cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of phospholipase A2 by uteroglobin and antiflammin peptides.

Blastokinin (1) or uteroglobin (UG; 2) is a secretory protein with a low molecular mass (15.8 kDa). This protein was originally discovered in the rabbit uterine fluid during early pregnancy (1, 2). Its synthesis and secretion in the endometrium are stimulated by progesterone (2–5). Since its discovery in 1967, UG has been one of the most thoroughly studied markers of progesterone action in the rabbit endometrium. In addition to the uterus, UG has been found in several other organs of rabbits, namely, the oviduct, the male genital tract and the tracheobronchial tree of both male and female animals (4–9). More recently, we detected UG in the circulation of the rabbit (10). The source of this protein in circulation seems to be the tracheobronchial epithelium and/or the progesterone-induced uterine endometrium (10).
The dihalides of group IVB elements

A varied and productive chemistry is now established for most of the Group IV dihalides. By combining high temperature and low temperature techniques, one may isolate AX2 species and observe molecular parameters as well as physical and chemical properties. The CX2 (carbenes) and SiX2 (silylenes) molecules have a rich chemistry and provide new and unique opportunities for organic and organo-metallic syntheses.
Mechanisms of Stress-Induced Thermo- and Chemotolerances

Thermotolerance, the acquisition of a transiently increased resistance to heat induced by exposure to elevated temperature was first observed in mammalian cells subjected to fractionated hyperthermia in the treatment of cancer (Gerner and Schneider 1975; Henle and Leeper 1976). The increased resistance is marked; a preconditioning heat treatment can result in increased survival following severe heat treatment in the order of 104 to 105. This phenomenon is distinct from a clonal selection of resistant cells, as often seen with drug resistance, since it is noninheritable and can be induced by non-lethal preconditioning treatments. Thermotolerance appears to be a universal phenomenon, being observed in all organisms tested (reviewed in Lindquist and Craig 1988; Subjeck and Shyy 1986). The expression of thermotolerance is also seen at the level of the whole organism and occurs under natural conditions as well as following laboratory manipulations (e.g., Easton et al. 1987). Despite its universal nature, little is known of the mechanisms which lead to the enhanced survival of thermotolerant cells.
Influence of heart rate and sympathetic stimulation on arrhythmogenic T wave alternans

We determined the temporal stability of T wave alternans (TWA) during constant rate stimulation and the dependence of alternans on heart rate (HR) and β-adrenergic stimulation. Although it is estab...
The multidimensional nature of social support and engagement in contributing to adjustment following spousal loss

Objectives: Spousal loss is a significant life event that can negatively affect multiple facets of mental and physical health. Social support and engagement are generally found to improve adjustment following adversity, but much less is known regarding which facet of social support and engagement is most predictive of adjustment following spousal loss. This study examined changes in mental health and well-being following spousal loss and which facets of social support and engagement are associated with positive adjustment following spousal loss.Method: Latent growth curve modeling was applied to longitudinal data from 265 individuals who became widowed from the Changing Lives of Older Couples Study to examine: (1) adjustment following spousal loss in depressive symptoms, anxiety and well-being and (2) whether different facets of social support and engagement predict positive adjustment.Results: Depressive symptoms increased following spousal loss, whereas anxiety and well-being remained relatively stable before and after spousal loss. Receiving more instrumental support was associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms and anxiety 6-months following spousal loss. Higher levels of emotional support from one's spouse at baseline was associated with more depressive symptoms and anxiety 6-months following spousal loss.Conclusion: Instrumental support received was the most beneficial facet of social support and engagement. The discussion focuses on how these findings fit into the larger literature of the ways through which social support and engagement lead to adjustment following adversity.
Limited availability of global health opportunities in US orthopaedic trauma fellowship programs.

Purpose Orthopaedic residents are increasingly seeking international health electives (IHEs) during training, and many such experiences involve providing orthopaedic trauma care. However, little is known about the availability of IHEs during orthopaedic trauma fellowship training. The purpose of our study is to assess the global health opportunities available to US orthopaedic trauma fellows. Method We conducted an online, Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap)-based survey of orthopaedic trauma fellowship program directors (PDs) in the United States. The survey link was sent by the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) Fellowship Committee to all US OTA-approved orthopaedic trauma fellowship PDs. Follow-up reminder e-mails were delivered at set time intervals from baseline over a period of 4 weeks. Results The overall response rate was 80% (43/54). Only 3 of 43 responding programs (7%) offer a structured global health program, but over the last 10 years, 12.5% of the remaining programs (5/40) have had a fellow participate in an IHE during fellowship training. Around 100% of PDs reported fellow satisfaction with their IHEs, and all PDs agreed that the educational experience provided by their fellows' IHE participation was valuable. Among programs with no recent fellow IHE participation and without a structured global health program, 9% of PDs (3/35) expect to institute such a program. Lack of funding, lack of established international partner sites, and fellow time away were the most common perceived barriers to IHE participation. A total of 54% of PDs agree that participation in an IHE during training plays a major role in shaping fellows' future professional and volunteer activities. Conclusion There are limited global health opportunities among US orthopaedic trauma fellowship programs, with only 7% (3/43) offering a structured global health program. Perceived barriers include lack of funding, lack of established partner sites, and concerns related to clinical/call coverage. Greater efforts to establish sustainable funding and international partnerships may increase opportunities for IHEs during orthopaedic trauma fellowship training.
Association between MICA polymorphisms, s-MICA levels, and pancreatic cancer risk in a population-based case-control study.

