cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation and use of short-term mechanical ventilation following inadvertent ketamine overdose in a cat

Objective: To describe the clinical manifestations and successful outcome following an inadvertent overdose of ketamine to a cat. Case summary: A 4-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for a urethral obstruction. Because of an inadvertent miscalculation of ketamine, 20 times the intended dose was administered intravenously, which resulted in cardiopulmonary arrest. Cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation was successful, and short-term mechanical ventilation, fluids and intensive monitoring were utilized to achieve full recovery and subsequent discharge of the animal. New or unique information provided: Ketamine is a common anesthetic agent used in cats that is considered to have a wide therapeutic index and minimal cardiopulmonary depressant effects at recommended doses. Successful management of inadvertent ketamine overdose has been reported in children, but not in cats. Prompt CPCR and short-term mechanical ventilation may be necessary to treat a significant ketamine overdose. In cats, yohimbine may act as a partial antagonist of ketamine.
Temperature dependence of yielding and work-hardening rates in magnesium oxide single crystals

The mechanical properties of MgO single crystals have been analysed for their yielding and work-hardening behaviour as a function of purity and deformation temperature. The Fleischer theory accounts for the observed temperature dependence of the critical resolved shear stress well. Depending on temperature and impurity content, the MgO single crystals are shown to exhibit two-stage work-hardening behaviour, with the hardening shown to be athermal in nature. At and below room temperature, a temperature-dependent contribution results from dislocation-point defect interactions, while the primary athermal contribution arises out of dislocation-dislocation dipole interactions. The CRSS and work-hardening behaviour of MgO single crystals indicates a close relationship to the deformation characteristics of NaCl-structure alkali halides.
Irradiated microstructure of alloy 800H

Abstract Austenitic alloy 800H has the same basic composition as INCOLOY alloy 800 (Fe–20Cr–32Ni) but with significantly higher creep-rupture strength due to a required 60 μm minimum grain size. It is one of the high temperature candidate alloys being considered for Generation IV nuclear reactor systems. The radiation resistance of 800H has not been previously studied. This work provides information on the microstructural changes in 800H after irradiation using 5.0 MeV Ni ions at 500 °C to 5 and 50 dpa. Following irradiation, changes in microstructure and phase stability were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At a dose of 50 dpa, no voids were found and the density and size of the faulted loops were measured to be 2.3 × 10 16 cm −3 and 8.4 nm, respectively. There are fine precipitates distributed in 800H with an average size approximately 6 nm and a density greater than 9.1 × 10 15 cm −3 . The high Ni content and the presence of precipitates are believed to be responsible for the resistance to void formation at dose up to 50 dpa.
Identification and analysis of the regulation of a prestalk cell-surface antigen of Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract The properties of two differentiation antigens, rsa 4.2 and rsa 3.1, were examined. Both appear on the cell surface early in differentiation, but they differ with respect to their cell-type specificity, rsa 4.2 appears 1–2 h after differentiation has begun and is present on all cells during all stages of differentiation. In contrast, rsa 3.1 appears after 1–2 h on all aggregating amebae and later becomes restricted to prestalk cells. The pattern of regulation of rsa 3.1 indicates that this prestalk antigen appears on all cells early in differentiation but disappears in cells that differentiate along the prespore pathway. As a result, only cells in the anterior of migrating slugs carry this antigen. Predictions of two competing models of Dictyostelium pattern formation, i.e., position-dependent differentiation and random, position-independent differentiation, were tested by flow cytometry and immunochemical staining of sections of cells at the mound and mound-with-tip stages. Our results do not rule out either model, although they are incompatible with the simplest interpretation of the model for position-independent differentiation. The results clearly indicate that cells that ultimately differentiate along the spore pathway pass through an earlier cell state that includes the presence of a prestalk cell-surface antigen identified as rsa 3.1.
Verrucous carcinoma of the cervix.

A case of verrucous carcinoma of the cervix is reported, and the literature concerning verrucous carcinoma of the female genital tract is reviewed. The characteristic gross, microscopic, and clinical features are presented. The slow growing, insidious nature of the lesion with its tendency for local recurrence and lack of distant metastasis would indicate that wide local excision is the treatment of choice. This unusual type of female genital cancer has characteristics sufficiently different from other genital tract malignancies to warrant classification as a separate clinicopathologic entity. This is the first report of cervical cancer of this type.
Interaction of carbohydrates and anti-inflammatory drugs with mast cells in the rat.

