cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of genetic algorithms to solve the economic lot size scheduling problem

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use genetic algorithms (GAs) for solving the Economic Lot Size Scheduling Problem (ELSP). The ELSP is formulated using the Basic Period (BP) approach which results in a problem having one continuous decision variable and a number of integer decision variables equal to the number of products being produced. This formulation is ideally suited for using GAs. The GA is tested on Bomberger's classical problem. The resulting solutions were better than those obtained using an iterative dynamic programming (DP) approach. The total cost of GA solutions to the problem with utilization up to 65% were within 3.4% of the lower bound. The GA also performed well for higher utilization yielding solutions within 13.87% of the lower bound for utilization up to 86%. The GA was tested on a 30-item problem and good solutions were obtained. The results of the GA under different binary representations, crossover methods, and initialization methods are compared to identify the best settings. The results indicate that for this particular problem, binary representation works better than Gray coding, 2-point crossover is best, and an infeasible starting population is better than feasible.
WHY ARE SOME NUCLEI SPHERICAL

Energy minimization is not sufficient to determine whether a nucleus is spherical or deformed. The quantal zero-point motion can make a nucleus spherical even if the potential energy has a deformed minimum. However, some general conditions give deformed shape as the natural state of atomic nuclei. They are spherical only under some special conditions. Some general criteria for distinguishing spherical nuclei from deformed, as well as some advantages of using a deformed-shell model rather than a spherical-shell model, are presented.
SU-FF-T-468: Comparison of Target Dose Inhomogeneity for Four Different Techniques of Breast Cancer Treatment

Purpose: To evaluate target dose inhomogeneity for four different breast cancer treatment techniques. Method and Materials: External beam radiotherapy(EBRT) was performed for 12 patients each using either whole or 3D conformal partial breast irradiation (WBI or PBI), 19 patients with high dose rate (HDR) MammoSite® brachytherapy and 13 patients with Contura® multi‐lumen applicator. The PTV_EVAL volume was defined by following NSABP B‐39/RTOG 0413 for PBI, MammoSite® and Contura® while retrospectively delineated for WBI. The differential dose volume histogram was evaluated using mean dose (Dm) and most probable dose (Dmp) relative to prescribed dose (Dpr) and root mean square deviation (RMSD). The biologically effective dose (BED) accounting for non‐uniform dose distribution was computed. Generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) was calculated together with dose homogeneity index (DHI) and conformal index (COIN). Results: Compared to EBRT, the target received higher dose with HDR (Dm: 143% vs. 101%, Dmp: 111% vs. 101%) which increased BED values (77 Gy vs. 73 Gy for fibrosis, 56 Gy vs.47 Gy for erythema, and 63 Gy vs. 57 Gy for breast carcinoma, respectively) and dose inhomogeneity (RMSD: 12.1 vs. 1.8). Due to steeper dose fall‐off, HDR plans were more conformal than EBRT (COIN: 0.84 vs. 0.45). Compared to MammoSite®, Contura® yielded slightly higher dose (BED difference others) and the smallest BED and gEUD values. The WBI had large inter‐patient variability of gEUD values (14 times > others) due to cold spots. Conclusion: Despite greater inhomogeneity, HDR plans have higher target dose conformality and are less patient‐specific than EBRT plans. However, based on the biological and dosimetric data, the four different techniques are clinically comparable.
CARDIAC PHARMACOLOGY OF DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE AND ITS POSTULATED RELEVANCE TO ORGAN PRESERVATION IN ISCHEMIC OR HYPOXIC STATES

Abstract : This paper first briefly summarizes the major pharmacological effects of DMSO on the normal mammalian myocardium, considering their possible implications to human medicine and cardiac ischemic states in particular, but also suggesting that although these effects are intrinsically interesting and demonstrate the diverse actions of this drug, they may be of little utility in currently encountered clinical situations. Evidence will then be presented to support the concept that an important component of ischemic injury to the heart and possibly to other ischemic organs is generation of oxygen radicals, including the hydroxyl radical. A proposal will then be made that the hydroxyl radical-scavenging ability of DMSO, combined with its ability to permeate cells readily, may confer upon the drug a unique and important adjunctive role for preventing this aspect of cell death in some clinical settings of ischemia.
Prototyping dynamics: sharing multiple designs improves exploration, group rapport, and results

Prototypes ground group communication and facilitate decision making. However, overly investing in a single design idea can lead to fixation and impede the collaborative process. Does sharing multiple designs improve collaboration? In a study, participants created advertisements individually and then met with a partner. In the Share Multiple condition, participants designed and shared three ads. In the Share Best condition, participants designed three ads and selected one to share. In the Share One condition, participants designed and shared one ad. Sharing multiple designs improved outcome, exploration, sharing, and group rapport. These participants integrated more of their partner's ideas into their own subsequent designs, explored a more divergent set of ideas, and provided more productive critiques of their partner's designs. Furthermore, their ads were rated more highly and garnered a higher click-through rate when hosted online.
Writing Research Grants: An Overview of the Process

