cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended conditioning and 24-hour retention in infants.

Abstract The successive contribution of brief daily conditioning sessions to the relatively long-term retention of stimulus-response interaction was assessed in 30 3-month-old infants. On each of 3 days, infants received a characteristic acquisition and extinction period, preceded by a 24-hr retention test. In addition to kick rate, duration of attention to a visual conjugate reinforcer (mobile) was measured. On the fourth day, the specificity of original learning was explored by exposing half the infants to a novel reinforcing agent while the remaining infants continued to view the original training mobile. Both kicks and attention significantly increased across successive retention tests for the first 3 days; on Day 4, infants viewing the novel mobile kicked significantly less and attended significantly longer than infants viewing the familiar mobile. Subsequent reattainment of high kick levels by the experimental group on Day 4 appeared to be highly individualistic and, in many instances, discontinuous.
Canonical Representation of Sugawara's Theory

We present canonical Lagrangian representations of Sugawara's theory of currents. Although there are some important differences, these Lagrangians resemble currently discussed phenomenological Lagrangians.
Growth of Syntrophomonas wolfei in pure culture on crotonate

A Synthrophomonas wolfei-Methanospirillum hungatei coculture was adapted to catabolize crotonate. S. wolfei was then isolated in axenic culture using agar spread plates and roll tubes with crotonate as the sole energy source. S. wolfei catabolized crotonate via a disproportionation mechanism similar to that of some Clostridium species. Growth on crotonate was very slow (specific growth rate of 0.029 h−1) but the conversion of energy into cell material was very efficient with cell yields of 14.6 g (dry wt.) per mol of crotonate. S. wolfei alone did not catabolize butyrate, but butyrate was stoichiometrically degraded to acetate and presumably methane when S. wolfei was reassociated with M. hungatei. S. wolfei-M. hungatei cocultures accumulated some butyrate during growth on crotonate indicating that protons were not the sole electron acceptors used for crotonate oxidation by the coculture.
Ventricular performance in adults after operation for congenital heart disease

Symptomatic ventricular dysfunction in adults who have had reparative operations for the more common congenital heart defects is uncommon. However, both invasive and noninvasive laboratory assessments of ventricular function have revealed abnormalities in some subsets of patients after repair of atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, aortic or pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries and tricuspid atresia. Possible causative factors of late ventricular dysfunction after repair include the duration and severity of volume or pressure overload; the duration and severity of cyanosis; intermittent episodes of imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand; residuae, sequelae and complications of treatment; and acquired disease. Further long-term follow-up studies are needed to assess the effect of current methods of therapy as well as timing of operative intervention on ventricular function in adults.
New method of hematocrit correction of whole blood viscosity

Abstract Hematocrit (HCT), the volume fraction of cells in whole blood, is one of the most important variables that affect the viscosity of whole blood. Matrai's HCT-correction model (Matrai model) provides a method of HCT-correction so that the blood viscosity can be compared at a standard HCT of 45%. Since the Matrai model requires the plasma viscosity, there is a need to have another method for HCT correction of the blood viscosity in cases when the plasma viscosity is not available. The present study introduced a new method of HCT correction using the whole blood viscosity measured over a range of shear rates without plasma viscosity. For validation of the new method, three different human blood samples were used. Each blood sample was reconstituted to eight different HCT levels (from 25 to 60%) and the blood viscosity at each HCT level was measured over a range of shear rates, including the blood viscosity at HCT 45%. HCT-correction results from the Matrai model and the present model were compared with the blood viscosity measured at HCT 45%. The present model gave significantly better HCT corrections (i.e., about 3 times less error) than the Matrai model.
Evidence for a role of conditioning in the development of tolerance to morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit in rats

Groups of rats were administered s.c. saline or morphine for 14 consecutive days and received morphine, saline or no treatment on day 15. Significant and consistent environmental cues were established through the treatment and test periods. Transit of a charcoal meal along the gastrointestinal tract, measured on day 15, was significantly greater in rats conditioned to daily morphine, followed by saline on day 15, than in any other group. This enhanced transit was approximately equal in magnitude to the amount of developed tolerance to morphine. These results support the hypothesis that tolerance to opiates may be partly explained by a compensatory conditioned physiological response opposing the acute effect.
Orbit topology in conventional stellarators in the presence of electric fields

Orbits are considered in conventional stellarators (i.e. with helical coils) using Boozer co-ordinates. The Advanced Toroidal Facility (ATF) in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, will be used as an example to study the effects of its configurational flexibility on orbit topology. It is shown that the symplectic integration technique yields superior results for single particle orbits. These orbits will be compared with predictions using the J* invariant. J* conservation allows examination and understanding of the global stellarator topology, both with and without radial electric fields
THE ANALYSIS OF SELF‐SELECTION TECHNIQUES WITHIN A MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAM∗

