cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive deflation time constant of 7-week-old rabbits.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of our study was to determine the effects of insufflation time (Ti) and of tidal volume (VT) on the passive deflation time constant (τ) of juvenile rabbits. We sedated and paralyzed nine 7-wk-old New Zealand rabbits (wt 1.2 ± 0.2 SD kg) and placed them on a timecycled, pressure-limited mechanical ventilator. Measurements of τ and dynamic compliance of the respiratory system were made at nine ventilator settings. Ti was adjusted to 0.2,0.4, and 0.6 s and VT was adjusted to 10,15, and 20 mL so that the effects of Ti and VT on τ could be determined independently. Respiratory system quasi-static and static compliances were also measured and served as a basis for discussing the physiologic explanations for the effects of Ti and VT on τ. In general, increases in Ti resulted in increases in r and increases in VT also resulted in increases in τ. Increasing Ti from 0.2 to 0.6 s plus increasing Vi from 10 to 20 mL resulted in an increase in τ from 0.220 ± 0.007 to 0.282 ± 0.010 s (mean ± SEM) (p<0.05, student Newman-Kuels), which is a 28% increase. At a VT of 10 mL, dynamic compliance increased from 1.95 ± 0.10 to 2.14 ± 0.10 mL/cm H2O (p<0.05) when TIwas increased from 0.2 to 0.6 s; however, dynamic compliance decreased 19% as VT was increased from 10 to 20 mL. Quasi-static compliance increased from 2.04 ± 0.07 to 2.17 ± 0.12 mL/cm H2O (p<0.05) as deflation volume was increased from 10 to 20 mL, yet static compliance remained relatively constant at 2.6 mL/cm H2O in the volume range of 10 to 20 L. We conclude that both Ti and VT affect τ in the small, healthy rabbit and that neither the viscoelastic properties of the lung nor parallel modeling with a distribution of time constants can fully explain our observations.
SOD1: a candidate gene for keratoconus.

PURPOSE. To screen superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) on chromosome 21 as a possible candidate gene for familial keratoconus (KC). METHODS. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 15 different KC families and 156 unaffected subjects. All five exons of the SOD1 gene were sequenced. For a rapid screening test, DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), digested with HpyCH4 III or analyzed by radioactively endlabeled exon PCR. RNA was extracted from leukocytes and reverse transcribed to cDNA, and the PCR was amplified for splice variants. Some samples were cloned and sequenced. RESULTS. A heterozygous genomic 7-base deletion in intron 2 of the SOD1 gene was identified in two KC families (pedigrees 1 and 6). The deletion segregated within pedigree 1 and was absent in 312 chromosomes from normal individuals. RNA from the proband of pedigree 1 showed that in addition to the wild-type transcript, two other transcripts were expressed for the CuZn SOD (SOD1) gene: lacking entire exon 2 (LE2) and lacking entire exon 2 and entire exon 3 (LE2E3). CONCLUSIONS. A unique genomic deletion within intron 2 close to the 5' splice junction of the SOD1 gene was identified in three patients with KC. Moreover, mRNA from one affected individual also had two transcript splice variants (LE2 and LE2E3) that others have shown to code for proteins lacking the active site of the SOD1 enzyme. Further studies should be conducted to determine whether a causal relationship exists between these two events that may increase oxidative stress and be associated with KC.
What's New in Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer?

Neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer is currently being used in patients with advanced disease as well as with increasing application in those that present with initially operable breast cancer. The current clinical benefits of the use of NAC include: NAC increases the possibility of the use of BCS, the safety of NAC is comparable with that of adjuvant chemotherapy, and pCR may be predictive of overall survival. Although there are still unresolved clinical questions regarding the use of neoadjuvant therapy in initially operable breast cancer, there appears to be equivalent survival to the standard of care. Future research should be aimed at tailoring treatment to individual patients using specific tumor characteristics that may predict response to different types of chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, and endocrine therapy.
Potentiating effects of oxygen in lungs damaged by methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl, cadmium chloride, oleic acid, and antitumor drugs.

Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) and cyclophosphamide, exposure to an aerosol of cadmium chloride, intravenous administration of oleic acid, and intratracheal instillation of bleomycin to young female BALB c mice or CD CR rats result in acute lung injury. Pulmonary morphology and lung collagen content were examined in animals treated with these chemicals alone or in combination with an elevated oxygen concentration (80%) in the inspired air. In mice, the development of fibrosis could be significantly enhanced if animals treated with MMT, cadmium chloride, cyclophosphamide, or bleomycin were exposed to 80% oxygen immediately following exposure to these agents. In rats only cyclophosphamide- and bleomycin-induced acute lung injury was potentiated by hyperoxia, resulting in significant enhancement of lung collagen content. The pathogenesis responsible for this differential species response of pulmonary injury to hyperoxia remains to be investigated.
Diffusion of polarized light in turbid media

