cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Colliding Quasiparticles with Intense Terahertz Fields

Strong quasi-cw terahertz fields accelerate and recollide electron-hole pairs injected by a near-ir laser into GaAs quantum wells. A frequency comb is emitted, with up to 18 teeth separated by twice the terahertz frequency. Article not available.
Emittance calculations and measurements for a sputter-type negative-ion source

Abstract A method for calculating the beam current and emittance of a negative-ion beam from a sputter-type source is described. In this ion source a Cs+ beam of up to several mA originates by surface ionization on a hot, high-work-function surface. Cs+ ions with an energy of a few keV strike the Cs-coated cathode where they produce by sputtering negative ions of the cathode material. The calculation involves tracing trajectories of the Cs+ ions that bombard the cathode surface and also trajectories of the sputtered negative ions. The dependence of the beam current, emittance and average brightness on several ion source parameters is discussed. These parameters include the cathode voltage and details of the ion source geometry such as cathode shape and exit-aperture diameter. Results of the calculations are in good agreement with measurements of emittance for cases in which space charge effects are negligible. For negative-ion currents greater than a few tens of μA and for Cs+ currents greater than 1–2 mA the measured emittance generally exceeds the calculated emittance if space charge is neglected in the calculation. The calculations have suggested several improvements in the design of the source that were later implemented experimentally to optimize utilization of the Cs+ beam and to increase the negative-ion extraction efficiency. The ion source lifetime, beam energy spread and the effects of cathode erosion are also discussed.
Temperature dependence of the ESR spectra of Mn2+ in iron pyrite (FeS2)

Abstract The first observation of the ESR spectra of Mn 2+ , entering substitutionally for Fe 2+ in the Van Vleck paramagnet FeS 2 (polycrystals), is reported. The data from 5 to 295 K fits the spin-Hamiltonian h s = gβ H · S + [S 2 z − 1 3 S(S + 1)] + A S · I , with g = 2.000 ± 0.001, A / β = −95.0 ± 0.5 Oe and D/β varying from 50 Oe (5K) to 59 Oe (295 K). The temperature dependence of D can be described in terms of a single phonon-mode with frequency ⋍ 145 cm −1 .
Developmental changes in levels of proopiomelanocortin intron A-containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA and mature messenger RNA in the anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the rat pituitary

The POMC cells of the rat pituitary undergo dynamic phenotypic changes during differentiation. Here we have determined that alterations in the relative levels of a POMC precursor RNA species and POMC mRNA occur during development and may represent another level at which the POMC phenotype is developmentally regulated. We performed solution hybridization/nuclease protection assays using a POMC exon 1/intron A splice junction probe to quantitate levels of both intron A-containing POMC heterogeneous nuclear (hnRNA) and fully processed POMC mRNA in separated anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the fetal, neonatal, and adult pituitary. The levels of POMC hnRNA per anterior lobe increased 7-fold from embryonic day 15 to adulthood (0.022 to 0.159 fmol/lobe), while POMC mRNA levels increased 121-fold (0.15 to 18.2 fmol/lobe). POMC hnRNA levels per neurointermediate lobe increased 23-fold from embryonic day 18 to adulthood (0.024 to 0.54 fmol/lobe), while POMC mRNA levels increased 69-fold (0.65 to 44.6 fmol/lobe). Thus, both anterior and neurointermediate lobes contain higher relative abundances of POMC hnRNA compared to mRNA during early development. These subsequently decrease (from 1:7 to 1: approximately 110 in the anterior lobe and from 1:27 to 1:83 in the intermediate lobe over the ages examined) as the levels of POMC mRNA in both anterior and neurointermediate lobe increase at a greater rate than POMC hnRNA as development progresses. These results provide the first measurements of POMC mRNA and hnRNA levels during ontogeny and suggest that there may be a developmental change in the regulation of POMC primary transcript processing.
Algorithm 644: A portable package for Bessel functions of a complex argument and nonnegative order

This algorithm is a package of subroutines for Computing Bessel functions Hv(1)(z), Hv(2)(z), Iv(z), Jv(z), Kv(z), Yv(z) and Airy functions Ai(z), Ai′(z), Bi(z), Bi′(z) for ordersv≥0 and complex z in −p
Automatic image selection by means of a hierarchical scalable collection representation

This paper presents a system for automatic image selection for storytelling applications, like slideshows and photobooks, where targeting a specific image count is usually of high importance. A versatile image collection representation is introduced, which allows for automatic scalable selection in order to target a specific final image count, while preserving a good coverage of the event in order to maintain the storytelling potential of the selection. A hierarchical time clustering is presented, which is traversed at a specific hierarchy level in order to select images by alternating among all time clusters, and selecting the most relevant images in that cluster. The relevance ordering we use is based on a combination of features, namely, important people, smile detection, image appeal measures, and whether a nearduplicate of the image has already been selected. Once this Hierarchical Scalable Representation has been created, it can be reused to generate any target size selection. Two automatic image selection algorithms have been implemented, one that selects images from clusters with high average image relevance more frequently, and another one that selects images from larger clusters more frequently. The overall system has been used over the last year on several large image collections; the resulting selection was presented to their owners in the form of photo-books in order to get feedback, validating the presented approach.
A Two Micron All-Sky Survey View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. IV. Modeling the Sagittarius Tidal Tails

