cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dystocia on Dam Health and Productivity

The effects of dystocia on dam health and productivity are rarely monitored on dairy farms. It is highly likely that the effects of dystocia on health and production are substantial. The objectives of this year-long longitudinal study were to measure proportion of dams experiencing dystocia on three Front Range Colorado dairies and evaluate associations with dam productivity, morbidity and mortality.
Pulmonary Artery Catheter Insertion

The pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) has served to provide clinicians with vital data to help guide therapies for hemodynamically unstable patients since the 1970s. While the utilization of PACs in the intensive care units has declined given the progression of less invasive technologies, there are specific patient populations that benefit from their use. The advanced clinical practitioner must be aware of the indications for their use as well as how to perform the procedure in the event it is necessary.
Characterization of Primary Muscle Tension Dysphonia Using Acoustic and Aerodynamic Voice Metrics.

Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis The objectives of this study were to (1) identify optimal clusters of 15 standard acoustic and aerodynamic voice metrics recommended by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) to improve characterization of patients with primary muscle tension dysphonia (pMTD) and (2) identify combinations of these 15 metrics that could differentiate pMTD from other types of voice disorders. Study Design Retrospective multiparametric Methods Random forest modeling, independent t-tests, logistic regression, and affinity propagation clustering were implemented on a retrospective dataset of 15 acoustic and aerodynamic metrics. Results Ten percent of patients seen at the New York University (NYU) Voice Center over two years met the study criteria for pMTD (92 out of 983 patients), with 65 patients with pMTD and 701 of non-pMTD patients with complete data across all 15 acoustic and aerodynamic voice metrics. PCA plots and affinity propagation clustering demonstrated substantial overlap between the two groups on these parameters. The highest ranked parameters by level of importance with random forest models—(1) mean airflow during voicing (L/sec), (2) mean SPL during voicing (dB), (3) mean peak air pressure (cmH2O), (4) highest F0 (Hz), and (5) CPP mean vowel (dB)—accounted for only 65% of variance. T-tests showed three of these parameters—(1) CPP mean vowel (dB), (2) highest F0 (Hz), and (3) mean peak air pressure (cmH2O)—were statistically significant; however, the log2-fold change for each parameter was minimal. Conclusion Computational models and multivariate statistical testing on 15 acoustic and aerodynamic voice metrics were unable to adequately characterize pMTD and determine differences between the two groups (pMTD and non-pMTD). Further validation of these metrics is needed with voice elicitation tasks that target physiological challenges to the vocal system from baseline vocal acoustic and aerodynamic ouput. Future work should also place greater focus on validating metrics of physiological correlates (eg, neuromuscular processes, laryngeal-respiratory kinematics) across the vocal subsystems over traditional vocal output measures (eg, acoustics, aerodynamics) for patients with pMTD. Level of Evidence II
Unequal Profession, Unleashed

This Essay initiates the Rutgers Law Review symposium, "Taking Our Space: Women of Color and Antiracism in Legal Academia," a collection of essays inspired by my book, Unequal Profession: Race and Gender in Legal Academia (Stanford University Press, 2019). After briefly tracing the origins of the book project, I focus on five themes that outline responses as well as updates to Unequal Profession: (1) claiming my worth; (2) jumping on the bandwagon; (3) centering structural solutions; (4) being part of the solution—not the solution; and (5) understanding pandemic effects on legal academia. Together, these themes reveal the depth and difficulty of the work that the legal academy must take on in order to move our profession closer to equity. The five themes presented here are insights I have gleaned along the way since Unequal Profession was published. Just as a qualitative researcher draws out patterns and observations from the data, I have performed some preliminary analyses on two-plus years’ worth of responses to Unequal Profession, as well as crafted a brief update on how various events of this past unfathomable year exacerbate raceXgender biases in legal academia. I share these observations so that aspiring authors, current academics, allies in practice, and administrative leaders can work together with me to craft a more equal profession. As the five themes outlined here demonstrate, achieving a more equal profession involves working not only to address naysayers, whose implicit and explicit biases may reinforce inequities, but also for each one of us to critically reflect on our own individual prejudices and opportunities for improvement.
Educational Notes and Comments Appended to Cytology Reports

Effective communication between laboratories and clinical providers is a key element of successful cervical cancer screening. Laboratorians and clinicians have a shared responsibility to remain current in their field and communicate significant changes in their respective disciplines to one another. When pathologists serve as consultants to health-care providers, giving appropriate advice on screening and follow-up tests, the patient is the beneficiary. The use of written recommendations and/or comments in cervical cytology reports is optional. When included in the cytology report, they must be worded carefully and relay clear, concise, current, evidence-based information. In the second edition of the Bethesda atlas, it was recommended that such comments be directed to the clinician and that the laboratorian/laboratory not communicate directly with the patient unless specifically instructed to do so. In the United States, as of 2014, there are changes to the rules regarding patient access to test reports. In addition, standardization of reports to facilitate widespread electronic health record implementation has been encouraged. These changes may have further implications for the use of recommendations in pathology reports, and a relevant discussion is now included.
Pressure fluctuations as a diagnostic tool for fluidized beds

