cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A revised conversion factor relating respirable dust concentrations measured by 10 mm Dorr-Oliver nylon cyclones operated at 1.7 and 2.0 L min(-1).

Accurate measurement of workplace respirable dust concentration is an essential step in eliminating lung disease in any occupational setting. In the United States (U.S.) coal mining industry, this measurement process has relied upon a personal sampler that includes a 10 mm Dorr-Oliver (DO) nylon cyclone operated at a flow rate of 2.0 L min−1 to collect a respirable dust sample. Dust concentrations measured with this sampler are multiplied by 1.38, which was empirically derived, to convert them to measurements approximating the United Kingdom British Medical Research Council (BMRC) definition of respirable dust upon which the health effects of coal mine dust are based. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) subsequently refined the respirable dust definition and the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1995 Criteria for a Recommended Standard presented a conversion multiplier of 0.857 to apply to the 2.0 L min−1DO (in addition to the1.38 multiplier) to obtain equivalent ISO concentrations, as approximated by the 1.7 L min−1DO. However, the conversion multiplier 0.857 was derived indirectly from a limited size distribution data set rather than a direct comparison of the DO samplers. The present analysis focuses on providing a more accurate conversion multiplier derived from direct comparisons of the 2.0 L min−1 (with 1.38 BMRC equivalency multiplier) and 1.7 L min−1DO cyclones. A weighted linear regression analysis of this database suggests that a more accurate estimate of the conversion multiplier is 0.815.
What does vendor consolidation mean to you

The library marketplace has seen many consolidations, buy-outs, and mergers among its book and serial vendors in recent years. This vendor consolidation has had an effect on the way libraries do bu...
Female Participation in Public Interest Nonprofit Governance: Yet Another Glass Ceiling?

Women are disproportionately represented in staffing of nonprofit organizations yet are found much less frequently in positions of organizational governance: executive directorships and board membe...
Gas chromatographic study of free polyols and aldoses in cataractous human lens tissue

An analytical procedure for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of human lens tissue for polyol and aldose content is described. Profile samples are obtained by direct derivatization of lyophilized lenses. The components are analyzed as per-O-acetylpolyols (from the polyols) and per-O-acetylaldononitriles (from the aldoses). This procedure converts each component into a single derivative and terminal dissymmetry for each aldose is retained. The derivatives form in quantitative yield, give good chromatographic peaks, are thermally stable and readily volatilized. They are not subject to adsorption on gas chromatographic columns and are suitable for both qualitative and quantitative analytical studies. Six non-cataractous lenses and fourteen lenses from patients with senile cataract (in seven instances complicated by diabetic pathology) were analyzed. Thermostable borosilicate glass open-tubular capillary columns, coated with the nonpolar phase SE-30, and containing dispersed particles of silanized silicic acid, were used for the gas chromatographic separations. The results are discussed in relation to what is known from earlier studies of human and animal cataracts. A gas chromatographic method for determining the polyol and aldose excretion levels of controlled diabetics is also reported along with a typical metabolic profile.
Tensile creep of dental amalgam.

Abstract Rather than the usual compressive dental creep, various types of one week old dental amalgams were continuously monitored in tensile creep. Testing was done at 37, 45 and 50°C, in a specially designed apparatus capable of 0 to 60°C while maintaining a constant true tensile stress of 17 MPa. For the first time, the classical four stages of creep were observed at elevated temperatures in the low Cu amalgams, including creep rupture. The high Cu systems displayed only transient creep up to 50°C and no rupture. Approximately one half the stress was needed in tension to provide the equivalent creep in compression.
ESESC: A fast multicore simulator using Time-Based Sampling

Architects rely on simulation in their exploration of the design space. However, slow simulation speed caps their productivity and limits the depth of their exploration. Sampling has been a commonly used remedy. While sampling is shown to be an effective technique for single core processors, its application has been limited to simulation of multi-program, throughput applications only. This work presents Time-Based Sampling (TBS), a framework that is the first to enable sampling in simulation of multicore processors with virtually no limitation in terms of application type (multi-programmed or multithreaded), number of cores, homogeneity or heterogeneity of the simulated configuration (4.99% error averaged across all the evaluated configurations). TBS also is the first to enable integrated power and temperature evaluation in statistically sampled simulation of multicore systems (with 5.5% and 2.4% error on average, respectively). We implement an architectural simulator based on TBS, called ESESC, that provides a holistic set of tools for a fair evaluation of different architectures.
Temperature-dependent development under constant and fluctuating temperatures: comparison of linear versus nonlinear methods for modeling development of western grapeleaf skeletonizer (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae).

