cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Role of Attachment Style in the Relation between Family Aggression and Abuse in Adolescent Dating Relationships

This study investigated romantic attachment style as a potential moderator of the link between family aggression and dating aggression, and examined its relations with documented mediators of the impact of interparental conflict on dating behavior: attitudes about the justifiability of aggression and anger regulation. Participants were 391 ethnically diverse 14- to 18-year-olds (52% female). Attachment style was a significant moderator for boys and girls, but the pattern of results differed by gender. In general, attachment anxiety was a more consistent predictor than avoidance of boys' dating aggression, cognitions, and emotions, whereas anxiety and avoidance both acted as significant moderators for girls. These results suggest that youths' romantic attachment style can amplify or attenuate the impact of family aggression on abusive behavior in dating relationships by influencing their beliefs about the acceptability of aggression and their ability to regulate anger.
DS-LFSR: a BIST TPG for low switching activity

A test pattern generator (TPG) for built-in self-test (BIST), which can reduce switching activity during test application, is proposed. The proposed TPG, called dual-speed LFSR (DS-LFSR), consists of two linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs), a slow LFSR and a normal-speed LFSR. The slow LFSR is driven by a slow clock whose speed is 1/dth that of the normal clock, which drives the normal-speed LFSR. The use of DS-LFSR reduces the frequency of transitions at the circuit inputs driven by the slow LFSR, leading to a reduction in switching activity during test application. A procedure is presented to design a DS-LFSR so as to achieve high fault coverage by ensuring that patterns generated by it are unique and uniformly distributed. A new gain function and a method to compute its value for each circuit input are proposed to select inputs to be driven by the slow LFSR. Also, a procedure to increase the number of inputs driven by the slow LFSR by combining compatible inputs is presented to further decrease the switching activity. Finally, DS-LFSRs are designed for the ISCAS85 and ISCAS89 benchmark circuits and shown to provide a 13% to 70% reduction in the numbers of load-capacitance weighted transitions with no loss of fault coverage (for stuck-at as well as transition delay faults) and at very slight area overheads.
“RISCing” the Heart In Vivo Identification of Cardiac MicroRNA Targets by RISCome

See related article, pages 18–26 MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ≈22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs with critical functions in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Investigations into the cardiovascular functions of miRNAs were initially inspired by their disease-correlated expression signatures and their spatial/temporal-specific expression patterns during cardiovascular development.1,–,3 Severe structural and functional heart defects in mice with a cardiac-specific block in miRNA biogenesis further demonstrated the importance of miRNAs in heart.2,4 Meanwhile, loss- and gain-of-function studies by genetic or pharmacological manipulation of individual miRNAs have revealed their central roles in heart development and function.5,6 In spite of the emerging evidence linking miRNAs to heart development and disease, the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of most miRNAs remain elusive. miRNAs exert their effects primarily by base-pairing with their target mRNAs in a complex with RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex), the same ribonucleoprotein machine responsible for siRNA-mediate gene silencing. Thus, the function of individual miRNAs should be ultimately defined by the identity of its downstream mRNA targets and by the strength of these miRNA–target interactions. It has been predicted that miRNAs regulate up to 50% of all mRNAs in human genome and that, on average, each miRNA targets hundreds of mRNAs.7 Although identification of miRNA targets is a key step in dissecting miRNA mechanisms, comprehensive identification and quantitative analysis of the miRNA targets in the biologically or physiologically relevant context has been a major challenge. Bioinformatics prediction combined with experimental validation has been used as a routine approach for miRNA target determination. Numerous freely available bioinformatics tools and algorithms can be used to identify candidate miRNA targets.7 These algorithms are usually based on several criterions including: (1) sequence complementarity between miRNA seed region (the nucleotides 2 to 7 of the miRNA) and the mRNA 3′ …
Clustering in mobile ad hoc networks with differential evolution

This paper presents a new, differential-evolution-based method for solving the problem of optimal selection of cluster-heads and cluster-members in mobile ad hoc networks. A novel encoding scheme is used to represent nodes in the network graph, and randomly-generated networks of different sizes are solved. The present method handles problems of much larger sizes than do the best-known methods in the literature. Empirical results show the superiority of this method over state-of-the-art approaches on two counts: quality of the solution and time to find the solution.
Outcome assessment after milieu-oriented rehabilitation: New considerations