Abstract The research focus was on the process of self‐selection and the degree of success obtained by the 37 professional and technical employees who participated in the study. The main hypotheses centred around the relationships of time allotted to self‐development, the tempo of the learning, and success as measured by the number of completed lessons. An after‐only design was used to minimise interference and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was the statistical test. Results were significant beyond the 0‐01 level. A preliminary conclusion is that self‐selection is useful in allowing entry into such programs, but that organisational and individual support is required to maintain that behaviour. ∗Based on a paper presented to the National Convention of the National Society for Programmed Instruction at Rochester, New York, on April 3,1971.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Activates CCAAT Enhancer-binding Protein δ Gene Transcription in G0Growth-arrested Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells and in Involuting Mouse Mammary Gland

The CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors is implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in a variety of tissues. C/EBPδ is involved in regulating G0 growth arrest and apoptosis of mouse mammary epithelial cells. This study shows that activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), but not activation of Stat1 or Stat5, occurs concurrently with G0growth arrest of HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells, but not NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Promoter analysis demonstrates that the C/EBPδ promoter fragment involved in transcriptional activation during G0growth arrest contains a Stat3 binding site and that mutation of this site eliminates the G0 growth arrest inducibility of the C/EBPδ promoter. Overexpression of Stat3 increases C/EBPδ promoter activity during G0 growth arrest of HC11 cells, whereas dominant negative Stat3 decreases C/EBPδ promoter activity under the same conditions. Neither Stat3 overexpression nor dominant negative Stat3 expression influences C/EBPδ promoter activity in growing HC11 cells or G0 growth-arrested NIH3T3 cells, demonstrating that the effect is specific to G0 growth arrest of mammary epithelial cells. Band shift assays and antibody interference assays demonstrate specific binding of Stat3 to the acute phase response element in the C/EBPδ promoter in G0 growth-arrested HC11 cell extracts and 24 h involuting mouse mammary gland extracts. These data indicate that Stat3 activates C/EBPδ transcription in G0 growth-arrested mouse mammary epithelial cells and binds to the C/EBPδ promoter during involution. An autocrine mechanism of Stat3 activation is proposed.
Nonmedical ADHD stimulant use in fraternities.

Objective: Quantitative methods were used to investigate the use of nonmedical attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) stimulants by fraternity members. Method: Three hundred thirty-three fraternity members at a large, public southeastern research university in the United States were surveyed in classes and at other campus locations. Once those with legal prescriptions for ADHD stimulants were removed (n = 26), the sample size was 307. Results: Of the study participants, 55% (n = 170) reported the nonmedical use of ADHD stimulants. Use was significantly higher among upperclassmen, those living off campus, and those who regularly smoke marijuana. The vast majority of fraternity members (1) reported academic motives for use, (2) did not view ADHD stimulants as dangerous, and (3) procured stimulants from their friends. Conclusions: These results demonstrate a high rate of use of these drugs in a campus population. More studies on nonmedical users (and suppliers of users) are needed, as are educationa...
A New Route for Installing the Isocyclic Ring on Chlorins Yielding 131-Oxophorbines

A new route to 131-oxophorbines, the parent macrocycle of chlorophylls, begins with the synthesis of a 13-bromochlorin. Pd-mediated coupling of the latter with tributyl(1-ethoxyvinyl)tin and subsequent acidic hydrolysis afforded the 13-acetylchlorin (1). Treatment of 1 with NBS afforded the 15-bromo analogue in 70% yield. Pd-mediated α-arylation closed the isocyclic ring to give the 131-oxophorbine (2) in 85% yield. Facile access to 131-oxophorbines should enable a variety of spectroscopic studies and diverse applications.
Ergodic to non-ergodic transition monitored by scattered light intensity statistics

Abstract Many soft materials, such as gels or glasses, exhibit both a fast and a very slow relaxation behavior, often related to thermally activated processes restoring ergodicity. Pusey and Van Megen (Physica A 157 (1989) 705), have elaborated a theory that allows the usage of standard light scattering techniques to treat systems that are dynamically arrested, or non-ergodic, over the experimental time-scale. This theory concerning the distribution of intensity scattered by non-ergodic media is here extended, by taking into account second order temporal coherence of scattered radiation. The time-integrated intensity distribution function so obtained allows to distinguish between fast and slow contributions when the two time scales are not (or not yet) completely separated. Thus, by simple and quick static light scattering measurements one can follow an ergodic-to-non-ergodic transition. We present an experiment on gelation kinetics of sucrose–pectin systems, which illustrates the quality of the method, and show how the gel network is formed out of a homogeneous solution.
Competition and the Compensation of Sharecroppers by Race: A View from Plantations in the Early Twentieth Century☆

