cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a Physiology-Based Measure of Pain: Patterns of Human Brain Activity Distinguish Painful from Non-Painful Thermal Stimulation

Pain often exists in the absence of observable injury; therefore, the gold standard for pain assessment has long been self-report. Because the inability to verbally communicate can prevent effective pain management, research efforts have focused on the development of a tool that accurately assesses pain without depending on self-report. Those previous efforts have not proven successful at substituting self-report with a clinically valid, physiology-based measure of pain. Recent neuroimaging data suggest that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and support vector machine (SVM) learning can be jointly used to accurately assess cognitive states. Therefore, we hypothesized that an SVM trained on fMRI data can assess pain in the absence of self-report. In fMRI experiments, 24 individuals were presented painful and nonpainful thermal stimuli. Using eight individuals, we trained a linear SVM to distinguish these stimuli using whole-brain patterns of activity. We assessed the performance of this trained SVM model by testing it on 16 individuals whose data were not used for training. The whole-brain SVM was 81% accurate at distinguishing painful from non-painful stimuli (p<0.0000001). Using distance from the SVM hyperplane as a confidence measure, accuracy was further increased to 84%, albeit at the expense of excluding 15% of the stimuli that were the most difficult to classify. Overall performance of the SVM was primarily affected by activity in pain-processing regions of the brain including the primary somatosensory cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, primary motor cortex, and cingulate cortex. Region of interest (ROI) analyses revealed that whole-brain patterns of activity led to more accurate classification than localized activity from individual brain regions. Our findings demonstrate that fMRI with SVM learning can assess pain without requiring any communication from the person being tested. We outline tasks that should be completed to advance this approach toward use in clinical settings.
Alpha Interferon Treatment of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Thirty patients who fulfilled clinical criteria defined by the CDC for Chronic Fatigue Syndrome were treated with alfa 2a interferon or placebo in a double-blind crossover study. Outcome was evaluated by Natural Kilter (NK) cell function, lymphocyte proliferation to mitogens and soluble antigens, CD4/CD8 counts and a 10 item Quality of Life (QOL) survey. Although mean NK function rose from 87.8 +/- 19.6 to 129.3 +/- 20.7 lytic untis (LU; p <.05) with 12 weeks of interferon therapy, there was no significant change in the other immunologic parameters or QOL scores. When the 26 patients who completed the study were stratified according to their baseline NK function and lymphocyte proliferation, 4 groups were identified: 3 patients had normal NK cell function and lymphocyte proliferation when compared to normal, healthy controls, 9 had isolated deficiency in lymphocyte proliferation, 7 had diminished NK function only, and 7 had abnormalities for both parameters. QOL scores were not significantly different for...
Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's disease: A study of prevalence with review of the literature

Alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome has been described in numerous case reports, yet the patients have been thoroughly evaluated in only a few cases and the prevalence of hypercortisolism in the alcoholic population is not known. We studied a group of 56 alcoholic men on admission to a detoxification ward using the overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test as a screening test. Most (82%) had normal cortisol suppression, and of those who did not (18%), three of four who could be retested became normal within four days. A smaller group of 14 patients was evaluated with measurement of 24-hour urinary free cortisol, baseline plasma ACTH and serum cortisol measurements, and measurement of ACTH and cortisol after dexamethasone. One patient with sustained abnormal suppression of serum cortisol by dexamethasone (up to 18 days) also demonstrated a striking lack of suppression of plasma ACTH by dexamethasone, compared to the other alcoholics studied. The data obtained on this patient, as well as information obtained from published case reports, are consistent with the concept that alcohol-induced pseudo-Cushing's syndrome is a centrally mediated defect that occurs uncommonly in alcoholics.
Intermolecular interactions in polymorphs of trinuclear gold(I) complexes: insight into the solvoluminescence of Au(I)3(MeN=COMe)3.

The trinuclear complex, AuI3(MeNCOMe)3, which displays a number of remarkable properties including solvoluminescence, has been found to crystallize as three polymorphs. The new triclinic and monoclinic polymorphs crystallized as colorless blocks, whereas the original hexagonal polymorph formed colorless needles. These polymorphs differ in the manner in which the nearly planar molecules pack and in the nature of the aurophilic interactions between them. Each of the three polymorphs of AuI3(MeNCOMe)3shows a distinctive emission spectrum, but only the original hexagonal polymorph shows the low-energy emission that is responsible for its solvoluminescence. Colorless AuI3(n-PentNCOMe)3crystallized from diethyl ether as needles of an orthorhombic polymorph and blocks of a triclinic polymorph. These polymorphs differ in the orientation of the n-Pent substituents, in the orientation of the trimers with respect to one another, and in the nature of the aurophilic interactions between the molecules. Only the triclin...
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY: LIX. ROSALIE RAYNER WATSON: THE MOTHER OF A BEHAVIORIST'S SONS

