cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The loss of cytoplasmic potassium upon host cell breakdown triggers egress of Toxoplasma gondii

The ability of intracellular parasites to monitor the viability of their host cells is essential for their survival. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii actively invades nucleated animal cells and replicates in their cytoplasm. Two to 3 days after infection, the parasite-filled host cell breaks down and the parasites leave to initiate infection of a new cell. Parasite egress from the host cell is triggered by rupture of the host plasma membrane and the ensuing reduction in the concentration of cytoplasmic potassium. The many other changes in host cell composition do not appear be used as triggers. The reduction in the host cell [K+] appears to activate a phospholipase C activity inToxoplasma that, in turn, causes an increase in cytoplasmic [Ca2+] in the parasite. The latter appears to be necessary and sufficient for inducing egress, as buffering of cytoplasmic Ca2+ blocks egress and calcium ionophores circumvent the need for a reduction of host cell [K+] and parasite phospholipase C activation. The increase in [Ca2+]C brings about egress by the activation of at least two signaling pathways: the protein kinase TgCDPK1 and the calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin.
On the determination of the average young's modulus for a floating ice cover

Abstract At first, the meaning of Young's modulus for a floating ice cover is discussed. A method often used for determining the average modulus of the cover, E av , consisting of loading an ice cover vertically with a rigid disc, is then presented and a possible shortcoming of the calculation method used is pointed out. It is related to the fact that the contact pressure distribution between disc and ice cover is generally not known. To clarify this issue, a comparative study was conducted to establish the effect of related pressure distributions on the calculated E av -value. It was found that the limiting cases — like the uniformly distributed pressure and the uniform line distribution along the disc boundary — yield E av that are close to each other. Also, for the range of parameters under consideration, the E av obtained using the solution for a concentrated force is close. The paper concludes by showing how the generated graphs may be used to simplify the calculation of E av for an ice cover.
EXISTING STATUS OF BUILDING COMMUNITIES’ RECOMMENDATIONS: A DEAN AND DIVISION CHAIRPERSON COMPARISON

The purpose of this study was to assess the existing status of Building Communities’ recommendations. The recommendations were transformed and written as goal statements. Fifty‐nine deans and 98 division chairpersons were asked whether these goals had been implemented. Fifty‐three deans and 84 chairpeople returned usable questionnaires. Chi‐square tests of independence (p < .05) were used to compare deans’ and chairpersons’ responses on existing goal status. Deans and chairpeople agree on the existing status of 32 of the 38 goal statements and share the same beliefs on the existing status of a vast majority of the goal statements. Significant differences were identified, however, between deans and chairpeople regarding the existing status of (1) outreaching to disadvantaged students, (2) outreach‐ing to different adult populations, (3) renewing faculty, (4) ensuring that full‐time faculty teach the majority of credit‐bearing courses, (5) using computer technology to integrate educational and administrativ...
Missing not at random models for masked clinical trials with dropouts

BackgroundMissing data are an unavoidable problem in clinical trials. Most existing missing data approaches assume the missing data are missing at random. However, the missing at random assumption is often questionable when the real causes of missing data are not well known and cannot be tested from observed data.MethodsWe propose a specific missing not at random assumption, which we call masked missing not at random, which may be more plausible than missing at random for masked clinical trials. We formulate models for categorical and continuous outcomes under this assumption. Simulations are conducted to examine the finite sample performance of our methods and compare them with other methods. R code for the proposed methods is provided in supplementary materials.ResultsSimulation studies confirm that maximum likelihood methods assuming masked missing not at random outperform complete case analysis and maximum likelihood assuming missing at random when masked missing not at random is true. For the particu...
Cavity-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy and detection

Abstract We have recently developed the method of cavity-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy and have applied it to perform ultra-sensitive absorption measurements of liquid surfaces and thin films. Both spectral and time-resolved photothermal measurements are presented. We have also studied the spatial and temperature resolution of cavity-enhanced photothermal spectroscopy using various thin samples and ruled gratings. Numerical solutions have been obtained for the general three-dimensional case and are compared to the measurements.
Local-Density Functional Approach to Chain Polymers

Abstract A first-principles, self-consistent computational approach for determining the electronic properties of chain polymers has been developed. The local-density functional formalism in conjunction with a linear combination of atomic orbitals approximation using a Gaussian basis can then be used to calculate band energies and one-electron wave functions for chain polymers. Using perturbation theory, these results can be used to calculate theoretical x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectra. Calculations have been performed for polyacetylene and the heterocyclic ring chain polymers. The resulting photoelectron spectra for polyacetylene are shown to be in excellent agreement with experiment. In addition, a theoretical prediction is made for the photoelectron spectra of polythiophene.
Possible gyre–gyre interaction in the Pacific Ocean