Abstract Using evidence from an unpublished census of plantations in 1911, we find that across plantations in Georgia, black and white sharecroppers received equal pay. Coupled with evidence on the mobility of agricultural workers and wage equality of farm laborers, our finding supports the view of competitiveness in the southern agricultural labor market in the early 20th century.
Effects of frequent out-of-feed events on growth performance of nursery and grow-finish pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of out-of-feed events on nursery and grow-finish pig performance. An out-of-feed event is a period of time that pigs do not have access to feed as a result of late feed delivery or bridging in bulk bins, feed lines, or feeders. In these studies, we created an out-of-feed event by removing the feeders from pens or preventing access to the feeder. In Exp. 1, 190 pigs (initially 6.4 +/- 1.6 kg and 21 +/- 3 d of age) were used in a 35-d growth study. Treatments involved a 20-h feed withdrawal for 1, 2, or 3 randomly selected times or a control treatment where feeders were never withdrawn. Feeders were withdrawn on d 11 for pigs with 1 out-of-feed event, d 8 and 23 for pigs with 2 out-of-feed events, and d 9, 14, and 20 for pigs with 3 out-of-feed events. There was a treatment (P 0.86) in growth performance among pigs with 0, 1, 2, or 3 out-of-feed events. In Exp. 2, 479 pigs (initially 41.6 +/- 4 kg) were used in an 85-d growth study. Treatments involved feed withdrawal (20 h) weekly for the duration of the study; feed withdrawn weekly from d 45 to 85; or a control treatment where pigs had access to feed for the duration of the experiment. Feed withdrawal occurred on a randomly selected day with the exception of Saturday, Sunday, or a day before a weigh day (usually a Thursday every other week). From d 0 to 45, 46 to 85, and the overall d 0 to 85 period, there were no differences (P > 0.12) in ADG, ADFI, G:F, or average final BW among treatments. Results suggest that out-of-feed events of 20 h or less have no long-term detrimental effects on growth performance in nursery or grow-finish pigs.
Carbon‐13 NMR spectra of nineteen (1R)‐(+)‐camphor derivatives

Nineteen derivatives of (1R)-( + )-camphor with deutero, fluoro, bromo, iodo, keto, and hydroxyl functionalities at carbons 3, 5, 8, or 9 have been examined using 13C NMR. The chemical shifts for each carbon of these substituted camphor derivatives have been assigned using broad band decoupling and the refocused INEPT pulse sequence.
Stability analysis of the non-linear nuclear reactor

The stability of the nuclear reactor with temperature-dependent feedback is studied in the context of bifurcation theory of non-linear eigenvalue problems. The case of prompt Doppler effect is considered, in which the reactor temperature is proportional to the neutron flux. The multiple solutions of the non-linear boundary-value problem are constructed in the form of a perturbation expansion about the steady-state solution of the associated linear equation. The first and higher-order terms are thereby defined by inhomogeneous linear perturbation problems, which can be solved by a classical eigenfunction expansion method. The conditions for asymptotic stability, neutral stability and instability are considered. The threshold of instability ‘ in the large ’ for a solution known to be stable ‘ in the small’ is also examined.
Gender Representation in Children's Language Arts Computer Software

Two sets of software developed for early reading instruction (top rated and best selling) were reviewed and evaluated for gender portrayal of central and secondary characters of the opposite sex. Male central characters were present in 37% of the top-rated computer software and in 63% of the best selling software. Female central characters were observed in 16% of the top-rated software and 11% of the best selling software. The lack of consistency between children's software requires further investigation. In a more positive vein, when central characters and secondary characters of the opposite sex were compared for salient characteristics that could be classified as sex role stereotyping, no differences were observed.
Not good enough and on a tether: exploring how violent relationships impact women's sense of self.

Abstract There is general agreement among researchers that partner violence and self-esteem are significantly inversely correlated. Several qualitative researchers have examined women's narratives within small samples for self statements and discovered references to lost or damaged sense of self. However, the process by which partner violence impacts women's sense of self and the extent of its influence on women's sense of self remains unclear. To further our understanding, the current study explored 100 women's sense of self in the context of their relationships. Women responded to open ended questions about how they describe themselves, influences on their sense of self, and perceived self changes. Participants in troubled relationships were recruited with fliers and advertisements. Over half of the women reported physically or psychologically abusive partners (n = 57) in the prior 12 months while 43 women reported no physical violence and little to no psychological abuse in the past year. All women mad...
Configuration of a standoff detection system via rapid, model-based systems engineering

