cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exhaustive and Near-Exhaustive Memory Testing Techniques and theirBIST Implementations

In this work we investigate the problem of detection and location of single and unlinked multiple k-coupling faults in n × 1 random-access memories (RAMs). This fault model covers all crosstalks between any k cells in n × 1 RAMs. The problem of memory testing has been reduced to the problem of the generation of (n,k-1)-exhaustive backgrounds. We have obtained practical test lengths, for a memory size around 1 M, for detecting up to 6-couplings by exhaustive tests and up to 9-couplings by near-exhaustive tests. The best known test algorithms up to now provide for the detection of 5-couplings only in a 1 M memory, using exhaustive tests. Beyond these parameters, test lengths were impractical. Furthermore, our method for generation of (n,k-1)-exhaustive backgrounds yields short test lengths giving rise to considerably shorter testing times than the present most efficient tests for large n and for k greater than 3. Our test lengths are 50% shorter than other methods for the case of detecting up to 5-couplings in a 1 Mbit RAM. The systematic nature of both our tests enables us to use a built-in self-test (BIST) scheme, for RAMs, with low hardware overhead. For a 1Mbit memory, the BIST area overhead for the detection of 5-couplings is less than 1% for SRAM and 6.8% for a DRAM. For the detection of 9-couplings with 99% or higher probability, the BIST area overhead is less than 0.2% for SRAM and 1.5% for DRAM.
Effects of immunization with human placental lactogen on reproduction in female rabbits

Abstract The effects on ovulation, implantation, and gestation were studied in rabbits actively immunized with crude or purified human placental lactogen (HPL). No effect on ovulation or implantation could be demonstrated in animals immunized with crude or purified HPL. Partial or complete fetal resorption and increased stillbirth rate were observed following immunization with the hormone. HPL-treated animals that were delivered of live pups failed to lactate. Ovarian and uterine weights of HPL-immunized rabbits (either puerperal or nonpregnant) were less than those of the respective controls. Activity of Δ 5 3 sol hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the ovaries was reduced in HPL-immunized rats that failed to breed compared to the nonpregnant control rabbits. These biological variations in immunized rabbits are assumed to be because of antibodies against injected antigen. The possible mechanism of these antibody actions is discussed.
Runtime verification of stochastic, faulty systems

We desire a capability for the lifelong verification of complex embedded systems that degrade over time, such as a semi-autonomous car. The field of runtime verification has developed many tools for monitoring the safety of software systems in real time. However, these tools do not allow for uncertainty in the system's state or failure, both of which are essential for monitoring hardware as it degrades. This work augments runtime verification with techniques from model-based estimation in order to provide a capability for monitoring the safety criteria of mixed hardware/software systems that is robust to uncertainty and hardware failure. We begin by framing the problem as runtime verification of stochastic, faulty, hidden-state systems. We solve this problem by performing belief state estimation over the combined state of the Buchi automata representing the safety requirements and the probabilistic hierarchical constraint automata representing the embedded system. This method provides a clean framing of safety monitoring of mixed stochastic systems as an instance of Bayesian filtering.
Bullying, Other Forms of Peer Harassment, and Victimization in the Schools: Issues for School Psychology Research and Practice.

ABSTRACT Bullying and harassment are pervasive problems in our schools, affecting at least 70% of the student body. For years these behaviors have been overlooked, ignored, or viewed as part of «normal» development. However, we now know that these actions can have significant adverse effects on both perpetrators and victims. The research contained in this volume focuses primarily on the assessment and understanding of the most salient aspects of the problem, and the discussion thereby has substantial implications for intervention. Based on the contents, important directions for research and practice are identified. The article concludes with suggestions regarding the need to make changes in the culture and climate of our schools, using an expanded, ecological, and developmental perspective so these organizations are safe, caring, supportive places of academic, social, and emotional learning.
Health and Well-Being in Adolescent Survivors of Early Childhood Cancer: A Report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Objective With the growing number of childhood cancer survivors in the US, it is important to assess the well-being of these individuals, particularly during the transitional phase of adolescence. Data about adolescent survivors' overall health and quality of life will help identify survivor subgroups most in need of targeted attention to successfully transition to adulthood. Participants and methods This ancillary study to the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study focused on children 15-19 years of age who had been diagnosed with cancer before the age of 4 years. A cohort of siblings of pediatric cancer survivors of the same ages served as a comparison sample. Adolescent health was assessed using the Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE) survey. Results The teen survey was sent to 444 survivor teens and 189 siblings. Of these, 307(69%) survivors and 97 (51%) siblings completed and returned the survey. The overall health profiles of siblings and survivors were similar. Among survivors, females scored significantly below males on satisfaction, discomfort, and disorders domains. Survivors diagnosed with central nervous system tumors scored less favorably than leukemia survivors in the global domains of satisfaction and disorders. Conclusion In general, adolescent survivors fare favorably compared to healthy siblings. However, identification of the subset of pediatric cancer survivors who are more vulnerable to medical and psychosocial disorders in adolescence provides the opportunity for design and implementation of intervention strategies that may improve quality of life. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Gene Correction for Cystic Fibrosis in Lung Epithelial Cells Generated from Patient iPSCs

