cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gene Methylation and Cytological Atypia in Random Fine-Needle Aspirates for Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk

Methods to determine individualized breast cancer risk lack sufficient sensitivity to select women most likely to benefit from preventive strategies. Alterations in DNA methylation occur early in breast cancer. We hypothesized that cancer-specific methylation markers could enhance breast cancer risk assessment. We evaluated 380 women without a history of breast cancer. We determined their menopausal status or menstrual cycle phase, risk of developing breast cancer (Gail model), and breast density and obtained random fine-needle aspiration (rFNA) samples for assessment of cytopathology and cumulative methylation index (CMI). Eight methylated gene markers were identified through whole-genome methylation analysis and included novel and previously established breast cancer detection genes. We performed correlative and multivariate linear regression analyses to evaluate DNA methylation of a gene panel as a function of clinical factors associated with breast cancer risk. CMI and individual gene methylation were independent of age, menopausal status or menstrual phase, lifetime Gail risk score, and breast density. CMI and individual gene methylation for the eight genes increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing cytological atypia. The findings were verified with multivariate analyses correcting for age, log (Gail), log (percent density), rFNA cell number, and body mass index. Our results demonstrate a significant association between cytological atypia and high CMI, which does not vary with menstrual phase or menopause and is independent of Gail risk and mammographic density. Thus, CMI is an excellent candidate breast cancer risk biomarker, warranting larger prospective studies to establish its utility for cancer risk assessment. Cancer Prev Res; 9(8); 673-82. ©2016 AACR.
Raman scattering near the (E0+ Delta 0) resonance from

We present a Raman-scattering study of (211)-oriented Ga{sub 1{minus}{ital x}}In{sub {ital x}}As/GaAs multiple quantum wells grown by use of molecular-beam epitaxy. Off resonance, the Raman scattering satisfied bulk zinc-blende-structure selection rules. Near the ({ital E}{sub 0}+{Delta}{sub 0}) resonance, there is strong LO-phonon Raman scattering in the {ital Z}{prime}({ital X}{prime},{ital X}{prime}){ital {bar Z}} {prime} configuration, where {ital Z}{prime} refers to the growth axis and {ital X}{prime} is in a ({bar 1}11) direction. LO-phonon Raman scattering is forbidden in this configuration by bulk zinc-blende-structure selection rules and does not occur (or at least is much weaker) in (211)-oriented GaAs substrates near this resonance. This Raman process is due to Froehlich-interaction electron-phonon scattering activated by the strain-generated electric fields that occur in the multiple-quantum-well structure. We measure the resonance profile of this Raman process. The scattering efficiency is found to decrease with increasing laser intensity, because of a screening of the strain-generated fields by photoexcited free carriers. We present an electronic-structure calculation that accounts for the energy position of the resonance profile. Based on the electronic-structure results, we discuss simple models for the shape of the resonance profile. A free-carrier screening calculation accurately describes the observed laser-intensity dependence of the efficiency of thismore » Raman process.« less
Spinal fusion and antibiotic treatment illustrating lumbar osteomyelitis and spinal instability as a previously unrecognized and surgically treatable cause of autonomic dysreflexia.

Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) following spinal cord injury can lead to a physiologic state where there is unopposed sympathetic tone and subsequent hypertension, bradycardia, hyperhidrosis and anxiety. It is known to be triggered by nociceptive stimuli below the level of injury—most commonly constipation and bladder retention. We present a case of a C6–7 tetraplegic who developed AD 20 years after his injury with the unusual trigger of positional spinal instability due to osteomyelitis and discitis. The patient’s clinical course began when he was diagnosed with L2–3 and L3–4 osteomyelitis, discitis and myositis of the bilateral paraspinous muscles. The infection did not respond well to an attempted course of medical management and degenerated into an unstable spinal segment. This instability in the vertebral column led to positional AD with symptom onset in extension (lying supine) and relieved with flexion (patient sitting up and bending forward). Once the trigger for his AD was determined, he was successfully treated with spinal fusion to stabilize the mobile segment and further antibiotic treatment. He had complete resolution of his AD after surgery and eradication of his infection.
Complete Annotated Genome Sequences of Three Campylobacter jejuni Strains Isolated from Naturally Colonized Farm-Raised Chickens.