Diffusion of polarized light in turbid media is investigated using random walk and found to be anisotropic when polarization of light persists after multiple scattering. Potential applications in biomedical optics will be presented.
Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulation and neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Udina et al. (2013) report that functional polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter (SERT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes are associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms during antiviral therapy in patients chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). In particular, patients carrying the G allele in the promoter region of IL-6 (a.k.a. the “the high IL-6 synthesizing” genotype) had increased risk of developing depressive or anxious symptoms during antiviral therapy. These are important findings, as interferon (IFN)-alpha based antiviral therapies often induce neuropsychiatric symptoms that are not well understood, can be difficult to treat, and may impede the course of antiviral therapy (Loftis and Hauser, 2004). To provide a possible mechanistic explanation for their findings, Udina et al. (2013) suggest that IL-6 activates indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme in the kynurenine pathway. This enzyme plays a role in a number of physiological activities (e.g., antimicrobial and antitumor defense, immunoregulation, and antioxidant reactions), in part, through its catabolization of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Accordingly, activation of IDO has been found to reduce tryptophan and increase levels of kynurenine, resulting in lower levels of serotonin in the brain—putatively contributing to depressive symptoms (Raison et al., 2010; Kiank et al., 2010; Dantzer et al., 2011). Consistent with an IDO-activating role for IL-6, Kim et al. (2012) reported that IL-6 upregulates IDO in vitro and in vivo (hippocampus) and contributes to behavioral indices of pain and depression. However, it has also been reported that IL-6 drives IDO degradation (Grohmann et al., 2001; Fallarino et al., 2012, Fig. 1), rather than its activation. IDO contains immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) that can either induce degradation or initiate signaling activity and self-maintenance of the enzyme. In the presence of IL-6, two ITIMs in mouse and human IDO lead to proteasomal degradation of the enzyme. IL-6 driven degradation of IDO is considered to be a key mechanism whereby this pro-inflammatory cytokine interrupts immune tolerance in response to danger signals (Grohmann et al., 2001). While it is well-known that tryptophan catabolism by IDO alters inflammation, it is yet to be clarified which pro-inflammatory cytokines signal degradation or self-maintenance of the enzyme, especially within local tissue microenvironments and in the context of neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety) or chronic infections (e.g., HCV). In addition to monoamines, inflammatory pathways are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of mood and cognitive impairments. Thus, identifying the cellular sources and specific immune factors [e.g., IFN-gamma, transforming growth factor (TGF-) beta, IL-6] that regulate IDO will be important to better understand the effects of immunosuppression and immunoactivation on neuropsychiatric function.
Correlates of colorectal cancer screening among residents of Ohio Appalachia

There is an excess burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Appalachian region of the United States, which could be reduced by increased uptake of CRC screening tests. Thus, we examined correlates of screening among Appalachian residents at average-risk for CRC. Using a population-based sample, we conducted interviews with and obtained medical records of Appalachian Ohio residents 51–75 years between September 2009 and April 2010. Using multivariable logistic regression, we identified correlates of being within CRC screening guidelines by medical records. About half of participants were within CRC screening guidelines. Participants who were older (OR = 1.04, 95 % CI 1.01, 1.07), had higher income ($30,000–$60,000, OR = 1.92, 95 % CI 1.29, 2.86; ≥$60,000, OR = 1.80, 95 % CI 1.19, 2.72), a primary care provider (OR = 4.22, 95 % CI 1.33, 13.39), a recent check-up (OR = 2.37, 95 % CI 1.12, 4.99), had been encouraged to be screened (OR = 1.57, 95 % CI 1.11, 2.22), had been recommended by their doctor to be screened (OR = 6.68, 95 % CI 3.87, 11.52), or asked their doctor to order a screening test (OR = 2.24, 95 % CI 1.36, 3.69) had higher odds of being screened within guidelines in multivariable analysis. Findings suggest that access to and utilization of healthcare services, social influence, and patient–provider communication were the major factors associated with CRC screening. Researchers and healthcare providers should develop and implement strategies targeting these barriers/facilitators to improve CRC screening rates and reduce the CRC burden among residents of Appalachia.
UV disinfection of indigenous aerobic spores: implications for UV reactor validation in unfiltered waters

Conventional validation testing of UV reactors use cultured microorganisms spiked into test water flowing through a reactor. These tests are limited by the microbe titer it is possible to grow, thus limiting the size of the reactor it is possible to validate. The goal of this study was to examine the UV inactivation of indigenous aerobic spores naturally occurring in raw/unfiltered water supplies and to assess their use as an alternative indicator for validation testing of UV reactor performance, specifically for unfiltered water supplies planning large UV reactors. These spores were found in all raw waters tested in concentrations ranging between 20 and 12,000 CFU/100 mL and were very resistant to UV irradiation compared to a range of different microbes in the literature (i.e. adenovirus, MS-2 coliphage, and Cryptosporidium parvum). The inactivation of indigenous natural aerobic spores followed first-order kinetics with an inactivation coefficient ranging between 0.013 and 0.022 cm2/mJ with a high correlation coefficient. It was determined that naturally occurring aerobic spores, well characterized with respect to UV 253.7 nm inactivation, can be a useful tool when validating plant performance, and might also be used as a regular monitor of UV fluence and performance in a water treatment plant.
Preventing Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis through the Inhibition of Its Agglutination in Blood

