cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sustaining aquifers economically in the face of hydrologic, institutional, and climate constraints

Abstract Aquifers supply water to millions of farms, thousands of cities, and billions of people worldwide. Water use and economic activity in aquifer-dependent regions cannot be sustained if groundwater levels are not stabilized. This article addresses a question relevant to these regions internationally: how can water scarce areas reduce aquifer depletion while supporting the many economically and institutionally important uses of groundwater, which serve as a critical source of supply in many parts of the world with limited or seasonal precipitation which could become more pronounced in the face of future climate stress. Facing that challenge, this work presents a framework for discovering measures to hydrologically stabilize aquifers that control economic losses while respecting local institutional constraints. It advances our capacity to discover measures to efficiently, equitably, and sustainably allocate burden sharing that protects aquifers while adapting to hydrologic, economic, and institutional characteristics of an affected community. Results of this work show that for the aquifers investigated, present practices of groundwater use are unsustainable and finds that alternative practices are possible. It provides scenarios describing such practices and also determines their hydrological and economic consequences. Finally, it shows how these results can feed into policy debates over the several water-sharing arrangements. This work makes several incremental contributions: calibrating modelled pumping patterns to the historical baseline, controlling economic costs of achieving hydrologic sustainability, respecting institutional constraints governing equitable burden sharing, presenting an approach with powers of generalizability, and using routinely collected data. While the approach and findings are illustrated for two aquifers in Africa, its approach carries some generalizability. All data, variables, equations, constraints, and results are included as appendices.
Synthesis of Robust Water Reuse Networks Using Fuzzy Nonlinear Programming:Mass Exchange-Based Processes

Water consumption and effluent generation in industrial plants can be effectively reduced by maximizing utilization of partially contaminated water. A dual approach consisting of graphical pinch methods for targeting followed by the synthesis of water reuse networks using such techniques as mathematical programming is usually employed. Reliable process data is necessary for successful plant retrofitting. In most cases, however, the necessary limiting concentrations and mass loads must be deduced from limited information. It thus becomes necessary to balance the conflicting objectives of minimizing water usage and of ensuring that sufficient stream concentrations fall within their limiting values. The use of fuzzy nonlinear programming for the synthesis of robust water reuse networks is demonstrated using a four-process case study from the literature. Keywords: Fuzzy nonlinear programming, process integration, and water reuse network (WRN).
Fingerprint recognition through circular sampling

The ability to uniquely associate a human fingerprint with an individual has become an essential part of personal identification for security purposes and law enforcement. This article presents an approach to fingerprint recognition based on circularly sampling the fingerprint around an easily identified center of the fingerprint. Three matching metrics are presented and compared for matching fingerprints with no peculiarities, a missing area, and rotation with those in a database. The optimum metric, referred to as the angular density, was seven times better for a self match than for a mismatch, even when the fingerprint was rotated or altered by erasing some of its area.
Segmented Labor Market Models in Developing Countries

Labor markets are important, because most people, especially the poor, derive all or the great bulk of their income from the work they do. This paper approaches labor markets through models of segmented labor markets. The first main substantive section presents the essence of segmented labor market modeling, in particular, the role of labor market dualism. Given that labor markets often consist of quite distinct segments, a useful and insightful analytical approach is to start with just two interrelated segments, which here are termed formal and informal. Accordingly, the next sections present models of wages and employment in the formal sector, the informal sector, and the linkages between the two respectively. The final substantive section shows the contributions that these models make to understanding and policy analysis in labor markets. It would not be expected that the same model would fit East Africa and East Asia or South Africa and South Korea. Surely, the “correct” model is context-specific. Blending empirical observation and analytical modeling has yielded great advances. Sound labor market policies require sound labor market models.
δ-Aminolevulinic acid synthase of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides

The pure apoform of δ-aminolevulinate synthase from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides binds 1 mol of pyridoxal 5-phosphate/mol of enzyme and shows an absorption spectrum with a maximum at 430 nm (with a probable shoulder near 320–330 nm), typical for the Schiff base formation that accompanies pyridoxal 5-phosphate protein interaction. Also, after reduction with sodium borohydride, a spectral shift of the absorption maximum to 325 nm, characteristic of e-aminophosphoyridoxyllysine, was observed. Finally, e- N -pyridoxyllysine was identified in acid hydrolysates of the reduced δ-aminolevulinate synthase-pyridoxal 5-phosphate complex. The results are interpreted as lending strong evidence for the involvement of a critical e-aminolysyl group in forming a Schiff base with pyridoxal 5-phosphate in the δ-aminolevulinate synthase reaction.
Efficient alleviation of poverty and hunger: A new international assistance facility☆

