cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Home- and Community-Based Physical Activity Interventions on Physical Function Among Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Objective To examine the effect of home- and community-based physical activity interventions on physical functioning among cancer survivors based on the most prevalent physical function measures, randomized trials were reviewed. Data Sources Five electronic databases—Medline Ovid, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PsycINFO—were searched from inception to March 2016 for relevant articles. Study Selection Search terms included community-based interventions, physical functioning, and cancer survivors. A reference librarian trained in systematic reviews conducted the final search. Data Extraction Four reviewers evaluated eligibility and 2 reviewers evaluated methodological quality. Data were abstracted from studies that used the most prevalent physical function measurement tools—Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey, Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument, European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality-of-Life Questionnaire, and 6-minute walk test. Random- or fixed-effects models were conducted to obtain overall effect size per physical function measure. Data Synthesis Fourteen studies met inclusion criteria and were used to compute standardized mean differences using the inverse variance statistical method. The median sample size was 83 participants. Most of the studies (n=7) were conducted among breast cancer survivors. The interventions produced short-term positive effects on physical functioning, with overall effect sizes ranging from small (.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], .07–.27) to medium (.45; 95% CI, .23–.67). Community-based interventions that met in groups and used behavioral change strategies produced the largest effect sizes. Conclusions Home and community-based physical activity interventions may be a potential tool to combat functional deterioration among aging cancer survivors. More studies are needed among other cancer types using clinically relevant objective functional measures (eg, gait speed) to accelerate translation into the community and clinical practice.
A Proposed Algebra Assessment for Use in a Problem-Analysis Framework

Algebra is critical to high school graduation and college success, but student achievement in algebra frequently falls significantly below expected proficiency levels. While existing research empha...
High density scintillating glass proton imaging detector

In recent years, proton therapy has achieved remarkable precision in delivering doses to cancerous cells while avoiding healthy tissue. However, in order to utilize this high precision treatment, greater accuracy in patient positioning is needed. An accepted approximate uncertainty of ±3% exists in the current practice of proton therapy due to conversions between x-ray and proton stopping power. The use of protons in imaging would eliminate this source of error and lessen the radiation exposure of the patient. To this end, this study focuses on developing a novel proton-imaging detector built with high-density glass scintillator. The model described herein contains a compact homogeneous proton calorimeter composed of scintillating, high density glass as the active medium. The unique geometry of this detector allows for the measurement of both the position and residual energy of protons, eliminating the need for a separate set of position trackers in the system. Average position and energy of a pencil beam of 106 protons is used to reconstruct the image rather than by analyzing individual proton data. Simplicity and efficiency were major objectives in this model in order to present an imaging technique that is compact, cost-effective, and precise, as well as practical for a clinical setting with pencil-beam scanning proton therapy equipment. In this work, the development of novel high-density glass scintillator and the unique conceptual design of the imager are discussed; a proof-of-principle Monte Carlo simulation study is performed; preliminary two-dimensional images reconstructed from the Geant4 simulation are presented.
Abstract 409: Role of the Mitochondrial AAA+ Lon Protease in Cardioprotection

Mitochondrial Lon is an ATP-powered proteolytic machine that selectively degrades regulatory proteins as well as misfolded, unassembled and damaged proteins. Lon is a key mediator of mitochondrial quality control, adapting mitochondrial metabolism to hypoxic, oxidative, and proteotoxic stresses. Although studies imply that up-regulating Lon in the failing or ageing heart is ameliorative, there is little detailed in vivo data about its importance in cardiovascular health and disease. To test the hypothesis that Lon protects the heart in vivo, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Lon under the control of the alpha-MHC promoter (Tg-Lon). Lon was specifically overexpressed in heart with no change in the levels of endogenous substrates TFAM or mitochondrial aconitase, or the mitochondrial ClpXP protease. Baseline analysis of 2-11 month old mice showed no significant difference in body or heart weight or ventricular weight/tibial length. At 2-3 months, no significant difference was observed by echocardiography or histology. However, Tg-Lon mice showed significantly reduced cardiac injury in response to ischemia reperfusion (I/R)- ischemia (45 min)/reperfusion (24 hr). At 6-9 months Tg-Lon, infarct size/area at risk (AAR) was 32%±2.3 SEM versus NTg that was 51%±3.2 SEM (p-value
Relation of the repair of damage induced by a monofunctional alkylating agent to the repair of damage induced by ultraviolet light in Bacillus, subtilis☆

