cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estrogen and progesterone-receptor-positive stroma as a non-tumorous proliferation in kidneys: a possible metaplastic response to obstruction

The presence of estrogen and progesterone-receptor-positive stroma is well known in renal mixed epithelial and stromal tumor, cystic nephroma, and angiomyolipoma with epithelial cysts. It has been suggested that the hormone receptor positivity in mixed epithelial and stromal tumor may be etiologically related to exogenous hormone intake-a phenomenon that has become more frequent in recent years. In the past few years, we have observed such stroma in some non-neoplastic kidneys, as well as in tumor-bearing kidneys away from the tumor. Herein we present our experience with 10 such cases. In a prospective manner, whenever we noted stroma resembling that in ovaries or mullerian organs (endometrial or cervical-like) in kidneys removed for any cause, immunohistochemical stains for estrogen and progesterone receptors were performed. There were eight males and two females among the group, with ages ranging from 11 months to 71 years. In six cases, the nephrectomies were performed for a non-functional kidney, and in three for tumors (one each of chromophobe, clear cell, and acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma). One case was a partial nephrectomy for vesico-ureteric reflux, with upper pole hydronephrosis. Such stroma was present in nine cases as a non-mass forming proliferation around dilated, frequently inflamed pelvicalyceal system and collecting ducts. In one it was present at the periphery of an acquired cystic disease-associated renal cell carcinoma, as well as around non-tumorous cysts. The only common finding in all cases was a generalized or segmental hydronephrosis, or tumor compression-related focal obstruction. The stroma was positive for estrogen receptors in all 10 cases, and for progesterone receptors in seven. Thus, estrogen- and progesterone receptor-positive stroma can be present in the kidney, not only as a component of certain tumors, but also in association with non-neoplastic conditions. Its association with obstructive changes suggests that it may represent a metaplastic change in the renal interstitial cells surrounding these obstructed epithelial structures.
Characterizing the Collagen Fiber Orientation in Pericardial Leaflets Under Mechanical Loading Conditions

When implanted inside the body, bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets experience a variety of cyclic mechanical stresses such as shear stress due to blood flow when the valve is open, flexural stress due to cyclic opening and closure of the valve, and tensile stress when the valve is closed. These types of stress lead to a variety of failure modes. In either a natural valve leaflet or a processed pericardial tissue leaflet, collagen fibers reinforce the tissue and provide structural integrity such that the very thin leaflet can stand enormous loads related to cyclic pressure changes. The mechanical response of the leaflet tissue greatly depends on collagen fiber concentration, characteristics, and orientation. Thus, understating the microstructure of pericardial tissue and its response to dynamic loading is crucial for the development of more durable heart valve, and computational models to predict heart valves' behavior. In this work, we have characterized the 3D collagen fiber arrangement of bovine pericardial tissue leaflets in response to a variety of different loading conditions under Second-Harmonic Generation Microscopy. This real-time visualization method assists in better understanding of the effect of cyclic load on collagen fiber orientation in time and space.
A Role for the TOC Complex in Arabidopsis Root Gravitropism

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots perceive gravity and reorient their growth accordingly. Starch-dense amyloplasts within the columella cells of the root cap are important for gravitropism, and starchless mutants such as pgm1 display an attenuated response to gravistimulation. The altered response to gravity1 (arg1) mutant is known to be involved with the early phases of gravity signal transduction. arg1 responds slowly to gravistimulation and is in a genetically distinct pathway from pgm1, as pgm1 mutants enhance the gravitropic defect of arg1. arg1 seeds were mutagenized with ethylmethane sulfonate to identify new mutants that enhance the gravitropic defect of arg1. Two modifier of arg1 mutants (mar1 and mar2) grow in random directions only when arg1 is present, do not affect phototropism, and respond like the wild type to application of phytohormones. Both have mutations affecting different components of the Translocon of Outer Membrane of Chloroplasts (TOC) complex. mar1 possesses a mutation in the TOC75-III gene; mar2 possesses a mutation in the TOC132 gene. Overexpression of TOC132 rescues the random growth phenotype of mar2 arg1 roots. Root cap amyloplasts in mar2 arg1 appear ultrastructurally normal. They saltate like the wild type and sediment at wild-type rates upon gravistimulation. These data point to a role for the plastidic TOC complex in gravity signal transduction within the statocytes.
Survival of blue king crab Paralithodes platypus Brandt, 1850, larvae in cultivation: effects of diet, temperature and rearing density

Blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus) larvae were cultivated to test the effects of diet, temperature and rearing density. Dietary treatments included no feeding (unfed), Artemia nauplii enriched with diatoms Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii (THAL), unenriched Artemia fed in addition to Thalassiosira (A+THAL) and a control diet of Artemia enriched with frozen Isochrysis paste (ISO 6). Trials were conducted at 6 °C, and a rearing density of 10 zoea L−1, with six replicates per treatment. The ISO 6 diet was also tested at 3 °C (ISO 3) and 9 °C (ISO 9), and at densities of 20 (ISO 20) and 40 (ISO 40) zoea L−1. Survival of zoea larvae fed the A+THAL diet (91.7%) was significantly higher than all others, whereas unfed zoea larvae died within 2 weeks. Temperature and rearing density had no significant effects on survival. Time required to reach stage C1 was significantly greater at 3 °C (109 days) than at 6 °C (70 days), but did not decrease further at 9 °C. After reaching the postlarval (glaucothoe) stage, half of the replicates in the ISO 20 and ISO 40 treatments were fed continuously, but survival did not differ significantly from unfed glaucothoe. We conclude that blue king crab larvae are not lecithotrophic and can be cultivated with high survival using the proper diet. These techniques can be used to produce large numbers of juvenile crab for laboratory research, or could be modified for use in stock-enhancement programmes.
Morphological characterization of a granulocytosis/hypercalcemia-inducing murine mammary carcinoma cell line

A newly established cell line of a granulocytosis/hypercalcemia-inducing murine mammary carcinoma (CE mammary carcinoma) grown in serum-free culture medium secretes factors that stimulate proliferation of granulocytes and embryonal bone cells. These cultured cells retain the ability to produce granulocytosis and hypercalcemia when they are transplanted back into mice. In culture these cells form clusters of organized cells. Studies by scanning, transmission, and freeze-fracture electron microscope techniques reveal that these in vitro tumor cells retain the structural epithelial characteristics of mammary epithelia. They maintain cellular polarity, microvilli, and complete tight junctions. Both the in vivo and in vitro tumor cells produce viral particles with the ultrastructural features of murine mammary tumor viruses. In both in vivo and in vitro conditions, A-type particles are present intracellularly. B viral particles are present predominantly in the intercellular spaces. Since the structural characteristics of the cultured tumor cells are consistent with the features of mammary adenocarcinomas, this is a prime culture system for studying the tumor-derived soluble factors.
Evaluation of a remote center compliance device

The Remote Center Compliance (RCC) device is a mechanical device which acts as a multi‐axis float to achieve lateral and angular alignment between components which are being mated during assembly operations. The device has been evaluated for assembly applications and its operational characteristics and limitations in achieving automatic mechnical alignment are described.
Medical applications of neutron inelastic scattering

ABSTRACT A sealed, D-T, pulsed neutron generator is used for the in vivo measurement ofbody carbon and oxygen by neutron inelasticscattering. The generator is operated at 10 KHz, at a neutron output of about 2x107 n/s/4it. Gamma ray spectra are collectedwith two B4Ge3O12 crystal detectors. The measurements are used to measure fat and lean content and distribution in the body,with minimal radiation exposure (0.08 mSv). When combined with other measurements (such as total body potassium), thiswhole body scanning device provides us with the "quality of lean mass", a measurable outcome of treatments designed toimprove nutritional status and function. The method is used in studies of human nuirition and for assessing the efficacy ofnew anti-obesity and anti-cachexia pharmaceuticals.Keywords: Neutron inelastic scattering, body composition, bulk analysis, neutron activation, nutrition 1. INTRODUCTION Photon sources of a wide range of energies and even some beams of charged particles are used in medicine for treatment.Diagnostic procedures, however, are limited by the requirement of minimal radiation exposure to photons, neutrons and non-ionizing probes, such as ultrasound and radio frequency. With the advent of computerized tomography (CT), clinicalmedicine has gained a valuable tool for anatomical imaging used extensively for diagnosis and radiation treatment planning.Medical research, however, requires in vivo monitoring of metabolic functions and nutritional status of the patient. Positronemission tomography has provided such a tool targeted mainly to the metabolic function ofthe brain and heart. In the last few
Experiments with Khellin. II. The Synthesis of 5,6-Dimethoxy-2-Methylfuro(2′,3′,7,8)chromone and Its Identity with Isokhellin*

Two syntheses for 5,6-dimethoxy-2-methylfuro(2′,3′,7,8)chromone are described, and this compound is identical with isokhellin. Preparative methods for isokhellinone and several new compounds incidental to the synthesis of isokhellin are also reported.
Time-coded aperture design for nuclear medicine imaging: a study of signal-to-noise ratio

A signal-to-noise analysis is presented for time varying, pseudorandomly modulated coded apertures. An expression for optimal code transmission is derived and evaluated as a function of sampling density for a source model simulating a heart with varying liver background. Optimal performance is obtained for dense sampling and mean code transmission between 20 and 30%. In the absence of liver background, optimal coded aperture efficiency is equal to that of the ideal nonmultiplexed aperture. Adding a liver background equal to 2.2 times the object activity effectively lowers the coded aperture efficiency a factor of 2. However, practical constraints on the ideal nonmultiplexing aperture reduce its efficiency a factor of 4.
Very long chains of annihilator ideals

