cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The morphogen Sonic hedgehog is an indirect angiogenic agent upregulating two families of angiogenic growth factors

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a prototypical morphogen known to regulate epithelial/mesenchymal interactions during embryonic development. We found that the hedgehog-signaling pathway is present in adult cardiovascular tissues and can be activated in vivo. Shh was able to induce robust angiogenesis, characterized by distinct large-diameter vessels. Shh also augmented blood-flow recovery and limb salvage following operatively induced hind-limb ischemia in aged mice. In vitro, Shh had no effect on endothelial-cell migration or proliferation; instead, it induced expression of two families of angiogenic cytokines, including all three vascular endothelial growth factor-1 isoforms and angiopoietins-1 and -2 from interstitial mesenchymal cells. These findings reveal a novel role for Shh as an indirect angiogenic factor regulating expression of multiple angiogenic cytokines and indicate that Shh might have potential therapeutic use for ischemic disorders.
Shape variability in topminnows (Fundulus notatus species complex) along the river continuum

We examined intra- and interspecific variability in shape of three topminnow species (Funduluidae: Fundulus notatus, F. olivaceus, and F. euryzonus) across ten drainages. Within each drainage, five or more adult male topminnows were digitized at multiple sites (83 total sites) along the river continuum representing a range of stream sizes (cumulative drainage area) and hydrological conditions. Nine of the ten drainages contained two Fundulus species that were longitudinally separated along the river continuum with narrow areas of coexistence. Upstream–downstream distribution patterns were variable by drainage, allowing us to examine patterns repeated across ecologically similar species. More variability in shape was explained by drainage (19.7%) than by species (7.4%) differences. Populations of F. notatus from headwaters (three drainages) converged on a deep-bodied form similar to F. olivaceus which was typically sampled in headwaters. Fundulus notatus shape was more closely related to stream size than in the other two species. Headwater populations of F. notatus and F. olivaceus had fineness ratios near the hydrodynamic optima of 4.5 whereas downstream populations of F. notatus had shallower bodies. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 103, 612–621.
Uma indústria em ascensão

O recente desempenho do mercado de venture capital no Brasil mostra que essa industria esta ressurgindo gracas a iniciativas tomadas pelo governo, pelas agencias de fomento e tambem pelas empresas. O artigo apresenta e discute o modo como essas iniciativas podem definir o futuro desse mercado no pais e adverte que, apesar de os primeiros frutos ja estarem aparecendo, ainda ha um longo caminho rumo a maturidade do setor.
Bringing social justice back in: Cuba revitalises sustainable development.

Through its policies and actions in sustainable agriculture and renewable energy technology, and socially just development, Cuba continues to revitalise the meaning of sustainable development and has earned international acclaim for its efforts toward a more sustainable society.
Multi site polyadenylation and transcriptional response to stress of a vacuolar type H+-ATPase subunit A gene in Arabidopsis thaliana

Vacuolar type H+-ATPases play a critical role in the maintenance of vacuolar homeostasis in plant cells. V-ATPases are also involved in plants' defense against environmental stress. This research examined the expression and regulation of the catalytic subunit of the vacuolar type H+-ATPase in Arabidopsis thaliana and the effect of environmental stress on multiple transcripts generated by this gene. Evidence suggests that subunit A of the vacuolar type H+-ATPase is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome blot analysis showed no indication of a second subunit A gene being present. The single gene identified was shown by whole RNA blot analysis to be transcribed in all organs of the plant. Subunit A was shown by sequencing the 3' end of multiple cDNA clones to exhibit multi site polyadenylation. Four different poly (A) tail attachment sites were revealed. Experiments were performed to determine the response of transcript levels for subunit A to environmental stress. A PCR based strategy was devised to amplify the four different transcripts from the subunit A gene. Amplification of cDNA generated from seedlings exposed to cold, salt stress, and etiolation showed that transcript levels for subunit A of the vacuolar type H+-ATPase in Arabidopsis were responsive to stress conditions. Cold and salt stress resulted in a 2–4 fold increase in all four subunit A transcripts evaluated. Etiolation resulted in a slight increase in transcript levels. All four transcripts appeared to behave identically with respect to stress conditions tested with no significant differential regulation.
Genetic Expression in Heterozygous Replicative Form Molecules of φX174

Heterozygous replicative form molecules of bacteriophage {varphi}X174 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been constructed in vitro. These are composed of viral strands extracted from purified preparations of phage bearing ts mutations and complementary strands of either half length or full length synthesized with purified DNA polymerase, in vitro, on DNA from am3 phage. In infections with such heterozygous DNA, involving mutations in each of four different cistrons, phage with the genotype of the complementary strand comprised 1 to 20% of the total phage produced by a spheroplast population. From single-burst analysis of the progeny from DNA heterozygous in one cistron (B), it appears that those phage with the genotype of the complementary strand arise as major components in a small proportion of the infected cells rather than comprising a minor component in most cells. The implications of such a pattern of expression are discussed with respect to mechanisms of phage DNA synthesis.
Inclusion and Kindergartners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: Comparing Teaching Strategies with Recommended Guidelines

