cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parity violation in atomic ytterbium: Experimental sensitivity and systematics

We present a detailed description of the observation of parity violation in the 6s 2 1 S0 ! 5d6s 3 D1 408-nm forbidden transition of ytterbium, a brief report of which appeared earlier. Linearly polarized 408-nm light interacts with Yb atoms in crossed E- and B-fields. The probability of the 408nm transition contains a parity violating term, proportional to (E · B)[(E × E) · B], arising from interference between the parity violating amplitude and the Stark amplitude due to the E-field (E is the electric field of the light). The transition probability is detected by measuring the population of the 3 P0 state, to which 65% of the atoms excited to the 3 D1 state spontaneously decay. The population of the 3 P0 state is determined by resonantly exciting the atoms with 649-nm light to the 6s7s 3 S1 state and collecting the fluorescence resulting from its decay. Systematic corrections due to E-field and B-field imperfections are determined in auxiliary experiments. The statistical uncertainty is dominated by parasitic frequency excursions of the 408-nm excitation light due to imperfect stabilization of the optical reference with respect to the atomic resonance. The present uncertainties are 9% statistical and 8% systematic. Methods of improving the accuracy for the future experiments are discussed.
Visual search: structure from noise

In this paper, we present two techniques to reveal image features that attract the eye during visual search: the discrimination image paradigm and principal component analysis. In preliminary experiments, we employed these techniques to identify image features used to identify simple targets embedded in 1/ƒ noise. Two main findings emerged. First, the loci of fixations were not random but were driven by local image features, even in very noisy displays. Second, subjects often searched for a component feature of a target rather that the target itself, even if the target was a simple geometric form. Moreover, the particular relevant component varied from individual to individual. Also, principal component analysis of the noise patches at the point of fixation reveals global image features used by the subject in the search task. In addition to providing insight into the human visual system, these techniques have relevance for machine vision as well. The efficacy of a foveated machine vision system largely depends on its ability to actively select 'visually interesting' regions in its environment. The techniques presented in this paper provide valuable low-level criteria for executing human-like scanpaths in such machine vision systems.
Classification of interferons with antibody to immune interferon

Abstract Mouse immune Interferon, induced by the T-cell mitogen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), was partially purified and used to immunize rabbits. The resulting antiserum neutralized all immune interferon preparations tested, including interferon induced in vitro by SEA, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin P, and pokeweed mitogen, and in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Interferon produced in vivo with specific antigen was also neutralized. The antiserum was equally potent against all these interferon preparations. The serum did not neutralize any virus-type interferon preparation tested, but immune interferon induced by SEA in athymic nude mouse spleen cells was neutralized. The neutralizing activity was precipitable by 33% ammonium sulfate, and was not removed by absorption of the serum with mouse cells. The data suggest that immune interferons produced under diverse conditions are antigenically the same or closely related.
WE‐SAMS‐AUD‐01: 4D Scanning: Imaging/Planning

The purpose of CT simulation in radiotherapy is to acquire patient geometrical information and to build a patient geometrical model for treatment planning. Errors in patient model caused by motion artifacts will influence all treatment fractions and therefore should be handled carefully. Due to the tumor respiratory motion, the captured tumor position and shape can be heavily distorted. The distortions along the axis of motion could result in either a lengthening or shortening of the target. The center of the imaged target can be displaced by as much as the amplitude of the motion. A newly developed technique that can reduce motion artifacts and provide patient geometry throughout the whole breathing cycle is called respiration‐correlated or 4D CT scan. The basic idea for 4D CT scan is that, at every position of interest along patient's long axis, images are over‐sampled and each image is tagged with breathing phase information. After the scan is done, images are sorted based on the corresponding breathing phase signals. Thus, many 3D CT sets are obtained, each corresponding to a particular breathing phase, and together constitutes a 4D CT set that covers that the whole breathing cycle. 4D CT scan has been developed at various institutions with slightly different flavors. In this lecture, we will provide an overview of various implementations of 4D CT scan. 4D CT scan can be used to account for respiratory motion to generate images with less distortion than 3D CT scan. 4D images also contain respiratory motion information of tumor and organs that is not available in a 3D CTimage. This technology can be used for respiratory‐gated treatment to identify the patient‐specific phase of minimum tumor motion, determine residual tumor motion within the gate interval, and compare treatment plans at different phases. It can also be used for non‐gated treatment planning to define ITV by combining gross tumor volume at all breathing phases or using a method called maximum intensity projection. Of course 4D CT will also play a vital role in the futuristic 4D radiotherapy where the tumor is tracked dynamically during the treatment using multi‐leaf collimator. Existing problems for 4D CT scan include the increased imagingdose,CT tube heating, and data management. More importantly, one has to keep in mind that 4D CT scan is not really 4D. Temporal information is mapped into one breathing cycle. Irregular respiration will cause artifacts in 4D CTimages. Patient coaching can improve the regularity of breathing pattern and thus reduce the residual artifacts. However this issue still deserves further studies. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the origin and magnitude of motion artifacts in free breathing helical CT scan. 2. Understand how 4D CT scan works. 3. Understand how 4D CT can be used in radiotherapy. 4. Understand the remaining artifacts in 4D CT scan and possible future improvements.
Modified Pereyra bladder neck suspension after previously failed anti-incontinence surgery. Surgical technique and results with long-term follow-up.

