cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Alewife Abundance and Yellow Perch Recruitment in Southern Lake Michigan

Abstract We examined the relationship between the abundance of alewives Alosa pseudoharengus and the recruitment of yellow perch Perca flavescens to determine if alewives were potentially responsible for yellow perch recruitment failures in southern Lake Michigan after 1988. We used annual Jun–Aug bottom trawl data from two 5-m-depth index sites near Michigan City, Indiana, during 1984–1998 to index alewife abundance as the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of age-1 and older fish and yellow perch recruitment as the CPUE of age-2 fish. The relationship between alewife abundance and yellow perch recruitment was modeled as logeRt +2 = 11.7 − (2.12) logeAt, where logeRt +2 is the natural log of the CPUE of age-2 yellow perch in year t + 2 and logeAt is the natural log of the CPUE of alewives age 1 and older in year t. The model explained greater than 70% of the variability in recruitment of the 1984–1996 yellow perch year-classes. We conclude that yellow perch year-class failures in Indiana waters of Lake Michiga...
Systemic Funding Liquidity Risk and Bank Failures

We examine the roles of idiosyncratic and systemic funding liquidity risks in bank failures. We estimate a discrete-time hazard model of bank failure using data of U.S. commercial banks between 1985 and 2004, and examine its out-of-sample forecasting performance between 2005 and 2011. The out-of-sample performance comparison shows this model outperforms typical bank failure prediction models. We find that systemic funding liquidity risk, as measured by the interbank interest rate spread, was a major predictor of bank failures in 2008 and 2009. This finding has important implications for the new international standards on liquidity risk management.
Characterization of the Changing Lymphocyte Populations and Cytokine Expression in the Exocrine Tissues of Autoimmune Nod Mice

NOD mice develop chronic lymphocytic invasion of the pancreas, submandibular, and lacrimal glands leading to loss of insulin secretion, salivary flow, and tear production. In this study, we have used flow cytometric analyses and RT-PCR to track glandular lymphocyte populations and cytokine expression spanning the initiation of autoimmune infiltration through the development of widespread autoimmune destruction of the salivary and lacrimal glands of NOD mice. Results demonstrate a predominance of CD4+ to CD8+ lymphocytes and a similar predominance of T-cells versus B-cells in both the submandibular and lacrimal gland infiltrates. A temporal increase in memory (CD3+CD45RBlo) T-cells was also detected; however, naive (CD3+CD45RBhi) T-cell populations as well as a CD3+, CD4-/CD8- double negative population were also present. In addition, a skewing of the TCR Vbeta repertoire toward Vbeta6+ and Vbeta8+ lymphocytes was evident in both glandular infiltrates. Analyses of cytokine mRNA expression in the submandibular glands demonstrated an increase between 12 and 16 wk of age of several proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS). IL-4 synthesis was notably absent in both tissues. Cytokine mRNA transcripts detected in lacrimal tissue were similar to those seen in the submandibular glands but appeared both earlier and more intensely. These findings depict the progressive development of autoimmune exocrinopathy and can be used as a foundation to explore the similarities and potential differences in the immunopathogenic lesions of several distinct tissues within the same host.
Three-dimensional nonlinear seismic performance evaluation of retrofit measures for typical steel girder bridges

Steel girder bridges are common bridges in North America which have exhibited considerable vulnerabilities in past earthquake events. This paper conducts nonlinear time history analysis using detailed three-dimensional models of typical multi-span simply supported and multi-span continuous steel girder bridges to evaluate the effectiveness of various retrofit strategies. Restrainer cables, steel jackets, shear keys, and elastomeric isolation bearings are assessed for their influence on the variability and peak longitudinal and transverse response of critical components in the bridges. The results indicate that different retrofit measures may be more effective for each class of bridges. For example, the restrainer cables are effective for the multi-span simply supported (MSSS) bridge, yet not the multi-span continuous (MSC) bridge; shear keys improve the transverse bearing response in the MSC bridge but are not effective in the MSSS bridge which exhibits less transverse vulnerability; and elastomeric bearings improve the response of the vulnerable columns in both the MSSS and MSC bridges yet lead to increased abutment demands in the MSC bridge. The study reveals that while a retrofit may have a positive influence on the targeted component, other critical components may be unaffected or negatively impacted. This lends support to vulnerability assessments that consider the impact of retrofit on system vulnerability reflecting the contribution of multiple components.
Is Alternative Development Undersupplied? Examination of Residential Preferences and Choices of Northern California Movers