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterially derived foodborne illness. Human illness is commonly associated with the handling and consumption of contaminated poultry products. Three C. jejuni strains were isolated from cecal contents of three different naturally colonized farm-raised chickens. The complete genomes of these three isolates are presented here.
The chromium-iridium constitution diagram

Abstract The Cr-Ir alloy system has been investigated over the entire composition range by metallography, X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe studies. There are two intermediate phases in this system. The β phase possesses a Cr 3 Si ( A 15)-type crystal structure and is stable from about 73 to 82 at.% Cr. The e phase has a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure and is stable between 30 and 68 at.% Cr. The face-centered cubic iridium terminal solid solution can dissolve about 28 at.% Cr. Atomic ordering occurs within this solid solution, beginning at about 16 at.% Cr and forming a Cu 3 Au type structure up to the limit of solid solubility. Iridium is soluble in the body-centered cubic chromium terminal solid solution to the extent of about 12 at.% Ir at 1680 °C but the solubility decreases at lower temperatures. Two peritectic reactions were observed at 1750 ± 10 °C and at 2200 ± 50 °C. A eutectic reaction is indicated at 1680 ± 10 °C.
Chapter 19 – Taxation and Corporate Financial Policy*

This chapter reviews the theory and evidence regarding the impact of taxation on corporate financial policy. Starting from a basic characterization of the classical corporate income tax and its effects, the analysis focuses on three areas of research: equity policy, debt–equity decisions, and choices regarding ownership structure and organizational form. The discussion stresses the distinction between nominal and more fundamental financial differences – for example, in the relationship between borrowing and leasing – and that financial policy involves choices not only among different underlying policies but also among characterizations of a given policy. The final section offers some brief reflections on the implications of continuing financial innovation.
Fatigue life assessment of electronic components under vibration using displacement as a response metric

Classical vibration fatigue methods uses stress as the response metric of interest, which requires Stress vs. Number of cycles (S-N) curve as input material property. This paper describes estimation of vibration fatigue life using displacement as response for an axial through hole component mounted on Printed Circuit Board (PCB) of an automotive electronic product. Similar to S-N curve, this methodology requires a Relative Displacement vs. Number of cycles curve (RD-N curve) for fatigue life estimation, which is created from a series of tests using a Laser Vibrometer (non-contact method). Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been performed for product assembly using damping values from test under random vibration input base excitation. Fatigue life estimations are performed in frequency domain. Predicted fatigue life under random vibration using Steinberg's three band approach and using Power Spectral Density (PSD) for both stress and displacement response are compared with experimental test results of leaded component. Response ranges for displacement and stress of respective PSD are evaluated using Dirlik's empirical formula for rainflow ranges.
False Information and Disagreement in Social Networks

Disagreement, including on matters of fact, is a pervasive phenomenon, yet this is incompatible with existing work on social learning. I propose a model of information processing with two key features: (i) the agent encounters false information, and (ii) the agent cannot distinguish true propositions from false ones. I study two families of axioms for update rules, finding that ``willingness-to-learn'' axioms are incompatible with ``non-manipulability'' axioms. I also provide an axiomatic characterization of several update rules. In a simple social learning model, disagreement is not just possible, but generic. I characterize the influence of each agent on steady-state beliefs and apply the framework to study echo chambers and belief manipulation.
The Moral Psychology of Internal Conflict: Value, Meaning, and the Enactive Mind

Pushing back against the potential trivialization of moral psychology that would reduce it to emotional preferences, this book takes an enactivist, self-organizational, and hermeneutic approach to internal conflict between a basic exploratory drive motivating the search for actual truth, and opposing incentives to confabulate in the interest of conformity, authoritarianism, and cognitive dissonance, which often can lead to harmful worldviews. The result is a new possibility that ethical beliefs can have truth value and are not merely a result of ephemeral altruistic or cooperative feelings. It will interest moral and political psychologists, philosophers, social scientists, and all who are concerned with inner emotional conflicts driving ethical thinking beyond mere emotivism, and toward moral realism, albeit a fallibilist one requiring continual rethinking and self-reflection. It combines 'basic emotion' theories (such as Panksepp) with hermeneutic depth psychology. The result is a realist approach to moral thinking emphasizing coherence rather than foundationalist theory of knowledge.
Classification and Coding

The starting point for effective rationalization of the technological production process is the systematic collection of the relevant technical and economic planning data. Various classification and coding systems have been developed for the purpose of creating a technological planning basis in one-off and small batch production.
Impact of Wide-Base Tires on Pavements: A National Study

This paper summarizes a multi-year effort comparing the new-generation wide-base tires (NG-WBT) and dual-tire assembly from a holistic point of view. The tires were compared considering not only pa...
Review: Constantine and the Captive Christians of Persia: Martyrdom and Religious Identity in Late Antiquity, by Kyle Smith

