cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current trends in bilateral internal thoracic artery use for coronary revascularization: Extending benefit to high-risk patients

Abstract Background We sought to identify the trends in bilateral internal thoracic artery use and determine the degree to which the survival advantage of bilateral internal thoracic artery revascularization persists among perceived "high-risk" patients, compared with the use of left internal thoracic artery alone. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting for multivessel coronary artery disease at the Mayo Clinic between January 2000 and December 2015. Propensity score matching was performed between patients with bilateral internal thoracic artery and left internal thoracic artery alone grafts (1011 matched pairs). Effect of bilateral internal thoracic artery use on survival in "high-risk" patients (ejection fraction Results A total of 6468 isolated coronary artery bypass grafts were performed (5431 using left internal thoracic artery alone, 1037 using bilateral internal thoracic artery). There was an increasing trend in bilateral internal thoracic artery use ( P value for linear trend = .005), with the percentage of coronary artery bypass grafting cases with bilateral internal thoracic artery doubling over the last 4 years (13% in 2012 to 27% in 2015). Propensity-matched comparisons showed a survival advantage for bilateral internal thoracic artery (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.99; P = .043). Risk of deep sternal wound infection, although higher in the bilateral internal thoracic artery group, was not significant (1.2% vs 0.5%; P = .088). None of the "high-risk" subsets of patients showed an adverse effect of bilateral internal thoracic artery on survival. Conclusions Bilateral internal thoracic artery use in coronary artery bypass grafting is increasing over time. There is a consistent survival benefit with bilateral internal thoracic artery use, extending to patients with higher-risk comorbidities, suggesting the need for further expansion in use of this technique.
A split manufacturing approach for unclonable chipless RFIDs for pharmaceutical supply chain security

Today's pharmaceutical supply chain suffers from counterfeiting and theft issues, which not only compromise the profits and reputations of manufacturers, distributors, and retailers, but also pose a threat to consumer safety and public health. Track-and-trace techniques form the foundation for an improved supply chain by enabling supply chain owners and/or participants to systematically detect and control counterfeiting, theft, etc., but existing approaches (barcodes, QR codes, and IC-based RFID) are too costly, inconvenient, unreliable, or insecure. While an improvement, existing chipless RFID tags are limited by their complex manufacturing process, large tag area, small identifier (ID) size, and vulnerability to cloning attack. In addition, the pharmaceutical industry lacks a simple and effective way to enable pill-level traceability. To address these problems, we propose a new split manufacturing based pill-level unclonable chipless RFID (pill-level UCR) tag that intrinsically generates a unique ID from multiple entropy sources. Pill-level UCR tag consists of two parts: (i) a certain number of concentric ring slot resonators integrated on the external surface of each plastic cavity or pocket of blister pack that packages pharmaceutical tablets; and (ii) nontoxic silver particles of random quantity with random diameters filled in random places of each pharmaceutical tablet. The diameter of pill-level UCR tag is as small as 10 mm. Simulation results based on CST Microwave Studio 2015 have verified the effectiveness and reliability of pill-level UCR tags.
Case Formulation in Interpersonal Defence Theory: A Process Model of Interpersonal Phenomena that Play Key Roles in Psychopathology and Psychotherapy

Abstract Interpersonal defence theory (e.g., Westerman, 2018a; Westerman & Muran, 2017; Westerman & Steen, 2007) is an interpersonal approach to psychopathology that is well suited for research and practice with patients with personality disorders. Case formulations of a novel kind play an integral role in the theory. The theory and its case formulations provide process models of interpersonal phenomena. As a result, they offer explanatory models that enhance understanding of problematic processes and have implications for psychotherapy. This chapter presents the theory, discusses procedures clinicians and researchers can employ for arriving at case formulations based on the theory, illustrates the theory's tenets and the case formulations it calls for with a clinical example, summarizes studies based on interpersonal defence theory that have been conducted of therapy with patients with personality disorders, and discusses the theory's implications for psychotherapy that are most closely linked to its approach to case formulation.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Specific Phobia: the Role of Sensory Sensitivity: Brief Review

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder affecting approximately 1 in 59 children (Baio et al. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1, 2018). A commonly experienced psychiatric comorbidity in ASD is anxiety. Although this is known, little research has been done on the specific issues concerning specific phobia in ASD, even though specific phobias (SPs) are present in up to 40% of children with ASD. As one of the leading treatments for anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been adapted for many different populations, including children with ASD. However, the work that has been done on treatment of SP in ASD has been mostly case studies from an operant perspective. These case studies have not, to our knowledge, utilized CBT; however, they suggest that behaviorally based treatments may be effective. Still, they do not explore potential mechanisms associated with the co-occurrence of these disorders, such as sensory sensitivity, that may be responsible for these differences. Within the context of ASD, Green and Ben-Sasson (Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 40(12), 1495-1504, 2010) suggest a model of SP based on classical fear conditioning theory, which suggests sensory sensitivities cause anxieties by conditioning children to associate aversive sensations with certain objects that consequently come to elicit fear and anxiety. Here, we suggest three potential modifications of CBT to address sensory sensitivity in youth with ASD. In offering these modifications, we attempt to address explicitly the potential mechanisms underlying the development of SP in youth with ASD.
Diversity in Emergency Medicine: Are We Supporting a Career Interest in Emergency Medicine for Everyone?