Lung disease is a major cause of death in the United States, with current therapeutic approaches serving only to manage symptoms. The most common chronic and life-threatening genetic disease of the lung is cystic fibrosis (CF) caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). We have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from CF patients carrying a homozygous deletion of F508 in the CFTR gene, which results in defective processing of CFTR to the cell membrane. This mutation was precisely corrected using CRISPR to target corrective sequences to the endogenous CFTR genomic locus, in combination with a completely excisable selection system, which significantly improved the efficiency of this correction. The corrected iPSCs were subsequently differentiated to mature airway epithelial cells where recovery of normal CFTR expression and function was demonstrated. This isogenic iPSC-based model system for CF could be adapted for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Preconditioning in regenerative medicine

This editorial refers to an article by Z. Pasha et al .[1][1] published in Cardiovascular Research in 2008 (see [Box 1][2]). It is accompanied by an editorial by J. Muller-Ehmsen (doi:10.1093/cvr/cvs202) as part of this Spotlight on Landmark Papers in Cardiovascular Research . Our previous study reported in Cardiovascular Research 1 was prompted by the idea that the survival of stem cells is minimal after their transplantation into the infarcted myocardium. To grow, first of all these cells must survive in the ischaemic tissue upon transplantation. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is one of the most powerful protective phenomena against lethal ischaemic injury.2 We propose that molecular mechanisms of IPC responsible for cardioprotection would be equally effective in the stem cell-based repair of injured heart. Subsequent studies by our group3–6 and others7,8 demonstrated that cytokines, aside from inducing mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) homing and differentiation, confer cardioprotection by activating diverse signaling pathways. Amongst cytokines, stromal cell derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1) plays a prominent role in stem cell mobilization. The SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway regulating mobilization, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells has been extensively studied and has provided insight into new pathways and directions for future discoveries in cardiac regeneration. Stem cell survival is necessary for the effectiveness of transplantation therapy. In many cases, a significant number of the donor cells die within hours after transplantation9,10 Therefore, development of a strategy to render the donor cells capable of withstanding the severities of the microenvironment by enhancing cell retention, survival, … [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #F2
Learning in the Fast Lane: The Freeway Game†

When deciding whether to get on the freeway during rush hour, did you ever stop to consider that if you did so, you would slow everybody ELSE down? When we ask our students that question, they typically laugh—their only consideration is how long their own trip will take. When a decision maker does not account for all the costs or benefits associated with a decision, there exists what economists call an “externality.” Externalities are commonplace, and can cause significant problems (or create significant benefits) for firms and society. This article describes an online simulation game that introduces students to the concept of externalities, and helps them understand and develop ways of at least partially neutralizing negative externalities and expanding positive externalities. The game is based on a common situation with which most if not all students will have familiarity, that of traffic congestion. The article introduces the game, presents the rationale behind using a simulation game for teaching the concept of externality, and discusses how the game contributes to analytical thinking, multiple framing, reflective exploration of meaning, and practical reasoning.
Writing Policy Memoranda

Abstract The standard term paper is an excellent vehicle for improving writing skills, but there are, other valuable and in some ways more practical pedagogic instruments available. In this essay I discuss the use of memoranda in policy courses. On the basis of class experience, I am convinced that students are as able as practitioners to learn about policy and policy-making by writing memoranda. This essay describes four types of policy memoranda suitable for class use, provides guidelines and formats for writing each, and makes suggestions for incorporating any or all of them into relevant policy courses.
Early differentiation of the chick embryo spinal cord in organ culture: light and electron microscopy.

Chick embryo spinal cord has been explanted at two-day stages, when few or no cells have formed axons, and cultured for five to seven days. The effects of various culture methods and the presence or absence of other tissues on differentiation have been studied. Many cells with axons and numerous nerve fibers were seen in silver-stained sections of completely isolated neural tube cultured in a fold of vitelline membrane, as well as in neural tube explanted with adjacent tissues and in isolated neural tube recombined with somites. Electron micrographs of corresponding cultures showed cell bodies similar to those of fairly early nerve cells in vivo and processes with the structure of axons. Some characteristic differences in cell fine structure and in histological organization among these types of cultures were observed. Isolated neural tube cultured directly on a millipore filter did not survive or differentiate as well. These observations indicate that initial phases of nerve cell differentiation can proceed in organ culture and that there is no specific requirement for interaction with adjacent mesodermal tissues. This system can be used profitably for further investigation of factors controlling various aspects of differentiation in the central nervous system.
Homeostasis and differentiation in random genetic control networks.

THE genome is a complex net of interacting components commonly thought to control homeostasis and differentiation through precisely constructed control circuits among the genes1–6. But I have found what seems to be a new class of dynamically stable systems, which suggests that even haphazardly constructed control nets of high molecular specificity undergo homeostasis and differentiation.
CSF sub-compartments in relation to plasma osmolality in healthy controls and in patients with first episode schizophrenia.