M giants recovered from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey have recently been used to map the position and velocity distributions of tidal debris from the Sagittarius (Sgr) dwarf spheroidal galaxy around the entire Galaxy. We compare this data set to both test-particle orbits and N-body simulations of satellite destruction run within a variety of rigid Milky Way potentials, and we find that the mass of the Milky Way within 50 kpc of its center should be × 1011 M☉ in order for any Sgr orbit to simultaneously fit the velocity gradient in the Sgr trailing debris and the apocenter of the Sgr leading debris. Orbital pole precession of young debris and leading debris velocities in regions corresponding to older debris provide contradictory evidence in favor of oblate/prolate Galactic halo potentials, respectively, leading us to conclude that the orbit of Sgr has evolved over the past few gigayears. In light of this discrepancy, we consider constraints from only the younger portions of the debris within three models of the flattening of the Galactic potential [q = 0.90 (O), 1.0 (S), and 1.25 (P), i.e., oblate, spherical, and prolate] in our further N-body simulations. On the basis of the velocity dispersion and width along the trailing tidal stream, we estimate the current bound mass of Sgr to be MSgr = × 108 M☉ independent of the form of the Galactic potential; this corresponds to a range of mass-to-light ratios (M/L)Sgr = 14-36(M/L)☉ for the Sgr core. Models with masses in this range best fit the apocenter of leading Sgr tidal debris when they orbit with a radial period of roughly 0.85 Gyr and have perigalactica and apogalactica of about 15 and 60 kpc, respectively. These distances scale with the assumed distance to the Sgr dwarf and the assumed depth of the Galactic potential. The density distribution of debris along the orbit in these models is consistent with the M giant observations, and debris at all orbital phases in which M giants are obviously present is younger (i.e., was lost more recently from the satellite) than the typical age of a Sgr M giant star.
Design and Validation of a Dynamic Discrete Event Stochastic Simulation Model of Mastitis Control in Dairy Herds

Abstract A dynamic stochastic simulation model for discrete events, SIMMAST, was developed to simulate the effect of mastitis on the composition of the bulk tank milk of dairy herds. Intramammary infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus spp. other than Strep. agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus , and coagulase-negative staphylococci were modeled as were the milk, fat, and protein test day solutions for individual cows, which accounted for the fixed effects of days in milk, age at calving, season of calving, somatic cell count (SCC), and random effects of test day, cow yield differences from herdmates, and autocorrelated errors. Probabilities for the transitions among various states of udder health (uninfected or subclinically or clinically infected) were calculated to account for exposure, heifer infection, spontaneous recovery, lactation cure, infection or cure during the dry period, month of lactation, parity, within-herd yields, and the number of quarters with clinical intramammary infection in the previous and current lactations. The stochastic simulation model was constructed using estimates from the literature and also using data from 164 herds enrolled with Quality Milk Promotion Services that each had bulk tank SCC between 500,000 and 750,000/ml. Model parameters and outputs were validated against a separate data file of 69 herds from the Northeast Dairy Herd Improvement Association, each with a bulk tank SCC that was ≥500,000/ml. Sensitivity analysis was performed on all input parameters for control herds. Using the validated stochastic simulation model, the control herds had a stable time average bulk tank SCC between 500,000 and 750,000/ml.
Masking by sinusoidally amplitude-modulated tonal maskers

In experiment 1, masking patterns were obtained with a tonal masker that was sinusoidally amplitude modulated (SAM) at a rate of 8 Hz and a depth (m) of 1.0. The signal was centered at a masker peak or masker valley. Masker frequency (fm) was 750, 1350, or 2430 Hz, and signal frequency (fs) ranged from 0.8 to 1.62 fm. Thresholds were generally higher for a signal in a masker peak than in a masker valley. The magnitude of this peak-to-valley (PV) difference was governed by fs/fm, rather than by fs, and was largest for fs>fm. The PV differences were smallest at the lowest fm, at least when fs>fm. In experiment 2, growth-of-masking functions were measured (fm=1350 Hz, fs=1.44fm). The masker was modulated at a depth (m) of 1.0, 0.75, or 0.50. These thresholds were compared with those obtained with an unmodulated masker in forward or simultaneous masking. The comparisons suggest that thresholds for a signal at a peak of an 8-Hz SAM masker are due to simultaneous masking, while those in a valley are due primari...
“Only God Can Judge Me”: Faith, Trauma, and Combat

