cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytoskeletal Strains in Modeled Optohydrodynamically Stressed Healthy and Diseased Biological Cells

Controlled external chemomechanical stimuli have been shown to influence cellular and tissue regeneration/degeneration, especially with regards to distinct disease sequelae or health maintenance. Recently, a unique three-dimensional stress state was mathematically derived to describe the experimental stresses applied to isolated living cells suspended in an optohydrodynamic trap (optical tweezers combined with microfluidics). These formulae were previously developed in two and three dimensions from the fundamental equations describing creeping flows past a suspended sphere. The objective of the current study is to determine the full-field cellular strain response due to the applied three-dimensional stress environment through a multiphysics computational simulation. In this investigation, the multiscale cytoskeletal structures are modeled as homogeneous, isotropic, and linearly elastic. The resulting computational biophysics can be directly compared with experimental strain measurements, other modeling interpretations of cellular mechanics including the liquid drop theory, and biokinetic models of biomolecule dynamics. The described multiphysics computational framework will facilitate more realistic cytoskeletal model interpretations, whose intracellular structures can be distinctly defined, including the cellular membrane substructures, nucleus, and organelles.
Structural and Mechanistic Roles of Novel Chemical Ligands on the SdiA Quorum-Sensing Transcription Regulator

ABSTRACT Bacteria engage in chemical signaling, termed quorum sensing (QS), to mediate intercellular communication, mimicking multicellular organisms. The LuxR family of QS transcription factors regulates gene expression, coordinating population behavior by sensing endogenous acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs). However, some bacteria (such as Escherichia coli) do not produce AHLs. These LuxR orphans sense exogenous AHLs but also regulate transcription in the absence of AHLs. Importantly, this AHL-independent regulatory mechanism is still largely unknown. Here we present several structures of one such orphan LuxR-type protein, SdiA, from enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), in the presence and absence of AHL. SdiA is actually not in an apo state without AHL but is regulated by a previously unknown endogenous ligand, 1-octanoyl- rac -glycerol (OCL), which is ubiquitously found throughout the tree of life and serves as an energy source, signaling molecule, and substrate for membrane biogenesis. While exogenous AHL renders to SdiA higher stability and DNA binding affinity, OCL may function as a chemical chaperone placeholder that stabilizes SdiA, allowing for basal activity. Structural comparison between SdiA-AHL and SdiA-OCL complexes provides crucial mechanistic insights into the ligand regulation of AHL-dependent and -independent function of LuxR-type proteins. Importantly, in addition to its contribution to basic science, this work has implications for public health, inasmuch as the SdiA signaling system aids the deadly human pathogen EHEC to adapt to a commensal lifestyle in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of cattle, its main reservoir. These studies open exciting and novel avenues to control shedding of this human pathogen in the environment. IMPORTANCE Quorum sensing refers to bacterial chemical signaling. The QS acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) signals are recognized by LuxR-type receptors that regulate gene transcription. However, some bacteria have orphan LuxR-type receptors and do not produce AHLs, sensing them from other bacteria. We solved three structures of the E. coli SdiA orphan, in the presence and absence of AHL. SdiA with no AHL is not in an apo state but is regulated by a previously unknown endogenous ligand, 1-octanoyl- rac -glycerol (OCL). OCL is ubiquitously found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and is a phospholipid precursor for membrane biogenesis and a signaling molecule. While AHL renders to SdiA higher stability and DNA-binding affinity, OCL functions as a chemical chaperone placeholder, stabilizing SdiA and allowing for basal activity. Our studies provide crucial mechanistic insights into the ligand regulation of SdiA activity.
Effect of Gelatin on Power of Women to Perform Maximal Anaerobic Work.

Summary and ConclusionsPhysical exercise, maximal anaerobic in type and constant as to the rate of working and speed, was performed to the point of exhaustion by 6 healthy young adult women. After a period of preliminary training varying in length in the different subjects, gelatin was added to the diet and its influence upon the time of onset of muscular fatigue was noted. The evidence presented substantiates the following conclusions. Gelatin has no effect
Self-Defense, Harm to Others, and Reasons for Action in Collective Action Problems

Baatz's excellent discussion moves the debate forward in two ways that I will focus on here: first, by articulating an attractive view based on the notion of what can reasonably be demanded of indi...
Animated molecular dynamics simulations of energetic mixed cluster impacts

Molecular dynamics and computer animation techniques have been used to investigate atom ejection and damage caused by the impact of energetic, uniformly mixed Al_32Au_31 clusters on 12-layer, 3750-atom Au(100) targets at total cluster energies of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 200 keV. At all incident energies we find that a significant fraction of the aluminum is ejected from the cluster on impact. At the two lowest bombarding energies damage to the target is limited generally to the primary impact zone, and crystallinity is retained throughout most of the the target. At the higher bombarding energies significant damage occurs throughout the central region of the target, and crystallinity is lost throughout the entire target. In contrast to collision cascades initiated by single ions, those initiated by energetic clusters are observed to be highly nonlinear (essentially all the atoms in the cascade region are in motion) and to propagate through the target with relatively uniform wavefronts.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT TENSIONS: EXPLORING CONTRASTING STYLES OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Successful product development requires managing tensions—coping with fluctuating contingencies to foster innovation and efficiency. To investigate this challenge, we explored the nature, dynamics,...
Soy isoflavones and breast cancer

