cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial patterns of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, in California: a population-based study.

Summary In order to investigate whether the clinical behaviour of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) varies by race within a geographic region, we identified a total of 213 non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics and Asians/Pacific islanders (APIs) diagnosed with ENKTL in the California Cancer Registry between 2001 and 2008. The incidence and outcomes of the disease in these racial groups were analysed. The incidence rates in non-Hispanic whites, Hispanics and APIs were 0·05, 0·18 and 0·23 per 100 000 person-years, respectively, among males; and 0·03, 0·07 and 0·10 per 100 000 person-years, respectively, among females. The overall survival (OS) at 5 years was 28·6% in non-Hispanic whites, 30·4% in Hispanic, and 24·0% in APIs. In multivariate analysis, distant versus local/regional disease (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 2·01, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1·36, 2·96), initial treatment with chemotherapy plus radiotherapy (HR = 0·39, 95% CI: 0·22, 0·70) or radiotherapy alone (HR = 0·48, 95% CI: 0·23, 0·99) versus no therapy were associated with OS. However, OS was not affected by age, sex, race, chemotherapy alone, socioeconomic status, or human immunodeficiency virus infection. In conclusion, ENKTL is more common and clinically more similar among Hispanics and APIs than non-Hispanic whites with poor outcome in all racial groups.
Augmented microscopy: real-time overlay of bright-field and near-infrared fluorescence images

Intraoperative applications of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent contrast agents can be aided by instrumentation capable of merging the view of surgical field with that of NIR fluorescence. We demonstrate augmented microscopy, an intraoperative imaging technique in which bright-field (real) and electronically processed NIR fluorescence (synthetic) images are merged within the optical path of a stereomicroscope. Under luminance of 100,000 lx, representing typical illumination of the surgical field, the augmented microscope detects 189 nM concentration of indocyanine green and produces a composite of the real and synthetic images within the eyepiece of the microscope at 20 fps. Augmentation described here can be implemented as an add-on module to visualize NIR contrast agents, laser beams, or various types of electronic data within the surgical microscopes commonly used in neurosurgical, cerebrovascular, otolaryngological, and ophthalmic procedures.
Targeting and intelligence electro-optical recognition modeling: a juxtaposition of the probabilities of discrimination and the general image quality equation

The recognition of objects using target acquisition systems is modeled by a sensor's minimum resolvable temperature (MRT), the Johnson criteria, atmospherics, and object specifics. Collectively, these three characteristics provide an acquisition model for estimating the probability of object recognition (and detection, identification) as a func- tion of sensor-to-object range. This technique is called the probabilities of discrimination. When quantifying the performance of intelligence- surveillance-reconnaissance (ISR) systems, object recognition is as- sessed using the National Imagery Interpretability Scale (NIIRS). Each NIIRS level corresponds to a different capacity for object recognition and is defined by a set of recognition criteria. The general image quality equation (GIQE) is the ISR sensor model that determines the expected NIIRS level of a sensor for a given set of sensor parameters. It is impor- tant that electro-optical sensor engineers understand both of these rec- ognition models. The segregation between the target acquisition and ISR sensor communities is becoming less sharp as ISR sensors are begin- ning to be used for target acquisition purposes and visa versa. Network and wireless communication advances are providing the means for dual exploitation of these systems. Descriptions of these two recognition models, probabilities of discrimination, and the GIQE are provided. The two models are applied to example systems. Finally, the two models are compared and contrasted. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engi- neers. (S0091-3286(98)00503-0)
Antigen complex of Coccidioides immitis which elicits a precipitin antibody response in patients

The occurrence in patients of elevated levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) precipitin antibody to Coccidioides immitis antigens, which are commonly detected by the immunodiffusion-tube precipitin (TP) assay, is suggestive of primary nondisseminating coccidioidomycosis. We previously demonstrated that the concanavalin A-bound mycelial culture filtrate plus lysate preparation is a source of at least two TP antibody-reactive antigens (TP-Ags), which were identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as 120- and 110-kDa fractions. Evidence is presented here that the crude filtrate plus lysate preparation contains additional lectin-bound, TP antibody-reactive fractions as well as a component which elicits a complement fixation antibody response in patients. The 120- and 110-kDa fractions were isolated from the antigen complex and further characterized in this paper. Both TP-Ags are glycoproteins and have been shown by immunoelectron microscopy to be colocalized within cytoplasmic vesicles and the wall of spherules. Deglycosylation of these TP-Ags by sodium periodate treatment resulted in a loss in patients of 82 to 95% of IgM adsorption to the antigens as detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Comparison of their carbohydrate compositions revealed that mannose and glucose are the predominant monosaccharides of both TP-Ags but only the 120-kDa fraction contained 3-O-methylmannose, a sugar which appears to be unique to C. immitis among the systemic fungal pathogens. We previously showed that 3-O-methylmannose is at least partly responsible for the reactivity of IgM antibody with the 120-kDa TP-Ag. Good correlation was shown between results of immunodiffusion-TP assays and ELISAs of IgM response to both the 120- and 110-kDa fractions by using 70 serum samples from patients with proved coccidioidomycosis. However, only 2.8% (3 of 109) of the serum samples from patients with other mycoses and nonmycotic infections showed IgM adsorption to the 120-kDa TP-Ag as detected by the ELISA, while 21.1% (23 of 109) showed IgM adsorption to the 110-kDa TP-Ag. The 120-kDa TP-Ag is a potentially valuable serodiagnostic reagent for detection of specific IgM by ELISA in patients with primary coccidioidomycosis.
How to Set Up a Digital Learning Co-Laboratory for Chinese Studies Between the Universities of America and China

