cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing opioid use in a US population with migraine: Results from the CaMEO study

Objective To determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with opioid use in the treatment of migraine, we examined demographics and clinical characteristics of 867 individuals who reported using opioids for the treatment of migraine. Methods We analyzed data from the CaMEO study (Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes), a cross-sectional, longitudinal, Internet study, to compare sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, and migraine burden/disability of opioid users vs nonusers. Covariates were entered as categorical or continuous variables. Factors associated with opioid use were identified using nested, multivariable binary logistic regression models. Results Of 2,388 respondents with migraine using prescription medications for acute treatment, 36.3% reported that they currently used or kept on hand opioid medications to treat headaches. Current opioid users had significantly more comorbidities, greater headache-related burden, and poorer quality of life than nonusers. Regression models revealed factors significantly associated with opioid use, including male sex, body mass index, allodynia, increasing monthly headache frequency, Total Pain Index score (excluding head, face, neck/shoulder), anxiety, depression, ≥1 cardiovascular comorbidity, and emergency department/urgent care use for headache in the past 6 months. Self-reported physician-diagnosed migraine/chronic migraine was associated with significantly decreased likelihood of opioid use. Conclusions Of respondents who were using acute prescription medications for migraine, more than one-third used or kept opioids on hand, contrary to guidance. This analysis could not distinguish risk factors from consequences of opioid use; thus further research is needed to guide the development of strategies for reducing the inappropriate use of opioids in migraine.
Widespread elevated iridium in Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic strata of the Newark Supergroup: implications for use as an extinction marker

Anomalous levels of iridium in sedimentary strata are associated with mass extinction events caused by impact events. In the case of the end-Triassic extinction event, the anomalies as well as the extinctions are linked to the eruption of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) flood basalts. We report new data on concentrations of iridium in continental strata of the Fundy, Deerfield, Hartford and Newark basins, both above and below the oldest CAMP flows in these basins, that demonstrate that these anomalies are more common than previously known. We conclude that the enrichments were at least in some instances likely derived locally by concentration due to leaching directly from the lavas into sediments proximal to the CAMP flows due to post-eruptive hydrothermal activity. In other instances, the enrichments likely record the global fallout of aerosols and/or ash particles during the eruptions of the CAMP basalts. The common association of the highest levels of enrichment with organic matter suggests either redox control or stabilization by formation of organometallic complexes following post-eruptive redistribution. These findings demonstrate the importance of considering the distribution and magnitude of iridium anomalies in considering the source of the iridium and possible extinction mechanisms.
WHOOP, Inc.: Digital Entrepreneurship During the Covid-19 Pandemic

This case is about WHOOP, Inc., a digital startup in the fitness technology space, how it responded to the Covid-19 pandemic, and its evolving business model and opportunities in the competitive we...
In situ transmission electron microscopy with dual ion beam irradiation and implantation

Abstract To study the helium effects and their interactions with displacement damage in irradiated materials, an in situ dual-ion beam irradiation capability with transmission electron microscopy was recently established at the IVEM-Tandem Facility at Argonne National Laboratory. Pure nickel was irradiated in situ individually with 1 MeV Kr ions for displacement damage study, 16 keV He ions for helium implantation, and simultaneously with 1 MeV Kr ions and 16 keV He ions at the rate of 1 at.% He/dpa to study the interaction of helium and displacement damage at 500 °C. Helium bubbles were formed and segregated within dislocation loops during the He implantation experiment and no bubbles were observed outside the loops. The loop size increased with increasing helium concentration. In contrast, helium bubbles were formed uniformly in the matrix when nickel was irradiated simultaneously with 1 MeV Kr ions and 16 keV He ions. It is suggested that the uniformly-distributed defect clusters formed under 1 MeV Kr ion irradiation serve as trapping sites of helium atoms resulting in homogeneous nucleation of helium bubbles under the dual-ion beam irradiation in nickel.
Using World of Warcraft for Translingual Practice: Teaching Recontextualization Strategies

This chapter defines translingual practice as an ethical pedagogical practice as it affirms semiotic differences in meaning-making. Specifically, this chapter argues for an ethical writing pedagogy that teaches students how to effectively negotiate difference in writing that has traditionally been considered too formal to deviate much from “Standard English” norms by teaching them how to use recontextualization strategies that prepare audiences for these deviations from audience expectations of meaning-making norms. The chapter gives specific examples of these recontextualization strategies by examining how they rhetorically operated to create knowledge in the academic research articles of two Chinese students who conducted research in World of Warcraft. Finally, this chapter examines effective ways recontextualization strategies could be taught to students using the genre conventions of the research article such as using framing strategies in the introduction, literature review, and methods to introduce translingual terms and by using indigenous, decolonizing research methods to use translingual terms within data coding.
Benefits of playa buffers as bird habitat

