cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interrelationships among heart rate, activity, and body temperature in the rat ☆

Abstract The range and temporal characteristics of heart rate (HR) and the interrelationships among HR, activity, and deep body temperature (DBT) were studied in unrestrained rats using biotelemetry techniques to measure HR and DBT. In Experiment 1, 1-min samples of HR and activity were recorded every 10 min over 21 hr on three separate days. A measure of DBT was added in Experiment 2 and all three variables were sampled every other min for 72 consecutive hr. The maximum HR averaged over hourly periods was consistently about 100 BPM above the daily minimum HR, with the daily average HR falling almost exactly at the midpoint of the range. The circadian components of HR and DBT were much more pronounced than that of activity, suggesting that the former are generated, at least in part, by factors other than somatic activity. Phasic (within-hour) changes in HR were highly correlated with activity but not with DBT. In contrast, tonic (between-hour) changes in HR were highly correlated with both activity and DBT. HR and DBT remained highly correlated when the effects of activity were statistically removed, again indicating that tonic HR is importantly regulated by factors other than somatic activity.
Patch antenna based temperature sensor

In this paper, we studied the microstrip patch antenna for the purpose of temperature sensing. The relationship between the antenna resonant frequency shift and temperature variation is first derived based on the transmission line model. A substrate material was selected to achieve a linear sensor response. Temperature chamber tests on patch antenna sensors bonded to three different test samples were carried out. Preliminary experimental results indicated a linear relation between the normalized antenna resonant frequency changes and temperature variations. However, a large discrepancy between the measured and predicted sensitivities was observed, which indicated that the thermal strain might have a significant influence on the dielectric constant of the substrate. To account for this effect, we introduced a strain coefficient of dielectric constant to quantify the effect of strain on the dielectric constant. With the modified theoretical predictions, the errors between the measurements and predictions were within the systematic error of the reference thermocouple, which validates the feasibility of using a microstrip patch antenna for temperature sensing.
Sperm-egg fusion: events at the plasma membrane

Sperm-egg fusion is a cell-cell membrane fusion event essential for the propagation of sexually reproducing organisms. In gamete fusion, as in other fusion events, such as virus-cell and intracellular vesicle fusion, membrane fusion is a two-step process. Attachment of two membranes through cell-surface molecules is followed by the physical merger of the plasma membrane lipids. Recent progress has demonstrated an essential role for an oocyte tetraspanin, CD9, in mouse sperm-egg fusion, and a specific molecular site crucial for CD9 function has been identified. Absence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins on the oocyte surface also results in loss of oocyte fusion competence in this gamete. These discoveries provide a strong starting point for the identification of additional proteins that have roles in sperm-egg fusion.
Effects of quadrupole interaction on electron spin echo modulation patterns in disordered systems

Abstract Effects of quadrupole interactions on two- and three-pulse electron spin echo modulation patterns are studied by calculating the modulation patterns for model systems. It is found that a small quadrupole coupling gives a characteristic pattern for two-pulse modulation patterns but has a considerably smaller effect on three-pulse modulation patterns.
Particle retardation in vertically oscillating fluids

An analytic expression has been deduced for the ultimate velocity of a free particle in a vertically oscillating fluid by evaluating asymptotic forms of Floquet's solution to the Mathieu equation arising from the nonlinear Langevin equation describing the particle-fluid interactions. Using general Mathieu theory it has been rigorously demonstrated that directional particle motion in a gravitational field can be retarded by sinusoidal fluid oscillations when the particle-fluid drag law is of square form. The earlier Rayleigh-Ritz approximation (Houghton 1966) for the retarded particle velocity is shown to be in good agreement with the results of Mathieu theory, as summarized in graphical form. On a deduit une expression analytique, dans le cas de la velocite finale d'une particule libre et placee dans un fluide qui oscille verticalement; on l'a fait en evaluant des formes asymptotiques de la solution de Floquet a l'equation de Mathieu provenant de l'equation non-lineaire de Langevin, ou l'on decrit les reactions mutuelles entre la particule et le fluide. En utilisant la theorie generale de Mathieu, on a rigoureusement demontre qu'il est possible de retarder le mouvement dirige d'une particule dans un champ de gravitation, au moyen d'oscillations sinusoidales de fluide, lorsque la loi de traǐnee de la particule et du fluide s'exprime sous forme carree. On montre que l'approximation precedence de Rayleigh et Ritz (reference: Houghton, 1966), dans le cas de la velocite retardee des particules, concorde bien avec les resultats de la theorie de Mathieu, exprimes sommairement sous forme de graphique.
Industrial Design: On Its Characteristics and Relationships to the Visual Fine Arts

