cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Output organization of intermediate cerebellum of the monkey

1. The goal of this study was to investigate the motor organization of monkey nucleus interpositus (NI) and neighboring regions of the lateral nucleus (NL) by correlating discharge of single neurons with active movements. Neurons were surveyed during free-form movements as well as during operation of six devices that required movement about specific forelimb joints. The paradigm allowed us to test the hypothesis that discharge of individual cells relates to movements about individual joints. 2. One hundred sixty-two isolated nuclear neurons from two monkeys were studied. Eighty-three percent showed large increases in discharge (an average of 3 times resting rate for forelimb neurons) during movement of one body part, either forelimb, hindlimb, mouth/face, or eyes. 3. Anterior interpositus contains neurons related to hindlimb movement in anterior regions and neurons related to forelimb movement in posterior regions. A mouth/face-related area exists in the dorsal-posterior regions and is continuous with a mouth/face area in the dorsal regions of NL. Posterior interpositus (NIP) showed no clear separation between forelimb and hindlimb neurons: forelimb neurons were encountered throughout the nucleus, and hindlimb neurons were encountered in the medial-anterior two thirds. A distinct eye movement area exists in lateral, posterior, and ventral regions of NIP. This area borders regions of NL that also contain eye movement-related neurons. 4. Forelimb interpositus neurons discharged strongly during reach and grasp; discharge rates were recorded for 41 neurons during a stereotyped reach and the average depth of modulation was 149 imp/s. Nineteen neurons that modulated during device tracking were also tested during reaching, and the depth of modulation was much greater during reaching. 5. Fifty-nine forelimb neurons were tested with device tracking. Twenty-seven (46%) produced no audible modulation, regardless of the joint being exercised. The remaining 32 neurons modulated during movement on at least one device (mean depth of modulation = 84 imp/s). Comparison of discharge during use of different devices revealed no strong evidence for device-specific discharge. 6. Discharge modulations during device tracking were phasic, preceded movement, and, for a small number of cells, showed consistent parametric relations to duration, amplitude, and velocity of movement. 7. Despite a clear somatotopy within NI and NL, there is no finer mapping based on active movements about individual joints within forelimb regions. Discharge modulation depends on movements involving the whole limb. Progress in understanding the function of intermediate cerebellum depends on determining the variables required to elicit consistent and high modulation of neural discharge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Host Mediators in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease

During the past few years, a considerable number of studies have examined different aspects of the host response in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), including the relationship of specific markers to the active phases of periodontal disease. Various indicators of the acute inflammatory response (the lysosomal enzymes beta-glucuronidase and collagenase, the cytoplasmic enzyme aspartate aminotransferase, and the arachidonic acid metabolite PGE2) have been shown to be associated with clinical attachment loss in chronic adult periodontitis in man and experimental periodontitis in animal models. In contrast, the relationship of indicators of the humoral immune response in GCF to active periodontal disease is equivocal. Furthermore, a number of indicators of the cellular immune response have been identified recently in GCF (i.e., Interleukin-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), but their relationship to active phases of periodontal disease have not been studied. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) is the cellular hallmark of acute inflammation. Evidence from the GCF studies suggests that hyperreactivity of these cells plays a critical role in the active phases of some forms of periodontal disease. Metabolic activation of PMN can be associated with a number of potentially destructive reactions. The major effector mechanism for tissue destruction that can be specifically identified with the PMN is the synergistic effect of the release of PMN proteases and the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites by these cells. Priming of the PMN, where the PMN response is enhanced by agents that do not initiate the response, may be an important mechanism for PMN activation in the crevicular environment; for example, cytokines such as IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, and lipopolysaccharides released from subgingival Gram-negative bacteria, can serve this function. The hypothesis proposed here argues that in addition to the severe forms of periodontal disease that have been associated with qualitative or quantitative PMN defects, tissue destruction in the periodontum can be observed with hyperreactivity of these cells. These differing conclusions do not create a dilemma, but may represent opposite ends of a balance that is no longer in equilibrium.
A modified ventral approach to the atlantoaxial junction in the dog.

Objective— To describe and evaluate a surgical technique using a modified ventral approach for stabilization of the atlantoaxial (AA) junction in dogs with AA subluxation. Study Design— Retrospective study. Animals— Dogs (n=5) with AA subluxation. Methods— Medical records (2000–2006) of 5 dogs with AA treated by stabilization via a right parasagittal approach were reviewed and outcome assessed by clinical examination and phone interviews with owners. Results— The AA joint was clearly visualized and fixation devices were placed in all dogs. A right parasagittal approach provided excellent access to the AA junction and avoided dissection around the thyroid gland, trachea, and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recovery was considered good to excellent by owners, and dogs returned to good function. Conclusions— A right parasagittal approach to the AA junction provides improved exposure and allows for surgical stabilization with minimal complications. Clinical Relevance— In dogs that require surgical stabilization of the AA joint, a right parasagittal approach should be considered. This approach offers advantages over the standard ventral median approach by improved surgical exposure, less dissection, and provides protection of vital structures during insertion of fixation devices used for ventral AA stabilization.
Relationship Hierarchy for Picture Representation Using Entity‐Relationship Diagrams