Playa wetlands are important for maintaining biodiversity in otherwise nondiverse landscapes in the High Plains of the western Great Plains. Vegetation buffers around playas have been documented to reduce runoff of sediments and contaminants; however, there have been few assessments of the effects of buffers on bird communities. I conducted point counts during the breeding season and sampled vegetation at playa buffer sites and control playas to assess effects of buffers on breeding birds and their habitat. Relative abundance of wetland-dependent birds and total birds was substantially greater at buffered playas than unbuffered playas. I was not able to detect a difference in upland bird relative abundance between treatments. This was likely due to the habitat requirements of the most frequently detected upland birds: Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) and Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris). Buffered playas contained more visual obstruction and percent forb cover than control playas, but I was unable to detect a difference in percent grass or bare ground. Overall, playa buffers supported more birds and provided better habitat conditions for many bird species than unbuffered sites, and I suggest further research examining survival and reproductive output of birds using playa buffers.
Analysis of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Carriage in Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Equids Using Whole-Genome Sequencing.

While Staphylococcus aureus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in equids (horses, donkeys, and mules), few studies have performed whole-genome sequencing to fully categorize large collections of equine isolates. Such sequencing allows for a comprehensive analysis of the genetic lineage and relationships of isolates, as well as the virulence genes present in each, which can be important for understanding the epidemiology of strains and their range of infections. Seventy-two clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from equids were collected at the Texas AM of note, this study revealed that a large proportion of North American equine isolates carry the leucocidin PQ toxin (66% of isolates). One isolate (17-021) carried genes imparting lincosamide and high-level mupirocin resistance, a combination not previously reported in equine-derived S. aureus isolates. IMPORTANCE This is one of the first studies to perform whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of a large collection of Staphylococcus aureus isolates, both methicillin resistant and susceptible, collected from horses. A large proportion of the isolates carry leucocidin PQ (LukPQ), making this one of the first reports of such carriage in the United States. The presence of lincosamide and high-level mupirocin resistance in a methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolate highlights the importance of MSSA as a reservoir of important antimicrobial resistance genes. As microbial resistance genes on mobile genetic elements can pass between S. aureus strains and livestock-associated strains can be transferred to humans, these findings have important public health implications.
Dual-Polarization radar rainfall prediction and rain gauge data.

OBJECTIVE Reported rainfall data from multiple rain gauges and its corresponding estimate from Dual-Polarization (Dual-Pol) radar is presented here. The ordered set of data pairs were collected from multiple peer reviewed publications spanning across the last decade. DATA DESCRIPTION Taken from multiple sources, the data set represents several radar sites and rain gauge sites combined for 12,734 data points. The data is relevant in various applications of hydrometeorology and engineering as well as weather forecasting. Further, the importance of accuracy in radar precipitation estimates continues to increase, necessitating the incorporation of as much data as possible.
Impact of Online Education on Student Learning during the Pandemic

Using qualitative exploratory research, we documented the experiences of 90 undergraduate and graduate students on how online education was affecting their learning during the pandemic. Data was collected from School of Social Work students at a northeastern public university in the United States. The participants were unsatisfied with the unexpected disruption to online education. However, they had adjusted to digital learning, and stated that they would rather have subpar education than put self and others in danger due to COVID-19. The major challenges that the students encountered are: (a) struggle with online education, (b) difficulty connecting with instructors, (c) lack of motivation, (d) losses, (e) difficulty accessing other learning resources, and (f) unsafe/inaccessible home environment. Recommendations are provided for instructors and administrators to support students in these challenging times.
Reforming dental workforce education and practice in the USA

The USA dental education programmes are facing challenges similar to those confronting countries around the globe, particularly amongst the industrialised nations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the educational programmes of 15 USA dental schools to determine their impact on improving workforce diversity and oral health care access. The study investigates the predictors of public service plans of dental school seniors in Pipeline and non-Pipeline Program dental schools. We analysed baseline and post-intervention data collected in the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) Annual Survey of Dental School Seniors and a set of contextual variables. Public service plans (dependent variable) was predicted by four types of independent variables: intervention, contextual, community-based dental education (CBDE), and student characteristics. Findings from the study show that access to a state or federally sponsored loan repayment program was the most significant predictor of public service plans and that increasing educational debt was the most significant barrier. In the short-term we may be able to sustain the USA loan repayment programs to motivate senior dental students to provide public service to address the oral health care access crisis. However, in the long-term, a new workforce development initiative will be required to transform dental education and practice, modelled after the well-respected licensure programmes for Physician Assistants and/or Advanced Practice Registered Nurses, to expand oral health care access, particularly amongst vulnerable population subgroups, such as low-income children and families.
Approximation algorithm for random MAX- k SAT

