cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preantral follicle development during the menstrual cycle in the Macaca mulatta ovary

Ovaries obtained from 18 adult, regularly cycling rhesus monkeys were evaluated to determine the status of preantral follicle development at various stages throughout the menstrual cycle. The ovaries were serially sectioned, and all preantral follicles on every 20th section were classified as developing or atretic, counted and/or measured, and grouped according to size. Results from this study revealed (1) that a significant increase (P less than 0.05) occurred in the mean percentage of developing preantral follicles greater than 100 microns in diameter during the periovulatory period, suggesting that follicles in this size range had developed a sensitivity to the unique hormonal milieu present during that stage of the cycle; (2) that similar numbers of primordial and developing preantral follicles were present in the right and left ovaries of a pair, showing that neither ovary had a predominance over the other; (3) that the mean number of developing preantral follicles varied directly with the size of the primordial follicle pool; (4) that atresia was minimal with no significant differences between the various stages of the cycle in any size group; and (5) that polyovular follicles were abundant in certain pairs of ovaries, but could not be related to age or stage of cycle.
Classical and quantal atomic form factors for arbitrary transitions

The classical form factor is deduced from exact correspondence with a phase-space representation of the quantal form factor. Analytical expressions are provided for nl n8l8, nl n8, and n n8 transitions in hydrogenic systems and for n n8 in the one-dimensional harmonic oscillator. An efficient procedure for calculation of quantal form factors as analytical functions of momentum transfer, for arbitrary quantum numbers, is presented. The classical approach has the ability to explain quite succinctly interesting trends and various important aspects which remain hidden within the quantal treatment of form factors. The classicalquantal comparison ranges from being qualitatively good for nl n8l8 transitions to close agreement for nl n8 and n n8 transitions. Excellent agreement is obtained for the integrated form factor for all transitions. @S1050-2947~99!09107-6#
Zirconium Carbide–Tungsten Cermets Prepared by In Situ Reaction Sintering

Zirconium carbide–tungsten (ZrC–W) cermets were prepared by a novel in situ reaction sintering process. Compacted stoichiometric zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and tungsten carbide (WC) powders were heated to 2100°C, which produced cermets with 35 vol% ZrC and 65 vol% W consisting of an interpenetrating-type microstructure with a relative density of ∼95%. The cermets had an elastic modulus of 274 GPa, a fracture toughness of 8.3 MPa·m1/2, and a flexural strength of 402 MPa. The ZrC content could be increased by adding excess ZrC or ZrO2 and carbon to the precursors, which increased the density to >98%. The solid-state reaction between WC and ZrO2 and W–ZrC solid solution were also studied thermodynamically and experimentally.
Phosphorylation of Ser360 in the third intracellular loop of the α2A-adrenoceptor during protein kinase C-mediated desensitization

Abstract The α2A-adrenoceptor undergoes desensitization in response to protein kinase C activation. Using mutagenesis and recombinant expression we sought to determine the specific sites within the receptor which are phosphorylated by protein kinase C and are responsible for this desensitization. Ser/Thr in the third intracellular loop were substituted with Ala to create mutant receptors T272A, S258A, S324A and S360A. These mutations had no effect on ligand binding or functional coupling to inositol phosphate accumulation and intracellular Ca2+ release. Three of the four mutant receptors displayed wild-type desensitization (∼60% loss of function) in response to 0.1 μM phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) exposure for 2 min. However, the S360A mutant had only ∼24% desensitization. In whole cell phosphorylation studies, S360A failed to undergo detectable PMA promoted phosphorylation. We conclude that protein kinase C-mediated desensitization of α2A-adrenoceptor function is primarily due to phosphorylation of Ser at amino acid 360. This thus represents one mechanism by which these receptors undergo regulation by heterologous means, such as pathologic processes which activate protein kinase C or crosstalk with other receptors.
Arithmetic of octahedral sextics

Abstract Given a quartic field with S 4 Galois group, we relate its ramification to that of the non-Galois sextic subfields of its Galois closure, and we construct explicit generators of these sextic fields from that of the quartic field, and vice versa. This allows us to recover examples of S 4 -sextic fields of Cohen and of Tate unramified outside 229, and to easily determine the tame part of the conductor of an octahedral Artin representation. We study class number divisibility arising from S 4 -quartics whose discriminants are odd and square-free, we explicitly construct infinitely many S 4 -quartics whose discriminants are −1 times a square, and experimental data suggest two surprising conjectures about S 4 -quartic fields over Q unramified outside one finite prime.
The response of human platelets to activated components of the complement system

Many in vivo platelet responses are considered to be mediated, directly or indirectly, by activated components of the complement system. These include the secretion of proteolytic enzymes and the assembly of key enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways. In this review, Peter J. Sims and Therese Wiedmer summarize the known interactions of human platelets with the complement system and discuss the implications of these interactions for platelet hemostatic function within the vasculature.
Correction and comment on “thermal conductance of nanofluids: is the controversy over?”

