cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A numerical scheme for shock propagation in three dimensions

A numerical scheme for shock propagation in three space dimensions is presented. The motion of the leading shock surface is calculated by using Whitham's theory of geometrical shock dynamics. The numerical scheme is used to examine the focusing of initially curved shock surfaces and the diffraction of shocks in a pipe with a 90° bend. Numerical and experimental results for the corresponding two-dimensional or axisymmetrical cases are used to compare with the new and more complicated three-dimensional results.
Determination of soil ionic concentration using impedance spectroscopy

This paper presents a novel approach to estimate the soil ionic concentration by way of multi-frequency impedance measurements and using the quasi-static dielectric mixing models to infer the various ionic concentrations. In our approach, the permittivity of the soil dielectric mixture is measured using impedance spectroscopy and the results are used as input parameters to dielectric mixing models, combined with the debye-type dielectric relaxation models. We observe that the dielectric mixing models work well for low RF (radio-frequency) range and help in determining the individual ionic concentration in a multi-component soil mixture. Using the fact that the permittivity of a dielectric mixture is proportional to its impedance, we validated our approach by making multi-frequency impedance measurements of a soil mixture at different concentrations of various components. The method provides a good estimate of individual components such as air, water and ions like nitrates. While the paper is written with the perspective of soil constituent concentration determination, the underlying principle of determining individual component concentration using multi-frequency impedance measurement is applicable more generally in areas such as characterizing biological systems like pathogens, quality control of pharmaceuticals etc.
Thermal fluctuations in gas mixtures

Abstract We discuss the development of a microscopic method for treating the time-dependent density correlation functions in binary mixtures. The method we use is the fully renormalized kinetic theory (FRKT) developed previously by Mazenko in treating single-component systems. We derive formal expressions for the phase-space memory function or generalized collision integral and discuss the basic structure of this quantity. In particular, we investigate the low-density limit. We also discuss the hydrodynamic limit and identify the microscopic quantities contributing to the hydrodynamic parameters.
Panniculitis and fever in children

We describe three children with panniculitis and associated systemic manifestations including fever. Histopathologic features, such as the presence of lobular or septal inflammation, presence of vasculitis, character of the cellular infiltrate, and presence of erythrophagocytosis, were useful in classifying this group of panniculitides. In one patient with subcutaneous polyarteritis nodosa, corticosteroid therapy was effective; in two other patients with histiocytic cytophagic panniculitis, there were poor responses to steroids, intravenously administered immune globulin, dapsone, or antimalarial drugs; cyclosporine was very effective and appeared to be the drug of choice.
Gas-phase basicities of polyamines

The gas-phase basicities of a group of multidentate polyamines have been determined by the bracketing method and range from 966 to 1021 kJ/mol. The compounds studied vary in the number and kind of basic sites, the number and orientation of carbon atoms, and the degree of flexibility. These important structural features were analyzed to understand the observed trends in basicity and semiempirical calculations were undertaken that support the experimental trends. The polyamines may find use as reference compounds for future gas-phase basicity measurements of larger, biologically active molecules such as peptides and proteins.
Probing phosphorylation-dependent protein interactions within functional domains of histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5)

Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) are critical transcriptional regulators, shuttling between nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular compartments. Within the nucleus, these HDACs repress transcription as components of multiprotein complexes, such as the nuclear corepressor and beclin-6 corepressor (BCoR) complexes. Cytoplasmic relocalization relieves this transcriptional repressive function. Class IIa HDAC shuttling is controlled, in part, by phosphorylations flanking the nuclear localization signal (NLS). Furthermore, we have reported that phosphorylation within the NLS by the kinase Aurora B modulates the localization and function of the class IIa HDAC5 during mitosis. While we identified numerous additional HDAC5 phosphorylations, their regulatory functions remain unknown. Here, we studied phosphorylation sites within functional HDAC5 domains, including the deacetylation domain (DAC, Ser755), nuclear export signal (NES, Ser1108), and an acidic domain (AD, Ser611). We have generated phosphomutant cell lines to investigate how absence of phosphorylation at these sites impacts HDAC5 localization, enzymatic activity, and protein interactions. Combining molecular biology and quantitative MS, we have defined the interactions and HDAC5-containing complexes mediated by site-specific phosphorylation and quantified selected changes using parallel reaction monitoring. These results expand the current understanding of HDAC regulation, and the functions of this critical family of proteins within human cells.
Quantum linear magnetic chains: structure and magnetic behavior of (2-methylpyrazine)copper(II) nitrate

Abstract The X-ray structure, susceptibility and magnetization of (2-methylpyrazine)copper(II) nitrate are reported. The compound crystallizes in the space group Pmna as a coordination polymer of Cu(II) ions bridged by 2-methylpyrazine. The resulting chains are magnetically well isolated and the susceptibility of the compound is well modeled as a one-dimensional Heisenberg antiferromagnet with 2J=9.5(1) K. High-field magnetization studies to 30 T confirm the value of the exchange constant.
I. On the action of teams