We provide a rigorous analysis of a greedy approximation algorithm for the maximum random k-SAT (MAX-R-kSAT) problem. The algorithm assigns variables one at a time in a predefined order. A variable is assigned TRUE if it occurs more often positively than negatively; otherwise, it is assigned FALSE. After each variable assignment, problem instance is simplified and a new variable is selected. We show that this algorithm gives a 10/9.5-approximation, improving over the 9/8-approximation given by de la Vega and Karpinski [7]. The new approximation ratio is achieved by using a different algorithm than the one proposed in [7], along with a new upper bound on the maximum number of clauses that can be satisfied in a random k-SAT formula [2].
EC 3.4.24.15 is a Putative Regulator of Kisspeptin Signaling

Inadequate kisspeptin (Kiss) secretion or signaling results in delayed puberty and infertility, indicating the importance of this peptide in controlling reproduction. Regulating Kiss, or peptide co...
Urinary Tract Infections in Healthy University Men

Acute symptomatic urinary tract infections occurred spontaneously in healthy university men. The mean incidence was 5 symptomatic infections per 10,000 men per year. Men with symptomatic infections were older than other students (p = 0.001) and 90% were sexually active. Of 38 patients 35 (92%) responded to a single course of antimicrobial therapy. Factors implicated in other male populations, such as anatomical abnormalities, urinary tract instrumentation, bacterial prostatitis and lack of circumcision, were seldom identified. Extensive evaluation appears unnecessary for young men with bacteriuria who respond to antimicrobial therapy.
Further Results on Numerical Cloud Seeding Simulations of Stratiform-Type Clouds

Numerical simulations of ice-phase seeding of stratiform-type clouds have revealed the possibility of producing embedded convective cells in a stably stratified cloudy atmosphere. The requirements for this to occur are a high production rate of ice crystals from the seeding agent and a relatively low diffusion rate of the agent. The physical effect of the seeding is to glaciate a region of the cloud and cause the cloudy atmosphere to change from a saturated state with respect to liquid water to one saturated with respect to ice. Such a transformation releases heat of deposition, causing a few tenths of a degree increase in temperature and a few ms^-1 increase in vertical velocity. The transformation also produces one to two tenths of a gram of cloud ice per kilogram of air. These results have implications for convective clouds also. The temperature changes may help explain the often quoted positive impact of cloud seeding on moderate size convective clouds. Convective clouds in the range from 2 to almost 6 km depth show the largest potential for dynamic growth. These depths normally cover the -10°C to -25°C levels in the atmosphere, the temperature range of maximum effects for the transformation from saturation with respect to water (liquid) to one with respect to ice.
IEEE Power Engineering Society

The author describes how the realization of global climate change mitigation requires the availability of renewable resources, lower renewable technology costs, government support and society acceptance of renewable energy alternatives.
Evaluation of the mini-mental state examination's internal consistency in a community-based sample of Mexican-American and European-American elders: results from the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging.

This study examined the effect of scoring method, education, and language usage on internal consistency of the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Trained bilingual staff administered the MMSE in participants' homes as part of the San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging home-based assessment battery. Subjects included 833 community-dwelling Mexican-American (MA) and European-American (EA) elders, aged 65 and older, residing in three socioculturally distinct neighborhoods in San Antonio, Texas. Three methods of scoring the MMSE were examined: serial sevens only, spelling only, and serial sevens or spelling, whichever was higher. Mean MMSE scores ± standard deviation ranged from 27.7 ± 2.4 to 28.5 ± 1.9 for EAs, from 25.6 ± 3.2 to 27.2 ± 2.9 for MAs interviewed in English, and from 22.5 ± 4.5 to 25.5 ± 3.5 for MAs interviewed in Spanish, depending on scoring method. Across the three ethnic-language subgroups, the lowest mean scores, largest coefficients of variation, and highest alpha coefficients were observed using serial sevens only. Stratification by educational level showed that alpha coefficients for all three scoring methods were consistently lower in high school graduates than in less-educated groups. Serial sevens only was the only scoring method that yielded acceptably high alpha coefficients across all ethnic, language, and education subgroups. Thus, clinicians should use the serial sevens-only method when administering the MMSE and he alert to the increased potential for false-negatives in more highly educated EA and MA elders, particularly in EAs and MAs proficient in English.
Pro/con clinical debate: the use of prone positioning in the management of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Critical care medicine is a relatively new specialty and as such there is not a great deal of accumulated data to allow clinicians to practice 'evidence-based medicine' in all situations they encounter. When evidence does exist, intensivists may choose not to follow it based on 'gut feelings' or their own interpretation of how the data apply to their patient. It is perhaps not surprising that these latter events occur given that intensivists are often literally fighting for their patient's lives. Prone positioning evokes a large emotional response from many intensivists. Despite accumulating data there appears to be two camps of clinicians: those who strongly believe in the therapy, and those who want more data. The emotion and rationale for the mindset of the two camps is evident in this issue of Critical Care Forum. With compelling arguments on both sides of the fence, it is apparent that this debate is far from over. The authors of this pro/con debate, which is based on a clinical scenario, first describe their position and then respond to their opponent's position.
What's new in SETI and CASPER?