Developmental rates of western grapeleaf skeletonizer. Harrisina brillians Barnes and MacDunnough. life stages were determined under constant temperatures ranging from 12.4 to 39°C. and linear and nonlinear developmental rate functions were fitted to the data. H. brillians development under fluctuating temperatures also was investigated. with emphasis on high-temperature regimes. Degree-day and nonlinear methods for simulating larval development were validated by comparing predicted H. brillians development with actual field observations. Assuming linear development, the lower development thresholds for egg, total larval, and pupal stages were 9.0, 8.8, and 9.2°C, respectively. Linear (degree-day) predictions of larval development in the field were more accurate than predictions derived by the nonlinear method. The linear model underestimated larval development at low temperatures and overestimated development at high temperatures by as much as 8.6%. The nonlinear model consistently underestimated larval development by as much as 17.3%. We suggest that error involved in nonlinear, temperature-dependent development models may relate to the critical assumption that enzyme systems respond almost instantaneously to temperature changes.
Effect of antioxidants on para-aminophenol-induced toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells

The present studies were designed to investigate the susceptibility of LLC-PK1 cells to cytotoxicity induced by para-aminophenol (PAP) and the ability of antioxidants to prevent PAP-induced cytotoxicity. LLC-PK1 cells were incubated for 4 h with varying concentrations of PAP (0-0.2 mM). Incubation was continued for 20 h and viability was monitored at 24 h after initial exposure to PAP. For coincubation experiments, cells were incubated for 4 h with various antioxidants [including ascorbate, glutathione (GSH), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), or beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)] in the absence or presence of 0.1 mM PAP. For preincubation experiments, cells were incubated for 1 h with ascorbate, GSH or NADPH. Antioxidants were removed and cells were exposed to 0 or 0.1 mM PAP for 4 h. Viability was determined 24 h following PAP exposure. LLC-PK1 cells displayed a steep concentration-response relationship for PAP; 0.1 mM PAP caused approximately 50% loss of viability. Coincubation with ascorbate, GSH and NADPH was without effect on cell viability in the absence of PAP and attenuated PAP-induced losses in viability. In contrast, NADH was ineffective in preventing PAP-induced cytotoxicity. BHT alone produced a significant loss of cell viability and was ineffective in preventing PAP cytotoxicity. Inability of NADH to prevent PAP-induced cytotoxicity was related to rapid degradation of NADH in aqueous solution. Preincubation of cells with ascorbate or GSH but not NADPH was associated with attenuation of PAP-induced cytotoxicity. These data suggest that (1) PAP is cytotoxic to LLC-PK1 cells, (2) a portion of PAP cytotoxicity is due to nonenzymatic oxidation that occurs in the incubation medium, and (3) a portion of PAP cytotoxicity is due to enzymatic or nonenzymatic oxidation that occurs within cells.
Tentoxin An uncompetitive inhibitor of lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1

Abstract The interaction of tentoxin [cyclo (- l -leucyl -N- methyl-(Z)-dehydrophenyl-analyl-glycyl -N- methyl- l -alanyl-) ] with solubilized lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1 was characterized by direct binding studies, measurement of the time course of ATPase inhibition, and steady-state enzyme kinetics. Neither substrates, products or Ca2+ competed with the tentoxin binding site, nor did they induce any large change in tentoxin affinity. The inhibition of lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1 ATPase was found to be the time dependent, and at equilibrium the affinities estimated by equilibrium ultrafiltration and enzyme inhibition were similar (1.8 · 108M−1). The steady-state kinetics best fit an uncompetitive pattern suggesting that the inhibited steps follow an irreversible step occurring after ATP binding.
Absence of the memory response to encephalitogen following intergender adoptively transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Animals that have recovered from adoptively transferred EAE develop clinical disease signs 2-3days earlier than controls when challenged with encephalitogen. This may be due to the reactivation of donor-derived memory cells or stimulation of recipient-derived memory cells primed during the adoptive disease episode. In order to determine the origin of the memory cell subset, we used a donor-recipient model where donor cells are rejected in recipients following a course of adoptively transferred disease. Our results suggest the early onset of disease seen in recipients recovered from adoptively transferred disease and challenged with encephalitogen is due to the sustained presence of donor-derived memory cells.
PHOTOACTIVATION OF NITRATE REDUCTASE FROM NEUROSPORA CRASSA

— The photoactivation of nitrate reductase from Neurospora crassa was studied in partially purified extracts. The inactive enzyme [inactivated by reduction in the presence of potassium cyanide] could be reactivated by chemical oxidation with ferricyanide or by irradiation with blue light. The enzyme contains a short electron transfer chain consisting of flavin adenine dinucleotide, cytochrome b557 and molybdenum which normally transfers electrons from reduced pyridine nucleotide to nitrate. This overall activity, which was negligible in the inactive enzyme, was restored to approximately 70% of the ferricyanide control by irradiation. However, nitrate reduction using reduced methylviologen as reducing power, which was also negligible in the inactive enzyme, was photoactivated to 100%. The diaphorase activity of the enzyme mediated by the flavin adenine dinucleotide, which was fully active in the inactivated enzyme, was inhibited approximately 30% by the irradiation treatment. The action spectrum for photoactivation showed that a flavin was the photoreceptor chromophore. Photoactivation occurs only in the presence of oxygen.
A substrate-versatile catalyst for the selective oxidation of light alkanes: I. Reactivity

