cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of Cooking and an Assessment of Indoor Air Quality in Colorado Passive and Tightly Constructed Homes

Abstract Low-energy home design is becoming more common in new and retrofitted homes, and energy-efficient designs often sell at a premium [ 1 ]. Efficiency measures, like tightening the building envelope saves energy, but can impact the indoor air quality (IAQ). We monitored the IAQ of nine tightly constructed homes, one tightly constructed public library, and one conventionally constructed home, and performed a repeatable cooking activity to observe the impact of the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions. We compared PM2.5 concentrations from the cooking activity while operating the mechanical ventilation systems at default rates (∼0.1–0.3 h−1) and in a temporary boost mode (∼0.3–0.8 h−1). We also measured the concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde, radon, and bedroom carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Results show that PM2.5 concentrations were generally low indoors, but cooking drastically increased concentrations, which were slow to decay. No significant difference was found between operating the ventilators at standard rates and utilizing the temporary boost. Completely-mixed flow reactor models of select homes show that installing and using a directly-exhausting range hood reduced peak PM2.5 concentrations by 75% or more. Current ventilation practices in these buildings may not be adequate for these common activities. Formaldehyde was above the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) chronic limit of 9 μg/m3 in all tight buildings with a median concentration of 30 μg/m3. CO2 levels in bedrooms exceeded 1000 ppm in six homes, indicating that bedroom ventilation practices were not consistent nor adequate.
Study on multiscale modeling and simulation of liquid-assisted laser beam machining process

Liquid-assisted laser beam machining (LA-LBM) process is used as an alternative to existing laser beam machining (LBM) process to address the problems associated with the extreme heat of the laser. In this research, the thermal effects of laser and hydrodynamics effects of the liquid medium in the LA-LBM process are investigated to understand the complex interactions involved in the material removal during LA-LBM process. The study utilizes the versatile multiscale modeling approach by coupling the molecular and continuum domains. The research investigates the role of the water layer in the LA-LBM process along with the material transformations taking place in the water layer in the vicinity of the machined zone. The results of the study augment our existing knowledge of the complex mechanisms involved in the LA-LBM process. Investigation on cavity depth revealed the increase in material removal with the increase in laser heat. The change in water layer thickness revealed the reduction in the radius of the heat-affected zone while further explaining the nodal temperature distribution profile and electron temperature distribution in the water layer.
Faculty Re-enactment Videos as a Tool in Simulation Debriefing

Abstract Background This article explores prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students’ experiences with the use of faculty re-enactment videos as a supplement to debriefing after high-fidelity simulation. Method A qualitative descriptive design was used to explore student perceptions and experiences with the use of faculty re-enactment videos as part of debriefing. Focus groups were conducted, using a semistructured interview format with six guiding questions to lead the discussion. Results and Conclusions Three major themes emerged: making connections, bringing it to a close, and faculty as “real” nurses. Results support the use of faculty video re-enactments of simulations as a supplemental debriefing tool.
Three material decomposition for spectral imaging without contrast agents in photon-counting CT-modeling and feasibility study

Implemented with energy-integration x-ray detector, dual energy spectral CT has been playing increasingly important roles in the clinic for diagnostic imaging. Encouraged by the clinical value added by dual energy spectral CT in oncological, cardiovascular and neurovascular applications, the technological community is investing more resource and effort on photon-counting spectral CT that is anticipated to outperform its energy-integration counterpart in many advanced clinical applications. Based on the preliminary data of phantom and animal studies acquired using a prototype photoncounting spectral CT system, we revisit the underlying physics, mathematics, dimensionality of material space and selection of basis materials for spectral imaging. Focused on three-material decomposition for virtual monochromatic imaging/analysis, we investigate the feasibility and performance of spectral imaging without contrast agents in photoncounting CT, along with an in-depth analysis of the pros and cons of three-material decomposition over two-material decomposition for spectral imaging.
Numerical comparison of rayleigh and love full waveform inversion in characterizing soil spatial variability for near‐surface engineering applications