Abstract This study examined the efforts of 3 experienced teachers (one special education & 2 kindergarten) over the course of a year as they implemented an inclusive kindergarten program that involved children who are deaf and hard of hearing. A mixed methodological design involving naturalistic inquiry and qualitative data was employed. Data sources included teacher reports and nonparticipant classroom observations. Analysis was performed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Further, a context evaluation comparison was applied to obtained data for the purpose of examining practices reported and used by the teachers against standards and guidelines recommended by professional organizations. Seventy-three teacher responsibility statements were drawn from 2 sets of professional guidelines. These statements were compared to the obtained data, revealing that the 2 kindergarten teachers addressed 51% of the statements while the special education teacher addressed 71%. Implications for designing...
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition in glaucoma: Hazard or benefit for the chronic lunger?

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, of proven value in the longterm management of glaucoma, have a number of troublesome side effects, most of which are well-known. However, their potential hazards to patients with chronic obstructive lung disease have received little attention. The author reviews the physiological effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition on carbon dioxide metabolism and the implications for the chronic lung patient. The untoward pulmonary complications associated with the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are of particular importance to ophthalmologists, since chronic lung disease and glaucoma, both common disorders in the elderly, frequently coexist in the same patient.
Tissue-level signaling and control of uterine contractility: the action potential-calcium wave hypothesis.

This article describes the action potential—calcium wave hypothesis of uterine contractility. Two known mechanisms of intercellular tissue-level signaling are merged into a single hypothesis of organ-level signaling. This hypothesis provides a framework with which to link cellular physiology with organ function. The two mechanisms of tissue-level signaling considered are action potential propagation and intercellular calcium waves. A great body of literature exists regarding the electrical excitability of smooth muscle and myometrium. Despite this knowledge, it does not seem possible to reconcile the familiar uterine contraction profile with known paraneters of cellular physiology unless a second mechanism of intercellular communication is postulated. Intercellular calcium waves fit the requirements needed for the second mechanism: slow speed, ability to raise interacellular free calcium, and ability to signal over hundreds of micrometers. The premise of the action potential—calcium wave hypothesis is that action potentials propagate rapidly throughout the uterus, initiating intercellular calcium waves. As the intercellular calcium waves propagate slowly through the bundles, myocytes are recruited to participate in the contraction. This article reviews and summarizes the literature on calcium waves in human myometrium and presents evidence to support the combination of these mechanisms. Extension of the hypothesis suggests that the functional unit of the laboring human uterus is the smooth-muscle bundle, and that the frequency and strength of uterine contractions are separate but linked physiologic characteristic of labor.
Studies on the kinetics of peptidyl transfer RNA translocase from rat liver.

Abstract An assay has been developed which allows examination of a single translocation step per ribosome, in which endogenous peptidyl-tRNA is transferred from the aminoacyl to the peptidyl position on ribosomes, in the absence of polypeptide chain elongation. Translocation events are reflected by the amount of radioactive aminoacyl-tRNA which can be bound to ribosomes in which translocation has created a newly available site for aminoacyl-tRNA. Reaction between the endogenous translocated peptidyl-tRNA and the bound aminoacyl-tRNA, catalyzed by ribosome-associated peptidyl tranferase, converts the radioactive aminoacyl group into a protein-bonded form which can be analyzed as the hot-acid-insoluble fraction. Translocation is strictly dependent on transferase II, GTP, and a sulfhydryl compound. The β-γ methylene analogue of GTP and GDP are competitive inhibitors of GTP in translocation. The translocation reaction exhibits characteristics consistent with those of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction with respect to the translocase enzyme (transferase II), substrate (ribosomal peptidyl-tRNA), and GTP. A single translocase catalyzes translocation on several ribosomes, suggesting that the interaction between ribosomes and translocase is a reversible process and that active translocase dissociates from the complex on formation of the product.
Dynamic Assessment and the Legacy of L.S. Vygotsky

This article discusses the relevance of Vygotsky's ideas to the development of the dynamic assessment model. The article first describes the dynamic approach to assessment, outlining its definitive...
Recent advances in optical MEMS devices and systems

We have developed novel optical micro-electro-mechanical systems, (MEMS) and nano-electro-mechanical, (NEMS) optical components for applications including imaging, switching, and optical integrated circuits. This paper provides an overview of current optical MEMS/NEMS research projects in our integrated photonics laboratory at UCLA. Three optical MEMS/NEMS devices: a large, 1 mm diameter, scanning micromirror for imaging applications, an analog micromirror array for network switching applications, and a nanoscale photonic crystal switch for integrated photonic circuit applications will be described.
Angiotensin II Differentially Regulates Interleukin-1-β-inducible NO Synthase (iNOS) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Expression ROLE OF p38 MAPK