The starting‐point for this discussion is Rolf Gruner's ‘On the Action of Social Groups’ (Inquiry, Vol. 19 [1976]), in which it is argued that assemblies and institutions can be said to perform actions, while classes cannot. It is shown here that teams, which are groups distinct from both assemblies and institutions, can also be said to act. Some of the similarities and differences between teams and assemblies and institutions are noted; and, in particular, it is found that the relation between the action of a team and the actions of its members differs from the corresponding relations in the cases of assemblies and institutions.
Nonideal transport of contaminants in heterogeneous porous media: 9 - Impact of contact time on desorption and elution tailing

Abstract A series of miscible-displacement experiments was conducted to examine the impact of sorption contact time on desorption and elution of trichloroethene from a well-characterized soil. A large number of contact times were examined, spanning 1 h to 4 years (∼2 × 10 6 h). Effluent trichloroethene concentrations were monitored over a range of greater than six orders of magnitude, allowing characterization of potential asymptotic tailing. The results of the column experiments showed that trichloroethene exhibited extensive elution tailing for all experiments. Each increase in contact time resulted in a successive increase in the extent of tailing. In total, the number of pore volumes of water flushing required to reach the analytical detection limit increased from approximately 1000 for the 1-h contact time to almost 9000 for the 4-year contact time. These results indicate that a contact time of less than 1 h produced a sorbed phase that is relatively resistant to desorption, and that a progressive increase in resistance to desorption occurred with increased contact time. A mathematical model incorporating nonlinear, rate-limited sorption/desorption described by a continuous-distribution reaction function was used to successfully simulate the measured data. The nonlinear sorption, the apparent rapid development of desorption resistance, and the progressive increase in resistance with increasing contact time are consistent with behavior anticipated for sorbate interactions with hard-carbon components of the soil.
Efficient vibrational excitation of gaseous CF4 and C2F6 by low-energy electrons

Abstract Evidence is presented from a linewidth study of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) absorption for efficient T → V energy transfer between low-energy electrons ( 4 and C 2 F 6 . It is suggested that this excitation proceeds by means of a direct mechanism.
Color Doppler Imaging Provides Accurate Assessment of Orbital Blood Flow in Occlusive Carotid Artery Disease

Color Doppler imaging was used to evaluate the hemodynamics of the ophthalmic vasculature in a case of complete internal carotid artery occlusion. This procedure, which allows rapid, noninvasive imaging, showed a partial ophthalmic artery obstruction with absent flow in the central retinal artery, central retinal vein, and nasal posterior ciliary arteries. Although altered perfusion of the retinal vessels may be evaluated clinically, assessment of blood flow in the ophthalmic and ciliary arteries previously could be evaluated only indirectly by intravenous fluorescein angiography. The color Doppler imaging findings were confirmed by intravenous fluorescein angiography and carotid arteriography. Color Doppler imaging represents a noninvasive method to diagnose abnormal blood flow of the ophthalmic artery and its branches and to evaluate serial changes of the circulation in a noninvasive manner.
Subjective cognitive impairment Fickle but fateful

Memory is a fragile, fickle thing. Almost every adult experiences a memory lapse occasionally. In younger people, shrugging it off or ignoring it may be the norm. As people hit their 40s, resignation that memory loss is a consequence of aging creeps into the apologies. In the 21st century, the possibility that memory lapses represent Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia has fostered a new anxiety. The specter of “Alzheimer's” lurking in everyday memory lapses tends to make a name forgotten or a set of keys misplaced all the more memorable. Almost like the famous Catch-22, conventional wisdom about memory complaints, without objective evidence of impairment, had been that if someone had enough insight to …
The Shingo Prize for operational excellence: rewarding world-class practices

Established in 1988, the Shingo Prize for Operational Excellence recognises organisations in the USA, Mexico and Canada for the successful implementation of world-class practices. The Shingo Prize emphasises the improvement of operations and processes, the adoption of proven world-class practices, the use of specific measurements related to quality and process improvement, the empowerment of employees and the integration of other business functions. Over the years, many companies have received the Shingo Prize, including Raytheon, Delphi Corporation, the Boeing Company, Johnson Controls and Ford Motor Company. The Shingo Prize recipients have demonstrated that the successful application of world-class practices results in increased productivity, enhanced quality and customer service and improved bottomline business results.
Interactions between singing Hawaiian humpback whales and conspecifics nearby

