cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the Amazon

Ongoing alliances between indigenous peoples and conservation organizations in the Brazilian Amazon have helped achieve the official recognition of ∼1 million km 2 of indigenous lands. The future of Amazonian indigenous reserves is of strategic importance for the fate of biodiversity in the region. We exam- ined the legislation governing resource use on indigenous lands and summarize the history of the Kayapo people's consolidation of their >100,000 km 2 territory. Like many Amazonian indigenous peoples, the Kayapo have halted the expansion of the agricultural frontier on their lands but allow selective logging and gold mining. Prospects for long-term conservation and sustainability in these lands depend on indigenous peoples' understandings of their resource base and on available economic alternatives. Although forest conservation is not guaranteed by either tenure security or indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies' relatively egalitarian common-property resource management regimes—along with adequate incentives and long-term partnerships with conservation organizations—can achieve this result. Successful initiatives include Conservation Interna- tional's long-term project with the A'ukre Kayapo village and incipient large-scale territorial monitoring and control in the Kayapo territory, and the Instituto SocioAmbiental (ISA) 15-year partnership with the peoples of the Xingu Indigenous Park, with projects centered on territorial monitoring and control, education, com- munity organization, and economic alternatives. The recent agreement on ecological restoration of the Xingu River headwaters between ranchers and private companies, indigenous peoples, and environmentalists, bro- kere db yISA, marks the emergence of an indigenous and conservation alliance of sufficient cohesiveness and legitimacy to negotiate effectively at a regional scale. Alianzas de Conservacion con Ind´ igenas del Amazonas
The Dialectic of the Spatial Determination of Capital: Rosa Luxemburg's Accumulation of Capital Reconsidered

Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital sought to re-think the work of Marx for the era of imperialism by focusing on capitalism's spatial determination—its inherent drive to consume non-capitalist strata in order to realize surplus value. Although Luxemburg's approach has given rise to intense debates over the past century, the availability of numerous texts of Marx that were unknown in her lifetime—from the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 to his Ethnological Notebooks on pre-capitalist societies—makes it possible for us to finally determine the extent to which her theory of expanded reproduction extended Marx's insights or departed from them. A critical analysis of Luxemburg's work, this paper argues, can enable us to better appreciate the essence of Marx's critique of capitalism—the domination of “dead” labor (capital) over “living” labor as well as its meaning for today.
Chronic Liver Disease, Cirrhosis, and Complications: Part 1 (Portal Hypertension, Ascites, Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP), and Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS))

Portal hypertension due to cirrhosis or pre- or posthepatic vascular events is a major cause of morbidity and mortality at all ages. Signs and symptoms of portal hypertension are primarily the result of decompression of elevated portal blood pressure through portosystemic collaterals. The major problems in children are bleeding varices, ascites and its complications (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and hepatorenal syndrome), and malnutrition. Encephalopathy and portopulmonary hypertension, while important when they do occur, are seen less frequently in children. Splenomegaly with or without hypersplenism are common presenting features but rarely require specific intervention. Children with these conditions provide special challenges in understanding and management because of a predominance of congenital etiologies, combined with growth and developmental considerations.
Emergency cesarean section: an analysis of maternal and fetal results in 177 operations.

Emergency cesarean section is indicated when complications acutely threaten the life of the mother and/or fetus. The indications are almost exclusively fetal distress, antepartum hemorrhage, or both. To be most effective, delivery should be accomplished with in 15 minutes after the decision to operate is made. Moderate and large obstetric services should be required to be capable of performing a real emergency cesarean section.
Impact of Gasoline and Natural Gas Prices on Capacity Planning for Automakers and Electricity Generators Under GHG Emission Constraints

Both automakers and electricity generators are facing increasingly more stringent greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets. With the introduction of plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles, the transportation and electricity generation sectors become connected. This provides an opportunity for both sectors to work jointly to achieve cost efficient reduction of CO2 emissions. Due to the low cost and low carbon content of natural gas (NG), NG enabled vehicles are drawing increasing attention. With GHG targets rapidly decreasing, how to judiciously choose among plug-in hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, NG-enabled vehicles, and gasoline vehicles to save societal cost is worth serious consideration. On the other hand, gasoline and NG prices play an important role in this decision-making process. In order to estimate the impact of gasoline and NG prices and quantify the benefit of the collaboration between automakers and electricity generators, an optimization model is developed to evaluate the total societal cost and CO2 emissions for both sectors. Various scenario analyses are conducted to understand the cost and capacity planning differences when gasoline and NG prices vary while the two sectors can work jointly or independently to meet the CO2 emission constraints. These results help us understand the impact of gasoline and NG prices in achieving GHG reduction targets for the two major sectors of CO2 emissions in the United States.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Particle Beam may have Higher Effectiveness in Treating ChemoresistantCancers than Low-LET Photon Beam Therapy

