cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-field far-field transformations using spherical-wave expansions

Spherical-wave expansions are a well-known technique of expressing electromagnetic field data. However, most previous work has been restricted to idealized cases in which the expansion coefficients are obtained analytically. In this paper spherical-wave expansions are used as a numerical technique for expressing arbitrary fields specified by analytical, experimental, or numerical data. Numerical results on the maximum wave order needed to expand fields arising from a source of a given size are given for two practical cases, and it is found that the generally accepted wave order cutoff value corresponds to 99.9 percent or more of the power in the input pattern. Near-field patterns computed from far-field data are compared to measured data for the two cases, demonstrating the excellent numerical accuracy of the technique.
Anti-Immigrant Ordinances and Discrimination in New and Established Destinations:

Immigrants and their children come to the U.S. in search of upward mobility, but in many contexts they experience discrimination and restrictive political climates. Contexts vary widely, however, g...
Effects of Particle Shape and Size Distribution on Sorption and Flow Performance in Electrically Stabilized Expanded Beds

Use of the electrically stabilized expanded bed is an approach to the improvement of the performance of processes in beds of solid sorbents. Particle motion in a fluidized bed of nonconducting particles such as molecular sieves is halted when the bed is frozen by a strong electric field imposed across the bed. This allows sorption performance to approach that of fixed beds while maintaining the low pressure drops which are characteristic of fluidized beds. Beds with axial and radial electrode geometries function equally well in the sorption of carbon dioxide (CO/sub 2/) from nitrogen (N/sub 2/). The effects of particle shape and particle size distribution on bed stabilization are presented. Particle shape was varied from spherical to the irregular forms that are characteristic of crushed particles. The sorption performance was not appreciably different with particles having various shapes. Particles with a size range from 200 to approximately 1200 ..mu..m were blended from individual spherical fractions to create mixtures with peak distributions at both ends of this range. To a first approximation, the distribution of particle sizes did not affect sorption performance. These results demonstrate that both irregularly shaped particles and multiple-sized particles can be stabilized in electric fields, and themore » stabilized beds behave much like fixed beds of the same materials except that the pressure drops across the beds can be significantly less than those for fixed beds. However, the rate of adsorption in the system used for this study is controlled by diffusion within the particles (actually within the micropores of crystals); so the study did not address the effects of electric stabilization on the gas-film resistance.« less
Factors influencing the success of embryo transfer in the pig

Progress in reproductive biotechnologies has led to an increased use of embryo transfer in both swine research and swine production. This review article describes the history and subsequent development of porcine embryo transfer. Special attention is given to aspects of the overall process of embryo transfer which are unique to pigs.
Tracer priming in human protein turnover studies with [15N]glycine.

Sixty-three studies in healthy normal volunteers (n = 29), malnourished cancer (n = 8) or non-cancer patients (n = 9), and postoperative radical cystectomy patients (n = 17) were conducted to evaluate the primed constant infusion labeling technique for the estimation of whole-body protein turnover under a variety of dietary conditions. [15N]Glycine was used as the tracer with a prime to infusion ratio of 1300 to 3300 min and a continuous-infusion rate of 0.11 to 0.33 micrograms 15N . kg-1 . min-1 for 24 to 36 hr. The isotopic steady-state enrichment was reached in all subjects both in urinary urea and ammonia between 10 and 26 hr (mean 18 +/- 2). During protein calorie fasting the attainment of isotopic steady state is much quicker (10 to 18 hr) with a primed constant infusion than with a constant infusion alone (approximately 38 hr). A P/I ratio greater or less than 1800 (min) usually resulted in a delay of plateau attainment without affecting the protein turnover values. Reliable estimates of protein kinetics in humans can be made in clinical conditions with a 26-hr infusion of glycine at the rate of 0.28 microgram 15N . kg-1 . min-1 with a P/I ratio of 1800 min, collecting six urine samples every 2 hr from 16 hr and analyzing for both urinary urea and ammonia enrichments.
Nucleation behavior during solidification of cast iron at high undercooling

Abstract During the solidification, of cast iron, a modest melt undercooling is a common observation, but the identity of the nucleation catalyst limiting the amount of undercooling has been elusive. In order to examine the influence of primary phases on the heterogeneous nucleation behavior of secondary phases in both hypoeutectic and hypereutectic cast irons, solidification catalysis experiments were carried out with differential thermal analysis (DTA) and droplet samples. To prevent decarburization and desiliconizaiton a SiO2-Al2O3-CaO slag containing a droplet dispersion has been developed for cast irons. With the droplet sizes of less than 100 μm, large maximum undercoolings below the liquidus of 200–620 °C were obtained in both hypoeutectic and hypereutectic alloys. The maximum undercooling level (ΔTmax/TL) reached up to 0.40 for a Fe-2.85wt.%C-1.91wt.%Si alloy. The undercooling for heterogeneous nucleation of secondary phases below the stable eutectic extended up to 430 °C for hypoeutectic alloys. The undercooling for a hypereutectic alloy was 20 °C. Based on the undercooling results, for hypoeutectic alloys the primary austenite iron (γ-Fe) is a poor nucleant for both graphite and cementite (Fe3C). For hypereutectic alloys, primary graphite is very catalytic for γ-Fe. These results were examined by a lattice disregistry model and relative interfacial energy between nucleating solid and catalyst with respect to liquid. At large undercoolings, a variety of solidification microstructures have been observed.
Benzylidene-Functionalized Ruthenium-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization in Organic and Aqueous Media

