cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise as a Gateway Behavior for Healthful Eating among Older Adults: An Exploratory Study

Abstract Context The relationship between eating and exercise behavior change may influence effectiveness of interventions for older adults. Objective To determine whether exercise is a potential gateway behavior for healthful eating behavior among older adults. Design The Transtheoretical Model was applied to eating and exercise behaviors through the administration of a cross-sectional survey. Setting/Participants 205 older adults (the majority were white women) participating in congregate dining programs in a large Midwestern city. Variables Measured Perceived benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, and stage of change related to exercise and eating habits Analysis Differences in responses to survey items based on stage of change were determined by analysis of variance, P Results Subjects in later stages for exercise behavior were also likely to be in later stages for eating adequate servings of fruit and dairy products but not for vegetables and avoiding fat. Conclusions and Implications Exercise is a potential gateway behavior for some dietary behaviors for older adults, justifying further controlled, longitudinal research.
Ultrasonic Devulcanization of Carbon Black Filled Polyurethane Rubber

Following our success with the recycling of unfilled polyurethane rubber (PUR), an attempt was made to devulcanize carbon black (CB)-filled PUR. Although CB was added in various proportions, only samples with lower filler loading could be treated. Devulcanization experiments were carried out at various feed rates, gap sizes, and amplitudes in a grooved barrel as well as a coaxial reactor with ultrasonic attachments and the optimum processing conditions were determined. Gel fraction, crosslink density, and dynamic properties of the treated samples were determined. However, attempts to cure the 100% devulcanized samples obtained from the grooved barrel reactor failed possibly due to severe degradation of main chains and reduced polymer–filler interactions under ultrasound treatment. Hence the next plausible step was to prepare blends of the devulcanized and filled virgin vulcanizates. These blends were successfully cured and their mechanical properties were determined. It was found that blends containing 50...
Unique Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Hive Component-Based Communities as Detected by a Hybrid of Phospholipid Fatty-Acid and Fatty-Acid Methyl Ester Analyses

Microbial communities (microbiomes) are associated with almost all metazoans, including the honey bee Apis mellifera. Honey bees are social insects, maintaining complex hive systems composed of a variety of integral components including bees, comb, propolis, honey, and stored pollen. Given that the different components within hives can be physically separated and are nutritionally variable, we hypothesize that unique microbial communities may occur within the different microenvironments of honey bee colonies. To explore this hypothesis and to provide further insights into the microbiome of honey bees, we use a hybrid of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to produce broad, lipid-based microbial community profiles of stored pollen, adults, pupae, honey, empty comb, and propolis for 11 honey bee hives. Averaging component lipid profiles by hive, we show that, in decreasing order, lipid markers representing fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, and Gram-positive bacteria have the highest relative abundances within honey bee colonies. Our lipid profiles reveal the presence of viable microbial communities in each of the six hive components sampled, with overall microbial community richness varying from lowest to highest in honey, comb, pupae, pollen, adults and propolis, respectively. Finally, microbial community lipid profiles were more similar when compared by component than by hive, location, or sampling year. Specifically, we found that individual hive components typically exhibited several dominant lipids and that these dominant lipids differ between components. Principal component and two-way clustering analyses both support significant grouping of lipids by hive component. Our findings indicate that in addition to the microbial communities present in individual workers, honey bee hives have resident microbial communities associated with different colony components.
In Search of the ‘Sporting Genius’: Exploring the Benchmarks to Creative Behavior in Sporting Activity

(2011). In Search of the ‘Sporting Genius’: Exploring the Benchmarks to Creative Behavior in Sporting Activity. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 113-127.
The Alzheimer’s disease-8 and Montreal Cognitive Assessment as screening tools for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected persons

The diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive impairment is time-intensive and often omitted in busy outpatient settings. Brief screening tools are needed. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Alzheimer's disease (AD)-8 have been used in neurodegenerative disorders. We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of these brief screening tools in HIV-infected persons. The AD-8, MoCA, and formal neuropsychological testing were administered to 200 HIV-infected patients who were followed at a single institution. Normalized scores on formal neuropsychological testing were used to define neurocognitive impairment. The sensitivity and specificity of the MoCA and AD-8 were assessed to diagnose the impairment. Neurocognitive impairment was highly prevalent in this cohort: 127 persons (64 %) were diagnosed with neurocognitive impairment based on formal testing. Using the AD-8 and MoCA, 113 (57 %) and 101 (51 %) persons were identified with neurocognitive impairment, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MoCA were 63 % and 71 %, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of AD-8 were 61 % and 51 %, respectively. Our findings highlight that brief screening tools correlate with formal neuropsychological testing. However, the sensitivities of these screening tools are lower than desired. Nevertheless, given their ease in administration, these tools could assist as a first line for identifying individuals who may subsequently require formal neuropsychological testing.
Superfund research program--accomplishments and future opportunities.

