cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COURTS Juvenile Proceedings, Parental Rights: Improve Training and Provide Assistance to Certain Inferior Courts; Provide Training Requirements for Clerks of the Juvenile Courts; Allow for Clerks Pro Tempore; Provide for Certificates and Expenses

The Act, entitled the Inferior Court Training and Assistance Act of 2000, adds a new section to the Georgia Code to improve training for juvenile court clerks and provide assistance to certain inferior courts. The Act introduces mandatory training requirements for juvenile court clerks and allows pro tempore clerks to act in the traditional clerk's place during training without having to meet the same training requirements.
Chapter 7 Isolation and Experimental Manipulation of Polytene Nuclei in Drosophila

Publisher Summary The heterochromatic portion of the diploid genome is grossly under-represented in polytene nuclei, therefore this material is particularly suited for studying the structure and function of euchromatin. In addition, polytene chromosomes represent an extensive magnification of the euchromatic portion of the genome. The extensive size of polytene chromosomes also permits the identification and investigation of multiple sites of DNA synthesis. This chapter describes simple procedures for the isolation and incubation of polytene nuclei from salivary glands of Drosophila hydei . All nuclear isolation procedures are carried out at 0–4°C with either siliconized glass or plastic equipment. Small amounts of nuclei can be prepared quickly by repeated passage of 100 to l000 salivary glands through the tip of a pipette. The product of this procedure consists of about 95% polytene nuclei. Nuclei isolated by aqueous procedures have been shown to retain the normal chromosome banding pattern and the acidic protein associated with chromosomal puffs. They also demonstrate an apparently normal capacity for RNA synthesis and DNA synthesis. For studies of RNA synthesis, incubation conditions have been defined that both optimize certain forms of RNA synthesis and permit the retention of normal chromosome morphology.
Polymerase chain reaction detection of human papillomavirus: quantitation may improve clinical utility.

A case-control study compared detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 with restriction enzyme analysis and Southern blot hybridization detection of HPV type 16. Cervicovaginal lavage samples from 64 women with histopathologic evidence of a cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion and 55 samples from cytologically healthy women were studied. Several methods of PCR product analysis, including radioactive and nonradioactive probing, were compared. The sensitivity of HPV detection by PCR when the amplified DNA fragment was visualized on a gel was equivalent to those of detection by restriction enzyme and Southern blot analyses. Hybridization of the PCR product with radioactively or nonradioactively labeled oligonucleotide probes increased the sensitivity of HPV detection by 100-fold. However, an increase in the sensitivity of the assay preferentially identified low levels of the virus in cytologically healthy women. Therefore, the value of HPV detection in identifying women with cervical neoplastic disease was greater, and the odds ratio for the presence of a cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion was higher when the less sensitive modalities were used. These results suggest that quantitation of HPV by PCR may maximize the clinical significance of a positive test result. Further studies will be needed to determine the optimal level of virus detection which has the highest positive predictive value of clinical disease. Images
The Ethics of Practicing Forensic Social Work

Social work ethical codes help to define our profession as well as to provide guidelines for resolving challenging social work dilemmas. Forensic social work is a specialty area that is broadly defined as social work activities involving criminal or civil court proceedings, criminal offenders, victims of crime, or other systems of justice. Forensic social workers are most often involved with adversarial court proceedings and emotionally charged civil cases that require special attention to ethics. The National Organization of Forensic Social Workers (NOFSW) has maintained a Code of Ethics for its members since 1987. As the field continues to evolve a discussion of current ethical dilemmas and a revision of the code of ethics are needed. This article reviews the major ethical challenges faced by forensic social workers, discusses key considerations for practice, and presents a revised edition of the NOFSW Code of Ethics.
ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION

Experimental study of primary and secondary consolidation characteristics of calcareous organic silt; new mathematical model is proposed for consolidation process to explain effect of pressure increment ratio and to analyze time compression curves when secondary compression predominates.
Adaptive array with binaural processor

A two element adaptive array for SSB and CW signals is described. The signals from the two elements are linearly translated to audio and presented binaurally to the observer. The observer hears the signals in a perceived space, with signals arriving from different directions localized at different points in the perceived space. The observer may concentrate on a signal localized at one point while ignoring signals localized at other points. Experimental observations are reported for HF signals in noise and interference, VHF signals in white noise and multipath, and UHF CW signals in an anechoic chamber.
The Effect of an Independent Blockholder on the Board of Directors

Recent papers have explored the direct impact of blockholders and boards on the managerial discretion of the CEO. This essay extends that line of research to examine the impact of blockholders on corporate boards. The problem driving the analysis is a CEO who plans to divert project resources for personal benefit. If successful, he will provide private benefits to insiders who support the diversion. Board insiders must decide whether or not to reveal this to outside board members and vote against the CEO's proposed project implementation. I find that, in the absence of a blockholder, the success of the diversion effort strictly depends on the size of the private benefit to insiders. By contrast, the presence of the blockholder can increase or decrease the willingness of insiders to vote against the CEO, to the point of precluding a rational CEO from even attempting diversion.
The response of retinal neurons to high-frequency stimulation