Previous studies suggest that there is an unmet demand for pedestrian-and transit-oriented development. However, most of these studies used the stated-choice method, which has many inherent disadvantages. Further, combining conflicting residential attributes into hypothetical situations may distort consumer choices. By using data of Northern California movers, a new study adopted an alternative approach to exploring this issue, namely, examining the priority of transportation and land-use preferences in residential choice and the discrepancy between preferences for and perceptions of these attributes. It was found that preferences for accessibility to transportation systems and different land uses are secondary in residential choice, movers' perceptions of accessibility attributes on average exceed their preference for corresponding attributes, and a small share of movers experienced dissonances of all accessibility characteristics but proximity to workplace. Therefore, the study fails to support the argu...
Molecular Basis of Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability Revisited

Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer, the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in the interaction of symbiotic or pathogenic bacteria with their host organisms, the major role of this membrane must usually be to serve as a permeability barrier to prevent the entry of noxious compounds and at the same time to allow the influx of nutrient molecules. This review summarizes the development in the field since our previous review (H. Nikaido and M. Vaara, Microbiol. Rev. 49:1-32, 1985) was published. With the discovery of protein channels, structural knowledge enables us to understand in molecular detail how porins, specific channels, TonB-linked receptors, and other proteins function. We are now beginning to see how the export of large proteins occurs across the outer membrane. With our knowledge of the lipopolysaccharide-phospholipid asymmetric bilayer of the outer membrane, we are finally beginning to understand how this bilayer can retard the entry of lipophilic compounds, owing to our increasing knowledge about the chemistry of lipopolysaccharide from diverse organisms and the way in which lipopolysaccharide structure is modified by environmental conditions.
Why Justice Ginsburg is wrong about states expanding abortion rights.

US Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg has argued as have other liberal commentators that if the Court had limited itself in the Roe vs Wade case to declaring the Texas statute unconstitutional rather than creating a national abortion policy the states would have gradually moved independently to liberalize their abortion laws. Such a position ignores the significant impact the 1973 ruling had on shifting the focus of public discourse on abortion from moral absolutism to constitutional liberties. Moreover a review of the political situation in the period preceding the Roe vs Wade decision suggests that most states would have retained existing restrictions on abortion. A comparison of New York which in 1970 eliminated most restrictions on first and second trimester abortions and Pennsylvania which in 1972 enacted legislation that prohibited abortion except in cases where the mothers life was endangered offers a test of Ginsburgs argument. In New York pro-abortion forces initially pushed for abortion reform and redefined abortion as a medical and legal rather than religious issue. It was not until the movement shifted its demand to abortion repeal that public discourse was no longer dominated by imponderable questions such as when life begins and in which instances abortion would be acceptable that the legislative stalemate was overcome. In Pennsylvania the abortion debate was dominated from the start by religious coalitions that adopted the Vaticans position of abortion as infanticide. Unlike their New York counterparts pro-choice coalitions in Pennsylvania failed to organize sufficient popular and legislative support for reform before introducing an appeal bill. The result was passage of an abortion law more restrictive than the one in existence before the campaign. Even since Roe the state legislature has attempted to narrow the scope of abortion rights. Without the Roe vs Wade decision it is likely that many more states would have adopted Pennsylvania-style restrictive abortion laws.
A Corpus-based Approach to Finding Happiness

What are the sources of happiness and sadness in everyday life? In this paper, we employ ‘linguistic ethnography’ to seek out where happiness lies in our everyday lives by considering a corpus of blogposts from the LiveJournal community annotated with happy and sad moods. By analyzing this corpus, we derive lists of happy and sad words and phrases annotated by their ‘happiness factor.’ Various semantic analyses performed with this wordlist reveal the happiness trajectory of a 24-day (3am and 9-10p are most happy), and a 7-day week (Wednesdays are saddest), and compare the socialness and humancenteredness of happy descriptions versus sad descriptions. We evaluate our corpus-based approach in a classification task and contrast our wordlist with emotionally-annotated wordlists produced by experimental focus groups. Having located happiness temporally and semantically within this corpus of everyday life, the paper concludes by offering a corpus-inspired livable recipe for happiness 1 .
QCD and the relativistic flux tube with fermionic ends

We formulate a quantized relativistic flux tube model for mesons, in which the flux tube terminates on fermionic quarks of arbitrary mass. A semirelativistic reduction shows that all relativistic corrections correspond to the expectations of QCD.
Reinvestigation of Na3P based on single‐crystal data

The structure of tris­odium phosphide, Na3P, known from X-ray powder diffraction data, has been refined based on single-crystal data. The compound crystallizes in the hexa­gonal A3B (A = alkali metal and B = group 15 element) structure type and is isotypic with the homologous potassium phase. The framework is built of Na+ and P3− ions arranged in two kinds of layers perpendicular to the c axis. Two of the Na atoms and the P atom reside at positions of \overline{6}m2 (2b), 3m (4f) and \overline{6}m2 (2c) site symmetry, respectively.
The control of flight force by a flapping wing: lift and drag production.

