cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization effects in the scattering of light from a randomly rough grating

We calculate the resonant scattering of p-polarized light incident on a randomly rough grating ruled on a medium characterized by a dielectric constant \ensuremath{\epsilon}(\ensuremath{\omega})=${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega})+i${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$(\ensuremath{\omega}), where ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega})-1 and \ensuremath{\Vert}${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\Vert}\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\Vert}${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{1}$(\ensuremath{\omega})\ensuremath{\Vert}. Particular emphasis is placed on determining the contribution to the scattering that arises from the localization of surface polaritons due to the surface roughness. This localization is found to contribute a maximum to the angular dependence of the intensity of the nonspecularly reflected light in the antispecular direction.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of analyte transport in a fiber-optic, protein C immuno-biosensor.

Protein C (PC) is an important anticoagulant in human blood plasma, and early diagnosis of PC deficiency is critical for preventing dangerous thromboembolic complications. A fiber-optic PC immuno-biosensor has been under development in our research group for real-time PC-deficiency diagnosis. The sensor has demonstrated a good sensitivity and specificity for quantifying PC in buffered solutions. However, for plasma samples, with a limited sample reaction time, the sensor produced only 30% of the signal intensity of PC in buffer. The high plasma viscosity (1.9 cP) was speculated as the major reason for signal intensity reduction. In this investigation, the sensing performance of the fiber-optic PC biosensor is systematically characterized in terms of physical and chemical properties of the sample media. Theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that the reduced diffusion rate of PC molecules in viscous samples caused the sensing system to be more mass-transfer-limited. Convective flow of sample/reagent solutions during immunoreactions can increase the rate of the analyte mass transport from the bulk solution to the sensor surface, with reaction kinetics changing from mass-transfer-limited to reaction-limited as flow velocity increases. It was shown that PC sensor performance was significantly improved for plasma samples with convection. The effect of the flow velocity and incubation times for samples and reagents on the sensor performance was also systematically analyzed to optimize the assay protocol for PC sensing. Currently, a 6-cm-long immuno-biosensor is capable of quantifying PC in plasma (1 mL) in the heterozygous PC deficiency range (0.5 to 2.5 μg/mL) within 5 minutes, at an average signal-to-noise ratio of 50. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The requirement of ovalbumin for the growth of group A hemolytic Streptococcus in a synthetic medium.

Crystalline ovalbumin, when heated under controlled conditions, promoted growth of Streptococcus hemolyticus in a synthetic medium. A similar activation of albumin also was produced by ultraviolet irradiation or by shaking under nitrogen. Untreated albumin failed to permit growth under the same conditions. The activity of treated albumin was destroyed by aeration or by reaction with iodoacetate. The data suggest that the activity of ovalbumin for the streptococcus depends on the presence of "exposed" SH groups. However, other sulfhydryl-containing compounds (thioglycolate, glutathione, cysteine) could not replace ovalbumin. A number of crude and crystalline proteins, and di- and tripeptides were inactive. Strepogenin and crystalline bovine serum albumin produced a weak growth response on extended incubation. Approximately 50 per cent of the original protein in the culture disappeared during growth. Ovalbumin labelled with C14 was added to the synthetic medium. After growth of the culture the isotope was found associated with the cells and in the culture fluid in both dialyzable and non-dialyzable forms. Under the conditions described, luxuriant growth of 15 strains (10 serological types) of Group A streptococci was obtained in 10 hours from small inocula. The growth was capable of repeated subcultivation.
The effect of ATP concentration on the rate of actin polymerization

It was found that the rate of polymerization of G-actin increased with the decrease of ATP concentration. When excess ATP was replaced by chloride through anion-exchange treatment, the extent of actin polymerization did not change provided that the ionic strength was raised immediately after the treatment. In the meantime, the rate of actin polymerization was greatly enhanced after the removal of excess ATP. The rate enhancement was much less when both excess Ca2+ and excess ATP were removed. G-actin with excess ATP replaced by chloride had larger light scattering and showed a “catalytic” effect on the polymerization of normal G-actin. The inhibition of actin polymerization by cytochalasin B in 100 mm KCl was much more obvious for G-actin with excess ATP removed than for normal G-actin. It is suggested that the reduction of excess ATP concentration in a G-actin solution increases the binding of weak-affinity Ca2+ and promotes the formation of oligomeric actin (actin nuclei).
A kinetic study of the oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide by dinitrogen tetroxide

Abstract The oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide by dinitrogen tetroxide has been investigated spectrophotometrically. The reaction was found to follow the rate equation: rate =k[ N 2 O 4 ] 1 2 [RR'S] . A mechanism is proposed for the oxidation reaction, which involved dissociation of dinitrogen tetroxide into nitrogen dioxide radicals, which function as the oxidizing species. The sulfoxide subsequently formed then reacts with dinitrogen tetroxide to give a 1:1 molecular addition compound. Activation parameters have been calculated. The arrhenius energy of activation of the oxidation step was found to be 1·65 kcal mol−1. The enthalpy and entropy of activation were calculated to be 1·07 kcal mol−1 NO2 and −69·5 e.u., respectively.
The extracellular space of the lens.