In the October 2008 (No. 7, pp. 1089–1097) issue of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research, Keblinski et al (2008) published an article entitled ‘‘Thermal conductance of nanofluids: is the controversy over?’’. Besides brief review of heat transfer mechanisms and controversy on nanofluids, the article also brings out an effective medium theory-based classical model (Hashin and Shtrikman 1962) to predict the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids. This is a very interesting article. It intercalates a mechanism (aggregation of particles), which was previously considered ineffective (Keblinski et al. 2002), and denies most of the highlighted mechanisms such as particle size, Brownian motion, micro-convection, and dispersion (e.g., Jang and Choi 2004; Chon et al. 2005; Koo and Kleinstreuer 2004; Prasher et al. 2005; Hong and Yang 2005) for the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Unfortunately, the article contains two sets of wrong thermal conductivity data. Under Section ‘‘Discussion’’ two graphs in Fig. 1 on p. 6 of Keblinski et al.’s (2008) article, the authors surprisingly presented thermal diffusivity results for Al/EG (ethylene glycol) and Al/engine oil-based nanofluids obtained from literature (i.e., Murshed et al. (2006)) as the thermal conductivity data of these nanofluids. These must be corrected. There are also typos in author’s name of the cited article spotted at the top of those two graphs in Fig. 1. According to the argumentation of Keblinski et al (2008), if aggregation of particles is responsible for the reported anomalously high thermal conductivity of nanofluids, the use of surfactant and sonication, which works against agglomeration or clustering and improve dispersion of nanoparticles in the base fluid resulting in higher thermal conductivity (Xie et al. 2003; Murshed et al. 2005; Hong and Yang 2005; Yu et al. 2008), are insignificant. Some researchers (e.g., Karthikeyan et al. 2008; Hong and Yang 2005, Hong et al. 2005) also showed that the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids decreases (or increases) with increasing elapsed time (or sonication time) due to clustering of nanoparticles, which increases with elapsed time and decreases with sonication time. In addition, it is so far undisputed that the smaller the particle size, the higher the effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids (e.g., Kumar et al. 2004; Jang and Choi 2004; Chon et al. 2005; Yu et al. 2008). These aforementioned issues (use of surfactant and sonication, elapsed time of the sample fluid, and particle size etc.) are generally contrary to the aggregation argumentation provided in the article of Keblinski et al (2008) to explain the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. See also doi:10.1007/s11051-007-9352-1.
Changing perspectives in pre-existing diabetes and obesity in pregnancy: maternal and infant short- and long-term outcomes.

Purpose of review Climbing obesity rates in women have propelled the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in pregnancy, and an increasing number of women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) are also affected by obesity. Increasing recognition that an intrauterine environment characterized by obesity, insulin resistance, nutrient excess, and diabetes may be fueling the obesity epidemic in children has created enormous pressure to re-examine the conventional wisdom of our current approaches. Recent findings Compelling data in pregnancies complicated by diabetes, in particular those accompanied by insulin resistance and obesity, support a fetal programming effect resulting in increased susceptibility to metabolic disease for the offspring later in life. Recent data also underscore the contribution of obesity, lipids, and lesser degrees of hyperglycemia on fetal fat accretion, challenging the wisdom of current gestational weight gain recommendations with and without diabetes. The risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in T2DM are at least as high as in T1DM and there remains controversy about the ideal glucose treatment targets, the benefit of different insulin analogues, and the role of continuous glucose monitoring in T1DM and T2DM. Summary It has become unmistakably evident that achieving optimal outcomes in mothers with diabetes is clearly impacted by ideal glycemic control but goes far beyond it. The intrauterine metabolic environment seems to have long-term implications on the future health of the offspring so that the effectiveness of our current approaches can no longer be simply measured by whether or not maternal glucose values are at goal.
Thickening kinetics of proeutectoid ferrite plates in Fe-C alloys

Thermionic electron emission microscopy was used to measure directly the thickening kinetics of proeutectoid ferrite sideplates in Fe-C alloys. These kinetics were found to be exceedingly irregular. During the first few seconds of growth, the thickening rate is 5 xl0-5±1 cm/s; afterwards it usually diminishes to 1 - 30 × 10-6 cm/s. As predicted by a general theory of precipitate morphology, thickening was shown to occur only by the ledge mechanism, despite the relatively poor matching of the austenite and the ferrite lattices. Ledges were observed to lengthen at rates controlled by the diffusion of carbon in austenite. Tent-shaped and other more complex surface relief effects, rather than the invariant plane strain relief, were found to predominate. These features are shown to be the expected result of a diffusional transformation occurring by means of a ledge mechanism.
A Novel Thermal Model for the Piston/Cylinder Interface of Piston Machines