This paper presents a model-based systems engineering approach developed for rapid analysis of complex systems, not requiring the use of high computational resources. The basis of the approach involves the mapping of three basic systems engineering metrics, namely, Measures of Performance (MOP) to Measures of Effectiveness (MOE) to a single Figure of Merit (FOM), through metamodeling. Through this approach, analysts can leverage validated metamodels to map system measures, from component level MOPs to the overall system FOM in real-time to support decisions under constrained time-frames. Through metamodeling we achieve approximations of the simulation model in mathematical form, which alleviates long run times and the need for large computational resources. The metamodels also provide an effective means to aggregate a simulation's multiple outputs of interest via a preference function. These two approaches together form the foundation of this rapid, model-based systems engineering approach. The effectiveness of this model-based approach is demonstrated on configuring a standoff detection system.
Complement Regulatory Protein C1 Inhibitor Binds to Selectins and Interferes with Endothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion

C1 inhibitor (C1INH), a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) family, is an inhibitor of proteases in the complement system, the contact system of kinin generation, and the intrinsic coagulation pathway. It is the most heavily glycosylated plasma protein, containing 13 definitively identified glycosylation sites as well as an additional 7 potential glycosylation sites. C1INH consists of two distinct domains: a serpin domain and an amino-terminal domain. The serpin domain retains all the protease-inhibitory function, while the amino-terminal domain bears most of the glycosylation sites. The present studies test the hypothesis that plasma C1INH bears sialyl Lewis x -related moieties and therefore binds to selectin adhesion molecules. We demonstrated that plasma C1INH does express sialyl Lewis x -related moieties on its N -glycan as detected using mAb HECA-452 and CSLEX1. The data also show that plasma C1INH can bind to P- and E-selectins by FACS and immunoprecipitation experiments. In a tissue culture model of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion, C1INH showed inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. Significant inhibition (>50%) was achieved at a concentration of 250 μg/ml or higher. This discovery may suggest that C1INH plays a role in the endothelial-leukocyte interaction during inflammation. It may also provide another example of the multifaceted anti-inflammatory effects of C1INH in various animal models and human diseases.
The influence of ERP system implementation on the operational performance of an organization

a b s t r a c t We investigate changes in operational performance that result from enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementation. A literature-based and theory-driven model was developed to examine the rela- tionship between ERP system implementation status and operational performance. Data were gathered through a field study to test the hypothesized relationships. The results indicate that the implementation of each ERP system module influences operational performance measures differently. In addition, the results highlight the varying influence of the implementation of the ERP system, as a whole, on oper- ational performance measures. Our findings suggest that a better understanding of the contribution of ERP systems to operational performance can be obtained if researchers and managers assess changes in operational performance at both the modular and the system levels.
Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Science and Countermeasures

Influenza has not been treated with the degree of medical attention that the disease warrants. As such, there is not an adequate baseline of preparedness in the United States to deal with the potential of pandemic influenza. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has been working to enact measures to deal more effectively with a potential influenza pandemic and also to assist in the management of seasonal influenza. The majority of the NIAID's efforts have been dedicated to basic research aimed ultimately at developing and testing, in clinical trials, countermeasures in the form of antiviral drugs and vaccines. Some of the NIAID's current and planned antiviral projects include the (1) assessment of oseltamivir therapy in infants, (2) conduct of clinical trials of higher doses of osteltamivir for avian influenza, (3) appraisal of combination therapies, and (4) evaluation of the next generation of neuraminidase inhibitors. In addition, the NIAID is screening potential new antiviral drugs and evaluating novel drug targets. Similarly, significant funding has been committed to vaccine preparedness, and numerous novel candidate influenza vaccines are in various stages of development. Importantly, there is an integral relationship between preparation for seasonal influenza and preparation for pandemic influenza. Until these approaches are firmly linked, the community will not have optimized its preparedness for a pandemic.
Fingerprinting magnetic media

The authors develop a technique to determine and extract a unique signature from a given magnetic recording medium (tape, disk, etc.). This feature is always recoverable and not permanently corruptible, making the individual medium readily identifiable with virtually no possibility of mistaking one for another. Results from experimental research are presented followed by a short discussion of some possible applications. >
Work‐related fatalities among youth ages 11–17 in North Carolina, 1990–2008

BACKGROUND: Local and national surveillance systems are in place that identify occupational deaths. However, due to certain restrictions, they are limited in their ability to accurately count these deaths among adolescent workers. METHODS: In this population-based study, we relied on primary data from the North Carolina medical examiner system to identify and describe all work-related fatalities among North Carolina youth under age 18 between 1990 and 2008. RESULTS: We identified 31 work-related deaths among youth ages 11-17. The majority occurred between 1990 and 1999. Most occurred in construction and agriculture. Vehicles and guns were responsible for the majority of deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Although the prevalence of adolescent work-related fatalities has seen a decline in North Carolina, the 31 deaths we detected signal a failure of the systems in place to prevent young worker fatalities. More remains to be done to protect the lives of adolescent workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:136-142, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: en
Integrated Amorphous and Polycrystalline Silicon TFTs with a Single Silicon Layer