The soybean and its products have been a staple in the Asian diet for centuries. Although intake of soy remains low in most Western populations, the use of soy isoflavone supplements has become commonplace, and an increasing number of food products contain soy ingredients. This review will present an updated summary of the observational results on soy isoflavones and risk of breast cancer development and outcome in patients with breast cancer. Results from soy intervention studies that have specifically examined the effects of soy on breast cell proliferation in breast tissues will be discussed. We will conclude by highlighting gaps in our knowledge on soy and breast cancer and issues that need to be addressed in future studies.
SOME PROPERTIES OF LINKED TIME SYSTEMS

In this paper a mathematical model of general systems is introduced, which is a generalization of that given by M. D. Mesarovic and is a model of systems with more than one relations among objects of the systems. Linked time systems, time invariant systems, as well as the concepts of controllability of systems are introduced. Also several unsettled questions are posed.
Characterization of chick pea (Cicer arietum L) pastes using squeezing flow viscometry

Domestic type and commercial chickpea pastes ('humus'), as well as a commercial soy substitute, were squeezed at a constant displacement rate between 150 mm parallel Teflon plates, mounted on an Instron Universal Testing Machine, before and after stirring. At 1 mm height the crosshead was stopped and the stress relaxation followed. The apparent stress at 1 mm height and that after 1 and 2 min relaxation were considered consistency measures of the pastes. They were reproducible parameters, and sensitive enough to monitor differences between the products, batches of the same product and stirred and unstirred samples. A stronger consistency was reflected not only by a high apparent compressive stress before and after relaxation but also in a higher yield stress, as determined in shear with a parallel plates sensor, suggesting that the paste's texture is determined by a solid like matrix. Stirring invariably reduced the pastes consistency presumably by an irreversible disruption of their microstructure. The presence of suspended solid particles had little or no effect on the pastes ability to retain their consistency after stirring.
Are Qualitative Methods Always Best for Humanistic Psychology Research? A Conversation on the Epistemological Divide Between Humanistic and Positive Psychology

The role of qualitative methods within humanistic psychology research is explored though a Web-based dialogue among the authors expressing varying, and often quite diverging, views on assorted concerns about research methodologies and their underlying epistemologies. Specifically explored is whether qualitative methods are inherently better for capturing an understanding of human experience congruent with a human science approach to research or, alternatively, whether both qualitative and quantitative approaches simply offer different, and often complementary, advantages and disadvantages. The divisiveness between humanistic and positive psychology is also explored in relationship to the former field's frequent preference for qualitative methods within a human science paradigm, in contrast to the latter field's frequent preference for quantitative methods within a positivistic science paradigm.
Identification of a particular amphibole asbestos fiber in tissues of persons exposed to a high oral intake of the mineral

Abstract Samples of liver, jejunum, and lung tissue from each of 32 persons with long-term, high-level oral exposure to a ferromagnesium silicate amphibole asbestos were ashed, and the residue was analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray analytic techniques. Fibers of the type ingested were identified in the tissues of 29 of the 32 persons. Among 21 controls, the tissues of only 2 subjects contained this type of fiber—in each, a single fiber from a single tissue specimen. Chrysotile asbestos fibers were found in all tissues in most of the subjects studied.
ISOLATION AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CAPSANTHIN AND DERIVATIVES

SUMMARY —A solvent system for thin layer chromatography on silica gel was developed to separate the six classes of carotenoid pigments in paprika. The isolation, Rf values, visible, infra-red, and NMR spectra of capsanthin and its derivatives (capsorubin, capsanthol, 3-ketokryptocapsone, 3-keto-beta-apo-8′-carotenal, capsanthin dilaurate, capsanthin (trimethyl silyl) diether) are presented. NMR and mass spectra of capsanthin are also given as well as beta-carotene and canthaxanthin for comparison.
Lessons Learned from Establishing and Evaluating Indicators of the Quality of Measles Surveillance in the United States, 1996–1998

As part of a strategy to eliminate measles, 7 indicators were adopted in the United States in 1996 to ensure the quality of measles surveillance. This report summarizes the US experience with these indicators during 1996-1998. The indicators are compiled from data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during routine surveillance supplemented with information collected directly from states. Measles case investigations are generally thorough, and sufficient information is collected to control and monitor disease. A high proportion of measles cases are imported from other countries, suggesting that investigations are complete. For some states, the lag from disease onset to reporting is long, and the number of health department investigations of measleslike illnesses is low. Most of these investigations include laboratory testing of clinical specimens. Collection of measles virus specimens from cases for genetic analysis needs improvement. The CDC and health departments need to continue efforts directed at health care professionals to ensure the recognition, proper diagnostic workup, and reporting of measles.
Helping Parents Develop a Home-Based Study Skills Program.

