cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
N‐ and C‐terminal residues of eIF1A have opposing effects on the fidelity of start codon selection

Translation initiation factor eIF1A stimulates preinitiation complex (PIC) assembly and scanning, but the molecular mechanisms of its functions are not understood. We show that the F131A,F133A mutation in the C-terminal tail (CTT) of eIF1A impairs recruitment of the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAiMet ternary complex to 40S subunits, eliminating functional coupling with eIF1. Mutating residues 17–21 in the N-terminal tail (NTT) of eIF1A also reduces PIC assembly, but in a manner rescued by eIF1. Interestingly, the 131,133 CTT mutation enhances initiation at UUG codons (Sui− phenotype) and decreases leaky scanning at AUG, while the NTT mutation 17–21 suppresses the Sui− phenotypes of eIF5 and eIF2β mutations and increases leaky scanning. These findings and the opposite effects of the mutations on eIF1A binding to reconstituted PICs suggest that the NTT mutations promote an open, scanning-conducive conformation of the PIC, whereas the CTT mutations 131,133 have the reverse effect. We conclude that tight binding of eIF1A to the PIC is an important determinant of AUG selection and is modulated in opposite directions by residues in the NTT and CTT of eIF1A.
Übersättigung und Bildung von Liesegang'schen Ringen, III

1. Der Ausdruck Inx= (const)n + const′ wird direkt aus der Beziehung von Jablynski abgeleitet. 2. Es wird gezeigt, das die fruheren Beobachtungen uber das Ausmas der Ringbildung mit dieser Gleichung in Ubereinstimmung stehen. 3. Der Ausdruck von Christiansen und Wulf ist brauchbar, wenn man anstatt der beobachteten eine berechnete Anzahl von Ringen einsetzt.
Comparative aminoglycoside inactivation by beta-lactam antibiotics. Effects of a cephalosporin and six penicillins on five aminoglycosides.

Gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmicin, kanamycin and amikacin were evaluated over time for biologic activity in human serum, in combination with 6 β-lactams. Simple addition of aminoglycoside and 250 μg/ml penicillin produced aminoglycoside inactivation at 8-48 hours. However, all β-lactam antibiotics exhibited decay in human serum at 37°C, even when present as a single component. All aminoglycosides could be inactivated by penicillins but differed markedly in their susceptibility. Amikacin, at 20 μg/ml, was the least inactivated by any penicillin; netilmicin, at 10 μg/ml, was the next least inactivated. Tobramycin had pronounced loss of biological activity exceeding that of any aminoglycoside, appearing as early as 8 hours. The ability of the various penicillins to produce aminoglycoside inactivation, in approximate descending order, was; carbenicillin, ticarcillin, penicillin G, oxacillin, methicillin, ampicillin. Cephalothin produced minimal inactivation. Aminoglycoside inactivation also occurred at 25°C, and with many samples stored at 4°C, although at proportionately slower rates. For samples stored at -20°C, only tobramycin had substantial loss of activity. These data indicate that adequate handling and prompt assay of the specimen are important.
Reducing Medication Errors Through Naming, Labeling, and Packaging

Errors due to look-alike or sound-alike medication names are common in the United States, and are responsible for thousands of deaths and millions of dollars in cost each year. Up to 25% of all medication errors are attributed to name confusion, and 33% to packaging and/or labeling confusion. Thousands of medication name pairs have been confused based on similar appearances or sounds when written or spoken, or have been identified as having the potential for confusion. Systems and recommendations have been developed that may reduce the occurrence of such errors.
Introduction: Possible, Probable, or Preferable Future?

Abstract “The real question before us lies here: do these instruments further life and its values or not?”—Lewis Mumford The following four articles conclude a two-part feature on the effects that technological advances are having on leisure. In the October issue, after an introduction by feature editors Jeff Hill and Daniel McLean. Alan Ewert and John Shultis chronicled the encroachment of technology into all areas of backcountry recreation, while Michael Blazes discussed the various dilemmas raised when our technological innovations threaten to outstrip our ethical development.
Politicians, Experts and Democracy. Civil–Military Relations in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Bulgaria

Abstract Central and Eastern European countries have made significant progress in their efforts to democratize postcommunist civil–military relations. Appointing civilian ministers of defense, improving institutional arrangements and asserting legislative oversight over the armed forces have been key priorities. Problems still abound and levels of reform vary in the region even after NATO's second enlargement since 1989. Challenges remain concerning competent democratic civilian management, and effective defense reform planning and implementation. This article argues that the lack of an integrated Ministry of Defense, the low level of civilian interest in defense matters, the reform-deterrent attitude of political and military elite, and ambiguous institutional lines of authority are factors that still hamper civil–military relations in Bulgaria. I assert that the domestic political environment and international factors together facilitate democratic civilian control over the armed forces.
Analytical reconstruction of three-dimensional weld pool surface in GTAW

