cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global Inequality in Redistribution: For A World-Historical Sociology of (Not) Caring

This paper decomposes global inequality in redistrbution, using data from the World Development Indicators data set of the World Bank. It finds that per capita income has a modest, yet persistent effect on redistribution. More provocatively, the paper also demonstrates that, over and beyond the impact of per capita GDP, global inequalities in redistribution over the last generation or so strongly reflect the double legacies of colonialism (improving the likelihood of redistribution in former-colonizer societies and sharply reducing it in erstwhile-colonized, recently independent societies). In addition, it also finds that the history of recent exposure to state socialism increases the presence of redistributive institutions, partly counter-balancing the effects of lower national incomes.
The Nature of the Bridging Anion Controls the Single-Molecule Magnetic Properties of DyX4M 12-Metallacrown-4 Complexes

A family of DyX4M(12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4) compounds were synthesized and magnetically characterized (X = salicylate, acetate, benzoate, trimethylacetate, M = NaI or KI). The bridging ligands were systematically varied while keeping the remainder of the MC-geometry constant. The type of monovalent cation, necessary for charge balance, was also altered. The dc magnetization and susceptibility of all compounds were similar across the series. Regardless of the identity of the countercation, the Dy(Hsal)4M 12-MC-4 compounds were the only compounds to show frequency-dependent ac magnetic susceptibility, a hallmark of single-molecule magnetism. This indicates that the nature of the bridging ligand in the 12-MCMnIII(N)shi-4 compounds strongly affects the out-of-phase magnetic properties. The SMM behavior appears to correlate with the pKa of the bridging ligand.
Valentin Boss (1932–2015)

Valentin Boss, scholar and lifelong student of Russian and Soviet history and the history of science, died in Montreal on 29 November 2015. For nearly forty years he taught a popular sequence of Ru...
What Should Your State Fish Be? Improving Public Awareness of Endemic Fishes in the United States

The United States boasts an exceptionally diverse fauna of freshwater fishes, with many unique and regionally endemic species. Unfortunately, range reduction and extinction of endemic species, comb...
Information Integration: Challenges and Approaches

The problem of information integration is discussed in the context of answering a query over the web. Querying the web requires that information from different web and other sources be intelligently combined to generate all or top-k answers. A number if issues from query speciflcation to extraction and integration of partial results to ranking of results needs to be addressed for this to happen seamlessly.
Selling and Sales Management in Action: Managerial and Legal Implications of Price Haggling: A Sales Manager's Dilemma

Conventional marketing wisdom suggests that once an organization has carefully selected the target market and positioning of its offering, the price strategy is relatively straightforward. However, with the increasing power of the buyer brought about by the proliferation of offerings, domestic and international, the consolidation of distribution channels, the slowing of market growth as well as legislation contribute to a far from straightforward implementation of the pricing policy. To this end, the authors will examine the managerial and legal implications of haggling over price which the sales manager will face regarding “one-price” and “variable-price” policies, and the effect of these policies on the buying process.Price haggling has not enjoyed the same tradition in the United States as it has in many overseas markets. Until the end of retail price maintenance in 1975, in most cases the ticket price was the price to be paid. U.S. buyers consider themselves shrewd shoppers, but this shrewdness arises...
First-Principles Calculation of Charge Transfer at the Silicon–Organic Interface

Organic dopants are frequently used to surface dope inorganic semiconductors to increase their functionality. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to screen out materials for optimal surface doping and predict accurately band offsets and charge transfer using the GW method. To illustrate the approach, we study charge transfer at hybrid silicon–molecule interfaces. The goal is to find the best molecular acceptors to surface dope silicon with hole densities as high as 1013 cm–2. We use the chemical hardness method for quick screening, followed by first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and more accurate GW calculations for a handful of the most optimistic candidates. The chemical hardness method is derived from the thermodynamic analysis of the energy levels of the two subsystems in contact. This method is simple, fast, and relatively accurate. Therefore, as our first step, we use it to narrow our search for molecular dopants. Then, for the most optimistic candidates, we perform first-principl...
Human Interoperability Enterprise for High-Assurance Systems

Development of dependable high-assurance systems requires policies and standards essential for improving human interoperability among collaborating individuals and organizations. Such systems facilitate unfettered strategic communication flow to all the stakeholders, while supporting intelligent interfaces in a manner that reinforces the collaboration through cooperative and coordinated cognitive activities of the participants. In essence, these activities elucidate a group sense makingprocess that allows creation/recreation of distributed and similar knowledge among group members through sharing and interpreting of information. This chapter elaborates on key human interoperability enterprise policy challenges and the role of coordinated human behavior and human cognition for developing high-assurance systems. In addition, the chapter provides a roadmap for developing an interoperability policy framework and engineering economically viable high-assurance systems to support missions where people play a key role.
The Processing of Airspace Concept Evaluations Using FASTE-CNS as a Pre- or Post-Simulation CNS Analysis Tool

