cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface ozone at College, Alaska, for the year 1950

The daily average concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere near the surface at College, Alaska (latitude 65°N, longitude 148°W), were determined during 1950 by the absorption of ozone in a solution of potassium iodide and standard sodium arsenite. The results, which were generally higher and more erratic than those found at lower latitudes, ranged from one to 75 mg/100 of dry air at standard conditions to give a yearly average of 9.8 mg/100 m3 (or 4.6 × 10−8 molecules of ozone per molecule of air). The monthly averages showed a principal maximum in April, a secondary maximum in July, and a minimum in August.
The viscosity of nucleohistone in urea.

Abstract A large increase in the intrinsic viscosity of calf thymus nucleohistone is observed in urea solutions between 1.0 and 3.5 M. This phenomenon is due neither to dissociation of the nucleoprotein complex into free DNA, nor to formation of aggregates. It is proposed that the increase in intrinsic viscosity is primarily due to transition from the supercoiled conformation of nucleohistone to a more extended rod-like conformation, although a contribution from an increase in hydration of nucleohistone is not excluded.
College Students' Perceptions of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Obtaining Psychotherapy

147 college students completed questionnaires which assessed their perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of seeking professional psychological help for a depressed condition. They were also asked to indicate those groups or individuals they felt would approve and those who would disapprove of seeking such help. Results indicate that expenditures of time and money were perceived as most disadvantageous, followed by both stigma and the necessity of confronting painful issues. Most frequently cited advantages were problem resolution and understanding the causes of the depression. Most students saw family and friends as approving of help-seeking behavior while acquaintances were perceived as disapproving. Responses of students who have sought help in the past are compared to responses of students who have never sought help. These attitudes and beliefs are discussed in terms of their value as gauges of the needs and expectations of present and potential mental health consumers.
Bilateral pleural-based densities in a patient with hip pain.

A 55-year-old white woman presented with a twomonth history of increasing dyspnea and dry cough. The week prior to admission, the patient noted the onset of pleuritic chest pain without associated fever, chills, sputum production or hemoptysis. She had no significant occupational exposures, travel or smoking history. Five months prior to admission, the patient had noted mild “arthritic” pain in her right hip which had resolved entirely with aspirin therapy, which she had since discontinued. Physical examination revealed a thin white woman in mild respiratory distress. The blood pressure was 140/80 mm Hg without paradox; pulse rate, 90/mm; respiratory rate, 26/mm; and temperature, 37.5#{176}C. Bilateral dry inspiratory crackles were heard at the bases. Results of cardiac and abdominal examinations were normal. The extremities showed no cyanosis, clubbing or edema. The neurologic exam was entirely normal.
The control of flexible structure vibrations using a cantilevered adaptive truss

Analytical and experimental procedures and design tools are presented for the control of flexible structure vibrations using a cantilevered adaptive truss. Simulated and experimental data are examined for three types of structures: a slender beam, a single curved beam, and two curved beams. The adaptive truss is shown to produce a 6,000-percent increase in damping, demonstrating its potential in vibration control. Good agreement is obtained between the simulated and experimental data, thus validating the modeling methods.
A Mouse Model of Lethal Synergism Between Influenza Virus and Haemophilus influenzae

Secondary bacterial infections that follow infection with influenza virus result in considerable morbidity and mortality in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals and may also significantly increase mortality in normal healthy adults during influenza pandemics. We herein describe a mouse model for investigating the interaction between influenza virus and the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. Sequential infection with sublethal doses of influenza and H. influenzae resulted in synergy between the two pathogens and caused mortality in immunocompetent adult wild-type mice. Lethality was dependent on the interval between administration of the bacteria and virus, and bacterial growth was prolonged in the lungs of dual-infected mice, although influenza virus titers were unaffected. Dual infection induced severe damage to the airway epithelium and confluent pneumonia, similar to that observed in victims of the 1918 global influenza pandemic. Increased bronchial epithelial cell death was observed as early as 1 day after bacterial inoculation in the dual-infected mice. Studies using knockout mice indicated that lethality occurs via a mechanism that is not dependent on Fas, CCR2, CXCR3, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor, or Toll-like receptor-4 and does not require T or B cells. This model suggests that infection with virulent strains of influenza may predispose even immunocompetent individuals to severe illness on secondary infection with H. influenzae by a mechanism that involves innate immunity, but does not require tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, or signaling via Toll-like receptor-4.
Balloon and blade atrial septostomy facilitated by two-dimensional echocardiography.

