cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential synaptic localization of the glutamate transporter EAAC1 and glutamate receptor subunit GluR2 in the rat hippocampus.

EAAC1, a neuron-specific glutamate transporter, is likely to play an important role in the regulation of glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft. Ultrastructural studies have demonstrated that the glutamate receptor subunit proteins (e.g., GluR2) are frequently preferentially located at the postsynaptic density of asymmetric synapses. While the glutamate/glutamate receptor interaction is likely to be influenced by the activity and location of the transporter molecules, the spatial localization of the transporter molecules relative to the receptor molecules is not well delineated. Thus, we analyzed the cellular, ultrastructural, and synaptic distribution of EAAC1 in the context of the distribution of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 in the hippocampus. While GluR2 and EAAC1 are both present in hippocampal projection neurons, their intracellular distribution patterns differ. Both GluR2 and EAAC1 are present in the dendritic membranes and cytoplasm; however EAAC1 has a distinctive punctate distribution in the dendrite compared to the more diffuse labeling reflected by GluR2. Pre-embedding ultrastructural studies also revealed cytoplasmic and membrane-associated pools of EAAC1 within dendritic shafts and spines, as well as in a subset of axonal profiles and terminals. Postembedding double label immunogold localization demonstrated a similar intraneuronal distribution, but in addition showed that membrane-associated EAAC1 is not intermingled with GluR2 within the synaptic complex, but in contrast is primarily located perisynaptically, often immediately outside the synaptic specialization. In addition, there is a significant presynaptic pool of EAAC1, whereas GluR2 is essentially absent from the pre-synaptic profile. Thus, membrane-associated EAAC1 within the synaptic region is ideally situated to restrict the site of action of glutamate with respect to ionotropic receptors to the synaptic cleft, as well as regulate glutamate levels in the perisynaptic and presynaptic domains, the ultrastructural sites that have been associated with metabotropic receptor localization. J. Comp. Neurol. 418:255–269, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Children's Books in Spanish: From Cinco Lobitos to Los Tres Cerditos: Children's Books in Spanish from around the World

(2003). Children's Books in Spanish: From Cinco Lobitos to Los Tres Cerditos: Children's Books in Spanish from around the World. Childhood Education: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 93-95.
Cost implications of depression in older adults

The economic effects of mental disorder on individuals and their families and on society have received little scientific attention. Late life depression imposes substantial disability and it affects all spheres of function. Therefore, the development of rational health policy regarding this disorder requires prospective evaluation of related costs and the determination of the value of proposed interventions. A vigorous review and analysis of the existing literature provides a framework for synthesis of an aggressive research agenda which emphasizes four major areas: (1) Improved diagnostic rigour; (2) Integration of economic and epidemiologic methods; (3) Microscopic studies of individual and family costs; (4) Interventional benefit/cost analysis.
Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment (NPBX) in microgravity: International Space Station

Abstract A series of nucleate pool boiling experiments were conducted in the Boiling Experimental Facility (BXF) located in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG) on board the International Space Station (ISS) during the period March–May, 2011. Nucleate Pool Boiling eXperiment (NPBX) was one of the two experiments housed in the BXF. Results of experiments on natural convection, nucleate pool boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux are described. Perfluoro-n-hexane was used as the test liquid. The test liquid contained dissolved gas. The test surface was a polished aluminum disc (89.5 mm dia.) heated from below with strain gage heaters. Five cylindrical cavities were formed on the surface with four cavities located at the corners of a square and one in the middle, to study bubble dynamics and initiate nucleate boiling. During experiments the magnitude of mean gravity level normal to the heater surface varied from 1.7 × 10−7ge to 6 × 10−7ge. The results of the experiments show that at low superheats, bubbles generated on the heater surface slide and merge to yield a large bubble located in the middle of the heater. At high superheats, the large bubble may lift off from the heater but continue to hover near the surface. In both these scenarios, the large bubble serves as a vapor sink. Natural convection heat transfer in microgravity was found to be consistent with that predicted by available correlations. Steady state nucleate boiling and maximum heat fluxes are found to be lower than those obtained under earth normal gravity conditions. The heat transfer coefficients for nucleate pool boiling are found to be weakly dependent on the level of gravity (h/hge ∝ (g/ge)1/8). Maximum heat flux also shows a weaker dependence on gravity than that given by the hydrodynamic theory of boiling. The data are useful for calibration of results of numerical simulations. Any correlations that are developed for nucleate boiling heat transfer under microgravity condition must account for the existence of vapor escape path (large vapor bubble acting as a sink) from the heater, relative size of the large bubble and heater, and the size and geometry of the chamber used.
Pre-/postoperative therapy for adult plexus injury

The rehabilitation of patients who have sustained brachial plexus injuries is essential. Therapy is performed to maintain and increase range of motion, retard the rate of muscle atrophy, and re-educate the muscles once the reconstructive surgeries have been per-formed and reinnervation is verified. This article discusses pre- and postoperative therapy for these injuries.
The Sheepshead Minnow Cyprinodon variegatus—A Major Pest in Experimental Mariculture of the Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis

In an experimental Fundulus grundis hatch and growout system at the Cedar Bayou Mariculture Laboratory, egg-to-harvested-fry survival rate of F. grundis was inversely related to percentage of Cyprinodon variegatus fry present (P < 0.05). Competition for food and space was noted in growout ponds, and high mortalities of F. grundis fry and adults occurred in mixed holding containers as a result of the agonistic behavior of C. variegutus. The hardiness and aggressiveness of the sheepshead minnow, its ability to enter water supplies as small prolarvae, its early sexual maturity, and rapid increase in ponds make it a significant pest in mariculture. Control measures for C. variegutus include screening incoming water; hand-sorting contaminated broodstock and fry; and draining, drying, and refilling infested ponds to allow drought-resistant eggs to hatch, then draining and drying again.
A Pocket Full of Knowledge—Enhancing Nursing Practice with Handheld Computers

ABSTRACT • PERIOPERATIVE NURSES are using hightech, pocket-sized, handheld computers to perform a variety of functions and enhance nursing practice. • THIS ARTICLE GIVES an introduction to handheld technology and provides feature and cost comparisons. • NURSES CAN USE built-in programs to keep procedure notes, pertinent telephone numbers, and a calendar. Optional reference programs of interest to health care workers number in the hundreds. AORN J 79 (February 2004) 393–395.
Regulation of Human Alveolar Macrophage Inflammatory Cytokines by Tyloxapol: A Component of the Synthetic Surfactant Exosurf

Abstract We previously demonstrated that the synthetic surfactant Exosurf and a modified natural surfactant, Survanta, both down-regulated endotoxin-stimulated production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6) in human alveolar macrophages. To further characterize the source of the inhibitory effect of surfactant, the three individual components of Exosurf were evaluated. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine had no effect on endotoxin-stimulated cytokine secretion. Cetyl alcohol (spreading agent) compromised macrophage function as measured by adherence. However, at concentrations equivalent to those found in the complete surfactant (Exosurf) preparation, tyloxapol (nonionic dispersing agent) was inhibitory in a dose-dependent manner. The viability of alveolar macrophages as assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl).2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide cleavage assay was not affected by incubation in Exosurf or any of its individual components. Cytokine secretion and mRNA levels of endotoxin-stimulated alveolar macrophages were decreased by tyloxapol. These data suggest that tyloxapol alone, like Exosurf, has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production which may be pretranslationally mediated.
Large Truck–Involved Crashes: Exploratory Injury Severity Analysis

In recent years, a growing concern related to large truck accidents has increased owing to the level of injury severity that can be sustained and to the related potential economic impact. Current studies related to large truck-involved crashes are scarce and do not address the human factors that can greatly influence accident outcomes. This study presents an analysis of data from the fusion of several national data sets addressing injury severity related to large truck-involved crashes. This is accomplished by considering human, road environment, and vehicular factors in large truck-involved crashes on U.S. interstates. A random-parameter ordered-probit model was estimated to predict the likelihood of five injury severity outcomes—fatality, incapacitating, nonincapacitating, possible injury, and no injury. The modeling approach accounts for possible unobserved effects relating to human, vehicular, and road environment factors not present in the data. Estimation findings indicate that the level of injury severity is highly influenced by a number of complex interactions between factors, and the effects of some factors can vary across observations. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000539. © 2013 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Freight transportation; Trucks; Injuries; Parameters; Traffic accidents. Author keywords: Freight movement; Large trucks; Ordered probit; Random parameter; Safety; Injury severity.
ESTROGENIC EFFECTS UPON TUBAL CONTRACTILITY AND THE VAGINAL SECRETION IN THE MENOPAUSE STUDY OF 24 CASES WITH THE AID OF UTEROTUBAL INSUFFLATION1

IN A PAPER read before the American Gynecological Society, May 1932, Rubin (1) reported his experience with insufflation in 7 women of the menopause age. There were no tubal contractions in 3 instances, while in 4 of the 7 cases the contractions were infrequent and barely reached an amplitude over 5 mm. Hg. He also considered the possible influence of ovarian hormonal function on the fallopian tubes in relation to the different phases of the ovarian cycle. From comparative observations of many graphs obtained during clinical tubal insufflation, a definite impression was gained that there was a possible relationship between tubal contractions and the ovulation menstruation cycle. This impression gained from clinical experience with the test for tubal patency led Rubin (2, 3) to suggest in 1927 and in 1928 that parallel investigations be “carried out in estimating the quantity of female sex hormone.” Along the same line of investigation, Morse and Rubin (4) applied the method of uterotubal insufflation in t...
Alpha 2-adrenergic mechanisms in prefrontal cortex associated with cognitive decline in aged nonhuman primates

