cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanism and structural requirements for transformation of substrates by the (S)-adenosyl-L-methionine:delta 24(25)-sterol methyl transferase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The mechanism of action and active site of the enzyme (S)-adenosyl-l-methionine:Δ24(25)-sterol methyl transferase (SMT) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain GL7 have been probed with AdoMet, (S)-adenosyl-l-homocysteine, a series of 35 sterol substrates as acceptor molecules and a series of 10 substrate and high energy intermediate (HEI) sterol analogues as inhibitors of biomethylation. The SMT was found to be selective for sterol, both regio- and stereochemically. The presence of an unhindered 24,25-bond, an equatorially-oriented polar group at C-3 (which must act as a proton acceptor) attached to a planar nucleus and a freely rotating side chain were obligatory structural features for sterol binding/catalysis; no essential requirement or significant harmful effects could be found for the introduction of an 8(9)-bond, 14α-methyl or 9β,19-cyclopropyl group. Alternatively, methyl groups at C-4 prevented productive sterol binding to the SMT. Initial velocity, product inhibition, and dead-end experiments demonstrated a rapid-equilibrium random bi bi mechanism. Deuterium isotope effects developed from SMT assays containing mixtures of [3-3H]zymosterol with AdoMet or [methyl-2H3]AdoMet confirmed the operation of a random mechanism, kHkD = 1.3. From this combination of results, the spatial relationship of the sterol substrate to AdoMet could be approximated and the topology of the sterol binding to the SMT thereby formulated.
A Test Method to Measure Shear Strength of Ceramic Joints at High Temperatures

The asymmetrical four-point bend (AFPB) method, which provides a pure shear stress state in the middle of the test specimen, was utilized to measure the shear strength of the joints between Nicalon-fiber-reinforced SiC composites. The small test specimens were prepared as butt-joints with uniform depth (no notch). It was shown experimentally that the position of loading points is critical to induce shear fracture at the joint without the failure of base material. The appropriate positions for the present test specimen were determined and, as a result, an articulated ceramic fixture was designed. This test method is economical and involves small test specimens with simple geometry, and can be used at high temperatures.
Two target height effects on interferometric synthetic aperture radar coherence

Useful products generated from interferometric synthetic aperture radar (IFSAR) complex data include height measurement, coherent change detection, and classification. The IFSAR coherence is a spatial measure of complex correlation between two collects, a product of IFSAR signal processing. A tacit assumption in such IFSAR signal processing is that one height target exists in each range-Doppler cell. This paper presents simulations of IFSAR coherence if two targets with different heights exist in a given range-Doppler cell, a condition in IFSAR collections produced by layover. It also includes airborne IFSAR data confirming the simulation results. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of the results on IFSAR classification and height measurements.
Broken-symmetry states in solids with multiple bands

Calculations are presented which show that an interacting $d$-electron system can exhibit more general ground states than predicted by a simple Stoner theory of ferromagnetism, which usually neglects effects of $d$-band degeneracy. The existence of five $d$ subbands leads to a situation where the interaction first changes the population of subbands without destroying spin degeneracy, and thus produces a less metallic but still paramagnetic state. Ferromagnetism occurs for larger values of the interaction. Numerically the calculations are performed for the canonical $d$ bands of face-centered- and body-centered-cubic structures.
Optical phonons in GaAs/AlAs quantum wires

Phonon-dispersion curves of semiconductor quantum wires are studied in a realistic rigid-ion model. We introduce an approach for solving the rigid-ion model in quantum wires, which avoids direct computation of the Coulomb interaction. Our calculations demonstrate the interesting anisotropic behavior of long-wavelength optical phonons in quantum wires. In particular, we show that frequencies of several optical phonons approach different values as the wave vector approaches the zone center from three different axes. We have also shown that the lateral confinement in a quantum wire on the interface modes leads to the edge modes.
Time-resolved fractoluminescence spectra of silica glass in a vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere

Time-resolved fractoluminescence spectra of silica glass are investigated at room temperature in a vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere. Two emission bands are seen in the spectra: the 1.9- and 2.7-eV bands. The 1.9-eV band peaks around 5 \ensuremath{\mu}s, and decays around 100 \ensuremath{\mu}s after the instant of fracture. The 2.7-eV band rises in about 50 \ensuremath{\mu}s, peaks around 500 \ensuremath{\mu}s, and decays in several tens of milliseconds after fracture. The energy position and the time response of the two bands are similar to those in the photoluminescence of silica glass. The role of the surface defect centers to the fractoluminescence of silica glass is discussed.
Tribological Enhancement of CaCO3 Dissolution during Scanning Force Microscopy

