cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of S35 from L-methionine in tumor-bearing and protein-depleted rats.

SummaryThe specific activities of total liver protein and of the proteins of mitochondria, microsomes, and cell sap were higher in the protein-depleted rats than in the controls. Specific activities of these proteins in tumor-bearing rats, on the other hand, decreased below those in control animals. As the specific activity of the liver proteins of the tumor-bearing animals decreased, there was an increase in serum protein activity which then decreased as the tumor tissue continued to gain in isotopic activity. The data suggested that the protein-depleted animals had a decreased rate of synthesis of liver nuclear and serum albumin proteins. The data also indicated a rapid synthesis of nuclear protein in the tumors of tumor-bearing animals.The author wishes to express appreciation to Miss Zina Sapankevych and Mr. Albert Schnerring who assisted in various phases of this study.
Association between anxiety and severity of coronary artery lesions in patients with acute coronary syndromes

AIM: To investigate the association between anxiety and the severity of coronary artery lesions in patients with acute coronary syndromes( ACS). METHODS: Self-rating anxiety scale( SAS)and left ventricular ejection fraction( LVEF) were measured in 180 ACS patients,who were divided into anxiety group and non-anxiety group. All patients underwent coronary artery angiography( CAG) and the severity of coronary artery lesions were estimated by the coronary angiographic Gensini score. Correlations of the SAS score and the Gensini score were analyzed. RESULTS: According to the SAS score,82 cases were assigned to non-anxiety group and 98 cases( mild 54 cases,moderate 30 cases,severe 14 cases) to anxiety group. The Gensini score in anxiety group was higher than the score in non-anxiety group( 36 ±22 vs. 25 ± 13,P 0. 01). The SAS score was correlated with the Gensini score in ACS patients( r =0. 36,P 0. 01). CONCLUSION: Degree of anxiety is correlated with the severity of coronary artery lesions and has significant prognostic value for patients with ACS.
A Simplified Method for Calculation of LP Turbine Exhaust Pressure Correction Curves

Normally the sophisticated turbine variable condition thermal performance calculation for LP turbine exhaust pressure correction curve verification is not possible for site test,and simplified thermodynamics is adopted for this purpose.This article introduced a simplified variable condition calculation method for turbine systems performance correction curves.This method can be used for verification of correction curves provided by the manufacture,or calculation of correction curves for the partial load conditions and turbine valve throttle conditions.
Hydroxyl radical production during early reperfusion after different periods of ischemia in rat hearts and its effect on myocardial function. .OH in postischemic heart.

To elucidate the significance of hydroxyl radical (.OH) in postischemic reperfusion injury, we measured the .OH production in the coronary effluent collected from isolated perfused rat hearts during reperfusion period of 15 minutes after various ischemic intervals ranging from 5 to 60 minutes. Salicylic acid was used as a probe for .OH formation, and its derivative, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), was quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. A significant amount of 2,5-DHBA was detected from the hearts rendered ischemic for 10 minutes and longer. The peak of 2,5-DHBA was seen within 90 seconds after the onset of reperfusion in every group, and the accumulated amount of 2,5-DHBA was maximal in 15 minutes ischemia group (3.97 +/- 0.49 nmol/g/15 minutes reperfusion) in contrast to 1.22 +/- 0.30 nmol/g/15 minute in 60 minutes ischemia. This study demonstrated an ischemic time-dependent .OH production during reperfusion, and no direct effect of .OH was observed on the post-ischemic injury related to myocardial function.
Are Pressure Time Integral and Cumulative Plantar Stress Related to First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain? Results From a Community-Based Study.

Objective To examine the relationship between plantar stress over a step, cumulative plantar stress over a day, and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint pain among older adults. Methods Plantar stress and first MTP pain were assessed within the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. All included participants were asked if they had pain, aching, or stiffness at the first MTP joint on most days for the past 30 days. Pressure time integral (PTI) was quantified as participants walked on a pedobarograph, and mean steps per day were obtained using an accelerometer. Cumulative plantar stress was calculated as the product of regional PTI and mean steps per day. Quintiles of hallucal and second metatarsal PTI and cumulative plantar stress were generated. The relationship between predictors and the odds ratio of first MTP pain was assessed using a logistic regression model. Results Feet in the quintile with the lowest hallux PTI had 2.14 times increased odds of first MTP pain (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.42–3.25, P < 0.01). Feet in the quintile with the lowest second metatarsal PTI had 1.50 times increased odds of first MTP pain (95% CI 1.01–2.23, P = 0.042). Cumulative plantar stress was unassociated with first MTP pain. Conclusion Lower PTI was modestly associated with increased prevalence of frequent first MTP pain at both the hallux and second metatarsal. Lower plantar loading may indicate the presence of an antalgic gait strategy and may reflect an attempt at pain avoidance. The lack of association with cumulative plantar stress may suggest that patients do not limit their walking as a pain-avoidance mechanism.
Transporting mitochondria in neurons.