Abstract Certain sugars, especially 2-deoxyglycose, can block inflammation produced by dextran or ovomucoid in the rat. This anti-inflammatory actions of sugars is well correlated with their ability to inhibit degranulation and histamine release of mast cells by dextran or ovomucoid in vitro or in vivo . Because the same sugars do not inhibit the action of compound 48/80, special receptors have been postulated for the polysaccharide. In an extension of this work, a number of anti-inflammatory drugs were tested against the effects of dextran and compound 48/80 on rat (Wistar) peritoneal mast cells by using inhibition of histamine release as a measure of their potency. All anti-inflammatory drugs tested, such as sodium salicylate, phenylbutazone, hydrocortisone sodium succinate, and colchicine, were much more active in blocking the action of dextran than that of compound 48/80. The preferential effect of sodium salicylate on the systemic action of dextran as contrasted with that of compound 48/80 was demonstrable in vivo . The greater susceptibility of the dextran effect to the anti-inflammatory drugs points to a different mode of action of the polysaccharide as compared with compound 48/80. Since edema produced by the polysaccharide carrageenin is also highly susceptible to inhibition by anti-inflammatory drugs, this relationship may reflect a similarity in the mode of action of polysaccharides.
Exposure to triphenyl phosphite results in widespread degeneration in the mammalian central nervous system.

Abstract Previous studies in mammals have found that exposure to triphenyl phosphite results in cellular and axonal degeneration in the spinal cord and medulla. However, the nature of concomitant clinical signs suggested that other areas of the central nervous system might also be affected. In this study, the brains of ferrets receiving single subcutaneous injections of triphenyl phosphite were examined 8–12 days after dosing. Widespread areas of axonal, terminal, and somatic degeneration were seen in medullary, pontine, and thalamic nuclei. Extensive axonal and terminal degeneration were also noted in the cerebellar granule cell layer and in the cerebral cortical primary visual and sensorimotor areas. These data indicate that triphenyl phosphite exerts a potent neurotoxic effect, not only in the medulla and spinal cord, but also in the cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.
Multichannel digital ventilated psychrometer using eight-bit microcomputer

A multichannel digital ventilated psychrometer using an 8-bit microcomputer has been developed. It offers the advantages of direct reading of the relative humidity (RH) and the temperature from the digital indicator (or the CRT indicator) as well as multichannel use. The sensing of humidity is based on the psychrometric principle by two integrated circuit (IC) temperature transducers acting as dry and wet bulbs. The temperature of the dry bulb has a range of 0-50°C with a linearity better than 0.05°C. The temperatures of the dry and wet bulbs are converted into proportional voltages which are fed into a microcomputer after having been converted into digital form by the A/D converter. As the RH data for dry-bulb temperature and dry- and wet-bulb temperature difference have previously been stored in the memory, the corresponding RH data can be derived from using the necessary steps of the program. The results are displayed on a digital indicator. The indication shows the channel number being measured, the RH, and the dry-bulb temperature. The experimental results show that it is possible to make an apparatus to give a direct indication of RH for the multiple sensors and the accuracy of the apparatus is estimated to contain an RH error of less than 2 percent with a response time of less than 20 s. It may be used both for measurement and control of a multiple humidity environment.
Connecting NSF funding to patent innovation in nanotechnology (2001–2004)

Nanotechnology research has experienced growth rapid in knowledge and innovations; it also attracted significant public funding in recent years. Several countries have recognized nanotechnology as a critical research domain that promises to revolutionize a wide range of fields of applications. In this paper, we present an analysis of the funding for nanoscale science and engineering (NSE) at the National Science Foundation (NSF) and its implications on technological innovation (number of patents) in this field from 2001 to 2004. Using a combination of basic bibliometric analysis and content visualization tools, we identify growth trends, research topic distribution, and the evolution in NSF funding and commercial patenting activities recorded at the United States Patent Office (USPTO). The patent citations are used to compare the impact of the NSF-funded research on nanotechnology development with research supported by other sources in the United States and abroad. The analysis shows that the NSF-funded researchers and patents authored by them have significantly higher impact based on patent citation measures in the four-year period than other comparison groups. The NSF-authored patent impact is growing faster with the lifetime of a patent, indicating the long-term importance of fundamental research.
In-vivo dominant immune responses in aplastic anaemia: molecular tracking of putatively pathogenetic T-cell clones by TCR β-CDR3 sequencing

