cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twenty years of scientific progress in injury and violence research and the next public health frontier

The establishment of the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC or Injury Center) in 1992 as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) firmly established the Injury Center as the lead federal agency for non-occupational injury prevention and control (Sleet et al., 2012). Since then, it has provided leadership and a strong scientific base for intramural and extramural-investigator funded injury research. The Injury Center's scientific mission encompasses efforts from primary prevention to treatment and rehabilitation. Early CDC efforts were primarily focused on describing the extent of the problem, identifying risk and protective factors that affect the extent of violence and injury in our society, and gaining visibility for violence and injury as a major public health problem. Efforts such as the development of injury-based surveillance systems provided population-based surveillance data regarding the extent and distribution of fatal and non-fatal injuries, helped to identify demographic characteristics for those who were most at risk, and identified risk and protective factors that influence that risk. Celebrating the Injury Center's 20th anniversary presents an opportunity not only to reflect on past accomplishments but also to look ahead at what still needs to be done.
A flat array large telescope concept for use on the moon, earth, and in space

An astronomical optical telescope concept is described which can provide very large collecting areas, of order 1000 sq m. This is an order of magnitude larger than the new generation of telescopes now being designed and built. Multiple gimballed flat mirrors direct the beams from a celestial source into a single telescope of the same aperture as each flat mirror. Multiple images of the same source are formed at the telescope focal plane. A beam combiner collects these images and superimposes them into a single image, onto a detector or spectrograph aperture. This telescope could be used on the earth, the moon, or in space.
Investigations on urinary bladder reinnervation: Historical perspective and review

Although nerve crossover surgery to bypass a spinal cord lesion and recentralize the decentralized bladder was first conceptualized in 1907, surprisingly few studies concerning this goal have been reported since. In addition to direct implantation of nerves into the detrusor, the studies reviewed have investigated the crossover of mixed roots (with and without nerve grafts), dorsal roots, ventral roots, pelvic, obturator and hypogastric nerves both in animal models, in human cadavers, and in human patients. Restoration of the micturition reflex through the use of nonsacral nerves has been achieved in cats. In addition, we have shown that the axons of a suprasacral mixed root (L7) when anastomosed to a sacral mixed root (S1) via a nerve graft can regenerate and recentralize the unilaterally decentralized bladder in the cat. The return of the micturition reflex after reconstruction of severed pelvic nerves has been documented, while the results of obstruction or hypogastric crossover have given diminished returns of bladder function. The direct implantation of nerves into the detrusor has not resulted in restoration of function. In addition, return of useful bladder function in humans after nerve crossover surgery has not been predictable. In part, present inability to achieve restoration of urinary bladder function may be a consequence of the complexity of micturition reflex organization and the inability to use techniques in humans that have given success in animals. Although, some of the technical aspects of nerve crossover surgery to bypass a spinal cord injury and restore functional micturition in those with neurogenic bladder dysfunction have been elucidated, further work is required to develop techniques that will enhance appropriate axonal regeneration to achieve reinnervation and return of useful function. Indeed, restoration of function may be limited by current microsurgical methodologies. Studies directed at understanding the neuropathophysiology of nerve injury and nerve surgery may be more fruitful in identifying factors than can be manipulated to achieve consistent return of useful function. In general, however, the results of the animal and human studies surveyed may be viewed with cautious optimism.
Cymrite: new occurrence and stability

The rare mineral cymrite, BaAl2Si2O8·H2O, was discovered in Nevada in a Cambrian bedded barite sequence that exhibits low-grade metamorphism. The mineral occurs exclusively in thin-bedded siliceous rock containing anhedral pyrite crystals up to 1 cm. Cymrite forms rectangular grains ca 40 μm across, distributed throughout the chalcedonic quartz matrix. An SEM image of one such blocky grain shows that it is filled by tiny aggregates, instead of a single crystal of cymrite. This cymrite may have replaced a pre-existing rectangular mineral, most likely barite. The Nevada occurrence of cymrite prompted a restudy of its stability relations. Conventional hydrothermal techniques were adopted in the experimental work with run durations up to 7 months. The univariant curve for the dehydration reaction: BaA12Si2O8· H2O -BaA12Si2O8 +H2O passes the following reversed brackets: 300–315° C at 3 kbar, 290–300° C at a 2 kbar, 270–285° C at 1 kbar, and 240–270° C at 0.5 kbar. These results indicate that cymrite can be stable at much lower pressures than those previously reported. The replacement of barite by cymrite was experimentally demonstrated with an alkaline solution as depicted by the reaction: BaSO4+2OH-+A12O3-2SiO2=BaA12Si2O8·H2O+SO 4 2
Oxidative Stability of Batter-Breaded Restructured Nuggets Processed from Prerigor Pork

