cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of communication in organizational change: an empirical investigation

Despite their widespread availability, the role information technologies (IT) play on organizational processes is not clear. This paper, investigates the causal links between organization structure, communication media, and task complexity for better organizational communication. A field survey was administrated in a leading international manufacturing company, followed by a causal path analysis there of communication determinants and outcomes.The findings indicate the significance of organization structure for cross-functional information access, delivery, use, and sharing needs. IT was perceived to be somewhat important, but its effect on communication depended on task complexity. In all, traditionally rich communication media is used and preferred.
Quantitative evaluation of micro versus larger database products

Abstract This paper uses a model of the functional structure of database management systems (DBMS) and quantitative methods for evaluation in order to compare functional capabilities of the micro DBMS products with those of the larger ones. To this end, two micro products, dBASE III (version 1.1) and R:Base 5000 (version 1.0) and a larger product: VAX-11 Datatrieve are compared. The results show only marginal distinction between micro and larger DBMS products on the basis of functional capabilities — a distinction which is likely to disappear in the near future.
Proposal for a magnetic-film memory accessed by combined photon and electron beams

A magnetic-film memory accessed by combined photon and electron beams is proposed. The electron beam is used to heat a selected bit, which results in lowering the switching threshold so that information can be written selectively into that bit by means of an external magnetic field. Reading is accomplished by simultaneously illuminating a bit with an electron and a photon beam. Then a thermally modulated magnetic-optical signal is generated by intensity modulation of the electron beam. This arrangement is advantageous since a high-resolution photon beam and photon deflector are not required. The frequency response for thermally modulating a 1-μm bit is calculated to be ∼500 MHz; the necessary temperature dependence of the magneto-optical coefficient and the coercive force can be obtained by using composite films made from layers having different Curie points. Various magneto-optical configurations are readily devised which yield the value of a bit (one or zero) in terms of the phase (0 or π) between the magneto-optical signal and the electron-beam intensity modulation. The shot noise limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is determined by heating of a bit from the photon beam. It is calculated that for a low-loss magnetooptical material such as EuO a 1-μm bit can be read in 1 μs when illuminated with a 1000-μm photon beam. The base-line temperature rise due to heating from the photon beam can be kept small by using narrow pulses of light (width \sim10^{-11} second), as, for example, from a mode-locked laser.
A prospective evaluation of the cumulative illness rating scale.

Assessment of overall physical health is an important yet little studied problem in geriatric research. The Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) was among the first instruments that attempted to summarize the overall severity of illness based on clinical information. This study evaluated the CIRS in a prospective longitudinal study of 181 elderly (mean age ± SD = 79 ± 7.4) subjects undergoing comprehensive geriatric assessment in an outpatient unit. The CIRS was found to correlate negatively with activities of daily living (@#@ r = − 0.49, p = 0.0001), instrumental activities of daily living (@#@ r = − 0.34, p = 0.0001), patient morale (@#@ r = − 0.30, p = 0.0001), and positively with days in hospital (@#@ r = 0.21, p = 0.0075) and number of medications (@#@ r = 0.31, p = 0.0001). Mean CIRS scores for subjects who died during follow- up were significantly higher than the scores for survivors (@#@ p<0.01 @#@). In logistic regression, CIRS was a significant predictor of death, yet it did not improve that prediction over information contained in measures of activities of daily living. In separate logistic analyses, CIRS and age predicted acute care hospital days during follow- up, while ADL or IADL predicted the use of nursing home services. Although the CIRS appears to be a reliable method of summarizing medical information and to have some external validity, in its present form it does not provide additional prognostic information. (Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 4: 171- 178, 1992)
An Extended Programming Experience

The paper summarizes a twenty-year experience with the computational aspects of the transportation problem of linear programming. The problem is completely described and standard solution methods are summarized. The order bounds for these computations are examined. Attention then turns to some sample research problems, including shortening the search for a move, solving a condensed problem, choosing a starting basis, and several recently developed dual methods. Brief reference is made to the difficulties which arise in publishing unorthodox approaches such as those discussed in the paper.
Neuronal Substrates of Behavioral Hierarchies and Associative Learning in Pleurobranchaea

The carnivorous marine mollusc Pleurobranchaea californica exhibits two forms of behavioral plasticity: behavioral choice and associative learning. Behavioral choice is the selection of one behavioral act in preference to another, as dictated by a behavioral hierarchy. In Pleurobranchaea , feeding behavior occupies a relatively dominant position in the behavioral hierarchy, but feeding is hormonally suppressed during egg-laying. Associative learning has been demonstrated in Pleurobranchaea by means of classical and avoidance conditioning of the feeding behavior. As a step toward understanding the neural substrates of choice and learning, we have studied the neurophysiological organization of the feeding system. The feeding rhythm can be driven in the isolated nervous system by tonic electrical stimulation of certain peripheral nerves. Using this preparation, we have shown that feeding is accomplished by a network of identified neurons distributed in the brain and buccal ganglion. This network includes: (i) motoneurons in the brain and buccal ganglion; (ii) ascending interneurons that originate in the buccal ganglion, furnish excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to feeding motoneurons, and send coordinating information to the brain; and (iii) descending interneurons that originate in the brain and are believed to exercise a “command” function in the feeding network. It is speculated that the putative feeding command interneurons play a crucial role in mediating behavioral hierarchies and associative learning.
Development of a minimal saponin vaccine adjuvant based on QS-21