ABSTRACT The use of surface wave testing for near‐surface engineering applications has increased in recent years. Typical surface wave analysis is based on the dispersion of surface waves in one‐dimensional layered models. One‐dimensional models are inappropriate for measurements at sites with appreciable lateral variability, a likely scenario in many engineering applications. Use of such models can subsequently undermine the reliability and accuracy of the surface wave results. Full waveform inversion (FWI) is a high‐resolution imaging technique that is proven to outperform the conventional dispersion‐based analysis of surface waves. Much of the near‐surface literature has focused on full waveform inversion of Rayleigh waves developed by the interaction of primary‐ and vertically polarized shear waves (P‐SV), and the capabilities of surface waves generated by horizontally polarized shear waves (Love waves) in mapping near‐surface spatial variabilities have not been fully explored. In this numerical study, full waveform inversion of Rayleigh and Love waves was performed on two different spatially correlated Gaussian random fields (mean VS of 200 and 500 m/s) to mimic the natural spatial variability of geologic materials. Each soil structure was produced at a low and high level of stiffness variability. Two sources with different frequency contents, 25 and 50 Hz, were used to evaluate the effects of source characteristics on the resolution of Rayleigh and Love waveform inversions. The inverted results from the high‐velocity domain demonstrated that Love waveform inversion using high‐frequency seismic sources outperforms Rayleigh full waveform inversion in detecting the shape and the velocities of horizontally deposited geologic materials. Results from the low‐velocity domain also confirmed that Love full waveform inversion was comparable or superior to Rayleigh full waveform inversion, though the performance difference was less significant. However, the 25‐Hz frequency inversions yielded superior results than the 50‐Hz frequency inversions for the low‐velocity domain because the dominant wavelength of the high‐frequency signals becomes so small that it offers an impractically small investigation depth.
Soil–air partitioning of volatile organic compounds into soils with high water content

Environmental context Assessing environmental and human health impacts of chemical spills relies on information about how chemicals move across multiple environments. We measured volatile contaminants in the air above soil saturated with water to provide estimates of air concentrations of selected chemicals released to soil from an oil refinery in Texas during Hurricane Harvey. Estimated concentrations were below recommended exposure limits, even in a worst-case scenario. Abstract The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soil into air is affected by soil moisture dynamics, soil temperature, solar irradiance and carbon availability. The high amount of water in soil can modify its properties, which changes how VOCs interact. We conducted a comprehensive measurement of the soil–air partition coefficient (KSA) of VOCs into water-saturated soil with both low and high water contents for polar, weakly polar and nonpolar VOCs into a mineral soil (S-clay) and soil containing a high amount of organic matter (S-om) under a water-saturated condition. Partitioning of non-polar substituted aromatics (1,2-dichlorobenzene and toluene) was sensitive to the organic matter content in water-saturated soil. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene and toluene had higher affinities to S-om than to S-clay at all investigated water contents because of their strong interaction with the organic matter in soil. KSA decreased with elevated water content only for non-polar substituted aromatic VOCs. Less hydrophobic VOCs (benzene and trichloroethylene) exhibited similar partitioning into both soils by sorbing onto the air-water interface and dissolving in soil water, while the organic matter did not affect partitioning. The weakly polar and polar VOCs (methyl tert-butyl ether and 1-butanol) showed similar partitioning into both soils by dissolving in soil water while sorption to the organic matter was significant only at high soil water contents. KSA of VOCs on soil with high organic matter content correlated strongly with psat and Koa, but not on mineral soil. Estimates of the air concentrations for a subset of VOCs released from one refinery during Hurricane Harvey in 2017 in Harris County, Texas were lower than the recommended exposure limits, even under a worst-case scenario.
A convergent validity study: Listening in Spatialized Noise-Sentences (LiSN-S) test and the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT).

The primary purpose of this study was to compare Listening in Spatialized Noise – Sentence (LiSN-S) test and the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) thresholds in order to determine if the two tests measu...
The massive star-forming region Cygnus OB2. I : Chandra catalog of association members

We present a catalog of 1696 X-ray sources detected in the massive star-forming region (SFR) Cygnus OB2 and extracted from two archival Chandra observations of the center of the region. A deep source extraction routine, exploiting the low background rates of Chandra observations, was employed to maximize the number of sources extracted. Observations at other wavelengths were used to identify low count-rate sources and remove likely spurious sources. Monte Carlo simulations were also used to assess the authenticity of these sources. X-ray spectra were fitted with thermal plasma models to characterize the objects and X-ray light curves were analyzed to determine their variability. We used a Bayesian technique to identify optical or near-IR counterparts for 1501 (89%) of our sources, using deep observations from the INT Photometric Hα survey, the Two Micron All Sky Survey, and the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey-Galactic Plane Survey. Seven hundred and fifty seven (45%) of these objects have six-band r', Hα, i', J, H, and Ks optical and near-IR photometry. From an analysis of the Poisson false-source probabilities for each source we estimate that our X-ray catalog includes <1% of false sources, and an even lower fraction when only sources with optical or near-IR associations are considered. A Monte Carlo simulation of the Bayesian matching scheme allows this method to be compared to more simplified matching techniques and enables the various sources of error to be quantified. The catalog of 1696 objects presented here includes X-ray broadband fluxes, model fits, and optical and near-IR photometry in what is one of the largest X-ray catalog of a single SFR to date. The high number of stellar X-ray sources detected from relatively shallow observations confirms the status and importance of Cygnus OB2 as one of our Galaxy's most massive SFRs.
Factors and mechanisms contributing to the development of preschool wheezing disorders

Half of all children will experience an episode of wheezing by their sixth birthday and acute episodes of wheezing in preschool children account for the majority of all childhood hospital admission...
Principles of Behavioral Neuroscience