Abstract The reflective characteristic of mirror surfaces such as a liquid pool surface in arc welding makes many traditional 3D measurement/reconstruction methods fail. The authors proposed to intercept, image, and measure two points in each laser ray reflected from a mirror surface with two diffusive planes and cameras to analytically calculate the equation of the ray. The samples of the points on the mirror surface where the incident laser rays are reflected can thus be analytically calculated as the intersections of the reflection rays with the corresponding incident rays. In this paper, the proposed method is applied to reconstruct the samples on the specular three-dimensional weld pool surface in GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding). Since two diffusive planes are used and must be placed with considerable distance to assure the accuracy of the calculated equations of the reflected rays, focusing reflected laser rays on these two planes becomes an issue. A trade-off among the size of the projected laser pattern, the distances of the arc light with the two diffusive planes, the focus range of the laser rays and the quality of the reflected laser dot images on the diffusive planes has been made to resolve this issue successfully. Further, calibration errors in the locations of the diffusive planes directly affect the accuracy of the calculated equations of reflected rays and an accurate calibration appears to impractical. To resolve this issue, the authors found the least deformation principle and successfully applied it to minimize the calculation errors through calibration rectification. Several weld pool surfaces have been sampled and reconstructed and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed analytical method.
The Evolution of Ethylene Signaling in Plant Chemical Ecology

Ethylene is a key hormone in plant development, mediating plant responses to abiotic environmental stress, and interactions with attackers and mutualists. Here, we provide a synthesisoftheroleofethyleneinthecontextofplant ecology andevolution,andaprospectusfor futureresearchinthisarea. We focus on the regulatory function of ethylene in multi- organismal interactions. In general, plant interactions with different types of organisms lead to reduced or enhanced levels of ethylene. This in turn affects not only the plant's response to the interacting organism at hand, but also to other organisms in the community. These community-level effects become observable as enhanced or diminished relationships with future commensals, and systemic resistance or suscepti- bility to secondary attackers. Ongoing comparative genomic and phenotypic analyses continue to shed light on these inter- actions.Thesestudieshaverevealedthatplantsandinteracting organisms from separate kingdoms of life have independently evolved the ability to produce, perceive, and respond to eth- ylene. This signature of convergent evolution of ethylene signaling at the phenotypic level highlights the central role ethylene metabolism and signaling plays in plant interactions with microbes and animals.
Scattering of polarized neutrons by α-particles

Abstract The asymmetry in the elastic scattering by helium of partially polarized neutrons was measured for neutrons energies between 2 and 24 MeV. Up to neutron energies of 17 MeV the variation of the measured asymmetry with scattering angle agrees with calculations based on published n-α phase shifts. At 24 MeV published phase shifts do not fit the results well. The measurements yield values of the polarization of neutrons from the reactions which served as the neutron sources.
Mean Flow and Variabilities in the Deep Western Boundary Current

Abstract The Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC or Western Boundary Undercurrent) was observed for over 100 days by an L-shaped array of current meters along and across the Blake Escarpment. The measurements show a mean southward flow, which at its core, 10 km east of the break of the escarpment, reaches a maximum of 22 cm s−1 at a depth of 2500 m. The mean flow decreases to zero at the break and 6 cm s−1 50 km east of the escarpment. The core of the current decreases to 15 cm s−1 near the bottom and to zero at 800 m depth. The mean southward volume transport is estimated to be 24 × 106 m3 s−1 (24 Sv). Two fluctuations in the southward current with amplitudes of the same order as the mean flow are observed. Below 200 m these events are consistent with the flow patterns of southward-moving anticyclonic features. The much reduced current observed might not reflect actual large reductions in the volume transport of the DWBC. The array measurements, together with a SOFAR float that got caught in the DWBC, do...
Expression and localization of amiloride-sensitive sodium channel indicate a role for non-taste cells in taste perception.

Abstract Salty taste is blocked by the diuretic amiloride, which inhibits specific sodium channels. We have isolated an amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (ASSC) from taste tissues by polymerase chain reaction and screening of a cDNA library prepared from rat circumvallate papillae. Northern analysis reveals ASSC in taste and non-taste tissues with the highest level of expression of ASSC in the lung. In situ hybridization establishes ASSC localizations in the epithelia of lung and colon as well as tongue epithelial layers containing and lacking taste buds. These results support a model in which ASSC in non-taste cells regulates responses of taste cells to salt as well as other tastants.
Transfer status: A risk factor for mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis

Background Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rapidly progressive disease that requires urgent surgical debridement for survival. Interhospital transfer (IT) may be associated with delay to operation, which could increase mortality. We hypothesized that mortality would be higher in patients undergoing surgical debridement for necrotizing fasciitis after IT compared to Emergency Department (ED) admission. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort analysis from 2000–2006 using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Inclusion criteria were age >18 years, primary diagnosis of NF, and surgical therapy within 72 hours of admission. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between admission source, patient and hospital variables, and mortality. Results We identified 9,958 cases over the study period. Patients in the ED group were more likely to be nonwhite and of lower income when compared with patients in the IT group. Unadjusted mortality was higher in the IT group than ED group (15.5% vs 8.7%, P Conclusion Interhospital transfer is associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality after surgical therapy for NF, a finding which persists after controlling for patient and hospital level variables.
Characterization of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Products from Xanthomonas campestris and Some Comments on the Use of RAPD Products in Phylogenetic Analysis

