cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The coalescence of large grain boundary cavities in silver during tension creep

Abstract An experimental technique for implanting water vapor bubbles in silver has been used to produce a uniform distribution of very large cavities along the grain boundaries of high purity silver. By implanting these very large bubbles prior to the onset of creep, the kinetics of the final stages of creep cavity growth and coalescence can be studied. The stress and temperature dependence for the creep-rupture of silver with grain boundary cavities initially 12 μm in diameter and spaced 20 μm apart has been determined for the temperature range 200 to 400°C. It is found that the time to rupture depends on the applied stress: t r ~ σ −9 . The activation energy for creep rupture of silver with this microstructure is 199 kJ/mol above 300°C and about 103 kJ/mol below that temperature. The stress and temperature dependence for the creep-rupture of the embrittled silver appears to be identical with the stress and temperature dependence for the creep of silver itself suggesting that the final stages of cavity growth consists of the plastic tearing of the ligament material between the cavities. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces reveal brittle, intergranular grain boundary facets. These facets exhibit uniformly distributed dimples, the spacing of which corresponds to the initial gas bubble spacing, indicating that fracture occurs solely by the growth of the pre-existing gas bubbles.
Decreasing the bandwidth of a transition matrix

Abstract Adapting a method that Freivalds used in the context of bounded-error probabilistic computation, we prove that the languages recognized by log-space un bounded-error probabilistic Turing machines (PL) are log-space reducible to languages recognized by automata of the same type but restricted to use at most e log n bits of storage space, for arbitrarily small e s 0. Furthermore, we show that the banded-matrix inversion problem Band-Mat-Inv( n e ) is log-space complete for PL, for any e ϵ (0, 1]. This strengthens a result of Jung that Band-Mat-Inv( n ) is log-space complete for PL, and may lead to new space-efficient deterministic simulations of space-bounded probabilistic Turing machines.
Spatial and temporal variability in excessive soil phosphorus levels in eastern North Carolina

Numerous studies have shown that accumulation of excessive soil phosphorus raises the potential for phosphorus export and eutrophication of adjacent surface waters. Soil phosphorus data from the North Carolina Agronomy Division's database were analyzed for two-year periods spanning the decades of the 1980s and 1990s for 39 eastern North Carolina counties. Eastern North Carolina supported extensive row crop agriculture, rapidly growing intensive livestock industries, and a growing human population during these decades. Excessive soil phosphorus levels, defined as having a soil phosphorus index (P-I, based on Mehlich III testing) > 100, occurred in over 40% of almost a million samples reported for the three two-year periods analyzed. Excessive soil P-I levels were most frequent in central eastern North Carolina, declined in the 1980s and rose again in the 1990s. The distribution of row crop area with excessive soil P-I levels was very similar in time and space. Increases in the area harvested for cotton (+635%) and pasture (+523%) with excessive soil P-I levels were particularly large during the 1990s, when crop areas harvested associated with excessive soil P-I levels for other major crops (corn, tobacco, peanuts) declined. Residential and recreational land uses were associated with similarly high frequencies of excessive soil P-I levels, but these land uses were relatively unimportant (<5% area) compared to agricultural land use (~34%) in the region. Recent increases in fertilizer shipments (approximately twofold in the late 1990s) likely reflected increased cotton production. Rapid growth in concentrated animal production (almost twofold increase in total animal units (AU) between 1992 and 2001), with accompanying land application of wastes, accounted for increases in soil P-I values in pasturelands in the 1990s, particularly in central eastern North Carolina, where these activities were concentrated. The potential threat to water quality from export of excessive soil phosphorus is therefore greatest in this region. North Carolina is currently developing a Phosphorus Loss Assessment Tool (PLAT) in an attempt to manage the challenge posed by excessive soil phosphorus levels.
Study of InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattices using high-resolution x-ray diffraction and cross-sectional electron microscopy

Abstract InAs/InAs 1− x Sb x type-II superlattices (SLs) have been grown on GaSb (100) substrates using molecular beam epitaxy with different Sb/In and As/In flux ratios and growth temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 450 °C. The change in SL microstructure as a result of adjusting the growth conditions has been comprehensively studied. High-resolution x-ray diffraction reveals increase in Sb composition as either growth temperature or the ratio of As/Sb is decreased. Cross-sectional electron micrographs show excellent crystallinity, particularly for those samples grown close to the strain-balanced condition at lower temperatures and those with higher Sb/As flux ratios.
FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF COHO SALMON (Oncorhynchus kisutch) AND CHINOOK SALMON (O. tshawytscha) IN SALTWATER NET‐PENS IN PUGET SOUND