Industrial design and the visual arts share a common aesthetic basis as demonstrated by their common use of aesthetic principles and by designers who are also visual artists. The author examines the rationale for exhibiting industrial products in art museums and the similarities and differences between industrial design and the fine arts. He argues that industrial design shares important theoretical concepts (expression, representation and style) with the visual fine arts.
“We Work Hard”: Customary Imperatives of The Diola Work Regime In The Context of Environmental and Economic Change

Hard work is a core value among Diola rice cultivators in Guinea-Bissau. This essay explores Diola attitudes toward work in the context of recent changes in their natural and social environment. It asks why Diola maintain a particular work regime even when they admit that it is not actually working for them. The intrinsic characteristics of wet rice cultivation, the tightly woven web of social relations involved in Diola agricultural practices, and the religious ideals with which these practices are linked reinforce one another and serve as powerful drivers of continuity. But given the decreasing viability of wet rice cultivation in this region, Diola work is increasingly detached from the products it is meant to generate. Because Diola farmers remain committed to these work practices in the face of their acknowledged inability to meet subsistence needs, Diola work has become a "paradox of custom."
Differential Metabolism of Geometrical Isomers of N-Nitroso-2, 6-dimethylmorpholine in the Hamster

1. The cis and trans isomers of the pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso-2,6-dimethylmorpholine have been prepared separately, and their metabolism studied in the Syrian hamster. 2. Both isomers were metabolized by beta-oxidation and ring scission to N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl)(2-oxopropyl)amine, the suggested proximate pancreatic carcinogen, and to N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine. 3. The initial rate of beta-oxidation and urinary excretion of the cis isomer was much greater than for the trans isomer, and this is explained in terms of relative ease of enzymic axial attack. The amounts of metabolites in the 24-h urine were, however, similar. 4. The results suggest that the two isomers would have no different carcinogenic potency with respect to the hamster pancreas.
Formation of vibrationally excited HCO in the photodissociation of acetaldehyde at 266 nm

Abstract The formation and decay kinetics of HCO(0, 0, 0) and vibrationally excited HCO were measured following the 266 nm photolysis of acetaldehyde (CH 3 CHO) vapor. Time-resolved intracavity laser spectroscopy was used to detect the absorption of HCO with 1–2 μs time resolution. The kinetic properties of HCO were modeled using simulations derived from measured kinetic parameters and from best-fit comparisons. The two components observed in the formation of HCO(0, 0, 0) were identified with its production by direct photolysis and by intermolecular energy transfer from vibrationally excited HCO (second-order rate coefficient k = (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10 −11 molecule −1 cm 3 s −1 for acetaldehyde collisions). Contributions from rotationally excited HCO were not observed.
Recovery and recycling of synthetic units in the construction of oligodeoxyribonucleotides on solid supports

Abstract Barium salts of protected mono- and dinucleotides have been employed in a scheme for the construction of oligodeoxyribonucleotides on a glass support. The excesses of these synthetic units were recovered simply by precipitation, and reused in subsequent cycles.
Clinical Comparison of Full-Field Digital Mammography and Screen-Film Mammography for Detection of Breast Cancer

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work is to compare full-field digital mammography and screen-film mammography for the detection of breast cancer in a screening population.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Full-field digital mammography was performed in addition to screen-film mammography in 6736 examinations of women 40 years old and older presenting for screening mammography at either of two institutions. Two views of each breast were acquired with each technique. The digital and screen-film mammograms were each interpreted independently. In addition to a clinical assessment, each finding was assigned a probability of malignancy for use in receiver operating characteristic analysis. In cases in which the digital and screen-film interpretations differed, a side-by-side analysis was performed to determine the reasons for the discrepancy. With few exceptions, findings detected on either technique were evaluated with additional imaging and, if warranted, biopsy.RESULTS. Additional evaluation was recommended on at least o...
Oxygen pathways and carbon dioxide utilization in methane partial oxidation in ambient temperature electric discharges

This methane conversion work studies a plasma reaction system for the production of organic oxygenates. The reactor consists of a glass dielectric interposed between the metal electrodes and a flowing gas stream through which kilovolt ac power with frequencies in the range of 100−200 Hz is applied. The geometry for this amounts to an annular system in which gas flows axially between the electrodes, with one electrode covered by a glass plate. The effect of the glass dielectric is to distribute the microdischarges across the entire electrode area and limit the duration of each microdischarge. The partial oxidation studies in this configuration produce methanol and other oxygenates (formaldehyde, formic acid, methyl formate). Selectivities for these products combined amount to 50−65%. These are the primary products when oxygen is included in the feed to the reactor. Thus far, experiments with low methane conversions have been conducted (up to around 25%) to minimize liquid condensation in the reactor. Bypro...
Genes preserved in relatives.

