cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Psychology, Torture, Networks: Or, Structure as the Subject of Human Rights

This essay lays out a networked conception of violence and justice work. Locating a prime example of networked culpability for twenty-first-century torture in the financial and professional ties that bind the Association of American Psychologists (APA) to the US Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency, the essay points back to the long twentieth-century collaboration between national security and behavioral science that fueled network science. I argue that network thinking confounds the liberal humanist sense of agency or sovereignty, and it provokes a promising rethinking of human rights efforts as networked challenges to networked violence. The essay looks at tools for prosecuting violence networks and toward models for disrupting and rerouting them drawn from sociology, quantum physics, indigenous feminisms, and liberation psychology.
Anomalous pH-Dependent Enhancement of p-Methyl Benzoic Acid Sum-Frequency Intensities: Cooperative Surface Adsorption Effects

Vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy is used to determine the surface pKa of p-methyl benzoic acid (pMBA) at the air-water interface, by monitoring the carbonyl and carboxylate s...
Post-operative hyperglycemia and its association with surgical site infection after instrumented spinal fusion

Abstract Objective To evaluate the correlation between postoperative hyperglycemia and surgical site infection among patients who underwent primary instrumented spinal fusion surgery. Patients and Methods We collected data on all eligible patients treated at our institution over the course of 2005−2017. We defined serum hyperglycemia using a primary threshold of serum glucose ≥140 mg/dL and used ≥115 mg/dL as a secondary test. We used logistic regression techniques to evaluate unadjusted results for serum hyperglycemia on revision surgeries for infection, followed by sequential adjustment for sociodemographic and procedural characteristics. Results We included 3664 patients. Surgical site infections occurred in 4%. Post-operative hyperglycemia was significantly associated with a higher rate of revision surgery for infection (p = 0.02). Following adjusted analysis, hyperglycemia remained a statistically significant predictor for revision surgery due to infection (OR 2.19; 95 % CI 1.13, 4.25). Similar results were evident when using the lower threshold of ≥115 mg/dL (OR 2.36; 95 % CI 1.06, 5.23). Conclusions This study highlights the importance of measuring serum glucose after spinal fusion and the need for heightened surveillance and/or treatment in those who exhibit postoperative hyperglycemia. In this context, it could be advantageous to use a lower threshold for hyperglycemia (115 mg/dL) in order to trigger interventions for glycemic control.
Identifying Susceptibility Loci for Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Using a Fast Sequence Kernel Association Test.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) accounts for around 20% of all skin cancers, the most common type of malignancy in the United States. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully identified multiple genetic variants associated with the risk of cSCC. Most of these studies were single-locus-based, testing genetic variants one-at-a-time. In this article, we performed gene-based association tests to evaluate the joint effect of multiple variants, especially rare variants, on the risk of cSCC by using a fast sequence kernel association test (fastSKAT). The study included 1,710 cSCC cases and 24,304 cancer-free controls from the Nurses’ Health Study, the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We used UCSC Genome Browser to define gene units as candidate loci, and further evaluated the association between all variants within each gene unit and disease outcome. Seven genes HP1BP3, DAG1, SEPT7P2, SLFN12, RIF1, PTH2R and DACH1 were identified using Bonferroni adjusted significance level. Our study is complementary to the existing GWASs, and our findings may provide additional insights into the etiology of cSCC. Further studies are needed to validate these findings.
Concomitant paravisceral and thoracic mycotic aortic aneurysms in a cirrhotic patient.

Abstract In the present case report, we have described concomitant, rapidly expanding, abdominal and thoracic mycotic aortic pseudoaneurysms in a patient who had originally presented for right arm superficial thrombophlebitis and a right-hand abscess in the presence of methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Within 12 days, the patient had developed a rapidly expanding paravisceral mycotic abdominal aortic pseudoaneurysm that required open surgical repair. After the initial operation, she developed a thoracic mycotic aortic aneurysm that ultimately required open surgical repair. Her postoperative course after the initial operation was complicated by decompensated hepatitis C cirrhosis that required convalescence before repair of the thoracic aneurysm. Follow-up data were available for ≤10 months after the initial operation.
Evaluation of a spotlight survey technique as an index to Iowa white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and raccoon (Procyon lotor) populations

INTRODUCTION THE STUDY AREA METHODS AND :MATERIALS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION White-tailed Deer Climatological factors Time of night Distance from vehicle Observer error Behavior Herd composition Habitat along routes Raccoons Climatological factors Fog and snow Continuous weather variables Cloud cover Time of night Observer error Distance from vehicle Location Habitat CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Page iv
Settling a Corporate Accountability Lawsuit Without Sacrificing Human Rights:Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo!