Here we examine one of the two right Goldie conditions: the ascending chain condition on right annihilator ideals, r. ACC⊥. One might well ask if a ring has r. ACC⊥, does there exist a bound on the lengths of chains of right annihilator ideals? Under certain additional hypotheses, this bound does exist. In general, however, a bound does not exist, as is shown by the two example presented here.
Unique Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residents as Medical Directors for Rural Out‐of‐hospital Agencies

Background Many rural communities have difficulty maintaining a medical director for their emergency medical services (EMS). Local physicians may be overwhelmed, be hesitant to take on additional responsibilities, and feel unskilled in providing the necessary leadership. Without a medical director, rural EMS agencies are frequently forced to shut down, thus depriving the community of local out-of-hospital care. Objectives To meet the needs of rural EMS agencies for medical direction, to provide a unique opportunity for emergency medicine (EM) residents to acquire EMS medical direction skills, and to fulfill the obligation of EM residencies to provide both didactic and experiential training in EMS. Program description This article describes a curriculum, now being used in Colorado, for placing EM residents as EMS medical directors for rural out-of-hospital agencies that have lost their medical directors. Residents visit these rural communities 6-12 times a year, provide continuing education through interactive lectures, develop or revise EMS protocols and policies, perform quality assurance reviews, troubleshoot problems, and assist in EMS planning for the community. Residents are supervised by the Colorado state EMS medical director. Conclusions This unique program enables local EMS agencies to continue their service while providing clear educational benefit for the EM residents. This paper demonstrates how this program has been working successfully in the state of Colorado by placing residents in four distinct rural and mountainous communities.
AN ANALYSIS OF LONGITUDINAL ELASTIC-PLASTIC PULSE PROPAGATION.

Abstract : The one-dimensional rate independent theory of elastic-plastic wave propagation for smooth stress-strain curves concave toward the strain axis is applied to the problem of a long uniform bar loaded at one end by a pressure pulse of short duration. The essential features of the solution are obtained for the case of a semiinfinite bar and for the case of a finite bar whose other end is stress free by using the method of characteristics in the t-x plane. The general shape of boundaries in the t-x plane which separate regions governed by the dynamic elastic equations from regions governed by the dynamic plastic equations is presented. The nature of the discontinuities that occur at these boundaries are also discussed. For the finite bar case the analysis is given for materials which exhibit isotropic work hardening and for materials for which the stress-strain behavior in tension is independent of any previous compression. The main features of the solution are in agreement with the behavior observed for annealed, commercially pure aluminum bars subjected to explosive loading at one end. (Author)
Clothing Interest: Conceptualization and Measurement

Scientific inquiry in the area of clothing, while of long standing and involving some distin guished investigators, has been decidedly sporadic. The purpose of this study was to advance con ceptualization and measurement of clothing interest. An 89-item clothing inventory, administered to 500 undergraduates in a clothing and textiles course, was factor analyzed in order to identify underlying dimensionality. Of eight interpretable factors, five were seen as central components of clothing interest: Concern with Personal Appearance, Experimenting with Appearance, Height ened Awareness of Clothes, Clothing as Enhancement of Security, and Clothing as Enhancement of Individuality. Three other dimensions, Conformity, Modesty, and Attention to Comfort, were interpreted by the authors as primarily personality variables and as more properly outside the do main of clothing interest, per se.
Aiding Vascular Trauma Detection in the Human Upper Extremities With Image-Based Models of Blood Flow

In the hands of an experienced sonographer, a portable diagnostic ultrasound (US) allows for a quick and inexpensive diagnosis of vascular trauma in the field. However, trained sonographers are usually not available at trauma settings, such as in the battlefield. Recent studies by Luo 2007 [1] quantified ultrasound signatures of bleeding at the sites of vessel puncture, which can be used in automated algorithms for ultrasound diagnosis of suspected bleeding sites. However, trauma patients often have large areas of injury requiring extensive scanning to find the bleeding site. An algorithm that can first assess a vascular tree and localize suspicious branches for further examination or therapy would be useful. This study was focused on the upper extremity vascular tree. Specific goals of this study were to 1) demonstrate a physics-based model to characterize normal blood flow, and 2) evaluate its ability to detect vascular abnormalities by looking for flows that deviate from the model.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Lack of effect of carbon monoxide inhibitor on relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation in corpus cavernosum.

Carbon monoxide has been proposed as a possible neurotransmitter because of its ability to bind to the iron atom of the heme of guanylyl cyclase, which is similar to that of nitric oxide. To determine whether carbon monoxide exerts an effect on the penis, strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were mounted in an organ bath for isometric tension studies and the effect of zinc deuteroporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase which metabolizes hemoprotein and releases carbon monoxide, on relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation (neurally mediated) was determined. Also observed was relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation after incubation with atropine and guanethidine to isolate nonadrenergic noncholinergic neurotransmission. Zinc deuteroporphyrin (10-6M, 10-5M, 10-4M and 3x10-4M) did not affect relaxation induced by electrical field stimulation in the absence or presence of guanethidine and atropine. Therefore, it appears that carbon monoxide does not contribute to neurally mediated relaxation of the rabbit corpus cavernosum.
Intra- and Interspecific Aggregation in Some Nymphal Blattellid Cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