It is now well-established that outcomes of radiotherapy depend on quality of radiation. A large body of experimental evidences suggests that high-LET (linear energy transfer) radiation or particle radiation has the ability to kill tumor cells more efficiently than low-LET photon beams such as X-rays and γ-rays [1,2]. The unique characteristics of particle beam, which includes precise dose distribution, formation of complex and “clustered” DNA damage in target cells, capacity to kill cells with equal effectiveness irrespective of their cell cycle stage and oxygen content, ability to cause biological damage by direct action, and inverse dosedepth relation are considered to be responsible for higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) than low-LET photon beams. However, the efficacy of particle radiation in killing chemo-resistant cells compared to low-LET radiation is not well-documented
An alternative to alteration and melting processes in the Earth: Reaction between hydrogen (H2) and oxide components in the Earth in space and time

Hydrogen-rich and water-rich fluids exert different control on dissolution mechanism of oxide and silicate minerals in the Earth’s interior. With Mg-silicate-H 2 fluids, dissolution tends to be incongruent with the (Mg/Si) fluid Mg-silicate with formation of SiOH and SiH 4 complexes in the fluid (Shinozaki et al. 2013, 2014). In contrast, in Mg-silicate-H 2 O systems, Mg-silicate minerals in the mantle (pyroxene and forsterite) dissolve stoichiometrically (congruently) in aqueous fluids to at least 10 GPa pressure. Metasomatic alteration by H 2 -rich fluids enriches, therefore, the mantle in SiO 2 compared with alteration by H 2 O fluid. This difference becomes increasingly important with mantle depth because the environment becomes more reducing, which results in an increase of H 2 /H 2 O fluids (Shinozaki et al. 2014, this issue). Chemical gradients with depth of the Earth could be affected by increased H 2 /H 2 O of mantle fluids whereby Mg/Si ratios, for example, will become variable. Silicate-H 2 alteration processes likely also played major roles during the early, core-forming stages of the Earth. Such a process could be responsible for Mg/Si changes in the early silicate Earth.
Observations on Oviposition of Two Aedes Mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae)

Aedes polynesiensis (= A. pseudoseutellaris) in Samoa has been observed to seek out primarily cocoanut shells and tree holes containing fresh water as ecological niches in which to oviposit. It exhibits more of a predilection for them than it does for the collections of water in artificial containers that are selected by some closely related Aedes. Laboratory observations of A. polynesiensis from Samoa ovipositing in cocoanut shells and analysis of moving picture film strips of this activity as compared to that of Aedes aegypti indicate that the reason for this characteristic activity may be the creases and fissures present within the cocoanut shell. Both species deposit eggs on the moist substrate above the water line, but the A. polynesiensis were observed to oviposit in creases more frequently than did the A. aegypti. To investigate the extent of this preference for oviposition in creases, the following experiments were set up.
Symptoms of Myotonia as Reported by Patients with Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1: Location, Description and Severity- Implications for Clinical Trials (P05.184)

Objective: This study documents patient-reported descriptions of the location and severity of myotonia in patients with DM1. Background Myotonia is a cardinal disease manifestation in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM-1). Clinicians identify and grade myotonia based upon the tests they perform rather than asking patients to describe and rate their symptoms related to myotonia. Design/Methods: Data were gathered as part of a disease progression study. Patients were asked to fill out a survey that included questions about symptom/s of myotonia - Y/N, the body area affected, a description of the symptoms and the severity of the symptoms using a visual analog scale. Patients also filled out the Individualised Quality of Life (INQoL) instrument which includes questions about myotonia and the impact of myotonia on their health related quality of life. Results: Of the 71 patients in the current cohort 65 (91.5%) report problems related to myotonia. Patients used terms like myotonia, cramps and tightness (51%). They also described important associated symptoms [weakness (30%); pain (11%); and, other (8%)]. The majority of myotonia related symptoms were associated with hand function (63%) and approximately 10% each described symptoms in face/tongue/jaw functions, calf/thighs/legs and back/neck. The severity scores for myotonia on the VAS were: back/neck 67; calf/thighs/legs 65; hands/fingers 57; and face/tongue/jaw 37. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first study that has directly asked DM1 patients to describe their symptoms related to myotonia. Along with symptoms related to myotonia, DM1 patients reported other associated symptoms. This suggests that many patients associate myotonia with other disease manifestations. For this reason prior to using any patient reported outcome measure of myotonia in clinical trials, it will be essential to assure that patients are able to differentiate the symptoms of myotonia from other manifestations of this multisystem disorder. Supported by: U54NS048843 from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Disclosure: Ms. Pandya has received personal compensation for activities with Shire Pharmaceuticals Group. Dr. Eichinger has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dilek has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dekdebrun has nothing to disclose. Dr. Martens has nothing to disclose. Dr. Heatwole has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thornton has received personal compensation for activities with Genzyme Corporation as a consultant. Dr. Thornton has received research support from Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Moxley has nothing to disclose.
Effects of the contents of Ca~(2+) and Mg~(2+) in drinking water on serum alkaline phosphatase in fluoride exposed population