We used a dynamically scaled mechanical model of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to study how changes in wing kinematics influence the production of unsteady aerodynamic forces in insect flight. We examined 191 separate sets of kinematic patterns that differed with respect to stroke amplitude, angle of attack, flip timing, flip duration and the shape and magnitude of stroke deviation. Instantaneous aerodynamic forces were measured using a two-dimensional force sensor mounted at the base of the wing. The influence of unsteady rotational effects was assessed by comparing the time course of measured forces with that of corresponding translational quasi-steady estimates. For each pattern, we also calculated mean stroke-averaged values of the force coefficients and an estimate of profile power. The results of this analysis may be divided into four main points. (i) For a short, symmetrical wing flip, mean lift was optimized by a stroke amplitude of 180° and an angle of attack of 50°. At all stroke amplitudes, mean drag increased monotonically with increasing angle of attack. Translational quasi-steady predictions better matched the measured values at high stroke amplitude than at low stroke amplitude. This discrepancy was due to the increasing importance of rotational mechanisms in kinematic patterns with low stroke amplitude. (ii) For a 180° stroke amplitude and a 45° angle of attack, lift was maximized by short-duration flips occurring just slightly in advance of stroke reversal. Symmetrical rotations produced similarly high performance. Wing rotation that occurred after stroke reversal, however, produced very low mean lift. (iii) The production of aerodynamic forces was sensitive to changes in the magnitude of the wing’s deviation from the mean stroke plane (stroke deviation) as well as to the actual shape of the wing tip trajectory. However, in all examples, stroke deviation lowered aerodynamic performance relative to the no deviation case. This attenuation was due, in part, to a trade-off between lift and a radially directed component of total aerodynamic force. Thus, while we found no evidence that stroke deviation can augment lift, it nevertheless may be used to modulate forces on the two wings. Thus, insects might use such changes in wing kinematics during steering maneuvers to generate appropriate force moments. (iv) While quasi-steady estimates failed to capture the time course of measured lift for nearly all kinematic patterns, they did predict with reasonable accuracy stroke-averaged values for the mean lift coefficient. However, quasi-steady estimates grossly underestimated the magnitude of the mean drag coefficient under all conditions. This discrepancy was due to the contribution of rotational effects that steady-state estimates do not capture. This result suggests that many prior estimates of mechanical power based on wing kinematics may have been grossly underestimated.
Teoría del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano: de la militancia al neobarroco

Este ensayo examina la transicion de la militancia al neobarrocoen la teoria del Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, a traves de un analisis de manifiestos y peliculas de Fernando Birri, Glauber Rocha,Jorge Sanjines y Paul Leduc. El estudio concluye que el cambiohacia una praxis neobarroca significo un giro hacia un proyectode izquierda mas inclusivo y revolucionario ligado a lo que AnibalQuijano llama el privado-social.
Energy-constrained modulation optimization for coded systems

We consider radio applications where the nodes operate on batteries so that energy consumption must be minimized while satisfying given throughput and delay requirements. In this context, we analyze the best modulation strategy to minimize the total energy consumption required to send a given number of bits when error-control codes are used. The total energy consumption includes both the transmission energy and the circuit energy consumption. We show that for both MQAM and MFSK the total energy consumption may be reduced significantly if the transmission time T/sub on/ is optimized to reduce the sum of transmission energy and circuit energy consumption. Our optimization considers both delay and peak-power constraints. Numerical examples are given, where we exhibit up to 90% energy savings over modulation strategies that minimize the transmission energy alone. We also show that the benefit of coding varies with the transmission distance and the underlying modulation schemes.
Securing Time-Synchronization Protocols in Sensor Networks: Attack Detection and Self-Healing

There have been many time synchronization protocols proposed for sensor networks. However, the security problems related to time synchronization have not been fully solved yet. If malicious entities manipulate time synchronization, failures of many functionalities in the sensor networks would occur. In this paper, we identify various attacks against time synchronization and then develop a detection and self-healing scheme to defeat those attacks. The proposed scheme has three phases: (1) abnormality detection performed by individual sensors, (2) trust- based malicious node detection performed by the base station, and (3) self-healing through changing the topology of synchronization tree. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme as well as the implementation overhead.
Energy metabolism in heart failure and remodelling

Myocytes of the failing heart undergo impressive metabolic remodelling. The time line for changes in the pathways for ATP synthesis in compensated hypertrophy is: flux through the creatine kinase (CK) reaction falls as both creatine concentration ([Cr]) and CK activity fall; increases in [ADP] and [AMP] lead to increases in glucose uptake and utilization; fatty acid oxidation either remains the same or decreases. In uncompensated hypertrophy and in other forms of heart failure, CK flux and fatty acid oxidation are both lower; any increases in glucose uptake and utilization are not sufficient to compensate for overall decreases in the capacity for ATP supply and [ATP] falls. Metabolic remodelling is under transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. The lower metabolic reserve of the failing heart contributes to impaired contractile reserve.
Moving to Place: Childhood Cancer Treatment Decision Making in Single-Parent and Repartnered Family Structures