Abstract The reactivity of niobium and pyridine-exchanged molybdophosphoric (NbPMo 12 pyr) and molybdovanadophosphoric (NbPMo 11 Vpyr) acid catalysts are investigated for the selective oxidation of light alkanes. Productivities and selectivities are presented for the reactions of propane to acrylic acid and n -butane to maleic acid. Pretreatment of the material to 420 °C in an inert atmosphere is required to form an active catalyst, and the combination of both niobium and pyridine is necessary for obtaining maximum activity. Vanadium is not essential for the selective formation of maleic acid from butane, but does appear to affect the selective formation of acrylic acid from propane. Other metal cations can be used instead of niobium; however, none are as effective as niobium. Comparison of activity results to those from other molybdate-based structures indicates that high activity requires the use of a reducible molybdenum species. In addition, the central phosphorus heteroatom of the polyoxometalate is important for high activity. Structures without phosphorus or with other heteroatoms have lower activity. The catalysts are effective under both hydrocarbon-rich and oxygen-rich conditions. For butane, the productivity to maleic acid exceeds that of the current industrial standard vanadium phosphorus oxide. With propane, the productivity to acrylic acid is above that of the MoVNbTe mixed-metal oxide. In addition to efficiently catalyzing the selective oxidation of propane and butane, the catalysts are active with feeds containing other substrates such as ethane, isobutane, and toluene.
Cotton‐Top Tamarins' (Saguinus oedipus) Expectations About Occluded Objects: A Dissociation Between Looking and Reaching Tasks

Recent work with human infants and toddlers suggests a dissociation between performance on looking and reaching tasks. Specifically, infants appear to generate accurate representations of occluded objects and their actions when tested in expectancy violation looking tasks but often fail to use this information when reaching for occluded objects. We explore a similar dissociation in cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus). We presented adult tamarins with an event in which a piece of food rolled behind an occluder and into a solid barrier. In Experiment 1, subjects were required to retrieve the hidden food using the location of the solid barrier. Like human toddlers, adult tamarins failed to take into account solidity information when reaching for an invisibly displaced object. In Experiments 2 and 3, we presented subjects with expectancy violation looking versions of the same solidity problem using an identical apparatus and setup. We presented subjects with an event in which a piece of food appeared to roll unexpectedly through a solid barrier or stopped at the appropriate spot. Although tamarins failed to locate the food in Experiment 1, the same subjects successfully detected violations of solidity in these 2 looking studies. This performance dissociation is discussed in light of similar dissociations in human toddlers and other primate species.
Assessing Semantic-Syntactic Features of Verbs from Thirteen Verb Subsets

There are three major classes of verbs: intransitive, transitive, and linking. These three types of verbs can be divided into 13 semantic-syntactic subsets. Verbs within each subset give rise to sentences that have similar syntactic form, albeit a form distinct from that of sentences associated with other subsets. Preliminary research found that more than 90% of sentences written by children or for children contain verbs from 1 of the 13 verb subsets. The sentence form associated with each verb subset might be viewed as a "sentence template" that operationally defines a fixed set of 13 underlying semantic-syntactic relationships essential to communication. A strategy for assessing a child's knowledge of verbs from each subset is described.
The impact of maternal high-fat diet consumption on neural development and behavior of offspring

Maternal diet and metabolic state are important factors in determining the environment experienced during perinatal development. Epidemiological studies and evidence from animal models provide evidence that a mother's diet and metabolic condition are important in programming the neural circuitry that regulates behavior, resulting in a persistent impact on the offspring's behavior. Potential mechanisms by which maternal diet and metabolic profile influence the perinatal environment include placental dysfunction and increases in circulating factors such as inflammatory cytokines, nutrients (glucose and fatty acids) and hormones (insulin and leptin). Maternal obesity and high-fat diet (HFD) consumption exposure during development have been observed to increase the risk of developing serious mental health and behavioral disorders including anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. The increased risk of developing these behavioral disorders is postulated to be due to perturbations in the development of neural pathways that regulate behavior, including the serotonergic, dopaminergic and melanocortinergic systems. It is critical to examine the influence that a mother's nutrition and metabolic profile have on the developing offspring considering the current and alarmingly high prevalence of obesity and HFD consumption in pregnant women.
Pre- and postreaction pH of two specifically interacting large-molecule systems.