This study provides evidence that the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor agonist clonidine ameliorates the cognitive deficits exhibited by aged nonhuman primates through drug actions at alpha 2 receptors. Furthermore, pharmacological profiles in animals with lesions restricted to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicate that this area may be the site of action for some of clonidine's beneficial effects. These results demonstrate that alpha-adrenergic systems contribute to cognitive function and suggest a new strategy for treating memory disorders in aged humans.
Why do analysts issue forecast revisions inconsistent with prior stock returns? Determinants and consequences

We examine the informativeness of analyst forecast revisions that are directionally inconsistent with prior stock price movements (sign-inconsistent revisions). Sign-inconsistent revisions represent approximately one-half of the forecast revisions from 1995 through 2010. Our tests indicate that sign-inconsistent revisions are less informative than are sign-consistent revisions. Sign-inconsistent revisions are less likely to be closer to actual earnings realizations and they generate smaller stock price reactions. We also find evidence that sign-inconsistent revisions are associated with analysts' economic incentives to generate trading volume and their behavioural limitations related to information uncertainty. These results suggest that sign-inconsistent revisions do not necessarily benefit investors.
H/D exchange kinetics: experimental evidence for formation of different b fragment ion conformers/isomers during the gas-phase peptide sequencing.

Electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) combined with H/D exchange reactions was utilized to explore the existence of different b 5 + and b 4 + fragment ion conformers/isomers of hexapeptide WHWLQL in the gas phase. Distinct H/D exchange trends for protonated WHWLQL ([M + H]+) and its b 5 + and b 4 + fragment ions (with ND3) were observed. Isolated 12Call isotopomers of both b 5 + and b 4 + fragment ions yielded bimodal distributions of H/D exchanged product ions. The H/D exchange reaction kinetics also confirmed that b 5 + and b 4 + fragment ions exist as combination of slow-exchanging (“s”) and fast-exchanging (“f”) species. The calculated rate constant for the first labile hydrogen exchange of [M + H]+ (k[M + H] + = 3.80 ± 0.7 × 10−10 cm3 mol−1 s−1) was ∼30 and ∼5 times greater than those for the “s” and “f” species of b 5 + , respectively. Data from H/D exchange of isolated “s” species at longer ND3 reaction times confirmed the existence of different conformers or isomers for b 5 + fragment ions. The sustained off-resonance irradiation collision-activated dissociation (SORI-CAD) of WHWLQL combined with the H/D exchange reactions indicate that “s” and “f” species of b 5 + and b 4 + fragment ions can be produced in the ICR cell as well as the ESI source. The significance of these observations for detailed understanding of protein sequencing and ion fragmentation pathways is discussed.
Centralizers in symmetric inverse semigroups : structure and order

The representation [5] of the centralizerC(x) of a permutationx in (a symmetric inverse semigroup)Cn involves direct products of wreath products. Indeed, this semigroup case extends its group theory counterpart. Here, the last case (forx nilpotent) is addressed: A quotient of a wreath product is introduced and used to obtain a representation of the correspondingC(x). It follows that, for anyx∈Cn,C(x) can be imbedded in a direct product of wreath products with a quotient of a wreath product. A formula for calculating the order ofC(x) is given. The independent parameters in the formula are precisely those that define the path structure ofx∈Cn.
Reducing pediatric medication errors: A survey and taxonomy

According to a 1999 report by the Institute of Medicine an estimated 44,000 to 98,000 people die annually due to medication errors (MEs) in health care. Medication errors can occur at any point in the continuum of care and the literature suggests that MEs are common in our hospitals today, especially in the complex setting of pediatric medicine. This paper is a survey of reported research over the last decade on MEs in pediatrics and their prevention and reduction strategies. It is difficult to know the prevalence of pediatric MEs due to the lack of consistency in error definitions in past studies. Unlike previous surveys on this topic, this paper reviews several studies and provides a taxonomy chart listing the most common pediatric MEs, as well as contributing factors, severity, and possible prevention strategies. The objective is to provide interested researchers in this field with a resource that aggregates and compares related studies on MEs in pediatrics, and provides a comprehensive taxonomy of err...
Synthesis of 17β-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl]- and 17β-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl]androst-4--en-3-one. Potential suicide substrates of 20α- and 20β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases

Abstract The title compounds have been synthesized for evaluation as potential suicide substrates of 20α and 20β hydroxysterold dehydrogenases. Synthesis was achieved by the following route. Acetylenedimagnesium bromide was reacted with 3β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-17β-carboxaldehyde to give 17β-[ (1 R , S )-1-hydroxy-2-propynyl] androst-4-en-3β-ol. Separation of the R and S diols was achieved by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography). Selective oxidation of the 3β-hydroxyl group with Jones reagent at 0° gave the title compounds. Further oxidation with Jones reagent converted each acetylenic alcohol to the conjugated acetylenic ketone, 17β-(1-oxo-2-propynyl)androst-4-en-3-one.
The numerical solution of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind with singular kernels

