cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jesuit pastoral theater on an urban stage: Lisbon, 1588-1593

In the late sixteenth century, the Society of Jesus became one of the most influential religious groups in Catholic Europe and beyond. Yet specifically how the meteoric rise of the Jesuits occurred has remained an enigma, especially in light of the entrenched complex of interests that comprised contemporary society. Based on manuscript correspondence and other under-exploited archival material, this article analyzes the actions of senior members of this religious order in the city of Lisbon in late 1580s and early 1590s in order to show how the Society gained its prestige through a host of pastoral activities directed at a variety of audiences. By avoiding a focus on colleges or missions, this study offers a new perspective on the Jesuits' attempts to win their place among ecclesiastical elites, as well as the respect of both nobles and plebeians in one of the largest and most ethnically diverse cities in Europe.
Fitting Data Under Omnidirectional Noise: A Probabilistic Method for Inferring Petrophysical and Hydrologic Relations

While geophysicists recognize that all measurements of media properties are subject to noise, methods for fitting petrophysical relations commonly employ regression-based formulas, which assume no error in one of the properties being related (the “independent" variable). To derive a more rigorous method for fitting such relations, we take a probabilistic viewpoint on the problem of fitting petrophysical relations to sample correlation data. Unlike prior approaches, we take into account the fact that noise is present in both measured properties. Under basic assumptions, we derive a new objective function for such problems which is proportional to the data likelihood and which can be used for both model parameter optimization and model selection. We present several numerical experiments outlining the utility of our method, and compare results of our method against results of other commonly used methods, such as kriging, regression, and total distance minimization. The results of our applications using the maximum likelihood technique appear visually accurate, and we also provide quantitative comparisons of performance that suggest the method produces more desirable results.
Computational materials science: an increasingly reliable engineering tool (example: defects in HgCdTe alloys)

Computational materials science has evolved in recent years into a reliable theory capable of predicting not only idealized materials and device performance properties, but also those that apply to practical engineering developments. The codes run on workstations and even now are fast enough to be useful design tools. A review will be presented of the current status of this rapidly advancing field.As a demonstration of the power of the methods, predictions of the native point and complex defect, and impurity densities for the Hg0.8Cd0.2Te alloy as functions of external processing conditions will be treated. Where measurements have been done, the observed values agree well with the predictions. As an example, we find that As incorporates predominately on the cation sublattice, if the material is grown form the Te side of the existence curve, whereas it tends to reside on the anion sublattice in Hg-saturated growth. On the cation sublattice As is a donor. It is an acceptor on the Te sublattice. We have devised a post-MBE- growth processing method to encourage the transfer of As form the cation to the anion sublattice. Those aspects of the proposed process that have been tested work.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Excitations and Bose-Einstein condensation in liquid {sup 4}He

We present a model of the dynamic structure factor $S(\mathbf{Q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ that reproduces the basic features of the temperature dependence of $S(\mathbf{Q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ as observed in inelastic-neutron scattering measurements. Wave vectors $Q$ beyond the roton ($Qg2.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) are considered. The model is able to reproduce the decrease in the intensity of the single excitation (phonon-roton) peak in $S(\mathbf{Q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ with an increase of temperature $(T)$ in the range $0.6\ensuremath{\leqslant}T\ensuremath{\leqslant}2.1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. All vertices and interactions are assumed temperature independent, and only the condensate fraction ${n}_{0}(T)$ changes with $T$. Also, it reproduces a second peak observed at higher energy ($\ensuremath{\omega}$) which represents the single excitation intensity lying in the two excitation band. The model is based on the formulation of $S(\mathbf{Q},\ensuremath{\omega})$ of Gavoret and Nozi\`eres. In this formulation, the dynamic susceptibility, $\ensuremath{\chi}$, is separated into a singular part involving the condensate and a regular part involving states above the condensate $\ensuremath{\chi}={\ensuremath{\chi}}_{S}+{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{R}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. The weight of the phonon-roton peak in ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{S}$ is proportional to ${n}_{0}(T)$ and the phonon-roton peak disappears completely from $\ensuremath{\chi}$ in the normal phase where ${n}_{0}(T)=0$. Using sum rule arguments, the condensate fraction can be estimated from the data giving values in good agreement with accurate measurements at SVP and with Monte Carlo calculations.
WE‐SAMS‐L100J‐01: Basic Physics of PET and PET/CT

