cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atom detection in a two-mode optical cavity with intermediate coupling: Autocorrelation studies

We use an optical cavity in the regime of intermediate coupling between atom and cavity mode to detect single moving atoms. Degenerate polarization modes allow excitation of the atoms in one mode and collection of spontaneous emission in the other while keeping separate the two sources of light; we obtain a higher confidence and efficiency of detection by adding cavity-enhanced Faraday rotation. Both methods greatly benefit from coincidence detection of photons, attaining fidelities in excess of 99% in less than 1 {mu}s. Detailed studies of the second-order intensity autocorrelation function of light from the signal mode reveal evidence of antibunched photon emissions and the dynamics of single-atom transits.
Nursing care of the Childbearing Muslim Family

It is estimated that 2 to 3 million Muslims live in the United States. This article describes the Islamic beliefs and practices nurses must be aware of to understand the spiritual needs of childbearing Muslim families. Strategies are suggested for developing a plan of care to meet the needs of childbearing Muslim families during the prenatal, intrapartal, and postpartal periods.
Crystal-field and band-broadening effects on the apparent 4d spin—orbit splitting in cadmium photoelectron spectra

Abstract The apparent spin—orbit splitting of 4d energy levels in cadmium metal and cadmium dimethyl is discussed in terms of crystal-field and band-broadening models. The use of nuclear field gradients from Mossbauer and NQR measurements in distinguishing between these two models is evaluated by CNDO calculations on cadmium dimethyl and a cadmium atom cluster (Cd 13 ). The calculations suggest that the use of nuclear field gradients cannot reliably distinguish between crystal-field and band-broadening mechanisms.
The influence of long-term Aloe vera ingestion on age-related disease in male Fischer 344 rats.

The effects of long-term Aloe vera ingestion on age-related diseases were investigated using male specific pathogen-free (SPF) Fischer 344 rats. Experimental animals were divided into four groups: Group A, the control rats fed a semi-synthetic diet without Aloe vera; Group B, rats fed a diet containing 1% freeze-dried Aloe vera filet; Group C, rats fed a diet containing 1% charcoal-processed, freeze-dried Aloe vera filet; and Group D, rats fed the control diet and given whole leaf charcoal-processed Aloe vera (0.02%) in the drinking water. This study demonstrates that life-long Aloe vera ingestion produced neither harmful effects nor deleterious changes. In addition, Aloe vera ingestion appeared to be associated with some beneficial effects on age-related diseases. Groups B exhibited significantly less occurrence of multiple causes of death, and a slightly lower incidence of fatal chronic nephropathy compared with Group A rats. Groups B and C rats showed the trend, slightly lower incidences of thrombosis in the cardiac atrium than Group A rats. Therefore, these findings suggest that life-long Aloe vera ingestion does not cause any obvious harmful and deleterious side effects, and could also be beneficial for the prevention of age-related pathology.
Expression of glyphosate resistance in carrot somatic hybrid cells through the transfer of an amplified 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase gene

A Daucus carota cell line selected as resistant to N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine (glyphosate) was found to have increased levels of 5-enolpyruvylshikimic acid-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity of 5.5 times over wild-type carrot and an EPSPS protein level increase of 8.7 times as confirmed by Western hybridization analysis. Southern blot hybridization using a petunia EPSPS probe showed increases in the number of copies of EPSPS genes in the glyphosate-resistant line which correlated with the higher levels of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanism of resistance to glyphosate is therefore due to amplification of the EPSPS gene. To examine the stability of the amplified genes, cloned lines selected as doubly resistant to Dl-5-methyltryptophan (5MT) and azetidine-2-carboxylate (A2C) were fused with the amplified EPSPS glyphosate-resistant cell line. Somatic hybrids expressed resistances to 5MT in a semidominant fashion while A2C and glyphosate resistance was expressed as dominant, or semi-dominant traits, in a line-specific manner. The hybrid lines possessed additive chromosome numbers of the parental lines used and no double minute chromosomes were observed. The glyphosate-resistant parental line and most somatic hybrids retained the amplified levels of EPSPS in the absence of selection pressure over a 3-year period.
Direct Detection of 100–5000 eV Electrons With Delta-Doped Silicon CMOS and Electron-Multiplying CCD Imagers

We have demonstrated a direct detection of 100-5000 eV electrons with a back-illuminated boron delta-doped hybrid silicon complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor imager operating in full depletion and a silicon electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (CCD) operating in partial depletion. The delta-doping molecular beam epitaxy increases sensitivity to low-energy electrons and improves low-energy electron detection threshold relative to conventional solid-state detectors. We compare the gain measured in these two delta-doped devices with gain measured from control delta-doped CCDs.
Instantaneous geodetic positioning with 10–50 Hz GPS measurements: Noise characteristics and implications for monitoring networks