The monofunctional alkylating agent, methyl methanesulfonate(MMS) inactivates transforming DNA by a chain of processes which culminate in the insertion of single strand breaks into DNA(Strauss and Wahl, 1964; Wahl, 1965). MMS-induced damage can be repaired(Strauss, 1963, Reiter and Strauss, in, press). Recently it was found (loc., cit.) that a mutant of B., subtilis sensitive to ultraviolet radiation(UV) was not sensitive to MMS. A simple way of accounting for this lack of MMS sensitivity in the uvr−(UV-sensitive) strain was to suppose that repair of biological damage, including UV damage, occurred by a sequence of reactions(Setlow and Carrier, 1964; Boyce and Howard-Flanders, 1964), and that a block in one of the earlier reactions did not inactivate the later steps. Repair of MMS damage might require only these later steps. In this paper we report on the properties of a newly isolated MMS-sensitive mutant which confirm some of the predictions of this hypothesis.
The Role of Technology in Service Delivery for People with Disabilities in Rural Communities

The era of technology is upon us and is identified as a common and permanent part of day-to-day function. Technology offers a cost-saving alternative for service delivery. Both the use and application of technology are available in metro and nonmetro areas; however, a distinguishing feature is the extent to which residents are utilizing and benefiting from it. In this chapter, the influencing role of technology is examined and means of how it can be more readily available and advantageous to persons with disabilities in rural areas.
Vascular Abnormalities within Normal Appearing Tissue in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for visualizing traumatic brain injury(TBI)-related lesions. Trauma-induced encephalomalacia is frequently identified by its hyperintens...
Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells for treatment of central nervous system diseases.

In this review article, we primarily focus on data generated in our laboratory using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) for the treatment of stroke, and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, spinal cord injury, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and brain tumor in rodents. BMSCs obtained from donor rats, mice or humans have been transplanted into the CNS via local and systemic routes. BMSCs selectively target damaged tissue, promote neurological functional recovery, and remodel brain architecture. Although some BMSCs express proteins phenotypic of neural cells, it is highly unlikely that benefit is derived by replacement of damaged tissues and rewiring brain with transdifferentiated BMSCs. The far more reasonable explanation is that BMSCs secrete and induce within parenchymal cells expression of growth or trophic factors that activate endogenous restorative processes, e.g., angiogenesis, synaptogenesis, gliogenesis and neurogenesis (Figure 4.1).
Gold, Electron Microscopy, and Cancer Therapy

Radioactive gold has properties suitable for radiotherapy and can provide lethal irradiation to cells. If the gold is conjugated to a targeting molecule, such as an antibody, it may be possible to specifically deliver the dose to tumor cells. Various gold particles are possible candidates and include gold colloids with adsorption of antibodies or gold clusters with covalent attachment. Different sizes of gold particles are available and some may be preferred for certain situations. Problems with intravenous injection and in vivo delivery are numerous, and a more tractable application is the direct instillation into the urinary bladder of radiogold immunoconjugates to treat superficial bladder carcinoma. Preliminary studies indicate the feasibility of this approach.
Biological Phenotypes of Tumor-Derived Human p53 Mutants

p53 is a cellular protein expressed at low levels in the normal cell (Benchimol et al. 1982; Thomas et al. 1983). p53 was originally discovered as a 53 000 kDa protein that co-immunoprecipitates with the SV40 large T antigen in SV40 transformed cells (Lane and Crawford 1979; Linzer and Levine 1979). In T antigen transformed cells, the level of p53 are approximately 100-fold higher than those found in the non-transformed ceE; the elevation of p53 levels results primarily from the increased stability of p53 when bound to the SV40 large T antigen (the half-life of p53 bound to T antigen is extended to 24 h) (Oren et al. 1981). These observations led to the hypothesis that the elevation of p53 levels is critical to the process of cellular transformation. Cotransfection of p53 cDNA or genomic clones with an activated ras gene resulted in the transformation of primary rat cells in culture (Jenkins et al. 1984; Parada et al. 1984; Eliyahu et al. 1984), providing direct evidence that deregulated overexpression of p53 results in cellular transformation. The p53 gene was then classified as an oncogene. Further studies showed, however, that the wild-type p53 gene did not cooperate with an activated ras gene to transform cells (Eliyahu et al. 1988; Finlay et al. 1988); those cDNA and genomic clones activated for transformation with ras each possessed a single nucleotide change resulting in a missense mutation in the murine p53 protein.
The development of collaborative action research through cloud computing document-sharing services and blended learning process

This study presents how an instructional approach, which incorporated Google Docs and blended learning process on the development of collaborative action research, has been implemented into one educational technology course at a university in the northeastern region of the United States. The effectiveness of such an instructional approach on various forms of teacher's knowledge among participants has been examined. Discussion and conclusion of enhancing collaborative action research and multidimensional knowledge among pre- and in-service teachers for educational technology courses are included.
Tensile and Fatigue Strength Improvement of Titanium PM Alloys through Microstructural Refinement