Few researchers have studied how parents from diverse family structures cope with childhood chronic illness. We designed this study to discern the childhood cancer treatment decision-making (TDM) process in these families. Using grounded theory, we interviewed 15 custodial parents, nonresidential parents, and stepparents who had previously made a major treatment decision for their children with cancer. “Moving to place” was the central psychosocial process by which parents negotiated involvement in TDM. Parents moved toward or were moved away from involvement based on parent position in the family (custodial, nonresidential, and stepparent), prediagnosis family dynamics, and time since diagnosis. Parents used the actions of stepping up, stepping back, being pushed, and stepping away to respond to the need for TDM. Parents faced additional stressors because of their family situations, which affected the TDM process. Findings from this study provide important insight into diverse families and their unique p...
Data on the frequency of non-reproductive adults in a cross-cultural sample of small-scale human societies

A number of recent accounts have described Homo sapiens as a species that practices cooperative breeding [e.g., Hill and Hurtado (2009); Hrdy (2009); Kramer (2010); Mace and Sear (2005); van Schaik and Burkart (2010)]. These claims raise two important questions: first, do humans in general, or humans under a specific set of conditions, exhibit behaviors conforming to the technical definition of cooperative breeding? And second, to what extent are patterns of behavior and reproduction in humans similar to, or distinct from those found in non-human animals that are classified as cooperative breeders? The goal of this brief communication is to report cross-cultural data with relevance to researchers studying cooperative breeding in humans in the context of other non-human mammals. The data are derived from ethnographic research in 4 small-scale human populations.
Seabed bubble flux estimation by calibrated video survey for a large blowout seep in the North Sea

Abstract A new approach to estimating seabed bubble emissions was applied to a ROV video survey of the 22/4b blowout crater in the UK North Sea. Video was analyzed to identify and classify bubble plumes and other seabed features. Plume occurrence then was gridded into quadrats and the total number of plumes in the crater's active portion estimated. Almost all of the seepage in the 40 × 45 m crater was localized within a 20 by 18-m ellipse. All five major plumes in this ellipse were measured by direct capture with mean emission of 1.34 L s −1 at 12 bar (range 0.54–3.5 L s −1 ). The primary source of variability (71%) was temporal, demonstrated by repeat measurements of a single vent. Overall, temporal variability was consistent with highly fluid migration through a thick, near-seabed, coarse-grained sediment bed underlying the 22/4b crater seabed. Occurrence data were converted to flux based on direct capture measurements, survey video, and laboratory experiments where video was collected of bubble plumes of known flow for comparison with field video. The derived best-estimate, total seabed emission flux was 90 L s −1 with an estimated uncertainty of 50%, within a scenario uncertainty range of 50–142 L s −1 . This is equivalent to 100 million L dy −1 at Standard Temperature and Pressure or an annualized 25 kton. However, long-term monitoring data showing large temporal variability suggests extrapolation to an annual basis is inappropriate.
Telecommunications in Mental Health Services

Telecommunications technologies have been introduced into mental health professions in advance of training, legal and ethical considerations, and education for practitioners. Technology application ranges from state of the art videoconference capabilities to solo practitioners using e-mail. Skeptical adoption has deferred use of technology for many practitioners and early adoption has created risk for others. This article reviews technology use, standards and guidelines, social media, standards of care, implementation of technology into practice, and current legal provisions. Risks and benefits for practitioners and consumers are noted and a listing of current web sites for standards and guidelines is provided.
trans-Bis{1,2-bis-[bis-(2-methoxy-ethyl)phosphino]ethane}dichloridoiron(II).

The Fe atom in the title compound, [FeCl2(C14H32O4P2)2], has a distorted octa­hedral coordination with four P atoms in equatorial positions and two Cl atoms in apical positions.
Accounting for Taste: Prototypes that Predict Preference

External cues such as packaging and container size can powerfully and unknowingly increase how much food a person consumes. Do they still, however, stimulate consumption as the perceived favorability of a food declines? This was examined with popcorn in a theatre setting. Moviegoers who had rated the popcorn as tasting relatively unfavorable ate 61% more popcorn if randomly given a large container than a smaller one. Moviegoers who had rated the popcorn as relatively favorable ate 49% more when the container size was increased (and were likely to eat greater amounts if accompanied with a person of the opposite sex). One reason for this increase was that consumers had more difficulty monitoring how much they ate from large containers. Implications for raising the consumption levels of healthy, but unfavorable foods are investigated.
Excretion and Determination of Ginchophen in Bile

