cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidermal growth factor receptor expression in follicular dendritic cells: A shared feature of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma and Castleman's disease

The factors regulating the growth of follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma are currently unknown. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we found that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is expressed in FDC sarcoma. We immunohistochemically examined the expression of EGFR in a larger series of FDC sarcomas and in nonneoplastic FDCs. This included 8 cases of FDC sarcoma, 12 cases of hyaline vascular Castleman's disease (CD), 5 cases of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-positive plasma cell CD, 7 cases of HHV8-negative plasma cell CD, 13 cases of reactive lymph nodes, 3 cases of reactive tonsils, 10 cases of follicular lymphoma, 6 cases of nodular mantle cell lymphoma, and 6 cases of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. EGFR was expressed in tumor cells in 7 of 8 cases (88%) of FDC sarcoma (strongly in 4 cases and moderately in 3 cases). The single EGFR-negative case had an anaplastic appearance and a more aggressive clinical behavior. EGFR was also expressed by FDC in all types of CD (strongly in 4 cases, moderately in 16 cases, and weakly in 4 cases). Immunostaining results were negative or only weakly positive for EGFR in FDC of reactive lymph nodes and tonsils, and in the FDC networks of follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and angioimmunoblastic lymphoma. The up-regulation of EGFR in FDC of CD was paralleled by an increase in EGFR expression in the surrounding perifollicular fibroblastic reticulum cells suggesting coordinate regulation. These findings identify a differentially expressed growth regulatory receptor common to both FDC sarcoma and CD, identifying a target for possible therapy in unresectable or refractory cases.
Electroless Deposition of Nanoscale Copper Patterns via Microphase-Separated Diblock Copolymer Templated Self-Assembly

By use of an ultrathin film of microphase-separated poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) as a template, nanometer-scale patterns of tetraalkylammonium passivated palladium colloids can be generated. This pattern serves, in turn, as the template for the electroless deposition of semicontinuous 20 nm wide copper nanostructures, which is approximately a factor of 2 smaller than feature sizes that can be generated by state-of-the-art lithographic processes.
Arsenic exposure predicts bladder cancer survival in a US population.

Purpose Chronic arsenic exposure at levels found in US drinking water has been associated with bladder cancer. While arsenic is a known carcinogen, recent studies suggest that it is useful as a therapeutic agent for leukemia. This study examined the relationship between arsenic exposure and bladder cancer mortality.
Chronic toxicity studies of analgesic and antipyretic drugs and congeners

Abstract The chronic toxicity of a group of nonnarcotic antipyretic and analgesic drugs has been studied in mice over periods up to five generations. All the compounds studied significantly shortened survival time and produced a more rapid deterioration of physical condition as compared with the controls. They also greatly reduced both the percentage of mated females having litters and of young born raised to weaning age. No increased incidence of mammary carcinoma or of gross abnormalities was found. Of the three major analgesic drugs acetylsalicylic acid, acetophenetidin, and acetanilid, acetylsalicylic acid was the least toxic on all counts. At the 0.1% dietary level, which yielded doses approximating twice maximal continuous daily intake levels for a human being, acetylsalicylic acid produced a just significant shortening of survival time and a mild depression of physical condition and reduced the raising of young to one-third that of the controls. Acetophenetidin depressed survival more than acetanilid. The percentage of young raised was 15% for acetanilid and 10% for acetophenetidin. The three secondary analgesics salicylamide, paracetamol, and acetoacetanilid were all more toxic on all counts than their primary congeners.
Deuteron Photodisintegration in the Medium Energy Range

The photodisintegration of the deuteron is calculated for the two $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray energies in the laboratory of 52.3 Mev and 77.3 Mev corresponding to nucleon-nucleon scattering in the laboratory of 100 Mev and 150 Mev. For the ground state the Hulth\'en wave function with 4% $D$-state probability is used. The final state is described by the Signell-Marshak phase shifts. The coupling of the scattered waves is taken into account, as well as the retardation effects and all dipole and quadrupole transitions are included. For unpolarized $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays the total cross section and the angular distribution are calculated. A comparison with the experiments is made.
XXI. On the measurement of wave-lengths by means of indices of refraction

(1870). XXI. On the measurement of wave-lengths by means of indices of refraction. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 40, No. 266, pp. 177-183.
Spin 3/2 Zeeman perturbed NQR in the presence of slow sample rotation.