Rosalie Rayner Watson (1899–1936), John Watson's second wife, assisted her husband in the development of applied behavioral psychology. Not only did Rayner Watson co-author the seminal paper on con...
NEMS: Putting a damper on nanoresonators

The observation of nonlinear damping in resonators made from carbon nanotubes and graphene should lead to an improved understanding of energy losses in nanomechanical devices.
“Crime Doesn't Pay”: Correlates of a Shared Misunderstanding

The belief that law-breakers are caught and punished has been argued to play a role in crime prevention and in the determination of respect for the law and the police. This study lends support to these arguments by showing that such belief is negatively related to both official and self-reported delinquency and positively related to respect for the law and the police. Moreover, David Matza's claims regarding the role of the “apprehensiveness component” in deterring drifters from infraction are also supported in that this belief is negatively related to delinquency among those with few ties to conventional society. Finally, variation in the belief by age supports the notion that it is a misunderstanding fostered by nonbelievers.
New solutions for the geodetic coordinate transformation

The Cartesian-to-geodetic-coordinate transformation is approached from a new perspective. Existence and uniqueness of geodetic representation are presented, along with a clear geometric picture of the problem and the role of the ellipse evolute. A new solution is found with a Newton-method iteration in the reduced latitude; this solution is proved to work for all points in space. Care is given to error propagation when calculating the geodetic latitude and height.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHTC STUDIES ON THE ULTIMOBRANCHIAL BODY AND THYROID GLAND IN VERTEBRATES: FISHES AND AMPHIBIANS1

The possibility that the ultimobranchial bodies of lower vertebrates may share with the thyroid gland the ability to metabolize iodine has been investigated through use of radioactive iodine and radioautography. Carrier-free I131 was administered to selected telosts (Ameiurus melas, Carassius auratus, and Cyprinus carpio) and amphibians Ambystoma maculatum, A. tigrinum, Bufo americanus, Desmognathns auadramaculatus, D. monticola, Rana pipiens, Taricha torosus, Triturus v. viridescens, and Xenopus laevis). Radioautographs of ultimobranchial glands prepared from both normal and experimental (thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized) specimens disclose no storage of iodine by their follicles under conditions which (in normal individuals) gave high accumulations in the thyroid gland. The ultimobranchial bodies of juvenile and adult salamanders D. quadramaculalus, D. monticola, Taricha torosus, and Triturus v. viridescens do not hypertrophy after thyroidectom} In both Bufo and Rana larvae similar responses of th...
Absence of humoral and cellular alloreactivity in baboons sensitized to pig antigens.

AIM: to study whether sensitization to pig antigens results in humoral and/or cellular sensitization to alloantigens in baboons, and thus increases the risks of organ allotransplantation after xenotransplantation. Serum from baboons that were naive (n = 4), sensitized to Gal alpha 1,3Gal (Gal) antigens (n = 2), or sensitized to Gal + non-Gal pig antigens (n = 2) were tested by flow cytometry for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies that bind to pig or baboon peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Two allosensitized baboons were used as positive controls. The same 10 sera were tested in a complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay to detect cytotoxic antibodies against pig, allo and self-PBMC. The T-cell responses of the same baboons to allogeneic and pig PBMC stimulators in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) were studied. All baboon sera contained cytotoxic antibodies that bound to pig PBMC. Binding and cytotoxicity were higher in xenosensitized baboons, particularly in those sensitized to Gal + non-Gal antigens (P < 0.001). None of the naive or xenosensitized baboon sera bound to baboon PBMC. Serum from allosensitized baboons showed anti-baboon IgG and IgM binding, but there was no increase in binding to pig PBMC or in cytotoxicity to pig cells. The MLR response to pig stimulators in baboons sensitized to non-Gal pig antigens was greater than that of naive or Gal-sensitized baboons (P < 0.001), but there was no increase in the response to baboon cells. In baboons, no in vitro evidence that a previous pig xenograft might endanger the outcome of a subsequent allograft was documented.
The effect of war on children

The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the effects of war on children during the 20th century. It is argued that wars have both direct and indirect effects on the population. It also is noted that wars have changed from being "conventional" to being of "low intensity". Under these latter circumstances civilians, including children, as well as the infrastructure of the society become targets whereas in the past, the targets were usually only military ones. The effects of the strategy used in "low intensity" conflicts is the disruption of the medical, social, educational, and public services of a country and the terrorization of the population. Under these circumstances children suffer inordinately. Their homes are destroyed, their families disrupted, and their chances of becoming mature productive members of society are compromised.
Investigation of Interaction of Laser Generated Lamb Waves With Structures of Interest