Kyle Smith, Constantine and the Captive Christians of Persia: Martyrdom and Religious Identity in Late Antiquity . Oakland, CA, University of California Press, 2016, 256 pp, $95.00, ISBN: 9780520289604 Kyle Smith has written a provocative, engaging, and elegant book. In Constantine and the Captive Christians of Persia: Martyrdom and Religious Identity in Late Antiquity , Smith has masterfully utilized more familiar sources, such as Eusebius' Life of Constantine, as well as sources less well-known—at least to some Western scholars—such as the Syriac texts: Aphrahat's Demonstrations , The Martyrdom of Blessed Simeon bar Ṣabba‘e , and the History of Blessed Simeon bar Ṣabba‘e . Through his reading of these texts, Smith critiques previous historiography and demonstrates new possibilities and avenues for constructing the history of Persian Christians in the fourth century and their relationship to Constantine and the Roman Empire. Smith begins his book not with the fourth century but, rather, with the twenty-first. The opening pages of Constantine and the Captive Christians of Persia offer readers a brief vignette describing the 2008 kidnapping and subsequent murder of Monsignor Paulos Rahho—a Chaldean Catholic archbishop of Mosul in northern Iraq. By weaving in the contemporary narrative with his historical reconstruction of fourth-century politics and the concomitant historiography from that moment, Smith underscores the power of historical narratives in affecting contemporary issues of identity, religion, and politics. More specifically, Smith sees the capture and murder of Rahho, one that has been understood as part and parcel with anti-Christian sentiment in the region, as the culmination of well-known and well-rehearsed tropes about suffering and …
Microporous membranes comprising conjugated polymers with rigid backbones enable ultrafast organic-solvent nanofiltration

Conventional technology for the purification of organic solvents requires massive energy consumption, and to reduce such expending calls for efficient filtration membranes capable of high retention of large molecular solutes and high permeance for solvents. Herein, we report a surface-initiated polymerization strategy through C–C coupling reactions for preparing conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) membranes. The backbone of the membranes consists of all-rigid conjugated systems and shows high resistance to organic solvents. We show that 42-nm-thick CMP membranes supported on polyacrylonitrile substrates provide excellent retention of solutes and broad-spectrum nanofiltration in both non-polar hexane and polar methanol, the permeance for which reaches 32 and 22 l m−2 h−1 bar−1, respectively. Both experiments and simulations suggest that the performance of CMP membranes originates from substantially open and interconnected voids formed in the highly rigid networks. Membranes with high selectivity and high permeance that allows rapid passage of solvent molecules are desirable for efficient separation processes. Microporous conjugated-polymer membranes have now been fabricated through surface-initiated polymerization. These membranes are capable of ultrafast organic-solvent nanofiltration because of the high porosity and pore interconnectivity originating from the rigid skeleton.
Efficient Derivative Pricing and Sequestered Capital: The Case of Investment Trust Pricing in 1929

The efficient market hypothesis implies that the price of a financial derivative should mirror the value of its underlying asset(s). This model is used to reconsider an historic anomaly—the large, allegedly irrational, premia on investment trusts that preceded the 1929 crash. First, we reexamine evidence—highly cited for decades—alleging anomalous premia on portfolio-publishing trusts preceding the crash. Our assessment, based on current information-gathering capabilities, shows no evidence of anomalous premia in the cases considered. Secondly, we test our model on a data set of over 3,000 price observations, using regression discontinuity in time (RDiT) designs. As expected, the prices of blind trusts quickly corrected with the disclosure of their underlying portfolios. Our findings suggest that sequestered capital, rather than irrational exuberance, was primarily responsible for the premia on trusts in 1929.
Prohibition, Legalization, and Political Consumerism: Insights from the US and Canadian Cannabis Markets

Cannabis (marijuana) is the most commonly consumed, universally produced, and frequently trafficked psychoactive substance prohibited under international drug control laws. Yet, several countries have recently moved toward legalization. In these places, the legal status of cannabis is complex, especially because illegal markets persist. This chapter explores the ways in which a sector’s legal status interacts with political consumerism. The analysis draws on a case study of political consumerism in the US and Canadian cannabis markets over the past two decades, as both countries moved toward legalization. It finds that the goals, tactics, and leadership of political consumerism activities changed as the sector’s legal status shifted. It suggests that prohibition, semi-legalization, and new legality may present special challenges to political consumerism, such as silencing producers, confusing consumers, deterring social movement organizations, and discouraging discourse about ethical issues. The chapter concludes that political consumerism and legal status may have deep import for one another.
Haiti, Singing for the Land, Sea, and Sky: Cultivating Ecological Metaphysics and Environmental Awareness through Music

Vodou drummer Jean-Michel Yamba echoes a refrain that has been reverberating through Haitian society for some time: the Earth is dangerously out of balance, and the world’s people are the cause. Scientific studies support this uneasy realization: the 2018 Global Climate Risk Index ranks Haiti as the single most vulnerable country to the effects of extreme weather events related to climate change. This article reflects on how humanity’s responsibility toward the environment has been deeply encoded as traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) within Vodou spiritual ecology, which is expressed through songs and interactions with the lwa (spirits).
The most perfect natural laboratory in the world: Making and knowing Hawaii National Park.

