cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depression and information valence influence depressive cognition

The current study examined two possible antecedents of depressive cognition: diagnostic status and information varying in positive, neutral, or negative valence. The participants were 62 elders: 26 outpatients with a major depressive disorder and 36 community controls. These subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions of valenced information given by means of three versions of short stories followed by questions tapping cognitive distortions. MANCOVAs and ANCOVAs indicated significant main effects and an interaction of depressed versus nondepressed diagnostic status and positive, neutral, or negative valence condition on the depressive-distorted scale: Negative stories and the depressive diagnostic status produced more distortions than the neutral or positive versions of stories or depressed group membership. It was concluded that depressive cognition is influenced by the valence of contextual information; cognition is not necessarily autonomous from current diagnostic status.
Measuring matrix-based cell formation with alternative routings

A good measure is necessary to evaluate the goodness of grouping in cellular manufacturing. For simple group technology (GT) problems, there are some grouping measures available, the most cited ones are grouping efficiency and grouping efficacy. A grouping measure, which considers alternative routings, is not available for the generalised GT problems. In this paper a new measure called alternative routing grouping (ARG) efficiency is proposed and its desirable properties are derived. Not only can this alternative routing grouping efficiency be used in the generalised GT problems, but it can also be used in the simple GT problems. The computation of the alternative routing grouping efficiency is illustrated with examples, and results of empirical tests on a set of known problems are also reported in this paper. The alternative routing grouping efficiency is extended to the simple GT measures. Grouping efficiency suffers from a weak discriminating capability and grouping efficacy has relatively a better discriminating capability. It is proved that the ARG efficiency has better discriminating capability than the existing measures, and this measure can evaluate the effectiveness of grouping in both simple and generalised cell formation problems with alternative process plans.
Measurements of 142,144Nd(n,γ) cross sections at ORELA for astrophysical s-process studies

Abstract We have completed measurements of the 142,144 Nd(n,γ) cross sections from approximately 20 eV to 200 keV at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) using a recently improved C 6 D 6 detector apparatus. 142 Nd is an s -only isotope, i.e. it is only formed during the s -process. It has a closed neutron shell and therefore defines a step in the 〈 σ 〉N s curve from which the mean s -process neutron exposure can be calculated. In addition, 144 Nd is the normalization point for the neodymium abundances. Also accurate (n,γ) cross sections would help to determine the r - and p -process residuals of these isotopes and will impact the interpretation of the recently discovered isotopic anomalies in silicon carbide grains from the Murchison meteorite. Our new (n,γ) cross sections also show that reaction rate extrapolations for nuclei near closed neutron shells from measured values at 30 keV down to 8 keV can be inaccurate.
The counselor as psychoecologist

Counselors may be in need of a new model of practice. Current approaches based on the intrapersonal models of psychotherapy are not congruent with institutional realities. More important, they assume, often falsely, a “disturbed” person who must be adjusted to a “normal” environment. This article suggests that emotional disturbance be viewed as an ecological phenomenon that exists in the transactions among people. The task of the counselor is to alter disturbed transactions in ways that promote individual competence. The implications for practice of viewing the counselor as a psychoecologist are discussed and illustrated through a case study.
Getting beyond ‘grin and bear it’ in the practice of risk management

Abstract Risk perception researchers frequently notice major discrepancies between expert judgment and lay opinion concerning the identity of ‘large’ risks. These discrepancies are particularly disconcerting because they lead to a significant misallocation of scarce resources devoted to public risk management. Yet, democratic decision-making also appeals to many risk perception researchers, and some see such little prospect for a solution thaty they seem close to surrendering to decision-making based on lay risk perception. This article argues that such a ‘grin and bear it’ strategy is also unsatisfactory; that risk perceptions are unstable grounds for decision-making; that expert risk assessment and lay risk perception differ by design rather than accident; that risk experts' search for ‘virtuous lawmakers’ who would make public decisions for the greatest public good is a vain one; that the dissonance risk perception researchers now observe will likely get worse in the new information age; and that risk perception researchers need to return to first principles to find solutions to these dilemmas. In particular, the gap between expert judgment and lay perception will close only when non-experts are permitted and expected to make their own risk management decisions, so far as that is possible, while bearing full responsibility for their choices.
Early results of surgical intervention for elbow deformity in cerebral palsy based on degree of contracture.

