cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Total and Percent Atropisomers of Gossypol and Gossypol-6-methyl Ether in Seeds from Pima Cottons and Accessions of Gossypium barbadense L

Gossypol occurs naturally in the seed, foliage, and roots of the cotton plant ( Gossypium ) as atropisomers due to restricted rotation around the binaphthyl bond. The atropisomers differ in their biological activities. (-)-(R)-Gossypol is more toxic and exhibits significantly greater anticancer activity than the (+)-(S)-atropisomer. Most commercial Upland ( Gossypium hirsutum ) cottonseeds have an (R)- to (S)-gossypol ratio of approximately 2:3, but some Pima ( Gossypium barbadense ) seeds have an excess of (R)-gossypol. There is no known source of cottonseed with an (R)- to (S)-gossypol ratio of greater than approximately 70:30. Cottonseed with a high percentage of (R)-gossypol would be of value to the pharmaceutical industry. It was theorized that G. barbadense cotton might be a source of this desirable high (R)-gossypol seed trait. There are 671 different accessions of G. barbadense in the U.S. Cotton Germplasm Collection, few of which had been characterized with respect to their (R)- to (S)-gossypol ratio. This work completed that analysis and found considerable variation in the atropisomer ratio. Approximately half of the accessions have an excess of (R)-gossypol, and 52 accessions have essentially a 1:1 ratio. The highest percentage of (R)-gossypol was found in accessions GB26 (68.2%) and GB283 (67.3%). Surprisingly, five accessions had 5% or less of (R)-gossypol: GB516 (5.0%), GB761 (4.5%), GB577 (4.3%), GB719 (3.7%), and GB476 (2.3%). These accessions may be useful in a breeding program to reduce (R)-gossypol in Pima seed, which is a concern to the dairy industry because of the toxicity and male antifertility activity of this atropisomer. Also, GB710 was devoid of gossypol.
Effect of Reserpine in the Diet of Adult Male Chickens

Abstract In studying the effect of nutrition on fertility in adult male chickens (Arscott and Parker, 1967), we observed that some White Leghorn males appeared more nervous and agitated than others during the process of collecting semen. It was considered possible that this might result in lower semen volumes. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the inclusion of a tranquilizer in the diet of these males affected semen volume and other reproductive characteristics. A review of the literature provided very little information specifically related to adult male chickens. Hewitt and Reynolds (1957) reported that 7 p.p.m. of reserpine in the diet of adult ring-neck pheasants prevented fighting in cocks. A decrease in fertility also was observed. Whether or not this effect was attributed to either the males or the females was not determined. Adverse effects on egg production, fertility and hatchability have been noted also with turkey breeders …
Phytotoxicity and uptake of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) by two plant species

Abstract Use of nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) for the treatment of various environmental pollutants has been proven successful. However, large scale introduction of engineered nanomaterials such as nZVI into the environment has recently attracted serious concerns. There is an urgent need to investigate the environmental fate and impact of nZVI due to the scope of its application. The goal of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and accumulation of bare nZVI by two commonly encountered plant species: cattail (Typha latifolia) and hybrid poplars (Populous deltoids × Populous nigra). Plant seedlings were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse and dosed with different concentrations of nZVI (0–1000 mg/L) for four weeks. The nZVI exhibited strong toxic effect on Typha at higher concentrations (> 200 mg/L) but enhanced plant growth at lower concentrations. nZVI also significantly reduced the transpiration and growth of hybrid poplars at higher concentrations. Microscopic images indicated that large amount of nZVI coated on plant root surface as irregular aggregates and some nZVI penetrated into several layers of epidermal cells. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) confirmed the internalization of nZVI by poplar root cells but similar internalization was not observed for Typha root cells. The upward transport to shoots was minimal for both plant species.
Hand hygiene compliance and irritant dermatitis: a juxtaposition of healthcare issues

Reduction and prevention of health care-associated infections is a worldwide priority with emphasis on increasing hand hygiene compliance. Repetitive exposure to hand hygiene products and procedures is a significant factor in the development of occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Compliance has been difficult to achieve often due to skin irritation. The introduction of alcohol hand rubs has positively influenced compliance but rates remain lower than required. Genetic and environmental factors to the frequency and severity of irritant contact dermatitis have been identified. Because of the skin's role in innate immunity, maintenance of epidermal integrity is a key strategy for reducing health care-associated infections. In this review, we examine the interdependence of the two issues and the challenges of simultaneously accomplishing both goals. We emphasize research conducted among healthcare workers in their clinical settings. The factors that influence skin integrity and the challenges in meeting both goals simultaneously are explored. Cosmetic scientists have played key roles in the development of improved skin care products, and the issues present an excellent opportunity for them to provide potentially life-saving contributions to health care.
‘Anchor baby’: A conceptual explanation for pejoration