Objective. High-rate pulse trains have proven to be effective in cochlear prosthetics and, more recently, have been shown to elicit a wide range of interesting response properties in axons of the peripheral nervous system. Surprisingly, the effectiveness of such trains for use in retinal prostheses has not been explored. Approach. Using cell-attached patch clamp methods, we measured the in vitro response of two rabbit retinal ganglion cell types, OFF-brisk transient (OFF-BT) and ON–OFF directionally selective (DS), to trains of biphasic pulses delivered at 2000 pulses per second (PPS). Main Results. For OFF-BT cells, response onset occurred at ~20 µA, and maximum response occurred at ~40 µA. Interestingly, spiking levels decreased for further increases in amplitude. In contrast, DS cells had a spiking onset at ~25 µA and maintained strong spiking as stimulus amplitude was increased, even at the highest levels tested. Thus, a low-amplitude stimulus train at 2000 PPS (~25 µA) will activate OFF-BT cells strongly, while simultaneously activating DS cells only weakly. In contrast, a high amplitude train (~75 µA) will activate DS cells strongly while suppressing responses in OFF-BT cells. Significance. The response differences between cell types suggest some forms of preferential activation may be possible, and further testing is warranted. Further, the scope of the response differences found here suggests activation mechanisms that are more complex than those described in previous studies.
The Meaning of Creativity in Foreign Language Teaching

E VERYONE POSSESSES to some degree the abilities involved in being creative. Adventurous thinking or imaginativeness, an insatiable curiosity, getting away from the main track, being open to experience, permitting one thing to lead to another, discovering, innovating, inventing-these are the components of the creative process. These needs can be nurtured or killed by the way students are treated. Fantasy, such as imaginative role playing, the telling of fantastic stories, creating languages, unusual drawings, the normal aspects of thinking in children is regarded as something to be eliminated as quickly as possible. We are irritated by the unending curiosity and manipulativeness of children. We do not appreciate a passion for first hand observation, but there is no substitute for these characteristics in the learning process. Without appearing to work as hard, the highly creative person appears to learn as much as, if not more than, the one with a high I.Q. My guess is that these highly creative people are learning and thinking when they appear to be "playing around." They engage in manipulative and exploratory activities which the teacher sometimes discourages and actually forbids. They enjoy learning but for them it is play rather than work. Researchers have found that of three gifted groups-social leaders, creative intellectuals and studious achievers-the lowest teacher grades were achieved by the creative individuals. When the others were studying for examinations, they would be reading a book on philosophy or a college textbook-activities with almost no payoff in the teacher's grade book. But on the standardized achievement tests the creative intellectuals surpassed the other two groups as a result of their wide reading and uncredited, self-initiated learning. Researchers have also discovered that creative thinking plays an important part in the makeup of individuals, successful even in as common an occupation as selling in a department store.
Nondestructive Testing of Solid-Propellant Motors

Abstract Nondestructive tests of solid-propellant motors utilizing gamma scintillation techniques have been demonstrated to be feasible as confirmed by theoretical studies and experimental tests. These techniques utilize a cobalt-60 source so oriented that the differential radiation flux associated with cracks or flaws that might be present in the propellant grain is detected, recorded, and analyzed electronically. These inspection techniques support the POLARIS program by allowing assessment of the condition of the propellant grains before and after environmental tests and by providing assurance that delivered motors are free of critical flaws and defects.
Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer.

Background: Women with breast cancer are more frequently being treated with preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) following chemotherapy has not been determined. This was a meta-analysis of studies that examined the results of SLNB after preoperative chemotherapy. Methods: Included articles had to meet two criteria. First, patients had to have had operable breast cancer and to have undergone SLNB after preoperative chemotherapy and, second, patients had to have undergone subsequent axillary lymph node dissection. Meta-analyses were performed in which Bayesian hierarchical models were created to estimate the identification rate (IR) and sensitivity of SLNB in this setting. Results: Twenty-one studies were identified that included a total of 1273 patients. The IRs reported ranged from 72 to 100 per cent, with a pooled estimate of 90 per cent. The sensitivity of SLNB ranged from 67 to 100 per cent, with a pooled estimate of 88 (95 per cent confidence interval 85 to 90) per cent. Meta-analyses performed using Bayesian modelling resulted in (posterior) estimates for IR and sensitivity of 91 (95 per cent credible interval 88 to 94) and 88 (95 per cent credible interval 84 to 91) per cent respectively. Conclusion: SLNB is a reliable tool for planning treatment after preoperative chemotherapy. Copyright © 2005 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
22-Oxa Calcitriol Is a Less Potent Regulator of Keratinocyte Proliferation and Differentiation Due to Decreased Cellular Uptake and Enhanced Catabolism

