cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epithelial Cell Lineage and Signaling in Murine Salivary Glands

Maintaining salivary gland function is critical for oral health. Loss of saliva is a common side effect of therapeutic irradiation for head and neck cancer or autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome. There is no curative treatment, and current strategies proposed for functional regeneration include gene therapy to reengineer surviving salivary gland tissue, cell-based transplant therapy, use of bioengineered glands, and development of drugs/biologics to stimulate in vivo regeneration or increase secretion. Understanding the genetic and cellular mechanisms required for development and homeostasis of adult glands is essential to the success of these proposed treatments. Recent advances in genetic lineage tracing provide insight into epithelial lineage relationships during murine salivary gland development. During early fetal gland development, epithelial cells expressing keratin 14 (K14) Sox2, Sox9, Sox10, and Trp63 give rise to all adult epithelium, but as development proceeds, lineage restriction occurs, resulting in separate lineages of myoepithelial, ductal, and acinar cells in postnatal glands. Several niche signals have been identified that regulate epithelial development and lineage restriction. Fibroblast growth factor signaling is essential for gland development, and other important factors that influence epithelial patterning and maturation include the Wnt, Hedgehog, retinoic acid, and Hippo signaling pathways. In addition, other cell types in the local microenvironment, such as endothelial and neuronal cells, can influence epithelial development. Emerging evidence also suggests that specific epithelial cells will respond to different types of salivary gland damage, depending on the cause and severity of damage and the resulting damaged microenvironment. Understanding how regeneration occurs and which cell types are affected, as well as which signaling factors drive cell lineage decisions, provides specific targets to manipulate cell fate and improve regeneration. Taken together, these recent advances in understanding cell lineages and the signaling factors that drive cell fate changes provide a guide to develop novel regenerative treatments.
Relations Between DSM-IV and Empirically Based Assessment

Similarities and differences between the DSM-IV and empirically based approaches to behavioral/emotional problems are presented. Similarities include: explicit specification of criterial problems; ...
Acetylcholine Receptor Activation as a Modulator of Glioblastoma Invasion

Grade IV astrocytomas, or glioblastomas (GBMs), are the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The median GBM patient survival of 12–15 months has remained stagnant, in spite of treatment strategies, making GBMs a tremendous challenge clinically. This is at least in part due to the complex interaction of GBM cells with the brain microenvironment and their tendency to aggressively infiltrate normal brain tissue. GBMs frequently invade supratentorial brain regions that are richly innervated by neurotransmitter projections, most notably acetylcholine (ACh). Here, we asked whether ACh signaling influences the biology of GBMs. We examined the expression and function of known ACh receptors (AChRs) in large GBM datasets, as well as, human GBM cell lines and patient-derived xenograft lines. Using RNA-Seq data from the “The Cancer Genome Atlas” (TCGA), we confirmed the expression of AChRs and demonstrated the functionality of these receptors in GBM cells with time-lapse calcium imaging. AChR activation did not alter cell proliferation or migration, however, it significantly increased cell invasion through complex extracellular matrices. This was due to the enhanced activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) from GBM cells, which we found to be dependent on an intracellular calcium-dependent mechanism. Consistent with these findings, AChRs were significantly upregulated in regions of GBM infiltration in situ (Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project) and elevated expression of muscarinic AChR M3 correlated with reduced patient survival (TCGA). Data from the Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) dataset also showed the co-expression of choline transporters, choline acetyltransferase, and vesicular acetylcholine transporters, suggesting that GBMs express all the proteins required for ACh synthesis and release. These findings identify ACh as a modulator of GBM behavior and posit that GBMs may utilize ACh as an autocrine signaling molecule.
Using Gaming as an Active Teaching Strategy in Nursing Education

Abstract Gaming can be an effective active teaching strategy for nursing students. Using gaming, research has shown that nursing students can develop deeper learning of the content. Stress levels are subdued, critical thinking is promoted, nursing students become motivated, and enjoy participation in a nonthreatening environment. Attitudes, values, cultural sensitivity, and caring are just a few areas where gaming can be seen to promote a positive aspect to teaching for the currently technological savvy nursing students.
Visualization of Delamination in Encapsulated Flexible Electronics Fabricated using Slot Die Coating

A major challenge in the flexible electronics industry is the inability to quickly and accurately assess the mechanical properties of barrier materials used to encapsulate various devices. The feasibility of using a low-cost approach, digital photoelasticity (DP), to determine stress formation in barrier film is analyzed so that inherent weak areas cannot only be identified, but also reinforced. In this experimental study, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is slot die coated onto untreated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or onto PET treated with indium tin oxide (ITO) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). An axial stress is imposed on each sample using a universal test machine, and DP was used to obtain the stress and grab profiles. It has been shown that highly concentrated and multilayer EVA coatings withstand higher stress. Also, it has been shown that the locations of delamination happen at the side edge of the encapsulation when EVA was coated on a homogenous surface, but for heterogeneous surfaces, the delamination occurred at the boundary between the PEDOT:PSS and ITO. All these data were depicted using DP in very quick fashion. Therefore, DP is a viable method for quickly and accurately determining stress in barrier films.
Abstract 216: Tat Delivery of a Pten Peptide Inhibitor Has Direct Cardioprotective Effects and Improves Outcomes in Rodent Models of Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: We have recently shown that pharmacologic inhibition of PTEN significantly increases cardiac arrest survival in a mouse model, however, this protection required pretreatment 30 min pr...
Impact of State-Level Reproductive Health Legislation on Access to and Use of Reproductive Health Services and Reproductive Health Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review in the Affordable Care Act Era.