[1] Recent earthquake recordings from high-rate (1 Hz) continuous GPS stations in California indicate that even higher temporal resolution provided by modern GPS receivers is desirable. We measured seven baselines during time intervals devoid of detectable transient signals at sampling rates of 1–50 Hz with geodetic receivers from four manufacturers to investigate the noise characteristics of these data. Our tests over short distances (meters) to typical station spacing (tens of kilometers) of regional GPS networks show no loss of spatial resolution compared to 1-Hz samples. Measurement noise is red with the typical ramp profile of log-log spectra below about 0.5 Hz. Above this frequency, noise is essentially white. Low-pass filtering of high-rate positions achieves improved spatial resolution compared to decimated raw samples. Averaging 20-Hz measurements to 2-Hz samples on a 40-km baseline, for example, yields about 0.5 mm horizontal and about 3–4 mm vertical accuracy at high frequencies. These estimates are a factor of 2–2.5 better than for 2-Hz raw samples. The improvements in spatial resolution due to averaging at high frequencies are substantial and approach the theoretical “square-root-of-n” expectation for independent samples. However, since noise spectral densities rise rapidly below about 0.5-Hz, low-pass filtering is only effective above this frequency. These results have important implications for the design of continuous GPS networks for crustal deformation and structural monitoring and for positioning and attitude determination of dynamic platforms.
A Data Acquisition Command Interface Using VAX/VMS DCL

The user interface to a data acquisition system is being developed at the Los Alamos Weapons Neutron Research Facility using the VAX/VMS command language interface DCL. Commands are being implemented which provide for system initialization and control functions and FASTBUS diagnostics. The data acquisition system incorporates the concept of a data acquisition "state" (running, halted, etc.) where a certain subset of input commands is allowed.
Marketing Japanese Products in the Context of Chinese Nationalism

This paper examines the rise of consumer nationalism in China through an in-depth analysis of two recent controversial Japanese ad campaigns. I situate the analysis in the sociopolitical and cultural contexts of contemporary China. I argue that Japanese producers shoulder a particular burden of history as expressed in consumer nationalism, which is a combination of the production and reproduction of Japanese imperial history, the construction of Chinese identity, the expression of dissatisfaction toward the Chinese government and consumerist ethos in the context of globalization. The Internet has become a crucial space that organizes Chinese consumer nationalism and enables consumers to feel a sense of empowerment when they express complaints with the controversial ads. Consumer nationalism in China can also be understood as what Benedict Anderson (1991) calls an “imagined community” that attempts to unite the Chinese in a problematic way.
Functionalized Protein-like Structures from Conformationally Defined Synthetic Combinatorial Libraries

Abstract An approach is described for the de novo design of protein-like structures in which synthetic combinatorial libraries (SCLs) were incorporated into an amphipathic α-helical scaffold (an 18-mer sequence made up of leucine and lysine residues) to generate conformationally defined SCLs. In particular, the SCLs in which the “combinatorialized” positions were on the hydrophilic face showed an α-helical conformation in mild buffer. These SCLs were used to generate context-independent but position-dependent scales of α-helical propensity for the L-amino acids. These scales were then used to design highly α-helical peptides that self-associated in mild buffer. The same approach was also found to permit the identification of conformation-dependent decarboxylation catalysts.
Density of α4β2* nAChR on the surface of neurons is modulated by chronic antagonist exposure.

The expression of high-affinity α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) increases following chronic exposure to nicotinic agonists. While, nAChR antagonists can also produce upregulation, these changes are often less pronounced than achieved with agonists. It is unknown if nAChR agonists and antagonists induce receptor upregulation by the same mechanisms. In this study, primary neuronal cultures prepared from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, and midbrain/hindbrain of C57BL/6J mouse embryos were treated chronically with nicotine (agonist), mecamylamine (noncompetitive antagonist) or dihydro-β-erythroidine (competitive antagonist) or the combination of nicotine with each antagonist. The distribution of intracellular and surface [125I]epibatidine-binding sites were subsequently measured. Treatment with 1 μmol/L nicotine upregulated intracellular and cell surface [125I]epibatidine binding after 96 h. Chronic dihydro-β-erythroidine (10 μmol/L) treatment also increased [125I]epibatidine binding on the cell surface; however, mecamylamine was ineffective in upregulating receptors by itself. The combination of 1 μmol/L nicotine plus 10 μmol/L mecamylamine elicited a significantly higher upregulation than that achieved by treatment with nicotine alone due to an increase of [125I]epibatidine binding on the cell surface. This synergistic effect of mecamylamine and nicotine was found in neuronal cultures from all four brain regions. Chronic treatment with nicotine concentrations as low as 10 nmol/L produced upregulation of [125I]epibatidine binding. However, the effect of mecamylamine was observed only after coincubation with nicotine concentrations equal to or greater than 100 nmol/L. Vesicular trafficking was required for both nicotine and nicotine plus mecamylamine-induced upregulation. Results presented here support the idea of multiple mechanisms for nAChR upregulation.
Behavioral, demographic, and prior morbidity risk factors for accidental death among men: A case-control study of soldiers