Abstract The numbers of poor are large and have been increasing with the economic crisis in the 1980s. Structural adjustment through policy reforms and additional resource transfers hold promise for the long-run elimination of poverty. In the interim, more special programmes are needed to augment the purchasing power of the poorest. But such programmes need to transfer income efficiently and, wherever possible, in conjunction with projects that increase human and physical capital. Food aid can play a major role, but not through direct distribution of food to households. More direct income transfer mechanisms are discussed in this article. The establishment of an International Poverty and Hunger Alleviation Facility is recommended. Such a facility could be funded with an appropriate mix of food and financial aid. Presently idle food stocks could provide approximately half of the additional required resources.
High precision atom interferometry in a microgravity environment

We propose a set of experiments in which Ramsey-fringe techniques are tailored to probe transitions originating and terminating on the same ground state level. When pulses of resonant radiation, separated by a time delay $% T, $ interact with atoms, it is possible to produce Ramsey fringes having widths of order 1/T. If each pulse contains two counterpropagating travelling wave modes, the atomic wave function is split into two or more components having different center-of-mass momenta. Matter-wave interference of these components leads to atomic gratings, which have been observed in both spatially separated fields and time separated fields. Time-dependent signals can be transformed into frequency dependent signals, leading to ground state Ramsey fringes (GSRF). The signals can be used to probe many problems of fundamental importance: a precise measurement of the earth gravitational acceleration $g$ and residual gravity in a microgravity environment with an accuracy $6 10^{-9}g;$ the rotation rate measurement with an accuracy of 6 10^{-3} deg/h; the recoil frequency measurement. Since only transitions originating and terminating on the same ground state are involved, frequency measurements can be carried out using lasers phase-locked by quartz oscillators having relatively low frequency. Our technique may allow one to increase the precision by a factor of 100 (the rf- to quartz oscillator frequencies ratio) over previous experiments based on Raman-Ramsey fringes or reduce on the same factor requirements for frequency stabilization.
Cogeneration in the former Soviet Union

The former Soviet Union made a major commitment to cogeneration. The scale and nature of this commitment created a system conceptually different from cogeneration in the west. The differences were both in scale, in political commitment, and in socio economic impact. This paper addresses some of the largest scale cogeneration programs, the technology, and the residual impact of these programs. The integration of the cogeneration and nuclear programs is a key focus of the paper. Soviet designed nuclear power plants were designed to produce both electricity and heat for residential and industrial uses. Energy systems used to implement this design approach are discussed. The significant dependence on these units for heat, created an urgent need for continued operation during the winter. Electricity and heat are also produced in nuclear weapons production facilities, as well as power plants. The Soviets also had designed, and initiated construction of a number of nuclear power plants "ATETs" optimized for production of heat as well as electricity. These were canceled.
From critical values to critical diagnoses: a review with an emphasis on cytopathology.

The concept of critical values in the medical laboratory found its roots in clinical pathology nearly 40 years ago. The goal of this review was to trace the evolution of the critical value concept from clinical into anatomic pathology with specific emphasis on cytopathology. Difficulties in the meaningful application of the critical value concept in the practice of cytopathology are reviewed along with ambiguities that have yet to be fully resolved. Suggestions that may enhance the operational success of critical value policies in cytopathology and a central role for the cytotechnologist are presented. Cooperation between key pathology and clinical organizations is essential for improvement in the critical value process. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Automated generation of reliability models

The abstract semi-Markov specification interface to the SURE (Semi-Markov Range Evaluator) tool (ASSIST) program allows the user to describe a Markov model in a high-level language. Instead of listing the individual states of the model, the user specifies rules governing the behavior of the system, which are used to automatically generate the model. A small number of statements in the abstract language can describe a large, complex model. Because no assumptions are made about the system being modelled, ASSIST can be used to generate models describing the behavior of any type of system. The abstract model definition and the automatic model generation strategy are described. Analysis of an example fault-tolerant architecture, a triad of processor with cold spare processors, shows how the behavior of a system can be captured by a few general rules. >
Unpackaging synthetic biology: Identification of oversight policy problems and options