On november 13, 2007, chinese political prisoners Shi Tao and Wang Xiaoning withdrew their Alien Tort Statute lawsuit against internet service provider Yahoo! Inc. after reaching a private settlement agreement with the company. Theirs was certainly not the first lawsuit brought against a corporation for complicity in human rights abuses. At least 40 such cases have been filed under the Alien Tort Statute and the Torture Victims Protection Act in U.S. courts. Only a few of these lawsuits, however, ended because the defendant corporation reached an agreement with the plaintiffs to settle the case out of court. While the terms of the settlement agreement in Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo! are confidential, international media has interpreted the settlement as an acknowledgment of the company’s moral liability, if not its legal liability. Yahoo! Chief Executive Officer Jerry Yang’s personal apology to the plaintiffs’ families only a week earlier, during a hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs, reinforced this interpretation. Amnesty International and Reporters Without Borders, along with other human rights and free speech advocates, applauded the settlement as a long-overdue acceptance of corporate social responsibility principles, but expressed apprehension for the future since the settlement has no binding effect on any other internet communications company. Furthermore, these groups pointed out, there is no clear indication that Yahoo! or other internet technology providers will change their business practices to prevent other customers from being arbitrarily arrested in the same way as Shi and Wang. Settlements in these types of human rights lawsuits are still unusual, but they will likely become more commonplace as case law regarding aiding and abetting liability develops. This means that plaintiffs will more often be faced with the choice of deciding when to accept a settlement offer and when to continue litigating to seek an enforceable court decision. To provide some guidance, this article demonstrates that in a corporate accountability lawsuit, a settlement can achieve many of the same objectives that could be accomplished by a judicial order in favor of the plaintiffs. The following examination of the goals of impact litigation and, in particular, transnational human rights tort lawsuits concludes that settling such a case can bring about many, though not all, of the positive human rights impacts these lawsuits are intended to achieve. Settling a Corporate Accountability Lawsuit Without Sacrificing Human Rights: Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo!
A propositional theorem prover to solve planning and other problems

Classical STRIPSdstyle planning problems are formulated as theorems to be proven from a new point of view: that the problem is not solvable. The result for a refutationdbased theorem prover may be a propositional formula that is to be proven unsatisfiable. This formula is identical to the formula that may be derived directly by various “SAT compilers”, but the theoremdproving view provides valuable additional information not in the formula, namely, the theorem to be proven. Traditional satisfiability methods, most of which are based on model search, are unable to exploit this additional information. However, a new algorithm called “Modoc” is able to exploit this information and has achieved performance comparable to the fastest known satisfiability methods, including stochastic search methods, on planning problems that have been reported by other researchers, as well as formulas derived from other applications. Unlike most theorem provers, Modoc performs well on both satisfiable and unsatisfiable formulas. Modoc works by a combination of backdchaining from the theorem clauses and forwarddchaining on tractable subformulas. In some cases, Modoc is able to solve a planning problem without finding a complete assignment because the backdchaining methodology is able to ignore irrelevant clauses. Although backdchaining is well known in the literature, a high level of search redundancy existed in previous methodss Modoc incorporates a new technique called “autarky pruning”, which reduces search redundancy to manageable levels, permitting the benefits of backdchaining to emerge, for certain problem classes. Experimental results are presented for planning problems and formulas derived from other applications.
Stabilization of RNA Structure by Mg Ions: Specific and Non-specific Effects

The stabilities of three different RNA fragments have been measured as a function of Mg2+ concentrations, and are interpreted in terms of two different models of Mg(2+)-RNA interaction. The models presume either tight binding of ions to specific site(s) in a folded RNA, or non-specific, electrostatic binding to both folded and unfolded forms; qualitatively different predictions are made for the melting temperature dependence on ion concentration. Three different modes of Mg2+ interactions with RNA structures are distinguished. Hairpins are stabilized by completely non-specific binding, with affinities the same as or weaker than those for single strand and duplex homopolymers binding Mg2+. In contrast, a ribosomal RNA tertiary structure is stabilized by specific binding of a single ion; since no other di- or trivalent ion is as effective as Mg2+, direct coordination of Mg2+ to the RNA structure is probably taking place. A third class of sites is best analyzed by the site-specific model, but any di- or trivalent ion is as effective as Mg2+; the ion(s) are probably localized in a region of unusually high charge density. The magnitude of a Mg(2+)-induced shift in RNAtm is itself not diagnostic of specific site binding or RNA tertiary structure, since large shifts can be observed for all three interaction modes.
Food limitation explains most clutch size variation in the Nazca booby