Adjuvants are materials added to vaccines to enhance the immunological response to an antigen. QS-21 is a natural product adjuvant under investigation in numerous vaccine clinical trials, but its use is constrained by scarcity, toxicity, instability and an enigmatic molecular mechanism of action. Herein we describe the development of a minimal QS-21 analogue that decouples adjuvant activity from toxicity and provides a powerful platform for mechanistic investigations. We found that the entire branched trisaccharide domain of QS-21 is dispensable for adjuvant activity and that the C4-aldehyde substituent, previously proposed to bind covalently to an unknown cellular target, is also not required. Biodistribution studies revealed that active adjuvants were retained preferentially at the injection site and the nearest draining lymph nodes compared with the attenuated variants. Overall, these studies have yielded critical insights into saponin structure-function relationships, provided practical synthetic access to non-toxic adjuvants, and established a platform for detailed mechanistic studies.
Studies in histochemistry. L. Measurement of water in histological structures by a direct microradiographic method.

Abstract The measurement of water in histological structures was investigated using rat liver, kidney and gastric mucosa. Measurements on liver and kidney, based on differences between mass per unit area in the fresh-frozen and dry states, when both were determined by X-ray absorption, gave results which were too low, probably because of appreciable water loss from the fresh-frozen sections of tissue during microtomy and X-ray photography, even at − 13 °C. Nevertheless, this loss of water was not great enough to reveal structural details in historadiograms of the fresh sections which showed no discernable cellular structure. It was possible to obtain reliable values for mass per unit area in fresh-frozen sections by quick direct weighing of groups of sections, in some cases a small correction was required for loss of water with time. The values could also be obtained from the measurement of specific gravity of pieces of fresh tissue at −18 °C, although this procedure is not as simple as the former. From these values and those for mass per unit area in the dry state as given by X-ray absorption, both the mass of water per unit area and the per cent water in histological structures were found. Incidentally, corrections that apply to the X-ray measurement of dry sections of tissue were elaborated.
Successful term pregnancy following MR-guided focused ultrasound treatment of uterine leiomyoma

Successful term pregnancy following MR-guided focused ultrasound treatment of uterine leiomyoma
Two-cavity MEMS capacitive power scavenger

We have designed, modeled, fabricated and tested novel MEMS variable capacitors with two air cavities (two capacitors) for electrostatic power harvesting utilizing mechanical vibration in environment. The device is unique in the use of an innovative two-cavity design and electroplated nickel as the main structural material, which allows using both up and down directions to generate energy. The prototype of two-cavity MEMS variable capacitors have been successfully fabricated using surface micromachining. The initial testing for investigating electrical dynamic behaviors and power generation from the fabricated devices was implemented.
Nonnegative estimators for the one-way random effects model

The relative merits of ten estimators for the variance component of the balanced and unbalanced one-way random effects models are compared. Six of the estimators are nonnegative, two of which are obtained by modifying the Minimum Variance Quadratic Unbiased Estimator (MIVQUE) and the Weighted Least Square Estimator (WLS), and two more from the positive parts of these estimators. The Minimum Norm Quadratic Estimator (MINQE), which is nonnegative, is adjusted for reducing its bias. The nonnegative Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator (MIMSQE), the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Unweighted Sums of Squares (USS) estimator are also included.
It’s like mmm: Enactments with it’s like

This article explores the distribution and use of a relatively new grammatical format in English, it’s like + enactment. We propose that it’s like utterances are used to enact thoughts, feelings and attitudes which are internal and affect-laden assessments of a prior utterance or event, produced as assessments that anyone in the same situation might have had. As such they tend to occur within stories, typically during the closing of a story. The enactments are often ‘response cries’ (Goffman, 1978) such as oh, mm, wow, and man. Because of the highly indexical nature of this grammatical format, it represents a fascinating site for participants to work out a ‘world known in common’ (Goodwin, personal communication).
"Catch-and-release" of HNO with pyrazolones.