The emerging field of synthetic biology (SB) is just entering policy debates. Reports from non-governmental organizations, such as the ETC Group and the International Risk Governance Council, have recently been issued, but there have been few systematic analyses of the policy problems that we will likely face as this area develops. Biosecurity issues are the most defined; other societal oversight issues and implications have not been well explored. Although SB could assist in addressing pressing global challenges, such as sustainable and renewable energy, there are considerable societal concerns that accompany its development and applications. This article is designed to anticipate and prepare for these concerns by identifying policy problems associated with SB oversight, upstream of its development. Projected applications of SB are reviewed and a typology of them is developed. Key oversight policy problems are then identified based on historical experiences with other emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and biotechnology. Problems associated with biosecurity, biosafety, intellectual property, and ethics are discussed in relation to the typology of SB applications to identify applications of the highest potential concern. Finally, policy options for SB oversight are considered, preventative to promotional. We propose that different categories of SB application may warrant different oversight regimes: there might not be an appropriate “one size fits all” approach. We stop short of making specific recommendations, but suggest that the typology, problems, and oversight options identified in this article be used as a starting point for deliberative, democratic decisionmaking processes that take into account a wide range of perspectives about risk, economic impact, scientific progress, and moral reasoning in the design of oversight systems.
Accurate Calculation of Mutational Effects on the Thermodynamics of Inhibitor Binding to p38α MAP Kinase: A Combined Computational and Experimental Study

A major current challenge for drug design efforts that are focused on protein kinases is the development of drug resistance caused by spontaneous mutations in the kinase catalytic domain. The ubiquity of this problem means that it would be advantageous to develop fast, effective computational methods that could be used to determine the effects of potential resistance-causing mutations before they arise in a clinical setting. With this long-term goal in mind, we have conducted a combined experimental and computational study of the thermodynamic effects of active-site mutations on a well-characterized and high-affinity interaction between a protein kinase and a small-molecule inhibitor. Specifically, we developed a fluorescence-based assay to measure the binding free energy of the small-molecule inhibitor, SB203580, to the p38α MAP kinase and used it measure the inhibitor’s affinity for five different kinase mutants involving two residues (Val38 and Ala51) that contact the inhibitor in the crystal structure...
A novel fluorophore for two-photon-excited single-molecule fluorescence

Abstract We have studied the two-photon excited fluorescence properties of a new fluorophore, DCDHF-6, at single-molecule and bulk concentrations. This molecule features several beneficial properties including suppressed blinking, high fluorescence quantum yield, and viscosity-dependent fluorescence. Here, analysis of the two-photon excited fluorescence (TPF) behavior of single DCDHF-6 molecules demonstrates their applicability to experiments combining single-molecule and two-photon microscopy. A method is developed for measuring the absolute two-photon absorption cross-section δ of a single dye copy, and DCDHF-6 is shown to have a δ of 44 GM at an excitation wavelength of 940 nm.
Frozen and broken color: A matrix schroedinger equation in the semiclassical limit

Abstract A simple one-dimensional theory is considered in which a colored spinless quark and antiquark are bound together by a confining, color-dependent potential. Our purpose is to investigate in more detail the dynamics underlying Lipkin's mechanism of hidden charge, and how his conclusions are modified in the presence of symmetry breaking. The case of “frozen color” is considered, i.e., where global color symmetry remains exact, but where colored states have a mass large compared to color-singlet mesons. Using semiclassical WKB formalism, the spectrum of bound states is constructed. In order to determine the charge of the constituents, deep-inelastic scattering of an external probe (e.g., lepton) from our one-dimensional meson is considered. The structure function, W, is calculated explicitly in the WKB limit and it is shown how Lipkin's mechanism is manifested, as well as how scaling behavior comes about. The dominant physical process is one of excitation of a semiclassical state by the hard collision of the probe with the quark or antiquark. These considerations are generalized to the case of broken color symmetry—but where the breaking is not so strong as to allow low-lying states to have a large amount of mixing with the colored states. In this case, the degeneracy of excited colored states can be broken. The WKB approximation again suffices to provide a description of the spectra. Again deep-inelastic scattering can be used to measure the charges of the constituents, and there will again be a distinct contribution from each type of “classical” state which can be excited by the external probe. However, in the general case, the charge measured via excitation of a given state can be energy dependent. Local excitation of color is found to guarantee global excitation of color; i.e., if at a given energy colored semiclassical states can be constructed with size comparable to that of the ground state wavefunction, colored states of that energy will also exist in the spectrum of the full theory and will be observed. However, global existence of color does not guarantee the excitation of colored states via deep-inelastic processes: there may be no overlap of the wavefunctions of these colored states with the ground state wavefunction. Finally, even in the absence of a direct physical application, we have examined how to implement the WKB method for bound-state problems in the presence of internal degrees of freedom. The methodology given may be of use in other semiclassical problems which have internal degrees of freedom.
Teacher Unions and the Politics of Fear in Labor Relations

Union-management relationships have been filled with fear since the rise of capitalism; public education is no different. Workers fear exploitation by owners (profits depend on it) and capitalist/m...
Spectroscopic study of ion binding in synthetic polyelectrolytes using lanthanide ions