Laser generation/EMAT (electromagnetic acoustic transducer) reception ultrasonic inspection technique shows a great promise in the field of Non-Destructive Testing of welds due to its non-contact nature. However, the broadband nature of laser generation and the dispersive characteristic of Lamb waves make the laser generated ultrasonic signals in thin structures extremely complicated. In order to ease the interpretation of received signals, it is desirable to investigate the interactions of different structural features with Lamb waves and find their related signatures in signal, which offers the potential to detect different types of weld defects using a single test procedure. This work proposed a technique based on 2-D Fourier Transformation to investigate the laser generated Lamb waves experimentally and to find the most sensitive predictors in EMAT received signals corresponding to a specific structural feature of interest. The amplitudes of different Lamb wave modes in the wave-number/frequency domain provide a wealth of information. The demonstration of the technique was carried out on aluminum plates with isolated rectangular notches of different depths. The procedure introduced here is general which can be employed in other applications of Non-Destructive Testing.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Meeting the Needs of New Faculty at Rural Community Colleges.

ABSTRACT To determine what attracts faculty to rural community colleges, a qualitative study based on the theory of met expectations was conducted. The faculty members who expressed satisfaction were those who were comfortable living and working in a rural community, enjoyed the challenge of teaching students who varied considerably in their readiness for college-level work, and delighted in their students' accomplishments. In the words of one participant “if you like it here you will be fine.”
Early in vivo analysis of an endovascular stapler during endovascular aneurysm repair.

The objective of this article is to describe the use and technique of a novel endostapling device used in an in vivo animal model. Six ovine underwent implantation of a Dacron endograft into the thoracic aorta followed by placement of endoclips proximally and distally. The animals were survived 35 days to evaluate the performance and safety of the endoclip in an animal model prior to clinical trials. The mean time for securing both the proximal and the distal anastomosis was 22 minutes (range 17–31 minutes). All staples were deployed, without the need for repositioning, on the first attempt. There were no complications related to the implant procedure or indwelling clips. Additionally, no endograft migration occurred. At the time of expiant, staples were evaluated for depth of penetration and accuracy of placement. The staples had fully penetrated the endograft and vessel wall through the adventitia in 89% (64 of 72) of clips deployed. The staples were placed accurately, within 10 mm of the endograft prox...
Effect of Diabetes on the Fracture Resistance of Bone

Diabetes increases the likelihood of suffering a fracture, and in the case of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), low bone mass does not explain this loss in fracture resistance. Insulin contributes to the accrual of bone mass. As such, the elevated fracture risk among those with type 1 diabetes (T1D) could be due to a deficit in bone structure, especially if the diabetes is poorly controlled. Clinical studies involving computed tomography scans do suggest that low moment of inertia and low cross-sectional area of cortical bone accompany T1D. However, low bone mass does not typically accompany T2D, and fracture resistance arises from all the hierarchical levels comprising the organization of bone’s constituents. One consequence of diabetes, hyperglycemia, causes an increase in non-enzymatic collagen crosslinks, also known as advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Increases in AGEs within the bone matrix are strongly correlated with the age-related decrease in the ability of bone to dissipate energy during failure (toughness and fracture toughness). While elevated AGEs are associated with higher incidence of fracture, the mechanism by which non-enzymatic crosslinking lowers fracture resistance is not fully delineated. The general concept is that increases in AGEs within the matrix cause the collagen phase to become brittle, reducing the capacity of the tissue to resist the formation and propagation of microdamage. While certainly more research into the diabetic effects on fracture resistance is necessary before clear therapeutic options are identified, diabetes should be considered a problem of bone brittleness, not just one of low bone strength.
Chia seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants

Chia (Salvia sp) seeds were investigated as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. Methanolic and aqueous extracts of defatted chia seeds possessed potent antioxidant activity. Analysis of 2 batches of chia-seed oils demonstrated marked difference in the fatty acid composition of the oils. In both batches, the oils had high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The major antioxidant activity in the nonhydrolyzed extract was caused by flavonol glycosides, chlorogenic acid (7.1 × 10−4 mol/kg of seed) and caffeic acid (6.6 × 10−3 m/kg). Major antioxidants of the hydrolyzed extracts were flavonol aglycones/kaempferol (1.1 × 10−3 m/kg), quercetin (2.0 × 10−4 m/kg) and myricetin (3.1 × 10−3 m/kg); and caffeic acid (1.35 × 10−2 m/kg). Two methods were used to measure antioxidant activities. Both were based on measuring bleaching ofβ-carotene in the coupled oxidation ofβ-carotene and linoleic acid in the presence of added antioxidants.
Marginal, Local and Time-Bound