Abstract This special issue of the International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health provides extensive background on the Superfund programs, findings of specific research studies and future directions. Three federal agencies are leading the effort in this program. They are the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. As a result of their collaboration, a comprehensive program has been developed that ranges from basic to applied research with the aim of improving public health services and protection. This paper highlights the research within areas of toxicological investigation, exposure assessment, risk evaluation and engaging communities. Each of the agencies has developed strategies and initiatives to enhance the effectiveness of the Superfund research program. The continuation of research will contribute significantly towards achieving the Healthy People 2010 goals that have been set for the United States.
Depression in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: case studies.

Objective:Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessively inherited multi-system disorder of children and adults characterized by the obstruction and infection of airways presenting as a wide variety of symptoms. It has varying degrees of psychological impact on patients and their families, requiring numerous adjustments in their life styles. Newer sophisticated medical treatments of cystic fibrosis has led to an increase in life expectancy; however, the same kind of progress has not been made in the psychological interventions available to treat emotional disturbances.Method:We report three cases of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis who were diagnosed with depression and treated with a combination of antidepressant medications and other psychosocial interventions.Results and Conclusions:Two of the three cases suggest that treatment with antidepressant medications has a positive influence on psychological outcomes. We further propose clinical studies to test efficacy, safety, and long-term effects...
A COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATING TIME-DEPENDENT FLUID DYNAMIC FORCES ON BODIES, USING ONLY VELOCITY FIELDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Abstract We continue with the 1997 work of Noca et al. and offer some additional closed-form expressions (and their derivations) for the evaluation of time-dependent forces on a body in an incompressible, viscous, and rotational flow, which require only the knowledge of the velocity field (and its derivatives) in a finite and arbitrarily chosen region enclosing the body. In particular, we offer an expression for the force which only depends on the velocity field (and its derivatives) on thesurface of an arbitrary control volume. These expressions are particularly useful for experimental techniques like Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) which provide time sequences of 2-D velocity fields but not pressure fields. For some common flow situations (freely moving objects, flexible bodies, flying and swimming animals, low Reynolds number flows, soap film tunnels), these techniques may be more viable than traditional methods (strain gages). The formulations can also be of some interest to the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) community, especially when pressure is not evaluated explicitly, such as in vorticity-based algorithms. From a theoretical point of view, they provide an explicit relation between loading and flow structure. In the present work, the formulations are tested on a numerical flow simulation using a high-resolution vortex method and experimentally with DPIV on a circular cylinder flow.
Phase equilibrium in Mg-Cu-Y

Magnesium-based bulk metallic glasses (BMG) have potential in applications ranging from biomedical to sports equipment and the Mg-Cu-Y system offers some of the most promising alloys. Phase relations and ternary solubility of the binary and ternary compounds of this system have been experimentally investigated. The Isothermal section of Mg-Cu-Y system at 673 K for the entire composition range has been constructed. Phase relations in the Cu-rich (>66 at.% Cu) region of the Mg-Cu-Y system has been determined for the first time. The homogeneity range of three ternary compounds has been determined. Solidifications behavior of several key alloys have been discussed based on the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments and thermodynamic calculations. Extensive analysis of the DSC curves has been carried out to relate them to the corresponding phase transformation reactions and temperatures. Some of the most promising metallic glass forming regions have been analyzed using thermodynamic calculations.
The high-temperature reflectance spectra of [Co(NH3)5H2O]X3 and [Cr(NH3)5H2O]X3 complexes

Abstract The HTRS and DRS of [Co(NH 3 ) 5 H 2 O]X 3 and [Cr(NH 3 ) 5 H 2 O]X 3 complexes were determined. The complexes undergo deaquation and anation reactions in the temperature range from 60 to 150°C. A reflectance minima shift to longer wavelengths was observed on heating the aquopentammine complexes.
Identification of the Escherichia coli tonB gene product in minicells containing tonB hybrid plasmids.

Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel analysis of proteins encoded by a series of tonB+ plasmids in minicells has identified the ton B gene product as a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 36,000. A parallel analysis of seven ton B mutations which have been genetically crossed onto a tonB+ plasmid supports this identification; the 36,000 Mr protein is absent from the set of proteins encoded by each tonB− plasmid. Four of the tonB mutations are apparently IS1 insertions. The locations of these insertions within tonB have been determined by restriction endonuclease mapping. Correlation of these IS1 insertion sites with the molecular weights of prematurely terminated tonB polypeptides, suggests that tonB is transcribed in the direction opposite to that of the nearby tryptophan operon. In addition, a protein encoded by one of the inverted repeat sequences of the transposable element Tn5 has been tentatively identified.
Revisiting Hydrophobic Mismatch with Free Energy Simulation Studies of Transmembrane Helix Tilt and Rotation