Abstract Two-dimensional echocardlography (2-D echo) was used as an imaging device for the performance of balloon atrial septostomy (n = 25) and blade atrial septostomy (n = 3). Biplane fluoroscopy with 2-D echo or 2-D echo alone were used In the cardiac catheterization laboratory to place the balloon or blade septostomy catheter in the left atrium. Echocardiography confirmed the position of the septostomy catheter before pullback. Balloon inflation and balloon or blade pullback to the right atrium was performed with 2-D echocardlographic visualization. In 8 criticaNy ill newborn Infants, baNoon atrial septostomy was done In the neonatal intensive care unit without flouroscopy. The safety and efficacy of 2-D echo to assist balloon or blade atrial septostomy in the catheterization laboratory or as the sole imaging device in the neonatal Intensive care unit are confirmed. Use of the subcostal 4-chamber and sagittal views to image cardiac anatomy and catheter position during the procedure are emphasized. Two-dimensional echo is particularly helpful in cases of cardiac malposition and during transseptal puncture of the atrial septum before blade septostomy, and lowers radiation dose when used in conjunction with fluoroscopy.
On the coupling characteristics of coplanar waveguides and microstrip lines to multilayer dielectric media

The spectral-domain technique is utilized to optimize the coupling of coplanar waveguides and microstrip lines to lossy dielectric media. It is shown that to enhance the coupling, higher frequencies should be used, the dielectric constant of the substrate should be small ( in =2.56), and the width of the center conductor and gaps should be as large as possible. The dielectric constant of the superstrate should be low if a leaky-wave type of coupling is desired or large if a strong coupling by the transverse-field components is desired. It is shown that the quasi-static TEM and TM/sub 0/ modes will be excited if a superstrate is present between a high dielectric lossy media and the coplanar waveguide. >
Demonstration of Silicon Microdisk Resonators Compatible with Active Integration: Ultra-high Q and Efficient Waveguide-Resonator Coupling

Silicon-on-insulator microdisk resonators with efficient planar-integrated input-output coupling are demonstrated. Two structures of fully-etched and partially-etched microdisk-on- substrate, compatible with active integration are fabricated and compared. Experimental quality factors about 2.5 times 106 and critical coupling are observed.
Improving ‘Bing’ sweet cherry fruit quality with plant growth regulators

Abstract Final fruit diameter is the prime determinant of sweet cherry fruit value. Previous research has shown that mesocarp cell size accounts predominantly for variability in final fruit size, within a genotype. Our research program evaluated the potential to improve sweet cherry fruit size/weight with growth regulators to affect cell division and/or cell expansion stages. In the current study we screened 8 plant growth regulators (PGRs), including cytokinins, gibberellins, and auxins, and their combinations for their ability to increase ‘Bing’ fruit weight. Each PGR was mixed in lanolin paste and applied to fruit pedicels at 9 or 30 days after full bloom (DAFB), to coincide with estimated peak in cell division and cell expansion activity, respectively. Several cytokinins applied 30 DAFB improved fruit weight significantly (ca. +15%) with N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU) and 6-(3-hydroxybenzylamino) purine (mt-Topolin) at 100 mg l−1 being the most effective. Gibberellins, applied alone, improved fruit size and delayed fruit maturation and exocarp coloration. GA3 at 200 mg l−1 applied at 9 DAFB was the most effective and improved final fruit weight by 15%. Fifty-six percent of the fruit from this treatment were ≥9 g compared to 15% of similar weight fruit from untreated limbs. Both GA3 and GA4/7 treatments applied 9 DAFB increased fruit radial expansion. 4-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid, a synthetic auxin, also stimulated higher fruit growth rates at stage I and stage II, and fruit color development, but did not improve final fruit size.
Social Information Processing and Group-Induced Shifts in Responses to Task Design

A repeated-measures control group experiment, designed in the group polarization tradition, revealed significant shifts in individuals' task perceptions and attitudes after discussion with coworkers. A process incorporating converging perspectives on task design—whereby employees form initial reactions to tasks, process incoming social information, and adjust their perceptions accordingly—is suggested. Impli cations for managers and change agents are discussed.
The Impact of Return Orifices on the Stability of a Four-Way Valve–Controlled Double-Acting Actuator

This paper studies the influence of the return and the valve spring rate on the stability of a four-way valve‐controlled double-acting actuator. A fully nonlinear model for this system is developed based on the orifice equation. The new model contains both the upstream chamber and downstream chamber for each orifice. The geometry of the return orifice and the valve spring rate has an impact on the stability boundary of the four-way valve‐controlled double-acting actuator. A larger return orifice requires using a stronger valve spring to ensure the stability of the system. It is shown that, for the nonlinear system, a stable limit circle can be born from an unstable origin as bifurcation occurs. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024005]
Comparing the frequency and spectra of mutations induced when an SV-40 based shuttle vector containing covalently bound residues of structurally-related carcinogens replicates in human cells