A new and versatile class of HNO donors, the (hydroxylamino)pyrazolone (HAPY) series of HNO donors utilizing pyrazolone (PY) leaving groups, is described. HNO, the smallest N-based aldehyde equivalent, is used as a reagent along with a variety of PY compounds to synthesize the desired HAPY donors in what can be considered an N-selective HNO-aldol reaction in up to quantitative yields. The bimolecular rate constant of HNO with PY in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer at 37 °C can reach 8 × 105 M–1 s–1. In 1H NMR experiments, the HAPY compounds generate HNO quantitatively (trapped as a phosphine aza-ylide) with half-lives spanning 3 orders of magnitude (minutes to days) under physiologically relevant conditions. B3LYP/6-31G* calculations confirm the energetically favorable reactions between HNO and the PY enol and enolate, whereas HNO release is expected to occur through the oxyanion (OHN-PY) of each HAPY compound. HNO has been shown to provide functional support to failing hearts.
Nonparametric Independent Component Analysis for Circular Complex Variables

A new consistent objective function for nonparametric complex independent component analysis (ICA) is proposed where the complex variables are restricted to be circular, or radially symmetric. This objective function is derived using an order statistics based density estimator which orders the complex data by their absolute values. The objective function is unconditional to the source distribution other than the circularity and it measures the statistical independence directly from the data. Using this objective function, a nonparametric complex independent component analysis algorithm can be derived. Also, the generalization of this objective function allows it to be combined with other algorithms to increase their separation performances. Experiments demonstrate the usefulness of the new objective function.
Issues in Reading Comprehension Assessment: Implications for the Development of Research Instruments and Classroom Tests.

Second language (L2) reading researchers utilize a variety of comprehension assessment procedures that may not be comparable. Without comparability of findings, research can neither facilitate theory development nor inform educators as to appropriate testing procedures. Unfortunately, L2 reading research has shown that learners' performance on comprehension tasks varies according to the task used. Such variation can be attributed to two factors: the type of task used to assess comprehension and the language in which the task is presented and carried out. This article examines the effects of some of the testing procedures used in current 12 reading research on learners' performance on these tasks and suggests guidelines for developing future research instruments and classroom reading comprehension tests.
The impact of social information on visual judgments

Social visualization systems have emerged to support collective intelligence-driven analysis of a growing influx of open data. As with many other online systems, social signals (e.g., forums, polls) are commonly integrated to drive use. Unfortunately, the same social features that can provide rapid, high-accuracy analysis are coupled with the pitfalls of any social system. Through an experiment involving over 300 subjects, we address how social information signals (social proof) affect quantitative judgments in the context of graphical perception. We identify how unbiased social signals lead to fewer errors over non-social settings and conversely, how biased signals lead to more errors. We further reflect on how systematic bias nullifies certain collective intelligence benefits, and we provide evidence of the formation of information cascades. We describe how these findings can be applied to collaborative visualization systems to produce more accurate individual interpretations in social contexts.
Measurements of the Attenuation of Sound by a Warm Air Fog

Abstract Measurements of sound attenuation by a warm air fog are presented for dimensionless frequencies, ωτl/Cm (where τt is the thermal relaxation time for the droplet, ω the circular acoustic frequency, and Cm the liquid mass fraction), near unity where the effects of mass transfer are dominant. The tests are made in a Wilson cloud chamber by measuring the rate of decay of the fundamental mode of acoustic oscillation which is excited during the operation of the chamber. Measurements of pressure and volume are made continuously during the expansion. Droplet size and concentration of the monodisperse fog are determined from time-resolved measurements of the optical transmission at two wavelengths of light. The range of ωτl/Cm from 0.5– 16 is scanned by varying droplet size and concentration through the controlled addition of condensation nuclei. This range includes the Napier frequency (frequency for which attenuation per unit wavelength is maximum), and the resulting data indicate that a maximum dimensi...
Mother-Toddler Problem Solving: Antecedents in Attachment, Home Behavior, and Temperament

In a widely cited study, Matas, Arend, and Sroufe showed that mother-toddler interaction during problem solving at age 2 years was related to the child's prior attachment security. The current study asked (1) whether an independent laboratory could replicate this attachment finding, and (2) whether problem-solving interactions relate to mother-child interactions observed at home and to child temperament measured at 6, 13, and 24 months. Replicating Matas et al., secure dyads worked more competently, and mothers showed better quality of assistance and supportive presence. Mother-child home interaction also predicted problem solving: positive involvement at home predicted effective, unconflicted problem solving. Negative control at home did not predict problem-solving interaction. Unadaptable temperament was generally related to dependency in problem solving. Several patterns of correlations appeared to be mediated by sex of child, e.g., difficult temperament in boys predicted more effective, unconflicted problem solving, while for girls it predicted more conflict.
Mutator specificity and disease: looking over the FENce