The purposes of this article are to provide an overview of the process of writing research grants and to address important details involved in grant submission. Our intent is to impart the understanding that writing research grants involves the intersection of clearly focused research ideas, the funding priorities of the grantor, a clear and concise research plan, attention to administrative details, and peer review. This article will help first-time grant writers appreciate the scope of the process and remind experienced grant writers of the essential components of the process.
Electromagnetic scattering from dielectric rods of arbitrary cross section

A previous integral equation method for calculating time-harmonic scalar-wave scattering from objects of arbitrary shape is specialized to the case of electromagnetic scattering from dielectric rods of irregular cross section. Formulas of a relatively simple form are derived for both E and B wave scattering. Results are presented for the scattering cross section of rectangular and elliptic dielectric rods as a function of size, eccentricity, and index of refraction for different incident wave polarization and angles of incidence. Certain useful limiting approximation methods are also discussed.
A multimethod approach to evaluate transition into community life

Abstract A multimethod approach to program evaluation using traditional quantitative methods, subjective assessments developed from the quantitative tools, and qualitative case study methods, was used to evaluate “Transition into Community Life”, a 3-year, federally funded grant to improve quality of life for persons with developmental disabilities. Participants who were employed in supported employment or sheltered employment were randomly assigned to either a community life options intervention or contained in their present situation. The intervention involved an interactive process among the participant, a paid recreation specialist, and individuals from the community. The Quality of Life Index failed to show statistically significant improvement for those who received the community life options intervention, although the subjective assessments and case study methods revealed change in quality of life among some participants. The discussion focused on the strengths and weaknesses of each method of evaluation and assessment of the impact of the intervention.
A multiyear estimate of the effective pollen donor pool for Albizia julibrissin.

Studies of pollen movement in plant populations are often limited to a single reproductive event, despite concerns about the adequacy of single-year measures for perennial organisms. In this study, we estimate the effective number of pollen donors per tree from a multiyear study of Albizia julibrissin Durazz (mimosa, Fabaceae), an outcrossing, insect-pollinated tree. We determined 40 seedling genotypes for each of 15 seed trees during 4 successive years. A molecular analysis of variance of the pollen gametes fertilizing the sampled seeds was used to partition variation in pollen pools among seed trees, among years, and within single tree-year collections. Using these variance components, we demonstrate significant male gametic variability among years for individual trees. However, results indicate that yearly variation in the ‘global pollen pool’, averaged over all 15 seed trees for these 4 years, is effectively zero. We estimate the effective number of pollen donors for a single mimosa tree (Nep) to be 2.87. Single season analyses yield Nep∼2.05, which is 40% less than the value of Nep estimated from 4 years of data. We discuss optimal sampling for future studies designed to estimate Nep. Studies should include more trees, each sampled over at least a few years, with fewer seeds per tree per year than are needed for a traditional parentage study.
The Igκ Gene Enhancers, E3′ and Ed, Are Essential for Triggering Transcription

The mouse Igκ gene locus has three known transcriptional enhancers: an intronic enhancer (Ei), a 3′ enhancer (E3′), and a further downstream enhancer (Ed). Previous studies on B lymphocytes derived from mutant embryonic stem cells have shown that deletion of either Ei or E3′ significantly reduces Igκ gene rearrangement, whereas the combined deletion of both Ei and E3′ eliminates such recombination. Furthermore, deletion of either E3′ or Ed significantly reduces rearranged Igκ gene transcription. To determine whether the combined presence of both E3′ and Ed are essential for Igκ gene expression, we generated homozygous double knockout (DKO) mice with targeted deletions in both elements. Significantly, homozygous DKO mice were unable to generate κ + B cells both in bone marrow and the periphery and exhibited surface expression almost exclusively of Igλ-chains, despite the fact that they possessed potentially functional rearranged Igκ genes. Compared with their single-enhancer–deleted counterparts, Igκ loci in homozygous DKO mice exhibited dramatically reduced germline and rearranged gene transcription, lower levels of gene rearrangement and histone H3 acetylation, and markedly increased DNA methylation. This contributed to a partial developmental block at the pre-B cell stage of development. We conclude that the two downstream enhancers are essential in Igκ gene expression and that Ei in homozygous DKO mice is incapable of triggering Igκ gene transcription. Furthermore, these results reveal unexpected compensatory roles for Ed in E3′ knockout mice in triggering germline transcription and Vκ gene rearrangements to both Jκ and RS elements.
Biomechanics of the thumb flexor pulley system