Purpose Elbow flexion posture, caused by spasticity of the muscles on the anterior surface of the elbow, is the most common elbow deformity seen in patients with cerebral palsy. This study retrospectively evaluated early results of 2 surgical interventions for elbow flexion deformities based on degree of contracture. We hypothesized that by guiding surgical treatment to degree of preoperative contracture, elbow extension and flexion posture angle at ambulation could be improved while preserving maximum flexion. Methods Eighty-six patients (90 elbows) were treated for elbow spasticity due to cerebral palsy. Seventy-one patients (74 elbows) were available for follow-up. Fifty-seven patients with fixed elbow contractures less than 45° were surgically treated with a partial elbow muscle lengthening, which included partial lengthening of the biceps and brachialis and proximal release of the brachioradialis. Fourteen patients (17 elbows) with fixed elbow contractures ≥ 45° had a more extensive full elbow release, with biceps z-lengthening, partial brachialis myotomy, and brachioradialis proximal release. Results Age at surgery averaged 10 years (range, 3–20 y) for partial lengthening and 14 years (range, 5–20 y) for full elbow release. Follow-up averaged 22 months (range, 7–144 mo) for partial lengthening and 18 months (range, 6–51 mo) for full elbow release. Both groups achieved meaningful improvement in flexion posture angle at ambulation, active and passive extension, and total range of motion. Elbow flexion posture angle at ambulation improved by 57° and active extension increased 17° in the partial lengthening group, with a 4° loss of active flexion. In the full elbow release group, elbow flexion posture angle at ambulation improved 51° and active extension improved 38°, with a loss of 19° of active flexion. Conclusions Surgical treatment of spastic elbow flexion in cerebral palsy can improve deformity. We obtained excellent results by guiding the surgical intervention by the amount of preoperative elbow contracture. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV.
Presidents, Supreme Court justices, and racial equality cases: 1954–1984

This research assesses the policy success of presidents since Eisenhower in their appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court in racial equality cases from 1954–1984. The research examines presidential preferences in a much more detailed and sensitive manner than previous research. While past research has used presidential party as a measure of the policy preferences of presidents, we examine policy preferences in a very direct manner. Specifically, the preferences of presidents on racial equality issues are gauged by their public policy statements. These statements serve to tap the degree of liberalness, the level of attention, and the level of concern with judicial actions in racial equality matters. The results demonstrate that presidents have been much more successful in appointing like-minded justices than is suggested by the existing literature. In addition, it is shown that prior judicial experience is not related to presidential success. This is discussed in terms of the perennial debate over the political control of the Supreme Court and the congruence of Court policy making with majoritarian values.
A structural correlation between lentivirus transmembrane proteins and natural cytolytic peptides.

Although oncoviruses and lentiviruses replicate by similar mechanisms, they differ fundamentally in the usual fate of the infected host cell during productive natural infections. Oncoviruses typically establish persistent nonlytic infections in natural host cells, while lentivirus infections characteristically result in a variety of cytopathic effects ultimately leading to death of the target cell. Described here is a unique structural motif consisting of a strongly amphipathic and arginine-rich helical peptide segment in the carboxyl end of lentivirus TM proteins that is structurally similar to the family of cytolytic peptides produced as defensive agents by certain insects and amphibians. Also demonstrated is the lytic nature of synthetic peptides constructed from the transmembrane (TM) protein of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV). Thus, it appears that the cytopathic properties of lentiviruses may be in part attributed to the presence of lytic peptides within the TM protein, desig...
240 - Electrochemical studies of cytochromes c

Abstract Chronoamperometric methods were developed and used to study the reaction of iron-EDTA with horse cytochrome c and Rhodospirillum rubrum cytochrome c2. These experiments served to demonstrate experimentally that for non-binding non-physiological redox agents, it is the overall protein charge that determines the kinetic-ionic strength relationships and not the localized charge of the presumed site of electron transfer. A theoretical discussion for earlier misconceptions of the simplified Debye-Huckel theory is presented. This new chronoamperometric approach to kinetics affords a relatively simple methodology for doing otherwise difficult kinetic studies under anaerobic conditions with easily autooxidizable redox agents such as ferrous-EDTA.
Age Differences in Wechsler Memory Scale Scores

(1966). Age Differences in Wechsler Memory Scale Scores. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 109, No. 1, pp. 135-145.
Biomolecular Motors and Switches: From Machines to Drugs

Molecular motors and molecular switches lie at the heart of key biological processes, from the division and growth of cells to the muscular movement of organisms. They represent attractive targets for drug design, as their aberrant function is associated with many diseases including cancer, diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. To understand how these fascinating nanomachines function, and how their disfunction is related to disease, requires the consideration of multiple spatial and temporal scales as well as the successful integration of experiment, molecular simulation and theory. I have developed a state-of-the-art multi-level computational approach to investigate the structure, dynamics and interactions of prototypical motor and switch systems.Our approach couples bioinformatics (to probe sequence-structure-function relationships); molecular dynamics (to investigate essential conformational changes); Brownian dynamics (for diffusional protein-protein and protein-ligand encounters); and computer-aided drug design (for discovering novel therapeutics). I will describe two discoveries that exemplify the power of this approach. First, how it uncovered the importance of electrostatics in the biased motion of kinesin motors along microtubules, and how this information enabled the rational design of mutant motors with tailored velocities. Second, how it revealed that the traditional “induced fit” view for activating conformational changes in molecular switches should be replaced by a “conformational selection” model, and how this framework led to the discovery of novel small molecule Ras inhibitors that represent new avenues for chemotherapeutic development.Images and animations related to this work can be found at:
Diabetes and coronary heart disease as risk factors for mortality in older adults.

