cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Kinematics of Motion Through Finitely Separated Positions

A rigid body is studied in a series of finitely separated positions, in order to determine those points which lie on a special locus (a sphere, circle, plane, line, or cylinder). Equations governing these special points are derived and their numerical evaluation is discussed. Several numerical examples are presented. In a companion paper [21], these results are applied to the synthesis of spatial linkages, and special motions (e.g., planer and spherical) are incorporated into the general theory presented herein.
New hydrolytic products detected in aqueous solutions of bromodeoxyuridine

Abstract The aqueous solution stability of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BUdR) has been extensively investigated. Only a few hydrolysis products have been identified: 5-bromouracil (BU), 5-hydroxy-2′-deoxyuridine (HUdR) and 5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone. The last is an acidic conversion product of 2-deoxyribose. Another major non-UV-absorbing product, resulting from basic degradation of the uracil ring, has been mentioned but not identified. This paper reports the detection and identification of several more hydrolysis products, including the non-UV-absorbing chemical N-ureido-2′-deoxyriboside (ureadR). In the acid hydrolyzate, a major amount of BU and minor amounts of uracil and ureadR were detected. In base, ureadR was the major product. In addition, minor amounts of BU, HUdR, uracil, deoxyuridine, 6-hydroxyuracil and 6-hydroxydeoxyuridine were observed. Based on these products, a new hydrolytic pathway of BUdR in aqueous solutions is proposed.
A 0.65V 2.5GHz Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer in 90nm CMOS

A 2.5GHz fractional-N synthesizer is realized in a digital 90nm CMOS technology. The RF dividers operate at 0.65V while the remainder of the PLL operates at 0.5V; no special devices or voltage boosting is used to achieve the 0.5V operation. The synthesizable range covers 2.4 to 2.6GHz with a phase noise of -55dBc/Hz in band and -120dBc/Hz at a 3MHz offset. The synthesizer dissipates 7mW and occupies 0.14mm2.
A Diagnostic Interest Blank

(1948). A Diagnostic Interest Blank. Rorschach Research Exchange and Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 119-129.
The federated scheduling of constrained-deadline sporadic DAG task systems

In the federated approach to multiprocessor scheduling, a task is either restricted to execute upon a single processor (as in partitioned scheduling), or has exclusive access to any processor upon which it may execute. Earlier studies concerning the federated scheduling of task systems represented using the sporadic DAG model were restricted to implicit-deadline task systems; the research reported here extends this study to the consideration of task systems represented using the more general constrained-deadline sporadic DAG model.
Long-term Exposure to Nicotine, via Ras Pathway, Induces Cyclin D1 to Stimulate G1 Cell Cycle Transition

Nicotine, a major component in tobacco, has been implicated as a potential factor that promotes the development of lung cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of its action is still unclear. In this study, we have shown that, via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, persistent exposure of mouse epithelial cells to nicotine elicits Ras signaling and subsequent Raf/MAP kinase activity, accompanied by a significant increase in cyclin D1 promoter activity and its protein expression. AP-1 is required for activation of the cyclin D1 promoter. The induction of cyclin D1 expression and its promoter activity by nicotine is abolished by the suppression of Raf/MAP kinase signaling. Furthermore, upon nicotine treatment, the cells do not arrest in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle following serum starvation. The perturbation of the G(1) cell cycle checkpoint is caused by the deregulation of retinoblastoma/E2F activity. Therefore, our data indicated that by targeting the Ras pathway, long-term exposure to nicotine disrupts cell cycle restriction machinery and thus potentiates tumor development.
A simplified urinary incontinence score for the evaluation of treatment outcomes.

There are no standardized definitions for anti-incontinence therapy outcomes. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether the incorporation of several non-invasive outcome measures into a new score may serve as a meaningful outcome instrument. Ninety-four consecutive sphincteric incontinent women who underwent a pubovaginal sling by a single surgeon were enrolled. All patients underwent a full clinical evaluation, including pre- and post-operative questionnaires, 24-hour voiding diary, and 24-hour pad test. Surgery outcomes were classified twice: First, by analyzing the patient questionnaire, voiding diary, and pad test separately, according to previously published criteria, and second, by combining the three outcome tools into a new response score. The new score was constructed in a simple, easy-to-remember format and divided into five categories: cure, good response, fair response, poor response, and failure. All patients were evaluated at least 1 year post-operatively. Comparison of the old and new classifications suggests that the new response score provides a more accurate evaluation of the surgical outcomes. Although 64 to 69% of the patients were originally classified as cure according to the old classification, only 44.7% were re-classified as cure by the strict criteria employed in the new score. Furthermore, the response score also differentiates between various degrees of clinical improvement (i.e., good, fair, or poor response). Twenty-five (26.6%) patients, most of whom were previously classified as cure, were re-classified as good response, whereas 20 others were re-classified as fair (13.9%), or poor (7.4%) response. Seven (7.4%) patients were re-classified as surgical failures. All were diagnosed pre-operatively as having complex sphincteric incontinence. Specific failure rates were therefore 11.3% for complex and 0% for simple cases. In conclusion, the suggested post-operative response score incorporates in a user-friendly format three popular outcome tools (i.e., 24-hour diary, 24-hour pad test, and patient questionnaire) and seems to reflect the surgical results more accurately. Further studies are needed to assess its validity and reproducibility in other treatment modalities. Neurourol Urodynam. 19:127–135, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of discharge performance of Li/CFx cell by thermal treatment of CFx cathode material