A numerical method is given for integral equations with singular kernels. The method modifies the ideas of product integration contained in [3], and it is analyzed using the general schema of [1]. The emphasis is on equations which were not amenable to the method in [3]; in addition, the method tries to keep computer running time to a minimum, while maintaining an adequate order of convergence. The method is illustrated extensively with an integral equation reformulation of boundary value problems forΔ u?P(r 2)u=0; see [9].
The Distribution of Evergreen and Deciduous Trees Relative to Soil Type: An Example from the Sierra Madre, Mexico, and a General Model

An example of the association of evergreen plants with nutrient-poor soils is described from the Sierra Madre Occidental of northwestern Mexico. At elevations from 600 to 1100 m in this mountain range, distinct patches of evergreen-oak woodland are surrounded by subtropical deciduous forest in a mosaic pattern. To quantify the vegetation pattern and examine its environmental basis, vegetation and soil samples were taken throughout the elevational range of the mosaic. Analysis of the samples indicated that the patches of evergreen vegetation occur on extremely acid, infertile soils (derived from hydrothermally altered rock), while deciduous vegetation dominates on less acid, more fertile soil (derived from unaltered volcanic rock). The two community types have very little floristic overlap, and the deciduous forest has much higher density of woody plants and greater species richness. The actual location of boundaries between patches of the two community types can be more abrupt than can be accounted for by soil change. At higher elevations (above 1100 m) evergreen woodland is not restricted to acid soils and occurs on all soil types. These data are discussed in terms of a general model to account for the association of evergreen plants with nutrient-poor soils in the Sierra Madre as well as in other areas with similar growth form- soil fertility patterns. I propose that evergreen plants would grow and survive at least as well on fertile soils as on infertile soils in isolation, but are unable to establish in dense, productive vegetation because of low growth rates associated with high carbon costs and low photosynthetic rates of evergreen leaves.
Aggregation properties of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor from chick intestinal cytosol.

The sedimentation behavior of the chick intestinal cytoplasmic receptor for 1..cap alpha..,25-dihydroxyvitamin D/sub 3/ has been examined in buffers containing varying concentrations of KCl. The receptor, which sediments at 3.7 S in 0.3 M KCl, was shown to aggregate to species sedimenting at approximately 5 S in 0.06 M KCl and 6.2 S in the absence of KCl. Depending on the preparation and route used to label the receptor with 1,25-dihydroxy(/sup 3/H)vitamin D/sub 3/, larger aggregates which sedimented to the bottom of sucrose gradients were also seen. Aggregated receptor like the 3.7 S species specifically binds 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D/sub 3/ with high affinity and low capacity. In the absence of KCl, aggregated receptor eluted as a heterogeneous peak near the void volume of a Sephadex G-200 column. In 0.3 M KCl, receptor eluted from the same column with an apparent molecular weight of 60,000. Aggregated receptor prepared from G-200 columns in the absence of KCl could be converted back to a 3.7 S species by adding KCl to a concentration of 0.3 M. Receptor aggregation was shown to be caused, at least in part, by the interaction of receptor with other cytoplasmic components which contaminate crude receptor preparations. These factors aremore » present in both liver and intestinal cytosol. Aggregation of receptor, which was maximal in cytosol labeled with 1,25-dihydroxy(/sup 3/H)vitamin D/sub 3/ at 0/sup 0/C, was gradually lost withconcomitant increases in 3.7 S material when preparations were incubated at 25/sup 0/C. This loss of receptor aggregation appears to be due, at least in part, to changes in the receptor molecule itself rather than the inactivation or degradation of cytoplasmic aggregating factors.« less
Bending strength of composite laminates with an elliptical hole

Great efforts have been made in analyzing the strength of notched laminates under in-plane loadings. However, no work has been reported on notched laminates under bending, because of the complexity of theoretical stress analysis. In this study, a simplified approach has been used to analyze the notched strength of laminated composites with an elliptical hole under bending. This approach combines notched sample experiments and finite element results. Based upon the consideration that not only the stress distribution at one ply, but also the stress variation across the laminate thickness, should be taken into account, two failure models are presented: a modified point stress model and a modified average stress model. Two characteristic parameters are presented to evaluate the notched strength of the laminated plates
The prokaryote-eukaryote interface.