Neurons demand vast and vacillating supplies of energy. As the key contributors of this energy, as well as primary pools of calcium and signaling molecules, mitochondria must be where the neuron needs them, when the neuron needs them. The unique architecture and length of neurons, however, make them a complex system for mitochondria to navigate. To add to this difficulty, mitochondria are synthesized mainly in the soma, but must be transported as far as the distant terminals of the neuron. Similarly, damaged mitochondria—which can cause oxidative stress to the neuron—must fuse with healthy mitochondria to repair the damage, return all the way back to the soma for disposal, or be eliminated at the terminals. Increasing evidence suggests that the improper distribution of mitochondria in neurons can lead to neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we will discuss the machinery and regulatory systems used to properly distribute mitochondria in neurons, and how this knowledge has been leveraged to better understand neurological dysfunction.
Modeling the interplay between sanitary and phytosanitary measures and tariff-rate quotas under partial trade liberalization.

Non-tariff measures, particularly sanitary and phytosanitary measures and tariff-rate quotas, are two critical policy barriers that impede agricultural trade. Unlike simple tariffs, both measures contain non-linear effects and binding conditions that make their treatment in modeling trade liberalization challenging. In addition, the coexistence of these measures carries important interactive effects that restrict trade. This study investigates these joint effects by developing a conceptual framework that considers different partial liberalization scenarios. Our framework points to three cases that may arise: (a) binding tariff-rate quota, non-prohibitive sanitary and phytosanitary measure; (b) non-binding tariff-rate quota, non-prohibitive sanitary and phytosanitary measure; and (c) non-binding tariff-rate quota, prohibitive sanitary and phytosanitary measure. We then use a Computable General Equilibrium model to examine partial trade liberalization scenarios for these cases, using the ongoing Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiations as our motivation. Our simulations provide a more nuanced analysis of complex trade liberalization and demonstrate the importance of modeling the interplay between these different types of barriers.
Apolipoprotein A-I and A-II Metabolism in Subjects with Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A number of epidemiological studies replicated in various laboratories have established that the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is correlated with the concentration of certain lipoprotein classes and apolipoproteins in plasma (1). High levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and plasma apoB have been associated to an increased risk of developing CHD (2–4). High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in plasma are negatively correlated to CHD and appear to represent an independent risk factor (5). ApoA-I and apoA-II are the major protein constituents of HDL. Plasma levels of apoA-I and apoA-II have been reported to be lower in subjects with CHD in comparison with controls in a number of studies (1,6).
Searching and Sorting Algorithms

There are many algorithms that are basic to computing in any technical discipline. Some of these are routinely included as part of an introductory computer science course. Some are of interest to particular areas of science and engineering. Others fall under the general category of numerical analysis algorithms; these will be covered separately in Chapter 9.
Investigating preference heterogeneity in Value of Time (VOT) and Value of Reliability (VOR) estimation for managed lanes

Abstract This paper presents an empirical study in investigating user heterogeneity of Value of Time (VOT) and Value of Reliability (VOR). Combined Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP) data were used to understand traveler choice behavior regarding the usage of managed lanes (MLs). The data were obtained from the South Florida Expressway Stated Preference Survey, which focused on automobile drivers who had traveled on the I-75, I-95, or SR 826 corridors in South Florida. Mixed logit modeling was applied and indicated an average value of $13.55 per hour for VOT and $16.13 per hour for VOR. Potential sources of heterogeneity in user sensitivities to time, reliability, and cost were identified and quantified by adding interaction effects of the variables in the mixed logit model. The findings indicated that various socioeconomic demographic characteristics and trip attributes contributed to the variations in VOT and VOR at different magnitudes. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding on what attributes lead to higher or lower VOT and VOR and to what extent. These findings can be incorporated into the demand forecasting process and lead to better estimates and enhanced analytical capabilities in various applications, such as toll feasibility studies, pricing strategy and policy evaluations, and impact analysis.
General error bounds in heuristic search algorithms for stochastic shortest path problems

We consider recently-derived error bounds that can be used to bound the quality of solutions found by heuristic search algorithms for stochastic shortest path problems. In their original form, the bounds can only be used for problems with positive action costs. We show how to generalize the bounds so that they can be used in solving any stochastic shortest path problem, regardless of cost structure. In addition, we introduce a simple new heuristic search algorithm that performs as well or better than previous algorithms for this class of problems, while being easier to implement and analyze.
Advantages to modeling relational data using hypergraphs versus graphs

Driven by the importance of relational aspects of data to decision-making, graph algorithms have been developed, based on simplified pairwise relationships, to solve a variety of problems. However, evidence has shown that hypergraphs—generalizations of graphs with (hyper)edges that connect any number of vertices—can better model complex, non-pairwise relationships in data and lead to better informed decisions. In this work, we compare graph and hypergraph models in the context of spectral clustering. For these problems, we demonstrate that hypergraphs are computationally more efficient and can better model complex, non-pairwise relationships for many datasets.
Vape Shop Employees: Public Health Advocates?

INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have increased in popularity and given rise to a new type of sales outlet-the vape shop. Expanding on work examining vape shop employee e-cigarette and tobacco attitudes and behaviors1, this study examined key messages that vape shop employees communicate to customers. METHODS Using informal interviews, observations, and a cross-sectional survey, we examined vape shop employees' (n=16) perceptions and e-cigarette use. Data were collected in nine vape shops in Louisville, Kentucky. We used open coding to analyze the qualitative interviews, observation notes, and open-ended survey responses. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze survey data. RESULTS The findings revealed that nearly all employees were former smokers (93.8%), who now only use e-cigarettes. Over one-third of the employees (37.5%) began using e-cigarettes as a replacement for traditional cigarettes, and 93.8% reported better health (e.g., easier breathing, less coughing) since starting to use e-cigarettes. Although most employees believed e-cigarettes should be regulated, 56.3% thought regulations should be different from those governing traditional cigarettes. Analysis of qualitative data revealed that employees see themselves as health advocates who: 1) provide instructions on vaping and promote a vape community, 2) encourage cessation of traditional cigarettes, and 3) support some regulations. CONCLUSIONS The findings reveal that vape shop employees regard e-cigarettes as viable smoking cessation tools and relish their role in assisting others in taking what employees view as positive health actions. Future research addressing communication between vape shop employees and customers, especially related to smoking cessation and health, is needed.
Direct evidence for the maldacena conjecture for N = (8, 8) super-Yang-Mills theory in 1 + 1 dimensions

Abstract We solve N = ( 8 , 8 ) super-Yang–Mills theory in 1 + 1 dimensions at strong coupling to directly confirm the predictions of supergravity at weak coupling. We do our calculations in the large- N c approximation using Supersymmetric Discrete Light-Cone Quantization with up to 3 × 10 12 basis states. We calculate the stress-energy correlator 〈 T + + ( r ) T + + ( 0 ) 〉 as a function of the separation r and find that at intermediate values of r the correlator behaves as r −5 to within errors as predicted by weak-coupling supergravity. We also present an extension to significantly higher resolution of our earlier results for the same correlator in the N = ( 2 , 2 ) theory and see that in this theory the correlator has very different behavior at intermediate values of r .
The 17-residue-long N terminus in huntingtin controls stepwise aggregation in solution and on membranes via different mechanisms.

Aggregation of huntingtin protein arising from expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) sequences in the exon-1 region of mutant huntingtin plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. The huntingtin aggregation pathways are of therapeutic and diagnostic interest, but obtaining critical information from the physiologically relevant htt exon-1 (Httex1) protein has been challenging. Using biophysical techniques and an expression and purification protocol that generates clean, monomeric Httex1, we identified and mapped three distinct aggregation pathways: 1) unseeded in solution; 2) seeded in solution; and 3) membrane-mediated. In solution, aggregation proceeded in a highly stepwise manner, in which the individual domains (N terminus containing 17 amino acids (N17), polyQ, and proline-rich domain (PRD)) become ordered at very different rates. The aggregation was initiated by an early oligomer requiring a pathogenic, expanded Gln length and N17 α-helix formation. In the second phase, β-sheet forms in the polyQ. The slowest step is the final structural maturation of the PRD. This stepwise mechanism could be bypassed by seeding, which potently accelerated aggregation and was a prerequisite for prion-like spreading in vivo. Remarkably, membranes could catalyze aggregation even more potently than seeds, in a process that caused significant membrane damage. The N17 governed membrane-mediated aggregation by anchoring Httex1 to the membrane, enhancing local concentration and promoting collision via two-dimensional diffusion. Considering its central roles in solution and in membrane-mediated aggregation, the N17 represents an attractive target for inhibiting multiple pathways. Our approach should help evaluate such inhibitors and identify diagnostic markers for the misfolded forms identified here.
Let’s Look at This Another Way: How Supervisors Can Help Subordinates Manage the Threat of Relationship Conflict:

Despite decades of scholarly and practitioner attention on conflict management, few studies have addressed the important role that supervisors play in managing relationship conflict (RC). The current research addresses this gap by investigating the use of supervisory interpersonal emotion management in helping subordinates manage perceptions of RC. Examining RC through a threat framework, we propose that when individuals perceive RC in their workgroup, they are less likely to identify with their group and more likely to withdraw from the group in ways that affect critical team processes, both of which have performance implications. Furthermore, we propose that supervisors can mitigate the consequences of perceiving RC by encouraging subordinates to reappraise past negative events that contribute to such perceptions. Using a field sample of 917 employees, we tested and found support for these predictions. This research primarily has implications for conflict theory, RC management theory, and RC management ...
Making Space in Social Media: #MuslimWomensDay in Twitter:

