cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solid Helium-3-Helium-4 Mixtures between 0.3 and 2.0 °K

Nuclear-magnetic-resonance techniques have been used to study vacancy diffusion and the exchange interaction of ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in solid ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$-${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ mixtures between 0.3 and 2.0 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for molar volumes between 20 and 22 cc/mole. The concentrations studies are 32.1, 7.78, and 1.94% ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ in ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. There is good agreement between the diffusion activation energies determined from the ${T}_{2}$ measurements and those obtained by measuring the diffusion constant directly using the field-gradient technique. These activation energies are consistently lower for mixtures than for pure ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$. The ${T}_{1}$ data in the Zeeman-exchange plateau region indicate that the exchange interaction is independent of concentration. The ${T}_{2}$ data in the exchange-narrowed region are not in agreement with the theoretical result obtained by allowing the moments of the line shape to become concentration dependent. The experimental values of ${T}_{2}$ are much lower than the predicted values. This deviation is qualitatively explained by postulating the existence of two spin species: those that strongly experience the effects of exchange and those that do not. A small fraction of the isolated spins can then dominate the ${T}_{2}$ relaxation process.
Stability and persistence of relative equilibria at singular values of the moment map

We prove criteria for stability and propagation of relative equilibria in symmetric Hamiltonian systems at singular points of the momentum map. AMS classification scheme numbers: 58F05, 70H33
Cost-risk optimization of nondestructive inspection level☆

Abstract This paper develops a quantitative methodology for determining the nondestructive inspection (NDI) level that will result in a minimum cost product considering both type one inspection errors, acceptance of defective material units, and type two inspection errors, rejection of sound material units. This methodology represents an advance over fracture mechanics — nondestructive inspection (FM-NDI) design systems that do not consider type two inspection errors or the preinspection material quality. The inputs required for the methodology developed in this paper are (1) the rejection probability as a function of inspection size and imperfection size, (2) the flaw frequency (FF), as a function of imperfection size, (3) the probability of failure given the material unit contains an imperfection of a given size as a function of that given size, (4) the manufacturing cost per material unit, (5) the inspection cost per material unit, and (6) the average cost per failure including indirect costs. Four methods are identified for determining the flaw-frequency and three methods are identified for determining the conditional failure probability (one of these methods is probabilistic fracture mechanics). Methods for determining the rejection probability are discussed elsewhere. The NDI-FF methodology can have significant impact when the cost of failures represents a significant fraction of the manufacturing costs, or when a significant fraction of the components are being rejected by the inspection.
Nuclear atrophy of retinal ganglion cells precedes the bax-dependent stage of apoptosis.

Purpose Retinal ganglion cells atrophy during the execution of the intrinsic apoptotic program. This process, which has been termed the apoptotic volume decrease (AVD) in other cell types, has not been well-characterized in ganglion cells. Methods Acute optic nerve crush was used to examine neuronal atrophy in the ganglion cell layer in wild-type and Bax-deficient mice. Nuclear size was measured from retinal wholemounts. Heterochromatin formation was assessed using transmission electron microscopy, whereas histone H4 acetylation was monitored using immunofluoresence. Ganglion cell and retinal transcript abundance was measured using quantitative PCR. Results Nuclear and soma sizes linearly correlated in both control and damaged retinas. Cells in wild-type mice exhibited nuclear atrophy within 1 day after optic nerve damage. Three days after crush, nuclear atrophy was restricted to ganglion cells identified by retrograde labeling, while amacrine cells also exhibited some atrophy by 5 days. Similar kinetics of nuclear atrophy were observed in cells deficient for the essential proapoptotic gene Bax. Bax-deficient cells also exhibited other nuclear changes common in wild-type cells, including the deacetylation of histones, formation of heterochromatin, and the silencing of ganglion cell-specific gene expression. Conclusions Retinal ganglion cell somas and nuclei undergo the AVD in response to optic nerve damage. Atrophy is rapid and precedes the Bax-dependent committed step of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
A hybrid force/stiffness matrix method for the analysis of thin-walled composite frames

Abstract A novel method for the analysis of frames constructed of thin-walled members of anisotropic composite materials is presented in this paper. The method accounts for non-isotropic coupling effects that exist in composite material beams due to the anisotropy of the composite material laminates that form the thin-walled cross section. The method also accounts for warping effects known to be significant in thin-walled members. The analysis is performed by the direct stiffness matrix method utilizing a new approach that divides each thin-walled member of the frame into one-dimensional warping-beam superelements and non-warping conventional beam elements. The element stiffness matrices for these two one-dimensional beam elements are obtained by a numerical procedure that is based on the classical force method analysis. The stiffness matrices of both beam elements are 12 × 12 matrices corresponding to the six degrees of freedom per node required for conventional space frame analysis. The remarkable feature of this representation is that warping is accounted for without introducing additional degrees of freedom to account for the bimoment and warping twist in the members. This is accomplished by use of the warping-beam superelement that linearizes the regions of non-uniform torsion in the thin-walled beam. Examples of space frame structures constructed of thin-walled composite material I-beams are presented to demonstrate the method. Results of analyses using the proposed method are compared with those obtained from two-dimensional finite element models.
Romantic Attachment, Empathy, and the Broader Autism Phenotype among College Students