Study objective Women and students underrepresented in medicine are less likely to apply for residency in emergency medicine. The latter are from racial or ethnic populations that are underrepresented as physicians relative to the general population. The factors that result in lower application rates from women and groups underrepresented in medicine are inadequately described in the literature. This study's objective was to test whether female students and those underrepresented in medicine have lower interest in emergency medicine even after controlling for academic ability, student indebtedness, and common career values consistent with emergency medicine career interest. Methods Secondary data analyses were conducted on a cross section of all residency applicants from 2005 to 2010. Data sources included American Medical College Application Service, the Electronic Residency Application Service, and the Graduating Questionnaire. Data linkage was by the Association of American Medical Colleges and provided deidentified to the authors. A binary logistic regression model was fitted with the outcome variable planned career into emergency medicine versus another specialty on the Graduating Questionnaire. The binary logistic regression model independent variables included demographics, student attitudes, debt, grade point average, standardized tests, and medical school experiences. Results The binary logistic regression model included 17,067 individuals. Being a woman (odds ratio 0.75) and from a background underrepresented in medicine (odds ratio 0.68) independently correlated with lower emergency medicine interest. Age, medical debt, importance of work-life balance, confidence in specialty choice, and plan to care for underserved populations were positively associated with emergency medicine interest. Importance of specialty competitiveness and importance of mentorship advice were correlated with lower emergency medicine interest. Conclusion Female medical students and those underrepresented in medicine were less likely to plan for a career in emergency medicine. This correlation remained significant even when other previously identified factors that have predicted a career in emergency medicine were controlled for.
Comparison of the crack-growth rates for full-encirclement and patch composite repairs

Abstract In the United States, full-encirclement bonded composite repairs have been an allowable repair method for pressure vessels since 1991. These repairs are used to reinforce damaged pressure vessels by wrapping composite completely around the vessel wall. Installing a full-encirclement repair becomes expensive and cumbersome for larger diameter vessels. And so, a patch size repair becomes preferred for use on bigger vessels. This composite patch bonds over the desired area on the damaged wall instead of completely wrapping the circumference of the vessel. In this paper, we investigate the crack propagation behavior of two repair types used to repair through-wall defects on a pressure vessel. An optical method has been adopted which monitors the crack propagation by observing the out-of-plane deflection of the blister area. It was found that the two repair types have similar crack propagation behavior during fatigue testing.
Making words Flesh: Changing Roles of University Learning and the Professions in 19th Century England

In 19th century Oxford and Cambridge, university learning, with itsemphasis on the Classics, is often thought to have been at odds with thetendencies of the modern world. Sometimes its influence is even seen aspernicious, bearing an anti-entrepreneurial bias that stifled Britain'seconomic development. This article argues that, on the contrary, anindeterminate body of learning in the universities cooperated withindeterminate social values in the professions to produce a new,deliberative liberalism: a kind of cultural capital that embraced a newmodernity, and gave a new authority to British administration andgovernment in the 20th century.
Abstract TMP56: Prediction of Primary Stroke: A Secondary Analysis of the SPRINT Trial

Background: The Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial enrolled patients aged 50 or older with at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor, but free of prior symptomatic stroke. Patients we...
Data visualization: Bringing data to life in an introductory statistics course

Although the use of tables, graphs, and figures to summarize information has long existed, the advent of the big data era and improved computing power has brought renewed attention to the field of ...
The Promise of Behavioral Energy Efficiency in Times of Trouble: Oracle Utilities Opower’s normative comparison insights

Abstract In May, 2020, unemployment rates had grown to levels last seen during the Great Depression and some utilities proactively suppressed their normative comparison (NC) insights in their home energy reports to customers. The Oracle Utilities Opower research team found that the NC algorithm continued to persist savings for utilities in aggregate and to individual customers in various regions of the country. In fact, the personalized insights could provide a much-needed way to lower energy costs for consumers.
The Influence of Educational Psychology Variables on Student Grades in an Introductory Economics Course