The aggregation response of first, second, and third instars of four blattellid species was examined. Supella longipalpa (F.) nymphs aggregated on papers conditioned with aggregation pheromone by fecal contamination but not papers conditioned by three different species of Blattella . Nymphal Blattella germanica (L.) aggregated on their own pheromone and papers contaminated by the three other species. B. vaga Hebard nymphs did not respond to, and B. lituricollis (Walker) nymphs were repelled by, their own conditioned papers and those of the other species tested. In tests with mixed groups of S. longipalpa and B. germanica nymphs, the latter aggregated to the pheromone of either species when a single test and two control papers were present, but aggregated with S. longipalpa nymphs on their pheromone when given a choice between the two pheromones. Within 1 min, 96% of S. longipalpa nymphs were resting on conditioned or control test papers compared to 80% of B. germanica nymphs. The increased responsiveness of both species of nymphs to S. longipalpa pheromone may be explained in part by the long period required for arrestment of B. germanica and their attraction to Supella nymphs.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the kidney

At present, MRI of the kidney is considered to be a problem-solving imaging modality that is complementary to CT and ultrasound. The anatomy of the kidney and perirenal space is consistently visualized on MRI, which provides excellent demonstration of the corticomedullary differentiation on T1-weighted images. The indistinctness or obliteration of corticomedullary differentiation is a sensitive but nonspecific finding. The large field of view provided by MRI facilitates the diagnosis of congenital anomalies, but the high cost of the examination precludes its use as a primary imaging method. The use of contrast media has expanded the application of MRI into the detection and characterization of renal masses. However, the greatest value of MRI lies in the staging of renal-cell carcinoma, specifically in cases in which CT and ultrasound findings have proved to be inconclusive. The main advantages provided by MRI in such cases involve the assessment of vascular patency and the evaluation of direct tumor extension.
Application of thermodynamics of viscoelastic materials with fading memory-integral constitutive equations.

Abstract In this paper we apply the theory of thermodynamics of materials with fading memory to integral constitutive functionals. Although we consider a special form of functionals the dependence on the history of deformation is otherwise arbitrary The dependence on the temperature history is made specific by generalizing the notion of time-temperature superposition approximation of infinitesimal viscoelasticity. Such constitutive functionals have the advantage that restrictions imposed by the principle of fading memory and the Clausius-Duhem inequality take a simple explicit form.
Neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments

The abnormal aggregates of fibrillar material found in neurons in Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, the Guam Parkinsonism-Dementia complex, Down's syndrome, and postencephalitic Parkinsonism were studied by means of tilt-stage electron microscopy and with X-ray images of scale models of a bifilar helix. The model fulfills the structural criteria established by electron microscopy. These studies showed that the "twisted tubule" which makes up the neurofibrillary tangle in many pathological situations is a bifilar helix made up of 130 A filaments.
Defining the lower and upper limit of the effective modulus of CNT/polypropylene composites through integration of modeling and experiments

The focus of this study is to evaluate the effective modulus of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites based on numerical techniques that account for CNTs non-uniform distribution, agglomeration, waviness and alignment with respect to the applied load direction. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element model with multiple CNTs embedded within the PP matrix in presence of CNT/PP interphase is built and subjected to tensile loading. The thickness and stiffness of CNT/PP interphase, dispersion and distribution of CNTs within the PP matrix, their alignment with respect to the applied load and their waviness are characterized using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the CNT/PP composites made by melt mixing and injection molding. The modulus predicted numerically is in good agreement with that obtained experimentally, according to ASTM D638. The proposed elaborated numerical model can provide the lower and upper limit of the modulus and guide the manufacturing of CNT/PP composites with engineered properties in a scalable and cost effective way.
Peak tailing and mass transfer kinetics in linear chromatography

The origin of peak tailing under linear conditions, at very low analyte concentrations, is investigated using the equations of the transport-dispersive model of chromatography. It is shown that a general explanation can be obtained by assuming the existence of two different types of adsorption sites having different equilibrium isotherms and different rates of mass transfer kinetics. Even if the experimental conditions are such that both mechanisms operate linearly, tailing can be observed if the mass transfer kinetics is much slower on one type of sites than on the other. The most pronounced and typical peak tailings occur when the slow type of adsorption sites give a smaller contribution to the retention than the fast type and if the rate constant of mass transfer for the slow sites is between 20 and 2000 times smaller than that of the fast sites. Axial dispersion (caused by molecular and eddy diffusion) dampens the effects. Therefore, peak tailing of kinetic origin will be more important on highly efficient columns than on mediocre ones. An important case in point is that of enantiomeric separations. Chiral phases are designed as two-types-of-sites phases since it is impossible to eliminate the general non-selective interactions between analytes and bonded groups. The chiral selective sites involve strong interactions between the stationary phase and at least one of the enantiomers, conditions which slow down mass transfers.
Hybrid pattern recognition system