Recent research suggests that mild autistic-like characteristics can be measured among relatives of individuals with autism and in the general population. These characteristics have been referred to as the broader autism phenotype (BAP), and include pragmatic language difficulties, aloofness, and rigidity. Evidence is growing to suggest that individuals with BAP encounter difficulties in their social interactions. Recent work demonstrates that college students scoring high on the BAP report more loneliness (Jobe & Williams White, 2007) and more interpersonal problems (Wainer, Ingersoll, & Hopwood, 2012). Because intimate relationships are important in development and are very salient in emerging adulthood, the authors examined the relation of the BAP to romantic attachment and empathy among young adults. Higher BAP scores were associated with lower empathy and higher attachment anxiety and avoidance. Specifically, pragmatic language difficulties were related to higher rates of avoidant attachment and this relationship was mediated by empathy. In contrast, pragmatic language deficits were directly related to anxious attachment.
The effects of 17-vinyl testosterone upon the rat adrenal.

INTRODUCTION Tepperman, Engel and Long (1943) have reviewed the literature concerning adrenal hypertrophy and have pointed out the factors which lead to cortical atrophy. Clinical studies by Albright, Reifenstein and Forbes (1946) have shown that the administration of methyl testosterone reduces the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 11- oxysteroids in normal women and patientswith adrenogenital syndrome. They pointed out the desirability of obtaining a steroid which would “inhibit the androgenous source without itself being an androgen.” The ultimate pupose of this investigation was to find a substance which might in such a manner control congenital hyperplasia of the adrenal in females. The effect of 17-vinyl testosterone and of other androgenic and non-androgenic steroids was investigated. Studies were made of the weight and cholesterol concentration of the adrenals of male and female rats treated with these steroids. In addition, the role of the gonads and the pituitary was studied by administer...
On the possibility of spin-, isospin- and spin-isospin-quadrupole collective excitation modes in nuclei

Abstract The spin-, isospin- and spin-isospin quadrupole modes in spherical open shell nuclei are studied through a modified surface delta interaction model.
Piezoresistive feedback for improving transient response of MEMS thermal actuators

We examine exploiting the inherent piezoresistivity of a polysilicon compliant mechanism to provide feedback sensing of the mechanism displacement. As the piezoresistive compliant mechanism deflects to produce motion its resistance changes producing a usable signal. The goal of this work is to improve the transient response of a thermal actuator through piezoresistive feedback control. Implementing feedback control significantly improves the actuators transient response. The actuator response time to step inputs is reduced from 800μs to 230μs with proportional control alone. The system bandwidth was increased from 500~Hz to 4~kHz with proportional control. The large overshoot in the step response or the resonant peak in the frequency response can be reduce by an appropriately tuned 2~kHz notch prefilter.
A least-squares strain estimator for elastography

A least-squares strain estimator (LSQSE) for elastography is proposed. It is shown that with such an estimator, the signal-to-noise ratio in an elastogram (SNRe) is significantly improved. This improvement is illustrated theoretically using a modified strain filter and experimentally using a homogeneous gel phantom. It is demonstrated that the LSQSE results in an increase of the elastographic sensitivity (smallest, strain that could be detected), thereby increasing the strain dynamic range. Using simulated data, it is shown that a tradeoff exists between the improvement in SNRe and the reduction of strain contrast and spatial resolution.
Second trimester serum predictors of congenital heart defects in pregnancies without chromosomal or neural tube defects

Objective To compare euploid pregnancies with congenital heart defects (CHDs) to similar pregnancies without CHDs on typically collected second trimester biomarker measurements. Method Second trimester serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol were compared for 306 CHD cases and 1224 no-CHD controls drawn from a sample of singleton pregnancies without chromosomal or neural tube defects (NTDs). Logistic regression models were built comparing biomarkers for cases and controls. Results Regardless of the severity of defect, CHD cases were more likely to have unusually high AFP and/or hCG levels and/or unusually low hCG and/or uE3 levels [odds ratio (OR) 1.8–2.4, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.2–4.0]. Cases with critical CHDs were more than twice as likely to have an AFP multiple of the median (MoM) ≥ the 95th percentile and/or an hCG and/uE3 MoM ≤ the 5th percentile (OR 2.1–3.9, 95% CIs 1.1–7.8). Conclusion Abnormal levels of specific second trimester maternal serum biomarkers indicated an increased risk for CHDs among this sample of low risk pregnancies. Our data suggest that future efforts aimed at improving CHD detection in low risk pregnancies may benefit from considering serum biomarkers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a computerized methodology for performing common cause failure analysis: The Mocus-Bacfire beta factor (MOBB) code

A fault tree analysis and qualitative common cause failure analysis of a power distribution box system was performed utilizing the Mocus-Bacfire Beta Factor (MOBB) code developed previously. This paper illustrates the advantages of this method over other available common cause procedures. This study indicates that the accepted use of the rare event approximation in performing fault tree analysis may lead to underestimates of risk by neglecting common cause dependencies. These dependencies have been fully modelled here, where it is shown that the error factor for the total system failure rate is high when common cause failures dominate random failures.
N.M.R. and equilibrium dialysis studies of the interaction of bovine neurophysin-1 with vasopressin and small peptides.