Abstract Introduction We systematically reviewed the literature to understand the associations between state-level reproductive health policies and reproductive health care outcomes and describe policy impacts on reproductive health outcomes among women aged 18 and older. We focused on research conducted after the implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act to understand the influence of state-level policies in the context of existing federal policy. Methods Standard search terms were used to search PubMed for studies published between March 10, 2010, and August 31, 2019. Studies were included that reflected original U.S.-based research testing associations between state-level policies (i.e., laws related to family planning, maternity care, and abortion) and reproductive health outcomes related to those services (e.g., prenatal care use) among adults. Reference lists of systematic reviews were searched to improve the identification of relevant studies. Studies were excluded if they were reviews, qualitative or mixed-methods studies, or descriptive studies, or if a state was not the unit of analysis. After dual review, agreement on inclusion of studies was 100%. Results Search results returned 1,529 articles; 56 (3.59%) met the inclusion criteria for a full review based on title and abstract review. After dual independent review, eight were selected for inclusion. Two included all 50 states and Washington, DC; one included Oregon and Washington; and the remaining studies included single states (Texas, Arizona, Ohio, and Utah). One-half of the studies (n = 4) focused solely on restrictive abortion legislation. Restricting access to family planning and abortion services (e.g., mandatory waiting periods) were associated with negative outcomes (e.g., additional interventions for medication abortion). Expanding maternity care through Medicaid reform and autonomous midwifery laws were associated with positive outcomes (e.g., prenatal care use). Conclusions Our review identified eight studies that were largely focused on only one key aspect of reproductive health policy. Findings suggest that state-level legislation could have considerable impact on the reproductive health care that women have access to and receive, as well as the related outcomes. Research in this area remains limited. Rigorous evaluations of the relationship between the breadth of reproductive health policies and related health outcomes are needed, as is an exploration of barriers to the conduct of this type of research.
Anonymization of Daily Activity Data by Using ℓ-diversity Privacy Model

In the age of IoT, collection of activity data has become ubiquitous. Publishing activity data can be quite useful for various purposes such as estimating the level of assistance required by older ...
Glucocorticoid receptor mediates corticosterone-thyroid hormone synergy essential for metamorphosis in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles.

Abstract In all vertebrates, thyroid hormone (TH) is critical for normal growth and development. In amphibians, corticosterone (CORT) has no action to advance development by itself but can accelerate development induced by TH. CORT accomplishes this acceleration by increasing tissue sensitivity and responsivity to TH. However, the receptor through which CORT acts to affect TH signaling is not known. To examine the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), GR knockout tadpoles and wild-type tadpoles treated with the GR antagonist, RU486, were exposed to exogenous TH and/or CORT then assayed for gene expression and morphology. We found that levels of the response genes klf9 and thrb induced by TH and associated changes in morphology were smaller in GR knockout tadpoles compared to wild-type tadpoles, suggesting that GR signaling contributes to tissue responsivity to TH. To directly examine the role of GR in TH signaling, we co-treated tadpoles with TH and CORT and found that the TH response gene, thrb, was induced significantly beyond the level induced by TH alone in wild-type tadpoles but not in GR knockout tadpoles or wild-type tadpoles treated with RU486. Similarly, tail and gill resorption was greater in tadpoles treated with CORT plus TH compared to TH alone in wild-type tadpoles but not in tadpoles with impaired GR signaling. Surprisingly, even though GR knockout tadpoles die at metamorphosis, treatment with TH alone enabled their survival. These results demonstrate that signaling through GR is responsible for enhancing TH signaling and is essential for the completion of metamorphosis.
Increased Lamotrigine Clearance and Decreased Levels with Non-oral Hormonal Contraceptive Use (P2.5-005)