New catalysts (PCy3)2Cl2Ru═CH(p-C6H4)CH2-P(CH3)3+Cl− (5) and (PCy3)2Cl2Ru═CH(p-C6H4)CH2-N(CH3)2 (6) as well as the literature compound (PCy3)2Cl2Ru═CH(p-C6H4)N(CH3)2 (7) have been synthesized via alkylidene exchange from Grubbs’ catalyst in a one-step reaction. The catalysts promoted ROMP of the cationic exo-7-oxanorbornene derivative 11 under homogeneous conditions in various protic media including aqueous/alcoholic 1:1 mixtures, and in many cases, particularly for catalysts 5 and 6, the polymerizations proceeded in a controlled manner.
Development of a polar extreme method for use in partial least squares SEM

The use of polar extremes as a data segmentation approach is a common practice to maximize variance within multivariate analysis. In this research, we propose the first application of the polar extremes methodology within partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Discussed is the impact of unequal weights of indicators among latent constructs within PLS-SEM and the importance of this methodology to the current established PLS-SEM analysis approach. Using a case study approach, we demonstrate the method. Developing two different models within the case allows comparison of the path coefficients and percentage of variance explained between the current PLS-SEM application and the proposed polar extremes methodology.
What Can the State Do

The Nation-State in Question. Edited by T. V. Paul, G. John Ikenberry, John A. Hall. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. 400 pp., $60.00 cloth (ISBN: 0-691-11508-7), $22.95 paper (ISBN: 0-691-11509-5). In the social sciences, as John Hall points out in his helpful introduction to The Nation-State in Question , the study of the state has had a checkered history. Largely ignored after 1945, during the early 1970s the state was “brought back in,” largely in response to the developing corporatist tendencies in many European societies. The neoliberal currents of the 1980s temporarily put consideration of the state on the back burner again, as attention switched to the economy. The belief was that the state was retreating in the face of powerful economic forces, especially at the global level. But after 1989, conflicts in the post-socialist societies (especially in the Balkans), the continuing anarchy in Africa, and the rise of international terrorism (especially after September 11, 2001) have brought the state firmly back onto the agenda. This volume is, therefore, both timely and important. What is the state these days? What are its functions and capacities? What can it do, and how does that compare with what it did in the past? One perspective that is almost entirely lacking in The Nation-State in Question is the old Marxist view that the state is in some sense an executive agent of the ruling class—the kind of analysis associated with such works as Ralph Miliband's The State in Capitalist Society (1969) or Bob Jessop's The Capitalist State (1982). The contributors to this volume are mostly, as John Ikenberry says, firm Weberians; they are committed in general to the view that “the state is an organizational entity that is at least partially separate from the larger society of which it is a part” (p. 350). This commitment is perfectly reasonable, and it is certainly consonant with the dominant theoretical position among scholars today. The omission of a Marxist perspective is nevertheless regrettable. It …
Exact probability propagators for motion with arbitrary degree of transport coherence

Abstract We present an explicit expression for porbability propagators for the motion of a quasiparticle in a one-dimensional crystal with arbitrary degree of transport coherence. The expression is exact, simple, and convenient for pratical computations, analytical as well as numerical.
Democratic Engagement in District Reform: The Evolving Role of Parents in the Los Angeles Public School Choice Initiative

This article examines parent engagement in a Los Angeles portfolio district reform. Based on data from a 3-year study, we use the lens of democratic theory to examine the design and implementation of mechanisms seeking parent input in the selection of plans to operate low-performing and new schools. We find that despite significant efforts to move toward a more deliberative model over time, the process remained primarily interest-based in most cases, due in large part to structural constraints, limited access to information, and mistrust. The article concludes with implications for policy, practice, and research.
Kinetic Mechanism of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6)

The protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the mono- and dimethylation of arginine residues in a variety of proteins. Although these enzymes play important roles in a variety of cellular processes, aberrant PRMT activity is associated with several disease states, including heart disease and cancer. In an effort to guide the development of inhibitors targeting individual PRMTs, we initiated studies to characterize the molecular mechanisms of PRMT catalysis. Herein, we report studies on the kinetic mechanism of PRMT6. Initial velocity, product inhibition, and dead-end analog inhibition studies with the AcH4-21 and R1 peptides, as well as their monomethylated versions, indicate, in contrast to a previous report, that PRMT6 utilizes a rapid equilibrium random mechanism with dead-end EAP and EBQ complexes.
Physical mechanisms of single-event effects in advanced microelectronics