The entity relationship approach has been applied in many areas including that of picture representation. The hierarchical properties of relationship for pictorial representation are discussed in this article and the author claims that the ER approach adds a new dimension to picture representation, making it easy to use and understand. The results obtained may have further useful applications in picture retrieval and processing, pattern recognition and expert systems.
Adaptive Due Date Deviation Regulation Using Capacity and Order Release Time Adjustment

Abstract A control-theoretic, order due date deviation regulation method is presented in this paper for work systems that can dynamically adjust their capacity and order release times. The relationship between due date deviations and work system capacity is shown to be nonlinear and time varying, and a method is presented for characterizing the relationship quantitatively in real time and using this information in an adaptive capacity adjustment control law that maintains favorable dynamic behavior in the presence of the nonlinearities. Control theoretic analyses are included in the paper for designing the dynamic behavior of due date deviations and work system capacity, and results of discrete event simulations driven by industrial data are used to illustrate dynamic behavior. Conclusions are presented regarding the efficacy of combining scheduling and due date deviation regulation and the resulting tradeoffs between due date deviation and capacity.
Endogenous public policy and multiple equilibria

Abstract One of the well known roles of public policy in models with indeterminacy is to reduce the set of equilibria. However, agents' expectations regarding future policy may be self fulfilling when public policy is endogenized. We show that a simple overlapping generations economy with public education may yield multiple equilibria. Under a laissez-faire system, our model has a unique equilibrium. Thus, the presence of public policy may generate, rather than eliminate, multiple equilibria.
Consumer Choice of Digital Music Services from Quality Perceptions

Recently, the popular channel for record albums has shifted from purchasing Compact Discs to downloading MP3 files. In fact, Digital Music Service has seen tremendous successes, making hundreds of millions of dollars every year. However, few attempts have been made to understand the consumption behavior of this newly emerging market because of its unique characteristics that have made other behavioral models inapplicable. In this study, we surveyed college students, who are the most active in this market, concerning their Digital Music Service subscription behavior. A modified Theory of Planned Behavior model was used as the framework incorporating the Technology Acceptance Model and a new construct, the perceived service quality. The present study depicts that the model explaining subscription behavior indicates that subjective norm has the most significant effect on the intention to subscribe. The results provide marketing implications for Digital Music Service provider, and indicate possible direction for future studies.
Demo: A Hardware Platform for Separating Energy Concerns in Tiny, Intermittently-Powered Sensors

Energy harvesting is an indispensable mechanism of sensor devices that operate in perpetuity. While harvesting free energy from the environment has enabled many applications, it has also spawned new problems, and new paradigms. Notably, making decisions on when to use high power sensors and external components when energy is scarce, and future supply is unpredictable. Because sensor nodes generally share a single, centralized energy store, seemingly atomic, or unrelated sensing tasks can hamper each other by drawing the supply voltage too low, and draining the energy reservoir. This demonstration presents the United Federation of Peripherals (UFoP), a novel method of separating energy concerns in hardware by allocating dedicated energy storage (in the form of small capacitors) to specific sensor components, and charging them in a prioritized fashion with an analog front end. UFoP gives application designers a more deterministic view of energy and task scheduling, allowing them to make better informed decisions when developing sensor applications. Designers do not have to rely on crude estimates or simulations but can instead depend on in-situ analog measurements to opportunistically drive their applications.
Organism, normativity, plasticity: Canguilhem, Kant, Malabou

Some of Catherine Malabou’s recent work has developed her conception of plasticity (originally deployed in a reading of Hegelian Aufhebung) in relation to neuroscience. This development clarifies and advances her attempt to bring contemporary theory into dialogue with the natural sciences, while indirectly indicating her engagement with the French tradition in philosophy of science and philosophy of medicine, especially the work of Georges Canguilhem. I argue that we can see her development of plasticity as an answer to some specific shortcomings in Canguilhem’s conception of organic or biological normativity as advanced in The Normal and the Pathological. Such a view of plasticity shows its potential to provide the basis for a powerful critical engagement with contemporary conceptions of selfhood, self-transformation, subjectivation, and the general theory of norms.
Tissue distribution, excretion, and metabolism of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in the Golden Syrian hamster.