The goal of this research is to determine how spectral analysis of pressure fluctuations can be used as a diagnostic and design tool for both bubbling fluidized beds (BFB) and circulating fluidized beds (CFB). Static pressure fluctuations are measured from two BFB models, two CFB models, and two Pyropower CFB boilers located at the ISU power plant/cogeneration facility. Analyzing the fluctuations using spectral analysis shows that the structure of pressure fluctuations is governed by multiple phenomena. Similarities and differences between the nature of fluctuations in bubbling, turbulent, and fast fluidization regimes are discussed. The Bode plots of pressure fluctuations under bubbling/turbulent fluidization exhibit the characteristics of an oscillatory second order system. This system is governed by a combination of voidage oscillations and surface eruptions. A theoretical model is developed to predict the frequency of oscillation in fluidized systems, and to explain the second order behavior. A comparison of pressure fluctuation behavior in two geometrically similar BFBs is conducted, which validates previously derived fluidized bed similitude parameters under most operating conditions. Multiple second order phenomena acting concurrently also govern CFB pressure fluctuations. Phenomena similar to that proposed for BFBs governs pressure fluctuations in the lower dense regions of the CFB. A siuface wave phenomena is hypothesized to govem CFB fluctuations above the lower dense bed. Similar pressure dynamics and axial voidage profiles are not observed when currently proposed similitude parameters are matched m two CFBs. By replacing the dimensionless soUds flux with a dimensionless riser loading parameter, this modified set of similitude parameters can be used to establish similar hydrodynamics in CFBs . Primarily due to the periodic operation of the coal feed system in the industrial scale CFB Boiler, pressure fluctuation analysis did not result in any definitive hydrodynamic information.
Isotope Methods in Catalysis – Biological

Isotopic methods in the study of biocatalysis are chiefly used to characterize the mechanisms by which enzymes catalyze their target reactions. The techniques in use include tracer methods, by which the positions of individual atoms in a starting molecule are traced in downstream intermediates or products; exchange methods, in which isotopic mixing between distinct pools such as the solvent and enzyme-bound intermediates is measured in order to test mechanistic hypotheses; and kinetic isotope effects, in which the relative rates of reaction of different isotopes of the same element are measured to identify rate-limiting steps and determine transition-state structures and other mechanistic information. Tracer and exchange methods are illustrated but, not being subject to easy generalization, are not treated in detail. The bulk of the article is devoted to kinetic isotope effects in the study of biocatalysts. Keywords: biocatalysis; biocatalyst; catalysis, carbon-12; catalysis, carbon-13; catalysis, carbon-14; catalysis, nitrogen-14; catalysis, nitrogen-15; catalysis, oxygen-16; catalysis, oxygen-18; catalysis, protium (hydrogen-1); catalysis, protium oxide (light water); catalysis, deuterium (hydrogen-2); catalysis, deuterium oxide (heavy water); catalysis, tritium (hydrogen-3); isotope exchange; tracer; isotope effect, equilibrium; isotope effect, kinetic; isotope effect, heavy-atom; isotope effect, hydrogen; isotope effect, primary; isotope effect, secondary; isotope effect, solvent; proton inventory; tunneling, quantum; zero-point energy, isotopic; fractionation factor, isotopic
Rental Discrimination and Ethnicity in Names 1

Laboratory studies have demonstrated the ability of names to prime stereotypes. To apply these theories and test the effect of name-based ethnic stereotypes on housing discrimination, 1,115 inquiry e-mail messages were sent to landlords advertising apartment vacancies in Los Angeles County over 10 weeks (6 weeks before the conflict with Iraq began in March 2003 and 4 weeks during the conflict). One of three names that implied either Arab, African American, or White ethnicity was randomly assigned to each of the messages sent. African American and Arab names received significantly fewer positive responses than the White name, and the African American name fared worst of all. This pattern held true in all rent categories, in corporate and privately owned apartment complexes, and before and during the war in Iraq.
Extracting Principal Curvature Ridges from B-Spline Surfaces with Deficient Smoothness

Principal curvature ridges identify characteristic feature curves on a surface that can be used for surface registration, quality control, visualization and various other shape interrogation applications across disciplines such as medical imaging, computer vision, computer-aided design and engineering and geology. Current techniques for accurate extraction of ridges from B-Spline surfaces require C n , n *** 3 smoothness. In practice, many fitting techniques and modeling systems yield surface representations that may be only C 2, C 1 or C 0 on the knot lines. In this paper, we generalize a robust tracing algorithm to address the problem of extracting ridges from surfaces with lower orders of smoothness to broaden its applicability to a much larger set of surfaces.
Mechanisms underlying induction of heme oxygenase-1 by nitric oxide in renal tubular epithelial cells.