As NASA speculates on and explores the future of aviation, the technological and physical aspects of our environment increasing become hurdles that must be overcome for success. Research into methods for overcoming some of these selected hurdles have been purposed by several NASA research partners as concepts. The task of establishing a common evaluation environment was placed on NASA's Virtual Airspace Simulation Technologies (VAST) project (sub-project of VAMS), and they responded with the development of the Airspace Concept Evaluation System (ACES). As one examines the ACES environment from a communication, navigation or surveillance (CNS) perspective, the simulation parameters are built with assumed perfection in the transactions associated with CNS. To truly evaluate these concepts in a realistic sense, the contributions/effects of CNS must be part of the ACES. NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has supported the Virtual Airspace Modeling and Simulation (VAMS) project through the continued development of CNS models and analysis capabilities which supports the ACES environment. NASA GRC initiated the development a communications traffic loading analysis tool, called the Future Aeronautical Sub-network Traffic Emulator for Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (FASTE-CNS), as part of this support. This tool allows for forecasting of communications load with the understanding that, there is no single, common source for loading models used to evaluate the existing and planned communications channels; and that, consensus and accuracy in the traffic load models is a very important input to the decisions being made on the acceptability of communication techniques used to fulfill the aeronautical requirements. Leveraging off the existing capabilities of the FASTE-CNS tool, GRC has called for FASTE-CNS to have the functionality to pre- and post-process the simulation runs of ACES to report on instances when traffic density, frequency congestion or aircraft spacing/distance violations have occurred. The integration of these functions require that the CNS models used to characterize these avionic system be of higher fidelity and better consistency then is present in FASTE-CNS system. This presentation will explore the capabilities of FASTE-CNS with renewed emphasis on the enhancements being added to perform these processing functions; the fidelity and reliability of CNS models necessary to make the enhancements work; and the benchmarking of FASTE-CNS results to improve confidence for the results of the new processing capabilities.
Diagnosis of Tooth Agenesis in Childhood and Risk for Neoplasms in Adulthood.

Background: Tooth agenesis, the congenital absence of one or more teeth, can be diagnosed in children in the first decade of life. Tooth agenesis is a phenotypic feature of conditions such as ectodermal dysplasia, cleft lip, cleft palate, Down syndrome, and Van der Woude syndrome. Tooth agenesis can also be nonsyndromic. Studies have shown an association between the genetic determinants of nonsyndromic tooth agenesis and neoplasms in adulthood. Methods: This review of the implications of tooth agenesis as a risk indicator for neoplasms in adulthood is based on a search of PubMed to identify published case series, case reports, and review articles. The reference articles were manually searched. The search was limited to articles published in the English language. Results: Neoplasms reported in patients with tooth agenesis include colorectal neoplasms and epithelial ovarian cancer, as well as family histories of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and cancers of the brain and nervous system. Conclusion: Although odontogenesis and tumorigenesis may seem to be unrelated processes, the clinical association between the two highlights the overlap of genetic determinants and molecular pathways. Tooth agenesis can be diagnosed during childhood and should be considered a marker for risk of neoplasms in adulthood. Healthcare providers should identify tooth agenesis and provide appropriate anticipatory guidance.
Consuming together (versus separately) makes the heart grow fonder

Across three studies, we investigate how consumers in romantic relationships make decisions when choosing an item to share with their partner. We show that consumers will forgo their preferred alternative for an option that is more aligned with the preferences of their partner when consuming the same item together vs. separately. We theorize and show that when consuming together (vs. separately), consumers’ purchase motivation shifts from being utilitarian (e.g., satisfying one’s hunger) to hedonic (e.g., having an enjoyable evening). Consequently, when consuming together (vs. separately), consumers weigh more highly their partner’s affective reactions to the item and overall experience—leading them to pick a less preferred option in an effort to please their partner. In sum, we provide a framework that contributes novel insight into the trade-offs consumers make between their preferences and the preferences of others.
Spatiotemporal Error in Rainfall Data: Consequences for Epidemiologic Analysis of Waterborne Diseases

