cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Farmers, conflict, and identity in eastern Germany

This article, based on our research in eastern Germany, examines the manner in which farmers—including managers of the cooperatives that emerged out of former agricultural collectives, newly independent eastern German individual farmers, and newcomers from the West—define their roles and identities in the newly unified German state. We analyze this process within a framework that combines social‐interactional, social network, and cognitive models, taking into account fluidity and contradictions in behavior and in its symbolization. Identity formation unfolds in an arena characterized by competition for land based on differential access to various sources of power. Historical identities from the pre‐communist past, the recent communist past, and those developed in western Germany during the period of separation all provide the basis for emerging identities. The logic and reality of this redefinition are embedded in wider political and economic interests that are themselves inconsistent and in flux.
Si(100) Surface Preparation by In-Situ or in-Vacuo Exposure to Remotely Plasma-Generated Atomic Hydrogen: Applications to Deposited SiO2 and Epitaxial Growth of Si

This paper addresses the in-situ/in-vacuo preparation of Si (100) substrates by hydrogen plasma cleaning prior to low temperature deposition of SiO2, or epitaxial growth of Si or Ge. The paper emphasizes the effectiveness of this type of substrate surface preparation following ex-situ wet-cleaning procedures that include: i) conventional RCA cleans; ii) modified RCA cleans, which incorporate exposure of the Si substrate to ozone, O3; and iii) ozone exposure, with all of these terminated by the removal of sacrificial oxides by dilute HF. We conclude: i) all ex-situ surface cleaning of Si (100) substrates leaves behind sub-monolayer oxygen and carbon surface contamination; ii) that virtually all of the carbon can be removed by exposure of the Si surface to atomic hydrogen at a temperature of ∼300°C; and iii) that a necessary condition for: (a) the formation of Si/SiO2 interfaces with low defect densities, Dit∼l−3×1010cm−2-eV−1, and (b) the growth of epitaxial films of Si; is that the processed Si surface exhibit a 2×1 reconstruction, as detected by LEED or RHEED, following the exposure to atomic hydrogen.
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in treated hypertensive patients with dilevalol and metoprolol--a double blind randomized study.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a new beta-adrenergic blocking agent with beta2 agonist activity (dilevalol, an R-R' isomer of labetalol) on left ventricular hypertrophy regression as seen by M-mode echocardiography. The study design was a 2:1 double blind randomization of dilevalol versus metoprolol. There was an equal blood pressure reduction in the two groups (supine diastolic blood pressure fell from 101 ± 4.5 mm Hg to 87 ± 13.7 mm Hg, P < .001 in the dilevalol group, and 101 ± 4.3 mm Hg to 87 ± 8.6 mm Hg, P < .01, in the metoprolol group). At the end of 2 months, there was an overall 7.5% decrease in left ventricular mass index in the 16 dilevalol treated patients (this was due to a 4.4% decrease in posterior wall thickness, end diastolic dimension increased by only 1%). Of the seven patients with an increased left ventricular mass index, all demonstrated hypertrophy regression (mean 17.14%). In contrast, no significant change in left ventricular mass was seen in the metoprolol treated group. Echocardiography left ventricular mass index and electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy (using the Sokolow-Lyons criteria and Romhilt-Estes point score) had poor correlation (r = .30 and r = .38, respectively). Resting ejection fraction increased by 5% and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening by 14% in the dilevalol treatment group (not significant), in conclusion, 1) echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy regression occurred with dilevalol treatment 2) this left ventricular regression was a result of a decrease in intraventricular septal thickness and posterior wall thickness 3) the poor correlation between echocardiographic increased left ventricular mass and electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy was supported 4) dilevalol and metoprolol had equal antihypertensive effects.
An Analytical Life Prediction Model for the Crack Propagation Occurring in Contact Fatigue Failure

This analysis develops a three-dimensional analytical model for the crack propagation phase of the surface pitting failure process. An initiated pre-pitting crack is simulated as a semi-circular inclined planar surface crack in a half-space. The cyclic contact fatigue loading is approximated by a repetitious Hertzian line loading moving quasi-statically across the half-space surface with both normal and shear components. Three-dimensional fracture mechanics is utilized to determine the three modes of stress intensity factors around the crack front. A mixed mode fatigue crack growth law is employed to estimate both crack growth geometry and crack propagation life. Numerical results are presented for a 45 degree inclined crack and for the 20 to 30 degree shallow crack angle which is experimentally observed. Life estimates from the present calculations are in line with previous experimental measurements. Presented at the 45th Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado May 7–10, 1990
Cultured fibroblasts of juvenile diabetics have excessively soluble pericellular collagen

Abstract The solubility of collagen synthesized by cultured skin fibroblasts derived from three patients affected by juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus and two normal controls has been compared. The diabetic collagen is much more soluble in 1.0 M NaCl pH 7.5 and in 0.5 M acetic acid. This excessive solubility is partially corrected by the addition to the diabetic cultures of a naturally-occuring flavonoid, (+)-catechin.
Nutritional influences on adrenal chromaffin cell development: comparison with central neurons.