It is widely recognized that the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells is a multistep process, and there is substantial evidence that mutations and gene rearrangements are involved in causing one or more of the required changes. However, the molecular mechanisms by which carcinogens induce such changes in mammalian cells are not well understood. One reason for this has been the difficulty involved in sequencing the newly mutated genes to determine the kinds of changes that have taken place. The recent development of shuttle vectors, i.e., small circular plasmid DNA molecules that are capable of replicating in mammalian cells and also in bacteria, has greatly reduced the level of difficulty (Calos et al.,1983; Sarkar et al., 1984; Seidman et al., 1985). It is now feasible to investigate at the DNA sequence level the nature of mutations formed when carcinogen-treated plasmids replicate in human cells.
Reduced Bias Factor Distribution to reduce the likelihood estimate bias of small sample sizes

A new method is developed by the author to reduce the bias of the maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) with small sample sizes. The new method is based on a special case of the Frechet distribution. The special case of the Frechet distribution is now referred as the “New Distribution” in this article and/or the “Reduce Bias Factor” Distribution. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the “New Distribution” is the factor that decreases the bias in distribution parameter estimates to improve data analysis and reliability/lifetime prediction accuracy when using maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) particularly for small sample sizes. The new distribution is very flexible and versatile with two parameters, i.e. Scale and Shape to fit for relevant scenarios. This function support any life distributions such as Weibull, Normal, Log Normal and or others distributions as needed. The new distribution is capable of describing most of the correction factor formulas among them the well known correction factors such as the C4 for Normal and Log Normal Distributions Sigma by William Gossett (Refs. 1, 2, and 3), who was the Chief Brewmaster for the Guinness Breweries. William Gossett also invented the Monte Carlo simulation method for statistical distribution analysis. Dr. Robert B. Abernethy used Monte Carlo later to develop corrections for the Weibull MLE Median and Mean Beta approximately C4^3.5 and C4^6 respectively, see (Refs. 1, 2, and 3). Extensive Monte Carlo simulations and transposed linear regressions by the author provide the basis for the conclusions in this paper. The results herein apply to complete samples starting from, but not limited to, Beta values of 0.5 up to Beta value of 10 with 1200 sets of samples of 2 up to 300. The author is using the new method to reduce the MLE bias with censored data, never the less the author does encourage additional research into censored data.
Dizziness leads to an unexpected diagnosis.

A61-YEAR-OLD, 105-kg, 170-cm man presented to the authors’ institution with a chief complaint of dizziness. The atient acknowledged a medical history of hypertension and hyerlipidemia, but he denied a history of cardiac disease and othrwise was essentially asymptomatic. The physical examination isclosed lower extremity pitting edema but otherwise was unrearkable. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was perormed as part of the diagnostic evaluation and displayed the mages shown in Figures 1-3 and Videos 1-3 (supplementary videos are available online). What is the diagnosis?
Automatic detecting indicators for quality of health information on the Web.

Abstract Objectives To automatically evaluate the quality of health information on the Internet, we presents a method for detecting indicators for quality of health information. Methods An automatic indicator detection tool (AIDT) was developed in the following steps: (1) 18 initial technical criteria were chosen; (2) multiple measurable indicators were defined for each criterion; (3) these measurable indicators on the Web pages were automatically detected by a computer program; (4) the detectable indicators were selected for each criterion based on detection accuracy and occurrence frequency, and detecting criteria on Web pages; (5) AIDT was developed based on the detectable indicators and criteria. The efficiency of detection tool was measured by recall and precision of detecting criteria. The performance of AIDT was tested using three data sets. Results AIDT with validated detectable indicators can reach 93% recall and 98% precision on these data sets. AIDT can automatically and correctly detect measurable criteria on Web pages. Conclusions Automatic detecting indictors for quality of health information is feasible and effective. Using an automatic detecting tool is a promising method for identifying quality criteria of health information, and eventually it can be used to develop instruments for evaluating the quality of health Websites.
Recovery of pulmonary function in patients undergoing extended left ventricular assistance.

Heart transplantation should follow the implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) only after optimal postoperative recovery of pulmonary function. We reviewed hospital records of 12 patients who underwent extended (>30 days) left ventricular support before transplantation to determine the rate of return of pulmonary function. The mean cardiac index and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure returned to normal in all patients within three days after LVAD implantation. The mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance decreased but did not return to normal. The mean central venous pressure remained elevated throughout the first month but decreased by the time of transplantation. Supplemental oxygen requirements and peak airway pressures improved, and ten of the 12 patients were extubated by the fifth postoperative day. Preoperative roentgenographic evidence of pulmonary edema was present in eight patients, and pulmonary hilar prominence was present in the remaining four patients. Roentgenographic resolution of the pulmonary edema occurred slowly, persisting for one week after surgery in seven of eight patients. Ten patients were able to exercise strenuously 30 days after surgery, and 11 were returned to excellent condition before undergoing heart transplantation. Although the hemodynamic status in these patients significantly improved shortly after LVAD implantation, optimal recovery of pulmonary function required several weeks. Therefore, we advocate delaying transplantation after LVAD implantation to allow optimal pulmonary recovery. (Chest 1992; 102:45–49)
Novel Algorithms for Optimal Compression Using Classification Metrics