Abstract In this work we demonstrate that the thermal treatment of CFx cathode material just below the decomposition temperature can enhance discharge performance of Li/CFx cells. The performance enhancement becomes more effective when heating a mixture of CFx and citric acid (CA) since CA serves as an extra carbon source. Discharge experiments show that the thermal treatment not only reduces initial voltage delay, but also raises discharge voltage. Whereas the measurement of powder impedance indicates the thermal treatment does not increase electronic conductivity of CFx material. Based on these facts, we propose that the thermal treatment results in a limited decomposition of CFx, which yields a subfluorinated carbon (CFx−δ), instead of a highly conductive carbon. In the case of CFx/AC mixture, the AC provides extra carbon that reacts with F2 and fluorocarbon radicals generated by the thermal decomposition of CFx to form subfluorinated carbon. The process of thermal treatment is studied by thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction, and the effect of treatment conditions such as heating temperature, heating time and CFx/CA ratio on the discharge performance of CFx cathode is discussed. As an example, a Li/CFx cell using CFx treated with CA at 500 °C under nitrogen for 2 h achieved theretical specific capacity when being discharged at C/5. Impedance analysis indicates that the enhanced performance is attributed to a significant reduction in the cell reaction resistance.
EN BLOC NEPHRECTOMY IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING POST-CHEMOTHERAPY RETROPERITONEAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION FOR NONSEMINOMATOUS TESTIS CANCER: INDICATIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND OUTCOMES

AbstractPurpose: We review the indications for nephrectomy at post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, identify patients at risk for nephrectomy and assess the impact of nephrectomy on outcome.Materials and Methods: Using a computerized data base and chart review we retrospectively reviewed the records of 848 patients who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy.Results: En bloc nephrectomy was performed at retroperitoneal lymph node dissection after chemotherapy in 162 of the 848 patients (19%). The indications for nephrectomy included contiguous involvement of perirenal structures in 73% of the cases, renal vein thrombosis in 6%, a poorly functioning or nonfunctioning renal unit in 5% and a combination of these conditions in 16%. Pathological studies of the hilum revealed cancer in 20% of the cases, teratoma in 49% and fibrosis in 31%. Patients requiring nephrectomy had significantly more advanced disease and larger disease volume at presentation and after chemo...
Shear Lag of Open and Closed Thin-walled Laminated Composite Beams:

Harmonic technique for shear lag analysis is extended to thin-walled open and closed composite beams. The cross section laminates are considered in isolation and are loaded by the shear flow and the axial stress resultants. In addition, the equilibrium and compatibility equations are established for each laminate and the boundary conditions at the laminate edges are satisfied. The shear lag model is incorporated into a beam model, from which the beam stiffness coefficients, shear flow, and stress resultants are obtained. Explicit shear lag formulas for various sections are developed. Composite beams are tested in bending for verification of the analytical model predictions, which agree closely with the experimental results.
The Construction and Subversion of Patriarchal Perfection: Abraham and Exemplarity in Philo, Josephus, and the Testament of Abraham

In dialogue with recent research on the Roman discourse of exemplarity, this article explores representations of Abraham in selected sources from the first and early second centuries C.E. In the first part of the article, references to the patriarch in the writings of Philo and Josephus are considered in light of the transformation of Greek ideas about exempla by Roman authors like Polybius, Livy, and Valerius Maximus. In the second part, the inversion of Abraham's exemplarity in the Testament of Abraham is investigated in relation to the treatment of famous figures in the Apocolocyntosis and in Juvenal's 10th Satire. By juxtaposing the use of exempla in contemporaneous Roman and Jewish writings, the article explores their parallel reflections on the power of the past and shows how Romans and Jews alike appropriated of elements of Greek culture for the articulation of new expressions of local pride, ethnic specificity, and cultural resistance.
The role of bone in short-term calcium homeostasis: An analog-digital computer simulation

In this article we present a detailed description of an analog-digital computer model of those aspects of the bone which are considered to be important in the short-term homeostasis of calcium ions in the body. Quantitative relationships for parameters and variables were obtained from the literature either directly or indirectly. The bone-calcium model was linked to a previously described model of the entire homeostatic system for calcium ions.
The hybrid boundary element method: An alliance between mechanical consistency and simplicity