We report scanning force microscope (SFM) observations of enhanced calcite dissolution in aqueous solution due to mechanical stimulation induced by the SFM tip. Images and mechanical treatment were performed in saturated (≥60 μM) CaCO3 solution adjusted to pH ∼9. Small area scans of monolayer steps significantly increase the step velocity in the scanned area (in the direction corresponding to dissolution) when the applied contact force is above about 160 nN for the tips employed. The step velocity could be increased at least an order of magnitude by scanning at even higher contact forces (e.g., 270 nN). This enhancement is a function of step orientation relative to the calcite lattice. Indentations near preexisting steps also locally enhance the step velocity. We present evidence that the higher dissolution rates are caused by stress-induced increases in the rate of double-kink nucleation.
Important Scaling Parameters for Testing Model-Scale Helicopter Rotors

An investigation into the effects of aerodynamic and aeroelastic scaling parameters on model scale helicopter rotors has been conducted in the NASA Langley Transonic Dynamics Tunnel. The effect of varying Reynolds number, blade Lock number, and structural elasticity on rotor performance has been studied and the performance results are discussed herin for two different rotor blade sets at two rotor advance rations. One set of rotor blades were rigid and the other set of blades were dynamically scaled to be representative of a main rotor design for a utility class helicopter. The investigation was conducted in forward flight at rotor advance ratios of 0.15 and 0.35. Additionally, the rotors were tested over a range of nominal test medium densities from 0.00382 slugs/ft\super{3} to 0.009 slugs/ft\super{3}. This reange of densities permits the acquisition of data for several Reynolds and Lock nuymber combinations.
UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors and their multiplexing for temperature and strain sensing

We present UV-induced intrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (IFPI) fiber sensors and a frequency-division-multiplexing (FDM) scheme for quasi-distributed temperature and strain sensing. We present a spectrum-based measurement system with a swept laser source to measure the fringe patterns of IFPI sensors serially arranged along a single fiber. The FDM scheme is based on the multiplexing of sub-carrier frequencies generated by the frequency-modulation of a continuouswave light source. IFPI sensors with different optical path differences (OPD) will have different sub-carrier frequencies. We use band pass filters to select individual frequency component and use frequency-estimation based signal processing algorithms to determine the OPD of each sensor. Experimental results for multiplexed temperature and strain sensing are demonstrated. The performance of the multiplexing system is discussed.
Post graduate training program in ophthalmology in India: Idealistic vs realistic

Purpose: To propose a novel internet based digital course to help standardize post-graduate education in Ophthalmology across all programs in India. Problem: India needs, at the least, 25,000 ophthalmologists by the year 2020, which would require growth at the rate of 300 additional training slots per year. However, lack of standardization and unequal distribution of resources in the training programs resulted in poor quality of training across most programs. We suggest that by examining the post-graduate training programs of the United States of America (USA) and United Kingdom (UK), one can formulate a standardized method of training safe, effective and efficient b>Proposed Solution: We propose that establishing a set of comprehensive, agreed-upon goals of training implemented by most programs would standardize ophthalmology post graduate training in India. These goals are defined by the following competency domains: Clinical training, surgical training, academic activities and resident as a Teacher. The most cost and resource effective way to achieve these goals may be by using internet based novel digital courseware. As exemplified by the training programs of the UK and USA, the proposed courseware will put forth a clearly defined curriculum which includes detailed methods of asessment and feedback.
Computer Based Training: Lessons Learned

Design and implementation of military maintenance training systems can draw upon a number of lessons learned from a review of literature and past experience of applications of computer-based training technology.
Law and Indigenous Peoples

Why should indigenous peoples be accorded distinctive legal rights? On the one hand, the question seems to demand a simple answer: No special rights should exist provided that there are adequate protections for individual and human rights which indigenous peoples can utilize as readily as any others. If property rights are protected for all, if freedom of religion is genuinely honored, if the capacity to form associations of one's own choosing is not adversely affected by the state, then it would seem that no special status for indigenous groupings should be needed. Indeed, if native peoples link themselves to the same protections-of a constitution, Bill of Rights, or ordinary statutes-that protect the rights of all citizens, would they not possess far greater security than is available through special laws which, though fashioned on their behalf, could as easily be abrogated to their detriment? One might even cite in this regard the famous words of Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce tribe:
Genotypic variability in age polyethism and task specialization in the honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