In the two principles of microeconomics classes that I taught during the spring and fall semesters of 2013, 170 students participated in the completion of five questionnaires. The first questionnaire covered determinants of student performance recognized in economic education literature, including GPA, gender, age, and race. The other questionnaires were developed by well-known scholars in the field of educational psychology, and they describe the following recognized educational psychology variables: a 29-item Locus of Control Scale, a 12-item Achievement Goal Scale, a 19-item Test Anxiety Scale, and a 16-item Procrastination Scale. The test results were provided to show student characteristics and psychological profiles of students who outperformed others in terms of grades. The regression results show the influence of economic education and educational psychology variables on student grades. The regression equation with only economic education determinants shows that GPA, gender, and ethnicity are the significant variables on student grades, with GPA having a positive effect, males outperforming females, and whites outperforming non-white students. When psychological variables are added to the initial equation, regression results show a significant improvement as reflected by the increase of the adjusted R2 from 0.25 to 0.39. Regression results show that GPA, mastery approach, and debilitating test anxiety are the only significant variables on student performance, with both GPA and mastery orientation variables having a positive effect, while debilitating test anxiety has a negative effect on student performance. The implication of these results for educators is discussed in the paper.
Impact of Low Flow Nasal Cannula Failure Criteria on High Flow Nasal Cannula Utilization: A Quality Improvement Project

Background: High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy for bronchiolitis has become increasingly popular,however early initiation did not impact patient outcomes in the two randomized trials and is reported to be15x more costly than standard low flow nasal cannula (LFNC) We hypothesized that lack of initiation criteriafor use of HFNC was resulting in overutilization Objective: We sought to increase trials of LFNC in acute viralbronchiolitis in order to decrease the use of HFNC Our primary aim is to increase the percent of LFNCutilization prior to HFNC initiation by 50% by April 2020 Design/Methods: We undertook a multidisciplinaryquality improvement project involving Hospital Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Critical Care physicians,along with respiratory therapy and nursing We revised our existing bronchiolitis protocol to include LFNCfailure defined as no improvement in oxygen saturation, heart rate or respiratory rate within 30-60 minutes ofinitiation and protocolized LFNC treatment failure to precede HFNC initiation Our pathway change took effectDecember 1st, 2019 Inclusion criteria were: < 2 years admitted to PHM with a primary diagnosis of any ICD-10 code for bronchiolitis PICU transfer rates serve as the balancing measure and statistical process controlgrouping data in two-week increments is the primary method of analysis Results: Baseline data for the seasonpreceding our intervention (2018-2019) revealed HFNC usage in floor patients with bronchiolitis to be 62%(61/98), with 39% (24/61) undergoing a trial of LFNC prior to initiation of HFNC Post-intervention datademonstrate an increase in LFNC trials to 73% (29/40) and a concomitant decrease in HFNC utilization to 48%(40/84) (Figure 1 a/b) Rules for special cause were satisfied for the LFNC measure (2 out 3 consecutivemeasures above 2 sigma) but not for the HFNC measure when the project had to be stopped due to the SARS-CoV2 epidemic which was an external pressure against the use of HFNC (an aerosolizing procedure) Ourbalancing measure appears stable with a pre-intervention PICU transfer rate of 6 1% (n=98) and a post-intervention rate of 2 9% (n=68) Conclusion: Preliminary data suggests a simple intervention consisting ofestablishing LFNC treatment failure criteria in patients with moderate bronchiolitis may reduce HFNC usewithout adverse effects
An l-Span Generalized Secret Sharing Scheme

For some secret sharing applications, the secret reconstructed is not revealed to the participants, and therefore, the secret/shadows can be repeatedly used without having to be changed. But for other applications, in which the secret reconstructed is revealed to participants, a new secret must be chosen and its corresponding shadows must be regenerated and then secretly distributed to participants again, in order to enforce the same secret sharing policy. This is inefficient because of the overhead in the generation and distribution of shadows. In this paper, an l-span secret sharing scheme for the general sharing policy is proposed to solve the secret/shadows regeneration problem by extending the life span of the shadows from 1 to l, i. e., the shadows can be repeatedly used for l times to generate l different secrets.
Semantic partitioning of web pages

In this paper we describe the semantic partitioner algorithm, that uses the structural and presentation regularities of the Web pages to automatically transform them into hierarchical content structures. These content structures enable us to automatically annotate labels in the Web pages with their semantic roles, thus yielding meta-data and instance information for the Web pages. Experimental results with the TAP knowledge base and computer science department Web sites, comprising 16,861 Web pages indicate that our algorithm is able gather meta-data accurately from various types of Web pages. The algorithm is able to achieve this performance without any domain specific engineering requirement.
Exploring Fatherhood Diversity: Implications for Conceptualizing Father Involvement

SUMMARY Our analysis, grounded in a social constructionist perspective, explores the theoretical and political complexities facing researchers and policymakers as they attempt to conceptualize, study, and promote fathers' involvement with their children. Taking into account the growing diversity of life course and residency patterns for men and children today, we stress how the definition of fatherhood and conceptualization of paternal involvement are interwoven. As our starting point, we highlight how diverse stakeholders construct differing images and types of fatherhood during an era when men are “doing fatherhood” in a wide range of contexts. Next, we explore issues associated with a broad conceptualization of father involvement, influence, and motivation with an eye toward fatherhood diversity. We then consider how several family processes are implicated in the way men develop, negotiate, and sustain their rights, privileges, and obligations as fathers in different types of family structures. We conc...
Cognition-Emotion Interactions in Psychopathy: Implications for Theory and Practice

