cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current Status of Corporate Directors' Right to Indemnification

I N these days when profits are hypertrophied and business leaders have, at least for a time, ceased to be objects of suspicion and aversion, a director of a large corporation is a person of considerable magnificence. But corporate eminence, like other types, has its perils. The director's sword of Damocles is the individual liability to which he almost inevitably exposes himself when he assumes the responsibility of managing a large aggregation of other people's capital, thereby affecting in a variety of ways the interests of other business organizations, government, and the public. The most discussed type of such liability is that resulting from a creditor's or minority stockholder's derivative suit against directors' for asserted mismanagement or waste of the corporate assets. Recent business history suggests that such liability may assume alarming proportions. To take an outstanding example, the cost of resisting a vigorous effort by outsiders to seize control, carried on with modern high-pressure techniques of proxy fighting, may easily run into six, and even seven, figures.2 If, at the suit of a minority stockholder, it should ultimately be held improper to pay such expenses out of the corporate till and, in the present state of the law, no director or his counsel can predict
Protein backbone angle restraints from searching a database for chemical shift and sequence homology

Chemical shifts of backbone atoms in proteins are exquisitely sensitive to local conformation, and homologous proteins show quite similar patterns of secondary chemical shifts. The inverse of this relation is used to search a database for triplets of adjacent residues with secondary chemical shifts and sequence similarity which provide the best match to the query triplet of interest. The database contains 13Cα, 13Cβ, 13C′, 1Hα and 15N chemical shifts for 20 proteins for which a high resolution X-ray structure is available. The computer program TALOS was developed to search this database for strings of residues with chemical shift and residue type homology. The relative importance of the weighting factors attached to the secondary chemical shifts of the five types of resonances relative to that of sequence similarity was optimized empirically. TALOS yields the 10 triplets which have the closest similarity in secondary chemical shift and amino acid sequence to those of the query sequence. If the central residues in these 10 triplets exhibit similar φ and Ψ backbone angles, their averages can reliably be used as angular restraints for the protein whose structure is being studied. Tests carried out for proteins of known structure indicate that the root-mean-square difference (rmsd) between the output of TALOS and the X-ray derived backbone angles is about 15°. Approximately 3% of the predictions made by TALOS are found to be in error.
Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal and Ottoman Empires

The prophet Muhammad and the early Islamic community radically redefined the concept of time that they had inherited from earlier religions' beliefs and practices. This new temporal system, based on a lunar calendar and era, was complex and required sophistication and accuracy. From the ninth to the sixteenth centuries, it was the Muslim astronomers of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires who were responsible for the major advances in mathematics, astronomy and astrology. This fascinating study compares the Islamic concept of time, and its historical and cultural significance, across these three great empires. Each empire, while mindful of earlier models, created a new temporal system, fashioning a new solar calendar and era and a new round of rituals and ceremonies from the cultural resources at hand. This book contributes to our understanding of the Muslim temporal system and our appreciation of the influence of Islamic science on the Western world.
A new view of ridge segmentation and near‐axis volcanism at the East Pacific Rise, 8°–12°N, from EM300 multibeam bathymetry

[1] New, high-resolution bathymetry for the East Pacific Rise between 8°N and 12°N was collected over a 6 km wide swath centered on the ridge axis using the 30 kHz Simrad EM300 multibeam system. The coverage area corresponds latitudinally to the designated Ridge2000 Integrated Studies Site (ISS) for fast spreading ridges. The EM300 data, gridded at 30 m latitude by 50 m longitude, represent a greater than 4X improvement in horizontal resolution over previously available multibeam data and a 2X improvement in depth resolution. The new bathymetry was used to update the locations and hierarchy of ridge offsets for this area. Among the many applications for this data, it enables us to tabulate volcanoes half the size that could be previously detected. The distribution of near-axis volcanic cones >25 m high suggests that this population of small, near-axis cones results from low effusion rate eruptions of the ridge axis.
A política externa da Venezuela pós-Chavez

The death of Hugo Chavez may cause changes in the conduct of foreign policy of Venezuela. The actors involved in the foundation of the political project that highlights a revolutionary and a contestation discourse with the structure of the international system, considered outdated and exclusionary, may change over time.
Accurate and precise determination of critical properties from Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations

Since the seminal paper by Panagiotopoulos [Mol. Phys. 61, 813 (1997)], the Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo (GEMC) method has been the most popular particle-based simulation approach for the computation of vapor-liquid phase equilibria. However, the validity of GEMC simulations in the near-critical region has been questioned because rigorous finite-size scaling approaches cannot be applied to simulations with fluctuating volume. Valleau [Mol. Simul. 29, 627 (2003)] has argued that GEMC simulations would lead to a spurious overestimation of the critical temperature. More recently, Patel et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 024101 (2011)] opined that the use of analytical tail corrections would be problematic in the near-critical region. To address these issues, we perform extensive GEMC simulations for Lennard-Jones particles in the near-critical region varying the system size, the overall system density, and the cutoff distance. For a system with N = 5500 particles, potential truncation at 8σ and analytical tail corrections, an extrapolation of GEMC simulation data at temperatures in the range from 1.27 to 1.305 yields T(c) = 1.3128 ± 0.0016, ρ(c) = 0.316 ± 0.004, and p(c) = 0.1274 ± 0.0013 in excellent agreement with the thermodynamic limit determined by Potoff and Panagiotopoulos [J. Chem. Phys. 109, 10914 (1998)] using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations and finite-size scaling. Critical properties estimated using GEMC simulations with different overall system densities (0.296 ≤ ρ(t) ≤ 0.336) agree to within the statistical uncertainties. For simulations with tail corrections, data obtained using r(cut) = 3.5σ yield T(c) and p(c) that are higher by 0.2% and 1.4% than simulations with r(cut) = 5 and 8σ but still with overlapping 95% confidence intervals. In contrast, GEMC simulations with a truncated and shifted potential show that r(cut) = 8σ is insufficient to obtain accurate results. Additional GEMC simulations for hard-core square-well particles with various ranges of the attractive well and for n-decane molecules represented by the TraPPE force field yield data that support the trends observed for Lennard-Jones particles. The finite-size dependence of the critical properties obtained from GEMC simulations is significantly smaller than those from grand-canonical ensemble simulations. Thus, when resources are not available for a rigorous finite-size scaling study, GEMC simulations provide a straightforward route to determine fairly accurate critical properties using relatively small system sizes.
THE TIMBUL SITE, BALI, AND THE TRANSFORMATIONS PROJECT: MATERIAL REMAINS AND CONSIDERATIONS OF CHRONOLOGY AND TYPOLOGY

The project, Transformations in the Landscapes of South-Central Bali: An Archaeological Investigation of Early Balinese States, undertaken with Drs John Schoenfelder and I Wayan Ardika, was initiated to investigate, through a program of survey and excavation, changes and continuities in aspects of the political, religious and economic landscapes of south-central Bali during the mid-late first millennium AD and into the second millennium AD. This paper first presents a brief discussion of the theoretical background to the project and of the 2000 survey season, followed by a brief overview of the 2004 excavations at the Timbul site and a discussion of the dating of the several periods of occupation. Analysis of the smaller assemblage of non-earthenware artifacts, including the Chinese materials and their dating, as well as of the lithic artifacts, are next discussed. The paper then presents the morphological analyses of the earthenware pottery and also compares the resulting rim shape types and vessel shapes to those from other dated sites on Bali. The paper concludes with a discussion of the excavated Timbul deposits in the context of current archaeological knowledge of the relevant periods on Bali.
Quantum physics: Quantum force turns repulsive.

The experimental verification that a bizarre quantum effect — the Casimir force — can manifest itself in its repulsive form is pivotal not only for fundamental physics but also for nanotechnology. Space is not completely empty; the vacuum teems with quantum mechanical energy fluctuations able to generate an attractive force between objects that are very close to each other. This 'Casimir–Lifshitz' force can cause static friction or 'stiction' in nanomachines, which must be strongly reduced. Until now only attractive interactions have been reported but in theory, if vacuum is replaced by certain media, Casimir–Lifshitz forces should become repulsive. This has now been confirmed experimentally. Repulsion, weaker than the attractive force, was measured in a carefully chosen system of interacting materials immersed in fluid. The magnitude of both forces increases as separation decreases. The repulsive forces could conceivably allow quantum levitation of objects in a fluid and lead to new types of switchable nanoscale devices with ultra-low static friction. Levitation depends only on the dielectric properties of the various materials. The cover illustrates repulsion between a tiny gold sphere and a silica substrate (left). Replace the silica with gold (right), and the force becomes attractive.
Differing attenuation coefficients of normal and infarcted myocardium.

There are significant differences in attenuation coefficients between normal and infarcted myocardium measurable with a computerized transaxial tomographic scanner. Additionally, iodinated contrast material administered prior to killing the tests animals resulted in excellent visualization of the blood-myocardial interface at a time when standard radiographs detected no differences between the ventricular cavity and the myocardial wall. These natural and induced changes in attenuation coefficients offer a new approach to evaluating and understanding the processes of tissue injury and death. Their clinical relevance lies in application to the twin problems of myocardial infarction and the structure and function of the cardiac wall.
Desorption from an immobile adlayer: Exact one-dimensional kinetics

We consider irreversible unimolecular desorption from a one-dimensional immobile unequi-librated adlayer where nearest neighbor adspecies interactions result in configuration dependent microscopic desorption rates. The master equations for this process are solved exactly . For isothermal desorption from island-forming or clustering systems with attractive interactions, we find a strong coverage dependence of the order of the desorption kinetics, and also a transition in the (very) low coverage kinetics with varying temperature, T . For the strongly clustering regime unusual scaling behavior of the effective desorption energy and of the order is elucidated. Temperature programmed desorption is considered for both attractive and repulsive interactions. In the latter case, triple peaked spectra indicating “staged desorption” are observed in the low heating rate regime.
MAGNETIC RESONANCES ASSOCIATED WITH LINEAR TEXTURES IN SUPERFLUID 3He-A