Details ways in which educators and parents can teach and reinforce study skills in the home
Socio-psychological Environments and Learning: a quantitative synthesis

Abstract To estimate the sign and size of correlations between student perceptions of social‐psychological environments of their classes and learning outcomes, 734 correlations from 12 studies on 823 classes in eight subject areas were analyzed. These represented a total of 17,805 students in four nations. A total of 31 of 36 hypotheses, theoretically‐derived in 1969 were supported. Learning outcomes and gains are positively associated with Cohesiveness, Satisfaction, Task Difficulty, Formality, Goal Direction, Democracy, and the Material Environment and negatively associated with Friction, Cliqueness, Apathy, and Disorganization. Jack‐knifed regression equations show that the magnitudes of the correlations depend on specific scales, level of aggregation, and nation but not on sample size, subject matter, domain of learning outcome (cognitive, affective, or behavioral), or statistical adjustments for ability and pretests.
Effects of nicotine on bone and calciotropic hormones in growing female rats.

Limited research in young adults and immature animals suggests a detrimental effect of tobacco on bone during growth. This study investigated the effects of nicotine, the major alkaloid component of tobacco, on calciotropic hormone concentrations and bone status in growing female rats. One-month-old animals received either saline (n = 10), nicotine at 3.0 mg/kg/day (n = 10), or nicotine at 4.5 mg/kg/day (n = 10) administered subcutaneously via osmotic minipumps for either 2 or 3 months. Sera, femora, tibiae, and lumbar vertebrae (3–5) were collected at necropsy. The concentrations of serum calcium, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and insulin-like growth factor-I were determined. Bone variables evaluated included mineral content and density (vertebrae and femora), cancellous and cortical histomorphometry (tibiae), and bone strength (vertebrae and femora). Statistically significant differences in serum mineral and hormone concentrations were not associated with nicotine dose or exposure time. No significant nicotine treatment effects were detected for bone mineral content and density, bone histomorphometry, or bone strength. We conclude that nicotine treatment for 2 or 3 months at serum concentrations in the upper range of those found in smokers has no detrimental effect on bone mass, volume, or strength in the growing rat.
Magnetothermopower in La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 thin films

We have measured the thermopower S(T,H) and resistivity ρ(T,H) of laser ablated La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 films, as a function of temperature and external magnetic field. On heating, a metal–insulator transition occurs at temperatures below the resistivity peak, observed via a jump between a low T regime, where S∝T, and a high T regime, where S∝1/T. An applied magnetic field shifts the transition in a postannealed sample to higher temperatures, causing a giant magnetothermopower effect 100×(S8T−S0T)/S8T=−1400%. Both S(T) and ρ(T) are activated at high temperatures, but with significantly different activation energies. We interpret this as an evidence of small polarons at high temperatures.
Some effects of particle size in separation processes involving colloids

The size of colloidal particles has long been considered to be a major factor in their mass transport in aquatic environments. In aggregation and deposition reactions, the mass transport rates of colloidal particles are expected to decrease with increasing particle size since thermal diffusion dominates this process. Particle size has also been considered to affect colloid chemical interactions, at least on theoretical grounds, with predicted rates of attachment in aggregation and deposition processes decreasing substantially as colloidal particle size is increased. Observations have failed to confirm this prediction. The situation becomes more complex and predictions more consistent with observations when reversible aggregation and deposition such as can occur in secondary minima are considered. This is done in this paper in simulations using a combination of Brownian dynamics and Monte Carlo (BDMC) techniques. Some experimental observations of virus transport in porous media are presented. The BDMC simulations provide a partial explanation for these results.
Specular reflectivity of 13.5-nm light from Sn islands deposited on grazing incidence mirror surfaces

We have investigated the effect of exposure to thermal Sn atoms on the 13.5-nm specular reflectivity of single-layer Pd mirror surfaces. The mirror surfaces were characterized using low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy (LEISS) and the relative 13.5-nm specular reflectivity measured in situ during exposure to doses up to several 1016 cm-2 Sn particles. The relative reflectivity loss at 13.5 nm is found to deviate from the theoretical Fresnel reflectivity. Losses are 1016 cm-2. The difference is due to deposited Sn nucleating at early stages of exposure and coalescing to nanoscale islands. Sn atomic surface fraction from LEISS reaches 50 a/o (atomic percent) at a fluence of 0.25×1016 cm-2 and ultimately levels off at 93–95% for fluences greater than 2.0×1016 cm-2. The specular reflectivity approaches the Fresnel theoretical value of 38.7% for thermal Sn deposition at large doses and equilibrates to 36.4%. The difference is mainly due to surface roughness of the deposited Sn film.
Reading Time: Oswald Egger's Die ganze Zeit