The extracellular space of rat, rabbit and calf lenses has been estimated in vitro using radioactive non-metabolized carbohydrates and 24Na as test substances. The size of the extracellular space ranges from 4 to 13% of the lens water, depending on the test substance used. In addition, the extracellular space of the lens in situ was estimated from chemical determination of the sodium content of aqueous humor and of the lens. This sodium space, presumably the maximal size of the extracellular space, is from 10 to 13% of the lens water, depending upon the animal studied. The sucrose space of the rat lens was found in vivo to be about 5%.
A feeling for science: Female students and biology texts

Synopsis While the inclusion of more women in science will not in itself transform science, it may make the environment more supportive of anti-sexist and anti-racist approaches to science. This article discusses the issue of helping female students see science as enjoyable and desirable, with a specific focus on the role of science textbooks. Eight secondary biology texts were examined for their visual representations of scientists, which were divided into the categories of science-related careers, scientists at work, and specific contributions of scientists. In addition to examining these images in terms of gender equity and racial diversity, I attempted to evaluate their potential effectiveness at arousing student interest in science. An effort has clearly been made in texts to represent scientists who were not all white males, but work also needs to be done in identifying and recognizing the specific contributions of women.
A model for coupling fire and insect outbreak in forests

Predictive models of insect outbreak exist for some processes for few species, but an additional and rarely explored complication is the potential interaction between insect outbreak and wildfire disturbances in forests. The association between insect and fire dynamics is complex, particularly when evaluated over time and at large scale, and no consensus exists in the published literature about its consequences. Thus, more insights on the issue would be useful to scientists, resource managers, and the public when making decisions on, to name a few, firefighting, operations and treatments to reduce wildfire/insect impacts. In this article we propose mathematical models incorporating the effect of insect outbreaks either as a single disturbance in the forest population dynamics or coupled with wildfire disturbances. For the beetle-tree system model analytical and numerical characterization of its temporal dynamics shows that the system exhibits the well known beetle-tree interaction described by the dual equilibrium theory. For the extended model that includes fire, numerical simulations demonstrate the potential for existence of positive feedback between wildfire and insect outbreak disturbances in certain region of fire strength. This result agrees with one of the current theories in the field.
Invariant chiral differential operators and the W3 algebra

Abstract Attached to a vector space V is a vertex algebra S ( V ) known as the β γ -system or algebra of chiral differential operators on V . It is analogous to the Weyl algebra D ( V ) , and is related to D ( V ) via the Zhu functor. If G is a connected Lie group with Lie algebra g , and V is a linear G -representation, there is an action of the corresponding affine algebra on S ( V ) . The invariant space S ( V ) g [ t ] is a commutant subalgebra of S ( V ) , and plays the role of the classical invariant ring D ( V ) G . When G is an abelian Lie group acting diagonally on V , we find a finite set of generators for S ( V ) g [ t ] , and show that S ( V ) g [ t ] is a simple vertex algebra and a member of a Howe pair. The Zamolodchikov W 3 algebra with c = − 2 plays a fundamental role in the structure of S ( V ) g [ t ] .
Long-term bridge to transplantation with the Symbion acute ventricular assist device system

A 48-year-old man was supported for 164 days with Symbion biventricular assist devices. During that time, his cytotoxic antibody screen fell from 97% positivity to less than 10%, enabling cardiac transplantation. Complications during the implantation included a 3-minute episode of amaurosis fugax, one positive blood culture, and anemia, which responded to decreased frequency of blood drawing. He is now alive 7 months after transplantation.
On the existence of positive diagonal P such that PA + A^{T}P l 0

Given a real square matrix A we address the question: Does there exist a positive diagonal matrix P such that PA + A^{T}P is negative definite? We present an algorithm which when applied to A gives a definite yes or no answer to this question. If the answer is yes, the algorithm will provide one such P .
How to Choose a Possessive Noun Phrase Construction in Four Easy Steps

Why does an English speaker use an inflected possessive like 'The president's daughter" rather than a prepositional possessive like "The daughter of the president?" This question has intrigued linguists for decades. Traditional grammarians (see Curme 1947) defined and classified the relationships coded by each of the possessive forms. Transformational grammarians (see Jacobson 1968) wrote rules to transform deep structure of constructions into surface structure inflected noun phrases. Most recently, researchers (Quirk 1972, Hawkins 1981) have proposed that the use of the inflected construction is related to the position of the modifier NP on an animacy hierarchy. What all these attempts at explaining the inflected/ prepositional variation in English possessives have in common is their use of intuited data: that is, subjective judgements about whether a particular noun phrase taken out of context is grammatical, ungrammatical or "questionable". This paper attempts to answer the question initially posed in this paragraph through an appeal to actual spoken and written English by means of a database of possessive noun phrases. It concludes that four basic criteria are involved in the choice of one possessive construction over another. One of these is animacy, but a more important factor, not heretofore considered for modern English, is the information status of the two constituent NPs.
Prevalence and risk factors for colonic perforation during colonoscopy in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients

Abstract Background Colonic perforation is a rare complication associated with colonoscopy. There are no population-based studies on the risk of colonic perforation in IBD inpatients. Aim We sought to determine the prevalence of colonic perforation during colonoscopy among IBD inpatients, and to assess its risk factors. Materials and methods We obtained patient data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and used the International Classification of Diseases, the 9th revision, clinical modification codes, to identify IBD patients who had undergone colonoscopy in 2006. The control group consisted of inpatients who had colonoscopy without IBD. Results Colonic perforation occurred in 344/33,732 (1%) IBD hospitalizations and in 3658/578,458 (0.6%) controls without IBD (P=0.0001). The risk of colonic perforation in the IBD group was significantly higher than the control group even after adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities and endoscopic interventions including endoscopic dilations and colonoscopic polypectomy, with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.40, 2.38). In addition, older age (aOR=1.01, 95% CI: 1.006–1.015), female gender (aOR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.38), and therapeutic endoscopic dilation (aOR=6.63; 95% CI: 3.95, 11.11) were independent risk factors for perforation. Colonoscopic biopsy, polypectomy and the presence of comorbidities did not increase the risk of perforation. Conclusions There appears to be a higher risk of colonoscopy-associated perforation in IBD inpatients than non-IBD controls. In addition, older age, female patients and endoscopic dilations appeared to be associated with an increased risk for perforation.
Thickness periodicity in the auger line shape from epitaxial (111)Cu films

Abstract The 61 eV MMM Cu Auger line doublet was recorded in the derivative mode as a function of thickness for epitaxial (111)Cu films approximately 1500 A thick. The overlap of the doublet lines makes it possible to define a measure of the doublet profile called the “ R -factor” as a ratio of the peak-to-peak heights of the small overlap oscillation to that of the major oscillation. To within the experimental error, it was found that the R -factor varies with a periodicity of approximately one monoatomic layer as the film thickens. Since these films grow by a layer growth mechanism, the surface topography varies periodically with the number of monolayers deposited, going from a smooth to a rough to a smooth, etc. surface. It is believed that the occurrence of such a periodicity implies that there is a difference in the electronic structure at the surface of the flat areas of the film from that at the edges of monolayer high, flat islands. The amplitude of the oscillation in R is interpreted to be a measure of the relative amounts of edge area compared to flat area. These results show that it is possible to use Auger electron spectroscopy to monitor surface topography and the electronic structure changes that accompany the topographical changes occurring when epitaxial films grow by a layer growth mechanism.
Asymptotically valid single-stage multiple-comparison procedures

Abstract We establish general conditions for the asymptotic validity of single-stage multiple-comparison procedures (MCPs) under the following general framework. There is a finite number of independent alternatives to compare, where each alternative can represent, e.g., a population, treatment, system or stochastic process. Associated with each alternative is an unknown parameter to be estimated, and the goal is to compare the alternatives in terms of the parameters. We establish the MCPs’ asymptotic validity, which occurs as the sample size of each alternative grows large, under two assumptions. First, for each alternative, the estimator of its parameter satisfies a central limit theorem (CLT). Second, we have a consistent estimator of the variance parameter appearing in the CLT. Our framework encompasses comparing means (or other moments) of independent (not necessarily normal) populations, functions of means, quantiles, steady-state means of stochastic processes, and optimal solutions of stochastic approximation by the Kiefer–Wolfowitz algorithm. The MCPs we consider are multiple comparisons with the best, all pairwise comparisons, all contrasts, and all linear combinations, and they allow for unknown and unequal variance parameters and unequal sample sizes across alternatives.
Can we analyze big data inside a DBMS

Relational DBMSs remain the main data management technology, despite the big data analytics and no-SQL waves. On the other hand, for data analytics in a broad sense, there are plenty of non-DBMS tools including statistical languages, matrix packages, generic data mining programs and large-scale parallel systems, being the main technology for big data analytics. Such large-scale systems are mostly based on the Hadoop distributed file system and MapReduce. Thus it would seem a DBMS is not a good technology to analyze big data, going beyond SQL queries, acting just as a reliable and fast data repository. In this survey, we argue that is not the case, explaining important research that has enabled analytics on large databases inside a DBMS. However, we also argue DBMSs cannot compete with parallel systems like MapReduce to analyze web-scale text data. Therefore, each technology will keep influencing each other. We conclude with a proposal of long-term research issues, considering the "big data analytics" trend.
Crystal Structure of Dehydrated CsZSM-5 (5.8Al): Evidence for Nonrandom Aluminum Distribution†