First we'll present some of the recent SETI experiments the Berkeley SETI Research Center and our collaborators are conducting at optical, infrared, and radio frequencies. We'll discuss new SETI@home experiments, LOFAR SETI, Kepler SETI, eavesdropping SETI at Arecibo and Green Bank Observatories, as well as some new SETI instrumentation.
Phosphorylase Kinase of the Liver: Deficiency in a Girl with Increased Hepatic Glycogen

Studies of a child with glycogenosis revealed an increased concentration of glycogen and low phosphorylase activity in her liver. Using mixtures of homogenates of the patient's liver and of normal liver, we found the low phosphorylase activity to be caused by a deficiency of phosphorylase kinase and not of hepatic phosphorylase. The fact that phosphorylase activity was restored to normal values by the addition of phosphorylase b kinase from rabbit muscle substantiates this conclusion.
The electroanatomic mechanisms of atrial tachycardia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle.

Atrial Tachycardia in Tetralogy of Fallot and DORV. Background: Atrial tachycardias (AT) are common after palliation or repair of congenital heart disease. The electroanatomic mechanism of AT in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and double outlet right ventricle (DORV) patients has not been fully explored. Methods and Results: Retrospective analysis of TOF or DORV patients was performed in the electrophysiology (EP) lab from January 1997 to March 2010. Sustained ATs were mapped using the Carto system (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA). Fifty-eight patients were identified with 82 EP studies performed and 127 ATs identified. The first EP study for AT was performed at a median age of 35 years (2–58 years). Ninety-five IART circuits were identified, 5 in a figure-of-8 pattern. There were 13 focal ATs, 4 ectopic ATs, and 15 presentations of atrial fibrillation (AF). The cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) was the critical area for ablation in the majority of TOF and DORV patients (53%). The CTI, along with the lateral RA wall, made up 85% of IART circuits. Excluding AF, the acute success rate for ablation was 90%. Of the 58 patients, 20 had additional ablation attempts, 19 within 3 years of their first ablation. Conclusion: The CTI and lateral RA wall are critical corridors of conduction in 85% of IART circuits in TOF and DORV patients. The acute success rate for AT ablations is high, but a substantial number of patients have required additional ablation procedures. Recurrences may be reduced if both the CTI and lateral RA wall are targeted and blocked, even if the mapped circuit points only to 1 region. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 1013-1017, September 2011)
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of {N,N'- Bis[2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl]pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamido}copper(II).

The Cu(II) complex of N,N‘-bis(2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl)pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide, a designed ligand with two amide moieties, has been isolated and structurally characterized. The copper center in this distorted square-pyramidal complex is coordinated to two deprotonated amido N donors and is situated 0.41 A above the mean basal plane. Such distortion results in a low A∥ value of 154 G.
Measurement of residual stresses by the hole-drilling method: Influences of transverse sensitivity of the gages and relieved-strain coefficients

The general expression of the error due to the transverse sensitivity of the gages and the relieved-strain coefficients, in a determination of residual stresses by the hole-drilling method in thin plates, is given. It has been shown that the transverse sensitivity of the gages can be ignored. A moderate amount of error, however, is introduced in the measurement of residual stresses when the relieved-strain coefficients from methods other than double integration over the area of the grid are used. The error due to the use of improper relieved-strain coefficients from rigorous relationships for calculation of residual stresses has been compared with the same part of the error from nonrigorous relationships. Abandonment of the use of nonrigorous relationships is recommended.
A nonlinear approximation for vortex sheet evolution and singularity formation

Abstract The evolution of a vortex sheet in two-dimensional, incompressible, inviscid flow is governed by the integro-differential equation of Birkhoff-Rott. We derive a simple approximation for vortex sheet evolution, consisting of a system of four first-order differential equations. This approximate system has the advantage of involving only local operators. The errors in the approximation are shown to be relatively small even if the sheet has infinite curvature at a point. For the approximate equations, exact similarity solutions exhibiting singularity formation are constructed.
Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in the cat's visual cortex during development

We have studied the effect of metabotropic glutamate receptors on the second messenger cAMP, and how it varies with age in light- and dark-reared cats; the overall level of the metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1, 2/3, and 5 during development; the laminar distribution of these receptors; and how the physiological effect of the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist ACPD varies with layer. The increase in cAMP produced by ACPD correlates well with the critical period for ocular dominance plasticity in both light- and dark-reared animals. Basal levels of cAMP also correlate well, but overall levels of mGluRs do not. Thus, the second messenger is likely to be the critical factor in plasticity, rather than the mGluRs. Both group I mGluRs (1 and 5) and group II mGluRs (2 and 3) contribute to the increase in cAMP. However, mGluR5 is affected by rearing in the dark, while mGluR1 is not. Moreover, the laminar distribution of mGluRs 2/3 and 5 changes with age, while mGluR1 does not. The laminar distribution is correlated with the functional effect of ACPD, which varies with layer. In upper layers, ACPD has a depressive effect on both visual response and spontaneous activity, while in lower layers it has a depressive effect on visual response and a facilitatory effect on spontaneous activity. These variations in functional effect with layer need to be taken into account before the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in development will be fully understood.
Reshaping academic capitalism to meet development priorities: the case of public universities in Kenya