Background Pancreatic tumor cells may avoid immune surveillance by releasing the transmembrane major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related A (MICA) protein in soluble form (s-MICA). We hypothesized that the presence of the A5.1 polymorphism in the MICA gene, which encodes a truncated MICA protein, is associated with higher s-MICA levels and increased pancreatic cancer risk. Methods MICA alleles and s-MICA levels were measured in 121 pancreatic cancer cases and 419 controls. General linear regression with a log transformation assessed geometric means of s-MICA levels across MICA alleles. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for pancreatic cancer associated with MICA alleles. Results After multivariate adjustment, participants with at least one copy of the A5.1 allele versus no A5.1 allele had 1.35 (95% CI: 1.05-1.74) times greater s-MICA levels (1.65 times higher for cases and 1.28, for controls) and increased risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.05-3.48). Conclusions Our study suggests higher risk of pancreatic cancer among those with the MICA A5.1 polymorphism, which may be explained by an increase in s-MICA secretion and impaired immune response. Impact These findings provide further evidence at the genetic and molecular level of the important role of MICA in pancreatic cancer development, and may have important implications with regards to pancreatic cancer screening.
Photobiomodulation on cultured cortical neurons

Abstract Photobiomodulation (PBM) with near-infrared light (810 nm laser) has been shown to have marked effects on neuronal cells. In this chapter, three papers, all using the same model, of primary cultured mouse cortical neurons are discussed. In the first paper, the biphasic and triphasic dose response curves of light on reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide release, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular calcium, and ATP were measured. In the second paper, the ability of PBM to reverse the damaging effects of oxidative stress caused by three different agents (cobalt chloride, hydrogen peroxide, and rotenone) was investigated. In the third paper, the excitotoxicity effects produced by three different neurotransmitters like molecules (glutamate, N -methyl- d -aspartate, and kainate) were reversed by PBM. Excessive calcium and reactive oxygen species levels were lowered in injured cells while they were elevated in normal cells. In all cases, the MMP and ATP levels were increased by PBM.
Broad- Versus Narrow-Sample Evidence in Disclosure Regulation Studies: A Discussion of Badia, Duro, Jorgensen, and Ormazabal (2018)

Broad-sample evidence that examines the effect of disclosure regulation is widespread in accounting research — often justified by its greater generalizability relative to narrow-sample evidence. Badia et al. (this issue) takes a different approach by focusing on the effect of disclosure rules in a narrow sample of U.S. and Canadian oil and gas companies. In this discussion, I argue that the contention that broad samples make research on disclosure regulation generalizable is a misconception and that the narrow-sample approach has many advantages and often advances knowledge more than broad-sample research. The key advantage of a narrow sample is that, everything else equal, we generally understand the institutional setting that generated the evidence better. Institutional details allow researchers to more precisely identify the changes that the regulation caused, assess the validity of untestable identification assumptions, and, as a field, it improves our ability to take a Bayesian approach to causal inferences. I illustrate these points by contrasting the evidence in Badia et al. to evidence from broad-sample studies on the effect of IFRS adoption and other major disclosure regulation.
Health reform and the VA medical care system.

Although the Department of Veterans Affairs medical care system is literally the largest health care system in the free world, it's value has been largely overlooked in the debate on national health care reform. VA performs essential functions and provides special services that must not be lost in the process of reform. Restructuring the U.S. health care delivery and financing systems will certainly affect VA, therefore any serious plan for reform should specify the VA's role and responsibilities in tomorrow's national health care system.
Opioid use disorder, job strain, and high physical job demands in US workers.

Little is known about the work environmental risk factors for opioid use disorder (OUD) in working populations. The purpose of this study is to examine whether adverse physical and psychosocial working conditions are associated with OUD in a working population of the United States (US). Among the participants of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) II Study (2004–2006), 2134 workers (1059 men and 1075 women; mean age, 51 years) were chosen for this study. OUD was measured with self-administered questions in line with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSD-5). Physical demands (physical efforts, heavy lifting, and crouching/stooping/kneeling) and psychosocial work stressors (skill discretion, decision authority, job control, psychological job demands, supervisor and coworker support at work, job insecurity, and work hours) were measured with a standard questionnaire. The prevalence of OUD was 3.8%. In multivariate analyses, low skill discretion, high psychological job demands, job strain (a combination of low control and high demands), and high physical job demands were significantly associated with OUD. The multivariate prevalence ratios for OUD by job strain and frequent heavy lifting were 1.98 (1.27–3.10) and 2.23 (1.22–4.10), respectively. Job strain was more strongly associated with OUD in men, while high physical job demands were more strongly associated with OUD in women. This study implies that adverse physical and psychosocial working conditions may be important risk factors for OUD in US working populations. Future longitudinal and mechanistic studies are urgently warranted.
Influence of Proximal Land Use and Network Characteristics on Link Travel Time