Aim: To explore the effects of contents of F~-, Ca~ 2+ and Mg~ 2+ in drinking water on serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in fluoride exposed population. Methods: A total of 38 residents aged from 18 to 50 years were chosen from fluoride exposed area and control area. The samples of drinking water and serum were collected. The content of F~-in drinking water was measured by fluorine ion-selective electrode. The contents of Ca~ 2+ and Mg~ 2+ in drinking water were examined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the activity of AKP in serum was assessed by Kings. Results: The contents of F~-and Mg~ 2+ and serum AKP increased significantly in fluoride exposed group in comparison with control group (P0.05). Whereas there was no significant difference in the content of Ca~ 2+ (P0.05). The multiple linear regression equation between the contents of F~-(X_1),Ca~ 2+ (X_2) and Mg~ 2+ (X_3) in drinking water and the activity of serum AKP (Y) was as follows: Y=13.805+1.812X_1-0.046X_2-0.090X_3. Conclusion: The contents of F~-, Ca~ 2+ and Mg~ 2+ in drinking water contribute to the activity of serum AKP. The combination of Mg~ 2+ and Ca~ 2+ could alleviate bone injury of fluoride exposed population.
Conclusions: Focusing on the Future

This book clearly articulates the benefits of internationalization at US community colleges. The theories, research, and case studies assess prior advancements and skillfully offer solutions that have been proven and examined for their efficacy. US community colleges have the most diversified student body of any post-secondary institution and it is a foregone conclusion that educational offerings and services have an obligation to produce citizenry who have knowledge and skills that will both prepare them for a globally competitive workforce and that allow them to take their role in a culturally and pluralistically diverse world. It is this nexus between international education and student success that ultimately serves local communities and corporations, while allowing students to excel in the race to the top.
Mathematical Models with First-Order Equations

In Sect. 1.2 we listed examples of DEs arising in some mathematical models. We now show how these equations are derived, and find their solutions under suitable ICs.
Soil health: challenges and opportunities.

In recent years, a broad stakeholder base within the agricultural sector and among the public has become aware of the critical importance of healthy soils, spurred by public awareness campaigns and workshops. As we continue to grapple with a changing climate and more extreme weather events, regenerating the health and proper functioning of our nation’s, and indeed world’s, soil resource will markedly improve the capacity of soil to maintain or increase yield and yield stability, lower input costs, and contribute to other ecosystem services. This is true not only for croplands but also for pastures and native rangelands, orchards, and forests. To aid in moving forward initiatives to help farmers and ranchers improve the soil resource base, the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has created a new Soil Health Division (SHD). Personnel distributed across the country will facilitate soil health technical training and education for stakeholders, work with partners to standardize soil health assessments, promote soil health management systems as part of the conservation planning process, and facilitate implementation and long-term adoption of soil health management systems on our nation’s agricultural lands. The new division will leverage skills, resources, technology, and partnerships to achieve these goals.
Transfer of Instructional Practices from Freedom Schools to the Classroom

The instructional practices of three current classroom teachers who formerly served as Servant Leader Interns (SLIs) in the Children’s Defense Fund Freedom Schools (CDFFS) Program were examined. Haskell (Transfer of learning: cognition, instruction, and reasoning. Academic Press, San Diego, 2001) outlined eleven principles of transfer of learning, which were used to survey the levels of transfer established from service in Freedom Schools to practice in the traditional classroom. Individual surveys, The Freedom School Pedagogies Teacher Observation Record along with interviews of each participant was used for data collection; all three components were used to triangulate the findings. The findings from this study verified that low transfer was observed when minimal application of the principles of learning were applied. This study revealed that for transfer to occur at high levels, it is imperative that adherence to all 11 principals is made and the understanding of transfer, the application of transfer, and reflection on transfer are implemented. If transfer of instructional practices is a goal of CDFFS for SLIs, the CDFFS program should consider implementing transfer of learning theory in future SLI training.
Detection and Growth Pattern of Arcuate Fasciculus from Newborn to Adult.

Fractional anisotropy (FA) threshold is commonly used to perform diffusion MRI tractography. However, FA threshold may be one aspect of tractography that needs additional scrutiny for accurately assessing pathways in immature, developing brains, as well as in adult brains. Using high-angular resolution diffusion MRI (HARDI) tractography without an FA threshold, we identified the arcuate fasciculus (AF) of 83 healthy subjects ranging in age from 40 gestational weeks (GW) newborns to 28-year-old adults. The AF was identified in both hemispheres in all subjects, with high inter-rater reliability. The detected AF included regions with very low FA values. The entire AF was segmented into anterior, posterior, and long tracts, and growth and laterality patterns were investigated using tract count (number of detected streamlines), total volume of imaging voxels (touched by the detected streamlines), mean length, mean FA, and mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Comparison of subjects under 3 years old to those that were older revealed the three AF tracts took different developmental courses. As expected, the anterior and long tracts showed lower ADC values in subjects over 3 years old, while the posterior tract showed higher ADC in that age range. The posterior tract did not show age-related effect in terms of FA, tract count, length, and volume. These results suggest that the posterior AF tract shows a matured state, indexed by most of the used measurements in early postnatal developmental ages, and ADC is a measurement that can detect further maturation of the posterior tract. Interestingly, in all tracts, hemispheric asymmetries were found in raw (leftright) tract count and raw volume (left<right). In raw and WB-normalized length, and WB-normalized volume, rightward asymmetry (left<right) was found only in the anterior tract; other tracts were not significantly affected by hemisphere. Although many previous studies have observed a leftward asymmetry in the AF, rightward asymmetry has also been reported in other studies, and, together with the present report, the results in the literature are likely to reflect differences in the methods used.
Microdynamics of Incommensurability: Philosophy of Science Meets Science Studies