Selective exposure of an a-Si:H film to a room temperature hydrogen plasma using a patterned SiN{sub x} capping layer and a subsequent anneal at 600 C, resulted in polycrystalline and amorphous silicon regions in a single silicon layer on the same glass substrate. Top-gate non-self-aligned TFTs were fabricated in both the amorphous and polycrystalline regions with all shared processing steps and no laser processing using a re-hydrogenation step. The TFTs had good characteristics, with field-effect mobilities up to 1.2 cm{sup 2}/Vs and 15 cm{sup 2}/Vs for the a-Si:H and the poly-Si TFTs, respectively, and ON/OFF ratios > 10{sup 5} in either case.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Thermal Responses in Horizontal Wellbores

Wellbore models are required for integrated reservoir management studies as well as optimization of production operations. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is a smart well technology deployed for permanent downhole monitoring. It measures temperature via fiber optic sensors installed along horizontal wellbores. Correct interpretation of DTS surveys has thus become of utmost importance and analytical models for analysis of temperature distribution behavior are critical. In this study, we first show how thermodynamic analysis can describe in detail the physical changes in terms of pressure and temperature behavior from the simplest cases of “leaky tank” to the horizontal wellbore itself. Subsequently, rigorous single-phase thermodynamic models for energy, entropy, and enthalpy changes in horizontal wellbores are derived starting from 1D conservative mass, momentum, and energy balance equations and a generalized thermal models, along with their steady-state temperature profile subsets, are presented. Steady-state applications are presented and discussed. The analysis presents the factors controlling horizontal wellbore steady-state temperature responses and demonstrates that wellbore thermal responses are neither isentropic nor isenthalpic and that the isentropic expansion-driven models and Joule–Thompson-coefficient (JTC) driven may be used interchangeably to analysis horizontal wellbore thermal responses.
Are Vultures Birds, and Do Snakes Have Venom, because of Macro- and Microscavenger Conflict?

I outline models that describe vertebrate and microbial competition for carrion resources and help explain the resultant morphologies observed in extant vertebrate scavengers. Odors from microbial decomposition signal the presence of a carcass to vertebrate scavengers. Therefore, microbes must consume carcasses rapidly or evolve toxic defenses to protect themselves and their resource from their vertebrate competitors. Similarly, macroscavengers must evolve traits that allow rapid detection of carcasses or develop chemical defenses against microbial toxins. My modeling suggests that the most efficient macroscavenger adaptations increase the probability of carcass detection, which explains why highly vagile species, such as vultures, are the most obligate of vertebrate scavengers. Empirical data from vultures and from a scavenging snake species suggest that evolutionary pressures favor detection maximizers relative to toxification minimizers in competitive interactions for carcasses. However, detoxification mechanisms allow safe consumption of carrion and may have influenced the development of the complex digestive enzymes and delivery systems now seen in minimally vagile scavenging snakes.
TREES WITH SNOWFLAKES AND ZERO ENTROPY MAPS

We introduce the notion of a snowflake (related to Block’s simple periodic orbits [Bl]) and show that the dynamics of a zero entropy forest map is determined by the corresponding family of snowflakes. This provides information about the sets of periods and limit sets for zero entropy forest maps.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations in the Classroom: Age Differences and Academic Correlates

Age differences in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and the relationships of each to academic outcomes were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of 797 3rd-grade through 8th-grade children. Using independent measures, the authors found intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to be only moderately correlated, suggesting that they may be largely orthogonal dimensions of motivation in school. Consistent with previous research, intrinsic motivation showed a significant linear decrease from 3rd grade through 8th grade and proved positively correlated with children’s grades and standardized test scores at all grade levels. Extrinsic motivation showed few differences across grade levels and proved negatively correlated with academic outcomes. Surprisingly few differences based on children’s sex or ethnicity were found. Causes and consequences of the disturbingly low levels of motivation for older, relative to younger, children are discussed.
Comment on Jill Khadduri's “should the housing voucher program become a state‐administered block grant?” A housing voucher block grant is a bad idea

Abstract Khadduri argues for a well‐designed voucher block grant, phased in over several years. But proposals under consideration are more likely to undermine the effectiveness of vouchers than address their limitations. The most important advantage of housing vouchers is that they give recipients the freedom to choose the kind of housing and the location that best meet their needs. Although the current program is not living up to its potential, strategies for making it work better can be implemented without a block grant. Supporters of block grants claim welfare reform as a model, but none of the factors that contributed to declining caseloads under Temporary Assistance to Needy Families apply to housing. The single biggest problem with the housing voucher program is that federal spending for affordable housing is woefully inadequate. Instead of addressing this issue, a block grant would make housing hardship a state rather than a federal problem.
Innovation And Market Entry In The Energy Industry: Lessons For Fuel Cells And New Technologies