The hamster has been reported to be the least sensitive mammalian species to the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The fate of a single dose of [3H]- or [14C]TCDD (650 μg/kg, ip or po) was assessed in male hamsters for up to 35 days following treatment. The greatest content (percentage dose/g tissue) of radioactivity was found in the liver, adipose tissue, and adrenals. The radioactivity in liver and adipose tissue was identified as unmetabolized TCDD. The rate of 3H or 14C elimination in urine and feces suggested a first-order process. Similar half-life of elimination (t12) values of 12.0 ± 2.0 and 10.8 ± 2.4 days (mean ± SD) were obtianed with ip administered [3H]- and [14C]TCDD, respectively. With both [3H]- and [14C]TCDD, approximately 35 and 50% of the radioactivity was eliminated in urine and feces, respectively. The t12 for po administered [3H]TCDD was 15.0 ± 2.5 days. High-pressure liquid chromatography of the urine and bile of animals receiving [14C]TCDD revealed one major and several minor radioactive peaks, none of which corresponded to [14C]TCDD. The apparent absence of TCDD metabolites in extracts of liver or adipose tissue indicates that the biotransformed products of TCDD are readily excreted in urine and bile. The enhanced rate of metabolism and excretion of TCDD in hamsters relative to other species may in part contribute to, but not totally explain its unusual resistance to TCDD toxicity.
Ethical and legal issues relating to abortion in adolescence.

At least 1 million teenagers in the United States get pregnant every year; 350000 teenagers choose to terminate their pregnancies by abortion. Doctors who examine teenagers usually find that their patients come in fairly late and some teenagers may carry their pregnancy to term while others request abortions as late as the 2nd trimester. Abortion as well as full-term pregnancy are procedures that carry extreme mental stress. Many teenagers that go through with either procedure suffer mental breakdowns. Adolescents stages of moral development can be classified into a 3 major categories: preconventional; conventional; or postconventional. Preconventional behavior may consist of worry about the reactions of individuals holding power over the adolescents life; conventional behavior may consist of the adolescent conforming as well as maintaining societal rules; and postconventional behavior may consist of the wishes of the adolescent outweighing societal expectations in their decision-making. The legal aspects concerning adolescents seeking abortions are governed by the "mature minor doctrine". Some abortions can be performed on adolescents without parental support; however recent court decisions have provided certain measures for "immature minors." Recent debates on ethical and moral issues have been on the autonomy of the adolescent to make decisions on their own and the rights of the fetus versus the mother. Counseling is available for adolescents unsure of what decisions to make the unable to get support from their families.
Brain norepinephrine and stomach ulcers in rats exposed to chronic conflict

Abstract Stomach ulcers occurred in 61 per cent of rats exposed to a 3-day chronic conflict situation. Experimental animals manifested smaller adrenals and higher endogenous brain norepinephrine (NE) content as compared to controls. The NE data are discussed in terms of two possible explanatory mechanisms: (a) a brain catecholamine conservation mechanism, and (b) an increased synthesis of the brain NE.
Spirituality and mental health

Spirituality is increasingly being examined as a factor in mental health. Recent studies have found that spirituality may serve as a psychological and social resource for coping with stress. After defining the term spirituality, this paper examines some of the research on the relationship between spirituality and mental health, focusing on depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. While spiritual beliefs often represent powerful sources of comfort, hope and meaning, at times they can entangled with mental and emotional disorders making it difficult to determine whether they are a resource or a liability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arnold-Chiari 1 malformation type 1 with syringohydromyelia presenting as acute tetraparesis: a case report.

Context A 19-year-old woman who presented to a community hospital after awakening with tetraparesis, generalized paresthesia, and severe neck pain, and was transferred to an acute care hospital. Findings Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and spine was performed and revealed a cystic lesion extending from the C1 level to the C6 level as well as an Arnold-Chiari type 1 malformation. Emergent surgical posterior fossa decompression with duraplasty and C1 laminectomy was undertaken. Most symptoms improved immediately postoperatively. On post-operative day 15, the patient was transferred to our acute rehabilitation hospital for an additional 16 days. With continued aggressive therapy, she demonstrated complete resolution of tetraparesis as well as significant improvement in muscle strength and function in addition to resolution of paresthesia and neck pain. Functional independence measure scores were 69/126 on admission to 110/126 on discharge from the rehabilitation hospital. Her tetraparesis eventually r...
On the reaction CH2O+NH3→CH2NH+H2O

Abstract We study the energetics of CH 2 O+NH 3 →CH 2 NH+H 2 O in the gas phase at the B3LYP and CCSD(T) levels. This reaction is shown to have a sizeable barrier. Ionization of NH 3 reduces the barrier to about 5 kcal/mol. We also show that in water, a proton-catalyzed mechanism yields no barriers in excess of the reaction endothermicity. Since this reaction has been proposed as one of the steps in interstellar synthesis of glycine, the simplest amino acid, this work suggests that the formation of amino acids is occurring in and/or on interstellar water ice grains, and not in the gas phase.
A likelihood ratio test for the equality of proportions of two normal populations

In sampling inspection by variables, an item is considered defective if its quality characteristic Y falls below some specification limit L0. We consider switching to a new supplier if we can be sure that the proportion of defective items for the new supplier is smaller than the proportion defective for the present supplier. Assume that Y has a normal distribution. A test for comparing these proportions is developed. A simulation study of the performance of the test is presented.
Functional Characterization of Arginine 30, Lysine 40, and Arginine 62 in Tn5 Transposase