Abstract Fifty-four female patients with persistent or recurrent stress urinary incontinence who underwent between I and 9 previously unsuccessful operative procedures were treated with transvaginal mobilization of the urethra and anterior vaginal wall with subsequent modified Pereyra bladder neck suspension. The important points of this technique are reviewed. With minimum follow-up of twenty-four months, a 94 per cent cure rate was achieved with minimal morbidity in this difficult group of patients.
Studies on the temporal pattern of prostaglandin synthesis in the uterus of the delayed implanting rat with or without implantation inducing stimuli.

The model of delayed implantation produced by injection of progesterone (P4) following hypophysectomy on day 3 of pregnancy, was used to study the temporal relationship between phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and endogenous concentrations and/or in vitro production of prostaglandins (PGs) in the rat uterus during the early phase of implantation. No definitive correlation between the endogenous concentration of uterine PGs and their in vitro production, or PLA2 activity, was found following various treatments. However, an interesting interaction between various treatments and PLA2 activity, as well as PG production, was evident within 0.5 h-4 h. The unaltered PLA2 activity and PG production in the uterus at 0.5 h and 4 h after the last injection of P4 only suggest that PLA2 is probably the limiting step in PG synthesis in the P4 dominated uterus. On the other hand, the depressed uterine PG production at 0.5 h, in the face of unaltered PLA2 activity, in P4-primed rats injected with an optimal dose of estradiol-17 beta (E2: 20 ng/rat, i.v.) suggests a reduction in PG synthetase activity with estrogen. Because PLA2 activity remained unchanged, the stimulation in PGE, and to some extent PGF, production at 0.5 h following superimposition of histamine on the E2 treatment appears to be mediated via stimulation of PG synthetase. The increase in PGE and PGF production at 4 h as compared to 0.5 h following E2 injection was accompanied by increased PLA2 activity. However, PGF production did not exceed that obtained with only P4. Addition of histamine to the P4 and E2 treatment potentiated the stimulation of PG production at 4 h without further elevation in PLA2 activity. A suboptimal dose of E2 (10 ng/rat, i.v.) failed to increase PLA2 activity and PG production, compared to those obtained with 20 ng/rat of E2. However, coadministration of histamine with the low dose of E2 increased PG production to the level found with the optimal dose of E2; this was achieved without a significant change in PLA2 activity. On the other hand, histamine did not reverse the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on E2 stimulation of PLA2 activity and PG production. Taken together these results suggest that histamine induced potentiation of PG production in P4 and E2 treated rats is probably mediated via activation of PG synthetase activity. PLA2 activity was increased significantly at 8 h after the last injection of P4. However, this increase in activity was reflected in increased PGE, but not PGF production.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cooling by resonant Fowler-Nordheim emission

Abstract A new method of electronic refrigeration based on resonant Fowler–Nordheim emission is proposed and analyzed. Calculations show that cooling power of at least 30 W / cm 2 , as well as temperatures down to 10 K, may be achieved using this effect.
Advanced age at diagnosis is an independent predictor of time to death from prostate carcinoma for patients undergoing external beam radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate carcinoma

BACKGROUND Whether age at diagnosis is predictive of time to prostate carcinoma specific death after external beam radiation therapy (RT) for patients who are diagnosed with clinically localized prostate carcinoma during the prostate specific antigen (PSA) era has not been investigated previously. METHODS A multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the ability of pretreatment risk group and age at diagnosis to predict time to all causes of death and time to death from prostate carcinoma for 381 patients who underwent RT for clinically localized prostate carcinoma. RESULTS Age at diagnosis, as a continuous variable (Pcontinuous = 0.04), and risk group (Pcategorical = 0.02) were independent predictors of time to death from prostate carcinoma, whereas only age at diagnosis (Pcontinuous = 0.01) was a predictor of time to all causes of death. When analyzed as a categorical variable, beginning at age 73 years, age at diagnosis was an independent predictor (Pcategorical < 0.04) of time to death from prostate carcinoma. Upon further analysis, this finding was limited to high-risk patients. For example, age ≥ 75 years at diagnosis predicted for a shorter median time to death from prostate carcinoma (6.3 years vs. 9.7 years; P = 0.002) in high-risk patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with clinically localized, high-risk prostate carcinoma who were diagnosed at age ≥ 73 years and were treated with RT had a worse prognosis compared with patients who were diagnosed age < 73 years, raising the possibility that a more aggressive prostate carcinoma biology may develop during andropause. Cancer 2003;97:56–62. © 2003 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.11053
Exercise vasodilation is greater in women: contributions of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase.