Attempts to identify FEN-1 mutations in human tumors have thus far been unsuccessful (11xRisinger, J.I, Umar, A, Boyd, J, Berchuk, A, Kunkel, T.A, and Barett, J.C. Nature Genet. 1996; 14: 102–105Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (153)See all References, 14xTishkoff, D.X, Filosi, N, Gaida, G.M, and Kolodner, R.D. Cell. 1997; 88Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (346)See all References). This might reflect a selective disadvantage to a human cell imparted by a mutation in this important replication gene. While yeast RAD27 (FEN1) is not essential for viability, deletion mutants are temperature-sensitive for growth. However, FEN-1 is a multifunctional enzyme that probably participates in several DNA transactions, so mutations that selectively yield a mutator without affecting growth may well exist. It is also logical to search for mutator mutations in other genes that might operate in the same pathway(s) as FEN1/RAD27. One obvious candidate is the gene encoding proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), which physically interacts with and strongly stimulates the endo- and exonucleolytic activities of FEN-1 (Li et al. 1995xLi, X, Li, J, Harrington, J, Lieber, M.R, and Burgers, P.M.J. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 22109–22112Crossref | PubMed | Scopus (222)See all ReferencesLi et al. 1995). No matter what insights are ultimately gained from the article by Tishkoff et al. 1997xTishkoff, D.X, Filosi, N, Gaida, G.M, and Kolodner, R.D. Cell. 1997; 88Abstract | Full Text | Full Text PDF | PubMed | Scopus (346)See all ReferencesTishkoff et al. 1997, it is satisfying to realize that many years after the now classical observations of Treffers and Benzer, the study of mutational specificity still has much to offer in trying to understand the origins of human diseases.*On sabbatical leave from: Department of Genetics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Future applications of flexible endoscopy in esophageal surgery.

Flexible endoscopy has long played a role in esophageal surgery, and procedures like perforation closure, stenting of occluding malignancies, antireflux procedures, and removal of Barretts are increasingly replacing open and laparoscopic procedures. We present early results of a series of acute animal experiments studying the feasibility of using flexible endoscopes for complex esophageal surgery such as Heller myotomy and esophagectomy. A total of six animals and one human cadaver have been operated on in a series of three protocols. The first study involves extraluminal flexible endoscopy through a cervical incision. The esophagus is dissected to the phrenoesophageal junction and a Heller myotomy performed. The second study involves labeling specific mediastinal node areas using EUS and transesophageal tattooing. Transcervical access is once again obtained, and wide esophageal dissection is performed; sequential identification of the marked nodes is performed. The final study involves full thoracic esophageal mobilization and laparoscopic gastric mobilization for an esophagogastrectomy. Heller myotomy in five animals was performed via flexible endoscopy. Total operative time was 49 min with mean time for myotomy being 22 min. One animal had hemodynamic compromise from over insufflating the mediastinum with air. The second study involved three animals and one human cadaver. An average of four nodes was marked by EUS, and there was 100% success in identifying all nodes with flexible medistinoscopy. Operative times had a mean of 187 min (147–227) for the animal model and 198 min for the cadaver model. There is a move to increase the role of flexible endoscopy in GI surgery. This is facilitated by the introduction of novel scopes and instrumentation designed for NOTES. We outline early favorable results from animal studies looking at the use of flexible endoscopy as a surgical tool for Heller myotomy and esophagectomy.
Management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer

Breakthrough pain in children with cancer is an exacerbation of severe pain that occurs over a background of otherwise controlled pain. There are no randomized controlled trials in the management of breakthrough pain in children with cancer, and limited data and considerable experience indicate that breakthrough pain in this pediatric patient group is common, underassessed, and undertreated. An ideal therapeutic agent would be rapid in onset, have a relatively short duration, and would be easy to administer. A less effective pharmacologic strategy would be increasing a patient’s dose of scheduled opioids, because this may increase the risk of oversedation. The most common and effective strategy seems to be multimodal analgesia that includes an immediate-release opioid (eg, morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, or diamorphine) administered intravenously by a patient-controlled analgesia pump, ensuring an onset of analgesic action within minutes. Intranasal fentanyl (or hydromorphone) may be an alternative, but no pediatric data have been published yet for commercially available fentanyl transmucosal application systems (ie, sublingual tablets/spray, buccal lozenge/tablet/film, and nasal spray), and these products cannot yet be recommended for use with children with cancer and breakthrough pain. The aim of this paper was to emphasize the dearth of available information on treatment of breakthrough pain in pediatric cancer patients, to describe the treatment protocols we currently recommend based on clinical experience, and to suggest future research on this very important and under-researched topic.
Electronic structure in low dimensional and correlated transition metal oxides: high resolution photoemission and X-ray emission studies

Abstract This paper reports on recent studies of the electronic structure of low dimensional and correlated transition metal oxides. The primary probes used in these studies are angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and soft X-ray emission spectroscopy. Topics discussed include non-Fermi liquid behavior in low dimensional conductors, temperature dependent Fermi surface nesting vectors, hidden Fermi surface nesting, band hybridization, many body effects, and low energy excitations. The results of studies on the quasi-low dimensional oxides K0.3MoO3, Li0.9Mo6O17, Na0.9Mo6O17, the narrow gap insulator CdO, the Mott–Hubbard oxide Cr-doped V2O3, and the spin-Peierls oxide CuGeO3 are reported. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future direction of such studies.
Kinetics of the Fluorination of Iron

Kinetics of fluorination of iron at various temperatures and pressures, and mechanism for fluoride film growth on iron surface
LIFE ANALYSIS: USING LIFE-STORY NARRATIVES IN TEACHING LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