The genes of an individual are said to be preserved in his relatives if they possess, collectively, all copies of his genes. We present a method for computing the probability that an individual’s genes are preserved in his relatives. Using this method, we compute gene preservation probabilities (up to three linked loci) for a variety of relationships for humans and for haplodiploid species. The results suggest that some widely held notions in ethology and sociobiology seem to be questionable. From the gene preservation viewpoint, two brothers are far from enough to justify the sacrifice of one’s own life, because the probability that an individual’s genes are preserved in his two siblings is dismally small. The precise probability that an individual’s genes are all preserved in a group of his relatives depends on the precise specification of the pedigree structure. We also demonstrate that, for a hymenopteran female, there is no practical difference, in terms of gene preservation probability, between helping her sisters to breed and breeding her own offspring. In fact, since the genes of her sister will be either lost or preserved in her nieces/nephews, it is more appropriate to compare the probability of preserving her genes through her own offspring with that through her nieces/ nephews. We show that her chance of preserving all her genes is much higher if she chooses to breed her own offspring instead of helping her sister.
Elastic optical networking and low-latency high-radix optical switches for future cloud computing

This paper discusses new approaches of optical networking designed to meet exponentially growing demands of data traffic and to support future generations of cloud computing. Future cloud computing will require scalability and high-throughput supporting heterogeneous applications across vast geographic extent. We discuss both intra and inter data-center networking. For intra-datacenter networking, a single arrayed waveguide grating router based optical switch offers fully connected all-to-all parallel interconnection amongst thousands of racks to achieve high throughput and low-latency interconnection in a new flattened network topology. This new interconnection network named LION provides significant performance advantages over other electrical, optical, or hybrid interconnection networks in terms of available bandwidth per channel, end to end latency and throughput. For inter-datacenter networking, we investigate flexible bandwidth elastic optical networks designed to adaptively accommodate bursty and high capacity traffic between the data centers while supporting the traditional traffic in the background. Further, we demonstrate adaptive and real-time control of the spectral assignment and modulation format for each slice while achieving defragmentation to optimize the spectrum utilization under the dynamically varying traffic demands. The paper covers the intra- and inter-datacenter networking architecture, algorithm, control plane and simulation and experimental studies from the network testbed.
Tethered mobile robot for automating highway maintenance operations

Abstract The use of a self-propelled mobile robot working in close proximity to a support vehicle for purposes of power, materials, etc. would be extremely valuable for highway maintenance and construction operations. This paper discusses the development of such a uniqe mobile robot system and emphasizes the robot's control system. The wheeled mobile robot is differentially steered and tethered to a support vehicle via a mechanical linkage which has position tracking capability. This mobile robot system has been termed the tethered mobile robot (TMR), and such an approach has the potential for use in a wide variety of highway maintenance operations. An optimal control system applicable to many highway maintenance operations is designed and implemented through the utilization of recently developed servo control technology. Experimental results presented show significant promise for the TMR system.
The zinc content of rhodanese.

Abstract The binding of zinc ion to bovine beef liver rhodanese has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance and emission spectroscopic methods. One equivalent of zinc ion is found to bind strongly to the enzyme; however, zinc is absent in the fully active native enzyme and the addition of zinc ion does not enhance catalytic activity. It is thus unlikely that zinc ion can serve as the cationic site in the enzyme catalyzed cleavage of the sulfur-sulfur bond of the substrate.
Comments on kinetic models for recrystallization

Early mathematical studies of the kinetics of recrystallization in metals conducted independently by Johnson and Mehl and Avrami produced the now-familiar relation between recrystallized volume fraction, f, and time, t: f = 1 - exp(B t/sup n/), where B and n are constants. This relation yields linear plots of log (1n (1/(1 - f))) against log t at constant temperature. Recent recrystallization studies at LLNL to select the model best suited for representation of kinetic recrystallization data are discussed. Commercially pure (99.8%) vanadium was used for the recrystallization study. To facilitate detection of recrystallized grains, the vanadium was annealed to produce a large grain size of about 800 ..mu..m. Specimens selected were cold rolled to a reduction of 90% and then annealed for 10, 30, 60, and 240 minutes at 800, 900, and 1000 C. A metallographic technique was developed to selectively etch deformation structures in the specimens. Values of f were obtained by careful visual estimates from the etched specimens and plotted in various forms.
ELECTRON-ELECTRON SCATTERING AT 6.1 MEV