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes has been described as a coronary heart disease (CHD) "risk equivalent." We tested whether cardiovascular and all-cause mortality rates were similar between participants with prevalent CHD vs diabetes in an older adult population in whom both glucose disorders and preexisting atherosclerosis are common. Methods The Cardiovascular Health Study is a longitudinal study of men and women (n=5784) aged ≥65 years at baseline who were followed from baseline (1989/1992-1993) through 2005 for mortality. Diabetes was defined by fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L or use of diabetes control medications. Prevalent CHD was determined by confirmed history of myocardial infarction, angina, or coronary revascularization. Results Following multivariable adjustment for other cardiovascular disease risk factors and subclinical atherosclerosis, CHD mortality risk was similar between participants with CHD alone vs diabetes alone (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.83-1.30). The proportion of mortality attributable to prevalent diabetes (population-attributable risk percent=8.4%) and prevalent CHD (6.7%) was similar in women, but the proportion of mortality attributable to CHD (16.5%) as compared with diabetes (6.4%) was markedly higher in men. Patterns were similar for cardiovascular disease mortality. By contrast, the adjusted relative hazard of total mortality was lower among participants with CHD alone (HR 0.85, 95% CI, 0.75-0.96) as compared with those who had diabetes alone. Conclusions Among older adults, diabetes alone confers a risk for cardiovascular mortality similar to that from established clinical CHD. The public health burden of both diabetes and CHD is substantial, particularly among women.
Primary sarcoma of the distal abdominal aorta: CT angiography findings

Primary aortic angiosarcomas are extremely rare. Clinically and radiographically, they mimic atherosclerosis and atheroembolic disease. For a definitive diagnosis, histologic evaluation of the tumor or of peripheral emboli is required. The imaging findings are frequently nonspecific and in most published cases did not allow a definitive preoperative diagnosis. This is the first report of the computed tomographic angiographic findings of a primary intimal abdominal aortic sarcoma and a review of previously described imaging findings in these tumors.
On the occurrence and importance of Paretian-tailed distributions in hydrology

Abstract Type-I and type-II extreme-value distributions are used to compare the tail behaviour of empirical flood data. The frequency with which type-II provides a better fit suggests that Paretian- or heavy-tailed distributions occur very often. The impact of tail behaviour on the prediction of extreme events is investigated, and a heuristic method for getting bounds on extreme-event magnitude is suggested.
Conformational analysis and stereochemical assignments of products derived from CH activation at secondary sites

Abstract The products derived from CH activation of secondary sites by rhodium–carbenoids exist in a well-defined conformation. Consequently, their stereochemical assignment can be readily determined on the basis of chemical shift arguments.
Antisocial personality disorder is associated with receipt of physical disability benefits in substance abuse treatment patients

Background Opioid dependence is growing at an alarming rate in the United States, and opioid dependent patients have substantial medical, as well as psychiatric, conditions that impact their ability to work. This study evaluated the association between antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and receipt of physical disability payments in methadone maintenance patients.
A cyanide promoted Michael reaction: the use of an aminonitrile as an enamine equivalent for the Michael reacton

Abstract An enamine lacking a beta-proton is shown to undergo the Michael reaction if the intermediate iminium ion is trapped with a nucleophile, such as cyanide. Reductive cleavage of the resulting nitrile affords an aminoketone product.
Multiligand zinc(II) hydroxide complexes: Zn(OH)2X2Y and Zn(OH)2X1,2Y2; X = H2O, CH3OH and Y = NH3, C5H5N

Abstract As one component of our computational study of zinc-seamed pyrogallol[4]arene nanocapsules, we are investigating small mononuclear and polynuclear zinc complexes. In this article the results of our quantum chemical calculations on Zn(OH)2X2Y and Zn(OH)2X1,2Y2 complexes, where X is water or methanol and Y is pyridine or ammonia, are described. Structures and energetics obtained with the LanL2DZ vs. 6-311+G(d,p) vs. B2(pp) basis sets and DFT vs. MP2 methods are compared and contrasted. The effect of the hydroxide ligands on the preferred zinc coordination number and mode, inner- and outer-shell ligands, and hydrogen-bonding motifs is also examined. Trends in ligand binding energies are discussed. Of particular note is that the B3LYP/LanL2DZ calculations overemphasize the strength of both the conventional and unconventional hydrogen bonds.
Sedimentary Phosphate Method for Estimating Paleosalinities: A Paleontological Assumption