Abstract In this paper, I offer a detailed account of the pejorative nature of the term ‘anchor baby’, an increasingly common phrase used to frame the children of undocumented immigrants within the United States. Using cognitive linguistic methodology within the Critical Discourse Analysis paradigm [Chilton, Missing links in mainstream CDA: Modules, blends and the critical instinct. In Wodak, R. and Chilton, P. (Eds.) A New Agenda in (Critical) Discourse Analysis: Theory, Methodology and Interdisciplinarity. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 19–53, 2005], I explore language from both sides of the immigration debate to show, step by step, how a seemingly simple compound can subconsciously introduce or affirm deep value-laden judgments about both authorized and unauthorized immigrants. As such, my explanation rests on the theory of Conceptual Blending [G. Fauconnier, M. Turner, The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. Basic Books, New York, 2002] in which multiple domains of knowledge including those of seafaring, immigration, and family structure blend together giving rise to a new (and offensive) concept of procreation as a tool to gain legal status, resources, and permanent ties to the U.S. I show that hidden meaning and reasoning, instinctively labeled as offensive by many, but often characterized in vague terms, can in fact be systematically described given the right conceptual framework. I propose the theory of Conceptual Blending can be utilized as a uniquely effective tool to dissect associative processes in the study of pragmatics.
Posterior epidural migration of extruded lumbar disk

Migration of herniated lumbar disks is discussed, and the case of a 61-year-old man with acute lower back pain is reviewed.
Prevention of reperfusion damage in working rat hearts by calcium antagonists and calmodulin antagonists

The direct myocardial protection afforded by three structurally distinct calcium antagonists (0.1 μ m nifedipine, 0.1 μ m verapamil and 0.4 μ m diltiazem), and a calmodulin antagonist (20 μ m W-7) was assessed in isolated working rat hearts subjected to 30 min global ischaemia followed by 30 min reperfusion. At these concentrations, no drug-induced cardiac depression nor coronary vasodilatation was observed prior to ischaemia. All four agents improved recovery of cardiac function (assessed as total cardiac output) on reperfusion (by 49%, 29%, 64% and 72% respectively, compared to controls), attenuated the release of lactate dehydrogenase (by 52%, 55%, 65% and 66% respectively) and inhibited intracellular 45Ca accumulation (by 42%, 35%, 49% and 45% respectively). Despite the increased tissue calcium and enzyme leakage in reperfused hearts, the [3H]inulin-impermeable space was not decreased, suggesting specific changes in membrane permeability rather than partial sarcolemmal rupture. Drug treatment did not alter the rate nor extent of highenergy phosphate depletion during ischaemia, thus eliminating ATP preservation and negative inotropy as mechanisms for the protective effects observed in this system. Improved restoration of coronary flow was obtained in treated hearts but we believe this was more likely to be a consequence of myocardial protection rather than direct coronary vasodilatation. Thus, the beneficial effects observed probably resulted from direct preservation of cellular viability. When given only during the reperfusion phase, nifedipine and W-7 were almost as effective as when given before ischaemia, whereas verapamil and diltiazem were inactive. This highlights differences between the various structural subclasses of calcium antagonists. Furthermore, the efficacy of the calmodulin antagonist, W-7, in this system suggests a possible key role for calmodulin-activated enzymes in the progression of reperfusion damage.
A Priori Estimates and Existence for Strongly Coupled Semilinear Cooperative Elliptic Systems

In this paper, we study the boundary value problem of a strongly coupled semi-linear cooperative elliptic system where Ω ⊂ ℝ n (n ≥ 2) is a bounded and smooth domain, and u = (u 1,…, u k ) and f = ...
High-resolution compositional mapping of matrix phases: implications for mass transfer during crenulation cleavage development in the Moretown Formation, western Massachusetts

Abstract High-resolution compositional maps provide a new tool for investigating mass transfer during cleavage formation. The Moretown Formation of western Massachusetts contains a well-developed crenulation cleavage with alternating mica-rich crenulation limbs and mica-poor crenulation hinges. Compositional mapping shows two generations of plagioclase, the second of which was synchronous with the crenulation cleavage. A significant amount of the syn-crenulation plagioclase (10–20% modally) grew in hinge domains. A small amount of syn-crenulation plagioclase (∼1%) and a large amount of phengitic muscovite grew in limb domains. The maps also show that uncrenulated domains experienced mass transfer and reactivation of older cleavages, and thus cannot be used as ‘undeformed’ reference domains for comparison with crenulated regions. Compositional mapping facilitates a new degree of integration between petrologic and structural analysis. Knowledge of the structural context of compositional domains allows better selection of phases and compositions for interpreting metamorphic reactions and linking metamorphism to deformational stages. Knowledge of syntectonic reactions provides new insights into mass transfer and volume change during deformation. In the Moretown Formation, plagioclase- and phengite-producing reactions play a large role in controlling the nature and magnitude of mass transfer, but microstructures control the location of reactants and products within the evolving fabric.
Vesicles of fenestrated and non-fenestrated endothelium.