We examined whether nitric oxide-generating agents influence expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, LLC-PK1 cells, and the mechanisms underlying any such ...
A comparative analysis of the stimulus-response relationship between mortality and air pollution-weather☆☆☆

Abstract A comparative analysis of the relationship between mortality and air pollution-weather was performed for three U. S. cities: New York, Philadelphia and Los Angeles. Analysis was performed in the same manner for each city for similar periods in time. Corrections were made for such factors as day-of-week and seasonal effects. Comparative analyses between cities and within cities (by season) permitted evaluation of reliability and validity of the findings. Using regression analysis, mortality was found to be related in time to air pollution and weather. A new method of analysis, the stimulus response method, was then utilized to show the relationship of environmental and health events as they are related in time.
STUDIES ON ASSIMILATION, MOBILIZATION, AND TRANSPORT OF LIPIDS BY THE FAT BODY AND HAEMOLYMPH OF PYRRHOCORIS APTERUS

The incorporation and release of lipid in vitro by the fat body of adult female Pyrrhocoris apterus, and the lipid content and composition of the haemolymph were examined in relation to the cyclic growth and diminution of the fat body and the probable contribution of lipid from the fat body to the developing oocytes. The fat body released lipid at a constant rate during most of the reproductive cycle and in non-reproducing (diapausing or ovariectomized) females. On the other hand, the rate at which the fat body incorporated lipid in vitro was markedly reduced during the period of major oocyte growth (days 3-5 following the larval-adult ecdysis), while it remained high during the corres- ponding period after ovariectomy and was low in diapause. The change in rate of lipid incorporation appears to account for the change in the fat body from net accumulation of lipid (days l-3) to net loss of lipid (during rapid oiicyte growth on days 3-5). Several characteristics of lipid incorporation and mobilization in vitro by the Pyrrhocoris fat body are different from those of the few other insect species studied and from mammalian adipose tissues. In Pyrrhocoris, haemolymph or bovine serum albumin is required for the maximum rate of incorporation, which is ten times higher than that reported for other insects. The fat body of Pyrrhocoris is not dependent on an external source of glyceridide-glycerol for the esterification of fatty acids. Lipid is released at a much slower rate than found in other insect species. The primary class of lipid released is triglyceride, the form in which lipid is stored inthe fat body and which predominates among lipid classes in the haemolymph. The importance of the method used to label the fat body is discussed. The haemolymph of adult female Pyrrhocoris is normally filled with lipid droplets and lipid-filled cells which closely resemble fat body cells. It is suggested that the release of lipid-filled cells from the fat body constitutes one phase of the mobilization of fat body lipid.
Temperature and time dependence study of single-walled carbon nanotube growth by catalytic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The temperature and time dependence of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) growth by chemical vapor deposition of ethanol on Fe2O3/MgO catalyst are compared at both low (∼27 Pa) and atmospheric pressure limits. SWCNTs are synthesized in two reactors with different geometries and operating pressures and are characterized by Raman spectroscopy. Both reactors show SWCNT growth within a relatively narrow temperature window of 700–850 °C, with an optimum growth time of 35 min for the cold wall reactor and 75 min for the quartz tube reactor. A kinetic model comprising of ethanol decomposition, SWCNT formation, and water etching is developed to better understand the growth mechanism. The existence of a temperature window and an optimum growth time in both reactors can be well described by the kinetic model. Simulation results suggest that the temperature and time dependence can be explained by the competition between the growth of SWCNTs and that of amorphous carbon.
Macromolecular dispersion of human plasma low-density lipoproteins in hyperlipoproteinemia.

Abstract Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has previously been reported to exist in either a polydisperse or a monodisperse state. Using the techniques of analytical velocity sedimentation and/or equilibrium density-gradient ultracentrifugation, the macromolecular dispersion of LDL has been investigated in 139 subjects classified by their lipoprotein phenotypes as follows: 63 normal, 25 type IIA, 6 type IIB, and 45 type IV. LDL polydispersion was found in 78% of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia (type IIB or IV phenotypes), while only 9% of normotriglyceridemic subjects had polydisperse LDL. A study of LDL dispersion in two families, one with hyperpreβ-lipoproteinemia and one with combined hyperlipoproteinemia, also demonstrated the frequent association of LDL polydispersity with increased plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations. LDL polydispersion results from the presence of higher molecular weight, lipid-enriched lipoproteins of the LDL class. Among hyperlipoproteinemic subjects with a type IV phenotype and with polydisperse LDL, the concentrations of these higher molecular weight subspecies of LDL appear to increase with severity of the hyperlipemia. In 6 subjects, reduction of VLDL concentration resulted in a decrease in the concentration of the higher molecular weight LDL; however, LDL remained polydisperse. By contrast, approximately one-third of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia were observed to have monodisperse LDL, even in the presence of high VLDL concentrations. This observation raises the possibility of two separate populations of subjects with hypertriglyceridemia arising from increased VLDL concentration.
Test generation for circuits with embedded memories using SMT