Angiotensin II is implicated in pathophysiological processes associated with vascular injury and repair, which include regulating the expression of numerous NF-κB-dependent genes. The present study examined the effect of angiotensin II on interleukin-1β-induced NF-κB activation and the subsequent expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Neither NF-κB activation nor iNOS or VCAM-1 expression was induced in cells treated with angiotensin II alone. However, when added together with interleukin-1β, angiotensin II, through activation of the AT1 receptor, inhibited iNOS expression and enhanced VCAM-1 expression induced by the cytokine. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin II on iNOS expression was associated with a down-regulation of the sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NF-κB by interleukin-1β, whereas the effect on VCAM-1 was independent of ERK activation. The effect of angiotensin II on iNOS was abolished by inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with SB203580, but not by inhibition of PI3 kinase with wortmannin or stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) with JNK inhibitor II. Thus, angiotensin II, by a mechanism that requires the participation of p38 MAPK, differentially regulates the expression of NF-κB-dependent genes in response to interleukin-1β stimulation by controlling the duration of activation of ERK and NF-κB.
Substitution of an invariant nucleotide at the base of the highly conserved ‘530–loop’ of 15S rRNA causes suppression of yeast mitochondrial ochre mutations

We have determined the nucleotide sequence alteration in the 15S rRNA gene of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain carrying the previously described mitochondrial ochre suppressor, MSUI. The suppressor contains an A residue at position 633 of the yeast mitochondrial sequence, in place of the wild-type G. This position, located in the highly conserved region forming the stem of the '530-loop', corresponds to G517 of the Escherichia coli 16S rRNA and is occupied by G in all other known small rRNA sequences. This finding strongly supports the previous conclusions of others that the 530-loop region plays an important role in enhancing translational accuracy.
Galactic cosmic ray‐produced 129Xe and 131Xe excesses in troilites of the Cape York iron meteorite

The flux of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in the solar system appears to change with time. Based on the abundances in iron meteorites of cosmogenic nuclides of different half lives, Lavielle et al. (1999) found that the GCR flux increased in recent times (<100 Ma) by about 38% compared to average flux in the past 150 Ma to 700 Ma ago. A promising technique for calibrating the GCR flux during the past ~50 Ma, based on the 129I and 129Xe pair of nuclides, was discussed earlier (Marti 1986; Murty and Marti 1987). The 129I-129Xen chronometer provides a shielding-independent system as long as the exposure geometry remained fixed. It is especially suitable for large iron meteorites (Te-rich troilite) because of the effects by the GCR secondary neutron component. Although GCR-produced Xe components were identified in troilites, several issues require clarifications and improvements; some are reported here. We developed a procedure for achieving small Xe extraction blanks which are required to measure indigenous Xe in troilites. The 129Xe and 131Xe excesses (129Xen, 131Xen) due to neutron reactions in Te are correlated in a stepwise release run during the troilite decomposition. Our data show that indigenous Xe in troilite of Cape York has isotopic abundances consistent with ordinary chondritic Xe (OC-Xe), in contrast to a terrestrial signature which was reported earlier. Two methods are discussed which assess and correct for an interfering radiogenic 129Xer component from extinct 129I. The corrected 129Xen concentration in troilite D4 of Cape York yields a cosmic ray exposure (CRE) age of 82 ± 7 Ma consistent, within uncertainties, with reported data (Murty and Marti 1987; Marti et al. 2004).
Stable carbon isotopic evidence for sources of particulate organic carbon found in sea foam

Particulate organic carbon found in sea foam and water samples from North Inlet, South Carolina, were examined for their δ13C isotopic composition. Sea foam particulate organic carbon (POC) δ13C values ranged from −20.4 to −24.6‰ (mean=−22.3‰) and water POC δ13C values ranged from −21.0 to −28.5‰ (mean= −24.4‰). Temporal trends in sea foam and water POC indicate that δ13C values for both POC components are depleted in the colder months and enriched in the warmer months. Measurement of δ13C from potential sources for organic matter found in sea foam, combined with data on macroalgae productivity and phytoplankton biomass, indicates that macroalgae are the principal source of POC for sea foam in the colder months. In the warmer months, phytoplankton appear to be more important contributors. The observed water POC δ13C values were always depleted relative to foam POC δ13C values. This isotopic difference may result from chemical segregation during sea foam formation or may reflect DOC δ13C values from terrestrial origins.
Large Mesoscale Convection and Sea Breeze Circulation. Part I: Linear Stability Analysis

Abstract The interactions between the sea breeze circulation and trapeze instability are investigated using a set of linearized equations. The results show that mesoscale waves associated with trapeze instability can be easily triggered by the sea breeze circulation and can propagate far inland, but no mesoscale waves are observed over the ocean. The wavelength is a few hundred kilometers. The period of the waves, which depends on the Coriolis parameter, eddy viscosity and the strength of land-sea contrast, can be either one day or two days, or a combination of one and two days. The waves obtained here are similar to the cloud bands observed in West Africa and South America.
Nucleotide Structural Polymorphisms Formed by GGGGCC Repeats Cause C9orf72 Abortive Transcription and Nucleolar Stress

A hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE), GGGGCC, in the C9orf72 gene is the most common genetic cause of the neurodegenerative diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The pathogenic mechanisms related to the repeat expansion are unknown. Here we identify a novel mechanism that leads to impaired transcription and ribonucleoprotein recognition in C9orf72 HRE carriers. The HRE impedes transcription and generates abortive RNA transcripts, which are aggravated by the formation of G-quadruplexes and RNA:DNA hybrids, R-loops. The accumulated RNA of the C9orf72 HRE binds to specific proteins in an HRE-conformation-dependent manner. One such protein nucleolin, which preferentially recognizes the G-quadruplexes on the RNA of the C9orf72 HRE, significantly mislocalizes in patient cells including induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived motor neurons, which suggests increased nucleolar stress. These findings provide a pathogenic mechanism for the C9orf72 HRE, including loss of transcriptional products and gain of RNA toxic properties. We propose that the unique nucleic acid structural motifs observed on the C9orf72 HRE are the fundamental cause of the age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Use of stream sediment elemental enrichment factors in geochemical exploration for carbonatite and uranium, Arkansas, U.S.A.

Three hundred and thirty-five stream sediment samples (<75×10−3 mm diameter) from 3275 km2 in central Arkansas, U.S.A. were utilized to evaluate geochemistry as an exploration method for carbonatite and U in this geologically diverse area. Approximately one-half of the area is located in the Ouachita Mountains and the other half is located in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Alkalic igneous intrusions are located in both regions; however, shale, sandstone, novaculite and unconsolidated sediments are the major lithologies. The areas was divided into four geochemical regions based on similarities in geology and geochemistry. Neutron activation analysis was used to analyze for rare earth elements (REE), Ti, F, U, and 17 other elements. A REE+Ti+ F map based on an enrichment index and a U concentration map delineate two anomalous areas. One of these anomalous areas is near the Magnet Cove intrusion which contains carbonatite, and the other is near lignite deposits that contain U and unusually high concentrations of REE. R-mode cluster analysis indicates that these two areas are distinctly different geochemical environments. Less anomalous samples are associated with syenite intrusions and shale. Anomalous samples associated with the carbonatite are enriched in light REE relative to anomalies associated with syenite intrusions and are enriched in light REE and Ti compared to anomalies associated with sedimentary rocks and lignite.
Family violence: A microeconomic approach

A model of violence between adult family members is developed by integrating material from the sociological theories of family violence and social exchange, and the economic theories of crime and the family. Based on this model a decrease in the dictator's internal sanctions against violence would be expected to increase the amount of time allocated to violence by the dictator. Further, if the level of fines and other monetary costs imposed by external agencies (e.g., the courts) as a result of the family violence do not vary with the level of violence, then the model indicates that an increase in such monetary sanctions will cause a reduction in the amount of time the dictator allocates to violence. If both the dictator and victim are risk neutral, an increase in the probability of external intervention will decrease the time allocated to violence. In addition, it is found that increases in the opportunities available to the victim outside the marriage will tend to improve the well-being of the victim in the marriage even if it has no effect on the time allocated to violence by the dictator. The model also provides insights for empirical work in family violence such as (1) suggestions of relevant independent variables, (2) the specification of a functional form for estimation, and (3) the specification of an error structure for the empirical model.
Determination of unit cell

The ability to obtain diffraction patterns with a large angular view has significantly enhanced the ease and potential of electron diffraction studies in the determination of unit cells and identification of submicron phases. Convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) provides a two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional reciprocal lattice and can be utilized to reconstruct the unit cell dimensions. In particular, the spacing of the reciprocal lattice layers parallel to the electron beam and the location and distribution of the reflections in the first and higher order Laue zones with respect to the zero layer provide information which cannot be obtained from the zero layer pattern alone. This additional information permits the identification of crystal structures of phases under investigation with previously established ones or the determination of a new structure, if previously unknown. The article describes the principles of the analysis and illustrates the application of the methods with examples from commercial material systems.
Experimental Evaluation of Attachment Methods for a Multifinger Haptic Device

Due to the nature of touch sensation, the interface between a user and a haptic device must be carefully designed and selected such that the user feels they are directly manipulating a virtual object. This is particularly critical for attachment of fingertips to a multi fingered device. We experimentally tested eight methods of attachment for a multifinger haptic device (MFHD) previously developed in our lab. From the test we gathered objective and subjective data on force and user preference. Based on this data we were able to evaluate the quality of the attachment methods
The possible role of acetate in exercise hyperemia in dog skeletal muscle