Protein-lipid interaction and bilayer regulation of membrane protein functions are largely controlled by the hydrophobic match between the transmembrane (TM) domain of membrane proteins and the surrounding lipid bilayer. To systematically characterize responses of a TM helix and lipid adaptations to a hydrophobic mismatch, we have performed a total of 5.8-μs umbrella sampling simulations and calculated the potentials of mean force (PMFs) as a function of TM helix tilt angle under various mismatch conditions. Single-pass TM peptides called WALPn (n = 16, 19, 23, and 27) were used in two lipid bilayers with different hydrophobic thicknesses to consider hydrophobic mismatch caused by either the TM length or the bilayer thickness. In addition, different flanking residues, such as alanine, lysine, and arginine, instead of tryptophan in WALP23 were used to examine their influence. The PMFs, their decomposition, and trajectory analysis demonstrate that 1), tilting of a single-pass TM helix is the major response to a hydrophobic mismatch; 2), TM helix tilting up to ∼10° is inherent due to the intrinsic entropic contribution arising from helix precession around the membrane normal even under a negative mismatch; 3), the favorable helix-lipid interaction provides additional driving forces for TM helix tilting under a positive mismatch; 4), the minimum-PMF tilt angle is generally located where there is the hydrophobic match and little lipid perturbation; 5), TM helix rotation is dependent on the specific helix-lipid interaction; and 6), anchoring residues at the hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface can be an important determinant of TM helix orientation.
Quantitation of Li+ in serum by capillary zone electrophoresis with an on-column conductivity detector.

5-81. In general, flame emission photometry is more sensitive for lithium determinations than atomic absorption spectroscopy, but is also the less precise of the two methods. In addition, there is some spectral inter- ference from other ions, in particular Na+ and K+, in these procedures
Sorption and inhibited dehydrohalogenation of 2,2-dichloropropane in micropores of dealuminated Y zeolites.

Contaminant transformation rates in the subsurface can be slowed by sorption onto geosorbents. We evaluated the effect of micropore sorption on contaminant transformation in a model system consisting of dealuminated Y zeolites and 2,2-dichloropropane (2,2-DCP). 2,2-DCP dehydrochlorinates in water to 2-chloropropene (2-CP) at a rate of 2.93 × 10-4 min-1 at 24 °C. The Y zeolites used range from hydrophilic (CBV-300) to hydrophobic (CBV-720 and CBV-780). Wet zeolite samples were loaded with 2,2-DCP at 24 °C and reacted at 50 °C for 10 h. Results show that the hydrophobic zeolites (CBV-720 and CBV-780) sorbed nearly 900 times more 2,2-DCP than the hydrophilic CBV-300 under wet conditions. 2,2-DCP transformed less when sorbed in micropores of CBV-720 (6.3%) and CBV-780 (5.0%) than in micropores of CBV-300 (81.5%), and significantly less than in water (>99.85%). Inhibition in hydrophobic micropores is interpreted as lack of water solvating the transition state of 2,2-DCP dehydrohalogenation and the H+ and Cl- f...
Measurement of viroid sequence homology by hybridization with complementary DNA prepared in vitro.

DNA complementary to potato spindle tuber viroid (YSTV cDNA) has been used in RNA DNA hybridization experiments to study PSTV replication in a variety of hosts and to measure the amount of sequence homology between YSTV and several independently isolated viroids. When PSTV cDNA was hybridized with low molecular weight RNA isolated from PSTV-infected tomato at different times after inoculation, PSTV . PSTV cDNA hybrids were detectable before symptoms began to appear. Low molecular weight RNA was prepared from PSTV-infected tomato, tobacco, Gynura, and chrysanthemum and was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and hybridization to PSTV cDNA. The identical electrophoretic mobility of PSTV isolated from each host and identical thermal stability of the corresponding RNA DNA hybrids suggest that host-specific changes in viroid sequence do not occur. Previously unreported viroids have been isolated from Columnea erythrophae and from a random selection of Solanum phureja and S. stenotomum introductions. The electrophoretic mobility of the Solanum viroids is very similar to that of PSTV, whereas the Columnea viroid and the previously reported chrysanthemum stunt viroid migrate significantly faster than PSTV. Measurement of the degree of sequence homology between PSTV and the various viroid isolates suggests that whereas the Solunum viroids are closely related to PSTV, chrysanthemum stunt and Columnea viroids are not closely related to PSTV.
Production, usage, and comprehension in animal vocalizations.