Abstract Objective: This study incorporated level of functional impairment ratings at program admission into rehabilitation outcome (return to work/school) at the time of program discharge. Hypotheses: (1) Patients and families with better working alliance ratings will show better adjusted outcome; (2) patients seeking compensation will have poorer outcome than those not seeking compensation or receiving benefits; (3) speed of information processing and memory will relate to the level of adjusted outcome. Design: Consecutive neurorehabilitation admissions from March 1992 to May 1996. Setting: Outpatient milieu-based interdisciplinary day treatment program. Subjects: Sixty-four patients with heterogeneous brain injury etiologies. Main Outcome Measures: Adjusted outcome, defined as level of discharge productivity adjusted by staff ratings of functional severity of impairment at program admission; work readiness and work eagerness, based on average staff ratings. Results: At discharge, 89.5% of patients showed fair or good adjusted outcome; 62% were gainfully employed/full-time students; 15.6% resumed preinjury status. Better working alliance predicted better adjusted outcome. Patients seeking compensation showed significantly lower work eagerness ratings. Poorer outcome was associated with better neuropsychological status. Conclusions: Efficacy of neurorehabilitation was demonstrated for patients with better working alliance who were not seeking compensation. Adjusted outcome demonstrated greater sensitivity and utility by incorporating the variable of functional severity of impairment at program admission. Inclusion of “process” variables addressing working alliance, motivation, and capacity to work provide important contributions to understanding rehabilitation outcome.
Fossil SMBHs in the Milky Way Halo

As galaxies assemble through hierarchical merging, some black holes grow to become the central black holes of massive galaxies; however, others may be stripped via interactions into regions of galaxies where they will remain quiescent. Such objects may be the source of observed off-nuclear intermediate-mass black hole candidates, as detected by Farrell et al. (2009). We use a cosmological N -body simulation of a disk-dominated galaxy (Vc = 140 km s−1 , presented by Governato et al. 2009) to examine the formation and merging histories of seed black holes during hierarchical assembly. Our method incorporates star formation, supernova feedback, a physically motivated description of black hole seed creation, growth, and merging. We run a cosmological simulation of a Milky Way-mass galaxy with gasoline, a SPH KD Tree code which incorporates gas hydrodynamics, star formation, supernova feedback, turbulent metal diffusion, and relevant black hole (BH) physics. BH seeds form early in the galaxy’s history, but formation quickly ceases by z ∼ 3.5 due to the diffusion of metals through the ISM and IGM. The galaxy undergoes a major merger at z = 2 and another at z = 0.8, reforming a large disk shortly afterward (see Governato et al. 2009). During major mergers, the primary BHs in each galaxy also merge rapidly, but small halos in minor mergers get tidally stripped, leaving their BHs to “wander” throughout the primary halo. At redshift z = 0.4, the halo has a total mass of 1.75 × 10 M , a virial radius of 342 kpc, and a circular velocity of 140 km s−1 . The primary black hole has a mass of 2×10 M , and the four “wandering” black holes have masses between ∼ 2–5 × 10 M at time-averaged distances from the center of 9–75 kpc. If these black holes are on radial orbits similar to their progenitor halos and pass through the Galactic disk, they may be the source of observed off-nuclear intermediate-mass black hole candidates, as detected by Farrell et al. (2009).
Influence of Metal Thickness on Stress Distribution in Metal-Ceramic Crowns:

The objective of this study was to calculate the stress distribution induced in anterior metal-ceramic crowns fabricated with either gold-alloy or nickel-alloy copings of reduced thickness using plane stress analyses. Two-dimensional finite element models of three crown designs were subjected to a simulated biting force of 200 N which was distributed over porcelain near the lingual metal-ceramic junction. Based on plane stress analyses, the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in porcelain for the three cases were 29.5 MPa and 123.1 MPa, respectively. The highest tensile strains in porcelain for veneered Ni-Cr and Au-Pd copings with conventional dimensions were 0.016% and 0.014%, respectively. The maximum stresses and strains in porcelain for the crowns with a conventional coping thickness (0.3 mm) and a reduced coping thickness (0.1 mm) were not significantly different. All values were below the critical failure values of porcelain.
Compact optical fiber whitelight interferometric distance sensor for arbitrary small distance measurement

A compact optical fiber distance sensor that is capable of measuring arbitrary small distance is produced by fabricating a microsized polymer core at the end of a single mode fiber. The polymer core introduces an additional reflective interface to a conventional Fabry-Perot cavity. As such, sufficient fringes are presented in the whitelight reflectance spectrum of the distance sensor so that arbitrary small distances can be demodulated using the Fourier transformation technique. The performance of the distance sensor is verified experimentally.
The Extent of Linkage Disequilibrium in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Despite its status as one of the world9s major crops, linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns have not been systematically characterized across the genome of Asian rice ( Oryza sativa ). Such information is critical to fully exploit the genome sequence for mapping complex traits using association techniques. Here we characterize LD in five 500-kb regions of the rice genome in three major cultivated rice varieties ( indica , tropical japonica , and temperate japonica ) and in the wild ancestor of Asian rice, Oryza rufipogon . Using unlinked SNPs to determine the amount of background linkage disequilibrium in each population, we find that the extent of LD is greatest in temperate japonica (probably >500 kb), followed by tropical japonica (∼150 kb) and indica (∼75 kb). LD extends over a shorter distance in O. rufipogon (≪40 kb) than in any of the O. sativa groups assayed here. The differences in the extent of LD among these groups are consistent with differences in outcrossing and recombination rate estimates. As well as heterogeneity between groups, our results suggest variation in LD patterns among genomic regions. We demonstrate the feasibility of genomewide association mapping in cultivated Asian rice using a modest number of SNPs.
Motion compensated multiresolution transmission of HDTV