Purpose We hypothesized exercise vasodilation would be greater in women due to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX) signaling.
Cross-informant agreement of the Dysregulation Profile of the Child Behavior Checklist

The Dysregulation Profile (DP) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (previously called the CBCL-Juvenile Bipolar Disorder or CBCL-JBD profile) characterized by elevated scores on CBCL attention problems, aggressive behavior, and anxious/depressed scales is associated with severe psychopathology and suicidal behavior. The stability of this profile across informants has not been established. In this study, agreement across parent, teacher, and self-reports was examined for the Dysregulation Profile phenotype derived using latent class analysis of a national probability sample of 2031 children aged 6-18. The Dysregulation Profile latent class was found for each informant and accounted for 6-7% of the sample. There was mild to fair agreement on the Dysregulation Profile latent class between parents and youth (Kappa=0.22-0.25), parents and teachers (Kappa=0.14-0.24) and youth and teachers (Kappa=0.19-0.28). When parents and youth reports both placed children into the Dysregulation Profile latent class, 42% of boys and 67% of girls reported suicidal thoughts or behavior. We conclude that the Dysregulation Profile latent class is identified across informants although agreement of specific individuals is mild. Children in this class as identified by parental and youth reports have a very high risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
Effects of clinical factors on psychosocial variables in renal transplant recipients

Title. Effects of clinical factors on psychosocial variables in renal transplant recipients. Aim. This paper is a report of a study investigating the effects of clinical factors (side effects of immunosuppressive medications, transplant-related hospitalizations, donor type, duration of dialysis before transplantation and time post-transplant) on cognitive appraisal of health, perceived self-efficacy, perceived social support, coping and health-related quality of life after renal transplantation. Background. Some clinical factors such as hospitalizations, side effects of medications, donor type and dialysis, which influence the health-related quality of life of renal transplant recipients, have been investigated. However, the effects of these clinical factors on psychosocial variables after renal transplantation have not been well documented. Method. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, a convenience sample of 160 renal transplant recipients was recruited (N = 55 < 1 year post-transplant; N = 105 1–3 years post-transplant) from May, 2005 to January, 2006. Standardized instruments were used to measure the key constructs. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of clinical factors on the psychosocial outcome measures. Results. Participants reporting more (>17) immunosuppressive medication-associated side effects appraised their health more negatively, used more disengagement coping, had lower degrees of perceived self-efficacy, and reported lower physical and mental health-related quality of life than those with fewer symptoms (≤17). Participants less than 1 year post-transplant used more engagement coping, reported higher degrees of perceived self-efficacy and perceived social support than participants in the later period post-transplant. Conclusion. Interventions aimed at alleviating bothersome medication side effects are needed to help these patients cope with transplantation and improve their health-related quality of life.
Development and validation of assessment measures for a newly developed physical examination simulator.

Objective: Define, extract and evaluate potential performance indicators from computer-generated data collected during simulated clinical female pelvic examinations. Design: Qualitative and quantitative study analyzing computer generated simulator data and written clinical assessments collected from medical students who performed physical examinations on three clinically different pelvic simulators. Setting: Introduction to patient care course at a major United States medical school. Participants: Seventy-three pre-clinical medical students performed 219 simulated pelvic examinations and generated 219 written clinical assessments. Measurements: Cronbach's alpha for the newly defined performance indicators, Pearson's correlation of performance indicators with scored written clinical assessments of simulator findings. Results: Four novel performance indicators were defined: time to perform a complete examination, number of critical areas touched during the exam, the maximum pressure used, and the frequency at which these areas were touched. The reliability coefficients (alpha) were time = 0.7240, critical areas = 0.6329, maximum pressure = 0.7701, and frequency = 0.5011. Of the four indicators, three correlated positively and significantly with the written clinical assessment scores: critical areas, p < 0.01; frequency, p < 0.05; and maximum pressure, p < 0.05. Conclusion: This study demonstrates a novel method of analyzing raw numerical data generated from a newly developed patient simulator; deriving performance indicators from computer generated simulator data; and assessing validity of those indicators by comparing them with written assessment scores. Results show the new assessment measures provide an objective, reliable, and valid method of assessing students' physical examination techniques on the pelvic exam simulator.
Energy-optimal and energy-balanced sorting in a single-hop wireless sensor network