The magnetic resonance frequencies of three typical linear textures in superfluid 3He-A confined in a long hollow cylinder are determined. In the limit R ≫ ξ, where R is the radius of the cylinder and ξ is the dipolar coherence length, the longitudinal resonance frequencies in an axial magnetic field are shown to be the same as that for the uniform texture, while the transverse frequencies have additional shifts of the order of ΩA (ξ/R)2.
A top‐down analysis of emissions from selected Texas power plants during TexAQS 2000 and 2006

[1] Airborne measurements were taken downwind of eleven Texas power generation facilities in 2000 and 2006 as part of the two Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS) campaigns. From these measurements, we determine emission ratios of NOx (= NO + NO2), SO2, and CO to coemitted CO2 for each facility. These measurements provide an independent external assessment of reported emission ratios from continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS). During the TexAQS study years, we find the SO2/CO2 and NOx/CO2 emission ratios derived from measurements aboard the aircraft agree quantitatively with inventory values from CEMS, with standard deviations of less than ±14%. We document significant decreases in atmospheric mixing ratios of NOx as a result of emission reductions due to controls implemented at the W. A. Parish plant after TexAQS 2000. For several of the facilities, CO emissions appear relatively constant in time. Derived CO/CO2 emission ratios agree substantially better with Texas Commission on Environmental Quality inventories in 2006 than in 2000, which we attribute to better inventory data from three facilities that installed CO CEMS between the two study years and not because of any significant change in CO emissions. Other plants appear to have varying CO emissions over time, complicating comparison to annual inventory values. Finally, we use two independent NO2 measurements, along with measurements of O3, NO3, and N2O5, to quantify the fraction of NOx directly emitted as NO2 from the Oklaunion Power Plant, providing the first quantitative estimate of NO2 emissions from a power generation facility using ambient data.
Barriers to US industrial biotechnology research consortia

Abstract In 1986–1987, the research directors of major and medium-sized US biotechnology companies agreed on the wisdom of developing cooperative research arrangements in protein engineering, bioprocess and large-scale animal cell culture technologies. However, upper-level corporate managers were not convinced that collaborative approaches would be essential for the maintenance of longterm competitiveness of the US biotechnology industry. Now that cooperative research efforts in Japan and Europe are beginning to challenge US supremacy in biotechnology, the prospect of US industry consortia may be viewed in a kinder light. We believe that the US government has a key role to play in providing both financial and logistical support.
Manipulation of Cholesterol Levels in Rod Disk Membranes by Methyl-β-cyclodextrin EFFECTS ON RECEPTOR ACTIVATION

The effect of cholesterol on rod outer segment disk membrane structure and rhodopsin activation was investigated. Disk membranes with varying cholesterol concentrations were prepared using methyl-β-cyclodextrin as a cholesterol donor or acceptor. Cholesterol exchange followed a simple equilibrium partitioning model with a partition coefficient of 5.2 ± 0.8 in favor of the disk membrane. Reduced cholesterol in disk membranes resulted in a higher proportion of photolyzed rhodopsin being converted to the G protein-activating metarhodopsin II (MII) conformation, whereas enrichment of cholesterol reduced the extent of MII formation. Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene showed that increasing cholesterol reduced membrane acyl chain packing free volume as characterized by the parameter fv. The level of MII formed showed a positive linear correlation with fv over the range of 4 to 38 mol % cholesterol. In addition, the thermal stability of rhodopsin increased with mol % of cholesterol in disk membranes. No evidence was observed for the direct interaction of cholesterol with rhodopsin in either its agonist- or antagonist-bound form. These results indicate that cholesterol mediates the function of the G protein-coupled receptor, rhodopsin, by influencing membrane lipid properties, i.e. reducing acyl chain packing free volume, rather than interacting specifically with rhodopsin.
Adapted Miscue Analysis.

Abstract Some teachers are reluctant to use miscue analysis because they perceive it to be too involved for classroom use or because they experience interference from their previous use of the informal reading inventory. Such teachers will find that a brief explanation of the psycholinguistic aspects of reading and the protocols of Adapted Miscue Analysis will fulfill their needs. It will combine the notational and some of the scoring practices of the informal reading inventory with an analysis of the reader's psycholinguistic strategies and an assessment of comprehension within the reader's own cognitive framework. Adapted Miscue Analysis allows teachers to use as many of the procedures as they require or feel to be appropriate, combining informal observations with systematically collected data.
Dense-gas fractionation of mixtures of petroleum macromolecules

