cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive perinatal immunotherapy via transamniotic antibody delivery.

Purpose We sought to determine whether the amniotic cavity/fluid could be an attainable route of administration of therapeutic antibodies to the fetus/neonate. Methods Time-dated pregnant dams (n = 9) received volume-matched intra-amniotic injections of either saline (n = 29), or different concentrations of a human IgG that lacked homology with rodents: 5 mg/mL (n = 28); 10 mg/mL (n = 28); or 15 mg/mL (n = 24). At term, the presence of the IgG was quantified by ELISA in the serum, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and brain of all neonates, and in the maternal serum. Statistical analysis was by median regression with significance set at Bonferroni-adjusted p Results Overall fetal survival was 83% (90/109), with no difference between the groups. Human IgG was detected in the serum, bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and brain of all fetuses for all three injected concentrations, but not in the saline injected controls (p Conclusions IgG antibodies can reach high levels in the fetal/neonatal circulation after simple intra-amniotic administration in a healthy rodent model. Transamniotic fetal immunotherapy (TRAFIT) may become a practicable strategy for the perinatal management of select diseases. Level of evidence N/A (animal and laboratory study) TYPE OF STUDY: Animal and laboratory study.
What Philosophers Know: Case Studies in Recent Analytic Philosophy

Introduction Part I. How Does That Go? The Limits of Philosophical Argument: 1. Quine's 'Two Dogmas': argument or imagination? 2. Argument and intuition in Kripke's Naming and Necessity 3. The rise and fall of counterexamples: Gettier, Goldman, and Lewis 4. Reflection: pictures, intuitions, and philosophical knowledge Part II. Arguments and Convictions: 5. Turning the tables: Plantinga and the rise of the philosophy of religion 6. Materialism and compatibilism: two dogmas of analytic philosophy? 7. Was there a Kuhnian revolution? Convictions in the philosophy of science 8. Conviction and argument in Rawls' A Theory of Justice Part III. Philosophical Truth and Knowledge: 9. Rorty against the world: philosophy, truth, and objectivity 10. Philosophical knowledge: summary and application References.
The Relationships Among High School STEM Learning Experiences and Students’ Intent to Declare and Declaration of a STEM Major in College

Background/ContextSchools are integral to augmenting and diversifying the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce. This is because K–12 schools can inspire and reinforce ...
Challenges in fMRI and Its Limitations

This chapter explores some of the challenges of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In particular, the constraints encountered in terms of spatial and temporal resolution and the factors that limit the ability of MRI to detect functional activation are dealt with. Issues of sensitivity and resolution are intimately related and not easily separable. For example, increasing spatial resolution can usually only be achieved at the expense of temporal resolution, spatial ­coverage, and sensitivity loss. In addition to examining the factors limiting the sensitivity and resolution of fMRI, this chapter also explores some of the trade-offs involved in optimizing one or more of these variables.
Development of a trapped Yb/sup +/ frequency standard: efficient quenching of population trapping

We report on a study to determine the efficiency of various buffer gases in quenching the population trapping states of laser excited ytterbium ions. The ions were confined in an rf/dc hybrid trap, and their /sup 2/S/sub 1/2//spl hArr//sup 2/P/sub 3/2/ transition was excited with 329 nm laser light. Buffer gases used include H/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/, Ar, and He at several different pressure regimes. We have identified N/sub 2/ to be highly efficient in quenching the population of the trapping states, and thus be the most suitable buffer gas to use with ytterbium for the development of a trapped ion microwave frequency standard.
Assessing the MBA: What do our students learn?

This article summarizes the results of an outcome assessment pilot study which measured the learning outcomes of an MBA program utilizing the learning skills profile (LSP). The LSP measures 12 learning skills important in business and management education. The results indicate that the MBA program studied does increase the learning skills of its participants compared to entering student scores and a control group. Seven of the 12 skills showed statistically significant increases. The implication being that an MBA program does add value to students that is not necessarily obtained through work experience alone.
Jasmonate-inducible plant defences cause increased parasitism of herbivores

In many plants, defence systems against herbivores are induced through the octadecanoid pathway1,2, which may also be involved in recruiting natural enemies of herbivores3. This pathway can beinduced by treating plants with jasmonic acid4 or by natural herbivory, and increases resistance against herbivorous insects intomato plants5, in part by causing production of toxic and antinutritive proteinase inhibitors and oxidative enzymes6,7,8. Herbivore-infested tomato plants release increased amounts of volatiles9 and attract natural enemies of the herbivores10, as do other plants11,12,13,14,15. The octadecanoid pathway may regulate production of these volatiles, which attract host-seeking parasitic wasps16,17. However, plant resistance compounds can adversely affect parasitoids as well as herbivores18. It is unclear whether the combination of increased retention and/or attractiveness of parasitic wasps to induced plants and the adverse effects of plant defence compounds on both caterpillars and parasitoids results in a net increase in parasitization of herbivores feeding on induced plants.Here I show that inducing plants with jasmonic acid increases parasitism of caterpillar pests in an agricultural field twofold. Thus, elicitors of plant resistance may become useful in agriculture.
Nanogold in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis

The sections in this article are Introduction Medicinal use of Gold: A Historical Perspective Application of Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Angiogenesis and Cancer Agents that Inhibit Endothelial Proliferation or Response Agents that Block Activation of Angiogenesis Agents that Block Extracellular Matrix Breakdown Unique Anti-angiogenic Properties of Gold Nanoparticles Gold Nanoparticles Inactivate VEGF165 What is the Mechanism of Action? Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on the Activity of VEGF165, VEGF121, bFGF and EGF Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Signaling Events of VEGF165 Effect of Nanogold on Downstream Signaling events of VEGF165 Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Migration of HUVEC Cells Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on Angiogenesis in vivo Gold Radioisotopes in Cancer Treatment Application of Gold Conjugates in the Treatment of Cancer Gold–TNF Conjugate in Cancer Therapeutics “2 in 1” System in Cancer Therapeutics Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles Cellular Adhesion Effects Local Biological Effects Systemic and Remote Effects Effects of the Host on the Implant Addressing the Biocompatibility of Gold Nanoparticles using DNA Microarray Analysis Internalization of Gold Nanoparticles by HUVECs Nanogold Particles do not Alter Global Pattern of Transcription by HUVEC Cells under Serum-free Conditions Nanogold Particles do not Alter the Global Pattern of Transcription by HUVECs in Near-normal Culture Conditions Synthetic Approaches to Gold Nanoparticles Chemical Methods Physical Methods Biological Methods Nanotechnology in Detection and Diagnosis with Gold Nanoparticles Cancer Detection Detection in DNA Single-mismatch Detection in DNA Future Direction Acknowledgments
The dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem: Part III. Incorporating traffic dynamics

In the two preceding papers, we established the so-called J-system as the dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem for static case and developed corresponding numerical solution methods. In this paper, we present J-system formulation of the dynamic traffic assignment problem. Here we first extend the definition of J-functions of First-In-First-Out violation for a dynamic traffic network. Then we propose both discrete and continuous J-systems, whose steady states are defined as (dynamic) Jequilibria (JE) and stable steady states as (dynamic) user equilibria (UE). Then we present finite difference method and perturbation-based method intrinsic to J-system for solving JE and UE. For a simple network we show that the finite difference method gives convergent solutions measured by J-index of convergence and that the perturbationbased method yields UE solutions. This finishes our initial discussions of the dynamic system of the traffic assignment problem. We expect these studies to have fundamental and profound impacts on studying transportation systems and other social systems with user equilibria.
Multifractal anisotropic scaling of the hydraulic conductivity

[1] We analyzed the scaling properties of the hydraulic conductivity K at three sites in Northern America: MADE, Borden, and Cape Cod. We found that K at all sites exhibits multifractality (fractal and multiscaling) in both the vertical and horizontal directions, though the multiscaling was within a range smaller than that of the maximum distance between measurements. In the vertical direction, the K data for MADE, Borden, and Cape Cod were multiscaling from 0.15 to 1.35 m, 0.05 to 0.5 m, and 0.15 to 0.9 m, respectively. They were multiscaling in the horizontal direction from 9 to 45 m, 1 to 10 m, and 1 to 17 m, respectively. The multiscaling was also anisotropic. Evidence of scaling was poorest for the horizontal direction of the MADE site, and it spanned half an order of magnitude. Such results compel one to treat multifractality in the horizontal direction of MADE as supported by heuristic arguments, rather than by pure statistical evaluation. We fitted a multifractal model to the data and estimated its parameters. We found the underlying statistics of all data to be non-Gaussian, and the model capable of reproducing the probability distribution of K data, especially the negative skewness of log K. We also generated two-dimensional isotropic multifractal fields illustrating the role of the parameters of the selected multifractal model.
Does religious involvement protect against early drinking? A behavior genetic approach

Background: Adolescent involvement in religious organizations has been hypothesized to protect against early age at first drink. However, the correlation between adolescent religiosity and later age at first drink may be confounded by environmental or genetic differences between families. This study tests whether, after controlling for shared environmental and genetic confounds using a behavior genetic design, the association between individual levels of religiosity and earlier age at first drink is still evident. Method: Twin and sibling pairs were drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally-representative sample of US adolescents. Age at first drink was measured as how old adolescents were when they first had a drink of beer, wine, or liquor. Religiosity was measured using four items concerning frequency of religious activities and importance of religious beliefs. Using twins and siblings who were discordant for religiosity, analyses tested whether religious adolescents had a later age at first drink than their non-religious co-twins/co-siblings. Results: Religious adolescents did not differ from their non-religious siblings in their mean age at first drink. Results from survival models indicate that environmental differences between families completely account for the correlation between religiosity and later age at first drink. Conclusions: Results suggest that individual religious involvement is a proxy variable for family or cultural environments that are salient for when adolescents initiate alcohol use. Future research is needed to identify specific protective environments in religious families. These results have implications for both public policy and etiological theory. Language: en
Interpretation of the Polysomnogram in Children