The currently accepted model for division of labor in honey bees, Apis mellifera, explains variation in the frequency at which workers perform specific tasks as the result of differences in age and environment. Although well documented, the model is incomplete because it fails to take genotypic variability among workers into account. We show that workers from two genetically distinct strains of honey bees differed in the age at which they began foraging and in the relative frequency at which they foraged for pollen. Workers from the two strains also exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity within the nest, suggesting that they differed in the frequency at which they performed within-nest tasks as well. A heuristic model of division of labor that incorporates genotypic effects is presented.
Empowerment evaluation at the Stanford University School of Medicine: using a critical friend to improve the clerkship experience

Empowerment evaluation was adopted by Stanford University's School of Medicine to engage in curricular reform. It was also used to prepare for an accreditation site visit. Empowerment evaluation is a guided form of self-evaluation. It was selected because the principles and practices of empowerment evaluation resonated with the collaborative and participatory nature of the curricular reform in the School. This article highlights one of the most important features of an empowerment evaluation: a critical friend. This individual has evaluation expertise but serves as a coach, advisor, or guide, rather than "the expert". The evaluation is in the hands of the people in the program, but a critical friend helps to keep it on track and rigorous. As one indication of the importance of this role, student ratings on selected clerkship rotations, where a critical friend was requested to respond to student concerns, resulted in significant increases in student ratings.
Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings

Conservation of resources (COR) theory is a stress and motivational theory that has been applied broadly in the organizational literature. Increasingly, this literature is transforming from a focus on resource-setting fit to an understanding that ‘fitting’ is an active process that operates dynamically with both individuals and settings altering and metamorphosing. COR theory provides a framework to understand, predict, and examine this transactional relationship that can then be used to shape settings towards more optimal balance of resource cost and benefit. Rather than focusing on single, isolated variables or seeing individuals and settings as independent agents, COR theory suggests that resources exist in caravans. Therefore, employers that hope to ensure employee engagement must maximize the ecology that fosters resource caravan enrichment and challenge that promotes excellence, dedication, and commitment.
An eye tracking study of the effect of target rank on web search

Web search engines present search results in a rank ordered list. This works when what a user wants is near the top, but sometimes the information that the user really wants is located at the bottom of the page. This study examined how users' search behaviors vary when target results were displayed at various positions for informational and navigational tasks. We found that when targets were placed relatively low in the first page of search results, people spent more time searching and were less successful in finding the target, especially for informational tasks. Further analysis of eye movements showed that the decrease in search performance was partially due to the fact that users rarely looked at lower ranking results. The large decrease in performance for informational search is probably because users have high confidence in the search engine's ranking; in contrast to navigational tasks, where the target is more obvious from information presented in the results, in informational tasks, users try out the top ranked results even if these results are perceived as less relevant for the task.
Littlefield Lake, Michigan: carbonate budget of Holocene sedimentation in a temperate-region lacustrine system

Littlefield Lake is in a late stage of marl lake evolution characterized by reduced rates of carbonate precipitation. Long and short term carbonate budgets show that the volume of calcite in the lake basin is 3-7 times that expected from annual calcium depletion in the epilimnetic water. This Holocene decrease in carbonate production is also recorded as a gradual increase in the amount of organic and carbonate material in cores from the deep lake basin. Late-stage reduction in carbonate production is evidently a natural consequence of lakeward progradation of littoral marl benches, encroachment of terrestrial vegetation, and reduced colonization by carbonate-producing lake macrophytes.
Role-taking processes in constructing social realities

Patterns of objective evaluations of stimuli in social judgment studies indicate that consensual validation is not the only criterion for the definition of social reality. People differ in their assessments of stimulus values as a function of their per sonal attitudes. The present study shows that these differences are understood and anticipated by others who are able to predict an individual's objective judgment from his subjective preferences and vice-versa. The data suggest that people systematically and fairly accurately take the role of others when evaluating the con tent of their communications.
A 133 MHz Radiation-Hardened Delay-Locked Loop

A radiation hardened by a design delay-locked loop (DLL) architecture for quadrature phase clock generation in a 133 MHz DDR memory designed on a foundry 0.13 μ m fabrication process is presented. The DLL employs an all-digital architecture, including a hardened digital integrator using error-correction logic. The area and power overhead due to the hardening are 32% and 37%, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that the all-digital DLL is hardened against single-event transients with no timing impact due to hardening. Layout techniques to make the DLL hardened to multiple bit upsets are also presented.
The role of GSK3 in glucose homeostasis and the development of insulin resistance

Abstract GSK3 has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance, primarily based on its role in regulation of glycogen synthesis. However, GSK3 is involved in many other important signaling cascades which may regulate glucose homeostasis and the development of insulin resistance. In addition, GSK3 is composed of two isoforms, GSK3α and β, which do not completely share their physiological roles, and this raises a possibility that GSK3α and β may function differently in glucose homeostasis. In this review, we will give an overview to examine potential mechanisms for the roles of GSK3 in the development of insulin resistance.
A Framework for P2P Botnets