A large number of sensors networked together form selforganizing pervasive systems that provide the basis for implementation of several applications involving distributed, collaborative computations. Energy dissipation is a critical issue for these networks, as their life-time is limited by the battery power of the sensors. In this paper, we focus on design of an energy-balanced, energy-optimal algorithm for sorting in a single-hop sensor network. Energy optimality implies that the overall energy dissipation in the system is minimized. Energy-balancedness ensures that all the sensors spend asymptotically equivalent amount of energy in the system. Uniform energy dissipation is desirable as it enables the network to remain fully functional for the maximum time. We demonstrate that given a single-hop, singlechannel network of n randomly distributed sensors, sorting can be performed in O(n log n) time and energy, with no sensor being awake for more than O(log n) time steps. In a p-channel network, where p ∓ n1-ϵ for 0 < ϵ ∓ 1, sorting can be performed in O(n = p log n) time and O(n log n) energy with no node being awake for more than O(log n) time steps.
Health and Economic Burden of Post-Partum Staphylococcus aureus Breast Abscess

Objectives To determine the health and economic burdens of post-partum Staphylococcus aureus breast abscess. Study design We conducted a matched cohort study (N = 216) in a population of pregnant women (N = 32,770) who delivered at our center during the study period from 10/1/03–9/30/10. Data were extracted from hospital databases, or via chart review if unavailable electronically. We compared cases of S. aureus breast abscess to controls matched by delivery date to compare health services utilization and mean attributable medical costs in 2012 United States dollars using Medicare and hospital-based estimates. We also evaluated whether resource utilization and health care costs differed between cases with methicillin-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus isolates. Results Fifty-four cases of culture-confirmed post-partum S. aureus breast abscess were identified. Breastfeeding cessation (41%), milk fistula (11.1%) and hospital readmission (50%) occurred frequently among case patients. Breast abscess case patients had high rates of health services utilization compared to controls, including high rates of imaging and drainage procedures. The mean attributable cost of post-partum S. aureus breast abscess ranged from $2,340–$4,012, depending on the methods and data sources used. Mean attributable costs were not significantly higher among methicillin-resistant vs. –susceptible S. aureus cases. Conclusions Post-partum S. aureus breast abscess is associated with worse health and economic outcomes for women and their infants, including high rates of breastfeeding cessation. Future study is needed to determine the optimal treatment and prevention of these infections.
A new strategy for representation and control of self-contained power systems

Power systems on naval vessels and airplanes are good examples of self-contained power systems. State of the art LEM modules and voltage sensors provide real time current and voltage data. This paper shows how that information can be used to construct dynamic equivalent impedance representations of the system discretized into key trunk lines. Error analysis indicates that the algorithm performing this representation can be updated in one fifth of a cycle if the signal to noise data ratio is 5% or less. The magnitude of the equivalent impedance is sufficient to determine when fault control on either end of the trunk line is required. These same equivalent impedances can be used to determine the best switch configuration to maximize load power while minimizing transmission loss subject to line load capability. The accuracy of the equivalent impedance approach is assessed for transients with active and passive loads.
Trust as a Construct for Evaluation of Automated Aids: Past and Future Theory and Research

As complex automated aids proliferate in transportation and manufacturing domains, examining human users' trust in such systems gains importance. We review some of the growing literature on trust in automated systems, and outline a program for future studies and theoretical developments. Trust is an intervening variable between automation reliability and use, among other factors. Consistent reliable machine performance can increase trust, and discrete errors can decrease trust. Trust tends to resist change over time. The association between trust and subsequent usage is positive but not clear-cut, and may be mediated by risk and self-confidence. The place of trust in the overall picture of human-automation system performance must be established. The suggested research program accomplishes this by investigating training issues and individual differences, employing new measures, and examining dynamics of trust and usage in automation possessing different reliability in different situations, automation with ...
Variation in tumor doubling time in patients with pulmonary metastatic disease.

Recent experience has shown that the tumor doubling time (TDT) is an easily measurable, uniform, and accurate method for judging the progression of pulmonary metastatic disease in patients. Forty-five patients with multiple pulmonary metastatic foci present had their TDTs measured. In 37, the calculated TDTs for each individual were similar and allowed the patients to be placed in particular groups based on their growth rates. In eight patients, there was particularly wide variation in TDTs such that placement of these patients into a particular category was impossible. Prognosis in these individuals appeared to be determined by the more rapid TDT. Nevertheless, in the majority of instances, calculated TDTs appear to be similar in each patient, and this confirms the accuracy of measurement of TDT in patients with multiple metastatic foci. Reasons for the wide variations in TDTs seen in some patients are suggested.
The Potential of Nanostructured Carbons as High Efficiency, High Temperature Thermoelectric Materials for Power Generation