Staphylococcus aureus infection is a frequent cause of sepsis in humans, a disease associated with high mortality and without specific intervention. When suspended in human or animal plasma, staphylococci are known to agglutinate, however the bacterial factors responsible for agglutination and their possible contribution to disease pathogenesis have not yet been revealed. Using a mouse model for S. aureus sepsis, we report here that staphylococcal agglutination in blood was associated with a lethal outcome of this disease. Three secreted products of staphylococci - coagulase (Coa), von Willebrand factor binding protein (vWbp) and clumping factor (ClfA) – were required for agglutination. Coa and vWbp activate prothrombin to cleave fibrinogen, whereas ClfA allowed staphylococci to associate with the resulting fibrin cables. All three virulence genes promoted the formation of thromboembolic lesions in heart tissues. S. aureus agglutination could be disrupted and the lethal outcome of sepsis could be prevented by combining dabigatran-etexilate treatment, which blocked Coa and vWbp activity, with antibodies specific for ClfA. Together these results suggest that the combined administration of direct thrombin inhibitors and ClfA-antibodies that block S. aureus agglutination with fibrin may be useful for the prevention of staphylococcal sepsis in humans.
A Vertical Handoff Decision Algorithm (VHDA) and a Call Admission Control (CAC) policy in integrated network between WiMax and UMTS

In this paper, we propose to provide ubiquitous access anywhere anytime by covering the remote areas using World Interoperability for microwave access (WiMax), complementing the existing universal mobile telecommunications systems (UMTS). In this proposed system to integrate WiMAX and UMTS, certain areas are covered by both systems. The overlapping areas are modeled as WiMAX cells overlaid with UMTS cells due to the bigger coverage of WiMAX. In order to facilitate the interworking communications between two different systems, we design and develop vertical handoff algorithm and call admission control policy for the interworking system in the overlaid service areas, taking into consideration of the quality of service (QoS), the cost of handoff and other parameters. Typical QoS parameters maybe load balancing, handoff latency, packet loss ratio (PLR) and transmission rates. For the cost of handoff, we consider the mobile velocity, power consumption, available bandwidth, etc. The call admission control (CAC) scheme mainly depends on the wideband power, throughput and the priority of new arrival calls and handoff calls.
Bureaucratic Systems' Facilitating and Hindering Influence on Social Capital

This study demonstrates how banks’ bureaucratic systems (i.e., formalization, management continuity, customer orientation) are associated with social capital's relational and cognitive dimensions. ...
The micropylar plate of the eggs of Phasmida, with a survey of the range of plate form within the order

Eggs of Phasmida are characterized by the presence of a micropylar plate system. The nature of this plate is discussed and the relevance of differences in plate structure to the taxonomy of the order is considered. A survey is made of the range of plate structure throughout the order, covering the external plate structure of 384 species and the internal plate structure of 179 species in forty of the forty-four subgroups of the order.
Characterization of bacterial endophytes of sweet potato plants

Endophytic bacteria associated with sweet potato plants (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) were isolated, identified and tested for their ability to fix nitrogen, produce indole acetic acid (IAA), and exhibit stress tolerance. Eleven different strains belonging to the genera, Enterobacter, Rahnella, Rhodanobacter, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Xanthomonas and Phyllobacterium, were identified. Four strains were shown to produce IAA (a plant growth hormone) and one strain showed the ability to grow in nitrogen free medium and had the nitrogenase subunit gene, nifH. To determine if IAA production by the endophytes had any role in protecting the cells against adverse conditions, different stress tests were conducted. The IAA producer grew well in the presence of some antibiotics, UV and cold treatments but the response to pH, osmotic shock, thermal and oxidative treatments was the same for both the IAA producer and the no IAA producer. To determine if IAA produced by the strains was biologically relevant to plants, cuttings of poplar were inoculated with the highest IAA producing strain. The inoculated cuttings produced roots sooner and grew more rapidly than uninoculated cuttings. These studies indicate that endophytes of sweet potato plants are beneficial to plant growth.
Lebenslust und Fremdenfurcht: Ethnologie im Dritten Reich

Lebenslust und Fremdenfurcht: Ethnologie im Dritten Reich. Thomas Hauschild. ed. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Suhrkamp, 1995. 224 pp.
The Delisting Bias in CRSP's Nasdaq Data and Its Implications for the Size Effect