Abstract The focus of this research is to investigate the influence of land use and network characteristics within the proximal area of a road link on travel time. Data for 259 links within the cit...
How we created neuromorphic engineering

Neuromorphic engineering aims to create computing hardware that mimics biological nervous systems, and it is expected to play a key role in the next era of hardware development. Carver Mead recounts how it all began.
A Zero Velocity Detector for Foot-mounted Inertial Navigation Systems Aided by Downward-facing Range Sensor

In this paper, we propose a zero velocity detector, referred to as the Ultrasound-Aided Stance Hypothesis Optimal dEtection (UA-SHOE), for foot-mounted Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) aided by a downward-facing range sensor. The proposed detector is derived mathematically in a Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test (GLRT) framework. We compare the effectiveness of the proposed UA-SHOE detector with two known and commonly used approaches, the Stance Hypothesis Optimal dEtection (SHOE) detector [1] and the Ultrasonic-only Stance Phase Detection (USPD) detector [2]. The Circular Error Probable (CEP) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the navigation results are used to evaluate the three detectors. The experimental results of walking and running cases showed that the UA-SHOE detector improved errors by 27.5% and 11.3%, as compared to the USPD detector. The experimental results also illustrated that the RMSEs of the proposed UA-SHOE detector had a comparable accuracy to the commonly used SHOE detector in the walking case and outperformed the SHOE detector by more than 50% in the running experiments.
Oncological Mimics in Inflammatory CNS Disease

Evaluation of inflammatory disease within the central nervous system can be a diagnostic challenge given diverse presentations of patients. Extensive laboratory and radiographic evaluations are often unrevealing and lead to further uncertainty. Malignancy or “premalignant” conditions within the central nervous system can mimic inflammatory disease, thus making these entities important for consideration when evaluating for inflammatory conditions. While rare, diseases such as histiocytic disorders and central nervous system lymphoma occur with enough frequency to make them real possibilities in patients with central nervous pathology. Entities such as chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) exhibit common characteristics suggestive of this diagnosis and may represent early manifestations of malignancy. Herein, we review common oncological mimics of CNS inflammatory disease including histiocytic disorders, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and CLIPPERS.
Newcastle Disease Virus-Like Particles Displaying Prefusion-Stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spikes Elicit Potent Neutralizing Responses

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights an urgent need for vaccines that confer protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. One approach to an effective COVID-19 vaccine may be through the display of SARS-CoV-2 spikes on the surface of virus-like particles, in a manner structurally mimicking spikes on a native virus. Here we report the development of Newcastle disease virus-like particles (NDVLPs) displaying the prefusion-stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain (S2P). Immunoassays with SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies revealed the antigenicity of S2P-NDVLP to be generally similar to that of soluble S2P, and negative-stain electron microscopy showed S2P on the NDVLP surface to be displayed with a morphology corresponding to its prefusion conformation. Mice immunized with S2P-NDVLP showed substantial neutralization titers (geometric mean ID50 = 386) two weeks after prime immunization, significantly higher than those elicited by a molar equivalent amount of soluble S2P (geometric mean ID50 = 17). Neutralizing titers at Week 5, two weeks after a boost immunization with S2P-NDVLP doses ranging from 2.0 to 250 μg, extended from 2125 to 4552, and these generally showed a higher ratio of neutralization versus ELISA than observed with soluble S2P. Overall, S2P-NDVLP appears to be a promising COVID-19 vaccine candidate capable of eliciting substantial neutralizing activity.
Healing Communication: A Precision Instrument for Spiritual Care

Abstract Objective To describe holistic, empathic, and person-centered approaches to communication and apply these to the context of oncology nurse-provided responses to patients’ expressions of spiritual concern. Data Sources Conceptual, empirical, and practice literature about communication, primarily from the disciplines of psychology and communication sciences, is resourced to inform this practice-oriented discussion. Conclusion Holistic, empathetic, and person-centered models for communication are complementary, and although there is overlap, there is also distinct value added from each. Implications for Nursing Practice Each model offers excellent guidance for nurses seeking to provide a therapeutic verbal response during spiritual care for people affected by cancer.
Three-Tiered Practice Of Law And AI

The practice of law is potentially beginning to splinter into two tiers, whereby one-tier consists of attorneys and the second tier consists of non-lawyers seemingly practicing law (to a limited extent). This is a controversial shifting of the sands. For some added controversy, we can look toward the future and perchance envision an added tier of AI-based lawyering.
GENERAL WEDGE THEORY OF EARTH PRESSURE