The most important features of a new numerical method are outline. The mechanical, or variational consistency of the hybrid finite element method is extended to the conventional boundary element formulation, giving rise to naturally established symmetric force-displacement relations. The computational effort for the complete solution of a given problem, according to this method, is in some cases only a small fraction of the effort needed with traditional methods. This paper also outlines briefly the types of analyses which may be advantageously performed with this new method, many of which are already being implemented by the author and co-workers. Some numerical examples are provided.
THE USE OF VASOACTIVE AGENTS IN THE TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY HYPOTENSION SEEN IN TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT OVERDOSE

In this review, the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of tricyclic antidepressants are discussed as they apply to an overdose situation. Systemic arterial hypotension is a frequent occurrence in major overdoses. Occasionally conventional resuscitative measures such as crystalloid or colloid infusion are inadequate and vasoactive agents must be employed in an attempt to normalize blood pressure. The use of these agents is discussed in terms of their physiologic and pharmacologic actions in the management of refractory hypotension induced by tricyclics.
12 Transculture A Broad Way Between Globalism and Multiculturalism

This paper develops a concept of transculture as a model of cultural development that differs from both leveling globalism and isolating pluralism. While culture frees humans from the material dependencies of nature, it also creates new, symbolic dependencies-on customs, traditions, conventions, which a person receives as a member of a certain group and ethnos. Among the many freedoms proclaimed as rights of the individual, there emerges yet another freedom-from one's own culture, in which one was born and educated. Transculture is viewed as the next level of liberation, this time from the "prison house of language," from unconscious predispositions and prejudices of the "native," naturalized cultures. The case of the Japanese poet Araki Yasusada (1903-1972), a survivor of Hiroshima, demonstrates how transcultural creativity, though cast in the form of a literary hoax, can produce an internationally recognized achievement. Transculturalism is especially needed in world politics, where the factor of fixed cultural identity based on race, ethnos, religion, or ideological commitments turned out to be a source of conflict and violence. This paper argues that the categories of opposition and identity do not preclude the significance of the third category, which is difference. The differences complement each other and create a new interpersonal transcultural community to which we belong, not because we are similar but because we are different. The transcultural perspective opens a possibility for globalization not as homogenization but, rather, as further differentiation of cultures and their "dissemination" into transcultural individuals, liberating themselves from their dependence from their native cultures. The global society can be viewed as the space of diversity of free individuals rather than that of fixed groups and cultures. It is an alternative to the clash of civilizations and a hope for lasting peace.
P-34 Early extubation after paediatric cardiac surgery

Introduction. The concept of early extubation in the operating room or within six hours of arrival in the Intensive care unit (ICU) is a new approach in paediatric cardiac surgery [1]. The concept is cost-effective and has a potential to avoid adverse effects of mechanical ventilation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of early extubation on the postoperative course of children undergoing cardiac surgery.
Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workers--NHANES, 1999-2004.

Background To estimate the prevalence of workplace noise exposure and use of hearing protection devices (HPDs) at noisy work, NIOSH analyzed 1999–2004 data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods A total of 9,275 currently employed workers aged ≥16 years were included in the weighted analysis. Hazardous workplace noise exposure was defined as self-reported exposure to noise at their current job that was so loud that the respondent had to speak in a raised voice to be heard. Industry and occupation were determined based on the respondent's current place and type of work. Results Twenty-two million US workers (17%) reported exposure to hazardous workplace noise. The weighted prevalence of workplace noise exposure was highest for mining (76%, SE = 7.0) followed by lumber/wood product manufacturing (55%, SE = 2.5). High-risk occupations included repair and maintenance, motor vehicle operators, and construction trades. Overall, 34% of the estimated 22 million US workers reporting hazardous workplace exposure reported non-use of HPDs. The proportion of noise-exposed workers who reported non-use of HPDs was highest for healthcare and social services (73.7%, SE = 8.1), followed by educational services (55.5%). Discussion Hearing loss prevention and intervention programs should be targeted at those industries and occupations identified to have a high prevalence of workplace noise exposure and those industries with the highest proportion of noise-exposed workers who reported non-use of HPDs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:358–371, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Performance Study and Analysis of Parallel Multilevel Preconditioners

The significant gap between peak and realized performance of parallel systems motivates the need for performance analysis. In order to predict the performance of a class of parallel multilevel ILU preconditioner (PBILUM), we build two performance prediction models for both the preconditioner construction phase and the solution phase. These models combine theoretical features of the preconditioners with estimates on computation cost, communications overhead, etc. Experimental simulations show that our model predication based on certain reasonable assumptions is close to the simulation results. The models may be used to predict the performance of this class of parallel preconditioners.
Imaging findings of juvenile xanthogranuloma of the penis

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a rare benign self-limiting lesion presenting in early childhood. It is the commonest variant of non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis and usually presents as a cutaneous mass. It might have a systemic component and also might be associated with other conditions, notably neurofibromatosis and juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia. Penile masses are unusual in childhood and we describe a case of JXG involving the penis. Although four cases of JXG of the penis have been reported in the literature, this is the first with imaging of the penile lesion. We discuss the clinical and radiological findings, differential diagnosis and management of these cases. High awareness of these lesions in the differential diagnosis of penile masses presenting in early childhood is important to avoid potentially unnecessary ablative genital surgery. Careful assessment should also be made for any systemic involvement and for associated pathologies.
Deformation of biological cells in the acoustic field of an oscillating bubble.