ABSTRACT Alpha phase refinement is one of the most effective methods for improving tensile and fatigue strengths of alpha+beta titanium alloys. However microstructure modification and refinement of the alpha phase in net-shapes, like powder metallurgy (PM) compacts, requires different approaches than wrought material since work is not applied. The alpha structure of Ti-6A1-4V prealloyed PM compacts was refined by four methods: (a) beta solution treatment; (b) temporary alloying with hydrogen; (c) low temperature hot isostatic pressing (HIP); and (d) low temperature Rapid Omnidirectional Compaction (ROC). All methods resulted in an alpha grain structure finer than the structure obtained by conventional powder HIP'ing processes. The refined alpha leads to higher tensile and fatigue strengths.
Two-Way Linked Multiscale Method Integrated with Nanomechanical Tests and Cohesive Zone Fracture to Model Highly Heterogeneous Binding Materials

AbstractThis paper presents a two-way linked multiscale method that is integrated with nanomechanical tests and a cohesive zone fracture model to investigate highly heterogeneous cementitious mater...
Visible Light Localization Using Conventional Light Fixtures and Smartphones

Owing to dense deployment of light fixtures and multipath-free propagation, visible light localization technology holds potential to overcome the reliability issue of radio localization. However, existing visible light localization systems require customized light hardware, which increases deployment cost and hinders near-term adoption. In this paper, we propose LiTell, a simple and robust localization scheme that employs unmodified fluorescent lights (FLs) as location landmarks and commodity smartphones as light sensors. LiTell builds on the key observation that each FL has an inherent characteristic frequency which can serve as a discriminative feature. It incorporates a set of sampling, signal amplification, and camera optimization mechanisms, that enable a smartphone to capture the extremely weak and high-frequency (greater than 80 kHz) features. We have implemented LiTell as a real-time localization and navigation system on Android. Our experiments demonstrate LiTell's high reliability in discriminating different FLs, and its potential to achieve sub-meter location granularity. Our user study in a multi-story office building, parking lot, and grocery store further validates LiTell as an accurate, robust, and ready-to-use indoor localization system.
An Integrative, Changing Practice: The Importance of Collaboration among Voice Professionals

ABSTRACTVoice professionals have benefited from collaboration across disciplines to optimize vocal health, performance, and understanding. Acting voice teachers and speech-language pathologists (SL...
Spatial Fading in Backscatter Channels: Theory and Models

Some promising technologies such as Internet-of-things (IoT) communicate by means of backscattered power to minimize power consumption. In backscatter-based communications, the fading of a signal envelope is, in general, worse than that of standard one-way communications. To concisely study fading in backscatter channels, we—in this paper—summarize the theory of spatial fading in backscatter channels in addition to derive an analytical expression for the Rician K-factor in the case of monostatic backscatter configurations. Furthermore, we rely on the bit-error-rate (BER) to establish an upper- and lower-bound limit for partially correlated backscatter channels. BER analyses reveal that at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), all backscatter configurations result in a similar BER if the underlying channels undergo either Rayleigh or Weibull fading.
Search for Neutrino Oscillations at Fermilab

In this brief presentation I will discuss the results to date of the search for neutrino oscillations by the BNL-Columbia collaboration at Fermilab. The experiment was particularly sensitive to the transformation ν µ →ν e and ν µ → ν τ. The technique utilized the FNAL 15’ cryogenic bubble chamber filled with a hydrogen-neon mixture. The pertinent properties of this detector are the weight of 30 tons, radiation length l R = 40cm and interaction length l I = 125cm. One therefore has reasonable event rate, electron and hadron detection. 400 GeV protons were utilized in a standard, broad band, horn focused, neutrino beam to produce −1 event per picture. The distance from the point of creation of neutrinos to their detection is 1.2km and the average energy of the neutrinos is 25 GeV, with a spectrum that ranges from 5 GeV to 150 GeV. The results I will report on involve an accumulation of 100,000 charge current events ν µ + N→ µ + anything, and 800 observed events including a single electron (e). For the benefit of those individuals with a short attention span, I will now give the results.
The diels-alder reaction of 5-aminopyrazole-4-carbonitrile with dmad: Synthesis and structural determination of dimethyl 2-(p-toluenesulfonylamino)-3-cyano-4-imino-1,4-dihydropyridine-5,6-dicarboxylate

The Diels-Alder reaction of 5-amino-1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)pyrazole-4-carbonitrile with dimethyl acetylenedi-carboxylate was carried out in the presence of potassium carbonate in dimethyl sulfoxide. The reaction gave dimethyl 2-(p-toluenesulfonylamino)-3-cyano-4-imino-1,4-dihydropyridine-5,6-dicarboxylate. The product was formed by transformation of the original Diels-Alder adduct followed by rearrangement of the p-toluenesul-fonylamino group into the 2-position of the pyridine ring. The structure of the product was irrefutably established by X-ray crystallography. This reaction is the first example of a pyrazole ring serving as the diene in a [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction.
Sonification: An Overview

Encompassing ideas and techniques from music composition, perceptual psychology, computer science, acoustics, biology and philosophy, data sonification is a multi- even trans-disciplinary practice. This chapter summarizes different ways sonification has been defined, the types and classifications of data that it attempts to represent with sound, and how these representations perform under the pressure of various real-world utilizations.
Can Psychedelic Drugs Attenuate Age-Related Changes in Cognition and Affect?