Two methods to perform multiresolution transmission of HDTV (high-definition television) through subband coding are compared. A simple compression technique is frame-by-frame encoding of the spatial subbands of the video. The authors have used the subband decomposition in hierarchical estimation of the motion in the video as well as in encoding the error in a progressive transmission system. One can use either pel recursion or block matching for the motion estimation in a 2D QMF pyramid. By simulating on a test sequence, the authors obtained a gain of 2 dB using motion compensation over frame-by-frame coding. >
The Use and Usefulness of Criminology, 1751-2005: Enlightened Justice and Its Failures:

After a useful beginning in the eighteenth-century Enlightenment as both an experimental and analytic social science, criminology sank into two centuries of torpor. Its resurrection in the late twentieth century crime wave successfully returned criminology to the forefront of discovering useful, if not always used, facts about prevailing crime patterns and responses to crime. Criminology’s failures of “use” in creating justice more enlightened by knowledge of its effects is linked to the still limited usefulness of criminology, which lacks a comprehensive body of evidence to guide sanctioning decisions. Yet that knowledge is rapidly growing, with experimental (as distinct from analytic) criminology now more prominent than at any time since Henry Fielding founded criminology while inventing the police. The future of criminology may thus soon resemble medicine more than economics.
Violent Environment: Women and Frontier Coffey County, Kansas: 1855–1880

This essay discusses the brutal murder of Mary Wiley and her young son, William in Coffey County, Kansas during the mid-nineteenth century. It addresses the question of how concepts of gender and feminist theories can be more fully integrated into historical analysis. We have adopted the recent approach of “transdisciplinarity” to serve as a stronger bridge between the more conventional “gender & history” approach of the past 25 years and the literary and feminist theory foundations from which historians have drawn theoretical inspiration. Within our broader discussion of the historical context of gender and power in Coffey County, Kansas during the mid-1800s, we focus on two main themes: (1) conceptualizing patriarchy and violence, women as victims and perpetrators, and (2) an analysis of the body as the locus of violent discourse. By reading the various narratives associated with this violent event through the theoretical lenses reinvigorated from “border” disciplines, we gain a deeper understanding of gender and violence on the Kansas frontier as manifested in this case study.
A New Species of Parathesis (Myrsinaceae) from Colombia

A new species of Parathesis (A. DC.) Hooker f., P. calimensis Ricketson & Pipoly (Myrsinaceae), from the Department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, is described and illustrated. Parathesis calimensis has terminal or terminal and lateral inflorescences, dorsifixed anthers, and a fine, closely appressed tomentum on the branchlets and abaxial leaf surfaces, which places it in Parathesis subg. Parathesis sect. Cubanae Ricketson & Pipoly. It is most similar to P. pseudocrassiramea Ricketson & Pipoly from Costa Rica but is easily recognized by its terete branchlets, large leaves, and fruits.
Low-Frequency Resonant Scattering of Bubble Clouds*

Abstract The acoustic properties of water can be drastically modified by a small amount of air content in the fluid. The dynamics of bubble clouds and their collected oscillation mechanisms are among topics of active research in underwater acoustics. In the ocean, bubble clouds are long lasting, and most of the time can be considered as passive scatterers. Solutions of the key parameters such as resonance frequencies, sound speed, and target strength can be derived from treating the bubble cloud as a homogeneous medium with proper effective bulk properties. In this paper, the resonance frequency and target strength are derived from computations based on a classical solution for acoustic scattering of elastic spheres. The range of void fractions covers four orders of magnitude and includes single air bubbles as its asymptotic condition of void fraction equals unity. Based on these computations, it is found that the isothermal condition is approached only at very low void fraction levels (<10−4). At high vo...
Breast care among Latino immigrant women in the U.S

Although the U.S. is recognized as a developed country, knowledge of how to perform a breast self-examination (BSE) and the availability and accessibility screening mammography are not evenly distributed across ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups. Some U.S. organizations have decreased their emphases on BSE and are strongly promoting technological advances such as mammography. Disparities in obtaining breast health care are found worldwide. In this article we present the findings of a study that was conducted in a large urban area in the Midwest of the United States, to identify factors associated with breast care in Latino immigrant women (n = 111). Limited knowledge about breast care, unemployment, and short period of residence in the U.S. were all found to be related to inadequate breast care in this group of women. These findings have global implications for health care practitioners in directing attention toward discovering factors that promote and inhibit early breast cancer detection.
Propagating Waves in the Steel, Moment-Frame Factor Building Recorded during Earthquakes