How does brain activity give rise to sleep, dreams, learning, memory, and language? Do drugs like cocaine and heroin tap into the same neurochemical systems that evolved for life's natural rewards? What are the powerful new tools of molecular biology that are revolutionizing neuroscience? This undergraduate textbook explores the relation between brain, mind, and behavior. It clears away the extraneous detail that so often impedes learning, and describes critical concepts step by step, in straightforward language. Rich illustrations and thought-provoking review questions further illuminate the relations between biological, behavioral, and mental phenomena. With writing that is focused and engaging, even the more challenging topics of neurotransmission and neuroplasticity become enjoyable to learn. While this textbook filters out non-critical details, it includes all key information, allowing readers to remain focused and enjoy the feeling of mastery that comes from a grounded understanding of a topic, from its fundamentals to its implications.
A comprehensive assessment of statin discontinuation among patients who concurrently initiate statins and CYP3A4-inhibitor drugs; a multistate transition model

Abstract Aims To describe the 1-year direct and indirect transition probabilities to premature discontinuation of statin therapy after concurrently initiating statins and CYP3A4-inhibitor drugs. Methods A retrospective new-user cohort study design was used to identify (N=160828) patients who concurrently initiated CYP3A4-inhibitors (diltiazem, ketoconazole, clarithromycin, others) and CYP3A4-metabolized statins (statin DDI exposed, n = 104774) vs. other statins (unexposed, n = 56054) from the MarketScan Commercial claims database (2012 – 2017). These groups were matched (2:1) through propensity score-matching techniques. We applied a multistate transition model to compare the 1-year transition probabilities involving four distinct states (start, adverse drug events [ADEs], discontinuation of CYP3A4-inhibitor drugs, and discontinuation of statin therapy) between those exposed to statin DDIs, vs. unexposed. Statistically significant differences were assessed by comparing the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of probabilities. Results Patients exposed to statin DDIs, vs. unexposed, were significantly less likely to discontinue statin therapy (71.4 [95% CI: 71.1, 71.6] vs. 73.3 [95% CI: 72.9, 73.6]) but more likely to experience an ADE (3.4 [95% CI: 3.3, 3.5] vs. 3.2 [95% CI: 3.1, 3.3]) and discontinue with CYP3A4-inhibitor therapy (21.0 [95% CI: 20.8, 21.3] vs. 19.5 [95% CI: 19.2, 19.8]) directly after concurrently starting stains and CYP3A. Subsequent to experiencing an ADE, those exposed to statin DDIs were still less likely to discontinue statin therapy but were significantly more likely to discontinue CYP3A4-inhibitor therapy. Conclusion While statin DDI exposure was associated with higher likelihood of ADEs, this did not increase the risk of premature statin discontinuation among patients exposed to statin DDIs, versus unexposed.
Last in Line: Vaccine Scarcity and the Americans with Disabilities Act

The distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine was not perfect, and in some states, it was so inequitable that the most in need of vaccination were sent to the end of the vaccination line. Over the initial months of the vaccine rollout, demand for COVID-19 vaccines exceeded supply. Although the CDC issued data-based guidance for how to prioritize access to the vaccines, it was non-binding, and many states set different priorities. This Article is the first to study the different prioritizations set by the states. It contends that some states may have violated the Americans with Disabilities Act by deprioritizing individuals with health conditions that made them more likely to experience severe disease or death from COVID-19. This Article proposes several remedies, including simply making adoption of the CDC’s prioritization schedule mandatory upon jurisdictions receiving vaccine allocations from the federal government. The Article’s call for reform remains urgent. It is critical that vaccine distribution inequities be cured by the time booster shots become available to protect Americans, including those with disabilities, from future COVID-19 variants. Note: The full vaccine distribution schedule for each jurisdiction is available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=3908231
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Group Conversation Treatment on Monologic Discourse in Aphasia.

Purpose Evidence has shown that group conversation treatment may improve communication and reduce social isolation for people with aphasia. However, little is known about the impact of conversation group treatment on measures of discourse. This project explored the impact of conversation treatment on measures of monologic discourse. Method In this randomized controlled trial, 48 participants with chronic aphasia were randomly assigned to dyadic, large group, or control conditions. Conversation group treatment was provided for 1 hr, twice per week, for 10 weeks. Discourse samples were collected and coded at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 6-week maintenance. There were three narrative tasks: (a) Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT) picture description, (b) Cat Rescue Picture, and (c) Cinderella retell. All narratives were coded using the percent correct information units (percent CIUs), the CAT standardized narrative analysis method, and the complete utterance (CU) method. Results No significant changes were observed on percent CIU, which was the primary outcome measure. The treated groups demonstrated improvement on aspects of the CU method following treatment, whereas the control group did not. Significant changes were observed for other CIU measures and the CAT standardized narrative analysis in both the treated and control groups. Conclusions The results suggest that the CU measures were more sensitive to the effects of conversation treatment in monologic discourse compared to CIU and CAT measures. Changes were more common in absolute rather than relative values, suggesting that conversation treatment impacts the overall amount of language produced rather than efficiency of production.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cellular Entry and Exit in the T Lymphocytic and Monocytic Compartments: Mechanisms and Target Opportunities During Viral Disease.