Positron emission tomography or PET is now considered one of the most important clinical imaging modalities, particularly in the fields of oncology, neurology and cardiology. In the past 5 years, hybrid scanners that combine the technologies of PET and computed tomography(CT) have become the instrument of choice for most imaging clinics. This presentation will discuss the instrumentation, data acquisition and image reconstruction associated with state‐of‐the‐art PET and PET‐CT systems. This talk will review the basics of positron emission, annihilation coincidence detection and instrumentation design. It will review detector designs in state‐of‐the‐art PET systems including the choice of detector materials. We will also describe both 2D and 3D PETdata acquisition modes and the merits of each. We will discuss random coincidences, scatter and attenuation correction and current approaches being used to correct for these. We will also review the methods currently sued to reconstruct these data. At the end of this presentation, the participants will be able to 1. list 3 detector materials routinely used in PET and at least one advantage or disadvantage of each, 2. describe the difference between 2D and 3D PETdata acquisition, 3. discuss 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of CT‐based attenuation correction and list 3 approaches to reconstruction and 2 advantages of each.
Biochemical epidemiology of gallbladder cancer

To evaluate the a priori hypotheses that an increased level of glyco and tauro lithocholic acid, perhaps because of a decreased capacity for hepatic sulfation, contributed to the biochemical epidemiology of gallbladder cancer, a case-control study was undertaken at four hospitals in La Paz, Bolivia, and at one hospital in Mexico City, Mexico. Eighty-four cases with newly diagnosed histologically confirmed gallbladder cancer were compared with 264 controls with cholelithiasis or choledocholithiasis in the absence of cancer and with 126 controls with normal biliary tracts. All study subjects were undergoing abdominal surgery. Interview data were collected for all study subjects, as well as blood, bile, and gallstone specimens when feasible. Sera were analyzed for carcinoembryonic antigen, cholesterol concentration, and total bile acids. Bile specimens were analyzed for carcinoembryonic antigen; and for concentration of bile salts; cholesterol; phospholipids; and the glycine and taurine conjugates of cholic, ursodeoxycholic, chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and lithocholates; sulfoglycolithocholate; and sulfotaurolithocholate. Gallstone specimens were analyzed for the percentage of cholesterol content, the percentage of calcium bilirubinate content, and the percentage of calcium carbonate content. Serum bile acids were increased in cases versus the two control groups (median 11.7 nmol/mL vs. 9.3 nmol/mL for stone controls and 8.2 nmol/L for nonstone controls, P < or = .02 for each pairwise comparison). Biliary bile acids were markedly decreased in the cases (median 3.98 micromol/mL vs. 33.09 micromol/mL, and 154.0 micromol/L, respectively, P < or = .0001 for each comparison), even after excluding those with a serum bilirubin higher than 2.0 mg/dL. Bile cholesterol was lower for the cases as well (median 1.70 micromol/mL vs. 4.90 micromol/mL, and 16.81 micromol/ mL, respectively, P < or = .02), as was the concentration of bile phospholipids (median 2.97 micromol/mL vs. 6.26 micromol/mL, and 52.69 micromol/mL, P = .1 and .0004, respectively). Contrary to our a priori hypothesis, there was no difference between the cases and either control group in their bile concentrations of lithocholate, the proportion of bile acids which were sulfated, or the concentration of nonsulfated lithocholate. However, the cases had a higher concentration of ursodeoxycholate (UDC) (P < .004 for both control groups), especially glycoursodeoxycholate (P < .001 for both control groups). A previously published suggestion that gallstone size differed between cases and controls was not confirmed. In conclusion, cases with gallbladder cancer differed from controls with stones and from controls with normal biliary tracts in their serum and bile biochemistries. These findings may be a reflection of the disease process, or may provide useful clues to its pathogenesis.
Making Thinking Visible: Writing in the Center

Every day, more than two hundred students visit the writing center, where they use writing and technology to make their thinking visible. They sit outside the writing center door at 7:30 a.m. waiting for it to open, and they pack up at 4:00 p.m. when it closes. The writing center at Penn High School in Mishawaka, Indiana, a technology-supported writing classroom, had its beginning in July 1994, when Gene Sweeney lied to Mary Nicolini. "We want to make writing the center of our curriculum."
Interstitial water composition in Barataria Bay (Louisiana) sediment

Abstract Two subareas in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, were studied. One, John the Fool Bayou, is influenced mainly by freshwater; the other Airplane Lake, is influenced mainly by sea water. Sediments in the former were rich in organic matter, but those in the latter contained low organic matter. It was found that the temperature at which samples were stored exerted significant influence on the subsequent results obtained. For example, preliminary study showed that surface sediments stored at 4 °C or on ice resulted in higher release of NH4+ and SiO2 to interstitial water than samples stored immediately on dry ice. It is believed that this was caused by decomposition of organic constituents. Surface sediments frozen immediately on dry ice resulted in higher release of free α-amino acids, total N, total P and PO4−3 P, indicating lysis of living tissues and/or cells of organisms. To prevent the labile biochemical constituents from decomposing, the procedure of immediately freezing the samples in the field with dry ice was adopted for all subsequent studies. A one-year study of interstitial waters from surface sediments frozen immediately in the field showed that dissolved SiO2, NH4+ and PO4−3 were higher from August through November than during other months. The yearly averages of these nutrients were many times higher than in the corresponding water columns in both areas. Free interstitial α-amino acids were higher in the relatively low organic Airplane Lake sediments than in those of the highly organic John the Fool Bayou.
Consumers' Intention to Purchase Environmentally Friendly Wines: A Segmentation Approach

