cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Toward a Pragmatic/Contextual Philosophy of Mathematics: Recovering Dewey's Psychology of Number

The philosophy of mathematics education is unnecessarily depriving itself of a potent source of material and inspiration. While John Dewey is regarded as a towering figure in the philosophy of education, he is conspicuously absent in contemporary conversations within the philosophy of mathematics education. This state of affairs is particularly interesting in that, early in his career, Dewey co-wrote a book in the area of mathematics education. The Psychology of Number and its Applications to Methods of Teaching Arithmetic (PN) was written by Dewey and James A. McLellan and first published in 1895. PN receives little attention from Dewey scholars, philosophers of mathematics, and mathematics educators. For example, Paul Ernest’s The Philosophy of Mathematics Education is regarded as a leading work in the field. It is telling that he refers to Dewey mostly in passing. His references paint Dewey with the broad and stereotypical brush of the romantic progressive (in the most generic and inaccurate sense). This lack of regard is not uncommon.
Generous to a Fault: A Deep, Recapitulative Pattern of Thought in Ricoeur’s Works

Paul Ricoeur clearly sought to differentiate between and keep separate his philosophical and theological intellectual endeavors. This essay brings into relief a deep, implicit, recapitulative pattern in Ricoeur’s thinking that cuts across this explicit “conceptual asceticism.” Specifically, it highlights this recapitulative pattern in Ricoeur’s treatment of prophecy in the Hebrew Bible; his understanding of utopia and ideology; the functioning of symbols in The Symbolism of Evil and of sublimation in Freud and Philosophy . On these topics Ricoeur extended his typical generosity toward all that might appear to be outdated, primitive, and even regressive in our collective and personal humanity. The frequently recapitulative nature of Ricoeur’s insights indicates the importance not just of the content of his thought but also the way in which he did his thinking, a pattern which above all was generous, even to a fault.
Primate spinal interneurons show pre-movement instructed delay activity

Preparatory changes in neural activity before the execution of a movement have been documented in tasks that involve an instructed delay period (an interval between a transient instruction cue and a subsequently triggered movement). Such preparatory activity occurs in many motor centres in the brain, including the primary motor cortex1,2,3,4,5,6, premotor cortex7,8,9, supplementary motor area6,10,11 and basal ganglia6,12,13. Activity during the instructed delay period reflects movement planning, as it correlates with parameters of the cue and the subsequent movement (such as direction and extent5,6,9), although it occurs well before muscle activity. How such delay-period activity shapes the ensuing motor action remains unknown. Here we show that spinal interneurons also exhibit early pre-movement delay activity that often differs from their responses during the subsequent muscle activity. This delay activity resembles the set-related activity found in various supraspinal areas, indicating that movement preparation may occur simultaneously over widely distributed regions, including spinal levels. Our results also suggest that two processes occur in the spinal circuitry during this delay period: the motor network is primed with rate changes in the same direction as subsequent movement-related activity; and a superimposed global inhibition suppresses the expression of this activity in muscles.
Understanding Changes in Attitudes towards Redistribution and Government after the Great Recession

Using the first release of the three-wave, four-year General Social Survey panel dataset, we track changes in attitudes towards redistribution and government from 2006 to 2010 to find that decreases in demand for redistribution are associated with decreases in confidence in government after the Great Recession. We use latent class analysis to systematically account for heterogeneity in preferences and uncover four to five distinct preference groups. A variety of personal characteristics predict group membership, yet movement between and within groups is associated with changes in confidence in government. Our findings indicate that political party identification is an important channel through which confidence in government shapes preferences for redistribution. This paper contributes to a growing body of literature that suggests an association between government trust and demand for redistribution. We view our results as suggestive, yet we do perform a series of falsification tests that show the decrease in confidence in government across this time period is not associated with a general desire for smaller government.
Abstract 34: A Human G109E Polymorphism in Inibitor-1 Compromises Cardiomyocyte Function and Induces Arrhythmias

Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) has emerged as a nodal regulator of function and survival in the heart. Indeed, the increased activity of this enzyme in failing hearts contributes to depressed SR Ca-cycling and deteriorative remodeling. PP1 is negatively regulated by endogenous inhibitor-1, which is considered a promising therapeutic target. Increases in inhibitor-1 activity and decreases in PP1 protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury, chronic isoproterenol stimulation and heart failure progression. We recently identified a polymorphism (G109E) in the inhibitor-1 gene in heart failure patients with a frequency of 6%. Expression of G109E (called mutant) in rat cardiomyocytes resulted in ~20% decreases in contractile parameters, Ca-transients and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-load. This depressed function was rescued by isoproterenol. Interestingly, when subjected to stress conditions (2 Hz +/- Iso), the mutant cells were more susceptible to aftercontractions. Similar findings were obtained by expression of G10...
When it comes to Facebook there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking

Previous research has shown that high levels of Facebook use are associated with lower grades in college students. Divided attention in the form of trying to use Facebook during class or while studying has been suggested as a possible explanation for this finding. In the current study, 44 participants were divided into high and low Facebook users and completed a memory test for 72 words. Participants were not allowed to use Facebook, or any other electronic device, during the study thereby eliminating divided attention between Facebook and the task at hand as a possible explanation for the results. High Facebook users (defined as spending more than one hour a day on Facebook) scored significantly lower on the free recall test than low Facebook users. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.
Modeling entry, stay, and exit decisions of the longline fishers in Hawaii

Abstract A behavioral study on the entry, stay and exit decisions of the fishers in Hawaii's longline fishery was undertaken in a random utility framework by applying the multinomial logit (unordered) model. Pooled annual cross-sectional and time-series (1991–1998) data were used. The empirical results confirm that the entry, stay, and exit decisions are significantly associated with the earning potential of fishers, crowding externality, resource abundance and some managerial factors. The probability of a vessel to stay (or exit) in the fishery increased (or decreased) for an increase in the earning potential of a fisher. A larger fleet size shows vessels were more inclined to exit from the fishery than stay in the fishery. The probability of vessel entry (or exit) was also positively (or negatively) associated with an increase in stock levels of major target species. Further, a vessel was more likely to stay in the fishery when the vessel owner was a Hawaii resident or a vessel captain. Simulation of the probability for a vessel to enter, stay, or exit for a change in fleet size or stock level was also carried out.
Multi-system verification of registrations for image-guided radiotherapy in clinical trials.

Purpose To provide quantitative information on the image registration differences from multiple systems for image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) credentialing and margin reduction in clinical trials. Methods and Materials Images and IGRT shift results from three different treatment systems (Tomotherapy Hi-Art, Elekta Synergy, Varian Trilogy) have been sent from various institutions to the Image-Guided Therapy QA Center (ITC) for evaluation for the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) trials. Nine patient datasets (five head-and-neck and four prostate) were included in the comparison, with each patient having 1-4 daily individual IGRT studies. In all cases, daily shifts were re-calculated by re-registration of the planning CT with the daily IGRT data using three independent software systems (MIMvista, FocalSim, VelocityAI). Automatic fusion was used in all calculations. The results were compared with those submitted from institutions. Similar regions of interest (ROIs) and same initial positions were used in registrations for inter-system comparison. Different slice spacings for CBCT sampling and different ROIs for registration were used in some cases to observe the variation of registration due to these factors. Results For the 54 comparisons with head-and-neck datasets, the absolute values of differences of the registration results between different systems were 2.6 ± 2.1 mm (mean ± SD; range 0.1–8.6 mm, left–right [LR]), 1.7 ± 1.3 mm (0.0–4.9 mm, superior–inferior [SI]), and 1.8 ± 1.1 mm (0.1–4.0 mm, anterior–posterior [AP]). For the 66 comparisons in prostate cases, the differences were 1.1 ± 1.0 mm (0.0–4.6 mm, LR), 2.1 ± 1.7 mm (0.0–6.6 mm, SI), and 2.0 ± 1.8 mm (0.1–6.9 mm, AP). The differences caused by the slice spacing variation were relatively small, and the different ROI selections in FocalSim and MIMvista also had limited impact. Conclusion The extent of differences was reported when different systems were used for image registration. Careful examination and quality assurance of the image registration process are crucial before considering margin reduction using IGRT in clinical trials.
Comparison of CD34+ cell collection efficiency on the COBE Spectra and Fenwal CS-3000 Plus.

Optimal collections of mobilized CD34+ cells are important in terms of both patient toxicity and cost. The factors that determine CD34+ collection efficiency (CD34eff) of cell separators have not been well studied. In addition, because several cell separators are available, the type of collection device may also be a significant variable. Previous studies comparing the Baxter-Fenwal CS3000 and the COBE Spectra have not yielded consistent conclusions. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the collection outcomes of 163 consecutive donors with a peripheral CD34+ cell concentration (pCD34) of > or =5 cells/microl on the first collection that had been harvested on one or the other device. The CS3000 was found to yield a significantly higher CD34eff (50% vs. 39%, P = 0.006). However, donors were not balanced for several prognostic factors, which may contribute to CD34eff including mobilization with G-CSF vs. chemotherapy+G-CSF, average flow rate, and total volume of peripheral blood processed. When appropriate variables were included in a stepwise multiple variable analysis, cell separator type emerged as a significant independent predictive factor for CD34eff (P = 0.018). Our data indicates that the CS3000 will, on average, show a higher absolute CDeff of 8%. Furthermore, since the two devices differ in mechanism, prognostic factors may also differ. Comparisons suggest that peripheral blood WBC and hematocrit may be more important predictors for the CS3000.
Neon impurity effects in the specific heat of solid D2