The morphology of the three types of endothelial vesicles in fenestrated and non-fenestrated capillaries from various sources (human skin, senile dermal angiomas, frog tongue and rat renal medulla) has been studied. The micropinocytotic vesicles of Palade were prevalent in the non-fenestrated endothelium with most caveolae closed by either amorphous material of low electron density or a caveolar membrane. The initial stage of the opening of vesicles onto the surface plasma membrane and the terminal stages of separation were indefinite. Those vesicles which were fusing with or separating from adjacent vesicles displayed amorphous material or an intervesicular membrane at the line of junction. Such features were present irrespective of the relationship of the vesicles to the plasma membrane and of the fenestration of the endothelium. The caveolar and intervesicular membranes vary in morphology as do those bridging the conventional fenestrae.
The dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in 323,903 U.S. veterans

Abstract There is ongoing debate regarding the optimal dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. A better understanding of this structure has significant implications, as it can provide more refined phenotypic measures for use in studies of the etiology and neurobiology of PTSD, as well as for use as endpoints in treatment studies of this disorder. In this study we analyzed the dimensional structure of PTSD symptomatology, as assessed using the PTSD Symptom Checklist-Military Version in 323,903 Veterans. Confirmatory factor analyses were used to compare two 4-factor models and a newly proposed 5-factor model to the 3-factor DSM-IV model of PTSD symptom dimensionality. To evaluate the external validity of the best-fitting model, we then conducted a structural equation model examining how the symptom dimensions of this model related to diagnoses of depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder. Results indicated that a newly proposed 5-factor ‘dysphoric arousal’ model comprised of separate re-experiencing, avoidance, numbing, dysphoric arousal, and anxious arousal symptom clusters provided a significantly better fit to the data compared to the DSM-IV and the two alternative four-factor models. External validity analyses revealed that numbing symptoms were most strongly related to diagnoses of depression and substance use disorder, and that dysphoric arousal symptoms were most strongly related to a diagnosis of anxiety disorder. Thus the dimensional structure of PTSD may be best represented by five symptom dimensions. The clinical implications of these results and implications for further refinement of extant PTSD assessment instruments are discussed.
LIPOLYTIC ACTION OF L-CARNITINE IN VITRO IN HUMAN NEWBORN SUBCUTANEOUS ADIPOSE TISSUE

Oxidation of fatty acids is a major pathway supporting energy requiring processes in the early postnatal period. This is documented by an increase in free fatty acids (FFA), glycerol and ketone bodies in the blood. FFA and glycerol arise from intensive triglyceride breakdown in white adipose tissue. Activation of lipolysis requires ATP. Decreased lipolysis is seen in vitro after the first 24-48 hr of life. Since FFA can uncouple mitochondrial respiration, the early accumulation of FFA known to occur in adipose tissue could lead to a secondary depression of lipolysis due to inadequate ATP generation. Carnitine acts as a coupling agent in mammalian brown fat mitochondria. Its effect on lipolysis (glycerol release) was measured in fragments of human newborn and adult subcutaneous (white) adipose tissue. In the neonate, L-carnitine (2.5mM) enhanced glycerol release with or without stimulation by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (theophylline, 10−M) or a beta-agonist (isoproterenol, 10−5M)(p≤0.05); deoxycarnitine (2.5mM) decreased lipolysis under similar conditions (p ≤ 0.05). In the adult, L-carnitine increased lipolysis only in presence of isoproterenol (p≤O.05) while deoxycarnitine had no effect. Carnitine is contained in milk. These studies suggest a deficiency of carnitine might decrease the availability of FFA as fuel for essential metabolic needs, particularly in the small or ill neonate with inadequate oral intake.
Alaskan Earthquake, 27 March 1964: Vertical Extent of Faulting and Elastic Strain Energy Release.

The residual displacement field indicates that the primary fault responsible for the great Alaskan earthquake extended to depths of 100 to 200 kilometers and came to within 15 kilometers of the surface. The vertical extent is an order of magnitude greater than reported for all other earthquakes. Approximately 10^(25) ergs of elastic strain energy was released. About 12,000 aftershocks (M_L ≥ 3.5) probably occurred in a 69-day period after the main shock. One-half the strain rebound occurred the first day with the main shock contributing one-fourth of the total.
Piezoelectricity as a fundamental property of biological tissues.

Piezoelectric effects have been produced in a number of soft tissues, as well as hard, and appear to be associated with the presence of oriented fibrous proteins such as collagen. Thus, piezoelectricity may be a universal property of living tissue, and may play a significant part in several physiological phenomena
Radiation quality and risk estimation in relation to space missions

Abstract While Q is specified as a function of linear energy transfer (LET) in practice the Q for neutrons has been selected by a judgment decision based on the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) to induce stochastic effects. There are no RBE values for tumor induction by heavy ions or protons in humans. Thus, selection of Q values has been based either on LET (or lineal energy) or RBEs from animal experiments. Estimates of Q for heavy ions in low earth orbit (LEO) range from about 5 to 14. The average Q value of all radiation in LEO has been estimated to be about 1.3. There is a lack of experimental data for RBEs for heavy ions but RBE increases as a function of LET. In the case of the Harderian gland the RBE reaches a maximum of 25–30 between about 100–200 keV/μm but does not appear to decrease at higher LETs. The International Commission of Radiological Protection have proposed the use of radiation weighting factors in lieu of quality factors. The weighting factors will range from 1 to 20.
How do entrepreneurs know what to do? learning and organizing in new ventures