Summary 1 Natural selection is expected to optimize clutch size, but intrapopulation variation is maintained in many bird species. The Nazca booby provides a simple system in which to investigate clutch size evolution because clutch size and brood size are decoupled due to obligate siblicide. The indirect effect of brood size on clutch size evolution can therefore be eliminated. 2 In Nazca boobies, second eggs provide insurance against the failure of the first egg or early death of the first hatchling, but approximately half of all females lay only one egg. We tested the hypothesis that one-egg clutches result from food limitation by providing female Nazca boobies with supplemental food. 3 A higher proportion of supplemented females produced two-egg clutches than did control females. Supplemented females produced larger second-laid eggs than did control females, but not first-laid eggs. Laying date and laying interval were not affected. 4 Comparisons of clutch size and egg volume between years indicated that the supplemental feeding experiment was not conducted in a year with a poor natural food supply. Thus supplemented females produced larger clutch sizes despite apparently normal natural food levels. 5 This experiment nearly completes our understanding of clutch size variation in the Nazca booby, and indicates that food limitation and the costs of egg-laying should be considered carefully in studies of clutch size evolution.
A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PLASMA IGNITION SYSTEMS

A photographic study was conducted using an optical-access compression-expansion machine in order to reveal the mechanism of ignition and flame propagation initiated by plasma igniters. The tests included a jet igniter with inert cavity liner (quartz), a jet igniter with reactive cavity liner (paraffin), and a J-gap spark plug. Schlieren cinematographic records were obtained for each condition along with concomitant pressure traces. Basic features of ignition and combustion at lean limit were determined for each igniter. The spark plug permited lean operation down to an equivalence ratio of 0.7, after which mis-ignition occurred. Jet igniters provided an extension of lean limit to 0.5 in equivalence ratio. For jet igniters, these limits were imposed by either extinction of the flame or too slow burning rate, rather than by misfire.
The novel triterpenoid CDDO induces apoptosis and differentiation of human osteosarcoma cells by a caspase-8 dependent mechanism.

The oleanane triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) is a multifunctional molecule that induces monocytic differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells and inhibits proliferation of diverse human tumor cell lines. The present studies on human osteosarcoma cells demonstrate that CDDO induces mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of the caspase-8 inhibitor CrmA blocked CDDO-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis. By contrast, overexpression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-xL protein blocked CDDO-induced cytochrome c release, but only partly inhibited caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. In concert with these findings, we demonstrate that CDDO: 1) activates caspase-8 and thereby caspase-3 by a cytochrome c -independent mechanism and 2) induces cytochrome c release by caspase-8-dependent cleavage of Bid. The results also demonstrate that treatment of osteosarcoma cells with CDDO induces differentiation, as assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin production, and that this response is abrogated in cells that overexpress CrmA. These findings demonstrate that CDDO induces both osteoblastic differentiation and apoptosis by caspase-8-dependent mechanisms.
MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN PERFORMANCE-BASED LOGISTICS

Performance Based Logistics (PBL) is an acquisition reform that is intended to improve weapon systems logistics by reducing cost, improving reliability, and reducing footprint. PBL is an extension of a broad process of rationalizing and, in many cases, outsourcing government services. As with other examples of governmental service outsourcing, measurement issues arise in the gap between governmental objectives and service measurement, and in the contrast between clear profit-centered vendor metrics, and more complex mission-oriented governmental metrics. Beyond this, however, PBL presents new challenges to the relationship between governmental agencies and their service vendors. In many cases, weapons systems logistical support involves levels of operational risk that are more difficult to measure and more difficult to value than other government services. We discuss the implications of operational risk and other measurement issues on PBL implementation.
Correlating patient-reported outcomes and ambulation success following microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction in comorbid patients.

Introduction: Microsurgical lower extremity flap reconstruction provides a valuable option for soft tissue reconstruction in comorbid patients. Limb salvage with flap reconstruction can result in limb length preservation. Despite this, few studies have examined the impact of salvage on patient-centered metrics in this cohort of patients. Therefore, we investigated quality of life and patient satisfaction following microsurgical lower extremity reconstruction in this high-risk patient population. Factors that resulted in improved patient-centered outcomes were also identified. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients who had lower extremity free flap reconstruction (FFR) following lower extremity wounds. High-risk patients were identified as having multiple comorbidities and chronic wounds. Patients with traumatic wounds were excluded from analysis. Quality of life was evaluated with the Short Form-12 (SF-12) validated survey. Phone interviews were conducted for survey evaluations. Results: From 2005 to 2010, 57 patients had lower extremity flap reconstruction that met the inclusion criteria. Average follow-up was 236.6 weeks (range, 111–461). Comorbidities included diabetes (36%), PVD (24.6%), and ESRD (7%). Limb length preservation and ambulation occurred in 82.5% (47/57). Revisional surgery occurred in 33.3% (19/57). Survey response rate was 63%. Average SF-12 PCS and MCS scores were 44.9 and 59.8 for patients able to achieve ambulation and 27.6 and 61.2 for nonambulatory patients. Conclusions: Microsurgical flap reconstruction is a valuable reconstructive option in high-risk patients. Quality of life is comparable with a normalized population if limb salvage is successful. Quality of life is decreased significantly when failure to ambulate occurs in this patient cohort. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:1–4, 2014.
Electron microscope observations on the submicroscopic vesicular component of the subesophageal body and pericardial cells of the grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis differentialis (Thomas).