22-oxa calcitriol (OCT) is a recently synthesized analog of calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3) with potent biologic actions both in vivo and in vitro. Because it is considerably less hypercalcemic than 1,25(OH)2D3 when given in vivo, OCT is of potential use for the treatment of diseases, such as psoriasis, that respond to the antiproliferative, prodifferentiating actions of 1,25(OH)2D3. To determine the potential usefulness of OCT in hyperproliferative skin diseases, we compared the ability of OCT to that of 1,25(OH)2D3 with respect to regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in vitro. These studies were performed in serum-free media to eliminate differences in potency secondary to differences in binding to the serum vitamin D-binding protein. We observed that OCT was considerably less effective than 1,25(OH)2D3 in inhibiting keratinocyte proliferation and stimulating differentiation. The decreased potency of OCT appeared to be due to decreased uptake and increased catabolism rather than decreased affinity for the vitamin D receptor. We conclude that under the conditions of our experiments OCT was less potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 because it failed to achieve comparable concentrations within the cell.
Multilocular cystic nephroma: Report of three cases

Multilocular cystic nephroma is an uncommon renal neoplasm which in childhood usually presents as an abdominal mass. The same condition is also described as multilocular kidney and multilocular cystic hamartoma. The clinical presentation, and radiological findings in three cases of multilocular cystic nephroma are described.
Syntheses with stable isotopes: Acetic-1-13C,-2-13C,-13C2, and -12C2 acids

Rhodium-catalyzed carbonylation of methanol at mild temperature and pressure has been developed for small- and large-scale preparations of the carbon isotope isomers of acetic acid.
QUANTITATIVE-COMPETITIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR RAPID SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS TO ISONIAZID

The objective of this study was to determine whether quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) can be used for rapid susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). QC-PCR was used to determine relative amounts of mycobacterial DNA inoculated at different isoniazid (INH) concentrations. A total of six different INH-sensitive (INH-S) and five INH-resistant (INH-R) strains were inoculated in the presence of 0.0, 0.2, 1.0, and 10.0 micrograms/ml of INH. DNA was quantified using QC-PCR at Week 0 and weekly thereafter for 3 weeks. For the QC-PCR, 10-fold dilutions of control (240 bp) DNA having the same primer set as the target DNA (123 bp) were used. The amount of target DNA was estimated by using known amounts of the internal standard. For INH-S isolates there was > or = 1 log difference in DNA concentration in the presence of each INH concentration compared to that of the control within 1 to 3 weeks. In contrast, for INH-R isolates there were no apparent differences in DNA concentration between the control suspensions and those containing 0.2 and 1.0 microgram/ml INH during the 3-week incubation period. The highest INH concentration (10 micrograms/ml), however, did abolish the DNA increase seen in the other MTB suspensions. This preliminary study suggests that by using concentrations of 0.2 or 1.0 microgram/ml of INH, QC-PCR may differentiate INH-R and INH-S MTB isolates within 1 week. This method may be of particular value when applied directly to clinical specimens with varying numbers of bacilli.
Zinc deficiency with altered adrenocortical function and its relation to delayed healing.

Abstract Bilateral adrenalectomy and long-term Summary corticosteroid therapy produced a sustained decrease in serum-zinc. In ten patients adrenalectomy resulted in serum-zinc deficiency within 1 week, and this decrease was maintained for at least 6 months. Six patients on long-term corticosteroids presented with delayed wound healing; they were given oral zinc supplements (660 mg. zinc sulphate per day) and wounds healed completely. These results are important clinically because corticosteroids are widely used drugs and because the maintenance of adequate zinc levels is essential for proper wound healing.
1/N Feynman machines as a path to ultraminiaturization

ABSTRACTThe possibility of implementing Feynman's proposal for achieving ultraminiaturization by an iterative processof three-dimensional machines making ever-smaller three-dimensional machines is considered in the nature of a"thought experiment. " A large array of Stewart platform machines is proposed as the "machine/factory" whichpossibly could have the capability to make ever-smaller versions of itself.1. EXTENDED ABSTRACT 1.1 Feynman's proposal and revisits Richard P. Feynman in 1959' proposed what he called "one weird possibility" for achieving anultra.miniaturization of mechanical systems. The proposal was to use an iterative process of three-dimensionalmachines making ever-smaller three-dimensional machines. He suggested that mechanical systems as complexas an automobile should be reducible in size by as much as a factor of 4,000.This level of size reduction couldbe achieved if part-size errors of 10 zm are assumed to correspond to a size-error in the reduced system of 10atomic-diameters or 2.5
Exploring relationship between asthma and air pollution: a geospatial methodology using dasymetric mapping, GIS analysis, and spatial statistics