If the theme of this volume—“Einstein meets Magritte”—evokes the possibility of an intersection or convergence of ideas between parties who never meet empirically, then the topic of the present essay can be seen as the reverse: that is, the possibility of a failure of convergence, intersection, or even engagement of ideas between parties who not only encounter each other in empirical space but repeatedly converse there. It is the structure and dynamics of such failed meetings, especially as they occur between traditional philosophers of science and theorists, historians, and sociologists working in the relatively new field of “science studies,” that I mean primarily to explore here. I am also concerned, however, with the more general theme and issue of in/commensurability, which figures centrally and by no means incidentally in the debates that divide them.
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Hematopoietic growth factors have been shown to be effective in reducing the period of neutropenia after autologous bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Initial concerns over potential aggravation of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and increase in the incidence of relapse in patients with myeloid leukemias influenced the number of studies using hematopoietic growth factors after allogeneic BMT. We report the experience with 50 patients treated at a single institution using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) after allogeneic sibling (n = 30) and matched unrelated (n = 20) BMT. The time to an absolute neutrophil count > or = 500/microL was significantly faster in patients who received G-CSF and cyclosporine and prednisone for GVHD prophylaxis when compared with historical control patients receiving the same GVHD prophylaxis (10 v 13 days, P < .01). A similar accelerated myeloid engraftment was observed for those patients who received the addition of methotrexate for GVHD prophylaxis when compared with historical control patients receiving the same GVHD prophylaxis regimen (16 v 19 days, P < .05). The median time to engraftment for patients receiving a matched unrelated BMT and G-CSF was 17 days (range 13 to 26). We did not observe any increase in GVHD or early mortality in the matched related sibling BMT. The incidence of acute GVHD in the matched unrelated BMT recipients was also low at 21%; however, 9 patients (45%) died within 100 days of the date of BMT, similar to the experience reported with granulocyte-macrophage CSF. This study confirms the efficacy of G-CSF in accelerating myeloid engraftment after allogeneic matched sibling BMT. The higher early mortality associated with patients receiving matched unrelated BMT suggests that randomized controlled trials using G-CSF after allogeneic BMT should be performed.
High School Athletes’ Reports of Confirmation as a Function of Starting Status and Leader–Member Exchange:

Previous research indicates that athletes report receiving disparate levels of confirmation, which is consequential given the psychological, emotional, and cognitive benefits of being confirmed. Th...
A cut above (and below): Protein cleavage in the regulation of polycystin trafficking and signaling

The polycystin-1 and 2 proteins, encoded by the genes mutated in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease, are connected to a large number of biological pathways. While the nature of these connections and their relevance to the primary functions of the polycystin proteins have yet to be fully elucidated, it is clear that many of them are mediated by or depend upon cleavage of the polycystin-1 protein. Cleavage of polycystin-1 at its G protein coupled receptor proteolytic site is an obligate step in the protein's maturation and in aspects of its trafficking. This cleavage may also serve to prime polycystin-1 to play a role as a non-canonical G protein coupled receptor. Cleavage of the cytoplasmic polycystin-1C terminal tail releases fragments that are able to enter the nucleus and the mitochondria and to influence their activities. Understanding the nature of these cleavages, their regulation and their consequences is likely to provide valuable insights into both the physiological functions served by the polycystin proteins and the pathological consequences of their absence.
Neurochemical Approaches to Toxicity Testing: Artificial Food Dyes

Determination of neurotoxicity of environemental agents is difficult, particularly at the whole-organism level, where the complex nature of behavior may interfere with experimental interpretation and extrapolations to humans. One approach is to utilize methodologies developed in neurochemistry and neuropharmacology for demonstrating neuroactive properties of novel compounds and for determining mechanisms of action of putative neurotransmitters. In vitro preparations of mammalian brain (slices, synaptosomes, homogenates, membranes) can be rapidly prepared for studies of neurotransmitter biochemistry (synthesis, release, reuptake, catabolism), membrane potential studies using fluorescent probes, synaptic membrane receptor binding, and ionic metabolism using radionuclide tracers. When an effect is observed, powerful mathematical methods of enzyme kinetics, utilizing computer-modeling programs, can be applied to determine mechanisms of action.
Granular corneal dystrophy recurrence at the posterior graft-host interface after type 1 big bubble deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.