Abstract Dense-gas extraction (DGE) was used to fractionate a petroleum pitch feedstock of broad molecular weight distribution (MWD) into selected oligomeric constituents. The DGE process was carried out in a semibatch mode using the solvent toluene (Tc = 318.6 °C, Pc = 41.1 bar) and a pitch charge of 10–15 g. A packed column with reflux produced the equivalent of several equilibrium stages. The apparatus was operated at near and supercritical temperatures, with the stillpot at 320 °C and the column temperature increasing linearly up to the reflux condenser temperature of 360 °C. Operating pressures were determined by the conditions required to extract a given oligomer and varied from 44 to 84 bar. Using a monomer-rich petroleum pitch feed (MWn = 299, PDI = 1.10), a dimer-rich extract with a purity approaching 90% (MWn = 521, PDI = 1.07) was obtained, with the remaining residue (MWn = 883, PDI = 1.24) consisting of 95% trimer and higher oligomers. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to determine the MWD of the feed pitch and pitch fractions, with a unique matrix being used to enhance the response of higher MW species. The combination of DGE for separation and MALDI for accurate MW information is a powerful new technique for the molecular characterization of insoluble, high MW fossil fuels.
Developmental Counseling and Therapy as a Model for School Counselor Consultation with Teachers

Referral requests for individual counseling pose a threat to the implementation of comprehensive school counseling programs (Jackson & White, 2000). Consulting with teachers is one way that school counselors can efficiently respond to some referrals while also providing system support. Using a developmental counseling and therapy-based consultation model, school counselors can assess how a teacher is conceptualizing a student's behavior, respond to the stress a teacher may feel connected to that behavior, and indirectly effect change in a classroom system.
Cataloging Serials for Special Collections: The Challenges and Delights of the W.L. Eury Appalachian Collection

Cataloging serials in special collections proves to be both a challenge and a delight. Rare, ephemeral, or older serials may contain less descriptive information than is normally found in major current periodicals, making it difficult to record such descriptive information as frequency/regularity of publication and volume designation. But the true challenges in cataloging these materials are often due to their limited and sporadic acquisition, which causes problems in describing the serials and recording holdings, resulting in more time and higher cost per issue cataloged.
Sphingolipid metabolism in organotypic mouse keratinocyte cultures

Ceramides are the dominant component of the stratum corneum intercellular lipid lamellae, which constitute the epidermal permeability barrier. Only pig and human epidermal ceramides have been extensively characterized and the structures of the ceramides of cultured keratinocytes have not been previously investigated. In the present studies, we have characterized the ceramides synthesized by organotypic lifted mouse keratinocyte cultures for the first time and compared them to the ceramides of intact mouse epidermis. Both mouse epidermis and cultures contained five ceramides, ceramide 1 being the least polar and ceramide 5 the most polar. Ceramide 1 was a group of acylceramides, i.e., very-long-chain omega-hydroxyceramides with an ester-linked nonhydroxy fatty acid. Ceramide 2 contained medium-length saturated nonhydroxy fatty acids. (In culture, the ceramide 2 band was split into two parts with the slightly more polar ceramide 2' containing short-chain saturated nonhydroxy fatty acids.) Ceramide 5 contained short-chain alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. The structures of ceramides 1, 2, and 5 were analagous to those of pig and human epidermis. Mouse epidermal ceramide 3 was quite unusual, containing beta-hydroxy fatty acids, a structure not previously identified among mammalian ceramides. In contrast, culture ceramide 3 was composed of omega-hydroxy fatty acids with a chain-length distribution similar to that of ceramide 1. Mouse ceramide 4 was composed of fatty acids with chromatographic mobility similar to hydroxy fatty acids but with different chemical reactivity; it remains only partially characterized. Culture ceramide 4 was present in quantities too small for analysis. All ceramides in mouse epidermis and cultures contained only sphingosine bases, whereas pig and human ceramides also contain phytosphingosine. These results indicate that considerable diversity of ceramide structures occurs among mammalian species and that cultured keratinocytes may only partially reproduce the in vivo complement of ceramides. Using labeled serine in keratinocyte cultures, we have also demonstrated the de novo synthesis of ceramides and the transfer of label from glucosylceramides to ceramides during terminal differentiation of lifted cultures. The covalently bound corneocyte lipid envelope, which has recently been characterized in pig and human epidermis, was also present in mouse epidermis and was reproduced by the lifted cultures. Very-long-chain omega-hydroxyceramides were the dominant bound lipid and labeling studies in culture indicated that they were derived from ceramides synthesized in the viable epidermis.
The Mental Health/Drug and Alcohol Program at Torrance State Hospital.

L'article presente brievement un programme de sante mentale pour alcooliques et toxicomanes, dont les composants sont: - un composant psychoeducationnel - une therapie de groupe - une chimiotherapie, si necessaire
Renormalization of a self-avoiding Brownian motion in two dimensions

Abstract We obtain a measure defined on the space of continuous sample paths, which describes a weakly self-avoiding Brownian motion in a 2-dimensional Euclidean space. Our method is also applicable to a Brownian motion with the Dirichlet boundary conditions in a 2-dimensional domain. For the new measures, an inequality of Simon-Lieb type is also obtained.
The 8th IFIP World Conference on Computers in Education: 40 Years of Computers in Education: What Works?