Abstract Theoretical and experimental results are presented for the case of Zeeman perturbed nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) using spin-3/2 nuclei with a small Zeeman interaction, γB 0 , while the sample is very slowly rotated. It is found that the decay envelope for a simple two-pulse echo measurement can be strongly affected even though the sample may rotate only a few degrees or less during the course of the measurement. To lowest order the decay envelope can be described using a one dimensional function of the product of γB 0 , the rotation rate, and the square of the pulse spacing. Aside from an indirect and weak dependence on the quadrupole asymmetry parameter, η , the result is independent of the NQR frequency. Identical results are expected for a stationary sample in a small rotating magnetic field. The effect seen here may be used to advantage to measure rotational motion, for example of particles in fluids, or may be an additional complication for some Zeeman perturbed NQR measurements, including some NQR detection and imaging methods.
Hemoglobin Riverdale-Bronx an unstable hemoglobin resulting from the substitution of arginine for glycine at helical residue B6 of the β polypeptide chain

Abstract Hemoglobin Riverdale-Bronx is a heat unstable hemoglobin isolated from the erythrocytes of a 45 year old woman of German-Jewish ancestry who had a fairly well compensated hemolytic anemia. Structural studies of this hemoglobin have revealed the substitution of arginine for the normally occurring glycine at helical residue B6 (β24) of the β polypeptide chains. According to Perutz, Kendrew and Watson, glycine B6 is an invariant non-polar residue, which is in close contact with E8, a glycine residue adjacent to the distal heme-linked histidine (E7). The replacement of the invariant non-polar glycine with arginine at this site would be expected to alter the relationships of the E-helix to the heme of the affected (β) polypeptide chains.
Aquifer Tests and Well Field Performance, Scioto River Valley, Ohio: Part Ia

Based on 13 aquifer infiltration tests at 11 sites, aquifer transmissivity ranged from 17,000 to 40,000 square feet per day, and the streambed infiltration rate ranged from 0·06 to 0·19 million gallons per day per acre along a seven-mile reach of the Scioto River in south-central Ohio. Despite these wide ranges, the sand and gravel aquifer, 40 to 65 feet thick, underlying 10–20 feet of river alluvium south of the glacial boundary, is fairly homogeneous due largely to the absence of till interbeds. Performance of a major well field designed on the basis of the tests has been about as predicted, validating the techniques of data collection and analysis. At each site, a well for pumping was drilled on the floodplain, 150 to 750 feet from the river, and an array of observation wells was installed on lines extending through the pumped well, one line perpendicular to the river and the other parallel. Values of drawdown measured in the observation wells at the end of constant-rate pumping periods, usually of three days duration, were used to determine line-source distance and aquifer transmissivity. The rate of streambed infiltration and the streambed-leakage factor, the latter term relating the infiltration rate to drawdown beneath the stream, also were determined at all but one site. Drive-point wells installed in the riverbed, or along the near bank, in the vicinity of the pumped well were used to determine drawdown beneath the river due to pumping.
An exposition of the decomposition in a Controlled Autoregressive Integrated Segmented Moving Average (CARISMA) model

Abstract This paper proposes a Controlled Autoregressive Integrated Segmented Moving Average (CARISMA) model with the segmentation of the signals which postulate the disturbances acting on a time-series process. It also shows the decomposition of a CARISMA process into its components.
Robust fitting of mixture regression models

The existing methods for fitting mixture regression models assume a normal distribution for error and then estimate the regression parameters by the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). In this article, we demonstrate that the MLE, like the least squares estimate, is sensitive to outliers and heavy-tailed error distributions. We propose a robust estimation procedure and an EM-type algorithm to estimate the mixture regression models. Using a Monte Carlo simulation study, we demonstrate that the proposed new estimation method is robust and works much better than the MLE when there are outliers or the error distribution has heavy tails. In addition, the proposed robust method works comparably to the MLE when there are no outliers and the error is normal. A real data application is used to illustrate the success of the proposed robust estimation procedure.
3D imaging for automated manufacturing assembly applications

Object pose estimation is an important application in 3D recognition. A 3D object pose estimating method is developed for an automated manufacturing assembly application. The target parts are extracted from the original range images using the traditional edge detection and segmentation methods. The center position is then computed through the circle Hough transform algorithm. For the 3D orientation estimation, a 3D geometrical feature descriptor, Angle Distance Map (ADM), is proposed to describe the 3D local surface feature. A triangular mesh model of 3D object is used for reducing the computational complexity. The principal component analysis (PCA) method is applied on the ADM descriptions for efficient comparison. The orientation information is computed according to the extracted 3D feature points. The proposed method is tested in an application for flexible robot assembly. The experimental results show that accurate 3D pose estimation can be obtained.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Behavior of finite population variable length genetic algorithms under random selection

In this work we provide empirical evidence that shows how a variable-length genetic algorithm (GA) can naturally evolve shorter average size populations. This reduction in chromosome length appears to occur in finite population GAs when 1) selection is absent from the GA (random) or 2) when selection focuses on some other property not influenced by the length of individuals within a population.
Urinary calcium and magnesium excretion by women in response to short-term calcium supplementation