Cognitive and affective neuroscientists have made substantial progress specifying mechanisms underlying diverse processes, such as decision making and self-regulation. Increasingly, they also find that cognitive and affective processes are inextricably related and frequently interact to influence behavior (Bishop, Jenkins, & Lawrence, 2007; Davis & Whalen, 2001; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1997; Pessoa, McKenna, Gutierrez, & Ungerleider, 2002; Phelps, 2006). Thus, it is not surprising that experimental psychopathologists are integrating these advances and adopting theoretical and methodological approaches that incorporate the complex relationships between cognition and emotion. This is evident in recent research on psychopathy. Psychopathy is a common and severe psychopathological disorder affecting approximately 1% of the general population and 25% of incarcerated male offenders (Hare, 2006; Neumann & Hare, 2008). Despite psychopathic individuals’ good intelligence and an absence of Axis I psychopathology (aside from substance abuse; Hart & Hare, 1989), they display an inability to form genuine relationships with parents, teachers, friends, or lovers; limited and superficial affective processing especially with respect to anticipatory anxiety and remorse; an impulsive behavioral style involving a general failure to evaluate anticipated actions and inhibit the inappropriate ones; and a chronic antisocial lifestyle that entails great costs to society as well as for the affected individual (e.g., incarceration). While both affective and behavioral characteristics are important elements of psychopathy, the affective deficits have traditionally been considered the root cause of the psychopath’s problems. Affective deficits in psychopathy have most often been understood in the context of the low-fear model (Lykken, 1957). However, this traditional view tends to
Maintenance of Peripheral T Cell Responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

Fully functional T cells are necessary for the maintenance of protective immunity during chronic infections. However, activated T cells often undergo apoptosis or exhaustion upon chronic stimulation mediated by Ag or inflammation. T cell attrition can be compensated for by the production of thymus-derived T cells, although the new naive T cells must undergo T cell priming and differentiation under conditions different from those encountered during acute infection. We used a murine model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to address how the activation and differentiation of new thymic emigrants is affected by chronic inflammation, as well as whether the newly developed effector T cells help to maintain peripheral T cell responses. Although new thymic emigrants contributed to the peripheral T cell response early during acute M. tuberculosis infection, the relative contribution of new effector T cells to the peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cell pools declined during chronic infection. The decline in new T cell recruitment was a consequence of quantitative and/or qualitative changes in Ag presentation, because during chronic infection both the priming and expansion of naive T cells were inefficient. Thus, although thymic tolerance is not a major factor that limits protective T cell responses, the chronic environment does not efficiently support naive T cell priming and accumulation during M. tuberculosis infection. These studies support our previous findings that long-term protective T cell responses can be maintained indefinitely in the periphery, but also suggest that the perturbation of homeostasis during chronic inflammatory responses may elicit immune pathology mediated by new T cells.
Thermochronometrically constrained anatomy and evolution of a Miocene extensional accommodation zone and tilt domain boundary: The southern Wassuk Range, Nevada

[1] Apatite (AHe) and Zircon (ZHe) (U-Th)/He thermochronometric data from the southern Wassuk Range (WR) coupled with 40Ar/39Ar age data from the overlying tilted Tertiary section are used to constrain the thermal evolution of an extensional accommodation zone and tilt-domain boundary. AHe and ZHe data record two episodes of rapid cooling related to the tectonic exhumation of the WR fault block beginning at ~15 and ~4 Ma. Extension was accommodated through fault-block rotation and variably tilted the southern WR to the west from ~60°–70° in the central WR to ~15°–35° in the southernmost WR and Pine Grove Hills, and minimal tilting in the Anchorite Hills and along the Mina Deflection to the south. Middle Miocene geothermal gradient estimates record heating immediately prior to large-magnitude extension that was likely coeval with the extrusion of the Lincoln Flat andesite at ~14.8 Ma. Geothermal gradients increase from ~19° ± 4°C/km to ≥ 65° ± 20°C/km toward the Mina Deflection, suggesting that it was the focus of Middle Miocene arc magmatism in the upper crust. The decreasing thickness of tilt blocks toward the south resulted from a shallowing brittle/ductile transition zone. Postmagmatic Middle Miocene extension and fault-block advection were focused in the northern and central WR and coincidentally moderated the large lateral thermal gradient within the uppermost crust.
Progesterone receptor localization and isoforms in myometrium, decidua, and fetal membranes from rhesus macaques: evidence for functional progesterone withdrawal at parturition.