Acquiring the knowledge they need to organize new businesses is a life-long learning process for nascent entrepreneurs, both before and during the organizing process. We argue that creating viable and profitable ventures depends not only on the habits, heuristics, and routines that nascent entrepreneurs have acquired from family, schools, and work careers prior to the startup stage, but also on what they can learn by doing, borrowing, and experimenting during the startup process. Entrepreneurs without effective habits or heuristics, or who have acquired less knowledge or fewer routines, may not be able to learn fast enough from feedback during the startup process to avoid being selected out. We conclude the paper by offering critical questions and a research agenda for learning and organizing in new ventures.
Cutaneous temperature and unit activity in the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centers

Abstract Multiple and single unit activity has been recorded in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic nuclei of rats anesthetized with urethane. Two groups of neurons have been identified within the medial and lateral regions of the rostral hypothalamus which exhibit changes in their spontaneous discharge frequencies in a similar manner to the frequency characteristics of either “warm” or “cold” cutaneous thermoreceptors. It is suggested that the change in frequency of discharge of these neurons may represent the neural correlate of the downward setting of the hypothalamic thermostat that occurs when the animal is exposed to elevated environmental temperatures.
Spindle organization after cryopreservation of mouse, human, and bovine oocytes

Oocyte cryopreservation would alleviate a number of ethical, social, and religious problems associated with human embryo storage. One potential problem is the effect of cryopreservation on the metaphase II spindle and chromosomes. The microtubules that make up the spindle tend to depolymerize at sub-physiological temperatures. Although there are numerous reports in the literature on this topic, discrepancies as to whether the spindle can or cannot reform persist. One of the confounding factors may be the low cryosurvival rates (around 50%) for mammalian oocytes. In recent years, a cryopreservation medium and protocol have been developed that allow oocytes of several species to be cryopreserved with high survival rates (>85%). Bovine, mouse, and human oocytes consistently reformed a morphologically normal spindle with chromosomes aligned along the metaphase plate (70% or higher) after first surviving cryopreservation (>87% survival for all species tested). Normal chromosome numbers were found in every second polar body tested by FISH (second polar bodies n = 4). It is concluded that the mammalian spindle, although depolymerized during cryopreservation, has the ability to reform, and in the mouse has been shown to function normally. Therefore, spindle reformation may not be a major cause for concern when storing mammalian MII oocytes.
Brachytherapy volume visualization

Conventional localization schemes for brachytherapy seed implants using biplane or stereoscopic projection radio- graphs can suffer form scaling distortions and poor visibility of implanted seeds, resulting in compromised source tracking and dosimetric inaccuracies. This paper proposes an alternative method for improving the visualization and thus, localization, of radiotherapy implants by synthesizing, form as few as two radiographic projections, a 3D image free of divergence artifacts. The result produces more accurate seed localization leading to improved dosimetric accuracy. Two alternative approaches are compared. The first uses orthogonal merging. The second employs the technique of tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT), whereby 3D reconstruction is performed by shifting and adding of well-sampled projections relative to a fiducial reference system. Phantom results using nonlinear visualization methods demonstrate the applicability of localizing individual seeds for both approaches. Geometric errors are eliminated by a calibration scheme derived from the fiducial pattern that is imaged concurrently with the subject. Both merging and TACT approaches enhance seed localization by improving visualization of the seed distribution over biplanar radiographs. Unlike current methods, both alternatives demonstrate continuos one-to-one source tracking in 3D, although elimination of scaling artifacts requires more than two projections when using the merging method.
Aging, Rejuvenation, and Epigenetic Reprogramming: Resetting the Aging Clock

The underlying cause of aging remains one of the central mysteries of biology. Recent studies in several different systems suggest that not only may the rate of aging be modified by environmental and genetic factors, but also that the aging clock can be reversed, restoring characteristics of youthfulness to aged cells and tissues. This Review focuses on the emerging biology of rejuvenation through the lens of epigenetic reprogramming. By defining youthfulness and senescence as epigenetic states, a framework for asking new questions about the aging process emerges.
Regional Variation in γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Turnover: Effect of Castration on γ‐Aminobutyric Acid Turnover in Microdissected Brain Regions of the Male Rat