In this work we develop a theoretical framework of the interaction of microbubbles with bacteria in the ultrasound field using a shell model of the bacteria, following an approach developed previously [P. V. Zinin et al., Phys. Rev. E 72, 61907 (2005)]. Within the shell model, the motion of the cell in an ultrasonic field is determined by the motion of three components: the internal viscous fluid, a thin elastic shell, and the surrounding viscous fluid. Several conclusions can be drawn from the modeling of sound interaction with a biological cell: (a) the characteristics of a cell's oscillations in an ultrasonic field are determined both by the elastic properties of the shell the viscosities of all components of the system, (b) for dipole quadrupole oscillations the cell's shell deforms due to a change in the shell area this oscillation depends on the surface area modulus ${K}_{A}$, (c) the relative change in the area has a maximum at frequency ${f}_{K}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}\sqrt{{K}_{A}∕(\ensuremath{\rho}{a}^{3})}$, where $a$ is the cell's radius and $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is its density. It was predicted that deformation of the cell wall at the frequency ${f}_{K}$ is high enough to rupture small bacteria such as $E$. coli in which the quality factor of natural vibrations is less than 1 $(Ql1)$. For bacteria with high value quality factors $(Qg1)$, the area deformation has a strong peak near a resonance frequency ${f}_{K}$; however, the value of the deformation near the resonance frequency is not high enough to produce sufficient mechanical effect. The theoretical framework developed in this work can be extended for describing the deformation of a biological cell under any arbitrary, external periodic force including radiation forces unduced by acoustical (acoustical levitation) or optical waves (optical tweezers).
Power Seekers are Different: Further Biochemical Evidence

In an article previously published in this Review I demonstrated that power-seeking, by which I mean the pursuit of social dominance, has a biochemical marker, namely, whole blood serotonin (WBS). Those individuals who are especially hard-charging and competitive have especially high WBS levels. This paper presents the results from an investigation of dynamics in the response of high WBS individuals to actual competition. My expectation-that they would exhibit special physiological activation in the face of challenge-is fully borne out by the evidence. Four hormonal indicators of activation were followed in blood samples taken during a series of social competitions. All four show distinctive patterns for the high WBS group. These results, in addition to providing new evidence on the behavior of the endocrine system in competitive settings, impressively support the view that WBS is a biological property having fundamental significance for behavioral political science.
Genomic variation in a widespread Neotropical bird (Xenops minutus) reveals divergence, population expansion, and gene flow

The demographic and phylogeographic histories of species provide insight into the processes responsible for generating biological diversity, and genomic datasets are now permitting the estimation of species histories with unprecedented accuracy. We used a genomic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset generated using a RAD-Seq method to investigate the historical demography and phylogeography of a widespread lowland Neotropical bird (Xenops minutus). As expected, we found that prominent landscape features that act as dispersal barriers, such as Amazonian rivers and the Andes Mountains, are associated with the deepest phylogeographic breaks, and also that isolation by distance is limited in areas between these barriers. In addition, we inferred positive population growth for most populations and detected evidence of historical gene flow between populations that are now physically isolated. Although we were able to reconstruct the history of Xenops minutus with unprecedented resolution, we had difficulty conclusively relating this history to the landscape events implicated in many Neotropical diversification hypotheses. We suggest that even if many traditional diversification hypotheses remain untestable, investigations using genomic datasets will provide greater resolution of species histories in the Neotropics and elsewhere.
Scheduling in variable-core collaborative systems

The performance of a collaborative system depends on how two mandatory collaborative tasks, processing and transmission of user commands, are scheduled. We have developed multiple policies for scheduling these tasks on computers that have (a) one processing element on the network interface card and (b) one or more processing cores on the CPU. To compare these policies, we have a developed a formal analytical model that predicts their performance. It shows that the optimal scheduling policy depends on several factors including the number of cores that is available. We have implemented a system that supports all of the policies and performed experiments to validate the formal model. This system is a component of a self-optimizing scheduler we have developed that improves response times by automatically choosing the scheduling policy based on number of cores and other factors.
Increased Th17 response to myelin peptides in pediatric MS.