The purpose of this study was to quantify the contributions of the thumb flexor pulleys on the mechanical efficiency and angular joint displacement of the human thumb. Fourteen human (below elbow) cadaveric specimens were divided into two study groups. Four experimental trials were performed with each thumb. Group 1 was tested with an intact pulley system, as well as after sequential sectioning of the oblique, A1, and A2 pulleys. Group 2 was tested with all pulleys intact and following the sequential sectioning of the (A1), oblique, and (A2) pulleys. Each forearm was mounted to a dynamic testing apparatus, and an 815 g load was applied at the thumb tip. The flexor pollicus longus tendon was attached to a force transducer and computer-driven stepper motor, and tension was recorded through full range of motion of the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints. The initial sectioning of either the A1 or oblique pulley did not significantly alter the thumb efficiency or its interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joint angular displacement. When both the A1 and oblique pulleys were cut, significant bowstringing was observed, as well as decreased interphalangeal flexion and increased metacarpophalangeal flexion; total angular motion remained unchanged. The tension required to achieve a given displacement also decreased following the sectioning of both the A1 and oblique pulleys. There was no statistical difference between an isolated, intact A2 pulley and no intact pulleys. These findings indicate that repair or reconstruction of either the A1 or oblique pulley after injury will restore normal thumb kinematics.
From the right to development to the rights-based approach: how ‘human rights’ entered development

This article offers an intellectual genealogy of how the concept of human rights has entered the development discourse—from the formulation of a ‘right to development’ to the rhetorical incorporation of rights within prevailing discourse, to the articulation of a ‘rights-based approach’ to development. It concludes with some propositions about the important role that a focus on rights might play in the practice of international development.
Policy Differences in British Parliamentary Parties

Questionnaire data that delineate the positions of 197 Labour and 126 Conservative M.P.s in the British House of Commons on ten major policy issues are utilized in an empirical test of some of the positions taken by British political parry scholars, Samuel H. Beer and Robert T. McKenzie. Assuming that policy stances taken on these issues reflect more general ideological orientations, the data support Beer's view that serious ideological differences divide the parties. However, McKenzie's belief that policy differences between the frontbenches are narrower than are differences between their backbench supporters is also confirmed. The data also indicate that the differences between the front and backbenches are greater in the Labour party than in the Conservative party, a situation that could be intrinsic to the parties or merely a function of the fact that Labour was in power when these data were collected. Finally, it is suggested that although there are significant differences between the frontbenches and an extreme wing of their respective backbenches, as McKenzie had assumed, it would be unwise to exaggerate the importance of such intraparty differences.
Commentary Paper on "Dynamic Models for People Detection and Tracking"

The paper presents an adaptive approach for person detection and tracking. The key feature of the proposed method is the ability to detect an object as a member of a generic class (in this case, a pedestrian) as it enters the scene, then dynamically build and maintain a model of its appearance that allows tracking of this specific instance of the class. Such an approach also addresses the problem of recognizing the object if it leaves and then re-enters the scene.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

A 60-year-old female initially presented to a local urgent care center complaining of abdominal pain. Ultimately, an abdominal CT scan was obtained revealing a large upper abdominal mass of uncertain origin. The patient was referred to the regional academic medical center for possible surgical intervention. On evaluation, she complained of a two to three month history of early satiety, bloating, nausea, and intermittent abdominal pain. Her past medical history was significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Her mother had been diagnosed with breast cancer at 62 years old, and there was no other family history of cancer. On physical examination, a left upper quadrant mass was palpable without associated tenderness. Review of the outside imaging confirmed a heterogeneous upper abdominal mass measuring 20 ?× ?17 cm. The origin of the tumor was difficult to ascertain but was considered possibly pancreatic or retroperitoneal. Laboratory data showed normal carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. An image-guided percutaneous needle biopsy was scheduled.
Global Competition and Strategies in the Information and Communications Technology Industry: A Liberal-Strategic Approach

This article examines the roles of multinational corporations and the European Union (EU) in structuring global competition around wireless standardization. It analyzes the realities of global competition in information and communications technology (ICT) markets from a more liberal-strategic viewpoint than the subsidy-based industry support promulgated by strategic trade theorists in the 1980s and 1990s. According to a liberal-strategic trade perspective, public actors try to tweak the rules of the world economy to structure global competition in ways that enhance job creation, overall competitiveness in high-technology sectors, and domestic welfare, rather than being primarily concerned about import competition. The story of the European approach to global standardization and competition--and the strategic use of international standards bodies by multinational corporations--primarily represents an aggressive outward-oriented strategy. European actors pursued a globally oriented strategy in the European ...
Learning in the Vestibular System: Simulations of Vestibular Compensation Using Recurrent Back-Propagation

Vestibular compensation is the process whereby normal functioning is regained following destruction of one member of the pair of peripheral vestibular receptors. Compensation was simulated by lesioning a dynamic neural network model of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and retraining it using recurrent back-propagation. The model reproduced the pattern of VOR neuron activity experimentally observed in compensated animals, but only if connections heretofore considered uninvolved were allowed to be plastic. Because the model incorporated nonlinear units, it was able to reconcile previously conflicting, linear analyses of experimental results on the dynamic properties of VOR neurons in normal and compensated animals.
Conventional Antipsychotic Medications for Schizophrenia