Diphtherietoxoide und Antitoxin einerseits, gruppen-spezifisches Pflanzenagglutinin und Blutgruppensubstanz anderseits, wurden auf verschiedenes pH gebracht und das erste und das zweite Paar gemischt, ohne dass eine pH-Anderung eintrat. Es wird eine Erklarung versucht.
The intracellular trafficking pathway of transferrin

Background Transferrin (Tf) is an iron-binding protein that facilitates iron-uptake in cells. Iron-loaded Tf first binds to the Tf receptor (TfR) and enters the cell through clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Inside the cell, Tf is trafficked to early endosomes, delivers iron, and then is subsequently directed to recycling endosomes to be taken back to the cell surface.
Comparison of modifiable determinants of lipids and lipoprotein levels among African-Americans, Hispanics, and Non-Hispanic Caucasians ≥65 years of age living in New York City

Abstract Information on determinants of plasma lipids and lipoproteins and how these factors would differ among race/ethnic groups in elderly populations is scarce. We studied cross-sectionally the distribution and predictors of lipids and lipoproteins in 1,118 free-living elderly subjects (≥65 years of age), in a multiethnic urban community (22% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 34% African-American, and 44% Hispanic). Mean levels of total cholesterol, total/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides decreased with increasing age (p 2 g/day) predicted higher HDL cholesterol (β = 6.20, p
An ab initio study of some heterocyclic 6π-carbenes

Abstract Ab initio calculations on a series of 6π-electron heterocyclic ring systems containing O, N, and S atoms provided evidence for aromatic stabilization ranging from 7.6 to 25.5 kcal/mol. The most highly stabilized system was the imidazolyl carbene which had an aromatic stabilization energy comparable to furan and pyrrole. Proton affinity data was consistent with literature pKa measurements of the conjugate acids.
The impact of helium shortages on basic research

Helium is non-renewable. It is used in many areas of scientific research but demand is fast outstripping supply. We must adapt, and quickly.
Mesodynamics with implicit degrees of freedom

Mesoscale phenomena—involving a level of description between the finest atomistic scale and the macroscopic continuum—can be studied by a variation on the usual atomistic-level molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique. In mesodynamics, the mass points, rather than being atoms, are mesoscopic in size, for instance, representing the centers of mass of polycrystalline grains or molecules. In order to reproduce many of the overall features of fully atomistic MD, which is inherently more expensive, the equations of motion in mesodynamics must be derivable from an interaction potential that is faithful to the compressive equation of state, as well as to tensile de-cohesion that occurs along the boundaries of the mesoscale units. Moreover, mesodynamics differs from Newton's equations of motion in that dissipation—the exchange of energy between mesoparticles and their internal degrees of freedom (DoFs)—must be described, and so should the transfer of energy between the internal modes of neighboring mesoparticles. We present a formulation where energy transfer between the internal modes of a mesoparticle and its external center-of-mass DoFs occurs in the phase space of mesoparticle coordinates, rather than momenta, resulting in a Galilean invariant formulation that conserves total linear momentum and energy (including the energy internal to the mesoparticles). We show that this approach can be used to describe, in addition to mesoscale problems, conduction electrons in atomic-level simulations of metals, and we demonstrate applications of mesodynamics to shockwave propagation and thermal transport.
Primary Lymphosarcoma of the Ovary: Report of a Case

Lymphoblastoma involving the ovaries, either primarily or secondarily, appears to be a very unusual condition. Less than a dozen instances of metastatic lymphoblastoma have been described. In a review of lymphosarcoma of the female genitalia, published in 1934, Walther 1 records only two primary ovarian lymphosarcomas, one from the literature and one from his own material. Since that time no cases reported by name have appeared. The disease, however, is probably not quite so rare as is suggested by such a survey of the literature. Scattered in text-books, usually under the name of small round-cell sarcoma, can be found a few descriptions and illustrations of tumors which are at least consistent with a diagnosis of lymphosarcoma. However, there does not now seem to be anything to be gained from an attempt to trace and reclassify such obscure cases. Report of Case The patient, a white female aged twenty-three, mother of three healthy children, entered the Mary Fletcher Hospital complaining of rapid enlargement of the abdomen, gradual loss of strength for the past three months, and gas pains for the past four days. The family history and the patient9s own past history were irrelevant. She had last menstruated five and a half months before admission. She knew herself to be pregnant, and for the past three months and a half had been able to feel in the left side of her abdomen a growing mass which she observed to be increasing in size more rapidly than in her previous pregnancies. During this period she had noticeably lost strength.
Activation of a yeast replication origin near a double-stranded DNA break.

Irradiation in the G^ phase of the cell cycle delays the onset of DNA synthesis and transiently inhibits the activation of replication origins in mammalian cells. It has been suggested that this inhibition is the result of the loss of torsional tension in the DNA after it has been damaged. Because irradiation causes DNA damage at an undefined number of nonspecific sites in the genome, it is not known how cells respond to limited DNA damage, and how replication origins in the immediate vicinity of a damage site would behave. Using the sequence-specific HO endonuclease, we have created a defined double-stranded DNA break in a centromeric plasmid in G^-arrested cells of the yeast Saccbaromyces cerevisiae. We show that replication does initiate at the origin on the cut plasmid, and that the plasmid replicates early in the S phase after linearization in vivo. These observations suggest that relaxation of a supercoiled DNA domain in yeast need not inactivate replication origins within that domain. Furthermore, these observations rule out the possibility that the late replication context associated with chromosomal termini is a consequence of DNA ends.
Peer Sharing Facilitates the Effect of Inquiry-based Projects on Science Learning