Abstract Spectroscopic properties of Ln(III) bound to six polyacrylic acids of molecular weights ranging from 2000 to 4 000 000 daltons are described. These complexes were characterized using Nd(III) absorption of the hypersensitive band at π 575 nm and stopped-flow spectroscopy, as well as Eu(III) luminescence lifetime and 5 D 0 ← 7 F 0 selective excitation spectra. The luminescence lifetimes of Eu(III), the changes in the absorption of Nd(III) and passage through columns of cation exchange resin gave a predominance of rapid, strong, binding of Eu(III) with about 3% more weakly bound. The variation of intensity of the Eu(III) 5 D 0 ← 7 F 0 selective excitation spectra indicates a molar ratio of 1:3 for Eu(III):[COO − ] with three residual waters of hydration in the inner coordination sphere of the bound Ln(III). No significant changes in either the hydration number or the excitation spectra have been observed among the Eu/PAA complexes for varying PAA.
Nephrotoxicity After Acute Severe Acetaminophen Poisoning in Adolescents

Objective: To determine the rate of acetaminophen related nephrotoxicity in adolescents who present after acute severe acetaminophen intoxication and to identify potential predictors of this outcom...
The private and societal economic costs of teenage childbearing: The state of the research

The most significant individual costs of teenage childbearing are associated with truncated educations and lost human capital investment. Among the most significant direct public costs are the expenditures of just three government programs: AFDC, Food Stamps, and Medicaid. An important public cost of teenage childbearing overlooked by many researchers is the cost to U.S. productivity of large numbers of undereducated and impoverished mothers in the work force, and the intergenerational transfer of this impoverishment to their children. Any restrictions on abortion will likely increase unwanted teenage fertility, and its associated costs, particularly among the disadvantaged.
Replating efficiency of metastatic melanoma cells from lymph node and subcutaneous sites does not predict patient survival

The efficiency of replating of cells from primary colonies grown in semisolid medium has been used to detect and quantitate self-renewal in vitro. A positive correlation has been found by others between the replating efficiency of cells from myelogenous leukemia and patient survival. In the current study we measured primary and secondary replating efficiency of metastatic melanoma cells from subcutaneous tissues or lymph nodes of twelve patients and related these results to patient survival from time of biopsy. No relationship was found between primary and secondary plating efficiency nor for primary or secondary replating efficiency and survival. These results suggest that colony-forming melanoma cells grown under anchorage-independent conditions do not identify a stem cell population important for survival distinct from highly proliferative cells. These studies do not, however, rule out the possibility that a non-clonogenic transitional cell population exists in the tumor.
The Impact of Problem Sets on Student Learning

The purpose of the study was to examine the role of problem sets on student learning and satisfaction in university microeconomics. 126 students participated in the study in consecutive years. Independent samples t-test shows that students who were not given answer keys outperformed students who were given answer keys. Multiple regression analysis demonstrates that, along with high school percentiles and student major, problem set with or without answer key significantly explains student learning in economics. The authors discuss the role of answer keys and their implications for teaching university economics courses.
Variable-coefficient fixed-length coding scheme for wavelet-based image communication over noisy channels

We propose in this paper a variable-coefficient fixed-length (VCFL) coding scheme for wavelet-based image transmission over noisy channels. When an image is transmitted through noisy channel with high throughput, both image compression and error-resistant coding scheme need to be considered. In this approach, an image is first decomposed into subbands by wavelet transform and quantized using an adaptive quantization scheme. The adaptive quantization is adaptive to both the frequency characteristics and the spatial constraints based on Gibbs random field. The traditional variable length entropy coding schemes, such as Huffman coding or arithmetic coding, and the fixed length coding such as LZW are usually very sensitive to channel noise for image transmission applications. Even with the insertion of synchronization symbols, they still cannot be directly employed without additional error correction/detection coding. To overcome the difficulty of image transmission over noisy channels, we propose to code the quantized subband coefficients with the VCFL scheme. This coding scheme attempts to keep the balance between redundancy removal, synchronization detection and error resilience. Part of the codebook is field based on the observation of the coefficient spatial distribution patterns in each subbands to alleviate the transmission of the codebook. The remaining code positions within the fixed length codebook can be utilized to combat channel errors by carefully arranging the code positions such that the codes with biggest transition cost will have the biggest Hamming distance. These positions can laos be filled with other frequently appeared coefficient composition sequences to achieve higher compression ratio. Experimental results of image transmission over noisy channels are reported to show the promising potential of the proposed coding scheme.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Atmospheric sounding at JPL: current and future technologies

JPL is currently managing the instrument operations, calibration and data system for the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the EOS Aqua spacecraft. Aqua was launched on May 4, 2002 from Vandenberg Air Force Base. AIRS has 2378 infrared channels with high spectral resolution (1200) covering the 3.7 to 15.4 micron wavelength range. AIRS data are used to produce temperature and humidity profiles useful in predicting weather and monitoring climate. We discuss lessons learned on AIRS in the development and operations as well as plans for next generation systems including SIRAS, a wide field hyperspectral infrared imaging spectrometer which offers AIRS spectral performance at 24x the spatial resolution.
Effects of Partial Inlet Blockages on High-Velocity Flow Through a Thin Rectangular Duct: Experimental and Analytical Results

The Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) reactor was designed to provide a research tool with capabilities beyond those of any existing reactors. One portion of its state-of-the-art design required high velocity fluid flow through narrow channels between the fuel plates in the core. Experience with previous reactors had shown that fuel plate damage could occur if debris became lodged at the entrance to these channels. Such debris disrupts the fluid flow to the plate surfaces and could prevent adequate cooling of the fuel. Preliminary ANS designs addressed this issue by providing an unheated entrance length for each fuel plate so that any flow disruption would have time to recover before reaching the heated portions of the fuel plates further downstream. As part of the safety analysis, the adequacy of this unheated entrance length was assessed using both analytical models and experimental measurements. The Flow Blockage Test Facility (FBTF) was designed and built to conduct experiments in an environment closely matching the ANS channel geometry. The FBTF permitted careful measurements of both heat transfer and hydraulic parameters. In addition to these experimental efforts, a thin rectangular channel was modeled using the FLUENT computational fluid dynamics computer code. The numerical results were compared to the experimental data to benchmark the hydrodynamics of the model. After this comparison, the model was extended to include those elements of the safety analysis difficult to measure experimentally. These elements included the high wall heat flux pattern and variable fluid properties.
Development of diabetes after gatifloxacin therapy.

The prescribing information for gatifloxacin states, “Disturbances of blood glucose, including symptomatic hyper- and hypoglycemia, have been reported with Tequin, usually in diabetic patients.”[1][1] In premarketing studies in 16 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 30 healthy volunteers, the
The journey to slaughter for North American horses

Implications • The role of the horse has been diverse in North America during the last century, including slaughtering horses for meat products intended for human consumption. Although horse meat is not culturally preferred in the diets of Americans and most Canadians, it is an acceptable meat source in the diet of Mexicans. The peak in the number of horses slaughtered in North America occurred in the 1980s, with as many as 350,000 horses per year. Over 90% of these horses were processed in the US, with the resultant meat products exported overseas. • Public concern grew in the 1990s in the US on the alleged conditions of handling, transport, and slaughter of horses. Welfare concerns were focused on the utilization of the double-deck trailers, long transit duration without feed or water, use of an electric prod, and lack of provisions for injured, pregnant, old, or very young horses. This societal pressure promulgated the development of federal regulations on the safe and humane commercial transport of equines to slaughter. However, by the end of 2007, the last three processing plants in Texas and Illinois were closed due to state and federal laws. • Closure of the processing plants precipitated a dramatic increase in the number of US-origin horses transported to slaughter plants in Canada and Mexico. With this shift in destination, welfare of the horses was compromised by increased duration of transport, inspection processes at the US borders, and the handling and stunning at slaughter facilities, especially in Mexico. Guidelines, regulations, and assessment tools for welfare of slaughter horses have been developed and implemented in Canada. • The number of “unwanted” and neglected horses has increased in the US with the closure of the processing plants. The existing rescue and rehabilitation facilities in operation throughout the US do not meet the needs to care for these horses due to limited capacity and funding. • Major challenges in the future sustainability of the industry will depend on several factors including the cultural preference for horse meat in the diet, the public’s concern for the care and handling of horses during transport and slaughter, the impact of additional regulations, and the continued availability in the supply of horses, particularly those originating from the US.
Polyethylene Glycol (Molecular Weight 400 DA) Vehicle Improves Gene Expression of Adenovirus Mediated Gene Therapy

Purpose: A significant limitation of adenoviral mediated suicide gene therapy is poor gene distribution in vivo. The choice of vehicle has been demonstrated to affect the level of adenoviral delivered gene transduction. We examined the hypotheses that 1) adenovirus suspended in PEG400 improves gene expression in the naive canine prostate model, 2) improved transgene expression with PEG400 results in improved tumor control and 3) vehicle affects the initial adenoviral spread from a single intratumor injection.Materials and Methods: The magnitude and volume of gene expression were measured 24 hours following intraprostatic injection of adenovirus suspended in PEG400 (12.5% weight per volume) or saline as vehicle. Tumor growth delay was measured in mice bearing human tumor xenografts following the injection of adenovirus in PEG400 and saline. The initial spread of adenovirus was measured by confocal microscopy following a single injection of fluorescently labeled adenoviral particles in human tumor xenograft...
Exo-interferometric phase determination in nuclear resonant scattering