Three N-terminal basic residues of Tn5 transposase, which are associated with proteolytic cleavages by Escherichia coli proteinases, were mutated to glutamine residues with the goal of producing more stable transposase molecules. Mutation of either arginine 30 or arginine 62 to glutamine produced transposase molecules that were more stable toward E. coli proteinases than the parent hyperactive Tn5 transposase, however, they were inactive in vivo. In vitro analysis revealed these mutants were inactive, because both Arg(30) and Arg(62) are required for formation of the paired ends complexes when the transposon is attached to the donor backbone. These results suggest Arg(30) and Arg(62) play critical roles in DNA binding and/or synaptic complex formation. Mutation of lysine 40 to glutamine did not increase the overall stability of the transposase to E. coli proteinases. This mutant transposase was only about 1% as active as the parent hyperactive transposase in vivo; however, it retained nearly full activity in vitro. These results suggest that lysine 40 is important for a step in the transposition mechanism that is bypassed in the in vitro assay system, such as the removal of the transposase molecule from DNA following strand transfer.
IDO1 and IDO2 Non-Synonymous Gene Variants: Correlation with Crohn's Disease Risk and Clinical Phenotype

Background Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Genetic polymorphisms can confer CD risk and influence disease phenotype. Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) is one of the most over-expressed genes in CD and mediates potent anti-inflammatory effects via tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway. We aimed to determine whether non-synonymous polymorphisms in IDO1 or IDO2 (a gene paralog) are important either as CD risk alleles or as modifiers of CD phenotype. Methods Utilizing a prospectively collected database, clinically phenotyped CD patients (n = 734) and non-IBD controls (n = 354) were genotyped for established IDO1 and IDO2 non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and novel genetic variants elucidated in the literature. Allelic frequencies between CD and non-IBD controls were compared. Genotype-phenotype analysis was conducted. IDO1 enzyme activity was assessed by calculating the serum kynurenine to tryptophan ratio (K/T). Results IDO1 SNPs were rare (1.7% non-IBD vs 1.1% CD; p = NS) and not linked to Crohn's disease diagnosis in this population. IDO1 SNPs did however associate with a severe clinical course, presence of perianal disease, extraintestinal manifestations and a reduced serum K/T ratio during active disease suggesting lower IDO1 function. IDO2 minor allele variants were common and one of them, rs45003083, associated with reduced risk of Crohn's disease (p = 0.025). No IDO2 SNPs associated with a particular Crohn's disease clinical phenotype. Conclusions This work highlights the functional importance of IDO enzymes in human Crohn's disease and establishes relative rates of IDO genetic variants in a US population.
Average internal stresses in LiF single crystals during high temperature creep

Abstract An experimental technique for measuring the average interdislocation internal stress in crystals is described and measurements for LiF single crystals undergoing high temperature sigmoidal creep are reported. Quantitative predictions of the magnitude of the average internal stress are made using Haasen's treatment of sigmoidal creep and are compared with the measured internal stresses. The comparison shows the theory and experiment to be in good agreement.
Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediates hyperresponsiveness in isolated guinea pig bronchi.

Abstract The mast cell serine protease tryptase has been implicated as a critical mediator of airway hyperresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo . We have previously demonstrated that tryptase promotes hyperresponsiveness in isolated guinea pig bronchi. In this study, we have investigated the potential role of tryptase-mediated activation of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in promoting airway hyperresponsiveness. Ex vivo exposure of guinea pig bronchi to the PAR-2 agonists H 2 N-Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-CONH 2 (SLIGRL) and t -cinnamoyl-H 2 N-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-O-CONH 2 ( t -c-LIGRLO) (0.1–10 μM) induced a concentration-dependent increase of contractile response to histamine. Treatment with 10 μM SLIGRL or t -c LIGRLO for 45 min increased subsequent responsiveness to histamine (0.3 mM) by 54±3% and 69±5%, respectively ( P 2 N-Ser-Phe-Leu-Leu-Arg-Asn-CONH 2 (SFLLRN) did not promote significant changes in the airway. Effects of the peptides were observed following at least a 30-min preincubation with the tissue. Coincubation with indomethacin or removal of epithelial cells is required for PAR-2-mediated hyperreactivity. The inactive analogue H 2 N-Leu-Ser-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-CONH 2 (LISGRL; 10 μM) failed to promote hyperresponsiveness. Neuropeptide antagonists blocked the effect of the PAR-2 agonists. Selective antagonists of NK1 (L-703,606), NK2 (L-659,877), and CGRP (αCGRP 8–37) provided additive inhibition of PAR-2-mediated hyperreactivity. Pretreatment of bronchi with capsaicin (0.8 μM) also prevented the effects of SLIGRL. These results demonstrate the potential involvement of tryptase-mediated activation of PAR-2 in promoting airway hyperresponsiveness. These results further demonstrate that the PAR-2-mediated response involves a neurogenic mechanism involving neuropeptide release.
Limitations in Paleocurrent Analysis of Trough Cross-Stratification: ABSTRACT