The subtropical anticyclonic gyres of the North and South Pacific Ocean are among the largest circulation systems found in the ocean. The gyres contain the warm waters of the warm water sphere1,2, and the rotation of these water masses is subject to low-frequency variations3. The presence in these gyres of baroclinic Rossby waves with periods of many years has been documented4,5 and this seems to be sufficient proof that the gyres undergo vacillations. Using sea-level data we demonstrate here that the subtropical gyres of the North and South Pacific oscillate with a period of about 4 years and that these oscillations are probably induced by the major El Nino events.
Film at Fall Meeting: Do-it-yourself flicks, Richard Alley preview

Have you ever wished science had Hollywood star power? On Tuesday evening, 6 December, watch short science films and hear Hollywood filmmakers give advice to AGU scientists about these short films. Oceanographer-turned-filmmaker Randy Olson will host AGU's “The S Factor” video workshop along with screenwriter Sean Hood, cowriter of Halloween: Resurrection and the 2011 remake ofConan the Barbarian, and Jason Ensler, co-producer-director of TNT's Franklin & Bash. Olson is writer-director of the documentaries Flock of Dodos and Sizzle: A Global Warming Comedy and author of Don't Be Such a Scientist: Talking Substance in an Age of Style. The workshop starts at 7:00 P.M. in Moscone South, Room 300.
Non-coherent multi-user detection of DPSK signals after differential demodulation

Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is commonly associated with a loss in performance when compared to coherent demodulation of PSK signals. Because DPSK avoids the problem of phase tracking, the performance loss may be deemed acceptable. When two or more users transmit simultaneously, such as in a frequency-hopping (FH) system with non-orthogonal hopping patterns, single-user differential demodulation cannot guarantee selecting the most probable hard decision for each symbol. In this paper, we consider the performance when collisions occur. For our technique, we first derive the resulting signal constellation from performing differential demodulation. Conditioned on that, and assuming knowledge of phase difference between the users, the optimal multi-user detection (MUD) algorithm is derived and analyzed to bound the performance of non-coherent demodulation. Based on the analysis, a sub-optimal 2-user MUD algorithm that requires no phase information is proposed and shown to attain significant performance improvement over single-user detection (SUD).
Copy number analysis of NIPBL in a cohort of 510 patients reveals rare copy number variants and a mosaic deletion

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by growth retardation, intellectual disability, upper limb abnormalities, hirsutism, and characteristic facial features. In this study we explored the occurrence of intragenic NIPBL copy number variations (CNVs) in a cohort of 510 NIPBL sequence-negative patients with suspected CdLS. Copy number analysis was performed by custom exon-targeted oligonucleotide array-comparative genomic hybridization and/or MLPA. Whole-genome SNP array was used to further characterize rearrangements extending beyond the NIPBL gene. We identified NIPBL CNVs in 13 patients (2.5%) including one intragenic duplication and a deletion in mosaic state. Breakpoint sequences in two patients provided further evidence of a microhomology-mediated replicative mechanism as a potential predominant contributor to CNVs in NIPBL. Patients for whom clinical information was available share classical CdLS features including craniofacial and limb defects. Our experience in studying the frequency of NIBPL CNVs in the largest series of patients to date widens the mutational spectrum of NIPBL and emphasizes the clinical utility of performing NIPBL deletion/duplication analysis in patients with CdLS.
Failure of desiccator storage to maintain interfacial bond strength in some thermoplastic/fiber systems

—It is sometimes assumed that desiccator storage at room temperature will prevent changes in the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite samples. Studies of fibermicrodroplet ('microbond)' specimens fabricated from carbon or polyaramid fibers and polycarbonate or polysulfone resins showed, in two cases, a pattern of time-dependent changes in ultimate interfacial shear strength over a 4-month period. These findings suggest the need for care in the design and evaluation of composite mechanical characterization experiments which extend over a significant period after specimen fabrication.
Team Identification and the Enjoyment of Watching a Sporting Event

A higher mean rating of sport-spectating enjoyment was found for highly identified spectators who had just watched their team win.
Multicomputer Control of System Voltage and Reactive Power on Real-Time Basis

This paper concerns a real-time control scheme of voltage and reactive power in power systems when more than two control computers as well as one central coordinating computer are involved. When a large number of voltage and/or reactive power regulating devices are involved in a power system and the number of nodes or lines in which the voltages or reactive power flows are observed and controlled increases, the necessary computing time and memory requirement increase exponentially if the central computer installed at the central dispatching office should take care of all control functions. In addition, the number of channels of the data transmission network becomes very large because the voltage and reactive power flow at each electric station must be transmitted to the central computer and the optimum operating values of regulating devices should be transmitted back to the regulating stations.
Photoelectric cross sections and multi-electron transitions in the sudden approximation

Abstract Within the usual assumptions associated with sudden-approximation analyses of photoelectron spectra, it is shown that unrelaxed subshell cross sections calculated on the basis of unit overlap between initial- and final-state-passive electrons implicitly include the effects of both one-electron and multi-electron transitions. Such cross sections therefore need not be directly related to the intensities of the one-electron transition peaks discernible in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), but should describe the processes associated with soft-X-ray absorption coefficient measurements well above threshold. The latter prediction is consistent with available comparisons between experiment and theory. The relationship of XPS peak intensities and their ratios to unrelaxed cross sections is also discussed within this approximation.
Transforming hemoglobin measurement in trauma patients: Noninvasive spot check hemoglobin

