cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Development During Adolescence

It is argued that previous conceptualizations of adolescence as one major period of development do not capture the nuanced changes that occur within the teenage years. Three substages are identified: Early adolescence, Mid-adolescence, and Late adolescence. Within each of these periods, three themes are explored. These include normative self-descriptions, highlighted by representative cameo descriptions, normative liabilities, and pathological manifestations. By identifying three themes, within each of three substages of adolescence, a richer picture of the complexities of development during the teenage years is provided. In addition, a more compassionate view of the seemingly puzzling adolescent behaviors with which parents, teachers, and mental health workers is offered.
The Enduring Power of Milliken’s Fences

Using the experience of one community that has undergone a district line altering transformation as a case study, this article argues that endorsement from the state is an essential element for success in efforts to mitigate the educational inequities caused by district boundaries and then offers specific steps states can take to support such changes even without altering district boundaries. Part I will introduce the ways in which school district lines can serve as barriers to educational opportunities, and Part II will summarize several current educational reform proposals and trends that either have the intent or effect of weakening the power of district lines. Part III examines the rationale for the largely successful suburban resistance to district-weakening proposals, filling out the context in which conversations on these topics take place. The case study of the merger of urban and suburban school districts in Memphis and Shelby County, Tennessee will be introduced in Part IV. Utilizing the experience in Memphis and Shelby County, Part V will identify lessons learned from Memphis, focusing on the role of the state in assisting or obstructing elimination of interdistrict disparities, and Part VI will offer practical and politically viable suggestions that states can take to address these issues. Although the legal context was quite different, the practical landscape facing the merger process in Memphis was not unlike what Judge Roth found in Detroit four decades earlier. At issue remained questions about whether education should be considered a common undertaking for the entire metropolitan area it affects, or whether local control should be limited conceptually by existing district lines. If anything, the fences between urban and suburban districts have grown even stronger since the Supreme Court embraced them in Milliken. The lessons from this contemporary attempt to break down school district boundaries demonstrate just how strong those fences have become.
C & D Canal Effect on Salinity of Delaware Estuary

Analysis of the effect of C & D Canal on the salinity intrusion in the Delaware Estuary is described. Two separate mathematical models are used: MIT-Dynamic Network Model and MIT-Transient Salinity Intrusion Model. Emphasis is put on the investigation of simulated responses in the Delaware, rather than the Canal. The primary objective of the study is the investigation of salinity distribution in the Delaware under different forcing functions. MIT-DNM application reveals the behavior of a coupled Canal/Delaware system under natural boundary conditions specified at the Chesapeake Bay, Capes May and Henlopen and at the head of tide at Trenton. MIT-TSIM application shows temporal and spatial salt distribution in the Delaware with salt and net flow condition specifications in the Canal. The results of these simulations indicate that salinity in the Delaware Estuary is appreciably affected by the dynamics of the Canal. However, the Canal has little discernible effect on the hydrodynamics of the Delaware.
Risk Management Of CDOs During Times Of Stress

The complex security design of collateralized debt obligations is arranged and administered like a managed fund, allowing issuers to refinance the purchase of debt instruments by repackaging them into different slices of risk and maturity. Despite their global prominence, CDOs have been notoriously subject to allegations of insufficient transparency. In light of a less favorable credit environment, structural provisions to maintain credit quality, such as the ability of CDO managers to substitute badly performing assets, seem prudent and provident; however, if poorly executed, they could possibly induce a principal-agent problem between CDO managers and investors. When investor demand for CDOs fails to offset higher funding costs, the prospect of rising default rates and lower risk premia curtails the capacity of CDO managers to sustain investor repayments without relinquishing some of their own arbitrage gains. Otherwise, less compensation for risk invariably would spur greater risk taking, whose higher sensitivity to credit conditions is exacerbated by the leveraged security design of subordinated CDOs.
Undergraduate education

Dr. Hammer said that the aim of this session was to find out, from the people that believed that an undergraduate program in computer science should exist, what it should be.
The Interactive Effect of Major Depression and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury on Current Suicide Risk and Lifetime Suicide Attempts.

This study examined the main and interactive effects of MDD and lifetime nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) on current suicide risk and past suicide attempts. We predicted that individuals with a history of NSSI and current MDD would be at greater suicide risk than those with either risk factor alone. An interaction between lifetime MDD and NSSI was hypothesized for past suicide attempts. 204 substance dependent inpatients completed self-report measures and a diagnostic interview. Patients with both a history of NSSI and current MDD, relative to all other groups, had the greatest suicide risk. No support was found for the lifetime MDD by NSSI interaction. Conclusion: Findings suggest the relevance of both NSSI and MDD in suicide risk.
In reply: Sevoflurane or desflurane: Which one is more expensive? Limiting the accessibility of cost-prohibitive drugs: The story is incomplete