Over the past two decades, Oswald Egger has laid out in several volumes a complex intertextual poetics. A monumental work that intertwines theory, poetry, narrative prose, and graphic art, his most recent book, Die ganze Zeit (2010), offers a performative reflection on reading and readability as conditioned by time. By means of pervasive quotation and self-quotation, Egger creates a “yarn of recollection” that intertwines different textual strands but not without indicating their contingent relation. The book opens with an adaptation from Augustine's reflections on memory. It ends with Egger's minimal, but momentous, rewriting of a passage from Boethius's reflections on time. A handful of judicious cuts and substitutions unlocks hidden potentials and leaves an indelible trace that turns Boethius's theory upside down. In the process, Egger's adaptations draw attention to the contingency and connectivity of future readings.
Precipitous and Difficult Deliveries

Any delivery in the emergency department is considered a precipitous birth and is an anxiety-producing event. Many deliveries proceed without incident. However, the emergency physician must be prepared for several dreaded scenarios, such as nuchal cord, shoulder dystocia, and breech birth. This article reviews the basics, complications, and management of such deliveries.
Fully cryogenic phased array prototype camera for the Arecibo radio telescope

We have developed a fully cryogenically cooled, 19-element phased array feed (PAF), prototype camera for the Arecibo Radio Telescope. The 19 PAF elements are dual polarized dipoles over a ground plane, and they sit behind a 70 cm diameter vacuum window transparent to RF.
Solid‐phase epitaxy. Effects of irradiation, dopant, and pressure

A unified model of solid-phase epitaxial growth (SPEG), explaining enhancing effects of ion irradiation, dopants, and pressure, is presented. The crystallization occurs by the movement of atoms in the amorphous phase in the vicinity of the crystalline–amorphous (c–a) interface, assisted by a free energy decrease associated with the transformation from amorphous to crystalline phase. Irradiation and electrically active dopants can increase the self-diffusivity of the amorphous solid by generating point defects in the amorphous solid and thus enhance the crystallization. An expression for the velocity of epitaxial growth is derived. The temperature dependence of the velocity is obtained from the expression for the velocity. The low activation energy of ion-induced SPEG is due to recombination of point defects. The crystallographic orientation dependence of SPEG is explained by the difference in the number of atomic sites necessary for crystal growth in different orientations. At low temperatures and high irradiation dose rates, a large number of atoms in the lattice of the crystalline substrate gets displaced and the free energy of the crystalline solid can increase to such a value that amorphization may take place. It is shown that the dose rate at which the c–a interface remains stationary increases with temperature, following an Arrhenius dependence. If a hydrostatic pressure is applied during SPEG. a tensile stress is developed in the amorphous layer, because the bulk modulus of the amorphous phase is smaller than that of the crystalline phase. This tensile stress increases the self-diffusivity in the amorphous layer and thereby enhances SPEG.
Optically pumped external-cavity semiconductor lasers for precision spectroscopy and laser cooling of atomic Hg

We demonstrate the utility of optically pumped semiconductor lasers (OPSLs) in the eld of precision atomic spectroscopy. We have constructed an OPSL for the purpose of laser-cooling and trapping neutral Hg atoms. The OPSL lases at 1015 nm and is frequency quadrupled to provide the trapping light for the ground state cooling transition. We report up to 1.5 W of stable, single-frequency output power with a linewidth of < 70 kHz with active feedback. From the OPSL we generate deep-UV light at 253.7 nm used to form a neutral Hg magneto-optical trap (MOT). We present details of the MOT. We also report initial results for spectroscopy of the 61S0 - 63P0 clock transition in the Hg199 isotope.
Fluorescent Brighteners with Nitrocellulose, Nylon, and Polyvinyl Chloride Membrane Filters for In Situ Staining of Fungi in Cultures

Objective: To test the fluorescent brightening (FB) staining method, in which fungi are grown on cellulose nitrate filter membranes, dried, and rendered transparent with oil after staining with lactophenol cotton blue and to encourage use of FBs to eliminate the need for drying and clearing the membranes, therefore simplifying the procedure and reducing the time to perform it. Methods: Uvitex 2B (U2B) and 9 calcofluor white (CFW) reagents were used with 25 genera or species of fungi grown on nitrocellulose (NC), nylon (N), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) filter membranes placed on a variety of growth media. For microscopic examination, membranes were removed from the surface of the growth medium and placed on microscope slides, with a drop of FB added to each; the preparations were then coverslipped and examined via violet light epi-illumination. Results: With many of the fungi tested, if growth was not completely inhibited, it was restricted on the PVC compared to that on the NC and N membranes and directly on a medium surface. The fluorescence of fungal structures and their contrast with the background were favorable with all 3 types of membranes and all the FBs tested. For staining yeasts on membranes from media containing polysorbate 80 (TWEEN 80), U2B is preferable to CFW because TWEEN 80 interferes with CFW staining. Conclusion: FB staining of fungi grown on NC or N membrane filters provides a rapid and simple method to examine fungal growth, especially young cultures, with minimal disturbance. * LPCB : lactophenol cotton blue; FBs : fluorescent brighteners; CFW : calcofluor white; U2B : uvitex 2B; NC : nitrocellulose; N : nylon; PVC : polyvinyl chloride; PBS : phosphate-buffered saline; cSt : centistokes
CDC Division of Blood Disorders Public Health Research Activities in Venous Thromboembolism