This article reimagines the meanings of U.S. national parks and so-called ‘natural’ places in our environmental histories and histories of science. Environmental historians have created a compellin...
Cosmic-ray induced production of radioactive noble gases in the atmosphere, ground, and seawater

This paper describes the development of an MCNP6 model and a suite of supporting MATLAB scripts being developed to conduct detailed studies of the radioactive noble gas background activity concentrations resulting from cosmic-neutron-induced reactions in the Earth’s atmosphere, in various geologies, and in seawater. Initial results generated using the MCNP6 model and the suite of supporting MATLAB scripts indicate that the cosmic-neutron-induced 133Xe background activity concentrations at a depth of 1 m in a geology representative of the Earth’s upper crust and a depth of 5 m in seawater are about 3.48 × 10−1 and 8.49 × 10−7 mBq m−3, respectively.
A new player in hunger games

Hypoleptinemia-mediated food intake requires the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Genetics of Aortic Diseases

The clinically most important aortic diseases are those that cause aneurysms and dissections in the aortic wall. Aortic aneurysms and/or dissections are sometimes subject to sudden rupture, which often causes sudden death. Currently the biggest problem in addressing sudden rupture is, that early stage aneurysm, which can be successfully treated by surgery, remains often undetected because it is not associated with clearly detectable symptoms.
Looking the Other Way: Inscriptions, Murals, and Signs in South Indian Temples

In my response to four papers on the south Indian inscriptions, I explore the tension between visibility and legibility, and the ways in which inscriptions and murals construct a devotee’s experien...
National Trends in the Management of Urethral Stricture Disease

AbstractIntroduction:A growing body of evidence suggests that practice patterns for the management of urethral strictures are changing. We examined national trends in urethral stricture management ...
Fetal Anomaly Detection in Pregnancies With Pregestational Diabetes

Objectives To evaluate fetal anomaly detection in pregnancies with pregestational diabetes, according to the gestational age at the time of specialized sonography, use of follow-up sonography, maternal body mass index, and organ system(s) involved. Methods Women with pregestational diabetes who received prenatal care and delivered a live-born or stillborn neonate at our hospital from October 2011 through April 2017 were ascertained. We included all pregnancies with at least 1 confirmed structural anomaly (EUROCAT classification) who had detailed sonography at 18 weeks' gestation or later. We analyzed detection of anomalous fetuses at the initial detailed sonogram and, if no abnormality was identified, during any follow-up sonograms. Statistical analyses were performed with the χ2 test and Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test for trend. Results Seventy-two anomalous neonates (72 of 1060 [6.8%]) were born. Overall detection was 55 of 72 (76%); 49 of 72 (68%) were detected at the initial detailed sonogram, compared to 6 of 15 (40%) of follow-up examinations (P = .04). Recognition at the initial or follow-up examination was not dependent on gestational age or body mass index category (all P > .05). Of individual organ system anomalies, 67 of 89 (75%) were identified. Detection exceeded 85% for central nervous system, genitourinary, and musculoskeletal abnormalities and 43% for craniofacial anomalies. Sixty-five percent of cardiac anomalies were detected, and 14 of 17 (82%) requiring specialized care in the immediate neonatal period were recognized. Conclusions Approximately three-fourths of anomalous fetuses were identified, with greater detection at the initial detailed examination. Fetuses with central nervous system, genitourinary, musculoskeletal abnormalities and those with cardiac anomalies requiring specialized cardiac care were more likely to come to attention.
Modeling Temperature-Dependent Dermal Absorption and Clearance for Transdermal and Topical Drug Applications.

A computational model was developed to better understand the impact of elevated skin temperatures on transdermal drug delivery and dermal clearance. A simultaneous heat and mass transport model with emphasis on transdermal delivery system (TDS) applications was developed to address transient and steady-state temperature effects on dermal absorption. The model was tested using representative data from nicotine TDS applied to human skin either in vitro or in vivo. The approximately 2-fold increase of nicotine absorption with a 10°C increase in skin surface temperature was consistent with a 50–65 kJ/mol activation energy for diffusion in the stratum corneum, with this layer serving as the primary barrier for nicotine absorption. Incorporation of a dermal clearance component into the model revealed efficient removal of nicotine via the dermal capillaries at both normal and elevated temperatures. Two-compartment pharmacokinetic simulations yielded systemic drug concentrations consistent with the human pharmacokinetic data. Both in vitro skin permeation and in vivo pharmacokinetics of nicotine delivered from a marketed TDS under normal and elevated temperatures can be satisfactorily described by a simultaneous heat and mass transfer computational model incorporating realistic skin barrier properties and dermal clearance components.
A women with burning pain in her arms after a fall

Background The central cord syndrome is an incomplete spinal cord injury that can develop after a minor trauma to the cervical spinal column. Case description A 73-year-old woman presented at our Emergency Department with pyelonephritis accompanied by weakness and a burning feeling in her arms and legs after a fall on her head. The weakness and pain did not improve during her hospital admission. On consultation with a neurologist, the patient was diagnosed with central cord syndrome. As the neurological loss of function did not resolve spontaneously, the patient underwent laminectomy and spondylodesis. Postoperatively her symptoms improved. After 22 days in hospital, the patient was discharged to a rehabilitation clinic. Conclusion In older patients with pre-existing degenerative cervical spinal stenosis, central cord stenosis resulting from minor trauma can cause severe and invalidating symptoms. The early tracing and treatment of patients with this syndrome is essential in order to increase the chance of neurological and functional recovery.
Analysis of perioperative outcomes in hip resection arthroplasty