A closed loop digital/optical pattern recognition system is presented, using a photorefractive correlator. A personal computer is used to control an optical cross-correlator, consisting of a 4f-Fourier processor with a BaTiO3 crystal in its Fourier plane. A test pattern is inserted into the optical system, via a modified liquid crystal television. The test pattern is stored in the photorefractive crystal, using a two-wave mixing technique. Several master patterns are compared to the test pattern using the optical cross-correlation technique. The output signal of the optical cross-correlator is detected by a CCD camera, and is transferred to the PC for evaluation. The spatial resolution of the optical system is examined both theoretically and experimentally.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stochastic transitivity and cancellation of preferences between bitter-sweet solutions

Preferences between 25 pairs of stimuli composed from 25 different sucrose-quinine sulphate solutions were obtained from three Ss in an attempt to test the product rule; strong, moderate, and weak stochastic transitivity; and strong, moderate, and weak stochastic cancellation. The data seem to support strong, and hence moderate and weak, stochastic transitivity as well as moderate, and hence, weak stochastic cancellation. The product rule and strong stochastic cancellation appear to be more dubious.
Spectrophotometric study of osmium-1,2,3-benzotriazole complexes☆

Abstract Spectrophotometric measurements have been used to study the coloured products formed in the interaction of 1,2,3-benzotriazole with osmium. Absorbance measurements by the mole ratio method gave definite evidence of two to one and four to one 1,2,3-benzotriazole to osmium interaction products. Solutions of the lower ratio and of the higher ratio complexes were coloured green and red, respectively.
Ideological differences between female and male county party chairs

Abstract This study compares the ideologies of female and male county party chairs. The data, which are drawn from a 2000 survey of county Democratic and Republican party leaders, show modest gender differences. Women in both parties tend to be more liberal than men on a variety of issues. These gender differences, however, are minor. Women and men in both parties have about the same levels of partisan experience, and, it is speculated, they tend to converge towards organizational norms.
Reversible Neutropenia Associated with Ampicillin Therapy in Pediatric Patients

Hematologic abnormalities associated with penicillin compounds are uncommon, and neutropenia associated with ampicillin is reported even less frequently. Neutropenia developed in three pediatric patients after high-dose (150–400 mg/kg) ampicillin therapy over a period of 3 to 12 days. In all cases, the white blood cell and neutrophil counts returned towards normal within 4 to 11 days after discontinuation of the antibiotic. Bone marrow examination revealed a maturation arrest in one and slight shift to the left in the maturation of granulocytic cells in another. Other marrow components were normal. Red blood cells, reticulocytes, platelets, and hemoglobin did not show any abnormal alteration in any of the patients. Physicians administering ampicillin, particularly in high doses, should be alert to the possible development of neutropenia; however, all reported neutropenias have been reversible.
Distance Estimation Error in a Roadway Setting

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of the typical adult's ability to view, then estimate, distances along a roadway. A survey was conducted along a roadway, where 123 subjects were asked to look at, and then estimate the distance to common objects along the roadway. The entire population tended to underestimate distances to objects that were from 20 to 400 feet away. After none outliers were identified and removed, the average estimation error was –23.4%. The variation in performance among individuals was extremely large, with error extremes ranging from –96% to +71%. An analysis of the percentage error in estimation revealed that police performed as well as the rest of the population. The age of the subjects and their rating of their own vision acuity made no statistically significant difference in their average estimation error. Males had significantly lower estimation error than females, as did subjects who rated themselves highly with respect to their distance estimation ability.
Excitability changes in freeze-induced neocortical microgyria

A freezing probe was placed on the skull of postnatal day (PN) 1 rats to induce formation of a cerebrocortical microsulcus. Experimental studies were performed on PN days 21-24. At that time point, Nissl-stained sections revealed the presence of a microsulcus similar to that described in human dysplastic cortex. Immunocytochemical staining for parvalbumin, calretinin and calbindin indicated a significant decrease in the number of immunoreactive neurons within the microsulcus and non-significant decreases in regions adjacent to the microsulcus. Staining for the glial markers GFAP and vimentin was increased near the microsulcus. Using in vitro brain slices, recordings were made in cortex adjacent to the microsulcus. Epileptiform activity was observed in response to electrical stimulation near the microsulcus. Analysis of the voltage dependence of evoked epileptiform discharges suggested the presence of an inhibitory component. As previously observed in non-lesioned animals, bath application of 4-aminopyridine induced bicuculline-sensitive spontaneous burst discharges in the presence of excitatory amino acid antagonists. These results suggest that cortical freeze lesions associated with abnormal neuronal migration produce a chronic hyperexcitable state. The findings are consistent with a mechanism involving an alteration, not loss, of inhibition in this model.
Percent Body Fat and Chronic Disease Risk Factors in U.S. Children and Youth