Restructured pork slices made with either prerigor or postrigor meat, with or without 1.5% of defatted glandless cottonseed flour (GCF). were batter-breaded with or without GCF in predust and batter-mix: Prerigor products had less cooking losses than postrigor products; GCF in the meat or coating reduced cooking losses. Prefried prerigor products were more susceptible to lipid oxidation and warmed-over flavor development than prefried postrigor products. GCF in the meat or coating markedly reduced the oxidative deterioration in nuggets stored at 4°C or −20°C regardless of the rigor state of meat used for restructuring. Little lipid oxidation occurred in vacuum-packaged raw nuggets stored at −20°C.
Synthesis of globally optimal controllers for robust performance to unstructured uncertainty

This paper solves the problem of synthesis of controllers achieving globally optimal robust performance against unstructured time-varying and/or nonlinear uncertainty. The performance measure considered is the infinity-to-infinity induced norm of a system's transfer function. The solution utilizes sensitivity analysis of linear programming and the theory of parametric programming.
TPA causes divergent responses of Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent isoforms of PKC in the nuclei of Caco-2 cells

Abstract The present studies were undertaken to examine the expression of PKC isoforms within the nucleus of Caco-2 cells, a cell line widely used to investigate intestinal cell growth and differentiation, in order to begin to explore their roles in modulating gene expression. Purified nuclei were, therefore, prepared from Caco-2 cells and found to contain PKC-ζ, but not -α. The phorbol ester, 12- O -tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA) caused an acute redistribution of PKC-α to the nucleus, but did not change the distribution of PKC-ζ. Chronic treatment with TPA down-regulated total PKC-α, but not -ζ. Moreover, in contrast to acute TPA treatment, after chronic treatment, nuclear PKC-α was no longer detectable, whereas nuclear PKC-ζ was unchanged. These studies demonstrate for the first time the constitutive expression and divergent responses to TPA of the Ca 2+ -dependent and Ca 2+ -independent isoforms of PKC in the nuclei of Caco-2 cells and suggest that these specific isoforms may be involved in modulating gene expression.
A Tool to Expand Organizational Understanding of Workforce Diversity

(1998). A Tool to Expand Organizational Understanding of Workforce Diversity. Administration in Social Work: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 47-64.
Distribution of glutamate receptor subunit proteins GluR2(4), GluR5/6/7, and NMDAR1 in the canine and primate cerebral cortex: a comparative immunohistochemical analysis.

Abstract The distribution of the AMPA, kainate and NMDA glutamate receptor subunit proteins G1uR2(4), G1uR5/6/7 and NMDAR1, respectively, were analyzed in the dog hippocampus and neocortex and compared to macaque monkeys and humans. In the dog hippocampus, these glutamate receptor classes exhibited a comparable distribution with few differences in densities of labeled of neurons in the CA1-CA3 fields and in neuropil staining patterns in the dentate gyrus. In particular, the G1uR5/6/7 subunit proteins were characterized by a more restricted cellular distribution in the CA1-CA3 fields. In the dog neocortex, the G1uR2(4) subunit was found in a higher number of neurons in layers III and V compared to the G1uR5/6/7 or NMDAR1 subunits, which were found predominantly in a population of medium-to-large layer V pyramidal neurons. Layers II and VI were consistently densely labeled with all three receptor classes, especially in the case of the G1uR5/6/7 and NMDARI subunits. All three antibodies used thus far showed an intense labeling of the perikaryon and dendritic segments in the dog cerebral cortex. Apical dendrites could be followed through several layers in some cases, and formed well-stained plexuses in all of the neocortical layers. These patterns were very similar to those observed in the hippocampus and neocortex of both monkey and human, although G1uR2(4), and NMDARI immunoreactivity was visualized in more heterogeneous populations of cortical neurons in the primates than in dogs. Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and is involved in the excitotoxic mechanisms occurring in pathologic conditions such as epilepsy and cerebral ischemia. The dog has been shown to represent a reliable large animal model for several neurologic disorders and is used particularly in investigations of the cerebral repercussions of cardiac arrest. The overall similarity of the staining patterns in dogs and primates observed in the present study suggest that the dog model may be highly valuable for the characterization of potential cellular and synaptic shifts in the distribution and expression of specific glutamate receptor subunits, in the context of other biochemical and morphologic effects of global brain ischemia and reperfusion following cardiac arrest.
Nonlinear identification of control systems

Nonlinear system identification of dynamic systems is a topic of growing interest. The ability of model-based systems analysis and design to attain the desired objectives depends to a large degree on the accuracy of the mathematical models derived and parameters used. To avoid deficiencies associated with model validation and order estimation, accurate mathematical models should be found by using the fundamental laws, and the unknown parameters have to be identified to perform analysis, design, and prototyping. This paper thoroughly studies the model-relevant identification concept for continuous-time nonlinear multi-input/multi-output systems in time-domain by using a nonlinear mapping-based identification framework. Discrete-time and hybrid systems play an important role due to microprocessor-, microcomputer-, and DSP-based hardware platforms applied to implement comprehensive control algorithms in order to attain the desired objectives, specifications, and capabilities. However, the majority of systems to be controlled are continuous-time, and analog control is a manageable and straightforward solution in many practical problems. The importance of the researched time-domain concept lies on the need to identify continuous-time systems to be used in the corresponding analysis, design, stabilization, and optimization. As an illustrative example, the unknown parameters of a high-performance aircraft are identified using the flight data.
Direct computation of quantal rate constants: Recursive development of the flux autocorrelation function

