cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous odontogenic sinus tract to the chin: A case report

We report a case of cutaneous odontogenic sinus tract to the chin. The patient first noticed the cutaneous condition in 1977. Inappropriate medical and dental treatment was ineffective. Correct diagnosis and treatment was completed in 1993. We offer diagnostic and treatment guidelines for the management of similar cases.
Thermogravimetric investigation of the La2NiO4 system

Abstract The oxygen pressure dependence of the composition (δ) of La2NiO4+δ was determined for the first time in the temperature range between 1000 C and 1200 C by thermogravimetry. A point defect model is proposed for the system.
Effects of prenatal alcohol on γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in various brain regions

Prenatal exposure of rats to alcohol produces morphological, biochemical, behavioral and physiological abnormalities. The enzyme gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity is increased when an animal is exposed to alcohol chronically. We examined the effect of the in utero exposure to alcohol on the regional brain distribution of gamma-GTP. Pregnant rats were placed into the following treatment groups: LC (ad lib lab chow and water), PF (pair-fed), 10% EDC (ethanol derived calories), 20% EDC and 35% EDC. The LC group was fed lab chow and water ad lib, the PF, 10% EDC, 20% EDC and 35% EDC groups were fed a liquid diet containing either 0%, 2%, 4% or 6.7% v/v ethanol, respectively. All the treatment groups received the same volume of an isocaloric diet as was consumed by the 35% EDC group. At birth, litters were culled to six and cross fostered to untreated surrogate mothers. Pups were sacrificed at 30 days of age and brains dissected into 8 regions. Each brain region was homogenized and divided into soluble and membrane bound fractions by centrifugation and digestion with deoxycholic acid. gamma-GTP activity was then measured. It was determined that the in utero exposure to alcohol produces an increase in brain gamma-GTP activity. The increase in gamma-GTP activity in some areas of brain is maintained at least until the animals are 30 days old. Alcohol treatment had no effect on the activity associated with the soluble form of enzyme. However, the activity associated with the membrane bound form of the enzyme was increased in several brain regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Demonstration of a NADPH-linked Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate-proline shuttle in a cell-free rat liver system

Abstract These studies indicate that the interconversions of Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate and proline can function as a shuttle that generates extra-mitochondrial NADP + and transfers hydride ions into mitochondria in a cell-free rat liver system. A phosphate-free buffer with high concentrations of triethanolamine and 2-mercaptoethanol prevented the cold inactivation of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (ED 1.5.1.2) in liver extracts. This enzyme had an apparent K m NADPH that was 2% of the apparent K m NADH . V max NADPH was approx. 50% of V max NADH . Unlabeled proline was converted to [5- 3 H]proline in incubations containing liver soluble fraction, mitochondria and a [4 S - 3 H]NADPH generating system. This demonstrated one turn of the proposed shuttle in a homologous liver system. [5- 3 H]Proline production increased linearly over 60 min and decreased by 87% or more when specific components were eliminated. Rotenone was required for maximal activity, suggesting that inhibition of Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate efflux would be required for significant shuttle activity in vivo. Both the relative concentrations of NADPH and NADH in liver cytosol and the kinetic characteristics of liver pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase predict that the described shuttle should be overwhelmingly linked to NADPH rather than NADH. A NADPH-linked Δ 1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate-proline shuttle may occur in hepatocytes and function at specific times to regulate pathways limited by cytosolic [NADP + ].
World Trade Center tragedy: concomitant healing in traumatic grief through art therapy with children

Two graduate students and a professor/clinical supervisor from the art therapy department at New York University discuss their experiences in the wake of September 11, 2001. The authors describe th...
Predicting HIV transmission risk among HIV-infected patients seen in clinical settings.

We assessed risk of transmission among 4,016 HIV-infected patients in primary care, including men who have sex with men (MSM, n = 2,109), women (n = 1,104) and men who had sex with women (MSW, n = 803) in clinics in 15 cities across the U.S. A transmission risk act, assessed by computer assisted interviews, was defined as unprotected vaginal or anal sex with a partner who was HIV-uninfected or of unknown HIV status. MSM were more than twice as likely to report transmission risk acts than MSW (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.35; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.84, 3.00; P ≤ .001). Women were also more likely to report transmission risk acts than MSW (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.19, 2.05; P ≤ .001). Stimulant use was associated with transmission risk in all three groups (P ≤ .05). MSM were more likely to use methamphetamines (8% versus 2% and 3% respectively), while MSW (17%) and women (12%, compared to 11% for MSM) were more likely to use cocaine. Clinical settings offer opportunities for preventing HIV transmission, particularly if interventions are tailored to sub-populations of HIV-infected patients.
CHANGING STRATEGIES IN URBAN REVITALIZATION IMPACTS OF THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCK GRANT

Over the past Jew decades there has been considerable interest in neighborhood preservation as an important approach for dealing with urban decline. This research note examines the attention given to preservation under two major federal programs and shows how it got started and nurtured under one, urban renewal, and how it matured to a major strategy under another, CDBG. Some problems and limitations of the approach, as practiced under CDBG, are also covered.
Therapeutic dilemmas in external ocular diseases.