There has been a remarkable increase in environmental consciousness worldwide. Consumers are beginning to change their behavior to integrate environmental considerations into lifestyle choices, such as how well products satisfy their needs and how these products affect the natural environment. In some cases, consumers have expressed a willingness to pay a premium for environmentally friendly products. A goal of marketing is informing the public of the availability of goods and services that will advance their quality of life. However, this is true only if marketing's communication aids in informing, educating, and channeling consumers' needs toward “green” products and services. This study investigated the relationship of wine consumers' environmental knowledge, attitudes, gender, and their expressed intention to pay more for an environmentally friendly wine. The results suggest these variables could be used for segmentation and for selective marketing to reposition the product and then redirect consumers...
Melamine and ammeline as nitrogen sources for turfgrasses

Melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) and ammeline (4,6-diamino-1,3,5 triazine 2(1H)-one) were tested in a field study for N release characteristics, and response of Kentucky bluegrass to one and two applications of 98 kg N ha−1. Melamine was also evaluated in combination with urea in a granule and in a liquid suspension. Mineralization of N from melamine and ammeline was slow. Soil concentrations of NH4 and NO3 in the surface 7-cm were less than 5% of the total N applied after 56 days. Recovery of N in the tissue was 5 and 11% of added melamine-N and ammeline-N respectively, during four months of sampling. Poor overall turf quality and number of dates of unacceptable quality also reflected the low mineralization of N from melamine and ammeline. The addition of urea to melamine improved plant N uptake, yield and turf quality. However, after the initial response to the urea component, little evidence of N release from melamine was observed over a four month period.
The functional activity of the rat c-Ha-ras promoter requires the coordinate involvement of multiple elements

Promoter activity in the rat c-Ha-ras promoter region was assessed in NIH 3T3 cells using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Promoter activity was orientation dependent. Deletion of the GC box closest to the transcriptional start site, or the upstream GC box and the two CAAT boxes, greatly diminished promoter activity. The GC boxes in the SV40 early promoter could not functionally replace the downstream c-Ha-ras GC box, but specifically competed for expression of rat c-Ha-ras promoter activity. Serum-stimulated growth of 3T3 cells stably transfected with p035-ras-CAT was not associated with increased promoter activity. These data indicate that the GC and CAAT boxes in the rat c-Ha-ras gene are related to constitutive, and not regulatory, promoter activity, and that these elements are involved in a coordinate manner.
Recent improvements in Braille transcription

Standard Grade II Braille uses 189 contractions to decrease the bulk of Braille text, and increase the speed of reading. The rules for the use of these contractions, however, are ambiguous and difficult to apply. A method is presented for detecting letter-string units which are functioning as linguistic units (morphs or clusters) in words. These units may then be contracted by either the Grade II system, or a more efficient procedure based on the frequency of occurrence of these units. Thus Braille can be encoded algorithmically by computer, and many of the "sequence" errors associated with other schemes are avoided.
Failure of ibogaine to produce phencyclidine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rats and monkeys

Abstract The discriminative stimulus properties of ibogaine were investigated in rats trained to discriminate phencyclidine (PCP; 2.0 mg/kg, IP) from saline under a two-lever fixed-ratio (FR) 32 schedule of food reinforcement. Ibogaine (5.6–17.6 mg/kg, IP) showed a complete lack of substitution. Ibogaine (0.5–4.0 mg/kg, IM) also failed to generalize in rhesus monkeys trained to discriminate PCP (0.1 mg/kg, IM) from sham injection. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), tested as a reference compound, produced partial substitution for PCP in rats and occasioned little responding on the PCP-associated lever in monkeys. These results demonstrate important differences between the behavioral effects of PCP and other types of hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD and ibogaine and do not support the hypothesis that the affinity of ibogaine for the PCP site on N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors plays a major role in its acute behavioral effects.
Partition of oxidized americium from actinides(III) and lanthanides(III)

Abstract In the liquid-liquid extraction system 0·6 F bis (2,6-dimethyl-4-heptyl) phosphoric acid, (C9H19O)2PO(OH), HD(DIBM)P, in n-heptane vs. an aqueous 0·025 F HNO3 + 0·025 F AgNO3 + 0·185 F K2S2O8 phase the K for oxidized Am, presumably Am(VI), is greater than 40 while that for Cm(III) is less than 1 × 10−5. Correspondingly, the K values for each M(III) actinide and lanthanide tested is less than 1 × 10−3. Consequently, this system may be used for the purification of americium with respect to M(III) actinides and lanthanides or alternatively for the purification of M(III) actinides and lanthanides with respect to americium. Details of the mutual separation of 241Am and 244Cm through the application of this liquid-liquid extraction system are given. Proposed extension of the study to extraction chromatography employing HD(DIBM)P as the stationary phase is discussed.
Personality traits and early discontinuation from clinical trials in anxious patients