Abstract The recursive residue generation method (RRGM) is used to develop controlled approximations to the flux autocorrelation function, from which the quantal reaction rate constant is obtained by integrating over time. Computations for the Eckart potential show the superiority of sine functions over harmonic oscillator functions in discretizing the continuum.
Clinical isolates of HIV-1 contain few pre-existing proteinase inhibitor resistance-conferring mutations.

Abstract Proteinase inhibitors are an important new class of antiviral agents for AIDS, however, in vitro experiments have identified proteinase mutations that confer resistance to several different families of the inhibitors. This study was undertaken to determine if these resistance-conferring amino-acid substitutions occur in HIV strains before the application of selective pressure. We determined the nucleic acid sequence of the proteinase gene from the 23 clinical isolates of HIV-1 and three laboratory-adapted strains using a method that detects the majority species present in viral populations. Analysis of minor subpopulations will require alternative strategies. The clinical isolates studied contained an average of 3 (range 1–8_amino-acid substitutions as compared to the prototypical BH10 sequence. We did not detect substitutions characteristic of reported highly proteinase-resistant strains. These results suggest significant variation occurs in the HIV-1 proteinase gene but pre-existing highly proteinase-resistant strains are uncommon.
Effectiveness of an antihistamine-decongestant combination for young children with the common cold: A randomized, controlled clinical trial

We tested the hypothesis that antihistamine-decongestant combinations cause no clinically significant relief of the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections in young children by randomly assigning 96 children to one of three treatment groups: antihistamine-decongestant, placebo, and no treatment. There were no differences among the three study groups in the proportion of children considered "better" overall by the parent 48 hours after the initial assessment (drug, 67%; placebo, 71%; no treatment, 57%; p =0.53). There were no differences among groups in individual or composite symptom score changes. Two thirds of parents whose children were eligible for the drug trial believed that their child needed medicine for cold symptoms. In the proportion of parents believing that their child needed medicine, there was no difference between those who consented to participate and those who refused. Parents who wanted medicine at the initial visit reported more improvement at follow-up, regardless of whether the child received drug, placebo, or no treatment. We conclude that there is no clinically significant improvement in symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection, including no significant placebo effect, in young children for whom an antihistamine-decongestant is prescribed.
Revolutionary NanoSilicon Ancillary Technologies for Ultimate-Performance Gigascale Systems

This paper describes electrical, optical, and fluidic (or 'trimodal') chip I/O interconnect networks for gigascale systems to meet and exceed end-of-roadmap projections in the areas of power delivery, off-chip bandwidth, and heat removal, respectively. The trimodal I/O technology is proposed to overcome the adverse effects of conventional silicon ancillary technologies on the performance of a gigascale system. We describe trimodal I/O interconnect configurations, fabrication, assembly, and testing.
Template-Based Growth of Oxide Nanorod Arrays by Centrifugation

This paper reports template-based growth of nanorod arrays by combination of sol–gel processing and centrifugation. The technical concept is simple and straightforward; centrifugation force drives the sol nanoclusters into the pores of the template, filling the pores completely to form nanorods. However, simulation reveals the formation of nanorods inside pores is more complex; centrifugation force is insufficient to overcome the energy barrier that prevents agglomeration of two nanoclusters. Thermal fluctuation and solvent evaporation upon drying are considered to be the forces leading to the eventual agglomeration of concentrated nanoclusters inside template pores. Dense nanorods with ∼200 nm diameter and ∼10 μm length were readily obtained from polymeric SiO2, colloidal SiO2, TiO2 and PZT sols after heat treatment.
Personal taste and family face: Luxury consumption in Confucian and western societies

East Asia is currently the biggest market for luxury and prestige brands from the West. This article examines the cultural factors that lie behind this phenomenon and, based on distinctions between Southeast Asian and Western cultures, explores how the practice of luxury consumption differs in these cultures. As part of this examination, self-concept theory is reviewed and integrated in a cross-cultural consumption model. Conceptual linkages between existing theories of materialism and conspicuous consumption are noted. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Notes on the development of the lung in infancy and early childhood