In this review, we place equal emphasis on production, usage, and comprehension because these components of communication may exhibit different developmental trajectories and be affected by different neural mechanisms. In the animal kingdom generally, learned, flexible vocal production is rare, appearing in only a few orders of birds and few species of mammals. Compared with humans, the majority of species produce a limited repertoire of calls that show little modification during development. Call usage is also highly constrained. Unlike humans, most animals use specific call types only in a limited range of contexts. In marked contrast to production and usage, animals’ comprehension of vocalizations, as measured by their responses, are highly flexible, modifiable as a result of experience, and show the most parallels with human language. The differences among vocal production, usage, and comprehension create an oddly asymmetric system of communication in which a small repertoire of relatively fixed calls, each linked to a particular context, can nonetheless give rise to an open-ended, highly modifiable, and cognitively rich set of meanings. Recent studies of baboons and eavesdropping songbirds provide two examples.
Pilot Study of a Physician-Delivered Education Tool to Increase Patient Knowledge About CKD

Background Limited research exists on physician-delivered education interventions. We examined the feasibility and impact of an educational tool on facilitating physician-patient kidney disease communication. Study Design Pilot feasibility clinical trial with a historical control to examine effect size on patient knowledge and structured questions to elicit physician and patient feedback. Setting & Participants Adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1-5, seen in nephrology clinic. Intervention 1-page educational worksheet, reviewed by physicians with patients. Outcomes Kidney knowledge between patient groups and provider/patient feedback. Measurements Patient kidney knowledge was measured using a previously validated questionnaire compared between patients receiving the intervention (April to October 2010) and a historical cohort (April to October 2009). Provider input was obtained using structured interviews. Patient input was obtained through survey questions. Patient characteristics were abstracted from the medical record. Results 556 patients were included, with 401 patients in the historical cohort and 155 receiving the intervention. Mean age was 57 ± 16 (SD) years, with 53% men, 81% whites, and 78% with CKD stages 3-5. Compared with the historical cohort, patients receiving the intervention had higher adjusted odds of knowing they had CKD (adjusted OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.16-4.17; P = 0.02), knowing their kidney function (adjusted OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.27-3.97; P = 0.005), and knowing their stage of CKD (adjusted OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.49-6.92; P = 0.003). Physicians found the intervention tool easy and feasible to integrate into practice and 98% of patients who received the intervention recommended it for future use. Limitations Study design did not randomly assign patients for comparison and enrollment was performed in clinics at one center. Conclusions In this pilot study, a physician-delivered education intervention was feasible to use in practice and was associated with higher patient kidney disease knowledge. Further examination of physician-delivered education interventions for increasing patient disease understanding should be tested through randomized trials.
Maple Trees and Weeping Willows: The Role of Time, Uncertainty, and Affinity in Intergenerational Decisions

Some of the most important issues in business and society today involve a conflict of interest between present and future generations. In this article, I explore how resources are allocated across generations, articulate the role of psychological distance in intergenerational decisions, and develop the construct of intergenerational discounting. Intergenerational discounting is defined as the preference for smaller, highly probable benefits for oneself in the present to relatively larger but less certain benefits for others in the future. In three studies, I explore the role of three variables in intergenerational decisions, including time delay between decisions and their consequences, uncertainty about the future, and affinity with future generations.
A case of narcissism with auto-fellatio.

This paper makes reference to the first and second recorded cases of auto-fellatio, and a third is presented. The first subject was overtly homosexual, the second had strong latent homosexual tendencies, the third has had homosexual panic states which led to suicidal attempts.
Energy distributions at the high-spin ferric sites in myoglobin crystals

The orientation and temperature dependence (4.2–2.5 K) of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) power saturation and spin-lattice relaxation rate, and the orientation dependence of signal linewidth, were measured in single crystals of the aquo complex of ferric sperm whale skeletal muscle myoglobin. The spin-packet linewidth was found to be temperature independent and to vary by a factor of seven within the heme plane. An analysis is presented which enables one to arrive at (a) hyperfine component line-widths and, from the in-plane angular variation of the latter, at (b) the widths of distributions in energy differences between low-lying electronic levels and (c) the angular spread in the in-plane principal g-directions. The values of the energy level distributions in crystals obtained from the measurements and analysis reported here are compared with those obtained by a different method for the same protein complex in frozen solution. The spread in the rhombic energy splitting is significantly greater in solution than in the crystal.
Adolescents' reasons for using a microbicide-like product over time.