Older adulthood can be characterized by various cognitive and affective changes. In general, older adults show declines in creativity and executive functioning. They also score lower in openness to experience, empathy, and many suffer from a paucity of meaningful experiences. Further, depression, pessimism, and suicide can be major concerns for this population. Although currently there are few interventions that can effectively address these changes, recent findings from psychedelic science suggest myriad parallels between the effects of these drugs and the cognitive/affective shifts seen in older adulthood. Studies have shown that psychedelics are associated with enhanced creativity and executive functioning. They can also lead to increases in openness and empathy, and induce personally meaningful experiences. Lastly, psychedelics’ efficacy for treating mood disorders and their role in palliative care are rapidly growing areas of scientific research. In this article, we analyze findings from contemporary psychedelic studies and integrate them with research on cognitive/affective changes in older adulthood to assess whether these drugs have potential to be incorporated into older adult research. We also assess the intuitive follow-up questions of potential mechanisms of action and safety concerns. Findings indicate that psychedelics have effects on a number of cognitive/affective processes that are altered in older adulthood, and are relatively safe when used with professional preparation and supervision. Increased neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, connectedness, and mystical experiences have been argued to underlie cognitive/affective changes. However, further research is needed to overcome current experimental limitations such as generalizability, unstandardized dosages, inadequate controls, and self-selection/experimenter biases.
Designing protein structures and complexes with the molecular modeling program Rosetta

Proteins perform an amazingly diverse set of functions in all aspects of life. Critical to the function of many proteins are the highly specific three-dimensional structures they adopt. For this reason, there is strong interest in learning how to rationally design proteins that adopt user-defined structures. Over the last 25 years, there has been significant progress in the field of computational protein design as rotamer-based sequence optimization protocols have enabled accurate design of protein tertiary and quaternary structure. In this award article, I will summarize how the molecular modeling program Rosetta is used to design new protein structures and describe how we have taken advantage of this capability to create proteins that have important applications in research and medicine. I will highlight three protein design stories: the use of protein interface design to create therapeutic bispecific antibodies, the engineering of light-inducible proteins that can be used to recruit proteins to specific locations in the cell, and the de novo design of new protein structures from pieces of naturally occurring proteins.
The Association of Spanish Language Preference with Advance Directive Completion.

Background/objectives Hispanics have lower advance directive (AD) completion than non-Hispanic Whites. Few studies have assessed the role of language preference in end-of-life planning. We investigated whether language preference and needing an interpreter affected AD completion among older adults in an integrated health system. Design Retrospective cohort investigation of electronic medical records. Setting Northern California integrated health system. Participants A total of 620,948 Hispanic and non-Hispanic White patients, aged 55 years and older, between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2017. Measurements Descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis were performed to compare AD completion among non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and Hispanic subgroups by language preference (English speaking, Spanish speaking, and needed interpreter). We conducted multivariable logistic regression to determine the relationship between language preference and having an AD while controlling for demographic, clinical, and utilization factors. Results We found 20.3% of non-Hispanic Whites (n = 512,577) and 10.9% of Hispanics (n = 108,371) had completed an AD. Among Hispanics, after controlling for demographic, clinical, and utilization factors, compared with Spanish speakers requiring an interpreter, English speakers had nearly two-fold increased odds of completing an AD (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.4-2.9), whereas Spanish speakers not requiring an interpreter had 20% increased odds (aOR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.1-1.3). Additional predictors of successful AD completion were being female, being older, having more comorbidities, having more hospital and emergency department visits, and having higher socioeconomic status. There were no differences associated with primary care provider characteristics. Conclusion These findings indicate the need for a tailored outreach to Hispanics, particularly among those subgroups who require the need of an interpreter, to reduce AD completion disparities.
Children’s Online Privacy from Parents’ Perspective

Abstract A considerable number of online users are either unaware of the side-effects of sharing personal information or lack adequate knowledge about their rights or means to protecting their privacy. This is even more concerning when we realize the vulnerability of children’s information in social media. Their information is often posted online by their parents or guardians, compromising their privacy. In this work, the study is separated into two phases, a survey to understand and attest current situation of parents’ perceptions of children’s online privacy, and based on the points learned, use a game-based learning in an attempt to educate parents when sharing their children’s information online. The initial findings demonstrate that although parents and guardians might have a certain level of awareness and knowledge about their children’s online privacy, some of their online actions still violate their children’s privacy. The results of both experiments show that parents need to be more aware of their actions when sharing children’s personal information, photos and videos on any social media platform. In addition, more needs to be done to develop tools and educate parents on methods to protect children’s online privacy as the use of social media is increasing.
A Curated Web Tracker of Global Development of Treatments and Vaccines for COVID-19 (preprint)