One of the important challenges in testing modern SOCs is the presence of small embedded memories. These memories are too small to employ memory BIST. Also, making these embedded memories scan-able or employing MBIST would increase the area overhead and/or test application time.
Prolactin levels and molecular heterogeneity in rat strains with high and low incidence of DMBA-induced mammary tumors

We compared the following parameters in Long-Evans (LE) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats: 1) mammary tumor incidence after DMBA, 2) plasma prolactin (PRL) during the estrous cycle before and after DMBA, 3) plasma PRL in immature females from 0900 hr on day 29 to 0900 hr on day 30, 4) plasma PRL from 1200 to 1700 hr and before and 10 min after i.p. TRH administration in ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with 200 micrograms polyestradiol phosphate (PEP), 5) anterior pituitary (AP) PRL concentration in OVX rats treated with 200 micrograms PEP, and 6) levels and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration patterns of plasma PRL 10 min after i.p. TRH administration in OVX rats treated with 200 micrograms PEP. We observed marked mammary tumor incidence in SD rats from one supplier (S-SD, Spartan) (96%) compared to SD from another supplier (CR-SD, Charles River) (40%) or LE rats (10%). Plasma PRL was significantly decreased on metestrus-diestrus and increased on proestrus-estrus in SD (both suppliers) but not in LE rats 90 days after DMBA compared to rats not given DMBA and sacrificed at same stages of the estrous cycle on day 55 of age. Immature LE and SD-CR females exhibited significant late afternoon and early morning prolactin surges on days 29-30 whereas SD-H rats had either no surges or poorly synchronized surges at the same times.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mitochondrial function in shock

Studies utilizing animal models of circulatory shock have revealed mitochondrial structural and functional damage in the liver, kidney, and brain. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis and calcium transport rates of these mitochondria decline significantly during circulatory shock. The specific enzyme functions affected deleteriously by low flow states are the ATP synthetase, adenine nucleotide translocase, and carrier-mediated calcium transport. Other cellular alterations that possibly are responsible for, or are related to, the shock-induced mitochondrial deterioration are discussed. Differences in the mitochondrial responses to endotoxemia and hyperdynamic sepsis are described. Data are presented on the beneficial effects of early glucocorticoid treatment in prevention of mitochondrial functional deterioration during endotoxemia.
The use of biological markers in toxicology

(1989). The Use of Biological Markers in Toxicology. Critical Reviews in Toxicology: Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 65-82.
Groups isomorphic via decomposition

into two parts: G = G, U G2 and H = HI U H, with G, - HI and G2 - H,. The notation A - B, where A c G and B c H, means there is a one to one map f of A onto B such that if x, y, and xy are all in A, then f(xy) = f(x)f(y). The purpose of this note is to give an elementary set of examples for groups G and H. Let G be any group with a normal subgroup N of index 2. Now G = N U gN for any g $Z N, and N = N U N. Clearly N - N via the identity map. We also have gN - N via the map f: gN + N defined by f (gn) = n. f is obviously one to one and onto. Now G/N is a cyclic group of order two, and thus (gN )(gN) = N, and so if x and y are elements of gN then xy E N. Thus the condition f (xy) = f(x) f ( y) if x, y, and xy are all in gN, is vacuously satisfied. The answer to the question is affirmative and just as easy if we further require both decompositions to be partitions. To construct examples pick any group N such that you can find two non-isomorphic extensions of N by a cyclic group of order two. Again these two extensions will work as examples of G and H. The partitions into the cosets of N will be the required decompositions. A specific example of this is Q, and D,, the quatemions and the dihedral group of order 8. Of course, in both cases by changing the index 1 G : Nl, we can find examples of groups “isomorphic via decomposition” into 1 G : N 1 parts.
Reverse engineering cellular decisions for hybrid reconfigurable network modeling

Cells as microorganisms and within multicellular organisms make robust decisions. Knowing how these complex cells make decisions is essential to explain, predict or mimic their behavior. The discovery of multi-layer multiple feedback loops in the signaling pathways of these modular hybrid systems suggests their decision making is sophisticated. Hybrid systems coordinate and integrate signals of various kinds: discrete on/off signals, continuous sensory signals, and stochastic and continuous fluctuations to regulate chemical concentrations. Such signaling networks can form reconfigurable networks of attractors and repellors giving them an extra level of organization that has resilient decision making built in. Work on generic attractor and repellor networks and on the already identified feedback networks and dynamic reconfigurable regulatory topologies in biological cells suggests that biological systems probably exploit such dynamic capabilities. We present a simple behavior of the swimming unicellular alga Chlamydomonas that involves interdependent discrete and continuous signals in feedback loops. We show how to rigorously verify a hybrid dynamical model of a biological system with respect to a declarative description of a cell's behavior. The hybrid dynamical systems we use are based on a unification of discrete structures and continuous topologies developed in prior work on convergence spaces. They involve variables of discrete and continuous types, in the sense of type theory in mathematical logic. A unification such as afforded by convergence spaces is necessary if one wants to take account of the affect of the structural relationships within each type on the dynamics of the system.
Improved diagnostic approaches to infection/sepsis detection