ABSTRACT: Neurotransmitter systems in the developing brain are generally protected from growth retardation associated with nutritional deprivation. To investigate if such protective mechanisms extend to similar tissues in the peripheral sympathetic system, maturation of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and development of their centrally derived splanchnic innervation were evaluated in rats whose nutritional status had been altered during the neonatal period by increasing (16–17 pups/litter) or decreasing (five to six pups/litter) the litter size from the standard (11–12 pups/litter). Ontogeny of adrenal catecholamine stores and activities of catecholamine-biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were monitored, along with activity of choline acetyltransferase, a marker enzyme for the preganglionic neurons innervating the chromaffin cells. Neonatal nutritional deprivation slowed body weight gain and retarded development of the chromaffin cells, as evidenced by subnormal catecholamine stores, tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activities. The effects persisted despite the complete recovery of body weights postweaning. The developmental alterations were not caused by overcrowding stress, as plasma corticosterone levels were not elevated in the large litter group. Neonatal nutritional enrichment promoted body weight gain but failed to enhance development of adrenal catecholamines; tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activities were elevated only in the preweaning period. In contrast to effects on the chromaffin cells, altered neonatal nutritional status had only minor, transient effects on the development of the centrally derived cholinergic innervation of the adrenal and produced only small changes (<10%) in brain tyrosine hydroxylase activity. These results suggest that, unlike central transmitter systems, maturation of chromaffin cells is adversely affected by neonatal nutritional deprivation; ontogenetic gains may already be close to optimum at normal nutritional status.
CVD SiC fiber-reinforced barium aluminosilicate glass—ceramic matrix composites

Abstract Unidirectional CVD SiC (SCS-6) monofilament reinforced BaO Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 (BAS) glass—ceramic matrix composites have been fabricated by a tape lay-up method followed by hot pressing. The glass matrix flows around fibers during hot pressing resulting in nearly fully dense (95–98%) composites. Strong and tough composites having first matrix cracking stress of 250–300 MPa and ultimate flexural strength as high as 900 MPa have been obtained. Composite fracture surfaces showed fiber pullout with no chemical reaction at the fiber/matrix interface. From fiber push out, the fiber/matrix interfacial debond strength and the sliding frictional stress were determined to be 5.9 ± 1.2 MPa and 4.8 ± 0.9 MPa, respectively. The fracture surface of an uncoated SiC (SCS-0)/BAS composite also showed fiber/matrix debonding, fiber pullout, and crack deflection around the fibers implying that the SiC fibers may need no surface coating for reinforcement of the BAS glass-ceramic. Applicability of micromechanical models in predicting the first matrix cracking stress and the ultimate strength of these composites has also been examined.
Temporal data mining of uncertain water reservoir data

This paper describes the challenges of data mining uncertain water reservoir data based on past human operations in order to learn from them reservoir policies that can be automated for the future operation of the water reservoirs. Records of human operations of water reservoirs often contain uncertain data. For example, the recorded amounts of water released and retained in the water reservoirs are typically uncertain, i.e., they are bounded by some minimum and maximum values. Moreover, the time of release is also uncertain, i.e., typically only monthly or weekly amounts are recorded. To increase the effectiveness of data mining of uncertain water reservoir data, temporal data mining with inflow and rainfall data from several prior months was used. The experiments also compared several different data classification methods for robustness in the case of uncertain data.
Field trip of the 1985 international iron symposium

Abstract The 1985 field trip associated with the iron symposium was a great success. The field trip following the symposium led to considerable synthesis of ideas, but perhaps a trip before a symposium would promote discussion during the sessions.
Postexercise phosphocreatine resynthesis is slowed in multiple sclerosis.