The response to the global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 disease has been an unprecedented mobilization of global scientific and medical effort in an unusual race for effective treatments and vaccines. Such a sense of urgency and intensity could however be potentially undermined without a general bigger picture of the whole landscape. In order to provide such an overall landscape, we set out to build a comprehensive tracker of global treatment and vaccine development on an interactive web application that presents a dynamic and up-to-date inventory of treatments and vaccines in various stages of clinical development. An additional layer of expert curation is applied to the raw data to categorize and curate treatments and vaccines to reveal intrinsic similarities and patterns. The combination of these features on the web application makes it a unique curated tracker that provides insights to a broad range of audiences from institutional organizers, research investigators, to general public.Availability: This curated web tracker is available at https://racetoacure.stanford.edu Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Funding: Funding support for this project came from internal funds, no external funds were received or requested.
Cognition in Normal Aging

As interest in aging and the aged has increased, thoughts about the relationship between cognition and aging have undergone repeated revisions. At mid-century, the dominant perspective on this topic was expressed by David Wechsler (1958): “Nearly all studies... have shown that most human abilities... decline progressively after... ages 18 and 25” (p. 135). By the early to mid-1970s, the notion of inescapable age-related decline was being strongly challenged, with titles such as “Aging and IQ: The Myth of the Twilight Years” being used in reviews of the literature (Baltes & Schaie, 1974). Contemporary approaches emphasize the diversity of aging—cognition relations, plasticity in old-age abilities, and the marked individual differences that exist among older people.
History of Water Purification

The history of water purification in the United States is intimately connected with the general movement to improve sanitation and public health, as well as with the rise of modern science. No excu...
Expression profiling of mitochondria-associated microRNAs during osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs.

Abstract Small non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have the ability to target and bind to many mRNAs within the cytosol resulting in reduced protein expression and modulation of a number of cellular pathways and networks. In addition to the cytosol, miRNAs have been identified in other cellular compartments and organelles, including the mitochondria. While a few mitochondria-associated miRNAs (mitomiRs) are predicted to be derived from the mitochondrial genome, the majority appear to be transcribed from nuclear DNA and somehow transported into the mitochondria. These findings raise interesting questions about why miRNAs are located in the mitochondria and if they play a role in regulating processes within these organelles. Previously published work from our laboratory showed that miR-181a/b can regulate osteogenesis, in part, by enhancing mitochondrial metabolism. In other published studies, miR-181 paralogs and many other miRNAs have been identified in mitochondrial extracts derived from common cell lines and specific primary cells and tissues. Taken together, we were motivated to identify mitomiR expression profiles during in vitro osteogenesis. Specifically, we obtained RNA from purified mitochondrial extracts of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and from whole cell extracts of MSCs at day 0 or following osteogenic induction for 3, 7 and 14 days. Utilizing Affymetrix GeneChip™ miRNA 4.0 arrays, mitomiR expression signatures were determined at each time point. Based on the Affymetrix detection above background algorithm, the total number of miRNAs detected in MSC mitochondria extracts was 527 (non-induced MSCs), 627 (day 3 induced), 372 (day 7 induced) and 498 (day 14 induced). In addition, we identified significantly differentially-expressed mitomiRs at day 7 and day 14 of osteogenic induction when compared to day 0 (fold change ≥1.5; adjusted p value
Linewidth studies on the the NI(4S-4P) resonance multiplet

Doppler broadening of the 8691, 8212, and 1200-A multiplet lines of N I is investigated experimentally, and its implications for the interpretation of the earth's 1200-A UV dayglow are considered. A regulated 100-eV, 1-mA electron beam is passed through N2 at 300 K and about 0.0005 torr flowing through a collision chamber within a UHV system, and the radiation emitted is observed with a temperature-stabilized short-focal length monochromator with a bandpass of 0.2 A in the IR and an effective UV resolution (in second-order operation with a 3600-groove/mm plane grating) of about 0.04 A. Both the IR and VUV lines are found to be broadened to about 25 times the thermal Doppler linewidth, with the IR transitions accounting for more than half of the total N(4P) cross section at 100 eV. The kinetic energy of the N(4P) atoms produced by dissociative excitation is such that their 1200-A resonance radiation (2p2 3s4P - 2p3 4SO) would be optically thin in the upper atmosphere, contrary to what has been observed. A need to revise some aspects of current UV-dayglow models is identified.
Respecting, Rather than Reacting to, Race in Basic BiomedicalResearch: A Response to Professors Caulfield and Mwaria

This commentary draws together a colloquy on race-based genetics research published by the Houston Law Review.
Pressure and Temperature Behavior of Framework Silicates and Nitrides