Preliminary evidence suggests that plasma Na+ level/osmolality may have effects on brain morphology; thus we investigated the link between plasma osmolality and ventricle size in healthy controls and patients with first episode schizophrenia. A total of 16 patients and 28 healthy controls were examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gave blood samples. High-resolution 3D SPGR images were obtained on a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Scalp-edited MRI volumes were used for estimates of intracranial gray, white matter and CSF. Regional changes in CSF concentration and ventricular morphology were measured. The groups did not differ in plasma osmolality, but patients had higher plasma Na+. There were no differences in ventricle size. Controlling for plasma osmolality did not change the results. A mixed model procedure indicated a significant group effect and a significant osmolality by group interaction in ventricle measures. Healthy control group showed a significant relationship between osmolality and ventricle measures; this relationship was absent in the patients. Significant correlations between osmolality and lateral ventricle surface deformations were observed along the superior horn of the lateral ventricles in the healthy controls. These results suggest that plasma osmolality is related to ventricle size in healthy volunteers and that this physiological link is impaired in patients with first episode schizophrenia.
Symptom of payload-induced flight instability

Abstract : Observations of instability caused by a moving payload--liquid or solid--have shown that large angular motions are always accompanied by a large spin-down moment. A simple general relation is derived between the side moment and the spin moment caused by the steady-state motion of any movable payload.
Long-term outcome following sympathectomy for complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (RSD)

Abstract We performed a retrospective study of 29 patients with CRPS1 (RSD) who were initially examined between 1983 and 1993, and had either transthoracic (lower third of stellate ganglia to T3) or lumbar (L2–L4) sympathectomy. The patients were followed from 24 to 108 months after surgery. Patients with unsuccessful surgical outcomes had significantly longer duration of symptoms before surgery (median, 36 months) than those with successful outcomes (median, 16 months) by Wilcoxon rank sum test ( χ 2 =8.69, df=1, P P >0.05) to surgical outcome.
Acceptance of the Howland Award

Acceptance of this award carries several responsibilities. The recipient must make appropriate acknowledgment to the many to whom he is indebted. It has also become traditional that he comment on some interest or feature of concern to the society. Each of these responsibilities poses difficulties which most of you can appreciate. Initially I must express my indebtedness to the membership for giving me the recognition implied in the granting of the Howland Award. I have always considered it one of the highest formal honors that could come to those of us in academic pediatrics. If one is at all objective, it is patently apparent that at most points in time no one stands out with clarity as the natural recipient of such designation. Without undue humility, I can recognize that such is the case today. There are a number of others who deserve this honor at this time more than I do. I trust that in this year, as in the oncoming ones when this award shall be assigned, the choice of a recipient is appreciated as being at best an arbitrary one and that the recognition is in large part to all those who have given the best of themselves to their roles in academic pediatrics. It is on this basis that I accept this honor.
Chemistry of the Interface Between Aluminum and Polyester Films

Abstract It has been observed that the adhesion between vacuum-evaporated aluminum and poly(ethylene isophthalate-co-ethylene sodium sulfoisophthalate) copolymer is approximately five times greater than the adhesion between vacuum-evaporated aluminum and biaxially-oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. To describe the interface between the aluminum and these polymeric substrates, thermoanalytical, spectroscopic and microscopic techniques have been applied. Definite changes in surface elemental composition and chemical functionality occur upon metallization of the polymer films. Aluminized samples contained two new oxygen functionalities; one due to the aluminum oxide and the other due to an organoaluminum species. Thermal degradation, as may occur during vacuum evaporation, would be expected to yield a carboxylic acid endgroup and a vinyl endgroup for each chain scission reaction that occurred. Reaction of aluminum with these carboxylic acid endgroups is thought to be responsible for the organoalumin...
Intraoral Ulcerations of Recurrent Herpes Simplex and Recurrent Aphthae: Two Distinct Clinical Entities

The lesions of recurrent intraoral herpes simplex and those of recurrent aphthae are clinically and etiologically different. Failure to recognize the difference may be due to conflicting terminology used in the literature, the transient nature of changes detectable by cytology, and the short period in which herpes virus is isolable from oral lesions. Criteria are proposed for identifying lesions of the two conditions.
Energy loss of a high-energy parton in the quark-gluon plasma

Abstract The energy loss of a high-energy parton (quark or gluon) traversing the equilibrium quark-gluon plasma is discussed. The collisions with the thermalized plasma partons and the plasma polarization effects are considered in detail. The calculations and the final results are confronted with those of previous papers.
Liposome-bound prostaglandin E1 often prevents cyclic flow variations in stenosed and endothelium-injured canine coronary arteries