The time-dependent phase change of X-rays after transmission through a sample has been determined experimentally. We used an X-ray interferometer with a reference sample containing sharp nuclear resonances to prepare a phase-controlled X-ray beam. A sample with similar resonances was placed in the beam but outside of the interferometer; hence our use of the term "exo-interferometric". We show that the phase change of the X-rays due to the sample can be uniquely determined from the time-dependent transmitted intensities. The energy response of the sample was reconstructed from the phase and the intensity data with a resolution of 23 neV.
Rapid thermal plasma deposition of transparent nanocrystalline ZnO thin films and the effects of annealing

Conductive, undoped zinc oxide nanocrystalline thin film with predominant c-axis orientation is prepared on crystalline and amorphous substrates using a rapid, one-step ambient-pressure, thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition process. Nonporous and conformal zinc oxide films can be prepared at temperature as low as 160°C, with an average grain size of 25 nm. Scanning electron micrographs indicate a growth rate of 15∼50 nm/min, depending on factor including source temperature, deposition temperature, and pressure. X-ray diffraction shows a predominant (002) grain orientation that is independent of the substrate's crystallinity. For films with thickness of 200 nm, the average electrical conductivity ranges from 60–910 S/m. The results demonstrate the potential of thermal plasma CVD for the rapid synthesis of conductive zinc oxide film at ambient condition.
Inhibition of the calpain-mediated proteolysis of protein kinase C enhances lytic activity in human NK cells.

Abstract Recent evidence from our laboratory has demonstrated that NK/LAK cell activation of human lymphocytes is protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent. Here, we have investigated the translocation of PKC in human NK cells exposed to sensitive targets or to PMA, a phorbol ester. In NK cells exposed to K562 for 6 hr, we observed a weak translocation of PKC whereas in NK cells exposed to PMA more than 90% of cytosolic PKC was translocated to the membrane in less than 5 min. Stimulation of NK cells with an NK-resistant target, however, did not translocate PKC even after 6 hr. Translocation of PKC to the membrane was followed by the appearance of PKM, the cytosolic calcium/phospholipid ( Ca 2+ PL )-independent form of PKC. The conversion of PKC to PKM was mediated by calpain, an intracellular calcium-dependent thiol proteinase. When we used two inhibitors of calpain, calpain inhibitor I (CI-I) and calpain inhibitor II (CI-II), both caused a dose-related enhancement of NK-CMC when the inhibitors were present throughout the 3-hr chromium release assay. This enhancement could be circumvented by PMA or by the PKC inhibitor H-7. CI-I and CI-II added together caused a greater increase in NK-CMC than when each was added alone. CI-I and CI-II also enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), substantiating further our previous contention that the activation of both NK-CMC and ADCC may involve a common lytic pathway. Activation of NK cells with IL-2 for 18 hr at 37 °C was inhibited in the presence of CI-I. To investigate a possible feedback inhibition mechanism due to the buildup of PKC, we examined phosphatidylinositol (PI) metabolism in NK cells activated by IL-2 in either the presence or the absence of CI-I. We observed a significant decrease in PI turnover when NK cells, activated in the presence of IL-2 and CI-I, were stimulated with K562 as compared to NK cells activated by IL-2 alone, then stimulated with K562.
Paradigm transitions in solar–terrestrial physics from 1900: my personal view

Abstract. Solar–terrestrial physics, like any other scientific field, has evolved and developed by replacing older theories with newer theories. Unfortunately, each generation of young researchers tends to learn naturally only the latest, and perhaps the most popular theory and believes that it is the only useful one to pursue. Therefore, they do not necessarily realize that in the past the theory they chose had struggled to reach its presently acceptable state, and that eventually it might be replaced with a new theory. Two generations of scientists or in some subjects even more generations tend to be guided by one particular idea or theory. Thus, among us (namely, one or two generations) a high degree of agreement occurs, both on the theoretical assumptions and on the problem to be solved within the framework provided by the theory. Such an idea or theory was termed paradigm by Kuhn (1970). The purpose of this article is to describe several examples of the transition of paradigms and ideas in the subjects of solar–terrestrial physics. The examples are subjects that experienced a paradigm change after prevailing in the field for a few generations and also some that are perhaps on the verge of the transition. The chosen subjects are (1) Stormer's single particle theory to Chapman's plasma theory (1907–1963), (2) the auroral zone to the auroral oval (1860–1971), (3) the closed to open magnetosphere (1931–1971), (4) the current system controversies (1918–1963) and (1964–present), (5) the fixed pattern concept to the concept of auroral/magnetospheric substorms (1935–1982), (6) the importance of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) in the development of geomagnetic storms (1905–1966), (7) the ring current: solar wind protons to oxygen ions from the ionosphere (1933–1977), (8) the storm–substorm controversy (1963–present), (9) substorm onset (1964-present), (10) solar flares (1958–present) and (11) sunspots (1961–present).
Proteomic characterization of harvested pseudopodia with differential gel electrophoresis and specific antibodies