SubStance # 100, Vol. 32, no. 1, 2003 notion of “world” in order for “globalization” to make sense? These are not two manners of asking the same question, but two entirely different questions. Whereas the first already endows the term “globalization” with a literal meaning, which then only has to be demonstrated, produced, or revealed in the realm of things and affairs. Nancy’s philosophical manner of asking first reduces the term to the production of its sense, thereby raising the possibility that the moment when the subject poses the question itself is already an expression of the event it designates. In fact, the question “What is globalization?” is already a bastard form of a question, since, just as in the game of Jeopardy, it is only an answer that is phrased in the form of a question, in accordance with the rules of the game. The Question of the Question: Thank you for the invitation. In response to your query, the question that interests me concerns the current limitation or contingency that determines the possibility of the question itself. As Deleuze might have phrased this, what is the concept of the question today? Syracuse University Notes 1. Franz Kafka, “Before the Law.” 2. Jean-Luc Nancy, La Creation du monde ou la mondialisation (Paris: Galilee, 2002).
SU-CC-ValA-02: More Accurate Determinations of Air-Kerma Strength for Brachytherapy Sources

Purpose: To determine more accurately the air‐kerma strength of low‐energy photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources. Method and Materials: Air‐kerma strength is the agreed upon metric for most brachytherapy sources and is defined as the product of the kerma rate in vacuo at distance d on the transverse axis of a seed (polar angle of 90 degrees), multiplied by the square of this distance d 2. This work introduces new methods to evaluate how anisotropy affects air‐kerma strength. First, NaI detector measurements yield in‐air anisotropy data that were previously reported only with Monte Carlo transport methods. In addition, multiple aperture sizes are used to evaluate large‐angle free‐air ionization chamber measurements. Lastly, a new method of Monte Carlo transport, which incorporates the distance‐dependent geometry effects of certain brachytherapy seeds, is used to determine more accurately the air‐kerma rate on the transverse axis of the source. These methods may be used to evaluate air‐kerma strength to a higher degree of accuracy. Results: Well‐collimated NaI detector measurements yield precise in‐air anisotropy measurements that may be compared directly with Monte‐Carlo transport simulations. Measurements of two seed types show deviations near the transverse axis of the source of at least 5%. Monte‐Carlo determined point‐detector simulations yield more accurate estimations of air‐kerma strength and show that air‐kerma strength is not constant for all distances in vacuo, as would be predicted by its definition. Conclusion: This work shows that with the combination of these new measurement techniques, air‐kerma strength may be evaluated to a higher degree of accuracy for low‐energy photon‐emitting brachytherapy sources. New experimental data on two seeds' in‐air anisotropy is also presented.
ESTIMATING PEAK RUNOFF FROM FIELD‐SIZE WATERSHEDS1

: A simple nonlinear runoff model was developed and tested for use on field-size agricultural watersheds. A Wooding idealization of the watershed topography was used. Kinematic wave equations were used with an assumed, instead of computed, overland flow, watersurface profile in order to simplify the numerical computations. The approach was used to synthesize runoff hydrographs for an agricultural watershed in Iowa. The accuracy of the synthesized hydro-graphs was judged by comparing the estimated and observed peak discharges and by comparing estimated and observed stages at the measuring weir. The mean errors were 0.01 in/hr and 0.05 ft, respectively. A qualitative comparison was also made with a detailed kinematic wave study. The largest variability occurred during the seedbed period for both models, which was attributed to changes in surface roughness. The roughness was more constant and the results more consistent for the canopy and ground residue periods.
Cutaneous angiosarcoma of the head and neck. A therapeutic dilemma.

Background. Because of a tendency for diffuse, clinically undetectable local spread, cutaneous angiosarcoma is difficult to treat with surgery alone. Radiation is a rational treatment modality for this disease, because a wide region of dermis can be treated, whereas the underlying normal tissues are spared. Methods. The authors retrospectively studied 14 patients with dermal angiosarcoma of the head and neck who were treated with electron-beam radiation from 1970 to 1989. Primary tumors were located in the scalp and forehead (11 patients) and in the upper face (3 patients). Eleven patients presented with multiple foci of disease. Three patients were treated with radiotherapy alone; the other 11 were treated with chemotherapy (10 patients) and/or surgery (7 patients). Surgical excisions were limited procedures for patients whose disease readily could be encompassed; total scalp resections were not performed. Patients were irradiated with a multiple-field electron-beam technique. Six patients presented postoperatively for radiotherapy with no macroscopic disease in the treatment field and were given a median dose of 60 Gy (range, 50–66 Gy) over a median of 40 days (range, 37–43 days). Eight patients were irradiated with clinically evident disease; doses ranged from 55 to 75 Gy over a median of 44 days (range, 33–66 days). Results. Five of the six patients irradiated without clinically detectable disease were controlled in the treatment field, but only two are currently disease free. Of the eight patients irradiated with macroscopic tumor, initial disease recurrence occurred in the radiation field in two patients and at the radiation field margin in three patients. The actuarial 5-year control rates above the clavicles for patients irradiated with and without clinical disease were 24% and 40%, respectively (P = 0.03). The 5-year actuarial incidence of distant metastases for all patients was 63%. The 5-year actuarial survival rate for patients irradiated with and without clinical disease was 13% and 50%, respectively (P = .04). Conclusions. Radiation is an effective modality for treating local disease, especially when used after surgical resection of macroscopic tumor. Our current strategy is to resect clinically evident tumor in patients presenting with focal, limited disease, and to follow this resection with moderate dose, very wide-field radiation. The survival outcome for patients presenting with diffuse multifocal disease is bleak, but some patients can be controlled infield with radiation. There must be continued efforts to develop effective systemic therapy. Cancer 1995;76:319–27.
Solvent effects on the crystallization and preferential nucleation of carbamazepine anhydrous polymorphs: A molecular recognition perspective