To the Editor, We greatly appreciate the two thoughtful replies to our recent publication. Both De Medts et al. and McConachie et al. inquired about our average fresh gas flow rates as well as our use of nitrous oxide (N2O). Anesthesia providers at our institution predominantly use 1 L min air combined with 1 L min oxygen for anesthetic maintenance without significant use of N2O. We look forward to the studies in progress detailing the benefits of using N2O combined with desflurane. Additionally, we agree that low-flow techniques have been shown to result in cost savings, as referenced in our discussion, and we appreciate that they may provide another modality for limiting costs while preserving quality of care. Our institution currently has more traditional anesthesia machines that do not support automated lowflow approaches. To address the point by De Medts et al. about the synergistic use of opioids, our institution has been transitioning away from an approach that relies heavily on opioids towards one that uses multimodal analgesia for a reduction in postoperative opioid-related side effects. With regard to the inquiry by McConachie et al. about ambulatory cases, approximately one-third of the surgical cases in the time period and locations of our study can be classified as same-day surgeries. The corrected difference between the average case costs of desflurane and sevoflurane is addressed in another response in the Journal titled, ‘‘In reply: Observational study of prolonged times to tracheal extubation’’. Finally, in our view, our study serves to show that significant cost savings can be achieved without the large capital investment that would be required to deploy newer more sophisticated machines. Just as there are many appropriate techniques for providing anesthesia, there are likely many suitable algorithms to limit costs in anesthesia practices. We intended to show that small changes in protocol could be effective in producing significant cost reduction without a decrease in quality of care.
The influence of serotonin on oxidative metabolism of brain mitochondria.

SummaryThe effect of serotonin on oxidative phosphorylation by rat brain mitochondria was studied. It was found that both phosphorus and oxygen uptake were inhibited by the addition of serotonin. However, the uptake of phosphorus was more sensitive to serotonin inhibition. The addition of serotonin caused an uncoupling of phosphorylation from oxidation as evidenced by a reduced P/O ratio. This effect of serotonin was removed by monoamine oxidase blockade. Indication that the effect of serotonin is mediated via its carbonyl derivative was further strengthened by the use of 3-indole-acetaldehyde which gave similar inhibition of phosphorus and oxygen uptake. These findings support the hypothesis that serotonin could impede brain function by inhibition of energy producing reactions.
Field Estimation of Fecundity of Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

A method for rapid field estimation of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), fecundity was developed and validated. A log-transformed linear regression ( y = 1.58x + 0.29) was used to estimate number of eggs per mass from egg-mass length over a range of 8–54 mm in length and a range in fecundity of 26–1,509 eggs per mass ( r2 = 0.71). The model was tested against two independent data sets and data were pooled to produce parameter estimates that are independent of insect density, year, and locale.
Depositional Model and Geological Significance of Turbidite in Bohai Bay Basin

Bohai bay turbidite fan in Bohai bay basin is the key area of oil and gas exploration.Analyzing Bohai regional tectonics of the Bohai bay basin,turbidite rock formation,turbidite rocks development and turbidite rock depositional model,exploring the geological significance of turbidite rock depositional model have very important theoretical significance and practical value.
Basis of Structural Alzheimer Disease and Some Pathogenic Concepts

By now it may be fairly assumed that just about everyone concerned with the biology of this disorder is aware of its morphologic aspects. The positive findings are the senile plaques, the neurofibrillary tangles, activated microglia and the neuropil threads; while the negative findings are loss of neurons and of synapses (Table 1). The plaque is comprised of a cluster of dystrophic neurites and a few abnormal synapses surrounding a core of β-amyloid (Terry et al., 1964). Fibrous astrocytes are prominent on the periphery, while microglia hold a close relationship to the amyloid and are scattered in the neuropil. The tangles are found principally within the large and medium neurons of the hippocampal formation and entorhinal area, and in the neocortex. They are made up of paired helical filaments (PHF) (Kidd, 1963), which in turn are composed largely of abnormally phosphorylated tau protein (Brion et al., 1985). Neuropil threads contain PHF and neurofilaments (Kowall and Kosik, 1987). Tangles, especially in the entorhinal and hippocampal areas, may be left outside neurons as a result of their formative neurons having died. This is very rare in the neocortex despite extensive loss of neurons here.
Tongue implant for assistive technologies: Test of migration, tissue reactivity and impact on tongue function.

Objective The Tongue Drive System (TDS) is a new wearable assistive technology (AT), developed to translate voluntary tongue movements to user-defined computer commands by tracking the position of a titanium-encased magnetic tracer (Ti-Mag) implanted into the tongue. TDS application, however, is constrained by limited information on biological consequence and safety of device implantation into the tongue body. Here we implant a stainless-steel pellet in the rat tongue and assay pellet migration, tongue lick function, and tongue histology to test the safety and biocompatibility of unanchored tongue implants.
Congenital generalized fibromatosis with complete spontaneous regression. A case report.