Botnets are the most serious danger facing the Internet and enterprise networks. To effectively protect against botnets, researchers should not only focus on known botnets, but also the inherent relationships among them and those botnets to appear in the future. In this paper, we first propose a framework capable of characterizing the inherent relationships between all different kinds of current (existing and suggested in the literature) botnets as well as worms. Based on the proposed framework, we predict a new botnet that we call the Loosely Coupled Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Botnet (lcbot), which is stealthy and can be considered as a combination of existing P2P botnet structures. We conduct experiments to compare the performances between lcbot and other P2P botnets in the literature, and gain insight understanding of P2P botnets. We also discuss potential mechanisms to detect the existence of P2P botnets. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to propose the framework for botnets, the lcbot concept in P2P botnet research.
Legionella pneumophila Suppresses Macrophage Interleukin-12 Production by Activating the p42/44 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade

A possible involvement of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade in the inhibition of macrophage interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by Legionella pneumophila infection was examined. The results of MAP kinase inhibition by p42/44 and p38 MAP kinase inhibitors and of p42/44 MAP kinase activity assays indicate that L. pneumophila infection of macrophages causes a selective inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 production by activating the p42/44 MAP kinase cascade. In addition, it was also revealed that the p38 MAP kinase may be important for the production of IL-12 but not for the inhibition caused by L. pneumophila infection.
Platinum-catalyzed cyclizations via carbene intermediates: syntheses of complementary positional isomers of isoxazoles

A novel synthesis of regioisomeric isoxazoles is described. Using catalytic platinum, both propargylic N-hydroxycarbamates and N-alkoxycarbonyl amino ethers can be cyclized to form differentially substituted isoxazoles. Reaction conditions are developed that address specific aspects of the catalytic manifold. A unique mechanism involving a Pt-carbene intermediate is proposed, and deuterium labeling studies corroborate this hypothesis. This regiocomplementary approach to isoxazoles is highlighted in the syntheses of antirhinovirus analogues, illustrating the relevance of this science to medicinal chemistry.
Carrier Generation in Multicomponent Wide-Bandgap Oxides: InGaZnO 4

To exploit the full potential of multicomponent wide-bandgap oxides, an in-depth understanding of the complex defect chemistry and of the role played by the constituent oxides is required. In this work, thorough theoretical and experimental investigations are combined in order to explain the carrier generation and transport in crystalline InGaZnO4. Using first-principles density functional approach, we calculate the formation energies and transition levels of possible acceptor and donor point defects as well as the implied defect complexes in InGaZnO4 and determine the equilibrium defect and electron densities as a function of growth temperature and oxygen partial pressure. An excellent agreement of the theoretical results with our Brouwer analysis of the bulk electrical measurements for InGaZnO4 establishes the Ga antisite defect, GaZn, as the major electron donor in InGaZnO4. Moreover, we show that the oxygen vacancies, long believed to be the carrier source in this oxide, are scarce. The proposed carrier generation mechanism also explains the observed intriguing behavior of the conductivity in In-rich vs Ga-rich InGaZnO4.
Aldosterone blockade in patients with heart failure and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-adrenergic receptor blockers (BBs), and aldosterone blockers (ABs) have been shown to be effective in reducing cardiovascular mortality and the need for hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) in patients with chronic HF and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFREF) and in patients with HFREF post-myocardial infarction (MI). The use of ACEIs, ARBs, and BBs in appropriate patients in clinical practice has, however, been far greater than for ABs.1 There are probably a number of reasons for this apparent gap in the application of ABs to clinical practice despite their class 1 indication for patients with severe chronic HFREF and in patients with HF post-MI. In part, the greater use of ACEIs, ARBs, and BBs can be attributed to the greater number of available agents in each of these classes, a greater number of large-scale randomized trials demonstrating their effectiveness in comparison with ABs, and the fact that the available ABs are generic or soon to be generic and hence have not been the focus of intensive marketing in comparison with the newer ARBs and BBs. Another explanation for the relatively low use of ABs in appropriate patients with chronic HFREF in clinical practice relates to the risk of hyperkalaemia and its consequences. In a recent review of the effect of eplerenone on serum potassium in the EPHESUS trial, it was pointed out that despite the occurrence of hyperkalaemia … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 734 936-5260, Fax: +1 734 936-5256, Email: bpitt{at}umich.edu
Coded Bit-Interleaved and Antenna-Switched Modulation with Iterative Decoding