Regulatory, environmental, and market changes are spurring new technological development in the energy industry. Fuel cells are the largest new entrant to the energy industry, and this technology faces enormous challenges in entering the transportation and power generation markets. Potential barriers include slow market acceptance, the resistance of incumbent energy firms, the lack of hydrogen infrastructure systems, and significant design and engineering obstacles. This paper compares challenges faced by the fuel cell industry to those faced by several previous breakthrough energy technologies – including incandescent light bulbs, fluorescent light bulbs, and combustion turbines – all of which faced comparable market entry challenges before ultimately succeeding. Results of this study and historical comparison show how other energy companies and industries overcame similar and daunting barriers. Lessons from these earlier success stories include the need for critical enablers such as using niche markets to sustain R&D, building new infrastructure systems or conforming to existing ones, and benefiting from favorable public policies.
USE OF GENOMIC EXCLUSION TO ISOLATE HEAT-SENSITIVE MUTANTS IN TETRAHYMENA

We have used the abnormal form of conjugation known as "genomic exclusion" to isolate a collection of heat-sensitive mutants of Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1. Growth at room temperature in bacterized medium and no growth at 40°C in the same medium was the criterion used for the isolation. The mutant strains were tested for growth in pure (axenic) culture in proteose peptone medium; of the 31 strains which grew normally at room temperature and not at 40°C in that medium, 21 also failed to grow at 37°C. Preliminary results of complementation tests suggest that most, if not all, the mutations are recessive and that a variety of genes was affected. A detailed genetic analysis was performed on one mutant (H9). The results are all consistent with the idea that the heat-sensitive phenotype of this mutant is determined by a single recessive mutation, designated ts-2. Heterozygotes ts-2/+ yield heat-sensitive segregants during vegetative growth; we interpret this finding as another example of allelic exclusion, a phenomenon universally encountered among heterozygotes in syngen 1 of T. pyriformis. Our results are discussed in the context of some questions of current interest in Tetrahymena genetics.
New Tools, New Rules: International Law and Information Operations

For more than a decade, military thinkers have debated the impact of "information operations" (IO) on armed conflict. Responding to the possibilities (and vulnerabilities) inherent in the interconnectivity of the Internet and other information networks, IO constitutes a new form of warfare. IO uses methods such as computer network attacks or psychological operations to influence, disrupt, corrupt, usurp and defend information systems and the infrastructure they support. As militaries work through what IO can do, however, they must also wrestle with when and how they can employ it - i.e., the question of law's application to IO. Since computer networks and modern information systems constitute new tools (and new targets) for military activities, international law currently regulates them only by analogy, and even then, in a patchwork fashion. Most states and scholars appear content with this situation, denying any need to develop IO-specific rules. This short essay challenges that conventional wisdom. Even as it applies to IO, the existing legal framework suffers from several, near-fatal conditions: uncertainty (i.e., militaries lack a clear picture of how to translate existing rules into the IO environment); complexity (i.e., overlapping legal regimes threaten to overwhelm military commanders seeking to apply IO); and insufficiency (i.e., existing rules fail to address basic challenges of modern conflicts with non-state actors). This situation creates disincentives for militaries to use IO, notwithstanding IO's potential to achieve military and political objectives with less harm than conventional bombs or missiles. To redress these deficiencies, I propose states adopt an international law for information operations, or "ILIO." By adopting an ILIO, states could alleviate the uncertainty and complexity of the status quo, reduce transaction costs for states fighting global terror, and lessen the collateral costs of armed conflict itself.
Cognitive and Academic Functioning in Survivors of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation

PURPOSE: To evaluate cognitive and academic functioning in survivors of pediatric bone marrow transplants (BMTs) at 1 and 3 years after a BMT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective, longitudinal design, patients underwent a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive measures before admission for transplantation and at 1, 3, and 5 years after a BMT. This article describes a cohort of 102 survivors with follow-up data available for 1 year after a BMT, including 54 survivors with follow-up available for 3 years. This represents the largest cohort of pediatric BMT survivors yet reported in a prospective study. RESULTS: In the cohort as a whole, there were no significant changes on global measures of intelligence (intelligence quotient [IQ]) and academic achievement at either 1 or 3 years after a BMT, despite adequate power to detect an IQ change of three points or greater. Likewise, performance on specific tests of neuropsychologic function remained stable. No significant differences were observed between patie...
Specific heat of Bi2Sr2CuO6 and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 in the superconducting state.