Background Technological advances now allow for noninvasive Hbg measurements. Previous studies have reported on the efficacy of continuous noninvasive Hgb devices. Recently, a new device, Pronto-7, a spot check pulse CO-oximeter has become available. The aim of our study was to assess noninvasive Hgb measurement in trauma patients. Methods We performed a prospective cohort analysis of all trauma patients presenting to our Level I trauma center. Invasive Hgb and spot check Hgb measurements were obtained simultaneously at presentation. Spot check was measured 2 times with each invasive Hgb value. Normal Hgb was defined as >8 mg/dL. Spearman correlation and Bland-Altman analysis was performed. Results A total of 525 patients had attempted spot check Hgb measurements with a success rate of 86% (n = 450). A total of 450 invasive and 1,350 spot check Hgb measurements were obtained. Mean ± SD age was 41 ± 21 years, 74% were male, and mean Injury Severity Score was 21 ± 13. Thirty-eight percent (n = 173) of patients had Hgb ≤8 mg/dL at presentation. Mean invasive Hgb was 11.5 ± 4.36 g/dL, mean spot check Hgb 11.1 ± 3.60 g/dL, and mean difference was 0.3 ± 1.3 g/dL. Spot check Hgb values had strong correlation with invasive Hgb measurements (R 2 = 0.77; R = 0.86; p = 0.04) with 76% accuracy and 95.4% sensitivity. Conclusions Spot check Hgb monitoring had excellent correlation with invasive Hgb measurements. Application of spot check has more clinical use as compared with previous continuous Hgb monitoring. This novel technology allows immediate and accurate Hgb measurements in trauma patients.
Microbial methane consumption reactions and their effect on methane distributions in freshwater and marine environments1

LIMNOLOGY January 1977 AND Volume 22 Number OCEANOGRAPHY Microbial methane consumption reactions and their effect on methane distributions in freshwater and marine environment? William Institute S. Reeburgh and David T. Heggk of Marine Science, University of Alaska, Fairbanks Abstract A survey of reported methane distributions in sediments and the adjacent overlying water shows distinct differences between freshwater and marine environments. These differences may be explained by the activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria and appear to be the re- sult of differences in sulfate concentration between freshwater and marine environments. Measurements of methane in freshwater an d marine environments have been re- ported by many workers over the past 20 years. Table 1 summarizes the studies that we have consulted for the water columns and sediments of both environments. Physical mixing processes are similar in lake and marine sediments, so a compari- son of methane distributions is possible and should yield information on similari- ties and differences in chemical reactions occurring in these environments. Such a comparison is more difficult for the water column, as there are few marine circulation analogs of stratified lakes. Anoxic basins are the nearest analogs, so studies on the Black Sea, the Cariaco Trench, and Lake Nitinat are included in Table 1. A great deal of emphasis has been placed on improving the precision and accuracy of gas measurements in sediments and ex- plaining the formation of methane. Much less emphasis has been placed on methane consumption. No summary of the reported methane distributions has been attempted. Although an mlusually wide variety of sampling and analytical techniques have been used in the sediment studies (e.g. Reeburgh 1968; Barnes 1973; Martens 1974), distributions from either freshwater or marine environments show reasonable internal consistency. Distinct differences in the methane distributions from freshwater and marine environments are also evident, suggesting that some general process must be responsible. We will use here the re- sults from recent laboratory and field stud- ies of the requirements, activities, and dis- tributions of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria, as well as bacteria capable of an- aerobic sulfate reduction, methane produc- tion, and methane oxidation, to point out the locations of the above bacterial reac- tions and to provide a general explanation of the differences in the freshwater and ma- rine methane distributions. Data The results of the studies cited in Ta- ble 1 are too numerous to plot conveniently in a single figure, so representative exam- ples of sediment methane distributions in 1 This work was supported in part by Na- tional Science Foundation grants GA-19380 and GA-41209. Contribution 277, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY JANUARY 1977, V. 22( 1)
MACROSCOPIC INDICES OF LIPID PEROXIDATION IN CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION: VALIDITY AND SENSITIVITY ENHANCEMENT IN TERMS OF CONJUGATED DIENE DETECTION

Recent evidence for the occurrence of in vivo lipid peroxidation in the context of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, as detected by classical tests such thiobarbituric acid reactivity and conjugated diene absorbance, is critically reviewed. Despite the widespread perception that lipid peroxidation is well-established and to be expected under such circumstances, in general these detection methods have not been applied with rigor sufficient to prove the quantitative existence of lipid peroxides unequivocally. The development of sensitive methods which can be utilized in small tissue samples at early times after brain injury is needed. In particular, the conditions necessary for the establishment of a more rigorous and sensitive method of conjugated diene detection in terms of difference spectral analysis are detailed and illustrated. In addition, a new autofluorescence in the far-ultraviolet region is shown to be associated with oxygenated conjugated diene-containing compounds.
Differential effects of two types of aversive arousal on discriminability