Summary Background Aplastic anaemia is a bone-marrow-failure syndrome characterised by low blood-cell counts and fatty bone marrow. In most cases, no obvious aetiological factor can be identified. However, clinical responses to immunosuppression strongly suggest an immune pathophysiology. Methods To test the hypothesis that aplastic anaemia results from antigen-specific lymphocyte attack against haemopoietic tissue, we analysed effector immunity, seeking especially dominant specific T-cell responses. Blood samples from 54 patients with aplastic anaemia were subjected to flow cytometry to define T-cell-receptor Vβ-chain usage and expansion of particular Vβ subsets. We measured the size distribution of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) for expanded Vβ subsets, then cloned and sequenced skewed, oligoclonal, or monoclonal peaks. Findings Expanded Vβ subsets were identified in almost all the patients. Over-represented Vβ subsets from CD8-positive cells showed oligoclonal or monoclonal CDR3 size patterns. The CDR3 sequence repertoire in aplastic anaemia showed much redundancy compared with healthy donors. We identified patient-specific putative pathogenetic clonotypes that were not detectable in controls. In selected patients who were assessed longitudinally, these clonotypes were quantitatively related to disease activity. Selective killing of autologous haemopoietic progenitors by the Vβ-specific lymphocyte population was shown in one patient. These apparently pathogenetic CDR3 sequences showed homology between individuals, suggesting a role for a "semi-public" immune response in the pathophysiology of aplastic anaemia. Interpretation In-vivo dominant clonal immune response can be identified in many patients with aplastic anaemia, which is evidence for an underlying antigen-driven immune process. Longitudinal tracking by molecular techniques could inform individual clinical decisions and the development of new treatments in autoimmune diseases. Relevance to practice Although the target of the aberrant immune response is the haemopoietic stem cell, the triggering antigens remain unknown. We combined cell phenotypic, molecular biology, and functional analyses to study the effector arm of immunity in an attempt to establish an immune pathophysiology. Clinical application of such a model could broadly extend to other autoimmune diseases.
Structure and Expression of the Chlorobium vibrioforme hemB Gene and Characterization of its Encoded Enzyme, Porphobilinogen Synthase

Plasmids containing DNA from the green photosynthetic bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme complement a heme-requiring Escherichia coli hemB mutant that is deficient in porphobilinogen (PBG) synthase activity. PBG synthase activity was detected in extract of complemented cells but not in that of cells transformed with control plasmid. The sequence of the C. vibrioforme hemB gene predicts a HemB protein that contains 328 amino acids, has a molecular weight of 36,407, and is 53% identical to the homologous proteins of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6301 and Rhodobacter capsulatus. The response of C. vibrioforme PBG synthase to divalent metals is unlike that of any previously described PBG synthase; Mg2⁺ stimulates but is not required for activity, and Zn2⁺ neither stimulates nor is required. This response correlates with predicted sequences of two putative variable metal binding regions of C. vibrioforme HemB. The C. vibrioforme hemB open reading frame begins 1585 bases downstream from the end of the hemD open reading frame and is transcribed in the same direction as hemA, hemC, and hemD. However, hemB is not part of the same transcription unit as these genes, and the hemB transcript is approximately the same size as the hemB gene alone. Between hemD and hemB there is an intervening open reading frame that is oriented in the opposite direction and encodes a protein with a predicted amino acid sequence significantly similar to that of inositol monophosphatase, an enzyme that is not involved in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. The gene order within hem gene clusters is highly conserved in phylogenetically diverse prokaryotic organisms. This conservation suggests that there are functional constraints on the relative order of the hem genes.
Modulation of progestin secretion in ovarian cells by 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one (dihydrotestosterone): A direct demonstration in monolayer culture

Abstract These studies with a monolayer system of porcine granulosa cells provide a direct demonstration of the ability of androgen to stimulate progestin secretion by ovarian cells. A preferential action of the more potent androgens, dihydrotestosterone and testosterone, was shown but only dihydrotestosterone demonstrated the capacity to stimulate progestin secretion throughout the culture period. Estradiol 17-β markedly depressed progestin synthesis. The results suggest a modulatory role for androgens in the development of full steroidogenic potential by ovarian granulosa cells during follicular development.
Statistical analysis of amplitude-quantized sampled-data systems

QUANTIZATION, or round-off, occurs whenever physical quantities are represented numerically. The values of measurements may be designated by integers corresponding to their nearest numbers of units. Round-off errors have values between ±1/2 unit, and can be made small by choice of the basic unit. It is apparent, however, that the smaller the size of the unit, the larger will be the numbers required to represent the same physical quantities and the greater will be the difficulty and expense in storing and processing these numbers. Often, a balance has to be struck between accuracy and economy. In order to establish such a balance, it is necessary to have a means of evaluating quantitatively the distortion resulting from rough quantization. The analytical difficulty arises from the inherent nonlinearities of the quantization process.
Globalizing the Social Sciences

For two years, 1971 and 1972, I was on leave from Dartmouth College to serve as Director of the Department of Social Sciences of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). What I am about to say, therefore, comes from that experience, as well as a continuing concern over a longer number of years with the problems of international cooperation among social scientists. My principal aim is to explain how the UNESCO social science program seeks to respond to these problems in the period of social science development through which we are passing.
Galactic deuterium and its energy spectrum above 20 MeV per nucleon

Galactic deuterium and energy spectrum above 20 mev per nucleon measured by IMP-III satellite near minimum solar activity
Treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: comparison of stenting and balloon remodeling.