Experimental marine net-pen systems for the culture of Pacific salmon have been developed in the United States and Canada and have resulted in the establishment of fish farms in Washington, Alaska, Maine, and British Columbia. Fish farmers have encountered biological problems that constrain production through decreased growth and survival. These factors include: feed amounts (ration), dissolved oxygen levels and rearing densities, saltwater adaptation, physiological stage of smoltification, and disease. This paper discusses the relative severity of these problems and current practices for solving them.
Constraints on isospin breaking in the light quark sea from the Drell-Yan process

Abstract One possible interpretation of recent deep inelastic scattering data applied to the Gottfried sum rule is that SU (2) isospin symmetry is violated in the light quark sea in the proton, i.e., u ≠ d . The data can equally well be described by retaining SU (2) symmetry but postponing the onset of Regge behavior to much smaller x values than are currently sampled experimentally. We show how the Drell-Yan process can provide definitive, discriminating information on this issue. We suggest a new Drell-Yan experiment, which should prove decisive, and show how existing data may already rule out the isospin-breaking hypothesis.
Generation of angle and amplitude modulation functions on the matric computor

The analysis of modulation processes from the viewpoint of differential equation theory has hardly progressed since the publication of Carson's original 1922 contributions. Furthermore, the scalar view of differential equations generally employed has perhaps impeded progress in these areas. For, it now appears that the basic modulation schemes have canonic matric representations as differential equations systems which simplifies their computing machine representations. These canonic formulations (of linear, timevariable, homogeneous differential equation systems) have solutions which yield the various types of modulation functions, including angle, amplitude, and more general processes. This paper describes these canonic matric differential equation systems, and the employment of the Matric Computor for their solutions. The modulation function are thereby generated by this advanced analytic machine in an elegant and meaningful manner, and with the utmost convenience. Although many applications of these modulation functions for the computor study of the properties of communication and control systems represented analytically could be made, such studies are outside the purview of the present researches. However, as a basic application of these canonic formulations, the well-known demodulation schemes are also represented matrically; oscillographic records of the entire modulation-demodulation processes for both angle and amplitude modulations represented and solved in the Matric Computor are included.
Evidence for antigen presentation in situ by endothelial cells and astrocytes

To investigate the possibility of local antigen presentation within the central nervous system (CNS) in multiple sclerosis (MS), frozen sections of active chronic MS lesions were stained by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for the demonstration of Ia antigen using a monoclonal antibody. Ia antigen could be localized on some endothelial cells and astrocytes as well as on macrophages. While Ia+ endothelial cells were randomly distributed throughout the CNS, Ia+ astrocytes were mainly found at the edge of active chronic MS lesions. These findings in MS suggest that antigen might be presented locally within the CNS on endothelial cells, where it might lead to new lesion formation by the initiation of a local immune response; on astrocytes, where it might be involved in lesion growth at the periphery.
The effect of diphenylhydantoin on self-mutilation in rats produced by unilateral multiple dorsal rhizotomy.

It has been reported that self-mutilation of forelimbs in rats following multiple cervicothoracic dorsal rhizotomy may be dependent on the integrity of specific ascending spinal pathways. This behavior may arise from central dysfunction rather than as a direct result of limb anesthesia. Such a hypothesis would be supported if self-mutilation after dorsal rhizotomy were an aggressive act and if it were reduced by diphenylhydantoin. Thirty female albino rats underwent multiple unilateral cervicothoracic dorsal rhizotomy from C5 to T1 and were randomly assigned to treatment with 10, 15, 25, and 50 mg/kg diphenylhydantoin intraperitoneally each day. Some animals received the drug vehicle alone as a control, and some animals were handled as the others but not treated. Videotape techniques were usd to confirm and study the mutilation process, which appeared to be an aggressive rather than a passive one. Spinal cord histology was obtained. Diphenylhydantoin was shown to reduce the incidence of self mutilation from 89% (9 animals) to 40% (15 animals) when given at doses greater than 10 mg/kg/day. The results support a possible etiologic role of central dysfunction and suggest that this process may involve hyperactive afferent pathways.
Microbial synthesis of triacetic acid lactone