The binding to bovine neurophysin of lysine-vasopressin and of lysine-vasopressin selectively deuterated at the protons ortho to the tyrosine hydroxyl was studied by proton n.m.r. and equilibrium dialysis. The principal object of these studies was to investigate reports that, at standard salt concentrations, neurophysin contained a second site specific for vasopressin. At pH 6, the effects of neurophysin-I on the line-width, longitudinal relaxation rate and nuclear Overhauser properties of the lysine-vasopressin tyrosine ring protons were interpretable in terms of a slow-exchange 1:1 interaction between lysine-vasopressin and neurophysin. Additionally, n.m.r. competition studies between lysine-vasopressin and L-phenylalanyl-L tyrosinamide suggested 1:1 competition for a single binding site on neurophysin. No evidence pointing to a significant second lysine-vasopressin-binding site was obtained from the n.m.r. studies. The lack of a moderately strong second binding site for lysine-vasopressin at neutral pH was also indicated by equilibrium dialysis studies at relatively high free hormone concentrations. These studies demonstrated only a single thermodynamically significant site for either oxytocin or vasopressin and failed to confirm a reported effect of LiCl on the number of sites available to oxytocin. It is suggested that secondary sites for the hormones are probably markedly weaker and less specific than reported elsewhere.
Distributed algorithms for multiple mutual exclusion based on Maekawa's square root N algorithm

Summary form only given. The authors have developed algorithms which expand Maekawa's square root N algorithm to handle multiple mutual exclusion (AND-synchronization) problems, in which each node obtains mutually exclusive access to a set of resources rather than to a single resource. It involves suspending a requesting process until it successfully locks several resources simultaneously. Unlike a sequence of requests for (separate) single mutual exclusion, this approach prevents deadlock. Distributed multiple mutual exclusion algorithms can be used in many applications, such as updating a replicated database or as part of a deadlock-free two-phase lock protocol in a distributed environment. In a centralized system, two types of multiple mutual exclusion algorithms exist. One type of primitive (called a PBOTH primitive) prevents starvation, but resource utilization is low. Another type of primitive (called an SP/SV primitive) may cause starvation, but resource utilization is high. The authors have developed both types of distributed algorithms. >
Impact of contemporary guideline compliance on risk stratification models for acute coronary syndromes in The Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes

We compared the predictive value of the Rush score with the Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) risk score in unselected patients with an acute coronary syndrome and evaluated the effect of compliance with established guidelines on the accuracy of these models. The Registry of Acute Coronary Syndromes is a retrospective registry of 3,754 consecutive patients (38% women; mean age 67 years) who presented with acute coronary syndrome to the emergency department between April 1, 1999, and December 31, 2000, at 9 hospitals. The primary end point was death, myocardial infarction, or urgent revascularization during hospitalization. Rush classification was based on quartiles of predicted risk of cardiac complication ( 15% for class IV). The TIMI score was implemented as published. Compliance with guidelines for acute coronary syndrome was assessed with a 4-point scale based on the aggregate use of aspirin, β blockers, heparin, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. Fifteen percent of patients met the primary end point. The primary end point rates for TIMI scores 0/1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6/7 were 11%, 14%, 13%, 11%, 14%, and 12%, respectively (p = NS). The primary end point rates for Rush classes I, II, III, and IV were 6%, 8%, 9%, and 17%, respectively (p
A framework for analysing cost structures in business process reengineering

This paper provides a cost management framework using Activity-Based Costing (ABC) for studying the management accountant's contribution in Business Process Reengineering (BPR). When percent reliable cost data are established, they become base standards upon which future cost management systems are developed and they will improve the management accountant's services to the BPR project.
Continuous Transtracheal Oxygen Delivery During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: An Alternative Method of Ventilation in a Canine Model