The effects of two types of aversive arousal, white noise and electric shock, upon discriminability was investigated in two studies using information analysis. Results indicated that while discriminability was affected in both studies as a function of arousal, there was a differential effect in the unreliability component of Ss’ responses. White noise increased the unreliability of responding while shock tended to decrease the unreliability. These differences are discussed in terms of drive and attention properties of the two forms of arousal.
Verbal and Behavioral Responsiveness to the Cries of Atypical Infants

A total of 176 subjects (53 male students, 65 female students, and 58 mothers) were exposed to 1 of 6 types of infant cries coming from an adjacent room while their behavioral and affective responses were observed. The cries were the pain cries of 2 normal newborns, 1 infant with maladie du cri du chat, 1 with Down syndrome, 1 asphyxiated infant with brain damage, and one asphyxiated infant without brain damage. Subsequently the subjects rated the overhead cry on a series of affective, attributional, and perceptual dimensions. The results indicated that the 6 cries differentially affected the subjects' affective, self-reported, and behavioral responses, as well as their tendency to report not hearing the cry. In general, the findings suggested that the highest- pitched cries (those of the asphyxiated infants), in comparison to the lowest-pitched cries (those of the normal and Down infants), elicited less optimal responses from the listeners.
Geochemistry and pollution.

During the past 7 years, the National Science Foundation-Research Applied to National Needs (R.A.N.N.) programme has supported extensive interdisciplinary research concerned with Pb, Cd and other hazardous trace metals. Various aspects of geochemistry and pollution research at the universities of Missouri, Illinois, Colorado State and Purdue are presented and summarized. The transport, pathways and distribution of Pb, Cd and other trace metals are discussed and the utilization of research findings by government and state agencies for the development of standards and by industries for pollution control are presented.
Recanalization of Infrainguinal Vessels: Silverhawk, Laser, and the Remote Superficial Femoral Artery Endarterectomy

There are multiple endovascular options to achieve percutaneous revascularization of chronic superficial femoral artery (SFA) stenoses and occlusions. Most rely on forceful displacement of plaque via balloon angioplasty, either as a stand-alone therapy or supplemented by cold thermal injury (cryoplasty), microtome assistance (cutting balloon angioplasty), nitinol stent deployment, or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene-lined nitinol stent deployment. Excellent technical success rates are routinely described in the literature. The essential problem associated with these techniques is the predictable compromise of the initial result by neointimal hyperplasia leading to poor long-term results. An alternative to forceful displacement techniques is use of directional atherectomy or excimer laser to debulk the atheromatous lesion, with the addition of low-pressure angioplasty or stent deployment as needed. Currently, directional atherectomy is performed using the Silverhawk Plaque Excision System (FoxHollow, Redwood City, CA), while laser atherectomy is frequently performed with the CLIRpath Excimer Laser (Spectranetics Corp., Colorado Springs, CO). While both techniques can be utilized for de novo atherosclerotic lesions, even eccentric lesions or ostial lesions, proponents of these devices have also shown good short-term results in the treatment of restenoses. Remote SFA endarterectomy with the Aspire stent (Vascular Architects, San Jose, CA) is a hybrid surgical and endovascular technique that is useful for debulking plaque from the SFA with adjunctive stenting of the distal SFA. We present a review of various alternative techniques to forceful balloon dilation used in the recanalization of the SFA with potential pitfalls and complications, along with a review of literature associated with each of these techniques.
Three-dimensional surface reconstructions using a general purpose image processing system.

Abstract A general purpose two-dimensional (2-D) image processing software system was used to produce high quality three-dimensional (3-D) surface reconstructions from serial sections such as CT scan slices. Depth-encoded 3-D surface images, gradient-shaded 3-D surface images, and weighted sums of these two images were computed. Images that simulate transmission radiographs (“volumetric” views) were created from the same slice data. Ridden surfaces were displayed by reconstructing in 3-D only subvolumes of the original data set. The 2-D image processing functions used were limited to: planar subimage selection and merge, arithmetic and boolean operations, piecewise linear gray scale transform, convolution (1-D), and format conversion (byte-integer-float). Using these methods any user with a general purpose 2-D image processing system can analyze and view multi-slice data as 3-D volume and surface projections.
Correlation between anion gap, blood L lactate concentration and survival in horses.