More than 50% of cross-stratification is trough type. Its complex geometry accounts for large dispersion in End_Page 844------------------------------ many paleocurrent data. In simple cases, trough-sets yield bimodal histograms bisected by trough axes (which must be distinguished from other bimodal causes). Asymmetry of troughs or predominance of readings from trough ends produce more complex histograms, which commonly are statistically random (e.g., St. Peter Sandstone; certain Cambrian sandstones, Wisconsin; Meridian Sandstone, Mississippi). Trough-axis plunge azimuths provide a superior paleocurrent indicator; Hamblin's Franconian data and new data from Wisconsin show dispersions half as great as published results for cross-sets only. But oppositely plunging troughs associated in single outcrops and even doubly plunging single troughs discovered in Wisconsin may becloud trough-axis distributions. Double plunges probably reflect oth oscillatory (wave?) flow and unidirectional current flow, which produced complex, coalescing, elongate dune forms between which doubly-plunging troughs formed. Trough cross-stratification has no environmental significance. Long-standing eolian interpretations reflect early recognition of only 1 possible modern analogue, whereas subaqueous dunes with amplitudes up to 65 ft have been known for a century. Cambrian sandstones with complex trough cross-stratification probably reflect submarine dunes affected both by current and oscillatory flow like those of Georges Banks. Paleoslope has little if any influence on orientations of eolian and most shallow-marine cross-stratification; records of "rare" storms may mask "average" conditions. Therefore, independent dispersal indicators (e.g., pebble or mineral trains) should be sought. End_of_Article - Last_Page 845------------
Options and limitations in fisheries management

As a final thought, I want to conclude with the cliche that a “problem recognized is half solved.” Certainly, I cannot be accused of laying out a solution to solving the major fisheries management problems, but it is hoped that the problems managers face are now clearer. The complexity of fisheries assystems to be managed is clear to even the most casual observer. The second point, a broad “theory of fisheries management,” should provide a framework to categorize all of the disjointed activities that we associate with management of our fisheries resources.
Delineation of Heterotermes aureus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) Foraging Territories in a Sonoran Desert Grassland

The foraging territory size of Heterotermes aureus (Snyder) was investigated on the Santa Rita Experimental Range south of Tucson, Ariz. A comparison of three techniques for delineating territorial boundaries suggested that the release and recapture of dyed termites and agonistic behavior among termites were the most reliable techniques, whereas spatial and temporal patterns of termite attack on baits were unreliable for determining boundaries. Data obtained with the first two techniques indicated that many territories encompassed an area of several hundred to a few thousand square meters. These data contrasted sharply with those obtained from spatial and temporal patterns of termite attack, which provided an estimate of 13.9 m2 for average territory size.
A New Design for the A-C Network Analyzer

IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, with the heavy demands made on power systems, an increased interest has developed in network analyzers for public utility use. This has resulted in installation of several new analyzers and design or planning of others. In line with this trend, the Iowa State College has been active in developing and constructing an analyzer for use by utilities of the midwest area. Following general educational policy, the work was undertaken as a research project of the Iowa Engineering Experiment Station to determine the feasibility of applying new equipment and new techniques in improving the design of the a-c network analyzer.
Ceramic composites: roles of fiber and interface

Abstract Results are presented that elucidate: (a) the effects of fiber coating on retained fiber strength and mechanical properties of Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites; and (b) the role of residual stresses in the interfacial bond strength of SiC-fiber-reinforced reaction-bonded Si 3 N 4 matrix composites. For Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites that were fractured in a flexural mode, retained in-situ fiber strength, ultimate strength and work-of-fracture (WOF) of the composites increased with increasing thickness of the fiber coating and reached maximum values at a coating thickness of ≈0.3 μm. A direct correlation between the variation of in-situ fiber strength and the variation of ultimate strength and WOF of the composites clearly indicates the critical role of the retained in-situ strength of reinforcing fibers in composites. Fiber pushout tests performed on SiC-fiber-reinforced reaction-bonded Si 3 N 4 matrix composites indicate that both debonding and frictional shear stresses decreased with increasing fiber content. These variations are consistent with the variation of residual radial stress on fibers, as measured by neutron diffraction, i.e. residual stresses decreased with increasing fiber content. Because fracture behavior is strongly controlled by interfacial bond strength, which is proportional to the residual radial stress, appropriate control of residual stresses is critical in the design of composites with desired fracture properties.
Initial stages of hydrogen reduction of NiO(100)