Three ocular conditions continue to pose therapeutic dilemmas for the practising clinician. Acanthamoeba keratitis, which presents with ocular pain, redness, tearing, photophobia and lid oedema, should be considered in any chronic, progressive corneal ulceration that is unresponsive to conventional treatment. Although the best treatment for this infection has yet to be defined, surgery should be reserved for those patients with progressive destructive disease or corneal penetration. Topical antibiotics and oral ketoconazole may be beneficial, as may surgical debridement in conjunction with topical antibiotic-antifungal combinations. However, since more than two-thirds of reported cases involve contact lens wearers, patients should be instructed as to the importance of regular lens care regimens. Giant papillary conjunctivitis occurs more frequently in soft contact lens wearers than in those wearing hard lenses, but may also occur in association with ocular prostheses, cataract surgery and corneal transplants. Symptoms of increased lens awareness, mucus accumulation, itching and blurred vision occur. Stopping use of contact lenses usually improves or eliminates these irritating effects, but is not always practical. Thus, resolution or improvement of symptoms while the patient continues to wear contact lenses is desirable, making lens hygiene essential in treatment. Pharmacological treatment includes the use of topical corticosteroids and agents that stabilise mast cells, such as cromolyn sodium. The dry eye syndrome can occur alone or as a part of Sjogren's syndrome. The irritation, redness, and other symptoms associated with ocular dryness are usually treated by preparations of either mucomimetics, polyvinyl alcohol or cellulose derivatives, which provide moisture and prevent evaporation from the surface of the eye.
WE-A-201B-03: Resistive Interface Layer for Flat-Panel Imager (FPI) with Avalanche Gain

Purpose: The low dose performance of existing solid‐state flat panel imagers (FPI) are degraded by electronic noise. To overcome this problem, we have proposed a new FPI concept. It employs a structured Csl scintillator to convert incident x‐rays to optical photons, which is converted to amplified electronic signal by a thin (∼15 microns) amorphous selenium (a‐Se) photoconductor with avalanche multiplication gain. One critical component of this detector is the resistive interface layer (RTL) which provides protection of electrical breakdown under high electric field (>100V/um) required for avalanche multiplication. Method and Material: Using physics model and simulation, we estimated the desirable range of resistivity and thickness of RIL to a while maintaining good spatial resolution and image lag. Material deposition procedures were developed to achieve these RIL properties.Results: Our investigation found that RIL with resistivity in the range of 1010 to 1012 ohm‐cm and with thickness of 2 microns (with solution based deposition methods) could provide satisfactory imaging performance. RIL material based on mixing insulating polymers with conductive fillers provides great versatility for our purpose.
On building expert systems for strategic planners: a knowledge engineer's experience

Abstract Expert Systems are often touted as the next major research frontier for scholars interested in developing computer based applications to support business decision making activities. This paper explores the process of building an expert system for planners performing strategic situation assessment. A Situation Assessment Expert System (SAES), in experimental use at the Oregon State University College of Business is presented. The process of building this system has provided important insights for future system designers working in the strategic planning domain. The paper proposes a framework for future system construction.
Electrical characteristics of p-GaN Schottky rectifiers after PECVD SiNx passivation

Abstract The use of PECVD SiNx layers on p-GaN is complicated by the fact that atomic hydrogen exposure decreases the hole concentration in the GaN through formation of neutral Mg–H complexes and can also lead to preferential loss of nitrogen from the near-surface region which further decreases the p-GaN conductivity. We have exposed p-GaN rectifiers to SiH4/NH3 rf-plasmas during PECVD of thin SiNx passivation layers and measured the effect on both reverse breakdown voltage and diode ideality factor.
Effect of Substrate Stiffness on Integrin-Ligand Binding Strength

Tissue cells exhibit varying responses according to the stiffness of their extracellular matrix (ECM). Currently, the mechanism of this stiffness sensing is not fully understood. We believe that cells probe stiffness by applying intracellular force to the ECM via the integrin-mediated focal adhesions. In previous studies, the linkage of integrins to the cytoskeleton has been modeled as slip clutches, which are shown to affect focal adhesion formation and hence force transmission in a stiffness dependent manner. In contrast, the bonds between integrins and ECM have been characterized as “catch bonds”. It is unclear how ECM viscoelasticity affects these catch bonds. Here we report the effects of ECM stiffness on the binding strength of integrins to ECM ligands by measuring the rupture force of individual integrin-ligand bonds of cells on collagen-coated polyacrylamide gels. Results show that the median breaking force of individual integrin-collagen bonds of 3T3 fibroblasts increases according to gel stiffness. The stronger integrin bonds on stiffer substrates can promote focal adhesion formation, suggesting that the substrate stiffness regulates the cell-ECM adhesions not only by affecting the cytoskeleton-integrin links but also by modulating the binding of integrins to the ECM.
Effect of Natural Antioxidants on Oxidative Stability of Cooked, Refrigerated Beef and Pork