Abstract Over the past 30 years the study of the sequences of proteins and nucleic acids has produced almost incredible amounts of information, new concepts, and new avenues of research. The beginning was slow: the first peptide hormones sequenced in the early 1950s, the first cytochrome c (horse) in 1961, the first bacterial ferredoxin in 1964, and the first transfer RNA (yeast alanine tRNA) in 1965. In the past 6 years, the rate of data accumulation has accelerated tremendously, primarily due to technological advances in nucleic acid sequencing techniques. For investigators of biological evolution, the sequence data and the new information on genetic mechanisms would prove to be the best evidence for elucidating relationships among the genomes of living organisms and for deducing phylogenetic history. In particular, they needed evidence to decide between the two hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotic cells. Now, less than 20 years since Margulis renewed the investigation of this problem, comparisons of protein and nucleic acid sequences, especially of the small subunit ribosomal RNAs, have answered this question in favor of the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells. After briefly discussing some of the concepts that helped resolve this controversy and the problems involved in using sequence data for evolutionary studies, we describe a few examples of useful evolutionary trees.
Deposit insurance and specialization in commercial bank lending

Abstract Recent literature focuses on liquidity provision as a unique service provided by financial intermediaries. In this paper, we address why commercial banks dominate the provision of these services. Liquidity provision in lending is reflected in offering loan commitments. We argue that commercial banks have a unique advantage in providing this form of liquidity. This unique advantage derives from their access to deposit insurance, and perhaps to a lesser degree, their access to the discount window of the Federal Reserve System. We empirically examine business loans offered by commercial banks, investment banks, and insurance companies. We show that commercial banks have a comparative advantage in offering loan commitments with fixed-formula floating interest rates. Other major financial intermediaries such as investment banks favor bridge loans for corporate restructuring, and insurance companies favor longer term fixed interest rate spot loans. These results are consistent with commercial banks' unique corporate lending role (that of liquidity provision) deriving from their access to fixed-price deposit insurance.
SULFINIC ACIDS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. 21. PREPARATION OF CRYSTALLINE SULFINIC ESTERS1,2

Abstract In a search for means of preparing stable crystalline esters of sulfinic acids, yields from p-toluenesulfinic acid as a model were 53–92% with 1.1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI,2) as a coupling reagent for a variety of alcohols. The best coupling reagents were CDI and chlorotrimethylsilane (16). The agent 16 could be used with sulfinate salts, as could CDI with in situ acidification. The best alcohols were 1-adamantanol and p-nitrobenzyl alcohol. Among alkanesulfinic esters, methanesulfinates were unstable oils obtainable only in low yields, but 1-butanesulfinates were obtained in 52–5670 yield (although still as oils). As a stable disulfinic acid, 1,4-butanedisulfinic acid gave a nicely crystalline di-1-adamantyl ester (mp 123–125″C), but another alkanedisulfinate salt or acid that contained a disulfide moiety gave no diester by use either of 2 or 16.
Paradoxical Increase in Skin Inflammation in the Absence of CCR4

The chemokine receptors are seven transmembrane, G-protein-coupled surface receptors that play key roles in the migration and localization of leukocytes to the skin during physiologic and inflammatory states. Their ligands, chemokines, are small secreted proteins that initiate leukocyte chemoattraction. Recent data indicate that known subsets of T helper (Th) cells express signature chemokine receptors (e.g., CXCR3, CCR3/4, and CCR6) that help to define individual subsets such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, respectively, although there is some degree of overlap among these T-cell subsets. In this issue, Lehtimaki et al. use an oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity (CHS) model to show that T cells (as well as neutrophils and eosinophils) from CCR4 −/- mice accumulate just as (if not more) efficiently in inflamed skin as compared with the same population of leukocytes from wild-type (WT) mice. Although somewhat unexpected, their results can be explained if CCR4 attracts both proinflammatory and suppressive T cells into skin in addition to serving functions that are partially redundant with those of CCR10. Finally, we discuss other possible roles for CCR4 in the homing of T cells to skin.
Nanostructured Alkaline‐Cation‐Containing δ‐MnO2 for Photocatalytic Water Oxidation

Oxygen evolution from water is one of the key reactions for solar fuel production. Here, two nanostructured K-containing δ-MnO2 are synthesized: K-δ-MnO2 nanosheets and K-δ-MnO2 nanoparticles, both of which exhibit high catalytic activity in visible-light-driven water oxidation. The role of alkaline cations in oxygen evolution is first explored by replacing the K+ ions in the δ-MnO2 structure with H+ ions through proton ion exchange. H-δ-MnO2 catalysts with a similar morphology and crystal structure exhibit activities per surface site approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of K-δ-MnO2, although both nanostructured H-δ-MnO2 catalysts have much larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas. Such a low turnover frequency (TOF) per surface Mn atom might be due to the fact that the Ru2+(bpy)3 sensitizer is too large to access the additional surface area created during proton exchange. Also, a prepared Na-containing δ-MnO2 material with an identical crystal structure exhibits a TOF similar to that of the K-containing δ-MnO2, suggesting that the alkaline cations are not directly involved in catalytic water oxidation, but instead stabilize the layered structure of the δ-MnO2.
Experience with the biofragmentable anastomotic ring (bar) in bowel preoperatively irradiated with 6000 rad