The lubricating gaps of piston machines represent the main source of energy dissipation. The lubricating gap in these machines has to fulfill a sealing and bearing function. Therefore the prediction of the gap flow, the load carrying ability and the energy dissipation is necessary. The paper discusses a novel fully coupled model for the determination of piston/cylinder gap behavior considering the contribution of solid parts temperature induced strain. In particular, the non-isothermal gap flow model considers the squeeze film effect due to the micro-motion of the moveable parts and simultaneously the change of fluid film thickness due to the elastic deformation of the solid bodies caused by the fluid pressure field and the parts temperature field. The determination of the temperature field inside the parts, by means of detailed finite volume models, allows for the first time to accurately predict solid parts thermal expansion, which is directly affecting the gap film thickness. Therefore, the novelty of the developed fully coupled fluid-structure-thermal interaction model is the integration of a finite element solver for the determination of surface thermo-elastic deformation in a dynamic non-isothermal fluid flow model. This will allow for the first time to solve the thermo-elastohydrodynamic lubrication problem under changing load conditions, considering the impact of several different physical phenomena.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Appetitive Learning in 1-Day-Old Rat Pups

One-day-old rat pups learned to probe upward into a terry-cloth-covered paddle when they were rewarded with small infusions of milk into their mouths. In the presence of two paddles, discriminable on the basis of odor and position in the test container, the pups learned to probe into the paddle that provided them with milk. These experiments demonstrate (i) that milk may serve as a reinforcer to deprived rat pups and (ii) that pups as young as 1 day are capable of appetitive learning.
A comparison of three perturbation methods for non-linear hyperbolic waves

Abstract Simple wave solutions of non-linear hyperbolic equations are studied by using the method of renormalization, the analytic method of characteristics, and the method of multiple scales. It is shown that the results of the method of renormalization depend on whether the potential function or the velocity is normalized. This arbitrariness does not occur when using either the analytic method of characteristics or the method of multiple scales. However, special consideration must be given in determining the potential from the velocity obtained by the analytic method of characteristics. No such consideration is needed when the method of multiple scales is applied. The first term obtained for the potential by the method of multiple scales contains a cumulative term in addition to a non-cumulative term. This first-order term is shown to yield the equal area rule for shock waves, and the slope of an equipotential line is the arithmetic mean of the slope of the characteristic in the unperturbed medium and the slope of the characteristic at the point under consideration.
Tantalum pentachloride as a coupling agent for stereohindered amide bond formation

Abstract We have previously reported that tantalum carboxylates show high reactivity toward primary amines to give primary amides. We report herein that tantalum pentachloride, in contrast with the behavior of standard coupling reagents, mediates the couplings of secondary amines and the couplings of very hindered carboxylates. Such coupling reactions are particularly difficult to achieve, when using chiral carboxylates (including N-protected amino acids), without a significant degree of accompanying racemization. Racemization levels with the present systems are found to be very low in comparison with those obtained using a standard amide/peptide coupling system (DCC/HOBt).
The response of neurons in areas V1 and MT of the alert rhesus monkey to moving random dot patterns

We studied the response of single units to moving random dot patterns in areas V1 and MT of the alert macaque monkey. Most cells could be driven by such patterns; however, many cells in V1 did not give a consistent response but fired at a particular point during stimulus presentation. Thus different dot patterns can produce a markedly different response at any particular time, though the time averaged response is similar. A comparison of the directionality of cells in both V1 and MT using random dot patterns shows the cells of MT to be far more directional. In addition our estimates of the percentage of directional cells in both areas are consistent with previous reports using other stimuli. However, we failed to find a bimodality of directionality in V1 which has been reported in some other studies. The variance associated with response was determined for individual cells. In both areas the variance was found to be approximately equal to the mean response, indicating little difference between extrastriate and striate cortex. These estimates are in broad agreement (though the variance appears a little lower) with those of V1 cells of the anesthetized cat. The response of MT cells was simulated on a computer from the estimates derived from the single unit recordings. While the direction tuning of MT cells is quite wide (mean half-width at half-height approximately 50°) it is shown that the cells can reliably discriminate much smaller changes in direction, and the performance of the cells with the smallest discriminanda were comparable to thresholds measured with human subjects using the same stimuli (approximately 1.1°). Minimum discriminanda for individual cells occurred not at the preferred direction, that is, the peak of their tuning curves, but rather on the steep flanks of their tuning curves. This result suggests that the cells which may mediate the discrimination of motion direction may not be the cells most sensitive to that direction.
Evaluating the multiple mechanisms underlying herbivore-algal interactions in streams