This study examined the reasons that adolescent girls used a product over time. Adolescent girls (n = 208; 14-21 years) participated in a six-month study in which they completed three face-to-face interviews and 24-weekly phone call interviews. Participants were given microbicide-like products (vaginal lubricants) and encouraged to use them with condoms when they had intercourse. Most of the reasons for use were endorsed by most of the adolescent girls at some time during the study. Over time the adolescents were significantly more likely to report the following reasons for use: did not think the product would leak out (z = 2.49; P less than 0.01) the product felt comfortable (z = 2.41; P less than 0.02) and the product was not messy to use (z = 3.11; P less than 0.01). Although it appears that adolescents are interested in microbicides they may worry about certain characteristics of the product. It will be important to develop anticipatory guidance that focuses on the experience of using the product making sure adolescent girls continue to use over time. (authors)
Structural, magnetic and thermal properties of intermetallics Nd3Fe27−xCoxV2 (x = 0, 2 and 4) and their hydrides

Abstract Intermetallics of the Nd 3 Fe 27− x Co x V 2 ( x = 0, 2 and 4) system with monoclinic type structure and their hydrides were prepared by arc melting and exposed to hydrogenation. The effects of Co substitution of Fe on the magnetic hyperfine fields of intermetallic compound Nd 3 Fe 27 V 2 , as well as the effects of interstitial hydrogen additions on the symmetry and local magnetic properties in these systems were studied. The investigations were performed by powder X-ray diffraction, Mossbauer spectroscopy and simultaneous TGA-DSC. Both site populations and magnetic hyperfine field strength were analyzed in order to discriminate between the Co and H contributions to the local atomic environments in these systems. The values of magnetic hyperfine fields corresponding to inequivalent lattice sites were found to be enhanced after the increase in Co content and hydrogenation. Slight changes in the relative site occupancies were observed. Simultaneous TGA-DSC studies showed that the amount of hydrogen insertion decreased slightly with the increase of Co contents, while the enthalpy associated with hydrogen desorption decreased sharply under heat treatment. The Nd 3 Fe 27− x Co x V 2 ( x = 0, 2 and 4) and their hydrides are not stable under treatment and two exothermic peaks are observed in the DSC curves, corresponding to the decomposition of the monoclinic phase with the precipitation of α-Fe phase.
Aggressive treatment of idiopathic axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis provides excellent long-term function

Objective While much attention has been devoted toward treatment paradigms for idiopathic axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis (ASVT), little has focused on long-term durability of aggressive treatment and its associated functional outcomes. The purpose of this study was to review our own surgical therapeutic algorithm and its associated durability and functional outcomes. Methods All patients treated with combined endovascular and open surgery at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center for ASVT from 1988 to 2008 were identified. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and operative techniques were recorded. Patency, freedom from reintervention, and functional outcomes were documented. Follow-up via telephone and clinic visit allowed quantitative comparison of functional status, pre- and postoperatively. Results Thirty-six patients were treated for ASVT throughout the study interval. Seven patients (19.4%) were lost to follow-up. Most patients were male (66%; N=24); mean age was 32 years. Catheter-directed thrombolysis was utilized in the majority of patients (83.3%; N=30) with an average time from symptom onset to lysis of 12 days. Surgical decompression was undertaken in all patients via transaxillary (52%; N=19), supraclavicular (31%; N=11), or infraclavicular approaches (17%; N=6). Eleven stents were placed in 11 patients (30.5%) for residual stenotic disease. Mean follow-up was 65 months, with 1- and 5-year overall patency at 100% and 94%, respectively. Freedom from reintervention was 100% and 74.4% at 1 and 5 years, respectively. Seven patients (19.4%) required postoperative reintervention with four receiving additional lytic therapy, two requiring a stent, and one venoplasty. At presentation, 65.5% (N = 19) of patients were unable to work or perform routine activities. After treatment, 86% (N = 25) returned to their employment and have experienced sustained symptomatic and functional improvement. Conclusions Patients with symptomatic idiopathic axillo-subclavian vein thrombosis can expect durable patency with sustained freedom from reintervention following aggressive combined endovascular and surgical treatment. Good functional outcomes can be expected in patients with relief of symptoms and return to work.
Phenomena Resulting from the Heating of Small Wires in He II

In a previous experiment the scintillation of He II was found to be enhanced at certain critical values of heat flux introduced into the fluid by a small heated wire. Results are presented here which demonstrate that this phenomenon is related to the formation of some form of visible turbulence or, alternatively, of a vapor bubble around the wire, depending on the depth of the wire in the He II bath. Results are presented also on the dependence of the critical heat current on wire depth and on temperature.
Alternative Feynman-diagram method for the general-spin Kondo problem.