In this paper, a novel method to achieve transmitter diversity and improved coding gain in a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system is proposed. Information bits are first channel-coded and punctured to match the desired data rate. The survived bits after puncturing are then interleaved and mapped to QAM modulation symbols. Bit level interleaving achieves maximum temporal (with time domain interleaving) or frequency (with frequency domain interleaving) diversity provided by channel coding with given constrained length and code rate. The QAM symbols are finally up-converted into RF and transmitted over one of multiple antennas. Unlike the conventional methods where punctured bits (often referred to as stolen bits) are discarded, we use stolen bits for antenna selection, where information of the stolen bits are embedded in the antenna selection itself. This arrangement can be viewed as a serially concatenated code, with stolen bit controlled antenna selection being the inner code and error correcting channel code being the outer code. A standard iterative (turbo) receiver is then adapted for demodulation, which consists of a soft-in-soft-out (SISO) demapper and a SISO decoder. The SISO demapper and SISO decoder exchange extrinsic information during each iteration as a standard turbo decoder does. Reliability of stolen bits and transmitted bits improves after each iteration, and the decoding process converges after several iterations. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using a "genie aided" upper bound and it is found that the diversity order equals the Hamming distance of a less-punctured code. When compared to a bit-interleaved space-time code (BI-STC), the proposed scheme performs approximately 2 to 2.5 dB better at a 1% frame error rate.
Fuzzy decision and control, the Bayes context

This paper shows how it is that fuzzy control may be viewed as a particular kind of stochastic (Bayesian) control. With the Bayes approach, fuzzy control may be viewed as an ensembled-average control, where the average is taken over a set of competing uncertain antecedent events, predefined on the system state space. >
Effects of eyestalk ablation upon water relations in the American lobster, Homarus americanus

A study of tissue and cell water content was carried out on eyestalk-ablated (EA) and intact control juvenile lobsters (Homarus americanus). Both parameters were significantly higher in abdominal muscle and hepatopancreas from EA lobsters compared to controls. Similarly, the extracellular spaces of these tissues were larger in EA animals as were estimates of total hemolymph volume. The density and dry solids content of hemolymph from EA lobsters were less than controls, although hemolymph osmotic pressures of both groups were indistinguishable. The results are discussed in relation to other relevant studies on the effects of eyestalk ablation. Possible osmoregulatory and endocrine consequences are also considered.
Idealizations and scientific understanding

In this paper, I propose that the debate in epistemology concerning the nature and value of understanding can shed light on the role of scientific idealizations in producing scientific understanding. In philosophy of science, the received view seems to be that understanding is a species of knowledge. On this view, understanding is factive just as knowledge is, i.e., if S knows that p, then p is true. Epistemologists, however, distinguish between different kinds of understanding. Among epistemologists, there are those who think that a certain kind of understanding—objectual understanding—is not factive, and those who think that objectual understanding is quasi-factive. Those who think that understanding is not factive argue that scientific idealizations constitute cognitive success, which we then consider as instances of understanding, and yet they are not true. This paper is an attempt to draw lessons from this debate as they pertain to the role of idealizations in producing scientific understanding. I argue that scientific understanding is quasi-factive.
Anxiety and the Face of the Other: Tillich and Levinas on the Origin of Questioning

With almost a century of historical distance between Heidegger’s retrieval of the question of being and contemporary concern about the Other, we have accrued invaluable experiences for critical leverage about what it is to ask one another questions. I offer a sketch aimed at adapting Tillich’s theological system grounded in existential questioning to today by juxtaposing him with Levinas’ philosophical ethics. Tillich and Levinas provide motive for reflection on the topic of questioning in particular. In the case of Tillich, questions constitute a crucial moment in the dialogue between our contemporary existential situation and religious symbols, or in what he called the ‘method of correlation.’ Furthermore, Tillich locates in the very structure of questioning the germ of our participation in our essential nature despite existential disruption. Beneath his more provocative and prophetic discourse on the absolute desolation and height of the Other, Levinas sees in questions a different kind of possibility. It is not our essential and existential selves, but oneself and the absolutely Other who come together in the question yet retain their infinite difference. Heidegger is the immediate predecessor from whom both Tillich and Levinas inherit a predilection for reflection on questioning. What is at stake is not merely the legacy of Heidegger’s construal of questioning, but, more importantly here, the fundamental sources Tillich and Levinas posit as the origin of our questioning.
Mouse models of graft-versus-host disease: advances and limitations