Abstract Purpose To describe our observations of granular corneal dystrophy (GCD) recurrence isolated to the posterior graft-host interface after type 1 big bubble (BB) deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). Observations We performed a retrospective chart review of 3 eyes in 2 patients, and literature review to summarize GCD recurrence patterns after DALK. A 29-year-old man with GCD underwent DALK by type 1 BB technique. Three years following surgery, he was found to have recurrence of GCD deposits isolated to the posterior graft-host interface. Similarly, a 53-year-old woman with GCD underwent DALK by BB type 1 technique, and was noted to have trace residual deposits at the posterior graft-host interface that increased in number and size over the course of 6 years. Her fellow eye underwent DALK with type 2 BB formation, without evidence of graft-host interface recurrence over a four year period. Our literature review describes the recurrence patterns of 18 cases of GCD following DALK. Conclusions and importance DALK can be prone to GCD recurrence in the central posterior graft-host interface. Recurrent deposits isolated to the posterior graft-host interface following type 1 BB DALK supports the hypothesis that GCD recurrence may be due to residual pathologic keratocytes in the pre-Descemet layer (PDL).
Performance of Novel Polymer Heart Valve in Ovine Mitral Model

Objective: Evaluate the performance, hemocompatibility and histopathological consequences of a novel polymer mitral valve implant compared to Carpentier-Edwards bovine pericardial valve in an ovine...
Cycloids Generated by Rolling Regular Polygons

Summary–Historical problems related to cycloids form the background for an investigation of paths traced by rolling regular polygons. Using trigonometry, geometry, and calculus, the lengths of and ...
How the Level of Interchangeability Embedded in a Finite Constraint Satisfaction Problem Affects the Performance of Search

We investigate how the performance of search for solving finite constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) is affected by the level of interchangeability embedded in the problem. First, we describe a generator of random CSPs that allows us to control the level of interchangeability in an instance. Then we study how the varying level of interchangeability affects the performance of search for finding one solution and all solutions to the CSP. We conduct experiments using forward-checking search, extended with static and dynamic ordering heuristics in combination with non-bundling, static, and dynamic bundling strategies. We demonstrate that: (1) While the performance of bundling decreases in general with decreasing interchangeability, this effect is muted when finding a first solution. (2) Dynamic ordering strategies are significantly more resistant to this degradation than static ordering. (3) Dynamic bundling strategies perform overall significantly better than static bundling strategies. Even when finding one solution, the size of the bundles yielded by dynamic bundling is large and less sensitive to the level of interchangeability. (4) The combination of dynamic ordering heuristics with dynamic bundling is advantageous. We conclude that this combination, in addition to yielding the best results, is the least sensitive to the level of interchangeability, and thus, indeed is superior to other searches.
OMEGA: a 24 beam uv irradiation facility

We report on the characterization and performance of the 24-beam Omega laser facility under full third harmonic (351-nm) upconversion. This system provides for the first time a multibeam laser facility for the illumination of spherical targets with UV laser light in symmetric irradiation conditions with energies in the kilojoule range. This facility is capable of providing sufficient irradiation uniformity to test concepts of direct drive laser fusion with UV-driven ablation targets.
Regulating Hedge Funds

This short piece is on the merits of government regulation of hedge funds. The article begins with background information on hedge funds and the current state of their regulation. After sifting through the various reasons advanced for regulating hedge funds, and focusing on three in particular - short selling, leverage and funds of funds, I argue that extensive direct regulation of hedge funds is unnecessary and may harm the country's trading markets. Indeed, the dramatic growth of hedge funds is in part attributable to the current overregulation of registered investment companies. We should, therefore, not tighten the regulation of hedge funds but lighten the regulation of registered investment companies. I also argue, however, that strengthening of some forms of indirect regulation of hedge fund leverage, principally limits on banks that lend to and are counterparties of hedge funds, may make sense.
Management of Laryngotracheal Stenosis on the Basis of Site and Severity

Seventy-five cases of laryngotracheal stenosis treated between 1981 and 1991 were reviewed to determine the effectiveness of surgical treatment on the basis of site and severity of stenosis. Decannulation and absence of exertional dyspnea were the criteria of successful management. The treatment methods used were endoscopic laser incision and dilatation, expansion laryngotracheoplasty, and segmental resection. Endoscopic procedures were effective in treating thin (< 1 cm) stenoses in the subglottis and trachea. Laryngotracheoplasty was most effective in treating thick stenoses of the glottis and subglottis. Tracheal stenoses were most effectively treated by segmental resections. The probability for decannulation decreased with longer narrower stenoses and with increasing clinical stage.
A porcine model of intimal-medial hyperplasia in polytetrafluoroethylene arteriovenous grafts.