Malignant gliomas (astrocytomas) are lethal tumors that invade the brain. Invasive cell migration is initiated by extension of pseudopodia into interstitial spaces. In this study, U87 glioma cells formed pseudopodia in vitro as cells pushed through 3 μm pores of polycarbonate membranes. Harvesting pseudopodia in a novel two-step method provided material for proteomic analysis. Differences in the protein profiles of pseudopodia and whole cells were found using differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and immunoblotting. Proteins from two-dimensional (2D) gels with MR's of 20–100 kDa and pI's of 3.0–10.0 were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting analysis using mass spectrometry. For DIGE, lysates of pseudopodia and whole cells were each labeled with electrophilic forms of fluorescent dyes, Cy3 or Cy5, and analyzed as mixtures. Analysis was repeated with reciprocal labeling. Differences in protein distributions were detected by manual inspection and computer analysis. Topographical digital maps of the scanned gels were used for algorithmic spot matching, normalization of background, quantifying spot differences, and elimination of artifacts. Pseudopodial proteins in Coomassie-stained 2D gels included isoforms of glycolytic enzymes as the largest group, seven of 24 proteins. Peptide mass fingerprint analysis of DIGE gels demonstrated increased isoforms of annexin (Anx) I, AnxII, enolase, pyruvate kinase, and aldolase, and decreased mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase and transketolase in pseudopodia. Specific antibodies showed restricted immunoreactivity of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) α chain to pseudopodia, indicating localization of its active form. Met (the HGF receptor), actin, and total AnxI were increased in pseudopodial lysates on immunoblots. Increased constituents of the pseudopodial proteome in glioma cells, identified in this study as actin, HGF, Met, and isoforms of AnxI, AnxII, and several glycolytic enzymes, represent therapeutic targets to consider for suppression of tumor invasion.
Taphonomy and Paleoecology of Ordovician Trilobite Clusters, Bromide Formation, South-central Oklahoma

Abstract In south-central Oklahoma, the Pooleville Member of the Bromide Formation is a shallowing upward sequence recorded by distal to more proximal storm-influenced shelf facies. The deepest subtidal facies contains horizons of dense clusters of a single species of isoteline trilobite, “Homotelus” bromidensis Esker. Two horizons were excavated and oriented slabs removed for detailed study. The lower horizon is dominated by exoskeletons that have librigenae and hypostomes in place and are interpreted as carcasses rather than molts. The upper horizon is composed largely of molts, as indicated by the opening of the facial sutures and, in many individuals, separation of the cranidium from the remainder of the exoskeleton. In both horizons, facing directions of the exoskeletons are random, and the majority of specimens are in convex-up orientations. All specimens are holaspids and encompass a narrow size range. The trilobite horizons immediately are overlain by sparsely fossiliferous lime mudstone or thin, ...
Haemorrhagic shock therapy

Background: Severe injury is often associated with haemorrhagic shock and this is the most common cause of preventable mortality after injury. Care of the injured patient in shock involves an overlapping continuum of care beginning during the prehospital phase of care and extending through the interventional and critical care phases. Objective: This study aimed to review emerging therapies in the treatment of haemorrhagic shock. Methods: A review of recent clinical articles (1996 – 2007) examining therapeutic measures for haemorrhagic shock treatment was undertaken. Conclusions: Although the mainstay of therapy continues to be obtaining haemostasis and restoring tissue perfusion, a multitude of novel strategies are emerging, including advanced haemostatic agents, hypertonic resuscitation and massive transfusion protocols, as well as blood substitutes and an improved understanding of damage control principles, thereby allowing increased survival and improved outcomes in the severely injured patient with ma...
Infrared studies of the normal and superconducting states of Y1Ba2Cu3O7

The authors describe infrared measurements of the a-b-plane response of Y/sub 1/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7/ crystals with T/sub c/ /approx equal/ 92 K. They observe a self-energy structure at a characteristic energy of 500 cm/sup -1/(8/kappa/T/sub c/), the appearance of which coincides with the transition to the superconducting state. The nature of this self-energy anomaly is consistent with its identification as a nodeless a-b-plane energy gap at 2/Delta/ /approx equal/ 8/kappa/T/sub c/. On the basis of temperature-dependent measurements above T/sub c/, they suggest that the normal state can be primarily characterized by a carrier band with an enhanced low-frequency mass and a frequency-dependent scattering rate. The data indicates that these arise from coupling to an excitation spectrum with characteristic frequencies up to /omega//sub c/ -- 700 cm/sup -1/ and a coupling strength of /lambda/ /approx equal/ 2-3.
Expanding the family systems approach: Cultural, class, developmental and gender influences in drug abuse