The limiting factor for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), a post-transplant disorder that results from immune-mediated attack of recipient tissue by donor T cells contained in the transplant. Mouse models of GvHD have provided important insights into the pathophysiology of this disease, which have helped to improve the success rate of HSCT in humans. The kinetics with which GvHD develops distinguishes acute from chronic GvHD, and it is clear from studies of mouse models of GvHD (and studies of human HSCT) that the pathophysiology of these two forms is also distinct. Mouse models also further the basic understanding of the immunological responses involved in GvHD pathology, such as antigen recognition and presentation, the involvement of the thymus and immune reconstitution after transplantation. In this Perspective, we provide an overview of currently available mouse models of acute and chronic GvHD, highlighting their benefits and limitations, and discuss research and clinical opportunities for the future.
Effects of antidepressants in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and comorbid depression

Abstract Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects up to 15% of community dwelling individuals. Psychiatric comorbidities, particularly symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD), occur in up to 90% of patients with IBS. Objective: This article reviews the available literature on the use of antidepressants for both IBS and psychiatric depressive symptoms in patients with IBS. Methods: MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (both, 1980–May 2010) were searched for English-language publications that involved antidepressant treatment of MDD in patients with IBS. The search terms were depression, irritable, bowel , treatment, and functional. The reference lists of key articles were searched for additional pertinent articles. Randomized controlled trials published in the past 10 years were given priority. Results: Of 46 articles identified by the literature search, 11 were included in the review: 4 studies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 4 of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), 1 comparing an SSRI and a TCA, 1 of the serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor duloxetine, and a case report involving the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine. Most of the identified studies excluded patients with a diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety. No controlled studies were identified in which the primary outcome was objective assessment of MDD symptoms in patients with IBS. Two of the SSRI studies, one of citalopram and the other of paroxetine, reported ∼50% improvement in IBS symptoms (both studies, P = 0.01); the study of paroxetine reported a 30% improvement in scores on the Beck Depression Inventory ( P = 0.01). The 2 studies of fluoxetine found no statistically significant benefit on IBS symptoms. TCAs were reported to have benefits on IBS symptoms, predomi-nantly diarrhea. Only one of the TCA studies examined and found a significant improvement in depressive symptoms with desipramine 150 mg/d ( P = 0.025). Both the open-label study of duloxetine and the case report involving mirtazapine found improvements in IBS and psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions: The evidence for the benefit of antidepressant treatment in patients with IBS and comorbid depression was limited and contradictory. Some anti-depressants may help symptoms of IBS, although whether the same drugs and doses are associated with improvements in concomitant depressive symptoms remains to be elucidated.
Rigid-Body Dynamics in Free-Molecular and Transition Flow

Detailed rarefied aerodynamics are usually not coupled with the rigid-body dynamics of spacecraft. In part because of computational constraints, simpler models based upon the ballistic and drag coe...
New Lower Silurian rhombiferan cystoid (Echinodermata, Callocystitidae) from southwestern Ohio

Three rhombiferan cystoid specimens have been recovered from the Lower Silurian Brassfield Formation near Fairborn, Ohio, that represent a new genus in the Callocystitidae. These specimens are assigned to Anartiocystis foerstei n. gen., n. sp. and belong to the callocystitid subfamily Apiocystitinae. Anartiocystis lived with a diverse crinoid fauna, as well as with the apiocystitinid Brockocystis. Both Brockocystis and Anartiocystis are descendants of the Upper Ordovician apiocystitinid, Lepadocystis.--Modified journal abstract.
How to Read a Contract

Reading theory informs us that we read different documents in different ways. We can’t just hand a person an unfamiliar text and tell them, “read this” and expect satisfactory results. We have to teach them how to read it. This article is a “think-through” that breaks the process of reading a contract into five distinct steps and guides the reader through each step.
Missed Opportunity to Prevent Tuberculosis

A letter to the editor is presented in response to the article "Preventing infectious pulmonary tuberculosis among foreign-born residents of the United States" by A.L. Davidow, D. Katz, S. Ghosh and others and published in a 2015 issue of the journal.
Inpatient EMG Studies. Do They Help with Patient Care? (P01.197)