Summary and ConclusionsA method for the quantitative determination of cinchophen in bile is described. In 5 anesthetized dogs weighing about 10 kilos, it was found that 20% of 1 g of intravenously injected cinchophen is excreted in the bile in 5 hours. In 4 “chronic” bile fistula dogs an average of 55%, or from 28 to 78%, of orally administered cinchophen (100 mg per kilo body weight) was daily excreted in the bile. This shows that the liver is significantly concerned in the excretion of cinchophen and that an enterohepatic circulation of cinchophen may occur. By weight sodium cinchophen increases the volume output of bile more than sodium dehydrocholate, which is an excellent hydrocholeretic. Cinchophen in large doses orally or intravenously decreases cholic acid output. But, it cannot be concluded from our results on “chronic” bile fistula dogs that cinchophen specifically interferes with cholic acid synthesis.
What many of us are doing or should be doing in clinical pathology: A list of the activities of the pathologist in the clinical laboratory

Mr. Paul Mango, Chief Operating Officer of a hospital-based clinical laboratory network in Pittsburgh, recently performed a survey of patients presenting for phlebotomy. The survey included the question, "What does a pathologist do?" The results were that 50% of the patients had no idea what a pathologist did, and 30% of the patients stated that pathologists examined dead bodies. It is not surprising that there is a limited understanding by patients of the activities of pathologists because patients do not usually see pathologists. However, beyond autopsy and surgical pathology, the activities of pathologists are also not well known to nonpathologist physicians and hospital administrators. A poor understanding of activities in clinical pathology have placed these clinical responsibilities of the pathologist under particular scrutiny for cost reduction. The quantitation of output from anatomic pathology, in number of slides reviewed or number of autopsies performed, is objective and easily understood. As noted in the list of clinical pathology activities that follows, the responsibilities within the clinical laboratory are highly diverse and, if the pathologist handles them successfully, highly contributory to patient care. Thus, it is timely that a compilation of activities in clinical pathology be issued for review by the pathologist community. I would hope that this list will serve as a starting point for a universally accepted group of activities that describes clinical pathology today and that it will be useful for pathologists to make their significant contributions in the clinical laboratory apparent to administrators, fellow physicians, and patients. The clinical laboratory responsibilities should also be valuable to directors of residency training programs to focus training in clinical pathology toward the development of currently desirable expertise.
Characterization and transduction of a retroviral vector encoding human interleukin-4 and herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase for glioma tumor vaccine therapy.

Vaccination with cytokine-transduced tumor cells represents a potentially important approach to the treatment of central nervous system tumors. We have recently demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of tumor cell vaccines expressing the murine interleukin 4 (IL-4) and the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase in a rat brain tumor model in which nonirradiated vaccine cells can be eliminated by the subsequent administration of ganciclovir. In this report, we demonstrate the construction and characterization of a retroviral vector that encodes human IL-4, neomycin phosphotransferase, and herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase genes for use in human clinical trials. An MFG-based retroviral vector was used to generate the recombinant retrovirus, TFG-hIL4-Neo-Tk, in which a long terminal repeat-driven polycistronic transcript encodes three cDNAs that are linked and coexpressed using two intervening internal ribosome entry site fragments from the encephalomyocarditis virus. The amphotropic retroviral vector TFG-hIL4-Neo-Tk was then used to infect human primary glioma cultures and skin-derived fibroblasts. After infection and G418 selection, cells produced 89–131 ng/106 cells/48 hours of human IL-4, which was determined to be biologically active. Transduced glioma cells were highly sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of ganciclovir. These data demonstrate the suitability of the TFG-hIL4-Neo-Tk vector for therapeutic studies of cytokine-transduced autologous tumor vaccination in patients with malignant gliomas.
The Future Welfare of Botany

Each time I go to a meeting of botanists and hear them reporting to one another the many things they are finding out, I begin to worry that soon everything about botany will be known, and then what will botanists do? The objective of every scientist in every field is, in theory, to make himself obsolete, to find out everything about his subject so that scientists can worry about new and different things. How far are we from achieving this goal in the field of botany? Of course, the complete working out of a field of knowledge never really happens. We merely approach it asymptotically. A field of investigation in the natural sciences, as in botany, is a kind of a natural resource waiting to be exploited. Its exploitation follows the kinetics of the exploitation of other natural resources such as coal, oil, and iron ore.
Modeling and Simulation of Vapor-Phase Synthesis of Compound Semiconductor Nanoparticles in a Counterflow Jet Reactor

A mathematical model describing the vapor-phase synthesis of II−VI compound semiconductor nanoparticles in a counterflow jet reactor has been developed. The model was used to perform parametric stu...
The Critical Care Physician and a Career in Industry: Reflections and Recommendations