Thermoelectric materials have functioned superbly in unattended, maintenance free, stressful environments to power spacecraft such as Cassini and Voyager, in the latter case for a period of time exceeding twenty years. However, thermoelectric materials with efficiencies in the range of 30-40% useful for terrestrial power generation applications still remain an elusive goal. Formidable and well recognized challenges are posed by attempts significantly to exceed the 8-12% efficiencies of current state of the art bulk materials. A new approach using nanomaterials may offer solutions to hitherto intractable problems perhaps providing a way at last to convert heat to electricity directly with high efficiency. Due to their low dimensionality nanomaterials can have larger Seebeck coefficients because higher densities of states at the Fermi level can be achieved while at the same time thermal conductivities are minimized by grain boundary scattering. Using this approach, impressive progress has already been made by others with materials based on superlattice and quantum dot structures that have figures of merit, ZT, of about 2.5 compared to about unity for bulk materials. However, thermoelectrics with ZT’s in the range 5-10 are required to meet the above stated goals. The discovery of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) with grain sizes of 3-5 nm places a new class of potentially high performance thermoelectric nanomaterials at one’s disposal. Preliminary measurements of Seebeck coefficient, electrical and thermal conductivities on n-type UNCD films are sufficiently encouraging to have stimulated initiation of a closely coupled experimental and theoretical effort aimed at optimization of the figure of merit. The experimental effort focuses on n and p-type inhomogeneous doping of UNCD grains and grain boundaries during synthesis followed by post-synthesis processing to establish inhomogeneous sp
Collective input/output under memory constraints

Compared with current high-performance computing (HPC) systems, exascale systems are expected to have much less memory per node, which can significantly reduce necessary collective input/output (I/O) performance. In this study, we introduce a memory-conscious collective I/O strategy that takes into account memory capacity and bandwidth constraints. The new strategy restricts aggregation data traffic within disjointed subgroups, coordinates I/O accesses in intranode and internode layers, and determines I/O aggregators at run time considering memory consumption among processes. We have prototyped the design and evaluated it with commonly used benchmarks to verify its potential. The evaluation results demonstrate that this strategy holds promise in mitigating the memory pressure, alleviating the contention for memory bandwidth, and improving the I/O performance for projected extreme-scale systems. Given the importance of supporting increasingly data-intensive workloads and projected memory constraints on increasingly larger scale HPC systems, this new memory-conscious collective I/O can have a significant positive impact on scientific discovery productivity.
Odd and Even Model Self-Assembled Monolayers: Links between Friction and Structure

The friction between an amorphous carbon tip and two n-alkane monolayers has been examined using classical molecular dynamics simulations. The two monolayers have the same packing density, but the chains comprising each monolayer differ in length by one -CH2- unit. The simulations show that the monolayers composed of C13 chains have higher friction than those composed of C14 chains when sliding in the direction of chain cant; the difference in friction becomes more pronounced as the load is increased. Examination of the contact forces between the chains and the tip, along with conformational differences between the two chain types, lends insight into the friction differences.
Exertional Heat-Related Illnesses at the Grand Canyon National Park, 2004–2009

Background The Grand Canyon National Park has approximately 4 million visitors between April and September each year. During this period, outdoor activity such as hiking is potentially hazardous owing to extreme heat, limited shade, and steep, long ascents. Given the high visitation and the public health interest in the effects of extreme heat, this study calculated morbidity rates and described heat-related illness (HRI) among visitors. Methods We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study from April 1 through September 30, during 2004–2009. From a review of Ranger Emergency Medical Services (EMS) incident report files, we extracted information on those that met the case definition of greater than 1 hour of outdoor heat exposure with an HRI assessment or diagnosis, HRI self-report, or signs or symptoms of HRI without another etiology noted. Visitor and temperature data were obtained from respective official sources. Results Grand Canyon EMS responded to 474 nonfatal and 6 fatal HRI cases, with the majority (84%) being US residents, 29% from Western states. Of the nonfatal cases, 51% were women, the median age was 43 years (range, 11–83 years), and 18% reported a cardiovascular condition. Clinical HRI assessments included dehydration (25%), heat exhaustion (23%), and suspected hyponatremia (19%). Almost all (90%) were hiking; 40% required helicopter evacuation. The highest HRI rates were seen in May. Conclusions HRI remains a public health concern at the Grand Canyon. High-risk evacuations and life-threatening conditions were found. Majority were hikers, middle-aged adults, and US residents. These findings support the park's hiker HRI prevention efforts and use of park EMS data to measure HRI.
Technology in education

A theoretically based approach to the design, evaluation, modeling, optimization, and utilization of educational technologies is considered. It is analyzed what an educational technology is, what the main problems of its implementation are, and how to solve these problems. Mathematical theory of technology, developed by the author is taken as a theoretical base for the development of educational technology.
Monitoring Iron Contamination in Silicon by Surface Photovoltage and Correlation to Gate Oxide Integrity