As part of our research to determine phylogenetic relationships of organisms within the phytobacterial species Xanthomonas campestris, we have examined the use of the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The objective of this aspect of our research was to determine if a valid cladistic character analysis could be carried out by direct comparison of RAPD products separated on ethidium bromide-stained agarose gels. RAPD products were amplified from 47 Xanthomonas campestris DNA templates using a single oligonucleotide primer. These RAPD products were compared and variation was characterized by Southern analysis of both RAPD products and genomic DNA of the 47 bacterial strains using two cloned RAPD products as probes. Analysis of the data set revealed that the RAPD products were not necessarily homologous or independent, crucial prerequisites for characters to be analyzed in a cladistic phylogenetic analysis. It has been commonly assumed that RAPD variation occurs due to insertion/deletion events or alterations in the primer binding site. Within our data set, we demonstrate absence phenotypes arising from the apparent absence of corresponding loci and also due to the preferred synthesis of alternative RAPD products from unrelated loci. These different types of variation are a reflection of different types of genotypic variation, and direct examination of RAPD products did not allow us to distinguish by which mechanism a particular absence phenotype arose. Although this may not be important for phenetic analyses, for analyses of homologous characters using a cladistic approach it is critical. We also detected unrelated, co-migrating RAPD products and multiple related RAPD products within reaction mixtures. These could both contribute to errors in estimates of similarity, important in any phylogenetic analysis. All of these characteristics of RAPD products should be taken into consideration when RAPD products are used for phylogenetic comparisons.
Numerical Integration Scheme Using Singular Perturbation Method

Some multi degree-of-freedom dynamical systems exhibit a response that contain fast and slow variables. An example of such systems is a multibody system with rigid and deformable bodies. Standard numerical integration of the resultant equations of motion must adjust the time step according to the frequency of the fastest variable. As a result, the computation time is sacrificed. The singular perturbation method is an analysis technique to deal with the interaction of slow and fast variables. In this study, a numerical integration scheme using the singular perturbation method is discussed, its absolute stability condition is derived, and its order of accuracy is investigated.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Evidence for up-regulation of epidermal growth-factor receptors on rat periodontal ligament fibroblastic cells associated with stabilization of phenotype in vitro.

Abstract This study sought to understand the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. Rat PDL fibroblastic cells and ROS 17/2.8 cells (highly differentiated osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells) were cultured and treated with transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), EGF, dexamethasone (Dex) or a combination of EGF and Dex. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, an early differentiation marker for mineralized tissue-forming cells, was measured using p-nitrophenylphosphate as a substrate. For Scatchard analysis of [125I]-EGF binding, cells were incubated in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin and 0–64 ng/ml of [125I]-EGF for 4 h at 4 °C. Also, the synthesis of EGF-R protein and the expression of mRNA for EGF-R were measured by immunoprecipitation and Northern blot analysis, respectively. Untreated PDL fibroblastic cells showed a gradual increase in spontaneous ALP activity from 32.4 U/106 cells at 2 days to 49.6 U/106 cells at 7 days of culture. ALP activity was further increased to 70.8 U/106 cells at 7 days after treatment with Dex, whereas EGF treatment reduced it to 19.4 U/106 cells. Culture of PDL fibroblastic cells in the presence of a combination of Dex and EGF decreased the Dex-induced ALP activity from 70.8 U to 41.8 U/106 cells at 7 days. A similar inhibitory effect on ALP activity was found after treatment with TGF-α. In contrast, ROS cells maintained a high ALP activity (1748 U/106 cells) throughout culture, unaffected by EGF. Scatchard analysis demonstrated that PDL fibroblastic cells have both high- and low-affinity forms of EGF-R, while ROS cells did not have any detectable EGF-R. Treatment of PDL cells with Dex for 2 days decreased the synthesis of EGF-R protein, the expression of EGF-R mRNA and the number of EGF-R. In contrast, EGF treatment increased the expression of EGF-R mRNA. These data suggest that PDL fibroblastic cells express numerous EGF-R, but the number decreases during their differentiation into mineralized tissue-forming cells under the influence of Dex. Thus, EGF-R may function in the stabilization of phenotype in PDL fibroblastic cells.
Synergism of Three Antimicrobial Drugs

COMBINED therapy with two or more antibacterial drugs may be useful in the treatment of an individual case, and in discouraging the development of resistance1. A formula was previously presented which could be used in evaluating the combined effect of two drugs2. An organism, highly resistant to penicillin alone and streptomycin alone, is often not affected by a combination of both, when they are combined at their attainable blood levels. In this instance addition of a third antibiotic may yield an inhibitory combination at concentrations of their respective blood levels.
IF-sampling fourth-order bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator for digital receiver applications