The effect of grape seed extract (GS; 0.01% and 0.02%), oleoresin rosemary (OR; 0.02%) and water-soluble oregano extract (WS; 0.02%) on oxidative and color stability of cooked beef and pork patties stored at 4 degrees C for 8 d was determined. Fresh beef or pork lean and trim were ground, mixed (30% fat), and divided into 5 portions. Antioxidants mixed with salt (2%) were added. Patties were formed, cooked to an internal temperature of 71 degrees C, overwrapped in PVC, and stored at 4 degrees C. Lipid oxidation, assessed using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and sensory evaluation, instrumental and visual color, and pH were determined after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 d. Based on TBARS values and off-odors associated with lipid oxidation such as rancidity, wet cardboard (for beef patties), and grassy (for beef and pork patties), grape seed extract resulted in the best antioxidant activity in both meat species. It did not change instrumental color measures of redness, yellowness, or color intensity, and appeared to reduce visual green discoloration in beef patties. The higher GS concentration (0.02%) exhibited more antioxidant activity than the lower concentration (0.01%). Therefore, grape seed extract at 0.02% has the potential to reduce oxidative rancidity and improve shelf life of refrigerated cooked beef and pork patties.
A Computer Program to Calculate the Percent Total Deuteration in an Exchange Reaction

The acid-catalyzed hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction in aliphatic ketones was modeled as a purely random process. Using a computer program, a statistically random hydrogen-deuterium exchange was simulated for a particular molecule, 2-indanone. For this molecule, there are two α carbons, each providing two potential sites for exchange. The program determined the relative amounts for each of the partially deuterated species, including the total percent deuteration. A comparison with mass spectral data showed good agreement with this model.
Cascading-heuristics for the solution of staircase linear programs

Abstract A heuristic solution cascading scheme is applied to the decomposition-solution of Staircase Linear Programs (SLPs). The scheme works as if the intermediate solutions cascade through the different combinations or levels of subproblems, improving the quality of the solution at each stage. The complete problem is solved in the final step of the cascade. We address a number of heuristics to generate alternative cascading schemes. On a set of test problems drawn from a variety of applications, some heuristics have resulted in computation time savings of up to 70%. Three features of the approach make it particularly attractive. First, it is a meta-algorithm; that is, it can be embedded with any selected LP solver, to obtain a relative reduction in the solution times. Second, the computational gains from this procedure may be expected to increase with larger problems. Third, the procedure lends itself easily to parallel processing.
Falling or Not Falling into Temptation? Multiple Faces of Temptation, Monetary Intelligence, and Unethical Intentions Across Gender.

We develop a theoretical model, explore the relationship between temptation (both reflective and formative) and unethical intentions by treating monetary intelligence (MI) as a mediator, and examine the direct (temptation to unethical intentions) and indirect (temptation to MI to unethical intentions) paths simultaneously based on multiple-wave panel data collected from 340 part-time employees and university (business) students. The positive indirect path suggested that yielding to temptation (e.g., high cognitive impairment and lack of self-control) led to poor MI (low stewardship behavior, but high cognitive meaning) that, in turn, led to high unethical intentions (theft, corruption, and deception). Our counterintuitive negative direct path revealed that those who controlled their temptation had high unethical intentions. Due to the multiple faces of temptation (the suppression effect), maliciously controlled temptation (low cognitive impairment and high self control) led to deviant intentions. Subsequent multi-group analysis across gender (a moderator) reformulated the mystery of temptation: a negative direct path for males, but a positive indirect path for females. For males, the negative direct path generated a dark impact on unethical intentions; for females, the positive indirect path did not, but offered great implications for consumer behavior. Both falling “and” not falling into temptation led to unethical intentions which varied across gender. Our counterintuitive, novel, and original theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions may spark curiosity and add new vocabulary to the conversation regarding temptation, money attitudes, consumer psychology, and business ethics.
ROBUST FAULT DETECTION AND HANDLING IN CONTROL OF UNCERTAIN TRANSPORT-REACTION PROCESSES