In this article, I introduce a life-story narrative project, called the Life Analysis , that I used in teaching an introductory course in life-span developmental psychology. In assigning the Life Analysis project, I ask each student to analyze his or her life in theoretical terms over both its historical and hypothetical span. As predicted, objective test results show that students who completed the Life Analysis demonstrated greater mastery, critical analysis, and application of important developmental theories and concepts than did students who did not complete this assignment. Narrative excerpts from selected life analyses provide additional evidence that lifestory narration leads to higher-level learning outcomes. In using an anonymous questionnaire and anecdotal reports to assess the attitudes of students completing the Life Analysis, I found that attitudes expressed were largely favorable toward the assignment as an effective learning tool and as a useful means by which students can undertake intros...
Peritumoral Expression of Adipokines and Fatty Acids in Breast Cancer

Background Adipokines in the tumor microenvironment may contribute to cancer growth. We hypothesized that peritumoral fat can be a source of lipid-derived energy for tumors by increasing adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis and down-regulating a negative regulator of adipogenesis, pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF).
Partitioning the transcriptional program induced by rapamycin among the effectors of the Tor proteins

Abstract Background: In all organisms, nutrients are primary regulators of signaling pathways that control transcription. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the Tor proteins regulate the transcription of genes sensitive to the quality of available nitrogen and carbon sources. Formation of a ternary complex of the immunosuppressant rapamycin, its immunophilin receptor Fpr1p and Tor1p or Tor2p results in the nuclear import of several nutrient- and stress-responsive transcription factors. Results: We show that treating yeast cells with rapamycin results in a broader modulation of functionally related gene sets than previously understood. Using chemical epistasis and vector-based global expression analyses, we partition the transcriptional program induced by rapamycin among five effectors ( TAP42, MKS1, URE2, GLN3, GAT1 ) of the Tor proteins, and identify how the quality of carbon and nitrogen sources impinge upon components of the program. Biochemical data measuring Ure2p phosphorylation coupled with the partition analysis indicate that there are distinct signaling branches downstream of the Tor proteins. Conclusions: Whole-genome transcription profiling reveals a striking similarity between shifting to low-quality carbon or nitrogen sources and treatment with rapamycin. These data suggest that the Tor proteins are central sensors of the quality of carbon and nitrogen sources. Depending on which nutrient is limited in quality, the Tor proteins can modulate a given pathway differentially. Integrating the partition analysis of the transcriptional program of rapamycin with the biochemical data, we propose a novel architecture of Tor protein signaling and of the nutrient-response network, including the identification of carbon discrimination and nitrogen discrimination pathways.
Hematology of the Chick in Vitamin Deficiencies. I. Riboflavin

Abstract THE effect of riboflavin deficiency on the hematopoietic system has been noted repeatedly. Thus, Sherman (1938); Gyorgy, Robscheit-Robbins and Whipple (1938); and Spector, Maass, Michaud, Elvehjem and Hart (1943) have reported that an adequate riboflavin intake is necessary for normal hemoglobin formation. Waisman (1944), in his study of the riboflavin-deficient monkey, observed anemia and a reduction to about half the normal values of the erythrocyte and leukocyte counts. Riboflavin administration brought the hemoglobin levels and blood cell counts back to normal. Also working with the monkey, McCall, Waisman, Elvehjem and Jones (1946); and Jones, McCall, Elvehjem and Clark (1947) reported that chronic deficiencies of riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, or folic acid, produced anemia and a reversal of the normal neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. No such investigation has been carried out on the chick, and since riboflavin is considered so important in the nutrition of this species, a study was made of the . . .
Factors determining residence lifetimes of As4 molecules on an arsenic (111) surface

Abstract Calculations using a Lennard-Jones type 9-3 potential are carried out for As4 molecules physisorbed on an arsenic crystal surface to elucidate factors determining the extent to which gaseous and evaporating molecules achieve equilibrium with the surface. Equilibrium residence lifetimes for adsorbed molecules are calculated for values of the depth of the potential well between the molecule and the surface of 2.5 to 15 kcal mole . The fraction of molecules achieving equilibrium during free vaporization is calculated for various values of the molecule-surface potential well depth (2.5–15 kcal mole ) , initial energy of the molecules perpendicular to the surface (0.25–15 kcal mole ) , and the fraction of energy lost per vibrational collision with the surface (0.01–0.5). For the values of these parameters most likely to apply to arsenic, the computations imply that some detectable fraction of evaporating As4 molecules may leave the surface thermally excited, but that a significant fraction attains equilibrium.
Activity of β-Lactam Antibiotics Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Carrying R Plasmids Determining Different β-Lactamases

Azlocillin, carbenicillin, cefsulodin, mezlocillin, nocardicin A, piperacillin, pirbenicillin, sulbenicillin, and ticarcillin, but not HR756, showed reduced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains producing seven types of beta-lactamase.
Lithography optics: its present and future