Paleosalinity values in certain rocks determined by the sedimentary phosphate method differ from salinity estimates based upon contained fossil assemblages, geochemical methods, and existing stratigraphic controls. Some anomalous values are related to the abundance of fossil organisms known to be concentrators of calcium phosphate. Because of the abundance and diversity of organisms which might introduce significant errors into paleosalinity estimates, the sedimentary phosphate method seemingly is of limited applicability.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF ACROPSOPILIO CHOMULAE (GOODNIGHT & GOODNIGHT 1948) FROM CHIAPAS, MEXICO (OPILIONES, CADDIDAE, ACROPSOPILIONINAE)

The tiny caddid harvestman Acropsopilio chomulae(Goodnight & Goodnight 1948), from Chiapas, Mexico, has been known only from the immature holotype. Mature females are described from specimens taken near the type locality. The absence of spermathecae in the ovipositor makes it likely that the species is parthenogenic. RESUMEN. Hasta el momento, los u datos disponibles del pequeno opilionAcropsopilio chomulae (Goodnight & Goodnight 1948) de Chiapas (Mexico) proceden del estudio del holotipo, un ejemplan inmaduro. En este trabajo se describen hembras maduras procedentes de cerca de localidad tipica. La ausencia de espermateca en el oviscapto sugiere que la especie es partenogenetica.
Classification of vasculitis

A working classification of necrotizing vasculitis based on size of the affected vessel is proposed. The classification proposed by Gilliam and Fink in 1976 is a basis for the curren proposal. A revised working classification of vasculitis is presented. Small vessel necrotizing vasculitis and larger vessel necrotizing vasculitis categories are further subdivided. Improved understanding of the basic science aspects of vasculitis will hopefully give rise to a better consensus on the classification of vasculitis.
Spatially localized, temporally quasiperiodic, discrete nonlinear excitations

In contrast to the commonly discussed discrete breather, which is a spatially localized, time-periodic solution, we present an exact solution of a discrete nonlinear Schr\"odinger breather which is a spatially localized, temporally quasiperiodic nonlinear coherent excitation. This breather is a multiple-soliton solution in the sense of the inverse scattering transform. A discrete breather of multiple frequencies is conceptually important in studies of nonlinear lattice systems. We point out that, for this breather, the incommensurability of its frequencies is a discrete lattice effect and these frequencies become commensurate in the continuum limit. To understand the dynamical properties of the breather, we also discuss its stability and its behavior in the presence of an external potential. Finally, we indicate how to obtain an exact N-soliton breather as a discrete generalization of the continuum multiple-soliton solution.
Water vibrations have strongly mixed intra- and intermolecular character.

Liquid water has the unique ability to mediate ultrafast energy transfer and relaxation in aqueous chemical reactions. Ultrafast broadband two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy that probes vibrations spanning the mid-infrared region with sub-70-femtosecond time resolution now provides evidence for highly intertwined intra- and intermolecular vibrations in water that act to efficiently dissipate vibrational energy.
A two-stage algorithm for assessing violations of additivity via axiomatic and numerical conjoint analysis

An algorithm for assessing additivity conjunctively via both axiomatic conjoint analysis and numerical conjoint scaling is described. The algorithm first assesses the degree of individual differences among sets of rankings of stimuli, and subsequently examines either individual or averaged data for violations of axioms necessary for an additive model. The axioms are examined at a more detailed level than has been previously done. Violations of the axioms are broken down into different types. Finally, a nonmetric scaling of the data can be done based on either or both of two different badness-of-fit scaling measures. The advantages of combining all of these features into one algorithm for improving the diagnostic value of axiomatic conjoint measurement in evaluating additivity are discussed.
Moving from an Efficient to a Behavioral Market Hypothesis

Behavioral finance typically is introduced in investments courses in the context of the efficient markets hypothesis (see, e.g., the widely used textbooks by Bodie, Kane, and Marcus [2002] and Reilly and Brown [2003]). This note offers a diagrammatic approach to “position” visually behavioral finance between the information available to market participants and their investment decisions.
Polarization comparison between on-axis and off-axis dual reflector telescopes: Zemax and Grasp8 simulations

Abstract The cross-polarization performance for an off-axis dual reflector telescope is shown to be equivalent to an on-axis telescope when used for a large-format focal plane array. The need for low sidelobes forces the on-axis designs to high curvature, which in turn leads to high cross-polarization at the edge of the field. A scheme for correcting instrumental-polarization is presented, as well as a full design for a polarization-pure optical system capable of supporting a 1000-element focal plane array.
Drill wear sensing and failure prediction for untended machining