Objective: To describe the effect of non-oral estrogen containing contraceptive methods on lamotrigine clearance and serum levels in women with epilepsy Background: Previous studies demonstrate that oral hormonal contraceptives increase lamotrigine clearance through glucoronidation. This leads to variable lamotrigine serum concentrations throughout monthly cycles in women on oral contraceptives. The effects of non-oral hormonal contraception on AED pharmacokinetics are less well characterized. Design/Methods: Retrospective review of serum lamotrigine levels drawn from female patients with epilepsy while using a non-oral hormonal contraceptive method (estrogen patch, vaginal ring) compared to off contraception (19 lab draws from 4 patients). Exclusion criteria included pregnancy, Results: Lamotrigine clearance was higher in women while on a non-oral hormonal contraceptive device compared to while off it (p Conclusions: The findings suggest that non-oral hormonal contraceptives increase lamotrigine clearance which leads to low lamotrigine serum levels. This has important implications that lamotrigine levels may fluctuate significantly in women on non-oral hormonal contraceptive during the week off the medication. Disclosure: Dr. King has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gerard has received research support from Sunovion Phramaceuticals.
A Dynamic Load Control Strategy for an Efficient Building Demand Response

This paper proposes a computationally efficient building energy management algorithm for demand response that can serve as a grid-ancillary system. The controller aims to regulate flexible loads and intelligent switches, complying with the utility’s request. The control algorithm dynamically optimizes the load’s configuration of the building. This optimization is based on the required power consumption level and the resident’s actual comfort constraints. Since the load-matrix considered by the proposed algorithm is computationally expensive, a novel region-selection approach is incorporated in the algorithm to make the strategy computationally efficient. The proposed algorithm is validated through OPAL-RT Real-Time Digital Simulation with Raspberry Pi. The test results show that the algorithm is capable of curtailing controllable loads during emergencies and outage scenarios to maintain an uninterrupted supply to the critical loads and respect the power limit request of the building.
Computer Playfulness, Openness to Experience, and Computer Loafing

This research sought a deeper understanding of a frequently examined IT trait, i.e., computer playfulness, in two respects. First, complementing prior studies identifying its many favorable user outcomes related to technology adoption and use, this research demonstrates that it can also lead to adverse implications, such as nonwork-related technology use at work, or computer loafing, which has received little attention in IT research. Second, to ground playfulness in the larger individual trait literature, this study explores its conceptual foundation in the Big Five trait of openness to experience and demonstrates their empirical linkage. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Acoustic Coherent Backscatter Enhancement from Aggregations of Point Scatterers

Abstract : The overall long-term goal for this project is to determine if and how acoustic coherent backscatter enhancement (ACBE) can be used for classification of active sonar returns in a wide variety of ocean environments. During its first three years, this project has focused on simulations of acoustic multiple scattering from two- and now three-dimensional aggregations of omni-directional point scatterers to determine the parametric realms in which ACBE might be observed, and its characteristics when it is observed. The detailed objectives of the current research effort are to determine the parametric dependence of ACBE peak amplitude, peak emergence rate as the number of observations increases, peak angular width, and peak time dependence. Here the independent parameters are the range between the scattering aggregation and the receiving array, the receiving array characteristics, incident wave characteristics (wave front shape, waveform, frequency, bandwidth, duration), and aggregation characteristics (scatterer cross section and mean spacing, overall aggregation size and shape, etc.). Eventually, underwater waveguide characteristics will be considered as well.
Pediatric team physicians.

Few pediatricians are actively involved in youth sports activities. Although pediatricians are well suited to provide complete health care to young athletes, they have avoided or deferred and referred the sports medical care of large numbers of preadolescent and adolescent youth to others. Is this acceptable? Which physician is most qualified to counsel, guide, and treat the growing child and adolescent? If pediatricians do not accept roles such as the team physician, other doctors and even non-physicians will eagerly step forward. Should athletes and teams be able to participate in sports events when adequate medical support is not available? Do athletes, parents, schools, coaches, and communities understand the actual role of the team physician?
Relic Supernova Neutrinos in Super—Kamiokande

The experimental status of relic supernova neutrino detection is discussed, with particular emphasis on the Super-Kamiokande experiment. Presently under study, a novel proposed modification to existing and future water Cherenkov detectors is introduced. Enabling such detectors to identify neutrons will significantly enhance their capabilities for relic supernova neutrino detection as well as for a wide variety of other physics topics. If all R&D efforts go as expected, a modified Super-Kamiokande could observe the world’s first relic supernova neutrino signal within the next four years.
Very Long-Term Global Integration of the Primitive Equations of Atmospheric Motion : AN Experiment in Climate Simulation

The primitive equations of atmospheric motion, with the heating and friction terms retained, are integrated numerically over a long period of time from an initial state that is isothermal and motionless. The domain covers the entire earth, with the underlying oceans and continents having different thermal properties and the continents having the shape of the large-scale mountain systems. The results of the integration are shown on climatological and synoptic charts and comparisons are made with the real atmosphere.
Coherent Quantum State Manipulation of Trapped Atomic Ions

Abstract A single, laser-cooled, trapped 9 Be + ion is used to investigate methods of coherent quantum-state synthesis. We create and characterize nonclassical states of motion including “Schrodinger-cat” states. A fundamental quantum logic gate is realized using the quantized motion and internal states as qubits. We explore some of the applications for, and problems in realizing, quantum computation based on multiple trapped ions.
Soil Science and Archaeology