Physicians often consider career changes after years in clinical and academic practice for many reasons, including a desire to embrace new challenges, a need to physically and intellectually “recharge,” and a wish to “redirect” one’s energies and talents. Private industry offers many opportunities for the well-seasoned and experienced clinician, and physicians increasingly have assumed vital and indispensible roles in pharmaceutical, device, and diagnostic companies, with many physician often assuming key leadership and management positions. The role of physicians in industry has significantly expanded and become more diverse largely due to the advances in medical science and healthcare delivery along with the increased complexities associated with clinical medicine, research, and development and the multifaceted challenges associated with bringing a product to market. A career in industry can be personally exciting and professionally fulfilling for the mid-career physician; however, anyone who contemplates such a move should understand the skills, temperament, and mind-set required to thrive and succeed. This chapter will provide a brief overview of my perspective of some of the key aspects that the physician who is considering a mid-career change into industry needs to consider prior to making a move.
Signal Processing for Time-of-Flight Imaging Sensors: An introduction to inverse problems in computational 3-D imaging

Time-of-flight (ToF) sensors offer a cost-effective and realtime solution to the problem of three-dimensional (3-D) imaging-a theme that has revolutionized our sceneunderstanding capabilities and is a topic of contemporary interest across many areas of science and engineering. The goal of this tutorial-style article is to provide a thorough understanding of ToF imaging systems from a signal processing perspective that is useful to all application areas. Starting with a brief history of the ToF principle, we describe the mathematical basics of the ToF image-formation process, for both time- and frequency-domain, present an overview of important results within the topic, and discuss contemporary challenges where this emerging area can benefit from the signal processing community. In particular, we examine case studies where inverse problems in ToF imaging are coupled with signal processing theory and methods, such as sampling theory, system identification, and spectral estimation, among others. Through this exposition, we hope to establish that ToF sensors are more than just depth sensors; depth information may be used to encode other forms of physical parameters, such as, the fluorescence lifetime of a biosample or the diffusion coefficient of turbid/scattering medium. The MATLAB scripts and ToF sensor data used for reproducing figures in this article are available via the author?s webpage: http://www.mit.edu/~ayush/Code.
Preparing Cancer Patients and Family Caregivers for Lung Surgery: Development of a Multimedia Self-Management Intervention

The surgical treatment of lung malignancies often results in persistent symptoms, psychosocial distress, and decrements in quality of life (QOL) for cancer patients and their family caregivers (FCGs). The potential benefits of providing patients and FCGs with preparatory education that begins in the preoperative setting have been explored in multiple medical conditions, with positive impact observed on postoperative recovery, psychological distress, and QOL. However, few studies have explored the benefits of preparatory educational interventions to promote self-management in cancer surgery, including lung surgery. This paper describes the systematic approach used in the development of a multimedia self-management intervention to prepare cancer patients and their FCGs for lung surgery. Intervention development was informed by (1) contemporary published evidence on the impact of lung surgery on patients and FCG, (2) our previous research that explored QOL, symptoms, and caregiver burden after lung surgery, (3) the use of the chronic care self-management model (CCM) to guide intervention design, and (4) written comments and feedback from patients and FCGs that informed intervention development and refinement. Pilot-testing of the intervention is in process, and a future randomized trial will determine the efficacy of the intervention to improve patient, FCG, and system outcomes.
A Field Study of Flight Temperatures in Moths in Relation to Body Weight and Wing Loading

1. Flight temperatures were measured in representatives of ten families of moths-Sphingidae, Noctuidae, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Saturniidae, Ctenuchidae, Pericopidae, Lasiocampidae, Notodontidae and Pyralidae. 2. In all cases thoracic flight temperatures and abdominal flight temperatures were higher than ambient, and thoracic temperatures far exceeded abdominal temperatures. 3. Within the individual species, thoracic flight temperature was relatively uniform, and independent of ambient temperatures from 7 to 17°C. 4. Within the various families, flight temperature was independent of body weight except in the Ctenuchidae and Arctiidae; in these two closely related families, in contrast to all the others, body weight and wing loading were positively correlated. When the families are considered as units, mean thoracic flight temperature increased with mean body weight. 5. Between species in the same family and between families thoracic flight temperatures increased directly with wing loading. However, because thoracic flight temperature is affected by insulation and body weight, species with the same wing loading but belonging in different families may have markedly different flight temperatures. 6. Members of those families that have high flight temperatures and must undergo a pre-flight warm-up have attributes that reduce vulnerability to predation when at rest-threat display, death feigning, production of noxious secretions, and mimicry of stinging insects.
Study of intermetallic compounds (IMC) that form between indium-enriched SAC solder alloys and copper substrate