Interactions of singing humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, with conspecifics nearly were studied during the breeding season off the west coast of Maui, Hawaii. On 35 occasions singing humpbacks were followed by boats (Table 1). The movement patterns of these singing whales and other conspecifics nearby were recorded by observers on land using a theodolite. Thirteen of 35 singers stopped singing and joined with nonsinging whales either simultaneously or within a few minutes after ceasing to sing. Another 15 also stopped singing while under observation and were not seen to join with another whale, but all singing whales that joined with other whales stopped singing. Singing whales often pursue nonsinging whales, while nonsinging whales usually turn away from singers (Figs. 4, 5). When a singer joined with a female and calf unaccompanied by another adult, behavior tentatively associated with courtship and mating was observed (Fig. 7). Such behavior also occurred during several interactions between singers and individuals of unknown sex. Aggressive behavior was observed during three interactions between singers and individuals of unknown sex (Fig. 4) and it predominated whenever more than one adult accompanied a cow and calf. During the other occasions when a singer joined another whale, we could not determine the nature of the interaction. Many times the singers and joiner would surface together only once and would then separate. However, on several occasions the singer and joiner would remain together for as long as we could follow them, up to 1.5 h. The roles of singer and joiner can be interchangeable. For instance, on two occasions a singer joined with a whale that either had been singing or started singing later in the day (Fig. 3). Furthermore, on several occasions, a nonsinging whale appeared to displace the singer. Individual singing humpbacks are not strictly territorial, although singers appear to avoid other singers. As the breeding season progressed, singers sang for longer periods of time (Fig. 2). In addition, the probability of a whale joining with the singer decreased by 42% from the first half of the observation period to the second half. Furthermore, this increase in duration of song bouts occurred during that section of the season when female reproductive activity as measured by rate of ovulation is reported to be decreasing in other areas. Our observations support the hypothesis that humpback song plays a reproductive role similar to that of bird song. Humpbacks sing only during the breeding season. If, as seems likely, most singing humpbacks are male, then singing humpbacks probably communicate their species, sex, location, readiness to mate with females, and readiness to engage in agonistic behavior with other whales.
Old World Monkeys and New Age Science: The Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Systems Virology

Nonhuman primate (NHP) biomedical models are critical to our understanding of human health and disease, yet we are still in the early stages of developing sufficient tools to support primate genomic research that allow us to better understand the basis of phenotypic traits in NHP models of disease. A mere 7 years ago, the limited NHP transcriptome profiling that was being performed was done using complementary DNA arrays based on human genome sequences, and the lack of NHP genomic information and immunologic reagents precluded the use of NHPs in functional genomic studies. Since then, significant strides have been made in developing genomics capabilities for NHP research, from the rhesus macaque genome sequencing project to the construction of the first macaque-specific high-density oligonucleotide microarray, paving the way for further resource development and additional primate sequencing projects. Complete published draft genome sequences are now available for the chimpanzee ( Chimpanzee Sequencing Analysis Consortium 2005), bonobo ( Prufer et al. 2012), gorilla ( Scally et al. 2012), and baboon ( Ensembl.org 2013), along with the recently completed draft genomes for the cynomolgus macaque and Chinese rhesus macaque. Against this backdrop of both expanding sequence data and the early application of sequence-derived DNA microarrays tools, we will contextualize the development of these community resources and their application to infectious disease research through a literature review of NHP models of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and models of respiratory virus infection. In particular, we will review the use of -omics approaches in studies of simian immunodeficiency virus and respiratory virus pathogenesis and vaccine development, emphasizing the acute and innate responses and the relationship of these to the course of disease and to the evolution of adaptive immunity.
Corrosion behaviour of cold sprayed titanium coatings in simulated body fluid

A composite structure comprising high strength titanium (Ti) alloy core and a high surface area pure Ti coating can be ideal for implant applications. In this work, the corrosion behaviour of pure Ti coatings composed of porous top layer (∼100 μm) and dense bottom layer (∼500 μm) obtained by cold spray method has been investigated. The porous top layer satisfies the high surface area requirement for the implant and the dense bottom layer ensures a good corrosion protection of the substrate and also good bond strength. In order to further improve the corrosion and mechanical property of cold sprayed Ti coatings, heat treatment (850°C for 5 h) was applied. Electrochemical potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were used to characterise the electrochemical corrosion behaviour of the cold sprayed Ti coatings in Hanks’ solution. For comparison, the corrosion and mechanical properties of annealed and un-annealed wrought Ti substrates were also investigated. Our results sho...
Movie approximation technique for the implementation of fast bandwidth-smoothing algorithms