similar curricula exist in the universities of america and china in the fields of chinese economics ancient china and chinese archaeology and university libraries in america and china hold strong chinese collections that support research and teaching in these fields this paper proposes settingtl up a digital t learningZD co laboratory for chinese studies between america and china in order to enhance exchange for research and teaching in these fields and to increase the sharing of collections between the teachers and students of chinese studies in both countries the paper describes how to establish this digital learning co laboratory including the construction of resources the system framework and functions how to resolve digital copyright issues and the extensibility of this co laboratory
Near-surface anisotropic turbulence

Turbulent motion is nearly isotropic at spatial scales on the order of a few meters or less, but larger scales, which carry more energy, are anisotropic. It is found that the scales of peak contribution to the total turbulent kinetic energy vary from 50 to 5000 meters depending on stability and elevation above the surface. The scales of peak contribution to the heat flux vary 2 meters to 1000 meters depending on stability and elevation above the surface. The temperature variance shows little contribution at night for scales between a few meters and a few kilometers, while daytime peak temperature variances occur at scales on the order of 100 meters to 2000 meters depending on elevation. Also, the natural coordinate system for the turbulent motion is not aligned with the streamwise, cross-stream, vertical coordinate system and varies with the scale of the motion as well as stability.
The effectiveness of community-based programs for obesity prevention and control

Correspondence: elizabeth Teixeira 1505 Race Street, Bellet Building, Mail Stop #501, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA Tel +21 5762 6486 Fax +21 5762 1259 email met42@drexel.edu Abstract: Obesity is a major public health concern worldwide. The increasing prevalence of obesity in all ages, especially children and adolescents, has gained global attention and it is widely known that obesity increases the risk of many chronic conditions and illnesses, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder, however, that is difficult to treat and manage. Therefore, despite the increased awareness about obesity-related health risks, obesity prevention and control has been a major challenge for health professionals. Lifestyle modification is easily prescribed, however, multiple barriers to implementation exist. Barriers include but are not limited to: behavioral and motivational factors, anti-fat bias, access to and reimbursement of educational programs, availability of healthy affordable foods, ongoing support systems that are culturally and community attuned, and comorbidities that limit physical activity and quality of life. Further, the current health care systems are not all designed to focus on health promotion and wellness. These contributing factors complicate weight management and control. Community-based programs are one potentially feasible approach that can assist individuals, families, and communities in developing healthy behaviors that promote and maintain weight loss. This review reports on nine worldwide current studies on the effectiveness of community-based programs in diverse populations targeting obesity. The purpose of this review is to examine evidenced-based interventions that can assist in the development of standard practices in the battle against obesity.
ACTIVE AVOIDANCE: ESCAPE AND DODGING BEHAVIORS FOR REACTIVE CONTROL

New methods for producing avoidance behavior among moving obstacles within the context of reactive robotic control are described. These specifically include escape and dodging behaviors. Dodging is concerned with the avoidance of a ballistic projectile while escape is more useful within the context of chase. The motivation and formulation of these new reactive behaviors are presented. Both simulation and experimental results using a robot in a cluttered and moving world are provided.
Atrial Septal Defect in Infancy Common Association with Other Anomalies

The atrial septum was evaluated in necropsy specimens from subjects who died under the age of one year. Observations indicated that when an atrial septal defect (ASD) was present, there was commonly an associated condition. In the vast majority, the ASD was at the fossa ovalis and took the form of valvular incompetent foramen ovale. The findings strongly support the concept that an ASD at the fossa ovalis found in symptomatic infants is acquired secondary to the effects of an underlying anomaly. Overloading of the left or right atrium appears to be the mechanism resulting in the formation of an acquired ASD. In infants with various anomalies that cause overloading of the left atrium, such as left-to-right shunts from ventricular septal defect and left-sided inflow obstruction, the incidence of a defect at the fossa ovalis was 18% and 29%, respectively. A similar type of ASD was found in 31% of the cases with right-sided inflow or outflow obstruction.
Therapy: Low-dose aspirin to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia?