The particular trauma of combat is a special subset of trauma for those who experience it (the “Sent”), those who call for it (the “Senders”), and those who minister in the midst of it (the “Liminals”). The trauma experiences of veterans are a unique opportunity for the church to embrace its own liminal calling.
Carbon-mediated aggregation of self-interstitials in silicon: A large-scale molecular dynamics study

The carbon-mediated aggregation of silicon self-interstitials is investigated with large-scale parallel molecular dynamics. The presence of carbon in the silicon matrix is shown to lead to concentration-dependent self-interstitial cluster pinning, dramatically reducing cluster coalescence and thereby inhibiting the nucleation process. The extent of cluster pinning increases with cluster size for the range of cluster sizes observed in the simulation. The direct effect of carbon on single self-interstitials is shown to be of secondary importance, and the concentration of single self-interstitials as a function of time is essentially unchanged in the presence of carbon. A quasi-single-component mean-field interpretation of the atomistic simulation results is proposed and further confirms these conclusions. Based on these results, it is suggested that the experimentally observed effect of carbon on transient-enhanced diffusion of boron could be due to the direct interaction between carbon atoms and self-interstitial clusters.
Schistosoma mansoni: effects of serotonin and serotonin receptor antagonists on motility and length of primary sporocysts in vitro.

The effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) on in vitro transformed primary sporocysts of Schistosoma mansoni were investigated. Serotonin treatment significantly increased parasite motility (percentage of motile sporocysts) and length at concentrations as low as 1 microM. These effects were mimicked by the 5-HT agonist tryptamine, albeit with 10- to 100-fold less potency. The effects of 10 microM 5-HT on sporocyst motility were observed within 15 min posttreatment and on parasite length by 6 h posttreatment, and both effects were stable for up to 48 h. Receptor antagonists with varying affinities for defined vertebrate neurotransmitter receptor subtypes were examined for their effects on parasite behavior in the absence and presence of 10 microM 5-HT. In the absence of 5-HT, only methiothepin significantly inhibited normal parasite growth after 48 h of incubation. In the presence of 10 microM 5-HT, the serotonin receptor antagonists mianserin, ketanserin (both at 100 microM), and methiothepin (at 10 microM) significantly inhibited 5-HT-induced lengthening of primary sporocysts, while 3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate and chlorpromazine had no significant effect. The effects of these same drugs on parasite motility were also examined. In the absence of 5-HT, 10 microM chlorpromazine increased parasite motility, while the other antagonists had no effect. When sporocysts were treated with 10 microM 5-HT for 2 h in the continued presence of antagonist, 100 microM mianserin, ketanserin, 3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate, and 10 microM methiothepin inhibited 5-HT induced increases in parasite motility, while 10 microM chlorpromazine had no effect. These results show that primary sporocysts of S. mansoni exhibit behavioral responses to serotonin much like adult stages of this parasite. Furthermore, these responses appear to be mediated via receptors with pharmacological similarities to those previously described in adult worms.
FRESHMAN REACTIONS TO PARENTS‘ SEMINARS ON A COMMUTER CAMPUS

Parents' seminars were developed at Hofstra University in order to improve communication between parents and freshmen and to help parents become more aware of the nature of the college experience and student concerns. This paper determined from the students' point of view the ways in which the seminars had influenced student-parent relationships. Evaluations of the program were obtained from the parents through anonymous questionnaires during the last in a series of seminars. In addition, their sons and daughters were sent anonymous questionnaires, so that an index of freshmen reactions could be obtained. The reactions from both parents and students were extremely favorable. Furthermore, students were able to identify the specific changes in their parents' attitudes that brought about a more satisfactory relationship at home. 94 per cent of those freshmen who responded favored continuing the parents' seminars.
For the birds: the FCC and avian mortality at communications towers

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the contradictions between telecommunications regulation and environmental law in America, via coverage of the problem of large numbers of birds being killed at communications towers.Design/methodology/approach – Via statutory, legal, and qualitative analysis, this article provides an analysis of Federal Communications Commission (FCC) compliance with environmental statutes and the conflicts that arise between the agency's mandate to maintain a robust telecommunications network and its statutory responsibilities for environmental protection.Findings – Every year, millions of birds are killed at communications towers. In 1999, the US Fish and Wildlife Service issued guidelines urging the FCC to take action on this problem, as required by various environmental statutes. The FCC ignored the guidelines for several years and defeated the American Bird Conservancy in court when that group sued for observance of the guidelines, but this ruling was later overturned on appeal. ...
The Mouse That Roared: A Case History of Community Organization for Health Practice