The effects of iron contamination on gate oxide characteristics are examined from an experimental and modeling perspective. Gate oxide integrity is measured for silicon wafers contaminated with 10{sp10} to 10{sp14}cm{sp−3} of iron. Thermal oxides of 8, 10, 13 and 20nm are studied. Iron concentration in silicon is measured non-destructively using Surface Photovoltage (SPV) minority carrier lifetime analysis. The SPV analysis technique is described. Based on the experimental data, allowable threshold iron contamination levels for various gate oxide thicknesses are established. For 10nm oxides, iron concentration cannot exceed 8×10{sp10}cm{sp−3} without severe degradation in oxide quality. The threshold contamination level for 20nm oxides is 200 times higher. Time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) test results indicate detrimental reliability effects can occur at even lower contamination levels.
Model-based optimization of phased arrays for electromagnetic hyperthermia

A summary of recent progress in model-based optimization of phased arrays for electromagnetic hyperthermia is reported. The electromagnetic phased array has the potential to overcome many of the difficulties associated with noninvasive hyperthermia, and is more effective if the driving amplitudes and phases of the array are carefully selected. A computationally efficient method for the optimization of the steady-state temperature distribution, a major driver of therapeutic response, has been developed. By employing a dual set of superposition principles, the technique minimizes the number of computationally expensive forward problems that must be solved in the course of an optimization. Additionally, a scheme that employs emerging noninvasive tomographic temperature estimation techniques, such as magnetic resonance thermometry, to perform optimization of a phased array has been developed and demonstrated experimentally. Conclusions about the potential value of each of the developed techniques are reached and directions for further research are indicated.
Liquid Dissimilation in Bavarian German

The present study investigates the instability of adjacent liquids in a variety of Southern Bavarian German. The focus is a synchronic process converting /r/ to [d] before or after /l/—a process argued to involve a dissimilation of the phonological feature [liquid], which itself is triggered by a specific OCP constraint, *[liquid][liquid]. In addition to providing evidence for the feature [liquid], the present article also supports a model of segment structure in which the traditional feature [sonorant] is replaced with the privative node [Sonorant Voice] (SV). The Bavarian dialect also displays a number of OCP-motivated constraints that ban other sequences of identical manner features, namely, [continuant], [nasal], [strident].*
Harm and Resilience among Prostituted Teens: Broadening our Understanding of Victimisation and Survival

Based on qualitative research completed in the United States on pathways into and out of commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC), this article focuses on themes of harm, resilience and survival-focused coping by prostituted teens and makes recommendations for policy and practice. The research on which it is based takes a life-course perspective on pathways into and out of CSEC. Analyses of the narratives of homeless, runaway and sexually victimised (prostituted and trafficked) teens suggest the need for a more nuanced understanding of both harm and survival that has important implications for practice and policy communities responding to human trafficking within and across borders.
The Human COX10 Gene is Disrupted During Homologous Recombination Between the 24 kb Proximal and Distal CMT1A-REPs

The CMT1A-REPs are two large directly repeating DNA sequences located on chromosome 17p11.2-p12 flanking the region duplicated in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and deleted in patients with hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP). We have sequenced two cosmids, c74F4 and c15H12, which contain the entire proximal and distal CMT1A-REPs and determined that these repeats are approximately 99% identical across a 24,011 bp region. In addition, both contain an exon of the human heme A:farnesyltransferase gene (COX10). Hybridization studies revealed that COX10 spans the distal CMT1A-REP, while the proximal CMT1A-REP contains an isolated COX10 'pseudo-exon'. There is also a COX10 hybridization signal on chromosome 10 which appears to represent a processed pseudogene. We propose that the distal CMT1A-REP represents the progenitor copy of COX10 exon VI which was duplicated with surrounding intronic sequences during mammalian genome evolution and that the HNPP deletion results in a COX10 null allele.
Discovery of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Bcl-2 through Structure-Based Computer Screening

Bcl-2 belongs to a growing family of proteins which regulates programmed cell death (apoptosis). Overexpression of Bcl-2 has been observed in 70% of breast cancer, 30−60% of prostate cancer, 80% of B-cell lymphomas, 90% of colorectal adenocarcinomas, and many other forms of cancer. Thereby, Bcl-2 is an attractive new anti-cancer target. Herein, we describe the discovery of novel classes of small-molecule inhibitors targeted at the BH3 binding pocket in Bcl-2. The three-dimensional (3D) structure of Bcl-2 has been modeled on the basis of a high-resolution NMR solution structure of Bcl-XL, which shares a high sequence homology with Bcl-2. A structure-based computer screening approach has been employed to search the National Cancer Institute 3D database of 206 876 organic compounds to identify potential Bcl-2 small-molecule inhibitors that bind to the BH3 binding site of Bcl-2. These potential Bcl-2 small-molecule inhibitors were first tested in an in vitro binding assay for their potency in inhibition of th...
Methods for neutral-current neutrino detection in the Sudbury neutrino observatory