Polysomnography (PSG) is a useful tool for the diagnosis of sleep disorders in children. This multichannel study obtains information about sleep architecture, respiratory effort, movements during sleep, respiratory events, and gas exchange to facilitate the evaluation of children who have disrupted sleep or suspected SDB. Children should be studied in a sleep laboratory equipped for and staffed with personnel comfortable with and experienced in the performance of PSG in children. The scoring and interpretation of PSG differs in children and adults. The pediatric PSG should be interpreted by a pediatric professional knowledgeable in normal development and sleep disorders in children.
Quantification of Human Abdominal Tissue Tightening and Contraction After Component Treatments With 1064-nm/1320-nm Laser-Assisted Lipolysis: Clinical Implications

Internal lipoplasty (iLAL) represents an evolving procedure that depends on delivery of sufficient and controlled thermal energy for lipolysis and collagen denaturation. Of the two outcomes, the particular advantage of iLAL may exist in its capability to selectively denature, remodel, and contract collagen and elastin fibers for eventual skin contraction. Despite the practice of sound laser principles and clinical outcomes, laser lipolysis has not been readily accepted because of its yet unproven advantages over other liposuction devices. This limited clinical research study on the lower abdomen of three female subjects provides objective data by Vectra 3D analysis (Canfield Scientific, Fairfield, New Jersey) of significant skin contraction (average, 9.1% at three months; average, 7.6% at six months) as a consequence of the application of sequential wavelengths of 8 W 1064 nm/8 W 1320 nm within the shallow but not the deep subdermal layers. The application of sustained and confluent thermal injury within the targeted 4 x 10-cm rectangular panel (zone 5) was continually monitored by an internal temperature-sensing cannula (45-47 degrees C) and by an external surface temperature-sensing infrared camera, recording surface skin temperatures to 40-42 degrees C threshold levels. Minimal skin contraction was measured at three months in panels that were treated by tumescence (1.1%, zone 1) and cannulation (1.5%, zone 2). Of interest, the slight increase in skin contraction in zones treated by volume reduction after liposuction (3.6%, zone 3) or deep lasing plus liposuction (3.6%, zone 4) may be due more to skin accommodation than active skin contraction. The second highest amount of skin contraction was observed in zone 6 (4.2%), which was treated by shallow lasing, liposuction, and deep lasing. Further quantitative clinical studies will be needed to validate these findings.
Atmospheric Correction of Spectral Imagery from Sensor Systems with Changing Viewing Geometry over a Scene

Simulated radiance cubes are used to gain a quantitative understanding of FLAASH reflectance retrieval errors due to viewing geometry errors. For a particular zenith view angle error, the retrieval error increases as the viewing becomes more off-nadir.
Lessons from Vermont's Health Care Reform

In May 2011, Vermont Governor Peter Shumlin signed legislation to implement a single-payer, publicly financed, universal health care system. Vermont's reform efforts provide valuable lessons for other states in implementing provisions of the Affordable Care Act.
BEHAVIOUR OF MR FLUIDS IN SQUEEZE MODE.

The behaviour of three types of magnetorheological fluids under squeeze mode was investigated. A special device was designed and fabricated to perform these experiments which were carried out on an Instron Multiaxial Testing Machine. The hysteresis loops of the MR fluids were studied for different intensities of magnetic field, frequency, strain amplitude and angular amplitude. The results showed that the damping force and the area of the hysteresis loop of MR fluids increase with the magnetic field (or electric current i) and displacement amplitude (x0). Changes to the frequency (f) produced different behaviour of the various MR fluids. The peak compressive force was found to increase with the increase in number of cycles (N).
A new path to benzene in flames

We present a study of the unimolecular steps in a pathway leading from propargyl radicals to benzene. Specifically, reactions of 1,5-hexadiyne, a recombination product of propargyl radicals, were examined in two different reactors. In atmospheric pressure flow experiments, the sole product at 250°–400°C was 1,2-dimethylenecyclobutene, with k/s −1 =10 11.7 exp(−35.5 kcal/RT). At 460°–550°C this product isomerized to benzene and fulvene, with k/s −1 =10 12.9 exp(−50.0 kcal/RT). In very low pressure flow experiments, all three cyclic products were formed in parallel. Differences in the two experimental results originate from “chemical activation” in the low pressure experiments. These results imply that recombination products of propargyl radicals in flames irreversibly generates benzene and fulvene. An analysis of Westmoreland's low pressure acetylene flame data 4 indicates that this channel can fully account for reported rates of benzene formation. It is also consistent with this channel being the first stage in the formation of larger aromatic substances.
From Management as a Vocation to Management as a Scientific Activity: An Institutional Account of a Paradigm Shift