The single-event error rate in advanced semiconductor technologies can be estimated more accurately than conventional methods by using simulation based on accurate descriptions of a large number of individual particle interactions. The results can be used to select the ion types and energies for accelerator testing and to identify situations in which nuclear reactions will contribute to the error rate.
Rimming flow of a power-law fluid: Qualitative analysis of the mathematical model and analytical solutions

Rimming flow of a non-Newtonian fluid on the inner surface of a horizontal rotating cylinder is investigated. Simple lubrication theory is applied since the Reynolds number is small and liquid film is thin. For the steady-state flow of a power-law fluid the mathematical model reduces to a simple algebraic equation regarding the thickness of the liquid film. The qualitative analysis of this equation is carried out and the existence of two possible solutions is rigorously proved. Based on this qualitative analysis, different regimes of the rimming flow are defined and analyzed analytically. For the particular case, when the flow index in a power-law constitutive equation is equal to 1/2, the problem reduces to the fourth order algebraic equation which is solved analytically by Ferrari method.
Regulation of PreB Cell Apoptosis by Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor/Transcription Factor‐Expressing Stromal/Adherent Cells

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental chemicals that mediate immunosuppression. In long-term bone marrow B-cell lymphopoiesis models, PAH induce apoptosis in immature (preB) lymphocytes. Since the biologic function of PAH is often mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/transcription factor (AhR), the role of the AhR or AhR-regulated genes was assessed in preB cell apoptosis. Specifically, a bone marrow-derived preB cell line (BU-11) was cultured on monolayers of the AhR + bone marrow-derived stromal cell line BMS2, hepatoma sublines that express various levels of AhR activity (Hepa-1c1c7 and variants), AhR+ thymic epithelial cells, and primary bone marrow stromal cells from wildtype or AhR-/- mice. Cultures were treated with one of two prototypic PAH, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA) or benz[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis measured. The data demonstrated that: 1) bone marrow- and hepatic-derived stromal/adherent cells support preB cell growth and regulate apoptosis induced by DMBA or B[a]P; 2) B[a]P is more effective than DMBA when preB cells are maintained on Hepa-1c1c7 monolayers than when maintained on BMS2 monolayers; 3) DMBA is more effective than B[a]P when preB cells are cultured on BMS2 monolayers; 4) alpha-naphthoflavone, an AhR antagonist and cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, blocks preB cell apoptosis in both BU-11/Hepa-1c1c7 and BU-11/BMS2 cultures; 5) although preB cells grow well in Hepa-1c1c7 or BMS2 supernatants, addition of PAH in the absence of hepatic- or bone marrow-derived adherent cells does not result in preB cell apoptosis; 6) preB cell apoptosis is dependent on AhR activity in adherent hepatic- or bone marrow-derived stromal cells; and 7) apoptosis is induced by DMBA when preB cells are maintained on primary bone marrow stromal cell monolayers from wildtype but not from AhR-/- mice. Collectively, the data indicated that AhR-regulated activities in the hematopoietic microenvironment influence the susceptibility of immature lymphocytes to low-dose PAH exposure.
Measuring and fingerprinting click-spam in ad networks

Advertising plays a vital role in supporting free websites and smartphone apps. Click-spam, i.e., fraudulent or invalid clicks on online ads where the user has no actual interest in the advertiser's site, results in advertising revenue being misappropriated by click-spammers. While ad networks take active measures to block click-spam today, the effectiveness of these measures is largely unknown. Moreover, advertisers and third parties have no way of independently estimating or defending against click-spam.In this paper, we take the first systematic look at click-spam. We propose the first methodology for advertisers to independently measure click-spam rates on their ads. We also develop an automated methodology for ad networks to proactively detect different simultaneous click-spam attacks. We validate both methodologies using data from major ad networks. We then conduct a large-scale measurement study of click-spam across ten major ad networks and four types of ads. In the process, we identify and perform in-depth analysis on seven ongoing click-spam attacks not blocked by major ad networks at the time of this writing. Our findings highlight the severity of the click-spam problem, especially for mobile ads.
Fully phase transparent multidimensional trellis-coded MPSK

A multidimensional trellis-code multiple shift keying (MPSK) system based on the coset code is proposed. The new configuration employs natural construction to design fully rotational invariant code. Codes of consistent structure are developed to enable the computer search of good multidimensional codes as well as the investigation of the sufficient conditions for set partitioning applied to the design of fully rotationally invariant codes. Such codes maintain a minimum amount of loss coding gains. However the associated set partitions of the good codes permit the development of fully rotationally invariant codes without expanding encoder complexity or decreasing coding gain. A variety of transmission rates is allowed within achievable minimum multidimensional signal space. Set partitioning and trellis design which guarantee full design procedure for fully rotationally invariant code is developed based on the subset- and state-rotation diagrams. >
60GHz entertainment connectivity solution