This account is based upon graphic reconstructions and wax models of the lungs of an infant five and one-half months of age and of a child 3.7 years old; also upon plastic injections of a 10-month lung and upon modelled serial sections of the bronchioles in a child six and two-thirds years of age. In passing from the second postnatal month to the sixth month the general pattern of a terminal bronchiole and its branches seems not to have changed. However, angulation of the crowded alveolar ducts becomes visible in the tenth month and may have produced small accessory saccules at such angles. Sometime before the fourth year numerous alveoli of a new type have appeared, designated here as ductular alveoli, since they arise as invaginations of bronchiolar diverticula lined originally by columnar epithelium. These become the “spherical alveoli” of the adult and transform terminal bronchioles at this late stage into respiratory bronchioles. By the seventh year narrow ductular processes, radiating from preterminal or terminal bronchioles, are beginning to penetrate adjacent alveoli, initiating the Lambert type of collateral ventilation. Thus, the centripetal advance of differentiation continues.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF A FACILE LACTONIZATION SYSTEM FACILITATED BY A TRIMETHYL LOCK

Abstract A “trimethyl lock” was shown earlier to significantly facilitate the lactonization of compounds of type 1 . Our renewed interests in such facile cyclization systems stemmed from their potential applications in the preparation of redox-, esterase-, and phosphatase-sensitive prodrugs. Furthermore, such systems have also been used for the development of redox-sensitive protecting groups for amines and alcohols. In an effort to probe the general applicability of such systems being used as prodrug moieties and protecting groups, we studied the effects of the functional groups (X, 4 ) attached to the side chain carboxyl group on the overall conformations of such systems using X-ray crystallography. Through analysis of the crystal structures of 4a–4d with different functional groups attached to the side chain, we found that in all cases the side chain was folded back to bring the side chain carboxyl group within close proximity of the quinone oxygen, which is the potential attacking atom, and the X functional groups have minimal effect on the overall conformation of the system. In addition, severe strain was observed for 4a–4d, which should be at least partially released upon cyclization. This would also help to explain the facile cyclization reaction brought about by the trimethyl lock.
Disease of the Sinoatrial Node Associated with Bradycardia, Asystole, Syncope, and Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation

Disease of the sinoatrial node due to coronary arteriosclerosis is rare. An unusual combination of arrhythmias attributed to disease of the sinus node and the effects of various pharmacologic agents, especially atropine, are described and discussed.
Gregariousness and fear in laboratory rats

Abstract Forty-eight rats were observed both alone and in pairs in a circular open field for five days. When tested together, rats were highly gregarious, staying much closer together than expected by chance. They also showed less defecation and freezing when to-gether than alone. Both gregariousness and fear-reduction increased over days of testing. To resolve the apparent conflict with previous results showing little gregariousness in rats, a second experiment compared the attractive power of an empty cage, a caged rat, and a freely moving partner. Again, rats tested together showed high and increasing gregariousness. The caged rat, however, was not significantly more attractive than an empty cage.
Global Health Education in General Preventive Medicine Residencies

Opportunities for global health training during residency are steadily increasing. For example, surveys show that more than half of residency programs now offer international electives. Residency programs are increasingly recognizing that global health training improves communication skills, fosters awareness of health disparities, and inspires careers in primary care and public health. Although research has focused on global health education in other specialties, there is a paucity of research on global health training in public health and general preventive medicine (GPM). We sought to describe the extent of global health training across GPM residencies, capture the perspectives of program directors regarding competencies residents need for careers in global health, and identify program directors' perceived barriers to providing global health training. The survey was sent electronically to 42 U.S. GPM residency program directors from September to October 2013. Twenty-three completed surveys were returned. Information from residencies that did not complete the study survey was collected through a predefined search protocol. Data analysis was performed from February through July 2014. Among program directors completing the survey, the most common types of reported global health education were courses (n=17), followed by international rotations (n=10). Ten program directors indicated that resident(s) were involved in global health training, research, or service initiatives. Commonly perceived barriers included funding (87%), scheduling (56.5%), and partnership and sustainability (34.8%). Through global health coursework, research, and practicum rotations, GPM residents could acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes contributing to careers in global health.
Comparing Predictions from the CAL3QHCR and AERMOD Models for Highway Applications

A comparison of three modeling procedures—CAL3QHCR, AERMOD area, and AERMOD volume—for predicting pollutant concentrations near highways is presented. All three use the Gaussian dispersion equations and are evaluated by contrasting the trends in model predictions. Model trends are depicted for a variety of conditions related to atmospheric stability, wind angle with respect to the highway, and near-road downwind distances. The tested models provided widely differing prediction trends. Predictions by the CAL3QHCR model at the roadway edge for crosswind conditions were independent of atmospheric stability; however, AERMOD predictions varied significantly by atmospheric stability. AERMOD produced the highest pollutant concentrations at roadside with an area source configuration and the lowest with a volume source configuration. AERMOD predicted a wider range of concentrations across unstable to stable atmospheric conditions compared with CAL3QHCR. The concentration decay predicted by AERMOD for convective co...
The amphoterites and meteorites of similar composition