Patients who discontinue early from clinical trials frequently give ambiguous or no reasons for leaving the study. Using Cloniger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, we examined the potential role of personality traits in early discontinuation in patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Early dropouts and completers were comparable at baseline on demographic and clinical variables but differed significantly on the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. For panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder patients combined, early dropouts scored higher on total novelty seeking, as well as on the novelty-seeking traits of both disorderliness/dislike of regimentation and impulsiveness. There was no significant interaction between dropout status and diagnosis for this finding, indicating it applied equally to both groups. This study suggests that personality traits involving novelty seeking may contribute to early discontinuation from clinical trials, independent of side effects, lack of efficacy, or at baseline, significantly worse symptoms of anxiety.
Effect of laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery on urinary incontinence in morbidly obese women.

Abstract Background Morbid obesity is an independent risk factor for urinary incontinence (UI) that tends to be underreported. A validated, reliable, self-administered, easy-to-use questionnaire was used to determine the effect of laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) surgery on UI in morbidly obese women. Methods We prospectively evaluated 470 morbidly obese women seeking bariatric surgery with the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form was given to female patients at their initial consultation and at 3 and 12 months after LGB to assess both UI symptoms and quality of life. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Results The preoperative prevalence of UI was 66% (n = 309) and included 21% urge, 33% stress, and 46% mixed UI. For the 58 patients with UI who underwent LGB and completed a follow-up International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, a reduction occurred in the total symptom score from 7.6 ± 4 preoperatively to 3.0 ± 4 and 1.8 ± 4 ( P P Conclusion UI is a common co-morbidity in the morbidly obese and was prevalent in two thirds of female patients presenting for bariatric surgery evaluation. LGB with resultant weight loss significantly improved the UI symptoms and quality of life.
Double zoonotic peritonitis

Summary Background: Peritonitis continues to be a major problem for peritoneal dialysis patients. The incidence of peri -tonitis has decreased in recent decades but uncommon organisms are inceasingly being reported. Case Report: We report an 83 year old man with history of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, coronary ar -tery disease and end stage renal disease on peritoneal dialysis, who developed recurrent peritonitis due to simultaneous presence of two uncommon organisms, Pasturella multocida and Capnocytophag . The patient was treated with antibiotics but he did not respond well and therefore his peritone-al dialysis catheter was removed. We discuss the microbiology of both organisms and review the literature. Conclusions: Peritonitis is a major problem for peritoneal dialysis patients and although improved technology has decreased the incidence of peritonitis, unusual organisms are increasingly reported. Pet own -ers who are on peritoneal dialysis, should be aware of the risks of association with animals
A highly-efficient, unidirectional miniaturized slot antenna

In this article a technique for miniaturization of cavity-backed slot antennas is presented. The technique is based on the combination of two different miniaturization techniques: distributed inductive loading and modification of the ground plane. Using these techniques, a miniaturized cavity-backed slot antenna is designed that occupies a volume, which is only 18% of an ordinary CBSA operating at the same frequency.
METHODS FOR REMOVING URANYL ACETATE PRECIPITATE FROM ULTRATHIN SECTIONS

Precipitate resulting from en bloc staining with uranyl acetate was removed by treating sections with 15% oxalic acid in 50% methanol for 30 minutes at 40 C. Precipitate resulting from poststaining sections with hot uranyl acetate was removed by rinsing sections in 0.25-0.50% aqueous oxalic acid for 10-15 seconds at room temperature. Rinsing sections for longer than 30 seconds removed uranyl precipitate and also destained the sections. These procedures did not damage the embedding medium or cellular detail.
Dopaminergic Prediction Errors Persevere in the Nucleus Accumbens Core during Negative Reinforcement

One predominant theory of dopamine function postulates that phasic bursts and pauses in dopamine transmission signal errors in reward prediction, and can thereby adjust the probability of repeating a preceding action ([Houk et al., 1995][1]; [Schultz et al., 1997][2]). Specifically, dopaminergic
The “Miracle” Case: Film Censorship and the Supreme Court – By Laura Wittern-Keller and Raymond J. Haberski Jr

This exciting collaboration between two film historians expands the study of film censorship by exploring its relationship with Catholicism and law in the 1950s. Probing the controversy over Robert...
External pelvic radiation therapy in stage IC endometrial carcinoma