Purpose – To share information with global community about this anniversary conference and to promote the Stellenbosch Declaration.Design/methodlogy/approach – This is a conference report of the 8th IFIP World Conference on Computers in Education and describes four decades of development in human computer interaction and the use of computers in libraries and schools.Findings – There was general agreement that twenty‐first century leaders and change agents must find new ways to merge the past, present, and future knowledge about learning, teaching, and technology to educate the new generation of learners.Originality/value – A recap of progress in introducing computers in the classroom and the digital divide it often creates.
A Minimal Motor Domain from Chicken Skeletal Muscle Myosin

Abstract The myosin head (S1) consists of a wide, globular region that contains the actin- and nucleotide-binding sites and an α-helical, extended region that is stabilized by the presence of two classes of light chains. The essential light chain abuts the globular domain, whereas the regulatory light chain lies near the head-rod junction of myosin. Removal of the essential light chain by a mild denaturant exposes the underlying heavy chain to proteolysis by chymotrypsin. The cleaved fragment, or “motor domain” (MD), migrates as a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, with a slightly greater mobility than S1 prepared by papain or chymotrypsin. Three-dimensional image analysis of actin filaments decorated with MD reveals a structure similar to S1, but shorter by an amount consistent with the absence of a light chain-binding domain. The actin-activated MgATPase activity of MD is similar to that of S1 in V and K. But the ability of MD to move actin filaments in a motility assay is considerably reduced relative to S1. We conclude that the globular, active site region of the myosin head is a stable, independently folded domain with intrinsic motor activity, but the coupling efficiency between ATP hydrolysis and movement declines markedly as the light chain binding region is truncated.
Biological invaders in a greenhouse world: will elevated CO2 fuel plant invasions?

Climate change and biological invasions, two of the hottest topics in ecology, both have ecological and societal implications, but they have developed on separate and parallel paths. Both are likely to have global impacts, yet researchers seldom explicitly consider their interaction. We argue that changes in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and subsequent climate change may facilitate biological invasions, both directly and indirectly, and that our research agenda to date has left us poorly prepared to predict the consequences for communities and ecosystems. Forecasting the impact of biological invaders or elevated CO2 is a challenge for ecologists, and it is therefore prudent and timely to investigate the greater challenge, namely predicting the combined effects of invaders and elevated CO2 on native ecological systems.
Effect of surface roughness on surface resistance of plane copper surfaces at millimetre waves

Measurements have been made at 35 GHz of the increase of surface resistance of plane copper surfaces caused by surface roughness. The side walls of an H-guide cavity were ground one-directionally with abrasive papers of various grades. Surface roughness was determined mechanically, optically, and by microphotography. Q factors of the cavity were measured and evaluated and compared for various degrees of surface roughness
Spatial maps of heliospheric and geocoronal X-ray intensities due to the charge exchange of the solar wind with neutrals

[1] X-rays are generated throughout the heliosphere and the terrestrial magnetosheath as a consequence of charge transfer collisions between heavy solar wind ions and interstellar and geocoronal neutrals, respectively. Simple models of this X-ray emission have been presented in the past, but results from a more sophisticated model are described in this paper. In particular, to obtain the densities of interstellar neutrals our X-ray model uses to determine X-ray intensities, we use the Fahr [1971] hot model although with recently determined input parameters. The geocoronal X-ray model we use in this paper has also been improved, as described in a recent paper by Robertson and Cravens [2003]. In previous papers we demonstrated that there is significant correlation between the “long-term enhancement” part of the soft X-ray background measured by the Rontgen Satellite (ROSAT) and the solar wind proton flux. In the current paper we determine the steady-state X-ray intensities due to the interaction between the solar wind and both interstellar neutrals and the geocoronal neutrals as a function of look direction and time of year. X-ray intensity maps are shown for both a spherically symmetric solar wind and for a latitude-dependent solar wind (i.e., fast and slow solar wind regions). In all cases, the X-ray intensity is highest when the view direction is towards the Sun, but the intensity is also relatively high for view directions intersecting the gravitational focusing cone of interstellar helium. We also show a heliospheric/geocoronal X-ray intensity map for the conditions used by Snowden et al. [1995] in producing the 1/4 keV channel soft X-ray background map in galactic coordinates. Our preliminary conclusion is that very roughly 50% of the total background soft X-ray intensity in the galactic plane and 25% at high galactic latitudes can be attributed to the charge transfer process operating within the solar system, with the remaining emission coming from outside our heliosphere.
Overview of melanoma vaccines and promising approaches.