Abstract The amphoteritos are a subclass of the olivine-hypersthene chondrites characterized by comparatively iron-rich olivine (Fa27–31) and orthopyroxene (Fs23–27) and a low content (1–5%) of nickel-iron. Other minerals include plagioclase (composition around An10), troilite, chromite and a phosphate mineral (apatite and/or merrillite). Most of them are poorly chondritic and the chondrules are not well-defined, and they are usually much brecciated. The rodites, which are frequently classed with the amphoterites, are quite distinct, being hypersthene achondrites.
Transsynaptic retrograde transport of fragment C of tetanus toxin demonstrated by immunohistochemical localization

Injection of the non-toxic fragment C of tetanus toxin into the superior oblique muscle of the eye results in strong direct retrograde labelling of the motoneurons in the contralateral trochlear nucleus and clear transsynaptic labelling of neurons in the ipsilateral and contralateral vestibular nuclei. Standard immunohistochemical procedures using a monoclonal antibody localize fragment C in the brain with high sensitivity and excellent resolution. An injection of fragment C into the superior oblique muscle labels the same pool of trochlear motoneurons as an HRP injection into the superior oblique muscle. A comparison of the fragment C labelling of trochlear motoneurons with intracellular injections of HRP into trochlear motoneurons suggests that fragment C stains not just the soma, but also the distal dendrites of motoneurons. Moreover, a fragment C injection into the superior oblique muscle labels transsynaptically more neurons in each vestibular nucleus than an injection of HRP into the trochlear nucleus labels directly.
The relationship between religious expression and outcomes in online support groups: A partial replication

Shaw and his colleagues [Shaw, B., Han, J., Kim, E., Gustafson, D., Hawkins, R., Cleary, C., et al. (2007). Effects of prayer and religious expression within computer support groups on women with breast cancer. Psycho-oncology, 16(7), 676-687] examined religious expression in breast cancer (BC) online support groups (OSG). Using Pennebaker's LIWC text analysis to assess religious expression, they found that the more frequent the expression of words related to religion the lower the levels of negative emotions and the higher the levels of health self-efficacy and functional well-being. Our study goal was to replicate their findings. Specifically, we tested their central hypothesis that the percentage of religious words written by members of BC OSG's are associated with improvement in psychological outcomes. Five BC OSG's from our previous work [Lieberman, M. A., & Goldstein, B. (2005a). Not all negative emotions are equal: The role of emotional expression in online support groups for women with breast cancer. Psycho-oncology. 15, 160-168; Lieberman, M. A., & Goldstein, B. (2005b). Self-help online: An outcome evaluation of breast cancer bulletin boards. Journal of Health Psychology, 10(6), 855-862] studied 91 participants at baseline and 6 months post. Significant changes in depression and quality of life was found over time. In the current study linear regressions examined the relationship between religious statements and outcomes. The results did not support the hypotheses of a positive relationship between religious expression and positive outcome in both OSG samples. Reviews of studies examining the role of religion in health outcomes report equivocal results on the benefits of religious expression.
Fluorescence properties of o-aminobenzoyl-labeled proteins.

Abstract Isatoic anhydride reacts with nucleophile groups of proteins to yield o-aminobenzoyl protein conjugates. The fluorescence emitted by the chromophore decays in a multiexponential manner with average fluorescence lifetimes ranging from 9.9 to 10.7 ns. The steady emission anisotropy, measured upon excitation at 330 nm, is influenced by the molecular mass of the protein to which o-aminobenzoyl is attached. The fluorescence properties of o-aminohenzoyl are suitable for rotational correlation time measurements of proteins smaller than 65 kDa. The technique of emission anisotropy can be used to detect interactions between proteins in solution, provided one of the proteins is labeled with o-aminobenzoyl.
Changes in urinary stone risk factors in hypocitraturic calcium oxalate stone formers treated with dietary sodium supplementation.

Purpose: We investigated the effects of supplemental dietary sodium on risk factors for urinary stone disease in stone forming patients with hypocitraturia.Materials and Methods: Ten patients diagnosed with recurrent isolated hypocitraturic calcium urolithiasis were identified. Baseline 24-hour urinalysis was performed with patients on their regular diet, including citrate replacement with 20 mEq potassium citrate 3 times per day. Strict daily dietary logs were kept for a 7-day period, during which patients had normal oral intake and potassium citrate replacement. Patients then received supplemental sodium chloride for 1 week (1 gm orally 3 times per day), in addition to their regular diets and potassium citrate supplementation. Dietary logs were continued and 24-hour urinalysis was performed at the end of 1 week of supplemental sodium. Risk factors for urinary stone disease were compared using the Student t test and ANOVA.Results: Two patients were unable to comply with sodium supplementation based on 24...
Complex wavefront corrections for deep tissue focusing using low coherence backscattered light