Abstract The family systems approach to drug abuse has illuminated the dysfunctional family dynamics often associated with adolescent drug abuse. However, for adults with long histories of drug problems, the model is less compelling. Evidence suggests that cultural variations, social class differences, individual and family life cycle development, and gender influence the origins and continuance of long-term drug abuse. Examples are offered of how these factors shape the adult course of drug addiction. The authors suggest that clinicians learn the particular meanings of individuals' family ties, dependencies and living arrangements. In doing so, they will consider the broader context in which drug abuse occurs and will enhance the accuracy and effectiveness of their assessments and treatment strategies.
Spontaneous Arrhythmias and Conduction Disturbances in Domestic Animals

Most of the common arrhythmias and conduction disturbances have been reported in domestic mammals. Prevalence data, however, are not available from unselected population samples, and little information is at hand on long-term studies of individual cases. A discussion of some of these disturbances, therefore, must necessarily rely more heavily upon clinical impression than is desirable. Data have been published on normal electrocardiograms in different species, which, coupled with published case series, individual case reports, and observations made at the Heart Station of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, provide the basis for this presentation. This information suggests that certain arrhythmias and conduction disturbances occur commonly in some species and should be regarded as normal variants. In animals, departures from the normal regular sinus rhythm characteristic of adult humans apparently result from a relatively greater vagal influence on the cardiac pacemaker and conduction tissues. This certainly accounts for respiratory sinus arrhythmia in dogs. In horses, high resting vagal activity is considered accountable for sinus arrhythmia (respiratory and non-respiratory), wandering pacemaker, varying P-R interval, SA block, and incomplete AV block with dropped beats. Although these arrhythmias and conduction disturbances may occur with primary heart disease, or disease primarily affecting vagal activity, their frequent occurrence in the absence of detectable heart disease and also their disappearance with increased heart rate following exercise, excitement, or atropine, support the view that vagal activity rather than primary heart disease accounts for the majority of occasions in which they are observed. Frequently, more than one of the preceding arrhythmias are observed in one individual in the same or subsequent tracings; therefore frequency data often reflect some overlapping. It is useful, however, to present them individually when discussing more specific information. Disciplines Cardiology | Medicine and Health Sciences | Veterinary Medicine Comments Appendix 6.6 of James W. Buchanan's dissertation Chronic Valve Disease and Left Atrial Splitting in the Dog This journal article is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/vet_papers/56
Two-Year Radiostereometric Analysis Evaluation of Femoral Head Penetration in a Challenging Population of Young Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients

This prospective, randomized protocol evaluated femoral head penetration after total hip arthroplasty in a young population. Forty-five patients randomly received either a cross-linked or conventional ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) liner in a noncemented hemispheric cup (Trilogy, Zimmer, Warsaw, Ind) with a 28-mm femoral head. Radiostereometric analysis film pairs, Harris hip, UCLA, SF-12, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities scores were obtained through 2 years. Median femoral head penetration was less among cross-linked compared to conventional liners as follows: 0.06 mm (0.04-0.08 mm) vs 0.08 mm (0.02-0.19 mm) at 6 months, 0.07 mm (-0.14 to 0.16 mm) vs 0.11 mm (0.01-0.27 mm) at 1 year, and 0.065 mm (-0.04 to 0.193 mm) vs 0.169 mm (0.09-0.22 mm) at 2 years. Clinical outcomes were similar between the groups. Highly cross-linked UHMWPE demonstrated 55% less femoral head penetration compared to conventional polyethylene at 2 years. Despite improvements in the manufacturing process and sterilization of conventional UHMWPE, the femoral head penetration rate is unchanged from historical standards.
Sequence variability and protein domain architectures for bovine Toll-like receptors 1, 5, and 10.

The mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of invading pathogens and the modulation of innate immune responses. The primary objective of this study was to characterize single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertion–deletion polymorphisms (indels) within bovine TLRs 1, 5, and 10, thereby facilitating future TLR signaling and association studies relevant to bovine innate immunity. Comparative sequence analysis for 10 bovine breeds derived from Bos taurus and Bos indicus revealed 98 polymorphisms (92 SNPs and 6 indels), with at least 14 nonsynonymous SNPs located within predicted TLR domains considered to be of functional significance. Of the 98 polymorphisms detected, 94 are reported here for the first time. Notably, 2 nonsynonymous SNPs were determined to modulate the prediction of a novel leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain within B. indicusTLR5. Prediction and comparison of TLR protein domain architectures for multiple species revealed seven conserved regions of LRR patterning associated with the three genes investigated.