Abstract Studies of the underlying immune mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS) in children may shed light on the initial events of MS pathogenesis. We studied T cell responses to myelin peptides in 10 pediatric MS patients (PMS), 10 pediatric healthy controls (PHC), 10 adult MS patients (AMS) and 10 adult healthy controls (AHC). A significantly higher proportion of divided CD4 + T cell responses in response to myelin peptides by the CFSE assay in PMS compared to PHC at both concentrations of myelin peptide tested (t test, 95% CI, p = 0.0067 for MP1; p = 0.0086 for MP10), and between PMS and AMS (p = 0.0012 at 1 μg/mL of myelin peptides, p
Comparison of the non-wiggler-averaged code MEDUSA and the wiggler-averaged code TDA3D

Two distinct types of free-electron laser simulations are in general use. In 'wiggler-averaged' simulation codes such as FRED and TDA, the Lorentz force equations are averaged over a wiggler period. A reduced orbit analysis is obtained requiring integration only of equations for the energy and ponderomotive phase for each electron. In contrast, 'non-wiggler-averaged' codes such as MEDUSA use the complete three-dimensional Lorentz force equations. A direct comparison of the two techniques is discussed in this paper using the MEDUSA and TDA codes.
Progress and opportunities in seed genomics research at the Plant Biotechnology InstituteThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue from the National Research Council of Canada – Plant Biotechnology Institute.

Seed crops play a major role in the global food and feed supply industries. Cereals, oilseeds, and legumes are the predominant seed crops grown in Canada. Brassica napus L. (canola) is the most important oilseed, and currently con- tributes over $13 billion to the Canadian economy (Canola Council of Canada). The value of oilseed crops, canola in par- ticular, is expected to grow owing to the increasing demand for food, feed, and bioproduct (including biodiesel) applications. In the last 6 years, the Plant Biotechnology Institute (PBI) of the National Research Council Canada, in part- nership with several collaborators, has been involved in the study of oilseed crops genomics, in particular Brassica spp., to improve our understanding of this important crop. The research is providing insights into key gene function that can be ap- plied to the improvement of crop performance, productivity, and quality, to meet the increased demand. PBI has focused its activities on two strategic areas. First, the generation of genomics resources that can be used for the study of B. napus and related species. The resources include the development of expressed sequence tags (ESTs), genomic DNA sequences, and the development of DNA arrays. Secondly, a systematic analysis of seed development and composition aimed at im- proving our understanding of the seed biology. Similar genomics tools developed in Brassica are now being developed in other crops including flax and legumes. Progressing from genomics to functional genomics, these research engagements will be a significant step towards understanding the molecular processes underlying seed composition, quality, yield, and stress resistance of plants thus facilitating the development of elite germplasm.
Influence of Factors Associated with Water Level Drawdown on Phosphorus Release from Sediments

ABSTRACT Studies on lake sediments showed that drying and freezing, as would occur during the management practice of water level drawdown, increased the release of phosphorus from the sediments over controls. P release from sediments increased as a result of drying in all ten lake sites studied, but the amount of P released varied significantly between sites. Phosphorus release ranged from 0.9 to 38.2 μg·g−1 dry weight sediment and the increase over wet controls ranged from 3 to 84 fold. The effect occurred within 4 days of drying in the laboratory. Drying of the epilithon on cobbles resulted in higher P release. Freezing of sediments also resulted in increased nutrient release, with 70 times more P released from frozen sediments compared to unfrozen controls. The full effect of freezing was realized within 3 days. The combined effect of drying then freezing did not increase the amount of P released above that of sediments that were frozen without prior drying. P release as a result of drying was signific...
Creating a link between preschool program evaluation and decision making: A case in point

This article analyzes issues surrounding the nonimpact of findings resulting from a formative, responsive evaluation of a university-based child care program. Several sources of problems are identified, with guidelines provided for designing an evaluation project to increase the likelihood of effecting program change.
Maxwell's demon and the second law of thermodynamics

An idealized, two-dimensional Maxwell demon is described which incorporates an irreversible process. The vertex of the device acts as a purely mechanical ‘trap door’. This idealized mechanism is found to generate a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. These results indicate that the second law of thermodynamics is not valid in general for idealized, irreversible systems.
Detection of Intracranial In-Stent Restenosis Using Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Angiography

The original version of this publication is available through the American Heart Association (www.ahajournals.org) at DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.594739.
Cycling Aerodynamics: The Effect of Rider Position on Aerodynamic Drag

Competitive cyclists seek to maximize their efficiency by minimizing the influence of resistive forces. At the high speeds maintained during competition, aerodynamic drag is the primary resistive force. This paper investigates the influence of a cyclist’s body position using models of aerodynamic drag and elucidates the time benefit of various body positions. Mathematical models from prior work, which use cyclist mass and body position angles, have been used to determine the projected frontal area of a cyclist and the aerodynamic drag. Graphical representation of the non-linear relationship between aerodynamic drag and an increasing velocity are also provided. Finally, simulations are produced for a 40 km time trial course, and the results indicate a maximum performance increase of 20.71% due entirely to rider body position when exerting 400 W. We conclude aerodynamic efficiency is crucial in competitive cycling, and its significant correlation with rider body position should not be ignored.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Modelling the effects of age-related mtDNA mutation accumulation; Complex I deficiency, superoxide and cell death