Abstract This paper presents an integrated robust fault detection and fault-tolerant control architecture for transport-reaction processes modeled by quasi-linear parabolic partial differential equations with uncertain variables, control constraints and control actuator faults. Using an appropriate reduced-order model that captures the dominant process dynamics, the proposed architecture comprises a family of robustly stabilizing bounded feedback controllers with explicitly characterized stability and uncertainty attenuation properties, a performance- based fault detection scheme and a high-level supervisor that reconfigures the control actuators upon fault detection in a way that maintains robust closed-loop stability. The key idea is to shape the closed-loop performance via robust control in a way that facilitates the design of robust fault detection rules that are less sensitive to the adverse effects of uncertainty. The results are demonstrated using a non-isothermal tubular reactor example with recycle.
Riodocea (Rubiaceae, Gardenieae), a new genus from the Brazilian Atlantic forest

The genusRiodocea is here described from material collected in the varzea forest of the Rio Doce Valley, northern Espirito Santo.Riodocea is a monotypic genus probably related to the Amazonian endemicKutchubaea. A line drawing shows general morphology and photomicrographs show pollen morphology ofRiodocea pulcherrima. Distribution maps ofRiodocea andKutchubaea are included.
Update on Thermal Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Oncologic Control, Technique Comparison, Renal Function Preservation, and New Modalities

Recent studies report mid- and long-term oncologic control with thermal ablation for small renal tumors to be equivalent to surgery. Comparisons of cryoablation, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and laparoscopic approaches to percutaneous approaches report equivalent results. Studies report little or no decrease in renal function after ablation of renal tumors. These studies support the use of percutaneous thermal ablation for treatment of small renal malignancies. Studies also report that percutaneous ablation is a safe and durable treatment of the primary tumor in stage IV patients, ultrasound guidance for percutaneous ablation can be effective, and chyluria is relatively common after RFA. Results were disappointing for newer ablation techniques, including microwave, irreversible electroporation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. These techniques require improvements before their use in place of RFA and cryoablation. The rates of diagnostic and subtype-specific renal tumor biopsies can be improved by using both aspirate and core techniques.
Global Markets/Global Englishes: Drama and Discourses in Colonial Spaces

Through this study, we examined the intricacies embedded in viewing drama as a space to explore the sociocultural/sociopolitical complexities of English-language education. In this piece, we share selected qualitative data from a larger project collected during a 2-year period from courses in intermediate English and business English education from Spanish-dominant students enrolled at the University of Puerto Rico. Our emphasis in this article is on the business English education course. Traditionally in Puerto Rico, business English education courses are aimed at Spanish-speaking students acquiring technical skills in English, such as writing a memo, resume, or letter, with the idea of providing the necessary language tools to compete in an English-dominant global market. In our analysis of previous approaches to the course, we noticed that business English courses were presented as neutral and mechanical without any or little emphasis on the politics of English-language acquisition for business purpose...
A model of the immune system after vaccinations

The mathematical model of human immune reactions following a series of vaccinations (against hepatitis B) is proposed. The model is presented in terms of a functional-differential equation. Fundamental properties of the model are studied. Theoretical results derived from this model are compared with experimental data.
Mechanisms of the initial treatment phenomenon to diazepam in the rat.

The initial treatment phenomenon (ITP) to diazepam was investigated using a conditioned suppression of drinking (CSD) paradigm. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to a stable baseline of punished and unpunished responses in the CSD paradigm. In Experiment 1, a control group (1) received vehicle after the CSD session on each of seven drug test days, while group 2 was treated with 3.0 mg/kg diazepam IP after each of these sessions. On drug test days 8–12, diazepam was administered to both groups before the CSD session. Drug test days were separated by 2–3 days when the animals were untreated but performed in the CSD. Prior exposure to diazepam in group 2 after sessions 1–7 conditioned the animals so that a greater release in punished behavior was seen during sessions 8–12 than in the control group (1). In Experiment 2, one group (3) of rats was administered diazepam vehicle after the CSD session for 4 drug test days and another group (4) was injected with 5.6 mg/kg diazepam after the CSD session on these same days. On the next 4 drug test days both groups received diazepam before they performed in the CSD. An ITP was observed in both the control (3) and the drug-conditioned (4) group, although the ITP was less obvious in the conditioned group. After a 28-day period of CSD exposure without vehicle or drug treatments, 5.6 mg/kg diazepam was administered to both groups before the CSD session for an additional 8 drug test days. During this last period both groups exhibited an ITP with no essential differences. These experiments demonstrate that the initial treatment phenomenon is complex, involving several components that include a behavioral tolerance to the disruptive effect of diazepam.
Short-Term Hormonal Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women