At the end of Women’s History Month 2017, social media sites were filled with posts using the hashtag #MuslimWomensDay. Muslim women have often been framed in media as either victims of a violent faith and its believers or enablers of that violence, rarely are they given the space to tell their own stories. The #MuslimWomensDay hashtag was designed to draw attention to the stories and experiences of Muslim women. This qualitative textual analysis of approximately 300 tweets explores how Twitter users deployed the #MuslimWomensDay hashtag in their posts in order to understand the story users told of what it means to be a Muslim woman as well as what narratives of Islam they had to fight against.
Reflectance Spectroscopy of Organic Matter in Sedimentary Rocks at Mid-Infrared Wavelengths

Reflectance spectroscopy is a rapid, non-destructive technique capable of characterizing mineral and organic components within geologic materials at spatial scales that range from μm to km. The degree to which reflectance spectra can be used to provide quantitative information about organic compounds remains poorly understood, particularly for rocks with low organic content that are common in the Earth’s ancient rock record and that may be present on other planetary bodies, such as Mars. In the present study, reflectance spectra (0.35–25 μm) were acquired for a suite of Proterozoic shales and the kerogen was isolated to assess how spectral properties of aliphatic and aromatic C-H absorption bands can be used to predict organic matter abundance (total organic content, TOC, and H/C ratio). A number of spectral parameters were evaluated for organic absorption bands observed in the 3–4 μm wavelength region for comparison with independently measured TOC and H/C values. Ratios of the strengths of aliphatic to aromatic absorption bands were directly correlated to H/C values, but the reflectance spectra for pure kerogens with H/C 1 wt.% or as high as 10 wt.%. Organic detection limits for reflectance spectra are, thus, controlled by both TOC and H/C values, but these parameters can be predicted for clay-rich, kerogen-dominated samples for a range of values that are relevant to drill cores, outcrops, meteorites, and planetary surfaces.
Hall Effect in Amorphous Metals

This article reviews the Hall effect in amorphous metals and amorphous metallic alloys from an experimental point of view. The theory of the Hall effect in amorphous materials is similar to that in liquid metals which is covered in the article by Ballentine (1980) in this volume. Some theoretical papers directed specifically at disordered metals are Samoilovitch and Kon’kov (1950) and Kondorskii et al. (1975 a, b).
Honoring Women Who Must Raise their Children Alone

This chapter examines American policies seeking father involvement through the lens of feminist critique. While recognizing the important role of fathers, the author seeks to eliminate deficit-based stereotypes about the lives of single women and their children. Considering the rise in the number of American children born to single mothers and the problems faced by disadvantaged young men, the author challenges oversimplified assumptions that men will solve the economic problems of women. Ultimately, the author argues for a focus on the unfinished women’s revolution and the continued need for equal pay and child care support that will honor the capabilities and needs of women who must raise children alone.
Clinical Risk Factors for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation among Patients after Cardiac Surgery.

Background Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery and is associated with increased health-care costs, complications, and mortality. The etiology of POAF is incompletely understood and its prediction remains suboptimal. Using data from published studies, we performed a systemic review and meta-analysis to identify preoperative clinical risk factors associated with patients at increased risk of POAF. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases was performed. Results Twenty-four studies that reported univariate analysis results regarding POAF risk factors, published from 2001 to May 2017, were included in this meta-analysis with a total number of 36,834 subjects. Eighteen studies were performed in the United States and Europe and 16 studies were prospective cohort studies. The standardized mean difference (SMD) between POAF and non-POAF groups was significantly different (reported as [SMD: 95% confidence interval, CI]) for age (0.55: 0.47–0.63), left atrial diameter (0.45: 0.15–0.75), and left ventricular ejection fraction (0.30: 0.14–0.47). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) (reported as [OR: 95% CI]) demonstrated that heart failure (1.56: 1.31–1.96), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.36: 1.13–1.64), hypertension (1.29: 1.12–1.48), and myocardial infarction (1.18: 1.05–1.34) were significant predictors of POAF incidence, while diabetes was marginally significant (1.06: 1.00–1.13). Conclusion The present analysis suggested that older age and history of heart failure were significant risk factors for POAF consistently whether the included studies were prospective or retrospective datasets.
Challenges and progress in improving the quality and identity of Midwest U.S. Wines

Winery owners in the Midwestern states of the United States have been working with each other and their state industry experts to improve the quality of their wines while also struggling to establish state and, at times, regional identities and overcome a widely-held perception that good wine is not made and cannot be made in the region. Drawing on a qualitative sociological study conducted over five years in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, this article examines the issues with which winery owners and industry specialists have worked to improve quality and establish marketable identities. Challenges include the sourcing of quality grapes, the status of hybrid grapes, the skill-level of winemakers, and the desire to meet demand and please a wide range of customer preferences. Industry efforts to address these challenges are highlighted.
Bile and fat excretion are biomarkers of clinically significant diarrhoea and constipation in irritable bowel syndrome.