Background Stent-assisted coiling (SAC) and balloon-assisted coiling (BAC) are 2 well-established techniques for the treatment of complex and wide-necked intracranial aneurysms. Most clinicians are reluctant to perform SAC in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage because of the need for dual antiplatelet therapy. Objective To compare the safety and efficacy of SAC and BAC in acutely ruptured complex and wide-necked aneurysms. Methods Forty-four patients underwent SAC and 40 underwent BAC. Patients treated with SAC received antiplatelet medications. Perioperative adverse events and outcomes at follow-up (mean, 7.4 months) were retrospectively studied. Results The 2 groups were statistically comparable with respect to all baseline characteristics except for older age in SAC patients (65.6 vs 56.5 years; P = .009). A higher proportion of SAC patients also had poor Hunt and Hess grades (III-V; 70.5% vs 55%; P = .l4). Hemorrhagic, thromboembolic, and overall procedural complications occurred in 6.8%, 11.4%, and 18.2% of the SAC group vs 2.5%, 7.5%, and 10% of the BAC group, respectively (P = .5, P = .6, P = .3, respectively). Favorable outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score 0-2) at follow-up were seen in 61.0% of the SAC group vs 77% of the BAC group (P = .1). In multivariable analysis, after controlling for differences in baseline characteristics, the type of treatment was not a predictor of procedural complications or clinical outcome. Conclusion In this study, procedural complications and clinical outcomes did not differ significantly between SAC and BAC in patients with acutely ruptured aneurysms. SAC may be an acceptable alternative to BAC for complex aneurysms in the acute phase of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Predictors of Staff Responses to Problematic Youth Behavior in Detention and Correctional Settings.

Abstract Juvenile justice staff working with delinquent youth detained in secure settings in Alaska were surveyed via Web-based instrument. Data collected from staff included demographics, scores on several personality measures, amount and type of training experiences, and responses on a measure developed to assess the severity of consequences assigned to youth for certain problematic behaviors. The relationship between staff position, age, gender, ethnicity, locus of control scores, amount of training, and an index of hypothetical consequence severity was explored by multiple regression. Results indicate that minority staff assigned more punitive responses to problematic youth behavior, and more training experience was predictive of less punitive responses to problematic youth behavior. Follow-up analyses revealed significant differences on the consequence severity index between staff who had or had not completed training in the areas of anger management, family counseling, life skills development, and b...
The Time Domain Implications of Phase Angles and Tau

In cross-spectral analysis, the tau statistic is used to infer lead-lag relationships between series in the time domain. Unfortunately, it is frequently inferred that tau is meaningful only when the phase diagram is linear. In this paper it is shown that tau is far more robust than is generally recognized. By appeal to the Cramer Decomposition Theorem, the time-domain interpretation of tau is developed and shown to possess optimum mean square properties. While some of the theoretical background is expository, its inclusion facilitates an intuitive analysis of a number of models. We focus in particular on a model that generates a phase reversal similar to that often found in the spectral analysis of aggregate economic series.
Mechanisms of avian egg recognition: adaptive responses to eggs with broken shells

Abstract Avian eggs may be broken when winds jar nests and by other disturbances. The presence of broken eggs can threaten the survival of remaining intact eggs, but possible behavioural responses to this selection pressure have received little attention, especially in passerines. Experiments with both real and artificial eggs demonstrated that red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus , eject eggs that simulate broken eggs despite the fact that this accepter species does not eject non-mimetic eggs of the brood parasitic brown-headed cowbird, Molothrus ater . The artificial and real egg experiments showed that an egg with a shell fragment pointed up elicited more rejections than an egg with a shell fragment flat against the shell. Experiments with artificial eggs showed that redwings used visual and possibly tactile perception to differentiate between eggs. Rejection of broken eggs declined abruptly on the day before hatching, as shown by experiments with real eggs conducted throughout the incubation period. Such a decline was predicted since it would be maladaptive for birds to reject their own pipped, and therefore ‘broken’, eggs. Experiments with three other accepter species, as well as anecdotal observations of other species, suggested that ejection of broken eggs is widespread in passerines, which was an a priori prediction. However, the barn swallow, Hirundo rustica , and black phoebe, Sayornis nigricans , which nest on unmovable substrates (caves, bridges, etc.), may lack responses to broken eggs. These species probably experience little egg breakage because their nests are relatively well protected.
Pharmacological analysis of directionally sensitive rabbit retinal ganglion cells.