The crystal structure of dehydrated Cs5.8Al5.8Si90.2O192 has been determined by Rietveld refinement of synchrotron powder diffraction data. The structure was refined in the Pnma space group to Rwp = 2.52% and R(F2) = 5.32%. Cs ions were found with partial occupancy in three different positions. One of these, Cs1, is in the channel intersection, near the sinusoidal channel 10-ring system and adjacent to a four-membered ring. The second, Cs2, is in the straight channel 10-ring. The third, Cs3, is 3.18 A from the Cs1 and also in the sinusoidal channel 10-ring area. The total Cs occupancy is 5.32(3) Cs ions, which compares well with the Cs unit cell content of 5.8 calculated from the chemical analysis. Modeling of the effect of aluminum siting on the position of Cs+ ions in the zeolite channel indicates that the Cs+ ion has its closest interaction with an oxygen atom attached to the aluminum atom for Al substitution at each of the 12 ZSM-5 T-sites. From this result we conclude that Cs+ ion positioning provide...
Toxicity of Zectran Aerosol to the California Oakworm, a Primary Parasite, and a Hyperparasite

Zectran® (4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl methylcarbamate), was tested in aerosol form against the 5 larval stages of Phryganidia californica Packard, the adult of a primary parasite of the oakworm, Itoplectis behrensii (Cresson), and the adult of a hyperparasite, Dibrachys cavus (Walker). The descending order of tolerance at LD50 was: 5th-, 4th-, 3rd-, 2nd-, and 1st-stage oakworm, I. behrensii, and D. cavus.
The catalytic power of uracil DNA glycosylase in the opening of thymine base pairs.

Uracil DNA glycosylase (UNG) locates uracil and its structural congener thymine in the context of duplex DNA using a base flipping mechanism. NMR imino proton exchange measurements were performed on free and UNG-bound DNA duplexes in which a single thymine (T) was paired with a series of adenine analogues (X) capable of forming one, two, or three hydrogen bonds. The base pair opening equilibrium for the free DNA increased 55-fold as the number of hydrogen bonds decreased, but the opening rate constants were nearly the same in the absence and presence of UNG. In contrast, UNG was found to slow the base pair closing rate constants (kcl) compared to each free duplex by a factor of 3- to 23-fold. These findings indicate that regardless of the inherent thermodynamic stability of the TX pair, UNG does not alter the spontaneous opening rate. Instead, the enzyme holds the spontaneously expelled thymine (or uracil) in a transient extrahelical sieving site where it may partition forward into the enzyme active site ...
Radiation from Stellar Collapse to a Black Hole

Calculating the radiation from stellar collapse to a black hole requires a relativistic treatment of the gravitational field, hydrodynamical flow, and radiative transport. We adopt a model for a collapsing star in general relativity that is sufficiently simple that we can focus on the radiative transport and treat it essentially without approximation. The matter and gravitational field are described by the Oppenheimer-Snyder solution for the collapse of a spherical, homogeneous dust ball. Transport is calculated numerically by solving the radiation moment equations in conjunction with the complete angle-dependent Boltzmann equation for the intensity. The intensity can describe photons, neutrinos, or any other form of radiation. Thermal emission and absorption as well as coherent isotropic scattering sources are included. All opacities are chosen to be constant and gray.We present analytic solutions to our transport equations in both optically thick and transparent regimes and compare them to our numerical results. We also use our model to evaluate simplifications like the diffusion approximation in a relativistic setting. Our simple treatment can be used to explore a wide variety of stellar parameters and to test more sophisticated relativistic collapse codes containing radiation transport. For any given choice of parameters, our model can determine the comoving radiation field in a collapsing star in a few minutes on a typical workstation.
dsoa: The implementation of a dynamic system optimization algorithm

This paper describes the ANSI C/C++ computer program dsoa, which implements an algorithm for the approximate solution of dynamics system optimization problems. The algorithm is a direct method that can be applied to the optimization of dynamic systems described by index-1 differential-algebraic equations (DAEs). The types of problems considered include optimal control problems and parameter identification problems. The numerical techniques are employed to transform the dynamic system optimization problem into a parameter optimization problem by: (i) parameterizing the control input as piecewise constant on a fixed mesh, and (ii) approximating the DAEs using a linearly implicit Runge-Kutta method. The resultant nonlinear programming (NLP) problem is solved via a sequential quadratic programming technique. The program dsoa is evaluated using 83 nontrivial optimal control problems that have appeared in the literature. Here we compare the performance of the algorithm using two different NLP problem solvers, and two techniques for computing the derivatives of the functions that define the problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Squeezed-state generation by the normal modes of a coupled system.