Numerous studies have evaluated the use of low-dose aspirin (LDA) to reduce rates of pre-eclampsia and adverse perinatal outcomes in women considered at risk of pre-eclampsia. A new study recommends that these women should receive LDA after 12 weeks of gestation to reduce the rates of pre-eclampsia, preterm birth and fetal growth restriction.
Stimulation of integrin-mediated adhesion of T lymphocytes and monocytes: two mechanisms with divergent biological consequences.

We show that the adhesion of T lymphoid cells to immobilized fibronectin can be increased by two distinct mechanisms. The first is by increasing the affinity of the fibronectin receptor/ligand interaction using the anti-beta 1 integrin monoclonal antibody 8A2. The second is by treating the cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which alters events that occur after receptor occupancy (e.g., cell spreading) without affecting receptor affinity. The effects of these two mechanisms on adhesion in the presence of physiological concentrations of soluble fibronectin suggest that they have different biological consequences. Under these conditions, the net effect of increasing the affinity of the fibronectin receptors is to decrease cell adhesion, whereas the increase in adhesion induced by PMA is unaffected. This suggests that the high affinity receptors are not primarily available for cell adhesion under these circumstances, and that they have an alternative function. We further show that high affinity binding of soluble fibronectin can be induced by either differentiation of the monocytic cell line THP-1 or by cross-linking the T cell receptor complexes on the T lymphoid cell line HUT-78. The differentiated monocytic cells express two populations of fibronectin receptors: a minority in a high affinity state, and the majority in a low affinity state. Thus they will both continue to adhere in the presence of physiological concentrations of soluble fibronectin and bind significant amounts of soluble fibronectin at the cell surface.
Asymptotic upper bounds for the coefficients in the Chebyshev series expansion for a general order integral of a function

The usual way to determine the asymptotic behavior of the Chebyshev coefficients for a function is to apply the method of steepest descent to the integral representation of the coefficients. However, the procedure is usually laborious. We prove an asymptotic upper bound on the Chebyshev coefficients for the k th integral of a function. The tightness of this upper bound is then analyzed for the case k = 1, the first integral of a function. It is shown that for geometrically converging Chebyshev series the theorem gives the tightest upper bound possible as n → ∞. For functions that are singular at the endpoints of the Chebyshev interval, x = ±1, the theorem is weakened. Two examples are given. In the first example, we apply the method of steepest descent to directly determine (laboriously!) the asymptotic Chebyshev coefficients for a function whose asymptotics have not been given previously in the literature: a Gaussian with a maximum at an endpoint of the expansion interval. We then easily obtain the asymptotic behavior of its first integral, the error function, through the application of the theorem. The second example shows the theorem is weakened for functions that are regular except at = ±1. We conjecture that it is only for this class of functions that the theorem gives a poor upper bound.
Ink-jet printing of doped polymers for organic light emitting devices

Ink-jet printing was used to directly deposit patterned luminescent doped-polymer films. The luminescence of polyvinylcarbazol (PVK) films, with dyes of coumarin 6 (C6), coumarin 47 (C47), and nile red was similar to that of films of the same composition deposited by spin coating. Light emitting diodes with low turn-on voltages were also fabricated in PVK doped with C6 deposited by ink-jet printing.
Role of Tet proteins in 5mC to 5hmC conversion, ES-cell self-renewal and inner cell mass specification

DNA methylation is one of the best-characterized epigenetic modifications. Although the enzymes that catalyse DNA methylation have been characterized, enzymes responsible for demethylation have been elusive. A recent study indicates that the human TET1 protein could catalyse the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) of DNA to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), raising the possibility that DNA demethylation may be a Tet1-mediated process. Here we extend this study by demonstrating that all three mouse Tet proteins (Tet1, Tet2 and Tet3) can also catalyse a similar reaction. Tet1 has an important role in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell maintenance through maintaining the expression of Nanog in ES cells. Downregulation of Nanog via Tet1 knockdown correlates with methylation of the Nanog promoter, supporting a role for Tet1 in regulating DNA methylation status. Furthermore, knockdown of Tet1 in pre-implantation embryos results in a bias towards trophectoderm differentiation. Thus, our studies not only uncover the enzymatic activity of the Tet proteins, but also demonstrate a role for Tet1 in ES cell maintenance and inner cell mass cell specification.
SU‐E‐T‐334: APBI Contralateral Breast Dose