Objective: To evaluate outcomes of patients with stage IC endometrial carcinoma treated with external whole pelvic radiation but not vaginal brachytherapy. Methods: Sixty-one women with stage IC endometrial carcinoma had postoperative pelvic radiation without vaginal brachytherapy. The median age was 69 years (range 44 ‐ 87 years). Most subjects had histologic findings of adenocarcinoma (71%) and grade 2 or 3 disease (74%). The median pelvic irradiation dose was 48.6 Gy (range 43.2‐50.4 Gy). No patients received adjuvant chemotherapy or hormonal therapy. The median follow-up time was 69.5 months (range 7‐196 months). Results: The 5-year actuarial disease-free and overall survivals of the entire group were 86.7% and 97.6%, respectively. No patient developed local (vaginal) recurrence. One patient had recurrent disease in the lateral pelvis. Ten patients (16.4%) had distant (extrapelvic) metastases. No serious sequelae were noted, including vaginal necrosis, small bowel obstruction, proctitis, or fistulae. Conclusion: Local control was excellent in stage IC endometrial carcinoma treated with adjuvant radiation therapy alone. Attention needs to be focused on efforts to control extrapelvic recurrence in patients with this disease. (Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:599 ‐ 602. © 1999 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.) Most patients with endometrial carcinoma present in stage I, and the mainstay of their treatment is surgery. However, those who have deep myometrial invasion without extrauterine disease (stage IC) are believed to be at risk of recurrence and often receive postoperative radiation therapy, which typically consists of a combination of external beam whole pelvic irradiation and vaginal brachytherapy. It remains unclear, however, whether both types of radiation are necessary. Pelvic radiation alone might be capable of sterilizing potential residual microscopic disease in the regional lymph nodes, obviating the need for brachytherapy. Although many investigators reported the outcomes of patients with stage I disease treated with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy, 1‐10 few focused on the outcomes of patients treated with postoperative pelvic radiation alone. 11‐14 Most published reports included patients without deep myometrial invasion and at low risk for local (vaginal) recurrence. 15
Computerized tomography in infarctions of the vertebral-basilar system.

Abstract A review of 19,600 computerized tomograms revealed 13 brain stem and 67 cerebellar infarctions. The size and locations of these lesions are noted and clinical correlation is presented.
On babies and bathwater

COMMENTARY cience commits its share of offenses on the basis of an unwillingness to acknowledge not only its own social context but also that of the public and the people who feed it either commercially or through public grant mechanisms. Often these abuses are mutual: interactions among gullible customers and self-promoting scientists. The enthusiasm surrounding genetics these days well deserves criticism for overstatement and oversimplification. Science will not respond to criticism without some social or material pressure, however, and to have even a faint hope of being taken seriously, a critic must meet the science halfway in two respects. First, critics must at least try to understand the facts, which do actually exist; geneticists are not making them up. Unfortunately, scientists seem to be little more savvy than anybody else about the problematic and volatile aspects of notions such as "race." Categorical treatment of subjects that do not fall into the assumed categories will lead to erroneous results, and Stephan Palmie's discussion (this issue) refers to them. But he does it in an essentially declarative way, rather than with documentation-not a very persuasive approach to dealing with science or scientists. To a far greater extent than culture, perhaps, or at least with a far more programmed mechanism of generation and transmission over time and space, genetic variation is an empirical fact, empirically documentable. It is true that what we choose to look at, as genetic researchers, is embedded in our sociocultural matrix. I am one of many who has tried to explain what genetic variation means in context (for entree to the recent literature, including discussion of the problems of false categorization, see Keita et al. 2004; Kittles and Weiss 2003; Shriver and Kittles 2004; Weiss and Fullerton 2006). There can certainly be abuses, and I have seen laughably inaccurate personal genetic history estimates when the data or methods were misapplied. But there are some rather unfortunate misleading statements in Palmi 's treatment, such as the implication he appears to draw from Troy Duster's quote about comparing all of Chicago to all of Los Angeles, which is not what is done in ancestry reconstructions that I know of. Likewise, no competent geneticist
Replanting Freeway Park: Preserving a Masterpiece

Seattle’s Freeway Park, designed by Lawrence Halprin and Associates, opened in 1976 and has become an acknowledged Halprin masterpiece. The park bears the imprint of Halprin’s bold geometric concrete abstractions of nature, powerful use of water, and emphasis on choreographing the experiences of users. Over time, Freeway Park’s plants became crowded and overgrown, giving the park a dark and shady aspect that made spaces feel cramped and increased perceptions that the park was unsafe. In 2006 the City began a restoration process that included repairing water features and assessing the park’s vegetation. This article describes the process of replanting the park and developing a long-term vegetation management plan. It draws conclusions about the need for landscape architects to understand their design work as the installation of living systems, subsequent vegetation maintenance, and management as a form of ongoing design.
Gender differences in outcome after neonatal intensive care: speech and language skills are less influenced in boys than in girls at 6.5 years