Hip resection arthroplasty (HRA) is a salvage surgical technique for the management of complex hip conditions wherein arthroplasty may be contraindicated. The purpose of this study was to review modern-day indications for HRA and compare outcomes between patients undergoing HRA and revision total hip arthroplasty (RTHA). The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) was used to identify patients undergoing HRA or RTHA between 2012 and 2017. Patient demographics, risk factors, and perioperative complications were analyzed. Multivariate regression was used to determine predictors of early postoperative complications. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to compare relative risks (RR) of complications in HRA compared to RTHA. 290 patients underwent HRA between 2012 and 2017. Infection was the most common indication for HRA (39.8%), followed by femoral neck fracture or malunion/nonunion (26%) and prosthetic instability (12.2%). Increased body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.012) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p = 0.007) were associated with increased risk of complication in HRA. There were no significant differences in short-term complication risks between RTHA and HRA. HRA was associated with short-term complication rates comparable to RTHA. These findings may help in surgical decision-making and appropriate indications in the present day. III.
A Juxtamembrane Basolateral Targeting Motif Regulates TGF-β Receptor Signaling in Drosophila

In polarized epithelial cells, receptor-ligand interactions can be restricted by different spatial distributions of the two interacting components, giving rise to an underappreciated layer of regulatory complexity. We explored whether such regulation occurs in the Drosophila wing disc, an epithelial tissue that requires the TGF-β family member Decapentaplegic (Dpp) for growth and patterning. Dpp protein has been observed in a gradient within the columnar cells of the disc, but also uniformly in the disc lumen, leading to the question of how graded signaling is achieved in the face of two distinctly localized pools. We find the Dpp Type II receptor Punt, but not the Type I receptor Tkv, is enriched at the basolateral membrane, and depleted at the junctions and apical surface. Wit, a second type II receptor, shows a markedly different behavior, with the protein detected on all membrane regions but enriched at the apical side. Mutational studies identified the BLT motif, a short juxtamembrane sequence required for basolateral targeting of Punt in both wing discs and mammalian MDCK cells, and that dominantly confers basolateral localization on an otherwise apical receptor. Rescue of punt mutants with transgenes altered in the targeting motif showed that flies expressing apicalized Punt due to the lack of a functional BLT displayed developmental defects, female sterility and significant lethality. We also show that apicalized Punt does not produce an ectopic signal, indicating that the apical pool of Dpp is not a significant signaling source even when presented with Punt. Finally, we provide evidence that the BLT acts through polarized sorting machinery that differs between types of epithelia. This suggests a code whereby each epithelial cell type may differentially traffic common receptors to enable distinctive responses to spatially localized pools of extracellular ligands.
Reliability of hospital-level mortality in abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

Abstract Objective The relationship between volume and surgical outcomes has been shown for a variety of surgical procedures. The effects in abdominal aortic aneurysm repair have continued to be debated. Reliability adjustment has been used as a method to remove statistical noise from hospital-level outcomes. However, its impact on aortic aneurysm repair is not well understood. Methods We used prospectively collected data from the Vascular Quality Initiative to identify all patients who had undergone abdominal aortic aneurysm repair from 2003 to 2019. We first calculated the hospital-level risk-adjusted 30-day mortality rates. We subsequently used hierarchical logistic regression modeling to adjust for measurement reliability using empirical Bayes techniques. The effect of volume on risk- and reliability-adjusted mortality rates was then assessed using linear regression. Results Between 2003 and 2019, 67,073 abdominal aortic aneurysms were repaired, of which 11,601 (17.3%) were repaired with an open approach. The median annual volume was 7.4 (interquartile range, 3.0-13.3) for open repairs and 35.4 (interquartile range, 18.8-59.8) for endovascular repairs. Of the 223 hospitals that had performed open repairs during the study period, only 11 (4.9%) had performed ≥15 open repairs annually, and the risk-adjusted mortality rates varied from 0% to 75% across all centers. After reliability adjustment, the variability of the risk-adjusted mortality rates had decreased significantly to 1.3% to 8.2%. The endovascular repair risk-adjusted mortality rate variability had decreased from 0% to 14.3% to 0.3% to 2.8% after reliability adjustment. A decreasing trend in mortality was found with increasing an annual case volume for open repair with each additional annual case associated with a 0.012% decrease in mortality (P = .05); however, the relationship was not significant for endovascular repair (P = .793). Conclusions We found that most hospitals do not perform a sufficient number of annual cases to generate a reliable center-specific mortality rate for open aneurysm repair. Center-specific mortality rates for low-volume centers should be viewed with caution, because a substantial proportion of the variation for these outcomes will be statistical noise rather than true center-level differences in the quality of care.
Enhancing Team Performance for Long-Duration Space Missions