This article reviews the existing evidence for the efficacy and effectiveness of conventional antipsychotic medications in the treatment of schizophrenia. Among the issues reviewed are their efficacy for acute symptom episodes and for long-term maintenance therapy, differential efficacy among medications, the gap between research-based efficacy rates and effectiveness rates in practice, dosing strategies, and the treatment of first-episode cases. Evidence for efficacy is overwhelming for reduction of positive symptoms but quite limited for other outcomes. Effectiveness in practice may be substantially less than efficacy in clinical trials, perhaps owing to patient heterogeneity, prescribing practices, and noncompliance. First-episode patients should be treated with antipsychotic medication, but perhaps at lower dosages, with consideration of a gradual decrease or discontinuation at 6 months to 1 year.
On the uniqueness of the solutions to the Migdal-Kadanoff recursion relations when perturbative corrections are included

Abstract We show that solutions to the Migdal-Kadanoff recursion relations via Martinelli-Parisi-Roberts are unique. We use Z 4 theory as a specific example to illustrate this.
DEBUGGING LOGIC-BASED REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATIONS FOR SAFETY-CRITICAL SYSTEMS — A FRORL APPROACH

Safety-critical systems are not only difficult to build, but also difficult to debug because they often have strict timing constraints and non-deterministic behavior. A correct and precise specification reduces the effort spent in testing and debugging the implemented system. This paper presents techniques of specification debugging and issues related to it. We introduce an approach to the debugging of a specification in FRORL (Frame and Rule Oriented Requirements Language), which supports non-determinism and non-monotonicity in a system. The approach aids the user in detecting and correcting the possible faults which can arise not only when writing the specification, but also after the verification of the specification.
Pretending Teaching is a Profession: Why Public School Teaching Will Never Be Considered a True Profession

iii CHAPTER ONE 1 19 What Is . . . .? 1 True Professions: Conceptual Analysis 3 Neoliberalism and its Influences 9 The Taxonomic Approach: Characteristics of Professions 11 Society and Teaching 14 CHAPTER TWO 20 The Foundations for the United States Education System 20 39 The Role of Gender in Education 22 A Rollercoaster of Change 31 History in Conclusion 38 CHAPTER THREE 40 66 True Professions 40 Conceptual Analysis: Profession and Professionals 41 True Profession: A Historical and Sociological Ideology 43
Density-Dependent Intraspecific Competition in the Larval Stage of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): Revisiting the Current Paradigm

Density-dependent intraspecific competition has been considered an important determinant of the dynamics of larval stages of Aedes aegypti. A model was published in 1984 providing a mathematical description of this density dependence, based on field data, that has since been widely used. This description, however, is based on the strong assumption that all mortality is density-dependent. We re-examine the data without this premise and find a reduced importance of density dependence, as well as a different functional form. Based on these discrepancies, we emphasize that the characterization of density dependence in the larval stages of Ae. aegypti should be based on a more complete dataset, and we use artificially generated data to explore how such additional information could help developing a better description of this density dependence. We review other empirical studies on larval competition, discuss the need for further dedicated studies, and provide a few simple guidelines for the design of such studies.
Specific cell-derived microvesicles: linking endothelial function to carotid artery intima-media thickness in low cardiovascular risk menopausal women.

Abstract Background Decreases in endothelial function measured by reactive hyperemic index (RHI) correlated with increases in carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in recently menopausal women with a low risk cardiovascular profile. Factors linking this association are unknown. Objective Assess, longitudinally, markers of platelet activation and cell-derived, blood-borne microvesicles (MV) in relationship to RHI and CIMT in asymptomatic, low risk menopausal women. Methods RHI by digital pulse tonometry (n = 93), CIMT by ultrasound (n = 113), measures of platelet activation and specific cell-derived, blood-borne MV were evaluated in women throughout the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) at Mayo Clinic. Results CIMT, but not RHI, increased significantly over 4 years. The average change in CIMT correlated significantly with the average follow-up values of MV positive for common leukocyte antigen [CD45; ρ = 0.285 (P = 0.002)] and VCAM-1 [ρ = 0.270 (P = 0.0040)]. Using principal components analysis (PC) on the aggregate set of average follow-up measures, the first derived PC representing numbers of MV positive for markers of vascular endothelium, inflammatory cells (leukocyte and monocytes), pro-coagulant (tissue factor), and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) associated with changes in RHI and CIMT. Changes in RHI associated with another PC defined by measures of platelet activation (dense granular ATP secretion, surface expression of P-selectin and fibrinogen receptors). Conclusions MV derived from activated endothelial and inflammatory cells, and those expressing cell adhesion and pro-coagulant molecules may reflect early vascular dysfunction in low risk menopausal women. Assays of MV as non-conventional measures to assess cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic women remain to be developed.
Mind wandering during learning with an intelligent tutoring system