We introduce a new method of replacing spin operators with pseudofermions. For a spin value S there are 2S pseudofermions each of which can have spin ``up'' or ``down''. In contrast to the standard Abrikosov method which has 2S+1 inequivalent fermions, i.e., one for each ${S}_{z}$ value, the present pairs are all equivalent. It follows that the general spin expression is obtained by multiplying the S=(1/2 result by a ceratin combinational factor. This aids in the construction of rotationally invariant solutions for the general-spin Kondo problem for the case when n\ensuremath{\le}2S, where n is the number of conduction-electron scattering channels.
On the Diagnosticity of Multiple-Witness Identifications

It is not uncommon for there to be multiple eyewitnesses to a crime, each of whom is later shown a lineup. How is the probative value, or diagnosticity, of such multiple-witness identifications to be evaluated? Previous treatments have focused on the diagnosticity of a single eyewitness’s response to a lineup (Wells and Lindsay, Psychol. Bull. 3 (1980) 776); however, the results of eyewitness identification experiments indicate that the responses of multiple independent witnesses may often be inconsistent. The present paper calculates response diagnosticity for multiple witnesses and shows how diagnostic probabilities change across various combinations of consistent and inconsistent witness responses. Multiple-witness diagnosticity is examined across variation in the conditions of observation, lineup composition, and lineup presentation. In general, the diagnostic probabilities of guilt were shown to increase with the addition of suspect identifications and decrease with the addition of nonidentifications. Foil identification results were more complicated-diagnostic of innocence in many cases, but nondiagnostic or diagnostic of innocence in biased lineups. These analyses illustrate the importance of securing clear records of all witness responses, rather than myopically focusing on the witness who identified the suspect while ignoring those witnesses who did not.
Dynamical injections as the source of near geostationary quiet time particle spatial boundaries

The question whether the noon-dusk feature is a manifestation of the spatial structures that should arise from quasi-stationary convection is examined. The key consideration here is whether the energy dispersion of the feature can be explained. It is shown that the observed energy dispersion cannot be attributed to the standard stationary convection configurations, either perturbed or unperturbed. It is also demonstrated, using a detailed computer simulation, that the nighttime, double-spiral-shaped injection boundary (used previously to reproduce the fast changing nighttime features) is successful at reproducing the noon-dusk feature by allowing the particles to evolve for periods of 12 to 36 hours after the injection. It is stressed that the portion of the injection boundary responsible for the feature looks very different from the standard convection boundaries configuration. Conclusions are offered concerning the importance of quasi-stationary convection as the mechanism by which the near geostationary regions are populated.
Antifertility action of IUDs inserted in rats after mating

Abstract Monofilament nylon, double S-shaped IUDs were inserted through the cervical os into one uterine horn of rats on days 1–6 following mating. Other rats were similarly treated with sham insertions. Examination of uteri on day 18, 19 or 20 following mating revealed that placement of an IUD was contraceptively effective on all days through day 5, the time implantation normally occurs. The procedure was least effective in preventing implantation when inserted on day 1. The insertion of the empty applicator did not cause reduction in the number of pregnancies if inserted early in gestation, but caused reduction in the number of horns containing pregnancies on days 4 and 5. Both horns receiving IUDs and sham treatments on days 4 and 5 showed a high incidence of deciduoma development. Untreated contralateral control horns in both series, IUD and sham insertions, had equal numbers of live fetuses at 18–20 days, indicating that the IUD did not increase embryonic death in these horns. The experiment provides evidence that IUD action to prevent implantation requires only 2 days at most to become effective.
High frequency titrations involving chelation with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid. II. quantitative determination of some divalent metals

Abstract The high frequency oscillator provides an excellent means of detecting the end-points of titrations performed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or its salts. The determination of various divalent metals is reported, based on both direct and indirect titrations. Because of the great sensitivity of the method it is possible to determine cobalt, nickel, copper (II), zinc, cadmium, lead and manganese (II) in concentration ranges of 1/1000 to 1/6000 M .
Reaction of E-1,4-poly(2-triethylsilyl-1,3-butadiene) with iodine monochloride

Addition of iodine monochloride to E-1,4-poly(2-triethylsilyl-1,3-butadiene) (I) followed by treatment with potassium fluoride dihydrate yields a copolymer comprised of E and Z-1,4-(2-iodo-1,3-butadiene) (E and Z-II) units and 2-1,4-(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene) (Z-III) units. The mechanism of this reaction is discussed. The product copolymer has been characterized by1H and13C NMR, IR, UV, GPC, TGA and elemental analysis.
Undiagnosed health issues in individuals with traumatic brain injury living in the community.