Abstract LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To determine whether institution of hormonal replacement therapy is associated with alterations in weight. A common perception among postmenopausal women (PMW) is that hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) causes weight gain. Healthy PMW aged 45-55 years (n=9) arid 70-80 years (n=7) were enrolled. Subjects were studied at baseline, after 1 month of estrogen (estraderm 50 mcg) followed by a further month of estrogen at the same dose with progesterone (100mg per vagina bid) for the final 7 days. Food and activity questionnaires, anthropometric measures, and indirect calorimetry were performed at each visit. Fat mass was estimated by bioimpedance and by skinfold measurements. These parameters were compared across the 3 visits using paired t-test. Serum estradiol level increased from 22.1±1 pg/ml to 80.4±11 pg/ml, while progesterone increased from 0.6 ng/ml to 11.9±2 ng/ml after replacement. No significant change in weight across the 3 visits was observed in the group as a whole (66.1-66.5-66.6kg) or in the older PMW (68.8-68.9-68.6kg); however when the young were considered separately there was a significant but small increase after 2 months of HRT (64.0-64.7-65.1kg, p
Passage time, resilience, and structure of compartmental models

Abstract The relation between the graphical structure and two measures of stability of a compartmental model is studied. The two are resilience as measured by deviation from equilibrium throughout the history of the system and mean first passage time from a central compartment back to itself. A number of examples are studied and a theory developed for models whose graphical structure is in the form of an advanced rosette. The resilience, known to increase with complexity, is shown to increase as well with uneveness in length of food chains. The mean first passage time, on the other hand, depends only on the number of food chains and their average length.
Deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity: Diagnosis and treatment

Abstract Deep vein thrombosis of the upper extremity was long thought to be a benign disease, rarely complicated by pulmonary embolism and associated with minimal longterm morbidity. More recent observations have demonstrated however, that a significant number of patients will continue to have disabling symptoms after treatment with conservative measures and standard anticoagulation therapy, and that pulmonary embolism can occur in the course of the disease. Because of its significant morbidity and increasing incidence, an aggressive emergency department approach to diagnosis and early consideration of fibrinolytic therapy are recommended.
AUTONOMY IN WORK AND SELF-ESTEEM

The relationship between work experience and self-esteem is an important one for social psychologists interested in how social structure affects personality. Research on this relationship has consi...
Trace-level quantitation via time-resolved two-photon-excited fluorescence

With the use of a cavity-dumped, synchronously pumped dye laser for excitation, two-photon fluorescence cross sections are approximately eight orders of magnitude smaller than those for one-photon excitation. Thus, examination of dilute solutions has been achieved only with great difficulty. Any successful instrumentation will require that the blank be essentially eliminated. To this end, time-filtered detection has been combined with two-photon excitation and spatial filtering to produce fluorometric detection limits of 38 pM for 9,10-diphenylanthracene and 8.6 pM for α-NPO. It is believed that this latter value is the lowest concentration yet reported for two-photon spectroscopy in fluid solution. The instrumentation and data processing are described. Additionally, a comparison is made with the performance of other recent alternative approaches involving spatial filtering and second harmonic detection.
Analysis of Authorship in the Journal of Marketing 1960-1981:

This article analyzes the authorship of articles published in the Journal of Marketing between 1960 and 1981. Comparisons are made by author, academic rank, institution and by occupation. Based on ...
The Effect of Problem Recognition Style on Information Seeking

A study was conducted focusing on the relationship between styles of recognizing clothing problems and search for problem solutions. Problem Recognition Style was considered to range between two extremes: Actual State Types (who tend to perceive clothing problems only when their clothes fail to perform satisfactorily) and Desired State Types (for whom the decision process will be triggered frequently due to the desire for something new). A total of eleven information sources were studied representative in various degrees of two different dimensions: the personalness of the source and the degree to which the information can be controlled by the marketer. Two types of shopping trips were also evaluated: prepurchase and ongoing search. In general, Desired State Types placed greater importance on most sources in addition to making significantly more clothing-related shopping trips than Actual State Types.
Homogeneity of spatial correlation statistics of tropical oceanic rainfall

The possibility of uniform horizontal correlation scales for tropical oceanic rainfall has been examined by a study of satellite-observed microwave data as a proxy measure of rain rates. From the brightness temperatures from the electrically scanning microwave radiometer on Nimbus 5 near nadir during the year 1974, the mean spatial autocorrelation function as a function of simultaneous pixel separation was calculated in each 5 by 5 deg grid box over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic for each season. The equal-time spatially lagged correlations were compared for geographical dependence to investigate the hypothesis of homogeneity. A simple model of the spatial statistics of the microwave brightness temperatures was used, consisting of a mixture of uncorrelated spatial white noise incoherently superimposed on a spatially correlated field (spatial red noise). The red noise signals are presumed to be generated by convective activity in the tropical atmosphere. The parameters of the red noise are consistent with this scheme over the tropical oceans, yielding a uniform spatial scale of about 50 km throughout.
The activity of molybdenum and molybdenum oxide model catalysts for olefin metathesis