The past few years have witnessed the emergence of CMOS based circuits operating at millimeter wave-frequencies. In combination with a co-designed high volume manufacturing packaging, this represents a unique opportunity to develop low power 60GHz multi-gigabit radio at similar cost structure than a Bluetooth® radio, addressing the needs of a multitude of bandwidth hungry wireless multimedia applications such as high definition streaming and massive side-loading. In this paper, we discuss highly integrated 60 GHz single-chip CMOS digital radios and phased array solutions as the breakthrough enabling technology. Fully integrated CMOS implementations are presented, demonstrating the highest level of integration reported till date for 60GHz single-chip digital radios including embedded mixed signal baseband processor. As standardization efforts catalyzed the interest and investment of industry and agencies, 60GHz WPAN technology is poised to become in the fairly near future a ubiquitous entertainment connectivity solution for the consumer electronic market place.
Herbivory on coral reefs: community structure following mass mortalities of sea urchins

The community structure of Jamaican coral reefs has undergone drastic change since mass mortalities of the long-spined black sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi occurred in 1983. In the absence of Diadema, algal abundance has increased enormously, up to a mean of 95% cover or 4.6 kg wet weight · m −2. Coral cover, which was already low on some reefs following Hurricane Allen in 1980, has been further reduced by as much as 60% since 1983 by competition with algae. Densities of D. antillarum at 10 sites in 1986 ranged from 0 to 12% of pre-1983 levels. Other echinoids, which might potentially compensate for the lack of herbivory from D. antillarum, have not increased significantly in density. Numbers of herbivorous scarids and acanthurids also remain at relatively low levels, because of overfishing. In the absence of high densities of fish and sea urchins, it is likely that recent changes in community structure will continue, resulting in further replacement of corals by algae in shallow water. The impact of the urchin mass mortalities is qualitatively similar to previous experimental removals of this species. In both cases, removal of echinoids resulted in substantial increases in macroalgae. However, quantitatively, the responses of algal and coral communities to the natural die-off were significantly greater, probably due to wide differences in spatial and temporal scales of the respective perturbations.
A reinforcement-learning approach to reactive control policy design for autonomous robots

Within the field of robotics, much recent attention has been given to control techniques that have been termed reactive or behavior-based. The design of such control systems for even a remotely interesting task is typically a laborious effort, requiring many hours of experimental "tweaking" as the actual behavior of the system is observed by the system designer. In this paper, the authors present a neural-based reinforcement learning approach to the design of reactive control policies in which the designer specifies the the desired behavior of the system, rather than the control program that produces the desired behavior. >
Is Substance Use a Team Sport? Attraction to Team, Perceived Norms, and Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among Male and Female Intercollegiate Athletes

This research examined the role of attraction to one's team in predicting alcohol and marijuana use among intercollegiate athletes. Attraction to team and alcohol-related information were collected via an online survey and marijuana use-related information was gathered in a live setting. We investigated the influence of attraction to one's team above and beyond the influence of gender and perceived norms, and attraction to team as a moderator of these relationships. Attraction to one's team accounted for significant variance in marijuana use, and alcohol-related consequences after controlling for alcohol consumption. Regression analyses revealed significant interactions between gender, attraction to team, and norms in predicting alcohol and marijuana use. Stronger attraction to one's team may increase alcohol use but decrease marijuana use among male athletes, suggesting the importance of attraction to team when developing interventions for athletes.
Peripheral Neuropathy Induced by Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents

Microtubule-stabilizing agents (MTSAs), including the taxanes and epothilones, are effective chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of many cancers. Neuropathy is a major adverse effect of MTSA-based chemotherapy, with severe peripheral neuropathy (grade 3 or 4) occurring in as many as 30% of patients treated with a MTSA. MTSA-induced neuropathy usually resolves gradually after cessation of the treatment. The most reliable method to accurately assess MTSA-induced neuropathy is by clinical evaluation, although additional techniques are being developed and evaluated. Among MTSA-induced neuropathy, the most extensively studied is that induced by taxanes; such a neuropathy usually presents as sensory neuropathy and is more common with paclitaxel than docetaxel. The incidence of MTSA-induced neuropathy seems to depend on the MTSA dose per treatment cycle, the schedule of treatment, and the duration of the infusion. Although there have been several small clinical trials with neuroprotective agents, early recognition and supportive care are the best approaches for prevention and management of MTSA-induced neuropathy. In the future, research should focus on elucidating the mechanism of MTSA-induced neuropathy, developing reliable in vivo and in vitro preclinical models to study MTSA-induced neuropathy, developing a more reliable grading system for MTSA-induced neuropathy, developing more reliable methods for evaluating MTSA-induced neuropathy, and evaluating the efficacy of potential neuroprotective agents in clinical trials.
Removal of image segmentation boundary errors using an N-ary morphological operator

In difficult image segmentation problems, multidimensional feature vectors from filter banks provide effective classification within homogeneous regions. However, such bandlimited feature vectors often exhibit transitory errors at the boundaries between two regions. At boundaries, the feature vector may make a transition through a region of feature space that is incorrectly assigned to a third class. To remove such errors, an N-ary morphological operator is proposed. The overall effect of the proposed operator resembles an N-ary morphological erosion followed by an N-ary dilation.
Mathematical precocity in young children: a neo‐Piagetian perspective