The response of silicates and nitrides to changes of pressure or of temperature depends on the flexibility of the bond angles of the crystal structures. Where bond angles can vary between neighboring tetrahedra linked at one corner, relative tilting or rotations occur which modify the three dimensional framework and this dominates the response of the crystal structure to temperature or pressure changes. Direct evidence for this behavior is available from measurements by time-of-flight neutron diffraction with multi-component profile refinement procedures, where atomic position changes have been determined to pressures of ~ 3 × 109 Pa. The importance of the framework structural type has been illustrated by studies of the flexible α-quartz structures of SiO2 and GeO2 which have volume compressibility coefficients Kv ~ 26 × 10−12Pa−1, the partially flexible Structures Si2N2O and Ge2N2O with K ~ 9 × 10−12Pa−1, and the rigid structures α and β Si3N4 with Kv ~ 3 × 10−12Pa−1.
A First Look at Pb on Pb Collisions at 160 GeV/c at CERN SPS

Last year marked a major milestone in the field of relativistic nuclear collisions. Lead beams were successfully accelerated at CERN SPS to an energy of about 160 GeV per nucleon in the projectile (i.e. to about 32 TeV total energy) and the first preliminary results of the analysis of Pb on Pb interactions are already available and discussed. Before going on to the discussion of these results, it would be helpful to stand back for a moment and try to recapitulate what we have learned from light {open_quotes}heavy{close_quotes} ion experiments at CERN SPS with oxygen and sulphur beams. In the first part of this overview we shall shortly summarize the results of the experimental program with {sup 16}O and {sup 32}S beams at CERN SPS. Next, we shall describe the concept of an event-by-event (e-b-e) analysis proposed for study of individual Pb+Pb collisions with several thousand identified hadrons in the final state. The main section of this paper will be focused on the results (very preliminary) of the analysis of the first run with the lead projectiles. To conclude, we will present plans for the future (as we understand them now).
Immunological studies on viral polypeptide synthesis in cells replicating murine sarcoma-leukemia virus

Antibodies to disrupted murine sarcoma-leukemia virus (MSV[MLV]) were used to study the synthesis of viral polypeptides in the transformed, virus-producing rat cell line 78A1. When cultures were labeled for 10 min with radioactive amino acids, about 9% of the total labeled proteins were precipitated with antiserum against purified MSV(MLV), and 3 to 4% were precipitated with the same antiserum after it had been absorbed with an extract from uninfected rat cells. The difference is due to the presence in the unabsorbed antiserum of antibodies to cellular proteins that are present in purified virus preparations. Intracellular viral proteins labeled with radioactive amino acids were isolated by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. The mobilities of intracellular viral polypeptides were identical to those of the purified virion. However, labeled polypeptides having electrophoretic mobilities lower than that of the major virion polypeptide, the group-specific antigen of molecular weight 31,000, were present in higher proportion in the total cell extract and in the membrane fraction than in the virion. These polypeptides appear to be of cellular origin for they were present only in minute amounts in the immunoprecipitates obtained with the absorbed serum. After a 10-min labeling period, radioactive proteins were assembled into extracellular virions rapidly for the first 4 hr followed by a slower rate. More than 2% of the total proteins of the cell labeled in a 10-min pulse were assembled into virions at the completion of a 24-hr chase. The high-molecular-weight polypeptides with the same mobilities as those detected in the immunoprecipitate of intracellular proteins were found in virions released from cells after a 10-min pulse. A larger proportion of these high-molecular-weight proteins was detected in virions released after short chase periods (30-120 min) than after longer chase periods (6-24 hr). Two possible interpretations of these data are that the high-molecular-weight cell-derived polypeptides (i) have a turnover rate higher than that of the major virion polypeptides or (ii) are cleaved proteolytically from the virions during long incubation in the culture media.
Applied Statistics: From Bivariate Through Multivariate Techniques

Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Chapter 1. Review of Basic Concepts Chapter 2. Basic Statistics, Sampling Error, and Confidence Intervals Chapter 3. Statistical Significance Testing Chapter 4. Preliminary Data Screening Chapter 5. Comparing Group Means Using the Independent Samples t Test Chapter 6. One-Way Between-Subjects Analysis of Variance Chapter 7. Bivariate Pearson Correlation Chapter 8. Alternative Correlation Coefficients Chapter 9. Bivariate Regression Chapter 10. Adding a Third Variable: Preliminary Exploratory Analyses Chapter 11. Multiple Regression With Two Predictor Variables Chapter 12. Dummy Predictor Variables in Multiple Regression Chapter 13. Factorial Analysis of Variance Chapter 14. Multiple Regression With More Than Two Predictors Chapter 15. Moderation: Tests for Interaction in Multiple Regression Chapter 16. Mediation Chapter 17. Analysis of Covariance Chapter 18. Discriminant Analysis Chapter 19. Multivariate Analysis of Variance Chapter 20. Principal Components and Factor Analysis Chapter 21. Reliability, Validity, and Multiple-Item Scales Chapter 22. Analysis of Repeated Measures Chapter 23. Binary Logistic Regression Appendix A: Proportions of Area Under a Standard Normal Curve Appendix B: Critical Values for t Distribution Appendix C: Critical Values of F Appendix D: Critical Values of Chi-Square Appendix E: Critical Values of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient Appendix F: Critical Values of the Studentized Range Statistic Appendix G: Transformation of r (Pearson Correlation) to Fisher Z Glossary References Index
"Almost parsing" technique for language modeling