THE PRINCIPLES ARE PRESENTED OF THE GENERAL WEDGE THEORY OF EARTH PRESSURE. ACCORDING TO THIS THEORY THE SHAPE OF THE SURFACE OF SLIDING AND THE POSITION OF THE RESULTANT EARTH PRESSURE ARE A FUNCTION OF THE DEGREE AND TYPE OF FREEDOM FOR LATERAL EXPANSION OF THE SUPPORTED EARTH. COULOMB'S THEORY REPRESENTS A SPECIAL CASE OF THE GENERAL WEDGE THEORY. IT'S VALIDITY IS LIMITED TO THE PRESSURE OF EARTH ON SUPPORTS SUCH AS RETAINING WALLS WHOSE LATERAL RESISTANCE IS INDEPENDENT OF THEIR AMOUNT OF YIELD. IN EVERY OTHER CASE THE GENERAL WEDGE THEORY SHOULD BE USED. THE ONLY CONDITION REQUIRED TO MAKE THIS THEORY VALID IS AN ALMOST COMPLETE MOBILIZATION OF THE SHEARING RESISTANCE OF THE SUPPORTED EARTH WITHIN A CONTINUOUS ZONE EXTENDING FROM THE FOOT OF THE BANK TO ITS UPPER SURFACE. THIS SINGLE REQUIREMENT IS SUFFICIENT TO EXCLUDE THE GENERAL WEDGE THEORY FROM APPLICATION TO THE PRESSURE OF SOFT CLAY OR OTHER HIGHLY ELASTIC TYPES OF SOIL ON THE TIMBERING OF CUTS OR TUNNELS. EXAMPLES ARE PRESENTED OF APPLICATIONS OF THE THEORY TO WALLS TILTING AROUND INNER LOWER EDGE, TIMBERING OF EXCAVATIONS IN SAND, FLEXIBLE BULKHEADS, AND PRESSURE EXERTED BY COHESIVE EARTH. /AUTHOR/
The Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers in Two Semi-Urban Areas around a Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) designated hospital in Lagos State, Nigeria.

Background: The World health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF initiated intensive efforts to transform hospitals into breastfeeding support centers through the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. The study populations in this study were geographically located within the vicinity of a BFHI designated Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breast feeding among mothers in two semi-urban areas around a BFHI designated hospital. Method: Four hundred self-administered questionnaires were distributed to mothers from two semi urban areas in Surulere Local Government Area of Lagos, Nigeria to ascertain their socio demographic data, knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Approval for the study was granted by the Ethics Committee. The respondents were chosen by simple random sampling. The questions covered socio demographic data, knowledge, attitude and the practice of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Collected data was analyzed and investigated for statistical associations. Results: The knowledge, attitude and practice of exclusive breastfeeding amongst mothers in the semi urban area of Lagos, Nigeria is statistically significantly affected by their educational level and by their professional level. Those with a higher level of education were more likely to have a correct knowledge (P < 0.05). Religion, educational level, professional level and number of children were statistically significant for practicing EBF for at least three months (P < 0.05). The belief that colostrum is not good for the baby was statistically significant for educational level and profession (P < 0.05). The belief that sperm could get into the breast milk was statistically significant for age, religion, ethnic group, education, profession and the number of children (P < 0.05). Out of all the socio demographic variables examined, educational level of the mother and the mother’s professional level were the two variables that were most frequently statistically significant for knowledge, attitude and practice questions. Conclusion: The knowledge, attitude and practice of breast feeding are mostly affected by the education and the profession of the mother. Certain beliefs about breast milk and sperm were statistically significant across all the socio demographic data examined. Recommendations were made to increase health education targeted at correcting beliefs about colostrum and breast milk. Recommendation was also made for a reevaluation of BFHI. Keywords; Nigeria, Exclusive breastfeeding(EBF); Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI); Knowledge; Attitude; Practice, Predictive Factors; Education; Socio demographic factors; Colostrum.
Pre-clinical models of renal carcinoma and their utility in drug development.

Significant progress has been made in the treatment of patients with advanced renal cancer. In addition to immunotherapy, there are several potentially distinct therapeutic approaches for targeting molecular pathways. The murine models detailed in this unit are useful for testing rational combination strategies. Moreover, animal models contribute immensely to the understanding of the genetic, epigenetic, and biological aspects of human disease. Compared to humans, rodent models are relatively short-lived and allow for the facile study of clinically relevant pathologies. Animal models for the study of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are particularly useful for the development of new drugs for kidney cancer. Included in this unit are several in vivo models that are currently used to evaluate therapeutic approaches to renal cancer therapy and to investigate the pathophysiology of this condition. Included are both murine (RENCA) and renal cell carcinomas in subcutaneous and orthotopic models using tumor cell lines and human tumor tissue. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 47:14.13.1-14.13.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: renal cell carcinoma; metastastic tumor; xenograft model; orthotopic implantation; subcutaneous implantation; angiogenesis; bioluminescent imaging; immunotherapy; combination therapy; retinoids
Agents and Third-Party Recruiters in International Higher Education