Abstract The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory will permit a comparison of the rate of neutral-current neutrino interactions to charged-current interactions, which is a test of neutrino mixing and mass. The neutral-current process can be measured by: a) comparison of the rate for electron elastic scattering to the pure charged-current rate on deuterium, b) neutron capture on Cl ions added to the heavy water, and, c) neutron capture in an array of 3 He-filled proportional counters. The design and construction of suitable proportional counters are described.
Evidence of microvascular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Objective While vascular dysfunction is well defined in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), disease-related alterations in the peripheral vasculature of patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are not well characterised. Thus, we sought to test the hypothesis that patients with HFpEF would demonstrate reduced vascular function, at the conduit artery and microvascular levels, compared with controls. Methods We examined conduit artery function via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and microvascular function via reactive hyperaemia (RH) following 5 min of ischaemia in 24 patients with Class II–IV HFpEF and 24 healthy controls matched for age, sex and brachial artery diameter. Results FMD was reduced in patients with HFpEF compared with controls (HFpEF: 3.1±0.7%; Controls: 5.1±0.5%, p=0.03). However, shear rate at time of peak brachial artery dilation was lower in patients with HFpEF compared with controls (HFpEF: 42 070±4018/s; Controls: 69 018±9509/s, p=0.01), and when brachial artery FMD was normalised for the shear stimulus, cumulative area-under-the-curve (AUC) at peak dilation, the between-group differences were eliminated (HFpEF: 0.11±0.03%/AUC; Controls: 0.09±0.01%/AUC, p=0.58). RH, assessed as AUC, was lower in patients with HFpEF (HFpEF: 454±35 mL; Controls: 660±63 mL, p Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that maladaptations at the microvascular level contribute to the pathophysiology of HFpEF, while conduit artery vascular function is not diminished beyond that which occurs with healthy aging.
24. Contemporary Outcomes For Autogenous Infrainguinal Bypass In the Endovascular Era

Objective: To report our initial experience of using intraoperative C-arm Cone beam CT (DynaCT ) image fusion guidance along with steerable robotic endovascular catheter navigation to facilitate visceral vessel cannulation procedures. Methods: Between October 2012 and August 2014, 11 patients underwent endovascular procedures using DynaCT image fusion technique along with HansenMagellan vascular robotic catheter. All patients had pre-operative contrast enhanced multi-slice CT imaging (MSCT). For case planning, relevant landmarks and centerlines were electronically marked and stored. At the beginning of each procedure, a non-contrast DynaCT was acquired in the hybrid operating room equipped with a flat-panel robotic C-arm angiographic system. Pre-operative images were co-registered to intra-operative DynaCT images using bony structures. Stored landmarks were overlaid on 2D fluoroscopic images as virtual markers. Vascular access and the robotic catheter were setup and performed per standard. Vessel cannulation was attempted based on virtual markers using robotic catheter. The impact of these virtual markers from image fusion on vessel cannulation was evaluated retrospectively. Results: All 14 vessels were cannulated successfully in 11 patients’ attempted using image fusion guidance. Median vessel diameter at origin was 5.1 mm (2.3 to 13mm), while 10/14 vessels had either calcified/stenosed origin from parent vessel, accounting for the range of vessel diameters. 8/14 vessels (57.1%) were cannulated without any contrast injection. Median number of angiograms required before cannulation was 0 (0 2). On qualitative assessment, 11/12 vessels (91.7%) had grade1⁄41 accuracy (guide-wire inside virtual ostial marker). 11/11 vessels had grade1⁄41 accuracy (virtual centerlines that matched with the actual vessel trajectory during cannulation). Conclusion: Our initial experience with using DynaCT image fusion guidance along with steerable endovascular robotic navigation indicates that such strategies enhance intra-operative 2D fluoroscopy and could play a role in reducing contrast agent use therebymaximizing the versatility of endovascular robotic technology.
The Role of Coulomb Interactions in TTF-TCNQ

In this article we demonstrate that Coulomb interactions play a major role in the solid state properties of TTF-TCNQ. We start by considering a model of non-interacting electrons and then examine the new features caused by adding the strong Coulomb repulsion between these electrons. These new features include: (1) The appearance of a new optical excitation whose energy is a measure of the strength of the effective Coulomb interaction; (2) An enhancement in the magnitude of the magnetic susceptibility and effects on the NMR relaxation rate; (3) The decoupling of spin and translational degrees of freedom and hence the appearance of spin waves; and (4) The doubling of the characteristic wavevector of the charge excitations, from 2k F o to “4k F o ”.
Modernity and meaning in Victorian London: tourist views of the imperial capital

Joseph De Sapio's first book, like the city it examines, is full of potential fascinating destinations. Examining the modalities of mid-to-late nineteenth-century tourism originating in multiple si...
Learning to be a Real Engineer: Service Learning Engagement and STEM Education in Space Grant Programs