In image processing, classification and compression are very common operations. Compression and classification algorithms are conventionally independent of each other and performed sequentially. However, some class distinctions may be lost after a minimum distortion compression. In this paper, two new schemes are developed that combine the compression and classification operations in order to optimize some classification metrics. In other words, the compression systems are improved under classification constraints. In the first scheme, compression is achieved by using adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM). Optimization of filter coefficients is done by using a simple genetic algorithm (GA). In the second scheme, compression is achieved by image transform and quantization. The parameters in transform and quantization are adapted to improve the compression system and reduce the classification errors. Computer simulations are performed on hyperspectral images. The results are promising and illustrate the performance of the algorithms under various classification constraints and compression schemes.
Singular systems of differential equations as dynamic models for constrained robot systems

There are many robot system configurations where external contact forces on a robot play an important role in the system dynamics. Such contact forces arise due to constraints on the motion of the robot. Mathematical models of such robot system naturally give rise to a mathematical system of differential equations and algebraic equations, that can be viewed as a singular system of differential equations. Such singular models are developed for several robot system configurations. A general reduction approach is presented that can, in principle, form the basis for the development of planning and feedback control schemes for such robot system configurations.
Development of integral equation solution for 3D eddy current distribution in a conducting body

Eddy current analysis finds wide application in electrical machinery and devices, in power system analysis, non destructive testing, continuous casting, ship board applications and others. Finite Element methods such as T-Omega, A-phi and A-V methods do provide solutions of acceptable accuracy for small problems where the element size is comparable to skin-depth. Even for this, a large number of elements are required to model the entire space of the conducting medium and the surrounding air region. Integral equations require modeling of only the conducting parts and therefore offer an alternative approach to the problem. This paper presents an integral equation analysis and its application to a conducting slab with and without a crack excited by a transmission line source, to a slab excited by a dipole source, to phase segregated bus bars and others.
Neutrino masses in SU(2) ⊗ U(1) theories

We analyze SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) theories, denoted by ($n, m$), in which there are $n$ neutrinos belonging to isodoublets and $m$ neutrino isosinglets. The charged-current weak interactions are described by a rectangular matrix $K$ which we explicitly parametrize. The neutral-current neutrino interactions are described by a square matrix $P={K}^{+}K$. This has the consequences that neutrinos may decay into three lighter ones and that neutrino oscillations involving neutral-current interactions should exist. The general formalism for the latter situation is given. Associated material on parametrization of unitary matrices and the quantum theory of Majorana particles is also briefly discussed.
MAC reliable broadcast in ad hoc networks

Traditional wireless ad hoc medium access control (MAC) protocols often utilize control frames such as request-to-send (RTS), clear-to-send (CTS) and acknowledgement (ACK) to reliably deliver unicast data. However, little effort has been given to improve the reliable delivery of broadcast data. Often, broadcast data are transmitted blindly without any consideration of hidden terminals. In this paper, we proposed a novel MAC protocol, broadcast medium window (BMW) that reliably delivers broadcast data.
Food extracts for chemoprevention: quo vadis?

Perspective on Thomasset et al.,[p. 625][1] The development of chemoprevention agents is hard and unglamorous work. By 1980 there was sufficient epidemiologic evidence to suggest that certain diets and non-smoking lifestyles were protective against the development of many epithelial cancers,
Paradoxical Cerebral Embolism from Thrombolysis of a Clotted Arteriovenous Graft (P6.269)

OBJECTIVE: To recognize cerebral embolism as a potential complication from thrombolysis of a clotted arteriovenous graft (AVG) in patient with a patent foramen ovale (PFO). BACKGROUND: Cerebral embolism has been well documented in relationship with paradoxical embolism in patients with PFO. Various embolic sources have been described, but cerebral embolism due to thrombolysis of a clotted AVG is very rare phenomena and never been described in neurology literature best of our knowledge. DESIGN/METHODS: We reported a case of a patient with PFO who develop cerebral embolism after declotting of hemodialysis graft. RESULTS: A 54-year-old Caucasian woman with stage four chronic kidney diseases from obstructive uropathy and left brachial artery to axillary vein AVG admitted for dehydration and hyponatremia. During evaluation she found to have a clotted AVG which was treated with thrombolysis. About three hours after procedure she developed acute right side weakness and expressive aphasia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed acute infarcts in left frontal and parietal lobes. Transesophageal echocardiographic examination showed a PFO with right to left shunt without any evidence of thrombus. CONCLUSIONS: Cerebral embolism can occur as a potential complication from thrombolysis of a clotted AVG. When patient with a PFO undergoes manipulation of AVG, they should be inform of the possible jeopardy and it is favorable to choose the procedure that presents with the lowest risk of embolization. Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shah has nothing to disclose.
Structural MRI correlates of recognition memory in Alzheimer's disease