We investigate the bias in CRSP's Nasdaq data due to missing returns for delisted stocks. We find that the missing returns are large and negative on average, and that delisted stocks experience a substantial decrease in liquidity. We estimate that using a corrected return of -55 percent for missing performance-related delisting returns corrects the bias. We revisit previous work which finds a size effect among Nasdaq stocks. After correcting for the delisting bias, there is no evidence that there ever was a size effect on Nasdaq. Our results are inconsistent with most risk-based explanations of the size effect. EACH YEAR, MANY OF THE STOCKS TRADED on Nasdaq are delisted from the system and cease to be traded there. Delistings occur for a number of reasons including merger and acquisition, bankruptcy, liquidation, or migration to another exchange. They usually coincide with significant firm-specific events, so the returns associated with delistings are often sizable. Further, a stock's liquidity can change dramatically upon delisting, affecting the price at which shareholders can sell their shares. The Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) attempts to systematically collect delisting returns; however, the task is difficult, and many returns are not collected. Some categories are missed more often than others. Specifically, delisting returns associated with poor firm performance (e.g., bankruptcy or failure to meet capital requirements) are missed much more often than returns associated with neutral or good firm performance (e.g., merger, acquisition, or migration to another exchange). Since most of the missing delisting returns are associated with negative events, a significant bias exists in the data. We study this delisting bias in two ways. First, we document the magnitude of the bias. We investigate when and how often delisting returns are not collected by CRSP, and we estimate the average size of the missing returns. In this way, we extend to Nasdaq the work of Shumway (1997) which examines the delisting bias in CRSP's NYSE and AMEX data. The bias in the Nasdaq data is much larger-on average, 1.2 percent of NYSE and AMEX stocks are delisted for poor performance each year but 5.6 percent of Nasdaq stocks are delisted each year for similar reasons. Delistings are most fre
Multiparameter Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis for Signal Detection and Classification

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is a widely used evaluation tool in signal processing and communications, and medical diagnosis for performance analysis. It utilizes 2-D curves plotted by detection rate (P D) against false alarm rate (P F) to assess effectiveness of a detector, sensor/device for detection. However, P D and P F are actually dependent parameters resulting from a more crucial but implicit parameter hidden in the ROC curves, threshold ? , which is determined by the cost of implementing a detector or sensor/device, except only the case that when the Bayes theory is used for detection, ? is completely determined by the Bayes cost. This paper extends the traditional ROC analysis for single-signal detection to detection and classification of multiple signals. It also explores relationships among the three parameters, P D, P F, and ? , and further develops a new concept of multiparameter ROC analysis, which uses 3-D ROC curves plotted by three parameters, P D, P F, and ?, to evaluate effectiveness of detection performance based on interrelationship among P D, P F, and ?, rather then only P D and P F used by 2-D ROC analysis. As a result of a 3-D ROC curve, three 2-D ROC curves can be also derived: the conventional 2-D ROC curve plotted by P D versus P F and two new 2-D ROC curves plotted based on P D versus ? and P F versus ?. In order to demonstrate the utility of 3-D ROC analysis, four applications are considered: hyperspectral target detection, medical diagnosis, chemical/biological agent detection, and biometric recognition.
PC program for growth prediction in the two-stage polynomial growth curve model

Abstract We consider the problem of growth prediction in the context of the two-stage (or random coefficients) one-sample polynomial growth curve model and provide a PC program, written in GAUSS386i, to perform the associated computations. The problem considered is that of estimating the value of the measurement under consideration for a ‘new' individual at the T th time point given measurements on that individual at T − 1 previous points in time and the values of the measurement on N ‘similar' individuals at all T time points. The times of measurement t 1 , t 2 ,…, t T need not be equally spaced, but we assume that each of the N individuals comprising the normative sample were measured at these times. The method and the program are illustrated using the data set previously considered (Schneiderman and Kowalski, Am J Phys Anthrop , 67 (1985) 323–333) consisting of mandibular ramus height measurements (in mm) for 12 male rhesus monkeys at T = 5 yearly intervals (coded 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Results are compared with those obtained under a less restrictive set of assumptions concerning the covariance matrix of the observations than is made in the context of the two-stage model. It is seen that the accuracies of prediction of the two methods, for this and other data sets, are quite close, suggesting that the less restrictive model may be preferred in many situations.
Brain Activation during Sight Gags and Language-Dependent Humor

Humor is a hallmark of human discourse. People use it to relieve stress and to facilitate social bonding, as well as for pure enjoyment in the absence of any apparent adaptive value. Although recent studies have revealed that humor acts as an intrinsic reward, which explains why people actively seek to experience and create humor, few have addressed the cognitive aspects of humor. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to differentiate brain activity induced by the hedonic similarities and cognitive differences inherent in 2 kinds of humor: visual humor (sight gags) and language-based humor. Our findings indicate that the brain networks recruited during a humorous experience differ according to the type of humor being processed, with high-level visual areas activated during visual humor and classic language areas activated during language-dependent humor. Our results additionally highlight a common network activated by both types of humor that includes the amygdalar and midbrain regions, which presumably reflect the euphoric component of humor. Furthermore, we found that humor activates anterior cingulate cortex and frontoinsular cortex, 2 regions in the brain that are known to have phylogenetically recent neuronal circuitry. These results suggest that humor may have coevolved with another cognitive specialization of the great apes and humans: the ability to navigate through a shifting and complex social space.
In Search of Peace: Structural Adjustment, Violence, and International Migration