We present an approach that incorporates structural information into language models without really parsing the utterance. This approach brings together the advantages of an n-gram language model-speed, robustness and the ability to integrate with the speech recognizer with the need to model syntactic constraints under a uniform representation. We also show that our approach produces better language models than language models based on part-of-speech tags.
Limited role for thermal erosion by turbulent lava in proximal Athabasca Valles, Mars

The Athabasca Valles flood lava is among the most recent (<50 Ma) and best preserved effusive lava flows on Mars and was probably emplaced turbulently. The Williams et al. [2005] model of thermal erosion by lava has been applied to what we term "proximal Athabasca," the 75 km long upstream portion of Athabasca Valles. For emplacement volumes of 5000 and 7500 km3 and average flow thicknesses of 20 and 30 m, the duration of the eruption varies between ~11 and ~37 days. The erosion of the lava flow substrate is investigated for three eruption temperatures (1270°C, 1260°C, and 1250°C), and volatile contents equivalent to 0-65 vol% bubbles. The largest erosion depths of ~3.8-7.5 m are at the lava source, for 20 m thick and bubble-free flows that erupted at their liquidus temperature (1270°C). A substrate containing 25 vol% ice leads to maximum erosion. A lava temperature 20°C below liquidus reduces erosion depths by a factor of ~2.2. If flow viscosity increases with increasing bubble content in the lava, the presence of 30-50 vol % bubbles leads to erosion depths lower than those relative to bubble-free lava by a factor of ~2.4. The presence of 25 vol % ice in the substrate increases erosion depths by a factor of 1.3. Nevertheless, modeled erosion depths, consistent with the emplacement volume and flow duration constraints, are far less than the depth of the channel (~35-100 m). We conclude that thermal erosion does not appear to have had a major role in excavating Athabasca Valles.
Slavery, propaganda, and the American Revolution

Under the leadership of Samuel Adams, patriot propagandists deliberately and conscientiously kept the issue of slavery off the agenda as goals for freedom were set for the American Revolution. By comparing coverage in the publications of the patriot press with those of the moderate colonial press, this book finds that the patriots avoided, misinterpreted, or distorted news reports on blacks and slaves, even in the face of a vigorous antislavery movement. The Boston Gazette, the most important newspaper of the Revolution, was chief among the periodicals that dodged or excluded abolition. The author of this study shows that The Gazette misled its readers about the notable Somerset decision that led to abolition in Great Britain. She notes also that The Gazette excluded antislavery essays, even from patriots who supported abolition. No petitions written by Boston slaves were published, nor were any writings by the black poet Phillis Wheatley. The Gazette also manipulated the racial identity of Crispus Attucks, the first casualty in the Revolution. When using the word slavery, The Gazette took care to focus it not upon abolition but upon Great Britain's enslavement of its American colonies. Since propaganda on behalf of the Revolution reached a high level of sophistication, and since Boston can be considered the foundry of Revolutionary propaganda, the author writes that the omission of abolition from its agenda cannot be considered as accidental but as intentional. By the time the Revolution began, white attitudes toward blacks were firmly fixed, and these persisted long after American independence had been achieved. In Boston, notions of virtue and vigilance were shown to be negatively embodied in black colonists. These devil's imps were long represented in blackface in Boston's annual Pope Day parade. Although the leaders of the Revolution did not articulate a national vision on abolition, the colonial antislavery movement was able to achieve a degree of success but only in drives through the individual colonies. Patricia Bradley is the former director of the American Studies program at Temple University and is currently Chair of the Temple University Department of Journalism, Public Relations, and Advertising.
THE CASE STUDY METHOD OF TEACHING INTERNAL AUDITING

The advantages and disadvantages of using case studies are stated. The IIA Internal Auditing Case Study Project is discussed, and an anatomy of a case study is presented. The techniques of case study analysis are given.
A modification of freeze-core technology for collecting granular fluvial sediment samples