Abstract Two hundred sixteen women (34–69 years) participated in a clinical trial to study the short-term (14 days) effects of calcium supplementation (1000 mg extra calcium given as oyster shell calcium) on urinary calcium and magnesium excretion. Before supplementation the women consumed an average of 879 mg Ca/day in self-selected diets; during supplementation they consumed approximately 1915 mg Ca/day (diet and supplement). The women excreted significantly more calcium in the urine during the supplementation period than initially (114 vs. 149 mg Ca/day) but this increase accounted for only 3.4% of the supplemental calcium. Approximately 24% of the women did not respond to the calcium supplements; they excreted less or equal amounts of urinary calcium in response to calcium supplementation. Hypercalciuria (>250 mg Ca/day) was observed in 3% of the women prior to supplementation and 7% of the women during calcium supplementation. Calcium supplementation had no effect on urinary magnesium excretion.
The Beneficial Effects of Senior Center Attendance on Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of attendance at a senior center on the well-being and quality of life of grandparents raising grandchildren. Grandparents (N = 130) who were raising grandchildren completed a self-administered demographic data survey, an attendance at a senior center questionnaire, and measures of quality of life, well-being, loneliness, caregiver burden, and satisfaction. A MANOVA suggested that senior center attendance impacted the previously mentioned measures as a set. Subsequent one-way ANOVAs revealed that attendance at a senior center positively impacted grandparent caregivers' quality of life, caregiver burden, well-being, and role satisfaction. These findings indicate that grandparents who are raising minor grandchildren can indeed benefit from services offered through senior centers. They also underscore the challenges that remain in educating grandparent caregivers about the potential of senior centers to support them in raising their grandchildren.
Value of demand response in the smart grid

In this paper, we raise the question: What is the value that demand response management (DRM) can bring to generation companies and consumers in the smart grid? The question is fundamental for understanding the efficiency and impact of DRM on the future power grid. To answer this question, we first establish a Stackelberg game framework that captures the hierarchical communication architecture of the energy system, and the rational behaviors of the consumers and the market operator. We define the value of demand response based on the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) solution to the hierarchical two-person game problem, and the standard optimal solution to economic dispatch problem. In order to compute the equilibrium solution, we show that a consistency principle can be used to characterize the SE of the game in which the follower responds to the dual variable of the leader's problem. We use logarithmic utility functions to illustrate the solution concept and show that in some cases, DRM provides conflicting values to the gencos and consumers.
Wave-modes and parameter matrices of non-symmetrical coupled lines in a non-homogeneous medium

The 4 × 4 A BCD, impedance and admittance matrices of non-symmetric coupled lines in a non-homogeneous medium, are expressed in terms of the properties of the normal, uncoupled wave-modes of the system. The even voltage-mode and odd current-mode pair was introduced by Ekinge (1971) for homogeneous lines and then utilized by Allen (1975) and Speciale (1975) in their study of non-homogeneous lines. In the information that follows, the dual odd voltage-mode and even current-mode pair is introduced. Both are normal modes, applicable under two different specific conditions inter-relating the line parameters.
A type III intermediate filament gene is expressed in mature neurons

Abstract A cDNA (199E) specific for the 57 kd neural IF protein has been isolated from a PC12 cell λgt11 library. Antibody eluted from the fusion protein produced by 199E recognizes the 57 kd protein on immunoblots and, in PC12 cells, labels a pattern of fibrillar structures identical to that seen with 57 kd antiserum. In situ hybridization using antisense RNA transcripts labels areas of the nervous system known to contain the 57 kd protein. 199E hybridizes with a single mRNA species of ∼2.0 kb from PC12 cells. A 199E-reactive message can be detected as early as E10 in rat embryos. Southern analyses suggest that there is only one gene for this protein. Amino acid sequence predicted from 199E indicates that the 57 kd protein is a type 111 IF protein like vimentin and desmin. Thus, expression of IF structural genes in neurons is not limited to the type IV neuronal IF triplet proteins.
The inhibition of human leukocyte elastase by basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

Abstract Bovine basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor inhibits human leukocyte elastase with a dissociation constant as low as 1 μ m at pH 8.0 under appropriate conditions. The affinity increases with pH and ionic strength. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase are bound at the same site of the inhibitor. Prior binding of elastase to plasma α2-macroglobulin leads to a 10-fold decrease of its affinity for the inhibitor.
Abstract 2367A: Understanding the role of stem-like tumor cells in mouse models of high-grade gliomas