A new regime for the generation of squeezed states of the electromagnetic field is described for a collection of atoms within a high-finesse cavity. The process responsible for squeezing is a coupling-induced splitting in the normal-mode structure of the atom-field system. A theoretical analysis is presented that predicts large degrees of squeezing for modest operating conditions. An experimental investigation of this regime has produced noise reductions of 30% relative to the vacuum noise level.
Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of organic conductors

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of a series of single crystals of organic conductors revea; topographical and electronic structure of specific crystal planes, these planes exhibiting molecularly flat large areas. For example, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of the (001) face of the organic conductors (TMTSF) 2 X (TMTSF = tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene; X = ClO 4 −, ReO 4 −) reveal significant differences in the local density of states associated with the transverse band structure in these two compounds. STM studies of the (001) and (010) faces of [( η -C 5 Me 5 ) 2 Ru( η 6 , η 6 −[2 2 ](1,4)cyclophane)] 2 +[TCNQ] 4 2− reveal tunneling current corrugation attributed to tunneling into the conduction band of a antiferromagnetic 2k F charge density wave (CDW) structure. The CDWs also exhibit antiphase modulation at a /2 with respect to adjacent stacks, consistent with appreciable interstack Coulomb interactions and contributions from the magnetic 4k F structure.
Vascular anatomy of anterolateral thigh flap.

Objectives: To understand the vascular anatomy of the anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap. To anatomically determine whether including a 2-cm cuff of vastus lateralis muscle (VLM) incorporates musculocutaneous perforators in the harvest of the ALT free flap. Study Design: Anatomic study on human cadavers. Methods: Twenty-seven cadaver thighs were dissected. Musculocutaneous perforators from the vascular pedicle of the ALT free flap were identified. The distance from the anterior border of the VLM to the point where perforators entered the muscle was measured. Results: An average of four musculocutaneous perforators to the ALT free flap were identified per thigh. The distance from the anterior border of the VLM to the point where perforators entered the muscle ranged from 0.1 to 7 cm, with the mean distance being 1.80 cm. Sixty-four percent of perforators entered the VLM within 2 cm of the muscle's anterior border. At least one perforator entered the VLM within 2 cm of the muscle's anterior border per thigh. Conclusions: Most musculocutaneous perforators to the ALT free flap enter the VLM within 2 cm of the muscle's anterior border, thus providing for an anatomic basis for including a 2 cm cuff of VLM when harvesting the ALT free flap. By including a 2 cm cuff of VLM, tedious dissection of individual musculocutaneous perforators is unnecessary, thereby increasing the ease of dissection and expediting the harvest of the ALT free flap.
New Directions in the Medical Management of Heart Failure

Like the introduction of digitalis more than 200 years ago, novel medical therapies today have the potential to significantly alter the course of heart failure (HF) and save thousands of lives. This review outlines new directions in HF medical management beyond the foundation of neurohormonal blockade. Furthermore, the role of novel risk factors in HF such as chronic renal insufficiency, anemia, and sleep apnea present tantalizing therapeutic targets to extend the morbidity and mortality benefits of current therapies. The course of time will tell which of these risk factors and therapies can hold promise, given the recent litany of negative trials in the HF arena. Advancements in molecular and genetic techniques have allowed us to begin to consider patient specific therapies and lay the groundwork for even further improvements in treatment of symptomatic HF. Finally, advances in telemedicine and device technology will allow the clinician to remotely monitor useful clinical parameters such as heart rate variability and pulmonary filling pressures to make more informed clinical decision-making and improve outcomes.
SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL IN CHINA: GUANXI, LEGITIMACY, AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

Previous research suggests that guanxi "costs" are significantly higher for private Chinese enterprises versus all other enterprise types, i.e., state, township and village (TVE), domestic and foreign enterprises. Also, consistent with its cultural context, guanxi is considered to be equally important in business as it is in life for all types of Chinese enterprises. Herein, the discussion is extended to describe the concept of guanxi as a means of garnering social capital in order to maintain legitimacy. Furthermore, some practical means are suggested for entrepreneurs and small business owners to build a necessary foundation for survival.
The complexity of the Lin-Kernighan heuristic for the traveling salesman problem

It is shown that finding a local optimum solution with respect to the Lin–Kernighan heuristic for the traveling salesman problem is PLS-complete, and thus as hard as any local search problem.
The failure of import substitution: Reality and myth

(1994). The failure of import substitution: Reality and myth. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 297-309.
Microbial biomass and productivity in the western Bransfield Strait, Antarctica during the 1986–87 austral summer