It is not known whether withdrawal of progesterone (P) action is a prerequisite for parturition in women or in nonhuman primates because concentrations of circulating progesterone or progesterone receptors (PR) in myometrium and decidua do not decrease before delivery. To examine this potentially important regulatory mechanism, we determined PR isoforms, PR localization, and mRNA in myometrium, decidua, and fetal membranes from rhesus monkeys during pregnancy and in spontaneous labor at term. Gestational tissues were obtained midpregnancy (day 80–100), late pregnancy (day 130–145), and during spontaneous labor at term (day 161–167). Samples of rhesus monkey myometrium, decidua, chorion-decidua, and amnion were collected and analyzed for total nuclear and cytosolic PR by competitive binding assay. Progesterone receptor isoforms were identified and quantified by Western blot analysis, and PR mRNA was determined by a specific ribonuclease protection assay. Nuclear PR was localized by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal anti-PR (JZB39) after microwave stabilization. Myometrium and decidua showed no change in total PR during pregnancy and labor. Nuclear PR was not detected in fetal membranes by binding assay but was localized in amnion epithelial and mesenchymal cells and in chorion laeve cytotrophoblasts by immunohistochemistry. Staining for PR was substantially less by serial antibody dilution in fetal membranes than in decidua. Message for PR was confirmed in all tissues analyzed. A significant (P < .05) shift in the ratio of PR isoforms (from PR-B dominance at midpregnancy to PR-A dominance in labor) was observed in myometrium but not in decidua. Both PR-A and PR-B isoforms and PR nuclear staining were nearly undetectable in amnion obtained during labor. A shift to PR-A dominance in myometrium at term together with a loss of PR in fetal membranes provides evidence for a functional progesterone withdrawal mechanism, which may facilitate the initiation of parturition in primates.
A fixed-ratio combination of uracil and ftorafur (UFT) with low dose leucovorin. An active oral regimen for advanced colorectal cancer

Background. UFT is a fixed-ratio combination of uracil and Ftorafur, a prodrug that is absorbed orally and metabolized in vivo to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Uracil potentiates 5-FU through interference with its catabolism. The combination of UFT and leucovorin in patients with advanced incurable colorectal cancer, to evaluate preliminary activity and toxicity in this patient population. Methods. Twenty-one patients were treated. Twenty patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. Patients received UFT 350 mg/m2/day divided every 8 hours. Patients took a 5 mg tablet of leucovorin every 8 hours, concurrent with each UFT dose. Treatment was continued for 28 consecutive days, followed by a 7-day rest. Results. Five major objective responses (one complete and four partial) were observed. Toxicity was mild, with no dose-limiting myelosuppression. Four patients experienced grade 3 diarrhea or higher, and two patients experienced dose-limiting mucositis. Conclusion. UFT and low dose leucovorin is a well tolerated, orally administered regimen with activity in colorectal cancer. A randomized comparison of this regimen with conventional parenteral regimens is warranted
Comparison of molindone and tranylcypromine in the treatment of refractory depression.

: A single-blind parallel study of 20 treatment-resistant hospitalized depressed patients showed that 10–30 mg/day molindone was more effective and less toxic than 20–30 mg tranylcypromine. Molindone-treated patients responded during the first week with particular improvement in anxiety symptoms and agitation. Extrapyramidal symptoms developed in half of the patients on molindone, which were effectively managed with amantadine. Early termination from the study because of clinical worsening or side effects occurred in seven patients on tranylcypromine and in none on molindone. These results suggest that molindone in low dosage may be helpful in the management of refractory depression and may have the further advantage of producing a more rapid response to treatment with fewer disabling side effects.
Coherent Development of Neutrino Flavor in the Supernova Environment

We calculate coherent neutrino and antineutrino flavor transformation in the supernova environment, for the first time including self-consistent coupling of intersecting neutrino and antineutrino trajectories. For neutrino mass-squared difference /deltam2/ = 3 x 10(-3) eV2 we find that in the normal (inverted) mass hierarchy the more tangentially-propagating (radially-propagating) neutrinos and antineutrinos can initiate collective, simultaneous medium-enhanced flavor conversion of these particles across broad ranges of energy and propagation direction. Accompanying alterations in neutrino and antineutrino energy spectra and fluxes could affect supernova nucleosynthesis and the expected neutrino signal.
Constructs and Fictions

Abstract. — The issues of realism and ontologically more chaste views are discussed within the context of constructivist as opposed to non-constructivist approaches to scientific theories. Although many take non-constructivistic interpretations to require the existence of all the elements of theories, this essay argues against that conclusion. A consideration of the use of the analytic-synthetic distinction and the greater fruitfulness of theories interpreted realistically both arrive at negative results. And since no simple criterion of reality is known, it is concluded that no simple methodology for pruning or for justifying elements of theories can be found.
Modeling the solar irradiation on flat plate collectors augmented with planar reflectors