The possible role of acetate in the genesis of exercise hyperemia was studied in five series of dogs. Intraarterial infusion of an isomotic solution of sodium acetate at 0.76 ml/min in the dog forelimb decreased the resistance to flow through skeletal muscle by 48%, primarily by decreasing resistance to flow through small vessels. Skin lymph flow and lymph protein concentration were unaffected. The hindlimb of the conscious dog took up acetate at rest (A-V difference, _58.3±19.6 nmoles/ml) and put out acetate during treadmill exercise (A-V difference, −105.6±20.12 nmoles/ml); femoral venous blood acetate concentration increased by 145 nmoles/ml (control 195 nmoles/ml). In the gracilis muscle of the anesthetized dog, simulated exercise at 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 Hz increased acetate tissue content (72, 248 and 442 nmoles/g, respectively), output (18,899, and 1,830 nmoles/100 g/min, respectively) and venous cencentration (82, 49 and 39 nmoles/ml, respectively) and changes in tissue acetate content correlated with changes in vascular resistancer=0.75,P<0.001. Intraarterial infusion of an isosmotic solution of sodium acetate in the quiescent gracilis muscle perfused at constant flow produced a significant (6%) decrease in resistance when arterial blood acetate was increased by a calculated 96 nmoles/ml. These studies suggest that acetate might be included among those metabolites that contribute to exercise hyperemia.
Effect of lipid screening on preventive care decisions of nonparticipants

Abstract Blood donors with suspected hyperlipidemia were identified by means of a screening test. These individuals were advised to seek confirmation and treatment through the program's free clinic or from their usual source of medical care. A mail questionnaire survey was undertaken to determine the response to notification of those electing not to be evaluated at the program's clinic. A substantial proportion sought confirmatory testing elsewhere and, of those treated, most reported favorable results. Thus cost-benefit analyses of programs of screening and treatment should include benefits from preventive health care instituted by extramural sources as well as by these programs themselves. The findings suggest also certain approaches for enhancing the effectiveness of screening programs.
Quantitative studies of APUD cells in airways and gut in the guinea pig. A comparison of various histochemical stains and different fixatives.

Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylase (APUD) cells have been studied quantitatively to determine their normal distribution in the airways, ileum and cecum of adult guinea pigs utilizing tissues fixed in either Bouin’s or Ito and Karnovsky’s fixative. Cells were detected by four histochemical stains: Grimelius, en-block silver, lead-hematoxylin-en block silver and PAS-lead-hematoxylin. The guinea pig exhibits APUD cells in all airway segments in densities that decrease with decreasing airway size. This distribution is similar to that encountered in adult human, rat and hamster lungs and different from that in fetal or neonatal human, hamster or rabbit lungs in which these cells are more frequent in bronchioles. APUD cell densities in airways are 36–80 times lower that those in the ileum. The detection of airways APUD cells is dependent upon the histochemical stain utilized for their detection with Grimelius double impregnation providing the most sensitive stain. Fixation with the two solutions utilized does not significantly influence the results. Technical differences in staining may explain differences in quantitative studies of APUD cells performed in different laboratories and should be considered when designing future studies concerning the influence of pharmacologic, physiologic and pathologic agents on airways and intestinal APUD cells.
Serous retinal detachment and cystoid macular edema in hypotony maculopathy.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the foveal structural findings of hypotony maculopathy imaged with optical coherence tomography. METHODS: Case report of a 39-year-old white woman with a 20 year history of uveitis, who underwent pars plana vitrectomy and pars plana Baerveldt implant for intractable glaucoma. Four months postoperatively, decreased vision and hypotony maculopathy ensued. Optical coherence tomographic (OCT) images were taken horizontally through the macula. RESULTS: OCT demonstrated large intraretinal cysts, serous macular detachment, and choroidal folds, which resolved upon resolution of hypotony. CONCLUSION: Cystic macular changes and serous macular detachment can be prominent features of hypotony maculopathy.
Working with clinical guidelines

Clinical guidelines are defined as ‘systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances’. For the most part they are intended to improve the provision of medical care by providing a readily available, accepted standard of care. Over recent years guidelines have spread into many aspects of healthcare provision and are an increasingly frequent consideration in clinical decision-making at the bedside. Guidelines can have a beneficial effect for patients. A study published in 1993 reviewed 59 rigorous evaluations of clinical guidelines; 93% of these evaluations detected a significant improvement in the delivery of healthcare following guideline introduction.1 These findings have subsequently been mirrored in nursing, midwifery and other allied professions.
Heating and cooling rates in four species of turtles.

Abstract 1. 1. Two basking turtles, Chrysemys picta and Pseudemys scripta, heat significantly faster than they cool. Two terrestrial species, Gopherus polyphemus and Terrapene carolina, cool significantly faster than they heat. 2. 2. Rate of heat exchange in dead basking turtles is the same as the cooling rate in living animals; dead terrestrial turtles have rates of heat exchange similar to their living heating rates. After section of the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves innervating its carapace, Chrysemys rate of heat exchange in both directions is similar to its rate of heating before section. 3. 3. These rates of heating and cooling have been compared with other rates in the literature and equations relating the rate of heat exchange to body weight of reptiles from different habitats have been calculated. 4. 4. We interpret our findings as suggestive of active control of conductance, utilized differently by turtles from two diverse habitats.
Postpartum hearing loss: an unusual presentation of Hamman's syndrome.