A case of congenital generalized fibromatosis with multiple bone involvement is reported. The disease is often fatal, and often involves many systems with fibro-blastic lesions which are present at birth or shortly thereafter. Our case is the fourth reported case with extensive bone involvement. All of the lesions in our case have completely or almost completely disappeared during the first eighteen months of life.
Mechanism of N,N,N-Amide Ruthenium(II) Hydride Mediated Acceptorless Alcohol Dehydrogenation: Inner-Sphere β-H Elimination versus Outer-Sphere Bifunctional Metal–Ligand Cooperativity

The reversible transformations between ketones and alcohols via sequential hydrogenation–dehydrogenation reactions are efficiently achieved using a single precatalyst HRu(bMepi)(PPh3)2 (bMepi = 1,3-bis(6′-methyl-2′-pyridylimino)isoindolate). The catalytic mechanism of HRu(bMepi)(PPh3)2 mediated acceptorless alcohol dehydrogenation (AAD) has been investigated by a series of kinetic and isotopic labeling studies, isolation of intermediates, and evaluation of Ru(b4Rpi)(PPh3)2Cl (R = H, Me, Cl, OMe, OH) complexes. Two limiting dehydrogenation scenarios are interrogated: inner-sphere β-H elimination and outer-sphere bifunctional double hydrogen transfer. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrated that the proton and hydride transfer in a stepwise manner. Catalyst modifications suggest that the imine group on the bMepi pincer scaffold is not necessary for catalytic alcohol dehydrogenation. Evaluation of the kinetic experiments and catalyst modifications suggests a pathway whereby HRu(bMepi)(PPh3)2 operates via ...
Automatic Monitoring of Nest Attentiveness in Incubating Birds

Abstract A radio telemetry system is described that automatically monitors and records nest occupancy during incubation of two pairs of black-bellied whistling ducks, Dendrocygna autumnalis, occupying two nearby nesting sites. Each incubating bird carries a short range radio collar. Each pair of radio transmitters operate on different frequencies and the two transmitters of each pair are pulsed at different pulse rates. Demodulation provides time division multiplexing between nests and yields a unique output to a battery operated chart recorder for each possible incubation condition of the two nest boxes. Actual field data are provided. Transmitters operate at 150 MHz and weigh about 15 g. Range is limited to a few meters and a battery life of several weeks is attainable.
Radical induced intermolecular linkage and energy level modifications of a porphyrin monolayer

A new method to directly modify the surface structure and energy levels of a porphyrin monolayer was examined in the molecular scale using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS) and presented in this communication. The exposure to atomic oxygen has induced highly ordered surface cross-linking and changed the occupied and unoccupied orbital levels of a cobalt(ii) octaethyl porphyrin (CoOEP) monolayer, and as a result, the HOMO-LUMO gap was reduced by ∼10%. Counterintuitively, the STM/STS data indicated that the reactive central Co atoms did not participate in the gas-surface reactions. Reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) measurements further indicated that the STM observed intermolecular linkages are stabilized via hydrogen bonding. This CoOEP + O˙ system also illustrates an example that the six-fold surface packing symmetry predominates the four-fold molecular symmetry in producing a three-fold symmetric surface cross-linking structure.
College Drinkers’ Privacy Management of Alcohol Content on Social-Networking Sites

Alcohol-related posts on social-networking sites (SNS) can damage college students’ reputations and relationships and contribute to risky behavior. However, little is known about how college drinkers engage in privacy management involving alcohol content. Through 48 interviews and a Communication Privacy Management lens, this study uncovered criteria on which students relied to develop relatively impermeable boundaries around alcohol posts, the ways they collectively negotiated privacy with peers, and how participants implicitly and explicitly communicatively negotiated privacy turbulence. Findings suggest important connections between the co-occurrence of online privacy management and identity management, including how facework is involved in remediating privacy breaches and the co-opting of privacy. Findings also inform efforts to educate college drinkers about on-and-offline strategies to manage alcohol-related SNS content.
The Role of Ethics, Culture, and Artistry in Scientific Illustration

ABSTRACTThis article is a case-based theoretical exercise designed to investigate the role that ethics, culture, and artistry play in scientific illustration. In this article, the author theorizes a visual model of cultural interplay and scientific illustration in the creation of scientific knowledge and argues that scientific illustrations work as epistemological devices because they are culturally mediated constructions imbued with personal, organizational, and disciplinary trust, and shaped by the embedded cultural worldviews.
Broken Beyond Repair: Rehabilitative Penology and American Political Development:

Research on American criminal justice often concludes that the U.S. penal system was largely guided by the “rehabilitative ideal,” the philosophy that punishment should reform inmates and equip them to lead law-abiding lives, through the twentieth century preceding the rise of mass incarceration. This article complicates this narrative by evaluating the intellectual origins of the rehabilitative ideal and demonstrating that it was built on theoretical premises justifying punitive politics from its inception. The ideal has always relied on distinguishing curable offenders from incorrigible ones who cannot be reformed and warrant harsher punishment. This has guided American state development in punitive directions throughout the twentieth century. Progressive era indeterminate sentencing reforms were geared toward both containing and reforming offenders, the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century relied on the idea of criminal incorrigibility to advocate for compulsory sterilization statutes, and ...
Radar target classification using compressively sensed features

The paper focuses on extracting scattering centers of radar targets using compressive sensing and using them as features in a target recognition system. It has been shown that a target’s high resolution range profile (HRRP) is sparse in time corresponding to few scatterers that can be associated with target geometry. The recognition system is tested using real radar data of commercial aircraft models. Classification is carried out using distance based and correlation based techniques. Scenarios where the target aspect angle is unknown or known to be within a certain range are also examined.
Comparison of PMOD and QPET for quantification of myocardial blood flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

1680 Objectives Quantification of myocardial blood flow (MBF) during pharmacologic vasodilation and at rest, and corresponding MFR have emerged as important clinical tools for the assessment of abnormal microcirculatory function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), that carries important diagnostic and prognostic information. For the quantitative analysis several models exist, all of them evaluated for normal cardiac anatomy. Our aim was to compare two different softwares (QPET and PMod, both using 2compartment model) and location of arterial input (AI) function for quantitative flow analysis in HCM patients. Methods 54 patients with diagnosed HCM (30 males, averaged age 52 ± 15 years) who underwent a pharmacologic stress with regadenoson and rest 13N-ammonia MBF studies were included for study purpose. All studies were obtained on a PET/CT scanner in list mode with CT attenuation correction. MBF and MFR were calculated using each tool: automatic left ventricular (LV) contours and input function (QPET) and semi-automatic tool (PMod) with possibility to adjust manually LV contours and input function. In a first evaluation we compared both methods with identical LV contours and AI function determined at the site of the mitral valve in both evaluations and in a next step we moved the region of interest for AI function assessment towards LV atrium (Pmod modified) in order to avoid potential high spillover due to hypercontractility of the septum in HCM patients. Results Despite some variability is MBF measurements, mean MBF values for rest (Pmod modified 0.77 ± 0.24, PMod 0.9 ± 0.28, QPET 0.93 ± 0.28 ml/g/min), hyperemia (Pmod modified 1.95 ± 0.84, PMod 2.66 ± 1.01, QPET 2.13 ±0.64 ml/g/min), and MFR (Pmod modified 2.58 ± 0.88, PMod 3.10 ± 1.14, QPET 2.45 ± 0.83) did not differ significantly among automatic and semiautomatic approach for flow quantification, respectively (p>0.50). Further, resting and hyperemic MBF correlated among the three flow quantification approaches (hyperemic MBF: r2= 0.77 and 0.81 respectively, rest MBF: r2= 0.79 and 0.84 respectively) as for MFR (r2= 0.7 and 0.9 respectively). Conclusions Both widely automatic software packages (PMod and QPET) demonstrate an excellent correlation of rest and hyperemic MBF values when AI function was determined at the site of the mitral valve in these HCM patients, while the MBF values were non-significantly lower with assessment of AI function in the left atrium.
Ultra-microsecond pulsed curcumin for effective treatment of triple negative breast cancers.

Abstract Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is difficult to treat due to lack of the three receptors, commonly used for treating breast cancers. Current standard of cure is either ineffective or refractive to many patients. Thus, there is a critical need for alternate, affordable therapies for TNBC cancers. Towards this, electrical pulse-mediated chemotherapy, known as electrochemotherapy is a viable option, because it uses the synergy of electrical pulses and the anticancer properties of chemo drug. Considering the cost and the harsh side effects of various commonly administered chemo drugs, in this study, low cost, yet effective, natural phytochemical curcumin is studied for its anticancer effect on MDA-MB-231, TNBC cells. We applied eight 10 μs, 2500 V/cm or 5000 V/cm pulses with 10 μM concentration of curcumin, and measured cell viability and cytotoxicity. Results indicate that cell survival, as low as 4% was induced by 5000 V/cm pulses, after 72 h, while it was 15% after 24 h. This demonstrates the potential of this treatment for TNBC and the transfer to clinical practice.
Hypoxemia and Nonproductive Cough.