Objective: To assess the usage and clinical impact of inpatient electromyography (IP-EMG) studies at a university-based hospital. Background Nerve conduction and electromyography studies are increasingly performed in the inpatient setting. Portable machines and dedicated teams have facilitated this increase. However, the impact of IP-EMG studies on patient care has not been studied. Design/Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients who had IP-EMG between July 2009 and September 2011 by a single neuromuscular medicine-trained neurologist. Demographic data, results of the study, pre-study clinical impression and post-study diagnostic evaluation and management were analyzed. Results: During the study period, 122 patients underwent 137 IP-EMG studies. Mean age was 53 years and female: male ratio was 1.7:1. Thirteen studies were in patients in an intensive care unit; 6 had either critical illness neuropathy or myopathy. A predominant neurogenic etiology was found in 84 patients. Of these, 8 had acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and 42 had chronic axonal neuropathy. Seven patients were newly diagnosed with motor neuron disease following IP-EMG. Twenty patients were classified as radiculopathy or plexopathy. Four patients were diagnosed with non-AIDP acute neuropathies and six patients were diagnosed with inflammatory or toxic myopathy. Twenty-nine IP-EMGs were normal. Seven of 8 AIDP patients had cerebrospinal fluid analysis; all were treated with IVIG and/or plasma exchange. All 6 patients with new onset myopathy had a muscle biopsy after IP-EMG. IP-EMG confirmed the pre-test clinical impression in 67 patients. In the majority of cases where IP-EMG was not confirmatory, the study helped to focus further diagnostic evaluation or led to the conclusion of a non-neurological cause of symptoms. The most common incidental finding judged unrelated to the clinical presentation was median mononeuropathy at the wrist. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that IP-EMG contributes value to clinical decision making for hospitalized patients suspected to have acute neuromuscular processes. Disclosure: Dr. Samuel has nothing to disclose. Dr. Muppidi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wolfe has received personal compensation for activities with Eli Lilly & Company, Talecris and Genzyme Corporation as a speaker and/or participant on an advisory board.
Purtscher-Like Retinopathy and Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage Caused by Soft Tissue Injection for Gluteal Augmentation.

Purpose: To describe a rare occurrence of acute vision loss and diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following a treatment of injectable gluteal cosmetic filler. Patient and methods: A 20-year-old female underwent a cosmetic injection of unknown components for gluteal augmentation. Within hours she developed progressive shortness of breath secondary to diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. She presented to ophthalmology 6 weeks later with a history of bilateral decreased vision. Clinical examination revealed cotton wool spots and retinal hemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography demonstrated macular vascular pruning and an enlarged foveal avascular zone. Results: The patient was observed and vision did not improve after 8 months of follow-up. Conclusion: These findings were attributed to a Purtscher-like retinopathy secondary to systemic inflammation induced by the filler and/or direct microembolization of the injected material or fat. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented case of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage and ischemic bilateral vision loss in a patient undergoing gluteal augmentation with dermal filler.
Development and Application of Laboratory Information Management System in Detecting Laboratory

Laboratory Information Management System(LIMS) is a software system in management of detecting laboratory. The paper gave brief introduction on basic principle and development meaning,proposed the essential system structure and functions,discussed the core problems of the Laboratory Information Management System,which can improve and boost the application of the Laboratory Information Management System.
A modified particle swarm optimization(PSO) algorithm with dynamic inertia weight and its application to slope stability analysis

In this paper,the inertia weight of the PSO algorithm is modified,not only in terms of its longitudinal linear change with iteration times,but also in terms of its lateral linear change,because of an adaptation sequence of the current particle and the optimal particle.The numerical range of inertia weight increases with the iteration times,with the upper limit of the lateral linear change keeping constant while the lower limit decreasing gradually.Hence,this modified PSO algorithm with dynamic inertia weight,which is known as the ASMIWPSO algorithm,is obtained.Through two simulation instances,the optimization effect of the ASMIWPSO algorithm is compared with that of the PSO algorithm.Then,the ASMIWPSO algorithm,the PSO algorithm and LI Zheng software are applied to a practical slope engineering problem,whose results indicate that the ASMIWPSO algorithm has a better optimization effect.
Audiologic Aspects of Learning and Behavior

To effectively deal with learning and behavioral problems, physicians must acquire a new knowledge base and interact meaningfully with professionals from a variety of disciplines. They must be aware that audiologic factors are only one part of a complex matrix of components contributing to learning and behavior. Although the exact nature of these components is still being defined, their interrelationship can be hypothesized. An individual can overcome the uncertainties and avoid inappropriate diagnoses in this field by applying a comprehensive, descriptive diagnostic process. With a broad understanding of the transactional model of learning and behavior, physicians can ensure that audiologic problems are defined and addressed appropriately. By acknowledging this approach in the identification, assessment and management of children with learning and behavioral dysfunction, the physician can become a powerful advocate for these children.
On uniqueness of vector-valued minimizers of the Ginzburg-Landau functional in annular domains

Consider a class of Sobolev functions satisfying a prescribed degree condition on the boundary of a planar annular domain. It is shown that, within this class, the Ginzburg-Landau functional possesses the unique, radially symmetric minimizer, provided that the annulus is sufficiently narrow. This result is known to be false for wide annuli where vortices are energetically feasible. The estimate for the critical radius below which the uniqueness of the minimizer is guaranteed is obtained as well.
Banking on the Wire