Abstract The reduction of single crystal NiO(100) under hydrogen has been followed by AES, XPS and LEED for the pressure range of 1.0 × 10 −7 to 1.3 × 10 −6 Torr and for substrate temperatures of 150–350°C. The kinetics of reduction are controlled both by the rate of removal of lattice oxide at the surface and by the diffusion of subsurface oxygen to the oxygen-depleted surface. The rate of oxygen removal is first-order in surface oxide concentration and in hydrogen pressure. An induction period precedes the reduction reaction and its length is postulated to be controlled by surface defect concentration. The stoichiometric and reduced lattice oxygen species appear to be chemically identical and give a single symmetric XPS peak at 529.4 eV. Nickel spectra indicate a shift in XPS binding energies from those expected of the oxide to those of nickel metal early in the reduction process, although LEED indicates the NiO(100) surface lattice to remain the stable structure for surface reduced to approximately 20% of the stoichiometric oxygen concentration. Ni(100) island formation is observed, with Ni 〈010〉 and 〈001〉 directions along the NiO 〈010〉 and 〈001〉, respectively, but only after the NiO surface is severely depleted in oxygen.
The check is in the mail: Monetization of Craigslist buyer scams

Nigerian or advance fee fraud scams continue to gain prevelance within the world of online classified advertisements. As law enforcement, user training, and website technologies improve to thwart known techniques, scammers continue to evolve their methods of targeting victims and monetizing their scam methods. As our understanding of the underground scammer community and their methods grows, we gain a greater insight about the critical points of disruption to interrupt the scammers ability to succeed. In this paper we extend on previous works about fake payment scams targeting Craigslist. To grow our understanding of scammer methods and how they monetize these scams, we utilize a data collection system posting “honeypot advertisements” on Craigslist offering products for sale and interact with scammers gathering information on their payment methods. We then conduct an analysis of 75 days worth of data to better understand the scammer's patterns, supporting agents, geolocations, and methods used to perpetuate fraudulent payments. Our analysis shows that 5 groups are responsible for over 50% of the scam payments received. These groups operate primarily out of Nigeria, but use the services of agents within the United States to facilitate the sending and receiving of payments and shipping of products to addresses both in Nigeria and the United States. This small number of scammer organizations combined with the necessity of support agents within the United States indicate areas for potential targeting and disruption of the key scammer groups.
248 Optimal in vitro maturation time depends on morphological characteristics of bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes

Oocytes with compact cumulus cells are usually chosen for bovine in vitro maturation and IVF experiments, while oocytes that do not have compact cumulus cells are often discarded. In this experiment, we studied the interaction of maturation time and cumulus characteristics. Five cumulus classifications (compact, partially expanded, expanded, denuded, dark-coagulated) were studied using 3 maturation times. A total of 1923 oocytes were aspirated from 3- to 8-mm follicles; matured for 1, 4, or 23 h; and fertilized with sperm from 3 bulls (2 replicates per bull with one replicate using ovaries of cull cows and the other, ovaries of fattened heifers). IVF was done with sperm centrifuged through a 45/90% Percoll gradient. All media were chemically defined (CDM) plus 0.5% fatty acid-free BSA. Sperm were co-incubated with oocytes for 16–18 h; presumptive zygotes were then vortexed to remove cumulus cells and cultured for 7 days (De La Torre-Sanchez et al. 2006 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 18, 585–596). Overall blastocyst production was low, partly due to differences among bulls (P < 0.01) (2.8, 4.5, and 11.3% blastocysts per oocyte for semen of bulls A, B, and C), and partly because some ovaries were from fattened heifers fed a progestin. There was a significant interaction between type of cumulus and maturation time for development to the 8-cell stage (P < 0.01) and blastocysts (P < 0.07), but not for cleavage (data not presented). From Table 1, it is clear that 1 or 4 h is insufficient maturation time for oocytes from all cumulus classifications except for expanded cumulus. For that category, 1 h maturation resulted in blastocyst production equivalent to oocytes with compact cumulus matured 23 h. Standard timing of 23 h maturation was suboptimal for oocytes with expanded cumulus. For oocytes with compact cumulus, 23 h maturation was superior to shorter times (P < 0.05); oocytes with partially expanded cumulus cells responded similarly to those with compact cumulus except for a higher percent of 8-cell embryos with 23 h maturation. While 8-cell embryo production was above 40% per oocyte for all groups with 23 h of maturation, blastocyst production was very low for oocytes with dark cumulus, and also low when oocytes were denuded or had expanded cumulus. In conclusion, while 23 h maturation was optimal for oocytes with compact or partially expanded cumulus, similar blastocyst rates were obtained with oocytes with expanded cumulus if maturation time was shortened to 1 h. Table 1. Mean percentage development of oocytes to 8-cell and blastocyst stages
Library Blogs and User Participation: A Survey about Comment Spam in Library Blogs

The purpose of this research is to identify and describe the impact of comment spam in library blogs. Three research questions guided the study: current level of commenting in library blogs; librarians' perception of comment spam; and techniques used to address the comment spam problem.
Mortality and the concurrent ingestion of food and saccharin in rats