The Indiana Space Grant Consortium (INSGC) is one of 52 consortia funded by the NASA Office of Education to create a network of cooperative and interdisciplinary programs to promote science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education. Although the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program ("Space Grant") is primarily a higher education effort, there are many opportunities to link college and university students to K-12 outreach and education programs. In recent years, INSGC has developed a strong commitment to STEM service learning and the support of engagement projects linking university and K-12 STEM activities. Service learning is a process of undergraduate education that encourages and supports university student activities in partnership with non-profit and charitable organizations. Led by the Purdue Space Day, Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS), and FIRST Robotics programs, INSGC has a portfolio of projects where university students' primary service learning customers are K-12 students in formal and informal learning settings. Space Day programs provide daylong informal learning opportunities to over 500 students in grades 3-8 each year; FIRST Robotics students help support and organize Fall Lego League and Spring Robotics competitions that touch thousands of student team members, teachers, and others from grades 6-12. A suite of EPICS projects have included development of a Mars Rover model highlighted at the Indiana State Fair, and continue with plans for an architectural landscape model of the solar system. Assessments of university student participants in these service learning efforts have shown increased commitment and involvement in both STEM outreach and their own professional engineering paths.
Droplet digital PCR quantifies host inflammatory transcripts in feces reliably and reproducibly

The gut is the most extensive, interactive, and complex interface between the human host and the environment and therefore a critical site of immunological activity. Non-invasive methods to assess the host response in this organ are currently lacking. Feces are the available analyte which have been in proximity to the gut tissue. We applied a method of concentrating host transcripts from fecal specimens using a existing bead-based affinity separation method for nucleic acids and quantified transcripts using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to determine the copy numbers of a variety of key transcripts in the gut immune system. ddPCR compartmentalizes the reaction in a small aqueous droplet suspended in oil, and counts droplets as either fluorescent or non-fluorescent. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used to normalize transcript concentration. This method was applied to 799 fecal samples from rural Malawian children, and over 20,000 transcript concentrations were quantified. Host mRNA was detected in >99% samples, a threshold for target detection was established at an average expression of 0.02 copies target/GAPDH, above which correlation coefficient between duplicate measurements is >0.95. Quantities of transcript detected using ddPCR were greater than standard qPCR. Fecal sample preservation at the time of collection did not require immediate freezing or the addition of buffers or enzymes. Measurements of transcripts encoding immunoactive proteins correlated with a measure of gut inflammation in the study children, thereby substantiating their relevance. This method allows investigators to interrogate gene expression in the gut.
Male Annihilation of the Oriental Fruit Fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae): A New Thickener and Extender for Methyl Eugenol Formulations

In a series of field tests, Min-U-Gel 400 was significantly superior to the thixotrope, Thixcin E, as a thickening agent for male annihilation formulations of methyl eugenol against the oriental fruit fly. Methyl eugenol with Min-U-Gel 400 proved to be easier to formulate and apply in spot application programs in California.
Potential for Reducing Nutrient Loads from the Dairy Industry in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

A number of tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay have a large number of dairy herds. Most of the dairy production is in the Susquehanna River, Shenandoah River and Potomac River tributaries. Typical manure handling methods in the watershed today are daily spread, solid manure handling with bedding and storage, scrape and storage in a tank or basin and a lagoon and flush system. New manure management technology needs to be adopted by the dairy industry to meet the new tributary strategies. Solids separation has the potential for reducing nutrients. The separated solids can be composted and be used for bedding or sold. Solids separation has the potential to remove 30% to 50% of the N and P from the manure stream. Anaerobic digestion has promise for large dairy farms in the future. Studies have shown with 800 or more cows make anaerobic digestion economically feasible. Composting is an established on farm manure practice that could be used by small or large farms. There is a need to implement it on a wide basis in the watershed. Sequencing batch reactors and integrated manure systems also have the potential for reducing nutrients and have been tested on a number of farms. Manipulating N and P in feed has the potential for reducing nutrient excretion. Using multiple strategies to improve nutrient utilization, N and P feeding could be reduced by 30 to 40%.
Dynamics and Molecular Mechanisms of Ventricular Fibrillation in Structurally Normal Hearts

Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most severe cardiac rhythm disturbance and one of the most important immediate causes of sudden cardiac death. In the structurally normal heart, a small number of stable reentrant sources, perhaps 1 or 2, underlie the mechanism of VF, and the stabilization of the sources, their frequency, and the complexity of the turbulent waves they generate depend on the expression, spatial distribution, and intermolecular interactions of the 2 most important ion channels that control cardiac excitability: the inward rectifier potassium channel, Kir2.1, and the alpha subunit of the main cardiac sodium channel, NaV1.5.
Effect of a Mammalian Δ-9 Desaturase on Specific Lipids in Transgenic Plant Tissues

The properties of fats and oils are determined by the fatty acid composition, which in turn affects nutritional quality and oxidative stability. Because of their influence on food quality and significance in biological processes, there is interest in the alteration of fatty acid desaturation in plants.