BACKGROUNDProstaglandin E1 is a potent vasodilator with anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. We tested the hypothesis that prostaglandin E1 attenuates or prevents platelet aggregation-associated cyclic flow variations (CFVs) in severely stenosed and endothelium-injured coronary arteries.METHODS AND RESULTSWe induced CFVs in 21 dogs by placing an external constrictor around the left anterior descending coronary artery at the site where the endothelium had been mechanically injured. The blood flow velocity in the artery was monitored by a pulsed Doppler flow probe. Sixty minutes after CFVs were established, liposome-bound prostaglandin E1, a stable formulation, was administered intravenously to 12 dogs at incremental doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 micrograms/kg body wt; it abolished CFVs in 8 of the 12 dogs (67%). After CFVs were eliminated, epinephrine was infused intravenously, and at a dose of 6.6 +/- 1.6 micrograms/min, it restored CFVs in 7 of 7 dogs. Control dogs (n = 9) were treated with free pr...
INHIBITION OF ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED DISRUPTION OF INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN THE NEONATE. † 1749

INHIBITION OF ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED DISRUPTION OF INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN THE NEONATE. † 1749
Effect of body mass index on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer.

Background Obesity is associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications after colectomy for cancer, but it is unclear which specific complications occur more frequently in obese patients. Our objective was to assess the association of body mass index (BMI) on short-term outcomes after colectomy for cancer. Study Design Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (ACS NSQIP) dataset, we identified patients who underwent colectomy for malignancy at 121 hospitals. Logistic regression models were developed to assess risk-adjusted 30-day outcomes by BMI while adjusting for preoperative risk factors. Results There were 3,202 patients identified: 33.4% normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24 kg/m 2 ), 35.1% overweight (BMI 25 to 29 kg/m 2 ), 19.0% obese (BMI 30 to 34 kg/m 2 ), and 12.4% morbidly obese (BMI≥35 kg/m 2 ). Compared with normal weight patients, complications occurred more frequently in the morbidly obese (31.8% versus 20.5%, odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.31). Specifically, the morbidly obese had a higher risk of surgical site infection (20.7% versus 9.0%; OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.91 to 3.73), dehiscence (3.3% versus 1.1%; OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.55 to 7.95), pulmonary embolism (1.3% versus 0.3%; OR 6.98, 95% CI 1.62 to 30.06), and renal failure (3.0% versus 1.5%; OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.21 to 6.26). Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, stroke, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis, length of stay, sepsis, and 30-day mortality did not differ significantly by BMI. Conclusions Compared with normal weight patients, morbidly obese patients had a higher risk of surgical site infection, dehiscence, pulmonary embolism, and renal failure, but not other complications or mortality. Quality initiatives should include these specific complications.
Transition regime diffusion and the structure of the insect tracheolar system

Abstract A model is developed for the diffusion of oxygen along insect tracheoles. It is shown that reduction of the effective tracheolar diameter is advantageous until this quantity approaches the mean free path of diffusing oxygen molecules, and that, once this transition regime has been entered, further reduction of tracheolar diameter is disadvantageous. This finding offers a plausible explanation of Weis-Fogh's observation that the respiratory pathway in insects continues to branch until the smallest ‘twigs’ approach a mean free path in diameter.
Employee Attitude Surveys in Historical Perspective

The history of employee attitude testing in American industry is presented as an example of how behavioral science has been used by management as a tool for solving industrial relations problems. Developed in the twenties, worker attitude surveys were widely used during the late thirties and after World War II to improve employee relations and employee loyalty. Problems associated with surveying, including the inexperience and naivete of the survey takers, led industry to form close ties with academic behavioral scientists.
Presidential Activities from Truman through Reagan: Timing and Impact

President watchers worry that the office has become dominated by public relations goals. This notion of a public relations presidency implies that presidents act in deliberate ways to achieve heightened popularity in the polls and in elections. We develop and evaluate a model of presidential activity using data from postwar administrations Truman through Reagan. We also examine the impact of these activities on monthly Gallup approval ratings. There is some evidence that presidents act strategically and reactively in selecting their activities. However, some acts have more impact than others, some help, some hurt, and some make no difference at all.
Information Collection Rule Data Evaluation and Analysis to Support Impacts on Disinfection By-Product Formation

Information Collection Rule (ICR) water quality and treatment data were screened from an end-user’s perspective and data distributions were developed based on the screened data set. Questionable data were flagged and missing categorical variables were replaced where possible. Sparseness of flagged data indicated a high level of ICR data quality while recovery of missing descriptors substantially amplified the data set. Data patterns demonstrated anticipated relationships between disinfection practices and water quality: plants with high concentrations of organic precursors preferentially employed chloramines and avoided prechlorination; plants with high bromide levels also tended to employ chloramines although bromide did not impact prechlorination practice. Though plants employing chloramination used significantly higher chlorine doses than plants using only free chlorine, when normalized to total organic carbon (TOC) this difference largely disappeared. The median ICR chlorine to TOC ratio was 1.54 mg C...
Exploring the Inner Narrow-Line Regions of Seyfert Galaxies