The activity of various molybdenum oxides supported on a molybdenum foil substrate for the catalysis of propylene metathesis is measured using an isolatable, high-pressure reactor incorporated in an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber which allows samples to be transferred directly from vacuum into the catalytic test chamber. MoO x samples are prepared both by oxidation of metallic molybdenum and reduction of molybdenum trioxide. The results suggest that the presence of an oxygen overlayer on the catalyst inhibits reaction and that the ranking of activity for metathesis at 870 K using 450 Torr of propylene for oxide samples is MoO2>MoO3>Mo where MoO2 is ∼ 30 times more active than molybdenum metal under these conditions.
Polycrystal plasticity modeling of bulk forming with finite elements over orientation space

Conventional polycrystal modeling is based primarily upon the association of a material element with a representative aggregate of crystals. In this work we focus on an alternate class of polycrystal schemes developed by applying the finite element method to represent and compute the crystal orientation distribution function over an explicit discretization of orientation space. In particular, we extend the methodology applied previously to planar polycrystals, to the modeling of three dimensional polycrystals. Neo-Eulerian axis angle spaces, and specifically Rodrigues' parameter space, are preferred over the conventional Euler angle spaces for this purpose. Various Eulerian and Lagrangian finite element schemes are considered for the ODF conservation equation, stabilized with appropriate combinations of streamline and artificial diffusion to accommodate its hyperbolic nature. One such stabilized scheme, the incremental Lagrangian is applied to simulate the texturing of FCC crystals under monotonic deformations. Next, the finite element polycrystal scheme is employed to capture the development of spatial texture gradients in a bulk forming process. This involves coupled finite element analyses at two length scales: at the macroscopic scale of the deformation process, over a spatial discretization, and at the microstructural level over the discretized orientation space.
On the nonlocal theory of quasi-static elastic dielectrics

Abstract The nonlocal theory of polar elastic dielectrics that is in interaction with quasi-static electric field is developed, and various special cases are discussed. For the illustration of the theory, the solution of a sample problem is given.
Naval hyperspectral remote sensing research for the oceans, atmosphere, and space

To meet Naval needs for sensing of the global environment, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) sponsor or carry out a variety of research programs using hyperspectral sensing. For ocean sensing, airborne and space-borne hyperspectral sensors are used to characterize the littoral environment with the aim of providing specification of ocean optical parameters including water clarity, diver visibility, bathymetry, bottom type and beach characterization. For the atmosphere, the Navy has interest in hyperspectral remote sensing from geosynchronous orbit. ONR interests include improved modeling of radiation transport in the atmosphere to infer high resolution profiles of wind, temperature and minor species and cloud characteristics. With sponsorship from Director Defense Research and Engineering (DDR&E), ONR is managing a Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) to provide new models for use with geosynchronous data. In partnership with NASA, NOAA and the Air Force, ONR is promoting the flight of the Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer-Indian Ocean METOC Imager (GIFTS-IOMI) program to obtain hyperspectral atmospheric imagery with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. For the space environment, NRL has flown a suite of experimental ultraviolet hyperspectral sensors to determine altitude profiles of the ionospheric electron density and upper atmospheric neutral density. The High Resolution Airglow/Aurora Spectroscopy (HIRAAS) experiment on the ARGOS satellite provided a proof of concept for a future series of hyperspectral ultraviolet space weather sensors the first of which has recently been launch on a DMSP weather satellite. ONR is sponsoring the development of a multispectral ultraviolet imager to take this capability to geosynchronous orbit.
Do all trauma patients need early crossmatching for blood

Trauma patients frequently have blood drawn for type and crossmatch. The majority of these units are held for 48 hours and never used for that patient. We conducted a retrospective review and followed with a prospective protocol, attempting to identify a variable that would predict the need for blood transfusion, thus decreasing cost and blood waste. In the 180 patients studied retrospectively, we found that 61% of patients with prehospital hypotension (BP or = 100 mm Hg had only a type and screen ordered unless clinical judgment dictated otherwise. Of the 136 patients, 109 had no history of prehospital hypotension, and 81 of these were managed with a type and screen. Only 8 patients without prehospital hypotension received a transfusion, 6 because of operative procedures. No patient received uncrossmatched blood, and there were no complications. Implementation of this protocol decreased our units crossmatched for each unit transfused from 3.8 to 2.8. Prehospital blood pressure is a useful adjunct to clinical judgement in identifying major trauma patients who can be initially managed safely without crossmatching.
Growth of Leishmania donovani Amastigotes in the Continuous Human Macrophage Cell Line U937: Studies of Drug Efficacy and Metabolism