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL High-grade gliomas (WHO grade III-IV) are typified by poor therapeutic response and rapid lethality. Since the discovery of glioma cells with properties reminiscent of neural stem cells, there has been a great deal of interest in understanding their contributes to tumor growth and therapeutic resistance. Self-renewal is the defining characteristic of both normal and cancer stem cells, and it has been hypothesized that glioma cells with self-renewal capacity contribute disproportionately to tumor growth compared to other, more differentiated lineages. However, analyses are complicated by the lack of reliable markers to definitively identify and functionally characterize each distinct cell lineage. In the normal neurogenic niche, ID (Inhibitor of DNA-binding) genes regulate self-renewal and multipotency of adult neural stem cells. Here, using mouse models of high-grade glioma driven by PDGF- or mutKRAS, we show that high Id1 expression (Id1high) identifies self-renewing, multipotent tumor cells. By contrast, low Id1 expression (Id1low) identifies progenitor-like cells with proliferative potential but limited self-renewal capacity. While Id1high cells generate tumors upon orthotopic transplantation, Id1low cells do so with shorter latency and higher penetrance. Further, eliminating tumor cell self-renewal through targeted deletion of ID genes has modest effects on overall survival, while knockdown of the bHLH transcription factor, Olig2, within the Id1low population, results in a significant survival benefit. Together, these data highlight an important distinction between self-renewal capacity and tumor growth potential in two mouse models of gliomagenesis, underscoring the importance of non-stem cell lineages in disease progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2367A. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2367A
4-Lithio-1-tritylimidazole as a synthetic intermediate. Synthesis of imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde

Reaction of 4-iodo-1-tritylimidazole with n-butyllithium at –79°, followed by rapid quenching of the reaction mixture with DMF, gives good yields of 1-tritylimidazole-4(5)-carboxaldehyde, the isolation of which demonstrates the intermediacy of 4-lithio-1-tritylimidazole. This species should be destabilized by repulsive interaction of the negative charge on C-4 with the adjacent lone pair electrons on N-3 (the ALP effect). The isolation of 1-tritylimidazole-4(5)-carboxaldehyde in good yield and the versatility of the aldehyde functionality make 4-lithio-1-tritylimidazole a useful synthetic intermediate.
Adaptive Tuning of Buffer Pool Size in Database Server Based on Iterative Algorithm

One of the system greatly affecting the performance of a database server is the size-division of buffer pools. This letter proposes an adaptive control method of the buffer pool sizes. This method obtains the nearly optimal division using only observed response times in a comparatively short duration.
Operantly conditioning a negotiator's concession making

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a bargaining strategy that rewards the opponent's concessions. The first of four experiments revealed that a negotiator's utilization of this reward strategy resulted in large concessions by and quick agreement with the opponent. The second experiment demonstrated that the large concessions continue after the rewards cease and the third, that two previously rewarded negotiatiors subsequently make large concessions to each other and reach quick agreements. Finally, the fourth experiment added strength to a reinforcement explanation of the results by eliminating an interpretation based upon a reciprocity effect.
Tailoring non-homogeneous Markov chain wavelet models for hyperspectral signature classification

We consider the application of non-homogeneous hidden Markov chain (NHMC) models to the problem of hyperspectral signature classification. It has been previously shown that the NHMC model enables the detection of several semantic structural features of hyperspectral signatures. However, there are some aspects of the spectral data that are not fully captured by the proposed NHMC models such as the relatively smooth but fluctuating regions and the fluctuation orientations. In order to address these limitations, we propose an improved NHMC model based on Daubechies-1 wavelets in conjunction with an increased the model complexity. Experimental results show that the revised approach outperforms existing approaches relevant in classification tasks.
Bacterial and retroviral superantigens share a common binding region on class II MHC antigens

Bacterial and retroviral superantigens share a common binding region on class II MHC antigens
Heat capacity corrections to a standard state: a comparison of new and some literature methods for organic liquids and solids

The estimation methods commonly used to correct phase change enthalpies to the standard state are compared where possible to experimental measurements. Heat capacity corrections for liquid-gas equilibria are found to correlate with molecular structure, and we suggest an improved method for estimating these corrections using group methods. A similar improvement for estimating heat capacity corrections for solid-gas equilibria using group methods is also proposed. Heat capacity corrections for liquid-solid equilibria are examined. These corrections were found to be comparable in magnitude to the experimental error associated with heat capacity measurements, so it was not possible to obtain any meaningful correlations.
A cross-national study of culture, organization and entrepreneurship in three neighbourhoods

When and how do informal institutions reduce the transaction costs for entrepreneurs? This question is the focus of my cross-national study of culture and economic activities. I present comparative evidence from three neighbourhoods across two countries suggesting diverging patterns of entrepreneurship. In the first neighbourhood, social norms and relationships integrate into economic activities. It is very different in the other two neighbourhoods where social norms and relationships are kept out of economic activities: here, evidence suggests that communities create cultural separation through formal institutions or through privatization. Beyond analysing the contrasting relevance of culture in entrepreneurial activities, I explain why these different patterns emerge. Structural factors contribute to contrasting processes of immigrant adaptation in the host countries. The structural context of immigration laws, housing and education policies affect the way in which groups organize in the respective neig...
Two-level behavior of coherent excitation of multilevel systems