Objectives To examine the self-reported prevalence of long-term health issues in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) living in the community. Design A structured health interview. For individuals with TBI, the presence of a specific health-related issue with onset post-TBI and currently a problem at the time of the interview was explored. For individuals without disability, a specific health-related issue was evaluated at time of interview. For each health issue, the proportion of individuals with TBI experiencing post-TBI onset but current symptoms was contrasted with symptom reports of individuals without disability. Chi-square statistical analyses were used to determine significance. For individuals with TBI, logistic regressions were used to model the probability of having a particular health difficulty when four covariates were examined, such as age, gender, time since onset of TBI, and duration of loss of consciousness (LOC). Setting Urban, suburban, and rural New York State. Participants 338 individuals with TBI and 273 individuals without disability between the ages of 18 and 65 years. Individuals with TBI were, on average, 10 years post-onset at the time of interview. Main outcome measures Self-reported health issues reflective of neuroendocrine, neurological, immunosuppression, and other health issues. Results Chronic health issues suggestive of ongoing neuroendocrine dysfunctions (ie, changes in hair/skin texture, body temperature changes), neurologic difficulties (ie, headaches, seizures, balance difficulties, spasticity, sleep disturbances, loss of urinary control), and arthritic complaints were significantly more common in individuals with TBI. The prevalence of many of these health-related difficulties was related to duration of LOC but not to time since injury. Age and gender effects were found, with older women with TBI more likely to report thyroid conditions, sleep disturbances, loss of urinary control, and arthritic changes. Women also reported greater frequency of headaches, colds, weight changes, and temperature changes post TBI. Conclusion Health issues reflective of neuroendocrine, neurological, and arthritic difficulties are common long-term health issues for individuals with TBI. Proactive patient education, ongoing health screening with appropriate medical follow-up, and timely interventions for individuals with TBI are indicated. Longitudinal studies are necessary to examine the natural course of post-TBI health difficulties.
Soil moisture estimation models using SIR-C SAR data: a case study in New Hampshire, USA

Abstract The technology of using spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems for soil moisture estimation has been refined over the last few years. The potential of microwave sensors to estimate soil moisture is well known, and its continuous monitoring on temporal and spatial bases has been realized recently. Several techniques have been developed for retrieving the surface parameters and soil moisture from the radar backscatter. In order to reduce the confounding effects of surface roughness on soil moisture inversion, the application of multifrequency SAR systems have shown promise. The shuttle imaging radar mission C (SIR-C) had an on board SAR system operating at L-, C-, and X-bands for high-resolution imaging of the Earth's surface. Data from SIR-C SAR have been investigated for soil moisture estimation and comparison with in situ data. The models used for soil moisture inversion, viz., (1) the linear regression, (2) the linear statistical inversion, and (3) the neural network models, are presented, and the results of soil moisture estimation using these models are compared. The resulting estimation of soil moisture using the above models is more accurate for the surface soil moisture than subsurface soil moisture estimation, as expected. In general, these models estimate soil moisture within a root mean squared (RMS) error of 3–5%.
Philadelphia fullerine: a case study in three-dimensional hypermedia

Philadelphia Fullerine, a geodesic hypermedia sculpture designed by the author, is about ethnic and lower class life in mid-19th century Philadelphia. Each of the 60 faces presents primary image material and a short audio documentary. Adjacent faces are linked conceptually. This geodesic sphere has full rotational freedom. Viewers are encouraged to begin anywhere and follow any path of adjacency. This paper examines the underlying theory, design methods, and structure of the sculpture as a case study in the applications and challenges of creating, storing, and navigating three-dimensional hyperstructures with spatial hypertext software and GZigZag.
Real-time DNA microarray analysis

We present a quantification method for affinity-based DNA microarrays which is based on the real-time measurements of hybridization kinetics. This method, i.e. real-time DNA microarrays, enhances the detection dynamic range of conventional systems by being impervious to probe saturation in the capturing spots, washing artifacts, microarray spot-to-spot variations, and other signal amplitude-affecting non-idealities. We demonstrate in both theory and practice that the time-constant of target capturing in microarrays, similar to all affinity-based biosensors, is inversely proportional to the concentration of the target analyte, which we subsequently use as the fundamental parameter to estimate the concentration of the analytes. Furthermore, to empirically validate the capabilities of this method in practical applications, we present a FRET-based assay which enables the real-time detection in gene expression DNA microarrays.
Historical trends in occurrence and atmospheric inputs of halogenated volatile organic compounds in untreated ground water used as a source of drinking water