This contribution reports the effects of molecular recognition events and solubility on the crystallization of carbamazepine (CBZ) polymorphs from organic solvents. Solvents were chosen on the basi...
Evolutionary Optimization Using Graph Based Evolutionary Algorithms

Graph based evolutionary algorithms (GBEAs) are a novel evolutionary optimization technique that utilize population graphing to impose a topology or geography on the evolving solution set. In many cases in nature, the ability of a particular member of a population to mate and reproduce is limited. The factors creating these limits vary widely and include geographical distance, mating rituals, and others. The effect of these factors is to limit the mating pool, reducing the rate of spread of genetic characteristics, and increased diversity within the population. GBEAs mimic these factors resulting in increased diversity within the solution population. When properly tuned to the problem and the size of the population set, GBEAs can result in improved convergence times and a more diverse number of viable solutions. This paper examines the impact of the fitness landscape, population size, and choice of graph on the evolutionary process. In general, it was found that there was an optimal population size and graph combination for each problem. This optimal graph/population was problem dependent.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Work of adhesion influence on the rheological properties of silica filled polymer composites

As the work of adhesion, Wa, increases between a silica filler surface and a polymer matrix, the dynamic viscosity and the shear modulus of the composite material increase. The logarithms of these properties decrease linearly as Wa decreases. At lower dynamic test frequencies, a change in Wa has a more dramatic impact on these properties than at higher frequencies. An “effective silica particle size” model can be used to explain why Wa affects the viscosity and the shear modulus of a composite. According to that model, the thickness of the interphase layer increases as the Wa increases. An increase in effective particle size decreases the “free” polymer volume, and the decrease free volume polymer causes both the viscosity and the shear modulus to increase. Increasing the dynamic test frequency releases some of the immobilized polymer from the filler surface which causes the effective particle size to decrease. As the effective particle size decreases because of the increased testing frequency and approaches the mean size of the original filler, the impact of the Wa value on viscosity and shear modulus should decrease. However, the friction experienced between the filler interphase and the polymer, the so called “skin friction”, depends on the magnitude of Wa and the more general term, bond energy density (BED). The skin friction determines the viscosity of the composite, particularly at lower frequencies. Higher Wa values induce higher skin friction and thereby higher flow resistance (viscosity) as polymer chains move along the filler surface.
Effects of sodium pentobarbital on symbolic matching and symbolic oddity performance

Pigeons’ conditional discrimination accuracy was equally disrupted by administering sodium pentobarbital when the discrimination required a three-alternative symbolic matching-to-sample task (if blue, select green; if green, select red; if red, select blue) as when it required a three-alternative symbolic oddity-from-sample task (if blue, select anything but green; etc.). This equivalence in disruption makes difficult interpretation of prior findings showing simpl matching to sample (if blue, select blue; if green, select green; etc.) to be more disrupted by drugs than was simple oddity (if blue, select anything but blue; etc.).
A stochastic model for the indicated pressure process and the dynamics of the internal combustion engine

Some of the research problems pertaining to cyclic combustion variability are reformulated from a perspective markedly different from the fluid dynamic and thermodynamic models which traditionally characterize this research: a system viewpoint is embraced to construct a stochastic model for the cylinder pressure process and the dynamics of the internal combustion engine. A deterministic model for the dynamics of the engine is briefly described, and a stochastic model is proposed for the cylinder pressure process. The deterministic model and the stochastic representation are tied together in a Kalman filter model. Experimental results that validate the models are discussed. >
Toward a prison theology of California’s ecclesia incarcerate

The State of California has been a trendsetter in radical forms of penal policy and mass-incarceration in Western societies. As such California’s prison state and its governance structures demand careful scrutiny. These governance structures are both formal and informal, manifesting different power structures at play within the system. Any proper theological account of such phenomena needs to reckon not only with these extant structures but also with the incarcerate ecclesia, the prison church. The present article aims to highlight the reality of this community within the California prison settings (with relevance to other penal contexts), a community that is locally supernaturally constituted, inter-racial, spatially transcendent and transformational, displaying the power of the gospel among its participants. In this way, the incarcerated church subversively fulfils the aims of the other formal and informal governance structures, both sanctioned by the State and manifest in prison gangs.
Self-recognition of alcohol and cigarette dependency among high school seniors.