Neuroimaging and lesion studies have demonstrated that hippocampal volume correlates with memory performance, but material-specific lateralization of this structure-function relationship has been inconsistent. This MRI study examined the relative contributions of left and right temporal lobe volumes to verbal and nonverbal recognition memory in a group of 20 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. There was a significant relationship between extent of right hippocampal and right temporal gray matter tissue volume deficit and performance on the face recognition subtest of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test. The face recognition test correlated with right hemisphere volume but not to left, indicating a material-specific relationship between brain structure and function in this patient group. Right temporal horn volume did not account for a significant proportion of variance in face recognition memory. Although word recognition was not significantly correlated with either left or right hippocampal volume in the total group, there was a strong correlation between left hippocampal volume and word recognition memory in the female AD patients. Thus, face recognition shows a material specific relationship with select lateralized hippocampal and temporal cortical volumes in AD patients, regardless of gender, whereas the verbal recognition–left-hippocampal volume relationship may be mediated by gender. (JINS, 1998, 4, 106–114.)
Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: The U.S. Case

The field of public diplomacy has lacked theoretical frameworks to guide research and practice. This article is an attempt to supply a potentially useful theoretical model. The cascading network activation model, developed to explain the spread and dominance of different framings of U.S. foreign policy in the American media, is extended here to the international communication process. The article focuses on how to theorize about the success and failure of efforts by the U.S. government to promote favorable framing of its policies in foreign news media.The success of these efforts, termed “mediated U.S. public diplomacy,” depends most importantly on political cultural congruency between the United States and the targeted nation, as well as on the strategy, power, and motivations of foreign elites to promote positive news of the United States in their own media. The article explores the difficulties faced and the (less numerous) opportunities enjoyed by the U.S. President and administration to attain their ...
Machine-verified network controllers

In many areas of computing, techniques ranging from testing to formal modeling to full-blown verification have been successfully used to help programmers build reliable systems. But although networks are critical infrastructure, they have largely resisted analysis using formal techniques. Software-defined networking (SDN) is a new network architecture that has the potential to provide a foundation for network reasoning, by standardizing the interfaces used to express network programs and giving them a precise semantics.This paper describes the design and implementation of the first machine-verified SDN controller. Starting from the foundations, we develop a detailed operational model for OpenFlow (the most popular SDN platform) and formalize it in the Coq proof assistant. We then use this model to develop a verified compiler and run-time system for a high-level network programming language. We identify bugs in existing languages and tools built without formal foundations, and prove that these bugs are absent from our system. Finally, we describe our prototype implementation and our experiences using it to build practical applications.
Cytokine storm in a mouse model of IgG-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions

Cytokines are hypothesized to play a central role in the pathophysiology of IgG-mediated hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs), and deeper understanding is required for improving therapy for these events. After establishing well-defined mouse models of HTRs, we tested whether cytokines were involved. Red blood cells (RBCs) from human glycophorin A transgenic (hGPA-Tg) or wild-type (WT) mice were transfused into non-Tg recipients passively immunized with monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Only transfusions of incompatible RBCs induced IgG-mediated HTRs, exemplified by rapid clearance and hemoglobinuria. Very high plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), were induced after incompatible transfusion. No significant changes in IL-10, IL-12, or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) levels were observed. The proinflammatory cytokines elaborated in this in vivo mouse model are also implicated in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and confirm the hypothesis that cytokine storm occurs as a result of HTRs.
Opioid peptides in human plasma: evidence for multiple forms.

Studies were designed to assess whether the enkephalin- containing peptides and proteins present in the chromaffin granules of the adrenal medulla and in other secretory tissues, such as the neurohypophysis, could be found circulating in human blood. We analyzed human plasma acid acetone extracts chromatographed on Sephadex G-75 in acetic acid and found evidence for the existence of opioid peptides of several different molecularweights and a large number of peptides and small proteins which generate opioid activity after tryptic digestion. These compounds are different from and present in much greater quantities than previously described opioid peptides in human plasma, and are separate from dynorphin-immunoreactive compounds, which we also report in the blood. Expressed in leucine-enkephalin equivalents on a radioreceptor assay, we found 63.2 ± 6.5 (n = 4; mean ± SEM) pmol/ml plasma. One active peak from the Sephadex G-75 chromatography of human plasma (apparent mol wt, ∼3000) was examined by reverse pha...
Cost-effectiveness of MRI compared to mammography for breast cancer screening in a high risk population.

Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive method of breast imaging virtually uninfluenced by breast density. Because of the improved sensitivity, breast MRI is increasingly being used for detection of breast cancer among high risk young women. However, the specificity of breast MRI is variable and costs are high. The purpose of this study was to determine if breast MRI is a cost-effective approach for the detection of breast cancer among young women at high risk. A Markov model was created to compare annual breast cancer screening over 25 years with either breast MRI or mammography among young women at high risk. Data from published studies provided probabilities for the model including sensitivity and specificity of each screening strategy. Costs were based on Medicare reimbursement rates for hospital and physician services while medication costs were obtained from the Federal Supply Scale. Utilities from the literature were applied to each health outcome in the model including a disutility for the temporary health state following breast biopsy for a false positive test result. All costs and benefits were discounted at 5% per year. The analysis was performed from the payer perspective with results reported in 2006 U.S. dollars. Univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses addressed uncertainty in all model parameters. Breast MRI provided 14.1 discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) at a discounted cost of $18,167 while mammography provided 14.0 QALYs at a cost of $4,760 over 25 years of screening. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of breast MRI compared to mammography was $179,599/QALY. In univariate analysis, breast MRI screening became $50,000/QALY in 34%, and inferior in 44% of trials. Although breast MRI may provide health benefits when compared to mammographic screening for some high risk women, it does not appear to be cost-effective even at willingness to pay thresholds above $120,000/QALY.
Abrupt community change on a rocky shore – biological mechanisms contributing to the potential formation of an alternative state

The 1997/1998 El Nino initiated a major shift in the intertidal assemblage on the Washington State outer coast. A 25 year time series (1978-2003) shows stands of dominant canopy algae replaced by mussel beds. A prior experiment had indicated that mussels can become too large to be eaten by starfish; newly initiated starfish removals predict mussel attainment of a size refuge. Such escapes inhibit recovery towards prior community composition and enhance development of alternative community states which may persist long after the originating forcing has lessened or disappeared.
Topical Review: Cerebral Hemodynamics and Metabolism During Infant Cardiac Surgery. Mechanisms of Injury and Strategies for Protection:

There is an established link between congenital heart disease and acquired brain injury, which relates to the dependence of the nervous system on a consistent and responsive supply of oxygen and glucose. The advances in the field of infant cardiac surgery have presented new and different challenges to the arena of child neurology This review provides an overview of the mechanisms of neurologic injury and cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism during cardiac surgery. This review discusses current and future strategies for the management of children with congenital heart disease. (J Child Neurol 1997;12:285-300).
Chromatic Dispersion Compensation Using Digital IIR Filtering With Coherent Detection

Digital infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering is proposed as a means for compensating chromatic dispersion in homodyne-detected optical transmission systems with subsequent digital signal processing. Compared to finite impulse response (FIR) filtering, IIR filtering achieves dispersion compensation (DC) using a significantly smaller number of taps. DC of 80 and 160 km in a 10-Gb/s binary phase-shift-keying is experimentally compared for the two filtering schemes. IIR filtering can achieve performance similar to the FIR filtering scheme.
Evaluating the effect of rainfall variability on vegetation establishment in a semidesert grassland

Of the operations required for reclamation in arid and semi-arid regions, establishing vegetation entails the most uncertainty due to reliance on unpredictable rainfall for seed germination and seedling establishment. The frequency of successful vegetation establishment was estimated based on a land surface model driven by hourly atmospheric forcing data, 7 years of eddy-flux data, and 31 years of rainfall data at two adjacent sites in southern Arizona, USA. Two scenarios differing in the required imbibition time for successful germination were evaluated—2 or 3 days availability of sufficient surface moisture. Establishment success was assumed to occur if plants could germinate and if the drying front in the soil did not overtake the growth of seminal roots. Based on our results, vegetation establishment could be expected to fail in 32 % of years. In the worst 10-year span, six of ten plantings would have failed. In the best 10-year span, only one of ten was projected to fail. Across all assessments, at most 3 years in a row failed and 6 years in a row were successful. Funding for reclamation seeding must be available to allow reseeding the following year if sufficient amount and timing of rainfall does not occur.
The biochemical basis for the drug actions of purines.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that an analogue of a naturally occurring purine, purine nucleoside, or a metabolic product of either, is potentially a substrate for and/or an inhibitor of any of the enzymes necessary for the reactions. Certain analogue nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphates can, by negative pseudo feedback, inhibit the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. Thus the problem of the biological activity of purines is a complex one based on the normal metabolism of the natural purines. The chapter discusses that enzymes in general vary widely in their substrate specificity, and this wide variation is found in the purine-metabolizing enzymes.. Specific structural features also determine the deactivation or destruction by catabolic enzymes of purine analogues. Selective destruction of these toxic materials may, in fact, be the single most important factor relating to their activity. The distribution and effects of these drugs on the host and invading organisms is considered with some concluding remarks on the present problem of resistance.
Association between a brief alcohol craving measure and drinking in the following week