This article presents a case study of a health education process, community organization, that deals with an issue of health protection. The issue concerns herbicide spraying along rights-of-way in Leverett, Massachusetts. The intervention team consisted of the author and a graduate class in community organization. The case study provides a description of the community and history of the problem, the nature of the intervention team, the theoretical and conceptual model held by the intervention team, a description of the intervention, assessment of outcomes, and implications for theory and practice. The intervention extended over a period of 6 months. The intervention represented, for the intervention team, an opportunity to learn community organization and community education skills through active participation in the community. Both the nature and the effects of the intervention are described and discussed.
Marked increase in the frequency of psoriatic arthritis in psoriasis patients with hla–dr+ keratinocytes

Immunocytochemical studies with a monoclonal anti-HLA-DR antibody were performed on skin sections and keratinocyte (KTC) suspensions obtained from suction blisters of active psoriatic plaques. HLA-DR+ KTCs were found in the plaques of 23 of 38 patients with active psoriasis. Of these 23, 16 had clinical findings typical of psoriatic arthritis (PA); none of the 15 patients who lacked HLA-DR+ KTCs had PA. Although KTC HLA-DR expression was more prevalent in patients with severe skin disease, 7 of the 23 patients with HLA-DR+ KTCs in active psoriatic plaques had mild skin disease; 4 of these 7 had PA. Nail pitting or duration of skin disease did not account for increased incidence of PA in patients with HLA-DR+ KTCs. All psoriasis patients with arthritis received nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug therapy; 14 received additional therapy directed primarily to the cutaneous manifestations of psoriasis. Nine of these noted arthritis improvement with concurrent skin response; however, in 5 patients, arthritis activity increased, despite improvement of the cutaneous disease. Two other patients, treated with methotrexate, also had concurrent skin and joint improvement. These data suggest that psoriasis patients with HLA-DR+ KTCs are at increased risk for the development of associated arthritis.
The striated nephrogram in renal contusion.

The striated nephrogram following renal trauma is reported for the first time. Previously, the striated parenchymal pattern has been noted in obstruction and in a small number of cases of hypotension, Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria, and renal vein thrombosis.
Financial derivative instruments and social ethics

Recent finance literature attributes the development of derivative instruments (interest rate futures, stock index futures) to (1) technological advances, and (2) improved mathematical models for predicting option prices. This paper explores the role of social ethics in the acceptance of financial derivatives. The relationship between utilitarian ethical principles and the demise of turn-of-the-century bucket shops is contrasted with modern tolerance of financial derivatives based upon libertarian ethical precepts. Our conclusion is that a change in social ethics also facilitated the growth in trading in modern financial derivatives.
Tracking brain volume changes in C57BL/6J and ApoE-deficient mice in a model of neurodegeneration: a 5-week longitudinal micro-MRI study.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based volume measurements of brain structures are useful indicators of pending cognitive decline in humans suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Transgenic mouse models that mimic the clinical conditions of these disorders have been developed. Noninvasive methods that can follow progression and regression of relevant pathology in these mice are therefore in great demand. In this study we tested whether high-resolution MRI (micro-MRI) in a mouse model of neurodegeneration (cerebral ischemia) could reliably track development of brain atrophy. We first established that diffusion imaging at a spatial resolution of 1.6 x 10(-3) mm(3) allowed superior visualization of forebrain, ventricles, and dorsal hippocampus in the mouse brain compared to either T2*- or T1-weighted MR imaging. Using this predetermined protocol we subsequently scanned C56BL/6J (C57) and ApoE-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice before and after ischemia. Four groups were studied: C57/sham (n = 9), ApoE(-/-)/sham (n = 9), C57/ischemia (n = 9), and ApoE(-/-)/ischemia (n = 11). All mice received a baseline 3D diffusion scan. One week later C57/ischemia and ApoE(-/-)/ischemia mice were exposed to 10 min of ischemia and scanned again on the 3rd and 30th postischemic day. The C57/sham and ApoE(-/-)/sham mice served as controls and were scanned at corresponding time points. Diffusion images of ApoE(-/-)/ischemia mice on the 3rd postischemic day revealed multiple localized high signal intensity areas. An increase in ventricle and a decrease in dorsal hippocampal volumes (which included the associated cortex laterally) at 30 days confirmed brain atrophy in C57 mice after ischemia. Excessive mortality of ApoE(-/-)/ischemia mice restricted statistical analysis, but ventricle enlargement postischemia was demonstrated. Our results show that volume changes in the brain of a 30-g mouse can be tracked by micro-MRI in a model of neurodegeneration. Clearly the ability to follow progression of pathology in mice will greatly aid our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and facilitate the many possibilities to intervene pharmacologically.
The driving force for electromigration: bootstrap arguments†

Abstract We present several approximate arguments for calculating the wind force of electromigration. By considering simple models and making many intercomparisons we try to clarify the physics in these arguments. It is concluded that the arguments allow considerable qualitative insight and calculational ability in certain situations, but that they lack a general validity and quantitative rigor.
Bacterial blight of leek: a new disease in California caused by Pseudomonas syringae