Two studies were conducted to explore mathematical precocity in young children. Study 1 examined mathematically gifted first and third graders' working memory development. The results showed that mathematically gifted children's working memory growth was similar to that expected of their age peers. Study 2 examined changes in mathematically gifted children's conceptual structures. Mathematically gifted children were roughly a year ahead of their age peers in the rate of development of conceptual structure in the numerical domain. A neo‐Piagetian theory of intellectual development was used to explain these seemingly conflicting findings. The relation between working memory growth and conceptual development was discussed throughout the paper.
Isolation of Mycoplasma Species from a Patient with Seal Finger

The etiologic agent of seal finger (speck finger) is unknown. Seal finger occurs after a seal bite, and the symptoms include acute pain, swelling, discharge, and, in some cases, there is joint involvement. The discovery of Mycoplasma species in epidemics of seal disease prompted attempts to link seal finger to mycoplasma. Mycoplasma species were isolated in cultures of a specimen from the finger of an aquarium trainer who was bitten by a seal and of a specimen from the front teeth of the biting seal. The two Mycoplasma isolates were identical biochemically; they were serum-dependent and hydrolyzed arginine. The isolates were susceptible to tetracycline but resistant to erythromycin. By growth inhibition and immunofluorescent antibody tests, both strains were identified as Mycoplasma phocacerebrale, a mycoplasma isolated in an epidemic of seal disease occurring in the Baltic Sea. The patient's infection was treated successfully with tetracycline. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which a mycoplasma has been associated with seal finger.
Some Aspects of the Chronobiology of Nutrition: More Work is Needed on “When to Eat”

Chronobiology involves the objective resolution with modern hardware and software of biologic time structure, now known to characterize most, if not all, body functions; it is also the science of timely intervention, a challenge to nutritionists. At all ages, yet the sooner the better, starting preferably in the womb but at least immediately after birth, the application of the principles of chronobiology requires the study of nutrition. In many cases, e.g., in the case of an increased risk of developing high blood pressure later in life, dietary preventive interventions should eventually precede drug treatment. That such intervention should take place at the earliest individualized recognition of risk seems reasonable and is an aim of chronobiologic research. In any event, a mathematical rhythm spectrum becomes evident in any variable measured with sufficient density over an appropriately long span; it constitutes the fabric of all life. In the science and practice of nutrition today, "cherchez le controle" (i.e., the provision of a control) requires the assessment of a multifrequency rhythmic structure.
An analysis of the interstellar material in the line of sight toward Omicron Persei

Chemical abundances and physical conditions in the interstellar gas toward Omicron Per are analyzed using Copernicus UV spectrophotometric data on 69 lines due to ions and atoms as well as 19 lines of H2 and HD. The UV extinction toward the star is determined along with the column densities of atomic and molecular hydrogen, the atomic column densities and temperature in the H I region, and the nature of the ionized regions along the line of sight. It is concluded that: (1) Omicron Per is apparently embedded in the near edge of an extended dense molecular cloud, the outer parts of which give rise to the observed absorption lines; (2) the H I region may consist of more than one cloud; (3) the far-UV extinction rise is unusually steep, indicating a high proportion of small grains; (4) the element depletions are somewhat greater than in Zeta Oph, particularly for sulfur and argon; and (5) the molecular abundances are generally consistent with gas-phase formation models rather than with molecular formation on grain surfaces, unless a substantial amount of small grains is present to increase the available surface area.
The Infant Feeding Decision in Low and Upper Income Women

Few studies have described the woman who chooses breast-feeding by more than simple demographics. The purpose of our study was to characterize new mothers by their infant feeding decisions, by demographic and obstetrical data, and by sources of personal support they received during their pregnancies and in making their infant feeding decisions. To this end, 220 were interviewed, including 116 who chose to breastfeed. Breast-feeding women were more likely to be older, more educated, married, more affluent, experienced with breast-feeding, to have demonstrated good prenatal habits, and to have received support from other sources than those who chose bottle feeding. Participation in Lamaze classes, previous successful breast-feeding, and maternal education were significant predictors of feeding choice, and mode of delivery predicted duration of breastfeeding. Low income women who chose breastfeeding resembled low income bottle feeders in certain medical/social factors, but they showed support patterns similar to middle to upper income women.
Low frequency antenna analysis

An arbitrary VHF antenna array was considered for the comparison of two methods of analysis. The first method was based on a Fourier transform decomposition of the far-field radiation integral written in Matlab. In this approach the current on the antenna array is taken to be comprised of simplified functions. The current has three rectilinear components with each component been a product of three one dimensional rectilinear functions. The far-field is then obtained by a one dimensional Fourier transform of each of rectilinear function for each of the vector components. The array nature of the antenna is analyzed via a traditional summation approach and represented in closed form. The second method used was a traditional computational electromagnetic simulation using the Numerical Electromagnetic Code (NEC). The Fourier transform method ignores mutual coupling but is very computationally fast. The NEC method fully considers mutually coupling and is computationally much slower.
Structure of inclusion complexes of cyclomaltoheptaose (cycloheptaamylose): crystal structure of the 1-adamantanemethanol adduct.