Abstract Electron microscope observations on the subesophageal body and pericardial cells of the grasshopper reveal a small vesicular component of the cytoplasm which is believed to provide a mechanism of transport of material into or out of these cells. The relationships of these vesicles to each other and to other structures in the cell, including the plasma membrane and its specialization as well as peripheral vacuoles, are described. These results thus compliment several other studies leading to an increasing evidence that microvesiculation is a prominent mechanism of active transport and ion exchange by many kinds of cells.
A scanning electron microscopic study of the infection of water oak (Quercus nigra) by Taphrina caerulescens

The fungal pathogen Taphrina caerulescens was isolated from leaves of water oak (Quercus nigra) exhibiting symptoms of oak leaf blister. Healthy leaves were inoculated with a suspension of cells fr...
Molecular modeling of polymers. II. estimation of melt transition temperatures

Abstract Computed-aided molecular modeling methods are presented to estimate the melt transition temperatures, Tm′s, of polymers in solution and in the crystalline state. The molecular geometries and energetics are computed using fixed valence geometry molecular mechanics with the charge densities computed for monomers using the CNDO/2 semiempirical molecular orbital method. A calibration-based melt transition model can be used on a congeneric series of polymers where at least one known Tm is available to scale the computation. This model is applied to a set of collagen triple-helix tripeptide and hexapeptide analogs, and to four classes of crystalline synthetic polymers. The estimated Tm′s are in good agreement with the reported experimental values. Moreover, the trends to increase or decrease Tm as a function of change in chemical structure of the polymer are correctly predicted by the model. A first-principle phase transition formalism to predict the thermodynamic properties of polymer crystal melting ...
Mammalian Notch1 Is Modified with Two Unusual Forms ofO-Linked Glycosylation Found on Epidermal Growth Factor-like Modules

Notch is a large cell-surface receptor known to be an essential player in a wide variety of developmental cascades. Here we show that Notch1 endogenously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells is modified with O-linked fucose andO-linked glucose saccharides, two unusual forms ofO-linked glycosylation found on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) modules. Interestingly, both modifications occur as monosaccharide and oligosaccharide species. Through exoglycosidase digestions we determined that the O-linked fucose oligosaccharide is a tetrasaccharide with a structure identical to that found on human clotting factor IX: Sia-α2,3-Gal-β1,4-GlcNAc-β1,3-Fuc-α1-O-Ser/Thr. The elongated form of O-linked glucose appears to be a trisaccharide. Notch1 is the first membrane-associated protein identified with either O-linked fucose orO-linked glucose modifications. It also represents the second protein discovered with an elongated form ofO-linked fucose. The sites of glycosylation, which fall within the multiple EGF modules of Notch, are highly conserved across species and within Notch homologs. Since Notch is known to interact with its ligands through subsets of EGF modules, these results suggest that the O-linked carbohydrate modifications of these modules may influence receptor-ligand interactions.
Rural interdisciplinary healthcare training in Hawaii: a cross-cultural project.

: In 1993, a federally funded project began at the University of Hawaii to educate students from a variety of health professions (nursing, medicine, dental hygiene, psychology, public health, and social work) about the challenges of working as an interdisciplinary team in rural health settings. After nine months of study, this education culminated in students participating in interdisciplinary team projects in rural areas of Hawaii. The development and funding of interdisciplinary rural health projects across the United States reflects the growing awareness that limited resources and access to health in rural areas requires resource sharing, both physical and non-physical. Exposing students to information about rural health care, and then providing hands-on opportunities for teamwork with fellow students in a rural setting, can serve an additional and critical function: to recruit to rural areas healthcare workers who are already aware of the challenges and rewards of this type of practice.
Diffusion mechanisms on Ni surfaces

Abstract The embedded atom method (EAM) was previously used to study diffusion of single Ni adatoms on various Ni surfaces; the calculated diffusion rates were in excellent agreement with experiment (C.L. Liu, J.M. Cohen, J.B. Adams and A.F. Voter, Surf. Sci. 253 (1991) 334 [1]). This paper presents calculations of the formation and migration energies of vacancies in Ni surfaces, including (100), (110), (111), (311), and (331). In all cases, the activation energies for vacancy diffusion are higher than those for single adatoms. Formation energies of ledges and kinks on (100), (110), and (111) Ni surfaces were calculated. The interactions of single adatoms with ledges and kinks and diffusion of single adatoms on the stepped Ni surfaces were determined. Finally, MD simulations of surface diffusion of a single adatom on a Ni(111) surface were carried out to confirm the earlier molecular statics calculations and to test a simple Debye model.
Polypoid S-100-negative granular cell tumor of the oral cavity: A case report and review of literature