A revolution is hitting commercial banks. The technology of money payments is changing; the transfer of pieces of paper as parts of the money payments is being replaced by transmission of electronic impulses and computer tapes. As a result, the geographic scope of banking markets is increasing; formally protected regional markets are increasingly subject to competition from banks headquartered in other countries and areas. The effectiveness of national cartels in limiting competition among banks is declining. In the 1960s, US banks expanded rapidly abroad; in the late 1970s and 1980s, foreign banks and especially banks headquartered in Japan became extremely aggressive in the US markets for deposits and loans.
Structures of low molecular weight molecules in a bituminous coal

Resume d'une communication consacree a l'etude des structures de molecules a faible masse moleculaire dans un charbon par solubilisation a temperature et pressions moderees clivant selectivement les liaisons faibles sans affecter la structure originale
Reply to "Improving Microbiology Research: the Problems Are Less Statistical and More Biological".

Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USAa; Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USAb; American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, USAc; Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USAd; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USAe
Progression of Organ Dysfunction in Iron Overloaded Patients with β Thalassemia and Sickle Cell Disease.

Iron overload occurs equally in transfused patients with thalassemia (Thal) and sickle cell disease (SCD). However, organ dysfunction that occurs frequently in patients with Thal has not been reported in SCD. A 5-year, prospective, multi-center study is being conducted to assess the incidence and rate of development of iron related organ dysfunction in tranfused Thal and SCD subjects compared to a group of non-transfused subjects with SCD. Data are collected annually by patient interview and medical record review. Differences between the groups at baseline were analyzed by t-test or χ2. ANCOVA was used to analyze longitudinal data to control for differences at baseline. 204 subjects with SCD (44% Male, 24.7 ±0.9 yrs: Mean ± SEM), 144 subjects with Thal (52% M; 25.6±0.7 yrs) and 54 non-transfused subjects with SCD (Control: 50% M, 22.2 ±1.3 yrs) were eligible and have completed baseline assessment. To date, 70% of the sample has completed 1 year of follow-up, 31% have completed 2 years. Since baseline assessment, 3% have been lost to follow-up and 16 case subjects (4%) have died. At baseline, LIC (Thal: 19.6±1.1 vs. SCD: 20.0±1.2 mg/g dry wt) did not differ between the two case groups, however, serum ferritin was significantly higher in the SCD group (p=0.006). Ferritin increased significantly at year 1 (p=0.02) in SCD compared to Thal, with a similar trend towards a 4 mg/g dry wt increase in LIC (p=0.07). Thal subjects were more likely to be receiving chelation therapy at all timepoints (p
The Effect of Nasal Tip Rotation on Upper Lip Length.

Background Increasing the nasolabial angle (NLA) with tip rotation generates the appearance of a lengthened lower facial third. In particular, the upper lip show seems increased following elevation of the nasal tip. Objectives The purpose of this study is to quantify the impact of tip rotation on upper lip length (ULL), and to establish a predictable correlation between the two. Methods A retrospective cohort study of rhinoplasty patients with increased tip rotation, using either caudal septal extension graft (CSEG) or columellar strut graft (CS), was performed. Three-dimensional photos were obtained and analyzed anthropometrically and used to measure the ULL and NLA. The deltas between NLA and ULL at the various time points, was then compared using linear regression with P < .05 recognized as statistically significant. Results One-hundred and fifty patients were identified and 88 patients met inclusion criteria. CS and CSEG were used in 40% (n = 36), and 60% (n = 52), respectively. Three-dimensional assessment showed that as the NLA positively correlated with the ULL in both cohorts. The CSEG group created a greater NLA and ULL compared to the CS cohort. Both NLA and ULL decreased over time, but remained statistically increased as compared with preoperative measurements. For every one degree of NLA increase, the ULL increases by 0.05 mm. Conclusions Increasing nasal tip rotation in rhinoplasty results in greater upper lip show. Both CS and CSEG can effectively increase tip rotation and ULL. A predictable correlation of nearly 0.05 mm of ULL for every 1 degree of tip rotation is shown. Level of Evidence 4.
Developing Makerspaces as Sites of Entrepreneurship

Makerspaces are providing new opportunities for entrepre-neurial development. Based on participant observation and a series of in-depth interviews in an entrepreneurial mak-erspace, we found that the socio-technical environment of a makerspace promotes entrepreneurship by leveraging community-based values of social support, transparency, exploration, and empowerment. The openness of a shared space, access to social technologies, and community of social support helped members develop entrepreneurial skills and self-efficacy. We add to CSCW literature on expanding the role of makerspaces as places of career development through entrepreneurship