Stream algal responses to herbivory were investigated under different environmental conditions. Snail densities and nutrient concentrations were manipulated in experimental enclosures to document the influence of nutrient availability on the magnitude of algal responses to herbivory. Periphyton mats in other enclosures were subjected to physical disruption by artificial means to evaluate the influence of disturbance on algal abundance. The impact of herbivory on algal abundance decreased substantially with increase in water column nutrient concentrations. This result was explained by findings that: (1) algal accumulation was constrained by nutrient availability under ambient water quality conditions. (2) accumulation of most algal populations was stimulated by nutrient enrichment only under grazed conditions. Thus, snail grazing simultaneously exerted a negative impact on algal abundance, by removal and consumption of a portion of the periphyton mat, and a stimulative effect, by increasing the availability of nutrients to remaining cells. Algal responses to artificial disturbance indicated that stimulative effects of herbivory were caused by the physical disruption of thr assemblage rather than by other processes (e. g., nutrient regeneration). However, consumptive losses far outweighed stimulative effects on algal abundance under ambient nutrient conditions. The magnitude of these two antagonistic effects was comparable under enriched conditions because grazing had only slight effects on algal abundance. Thus, the importance of different mechanisms of algal-herbivore interactions is strongly influenced by ambient environmental conditions, a finding that has important implications for predicting the outcome of herbivore-algal interactions in ecosystems with pronounced temporal and spatial variation in biotic and abiotic conditions.
Effect of hole doping on the electronic structure of Tl2201

Abstract We discuss doping dependencies of the electronic structure and Fermi surface of the monolayer Tl 2− x Cu x Ba 2 CuO 6+ δ (Tl2201). The TlO bands are found to be particularly sensitive to doping in that these bands rapidly move to higher energies as holes are added into the system. Such doping effects beyond the rigid band picture should be taken into account in analyzing and modeling the electronic spectra of the cuprates.
Accelerating the convergence of spectral deferred correction methods

In the recent paper by Dutt, Greengard and Rokhlin, a variant of deferred or defect correction methods is presented which couples Gaussian quadrature with the Picard integral equation formulation of the initial value ordinary differential equation. The resulting spectral deferred correction (SDC) methods have been shown to possess favorable accuracy and stability properties even for versions with very high order of accuracy. In this paper, we show that for linear problems, the iterations in the SDC algorithm are equivalent to constructing a preconditioned Neumann series expansion for the solution of the standard collocation discretization of the ODE. This observation is used to accelerate the convergence of SDC using the GMRES Krylov subspace method. For nonlinear problems, the GMRES acceleration is coupled with a linear implicit approach. Stability and accuracy analyses show the accelerated scheme provides an improvement in the accuracy, efficiency, and stability of the original SDC approach. Furthermore, preliminary numerical experiments show that accelerating the convergence of SDC methods can effectively eliminate the order reduction previously observed for stiff ODE systems.
Towards engineering isotropic behaviour of mechanical properties in thermally sprayed ceramic coatings

Abstract It is widely recognized by the scientific community that thermal spray coatings exhibit anisotropic behaviour of mechanical properties, e.g., the elastic modulus values of the coating in-plane (i.e., parallel to the substrate surface) or through-thickness (i.e., perpendicular to the substrate surface) will tend to be significantly different due to their anisotropic microstructures. This work shows that thermally sprayed ceramic coatings may exhibit isotropic mechanical behaviour similar to that of bulk materials even when exhibiting the typical anisotropic coating microstructure. Elastic modulus values on the in-plane and through-thickness directions were measured via Knoop indention and laser-ultrasonic techniques on a coating produced via flame spray (FS) using a nanostructured titania (TiO 2 ) powder. No significant differences were found between the coating directions. In addition, four major cracks with similar lengths were observed originating near or at the corners of Vickers indentation impressions on the coating cross-section (i.e., a typical characteristic of bulk ceramics), instead of two major cracks propagating parallel to the substrate surface, which is normally the case for these types of coatings. It was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that coatings tended to exhibit an isotropic behaviour when the average length of microcracks within the coating structure oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface was about twice that of the microcracks aligned parallel to the substrate surface. Modelling, based on scalar crack densities of horizontal and vertical cracks, was also used to estimate when thermal spray coatings tend to exhibit isotropic behaviour.
Stimulated Raman scattering in micrometer-sized droplets: time-resolved measurements

Time-resolved measurements of elastic scattering and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in micrometer-sized water and carbon tetrachloride droplets irradiated with a pulsed, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser (pulse width 8 nsec, lambda = 532 nm, peak intensity ~1 GW cm(-2)) are reported. Elastic scattering of light is instantaneous within our measurement error, estimated to be <+/-3 nsec. On the other hand, the first Stokes shift in water and multiple-order (through ninth-order) Stokes shifts in carbon tetrachloride are delayed from the elastically scattered light by 5-7 nsec. The delay in SRS is apparently a consequence of structure resonances within the droplet, which acts as an optical cavity with relatively high Q. Quasi-periodic peaks in SRS spectra of water droplets are shown to be associated with elastic-scattering structure resonances having the same mode order.
A Profile of Limited English Proficient Adult Immigrants

This article examines the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) to develop a profile of immigrant adults with varying levels of oral English proficiency. The NAAL data on adult limited English proficient (LEP) immigrants are used here to examine their education levels, workforce involvement, incomes, use of public benefits, participation in English as a Second Language instruction, and English literacy levels. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the body of research and policy literature on importance of English skills and literacy for adults’ education and workforce development. The authors conclude that adults with low and medium oral English proficiency differ significantly along a number of dimensions that should be considered by policymakers and educators as instructional services are developed and program funds allocated for LEP adults.
Forecast evaluation and improvement using theil's decomposition