Success of exploration missions will depend on skilled performance by a distributed team that includes both the astronauts in space and Mission Control personnel. Coordinated and collaborative teamwork will be required to cope with challenging complex problems in a hostile environment. While thorough preflight training and procedures will equip creW'S to address technical problems that can be anticipated, preparing them to solve novel problems is much more challenging. This presentation will review components of effective team performance, challenges to effective teamwork, and strategies for ensuring effective team performance. Teamwork skills essential for successful team performance include the behaviors involved in developing shared mental models, team situation awareness, collaborative decision making, adaptive coordination behaviors, effective team communication, and team cohesion. Challenges to teamwork include both chronic and acute stressors. Chronic stressors are associated with the isolated and confined environment and include monotony, noise, temperatures, weightlessness, poor sleep and circadian disruptions. Acute stressors include high workload, time pressure, imminent danger, and specific task-related stressors. Of particular concern are social and organizational stressors that can disrupt individual resilience and effective mission performance. Effective team performance can be developed by training teamwork skills, techniques for coping with team conflict, intracrew and intercrew communication, and working in a multicultural team; leadership and teamwork skills can be fostered through outdoor survival training exercises. The presentation will conclude with an evaluation of the special requirements associated with preparing crews to function autonomously in long-duration missions.
Design and Analysis of Advanced Composite Structures

During the past fifteen years, advanced composite structures have developed from laboratory curiosities into mature production primary and secondary aircraft and spacecraft structures.
ELUCIDATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF SEMIOCHEMICALS IN THE MANIPULATION OF ENTOMOPHAGOUS INSECTS

Most of this colloquium has been dedicated to discussions of pheromones—semiochemicals that mediate intraspecific interactions and various approaches for their use in monitoring or controlling insect pests. There are numerous intraspecific interactions, but there are considerably more interspecific interactions that are also mediated by semiochemicals. Semiochemicals that mediate interspecific interactions are known as allelochemics.
Share Repurchases, Market Timing, and the Distribution of Free Cash Flow

Although market-timing considerations are empirically important, the desire to distribute free cash flow (FCF) has quantitatively much stronger effects on managerial decisions to repurchase stock. Firms with poor market-timing opportunities and high FCF are more than 12 times as likely to buy back shares as firms with good timing opportunities and low FCF. Firms’ decisions to buy back shares often tend to be poor in a market-timing sense as they are more likely to experience negative than positive abnormal stock returns after repurchases. Although average post-repurchase abnormal stock returns are positive, this finding is driven by extreme positive rates of return following a modest number of repurchases that are small in dollar magnitude and that account for a small portion of the aggregate dollar value repurchased.
Kinetic mechanism of Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase and the highly efficient utilization of adenosine.

Abstract Initial velocity and product inhibition studies of Toxoplasma gondii adenosine kinase (TgAK, EC 2.7.1.20) demonstrated that the basic mechanism of this enzyme is a hybrid random bi-uni ping-pong uni-bi. Initial velocity studies showed an intersecting pattern, consistent with substrate–enzyme–co-substrate complex formation and a binding pattern indicating that binding of the substrate interferes with the binding of the co-substrate and vice versa . Estimated kinetic parameters were K Ado = 0.002 ± 0.0002 mM, K ATP = 0.05 ± 0.008 mM, and V max = 920 ± 35 μmol/min/mg protein. Ado exhibited substrate inhibition suggesting the presence of more than one binding site for Ado on the enzyme. ATP relieved substrate inhibition by Ado. Thus, Ado also binds to the ATP binding site. AMP was competitive with ATP, inferring that AMP binds to the same site as ATP. AMP, ADP and ATP were non-competitive with Ado, therefore, none of these nucleotides binds to the Ado binding site. Combining ATP with ADP was additive. Therefore, the binding of either ATP or ADP does not interfere with the binding of the other. It is concluded that for every ATP consumed, TgAK generates three new AMPs. These findings along with the fact that a wide range of nucleoside 5′-mono, di, and triphosphates could substitute for ATP as phosphate donors in this reaction may explain the efficient and central role played by TgAK in the utilization of Ado as the major source from which all other purines can be synthesized in T . gondii .
Dental root size in bats with diets of different hardness