Previously published papers have noted the existence of two-level periodicities in idealized theoretical models of monochromatic excitation of multilevel systems. The present paper provides a theoretical derivation of such two-level dynamics from the more general $N$-level rotating-wave-approximation Schr\"odinger equation and applies the resulting formulas to different extremes of excitation in a nondegenerate system of sequential (ladderlike) excitation: first, when intermediate levels have much larger cumulative detunings than Rabi frequencies, and second, when intermediate Rabi frequencies are much larger than detunings. In each case one has simple analytic expressions for the effective two-level Rabi frequencies and detunings.
Method and Timing of Rye Control Affects Soybean Development and Resource Utilization

Cover crops provide environmental and soil quality benefits, yet their adoption into production agriculture has been limited. This study was conducted to determine the influence of the growth stage and method of rye (Secale cereale L.) control on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] development and resource utilization. Fall-planted rye was controlled the following spring wing a stalk chopper (mechanical) or glyphosate (chemical) at the second-node, boot, and anthesis growth stages near Boone, IA, in 2002 and 2003. Regrowth from mechanical rye control in 2002 depleted soil water until rye matured. Maximum light interception by soybean was reduced by as much as 43 and 30% in chemical and 51 and 23% in mechanical control compared with the no-rye check in 2002 and 2003. Dry matter (DM) accumulation was reduced by as much as 267 and 907 g m -2 in chemical and mechanical control in 2002 compared with the check. In 2003, the range in DM accumulation was 242 g m -2 . Rye delayed pod maturity in both years by as much as 7.9 d. Producers who adopt these methods of rye management can expect delayed soybean maturity and reduced DM accumulation.
Compact, single-frequency, high-power Nd: glass laser

A compact, single-frequency high-power Nd:glass laser was developed. Single longitudinal mode operation of the oscillator was provided by injection-seeding it with CW laser radiation. A four-pass amplifier with a spatial filter provided an output energy of 2.7 J with more than 30% extraction efficiency. The output beam divergency was twice the diffraction limit. >
Use of intraoral photography mirrors as aids for evaluating parallelism of multiple abutment preparations.

as abutments for fixed partial dentures, the goal is to establish a path of placement that will allow unimpeded insertion of the restoration in conjunction with an optimum convergence angle of 2.5 to 6.5 degrees to minimize stress concentrations.1,2 When multiple abutments are being evaluated for a common path of placement, the mouth mirror is centered over 1 abutment and moved to the next without changing the angulation of the mirror.3 Preparations need to be viewed with 1 eye closed because undercuts may remain undetected with binocular vision. This technique requires that the angulation of the mouth mirror remain unchanged as each abutment is evaluated for undercuts relative to opposing axial walls. The greater the number of abutments and the greater the distance between them, the harder it is to determine whether a common path of placement exists. Mirrors that are designed for use in taking intraoral pictures allow multiple abutments to be viewed at the same time. Viewing the implant abutments (Fig. 1) with 1 eye by using an intraoral photography mirror reveals nonparallelism of the axial walls of the abutments. Either an angled abutment must be used or the axial walls of the solid abutments must be modified. Multiple preparations confined to 1 quadrant or sextant may be viewed with a buccal photography mirror, whereas an occlusal photography mirror provides a better view of multiple preparations in an entire arch.
Vail versus Morgan: Control of the Start-Up Bell System

Through years of teaching the history of the information and communication industry I have been confounded by what appears to be a specific reversal of attitude of AT&T in dealings with independent telephone companies (independents). I am referring to corporate policy between the years 1907 and 1913. Before Theodore Vail returned to AT&T in 1907, the corporation was regarded as a most predatory monopoly. Policy seemed to be, buy or force the independents out of business and don't let them connect to AT&T interstate circuits. That policy was closely followed until the 1913 Kingsbury Commitment reversed it completely. Something happened to the company, or to Vail, during this time period to cause a profound change in business focus. Did Vail have a non-predatory philosophy all along but lack authority to enforce it? Did religion impact his mindset or did some other profound experience help change his mind? Was it the pressure of the "trust busters" in Washington that forced the change? Or were the changes just a result of good business sense? I think J R Morgan really was the robber baron, and Vail was the white knight that set AT&T on the right path for the next 70 years.
The engine of ABC proteins.