To determine whether skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism is impaired in multiple sclerosis (MS), 31 phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure the rate of intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) resynthesis following exercise in MS and controls. Thirteen MS patients underwent intermittent isometric tetanic contractions of the dorsiflexor muscles elicited by stimulation of the peroneal nerve. Eight healthy control subjects performed voluntary isometric exercise of the same muscles. During exercise, there were no differences between groups in the fall of either PCr or pH. However, the half-time (T-1/2) of PCr recovery following exercise was significantly longer in MS (2.3 ± 0.3 min) compared to controls (1.2 ± 0.1 min, P < 0.02). These data provide evidence of slowed PCr resynthesis following exercise in MS, which indicates impaired oxidative capacity in the skeletal muscle of this group. This finding suggests that intramuscular changes consistent with deconditioning may be important in the altered muscle function of persons with MS. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developing Early Literacy Skills: A Meta‐Analysis of Alphabet Learning and Instruction

Alphabet knowledge is a hallmark of early literacy and facilitating its development has become a primary objective of pre-school instruction and intervention. However, little agreement exists about how to promote the development of alphabet knowledge effectively. A meta-analysis of the effects of instruction on alphabet outcomes demonstrated that instructional impacts differed by type of alphabet outcome examined and content of instruction provided. School-based instruction yielded larger effects than home-based instruction; small-group instruction yielded larger effects than individual tutoring programs. We found minimal evidence of transfer of alphabet instruction to early phonological, reading, or spelling skills. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Determination of the Absolute Rate of Solar Photolysis of NO2

Improvements made on the direct NO2 photolysis actinometer developed by J. O. Jackson have produced more precise data. A plot of measured values of the photolysis rate J1 vs Eppley uv photometer readings produces a curved rather than the straight line correlation previously reported. This curvature arises from the Eppley and NO2 absorption spectrum overlap, backround surface albedoes, the Ep-pley's cosine response and inherent errors in the chemical equation used. New J1 measurement vs Eppley data is shown, and a procedure for calculating instantaneous J-i values from an Eppley output is suggested.
Modeling Al3+/H+ ion transport in Donnan membrane process for coagulant recovery

A single-step Donnan Membrane Process (DMP) has recently been investigated for selective recovery of Al3+ from water treatment plant residuals using cation exchange membranes. The DMP works on an electrochemical potential gradient and is not susceptible to fouling even in the presence of high concentration of particulates and natural organic matter (NOM). A step-wise algorithm is presented to predict the kinetics of Al3+ H+ coupled transport using the Nernst-Planck equation. The model includes the effect of solvent osmosis. Two characteristically different cation exchange membranes, namely the homogeneous Nafion 117 and the heterogeneous Ionac MC 3470, were included in the study. Both the membranes have hydrophilic properties when compared with recognized hydrophobic material, such as the polytetrafluoroethlylene (PTFE) surface. The average Al3+H+ interdiffusion coefficient (¯DAlH) value determined under nearly identical experimental conditions was an order of magnitude greater for the Nafion 117 membrane (10−10 m2/s) in comparison with Ionac MC 3470 membrane (10−11 m2/s). The lower diffusion coefficient values for Ionac MC 3470 membrane was attributed to the presence of nonionogenic pockets in the membrane phase that offer greater diffusional resistance to ion transport. A step-wise protocol for the coupled transport of Al3+ and H+ during DMP successfully predicted the Al3+ recovery profile for both homogeneous and heterogeneous membranes. The Nafion 117 membrane could selectively recover Al3+ from water treatment plant residuals and could exclude dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the recovered solution through Donnan co-ion exclusion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 333–344, 2005
A two-stage approach to domain adaptation for statistical classifiers

In this paper, we consider the problem of adapting statistical classifiers trained from some source domains where labeled examples are available to a target domain where no labeled example is available. One characteristic of such a domain adaptation problem is that the examples in the source domains and the target domain are known to follow different distributions. Thus a regular classification method would tend to overfit the source domains. We present a two-stage approach to domain adaptation, where at the first
A simplified theory of pearl chain effects

Many biological particles immersed in liquid media will align themselves and form pearl chains under an applied electric field. The alignment is independent of the frequency of the applied field, has a time delay, and can occur only when the field strength is greater than a certain minimum value. Also, at certain frequencies the particles will turn 90 degrees in space (turn-over phenomenon). In this paper we propose a simple theory explaining these phenomena and suggest further experimental checks and a possible application.
Evolution of landscapes on the double mountain fork of the brazos river, West Texas: Implications for preservation and visibility of the archaeological record

The Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River is an ephemeral stream that flows across the western Rolling Plains of West Texas. Intensive pedestrian archaeological survey, covering some 8700 acres of the drainage, produced a site inventory with a general paucity of identifiable Paleoindian and Early to Middle Archaic components, whereas Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric sites were widespread and found in a diversity of landscape positions. Geoarchaeological investigations were conducted in conjunction with this survey and later testing activities, and suggested that much of this temporally and spatially skewed archaeological record may be attributable to the evolution of landscapes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene time period, rather than original occupation intensities. Most of the landscape in the study area has been subject to erosional stripping, but in selected localities late Pleistocene and Holocene depositional landform-sediment assemblages of fluvial, alluvial/colluvial fan, and eolian origin are preserved. With few exceptions, however, depositional contexts or stable geomorphic surfaces more than 3000 years old are erosionally truncated, completely absent, or deeply buried. As a result, a bias is imposed that renders older cultural records either poorly preserved or deeply buried and of low visibility to traditional survey techniques. Similar natural formation processes are likely at other locations on the western Rolling Plains, and should be considered during interpretation of prehistoric population dynamics in the area. The biases imposed by such natural formation processes on the western Rolling Plains are slightly different from other areas in the Southern Great Plains of the United States, but in most cases the known archaeological record corresponds with opportunities for preservation and visibility provided by geologic trajectories, and may reflect little on spatial and temporal discontinuities in prehistoric cultural activity.
Electromyography & Portable Computing Devices What Forearm Muscles Should be Measured?

Portable computing devices have become more lightweight and mobile due to changes in the hardware of the devices. In many cases, hardware keyboards are being replacing virtual keyboards, raising concerns on changing ergonomic exposures as, for example, muscle activation patterns may vary with virtual keyboard use. The objective was to identify active forearm muscles across select computing devices. Twenty participants completed a single test session in which seven forearm muscles were evaluated using surface EMG whilst they typed on two portable computing devices (netbook and slate computer) for 5 minutes apiece. Mean normalized EMG was analyzed and indicated that slate computers resulted in significantly lower muscle activation levels than netbooks. The extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum communis had the highest muscle activation levels for both the slate and netbook computers. This indicates that the same muscles should be studied for both slate and netbook computers.
Rational-Emotive Therapy and Youth: Some New Techniques for Counselors

Derived from experience with cognitively and emotionally impaired juvenile offenders, several techniques are presented for counselors to increase the effectiveness of RET interventions with youth.
Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Sisomicin

Sisomicin in doses of 1 mg/kg was administered intramuscularly to 10 healthy volunteers, and 1 week later the same volunteers received sisomicin at the same dose intravenously. A peak serum concentration of sisomicin of 3.08 μg/ml was obtained 1 h after intramuscular injection, and a peak serum concentration of 7.12 μg/ml was achieved 30 min after a 30-min intravenous infusion. The sisomicin elimination data were analyzed according to a two-compartment model. Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the intramuscular and intravenous studies were quite similar.
The determinants of perceived audit quality and auditee satisfaction in local government

Prior research addresses relationships between audit attributes and perceptions of both audit quality and auditee satisfaction in the private sector. This study extends such research to local government audits, where audit quality has been questioned. Additionally, this study investigates the effect of auditor size on perceived audit quality and satisfaction. 302 finance directors surveyed positively associated auditor expertise, responsiveness to client, professionalism, understanding of client systems, and study of internal controls with perceived audit quality. Furthermore, auditee satisfaction was positively related to auditor expertise, responsiveness to client, audit manager involvement, understanding of client systems and study of internal controls. Big 5 firms were not associated with higher levels of perceived audit quality or auditee satisfaction, despite charging significantly higher audit fees.
The discrete geodesic problem

We present an algorithm for determining the shortest path between a source and a destination on an arbitrary (possibly nonconvex) polyhedral surface. The path is constrained to lie on the surface, and distances are measured according to the Euclidean metric. Our algorithm runs in time O(n log n) and requires O(n2) space, where n is the number ofedges ofthe surface. Afterwe run our algorithm, the distance from the source to any other destination may be determined using standard techniques in time O(log n) by locating the destination in the subdivision created by the algorithm. The actual shortest path from the source to a destination can be reported in time O(k+ log n), where k is the number of faces crossed by the path. The algorithm generalizes to the case of multiple source points to build the Voronoi diagram on the surface, where n is now the maximum of the number of vertices and the number of sources.
A structuring technique for compute-aggregate-broadcast algorithms on distributed memory computers

A technique for structuring compute-aggregate-broadcast algorithms on distributed memory computers is presented. The compute-aggregate-broadcast paradigm provides an abstraction of the problem for the programmer, allowing for separation of computation and synchronization. Such algorithms are well suited for application on distributed memory computers. The structuring technique assists the parallel programmer with synchronization, allowing the programmer to concentrate more on developing code for computation. Two examples are presented. >
Model reduction of polynomial dynamical systems using differential algebra