Forecasters are concerned with the accuracy of a forecast and whether the forecast can be modified to yield an improved performance. Theil has proposed statistics to measure forecast performance and to identify components of forecast error. However, the most commonly used of Theil's statistics have been shown to have serious shortcomings. This paper discusses Theil's decomposition of forecast error into bias, regression and disturbance proportions. Examples using price expectations and new housing starts data are given to show how decomposition suggests a linear correction procedure that may improve forecast accuracy.
Change and stability in the sex typing of adolescent work orientations: 1976-1989.

Analysis of occupational values of 45,503 high school seniors from 1976 to 1989 shows stability in differences in intrinsic and people-oriented values, but substantial convergence on extrinsic values.
Therapeutic receptor targets for lower urinary tract dysfunction

The functions of the lower urinary tract, to store and periodically release urine, are dependent on the activity of smooth and striated muscles in the bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter. During urine storage, the outlet is closed, and the bladder smooth muscle is quiescent. When bladder volume reaches the micturition threshold, activation of a micturition center in the dorsolateral pons (the pontine micturition center) induces a bladder contraction and a reciprocal relaxation of the urethra, leading to bladder emptying. During voiding, sacral parasympathetic (pelvic) nerves provide an excitatory input (cholinergic and purinergic) to the bladder and inhibitory input (nitrergic) to the urethra. These peripheral systems are integrated by excitatory and inhibitory regulation at the levels of the spinal cord and the brain. Injury or diseases of the nervous system, as well as drugs and disorders of the peripheral organs, can produce lower urinary tract dysfunction. In the overactive bladder (OAB) condition, therapeutic targets for facilitation of urine storage can be found at the levels of the urothelium, detrusor muscles, autonomic and afferent pathways, spinal cord, and brain. There is increasing evidence showing that the urothelium has specialized sensory and signaling properties including: (1) expression of nicotinic, muscarinic, tachykinin, adrenergic, bradykinin, and transient receptor potential (TRP) receptors, (2) close physical association with afferent nerves, and (3) ability to release chemical molecules such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), acetylcholine, and nitric oxide. Increased expression and/or sensitivity of these urothelial-sensory molecules that lead to afferent sensitization have been documented as possible pathogenesis of OAB. Targeting afferent pathways and/or bladder smooth muscles by modulating activity of ligand receptors (e.g., neurokinin, ATP, or beta3-adrenergic receptors) and ion channels (e.g., TRPV1 or K) could be effective to suppress OAB. In the stress urinary incontinence condition, pharmacotherapies targeting the neurally mediated urethral continence reflex during stress conditions such as sneezing or coughing could be effective for increasing the outlet resistance. Therapeutic targets include adrenergic and serotonergic receptors in the spinal cord as well as adrenergic receptors at the urethral sphincter, which can enhance urethral reflex activity during stress conditions and increase baseline urethral pressure, respectively.
Low Heat, Hydrogen Peroxide, and Bactofugation Treatments of Milk to Control Coliforms in Cheddar Cheese

Abstract A study was carried out on the relative effectiveness of reducing coliforms in Cheddar cheese by low heat treatments, by hydrogen peroxide-catalase treatments, and by a continuous bacterial removal process, bactofugation, of inoculated cheese milks. Low heat treatment of cheese milk at 57.2, 58.9, 60, and 61.1C for 16.5 seconds reduced the coliform count 57.3, 75.0, 81.5, and 93.8%, respectively. Application of hydrogen peroxide-catalase destroyed almost all coliforms, while bactofugation decreased bacterial numbers 95.3% on the average. The level of typical flavor of the Cheddar cheese from low heat treated milk was higher than that in cheese made from hydrogen peroxide-catalase treated milk or from pasteurized milk, but its over-all quality was marred in some of the cheese by the presence of detectable unclean flavor. In cheese made from bactofuged milk, the typical flavor level was high and without unclean characteristics.
On the magnitude of reinforcement and fixed-ratio behavior

A large number of studies support the notion that durations of the preratio pause found with fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement are related inversely to the attractiveness of the reinforcer. An exception to this generalization has recently been reported, however, by Lowe, Davey, and Harzem (1974), who found that magnitude of a liquid reinforcer was positively related to pause durations when all magnitudes were presented within each session. The present data indicate that the Lowe et al. finding may be specific to their experimental design: When performance was studied under steady-state conditions, pause durations were inversely related to reinforcer magnitude.
Hemisphericity and Reading Achievement for Black and Caucasian Elementary Students