Analyses of samples of untreated ground water from 413 community-, non-community- (such as restaurants), and domestic-supply wells throughout the US were used to determine the frequency of detection of halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in drinking-water sources. The VOC data were compiled from archived chromatograms of samples analyzed originally for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by purge-and-trap gas chromatography with an electron-capture detector (GC-ECD). Concentrations of the VOCs could not be ascertained because standards were not routinely analyzed for VOCs other than trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113). Nevertheless, the peak areas associated with the elution times of other VOCs on the chromatograms can be classified qualitatively to assess concentrations at a detection limit on the order of parts per quadrillion. Three or more VOCs were detected in 100% (percent) of the chromatograms, and 77.2% of the samples contained 10 or more VOCs. The maximum number of VOCs detected in any sample was 24. Modeled ground-water residence times, determined from concentrations of CFC-12, were used to assess historical trends in the cumulative occurrence of all VOCs detected in this analysis, as well as the occurrence of individual VOCs, such as CFC-11, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), chloroform and tetrachloroethene (PCE). The detection frequency for all of the VOCs detected has remained relatively constant from approximately 1940 to 2000; however, the magnitude of the peak areas on the chromatograms for the VOCs in the water samples has increased from 1940 to 2000. For CFC-11, CCl4, chloroform and PCE, small peaks decrease from 1940 to 2000, and large peaks increase from 1940 to 2000. The increase in peak areas on the chromatograms from analyses of more recently recharged water is consistent with reported increases in atmospheric concentrations of the VOCs. Approximately 44% and 6.7% of the CCl4 and PCE detections, respectively, in pre-1940 water, and 68% and 62% of the CCl4 and PCE detections, respectively, in water recharged in 2000 exceed solubility equilibrium with average atmospheric concentrations. These exceedences can be attributed to local atmospheric enrichment or direct contaminant input to ground-water flow systems. The detection of VOCs at concentrations indicative of atmospheric sources in 100% of the samples indicates that untreated drinking water from ground-water sources in the US recharged within the past 60 years has been affected by anthropogenic activity. Additional inputs from a variety of sources such as spills, underground injections and leaking landfills or storage tanks increasingly are providing additional sources of contamination to ground water used as drinking-water sources.
Stressed and Happy? Investigating the Relationship Between Happiness and Perceived Stress

Developing interventions to increase happiness is a major focus of the emerging field of positive psychology. Common beliefs about the need to reduce stress to obtain happiness suggest that stress management activities should be included in these interventions. However, the research on the relationship between positive and negative affect is equivocal. Theoretically, they are conceptualized as independent dimensions, but research has often found an inverse relationship between happiness and stress. In addition, the research generally attempts to assess stress objectively rather than in terms of the cognitive appraisal process. The current study examines the relationship between perceived stress and happiness among 100 college students to determine if the same inverse relationship exists. Linear correlations between happiness and perceived stress were significant indicating that there was an inverse relationship between these variables. The discussion focuses on several factors that might help to explain the observed relationship.
Long-Chain L-3-Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency: A Molecular and Biochemical Review

Since the first report of long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency a little more than a decade ago, its phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity in individuals homozygous for the enzyme defect has become more and more evident. Even more interesting is its association with pregnancy-specific disorders, including preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets), hyperemesis gravidarum, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and maternal floor infarct of the placenta. In this review we discuss the biochemical and molecular basis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of long-chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency.
First Science Results from SOFIA/FORCAST: Super-resolution Imaging of the S140 Cluster at 37 μm

We present 37 {mu}m imaging of the S140 complex of infrared sources centered on IRS1 made with the FORCAST camera on SOFIA. These observations are the longest wavelength imaging to resolve clearly the three main sources seen at shorter wavelengths, IRS 1, 2, and 3, and are nearly at the diffraction limit of the 2.5 m telescope. We also obtained a small number of images at 11 and 31 {mu}m that are useful for flux measurement. Our images cover the area of several strong submillimeter sources seen in the area-SMM 1, 2, and 3-that are not coincident with any mid-infrared sources and are not visible in our longer wavelength imaging either. Our new observations confirm previous estimates of the relative dust optical depth and source luminosity for the components in this likely cluster of early B stars. We also investigate the use of super-resolution to go beyond the basic diffraction limit in imaging on SOFIA and find that the van Cittert algorithm, together with the 'multi-resolution' technique, provides excellent results.
Two széchenyis: From state patriotism to romantic nationalism

(1993). Two szechenyis: From state patriotism to romantic nationalism. History of European Ideas: Vol. 16, No. 1-3, pp. 273-280.
Prokaryotic Communities Differ Along a Geothermal Soil Photic Gradient

Geothermal influenced soils exert unique physical and chemical limitations on resident microbial communities but have received little attention in microbial ecology research. These environments offer a model system in which to investigate microbial community heterogeneity and a range of soil ecological concepts. We conducted a 16S bar-coded pyrosequencing survey of the prokaryotic communities in a diatomaceous geothermal soil system and compared communities across soil types and along a conspicuous photic depth gradient. We found significant differences between the communities of the two different soils and also predictable differences between samples taken at different depths. Additionally, we targeted three ecologically relevant bacterial phyla, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia, for clade-wise comparisons with these variables and found strong differences in their abundances, consistent with the autecology of these groups.
Notes on the MLE of correlation coefficient in meta analysis

We study the properties of two approximations to the MLE of the correlation coefficient based on estimates from several studies in meta analysis. Our work is based on an approximation to the density of a function of the sample product-moment estimate due to Dclury, Hsu, and Kraemer. Regarding this approximation, we point out and correct some mistakes in the literature.