Purpose: To determine the dose to the contralateral breast during Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation (APBI) treatment, simulation and daily QA, and to compare it to external beam published values. Methods: TLD‐100 packets were used to measure the dose to the most medial aspect of the contralateral breast during APBI simulation, daily QA, and treatment. Patient measurements were used as opposed to phantom data so as to measure more clinically relevant data that includes variability in patient size and geometry. All patients in this study were treated with a SAVI interstitial applicator for ten fractions to a total dose of 3.4Gy. Measurements were made for two or three fractions of the treatment course using three packets of TLD‐100 for each measurement. A mark was placed on the patient's skin on the medial aspect of the opposite breast. Three TLD packets were taped to this mark during the pre‐treatment simulation. Simulations and QA were conducted in our CT suite and consisted of an AP and Lateral scout or a mini scan if rotation was a concern. After the simulation the TLD packets were removed and the patients was moved to the HDR vault where three new TLD packets were taped onto the patient at the skin mark. Treatment was administered with a Nucletron HDR afterloader using Iridium 192 as the treatment source. Post treatment, the TLD were read (along with the simulation and QA TLD and a set of standards exposed to a known dose of 6 MV photons). Results: Measurements indicate a worst case exposure to the contrlateral breast of less than 250cGy. As would be expected, inner quadrant implants Result in higher dose than outer quadrants. Conclusion: Compared to external beam breast tangents, these results point to less dose to the contralateral breast when using APBI.
Complications of Laparoscopic-Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy

Laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy is now an accepted procedure and is being performed by increasingly large numbers of gynecologic surgeons. The procedure is technically difficult and has the potential for serious complications. Sixty-two laparoscopic hysterectomies were performed by the senior author from June 15, 1991, to December 15, 1993. Six patients incurred operative morbidity for a complication rate of 9.7%. All the complications were significant, requiring further surgery; four were related to the laparoscopic portion of the procedure, and two to the vaginal portion only.
The heterogeneity of allergic phenotypes: genetic and environmental interactions

Objective This article reinforces the reader's knowledge of the multifactorial nature of allergic diseases and of the heterogeneity of allergic phenotypes. Data Sources Personal studies and an evidence-based approach is used to support the assumption that three major abnormalities concur in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases: 1) enhanced allergen recognition and specific immune response; 2) a T helper 2 cytokine profile that results in polyclonal immunoglobulin E activation and mast cell-eosinophilic inflammation; and 3) organ hyperreactivity. Study Selection Examples of genetic and environmental factors that preferentially influence each of these distinct pathophysiologic abnormalities are provided. Results Data presented indicate that allergic diseases distribute along a wide spectrum depending on the preferential pathophysiologic abnormalities operating in the individual patient. Conclusions Categorization of allergic patients into distinct clinical phenotypes might result in a more patient-oriented (rather than disease-oriented) approach, and hence, better management.
Grid-Independent Air Conditioning Using Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) and Reversible Thermosiphon Technology: Experimental Results

Thermal energy storage in subsurface soils can produce both inexpensive capacity and storage timescales of the order of a year. In concept, storing excess ambient or solar heat in summer for future winter use and winter “cold” for summer air conditioning can provide essentially zero-carbon space heating and cooling. An innovative ground coupling using a reversible (pump-assisted) thermosiphon with its high heat flux characteristics, intrinsic to two-phase heat pipes, as an inground heat exchanger is proposed and its performance is evaluated in a series of lab-scale experiments. Extraction and injection of heat from/into the water-saturated sand with a single thermosiphon unit representing a cell in an array of thermosiphons is modeled. These results demonstrate that near freezing point of water, due to weak or no natural convection, heat transfer is mainly due to conduction. Also, due to low energy input requirement for pumping working fluid and high heat transfer potential of the reversible thermosiphon, seasonal thermal energy or “cold” storage can be provided for low energy air conditioning applications.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multiple crystal forms of lipases from Geotrichum candidum

Multiple stable crystal forms of two lipases from the fungus Geotrichum candidum have been obtained. The diffraction pattern extends to beyond 2.0 A resolution. Similarity of the cell dimensions of various forms suggested similar packing of molecules in different crystals. This was confirmed by rotation function results. Four heavy-atoms derivatives have been identified.
Coordinating own and other perspectives in argument

What does it take to argue well? The goal of this series of studies was to better understand the cognitive skills entailed in argument, and their course of development, isolated from the verbal and social demands that argumentive discourse also entails. Findings indicated that young adolescents are less able than adults to coordinate attention to both positions in an argument, an agerelated pattern that parallels one found in discourse. Contributing to this weakness was inattention to the opposing position (in both constrained and unconstrained formats), but not ability to address the opposing position when explicitly asked to do so. In addition to implementing the necessary dual focus, results point to the importance of developing epistemological understanding of the relevance of the opposing position to argument, as well as of the goals of argument more generally. The results also reflect the close parallels between dialogic and non-dialogic argument.
Pyrazolo [3,4‐b]pyridines and pyrazolo[3′,4′:6,5]pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines

3,6-Diamino-5-cyanopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (III) and 1-methyl-3, 6-diamino-5-cyanopyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine (IV) were formed by treatment of 2-amino-6-chloro-3, 5-dicyanopyridine with hydrazine and methylhydrazine. Pyrazolo[3′,4′:6,5]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines were formed from IV and from a number of its derivatives.
Reduction of All-trans-retinal in Vertebrate Rod Photoreceptors Requires the Combined Action of RDH8 and RDH12