The absolute differential cross section for the scattering of 6.1-Mev electrons by the electrons in a beryllium foil has been measured at 90 degrees and 109 degrees in the center-of-mass system. Electrons from a linear accelerator were first magnetically analyzed and then collimated to form the incident beam. Electron-electron scattering events were detected by end-window Geiger counters connected in coincidence. The counter with the defining aperture was connected in coincidence (1) with a counter at the conjugate scattering-angle, lying in the plane determined by the incident beam and the scattering direction to the defining counter; and (2), with another counter at the conjugate angle, but lying outside this plane, thus counting only accidental coincidences. The number of $e\ensuremath{-}e$ coincidences was then given by the difference between (1) and (2), with appreciable corrections arising from asymmetry in the background and from dead-time losses. These corrections required measurements of single and coincidence count rates with the scatterer in and out of the beam.The result at 109 degrees was 4.4 percent lower than that predicted by the M\o{}ller theory, with a standard deviation based on the number of counts recorded of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 percent. At 90 degrees the expected standard deviation was \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 percent, and here the experimental result was 8 percent below the theoretical. The latter result suggests the possibility that the M\o{}ller theory overestimates the cross section. However, consideration of the effects produced by radiative collisions, and of possible systematic errors in the experiment, leads to the conclusion that the experimental result is not incompatible with the M\o{}ller theory.
Using the Bootstrap method to determine uncertainty bounds for change point utility bill energy models

Statistical inverse modeling of energy use in buildings and of HVACR one of them is related to the accuracy in estimating model prediction uncertainty bands at a pre-specified confidence level. This issue is important since it bears directly on the risk associated with the identified energy savings. While several papers have been published dealing with uncertainty in statistical models, the non-heteroscedascity and the non-gaussian behavior of the residuals are problematic to handle using classical statistical equations of model prediction uncertainty. This paper proposes and illustrates the use of the Bootstrap method as a robust and flexible alternative approach to determining uncertainty bands for change point model predictions identified from utility bills. In essence, the bootstrap method works by taking a data set and resampling it with replacement. In the case of utility bill analysis, one starts with 12 data points representing energy use for each month of the year. Such samples are repeatedly generated to produce a large (say, m) number of synthetic data sets from which m different change point models can be identified. These m models are used to make predictions at any pre-specified outdoor temperature, and the 95% (or any other) prediction interval bands can be determined non-parametrically from the m data predictions. This paper fully describes and illustrates this approach along with a case study example.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Endoscopic gastrostomy button with double-lasso U-stitch in children.

Background and objectives Placement of surgical gastric access is a common operative procedure, with multiple techniques. We describe a cost-effective, safe, and easy-to-perform primary endoscopic gastrostomy button placement in the pediatric population, using a novel double-transcutaneous lasso U-stitch push technique. Methods This is a retrospective review of a single center's experience of 24 consecutively performed primary gastrostomy button placements in infants and children aged 3 weeks to 20 years, from October 2012 through October 2014. Results The procedure was generally well tolerated, with no intraoperative complications. No conversions to laparoscopic or open procedures were necessary. There were no early tube dislodgements and no postoperative complications within the first 4 weeks. Conclusion The endoscopic primary gastrostomy button placement with a transcutaneous lasso U-stitch is a safe, fast, elegant, and cost-effective alternative to a standard percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement.
Release from proactive interference in short-term memory as a function of change in visual and phonemic structure and retention interval

Experiment 1 demonstrated that in a short-term memory (STM) test series, a shift from a horizontal arrangement of the consonants comprising visually presented trigrams to a vertical arrangement, with phoneme class held constant, produced a highly significant release from proactive interference (PI). Release from PI was also observed with a shift from one phoneme class to another with spatial arrangement held constant. The effects of visual change and phoneme change were independent of each other. Experiment 2 verified the PI release effect of phoneme class change but failed to confirm an observation in Experiment 1 that the effect of phoneme change was a function of the retention interval. The results were discussed in relation to interpretations of PI in STM and the interpretation of STM as a linguistic system.
Estimating survival of the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque) in the north‐west Atlantic from tag‐recapture data

Survival was estimated for shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus in the north-west Atlantic from tag-recapture data. The data used in this study were collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service Cooperative Shark Tagging Programme from 1962 to 2003. In total, 6309 shortfin mako sharks were tagged, of which 730 were recaptured. The high recapture rate of 11·6% for this species provided adequate recapture data to carry out survival analyses. Estimates of survival were generated with the computer software MARK, which provided a means for estimating parameters from tagged animals when they were recaptured. The results of several models are presented with various combinations of constant and time-specific survival and recovery rates. A parametric bootstrap and the median variance inflation factor () approach were used to test the fit of the general model to the data. The estimated indicated a very good model fit. The models with time invariant survival rate had the most support from the data and no group or time period effects were found. Recovery rate (f) appeared to increase from 0·043 in the early years to 0·056 in the later years. The nominal survival rate of 0·59 year−1 was adjusted with an estimated tag-shedding rate of 0·26 year−1 to generate a final corrected annual survival estimate of 0·79 with a 95% CI of 0·71–0·87.
Click-counting distributions in optical transitions