Abstract Cyclomaltoheptaose (cycloheptaamylose) has been crystallized with 1-adamantanemethanol as the guest molecule. The complex crystallized in space group C222 1 , with unit-cell dimensions a = 19.162 (13), b = 23.965 (17), and c = 32.597 (27) A. The structure was solved by rotation—translation search-methods. The cyclomaltoheptaose exists as a dimer in the crystal by means of extensive hydrogen-bonding across the secondary hydroxyl ends of two cyclomaltoheptaose molecules. The two halves of the dimer are related by a crystallographic two-fold axis. The primary hydroxyl ends of two adjacent cyclomaltoheptaose molecules are also related by a crystallographic two-fold axis, but do not directly hydrogen bond to one another. Instead, they are held in place by a strong hydrogen bond from the hydroxyl group of the 1-adamantanemethanol to a primary hydroxyl group on an adjacent cyclomaltoheptaose molecule. Other stabilizing hydrogen bonds are formed via three water molecules which are situated at the primary hydroxyl interface, and others that form parallel columns stabilizing the crystal structure. A unique feature of this complex is the presence of trapped water in the cavity at the secondary hydroxyl interface. This water is distributed over 3 disordered sites. Its presence blocks one possible site for the 1-adamantanemethanol, which, instead, binds near the primary hydroxyl end, with its hydroxyl group and part of the adamantane moiety protruding from the cyclomaltoheptaose.
COMPLEMENTARY CHROMATIC ADAPTATION IN A FILAMENTOUS BLUE-GREEN ALGA

Fluorescent and red light environments generate greatly different patterns of pigmentation and morphology in Fremyella diplosiphon. Most strikingly, red-illuminated cultures contain no measurable C-phycoerythrin and have a mean filament length about 10 times shorter than fluorescent-illuminated cultures. C-phycoerythrin behaves as a photoinducible constituent of this alga. Spectrophotometric and immunochemical procedures were devised so that C-phycoerythrin metabolism could be studied quantitatively with [(14)C]-phenylalanine pulse-chased cultures. Transfer of red-illuminated cultures to fluorescent light initiates C-phycoerythrin production by essentially de novo synthesis. C-phycoerythrin is not degraded to any significant extent in cultures continuously illuminated with fluorescent light. Transfer of fluorescent-illuminated cultures to red light causes an abrupt cessation of C-phycoerythrin synthesis. The C-phycoerythrin content of cultures adapting to red light decreases and subsequently becomes constant. Loss of C-phycoerythrin is not brought about by metabolic degradation, but rather by a decrease in mean filament length which is effected by transcellular breakage. In this experimental system, light influences intracellular C-phycoerythrin levels by regulating the rate of synthesis of the chromoprotein.
In Vivo sodium multiple quantum spectroscopy of human articular cartilage

The authors report, for the first time, sodium properties of human articular cartilage in vivo using sodium multiple-quantum-filtered methods with a surface coil. A flip angle-independent, phase-cycled pulse sequence was used to obtain triple-quantum-filtered spectra as a function of preparation time. Biexponential relaxation rates were calculated by fitting the triple-quantum-filtered spectral amplitudes to a theoretical expression. Theoretical analysis of the flip angle dependence of even rank two-quantum coherence (T 2 2 ), odd rank two-quantum coherence (T 2 3 ), and triple-quantum coherence are presented and verified against experimental results on a cartilage specimen. Sodium multiple-quantum-filtered spectral lineshapes obtained in vivo correlate well with those observed on in vitro specimens. Relaxation rates obtained from asymptomatic volunteers were found to be: T 2rise = 1.0 ± 0.12 ms, T 2decay = 12.0 ± 0.75 ms (mean ± SD). The diagnostic potential of this method in detecting early changes in articular cartilage is described.
Ammonia-regulated expression of a soybean gene encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase in transgenic Lotus corniculatus.