Adequate oxygenation of apneic subjects can be maintained by constant flow transtracheal oxygen (TTO), but this method alone is associated with hypercapnia. The “bellows” effect of external chest compressions (ECC) might prevent this problem if the airway were kept open by TTO. In dogs, we investigated the utility of TTO delivered at 15 L/min by a percutaneously placed intratracheal catheter, plus ECC (TTO/ECC) as an alternative method of ventilation during CPR. TTO was applied to anesthetized, paralyzed dogs in normal sinus rhythm (NSR) at various rates of ECC and during ventricular fibrillation (VF) at an ECC rate of 80/min. During NSR and VF, hypercapnia did not develop and arterial oxygen saturations were maintained above 90 percent. During NSR, the PaCO 2 decreased and the pH increased as the ECC rate increased. For many of the animals, coronary perfusion pressure remained above 20 mm Hg during VF, suggesting that these animals could be resuscitated to NSR. In another phase, after 15 min of VF using TTO/ECC, seven of nine animals were defibrillated. We conclude that ventilatory and hemodynamic support adequate to permit successful resuscitation to NSR is provided by the combination of TTO/ECC to apneic dogs during VF. (Chest 1989; 95:441-48) TTO = transtracheal oxygen; ECC—external chest compressions; NSR = normal sinus rhythm
Complete 5-year follow-up of a prospective phase II trial of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Abstract Background. Conclusive evidence supporting the routine use of multimodality therapy in esophageal cancer is lacking. However, since long-term survival after esophagectomy alone is unusual, clinical trials designed to identify effective therapeutic regimens are essential. We report here the 5-year results of a phase II induction chemoradiotherapy trial. Methods. From August 1991 to January 1995, 44 patients with esophageal or gastroesophageal junction carcinoma were treated with a combination of 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and interferon-α with concurrent external beam radiotherapy. Results. Forty-one (93%) patients completed chemoradiotherapy, with most toxic events recorded as grade I or II. Curative resection (all gross tumor removed) was achieved in 36 of 37 surgical explorations, with 10 tumors demonstrating complete pathologic response and 23 showing partial pathologic response. Median follow-up for survivors was 75 months (range, 60-100 months). Five-year survival for all patients was 32%, with a median survival of 28 months. Five-year disease-free survival in patients with curative resection was 36% (median, 26 months) and overall survival was 39% (median, 34 months). Five-year survival for patients with curative resection whose disease responded to chemoradiotherapy was 42% (median overall survival, 36 months). Local-regional recurrence alone occurred in 3 patients, distant failure alone in 12 patients, and combined local-regional and distant failure in 2 patients. A Cox proportionatal hazards model identified both pathologic tumor and nodal stage as independent predictors of disease-free survival. Fourteen patients (32%) were 5-year survivors; 1 of these patients later experienced disease recurrence and died. Conclusions. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy can result in a long-term and durable disease-free state. Only large, multi-institutional phase III trials can determine whether combined modality therapy is superior to resection alone. (Surgery 2001;130:620-8.)
An international profile of countertrading firms

Abstract This research empirically explores an array of international countertrade issues. The scope of the study is thought to be the broadest yet published in the countertrade literature in investigating a wide range of countertrade concepts using countertrade practitioners from an array of industries (24) spanning the globe (23 countries).
Black men in the margins: Space traders and the interpositional strategy against B(l)acklash

In this essay, the televisual narrative of Home Box Office's Space Traders is used to help theorize communicative performance from a marginal perspective as part of a broader effort to fight backlash. The notion of interpositionality is offered as an alternative to classical marginality theory, and a reading of Space Traders helps illustrate the interpositional strategy of creating dynamic identities. The authors suggest that the tensions of hegemonic space offer progressive strategies for resisting domination by expanding the margins of subjectivity in pursuit of both anti‐essentialist and non‐stereotypical identities.
Deadlock prevention in concurrent real-time systems

To meet consistency requirements found in concurrent applications, a process must be guaranteed that it will be able to use all resources in a set ofpassive resources (such as shared data structures). To provide predictable execution time required in real-time systems, a process also needs guaranteed access to at least one of a set ofactive resources (such as processors) associated with each passive resource. As such, a concurrent real-time-process has AND-OR resource requirements. If locking is used to provide exclusive access to resources, deadlock is possible since processes can request additional resources while holding other resources. Deadlock detection and recovery techniques and deadlock avoidance techniques typically involve preempting resources or terminating processes, and are therefore inappropriate for real-time systems that require the execution time of processes to be predictable. This paper describes a general resource request condition that we proveprevents deadlock in AND-OR systems. It also describes how we use this AND-OR deadlock prevention technique in a concurrent real-time system.
Extreme ultraviolet laser-based table-top aerial image metrology of lithographic masks

We have realized the first demonstration of a table-top aerial imaging microscope capable of characterizing pattern and defect printability in extreme ultraviolet lithography masks. The microscope combines the output of a 13.2 nm wavelength, table-top, plasma-based, EUV laser with zone plate optics to mimic the imaging conditions of an EUV lithographic stepper. We have characterized the illumination of the system and performed line-edge roughness measurements on an EUVL mask. The results open a path for the development of a compact aerial imaging microscope for high-volume manufacturing.
Lipase-catalyzed Transesterification of Medium-chain Triacylglycerols and a Fully Hydrogenated Soybean Oil