This is a report of a case of an S-100-negative polypoid granular cell tumor arising in the lower lip of a 4-year-old patient that may represent the entity primitive polypoid granular cell tumor. Unlike the usual granular cell tumors arising in the tongue or buccal mucosa, such lesions are not S-100 positive and can exhibit mitoses and cytologic atypia, features that may suggest a low-grade mesenchymal malignancy necessitating aggressive therapy. However, this is in fact a nonaggressive neoplasm that is not associated with significant morbidity and therefore should be treated with simple excision.
Phases and phase transitions in flocking systems

Abstract In this paper, we briefly review some recent theoretical and numerical progress in understanding flocking dynamics. On the theoretical side, a continuum model has been successfully used in explaining the hydrodynamic properties of the flock dynamics. In particular, the long-range ordered state has been shown to be stable even in two dimensions. On the numerical side, study of a discrete model which includes both body force interaction and alignment force reveals a very rich phase diagram. The potential of such models in describing finite flocks is discussed. In the end, we list some unanswered questions and new directions for future studies.
Modeling the dynamic behavior of shape memory alloys

Abstract The paper studies the single degree of freedom vibration of a rigid mass suspended by a thin-walled shape memory alloy tube under torsional loading. The behavior is analyzed for the cases of quasiplasticity (low temperatures) and pseudoelasticity (high temperatures) on the basis of an improved version of the Muller–Achenbach model. To illustrate the strong hysteresis-induced damping capacity and the non-linear vibration characteristics, both, free and forced vibrations are considered in the first part of the paper. This is done on the basis of an isothermal version of the model, while the second part of the paper focuses on the effect of non-constant temperature caused by the rate-dependent release and absorption of latent heats.
Graphical representation and storage issues in object-oriented rule modeling

Rules are an important part of any programming language and system. Rules can be employed either to enforce the correctness, integrity or admissibility of databases or database states, or to define requirements specified in the design phase of a software development process. A rule is more than just a simple IF ... THEN construction. Rules can be viewed as objects with distinctive properties and operations, constantly interacting and relating with other objects. Although research has been done on rules, the focus has been mainly on retrieval, activation and firing. Our focus is on the graphical representation and storage of rules and on event modeling in an object-oriented environment.
Does the midstream urine culture and sensitivity test reliably predict infected urine near a ureteral obstruction

Does the midstream urine culture and sensitivity test reliably predict infected urine near a ureteral obstruction?
Beyond America's War on Drugs: Developing Public Policy to Navigate the Prevailing Pharmacological Revolution

This paper places America's “war on drugs” in perspective in order to develop a new metaphor for control of drug misuse. A brief and focused history of America's experience with substance use and substance use policy over the past several hundred years provides background and a framework to compare the current Pharmacological Revolution with America's Nineteenth Century Industrial Revolution. The paper concludes with cautions about growing challenges and provides suggestions for navigating this revolution and reducing its negative impact on individuals and society.
P-Glycoprotein Expression in Immature Rat Brain Is Decreased in a Model of Uteroplacental Insufficiency

P-Glycoprotein Expression in Immature Rat Brain Is Decreased in a Model of Uteroplacental Insufficiency
The effect of monocular paralysis on the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat

The proportions and some of the properties of X and Y cells in lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of adult cats were measured 14–16 days after monocular paralysis. The paralysis was produced by sectioning cranial nerves III, IV and VI. No difference from normal was observed in the proportions of X and Y cells either in the A layer driven by the paralyzed eye or in the A1 layer driven by the mobile eye. The distribution of latencies to chiasm stimulation and the average visual spatial resolution were within the normal range in both A and A1 layers. These experiments indicate that monocular paralysis in the adult cat does not affect the numbers of X and Y cells in the LGN. However, the averages of cell body size in layers A and A1 contralateral to the immobilized eye were roughly equal, whereas in the normal cat cells in layer A1 are larger than those in layer A.
PTH and PTHrP Signaling in Osteoblasts

The striking clinical benefit of PTH in osteoporosis began a new era of skeletal anabolic agents. Several studies have been performed, new studies are emerging out and yet controversies remain on PTH anabolic action in bone. This review focuses on the molecular aspects of PTH and PTHrP signaling in light of old players and recent advances in understanding the control of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and function.
Humans and other animals: sociology’s moral and intellectual challenge