This study was done to assess whether black and Caucasian students differ in hemispheric skills and whether such preference is related to reading achievement. Subjects were 111 fourth- and fifth-graders from a small rural school district in southwestern Michigan. For this group there was no significant difference in inferred hemisphericity on the Cognitive Laterality Battery with respect to race or sex, neither was hemisphericity related to reading achievement on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. However, individual subtests of the Cognitive Laterality Battery were significantly related to reading comprehension on the Iowa achievement tests.
Intra-ocular and CNS listeriosis following systemic infection in Wistar rats with chronic serum sickness

Abstract The relationship of immune complex deposits and cell-mediated immunity to the occurrence of ocular and brain listeriosis following a low (0·007-0·03 LD 50 ) intraperitoneal challenge was investigated in 68 Wistar rats with chronic experimental serum sickness and 68 normally resistant controls. The induction of chronic serum sickness involved long continued immunization with bovine serum albumin which resulted in a high level of immune complex entrapment in both the ciliary processes (92%) and choroid plexus (74%) of eye and brain. The extensive immune deposits were associated with a high (23%) incidence of CNS listeriosis and a much lower rate (5·9%) of ocular listeriosis. The difference in incidence could not be related to impaired cell-mediated immunity based on cultural data in liver and spleen. The results seem to indicate that the eye is less vulnerable to systemic listerial infection in chronic immune complex disease despite comparable immune complex entrapment in the ciliary processes and choroid plexus. The findings reflect biologically significant differences between eye and brain that influence their respective vulnerability to systemic Listeria , an opportunistic bacterium, of clinical importance in patients with chronic immunological disorders.
THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF GLASS*: I Preliminary Studies: (a) Effect of Thermal History; (b) Effect of Temperature Change

An apparatus has been set up with which the modulus of elasticity of glass may be determined with a probable error of ±0.2%. Results are presented showing that the modulus of this glass varies over R range of 7%, depending upon its previous thermal history, the modulus being higher for low-temperature heat treatments. Determinations of the modulus have been made up to 450°C upon samples having different thermal histories. It has been found that the modulus decreases regularly, the rate of change increasing with rising temperature.
I'm sorry I said that: apologies in young children's discourse.

We examined children's use of apology terms in parent–child discourse. Longitudinal data from 9 children (5 males, 4 females) between the ages of 1;2 and 6;1 were analysed. Before 2;0, the use of apology terms was rare. Thereafter, several developmental trends were noted including a decrease with age in directly elicited apologies and an increase in indirectly elicited apologies. With age children's apologies also became more elaborate. Children were exposed to apology terms primarily through apologies directed to them and, to a lesser degree, in talk about apologies. Our study documents young children's early mastery of an important pragmatic skill and identifies parents' role in its acquisition.
Optimal Control in Discrete Pest Control Models

We use discrete time models to represent the dynamics of two interacting populations, a “valuable” population and a “pest” population. We investigate optimal control in the form of decreasing the growth rate of the “pest” population with the goal of maximizing the “valuable” population while minimizing the cost of the control. We compare different types of growth functions for the “valuable” population and their impact on the optimal control.
Possible large near-trench slip during the 2011 M w 9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake

The 11 March 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku (Mw 9.0) Earthquake ruptured a 200 km wide megathrust fault, with average displacements of ~15–20 m. Early estimates of the co-seismic slip distribution using seismic, geodetic and tsunami observations vary significantly in the placement of slip, particularly in the vicinity of the trench. All methods have difficulty resolving the up-dip extent of rupture; onshore geodetic inversions have limited sensitivity to slip far offshore, seismic inversions have instabilities in seismic moment estimation as subfault segments get very shallow, and tsunami inversions average over the total region of ocean bottom uplift. Seismic wave estimates depend strongly on the velocity structure used in the model, which affects both seismic moment estimation and inferred mapping to slip. We explore these ideas using a least-squares inversion of teleseismic P-waves that yields surprisingly large fault displacements (up to ~60 m) at shallow depth under a protrusion of the upper plate into the trench. This model provides good prediction of GPS static displacements on Honshu. We emphasize the importance of poorly-constrained rigidity variations with depth for estimating fault displacement near the trench. The possibility of large slip at very shallow depth holds implications for up-dip strain accumulation and tsunamigenic earthquake potential of megathrusts elsewhere.
Effects of the administration of single amino acids on ribosome aggregation in rat liver.