1. Cholinergic drugs were infused into the retinal circulation of the rabbit while we analysed the receptive field properties of directionally sensitive retinal ganglion cells. Physostigmine eliminated the trigger feature, directional specificity, of both types (on-centre and on—off) of these cells. In this respect the action of physostigmine (an ACh potentiator) was very like that of picrotoxin (a GABA antagonist). Therefore, a detailed analysis of the receptive field properties of directionally sensitive ganglion cells was made to analyse the effects of physostigmine and picrotoxin. 2. Size specificity and radial grating inhibition were not abolished by physostigmine, but were often affected by picrotoxin. The optimal velocity in the preferred direction (as measured by maximum firing frequency) was not much changed by physostigmine, but was higher during infusion of picrotoxin. Infusion of nicotine, a depolarizing ACh agonist which increases the activity of retinal ganglion cells, revealed the presence of inhibition to movement in the null direction. The null direction response during picrotoxin started slightly later than this inhibition. The null direction response during physostigmine was weaker and started later still. Mecamylamine and dihydro-β-erythroidine, nicrotinic receptor antagonists, totally blocked the effect of physostigmine and reduced the control light response by about half. 3. From this analysis, it appears that on—off ACh release onto directionally sensitive cells provides a substantial excitation which, when potentiated by physostigmine, overcomes or outlasts the null direction GABA inhibition within the receptive field. The spatial extent of GABA inhibition is asymmetric to and larger than the spatial extent of ACh excitation. Similar pathways appear to be involved in both the on-centre and on—off directionally sensitive ganglion cells, yet the on-centre cell pathway may receive an additional input which suppresses the ACh excitation at light offset. Possible schemes for the cellular mechanism of directional sensitivity are discussed in light of these results and recent anatomical and pharmacological findings.
Compactness of moduli spaces for orbifold instantons

Abstract Many questions related to 3- and 4-dimensional topology can be expressed in terms of certain singular spaces dubbed ‘pseudofree orbifolds’. A successful technique for studying these spaces is to examine the moduli spaces of self-dual connections on (orbifold) bundles over them, and a theorem of Fintushel and Stern shows that these moduli spaces must be compact when the corresponding bundle has small enough Pontryagin number. The purpose of this article is to show how this compactness range can be considerably extended for purely equivariant topological reasons.
Journal writing and mathematics instruction

In this article we discuss the educational value of engaging mathematics students in a specific form of writing to learn—the keeping of a journal throughout a mathematics course. As the result of an analysis which comprises both conceptual and empirical components, we suggest that journals have the potential to contribute to mathematics instruction in several ways. As the students write the journals, they can be encouraged to express and reflect upon their feelings, knowledge, processes and beliefs about mathematics, and consequently grow along each of these dimensions. By reading their students' journals, teachers may receive a wealth of information about their students and the course, and consequently improve their teaching. Finally, journals can create a new form of dialogue between the teacher and each student, thus allowing for more individualized instruction and a supportive classroom atmosphere.
The effects of preliminary training conditions upon DRL performance in the hippocampectomized rat

Abstract Rats suffering radical bilateral hippocampal destruction, destruction of the posterolateral neocortex, and normal animals were trained on a DRL 20 reinforcement schedule in an operant conditioning situation. Half of the animals received prior training on a continuous reinforcement schedule while the other half did not. Hippocampectomized rats placed on the DRL 20 schedule without prior experience on CRF were found to bar press significantly more than control animals, but received as many reinforcements and achieved as high a percentage of reinforced responses as did these animals. Hippocampectomized rats given long experience on CRF before the DRL 20 schedule bar pressed significantly more, received fewer reinforcements, and achieved a lower percentage of reinforced responses than control animals. Control animals with partial neodecortication did not differ in performance from unoperated rats in either situation. Data are reported concerning the relationship of the brain lesions to acquisition of the bar press response.
Hanle effect in nonmonochromatic laser light

We report results of calculations on the Hanle effect in a J=0\ensuremath{\leftrightarrows}J=1 atomic transition with three types of model fluctuating light fields: (a) the Brownian-motion phase-diffusion field, as produced in recent experiments by Arnett et al. [Phys. Rev. A 41, 2580 (1990)]; (b) Gaussian amplitude fluctuations; and (c) the chaotic field model, in which real and imaginary parts of the electric-field amplitude fluctuate. For the stochastic density-matrix equations, we use methods developed by Zoller and co-workers [e.g., Dixit, Zoller, and Lambropoulos, Phys. Rev. A 21, 1289 (1980)] employing the Fokker-Planck operator and leading to matrix continued-fraction expansions. The Hanle effect is of interest as a prototype for multisublevel atomic transitions. The width of the Hanle dip at zero magnetic field reflects the tendency of the light field to preserve the coherence between excited-state sublevels. For monochromatic light, the Hanle dip width increases as the square root of light intensity. When the laser bandwidth increases, power broadening of the coherence dip normally decreases. However, with the Brownian-motion phase-diffusion model, if the laser spectral profile is nearly Gaussian, broadening the laser up to several times the natural width of the atomic line does not diminish the Hanle dip width. With amplitude fluctuations, even in the limit of monochromatic light, power broadening of the Hanle dip with intensity is reduced by one-third to one-half depending on the particular model.
Microfluidics Supporting an Optical Instrument for Multimodal Single Cell Biomechanics

Interfacing a novel micron-resolution particle image velocimetry and dual optical tweezers system (μPIVOT) with microfluidics facilitates the exposure of an individual biologic cell to a wide range of static and dynamic mechanical stress conditions. Single cells can be manipulated in a sequence of mechanical stresses (hydrostatic pressure variations, tension or compression, as well as shear and extensional fluid induced stresses) while measuring cellular deformation. The unique multimodal load states enable a new realm of single cell biomechanical studies.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Overland flow and sediment delivery: An experiment with small subdrainage in southwestern ponderosa pine forests (Colorado, U.S.A.)