Summary Blood L lactate concentration and anion gap were measured in 32 horses suspected of having metabolic acidosis. There was good linear correlation between these variables (r = 0,90791, P<0.0001) and both were good prognostic indicators. Anion gap was a good indicator of the presence but not the severity of L lactic acidosis and was a slightly better prognostic indicator. The ability to predict survival was not improved by the measurement of L lactate in addition to anion gap.
Bayesian Inference of Drag Parameters Using AXBT Data from Typhoon Fanapi

AbstractThe authors introduce a three-parameter characterization of the wind speed dependence of the drag coefficient and apply a Bayesian formalism to infer values for these parameters from airborne expendable bathythermograph (AXBT) temperature data obtained during Typhoon Fanapi. One parameter is a multiplicative factor that amplifies or attenuates the drag coefficient for all wind speeds, the second is the maximum wind speed at which drag coefficient saturation occurs, and the third is the drag coefficient's rate of change with increasing wind speed after saturation. Bayesian inference provides optimal estimates of the parameters as well as a non-Gaussian probability distribution characterizing the uncertainty of these estimates. The efficiency of this approach stems from the use of adaptive polynomial expansions to build an inexpensive surrogate for the high-resolution numerical model that couples simulated winds to the oceanic temperature data, dramatically reducing the computational burden of the M...
Coulomb's Function

In his work on Rayleigh waves Coulomb (1) has studied the function ...[Eq. (1.1)]. The function ψ0 with a complex value of h occurs in the work of Buchholz (2) on the propagation of alternating currents in the earth between two electrodes connected above ground by a rectangular loop of wire whose vertical ends support the horizontal piece.
Integral Equation Methods for Unsteady Stokes Flow in Two Dimensions

We present an integral equation formulation for the unsteady Stokes equations in two dimensions. This problem is of interest in its own right as a model for slow viscous flow, but perhaps more importantly as an ingredient in the solution of the full, incompressible Navier--Stokes equations. Using the unsteady Green's function, the velocity evolves analytically as a divergence-free vector field. This avoids the need for either the solution of coupled field equations (as in fully implicit PDE-based marching schemes) or the projection of the velocity field onto a divergence-free field at each time step (as in operator splitting methods). In addition to discussing the analytic properties of the operators that arise in the integral formulation, we describe a family of high order accurate numerical schemes and illustrate their performance with several examples.
Sensory qualities of food sounds based on individual perceptions

Sounds emitted by eighteen foods were positioned in one- and two-dimensional spaces by the nonmetric multidimensional scaling (MDS) algorithm MINISSA. Each of the eighteen food sounds was also scored on 15 sensory acoustical quality attributes. These sensory quality data were then used to study and interpret the MDS graphical representation. The results suggest two basic sensory criteria for distinguishing food sounds. One of these criteria, loudness, influences the intensity of many of the other acoustical qualities. The second criterion is unevenness or discontinuity. The continuous-discontinuous quality of a sound provides a good description of the axes for both the one-dimensional and the two-dimensional MDS solutions.
Anatomic basis of dorsoradial approach for radioulnar synostosis.

The object of this study was to identify the best approach for exposing the radioulnar interosseous membrane while protecting the posterior interosseous n. (PIN). Twenty paired upper limbs were used to obtain measurements of the PIN and expose the distal two-thirds of the interosseous membrane in the forearm through a dorsoradial approach. The length of the PIN from the radial head to the arcade of Frohse (AF) was 26.5 ± 1.6 mm in males and 25.3 ± 1.1 mm in females. The length of the PIN between the radial head and the point where the PIN exits from the supinator was 66.7 ± 4.7 mm in males and 64.0 ± 2.5 mm in females. The length of the PIN covered by the supinator was 44.0 ± 0.5 mm in males and 37.0 ± 0.5 mm in females. The distance between the point where the PIN exits from the supinator and the lateral margin of the radius was 15.0 ± 0.9 mm in males and 14.5 ± 0.9 mm in females. The distance between the exit point of the PIN from the supinator and the lateral margin of the ulna was 18.3 ± 0.6 mm in males and 17.9 ± 0.7 mm in females. The distance from the point where the most lateral branch of the PIN entered the abductor pollicis longus (APL) to the lateral margin of the radius was 3.5 ± 0.5 mm. In 20 cadaveric upper limbe, the middle and distal portions of the interosseous membrane were exposed through the interval between the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) m., after the origine of the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB), and extensor pollicis longus (EPL) mm. had been elevated from the lateral margin of the radius. The present study suggests that usina dorsoradial approach facilitates exposure of the middle and distal portions of the interosseous membrane.
Cytology of meiosis in the triploid gynogenetic salamander Ambystoma tremblayi

Female meiosis was analyzed in the triploid gynogenetic salamander Ambystoma tremblayi to determine the mechanism by which a stable chromosome number is maintained in this unisexual species. Gross details of the reproductive cycle and the cytology of meiosis were analyzed in 20 specimens and 320 oocytes involving all stages from early diplotene to the beginning of anaphase II Ovulation apparently continues progressively involving a few oocytes at a time. Oocytes from the ovary contained chromosomes in diplotene, and diakinesis. The first metaphase was not observed since this stage occurs swiftly either immediately prior to or during ovulation. Oocytes in the most anterior region of the oviduct were in metaphase II, and those in the most posterior region were undergoing the beginning of anaphase II. Telophase II was not observed. Chromosome numbers obtained at all stages of prophase gave counts of approximately 42 bivalents, equivalent to the triploid somatic number known for this species. Similar numbers of dyads were obtained from metaphase II plates. This analysis supports earlier evidence suggesting that the triploid number of chromosomes in oocytes of A. tremblayi is doubled prior to meiosis, and the somatic number is later restored by two normal meiotic divisions.
5-HTTLPR, Suicidal Behavior by Others, Depression, and Criminal Behavior During Adolescence