Mind wandering (zoning out) can be detrimental to learning outcomes in a host of educational activities, from reading to watching video lectures, yet it has received little attention in the field of intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). In the current study, participants self-reported mind wandering during a learning session with Guru, a dialogue-based ITS for biology. On average, participants interacted with Guru for 22 minutes and reported an average of 11.5 instances of mind wandering, or one instance every two minutes. The frequency of mind wandering was compared across five different phases of Guru (Common-Ground-Building Instruction, Intermittent Summary, Concept Map, Scaffolded Dialogue, and Cloze task), each requiring different learning strategies. The rate of mind wandering per minute was highest during the Common-Ground-Building Instruction and Scaffolded Dialogue phases of Guru. Importantly, there was significant negative correlation between mind wandering and learning, highlighting the need to address this phenomena during learning with ITSs.
Exploratory Analysis of Biological Networks through Visualization, Clustering, and Functional Annotation in Cytoscape.

Abstract Biological networks define how genes, proteins, and other cellular components interact with one another to carry out specific functions, providing a scaffold for understanding cellular organization. Although in-depth network analysis requires advanced mathematical and computational knowledge, a preliminary visual exploration of biological networks is accessible to anyone with basic computer skills. Visualization of biological networks is used primarily to examine network topology, identify functional modules, and predict gene functions based on gene connectivity within the network. Networks are excellent at providing a bird's-eye view of data sets and have the power of illustrating complex ideas in simple and intuitive terms. In addition, they enable exploratory analysis and generation of new hypotheses, which can then be tested using rigorous statistical and experimental tools. This protocol describes a simple procedure for visualizing a biological network using the genetic interaction similarity network for Saccharomyces cerevisiae as an example. The visualization procedure described here relies on the open-source network visualization software Cytoscape and includes detailed instructions on formatting and loading the data, clustering networks, and overlaying functional annotations.
The Emergence of the New Chaplaincy: Re-Defining Pastoral Care for the Postmodern Age

Noting the rapid evolution of pastoral care in American hospitals and culture, the author embraces and explicates the shift toward an inclusive and holistic model of spiritual care that has ramifications for care delivery and clinical education.
Abstract 4401: UCHL1 as a potential therapeutic target in uterine papillary serous carcinoma.

Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (UPSC) comprises less than 10% of all endometrial cancers but accounts for a disproportionately high number of deaths. Due to its rarity, few prospective studies have been conducted which focus on this aggressive subtype, and it has been difficult to establish optimal treatment strategies. With poor survival rates and high recurrence rates, the identification of novel therapeutic targets would aid in the management of UPSCs. RNAseq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was analyzed using Significant Analysis of Microarrays to identify genes that were differentially expressed between 81 cases of grade 2 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) and 41 cases of UPSC. A gene of interest was then selected based on its subcellular location, correlation with survival and normal tissue specificity. The findings were validated by immunohistochemical staining of UPSC paraffin sections. All patient samples were obtained and stored in accordance with human subject research protocols approved by the Institutional Review Board. All paraffin sections were reviewed by a pathologist. By comparing the RNAseq profiles of UPSCs and EECs, we identified 242 genes that were differentially expressed (q Citation Format: Suet Ying Kwan, Kwong-Kwok Wong, Rosemarie E. Schmandt, Karen H. Lu. UCHL1 as a potential therapeutic target in uterine papillary serous carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4401. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4401
Equally Likely, Exhaustive and Independent Events

(1980). Equally Likely, Exhaustive and Independent Events. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 53, No. 3, pp. 167-171.
Study on effect of AIDS high-risk behaviour interventions by Tengxun QQ among MSM in Puning city

Objective To study the effect of Tengxun QQ intervention of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) high-risk behavior among the men who have sex with men(MSM) individuals in Puning city.Methods MSM were recruited using respondent driver sampling(RDS) method in Puning city and joined a special Tengxun QQ group.Intervention on AIDS high-risk behavior was through internet among group members.The effect of the intervention was evaluated by questionnaire survey on the changes of knowledge related AIDS,condom use situation,and consciousness of seeking treatment for AIDS.Results We interviewed 58 and 54 targeted individuals separately before and after intervention.After intervention,the overall awareness rate of AIDS knowledge for MSM increased from 62.07% to 88.89%(P 0.01).The rate of using condom during the latest anal intercourse with male partners was increased from 18.97% to 40.74%(P 0.05).The rate of always using condom during anal intercourse with male partners in the last trimester was increased from 10.34% to 31.48%(P0.01).The rate of choosing "go to large hospitals" if appearance of STD /AIDS symptoms was increased from 53.45% to 85.19%(P 0.01).Conclusion Tengxun QQ intervention is effective and feasible,especially suitable for the poor area.
STRUCTURED LIGHT BASED 3D SCANNING FOR SPECULAR SURFACE BY THE COMBINATION OF GRAY CODE AND PHASE SHIFTING