BACKGROUND: In the United States, the leading cause of death for young men is unintentional injury. The experience of the U.S. Army, because it comprises mostly young men, provides insights into factors associated with risk of accidental death. Between 1990 and 1998, accidents accounted for more than half of all deaths of men on active duty in the U.S. Army. METHODS: All men on active duty in the U.S. Army who died in an accident between 1990 and 1998 were included in the study. For each accidental death case, four randomly selected controls were also included, matched on gender and contemporaneous military service. RESULTS: In multivariate analyses, accidental death victims were more likely to be unmarried, limited to a high school education, in combat-specific occupations, veterans of a recent deployment, and previously hospitalized for an "injury/poisoning," "mental disorder," or "sign/symptom/ill-defined condition." Of behaviors reported on routine health risk assessments, the strongest predictor of a subsequent fatal accident was motorcycle use while the most excess deaths were attributable to consuming more than five alcoholic drinks per week. CONCLUSIONS: There are characteristics, experiences, and behaviors that predict accidental death risk. The findings may inform safety and health promotion programs aimed at young adults. Language: en
Dissociation of the blocking of conditioned eyeblink and conditioned fear following a shift in US locus

Two experiments with rabbits investigated the concordance of two measures of conditioning, eyeblink and potentiated startle, during a blocking sequence with paraorbital shock reinforcement. In both, a shift in the locus of shock from one eye to the other between the conditioning of an element and a compound of that element and a new cue had differential effects on the two measures of conditioning to the new cue. When the shock was unchanged, diminished conditioning in relation to controls (i.e., blocking) was observed on both measures. When the shock was changed, little conditioning was observed in startle, but control-equivalent amounts were observed in eyeblink (i.e., blocking occurred on the former but not the latter). The results are interpreted as showing a dissociation of the associative learning involving the emotive features of Pavlovian reinforcers and that involving the remaining sensory-perceptual features, and more compatible with a diminished US-processing, than with a CSprocessing, view of blocking.
Firm characteristics and voluntary disclosure of geographic segment data by US multinational companies

This study examines the role of firm specific factors such as size, leverage and assets-in-place in determining the level of voluntary disclosure of interim data on foreign operations made by US multinational companies. While prior studies test the impact of firm characteristics on the level of voluntary disclosure of segment data of Australian and New Zealand companies, no research to date has conducted such investigation with respect to the US multinational companies. The results of this study indicate that firm size, leverage and assets-in-place systematically influence the level of voluntary disclosure of geographic segment data of US multinational companies in interim periods. Thus, the study extends the existing disclosure literature by demonstrating that, among other things, certain firm-specific attributes significantly impact a US multinational company's decision to voluntarily disclose interim geographic segment data.
Trapping Effects in Irradiated and Avalanche-Injected MOS Capacitors

Avalanche-injection of holes and electrons into nonirradiated and irradiated MOS capacitors, respectively, were used to study hole traps in the SiO2. The trapping parameters for holes, and for electrons in the presence of trapped holes, were obtained in the range 10-14 - 10-13 cm2 for oxide thicknesses in the range 200 - 1000A. A dominant bulk specie is determined to tail off from the Si/SiO2 interface with a characteristic distance of 150-200A for dry oxide and approximately 400A for wet oxide. The electron-injection is shown to be an effective probe of the trapped-hole distribution in the SiO2 after irradiation. The effect of electron compensation of trapped holes during irradiation had been included in the trapping kinetics. C-V shifts and interface state build-up near mid- band after irradiation were found, from irradiation experiments, to follow the same linear dependence on the integrated electron and hole flux crossing the Si/SiO2 interface.
Symmetry properties and normal mode vibrations

Abstract Conservative mechanical systems having non-linear equations of motion are considered. It is shown how symmetry properties of the potential function may be utilized to find normal modes of vibration. If the systems consist of space arrays of masses interconnected by springs, and they have certain geometrical symmetries, then these will be reflected in symmetry properties of the potential function. This theory is applied to a number of examples.
The Gardner syndrome: Need for early diagnosis

The Gardner syndrome is a triad of soft tissue tumors, bone tumors which are principally but not exclusively limited to facial bones and skull, and intestinal polyps predisposed to malignancy. The disease is due to a single pleiotropic gene and has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance with complete penetrance and variable expression. The first manifestations of skin tumors and bone tumors appear in the pediatric age group. They should alert the pediatrician to investigate the entire intestine for potentially malignant polyps and to initiate examinations for other members of the family. Genetic counseling is an important part of the management of this disease.
High performance informatics for pandemic preparedness