ABSTRACT Authentic assessment exercises are similar to real-world tasks that would be expected by a professional. An authentic assessment in combination with an inquiry-based learning activity enhances students' learning and rehearses them for their future roles, whether as scientists or as informed citizens. Over a period of 2 years, we experimented with two inquiry-based projects; one had traditional scientific inquiry characteristics, and the other used popular culture as the medium of inquiry We found that activities that incorporated group learning motivated students and sharpened their abilities to apply and communicate their knowledge of science. We also discovered that incorporating popular culture provided “Millennial” students with a refreshing view of science learning and increased their appetites to explore and elaborate on science.
Long-term discriminated avoidance in two species of fish

Three bass and two sunfish learned a discriminated avoidance response in a shuttle box. During 3300 farther trials, all Ss showed excellent performance with no decrement, a minimal “warm-up” effect, and stereotyped response topography.
Dietary Nucleotides Affect Hepatic Growth and Composition in the Weanling Mouse

The effect of dietary nucleotides upon hepatic growth and composition was examined in weanling mice. For 5 weeks, mice were fed either Purina Rat Chow, a nucleotide-free diet (NT-), a nucleotide-free diet supplemented with a mixture of five nucleotides (0.21% w/w), (NT+) or a nucleotide-free diet supplemented with adenosine 5'-monophosphate (0.0425% w/w) (NTA). Hepatic cholesterol and lipid phosphorous were significantly higher, whereas liver weight (expressed as a percentage of body weight), and glycogen were lower in animals fed NT- vs all other groups. NTA-fed animals presented a greater contrast to the NT- group than did animals fed the mixture of nucleotides. Liver fatty acid composition and distribution of phospholipid subclasses were not affected by dietary nucleotide supplementation. Dietary nucleotide supplementation in weanling mice affects hepatic growth and composition; adenosine 5'-monophosphate may play a unique role in these effects.
Cellular signal transduction can be induced by TRAIL conjugated to microcapsules.

The extracellular agent tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis in tumor cells but spare normal cells. Ligation of TRAIL to a nanoparticle would serve to facilitate targeting to an extravascular site. Polymeric ultrasound contrast agents (UCA) (microencapsulated gas bubbles) can be tracked by ultrasound imaging, and fragmented into nanoparticles by focused ultrasound. This tumor-targeted delivery system has been shown to deliver more efficiently than solid nanoparticles. Additionally, small molecule inhibitors such as bortezomib, shown to sensitize TRAIL-resistant cells, could be co-administered within these UCA. In this pilot study, TRAIL was conjugated to UCA while preserving the agent's sensitivity to ultrasound. Human cancer cell lines, OVCAR-3 and A2058, were bathed with the TRAIL-UCA with and without the addition of bortezomib. Apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. OVCAR-3 treated with TRAIL-UCA exhibit significant (p < 0.05) apoptotosis compared to unmodified UCA, equal to positive controls, but no synergistic effect when combined with bortezomib. A2058 cells treated with TRAIL-UCA also exhibited significant apoptosis (p < 0.01) compared to unmodified UCA, similar to positive controls and bortezomib significantly increased apoptosis in combination with TRAIL-UCA. We conclude that TRAIL-ligated UCA show exciting potential as a new therapy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 100A: 2602–2611, 2012.
Characterization of matrix-induced osteogenesis in rat calvarial bone defects: I. Differences in the cellular response to demineralized bone matrix implanted in calvarial defects and in subcutaneous sites.

The cellular and biochemical sequences of osteogenesis induced by implanting demineralized bone matrix (DBM) in rat cranial defects and in subcutaneous sites have been studied by histological, histochemical, and biochemical techniques from days 2 to 28 after implantation. In subcutaneous sites, allogenic DBM induced cartilage cells and matrix for approximately the first 10 days which were subsequently resorbed and replaced by bone with little evidence for the classical endochondral sequence of ossification. In sharp contrast, the first cells that differentiated from the mesenchymal stem cells in the cranial defects were alkaline phosphatase (ALP) positively stained osteoblasts that appeared 3 days after implantation followed by synthesis of bone matrix which calcified shortly thereafter. A few clusters of cartilage cells were observed beginning at days 6–7 which were spatially distinct from the new bone and later resorbed. By day 28 the tissue induced in both the subcutaneous and cranial sites consisted almost solely of bone; however, the total amount of new bone in the subcutaneous implants was significantly less than the mass of bone formed in the calvarial defects. Bovine DBM induced bone formation in rat cranial defects to a very much lesser extent than allogenic DBM. A few cartilage cells were induced by bovine DBM in subcutaneous sites and rapidly resorbed and not replaced with bone. These results clearly indicate that the cellular sequence induced by allogenic and xenogenic DBM and the repair tissues synthesized are distinctly different in the cranial defects from those induced in the subcutaneous sites.
Larval Environmental Temperature and Insecticide Exposure Alter Aedes aegypti Competence for Arboviruses