The presence of coarse-grained sediment can potentially reduce the effectiveness of conventional sampling methods in recovering fluvial sediments. A modification to freeze-core technology was used to collect fine to coarse sands, silts, and clays in fluvial deposits that contain significant amounts of gravels, cobbles, and boulders for the purpose of characterizing the extent of heavy metal contamination. This modification uses either a 2.5 or 2.9 cm diameter by 30-cm- long finned mechanical or hand-driven samplers. The sediment is frozen to the outside of the sampler by injecting liquid CO2 into the sampler. The fins protect the sample from coarse material upon removal. Field testing and laboratory testing of the method were completed to establish a methodology and assess possible cross contamination of the sediment layers during the driving of the sampler. The results indicated that this method is effective for recovering non-cohesive sediment samples at depths up to 6 m for the purpose of characterizing the extent of heavy metal contamination.
Mycoplasma genitalium among women with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial pelvic inflammatory disease.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a frequent condition of young women, often resulting in reproductive morbidity. Although Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Chlamydia trachomatis are/is recovered from approximately a third to a half of women with PID, the etiologic agent is often unidentified. We need PCR to test for M genitalium among a pilot sample of 50 women with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial endometritis enrolled in the PID evaluation and clinical health (PEACH) study. All participants had pelvic pain, pelvic organ tenderness, and leukorrhea, mucopurulent cervicitis, or untreated cervicitis. Endometritis was defined as ≥5 surface epithelium neutrophils per ×400 field absent of menstrual endometrium and/or ≥2 stromal plasma cells per ×120 field. We detected M genitalium in 7 (14%) of the women tested: 6 (12%) in cervical specimens and 4 (8%) in endometrial specimens. We conclude that M genitalium is prevalent in the endometrium of women with nongonococcal, nonchlamydial PID.
POSSIBILITY OF A TAOIST‐LIKE WITTGENSTEINIAN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

S'appuyant sur des passages ou Wittgenstein donne la nature comme modele a l'homme, l'A. s'interroge sur la possibilite d'une ethique de l'environnement proche de celle du Tao mais de base wittgensteinienne, soulevant au passage le probleme de la technologisation de la nature
A Family of Decamethylmetallocene Charge-Transfer Salt Magnets Using Methyl Tricyanoethylenecarboxylate (MTCE) as the Electron Acceptor

Methyl tricyanoethylenecarboxylate, MTCE, has been used as a one-electron acceptor building block for the synthesis of isomorphous decamethylmetallocene charge-transfer salt magnets of the formula [MCp*2][MTCE], M = Cr, Mn, and Fe. Functionally and electrochemically, MTCE is a hybrid between tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and dimethyl dicyanofumarate (DMeDCF), two acceptors that have previously been found to support ferromagnetism. The X-ray crystal structure of the chromium analogue, [CrCp*2][MTCE], shows it to exist in the expected mixed stack structure in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with a = 14.739(3) A, b = 10.7869(19) A, and c = 15.771(3) A and Z = 4. As anticipated, all three family members exhibit dominant ferromagnetic coupling, which is presumed to reflect intrastack interactions. However, the bulk magnetic properties mostly differ from simple interpolations or extrapolations of the properties of their TCNE and DMeDCF analogues. Density functional theory calculations have been used to shed some ...
Old Enough but Too Young for School.

The use of readiness assessment rather than chronological age for admission to kindergarten is proposed.
Thin-layer chromatography of coordination compounds. Factors affecting the retention of complexes on silica gel

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography of a group of transition-metal acetylacetonates on silica gel has established a structure—RF correlation for the complexes. Several mechanisms of adsorption of complexes on silica gel are considered and the results are correlated with these mechanisms.
Assessment of protein release kinetics, stability and protein polymer interaction of lysozyme encapsulated poly(D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres

Abstract Using lysozyme as a model protein, this study investigated protein stability, protein–polymer interaction in different release media and their influence on protein release profile and in vitro–in vivo correlation. Lysozyme was microencapsulated into PLGA 50:50 by a double emulsion–solvent extraction/evaporation method. Protein stability, protein–PLGA adsorption and protein in vitro release were studied in various test media. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed lysozyme to be most conformationally stable in pH 4.0 acetate buffer with highest Tm at 77.2 °C and ΔHcal 83.1 kcal/mol. Lysozyme exhibited good stability in pH 2.5 glycine buffer with Tm at 63.8 °C and ΔHcal 69.9 kcal/mol. In pH 7.4 phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), lysozyme showed a trend toward aggregation when the temperature was elevated. When PLGA polymer was incubated with lysozyme in the various buffers, adsorption was found to occur in PBS only. The adsorption severely limited the amount of lysozyme available for release from microspheres, resulting in slow and incomplete release in PBS. In contrast, the release of the microspheres in acetate and glycine buffers was complete within 40 and 70 days, respectively. Radiolabeled lysozyme blood levels in rats from the microspheres correlated qualitatively well with in vitro release in glycine buffer as a release medium. This study suggests that protein stability and adsorption are critical factors controlling protein release kinetics and in vitro–in vivo correlation of PLGA microspheres.