A 21-year-old primigravida presented with swelling over the left eye and cheek 3 hours postpartum. She delivered vaginally at 40 + 2 weeks after a normal pregnancy. Labour was complicated by mild s...
A Review of Visual Cues Associated with Food on Food Acceptance and Consumption

Several sensory cues affect food intake including appearance, taste, odor, texture, temperature, and flavor. Although taste is an important factor regulating food intake, in most cases, the first sensory contact with food is through the eyes. Few studies have examined the effects of the appearance of a food portion on food acceptance and consumption. The purpose of this review is to identify the various visual factors associated with food such as proximity, visibility, color, variety, portion size, height, shape, number, volume, and the surface area and their effects on food acceptance and consumption. We suggest some ways that visual cues can be used to increase fruit and vegetable intake in children and decrease excessive food intake in adults. In addition, we discuss the need for future studies that can further establish the relationship between several unexplored visual dimensions of food (specifically shape, number, size, and surface area) and food intake.
EAM White Paper Series: Special Section Introduction

Welcome to the 2014 Eastern Academy of Management (EAM) White Paper collaborative section of Organization Management Journal (OMJ). As the 2012–2013 President of EAM, I am delighted to have worked ...
Proxemic and haptic behavior in three European countries

The influence of culture, gender, and age on proxemic and haptic behavior was investigated in this observational field study. Video recordings of 253 naturally-occurring dyadic interactions in the Netherlands, France, and England were analyzed by trained coders. Contrary to expectations, Hall's hypothesis regarding the proxemic and haptic norms of contact and noncontact cultures was not well supported. Among seated interactants, Dutch dyads maintained greater distances than French and English dyads, but French dyads were less proximate than were English dyads. The body orientation of French dyads was more direct than it was for Dutch or English dyads. In addition, with the exception of limited data on touch, neither the gender-composition of the dyad nor the gender of the individual affected the distances or body orientations of the interactants as would be expected according to traditional sex-role socialization processes. Age, as well, did not influence proxemic or haptic behavior. Results are discussed, primarily with respect to the research methods used in this and in previous investigations.
Age dependent structural changes in the diol esters of uropygial glands of chicken.

The chain lengths and diastereoisomer composition of alkane-2, 3-diol diesters of the uropygial glands of chicken changed significantly as the birds became physiologically mature. The C24 diol decreased, and C22 and C23 diols increased. Threo isomer content of the diols decreased. In the acyl portion, the shorter (C12−C15) acids decreased, and the longer (C17−C20) acids increased.
Comments on "Monte Carlo simulation of transport in technologically significant semiconductors of the diamond and zinc-blende structures. II. Submicrometer MOSFETs" [with reply]

For pt.I see ibid., vol.38, no.3, p.634-49, March 1991. MOSFETs with channel lengths smaller than 0.25 mu m with substrates of four different semiconductors and one alloy of the diamond and zinc-blende structures (n-channel Ge, Si, GaAs, InP, In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As, and p-channel Si) were simulated at 77 and 300 K with a self-consistent two-dimensional Monte Carlo program. With the exception of the In-based materials, the speed of the devices appears to be largely independent of the semiconductor. This universal behavior results from the similarity among the medium-energy-scale features of the band structures of the cubic semiconductors. Low-energy concepts, such as mobility and effective mass, fail to describe charge transport as carriers populate a larger fraction of the Brillouin zone in these small devices driven at reasonably high biases. The assumptions made, the approximations used, and, in particular, the meaning of the words speed and reasonably mentioned above are discussed. >
METABOLIC RATE OPENS A GRAND VISTA ON ECOLOGY

Wouldn't it be nice if ecologists could use a few simple parameters, such as the size of an organism and the temperature at which it operates, to predict individual mortality, population growth rate, species diversity, or ecosystem production? Boldly going where few ecologists tread, Jim Brown seeks a grand synthesis in ecology that transcends specific organisms and environments. For much of the past decade, he and his colleagues have worked to develop unifying ecological principles from basic physical and chemical constraints on organisms. In this new paper, Brown et al. (2004) open a new vista on ecology by (1) nominating metabolic rate as the essential integrator of organismal biology, (2) providing a bold new synthesis of the effects of mass and temperature on metabolic rate, and (3) proposing a number of hypotheses about the influences of mass and temperature on aggregate ecological phenomena ranging from whole organisms to community structure to ecosystem processes. In this commentary, we address each of these contributions, emphasizing the second.
Asymmetry in the N-inversion of heteroarene imines: pyrimidin-4(3H)-imine, pyridin-2(1H)-imine, and 1H-purine-6(9H)-imine.

The uncatalyzed, thermal N-inversion reactions were studied of pyrimidin-4(3H)-imine (PMI), pyridin-2(1H)-imine (PYI), and 1H-purine-6(9H)-imine (PUI). Relevant regions of the potential energy surfaces were explored with second-order Moller−Plesset perturbation theory (MP2(full)/6-31G(d)) and with coupled cluster theory (CCSD/6-31G(d), CCSD/6-31+G(d)). The thermochemistry of stationary structures was evaluated at the MP2 level and their energies also were computed at the levels CCSD(T)/6-311+G(d,p) and CCSD(T)/6-311+G(2df,2p) and with structures optimized at lower CCSD levels. The best estimates for the (E)-preference free enthalpies ΔG298(Z vs. E) are 2.6 (PMI), 2.3 (PYI), and 6.0 (PUI) kcal/mol and for the free enthalpies of activation ΔG298(Z → E) they are 21.6 (PMI), 21.1 (PYI) and 19.7 (PUI) kcal/mol. Nonplanar N-inversion transition state (ITS) structures occur along enantiomeric reaction paths and stationary structures for in-plane N-inversion correspond to second-order saddle points (SOSP) on the...
What is wrong/right with IEEE 802.11n Spatial Multiplexing Power Save feature?