Abstract Temperature is a key factor influencing mosquito growth and development and is also known to affect insecticide efficacy. We evaluated the effects of larval rearing temperature and exposure to insecticides on adult mosquito fitness and competence for arboviral infection using Sindbis virus (SINV). We exposed newly hatched larvae of Aedes aegypti to an environmentally realistic level of insecticide malathion at 20°C and 30°C and allowed the resulting adults to feed on SINV-infected blood meal. Exposure to malathion significantly reduced survival to adulthood. Statistically significant interactions between temperature and malathion were observed for body size, estimated population growth, and SINV infection and dissemination. Malathion-exposed Ae. aegypti cohorts had significantly higher population growth at 20°C than at 30°C. Body size decreased with higher temperature and malathion-exposed females were larger than unexposed females at 20°C but not at 30°C. Viral infection and dissemination increa...
Taxonomic position of Kasperia Godwin Austen, 1914 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Limacidae)

Examination of the type material of Limax (Kasperia) mayae Godwin-Austen, 1914 revealed that the subgeneric name Taulimax Wiktor et Likharev, 1980 is a junior synonym of Kasperia Godwin-Austen, 1914; the specific name mayae Godwin-Austen, 1914 is a synonym of turkestanus Simroth, 1898.
Perceived Labor Productivity in Small Firms—The Effects of High–Performance Work Systems and Group Culture through Employee Retention:

In small firms, high–performance work systems (HPWS) may not always yield benefits that outweigh their costs. Using a sample of 145 small enterprises (SEs) with 10–100 employees, we examine how sma...
Shifting the spotlight: exploring race and culture in Korean-White adoptive families

Abstract We “open up” an emerging symbol of racial progress in post-Civil Rights America, Asian-White adoptive families, to reveal the contemporary process of racial acceptance and explore how it differentiates between non-White groups. Using data from our “Asian Immigrants in White Families” study, we examine childhood narratives of Korean adoptees for the role of race and ethnicity in their families’ motivations for adopting them and the messages they received regarding race, racism, and birth culture. We also link their experiences to a provocative new thesis suggesting that the U.S. is moving beyond its historic hierarchy of Whites over non-Whites to what has been referred to as an emergent hierarchy of non-Blacks over Blacks. We build on this perspective by examining the process by which Whites come to accept non-Blacks over Blacks, in this case Asian adoptees over Black adoptees. We conclude with a discussion of what the phenomenon of Asian adoption means for racial progress in post-Civil Rights America.
4.1R: a FERM player at the immunologic synapse

In this issue of Blood , Kang and colleagues show that 4.1R localizes to the immunologic synapse to negatively regulate T-cell activation. These findings contrast with other FERM family members and show that FERM proteins affect T-cell function through multiple mechanisms. T-cell activation
Stochastic adaptive control and Martingale limit theory

Recently, S.P. Meyn and P.E. Caines (ibid., vol.AC-32, p.220-6, 1987) have used ergodic theory for Markov processes to give the first asymptotic stability analysis of a nontrivial stochastic adaptive control problem. By nontrivial is meant a stochastic adaptive control problem whose parameter variation has finite nonzero power. They correctly observed that the stochastic Lyapunov function methods fail here, because there is no almost sure parameter convergence. It is shown here how Martingale asymptotics can be used to produce many results close to those of Meyn and Caines, as well as to supply some new observations. Strengths and weaknesses of both approaches are discussed. >
Attentive texture similarity as a categorization task: Comparing texture synthesis models

Many attempts have been made to characterize latent structures in ''texture spaces'' defined by attentive similarity judgments. While an optimal description of perceptual texture space remains elusive, we suggest that the similarity judgments gained from these procedures provide a useful standard for relating image statistics to high-level similarity. In the present experiment, we ask subjects to group natural textures into visually similar clusters. We also represent each image using the features employed by three different parametric texture synthesis models. Given the cluster labels for our textures, we use linear discriminant analysis to predict cluster membership. We compare each model's assignments to human data for both positive and contrast-negated textures, and evaluate relative model performance.
Giant Neogene Pectinids of Eastern North Pacific—Chronostratigraphic and Zoogeographic Significance: ABSTRACT