Vicarious strains like suicidal behavior on the part of others have been shown to be predictive of both negative emotions and antisocial behavior during adolescence. Little research to date, however, has examined the role that biological factors play in moderating these relationships. Using a sample of adolescents drawn from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health (N = 7,995), and drawing on two separate, but related, theories, I explore whether the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) interacts with suicidal behavior by others to affect depression and self-reported crime. Results of ordinary least squares and negative binomial regressions reveal that suicide by others interacts with 5-HTTLPR to increase both depression and crime for males but not females, net of controls. Thus, 5-HTTLPR may be implicated in shaping negative emotions and antisocial behavior among males during adolescence by moderating the effects of suicide by others. Implications for theory are discussed.
Base‐catalyzed tritium exchange between tritium‐containing heavy water and deuterated chloroform–kinetics and equilibrium

We develop a kinetic model for the exchange of tritium and deuteriumbetween tritium-containing heavy water and deuterated chloroform in a two-phase liquid system, catalyzed by hydroxide ion (sodium hydroxide). For the exchange reaction yielding tritiated chloroform andheavy water, the measured equilibrium constant is 0.518 at 25–45°C, independent of temperature. The rate constant (for the controlling step, deuteron abstraction from chloroform) is 0.22 L/mol s at 25°C, 0.72 at 35°C, and 2.0 at 45°C, corresponding to an activation energy of 87 kJ/mol. Comparison is made with literature data, and effects of mass transfer on the apparent rate constant are discussed.
High affinity receptors for atrial natriuretic factor in PC12 cells.

Specific receptors for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) are characterized on PC12 cells (rat pheochromocytoma cell line). Radioiodinated synthetic ANF (Rat, 8–33) bound to a single class of high affinity binding sites with the Kd value of 6.7 × 10 −10 M. The Bmax value was 29 fmol/10 5 cells and receptor density was calculated as 194,000 ± 20,000/cell. Photoaffinity labelling of ANF receptor specifically labelled two protein bands with apparent m.wt of 70,000 and 130,000. When the cells were incubated with the labelled ligand at 37°C the ligand was internalized. The rate of internalization increased in the presence of increased ligand concentration. ANF receptors on PC12 cells are reported for the first time which would provide a unique model for study of ANF-receptor interaction.
Electrophoresis of ribonucleic acids on polyacrylamide gel gradients

Abstract A technique is described for the preparation of 2.5% to 12% polyacrylamide gradient gels and its use in the separation by gel electrophoresis of total RNA preparations. All RNA's, from 4 S to 28 S, can be separated on a single gel with good resolution. The RNA bands are stained with pyronin Y and scanned for quantitative analysis.
Penicillium marneffei: An Insurgent Species Among the Penicillia1

Abstract Most species of Penicillium are considered relatively benign with respect to causing human disease. However, one species, P. marneffei, has emerged as a significant pathogen particularly among individuals who live in Southeast Asia and are concurrently infected with the human immunodefiency virus. While environmental and epidemiological studies have yet to resolve the reason for the heightened virulence of P. marneffei, one characteristic does distinguish this fungus from other Penicillium species. Whereas the latter grow as monomorphic moulds bearing typical asexual propagules (conidia), P. marneffei is thermally dimorphic. At room temperature, P. marneffei exhibits the morphology characteristic of the genus. In contrast to other Penicillia, though, P. marneffei grows as a yeast-like entity (arthroconidium) when found in diseased tissue or cultivated at 37 °C. Studies in our laboratory have focused on the differential gene expression between the mould and arthroconidial phases. Many of the genes...
The Origin of the ‘Chicago Method’ Excavation Techniques: Contributions of William Nickerson and Frederick Starr

What were the origins of the ‘Chicago method’ of scientific excavation? What is it and how did it get that name? Does its origin predate its popular employment at excavations in the USA during the 1930s and 1940s, and go back to institutional competition between Frederic Ward Putnam of the Field Museum and Frederick Starr of the University of Chicago? Or was it the result of the fieldwork of avocational archaeologist and one of Putnam’s first students, William Baker Nickerson, who implemented it as the basis of his fieldwork, and proved its efficacy, for many years before he retired in 1921? Nickerson’s detailed notes on the results of his thorough stratigraphic excavation techniques, used at many archaeological sites in Iowa, Illinois, Ohio and Minnesota, were passed on to the first University of Chicago field party doing archaeological work in Illinois, that consequently became the foundations of the later ‘Chicago method’.
Interactions between drought and elevated CO2 on osmotic adjustment and solute concentrations of tree seedlings