Deleterious mitochondrial mutations accumulate during normal human aging in postmitotic tissues. How these mutations affect aging cells is currently unknown. This issue has been addressed in two ways. The first is to determine the likeliest effect of random mutations in the mitochondrial genome, and of the 4977 bp deletion and MELAS point mutation that rise in frequency with age. The results indicate that Complex I is statistically much more likely to be affected than any other product of the mitochondrial genome. We have also attempted to model Complex I deficiency in animals with the drug MPTP, a specific inhibitor of Complex I. We find that MPTP causes massive damage in brains of mice with a genetic deficiency in the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, MnSOD, but less in mice that overexpress the enzyme. We conclude from these data that MPTP-induced cell death must be mediated through an increase in the steady-state concentration of superoxide anion in mitochondria. Since the likeliest target of mitochondrial mutation is Complex I, deficiency of which causes MnSOD-inhibitable lethality, we propose that rising mtDNA mutations with age will cause an increase in superoxide-mediated cell death. Such a mechanism for age-related cell death has the potential to explain several age-related phenotypes.
The notion of a practice theory and the relationship of scientific and ethical knowledge to practice.

By examining the relationship of scientific and ethical knowledge to practice, it can be shown that much of the knowledge required for practice is the knowledge of science and ethics. This brings the notion of the need for a practice theory in nursing into serious question since unique knowledge beyond that of science and ethics must be shown to be required in practice.
Further considerations of the sources of the volatiles from pyrolysis of polystyrene

Formation of the radical precursor to trimer (T) during pyrolysis of polystyrene features a 1,5-hydrogen shift. However because 1,3-shift is so much slower, the sources of the less abundant dimer (D) and tetramer (Te) remain unclear. While we and others have proposed addition of small radicals to olefinic polymer end-groups as a route to oligomer precursor radicals, others recently suggested that such addition is also too slow and proposed a third alternative: 1,7-shift followed serially by 7,3-shift to give the precursor for D. Although considerable evidence suggests that 1,7-shift would be much slower than 1,5-shift, this alternate kinetic model assigned them as comparably rapid. We apply a computational method to predict initial product distributions based on estimated, and empirically varied, propagation rate constants for 1,x-shift, β-scission, hydrogen transfer, and addition radical steps. The addition mechanism successfully predicted the relative amount of D but systematically underestimated Te. This deficiency could be removed by empirical inclusion of a small amount of 1,7-shift, although the other literature evidence still causes this to remain a questionable hypothesis.
Role of the Proteasome Complex in Degradation of Human CYP2E1 in Transfected HepG2 Cells

Abstract The aim of the present study was to characterize human CYP2E1 turnover and examine the possible role of the proteasome proteolytic pathway in the rapid degradation of CYP2E1 in a transfected HepG2 cell line expressing human CYP2E1. Microsomes isolated from MVh2E1-9 cells catalyzed a slow degradation of the expressed CYP2E1, which was prevented by the addition of 4-methylpyrazole, a ligand which stabilizes CYP2E1. The addition of the cytosolic fraction of the HepG2 cells to the microsomes produced rapid degradation of CYP2E1. This rapid degradation required MgATP and was completely prevented by 4-methylpyrazole. Pulse-chase experiments after labeling CYP2E1 with [35S]-methionine and immunoprecipitation with anti-human CYP2E1 IgG indicated a biphasic turnover of CYP2E1 with half-lives of 2.5 and 6 hours. The addition of Czb-Ile-Glu(OtBu)-Ala-Leucinal(PSI) as a cell penetrating proteasome inhibitor, at concentrations ranging from 5 to 80 μM resulted in protection against the degradation of CYP2E1. PSI also increased the steady state accumulation of CYP2E1, consistent with its inhibition of CYP2E1 turnover. These results suggest that the proteasome complex plays a major role in the degradation of human CYP2E1 in the transfected HepG2 cells.
Parallel implementation of a second-order adaptive Volterra filter

A parallel algorithm for updating the linear and quadratic coefficients of a second-order Volterra (SVF) filter is proposed. The parallel algorithm is implemented on both two- and three-node Inmos T-800 transputer arrays. The effective processing bandwidth of the parallel filter implementation is compared to that of the traditional serial approach to demonstrate the potential real-time adaptive filtering applications of the Volterra filter. Simulation results for both the parallel and serial implementations of the SVF filter are provided to demonstrate the significant performance increase realized by the parallel implementation over the serial implementation. >
Democratic Education across School Types: Evidence for the U.S. from NHES99.