The relationship between rainfall, especially extreme rainfall, and increases in waterborne infectious diseases is widely reported in the literature. Most of this research, however, has not formally considered the impact of exposure measurement error contributed by the limited spatiotemporal fidelity of precipitation data. Here, we evaluate bias in effect estimates associated with exposure misclassification due to precipitation data fidelity, using extreme rainfall as an example. We accomplished this via a simulation study, followed by analysis of extreme rainfall and incident diarrheal disease in an epidemiologic study in Ecuador. We found that the limited fidelity typical of spatiotemporal rainfall data sets biases effect estimates towards the null. Use of spatial interpolations of rain-gauge data or satellite data biased estimated health effects due to extreme rainfall (occurrence) and wet conditions (accumulated totals) downwards by 35%-45%. Similar biases were evident in the Ecuadorian case study analysis, where spatial incompatibility between exposed populations and rain gauges resulted in the association between extreme rainfall and diarrheal disease incidence being approximately halved. These findings suggest that investigators should pay greater attention to limitations in using spatially heterogeneous environmental data sets to assign exposures in epidemiologic research.
The Origin and Evolution of Mammalian Head Muscles with Special Emphasis on the Facial Myology of Primates and Modern Humans

In this chapter we focus mainly on from where the head and neck muscles arose and how they evolved within the three major extant mammalian clades: monotremes, marsupials, and placentals. Within placentals, we pay special attention to primates, the group that includes our species, Homo sapiens. In fact, primates are an emblematic case study to show that, within the fascinating morphological diversity of hard and soft tissues of the head, including the jaws and the muscles that move them, the most evolvable and diverse ones are a group of muscles that is characteristic of, and played a crucial evolutionary role in, the Mammalia: the muscles of facial expression. As an example of mammalian diversity and also of an issue that is fundamental for the evolution of our own species as well as to illustrate the highly complex linkage between the evolutionary history of muscles, external characters, behavior, and ecology, we briefly comment on the relationships between facial expression, color patterns, mobility, and social group size during primate and human evolution. Furthermore, we also provide comments about data that have been made available in developmental studies on the ontogeny of the mammalian head muscles as an example of how developmental and evo-devo data can be combined with comparative anatomy in order to provide a more integrative understanding of the evolutionary history of the mammalian head.
Effects of Patch–Matrix Composition and Individual Movement Response on Population Persistence at the Patch Level

Fragmentation creates landscape-level spatial heterogeneity which in turn influences population dynamics of the resident species. This often leads to declines in abundance of the species due to increased susceptibility to edge effects between the remnant habitat patches and the lower quality “matrix” surrounding these focal patches. In this paper, we formalize a framework to facilitate the connection between small-scale movement and patch-level predictions of persistence through a mechanistic model based on reaction–diffusion equations. The model is capable of incorporating essential information about edge-mediated effects such as patch preference, movement behavior, and matrix-induced mortality. We mathematically analyze the model’s predictions of persistence with a general logistic-type growth term and explore their sensitivity to demographic attributes in both the patch and matrix, as well as patch size and geometry. Also, we provide bounds on demographic attributes and patch size in order for the model to predict persistence of a species in a given patch based on assumptions on the patch/matrix interface. Finally, we illustrate the utility of this framework with a well-studied planthopper species (Prokelisia crocea) living in a highly fragmented landscape. Using experimentally derived data from various sources to parameterize the model, we show that, qualitatively, the model results are in accord with experimental predictions regarding minimum patch size of P. crocea. Through application of a sensitivity analysis to the model, we also suggest a ranking of the most important model parameters based on which parameter will cause the largest output variance.
Linear Distribution System State Estimation Using Synchrophasor Data and Pseudo-Measurement

State estimation is often a challenging task in distribution systems due to deploying a limited number of measurement devices. Moreover, the integration of precise distribution-level phasor measurement unites, a.k.a micro-PMUs, along with inaccurate pseudo-measurements in state estimation introduces another challenge. These issues might decrease the efficiency of traditional standard weighted least squares (WLS) for distribution system state estimation. This paper proposes a novel linear distribution system state estimation based on limited number of synchrophasor measurements and pseudo-measurements. To involve pseudo-measurements into the linear state estimation, Taylor's approximation is adopted to reformulate pseudo-measurement functions in a linear form. The results obtained via numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed linear state estimation method performs as good as the standard nonlinear WLS estimator. Moreover, the sensitivity analyses results show that our method has a better performance compared to WLS once a limited number of highly precise micro-PMUs are accompanied with inaccurate pseudo-measurements in state estimation.
Particle-toughened interlayers enhance mechanical response of composite laminates