Background Biomarkers in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may guide targeted therapy in this multifactorial disease. It has been suggested that 75% accuracy and cost Aim To identify differences in faecal bile acids, faecal fat and fasting serum C4 (7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one) and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) among patients with IBS-D, IBS-C and healthy controls and to determine accurate, cost-effective biomarkers for clinically relevant diarrhoea and constipation. Methods We assessed daily stool frequency and consistency (Bristol Stool Form Scale) from validated bowel diaries, 48 hours total and individual faecal bile acids, 48 hours faecal fat and weight, fasting serum C4 and FGF19, and colonic transit by scintigraphy from healthy volunteers (HV) and patients with IBS-D and IBS-C (Rome III criteria). We utilised multivariate logistic regression to determine biomarkers of clinically significant diarrhoea or constipation based on stool frequency, consistency and weight. Results Among the 126 HV (44M/82F, 37.5 ± 10.9 years [SD]), 64 IBS-D (5M/59F, 41.9 ± 12.2 years), and 30 IBS-C (0M/30F, 44.6 ± 10 years) patients, there were significant differences between all groups in stool weight, frequency, and consistency; in addition, there were differences in colonic transit at 48 hours, faecal fat, and total and individual faecal bile acids between IBS-D and IBS-C. Reduced total and primary faecal bile acids and increased faecal lithocholic acid were significant predictors of decreased faecal weight, frequency and consistency with AUC > 0.82 (sensitivity >76%, specificity >72%). Total and primary faecal bile acids and faecal fat were significant predictors of increased stool weight, frequency and consistency with AUC > 0.71 (sensitivity >55%, specificity >74%).The faecal parameters had a 11.5 positive likelihood ratio in predicting elevated faecal weight. Conclusions Faecal bile acids and faecal fat are cost-effective and accurate biomarkers associated with significant bowel dysfunction among IBS-D and IBS-C patients.
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE) treated with lung transplantation and review of the literature.

A 26-year-old woman presented with a 15-year history of non-progressive dyspnoea. Chest imaging showed bilateral apical pleural and parenchymal scarring, pleural thickening and bronchiectasis. Pulmonary function tests showed a moderate restrictive defect. Non-invasive workup was non-revealing; therefore, the patient was referred for video-assisted thoracic surgery and lung biopsy. Histopathology revealed pleural thickening and, subpleural parenchymal fibrosis and elastic tissue deposition. Lung parenchyma further away from the pleura was well preserved. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis (PPFE). Since PPFE is a progressive disorder without effective medical therapies, and given our patient’s worsening symptoms, she underwent bilateral lung transplantation. It has been almost 4 years since the lung transplantation, our patient continues to do well. To the best of our knowledge, to date, this is the longest follow-up reported for a PPFE patient undergoing lung transplantation.
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, which is a member of the insulin receptor superfamily. Fusions in ALK result in constitutively activated signaling which is susceptible to inhibition by ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this chapter we are describing management of patients with ALK-fused lung cancer. We will discuss molecular basis of ALK fusion including different fusion partners and variants, testing for ALK, targeting ALK with TKI, and managing resistance. Targeting ALK oncogenic driver has been an example of rapid drug development with the first ALK inhibitor approved in 2011 just 4 years after the first publication of ALK discovery by Soda et al. In the following years, we have discovered second- and third-generation ALK inhibitors which are able to circumvent ALK resistance and distinguished by better CNS penetration.
The Differential Responsiveness of Youth with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and Learning Disabilities to Intensive Remedial Reading Instruction

This study examined the collective and differentiated effects of a remedial reading intervention, Corrective Reading Decoding Level B, on the reading skills and social adjustment of elementary and middle school students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) and learning disabilities (LD). Students were provided an average of three 40–45 min lessons per week over the course of nearly 4 months. Statistically significant reading skill improvements were found between students who received the intervention (n = 45) and those in the comparison condition (n = 23). The mean average basic reading skills of students with EBD (n = 10) improved from the low average range at pretest to the average range at posttest. Statistically significant differences were found between the posttest basic reading skills of students with EBD and their counterparts with LD (n = 35). Statistically significant reductions in the overall social adjustment problems and internalizing problems of participating students were found. The total problems of students with EBD moved from the clinical to the normal range at posttest. Except for performance on measures of oral reading fluency, students with EBD were significantly more responsive than their LD counterparts on measures of core reading skills, attention problems, ADHD Problems, and anxiety problems. Limitations, implications, and future research directions are discussed.
Smart Assist System for Driver Safety