The authors analyze the effects of structural adjustment and violence on international migration from selected countries in Latin America by estimating a series of event history models that predicted the likelihood of initial migration to the United States as a function of the murder rate, economic openness, and selected controls in the country of origin. Although several theories posit a connection between structural economic change and violence, such a pattern held only in Nicaragua, where the homicide rate increased as the economy was opened to trade and average incomes deteriorated. Moreover, only in Nicaragua was lethal violence positively related to out-migration. In Mexico, Costa Rica, and Guatemala, rising violence reduced the likelihood of emigration. Violence does not appear to have uniform effects on patterns of international migration but depends on broader social and political conditions within particular countries.
Asymptotic description of pulsed ultrawideband electromagnetic beam field propagation in dispersive, attenuative media

The asymptotic description of the coupled spatial and temporal evolution of a pulsed ultrawideband electromagnetic beam field as it propagates through a dispersive, attenuative material that occupies the half-space z≥z0 is obtained from the angular spectrum of plane waves representation. This angular-spectrum representation expresses the wave field as a superposition of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous plane waves. The paraxial approximation of the spatial part of this representation for nontruncated beam fields results in a description that explicitly displays the temporal evolution of the pulsed-beam field through a single-contour integral that is of the same form as that obtained for a pulsed plane-wave field propagating in the positive z direction in a lossy, dispersive medium. The accuracy of this paraxial approximation is shown to improve as the material’s attenuation increases.
Antigen presenting cell-derived co-stimulatory signals can selectively regulate IL-2 and IL-4 production from a Th0 cell hybridoma

Th0 cells are a subpopulation of Th cells that produce both IL-2 and IL-4. In order to study the selective regulation of lymphokines in Th0 cells, a Th0 cell hybridoma, GA15, was generated by fusing a Th2 clone with the thymoma BW5147. The pattern of lymphokines secreted by GA15 was found to depend on the antigen presenting cells (APC) used for stimulation. When GA15 was stimulated with antigen and splenocytes, both IL-2 and IL-4 were produced. However, when the B cell hybridoma LB was used as APC, only IL-2 was detected. Although LB cells could not stimulate IL-4 production, they were more potent than were spleen cells at inducing IL-2 production, demonstrating that the difference between the two APC populations was qualitative rather than quantitative. Similar results were seen upon stimulation with concanavalin A or anti-CD3 epsilon mAb. Regulation of interferon-gamma production paralleled regulation of IL-4 production. The failure of LB cells to stimulate IL-4 production was not due to inhibition or consumption of IL-4 and the activity could not be restored by adding IL-1, spleen cell supernatants or spleen cells lacking the appropriate MHC molecule. Finally, the parent Th2 clone used in the fusion showed a similar inability to produce IL-4 in response to LB cells. These data indicate that APC-derived co-stimulatory signals can selectively affect IL-2 and IL-4 production in a Th0 cell hybridoma. Therefore, the choice of APC may lead to selective stimulation of particular lymphokines by acting on Th0 cells.
Pain Management Strategies for Thoracotomy and Thoracic Pain Syndromes

Pain after thoracic surgery can be severe and, in the acute phase, contribute to perioperative morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, patients also incur a significant risk of chronic pain. Although there are guidelines for postoperative pain management in these patients, there is no widespread surgical or anesthetic "best practice." Here, we review the recent literature on techniques specific to perioperative pain control for thoracic patients, including medical management, neuraxial blockade, and other regional techniques, and suggest an algorithm for developing a multimodal pain management strategy.
Childlessness and Marital Satisfaction A Further Assessment

Utilizing a stratified random sample of respondents married after the age of 21, this article estimates models of marital satisfaction for theoretically relevant groups of women—voluntarily childless wives, undecided wives, postponing wives, and mothers. Results indicate that all three groups of childless wives have higher mean levels of marital satisfaction than do mothers. More important, the results also suggest that the processes generating marital satisfaction for wives differ depending not only on the presence or absence of children, but also on future childbearing intentions among the childless. Specifically, models of marital satisfaction for the voluntarily childless and undecideds are quite different from those for postponers and mothers. These results are discussed in terms of differences in marital structures and differences in the implied systems of reciprocities characterizing marital interaction and bargaining.
NASA Advanced Component Technology Program, investments in remote sensing technologies

Investments in remote sensing technologies have become increasingly important as Earth scientists strive to better understand changes of the Earth System on a global scale. This paper discusses investments in active and passive remote sensing technologies that will provide new measurement capabilities for advanced observing satellites systems. Such measurements will enable more reliable predictions of weather, climate and other globally important elements of the Earth's system. The Earth Science Technology Office, Advances Component Technology program manages this portfolio of technology developments for the Earth Science Enterprise.
Enhancing adherence to prevent depression relapse in primary care.