Abstract. Surface reconstruction using coded structured light is considered one of the most reliable techniques for high-quality 3D scanning. With a calibrated projector-camera stereo system, a light pattern is projected onto the scene and imaged by the camera. Correspondences between projected and recovered patterns are computed in the decoding process, which is used to generate 3D point cloud of the surface. However, the indirect illumination effects on the surface, such as subsurface scattering and interreflections, will raise the difficulties in reconstruction. In this paper, we apply maximum min-SW gray code to reduce the indirect illumination effects of the specular surface. We also analysis the errors when comparing the maximum min-SW gray code and the conventional gray code, which justifies that the maximum min-SW gray code has significant superiority to reduce the indirect illumination effects. To achieve sub-pixel accuracy, we project high frequency sinusoidal patterns onto the scene simultaneously. But for specular surface, the high frequency patterns are susceptible to decoding errors. Incorrect decoding of high frequency patterns will result in a loss of depth resolution. Our method to resolve this problem is combining the low frequency maximum min-SW gray code and the high frequency phase shifting code, which achieves dense 3D reconstruction for specular surface. Our contributions include: (i) A complete setup of the structured light based 3D scanning system; (ii) A novel combination technique of the maximum min-SW gray code and phase shifting code. First, phase shifting decoding with sub-pixel accuracy. Then, the maximum min-SW gray code is used to resolve the ambiguity resolution. According to the experimental results and data analysis, our structured light based 3D scanning system enables high quality dense reconstruction of scenes with a small number of images. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons are performed to extract the advantages of our new combined coding method.
Fluorescent Immunolabeling of Embryonic Kidney Samples

This chapter provides a basic protocol to perform fluorescent immunolabeling on embryonic kidney samples. The procedure can be summarized in five steps: permeabilization, primary antibody incubation, washes, secondary antibody incubation, and final washes. This protocol can be used on samples of different origins, from thin sections to whole mounts, just by adjusting incubation times, temperatures, and buffer composition. Despite its simplicity, we have successfully and consistently used this protocol to detect the "usual suspects" in kidney development: CalbindinD-28k, E-cadherin, Pax2, podocalyxin, α-SMA, and Phospho-Histone H3 among others. This protocol also provides a starting point when trying to optimize labeling with a new antibody.
Vitamin A Supplements and Bulging Fontanelle

Safety of vitamin A supplements in early infancy was investigated by double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 167 infants in the Urban Surveillance System area of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Research, Bangladesh.
Switching to Taiwanese in Mandarin-dominant spoken media discourse in Taiwan: Evidence of association as the main motivation

Code switching in public domains has become common in Taiwan. However, little is known about the actual use of Taiwanese in Mandarin-dominant spoken media discourse. This study explores the motivation behind speakers’ choice of Taiwanese when they intended to achieve certain communicative effects in this setting. A detailed discourse analysis suggests that the main motivation is related to the association of Taiwanese or of some particular expressions in Taiwanese. Four types of association emerged. First, speakers switched to Taiwanese because of the association with certain social meanings created in certain social contexts. Second, speakers associated Taiwanese with individual people or cultural objects because it was one of the salient linguistic attributes of the people or cultural objects. Third, speakers associated Taiwanese with certain expressions of ideas because certain phrasing or some particular words in a lexicon in Taiwanese could more precisely, descriptively, effectively, and/or vividly express the ideas than those in Mandarin. Finally, speakers switched to Taiwanese because of the association with locally-developed items in a conversation.
Risk of dry eye syndrome in patients treated with whole-brain radiotherapy

With improvements in systemic therapy, patients with cancer treated with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) are living long enough to develop late toxicities, including dry eye syndrome. In general practice, dose to the lacrimal gland (LG) is not constrained (maximum constraint <40 Gy) in WBRT. The purpose of this study was to measure dose to the LG in WBRT and determine methods for reducing radiation exposure. We conducted a retrospective review of 70 3-dimensional (3D) conformal plans; thirty-six plans with a radiation prescription of 30 Gy in 10 fractions and 34 plans with a prescription of 37.5 Gy in 15 fractions. LGs were contoured in accordance with Freedman and Sidani (2015). Biological effective dose (BED)3 maximum constraints were calculated from 40 Gy and 20 Gy to be 32.17 Gy (30 Gy) and 36.70 Gy (37.5 Gy). Both regimens demonstrated supraorbital blocking by 3 methods: T1, bordering the supraorbital ridge; T2, no contact with supraorbital ridge; and T3, coverage of the supraorbital ridge. Mean dose for the plans with a 30-Gy prescription and the plans with a 37.5-Gy prescription was 27.5 Gy and 35.2 Gy, respectively (p ≤ 0.0001). BED3 maximum constraint (Dmax) was violated 16 of 26 (61.5%) in T1 (average Dmax: 32.2 Gy), 13 of 28 (46.4%) in T2 (average Dmax: 32.1 Gy), and 5 of 18 (27.8%) in T3 (average Dmax: 31.8 Gy) for the 30-Gy prescription. Dmax was violated in 32 of 32 (100%) in T1 (average Dmax: 40.1 Gy), 22 of 22 (100%) in T2 (average Dmax: 40.3 Gy), and 14 of 14 (100%) in T3 (average Dmax: 39.4) for the 37.5 Gy prescription. Average Dmax for the 37.5-Gy prescription was highly significant in favor of T3 (p = 0.0098). Patients who receive WBRT may develop dry eye syndrome as a late toxicity. Constraints are commonly violated with a prescription of 37.5 Gy. Methods to reduce dose include T3 supraorbital blocking, an easily implementable change that may dramatically improve patient quality of life.
Pregnancy outcomes in Women with Epilepsy in Urban Detroit (P6.227)