In HST /STIS optical spectra of Seyfert galaxies, there is often a bright knot of [O iii ] emission in the inner NLR. In the case of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151, we have shown that the emission-line gas may be associated with the mass outflow detected in absorption in UV spectra, which suggests that we are probing regions close to the AGN. Here we present results for the luminous Seyfert 2 galaxy Mrk 573. The spectra reveal the presence of lines from a wide range of ionization states (see Figure 1), which is indicative of the heterogeneous nature of the emission-line gas. As in our studies of other Seyfert galaxies, including NGC 1068, NGC 4151, and Mrk 3, there is evidence for emission from low-ionization gas outside the nominal emission-line bicone. Finally, based on photoionization modeling, we find that the central emission-line knot in Mrk 573 is some tens of parsecs from the AGN, similar to other Seyfert 2 galaxies, which suggests that the material that is obscuring the central AGN in Seyfert 2s must have a similar radial extent.
Laser-light spatial-domain scanning deconvolution of blurred photographs using the general holographic deblurring filter

Laser-light spatial-domain scanning function for deconvolution of blurred photographs using point-spread and holographic Fourier transform division filter
Mediastinoscopy: 300 cases reported and literature reviewed.

A total of 300 cases of mediastinoscopy are presented with a detailed analysis of indications and results. A 61 percent positive overall mediastinoscopy rate was achieved. A 43.8 percent positive mediastinoscopy rate was obtained in carcinoma of the lung. Sarcoidosis reached 96 percent success rate which is compatible with other world statistics. The establishment of mediastinoscopy as an important diagnostic procedure in problems of hilar adenopathy is substantiated. It is interesting to note that despite the established skill of the otolaryngologist as an endoscopist, mediastinoscopy in this country has been to date most widely performed by the thoracic surgeons.
The hypothetical way of progress.

Biologists, and the journals that publish their papers, tend to dismiss theoretical work. Yet it is through ideas, not the mere generation of data, that the course of science is changed.
Value of serum immunoglobulins in the diagnosis of liver disease

Serum immunoglobulins were determined in 145 consecutive patients with biopsy-proven steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis with fibrosis, alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis, inactive cirrhosis, chronic active alcoholic hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis and nonspecific hepatitis. IgM was both a sensitive (90.5%) and specific (86.2%) marker for primary biliary cirrhosis, and mean IgM levels were higher in primary biliary cirrhosis than in other diagnostic categories (p less than 0.05). IgA levels were most commonly elevated in alcoholic liver disease (p less than 0.005). IgA detected 95% of alcoholic disease, but was poorly specific (41.1%). A trend of rising IgA with increasing severity of alcoholic injury was observed, but the differences were not significant. IgG was most commonly elevated in chronic active hepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis, but the IgG values did not differ significantly from those found in other diagnostic categories. Our results substantiate assertions of a diagnostic sensitivity for elevated IgA in alcoholic liver disease and IgM in primary biliary cirrhosis. With the exception of IgM in primary biliary cirrhosis, however, serum immunoglobulins are not specific markers of liver histology.
Family Dynamics and Attitudes Toward Marriage

To examine our hypothesis that family experiences would be associated with attitudes toward marriage, we administered the Family Environment Scale (FES; Moos & Moos, 1986) and a Marriage Attitudes Questionnaire (MAQ; adapted from Long, 1987) to 40 unmarried college students. Correlational analyses indicated that for the conflict subscale of the FES, only two of the six marital expectation questions approached significance. However, family expressiveness (another subscale of the FES) was significantly correlated with three of the marital expectation questions and approached significance with a fourth question. These results indicated that higher expressiveness in the family was significantly related to positive attitudes toward marriage. We concluded that family dynamics need to be studied from multiple perspectives to identify factors that influence marital expectations.
Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia.

Objective The objective of the study was to estimate the age-specific incidence of endometrial hyperplasia: simple, complex, and atypical, in order of increasing likelihood of progression to carcinoma. Study Design Women aged 18-90 years with endometrial pathology specimens (1985-2003) at a large integrated health plan were identified using automated data. Incidence rates were obtained by dividing the number of cases by the estimated number of female health plan enrollees who retained a uterus. Results Endometrial hyperplasia peak incidence was: simple, 142 per 100,000 woman-years, complex, 213 per 100,000 woman-years, both in the early 50s; and atypical, 56 per 100,000 woman-years in the early 60s. Age-adjusted incidence decreased over the study period, especially for atypical hyperplasia. Conclusion Endometrial hyperplasia incidence without and with atypia peaks in the early postmenopausal years and in the early 60s, respectively. Given that some cases of endometrial hyperplasia likely go undiagnosed, the figures provided should be viewed as minimum estimates of the true incidence.
Progressive Changes in Striatal Dopaminergic Markers, Nigral Volume, and Rotational Behavior Following Iron Infusion into the Rat Substantia Nigra