Publisher Summary Fundamental changes in the focus of modern archaeological research have resulted in the integration of earth sciences with archaeology. This new focus emphasizes the synthesis of cultural and environmental information into a cohesive interpretation of human ecology, including settlement patterns, land-use practices, and evidence of human impact on soils and landscapes. This chapter defines the role of the emerging disciplines of geoarchaeology, pedoarchaeology, and archaeometry in the archaeological context. It reviews recent works in pedoarchaeology at a wide range of sites, some with a broad, regional landscape approach and some with a narrowly focused intrasite view. The foundation of modern earth science disciplines includes traditional soil science techniques: soil morphological descriptions, particle-size distribution analysis, chemical element distributions, clay mineralogy, landscape analysis, and micromorphology. The chapter outlines these techniques as well as uses of soil maps and modern geophysical tools such as resistivity, electromagnetic survey, and ground-penetrating radar. Paleosols are defined and their use in the interpretation of archeological sites is illustrated. The use of soil morphology as a stratigraphic marker in both terrestrial and underwater sites is also discussed. Though the analytic techniques used in these studies are basic, the information they yield is as varied as the terrains and cultures they describe.
METHOD FOR EVALUATING EFFECTIVENESS OF SURGICAL MASKS

Greene, V. W. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis) and D. Vesley. Method for evaluating effectiveness of surgical masks. J. Bacteriol. 83:663-667. 1962.-A portable isolation box, provided with a filtered air supply and a means of access for a test subject's head, was attached to an Andersen Sampler and used to measure orally expelled bacterial contaminants before and after masking. This technique yielded more detailed quantitative information than was obtained by either sedimentation plates or Andersen sampling in an unconfined space. During talking, unmasked subjects expelled more than 5,000 bacterial contaminants per 5 ft(3); 7.2% of the contaminants were associated with particles less than 4 mu in diameter. Masked subjects expelled an average of 19 contaminants/5 ft(3); 63% were less than 4 mu in diameter. Mask efficiencies varied according to particle size of the contaminants. This technique is adaptable for routine evaluation of an individual's contribution to environmental contamination.
Transhyoid resection of tongue base and tonsil tumors

Advanced lesions of the oropharynx are known to have increased survival with surgical excision combined with radiation therapy. Traditional surgery involves either a mandibular resection or, more recently, a mandibular sparing approach primarily through a lip-splitting incision. At our institution posterior oropharyngeal lesions are approached via a combined intraoral and transhyoid technique. Nineteen sequential procedures using this approach were compared with a similar number of previous, stage-matched controls in an attempt to obtain valid comparable information. No significant difference between the groups was noted with respect to surgical margins. A significant difference was, however, seen with respect to the need for flap closure with none required in the transhyoid group and five in the mandibulotomy group. Furthermore, a statistical difference was observed with respect to the presence of significant complications in favor of the transhyoid group. These results indicate that similar cure rates c...
The future of futures decision making

At the dawn of a new millennium, with the past one thousand years ready for reflection and the up-coming one thousand years primed for exciting new adventures, humankind seems to be trapped in the box of myopic, short-term decision making. Voices pleading to expand the horizons of our decision making to ensure sustainability of our species and countless other species on this earth are currently drowned out by a cacophony of voices trumpeting economic globalization, rapid technology development, and real-time financial markets. While futures decision making is not much in evidence today, the question addressed by this paper is whether futures decision making is even possible. Are there inherent constraints in our ability to make decisions that encompass time frames covering centuries if not millennia? An enormous amount of research has been conducted in the general area of decision making over the past several decades. Much has been learned about the psychology of human decision making and decision making within organizations. Countless methods have been developed to guide decision making. Recent work in areas such as imprecise probability and complex adaptive systems is beginning to provide boundaries as to what can be known about the future. This paper reviews much of this diverse literature and synthesizes important research findings across several disciplines to identify numerous significant barriers to futures decision making. The paper presents several recommendations on how to improve futures decision making in the future.
Heteroatom-Substituted Carbene Complexes of High-Valent Tungsten: Tp‘W(O)X(C(R)OSiR3) Derivatives

Reaction of Tp‘W(O)(I)(CO) (1; Tp‘ = hydridotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)borate) with MeLi followed by trapping of the resultant anion by ClSiPh2Me leads to the formation of a single isomer of the tungsten(VI) heteroatom-substituted carbene complex Tp‘W(O)(I)(C(Me)OSiPh2Me) (5a). The connectivity of complex 5a was confirmed by X-ray crystallography and spectral data. The acyl intermediate in the reaction, [Tp‘W(O)(I)(C(O)Me)][Li] (6), was observed by spectroscopic techniques. Trapping of the acyl intermediate 6 with H+ yields the neutral hydroxy carbene complex Tp‘W(O)(I)(C(Me)OH) (5c). Reaction of complex 1 with PhLi generates the anionic phenyl−acyl complex [Tp‘W(O)(I)(C(O)Ph)][Li] (8), which may be trapped with ClSiPh2Me, yielding the phenyl carbene complex Tp‘W(O)(I)(C(Ph)OSiPh2Me) (7). Carbene complex 5a reacts with AgSO3CF3 to form silver iodide and a coordinated triflate complex, Tp‘W(O)(OSO2CF3)(C(Me)OSiPh2Me) (9). In contrast to the acyl product formed with MeLi and 1, combining LiCuMe2 with 1 lead...
Role of Flavonoids in the Production of Color in Biscuits Prepared with Wheat and Cottonseed Flours