This paper presents methodology using dasymetric mapping from remotely sensed imagery, geographic information system (GIS), spatial analysis and spatial statistics to explore relationship between asthma and air pollution in the Pensacola metropolitan region of Florida. Health outcome indicators thought to be sensitive to increased exposure of airborne environmental hazards are mortality and morbidity rates for total population asthma patients. Environmental data for the time around the year 1999 include point source pollution sites and emissions, traffic count with emission estimates, and a Landsat ETM+ image. Standardized mortality/morbility ratios (SMRs) were used as dependent variables for the analysis. A centroid map was created from the zip code map with each centroid assigned the corresponding SMR values. Then spatial interpolation using the Kriging method was used to generate continuous SMR surfaces. An emission or point count based kernel density raster map was created from each of the air pollution maps. A raster layer 'greenness' was extracted using tasseled cap transformation from the Landsat ETM+ image. The dasymetric mapping technique was employed to limit the analysis and modeling to the area where human activities occur. The ETM+ image was classified into a thematic land use/cover map and the developed area extracted. A road network was combined with the developed area to generate a buffer (buffer distance=1.5 km). A random sample with enough number of points was generated across the study area and 505 points were found within the developed area and the buffer. Data values at these sample points were extracted and used for statistical modeling. Two spatial autoregressive models (spatial error and spatial lag) were fitted. Both models show relationship between the asthmas outcome indicators and air pollution (positive) and 'greenness' (negative).
1556 NEONATAL CARNITINE DEFICIENCY WITH MUSCLE AND CNS DETERIORATION SECONDARY TO ABSENT 5,10-METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (MTHFR) RESPONSIVE TO SUBSTRATE REPLACEMENT

1556 NEONATAL CARNITINE DEFICIENCY WITH MUSCLE AND CNS DETERIORATION SECONDARY TO ABSENT 5,10-METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE (MTHFR) RESPONSIVE TO SUBSTRATE REPLACEMENT
Cats discriminate between cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol

Summary A comparison was made of the ability of ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol to elevate plasma concentrations of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in cats. Cholecalciferol, given as an oral bolus in oil, resulted in a rapid elevation of plasma concentration of cholecalciferol followed by a rapid decline. In contrast, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in plasma increased until day 3 after administration and remained elevated for a further 5 days. When 337 μg of both cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol in oil were given as an oral bolus to 10 cats, the peak plasma concentrations of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol occurred at 8 or 12 h after administration. Peak concentrations of cholecalciferol were over twice those of ergocalciferol (570 ± 80 vs. 264 ± 42 nmol/l). The area under the curve 0–169 h for cholecalciferol was also more than twice that for ergocalciferol. When ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol were administered in a parenteral oil-based emulsion, higher concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 than 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 were maintained in plasma. When both vitamins were included in the diet in the nutritional range, plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 were 0.68 of those of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Discrimination against ergocalciferol by cats appears to result from differences in affinity of the binding protein for the metabolites of the two forms of vitamin D. These results indicate that cats discriminate against ergocalciferol, and use it with an efficiency of 0.7 of that of cholecalciferol to maintain plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.
The costs of caring: Gender identification increases threat following exposure to sexism

The current research examined whether group identification moderates the extent to which perceived ingroup discrimination is threatening, as indexed by physiological and self-report measures. Women read and gave a speech summarizing an article describing sexism as prevalent or rare. They then completed a distraction task and sat for a recovery period. Cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) was used to index threat experienced on an automatic level and self-reported anxiety was used to index threat experienced on a controlled level. Regardless of group identification, participants in the prevalent sexism (vs. rare sexism) condition exhibited a pattern of CVR consistent with threat during the speech and reported greater anxiety post-speech. During recovery, however, highly identified participants in the prevalent sexism condition exhibited a sustained threat pattern of CVR and reported higher anxiety post-recovery compared to low identifiers. High group identification may heighten the psychological and physiological burden of discrimination.
Thymic transplantation for complete DiGeorge syndrome: medical and surgical considerations.

Abstract Background/purpose Complete DiGeorge syndrome results in the absence of functional T cells. Our program supports the transplantation of allogeneic thymic tissue in infants with DiGeorge syndrome to reconstitute immune function. This study reviews the multidisciplinary care of these complex infants. Methods From 1991 to 2001, the authors evaluated 16 infants with complete DiGeorge syndrome. All infants received multidisciplinary medical and surgical support. Clinical records for the group were reviewed. Results Four infants died without receiving a thymic transplantation, and 12 children survived to transplantation. The mean age at time of transplantation was 2.7 months (range, 1.1 to 4.4 months). All 16 infants had significant comorbidity including congenital heart disease (16 of 16), hypocalcemia (14 of 16), gastroesophageal reflux disease or aspiration (13 of 16), CHARGE complex (4 of 16), and other organ involvement (14 of 16). Nontransplant surgical procedures included central line placement (15 of 16), fundoplication or gastrostomy (10 of 16), cardiac repair (10 of 16), bronchoscopy or tracheostomy (6 of 16), and other procedures (12 of 16). Complications were substantial, and 5 of the 12 transplanted infants died of nontransplant-related conditions. All surviving infants have immune reconstitution, with follow-up from 2 to 10 years. Conclusions Although the transplantation of thymic tissue can restore immune function in infants with complete DiGeorge syndrome, these children have substantial comorbidity. Care of these children requires coordinated multidisciplinary support.
Color Centers and Radiation-Induced Defects in Al 2 O 3