Excess iron (Fe) within the substantia nigra zona compacta (SNc) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We recently reported that intranigral Fe infusion into the rat substantia nigra (SN) induces dose-dependent SN neurodegeneration and associated reductions in striatal dopaminergic (DA) markers. The objective of the present study was to determine whether infused Fe is capable of inducing persistent/progressive neurodegenerative changes relevant to PD. Following unilateral infusions of vehicle, 1.25 or 2.10 nmol Fe into the rat SN, SNc neuronal loss, SN volume, striatal neurochemical markers, and apomorphine-induced rotational behavior were assessed at 2, 4, and 6 months. Semiquantitative analysis of thionine-stained SNc neurons demonstrated an initial modest neuronal loss which remained stable through 6 months postinfusion. Fe-induced SN atrophy was dose-dependent and progressive through 6 months. Striatal DA and homovanillic acid levels were progressively decreased at least through 4 months following 1.25 nmol Fe infusion; both doses of Fe induced significant reductions of both DA markers at 4 months with no recovery evident through 6 months. Apomorphine-induced rotational behavior progressively increased for both Fe infusion groups through the 6 months of testing. These data indicate that a single exposure of the SN to a modest amount of Fe can induce persistent/progressive changes occurring through a number of months postinfusion and further establishes intranigral Fe infusion as an animal model for PD.
Listening for Real in the Foreign‐Language Classroom1

Authentic reading and listening texts expose students to real language from the beginning of their language study. Although authentic reading texts are available for novice students, real listening traditionally has been delayed until students are at the intermediate or advanced levels. This paper argues that novices can understand and benefit from authentic texts and that an early exposure to such texts will help them develop useful listening strategies for more complex tasks later on. Pre-listening strategies are as delicate as pre-reading activities, however. Care must be taken that the text is cultumlly relevant to the experience of the listener.
Remediation with surfactant foam of PCP-contaminated soil

Abstract An investigation was made into evaluating the capability of surfactants in the form of foam for removing the contaminant pentachlorophenol (PCP), a highly toxic, wood preservative, from soil. Several surfactants were investigated for their ability to make foam. Two of them, Triton X-100 and JBR425 (a rhamnolipid biosurfactant), generated foam with higher quality (99%) and higher stability than other surfactants. Triton X-100 and JBR425 were then used to investigate the removal efficiency in soils contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP). Triton X-100 showed better results in terms of final removal efficiency. Triton X-100 (1%) removed 85% and 84% of PCP from fine sand soil and sandy-silt, respectively, contaminated with 1000 mg/kg PCP. These values were 60% and 61% for JBR425 (1%). Of this, 66% and 57% of the PCP was removed by volatilization by Triton X-100 and 36% and 44% by JBR425. Further experiments with Triton X-100 indicated that 1% Triton X-100 removed more than 0.5% and that PCP removal was approximately the same for 1% Triton X-100 for a higher contaminant level (3000 mg/kg) but more pore volumes of foam were required for fine sand (23 pore volumes compared to 12). For the sandy-silt soil, PCP removal was higher for the higher contaminant level, 84% compared to 76%. More pore volumes were required (35 compared to 21). Comparison of liquid and foam injection of 1% Triton X-100 indicated that the foam removed more than twice as much PCP in all cases than the liquid surfactant solution. The results of this study on a sandy and sandy-silt media, thus, found that the foam can be used as a fluid to enhance soil remediation under low pressures compared to other fluids such as liquid surfactant solutions.
Accelerating Systems Biology Computation: Rapid Estimation of Equilibrium and Kinetic Quantities via Weighted Ensemble Sampling

We apply the “weighted ensemble” (WE) simulation strategy, previously employed in the context of molecular dynamics simulations, to a number of stochastic systems-biology models. WE is relatively easy to implement, does not require extensive hand-tuning of parameters, does not depend on the details of the simulation algorithm, and can facilitate the simulation of extremely rare events. We examine spatially homogeneous (stochastic chemical kinetics) models that range in complexity from a one-dimensional system to a system with 354 species and 3680 reactions, and also examine spatially resolved 3-D systems (simulated in MCell) containing ∼10∧3 to 10∧6 molecules.For the stochastic chemical kinetics systems, WE is able to produce accurate and efficient approximations of the joint probability distribution for all chemical species for all time t. WE is also able to efficiently extract mean first passage times for the systems, via the construction of a steady-state condition with feedback. WE exhibits speedups over “brute-force” in sampling rare events via the Gillespie direct Stochastic Simulation Algorithm ranging from ∼10∧12 to ∼10∧18 for characterizing rare states, and from ∼10∧2 to ∼10∧4 for finding mean first passage times.WE is also used to study rare binding events in spatially resolved 3-D systems simulated with MCell. In a toy model, WE exhibits speed-ups on the order of 10∧60 for the characterization of rare binding. We also present our ongoing efforts to apply the WE methodology to a spatial model of a frog neuromuscular junction.
Reactions Between Aluminum Oxide and Carbon The Al2O3—Al4C3 Phase Diagram