Objective: To identify pregnancy outcomes in women with epilepsy in urban Detroit. Background: Women with epilepsy face a unique set of challenges during the pregnancy and post-partum period which include concerns of major congenital malformations (MCMs), seizures during pregnancy, anti-epileptic medication (AEDs) and drug levels. We reviewed the patients who attended epilepsy clinic in our university-based center to review the fetal outcomes. Design/Methods: Patients who attended the epilepsy clinic from August 2013 through May 2016 were included in the study. Data was analyzed after capturing baseline characteristics such as maternal age, type of epilepsy, seizure frequency during pregnancy, type and number of AEDs and dose per day, outcome of fetus or pregnancy. Results: A total of 45 patients were included. The most common AED was levetiracetam (48%). 62% were on monotherapy. 9 patients received over the daily recommended dose for lamotrigine or levetiracetam. One patient had received intravenous valproic acid during early pregnancy secondary to status epilepticus, with one twin diagnosed with myelomeningocele, the only MCM in the cohort. Eight patients went into pre-term labor (17%). One had a miscarriage of twins secondary to direct trauma from a seizure. There were no statistical differences in term vs. pre-term deliveries based on seizure semiology, maternal age, seizure frequency during pregnancy (p=0.55, Mann-Whitney Test). Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Conclusions: The risk of MCMs in our population were low, likely due to the increased use of newer AEDs associated with lower risks, even when used in combination or at higher than routinely recommended dosing. The risk of pre-term labor in Detroit is 16.5% of the general population and our cohort was similar. In our university-based cohort in an urban population setting, women with epilepsy who become pregnant require closer monitoring and counseling regarding AEDs effects and seizures on pregnancy and fetal outcomes to improve overall outcomes. Disclosure: Dr. Heir has nothing to disclose.
Strong Field Laser induced surface structuring in Mid-IR wavelengths

Strong field mid-IR laser (λ = 2 − 4.2 µm, Δτ = 100-200 fs) surface interactions were studied in Si, Ge, ZnSe, InSb. Periodic surface structures and features with sizes down to < λ/40 were observed.
Biomechanical factors influencing successful self-righting in the pleurodire turtle Emydura subglobosa.

Self-righting performance is a key ability for most terrestrial animals, and has been used as a metric of fitness, exhaustion, and thermal limits in a variety of taxa. However, there is little understanding of the underlying mechanisms that drive variation in self-righting performance. To evaluate the mechanical factors that contribute to success versus failure when animals attempt to self-right, we compared force production and kinematic behavior in the rigid-bodied, pleurodire turtle Emydura subglobosa between successful and unsuccessful self-righting efforts. We found that the moment exerted during efforts to roll the body and the velocity of that roll are the primary drivers behind self-righting success. Specifically, turtles that self-righted successfully produced both larger moments and faster rolls than turtles that failed. In contrast, the angle at which the head was directed to lever the body and the extent of yaw that was incorporated in addition to roll had little impact on the likelihood of success. These results show that specific performance metrics can predict the ability of animals to self-right, providing a framework for biomimetic applications as well future comparisons to test for differences in self-righting performance across animals from different environments, sexes, populations, and species.
Multifidus Muscle Size and Symmetry in Ballroom Dancers with and without Low Back Pain.

The incidence of low back pain (LBP) among elite ballroom dancers is high and understanding associations between muscle morphology and pain may provide insight into treatment or training options. Research has linked multifidus muscle atrophy to LBP in the general and some athletic populations; however, this has not been examined in ballroom dancers. We compared the lumbar multifidus cross-sectional area (CSA) at rest in 57 elite level ballroom dancers (age 23±2.4 years; height, 174±11 cm; mass, 64±10 kg) divided into one of three pain groups, according to their self-reported symptoms, 1) LBP group (n=19), 2) minimal LBP (n=17), and 3) no LBP (n=21). There were no significant difference in demographics between the groups (P>0.05). The LBP group demonstrated significant differences in reported pain and Oswestry Disability Index scores compared to the other two groups. There was no significant difference between groups in multifidus cross-sectional area (P=0.49). Asymmetry was found in all groups with the overall left side being significantly larger than the right (P
Second-Look Prostate Resection for Incidental Carcinoma of the Prostate