We performed a randomized trial to prevent depression relapse in primary care by evaluating intervention effects on medication attitudes and self-management of depression. Three hundred and eighty six primary care patients at high risk for recurrent depression were randomized to receive a 12-month intervention. Interviews at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12-months assessed attitudes about medication, confidence in managing side effects, and depression self-management. This depression relapse prevention program significantly increased: 1) favorable attitudes toward antidepressant medication [Beta =.26, 95% C.I. = (.18,.33)]; 2) self-confidence in managing medication side effects [Beta =.53, 95% C.I. = (.15,.91)]; 3) depressive symptom monitoring [O.R. = 4.08, 95% C.I. = (2.80, 5.94)]; 4) checking for early warning signs [O.R. = 3.27, 95% C.I. = (2.32, 4.61)]; and, 5) planful coping [O.R. = 2.01, 95% C.I. = (1.49, 2.72)]. Significant predictors of adherence to long-term pharmacotherapy were: favorable attitudes toward antidepressant treatment [OR = 2.20, 95% CI = (1.50, 3.22)], and increased confidence in managing medication side effects [OR = 1.10, 95% CI = (1.04, 1.68)]. Among primary care patients at high risk for depression relapse, enhanced attitudes towards antidepressant medicines and higher confidence in managing side effects were key factors associated with greater adherence to maintenance pharmacotherapy.
The impact of cultural similarities and differences on performance in strategic partnerships: An integrative perspective

This theoretical research endeavors to find common ground in the ostensibly inconsistent results of studies on the impact of cultural similarities and differences on strategic partnerships. Some findings suggested that partners have to possess similar cultural characteristics in order to achieve success while others showed that cultural distance had a positive effect on efficiency and the competitiveness of partnerships. This paper systematically analyzes the equivocal evidence of influence of both commonalities and differences on partnerships' outcomes, highlighting conditions under which they can be either beneficial or dysfunctional. Several propositions are formulated in regard to the role of qualitative and quantitative differences in both organizational and national cultures. Further, the theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
Victim Blame in Fictional Crime Dramas: An Examination of Demographic, Incident-Related, and Behavioral Factors

How victims are portrayed in fictional crime dramas is an important way that individuals come to understand and interpret what it means to be a victim of crime. We examine how demographic variables (e.g., gender, race, age), incident variables (e.g., location of offense, relationship between victim and offender, type of crime), and behavioral variables (e.g., drug use/alcohol use, sexual promiscuity, negative personality traits, or concealing elements of personality) predict victim blame. Although some literature has analyzed victims in fictional crime dramas, such literature has been limited to a single year, a single show, a particular crime, or a particular factor. We extend this literature by focusing on multiple factors that predict victim blame using data collected from a systematic sample of 124 episodes from 4 fictional crime dramas (CSI, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Criminal Minds, and Without a Trace) over 7 years (2003–2010).
Creativity and the Long Emergency

Abstract Tackling the many threats facing the world will require creativity, both for devising new products and services and for communicating effectively with those who deny the emergency or who actively obstruct change. Demonstrating the breadth of creative endeavors and their relevance to the crisis, the author shows that the arts and humanities have historically contributed to social change and are doing so today. Engaging in play and exploring the wide variety of creative solutions that already exist are encouraged as ways to stimulate one's own creativity and to bypass the defense mechanisms that impede change. The author challenges readers to devise solutions, especially for bridging the great divide between those who are confronting the emergency and those who deny that it exists. She concludes that it is not only possible and necessary but also desirable and rewarding for ecopsychologists to cultivate creativity in their work. Key Words: Creativity—Ecopsychology—Environment—Arts—Entrepreneur.
Structural studies of photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer in cyclopentadienylnitrosylnickel