A brief, anonymous survey of 284 high school seniors at one midwestern metropolitan public high school assessed current smoking, history of alcohol use, and students' beliefs in future risk of dependency. A major purpose was to assess students' self-recognition of alcohol and cigarette dependency. Of the seniors surveyed, 92 (32%) were current smokers, and 237 (84%) reported a previous history of alcohol use. 52% of current smokers indicated they were already "hooked" on cigarettes or anticipated a good chance of cigarette addiction five years later. In contrast, 94% of regular alcohol users indicated there was either no chance (71%) or only a mild chance (23%) of ever becoming an alcoholic. Six of every ten high school smokers surveyed reported that quitting cigarettes for three days would be difficult. Language: en
Darwinism and death: devaluing human life in Germany 1859-1920.

The debate over the significance of Social Darwinism in Germany has special importance, because it serves as background to discussions of Hitler's ideology and of the roots of German imperialism and World War I.1 There is no doubt that Hitler was a Social Darwinist, viewing history as a struggle for existence among unequal races. All Hitler scholars agree on this point, and it is too obvious to deny when one reads Mein Kampf2 Whether Social Darwinism contributed to imperialism and militarism is less clear, though some have argued it did, at least as a justification for them.3 Some Anglo-American writers during and immediately after World War I blamed Social Darwinism for inflaming German militarism.4
Bilateral acanthamoeba keratitis.

Purpose To determine the prevalence and characteristics of binocular involvement among patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis. Design Retrospective case series. Methods Risk factors and outcomes of bilateral infection were explored among consecutive cases of Acanthamoeba keratitis diagnosed at a single institution from 1997 through mid 2007. Results Fifty eyes were confirmed to have Acanthamoeba keratitis by microbiologic or histopathologic testing; two-thirds occurred during a regional outbreak beginning in 2004. Five (11%) of 45 patients had infection of both eyes, including three with concurrent involvement and two with successive disease of the contralateral cornea. Three binocularly infected patients used soft contact lenses, and two wore rigid gas-permeable lenses. Nine of 10 eyes achieved visual acuity of 20/30 or better after antiamebic therapy. Conclusions Bilateral Acanthamoeba keratitis is an infectious complication of contact lens wear. With laboratory confirmation, vision often can be restored with medical therapy.
Bounds on Perturbations of Self-Adjoint Operators

An improvement of a perturbation theory lemma by M. M. Skriganov which gives an upper bound to the shift of eigenvalues is presented along with other related theorems. These results are also compared with Temple's inequality and the generalized Temple's inequality. Applications to spectral theory of differential operators, inverse spectral theory, and quantum mechanics are included. In conjunction with the Rayleigh-Ritz method, a method for bracketing the eigenvalues is developed.
Halogenated nucleoside derivatives as inhibitors of the mitogenic response of lymphocytes to Lens culinaris lectin.

Summary Several analogs of adenosine were found to inhibit the incorporation of thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes when this incorporation occurred in response to the mitogen isolated from Lens culinaris (lentil). The most effective inhibitor, 9- (3,5-dichloro-2,3,5-trideoxy-β- D-threo -pentofuranosyl) adenine, caused a 50% reduction in thymidine incorporation when present in the culture medium at 75 μM. Other analogs of adenosine modified in the ribosyl moiety at the 5′-position were inhibitory at higher concentrations (140–300 μM). Adenosine, 2′-deoxyadenosine, 3′-deoxyadenosine and the chloro-derivatives of uridine and cytidine showed no significant inhibitory activity.
Black and White Families: Factors Affecting the Wife's Contribution to the Family Income Where the Husband's Income Is Low to Moderate*

The economic role of the black wife in contrast to her husband's weak economic position is a key assumption in Moynihan's thesis of a black matriarchy. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of women, aged 30 to 44, in 1967, this paper examines the factors affecting the wife's contribution to the family income for both black and white families where the husband's income is below the median of all male-headed families. The results suggest that black wives and white wives respond similarly with respect to their overall contribution, the demand for female labor, and the effect of children. There is no support, moreover, for Moynihan's assumption that black wives are compensating for their husband's weak economic position. It appears, however, that the definition of the provider may differ among black families and white families.
Analysis of postoperative complications of open partial laryngectomy.