The IEEE 802.11n standard has proposed a new Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS) feature, which allows for a station to retain one active receive chain, to mitigate MIMO circuitry power consumption. But does it work in all cases? Our experiments reveal that SMPS may not always save power compared with multiple active chains at the receiver. Even when it does, it may be proven more energy hungry. In this work, we seek to uncover the “good”, the “bad” and the “ugly” of SMPS using real experiments. We further devise a MIMO Receiver Energy Save (MRES) algorithm, which seeks to identify and set the most energy-efficient receive chain setting, by using a novel, low-overhead sampling scheme. Our prototype experiments show that, MRES outperforms SMPS with energy savings up to 37%.
Physical Education Teacher Attitudes toward Fitness Tests Scale: Cross-Revalidation and Modification

This study aimed to provide further evidence of validity and reliability for the Physical Education Teacher Attitudes toward Fitness Tests Scale (PETAFTS), which consisted of affective and cognitive domains. There were two subdomains in the affective domain (i.e., enjoyment of implementing fitness tests and enjoyment of using test results) and one domain in the cognitive domain (i.e., beliefs in the usefulness of test results). Full-time physical education teachers (N = 469) from two southwestern states in the United States participated in the study. Reliability and validity of the scale were examined. Alphas were computed for the entire 16-item scale, the affective and cognitive domains, and the two subdomains, respectively, to test the reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to investigate the construct validity. The commonly used CFA indices, such as the chi square (χ2), the comparative fit index (CFI), the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), the goodness of fit index (GFI), and the root mea...
High-order finite-volume methods for the shallow-water equations on the sphere

This paper presents a third-order and fourth-order finite-volume method for solving the shallow-water equations on a non-orthogonal equiangular cubed-sphere grid. Such a grid is built upon an inflated cube placed inside a sphere and provides an almost uniform grid point distribution. The numerical schemes are based on a high-order variant of the Monotone Upstream-centered Schemes for Conservation Laws (MUSCL) pioneered by van Leer. In each cell the reconstructed left and right states are either obtained via a dimension-split piecewise-parabolic method or a piecewise-cubic reconstruction. The reconstructed states then serve as input to an approximate Riemann solver that determines the numerical fluxes at two Gaussian quadrature points along the cell boundary. The use of multiple quadrature points renders the resulting flux high-order. Three types of approximate Riemann solvers are compared, including the widely used solver of Rusanov, the solver of Roe and the new AUSM^+-up solver of Liou that has been designed for low-Mach number flows. Spatial discretizations are paired with either a third-order or fourth-order total-variation-diminishing Runge-Kutta timestepping scheme to match the order of the spatial discretization. The numerical schemes are evaluated with several standard shallow-water test cases that emphasize accuracy and conservation properties. These tests show that the AUSM^+-up flux provides the best overall accuracy, followed closely by the Roe solver. The Rusanov flux, with its simplicity, provides significantly larger errors by comparison. A brief discussion on extending the method to arbitrary order-of-accuracy is included.
The diagnosis of disability. Treating and rating disability in a pain clinic.

Medical diagnosis sanctions illness and directs physicians toward effective treatment. In chronic illness, these two functions of diagnosis can come into conflict. Nowhere is this conflict more striking than in the case of disability ratings for those with chronic pain. An institutional case study examining the relation between a pain clinic and a worker's compensation program is presented and analyzed in terms of two questions: (1) Is it ethical for one physician to both treat pain and rate disability in patients with chronic pain? (2) Is physician rating of disability due to pain scientifically valid? Ethical and conceptual analyses support a negative response to each of these questions. The roots of the ethical and scientific problems concerning disability ratings are identified in society's demand to differentiate medical and nonmedical distress. We propose a system of time-limited compensation for pain as a therapeutically superior alternative to disability ratings. (Arch Intern Med.1992;152:1829-1835)
The effect of money-growth and interest-rate variability upon inflation

This paper analyzes the effect of money-growth and interest-rate variability upon inflation. Unlike prior studies, the reduced-form inflation equation tested is derived from a closed-economy IS-LM model with an expectations-augmented Phillips Curve. The post-1979 period found money-growth variability to have a positive and marginally significant effect upon inflation.
Thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. 3. Sodium-23 nuclear magnetic resonance study of the ionic mesophase of sodium n-alkyl carboxylates