SUMMARY Although drought tolerance of tree species is a critical determinant of forest composition, how elevated CO2 affects drought tolerance is uncertain. Interactions between elevated CO2 and drought on osmotic potential and osmotic adjustment of American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) were investigated using 1-yr-old seedlings, planted in 81 pots and grown in four open-top chambers, containing either ambient air or ambient air enriched with 300 μmol mol−1 CO2. A well-watered treatment with plants watered daily and a droughted treatment in which plants were subjected to a series of drought cycles were included within each chamber. Sugar maple and sweetgum seedlings completed a total of seven drying cycles, whereas sycamore seedlings, because of their greater leaf area and plant size, completed 11 cycles. The mean soil water potential at re-watering for droughted seedlings in ambient CO2 was –0·5, –0·7, and –1·8 MPa for sugar maple, sweetgum and sycamore, respectively, compared with –0·2, –0·7, and –1·2 MPa, respectively, under elevated CO2. By contrast, all well-watered plants were maintained at soil water potential – 0·1 MPa. Drought under ambient CO2 reduced osmotic potential at saturation for leaves of sycamore and sweetgum by 0·30 MPa and 0·61 MPa, respectively, but leaves of sugar maple did not display osmotic adjustment to drought. Elevated CO2 increased osmotic potential at turgor loss for leaves of sugar maple by 0·33 MPa under well-watered conditions, and 0·48 MPa under drought. This response was not evident in the other species and might be related to the rapid growth of sugar maple causing a depletion of solutes. Whereas drought reduced the total solute concentration in roots of sugar maple, primarily the result of a reduction in K, elevated CO2 did not alter the concentration of total solutes in roots of any of the three species. Elevated CO2 has differing effects on drought tolerance among tree species, and thus might alter the competitive relations between species.
Animal Consciousness: Paradigm Change in the Life Sciences

��� This paper is a review of the breakthroughs in the empirical study of animals. Over the past ave years, a change in basic assumptions about animals and their inner lives has occurred. (For a recent illustration of this paradigm change in the news, see van Schaik 2006.) Old-school scientists proceeded by and large as if animals were merely highly complex machines. Behaviorism was admired for its consistently rigorous methodology, mirroring classical physics in its focus on quantiaable observation. In the old analytic climate, claims that animals are sentient raised methodological and ideological problems and seemed debatable at best. Bolder claims, that animals are intelligent, or even self-aware in a way that is for all practical purposes human, were regarded as unfounded. Empirical trials to substantiate such claims were nipped in the bud, since it appeared that such inquiries would unduly humanize nonhuman beings. Scientists are not supposed to project their own intuitions, feelings, or thoughts on objects of their investigation. Studying the afanities of humans and animals would appear to violate this well-established rule, and would risk sliding down the slippery slope from fawns to Bambi, from rabbits to Thumper, and from science to myth. The task of science in the past four centuries had been to demythologize the past. Erasing myths had been the hallmark of progress; it turned astrology into astronomy, alchemy into chemistry, and natural philosophy into natural science. Naturalists, aeld workers, and experimenters who disagreed or who resisted the reduction of life to
Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Procedures in the Standing Horse

Effective delivery of local anesthesia is essential for successful standing surgical procedures in the horse. Local anesthesia can be used to facilitate examination of the eye, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic techniques, and surgical procedures. Understanding the relevant clinical anatomy and techniques for performing local anesthesia is critical to delivering successful local and regional anesthesia and analgesia.
Importance of Differential Expression of Marek's Disease Virus Gene pp38 for the Pathogenesis of Marek's Disease

SUMMARY. The role of pp38 in the pathogenesis of Marek's disease (MD) has not been fully elucidated. Previously, we reported the presence of two splice variants (Spl A and Spl B) for pp38. We also reported that the wild-type pp38 (WT), as well as the mutated pp38 (MUT), altered the oxidative phosphorylation pathway in infected cells. To determine whether the different forms of pp38 are important for the pathogenesis of MD, we generated RB-1B–based bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones expressing pp38MUT, pp38Spl A, and pp38Spl B. Infectious viruses were recovered from these BAC clones in chick kidney cells (CKC). The Spl A and Spl B viruses had significantly smaller plaque sizes and replicated to a lesser degree in CKC than the WT and MUT viruses. Two in vivo experiments were conducted by inoculating 7-day-old P2a chicks with 1000 plaque-forming units of each virus. In the first experiment, chicks were sacrificed at 4, 8, 11, and 15 days postinfection (PI). WT and MUT viruses had similar viremia l...
Reversal of Phencyclidine-Induced Hyperactivity by Glycine and the Glycine Uptake Inhibitor Glycyldodecylamide