The relationship between tooth roots and diet is relatively unexplored, although a logical relationship between harder diets and increased root surface area (RSA) is suggested. This study addresses the interaction between tooth morphology, diet, and bite force in small mammals, phyllostomid bats. Using micro computed tomography (microCT), tooth root morphology of two fruit-eating species (Carollia perspicillata and Chiroderma villosum) and two insect-eating species (Mimon bennettii and Macrotus californicus) was compared. These species did not differ in skull or estimated body size. Food hardness, rather than dietary classification, proved to be the strongest grouping factor, with the two insectivores and the seed-processing frugivore (C. villosum) having significantly larger RSAs. Bite force was estimated using skull measurements; bite force significantly correlated with tooth RSA but not with body size. Although the three durophagous species did exhibit larger crowns, the area of the occlusal surface did not vary among the four species. There was a linear relationship between root size and crown size, indicating that the roots were not expanded disproportionately; instead the entire tooth was larger in the hard diet species. MicroCT allows the nondestructive quantification of previously difficult-to-access tooth morphology; this method shows the potential for tooth roots to provide valuable dietary, behavioral, and ecological information in small mammals. J. Morphol. 276:1065-1074, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear magnetic resonance study of polycrystalline Sr1-xCaxRuO3 (0le xle1.0)

A zero-field spin-echo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of 99,101 Ru nuclei in polycrystalline powder samples of magnetically ordered Sr1 - x Cax RuO3 (0 x 1.0) is reported. The NMR spectrum for SrRuO3 at 1.3 K consists of two peaks at 64.4 MHz and 72.2 MHz corresponding to the 99 Ru and 101 Ru isotopes, respectively, and a hyperfine field of 329 kG. With the replacement of Sr by Ca, the peaks broaden somewhat, although there is essentially no change in the peak frequencies. However, the two resonance peaks show a significant reduction in height with intensity being shifted into the wings. Although electric quadrupole effects are present, the results suggest that the reduction of peak intensity when Ca is added is due mainly to a progressive loss of Ru moments participating in the magnetic ordering. The loss is a consequence of the dilution of the ferromagnetic exchange coupling between the moments. A measure of the spontaneous magnetization temperature dependence for SrRuO3 ( 21 K) has been obtained from the shift of the peak frequencies. It was found that the spontaneous magnetization decreases with a Bloch law T 3/2 temperature dependence characteristic of spin-wave excitations. From the coefficient of the temperature dependence, a value of 2.4 meV was obtained for the exchange integral which is consistent with the observed ordering temperature.
Effective charges for electric multipole transitions: II. Random phase approximation

Abstract The effective charge calculated in first order is too small. Random Phase Approximation calculations were performed. These increase the isoscalar and decrease the isovector effective charges, but the isoscalar enhancement is so large that the R.P.A. results cannot be believed.
Hormonal control of transmitter plasticity in insect peptidergic neurons. I. Steroid regulation of the decline in cardioacceleratory peptide 2 (CAP2) expression

Transmitter plasticity, the ability to alter transmitter expression, has been documented in several different preparations both in vivo and in vitro. One of these is the tobacco hawkmoth, Manduca sexta, whose central nervous system contains four individually identified lateral neurosecretory cells (LNCs) that undergo a postembryonic transmitter switch in vivo. In larvae, the LNCs express high levels of a myoregulatory peptide, cardioacceleratory peptide 2 (CAP2). In contrast, the predominant LNC transmitter in adult moths in bursicon, a classic insect peptide hormone responsible for cuticular tanning. Here we show that the CAP2-to-bursicon conversion by the LNCs is a multi-step process beginning with a decline in CAP2 levels midway through the final larval stage. We provide several lines of evidence that this CAP2 drop is regulated by the insect steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). The LNCs exhibit a fall in CAP2 levels at the beginning of metamorphosis, immediately after the commitment pulse of 20-HE when steroid levels are elevated. LNCs not exposed to this 20-HE rise do not exhibit a decline in CAP2 level. The transmitter switch can also be prevented by using an analog of juvenile hormone to create a larval hormonal environment during the commitment pulse of 20-HE. The CAP2 decline in the LNCs could be directly induced by exogenous steroid application, but only under conditions where the LNCs remained connected to the brain. Thus, the first step in the transmitter switch by the LNCs, the decline in CAP2 levels, is triggered by the commitment pulse of 20-HE, which may act indirectly through a set of steroid-sensitive cells in the brain.
Observations on mechanism and prevention of non-specific agglutination of leukocytes.

Summary and conclusionsFibrinogen and other plasma proteins are apparently adsorbed on the hydrophilic surface of normal leukocytes, thereby complicating the interpretation of leuko-agglutinin tests. Normal leukocytes separated from whole blood (but not leukocytes separated from defibrinated blood) were rapidly and non-specifically agglutinated when suspended in normal untreated serum. Polymerization of adsorbed fibrinogen appeared to be the mechanism of such non-specific agglutination, which could be prevented by adequate decalcification of the suspending serum. Addition of EDTA to all test sera has permitted construction of a satisfactory leuko-agglutinin test using white cells separated from whole blood.
The Extremities of Current Agricultural Policy Proposals