During 1996 and 1997, a new and damaging disease of leek (Allium porrum) was observed on greenhouse-produced transplants and field-grown plants in California. Symptoms were water-soaked lesions at leaf tips, which eventually expanded down the length of the leaf and resulted in brown, elongated, stripe-like lesions with yellow margins. Diseased leaves eventually wilted. A blue fluorescent pseudomonad was consistently recovered from lesions, and biochemical and physiological tests indicated that it was Pseudomonas syringae. Pathogenicity tests established that representative strains of this P. syringae induced disease symptoms in leek that were similar to those observed on leek plants in the greenhouse and field, and that this bacterium caused similar symptoms in onion, chives, and garlic plants. Representative strains were further characterized by fatty acid analysis, repetitive bacterial sequence-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR), and rDNA sequencing. Fatty acid analysis confirmed that these isolates were P. syringae, but did not provide a clear pathovar designation. Rep-PCR analysis revealed that all the California leek P. syringae strains had identical DNA fingerprints and that these strains were indistinguishable from those of known strains of P. syringae pv. porri. In addition, the rDNA sequence of the spacer region between 16S and 23S rDNA genes was identical among the California leek P. syringae strains and P. syringae pv. porri. Together, these results established that the new leek disease in California is caused by P. syringae pv. porri. P. syringae pv. porri was recovered from a commercial leek seed lot imported into California, which suggests that the pathogen was introduced in association with seed. Commercial leek production in California is favorable for development of this disease because transplants are produced in greenhouses with high plant densities, overhead irrigation, and mowing of plants.
Inhibition of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcritpase (hTERT) and Telomerase Activity by Curcumin in Human Mammary Epithelial and Breast Carcinoma Cell Lines

INTRODUCTION. Telomeres are the distal ends of chromosomes composed of tandem repeats of the sequence TTAGGG. Several lines of evidence have indicated that activation of telomerase enzyme and telomere stabilization are important necessary steps in tumorogenesis (1,2). Telomerase activity is usually repressed in somatic cells, but is reactivated in immortal cells and human cancers. Human telomerase has two components, an RNA (hTER) which serves as template for the simple sequence and the catalytic subunit that acts as reverse transcriptase (hTERT). In most cases hTERT has been found to be the limiting factor for telomerase activity (3). Inhibition of hTERT results in telomere loss and limits the growth of tumor cells. Furthermore, these cells undergo apoptosis when their telomeres reach a critically short length, which usually occurs after several generations. Telomerase has been frequently described as an ideal cancer target because it is activated in most cancer cells (2,4). Curcumin (diferuloyl methane) the major yellow-colored dietary pigment from the rhizomes of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant properties. Curcumin is a potent inhibitor of mutagenesis and chemically induced carcinogenesis in animal tumor models (5,6). In a recent study, we reported that curcumin can induce a high percentage of apoptosis in breast carcinoma cells, but the same concentration of curcumin caused an insignificant level of apoptosis in human mammary epithelial cells. Curcumin down-regulates Ki67, PCNA and mutant p53 mRNAs in breast cancer cells, these properties may underlie chemopreventive action (6). In this investigation, we analyzed the mechanism underlying the inhibition of telomerase activity by curcumin and the genes associated with the telomere complex in breast carcinoma cell lines.
The 11B(p,α)8Be → α + α and the 11B(α,α)11B Reactions at Energies Below 5.4 MeV

Measurements of the absolute cross section and angular distributions for the $$^{11} \hbox{B}(p,\alpha)^{8}{\text{Be}}\rightarrow\alpha+\alpha$$ and the 11B(α,α)11B reactions have been performed from 0.15 to 3.8 MeV for the 11B(p,α) study and from 2 to 5.4 MeV for the 11B(α,α) reaction. The absolute cross sections are presented in terms of the total number of α-particles detected in order to avoid uncertainties due to ambiguities in the number of alpha particles emitted in the reaction at a particular energy. The angular distributions of the 11B(p,α)8Be(2+) reaction were fit to a Legendre polynomial expansion and the coefficients are presented. Finally, the 11B(α,α)11B data were fit in terms of phase shifts (ignoring the spin of the target), providing a convenient representation of the elastic cross section data between 2 and 5.4 MeV.
Toward a Theory on the Impact of Terrorism: The Philippine Scenario

By reorganizing and clarifying ethnographic accounts, this analysis builds upon an earlier project (Austin, 1989) regarding the consequences of terrorism upon the daily lives of Filipinos at the city and village levels. Particular attention is given to the arrangement of findings into theoretical propositions that deal with the repercussions of terrorism at the cultural, interactional, psychological, and situational stages. A model of behavior causation derived from natural disaster research is applied to terrorism. The study represents an extension of earlier on-site research in the Philippines that incorporated indepth interviews and an analysis of local, weekly newspapers in the province of Lanao del Norte of north-western Mindanao.
A 24-Hour Time-Energy Budget for Wintering American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) and its Comparison to Allometric Estimations