Abstract We show that it is possible to associate with a quantum average a bivalued “click-counting distribution” analogous to photon-counting distributions. From this distribution it is possible to deduce individual microscopic realizations of the quantum ensemble. We show that these individual realizations of the quantum ensemble. We show that these individual realizations, called by us microscopic quantum jumps, are described by a random-telegraph master equation. We derive these microscopic quantum jumps and their “click-counting distributions” accompanying the effects of ionization, two-level laser excitation and photon antibunching. We illustrate the nonlocal character of these “click-counting distributions” in the framework of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen spin correlations.
Thermohydrodynamic Design Charts for Slider Bearings

Thermohydrodynamic Design Charts are developed for slider bearings that enable one to rapidly determine a conservative estimate for the bearing maximum temperature and a pertinent mean temperature from which all of the bearing performance parameters are computed. A number of examples are presented which illustrate the utility of the design charts.
Assertional reasoning about pairwise transient interactions in mobile computing

Mobile computing represents a major point of departure from the traditional distributed computing paradigm. The potentially very large number of independent computing units, a decoupled computing style, frequent disconnections, continuous position changes, and the location-dependent nature of the behavior and communication patterns of the individual components present designers with unprecedented challenges in the areas of modularity and dependability. The paper describes two ideas regarding a modular approach to specifying and reasoning about mobile computing. The novelty of our approach rests with the notion of allowing transient interactions among programs which move in space. We restrict our concern to pairwise interactions involving variable sharing and action synchronization. The motivation behind the transient nature of the interactions comes from the fact that components can communicate with each other only when they are within a certain range. The notation we propose is meant to simplify the writing of mobile applications and is a direct extension of that used in UNITY. Reasoning about mobile computations relies on the UNITY proof logic.
Depositional facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation, northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico

Deposition of the basal fluvial sediments of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation in western Texas and eastern New Mexico was controlled by topography on the underlying erosional surface. Paleovalley-fill facies consist of gravelly and sandy braided-stream deposits interbedded with and overlain by eolian sediments deposited as sand sheets and loess. Uplands on the pre-Ogallala erosional surface are overlain primarily by similar eolian sediments. Calcic paleosols, consisting mostly of glaebules and rhizoconcretions of CaCO/sub 3/, occur throughout the eolian facies. Massive to laminated and locally pisolitic, brecciated, and recemented pedogenic calcretes occur primarily near or at the top of the Ogallala Formation. Eolian facies preserve numerous superposed calcretes and calcic paleosols, reflecting slow episodic aggradation on a savannah or grassland under arid to subhumid climatic conditions. The change from fluvial to mostly eolian sedimentation probably resulted from diversion of streams that deposited fluvial sediments of the Ogallala Formation to form the Pecos and Canadian rivers. Source areas for eolian sediments may initially have been flood plains of Ogallala braided streams and later the flood plains of the newly formed Pecos and Canadian rivers. 38 references.
Smart on crime: The new language for prisoner release

This exploratory study of news media reports examines language of incarceration shifts from ‘tough on crime’ to ‘smart on crime’ as a feature of broader, contextual meanings about: (1) the costs and benefits of prison and incarceration; (2) the moral meanings and ‘practical reasoning’ associated with imprisonment; (3) the language of deviance and respectability. This work is linked to two long-term projects. One is the ‘discourse of fear’, the pervasive communication, symbolic awareness, and expectation that danger and risk are a central feature of everyday life. The other is ‘the language of justice’, or a discourse analysis of justice speech and the construction of social control. Our aim in this project is to explore the changing discourse of incarceration. News reports were selected and analyzed using ethnographic content analysis and ‘tracking discourse’, or following certain issues, words, themes, and frames over a period of time, across different issues, and across different news media. We find tha...
Institutionalization of the Family and Marriage: Questioning Their Cognitive and Relational Realities

This paper argues that to explain the institutionalization processes named the family and marriage, it is necessary to recognize the ontological distinction between their cognitive and relational realities. Institutionalization is an ordering process analogous to instinct in animal societies. In that capacity the human family and marriage collectively order the care and social placement of offspring. Given the biology of Homo sapiens, the family preceded the onset of the human race by millions of years, whereas marriage, the contract that legitimates the social placement of offspring, represents a strictly cultural aspect of human social evolution. The current state and uncertain future of the cognitive and relational components of the institutions of the family and marriage are addressed.
High-performance implementations of a clustering algorithm for finding network communities