Abstract Overland flow and sediment delivery were insignificant on 14 small subdrainages of southwestern Ponderosa pine forests. Sediment delivery from undisturbed forest floor practically was nil. Sources for sediment production were roads and erosion pavements and were not universally distributed on the watersheds. When undisturbed forest floor was located between the source area and collector, the effect of the source area was offset. The data indicate that increased infiltration into the undisturbed forest floor was responsible by reducing overland flow. Most erosion pavements were believed to be the result of selected timber harvest 42 years ago. Hypotheses on the development of these pavements were proposed.
Model of family grief assessment and treatment

Abstract Two major models for family therapy are the structural model of Minuchin and family systems model of Bowen. Both are commonly used in assessing and treating dysfunctional families. This paper utilizes the structural and family system models as a basis for evaluation and treatment of grieving families. Using the structural model, families can be assessed in terms of how the family has attempted to fill a role left empty by loss. The clinician can evaluate whether the “new” subsystem structure [s] are appropriate, resulting in family satisfaction, or inappropriate and requiring intervention. The family systems approach is integrated with the structural model, demonstrating techniques to assess changes in family relationships due to the reductions in available dyads and triads, and lowered levels of functional differentiation resulting from the death crisis. Interventions to increase levels of differentiation and avoid fusion and cutoff are suggested.
Sexual health and function in later life: a population-based study of 606 older adults with a partner.

Background Sexual health and function is an important yet understudied aspect of overall health and well-being in older adults. There are limited data on the relative strength of associations between various aspects of sexual health with the physical, emotional, and cognitive function in older adults. Additionally, there is little information on how these associations differ by age and sex. Methods In this Successful Aging Evaluation (SAGE) study, 606 community-dwelling adults in San Diego County, aged 50–99 years and who had a partner, were included in the analysis. Evaluations included a phone-based cognitive screening followed by a comprehensive mail-in survey including rating scales of sexual health, depression, anxiety, and physical function. Results The mean age of the sample was 75.2 years. Over 80% of respondents had engaged in sexual activity in the past year, over 70% engaged in sexual activity weekly or more than once a week, and over 60% were somewhat or very satisfied with their sex lives. No sex differences were evident on dimensions of sexual health except for a higher rate of rejection of sexual overtures by women. Depressive symptoms were negatively associated with all assessed aspects of sexual health, even after adjusting for age, physical functioning, anxiety, cognitive ability, or perceived stress in both men and women. Conclusions In this population-based study older men and women who had a partner reported frequent engagement in and satisfaction with sexual activity. Depressive symptoms were broadly associated with worse sexual health, more so than physical function, anxiety or stress, or age itself.
Depolarization of mouse forebrain minces with veratridine and high K+: failure to stimulate the Ca2+ independent, spontaneous release of acetylcholine from the cytoplasm due to hydrolysis of the acetylcholine stored there.

Abstract Both high K + and veratridine, depolarizing agents with different mechanisms of action, lowered the ACh content of the cytoplasmic (S 3 ) fraction of mouse forebrain minces incubated in a Ca 2+ -free Krebs solution, without stimulating ACh release or altering the level of ACh in the vesicle-bound (P 3 ) fraction. Veratridine increased the level of choline in the P 3 fraction by the same amount as it reduced the level of ACh in the S 3 fraction, and these changes did not occur in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Pretreatment of minces in normal Krebs increased the ACh but not the choline content of the S 3 fraction. Following this expansion of the S 3 ACh content, veratridine caused an eve greater loss of S 3 ACh, and increased the Ca 2+ -independent release of ACh slightly. Under these conditions, veratridine also stimulated the Ca 2+ independent release of choline, and this increase exceeded that obtained for the Ca 2+ -independent release of ACh. Preincubation in normal Krebs with paraoxon did not alter the S 3 ACh content after 5 min, but raised it by 78% after 30 min. Under the latter conditions of pretreatment, veratridine then stimulated tha Ca 2+ -independent release of ACh even more, but did not stimulate the release of choline. These results suggest that depolarization of brain tissue does not facilitate the Ca 2+ -independent release of ACh from the cytoplasm because a portion of ACh stored there is hydrolyzed. When the cytoplasmic level of ACh is sufficiently elevated prior to depolarization, then some ACh escapes hydrolysis and is released independently of Ca 2+ . It is suggested that the depolarization-induced hydrolysis of cytoplasmic ACh may be mediated by an intraterminal form of AChE and may, in addition to the hydrolysis of extracellular ACh, provide substrate for the formation and release of ACh by the vesicle-bound fraction.
Healthcare providers as sources of vaccine-preventable diseases