Previous studies from the authors' laboratory using the biodegradable anastomotic ring (BAR) have demonstrated the safety of this device in animals irradiated preoperatively with the equivalent of 5000 rad; sutured, stapled, and BAR anastomoses all had leak rates of 10 percent or less in this setting. This study was undertaken to assess the safety of the BAR after irradiation with the equivalent of 6000 rad. Thirteen mongrel dogs underwent preoperative irradiation to the rectum and rectosigmoid, receiving 6000 rad according to the nominal standard dose equation. After a three-week rest period, each dog underwent anterior resection of the rectosigmoid and anastomosis with the BAR. The anastomoses were evaluated for early and late healing and anastomotic leaks. The results were compared with previous data from the authors' laboratory using an identical model. Radiographic leaks were found in 7 of 10 sutured anastomoses, 8 of 10 stapled anastomoses, and 3 of 13 BAR anastomoses (P< 0.01). Comparative clinical leaks were 5 of 10 for sutured, 5 of 10 for stapled, and 3 of 13 for BAR anastomoses. These data suggest that the BAR may offer added safety to an anastomosis after preoperative irradiation. Whether this effect is due to the atraumatic technique of placing the device, improved blood flow to the anastomotic margins, or other factors, is still undetermined.
Vegetation development and restoration potential of drained reservoirs following dam removal in wisconsin

Dam removal is potentially a powerful tool for river and riparian restoration. However, long-term studies on the fate of former reservoirs do not exist, limiting assessment of the utility of dam removal as a means of riparian restoration. We took advantage of the decades-long legacy of dam removals in Wisconsin to determine human uses of drained reservoirs and to evaluate vegetation establishment and species replacement at these sites. More than half of the 30 dam removal sites in southern Wisconsin over the past 47 years were used as commercial areas, parks and agricultural land, and active riparian restoration occurred on only two sites. For the 13 sites that were allowed to revegetate on their own, plants established in the first growing season and cover was very high at all sites in 2001. Species diversity and frequency (defined as percentage of sampled quadrats where a species is present) of trees were positively correlated with time since removal. No relationship existed between site age and frequencies of other growth forms, nor were there significant relationships between site age and the number or frequency of introduced species. However, mean frequency of introduced species was 75% per site and several sites were dominated by the introduced grass Phalaris arundinacea. Frequency of P. arundinacea was negatively correlated with number of native forbs, and lowest species diversity occurred on sites dominated by P. arundinacea. Ordination analyses revealed substantial site-to-site variation in vegetation that was weakly associated with gradients of site location, age, area, and soil phosphorus. Thus, temporal vegetation dynamics following dam removal were site-specific. Rapid revegetation demonstrates the potential of these sites for riparian restoration. However, if dam removal is used as a means of restoring native riparian communities, then approaches must be tailored to individual sites and will need to focus on techniques to minimize establishment of aggressive invading species. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a new electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometer

Abstract The design of a new ion mobility mass spectrometer is presented. The design features an electrospray ion source; an ion funnel to transmit ions efficiently from the source to the mobility cell and to accumulate ions in the pulsed ion mode; a mobility cell, and a quadrupole mass analyzer. Each part of the instrument is described in detail. Preliminary results obtained with the new instrument are presented to demonstrate its capabilities. Equilibrium experiments showed that the Δ G °(300 K) values for the addition of the first water molecule to the doubly protonated peptides bradykinin, angiotensin II, and LHRH are in the range from −3.5 to −2.5 kcal/mol. The corresponding values for the singly protonated ions are >−0.5 kcal/mol for angiotensin II and LHRH, but equal to −2.6 kcal/mol for bradykinin. The stronger bonding in bradykinin may be due to the presence of a salt bridge structure. Ion arrival time distributions showed that singly protonated peptides can form aggregates of the form ( n M + n H) n + . The mobilities of these ions indicated that they are near spherical. Heating the drift cell to ∼450 K caused dissociation of the (2M + 2H) 2+ ion into two (M + H) + units on the 1 ms experimental time scale. A theoretical fit to the experimental data yielded rate constants and a barrier for dissociation of 30 ± 2 kcal/mol for bradykinin and 39 ± 3 kcal/mol for LHRH.
Response to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in children on dialysis.

Ten children receiving maintenance dialysis were immunized with the standard dose of measles-mumps-rubella vacine between 15 and 33 months of age. Immune responses to vaccination were determined using commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for measles, mumps, and rubella viruses. Eight children responded to measles vaccine, 5 to mumps vaccine, 8 to rubella vaccine, and only 3 children to all three vaccines, compared with a seroconversion rate of over 90% to all three vaccines in healthy children (P<0.0001). We contend that the relatively poor immunocompetence of our dialysis patients explains their less than optimal vaccine response and suggest that children vaccinated while undergoing dialysis be tested to confirm serological evidence of immunity.
Non-Lipschitz approach to quantum mechanics