Wave-propagation effects can be useful in determining the system identification of buildings such as the densely instrumented University of California, Los Angeles, Factor building. Waveform data from the 72-channel array in the 17-story moment-resisting steel frame Factor building are used in comparison with finite- element calculations for predictive behavior. The high dynamic range of the 24-bit digitizers allows both strong motions and ambient vibrations to be recorded with reasonable signal-to-noise ratios. A three-dimensional model of the Factor building has been developed based on structural drawings. Observed displacements for 20 small and moderate, local and regional earthquakes were used to compute the impulse response functions of the building by deconvolving the subbasement records as representative input motions at its base. The impulse response functions were then stacked to bring out wave-propagation effects more clearly. The stacked data are used as input into theoretical dynamic analysis simulations of the building’s response.
Crustal Structure in the Southern Appalachians: A Comparison of Results Obtained from Broadband Data and Three-Component, Wide-Angle P and S Reflection Data

Abstract Data for two broadband stations and three-component recordings of wide-angle reflections are used to constrain the velocity structure and depth to Moho beneath a portion of the southern Appalachians. Broadband data from the U.S. National Seismic Network (USNSN) station GOGA (Carolina terrane/Inner Piedmont boundary), constrained by average crustal V P derived from wide-angle data, suggest that crustal thickness for individual back azimuths ranges from 41 to 43 km. This is consistent with wide-angle estimates of 38–40 km for the Carolina terrane and 40–45 km for the Inner Piedmont. Average crustal V P / V S is 1.72–1.76, compared with 1.74–1.76 derived from SmS/PmP travel-time ratios for the Carolina terrane. The results for station MYNC (Blue Ridge Mountains), again constrained by wide-angle data, suggest a crustal thickness of 50–52 km for individual back azimuths. Average V P / V S is 1.75–1.77. The range in average V P / V S derived from wide-angle data is broader (1.74–1.80), indicating variations in average composition across the Blue Ridge Mountains, as suggested by gravity data. Large-amplitude direct P and Ps arrivals on transverse-component receiver functions also indicate significant lateral variations in structure beneath MYNC. Comparison of migrated images underscores the differences in resolution for single-station broadband data and wide-angle data recorded with short-aperture arrays. Ps waveforms for MYNC show a double peak. The earlier peak migrates to depths of 48.5–51 km, in agreement with wide-angle events interpreted as Moho. For the later peak, migrated depths range from 60 to 65 km, compared with 59–68 km for peaks in wide-angle reflectivity observed for the Blue Ridge Mountains. The two methods yield consistent estimates for crustal thickness that lend support to models that predict a significant crustal root beneath the high elevations of the Blue Ridge.
Short-term infusion of pancreatic polypeptide: effect on children with Prader-Willi syndrome

Ten children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) were given two 90-min infusions of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) (100 pmol.kg-1.h-1) counterbalanced with two saline infusions. Thirty minutes into each infusion, a 60-min appetite test was given. Tests were done after an overnight fast and 1 h after a 275-kcal breakfast meal. Serum assays for biochemistry, glucose, insulin, C peptide, glucagon, cortisol, and PP were performed at the beginning and end of the infusion. Although infusion of PP increased PP concentrations 10-fold, it did not cause physical signs or symptoms, changes in vital signs, or changes in serum biochemistry. Although the test design was sufficiently sensitive to reveal an effect of the pretest meal on subsequent food intake, there was no difference in eating behavior with the saline and PP infusions. This suggests that a short-term normalization of blood PP concentrations does not correct the excessive food intake.
Lack of consistent intracranial pressure pulse morphological changes during episodes of microdialysis lactate/pyruvate ratio increase

Lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR) from microdialysis is a well-established marker of cerebral metabolic crisis. For brain injury patients, abnormally high LPR could indicate cerebral ischemia or failure of O2 uptake. However, there is a debate on the primary factor responsible for LPR increase. Exploiting the potential of using the morphology of a high temporal resolution signal such as intracranial pulse (ICP) to characterize cerebrovascular changes, a data analysis experiment is taken to test whether consistent changes in ICP pulse morphological metrics accompany the LPR increase. We studied 3517 h of LPR and continuous ICP data from 19 severe traumatic brain injury patients. Our morphological clustering and analysis of intracranial pressure (MOCAIP) algorithm was applied to ICP pulses, which were matched in time to the LPR measurements, and 128 pulse morphological metrics were extracted. We automatically identified the episodes of LPR increases using a moving time window of 10–20 h. We then studied the trending patterns of each of the 128 ICP MOCAIP metrics within these identified periods and determined them to be one of the following three types: increasing, decreasing or no trend. A binomial test was employed to investigate whether any MOCAIP metrics show a consistent trend among all episodes of LPR increase per patient. Regardless of the selected values for different parameters of the proposed method, for the majority of the subjects in the study (78%), none of the ICP metrics show any consistent trend during the episodes of LPR increase. Even for the few subjects who have at least one ICP metric with a consistent trend during the LPR increase episodes, the number of such metrics is small and varies from subject to subject. Given the fact that ICP pulse morphology is influenced by the cerebral vasculature, our results suggest that a dominant cerebral vascular cause may be behind the changes in LPR when LPR trends correlate with ICP pulse morphological changes. However, the incidence of such correlation seems to be low.
Transformation from a multimode interference solution to a self-guiding solution