We have developed a simple and reproducible system for infecting a human macrophage cell line (U937) with stationary-phase Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Four days after infection, greater than 90% of the promastigotes had transformed to amastigotes. The antileishmanial agents allopurinol riboside, formycin B, 9-deazainosine, and sodium stibogluconate effectively inhibited the growth of L. donovani amastigotes in this cell line. To study the capability of amastigotes in the U937 cell line to carry out biochemical reactions that could be monitored experimentally, we incubated the cells with radiolabeled 9-deazainosine. This purine analogue underwent metabolism in the amastigote phase similar to that occurring in the promastigote phase. This cell line should be useful for studies of parasite maturation and differentiation, parasite-human interactions, and antiparasitic drugs.
Additive Change Detection in Nonlinear Systems With Unknown Change Parameters

We study the change detection problem in partially observed, nonlinear systems [which satisfy the hidden Markov model (HMM) property]. The change parameters are assumed unknown, and the changes can be slow or sudden. A partially observed system needs to be tracked first before changes can be detected. Sudden changes result in significant loss of track. These can be detected easily using the increase in tracking error (TE) or observation likelihood (OL) or using a CUSUM-type method applied to either of these. However, slow changes (which result in small loss of track) often get missed. We propose here a statistic that uses the tracked component of the change to detect it and, hence, detects slow changes faster than TE or OL. We show, both analytically and through simulations, that this statistic complements OL and TE for change detection
Therapy of HIV infection.

: HIV is a devastating disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. Symptoms of illness can manifest in every organ system, including the skin. Although there is no definitive cure, the creation of antiretroviral drugs and aggressive treatment regimens have dramatically altered disease morbidity and mortality. However, the precise drug selection is often difficult and intimidating given the sheer abundance of drug therapies available. In this article, the HIV disease course is reviewed and different classes of antiretroviral medications are presented with emphasis on initial drug regimens, potential adverse effects, particularly those of dermatologic nature, possible drug interactions, patient compliance, and the emergence of drug resistance.
Aerosol and other novel administrations for prevention and treatment of invasive aspergillosis.

The high incidence of invasive aspergillosis (IA) in ‘at-risk’ patient populations, combined with poor treatment outcomes, necessitates the application of novel prevention and management strategies. Among such strategies is administration of antifungal agents using alternate routes of administration (such as local injections, irrigations, and aerosols). In general, such strategies are used adjunctively to systemic administration of antifungals and/or surgical intervention for treatment-refractory infections. Adequately-controlled clinical trials are lacking with many of these therapies to justify routine use as a primary prophylaxis or treatment strategy. Aerosolized administration of various formulations of amphotericin B has found more widespread acceptance, especially in the prevention of invasive aspergillosis in patients at highest risk. Given the pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of newer treatment options, the need for such novel administration for prevention and management of IA will need to b...
In the Shadow of Democracy Promotion Strategic Manipulation, International Observers, and Election Boycotts

International efforts to promote democracy can have unanticipated effects. International election observation is perceived to increase domestic confidence in the electoral process and reduce fraud. Conversely, election boycotts are perceived to be more likely as electoral fairness decreases. The authors document a puzzling relationship between monitored elections and opposition party boycotts: Observers are associated with an increased boycott probability. They argue that international benefits for democratic elections give electoral autocrats the incentive to invite international observers and manipulate elections to minimize international criticism. This increase in “strategic manipulation” has led to changed incentives for opposition political parties, which have the most to lose from a manipulated but internationally certified election. Consequently, international monitors increase boycott probability. The authors support this explanation with an original data set of elections, boycotts, and international observers (1990 to 2002).
In vitro and in vivo metabolism of N-adamantyl substituted urea-based soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitors

N,N'-disubstituted urea-based soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors are promising therapeutics for hypertension, inflammation, and pain in multiple animal models. The drug absorption and pharmacological efficacy of these inhibitors have been reported extensively. However, the drug metabolism of these inhibitors is not well described. Here we reported the metabolic profile and associated biochemical studies of an N-adamantyl urea-based sEH inhibitor 1-adamantan-1-yl-3-(5-(2-(2-ethoxyethoxy)ethoxy)pentyl)urea (AEPU) in vitro and in vivo. The metabolites of AEPU were identified by interpretation of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and/or NMR. In vitro, AEPU had three major positions for phase I metabolism including oxidations on the adamantyl moiety, urea nitrogen atoms, and cleavage of the polyethylene glycol chain. In a rodent model, the metabolites from the hydroxylation on the adamantyl group and nitrogen atom were existed in blood while the metabolites from cleavage of polyethylene glycol chain were not found in urine. The major metabolite found in rodent urine was 3-(3-adamantyl-ureido)-propanoic acid, a presumably from cleavage and oxidation of the polyethylene glycol moiety. All the metabolites found were active but less potent than AEPU at inhibiting human sEH. Furthermore, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 was found to be a major enzyme mediating AEPU metabolism. In conclusion, the metabolism of AEPU resulted from oxidation by CYP could be shared with other N-adamantyl-urea-based compounds. These findings suggest possible therapeutic roles for AEPU and new strategies for drug design in this series of possible drugs.
Descriptions of new taxa, redescriptions, and records of cockroaches, mostly from Malaysia and Indonesia (Dictyoptera: Blattaria)