Pandemics such as H1N1 influenza are global outbreaks of infectious disease. Human behavior, social contact networks, and pandemics are closely intertwined. The ordinary behavior and daily activities of individuals create varied and dense social interactions that are characteristic of modern urban societies. They provide a perfect fabric for rapid, uncontrolled disease propagation. Individuals' changing behaviors in response to public policies and their evolving perception of how an infectious disease outbreak is unfolding can dramatically alter normal social interactions. Effective planning and response strategies must take these complicated interactions into account. Recent quantitative changes in high performance computing and networking have created new opportunities for collecting, integrating, analyzing and accessing information related to such large social contact networks and epidemic outbreaks. The paper will describe our efforts to build a Cyber Infrastructure for EPIdemics (CIEPI) -- a high performance computing oriented decision-support environment to support planning and response in the event of epidemics.
Clustering of GPI-Anchored Folate Receptor Independent of Both Cross-Linking and Association with Caveolin

The distribution of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored folate receptor (FR) in a diffuse pattern vs. functional clusters associated with caveolae has been debated. The equivocal nature of direct localization studies is due to possible experimental artifacts such as cross-linking of the protein by the antibody probes prior to fixation and alternatively the use of a disruptive fixation method. Such studies have also been complicated by the use of cells that vastly overexpress FR. In this study a monovalent probe, i.e., a biotinylated folate affinity analogue was used to covalently label FR. Cells expressing moderate levels of FR, i.e., JAR epithelial cells expressing FR-α and recombinant CHO fibroblasts expressing FR-β, were used. The affinity label and either caveolin or antigenic sites on FR were localized by electron microscopy using colloidal gold conjugated antibody probes post-embedding in the relatively permeable LR White resin. The method avoided both receptor cross-linking and early fixation steps and also enabled the use of transport permissive conditions while labeling FR at the cell surface. The results indicate that in steady-state FR is not significantly colocalized with caveolin. However, the receptor molecules occur predominantly in clusters, independent of cross-linking, providing a physical basis for the observed kinetics of receptor internalization and recycling during folate transport. Evidence is also presented to suggest that early mild fixation will disrupt the clustering of FR.
Predicting failure in the airline industry with financial models

Abstract This paper reports on the development and validation of a financial model useful for predicting failure in the airline industry. A large set of variables were combined into a smaller number of independent factors based on which the model was developed. The model predicts failure much better and earlier than evidence of failure described by corporate auditors in audit opinions.
A γ-ray background model for Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract We present here a γ-ray background model for a typical urban environment. Such models are crucial for realistic evaluations of the sensitivity of nuclear detection systems. The model spectrum consists of a collection of lines and a continuum component. The details of the iterative approach used in the creation of the model are discussed. When the final model is used as the source spectrum emitted by the ground or the concrete walls surrounding a typical coaxial Ge detector, the simulated response of the detector matches the data observed in the field extremely well. The final emission spectrum is very precise, and contains features crucial in nuclear detection applications. The prominent 40K line (1460.8 keV) is clearly seen, as well as the 2615 keV peak due to Tl-208 (thorium natural decay series). The lines of 238U (1001.2 keV) and 235U (185.7 keV) are also present. We find this spectrum to be a useful tool for estimating sensitivities in our Monte Carlo modeling of several nuclear detector setups. We offer this model to the community for unlimited use, in the form of a Geant4 class or as a table of ‘intensity vs. energy’ for use with other Monte Carlo packages. We also note that the iterative procedure described here can be used for the creation of other background spectra.
Linking Syntactic and Semantic Models of Java Source Code within a Program Transformation System

Static analysis and software manipulation tools are frequently rule-based and draw on a variety of software models in order to achieve their goals. Program transformation languages provide traversal and matching capabilities that are aligned with the core functionality of rule-based systems. Therefore, transformation systems should be considered as candidates for implementing static analysis and manipulation tools. An issue associated with this approach is that transformation systems predominantly operate on syntactic models (abstract/concrete trees) of software. To effectively support in-depth analysis, it is beneficial to integrate the syntactic models used by transformation systems with one or more semantic models. This paper describes a system, called GPS-Traverse, that establishes a link between syntactic and semantic models of Java software. These models are central to a transformation-based Java source code analysis and manipulation system we are developing called Sextant. Within Sextant, GPS-traverse provides a coordinate system that is accessible during transformation. These coordinates enable the semantic model to be queried in a context-sensitive fashion during the course of transformation.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis revisited: the association with thyroid cancer remains obscure.