Native g2ps1-encoded 2-pyrone synthase (2-PS) from Gerbera hybrida, a mutant Brevibacterium ammoniagenes fatty acid synthase B (FAS-B) and two different mutants of Penicillium patulum 6-methylsalyci- lic acid synthase (6-MSAS) are examined to identify the best enzyme to recruit for the microbial synthesis of triacetic acid lactone (TAL). To identify the best microbial host for these evaluations, the native TAL-synthesizing activity of g2ps1-encoded 2-PS is expressed in recombi- nant Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae constructs. Five-fold higher expression levels of 2-PS are observed in S. cerevisiae. Consequently, microbial syn- thesis of TAL focuses on S. cerevisiae constructs. Com- parisonofdifferentpromotersfortheexpressionofg2ps1 inS.cerevisiaeindicatesthatthealcoholdehydrogenaseII promoter (PADH2) affords the highest expression levels of 2-PS. As a result, the genes encoding the various TAL- synthesizing enzyme activities are expressed in S. cerevi- siae from a PADH2 promoter. To extend TAL-synthesizing activity beyond g2ps1-encoded 2-PS, the ketoreductase domains of fasB-encoded FAS-B and 6-MSAS-encoded 6-MSAS are modified using a single mutation. Modi- fication of the nicotinamide cofactor-binding site of 6-MSAS with a triple mutation is also examined. Separate S. cerevisiae constructs expressing native g2ps1, mutant Y2226F fasB, mutant Y1572F 6-MSAS, and mutant G1419A-G1421P-G1424A 6-MSAS are cultured under the same fermentor-controlled conditions. The highest con- centration (1.8 g/L) and yield (6%) of TAL are synthesized from glucose by S. cerevisiae expressing the Y1572F
Mutagenicity of para-substituted α-methylstyrene oxide derivatives with Salmonella

Abstract A series of 5 para-substituted α-methylstyrene oxide derivatives have been synthesized and together with α-methylstyrene oxide as well as styrene oxide have been studied as to their mutagenicity with the TA100 and TA1535 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. A multiple regression analysis model has been developed which describes the mutagenicity of the α-methylstyrene oxides in TA100. An increase in van der Waals volume was the most important variable in the model with greater improvement occurring with inclusion of the Hammett values for the para substituents on the compounds. The α-methylstyrene oxides were less active alkylating agents with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine than styrene oxide and with pyridine all reactivity was at the β-epoxide carbon. However all the α-methylstyrene oxide derivatives, except for the bromo compound where toxicity was evident, showed mutagenicity values either greater or comparable to that of styrene oxide. These studies would indicate that reactivity at the β-carbon should also be a factor in describing the mutagenicity of the parent styrene oxide series.
Specific language deficiencies in children with early onset hydrocephalus

Abstract Specific language abilities of children with early onset hydrocephalus were compared to nonhydrocephalic comparison groups. Ninety children, aged 5 to 7 years, composed six subject groups: three groups having a history of hydrocephalus due to spina bifida, prematurity-intraventricular hemorrhage, or aqueductal stenosis. and three comparison groups of children with spina bifida who had never been shunted, premature children with no hydrocephalus, and normal controls. Group performance scores were compared on measures of phonological awareness, semantics, fluency, and word retrieval. Children with hydrocephalus performed below their peers on all measures. These results indicate that early onset hydrocephalus has a substantial adverse impact on the development of a wide range of specific language abilities.
Permafrost Thaw-Subsidence Casing Design

Casing design for arctic wells requires estimates of maximum casing strains due to permafrost thaw subsidence. These maximum strains have been determined for the Prudhoe Bay Field by sensitivity studies with an analytical thaw-subsidence model which correlates with field test data. The sensitivity studies include the strain dependence on (1) thaw radius, (2) permafrost lithology as defined by layer thickness, layer separation, and layer depth, and (3) permafrost mechanical properties. The main conclusions from the sensitivity studies are that the effect of thaw radius and lithology can be bounded and that the significant dependence on mechanical properties can be isolated to one material parameter, the compressibility ratio of contiguous soil layers. At Prudhoe Bay, upper bound compressive strains calculated by sensitivity studies are about one-third of the allowable strain limit of 13-3/8 in., 72 lb. N-80 buttress casing.
Experimental and computational studies on the mechanism of N-heterocycle C-H activation by Rh(I).