Sepsis is a major healthcare problem from the perspective of mortality and economics. Advances in diagnostic detection of infection and sepsis have been slow, but recent advances in both soluble biomarker detection and quantitative cellular measurements promise the availability of improved diagnostic techniques. Though the promise of cytokine measurements reaching clinical practice have not matured, procalcitonin levels are currently available in many countries and appear to offer enhanced diagnostic distinction between bacterial and viral etiologies. Cellular diagnostics is poised to enter clinical laboratory practice in the form of neutrophil CD64 measurements, which offer superior sensitivity and specificity to conventional laboratory assessment of sepsis. Neutrophil CD64 expression is negligible in the healthy state. However, it increases as part of the systemic response to severe infection or sepsis. The combination of cellular proteomics, as in the case of neutrophil CD64 quantification, and selected soluble biomarkers of the inflammatory response, such as procalcitonin or triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1, is predicted to remove the current subjectivity and uncertainty in the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of infection and sepsis.
An investigation of structural and hydrogen adsorption properties of microporous metal organic framework (MMOF) materials

Abstract Microporous metal organic frameworks (MMOFs) have garnered great attraction as adsorbent materials for on-board hydrogen storage. To enhance hydrogen adsorption, we have carried out a systematic study to synthesize, characterize, and modify crystal structures of a number of MMOFs and to investigate their pore characteristics. In addition, their hydrogen adsorption properties at cryogenic and ambient temperature over a range of pressures are analyzed.
The Theory of Thermal Breakdown of Solid Dielectrics

The purpose of the paper is to correlate the work which has been done on thermal breakdown and to put it in a form in which it can be used by the electrical engineer in the calculation of breakdown voltage. Besides a treatment of the Fock theory, the paper includes the derivation of new formulas for breakdown of very thin and very thick samples and for internal temperature rise and current. A startling fact brought out by this analysis is that before breakdown the internal temperature never rises more than about 10 deg. cent. above ambient temperature. The Fock tables of breakdown voltage are extended to cover a wider range of temperature and thickness, and the results are put in several convenient forms for numerical calculation. Experimental data are also presented to verify the theory.
Firearm storage practices and rates of unintentional firearm deaths in the United States.

Abstract Background: The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Medical Association recommend storing firearms unloaded and locked up to minimize the chance of injury. Although these recommendations appeal to common sense, no study has yet addressed whether firearm storage practices influence the risk of unintentional firearm injury. Methods: Negative binomial regression analyses were used to assess the cross sectional relation between firearm storage practices and rates of unintentional firearm death in the United States, controlling for rates of firearm prevalence, poverty and urbanization. Recently available state-level measures of household firearm prevalence and firearm storage practices were obtained from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Unintentional firearm death counts and population data came from the National Center for Health Statistics. Results: Independent of firearm prevalence, urbanization, and poverty, a disproportionately large share of unintentional firearm fatalities occurred in states where gun owners were more likely to store their firearms loaded, the greatest risk occurring in states where loaded firearms were more likely to be stored unlocked. Conclusion: Our findings provide empirical support for recommendations issued by the AMA and the AAP that firearms should be stored unloaded and locked, and suggest that promoting safer storage practices could save many lives.
Burnout and locus of control in child day care staff

Caregivers' locus of control and a number of their personal characteristics and working conditions were investigated in relation to the amount of stress (burnout) experienced by 120 day care workers in 24 different centers. Results showed staff with a more internal locus of control reporting greater feelings of personal accomplishment. In addition, caregivers of infants were found less likely to be experiencing “burnout” than were caregivers of older children. While amount of input into center decisions, caregivers' education, and experience were found related to feelings of emotional exhaustion, findings of some previous research were not supported by the results of this study.
Interpretation of Subgroup Analyses in Medical Device Clinical Trials

One purpose of a clinical trial is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a medical treatment or device based on a representative sample of people from the targeted population. An additional issue of interest to many researchers, however, is: for what patient group a given treatment is most beneficial or poses an increased risk. Subgroup analyses are usually performed to attempt to answer these questions. The results of subgroup analyses must be interpreted bearing in mind the conditions under which the clinical trial was designed and analyzed, and the limitations associated with such analyses.This article discusses interpretation of subgroup analyses in clinical trials with emphasis on special considerations related to medical devices. The questions of interest are: under what conditions should subgroup analyses be performed and how should the results be interpreted from a regulatory perspective for medical device clinical trials?
The combination of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering fitting and protein structure modeling in Integrative Modeling Platform