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and is an important and growing public health issue. The precise number of people affected by VTE is unknown. However, based on prospective studies, VTE is estimated to affect 300 000 to 600 000 (1 to 2 per 1000) people in the United States annually.1–3 Not only is the high prevalence of VTE associated with substantial morbidity (one-third of people with DVT will have complications associated with postthrombotic syndrome), but it is also the cause of substantial mortality with 30% of persons with VTE dying within 1 month of diagnosis and about 25% of those with PE presenting with sudden death.4 In addition, many affected (about 30%) will experience recurrence of DVT/PE within 10 years of an initial DVT/PE.5 Fortunately, much of the morbidity and mortality associated with VTE is preventable with early and accurate diagnosis and management. However, one of the major challenges for preventing VTE is the ability to effectively predict which individuals are at greatest risk and ensure access to appropriate care. VTE is a multifactorial disease involving both genetic and acquired risks in all age groups; however, the interplay of these risk factors …
Coalition Theory in Praxis: A Comparative Politics Simulation of the Cabinet Formation Process.

American politics, few simulations exist for courses in comparative politics (Dodge 1983; Endersby and Webber 1995; Hensley 1993; Suransky 1983; Winham 1991). Yet many aspects of comparative politics seem particularly ripe for simulation. What simulations do best is provide a framework of rules that shape individual behavior (Walcott 1980). In this way, students can learn the effects of institutional design-a common theme in comparative politics-by experiencing these effects. This article describes a role-playing simulation of coalition cabinet formation processes in Europe originally designed for an upper-level undergraduate course on Western European politics. Our project was designed to address a significant gap in the simulations literature with re-
Compositional boundary between primary austenitic and ferritic Mn-Cr and Ni-Cr steel weld metals

Abstract The compositional boundary between primary austenitic and primary ferritic steel weld metals is revised. An extension that agrees with previously defined ones and expands the concept to leaner nickel compositions and richer manganese contents is proposed. In an effort to make this Creq/Nieq boundary as exact as possible for different alloying ranges, a change of the effect of manganese in the stabilization of austenite at different alloying levels in the form of a new coefficient is devised. The manganese (coefficient) effect is then compared with those from other studies to present a general panorama of its complex behavior.
Single-crystal sapphire-fiber optic sensors based on surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy for in situ monitoring.

Abstract Single-crystal sapphire-fiber optic sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for refractive index (RI) measurements of aqueous and hydrothermal water solutions are described. Accurate measurement of RIs is essential to efficient operation and control of broad range of engineering processes. Some of these processes are carried out with harsh environments, such as high-temperature, high pressure, and chemical corrosion. These extreme physical conditions are proving a limiting factor in application of the conventional silica-based optical sensors. Single-crystal sapphire is an ideal material for sensor applications, where reliable performance is required in the extreme environment conditions. With regard to the liquid species detection, most applications of SPR sensors are designed to function near the refractive index of water (1.3330 RI). The RI changes of aqueous solution can be easily monitored by silica-fiber (RI, 1.4601 at 550 nm) based SPR sensor. However, the sapphire waveguide has a prohibitively high RI (1.7708 at 546 nm) for unmodified monitoring of the RI changes of aqueous solutions. For that purpose, a practical SPR probe geometry has been applied to the ability to tune the SPR coupling wavelength/angle pair with sapphire-fiber based SPR probe.
Algorithms and modelling for the AGS booster

Abstract Algorithms for the model-based control of the AGS booster have been developed and organized in an operator-menu structure, to allow for a smooth transition between the model machine and the real one.
Note on the Lorentz group

The Lorentz group is denned by the equations where the coefficients are subject to the conditions It is an intransitive group possessing the single invariant
Functional implications of variation in pectoral fin ray morphology between fishes with different patterns of pectoral fin use

In this study, I compare the morphology from the pectoral fin rays from the benthic longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus) to those from a species that does not use its fins for substrate contact, the yellow perch (Perca flavescens). I use CT scanning technology to compare the shape and structure of the paired hemitrichia that make up the pectoral fin rays between these species. I found that the structure of hemitrichia of the fin rays in yellow perch is consistent with previous descriptions for pelagic fishes. They are almost completely segmented, have a crescent shape in cross section, and are branched distally. In contrast, longhorn sculpin hemitrichia exhibit morphological regionalization along the proximo-distal length of the ray. The most proximal 20-50% of the length of the hemitrichia is unsegmented and cylindrical in cross section. Distally, the fin rays of longhorn sculpin are segmented and crescent-shaped but do not branch. I measured the second moment of area of the hemitrichia at distances of 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% distance along the length of the fin rays. The cylindrical regions of the sculpin hemitrichia had a higher second moment of area than the crescent-shaped regions in either species. I hypothesize that that this regionalization of individual fin rays provides resistance to bending proximally and flexibility distally, features that may be useful during substrate contact. This combination of an elongate, unsegmented proximal region and segmented distal region in fin rays has not yet been described among extant ray-finned fishes. However, this structure is reminiscent of that of the elongate cylindrical region found in the fossil sarcopterygian fish Eusthenopteron.
Schedule control, supervisor support and work engagement: A winning combination for workers in hourly jobs?