As colleges and universities have adopted a corporate model in recent decades, debate over the public versus private good associated with higher education has surged. The deliberations have typically been entrenched in Western notions about academia’s contributions to development and scholars have framed academic capitalism dichotomously; a force for good or evil. Far less is known about the market model of higher education in developing nations. We sought to explore this gap by examining how faculty and staff at two public universities in Africa view the intersection of marketization and development.
Particulate Material in Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) Concentrates

Antihemophilic factor (AHF) concentrates contain noncellular particulate material which is retained by a screen filter of 40 mu pore size. This material is composed in part of IgG, fibrinoprotein, and cold insoluble globulin. The clinical significance of this material is uncertain, but a possible association with pulmonary and cerebral microemboli is suggested.
Low-income students and college attendance: An exploration of income expectations

Objectives. Some have hypothesized that unrealistic expectations regarding their futures may explain the weak link between expectations and realizations among low-income (particularly minority) youth. Unfortunately, there is little evidence characterizing students' expectations around the time that they make college decisions that would allow one to study this hypothesis. Methods. In this exploratory article, I analyze data on income expectations from a small sample of low-income minority high school seniors in Baltimore City, MD; and use data from Dominitz and Manski's sample of higher-income white students in Madison, WI, and the NELS88 for comparisons. Results. I find little evidence that the income expectations of lower-income minority students are so different from those of higher-income students. Rather, the expected returns to postsecondary education appear similar between the two samples of high school seniors. Analysis of a nationally representative sample of high school seniors suggests that lower-income students do not place less weight on expected economic returns to college when making their plans than do more advantaged students, although low-income students are less able to translate their college plans into actual college attendance. Conclusions. These results suggest that differing income expectations do not explain the weaker relationship between expectations and educational attainment among low-income students.
DIERS churn—turbulent disengagement correlation extended to horizontal cylinders and spheres

Abstract For a vertical cylinder and non-unity distribution parameter (C0), an analytical solution is given for the DIERS (Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems) churn—turbulent disengagement model (i.e. axial void fraction profile under volumetric heating model). This solution validates the earlier approximation of Fauske et al.1. Horizontal cylinders and spheres were investigated using numerical integration and the results plotted against a generalized dimensionless superficial vapour velocity. Thus, the analytical solution is shown to hold for varying cross-sectional vessels. Therefore, this correlation predicts liquid disengagement regardless of vessel shape. An alternative correlation form is introduced, and examples for design and for rating are included.
Use of the Murnaghan-Hildebrand Equation of State in Teaching Thermodynamics

The Murnaghan-Hildebrand equation of state, an accurate equation of state for many solids and liquids, is introduced for use in the illustration of thermodynamic relationships. It is shown to meet the need for an equation of state accurate over a wide range of pressures. Parameters are given for four solid phases of iron and for the liquid, with which eleven thermodynamic functions including V, U, H, S, αV, V/B, and G can be calculated at any specified temperature and pressure. The program for these calculations can be used to represent experimental values, to illustrate thermodynamic relationships, to calculate chemical and phase equilibria, and to stimulate student interest from the study of real systems, for instance, the form of iron in the core of the earth.
Effect of elasticity on stress distribution in CAD/CAM dental crowns: Glass ceramic vs. polymer–matrix composite

Abstract Objectives Further investigations are required to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of newly developed polymer–matrix composite (PMC) blocks for computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of elasticity on the stress distribution in dental crowns made of glass–ceramic and PMC materials using finite element (FE) analysis. Methods Elastic constants of two materials were determined by ultrasonic pulse velocity using an acoustic thickness gauge. Three-dimensional solid models of a full-coverage dental crown on a first mandibular molar were generated based on X-ray micro-CT scanning images. A variety of load case-material property combinations were simulated and conducted using FE analysis. The first principal stress distribution in the crown and luting agent was plotted and analyzed. Results The glass–ceramic crown had stress concentrations on the occlusal surface surrounding the area of loading and the cemented surface underneath the area of loading, while the PMC crown had only stress concentration on the occlusal surface. The PMC crown had lower maximum stress than the glass–ceramic crown in all load cases, but this difference was not substantial when the loading had a lateral component. Eccentric loading did not substantially increase the maximum stress in the prosthesis. Conclusions Both materials are resistant to fracture with physiological occlusal load. The PMC crown had lower maximum stress than the glass–ceramic crown, but the effect of a lateral loading component was more pronounced for a PMC crown than for a glass–ceramic crown. Clinical significance Knowledge of the stress distribution in dental crowns with low modulus of elasticity will aid clinicians in planning treatments that include such restorations.
Modal Interactions in Dynamical and Structural Systems