It is difficult to envision anything better than melanoma vaccines to exemplify the effectiveness of modern biotechnology in developing biologically rational therapeutics. Melanoma vaccines can reproducibly induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses better than any other anticancer therapy. Anticancer vaccines have been labeled by some as ineffective for the simple reason that they only rarely lead to cancer regression. This oxymoron stems from the naive expectation that CTLs are all that is needed to reject cancer. Little is known about requirements for CTL localization and effector function within the tumor microenvironment. In the future, more attention should be given to events downstream of immunization (afferent arm of immune response) to identify combination therapies likely to facilitate localization and activation of CTL at the receiving end (efferent arm).
Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in the young-of-the-year bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, from several nursery habitats along the US Atlantic coastline

Abstract Spatial trends of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were examined by using high resolution gas chromatography – low resolution electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) in 414 samples of young-of-the-year (YOY) bluefish ( Pomatomus saltatrix ) collected from a total of 29 nursery habitats along the US Atlantic coastline from Massachusetts to Florida. Of the 26 target PBDE congeners, BDE-47 (4 Br), BDE-100 (5 Br), BDE-49 (4 Br), BDE-99 (5 Br), and BDE-154 (6 Br) were the five most frequently detected congeners in the order of decreasing importance. The sum of the concentrations of five major PBDE congeners, referred to as ΣPBDEs, varied between estuaries and also among samples from a given estuary. ΣPBDEs were lowest in YOY bluefish from Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, Great Bay, Delaware Bay, Lynnhaven Bay, Cape Lookout, and Crescent Beach, with maximum ΣPBDE concentrations below 10 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDEs in three bluefish samples from Stamford Harbor were detected at relatively high to unusually high concentrations of 69.1, 205, and 561 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDE values for other Stamford Harbor bluefish were generally low. Highest PBDE concentrations were detected in the vicinity of industrial and urban locations within the New York – New Jersey metropolitan complex. Among them, bluefish from Newark Bay were generally the most contaminated with an average ΣPBDE value of 56.6 ± 30.8 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDEs in bluefish from Newark Bay were numerically greater than ΣPBDEs in bluefish from all locations, however these differences were not statistically significant. Modest to good correlations between ΣPBDEs and lipids were observed for YOY bluefish from Buzzards Bay, Upper New Bedford Harbor, Lower New Bedford Harbor, Outer New Bedford Harbor, Providence Harbor, Housatonic River, Norwalk Harbor, Little Neck Bay, Newark Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, Great Bay, Delaware Bay, Patuxent River and Crescent Beach. Poor correlations between ΣPBDE and lipids were observed for bluefish from other estuaries. ΣPBDEs were not always correlated with fish length or weight. ΣPBDEs in YOY bluefish along the US Atlantic coastline modestly paralleled ΣPBDEs in mussels and oysters, from not exact but geographically loosely similar locations, reported in the NOAA Mussel Watch Program. A number of researchers who used the high resolution mass spectrometry reported additional PBDE congeners. Although PBDE congeners we report do appear to be the prominent congeners in these studies, it is likely that the comparisons will be skewed in certain instances.
Evaluation of a cryogenic miniature refrigeration system for low-temperature molecular luminescence spectrometry☆

Abstract A small cryogenic refrigeration system is presented as a means for cooling samples in low-temperature molecular luminescence spectrometry. Analytical figures of merit are shown for three compounds adsorbed on filter paper. The results are used to compare the system to other sample cooling systems. The advantages and disadvantages of using the commercially available refrigerator as a sample cooling device are discussed.
Ketorolac tromethamine: An oral/injectable nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory for postoperative pain control

Ketorolac tromethamine is a new injectable/oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic with no apparent opiate receptor activity that has been administered alone and in combination with other opiate analgesics for the treatment of postoperative pain. The drug has shown promise in analgesic comparisons with morphine sulfate; it lacks the effects of respiratory depression and nausea and vomiting usually associated with narcotic agents. Intramuscular ketorolac may be particularly useful with those patients who have respiratory disease and patients being dismissed following short ambulatory or private-office anesthetic procedures.
Heat transfer coefficients for forced-air cooling and freezing of selected foods

Abstract To maximize the efficiency of cooling and freezing operations for foods, it is necessary to optimally design the refrigeration equipment to fit the specific requirements of the particular cooling or freezing application. The design of food refrigeration equipment requires estimation of the cooling and freezing times of foods, as well as the corresponding refrigeration loads. The accuracy of these estimates, in turn, depends upon accurate estimates of the surface heat transfer coefficient for the cooling or freezing operation. This project reviewed heat transfer data for the cooling and/or freezing of foods. A total of 777 cooling curves for 295 food items were obtained from an industrial survey and a unique iterative algorithm, utilizing the concept of ‘equivalent heat transfer dimensionality’, was developed to obtain heat transfer coefficients from these cooling curves. Nine Nusselt–Reynolds–Prandtl correlations were developed from a selection of the 777 heat transfer coefficients resulting from this algorithm, as well as 144 heat transfer coefficients for 13 food items, collected from the literature. The data and correlations resulting from this project will be used by designers of cooling and freezing systems for foods. This information will make possible a more accurate determination of cooling and freezing times and corresponding refrigeration loads. Such information is important in the design and operation of cooling and freezing facilities and will be of immediate usefulness to engineers involved in the design and operation of such systems.
Colorectal Cancer Screening: Practice Guidelines

Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been demonstrated to reduce both incidence and mortality of CRC. There are several different screening options, each with potential benefits and some limitations. Fecal blood tests are primarily early cancer detection tests, which have been shown to reduce CRC mortality. Structural exams of the colon (flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy and imaging) may identify cancer precursor lesions (adenomas) and early cancer. There is evidence that detection and removal of adenomas may prevent many cancers. New forms of screening using stool DNA, capsule endoscopy and serum testing for genetic mutations are still in evolution, though proof-of-principle studies have been published.
Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the promise to improve energy efficiency and to provide society with a clean energy producing technology. The high temperature of operation (500−1000 °C) enables the solid oxide fuel cell to operate with existing fossil fuels and to be efficiently coupled with turbines to give very high efficiency conversion of fuels to electricity. Solid oxide fuel cells are complex electrochemical devices that contain three basic components, a porous anode, an electrolyte membrane, and a porous cathode. In this short review, a survey of the types and properties of materials that have been considered for each of these components is presented with an emphasis on the requirements for operation at intermediate temperature (500−800 °C). Some directions for future research are discussed.
Diffusion in a stirred, percolating system.

The problem of stirred percolation, which has been proposed to model various systems with annealed disorder (including globular-phase microemulsions), is formulated as a continuous-time random walk. Transport quantities, such as the dc diffusion constant, depend both on the statistics of the instantaneous clusters near the percolation threshold and on their rearrangement times. The scaling of these rearrangement times is discussed, and it is shown that both small clusters and large ones affect the scaling behavior of various physical quantities. Qualitatively, the diffusion process resembles a Levy flight, with the duration of large steps being shorter than that of small steps. For some range of parameters, the diffusion constant scales differently than it does in quenched percolation. The natural scaling variables, and therefore the predicted scaling behaviors, are found to differ from previous predictions.
A low intensity versatile laboratory ion source

Abstract A source of Ag, Au, Ni, Fe, Pt ions has been constructed. The beam current is 10 nA for Pt and 100 nA for the other metals. The source has been used to implant ions at energies from 50 eV to 3 keV.
High-frequency homologous genetic recombination of an arterivirus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, in mice and evolution of neuropathogenic variants

Abstract On the basis of genome nucleotide differences between a nonneuropathogenic and a neuropathogenic lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) quasispecies (LDV-P and LDV-C, respectively), we have designed sets of primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification that can detect recombinants between them in a 1276-nt-long segment ranging from ORF 5 to ORF 7. Mice were infected with large amounts of both LDVs and bled at various times postinfection (p.i.). RNA was extracted from plasma samples and reverse transcribed and the first-strand products were PCR amplified with four sets of sense and antisense primers that discriminate between parental (P/P and C/C) and recombinant (P/C and C/P) genomic segments. Both P/C and C/P recombinants were detected in plasma from six different mice at 1 day p.i. No recombinant products were generated with in vitro mixtures of LDV-P and LDV-C. End-point dilution experiments indicated that the generation of P/C and C/P recombinants varied between mice but that in some mice the frequency of recombination in the 1276-nt-long genome segment was as high as 5%. Sequence analyses of clones of some recombinants indicated that recombination had occurred at 26- to 43-nt-long stretches of homology between the LDV-P and the LDV-C genomes. Sequence analyses of the 3157-nt-long 3′ end of the genomes of the neuropathogenic LDV-v and of a newly discovered nonneuropathogenic quasispecies, LDV-vx, showed that LDV-v is a natural recombinant of LDV-vx that has specifically acquired by a double recombination about 400 nt of the 5′ end of ORF 5 of the neuropathogenic LDV-C and thereby the unique properties of LDV-C, neuropathogenicity and high sensitivity to antibody neutralization. In dual infections of mice with LDV-P and LDV-C all genetic recombinants, like the LDV-C parent itself, had been lost by 7 days p.i., and only LDV-P persisted. The results further support the view that LDV-P and LDV-vx have evolved to a highly stable relationship with their host, the mouse.
Artefin — A new sesquiterpene lactone fromArtemesia filatovii

Two sesquiterpene lactones of the guaiane type have been isolatd from the epigeal part of Artemisia filatovii; one has been identified as isoepoxyestafiatin, while the other has proved to be new and has been named artefin. The structure of artefin has been established on the basis of spectral (IR, PMR) characteristics and x-ray structural analysis.
General education, participant observation, and reflexive sociology

Based on the author's case study of and experience teaching in an experimental general education college which was later closed by administrators, this article addresses the question of the meaning of the discipline of sociology in a general education curriculum. The author, reflecting upon insights gained through his participant observation in the experimental college, proposes that all sociologists look to the new sociology of knowledge and its reflexive methodology to help in the presentation of sociology as a humanistic discipline contributing to general education.
Peptide hydrolysis in thermolysin: Ab initio QM/MM investigation of the Glu143-assisted water addition mechanism