The peak energy ${E}_{0}$ and full width $U$, in ev, of the color centers in ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ before irradiation are: ${E}_{0}=5.45$, $U=0.6$; ${E}_{0}=4.84$, $U=0.54$; with an indication of a band at ${E}_{0}g6.2$, $Ug0.4$. Irradiation of 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ r produces saturation of the gamma-ray-induced bands which occur at ${E}_{0}=5.45$, $U=1.25$; ${E}_{0}=3.08$, $U=1.50$; and probably an additional band at ${E}_{0}=4.28$, $U=0.70$. Reactor irradiation produces bands at ${E}_{0}=6.02$, $U=0.60$; ${E}_{0}=5.35$; $U=0.40$; ${E}_{0}=4.85$, $U=0.54$; ${E}_{0}=4.21$, $U=0.80$; ${E}_{0}=3.74$, $U=0.88$; ${E}_{0}=2.64$, $U=0.64$; and ${E}_{0}=2.00$, $U=0.44$.
Temperature preference and heat resistance of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Gray), and their F1 hybrid

Acute temperature preferenda and critical thermal maxima were determined for 23°C-acclimated stocks of grass carp, bighead carp and their F, triploid hybrid. Preferred temperature and critical thermal maximum of the hybrid were significantly higher than those of the grass carp (female parent), which is consistent with prior field observations. The hybrid's values for both parameters also were significantly higher than those of the bighead carp. These results comprise experimental evidence for substantial heterosis in the thermal physiology of fishes.
A simple DNA disc chip in a microarray design based on modified comparative genomic hybridization for sperm DNA analysis.

Abstract Objective: A DNA disc chip assay, based on comparative genomic hybridization, was designed to measure changes in sperm DNA intensities. The objective was to analyze the DNA integrity of hyperactive sperm cells after mild heat treatment. Design: The assay based on a multiple cell comet assay was used to analyze changes in genomic DNA. Washed sperm DNA were tested on the assay and images stored in a microarray design. Setting: Clinical and academic research environment. Patient(s): Frozen-thawed washed sperm from different donors (n = 7). Intervention(s): Discarded sperm leftover from trial washes carried out at 37° and 40°C were frozen and processed for the DNA disc chip assay. Main Outcome Measure(s): Fluorescent intensities of DNA disc chips and sperm variables. Result(s): Heat treatment resulted in more than eightfold increase in sperm hyperactive motility with little degradation in DNA integrity. Sperm with low hyperactivation was associated with alterations in DNA after heat treatment. Conclusion(s): The DNA disc chip assay was simple, inexpensive, and permitted assisted reproduction technologies laboratories to use comparative genomic hybridization for cytogenotoxicity testing. However, the assay required manual processing, a fluorescent microscope, and computer. The data showed an association between sperm hyperactivation and DNA integrity suggesting that the hyperactivation marker may be used for selecting quality sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. More studies are needed to examine temperature effects on ejaculated human sperm.
Biotic Resource Needs of Specialist Orchid Pollinators

Orchid pollinators have highly varied life histories with complex biotic resource requirements, about which we have limited knowledge. Among the specialist orchid pollinators are insect predators and parasitoids with specific prey types such as aphids and subterranean scarab larvae; oligolectic bees that collect pollen from limited sources such as bellflowers; euglossine bees and butterflies that collect particular plant chemicals for reproduction and self defense; oil-collecting bees that provision their brood cells with floral oils from a few plants; bees that collect rare floral resins to construct their nest and brood cells; moths and butterflies that require specific larval host plants; mosquitos and horse flies that need blood; and fungus gnats and carrion flies tied to fungi and dead animals. Loss of critical biotic resources and relationships can reduce the abundance of orchid pollinators and/or their effectiveness. Protection of large, plant rich, pesticide-free orchid habitats is key to conserving essential pollinator resources.
Oh, Golly, What a Happy Family! Trajectories of Citizenship and Agency in Three Twentieth-Century Book Series for Children

This article explores three British picture-book series that were created out of children’s playthings: Florence and Bertha Upton’s Dutch Doll and Golliwogg series, Enid Blyton’s Noddy series, and Allan Ahlberg’s Happy Families series. These series span the twentieth century, giving snapshots of politically and culturally charged intersections between childhood and citizenship. Considered together, they highlight a narrowing in scope of agency from notions of global citizenship early in the century to local, community-based citizenship rooted in village authority, economic ties, and fiscal responsibility at mid-century to citizenship based on familial interests and the social family unit at the end of the century.
Integrating Functions at the Kinetochore