Proteins that belong to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily span from bacteria to humans and comprise one of the largest protein families. These proteins are characterized by the presence of two nucleotide-binding domains, and recent studies suggest that association and dissociation of these domains is a common basic molecular mechanism of operation that couples ATP binding/hydrolysis to substrate transport across membranes.
Algebraic Cayley Differential Space–Time Codes

Cayley space-time codes have been proposed as a solution for coding over noncoherent differential multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels. Based on the Cayley transform that maps the space of Hermitian matrices to the manifold of unitary matrices, Cayley codes are particularly suitable for high data rate, since they have an easy encoding and can be decoded using a sphere-decoder algorithm. However, at high rate, the problem of evaluating if a Cayley code is fully diverse may become intractable, and previous work has focused instead on maximizing a mutual information criterion. The drawback of this approach is that it requires heavy optimization which depends on the number of antennas and rate. In this work, we study Cayley codes in the context of division algebras, an algebraic tool that allows to get fully diverse codes. We present an algebraic construction of fully diverse Cayley codes, and show that this approach naturally yields, without further optimization, codes that perform similarly or closely to previous unitary differential codes, including previous Cayley codes, and codes built from Lie groups
Development of Leydig Cells in the Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Knockout Mouse: Effects of IGF-I Replacement and Gonadotropic Stimulation

Targeted gene deletion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) results in diminished numbers of Leydig cells (LCs) and lower circulating testosterone (T) levels in adult males. The impact of endogenous IGF-I withdrawal on proliferation (labeling index, LI) and differentiation of LCs was investigated, testing for restorative effects of IGF-I replacement and/or LH stimulation. With IGF-I replacement in mutant mice, LIs increased more than 200% (P < 0.05). LC numbers were also increased by 200%, whereas the numbers of intermediate cell progenitors (PLCs) were unchanged compared to mutant vehicle controls. LIs of PLCs in wild-type males increased by 200% after LH stimulation, and LC numbers increased by 50% compared to vehicle-treated controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, there was no effect of LH on LI in mutant mice, but LC numbers still increased by 30% (P < 0.05). Additive effects on LI and cell numbers were observed in response to IGF-I plus LH in mutants, implying that the two hormones use separate signaling pathways. Serum T and LH levels in wild-type and mutant males were equivalent. Exogenous LH increased T production 8-fold in wild-type males (P < 0.01). In mutant mice, neither LH stimulation nor IGF-I alone affected serum T levels, but IGF-I plus LH stimulation increased serum T 2-fold (P < 0.05). These data support the conclusions that 1) IGF-I is a critical autocrine and/or paracrine factor in the control of adult LC numbers and function; and 2) LH is not a direct mitogenic factor for LCs, and acts in part through IGF-I to stimulate proliferative activity.
Evaluation of the extracranial carotid arteries: correlation of magnetic resonance angiography, duplex ultrasonography, and conventional angiography.

Abstract We compared duplex scanning, "bright blood" and "black blood" magnetic resonance angiography, and conventional angiography for evaluation of the extracranial carotid arteries. All three methods were applied to 39 vessels in 20 patients. Duplex scanning was inaccurate when compared to conventional angiography in six instances. In three instances the degree of stenosis was overgraded by the scanner, and in three cases the stenosis was undergraded. Magnetic resonance angiography was inaccurate when compared to conventional angiography in three instances. In all cases magnetic resonance angiography overgraded the degree of stenosis. By use of a greater than 70% stenosis as a positive study, the sensitivity of magnetic resonance angiography was 100% and the specificity 92%. With use of the same criteria, the sensitivity of duplex scanning was 86%, and specificity was 84%. In those evaluations where the results of the magnetic resonance angiography and duplex scanning were in agreement, the correlation with conventional angiography was 100%. We conclude that magnetic resonance angiography is an alternative means to duplex scanning for noninvasive carotid imaging. A combination of bright and black blood magnetic resonance angiography is precise in delineating lesions of the extracranial carotid artery and may ultimately eliminate the need for conventional angiography in the evaluation of carotid stenosis. (J VASC SURG 1991;13:838-45.)
Towards a Theory of Value Latency for IT Investments

Multiple studies in the information systems (IS) literature recognize that information technology (IT) investments may not yield immediate returns. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of theoretical and empirical research to understand and explain this value latency phenomenon. We propose a new theoretical perspective on the latency of IT value and argue that IT value flows occur in three phases: the value dormancy phase, the value triggering phase and the value transformation phase. We validate our theory by mapping the prior IT value literature onto its theoretical dimensions. To provide a preliminary validation of this theory, we use it to explain differences in the IT investment value lags experienced by two organizations.
Statistical modeling of overhead costs

Abstract Five years of quarterly overhead costs at two major U.S. defense aircraft manufacturers were categorized according to the types of costs incurred. These categories of overhead costs were then modeled via regression analysis, using production and operating variables of the two contractors as independent variables. After adjusting the data for seasonal autocorrelation, excellent structural and predictive models of total overhead and labor-related overhead costs were obtained.
Methane Concentration and Stable Isotope Distribution as Evidence of Rhizospheric Processes: Comparison of a Fen and Bog in the Glacial Lake Agassiz Peatland Complex