A specter is now haunting international higher education—the dramatic proliferation of third-party recruiters and agents. Their job is to recruit prospective students in countries that send large numbers of students abroad to study at specific institutions as well as to provide general information about studying abroad.
A second order constitutive theory for hyperelastic materials

The second order constitutive equation for a hyperelastic material with arbitrary symmetry is derived. In developing a second order theory, it is necessary to be discriminating in the choice of measures of deformation. Here the derivation is done in terms of the Biot strain, which has a direct physical interpretation in that its eigenvalues are the principal extensions of the deformation. The constitutive equation is specialized for the cases of isotropy and transverse isotropy. The isotropic equation derived here is compared with equations obtained by other authors in terms of the displacement gradient and the Green strain.
Magnetization of (Y0.9R0.1)2Fe14B single crystals

Abstract Magnetization and torque magnetometry measurements have been made on single crystals of the form (Y0.9R0.1)2Fe14B, where R = Er and Tb. Pure Y2Fe14B favors the [001] at all temperatures, reflecting the anisotropy of the Fe sublattice. The addition of Er decreases the anisotropy at room temperature slightly, but at low temperatures it induces a spin reorientation in the (100) plane toward the [010], stopping at an angle of 78° from the [001]. The addition of Tb increases the anisotropy favoring the [001] at all temperatures.
Chronic myelogenous leukemia in children.

Summary Observations were reported on fifteenchildren with chronic myelogenous leukemia. During infancy the clinical manifestations were chiefly of a hemorrhagic character and associated with thrombocytopenia. In older children the disease was essentially the same as seen in adults. The best results in therapy were obtained by x-ray irradiation given at intervals and only for the control of disabling symptoms.
Protein cleavage in bacteriophage λ tail assembly

Abstract The protein product of gene H , a tail gene of bacteriophage λ, undergoes proteolytic cleavage to yield protein t2, a structural component of λ tails.
A third transactivation function (AF3) of human progesterone receptors located in the unique N-terminal segment of the B-isoform.

Human progesterone target tissues contain two progesterone receptors: B-receptors (hPRB), which are 933 amino acids in length, and A-receptors (hPRA), which lack the N-terminal 164 amino acids. The two isoforms differ functionally when they are occupied by agonists or antagonists. We postulated that the unique 164-amino acid, B-upstream segment (BUS) is in part responsible for the functional differences between the two isoforms and have constructed a series of hPR expression vectors encoding BUS fused to isolated down-stream functional domains of the receptors. These include the two transactivation domains: activation function-1 (AF1), located in a 90-amino acid segment just up-stream of the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and nuclear localization signal (NLS), and AF2, located in the hormone-binding domain. BUS is a highly phosphorylated domain, and contains the serine residues responsible for the hPRB triplet protein structure. The construct containing BUS-DBD-NLS binds tightly to DNA when aided by accessory n...
THE APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC PROGRAMMING TO THE UAR FIRST FIVE YEAR PLAN

SUMMARY Using data from Egypt's first five year plan the consequences of five different economic policies are explored. The model used is stochastic programming, the output/labor and output/capital ratios are considered as independently distributed normal random variables. The optimal allocation policy appears to be very close to the actual policy advocated for the plan.
Integrating force and vision feedback for microassembly

For microassembly tasks uncertainty exists at many levels.Single static sensing configuration are therefore unable to provide feedback with the necessary range and resolution for accomplishing many desired tasks. In this paper we present experimental results that investigate the integration of two disparate sensing modalities, force and vision, for sensor-based microassembly. By integrating these sensing modes, we are able to provide feedback in a task- oriented frame of reference over a broad range of motion with an extremely high precision. An optical microscope is used to provide visual feedback down to micro resolutions, while an optical beam deflection technique is used to provide nanonewton level force feedback or nanometric level position feedback. Visually served motion at speeds of up to 2mm/s with a repeatability of 0.17 micrometers are achieved with vision alone. The optical beam deflection sensor complements the visual feedback by providing positional feedback with a repeatability of a few nanometers. Based on the principles of optical beam deflection, this is equivalent to force measurements on the order of a nanonewton. The value of integrating these two disparate sensing modalities is demonstrated during controlled micropart impact experiments. These results demonstrate micropart approach velocities of 80 micrometers /s with impact forces of 9nN and final contact forces of 2nN. Within our microassembly system this level of performance cannot be achieved using either sensing modality alone. This research will aid in the development of complex hybrid MEMS devices in two ways; by enabling the microassembly of more complex MEMS prototypes; and in the development of automatic assembly machines for assembling and packaging future MEMS devices that require increasingly complex assembly strategies.
A randomized trial of nurse intervention to reduce preterm and low birth weight births.