Abstract Toughened composite materials, where the toughening agents are micro-particles dispersed within the interlayer resin rich regions, provide enhanced delamination resistance. This delay in delamination promotes intralaminar micro- and macro-cracking, thus providing superior toughness. In this paper, a thorough study of damage accumulation was conducted to identify and quantify failure mechanisms in the ± 45 ∘ laminate axial tensile test. Progression of damage accumulation was captured with digital image correlation techniques, in-situ inspection with high-resolution cameras and interrupted tests at different loading stages. Detailed cross-section microscopy of specimens were used to observe progression of crack formation, density of cracks formed and crack branching at the toughened interfaces.
Interviews with Exemplary Teachers: Leon F. Litwack.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This continues a series of interviews in which distinguished teachers share their strategies and techniques. Good teaching is more often honored in rhetoric than reality. And great teachers are generally known locally within their own schools, but less often to a larger group of national colleagues. The goal in these interviews is, in part, to identify and honor those people who have taught with excellence, dedication, and distinction. But more than that, we believe that these teachers have lessons to offer the rest of us and that there are remarkably few forums for hearing their wisdom. These interviews have been conducted by Roy Rosenzweig, director of the Center for History and New Media (CHNM) at George Mason University. They originated as part of the web site that CHNM and the American Social History Project have organized for history teachers and students: "History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web." Designed for high school and college teachers of the United States history survey courses (and supported by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation), this site serves as a gateway to web resources and offers unique teaching materials, firstperson primary documents and threaded discussions on teaching United States history. You are invited to visit it at: http://historymatters.gmu.edu. If you would like to propose a teacher for inclusion in this series, please e-mail Roy Rosenzweig at rrosenzw@gmu.edu.
A Concise Review and Required Precautions for COVID-19 Outbreak in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology

A global outbreak of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The rapid rise in the case numbers and mortality led to the saturation of hospitals in many countries. COVID-19 patients usually present with fever, fatigue, dry cough, and dyspnea. Given the shortage of diagnostic kits in many countries and very high sensitivity of computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis of COVID-19 in clinically suspicious patients, the chest CT has been implemented among the primary initial methods of diagnosis before the confirmatory laboratory tests. This puts radiologists and radiology staff on the front line of this alarming pandemic. This report summarizes chest CT findings of COVID-19 patients to facilitate diagnosis and reviews a list of necessary precautions and safety measures for diagnostic and interventional radiology personnel. These precautionary plans are extremely important to avoid contamination of the health-care providers, as well as cross-contamination between patients.
You must learn: sampling critical hip hop pedagogy in communication education spaces

Critical communication pedagogies in universities are important because they teach students how communication processes produce social difference and social justice activism. To keep these pedagogi...
Messenger RNA cap methylation by PCIF1 attenuates the interferon-β induced antiviral state

Interferons induce cell intrinsic responses associated with resistance to viral infection. To overcome the suppressive action of interferons and their downstream effectors viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms. Working with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) we report a role for the host cell N6-adenosine mRNA cap-methylase, phosphorylated C-terminal domain interacting factor 1 (PCIF1), in attenuating the antiviral activity of interferon-{beta}. Using cell based and in vitro biochemical assays we demonstrate that PCIF1 efficiently modifies VSV mRNA cap structures to m7Gpppm6Am, and we identify the cis-acting elements required for this modification. Under basal conditions, N6-methylation of VSV mRNA cap structures is functionally inert with regard to mRNA stability, translation and viral infectivity. Induction of an antiviral state by treatment of cells with interferon-{beta} prior to infection uncovered a functional role for PCIF1 in attenuation of the antiviral response. Cells lacking PCIF1 or expressing a catalytically inactive PCIF1, exhibit an augmented effect of interferon-{beta} in the inhibition of viral replication and gene expression. This work identifies a function of PCIF1 and cap-proximal m6Am in attenuation of the host response to VSV infection that likely extends to other viruses. SignificanceThe cap structure present at the 5 end of eukaryotic mRNAs regulates RNA stability, translation, and marks mRNA as self, thereby impeding recognition by the innate immune system. Cellular transcripts beginning with adenosine are additionally modified at the N6 position of the 2-O methylated cap-proximal residue by the methyltransferase PCIF1 to m7Gpppm6Am. We define a function for this N6-adenosine methylation in attenuating the interferon-{beta} mediated suppression of viral infection. Cells lacking PCIF1, or defective in its enzymatic activity, augment the cell intrinsic suppressive effect of interferon-{beta} treatment on vesicular stomatitis virus gene expression. VSV mRNAs are efficiently methylated by PCIF1, suggesting this contributes to viral evasion of innate immune suppression.
Young children’s information-seeking practices in center-based childcare:

Many children in the USA spend a significant amount of time in center-based childcare. However, research has yet to explore their information practices in this setting. This study investigates youn...
A 'Sourceful' Twist: Emoji Prediction Based on Sentiment, Hashtags and Application Source.