Kinetochore components have catalytic as well as structural activities. New evidence illustrates how these proteins integrate spindle morphogenesis with regulation of the timing and accuracy of chromosome segregation.
Protease-activated receptor-1 upregulates fibroblast growth factor 7 in stroma of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is characterized by abnormal epithelial and stromal proliferation causing urinary obstruction. Prostate growth is regulated by a variety of growth factors secreted from the stroma, including fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7), a potent epithelial-specific growth factor which is increased in hyperplastic prostate. However, the mediator(s) of FGF-7 over-expression is unclear. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is a G-protein coupled receptor known to induce multiple biological processes, but its effect on BPH pathogenesis is mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PAR-1 as a mediator of BPH development. METHODS PAR-1 expression was investigated in BPH and normal prostate tissues by immunohistochemistry. Prostate stromal cells were isolated from BPH specimens, cultured and immunohistochemically characterized. Cultured stromal cells were stimulated with PAR-1 agonists, and extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK1/2) activation and cell proliferation were examined. PAR-1 mediated FGF-7 production by cultured stromal cells was assessed by RT-PCR and immunoassays, and verified by small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS PAR-1 expression was increased in BPH stroma. In stromal cells isolated from BPH tissues, PAR-1 agonists activated ERK1/2 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and with resultant enhanced cell proliferation. Pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein/(βγ-subunits)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C pathways were involved in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. PAR-1 activation strikingly induced FGF-7 production from cultured stromal cells mediated predominantly via ERK1/2 signaling pathway, and PAR-1 siRNA decreased the elicited FGF-7 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS The expression and function of PAR-1 in BPH stroma indicate PAR-1 may play important roles in BPH pathogenesis. Prostate 68:1064–1075, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of a squeezed vacuum on absorptive optical bistability

Abstract We calculate the effects of a squeezed vacuum on absorptive optical bistability (AOB) using the different relaxation rate approximation for in-quadrature and in-phase components of a two-level system developed by Gardiner. An expression for the complex absorption coefficient is developed and the result applied to the AOB equation for the unidirectional ring cavity. We find a significant degradation of bistability for values of the in-quadrature decay constant less than or equal to approximately 0.5 of the in-phase decay constant. Effects of detuning and relative phase of the pump field to the squeezed vacuum field are also examined.
Tenecteplase: a review

Abstract Background: Certain shortcomings of the available thrombolytic agents have prompted the search for a more fibrin specific fibrinolytic agent with a longer half-life. Such properties would allow bolus administration, possibly leading to faster reperfusion of occluded arteries. Objective: This article focuses on the new thrombolytic agent tenecteplase, reviewing its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic characteristics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, and potential for drug interactions in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Methods: English-language articles for inclusion in this review were identified through searches of MEDLINE ® , EMBASE ® , and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1966 to April 2001. The search terms used included tenecteplase, myocardial infarction, TNK, and TNK-tPA . Abstracts from recent conferences and symposia were also consulted. Results: Tenecteplase is a variant of the native tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) molecule that has 14-fold greater fibrin specificity than alteplase, a longer half-life, slower plasma clearance, and 80-fold greater resistance to inhibition by plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. Its half-life of ∼18 minutes allows single-bolus administration. In comparative clinical trials, tenecteplase was found to have equivalent efficacy to recombinant tPA (alteplase). The rate of intracranial hemorrhage with tenecteplase was similar to that with alteplase, and tenecteplase was associated with fewer noncerebral complications and less need for blood transfusions. Conclusions: Tenecteplase appears to be as effective and well tolerated as alteplase in the management of acute myocardial infarction and offers the convenience of single-bolus administration.
Relationships between masticatory rhythmicity, body mass and cephalometrically-determined aesthetic and functional variables during development in humans.

Abstract Objective We studied the relationship between chewing rhythmicity, craniomandibular morphology, and age in humans. Design Sixty subjects (10 M:10F/group × three age groups, viz., 4–8, 10–14, and 17–21 years) participated. Subjects chewed gum for 2 min while jaw movements in the frontal plane were videorecorded. Mean and variation in mean chewing cycle duration ( T C ) were quantified using maximum opening to maximum opening as cycle boundaries. Five “aesthetic” cephalometric variables (e.g., ANB) and seven “functional” variables (e.g., jaw length) were quantified from subjects’ lateral cephalographs. Simple linear regression models and several multivariate analyses were used in comparisons. Results Mean T C increased and variation in T C decreased significantly with age. Body mass correlated with age, height, T C , all seven “functional” variables and only two “aesthetic” variables. Mean T C was correlated significantly with jaw length, distance from condylion to first molar point, distance from gonion to zygomatic arch, and distance from hyoid to menton. Conclusions T C appeared to adapt with age. Although T C scaled most significantly with age, it is more likely that T C is mechanistically linked to jaw length or size. The decrease in T C variation with age suggests improved efficiency. T C did not scale with “aesthetic” variables, suggesting that these do not impact chewing rate; however, clinical procedures that impact jaw length may. The negative allometric scaling of T C with “functional” variables may reflect the pedomorphic jaw and face of humans. Further human studies will provide insights into the nature of scaling and adaptation of rhythmic chewing during development.
First Report of the Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera filipjevi on Winter Wheat in Montana