Previous efforts to estimate the daily energy expenditure of American Black Ducks (Anas rubripes) have relied upon diurnal behavior observations or predictive allometric equations. American Black Duck behavior was quantified during morning crepuscular, diurnal, evening crepuscular and nocturnal periods to create a 24-hr time-energy budget. Behaviors and energy expenditure differed between periods and months, with hourly energy expenditure highest during the morning crepuscular period and lowest during the nocturnal period. Daily energy expenditure estimates based on a 24-hr time-energy budget were lower than estimates calculated from extrapolated diurnal behavioral data as well as a predictive allometric equation that uses a generalized dabbling duck resting metabolic rate. However, there was no difference between the 24-hr time budget and a predictive allometric equation using American Black Duck specific resting metabolic rates. Future researchers and managers should acknowledge the assumptions of each methodology to estimate daily energy expenditure when using a bioenergetic approach to estimate carrying capacity.
AGE DIFFERENCES IN DELINQUENCY: A TEST OF THEORY*

This study tests an integrated theoretical model of delinquency on a representative sample of 341 male New Jersey adolescents. The model is a modified version of Hirschi's control theory that integrates, in part, cultural deviance theory. This study addresses two questions: (1) how well does the theory explain delinquency within different adolescent age groups? and (2) does the salience of individual components in the model differ from one age group to another? Path analysis indicates that parameter estimates vary substantially across age groups The influence of parents and the school peak considerably in midadolescence while the influence of delinquent companions is greatest among the oldest male group. The findings indicate that the processes related to delinquency change considerably as youths age through adolescence, thus implying that the issue of “age generalizability” warrants greater attention than presently given in delinquency theory and research.
Creating and Validating Rapid Assessment Instruments for Practice and Research: Part 1

In this age of accountability, social work practitioners face greater demands to demonstrate the effectiveness of their interventions. A practical way to accomplish this is to use rapid assessment ...
Synthesis of [211C]5,5dimethyl2,4oxazolidinedione with and without added dimethyl carbonate as a carrier for studies with positron tomography

Abstract Two methods were developed for the synthesis of [2- 11 C]5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione ([2- 11 C]DMO) for use with positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral tissue pH in vivo in man. In both methods, A and B, [2- 11 C]dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was prepared from [ 11 C]phosgene and excess of sodium methoxide in methanol containing 2-hydroxyisobutyramide (HIBA). In method A, an excess of DMC was used as a carrier, while in method B none was used. In both methods, the [2- 11 C]DMC solution was then heated for 10 min at 150°±2°C causing the reaction of [2- 11 C]DMC with HIBA to yield [2- 11 C]DMO with a radiochemical purity of greater than 99%. Method A gave significantly higher radioactive yields, a pure organic product, but lower specific activities. Flash chromatography was used for the separation and purification of [2- 11 C]DMO prepared by method B.
The development of attitudes toward work among upper elementary school age children

Abstract A total of 549-subjects enrolled in grades four, five, and six in three community settings were sampled to discover what attitudes had been developed toward the world of work. Six factors-money, status and prestige, working conditions, leadership, independence on the job, and self-expression-were used as a basis for developing the Kuldau Occupational Development Inventory (KODI). This instrument was used as a means of sampling the attitudes held by the subjects. On the basis of the results, the conclusion was drawn that children had developed attitudes toward five of the six factors-money, status and prestige, working conditions, independence, and self-expression-measured by KODI.
Snake Species Discrimination by Wild Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)

Wild bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) were studied in southern India to assess their ability to discriminate non-venomous, venomous and predatory snakes. Realistic snake models were presented to eight troops of bonnet macaques at feeding stations and their behavior was video-recorded 3 min before and 3 min after snake exposure. Snakes presented were: (1) venomous Indian cobra (Naja naja) displaying an open hood with 'eyespots'; (2) venomous common Indian krait (Bungarus caeruleus); (3) non-venomous green keelback (Macropisthadan plumbicolor); (4) non-venomous rat snake (Ptyas mucosus); and (5) Indian python (Python molurus) which preys on macaques. Latencies to detect and react to the snakes were evaluated to determine initial responsiveness. Longer-term assessment was measured as the percentage of time individuals looked at the snakes and monitored the activity of nearby individuals before and after snake detection. All snake models engendered caution and maintenance of a safe distance. Alarm calling occurred only during python presentations. The cobra engendered a startle response or running in the largest percentage of individuals after its detection, whereas the rat snake and python elicited bipedal standing or ambulating to monitor the snakes. We also examined the influence of age on snake recognition. Juveniles and subadults looked at the cobra, krait, and python for a larger percentage of time than adults did; albeit, adults looked at the python substantially longer than at the other snakes. Age differences in behavior suggest that, with the exception of the python, repeated experience with snakes in the wild moderates excitability, consistent with the likely threat of envenomation.
Observable stored energies of electromagnetic systems