Background: The dramatic increase in pediatric obesity has renewed interest in accurate methods and screening indexes for identifying at-risk children and youth. Whether age-specific standards are needed is a factor that remains uncertain. Purpose: This study was designed to describe the age-specific fatness-risk factor relationship in boys and girls across a wide age range. Methods: Data were from 12,279 white, black, and Mexican-American children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) III (1998 -1994) and IV (1999 -2004). Children were grouped based on percent fat, estimated from subscapular and triceps skinfolds, and the age-specific relationships between percent fat and chronic disease risk factors (e.g., blood pressure, lipids and lipoprotein levels, glucose, insulin, and circulating C-reactive protein levels) were described in boys and girls, aged 6 -18 years. Results: Percent fat was significantly related to risk factor levels. At higher levels of percent fat, the prevalence of adverse cardiovascular disease risk factors was higher, particularly above 20% fat in boys and above 30% fat in girls. In boys and girls, the interaction term age by percent fat was a significant predictor of risk factors, whereas the percent fat by race interaction term was nonsignificant. Conclusions: The results demonstrate a strong relationship between chronic disease risk factors and percent fat in children and youth that varies by age in boys and girls. (Am J Prev Med 2011;41(4S2):S77-S86) © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
Collecting, Comparing, and Computing Sequences: The Making of Margaret O. Dayhoff’s Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, 1954–1965

Collecting, comparing, and computing molecular sequences are among the most prevalent practices in contemporary biological research. They represent a specific way of producing knowledge. This paper explores the historical development of these practices, focusing on the work of Margaret O. Dayhoff, Richard V. Eck, and Robert S. Ledley, who produced the first computer-based collection of protein sequences, published in book format in 1965 as the Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure. While these practices are generally associated with the rise of molecular evolution in the 1960s, this paper shows that they grew out of research agendas from the previous decade, including the biochemical investigation of the relations between the structures and function of proteins and the theoretical attempt to decipher the genetic code. It also shows how computers became essential for the handling and analysis of sequence data. Finally, this paper reflects on the relationships between experimenting and collecting as two distinct "ways of knowing" that were essential for the transformation of the life sciences in the twentieth century.
Fibre Optic Methods for structural health monitoring

Fibre Optic Methods for structural health monitoring, by Branko Glisic and Daniele Inaudi, England, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2007, 262 pages, $140.00, hardback, ISBN 978-0470-06142-8 Fiber Optic Meth...
Determination of transmural, endocardial, and epicardial radial strain and strain rate from phase contrast MR velocity data

Purpose To develop a method for computing radial strain (e) and strain rate (SR) from phase contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) myocardial tissue velocity data. Materials and Methods PCMR tissue velocity maps were acquired at basal and mid-short-axis slices in the myocardium in 10 healthy volunteers. An algorithm for computing radial strain and SR from PCMR tissue velocity data was developed. PCMR strain values were compared to values computed independently from contours drawn on cine steady-state free procession (SSFP) images. Peak endocardial and epicardial strain and SR values from PCMR data were compared. Results Excellent agreement was observed between peak strain values computed by PCMR and cine SSFP contours (38.1 ± 5.4% vs. 38.1 ± 6.2%; P = not significant [NS]). The presence of an endocardial-epicardial gradient was demonstrated in both strain and SR: peak endocardial values were larger than peak epicardial values in the basal and mid-short-axis slices (P < 0.05). Conclusion This study presents a method for determining radial strain and SR values from PCMR velocity data. This technique illustrates a difference in strain and SR across the myocardium with peak endocardial values being greater than peak epicardial values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hallux valgus in a historical French population: Paleopathological study of 605 first metatarsal bones

Abstract Objectives To estimate the prevalence of hallux valgus in a historical population in France, to identify associated skeletal abnormalities, and to look for an influence of footwear changes through time. Methods We studied the 605 first metatarsals found in the necropolis of the Notre-Dame-du-Bourg cathedral in Digne in the Alpes-de-Hautes-Provence region of southern France. The necropolis contains remains from the 5th to the 17th century. Results Hallux valgus was identified only in individuals older than 30 years at death, and its prevalence increased significantly with age. Exostosis at the medial and dorsal aspects of the head of the first metatarsal were common in advanced forms. The prevalence was comparable in males and females in the Middle Ages but was significantly higher in males in the 16th and 17th centuries, whereas in contemporary populations females are selectively affected. Conclusions The increase in the prevalence of hallux valgus over time suggests an influence of changes in footwear. The heeled shoes and boots made of stiff leather that men wore in premodern times probably promoted the development of hallux valgus. However, the prevalence of hallux valgus in women in western industrialized countries today is even higher than that in our historical population of older premodern individuals, suggesting an extremely deleterious effect of contemporary female footwear.
Occlusive Fibroelastosis of Coronary Arteries in the Newborn

A developmental anomaly in the form of occlusive fibroelastosis of the proximal segments of both coronary arteries, leading to progressive myocardial infarction and death, was found in the course of an autopsy on a 6-week-old infant. Congenital malformations of the coronary arteries are not uncommon, but a report of one such as this has not been found in the literature.
Plant senescence cues entry into diapause in the gall fly Eurosta solidaginis: resulting metabolic depression is critical for water conservation