Bandpass modulators sampling at high IFs (/spl sim/200 MHz) allow direct sampling of an IF signal, reducing analog hardware, and make it easier to realize completely software-programmable receivers. This paper presents the circuit design of and test results from a continuous-time tunable IF-sampling fourth-order bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator implemented in InP HBT IC technology for use in a multimode digital receiver application. The bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator is fabricated in AlInAs-GaInAs heterojunction bipolar technology with a peak unity current gain cutoff frequency (f/sub T/) of 130 GHz and a maximum frequency of oscillation (f/sub MAX/) of 130 GHz. The fourth-order bandpass /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator consists of two bandpass resonators that can be tuned to optimize both wide-band and narrow-band operation. The IF is tunable from 140 to 210 MHz in this /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator for use in multiple platform applications. Operating from /spl plusmn/5-V power supplies, the fabricated fourth-order /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator sampling at 4 GSPS demonstrates stable behavior and achieves a signal-to-(noise + distortion) ratio (SNDR) of 78 dB at 1 MHz BW and 50 dB at 60 MHz BW. The average SNDR performance measured on over 250 parts is 72.5 dB at 1 MHz BW and 47.7 dB at 60 MHz BW.
Renal Function Testing

● Patients with kidney disease have few signs and symptoms early in disease course; laboratory evaluation may be only way of detecting disease ● Tests should detect abnormalities early enough to allow corrective therapy ● Important for measuring renal disease progression and efficacy of therapies ● Help predict when renal replacement therapy may be necessary ● Aid in appropriate dosing of medications ● Tests that best detect abnormalities of renal function measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Lactic Acid Formation by Muscles of Scorbutic Guinea Pigs

SummaryThe excised muscle of scorbutic guinea pigs suspended in an equal volume of phosphate buffer plus glucose, produces only half as much lactic acid as the muscle of normal animals. Addition of 100 mg ascorbic acid to 100 g of muscle had no effect upon the rate or the final amount of lactic acid produced, neither with normal nor with scorbutic muscle.
Unimolecular reactions of chemically activated CF2BrCF2CH3 and CF2BrCF2CD3: evidence for 1,2-FBr interchange.

Vibrationally excited CF2BrCF2CH3 and CF2BrCF2CD3 molecules were prepared with 96 kcal mol-1 energy at room temperature by the recombination of CF2BrCF2 and CH3 (CD3) radicals. The observed unimolecular reactions are 1,2-BrF interchange to give CF3CFBrCH3 (CD3) molecules and 2,3-FH (FD) elimination; the rate constants are 2.2 × 105 (1.5 × 105) s-1 and 2.0 × 105 (0.75 × 105) s-1, respectively. The CF3CFBrCH3 (CD3) molecules rapidly, relative to the reverse reaction, eliminate HBr or DBr to give the observed product CF3CFCH2 (CD2). Density functional theory at the B3PW91/6-311+G(2d,p) level was used to obtain vibrational frequencies and moments of inertia of the molecule and transition states for subsequent calculations of statistical rate constants for CF2BrCF2CH3 and CF2BrCF2CD3. Matching experimental and calculated rate constants gave threshold energies of 62 and 66 kcal mol-1 for 1,2-BrF interchange and 2,3-FH elimination, respectively. The BrF interchange reaction is compared to ClF interchange from CF...
A Model Incorporating Some of the Mechanical and Biochemical Factors Underlying Clot Formation and Dissolution in Flowing Blood

Multiple interacting mechanisms control the formation and dissolution of clots to maintain blood in a state of delicate balance. In addition to a myriad of biochemical reactions, rheological factors also play a crucial role in modulating the response of blood to external stimuli. To date, a comprehensive model for clot formation and dissolution, that takes into account the biochemical, medical and rheological factors, has not been put into place, the existing models emphasizing either one or the other of the factors. In this paper, after discussing the various biochemical, physiologic and rheological factors at some length, we develop a model for clot formation and dissolution that incorporates many of the relevant crucial factors that have a bearing on the problem. The model, though just a first step towards understanding a complex phenomenon, goes further than previous models in integrating the biochemical, physiologic and rheological factors that come into play.
Palladium complexes with PCP ligands. Preparation and structural studies of two forms of [(PCP)Pd(OH2)]+BF4-

Abstract Abstraction of chloride from the Pd complex {[η3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3)]PdCl with AgBF4 in THF gives {[η3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3)]Pd(THF)}+BF4 −. Attemped crystallization of this THF complex produced the aqua complex {[η3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3)]Pd(OH2)}+BF4 −. Crystal structures of two crystalline forms of this compound are reported. In {[η3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3)]Pd(OH2)}+BF4 −·THF, one hydrogen of the water is hydrogen bonded to the oxygen of the THF, and the other hydrogen is hydrogen bonded to an F of the BF4 − anion. Another crystalline form has no THF, but has both of the hydrogens of water hydrogen bonded to different BF4 − anions, such that two different BF4 − anions bridge two {[η3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3)]Pd(OH2)}+ cations. A crystal structure is also reported for the palladium chloride complex [η3-2,6-(tBu2PCH2)2C6H3)]PdCl.
Is needle examination always necessary in evaluation of carpal tunnel syndrome