We widely use emojis in social networking to heighten, mitigate or negate the sentiment of the text. Emoji suggestions already exist in many cross-platform applications but an emoji is predicted solely based a few prominent words instead of understanding the subject and substance of the text. Through this paper, we showcase the importance of using Twitter features to help the model understand the sentiment involved and hence to predict the most suitable emoji for the text. Hashtags and Application Sources like Android, etc. are two features which we found to be important yet underused in emoji prediction and Twitter sentiment analysis on the whole. To approach this shortcoming and to further understand emoji behavioral patterns, we propose a more balanced dataset by crawling additional Twitter data, including timestamp, hashtags, and application source acting as additional attributes to the tweet. Our data analysis and neural network model performance evaluations depict that using hashtags and application sources as features allows to encode different information and is effective in emoji prediction.
Understanding defect structures in nanoscale metal additive manufacturing via molecular dynamics

Abstract Additive manufacturing of a single crystalline metallic column at nanoscale is studied using molecular dynamics simulations. In the model, a melt pool is incrementally added and cooled to a target temperature under isobaric conditions to build a metallic column from the bottom up. The polyhedral template matching (PTM) is used to observe the evolution of atomic-scale defects during this process. The solidification is seen to proceed in two directions for an added molten layer. The molten layer in contact with the cooler lattice has a fast solidification front that competes with the slower solidification front that starts from the top of the melt layer. The defect structure formed strongly depends on the speed of the two competing solidification fronts. Up to a critical layer thickness, the defect-free single crystals are obtained as the faster solidification front reaches the top of the melt pool before the initiation of the slower front from the top. A slower cooling rate leads to a reduction in defects, however, the benefits diminish below a critical rate. The defect content can be significantly reduced by raising the temperature of the powder bed to a critical temperature. This temperature is governed by two competing mechanisms: the slower cooling rates at higher temperatures and the increase in amorphousness as one gets closer to the melting point of the metal. Finally, the effect of an added soft inclusion (SiS 2 ) and a hard inclusion (SiC) on the defect structures is explored. The hard inclusion leads to a retained defect structure while soft inclusions reduce defective content compared to the pure metal.
History of Phage Research and Phage Therapy

Bacteriophages are widely distributed and exhibit dramatic manifestations both in liquid cultures and on solid media. Felix d’Herelle’s research had two important directions, focusing on (i) the therapeutic use of the phage in infectious diseases and (ii) the biological nature of the bacteriophage itself. From his first studies of clinical samples from dysentery patients, he observed that phage titers rose just as recovery was taking place. The work that attracted the most attention for phage therapy was d’Herelle’s report of the successful treatment of four cases of bubonic plague with an antiplague phage. Phage therapy for cholera seemed to be established as helpful for the treatment of patients with the disease; phage prophylaxis for cholera, however, was less clear-cut. Bacteriophage therapy for patients in hospitals was compared to tetracycline treatment and to fluid replacement alone as a control. In the 1960s, there was a unification of the two main research traditions in genetics, that is, gene transmission and gene expression. Successful investigations of phages and their interactions with host bacteria in natural settings will require both detailed molecular studies and integrated biological research.
Discovering potential precursors of mammography abnormalities based on textual features, frequencies, and sequences

Diagnosing breast cancer from mammography reports is heavily dependant on the time sequences of the patient visits. In the work described, we take a longitudinal view of the text of a patient's mammogram reports to explore the existence of certain phrase patterns that indicate future abnormalities may exist for the patient. Our approach uses various text analysis techniques combined with Haar wavelets for the discovery and analysis of such precursor phrase patterns. We believe the results show significant promise for the early detection of breast cancer and other breast abnormalities.
No (More) Philosophy Without Cross-Cultural Philosophy

Philosophy is a radical inquiry whose task is to interrogate the fundamental assumptions of some given activity, discipline, or set of beliefs. In doing so, philosophical inquiry must attempt to delineate a problem and to develop a method for resolving that problem. However, to be true to its intention, philosophy must be able to examine not only the object of its inquiry but also its own method of interrogation. To accomplish this task, philosophical inquiry must be able to create a distance not only from the assumptions under investigation but also from its own assumptions, which is to say, that it must be able to raise questions about its own method. This self-reflexivity requires that any given philosophical investigation must be examined from an alternative vantage point. Since the assumptions which inform the inquiry are deeply imbedded within a given culture, immanent critique is insufficient. The only way to step outside the boundaries of these cultural presuppositions is to reflect on the given problem from the vantage point of another culture’s philosophical tradition. Thus, I argue that philosophical inquiry is unable to go beyond certain limits without being cross-cultural philosophy. I illustrate the way in which cross-cultural philosophy does this with respect to the problem of the self by placing the Western philosophical approach to this problem in dialogue with the Indian Hindu-Buddhist narrative.
Database Design and Performance