Abstract An attempt to reconcile quantum mechanics with Newton's laws represented by the non-Lipschitz formalism has been made. As a proof-of-concept, a line of equally spaced atoms was studied. It appeared that enforcement of atom incompressibility required relaxation of the Lipschitz condition at the points of contact. This, in turn, led to fractional powers and discreteness of values of the basic parameters including energy and action, and finally, to the uncertainty relationship between positions and velocities. In addition to that, the relaxation of the Lipschitz condition caused instability of velocity with respect to small changes of the atom position, and that introduced an element of randomness in the system behavior. It was shown that the only model for the probability evolution which incorporates all the new properties of the motions is the Schrodinger equation. This means that quantum mechanics can be derived from Newton's laws if an unnecessary mathematical restriction—the Lipschitz condition—is removed from the mathematical formalism. Non-local properties of the model, as well as spin-effects and relativistic corrections are discussed.
Isolation and characterization of mutants of Euglena resistant to streptomycin

Abstract Concentrations of streptomycin (Sm) which do not affect viability or growth of Euglena gracilis Klebs var. bacillaris Pringsheim bring about the loss of plastid-forming ability in dividing cells and block light-induced chloroplast development from the proplastid in non-dividing cells. Using nitrosoguanidine as a mutagen and phototrophic medium in the light with carbon dioxide and Sm as the selective conditions, we have obtained mutants of Euglena resistant to the action of Sm. These mutants tolerate concentrations of Sm as high as 0.5% (ten times the usual effective concentration) and both plastid-forming ability in dividing cells and plastid development in non-dividing cells are resistant to the antibiotic. No mutants which are Sm-dependent have been obtained. The Sm-resistant mutants sometimes exhibit somewhat reduced chlorophyll levels compared with wild-type but their photosynthetic efficiencies on a chlorophyll basis are comparable.
A time-varying Poisson arrival process generator

Frequently an arrival process is acceptably Poisson, but the ar rival rate varies with time. This note uses inversion to derive a time-varying Poisson generator whose rate function is continuous an...
Histogram equalization of Young's fringes in speckle photography

Young's fringes pattern in speckle photography is a distribution modulated by the diffraction halo. The halo, among other effects, limits countable number of fringes for the analysis. The fringes in the outer boundaries of the halo are buried in noise due to their diminishing maximum modulated intensity. We introduce here the application of histogram equalization to maximize countable number of fringes. We find that the usually decreasing halo intensity becomes uniform by the procedure. Consequently the fringe contrast throughout the pattern becomes practically constant rather than diminishing as we move to higher orders in the halo. Results with experimental patterns are described to establish the usefulness of the procedure.
Does Modified Amino Acid Total Parenteral Nutrition Alter Immune-Response in High Level Surgical Stress

A randomized prospective double-blinded study was conducted in patients in moderate to high level surgical stress to ascertain the effect of high dose branched-chain (BcAA) hyperalimentation on skin test reactivity and lymphocyte count. Isocaloric, isonitrogenous balanced total parenteral nutrition solutions were administered to two treatment groups. The study group received the high dose (45% BcAA) solution while the control group received a standard amino acid solution (24.2% BcAA). All patients received 1 to 1.5 g/kg/day of amino acids and 30 nonprotein cal/kg/day, with 30% of them as fat. Immune function was assessed by absolute lymphocyte count and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity on days 0 and 7 of therapy. Absolute lymphocyte count showed a marked improvement in patients receiving high dose aBcAA (p less than 0.03). All patients were anergic at baseline; a much greater percentage of skin test reactivity was observed in the BcAA group on day 7 (p less than 0.03). They were also in positive nitrogen balance. The data suggest that improved nitrogen retention and immune-competence is possible with branched-chain-enriched hyperalimentation in high level surgical stress.
Gender-related traits and gender ideology: Evidence for a multifactorial theory.

Male (n = 95) and female (n = 221) college students were given 2 measures of gender-related personality traits, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and 3 measures of sex role attitudes. Correlations between the personality and the attitude measures were traced to responses to the pair of negatively correlated BSRI items, masculine and feminine, thus confirming a multifactorial approach to gender, as opposed to a unifactorial gender schema theory.
Skin testing in chymopapain anaphylaxis

Chymopapain, a cationic protease derived from the papaya, is useful in relieving the signs and symptoms of lumbar disc disease when it is injected into a herniated nucleus pulposus, a process termed chemonucleolysis. The use of chymopapain has become a popular nonsurgical alternative to lumbar laminectomy. Two multicenter reviews’, 2 as well as premarketing and postmarketing drug surveillance studies (Smith Labs, Inc., Northbrook, Ill.) have demonstrated that approximately 1% of subjects in the general population receiving intradiscal chymopapain experience systemic anaphylactic reactions with typical manifestations. In 1976 two deaths from anaphylactic reactions during chemonucleolysis were reported.3 Since the introduction of chymopapain in the United States 2 yr ago, more than 62,000 adults had chemonucleolysis in this country, and at least five deaths attributable to anaphylaxis have been reported.* Commercial laboratories have marketed in vitro blood tests to detect the presence of chymopapainspecific IgE. However, their value in predicting the anaphylactic potential in the serum donor is unclear. Systemic anaphylactic reactions have been reported in some cases in which negative results were obtained with these in vitro screening assayse4 The value of prechemonucleolysis skin testing with chymopapain in such situations is presently unknown. We have evaluated an adult patient who had a lifethreatening anaphylactic reaction during chemonucleolysis. We report here this evaluation including the demonstration of antichymopapain antibody by skin testing and RAST.
Let’s get honest about sampling