We develop a perturbation theory as an approximate solution to the nonlinear Helmholtz equation in a multimode waveguide to examine the transition from the low-power multimode interference solution to high-power self-guiding solution. We compare the perturbation results with those obtained from finite-difference beam-propagation simulations. The results indicate that the lowest-order linear mode evolves into the self-guided mode as the power in the input beam is increased.
The Immunology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Experimental Infections and Human Disease

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a term used to describe a group of diseases caused by multiple species of parasites within the genus Leishmania. Most cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis will spontaneously heal without external intervention, although the severity of disease and time course for healing may vary enormously depending on the species of infecting parasite as well as the nature of die immune response by an infected individual. Current estimates suggest a global annual incidence of 1–1.5 cases of CL, most of which occur in Afghanistan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Syria in the Old World and Brazil and Peru in the New World (1). Since most species of Leishmania causing human disease also infect mice, murine cutaneous leishmaniasis has been extensively studied as a model for understanding the immune regulation of this intracellular infection. This chapter will summarize how knowledge of experimental murine infections has impacted our understanding of human disease.
Die, Foul Creature! How the Supernatural Genre Affects Attitudes Toward Outgroups Through Strength of Human Identity:

The presence of non-humans in media narratives - for example, in the supernatural genre - may make salient that we are all human. According to the common ingroup identity model, the human superordinate category should influence attitudes toward lower level outgroups. The present study examines this in the context of ethnic outgroups, specifically African Americans. Similarity of supernatural villains to humans was manipulated to influence whether “human” was a relevant superordinate group. Additionally, character race was varied to understand the influence of group diversity cues. Consistent with the common ingroup identity model, exposure to a Black human character fighting non-humans reduces prejudice toward African Americans, and this reduced prejudice generalizes to other minority groups. Results suggest a complex relationship between exposure to supernatural villains and diversity cues on attitudinal outcomes, with identity as human as one possible mechanism for reducing prejudicial attitudes.
General anesthesia for horses with specific problems.

The anesthetic management of horses for selected conditions is discussed. Detection of pre-existing abnormalities and awareness of expected complications is emphasized. Morbidity and mortality information is included when available or important to the discussion.
The Ngo-Lenhoff (Mbth-Dmab) Peroxidase Assay

The Ngo-Lenhoff peroxidase assay represents a new and sensitive procedure for the assay of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and HRP-coupled reactions (Ngo and Lenhoff, 1980). The assay is sensitive enough to detect as little as 2–5 femtomoles of HRP per milliliter (Ngo and Lenhoff, 1980, Geoghegan et. al. 1983). Its sensitivity is based upon the oxidative coupling of 3-methyl-2-benzothi-azolinone hydrozone (MBTH) and 3-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid (DMAB) to form an indamine dye with a molar extinction coefficient of 47,600 (Ngo and Lenhoff, 1980).
Tumor-induced T cell tolerance in a prostate cancer model

C269 Prostate cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among American men, leading to significant mortality each year. This is in part due to a lack of effective treatments for advanced prostate cancer, highlighting the critical need for novel therapies to treat this disease. The prostate is considered an ideal organ for cancer immunotherapy, because of its non-essential nature, and because of the presence of several prostate-specific antigens that could serve as targets for an immune response. However, such therapy is limited by tolerization of CD8+ T cells in the tumor local environment, essentially abrogating an anti-tumor response. The objective of this work is to understand the interactions between CD8+ T cells and tumor cells that lead to tolerance, and to design therapies to reinvigorate the immune response. A spontaneous prostate cancer model, the TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) model1, has been used to develop an in vivo system to explore tolerance. Tumor-induced tolerance has been characterized using TRAMP mice engineered to express the antigen SIY in their prostate tissue, TRAMP-SIY mice, coupled with T cells that recognize Kb-SIY, 2C T cells. We have demonstrated that 2C T cells are tolerized in the tumor local environment of TRAMP-SIY mice through both their inability to produce IFN-γ and their impaired cytotoxic killing functions. In vivo screens have also been used to define critical mechanisms of tolerance in this model, most notably tolerance mediated by cross-presentation. We have shown that systemic α-CD40 administration can initially overcome tolerizing mechanisms in TRAMP-SIY mice and can restore function to 2C T cells. Based on these findings, novel localized α-CD40 therapies are being rationally designed to break tolerance, while minimizing the autoimmune complications observed with systemic treatments. 1. Greenberg, N.,; DeMayo, F.; Finegold, M.; Medina, D.; Tilley, W.; Aspinall, J.; Cunha, G.; Donjacour, A.; Matusik, R.; Rosen, J.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 92, 3439-3443, 1995.
Increase in tracheal glycoprotein synthesis with estrogen administration.