A commercial preparation of medium-chain TAG (MCT) was enzymatically transesterified with a fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) at different weight ratios (40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30). All reactions were carried out at 70 °C in flasks placed in an orbital shaker (300 rpm). Three different lipase preparations were tested: TLIM (Thermomyces lanuginosus), lipase PS (Burkholderia cepacia), and Chirazyme L2 (Candida antarctica). The progress of the reaction was monitored by following the changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) profile of the reaction mixture with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The rates of disappearance of the TAG originally present in both the MCT and the FHSBO were fastest when lipase TL IM was used; the slowest rates were observed for lipase PS. Although the relative compositions of the newly formed TAG at equilibrium depended on the particular lipase used and the initial weight ratio of the substrates, the TAG families containing 2 stearic residues and a residue of either capric acid or caprylic acid were the most abundant product species. All samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the effect of this reaction on the melting profile of the resulting products.
Wavelength-shifting fiber readout of LaCl 3 and LaBr 3 scintillators

Inorganic scintillators such as NaI(Tl) and CsI(Na) have been used extensively in hard x-ray and low-energy gamma-ray imaging systems. Recently, a new generation of scintillators has been developed with properties that could greatly enhance the performance of such imaging systems. In particular, the lanthanum halides show great promise with increased light yield and peak emission at shorter wavelengths compared to NaI or CsI. Since these scintillators emit at relatively short wavelengths, wavelength-shifting fibers can be used which re-emit at wavelengths around 420 nm, providing a good match to bialkali photocathode response. Multi-anode photomultiplier tubes can be used to read out individual fibers from orthogonal layers to provide x-y position information, while energy measurements can be made by large area photomultiplier tubes. Such an arrangement potentially provides improved overall position and energy resolution and lower thresholds compared to imaging systems configured as standard NaI or CsI gamma cameras. We present measurements of the energy resolution obtained from lanthanum chloride (LaCl 3 ) and lanthanum bromide (LaBr 3 ) scintillators viewed both perpendicular to the axis and down the length of square multi-clad wavelength-shifting fibers. These results are compared to a standard NaI detector with wavelength-shifting fibers. The implications of these results for gamma-ray imaging will then be discussed.
233 Bariatric Surgery Improves Histological Features of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Fibrosis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in obese patients. We sought to determine the effects of bariatric surgery on the histological features of NAFLD. Two blinded pathologists graded liver biopsies done during bariatric procedures and subsequent operations in 160 patients using the Brunt classification. Data are mean ± SD. Interval between biopsies was 31 ± 26 months. Initial biopsies demonstrated steatosis 77 %, lobular inflammation 39 %, and chronic portal inflammation 56 %. Steatohepatitis was present in 27 %. Grade 2–3 fibrosis was present in 27 %, and cirrhosis was present in one patient. On post-bariatric biopsy, steatosis resolved in 75 %, lobular inflammation resolved in 75 %, chronic portal inflammation resolved in 49 %, and steatohepatitis resolved in 90 %. Fibrosis of any grade resolved in 53 % and improved in another 3 % of patients. Grade 2 fibrosis resolved in 58 %, improved in 3 %, and did not worsen in 11 %. Bridging fibrosis resolved in 29 %, improved in 29 %, and did not worsen in 29 %. Bariatric surgery is associated with resolution of steatosis or steatohepatitis in the majority of patients. More importantly, grade 2 or 3 (bridging) fibrosis is resolved or improved in 60 % of patients. Bariatric surgery should be considered as a treatment of NAFLD in severely obese patients.
Optical Emission from Irradiated Foils. II

The spectra from silver foils irradiated by electron beams from an accelerator consist of weak maxima at 3500 \AA{} and broad continua at longer wavelengths. The intensity of the maxima do not exhibit as strong a dependence on foil thickness as predicted by Ferrell and reported by Steinmann. The intensities of both maxima and the continua were found to be directly proportional to beam energy over the range from 40 kev to 115 kev in agreement with the experiments of Goldsmith and Jelley, and of Boersch et al., and the theory of Ginsburg and Frank for transition radiation. The intensity of similar continua found for Al, Au, and Mg also increased linearly with beam energy. Light from Ag and Al foils was found to be polarized in the plane containing the foil normal and the photon direction as predicted theoretically. The intensity of the light from silver was found to be small near the foil normal and at angles approaching 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and to achieve a maximum at an intermediate angle in agreement with the theories of Ferrell, and of Ritchie and Eldridge. The absolute light yield from foils of Al and Ag revealed substantial agreement with the predictions of Ritchie and Eldridge from the transition theory of Frank and Ginsburg.
Monitoring Functions on Global States of Distributed Programs

The domain of a global function is the set of all global states of an execution of a distributed program. We show how to monitor a program in order to determine if there exists a global state in which the sumx1+x2+ \cdots +xNexceeds some constantK, wherexiis defined in processi. We examine the cases wherexiis an integer variable forN= 2 and wherexiis a boolean variable for generalN. For both cases we provide algorithms, prove their correctness, and analyze their complexity.
Effects of site preparation on nitrogen dynamics in the southern Piedmont