Abstract The conventional definition of quality factor Q in terms of time-average stored energy is widely assumed to be a measure of the input bandwidth of any ordinary electromagnetic system. But the extent to which this assumption is true has never been established. In the case of all radiating systems, for example, it is known to fail completely. It can be made true quite generally, however, by including only those parts of the total time-average stored energy that give a physically observable contribution to the input bandwidth. Explicit formulas for these newly defined observable stored energies are developed that are valid for any electromagnetic system that is linear, passive, and time-invariant.
The Smithsonian An Interdisciplinary Institution 150 Years After its Conception by James Smithson

AbstractJust over 150 year ago, in 1826, James Smithson FRS, distinguished English chemist and mineralogist made a will in which be left his fortune to a small wooden-hutted village in a swamp, Washington D.C., there to create the Smithsonian Institution. To this day no-one know exactly why he made this, then eccentric, will. After a century and a half, his Institution has grown to a world-famous interdisciplinary establishment attracting over 20 million visitors each year. This development is due entirely to the eight Secretaries who have been in charge of the Institution since it formal establishment in 1846. Here the eighth Secretary review the work of his predecessors and states his own philosophy.
Shapiro receives Bowie medal

The 1993 William Bowie Medal, given by AGU for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research, was presented to Irwin I. Shapiro at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 8, 1993, in San Francisco, Calif. The award citation and Shapiro's response are given here.
Chemical thermodynamic properties and internal rotation of methylpyridines V. Ideal-gas properties of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine and 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine☆☆☆

Abstract The thermodynamic functions and properties of formation to 1000 K are presented for 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine and 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine. Liquid-vapor vibrational shifts are given for the low wavenumber modes. The type of restricted internal rotation in 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine is taken to be the same as in 1,2-dimethylbenzene.
XLVII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXVII.

(1915). XLVII.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXVII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 15, No. 90, pp. 529-537.
A Design Framework for Bi-Level Estimation of Machining Energy for Parts and Assemblies

This paper presents a framework and approach for the computation of machining energy for parts and assemblies, at two levels — early design stage and manufacturing stage. Energy estimation at an early design stage can be useful for redesign strategies and improving manufacturing efficiency. At the manufacturing stage, energy estimations allow for asset management based on energy efficient process planning and scheduling, thereby reducing the negative impacts of the product to the environment. To facilitate the computation of the machining energy, at an early design stage, we first automate the process of identifying the material removal volume for machining operations for a given part. We subsequently use the identified removal volume together with the material specific data to compute an energy range for manufacturing the part. For an assembly, the above computations for individual parts are aggregated to arrive at the final energy range. The proposed method allows the identification of energy intensive parts/features based on the percent contribution, thereby assisting re-design strategies. We additionally explore the application of statistical analysis and allocation principles to identify priority re-design parts. In this paper, we limit our product re-design discussions based on form (geometry and shape) and material. Future extensions will potentially also include manufacturing process optimization. Although the framework presented in this paper is currently applied only to milled parts and assemblies, it can also be extended to other machining methods.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Effect of the Specific Src Family Kinase Inhibitor Saracatinib on Osteolytic Lesions Using the PC-3 Bone Model