The effect of estradiol-17beta on glycoprotein synthesis in the trachea of ovariectomized female rats was investigated. The rats received injections of estradiol-17beta (25 mcg/day) for 8 days. Treatment markedly increased uterine wet weights (227.9 + or -19.8 mg) in comparison with controls (29.6 + or -3.3 mg). The uptake of carbon-14-glucosamine by epithelial fractions from the trachea was significantly (p less than .005) higher in animals treated with estradiol in comparison with controls. Treatment did not markedly affect the concentration of free aminosugars as expressed per unit weight of protein or DNA or in total concentration of protein or DNA. The results indicate that estradiol can alter the rat tracheal epithelium in a manner consistent with increased glycoprotein synthesis.
Making the Peg Fit the Hole: A Superior Solution to the Inherent Problems of Incorporated Definitions

For more than a century, scholars have warned legislative drafters that defining terms with borrowed language, created through an incorporated reference rather than through carefully tailored language, is risky. Despite the warnings, incorporated references have become ubiquitous in federal and most state systems, and are a significant contributor to the complexity of the statutory systems we all must unwind and apply has increased.While borrowing a definition from another portion of the federal code appears to promote efficiency and harmony between statutory sections and promise a tested and reliable definition, doing so via an incorporated reference may raise two significant issues: what language is actually adopted and how to interpret the meaning of the definition in its new context.Both problems erode the shared mental space between the lawmakers, the courts, and the public that an effective definition must have. This article revisits the disconnections created when incorporated references are used to define terms in the federal system and offers a solution in two parts: one for drafters and one for interpreting courts. Part II begins by justifying the article’s focus on definitions and by describing how the most effective, predictable definitions evolve from a shared understanding between lawmakers and interpreting courts. Part III gives two extended modern examples of the confusion created by incorporated references when there is no apparent shared understanding. And Part IV provides the two-part solution: First, lawmakers must retake their roles in announcing whether incorporated references are static or dynamic, removing from the courts the burden of determining the language of a definition through the alternatively formulaic or manipulated reliance on a characterization of a reference as either general or specific; and second, courts should determine the meaning of incorporated language using an approach that is consistent with the established spectrum of shared language.In short, legislative drafters should be just as precise and careful with selecting incorporated language as they are with crafting original language. Although incorporated references are relied upon as an efficient, essential tool, using them effectively so as not to facilitate thoughtless drafting may require even more drafting time than it saves.
Sensitivity and interobserver variability of the Recombigen-HIV-1 LA test.

The Recombigen®-HIV-l LA Test (Cambridge BioScience Corporation, Worcester, MA) uses recombinant peptides derived from the env gene product in a latex agglutination assay for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for marketing in the United States. It is intended for use as a screening test in physicians' offices, emergency rooms, and other settings where enzyme immunoassays are not practical or available. Concern has been raised over the sensitivity, specificity, and difficulty in interpretation of the agglutination pattern. The authors report on the sensitivity and interobserver variability of the assay as performed in a blinded fashion in a hospital laboratory by technologists experienced with other latex agglutination assays. In the first study, sera from 50 patients positive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Abbott® HIV EIA) and western blot (WB), performed with EPITOPE® HIV western blot strips were assayed by one technologist using the latex agglutination technique. Forty-six samples were positive and four were negative, yielding a sensitivity of 92%. In the second study, 30 samples consisting of 10 negative by EIA and WB, 10 borderline by EIA and/or indeterminate by WB, and 10 positive by EIA and WB were evaluated by three technologists with the latex agglutination technique. There was agreement among all three technologists in 24 of 30 samples (80%). There was disagreement over one sample from the negative group (one technologist obtained a single false positive result), three from the borderline/indeterminate group, and two from the positive group (three technologists obtained false negative results on two samples). In summary, the authors report interobserver variation in interpreting 20% of tests, reflecting difficulty in assessing weak agglutination. Sensitivity of 92% is below that achievable with the EIA or WB techniques and limits the usefulness of the latex agglutination assay as a screening test.
Pore pattern: a possible indicator of tube-building in Stenhelia and Pseudostenhelia (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)