This work presents our research aimed to develop a driver safety assistant system. The idea is to use in-vehicle camera with vision sensor to detect emotional distress level of the driver while driving. An algorithm to identify facial expression of the driver is developed using Python programming language. In addition, a prototype of facial expression detection along with a car parking assist system is developed by using an Arduino Uno ATMEL ATMEGA328 microcontroller interfaced with a webcam and a motor to demonstrate the concept. The camera mounted on the dashboard continuously monitors the driver’s face and captures the facial expressions. The facial expressions so captured help assess the driver’s (particularly, the truck driver) situation and identify it in terms of severe pain, headache, cardiac arrest, etc. Once the system identifies the situation, controller then assists in driving the car to the curb and bringing it to a complete stop. The facial expression identification algorithm uses the sensors (like speed, steering etc.) to detect the abnormality from the facial expression and subsequently alert the driver for 30 s. The system continuously checks the driver’s profile. If the driver is driving while continuously in pain for another 30 s, further assistance in terms of embedded vehicle controlling system will take charge of maneuvering the vehicle and slowly parking on the curb. While parking to the right side of the road, the vehicle control system will continuously check the traffic on the adjacent lane before parking slowly on the curb. Additionally, turn indicators will help maneuver the vehicle by keeping the turn signal on. To model the system, a network is trained using deep learning with 5000 data instances. The trained model is then validated by using real time images from camera to check whether the image of face confirms to the normal pattern or in pain.
Abstract 5310: Chromatin accessibility landscape and transcriptome of castration resistant prostate cancers reveals novel subtypes and diverse master regulators

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is a heterogeneous disease with diverse drivers and mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor (AR) therapy. We generated ATAC-seq and RNA-seq data for twenty-four metastatic human prostate cancer organoids and cell lines. Integration of chromatin accessibility profiles and transcriptomes revealed four subtypes: androgen-receptor(AR)-dependent, neuroendocrine, Wnt-dependent and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). The transcriptomic signatures obtained from these four subtypes enable the classification of 100 metastatic prostate cancer patient samples from Institute Precision Medicine (IPM) and 270 published samples from SU2C study, revealing potential therapeutic vulnerabilities. Furthermore, using novel computational algorithms we constructed regulatory networks and identified the master regulators of each subtype. Currently we9re carrying out western blot and quantitative PCR to confirm the subtypes of all prostate cancer models we use, and using drug sensitivity test, CRISPR knockout and cell competition assay to validate the functions of candidates in each subtype. Our study has characterized global chromatin accessibility landscape and transcriptome in the largest number of metastatic prostate cancer models, which revealed novel subtypes and corresponding tumor drivers. Collectively, these organoids, cell lines and matching sequence data provide a resource to the community to study various CRPC models. The molecular classification and corresponding master regulators reveal new drug targets and could potentially guide future therapeutic studies. Citation Format: Fanying Tang, Chen Khuan Wong, Sandra Cohen, Cindy Lee, Minwei Liu, Rohan Bareja, Kenneth Eng, Shaham Beg, Loredana Puca, Cora Sternberg, Juan Miguel Mosquera, Himisha Beltran, Andrea Sboner, Yu Chen, Ekta Khurana. Chromatin accessibility landscape and transcriptome of castration resistant prostate cancers reveals novel subtypes and diverse master regulators [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 5310.
The Contributions of Clinical Pharmacology to HIV Cure Research

Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress plasma HIV-RNA to < 50 copies/mL, decrease HIV transmission, reduce mortality, and improve quality of life for people living with HIV. ART cannot, however, eliminate HIV from an infected individual. The primary barrier to cure HIV infection is the multiple reservoir sites, including adipose tissue, bone marrow, central nervous system, liver, lungs, male and female reproductive system, secondary lymph nodes, and gut-associated lymphoid tissue, established 1 to 2 weeks after acquisition of HIV. Additional challenges include understanding the mechanism(s) by which HIV is maintained at low or undetectable levels and developing treatments that will eradicate or produce a sustained suppression of virus without ART. To date, the most extensive clinical investigations of cure strategies have been the shock-and-kill approach using histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) to induce reactivation of latent HIV. Despite evidence for HIV latency reversal, HDACis alone have not decreased the size of the latent reservoir. Clinical pharmacologic explanations for these results include a low inhibitory quotient (i.e., low potency) within the reservoir sites and intrinsic (e.g., sex differences and reservoir size) and extrinsic (physiochemical and pharmacokinetic drug characteristics) factors. We offer an outline of desired clinical pharmacologic attributes for therapeutics intended for clinical HIV cure research and call for research teams to have early and ongoing involvement of clinical pharmacologists. We believe such a collective effort will provide a solid scientific basis and hope for reaching the goal of a cure for HIV infection.
Pronounced Regional Disparities in United States Methadone Distribution.