This study compared the turnover of GABA neurons in different brain areas of the male rat and examined the effect of castration on GABA turnover in regions of the brain associated with the control of gonadotropin secretion. To estimate GABA turnover, GABA was quantified by HPLC in microdissected brain regions 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after inhibition of GABA degradation by aminooxyacetic acid (100 mg/kg, i.p.). GABA accumulation was linear in all areas for 90 min (p < 0.01), and GABA turnover was estimated as the slope of the line formed by increased GABA concentration versus time, determined by linear regression. There was considerable regional variation both in the initial steady-state concentrations of GABA and in the rates of GABA turnover. Of 10 discrete brain structures, GABA turnover was highest in the medial preoptic nucleus and lowest in the caudate nucleus. Turnover times in the terminal fields of known GABAergic projection neurons ranged sevenfold, from 2.6 h in the substantia nigra to 0.4 h in the lateral vestibular nucleus. The effect of castration on GABA turnover in 13 microdissected brain regions was investigated by measuring regional GABA concentrations before and 30 min after injection of aminooxyacetic acid in intact rats or 2 or 6 days postcastration. Following castration, steady-state GABA concentrations were increased, and GABA turnover decreased in the diagonal band of Broca, the medial preoptic area, and the median eminence. GABA turnover increased in the medial septal nucleus and was unaffected in the cortex, striatum, and hindbrain. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that testosterone negative-feedback control of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone involves steroid-sensitive GABAergic neurons in the rostral and medial basal hypothalamus.
The role of liver biopsy in hepatitis C

This article reviews the ways in which liver biopsy provides a resource to the clinician when making management decisions for patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver biopsy provides information about the extent and distribution of inflammation and allows grading and staging of the disease (the amount of fibrosis). Furthermore, the liver biopsy allows some assessment of the rate of disease progression whenever the date of onset of infection is known. The presence of diffuse fibrosis or cirrhosis correlates with a lower likelihood of response to antiviral therapy, and the finding of severe necroinflammatory and fibrotic changes is helpful in determining the relative importance of beginning treatment early rather than deferring therapy. The importance of liver biopsy in the selection of patients for treatment is underscored by the fact that hepatitis C is a condition in which therapy is currently unable to successfully treat the majority of patients. There are no strong correlations between serum viral RNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and liver histopathology; therefore, the utility of aminotransferases and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA as surrogate tests for measuring disease activity in individual cases is limited. It is concluded that liver biopsy should be performed before initiating interferon therapy. At the present time, it is not known if and when repeat histological assessment is necessary. Preferably, it should only be performed in instances when the findings from the biopsy are likely to lead to a change in management of the patient.
Can the Western Boundary Layer Affect the Potential Vorticity Distribution in the Sverdrup interior of a Wind Gyre

Abstract The question posed in the title of this paper is answered in the affirmative by investigating a two-layer, quasi-geostrophic model of the wind-driven circulation. The two layers model the thermocline rather than the whole depth of the ocean. The wind stress is balanced by interfacial and bottom drag. This is perhaps the simplest baroclinic extension of Stommel's (1948) barotropic circulation model. It differs from an earlier model of Welander (1966) in that the vortex stretching nonlinearity is of primary importance. In this model the dynamics of the frictional western boundary layer determine the vertical structure of the wind-driven flow in the Sverdrup interior. Thus, in a sense, the boundary layer is “active” and cannot be appended to an arbitrary interior flow; rather it partially determines the interior circulation by setting the functional relationship between the streamfunction and the potential vorticity in the lower layer. In previous studies (Rhines and Young 1982b) this functional rel...
Observational studies of patients in the emergency department: a comparison of 4 sampling methods.

Study objective We evaluate the ability of 4 sampling methods to generate representative samples of the emergency department (ED) population. Methods We analyzed the electronic records of 21,662 consecutive patient visits at an urban, academic ED. From this population, we simulated different models of study recruitment in the ED by using 2 sample sizes (n=200 and n=400) and 4 sampling methods: true random, random 4-hour time blocks by exact sample size, random 4-hour time blocks by a predetermined number of blocks, and convenience or "business hours." For each method and sample size, we obtained 1,000 samples from the population. Using χ 2 tests, we measured the number of statistically significant differences between the sample and the population for 8 variables (age, sex, race/ethnicity, language, triage acuity, arrival mode, disposition, and payer source). Then, for each variable, method, and sample size, we compared the proportion of the 1,000 samples that differed from the overall ED population to the expected proportion (5%). Results Only the true random samples represented the population with respect to sex, race/ethnicity, triage acuity, mode of arrival, language, and payer source in at least 95% of the samples. Patient samples obtained using random 4-hour time blocks and business hours sampling systematically differed from the overall ED patient population for several important demographic and clinical variables. However, the magnitude of these differences was not large. Conclusion Common sampling strategies selected for ED-based studies may affect parameter estimates for several representative population variables. However, the potential for bias for these variables appears small.
A review of experiments in explicit bargaining

Abstract Bargaining was defined as a situation where: (1) there are two or more parties with divergent interests, (2) the parties can communicate, (3) mutual compromise is possible, (4) provisional offers can be made, and (5) the provisional offers do not fix the tangible outcomes until an offer is accepted by all sides. The typical bargaining paradigm is described. Next the limitations of general theories of bargaining are discussed. The results of relevant experiments are then reviewed and evaluated. Particular attention is given to the effects of general bargaining predispositions, the payoff system, the social relationship between the bargainer, his opponent and significant others, situational factors, and bargaining strategy.
Explorations of silence in the religious rituals of Buddhists and Quakers