Using an institutional perspective, I analyze the historic circumstances surrounding the shift from a management as a vocation model to one that is scientifically based. I argue that prior to World War II, the management education field was fragmented but dominated by a vocational model in which specific trade practices and skills were taught. I trace how the institutional field shifted to embrace a model of management education that was tightly linked to empirical research. Using the Academy of Management Journal articles as a marker for this paradigm shift, I test hypotheses about the diffusion pattern of science-based concepts of management education.
Diophantine Unsolvability over p-Adic Function Fields

Abstract We show Diophantine undecidability for F ( t ) where F is a characteristic zero Local field associated to an odd prime or one of its subfields. In the process, we give decision methods for isotropy of a class of quadratic forms over single variable national function fields.
Review of taxonomic studies on freshwater Cladocera from India with remarks on biogeography

Ninety three species (97 taxa) of freshwater Cladocera are reported from India. Remarks are made on the nature and composition of the Indian cladoceran fauna and as well on the biogeography of various taxa.
X-ray scattering studies of orientation in channel flows of a thermotropic liquid–crystalline polymer

In situ wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) orientation measurements are reported for a commercial thermotropic copolyester melt in channel flows. This investigation includes extensive examination of the orientation effects of mixed shear-extensional kinematics produced by channel flows with varying cross sections. Extensional gradients in a slit-contraction flow produce large increases in orientation, similar to those seen in lyotropes. In sharp slit-expansion flow, a bimodal orientation state is observed in which one population is aligned in the downstream direction while the other lies perpendicular to the expected local streamlines. This is attributed to stretching transverse to the flow direction in expansion regions. Weaker extensional gradients in a gradual expansion lead to a smaller effect. Flow along the centerline upstream and downstream of an obstruction leads to behavior similar to that observed in expansions and contractions, while flow around a sharp 90° bend produces orientation that tracks the expected streamlines, without significant change in the degree of orientation. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3411–3428, 1999
Properties of the water dissolved membrane proteins of human erythrocytes.

Abstract Human erythrocyte membrane proteins were dissolved in water employing a modification of the method of Mazia and Ruby. About 40% of ghost proteins were recovered in distilled water. More than 85% of the water dissolved proteins remained in the supernatant on sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, forming one major peak with a sedimentation rate of approx. 3 S. All proteins in the supernatant penetrated a 5% acrylamide gel on electrophoresis with a 5 mM Tris-38 mM glycine buffer system, suggesting that most of the water dissolved proteins are highly dissociated. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed about 15 protein components or polypeptide chains in the water dissolved protein fraction. The dissolution of ghost proteins into water is partially selective. Moderate amounts of virus receptor substance and complement inhibitor were detected in the water dissolved fraction while the membrane bound enzymes acetylcholinesterase and (Na + −K + )-dependent ATPase were almost absent. The water dissolved proteins aggregated readily in the presence of low concentrations of electrolytes. This tendency for aggregation prevented further fractionation of the water dissolved proteins by gel filtration or by preparative zone electrophoresis.
Substituted piperazine and indole compounds increase extracellular serotonin in rat diencephalon as determined by in vivo microdialysis

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine the effects of 5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)-1H-indole (RU24969) and 1-(m-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine (TFMPP) on extracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the diencephalon of unanesthetized rats. Both RU24969 and TFMPP are potent 5-HT autoreceptor agonists but both compounds caused a dose-dependent increase in extracellular 5-HT, when infused into the diencephalon at micromolar concentrations. The piperazine compound, TFMPP, also caused an increase in 5-HT when administered peripherally (2.5-10 mg/kg i.p.). In contrast, peripheral administration of RU24969 (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) caused a decrease in extracellular 5-HT. Since the effects of local infusion with RU24969 and TFMPP were not additive with the increase produced by the inhibitor of the uptake of 5-HT, fluoxetine, these compounds may be acting at the site of the membrane carrier. These results suggest that direct 5-HT1 agonist activity is not the only factor involved in the physiological and behavioral consequences of peripheral administration of TFMPP.
Some Krasnosel'skii numbers for finitely starlike sets in the plane

Let S be a subset of the plane. In case (int cl S) ∼ S = ℝ, then S is finitely starlike if and only if every 4 points of S see via S a common point. In case (int cl S) ∼ S has at most countably many components, each a singleton set, then S is finitely starlike if and only if every 5 points of S see via S a common point. Each of the numbers 4 and 5 is best possible. Examples show that these results fail without suitable restrictions on (int cl S) ∼ S. Moreover, a final example shows that if a general Krasnosel'skii number λ. exists to characterize finitely starlike sets in the plane, then λ > 9.
Lourdes: healing in a place of pilgrimage