Abstract Studies from December 1986 to March 1987 show that waters of Gerlache Strait and the southwestern Bransfield Strait support a rich seasonal bloom of micro-organisms, consisting primarily of phytoplankton. Chlorophyll a concentrations achieved maximum values (>20 mg Chl a m −3 ) in December, began to decline in January and exhibited a rapid decrease in February and March to concentrations ≤0.3 mg Chl a m −3 . The mean cell size of the planktonic assemblage did change, however, from a predominately microplankton (≥20 μm) crop in December to one dominated by nanoplankton (≤20 μm) later in the season. Total microbial biomass as estimated by measurement of ATP, however, increased between December and January, followed by a rapid decline in February and March. However, the putative microheterotrophs, bacteria, showed no significant increases either during or immediately following the December to January bloom of phytoplankton, in apparent contrast to studies reported from temperature waters. Bacterial cell numbers did not vary systematically during the 4-month period observation and thus appeared to be “uncoupled” from phytoplankton dynamics. Rates of assimilation tritiated organic compounds (glutamate, thymidine, adenine) paralleled the total microbial biomass estimates. All available data (e.g. patterns and rates of organic matter assimilation, Chl/ATP ratios, Chl a concentrations and bacterial cell numbers) suggest that much of the measured heterotrophic activity may be due to the activity of phytoplankton cells. The nature of the microbial food web during the seasonal bloom in Antarctic coastal waters is believed to be a complex function of temperature, photobiological effects related to seasonal deepening of the upper mixed layer, grazing and nutrient regeneration/replenishment. Together these processes determine the composition and total biomass of the microbial assemblage that affects other ecological properties such as the magnitude of new production and the rate of particle flux to deeper waters.
The Gülen Hizmet Movement in Turkey: An Islamic Movement to Reduce Violence and Promote Tolerance Through Education and Intercultural Dialogue

This research reported herein is based on an exploratory study of Turkey’s Gulen hizmet movement, a social movement whose participants are dedicated to the advancement of scientific and moral education, plus intercultural and interfaith dialogue leading to increased mutual understanding and respectful tolerance. The movement is grounded in the universalistic teachings and charismatic leadership of Islamic scholar Fethulah Gulen. Specific projects to pursue movement goals include the establishment and support of private schools (and related institutions) throughout Turkey and in other countries, sponsorship and organization of trips to Turkey for guests invited from other countries, and various other social service and civic projects (including, for example, hospitals, a television station, a newspaper, and numerous local charitable activities serving the poor). Focused interviews were conducted with a sample of businessmen who help fund movement projects and with Gulen hizmet school teachers and administrators in southeastern Turkey to obtain information regarding the organizational patterns and underlying motivations of movement participants. The results suggest an informal and decentralized network structure in which participants are motivated primarily by their religious beliefs. They also believe that Gulen schools help deter young people from violence and terrorism, and that tangible commitment to intercultural dialogue as exhibited by participants has the potential to increase tolerance among people of different cultural and religious backgrounds. These results are crucial for helping to overcome negative stereotypes of Muslims that are widespread in American society.
Depth Profiling of Peptide Films with TOF-SIMS and a C60 Probe

A buckminsterfullerene ion source is employed to characterize peptide-doped trehalose thin films. The experiments are designed to utilize the unique sputtering properties of cluster ion beams for molecular depth profiling. The results show that trehalose films with high uniformity can be prepared on Si by a spin-coating technique. Bombardment of the film with C60+ results in high quality time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry spectra, even during ion doses of up to 3 × 1014 ions/cm2. This result is in contrast to atomic bombardment experiments in which the dose of incident ions must be kept below 1012 ions/cm2 so as to retain mass spectral information. Moreover, since the films are of uniform thickness, it is possible to depth-profile through the film and into the Si substrate. This experimental protocol allows the yield of trehalose molecular equivalents and the degree of interface mixing to be evaluated in detail. When doped with a variety of small peptides up to a molecular weight of m/z 500, w...
Synthesis and Profiling of a Diverse Collection of Azetidine-Based Scaffolds for the Development of CNS-Focused Lead-like Libraries

The synthesis and diversification of a densely functionalized azetidine ring system to gain access to a wide variety of fused, bridged, and spirocyclic ring systems is described. The in vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of representative library members are measured in order to evaluate the use of these scaffolds for the generation of lead-like molecules to be used in targeting the central nervous system. The solid-phase synthesis of a 1976-membered library of spirocyclic azetidines is also described.
Islamic Revivalism and State Failure in Kyrgyzstan

Many are quick to see Islamic revivalism as a threat, but close examination suggests that the turn to Muslim institutions can be a way of coping with an increasingly ineffective central state. The author uses survey data from Kyrgyzstan to assess competing theories of Islamic revivalism from Rashid, Cohen, Chaudet, Huntington, Kepel, and Khalid.
Ethnomedical treatment of children's diarrheal illness in the highlands of Equador

In rural communities in the Ecuadorian Highlands, gastrointestinal disease is the leading cause of death. This paper proposes a model of the world view that specifies the factors that condition illness or health and a traditional taxonomy that relies on certain criteria to categorize three classes of diarrhea. These determine whether ethnomedical or medical treatment will be used to 'cure' a child. The three illness classes: diarrhea produced by supernatural forces, by humoral imbalances, and by 'infection' differ etiologically. The ambient air and its temperatures, the constitution, humoral state and overt personality characteristics (character) of the individual, and the predelictions of the evil spirits that seek to sap their vital essence all figure in the origins of illness. The model of the world view is related to a folk taxonomy, which, it is asserted, provides a charter for families' responses to child illness, that more often than not, are appropriate under the economic conditions they suffer.
Inventive Activity in Futures Markets: A Case Study of the Development of the First Interest Rate Futures Market