Biscuits prepared with 80% wheat and 20% liquid-cyclone-processed and hexane-defatted glandless cottonseed flours were yellow-brown. To isolate and identify pigments responsible for color, the cottonseed flours were extracted with aqueous isopropyl alcohol. These extracts were fractionated into nonflavonoid and flavonoid components by Sephadex column chromatography. Biscuits containing the extracted cottonseed flours (free of flavonoids) were brown, those prepared with the nonflavonoid fractions were tan, and those to which the flavonoid mixtures were added were yellow. Chromatographic and ultraviolet -visible spectral methods showed that there are seven major flavonoids in both flours, tentatively identified as isoquercitrin, rutin, quercetin 3-0-neohesperidoside, quercetin 3-0-neohesperidoside, kaempferol 3-0-neohesperidoside, quercetin 3-0-gluco-glucoside, and kaem pherol 3-0-glucoglucoside.
The directionality and age selectivity of the health-migration relation: evidence from sequences of disability and mobility in the United States.

Evidence regarding the effects of health status on migration are mixed with some concluding that there is a positive relation while others conclude a negative relation. This study examines the analytical bases for conflicting findings and proposes a model of the health-migration relation which allows for age selectivity nonlinearities interactions and dynamic effects. Often in migration research we focus on migrant-nonmigrant differentials which helps us to understand the cross-sectional differences between the 2 groups of persons but it does little to elucidate the complex process by which nonmigrants become migrants. The sequence of migration and health events from the US National Health Interview Survey from 1979-1980 show that for the population under age 45 there is little temporal connection between migration and health status changes. 2/3 of the younger population with at least 1 health or migration event migrated only with health status changes neither preceding nor following the migration. Since the migration and health events for these persons are not associated in time there is little basis for positing strong relations of either direction for the nonelderly. The age groups for which migration and health events are connected in time are those over age 45 and the temporal proximity becomes even more marked for the elderly. Among the elderly the migrant-only group constituted only 10% of those with at least 1 event. As expected for the elderly the dominant relation is health deterioration after migration the pattern displayed by 65% of the elderly with events in the last 5 years. The elderly are also more likely to be in the Destabilized Migrant category experiencing health status declines both before and after migration. This is also consistent with the theory that the elderly in poor health at the time of migration will be more likely to be stressed by their migration and experience further deteriorations in health. The conditional probabilities indicate that health status declines are unlikely to precipitate immediate migrations except for those with pre-existing serious conditions or more severe activity limitations. (authors modified)
Electrical properties of new glasses based on the Li2S–SiS2 system

Abstract Improvement of large energy density systems such as lithium ion batteries requires an understanding of the electrode materials and identification of new electrolytes. For safety reasons, solid sate electrolytes are preferred. This study is based on past results on the Li2S–SiS2 system. AC impedance spectroscopy was used to determine the ionic conductivity of glasses where additions were made of sulfides and oxides of groups IVA, VA, VB or VIA to the base glass composition 60/40 Li2S–SiS2 (mol%). These additions improved the stability of these glasses, so much so that thick samples (>2 mm ) could be prepared by cooling without quenching. Addition of lithium halides further increased conductivity. Ionic conductivities >2×10 −3 S / cm at room temperature were measured, amongst the largest reported in the glass literature for lithium electrolytes. The conductivity activation energy of these glasses will be reported.
What Determines Meridional Heat Transport in Climate Models

AbstractThe annual mean maximum meridional heat transport (MHTMAX) differs by approximately 20% among coupled climate models. The value of MHTMAX can be expressed as the difference between the equator-to-pole contrast in absorbed solar radiation (ASR*) and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR*). As an example, in the Northern Hemisphere observations, the extratropics (defined as the region with a net radiative deficit) receive an 8.2-PW deficit of net solar radiation (ASR*) relative to the global average that is balanced by a 2.4-PW deficit of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR*) and 5.8 PW of energy import via the atmospheric and oceanic circulation (MHTMAX). The intermodel spread of MHTMAX in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) simulations of the preindustrial climate is primarily (R2 = 0.72) due to differences in ASR* while model differences in OLR* are uncorrelated with the MHTMAX spread. The net solar radiation (ASR*) is partitioned into contributions from (i) the equator-to-pole cont...
Atrial septal defect associated with pulmonary hypertension in children living at high altitude.