PURPOSE Vascular access polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft failure is a major cause of morbidity in the hemodialysis population. The most common cause of graft failure is thrombosis secondary to stenosis at the venous outflow tract. Venous outflow stenosis is characterized by intimal-medial hyperplasia. We have developed a porcine arteriovenous (AV) graft model that may be used to investigate this proliferative response and aid in the development of new therapies to prevent intimal-medial hyperplasia and improve graft patency. METHODS Left carotid to right external jugular vein PTFE (6 mm) grafts were implanted in the necks of swine. Immediately following anatomosis, flow rates were recorded. In one group of animals (n = 4) the venous outflow tract was harvested after 7 days and morphometric analysis of intimal and medial area was performed. In a second group (n = 8) the graft patency was monitored until 28 days. RESULTS All porcine PTFE fistula grafts were patent at 7 days and 100% patency was maintained until 14 days. After 28 days, 75% of the grafts failed due to thrombosis. The venous outflow tract developed a significant proliferative response. After 7 days the intimal and medial areas were 469 +/- 9 microm2 and 875 +/- 26 microm2 respectively. At 28 days the intimal and medial areas were 913 +/- 55 microm2 and 1437 +/- 182 microm2 respectively. Luminal flow rate of the venous outflow tract was reduced significantly (344 +/- 11 ml/min at Day 0 to 129 +/- 14 ml/min at Day 7, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This porcine model rapidly, reliably and robustly reproduces the flow reducing stenosis and intimal-medial hyperplasia at the venous outflow tract of PTFE arteriovenous fistula. It represents a promising tool for investigating the mechanisms of intimal-medial hyperplasia, evaluating therapeutic interventions and new graft materials.
Small scale fog-gradients change epiphytic lichen shape and distribution

Abstract Fruticose lichens often live in environments where airflow and atmospheric water input may influence their morphology. Measurements of the “pendulosity” (erect length/total length) of Usnea and Ramalina thalli growing on tall, cylindrical cacti in a fog-influenced desert show local-scale patterns that fit with aerodynamic theory. Windward thalli were shorter and more erect while leeward thalli were significantly more pendulous, consistent with expectations for the harvesting of water droplets from foggy air.
Design of an Experimental Mock Circulatory System for the Fontan Circulation

Each year, a small fraction of children are born with univentricular hearts, causing the lethal blue baby syndrome. Several preliminary operations are required to buy time until the child’s blood vessels grow to sufficient size. Once the child reaches an age of 3–5 years, the blood vessels have grown enough for the Stage 3 Fontan operation, in which the superior and inferior vena cavae are coupled directly to the pulmonary arteries in a cruciform junction [2,3]. After this operation, the heart is only pumping blood to the systemic circulation. Only residual pressure in the systemic veins and intrathoracic pressure change with respiration drive the flow into the lungs [5]. This circulation decreases the load on the heart, allowing the patients to survive with normal blood oxygen levels. This circulation decreases the load on the heart, allowing the patients to survive into their 20s and 30s. An aim of this study is to develop an experimental model of the Fontan circulation that can be readily adapted to simulate patient specific anatomies so as to assist in potential surgical decisions. Of interest is the study of chronic venous hypertension, a result of the Fontan circulation having no heart “vacuum” at the end of the vena cavae; it is known to cause liver failure. We also intend to examine the hypothesis of Hsia et al. [6] that decreasing sub-diaphragmatic venous flow reversal will improve functional outcome of the Fontan.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Nuclear data sheets for A = 137

Abstract The 1961 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 137 has been revised according to experimental data received before September 1, 1974. Selected experimental data, discussions for Jπ-assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. Significant additions have been made to all members of the A = 137 isobar. Areas of continuing experimental activity are the decays of 137I, 137Ce, 137Nd and 137Pm. The data for 136Ba (n,γ) and 137I are notably incomplete, and the available 137Nd decay data are not consistent.
Transurethral Needle Ablation of the Prostate: Report of Initial United States Clinical Trial

AbstractPurpose: We studied the efficacy and safety of transurethral needle ablation of the prostate for treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with symptomatic BPH underwent transurethral needle ablation of the prostate. Voiding outcomes, including American Urological Association symptom scores, bother scores, quality of life scores, peak urinary flow rates, residual urine volumes and urodynamic pressure flows, were measured with time, and immediate and short-term (6 months) complications were assessed.Results: Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate was performed with local intraurethral lidocaine anesthesia in 11 patients and general anesthesia in 1. At 6 months there was a 61.7 percent improvement in American Urological Association symptom score (25.6 to 9.8, p = 0.0001), 61.1 percent improvement in bother score (18.8 to 7.3, p = 0.0002), 70.0 percent improvement in quality of life score (13.7 to 4.1, p = 0.0001), 73.0 percent in...
Play and Socio-Sexual Behaviour in a Captive Chimpanzee (Pan Troglodytes) Group