A 47-year-old man presented with general fatigue, chills, dyspnea, dry cough, and occasional subjective fever. Chest radiography demonstrated diffuse hazy opacities.
Pulmonary Artery Catheters

With the advent of echocardiography and its ability to convey information on pulmonary artery pressures, the use of widespread pulmonary artery catheterization (PAC, or referred to as Swan-Ganz) has diminished. These catheters are still used in cardiac surgery, however, making the data interpretations and measurements important for anesthesiologist. It should also be kept in mind that the “choosing wisely” initiative has endorsed the judicious use of pulmonary artery catheters (Jean Louis Vincent, Crit Care 229, 2011). A pulmonary artery catheter contains a CVP port, the PA port (the port with the balloon mounted on it), and a third port for infusion drugs if needed.
Modular integrated power corridor

The modular, integrated power corridor design for ships creates a cost-effective but robust method of meeting the intensive needs of the warship of the future. The power corridor described in this paper integrates the functionality of power transfer, conversion, isolation and storage in individual modules that are fabricated off-hull and easily integrated shipboard. The individual building modules are consistent with one another and have standardized functionality, hardware and control interfaces. This modularity, standardization and off-hull construction combined should significantly reduce both construction and life-cycle costs. The final product of his paper is a detailed model of a sample power corridor arrangement.
Assessing alignment between information technology educational opportunities, professional requirements, and industry demands

Information technology (IT) and computing are growing fields, offering far more job opportunities than applicants. Yet, little data are available to indicate how course content, employer needs, and additional learning opportunities work together the prepare graduates to enter the IT workforce. To understand the extent to which learners were prepared to for these highly technical careers, we used text analysis to examine the extent to which course syllabi, job postings, internship postings, and industry certifications from information technology preparation programs at state college and two universities commonly reflected national IT curriculum knowledge areas. Integrated data suggested that while the two-year and four-year programs imparted key technical skills, to qualify employers sought applied, or “soft,” skills such as critical thinking, problem solving, teamwork, and written and verbal communication. These soft skills were more difficult to detect as learning outcomes, but the determination of the extent to which the examined programs foster these skills presents a fertile area for subsequent research.
The Psychiatric Chief Residency: Expectations for The 80s

To gain an understanding of the role of the psychiatric chief resident in the context of changes in the field, this study examined the goals and expectations of residents prior to assuming the position. Residents were well represented with regard to sex, geographic distribution, age and type of residency program. Results show that residents have realistic expectations of the skills they will need in their careers and most hope to gain administrative and academic experience. Residents also choose programs that are combinations, perhaps in anticipation of the need for varied experience in future jobs. There were several differences reported by gender. In general, women tend to expect more problems in their career as a result of their gender than men. Women are less likely to participate in research activities during their chief residencies than men and this is reflected in the continued dearth of women doing research.
I am insured but how do I use my coverage: Lessons from the front lines of Medicaid reform.

Objective When Illinois expanded Medicaid in 2014, the state also passed legislation requiring that 50% of Medicaid recipients be enrolled in a managed care plan. The purpose of this project was to identify the barriers and facilitators that Medicaid enrollees have understanding and using their managed care plans. Design and sample In this descriptive study, participants included Medicaid enrollees, community workers, health care navigators, and a state health insurance representative. Measures Methods included focus groups, interviews, and surveys. Results The challenges that Medicaid enrollees had transitioning from a state administered Medicaid program to private managed care program were grouped into three general themes: Individual Barriers, Structural Barriers, and Questions about Medicaid. Conclusion The Medicaid expansion in Illinois increased the number of people who receive health insurance. However, participants faced significant barriers using and understanding managed care because of their lack of previous experience using health insurance and the limited support provided by the state.
Signal driven generation of word baseforms from few examples.

The work described in this paper attempts to automatically generate word baseforms as used in the pronunciation dictionaries of large vocabulary speech recognition systems. The input to the algorithm consists of several sample utterances per word. No additional information, like e.g. word spelling, is used. The task involves determining a suitable inventory of subword units (SWU) as well as determining the baseforms themselves. Experiments show that improvements over a triphone based dictionary are possible with less than ten sample utterances per word if test and training vocabularies are different. A possible application would be a system based on a fixed inventory of HMM-models that needs to be adapted to different vocabularies.
Postscript III: Measurability and Projective Sets

In this postscript, we describe two important classical problems of real analysis that could not be settled using the usual axioms of set theory: (1) The Measure Problem on extending Lebesgue measure to all of \(\boldsymbol{\mathcal{P}}(\mathbf{R})\), and (2) Lusin’s Problem on properties of PCA sets and projective sets. Ulam’s analysis of Problem 1 (Measure Problem) led to large cardinals known as measurable cardinals, which, surprisingly enough, was shown by Solovay to have remarkable implications for Problem 2 (Lusin’s Problem) as well. The independence results mentioned here illustrate the prophetic nature of Lusin’s conviction that the problems of PCA and projective sets are unsolvable. This also sets up the background for Postscript IV which will describe how larger cardinals and determinacy essentially “solve” (!) Lusin’s Problem.
HP-Adaptive BE Modeling of the Human Ear Acoustics

Abstract The paper presents an implementation of an hp-adaptive BEM for exterior scattering problems motivated with the modeling of human auditory system acoustics. We focus on two practical issues connected with the hp discretizations: geometry representation, and numerical integration of ‘almost singular’ functions. Numerical examples illustrate the discussed implementation issues.
Real-time cardiac catheter navigation on three-dimensional CT images