In vertebrate rod cells, retinoid dehydrogenases/reductases (RDHs) are critical for reducing the reactive aldehyde all-trans-retinal that is released by photoactivated rhodopsin, to all-trans-retinol (vitamin A). Previous studies have shown that RDH8 localizes to photoreceptor outer segments and is a strong candidate for performing this role. However, RDH12 function in the photoreceptor inner segments is also key, because loss of function mutations cause retinal degeneration in some forms of Leber congenital amaurosis. To investigate the in vivo roles of RDH8 and RDH12, we used fluorescence imaging to examine all-trans-retinol production in single isolated rod cells from wild-type mice and knock-out mice lacking either one or both RDHs. Outer segments of rods deficient in Rdh8 failed to reduce all-trans-retinal, but those deficient in Rdh12 were unaffected. Following exposure to light, a leak of retinoids from outer to inner segments was detected in rods from both wild-type and knock-out mice. In cells lacking Rdh8 or Rdh12, this leak was mainly all-trans-retinal. Wild-type rods incubated with all-trans-retinal reduced moderate loads of retinal within the cell interior, but this ability was lost by cells deficient in Rdh8 or Rdh12. Our findings are consistent with localization of RDH8 to the outer segment where it provides most of the activity needed to reduce all-trans-retinal generated by the light response. In contrast, RDH12 in inner segments can protect vital cell organelles against aldehyde toxicity caused by an intracellular leak of all-trans-retinal, as well as other aldehydes originating both inside and outside the cell.
Effect of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on serotonergic control of prolactin secretion and behavior in rats.

The intracisternal administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) to rats resulted in a potentiated response to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) when the animals were tested 30 days later. The 5-HTP-induced changes include elevation of serum prolactin decrease in operant responding, and the magnitude of the “serotonin behavioral syndrome” observed after 5-HTP administration. The serotonin concentration in brains of 5,7-DHT-treated animals reached maximum earlier and remained elevated longer than that of controls following administration of 5-HTP. Brain norepinephrine and dopamine concentration were not affected by 5-HTP in either group of animals. The increase in serum prolactin concentration elicited by administration of the serotonergic agonists quipazine or 5-methyxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine and by the serotonin uptake inhibitor fenfluramine also was potentiated by pretreating rats with 5,7-DHT. These data suggest that both serotonergic receptor supersensitivity and the absence of presynaptic uptake sites contribute to the enhanced responses to 5-HTP occurring in rats previously treated with 5,7-DHT. The findings further demonstrate that both behavioral and hormonal measures can be used to assess the sensitivity of serotonergic receptors and indicate that 5,7-DHT may be useful in evaluating the role of serotonergic neurons in neuroendocrine function.
A Systematic Literature Review of Servant Leadership Theory in Organizational Contexts

A new research area linked to ethics, virtues, and morality is servant leadership. Scholars are currently seeking publication outlets as critics debate whether this new leadership theory is significantly distinct, viable, and valuable for organizational success. The aim of this study was to identify empirical studies that explored servant leadership theory by engaging a sample population in order to assess and synthesize the mechanisms, outcomes, and impacts of servant leadership. Thus, we sought to provide an evidence-informed answer to how does servant leadership work, and how can we apply it? We conducted a systematic literature review (SLR), a methodology adopted from the medical sciences to synthesize research in a systematic, transparent, and reproducible manner. A disciplined screening process resulted in a final sample population of 39 appropriate studies. The synthesis of these empirical studies revealed: (a) there is no consensus on the definition of servant leadership; (b) servant leadership theory is being investigated across a variety of contexts, cultures, and themes; (c) researchers are using multiple measures to explore servant leadership; and (d) servant leadership is a viable leadership theory that helps organizations and improves the well-being of followers. This study contributes to the development of servant leadership theory and practice. In addition, this study contributes to the methodology for conducting SLRs in the field of management, highlighting an effective method for mapping out thematically, and viewing holistically, new research topics. We conclude by offering suggestions for future research.
Fabrication And Characterization Of Ti-Indiffused And Proton Exchange Waveguides In LiNbO 3 *

Two competing methods of optical waveguide formation in LiNb03 are the indiffusion of Ti and the exchange of Li with protons in an acidic solution. Numerous reports, both pro and con, have been made concerning waveguides fabricated using these two methods. In this paper, we would like to compare guided-wave Mach-Zehnder interferometric modulators fabricated using both of these methods. We will discuss the fabrication and testing of these devices including measurements of Vff, the voltage required to drive the modulator from its maximum output to its minimum output, the electrode capacitance, optical damageability, and waveguide bend and branch losses.
Extra solutions of the dispersion relations and resonance scattering

Abstract The connection between the extra solutions of the dispersion relations plus the unitary condition and the existence of unstable intermediary states is discussed. It is shown for the potential scattering that both lead to a resonance behaviour in the cross-section. The dispersion relation and the unitarity condition describe, therefore, a quantal system whose spectrum is enlarged by the inclusion of unstable intermediate states.
Modeling laser-assisted particle removal using molecular dynamics