Measurements have been made of the specific heat of solid deuterium with neon impurity concentrations of between 1 and 4%. In addition, the para-D2 concentration of the samples studied has been varied between 0.9 and 6%. An excess specific heat ΔC was observed above approximately 1.4 K which was proportional to the Ne concentration and independent of the para-D2 concentration. ΔC is attributed to resonance modes involving the heavy neon atoms randomly distributed throughout the host lattice. The values of ΔC are qualitatively in general agreement with classical theory, with the quantitative differences due to the quantum nature of the solid.
Detection and Isolation of Lectin-Transfected COS Cells Based on Cell Adhesion to Immobilized Glycosphingolipids

Abstract Two methods are described, one for detection and one for isolation of COS cells transiently expressing vertebrate lectins. The methods are based on specific cell adhesion to polystyrene microwells or magnetic beads adsorbed with glycosphingolipids. In the first method, glycolipids were adsorbed to wells of 96-well polystyrene plates. A suspension of lectin-transfected COS cells was added and the plate was incubated to allow cell adhesion to occur. The plate was then immersed in buffer, inverted (while immersed), and placed in a fluid-filled Plexiglas centrifugation chamber which was sealed to avoid introducing an air–liquid interface. The chamber, with the inverted plate enclosed, was centrifuged to remove nonadherent cells. The plate was then removed from the carrier (while immersed) and righted, and adherent cells were quantitated enzymatically or immunochemically using a 96-well plate reader. COS cells transfected with an expression plasmid carrying the gene for the rat Kupffer cell lectin (fucose and N -acetylgalactosamine specific) adhered specifically to globotetraosylceramide. Glycolipid- and lectin-specific cell adhesion was readily detected even when COS cells were transfected with a plasmid mixture containing 0.5% lectin-carrying plasmid and 99.5% irrelevant plasmid. This sensitivity will facilitate screening of plasmid pools to detect and isolate plasmids expressing mammalian lectin genes. To isolate COS cells transiently expressing lectin, glycosphingolipids were adsorbed to carboxylated magnetic polystyrene microspheres, which were mixed with the lectin-transfected COS cells. Adherent cells were collected on a fixed magnet and plasmid recovered for subsequent amplification.
Proton transfer dynamics and N—H bond lengthening in N—H···N model systems: a solid-state NMR study

Hydrogen-bonded pairs of the 2-methylimidazolium cation and 2-methylimidazole are expected to have matched pKa values, owing to chemical symmetry. These structures serve as models for enzyme active sites. Several crystalline salts of this system were prepared and characterized by crystallography and solid-state NMR. Short N ··· N distances are observed (∼2.65 ˚ A), and fast (>10 5 s −1 ) proton transfer through the N— H ··· N bridge was suggested by NMR lineshape measurements at temperatures from 200 to 320 K. The equilibrium constants for these transfer processes were found to differ from unity, and to be strongly temperature and counter-ion dependent. For the perchlorate salt, the proton is observed to be mainly attached to one of the bridge nitrogens across this temperature range, for the iodide salt, the proton is substantially delocalized on to both bridging nitrogens across the temperature range. Interestingly, for the chloride and bromide salts, a temperature-dependent equilibrium constant is observed, with equal populations of the two isomers in rapid exchange at room temperature and an effectively trapped proton (or very strong population of one isomer) at 200 K. This temperature-dependent equilibrium constant indicates that the proton transfer is associated with an enthalpy of the order the 20 kJ mol −1 . This study underscores the power of NMR spectroscopy to account for protons, and the important influence of remote ionic interactions on proton transfer coordinates. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loci of perceived, equi-, half- and double-distance in stereoscopic vision.

Abstract Four experiments are reported in which the loci of equi-, half-, and double-distance are determined under varying degrees of convergence with point sources as stimuli. Eye movement was permitted and secondary cues excluded. The locus of perceived equidistance is less curved than that of the apparent fronto-parallel plane. It may be more or less curved than the Vieth-Muller Circle (VMC) depending on the number of lights in the field. It becomes more disparate with respect to the VMC as convergence increases. Loci of perceived half and double distance have approximately the same form as loci of perceived equidistance.
SU‐FF‐T‐300: Investigation of Respiratory Motion Effect On Lung Tumor Radiotherapy Using 4D Monte Carlo Treatment Planning and 4D CT