The GNMA Futures contract that began trading in 1975, and the one that trades today, retains much of the character of an agricultural commodity futures contract. That is, it carefully balances the diverse interests of cash and futures market participants and the diverse interests of potential longs and shorts. Alternatively stated, the key considerations in designing this contract were a desire to obtain active participation of floor traders along with the desire to encourage use by the trade. Participation by these parties ensures liquidity, helps to provide an inexpensive hedging vehicle, and guarantees convergence between cash and futures prices. This paper traces the development of the GNMA Futures contract from first draft to
Congenital dislocation of the hip in infancy

Summary 1. We believe there is no dislocation of the hip at birth except in the presence of complications. There is, instead, a delay in bony acetabular formation. 2. A plea is made that pediatrists consider the early recognition of this condition as their problem. 3. The relative frequency of its occurrence is emphasized. 4. The signs on which the diagnosis should be suspected are reviewed and explained anatomically. 5. A new apparatus for abduction therapy is described.
SDF-1/CXCL12 Enhances Survival and Chemotaxis of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells and Production of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

Understanding embryonic stem cell (ESC) regulation is important for realizing how best to control their growth and differentiation ex vivo for potential therapeutic benefit. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its receptor, CXCR4, have been implicated as important regulators of a number of fetal and adult cell functions, including survival/antiapoptosis and migration/homing of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. We hypothesized that the SDF-1/CXCL12-CXCR4 axis would also be important for regulation of murine ESC functions. ESCs secreted low levels of SDF-1/CXCL12 and expressed low levels of CXCR4; however, both increased with differentiation of ESCs. Endogenously produced/released SDF-1/CXCL12 enhanced survival/antiapoptosis of ESCs in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor but absence of serum, and survival/antiapoptosis was further enhanced by exogenous administration of SDF-1/CXCL12. Furthermore, SDF-1/CXCL12 induced chemotaxis of ESCs, and chemotaxis could be enhanced by diprotin A inhibition of CD26/dipeptidylpeptidase IV. Endogenous and exogenous SDF-1/CXCL12 enhanced embryoid body production of primitive and definitive erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage, and multipotential progenitors. SDF-1/CXCL12 did not noticeably affect production of hemangioblasts. These results demonstrate functional activities of SDF-1/CXCL12 on survival, chemotaxis, and hematopoietic differentiation of murine ESCs that may be relevant for their ex vivo manipulation.
Three new melampolide sesquiterpenes, polymatin A, B and C, from Polymnia maculata Cav. var. maculata

Abstract Three new melampolide type sesquiterpene lactones were isolated from Polymnia maculata Cav. var. maculata . Their structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical means. Based on the presently available chemical data, the chemotaxonomic position of Polymnia within the subtribe is discussed.
Alternative methods for ray propagation in absorptive media

The determination of a set of Hamilton equations for ray tracing in absorbing media is still an open problem. Recently Suchy proposed another alternative, based on the Connor-Felsen criterion of real propagation vectors. It is shown here that the same criterion can be applied in a different form, leading to yet another alternative. The present method, similarly to a previous one, preserves the analytic properties of the complex ray tracing formalism, and adds to it an appropriate constraint.
Spatial convolution and correlation of optical fields via degenerate four-wave mixing

A nonlinear optical technique is described that performs, essentially instantaneously, the functions of spatial correlation and convolution of spatially encoded waves. These real-time operations are accomplished by mixing spatially dependent optical fields in the Fourier-transform plane of a lens system. The use of a degenerate four-wave mixing scheme eliminates (in the Fresnel approximation) phase-matching restrictions and (optical) frequency-scaling factors. Spatial bandwidth-gain considerations and numerical examples, as well as applications to nonlinear microscopy, are presented.
The Appropriation Paradox: Benefits and Burdens of Appropriating Collaboration Technologies

We report on a preliminary study of information-sharing practices within software teams. We identified behavioral and technological misalignments in the sharing of information between individuals. Individuals appropriate different collaboration technologies to mitigate these misalignments. We also discovered that appropriation at the individual level makes it difficult to share information at the team level. We refer to this as the paradox of appropriation. Theoretical and design implications drawn from our findings will be discussed.
A novel cryptographic key exchange scheme using resistors

Recently, a secure key exchange technique was developed, in which both communicators (Alice and Bob) randomly select between two known resistors. By measuring the resulting thermal noise on a shared wire, they can each determine the resistor chosen by their counterpart, while the eavesdropper (Eve) cannot determine this. By repeating this transaction, they can create a common secure key, one bit a time. Although theoretically elegant, this approach is difficult to realize in practice. In this paper, we present a practical realization of a secure key exchange technique, intended for use over the Ethernet. Our approach is inspired by the above scheme with significant differences. In our approach, Alice and Bob utilize programmable resistors and exchange their resistance values securely. Our technique has been implemented in a hardware FPGA based platform, and was found to be able to exchange 4 secure bits per transaction over a 100ft CAT5 cable.
Superconducting Surface Sheath of a Semi-Infinite Half-Space and its Instability due to Fluctuations