Background:Methadone is an evidence-based treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) and pain management. Methadone for OUD may be difficult for some patients to access, particularly those in rural ar...
P106 Evidence-Based Extension Education: Self-Reported Knowledge, Practice, and Attitudes of Nutrition Educators

Background Excellence in nutrition education requires a strong base in research evidence. While evidence-based practice is recognized as essential for nutrition education programming, little research in this area has targeted nutrition educators. Objective The aim of the study was to evaluate the perceived knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, and activities of nutrition extension educators related to evidence-based practice. Study Design, Settings, Participant Family and consumer sciences (FCS) extension agents in Florida were surveyed using an online, modified version of the Evidence-based Practice Questionnaire (EBPQ) through Qualtrics. Measurable Outcomes/Analysis Evidence-based practice activities over the past year (1 = never to 7 = frequently), attitudes towards evidence-based practice (1 = very negative to 7 = very positive agreement), and knowledge, skills and abilities related to evidence-based practice (1 = poor to 5 = excellent) were rated. Preferred sources of evidence-based nutrition information also were queried. Results Of the 85 nutrition educators surveyed, 20 FCS agents completed the survey. Regarding undertaking evidence-based practice activities to address gaps in knowledge, participants reported a rating of 5.2 ± 1.5 (mean ± SD). Attitudes were rated at 5.7 ± 1.5 and perceived knowledge, skills and abilities averaged 3.6 ± 0.8. Sources of evidence-based information included professional organizations (American Diabetes Association, American Heart Association, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and the Society of Nutrition Education and Behavior), government departments (U.S. Department of Agriculture), university-approved curriculum and online resources, reputable domain names (.edu, .org, and .gov), nutrition journals, and state extension specialists. Conclusion FCS extension agents reported applying evidence-based practice activities to support their nutrition extension programming and very positive attitudes towards evidence-based nutrition education. However, lower ratings of perceived knowledge, skills and abilities suggest a need for professional development opportunities related to evidence-based practice.
Use of network analysis to study regional footprint for construction coating applicators

Construction industry spending in July 2020 was $1.3 trillion indicating significant growth in construction spending in the USA. This sector's growth can be attributed to strategic decisions of var...
Trends in Gestational Diabetes at First Live Birth by Race and Ethnicity in the US, 2011-2019

Importance Gestational diabetes is associated with adverse maternal and offspring outcomes. Objective To determine whether rates of gestational diabetes among individuals at first live birth changed from 2011 to 2019 and how these rates differ by race and ethnicity in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants Serial cross-sectional analysis using National Center for Health Statistics data for 12 610 235 individuals aged 15 to 44 years with singleton first live births from 2011 to 2019 in the US. Exposures Gestational diabetes data stratified by the following race and ethnicity groups: Hispanic/Latina (including Central and South American, Cuban, Mexican, and Puerto Rican); non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (including Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipina, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese); non-Hispanic Black; and non-Hispanic White. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were age-standardized rates of gestational diabetes (per 1000 live births) and respective mean annual percent change and rate ratios (RRs) of gestational diabetes in non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (overall and in subgroups), non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic/Latina (overall and in subgroups) individuals relative to non-Hispanic White individuals (referent group). Results Among the 12 610 235 included individuals (mean [SD] age, 26.3 [5.8] years), the overall age-standardized gestational diabetes rate significantly increased from 47.6 (95% CI, 47.1-48.0) to 63.5 (95% CI, 63.1-64.0) per 1000 live births from 2011 to 2019, a mean annual percent change of 3.7% (95% CI, 2.8%-4.6%) per year. Of the 12 610 235 participants, 21% were Hispanic/Latina (2019 gestational diabetes rate, 66.6 [95% CI, 65.6-67.7]; RR, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.13-1.18]), 8% were non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander (2019 gestational diabetes rate, 102.7 [95% CI, 100.7-104.7]; RR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.74-1.82]), 14% were non-Hispanic Black (2019 gestational diabetes rate, 55.7 [95% CI, 54.5-57.0]; RR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.94-0.99]), and 56% were non-Hispanic White (2019 gestational diabetes rate, 57.7 [95% CI, 57.2-58.3]; referent group). Gestational diabetes rates were highest in Asian Indian participants (2019 gestational diabetes rate, 129.1 [95% CI, 100.7-104.7]; RR, 2.24 [95% CI, 2.15-2.33]). Among Hispanic/Latina participants, gestational diabetes rates were highest among Puerto Rican individuals (2019 gestational diabetes rate, 75.8 [95% CI, 71.8-79.9]; RR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.24-1.39]). Gestational diabetes rates increased among all race and ethnicity subgroups and across all age groups. Conclusions and Relevance Among individuals with a singleton first live birth in the US from 2011 to 2019, rates of gestational diabetes increased across all racial and ethnic subgroups. Differences in absolute gestational diabetes rates were observed across race and ethnicity subgroups.
Technology Tools Supportive of DSM-5: An Overview