Abstract Objective: To test the effect of telephone calls from registered nurses to low-income pregnant women on the rates of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm births. Methods: A total of 1554 women receiving prenatal care in a public clinic who met study criteria and who consented were assigned randomly to intervention and control groups. Women in the intervention group received telephone calls from a registered nurse, one or two times weekly from 24 weeks’ through 37 weeks’ gestation. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Low birth weight rates were 10.9% in the intervention group and 14.0% in the control group (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.55, 1.03; P = .072). For gestational age less than 37 weeks, rates were 9.7 in the intervention group and 11.0 in the control group (RR .87; 95% CI 0.62, 1.22; P = .415). In the subgroup of low-income black women 19 years of age and older, a statistically significant difference was found in preterm birth rates before 37 weeks (8.7% in the intervention group versus 15.4% in the controls [RR 0.56; 95% CI 0.38, 0.84; P = .004]). Conclusion: There was no difference in LBW or preterm births between intervention and control groups in the total sample. In a secondary analysis of black subjects 19 years of age and older, there was a significant difference in preterm birth rates.
Apixaban reduced stroke and systemic embolism compared with aspirin in adults with AF for whom VKA therapy was unsuitable

Source Citation Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Joyner C, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:806-17. 21309657
A Capacity Co-allocation Configurable Cache for Low Power Embedded Systems

Traditional level-one instruction caches and data caches for embedded systems typically have the same capacities. Configurable caches either shut down a part of the cache to suit applications needing a small cache or employ a large cache and high associativity for applications needing to reduce miss rate and energy. However, increasing associativity is energy-costly compared with increasing capacity. We have extended the traditional configurable cache and made the whole on-chip cache memory capacity available to both instruction and data caches. The capacity can then be co-allocated between the data and the instruction caches. Compared with way shutdown and way concatenation, the capacity co-allocation cache provides a better solution than increasing associativity. Four out of 17 benchmarks from Mibench benefit from the capacity co-allocation cache. Energy reduction can be up to 24%, with an average of 5%, compared to a traditional configurable cache.
Variational Principles for Scattering Processes. I

A systematic treatment is presented of the application of variational principles to the quantum theory of scattering.Starting from the time-dependent theory, a pair of variational principles is provided for the approximate calculation of the unitary (collision) operator that describes the connection between the initial and final states of the system. An equivalent formulation of the theory is obtained by expressing the collision operator in terms of an Hermitian (reaction) operator; variational principles for the reaction operator follow. The time-independent theory, including variational principles for the operators now used to describe transitions, emerges from the time-dependent theory by restricting the discusson to stationary states. Specialization to the case of scattering by a central force field establishes the connection with the conventional phase shift analysis and results in a variational principle for the phase shift.As an illustration, the results of Fermi and Breit on the scattering of slow neutrons by bound protons are deduced by variational methods.
A Simplified Theory of Pile Noise

A theoretical treatment is given of the statistical fluctuations in neutron population which occur in nuclear reactors. The absolute magnitude and frequency dependence of the spectral density of these fluctuations is obtained. The model used assumes that the fluctuations arise from a "noise-equivalent source" whose strength can be easily calculated from fundamental considerations. Calculations are also presented of the fundamental statistical errors in criticality measurements. (auth)
Synthesis of fluoroalkoxide trirhenium(III) clusters

Abstract The cluster Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl6(THF)3 reacted at room temperature in THF with 5 equivalents of NaOCMe(CF3)2 to give [Na(THF)2][Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2{OCMe(CF3)2}5]. The salt [Na(THF)2][Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2{OCMe(CF3)2}5] reacted with a large excess of pyridine to produce Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2[OCMe(CF3)2]4(py)2, which was isolated as a crystalline mixture of two isomers. The mono-pyridine adduct Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2[OCMe(CF3)2]4(py) was observed as a side product in reactions between the salt and pyridine. The mono-pyridine adduct Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2[OCMe(CF3)2]4(py) and one of the two isomers of the di-pyridine adduct Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2[OCMe(CF3)2]4(py)2 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The other isomer of Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2[OCMe(CF3)2]4(py)2 and [Na(THF)2][Re3(μ-Cl)3Cl2{OCMe(CF3)2}5] were identified by X-ray crystallography but the structures were not fully refined.
Characterizing the effluence near Waikiki, Hawaii with a coupled biophysical model.