A structural study based on EXAFS, FTIR, and optical absorption spectroscopies has been conducted on a photogenerated, metastable state of cyclopentadienylnitrosylnickel (CpNiNO) produced by a reversible photochemical reaction. The photogenerated, metastable state with distinctively different EXAFS, FTIR, and optical absorption spectra from those of the ground state was created by irradiating the sample at 20 K with the 365-nm line of a mercury lamp. On the basis of the analysis of the EXAFS data, the photogenerated, metastable state of CpNiNO has undergone considerable nuclear rearrangements compared to its ground state. The nuclear movement is characterized by a 0.12-angstrom elongation of the Ni-N bond and by a bending of the Ni-N-O. A shift of the N-O stretching frequency from 1824 to 1387n cm[sup [minus]1] was observed in the photoinduced reaction with 365-nm light, consistent with previous studies. 15 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Hypoxia reduces placental mTOR activation in a hypoxia-induced model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein that regulates cell growth in response to altered nutrient and growth factor availability. Our objective was to assess activated mTOR and its intracellular intermediates p70, and 4EBP1 in placental and invasive trophoblast cells in a hypoxia-induced model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in rats. Rats were treated with hypoxia (9%) for 4 days. Placental and fetal weights, as well as conceptus numbers were recorded at the time of necropsy. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the level of trophoblast invasion and apoptosis. Western blots were used to determine the activation of mTOR, p70, and 4EBP1 in the placenta and the uterine mesometrial compartment. We observed (1) decreased placental (21%) and fetal (24%) weights (P < 0.05); (2) decreased trophoblast invasion; (3) significantly increased active 4EBP1 (28%; P < 0.05) in invasive trophoblast cells yet no changes in the activation of mTOR and p70 proteins; and (4) a significant decrease in the activation of mTOR (48%; P < 0.05) with no differences in p70 or 4EBP1 activation in the placenta. We conclude that the development of IUGR is correlated with decreased activation of the mTOR protein in the placenta and increased 4EBP1 activity in the invading trophoblast. These results provide important insight into the physiological relevance of these pathways. Furthermore, modification of these and other related targets during gestation may alleviate IUGR severity.
Enamines as Intermediates

This chapter presents reaction of enamines with various compounds. It explains that certain ketones react reversibly with secondary amines to give enamines. By removal of water, the equilibrium can be driven to the right, and the enamine can be isolated. The β-position of enamines is highly nucleophilic and may react with alkyl halides, acyl chlorides or anhydrides, or with Michael addition substrates to give carbon–carbon bonds. The preparation of enamines of unsubstituted cyclic ketones is convenient and unambiguous. Moreover, such enamines have found wide application as means of chain extension or ring formation. In the acylation of enamines, the weakly basic acylated enamine does not absorb the acid formed. In that procedure, the chloroform and aqueous acid layers are separated, and the chloroform layer is washed twice with 100-ml portions of water. Further, β-propiolactone is subject to attack by enolate ions to give propionic acid derivatives of ketones. It may likewise react with nucleophilic enamines to give carboxyethylation according to the reactions.
Social Security Reform in Indonesia: A Critical Analysis

The Indonesian national social security program is currently undergoing a major overhaul designed to make the existing system works better for the beneficiaries and to extend social security coverage to more workers, both in the formal and informal sector. The government has proposed a plan to convert the current Jamsostek social security scheme, based on a provident fund system, into a compulsory social insurance system. The feasibility of this plan is critically analyzed in this paper. From this analysis, we concluded that there are several serious flaws in the government proposal as outlined in the proposed legislation, such as: Worsening Indonesia's labor market and investment climate, negatively impacted the state budget, is of little help for current poor elderly Indonesians, and does not provide room for the private sector to provide social security benefits to Indonesians. Cross-country evidence shows that publicly provided social security scheme is no longer a viable model for workers today and instead, privately provided social security scheme is better suited for their retirement needs. Given the many problems facing the Indonesian social security system today, Indonesia should seriously consider adopting a social security scheme based on the widely used multipillar approach to replace the current publicly-provided scheme.
Multiple ionization in He + –rare-gas collisions

Absolute cross sections are presented for single and multiple ionization of He, Ne, Ar, and Kr resulting from He/sup +/ impact between 15 and 2000 keV. The cross sections are measured for collisions in which the projectile charge state is unchanged (direct ionization), decreases (single-electron capture), and increases (single-electron loss). From these data total cross sections for target-ion production, for free-electron production, and for single-electron capture are determined. The data are used to demonstrate the relative importance of the various ionization channels as they contribute to the production of free electrons. In addition, from the electron-loss data, it is deduced that electron loss by the projectile generally results in ionization of the target as well.
Spatiotemporal-atlas-based dynamic speech imaging

Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (DS-MRI) has been recognized as a promising method for visualizing articulatory motion of speech in scientific research and clinical applications. However, characterization of the gestural and acoustical properties of the vocal tract remains a challenging task for DS-MRI because it requires: 1) reconstructing high-quality spatiotemporal images by incorporating stronger prior knowledge; and 2) quantitatively interpreting the reconstructed images that contain great motion variability. This work presents a novel imaging method that simultaneously meets both requirements by integrating a spatiotemporal atlas into a Partial Separability (PS) model-based imaging framework. Through the use of an atlas-driven sparsity constraint, this method is capable of capturing high-quality articulatory dynamics at an imaging speed of 102 frames per second and a spatial resolution of 2.2 × 2.2 mm2. Moreover, the proposed method enables quantitative characterization of variability of speech motion, compared to the generic motion pattern across all subjects, through the spatial residual components.
Sequential Sampling Plan for Northern and Western Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in New York