We have shown that Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) data can be combined with protein structure modeling to determine the quaternary structures of multi-domain proteins and multi-subunit assemblies (Forster et al., J.Mol.Biol., 2008, 382(4):p. 1089-1106). To maximize the utility of this approach, we further improved the scoring and sampling algorithms, and implemented them in our Integrative Modeling Platform (IMP) software (http://salilab.org/imp). This implementation will facilitate further integration of different kinds of data for determining the structures of proteins and their assemblies.
Ammonium input to the sea via large sewage outfalls-Part 2: Effects of ammonium on growth and photosynthesis of southern California phytoplankton cultures

Cultures of six marine phytoplankton were grown at ammonium concentrations ranging up to 200 μg-atom NH4N litre−1. Only the growth of dinoflagellates, Gymnodinium splendens and Gonyaulax polyedra was inhibited at the two highest concentrations used. In 3-h photosynthetic 14CO2 uptake experiments, only Gymnodinium was inhibited at concentrations of NH4N greater than 100 μg-atom litre−1. We conclude that the increased ammonium concentrations found near Southern California sewage outfalls would not be inhibiting to phytoplankton in the vicinity of such outfalls.
p63 Immunohistochemistry Differentiates Salivary Gland Oncocytoma and Oncocytic Carcinoma from Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) can pose diagnostic challenges in the head and neck often resembling benign and malignant oncocytic lesions. Immunohistochemical panels have been reported to help with this differential but are not entirely specific or sensitive. We have noticed that p63 routinely stains salivary gland oncocytomas but not metastatic RCC. Nineteen oncocytomas, 9 cases of oncocytosis, 9 oncocytic carcinomas and 16 head and neck metastatic RCC were studied. Morphologic features evaluated were cytoplasmic character (clear versus oncocytic), Fuhrman nuclear grade, mitotic rate, growth pattern, presence of lumens/blood lakes and stromal characteristics. Tumors were stained with antibodies to p63, renal cell carcinoma marker (RCCm), CD10, and vimentin. Eight benign oncocytic tumors (29%) had clear cell features while 6 metastatic RCC (37%) had oncocytic features. Median Fuhrman nuclear grade was 2 in oncocytoma and oncocytosis and 3 both oncocytic carcinoma and metastatic RCC. Mitotic rates were only significantly different between benign oncocytic tumors and metastatic RCC. All oncocytomas had lumina compared to half of metastatic RCC, all of which also demonstrated blood lakes. Seven benign oncocytic tumors (25%) and 5 oncocytic carcinomas (56%) had RCC-like vascular stroma. All primary salivary gland tumors were positive for p63, predominately in basal cell-type distribution. None of the metastatic RCC was positive. RCCm was entirely specific but lacked sensitivity for metastatic RCC while CD10 and vimentin showed variable sensitivity and specificity. While clinical history and morphology usually are adequate, demonstration of p63 staining can definitively exclude metastatic RCC from the differential diagnosis of similar appearing tumors in salivary glands, namely oncocytoma and oncocytic carcinoma, with 100% specificity and sensitivity. While RCCm, CD10, and vimentin performed adequately, they were significantly less reliable than p63 with both false positives and false negatives.
Structural Remodeling of Astrocytes in the Injured CNS

Astrocytes respond to all forms of CNS insult and disease by becoming reactive, a nonspecific but highly characteristic response that involves various morphological and molecular changes. Probably the most recognized aspect of reactive astrocytes is the formation of a glial scar that impedes axon regeneration. Although the reactive phenotype was first suggested more than 100 years ago based on morphological changes, the remodeling process is not well understood. We know little about the actual structure of a reactive astrocyte, how an astrocyte remodels during the progression of an insult, and how populations of these cells reorganize to form the glial scar. New methods of labeling astrocytes, along with transgenic mice, allow the complete morphology of reactive astrocytes to be visualized. Recent studies show that reactivity can induce a remarkable change in the shape of a single astrocyte, that not all astrocytes react in the same way, and that there is plasticity in the reactive response.
The role of ERK1, 2, and 5 in dopamine neuron survival during aging

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) 1, 2, and 5 have been shown to play distinct roles in proliferation, differentiation, and neuronal viability. In this study, we examined ERK1, 2, and 5 expression and activation in the substantia nigra (SN), striatum (STR), and ventral tegmental area (VTA) during aging. An age-related decrease in phosphorylated ERK5 was observed in the SN and STR, whereas an increase in total ERK1 was observed in all 3 regions. In primary cultures of the SN and VTA, inhibition of ERK5 but not ERK1 and 2 decreased dopamine neuronal viability significantly. These data suggest that ERK5 is essential for the basal survival of SN and VTA dopaminergic neurons. This is the first study to examine ERK1, 2, and 5 expression and activation in the SN, STR, and VTA during aging, and the relative roles of ERK1, 2, and 5 in basal survival of SN and VTA dopaminergic neurons. These data raise the possibility that a decline in ERK5 signaling may play a role in age-related impairments in dopaminergic function.
The electronic and ionic structures of metal-ammonia solutions