Rats drinking freely 1.0% sodium saccharin solution and eating a reduced food ration, whether mixed (5.0%) or not with saccharin, lost body weight and died. Death depended neither on the absolute saccharin amount per gram of body weight nor on the nonconcurrence of saccharin and food ingestion, but instead, depended on the saccharin and the intermeal interval. Saccharin animals died on the 20 g/48 h and the 10 g/24 h food regimens and did not die on the 5 g/12 h. Rats did not die on any schedule if they ate food and drank water only. The behavioral consequences of saccharin and its potential harm to all animals, and to those on a reduced diet in particular, were emphasized.
Hierarchical Modelling Of Mobile, Seeing Robots

This paper describes the implementation of a hierarchical robot simulation which supports the design of robots with vision and mobility. A seeing robot applies a classification expert system for visual identification of laboratory objects. The visual data acquisition algorithm used by the robot vision system has been developed to exploit multiple viewing distances and perspectives. Several different simulations have been run testing the visual logic in a laboratory environment. Much work remains to integrate the vision system with the rest of the robot system.
Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging Detects Anatomic and Physiologic Coronary Artery Disease as Measured by Coronary Angiography and Fractional Flow Reserve

Objectives To evaluate the ability of quantitative perfusion cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to assess the hemodynamic significance of coronary artery disease (CAD) compared with well-established anatomic and physiologic techniques. Background Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is considered by many investigators to be a reliable stenosis-specific method to determine hemodynamically significant CAD. Quantitative perfusion CMR is a promising noninvasive approach to detect CAD but has yet to be validated against FFR. Methods This is a prospective study in patients with suspected CAD who underwent coronary angiography, FFR, and CMR assessments. The quantitative myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) was calculated in 720 myocardial sectors (8 sectors/slice). The MPR was calculated from the ratio between stress and rest myocardial flow based on signal intensity time curves using deconvolution analysis. Stress was simulated with adenosine for both FFR and MPR. The MPR assessments were compared to FFR (n = 44 coronary segments) and quantitative coronary angiography (n = 108 segments) in the corresponding coronary territories. Results The MPR was 1.54 ± 0.36 in segments with FFR ≤0.75 (n = 14) and 2.11 ± 0.68 in those with FFR >0.75 (n = 30; p = 0.0054). An MPR cutoff of 2.04 was 92.9% (95% CI 77.9 to 100.0) sensitive and 56.7% (95% CI 32.8 to 80.6) specific in predicting a coronary segment with FFR ≤0.75. The MPR was 1.54 ± 0.49 in coronary segments with ≥50% diameter stenosis (DS) (n = 47) and 2.13 ± 0.80 in segments with Conclusions Quantitative perfusion CMR is a safe noninvasive test that represents a stenosis-specific alternative to determine the hemodynamic significance of CAD.
Callosal Projections Drive Neuronal-Specific Responses in the Mouse Auditory Cortex

In the auditory cortex (AC), interhemispheric communication is involved in sound localization processes underlying spatial hearing. However, the neuronal microcircuits recruited by the callosal projections are unknown. We addressed this fundamental question by taking advantage of optogenetics and examining directly the functional effects of interhemispheric inputs to specific pyramidal neurons in layer 5 of the mouse AC, defined by their output as either corticocortical (CCort) or corticocollicular (CCol). We found that callosal projections suppress the activity of CCort pyramidal neurons, but facilitate firing of CCol pyramidal neurons. This difference is mechanistically explained by callosal activation of fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (FS-PARV), which provide selective inhibition to CCort pyramidal neurons. Our results establish two distinct previously unknown cortical circuits underlying either callosal suppression (callosal projections → FS-PARV → CCort) or facilitation (callosal projections → CCol) of projecting neurons in layer 5 of the AC and attribute a specific function to a genetically defined type of interneuron in interhemispheric communication.
Definable functions continuous on curves in o-minimal structures☆

Abstract We give necessary and sufficient conditions on a non-oscillatory curve in an o-minimal field such that, for any bounded definable function, the germ of the function on an initial segment of the curve has a definable extension to a closed set. This situation is translated into a question about types: What are the conditions on an n -type such that, for any bounded definable function, the germ of the function on the type has a definable continuous global extension? Certain categories of definable types have this property, and we give the precise conditions that are equivalent to existence of the global extension.
A Class of Array Architectures for Hardware Grid Routers

Special-purpose hardware architectures have been recently proposed for solving a number of increasingly complex design automation problems. This paper proposes a class of two-dimensional SIMD array processors--the IAP architectures for implementation of grid routing algorithms. The major advantages of the IAP machines are, completely modular designs which are not pin-limited regardless of array size, and the ability to find the lowest cost route for a net, in time which is a linear function of the length of that route. A number of new procedures for parallel routing (simultaneous routing of k nets) are introduced, which take advantage of the linear time complexity of the IAP architectures. An analysis is presented of the time complexities of these procedures and examples are presented to exhibit their applicability.
Thermoregulation of Escherichia coli pap transcription: H-NS is a temperature-dependent DNA methylation blocking factor.