Abstract Real-time control of drilling was carried out by measuring the thrust force and determining its gradient. Using a microcomputer-based feedback control system, experiments were carried out under different cutting conditions to test the effectiveness of the thrust force gradient in predicting failure. The system was able to predict failure due to excessive wear commonly encountered with 5 and 8 mm drills. With such drills, excessive weat at the outer corner led to an increase in the local temperature which in turn increased the wear. This led to very high temperatures (>600°C), causing local welding of the drill material to the peripheral surface of the hole being drilled. Furthermore, the high temperatures reduced the compressive yield strength of the drill material, causing sub-surface fracture to occur under the influence of the cutting loads. This cyclic phenomenon of “seizure” due to local welding and “release” due to shear fracture (i.e. “stick-slip”) caused sharp fluctuations in the thrust force under constant feed. This paper discusses the effectiveness of the control system described above in predicting failure due to the excessive wear common to large drills. This system is also contrasted with another based on vibration measurements which has been successfully used to predict failure due to fracture common with small drills. This paper also presents other experimental sensor schemes in the literature. Finally, this paper proposes a framework for an “intelligent” machining process control system driven by multiple sensors, which would facilitate untended machining.
Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with cortisol levels? A systematic review of the research evidence

The pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis; however a relationship between OSA and altered cortisol levels has not been conclusively established. We conducted a systematic review using the PRISMA Guidelines based on comprehensive database searches for 1) studies of OSA patients compared to controls in whom cortisol was measured and 2) studies of OSA patients treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in whom cortisol was measured pre and post treatment. Five electronic databases were searched along with the reference lists of retrieved studies. The primary outcomes were 1) differences in cortisol between OSA and control subjects and 2) differences in cortisol pre-post CPAP treatment. Sampling methodology, sample timing and exclusion criteria were evaluated. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity of studies precluded statistical pooling. One study identified differences in cortisol between OSA patients and controls. Two studies showed statistically significant differences in cortisol levels pre-post CPAP. The majority of studies were limited by assessment of cortisol at a single time point. The available studies do not provide clear evidence that OSA is associated with alterations in cortisol levels or that treatment with CPAP changes cortisol levels. Methodological concerns such as infrequent sampling, failure to match comparison groups on demographic factors known to impact cortisol levels (age, body mass index; BMI), and inconsistent control of variables known to influence HPA function may have limited the results.
ABUNDANCE OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM EFFECTS

ABS>It is shown generally that departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium must be small for trace elements in the solar atmosphere. Approximate numerical results for Be I demonstrate that departures from equilibrium cannot account for the difference between solar and meteoritic values for the beryllium abundance. (auth)
Impaired autonomic function in normotensive obese children

To evaluate baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic control in a cohort of normotensive obese (OB) children. A cross-sectional investigation, in which, baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic control were evaluated using transfer function and power spectral density analysis (PSDA) of the electrocardiogram and beat-to-beat blood pressures in normotensive OB children and normal weight normotensive controls. All methods used were noninvasive and data were captured while seated and at rest. The OB and control subjects non-obese (NO) were of similar age (OB 9.1 ± 1.9 years vs. NO 9.2 ± 1.4 years). The OB group was classified as having a BMI greater than the 95th percentile adjusted for age and gender, and a NO group with a BMI at or less than the 95th percentile (BMI percentile OB. 97.5 ± 1.3 vs. NO 58.5 ± 24.1). Both groups had similar normotensive blood pressures. T tests revealed that baroreflex sensitivity and HFRR were significantly reduced in the OB 9.2 ± 2.7 vs. 15.2 ± 4.7 (ms/mmHg) and 6.7 ± 1.1 vs. 8.2 ± 1.1 ms2, respectively, while LFSBP and LF/HF ratio were significantly increased in the OB 11.9 ± 5.6 vs. 8.2 ± 4.7 mmHg2 and 1.2 ± 0.7 vs. 0.54 ± 0.3, respectively. Normotensive OB children exhibited significantly reduced baroreflex sensitivity, parasympathetic control as well as increased sympathetic control when compared with healthy, NO controls. Findings in this investigation raise the awareness that autonomic dysfunction is present in young OB normotensive children.
The timing of delivery of infants with gastroschisis influences outcome.

Abstract Background The delayed onset of intestinal function in children with gastroschisis may be because of the injurious effects of amniotic fluid on the exposed bowel. This has led to consideration of early delivery to minimize intestinal damage and improve outcome, although this has not been carefully evaluated. The authors hypothesized that timing of delivery influences outcome in children with gastroschisis, and sought to evaluate the relative impact of factors that predict outcome in this disease. Methods All consecutive patients with gastroschisis (1992-2002) were divided into those delivered before (“early”) or after (“late”) 36 weeks. Bowel peel was described as “thin” or “thick,” based on operative reports. Individual measures were analyzed by univariate analyses (χ2/Student's t test), and logistic regression was used to identify significant factors for the length of stay (LOS) longer than the population average of 55 days. Results In 75 patients, 53.4% were “early” and 46.6% were “late.” Groups were similar with respect to maternal age, birth weight, delivery mode, sex, and associated anomalies. Thickness of bowel peel was not affected by delivery time, yet “early” patients had significantly longer LOS and time to enteral feeds. Significant predictors of LOS more than 55 days included gestational age of 36 weeks or younger, time to enteral feeds of more than 26 days, and associated anomalies. Nonsignificant predictors included size of the defect, thickness of bowel peel, and need for silo. Conclusions Delivery before 36 weeks is associated with longer hospitalization and increased tune to attainment of full feeds compared with later delivery. Fetal well-being should thus be the primary determinant of delivery for gastroschisis, as opposed to considerations regarding possible injurious effects to the bowel of prolonged gestation.
Incorporating non-numeric and subjective information in investment decision models for farmers