Purpose: To investigate the respiratory motion effect on lungtumorradiotherapy using 4D Monte Carlotreatment planning and 4D CT.Method and Materials: 4D CTimages for four lung patients (two upper lungtumors and two lower ones, with different volumes) were acquired by using a GE LightSpeed‐QX/I scanner. Ten phase bins were used in the 4D‐data acquisition. A 4D Monte Carlotreatment planning system based on the EGS4/MCDOSE code was developed to calculate the 3D dose and map the 3D dose of the CT at each phase to the inhale CT (as reference). CTimages at different phases were registered with the inhale CTimage using a BSpline deformable registration model. Isodose lines and the DVHs of tumor and normal lung were used to compare the 4D plan (3D dose mapped from the CT at 10 selected phases to the inhale CT) and the 3D reference plan (3D dose for the inhale CT) for each patient. Respiratory motion effect was investigated for the different tumor volumes and locations. Results: In our study, for the upper lungtumors, the respiratory motion effect on target dose coverage was insignificant ( 3% difference between the 4D and 3D plans). For the same PTV margin, less motion effect was observed for larger tumor volumes. The motion effect for the normal lung volume receiving dose was not correlated with the tumor volume or the location. Conclusion: Respiration motion may significantly influence the tumordose in lungradiotherapy and 4D dose calculation may be necessary when treating tumors in the lower lung or when the tumor volume is small.
High-resolution Adaptive Holographic Interferometer for Biomedical Applications.

We realized new adaptive holographic sensor and interferometer, which allows to visualize high-resolution 3D images of diffuse reflected objects in Continue Hologram Registration Regime- CHRR. The coupled laser wave nonlinear theory was applied for optimization of hologram recording in crystals symmetry 23 and optimized experimental set up. Experimentally demonstrated dynamical holographic image sensors on doped 23 symmetry photosensitive crystals, with resolution 7900-lines/mm at 632 nm and 11641 lines/mm at 440 nm for 15 mW CW HeNe and He-Cd lasers. The results are presented for holographic visualization of Cryogenic and Ultrasonic near field images of Surgical Medical Instrument. Application of CHRR interferometer for hologram registration of moving biological object in "vivo" is illustrated.
Efficacy of a single-lead unipolar transvenous defibrillator compared with a system employing an additional coronary sinus electrode. A prospective, randomized study.

BACKGROUND Recent development of a prototype single-lead unipolar transvenous defibrillator offers the possibility of device implantation with the ease of a permanent pacemaker. Lowering defibrillation energy requirements would allow for a further reduction in defibrillator generator size and enhance the feasibility of pacemaker-like placement. However, if achieving a lower defibrillation energy requires placing additional intracardiac leads, the potential advantage of a smaller generator may be offset by the disadvantages of a more complex lead system. The purpose of this study was to compare defibrillation energy requirements of a single-lead unipolar defibrillator with a three-electrode system employing an additional lead in the coronary sinus. METHODS AND RESULTS Testing of a single-lead unipolar biphasic pulse defibrillation system versus a three-electrode system with an additional coronary sinus lead was performed in prospective, randomized fashion in 15 patients with a history of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Ventricular fibrillation was induced with alternating current, and defibrillation threshold was measured by a pulse given 10 seconds after arrhythmia induction. The mean defibrillation threshold stored energy and mean leading edge voltage did not significantly differ between the two systems (11.3 +/- 5.9 J versus 9.9 +/- 5.2 J and 418 +/- 118 V versus 390 +/- 112 V, respectively; P > .4). Using either defibrillation system, all patients were successfully defibrillated by CONCLUSIONS A unipolar transvenous biphasic defibrillation system is an effective means of treating ventricular fibrillation. The added complexity of additional leads is not offset by any significant improvement in defibrillation efficacy or energy requirements. Given the simplicity and effectiveness of a single-lead system coupled with a small generator, placement of defibrillation systems may now approach the ease of pacemaker implantation.
Coordinated Interaction of Neurogenesis and Angiogenesis in the Adult Songbird Brain

Neurogenesis proceeds throughout life in the higher vocal center (HVC) of the adult songbird neostriatum. Testosterone induces neuronal addition and endothelial division in HVC. We asked if testosterone-induced angiogenesis might contribute importantly to HVC neuronal recruitment. Testosterone upregulated both VEGF and its endothelial receptor, VEGF-R2/Quek1/KDR, in HVC. This yielded a burst in local HVC angiogenesis. FACS-isolated HVC endothelial cells produced BDNF in a testosterone-dependent manner. In vivo, HVC BDNF rose by the third week after testosterone, lagging by over a week the rise in VEGF and VEGF-R2. In situ hybridization revealed that much of this induced BDNF mRNA was endothelial. In vivo, both angiogenesis and neuronal addition to HVC were substantially diminished by inhibition of VEGF-R2 tyrosine kinase. These findings suggest a causal interaction between testosterone-induced angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the adult forebrain.
Effects of chemical versus enzymatic processing of kenaf fibers on poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) composite properties

Abstract Fibers from the kenaf plant for composites are extracted using various retting processes. In this paper, we investigate the impact of retting by NaOH alkaline soak and enzymatic retting using pectinase on the crystallization and mechanical performance of a biopolymer blend of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate). Two fiber lengths, 5 and 10 mm and a hybrid 1:1 fiber mixture were utilized. From DMA results, the NaOH retted fibers showed synergistic benefits of using hybrid fiber lengths on modulus. The pectinase retted samples did not show synergistic benefits of fiber lengths but composites of the same fiber length retted by pectinase outperformed the corresponding composites with NaOH retted fibers. The fiber retting method also affected recrystallization of the biopolymer. Pectinase retting showed a higher recrystallization temperature than NaOH retting. Transcrystallization resulting from fiber presence was analyzed using polarized optical microscopy. ESEM revealed smoother surfaces on the pectinase retted fibers compared to NaOH.
The role of symmetry in the good continuation ratings of two-part tonal melodies.