An analytical model has been developed and used to determine solar irradiation on flat collectors augmented with planar reflectors. The model uses measured insolation data from the NREL National Solar Radiation Data Base. In addition the model accounts for direct and reflected components of beam, diffuse and ground reflected insolation, considers finite length systems, accounts for shading of the collector by the reflector, and considers different configurations of the reflector relative to the collector. Thus the model represents an extension and refinement of many previous models. Computer simulations have been carried out over different time spans to assess the effects of including these features. In general, the addition of reflectors enhances the radiation received by the collector. Reflected beam radiation is the major contributor to the enhancement, although reflected sky diffuse and ground reflected radiation can be significant in many instances. To optimize effectively the design of the system with respect to selecting tilt angles and specifying a reflector-above or below-collector configuration requires proper modeling of the energy received by the collector system. Finite length analysis used in the model enables the optimization of reflector size relative to that of the collector. The model presented can be the basis of an analytical design tool for optimizing the design of a variety of reflector-enhanced solar energy collection systems.
Application of an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance to a study of water adsorption at gold surfaces in acidic media

Abstract Changes in surface mass at a Au electrode during cyclic voltammetry in acidic media were monitored with an electrochemical quartz-crystal microbalance. An unexpectedly large increase in surface mass was observed during the positive potential scan in the pre-oxide region beginning ca. 0.5 V negative of the potential for onset of formation of surface oxide (AuO). This mass increase is virtually independent of the acid and is interpreted on the basis of adsorption of H2O via hydrogen bonding to the submonolayer of hydrous oxide (AuOH) generated in the pre-oxide region. The mass increase is consistent with an increase in surface hydration by about 32 H2 O molecules per AuOH site.
Teaching children at home and school

Patricia P. Olmsted Rodman B. Webb William B. Ware Institute for Development of Human Resources College of Education University of Florida Gainesville, Florida T eaching is not a bag of tricks and anyone who sets out in search of iron laws on how to teach is likely to return empty handed. Learning is neither promoted nor explained by immovable rules. On the other hand teachers have a right to expect from educational theory more than utopian schemes that are impossible to implement in the real world setting of home and school. The wide gap between theory and practice was made clear to those of us at the Institute for Development of Human Resources (IDHR) when we launched the Florida Parent Education Follow Through Program in 1968. The program grew out of the realization that parents are the child's most important teachers and that much of what a child accomplishes in school is predetermined by what has gone on in the home. At first our effort was to provide parents with specific activities designed to enhance a child's affective and cognitive growth. As time went on, however, we learned from parents and school personnel that we needed to provide something beyond specific activities. Teachers and parents were not asking us for inflexible rules to follow but they were asking that we provide guidelines that would help them determine how to proceed with children in different learning situations. Our response to these requests was to search the literature in the area of teacher-child and parent-child interaction. What resulted was the development of a list of ten specific teaching behaviors which both research and theory confirmed were related to the cognitive growth of children. This list became known as the "Desirable Teaching Behaviors" (DTBs). They are a diverse but congruent set of behaviors that could be expanded. However, they have proved to be a good beginning set of behaviors which effectively guide the actions of parents and teachers alike.
Effect of divalent cations on proteolysis of fibrinogen.

SummaryThe effects of various divalent cations on proteolysis of fibrinogen by trypsin and chymotrypsin were studied. Calcium, Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, and Cd were approximately equally effective in reducing the rate of proteolysis by trypsin. At levels as low as 10-7 M, Ca began to decrease the rate of proteolysis by either trypsin or chymotrypsin, and a 50% reduction of the rate occurred at about 10-3 M. The effects of Ca on both tryptic and chymotryptic digestion appeared to yield the kinetics of a competitive inhibition; and the suggestion is made that Ca acts to affect an equilibrium between two forms of fibrinogen, the one susceptible, the other inhibitory, to proteolysis.
Evaluation of Ovaprim and human chorionic gonadotropin doses on spawning induction and egg and larval quality of pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides

Abstract The use of exogenous hormones to induce final oocyte maturation (FOM), ovulation, and spawning has become commonplace in the reproductive protocols for many species. Dose efficacy can be highly variable among species and factors such as temperature and stress may further obfuscate the hormone's perceived efficacy. The pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, is a marine baitfish species with great potential for commercial development. This species readily undergoes vitellogenesis in captivity, however progression through FOM is unreliable. Therefore, the objectives of this investigation were to assess the effects of various doses of Ovaprim® (sGnRHa + domperidone) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on ovulation and spawning in pinfish. Two experiments were conducted to determine efficacious doses of Ovaprim and HCG in pinfish. Ovaprim dosages investigated were 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00 mL/kg, injected into the dorsal musculature of female pinfish. Male pinfish received one half the dosage (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mL/kg) administered to females to ensure spermiation. Experimental HCG doses of 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU/kg were administered to female pinfish with male pinfish once again receiving half the dosage (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 IU/kg). Spawned eggs were collected over a 72 hour period post injection and enumerated and assessed for fertilization, hatching percentage, and survival to first feeding. Additionally, eggs and larvae were photographed and a suite of morphological parameters was evaluated. Doses of 0.25 and 0.50 mL/kg Ovaprim were efficient at induction of FOM and spawning in pinfish. Superior fecundity, fertilization and 3 day post hatch (DPH) survival rates, as well as larger 3 DPH larvae support lower Ovaprim doses as the preferred choice for use with this species. Conversely, the 4000 IU/kg HCG dose performed the best of all HCG doses evaluated eliciting the greatest spawning frequency from female pinfish.
On Wallman Spaces and the Lindelöf Property

It is assumed that X is an abstract set and ℒ is a lattice of subsets of X. The consequences of ℒ being regular, and of ℒ being regular together with other lattice properties such as prime complete or even Lindelof, are discussed first. Next, the important problem of enlarging an ℒ-filter or an ℒ-ultrafilter with the countable intersection property is considered. It is much easier to express this in terms of zero–one-valued finitely additive measures on the algebra generated by ℒ. Conditions for the preceding to hold in terms of topological spaces of measures associated with the lattice ℒ are then obtained.
RNA degradation and the regulation of antibiotic synthesis in Streptomyces.

Streptomyces are Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacteria that are prolific producers of antibiotics. Most of the antibiotics used in clinical and veterinary medicine worldwide are produced as natural products by members of the genus Streptomyces. The regulation of antibiotic production in Streptomyces is complex and there is a hierarchy of regulatory systems that extends from the level of individual biosynthetic pathways to global regulators that, at least in some streptomycetes, control the production of all the antibiotics produced by that organism. Ribonuclease III, a double-strand specific endoribonuclease, appears to be a global regulator of antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor, the model organism for the study of streptomycete biology. In this review, the enzymology of RNA degradation in Streptomyces is reviewed in comparison with what is known about the degradation pathways in Escherichia coli and other bacteria. The evidence supporting a role for RNase III as a global regulator of antibi...
Thermodynamic guidelines for the prediction of hydrogen storage reactions and their application to destabilized hydride mixtures

We propose a set of thermodynamic guidelines aimed at facilitating more robust screening of hydrogen-storage reactions. The utility of the guidelines is illustrated by reassessing the validity of reactions recently proposed in the literature and through vetting a list of more than 20 candidate reactions based on destabilized $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ and $\mathrm{Ca}{(\mathrm{B}{\mathrm{H}}_{4})}_{2}$ borohydrides. Our analysis reveals several reactions having both favorable thermodynamics and relatively high hydrogen densities (ranging from $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{wt}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ and $85\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}100\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{g}$ ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}∕\mathrm{l}$), and it demonstrates that chemical intuition alone is not sufficient to identify valid reaction pathways.
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth of Arundo donax and on rearing of a biological control agent, the shoot gall-forming wasp Tetramesa romana

The shoot tip-galling wasp Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) has been released for biological control of giant reed or arundo (Arundo donax L.) (Poaceae), an invasive grass in the USA and Mexico. The role of urea fertilization to improve plant-based mass-rearing was examined. In a greenhouse study, rhizomes were fertilized with urea pellets at rates equivalent to 1000 kg (low), 2000 kg (moderate), and 4000 (high) kg N per ha–1. Total nitrogen content of ungalled stems was significantly 0.60–0.65% higher under low and moderate fertilization compared to unfertilized pots, and shoot water content was elevated 3–4% at all urea levels. Moderate fertilization significantly (by 1.4-fold) increased the relative growth rate of all shoots in pots, but did not affect final dry biomass. Fertilization did not affect number and duration of probing events by females. The percentage of shoots colonized by wasps that were galled, progeny production per shoot and per female, and emergent wasp size were not...
Does education affect HIV status? Evidence from five African countries

Data from the first five demographic and health surveys to include HIV testing for a representative sample of the adult population are used to analyze the socioeconomic correlates of HIV infection and associated sexual behavior. Emerging from a wealth of country relevant results, some important findings can be generalized. First, successive marriages are a significant risk factor. Second, contrary to prima facie evidence, education is not positively associated with HIV status. However, schooling is one of the most consistent predictors of behavior and knowledge: education level predicts protective behaviors such as condom use, use of counseling and testing, discussion of AIDS between spouses, and knowledge about HIV/AIDS, but it also predicts a higher level of infidelity and a lower level of abstinence.
Slo1 Caveolin-binding Motif, a Mechanism of Caveolin-1-Slo1 Interaction Regulating Slo1 Surface Expression