This paper evaluates the characteristics of the intermetallic compounds (IMC) that form between Indium-enriched SAC solder alloys and Copper substrate. In this study, Indium was added to a commercial SAC305 solder (96.5 wt.% Sn, 3 wt.% Ag, 0.5 wt.% Cu) at three different compositions, 0.5, 5, and 10 wt%. To observe IMC growth during the liquid state of the solder droplet, the experimental matrix consisted in three soldering temperatures (220, 275, and 300 °C), and the molten solder was kept at this temperature for 2, 5, and 8 s. Fast cooling followed each solder test to complete solidification. The same procedure was repeated for the three levels of Indium. The Copper substrate/solder alloy interface was examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Statistical analysis was performed on the IMC thickness data obtained from the long profile analyses. Using Arrhenius analysis, the activation energy for IMC formation and growth was calculated to be approximately 6.7, 5.1, and 10.8 kCal/mol for the SAC305 alloys with 0.5, 5.0, and 10 wt% Indium additions, respectively. As expected, Cu6Sn5, Cu3Sn, Ag3Sn, In3Sn (β), InSn4 (γ), and AgIn2 were observed.
Survival processing eliminates collaborative inhibition.

The present experiments examined the effect of processing words for their survival value, relevance to moving and pleasantness on participants’ free recall scores in both nominal groups (non-redund...
Stable Adaptive Control of Non-Collocated Systems Using the Progressive Learning Method

Abstract A novel approach to adaptive control of non-collocated robotic systems is presented, and its feasibility and effectiveness are verified through experiments using an ultra-high speed direct-drive robot having structural flexibility. This approach, called "progressive learning," allows the system to learn parameters recursively and progressively, starting with the ones associated with low frequencies and moving up to the ones with a full spectrum. Even though the system has non-collocated sensors and actuators and the relative order is three or higher, the learning process is guaranteed to converge by exciting the system with a particular series of reference inputs having an appropriate frequency spectrum. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method. Implementation issues and practical considerations are addressed as well.
EASEing Students Into College: The Impact of Multidimensional Support for Underprepared Students:

Extensive theoretical literature and qualitative evidence nominate learning communities as a promising strategy to improve persistence and success among at-risk populations, such as students who ar...
The NIST HumanID evaluation framework

The NIST HumanID Evaluation Framework, or HEF, is an effort to design, implement, and deploy standards for the robust and complete documentation of the biometric system evaluation process. The HEF leverages contemporary technologies, specifically XML, for the formal description of biometric tests. The HEF was used to facilitate the administration of the Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) 2002. Unlike FRVT 2000 or the FERET 1996 evaluations, FRVT 2002 used a large number (over 100,000) of both still and video facial imagery, warranting the development of a more sophisticated and regular means of describing data presented to the participants. The HEF is one component in NIST's ongoing effort to address the need in the biometrics community for a common evaluation framework.
Stem Cell Sources

There are various sources of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in use today, including bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood. HSCs may be obtained from autologous (marrow or PBSC) or allogeneic (HLA-matched related [MRD], HLA-matched unrelated [MUD], mismatched related or unrelated donors, and umbilical cord blood [UCB]) sources. An international inventory of the majority of available adult unrelated donors and cord blood units is maintained by Bone Marrow Donors Worldwide (www.bmdw.org). In 2010, there were an estimated 13–14 million adult donors and 400,000–500,000 cord units available for use in HSCT.
Sjögren's syndrome: a challenge for dentistry.

Sjogren's syndrome presents dentists with many challenges, from diagnosis to therapy. The secondary effects of xerostomia cause a spectrum of oral problems, including caries, candidal infection, and inflammation of the oral mucosa. The oral signs and symptoms may be the first manifestations of systemic aspects of the disease. Sjogren's syndrome requires both dental and medical management, and a program of home care.
Developing Model-Building as a Scientific Practice in Collaborative Citizen Science

Citizen science programs pose excellent opportunities for science learning through volunteer engagement in authentic science projects, often with scientists. In this article, we share data on whether the development, discussion, and revision of models resulted in an improved description of scientific practices. We engaged individuals in a collaborative citizen science project where individuals use online resources to pose locally based research questions and use modeling practices to design research. These individuals also gathered data to support or refute their models. Project leaders were interviewed before and after project participation to determine the extent to which ideas about scientific practices have changed. We found that these individuals developed a greater capacity to independently ask and answer questions related to successful research design.
SNAPPY: Single Nucleotide Assignment of Phylogenetic Parameters on the Y chromosome