The authors review theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of modal interactions on the nonlinear response of harmonically excited structural and dynamical systems. In particular, they discuss the response of pendulums, ships, rings, shells, arches, beam structures, surface waves, and the similarities in the qualitative behavior of these systems. The systems are characterized by quadratic nonlinearities which may lead to two-to-one and combination autoparametric resonances. These resonances give rise to a coupling between the modes involved in the resonance leading to nonlinear periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic motions.
Production of aerogels

Abstract Critical point drying of gels with carbon dioxide is used in the preparation of highly porous silica monoliths. In this work, silica with a reproducible density of 0.2 g/cc is obtained. Shrinkage during drying is observed using a high pressure view cell. Shrinkage is found to occur primarily during depressurization. A process has been developed to permit drying in less than 12 hours.
Elimination of data pattern dependence in SOA-based differential-mode wavelength converters using optically-induced birefringence

We demonstrate a technique for eliminating nonlinear-pattern-dependence in SOA-based differential-mode wavelength-converters using optically-induced polarization rotation. Power penalty improvement of 2.6 dB for 2/sup 31/-1 PRBS data is achieved by compensating for 3.3 dB pattern dependence.
An anion chromatography/ultraviolet detection method to determine nitrite, nitrate, and sulfide concentrations in saline (pore) waters

Abstract An anion chromatography with ultraviolet detection (IC/UV) method was developed to simultaneously measure NO 3 − , NO 2 − , and HS − concentrations in saline (pore)waters. This method achieves nanomolar detection limits without the need for a Cd/Cu reducing column and requires
Smoking among U.S. Hispanic/Latino adults: the Hispanic community health study/study of Latinos.

Background Prior national surveys capture smoking behaviors of the aggregated U.S. Hispanic/Latino population, possibly obscuring subgroup variation. Purpose To describe cigarette use among Hispanic/Latino adults across subgroups of age, gender, national background, SES, birthplace, and degree of acculturation to the dominant U.S. culture. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 16,322 participants in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos aged 18−74 years, recruited in Bronx NY, Chicago IL, Miami FL, and San Diego CA, was conducted during 2008–2011. Results Prevalence of current smoking was highest among Puerto Ricans (men, 35.0%; women, 32.6%) and Cubans (men, 31.3%; women, 21.9%), with particularly high smoking intensity noted among Cubans as measured by pack-years and cigarettes/day. Dominicans had the lowest smoking prevalence (men, 11.0%; women, 11.7%). Individuals of other national backgrounds had a smoking prevalence that was intermediate between these groups, and typically higher among men than women. Non-daily smoking was common, particularly although not exclusively among young men of Mexican background. Persons of low SES were more likely to smoke, less likely to have quit smoking, and less frequently used over-the-counter quit aids compared to those with higher income and education levels. Smoking was more common among individuals who were born in the U.S. and had a higher level of acculturation to the dominant U.S. culture, particularly among women. Conclusions Smoking behaviors vary widely across Hispanic/Latino groups in the U.S., with a high prevalence of smoking among population subgroups with specific, readily identifiable characteristics.
On the stereoselective aminoacylation of RNA.

Gabbay and Kleinman (1970) have found that stereospecific complex formation (noncovalent) occurs between nucleic acids and a number of derivatives of amino acids. However, until recently, chiral selection in any nonenzymatic RNA-aminoacylation reaction was unknown. Profy and Usher (1984) reported that aminoacylation of the 'internal' 2-prime-ester occurred with a significant amount of stereoselection. Profy and Usher (1984) have also observed that aminoacylation of the 'internal' 2-prime-hydroxyl groups of polyribonucleotides by the imidazolide of N-3,5-dinitrobenzoylalanine occurs with chiral selection. In order to obtain further information regarding the considered phenomena, a systematic investigation was initiated of the factors which contribute to the observed stereoselectivity of the aminoacylation reaction. In the present paper, the effect of a change in the amino acid from alanine to leucine is considered along with an investigation of the D- and L-alanyl internal' 2-prime esters of the dinucleoside monophosphate of 3-prime,5-prime-ApA.
Effects of Importance and Detectability of Usability Problems on Sample Size Requirements

Existing models of usability evaluation estimate sample size requirements based on goal discovery rate and detectability of potential problems without consideration of the importance of the problem and an index of usability, which allows the comparison of the effectiveness of usability of information technology products and services across different domains. This article presents a methodology which accounts for the aforementioned limitations in usability evaluation. A case study is presented, which illustrates the utility of the proposed methodology and indicates that the current methods underestimate the number of participants in usability evaluation studies.
Liquid chromatographic determination of CPZEN-45, a novel anti-tubercular drug, in biological samples