Subjects heard a series of two-part melodies, in which each part was a random sequence of eight pitches (Experiment 1) or five pitches(Experiment 2) from the diatonic scale. The task was to rate each melody on how well the second part followed the first. It was predicted that the presence of symmetry between the two parts would increase the perception of good continuation. In Experiment 1, two symmetrical relat/lons—(itinversion) and (itretrograde)—yielded melodies that were more highly rated than the control melodies, which consisted of nominally (itdifferent) parts. A third symmetry, the (itretrograde inversion), did not enhance good continuation ratings. In Experiment 2, inversions and retrograde inversions were compared with control melodies, using shorter sequences and pitches with equal durations. Again, inversions, but not retrograde inversions, were significantly preferred. The results suggest that the aesthetic judgment of good continuation depends at least partially on a cognitive analysis of the relation between the melody parts. The positive symmetry effects are further discussed in relation to other studies of symmetry transformations in the contexts of both musical sequences and visual arrays.
A continuous spectrophotometric assay for catechol-O-methyltransferase

Abstract Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) activity can be monitored continuously using a coupled enzyme assay in which the inhibitory product S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) is converted to S-inosylhomocysteine (SIH). A simple spectrophotometric assay for COMT is described based on the difference in the ultraviolet absorption spectra between SAH and SIH.
Generalization of Band Theory to Include Self-Energy Corrections

A one-particle Schr\"odinger-like equation is found whose eigenvalues in certain cases are identical with the energies of the many electron states of a semiconductor or insulator including self energy corrections. The one particle Hamiltonian is expressed in terms of the Coulomb interaction as modified by polarization processes. The relation is given between the modified Coulomb interaction and the dielectric function which is the generalization of the classical dielectric constant. Suggestions are made as to how the one-particle equation including self-energy effects might be solved in practice.
Management of postprocedural discitis

Abstract Background context: Fortunately, the incidence of postprocedural discitis is relatively uncommon. The paucity of physical examination findings behooves the spine care practitioner to have a high index of suspicion in any patient presenting with increasing back pain after an invasive spinal procedure. The diagnosis can often be established in a timely fashion based on the history, physical examination, laboratory studies (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and blood cultures) and imaging studies (plain radiographs, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and radionuclide scanning). Purpose: To review the English literature on the subject of postprocedural discitis. The incidence, pathophysiology, laboratory markers and imaging findings are discussed. Recommendations on treatment strategies are presented along with long-term clinical outcomes of this postprocedure complication. Methods: A contemporary English literature search of MEDLINE and PubMed on the topic of postoperative discitis was performed. Results: The incidence of postprocedural discitis is approximately 0.2%. The most common etiologic agent is Staphylococcus aureus . The C-reactive protein is the most sensitive clinical laboratory marker to assess the presence of infection and effectiveness of treatment response. Magnetic resonance imaging is the imaging modality of choice in the diagnosis of spinal infection. The majority of patients are managed adequately with organism-specific antibiotics and spinal immobilization with good long-term outcomes. Operative intervention (open biopsy followed by antibiotic treatment and spinal immobilization or debridement and reconstruction) in patients who fail to respond to nonoperative treatment or in the presence of neurologic worsening has been demonstrated. Conclusion: Postprocedural discitis is a rare complication after any invasive spinal procedure. It is imperative for the treating surgeon to maintain a high index of suspicion. Appropriate laboratory and imaging studies are invaluable in establishing a timely diagnosis. In the majority of patients, antibiotic treatment along with spinal immobilization has been shown to produce good long-term outcomes. Operative intervention is rarely necessary in patients failing conservative treatment.
Right ventricular outflow tract cannulation for right ventricular assist device implantation

A need persists for implantable devices that provide support for the failing right ventricle. The anatomy of the right ventricle presents unique challenges at the time of right ventricular assist device implant. We describe a technique for right ventricular outflow tract cannulation that minimizes the risk of right ventricular assist device inflow cannula obstruction and right ventricular compression.
Combined forced and free convection in a reverse osmosis system