Summary Records of 111 patients with atrial septal defects were reviewed. The incidence of associated pulmonary hypertension in the children living at moderately high altitude was 9.7 per cent, which is higher than has usually been found in studies of children living near sea level. The results of surgery in these patients with pulmonary hypertension were satisfactory.
Clam calamity; a recent supratidal storm-deposit as an analog for fossil shell beds

A winter storm struck the South Jersey shore near Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1992, excavating a population (108 individuals) of the burrowing infaunal surf-clam, Spisula solidissima, and depositing them above the high tide line. Nearly all individuals survived transport during the storm. Small clams at the base of the storm deposit reburrowed, larger individuals and small ones above the base of the deposit did not. The overburden of conspecifics most likely prevented them from attaining the requisite vertical burrowing orientation, or an underlying pavement of conspecifics blocked burrowing. Clams accumulated in piles or "dunes" standing as high as one meter on the beach and two meters in the lee of breakwaters and extending laterally <20 meters. Such accumulations might appear in the fossil record and as yet be unrecognized. Larger shells were often distinctively chipped at the anterior and posterior ends, probably as a result of collision with other shells during transport.
On characterizingL 1-supports, natural and Chebyshev approximates

Characterizations of optimal linear supports and approximates in realn-dimensional space are derived. We first characterize anL1-support; that is, a support hyperplane for a continuous function, over a solid, compact set, which is optimal in theL1-sense. We then characterize best approximates; that is, affinely linear functions which are the best approximates to a continuous function on a compact set by some optimality criterion. The characterization is first derived under the Natural criterion and then expanded to the Chebyshev criterion, utilizing Geoffrion's Criterion Equivalence.
A historical perspective of the korean society of medical education.

Received: February 9, 2012 • Revised: February 13, 2012 • Accepted: February 14, 2011 Corresponding Author: Sang-Ho Baik Gachon University of Medicine and Science Medical School, 534-2 Yeonsu 3-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-799, Korea Tel: +82.32.820.4702 email: shbaik@snu.ac.kr Korean J Med Educ 2012 Mar; 24(1): 3-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3946/kjme.2012.24.1.3 pISSN: 2005-727X eISSN: 2005-7288 C The Korean Society of Medical Education. All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 학회가 지나온 길을 지금의 시점에서 돌이켜 보는 것은 미래 의 발전을 위해 중요한 계기가 된다. 그 동안 학회는 많은 발 전의 자국도 남겼지만 뉘우쳐야 할 부끄러운 자국, 못다 한 과 제, 안타까운 역사도 남겼다. 학회의 역사에는 관련 기관과의 과거가 톱니처럼 물려 있고 특히 학장모임과는 여러 면에서 관련이 깊었다. 초기의 설립 배경, 경과 중 몇 가지 에피소드 에 초점을 맞추어 과거를 돌이켜 보고자 한다. 지나간 일에 대 한 느낌은 어디까지나 개인의 주관적 생각에서 비롯된 것이 많으므로 다른 사람들이 일반화하여 받아들이기에는 어려운 점도 있을 것으로 생각된다.
Indirect Evidence of the Influence of Vitamin a on the Adrenal Cortex of the Chick

Abstract In certain animals a vitamin A deficiency will produce a deficiency in adrenocorticoid production, Johnson and Wolf (1960). The adrenocorticoids, viz. the glucocorticoids, of the chicken will significantly increase the circulating number of heterophils, Glick (1959, 1961) and Huble (1955). Therefore, the influence of vitamin A on the chick’s adrenal cortex might be ascertained by feeding a diet deficient in vitamin A and recording heterophil counts after ACTH injections. Two trials were conducted. Only one trial will be reported since the second trial confirmed the data of the first. New Hampshire females, at hatching, were placed in batteries and fed a basal ration supplemented with 200 and 2400 international units (IU) of stabilized vitamin A palmitate per pound of ration. The basal ration contained no ingredients supplying beta carotene and no preformed vitamin A was added. At 5 weeks of age, one-half the birds in each group received 2 intramuscular…
Efficacy of interferon in the treatment of mice with established Friend virus leukemia

SummaryDBA/2 mice are 100% susceptible to Friend leukemia virus and begin to die 26 days after virus inoculation. Sendai virus (parainfluenza 1) inoculated intraperitoneally into leukemic mice 30 days after Friend virus prolonged survival by 12 days. Evidence that Sendai virus prolongs the life of leukemic mice through the action of interferon derives from the following observations: (a) Sendai virus induced large amounts of interferon; (b) Statolon (an extract from the mold Penicillium stoloniferum), when injected 28 days after Friend virus, also induced large amounts of interferon and prolonged survival by 11 days; and (c) interferon itself injected intraperitoneally daily for 10 days commencing 31 days after Friend virus prolonged survival by an average of 9 days. However, when interferon injections were continued daily until death of the mice, survival was no longer than in mice which received only 10 daily injections. This study represents a successful application of interferon as a therapeutic agent...
Selected schedules of reinforcement in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)

Wild black-tailed prairie dogs were run on FR, FI, VR, and VI schedules for Noyes pellet reinforcement. Cumulative barpress responses, postreinforcement pause lengths, and responses per second were recorded. The highest response rates occurred in the VR schedules, with the lowest response rates coming in the FI schedules. Fixed-ratio schedules had the longest postreinforcement pauses, VI schedules had the shortest. At the upper levels of the fixed-ratio schedules (FR 90–100), the animals ceased to respond consistently. Generally, data from prairie dogs were consistent with data reported in studies from other mammalian species.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is increased in colonic epithelial cells from patients with colitis-associated cancer.