Abstract The changing natures of both work and the lives of the U.S. workforce have created an array of challenges for organizations attempting to foster work engagement. To accommodate the work and family needs of an increasingly diverse workforce, many firms are offering flexible work solutions to employees. However, the distribution of these types of organizational resources is unequal, with workers in lower-wage hourly jobs having the least access to any form of flexibility. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of schedule control, as a form of flexible work practice, and work engagement among workers employed in hourly retail jobs. Authors tested a model whereby the relationship between schedule control and work engagement is mediated by schedule satisfaction and perceived supervisor support. A sample of 1343 full-time hourly retail workers was used to address the study's purpose. Hypothesized relationships were fully or partially supported. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Early Reconstruction Versus Rehabilitation and Delayed Reconstruction for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears

Background:An initial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear can be treated with surgical reconstruction or focused rehabilitation. The KANON (Knee Anterior cruciate ligament, NON-surgical versus surgical treatment) randomized controlled trial compared rehabilitation plus early ACL reconstruction (ACLR) to rehabilitation plus optional delayed ACLR and found no difference at 2 years by an intention-to-treat analysis of total Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) results.Purpose:To compare the cost-effectiveness of early versus delayed ACLR.Study Design:Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 2.Methods:A Markov decision model was constructed for a cost-utility analysis of early reconstruction (ER) versus rehabilitation plus optional delayed reconstruction (DR). Outcome probabilities and effectiveness were derived from 2 sources: the KANON study and the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON) database. Collectively, these 2 sources provided data from 928 ACL-injured patients. ...
Genetic diversity within the genus Francisella as revealed by comparative analyses of the genomes of two North American isolates from environmental sources

Background Francisella tularensis is an intracellular pathogen that causes tularemia in humans and the public health importance of this bacterium has been well documented in recent history. Francisella philomiragia, a distant relative of F. tularensis, is thought to constitute an environmental lineage along with Francisella novicida. Nevertheless, both F. philomiragia and F. novicida have been associated with human disease, primarily in immune-compromised individuals. To understand the genetic relationships and evolutionary contexts among different lineages within the genus Francisella, the genome of Francisella spp. strain TX07-7308 was sequenced and compared to the genomes of F. philomiragia strains ATCC 25017 and 25015, F. novicida strain U112, and F. tularensis strain Schu S4.
“I Can’t Eat if I Don’t Plass”: Impoverished Plasma Donors, Alternatives, and Autonomy

One of the central considerations to be taken into account in evaluating the ethics of compensation for donated plasma is respect for donor autonomy. And one of the main arguments against compensated donation systems is that many donors do or would come from circumstances of poverty that restrict their alternatives in a way that compromises those donors' autonomy. In this paper, I develop and defend a novel version of this "compromised autonomy argument" which improves upon extant versions by employing a more nuanced account of the relationship between alternatives and autonomy. According to the version of that argument I offer, donors lack autonomy with respect to the sale of their plasma if their economic circumstances leave them with no choice but to sell their plasma (i.e., "plass") on the basis of a desire they have had no choice but to hold. After explicating the key terms of this argument, I examine its policy implications. I argue that, given several reasonable empirical assumptions, my argument implies that a majority of individuals whose income falls below a specified threshold would indeed lack autonomy with respect to the sale of their plasma. Most individuals whose income falls above that threshold, on the other hand, would be able to autonomously sell their plasma. I argue that respect for donor autonomy therefore speaks in favor of an income-restricted system of compensated donation which permits collection centers to purchase plasma from those whose income falls above the relevant threshold, but not those below it.
Ultrastructure of the anterior neurohypophysis and the pars distalis of the lamprey, Lampetra tridentata.

Abstract The pars distalis of lampreys is divisible into rostral and caudal regions. Both regions contain secretory cells of several types and a small number of nonsecretory cells. Nerve fibers could not be identified in the pars distalis. No vascular connections between pars distalis and brain were observed. The neurohypophysis is differentiated into anterior and posterior regions. The posterior neurohypophysis is associated with pars intermedia and may be considered equivalent to the pars nervosa of higher vertebrates. The anterior neurohypophysis is a thin sheet of tissue that forms the ventral border of the third ventricle; it is separated from pars distalis by a thin layer of connective tissue. The anterior neurohypophysis consists of a juxtaventricular ependymal layer, an intermediate nerve fiber layer, and a peripheral nerve terminal layer. The nerve fibers and terminals contain neurosecretory granules of several types. The ultrastructure of anterior neurohypophysis is similar to that of the median eminence of higher vertebrates and might represent a median eminence without portal vessels. However, the absence of nervous and vascular connections between anterior neurohypophysis and pars distalis would seem to affect the functional value of this “median eminence” and might represent a “primitive” neuroglandular relationship from which other vertebrates have evolved.
Communication and Family Caregiving for Alzheimer's Dementia: Linking Attributions and Problematic Integration