We have measured the specific heat $C(T)$ of single-phase samples of the cuprate superconductors ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Cu}{\mathrm{O}}_{6\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (2:2:0:1; ${T}_{c}=12.5$ K) and ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}\mathrm{Ca}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ (2:2:1:2; ${T}_{c}=84$ K) in the temperature range 3-11 K. Bulk superconductivity with a Meissner fraction of about 25% is observed for both materials. We find no strong evidence for a term in $C(T)$ linear in the temperature $T$; rather, $\frac{C(T)}{T}$ is a linear function of ${T}^{2}$ in this temperature range. A least-squares fit gives an upper bound of 0.35 mJ/Cu${\mathrm{K}}^{2}$ for any linear term. This result appears to rule out gapless pairing and gap functions with lines of nodes in these materials. Though gap functions with point nodes are not excluded by our results, we demonstrate that possibility to be unlikely in these materials. We suggest further experiments to test whether such ${T}^{3}$ electronic contribution to the specific heat exists for the 2:2:0:1 material.
Localized Temperature Control in Microchannel Reactors Using Bimetallic Thermally-Actuated Valves

The smaller physical dimensions of microchannel reactors result in substantial reductions in capital and operating cost. However, microreactor control is challenging because of the difficulty of implementing distributed measurement devices and actuators. Using an autothermal catalytic plate reactor coupling steam-methane reforming and methane combustion as a test case, we propose a novel temperature control method using bimetallic strips that function as thermally actuated valves to regulate fluid flow in the microchannels. Bimetallic strips convert temperature variations into mechanical displacement, and by proper placement in the reactor channels, they can function as valves that close and open with temperature changes. We discuss the necessary design decisions and show through simulations that the thermally actuated valves contribute to an inherently safer design of microchannel reactors. We demonstrate that they can compensate for unequal flow distribution to the microchannels and successfully reject ...
Adsorption of H2O on a Single-Crystal α-Al2O3(0001) Surface

The adsorption of H2O on a single-crystal α-Al2O3(0001) surface was examined using laser-induced thermal desorption (LITD) and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. α-Al2O3(0001) mode...
Fluorescence microscopy of the pressure-dependent structure of lipid bilayers suspended across conical nanopores.

Glass and fused-quartz nanopore membranes containing a single conically shaped pore are promising solid supports for lipid bilayer ion-channel recordings due to the high inherent stability of lipid bilayers suspended across the nanopore orifice, as well as the favorable electrical properties of glass and fused quartz. Fluorescence microscopy is used here to investigate the structure of the suspended lipid bilayer as a function of the pressure applied across a fused-quartz nanopore membrane. When a positive pressure is applied across the bilayer, from the nanopore interior relative to the exterior bulk solution, insertion or reconstitution of operative ion channels (e.g., α-hemolysin (α-HL) and gramicidin) in the bilayer is observed; conversely, reversing the direction of the applied pressure results in loss of all channel activity, although the bilayer remains intact. The dependence of the bilayer structure on pressure was explored by imaging the fluorescence intensity from Nile red dye doped into suspend...
Most clinical laboratory testing in Kampala occurs in high-volume, high-quality laboratories or low-volume, low-quality laboratories. A tale of two cities.

Objectives: To describe key characteristics (laboratory quality, test volumes, and complexity) of clinical laboratories in Kampala, Uganda (population ~1.7 million). Methods: Cross-sectional survey using a standard questionnaire to document laboratory type and quality, as well as test menus and volumes. Quality was based on the World Health Organization–Africa Region checklist. Results: Of the 954 laboratories identified (a density of one laboratory per 1,781 persons), 779 (82%) performed only simple kit tests or light microscope examinations. The 95% (907/954) of laboratories for whom volumes were obtained performed an average aggregate of 13,189 tests daily, for a test utilization rate of around 2 tests per individual per year. Laboratories could be segregated into eight groups based on quality, test volume, and complexity. However, 90% of the testing was performed by just two groups: (1) low-volume (≤100 tests daily), low-quality laboratories performing simple tests or (2) high-volume (>100 tests daily), high-quality laboratories. Each of these two groups did 45% of the daily testing volume (90% combined). Conclusions: Clinical laboratory density in Kampala (1/1,781 persons) is high, approaching that in the United States (1/1,347 persons). Low-volume/low-quality and high-volume/high-quality laboratories do 90% of the daily aggregate testing. Quality improvement (QI) schemes for Africa must be appropriate to low-volume laboratories as well as to the large laboratories that have been the focus of previous QI efforts.
Advanced Cancer: Palliative, End of Life, and Bereavement Care

Abstract While we have made great progress in the treatment of cancer seen in the growing ranks of survivors, a significant number of people experience disease progression and death from the disease. People living with advanced cancer and their families have many unmet physical, psychological, and informational needs. Palliative care with its focus on symptom management should be available to all patients to address these needs. End-of-life care can be facilitated by aligning the patient and family preferences with the decisions they make and the care they receive. Providing information and support along with evidence-based decision aids may extend and enhance the care they receive. Furthermore, family needs continue after their loved one dies. A continued extension of the cancer support and information can benefit bereaved family members as they review decisions they made during their loved one’s care. By offering a case example of the Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System (CHESS) for advanced stage cancer, we reveal vital opportunities for cancer informatics to facilitate critical communication gaps in end-of-life care and facilitate quality of death and bereavement.
Benign Unexplained Respiratory Distress of the Newborn Infant