This paper is a participant-observation-based study of one Quaker and three Buddhist groups. Using a sociological framework, it explores silence as actively practiced in religious ritual. It demonstrates the usefulness of employing multiple continuums to analyze practices, including a speech–silence continuum, a body movement–body stillness continuum, and a thinking–not thinking continuum. Even when silence is seen as active, it may be construed as functioning to turn people inward and away from each other. Instead, this paper demonstrates how silence for these groups is not necessarily socially isolating. For instance, participants not only learned, practiced, and reflected on silence together, but drew connections between the practice of silence and changes in everyday social interactions, including bringing compassion into these. Some persons referred to realizing a sense of interconnectedness in the silence akin to a Meadian fusion.
Great Britain and the Belgian Railways Dispute of 1869

IN the year I864, Great Britain's Continental policy underwent one of those abrupt changes which, on so many occasions, have caused misunderstanding and bewilderment in Europe. After five years of spirited meddling in Continental affairs, Britain withdrew to a position of almost complete isolation, and for the next seven years, years of revolutionary importance in Europe, her influence was almost negligible. Ever since the Crimean War, the desire for abstention from Continental troubles had been growing in Great Britain. The Radicals, led by Cobden and Bright, had long urged the application of the laissez-faire principle to foreign as well as commercial policy; and the Derby wing of the Tory party was already beginning to argue that the national interest lay not in Europe but overseas.1 But the growing desire for isolation was given a great stimulus in the years I863-I864 as a result of the anger and humiliation caused by the policy pursued by Palmerston and Russell in the Polish and Danish crises. The swashbuckling manner in which the two, elder statesmen had rushed to the aid of the Poles and the Danes, only to abandon them in the face of Russian and Prussian resistance, was galling to Englishmen of both parties. Irritated at the weakening of British prestige, they criticized the policy which had been followed since i859 as lacking in consistency and basic principle and demanded a thorough reform. In the great debate on foreign policy which was held in the House of Commons in July, i864, it was made apparent that the days of Palmerstonian diplomacy were past and those of isolation were at hand. The keynote was struck by one of the Radicals when he announced that it was time "for replacing that muddling, dishonest system of apparent intervention . . . by an honest, dignified and plainspoken system of non-intervention";2 and repeatedly, as the debate went on, speakers on both sides of the House returned to that phrase, describing nonintervention as the traditional policy of Great Britain and the one to which the nation must now return. By the fourth night of the debate it was clear that Britain was about to enter a period in
Effects of “Like Type” Sex Pairings between Applicants–Principals and Type of Focal Position Considered at the Screening Stage of the Selection Process

This study addresses the screening decisions for a national random sample of high school principals as viewed from the attraction-similarity theory of interpersonal perceptions. Independent variables are the sex of principals, sex of applicants, and the type of focal positions sought by hypothetical job applicants (teacher or counselor). Dependent variables are principals’ assessments of job candidates’ skills on specific job related criteria and the perceived probability of extending job candidates an interview opportunity. Principals’ assessments of hypothetical applicants were cast into a 2×2×2 completely crossed factorial design and were analyzed through a stepdown analysis of variance procedure. By approaching selection as a process, these results fit within the tenets as suggested by the attraction-similarity paradigm. Similar sex pairings between principals and applicants were more likely to be extended interview offers than dissimilar sex pairings regardless of the focal position under consideration.
An unusual presentation of endometrial cancer: a case report and literature review

Background The purpose of this case report is to describe the failure of standard diagnostic work up in the presence of an advanced stage endometrial cancer and briefly review the literature about the efficacy of the currently utilized diagnostic tools in the evaluation of women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB).
Ultraviolet exposure is a reinforcing stimulus in frequent indoor tanners.

Abstract Background Investigations into tanners' reasons for tanning have focused primarily on the perception of improved appearance. Reported relaxing effects of tanning suggest the possibility of a physiologic effect of UV that drives tanning behavior. Objective We sought to determine if there is a physiologic reinforcing effect of UV exposure, separate from appearance motivation, that may contribute to tanning behavior. Methods We determined the reinforcing effect of UV light in a series of controlled, blinded, repeated-choice trials of UV carefully designed to separate as cleanly as possible reinforcing effects of UV exposure from other factors including perceived benefits of having a tan. A total of 14 young adults who used tanning beds regularly were exposed to otherwise identical UV and non-UV tanning bed stimuli on Mondays and Wednesdays for 6 weeks. On Fridays, participants had concurrent access to the two beds. The primary dependent variable was the percentage of choice sessions during which more UV than non-UV tanning was chosen. Results In all, 12 participants chose additional tanning exposure on Fridays and, of these, 11 consistently used the UV bed for that exposure. Of the total 41 occasions when participants chose to tan on Friday, 39 sessions (95%) were for the UV bed and only two for the non-UV bed. A more relaxed and less tense mood was reported after UV exposure compared with after non-UV exposure ( P =.008 and P =.002, respectively). Discussion When exposed to UV and non-UV under blinded conditions, frequent tanners can distinguish the two conditions and undertake further UV exposure, indicating that UV is a reinforcing stimulus. The relaxing and reinforcing effects of UV exposure contribute to tanning behavior in frequent tanners and should be explored in greater detail.
Pathogenic strategies of the oral anaerobe, Porphyromonas gingivalis