Abstract The impact of three mechanical site preparation treatments, chop-burn, shear-disc, and shear-pile-disc, on nitrogen dynamics was examined on gauged watersheds in the Piedmont of Virginia. Samples from soil solution and streamwater and a series of soil incubations, both laboratory and in situ, were used to monitor changes in the treatment areas following site preparation. Available nitrogen reserves were lowest in the shear-pile-disc watershed where the logging slash had been piled into windrows. Larger nitrogen reserves were found in the shear-disc and the chop-burn watersheds. Nitrogen mineralization was greater in the site prepared areas than in the uncut stand and mineralization generally increased as site preparation intensity increased. Between 58 and 95 kg/ha of nitrogen were mineralized in the site prepared areas during the first year following treatment compared to only 38 kg/ha during the same period in the uncut stand. Streamwater nitrogen export increased following site preparation with the largest losses of nitrogen occurring in the shear-pile-disc watershed.
Proliferating endothelial cell-specific expression of IGF-I receptor ribozyme inhibits retinal neovascularization

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and its receptor (IGF-IR) are essential for normal ocular development and are expressed in numerous ocular cell types including lens epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, Muller cells and endothelial cells. Endothelial cell proliferation is a common feature of proliferative retinopathies and involves abnormal growth of blood vessels within and on the surface of the retina. In an effort to inhibit the formation of these aberrant blood vessels, we cloned an IGF-IR ribozyme into an expression vector that limits expression of the ribozyme to proliferating endothelial cells. An endothelin enhancer and Cdc6 promoter chimera drives expression of the IGF-IR ribozyme. This promoter limited retinal expression of the reporter gene to proliferating endothelial cells in two mouse models of proliferative retinopathy. In addition, expression of the IGF-IR ribozyme by this promoter inhibited aberrant retinal angiogenesis in both models while preserving normal vessels. These results demonstrate the feasibility of IGF-IR ribozyme expression in a selective manner for safer treatment of abnormal angiogenesis associated with retinopathy.
Dynamics of melt generation beneath mid-ocean ridge axes: Theoretical analysis based on 238-230Th-226Ra and 235U-231Pa disequilibria

Although slow melting favors the generation of basaltic melt from a mantle matrix with large radioactive disequilibrium between two actinide nuclides (Mckenzie, 1985a), it results in long residence time in a magma chamber, during which the disequilibrium may be removed. An equilibrium melting model modified after Mckenzie (1985a) is presented here which suggests that, for a given actinide parent-daughter pair, there exists a specific melting rate at which disequilibrium between these two nuclides reaches its maximum. This melting rate depends on the decay constant of the daughter nuclide concerned and the magma chamber volume scaled to that of its source. For a given scaled chamber size, large radioactive disequilibrium between two actinide nuclides in basalts will be observed if the melting rate is such that the residence time of the magma in the chamber is comparable to the mean life of the daughter nuclide. With a chamber size 1% in volume of the melting source, the melting rates at which maximum disequilibrium in basalts is obtained are 10−7, 2 × 10−7 and 3 × 10−6y−1, respectively, for 238U-230Th, 235U-231Pa and 230Th-226Ra. This implies that, while large disequilibrium between 238U-230Th and between 235U-231Pa may occur together, large 230Th-226Ra disequilibrium will not coexist with large 238U-230Th disequilibrium, consistent with some observations. The active mantle melting zone which supplies melt to a ridge axis is inferred to be only about 10 km thick and 50 km wide. The fraction of melt present in such a mantle source at any time is about 0.01 and 0.04, respectively, if melting rate is 10−7 and 10−6 y−1. The corresponding residence time of the residual melt in the matrix is 105 and 4 × 104y.
Increased paraoxon detection by acetylcholinesterase inactivation with ionic liquid additives.

Abstract This is the first study using ionic liquids (ILs) as additive in the aqueous solvent medium for detection of paraoxon by acetylcholinesterase inhibition method. A systematic comparison of various ILs with organic solvents has been made. The aqueous buffer solution containing ionic liquid ethylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate [EtPy] + [PF 6 ] − has been found to give the best results. The inhibition kinetic follows the first order model. Ionic liquids modified aqueous solutions show the potential to provide a promising and effective medium in detection of paraoxon with acetylcholinesterase.
Field estimation of variation in host plant use between local populations of pea aphids from two crops

. 1. In a reciprocal transplant experiment on pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)), the relative performance of clones collected from nearby alfalfa and red clover fields was tested by allowing clonal replicates to develop on both crops under field conditions. 2. Populations from alfalfa and red clover differed in relative survivorship and probabilities of reproduction on the two crops. Clones had significantly higher performance on the crop from which they were collected (the ‘home’ crop) than they did on the other crop. 3. Evidence is presented that previous experience on these host plants cannot account for the increased probability of reproduction observed on the ‘home’ crop. Thus, the differences between these two populations in their relative performance on alfalfa and clover are likely to be genetically based. 4. These results illustrate that local adaptation to different host plants can occur within small geographical areas, despite the high probability that migrants are exchanged between nearby fields of the two crops. 5. Experimental designs of the type described here permit estimation of patterns of genetic variation within and between insect populations. When applied to pest species, such designs will facilitate the study of evolution in agricultural systems.
Lethal Effects of Aggregation and Electric Shock in Mice treated with Cocaine