During the course of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, a number of cell types throughout the body are infected, with the majority of cells representing CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage. Both types of cells express, to varying levels, the primary receptor molecule, CD4, as well as one or both of the coreceptors, CXCR4 and CCR5. Viral tropism is determined by both the coreceptor utilized for entry and the cell type infected. Although a single virus may have the capacity to infect both a CD4+ T cell and a cell of the monocyte–macrophage lineage, the mechanisms involved in both the entry of the virus into the cell and the viral egress from the cell during budding and viral release differ depending on the cell type. These host–virus interactions and processes can result in the differential targeting of different cell types by selected viral quasispecies and the overall amount of infectious virus released into the extracellular environment or by direct cell-to-cell spread of viral infectivity. This review covers the major steps of virus entry and egress with emphasis on the parts of the replication process that lead to differences in how the virus enters, replicates, and buds from different cellular compartments, such as CD4+ T cells and cells of the monocyte–macrophage lineage.
Thermische Eigenschaften der Dämpfe

Da der Dampfkompressionsprozes die weitaus groste Verbreitung gefunden hat, soll er in den folgenden Abschnitten eingehend behandelt werden.
Overall System for Secure Wireless Mobile Networks

This paper proposes an overall system for wireless mobile networks by securing each stage of communication between a MH and its correspondence hosts. Performance of the system is expected to be lower than conventional systems, however we anticipate the delays to be within acceptable range for most users when taken into account the security gains of using such system.
The Illinois resource network—linking business and government with university and federal laboratory expertise

The Illinois Resource Network (IRN), a statewide, computerized information service, puts business, government and the public in touch with more than 6500 university faculty experts and federal research laboratory scientists. Since 1984, IRN has been used nearly 4000 times by business, government and education. In a recent telephone survey of 111 IRN business and government clients, joint-cooperative activities/projects with faculty and scientists were begun by 36 percent (40 searches) of the respondents.
Nutrition and development: Dynamics of political commitment

Abstract The growing field of nutrition planning proceeds on the assumption that nutrition is (or is going to be) taken seriously and that governments will in fact plan to alleviate malnutrition in their societies. Drs Field and Levinson identify three trends that should lead more governments of low income countries to incorporate nutrition planning in their development efforts. They suggest that the issue is essentially one of political commitment. Assuming commitment, the problem typically becomes one of the capacity of governmental bodies to penetrate society and to implement planned programmes and projects. In such instances the nutrition planner should be seen as an institution builder as well as social benefactor.
Lifetime Victimization, Hazardous Drinking, and Depression Among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Women

Abstract Purpose: Substantial research documents sexual-orientation-related mental health disparities, but relatively few studies have explored underlying causes of these disparities. The goals of this article were to (1) understand how differences in sexual identity and victimization experiences influence risk of hazardous drinking and depression, and (2) describe variations across sexual minority subgroups. Methods: We pooled data from the 2001 National Study of Health and Life Experiences of Women and the 2001 Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women study to compare rates of victimization, hazardous drinking, and depression between heterosexual women and sexual minority women (SMW), and to test the relationship between the number of victimization experiences and the study outcomes in each of five sexual identity subgroups. Results: Rates of each of the major study variables varied substantially by sexual identity, with bisexual and mostly heterosexual women showing significantly higher risk than h...
DCLK1 facilitates intestinal tumor growth via enhancing pluripotency and epithelial mesenchymal transition

// Parthasarathy Chandrakesan 1 , 2 , Nathaniel Weygant 1 , Randal May 1 , 4 , Dongfeng Qu 1 , 2 , Harisha R. Chinthalapally 1 , Sripathi M. Sureban 1 , 4 , Naushad Ali 1 , Stan A. Lightfoot 3 , Shahid Umar 5 , Courtney W. Houchen 1 , 2 , 4 1 Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 2 OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 3 Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 4 Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 5 Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA Correspondence to Courtney W. Houchen, M.D. e-mail: Courtney-houchen@ouhsc.edu Key words: Dclk1; self-renewal; pluripotency; EMT; miRNAs; tumorigenesis Received: August 18, 2014 Accepted: August 21, 2014 Published: September 02, 2014 ABSTRACT Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) is overexpressed in many cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) andit specifically marks intestinal tumor stem cells. However, the role of Dclk1 in intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc mutant conditions is still poorly understood. We demonstrate that Dclk1 expression and Dclk1+ cells are significantly increased in the intestinal epithelium of elderly Apc Min /+ mice compared to young Apc Min /+ mice and wild type mice. Intestinal epithelial cells of Apc Min /+ mice demonstrate increased pluripotency, self-renewing ability, and EMT. Furthermore, miRNAs are dysregulated, expression of onco-miRNAs are significantly increased with decreased tumor suppressor miRNAs. In support of these findings, knockdown of Dclk1 in elderly Apc Min /+ mice attenuates intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinoma by decreasing pluripotency, EMT and onco-miRNAs indicating that Dclk1 overexpression facilitates intestinal tumorigenesis. Knocking down Dclk1 weakens Dclk1-dependent intestinal processes for tumorigenesis. This study demonstrates that Dclk1 is critically involved in facilitating intestinal tumorigenesis by enhancing pluripotency and EMT factors in Apc mutant intestinal tumors and it also provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Switching Controllers Based on Neural Network: Estimates of Stability Regions and Controller Performance