Sociology, narrowly defined and almost universally practiced as the study of human society, is limited in its benefits to human animals because it ignores how hegemonically crafted and unjust human social arrangements are intertwined with the oppressive treatment of other animals. This article promotes a wider definition of sociology and its practice, one that includes the lives and experiences of other species. The analysis uses a recrafted minority group theory that highlights the entangled oppression of humans and other animals. A historicalmaterialist reflection on relationships between humans and other animals demonstrates the efficacy of this more inclusive theory. Sociologists must become aware of and engage this wider approach to the study of society in order to understand how social arrangements create oppressive conditions for both humans and other animals and to increase the possibility for the discipline to have substantive impact on deteriorating societal and global conditions.
Down's syndrome: a biopsychosocial perspective

This article examines the biological, psychological and social effects of Down's syndrome and disability on children who have this condition, and on their families or carers.
Developing a New State of the Art Simulation Learning Center

Abstract Coordinating and facilitating the creation of a new Simulation Learning Center is a daunting task. This article reports the planning, developing, building, and implementing of a simulation laboratory within a new School of Nursing building. The Activity Model of technology adoption describes the activities in the timeline that are divided into six specific work phases. A move-in schedule displays the essential activities that were sequentially carried out to effectively coordinate the transition into a new space to begin an academic year. The take away points and lessons learned during each of the phases are summarized as well as future considerations for growth of the Center.
Platelet activation after presyncope by lower body negative pressure in humans.

Central hypovolemia elevates hemostatic activity which is essential for preventing exsanguination after trauma, but platelet activation to central hypovolemia has not been described. We hypothesized that central hypovolemia induced by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) activates platelets. Eight healthy subjects were exposed to progressive central hypovolemia by LBNP until presyncope. At baseline and 5 min after presyncope, hemostatic activity of venous blood was evaluated by flow cytometry, thrombelastography, and plasma markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Cell counts were also determined. Flow cytometry revealed that LBNP increased mean fluorescence intensity of PAC-1 by 1959±455 units (P<0.001) and percent of fluorescence-positive platelets by 27±18%-points (P = 0.013). Thrombelastography demonstrated that coagulation was accelerated (R-time decreased by 0.8±0.4 min (P = 0.001)) and that clot lysis increased (LY60 by 6.0±5.8%-points (P = 0.034)). Plasma coagulation factor VIII and von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor activity increased (P = 0.011 and P = 0.024, respectively), demonstrating increased coagulation activity, while von Willebrand factor antigen was unchanged. Plasma protein C activity and tissue-type plasminogen activator increased (P = 0.007 and P = 0.017, respectively), and D-dimer increased by 0.03±0.02 mg l−1 (P = 0.031), demonstrating increased fibrinolytic activity. Plasma prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were unchanged. Platelet count increased by 15±13% (P = 0.014) and red blood cells by 9±4% (P = 0.002). In humans, LBNP-induced presyncope activates platelets, as evidenced by increased exposure of active glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, accelerates coagulation. LBNP activates fibrinolysis, similar to hemorrhage, but does not alter coagulation screening tests, such as prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. LBNP results in increased platelet counts, but also in hemoconcentration.
Quadratic-nonlinearity power-index spectrum and its application in condition based maintenance (CBM) of helicopter drive trains

This paper introduces a quadratic-nonlinearity powers-index spectrum (QNLPI(ƒ)) measure that describes quantitatively how much of the mean square power at certain frequency ƒ is generated by nonlinear quadratic interaction between different frequencies inside signal spectrum. The proposed index QNLPI(ƒ) is based on the bicoherence spectrum, and the index can be simply seen as summary of the information contained in the bicoherence spectrum in two dimensional graph which makes it easier to interpret. The proposed index is studied first using computer generated data and then applied to real-world vibration data from a helicopter drive train to characterize different mechanical faults. This work advances the development of health indicators based on higher order statistics to assess fault conditions in mechanical systems.
Neutral Atmospheric Effects on the Dissipation of Aircraft Vortex Wakes

Enhanced dispersion of two-dimensional trailed vortex pairs within simplified neutral atmospheric backgrounds is studied numerically for three conditions: when the pair is imbedded in a constant turbulent bath (constant dissipation); when the pair is subjected to a mean crosswind shear; and when the pair is near the ground. Turbulent transport is modeled using second-order closure turbulent transport theory. The computed results allow several general conclusions to be drawn with regard to the reduction in circulation of the vortex pair and the rolling moment induced on a following aircraft: 1) the rate of decay of a vortex pair increases with increasing background dissipation rate; 2) crosswind shear disperses the vortex whose vorticity is opposite to the background; and 3) the proximity of a ground plane reduces the hazard of the pair by scrubbing. The phenomenon of vortex bounce is explained in terms of secondary vorticity produced at the ground plane. Qualitative comparisons are made with available experimental data, and inferences of these results upon the persistence of aircraft trailing vortices are discussed.
β1-Adrenergic Receptor Association with the Synaptic Scaffolding Protein Membrane-associated Guanylate Kinase Inverted-2 (MAGI-2): DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF RECEPTOR INTERNALIZATION BY MAGI-2 AND PSD-95 *