This article reports on the differences in democratic education across school types, using the US National Household Education Survey (NHES) of 1999. We replicate the estimation approach of Campbell (1998) and find a strongly positive effect from attendance at Catholic school or private independent schools on community service participation, civic skills, civic confidence, political knowledge and political tolerance. The results are reasonably robust to alternative specifications. We consider the implications of these results for policy.
Apoptotic body engulfment by hepatic stellate cells promotes their survival by the JAK/STAT and Akt/NF-κB-dependent pathways

Background/Aims We have previously shown that phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies (AB) by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is profibrogenic. As HSC survival is central to the progression of liver fibrosis, our goal was to investigate if phagocytosis induces HSC survival. Methods Apoptosis of phagocytosing HSC was studied in the presence of known apoptotic agents. The JAK/STAT- and PI3K/Akt-dependent pathways, NF-κB activation and expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and A1 were evaluated. Apoptosis was assessed after blocking A1 by an siRNA approach. Results Phagocytosing HSC were resistant to FasL/cycloheximide or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT or PI3K-mediated pathways induced apoptosis of HSC. Phagocytosis induced JAK1/STAT3 phosphorylation, and this was prevented by inhibiting JAK. Translocation of STAT3 to the nucleus was also blocked by JAK inhibition. Mcl-1 expression was upregulated in a JAK-dependent manner. PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of Akt depended on NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide production. NF-κB activation and subsequent upregulation of A1 was observed, and A1 inhibition induced apoptosis of HSC. Conclusion Phagocytosis of AB promotes HSC survival by two pathways, of which the A1 dependent is more significant. This represents a new mechanism by which engulfment of AB contributes to the propagation of liver fibrosis.
CD40 activation of carcinoma cells increases expression of adhesion and major histocompatibility molecules but fails to induce either CD80/CD86 expression or T cell alloreactivity

A major obstacle for the development of cancer immunotherapy is the poor capacity of most tumor cells to present antigen. It has previously been shown that ligation of CD40 on the surface of malignant B cells results in the induction of efficient antigen presentation primarily because of upregulated expression of MHC, costimulatory, and adhesion molecules. Ongoing clinical trials are testing the impact of CD40 ligation as immunotherapy for B cell malignancies. Because CD40 is also widely expressed in carcinomas, we studied whether CD40 activation of these cells using soluble recombinant trimeric human CD40 ligand (srhCD40L) can also induce T cell responses. Here, we show that carcinoma cells upregulate expression of CD54 and MHC molecules following in vitro exposure to srhCD40L but do not upregulate CD80 or CD86. CD40-activated carcinoma cells failed to trigger mixed lymphocyte reactions, in sharp contrast to CD40-activated lymphoma cells for which CD40 activation, as expected, resulted in increased expression of MHC, adhesion, and costimulatory molecules, and generated brisk allogeneic lymphocyte reactions. Retroviral-mediated expression of CD80 in carcinoma cells, with or without CD40 activation, triggered mixed lymphocyte reactions, provided cells were treated with IFN-gamma. Thus, the cell surface phenotype induced on carcinoma cells following CD40 activation is not fully capable of inducing T cell proliferation; however, these results support ongoing efforts to exploit costimulation in clinical efforts aimed at increasing carcinoma immunogenicity.
Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy in pediatric severe sepsis: observations from the RESOLVE study.

Objective:To assess whether corticosteroids, used as adjunctive therapy for pediatric severe sepsis, is associated with improved outcomes.Design:Retrospective cohort study examining the clinical database derived from the RESOLVE (REsearching severe Sepsis and Organ dysfunction in children: a gLobal
HEMOGLOBIN DEVELOPMENT IN RAT FETUSES

A model was established for studying the effect of various drugs on the maturation of rat hemoglobin from fetal to adult types. To elucidate further the regulatory mechanisms in the ontogenic development of mammalian hemoglobins, agents were studied which are believed to influence hemoglobin development in the rat fetus. We confirmed that adult rats have 5 and occasionally 6 hemoglobin types, which we designated hemoglobins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (in order of increasing anodal electrophoretic mobility at alkaline pH). Fetuses of 11-12 days of gestatlonal age possess only hemoglobins 3 and 4. At 14-15 days, hemoglobins 2 and 5 appear. Between 16 and 18 days, hemoglobin 1 becomes detectable, hemoglobin 3 decreases, and hemoglobin 5 predominates. The adult pattern is present in newborns (21-22 days of gestational age). Changes in red cell morphology were correlated with hemoglobin development. Phenobarbital, progesterone, or cortisone acetate was administered in various dosages to rats at different times during pregnancy to determine whether any alteration in the rate of appearance of the adult pattern of hemoglobin could be achieved. No significant changes in hemoglobin pattern in the fetuses were observed with any of the three drugs. The model provides a useful tool for the study of the effect of other agents on the ontogenic development of hemoglobins.
Assay of urease activity using 14C-urea in stored, geologically preserved, and in irradiated soils

Urease activity determined by using C 14 urea in stored, preserved /Permafrost/ and irradiated soils
Education for the nursing of children and their families: Standards and guidelines for prelicensure and early professional education