Giant pectinids--taxa that regularly attain more than 90 mm in diameter--appear at or near the base of the "Vaqueros Stage" and coeval units of the Pacific coast megainvertebrate chronology. Similar giant forms appear in lower Miocene strata in Europe (Aquitanian Stage). Recognition of this evolutionary event in these widely separated provincial sequences, together with diversity trends in the Pectinidae as a whole and certain foraminiferal correlations, argues for placement of the Paleogene/Neogene boundary at the base of the "Vaqueros Stage" of the Pacific coast sequence. The early Miocene of Pacific coast basins is characterized by abundance and taxonomic diversity of giant pectinids (Amussiopecten, Lyropecten, Macrochlamis, and Vertipecten). Of these, only Vertipecten is present in underlying Oligocene strata, and the few Oligocene species are only of medium size. Taxonomic diversity was greatest during the middle Miocene (Amusium, Amussiopecten, Lyropecten, Patinopecten, and Vertipecten), but decreased sharply during the late Miocene (Fortipecten, Lyropecten, and Patinopecten) and Pliocene (Leopecten, Lyropecten, and Patinopecten). The giant pectinids can be separated into a southern group (Amusium, Amussiopecten, Leopecten, Lyropecten, Macrochlamis, and Nodipecten) and a northern group (Patinopecten s.s., Pationopecten [Lituyapecten], and Fortipecten). The survivors of these two groups, Nodipecten and Patinopecten, have mutually exclusive modern geographic ranges and are restricted, respectively, to warm-water and temperate- to cool-water molluscan provinces along the Pacific coast. Taxonomic diversity trends and migrational patterns of these pectinids reflect climatic amelioration during the early and middle Miocene, followed by cooling during the late Miocene and Pliocene. End_of_Article - Last_Page 766------------
Model Calculations and Wind Tunnel Testing of an Isokinetic Shroud for High-Speed Sampling

ABSTRACT The direction of airflow streamlines and, therefore, particle trajectories around an aircraft will vary during a flight. A coaxial shroud was designed to align airflow and particle trajectories with the tip of a counterflow virtual impactor (CVI), despite deviations in streamlines at the shroud entrance. Both modeling and wind tunnel studies were employed in order to optimize the shroud dimensions for high-speed use on a DC-8 aircraft. A commercial computational fluid dynamics code was used to determine the approximate dimensions necessary to straighten particle trajectories and to maintain isokineticity within the shroud. Characteristics of one shroud then were studied in the U.S. Air Force Academy's Trisonic Wind Tunnel. Flow speeds were measured at various locations within the shroud using small pilot-static tubes. Effects of exit to inlet area ratio and angle of attack on shroud flow speeds were studied, and a final shroud design was chosen based on this information. Model simulations were in...
Reduction of macrotheories to micro-theories

In the recent past philosophers have looked at reductions of various species of scientific theories in general and microreductions in particular, using elementary semantics and set-theoretical tools (see, e.g. Bunge (1970), Causey (1972), Stegm?ller (1976), and Spector (1978)). In this paper I wish to look at the reduction of macrotheories to micro theories with special regards to invariance under time inversion or simply irr ever sibility. My interest in microreduction is stimulated by the fact that the traditional methods employing syntactic and/or semantic interpre? tations of reduced theories within reducing theories do not seem to apply to irreversible reductions. A third, mediating theory is needed, which is 'probabilistic' rather than 'deterministic' in nature. Worse, the probabilis? tic theory is essentially macroscopic in the sense that its assumptions (such as Markovianness and Maximum Entropy) are tested macroscopically. Consequently, the reduction is only relative, relativized by the reference (macroscopic probabilistic) theory. Also, the relativizing theory may be chosen somewhat independently of the underlying microtheory. Somewhat naively it would seem that an explanatory passage from a microtheory T to a macrotheory T' is still a version if not deductive then inductive of semantic interpretation, mediated by a probabilistic theory T", as the picture shows:
Solute crystallization in frozen systems-use of synchrotron radiation to improve sensitivity.

To demonstrate the sensitivity of low temperature synchrotron X-ray diffractometry (SXRD) for detecting solute crystallization in frozen sodium phosphate buffer solutions. To determine the effect of annealing on solute crystallization in frozen solutions. Sodium phosphate buffer solutions, at initial buffer concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 mM (pH 7.4) were cooled to −50°C. The crystallization of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4 •12H2O) was monitored using a laboratory as well as a synchrotron source. At selected concentrations, the effect of annealing (at −20°C) was investigated. With the laboratory source, solute crystallization, based on the appearance of one diagnostic peak with a d-spacing of 5.4 A, was evident only when the initial buffer concentration was at least 50 mM. In contrast, using SXRD, crystallization was detected at initial buffer concentrations down to 1 mM. In addition, the use of a high-resolution 2D detector enabled the visualization of numerous diffraction rings of the crystalline solute. At both 10 and 100 mM buffer concentration, there was no increase in solute crystallization due to annealing. By using synchrotron radiation, solute crystallization was detected with substantially increased sensitivity, making the technique useful for freeze-drying cycles of practical and commercial importance. Since numerous peaks of the crystalline solute appeared, the technique has potential utility in complex, multi-component systems.
Alignment and application of the conical shadowgraph flow visualization technique

An optical bench study has been carried out to assess the effects of both beam alignment and nonconical disturbances in the application of conical shadowgraphy for flow visualization. Conical and quasiconical plastic test models were immersed in a refractive index matching fluid and then examined by shadowgraphy with a conical light beam. The results show that problems of interpretation may arise due to both axial and transverse beam misalignment. Among these difficulties, axial misalignment with positive vertex displacement is the least serious. Also, the effect of a particular nonconical disturbance field was found to introduce fewer difficulties of interpretation than that of beam misalignment.
Social Cognitive Determinants of Dietary Behavior Change in University Employes