A phase diagram of the system A12O3-A14C3 is proposed. Two intermediate oxycarbides, A14O4C and A12OC, were established. Eutectic melting between alumina and A14O4C occurred at 1840° C. No other low melting was observed. The alumina phase was not corundum but was similar to delta-alumina. Because of the high reactivity of aluminum carbide and all the intermediate compounds with moisture and oxygen, use of refractories based on the system A12O3-A14C3 must be limited to applications where these agents are excluded. The behavior of high-alumina refractories in the presence of carbon is explained.
Intersections, theories, and meanings of race, racism, and educational ethnography

The history of race and racism in our contemporary social world is geographically and globally far-reaching and particular to local contexts, not entirely understood, accepted nor obvious by all. T...
Structurally Tailored Organic−Inorganic Perovskites: Optical Properties and Solution-Processed Channel Materials for Thin-Film Transistors

The structures, optical properties, and field-effect mobilities of three semiconducting m-fluorophenethylammonium-based (C6H4FC2H4NH3)2SnI4 perovskites (m = 2, 3, or 4) are reported and compared with the analogous measurements for the nonfluorosubstituted phenethylammonium system, (C6H5C2H4NH3)2SnI4. The (4-fluorophenethylammonium)2SnI4 system adopts a fully ordered monoclinic (P21/c) cell with the lattice parameters a = 16.653(2) A, b = 8.6049(8) A, c = 8.7551(8) A, β = 98.644(2)°, and Z = 2. Both (3-fluorophenethylammonium)2SnI4 and (2-fluorophenethylammonium)2SnI4 are refined in a monoclinic (C2/c) subcell with the lattice parameters a = 34.593(4) A, b = 6.0990(8) A, c = 12.254(2) A, β = 103.917(2)°, and Z = 4 and a = 35.070(3) A, b = 6.1165(5) A, c = 12.280(1) A, β = 108.175(1)°, and Z = 4, respectively. Each hybrid structure consists of sheets of corner-sharing distorted SnI6 octahedra separated by bilayers of fluorophenethylammonium cations. The dominant low energy feature in the optical absorption ...
Nestmate Recognition in Fire Ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren). Do Queens Label Workers

In studies with large, laboratory colonies containing fertile (physogastric) queens, the intensity of worker aggression directed at nonnestmate kin and nonnestmate nonkin was independent of queen-derived olfactory cues. Workers were also confined for 24 h with a physogastric queen. Those workers selected for testing while tending queens were attacked during subsequent introductions to nestmates. Queen-derived cues are thus sufficient for nestmate recognition in the laboratory. Aggression elicited by queen-tending workers was not significantly associated with queen fecundity (weight). The fire-ant queen attractant/recognition pheromone was transferred from queens to queen-tending workers in these small groups. Data are consistent with the hypothesis that workers detect both qualitative and quantitative differences in queen pheromones. While queen-derived cues do not appear to play a significant role in colony-level recognition, they could function as caste-recognition cues within fire-ant nests.
Effects of increased oxygen breathing in a volume controlled hemorrhagic shock outcome model in rats

It is believed that victims of traumatic hemorrhagic shock (HS) benefit from breathing 100% O2. Supplying bottled O2 for military and civilian first aid is difficult and expensive. We tested the hypothesis that increased FiO2 both during severe volume-controlled HS and after resuscitation in rats would: (1) increase blood pressure; (2) mitigate visceral dysoxia and thereby prevent post-shock multiple organ failure; and (3) increase survival time and rate. Thirty rats, under light anesthesia with halothane (0.5% throughout), with spontaneous breathing of air, underwent blood withdrawal of 3 ml/100 g over 15 min. After HS phase I of 60 min, resuscitation phase II of 180 min with normotensive intravenous fluid resuscitation (shed blood plus lactated Ringer's solution), was followed by an observation phase III to 72 h and necropsy. Rats were randomly divided into three groups of ten rats each: group 1 with FiO2 0.21 (air) throughout; group 2 with FiO2 0.5; and group 3 with FiO2 1.0, from HS 15 min to the end of phase II. Visceral dysoxia was monitored during phases I and II in terms of liver and gut surface PCO2 increase. The main outcome variables were survival time and rate. PaO2 values at the end of HS averaged 88 mmHg with FiO2 0.21; 217 with FiO2 0.5; and 348 with FiO2 1.0 (P<0.001). During HS phase I, FiO2 0.5 increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) (NS) and kept arterial lactate lower (P<0.05), compared with FiO2 0.21 or 1.0. During phase II, FiO2 0.5 and 1.0 increased MAP compared with FiO2 0.21 (P<0.01). Heart rate was transiently slower during phases I and II in oxygen groups 2 and 3, compared with air group 1 (P<0.05). During HS, FiO2 0.5 and 1.0 mitigated visceral dysoxia (tissue PCO2 rise) transiently, compared with FiO2 0.21 (P<0.05). Survival time (by life table analysis) was longer after FiO2 0.5 than after FiO2 0.21 (P<0.05) or 1.0 (NS), without a significant difference between FiO2 0.21 and 1.0. Survival rate to 72 h was achieved by two of ten rats in FiO2 0.21 group 1, by four of ten rats in FiO2 0.5 group 2 (NS); and by four of ten rats of FiO2 1.0 group 3 (NS). In late deaths macroscopic necroses of the small intestine were less frequent in FiO2 0.5 group 2. We conclude that in rats, in the absence of hypoxemia, increasing FiO2 from 0.21 to 0.5 or 1.0 does not increase the chance to achieve long-term survival. Breathing FiO2 0.5, however, might increase survival time in untreated HS, as it can mitigate hypotension, lactacidemia and visceral dysoxia.
Wealth, Race, and Inter-Neighborhood Migration