This qualitative interpretive study explores emergent themes related to family caregiving issues surrounding Alzheimer's dementia and highlights how caregivers deal with uncertainty. Problematic integration (PI) theory and attribution theory offer useful frameworks for better understanding family caregiving issues. Analysis of the transcribed interviews revealed several emergent themes related to uncertainty and making attributions regarding caregivers' loved ones. These themes included (a) caregiver attributions about pleasure and displeasure, (b) caregiver reactions to attributions, and (c) tools for managing uncertainty. These themes are linked with both PI theory and attribution theory. Limitations and future directions are addressed.
Radioimmunoassay for antibodies to cytoplasmic ribosomes in human serum

A radioimmunoassay for the detection of antibodies in human serum to tritium-labeled HeLa cell cytoplasmic ribosomes was developed with the use of Macaloid for the inhibition of endogenous ribonuclease activity. Antibodies were observed in the serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in high incidence and titer. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and chronic active hepatitis manifested a lower incidence and titer of antibodies to ribosomes, whereas serums from normal individuals and from patients with sarcoidosis, chronic glomerulonephritis, and malignant tumors showed no significant reactivity with cytoplasmic ribosomes. Maximum inhibition of the reaction was achieved with unlabeled HeLa cell ribosomes or rat liver ribosomes and partial inhibition by purified ribosomal RNA.
PRODUCTION OF HELIUM IN IRON METEORITES BY THE ACTION OF COSMIC RAYS

The helium distribution in a slice from the iron meteorite, Grant, has been measured and plotted in the form of contour maps. The contours of constant helium show a minimum helium content and isotopic ratio, ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$/${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$, near the center of the slice, the isotopic ratio varying from 0.26 near the center to 0.30 at the surface. A cosmogenic helium production rate equation was fitted to the data giving a ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$/${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ production ratio by primary cosmic rays of 0.50 and by secondary particles of 0.14. Primary and secondary particle interaction cross sections were found to be 540 mb and 720 mb, respectively. The ratio of the average postatmospheric radius to the pre-atmospheric radius of Grant was calculated to be 0.65.
ANOTHER LOOK AT THE STRATIFICATION OF EDUCATIONAL TRANSITIONS: THE LOGISTIC RESPONSE MODEL WITH PARTIAL PROPORTIONALITY CONSTRAINTS

In this paper we reanalyze Robert D. Mare's highly influential work on educational transitions among American men born in the first half of the 20th century. Contrary to previous belief Mare found ...
Measurement of stresses in thin films on single crystalline substrates

A sensitive X-ray method is developed for precisely measuring stresses in thin films on single-crystal substrates, such as silicon wafers, and for determining strains in the surface layers of single crystals. A beam splitter cut from a large, dislocation-free single crystal produces two transmitted parallel beams of low angular divergency that penetrate the film-covered test crystal at two points. From the angular separation of the rocking curves at both points, the radius of curvature of the test crystal and, hence, the film stress are determined. Es wird eine empfindliche Rontgenmethode beschrieben, welche die genaue Messung der Spannungen in dunnen Filmen auf einkristallinen Substraten, wie z. B. Siliziumscheiben, sowie der Dehnung in oberflachennahen Schichten von Einkristallen ermoglicht. Ein aus einem grosen, versetzungsfreien Einkristall gesagter Strahlenteiler erzeugt in Transmission zwei parallele Rontgen-bundel niedriger Winkeldivergenz, die die filmbedeckte Testscheibe an zwei auseinander liegenden Stellen durchsetzen. Aus der Winkelverschiebung der beiden Rockingkurven last sich der Krummungsradius der Testscheibe und somit die Filmspannung ermitteln.
Analysis of the effect of aging on distributed relaxations, hardness, and embrittlement in Cu59Zr41 and Fe80B20 glasses

Abstract Physical aging by distributed structural relaxations under isothermal conditions and its consequences on internal friction, hardness, and embrittlement in Cu 59 Zr 41 and Fe 80 B 20 glasses have been analyzed to obtain fundamental spectral distributions characterizing the structure at various states of aging. Models for the coupled distributions in activation enthalpy and frequency factor and for evolution of hardness and embrittlement are presented.
High prevalence of angina pectoris in Mexican-American men. A population with reduced risk of myocardial infraction☆