Aberrations and random scattering severely limit optical imaging in deep tissue. Adaptive optics can in principle drastically extend the penetration depth and improve the image quality. However, for random scattering media a large number of spatial modes need to be measured and controlled to restore a diffraction limited focus. Here, we present a parallel wavefront optimization method using backscattered light as a feedback. Spatial confinement of the feedback signal is realized with a confocal pinhole and coherence gating. We show in simulations and experiments that this approach enables focusing deep into tissue over up to six mean scattering path lengths. Experimentally the technique was tested on tissue phantoms and fixed brain slices.
Prediction Assisted Single-Copy Routing in Underwater Delay Tolerant Networks

One challenge in delay tolerant networks (DTNs) is efficient routing, as the lack of contemporaneous end-to-end paths makes conventional routing schemes inapplicable. Many existing DTN routing protocols adopt multi-copy replication and/or are incognizant of mobility models. Hence they are not suitable for networks with extremely stringent resources and time-varying mobility models such as underwater sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a generic prediction assisted single-copy routing (PASR) scheme that can be instantiated for different mobility models in underwater sensor networks. PASR employs an effective greedy logorithm which captures the features of network mobility patterns, and provides guidance on how to use historical information. We demonstrate the superior performance of PASR through simulation.
Using method lookup caches and register windowing to speed up dynamically-bound object-oriented applications

The implementation of dynamically bound object oriented programming languages require the ability to quickly bind a logical reference to a method and to quickly allocate a context for the invoked method. In this paper we examine how a method lookup cache (MLC) and a register windowing mechanism can speed up method binding and context allocation. We also show how the MLC can be incorporated into a contemporary pipelined datapath. A detailed register level simulation of the proposed scheme, driven by a set of fairly intensive object-oriented applications, show that a relatively small method lookup cache with only 64 or 128 entries reduces the average execution time of the applications by about 50%. With register windowing and the MLC, execution time reduces by 76% to 87% with respect to the base machine.
Automatically finding the control variables for complex system behavior

Testing large-scale systems is expensive in terms of both time and money. Running simulations early in the process is a proven method of finding the design faults likely to lead to critical system failures, but determining the exact cause of those errors is still time-consuming and requires access to a limited number of domain experts. It is desirable to find an automated method that explores the large number of combinations and is able to isolate likely fault points. Treatment learning is a subset of minimal contrast-set learning that, rather than classifying data into distinct categories, focuses on finding the unique factors that lead to a particular classification. That is, they find the smallest change to the data that causes the largest change in the class distribution. These treatments, when imposed, are able to identify the factors most likely to cause a mission-critical failure. The goal of this research is to comparatively assess treatment learning against state-of-the-art numerical optimization techniques. To achieve this, this paper benchmarks the TAR3 and TAR4.1 treatment learners against optimization techniques across three complex systems, including two projects from the Robust Software Engineering (RSE) group within the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Ames Research Center. The results clearly show that treatment learning is both faster and more accurate than traditional optimization methods.
A Simplified Optical Correlator and Its Application to Packet-Header Recognition

We propose and demonstrate a novel temporal simplified optical correlator. All-optical packet-header recognition of 4-bit patterns at 100 Gb/s is accomplished, and modeling of the system indicates that scaling to 8-bit patterns at 1 Tb/s can be readily achieved.
Lobar torsion after pulmonary resection: presentation and outcome.

Abstract Objective: We reviewed our experience on postoperative lobar torsion. Methods: Between January 1972 and January 1998, 7887 patients underwent pulmonary resection at our institution. Seven (0.089%; 4 women and 3 men; median age, 68 years) patients required surgical reintervention for lobar torsion. Results: The indications for pulmonary resection were non–small cell carcinoma in 5 patients, lymphoma in 1 patient, and metastatic prostate carcinoma in 1 patient. The right upper lobe was resected in 3 patients, the left lower lobe in 2 patients, and the right middle and right lower lobe in 1 patient each. Postoperative radiographs demonstrated pulmonary infiltrates and volume loss in 5 patients and complete opacification in 2 patients. The median white blood cell count was 10.6 × 10 9 cells/L (range, 9.3-14.9 × 10 9 cells/L), and the median peak temperature was 38.4°C (range, 37.8°C-40.2°C) during the first 48 hours postoperatively. The diagnosis of lobar torsion was made a median of 10 days (range, 2-14 days) after the initial operation; 4 patients underwent completion pneumonectomy, and 3 had lobectomy. Median hospitalization was 24 days and ranged from 10 to 56 days. There were no postoperative deaths. Complications after reoperation included respiratory failure in 2 patients, atrial arrhythmia in 2 patients, and empyema, urinary tract infection, and a transient ischemic attack in 1 patient each. Conclusions: Lobar torsion represents a difficult diagnostic dilemma in the early postoperative period after pulmonary resection. A high index of suspicion is necessary to avoid a delay in treatment. Late diagnosis results in further pulmonary resection and prolonged hospitalization in the majority of cases.
Concurrent logic restructuring and placement for timing closure