Adult periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects over 49 million people in the USA alone. Porphyromonas (formerly Bacteroides) gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe, has a diverse repertoire of virulence factors that may be involved in the induction or progression of periodontitis.
Memory reduction for HDTV decoders

In this paper, we propose a low-cost memory reduction scheme which can reduce the memory requirement for full HDTV decoding from 12 MB to 4 MB. This scheme uses a switchable architecture that allows HDTV decoding with scalable memory reduction ratios. Depending on the input format and the amount of available memory, the scheme performs 1/4 or 1/2 memory reduction or no memory reduction. The 1/2 memory reduction is achieved by performing a block-based Hadamard transform followed by appropriate scalar quantization. The Hadamard transform has good signal energy compaction and a low computational cost. Appropriately designed nonuniform scalar quantizers take advantage of the statistics of the Hadamard transform coefficients and compress the data to match the 1/2 memory reduction target. The 1/4 memory reduction is achieved by 1/2 horizontal decimation followed by the 1/2 memory reduction scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed memory reduction schemes achieve good performance at very low computational cost, which makes them very attractive for digital TV applications.
High-Connectivity Networks and Hybrid Inorganic Rod Materials Built from Potassium and Rubidium p-Halide-Substituted Aryloxides

A series of complex networks have been synthesized from the association of potassium and rubidium p-halide-substituted aryloxides using 1,4-dioxane molecules as neutral linkers. The crystalline polymers [(4-F-C6H4OK)6·(dioxane)4]∞ (1), [(4-I-C6H4OK)6·(dioxane)6]∞ (2), and [(4-I-C6H4ORb)6·(dioxane)6]∞ (3) are built from discreet, hexameric M6O6 aggregates. Compound 1 forms an unusual 16-connected framework involving both K−F and K−Odiox interactions. Each hexamer connects to eight neighboring aggregates through double-bridging contacts, resulting in a body-centered cubic (bcu) topology. Compounds 2 and 3 are isostructural, 12-connected networks, where each aggregate utilizes six dioxane double bridges to form primitive cubic (pcu) nets. In contrast, the complexes [(4-Cl-C6H4OK)3·(dioxane)]∞ (4), [(4-Br-C6H4OK)2·(dioxane)0.5]∞ (5), and [(4-Br-C6H4ORb)5·(dioxane)5]∞ (6) are built from one-dimensional (1D) inorganic rods composed solely of M−OAr interactions. The extended structures of both 4 and 5 can be des...
‘White gold’ or ‘white blood'?: The rubber plantations of colonial Indochina, 1910–40

The expansion of rubber production in colonial Indochina after 1910 can be understood through the changing patterns in the capitalist world economy. However, the plantation system which evolved in colonial Indochina, including the methods of labour procurement, the closed compounds, the rigorous work regime and harsh disciplining of labourers, the forms of payment as compensation for expenditure of labour, and the strategies designed to speed-up and stretch-out labour-time, was embedded within an historically-specific context, and hence can only be explained by reference to the localised socio-economic conditions in which metropolitan capital and indigenous labour confronted each other.
Influence of Molecular Structural Changes on the Mesomorphic Behavior of Benzylideneanilines

Since the discovery by Heilmeier, Zanoni and Barton1 that liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropy exhibit dynamic scattering, there has been considerable interest in this class of materials. The Schiff Bases resulting from the reaction between para-substituted anilines and para-substituted benzaldehydes have been of particular interest, especially since the report2 that N-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-4′-n-butylaniline is nematogenic at room temperature. The research reported here is the result of a detailed study of the effects of small changes in structure on the transition temperatures of benzylideneanilines. Specifically, two series of compounds (I) and (II) are described. In both series the alkoxy group is systematically varied from methoxy to heptyloxy. In series I, the alkyl groups used were n-C4H9, n-C5H11, n-C6H13, n-C7H15 and n-C8H17 while in series II, the alkyl groups were C2H5, n-C4H9, n-C6H13 and n-C8H17.
Wavefront image sensor chip

We report the implementation of an image sensor chip, termed wavefront image sensor chip (WIS), that can measure both intensity/amplitude and phase front variations of a light wave separately and quantitatively. By monitoring the tightly confined transmitted light spots through a circular aperture grid in a high Fresnel number regime, we can measure both intensity and phase front variations with a high sampling density (11 µm) and high sensitivity (the sensitivity of normalized phase gradient measurement is 0.1 mrad under the typical working condition). By using WIS in a standard microscope, we can collect both bright-field (transmitted light intensity) and normalized phase gradient images. Our experiments further demonstrate that the normalized phase gradient images of polystyrene microspheres, unstained and stained starfish embryos, and strongly birefringent potato starch granules are improved versions of their corresponding differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope images in that they are artifact-free and quantitative. Besides phase microscopy, WIS can benefit machine recognition, object ranging, and texture assessment for a variety of applications.
Increasing CPR duration prior to first defibrillation does not improve return of spontaneous circulation or survival in a swine model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation.