In order to have tools supportive of DSM 5, we first need to start with an understanding of the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. Inherent to the success of what can be built is the ability to maintain both the face validity and test validity of the diagnostic schema. The authors begin this chapter with a discussion regarding the development of DSM 5. They consider how technology can support accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. In the planning of the DSM-5 revision, attention was given to address concerns regarding previous editions. Research into the validity and reliability of the DSM-IV diagnostic constructs revealed problems regarding test-retest reliability. There was also the logistical challenge of accurate data collection across thousands of patients and multiple centers, compilation and analysis of that data in an expedient fashion, and the application of the most current advances in statistical measures of reliability and validity. In summary, the logistical challenges around creating and coordinating a multi-site system for surveying and collecting data across thousands of patients and hundreds of providers, research coordinators, and analysts was solved with the involvement of REDCap. The technological tool to assist with data collection and a central data management function elevated psychiatry beyond the ancient system of one provider to one patient, and created a wealth of possibilities for how to use this data beyond the research for DSM 5.
Military Youth and Obesity: A Review of the Existing Literature 1990–2014

Approximately 1.9 million youth have a parent serving in the US military, yet we do not have accurate, comprehensive prevalence rates of obesity among this population. Our purpose was to conduct a review of the published research on obesity prevalence rates and interventions among military youth, including studies that report on weight-related measures such as body mass index, blood pressure, physical activity, diet/nutrition, and screen-time behaviors. Eight studies were found pertaining to childhood obesity in military populations including the Air Force, Army, and Navy. Our review revealed significant gaps in the literature regarding obesity prevalence and interventions targeted at military youth. We provide recommendations for future research to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity among military youth and prevention and interventions efforts for overweight and obesity with military youth.
A novel cell immunoassay to measure survival of motor neurons protein in blood cells

The motor neuron degenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality and is caused by mutations in the survival of motor neurons (SMN) gene that reduce the expression levels of the SMN protein. A major goal of current therapeutic approaches is to increase SMN levels in SMA patients. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable assay to measure SMN protein levels from peripheral blood samples. We developed a novel cell immunoassay to quantitatively measure SMN levels from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single anti-SMN antibody. SMN levels determined by the cell immunoassay are comparable to levels determined by Western blot, but in contrast, the immunoassay does not involve cell lysis, requires a small amount of patient material, and can be done on a large number of samples simultaneously. SMN levels from PBMCs are not influenced by cell type heterogeneity. SMN levels measured from total PBMCs provide an important snapshot of SMN protein expression, which should be a useful aid in SMA diagnosis, and a surrogate marker of efficacy of treatment in SMA clinical trials.
Microvascular injury in reperfused infarcted myocardium: noninvasive assessment with contrast-enhanced echoplanar magnetic resonance imaging

AbstractObjectives. The purpose of this study was to measure the accumulation of labeled albumin and to visualize its distribution pattern in reperfused infarcted myocardium as a function of time b...
The role of people knowledge in learning narrative and domain content

We argue that the addition of people knowledge to curricula has the potential---still largely unrecognized---to improve classroom learning. We describe the results of two studies on people knowledge and learning. Study 1 indicates that narrative information organized around familiar, as contrasted with unfamiliar, people is better remembered and judged to be more interesting and concrete by learners. Study 2 focuses on people knowledge and learning and transfer of pedagogical content knowledge.
Children's Counting and Concepts of Number

I Number Words.- 1 Introduction and Overview of Different Uses of Number Words.- 2 The Number-Word Sequence: An Overview of Its Acquisition and Elaboration.- II Correspondence Errors in Counting Objects.- 3 Correspondence Errors in Children's Counting.- 4 Effects of Object Arrangement on Counting Correspondence Errors and on the Indicating Act.- 5 Effects of Object Variables and Age of Counter on Correspondence Errors Made When Counting Objects in Rows.- 6 Correspondence Errors in Children's Counting: A Summary.- III Concepts of Cardinality.- 7 Children's Early Knowledge About Relationships Between Counting and Cardinality.- 8 Later Conceptual Relationships Between Counting and Cardinality: Addition and Subtraction of Cardinal Numbers.- 9 Uses of Counting and Matching in Cardinal Equivalence Situations: Equivalence and Order Relations on Cardinal Numbers.- IV Number Words, Counting, and Cardinality: The Increasing Integration of Sequence, Count, and Cardinal Meanings.- 10 Early Relationships Among Sequence Number Words, Counting Correspondence, and Cardinality.- 11 An Overview of Changes in Children's Number Word Concepts from Age 2 Through 8.- References.- Author Index.