Background and Aims Craving for alcohol is thought to be a predictor of alcohol use, particularly in the near future. The assessment of craving in clinical practice requires brief, simple measures that can be implemented routinely. This study tested whether greater alcohol craving was associated with a higher likelihood of alcohol use in the subsequent week. Design The COMBINE Study (Combining Medications and Behavioral Interventions for Alcohol Dependence) was a large, multi-site clinical trial of treatment for alcohol dependence. Participants were randomized (stratified by site) to one of nine treatment conditions involving combinations of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Craving was assessed every other week throughout the treatment period. Setting Substance use disorder treatment settings at 11 academic sites across the United States. Participants Participants from the COMBINE Study (n = 1370) with available craving data. Measurements Craving was assessed using the three-item self-report Craving Scale. Drinking was assessed using the Timeline Followback method, and was defined as alcohol use in each study week. Findings There was an average of 5.8 (of a possible seven) observation pairs per participant. Craving was associated strongly with alcohol use in the following week [B = 0.27, standard error (SEB) = 0.06, Wald χ2 = 43.34, odds ratio (OR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.16, 1.47, P < 0.001]. For each 1-unit increase in the Craving Scale, the likelihood of drinking in the next week was 31% higher. Conclusions Craving for alcohol is associated strongly with alcohol use in the following week. Clinicians can measure alcohol craving effectively using a brief self-report craving scale.
History of Opportunistic Infection in the Immunocompromised Host

pire where it was used to describe exemption from service or duty. The earliest medical use was in the first century A.D. to describe resistance to snake bite. Before this, however, the phenomenon of immunity was well described during the golden age of Greece. The earliest and most eloquent description of immunity was written by Thucydides in History of the Peloponnesian War [1 ]. The following quote is from his account of the plague of Athens, an epidemic of unknown etiology that occurred in 430 B.C.:
The New Beekeeping

A discussion of developments in practical beekeeping methods based on investigations and experience regarding the need of colonies of bees in winter and spring, special attention being given to the size and arrangement of the hive. The two story Langstroth hive is advised for winter, the upper story being filled with honey. A hive capacity smaller than this has been found not to yield the strongest colonies.
Non-Visualization of Renal Calices During Excretory Urography as an Indicator of Renal Transplant Rejection

Abstract Non-visualization of renal calices on an excretory urogram with satisfactory concentration in the pelvis, ureter and bladder in a renal transplant patient supports a rejection phenomenon. In all 7 patients with this urographic finding kidney transplant rejection was substantiated by laboratory findings.
Immersion team training in a realistic environment improves team performance in trauma resuscitation.

Background In the US military, it is common for health care teams to be formed ad hoc and expected to function cohesively as a unit. Poor team dynamics decreases the effectiveness of trauma care delivery. The US Navy Fleet Surgical Team Three has developed a simulation-based trauma initiative—the Shipboard Surgical Trauma Training (S2T2) Course—that emphasizes team dynamics to improve the delivery of trauma care to the severely injured patient. Methods The S2T2 Course combines classroom didactics with hands-on simulation over a period of 6 days, culminating in a daylong, mass casualty scenario. Each resuscitation team was initially evaluated with a simulated trauma resuscitation scenario then retested on the same scenario after completing the course. A written exam was also administered individually both before and after the course. A survey was administered to assess the participants' perceived effectiveness of the course on overall team training. Results From the evaluation of 20 resuscitation teams made up of 123 medical personnel, there was a decrease in the mean time needed to perform the simulated trauma resuscitation, from a mean of 24.4 minutes to 13.5 minutes ( P P Conclusion A team-based trauma course with immersion in a realistic environment is an effective tool for improving team performance in trauma training. This approach has high potential to improve trauma care and patient outcomes. The benefits of this team-based course can be adapted to the civilian rural sector, where gaps have been identified in trauma care.
Endourological Management of Ureteroileal Anastomotic Strictures: Is It Effective?