The role of pulmonary edema in the pathogenesis of benign respiratory distress, and its relation to hyaline membrane disease.
The letter and the fading voice in the poetry of Ausiàs March

ABSTRACTThe poetry of medieval Valencian author Ausias March (1400–59) has been thoroughly examined in recent years with attention to its material transmission. Emphasis on the relationship between both manuscript and print culture and the interpretation of March’s verses, however, has tended to sidestep their original conditions of production and reception. In the present essay, I argue first for the need to think of March’s work in terms of oral dissemination. Next, I theorize the kind of space constructed for, and arising from, late medieval lyric poems conceived for oral performance. Finally, to illustrate the kind of hermeneutics required by these material conditions of existence, I examine the notion of closeness as a framework for understanding selected passages of March’s poetry, with a focus on the Llir entre cards cycle.
One Size Care Does Not Fit All Patients Undergoing a Spinal Fusion

Purpose Spinal fusion (SF) surgery is a complex procedure that affects children with and without underlying disabilities. The purpose of this article was to describe the necessary steps when preparing a child, specifically with cerebral palsy (CP), and family for a SF, while also emphasizing the postoperative care during discharge planning. Design Literature review on pediatric patients undergoing spinal fusion and those who have cerebral palsy. Method Literature was searched using the CINAHL database, from 2009 to 2016. Key terms included: spinal fusion, cerebral palsy, pediatrics, orthopedic surgery, team approach, management and developmental disability, or disability. Literature was reviewed to provide recommendations on caring for children undergoing a spinal fusion who also have cerebral palsy, as little literature supports exact care measures on this cohort of patients. Findings Variations exist in the surgery type, specification, approach as well as in the history, growth, and developmental capabilities of the child and caregiver's expectations. Nurses must be aware of all of these factors to promote safe, effective, timely and patient-centered care. In particular, patients with an underlying condition of CP may be more likely to experience complications that make understanding these processes essential to the surgery itself. Conclusions Although a spinal fusion may be a necessary surgery to correct a curve or spine deformity, there are many complications that a child with cerebral palsy might encounter. The health care team must work closely with the child and the family to ensure that all treatment recommendations are met to minimize any unnecessary complications. Each surgery must focus specifically on meeting the child's and family's needs to ensure success while incorporating the health care team's approach. Clinical Relevance Providing patient and family-centered care for children having a SF is essential to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for patients and caregivers.
Cardiovascular specialist 2025. Basics of training stay the same, logistics improve

Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in developed countries. The need for well-trained specialists is obvious due to the societal impact of the disease. Training of cadres of future cardiovascular specialists is a daunting task. The ever-changing technological landscape and fast growing literature make it even more challenging. Time and effort invested into training such a specialist should pay off to society in improved quality of life and longevity. We would like to discuss the training of those who have just graduated from medical school and would be considered a “quality final product” about 2025.
Valve interstitial cell shape modulates cell contractility independent of cell phenotype.

Abstract Valve interstitial cells are dispersed throughout the heart valve and play an important role in maintaining its integrity, function, and phenotype. While prior studies have detailed the role of external mechanical and biological factors in the function of the interstitial cell, the role of cell shape in regulating contractile function, in the context of normal and diseased phenotypes, is not well understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate the link between cell shape, phenotype, and acute functional contractile output. Valve interstitial cell monolayers with defined cellular shapes were engineered via constraining cells to micropatterned protein lines (10, 20, 40, 60 or 80 µm wide). Samples were cultured in either normal or osteogenic medium. Cellular shape and architecture were quantified via fluorescent imaging techniques. Cellular contractility was quantified using a valve thin film assay and phenotype analyzed via western blotting, zymography, and qRT-PCR. In all pattern widths, cells were highly aligned, with maximum cell and nuclear elongation occurring for the 10 μm pattern width. Cellular contractility was highest for the most elongated cells, but was also increased in cells on the widest pattern (80 μm) that also had increased CX43 expression, suggesting a role for both elongated shape and increased cell-cell contact in regulating contractility. Cells cultured in osteogenic medium had greater expression of smooth muscle markers and correspondingly increased contractile stress responses. Cell phenotype did not significantly correlate with altered cell shape, suggesting that cellular shape plays a significant role in the regulation of valve contractile function independent of phenotype.
Two mechanisms for electrocardiographic deconvolution

Electrocardiographic imaging requires computation of a time-varying "source" (e.g. epicardial potentials) from measurements (body surface potentials) with a known linear dependence on the source. The problem has been usually treated in a time-independent fashion, but since it is ill-posed, and since solutions at adjacent time points must be codependent, it has been suggested that time-dependent information be incorporated into the regularization procedure. The authors supply two different mechanisms for incorporating time in a natural fashion based on treatment of the data as a generalized convolution.