Abstract This paper examines the factors which have contributed to Lourdes' attraction for millions as a place of healing: the religious pilgrimage tradition; Lourdes' central role in political, economic, social, and cultural changes in France; belief in miraculous cures reported at Lourdes; and the pilgrim experience. Themes emphasized throughout the paper are physical, mental, and spiritual transformation; historical contingency; the role of faith; place meaning; and a contested reality.
Electric-field-modulated reflectivity at a liquid-crystal-substrate interface

Measurements of reflectivity versus ac electric field E were performed in the nematic phase of octylcyanobiphenyl homeotropically aligned between two indium tin oxide\char21{}coated glass slides. The change in reflectivity \ensuremath{\delta}R was found to be linear in E, with d(\ensuremath{\delta}R)/dE increasing monotonically toward the nematic-isotropic transition temperature. In addition, the phase of \ensuremath{\delta}R at the front and back surfaces differed by \ensuremath{\pi}. Such an effect will arise from t/Iorder electricity, whereby a term proportional to the product of the electric field and the gradient of the nematic order parameter appears in the bulk free energy. This term integrates to yield a pair of surface terms such that there is a y/Ilinear change in the order parameter close to the interface. Similar terms will also arise from ferroelectric interactions at the surface.
The Importance of Risk in Determining the Extent to Which Attitudes Affect Intentions to Wear Seat Belts

Stasson and Fishbein (1990) reported findings indicating that college students' intentions to wear seat belts in low-risk situations were attitudinally controlled, while their intentions to wear seat belts in high-risk situations were normatively controlled. If these findings are valid, manipulations of attitude (toward wearing a seat belt) should have a greater impact on intentions to wear a seat belt in a safe situation than on intentions to wear a seat belt in a risky situation. Three experiments provided strong support for this hypothesis. The implications of these findings for defining behavior and for designing interventions to increase seat-belt use are discussed.
How do braided river dynamics affect sediment storage

Braided rivers, with their continuously changing network of channels, are highly dynamic systems. Four mechanisms of channel change and evolution are considered the classic mechanisms of braided river formation: development of central bars, conversion of single transverse bars to midchannel braid bars, formation of chutes, and dissection of multiple-braid bars. There have been few studies, though, on how each of these braiding mechanisms contributes to changes in sediment storage and to the dynamics of a river. In one of the first field studies on the topic, Wheaton et al. analyzed repeat topographic surveys conducted over a 5-year period of the River Feshie, an active, braided, gravel bed river in the United Kingdom.
Gastrulation in Xenopus laevis: involution—a current view

Abstract In this article, we describe some of the morphogenetic movements reshaping the Xenopus laevis embryo during gastrulation. We have learned a great deal about these movements in recent years through advances made in explant culture techniques. Here, we will focus on involution, the process by which mesoderm is internalized and placed in between ectoderm and endoderm. Our aim is to present our current view of how involution takes place in the dorsal involuting marginal zone of the Xenopus embryos.
Ericksonian approaches to hypnosis and therapy: Where are we now?

Ericksonian approaches to psychotherapy and hypnosis have had a significant impact on many clinical practitioners over the last two decades. This article reviews the current empirical research with regard to the efficacy of these treatment approaches as well as for the key Ericksonian assumptions of: (a) belief in an altered state of consciousness and the existence of specific markers indicating an altered state; (b) the superiority of indirect suggestion over direct suggestion; and (c) client hypnotizability is a function of the hypnotist's skill. The current literature provides empirical support neither for efficacy nor for these key assumptions. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for empirically based research to test the efficacy of Ericksonian therapy and its core components, lest this approach become isolated from the scientific hypnosis and therapy communities.
A Hybrid Vortex-ADI Solution for Flows of Low Viscosity

Abstract A hybrid numerical scheme is presented for use on two-dimensional, incompressible flows of low viscosity. The scheme divides the domain D into two regions, D1 and D2, and the Navier-Stakes equations are solved by different methods in each. In the region D1, which is composed of a narrow strip adjoining the boundary, the grid-free vortex method is used. An alternating direction implicit (ADI) method is used in the interior domain D2 which contains that part of D that lies a short distance away from the boundary. The hybrid method allows vorticity exchange between the two regions by partially merging and realigning them. Boundary conditions for the vorticity are automatically treated by the vortex method. Favorable numerical results have been obtained for the problem of recirculating flow in a square cavity for Reynolds numbers of 400 and 1000.
Biochemical remission after resection of prostate cancer lung metastasis

Once metastatic, prostate cancer was regarded as a systemic disease that is not amenable to surgical therapy. We present a case of a solitary pulmonary recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy that was resected, resulting in 12 years of biochemical remission without additional therapy.
Condensation of gold on gold single crystals