Vaccine-preventable infectious diseases may be introduced into the healthcare setting and pose a serious risk to vulnerable populations including immunocompromised patients. Healthcare providers (HCPs) are exposed to these pathogens through their daily tasks and may serve as a reservoir for ongoing disease transmission in the healthcare setting. The primary method of protection from work-related infection risk is vaccination that protects not only an individual HCP from disease, but also subsequent patients in contact with that HCP. Individual HCPs and healthcare institutions must balance the ethical and professional responsibility to protect their patients from nosocomial transmission of preventable infections with HCP autonomy. This article reviews known cases of HCP-to-patient transmission of the most common vaccine-preventable infections encountered in the healthcare setting including hepatitis B virus, influenza virus, Bordetella pertussis, varicella-zoster virus, measles, mumps and rubella virus. The impact of HCP vaccination on patient care and current recommendations for HCP vaccination against vaccine-preventable infectious diseases are also reviewed.
Treatment with subantimicrobial dose doxycycline improves the efficacy of scaling and root planing in patients with adult periodontitis.

Background: In a previous study, subantimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) significantly improved clinical parameters associated with periodontal health in patients with adult periodontitis (AP) when used as an adjunct to a maintenance schedule of supragingival scaling and dental prophylaxis. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study, the efficacy and safety of SDD were evaluated in conjunction with scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with AP. Methods: Patients (n = 190) received SRP at the baseline visit and were randomized to receive either SDD 20 mg bid or placebo bid for 9 months. Efficacy parameters included the per-patient mean changes in clinical attachment level (CAL) and probing depth (PD) from baseline, the per-patient percentages of tooth sites with attachment loss (AL) ≥2 mm and ≥3 mm from baseline, and the per-patient percentage of tooth sites with bleeding on probing. Prior to analysis, tooth sites were stratified by the degree of disease severity evide...
Reclassifying Heart Failure: Predominantly Subendocardial, Subepicardial, and Transmural

Recent innovations in imaging techniques have provided key mechanistic insights into the diverse phenotypic expressions of heart failure, with a wide range of potential applications to uncover the stages in progression of cardiac muscle dysfunction. This review proposes a new algorithm for exploring the spectrum of altered cardiac muscle mechanics in patients with heart failure.
Fetal auditory brain stem response: effect of increasing stimulus rate during functional auditory development.

The fetal auditory brain stem response to increasing stimulus rates of 16, 32, 45, 64, 87, and 100 clicks/sec were determined in eight fetal lambs of 115 to 136 days' gestation (term = 145 days). To conduct these studies, a hysterotomy was performed on the pregnant ewe at 110 to 118 days' gestation to implant stainless steel electrodes in the fetal scalp and a hearing aid receiver in the fetal external ear canal. The fetus was returned to the uterus and the pregnancy was allowed to continue. Auditory brain stem responses from younger fetuses (115 to 125 days' gestation) were present at the slower click rates but were not observed consistently at the fast click rates until the fetuses were older (125 to 136 day's gestation). Latency values of the auditory brain stem response peaks decreased with increasing fetal age and increased with increasing stimulus rates. From a two-way analysis of variance, the influence of age and click rate alone and more important, the interaction of age and click rate were determined to have highly significant effects (p
Models of responsibility in criminal theory: Comment on Baker

Professor Brenda Baker's recent critique of the Canadian Law Reform Commission's treatment of general standards for criminal liability adds to a growing body of critical theory concerning such standards and their relation to criminal justice. From within the perspective of this same critical movement, I assess the strengths and weaknesses of Professor Baker's efforts and of similar lines of argument in the work of Professor George Fletcher. I find two significant flaws in their shared approach. The first is confusion as to the proper level for analysis of liability standards and, hence, for criticism of the "orthodox" view. This leads Professors Baker and Fletcher to concentrate on issues of culpability rather than responsibility (and to conflate these issues). The second flaw is an error in comprehension of the faults of the orthodox view and, hence, in recognition of the fundamental character of views opposed to that orthodoxy. This leads both theorists to overemphasize a suspect and unilluminating distinction between normative and descriptive approaches to liability problems. The rest of the article is devoted to an overview of my own approach to problems of liability and a general critique of the orthodox view in light of that approach. I argue that the fundamental issue is the relation of liability standards to a conception of agent responsibility. The primary fault of orthodoxy lies, then, in the cognitivist model of responsibility on which it relies. Against this, I propose use of a capacities model of responsibility as the basis for standards of liability. These two models are outlined and compared in final sections. Brenda Baker's critique of the Canadian Law Reform Commission recommendations for criminal liability is a welcome addition to a growing body of Anglo-American critical theory addressing the relation of liability standards to criminal justice. While this critical movement arguably has its roots in H. L. A. Hart's seminal analyses of criminal liability, it has enjoyed greater focus and vigor in the more recent work of theorists such as George Fletcher and Douglas Husak. Professor H. L. A. Hart, Punishment and Responsibility (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); George Fletcher, Rethinking Criminal Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1978);' Douglas Husak, Philosophy of Criminal Law (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987). Law and Philosophy 7 (1989) 295-320.
Patient outcomes: a matter of perspective.