Microcomputer-based business and financial decision aids have become important tools for farmers in the changing global economy. Unfortunately, many sophisticated software packages are either too expensive for widespread use or too limited to be realistic. This paper proposes linking multiple software programs to create comprehensive yet inexpensive computerized decision aids that help the farmer clarify information needs, sort and manipulate data, and specify subjective differences among alternatives. Three software packages that combine numeric and subjective information are linked in a pre-retirement investment planning example. The demonstration shows an investment strategy that is rejected by empirical optimization software to be the best strategy using the linked software approach. The process ensures a more realistic result and a better documented decision than is commonly available. The methodology is attainable by many computer-literate readers and applicable to a broad spectrum of farm management problems.
Rarefied-flow aerodynamics measurement experiment on the Aeroassist Flight Experiment vehicle

The rarefied-flow aerodynamics measurement experiment, which is expected to measure the rarefied-flow flight regime with an accelerometer on the aeroassist flight experiment, is discussed. The experiment concept and mission plans are examined and the experiment configuration is illustrated. The experiment plans include flight measurements of aerodynamic force and moment coefficients throughout the rarefied regime to verify ground-to-flight extrapolation techniques. In addition, the experiment includes the study of acceleration rates and the effects of attitude variation. The experiment is also expected to evaluate the determination of vehicle mass properties to study robust control theory formulations which are applicable to special return aeroassisted orbital transfer vehicle payloads.
On game theoretic DSA-driven MAC for cognitive radio networks

The game theoretic dynamic spectrum allocation (DSA) technique is an efficient approach to coordinate cognitive radios sharing the spectrum. However, existing game based DSA algorithms lack a platform to support the game process. On the other hand, existing medium access control (MAC) protocols for cognitive radio networks do not fully utilize the adaptability and intelligence of the cognitive radio (CR) to achieve efficient spectrum utilization, let alone fairness and QoS support. Therefore it is necessary to develop DSA-driven MAC protocols with the game theoretic DSA embedded into the MAC layer. In this paper, based on the analysis of challenges for the game theoretic DSA in realistic applications, we conclude that a unified game theoretic DSA-driven MAC framework should constitute of four integral components: (1) DSA algorithm, deriving the spectrum access strategy for data communication; (2) negotiation mechanism, coordinating players to follow the right game policy; (3) clustering algorithm, limiting the negotiation within one cluster for scalability; (4) collision avoidance mechanism, eliminating collisions among clusters. With our MAC framework, DSA-driven MAC protocols can be conveniently developed, as illustrated in the design process of a concrete QoSe-DSA-driven MAC protocol. The game theoretic DSA-driven MAC framework can fulfill merits of game theoretic DSA algorithms including high spectrum utilization, collision-free channel access for data communication, QoS and fairness support. Through simulations, the merits of the DSA-driven MAC framework are demonstrated.
Supporting Teachers in Integrating Digital Technology Into Language Arts Instruction to Promote Literacy

AbstractA systematic review of relevant literature was conducted to provide a source of information and practical guidelines for teachers and teacher educators to consider instructional methods for using digital tools in elementary language arts classrooms to promote literacy. Focal studies are highlighted to provide rich descriptions of practical uses and considerations of integrating digital tools into literacy instruction. The following nine digital tools are discussed to provide methods, affordances, and potential obstacles to their use: (a) wikis, (b) digital video production tools, (c) blog/online threaded discussion, (d) iPad apps, (e) digital games, (f) Kindle e-reader, (g) podcasts, (h) digital cartoon creator, and (i) e-mail. Barriers from the research for each tool are also discussed to provide a comprehensive resource for teachers and teacher educators.
Kosterlitz-Thouless transition and conductivity fluctuations in Y-Ba-Cu-O thin films.

Kosterlitz-Thouless properties of c-axis-oriented high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ superconducting ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$ thin films were examined. The current-voltage characteristics over a wide current range obeyed a power-law relationship. The exponent \ensuremath{\alpha}(T) showed a ``universal jump'' at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. The exponential inverse-square-root reduced-temperature dependence of the resistance above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ was consistent with a two-dimensional (2D) behavior of the thin films. Excess conductivity due to thermal fluctuations of the order parameter above the mean-field transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$ was also measured. However, the paraconductivity showed a 1D-like behavior at temperatures close to ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}0}$ and further complications at higher temperatures. This 1D-like behavior could be the result of imperfections of the dimensionality of 2 in the polycrystalline sample.
A model for studying epithelial attachment and morphology at the interface between skin and percutaneous devices.