Abstract Aperiodic discharge from the Ala Wai Canal near Waikiki, Hawaii is often contaminated with naturally occurring harmful bacteria that may affect nearby beaches. Using a coupled hydrodynamic and biological model, we examine how tides, wind, surface waves, and light affect the fate of this effluent plume. The nearshore circulation and tidal flows constrain the freshwater plume to the surface. Winds can overcome both the stratification and ambient tidal advection to keep the plume to the west (away from major beaches) and mix the plume deeper into the water column. Surface waves due to swell act to mix the plume deep and keep the plume onshore. We find that the plume does not extend offshore in the presence of winds or waves. Using Enterococcus spp. as the bacterial agent, we find that residency is increased when mixed deeper away from the light. Comparing predicted Enterococcus spp. with in-situ samples for five distinct plume events, we find that the model accurately represents the observed bacterial concentrations when the Ala Wai is the primary source of Enterococcus spp. discharge. The results show that predictive models may be an invaluable complement to water quality sampling programs for regions of high human activity.
Gallium-arsenide deep-level PIN tunnel diode with very negative conductance

The first tunnel diodes utilising deep levels in low-temperature-grown gallium arsenide (GaAs) are demonstrated. At room temperature, the negative conductance per area of 1/1.2 kΩ µm2 is the largest ever measured in GaAs tunnel diodes, which also show peak-to-valley current ratios as high as 19 and peaks of 1.6 kA/cm2.
Impaired capacity for upregulation of MHC class II in tumor-associated microglia

Immunotherapy for malignant gliomas is being studied as a possible adjunctive therapy for this highly fatal disease. Thus far, inadequate understanding of brain tumor immunology has hindered the design of such therapies. For instance, the role of microglia and macrophages, which comprise a significant proportion of tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells, in the regulation of the local anti-tumor immune response is poorly understood. To study the response of microglia and macrophages to known activators in brain tumors, we injected CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and IFN-gamma/LPS into normal and intracranial RG2 glioma-bearing rodents. Microglia/macrophage infiltration and their surface expression of MHC class II B7.1 and B7.2 was examined by flow cytometry. Each agent evaluated yielded a distinct microglia/macrophage response: CpG ODN was the most potent inducer of microglia/macrophage infiltration and B7.1 expression, while IFN-gamma resulted in the highest MHC-II expression in both normal and tumors. Regardless of the agent injected, however, MHC-II induction was significantly muted in tumor microglia/macrophage as compared with normal brain. These data suggest that microglia/macrophage responsiveness to activators can vary in brain tumors when compared with normal brain. Understanding the mechanism of these differences may be critical in the development of novel immunotherapies for malignant glioma.
The challenge of threatened and endangered species management in coastal areas.

A substantial proportion of U.S. federally listed species inhabit a small fraction of the nation's land mass, the coastal zone. Historically, management in this region has been conflict-ridden among diverse parties interested in natural resource extraction, land use, and conservation. This tension persists today, albeit in a more contemporary form: public access demand versus ecosystem conservation. The focus of this study is the influence of this tension on local-level management of federally threatened and endangered species. We surveyed managers of 43 locations of ecological importance for a threatened shorebird, the Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus). Reflecting the federal mandate to accommodate both public access and ecosystem conservation, we detected a shift in mission from sole-purpose initiatives (e.g., public access or ecosystem conservation) to a multiple-use mission (i.e., resource-based recreation). Public access and ecosystem conservation were the primary management goals at surveyed sites,...
Synthesis of dicarboxylic acylcarnitines

Syntheses of malonyl, methylmalonyl, succinyl, glutaryl, methylglutaryl, dodecanedioyl and hexadecanedioyl carnitines are described. The dicarboxylic acylcarnitines were prepared from eight equivalents of cyclic anhydride or isopropylidene ester of the dicarboxylic acid and carnitine chloride in trifluoroacetic acid solution. Long chain dicarboxylic acylcarnitines were additionally purified by partitioning between water and n-butanol. Stable isotope labeled analogs, containing 3, 6 or 9 deuterium atoms, were also prepared. They are for use as standards in the electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of dicarboxylic acylcarnitines in samples from patients with inherited disorders of fatty acid oxidation.
Water-Immersible Micromachined Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 Thin Film Actuators

We demonstrate a water-immersible thin film lead zirconate titanate, Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, [PZT] actuator, without special passivation layer, towards in-vivo or in-vitro scanning probe microscope (SPM) measurements of living cells in water or biological fluids. In order to be water-immersible, the electrodes need to be electrically insulated and the piezoelectric layer needs to be protected against direct water contact. This paper describes our design solution with a simple fabrication process for a water-immersible piezoelectric device, which separates the bottom electrode from the top electrode by having a narrow ditch covered with PZT film. The PZT film is then encapsulated with the top metal electrode without insulation layer. In this structure, the PZT is sandwiched between the top and bottom metal electrodes to prevent water permeation. The device is fabricated using lift-off processing for the bottom and top electrodes, sol-gel spinning for the PZT thin film and wet etching for the PZT patterning. The piezoelectric constant, d31, is about −100 pC/N. The dielectric polarization and fatigue properties of the devices were measured in air and water. The spontaneous polarization, remnant polarization, coercive field and dielectric constant are 54 μ C/cm2, 15 μ C/cm2, 60 kV/cm and 1200, respectively. The polarization property of the device was unchanged in either air or water up to 1 × 109 continuous cycles.
The relationship between childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and conduct problems and adult psychopathy in male inmates

