in a tank that already contained fish of similar age and size. Tagged groups were followed for 119–134 days. Median relative growth rates (RGRs) of the recovered runts were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher than those of the controls in three tanks. Multiple linear regression was used to model final weight as a function of initial weight and status (recovered runt or control). Status was not significantly related (p = 0.71) to final weight, after adjusting for initial weight, “tank” and time of follow-up. Our second objective was to determine factors that influenced the loss of tags by white sturgeon during the follow-up period. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher initial weight and being a control fish might have been associated with losing both tags. We concluded that once white sturgeon runts recovered and started growing, they grew at least as well as fish that had never been runts.
Did levodopa vs. dopamine agonist trials teach us when and how to start symptomatic therapy

The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) with levodopa has been called one of the success stories of modern medicine [1]. As the precursor of dopamine in the catecholamine synthetic chain, it can be taken orally because it crosses the blood-brain barrier, whereas dopamine does not [1]. When first introduced in the 1960’s, the new drug’s dramatic results in even severely affected Parkinson patients raised the hope that all neurodegenerative diseases might be treated with replacement of depleted transmitters. But complications of chronic therapy soon became apparent, superimposing upon the disease-related problems an additional burden of motor fluctuations (the “on-off” reaction), dyskinesias, and visual hallucinations [2]. Unlike levodopa, dopamine agonist agents do not require conversion and storage because they bypass the failing nigrostriatal pathway to directly stimulate receptors in the normal striatum. They are the most effective class of drugs for PD after levodopa. In early disease, they provide an effective treatment strategy, delaying the need for levodopa. The oral dopamine agonists commonly used are: • Bromocriptine (Parlodel) • Pergolide (Permax) • Pramipexole (Mirapex) • Ropinirole (Requip) • Cabergoline (Casbar) The development of dyskinesia may depend on disease severity and the half-life of the dopaminergic agent. Patients who have mild disease do not develop dyskinesia with either levodopa or dopamine agonists, presumably because they still have enough dopamine terminals to regulate dopamine release and provide postsynaptic dopamine receptors with relatively physiologic dopaminergic stimulation [2]. In more advanced disease, there
Apuntes sobre el tráfico ilegal de esclavos hacia Brazil y Uruguay: los “colonos” africanos de Montevideo (1832-1842)

The case of the African “colonists” of Montevideo illustrates the rebirth of slave trading networks between the Portuguese and Spanish of the South Atlantic. These networks, which had legally and illegally brought slaves to the colonial Rio de la Plata, were still active in the years 1830s. They contributed to the arrival of slaves in Rio de Janeiro just as the British anti-slave trade policy and the Brazilian government tried to end this traffic. This article uncovers a slave trading operation designed by Brazilian merchants which connected Luanda, Mozambique, Rio de Janeiro and Montevideo by the 1830s. The African “colonists” of Montevideo were not only the last generation of slaves directly brought from Africa to Uruguay, but also the last enslaved Africans who arrived in any of the new republics of mainland Spanish America.
K-nested layered look-ahead method and architectures for high throughput Viterbi decoder

A novel K-nested layered look-ahead method and its corresponding architectures, which pack K trellis steps into one step (where K is the encoder constraint length) and combine two look-ahead sub-trellises in a layered manner, are proposed for a high throughput Viterbi decoder. The proposed method guarantees parallel paths between any two-trellis states in the look-ahead trellises and distributes the add-compare-select computations to all trellis layers. It leads to a regular and simple architecture for the Viterbi decoding algorithm. The proposed method can be implemented in a partly or fully parallel manner and can be used for a high throughput Viterbi decoder. The main advantage of the proposed design is that it has the least latency among all look-ahead Viterbi decoders for a given level of parallelism.
Watching television: how does it influence the dietary quality of children?