SummaryThe administration of 0.25 mmoles of l-tryptophan or 0.50 mmoles of l-methionine/100 g body weight by stomach tube to fasted, female rats decreased the proportion of liver ribosomes found in the monomer and dimer fractions and increased the proportion in polysomes. The same dosage of l-phenylalanine also induced aggregation, but not as much as did tryptophan or methionine. l-Alanine or l-threonine had no effect on the aggregation of liver ribosomes.
Low incidence of CMV viremia and disease after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Role of pretransplant ganciclovir and post-transplant acyclovir

To establish the incidence of CMV viremia after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation, we studied 51 consecutive allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant recipients. A total of 12 recipients were at moderate risk for CMV disease and 39 were at high risk. Conditioning regimens varied, but GvHD prophylaxis consisted of tacrolimus and mini-methotrexate in all patients. All patients received prophylactic ganciclovir from admission until day -2 and prophylactic acyclovir from day -1 until day 180 after transplantation. CMV viremia was treated with ganciclovir. Using a PCR-based technique, the cumulative incidence of CMV viremia was 31+/-14% by day 100 and 35+/-14% by day 150. Donor type, CMV risk group, underlying disorder, conditioning regimen, GvHD, and steroid use were not associated with the risk for CMV viremia. No cases of CMV disease occurred. We hypothesize that the low rate of CMV viremia and the absence of CMV disease in this cohort of PBSCT transplant recipients, which contrasts with other reports, may be related to the prophylactic use of high-dose acyclovir and possibly to pretransplant use of ganciclovir.
Gender Differences in Heterosexual College Students' Conceptualizations and Indicators of Sexual Consent: Implications for Contemporary Sexual Assault Prevention Education

Because sexual assault is often defined in terms of nonconsent, many prevention efforts focus on promoting the clear communication of consent as a mechanism to reduce assault. Yet little research has specifically examined how sexual consent is being conceptualized by heterosexual college students. In this study, 185 Midwestern U.S. college students provided responses to open-ended questions addressing how they define, communicate, and interpret sexual consent and nonconsent. The study aimed to assess how college students define and communicate consent, with particular attention to gender differences in consent. Results indicated no gender differences in defining consent. However, there were significant differences in how men and women indicated their own consent and nonconsent, with women reporting more verbal strategies than men and men reporting more nonverbal strategies than women, and in how they interpreted their partner's consent and nonconsent, with men relying more on nonverbal indicators of consent than women. Such gender differences may help to explain some misunderstandings or misinterpretations of consent or agreement to engage in sexual activity, which could partially contribute to the occurrence of acquaintance rape; thus, a better understanding of consent has important implications for developing sexual assault prevention initiatives.
Regularization, renormalization, and covariant geodesic point separation

One of the techniques used in quantum field theory in curved space-times to eliminate divergences in the vacuum expectation value of the stress tensor for quantum fields propagating on a classical gravitational background is called covariant geodesic point separation. Beginning with the Schwinger-DeWitt proper-time method we show how to discard divergences in the effective action by renormalization of the coupling constants in a classical gravitational action functional. We then demonstrate how to determine which terms in the vacuum expectation value of the stress tensor vanish when this renormalization is carried out. This is done using the point-separation approach. We give the form of these terms for spin 0, 1/2, and 1 fields, massive or massless, on an arbitrary curved background. The procedure used is covariant and introduces no ambiguities beyond those inherent in any renormalization scheme. We note the appearance of trace anomalies which arise due to the breaking of conformal invariance by the renormalization process and give the form of the anomalies for arbitrary space-time dimension.
Structure‐Activity Relationships of Oxygenated Morphinans. I. 4‐Mono‐ and 3,4‐dimethoxy‐N‐methylmorphinans and ‐N‐methyl‐morphinan‐6‐ones with unusually high antinociceptive potency. Preliminary communication

The antinociceptive potency and receptor affinity of several optically active aromatic mono- and di-oxygenated N-methylmorphinans and N-methylmorphinan-6-ones, prepared from natural morphine, were determined. Thus, in order of antinociceptive potency, 4-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one ≈ 3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one ≈ 3,4-dimethoxy-N-methylmorphinan > 4-methoxy-N-methylmorphinan ≈ 4-acetoxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one > 4-acetoxy-N-methylmorphinan ≈ 4-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one ≈ 4-hydroxy-N-methylmorphinan. The 4-hydroxy compounds were slightly less potent than morphine, and the 4-methoxy and 3,4-dimethoxy compounds were found to have three times the potency of morphine. 4-Methoxy-N-methylmorphinan-6-one showed an opiate receptor affinity one-third that of morphine; this is a remarkably high affinity for a non-phenolic compound.
STM characterization of size-selected V1, V2, VO, and VO2 clusters on a TiO2(110)-(1 × 1) surface at room temperature

Abstract We use ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV–STM) to probe, at the atomic level, the structure of mass-selected isolated V 1 , V 2 , VO and VO 2 clusters deposited on rutile TiO 2 (110) by ion soft landing. All four species interact differently with the TiO 2 surface and the ultimate binding site and configuration strikes a balance between the gas-phase structure and the ligation of this cluster by the TiO 2 surface. Our results show that vanadium atoms prefer to bind in the upper threefold hollow sites on the surface and have a slight tendency to pair along the [1–10] direction, while vanadium dimers bind to the surface oriented along the [001] direction exclusively. VO clusters bind with the vanadium atom in the upper threefold hollow site and with the oxygen atom bound to an adjacent fivefold coordinated Ti atom (5c-Ti). The VO 2 cluster also binds with the vanadium atom in the upper threefold hollow site and with both oxygen atoms bound to adjacent 5c-Ti atoms or with only one oxygen bound to the surface and the other directed out of the plane of the surface.
Fabrication and characterization of beryllium-based multilayer mirrors for soft x-rays