Thermolysin (TLN) is one of the best-studied zinc metalloproteases. Yet the mechanism of action is still under debate. In order to investigate the energetic feasibility of the currently most favored mechanism, we have docked a tripeptide to the active site of TLN and computed the free energy profile at the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics level of theory. The mechanism consists of three distinct steps: (i) a Zn-bound water molecule is deprotonated by Glu143 and attacks the carbonyl bond of the substrate; (ii) Glu143 transfers the proton to the amide nitrogen atom; (iii) the nitrogen atom is protonated and the peptide bond is irreversibly broken. The free energy barriers for steps i and iii have almost equal heights, 14.8 and 14.7 kcal/mol, respectively, and are in good agreement with the effective experimental activation barrier obtained for similar substrates, 12.1−13.6 kcal/mol. Transition state stabilization for nucleophilic attack is achieved by formation of a weak coordination bond between the ...
On the Measurement of Ecological Novelty: Scale-Eating Pupfish Are Separated by 168 my from Other Scale-Eating Fishes

The colonization of new adaptive zones is widely recognized as one of the hallmarks of adaptive radiation. However, the adoption of novel resources during this process is rarely distinguished from phenotypic change because morphology is a common proxy for ecology. How can we quantify ecological novelty independent of phenotype? Our study is split into two parts: we first document a remarkable example of ecological novelty, scale-eating (lepidophagy), within a rapidly-evolving adaptive radiation of Cyprinodon pupfishes on San Salvador Island, Bahamas. This specialized predatory niche is known in several other fish groups, but is not found elsewhere among the 1,500 species of atherinomorphs. Second, we quantify this ecological novelty by measuring the time-calibrated phylogenetic distance in years to the most closely-related species with convergent ecology. We find that scale-eating pupfish are separated by 168 million years of evolution from the nearest scale-eating fish. We apply this approach to a variety of examples and highlight the frequent decoupling of ecological novelty from phenotypic divergence. We observe that novel ecology is not always tightly correlated with rates of phenotypic or species diversification, particularly within recent adaptive radiations, necessitating the use of additional measures of ecological novelty independent of phenotype.
Organ uptake and plasma transportation kinetics of hemoglobin in rats

1. Fe-59-labelled hemoglobin was injected intravenously in rats in amounts not exceeding the haptoglobin binding capacity. 2. The kinetics of disappearance was similar to that found in humans and more than 90% of the dose was cleared from the plasma in about 1 hour. 3. The uptake of the injected hemoglobin in various organs was measured 40 minutes after the injection, at which time 88% of the injected activity had disappeared from plasma. 4. Of the injected activity, 63% was found in the liver, 7% in the spleen and 13% in the bone marrow. No activity was found in the kidneys or the lungs.
Importance of Effective Listening Infomercial

This article details an activity intended for use in a course with a unit on effective listening, including listening courses, public speaking, and interpersonal communication. Students will explain the importance of effective and active listening for a target audience by producing an infomercial for a product or service which they design
Creep behavior of copper at intermediate temperatures—III. A comparison with theory

Abstract A detailed analysis of the creep behavior of copper in the intermediate temperature regime between 0.46–0.72 T m of the absolute melting point is presented. Several possible creep mechanisms are considered, and it is concluded that high temperature climb is dominant in the power-law creep region, while obstacle-controlled glide occurring within the cell interiors is rate-controlling in the exponential creep regime. A phenomenological model is proposed which assumes that cell boundaries within subgrains act as sources and obstacles to gliding dislocations. Dislocation annihilation is assumed to occur at the cell boundaries by climb and cross-slip. The implications of these results on the transition from power-law to exponential creep are examined.
A global local modeling of internet usage in large mobile societies

Real-world wireless Internet usage data for any user is typically generated via an overlap of many correlations. These correlations could be based on hobbies (e.g. sports fan), profession (e.g. work e-mail), day-to-day activities (e.g. news, Internet banking), communication (e.g. instant messaging, social networks), etc. The likelihood of appearance of these correlations in usage data may be influenced by the type of location the user is in. Hobbies and communication related web sites would be more likely to be accessed at home, Profession related web sites would usually be accessed at work. Understanding and capturing this generative process that is based on human interests, behavior and location is the key to the design of future mobile networks. We propose a novel Bayesian mixture model called the "Global Local' model based on the "POWER" model that can realistically describe Internet usage and correlations with various locations inside a large mobile society. The "POWER" model is a new class of mixture models where components compete to produce a single data point, this model allows for the discovery of complex overlapping patterns of user's Internet behavior. The "Global Local" model learns a global template of user's Internet behavior patterns using the "POWER" model first, then learns correlations between the templates and locations inside a large mobile society. We design a learning algorithm that can effectively learn the "Global Local" model from Internet usage data, and demonstrate its capabilities using synthetic data. Finally, we analyze a real-world Internet usage data for thousands of users collected via wireless LAN traces and discover many interesting correlations that can be explained very intuitively.