Bandwidth smoothing algorithms can effectively reduce the network resource requirements for the delivery of compressed video streams. For stored video, a large number of bandwidth smoothing algorithms have been introduced that are optimal under certain constraints but require access to all the frame size data in order to achieve their optimal properties. This constraint, however, can be both resource and computationally expensive, especially for moderately priced set-top-boxes. In this paper, we introduce a movie approximation technique for the representation of the frame sizes of a video, reducing the complexity of the bandwidth smoothing algorithms and the amount of frame data that must be transmitted prior to the start of playback. Our results show that the proposed approximation technique can accurately approximate the frame data with a small number of piece-wise linear segments without affecting the performance measures that the bandwidth soothing algorithms are attempting to achieve by more than 1%. In addition, we show that implementations of this technique can speed up execution times by 100 to 400 times, allowing the bandwidth plan calculation times to be reduced to tens of milliseconds. Evaluation using a compressed full-length motion-JPEG video is provided.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Bootstrap, Bayesian probability and maximum likelihood mapping: exploring new tools for comparative genome analyses

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) played an important role in shaping microbial genomes. In addition to genes under sporadic selection, HGT also affects housekeeping genes and those involved in information processing, even ribosomal RNA encoding genes. Here we describe tools that provide an assessment and graphic illustration of the mosaic nature of microbial genomes. We adapted the Maximum Likelihood (ML) mapping to the analyses of all detected quartets of orthologous genes found in four genomes. We have automated the assembly and analyses of these quartets of orthologs given the selection of four genomes. We compared the ML-mapping approach to more rigorous Bayesian probability and Bootstrap mapping techniques. The latter two approaches appear to be more conservative than the ML-mapping approach, but qualitatively all three approaches give equivalent results. All three tools were tested on mitochondrial genomes, which presumably were inherited as a single linkage group. In some instances of interphylum relationships we find nearly equal numbers of quartets strongly supporting the three possible topologies. In contrast, our analyses of genome quartets containing the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. indicate that a large part of the cyanobacterial genome is related to that of low GC Gram positives. Other groups that had been suggested as sister groups to the cyanobacteria contain many fewer genes that group with the Synechocystis orthologs. Interdomain comparisons of genome quartets containing the archaeon Halobacterium sp. revealed that Halobacterium sp. shares more genes with Bacteria that live in the same environment than with Bacteria that are more closely related based on rRNA phylogeny . Many of these genes encode proteins involved in substrate transport and metabolism and in information storage and processing. The performed analyses demonstrate that relationships among prokaryotes cannot be accurately depicted by or inferred from the tree-like evolution of a core of rarely transferred genes; rather prokaryotic genomes are mosaics in which different parts have different evolutionary histories. Probability mapping is a valuable tool to explore the mosaic nature of genomes.
Concentration dependent transport of colloids in saturated porous media

A series of column experiments was undertaken to explore the influence of colloid input concentration (2, 1, 0.5, and 0.25 times a reference concentration), colloid size (negatively charged 3.2 and 1.0 microm carboxyl latex), and sand grain size (360, 240, and 150 microm quartz sands) on transport and deposition. A similar mass of stable mono-dispersed colloids was added to each column. For a given input concentration, decreasing the sand size and increasing the colloid size resulted in increased mass retention in the sand near the column inlet and lower relative concentrations in the effluent. For a given sand and colloid, increasing the input concentration produced less deposition and higher mass recovery in the effluent, especially for coarser sands and smaller colloids. Results of a time dependent attachment (blocking) and detachment model were not consistent with this behavior because the simulations predicted much less retention near the column inlet and a decreasing number of favorable attachment sites (mass of deposited colloids) with increasing input concentration in a given system (colloid and sand). A time dependent straining model (filling of straining sites) provided a better description of the effluent and deposition data, but still could not account for the observed concentration dependent mass recovery. Alternatively, the straining model was refined to include a liberation term that assumed that straining was hindered at higher concentrations (collision frequencies) due to repulsive colloid (aqueous phase)-colloid (strained) interactions. Simulations that included straining, liberation, attachment, and detachment significantly improved the description of the experimental data.
A modern pediatric fable: the case of the missing thumbtack.

1. Frederick B. Horner, MD* 1. 2. *Rochester, NY Experienced clinicians have much to teach us when they recount unusual case histories. Pediatrics in Review welcomes the submission of similar short clinical fables—RJH Anxiety over a young infant’s discomfort is the basis for most calls to a pediatrician. When the infant is the parents’ first child, the anxiety often is acute. An experienced grandmother may allay many of the parents’ concerns, but in a military facility, families usually are far from grandmothers. Here the emergency department physician receives many calls requiring judgment as to whether a child should be seen immediately. One such instance I vividly remember. “My baby is crying,” the worried mother related. “And he never cried before.” I needed more details. “Is it his feeding time?” “No.” “How old is he?” “Two months.” “Is he wet? Most infants start to cry sometime,” I …
New directions pharmacotherapy for addiction or can we forget to be addicted