Two categories of childhood problems frequently implicated in the development of adult psychopathy are conduct problems (CP) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Three perspectives regarding the relationship between childhood symptomatology and adult antisocial outcomes were examined: the conduct-problem mediation, the independent prediction, and the comorbid subtype positions. Relationships between self-report measures of childhood CP and ADHD and interviewer-rated psychopathy scores (PCL-R) were examined for 275 Caucasian and African-American male inmates. Although both childhood CP and ADHD were associated with PCL-R Total and Antisocial Lifestyle (Factor 2) ratings, the influence of ADHD was largely mediated by CP. Although there was evidence for a slight independent contribution of ADHD to the antisocial lifestyle aspects of psychopathy, there was little evidence congruent with the comorbid subtype position: The higher psychopathy ratings of individuals in the comorbid group relative to those of other groups appeared attributable to additive rather than interactive influences of childhood CP and ADHD. Finally, neither set of childhood symptoms was helpful in understanding core emotional/interpersonal aspects of psychopathy (Factor 1).
High-sensitivity interferometric measurements of gas density distributions from a PRS nozzle synchronized with a heterodyne interferometer

Gas distributions are important for modeling z-pinch implosions. This paper reports new measurements of a 3.5 cm diameter argon gas puff nozzle used on the Saturn generator at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM. A 532nm high-sensitivity interferometer1 makes time-dependent, line-integrated gas density measurements at a series of chordal locations that are then Abel inverted to obtain the radial gas density distribution. The measurements are synchronized using a double-pass heterodyne interferometer.
Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Pure Tin from 4.5 to 77 °K

The thermal and electrical conductivities of two pure single crystals of tin have been measured. The samples were oriented at 72\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to the tetragonal axis of tin. The thermal conductivity values for the two samples were fit to the relation ${(\ensuremath{\alpha}{T}^{n}+\frac{\ensuremath{\beta}}{T})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ from 4 to 12 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K with $n$ approximately 3.2 for both samples. This large value is attributed to dispersion in the phonon spectrum which causes an approximate 4.2-power dependence with temperature of the specific heat over the same temperature range. The electrical-resistivity value of the two pure samples was found to obey the Bloch-Gr\"uneisen expression over a wide range with a Debye temperature of 125 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and with a small additional residual resistivity. The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity exhibits a slight maximum at 10 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, attributable to the relative effect of impurity scattering and an anisotropic band structure. The anisotropy of the electrical conductivities exhibits a more pronounced maximum around 20 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K because of an additional effect of area differences of Brillouin-zone segments on the Fermi surface when small-angle scattering dominates. The ratio of electrical anisotropy to thermal anisotropy at the maximum was found to be approximately 1.27, which compares well with the theoretically predicted value of 1.26 from the area differences at the zone segments in the 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} orientations.
Interrelationships of Milk Yield, Body Weight, and Reproductive Performance

Records (2263) from a single north Florida herd for 3 yr were evaluated in a series of analyses. Environment was subtropical. Data set included only cows that had normal milk records and became pregnant. Holsteins and Jerseys averaged 6799 and 4504 kg milk, 587 and 418 kg postpartum body weight, 164 and 141 days open, and 2.3 and 2.1 services per subsequent pregnancy. Pooled within breed, repeatabilities and heritabilities of these performance measures were .37, .15; .53, .25; .20, .06; and .30, 0. Estimable genetic correlations were milk yield and body weight -.09, milk yield and services per conception .38, and services per conception and body weight .37; range of standard errors was .22 to .39. Substantial genetic antagonism may exist between milk yield and body weight, and efficient reproduction. If results of this research are verified elsewhere, breeders should be aware that selection for increased weight could lead to decreased reproductive efficiency.
Separation of effects of auxin and ethylene in pea roots.

WE have treated intact pea seedlings (Pisum sativum L. var. Alaska) with four synthetic auxins and found inhibition of primary root elongation, stimulation of radial swelling, proliferation of massed lateral roots and faster evolution of ethylene. Exposure to exogenous ethylene had the same effects, except that lateral root development was normal.
The use of N-acetylcysteine long after an acetaminophen overdose in mice

N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), given to mice 5 h after an LD50 dose of acetaminophen, decreased 24-h survival to 33%. The reduction in survival observed for late NAC is significantly lower than the survival observed for the LD50 dose alone (53%), and is in sharp contrast to the 100% survival reported for the early use of NAC.
Materials-affected manufacturing

The materials-affected manufacturing analysis aims to link the manufacturing process mechanics to the materials microstructure evolution dynamics, thus increasing the accuracy of the predicted process attributes and offering better understanding the material properties of the manufactured product. This methodology involves an iterative blending scheme in coupling with microstructural synthesis and material genome analysis to allow for the interactive effects of materials dynamics and processing mechanics to be considered simultaneously. The basic formulation, computational configuration, and experimental validation have been presented herein for the test bed of machining operation with material grain size variation and recrystallization in consideration.