AbstractUreteroileal stenosis represents a serious postoperative threat to the obstructed kidney and open revision in these patients often is difficult. We evaluated 9 patients with 10 ureteroileal strictures who were treated with semirigid fascial dilators (1), balloon dilation (4) or a combination of balloon dilation and percutaneous intraureteral surgery (4). All 5 patients who had semirigid fascial or balloon dilation alone had early recurrence of the strictures. However, in 4 patients dilation in conjunction with percutaneous intraureteral incision of the stricture through a flexible choledochonephroscope resulted in short-term resolution of each ureteroileal stricture. However, by 6 months these strictures had recurred in 50 per cent of the patients.
Representations of sl 3 ℂ, Part I

This lecture develops results for \(\mathfrak{s}{{\mathfrak{l}}_{2}}\mathbb{C} \) analogous to those of §11.1 (though not in exactly the same order). This involves generalizing some of the basic terms of §11 (e.g., the notions of eigenvalue and eigenvector have to be redefined), but the basic ideas are in some sense already in §11. Certainly no techniques are involved beyond those of §11.1.
A touring machine: prototyping 3D mobile augmented reality systems for exploring the urban environment

We describe a prototype system that combines together the overlaid 3D graphics of augmented reality with the untethered freedom of mobile computing. The goal is to explore how these two technologies might together make possible wearable computer systems that can support users in their everyday interactions with the world. We introduce an application that presents information about our university's campus, using a head-tracked, see-through, head-worn, 3D display, and an untracked, opaque, handheld, 2D display with stylus and trackpad. We provide an illustrated explanation of how our prototype is used, and describe our rationale behind designing its software infrastructure and selecting the hardware on which it runs.
Big science in small packages: A constellation of cubesats to search for near earth asteroids

Astronomers for many decades have been searching for Near Earth Asteroids (NEA) that could potentially impact the Earth in the future. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), when completed, would be by far the most powerful tool for a ground-based search for NEAs. In space, IR telescopes are undergoing detailed design studies. These facilities are projected to find 90% of potentially hazardous NEAs in about a dozen years. We introduce a different approach to search for these objects by using multiple micro- and nano-spacecraft distributed in orbit around the Sun. Their ability to faint moving objects with small telescopes is based on a new generation of low noise, fast-frame cameras combined with processors that can execute 100's of gigaflops in a low power space environment.
Nuclear Localization of Integrin Cytoplasmic Domain-associated Protein-1 (ICAP1) Influences β1 Integrin Activation and Recruits Krev/Interaction Trapped-1 (KRIT1) to the Nucleus

Binding of ICAP1 (integrin cytoplasmic domain-associated protein-1) to the cytoplasmic tails of β1 integrins inhibits integrin activation. ICAP1 also binds to KRIT1 (Krev interaction trapped-1), a protein whose loss of function leads to cerebral cavernous malformation, a cerebrovascular dysplasia occurring in up to 0.5% of the population. We previously showed that KRIT1 functions as a switch for β1 integrin activation by antagonizing ICAP1-mediated inhibition of integrin activation. Here we use overexpression studies, mutagenesis, and flow cytometry to show that ICAP1 contains a functional nuclear localization signal and that nuclear localization impairs the ability of ICAP1 to suppress integrin activation. Moreover, we find that ICAP1 drives the nuclear localization of KRIT1 in a manner dependent upon a direct ICAP1/KRIT1 interaction. Thus, nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of ICAP1 influences both integrin activation and KRIT1 localization, presumably impacting nuclear functions of KRIT1.
Persistent motion loss after free joint mobilization in a rat model of post-traumatic elbow contracture

Background Post-traumatic joint contracture (PTJC) in the elbow is a challenging clinical problem due to the anatomical and biomechanical complexity of the elbow joint. Methods We previously established an animal model to study elbow PTJC, wherein surgically induced soft tissue damage, followed by 6 weeks of unilateral immobilization in Long-Evans rats, led to stiffened and contracted joints that exhibited features similar to the human condition. In this study, after 6 weeks of immobilization, we remobilized the animal (ie, external bandage removed and free cage activity) for an additional 6 weeks, after which the limbs were evaluated mechanically and histologically. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether this decreased joint motion would persist after 6 weeks of free mobilization (FM). Results After FM, flexion-extension demonstrated decreased total range of motion (ROM) and neutral zone length, and increased ROM midpoint for injured limbs compared with control and contralateral limbs. Specifically, after FM total ROM demonstrated a significant decrease of approximately 22% and 26% compared with control and contralateral limbs for injury I (anterior capsulotomy) and injury II (anterior capsulotomy with lateral collateral ligament transection), respectively. Histologic evaluation showed increased adhesion, fibrosis, and thickness of the capsule tissue in the injured limbs after FM compared with control and contralateral limbs, which is consistent with patterns previously reported in human tissue. Conclusion Even with FM, injured limbs in this model demonstrate persistent joint motion loss and histologic results similar to the human condition. Future work will use this animal model to investigate the mechanisms responsible for PTJC and responses to therapeutic intervention.