Firstly, various technical aspects of ArF optics are surveyed. At present, the ArF excimer laser is regarded as one of the most promising candidates as a next-generation light source for optical lithography. Discussions are ranging over some critical issues of ArF optics. The lifetime of ArF optics supposedly limited by the radiation compaction of silica glass is estimated in comparison with KrF optics. Availability of calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) is also discussed. As a designing issue, a comparative study is made about the optical configuration, dioptric or catadioptric. In the end, our resist-based performance is shown. Secondly, estimated are the future trend regarding minimum geometry and the optical parameters, such as numerical aperture and wavelength. For the estimation, simulations based on aerial images are performed, where in the resolution limit is defined as a minimum feature size which retains practical depth of focus. Pattern geometry is classified into two categories, which are dense lines and isolated lines. Available wavelengths are assumed to be KrF excimer laser ((λ =248 nm), ArF excimer laser (λ =193 nm) and F 2 excimer laser (λ =157 nm). Based upon the simulation results, the resolution limit is estimated for each geometry and each wavelength.
Control of aggression and dominance in white-throated sparrows by testosterone and its metabolites

In three experiments, we investigated whether testosterone itself or its metabolites activate aggression and dominance in white-throated sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis. Groups of five to six sparrows, each treated with a different steroid implanted subcutaneously, were observed in outdoor aviaries during late winter to determine the birds' rates of aggression (supplantations and attacks scaled to the number of available subordinates) and dominance rankings with opponents not previously encountered. In Experiment 1, testosterone (T) had a greater effect on aggression and dominance than did androstenedione, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (D), androsterone, or estradiol (E). In Experiment 2, birds with T or D + E had higher aggression scores and dominance ranks than birds with either D or E alone. Birds with T and D + E did not differ. The testosterone metabolites, D and E, thus acted synergistically to determine rates of aggression and dominance ranks. To corroborate these results, in Experiment 3 we treated T-implanted birds with the following blocking agents: ATD, expected to reduce conversion of T to E (AT birds); progesterone, expected to reduce conversion of T to D (PT birds); or both (APT birds). The APT birds had lower aggression scores and dominance ranks than did AT or PT birds, despite having higher mean levels of circulating T than AT or PT birds or birds implanted with T alone. Cyproterone acetate also reduced aggression scores and dominance in T-implanted birds. We conclude that the hormonal control of aggression and dominance in these birds requires conversion of testosterone to both androgenic and estrogenic metabolites.
Evaluation of the Impact of a Policy Change on Diversion Program Recidivism.

Abstract Recent Florida legislation changes have resulted in policy modifications reflecting a “get tough” approach to juvenile crime. In 2000, budget cuts by the Florida legislature eliminated one of the state's primary community service-oriented juvenile diversion programs, the Juvenile Alternative Services Program (JASP). JASP was subsequently replaced with other diversion programs, two of which (the Walker Plan and an expanded Arbitration program) permitted greater penetration into the juvenile justice system. This event provided an opportunity for a natural experiment evaluating the impact of potential net-widening effects of these replacement programs compared to those with less justice system contact (JASP and two other diversion programs) on youth participant recidivism. In this study, youth participant recidivism was examined based on new arrests and new arrest charges during an in-program period (from date of program enrollment to exit) and a six-month post-program period. There was no significa...
H-MESFET compatible GaAs/AlGaAs MSM photodetector

GaAs/Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/As short wavelength metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM-PDs), compatible with GaAs heterostructure MESFET technologies have been fabricated. Detector bandwidths greater than 3.5 GHz were observed for lambda =800-850 nm. Due to the GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction, low-frequency gain which is observed in GaAs MSM-PDs was minimized. The internal quantum efficiency was close to 100% and the dark currents were less than 1 nA for large-area detectors. >
The Most Difficult of all Phenomenological Problems

I argue in this essay that Edmund Husserl distinguishes three levels within time-consciousness: an absolute time-constituting flow of consciousness, the immanent acts of consciousness the flow constitutes, and the transcendent objects the acts intend. The immediate occasion for this claim is Neal DeRoo’s discussion of Dan Zahavi’s reservations about the notion of an absolute flow and DeRoo’s own efforts to mediate between Zahavi’s view and the position Robert Sokolowski and I have advanced. I argue that the flow and the tripartite distinction it introduces into consciousness is firmly grounded in Husserl’s texts and is philosophically defensible. The absolute flow is distinct but inseparable from what it constitutes. It is intentional in a nonobjectivating way, and accounts for the awareness I have of my individual acts of consciousness and of the unity and continuity of my conscious life. In its absence, consciousness would become an incoherent stream of episodic acts. There is nothing mysterious about the flow. What would be mysterious is consciousness without the flow.
Radioisotope Scanning of the Thyroid Gland Prior to Thyroglossal Duct Cyst Excision