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether needle evaluation added any important clinical information to normal nerve conduction studies in the evaluation of carpal tunnel syndromes. Design: Retrospective review of electromyography (EMG) done with the referring diagnosis of possible carpal tunnel syndrome. Setting: Outpatients seen for EMG evaluation at one university hospital by a single electromyographer. Patients: Consecutive sample of possible carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Interventions: None Main Outcome Measure: We determined whether needle examination was abnormal when nerve conduction studies were normal. Results: In patients in whom only carpal tunnel syndrome was suspected, normal nerve conduction studies predicted that EMG would be normal 89.8% of the time (p = .0494). Testing based on a larger sample size might increase the predictive value. Conclusions: There may be a subpopulation of patients referred for carpal tunnel syndrome who may be adequately evaluated by nerve conduction studies alone. Additional studies will help evaluate whether this is so.
Management of Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis

Abstract:Neurosurgeons are often involved in the care of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST). Medical management of CVST includes appropriate diagnostic imaging studies, evaluation for potentially treatable causes of thrombosis, and control of increased intracranial pressure with m
Electrocatalytic activities of alkyne-functionalized copper nanoparticles in oxygen reduction in alkaline media

Abstract Stable alkyne-capped copper nanoparticles were prepared by chemical reduction of copper acetate with sodium borohydride in the presence of alkyne ligands. Transmission electron microscopic measurements showed that nanoparticles were well dispersed with a diameter in the range of 4–6 nm. FTIR and photoluminescence spectroscopic measurements confirmed the successful attachment of the alkyne ligands onto the nanoparticle surface most likely forming Cu–C interfacial bonds. XPS measurements indicated the formation of a small amount of CuO in the nanoparticles with a satellite peak where the binding energy red-shifted with increasing Cu(II) concentration. Cu 2 O was also detected in the nanoparticles. Similar results were observed with commercial CuO nanoparticles. Electrochemical studies showed that the as-prepared alkyne-capped copper nanoparticles exhibited apparent electrocatalytic activity in oxygen reduction in alkaline media, a performance that was markedly better than those reported earlier with poly- or single-crystalline copper electrodes; and the fraction of peroxides in the final products decreased with decreasing concentration of oxide components in the nanoparticles.
The interest rate and prices in Britain, 1873–1913: A study of the Gibson Paradox

Any satisfactory explanatory sketch of the economic history of Britain in the half century prior to the First World War must contend with the movements in both the aggregate price level, first deflation and then inflation, and the interest rate, first down and then up (see Fig. 1). To many historians the simultaneous deflation and decline of interest rates has suggested than an explanation lies in an apparent loss of vigor of the British economy. Others are more skeptical. The analysis presented here supports a view that both the price and interest rate movements were primarily caused by monetary developments and did not reflect significant changes in the underlying real forces in the economy. Most contemporary economists viewed the price decline as a monetary phenomenon. That view is embodied in the classical monetary theory of prices. Marshall (1887, pp. 192-193) summed up this view by stating that long-run movements of prices “are cheifly caused by changes in the amounts of precious metals relative to the business which is to be transacted by them, allowance being of course made for changes in the extent to which the precious metals are able at any time to delegate their functions to bank-notes, cheques, bills of exchange and other substitutes.” Many scholars since, however, have disputed this view principally because of the behavior of the interest rate during the period of falling prices. This parallel movement of the price level and the interest rate was labeled the “Gibson Paradox” by Keynes (1930) and has been seen to be inconsistent with a monetary cause of price decline. The reasoning may be summarized by quoting from a recent text book (Mathias, 1969, pp. 401):
Who Places into Developmental Education and Why

Having garnered national attention, high failure rates in developmental education present a significant barrier to state and national policymakers’ goals of increasing the percentage of adults who earn a college credential. However, a majority of the research fails to consider why students place into developmental education. This piece examines a sample of recent high school graduates in Texas who placed into developmental education with the goal of gaining a more nuanced understanding of why these students required remediation. We find that rather than simply blaming the students for their failure to learn basic skills, there are concrete and actionable steps that policymakers and practitioners can take to help students avoid remediation, important actions that would increase students’ chances of earning a postsecondary credential.
A reappraisal of the early slip history of the San Andreas fault, central California, USA

The modern San Andreas fault system (California, United States) is widely considered to have formed in response to the initiation of Pacific–North American plate interaction ca. 27 Ma. Although there is general consensus on the magnitude and timing of Neogene displacement along the San Andreas system, its Paleogene history remains unresolved. In particular, ∼100 km of right-lateral offset between mid-Cretaceous plutonic rocks of the northern Salinian block and the western edge of Sierra Nevada basement remains unaccounted for after restoration of Neogene displacement along strike-slip faults of the San Andreas system. Our detrital zircon data invalidate a key Paleogene piercing point by demonstrating that displaced portions of the hypothesized Middle Eocene Butano–Point of Rocks submarine fan were never contiguous across the San Andreas fault. We instead show that the Eocene provenance characteristics exhibited by northern Salinian strata closely match those of the southern Sierra Nevada and northwestern Mojave Desert. This implies that the northern Salinian block was located at least 75–50 km farther south in Eocene time than previously recognized. Our data require (1) pre–23 Ma dextral slip along the San Andreas fault in central California, and/or (2) slip along a predecessor fault that formed prior to Pacific–North American plate interaction. This previously undocumented slip may indicate that significant Pacific–North American plate interaction propagated from the plate margin into the continental interior much earlier than conventionally believed. Alternatively, late Paleogene slip could predate the development of the modern plate boundary and represent inboard dextral strike-slip displacement along the eastern margin of the Salinian block, similar to the deformation that occurs today along the strike-slip Sumatra fault system.
Multidisciplinary HIS DICOM interfaces at the Department of Veterans Affairs