Aim: To study language development at age 6.5 y in 230 children who had required neonatal intensive care (NIC) and 71 full-term neonatally healthy control children, all born in 1986–1989, with a focus on comparison between genders. Methods: Eight aspects of spontaneous speech, 3 fine motor functions, 10 linguistic areas, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and digit recall (ITPA) were assessed. Results: Achievements for gender and gestational age groups were analysed (group I, 23–31 wk; subgroup IA, 23–27 wk; IB, 28–31 wk; group II, 32–36 wk; group III, >36 wk), with children with congenital malformations as a separate group. As a group, at 6.5 y NIC girls had more developed spontaneous speech than NIC boys, and performed better than NIC boys in some linguistic areas. NIC girls of group I had lower results than control girls in spontaneous speech aspects such as speech motor function, interaction and motivation, and in many areas of linguistic skills. In contrast, NIC boys of group I had higher results than control boys in auditory memory, and only regarding information and speech motor function in spontaneous speech were their results lower. Analysis of results of matched pairs of group I NIC girls versus control girls and group I NIC boys versus control boys revealed even more marked differences between NIC girls and their matched controls than between NIC boys and their matched controls. Conclusion: Language development in extremely or very preterm NIC boys seems to be less influenced than that in NIC girls by the need for and administration of NIC. The neonatal factors associated with low scores in girls are different from those in boys.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phagosome Maturation Arrest: Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol Analog Phosphatidylinositol Mannoside Stimulates Early Endosomal Fusion

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that parasitizes macrophages by modulating properties of the Mycobacterium-containing phagosome. Mycobacterial phagosomes do not fuse with late endosomal/lysosomal organelles but retain access to early endosomal contents by an unknown mechanism. We have previously reported that mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol analog lipoarabinomannan (LAM) blocks a trans-Golgi network-to-phagosome phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. In this work, we extend our investigations of the effects of mycobacterial phosphoinositides on host membrane trafficking. We present data demonstrating that phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) specifically stimulated homotypic fusion of early endosomes in an ATP-, cytosol-, and N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor-dependent manner. The fusion showed absolute requirement for small Rab GTPases, and the stimulatory effect of PIM increased upon partial depletion of membrane Rabs with RabGDI. We found that stimulation of early endosomal fusion by PIM was higher when phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was inhibited by wortmannin. PIM also stimulated in vitro fusion between model phagosomes and early endosomes. Finally, PIM displayed in vivo effects in macrophages by increasing accumulation of plasma membrane-endosomal syntaxin 4 and transferrin receptor on PIM-coated latex bead phagosomes. In addition, inhibition of phagosomal acidification was detected with PIM-coated beads. The effects of PIM, along with the previously reported action of LAM, suggest that M. tuberculosis has evolved a two-prong strategy to modify its intracellular niche: its products block acquisition of late endosomal/lysosomal constituents, while facilitating fusion with early endosomal compartments.
Influence of Methyl Testosterone on Muscular Work and Creatine Metabolism in Normal Young Men1

There has long been a common belief that male sex hormones are associated with muscular strength and endurance. A variety of evidence can be cited in general support of this belief. Increased strength and endurance is one of the most common subjective reports from male castrates and eunuchoids treated with testosterone. Treatment with androgens increased the voluntary activity of castrated male rats (1) and was reported to increase working capacity in adult patients with subnormal or absent testicular hormone production (2). There are numerous reports of the effects of testosterone on nitrogen and creatine metabolism in both eunuchoid and normal men; these suggest a fundamental influence on muscle metabolism and work which has been assumed to be associated with the androgenic activity of the compound. In view of these facts, it is reasonable to inquire whether responses to fatiguing exercise may be altered in normal man by androgen administration.
Statistical Interpolation Using Cyclostationary EOFs

Abstract Investigated here is the space–time estimation or statistical interpolation of a global variable based on a few observations. Estimation of a global data field is essentially a problem of optimally estimating spherical harmonic expansion coefficients. The optimal estimation technique used here is similar to that in Kim et al. An important exception is that cyclostationary empirical orthogonal functions (CSEOFs) are used to develop the estimation technique instead of regular empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The use of CSEOFs is motivated by the fact that many climatic variables are (approximately) cyclostationary. That is, the statistics of a climatic variable vary periodically with a distinct nested periodicity. The developed technique is applied to estimating the global field of monthly surface temperature anomalies, which is a notable example of cyclostationary processes. The CSEOFs, an essential ingredient for formulating a cyclostationary estimation technique, account for the monthly va...
Rosselia Ichnofabric in the Miocene Pullen Formation, Northwestern California: Implications for the Interpretation of Regional Tectonics

The occurrence of the Rosselia ichnofabric in the basal sandstone beds of the late Miocene Pullen Formation (basal Wildcat Group) provides strong evidence that supports our interpretation of a littoral-to-inner-shelf depositional setting for the lowest division of this formation. These sediments were deposited on a wave-cut platform developed along a steep coastline. Our study reconfirms the utility of the Rosselia ichnofabric in the identification of inner-shelf depositional settings having high net deposition rates, represented by the basal Pullen sandstone beds. We demonstrate how recognition of this unique ichnofabric can inform larger-scale tectonic interpretations. The correct interpretation of paleoenvironment in the case of the lowest Pullen beds confirms the view that rapid regional subsidence occurred shortly after their deposition. This allows us to eliminate a previously published alternate hypothesis that the initial accumulation of Pullen sediments occurred at bathyal depths on an inner trench slope.
Integrated Mitochondrial and Microsomal Regulation of Free Ca2+ in Permeabilized Insulinoma Cells