The surface sheath of a semi-infinite half-space for applied magnetic fields ${H}_{0}\ensuremath{\ge}{H}_{c2}$ and Ginzburg-Landau $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ values \ensuremath{\ge}0.707 was investigated with regard to its current-carrying capacity and stability. It is found that infinitesimally three-dimensional fluctuations of the order parameter and the vector potential make the surface sheath unstable and the total stable transport current zero.
Synthesis and characterization of indium thiolates: structures of [Ph4P][In(SBut)4·CH3OH and [Ph4P][In(SCH2CH2S)2]

Abstract Reaction of InCl3 with four equivalents of KSBut in the presence of Ph4PCl gave the monomeric complex [Ph4P][In(SBut)4·CH3OH (1) which crystallized from methanol as colourless hexagonal shaped crystals. Reaction of InCl3 with NaSCH2CH2SNa and Ph4PBr gave [Ph4P][In(SCH2CH2S)2] (2), which readily crystallized from CH3CN as colourless crystals. Both 1 and 2 were shown by X-ray structures to have tetrahedral coordination of indium.
Regulation of collagen degradation in the rat myocardium after infarction

Fibrillar collagens, essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the myocardium, are degraded by matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1). In other tissues collagenolysis is an important component of wound healing. Here we examined collagen degradation in the myocardium after infarction. Collagenase activity, measured by zymography, and expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) mRNA, detected by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization, in the rat heart 6 h to 28 days after left coronary artery ligation were studied. Sham-operated rats served as controls. Infarcted left ventricle was compared to non-infarcted right ventricle and interventricular septum and to sham-operated tissues. We found a transient increase in collagenase activity in the infarcted left ventricle, which began at day 2 (4.5-fold increase compared to controls), peaked at day seven (6.5-fold increase) and declined thereafter, together with a concomitant increase and contribution in collagenolytic activity of gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). An increase in collagenase mRNA was not seen until day 7 and only in the infarcted ventricle, while changes in MMP-1 activity or mRNA expression were not observed at remote sites or in sham-operated controls. Transcription of TIMP mRNA was observed at 6 h (two-fold increase) in the infarcted ventricle, peaked on day two after MI (eight-fold increase) and slowly decreased thereafter. No change in TIMP mRNA expression was observed at remote sites or in sham-operated controls. Cells responsible for transcription of MMP-1 and TIMP mRNA were fibroblast-like cells, not inflammatory or endothelial cells. At the site of infarction post-translational activation of latent collagenase (MMP-1) plays a greater role in the wound healing response than transcription of collagenase mRNA. Collagenase mRNA is synthesized when the latent extracellular pool of MMP-1 is reduced through the activation of latent collagenases and gelatinases. TIMP mRNA synthesis is regulated by the activation of MMPs with the balance between collagenase activation and TIMP inhibition determining the amount of collagenolysis in infarcted tissue.
Disarmament and Non-Nuclear Stability in Tomorrow's World

DOI: 10.5564/mjia.v0i14.29 Mongolian Journal of International Affairs No.14 2007 pp.96-101
Evil in the sands of time: Theology and identity politics among the Zoroastrian Parsis

T the great texts of the great traditions are in some sense unchanging, but as Milton Singet pointed out, the anthropologist's task is to “find fot these ideas a local habitation and leain how they operate in the lives of ordinary people” (1972, 39). What I wish to present here are the changing meanings of texts that are thought to form the core of the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism and the story of how their interpretations have altered as the South Asian community of Parsi Zoroastrian interpreters has changed. Much about this story echoes the experience of other South Asian communities: as the Btitish rose to dominance and their missionaries strove to teach Parsis that theirs was an inferior, weaker faith, Parsis began to represent their religion as similar to that of the Protestant Christians, even while steadfastly refusing (for the most part) to convett.
Analysis of the effects of end connection quality on the dielectric loss of metallized film capacitors

Plasma sprayed metal end connections of metallized film capacitors are the weak link for pulse power applications which involve discharge times of tens of microseconds and less. This problem will only get worse with increased capacitor energy density. The present contribution quantifies the relationship between the "quality" of the end connection and dielectric loss of the capacitor winding. The analysis suggests that even for very poor end connections, the effect on dielectric loss of the total capacitor is relatively small. This makes a low stress production test for end connection quality problematic since such tests can only show the total capacitor dissipation factor resulting from various factors.
Traffic model for USA long-distance optical network

Voice, transaction data, and Internet traffic models are developed and used to estimate the traffic demand and growth between major US cities. Shortest path routing is used to estimate the capacity required on individual links, as well as traffic granularity and the fraction of traffic dropped at each city.