ABSTRACT Tube-dwelling has been recognized as a life-style for two closely related meiobenthic harpacticoid species. Ecologists and systematic biologists may wish to know if other meiobenthic copepods build tubes, but behavioral observation of living specimens is not always possible. We report here on the results of scanning electron microscopy comparing cuticular pore patterns of known tube-builders with nontube-builders (pores are necessary to release sediment-building substances). Stenhelia (Delavalia) palustris and Pseudostenhelia wellsi are tubedwellers. They share paired, bilateral pore locations on the first urosomal segment, anal segment, and on each caudal ramus, with the largest pore (2-4 µm in diameter) on the anal segment. S. (D.) palustris is larger than P. wellsi and exhibits additional pores on swimming legs and urosome, and consistently larger pores in shared positions. S. (D.) bifidia does not build tubes, and has a markedly reduced pore complement, only a small, paired pore (<1 µm) on the anal segment. Two other species with unknown tube-building capabilities were examined. S. (D.) reflexa is similar to the nontube-builder, with only a single small pore (< 1 µm) on each caudal ramus, suggesting that it is unable to build tubes. S. (Stenhelia) asetosa has pores on urosomal segments 1, 2, 3, the anal segment, caudal rami, and swimming legs. Its pore pattern and sizes of pores are similar to the known tube-builders, and we speculate that S. (S.) asetosa is also a tube-dweller. Pores on urosomal segment 1, the anal segment, and the caudal rami, with the anal segment pore at least 2 µm in diameter, may prove to be good indicators of tube-building capability within Stenhelia and Pseudostenhelia.
The early twentieth-century “Black Metropolis”: urban geographic principles

Did Black Metropolises, that is, large black communities in major cities, hold unique opportunities that helped blacks to advance occupationally in the early twentieth century? The present study addresses this question, using Census data to test hypotheses, based on urban geographic principles, about the distribution of Black Metropolises’ locational advantages. The results show that blacks’ representation in key middle-to-upper-status occupations declines precipitously across Black Metropolises, often following an exponentially descending Pareto curve, suggesting that blacks’ opportunities to enter such occupations are concentrated into a small number of large urban black communities. The results further indicate that the locational-advantage benefits of the largest, most segregated, and most centrally positioned Black Metropolises are limited to a few high-status professions and a narrow range of occupations involving cultural expression, entertainment, and public service. These findings challenge claims that blacks’ socioeconomic standing was substantially uplifted in the early twentieth century by unique opportunities in large black communities of major cities.
Barriers, Benefits, and Beliefs of Brain Training Smartphone Apps: An Internet Survey of Younger US Consumers

Background: While clinical evidence for the efficacy of brain training remains in question, numerous smartphone applications (apps) already offer brain training directly to consumers. Little is known about why consumers choose to download these apps, how they use them, and what benefits they perceive. Given the high rates of smartphone ownership in those with internet access and the younger demographics, we chose to approach this question first with a general population survey that would capture primarily this demographic. Method: We conducted an online internet-based survey of the US population via mTurk regarding their use, experience, and perceptions of brain training apps. There were no exclusion criteria to partake although internet access was required. Respondents were paid 20 cents for completing each survey. The survey was offered for a two-week period in September 2015. Results: 3125 individuals completed the survey and over half of these were under age 30. Responses did not significantly vary by gender. The brain training app most frequently used was Lumosity. Belief that a brain-training app could help with thinking was strongly correlated with belief it could also help with attention, memory, and even mood. Beliefs of those who had never used brain-training apps were similar to those who had used them. Respondents felt that data security and lack of endorsement from a clinician were the two least important barriers to use. Discussion: Results suggest a high level of interest in brain training apps among the U.S. public, especially those in younger demographics. The stability of positive perception of these apps among app-naive and app-exposed participants suggests an important role of user expectations in influencing use and experience of these apps. The low concern about data security and lack of clinician endorsement suggest apps are not being utilized in clinical settings. However, the public’s interest in the effectiveness of apps suggests a common theme with the scientific community’s concerns about direct to consumer brain training programs.
Application of Internet of Things Technology in Equipment All Life Cycle Management

According to the low level of automation for the conventional electric power communication resource management,this paper combines the Internet Of Things(IOT) technology with resource management,taking on the research of the electric power communication network resources life cycle management system based on the IOT.It describes the system hardware and software architecture system,and probes into the method and key technology of Electronic Product Code(EPC) reading and writing and database synchronization on the system platform.A power company's specific application examples validate the feasibility and practicality of the system platform to achieve intensive,fine,digital electric power communication resource management mode.
Analyse on OPEC'S "Limiting Production and Keeping Price" Stratagy

Limiting prodnction and keeping price is OPEC'S stratagy to reduce the oil output of member contries and to keep oil price steady.This stratagy is influenced by the world economic development circle,the structure change of international energy and oil market,the coordinating of non-OPEC contries and OPEC members,and sudden affirs.In contrast with early 80 years in 20 century,OPEC'S stratagy in 2004 is successful.
Reinitiation of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan synthesis in regenerating skeletal muscle