Permeabilized RINm5F insulinoma cells (Joseph et al., 1984, Prentki et al., 1984, 1985) were used to evaluate the effect of stable levels of ATP, ADP and orthophosphate (Pi) on mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial, presumably endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ handling. We sought to determine the nature of changes that affect Ca2+ handling, the range of values where such effects are apparent and the intracellular organelle exhibiting responsiveness.
Lethal Effects of Biological Insecticide Applications on Nontarget Lepidopterans in Two Appalachian Forests

Eighteen 200-ha study plots were established in the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia, and in the George Washington National Forest, Virginia. The overall purpose of the study was to determine nontarget effects of biological insecticides used to control gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). From 1995 through 1998 blacklight traps, foliage pruning, and canvas bands were used to collect lepidopteran adults and larvae to determine population abundance 2 yr before and during two consecutive years of treatment applications. During 1997 and 1998, six plots were each aerially treated with nucleopolyhedrosis virus Gypchek (GC) (US Forest Service, Ansonia, CT) and Bacillus thuringiensis variety kurstaki (Btk). The remaining six plots were left untreated (control). Counts of adults and larvae of 19 species from five families were tallied to assess treatment effects. Both spring- and summer-defoliating larvae were sampled. Analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between pretreatment/treatment years and the three treatment groups for the adults of two species and the larvae of three species. Fewer larvae were collected from Btk plots than from GC and control plots during treatment years, but not during pretreatment years. Gypchek was not determined to adversely affect nontarget species. Adults of 10 species and larvae of four species were more numerous during treatment years than pretreatment years. Adults of four species and larvae of five species were more numerous during pretreatment years than during treatment years.
Closing the Gap: Principal Perspectives on an Innovative School-Based Mental Health Intervention

Mental health needs among children in the United States have significant consequences for children and their families, as well as the schools that serve them. This qualitative study evaluated the second year of an innovative school-based mental health project that created a multi-system partnership between an urban school district, a public mental health agency, and a local university to better meet the mental health needs of youth. Through in-depth interviews with seven principals and assistant principals at the project schools, four major themes were identified: (1) connecting the dots, (2) strengths and successes, (3) project significance to school and community, and (4) challenges and future directions. Findings from this study may be useful to other schools and communities who are considering school-based interventions to support at-risk youth.
Considering Pathological Altruism in the Law from Therapeutic Jurisprudence and Neuroscience Perspectives

One of the most important legal theoretical developments of the past two decades has been the creation and dynamic growth of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ). TJ presents a new model by which we can assess the ultimate impact of case law and legislation that affects mentally disabled individuals, studying the role of the law as a therapeutic agent, recognizing that substantive rules, legal procedures and lawyers' roles may have either therapeutic or anti-therapeutic consequences, and questioning whether such rules, procedures, and roles can or should be reshaped so as to enhance their therapeutic potential, while not subordinating due process principles. In recent years, scholars have considered a vast range of topics through a TJ lens, including, but not limited to, all aspects of mental disability law, domestic relations law, criminal law and procedure, employment law, gay rights law, and tort law. At the same time, legal scholars have also turned their attention to the relationship between neuroscience and the law, mostly, but not exclusively, in the contexts of criminal law and procedure. A significant amount of the legal attention paid to altruism-related issues has come in the area of organ donation law and the potential exculpatory impact of certain clusters of behavior ('syndromes') on criminal responsibility (e.g., battered spouse; cultural defense), both of which potentially pose questions of pathological altruism. In this chapter, I consider both of these topics from a TJ perspective, and will also speculate on the potential of recent neuroscience-and-the-law findings on future legal developments in these areas. I conclude that TJ and neuroimaging are valuable tools in this consideration: TJ gives us a benchmark by which we can assess whether the pathological altruist (if, indeed, the altruist is pathological) has sacrificed her dignity to do the putatively pathologically altruistic act, an assessment process that can also illuminate whether the underlying behavior is irrational or self-harming. Neuroimaging and neuroscience give us new tools to potentially assess whether the pathological altruist is a rational moral agent in doing such acts. These tools may help illuminate our further and deeper understanding of these issues, and may give us new insights into why people do engage in such actions even when they appear to be self-defeating as well as self-destructive.
Online Auctions for Business-to-Business Transactions