Abstract Addiction is characterized by an uncontrollable drive to obtain drugs and reduced drive to seek biological rewards. These behavioral changes result from enduring neuroplasticity in brain circuits that underlie motivation and the initiation of adaptive behaviors. In most cases, the pharmacological treatments have been only modestly successful or failed to alter the cardinal features of addiction. However, recent advances in the neurobiology of synaptic plasticity, and in particular plasticity elicited in animal models of addiction, provide novel potential pharmacological targets for treating addicts. Since addiction results from pathological forms of neuroplasticity, it is proposed that targeting and normalizing these adaptations may more effectively ameliorate the behaviors that characterize addiction than current pharmacotherapies.
Effects of partial-band jamming on space-time coded systems

The use of multiple transmit antennas and multiple receive antennas provides the potential for high capacity communication links in multipath fading environments, but the sensitivity of multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) techniques to degradation by adversarial jamming must to be considered in military applications. In this paper we derive general equations for the ergodic capacity of MIMO links in the presence of arbitrary partial-band noise jamming. These formulas are then specialized to the case of uniform partial-band jamming, for which the ergodic capacity depends only on a small number of parameters (signal-to-noise ratio, jammer-to-noise ratio, and jammer occupancy). Results are presented from numerical studies in which the ergodic capacity is evaluated for parameter values representative of a wide range of operating conditions. These results provide interesting insights into the partial-band jammer's optimal strategy and show that space-time coded systems are robust to this type of intentional interference.
Enteric β-Defensin: Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Gene with Inducible Intestinal Epithelial Cell Expression Associated with Cryptosporidium parvum Infection

A growing body of evidence suggests that endogenous antibiotics contribute to the innate defense of mammalian mucosal surfaces. In the cow, β-defensins constitute a large family of antibiotic peptides whose members have been previously isolated from the respiratory and oral mucosa, as well as circulating phagocytic cells. A novel bovine genomic clone with sequence related to those of these α-defensins was isolated and characterized. The corresponding cDNA was isolated from a small intestinal library; its open reading frame predicts a deduced sequence of a novel β-defensin, which we designate enteric β-defensin (EBD). Northern blot analysis of a variety of bovine tissues revealed that EBD mRNA is highly expressed in the distal small intestine and colon, anatomic locations distinct from those for previously characterized β-defensins. EBD mRNA was further localized by in situ hybridization to epithelial cells of the colon and small intestinal crypts. Infection of two calves with the intestinal parasite Cryptosporidium parvum induced 5- and 10-fold increases above control levels of EBD mRNA in intestinal tissues. An anchored-PCR strategy was used to identify other β-defensin mRNAs expressed in the intestine. In addition to that of EBD, several low-abundance cDNAs which corresponded to other β-defensin mRNAs were cloned. Most of these clones encoded previously characterized β-defensins or closely related isoforms, but two encoded a previously uncharacterized prepro-β-defensin. Northern blot evidence supported that all of these other β-defensin genes are expressed at levels lower than that of the EBD gene in enteric tissue. Furthermore, some of these β-defensin mRNAs were abundant in bone marrow, suggesting that in enteric tissue their expression may be in cells of hematopoietic origin. Extracts of small intestinal mucosa obtained from healthy cows have numerous active chromatographic fractions as determined by an antibacterial assay, and one peptide was partially purified. The peptide corresponded to one of the low-abundance cDNAs. This study provides evidence of β-defensin expression in enteric tissue and that the mRNA encoding a major β-defensin of enteric tissue, EBD, is inducibly expressed in enteric epithelial cells. These findings support the proposal that β-defensins may contribute to host defense of enteric mucosa.
Effect of Thioacetamide on the Hepatic Expression of γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase Subunits in the Rat

Glutathione (GSH) is the main nonprotein thiol important in antioxidant defense and maintenance of the intracellular redox state. A major determinant of the rate of GSH synthesis is the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS). A heavy (HS) and light subunit (LS) make up GCS; oxidative stress regulates both transcriptionally. cis-Acting elements important for the oxidative stress-induced transcriptional up-regulation of both subunits are antioxidant response element (ARE) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) site. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) binding site may also regulate the heavy subunit. Increased GSH and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase are often observed in preneoplastic hepatocyte nodules and may be important in hepatocarcinogenesis. The current work examined the effect of a commonly used hepatocarcinogen, thioacetamide (TAA), on the expression of GCS subunits. After 3 weeks of TAA treatment, liver GSH level remained unchanged despite significant oxidative stress as measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay. The mRNA levels of GCS-HS and GCS-LS increased six- and fourfold, respectively, and the protein level of GCS-HS and GCS activity all increased. Electrophorectic mobility shift assay showed binding to ARE, AP-1, and NF-κB probes all increased. These results suggest TAA treatment increased hepatic GCS subunit expression and GCS activity by inducing oxidative stress and increasing the binding to redox-sensitive cis-acting elements important for transcriptional up-regulation of GCS. This is the first in vivo study that examined the effect of a hepatocarcinogen on GCS expression.
Operationally convenient asymmetric synthesis of (S)- and (R)-3-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid: Part I: Enantioselective biomimetic transamination of isopropyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxo-butanoate