Previous work from this laboratory involved the characterization of a large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan unique to chick skeletal muscle. This proteoglycan is synthesized by embryonic skeletal muscle both in ovo and in culture but is not synthesized by adult muscle in vivo and myotubes in advanced cultures. Because regenerating skeletal muscle has been found to recapitulate synthesis of embryonic muscle protein isoforms, an analysis was performed to assess whether synthesis of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans is reinitiated during muscle regeneration. Adult chicken pectoral and leg (gastrocnemius) muscle was injured by excision of a small piece of tissue or by cold injury; in the latter, the basement membrane has been reported to remain intact. At various times after injury, whole animals were exposed to [35S]sulphate and the proteoglycans were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and analysed. Synthesis of only small proteoglycans, typical of normal adult skeletal muscle, is observed in the contralateral, uninjured muscle. In the regenerating muscle 4 days after injury, there is increased sulphate incorporation and abundant synthesis of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. This is observed in both pectoral and leg muscle irrespective of the type of injury, which suggests that the presence of basement membrane does not affect reinitiation of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan synthesis. By 25 days after injury, synthesis of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans is still detected but is significantly diminished. These data are consistent with the notion that skeletal muscle regeneration involves a recapitulation of embryonic events and give further credence to the hypothesis that skeletal muscle chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans play a role in some early aspect of myogenesis.
Telomerase Promotes the Self-Renewal of Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells but Does Not Maintain Telomere Length.

Abstract Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric sequences onto chromosome ends. During hematopoiesis, telomerase activity is high in proliferating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, but decreases sharply as cells differentiate. Approximately 90% of all human cancers are telomerase positive, including samples from AML patients. To understand the role of telomerase in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and in the development of leukemia, we established stable long-term cultures expressing high levels of telomerase by retrovirus-mediated transduction of the h-TERT (catalytic subunit of telomerase) gene into AML1-ETO-expressing CD34+ (AE) cells. We have previously shown that these AE cells maintain CD34 expression and proliferate for 7 months in culture but gradually lose telomere length and are not immortal, providing a good model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in telomere shortening. Strikingly, telomerase expression enhanced the self-renewal ability of the human hematopoietic progenitor cells, as shown by continuous replating ability in methylcellulose assays. We also detected a pronounced delay in the differentiation of the progenitor cells upon telomerase expression, and an expansion of the progenitor pool. Telomerase expression promoted proliferation due to increased cell cycle progression as well as a survival advantage. At the same time, these cells demonstrated a progressive decline in telomere length, despite telomerase activity equivalent to that detected in leukemia cell lines. We conclude that expression of hTERT expands the pool of hematopoietic progenitors but does not maintain long telomeres in human CD34+ cells. hTERT plays a critical role not only in telomere homeostasis for genetic stability but also in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal, functions that may be part of hTERT involvement in leukemogenesis. These data open an important debate regarding the specific contribution of telomerase expression to the leukemic phenotype and the potential timing of this essential hit in the progression of the disease.
Impact of An Annual Hematology/Oncology Fellow Wet Laboratory Program On Fund of Biomedical Knowledge.

Abstract Abstract 246 Biologically based diagnostics and therapeutics underpin the field of hematology and oncology. During clinical fellowship training, biological and biochemical concepts have typically been presented in lecture formats and research electives. Based on trainee serial subjective self-assessments of knowledge (SAK) and graduate surveys, traditional pedagogy were deemed inadequate in supporting contemporary training and practice needs. Optimal assimilation of knowledge requires clinical context, experience, and performance. It was thus hypothesized that an active training method providing first-hand participation, such as a wet laboratory (wetlab), would increase fund of biomedical knowledge in hematology and oncology. Single-day wetlab sessions were developed, incorporating hands-on laboratory procedures linked to clinical vignettes. The procedures were designed to expose the molecular and biochemical basis, utility and limitations of current laboratory tests, such as coagulation monitoring, electrophoresis, flow cytometry and DNA-based assays. The curriculum rotated each of the three years so that each fellow would participate in all laboratory assays throughout fellowship training. Between July 2004 and June 2009, all fellows completed serial subjective SAKs (score 1–5) at 6-month intervals. SAKs inquire about all cognitive and procedural-based individual knowledge based on ASH and ASCO core curriculum, but only data relevant to basic science concepts and laboratory assays were included in this analysis. Midway through this time period, the wetlab curriculum was implemented. Fellows were given pre- and post-lab tests to assess their baseline and acquisition of biomedical knowledge. All results were compared between those who randomly did or did not participate. Fellow evaluation of the wetlab was also collected. Sixteen individual fellows (10 female; 6 male) were included in the analysis. Only one had significant pre-fellowship lab experience. Wetlab participation was mandatory, but randomly assigned during the course of each trainee's time. All but one fellow participated at least once during their training. SAK scores were significantly increased for those fellows who participated (mean 3.23 vs. 2.73; P Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.