Many adults have poor dietary habits and few studies have focused on mechanisms underlying these behaviors. This study examined psychosocial determinants of dietary behavior change in university employees across a 5-month period. Participants completed measures of fruit and vegetable and low-fat food consumption and social cognitive constructs. Multiple regression analyses accounted for a unique proportion of variation in dietary change. Outcome expectations significantly predicted fruit and vegetable and low-fat consumption. Self-efficacy significantly predicted low-fat consumption. Goals were not associated with dietary behaviors. Further research into implementation strategies may provide insight into how goals work to bring about change.
Mutation in Shigella flexneri 2a Resulting in Increased Electrophoretic Mobility

An avirulent mutant of Shigella flexneri 2a, when grown in broth containing calcium ions, was found to have a three- to fourfold increase in electrophoretic mobility toward the anode when compared to its virulent parent. Under these same growth conditions, it was found that the avirulent strain was made more electronegative in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). EDTA had no effect on the electrophoretic mobility of the virulent strain. In the absence of added calcium in the growth medium, no differences between the strains were observed. The alteration which has resulted in an increased negative charge has also stabilized the avirulent strain against loss of lipopolysaccharide from EDTA treatment.
Possible locally driven folding pathways of TC5b, a 20-residue protein.

A novel computational procedure for modeling possible locally driven folding pathways by stepwise elongations of the peptide chain was successfully applied to TC5b, a 20-residue miniprotein. Systematic exploration of the possible locally driven pathways showed that the Trp-cage structure of TC5b could be obtained by stepwise elongation starting from the noncentral local nucleation centers preexisting in the unfolded state of TC5b. The probable locally driven folding pathway starts with folding of alpha-helical fragment 4-9, followed by formation of the proper three-dimensional structure of fragment 4-12, and then 4-18. Accordingly, the Trp-cage-forming interactions emerge successively, first Trp(6)-Pro(12), then Trp(6)-Pro(18), and then Trp(6)-Tyr(3). The Trp-cage-like structures of TC5b found in this study by independent energy calculations are in excellent agreement with the NMR experimental data. The same procedure rationalizes the incomplete Trp-cage formation observed for two analogs of TC5b. Generally, the success of this novel approach is encouraging and provides some justification for the use of computational simulations of locally driven protein folding.
Microfluidic sensing devices employing in situ-formed liquid crystal thin film for detection of biochemical interactions

Although biochemical sensing using liquid crystals (LC) has been demonstrated, relatively little attention has been paid towards the fabrication of in situ-formed LC sensing devices. Herein, we demonstrate a highly reproducible method to create uniform LC thin film on treated substrates, as needed, for LC sensing. We use shear forces generated by the laminar flow of aqueous liquid within a microfluidic channel to create LC thin films stabilized within microfabricated structures. The orientational response of the LC thin films to targeted analytes in aqueous phases was transduced and amplified by the optical birefringence of the LC thin films. The biochemical sensing capability of our sensing devices was demonstrated through experiments employing two chemical systems: dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) dissolved in an aqueous solution, and the hydrolysis of phospholipids by the enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2).
Hamilton vs. Kant: pitting adaptations for altruism against adaptations for moral judgment

Prominent evolutionary theories of morality maintain that the adaptations that underlie moral judgment and behavior function, at least in part, to deliver benefits (or prevent harm) to others. These explanations are based on the theories of kin selection and reciprocal altruism, and they predict that moral systems are designed to maximize Hamiltonian inclusive fitness. In sharp contrast, however, moral judgment often appears Kantian and rule-based. To reconcile this apparent discrepancy, some theorists have claimed that Kantian moral rules result from mechanisms that implement simple heuristics for maximizing welfare. To test this idea, we conducted a set of studies in which subjects (N=1290) decided whether they would kill one person to save five others, varying the relationship of the subject with the others involved (strangers, friends, brothers). Are participants more likely to observe the Kantian rule against killing in decisions about brothers and friends, rather than strangers? We found the reverse. Subjects reported greater willingness to kill a brother or friend than a stranger (in order to save five others of the same type). These results suggest that the rule-based structure of moral cognition is not explained by kin selection, reciprocity, or other altruism theories.
Plasmids as stochastic model systems

Plasmids are self-replicating gene clusters present in on average 2-100 copies per bacterial cell. To reduce random fluctuations and thereby avoid extinction, they ubiquitously autoregulate their own synthesis using negative feedback loops. Here I use van Kampen's Ω-expansion for a two-dimensional model of negative feedback including plasmids and ther replication inhibitors. This analytically summarizes the standard perspective on replication control -- including the effects of sensitivity amplification, exponential time-delays and noisy signaling. I further review the two most common molecular sensitivity mechanisms: multistep control and cooperativity. Finally, I discuss more controversial sensitivity schemes, such as noise-enhanced sensitivity, the exploitation of small-number combinatorics and double-layered feedback loops to suppress noise in disordered environments.