Molecular simulations see widespread and increasing use in computation and molecular design, especially within the area of molecular simulations applied to biomolecular binding and interactions, our focus here. However, force field accuracy remains a concern for many practitioners, and it is often not clear what level of accuracy is really needed for payoffs in a discovery setting. Here, I argue that despite limitations of today’s force fields, current simulation tools and force fields now provide the potential for real benefits in a variety of applications. However, these same tools also provide irreproducible results which are often poorly interpreted. Continued progress in the field requires more honesty in assessment and care in evaluation of simulation results, especially with respect to convergence.
Parametric study of laser scanner for breathing cracked rotor damage identification

Frequency Response Function (FRF) based damage detection method is utilized in this paper to identify the breathing cracks on a rotordynamic system in both frequency and time domain. The cracks are considered to be breathing during rotation due to the effect of gravity or imbalance mass. Zero-SIF (Stress Intensity Factor) method is employed to determine the crack closure line of open crack area. It is found that the stiffness reduction induced by a breathing crack is a function of both crack phase and rotation angle. The dynamical model of system is built based on the Lagrange principle and the assumed mode method while the crack model for periodically time-varying systems is based on the fracture mechanics. The steady-state equation of system is constructed via harmonic balance with a laser scanner as output sensor. The laser scanner enables the sufficient outputs from a single sensor by varying the scanning frequency or scanning function. Assuming a cosine function to approximate the nonlinear breathing behavior of cracks, the linear damage identification algorithms are established via Least Square and Newton Raphson methods. Finally, the dynamic response of a rotor system with nonlinear breathing cracks is simulated in time domain and the breathing cracks are successfully identified by developed damage detection algorithm.
Stabilization of hydrated electrons in irradiated frozen sugar solutions.

Yields of free radicals in irradiated aqueous solutions of saccharides at 77°K are larger and qualitatively different from those observed in the components alone. In addition, a blue color results only with the solution. The mechanism proposed to explain the observations is the stabilization of hydrated electrons by the solute.
Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr Chronology of Continental Crust Formation

Samarium-neodymium and rubidium-strontium isotopic systematics together with plausible assumptions regarding the geochemical evlution of continental crust material, have been used to ascertain the times at which segments of continental crust were formed. Analyses of composites from the Canadian Shield representing portions of the Superior, Slave, and Churchill structural provinces indicate that these provinces were all formed within the period 2.5 to 2.7 aeons. It has been possible to determine the mean age of sediment provenances, as studies of sedimentary rocks suggest that the samarium-neodymium isotopic system is not substantially disturbed during sedimentation or diagenesis.
A rapid affinity chromatography procedure for the isolation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from human erythrocytes

Abstract The isolation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from outdated human erythrocytes (type AB+) utilizing NADP+ affinity chromatography and gel-permeation chromatography (Bio-Gel P-150) yields a fully active, homogeneous preparation. The procedure is faster and gives a higher yield than previous reports.
Developing coping typologies of minority adolescents: A latent profile analysis

Abstract Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to develop a coping typology of minority adolescents (M=15.5 years). A multiethnic sample (n=354) was recruited from a program aimed at serving low-income students. LPA revealed three distinct coping profiles. The first comprised adolescents who used a number of specific coping strategies at a low level (low generic copers). The second comprised adolescents who emphasized active/approach strategies (e.g., planning; active copers). The third comprised adolescents who emphasized avoidant/passive strategies (e.g., substance abuse; avoidant copers). Active copers experienced significantly less depression and more stress-related growth than low generic copers. Low generic copers not only experienced significantly less depression than avoidant copers but also significantly less stress-related growth than active copers. Discussion focuses on integrating the current typology with traditional coping taxomonies.
Comparing American and Chinese negotiating styles: The influence of logic paradigms

Effective cross-cultural negotiations between firms in the United States and China have become increasingly important as commerce between these two nations continues its rapid expansion. Previous research has explored some of the cultural factors that shape Chinese negotiating styles, making comparisons with American practices. However, scant attention has been paid to differences in perspectives that derive from fundamental logic paradigms, which tend to vary greatly between individuals from the East and West. We outline the primary features of two widely recognized logic frameworks—formal logic (which excludes contradictory notions about a concept or entity) and dialectic logic (which emphasizes contradiction and acknowledges the value of conflict between opposing ideas). Recognizing that formal logic is more common in the United States and that dialectic logic tends to dominate thought in China, we outline hypothesized influences of each logic paradigm on negotiating approaches in the two countries. Combining these insights with those derived from research on other relevant factors, we offer practical suggestions for managing interactions between American and Chinese negotiators. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.