This study evaluates relationships between vegetation and stable isotope distribution within a large, northern peat-accumulating wetland. Concentration and δ13C for both porewater and emitted methane were obtained from June–September for two systems characterized by different plant assemblages and hydrologic regimes: a Carex -dominated fen and a Sphagnum -dominated, forested bog crest. Average methane emissions were higher in the fen than at the bog crest across the entire growing season. Fen porewater methane concentrations were maintained at consistently low levels in the upper one-third of the peat column, and emitted methane was substantially13C-depleted (by approx. 6‰) relative to shallow porewater methane, trends which are characteristic of passive plant-mediated transport of rhizospheric methane to the atmosphere. Fen porewater δ13C-CH4values in shallow peat (approx. −59‰) suggest that microbial respiration was primarily driven by acetate fermentation. CO2reduction became more important deeper in the peat column with δ13C-CH4values ranging from approx. −65 to −69‰ between 1 and 2.8 m. In contrast to the fen, porewater methane concentrations in the bog were usually at near-maximum levels just below the water table. δ13C values for emitted CH4in the bog were enriched relative to those for shallow porewater CH4by approx. 10‰, indicating that methane was subject to oxidation as it exited from the peat via passive diffusion. Methanogenesis in the peat at the bog crest appears to have been substrate-limited, with porewater δ13C-CH4(approx. −67‰) suggestive of CO2reduction at all depths.
Budesonide delivered by dosimetric jet nebulization to preterm very low birthweight infants at high risk for development of chronic lung disease

airway pressure with FiO2 0.3. The budesonide (Pulmicort 2 ) dose was 500 m g bid, or placebo. The aerosol was delivered with a dosimetric jet nebulizer, with variable inspiratory time and breath sensitivity. Inhalations were started on day 7 of life. Twenty-seven patients completed the study. A signie cant lowering of the FiO2 levels at 21 d of life was not detected. Infants who received budesonide were more often extubated during the study period (7/8 vs 2/9) and had a greater relative change from baseline in their oxygenation index (budesonide decreased 26% vs placebo increased 60%). Subsequent use of intravenous dexamethasone or inhaled budesonide in the treatment group was signiecantly less. All patients required O2 supplementation on day 28 of life. At 36 wk postconceptual age, 61% of infants in the budesonide group needed supplemental O2 as opposed to 79% in the placebo group. No side effects on growth or adrenal function were observed. Conclusion: We conclude that inhaled budesonideaerosol via dosimetric jet nebulizer started on day 7 of life for infants at high risk for developing CLD decreases the need for mechanical ventilation similar to intravenous dexamethasone, but without signie cant side effects.
The regiment macroprogramming system

The development of high-level programming environments is essential if wireless sensor networks are to be accessible to nonexperts. In this paper, we present the Regiment system, which consists of a high-level language for spatiotemporal macroprogramming, along with a compiler that translates global programs into node-level code. In Regiment, the programmer views the network as a set of spatially-distributed data streams. The programmer can manipulate sets of these streams that may be defined by topological or geographic relationships between nodes. Regiment provides a rich set of primitives for processing data on individual streams, manipulating regions, performing aggregation over a region, and triggering new computation within the network. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of the Regiment language and compiler. We describe the deglobalization process that compiles a network-wide representation of the program into a node-level, event-driven program. Deglobalization maps region operations onto associated spanning trees that establish region membership and permit efficient in-network aggregation. We evaluate Regiment in the context of a complex distributed application involving rapid detection of spatially-distributed events, such as wildfires or chemical plumes. Our results show that Regiment makes it possible to develop complex sensor network applications at a global level.
Genetic and genomic studies of Drosophila parkin mutants implicate oxidative stress and innate immune responses in pathogenesis

Loss-of-function mutations of the parkin gene, which encodes a ubiquitin-protein ligase, are a common cause of autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (ARJP). Previous work has led to the identification of a number of Parkin substrates that implicate specific pathways in ARJP pathogenesis, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell cycle activation. To test the involvement of previously implicated pathways, as well as to identify novel pathways in ARJP pathogenesis, we are using genetic and genomic approaches to study Parkin function in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. In previous work, we demonstrated that Drosophila parkin null mutants exhibit mitochondrial pathology and flight muscle degeneration. To further explore the mechanisms responsible for pathology in parkin mutants, we analyzed the transcriptional alterations that occur during muscle degeneration and performed a genetic screen for parkin modifiers. Results of these studies indicate that oxidative stress response components are induced in parkin mutants and that loss-of-function mutations in oxidative stress components enhance the parkin mutant phenotypes. Genes involved in the innate immune response are also induced in parkin mutants. In contrast, our studies did not reveal evidence for cell cycle or ER stress pathway induction in parkin mutants. These results suggest that oxidative stress and/or inflammation may play a fundamental role in the etiology of ARJP.
Parent Satisfaction with Case Managed Systems of Care for Children and Youth with Severe Emotional Disturbance