The influence of combined forced and free convection on the performance of a reverse osmosis system in a horizontal circular pipe is examined. The free convective motion, which is superimposed upon the main axial flow, is caused by buoyancy forces arising from the buildup of a dense solute boundary layer near the membrane surface. The three-dimensional convective diffusion problem is solved by dividing it into a perturbation part accounting for the buoyancy effects present for Ra ≠ 0 and a nonperturbation part for the intrinsic convective flow pattern present even when Ra = 0. An approximate solution to the nonperturbation equations is obtained from the literature, and the perturbation equations are solved using a stream function-vorticity scheme valid for high Schmidt numbers. The effects of rejection parameter, Rayleigh number, and pressure parameter on the Sherwood number and concentration polarization are studied. Correlations are developed for the asymptotic Sherwood number and the effective axial length at which free convection becomes significant. The numerical results are in reasonable agreement with limiting analytical solutions and with the experimental asymptotic Sherwood numbers measured by Derzansky and Gill (1974) and Hsieh et al. (1976).
A recipe for success: understanding regional perceptions of authenticity in themed restaurants.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate how geography (distance from the host country, i.e. Mexico) mediates individuals' perceptions of “authentic” ethnic‐themed restaurants and to identify which information sources influence their beliefs.Design/methodology/approach – To explore these issues, a two‐part (qualitative and quantitative) study was undertaken with informants recruited from two regions of the USA (Northeast and Southwest), each with differing proximity to Mexico.Findings – Findings of the study reveal that, despite the fact that all informants reside within the same country, perceptions and expectations of what constitutes an authentic Mexican restaurant varies depending upon geographic location. The further an individual resides from the host country, the more stereotypical their cultural expectations and the greater the emphasis they place on various atmospheric components when selecting an appealing authentic environment at which to dine. Atmospheric and design elements that ...
Yield and quality of three corn hybrids as affected by broiler litter fertilization and crop maturity

Abstract Specific hybrids, fertilization and maturity impact yields and nutrient quality of corn silage. To address these effects, three corn hybrids ( Zea mays L.) (Pioneer 3136, 3140, 3154) with five N fertilization (F) treatments were planted for 2 years and harvested at approximately 1/3, 2/3 or 100% milk line in a split–split plot design. Main treatments were No-F, 4.5, 9.0, 13.5 (Year 1) or 18.0 (Year 2) Mg ha −1 of broiler litter (BrL) or 202 kg ha −1 of NH 4 NO 3 . At harvest, milk lines and whole plant, stover and grain yields were determined. Whole plant and stover portions were chopped and subsampled for subsequent nutrient component and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). Milk line advanced rapidly, especially during Year 1 that was a dry year. Whole plant yields were greatest for the 13.5/18.0 BrL treatments with no difference between 9.0 BrL and NH 4 NO 3 treatments. Nutrient content varied with fertilizer treatment and year; during Year 1, NH 4 NO 3 treatments had greater CP and lower ADF values, but the 13.5/18.0 BrL had the greatest CP content in Year 2, a wetter year. Whole plant IVDMD values were greater for NH 4 NO 3 than the 13.5/18.0 BrL treatments during both years, but this occurred only during Year 1 for stover. Corn hybrid did not consistently affect yield, but during both years stover ADF was lower and IVDMD was higher for Hybrid 3136. These advantages existed in the whole plant only during Year 1. Increased maturity enhanced grain and whole plant yield, but effects on nutrient quality were variable. Appropriate application rates of BrL provide comparable yields to commercial fertilizer without an adverse effect on nutrient composition, although digestibility may be reduced.
PARTISANSHIP AND IDEOLOGY IN THE REVENUE ACT OF 1978

The Revenue Act of 1978 was basically a tax policy written in Congress and supported by a broad coalition of moderate and conservative Democrats uniting with Republicans. This coalition was precipitated by ideological differences within the Democratic Party and between the President and Congress over the tax cut's size and primary beneficiaries. Ideological divisions in Congress are such that building a majority coalition for liberally-oriented tax-cut and tax-reform legislation is difficult. Party and ideology were both salient in the Kemp-Roth vote in each chamber and also in the Gorman amendment vote in the House. In the Senate, the relationship between party and tax cut benefits was unimpressive, although a modest relationship emerged between ideology and the latter.
Patterns of Mild Cognitive Impairment After Treatment of Depression in the Elderly

Objectives Late-life depression (LLD) is associated with persistent cognitive impairment in a subset of individuals. The purpose of this study was to 1) examine the frequency and characteristics of cognitive diagnoses (Mild Cognitive Impairment [MCI], dementia) among remitted elderly depressed subjects and 2) to compare the prevalence rate and correlates of cognitive diagnoses with those of comparison subjects. Design Crosssectional. Setting Outpatient geriatric mental health clinic. Participants The authors examined cognitive diagnoses among 109 subjects age 65 and older, after depression treatment response and 65 never-depressed, age- and education-equated comparison subjects. Measurements Cognitive diagnoses were independently established by the University of Pittsburgh's Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the role of specific risk factors for cognitive diagnosis among depressed subjects. Results Relative to comparison subjects, nearly twice as many depressed subjects were diagnosed with MCI or dementia (48% versus 28%). Of the 109 depressed subjects, 38% were diagnosed with MCI (63% amnestic, 37% nonamnestic). The majority of amnestic MCI subjects (85%) had the multiple domain subtype. Age, but not age of onset or lifetime depression duration, predicted cognitive diagnosis. Conclusions Despite adequate depression treatment response, 48% of remitted depressed subjects had a cognitive diagnosis. Of the 38% diagnosed with MCI, there was high representation among both the amnestic and the nonamnestic subtypes, suggesting heterogeneity in cognitive course and outcomes in LLD.
Optimizing the SPARK program slicer