This paper presents new results on switching control using neural networks. Given a set of candidate controllers, a pair of neural networks is trained to identify the stability region and estimate the closed-loop performance for each controller. The neural network outputs are used in the on-line switching rule to select the controller output to be applied to the system during each control period. The paper presents architectures and training procedures for the neural networks and sufficient conditions for stability of the closed-loop system using the proposed switching strategy. The neural-network-based switching strategy is applied to generate the switching strategy embeded in the SIMPLEX architecture, a real-time infrastructure for soft on-line control system upgrades. Results are shown for the real-time level control of a submerged vessel.
Dietary Components Modify the Ability of Garlic to Suppress 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-Induced Mammary DNA Adducts

Various dietary components were evaluated as factors influencing garlic's ability to depress rat mammary cell DNA adducts resulting from 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) treatment. Diets with or without garlic powder (20 g/kg) were provided for 2 wk before DMBA treatment (25 mg/kg body weight). Rats fed diets containing 36 g casein/100 g diet had 31% fewer (P < 0.05) mammary cell DNA adducts than those fed 12 g/100 g. Garlic supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) reduced DNA adducts in rats fed either 12 or 36 g casein/100 g by 35 and 32%, respectively. In the absence of dietary garlic, DNA adducts were 23% lower (P < 0.05) in rats provided a diet containing supplemental L-methionine at 0.9 g/100 g than at 0.3 g/100 g. However, adduct inhibition by garlic supplementation was greater in rats fed the lower (P < 0.05) amount of methionine (54 vs. 26% inhibition). Adduct levels in rats fed diets with 20 g corn oil/100 g were twice those occurring in rats fed 5 g/100 g (P < 0.05), regardless of adjustment for energy density. Garlic supplementation prevented the increase in DNA adducts caused by increasing dietary corn oil. Combining dietary supplements of garlic, selenite (0.5 mg/kg diet) and retinyl acetate (328 mg/kg diet) inhibited the occurrence of DNA adducts to a greater degree than when each was supplied individually. These studies demonstrate that while dietary garlic can reduce DNA adduct formation in mammary tissue caused by DMBA, this protection is influenced by several dietary components.
Culture, Leadership, and Activism: Translating Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning into Pedagogical Practice

Through the article, I share the theoretical foundations, structure, knowledge acquisition, and outcomes of a cultural leadership course. The process for course development integrates several theories and research meth- ods into practice: L. Dee Fink's Taxonomy of Significant Learning, Feminist Theory, Critical Race Theory, and Portraiture/Phenomenology. This course has been piloted at two universities and represents a partnership between the Student Affairs Division and the College of Humanities & Social Sciences at both institutions. This article explores the importance of culture, examines knowledge production on leadership outside of traditional academic venues, and paints a portrait of culture and leadership in the lives of college students.
In Vitro Enhancement of Natural Cytotoxicity by Tumour Necrosis Serum

Cells cytotoxic for syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic cultured target cells are shown to be induced spontaneously in cultures of murine lymphoid cells. Serum containing bacillus Calmette-Guerin and endotoxin-induced tumour necrosis factor accelerates the appearance of observed natural cytotoxic cells.
Emissions From Waste-to-Energy: A Comparison With Coal-Fired Plants

Nationwide data of the emissions from waste-to-energy and coal-fired power plants arecompared. The emissions of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride, particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and trace elements, such as cadmium, lead and mercury are compared, both in terms of thermal energy input and electrical energy output. The results of the study have shown that emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter and nitrogen oxides were lower from waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities than from coal-fired plants. Hydrogen chloride emissions are higher in WTE flue gases. Emissions of cadmium, lead and mercury from WTE and coal-fired plants are nearly the same.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis and malabsorption, a histopathologic and immunohistochemical characterization

Enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis was observed in 3 patients with intestinal failure of unknown cause. Enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis is a congenitally acquired life-threatening malabsorptive condition with a unique clinical phenotype paired with a histologically identifiable disease pattern. Two cases were first presented at the Ninth International Small Bowel Transplantation Symposium, Brussels 2005, and were subsequently published (N Engl J Med 2006;355:270). We now present the histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of the gastric antrum, small bowel, and colon in greater detail. The clinical phenotype of the patients was unusual in that the affected patients demonstrated profound malabsorption of all nutrients, except water, from birth. The small intestine in each patient demonstrated almost no abnormality, except a near absence of endocrine cells in the mucosa. The colon appeared similarly affected. Known causes of congenital malabsorption, inflammatory, and infectious causes of diarrhea were excluded. The defect is secondary to point mutations in NEUROG3, which result in an arrest of endocrine cell development in the small intestine and colon. This work describes the pathologic characterization of enteroendocrine cell dysgenesis using routine techniques. The pattern of injury is distinct from other histopathologically assessed congenital malabsorptive conditions such as microvillus inclusion disease, tufting enteropathy, and abetalipoproteinemia. It is also easily distinguished from inflammatory conditions such as food allergy, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, autoimmune enteropathy, IPEX (immune dysfunction, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, and X-linked inheritance), and inflammatory bowel disease. The histopathology of disease is similar to what has been found transiently in a single patient with autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I.
Small bowel disease in the elderly: diarrhoea and malabsorption

Diarrhoea and malabsorption are common problems in elderly persons. Worldwide, diarrhoea is the second leading cause of mortality. In the developed world, 85% of its mortality affects the elderly. The diagnostic work up for diarrhoea and malabsorption is more complex for the elderly than for the young patient. If diarrhoea persists for more than 24 h, oral rehydration solutions or intravenous fluids must be administered promptly in order to prevent hypotension and organ failure in the often multi-morbid patient. Both the immunocompromised patient and the severely affected out-patient should have stool culture performed. Malabsorption usually presents with weight loss, osteoporosis, anaemia, skin and neurological symptoms. The careful diagnostic work-up must aim at the identification of treatable disorders such as coeliac disease, Crohn's disease and bacterial overgrowth. Often, a detailed drug history is of help in identifying a readily treatable cause.
What makes dreams positive or negative: relations to fundamental dimensions of positive and negative mood.

The present study examined the general emotional content of dreams reported by individuals who typically experience "positive" versus "negative" dreams. Self-reports of the 153 participants indicated that positive versus negative dreamers (ns = 42 and 24, respectively) generally experienced more positive emotions, e.g., joviality, self-assurance, and fewer negative emotions, e.g., fear, sadness. No differences were found in the self-reports of the participants in the experience of surprise, guilt, fatigue, and shyness between the groups, hence, positive and negative dreams do not appear to reflect simply more positive and fewer negative emotions, respectively.
Motives and Values to Achieve: Different Constructs With Different Effects

Motives to achieve and values associated with achievement were conceptualized as distinct and independent personality constructs, one nonconscious, the other conscious, each predictive of a different type of achievement-related behavior It was hypothesized that (a) motive and value measures would be uncorrelated, (b) motives would predict “operant” or spontaneous behaviors while values would predict “respondent” or stimulus-driven behaviors, and (c) motives and values would interact such that subjects with high values relating to achievement would perform better than those with low values, but only when their motives were also high Hypotheses (a) and (b) were strongly supported m two studies, and Hypothesis (c) was supported in Study 2 In that study, the motive for achievement was a particularly strong predictor of operant math performance among those subjects who valued achievement as opposed to affiliation The findings suggest that nonconscious (motive) and conscious (value) measures are both useful in different cases–the former for predicting “real” (doing) activity, the latter for predicting self-report (thinking) responses Questions concerning how motives and values might combine to predict different kinds of behavior are addressed
Sorption of Benzalkonium Chloride by an Insoluble Polyamide

Sorption of an ingredient from solution by an insoluble polymeric material will reduce the concentration of the product and may lead to alterations in the properties of the material. Since cationic surface-active agents are used for a number of medical and paramedical applications, it was felt desirable to study their sorption characteristics by a specific insoluble polymeric material (a polyamide, Nylon 6,6). Results of the equilibrium sorption experiments revealed that maximum sorption occurred in the region of the critical micelle concentration of the surface-active agent. It was theorized that the hydrophobic moiety of the cation interacted with the nonspecific sites in the hydrocarbon units of the polyamide. As the agent was bound, a chloride ion followed giving electrical neutrality. With solutions having high concentrations of benzalkonium chloride, the associated molecules and micelles are also interacted to the nonspecific sites along the hydrocarbon section of the polyamide. Permeation experiments revealed the importance of the original concentration on the rates of diffusion and permeation.
Art Experiments: Introducing an Artist-in-Residence Programme in Early Childhood Education.