In this paper, we propose a model reduction scheme for a special class of polynomial dynamical systems. The biochemical processes and networks are our main motivation for this study. It is well known that many biochemical processes can be represented using quasi-polynomial systems. We show that a special class of quasi-polynomial systems can be cast in the Lotka-Volterra canonical form. For a given polynomial dynamical system, we propose a procedure to verify whether a given set of polynomials represents an invariant manifold of the system. Then, we study under what algebraic conditions a Lotka-Volterra system admits invariant manifolds. Finally, we combine our results with tools from differential algebra to propose a model reduction procedure for polynomial dynamical systems.
The care of adolescents by obstetrician-gynecologists: a first look

Abstract Study Objective To determine whether obstetrician-gynecologists who typically care for adolescent patients, what this care entails, and the adequacy of training opportunities in adolescent health care. Design A questionnaire designed to elicit information regarding practice patterns of obstetrician-gynecologists mailed to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Collaborative Ambulatory Practice Network. Participants Obstetrician-gynecologists whose patient populations included girls under the age of 18. Main Outcome Measures Items in the questionnaire were generated to determine what care obstetrician-gynecologists are providing to adolescents, whether this care meets practice guidelines of major medical organizations, and whether obstetrician-gynecologists are receiving adequate training to provide this care. Results Obstetrician-gynecologists frequently care for adolescent patients, with 72.6% seeing adolescents either monthly or weekly. The most frequently cited service needs pertained to reproductive health. Obstetrician-gynecologists also provide primary care, with 55.2% currently providing immunizations to adolescent patients. Nearly all (96.5%) plan to provide HPV immunizations. Most (80% or more) considered their residency training in obstetrics-gynecology on reproductive health to be adequate, but many reported inadequate or no training on primary care. Conclusions Obstetrician-gynecologists are an important part of the health care team caring for female adolescent patients. There is a lack of training during residency in obstetrics-gynecology in adolescent primary care issues. Increased training of obstetrician-gynecologists in all aspects of adolescent health care may increase the pool of health care providers who care for adolescents adequately. Collaborative efforts among all adolescent health care providers can improve access to quality health care for adolescents and the health of this population.
Early growth response 1 and fatty acid synthase expression is altered in tumor adjacent prostate tissue and indicates field cancerization.

BACKGROUND Field cancerization denotes the occurrence of molecular alterations in histologically normal tissues adjacent to tumors. In prostate cancer, identification of field cancerization has several potential clinical applications. However, prostate field cancerization remains ill defined. Our previous work has shown up-regulated mRNA of the transcription factor early growth response 1 (EGR-1) and the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FAS) in tissues adjacent to prostate cancer. METHODS Immunofluorescence data were analyzed quantitatively by spectral imaging and linear unmixing to determine the protein expression levels of EGR-1 and FAS in human cancerous, histologically normal adjacent, and disease-free prostate tissues. RESULTS EGR-1 expression was elevated in both structurally intact tumor adjacent (1.6× on average) and in tumor (3.0× on average) tissues compared to disease-free tissues. In addition, the ratio of cytoplasmic versus nuclear EGR-1 expression was elevated in both tumor adjacent and tumor tissues. Similarly, FAS expression was elevated in both tumor adjacent (2.7× on average) and in tumor (2.5× on average) compared to disease-free tissues. CONCLUSIONS EGR-1 and FAS expression is similarly deregulated in tumor and structurally intact adjacent prostate tissues and defines field cancerization. In cases with high suspicion of prostate cancer but negative biopsy, identification of field cancerization could help clinicians target areas for repeat biopsy. Field cancerization at surgical margins on prostatectomy specimen should also be looked at as a predictor of cancer recurrence. EGR-1 and FAS could also serve as molecular targets for chemoprevention. Prostate 72:1159–1170, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fingolimod reduces cerebral lymphocyte infiltration in experimental models of rodent intracerebral hemorrhage