A repeat, or second-look, transurethral prostate resection (TURP) involves obtaining more tissue for pathologic evaluation in patients initially found to have a small amount of cancer (stage Al) after a prostatectomy performed for obstructive symptoms on a presumably benign gland. The information obtained can then be used to decide which patients are candidates for immediate therapy, and which can be observed with little expectation of developing progressive disease in their lifetime. This paper explores what facts are known, and what facts are unknown in determining whether a second look resection is justified.
ETS in Marketing Science and Practice

The main use of ETS in marketing, as we have seen, is to establish relations among variables—response functions—that serve as generalizations of marketing behavior. These relations, in turn, provide the mechanism for making decision models useful tools for marketing planning and forecasting. Most of this book has been concerned with how this can be done. In this chapter, we look at three questions that bear on the impact of this work: (1) How is knowledge generated? (2) How are models implemented? and (3) How can decisions be supported with ETS?
Screening: Step One in the Clinical Pathway for Malnutritiorn

Abstract The initial step in developing a clinical pathway for malnutrition at a 395-bed community hospital was to evaluate the nutrition screening method for sensitivity (appropriate identification of those at risk) and specificity (appropriate identification of those not at risk). The original tool used a simple point scoring system. Primary and co-existent diagnoses (e.g., cancer, renal disease) and conditions (e.g., fever, diarrhea) associated with an increased risk for malnutrition were complemented by lab (e.g., albumin, lymphocyte count) and anthropometric (weight for height) data. Nutrition risk was based on the number of indicators identified. Level I identified no indication of nutrition risk; levels II and III, mild and moderate risk, required further assessment; level IV, significant risk, required consideration for intervention. Every patient (N=683) admitted over a 2-month period was screened; data were analyzed using SPSSx statistical software. Data were categorized using ICD9CM parameters of malnutrition and compared with risk levels. Initially, the misclassification rate was 9%; the positive predictive value (probability that the individual is at nutrition risk) was 0.84. Although sensitivity was acceptable (0.97), specificity was not (0.87). The revised tool, which weighs indicators associated with nutrition risk (e.g. weight for height, albumin, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin) and assigns varying points according to severity, was applied to these same patient data. Misclassification rate dropped to 1%, sensitivity (0.99) and specificity (1.0) improved, and the positive predictive value increased (1.0). With improved accuracy in identifying those needing intervention versus those at less risk, nutrition care resources can be allocated more effectively and cycle time to intervention can be reduced.
Effects of aspect ratio and crystal orientation of cellulose nanocrystals on properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) composite fibers

Abstract This work reports a study on the effects of different types and aspect ratios of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite fibers. CNCs were extracted from wood pulp and cotton and reinforced into PVA to produce fibers by dry-jet-wet spinning. The fibers were collected as-spun and with the first stage drawing up to draw ratio 2. The elastic modulus and tensile strength of the fibers improved with increasing CNC content (5–15 wt. %) at the expense of their strain-to-failure. It was also observed that the mechanical properties of fibers reinforced with cotton CNC were higher than the fibers with wood CNC at the same amount of CNCs due to their higher aspect ratio. The degree of orientation along the spun fiber axis was quantified by 2D X-ray diffraction. As expected, the CNC orientation correlates to the mechanical properties of the fibers. Micromechanical models were used to predict the fiber performance and compare with experimental results. Finally, surface and cross-sectional morphologies of fibers were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy.
Are There Problems with the Economic Disincentives Model of Regulation

In the chapter on empirical constraints of psychopharmacological cognitive enhancers (Chap. 4), I analyzed available information and policy options for the two of the most commonly used cognitive enhancement (CE) drugs: Adderall and Ritalin.
Flow diversion for small caliber vessel aneurysms: efficacy, safety, and functional outcome.

Background Flow-diverting stents had gained prominence among neurointerventionalists. Aneurysms originating from distal vessels, particularly dissecting or fusiform, pose more technical challenges. The aim of the following single center large series was to report the safety, efficacy, and functional outcome of flow diversion for aneurysms originating from small caliber vessel and compare to proximal vessels group. Methods A retrospective chart review of a prospectively maintained database for subjects treated with flow diversion from 2010-2019. Results A total of 598 aneurysms were treated during a period extending from 2010-2019 (87.8% large caliber group versus 12.20% small caliber group); 84.28% (N.=504) were females and the average age was 55.5 years. Ischemic stroke occurred at a rate of 2.99% with a non-significant difference between both groups. Delayed aneurysmal rupture and distal intraparenchymal bleed occurred at a rate of 3.70% with a non-significant difference between both groups. Complete aneurysms occlusion was seen at a rate of 75.3% with a non-significant difference between both groups. Morbidity rate occurred at a rate of 5.8% with non-significant difference between both groups. Multivariate logistic regression showed that small vessel was an independent predictor of aneurysm obliteration with a 2.6-fold-higher likelihood. Conclusions Flow-diverting stents are being used to treat diverse types of aneurysms and in various locations, in distal small caliber vessels where other treatment options pose a considerable risk. Small caliber group had similar complication and occlusion rates compared to proximal vessel group.