Evidence is presented for a proposed mechanism of C−H activation of 3-methyl-3,4-dihydroquinazoline (1) by (PCy3)2RhCl. One intermediate (3), a coordination complex of 1 with (PCy3)2RhCl, was identified along the path to the Rh-N-heterocyclic carbene product of this reaction (2). Isotopic labeling and reaction-rate studies were used to demonstrate that C−H activation takes place intramolecularly on the reaction coordinate between 3 and 2. Computational studies corroborate the proposed mechanism and suggest that the rate-limiting step is oxidative addition of the C−H bond to the metal center. The consequences of this mechanism for coupling reactions of N-heterocycles that occur via Rh-catalyzed C−H bond activation are discussed.
General Theory of Optically Compensated Varifocal Systems

A general theory of optically compensated varifocal systems is discussed in this paper. It is shown that n alternately stationary and relatively fixed (to each other) movable lens components can be arranged to produce an optical system which will have an over-all focal length variable continuously between any two predetermined values upon a displacement of the movable components from their reference position. While the movable interconnected system is being displaced from one extreme position to the other to change the over-all focal length the final image of the system will pass n times through the same position in space; the deviation of the image plane from a predetermined reference plane will be zero in n predetermined positions of the movable components and will not exceed a predetermined value at intermediate positions. The minimum number n of required components is determined by the desired operating range of focal lengths and the tolerable limit of the image plane deviation. The 2n − 2 Gaussian parameters of the n-lens system are then found from a system of 2n − 2 equations and inequalities.
The Matrix Chern-Simons One-form as a Universal Chern-Simons Theory

Abstract We consider different large N limits of the one-dimensional Chern–Simons action i ∫ d t Tr ( ∂ 0 + A 0 ) where A 0 is an N × N anti-Hermitian matrix. The Hilbert space on which A 0 acts as a linear transformation is taken as the quantization of a 2k-dimensional phase space M with different gauge field backgrounds. For slowly varying fields, the large N limit of the one-dimensional CS action is equal to the ( 2 k + 1 ) -dimensional CS theory on M × R . Different large N limits are parametrized by the gauge fields and the dimension 2k. The result is related to the bulk action for quantum Hall droplets in higher dimensions. Since the isometries of M are gauged, this has implications for gravity on fuzzy spaces. This is also briefly discussed.
20-keV Undulators for a 6-GeV Storage Ring

The main goal of the future 6-GeV electron storage ring is to provide 20-keV fundamental harmonic radiations from insertion devices. Parameter restrictions of REC-vanadium permendur hybrid undulators have been examined. The critical factor is the achieveable minimum gap of the undulator. Variations of the spectral brilliance for different beam parameters are also shown.
Mapping of neuron somata in the thoracic nerve cord of the lobster using cobalt chloride.

Abstract o 1. Somata that send processes out of the roots of the thoracic nerve cord of the lobster Homarus americanus were examined for their number, size and location. The somata were located by treating the severed ends of the roots with cobalt chloride which was subsequently transported in retrograde fashion throughout the neurons contributing to the root. 2. From thirty-one to thirty-seven somata, ranging in size from 50 to 160 μm, were identified as those sending axons out of each appendage root to provide the motor innervation of the thoracic appendages. 3. Fourteen somata, ranging in size from 40 to 130 μm, were identified as those sending axons out of each thoracic root to innervate the thoracic musculature. 4. A group of somata, ranging in size from 20 to 50 μm, were found at the base of the root that innervates the thoracic appendages. This group is thought to contain neuron somata of the coxal muscle receptors and/or the somata of cutaneous mechanoreceptors.
Phasing of resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity spectra and direct Fourier synthesis of element-specific partial structures at buried interfaces

A formalism for model-independent determination of element-specific partial structures at buried interfaces using the phase-dependent behavior of resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity (RAXR) data is described. Each RAXR spectrum (i.e. reflectivity versus energy at a fixed momentum transfer near the absorption edge of interest) is uniquely constrained by the amplitude and phase of the resonant partial structure factor with pre-determined non-resonant total structure factor and anomalous dispersion corrections of the resonant species. The element-specific partial density distribution is then imaged by discrete Fourier synthesis with the partial structure factor. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in the comparison of Rb+ and Sr2+ distributions at muscovite (001)–aqueous solution interfaces derived by model-independent and model-dependent approaches. This imaging method is useful for rapid determination of complex buried interfacial structures where element-specific atomic distributions are poorly constrained by conventional X-ray reflectivity analysis.
High-resolution chromosome analysis of phenotypically abnormal patients with apparently balanced structural rearrangements.