Beryllium has extremely low absorption (4/cm) for wavelengths below the carbon K absorption edge at 44 angstrom. This property makes Be a potentially useful spacer material for x-ray multilayer mirrors in the water window region of the spectrum (24 - 44 angstrom). In addition, Be based mirrors would have high reflectivities for wavelengths above the Be K edge ((lambda) > 114 angstrom), making them useful for applications in the spectral region around the Si L edge (at 124 angstrom). However, because thin films of this material have not been previously studied in detail, relatively little is known about the optimum conditions for Be growth. We have adapted a Riber 1000 Molecular Beam Epitaxy system, formerly used for epitaxy of GaAs, for deposition of beryllium films. We have grown hcp beryllium epitaxially on (001) sapphire substrates and have fabricated several beryllium/germanium and beryllium/bismuth multilayers. Ge and Bi were chosen as candidates for the absorber layers in our initial growth studies because of their expected low reactivity with Be as well as high predicted reflectivities (up to 53%) in the wavelength regions of interest. Characterization of our beryllium films and multilayers includes studies with reflection high energy electron diffraction, low and high-angle 0 - 20 x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, Auger depth profile analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, and ion beam channeling.
Properties of electrical insulation at ultrahigh temperatures

THE ERA of high-speed nuclear-propelled aircraft and missiles has brought with it the need for electronic equipment which is both temperature and radiation tolerant. Present temperature and radiation goals as established by the U. S. Air Force for electronic power transformers are 500 C (degrees centigrade) ambient temperature and intense nuclear radiation. These are quite different from the 125 C ambient temperature and no radiation requirements in today's electronic equipment. Major technological advances will have to be made in all phases of electronic design and manufacture to realize these radical environmental changes.
A stock–recruitment relationship based on pre-recruit survival, illustrated with application to spiny dogfish shark

Abstract Understanding the relationship between abundance of spawners and subsequent recruitment is one of the central issues in fisheries stock assessment. We developed a new, pre-recruit survival based stock–recruitment model that enables explicit modeling of survival between embryos and age 0 recruits, and allows the description of a wide range of pre-recruit survival curves. The model is especially useful for low fecundity species that produce relatively few offspring per litter and exhibit a more direct connection between spawning output and recruitment than species generating millions of eggs. The proposed model provides additional flexibility in the stock–recruitment options that may be explored in any fishery stock assessment, and it is now available within the Stock Synthesis assessment platform. In this paper, we describe the mathematical formulation of the new stock–recruitment model, explain how this model can be specified within Stock Synthesis, and use it to model the stock–recruitment relationship of the spiny dogfish shark in the Northeast Pacific Ocean. We compare the results of the application of our new stock–recruitment model, with those from traditional Beverton–Holt relationship, and illustrate why the new approach is more appropriate for this species.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of human transglutaminase 3 from zymogen to active form.

Abstract Transglutaminases(TGases; protein-glutamine-glutamyl-transferases) are a large family of calcium-dependent acyl-transfer enzymes that catalyze the formation of covalent cross links in proteins. Of these, the “epidermal” or “hair follicle” TGase 3 isoform is critically involved in barrier formation in epithelia. It is a zymogen, requiring proteolytic activation to achieve maximal specific activity. In order to understand its structure and function, we have devised methods for the rapid large-scale expression of the TGase 3 zymogen in the baculovirus system, and here we describe the purification of the zymogen and activated forms. We describe methods for the formation of high-quality, well-diffracting crystals within 3–5 days, using both dioxane and β-octylglucoside to overcome severe twinning problems. The crystal of the zymogen belongs to the triclinic space group P 1 and diffracts to 2.2-A resolution, and the crystal of the active form belongs to the P 2 1 space group at 2.7-A resolution.
Further Developments Of Electrographic Image Detectors

This paper reports the current status of a program to develop far- and middle-ultraviolet-sensitive electrographic detectors. These include large-format, semitransparent-photocathode detectors and opaque-photocathode electrographic Schmidt cameras. Modifications of a previously-demonstrated far-UV large-format detector to make it suitable for possible Shuttle/Spacelab space astronomy investigations have been implemented and tested. Middle-ultraviolet-sensitive large-format and Schmidt electrographic detectors are now in the laboratory development stage. Cesium telluride photocathodes are used to provide sensitivity in the 1700-3100 A spectral range, and techniques for processing these photocathodes are discussed. The preparation and use of polyimide barrier membranes, for protecting the photocathodes from deterioration by film outgassing, are described. A new opaque-photocathode vacuum-ultraviolet-sensitive electrographic detector has been demonstrated, which is based on an oblique-focusing electron optical system similar to that used by Princeton with electron-bombarded CCD arrays. Test results and potential applications of this detector are described.