SENSORY stimuli provided by aggregation1 or sub-maximal electric shock2 become incompatible with life in mice treated with low doses of amphetamine. Effects of aggregation3,4 or electric shock5 on brain levels of norepinephrine are also modified by amphetamine. Amphetamine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine by tissues in vitro6,7 and in vivo8. Termination of the biological actions of norepinephrine to a large extent depends on the tissue uptake or ‘recapturing’ of the free norepinephrine9. It is therefore postulated that toxicity of sensory stimuli in treated mice is partly due to the interference by amphetamine of the ‘recapturing’ of norepinephrine liberated from sympathetic nerves due to stimulation.
Two-couple orthodontic appliance systems utility arches: a two-couple intrusion arch

The utility arch is a two-couple intrusion arch wire used for control of anteriordeep overbite. It is similar to a one-couple intrusion arch in that it is commonly made with rectangular wire, attached to the teeth only at the molars and the incisors and is activated for incisor intrusion by a molar tip back bend. It differs from a one-couple intrusion arch by the insertion of the incisor segment into the incisor brackets. This results in a fixed point of application of the intrusion force anterior to the incisors and, therefore, incisor rotation by the moment of the force. In addition, insertion of the rectangular wire into the incisor brackets usually creates a third-order couple for incisor rotation. Depending on how it is used, the moment of this couple may be activated in either direction and the resulting associated equilibrium forces will either supplement or reduce the vertical equilibrium forces created by the activation bends at the molars.
Cycling of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Groups with the Ventilator in Airflow Limitation

Research on patient-ventilator interactions has largely focused on inspiratory events, with little attention paid to expiration. We sought to determine the importance of the timing and magnitude of expiratory muscle activity in causing patient-ventilator dyssynchrony. Our study was done with healthy subjects receiving pressure support in whom we induced airflow limitation with a Starling resistor. The timing and magnitude of expiratory muscle activity were obtained by wire electromyographic recording of the activity of the transversus abdominis muscle, and were compared with the cycling of the ventilator and inspiratory muscle activity as determined from a flow tracing and diaphragmatic electromyogram (EMG), respectively. Induction of airflow limitation produced significant phase differences in the cycling of the subjects' expiratory muscle group and that of the machine. Some inspiratory efforts failed to trigger the ventilator, owing in part to an increase in elastic recoil consequent to the commencement of expiratory efforts before the termination of mechanical inflation. A delay in relaxation of the expiratory muscles did not interfere with the success of subsequent inspiratory efforts to trigger the ventilator. We also investigated the accuracy of two approaches for distinguishing between the contributions of expiratory muscle activity and elastic recoil to intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi): the expiratory increase in gastric pressure (Pga) correlated better with transversus abdominis electromyographic activity (r = 0.7 to 0.95) than did the early inspiratory decrease in Pga (r = 0.04 to 0.53). In conclusion, the continuation of mechanical inflation into neural expiration was associated with failure of the subsequent inspiratory attempt to trigger the ventilator.
The Use of a Stand-of Device in High Pulse Repetition Frequeny Doppler Echocardiography

An interesting case of severe mitral stenosis in which Doppler echocardiographic evaluation was greatly enhanced by use of a stand-off pad is discussed. When employing high pulse repetition frequency (HPRF) Doppler, it may be difficult to place the sample volume at the area of interest while remaining in HPRF mode, because it is not always clear that there is a certain minimum sample volume depth below which a system will not operate in HPRF. This and other related technical constraints vary from machine to machine. This case illustrates that sample volumes can be manipulated by using a stand-off pad, thereby making use of HPRF possible. The specifications of the HPRF mode on the Acuson 128XP (Acuson, Mountain View, CA) are examined in detail, and possible applications of this technique in similar difficult situations that may arise in clinical practice are discussed.
Molecular characterization of circulating plasma cells in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a generalized autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal B cell activation and the occurrence of increased frequencies of circulating plasma cells (PC). The molecular characteristics and nature of circulating PC and B cells in SLE have not been completely characterized. Microarray analysis of gene expression was used to characterize circulating PC in subjects with active SLE. Flow cytometry was used to sort PC and comparator B cell populations from active SLE blood, normal blood and normal tonsil. The gene expression profiles of the sorted B cell populations were then compared. SLE PC exhibited a similar gene expression signature as tonsil PC. The differences in gene expression between SLE PC and normal tonsil PC and tonsil plasmablasts (PB) suggest a mature Ig secreting cell phenotype in the former population. Despite this, SLE PC differed in expression of about half the genes from previously published gene expression profiles of normal bone marrow PC, indicating that these cells had not achieved a fully mature status. Abnormal expression of several genes, including CXCR4 and S1P1, suggests a mechanism for the persistence of SLE PC in the circulation. All SLE B cell populations revealed an interferon (IFN) gene signature previously only reported in unseparated SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data indicate that SLE PC are a unique population of Ig secreting cells with a gene expression profile indicative of a mature, but not fully differentiated phenotype.
Complexin has opposite effects on two modes of synaptic vesicle fusion.