Recent trends in software re-engineering have included tools to extract program slices from existing Ada procedures. One such tool has already been developed that extracts program slices from SPARK procedures along with a proof that the functionality of the original procedure is equivalent to the functionality of the collection of resulting slices. This paper extends this work by showing how assumptions in the proof can cause inefficiencies in SPARKSlicer and by presenting alternatives that optimize out the inefficiencies. The original proof is modified to show that the SPARK program slicer still produces functionally equivalent program slices from SPARK procedures with these optimizations.
History and Heritage Committee

The committtee on History and Heritage of Hydrology of the AGU Section of Hydrology was formed when R. A. Freeze became president of the Hydrology Section. The first chairman of the committee, July 1, 1984–June 30, 1986, was William Back of the U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va. Back defined the functions of the committee: to encourage study of the classical history of hydrology in order to provide practicing scientists with a sense of continuity by knowing their roots to develop a body of knowledge that could be considered contemporary history by documenting the history of the past 50 years before data are lost and memories fade to develop some means of preserving the hydrologic data that will be of scientific significance in the future.
Progress towards the preparation of (TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 3/(Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub y/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 3/(Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub z/ superlattices

Superlattices based on the thermoelectric standard compounds Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ and Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ demonstrate enhanced ZT values. The formation of the superlattice (Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub x/(Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub y/ through the modulated elemental reactants (MER) approach is hindered by interdiffusion of the Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ and Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ layers at the necessary annealing temperatures. TiTe/sub 2/ has the potential to act as a diffusion barrier between the Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ and Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ layers of the superlattice. (TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 3/(Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub y/(TiTe/sub 2/)/sub 3/(Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/)/sub z/ superlattices were synthesized using the MER approach, successfully separating the different V-VI layers by TiTe/sub 2/. This study shows that the number of Bi/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ and Sb/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ layers can be precisely controlled using the MER method.
Principles of homeostasis in governing virus activation and latency

The goal of our work is to understand, from the molecular to the organismal level, the principles that drive and sustain life long infection by viruses. These infectious agents live in a dynamic equilibrium (homeostasis) with their hosts in which both immune and nonimmune pathways contribute to viral homeostasis. Disruption of these pathways can have dramatic consequences on pathogenesis. Immune responses to infection provide a vital countermeasure by the host butarenonsterilizing. They effect an essential and primary control mechanism for viral growth. Essential non immune pathways for effecting control of a viral life cycle relate to the obligate dependency of the virus on its host. For these reasons, we view infections as a highly dynamic interplay that takes place between the pathogen and host. This, in many cases, leads to the establishment of an incurable life long infection that remains benign but can become life threatening once key homeostatic pathways are disrupted. We discuss these issues in the context of our studies using cytomegalovirus as a clinically relevant pathogen.
Review of Some Causes of Stillbirth

Stillborn fetuses commonly demonstrate three mechanisms of death: hydrops, asphyxia, or shock. For each mechanism, the autopsy can discover any of multiple etiologies. This paper reviews the etiologies and pathogeneses of fetal death from that perspective.
Automatic calibration of laser range cameras using arbitrary planar surfaces

Laser range cameras (LRCs) are powerful tools for many robotic/computer perception activities. An LRC's output is an array of distances obtained by scanning a laser over the scene. To accurately interpret this data, the angular definition of each pixel must be known. Typically, the range data is converted to Cartesian coordinates by calibration-parameterized, non-linear transformation equations. This paper presents an automated method which uses genetic algorithms to search for calibration parameter values and possible transformation equations which combine to maximize the planarity of user-specified sub-regions of the image(s). This method permits calibration to be based on an arbitrary plane, without precise knowledge of the LRC's mechanical precision, intrinsic design, or its relative positioning to the target. Furthermore, this method permits rapid, remote, and on-line recalibration. Empirical validation of this system has been performed using two different LRC systems and has led to significant improvement in image accuracy while reducing the calibration time by orders of magnitude.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
North Korea: The Beginning of a China-U.S. Partnership?