Interpretation des resultats en terme de mouvement anisotropique des ions Na + et RCOO − dans la mesophase et de mouvement libre dans la phase isotrope
Direct kinetic studies of the reactions of 2-butoxy radicals with NO and O2

Abstract This Letter reports the first kinetic study of 2-butoxy radicals to employ direct monitoring of the radical. The reactions of 2-butoxy with O2 and NO are investigated using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The Arrhenius expressions for the reactions of 2-butoxy with NO (k 1 ) and O 2 (k 2 ) in the temperature range 223–311 K have been determined to be k 1 =(7.50±1.69)×10 −12 × exp ((2.98±0.47) kJ mol −1 / RT ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 and k 2 =(1.33±0.43)×10 −15 × exp ((5.48±0.69) kJ mol −1 / RT ) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 . No pressure dependence was found for the rate constants of the reaction of 2-butoxy with NO at 223 K between 50 and 175 Torr.
Impact of Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding on Pregnancy, Maternal Weight, and Neonatal Health

Background Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is a proven method for weight reduction. Less is known about pregnancies in patients after LAGB.
Development of the Climb Induced Glide concept to describe in-reactor creep of fcc materials

The Climb Induced Glide model (CIG) for irradiation creep is developed using a plastic flow law which has been successfully applied in the correlation of Type 316 stainless steel rupture data. This model is used to predict the stress and temperature dependence of irradiation creep and the transition from irradiation to thermal creep. The predictions of this model are compared and found to be qualitatively consistent with experimental data and microstructural information. This model allows prediction of deformation behavior covering strain rates from 1 × 10−13 s−1 to 1 s−1.
NONLINEAR GUIDANCE SYSTEM FOR DESCENT TRAJECTORIES

Orbital mechanics applied to rocket engine vector and magnitude control in descent from orbit
Two-dimensional transport in a quarter space: Uniform-source problem

Abstract Double Fourier transformation, the Boucher decomposition, and extensive application of contour integration in two complex variables are used to determine the unique solution to the quarter-space problem with a uniform source. Numerical calculations for a moderately absorbing quarter space are presented. Diffusion-theory results are also given for comparison.
Oxygen uptake kinetics during severe intensity running and cycling.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise mode on the characteristics of the oxygen uptake (VO(2)) ()response to exercise within the severe intensity domain. Twelve participants each performed a treadmill running test and a cycle ergometer test to fatigue at intensities selected to elicit a mode-specific VO(2)max and to cause fatigue in ~5 min. The tests were at 234 (30) m.min(-1) and 251 (59) W, and times to fatigue were 297 (15) s and 298 (14) s, respectively. The overall rapidity of the VO(2)response was influenced by exercise mode [VO(2)max was achieved after 115 (20) s in running versus 207 (36) s in cycling; p<0.01]. VO(2) responses were fit to a three-phase exponential model. The time constant of the primary phase was faster in treadmill tests than in cycle ergometer tests [14 (6) s versus 25 (4) s; p<0.01], and the amplitude of the primary phase was greater in running than in cycling when it was expressed in absolute terms [2327 (393) ml.min(-1) versus 2036 (301) ml.min(-1); p=0.02] but not when it was expressed as a percentage of the total increase in VO(2) [86 (6)% versus 82 (6)%; p=0.09]. When quantified as the difference between the end-exercise VO(2) and the VO(2) at 2 min, the amplitude of the slow component was ~40% smaller in running [177 (92) ml.min(-1) versus 299 (153) ml min(-1); p=0.03]. It is concluded that exercise modality affects the characteristics of the VO(2) response at equivalent intensities in the severe domain.
Modulus jump and degradation of collagen gels: dependence on concentration and pH☆

Abstract The gels that result when acidic solutions of telopeptide-free collagen are exposed to u.v. light at temperatures below 25°C can be characterized by a storage modulus and a log decrement measured in a torsion pendulum. When the temperature of the previously formed gel is raised above 25°–30°C, the collagen denatures, the modulus increases rapidly (jumps) and then decays with time. The maximum modulus during irradiation increases with the collagen concentration to about the second power except at low concentrations where the power is higher. The maximum modulus also increases by a factor of 3 to 5 when the pH during irradiation is increased from 2.5 up to the solubility limit of about 4.2. The modulus jump, the log decrement, and the rate of degradation of the gels also have been characterized as functions of concentration and pH.
Up regulation of calbindin-D28K mRNA in the rat hippocampus following focal stimulation of the perforant path.

Abstract Calbindin-D28K is a constitutive Ca 2+ -binding protein expressed in hippocampal neurons that are resistant to various forms of excitotoxic injury. However, the local factors controlling calbindin-D28K expression within the central nervous system are unknown. We report that neuronal excitation via the perforant path leads to an increased expression of calbindin-D28K mRNA within dentate granule cells. This response is related specifically to stimulation that induces prolonged periods of bursting afterdischarges and precedes cellular injury. The up regulation of calbindin-D28K mRNA occurs during the type of neuronal activation associated with elevated cytosolic Ca 2+ and suggests that the maintenance of Ca 2+ homeostasis includes a system of feedback control at the level of gene expression.