Summary Background Synaptic transmission can occur in a binary or graded fashion, depending on whether transmitter release is triggered by action potentials or by gradual changes in membrane potential. Molecular differences of these two types of fusion events and their differential regulation in a physiological context have yet to be addressed. Complexin is a conserved SNARE-binding protein that has been proposed to regulate both spontaneous and stimulus-evoked synaptic vesicle (SV) fusion. Results Here we examine complexin function at a graded synapse in C. elegans . Null complexin ( cpx-1 ) mutants are viable, although nervous system function is significantly impaired. Loss of CPX-1 results in a 3-fold increase in the rate of tonic synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction, whereas stimulus-evoked SV fusion is decreased 10-fold. A truncated CPX-1 missing its C-terminal domain can rescue stimulus-evoked synaptic vesicle exocytosis but fails to suppress tonic activity, demonstrating that these two modes of exocytosis can be distinguished at the molecular level. A CPX-1 variant with impaired SNARE binding also rescues evoked, but not tonic, neurotransmitter release. Finally, tonic, but not evoked, release can be rescued in a syntaxin point mutant by removing CPX-1. Rescue of either form of exocytosis partially restores locomotory behavior, indicating that both types of synaptic transmission are relevant. Conclusion These observations suggest a dual role for CPX-1: suppressing SV exocytosis, driven by low levels of endogenous neural activity, while promoting synchronous fusion of SVs driven by a depolarizing stimulus. Thus, patterns of synaptic activity regulate complexin's inhibitory and permissive roles at a graded synapse.
Postoperative neurologic assessment and management of the cardiac surgical patient.

The neurologic evaluation of patients in the immediate postoperative period and postanesthetic state is unique and challenging. Neurologic assessment is complicated by the lingering residual effects of anesthetics as well as by the effects of narcotic analgesics, anxiolytics, and muscle relaxants, especially in ventilated patients. In this review we examine the suspected causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic options, and intervention schemes for the common neurologic syndromes seen after cardiac operations.
A method to trap IgG antibodies within functional membrane vesicles

Monoclonal antibodies have been used extensively to study the roles of specific extracellular proteins in cellular activation. Due to the large size of these molecules, their use for the study of receptor-mediated activation of intracellular processes has been limited. This report describes a method to introduce whole IgG antibody molecules into large functional membrane vesicles (ghosts) derived from rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. Furthermore, an IgG1 mouse monoclonal antibody (JRK) directed against the cytoplasmic portion of the beta subunit of the high affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) can partially inhibit Fc epsilon RI-mediated PI hydrolysis through modest effects on both basal and receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C.
A CLINICAL-PATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF ALEUTIAN MINK DISEASE; AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL FOR STUDY OF THE CONNECTIVE-TISSUE DISEASES.

A chronic disease spontaneously occurring in mink is described. This disease is characterized by a genetic predisposition for mink carrying the Aleutian gene. It is manifested by renal, hepatic, and possibly arterial changes. There is marked hyperglobulinemia. The pathologic features of the disease are reviewed. Current studies have extended the knowledge regarding the hematologic and biochemical abnormalities. Comparison of the abnormalities of this disease to human connective-tissue diseases is made. Es describite un morbo chronic que occurre spontaneemente in visones. Iste morbo es characterisate per su predilection a base genetic pro visones portator del gen aleutian. Illo se manifesta in alterationes renal, hepatic, e possibilemente arterial. Marcate grados de hyperglobulinemia es presente. Le characteristicas pathologic del morbo es revistate. Studios currentemente in progresso ha servite a extender nostre cognoscentias relative al anormalitates hematologic e biochimic. Es interprendite un comparation de iste morbo con le morbos de tissu conjunctive in humanos.
A module system for scheme

This paper presents a module system designed for large-scale programming in Scheme. The module system separates specifications of objects from their implementations, permitting the separate development, compilation, and testing of modules. The module system also includes a robust macro facility.We discuss our design goals, the design of the module system, implementation issues, and our future plans.
CO2 Laser acceleration of forward directed MeV proton beams in a gas target at critical plasma density

The generation of 1–5 MeV protons from the interaction of a 3 ps TW CO2 laser pulse with a gas target with a peak density around the critical plasma density has been studied by 2D particle-in-cell simulations. The proton acceleration in the preformed plasma with a symmetric, linearly ramped density distribution occurs via formation of sheath of the hot electrons on the back surface of the target. The maximum energy of the hot electrons and, hence, net acceleration of protons is mainly defined by Forward Raman scattering instability in the underdense part of the plasma. Forward directed ion beams from a debris free gaseous target can find an application as a high-brightness ion source-injector to a conventional accelerator operating up to kHz pulse repetition frequency.