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid associated with goiter and hypothyroidism. Although there exists a clear association between HT and lymphomas of the thyroid, the association between HT and thyroid cancer remains unclear. To evaluate this further, we retrospectively reviewed the pathology reports for all thyroidectomy specimens as well as the records of patients admitted to the University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A., over a 10-yearperiod (1975-1985) with the diagnosis of HT or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT). Eight hundred and nine pathologic diagnoses were recorded for 816 thyroidectomy specimens from 793 patients. Furthermore, 180 of 228 patient chart records were available for review. Only 128 patients satisfied our criteria for the diagnosis of HT. HT or CLT were diagnosed in 147 (18.2%) of 809 thyroid specimens. HT occurred concurrently with thyroid cancer in 24% of all cases of HT, whereas, HT occurred concurrently with benign thyroid disease in 71% of all cases of HT in all thyroid specimens. Furthermore, HT was associated with 43 (22%) of 195 cases of thyroid cancer. There were 111 (87%) women and 17 (13%) men of 128 patients whose charts were reviewed. The mean age was 49 -+ 14 years. Ninety-eight (77%) of the patients presented with goiters and 57 (45%) presented with dominant thyroid masses, 38 (67%) of which were solitary nodules. One patient (0.8%) presented with a recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) and 12 (9%) presented with tracheal compression. Only 29 (38.2%) of 76 patients measured had positive antithyroglobulin (ATG) titers, whereas 65 (87%) of 75 patients measured had positive antimicrosomal (AM) titers. Seventy (55%) patients were evaluated with either a technetium or 131I thyroid scan. There was a heterogeneous pattern to the scan in 75% of these patients. Niney-one (71%) patients were initially treated with thyroid suppression. However, 27 (21%) required thyroidectomy for initial management. Ultimately, 60% required thyroidectomy and 37% required none. The major indication for surgical intervention was the presence of a dominant mass in 40 (52%) of 77 patients. Only 17 (13%) patients were found to have thyroid cancer concomitant with HT and 3 (2 %) had lymphoma with HT. The incidence of minimal (occult) cancer in a study of 100 consecutive autopsies at this institution was 13%. We believe that these data suggest that the association of HT with thyroid cancer is relative, at best. It will be necessary to prospectively follow both a large group of patients with HT and a control group of patients without HT for the incidence of thyroid cancer in each before this issue can be appropriately addressed.
Partial Crystallinity in Alkyl Side Chain Polymers Dictates Surface Freezing

We have studied the structure of a novel crystalline surface monolayer on top of a disordered melt of the same material [poly(n-alkyl acrylate)s] using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction. The grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, surface tension, and bulk latent heat results show that side chains crystallize except the nine methylene units of the alkyl side chains closest to the polymer backbone. The partial crystallinity along with a thicker surface layer, due to the additional length of the linker group, explains why the difference between the surface order-to-disorder transition temperature and bulk melting temperature increases with a decrease in the length of the alkyl side chain.
Thin-layer chromatography of metal ions on bonded stationary phases

The separation of iron, copper, nickel, and zinc by thin-layer chromatography was studied. Eight bonded-phase silica substrates and twenty-nine solvent systems were investigated. Solutions of 1% diphenylcarbazide in ethanol and 1% K4Fe(CN)6 in water were used to detect the metal ions. The best separation was obtained with an immobilized trifluoroacetylacetone substrate and 10% trifluoroacetylacetone in acetone mobile phase.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura and systemic disease in children: retrospective study of clinical findings, histopathology and direct immunofluorescence in 34 paediatric patients.

Summary Background Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP), an IgA-mediated small vessel vasculitis, is the most common form of vasculitis in children. HSP is commonly associated with systemic involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, joints and kidneys. Renal involvement is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in HSP. Objectives To characterize the clinical, histopathological and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) findings, and to correlate the findings with systemic disease in 34 children with HSP seen at our institution. Methods This was a retrospective review of paediatric patients with HSP and with available biopsy specimens seen at our institution between 1993 and 2013. Results Thirty-four paediatric patients were identified (mean age 10·7 years). Renal involvement was found in 17 (50%) patients, gastrointestinal tract involvement in 22 (65%) and joint involvement in 23 (68%). Renal involvement was significantly associated with papillary dermal oedema on histopathology (P < 0·01) and the presence of perivascular C3 on DIF (P = 0·01). The presence of lesions above the waist was significantly associated with gastrointestinal involvement (P = 0·03), as was the presence of clinically apparent oedema (P = 0·01). Conclusions This study suggests that in children with HSP, microscopic dermal oedema and C3 on DIF may be predictive of renal involvement. Patients with clinically apparent oedema and lesions above the waist are more likely to have gastrointestinal involvement.
Imaging complex structures with semirecursive Kirchhoff migration

I present a semirecursive Kirchhoff migration algorithm that is capable of obtaining accurate images of complex structures by combining wave-equation datuming and Kirchhoff migration. The method is successful because breaking up the complex velocity structure into small depth regions allows traveltimes to be calculated in regions where the computation is well-behaved and where the computation corresponds to energetic arrivals. The traveltimes computed in such a region are used first for imaging and second for downward continuation of the entire survey (shots and receivers) to the boundary of the next region. This process results in images comparable to those obtained by shot-profile migration, but at reduced computational cost. Because traveltimes are computed for small depth domains, the adverse effects of caustics, headwaves, and multiple arrivals do not develop. In principle, this method requires only the same number of traveltime calculations as a standard migration. Tests on the Marmousi data set produce excellent results.
Blowing the whistle: what do African American adolescents with asthma and their caregivers understand by "wheeze?".