In this paper, an algorithm for simultaneous logic restructuring and placement is presented. This algorithm first constructs a set of super-cells along the critical paths and then generates the set of non-inferior re-mapping solutions for each supercell. The best mapping and placement solutions for all super-cells are obtained by solving a generalized geometric programming (GGP) problem. The process of identifying and optimizing the critical paths is iterated until timing closure is achieved. Experimental results on a set of MCNC benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.
The Predictive Influence of Family and Neighborhood Assets on Fighting and Weapon Carrying from Mid- to Late Adolescence

Using a developmental, social–ecological approach to understand the etiology of health-risk behavior and inform primary prevention efforts, we assess the predictive effects of family and neighborhood social processes on youth physical fighting and weapon carrying. Specifically, we focus on relationships among youth and their parents, family communication, parental monitoring, as well as sense of community and neighborhood informal social control, support, concerns, and disorder. This study advances knowledge through its investigation of family and neighborhood structural factors and social processes together, employment of longitudinal models that estimate effects over adolescent development, and use of self-report and observational measures. Data from 1,093 youth/parent pairs were analyzed from the Youth Assets Study using a Generalized Estimating Equation approach; family and neighborhood assets and risks were analyzed as time varying and lagged. Similar family assets affected physical fighting and weapon carrying, whereas different neighborhood social processes influenced the two forms of youth violence. Study findings have implications for the primary prevention of youth violence, including the use of family-based approaches that build relationships and parental monitoring skills and community-level change approaches that promote informal social control and reduce neighborhood concerns about safety.
Ketoacidosis with Unexpected Serum Isopropyl Alcohol

A 34-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of acutely worsening abdominal pain. The patient reported the abdominal pain to be in the left lower quadrant and of several months' duration but noted that it had worsened substantially over the previous 10 days. She also reported diffuse muscle pain and nausea without emesis, no food intake over the previous 72 h, and only limited recent fluid intake consisting of ginger ale, water, Gatorade, and homemade liquor. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks before admission. Her medical history was remarkable for posttraumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, gestational diabetes, a previous gastric bypass surgery, and an ambiguous history of “injury to the liver and pancreas.” She denied taking any medications or other illicit drugs, specifically denied “binge” drinking, and had recently received a tattoo from an unlicensed tattoo artist. She was homeless and resided in a tent city with her husband. The only remarkable findings of the physical examination were tachycardia and a mildly enlarged, nontender liver. She appeared ill and smelled of a campfire but was otherwise awake, alert, and cooperative. Selected laboratory results are shown in Table 1. Low urea nitrogen and albumin concentrations suggested probable malnutrition. The observed hypocalcemia of 7.4 mg/dL could be attributed only partly to the low albumin concentration, because the albumin-corrected total Ca concentration—which is equal to the measured total [Ca] + 0.8 mg/dL × (4.0 − [Albumin]), where [Ca] is the calcium concentration in milligrams per deciliter and [Albumin] is the albumin concentration in grams per deciliter (1)—was 8.8 mg/dL, less than the institutional lower reference limit. View this table: Table 1. Laboratory data.a Opiates and tricyclic antidepressants were identified in the patient's urine. The presence of opiates was not commented on in the medical record, so whether the clinical team was aware of this …
Parental Voice and Involvement in Cultural Context: Understanding Rationales, Values, and Motivational Constructs in a Dual Immersion Setting

In an attempt to operationalize an equitable educational program, a dual immersion program was established. After 2 years of field observations, a series of focus group interviews was conducted to ...
Zero-inflated and hurdle models of count data with extra zeros: examples from an HIV-risk reduction intervention trial.

Background: In clinical trials of behavioral health interventions, outcome variables often take the form of counts, such as days using substances or episodes of unprotected sex. Classically, count data follow a Poisson distribution; however, in practice such data often display greater heterogeneity in the form of excess zeros (zero-inflation) or greater spread in the values (overdispersion) or both. Greater sample heterogeneity may be especially common in community-based effectiveness trials, where broad eligibility criteria are implemented to achieve a generalizable sample. Objectives: This article reviews the characteristics of Poisson model and the related models that have been developed to handle overdispersion (negative binomial (NB) model) or zero-inflation (zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and Poisson hurdle (PH) models) or both (zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) and negative binomial hurdle (NBH) models). Methods: All six models were used to model the effect of an HIV-risk reduction intervention o...
Nanoshell-polymer composites for photothermally modulated drug delivery

Summary form only given. Optically active gold nanoshells; have been incorporated into thermally, responsive copolymers of N-Isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and acryl-amide (AAm) for the purpose of photothermally modulated drug delivery. The copolymer exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) that is slightly above body, temperature. When the temperature of the hydrogel exceeds its LCST, a rapid collapse occurs, expelling any material contained within the hydrogel. The gold nanoshells initiate a temperature increase, via targeted absorption of near IR light.
Developmental perspective on size change and allometry in evolution