The size and interconnectedness of social networks continues to increase. As a result, finding communities or subsets of like nodes within these large networks has become a resource-intensive endeavor. In this paper, we characterize community-finding organized on the basis of network/set properties, and describe an agglomerative algorithm called egocentric community finding. The primary contribution of this paper is a performance evaluation in which the egocentric data-mining algorithm is optimized for execution on various computing platforms, including GPU's, multicore systems, and large-scale distributed systems.
Microfluidic Directed Formation of Liposomes of Controlled Size

A new method to tailor liposome size and size distribution in a microfluidic format is presented. Liposomes are spherical structures formed from lipid bilayers that are from tens of nanometers to several micrometers in diameter. Liposome size and size distribution are tailored for a particular application and are inherently important for in vivo applications such as drug delivery and transfection across nuclear membranes in gene therapy. Traditional laboratory methods for liposome preparation require postprocessing steps, such as sonication or membrane extrusion, to yield formulations of appropriate size. Here we describe a method to engineer liposomes of a particular size and size distribution by changing the flow conditions in a microfluidic channel, obviating the need for postprocessing. A stream of lipids dissolved in alcohol is hydrodynamically focused between two sheathed aqueous streams in a microfluidic channel. The laminar flow in the microchannel enables controlled diffusive mixing at the two liquid interfaces where the lipids self-assemble into vesicles. The liposomes formed by this self-assembly process are characterized using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation combined with quasi-elastic light scattering and multiangle laser-light scattering. We observe that the vesicle size and size distribution are tunable over a mean diameter from 50 to 150 nm by adjusting the ratio of the alcohol-to-aqueous volumetric flow rate. We also observe that liposome formation depends more strongly on the focused alcohol stream width and its diffusive mixing with the aqueous stream than on the sheer forces at the solvent-buffer interface.
Adjunct Faculty Development: Reported Needs and Innovative Solutions

One strategy for solving the nursing shortage is to increase the enrollment in undergraduate programs in schools of nursing. However, the shortage of full time faculty may prohibit larger enrollments. Employing adjunct faculty is one way to meet the teaching demands of increasing enrollment. Hiring and retaining qualified adjunct faculty is a challenge faced by many schools of nursing. To maintain quality, schools must meet the development needs of this unique group of faculty. Job satisfaction of adjunct faculty influences retention. Limited published research addresses the development needs of adjunct nursing faculty. This article describes the findings from a survey designed to identify the overall needs of our adjunct faculty. Based on the survey's findings, several new initiatives were implemented with the ultimate aim of retaining a cadre of qualified teachers.
DiFS: distributed flow scheduling for adaptive routing in hierarchical data center networks

Data center networks leverage multiple parallel paths connecting end host pairs to offer high bisection bandwidth for cluster computing applications. However, state of the art routing protocols such as Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) is load-oblivious due to static flow-to-link assignments. They may cause bandwidth loss due to flow collisions. Recently proposed centralized scheduling algorithm or host based adaptive routing that require network-wide condition information may suffer from scalability problems. In this paper, we present Distributed Flow Scheduling (DiFS) based Adaptive Routing for hierarchical data center networks, which is a localized and switch-only solution. DiFS allows switches to cooperate to avoid over-utilized links and find available paths without centralized control. DiFS is scalable and can react quickly to dynamic traffic, because it is independently executed on switches and requires no synchronization. DiFS provides global bounds of flow balance based on local optimization. Extensive experiments show that the aggregate throughput of DiFS using various traffic patterns is much better than that of ECMP, and is similar to or higher than those of two representative protocols that use network-wide optimization.
Regioselective analysis of triacylglycerols by lipase hydrolysis

A modified procedure for the regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) with a 1,3-specific lipase is described. After partial lipase hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol, the released free fatty acids (FFA) and 1,2(2,3)-diacylglycerols (DAG) were isolated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The FAME were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The 1,3-specific lipases used in this study included supported preparations from strains ofMucor miehei andRhizopus oryzae. The method also was applied to the regiospecific analyses of tung nut and Chinese melon seed oil triacyglycerols, both of which contain high proportions of α-elaeostearic acid. The TAG composition of the oils was substantiated in parallel analysis of the oils by highperformance liquid chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection of intact TAG.
A molecular dynamics investigation of surface reconstruction on magnetite (001).

Abstract Molecular dynamics calculations using analytical potential functions with polarizable oxygen ions have been used to identify a novel mode of reconstruction on the half-occupied tetrahedral layer termination of the magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) (001) surface. In the proposed reconstruction, the twofold coordinated iron ion in the top monolayer rotates downward to occupy a vacant half-octahedral site in the plane of the second-layer iron ions. At the same time, half of the tetrahedral iron ions in the third iron layer are pushed upward to occupy an adjacent octahedral vacancy at the level of the second-layer iron ions. The other half of the third-layer iron ions remain roughly in their original positions. The proposed reconstruction is consistent with recent low-energy electron diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results. It also provides a compelling interpretation for the arrangement of atoms suggested by high-resolution scanning-tunneling microscopy studies.
The ingest and maintenance of electronic records: moving from theory to practice

This poster will present the findings of an NHPRC electronic records research grant conducted by Tufts University and Yale University.
Higher comorbidity, poor functional status and higher health care utilization in veterans with prevalent total knee arthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty.