Background The objective of this study was to report the incidence of postoperative complications for partial laryngectomy and to identify patient- and tumor-related factors predictive of postoperative complications. Methods A total of 150 patients who had a partial laryngectomy were identified from an existing database of 662 patients treated for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx from 1984 to 1998. Postoperative complications were recorded and categorized into local, swallowing, airway, and systemic complications. Patient- and tumor-related predictors of complications were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses. Results There was no postoperative mortality. Twenty percent of patients developed a postoperative complication following partial laryngectomy. Local complications were the most frequent complication and occurred in 17 (11%) patients. Laryngocutaneous fistula occurred in 6 (4%) patients. Multivariate analysis showed that prior radiation was an independent predictor of local complications and laryngocutaneous fistula with a 13-fold increase in relative risk for both. Conclusion Partial laryngectomy following radiotherapy was more frequently associated with postoperative complications. Problems related to local wound healing, especially the development of laryngocutaneous fistula, constituted the most common postoperative complication in these patients. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Algebra of Effects in the Formalism of Quantum Mechanics on Phase Space as an M. V. and a Heyting Effect Algebra

We prove that the algebra of effects in the phase space formalism of quantum mechanics forms an M. V. effect algebra and moreover a Heyting effect algebra. It contains no nontrivial projections. We equip this algebra with certain nontrivial projections by passing to the limit of the quantum expectation with respect to any density operator.
A Curious Way to Test for Primes Explained

(2009). A Curious Way to Test for Primes Explained. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 215-218.
Role of actin in regulated exocytosis and compensatory membrane retrieval: insights from an old acquaintance.

This review summarizes new insights into the role of the actin cytoskeleton in exocytosis and compensatory membrane retrieval from mammalian regulated secretory cells. Data from our lab and others now indicate that the actin cytoskeleton is involved in exocytosis both as a negative regulator of membrane fusion under resting conditions and as a facilitator of movement of secretory granules to their site of fusion with the apical plasmalemma. Coating of docked secretory granules with actin filaments correlates with the dissociation of secretory-granule-associated rab3D, pointing out a novel role for rab proteins in modulating the actin cytoskeleton during regulated exocytosis. Compensatory membrane retrieval following regulated exocytosis is also critically dependent on the actin cytoskeleton both in initiating the formation of clathrin-coated retrieval vesicles and subsequent trafficking back into the cell. We propose that insertion of secretory granule membrane into the plasmalemma initiates a trigger for membrane retrieval, possibly by exposing sites where proteins involved in compensatory membrane retrieval are assembled. The results summarized in this review were derived primarily from investigations on the pancreatic acinar cell, an old friend who is providing modern wisdom not attainable in other simpler systems.
Irradiation-induced pinning in single-crystal and thin-film Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3Oy superconductors

Abstract Magnetization relaxation measurements were used to directly measure the effects of ion irradiation on magnetic flux pinning. The pinning potential U in a Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3Oy single crystal irradiated with 4.5 MeV protons, to a damage level of 4 × 10−4 dpa, increased by ≈ 25% at 25 K. In contrast, U for a highly oriented polycrystalline (pc) thin film irradiated with 300 keV He ions to a damage level of 2 × 10−4 dpa increased by only 5% at 25 K (and less at higher temperatures). Enhancement of the magnetization critical current density Jcm is determined as a function of temperature and damage in the single crystal and pc thin film. High-energy proton irradiation increased Jcm in the single crystal by an order of magnitude at 25 K but had only a small effect on Jcm in the pc thin film.
Morphosyntactic and phonological constraints on negative particle variation in French-language chat discourse

This study investigates the variable presence or absence of the negative morpheme ne in online French-language chat environments. The data indicate an overwhelming preference for the omission of ne in most instances of verbal negation, which corroborates previous studies of ne in everyday conversational French. VARBRUL analyses revealed four principal results: (i) subject type (i.e., noun phrase [NP], pronoun, or inferred subject) is the most influential factor; (ii) NPs favor ne presence irrespective of the conditioning factors considered in this study; (iii) the variable presence of ne is conditioned by phonological factors within the subject pronoun category; (iv) the type of second-negative present (i.e., pas vs. second-negative other than pas) influences ne retention in inferred subject environments.
Characterizing illumination angular uniformity with phase-shifting masks

A phase shifting mask pattern consisting of a linear phase grating is introduced as a potential tool to measure or monitor illumination angular distribution and uniformity in optical projection printing. An implementation as simple as four phase steps serves to steer the illumination into and out of the pupil at an angle determined by the period of the grating. The total intensity captured within the pupil is recorded in resist, allowing for a fast analysis of the illuminator’s fill of the pupil. The advantage over existing techniques lies in the fact that the analysis of the source has been transferred to the design of the mask pattern. A cursory inspection of a single dose-matrix wafer with a low magnification optical microscope readily displays signs of source irregularity. If signs of irregularity exist, the capability exists for the user to complete a more in-depth analysis of the source intensity distribution. Illumination pupil-fill is easily monitored across the field, tool-to-tool, or over time, or can be compared to the intended design. Due to mask simplicity, this technique is especially useful for monitoring quadrupole or quasar illuminators. Mask requirements are discussed, concluding that with an average grating period of 2μm and tolerance of up to 40nm layer to layer overlay error, fabrication appears feasible.
Sub-10 nm Device Fabrication in a Transmission Electron Microscope