Abstract The following new species are described: Shelfordina hispidensata; S. warisana; Symploce stupida; Hemithyrsocera nagamitsui; Jacobsonina chiangmaiensis; J. excavata; J. myitkyina; Homalosilpha quadrimaculata. The following are synonyms: Periplaneta uenoi Asahina = Periplaneta svenhedini Hanitsch; Symplocodes annamita Bey-Bienko = Symplocodes annamensis (Hanitsch). The following are new combinations: Blattella albomarginata Hanitsch = Jacobsonina albomarginata. The following 12 species of Australian Beybienkoa Roth are transferred to Carbrunneria Princis: barrinensis, bicaudata, eachamensis, finniganensis, guttifera (=papuensis), lewisensis, marci, maxi, nettae, paramaxi, webbana, and windsorana. Several species are redescribed, and some new records are presented.
Averaging-Related Biases in Monthly Latent Heat Fluxes

AbstractSeasonal-to-multidecadal applications that require ocean surface energy fluxes often require accuracies of surface turbulent fluxes to be 5 W m−2 or better. While there is little doubt that uncertainties in the flux algorithms and input data can cause considerable errors, the impact of temporal averaging has been more controversial. The biases resulting from using monthly averaged winds, temperatures, and humidities in the bulk aerodynamic formula (i.e., the so-called classical method) to estimate the monthly mean latent heat fluxes are shown to be substantial and spatially varying in a manner that is consistent with most prior work. These averaging-related biases are linked to nonnegligible submonthly covariances between the wind, temperature, and humidity. To provide additional insight into the averaging-related bias, the methodology behind the third-generation Florida State University monthly mean surface flux product (FSU3) is detailed to highlight additional sources of errors in gridded datas...
On disturbances and state feedback in nonlinear control

The problem of controlling a nonlinear system in the presence of disturbances and modeling inaccuracies is considered. The objective is to design a static state feedback controller that controls the system so that the combined effect of all disturbances and inaccuracies on the response of the closed loop system is below a specified bound.
Classification of Risk Status in Preschool Screening: A Comparison of Alternative Measures

The present study examined the classification agreement associated with estimates of risk status across alternative measures for 84 caregivers and preschool children of low socioeconomic status. Th...
Produce Marketing and Retail Buying Practices

Produce suppliers have raised concerns over retailer demands for slotting fees and other promotional allowances. These business practices have long existed in packaged goods trade, but are new to produce, which suppliers attribute to recent retail consolidation. Others argue that these allowances are consistent with the a competitive market, which is confronted with an enormous number of new products, most of which fail. Questions on the applicability of existing antitrust laws has limited their use. Eventually, the situation may rectify itself as more retailers adopt new business strategies that obviate the need for slotting fees and allowances.
Thread-level parallelization and optimization of NWChem for the Intel MIC architecture

In the multicore era it was possible to exploit the increase in on-chip parallelism by simply running multiple MPI processes per chip. Unfortunately, manycore processors' greatly increased thread- and data-level parallelism coupled with a reduced memory capacity demand an altogether different approach. In this paper we explore augmenting two NWChem modules, triples correction of the CCSD(T) and Fock matrix construction, with OpenMP in order that they might run efficiently on future manycore architectures. As the next NERSC machine will be a self-hosted Intel MIC (Xeon Phi) based supercomputer, we leverage an existing MIC testbed at NERSC to evaluate our experiments. In order to proxy the fact that future MIC machines will not have a host processor, we run all of our experiments in native mode. We found that while straightforward application of OpenMP to the deep loop nests associated with the tensor contractions of CCSD(T) was sufficient in attaining high performance, significant effort was required to safely and efficiently thread the TEXAS integral package when constructing the Fock matrix. Ultimately, our new MPI+OpenMP hybrid implementations attain up to 65x better performance for the triples part of the CCSD(T) due in large part to the fact that the limited on-card memory limits the existing MPI implementation to a single process per card. Additionally, we obtain up to 1.6x better performance on Fock matrix constructions when compared with the best MPI implementations running multiple processes per card.
A comparison of the extended finite element method with the immersed interface method for elliptic equations with discontinuous coefficients and singular sources

We compare the Immersed Interface Method (IIM) with the Extended Finite Element Method (X-FEM) for elliptic equations with singular sources and discontinuous coefficients. The IIM has been compared favorably with a number of other competing methods. These methods are of particular interest because they allow for the solution of elliptic equations with internal boundaries on nonconforming meshes. In the context of moving interface problems, the emphasis in this paper is placed on accuracy of solutions and their normal derivatives on the interface. These methods are briefly described and the results for benchmark problems are compared.