The objective of this study was to compare comorbidity, functional ability, and health care utilization in veterans with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) versus matched control populations. A cohort of veterans using Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system reported limitations in six activities of daily living (ADLs; bathing, dressing, eating, walking, transferring, and using the toilet), demographics, and physician-diagnosed comorbidity. VA databases provided healthcare utilization and International Classification of Diseases-9/Common procedure terminology codes for TKA/THA. Patients were classified as: (1) primary TKA; (2) primary THA; (3) combination group (≤1 procedure); and (4) control veteran population (no THA/TKA). Multivariable regression analyses compared the risk or counts of ADL limitation and in-/out-patient visits. After multivariable adjustment, TKA, THA or combination groups had significantly higher prevalence of the following compared to veteran controls: arthritis, diabetes, or heart disease (p<0.0001 each), severe (≥3) ADL limitation (33%, 42%, 42% vs. 24%; p<0.0001), and annual hospitalization rate (24%, 19%, 26% vs. 16%, p<0.0001). Annual outpatient surgery visits were more (2.5, 2.3, 2.3 vs. 2, p=0.01) and risk of any mental health outpatient visit was lower (12%, 11%, 12% vs. 18%, p=0.0039). All ADLs, except eating, were significantly more limited in arthroplasty groups (p= 0.0009). Severe ADL limitation was more prevalent in veterans with arthroplasty than in two age-matched US cohorts: 13.4 times in ≥65 years; and 1.2-, 1.6-, and 4-fold in ≥85, 75–84, and 65–74 years. Poorer function and higher comorbidity and utilization in veterans with TKA/THA suggest that this group is appropriate for interventions targeted at improving function and decreasing utilization.
The transfer functions of rocket nozzles

The transfer function is defined as the fractional oscillating mass flow rate divided by the fractional sinusoidal pressure oscillation in the rocket combustion chamber. This is calculated as a function of the frequency of oscillation. For very small frequencies, the transfer function is approximately 1 with a small "lead component." For very large frequencies, the transfer function is considerably larger than 1, and is approximately 1 + (γM_1)^(-1) where γ is the ratio of specific heats of the gas, and M_l is the Mach nUlllber at entrance to the nozzle.
Cytidine Deaminase in Human Lymphocytes

PERIPHERAL blood lymphocytes in culture undergo cell division in the presence of the mitogenic stimulant phyto-haemagglutinin (PHA)1. Some of the metabolic processes that occur shortly after stimulation include phosphorylation of membrane bound phosphatidyl inositol2, acetylation of histones3, changes in cyclic GMP levels4, a pronounced elevation of uridine kinase activity5 and increases in RNA synthesis6 and protein synthesis7. These events are followed by the initiation of DNA replication within approximately 24 h8,9. Frequently, labelled uridine and thymidine are used as nucleic acid precursors to measure RNA and DNA biosynthesis. In one of these studies, Lucas observed that additions of cytidine inhibited the incorporation of labelled uridine into RNA in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes5. This finding was confirmed in this laboratory and these studies were expanded to include the effects of other nucleosides such as guanosine on lymphocytes from healthy donors and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)10.
Surface plasmons in graphite intercalation compounds

Abstract Collective charge density excitations in a semi-infinite Graphite Intercalation Compounds are studied. The general theory is formulated and applied to intraband surface plasmons in stage 1 compound and interband surface plasmons in stage 2 compound. It is found that the surface plasmons can exist for the wavevector q larger than a critical value q ∗ , in analogy with semiconductor superlattices. Analytical expressions are derived for plasmon frequency and decay length.
Technical training of marine manpower: A course for underwater scientists

A five-week graduate-level program, designed to train marine scientists to do useful work and gather data underwater, is described and outlined. It includes academic coursework in marine biology, geology, oceanography, hyperbaric physics and physiology; as well as extensive practical training in the use of scuba, surface-air-supplied diving gear, biological and geological survey methods, underwater closed-circuit television and hyperbaric chamber operations. Emphasis is on the techniques of gathering accurate quantitative and qualitative data about the local marine biota and its environment, leading to proficiency in many other areas of underwater science. The philosophy behind, and the need for, such a course is discussed, and the topics covered are listed and annotated.
Benford, Zipf and the blogosphere