Publisher Summary A database management system (DBMS) is a software tool that serves as an intermediary between the data and the programs or users who are seeking access to it. The collection of data, stored according to the rules of the DBMS and accessible only through it, is referred to as the database. A DBMS establishes an environment in which data is standardized and shared among different applications. It provides common services such as data security and backup and recovery. It also provides a level of data independence, which means that programs that use the data are not dependent on the way that the data is physically stored. The chapter reviews four-database structure: the relational models, pseudo-relational models, the hierarchical and network models. All are capable of non-redundant data storage, data integration, and the handling of one-to-many and many-to-many relationships. The chapter also discusses the logical database design techniques designed to develop data structures that will store the data according to the tenets of database management. The chapter discusses the ability of each of these logical design techniques to design structures for any of the four database models. The performance modifications that can be made to the data structures under the heading of physical database design are also summarized in the chapter.
Impedance of GaAs p-i-n diodes

A computer model of GaAs p-i-n diodes shows that when the intrinsic-layer (i-layer) thickness is greater than about four times the diffusion length, diode forward resistance can be high. Comparison with measured I-V characteristics suggests that diodes now have i-layers with lifetimes of about 10/sup -7/ s. >
A 10 YEAR REVIEW OF CESAREAN HYSTERECTOMY.

During the decade of 1952-1961 there were 40888 deliveries at the Sloane Hospital for Women; 3412 of these were cesarean sections and 165 were cesarean hysterectomies. Among the patients in the last group there were 100 who had had a total of 189 previous cesarean sections. The control group for the study was 165 cases of cesarean section with tubal ligation cared for over the same decade. The main purpose of the study is to compare the morbidity figures in cesarean hysterectomy with that of cesarean section and tubal ligation and to determine the condition of the cervix in these operations. Of the 165 hysterectomies 31 were elective while the rest were indicated. Review of pathology reports from 28 elective and 93 indicated cases of total hysterectomy revealed that in most cases the cervix is contained in the specimen. Also 116 of the 165 patients needed blood transfusion. The author concludes that total cesarean hysterectomy should be limited to the patients who have a definite abnormality.
Clinical experience with technetium-99m teboroxime, a neutral, lipophilic myocardial perfusion imaging agent

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) teboroxime is a new technetium-based myocardial perfusion imaging agent (investigational code = SQ30217 [Cardiotec, Squibb Diagnostics]). A member of a class of neutral, lipophilic, technetium-containing complexes known as boronic acid adducts of technetium dioxime (BATO) complexes, this agent is chemically very different from the cationic tracer thallium-201 (Tl-201) and from the cationic technetium complex Tc-99m sestamibi (Cardiolite, Du Pont Imaging Agents). Tc-99m teboroxime has high myocardial extraction, rapid blood clearance, little lung uptake and rapid myocardial washout. A biexponential pattern of myocardial washout is demonstrated in animals and in man. Effective half-lives of the 2 washout components in man are 5.2 minutes and 3.8 hours and represent approximately 66 and 33% of the myocardial activity, respectively. The first half-life for the myocardium is approximately 11 minutes. As the agent washes out of the heart, hepatic uptake occurs, peaking at about 5 minutes after injection. The liver is the major organ of excretion and receives, along with the large bowel, the largest radiation dose. Rapid imaging protocols using standard cameras have achieved good myocardial counts from 3 planar views acquired over a 4- to 5-minute period or for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images acquired over a 10-minute period. An entire stress/rest procedure can be completed in 1 hour. Analysis of data from 155 patients from 4 centers using planar or SPECT imaging showed a sensitivity and specificity for blinded readings of 82 and 91%, respectively, when compared against overall clinical impression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
miR-22 in cardiac remodeling and disease

Regulation of gene expression during cardiac development and remodeling is very complicated, involving epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and translational regulation. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cardiac remodeling is still far from complete. MicroRNAs are a class of small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to play critical roles in gene regulation in cardiovascular biology and disease. microRNA-22 (miR-22) is an evolutionally conserved miRNA that is highly expressed in the heart. Recent studies uncovered miR-22 as an important regulator for cardiac remodeling. miR-22 modulates the expression and function of genes involved in hypertrophic response, sarcomere reorganization, and metabolic program shift during cardiac remodeling. In this review, we will focus on the recent findings of miR-22 in cardiac remodeling and the therapeutic potential of this miRNA in the treatment of related defects resulting from adverse cardiac remodeling.
Compressive sensing for a sub-millimeter-wave single pixel imager