Case management has emerged as an integral component of current efforts to reform the delivery of mental health services to children and youth with Severe Emotional Disturbance (SED). We examined parental satisfaction with one program's case management system for SED children. In order to validly address parental satisfaction, the program first turned to a group of its parents to develop a satisfaction measure, the Family Satisfaction Survey (FSS). Of the 51 parents who returned an FSS, 74% of the parents were generally satisfied while 26% indicated that they were dissatisfied with their families' case management services. Multivariate regression analyses were employed to examine the role played by client, service, and outcome variables in predicting parental satisfaction. After controlling for child diagnoses, severity of impairment, and levels of psychosocial stress, parent satisfaction with case management services was best predicted by the frequency of monthly contact and fewer days is a psychiatric hospital proportional to length of service. Our results suggest that parent satisfaction is based not only on what case managers do but on how this service impacts SED children's ability to remain at home and in their communities.
Effect of Particle Size Distribution on the Sintering of Alumina

The effect of particle size distribution on the sintering of Al2O3 was investigated. Samples could be sintered to high relative density (∼99%), small average grain size (1 μm), and no growth of exaggerated grains using powders with either broad or narrow particle size distribution. However, the broad particle size distribution provided the advantage that powder compacts could be prepared with higher green density and, therefore, samples could be densified with less total shrinkage.
Characterizing files in the modern Gnutella network

The Internet has witnessed an explosive increase in the popularity of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file-sharing applications during the past few years. As these applications become more popular, it becomes increasingly important to characterize their behavior in order to improve their performance and quantify their impact on the network. In this paper, we present a measurement study on characteristics of available files in the modern Gnutella system. We develop two new methodologies to capture accurate snapshots of available files in a large-scale P2P system. These methodologies were implemented in a parallel crawler that captures the entire overlay topology of the system where each peer in the overlay is annotated with its available files. We have captured more than 50 snapshots of the Gnutella system that span over 1 year period. Using these snapshots, we conduct three types of analysis on available files: (1) Static analysis, (2) Topological analysis, and (3) dynamic analysis. Our results reveal several interesting properties of available files in Gnutella that can be leveraged to improve the design and evaluation of P2P file-sharing applications.
New Labour, New Policies: Constructing a Discourse of Citizenship

The purpose of this paper is examine the development of citizenship education as a curriculum priority within the UK. Employing Habermas' theory of legitimation crisis, the paper places the contemporary enthusiasm for citizenship education within a socioeconomic, cultural and political context. The paper argues that current preoccupations with citizenship education contained in Education for Citizenship and the Teaching of Democracy in Schools (Dfee, 1999), stem from the impact of Neo-Liberal concerns with individualism, economic and technological globalisation and the potential fragmentation of contemporary society. The paper explores the principles of education for citizenship and the teaching of democracy in schools and suggests that, as part of New Labour's developing conception of British society, citizenship education asks some fundamental questions of that society.
Scaling abstraction refinement via pruning

Many static analyses do not scale as they are made more precise. For example, increasing the amount of context sensitivity in a k-limited pointer analysis causes the number of contexts to grow exponentially with k. Iterative refinement techniques can mitigate this growth by starting with a coarse abstraction and only refining parts of the abstraction that are deemed relevant with respect to a given client.In this paper, we introduce a new technique called pruning that uses client feedback in a different way. The basic idea is to use coarse abstractions to prune away parts of the program analysis deemed irrelevant for proving a client query, and then using finer abstractions on the sliced program analysis. For a k-limited pointer analysis, this approach amounts to adaptively refining and pruning a set of prefix patterns representing the contexts relevant for the client. By pruning, we are able to scale up to much more expensive abstractions than before. We also prove that the pruned analysis is both sound and complete, that is, it yields the same results as an analysis that uses a more expensive abstraction directly without pruning.
Leadership theory and practice: Fostering an effective symbiosis

Abstract Leadership theory has not lived up to its promise of helping practitioners resolve the challenges and problematics that occur in organizational leadership. Many current theories and models are not contextualized, nor do the dynamic and critical issues facing leaders drive their construction. Alternatively, practitioners too often approach leadership problems using trial and error tactics derived more from anecdotes and popular fads than validated scientific data and models. Yet, while this gap between theory and research has bedeviled the leadership community for much of its history, there have been few if any systematic examinations of its causes. In this review, we have sought to highlight the particular barriers on the leadership practice and theory-building/testing constituencies, respectively, that constrain efforts to integrate them. We also offer a number of propositions and guidelines that we hope can break through these barriers and help stakeholders create a more effective leadership theory and practice symbiosis (LTPS). Finally, we have offered two cases of effective LTPS as examples and models for such integrative research efforts.