The blogosphere is a relatively recent development on the Internet and, for this reason, has received limited empirical investigation. This short note investigates whether the popularity of the 500 most popular blogs during August and September of 2005, as measured by in-coming links, followed the first-digit distribution attributed to Benford (1938) and the rank-size distribution attributed to Zipf (1949). The evidence suggests that the blogs investigated were not characterized by either empirical regularity, consistent with blog popularity being caused by network externalities.
Robust normalization of DNA chromatograms by regression for improved base-calling

Abstract The accuracy of base-calling software depends critically on the data normalization method it is using. A new regression-based method for normalizing electrophoretic DNA traces is presented. It is based on a channel-coupled exponential decay model that can track accurately the trend of dropping peak heights (the so-called signal “skyline”) even in the low SNR region of the trace. We provide the justification and formulation of the regression model as well as the analytical estimation of its parameters. The proposed skyline-based normalization scheme is not affected by the presence of artifacts, compressions, false peaks, etc. and does not depend on the dye chemistry used. We demonstrate that it can improve the interpretation of chromatograms and therefore increase base-calling accuracy when employed in the pre-processing stage of either a pattern classification type base-caller (such as the BEM presented in Pereira et al. (Discrete Appl. Math. 104(1–3) (2000) 229)) or a kernel fitting base-calling method.
Fossil-fuel resources and CO2 production from combustion

Abstract We reconcile estimates of carbon in the earth's crust with measures of selected fossil-fuel resources. The addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere is estimated for defined fractions of fossilfuel reserves and resources. The results on build-up are consistent with normally cited values: with 45% retention in the atmosphere, the carbon dioxide concentration will rise 34% above the 1972 value by about the year 2030 if the total reserves available in 1972 are consumed by this date. Much larger carbon dioxide build-up may occur in future years as the fossil-fuel resources known in 1972 are burned.
Anxiety in Translation: Naming Existentialism before Sartre

SummaryThis article examines the international debate over the most appropriate name for what became known as ‘existentialism’. It starts by detailing the diverse strands of the Kierkegaard reception in Germany in the early inter-war period, which were given a variety of labels—Existentialismus, Existenzphilosophie, Existentialphilosophie and existentielle Philosophie—and shows how, as these words were translated into other languages, the differences between them were effaced. This process helps explain how over the 1930s a remarkably heterogeneous group of thinkers came to be included under the same label. The article then shows how the word ‘existentialism’ and its cognates in other languages gained prominence because they were considered to represent best the diversity and richness of the movement. In detailing this process the article helps elucidate how existentialism emerged as an international philosophy in the period immediately following World War II, and sheds light on the ambivalence with which...
Cortisol and Pacific Salmon: A New Look at the Role of Stress Hormones in Olfaction and Home-stream Migration.

Abstract Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) exhibit an interesting and uncommon life-history pattern that combines semelparity, anadromy, and navigation (homing). During smoltification, young salmon imprint on the chemical composition of their natal stream water (the home-stream olfactory bouquet or “HSOB”); they then migrate to the ocean where they spend a few years feeding prior to migrating back to their natal freshwater stream to spawn. Upstream migration is guided by the amazing ability to discriminate between the chemical compositions of different stream waters and thus identify and travel to their home-stream. Pacific salmon demonstrate marked somatic and neural degeneration changes during home-stream migration and at the spawning grounds. The appearance of these pathologies is correlated with a marked elevation in plasma cortisol levels. While the mechanisms of salmonid homing are not completely understood, it is known that adult salmon continuously utilize two of their primary sensory systems, o...
Sociocultural determinants of tobacco use among Cambodian Americans

The objectives of this study included the following: obtaining qualitative information on tobacco use among Cambodian Americans, identifying cultural factors that influence tobacco use and acquiring information for the development of effective smoking prevention and cessation strategies. Data were collected by using demographic and behavioral questionnaires and focus group interviews. A total of 14 focus group interviews that covered cultural practices associated with smoking were administered. Statistical analyses included univariate frequency distributions and cross-tabulations. The subjects (n = 119) were Cambodian American volunteers who participated in social services programs offered by a community service organization. All subjects were 18 years of age or older and resided in the city of Long Beach. The principal outcomes measured were cigarette smoking and tobacco use. Other variables included reasons for smoking, traditional uses of tobacco, stress factors related to smoking and the perceived health effects of smoking. Predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors associated with tobacco-use behaviors included peer group influences, smoking adopted as a coping method, tobacco used for medicinal purposes and smoking practiced within cultural traditions. The frequency of smoking was four times higher among males than among females. Smokers (n = 29) in comparison with non-smokers (n = 90) tended to be men (79% versus 33%), not married (68% versus 49%) and unemployed (79% versus 54%), and had attained somewhat lower levels of education. The role of cultural factors needs to be considered when designing appropriate smoking cessation strategies for Cambodian Americans.