Thirteen phenotypically abnormal patients with previously identified de novo or familial, apparently balanced, chromosome rearrangenents were reexamined with highresolution techniques. No definite imbalance could be demonstrated in any of the cases. However, some breakpoints were reassigned to more specific sub-bands and others to totally different bands. The study confirmed translocation reciprocity in some cases in which metaphase banding techniques failed to allow such determination. In one patient an apparent extra dark band was observed which could be explained by limited uncoiling, intraband exchange or small band duplication. In two patients limited uncoiling was observed in one derivative chromosome. Tissue-limited mosaicism was discovered in cultured fibroblasts from one of the seven patients evaluated.
Processes controlling ammonia volatilization from chihuahuan desert soils

Abstract Ammonia volatilization was measured at three sites in the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, U.S.A. In dry soils, ammonia volatilization ranged from 9 to 11 μg Nm −2 day −1 , but rates increased to 95μgNm −2 day −1 in a shrubland site after an experimental addition of water. Ammonia volatilization also increased with experimental additions of NH 4 Cl and decreased with additions of sucrose. Competition by nitrifiers for available NH 4 + had little effect on NH, volatilization; N-Serve, added to inhibit nitrification, decreased NH 3 volatilization in a grassland site and had little effect at other sites. We suggest that NH 3 volatilization is controlled by the rate of mineralization of NH 4 + from soil organic matter, and mineralization is stimulated by rainfall. Overall rates of NH 3 volatilization from undisturbed desert ecosystems appear to be much lower than those reported for rangeland and agricultural soils.
C*-ALGEBRAS OF TRIVIAL K-THEORY AND SEMILATTICES

We give a class of nuclear C*-algebras which contains ${\mathcal O}_2$ and is closed under stable isomorphism, ideals, quotients, hereditary subalgebras, tensor products, direct sums, direct limits as well as extensions. We show that this class of C*-algebras is classified by their equivalence classes of projections and there is a one to one correspondence between (unital) C*-algebras in the class and countable distributive semilattices (with largest elements). One of the main results is that essential extensions of a C*-algebras which is a direct limit of finite direct sums of corners of ${\mathcal O}_2$ by the same type of C*-algebras are still direct limits of finite direct sums of corners of ${\mathcal O}_2$.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) depresses cytochrome P450 levels and activities in mice

Endotoxin depresses cytochrome P450 levels when injected into animals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether endotoxin itself, or monokine(s) released in response to endotoxin administration are responsible for this effect. Cytochrome P450 levels and drug metabolizing activities were measured in endotoxin resistant C3H/HeJ mice 24h after single intraperitoneal injections of either lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a semipurified murine monokine preparation containing interleukin-1 (IL-1), or murine recombinant IL-1. In endotoxin sensitive C3H/HeN mice, LPS (0.5 mg/Kg) decreased total cytochrome P450 levels, benzphetamine demethylase activities, and ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase activities. This dose of LPS did not alter cytochrome P450 levels or activities in the C3H/HeJ mice. However, after injection of the semipurified monokine preparation or the recombinant IL-1, there were significant decreases in cytochrome P450 levels and activities similar to the decreases observed with LPS in the C3H/HeN mice. These findings suggest that the alterations in hepatic cytochrome P450 seen with endotoxin injection are mediated, at least in part, by IL-1.
Focal-Plane Evaluation

Performance evaluation of focal planes begins with arrays, continues through modules, and concludes with integrated focal planes. The first part of this article clarifies the functions and complexity of four different classes of evaluation, R and D, Prototype, Production, and Integrated focal plane. The second part discusses several major issues currently confronting the focal plane community - some of these are readily resolvable while others await further technological advances. A conclusion is made that automation of a facility having a high throughput capability is essential for production of arrays and that future focal plane designs must incorporate built-in diagnostic and fault-tolerant structures to ease the burgeoning burden of evaluation.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The measurement of water vapor permeability of glove materials using dilute tritiated water