Mechanisms and possible cues for seasonal increases in desiccation resistance in larvae of the goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis , were examined before and after natural and premature plant senescence, or after being removed from their gall and placed in either 100, 95 or 75% relative humidity (RH). Rates of water loss were 8.6-fold lower, averaging 0.7±0.2 μg mm–2 h–1, in larvae from senescent gall tissue and after all RH treatments than in control larvae from pre-senescent plants. Enhanced desiccation resistance occurred quickly, within 3 days of removal from their gall. Contrary to most previous reports, a large majority of the increased desiccation resistance (∼85%) was due to reduced respiratory transpiration with the remainder being the result of a lowered cuticular permeability. Rates of cuticular water loss were reduced by the presence of a vapor pressure gradient between the larval hemolymph and environmental water vapor and were probably due to increases in cuticular lipids and/or production of the cryoprotectant glycerol. Metabolic rate was reduced by over fourfold, averaging 0.07±0.01 μl CO2 g–1 h–1, in larvae from senescent gall tissue and all RH treatments compared to larvae from pre-senescent plants. The magnitude of the reduction in metabolic rates indicated that these larvae had entered diapause. In addition, larvae entered diapause in response to removal from, or degeneration of, the gall tissue they feed, on rather than seasonal changes in temperature or photoperiod. The low metabolic rates of the diapausing larvae probably allowed them to dramatically reduce their respiratory transpiration and total rate of water loss compared with non-diapausing controls. Thus, diapause, with its associated lowered metabolic rate, may be essential for conserving water in overwintering temperate insects, which may be dormant for six or more months of the year.
Rescuing Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: The Blastocyst Transfer Method

Despite the therapeutic potential of human embryonic stem (HES) cells, many people believe that HES cell research should be banned. The reason is that the present method of extracting HES cells involves the destruction of the embryo, which for many is the beginning of a person. This paper examines a number of compromise solutions such as parthenogenesis, the use of defective embryos, genetically creating a "pseudo embryo" that can never form a placenta, and determining embryo death, and argues that none of these proposals are likely to satisfy embryoists, that is, those who regard the embryo as a person. This paper then proposes a method of extracting HES cells, what might be called the Blastocyst Transfer Method, that meets the ethical requirements of embryoists, and it considers some possible concerns regarding this method. It concludes by encouraging future HES cell research to investigate this method.
Different cultures, different rationalities?

Winch’s ‘Understanding a Primitive Society’ addressed the question of how to interpret apparently irrational alien beliefs and practices. Criticizing Evans-Pritchard’s study of Zande witchcraft, Winch argued that across cultures there are divergent conceptions of what is rational and real and that, where they diverge, it is mistaken to apply ‘our’ standards and conceptions to ‘their’ beliefs. Winch’s position is here re-examined in the light of the current debate about whether the Hawaiians thought Captain Cook was divine. Sahlins holds that they did, asserting that different cultures have different rationalities. Obeyesekere disagrees, holding that these views are just further evidence of European myth-making about the natives’ savage mentality, and that ‘practical rationality’ is common to all cultures. In conclusion it is argued that Sahlins’s ‘Maussian’ interpretative strategy is preferable to Obeyesekere’s ‘Davidsonian’ approach, that Sahlins cannot sustain his Winchean claim about rationality and th...
Fetal aortic stenosis and changes in amniotic fluid natriuretic peptides

Objective Natriuretic peptides, especially brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), have demonstrated great usefulness in pediatric and adult cardiology. We studied their usefulness, based on amniotic fluid concentrations, in an ovine model of fetal aortic stenosis and in response to fetal cardiac intervention. Study Design After their natural history was established with gestation (n = 18 fetuses), natriuretic peptide levels were measured in a fetal model of aortic stenosis (50-60 days; term, 148 days; n=9) and were correlated to the severity of fetal heart disease. Response to fetal cardiac intervention in 3 hydropic fetuses was also assessed. Significance was established with 2-sided paired t -tests at a probability value of Results Amniotic fluid BNP (but not atrial natriuretic peptide) concentrations were elevated significantly with aortic stenosis (181.9 ± 109.9 pg/mL vs 50.0 ± 40.5 pg/mL in control fetuses), especially if complicated with hydrops (283 ± 74.4 pg/mL), and were correlated positively with the severity of stenosis and left ventricle hypertrophy. In the 1 animal surviving fetal intervention, BNP levels normalized. Conclusion Amniotic fluid BNP concentrations correlate with the severity of fetal aortic stenosis.
Manipulation of Methanotrophs

Recent studies of methane-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) have demonstrated their ability to oxidize a variety of hydrocarbons (1). This capability has prompted much study into the possible use of these bacteria as biocatalysts, and a number of patents have appeared with this goal in mind. Although methanotrophs can clearly transform a variety of hydrocarbons under laboratory conditions, the significance of these capabilities in the biosphere is uncertain. These bacteria are ubiquitous, and if they carry out these oxidations in natural environments they may make significant contributions to hydrocarbon degradation. In addition, if their unique capabilities could be harnessed, it is possible they could be used for developing detoxification processes.
Using Visual Organizers and Technology: Supporting Executive Function, Abstract Language Comprehension, and Social Learning