Abstract The perspective of a professional discipline directs its practice, research, and study. Persons within nursing bring to the discipline various points of view that may influence their actions and their assessment of patient outcomes. This, in turn, can have an impact on the overall understanding of nursing's contribution to health care. As a professional discipline, nursing has a social mandate to ensure effective practice within its domain and is accountable for the outcomes of nursing practice. A review of 18 theoretical perspectives regarding patient outcomes as described by nursing's scholars and grand theorists is provided. Implications for nurses are substantial, as perspective regarding outcomes may influence many areas such as clinical practice, administration, policy, research, and education. As nursing moves forward into the 21st century, the recognition and appreciation of the legacy of nursing's contributions in the past will facilitate validation of nursing's contribution for the future. Nurs Outlook 2001;49:93-9.
Clinicopathologic features and treatment of postirradiation sarcoma of bone and soft tissue.

Background and Objectives An analysis of the clinicopathologic features and treatment of patients with postirradiation sarcoma of bone and soft tissue was performed to guide modern evaluation and management. Methods A retrospective analysis of 135 sarcomas in 130 patients was performed. Results The mean age of the 130 patients was 48 years, and there was a female predominance because of irradiation for carcinomas of the breast and uterus. Indication for irradiation was a soft tissue lesion (such as lymphoma or breast cancer) in 58.5% of patients and a bone lesion (such as giant cell tumor or fibrous dysplasia) in 41.5%. The latent period (interval between irradiation and discovery of the sarcoma) ranged from 4–55 years (mean, 17 years). Of the lesions, 74% were stage IIB (high-grade extra-compartmental) and 24% were stage III (metastases). Ninety-four patients received their treatment at our institution. Of the 61 patients with resectable disease, 49 had amputations and 12 had limb salvage procedures. The 5-year cumulative survival rate was 68.2% for patients with peripheral (extremities, including proximal femur and hip) resectable lesions and 27.3% for patients with central (pelvis, head/neck, and ribs) resectable lesions. The local recurrence rate correlated with the surgical margin achieved: intralesional, 73%, marginal, 64%, and wide, 23%. Conclusions The prognosis for patients with peripheral resectable postirradiation sarcomas is good if a wide surgical margin can be achieved. This group of patients should be treated aggressively because they have a new cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2000;75:42–50. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Discrete cooling of low heat leak supports to 4.2 K

The mechanical support heat load on a cryogenic vessel is reduced considerably when the escaping vapour (boll-off) is used to intercept part of the conducted heat before it reaches the cryogen bath. 1 There are situations when the mechanical loading of the support calls for such a robust geometry that cooling with helium vapour over the entire length of the support will no longer be effectwe. 2 One certain way out of this difficulty is to concentrate on building good heat exchangers only at some points along the support (cooling stations) while leaving the in-between stretches free of coolant.
Investigation of rejection of canine renal homotransplants by fluorescent antibody technic.

SummaryNo preferential localization of globulin was noted in rejected homotrans-planted canine kidneys studied by fluorescent antibody technic. Indirect variation of this method similarly failed to disclose antibodies exhibiting an affinity for renal structure in serum of recipients exhibiting rejection of renal homotransplants. The fibrin nature of fibrinoid lesions occasionally noted in terminal phases of the rejection phenomenon have been demonstrated. Relationship of pathologic and immunohistochemical alterations of renal homotransplantation rejection and the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon is discussed.
Modeling and experimentation of a novel pressurized CHP system with water extraction

A novel cooling and power cycle is proposed, which combines a semi-closed cycle gas turbine called the high-pressure regenerative turbine engine (HPRTE) with a vapor absorption refrigeration system (VARS). This combined HPRTE/VARS cycle is capable of producing power, water and refrigeration effect for external loads. In a previous study, the combined cycle was modeled using zero-dimensional steady-state thermodynamics, with specified values of polytrophic efficiencies and pressure drops for the turbo-machinery and heat exchangers. In this study, a modified version of the combined HPRTE/VARS cycle is experimentally investigated for the demonstration of the combined cycle concept and for the model validation. This modified HPRTE has two water-cooled heat exchangers instead of the absorption refrigeration system. The model of the original combined HPRTE/VARS cycle was modified to simulate the performance of the modified HPRTE cycle. Temperatures, pressure, mass flow rates and other overall cycle parameters obtained from the computer model are compared with the corresponding experimental values of the modified cycle. The agreement between the values is found to be within acceptable limits. In addition, the uncertainty analysis of the experimental data is undertaken to find the uncertainty in the final output variables: thermal efficiency and non-dimensional water extraction parameter. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.