Laser-assisted particle removal, a method of cleaning nano- to micro-scale particles from surfaces, was modeled using molecular dynamics. A two-dimensional molecular model consisting of substrate, particle, and adsorbed fluid was used. In order to obtain statistical accuracy of cleaning efficiencies, over 1200 particle-removal simulations were conducted. The effects of fluid thickness and substrate temperature were both considered, and good qualitative agreement with experimental results was obtained. The molecular dynamics approach is shown to be an effective way to study these systems.
Angular and self-consistency contributions to the Sternheimer hexadecapole antishielding factor η ∞

Linked-cluster many-body perturbation theory has been used to calculate the Sternheimer hexadecapole antishielding factor ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ in ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$. This parameter is a measure of enhancement of a possible nuclear electric hexadecapole (16-pole) moment due to polarization of the core electrons in an atom or ion. Large and predominant contributions due to the angular mode of excitations neglected in earlier works have been found. Self-consistency contributions to ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ are found to be small (about 3%), similar to those in the quadrupole antishielding factor ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$. These contributions in the case of quadrupole polarizability ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{q}$ and the crystal-field shielding parameter ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}$ in ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$ were found to be larger (about 17% but of opposite sign in both cases).
Modeling the fatigue crack growth of X100 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen

Abstract This work proposes a phenomenological fatigue crack propagation (FCP) model for API-5L X100 pipeline steel exposed to high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. The semi-empirical model is predicated upon the hypothesis that one of two mechanisms dominate the fatigue crack growth (FCG) response depending upon the crack extension per cycle ( da / dN ) and the material hydrogen concentration. For da / dN between approximately 1 × 10 −5 mm/cycle and 3 × 10 −4 mm/cycle, fatigue crack growth in hydrogen is markedly increased over that in laboratory air, resulting in a Paris exponent over two and a half times that of air and producing a predominately intergranular crack propagation surface. Fatigue crack growth in hydrogen at da/dN above approximately 3 × 10 −4 mm/cycle result in FCP rates over an order of magnitude higher than that of lab air. The Paris exponent in this regime approaches that of lab air and the crack morphology is predominately transgranular. Increasing the hydrogen test pressure from 1.7 MPa to 20.7 MPa increases the FCG rate by as much as two, depending upon the stress intensity factor. It is proposed that the FCG response in hydrogen at da / dN −4 mm/cycle is primarily affected by the hydrogen concentration within the fatigue process zone, resulting in a hydrogen-dominated mechanism, and that the FCG response in hydrogen at da / dN >3 × 10 −4 mm/cycle results from fatigue-dominated mechanisms. The proposed model predicts fatigue crack propagation as a function of applied Δ K and hydrogen pressure. Results of fatigue crack growth tests in gaseous hydrogen as well as fracture morphology are presented in support of the proposed model. The model correlates well with test results and elucidates how the proposed mechanisms contribute to fatigue crack propagation in pipeline steel in environments similar to those found in service.
A modified outside-in meniscal repair technique.

Summary A modified Outside-in meniscal repair technique is described. This technique is simple, reliable and safe.
Cyclic stress fields for fatigue cracks in amorphous solids : experimental measurements and their implications

The evolution cyclic residual stress fields within the damage zone ahead of fatigue cracks is known to have a significant influence in the fatigue fracture response of materials during constant-amplitude and variable-amplitude cyclic loading. In this paper, we present direct and in situ measurements of cyclic stress fields ahead of fatigue flaws in a model amorphous solid subjected to far-field cyclic compression loading. Photoelasticity and laser interferometry experiments conducted on single-edged-notched plates of a photoelastic resin are used to determine the residual stresses within the near-tip damage zone during the inception and subcritical growth of the fatigue flaw from the stress concentration. Quantitative analyses of the relevant stress components are used to establish a link between the evolution of cyclic near-tip fields and the conditions for the onset and advance of fatigue flaws. Transmission electron microscopy observations are presented for a rubber-toughened polystyrene to illustrate ...
Dose-volume histogram computations for small intracranial volumes.