T-lymphocytes promote cerebral inflammation, thus aggravating neuronal injury after stroke. Fingolimod, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor analog, prevents the egress of lymphocytes from primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Based on these findings, we hypothesized fingolimod treatment would reduce the number of T-lymphocytes migrating into the brain, thereby ameliorating cerebral inflammation following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We investigated the effects of fingolimod in two well-established murine models of ICH, implementing intrastriatal infusions of either bacterial collagenase (cICH) or autologous blood (bICH). Furthermore, we tested the long term neurological improvements by Fingolimod in a collagenase-induced rat model of ICH. Fingolimod, in contrast to vehicle administration alone, improved neurological functions and reduced brain edema at 24 and 72 h following experimental ICH in CD-1 mice (n=103; p<0.05). Significantly fewer lymphocytes were found in blood and brain samples of treated animals when compared to the vehicle group (p<0.05). Moreover, fingolimod treatment significantly reduced the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and interleukin-17 (IL-17) in the mouse brain at 72 h post-cICH (p<0.05 compared to vehicle). Long-term neurocognitive performance and histopathological analysis were evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats between 8 and 10 weeks post-cICH (n=28). Treated rats showed reduced spatial and motor learning deficits, along with significantly reduced brain atrophy and neuronal cell loss within the basal ganglia (p<0.05 compared to vehicle). We conclude that fingolimod treatment ameliorated cerebral inflammation, at least to some extent, by reducing the availability and subsequent brain infiltration of T-lymphocytes, which improved the short and long-term sequelae after experimental ICH in rodents.
Root biomechanics and whole-plant allocation patterns: responses of tomato plants to stem flexure

Cherry tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown with or without stem flexure similar to that caused by wind in order to determine whether stem flexure affects whole-plant biomass allocation and increases the ability of a plant to withstand wind-induced forces. After 6 weeks of flexing (1 min, 6 days/week), whole plants were harvested. The main differences found between treatments were in the primary shoot/root axis. The stem was significantly shorter and wider near the shoot/root junction in flexed than control plants, both above- and below- ground. Flexed plants had significantly higher root/shoot dry weight ratios than controls, but flexed plants and controls did not differ significantly in total leaf area, root length, or total biomass
Wavelet spectral probe for seismic structure interpretation and fracture characterization: A workflow with case studies

Conventional amplitude images are routinely and often exclusively used to interpret subsurface structures; however, the amplitude images are composite seismic response to various geologic features at different scales. The interference makes it difficult to investigate structural details that are not visually discernible in the amplitude images. This paper presents a new algorithmic workflow to unravel seismic structural details by differentiating waveform characteristics at varying scales. Using a wavelet model as a spectral probe, the algorithm performs a least-squares linear regression between the model and data at each sample location to calculate the absolute correlation coefficient. The resulting absolute correlation coefficient attribute, which is indicative of instantaneous waveform similarity relative to the wavelet spectral probe, provides a superior image with enhanced precision and resolution of the structural grain. Two case studies in the Powder River and the Appalachian Basins demonstrate that the new algorithm helps investigate kinematic relationships among structural elements and differentiate between structural styles. In particular, the algorithm helps better define the along-strike structural variation and segmentation associated with cross-strike lineaments in the foreland basins. Comparative analysis indicates that the wavelet spectral probe algorithm helps shed new light on subtle but critical structural fabrics not easily discernible from conventional amplitude images. Revealing such information has important implications for better defining basin structural complexities and reservoir heterogeneity, detecting faults and fractures at different scales, and modeling fractured reservoirs.
Multicomponent adsorption and chromatography with uneven saturation capacities

In chromatographic separations of large biomolecules, such as proteins, using porous adsorbents, a size exclusion effect may be significant. Some large molecules either cannot access part of the small macropores in the adsorbent particles or all the macropores. This is especially possible in chromatographic separations of large proteins or other macromolecules. For a multicomponent system involving components with very different molecular sizes, the extent of size exclusion is not the same for all components. This causes uneven adsorption saturation capacities (based on moles) for the components. The least excluded component tends to have the highest saturation capacity.
Identification and 3-D quantification of atherosclerosis using magnetic resonance imaging.

Abstract Cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the United States as well as other developed countries. This paper describes the development of image processing, pattern recognition, and graphical display techniques to non-invasively quantify the atherosclerotic disease process using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have demonstrated the ability to identify the soft tissue classes of (1) normal, smooth muscle wall, (2) fatty plaque, (3) complex, fibrous plaque, and (4) calcified plaque. The objective of this work has been to combine functional information, such as plaque tissue type, with structural information, represented by 3-D display of vessel structure, into a single composite display. The results of this work provide a “high information content” display which will aid in the diagnosis and analysis of the atherosclerotic disease process, and permit detailed and quantitative studies to assess the effectiveness of therapies (e.g. changes in diet, exercise and drug administration).
Performance Analysis and Optimization of the Window-Based Least Significant Bits Encoding Technique of ROHC