Abstract Background Patients with long-term ulcerative colitis are at risk for developing colorectal cancer. Methods Archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from ulcerative colitis patients who underwent a colectomy for high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma was examined for changes in expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as well as other mediators of inflammation-associated cancer. Epithelia from areas of colons that showed histologic evidence of carcinoma, high-grade dysplasia, and epithelia that were not dysplastic or malignant but did contain evidence of prior inflammation (quiescent colitis) was microdissected using laser capture microscopy. mRNA was extracted from the microdissected tissue and PCR array analysis was performed. To extend our findings, PAI-1 protein levels were determined using immunohistochemistry. Results The mRNA expression of PAI-1 is increased 6-fold (p = 0.02) when comparing the carcinoma group to the quiescent colitis group; increases were also observed in NFKB2, REL, SRC, and VEGFA. The protein levels of PAI-1 are increased by 50% (p Conclusions The increase in PAI-1 in high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma suggests a functional role for PAI-1 in malignant transformation in colitis-associated cancer. PAI-1 could also prove a useful diagnostic marker to identify patients at risk for neoplasia and it may be a useful therapeutic target to treat colitis-associated cancer.
Algebra for All Students

Abstract The challenge that has always faced American education … is how to create both the social and cognitive means to enable a diverse citizenry to develop their ability. It is an astounding challenge: the complex and wrenching struggle to actualize the potential not only of the privileged. (Rose, 1989, p. 225)
A novel interdisciplinary course in gerontechnology for disseminating computational thinking

While specialized knowledge and skills are the hallmark of modern society, the size and complexity of contemporary problems often require cooperative effort to analyze and solve. Therefore, experiences with skills, methodologies, and tools for effective interdisciplinary collaboration and structured problem solving are vital for preparing students for future academic and professional success. Meanwhile, computational systems have permeated much of modern professional and personal life, making computational thinking an essential skill for members of modern society. However, formal training in these techniques is primarily limited to students within computer science, mathematics, management of information systems, and engineering. At Iowa State University, we have designed and offered an experimental course to develop undergraduate students' abilities for interdisciplinary teamwork and to disseminate computational thinking skills to a broader range of students. This novel course was jointly designed and instructed by faculty from the Computer Science Department, Gerontology Program, and Graphic Design Program to incorporate diverse faculty expertise and pedagogical approaches. Students were required to interview real users to identify real-life problems, gather requirements, and assess candidate solutions, which necessitated communication both within the group and with technologically-disinclined users. In-class presentations and wiki-based project websites provided regular practice at disseminating domain expertise to larger interdisciplinary audiences. Workshops, group-based mentoring, peer learning, and guided discovery allowed non-CS majors to learn much more about computer programs and tools, and grading criteria held students individually accountable within their disciplines but also emphasized group collaboration
KENTRACK, a Performance-Based Layered Elastic Railway Trackbed Structural Design and Analysis Procedure: A Tutorial

KENTRACK is a layer elastic finite element based computer program that can be utilized for a performance-based structural design and analysis of railway trackbeds. Kentrack was initially developed to analyze traditional all-granular layered trackbeds and asphalt layered trackbeds. The versatility was recently expanded to analyze trackbeds containing a combination of granular and asphalt layers. The principle factor in the analysis is to limit vertical compressive stresses on the subgrade. In addition, it is possible to consider the fatigue lives of the various layers relative to the effects of wheel loads, tonnages, environmental conditions and other factors. The service lives of the individual components of the trackbed are predicted by damage analysis for various combinations of traffic, tonnages, subgrade support, component layer properties and thicknesses. The latest version, KENTRACK 3.0, is coded in C#.NET, a popular computer language for achieving accuracy and efficiency. The graphical user interface in the KENTRACK 3.0 provides a technique to analyze trackbeds as structures. It is possible with KENTRACK 3.0 to select trackbed layers and associated thicknesses to satisfy roadbed and trackbed performance requirements. In addition, it is possible to performance-rank different track sectional designs based on the relative importance of the particular track section and track type. The types of roadbed and trackbed configurations are selected to meet each of the various performance ranks. The various steps involved in the calculations are highlighted during the tutorial phase of a sample design calculations and analysis.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Complementary strand infectivity in φX174 replicative form DNA