To strengthen the preparation of nurses for care of children and families, standards and guidelines for prelicensure and early professional education were developed by a working group with broad-based input. Assumptions, theory, practice, and research underlying the standards and guidelines concerned the nature of health care, knowledge, teaching, learning, and evaluation. The 11 standards are presented and guidelines are illustrated. How they are implemented will depend on local resources and philosophies. Continued dialogue among nurse educators is needed to refine and develop the standards and guidelines.
Encoding of motor parameters by corticomotoneuronal (CM) and rubromotoneuronal (RM) cells producing postspike facilitation of forelimb muscles in the behaving monkey

This paper compares the properties of corticomotoneuronal (CM) and rubromotoneuronal (RM) cells identified by postspike facilitation (PSF) of rectified EMG activity in the awake monkey. The postspike effects of CM and RM cells in flexors and extensors of the wrist and fingers have been determined, as have the discharge properties of these cells in relation to alternating ramp-and-hold wrist movements. The characteristics of postspike facilitation and postspike suppression (PSS) were similar for RM and CM cells. The magnitude of RM-PSF was weaker than CM-PSF and RM cells showed a stronger preference for facilitation of extensor muscles than CM cells. As with CM cells, the onset of discharge in RM cells preceded the onset of EMG activity in their target muscles. Tonic discharge related to static torque was more prominent in CM cells, whereas phasic discharge was more prominent in RM cells; however, many RM cells showed some tonic activity weakly related to static torque. We conclude that CM and RM cells share many common features; however, RM cells are concerned primarily with the dynamics of muscle contraction.
Anorthosite assimilation and the origin of the Mg/Fe‐related bimodality of pristine moon rocks: Support for the magmasphere hypothesis

The geochemical bimodality of pristine rocks led to proposals that a major fraction of the crust (the Mg rich suite) formed in cumulates in numerous intrusions slightly younger than the magmasphere. It is suggested that assimilation helped to engender the bimodal patterns. Mass/energy balance calculations indicate that large proportions of plagioclase were probably assimilated from the older (Magmasphere-generated) ferroan anorthosite crust by most of the Mg-rich intrusive melts. The magmasphere, in the absence of assimilation probably did not yield appreciable plagioclase until fractional crystallization of mafic silicates had diminished the melt mg ratio to about 0.42. However, assuming identical melt composition, an Mg-rich intrusion assimilating ferroan anorthosite would have reached plagioclase saturation at a much higher mg, about 0.66. It is suggested that the current version of the magmasphere hypothesis (ferroan anorthosites = magmasphere flotation cumulates; Mg-rich rocks = products of younger, localized intrusions) is the only plausable mechanism for engendering the Mg/Fe-relate bimodality.
Adsorption of heavy metals in glacial till soil

The charged sites on soil particles are important for the retention/adsorption of metals. Metallic counterions can neutralize the intrinsic charges on the surfaces of soil particles by forming complexes. In this study, efforts have been made to determine the effect of surface potential, pH, and ionic strength on the adsorption of four metal ions, hexavalent chromium Cr(VI), trivalent chromium Cr(III), nickel Ni(II) and cadmium Cd(II), in glacial till soil. Batch tests were performed to determine the effect of pH (2–12) and ionic strength (0.001–0.1 M KCl) on zeta potential of the glacial till soil. The point of zero charge (pH PZC ) of glacial till was found to be 7.0±2.5. Surface charge experiments revealed the high buffering capacity of the glacial till. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted at natural pH (8.2) using various concentrations of selected metals. The adsorption data was described by the Freundlich adsorption model. Overall glacial till shows lower adsorption affinity to Cr(VI) as compared to cationic metals, Cr(III), Ni(II) and Cd(II).
Low-temperature catalysis of para-deuterium to ortho-deuterium conversion on Grafoil.

Para-deuterium to ortho-deuterium conversion rates were determined on Grafoil in the temperature range of 10 to 27 K. Above 10 K the measured conversion rates in the two-dimensional (2D) solid regimes are almost independent of temperature, with a gradual slow-down occurring at higher temperatures in ``2D gas'' and ``2D fluid'' phases. The observed weak temperature dependence as well as the magnitude of the conversion rate are consistent with a recent theoretical analysis of low-temperature ortho-para conversion via emission of 2D solid-${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ phonon(s). Measurements in the ``2D gas'' phase suggest that this phase is a lattice gas. This is supported by a calculation of the ratio of the conversion rate in a lattice gas to that in a Debye solid, which is in reasonable agreement with our measured ratio. Application of our results to catalytic purification of ortho-${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ is discussed in terms of ortho-${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ purity requirements for metastably nuclear-spin-polarized solid ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$, useful as a nuclear fusion fuel or a polarized target for particle-physics experiments.
Debunking the Slippery Slope Argument against Human Germ-Line Gene Therapy

This paper attempts to debunk the slippery-slope argument against human germ-line gene therapy by showing that the downside of the slope--genetic enhancement--need not be as unethical or unjust as some people have supposed. It argues that if genetic enhancement is governed by proper regulations and is accompanied by adequate education, then it need not violate recognized principles of morality or social justice.