Aims: To investigate what African American adolescents with asthma and their caregivers understand by “wheeze”. Methods: Caregivers (n = 35) and adolescents (n = 35) were each asked to describe what they understood by “wheeze”. Respondents were also shown a video clip of an adolescent wheezing and asked: a) to describe the breathing of the adolescent in the video; and, b) whether the adolescent respondent's breathing had ever been similar to the video-presented symptoms. Results: Most caregivers described wheeze in terms of sound alone (61.8%) while the majority of adolescents described wheeze as something that is felt (55.8%). Few caregivers and adolescents (5.8% each) included “whistling” in their descriptions of “wheeze”. Most caregivers and adolescents used the word “wheeze” when describing the video clip, but nearly one-quarter of the caregivers and one-third of the adolescents felt that the adolescent's breathing was never similar to the video. Conclusion: Caregiver and adolescents descriptions of w...
On the application of Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits and signal flow graphs to the small-signal analysis of active circuits

Small-signal Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits seen looking into each terminal of the BJT and the FET are described. The application of these circuits to writing by inspection the expressions for gain, input resistance, and output resistance of multistage amplifiers is demonstrated. The application of the circuits to the noise analysis of devices is illustrated by the calculation of the noise input voltage and current of the BJT and the noise input voltage of the MOSFET. The circuits are useful for the analysis of feedback amplifiers where Mason's signal flow graph can be used to solve the simultaneous equations that are obtained. Several examples are presented which illustrate flow-graph solutions for feedback circuits.
Heritabilities of growth curve parameters and age-specific expression of genetic variation under two different feeding regimes in Japanese quail ( Coturnix coturnix japonica )

This study investigated genetic variation in growth and final size in relationship to differences in heritabilities under good and poor feeding conditions. Heritabilities of growth and final size were estimated for several traits under ad libitum and restricted feeding conditions. A 30% feed restriction from hatching to 44 days of age in Japanese quail chicks decreased body weight and tarsus length at 44 days of age and the length of the third primary convert feather at 24 days of age relative to controls fed ad libitum. Wing length at 44 days of age was not significantly different for ad libitum fed and restricted quail. Genetic variances for body weight and tarsus length were very large throughout growth which resulted in heritability estimates close to one for these traits. The genetic correlations among feeding treatments were low, indicating that different genes were affecting growth under the two treatments. Growth was described by the components: asymptote, growth period, and shape of the growth curve following the modified Richards growth curve model (Brisbin et al. 1986). Tarsus length, which had high heritability of the parameter 'growth period' of the model, tended to display a higher heritability under the restriction than under ad libitum feeding. Body weight and feather length, which had either no heritable or low heritable 'growth periods' estimates, tended to be more heritable under ad libitum feeding. The shape parameter of the growth curve was not heritable for any trait, except tarsus length under restricted feeding.
Right Whale Feeding and Baleen Rattle

Surface and subsurface feeding behavior of right whales, Eubalaena glacialis (Borowski, 1781), has been observed in Cape Cod waters since 1956. During surface feeding the whales follow discrete rows of concentrated plankton, and in subsurface feeding they also appear to be feeding on specific patches of food at particular depths and localities. No purposeful underwater sounds are heard during feeding, but the rattle of baleen is often audible during surface feeding and appears to be an adventitious sound. Baleen rattles only when it is held so that some of the forward plates are out of the water while others are partly immersed and subject to movement by passing waves. The rattle is a low level, highly variable sound, composed of sporadic sequences of two to 10 broad bandwidth pulses at uneven repetition rates and widely varying levels. Dominant frequencies are usually between 2 and 4 kHz.
On the mechanical blood trauma: effect of turbulence

Mechanical blood trauma is still one of the major obstacles in the development of cardiovascular devices. The mechanisms of this blood damage are heterogeneous and are not completely identified. Experimental and computational studies were performed to elucidate the role of turbulent stresses in hemolysis. For the experimental study suspensions of bovine red blood cells (RBCs) in saline or in dextran solution were driven through a closed circulating loop by a centrifugal pump. A small capillary tube with the inner diameter of 1 mm and the length of 50 mm was incorporated into loop with tapered connectors. It was shown that, at the same wall shear stress, the level of hemolysis is significantly higher under turbulent flow conditions than laminar flow conditions. This demonstrated that turbulent stresses contribute strongly to blood trauma. These results concurred with predicted hemolysis by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the same blood flow conditions.
GβL, a Positive Regulator of the Rapamycin-Sensitive Pathway Required for the Nutrient-Sensitive Interaction between Raptor and mTOR