The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is using the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard to integrate image data objects from multiple systems for use across the healthcare enterprise. DICOM uses a structured representation of image data and a communication mechanism that allows the VA to easily acquire images from multiple sources and store them directly into the online patient record. The VA can obtain both radiology and non- radiology images using DICOM, and can display them on low-cost clinician's color workstations throughout the medical center. High-resolution gray-scale diagnostic quality multi-monitor workstations with specialized viewing software can be used for reading radiology images. The VA's DICOM capabilities can interface six different commercial Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) and over twenty different image acquisition modalities. The VA is advancing its use of DICOM beyond radiology. New color imaging applications for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy and Ophthalmology using DICOM are under development. These are the first DICOM offerings for the vendors, who are planning to support the recently passed DICOM Visible Light and Structured Reporting service classes. Implementing these in VistA is a challenge because of the different workflow and software support for these disciplines within the VA HIS environment.
Deep drawability of biaxially rolled thermoplastic sheets

The deep drawability of biaxially cold-rolled thermoplastic sheets has been studied using polycarbonate, polyvinyl chloride, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers. Each polymer was rolled to two different reductions in thickness. The deep drawability of these rolled sheets was measured by determining the limiting draw ratio using a Swift cup test. Strain ratios were measured in three directions for each of the rolled sheets in order to determine the normal and planar anisotropy of the sheets. It has been determined that the drawability of a sheet can be correlated with the normal anisotropy of the sheet and it is the increase in normal anisotropy of a sheet which increases the drawability of the sheet. It has also been shown that lubrication increases the drawability due to a reduction in punch force.
The Business of Memory: German Jewish Studies Today

(Bodemann, Y. Michael und Micha Brumlik, Hrsg., Juden in Deutschland – Deutschland in den Juden. Neue Perspektiven. —Herzog, Hillary Hope, Todd Herzog, and Benjamin Lapp, eds., Rebirth of a Culture: Jewish Identity and Jewish Writing in Germany and Austria Today. —Gelber, Mark H., Jakob Hessing und Robert Jutte, Hrsg., I ntegration und Ausgrenzung. Studien zur deutschjudischen Literatur- und Kulturgeschichte von der Fruhen Neuzeit bis zur Gegenwart. — Haug, Christine, Franziska Mayer und Madleen Podewski, Hrsg., Populares Judentum. Medien, Debatten, Lesestoffe. —Hess, Jonathan M., Middle brow Literature and the Making of German- Jewish Identity. )
Stoichiometry for binding and transport by the twin arginine translocation system

Twin arginine translocation (Tat) systems transport large folded proteins across sealed membranes. Tat systems accomplish this feat with three membrane components organized in two complexes. In thylakoid membranes, cpTatC and Hcf106 comprise a large receptor complex containing an estimated eight cpTatC-Hcf106 pairs. Protein transport occurs when Tha4 joins the receptor complex as an oligomer of uncertain size that is thought to form the protein-conducting structure. Here, binding analyses with intact membranes or purified complexes indicate that each receptor complex could bind eight precursor proteins. Kinetic analysis of translocation showed that each precursor-bound site was independently functional for transport, and, with sufficient Tha4, all sites were concurrently active for transport. Tha4 titration determined that ∼26 Tha4 protomers were required for transport of each OE17 (oxygen-evolving complex subunit of 17 kD) precursor protein. Our results suggest that, when fully saturated with precursor proteins and Tha4, the Tat translocase is an ∼2.2-megadalton complex that can individually transport eight precursor proteins or cooperatively transport multimeric precursors.
Polymorphism in random environments

Abstract A two-allele diploid model is described in which the fitnesses of the three genotypes are stationary stochastic processes. It is shown that a stable polymorphism will occur if the geometric mean fitness of the heterozygote exceeds that of both homozygotes. It is possible for the mean fitness of the population to be lower in polymorphic than in the associated monomorphic populations.
A micromachined pressure sensor with fiber-optic interferometric readout

Abstract A high sensitivity, batch fabricated, fiber-optic pressure sensor has been fabricated using silicon micromachining technology. The transducer consists of a fiber positioning v-groove, a 45° stationary mirror and a silicon membrane, micromachined in silicon by anisotropic etching in KOH solution, and a single mode optical fiber. The membrane and optical fiber end form a Fabry-Perot cavity whose length varies with pressure. The generated optical interference fringes are used to detect and measure the change in membrane deflection. Pressure range of operation is dictated by the thickness, size and material of the membrane. The sensor described here was designed for low pressure range (0–25 mm Hg) applications. Temperature sensitivity and stability problems which are commonly encountered with currently available piezoresistive and capacitive pressure sensors are significantly reduced by the inherent differential nature of interferometric measurement and the use of all silicon construction. The fabrication, packaging and testing of the sensor are described in this paper. The performance of the sensor was evaluated and found to compare favorably with theoretical predictions.
THE TYCHO-2 SPECTRAL TYPE CATALOG