Introduction: Targets for ablation of atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and non-idiopathic ventricular tachycardia are increasingly being selected based on anatomic considerations. Because fluoroscopy provides only limited information about the relationship between catheter positions and cardiac structures, and is associated with radiation risk, other approaches to mapping may be beneficial.
Broad-Scale Patterns of Soil Carbon (C) Pools and Fluxes Across Semiarid Ecosystems are Linked to Climate and Soil Texture

Dryland (semiarid and arid) ecosystems are responsible for most of the interannual variation in atmospheric CO2 concentrations and contain a considerable fraction of the globe’s soil carbon (C) stock. Despite their important contribution to the global land C sink, we have a poor mechanistic understanding of the processes that drive C cycling patterns in drylands. In this study in eastern Utah, we examined the natural variation of soil C pools and fluxes along semiorthogonal gradients of climate and soil texture in order to determine the pertinent environmental controls on soil C cycling dynamics. Our study revealed a high degree of collinearity among C stocks and fluxes, which were related to climate, vegetation, and soil clay content. Soil C pools were positively correlated with both soil clay content and precipitation, which in turn was linked to aboveground plant biomass. By contrast, enzyme activities were negatively associated with temperature. We observed a strong decoupling of C pools and fluxes (for example, total C, DOC, microbial biomass C, and respiration) from the enzyme activities involved in organic matter decomposition. Overall, our findings indicate that the within- and between-site variation of soil C pools across diverse dryland ecosystems was strongly linked to both climate and edaphic characteristics, but the high degree of local variability within sites could challenge interpretations of environmental controls at broader scales.
Subsurface ADCP Buoy for Near Surface Current Observations in 200-300m Coastal Waters

Several recent field applications at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) have required measurements of current profiles in the top 30m of a 200-300 m water column, for a 60-90 day duration. Maximum near surface current speeds at sites of interest range from 2-2.5 m/s. To address this emerging requirement, CO-OPS developed and field tested a subsurface, moored buoy system consisting of commercial-off-the shelf (COTS) components. The moorings topmost component is an ellipsoid, syntactic foam buoy, which houses an upward looking 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The ellipsoid buoy has lower drag than a spherical shaped buoy and significantly higher buoyancy than many COTS available streamlined buoys, allowing the ADCP to be positioned within the top 50 m of the water column when moored with adequate line length. CO-OPS very recently completed a long-term field demonstration of the system off the coast of North Carolina near the Gulf Stream in approximately 275 m of water, from May 2017 - June 2018. Details of the mooring design along with initial field test results will be presented.
Conditioning Citizenship Benefits on Satisfying Citizenship Obligations

Citizenship status is often discussed in terms of both its benefits and its obligations. A recently enacted Federal statute (the FAST Act), which denies U.S. passports to certain citizens who owe significant unpaid taxes, provides an opportunity to examine the linkage between citizenship benefits and obligations. In particular, it raises the question under what circumstances, if any, should the benefits of citizenship be conditioned on compliance with the obligations of citizenship. This Article identifies a typology for situating unpaid taxes within other circumstances under which passports may be denied to U.S. citizens. It then focuses on the instrumental, constitutional, and expressive impacts of the FAST Act, illustrating that the benefit-obligation linkage can have unintended consequences, not only from an instrumental perspective, but perhaps more importantly from its expressive impact on social norms. The Article then applies these lessons to a broader range of situations where Federal benefits are conditioned on compliance with citizenship obligations, most notably the denial of student loan benefits for those young men who do not register with the Selective Service. The Article concludes by acknowledging that, for certain types of benefit-obligation linkages and under certain circumstances, conditioning citizenship benefits on compliance with citizenship obligations might provide useful instrumental results. However, it cautions against the wider expansion of this conditional approach to citizenship benefits, due to the unintended instrumental and expressive effects that might result.
Best Practices from Conflict Zone, Comfort Zone: Ethics, Pedagogy, and Effecting Change in Field-Based Courses

This poster session will present insights and best practices that emerge from our new book Conflict Zone, Comfort Zone: Ethics, Pedagogy, and Effecting Change in Field-Based Courses, which showcases new approaches to field-based learning in the most difficult of places: conflict zones in the United States and abroad. Increasingly, post-secondary education incorporates experiential learning options, such as service learning, study-abroad, and other field-based courses. Whether in domestic or international contexts, such courses engage students more directly in comparison to classroom-based learning, as they offer the opportunity to apply theory to practice in real-life settings. Instructors appreciate the educational value of experiential courses yet acknowledge that certain requirements for teaching in field settingsâe.g., using innovative pedagogy and addressing ethical predicaments--pose challenges to even the most seasoned instructor. The chapters in this volume illustrate how the challenges of field-based classes are magnified in conflict and post-conflict contexts, where students can experience the complexity of conflict, and the dilemmas faced by those seeking to resolve it, in ways not possible in the classroom. A number of best practices emerge from the chapters. They pertain to preparing students and faculty prior to the field-based course, developing ethical research and practice skills before and during the course, and ensuring that the pedagogy generates deep, transformative learning. Other best practices address how to forge effective links between field-based courses and the overall curriculum and how to engage constructively and ethically with the communities and organizations with whom students and faculty partner during these experiences.
Field-level crop yield mapping with Landsat using a hierarchical data assimilation approach