One of the main encoding techniques employed in robust header compression (ROHC) is the window-based least significant bits (W-LSB) encoding technique. In this paper, we use a combination of analytical, simulation, and numerical techniques to study the impact of different channel impairments and configurable parameters on the performance of W-LSB. Based on our investigation, we recommend suitable values for the configurable parameters to achieve enhanced performance. We show that for smaller packet loss rates, smaller window widths are optimal, and larger packet loss rates need a larger window width. In addition, we show that, for links that cause packet reordering, some changes in the default ROHC parameters can provide much better performance.
Shape-based object recognition by inductive learning

Describes a system that learns to classify objects based on descriptions of their shape. A shape given by line drawings is represented by conjunctions of local properties (CLP). The line drawings are approximated by straight line segments and local properties are computed at each segment. An inductive learning method called property-based learning (PBL) is developed to learn to classify shapes represented by CLP. The PBL indexes objects by the properties of an instance and matches the indexed objects against the instance by a similarity model. The PBL learns the information necessary to do indexing and matching. Experimental results applying these techniques to the task of classifying different tools are presented. >
Script-Based Inference And Memory Retrieval In Subsymbolic Story Processing

DISCERN is an integrated natural language processing system built entirely from distributed neural networks. It reads short narratives about stereotypical event sequences, stores them in episodic memory, generates fully expanded paraphrases of the narratives, and answers questions about them. Processing in DISCERN is based on hierarchically-organized backpropagation modules, communicating through a central lexicon of word representations. The lexicon is a double feature map system that transforms each orthographic word symbol into its semantic representation and vice versa. The episodic memory is a hierarchy of feature maps, where memories are stored “one-shot” at different locations. Several high-level phenomena emerge automatically from the special properties of distributed neural networks in this model. DISCERN learns to infer unmentioned events and unspecified role fillers, generates expectations and defaults, and exhibits plausible lexical access errors and memory interference behavior. Word semantics, memory organization, and appropriate script inferences are automatically extracted from examples. DISCERN shows that high-level natural language processing is feasible through integrated subsymbolic systems. Subsymbolic control of high-level behavior and representing and learning abstractions are the two main challenges in scaling up the approach to more open-ended tasks.
In defense of a version of satisficing consequentialism

In this article, I develop, motivate, and offer a qualified defense of a version of satisficing consequentialism (SC). I develop the view primarily in light of objections to other versions of SC recently posed by Ben Bradley. I motivate the view by showing that it (1) accommodates the intuitions apparently supporting those objections, (2) is supported by certain ‘common-sense’ moral intuitions about specific cases, and (3) captures the central ideas expressed by satisficing consequentialists in the recent literature. Finally, I offer a qualified defense of the view that consists in showing that it meets Bradley's criteria for being a version of satisficing consequentialism that is ‘worth considering’. Specifically, it is a version of SC that solves certain problems for maximizing consequentialism and yet does not permit the gratuitous prevention of goodness.
Perceptions of 24/7 In-house Attending Coverage on Fellow Education and Autonomy in a Pediatric Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit.

Background The 24/7 in-house attending coverage is emerging as the standard of care in intensive care units. Implementation costs, workforce feasibility, and patient outcomes resulting from changes in physician staffing are widely debated topics. Understanding the impact of staffing models on the learning environment for medical trainees and faculty is equally warranted, particularly with respect to trainee education and autonomy. Objective This study aims to elicit the perceptions of pediatric cardiology fellows and attendings toward 24/7 in-house attending coverage and its effect on fellow education and autonomy. Methods We surveyed pediatric cardiology fellows and attendings practicing in the pediatric cardiothoracic intensive care unit (PCTU) of a large, university-affiliated medical center, using structured Likert response items and open-ended questions, prior to and following the transition to 24/7 in-house attending coverage. Results All (100%) trainees and faculty completed all surveys. Both prior to and following transition to 24/7 in-house attending coverage, all fellows, and the majority of attendings agreed that the overnight call experience benefited fellow education. At baseline, trainees identified limited circumstances in which on-site attending coverage would be critical. Preimplementation concerns that 24/7 in-house attending coverage would negatively affect the education of fellows were not reflected following actual implementation of the new staffing policy. However, based upon open-ended questions, fellow autonomy was affected by the new paradigm, with fellows and attendings reporting decreased “appropriateness” of autonomy after implementation. Conclusions Our prospective study, showing initial concerns about limiting the learning environment in transitioning to 24/7 in-house attending coverage did not result in diminished perceptions of the educational experience for our fellows but revealed an expected decrease in fellow autonomy. The study indirectly facilitated open discussions about methods to preserve fellow education and warranted autonomy in our PCTU; however, continued efforts are needed to achieve the optimal balance between supervised training and the transition to autonomous practice.
Another Side to Caregiving Negative Reactions to Being Helped