Phage φX174 double-strand replicating form was resolved into two components by alkaline cesium chloride density equilibrium centrifugation. By three criteria: annealing, base analysis, and DNA-RNA hybridization, the components are the complementary strands of the replicating form of phage DNA. By infectivity assays on spheroplasts of Escherichia coli W-6, we have established that both the phage strand of replicative-form DNA and its complement are infectious. The phage produced by infection with the complement of φX174 DNA is φX174.
Protective effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation on chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity

Background L-Arginine (L-Arg), the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase producing NO, and the NO synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME), have both been shown to modify acute cyclosporine (CsA)-induced intrarenal vasoconstriction. However, the mechanism of chronic CsA nephrotoxicity characterized by progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF) remains unclear. Thus, we examined the pathogenetic role of NO in a rat model of chronic CsA nephropathy. Methods Rats were given vehicle, CsA (7.5 mg/kg), CsA + L-Arg (1.7 g/kg), CsA + D-arginine (1.7 g/kg), and CsA + L-NAME (3.5 mg/kg) for 28 days on a low-salt diet. NO production, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), blood and urine chemistry, and histology were assessed. Results L-Arg treatment significantly enhanced NO biosynthesis and protected animals from impaired GFR and development of TIF induced by CsA, whereas D-arginine did not. In contrast, L-NAME strikingly reduced urinary NO and worsened both GFR and TIF compared to the CsA alone group, whereas L-NAME did not change renal function and histology in the vehicle group. Conclusions Chronic CsA nephrotoxicity can be aggravated by NO blockade and ameliorated by NO enhancement, suggesting that NO has an important role in the mechanism of chronic CsA nephropathy.
Thermal error mode analysis and robust modeling for error compensation on a CNC turning center

In this paper a novel concept of thermal error mode analysis is proposed in order to develop a better understanding of the thermal deformation on a turning center. The thermal error of the machine can be treated as the superposition of a series of thermal error modes with corresponding mode shapes and time constants. The selection of sensor location can then be improved based on the thermal error mode analysis. A robust modeling approach is also proposed to minimize the errors due to temperature measuring noise and the adverse effect of environmental changes. Through the use of thermal error mode analysis and the robust modeling approach, the number of thermal sensors has been reduced from 16 to four. The thermal error compensation system has been applied to a turning center in daily production for more than two years and it has kept year-round accuracy. The thermal drift in workpiece diameter on the turning center has been reduced from 35 μm to 6 μm from its center of tolerance.
Catalytic hydrothermal gasification of biomass.

A recent development in biomass gasification is the use of a pressurized water-processing environment to avoid drying of the biomass. This paper reviews the research undertaken developing this new option for biomass gasification. This review does not cover wet oxidation or near-atmospheric-pressure steam-gasification of biomass. Laboratory research on hydrothermal gasification of biomass focusing on the use of catalysts is reviewed here, and a companion review focuses on non-catalytic processing. Research includes liquid-phase, subcritical processing as well as supercritical water processing. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in such a system allows effective operation at lower temperatures, and the issues around the use of catalysts are presented. This review attempts to show the potential of this new processing concept by comparing the various options under development and the results of the research. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Les Particules élémentaires: Self-portrait

Perhaps no French novel in the past fifteen years has received more critical attention than Michel Houellebecq’s Les Particules elementaires and perhaps none has evoked stronger reactions with regard to the (literary) values it espouses and represents. This (self-)portrait, like any portrait, accents certain features more than others. It concentrates on refuting charges of nihilism, reactionaryism, sexism, and racism; it stresses Houellebecq’s novel’s attention to form and its thematic clarity as well as its determination to say something rather than nothing; and, through a consideration of its references to various media, arts, and texts, of its pet peeves and true delights, it specifies the nature and ambition of Les Particules elementaires, the kind of text it is
Contrast enhancement as an aid to interpretation in digital subtraction radiography

An initial study was performed to demonstrate the feasibility of pseudocolor contrast enhancement technique in digital subtraction radiography (DSR). DSR is an electronic image processing technique that has been shown to be of greater diagnostic value in the detection of small periodontal bone lesions than conventional radiography. Pseudocolor enhancement involves selectively assigning a unique color to each shade of gray present in a black-and-white subtracted image. Two image enhancement techniques were developed and tested in a phantom system consisting of extracted teeth set in blocks of plaster mixed with sawdust to simulate trabecular bone. It was found that experimentally induced periodontal lesions were more readily detected by the average clinician in both types of enhanced subtraction images than unenhanced subtractions. Furthermore, both enhancement techniques were of significantly greater diagnostic value for lesions smaller than 1.0 mm (p less than 0.001). The technique that colored an isolated area of interest was significantly more diagnostic at all depths tested (p less than 0.001 at 0.5 and 1.0 mm, and p less than 0.05 at 0.5 mm). Contrast enhancement may be a significant aid to the average clinician for the interpretation of DSR and the detection of small periodontal defects.