I. Various measures proposed, 307. — II. A more moderate program, 315. — III. Conclusion, 323.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF BLASTOCLADIELLA EMERSONII ZOOSPORES

A B S T R A C T The zoospore of Blastocladiella emersonii has been re-examined with the electron microscope. The following new findings were made. A double unit-membrane system surrounds all cell organelles except y-bodies, vacuoles and a few fragments of membranes. Lipid granules on one side of the large mitochondrion alternate with vesicles. The kinetosome of the posterior flagellum does not have any central fibrils as previously reported; a small, cylindrical structure is found within its anterior end. An associated centriole is located next to the kinetosome. Three striated rootlets pass from the kinetosome by separate channels through the mitochondrion. There appears to be no connection between the striated rootlets and the mitochondrion. Microtubules originating at the anterior end of the kinetosome pass into the cytoplasm between the mitochondrion and the nuclear cap. Long, dense strands were observed in some nuclei. The axoneme is taken up into the spore during encystment and is found in the freshly encysted spore. No trace of the flagellar sheath has been found in the encysted spore RECENTLY, three papers have appeared in
The effect of forearm rotation on laxity and stability of the elbow.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to quantify the relationship between forearm rotation and valgus/varus laxity of the elbow joint over the range of elbow flexion. Background. There is little known about the influence of forearm rotation on the laxity and stability of the elbow joint. The general opinion exists that forearm rotation does not significantly influence the laxity and stability of the elbow joint. Methods. Nine fresh-frozen cadaver elbows were used. Passive elbow flexion with the forearm in neutral rotation and in 40° and 80° of pronation and supination was performed under valgus/varus loads: (1) in intact elbows; (2) after a lateral surgical approach (lateral epicondylar osteotomy of the distal humerus); (3) after release of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament; and (4) after release of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament plus radial head resection. Valgus/varus elbow laxity was quantified using an electromagnetic tracking device. Results. There was a statistically significant effect (P<0.05) of forearm rotation on valgus/varus laxity throughout the range of flexion. The laxity was always greater in pronation than in supination, regardless of the surgical approach or the integrity of the anterior bundle of the medial collateral ligament or radial head. Conclusions. Valgus/varus laxity of the elbow is forearm rotation-dependent. The potential role of this effect should be considered and controlled for in the design of studies examining laxity and stability of the elbow joint. Relevance The observation that forearm pronation increases valgus/varus laxity, particularly in medial collateral ligament deficient elbows, implies a possible additional factor in throwing kinematics that might put professional baseball pitchers at risk of medial collateral ligament injury due to chronic valgus overload. Our data indicate that forearm rotation should be considered during the clinical examination of elbow instability.
Multi-country tests for the oscillator model with slowly varying coefficients

Abstract This paper applies Ramsey's (1992) forced oscillator model discovered with US data to Canada, Japan, UK, Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy. We also examine the aggregate production index for consumer goods in the US. Thus, the model is applied to and the results checked against data that were not involved in the discovery of the model in the original paper. The adequacy of the model is evaluated and international comparisons are made. The similarity of the estimates for all of the data sets examined suggest that the model may be widely applicable for consumer goods production indices, although France and Italy provide partial exceptions to this statement.
Attractiveness in Young Children: Sex-Differentiated Reactions of Adults.

Attractiveness ratings of 50 children aged 12–38 months were investigated in relation to adult socializing agents' behavior toward the children in their homes and play groups and their attitudes toward the children. Attractiveness scores were derived from 43 judges' ratings of facial photographs of the children. The same children were observed in play groups with female care givers; 40 of them were also observed in their homes with their parents. Play-group care givers rated the children for likability, tractability, and peer relations. Parents rated their attitudes toward giving routine care to their child. Attractiveness scores were not correlated with any adult attitude measures. Girls' attractiveness scores were positively correlated with their attempts to communicate in home and play group, and with mothers', fathers', and care givers' instructional responses, but negatively correlated with passive behavior in the home and with mothers' positive reactions. Boys' attractiveness scores were negatively correlated with passive behavior in the play group; no other significant correlations were found in the data for boys.
Pattern recognition analysis of optical sensor array data to detect nitroaromatic compound vapors

Abstract A fiber optic-based sensor array has been employed to determine the presence or absence of nitroaromatic compound (NAC) vapors in variable backgrounds of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors. The system is based on previously developed cross-reactive array technology and employs a sensor array attached to the distal tips of an optical fiber bundle. Four different sensors, with 50 replicates of each type, were used to computationally train the system to detect and recognize the presence of explosives-like NAC vapors. Two of the NACs were employed because they are commonly detected on the soil surface above buried 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene plastic land mines. Based on fluorescent responses, samples in an external prediction set were classified with 100% accuracy using models trained to determine if NAC vapors were present. Additionally, models were developed with one of the three NAC vapors held out of the training process, but included in the prediction set. In all three models, over 92% of samples in an external prediction set were classified correctly.