This chapter introduces the reader to technology that can be used for developing visual supports such as schedules and organizers and for scripting social expectations, both in daily routines and within a school community. Technology focusing on visual maps and organizers will be explained, using the Common Core standards related to the comprehension and retelling of stories, events in history, scientific concepts, and personal and expository narratives.
Sulfur Mustard Increases Elastase-Like Activity in Homogenates of Hairless Guinea Pig Skin

AbstractThe pathologic mechanisms underlying sulfur mustard (HD)-induced skin vesication are as yet undefined. Enhanced proteolysis activity has been postulated as the cause of HD-induced dermal epidermal separation. Using a chromogenic assay, we previously reported that HD-exposed hairless guinea pig skin biopsies demonstrated increased proteolysis of the peptide substrate Tosyl-gly-pro-arg-p-nitroanilide, Chromozym TH (TH). Elastaise activity has been used as a biomarker of inflammation in skin. In this study we assayed human leukocyte elastase (HLE) and soluble extracts of biopsies from control and HD-exposed hairless guinea pig skin with both the TH and the HLE (N-methoxysuccinyl-ala-ala-pro-val-p-nitroanilide) substrates. HD-increased proteolysis of both substrates indicates that multiple enzymes may contribute to HD-induced pathology. The increased activities of an inflammation-associated enzyme such as elastase as early as 3-6 hr after HD exposure of hairless guinea pig skin indicate that inflammat...
Conflicts with Friends: A Multiplex View of Friendship and Conflict and Its Association with Performance in Teams

Drawing on conservation of resources theory, multiplex social networks research, and the emerging conflict involvement perspective, the purpose of this study is to develop and test a multiplex view of conflict that explicitly accounts for the nature of the social relationships between those involved in intrateam conflict and how these multiplex relationships differentially impact team performance. Data were collected from 120 teams engaged in a 4-month business simulation. Relationship conflicts occurring among team members who are friends have a negative impact on team performance, whereas those occurring between non-friends have a positive impact on team performance. Although we also find non-friend task conflicts to be beneficial for team performance, friend task conflicts have no impact on team performance. This study highlights the dark side of workplace friendships and admonishes managers to pay close attention not only to conflicts among employees, but also to the relational closeness of those involved in conflict. The current study provides empirical support for the emerging conflict involvement perspective by explicitly assessing the number of individuals involved in conflict as well as the type of relationships between them. We also extend research on multiplex relationships from the individual to the team level of analysis. Finally, we respond to calls for studies of multiplexity that include both positive and negative relationships.
Bishops, Authority and Community in Northwestern Europe, c.1050-1150

1. The bishop and his authority 2. Becoming bishop: clerical culture and episcopal formation in the archdiocese of Reims around 1100 3. Restless flocks: the challenges to episcopal authority 4. Band of brothers: episcopal networks in the archdiocese of Reims 5. Personal histories: the revival of archiepiscopal historiography at Reims in the eleventh century 6. Sanctity and history in a border diocese: the vita of Lietbert of Cambrai (1051-76) 7. Urban space, memory, and episcopal authority: the bishops of Amiens in peace and conflict, 1073-1164 8. Bishops and the word 9. Toil and togetherness in the vineyards of the Lord 10. Conclusion Bibliography Index.
Observation and Analysis of Self-Diffraction in Bacteriorhodopsin Films

High order self-diffraction is observed from a 5.2 OD570 thin film containing chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin. Up to fourteen diffracted orders (±7) could be discerned by eye at a laser intensity of 23 mW/cm2. The results for the first and second order diffracted beams are analyzed in terms of a modified form of the recent self-diffraction model proposed by Fragnito et al.[1].
Implications for Measurement of Urinary Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in Diagnosis of Anaphylactoid Purpura Renal Injuries

Objective To investigate the clinical significance of detecting urinary kidney injury molecule-1(Kim-1) in early diagnosis of anaphylactoid purpura renal injuries.Methods Sixty children with Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP) were divided into two groups:no urinary-change group and urinary-change group,with 30 children in each group.In addition,30 healthy subjects were selected as normal controls.The urinary Kim-1 and microamount albumin(mAlb) levels were detected by ELISA,urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase(NAG) levels by colorimetric method,and β2 microglobulin(β2-MG) by radioimmunoassay.Results The levels of Kim-1,mAlb,NAG and β2-MG in urinary-change group were significantly higher than those in no urinary-change group or control group(P0.05).Moreover,these parameters in no urinary-change group were obviously higher than those in control group(P0.05).In urinary-change group,the positive expression rates of urinary Kim-1 were remarkably higher than those in other three groups(P0.05).Conclusion Kim-1 is a sensitive marker for early renal damage in children with HSP.