The role of the visual arts in early childhood education has long been recognised and valued as an essential component of the curriculum. The project featured in this writing stems from a collaborative relationship forged between a non‐profit, community‐based early education centre and community arts centre. As a result of this collaborative relationship, an experimental, early childhood artist‐in‐residence programme was initiated. The primary objective of this research intervention was to develop a rich description of the process of implementing an artist‐in‐residence programme in a pre‐kindergarten classroom. Findings from this research demonstrate that artist‐in‐residence programmes can serve to strengthen existing arts curricula in early childhood classrooms. In this research, the establishment of a collaborative, open relationship between the classroom teacher and the artist‐in‐residence supported the transformation of existing, craft‐focused art practices to meaningful arts experiences that drew upo...
Multiple hypothesis test for parameter constancy based on recursive residuals

This article presents a multiple hypothesis test procedure that combines two well known tests for structural change in the linear regression model, the CUSUM test and the recursive t test. The CUSUM test is run through the sequence of recursive residuals as usual; if the CUSUM plot does not violate the critical lines, one more step is taken to perform the t test for hypothesis of zero mean based on all recursive residuals. The asymptotic size of this multiple hypothesis test is derived; power simulation results suggest that it outperforms the traditional CUSUM test and complements other tests that are currently stressed in econometrics.
Packing as a probe of structure in alkaline earth glass systems

Packing is an intrinsic property of glass, defined as the ratio of ionic volume to molar volume, and is a useful parameter for analyzing structural changes with composition. Alkali based glasses show two trends in packing, one dominated by the oxygen covalent network for the small ions, Li and Na, and one ionically dominated by the metal cations for the large, K, Rb and Cs cases [S. Giri, C. Gaebler, J. Helmus, M. Affatigato, S.A. Feller, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 347 (2004) 87]. We have found that alkaline earth glasses do not display these behaviors, and in this paper we determined the packing fractions of these glasses and compared them with the alkali case. Further, we considered the structural implications of the packing trends.
Dietary linoleate increases fluidity and influences chemical composition of plasma low density lipoprotein in adult men

Abstract Dietary linoleate was effective to increase LDL fluidity in adult men but did not significantly influence VLDL or HDL fluidities. Lipoproteins were isolated ultracentrifugally from plasma of sixteen healthy, free living male volunteers consuming controlled diets formulated from typical U.S.A. foods to have 35 energy % fat with 10 g (diet L) or 30 g (diet H) linoleate per day, 30–50 g saturated fatty acids/day and the balance mainly monounsaturated fatty acids. Calculated cholesterol intakes were 500 mg/day at each calorie level. Changes in LDL fluidity were detected as differences in diphenylhexatriene (DPH) fluorescence polarization upon crossover between the two controlled diets. Thermotropic measurement of DPH fluorescence anisotropy and compositional analyses indicated that LDL and HDL fluidities were dependent upon phospholipid and triacylglycerol concentrations, respectively, and were modulated by the presence of cholesteryl esters. Fatty acid analyses of the major lipid classes of the isolated lipoproteins indicated that changes, upon diet crossover, in DPH fluorescence anisotropy, were a linear function of the incremental change in LDL phospholipid linoleate. The fluorescent probe described an environment corresponding to the fatty acyl moieties of the phospholipids on the LDL periphery, which composition is apparently under dietary control. It is suggested that the diet induced fluidity changes may affect the conformation of the apoprotein moiety on the LDL surface and thus the potential for LDL interaction with cellular LDL receptors.
Method and Theoretical Psychology

Few discussions of method appear in relation to the conception and practice of theoretical psychology, despite calls for a theoretical subdiscipline and other forms of organization. This paper argues that the popular conception of method as explicit rule detracts from recognition of the practical and ethical implications of attention to theoretical psychology's own implicit methodological problems. It challenges the necessity of the method as rule view through analysis of two divergent historical accounts of method (Descartes and Vico) arising in relation to the emergence of modern science. The principal argument is that a broader conception of method is both historically warranted and appropriate to the projects of theoretical psychology.
Observations of Mergers between Squall Lines and Isolated Supercell Thunderstorms

AbstractA set of 21 cases in which an isolated supercell merged with a squall line were identified and investigated using analyses from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model, archived data from the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network, and severe storm reports. This analysis revealed two primary environments associated with these mergers: a weak synoptic forcing, weak to moderate shear environment (WF) and a strong synoptic forcing, strong shear environment (SF). These environments bear a strong resemblance to those identified for progressive (WF) and serial (SF) derechoes in past studies. Radar reflectivity data revealed a spectrum of storm evolution patterns that generally lead to the merged system organizing as a bow echo. At one extreme, observed exclusively in the WF environment, the entire squall line evolved into a large bow echo following the merger. At the other extreme, observed for several cases in the SF environment, a localized bowing segment developed embedded within the la...
Volume Changes Associated with CO Photolysis from Fully Reduced Bovine Heart Cytochrome aa3

Volume changes associated with CO photodissociation from fully reduced cytochrome aa3 have been determined using photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC). Analysis of PAC data reveals two intermediate steps in the photodissociation reaction with volume changes of +6.8 and +6.9 mL/mol occurring on time scales of <50 ns and ∼1.5 μs, respectively (T = 22 °C). The value of ΔV for the fast process can be attributed to conformational dynamics associated with photoinduced transfer of CO from the high-potential heme a3 to the high-potential CuB site, while the slower phase reaction occurs on a time scale consistent with the thermal dissociation of CO from CuB. It is speculated that these volume changes may be linked to movement of Glu-242 as part of a proton shuttle mechanism in heme/copper oxidases.
Precision of ventilatory and gas exchange alterations as a predictor of the anaerobic threshold.