The hematogenous metastatic spread of prostate cancer is preferentially to bone and can result in significant patient morbidity. Although these metastatic lesions are typically osteoblastic, bone resorption is believed to have a prerequisite role in their development. Src kinase has been identified to contribute to prostate cancer tumor growth and metastasis. In addition, Src is also essential in bone metabolism, especially in bone resorption. We hypothesized that inhibiting Src activity with the specific Src family kinase inhibitor saracatinib (AZD0530) would inhibit tumor cell growth and osteoclast differentiation in the tumor-bone interface, thus providing a new approach for advanced prostate cancer. We found that saracatinib inhibited PC-3 cell growth and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of Src, focal adhesion kinase, and P38 kinases was inhibited by saracatinib at the submicromolar range. Saracatinib also inhibited the expression and secretion of invasion-related molecules interlukin-8, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and matrix metalloprotease-9. Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and signaling were inhibited by saracatinib in both macrophages and PC-3 cells. In in vivo studies, control mice developed more severe osteolytic lesions compared with the treatment group. Immunohistochemical and biochemical assays of bone metabolites confirmed that saracatinib preserved bone architecture in the presence of prostate cancer tumor cells. In summary, we have shown the inhibition of PC3 cell growth and invasion by saracatinib. Src inhibition also blocked the RANKL stimulatory pathway in osteoclasts and PC3 cells. The inhibition of Src thus targets multiple sites involved in prostate cancer bone metastasis, which may offer a therapeutic advantage in treating advanced prostate cancer.
Clinical Comparison of Acute Single to Dual Chamber Pacing in Chronotropically Incompetent Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Dual chamber, rate responsive (DDDR) pacing is felt to be superior to ventricular, rate responsive (VVIR) pacing since it more closely mimics the normal electrical and hemodynamic activity of the heart. This reasoning has been used to justify the higher initial costs and increased complexity of dual chamber system. This study was designed to determine if objective criteria could be identified during acute testing justify implanting a dual chamber instead of a single chamber system in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Eight patients with DDDR pacemakers (implanted for chronotropic incompetence) and left ventricular dysfunction underwent exercise radionuclide angiography and graded exercise treadmill testing. Each patient performed the tests in the single (VVIR) and dual (DDDR) chamber modes in a randomized, blinded fashion. We found that objective parameters such as ejection fraction (31% +/- 13% vs 31% +/- 10%), exercise tolerance (6.1 +/- 2.7 min vs 6.3 +/- 2.9 min), oxygen consumption (VO2) (941 +/- 286 mL/min vs 994 +/- 314 mL/min), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) (995 +/- 332 mL/min vs 1054 +/- 356 mL/min), and maximum attainable workload (43 +/- 24 W vs 46 +/- 22 W) did not differ between the single and dual chamber pacing modes. These findings suggest that in the acute setting, the additional cost and complexity of dual chamber, rate responsive pacing cannot be justified by objective improvements in exercise tolerance in patients with underlying left ventricular dysfunction.
Seismic retrofit of flexible steel frames using thin infill panels

Non-linear inelastic analyses are conducted to investigate how structural behavior is affected when thin infills of steel, low yield steel, or Shearfill fabric are used to seismically retrofit steel frames located in regions of low and high seismicity, namely New York City and Memphis. A typical three-bay frame extracted from an actual 20-story hospital building in New York City is considered for this purpose. Fully rigid and perfectly flexible frame connection rigidities are considered to capture the extremes of frame behavior. It is found that the use of even very thin steel infill panels can significantly reduce story drifts without significant increases in floor accelerations, and that low yield steel behaves slightly better than standard constructional grade steel under extreme seismic conditions but at the cost of some extra material. It is also concluded that Shearfill membranes may not have the necessary strength and stiffness to be an effective retrofit solution, unless a thick membrane having multiple layers can be constructed.
The Role of the Story Master: A Case Study of the Cognitive Load of Story Management Tasks

Agile software development methods allow design teams to respond quickly to changing circumstances. Much of this flexibility is achieved through increased involvement of the customer who becomes responsible for the development of the specifications of the software and the communication of these requirements to the developers. Reports have shown that the customer is often overloaded in the role. We discuss the customer's role in terms of cognitive effort and find that much of this effort performed by the customer can be performed by someone else. We explore this possibility through the experiences of two individuals in the "story master" role, a role created as part of a complex software project, as an assistant to the customer. We present the evidence from the case study as a set of tasks performed by the role which reduce cognitive effort. We evaluate the role's success as an Agile Information Systems Development component using Conboy's [1] framework.
Older Adults’ Fears About Diabetes Using Common Sense Models of Disease to Understand Fear Origins and Implications for Self-Management

This study examines older adults' fears of diabetes complications and their effects on self-management practices. Existing models of diabetes self-management posit that patients' actions are grounded in disease beliefs and experience, but there is little supporting evidence. In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with a community-based sample of 74 African American, American Indian, and white older adults with diabetes. Analysis uses Leventhal's Common Sense Model of Diabetes to link fears to early experience and current self-management. Sixty-three identified fears focused on complications that could limit carrying out normal activities: amputation, blindness, low blood glucose and coma, and disease progression to insulin use and dialysis. Most focused self-management on actions to prevent specific complications, rather than on managing the disease as a whole. Early experiences focused attention on the inevitability of complications and the limited ability of patients to prevent them. Addressing older adults' fears about diabetes may improve their diabetes self-management practices.
Speeding up processing with approximation circuits

Current microprocessors employ a global timing reference to synchronize data transfer. A synchronous system must know the maximum time needed to compute a function, but a circuit usually finishes computation earlier than the worst-case delay. The system nevertheless waits for the maximum time bound to guarantee a correct result. As a first step in achieving variable pipeline delays based on data values, approximation circuits can increase clock frequency by reducing the number of cycles a function requires. Instead of implementing the complete logic function, a simplified circuit mimics it using rough calculations to predict results. The results are correct most of the time, and simulations show improvements in overall performance in spite of the overhead needed to recover from mistakes.