1. Play and socio-sexual behaviors were studied in a captive chimpanzee group composed of three mothers and their offspring. 2. Mother-other infant relationships were more extensive and varied than those reported among wild chimpanzees. These relationships did not affect the motherinf ant bond. 3. Socio-sexual behaviors were regularly directed toward infants by all group members, including other infants. It is suggested that infant socio-sexuality should be viewed not only as a developmental phenomenon, but as an important factor in group interaction patterns. 4. Group play centered around the oldest male infant and two mothers played more with other infants than with their own infants. 5. Patterns of interaction among group members were shown to be heavily dependent on age-sex status. 6. Young infants initially tried to behave toward one another much as they behaved toward their own mothers. The way in which this tendency produced entirely new behavior patterns is discussed.
Reorganization of the chain packing between poly(ethylene isophthalate) chains via coalescence from their inclusion compound formed with γ‐cyclodextrin

Amorphous poly(ethylene isophthalate) (PEI) was synthesized, and was used for preparing an inclusion compound (IC) with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). Coalesced polymer was produced by washing the PEI-γ-CD-IC with hot water. Wide angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and differential scanning calorimetry analyses were employed to verify formation of PEI-γ-CD-IC and to compare the as-synthesized and coalesced PEI samples. These observations suggested that the conformations and morphology/chain-packing of PEI were changed via coalescence from its γ-CD inclusion compound. The glass-transition temperature of the amorphous coalesced PEI is 15–20°C higher than the Tg observed for the as-synthesized sample, even when observed in the second heat after cooling from well above Tg at 260°C. The amorphous as-synthesized PEI retains its randomly-coiling structure, while coalesced PEI has at least partially retained, the highly extended and parallel chains from the narrow channels of the inclusion compound, resulting in better/tighter packing among the PEI chains manifested by a higher Tg. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 6049–6053, 2006
TOWARD A RHETORIC OF POSTMODERN THEOLOGY: THROUGH BARTH AND HEIDEGGER

Rhetoric is once again on the curriculum for the study of theology. Perhaps the latest in a series of renewed approaches to artful forms of thinking, the current project in rhetoric uncovers new lines of reading that tie up with the classical tradition. But in its most recent version, rhetoric no longer presents itself as merely reflection on the role of style in the art of persuasion. More global theories abound under the head of rhetoric of inquiry (Nelson; Megill; McCloskey). Through them we see rhetoric as theoretical inquiry into our communicative practices. Specifically, it reflects on the art of projecting and performing the meaning of some domain of reality through speaking and writing. Thus rhetoric is the counterpart of hermeneutics taken as inquiry into the art of understanding and appropriating meaning. The rhetoric of inquiry has three central concerns. None of them is new. Consequently, its originality lies in its ability to open fresh perspectives on our abiding interests. It focuses on (1) figurative and narrative means of projecting meaning to persuade audiences, (2) the relation of argumentative processes to notions of interest and ideology, and (3) the power of discursive practices in forming or disrupting communal solidarity. In all cases, however, rhetoric remains a discourse on the margins of thought and action (Hariman: 51). The marginality of rhetoric means that it always lives in deference to an independent subject matter, which it brings to speech and thought. Rhetoric aims at transparency for its subject matter through artistic density along with rigorous thinking. Thus, good rhetoric serves the quest for truth and is not its distortion. Yet rhetorical criticism is not merely a means of speaking about how a self-constituting subject puts objective matters
Genotoxicity of industrial wastes and effluents

In excess of several million pounds of genotoxic and/or carcinogenic industrial wastes are released into the U.S. environment each year. Chemical characterization of these waste materials can rarely provide an adequate assessment of their genotoxicity and potential hazard. Bioassays do not require prior information about chemical composition and can effectively assess the genotoxicity of complex waste materials. The most commonly used genotoxicity assay has been the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Results with this system have shown that the genotoxic potency of industrial wastes can vary over 10 orders of magnitude, from virtually nondetectable to highly potent. Industries employing similar industrial processes generally release wastes of similar potency. Extremely high potency wastes include those from furazolidone and nitrofurfural production. Pulp and paper mills, steel foundries, and organic chemical manufacturing facilities also discharge wastes of noteworthy potency. Treatment and remediation of some wastes, such as pulp and paper mill effluents, have been shown to reduce or eliminate genotoxicity. However, in other cases, treatment and remediation have been shown to enhance genotoxicity, such as for fungal treatment of oils. Analyses of samples collected from areas known to receive industrial wastes and effluents have shown that genotoxins can accumulate in the receiving environment and have adverse effects on indigenous biota. The evaluation of hazardous wastes and effluents by genotoxicity assays may provide data useful not only for hazard identification but for comparative risk assessment.
Interplane penetration depth and coherent transport in organic superconductors