Internet auctions are an important resource in the business-to-business (B2B) market for companies that want to save money and increase profits. Understanding how auctions work on the Internet is mandatory in today's marketplace. Auctions can be used to do everything from selling excess inventory to purchasing capital equipment.
Ethics and Human Identity: The Challenge of the New Biology

The major reason why ethics seeks to determine the rightness or wrongness of human acts is that it is principally concerned with the question of our identity as human beings, an identity that we shape for ourselves by our willingness to choose to do specific kinds of deeds or acts. Questions of morality, in other words, are at root questions of human identity. We make or break our lives as human beings by the deeds we choose to do. With this underlying theme the essay seeks to assess the adequacy of diverse moral methodologies insofar as these have been employed in an effort to confront the challenges posed by the new biology. Three types of approaches are examined: the consequentialist type exemplified by Joseph Fletcher, the “mediating” approach discernible in many contemporary writers and given its most systematic articulation by Richard McCormick, and the deontological type so ably presented by Paul Ramsey and Germain Grisez. The author argues that the Ramsey-Grisez type of approach is the most adequate, contending that the other two types of approaches are more concerned with what our deeds get done than they are with what our deeds have to tell us about the meaning of our existence as moral beings.
Taking Persons Seriously: A Jurisprudential Perspective on Social Disputes in a Changing Neighborhood

After years of decline, many central city neighborhoods have shown new signs of life as more and more middle and upper income families elect to restore or renovate older homes rather than settle in newer, suburban homes. This fundamental shift in housing patterns presents a variety of challenges to the legal system. One such problem is the accommodation of conflicting expectations about a neighborhood which shows signs of reversing a period of decline. Conditions that are acceptable to older residents may be regarded as offensive by the newcomers. The typical method of discussing the legal resolution of such social disputes is to phrase the problem in abstract legal terms. However, abstractions necessarily result in losing a sense of the variations involved in the concrete, particularized reality that underlies every dispute. In order to resolve the tension between the specific facts of particular problems and the one-dimensional quality of abstract analysis, this Article presents a hypothetical account of the persons living in a particular neighborhood which is undergoing some redevelopment. The situation is developed in detail, including many facts which are normally regarded as legally irrelevant. Part II shifts to a more general level as it discusses some of the factors which might be involved in resolving social disputes like those involved in this neighborhood. This discussion, however, is closely tied to the specific situation presented in Part I. In Part III the two perspectives are combined in a hypothetical opinion in a nuisance case involving two residents of this area. At one level this discussion of a particular neighborhood is intended to elucidate the problems involved in any neighborhood which is undergoing change. At another, more jurisprudential level, the article uses problem methodology to develop a broader understanding of the inevitability of social disputes and to increase our awareness of the legal system’s operation in resolving such disputes. This broadened perspective provides an appreciation of the role that law does and should play in society.
Use of Live-Trapping with the Assessment Line Method for Density Estimation

Density was estimated for the old-field mouse ( Peromyscus polionotus ) and the cotton rat ( Sigmodon hispidus ). Two types of trapping configurations, grid and parallel census lines, each with assessment lines, were used for density determinations. Live-trapping was followed by removal trapping on the same study sites. Population densities were calculated for each configuration from both sets of trapping data (live and removal). The results for both methods are compared and recommendations are given. Live-trapping using assessment lines appears to yield better estimates of density than removal trapping.
Demonic Symposia in the Apocalypse of John

Food and dining references have generally been treated individually in the Apocalypse rather than as a motif of the text. Reading for typical daily practices such as eating and drinking rather than specific local or historical references or biblical allusions provides a window into the social world of the audience and the ideological agenda of the text. This article argues that the text employs banqueting traditions that would be familiar to Christian communities in urban Asia Minor. John uses aspects of the literary symposium tradition to construct the moral character of several actors in the text and to connect his opponents in the Asian communities with the satanic forces.
Local Place-Based Collaborative Governance: Comparing State-Centric and Society-Centered Models:

Editor’s Note:A two-part podcast featuring a discussion by the authors of the Mini-symposium on Urban Governance can be found at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/uar/podcastsThe renaissance in place-based, cross-sector local collaboratives in American cities is distinguished by diverse strategies and actors. This exploratory research compares early stages of two collaborative initiatives—one relying on traditional state-centric collaboration models and the other drawing on emergent civil society collaboration models—in Denver, Colorado. The FasTracks initiative is a complex public-sector effort involving multiple jurisdictions, private-sector partners, and civic organizations in developing a regional transit system. The Children’s Corridor, spearheaded by the Piton Foundation, links efforts of local government, multiple nonprofit organizations, and private providers to improve children’s well-being in a targeted area. Although the Children’s Corridor collaboration suffered unanticipated disruptions, the a...
Studies on Lactams. Part 84. β‐Lactams via α,β‐Unsaturated Acid Chlorides: Intermediates for Carbapenem Antibiotics.

The addition reaction of crotonyl chloride (I) with the imine (II) yields the cis-substituted azetidinone (III).