The Tycho-2 Catalogue contains positions, proper motions, and BT and VT magnitudes for approximately 2.5 million stars. We have obtained spectral types for 351,864 of the Tycho-2 stars by cross-referencing Tycho-2 to several catalogs containing spectral types, using the VizieR astronomical database. The positional matching requirements were stringent (97.5% of the matches were within 1''), and the validity of the positional matches is further supported by the distribution of magnitude differences for matched pairs, which is symmetric about the median value (dV)med = 0.043 and has a small standard deviation, σdV = 0.40 mag.
Submarine Geology North of New Guinea

A bathymetric chart of the sea floor north of New Guinea between 129° and 140° W. long. was constructed, based on soundings of the Recorder Expedition of August 1961 and other soundings, published and unpublished. The tectonic features of the sea floor can be correlated with features in northern New Guinea, especially: (1) a north-south deformational zone which lies north and west of Mapia Islands and links tectonic features in New Guinea to those near the Palau Islands; (2) an east-southeast trend paralleling the north coast of New Guinea; (3) east-west troughs, especially well developed near the equator; and (4) other minor trends. A major left-lateral shear zone may extend the length of New Guinea. Three major periods of deformation have been Cretaceous-Eocene, between Miocene and Pliocene, and Quaternary. The geologic history of northern New Guinea is similar to that of the Darwin Rise.
Multivariate statistical analysis of arsenic and selenium concentrations in groundwaters from south-central Nevada and Death Valley, California

Abstract Arsenic and selenium concentrations along with the major solutes were measured in ground-waters sampled from springs in Pahranagat Valley and Ash Meadows, Nevada, Death Valley, California, and from wells from the Nevada Test Site and Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The multivariate statistical technique correspondence analysis was applied to the data to determine relationships between the groundwaters from these areas, the aquifer materials and the As and Se concentrations, and to examine the relationships between As and Se and the other chemical parameters included in the statistical analysis. The correspondence analysis indicates that a strong relationship exists between chloride and Se in the groundwaters and that As is not associated with chloride. The strong association between chloride and Se suggests that Se behaves more conservatively than As in these oxygenated, circumneutral pH groundwaters. No strong association was observed between the As and/or Se concentrations of the groundwaters and the aquifer material with which these waters interact (i.e. regional Paleozoic carbonate aquifer, Tertiary tuffaceous volcanic rocks, and/or basin-fill deposits). However, it is likely that sampling of groundwaters from the various aquifers was insufficient to determine relationships between the aquifer materials and groundwater chemistry. Associations were observed between the groundwaters of the Nevada Test Site and Yucca Mountain regions and the groundwaters of the regional carbonate aquifer that discharge at Ash Meadows and Death Valley, suggesting mixing of these waters. Ground-water from the regional carbonate aquifer in Pahranagat Valley, which is upgradient from the Nevada Test Site, Yucca Mountain, Ash Meadows, and Death Valley, exhibited no association with groundwaters from these regions.
Three-dimensional x-ray angiography: first in-vivo results with a new system

A new system has been designed and built to validate the concept of 3D Computerized Angiography (3D CA). It addresses all the difficulties met from the acquisition of raw data on a patient to the display of the reconstructed volume. The main characteristics of the system and its operating modes are described. Special attention is paid to data processing aspects. The first in vivo results obtained with this system are presented.
Enhancing Data Locality for Dynamic Simulations through Asynchronous Data Transformations and Adaptive Control

Many dynamic simulation programs contain complex, irregular memory reference patterns, and require runtime optimizations to enhance data locality. Current approaches periodically stop the execution of an application to reorder the computation or data based on the current program state to improve the data locality for the next period of execution. In this work, we examine the implications that modern heterogeneous Chip Multiprocessors (CMP) architecture imposes on the optimization paradigm. We develop three techniques to enhance the optimizations. The first is asynchronous data transformation, which moves data reordering off the critical path through dependence circumvention. The second is a novel data transformation algorithm, named TLayout, designed specially to take advantage of modern throughput-oriented processors. Together they provide two complementary ways to attack a benefit-overhead dilemma inherited in traditional techniques. Working with a dynamic adaptation scheme, the techniques produce significant performance improvement for a set of dynamic simulation benchmarks.
Application of Densitometry for the Evaluation of the Separation Effect of Nicotinic Acid Derivatives. Part I. Nicotinic Acid and its Amides