A full-length cDNA clone encoding cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS), expressed in roots and root nodules of soybean, was isolated by direct complementation of an Escherichia coli gln A- mutant. This sequence is induced in roots by the availability of ammonia. A 3.5-kilobase promoter fragment of a genomic clone (lambda GS15) corresponding to this cDNA was isolated and fused with a reporter [beta-glucuronidase (GUS)] gene. The GS-GUS fusion was introduced into a legume (Lotus corniculatus) and a nonlegume (tobacco) plant by way of Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. This chimeric gene was found to be expressed in a root-specific manner in both tobacco and L. corniculatus, the expression being restricted to the growing root apices and the vascular bundles of the mature root. Treatment with ammonia increased the expression of this chimeric gene in the legume background (i.e., L. corniculatus); however, no induction was observed in tobacco roots. Histochemical localization of GUS activity in ammonia-treated transgenic L. corniculatus roots showed a uniform distribution across all cell types. These data suggest that the tissue specificity of the soybean cytosolic GS gene is conserved in both tobacco and L. corniculatus; however, in the latter case, this gene is ammonia inducible. Furthermore, the ammonia-enhanced GS gene expression in L. corniculatus is due to an increase in transcription. That this gene is directly regulated by externally supplied or symbiotically fixed nitrogen is also evident from the expression of GS-GUS in the infection zone, including the uninfected cells, and the inner cortex of transgenic L. corniculatus nodules, where a flux of ammonia is encountered by this tissue. The lack of expression of GS-GUS in the outer cortex of the nodules suggests that ammonia may not be able to diffuse outside the endodermis.
On‐site, serial exposure of female fathead minnows to the Elkhorn River, Nebraska, USA, spring agrichemical pulse

In the Midwestern United States, waterways such as the Elkhorn River experience an annual spring pulse of runoff that carries sediments, nutrients, and organic compounds downstream. The objective of the present study was to elucidate relationships between contaminant load in Elkhorn River water and biological impacts on female fathead minnows throughout the entire spring agrichemical pulse. Fish were maintained in on-site outdoor microcosms at the Elkhorn River Research Station. The start of the spring pulse was determined using commercially available atrazine strips that detected atrazine when concentrations exceeded 3 ppb. Once the pulse began, 5 serial 7-d exposures were conducted. Concentrations of atrazine, its metabolites, and 5 other herbicides were quantified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Agrichemicals peaked during the first and second weeks of the pulse, with a smaller peak occurring during week 4, but the peaks were not directly associated with runoff events (as estimated from river discharge). Elevated agrichemical concentrations were associated with biological impacts, but not solely responsible. In the present study, differences in the abiotic environment were found to play a significant role in the defeminization of exposed female fathead minnows. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1354–1361. © 2015 SETAC
Limitations of echocardiographic techniques in evaluation of left atrial masses

Abstract Four patients with large left atrial masses documented angiographically or pathologically, or both, were studied with M mode echocardiography (four patients) and two dimensional echocardiography (three patients) within 2 to 5 days of angiographic or pathologic diagnosis. The left atrium appeared clear of echoes in two patients subsequently documented to have a left atrial thrombus weighing 35 and 100 g, respectively, and located within the body of the left atrium. Definitely abnormal echoes were visualized in a third patient only in the inferior aspect of the left atrium immediately beneath the posterior root of the aorta. Subsequently, a 70 g left atrial myxoma filling almost the entire left atrium was found. In the fourth patient, who had a 125 g left atrial myxoma, the two dimensional four chamber apical view demonstrated tumor filling almost the entire left atrium. Long axis cross-sectional and M mode echocardiograms less clearly demonstrated the extent of the mass. Even large left atrial tumors located within the body of the left atrium may not be apparent or may be underestimated in size by currently available ultrasonic techniques. The relatively homogenous nature of certain masses may be, in part, responsible for the inability to visualize some of them adequately with echocardiography.
Locus of control and metabolic control of diabetes: a meta-analysis.

PurposeThe purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether locus of control (LOC) for internal LOC, powerful others, or chance is correlated with how well people control diabetes (measured by H1C).MethodsThe literature search included Medline, CINAHL, PsychINFO, PsychArticles, Health Source, Academic Search Elite, EMBASE, Current Contents, and BIOsis databases, which yielded 296 articles. Selection criteria for inclusion were adult participants with diabetes mellitus, use of glycosylated hemoglobin (H1C) as a measure of glycemic control, measurement of a locus-of control scale, and a Pearson correlation (r) value. Seventeen articles met all inclusion criteria. The R package “metacor,” was used to perform a random effects meta-analysis and estimate correlation coefficients between the 3 LOC measurements and H1C.ResultsThe strength of subjects ascribing an internal LOC (across 13 studies) was uncorrelated with H1C ( r = −0.0099; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.1092, 0.0893). A LOC ascribed to powe...
RF Losses in Helical Resonators

Recently, increased interest has been shown in the use of helically loaded wave guides for the acceleration of heavy ions. These structures seem especially suited to this purpose in that they allow lo phase velocities for relatively small transverse dimensions.
Schizophrenic Birth Seasonality and the Age-incidence Artifact

Lewis (1989) dismisses a large number of articles in which schizophrenic winter birthrate excesses have been reported as the result of either design problems or the age-incidence artifact. We review about 20 studies in which the effects of age incidence have been controlled in one way or another. The majority support the conclusion that the seasonality effect is due neither to artifact nor deficient research design. We also correct two significant errors in Lewis' description of our prior work.
A Pyridone Analogue of Traditional Cannabinoids. A New Class of Selective Ligands for the CB2 Receptor