Abstract As fusion technology progresses, there will be an increasing need to handle tritium and tritiated compounds. Protective clothing, especially drybox gloves, must be an effective barrier to minimize worker exposure. The water vapor permeability of glove materials and finished glove constructions is a crucial property of drybox gloves and is not sufficiently well characterized. We have built an apparatus that measures water vapor permeability of elastomers using dilute tritiated water. The technique is more sensitive than other methods currently available and allows us to make measurements on materials and under conditions previously inaccessible. In particular, we present results on laminated drybox gloves for which data is not currently available.
Impact of training peers and children with autism on social skills during center time activities in inclusive classrooms

This study was conducted to increase peer-to-peer social skills using direct instruction and peer training in two elementary students with autism spectrum disorders in inclusion settings. The participants and their non-disabled peers were trained to initiate and respond to each other during center time, academic activities. We used a multiple-baseline design across participants to determine the effects of the intervention. Increased initiations and responses in all participants were noted. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
A fluorescent protein factor from spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract A fluorescent protein factor (D-2) was isolated from spinach chloroplasts, and purified by heat-treatment and successive column chromatography utilizing Sephadex G-25, CM-Sephadex, Sephadex G-75 and DEAE cellulose columns. The final purified form has an estimated molecular weight of 5000 and shows a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It stimulates photophosphorylation of isolated chloroplasts by a factor of 5 in the absence of exogenous redox carrier. Some of the spectral and chemical properties were studied and compared with those of known compounds. The purified D-2 has absorption peaks at 310 mμ and 280 mμ. When fluorescence was measured in neutral Tris buffer, the activation peak is at 360 mμ and the fluorescence peak is at 440 mμ. Chemical tests showed that it contains neither aromatic amine nor nonheme iron.
Geoarchaeology of an Aztec dispersed village on the Texcoco piedmont of Central Mexico

Analysis of the microstratigraphy, geomorphology, and soils within an Aztec site in the piedmont of Texcoco provides information on the ecological context of the dispersed village during the Late Aztec phase (A.D. 1350–1520). Two erosional phases are identified, the first in the period between A.D. 500 and 1000, and the second in the 1600s. The two erosional events are correlated with the transition from dispersed settlements, with relatively high population density, to nucleated settlements marking a decline in population. Land reclamation by Aztec settlers is attested by the remains of the semiterracing system of metepantli and rock-faced terraces, which are features discussed in the context of anthropogenic soils identified within the site. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Emerging Target-Based Paradigms to Prevent and Treat Migraine

Migraine is a primary brain disorder resulting from altered modulation of normal sensory stimuli and trigeminal nerve dysfunction. The second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-2) defines seven subtypes of migraine. Migraine treatment can be acute or preventive. New targeted therapies include 5-HT(1F) receptor agonists, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists, nitric oxide synthetase inhibitors, and ion channel antagonists. A recent development is the creation of antibodies to CGRP and its receptor for migraine prevention.
Theoretical probation of FClCO⋯Cl2 molecular complex: Post Hartree-Fock studies on molecular structures, stabilities and vibrational harmonic frequencies

Abstract Potential energy surfaces of the weak FClCO⋯Cl2 complex were studied using ab initio post Hartree-Fock theory at the MP2 and MP4 levels with 6-311G(d) and 6-311G(2d) basis sets. Two minimum energy conformations, first-order transition state and two second-order transition structures were found. The minimum energy forms (C and T) are separated by a small (less than 0.5 kcal mol ) barrier. At the MP2/6-311G(d) level their relative stabilities amount to −0.63 and −0.60 kcal mol for C and T conformers, respectively, where at the MP2/6-311G(2d) approximation stabilities of both forms rise to −1.09 and −1.21 kcal mol . The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated and compared with available experimental data.
Cancer of unknown primary site.

Cancer of unknown primary site is one of the most challenging problems for physicians treating patients with cancers. Unfortunately we know relatively little about cancer of unknown primary site. We do not know which diagnostic tests and therapies are most effective. Much research should be done, but no controlled clinical trials are under way. The definition of a cancer of unknown primary site, or occult pr imary malignancy, requires the presence of a biopsy-proven malignancy together with negative results from a history, a physical examination, appropriate radiological tests, blood counts, and urine and stool analyses. Any abnormalities found during these diagnostic procedures must be followed up in a logical way. For example, if there is blood in the stool, a GI work-up is indicated. I f there is blood in the urine, a work-up of the urologic system is undertaken. If after a reasonable workup, the primary site is not established, one is dealing with a malignancy from an unknown primary site. Certain assumptions are often made regarding unknown primary malignancy. The first is that the ultimate proven primary sites in such patients occur in the same proport ions as cancers in the general population. That is, one would find lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers as the most common types. This assumption is not correct. The data of the End Results Group for the distribution of certain cancers in the United States show that the proport ion of lung cancer cases among patients with an unknown primary site is twice as large as that in the general populat ion of American cancer patients. However, breast cancer, which occurs in the End Results Group in substantial numbers, appears infrequently as an unknown primary, accounting for only 2-3% of cases. Likewise, colorectal cancer is less common as an unknown primary, but liver cancer is 10 times more com-
An object-oriented approach to algebra system design