Abstract Spatially explicit information on crop yields is essential for farmers and agricultural agencies to make well-informed decisions. One approach to estimate crop yield with remote sensing is data assimilation, which integrates sequential observations of canopy development from remote sensing into model simulations of crop growth processes. However, it remains challenging to efficiently scale this approach to large areas while maintaining reliable prediction at field scales. In this paper, we explored the factors limiting the generalization of the data assimilation approach and found that the accuracy of crop model prediction and the systematic model errors can significantly affect the performance of data assimilation and the yield estimation. To address these issues, we propose a hierarchical data assimilation framework, which enables maize yield estimation at field levels across large areas for the Midwestern US with no a priori knowledge about the management of individual fields. This approach applies data assimilation algorithms at two spatial scales. At the county scale, we adopted a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to recalibrate uncertain and sensitive model parameters based on aggregated Leaf Area Index (LAI) time series derived from Landsat images and county-level yield statistics. Using the county-specific models, we assimilated LAI time series into crop model simulations using Ensemble Kalman Filter for individual fields or pixels. This method was validated by multiple field-level maize yield datasets across major production states in the US Midwest. The Root Mean Squared Error ranges from 1.4 to 2.3 ton/ha, and the percentage error is between 9% and 21%. The hierarchical data assimilation framework provides a novel solution that downscales county-level yield statistics to 30-meter resolution yield maps, which can inform between and within field maize yield variability. This study contributes valuable insights towards practical large-scale crop yield mapping at high resolutions.
THU0083 ROLE OF CLINICAL IMPACT, DISEASE-SPECIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEFS ABOUT MEDICATION ON THERAPEUTIC ADHERENCE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: AN INTEGRATIVE STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING APPROACH

Background Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to remission is the optimal way to ensure control of symptoms, prevention of structural damage, optimization of function and quality of life. Adherence to medical treatment is, therefore, an integral part of a comprehensive and successful management of RA. Objectives We interrogated the influence of three distinct domains of RA clinical impact (disease activity, functional limitations, mood disturbance), patient specific knowledge about RA and beliefs about medications on treatment adherence. Methods We evaluated 285 patients with established RA from a single center. In the proposed model, disease activity DAS28(CRP), mood disturbance (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale and SF-36 Mental Health domain), functional limitations (Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index and SF-36 Physical Function domain) and RA-specific knowledge (Patient Knowledge Questionnaire) were expected to predict beliefs about the necessity of RA medications and concerns about them (Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire) which, in turn, would impact adherence (Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire). Cross-sectional multi-group structural equation modeling evaluated the model separately in patients treated with bDMARDs and those only receiving csDMARDs. Results RA-specific knowledge was not significantly associated with medication beliefs or adherence and therefore was dropped from the model. Modification indices suggested addition of two supplementary paths (dashed lines) that significantly improved the proposed model fit for both treatment groups, shown in Figure 1. Disease activity, functional limitations and mood disturbance influenced adherence via multiple and often competing pathways, directly or indirectly through a necessity/concerns evaluation by the patient. Notably, RA activity directly promoted adherence in patients on bDMARDs (p Conclusion Distinct domains of the impact of clinical RA influence treatment adherence directly or indirectly through a necessity/concerns framework. Mood disturbance and concerns about medications may represent complementary yet salient intervention targets of comprehensive RA management promoting medication adherence; the former may be more relevant for patients on csDMARDs whereas the latter may be more significant with bDMARDs. Disclosure of Interests George Karpouzas Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Consultant for: Sanofi-Genzyme-Regeneron, Janssen, Roche-Genentech, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: BMS, Sanofi-Genzyme-Regeneron, Janssen, Roche-Genentech, Elizabeth Hernandez: None declared, Vibeke Strand Consultant for: AbbVie, Amgen, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Celgene, Celltrion, CORRONA, Crescendo, EMD Serono, Genentech/Roche, GSK, Horizon, Inmedix, Janssen, Kezar, Lilly, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron, Samsung, Sandoz, Sanofi, Servier, UCB., Sarah Ormseth: None declared
Overconfidence in salary expectations after graduation

We investigate the degree of overconfidence in earnings percentile expectations one year, five years, and ten years after graduation. The results reveal extreme overconfidence in the expected earni...
Randomized trial testing the integration of the Good Behavior Game and MyTeachingPartner™: The moderating role of distress among new teachers on student outcomes.