mTOR and raptor are components of a signaling pathway that regulates mammalian cell growth in response to nutrients and growth factors. Here, we identify a member of this pathway, a protein named GβL that binds to the kinase domain of mTOR and stabilizes the interaction of raptor with mTOR. Like mTOR and raptor, GβL participates in nutrient- and growth factor-mediated signaling to S6K1, a downstream effector of mTOR, and in the control of cell size. The binding of GβL to mTOR strongly stimulates the kinase activity of mTOR toward S6K1 and 4E-BP1, an effect reversed by the stable interaction of raptor with mTOR. Interestingly, nutrients and rapamycin regulate the association between mTOR and raptor only in complexes that also contain GβL. Thus, we propose that the opposing effects on mTOR activity of the GβL- and raptor-mediated interactions regulate the mTOR pathway.
Native Parasitoid Response to Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and Ash Decline in Recently Invaded Forests of the Central United States

ABSTRACT Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) is a wood-boring pest of Asian origin that has caused widespread mortality of ash, Fraxinus spp., in North America since its accidental introduction in the 1990s. Studies conducted at the epicenter of the infestation in the Great Lakes region have discovered several species of native parasitoids capable of utilizing A. planipennis; however, little is known of how these natural enemy complexes vary across the shifting forest types and habitats encompassed by the expanding infestation. We characterized the assemblage of native natural enemies being recruited to A. planipennis at five sites in north-central Kentucky, where infestations have been documented since 2009. Through destructive sampling, dissection, and rearing of infested ash material, 12 native parasitoid morpho-species were found being recruited to A. planipennis, nine of which have not been reported previously. Catogenus rufus (F.) (Coleopter: Passandridae), Phasgonophora sulcata ...
Enhancing covalent mechanochemistry in bulk polymers using electrospun ABA triblock copolymers

The mechanochemical activation of covalent bonds in bulk polymers is often characterized by low conversions. Here we report that the activation of gem-dibromocyclopropane (gDBC) mechanophores embedded in a poly(1,4-butadiene) (PB) is enhanced when a central gDBC-PB block is flanked by two polystyrene (PS) end blocks in an ABA-type triblock architecture. Electrospinning the PS-(gDBC)PB-PS leads to even greater activation in aligned fiber mats under tension.
Teaching Diversity: Experiences and Recommendations of American Psychological Association Division 2 Members

A nationwide survey of all members of American Psychological Association's Division 2: The Society for the Teaching of Psychology (response rate = 33%; N = 703) indicated that respondents generally acknowledged the importance of incorporating diversity topics in their classes. Respondents who rated incorporating diversity topics as more important reported that they allowed more time in their classes to discuss diversity, were more likely to have taught a course on a diversity issue, employed a more interactive teaching style, and were at institutions that included a diversity course as part of the general education requirements. Respondents identified barriers to teaching diversity, potential facilitating factors, and successful strategies and resources for incorporating diversity issues.
Optimal Control in a Family of Boolean Networks

Intervention in a gene regulatory network is used to avoid undesirable states, such as those associated with a disease. Several types of intervention have been studied in the framework of a probabilistic Boolean network (PBN), which is a collection of Boolean networks in which the gene state vector transitions according to the rules of one of the constituent networks and where network choice is governed by a selection distribution. The theory of automatic control has been applied to find optimal strategies for manipulating external control variables that affect the transition probabilities to desirably affect dynamic evolution over a finite time horizon. In this paper we treat a case in which we lack the governing probability structure for Boolean network selection, so we simply have a family of Boolean networks, but where these networks possess a common attractor structure. This corresponds to the situation in which network construction is treated as an ill-posed inverse problem in which there are many Boolean networks created from the data under the constraint that they all possess attractor structures matching the data states, which are assumed to arise from sampling the steady state of the real biological network. Given a family of Boolean networks possessing a common attractor structure composed of singleton attractors, a control algorithm is derived by minimizing a composite finite-horizon cost function that is a weighted average over all the individual networks, the idea being that we desire a control policy that on average suits the networks because these are viewed as equivalent relative to the data. The weighting for each network at any time point is taken to be proportional to the instantaneous estimated probability of that network being the underlying network governing the state transition. The results are applied to a family of Boolean networks derived from gene-expression data collected in a study of metastatic melanoma, the intent being to devise a control strategy that reduces the WNT5A gene's action in affecting biological regulation
J.B.S. Haldane Centenary Lecture