China’s role in the six-party talks has evolved from passive onlooker to reticent host and, finally, honest broker. The process provides a test case of U.S.-Chinese cooperation on a critical security issue and of Beijing’s willingness to become a “responsible stakeholder.”
Threat in a two-person game

Abstract A two-person nonzero-sum game which provides one player with a threat option is experimentally investigated in this study. In the game, both players have a dominating strategy choice but the “natural” outcome of the game, defined as the intersection of dominating strategy choices, gives one player his largest payoff and the other player his next to smallest. However, the “dissatis-fied” player (the one who does not receive his largest payoff at the natural outcome) can, by switching his strategy choice, reduce the other's payoffs but only at a cost to himself. The dissatisfied player's ability to lower the other's payoffs constitutes a “threat.” It was found that in repeated trials of play of this game, those players who were likely to carry out their threats were those who won the most concessions from the other. The results of this study suggest that a threat-appeasement, punishment-capitulation interaction develops between the players. That is, the existence of the threat option for one player leads the other to make concessions in order to avoid punishment and, once punishments are carried out, they too are likely to result in concessions for the punishers. It is also noted that the “sure-thing” principle fails to provide an adequate description of the strategy choice behavior of naive subjects.
Individual and environmental correlates of dietary fat intake in rural communities: a structural equation model analysis.

Abstract Total dietary fat and saturated fat intake are associated with obesity, elevated cholesterol, and heart disease. This study tested a multi-group structural equation model to explore differences in the relative influence of individual, social, and physical environment factors on dietary fat intake amongst adults aged 40–70 years. Participants from four rural Georgia, U.S., counties ( n = 527) completed a cross-sectional survey that included questions about eating patterns and individual and social influences on healthy eating. Observational measures of nutrition environments in stores and restaurants in these counties also were completed. Models for both women and men found significant positive relationships between self-efficacy for healthy eating and perceived nutrition environments and family support for healthy eating. The association between self-efficacy for eating a low-fat diet and frequency of eating out and grocery shopping was negative for both genders. The home nutrition environment was associated with dietary fat intake for women but not men. The results indicate that the influence of individual and environmental factors on dietary fat intake differs for men and women, with the home environment playing a larger role for women in rural communities.
Modulating passive micromixing in 2-D microfluidic devices via discontinuities in surface energy

Abstract Passive mixing can be induced on the micron length scale in a surface tension-confined microfluidic device through the modulation of surface energy by the direct patterning of a hydrophilic material upon an otherwise hydrophobic substrate. The advancing meniscus of a capillary-driven fluid accelerates and decelerates as it comes into contact with the regions of disparate surface energy creating a ‘weaving’ trajectory across the virtual microchannel resulting in horizontal and vertical lamination. The efficacy of this technique was demonstrated utilizing image analysis and Shannon entropy. Additionally, a neutralization reaction exhibited the ability of hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions to efficiently homogenize and facilitate on-chip reactions in spite of the absence of traditional micromixing strategies. Such results suggest that this inexpensive and autonomous micromixing technique may effectively support reaction processes for portable sensor applications.
Effects of chronic low-level oral lead exposure on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in the rat.

Abstract Previous work has suggested that the behavioral effects of chronic low-level lead exposure on fixed interval (FI) operant behavior result from enhanced dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (Cory-Slechta et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther 286: 794–805, 1998). The present studies were designed to further characterize the effects of chronic low-level oral lead exposure on another behavior that is modulated by dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. In these studies acoustic startle and the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle were studied in rats following chronic low-level oral lead exposure. Weanling male rats were treated for 5–6 weeks with lead via drinking water (250 ppm lead acetate; controls drank 250 ppm sodium acetate). Acoustic startle reactivity (95, 105, and 115 dB noise bursts) and PPI (prepulses of 1–8 dB over the 70-dB background) of startle were tested following lead exposure. Lead exposure did not affect body weight. Lead exposure also did not significantly affect baseline [i.e., no prepulse inhibition (NO-PPI)] acoustic startle as measured by 1) startle amplitude on the first startle trial (105 dB), 2) the average startle amplitude for the first ten trials (105 dB), or 3) the average startle amplitude for the NO-PPI trials during PPI testing (95, 105, and 115 dB). Lead exposure also did not affect the latency to onset for the startle response. In contrast, for both the 105 dB and 115 dB acoustic startle stimuli, chronic low-level oral lead exposure significantly attenuated the capacity of an acoustic prepulse to reduce the startle response. This effect was present whether the data were presented and analyzed as raw change from baseline or as the percentage of baseline startle. Given the strong link between the modulation of PPI and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens, the present data support the hypothesis that chronic low-level oral lead exposure facilitates dopamine neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens.
WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF LIGHT IN SONOLUMINESCENCE

Physical analysis is presented showing that the intriguing effect of sonoluminescence cannot be explained in the framework of classical macroscopic hydrodynamic models. It is stressed that the understanding of sonoluminescence is impossible without invoking a "new" physics which has to include mesoscopic collective quantum effects. The conclusion drawn is that the light emission in sonoluminescence is the first example of collective optical transition experimentally observed three decades before the first laser was built.