Among the cereal cyst nematode complex, three species-Heterodera avenae, H. filipjevi and H. latipons-are the most destructive for wheat. Although H. avenae occurs in several U.S. states, H. filipjevi was discovered in the United States in Oregon in 2008 and has since been reported only in Washington. In Chouteau County, Montana, a winter wheat field reported to contain H. avenae was observed with localized areas of heavily stunted Yellowstone winter wheat. Roots from affected plants displayed moderate numbers of nematode cysts with no associated proliferation of lateral roots. Living nematode cysts from wheat roots from the affected field were examined morphologically and by PCR for species identification. Observations of morphological characters critical for identification indicated that the specimens were H. filipjevi. Diagnostic measurements of second-stage juveniles included length of body, stylet with anchor-shaped basal knobs, tail, and hyaline tail terminus. The lateral field had four lines; the inner two were more distinct. Shapes of the tail, tail terminus, and stylet knobs were also consistent with H. filipjevi. The lemon-shaped cysts were light brown to yellow and had a zigzag pattern and bifenestrate vulval cone; diagnostic morphometrics included body length excluding neck, body width, length/width, neck length and width, fenestra length and width, heavy underbridge, vulval slit, and many bullae. Molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and 2) and 28S rRNA confirmed identity as H. filipjevi. Amplicons generated from three J2 were cloned and sequenced. Sequences from the 28S region were >99.9% identical to those of H. filipjevi from China but distinct from several populations of H. avenae (99.0-99.2%). The ITS rDNA from this population matched with 99.9% identity several H. filipjevi sequences available from GenBank, including ones from Russia, Tajikistan, UK, USA, and China. The next closest species match was H. avenae, showing 96-97% identity to the Montana population. This is the first report of H. filipjevi from Montana. Importantly, eggs from H. filipjevi are noted for hatching in the fall during winter wheat planting and therefore may more greatly affect winter wheat than H. avenae, whose eggs hatch only in the spring after a cold period. Moreover, resistance in wheat against these two nematode species is different and will require additional considerations.
Prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among clinic-based African American families with breast cancer

To define the prevalence and relative contributions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations among African American families with breast cancer, we analyzed 28 DNA samples from patients identified through two oncology clinics. The entire coding regions of BRCA1 and BRCA2 were screened by protein truncation test, heteroduplex analysis, or single-stranded conformation polymorphism followed by DNA sequencing of variant bands. Deleterious protein-truncating BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were identified in five patients or 18% of the entire cohort. Only 8% (1 of 13) of women with a family history of breast cancer, but no ovarian cancer, had mutations. The mutation rates were higher for women from families with a history of breast cancer and at least one ovarian cancer (three of six, 50%). One woman with a family history of undocumented cancers was also found to carry a deleterious mutation in BRCA2. The spectrum of mutations was unique in that one novel BRCA1 mutation (1625del5) and three novel BRCA2 mutations (1536del4, 6696delTC, and 7795delCT) were identified. No recurrent mutations were identified in this cohort, although one BRCA2 (2816insA) mutation had been previously reported. In addition, two BRCA1 and four BRCA2 missense mutations of unknown significance were identified, one of which was novel. Taken together with our previous report on recurrent mutations seen in unrelated families, we conclude that African Americans have a unique mutation spectrum in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, but recurrent mutations are likely to be more widely dispersed and therefore not readily identifiable in this population.
Fabrication and characterization of a thermal switch

Abstract The development of a thermal switch based on arrays of liquid–metal micro-droplets is presented. Prototype thermal switches are assembled from a silicon substrate on which is deposited an array of 1600 30-μm liquid–metal micro-droplets. The liquid–metal micro-droplet array makes and breaks contact with a second bare silicon substrate. A gap between the two silicon substrates is filled with either air at 760 Torr, air at of 0.5 Torr or xenon at 760 Torr. Heat transfer and thermal resistance across the thermal switches are measured for “on” (make contact) and “off” (break contact) conditions using guard-heated calorimetry. The figure of merit for a thermal switch, the ratio of “off” state thermal resistance over “on” state thermal resistance, R off / R on , is 129 ± 43 for a xenon-filled thermal switch that opens 100 μm and 60 ± 17 for an 0.5 Torr air-filled thermal switch that opens 25 μm. These thermal resistance ratios are shown to be markedly higher than values of R off / R on for a thermal switch based on contact between polished silicon surfaces. Transient temperature measurements for the liquid–metal micro-droplet switches indicate thermal switching times of less than 100 ms. Switch lifetimes are found to exceed one-million cycles.
Theoretical limitation of the RBSOA of MOS-controlled thyristors

Abstract A comprehensive investigation of the electrical destructive failure mechanism of MOS-controlled thyristors (MCT) during inductive turn-off was performed in this study. For the first time, the relationship between the RBSOA of MCT and the I – V characteristics of the lower open-base transistor was identified. The dynamic avalanche limitation of the MCT was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively based on a first-order analytical model developed to characterize the lower open-base transistor of the MCT. It was discovered that the dynamic current gain characteristics of the transistor account for the performance discrepancy between the P - and N -type MCT at high voltages. The impact of the doping profile on the dynamic current gain characteristics has also been investigated. Finally, a unified view of the theoretical limitation of the RBSOA of the MCT is presented.
Mathematical analysis of a simple model for the stripping reaction