Abstract CPZEN-45 is a new drug candidate being considered for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to develop and validate a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method suitable to determine CPZEN-45 concentrations in biological samples. CPZEN-45 was extracted from biological fluids and tissues (plasma, lung and spleen from guinea pig) by sequential extraction with acetonitrile and quantified by a Waters HPLC Alliance System coupled with a ZORBAX Bonus-RP column, guard column and UV detection at 263 nm. The mobile phase was 20:80 acetonitrile:ultrapure-water with 0.05% TFA. The CPZEN-45 peak was eluted at 5.1 min with no interference from the inherent peaks of plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung or spleen tissues. Recovery of CPZEN-45 from biological samples was >96% of the spiked amount. The limit of detection was 0.05 μg/ml and the limit of quantitation was 0.29 μg/ml which was more than 5 and 21 times lower than the reported minimal inhibitory concentration of CPZEN-45 (MIC = 1.56 μg/ml for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and 6.25 μg/ml for MDR-TB, respectively). Thus, HPLC method was deemed reliable, sensitive, reproducible and accurate for the determination of CPZEN-45 concentrations in plasma, BAL, lung and spleen tissues. Therefore, this method was used in subsequent studies in the guinea pig model to determine the disposition of CPZEN-45 after administration of solutions by the IV and SC routes.
Differential distribution of ampullary and tuberous processing in the torus semicircularis of Eigenmannia

Gymnotiform electric fish sense low-and high frequency electric signals with ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors, respectively. We employed intracellular recording and labeling methods to investigate ampullary and tuberous information processing in laminae 1–5 of the dorsal torus semicircularis of Eigenmannia. Ampullary afferents arborized extensively in laminae 1–3 and, in some cases, lamina 7. Unlike tuberous afferents to the torus, ampullary afferents had numerous varicosities along their finest-diameter branches. Neurons that were primarily ampullary were found in lamina 3. Neurons primarily excited by tuberous stimuli were found in lamina 5 and, more rarely, in lamina 4. Cells that had dendrites in lamina 1–3 and 5 could be recruited by both ampullary and tuberous stimuli. These bimodal cells were found in lamina 4. During courtship, Eigenmannia produces interruptions of its electric organ discharges. These interruptions stimulate ampullary and tuberous receptors. The integration of ampullary and tuberous information may be important in the processing of these communication signals.
Dissipation function in thermomechanical phenomena of viscoelastic solids

Eine explizite Form der Dissipationsfunktion fur thermomechanische Vorgange in viskoelastischen Korpern wird abgeleitet. Diese Funktion hangt von beobachtbaren Grossen, wie z. B. Spannungs- und Dehnungsgeschwindigkeiten und ihren zeitlichen Ableitungen ab. Die Formulierung basiert auf der irreversiblen Thermodynamik deformierbarer Korper, die vonBiot entwickelt und vonZiegler undSchapery verallgemeinert wurde. Die vorgeschlagene Dissipationsfunktion ist sowohl zum experimentellen als auch zum theoretischen Gebrauch geeignet.
A Cell-Based Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cell Coated with Anti-CD3 and CD28 Antibodies Enables Rapid Expansion and Long-Term Growth of CD4 T Lymphocytes

We compared the ability of two genetically modified myeloid cells, K562 and U937, to serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC). Both aAPC were stably transfected with the low-affinity Fcγ receptor CD32 (K32/U32 cells). K32 cells loaded with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 Ab (K32/CD3/28) induced more rapid CD4 T-cell expansion than CD3/28-coated beads. In contrast, U32/CD3/28 induced high levels of CD4 T-cell thymidine uptake but were unable to sustain long-term T-cell expansion. K32 cells, but not U32 cells, loaded with anti-CD3 alone also stimulated CD4 T-cell growth and IL-2 secretion, indicating the expression of additional costimulatory molecules on K32 cells. We found constitutive expression of B7-H3 and a strong upregulation of mRNA encoding for IL-15, PD-L1, and PD-L2 after coculture with CD4 T cells activated by K32/CD3/28 but not U32/CD3/28. We conclude that K32 aAPCs are a robust system for clinical scale ex vivo expansion of CD4 T cells.
Recognition of Computer-Generated Trees

This research assessed the importance of rendering specific details when creating a virtual forest. Specifically, we examined memory for computer-generated trees using a modified recognition task in which participants were shown a target tree, engaged in a distractor task, and then ranked the similarity of seven foils to the original tree they had seen. Five of the foils represented changes on only one dimension of the tree whereas the other two foils represented modifications to either five features previously identified as salient or all nine tree features. Results showed that similarity rankings were largely based on overall structural similarity of the trees as opposed to similarity on smaller details such as branch thickness or leaf size. Additionally, perceived similarity rankings varied as a function of the symmetry of the tree. Virtual forests need to show realism for different features depending on the forest type.
Autonomous low-level model construction

This paper describes a technique that has been developed for autonomously constructing a low- level point model of the surface of an object. Noisy range images of the object are acquired from many different known viewpoints. Data from the range images are resampled onto a regular grid in a reference coordinate system, and then combined to form a single voxel based representation of the surface. A dense set of points lying on the surface is then extracted from the voxel representation. Results using synthetic range data are presented.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Determination of immunologic correspondence for taxonomic studies by densitometric scanning of antigen-antibody precipitates in agar-gel.