I have great pleasure in participating in the birth centenary celebrations of Professor J.B.S. Haldane for many reasons. First, Haldane was a great scientist with a very few parallels in the depth of his scholarship, intellectual versatility and prodigious memory. Haldane’s fundamental contributions covered a variety of fields — genetics, statistics, biochemistry, and the social applications as well as popularization of science. Second, he was a foreign scientist who had a genuine love for India. He was known to have championed the cause of India in Britain at the time of the British rule. He came to India a few years before his retirement from the University College London against the advice of his colleagues, and took Indian citizenship. He saw in India natural resources and, perhaps, a good deal of human talent which could be utilized to advance natural knowledge. Third, he placed India on the genetic map of the world by starting research on human genetics and motivating and inspiring a number of Indian scholars to do research in India. Before Haldane’s arrival in India, there were only two centers of genetical research in India, one in Bombay and the other at the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Calcutta. The research at these centers were mainly confined to anthropometric and blood-group surveys. Haldane initiated research in many other directions utilizing local resources and minimum equipment. He advocated pursuing research that was inexpensive, and, if one prefers, non-violent in nature, and showed how such research can yield results of far-reaching importance. Finally, Haldane was a faculty member of the Research and Training School of the ISI, of which I was the Director. I share the credit along with Professor P.C. Mahalanobis of attracting such an intellectual giant as Professor Haldane to the ISI. Perhaps it is appropriate to mention an anecdote connected with Haldane’s employment at the ISI. Professor Mahalanobis and I decided that Haldane should have the designation of a Research Professor and that he should be given a high salary consistent with his international reputation and outstanding contributions. The amount we decided was substantially higher than my own salary as the Director of the Research and Training School. When Haldane learnt about this, he protested stating that as an employee of the Research and Training School, he would not accept a salary higher than that of the Director. I tried to persuade my boss, Professor Mahalanobis, to increase my salary, but he was unable to do so. Haldane’s salary as a was then fixed at the same level as mine.
Probing the interface in a human co-chaperonin heptamer: residues disrupting oligomeric unfolded state identified.

The co-chaperonin protein 10 (cpn10) assists cpn60 in the folding of nonnative polypeptides in a wide range of organisms. All known cpn10 molecules are heptamers of seven identical subunits that are linked together by β-strand interactions at a large and flexible interface. Unfolding of human mitochondrial cpn10 in urea results in an unfolded heptameric state whereas GuHCl additions result in unfolded monomers. To address the role of specific interface residues in the assembly of cpn10 we prepared two point-mutated variants, in each case removing a hydrophobic residue positioned at the subunit-subunit interface. Replacing valine-100 with a glycine (Val100Gly cpn10) results in a wild-type-like protein with seven-fold symmetry although the thermodynamic stability is decreased and the unfolding processes in urea and GuHCl both result in unfolded monomers. In sharp contrast, replacing phenylalanine-8 with a glycine (Phe8Gly cpn10) results in a protein that has lost the ability to assemble. Instead, this protein exists mostly as unfolded monomers. We conclude that valine-100 is a residue important to adopt an oligomeric unfolded state but it does not affect the ability to assemble in the folded state. In contrast, phenylalanine-8 is required for both heptamer assembly and monomer folding and therefore this mutation results in unfolded monomers at physiological conditions. Despite the plasticity and large size of the cpn10 interface, our observations show that isolated interface residues can be crucial for both the retention of a heptameric unfolded structure and for subunit folding.
The Use of Diffuse Reflection FT-IR Spectroscopy for the Quantitative Analysis of a Number of Silanized Kaolin Clays

This paper deals with the use of FT-IR diffuse reflectance measurements for the monitoring of silane-treated naturally occurring kaolin clays. We show quantitative results for three of the most common silanized clays including precision and accuracy data obtained from neat, unprocessed samples. No Kubelka-Munk correction was required since the Δlog (1/R) values measured were very low, as determined by comparison with Kubelka-Munk corrected data.
No Harm, No Foul: A Social Exchange Perspective on Individual and Relational Outcomes Associated With Relational Baggage

Guided by social exchange theory, this article presents two studies examining relational baggage. In Study 1, individuals in romantic relationships reported they most often used overt information-seeking tactics to discover a partner's relational baggage, and relational baggage harm and third-party discovery negatively related to relationship satisfaction. In Study 2, unattached individuals reported that their own relational baggage was positively related to dating anxiety, and negatively linked with mate value and interpersonal communication competence. The results provide insight into relational baggage and the communicative processes used to negotiate romantic relationship initiation and development.
The Pumping SeaSoar: A High-Resolution Seawater Sampling Platform

Abstract The first results obtained with the Lamont Pumping SeaSoar (LPS), a combination measurement and sampling platform towed by a research ship at speeds of 6–7 kt, are presented. The system allows not only measurement of a suite of oceanographic parameters with in situ sensors, but also delivery of seawater samples through a 750-m tube (5/16-in. inner diameter) to a shipboard laboratory for chemical analyses, while undulating from near the surface to depths near 200 m. Here the performance of the system is demonstrated, and the time lag and signal smearing associated with the seawater sampling scheme are qualitively analyzed. The time lag was determined by comparing salinity determined from measurements of temperature, conductivity, and pressure made in situ by the sensors mounted on the towed body, with salinity determined from temperature and conductivity measurements made in the shipboard outlet of the sample stream. It varied smoothly from 10.8 to 11.5 min over 24 h of sampling, independent of th...