Die Integralgleichung (1.6), die aus einem sehr vereinfachten Modell der ≪stripping reaction≫ hergeleitet ist, wird diskutiert. Es ist bemerkenswert, dass die bekannte Methode vonN. Wiener undE. Hopf auf diese komplizierte Integralgleichung angewendet werden kann. Die entstehende Funktionalgleichung (1.12) wird im § 2 auf die losbare Differenzengleichung (2.20) reduziert. § 3 behandelt die Eindeutigkeit der Losung und § 4 die explizite Losung in einem Spezialfall. Die explizite Losung des allgemeinen Falls wird nicht angegeben.
Distressed and nondistressed third- and sixth-grade children's self-reports of life events and impact and concordance with mothers

This study examined the concordance of third- and Sixth-grade distressed and nondistressed children's self-reports of the occurrence and perceived impact of life events that had occurred during the preceding 12 months with their mothers' perceptions. The study also examined whether maternal self-reports of dysphoria affects concordance between mother/child dyads on children's self-reports of occurrence and perceived impact of life events. Eighty-eight mother/child dyads, matched on Children's Depression Inventory scores, grade, sex, race, and school were included. Results indicated that distressed children endorsed more items on the Coddington Life Events Record (LER), and perceived them more negatively, than nondistressed children. Small, but statistically significant concordance rates were found between dyads on the occurrence of life events and the perceived impact of these events: Distressed children and their mothers had more mutually endorsed items than nondistressed children and mothers, and third-grade children had higher concordance rates with their mothers when compared to sixth-grade children. Third-grade children also appeared to commit more errors of commission on the LER. Finally, Maternal distress mediated mother/child concordance. Possible explanations for these results and future research directions are discussed.
Challenging Myths of Muslim Women: The Influence of Islam On Arab‐Arnerican Women's Labor Force Activity

L'a. expose les resultats de l'enquete qu'il a realisee aux Etats-Unis sur l'influence de la religion, de l'origine ethnique et de l'education sur l'activite professionnelle des femmes arabo-americaines. Apres avoir compare les normes culturelles des societes arabes traditionnelles et de la societe americaine en matiere d'activite des femmes, il conclut que le rapport de la femme arabe, et notamment musulmane, a l'activite professionnelle est trop souvent caricature. Il ressort de son enquete que la femme arabo-americaine est dans l'ensemble eduquee et progressiste. Prendre en compte l'anciennete de l'immmigration permet d' aboutir a une conclusion cependant plus nuancee.
Suction cups on maxillary dentures: report of case

A report of case is presented in which a maxillary denture was fitted with a suction cup causing a round, depressed area of inflammation on the center of the palate. Awareness of existing prosthodontic practices is important to recognize and manage such a case for the restoration of tissue health and prevention of further tissue damage.
On a theorem of Laurent Schwartz

Abstract We give a proof of a theorem of Schwartz on Borel graphs for linear transforms between Banach spaces, completely different from the original one.
Uncorrelated and correlated nanoscale lattice distortions in the paramagnetic phase of magnetoresistive manganites

Neutron scattering measurements on a magnetoresistive manganite ${\mathrm{La}}_{0.75}{({\mathrm{Ca}}_{0.45}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.55})}_{0.25}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ show that uncorrelated dynamic polaronic latice distortions are present in both the orthorhombic $(O)$ and rhombohedral $(R)$ paramagnetic phases. The uncorrelated distortions do not exhibit any significant anomaly at the $O\text{--}R$ transition. Thus, both the paramagnetic phases are inhomogeneous on the nanometer scale, as confirmed further by strong damping of the acoustic phonons and by the anomalous Debye--Waller factors in these phases. In contrast, recent x-ray measurements and our neutron data show that polaronic correlations are present only in the $O$ phase. In optimally doped manganites, the $R$ phase is metallic, while the $O$ paramagnetic state is insulating (or semiconducting). These measurements therefore strongly suggest that the correlated lattice distortions are primarily responsible for the insulating character of the paramagnetic state in magnetoresistive manganites.
High Resolution Detection and Configuration of Bacteria Using Microscale Pores

A novel method for detecting and configuring bacteria using a micro-scale pore is presented. The method distinguishes between different species of bacteria by measuring the ionic current blockage (resistive pulse) as bacteria electrophoretically translocate the micro-pore. Both wild-type flagellated (HCB 33) and non-flagellated Escherichia coli (HCB 5), and Polystyrene microbeads were used in this study to demonstrate the efficacy of this method. High resolution electrical signal readout enabled discrimination of the orientation of both non-flagellated and peritrichously flagellated bacteria as they move through the solid-state pore.Copyright © 2007 by ASME