The β1-adrenergic receptor (β1AR) is known to be localized to synapses and to modulate synaptic plasticity in many brain regions, but the molecular mechanisms determining β1AR subcellular localization are not fully understood. Using overlay and pull-down techniques, we found that the β1AR carboxyl terminus associates with MAGI-2 (membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted-2), a protein also known as S-SCAM (synaptic scaffolding molecule). MAGI-2 is a multidomain scaffolding protein that contains nine potential protein-protein interaction modules, including 6 PDZ domains, 2 WW domains, and a guanylate kinase-like domain. The β1AR carboxyl terminus binds with high affinity to the first PDZ domain of MAGI-2, with the last few amino acids of the β1AR carboxyl terminus being the key determinants of the interaction. In cells, the association of full-length β1AR with MAGI-2 occurs constitutively and is enhanced by agonist stimulation of the receptor, as assessed by both co-immunoprecipitation experiments and immunofluorescence co-localization studies. Agonist-induced internalization of the β1AR is markedly increased by co-expression with MAGI-2. Strikingly, this result is the opposite of the effect of co-expression with PSD-95, a previously reported binding partner of the β1AR. Further cellular experiments revealed that MAGI-2 has no effect on β1AR oligomerization but does promote association of β1AR with the cytoplasmic signaling protein β-catenin, a known MAGI-2 binding partner. These data reveal that MAGI-2 is a specific β1AR binding partner that modulates β1AR function and facilitates the physical association of the β1AR with intracellular proteins involved in signal transduction and synaptic regulation.
Role of soil seed banks and newly dispersed seeds in population dynamics of the annual sunflower, Helianthus annuus

Summary 1 We explored the role of the seed bank in population dynamics of the summer annual Helianthus annuus. First, we determined seed survival under field conditions. Secondly, we conducted an experiment in which a dispersal treatment (plants allowed/not allowed to disperse seeds) was crossed with a soil disturbance treatment that was predicted to increase seed bank recruitment. Our goal was to evaluate the relative importance of the previous year's seed production vs. the remainder of the seed bank to numbers of plants. 2 Yearly seed survival was variable, ranging from 46 to 83% when seeds were buried in mesh packets and from 12 to 76% for seeds placed on the soil surface. Survival was higher for plots established in 1999 than in 2000. Survival was often higher in later years but was unaffected by the presence of litter. 3 By comparing seedling establishment between dispersal treatments, we inferred that approximately 10–23% of the seedlings were from the seed bank, independent of soil disturbance. 4 Although seed dispersal the previous year led to increased numbers of seedlings by at least 4.5 times, the number of adults only increased 2.5 times and head production only increased 1.5 times because of density-dependent processes. 5 Patches of seedlings emerging only from the seed bank (often at low densities) may have a disproportionate contribution to the next generation. Average head production/seedling was 3.6 for such seedlings vs. 0.8 for seedlings from both the previous year's seed set and the seed bank. Emergence of seeds from the seed bank in high-density seedling areas may, however, have little effect on patch reproduction as reproductive output was asymptotically related to the number of seedlings initially present. Studies of seed survival and seedling biology should therefore be done with consideration of the entire life cycle.
National survey shows the majority of nurses use very little research in the first 2 years after their graduation, highlighting a gap between research and clinical practice

Commentary on: H Forsman, A Rudman, P Gustavsson, et al.. Use of research by nurses during their first two years after graduating. J Adv Nurs2010;66:878–90.
Clinical Trials in Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure

In cardiovascular disease, many treatments aim to prevent future disease complications and/or premature death. This applies both to asymptomatic conditions such as hypertension and to symptomatic illnesses such as congestive heart failure (CHF). The main purpose of this review is to consider the results of randomized clinical trials in these conditions, and to examine the overall effects of drug treatment on all-cause mortality. For the hypertension trials, stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence will also be reviewed.
Is CaMKII a link between inflammation and hypertrophy in heart

Myocardial infarction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing and developed world. Although current interventions have been successful in prolonging life, they are inadequate because mortality is still high among MI patients. The multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) plays a key role in the structure and contractility of the myocardium. CaMKII activity is increased in MI hearts and CaMKII promotes cardiac hypertrophy and inflammation, processes consistently activated by myocardial injury. Hypertrophy and inflammation are also related to neurohumoral and redox signaling which uncouple CaMKII activation from Ca2+/calmodulin dependence. Thus, CaMKII may act as a nodal point for integrating hypertrophic and inflammatory signaling in myocardium.
Measurement of absolute gradient-index profiles using modulation ellipsometry

An ac ellipsometer has been designed and built to study the feasibility of ellipsometric measurement of gradient-index profiles. Faraday effect polarization modulation and a phase-locking detection system are used to monitor spatial changes in index of refraction while absolute index of refraction is determined through simple ellipsometric procedures. This technique is found to be viable for measurement of commonly encountered refractive-index gradients in both glass and infrared transmitting materials.
Topology selection for stream mining systems