Abstract The effective condensation coefficient, α eff , for gold atoms incident on the (100) plane of a gold single crystal has been determined as a function of crystal temperature. The value of α eff is near unity at temperatures below 900° K but as the temperature is further increased, α eff decreases nearly exponentially. Incident atoms are not all incorporated into the crystal lattice at temperatures below approximately 900° K, rather, crystallites nucleate and grow on the substrate surface. At 1000° K epitaxial growth occurs. The results have been considered in terms of a growth model suggested by Burton, Cabrera and Frank in which the surface consists of a sequence of steps. The resulting theoretical expression for α eff is compared to the experimental results using an activation energy for desorption based on coordination number, previously determined theoretical and experimental values of the activation energy for surface diffusion and, appropriate step spacings. It is postulated that the observed crystallites may result from nucleation of adsorbed atoms when the deposition rate and surface temperature favor strong interaction between the adsorbed atoms, i.e., the mean free path of the adsorbed specie on the crystal surface is less than the spacing of the growth steps.
Gas Bubble Disease in Smallmouth Bass and Northern Squawfish from the Snake and Columbia Rivers

Abstract In 1975 and 1976, 179 smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieui) and 85 northern squawfish (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) were collected by angling from the lower Snake and mid-Columbia rivers, southeastern Washington. All fish were examined externally for gas bubble syndrome. Emboli were found beneath membranes of the opercula, body, and fins of 72% of the smallmouth bass and 84% of the northern squawfish. Hemorrhage was also noted on the caudal, anal, and pectoral fins of several smallmouth bass. Presence of gas bubble syndrome corresponded to the spring runoff when total dissolved gas supersaturations in river water exceeded 115%.
Predicting success in a first programming course

The results of a study to develop a predictor of success in a first programming course are presented. The predictor is based on data currently available for a substantial number of students and is tailored to the local program. This predictor is developed using data from a group of students who took the course in the fall of 1980. The results obtained by applying the predictor to a second group of students who took the course in the fall of 1981 are compared with these students' actual grades.
Treatment plan optimization using linear programming

Linear programming is a versatile mathematical tool for optimizing radiation therapytreatment plans. For planning purposes, dose constraint points, possible treatment beams, and an objective function are defined. Dose constraint points are specified in and about the target volume and normal structures with minimum and maximum dose values assigned to each point. A linear objective function is designed that defines the goal of optimization. A list of potential treatment beams is defined by energy, angle, and wedge selection. Then, linear programming calculates the relative weights of all the potential beams such that the objective function is optimized and doses to all constraint points are within the prescribed limits. Historically, linear programming has been used to improve conventional treatment techniques. It can also be used to create sophisticated, complex treatment plans suitable for delivery by computer‐controlled therapy techniques.
Effects of phenobarbital, phenylbutazone, 3,4-benzpyrene, or 3-methylcholanthrene on ethanol metabolism in the rat

Abstract Repeated daily administration of phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene, agents known to activate hepatic microsomal enzyme systems, produced significant acceleration of the rate of ethanol metabolism as shown directly by using liver homogenates, and indirectly by demonstrating antagonism of the hypnotic and toxic effects of ethanol in intact animals. The carcinogen 3,4-benzpyrene, also known to activate microsomal enzymes, reduced ethanol sleeping time and toxicity significantly, yet failed to accelerate ethanol metabolism in vitro . Another enzyme inducer, phenylbutazone, was inactive by both direct and indirect procedures. Presumably ethyl alcohol dehydrogenase was “activated” by phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene in the in vitro studies. Sleeping times and toxicity were significantly reduced in the drug-pretreated, as compared to control, animals, yet plasma concentrations of ethanol were virtually identical in the two groups. It is concluded that some mechanism other than increased ethanol metabolism was responsible for the reduced sleeping time and lowered toxicity. This might involve reduced sensitivity of brain cells or altered permeability of the cell membranes to ethanol.
Image processing design flow for virtual fitting room applications used in mobile devices

The Virtual Fitting Room (VFR) application presented in this paper is a real-time human friendly interface, which allows trying new clothes using webcams or smartphones. We propose a three stage algorithm: detection and sizing of the user's body, detection of reference points based on face detection and augmented reality markers, and superimposition of the clothing over the user's image. The proposed algorithm is implemented as a universal Java applet using OpenCV library functions and it can run in real-time on existing mobile devices.
Gas transport properties of a series of poly (ether ketone) polymers

Abstract The gas sorption and transport properties of a series of poly(aryl ether ketone) materials are reported. In this series, the isopropylidene group (C(CH 3 ) 2 ) in the backbone are systematically replaced with a hexafluoroisopropylidene group (C(CF 3 ) 2 ). Dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to show that the substitution of C(CF 3 ) 2  for C(CH 3 ) 2  units results in a stiffer polymer chain. Free-volume calculations show that the substitution opens up the polymer structure and leads to an increase in diffusion coefficients. Methane and carbon dioxide sorption measurements were made to examine the solubility and diffusivity contributions to the permeability. The permeability increases as C(CF 3 ) 2  units replace the C(CH 3 ) 2  groups and, in general, it is the increase in diffusivity that accounts for the permeability increase. Along with the increase in permeability is an increase in the selectivity for gas pairs like helium/methane and carbon dioxide/methane. This simultaneous increase in permselectivity and permeability when C(CF 3 ) 2  units replace C(CH 3 ) 2  units seems to be a general trend, as it has been observed for polycarbonate and polysulphone materials as well.
ANTI‐POVERTY EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MINIMUM LIVING STANDARD ASSISTANCE POLICY IN URBAN CHINA