DBU-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of (S)- and (R)-3-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid via enantioselective biomimetic transamination of isopropyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate with (R)- and (S)-phenylethylamine has been developed. The effect of the base concentration of the reaction rate and stereochemical outcome has been systematically studied. The key reaction step, DBU-catalyzed 1,3-proton shift transfer was found to be highly enantioselective (>95% ee). However, due to some racemization of the intermediate Schiff base under the highly basic reaction conditions leads to the final product of lower enantiomeric purity.
Economic Well-Being Following Marital Termination A Comparison of Widowed and Divorced Women

Separate studies of divorced and widowed women show increased odds of becoming poor following the termination of marriage. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggest that the end of marriage is correlated with higher poverty rates. Less is known, however, about factors that influence economic well-being over time, and whether these factors are similar for widows and divorced women. This analysis uses data from the National Longitudinal Surveys cohort of mature women (1967-1982) to examine the probability of becoming poor after widowhood or divorce among mid-life women, and factors that seem to influence economic well-being. Findings show that 40% of widows and over one-quarter of divorced women fall into poverty for at least some time during the first five years after leaving marriage. The type of marital transition experienced by the woman is not a significant factor in economic well-being, but both age and prior economic standing have positive estimated effects.
Migration dynamics of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) and response to spring environmental variability in the southeastern Bering Sea

In the southeastern Bering Sea, Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) migrate from the Pribilof Islands region where they overwinter, to the Alaska coast where they spawn in spring. The migration sustains a nearshore commercial fishery that targets roe-bearing females just prior to spawning. Herring also are taken as bycatch in groundfish trawl fisheries, where time and area closures in these fisheries are triggered by herring bycatch caps. Using herring bycatch data collected since the 1970s by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) observers aboard groundfish fishing vessels, a retrospective analysis was conducted to describe the seasonal migration pattern of Pacific herring in the southeastern Bering Sea and to study its spatial and temporal variability. Observed changes in herring catch per unit of effort were compared with variability in climate and oceanographic conditions. The seasonal migration is complex, but annual shifts in migration routes and a possible northward shift of the overwintering grounds was identified. Pre-spawning herring aggregated in different areas depending on whether spawning occurred early or late in spring. The thermal structure of the ocean around the ice edge appears to influence herring migration timing and route as well as spawning date. Thus, on the basis of recent changes in sea-ice extent and duration, we suggest that the herring bycatch savings area that was developed from data collected in the 1980s should be revised to reflect prevailing conditions. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neonatal Phytoestrogen Exposure Alters Oviduct Mucosal Immune Response to Pregnancy and Affects Preimplantation Embryo Development in the Mouse

Treatment of neonatal mice with the phytoestrogen genistein (50 mg/kg/day) results in complete female infertility caused in part by preimplantation embryo loss in the oviduct between Days 2 and 3 of pregnancy. We previously demonstrated that oviducts of genistein-treated mice are ‘‘posteriorized’’ as compared to control mouse oviducts because they express numerous genes normally restricted to posterior regions of the female reproductive tract (FRT), the cervix and vagina. We report here that neonatal genistein treatment resulted in substantial changes in oviduct expression of genes important for the FRT mucosal immune response, including immunoglobulins, antimicrobials, and chemokines. Some of the altered immune response genes were chronically altered beginning at the time of neonatal genistein treatment, indicating that these alterations were a result of the posteriorization phenotype. Other alterations in oviduct gene expression were observed only in early pregnancy, immediately after the FRT was exposed to inflammatory or antigenic stimuli from ovulation and mating. The oviduct changes affected development of the surviving embryos by increasing the rate of cleavage and decreasing the trophectoderm-to-inner cell mass cell ratio at the blastocyst stage. We conclude that both altered immune responses to pregnancy and deficits in oviduct support for preimplantation embryo development in the neonatal genistein model are likely to contribute to infertility phenotype.
The analytical gradient of dual-basis resolution-of-the-identity second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory

In this work, we present the analytical gradient of dual-basis second-order Moller–Plesset perturbation theory within the resolution-of-the-identity approximation (DB-RI-MP2). Interestingly, analytical DB-RI-MP2 gradient theory involves significant changes to both the theory and computation of the coupled-perturbed self-consistent field equations (CPSCF). From a theoretical point of view, the number of orbital responses required in DB-RI-MP2 analytical gradient theory has been reduced to the product of the number of occupied and virtual orbitals determined by the rank of the small atomic orbital (AO) basis. From a computational point of view, the DB-CPSCF equations can be solved within this smaller space at a fraction of the computational cost. Additional computational savings can be obtained during the digestion of the four-centered AO integral derivatives and the efficient underlying DB-SCF procedure, which lead to a significant overall reduction in the computational cost necessary for treating molecula...
Failure data-driven selective node-level duplication to improve MTTF in high performance computing systems