Abstract 1. 1. A technique is described which provides for objectively determining relative immunological correspondence among antigens being compared in micro-immunodiffusion tests. 2. 2. The technique is of greatest value in taxonomy for comparing heterogeneous protein systems in which tiny volumes, instability and pigmentation prevent reliable data from being obtained using the standard fluid-system precipitin tests. 3. 3. Relationships among species, established by means of turbidimetric analyses of fluid-system precipitin tests, were confirmed using the densitometric technique. 4. 4. The disadvantages of the technique are the result of the inherent limitations imposed by the diffusion of fluids through a semi-solid media. The test in agar is less sensitive than are the fluid-system systems. It is more concentration dependent. Accurate comparisons of antigens by the densitometric scanning of immunologic precipitates is limited to strongly reacting systems.
Van Inwagen and the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument

In this paper I do two things: (1) I support the claim that there is still some confusion about just what the Quine-Putnam indispensability argument is and the way it employs Quinean meta-ontology and (2) I try to dispel some of this confusion by presenting the argument in a way which reveals its important meta-ontological features, and include these features explicitly as premises. As a means to these ends, I compare Peter van Inwagen’s argument for the existence of properties with Putnam’s presentation of the indispensability argument. Van Inwagen’s argument is a classic exercise in Quinean meta-ontology and yet he claims – despite his argument’s conspicuous similarities to the Quine-Putnam argument – that his own has a substantially different form. I argue, however, that there is no such difference between these two arguments even at a very high level of specificity; I show that there is a detailed generic indispensability argument that captures the single form of both. The arguments are identical in every way except for the kind of objects they argue for – an irrelevant difference for my purposes. Furthermore, Putnam’s and van Inwagen’s presentations make an assumption that is often mistakenly taken to be an important feature of the Quine-Putnam argument. Yet this assumption is only the implicit backdrop against which the argument is typically presented. This last point is brought into sharper relief by the fact that van Inwagen’s list of the four nominalistic responses to his argument is too short. His list is missing an important – and historically popular – fifth option.
Intracellular signalling: Putting JAKs on the kinase MAP

Tyrosine kinases of the JAK family are required for activation of both STAT transcription factors and the ERK/MAP kinase pathway, suggesting a mechanism for the optimization of gene induction via the coordinate activation of multiple transcription factors.
Carotenoid pigments of Dioscorea cayenensis

SUMMARY The yellow flesh of Dioscorea cayenensis, a principal yam of Africa, was found to contain xanthophyll esters as the principal pigments. These included neoxanthin, violaxanthin and auroxanthin. In addition β-carotene, or pro-vitamin A was found in small quantities. Measurements show that D. cayenensis is a fair source of this nutrient.
Hybrid transfer RNA genes in phage T4

Abstract We describe the isolation and characterization of two unusual amber suppressor forms of T4 tRNA Leu . The sequences of the suppressor tRNAs can be described as hybrids of wild-type tRNA Leu and suppressor tRNA Gln molecules: the chain lengths and majority of the nucleotide residues corresponded to tRNA Leu , but CUA anticodons flanked by 2–14 residues were identical to tRNA Gln . The uncertainty as to the exact number of flanking residues correlated with tRNA Gln is due to the similarity of the two tRNA sequences in this region. No evidence was found for changes in other T4 tRNAs. We propose that genes for the hybrid tRNAs were produced by mispairing of DNAs at anticodon segments of tRNA Leu and tRNA Gln with a double crossover flanking those segments.
Hydroxyamphetamine Mydriasis in Horner's Syndrome

We studied hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide 1% (Paredrine) mydriasis in 54 patients with Horner's syndrome to determine its effectiveness in distinguishing preganglionic lesions from postganglionic lesions. The difference in pupillary dilation between the unaffected and affected sides was used as a measure of the hydroxyamphetamine effect. We found that patients who had clinical evidence of damage to the postganglionic neuron of the oculosympathetic pathway had less pupillary dilation on the affected side. In contrast, almost all patients judged to have clinical evidence of preganglionic lesions dilated more on the affected side. We determined the probability that a given difference in pupillary dilation between the involved and uninvolved side is the result of a postganglionic lesion.