Abstract Summary The assignment of Y chromosome data to related clusters, or haplogroups, is a common application in human population genetics. To enable this at scale, we developed SNAPPY. SNAPPY is a software program used to assign Y-chromosome phylogeny-informed haplotypes using dense genotype data. The program efficiently tests all haplotypes in a provided Y-chromosome database to find the haplogroup that is best supported by the input genotypes. Importantly, the method considers both the amount of support for the specific haplogroup, as well as its ancestral haplogroups via parsimony. This accounts for the underlying genealogy the haplotypes represent, strengthening the accuracy of the assignments. SNAPPY is fast, scalable, and uses standard file formats, making it easy to integrate into analytical pipelines. Availability and Implementation The program is implemented in python. The program, a user manual, haplotype databases, and test datasets are available for download at github.com/chrisgene/snappy. Contact Jonathan.shortt@ucdenver.edu, Chris.gignoux@ucdenver.edu
Mental Health in Chronic and End-Stage Heart Disease

Patients with heart disease and heart failure (HF) have increased rates of depression and anxiety. Not only these psychiatric conditions cause significant distress and impaired quality of life, but research has shown that depression increases the risk of hospitalizations, worsens adherence to medication regimen, and increases the mortality in cardiac transplant recipients. While studies on pharmacological treatments for depression have been promising in patients with ischemic heart disease, so far antidepressants have not been demonstrated as effective treatments for depression in patients with HF. In addition, treatment of depression with antidepressants has not been shown to decrease mortality in cardiac patients; however, remission of depression in general has been shown to be associated with such decrease. Non-pharmacological treatments, such as therapy, exercise, and collaborative care modes are promising for better identification and reduction of mental disorder symptoms. In addition, patients with severe mental illness are at higher risk for cardiovascular mortality and are less likely to receive needed treatments. Finally, cognitive impairment is common in cardiac patients and contributes to challenges in care.
Cell Sites Refueling and Restoration Delays Modeling during Extreme Events

This paper presents models to calculate refueling and restoration delays for cell sites in extreme events. Delays are modeled using a triangular distribution whose parameters indicate the minimum travel delay, most likely travel and maximum travel delay to a given location. This paper uses graph theoretic approaches to calculate the delay parameters for a given transportation network graph that is affected by an extreme event. A simulated attack on Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is used to exemplify the delay model results. The impact of geographical features on the road network’s structure, connectivity and travel delays are discussed. Results indicate that graph-theoretic approaches, physical and geographical characteristics of the network must be considered to provide insight to network behavior in post disaster conditions.
Exploiting Prophage-Mediated Lysis for Biotherapeutic Release by Lactobacillus reuteri

Lactobacillus reuteri has the potential to be developed as a microbial therapeutic delivery platform because of an established safety profile, health-promoting properties, and available genome editing tools. Here, we show that L. reuteri VPL1014 exhibits a low mutation rate compared to other Gram-positive bacteria, which we expect will contribute to the stability of genetically modified strains. VPL1014 encodes two biologically active prophages, which are induced during gastrointestinal transit. We hypothesized that intracellularly accumulated recombinant protein can be released following bacteriophage-mediated lysis. To test this, we engineered VPL1014 to accumulate leptin, our model protein, inside the cell. In vitro prophage induction of recombinant VPL1014 released leptin into the extracellular milieu, which corresponded to bacteriophage production. We also employed a plasmid system that does not require antibiotic in the growth medium for plasmid maintenance. Collectively, these data provide new avenues to exploit native prophages to deliver therapeutic molecules.IMPORTANCE Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been explored as potential biotherapeutic vehicles for the past 20 years. To secrete a therapeutic in the extracellular milieu, one typically relies on the bacterial secretion pathway, i.e., the Sec pathway. Overexpression of a secreted protein can overload the secretory pathway and impact the organism's fitness, and optimization of the signal peptide is also required to maximize the efficiency of the release of mature protein. Here, we describe a previously unexplored approach to release therapeutics from the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri We demonstrate that an intracellularly accumulated recombinant protein is released following prophage activation. Since we recently demonstrated that prophages are activated during gastrointestinal transit, we propose that this method will provide a straightforward and efficient approach to deliver therapeutics in vivo.
Self-healing of fatigue damage in cross-ply glass/epoxy laminates

Abstract Self-healing of fatigue damage is reported in laminated composites fabricated from unidirectional glass/epoxy prepreg with embedded microcapsules. Microcapsules (ca. 2.5 μm) containing a mixture of ethyl phenylacetate (EPA) solvent and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy are seamlessly incorporated into cross-ply [ ( 0 / 90 3 ) 4 / 0 ] T laminated composites. Specimens subjected to tension-tension fatigue testing followed by a 24 h rest period at ambient conditions recover 52% of the initial Young's modulus as a result of self-healing. Fluorescent labeling of microcapsules and matrix resin combined with confocal fluorescent imaging reveals that the healing agents wick into transverse fatigue cracks, ultimately rebonding the crack faces after self-healing. Furthermore, self-healing composite laminates exhibit a higher resistance to crack growth as a result of the presence of the embedded microcapsules. The fatigue behavior of laminated self-healing composites demonstrates the potential for extended fatigue life of fiber-reinforced polymer composites for structural applications.