Summary The expression of Pap pili that facilitate the attachment of Escherichia coli to uroepithelial cells is shut off outside the host at temperatures below 268C. Ribonuclease protection analysis showed that this thermoregulatory response was rapid as evidenced by the absence of papBA transcripts, coding for Pap pilin, after only one generation of growth at 238C. The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein H-NS and DNA sequences within papB were required for thermoregulation, but the PapB and PapI regulatory proteins were not. In vivo analysis of pap DNA methylation patterns indicated that H-NS or a factor regulated by H-NS bound within the pap regulatory region at 238C but not at 378C, as evidenced by H-NS-dependent inhibition of methylation of the pap GATC sites designated GATC-I and GATC-II. These GATC sites lie upstream of the papBAp promoter and have been shown previously to play a role in controlling Pap pili expression by regulating the binding of Lrp, a global regulator that is essential for activating papBAp transcription. Competitive electrophoretic mobility shift analysis showed that H-NS bound specifically to a pap DNA fragment containing the GATC-I and GATC-II sites. Moreover, H-NS blocked methylation of these pap GATC sites in vitro : H-NS blocked pap GATC methylation at 1.4 mM but was unable to do so at higher concentrations at which non-specific binding occurred. Thus, non-specific binding of H-NS to pap DNA was not sufficient to inhibit methylation of the pap GATC sites. These results suggest that the ability of H-NS to act as a methylation blocking factor is dependent upon the formation of a specific complex of H-NS with pap regulatory DNA. We hypothesize that a function of H-NS such as oligomerization was altered at 238C, which enabled H-NS to repress pap gene expression through the formation of a specific nucleoprotein complex.
Flicker-induced nystagmus in a Ganzfeld situation in monkeys.

Abstract The possibility that flicker-induced nystagmus (FIN) is a form of optokinetic nystagmus evoked by an apparent motion effect was explored in six rhesus monkeys. FIN was elicited by stroboscopic stimulation of one or both eyes directly (heterogeneous field condition), and through a diffuser which approximates a Ganzfeld situation (homogeneous field condition). FIN and afterresponses (FIAN) were easily obtained with monocular stimulation and, in fact, were enhanced in the homogeneous field condition as shown by a shorter latency and higher frequency of FIN, and by longer and more prevalent FIAN with additional reversals. The magnitudes of FIAN were greater following longer stimulation. The build-up period and mean peak frequency were interdependent in the heterogeneous but not in the homogeneous field condition. Binocular flicker, particularly in the latter situation, resulted in a preponderance of FIN to the right, a response characteristic of right eye stimulation. Similarly, in some animals, the response and afterresponses were stronger on flickering the right eye. The results demonstrate that apparent motion does not play a role in the initiation and/or propagation of FIN and FIAN. The enhancement obtained in the Ganzfeld situation suggests the opening of a negative feedback loop which may operate during direct stimulation. The “reafference principle” could explain the relationship of the build-up period and mean peak frequency in the two stimulus conditions. The asymmetric responses obtained in this study reflect a lateralization of function. FIN, as an unlearned form of behavior, could be useful as a model for elucidating the mechanism of such a bias.
Time-integrating compact hybrid optical processor for SAR image formation

The development and airborne demonstration of a compact realtime optical processor for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image formation under the DARPA TOPS program is described. The ERIM spotlight mode SAR system and its processing requirements are presented. It is shown that a 2-D Fourier transforming time-integrating interferometrically based optical processor is an attractive solution to the processing requirements. The optical processor uses a modulated laser diode for radar signal insertion, crossed acousto-opto scanners for 2-D scanning, a modified Koster interferometer for fringe generation, fast detector arrays for light detection and integration, and accumulating frame grabbers to build up the dynamic range of the image. Analysis, simulation, and laboratory experimental results are presented.
Classical trajectory calculations on gas-phase reactive collisions

Abstract The recent (since 1983) literature on classical trajectory calculations on gas phase reactions is reviewed. It is seen that this continues to be a vigorous area of research, yielding considerable insight into the microscopic details of reaction mechanisms, as well as being a relatively simple means of calculating cross-sections and rate constants. The necessary theoretical background is touched upon briefly, and several caveats are pointed out. A few model reactions continue to be the subject of intensive activity, most notably the reactions H + H2→H2 + H and F + H2→FH + H, the prototypical thermoneutral and exoergic systems respectively. These reactions are unusual in that their potential energy surfaces are relatively well known. For this reason, among others, comparisons of quantum and classical dynamics on these systems are common. Recent advances in quantum mechanical scattering theory have greatly increased the feasibility of exact calculations for the transfer of H atoms between heavier at...
Theory of mode-induced beam-particle loss in tokamaks

Large‐amplitude rotating magnetohydrodynamic modes are observed to induce significant high‐energy beam particle loss during high‐power perpendicular netural beam injection on the poloidal divertor experiment (PDX). A Hamiltonian formalism for drift orbit trajectories in the presence of such modes is used to study induced particle loss analytically and numerically. Results are in good agreement with experiment.