Abstract A pyridone analogue ( 5 ) of the potent bicyclic cannabinoid CP 47,497 ( 6 ) has been synthesized as a model for one conformational isomer of anandamide and to test the hypothesis that an amide carbonyl may serve as a hydrogen bond acceptor in interactions with the CB 1 cannabinoid receptor. Pyridone 5 was synthesized from 6-bromo-2-methoxypyridine ( 10 ) by palladium catalyzed coupling with 1-pentyne to provide 11 . Catalytic hydrogenation of 11 and hydrolysis to pyridone 13 followed by N -alkylation gave 1-propyl-6-pentyl-2-pyridone ( 15 ). Bromination of 15 gave dibromide 18 , which underwent Heck coupling with cyclohex-2-en-1-one to give enone 19 . Catalytic hydrogenation of 19 gave ketone 20 which was reduced using NaBH 4 to alcohol 5 . Reduction of 20 with K-Selectride gave the axial epimer of 5 ( 21 ). Neither alcohol 5 nor 21 have significant affinity for the CB 1 receptor ( K i > 970 nM), but both have moderately high affinity for the CB 2 receptor ( K i
Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980

Abstract A summary of the 1980 hurricane season is presented. Eleven named tropical cyclones were tracked, of which nine reached hurricane force. Allen, an intense storm, affected a number of Caribbean countries before making landfall on the Texas coast.
Operational Modes of Dual-capillary Electrospraying and the Formation of the Stable Compound Cone-jet Mod

Experiments were performed to investigate the operational modes in a dual-capillary electrospraying (ES) system in the point-to-plate configuration. For a fixed distance from the capillary tip to the plate, four possible primary modes were observed with increasing of applied voltage. They are the dripping mode, silver-bullet-like mode, stable compound cone-jet mode (if attainable), and unstable cone-jet mode (or called multi-jet mode). The characteristics (i.e., the transformation of liquid meniscus shapes and spray current) of these modes and the transitions between the modes were described. Special attention was paid to identifying the sufficient conditions to establish the stable compound cone-jet mode in the dual-capillary ES system. With the designed experimental matrix for test liquid pairs (i.e., for inner and outer liquids) it was found that a stable compound cone-jet mode can be formed for miscible and partially miscible liquid pairs. For immiscible liquid pairs, two sufficient conditions were identified for the formation of stable compound cone-jet mode: (1) the liquid of low dielectric constant in the liquid pair should be used as outer liquid, and (2) the surface tensions of the liquid pair should satisfy the total or particle engulfing conditions for a three-phase interaction system at static condition. The reasoning for the two observed sufficient conditions is also given.
Nano-Enabled Delivery of Intracellular Therapeutics

Many diseases that plague the modern medical world have their origins at the cellular or molecular level and, as such, require greater specificity to be effectively combated and cured. A number of recent advances in understanding the biology and biochemistry have enabled researchers to develop the specialized tools and techniques needed to detect and provide therapy for these debilitating conditions. Many of these treatments take advantage of the way that cells behave and interact with their environment or various properties of the cell’s structure and form. Researchers are able to surpass a number of cellular hurdles, such as the cell membrane, endosomal escape, and intracellular targeting to begin the arduous task of understanding, diagnosing, and treating diseases like cancer.
Double K -shell ionization in the electron capture decays of Zn 65

The probability per $K$ capture for double $K$-shell ionization in the electron capture decay branches of $^{65}\mathrm{Zn}$ has been studied by recording coincidences between Cu $K$ x rays and Cu $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays produced when the two $K$ shell vacancies are filled. A combined probability for the two decay branches was found to be (2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, a value which is approximately a factor of 1.5 greater than recent theoretical predictions by Suzuki and Law. The energy shift of the hypersatellite Cu $K{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{H}$ x ray was found to be (321\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}17) eV.
1H and 13C NMR assignments for the cyanine dyes SYBR Safe and thiazole orange.

Analysis of 1H and 13C NMR and mass spectral data for the fluorescent nucleic acid stain SYBR Safe indicates that it contains a cyanine-based cationic core structure identical to thiazole orange. The difference between these two compounds is the type of N-substitution on the quinolinium ring system (SYBR Safe, n-Pr; thiazole orange, Me). The 1H and 13C NMR resonances for both compounds were assigned on the basis of one- and two-dimensional (COSY, ROESY, HSQC, and HMBC) experiments. The preferred conformation of these compounds was computed by ab initio methods and found to be consistent with the NMR data.
Immunoreactivity and Characterization of Histidine-Rich Peptide Encapsulated Nanoclusters

Histidine-rich proteins (HRP), which function in the biological control of inorganic materials, have been identified in the liver flukeFasciola hepatica, marine polychaetes, humans, and the malarial parasitePlasmodium falciparum. For example, the malarial parasite contains HRP II composed of repeating peptide sequences of Ala-His-His-Ala-His-His-AlaAla-Asp. This peptide was screened as a stabilizing peptide coat for a variety of nanoclusters of Ag0, Au0, ZnS, TiO2, and Ag2S, and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, IR, XRD, and TEM. The resulting nanoclusters were examined for immunoreactivity against a commercial monoclonal antibody for HRP II ofP. falciparum.