A series of sequential sampling plans (3 based on Iwao’s method and 15 based on Wald’s method) were evaluated for the adult northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi (Smith & Lawrence) and western corn rootworm, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, in New York. Sequential plans were developed using theoretical distributions based on information in the literature. The sampling plans were validated using 1987 and 1988 field data from western New York. Wald’s methods were more accurate and theoretically sound than Iwao’s. A sequential plan developed using Wald’s methods, with a k value of 2.45 and hypotheses width from 0.75 to 1.25 insects per plant, was chosen as the best for agreement with, and time savings over, the fixed plan. This plan resulted in average time savings of 55.2% and gave 99% agreement with the decisions of the currently used fixed-site sampling plan. The average sample number was 18.0 for 1987 data and 18.3 for 1988 data, compared with 55 samples for the fixed plan. This plan shows robustness for the corn belt from Iowa to New York.
Lysophosphatidic acid: a novel growth and survival factor for renal proximal tubular cells

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is the smallest and structurally simplest of all glycerophospholipids. LPA is a normal constituent of serum and binds with high affinity to albumin while retaining its biological activity. The effects of LPA are pleiotropic and range from mitogenesis to stress fiber formation. In this report, we demonstrate two novel functions for LPA. LPA acts as a survival factor to inhibit apoptosis of primary cultures of mouse renal proximal tubular (MPT) cells. LPA also acts as a potent mitogen for MPT cells. The ability of LPA to act as both a survival factor and a mitogen is mediated by the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), since these activities were completely blocked by wortmannin or LY-294002, two structurally dissimilar inhibitors of PI3K. The identification of LPA as a proliferative and anti-apoptotic factor suggests a potential role for this lipid mediator during the injury and/or recovery phases following tubular damage.
The Influential Factors Analyses of Bent Housing Steerable-Motor's Build Angle Capability

BHA's build angle capability is not only a main target to evaluate tools performance,but also important foundation for well path control,furthermore,accurate prediction and design of the BHA's build angle capability are the key techniques to achieve eontinuous steering drilling,so analyzing the influential factors of bent housing of steerable-motor's build angle capability presents very important significance.In this paper,from researching the influential factors,the method of three-point geometry is applied to forecast its build angle capability,the effect of these factors to the different steerable-motors is studied,and kinds of curves are draw,reflecting changes of build angle capability with the influential factors.
Secure Data Processing over Hybrid Clouds.

A hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more distinct cloud infrastructures (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability [1]. The emergence of the hybrid cloud paradigm has allowed end-users to seamlessly integrate their in-house computing resources with public cloud services and construct potent, secure and economical data processing solutions. An end-user may be required to consider a variety of factors, which include several hybrid cloud deployment models and numerous application design criteria, during the development of their hybrid cloud solutions. Although a multitude of applications could be developed through a combination of the aforementioned deployment models and design criteria, the common denominator among these applications is that they partition an application’s workload over a hybrid cloud. Currently, there does not exist a framework that can model this workload partitioning problem such that all the previously mentioned factors are considered. Therefore, in this paper we present our vision for the formalization of the workload partitioning problem such that an end-user’s requirements of performance, data security and monetary costs are satisfied. Furthermore, to demonstrate the flexibility of our formalization, we show how existing systems such as [2] [3] can be derived from our general workload partitioning framework through an instantiation of the appropriate criteria.
Glancing at others in preschool children in relation to dominance.

Previous research has shown a relationship between glancing and dominance in a variety of primate species. In these species, subordinate animals glance more frequently and dominant animals are more frequently the object of glances. In the present study, 30 children in two nursery school classes were observed to determine dominance relationships. The dominance hierarchies obtained by observation were highly correlated with rankings of relative dominance by the classroom teachers. The children were then observed for frequency of glancing along with the object of each glance. It was found that the relationship between glancing and dominance for these preschool children was highly similar to the relationships reported for infrahuman primates.
Acute hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria following sulfadiazine medication.

1. A case of acute hemolytic anemia with hemoglobinuria precipitated by sulfadiazine is described. 2. Spherocytosis and increased hypotonic saline fragility were demonstrated during the acute phase of the disease. 3. Abnormal hemagglutinins and hemolysins were not present in the patient9s serum. 4. The significance of these findings as related to the etiology of the disease is discussed.
COMPUTER LITERACY: 1985

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the use of computers and computer literacy in the year 1985. It was expected that computers would enable individuals to save energy resources and costs, governments to operate efficiently by handling the necessary data, individuals to travel more efficiently and effectively, doctors to verify all prescriptions for medication, and individuals to do all banking tasks without travel. It was also expected that computer literacy by 1985 would allow commercial establishments to lower costs and offices to improve the quality of work and life. To be computer literate, one must be able to define, demonstrate, and/or discuss the ways computers are used, do their work, are programmed, and affect our society. A set of computer literacy materials for students (elementary, secondary, and higher education versions), teachers, and community members is proposed.