A sampling formalism is presented to accurately compute the absolute volumes and integral dose‐volume histograms of small volumes treated in stereotactic radiosurgery. The presence of small volumes and sharp dose gradients places special constraints on the computational formalism and the accuracy required to compute the dose‐volume relationships. We use a spatially nonuniform random sampling method to allow an efficient and accurate computation of the dose‐volume histograms for an arbitrary number of volumes. The computation of absolute volume vs dose allows intercomparison of dose delivered to target and dose‐critical volumes and allows a quantitative trade‐off analysis often critical to an optimal treatment of the lesion.
Early outcomes for young adults transitioning from out-of-home care in the USA

This paper describes the well-being of participants in the Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth (n = 603), a study of youth leaving out-of-home care in the USA, at the point where they have been ‘young adults’ for about 1 year. Although some of these young adults are in stable situations and either moving forward with their education or employed in promising jobs, more of them are having significant difficulties during the early stages of the transition to adulthood. Too many are neither employed nor in school, have children that they are not able to parent, suffer from persistent mental illness or substance use disorders, find themselves without basic necessities, become homeless, or end up involved with the criminal justice system. They are doing worse than other young adults across a number of important dimensions. Most of these young adults continue to maintain relations with members of their family of origin, with many finding themselves living with family at age 19. Importantly, those young people who chose to remain under the care and supervision of the child welfare system experienced better outcomes than those who either chose to or were forced to leave care.
Effect of Seepage-Induced Nonhydrostatic Pressure Distribution on Bed-Load Transport and Bed Morphodynamics

Bed-load transport is commonly evaluated in the condition of a hydrostatic pressure distribution of the flow field; while this condition is reasonable for quasi-steady, quasi-uniform rectilinear flows, it cannot be satisfied in a large variety of flow conditions, i.e., near an obstacle as in the case of a bridge pier. The dimensionless Shields number, which contains the assumption of a hydrostatic pressure distribution in its denominator, therefore cannot be strictly applied to evaluate bed-load transport in all the configurations where nonhydrostatic pressure distributions are observed. In the present work, a generalization of the Shields number is proposed for the case of nonhydrostatic pressure distribution produced by groundwater flow. Experiments showing the effects of vertical groundwater flow on the bed morphodynamics are presented. The comparison between the experimental observations and numerical results, obtained by means of a morphodynamic model which employs the new formulation of the Shields number, suggests that the proposed generalization of the Shields number is able to account the effect of the nonhydrostatic pressure distribution on the bed-load transport.
Computerized generation and simulation of meshing and contact of spiral bevel gears with improved geometry

The geometry, generation and simulation of meshing and contact of low-noise spiral bevel gears with a localized bearing contact have been developed. The influence of misalignment on the transmission errors and the shift of the bearing contact was investigated. An approach is proposed for detection and avoidance of an edge contact caused by interference of the working part of the surface of one of the gears with the fillet surface of the mating member. The theory that is developed is illustrated with numerical examples and experimental tests.
Global localization and relative positioning based on scale-invariant keypoints

Abstract The localization capability of a mobile robot is central to basic navigation and map building tasks. We describe a probabilistic environment model which facilitates global localization scheme by means of location recognition. In the exploration stage the environment is partitioned into locations, each characterized by a set of scale-invariant keypoints. The descriptors associated with these keypoints can be robustly matched despite changes in contrast, scale and viewpoint. We demonstrate the efficacy of these features for location recognition, where given a new view the most likely location from which this view came from is determined. The misclassifications due to dynamic changes in the environment or inherent appearance ambiguities are overcome by exploiting location neighborhood relationships captured by a Hidden Markov Model. We report the recognition performance of this approach in an indoor environment consisting of eighteen locations and discuss the suitability of this approach for a more general class of recognition problems. Once the most likely location has been determined we demonstrate how to robustly compute the relative pose between the representative view and the current view.
Ammonia volatilization during drought in perennial C4 grasses of tallgrass prairie.

We measured foliar NH3 volatilization as part of our study of the decrease (up to 40%) in shoot N concentration during drought in three perennial C4 grasses of tallgrass prairie. Volatilization of recently expanded leaves was quantified using cuvettes and acid traps for Spartina pectinata, Andropogon gerardii, and Schizachyrium scoparium, a mesic, intermediate, and xeric species, respectively. In general, volatilization decreased during drought, approaching zero as stomates closed, and increased with plant N status and drought tolerance. Prior to drought, NH3 volatilization was greater in xeric than mesic species (179 and 131 vs. 115 ng m-2 s-1 for individual leaves of S. scoparium and A. gerardii vs. Sp. pectinata). During a 2–3 week drought, whole-shoot volatile N losses can exceed 5% of total plant N in these species, accounting for 2–10% of the decrease in shoot percent N (again, xeric > mesic). Drought-induced N retranslocation of shoot N to roots and rhizomes is responsible for c. 63% of the decrease in percent N in Sp. pectinata, 28% in A. gerardii, and 8% in S. scoparium. The remainder of the decrease in percent N is attributable to growth dilution of existing shoot N, accounting for 34, 65, and 87% of the decrease in shoot percent N during drought in Sp. pectinata, A. gerardii, and S. scoparium, respectively. Thus, the relative importance of volatilization, retranslocation, and dilution in decreasing foliar percent N during drought in prairie grasses is species dependent and related to drought tolerance.
Colocalization of CaM KII and MAP kinase on architectural elements of the mouse egg : Potentiation of MAP kinase activity by CaM KII