Thyroglossal duct remnants are the most common midline neck masses in childhood, representing more than 75% of such masses. Surgical treatment with the Sistrunk operation (wide excision of the cyst, duct, central hyoid, and a core of tongue base) remains the standard of care, with a low recurrence rate and minimal morbidity. Controversy exists over the appropriate preoperative evaluation of children with presumed TGD remnants since postoperative hypothyroidism can occur from inadvertent removal of the only functioning ectopic thyroid tissue. The options for evaluation include the following: • No preoperative studies • No preoperative studies; look for thyroid gland during surgery • Radioisotope scanning of the thyroid gland for all patients before surgery • Other imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging • Radioisotope scanning of the thyroid gland in selected patients before surgery based on a history suggestive of hypothyroidism, thyroid function tests, an inability to palpate thyroid gland, or other radiographic tests The following sections will discuss the relative merits of preoperative scanning of the thyroid gland in patients with suspected TGD remnants.
A note on a conjecture about cycles with many incident chords

Given positive integers n and k, let gk(n) denote the maximum number of edges of a graph on n vertices that does not contain a cycle with k chords incident to a vertex on the cycle. Bollobas conjectured as an exercise in [2, p. 398, Problem 13] that there exists a function n(k) such that gk(n) = (k + 1)n - (k + 1)2 for all n ≥ n(k). Using an old result of Bondy [3], we prove the conjecture, showing that n(k) ≤ 3 k + 3. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 46: 180–182, 2004
Some Implications of Experimental Social Psychology for the Study of Urban Disorders

(1971). Some Implications of Experimental Social Psychology for the Study of Urban Disorders. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 340-349.
CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein β DNA Binding Is Auto-inhibited by Multiple Elements That Also Mediate Association with p300/CREB-binding Protein (CBP) *♦

Signaling through Ras GTPases controls the activity of many transcription factors including CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPβ), which regulates oncogenic H-RasV12-induced senescence and growth arrest. Here we report that C/EBPβ (LAP) DNA binding is inhibited by N-terminal sequences and derepressed by oncogenic Ras signaling. Sequence and mutational analyses showed that auto-repression involves two LXXLF (φXXφφ)-like motifs (LX1 and LX2) and a third element, auto-inhibitory domain (AID), located within conserved region CR5. LX1 is a critical component of the transactivation domain and has been shown to mediate C/EBPβ binding to the TAZ2 region of p300/CREB-binding protein coactivators. C/EBPβ auto-repression also involves a C-terminal regulatory domain (CRD) adjacent to the leucine zipper. CRD contains a third φXXφφ motif (LX3) and a short sequence, KQL, which has similarity to a region in the protein-binding site of TAZ2. The C/EBPβ N- and C-terminal domains physically associate in a manner that requires the basic region and CRD. We propose a model in which the regulatory sequences form a hydrophobic core that reciprocally inhibits DNA binding and transactivation. We also suggest a mechanism for C/EBPβ derepression involving several recently identified modifications within AID and CRD. Finally, we show that association of activated C/EBPβ with p300/CREB-binding protein requires the LX2 and AID auto-inhibitory elements. Thus, the N-terminal regulatory elements have dual roles in auto-inhibition and coactivator binding.
Spermatocytic seminoma. Clinicopathological study of 22 cases

Twenty-two cases of spermatocytic seminoma are reported. This neoplasm comprises 4.4% of all seminomas seen during the period under study. Nineteen patients were older than 40 years. Painless testicular enlargement was the presenting symptom in 19 patients. The duration of symptoms was more than six months in 12 patients. Macroscopically the tumor was soft, friable, grey, and edematous. Microscopically it is characterized by cellular pleomorphism, round cells and nuclei, scanty stroma, and absence of lymphocytes and granulomas. In none of the cases was the tumor associated with other neoplastic germ cell elements or with classical seminoma. Metastases were not encountered in any of the cases. Apart from 3 patients who died from unrelated causes, all the patients were alive and well for periods varying from two months to 27 years. Spermatocytic seminoma is a distinctive clinicopathological entity. It is unique among germ cell neoplasms because it occurs only in the testis and is not associated with other neoplastic germ cell elements. It has good prognosis and is not associated with metastases. Orchidectomy is the treatment of choice and there is no good evidence indicating that it should be followed by radiotherapy.
M.I.T./Canadian vestibular experiments on the Spacelab-1 mission: 2. Visual vestibular tilt interaction in weightlessness.