Percutaneous devices are indispensable in modern medicine, yet complications from their use result in significant morbidity, mortality, and cost. Bacterial biofilm at the device exit site accounts for most infections in short-term devices. We hypothesize that advanced biomaterials can be developed that facilitate attachment of skin cells to percutaneous devices, forming a seal to preclude bacterial invasion. To study the skin/biomaterial interface systematically, we first identified biomaterials with physical properties compatible with histological processing of skin. Second, we developed an organ culture system to study skin response to implants. Organ cultures implanted with porous poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [poly(HEMA)] or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) could easily be evaluated histologically with preservation of the skin/biomaterial interface. Epithelial cells migrated down the cut edges of the biomaterial in a pattern seen in marsupialization of percutaneous devices in vivo. This in vitro model maintains skin viability and allows histologic evaluation of the skin/biomaterial interface, making this a useful, inexpensive test-bed for studies of epidermal attachment to modified biomaterials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Preserving and using context information in interprocess communication

When processes in a network communicate, the messages they exchange define a partial ordering of externally visible events. While the significance of this partial order in distributed computing is well understood, it has not been made an explicit part of the communication substrate upon which distributed programs are implemented. This paper describes a new interprocess communication mechanism, called Psync, that explicitly encodes this partial ordering with each message. The paper shows how Psync can be efficiently implemented on an unreliable communications network, and it demonstrates how conversations serve as an elegant foundation for ordering messages exchanged in a distributed computation and for recovering from processor failures.
Seasonal patterns and environmental control of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in an ecotonal boreal forest

Carbon dioxide, water vapour, and sensible heat fluxes were measured above and within a spruce dominated forest near the southern ecotone of the boreal forest in Maine, USA.
Rigid Body Collisions

The approach overcomes the difficulties encountered by others on the treatment of contact velocity reversals and negative energy losses. The interaction process between the two bodies is modeled using two coefficients. These are the classical coefficient of restitution, e, and the ratio, μ, of tangential to normal impulses. The paper reveals that these coefficients have a much broader intepretation than previously recognized in the solution of collision problems
Pediatric coma: prognosis and outcome.

SUMMARY A review of 40 previously comatose children identified significant degrees of disability 10 months after the insult. Of all the antecedent factors assessed, duration of coma correlated most highly with outcome, especially in relation to language and intellectual spheres. The literature reveals heterogeneous approaches to the study of sequelae of pediatric coma, and thus disparate results: a more uniform approach is needed to the study of the nature and prognosis of pediatric coma. RESUME Coma chez 'enfant: prognostic et devenir Une etude de 40 enfants ayant fait anterieurement un coma a revele des perturbations significatives dix mois apres 'agression. De tous les facteurs anterieurs etudies, c'est la duree du coma qui presentait la liaison la plus elevee avec 'evolution a long terme, specialement en ce qui concerne le langage et les capacites intellectuelles. La litterature revele des approches variees de 'etude des sequelles du coma chez 'enfant et de ce fait des conclusions disparates: une approche plus uniforme est necessaire pour 'etude de la nature et du pronostic du coma chex 'enfant. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Koma im Kindesalter: Prognose und Ergebnis Eine Nachuntersuchung von 40 Kindern, die ein Koma durchgemacht hatten, zeigte, das 10 Monate nach dem Vorfall signifikante Storungen nachweisbar waren. Von alien berucksichtigten Faktoren korrelierten Dauer des Komas und Endergebnis am hochsten, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Sprache und den intellektuellen Bereich. In der Literatur finden sich unterschiedhche Methoden zur Untersuchung der Folgen eines Komas in Kindesalter und demzufolge auch unterschiedhche Ergebnisse: es ist erforderlich, ein einheitlicheres Konzept fur die Untersuchung uber Art und Prognose des Komas im Kindesalter zu entwickeln. RESUMEN Coma pediatrieo: pronostico y curso posterior Una revision de 40 ninos con coma anterior mostraron grados significativos de minusvalia 10 meses despues de la accion de la noxa. De todos los factores antecedents revisados, la duration del coma era lo que estaba en mayor correlacion con el curso posterior, especialmente con las esferas del lenguaje e intelectual. La literatura revela unas posturas heterogeneas en el estudio de las secuelas del coma pediatrico y con ello unas conclusiones muy diversas: es necessario una aproximacion mas uniforme al estudio de la naturaleza y del pronostico del coma pediatrico.
The accessory gland in the venom apparatus of viperid snakes.