Abstract A growing body of research documents the effectiveness of classroom management programs on a range of student outcomes, yet few early-career teachers receive training on these practices prior to entering the classroom. Moreover, few studies have attended to how variations in teacher distress or level of classroom misbehavior affects training benefits. This study reports findings from a randomized trial of a teacher training program that combined two evidence-based programs (Good Behavior Game [GBG] and MyTeachingPartner™ [MTP]) to determine their impact on novice teachers and their students. In addition, the current study reports findings on moderated impacts by initial teacher distress as well as the overall classroom level of misbehavior. The sample included 188 early-career teachers (grades K-3) in their first three years of teaching from three large, urban school districts. Analyses indicated that intervention had no main effects, but yielded moderated impact depending on the combination of the baseline levels of classroom disruptive behavior and teacher distress; it appears that the program impacts were greatest in the highest risk circumstance (i.e., high teacher stress and elevated challenging student behaviors). For those classrooms, those assigned to intervention evidence improved behavior and student achievement compared to control counterparts by the spring of the training year, relative to the fall baseline (d = 0.18–0.70 depending on outcome). This study is significant in that it highlights effects during a critical window of training and coaching for early career teachers and the need to consider teacher and classroom contextual factors that may moderate professional development efforts.
Limited Ability of Three Health Literacy Screening Items to Identify Adult English- and Spanish-Speaking Emergency Department Patients With Lower Health Literacy.

Study objective Brief, easily administered, and valid health literacy assessment tools are needed to optimize health care delivery in the emergency medicine setting. Three health literacy screening items have been proposed to assess health literacy in outpatient settings. We investigated their ability to identify English- and Spanish-speaking adult emergency department (ED) patients with lower health literacy. Methods Participants were Spanish- or English-speaking adult patients randomly selected from 4 geographically spread, US, urban, safety-net EDs. Participants completed the 3 health literacy screening items, as well as the Short Assessment of Health Literacy–Spanish and English (SAHL-SE Spanish 0.58, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.61), problems learning because of difficulty reading (English 0.63, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.66; Spanish 0.59, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.62), and confidence with completing forms (English 0.62, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.65; Spanish 0.60, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.63). Areas under the curve for the 3 screening items combined were: English 0.66 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.70) and Spanish 0.62 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.64). Conclusion The 3 health literacy screening items performed poorly in identifying adult ED patients with lower health literacy. Higher-validity screening measures are needed to better serve the health care needs of this vulnerable population in the ED setting.
U.S. Children Meeting Physical Activity, Screen Time, and Sleep Guidelines.

Introduction Physical inactivity, high screen time, and short sleep are targets of public health initiatives for children. However, few data exist on how many U.S. children meet guidelines for these behaviors—data vital to inform which needs greater targeting. This study describes national prevalence estimates of U.S. children who meet physical activity, screen time, and sleep guidelines alone or in combination across each childhood year. Methods This analysis (completed in 2019) used cross-sectional data from the 2016–2017 National Survey of Children's Health, a nationally representative sample of U.S. children. Child physical activity (days per week with ≥60 minutes), recreational screen time (hours per day of TV viewing and electronic device use), and sleep duration (hours per day) were assessed through parental report. Guidelines recommend ≥60 minutes per day of physical activity, ≤2 hours per day of screen time, and 9–12 hours per day of sleep for individuals aged 6–12 years (8–10 hours for those aged 13–17 years). Results Only 8.8% (95% CI=8.2%, 9.5%) of U.S. children meet all the 3 guidelines combined. Majority of children/adolescents attain the sleep guideline (86.0%, 95% CI=85.2%, 86.7%), but a lower proportion meet physical activity (23.0%, 95% CI=22.1%, 23.9%) or screen time (32.9%, 95% CI=31.9%, 33.8%) guidelines. A substantial age effect was identified, with prevalence of meeting each distinct guideline and all the 3 declining with age (p Conclusions Few U.S. children meet all the 3 movement guidelines, with prevalence rates of children meeting guidelines declining with age. Although many meet sleep guidelines, few meet physical activity or screen time guidelines. Initiatives targeting physical activity and screen time, especially for adolescents, should be pursued.
Toward Developing a Realistic DDoS Dataset for Anomaly-based Intrusion Detection

An anomaly-based intrusion detection system (IDS) is considered an effective mechanism for detecting distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack, but the detection performance depends on good datasets used for training. There are synthetic or simulation-based datasets available with various limitations. To overcome the limitations of existing datasets, a realistic DDoS dataset is developed in this work using Spirent’s CyberFlood-CF20 emulator. Attack traffic is generated by CF20 and captured for feature extraction and labeling. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is performed for dimensionality reduction of this dataset, and finally, the dataset and the performance of common machine learning algorithms are evaluated.