Anaerobic threshold has been defined as the oxygen uptake (\(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\)) at which blood lactate (La) begins to rise systematically during graded exercise (Davis et al. 1982). It has become common practice in the literature to estimate the anaerobic threshold by using ventilatory and/or gas exchange alterations. However, confusion exists as to the validity of this practice. The purpose of this study was to examine the precision with which ventilatory and gas exchange techniques for determining anaerobic threshold predicted the anaerobic threshold resolved by La criteria. The anaerobic threshold was chosen using three criteria: (1) systematic increase in blood La (ATLa), (2) systematic increase in ventilatory equivalent for O2 with no change in the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (\({\text{AT}}_{\dot V_{\text{E}} } /\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\)), and (3) non-linear increase in expired ventilation graphed as a function of \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) (\({\text{AT}}_{\dot V_{\text{E}} }\)). Thirteen trained male subjects performed an incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion in which the load was increased by 30 W every 3 minutes. Ventilation, gas exchange measures, and blood samples for La analysis were obtained every 3rd min throughout the test. In five of the thirteen subjects tested the anaerobic threshold determined by ventilatory and gas exchange alterations did not occur at the same \(\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) as the ATLa. The highest correlation between a gas exchange anaerobic threshold and ATLa was found for \({\text{AT}}_{\dot V_{\text{E}} } /\dot V_{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}} }\) and was r=0.63 (P<0.05). These data provide evidence that the ATLa and \({\text{AT}}_{\dot V_{\text{E}} }\) do not always occur simultaneously and suggest limitations in using ventilatory or gas exchange measures to estimate the ATla.
Hybrid nanocomposite thin films deposited by emulsion-based resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation for photovoltaic applications

Abstract Emulsion-based, resonant infrared matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (RIR-MAPLE) was used to deposit CdSe nanoparticle films and hybrid nanocomposite films comprising colloidal CdSe nanoparticles embedded in a low band gap polymer, poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT). We show that, in contrast to traditional MAPLE deposition, the CdSe nanoparticle film deposited by emulsion based RIR-MAPLE is contiguous and uniform, and it maintains the optical properties of the nanoparticle solution. Moreover, we show that the RIR-MAPLE deposited PCPDTBT/CdSe hybrid nanocomposite film exhibits a relatively random and uniform distribution of CdSe nanoparticles without the significant phase segregation that is observed in hybrid nanocomposite films deposited by spin-casting. Finally, hybrid organic solar cells based on nanocomposite films deposited by the RIR-MAPLE technique were fabricated and characterized, showing 0.4% power conversion efficiency. This is the first demonstration of a polymer–nanoparticle hybrid organic solar cell fabricated by a MAPLE-related technique.
Induction of CD69 antigen on normal CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subsets and its relationship with the phenotype of responding T‐cells

We evaluated phenotype and apoptotic status of normal CD4+CD69+ and CD8+CD69+ peripheral blood T-lymphocytes after short-term challenge with escalating concentrations of phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The frequency of CD69-coexpressing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and CD69 staining intensity increased following T-cell mitogenic stimulation; these changes were proportional to PHA concentration in culture medium. A considerable fraction of lymphocytes underwent blast transformation, displaying increased forward and side scatter signals. Interestingly enough, PHA-responsive T-cells exhibited a predominantly CD25negCD38negTCRαβpos phenotype; APO-1/Fas antigen (CD95) could be detected on a minority of activated CD69+ T-cells. A considerable proportion of CD69+ lymphocytes expressed intracellular perforin; in addition, an average 16 ± 6% CD69+ T-lymphocytes were apoptotic after 4 h of stimulation, as evaluated by 7-amino-actinomycin-D staining and by annexin-V binding. CD69+ activated lymphocytes comprise phenotypically heterogeneous cell subpopulations potentially devoted to diverse immunological functions, i.e., proliferation, apoptosis, or cell cytotoxicity; moreover, our findings indicate that CD69 expression is proportional to the intensity of the activating stimulus and that the capacity to upregulate CD69 antigen following short-term mitogenic challenge may be restricted to unactivated CD38negCD25negTCRαβpos T-lymphocytes. Cytometry (Comm. Clin. Cytometry) 38:95–101, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.