Summary Introduction The optimum duration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) prior to first rescue shock is unknown. Clinical trials have used 90 and 180 s. Neither of these durations may be optimal. We sought to determine the optimum duration of CPR prior to first defibrillation attempt and whether this varied depending on the duration of ventricular fibrillation (VF). In this porcine model of basic life support, our outcomes were rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), survival, and coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Methods We anesthetized and instrumented 45 swine and then induced VF. After 5 or 8 min of untreated VF, we randomized the swine to mechanical CPR for 90, 180, or 300 s. A single rescue shock (150 J biphasic) was then administered. If this shock failed, 2 min of mechanical CPR were completed prior to the next rescue shock. CPP was calculated for each 30 s epoch. ROSC was defined as a blood pressure >80 mmHg sustained for 60 s. Survival was defined as sustained ROSC for 20 min. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, and ANOVA. Results In the 5 min VF cohort, the rate of ROSC did not differ between the three groups (90 s: 25%; 180 s: 38%; 300 s: 38%, p > .05). Survival rates did not differ (90 s: 25%; 180 s: 25%; 300 s: 25%, p > 0.05). In the 8 min VF cohort, no animals experienced ROSC or survival. CPP were calculated by 30 s epoch and did not differ between the three groups ( p > 0.05). CPPs decline after 180 s of CPR. Conclusions ROSC and survival were equivalent regardless of VF duration and CPR duration. When CPR begins late, CPPs are low, stressing the importance of early CPR. We do not recommend 300 s of CPR unless a defibrillator is unavailable.
The influence of pulsatile preservation on renal transplantation in the 1990s.

Background. Unlike simple cold storage (CS), pulsatile machine preservation (MP) of kidneys for transplantation permits pharmacologic manipulation of the perfusate and aids in the pretransplant assessment of the kidney graft. These characteristics of MP may have importance in the era of increasing use of extended criteria donor kidneys. The overall aim of this article is to critically assess practices at our preservation unit with respect to graft function. Specific aims are to (1) compare the influence of MP versus CS on graft function, (2) determine which pretransplant variables have significance in pretransplant assessment, and (3) determine whether pharmacologic manipulation during MP is advantageous. Methods. There were 650 consecutive kidneys preserved in our laboratory between January 1, 1993 and March 1, 999, by either MP or CS. All MP kidneys were preserved by continuous hypothermic pulsatile perfusion using Belzer-MPS or Belzer II solution. Perfusion parameters and electrolytes were measured serially during pulsatile perfusion. All CS kidneys were stored in University of Wisconsin solution. All kidneys obtained from donors exhibiting extended criteria features underwent pretransplant frozen section biopsies. Transmission electron microscopy (EM) was performed on a subset of kidneys undergoing pharmacologic manipulation. Four agents were assessed prospectively for their ability to influence MP characteristics when added to perfusate: PGE 1 , trifluoperazine, verapamil, and papaverine. Results. MP was associated with improved immediate,1-, and 2-year graft function and reduced length of initial hospital stay when compared with CS grafts. Changes in the machine perfusion variables flow and resistance, and the [Ca++] in perfusate, were significantly associated with delayed graft function (DGF) after the transplant. Biopsy information was not predictive of DGF. The addition of PGE 1 to perfusate improved MP characteristics, reduced the release of [Ca++] into perfusate, and ameliorated mitochondrial ischemic injury in transmission EM images. Early graft function was improved in the presence of PGE 1 +MP, compared with function in the presence of other pharmacologic agents or CS alone. Conclusions. MP is associated with improved early and long term renal function. Moreover, PGE 1 augments MP in improving graft function. The combination of MP+PGE 1 may be important in optimizing the ability to use extended donor criteria kidneys and, thereby, improve the overall efficiency of cadaveric renal transplantation.
POTENTIAL FITNESS TRADE‐OFFS FOR THERMAL TOLERANCE IN THE INTERTIDAL COPEPOD TIGRIOPUS CALIFORNICUS

Thermal adaptation to spatially varying environmental conditions occurs in a wide range of species, but what is less clear is the nature of fitness trade-offs associated with this temperature adaptation. Here, populations of the intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus are examined at both local and latitudinal scales to determine whether these populations have evolved differences in their survival under high temperature stress. A clear pattern of increasing high temperature stress tolerance is seen with decreasing latitude, consistent with temperature adaptation. Additionally, there is also evidence for significant variation in thermal tolerance on a smaller scale. The competitive fitness of pairs of northern and southern copepod populations were also examined under a series of lower, more moderate temperatures. These fitness assays show that the southern populations that have the best survival under extreme high temperatures have lowered competitive fitness at the lower temperatures tested, whereas the fitness of the southern populations exceeded that of the northern populations at the highest temperatures tested. Combined, these results suggest that there may be evolutionary trade-offs between performance at high and stressful temperatures and fitness at moderate temperatures in this species.