The large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated potassium (MaxiK, BK) channel and caveolin-1 play important roles in regulating vascular contractility. Here, we hypothesized that the MaxiK α-subunit (Slo1) and caveolin-1 may interact with each other. Slo1 and caveolin-1 physiological association in native vascular tissue is strongly supported by (i) detergent-free purification of caveolin-1-rich domains demonstrating a pool of aortic Slo1 co-migrating with caveolin-1 to light density sucrose fractions, (ii) reverse co-immunoprecipitation, and (iii) double immunolabeling of freshly isolated myocytes revealing caveolin-1 and Slo1 proximity at the plasmalemma. In HEK293T cells, Slo1-caveolin-1 association was unaffected by the smooth muscle MaxiK β1-subunit. Sequence analysis revealed two potential caveolin-binding motifs along the Slo1 C terminus, one equivalent, 1007YNMLCFGIY1015, and another mirror image, 537YTEYLSSAF545, to the consensus sequence, φXXXXφXXφ. Deletion of 1007YNMLCFGIY1015 caused ∼80% loss of Slo1-caveolin-1 association while preserving channel normal folding and overall Slo1 and caveolin-1 intracellular distribution patterns. 537YTEYLSSAF545 deletion had an insignificant dissociative effect. Interestingly, caveolin-1 coexpression reduced Slo1 surface and functional expression near 70% without affecting channel voltage sensitivity, and deletion of 1007YNMLCFGIY1015 motif obliterated channel surface expression. The results suggest 1007YNMLCFGIY1015 possible participation in Slo1 plasmalemmal targeting and demonstrate its role as a main mechanism for caveolin-1 association with Slo1 potentially serving a dual role: (i) maintaining channels in intracellular compartments downsizing their surface expression and/or (ii) serving as anchor of plasma membrane resident channels to caveolin-1-rich membranes. Because the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain is juxtamembrane, it is tempting to suggest that Slo1-caveolin-1 interaction facilitates the tethering of the Slo1 C-terminal end to the membrane.
Two problems in the gravity flow of granular materials

Two problems representative of the gravity flow of granular materials are considered in the context of a theory presented by Goodman (1970). The problems consist of steady fully-developed flow of a granular material down an inclined plane and between vertical parallel plates. It is shown that the dynamical behaviour of these materials is quite different from that of a viscous fluid. For the inclined flow problem, the normal stresses are not only unequal but vary non-linearly with depth. Also the maximum value of the mass flux distribution does not necessarily occur at the upper surface. For the vertical channel-flow problem, the material behaves somewhat like a Bingham fluid in that a plug region exists in the central part of the channel. The interesting feature of this problem is that the concentration of material volume in the shearing region outside the plug may either increase or decrease from the plug to the channel wall, depending on the boundary conditions. Experimental evidence for these phenomena in real granular materials is cited.The results of this investigation suggest that the gravity flow of granular materials is essentially governed by two factors-a material characteristic length, which is possibly related to the grain size, and the externally imposed constraints such as the gravity field or the pressure exerted upon the granular material from the confining plates.
Guest Editorial: Computer-Aided Detection or Diagnosis (CAD) Systems

The ten papers in this special issue focus on computer-aided detection or diagnosis systems.
Agronomic Comparisons Between Rht1 and Rht2 Semidwarf Genes in Winter Wheat

Generally, means for grain volume weight, emergence rate, and final stand of Rht 1 Rht 1 rht 2 rht 2 isolines exceeded those of rht 1 rht 1 Rht 2 Rht 2 isolines. These differences were not due to pleiotropic effects of the two genes because population × Rht 1 vs. Rht 2 loci interactions occurred for each trait. From a breeding standpoint, use of Rht 1 is warranted because it generally had less adverse effect on grain volume weight and stand establishment than Rht 2
Expression of two zebrafish orthodenticle-related genes in the embryonic brain

To analyze the molecular mechanism of pattern formation in the anteriormost regions of the zebrafish embryo, we isolated two zebrafish sequences, zOtx1 and zOtx2, related to the Drosophila orthodenticle (otd) and two murine Otx genes. zOtx1 and zOtx2 encode predicted gene products which are 82% and 94% identical to the corresponding mouse proteins. Transcripts of both zebrafish genes appear abruptly at high levels in a triangular patch at the animal pole of the mid-gastrula, a region which contains cells fated to become midbrain and forebrain. Between 9 and 14 h of development, zOtx transcripts disappear from forebrain regions in a manner characteristic for each gene, and from 14 to 24 h, particular regions of the forebrain and midbrain express one or both genes. The posterior limit of expression of both genes in 10-30-h embryos forms a sharp boundary at the posterior border of the midbrain. As in the mouse, the early expression patterns of the zOtx genes are consistent with a role in defining midbrain and forebrain territories. However, there are a number of interesting differences between the forebrain and midbrain regions which express the genes in the two species.