We show that a high-resolution transmission electron microscope can be used to fabricate metal nanostructures and devices on insulating membranes by nanosculpting metal films. Fabricated devices include nanogaps, nanodiscs, nanorings, nanochannels, and nanowires with tailored curvatures and multi-terminal nanogap devices with nanoislands or nanoholes between the terminals. The high resolution, geometrical flexibility, and yield make this fabrication method attractive for many applications including nanoelectronics and nanofluidics.
A Simple Rule-Based Part of Speech Tagger

Automatic part of speech tagging is an area of natural language processing where statistical techniques have been more successful than rule-based methods. In this paper, we present a simple rule-based part of speech tagger which automatically acquires its rules and tags with accuracy comparable to stochastic taggers. The rule-based tagger has many advantages over these taggers, including: a vast reduction in stored information required, the perspicuity of a small set of meaningful rules, ease of finding and implementing improvements to the tagger, and better portability from one tag set, corpus genre or language to another. Perhaps the biggest contribution of this work is in demonstrating that the stochastic method is not the only viable method for part of speech tagging. The fact that a simple rule-based tagger that automatically learns its rules can perform so well should offer encouragement for researchers to further explore rule-based tagging, searching for a better and more expressive set of rule templates and other variations on the simple but effective theme described below.
The fate of radiolabelled C28 and C29 phytosterols in the honey bee

The fate of radiolabelled campesterol, sitosterol and 24-methylenecholesterol fed in chemically-defined diets to honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) workers was determined. At various intervals, sterols of prepupae, newly emerged adults and queens were analyzed qualitatively, quantitatively and radiochemically and it was determined that there was not sufficient radioactivity associated with cholesterol and/or desmosterol in any of the samples to verify that any of the three C28 and C29 sterols was dealkylated and converted to cholesterol. Similarly, there was no evidence for the conversion of campesterol or sitosterol to 24-methylenecholesterol. It was concluded that the major portion of the sterols incorporated into the tissues of the brood larvae originated from the worker bees used to establish the colony. There is good evidence supporting the premise that the workers can make available sterols from their endogenous pools to the nutrient in the hive and that they can replenish these sterols with those from the artificial diet. The queen is also able to replenish sterols utilized in egg production from those obtained by the workers from the artificial diet, and at the end of nine weeks queens contained more than four times as much sterol, on a ‘μg sterol per g fresh weight’ basis, than was found in fertile queens at the beginning of the test period.
A new method for estimating driven pile static skin friction with instrumentation at the top and bottom of the pile

Abstract A numerical technique is presented to estimate ultimate skin friction of a driven pile using instrumentation installed at the top and bottom of a pile. The scheme is based on an analytical solution of the 1D wave equation with static skin friction and damping along with a genetic algorithm for solution. Specifically, acceleration and strains measured at both the top and bottom of the pile are used to develop an observed Green's function, which is matched to an analytical Green's function, which is a function of secant stiffness and viscous damping. Requiring 1–3 s of analysis time per blow, the algorithm provides a real time assessment of average skin friction along the pile. The technique was applied to four driven piles having ultimate skin frictions varying from 700 to 2000 kN, with the predicted skin frictions generally consistent with measured static load test results.
Comment on “Determinants of International Research Collaboration: Evidence from International Co‐Inventions in Asia and Major OECD Countries”

Tsukada and Nagaoka (2015) highlights the role of cultural distance in shaping the pattern of innovative activity in Northeast Asia. The paper demonstrates the intuitively plausible notion that lack of facility in English hinders international research collaboration, a fact of life that creates challenges for populations whose languages are, linguistically speaking, far from English. Such challenges are particularly acute for native Japanese, Korean, and Chinese speakers, but also present difficulties for native speakers of other languages such as Arabic that are quite distinct from English. Beyond the language issue, however, there are marginal differences in the patterns of cooperation and ownership across the reporting countries with one exception ‐ China ‐ which really stands out. It is the only country where domestic sole ownership is not the dominant mode of patenting. The China difference strikes me as worth exploring. Is it due to China simply being at a much lower level of income than the others? That is to say, if one added other middle- or low-income countries into the sample, would one obtain similar results, or do the Chinese results reflect something distinctive about China per se? If the answer is the latter, then what makes China different? Where the paper might go further is in the exploitation of sectoral results. Specifically, Arora et al. (2013) demonstrate that software patents have become an increasingly prominent component of patenting overall and that this sector is associated with some distinctive patterns. The rise of software has had a significant impact on Japanese patenting behavior and its pattern of international collaboration. As Tsukada and Nagaoka (2015) observe on page 15, the estimated regression coefficients for Japan, while having the same sign pattern as those obtained for the USA and Korea, are only about one-tenth the magnitude,“which may imply significant opportunity less from realizing the gains from international co-inventions in Japan.” Japan lags in international cooperation and exhibits relative weakness in the rapidly growing software sector. Specifically, Japan absorbs far fewer immigrant information