Since its inception 15 years ago, the Minimum Living Standard Assistance (MLSA) has served as a last resort for China's urban poor. Using national household survey data, this study provides updated evidence on the participation rate, receipt amount, and anti-poverty effectiveness of MLSA. Families eligible for MLSA make up 2.3 percent of the urban population, but only about half of them are actual beneficiaries. City MLSA generosity and household entitled benefit amount both positively correlate with participation rate and household receipt amount. MLSA lowers the poverty rate somewhat, but substantially reduces the poverty gap and severity for its eligible participants. Nevertheless, the poverty reduction role of MLSA is restricted by its partial coverage and delivery. Consequentially, poverty remains a serious problem for MLSA's target population. The anti-poverty effectiveness of MLSA can be strengthened by full coverage and delivery of benefits and by paying special attention to disadvantaged subgroups.
Mycoplasmacidal action of bovine complement mediated by bovine IgG1, IgG2 or IgM

Abstract The effect of several inhibitors of complement were examined in haemolytic, bactericidal and myoplasmacidal systems with bovine serum as the complement source. It appears that although EGTA-Mg allows the alternative complement pathway to function in a haemolytic system it has an inhibitory effect on this pathway in bactericidal and mycoplasmacidal systems. Both ϵ-aminocaproic acid and salcyladoxime were found to be useful for distinguishing the complement pathways in bovine serum and the results of experiments with these substances indicated that bovine IgG1 and IgG2 activated bovine complement, with a mycoplasma as the target cell, by the classical pathway. Mycoplasma bovis , which unlike Acholeplasma laidlawii , does not activate the alternate pathway in gnotobiotic-calf serum, was killed by serum from cattle that had not been infected previously with this mycoplasma. In this case killing was apparently mediated by cross-reacting IgM and complement via the classical pathway.
Perceptual Sensitivity to Dimensional and Similarity Relations in Free and Rule-Governed Classifications.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the perceptual primacy of dimensional and similarity relations in the stimulus classifications of younger and older subjects. In Experiment 1, 4- and 10-year-olds were given free classifications in which they could group stimuli according to overall similarity or identities in size, color, or orientation. Both age groups classified stimuli most frequently according to identities on separate dimensions. In Experiment 2, 4-year-olds and adults were given free classifications followed by rule-governed classifications which required them to group stimuli according to specific relations. In the free classifications, a majority of subjects in both age groups classified the stimuli most frequently according to identities on separate dimensions. In the rule-governed classifications, both age groups were more accurate when a single separate relation was required for solution than when overall similarity was required. These results support a differential-sensitivity view of perceptual development, which asserts that individuals at all ages primarily perceive and use separate relations.
Construction and immunogenicity of DNA vaccine plasmids encoding four Plasmodium vivax candidate vaccine antigens

Plasmodium vivax is the second most common agent of human malaria. Although infection is rarely fatal, it nonetheless imposes a significant burden of illness in endemic areas. A successful vaccine against P. vivax will likely need to induce immune responses against both pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage forms of the parasite. Accordingly, we constructed eight nucleic acid vaccines based on four antigens, the circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP) and sporozoite surface protein 2 (PvSSP2) from the pre-erythrocytic stage, and apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1) and merozoite surface protein 1 (PvMSP1) from the erythrocytic stage. The constructs induced high levels of specific antibody in mice regardless of whether the antigen was expressed in native form or fused to a human tissue plasminogen activator leader peptide. High titer antibodies induced against PvCSP did not react with the protective AGDR epitope within the sequence of this antigen. These results support the immunogenicity of these four vaccine candidate antigens when delivered as nucleic acid vaccines.
Neurologic benefits from the use of early cardiopulmonary resuscitation