The evolution of changes in body size is one of the most important patterns in the history of life. Its importance arises from both the frequency of the pattern and the biological implications of size change itself, which affects myriad aspects of an organism's structure and function through well-known scaling relationships. Yet relatively little attention has been focused on the underlying genetic and developmental controls of size change or their implications with regard to other morphological changes. Here, I review the endocrine growth axis and show that variation in several key growth-control substances, particularly growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I), is clearly linked to intraspecific differences in postnatal growth rates and terminal body size. I intentionally review a considerable amount of literature on nonprimate mammals because this research is vital to an understanding of the general topic. Research on human pygmies, giant transgenic mice, and other models of growth disturbances indicates that shifts in GH and/or IGF I levels not only yield the expected changes in terminal body size, but also result in simple truncations or extensions of underlying allometric patterns. These data provide a possible developmental basis for the common finding of ontogenetic scaling and coordinated transformations in series of closely related fossil or living species that differ in body size. At present, however, this must be viewed as a hypothesis that requires testing through interspecific analyses. A consideration of previous interpretations of the morphological distinctions of human pygmies and some other organisms demonstrates the novel information that a developmental perspective brings to morphological comparisons. Clearly, knowledge of the genetic and developmental controls of morphogenesis will greatly enhance our understanding of a multitude of evolutionary patterns, processes and mechanisms, for it is perturbations in these these controls that ultimately produce the raw material for evolutionary transformations.
Phenobarbital induction of cytochrome p-450 b,e genes is dependent on protein synthesis

Phenobarbital induces liver cytochrome P-450 b,e proteins mainly by increasing the rate of transcription of these genes. The mechanism responsible for the phenobarbital increment in the rate of transcription of cytochrome P-450 b,e genes is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess whether active protein synthesis was needed for phenobarbital to induce the liver cytochrome P-450 b,e genes. Cycloheximide (2 mg per kg, i.p.) was administered 90 min prior to a single inductive dose of phenobarbital (80 mg per kg, i.p.) and mRNAS measured at 3, 6 and 12 hr by dot-blot hybridization. While phenobarbital increased cytochrome P-450 b,e mRNAs about 12-fold at 3 hr, this induction was abolished by cycloheximide. To define whether the absence of protein synthesis in hepatocytes inhibited the phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 at the transcriptional level, in vitro transcription rates using isolated nuclei were measured. After phenobarbital administration, there was about a 20-fold increment in transcriptional rate of cytochrome P-450 b,e genes. This increment was abolished by prior injection of cycloheximide. It is proposed that either preexisting regulatory proteins or transacting factors dependent on active protein synthesis participate in the regulation of liver cytochrome P-450 b,e gene transcription after phenobarbital.
Hospital Variation in Intravenous Inotrope Use for Patients Hospitalized with Heart Failure: Insights from Get With The Guidelines

Background—Prior claims analyses suggest that the use of intravenous inotropic therapy for patients hospitalized with heart failure varies substantially by hospital. Whether differences in the clinical characteristics of the patients explain observed differences in the use of inotropic therapy is not known. Methods and Results—We sought to characterize institutional variation in inotrope use among patients hospitalized with heart failure before and after accounting for clinical factors of patients. Hierarchical generalized linear regression models estimated risk-standardized hospital-level rates of inotrope use within 209 hospitals participating in Get With The Guidelines-Heart Failure (GWTG-HF) registry between 2005 and 2011. The association between risk-standardized rates of inotrope use and clinical outcomes was determined. Overall, an inotropic agent was administered in 7691 of 126 564 (6.1%) heart failure hospitalizations: dobutamine 43%, dopamine 24%, milrinone 17%, or a combination 16%. Patterns of...
Maternal Responses to the Sexual Abuse of Their Children

To define categories of maternal response and determine their relationship to variable features of the abuse situation, a questionnaire was administered to mothers of 103 children returning for a routine 2- to 3-week follow-up of a sexual abuse episode. Three categories of response were identified: nonsupportive, supportive without emotional changes, and supportive with emotional changes. Nonsupportive mothers (n = 32) believed that the abuse complaint was a lie, a misunderstanding, or the child's fault. They rarely considered pressing charges or requested counseling. Supportive mothers (n = 71) believed that the child was telling the truth and that the assailant was primarily responsible. Anger, fear, anxiety, and guilt were commonly expressed. Thirty-nine of the supportive mothers reported behavior or mood changes including sleep, appetite, or somatic complaints and recurrent crying. Most were pressing charges (79%) and sought counseling for themselves (74%) and their children (82%). The 32 supportive mothers without behavior or mood changes also frequently pressed charges (88%) but sought counseling for themselves (6%) and the children (53%) less often (P less than .001). Individual personality and coping mechanisms may determine the maternal response. Maternal emotional responses do not appear to be related to variable features of the abuse situation but are significantly related to the approach to subsequent psychologic and legal issues. Language: en