In this paper we demonstrate the use of compressive sensing to form an image with an image plane random mask and a single pixel sub-millimeter wave receiver. This type of imaging device is a practical solution in domains where focal plane arrays do not exist. The imager consists of a heterodyne source and receiver pair, image forming optics, a spatially selective mask, and data acquisition and post-processing hardware and software. The spatially selective mask modulates the signal measured by the receiver which is then sampled by an analog to digital converter and is post-processed to reconstruct the image. The spatially selective mask can produce image samples at full video rates. The post-processing used for this research consists of a sparseness inducing transformation on the measurements and application of compressive sensing reconstruction algorithms. We show several images acquired and reconstructed using this system. While the data acquisition of this system is real time, the processing currently must be done online. We comment on the performance improvement by using compressive sensing methods.
Terbium binding to axonal membrane vesicles from lobster (Homarus americanus) peripheral nerve. A probe of calcium binding sites.

Abstract Tb 3+ , a fluorescent trivalent cation with physicochemical properties similar to Ca 2+ , binds to peripheral nerve membrane vesicles prepared from the walking leg nerve bundle of the lobster ( Homarus americanus ). Saturable binding is measured for at least two classes of binding site. Bound Tb 3+ can be displaced by other cations in the order: Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ = Zn 2+ > NH 4 + . The binding of Tb 3+ to the lower affinity site ( K D (app) = 6.0 μ M) is inhibitable by Na + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ , whereas the higher affinity site ( K D (app) = 2.2 μ M) is only sensitive to Ca 2+ . Using this spectral probe the role of Ca 2+ in peripheral nerve membrane function can be investigated.
Oxygen Adsorption on CdSe Surfaces: Case Study of Asymmetric Anisotropic Growth through ab Initio Computations

Asymmetric anisotropic growth in wurtzite based II-VI semiconductors has been exploited in the past to create a diversity of nanocrystal shapes and topologies. Here, we present a methodology, based on ab initio calculations, to assess the circumstances (i.e., chemical environments) under which anisotropic and asymmetric growth could occur in terms of the ordering and magnitude of the surface energies. This methodology is applied to wurtzite CdSe systems exposed to oxygen atmospheres. Our results show that oxygen adsorption, in the most favored binding mode, is exothermic on all polar and nonpolar CdSe facets. On nonpolar facets, which contain equal numbers of Cd and Se atoms, adsorption of oxygen takes place preferentially on Se resulting in very stable surface configurations with large drops in surface energy (relative to the clean surfaces). This renders all nonpolar facets passive toward growth in the presence of oxygen. Among the four major inequivalent polar surface facets, two (the Cd-terminated and Se-terminated (0001) surfaces) can be successively created on one side of the nanocrystal and two other facets (the Cd-terminated and Se-terminated (0001 j ) surfaces) can be successively created only on the opposite side. For growth to occur along either the (0001) or the (0001 j ) directions, both (0001) surfaces or both (0001 j ) surfaces, respectively, should display high surface energies relative to all other surfaces. We find that, for appropriate choices of the Cd chemical potential and oxygen coverage, the surface energies of the two (0001) facets are far higher than any of the other surfaces, thereby making (0001) facets relatively unstable and prone to rapid growth along only that direction (resulting in asymmetric anisotropic growth). Thus by controlling the ordering of the surface energies (e.g., through proper choices of precursor concentration and surfactants), control of directional growth can be achieved, as has been done before empirically.
Protein kinase Cι: Human oncogene, prognostic marker and therapeutic target

Abstract The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases has been the subject of intensive study in the field of cancer since their initial discovery as major cellular receptors for the tumor promoting phorbol esters nearly 30 years ago. However, despite these efforts, the search for a direct genetic link between members of the PKC family and human cancer has yielded only circumstantial evidence that any PKC isozyme is a true cancer gene. This situation changed in the past year with the discovery that atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCι) is a bonafide human oncogene. PKCι is required for the transformed growth of human cancer cells and the PKCι gene is the target of tumor-specific gene amplification in multiple forms of human cancer. PKCι participates in multiple aspects of the transformed phenotype of human cancer cells including transformed growth, invasion and survival. Herein, we review pertinent aspects of atypical PKC structure, function and regulation that relate to the role of these enzymes in oncogenesis. We discuss the evidence that PKCι is a human oncogene, review mechanisms controlling PKCι expression in human cancers, and describe the molecular details of PKCι-mediated oncogenic signaling. We conclude with a discussion of how oncogenic PKCι signaling has been successfully targeted to identify a novel, mechanism-based therapeutic drug currently entering clinical trials for treatment of human lung cancer. Throughout, we identify key unanswered questions and exciting future avenues of investigation regarding this important oncogenic molecule.
Computational approach for three-dimensional analysis of time series space physics data