Abstract The accessory gland of vipers and pitvipers straddles the connexion from the main gland to the secondary duct that leads to the fang. The accessory gland is shown to consist of two portions differing in histological and histochemical appearance, in structural arrangement, and probably in function.
Polymer-Induced Turbulent Drag Reduction

Turbulent drag reduction induced by dilute solutions of both water-soluble poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and oil-soluble polyisobutylene (PIB) under turbulent flow in a rotating disk apparatus was investigated. The concentration dependence of drag reduction for these systems was shown to obey an empirical drag reduction equation which has been previously applied to describe flow in circular pipes. Linear correlation between polymer concentration and drag reduction for different molecular weights of PEO and PIB was also obtained. The intrinsic concentration [C] was found to be very useful in normalizing the drag reduction data for different types of polymers, polymer molecular weights, concentrations, and rotational disk velocities. Explanation of the drag reduction phenomenon on a molecular level can be obtained from intrinsic drag reduction and [C].
Disagreements about rules in families with seventh-grade girls and boys.

Parental reports of disagreements and serious disagreements about rules were examined in 200 families with seventh-grade boys and girls. No gender differences were found: Mothers did not report more disagreements than fathers; no more disagreements were reported for girls than boys. Disagreements about personal habits and family obligations were more common than disagreements about peer relations. Disagreements and serious disagreements, in general, were significantly correlated (positively) with parental reports of child oppositionalism and (negatively) with parents' satisfaction with parenting the target child, although some dyadic differences were found. Children's reports of parental acceptance were negatively correlated with disagreements only for the father-daughter dyad. Support was found for some of Baumrind's ([1968] “Authoritarian vs. Authoritative Control,”Adolescence 3: 255–272) notions regarding relations between rule frequency, child participation in rule making, and disagreements about rules, especially for the father-daughter dyad.
Cognitive impairment: Policy implications for service design:

A large proportion of persons needing long term care services at home or in institutions are cognitively impaired, including a majority of severely functionally impaired elderly. The estimate arrived at for this paper is that over six million Americans are cognitively impaired enough to negatively affect their functioning including over four million with Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Thus, it is essential that long term care legislation and programs be designed to assure appropriate services for the cognitively impaired.
Characterisation of aerosol properties and radiative forcing at an anthropogenically perturbed continental site

Abstract Measurements of optical, chemical and physical properties of ambient aerosol particles were obtained at a continental anthropogenically perturbed environment. For aerosol sampled at the site from January to December 1995, the mean gravimetric mass concentration for particles with diameter dp ≤ 1μm on 24-hr filter samples was 11.0 ± 7.6 μg/m3. Ion chromatographic (IC) analysis chemically identified 50 ± 15% of the total gravimetric mass for fine particles (dp ≤ 1 μm). Most of the IC identified material (88 ± 14%) consisted of NH4± and SO42− Thermal optical reflectance (TOR) analysis of small number of samples showed that the material not identified with IC consisted of elemental and organic carbon. To examine the implications of the measurements and effect of their variation, the mean annual direct radiative forcing ( ΔF r ) due to aerosol particles at the site was estimated by a simple model using as input measured total light scattering coefficients, hemispheric backscatter ratio and hygroscopic growth factor. For a mean annual height of the mixed layer at 800 m, an assumed single scattering albedo (ω) value of 0.85 and wavelength 550 nm, ΔF r as function of relative humidity (RH) ranged between −0.51± 0.47 (RH = 40%) and −0.63 ± 0.58 (RH = 80%) W/m2. Sensitivity tests pointed to the importance of accurate quantification of ω.
Subcellular localization of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) catalyzes the second step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, following galactokinase (GALK) and preceding UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GALE). Impairment of GALT in humans results in the potentially lethal disorder classic galactosemia. Standard lysis protocols of bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells release all three Leloir enzymes in the soluble fraction, leading to the historical assumption that all three function as free cytosolic enzymes. We have tested this assumption with regard to GALT in vivo using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by linking a GFP-tag onto the amino terminus of Gal7p, the endogenous yeast GALT. We find clear evidence of localization of the fusion protein to discrete spots in the cytoplasm of the majority of cells expressing all three Leloir enzymes, although GFP alone appears freely cytosolic. In contrast, yeast expressing GFP-Gal7p but lacking Gal1p (GALK), Gal10p (GALE), or both do not demonstrate spots in the majority of cells, implicating a role, either direct or indirect, for these other Leloir proteins in the Gal7p localization process. Preliminary truncation experiments reveal that amino acids 1–134 of Gal7p are sufficient to drive localization of the fusion protein, while amino acids 1–66 are not. Finally, GFP-tagged human GALT expressed in yeast also localizes to spots, demonstrating that at least some of the intrinsic determinants of localization have been conserved. These observations raise the intriguing possibility that GALT may function in a sequestered rather than a freely diffusible state, and that this subcellular organization may have been conserved through evolution.