Abstract Presently existing data on the properties of liquid metal-ammonia solutions are reviewed critically in relation to physical models and current theory. Emphasis is given to the inter-relation between the electronic properties and the atomic structures of the solutions. The material is organized according to concentration regions characterized by differing electronic and ionic structures. In the very dilute concentration range, 0–10−3 mole per cent metal (MPM), the solutions behave as ideal electrolytes with solvated electrons and solvated positive ions as the ionic species. Association of these species occurs in the dilute region, 10−3–10−1 MPM. We propose that growth of associated complexes into large, metallic clusters occurs in the intermediate region, 10−1—3 MPM. A metal-non-metal transition or, at lower temperatures, a phase separation takes place in the 3–7 MPM concentration range. We give a simplified theory of the Mott transition for these solutions and explore the inter-relation of the Mo...
Dietary protein effects on growth performance, carcass traits and expression of selected jejunal peptide and amino acid transporters in broiler chickens

The effect of dietary protein on growth, carcass traits and some specific intestinal intestinal peptide and amino acid transporters in broiler chickens was studied. Birds received a common pre-test diet, and were subsequently fed either a standard positive control diet (PC) or a reduced CP diet (RCP) from 21 to 42 d of age. Growth was negatively impacted with feeding of RCP as manifested by an increase in feed consumption and feed conversion ratio. Carcass traits also showed evidence of negative effects of feeding the RCP diet, leading to a reduction in carcass and breast meat yield and an increase in abdominal fat percentage. Blood plasma total protein was reduced when the broilers were fed the RCP diet. Expression of mRNA for one peptide (PepT1) and four AA intestinal transporters (b o,+ AT; CAT2; y + LAT2; EAAT3) was measured from the jejunum. Quantified mRNA for the AA transporters y + LAT2 and EAAT3 showed that they were upregulated in chickens fed the RCP-diet. The transport systems PepT1, b o,+ AT, and CAT2, were not affected by the dietary treatment imposed. The live and processing data validated the in vivo portion of the study and elucidated the negative impact of feeding the RCP diet, while the responses observed with the expression of the various transporters may help provide some insight on the physiological consequences and adaptations that birds endure when provided diets too low in CP for abnormally extended periods of time.
Relationships between C and N availability, substrate age, and natural abundance 13C and 15N signatures of soil microbial biomass in a semiarid climate

Abstract Soil microbial organisms are central to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) transformations in soils, yet not much is known about the stable isotope composition of these essential regulators of element cycles. We investigated the relationship between C and N availability and stable C and N isotope composition of soil microbial biomass across a three million year old semiarid substrate age gradient in northern Arizona. The δ15N of soil microbial biomass was on average 7.2‰ higher than that of soil total N for all substrate ages and 1.6‰ higher than that of extractable N, but not significantly different for the youngest and oldest sites. Microbial 15N enrichment relative to soil extractable and total N was low at the youngest site, increased to a maximum after 55,000 years, and then decreased slightly with age. The degree of 15N enrichment of microbial biomass correlated negatively with the C:N mass ratio of the soil extractable pool. The δ13C signature of soil microbial biomass was 1.4‰ and 4.6‰ enriched relative to that of soil total and extractable pools respectively and showed significant differences between sites. However, microbial 13C enrichment was unrelated to measures of C and N availability. Our results confirm that 15N, but not 13C enrichment of soil microbial biomass reflects changes in C and N availability and N processing during long-term ecosystem development.
Plasticization of soy protein polymer by polyol-based plasticizers

Soy protein isolate (SPI) was mixed with four polyol-based plasticizers and molded into plastics using a hot press. The plasticized SPI powder was evaluated for denaturation temperatures and denaturation enthalpies. The SPI plastics were studied for mechanical properties, glass transition temperatures, storage modulus, morphology, and water absorption. Thermal properties of the SPI plastics with propylene glycol were depressed to the largest degree, and the plastics with glycerol showed the largest strain at break, whereas plastics with 1,3-butanediol gave the highest tensile strength. The morphology of the fractured surface on the SPI plastics changed from brittle fracture for the unplasticized SPI to ductile fracture for the plasticized SPI. Water absorption of all the plasticized SPI plastics was lower than that of the unplasticized SPI plastics.
Sex differences in responding to rectal cancer symptoms.

Many people who develop cancer symptoms wait inordinate amounts of time before seeking medical attention. Studies have found that symptom appraisal time–the time that passes before the individual concludes that their symptoms could be serious–accounts for most of the total delay time across subjects. It is thus important to understand the individual characteristics associated with slow recognition of dangerous symptoms. In this study, 62 patients (38 males) recently diagnosed with rectal cancer answered questions regarding the development of symptoms as well as their decisions and behaviors prior to seeking help. One subgroup of patients–males with the lowest scores on a measure of trait anxiety–took significantly longer to recognize the seriousness of their symptoms as compared to all other patients. This finding is discussed in the context of recent studies where the interaction of sex and negative affect is related to symptom reporting and other health-related behaviors.
Screening and Identifying Students Talented in the Visual Arts: Clark's Drawing Abilities Test:

Categories of giftedness derived from the influential Marland Report (1972) include students who are gifted in the visual and performing arts. The research reported here describes development, testing, and use of a new instrument, Clark's Drawing Abilities Test, and its success in screening and/or identifying students for a visual arts program for artistically gifted students. The test was admmistered along with the Childrdn's Embedded Figures Test, and the results of both measures subsequently were compared to teacher ratings of students. Significant correlations were obtained among these three measures. Analyses of validity are reported here. Reliability is also reported as expressed in high correlatons among test items.
Microstructural control of thin film thermal conductivity

Previous studies have investigated the possible effects of thin film thermal conductivity on laser damage thresholds and the phenomenon of anomalously low thermal conductivity values for materials in thin film form. Here we discuss the primary microstructural mechanisms for the high thermal resistance found in thin films. By studying a number of thin film systems, we found that many factors contribute to the reduction in conductivity, and that primary mechanisms for thermal resistance depend on film material and processing conditions. Rare earth-transition metal films were studied to illustrate the effect of columnar microstructure, ZrO2 to show the effects of varying crystal structure, YBa2Cu3O7-(delta ) to show the effects of crystal structure anisotropy and hillock growth, and AIN to show the effects of impurities, dimensional effects, and nanocrystalline microstructure.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification of a translocated protein segment in a voltage-dependent channel

VOLTAGE-GATED channels undergo a conformational change in response to changes in transmembrane voltage. Here we use site-directed biotinylation to create conformation-sensitive sites on col-icin la, a bacteriocidal protein that forms a voltage-sensitive mem-brane channel, which can be monitored by electrophysiological methods1,2. We investigated a model of gating developed for the partly homologous colicin El that is based on the insertion of regions of the protein into the membrane in response to cis-positive voltages3–6. Site-directed cysteine mutagenesis, followed by chemi-cal modification, was used to attach a biotin molecule covalently to a series of unique sites on colicin la. The modified protein was incorporated into planar lipid membranes, where the introduced biotin moiety served as a site to bind the water-soluble protein streptavidin, added to one side of the membrane or the other. Our results show that colicin gating is associated with the translocation across the membrane of a segment of the protein of at least 31 amino acids.
Sequence of Chloroplast Degreening in Calamondin Fruit as Influenced by Ethylene and AgNO3

C2H4 disrupts the internal membranes of the chloroplast and induces an increase in chlorophyllase activity in degreening calamondin [x Citrofortunella mitis (Blanco) Ingram and Moore] fruit. Whether the loss of chlorophyll in the peel is causally related to breakdown of the chloroplast and/or chlorophyllase activity is not readily apparent. Chlorophyllase levels were inversely related to chlorophyll content, but electron micrographs also showed that internal membranes of the chloroplasts were disrupted simultaneously with the decrease in chlorophyll content. Silver, a potent inhibitor of C2H4-mediated effects, retarded the loss of chlorophyll in calamondin rind, reduced the C2H4-induced increase in chlorophyllase level, and prevented the disruption of the chloroplast membranes. The results do not permit the proposal of a mechanism of C2H4 metabolism in the degreening of calamondin fruit.
Sobolev Estimates for the Wave Operator on compact Manifolds

The purpose of this paper was to extend some of the results described in [12]. Some sharp estimates are proven for the wave operator on compact manifolds for two or more dimensions. The equations include the natural discrete analog of Strichartz's restriction theorem for the light cone. 5 refs.
Childbearing in women with and without a history of affective disorder. II. Electroencephalographic sleep

Electroencephalographic (EEG) sleep was examined longitudinally in 34 obstetrically healthy volunteers recruited early in pregnancy. All women were free of current psychiatric disorder. Fourteen women had a personal history of affective disorder, and 20 had no history of any psychiatric disorder. EEG sleep was recorded in subjects' homes at specified points from 12 weeks' gestation through 8 months' postpartum to examine the impact of childbearing on sleep and psychiatric symptoms in women with a history of affective disorder. EEG sleep measurements, as well as clinical ratings of sleep, indicated that sleep disturbances were most pronounced over the first 2 to 3 months' postpartum and were characterized primarily by interrupted sleep. The obstetrical course of these women was uneventful, and the outcome with respect to affective disturbances was highly favorable. Nevertheless, childbearing was associated with greater changes in total sleep time and with rapid eye movement (REM) latency reduction in women with a history of affective disorder, even in the absence of clinically significant mood changes. Findings suggest that the sleep system of women with a history of affective disorder may be more sensitive to the psychobiological changes associated with childbearing, as evidenced by earlier onset of sleep disruption over the childbearing course and a reduction in REM latency in the final trimester that persisted throughout the eighth postpartum month.
Back to the future: clinical vignettes and the measurement of physician performance.

The study by Peabody and colleagues builds on a large body of research on clinical vignettes and moves the field forward by showing that performance on clinical vignettes is similar to actual pract...