Multi-concept identification in high volume multimedia streams is critical for a number of applications, including large-scale multimedia analysis, processing, and retrieval. Content of interest is filtered using a collection of binary classifiers that are deployed on distributed resource-constrained infrastructure. In this paper, we design distributed algorithms for determining the optimal topology of single concept detectors (classifiers) to identify the multiple concepts of interest. These algorithms dynamically order individual classifiers into chain topologies to tradeoff accuracy against processing delay, based on underlying data characteristics, system resource constraints as well as the performance and complexity characteristics of each classifier
Effects of ecologically relevant manipulations on infant discrimination learning

In our laboratory, persistent attempts to establish an operant discrimination in 4-month-old infants met with limited success, even though the procedures involved readily conditionable head-movement responses, highly discriminable audiovisual stimuli, and potent sensory reinforcers. On the assumption that discriminative learning might be facilitated by experimental arrangements which were less arbitrary and better aligned with the infant's natural endowment, modifications designed to take advantage of the young baby's presumed sensitivity to the locus of incoming stimulation were introduced. Thus, (1) a more naturalistic response-consequence relationship was achieved by placing reinforcement at the end of the heat-rotation are rather than at midline and by emphasizing the orientational rather than the manipulative character of the response, and (2) the discriminanda were presented in separate locations in the vertical plane rather than in a single midline position. As a consequence of these topographical manipulations, rapid and accurate discrimination learning was obtained. Almost all subjects ( N = 32) exhibited significant levels of correct responding on random test trials, with half the sample scoring at least 80% correct in the second of two discrimination sessions. Moreover, many infants exhibited long runs of consecutively correct responses. It remains to be determined whether the results are a function of change in the form of the response, the enhanced salience of the stimuli, or the natural predisposition of infants to associate spatially differentiated cues with spatially differentiated responses. Since, under the rearranged conditions, many infants displayed behaviors characteristic of problem-solving, it is suggested that a properly constructed discrimination learning task may be useful in examining the emergence of higher-order cognitive functions.
Military elites and the study of war

attempt to encompass forms as diverse as family, community, ethnic, and class conflict (1, 3, 10). Clearly, the understanding of war would be a crucial test of any general theory of social conflict.1 Despite aspirations for generalized explanations of social con? flicts, social scientists cannot overlook the highly distinctive aspects of war as a proc? ess of social change. First, as of the second half of the twentieth century, wars are "unique" forms of social conflicts because they are waged only by nation-states. War implies social conflict between nation-states with their ideologies for legitimizing the use of violence in the national interest. The nation-state is a terri-
Multipole and nonadiabatic corrections to the two-Coulomb-exchange effective potential in electron- or positron-atom scattering at threshold energy.

A simple expression is derived for all multipole nonadiabatic corrections to the long-range effective potential at threshold energy due to the exchange of two Coulomb photons in electronatom scattering. Multipole and nonadiabatic corrections are treated on equal footing. Transverse photon exchanges and hence retardation effects are ignored. The same results hold for positronatom scattering.
The Modular Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Camera

Large area charge coupled device (CCD) imagers with fewer defects are now becoming avail-able in quantity and the demand for small, stable, high resolution standard and specialized cameras is increasing. This demand is for CCD camera systems operating in any one of three different modes: (1) full-frame mode, used for staring applications, (2) frame-store mode,' used for TV applications and (3) time-delay and integration mode, used for scanning applica-tions. The camera designer is challenged to assure commonalty in his circuitry in order to provide rapid reaction to customer system requirements with affordable cameras. This tech-nique will allow for standard building blocks (PC board modules) to be selected and assem-bled together with appropriate housings and wiring harnesses to provide cameras in any of the three modes mentioned above. The modular concept includes various logic modules, video modules, power supply modules, CCD front-end modules and several special purpose modules in-cluding an analog-to-digital converter module, a thermo-electric cooling package and a low light level intensifier tube assembly. These modules are initially to be fabricated using standard off-the-shelf parts, and will be suitable for conversion to large-scale-integrated (LSI) and hybrid packages as volume warrants.
Oxygen binding of single red blood cells of the annelid bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata

The red blood cells of the annelid bloodworm Glycera dibranchiata contain two structurally and functionally distinct assemblages of hemoglobin. In the present sample the monomer comprised 57% and the polymer 43% of the total amount. The O2 affinities of the two differ by a factor of about two. Therefore, if the two assemblages occur in different cells, one would expect a bimodal distribution of P50 values for single RBCs and, if they coexist in the same cell, one would expect a monomodal distribution. The distribution is clearly monomodal, indicating no anatomical separation of mono- and polymeric hemoglobins.