This paper presents our analysis of the failure behavior of large scale systems using the failure logs collected by Los Alamos National Laboratory on 22 of their computing clusters.We note that not all nodes show similar failure behavior in the systems. Our objective, therefore, was to arrive at an ordering of nodes to be incrementally (one by one) selected for duplication so as to achieve a target MTTF for the system after duplicating the least number of nodes. We arrived at a model for the fault coverage provided by duplicating each node and ordered the nodes according to coverage provided by each node. As compared to traditional approach of randomly choosing nodes for duplication, our model‐driven approach provides improvements ranging from 82% to 1700% depending on the improvement in MTTF that is targeted and the failure distribution of the nodes in the system.
Use of Colocated Multidisciplinary Services to Address Family Psychosocial Needs at an Urban Pediatric Primary Care Clinic

Objective. To examine associations between use of on-site multidisciplinary services at a pediatric primary care clinic, perceptions of the clinic, and health care utilization. Study Design. Eighty caregivers were interviewed during clinic visits assessing on-site service use, satisfaction, and perception of the clinic as a medical home. Acute care, emergency department, and well-child visit data were abstracted from children’s medical records. Student’s t test and multivariate regression were used to examine associations between service use, satisfaction, and health care utilization. Results. Use of ≥3 clinic services was associated with improved satisfaction (Client Satisfaction Questionnaire–8 mean: 31.8 vs 31.0, P < .05), stronger perception of the clinic as a medical home (Parents’ Perception of Primary Care mean: 97.6 vs 93.4, P < .01), and increased missed well-child care visits (mean: 0.49 vs 0.20, P < .05). Conclusions. On-site service use was associated with improved caregiver satisfaction but d...
Arab States and the Role of Islam in the International Criminal Court

This article assesses the various disagreements between Arab and western states that surfaced at the 1998 Rome Conference and Preparatory Commission. It also discusses the relationship between state repression and cultural adaptation by examining the undeveloped domestic criminal systems of Arab states and the ambiguous role played by shariah (Islamic law) in the constitutions of many of them. It argues two main points: that more mutual accommodation will be needed to resolve these and future conflicts between Islamic and international law; and that such conflicts between the ICC and Arab states expose the need for further cultural adaptation to the ICC Statute. It is out of this process of cultural adaptation that the relationship between Islam and serious international crimes will evolve.
Self-referencing spectral interferometry for measuring ultrashort optical pulses

This paper describes a novel self-referencing interferometric method for measuring the time-dependent intensity and phase of ultrashort optical pulses. The technique, spectral phase interferometry for direct electric-field reconstruction (SPIDER), measures the interference between a pair of spectrally sheared replicas of the input pulse. Direct (noniterative) inversion of the interferogram yields the electric field of the input pulse without ambiguity. The interferogram, which is solely a function of frequency, is resolved with a spectrometer and recorded with a slow detector. Moreover, the geometry is entirely collinear and requires no moving components. This paper describes in detail the principle of operation, apparatus, and calibration of SPIDER and gives experimental examples of reconstructed pulses.
Cohesive-Zone Explicit Submodeling for Shock Life-Prediction in Electronics

Modeling transient-dynamics of electronic assemblies is a multiscale problem requiring methodologies which allow the capture of layer dimensions of solder interconnects, pads, and chip-level interconnects simultaneously with assembly architecture and rigid-body motion. Computational effort needed to attain fine mesh to model chip interconnects while capturing the system-level dynamic behavior is challenging. Product-level testing depends heavily on experimental methods and is influenced by various factors such as the drop height, orientation of drop, and variations in product design. Modeling and simulation of integrated circuit (IC) packages are very efficient tools for design analysis and optimization. Previously, various modeling approaches have been pursued to predict the transient dynamics of electronics assemblies assuming symmetry of the electronic assemblies. In this paper, modeling approaches to predict the solder joint reliability in electronic assemblies subjected to high mechanical shocks have been developed. Two modeling approaches are proposed in this paper to enable life prediction under both symmetric and anti-symmetric transient-deformation. In the first approach, drop simulations of printed circuit board assemblies in various orientations have been carried out using beam-shell modeling methodologies without any assumptions of symmetry. This approach enables the prediction of full-field stress-strain distribution in the system over the entire drop event. Transient dynamic behavior of the board assemblies in free and JEDEC drop has been measured using high-speed strain and displacement measurements. Relative displacement and strain histories predicted by modeling have been correlated with experimental data. Failure data obtained by solder joint array tensile tests on ball grid array packages is used as a failure proxy to predict the failure in solder interconnections modeled using Timoshenko beam elements in the global model. In the second approach, cohesive elements have been incorporated in the local model at the solder joint-copper pad interface at both the printed circuit board (PCB) and package side. The constitutive response of the cohesive elements was based on a traction-separation behavior derived from fracture mechanics. Damage initiation and evolution criteria are specified to ensure progressive degradation of the material stiffness leading to cohesive element failure. Use of cohesive zone modeling (CZM) enabled the detection of dynamic crack initiation and propagation leading to intermetallic compound (IMC) brittle failure in PCB assemblies subject to drop impact. Data on solder interconnect failure has been obtained under free-drop and JEDEC-drop test.
Stability of Subtilisin and Lysozyme under High Hydrostatic Pressure