Mexican-American men experience lower rates of cardiovascular mortality and have a lower prevalence of nonfatal myocardial infarction than do non-Hispanic white men. To see if this ethnic difference exists for other cardiovascular end points, we compared the prevalence of angina pectoris, as assessed by the Rose Angina Questionnaire, between Mexican Americans (n = 3272) and non-Hispanic whites (n = 1848) examined in the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based survey of cardiovascular disease and diabetes conducted in San Antonio, Texas, between 1979 and 1988. Contrary to our expectations, angina prevalence was approximately twice as high in Mexican Americans as in non-Hispanic whites, with age-adjusted odds ratios of 2.01 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13 to 3.58; P = .02) in men and 1.84 (95% CI, 1.26 to 2.70; P = .001) in women. After controlling for age, body mass index, diabetes status, cigarette smoking, and educational level by logistic regression analysis, angina prevalence remained statistically associated with Mexican American ethnicity in men, but not women. There was little ethnic difference in the proportion of Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white subjects who reported nonspecific chest pain (chest pain not meeting the Rose criteria), suggesting that the ethnic difference in angina prevalence was not an artifact of reporting bias. This was further supported by the fact that the conventional cardiovascular risk factors were more strongly associated with angina prevalence in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic whites. These data suggest that Mexican-American men experience high rates of angina despite low rates of myocardial infarction. Future studies should investigate ethnic factors that may have differential effects on the various manifestations of coronary heart disease.
Quantum-conductance-fluctuation correlation range and amplitude as a parameter-independent probe of the localized-to-extended-state transition in narrow Si MOSFET's.

As a function of gate voltage and device conductance, we observe a dramatic one order of magnitude jump in the correlation range for quantum conductance fluctuations in narrow Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors at low temperatures. This increase in the gate-voltage range over which the fluctuations are correlated is observed to occur near the conductance value where the inelastic diffusion length equals the localization length---the condition at which Thouless predicts a change in the character from localized to extended states. We analyze both the correlation length and the amplitude of the fluctuations to provide a parameter-independent investigation of this transition. We find behavior in reasonable agreement with the theory of variable-range hopping on the localized side and diffusive-regime quantum conductance fluctuations on the extended side.
Resonantly photo-pumped Na-like X-ray lasers

We examine the possibility of achieving X-ray lasing in Na-like ions by utilizing Ly-α or He-α radiation to resonantly photo-pump an electron from the n = 3 state of the Na-like ion to the n = 5 or 6 state with subsequent lasing between the n = 6→n=5, n = 6 →n = 4, or n = 5 →n = 4 states of the Na-like ion. To identify potential resonances, we calculate all of the n = 3 →n = 5 and 6 transitions in Na-like ions which look favorable for pumping and identify the resonances which are possible with Ly-α or He-α radiation. Many promising laser candidates are identified, as well as an interesting near resonance, which runs across the periodic chart, between the He-α line and the 3d→6f Na-like transition.
Fine-Tuning of Metallaborane Geometries: Chemistry of Iridaboranes Derived from the Reaction of [(Cp*Ir)2HxCl4−x] (x=0-2; Cp*=η5-C5Me5) with LiBH4

From reaction of [(Cp*Ir)2HxCl4−x] (x=1, 0) and LiBH4, arachno-[{Cp*IrH2}B3H7](1) is produced in moderate yield concurrently with [Cp*IrH4]. In contrast, reaction of [(Cp*Ir)2H2Cl2] with LiBH4 results in arachno-[{Cp*IrH}2(μ-H)B2H5] (3) in high yield at room temperature but a mixture of 1 and [{Cp*IrH}2(μ-H)BH4] (2) at 0 °C. BH3⋅THF converts 1 to arachno-[{Cp*IrH}B4H9] (4) and 2 to 3 with 1 as a minor product. Further, reaction of 3 with excess of BH3⋅THF results in formation of nido-[{Cp*Ir}2(μ-H)B4H7] (6) formed by loss of H2 from the intermediate arachno-[{Cp*IrH}2B4H8] (5). Reaction of 1 with [Co2(CO)8] permits the isolation of two metallaboranes, arachno-[{Cp*Ir(CO)}B3H7] (7) and nido-[1-{Cp*Ir}-2, 3-Co2(CO)4(μ-CO)B3H7] (8). Treatment of 4 with [Co2(CO)8] gives only one single mixed-metal metallaborane nido-[1-{Cp*Ir}-2-Co(CO)3B4H7 (9) in high yield. Finally, pyrolysis of 8 results in loss of hydrogen and formation of pileo-[1-{Cp*Ir}-2, 3-Co2(CO)5B3H5] (10) with a BH-capped square-pyramidal structure. With kinetic control rational synthesis of a variety metallaboranes has been achieved by varying the number of chlorides in the monocyclopentadienylmetal halide dimer, reaction temperature, types of monoborane, and metal fragment sources.
A Comparison of the Beetle (Coleoptera) Fauna Captured at Two Heights Above the Ground in a North American Temperate Deciduous Forest

ABSTRACT We compared the beetle fauna captured in 12 pairs of flight intercept traps suspended at two different heights above the ground (≥15 m and 0.5 m) in a temperate deciduous forest in the southeastern United States to better understand how the abundance, species richness, diversity and composition of insect communities differ among forest strata. A total of 15,012 beetle specimens were collected representing 73 families and 558 morphospecies. Shannon's diversity and evenness were both higher near the ground than in the canopy, but no differences in total abundance or species richness between the two layers were observed. There were many differences at the family level, however, and species composition differed considerably between the two layers. About 29% and 31% of species were captured exclusively in the canopy or near the ground, respectively. The canopy traps were more similar to one another than they were to those near the ground and vice-versa based on both Sorensen's quotient of similarity a...