Phencyclidine (PCP) induces a psychotic state that closely resembles schizophrenia. In preclinical studies, PCP has been shown to induce its unique behavioral effects by blocking excitatory neurotransmission mediated at the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptors, suggesting that agents which potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission might have clinically beneficial effects. The present study demonstrates that the NMDA co-agonist glycine inhibits rodent hyperactivity induced by PCP, but not amphetamine. Glycyldodecylamide, a compound that blocks neuronal glycine uptake and which may therefore increase intrasynaptic glycine levels, inhibits PCP-induced hyperactivity more potently than glycine. These results complement recent clinical studies with glycine and suggest that glycine-uptake inhibitors, as well as glycine, may be beneficial in the treatment of PCP-induced psychosis and schizophrenia.
Gertrude Cox in Egypt: A Case Study in Science Patronage and International Statistics Education during the Cold War

Gertrude Cox, first chair of North Carolina State University's Department of Experimental Statistics, worked as a consultant for the Ford Foundation to Cairo University's Institute of Statistical Studies and Researches in 1964. An analysis of this work provides a case study in the internationalization of the statistics profession, the systems of patronage available to scientists in the second half of the twentieth century, and the history of women in science. It highlights some of the complexities in the process of internationalization in science, showing that even when scientists cross national boundaries to promote their discipline, they may have as a goal the advancement of their own nationalistic interests, or those of their patrons. In documenting Cox's commitment to serving her professional community, this case study will show that some particularly feminine qualities of Cox's approach to her work enabled her to accomplish what her male colleagues tried unsuccessfully to do.
Comparison of measures of fatty acid intake by subcutaneous fat aspirate, food frequency questionnaire, and diet records in a free-living population of US men

In 1986-1987, the authors assessed the fatty acid intake of 118 Boston-area men, aged 40-75 years, by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire administered twice, by two 7-day diet records, and by capillary gas chromatography of subcutaneous fat samples obtained by needle aspirate from the lateral buttock. Spearman correlation coefficients between diet record estimates of fatty acid intake (as a percentage of total fat) and fat aspirate measures (as a percentage of total peak area) were as follows: saturated fat, r = 0.16 (p = 0.09); monounsaturated fat, r = 0.22 (p = 0.01); and polyunsaturated fat, r = 0.49 (p = 0.0001). Spearman correlation coefficients between estimates derived from the food frequency questionnaire were as follows: saturated fat, r = 0.18 ( p = 0.05); monounsaturated fat, r = 0.14 (p = 0.14); polyunsaturated fat, r = 0.50 (p = 0.0001); and eicosapentaenoic acid, r = 0.47 (p = 0.0001). These data confirm that the polyunsaturated and eicosapentaenoic fatty acid content of subcutaneous fat is a measure of dietary intake of these fats. Although diet records are commonly thought to be the "gold standard" method of dietary assessment, the similar correlations observed between the fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and estimates of intake from the food frequency questionnaire and from diet records suggest that these two dietary assessment methods have similar validity in the measurement of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake.
The Reformation in Ireland Revisited

Europe, many of those concepts are by-products of the Reformation, and the centuries of religious struggle to which it gave rise. Nowhere have those concepts been more extensively employed than in the history of Ireland, an island whose affairs require, even to the present day, explanations based upon religious differences and categories. Somewhat inconveniently, we are approaching the point at which such religious conceptions are no longer satisfactory; the point at which they raise more questions than they answer. Recent contributions to the history of religion have made it more difficult to think of Europe as neatly divided between Catholics and Protestanlts. What were once thought of as organized blocs of likethinking individuals must now be viewed as amorphous movements loosely embracing immense varielty and contradiction. Such sentiments as anticlerioalism, siacramentalism, iconoclasm, or ultramontanism were spread generously about the map, and if the Reformation eventually triumphed in some areas, and the CounterReformation in others, the pattern reflected a great deal more than the religious proclivities of the constituent populations. Indeed, these 'religious proclivities' were themselves often determined by secular forces of a political, social, or economic slort. It is necessary to understand how religious identities emerged before it is possible to unders!tand how they clashed. A great deal has been done in that respect with regard to England and Scotland, the areas of the British Isles which gave rise to a self-conscious Protestantism which, in turn, became a central part of the national idenitity. The story of how Englishmen came to think of themselves as Protestants has been repeatedly told, and with increasing accuracy. But how the Irish came to think of themselves as inveterate Catholics remains more mysterious. In the reign of Henry VIII a serious effort was made to extend to Ireland the ecclesiastical reforms under way in England, most important, the severing of all ties with Rome. This effort was con-
Geometrically exact dynamic models for soft robotic manipulators

Unlike traditional rigid-linked robots, soft robotic manipulators can bend into a wide variety of complex shapes due to control inputs and gravitational loading. This paper presents a new approach for modeling the dynamics of soft robotic manipulators that incorporates the effect of material nonlinearities and distributed and payload weight and is geometrically exact for the large curvature, shear, torsion and extension that often occur in these manipulators. The model is based on the general Cosserat theory of rods and a fiber reinforced model of air muscle actuators. The model is validated experimentally on the OctArm V manipulator, showing less that 5% average error for a wide range of actuation pressures and base orientations as compared to almost 50% average error for the constant curvature model previously used by researchers.