Until recently, caregiving research focused almost exclusively on caregivers of older adults with health problems, and there was little focus on care recipients perceptions of the care they receive. The present article reviews relevant research on reactions to caregiving assistance. Several recent studies indicate that help in these contexts can be viewed negatively by care recipients. As many as two thirds of physically impaired older adults who receive assistance with daily activities, such as preparing meals, climbing stairs, or dressing, experience negative reactions to some of the help they receive. Negative reactions seem to have important consequences for the care recipient, because they are associated with higher depression concurrently and 1 year later. Because some of the findings are inconsistent with theoretical models of negative responses to help, an alternative framework, based on socialsupport and social-conflict research, is briefly proposed.
Calcium currents in rat thalamocortical relay neurones: kinetic properties of the transient, low‐threshold current.

1. Calcium currents were recorded with whole-cell voltage-clamp procedures in relay neurones of the rat thalamus which had been acutely isolated by an enzymatic dissociation procedure. 2. Low-threshold and high-threshold Ca2+ currents were elicited by depolarizing voltage steps from holding potentials more negative than -60 mV. A transient current, analogous to the T-current in sensory neurones, was activated at low threshold near -65 mV and was completely inactivating at command steps up to -35 mV. Voltage steps to more depolarized levels activated a high-threshold current that inactivated slowly and incompletely during a 200 ms step depolarization. 3. The high-threshold current contained both non-inactivating and slowly inactivating components which were insensitive and sensitive to holding potential, respectively. 4. A 'T-type' current was prominent in relay neurones, in both absolute terms (350 pA peak current average) and in relation to high-threshold currents. The average ratio of maximum transient to maximum sustained current was greater than 2. 5. T-current could be modelled in a manner analogous to that employed for the fast Na+ current underlying action potential generation, using the m3h format. The rate of activation of T-current was voltage dependent, with a time constant (tau m) varying between 8 and 2 ms at command potentials of -60 to -10 mV at 23 degrees C. The rate of inactivation was also voltage dependent, and the time constant tau h varied between 50 and 20 ms over the same voltage range. With command potentials more positive than -35 mV, the inactivation of Ca2+ current could no longer be fitted by a single exponential. 6. Steady-state inactivation of T-current could be well fitted by a Boltzman equation with slope factor of 6.3 and half-inactivated voltage of -83.5 mV. 7. Recovery from inactivation of T-current was not exponential. The major component of recovery (70-80% of total) was not very voltage sensitive at potentials more negative than -90 mV, with tau r of 251 ms at -92 mV and 23 degrees C, compared to 225 ms at -112 mV. A smaller, voltage-sensitive component accounted for the remainder of recovery. 8. All kinetic properties, including rates of activation, inactivation, and recovery from inactivation, as well as the amplitude of T-current, were temperature sensitive with Q10 (temperature coefficient) values of greater than 2.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Are Industry Clusters and Diversity Strange Bedfellows

In this address, I review industry clustering and diversification strategies to compare and contrast their underlying foundations. The lack of consensus choice of one or the other for regional economic development strategies along with the recognition that in the dynamic process of development these two processes are related leads me to conclude that clusters and diversity need not be such strange bedfellows after all, and that a rational approach to economic development can leverage the strengths of each and offset weaknesses. I follow this discussion by introducing a cluster assessment diversification strategy (CADS) apparatus that can be used to measure existing cluster strength, to identify industrial strengths and deficit bottlenecks, and to explore the regional consequences of potential cluster diversification strategies.
Understanding the Disposition of Urban Planning Students Toward Social Justice and Equity Themes

1. Kirk E. Harris[1][1][⇑][2] 1. 1University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, USA 1. Kirk E. Harris, Department of Urban Planning, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, 2131 E. Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. Email: keharris{at}uwm.edu This research surveys how graduate level urban planning students think about social justice and equity issues and how academic instruction in urban planning affects the disposition of students toward these issues and themes in the context of their development as urban planning professionals. Although the quantitative findings did not demonstrate that the graduate curriculum and instruction had any appreciable impact on student understanding and navigation of equity and social justice themes, qualitative evidence did suggest that students are understanding and care about issues related to social justice and equity and were interested in incorporating those issues into their professional practice. This research also suggests that graduate academic instruction may fall short in supporting students with the useful integration of social justice and equity issues into their professional practice. [1]: #aff-1 [2]: #corresp-1