The efficacy of bystander CPR in resuscitation from cardiac arrest when defibrillation is available within five to six minutes has been questioned. Epidemiologic studies from different cities have shown conflicting results. We conducted a study to determine the effect of early CPR versus no CPR on resuscitability, 24-hour survival, and neurologic deficit in an animal model of cardiac arrest. Twenty-two mongrel dogs were subjected to five minutes of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation. In 11 dogs, closed-chest massage and ventilation with room air was begun immediately and was continued for five minutes. The other 11 dogs received no CPR. At five minutes defibrillation was attempted and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) protocols were followed until the animal was resuscitated or died. No statistical difference in resuscitability or 24-hour survival between the two groups was demonstrated. Eight of 11 "early CPR" animals were resuscitated and survived 24 hours; six of 11 "no CPR" dogs were resuscitated, and five lived for 24 hours. A significant difference was demonstrated by the Student t test in neurologic deficit and ease of resuscitation. "Early CPR" dogs had no neurologic deficit, while "no CPR" dogs had a 41% deficit (P less than .01). "Early CPR" dogs were resuscitated in significantly less time once ACLS was started (29 versus 317 seconds), and required less electrical energy (100 versus 560 J), fewer countershocks (1.3 versus 4.0), and less epinephrine (0.1 versus 1.7 mg) than did "no CPR" animals. In this animal model of cardiac arrest, early CPR was shown to be beneficial to neurologic function and ease of resuscitation, even when ACLS was provided within five minutes.
Effect of Solution Concentration, Surface Bias and Protonation on the Dynamic Response of Amplitude-Modulated Atomic Force Microscopy in Water

The dynamic response of amplitude-modulated atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM) is studied at the solid/water interface with respect to changes in ionic concentration, applied surface potential, and surface protonation. Each affects the electric double layer in the solution, charge on the tip and the sample surface, and thus the forces affecting the dynamic response. A theoretical model is developed to relate the effective stiffness and hydrodynamic damping of the AFM cantilever that is due to the tip/surface interaction with the phase and amplitude signals measured in the AM-AFM experiments. The phase and amplitude of an oscillating cantilever are measured as a function of tip-sample distance in three experiments: mica surface in potassium nitrate solutions with different concentrations, biased gold surface in potassium nitrate solution, and carboxylic acid-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold in potassium nitrate pH buffers. Results show that, over the range where the higher harmonic modes of the oscillation are negligible, the effective stiffness of the AFM cantilever increases to a maximum as the tip approaches the surface before declining again as a result of the repulsive electrical double layer interaction. For attractive electrical double-layer interactions, the effective stiffness declines monotonically as the tip approaches the surface. Similarly, the hydrodynamic damping of the tip increases and then decreases as the tip approaches the solid/water interface, with the magnitude depending on the species present in the solution.
EXPOSURE OF MAMMARY EPITHELIA TO LACTOGENIC HORMONES CAUSES GOLGI SEQUESTRATION AND PLASMA MEMBRANE POLARIZATION OF GLUCOSE TRANSPORT ACTIVITY. • 521

Synthesis from glucose of lactose and lipid within the lactating mammary gland determines the volume and caloric content of milk. Glucose must be transported not only across the basal plasma membrane of mammary epithelia(ME), but also into the Golgi, the site of lactose synthesis. My purpose was to determine changes in the subcellular localization of glucose transporters in ME cells in response to lactogenic hormones. Mouse CIT3 ME cells (kindly supplied by Dr. P. Neville, Univ. of Colorado), derived from Comma-1-D cells, are maintained in the presence of insulin and EGF (growth medium, GM) and differentiate in the presence of prolactin and dexamethasone (secretion medium, SM). Differentiation of CIT3 cells causes an increase in total cellular GLUT1 glucose transporters but a decrease in the proportion of GLUT1 at the cell surface. To test the hypothesis that GLUT1 is sequestered in the Golgi under these conditions, the subcellular localization of GLUT1 and of BODIPY-TR, a Golgi marker, was defined by dual-label immunocytochemistry. This demonstrated the localization of GLUT1 in Golgi. To study possible polarized targeting of GLUT1 to plasma membrane domains, cells were grown on tissue culture inserts. Basal membrane glucose transport activity was not significantly different in SM compared to GM, but apical membrane glucose transport activity fell 86%, so that the ratio of basal to apical glucose transport activity changed from 3:2 in GM to 9:1 in SM. Thus, differentiation of ME cells alters the subcellular localization of ME glucose transport activity such that it is targeted to Golgi and basal membrane, helping to meet the metabolic demands of lactation.
Mitochondria control expression of a murine cell surface antigen

Maternally transmitted antigen (Mta) is a murine cell-surface molecule defined by the reactivity of specific H-2 nonrestricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL-s). Maternal transmission appears to be under control of a stable genetic factor in the cytoplasm of the ovum. In view of the known maternal inheritance of mitochondria we have assessed their involvement in Mta expression using the mitochondria specific poison Rhodamine 6G (R6G). We report here that Mta expression in somatic cell hybrids requires functional mitochondria from the Mta+ parent cell line. Mta expression was dominant in hybrids from the fusion of Mta+ and Mta- cells. However, pretreatment of the Mta+ parent with R6G resulted in hybrids which were Mta-, or diminished in Mta expression. These data strongly implicate mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the expression of a cell-surface molecule, and define a system for studying a previously unrecognized mitochondrial function. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for mitochondrial control of the expression of a cell membrane molecule in eukaryotes.
Adipose tissue modulation of HDL

“...failure of obese adipose tissue to efficiently store [triglycerides] plays a major role in the indirect remodeling of HDL particles and thus in lowering circulating HDL-C levels.”