Space physicists have traditionally viewed their data with methods such as pixel-based contour representations; however with more advanced instruments being flown, a more advanced visualization method is needed. This document will identify and communicate the principles necessary to achieve the requirements of the current and future space physics community and perhaps meet the needs in other scientific arenas. The software we have developed was design as an extensible tool from the design phase as well as being modular in respect to terms of data system, plotting packages, and user interfaces. We will discuss some of the key design criteria used for developing the new program and the implementation details of using an open-source graphics package for our plotting requirements. In addition, certain issues in upgrading legacy applications will also be discussed. This paper will effectively outline an approach other programmers can use in their own software developments. Successfully using this model will considerably reduce overall development time in constructing data analysis systems while allowing the individual developer to concentrate on specific algorithms unique to their domain.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
RELATIONSHIPS OF JOB CATEGORIES AND ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS TO USE OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS, INCLUDING ELECTRONIC MAIL: A META-ANALYSIS AND EXTENSION*

This study tests hypotheses derived from information processing theory concerning relationships between individuals' job category, organizational level, and levels and patterns of media usage. Media studied include face-to-face, meetings, memos/letters, telephone and electronic mail. In the meta-analysis of over 40 studies, usage of different media was significantly different for managers/executives versus others, and was highly correlated with organizational level. In the individual-level analyses of four organizations, the majority of respondents were classified into their actual job categories, and according to distances between organizational levels, by a discriminant function involving only relative extent of media use, especially participation in meetings. Contrary to information richness theory, upper-level respondents (managers) did not necessarily use electronic mail less than did lower-level respondents (clerical workers). The article concludes by discussing implications for theories of organizational media use and implementation of electronic mail systems.
The mouse seminal vesicle shape mutation is allelic with Fgfr2

The mouse seminal vesicle shape (svs) mutation is a spontaneous recessive mutation that causes branching morphogenesis defects in the prostate gland and seminal vesicles. Unlike many other mutations that reduce prostatic and/or seminal vesicle branching, the svs mutation dramatically reduces branching without reducing organ growth. Using a positional cloning approach, we identified the svs mutant lesion as a 491 bp insertion in the tenth intron of Fgfr2 that results in changes in the pattern of Fgfr2 alternative splicing. An engineered null allele of Fgfr2 failed to complement the svs mutation proving that a partial loss of FGFR2(IIIb) isoforms causes svs phenotypes. Thus, the svs mutation represents a new type of adult viable Fgfr2 allele that can be used to elucidate receptor function during normal development and in the adult. In the developing seminal vesicles, sustained activation of ERK1/2 was associated with branching morphogenesis and this was absent in svs mutant seminal vesicles. This defect appears to be the immediate downstream effect of partial loss of FGFR2(IIIb) because activation of FGFR2(IIIb) by FGF10 rapidly induced ERK1/2 activation, and inhibition of ERK1/2 activation blocked seminal vesicle branching morphogenesis. Partial loss of FGFR2(IIIb) was also associated with down-regulation of several branching morphogenesis regulators including Shh, Ptch1, Gli1, Gli2, Bmp4, and Bmp7. Together with previous studies, these data suggest that peak levels of FGFR2(IIIb) signaling are required to induce branching and sustain ERK1/2 activation, whereas reduced levels support ductal outgrowth in the prostate gland and seminal vesicles.
The lens proteins of eastern North American salamanders, and their application to urodelan systematics.

The soluble lens proteins of 12 eastern North American salamander species of seven genera (P. glutinosus, P. cinereus, P. jordani, D quadramaculatus, D. fuscus, D. monticola, D. ochrophaeus, Ps. ruber, G. porphyriticus, E. bislineata, N. viridescens and A. maculatum) were investigated, using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Each of the species, under the conditions employed, exhibited a characteristic, qualitatively distinct electrophoresis pattern, with the greatest resolution occurring in the γ-crystallin region. It was not possible, however, to distinguish the lens proteins of (a) sub-adults from those of adults (five species), (b) intergrade/subspecies from those of derived species (two species) and (c) a colour-phase from those of normal dorsal colouration (one species). The full species status of all but two of the 12 was confirmed; the separate taxonomic status of D. fuscus and D. ochrophaeus is questionable due to the nearly-identical electrophoresis patterns obtained. Such a discriminative ability in the lens protein system suggests its use as a “phylogenetic fingerprint” in urodelan systematics, with possible application to other problems of speciation in the vertebrates.