Adaptation to weightlessness includes the substitution of other sensory signals for the no longer appropriate graviceptor information concerning static spatial orientation. Visual-vestibular interaction producing roll circularvection was studied in weightlessness to assess the influence of otolith cues on spatial orientation. Preliminary results from four subjects tested on Spacelab-1 indicate that visual orientation effects were stronger in weightlessness than pre-flight. The rod and frame test of visual field dependence showed a weak post-flight increase in visual influence. Localized tactile cues applied to the feet in space reduced subjective vection strength.
Anthropological and Sociological Critiques of Bioethics

Anthropologists and sociologists offer numerous critiques of bioethics. Social scientists criticize bioethicists for their arm-chair philosophizing and socially ungrounded pontificating, offering philosophical abstractions in response to particular instances of suffering, making all-encompassing universalistic claims that fail to acknowledge cultural differences, fostering individualism and neglecting the importance of families and communities, and insinuating themselves within the “belly” of biomedicine. Although numerous aspects of bioethics warrant critique and reform, all too frequently social scientists offer ungrounded, exaggerated criticisms of bioethics. Anthropological and sociological critiques of bioethics are hampered by the tendency to equate bioethics with clinical ethics and moral theory in bioethics with principlist bioethics. Also, social scientists neglect the role of bioethicists in addressing organizational ethics and other “macro-social” concerns. If anthropologists and sociologists want to provide informed critiques of bioethics they need to draw upon research methods from their own fields and develop richer, more informed analyses of what bioethicists say and do in particular social settings.
Evaluation of Medetomidine, Ketamine and Buprenorphine for Neutering Feral Cats:

A combination of medetomidine (M, 100 μg/kg), ketamine (K, 10 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (B, 10 μg/kg), administered by intramuscular injection, was evaluated for spaying and castration (neutering) of feral cats (n = 101). Eleven animals (11%) required supplemental anesthesia (isoflurane by mask) to maintain an adequate plane of surgical anesthesia. Atipamezole (A, 125 μg/kg) was administered subcutaneously at the completion of surgery. All cats recovered from surgery and were released the following day. A hemoglobin saturation (SpO(2)) value of < 95% was recorded at least once during anesthesia in all cats. This MKB combination can be used in a feral cat sterilization clinic, but isoflurane supplementation may be necessary. Further research is indicated to determine the clinical significance of the low SpO(2) values associated with this anesthetic regimen.
Searching for Common Ground: Interactive Agency in Heterodox Economics

The individual, economic agent has antecedents and consequences that shape her perceptions of the world, in other words, form the individualâ€™s mental models. Furthermore, the individual is a totality of mental models, which shape perception and influence the selection of relevant models to apply to data and interpret input. The influence of mental models therefore directly influences the degree of agency the individual is able to exercise. Moreover, whatever assumptions are made regarding the degree of agency an individual possesses informs the theoretical structure from which any approach to economics is built. This paper seeks to examine and compare the role of agency in heterodox economic thought and proposes that the theme of the individual might well serve as a missing link between otherwise disparate groups of thought.
Development of the gregarious ectoparasitoid Nasonia vitripennis using five species of necrophagous flies as hosts and at various developmental temperatures

The utility of five species of necrophagous flies (Diptera) as pupal hosts for Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was examined by comparing incidences of parasitism, fecundity, and several features of wasp development at three rearing temperatures. Species differences in host suitability were evident in all life history features examined, with the highest incidences of parasitism, largest clutches and adult body sizes, and shortest periods of development occurring when the sarcophagid Sarcophaga bullata Parker served as hosts, regardless of temperature in which the wasps developed. Puparia of the calliphorids Lucilia illustris Meigen, Phormia regina Meigen, and Protophormia terraenovae Robineau-Desvoidy were also accepted as hosts by the female parasitoids, albeit not equally so, and each yielded large, female-biased broods. By contrast, pupae of the calliphorid Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) were not well suited to serve as an oviposition site or support the development of N. vitripennis. When successful parasitism did occur on any host species, duration of parasitoid development increased, adult body sizes were truncated, male-biased sex ratios were produced, and mortality from egg hatch to adult emergence elevated with increasing rearing temperature. Unlike with the four other fly species, C. rufifacies did not yield any adult parasitoids when the rearing temperature was 35 °C. The results argue that developmental data determined for this wasp derived from a single host species is not sufficient for applying to all scenarios in which wasp development is necessary to estimate a postmortem interval or periods of insect activity.
Influence of Molecular Structure and Adsorbent Properties on Sorption of Organic Compounds to a Temperature Series of Wood Chars

Chars from wildfires and soil amendments (biochars) are strong adsorbents that can impact the fate of organic compounds in soil, yet the effects of solute and adsorbent properties on sorption are poorly understood. We studied sorption of benzene, naphthalene, and 1,4-dinitrobenzene from water to a series of wood chars made anaerobically at different heat treatment temperatures (HTT) from 300 to 700 °C, and to graphite as a nonporous, unfunctionalized reference adsorbent. Peak suppression in the NMR spectrum by sorption of the paramagnetic relaxation probe TEMPO indicated that only a small fraction of char C atoms lie near sorption sites. Sorption intensity for all solutes maximized with the 500 °C char, but failed to trend regularly with N2 or CO2 surface area, micropore volume, mesopore volume, H/C ratio, O/C ratio, aromatic fused ring size, or HTT. A model relating sorption intensity to a weighted sum of microporosity and mesoporosity was more successful. Sorption isotherm linearity declined progressive...