Racial differences in wealth have often been thought to underlie racial differences in residential segregation and neighborhood attainment, but research supporting this claim is limited. The author...
Reduction of drag friction and increase of buoyant force for a microboat using micropillars

In this work, we explored the possibility to reduce the friction drag and increase buoyant force of a SU-8 microboat by incorporation of micropillars. We considered mechanism, design, and fabrication, followed by experimental tests. Through two sets of tests, we demonstrated that the incorporation of the micropillars reduced the friction drag and increase buoyant force as expected.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Merocrine Component of Apocrine Secretion.

SummaryThe prompt excretion of locally-introduced fluorescein sodium in axillary apocrine sweat has been described. This observation suggests that the secretion of apocrine sweat includes a fluid or merocrine component formed at the time of apocrine sweating.
Wood Decomposition Following a Perennial Lupine Die-Off: A 3-Year Litterbag Study

Woody debris is a conspicuous feature of many ecosystems and can be a large pool of stored carbon and nutrients. In the California coastal prairie, yellow bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus) experience mass die-offs, producing large quantities of woody detritus. Live lupines are fed upon by the stem-boring caterpillars of the ghost moth, Hepialus californicus, and outbreaks of ghost moths are one factor contributing to lupine die-offs. A common detritivore, the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber, frequently inhabits ghost moth tunnels in lupine wood. We used a litterbag experiment to test the hypothesis that H. californicus increases decomposition of woody lupine detritus by facilitating its use by P. scaber. Isopod access to wood was crossed with simulated ghost moth boring to measure the independent and interactive effects of these two arthropods on total mass loss, as well as on carbon, nitrogen, and lignin dynamics. Isopods initially colonized litterbags but were not more abundant on L. arboreus logs that had simulated ghost moth boring than on logs without boring. They were rare in litterbags collected at 12 months or later and had no effect on wood decomposition. Simulated ghost moth boring increased wood decomposition (P = 0.0021), from 50.5 to 55.1% mass loss after 3 years. This effect was likely due to increased surface area for microbial utilization of the wood. Lupine wood had an initial lignin content of 14.70 ± 0.67%, but lignin did not appear to decompose during the 3 years of this study, and by the end of the experiment accounted for 32.6 ± 1.12% of the remaining wood. Neither ghost moth boring nor isopod access affected lignin loss. Lupine wood from a die-off in 2002 was estimated to have contained three times more nitrogen per unit area than the yearly input of annual grass litter. The slow decomposition of lupine wood, however, restricts the rate at which nitrogen is released into the soil and results in the storage of carbon and nutrients in lupine wood for several years following such die-offs.
Fatty acid composition during rapid low-temperature induced cold acclimation of Cornus sericea☆

Dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) leaves and stems rapidly increased in freezing tolerance during 24 h following transfer from 25/20°C day/night (WT) to 2/2°C day/night (LT). Increases in hardiness continued at a slower rate during the next 6 days of LT exposure. The increase in hardiness during LT exposure was not related to fatty acid composition or degree of fatty acid unsaturation. Fatty acid composition of leaves did not change following transfer from WT to LT over a 7-day period. Linoleic acid accumulated in stem cortical tissue during the 7-day LT-exposure. The elevation of linoleic acid content at LT resulted in an increase in the overall degree of unsaturation in the stem cortical tissue.
Political Economies of Scale: Fast Policy, Interscalar Relations, and Neoliberal Workfare*

AbstractTaking as its point of departure recent debates on the theoretical status of scale and rescaling in political-economic geography, this article explores the scalar politics of neoliberal workfare. This tendentially hegemonic form of neoliberal social and labor-market policy combines objectives of the dismantling of welfare and the rollback of entitlements with an insistent focus on the activation and enforcement of work. The welfare/workfare restructuring process is an illustration of a deeply politicized and highly dynamic form of regulatory rescaling, based inter alia on the selective appropriation of disembedded local programming models and their purposeful circulation around extralocal policy networks, the dumping of regulatory risks and responsibilities at the local scale and that of the “poor body,” and the complex orchestration of ostensibly decentralized policy regimes by national states and transnational agencies and intermediaries. The rollback of Keynesian-welfarist institutions at the l...