The conversion of the egg to a zygote requires the initiation of several signaling pathways that act in an orchestrated fashion to rapidly remodel the egg. Architectural elements within the egg can serve to localize components of these signaling pathways and colocalization of such components provides the opportunity for interaction between different signaling pathways. This study examines the localization as well as the state of activation of two different kinases, MAP kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM KII). The meiotic spindle serves as a site for enrichment of these kinases. However, activated MAP kinase and activated CaM KII exhibit a developmental stage–specific pattern of localization that represents a subset of the area occupied by the distribution of the total mass of MAP kinase and CaM KII. Suppression of CaM KII activity results in reduction in the amount of MAP kinase as well as a decreased level of activity of MAP kinase. Since CaM KII becomes active as a result of fertilization, the former kinase could serve to potentiate MAP kinase activity and the colocalization of these two kinases may facilitate such an interaction. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 58:69–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Inclusive scattering of 500-MeV protons and pionic enhancement of the nuclear sea-quark distribution

We have measured a complete set of polarization-transfer observables in the inclusive scattering of 500-MeV protons from $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ and Pb at $q=1.75$ ${\mathrm{fm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. Axial longitudinal and transverse response functions derived from these data show no differences between Pb and $^{2}\mathrm{H}$. This implies no enhancement of the nuclear pion field in heavy nuclei and consequently that models of the low-$x$ $A$ dependence of certain nuclear structure functions requiring such an enhancement are unlikely to be correct.
High-throughput intermittent-contact scanning probe microscopy

Large arrays of micro-cantilevers operating in parallel are essential for achieving high throughput in such applications as life sciences, nanofabrication and semiconductor metrology. A novel intermittent-contact mode operation is presented that is suitable for such applications. The cantilevers are electrostatically actuated. The oscillation amplitude is kept small to enable high-frequency operation and to reduce the tip-sample interaction force, and thus the tip and sample wear. Input shaping of the actuation signal is employed for high-speed reliable operation in the presence of the tip-sample adhesion forces. The deflection signal is sampled once per oscillation cycle to enable high-speed imaging. Experimental results are shown which demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme. In particular, during continuous high-speed imaging, the tip diameter is maintained over a remarkable 140 m of tip travel.
Coincident Resection at Both Ends of Random, γ–Induced Double-Strand Breaks Requires MRX (MRN), Sae2 (Ctp1), and Mre11-Nuclease

Resection is an early step in homology-directed recombinational repair (HDRR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Resection enables strand invasion as well as reannealing following DNA synthesis across a DSB to assure efficient HDRR. While resection of only one end could result in genome instability, it has not been feasible to address events at both ends of a DSB, or to distinguish 1- versus 2-end resections at random, radiation-induced “dirty” DSBs or even enzyme-induced “clean” DSBs. Previously, we quantitatively addressed resection and the role of Mre11/Rad50/Xrs2 complex (MRX) at random DSBs in circular chromosomes within budding yeast based on reduced pulsed-field gel electrophoretic mobility (“PFGE-shift”). Here, we extend PFGE analysis to a second dimension and demonstrate unique patterns associated with 0-, 1-, and 2-end resections at DSBs, providing opportunities to examine coincidence of resection. In G2-arrested WT, Δrad51 and Δrad52 cells deficient in late stages of HDRR, resection occurs at both ends of γ-DSBs. However, for radiation-induced and I-SceI-induced DSBs, 1-end resections predominate in MRX (MRN) null mutants with or without Ku70. Surprisingly, Sae2 (Ctp1/CtIP) and Mre11 nuclease-deficient mutants have similar responses, although there is less impact on repair. Thus, we provide direct molecular characterization of coincident resection at random, radiation-induced DSBs and show that rapid and coincident initiation of resection at γ-DSBs requires MRX, Sae2 protein, and Mre11 nuclease. Structural features of MRX complex are consistent with coincident resection being due to an ability to interact with both DSB ends to directly coordinate resection. Interestingly, coincident resection at clean I-SceI-induced breaks is much less dependent on Mre11 nuclease or Sae2, contrary to a strong dependence on MRX complex, suggesting different roles for these functions at “dirty” and clean DSB ends. These approaches apply to resection at other DSBs. Given evolutionary conservation, the observations are relevant to DNA repair in human cells.
Selection, Investment, and Women's Relative Wages Over Time

In theory, growing wage inequality within gender should cause women to invest more in their market productivity and should differentially pull able women into the workforce. Our paper uses Heckman's two-step estimator and identification at infinity on repeated Current Population Survey cross sections to calculate relative wage series for women since 1970 that hold constant the composition of skills. We find that selection into the female full-time full-year workforce shifted from negative in the 1970s to positive in the 1990s, and that the majority of the apparent narrowing of the gender wage gap reflects changes in female workforce composition. We find the same types of composition changes by measuring husbands' wages and National Longitudinal Survey IQ data as proxies for unobserved skills. Our findings help to explain why growing wage equality between genders coincided with growing inequality within gender.