Measurements of the interlayer penetration depth {lambda}{sub {perpendicular}} have been performed on single crystals of the organic superconductors {kappa}-(ET){sub 2}Cu[N(CN){sub 2}]Br and {kappa}-(ET){sub 2}Cu(NCS){sub 2}. We find that {lambda}{sub {perpendicular}}(0){approx}130 {micro}m for both materials. The normalized superfluid density {rho}{sub {perpendicular}} = [{lambda}{sub {perpendicular}}(0)/{lambda}{sub {perpendicular}} (T)]{sup 2} may be fit equally well to a power law 1{rho}{sub {perpendicular}} {approx} T{sup n} with n = 1.3-1.5 or to the form 1{rho}{sub {perpendicular}} = {alpha}(t{sup 2}/T{sub c})/(T+T*), consistent with a d-wave pairing state with impurity scattering. The data imply coherent transport between conducting planes, in agreement with recent magnetoresistive measurements [J. Singleton, P. A. Goddard, A. Ardavan, N. Harrison, S. J. Blundell, J. A. Schlueter, and A. M. Kini, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 037001 (2002)] and in contrast to the copper oxides.
Evidence for a radical chain pathway for substitution of Co2(CO)8

Abstract The reaction between octacarbonyldicobalt, Co 2 (CO) 8 , and tri-n-butylphosphine at 25°C to yield [Co(CO) 3 (PR 3 ) 2 ]Co(CO) 4 has been studied using IR stopped-flow techniques. The reaction is very rapid; the half-life at 25°C is on the order of 0.07 sec. The observations are consistent with a radical chain mechanism that includes an outer-sphere electron transfer from Co(CO) 3 L radical to Co 2 (CO) 8 .
An Analysis of Revolving Credit Agreements

Abstract This paper examines the pricing of intermediate-term line commitments, often called revolving credit agreements. Their characteristics, covenant, and compensating balance features are discussed. The fixed portion of the line is described as a dual phased option; it behaves as a put or a call depending on whether bank borrowing is undertaken. Two valuation models, based on the use of the borrowing, are derived for infinitely-lived line commitments. The pattern of borrowing by the firm is shown to principally depend on the relative size of the fixed and variable costs of the line.
Sequences of two kinetiplast minicircle DNAs for Trypanosoma (Nannomona) congolense

Abstract Random minicricle DNA molecules were released from isolated kinetoplast network DNA of Trypanosoma congolense by Bam HI digestion and cloned into plasmid pUC19. The sequences of two cloned minicricles (958 bp and 964 bp) were determined. Both minicircles contain the 13 bp sequence, 5′-GGGGTTGGTGTAA-3′, thought to be the replication origin of minicircles in other trypanosomatids. The two minicircles have extensive homology in the 120 bp preceeding, and the 20 bp following, this 13-mer but only scattered homology elsewhere. Both possess tandem repeats downstream of the 13-mer. Comparison of these minicircles with minicircle sequences from other trypanosomatids reveals that they have the same general sequence organizatiion as the others although only the 13-mer and its flanking regions are homologous.
Axenic Cultivation of Trichomonas tenax, the Oral Flagellate of Man I. Establishment of Cultures

SYNOPSIS. A technique for the axenic cultivation of Trichomonas tenax, the oral flagellate of man, is presented. The medium employed consists of a nutrient broth supplemented with horse serum and a cell-free extract of chick embryo. Three strains established in this medium have been maintained for 16, 23 and 48 months respectively. All the cultures were initiated with trichomonads grown in association with Trypanosoma cruzi. Attempts to establish axenic cultures with trichomonads obtained from xenic cultures containing a bacterial flora of unknown composition met with failure. This suggests that the successful cutcome of the process of axenization is to a certain extent dependent upon the type of organism(s) with which T. tenax is associated in culture. Furthermore, these findings may serve to explain earlier failures since not only were all of these attempts made with media lacking tissue extract supplements but all were made using bacteria-trichomonad cultures as a source of trichomonads.
Segmentation and object-oriented classification of wetlands in a karst Florida landscape using multi-season Landsat-7 ETM+ imagery

Segmentation and object-oriented processing of single-season and multi-season Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data was utilized for the classification of wetlands in a 1560 km2 study area of north central Florida. This segmentation and object-oriented classification outperformed the traditional maximum likelihood algorithm (MLC) in accurately mapping wetlands, with overall accuracies of 90.2% (single-season imagery) and 90.8% (multi-season imagery), compared to overall accuracies for the MLC classifiers of 78.4 and 79.0%, respectively. Kappa coefficients were over 1.5-times greater for the segmentation/object-oriented classifications than for the MLC classifications, and producer and user accuracies were also higher. The producer accuracies of the segmentation/object-oriented classifications were 90.8% (single-season) and 91.6% (multi-season), compared to 70.6 and 74.4%, respectively, for the MLC classifications. User accuracies were 73.9 and 73.5% for the single-season and multi-season segmentation/object-oriented classifications, respectively, compared to 54.1% (single-season) and 55.0% (multi-season) for the MLC classifications. The use of multi-seasonal data resulted in only a slight increase in overall accuracy over the single-season imagery. This small increase was primarily due to better discrimination of riparian wetlands in the multi-season data. Segmentation and object-oriented processing provides a low-cost, high-accuracy method for classification of wetlands on a local, regional, or national basis.