Abstract Nicotinic acid (1) and its amides, namely nicotinamide (8), N‐methylnicotinamide (9) and N,N‐diethylnicotynamide (10) were investigated by NP‐TLC, and RP‐HPTLC. The RF values were obtained from the densitometric analysis. The separation factors ΔRF, RF α and selectivity α were calculated from the RF values. The resolution RS values obtained by use of the chromatogram were verified by use of densitometric analysis. It was affirmed, that RS values can be correctly marked exclusively on the basis of the densitograms. The RS values larger than 1.5 calculated on the basis of the densitograms were obtained for the pair of compounds (10)/(9) and (8)/(1) on RP18WF254 plates, and by use of methanol+water in a volume composition of 30:70, and dioxane+water in volume compositions of 20:80 and 10:90 as mobile phases. However, these conditions did not provide for the complete separation of N‐methylnicotinamide (9) from nicotinamide (8). Adsorption thin‐layer chromatography (NP‐TLC) in the system of a neutral ...
Mesostructured aluminosilicate alkylation catalysts for the production of aromatic amine antioxidants

The conversion of diphenylamine (DPA) and α-methylstyrene (AMS) to the antioxidants mono- and dicumenyldiphenylamine was carried out over mesostructured aluminosilicate catalysts with hexagonal (2% Al-MCM-41), wormhole (2% Al-HMS), and lamellar/vesicular (2% Al-MSU-G) framework structures. A commercial acid-treated clay catalyst, Engelhard F-20, was included for comparison perposes. The yields of the desired antioxidant, namely dicumenyldiphenylamine (DCDPA), increased in the order F-20 (∼57%)<2% Al-MCM-41 (∼85%)<2% Al-HMS, 2% Al-MSU-G (∼90%) when the reaction was carried out under stoichiometric reaction conditions at 90 °C. The DCDPA yields obtained with the mesostructured catalysts are the highest reported to date for this technologically important antioxidant. A heteropolyacid catalyst, H3PW12O40·xH2O (PW12) supported on mesostructured wormhole HMS and lamellar/vesicular MSU-G silica, also was examined as a catalyst for DCDPA production. The supported catalyst systems, however, afforded lower maximum yields of DCDPA (∼73–80%) in comparison to the mesostructured aluminosilicate catalysts. The exceptionally high yields of alkylated products obtained with the mesoporous aluminosilicate catalysts in comparison to the F-20 clay and the supported PW12 catalysts are attributable in part to intermediate acid strengths that minimize completing dimerization reactions of the AMS alkylating agent. Also, the pore structures of the mesostructured catalysts facilitate access to active sites on the framework walls and provide more efficient transport of reagents to framework reaction centers. Also, the regular mesoporosity of the aluminosilicate catalysts makes these structures less prone to pore plugging and to the masking of acidity through the adsorption of the high molecular weight reaction products.
Determination of thin-film debonding parameters from telephone-cord measurements

Methods are put forward for the determination of the fracture energy and kinetic coefficient of thin film/substrate interfaces from measurements performed on telephone cord blisters. This work is based on a previously proposed model for the characterization of debonding features in compressed thin films. The advantages of the proposed methods stem from the following facts concerning telephone cord blisters: (i) they are spontaneous debonding features, and therefore more amenable than artificially contrived features to yield realistic debonding parameters; (ii) they are very commonly observed in compressed thin films; (iii) as revealed by our model, their boundaries are characterized by a constant fracture mode mixity, and (iv) the driving force for debonding equals the fracture energy everywhere on their boundaries.
Reconstitution of Bile Acid Transport in a Heterologous Cell by Cotransfection of Transporters for Bile Acid Uptake and Efflux

Abstract The rat liver canalicular bile acid transporter/ecto-ATPase/cell CAM 105 (CBATP) is a 110-kDa transmembrane phosphoglycoprotein that is thought to have bile acid efflux, ecto-ATPase, and cell adhesion properties. Its extracellular amino-terminal domain is highly homologous to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a glycophosphatidyl inositol-anchored membrane protein with cell adhesion properties and a marker for adenocarcinoma. In the current study, we examined the possibility of more clearly defining the role of CBATP in bile acid efflux by cotransfecting a heterologous cell, the COS cell, with cDNAs for a bile acid importer, the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT), as well as for CBATP. The results show that when IBAT mediates uptake of [3H]taurocholate to a level 20-fold higher than that achieved previously by nonspecific pinocytosis, CBATP mediates time-, temperature- and concentration-dependent efflux. Efflux of [3H]taurocholate mediated by CBATP in the cotransfected COS cells is saturable and has curvilinear kinetic characteristics (V max = 400 pmol/mg protein/min,K m = 70 μm). It is inhibited by 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid and dependent on ATP but not dependent on membrane potential. Although CEA could not mediate bile acid efflux in COS cells cotransfected with IBAT and CEA, efflux of [3H]taurocholate was detected in COS cells cotransfected with IBAT and a chimeric molecule having the carboxyl-terminal tail and membrane spanning domain of CBATP and the amino-terminal extracellular tail of CEA. Taken together, these data provide further evidence that CBATP confers bile acid efflux properties on heterologous cells and that its cytoplasmic tail and membrane spanning segment are integral to this property. The data also establish a model system for more clearly defining the molecular determinants of bile acid transport mediated by this molecule.