The stabilities of subtilisin and lysozyme under hydrostatic pressures up to 200 MPa were investigated for up to 7 days at 25 degrees C. Methods were chosen to assess changes in tertiary and secondary protein structure as well as aggregation state. Tertiary structure was monitored in situ with second derivative UV spectroscopy and after pressure treatment by dynamic light scattering and second derivative UV spectroscopy. Secondary structure and potential secondary structural changes were characterized by second derivative FTIR spectroscopy. Changes in aggregation state were assessed using dynamic light scattering. Additionally, protein concentration balances were carried out to detect any loss of protein as a function of pressure. For the conditions tested, neither protein shows measurable changes in tertiary or secondary structure or signs of aggregation. Lysozyme concentration balances show no dependence on pressure. Subtilisin concentration balances at high protein concentration (4 mg/mL and higher) do not show pressure dependence. However, the concentration balances carried out at 0.4 mg/mL show a clear sign of pressure dependence. These results may be explained by protein interaction with the vial surface and appear to be rate limited by the equilibrium between active and inactive protein on the surface. Pressure increases protein loss, and the estimated partial molar volume change between the two states is estimated to be -20 +/- 10 mL/mol.
Cloning and Characterization of the Genes Coding for Antigen 85A, 85B and 85C of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Three genes encoding the secreted proteins (antigen 85-A, B, and C) of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were cloned, sequenced and studied. The complete sequences of these three 85-complex proteins revealed their similarity with 85-complex proteins of other mycobacterial species. Specifically, these sequences showed 99% homology with M. avium 85-complex protein sequences. The multiple homology analysis of these sequences revealed that variations occur at only certain amino acid positions and this is true with all other 85-complex protein sequences of mycobacteria. However, the proposed three conserved regions involved in fibronectin binding in other mycobacteria were observed in N-terminal regions 85A, B and C of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
Cryogenic Cutting of AZ31B-O Mg Alloy for Improved Surface Integrity: Part I — Process Principles and Material Modeling

This is Part I of a two-part series numerical study which investigates the improvement of surface integrity of AZ31B-O magnesium (Mg) alloy by cryogenic cutting. A light-weighted material of Mg alloy has great potentials for a more extensive application in transportation/aerospace industries and other areas, such as biodegradable medical implants. However, undesired surface integrity, in terms of grain size, microhardness, residual stresses, limit the functional performance of products with components in these materials on strength, wear resistance, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance. In this paper, the principle of improved surface integrity by cryogenic cutting is firstly introduced based on a previous experimental study on cryogenic orthogonal cutting of AZ31B-O Mg alloy. To demonstrate the capability of cryogenic cutting on improvement for AZ31B-O Mg alloy components, the improved surface integrity is characterized in terms of better surface finish, ultrarefined grains, increased surface microhardness, and compressive residual stress. A physics-based constitutive material model of plasticity and grain refinement is developed based on both slip and twinning mechanisms for the AZ31B-O Mg alloy undergoing cryogenic cutting.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Effects of activation frequency and force on low-frequency fatigue in human skeletal muscle

No comparison of the amount of low-frequency fatigue (LFF) produced by different activation frequencies exists, although frequencies ranging from 10 to 100 Hz have been used to induce LFF. The quadriceps femoris of 11 healthy subjects were tested in 5 separate sessions. In each session, the force-generating ability of the muscle was tested before and after fatigue and at 2, approximately 13, and approximately 38 min of recovery. Brief (6-pulse), constant-frequency trains of 9.1, 14.3, 33.3, and 100 Hz and a 6-pulse, variable-frequency train with a mean frequency of 14.3 Hz were delivered at 1 train/s to induce fatigue. Immediately postfatigue, there was a significant effect of fatiguing protocol frequency. Muscles exhibited greater LFF after stimulation with the 9.1-, 14.3-, and variable-frequency trains. These three trains also produced the greatest mean force-time integrals during the fatigue test. At 2, approximately 13, and approximately 38 min of recovery, however, the LFF produced was independent of the fatiguing protocol frequency. The findings are consistent with theories suggesting two independent mechanisms behind LFF and may help identify the optimal activation pattern when functional electrical stimulation is used.