Summary The prevalence of obesity is increasing and continues to be a concern, particularly in children, where the condition may lead to chronic health problems typically seen only in adults. This has prompted researchers to look at the relationships between sedentary behaviours, such as television viewing, diet and obesity in children. Epidemiological studies have shown repeatedly that rates of obesity are associated with both increased media use and poor diet quality in children and adults. Such studies have also shown that hours of television watched are associated with an increased intake of nutrient-poor, energy dense foods and greater overall energy intake. In children, intervention studies that have imposed reductions in television viewing time have shown that reducing the time spent watching television may decrease energy intake and improve overall diet quality. However, these studies are confounded by the use of self-reported measures for television viewing time and dietary intake. Despite these limitations, the results are promising and more research could lead to a greater understanding of these relationships. Ultimately, clear and concise public health messages for children and their parents regarding the benefits of television time reduction would assist in the fight against obesity.
Research Options as Seen From U.S.A.

Research having the greatest potential impact on future generation photovoltaic cells is proceeding along three main paths. One of these is the improvement of efficiency of solar cells by design modifications, for example, the incorporation of minority carrier mirrors (MCM) and optical mirrors (OM) to raise the efficiency of solar cells made from silicon as well as from other semiconductors toward their theoretical limits. The second important path where success will depend on the outcome of research in the first area is the drive toward super-efficiency single crystal solar cells by resort to tandem solar cells systems consisting of stacks of individually optimized cells with MCM and OM. Calculations show that efficiency of such stacks of cells can approach 55%. The third path is the drive toward efficient thin film cells which again will use MCM and OM. This paper summarizes briefly some aspects of this work.
NEW ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS AND THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSION IN THE MEDICALLY ILL PATIENT

This article examines the literature on the use of relatively new antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), bupropion, venlafaxine, and nefazodone, in the medically ill patient. Special consideration is given to possible advantages for depressed medical patients rendered by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of newer agents particularly as profiled against side effects of tricyclic agents. Special attention is also given to potential drug interactions with these newer agents, particularly as they relate to differential effects on drug metabolism by hepatic enzymes (cytochrome [Cy] P 450 system). Readers are referred to more comprehensive reviews on the use of these and other psychotropic drugs in the medically ill patient for more detailed pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic clinical information (e.g., tricyclics, monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOIs]). 10,67,68
The Effect of Interactivity on Learning Physical Actions in Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) offers new possibilities for learning, specifically for training individuals to perform physical movements such as physical therapy and exercise. The current article examines two aspects of VR that uniquely contribute to media interactivity: the ability to capture and review physical behavior and the ability to see one's avatar rendered in real time from third person points of view. In two studies, we utilized a state-of-the-art, image-based tele-immersive system, capable of tracking and rendering many degrees of freedom of human motion in real time. In Experiment 1, participants learned better in VR than in a video learning condition according to self-report measures, and the cause of the advantage was seeing one's avatar stereoscopically in the third person. In Experiment 2, we added a virtual mirror in the learning environment to further leverage the ability to see oneself from novel angles in real time. Participants learned better in VR than in video according to objective perform...
Impact of weight cycling on risk of morbidity and mortality

Unintentional weight gain is commonly observed in adult humans, often provoking intentional weight loss attempts followed by unintentional weight regain. This episodic variation in body weight over a period of time has been referred to as 'weight cycling'. Over the last two decades, weight cycling has been associated with a number of morbid health conditions and increased mortality. This article provides a comprehensive evaluation of recent weight-cycling evidence, looks to understand design differences between studies and study outcomes, assesses the need for further research on particular health outcomes, and proposes alternative methodologies that will bridge the needs and capabilities of research. Searches were conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Articles on weight cycling in the literature were initially identified using search strings in PubMed. Eligibility assessment of the remaining articles was performed independently by three reviewers to identify publications that presented direct evidence. Twenty human studies (in addition to seven animal studies) were selected and retained; 12 accounted for the intentionality of weight loss. Although weight regain following successful weight loss remains one of the most challenging aspects of body-weight regulation, evidence for an adverse effect of weight cycling appears sparse, if it exists at all.