This paper describes a new computer algebra system design based on the object-oriented style of programming and an implementation of this design, called Views, written in Smalltalk-80. The design is similar in goals to other 'new' generation computer algebra systems, by allowing the runtime creation of computational domains and providing a way to view these domains as members of categories such as 'group', 'ring' or 'field'. However, Views introduces several unique features. The most notable is the strong distinction made between a domain and its view as a member of a particular category. This distinction between the implementation of a domain and its adherence to a set of algebraic laws allows a great degree of flexibility when choosing the algebraic structures that are to be active during a computation. It also allows for a richer variety of interrelationships among categories than exhibited in other systems.
Remission rates following antidepressant therapy with bupropion or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a meta-analysis of original data from 7 randomized controlled trials.

Background: Although it is widely believed tha the various classes of antidepressants are equally effective, clinically meaningful differences may be obscured in individual studies because of a lack of statistical power. The present report describes a meta-analysis of original data from a complete set of studies comparing the norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) bupropion with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs; sertraline, fluoxetine, or paroxetine). Method: Individual patient data were pooled from a complete set of 7 randomized, double-blind studies comparing bupropion (N = 732) with SSRIs (fluoxetine, N = 339; sertraline, N = 343; paroxetine, N = 49) in outpatients with major depressive disorder (DSM-III-R or DSM-IV); 4 studies included placebo (N = 512). Response and remission rates were compared at week 8 or endpoint in both the intent-to-treat sample, using the last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) method to account for attrition, and the observed cases. Tolerability data, including incidence of sexual side effects, were also compared. Results: The LOCF response and remission rates for the bupropion (62% and 47%) and SSRI (63% and 47%) groups were similar; both active therapies were superior to placebo (51% and 36%; all comparisons, p <.001). The same pattern of results was demonstrated on the observed cases analyses. Although bupropion and SSRIs were generally well tolerated, SSRI therapy resulted in significantly higher rates of sexual side effects as compared to both bupropion and placebo. SSRIs were also associated with more somnolence and diarrhea, and bupropion was associated with more dry mouth. Conclusion: Bupropion and the SSRIs were equivalently effective and, overall, both treatments were well tolerated. The principal difference between these treatments was that sexual dysfunction commonly complicated SSRI therapy, whereas treatment with bupropion caused no more sexual dysfunction than placebo.
IDENTIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY TREATMENT DATA OF XENOGRAFTS REPRESENTING TCGA-DEFINED SUBTYPES.

BACKGROUND: The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Network recently catalogued recurrent genomic abnormalities in glioblastoma (GBM). This genomic profiling lead to the molecular classification of GBMs into four subtypes: Proneural, Neural, Classical and Mesenchymal. The importance of identifying these subtypes stands to help researchers and clinicians to better understand GBMs with the potential to personalize treatment options and explore different therapeutic approaches that each subtype may require. As such, the development of preclinical xenograft models that represent each TCGA subtype serves to expedite the evaluation of targeted therapeutic strategies for the treatment of GBMs. METHODS: For this project, established xenografts from patient derived tissue were passaged until reliable growth characteristics were obtained. Established GBM xenografts were classified into TCGA-defined subtypes first by obtaining global gene expression data using Affymetrix. Microarray data was then normalized and probes were summarized as gene expression levels using RMA. Then data was log2 transformed and genes were median centered. Xenografts were subsequently classified into one of four previously defined subtypes as described using Classification to the Nearest Centroid (ClaNC) with the TCGA GBM training dataset. Using established xenografts from each subtype, a preliminary panel of treatment agents was assessed by delay in tumor growth and by tumor regression in athymic mice bearing subcutaneous tumors. Statistical analysis was performed using a personalized SAS statistical analysis program, the Wilcoxon rank order test for growth delay, and Fisher's exact test for tumor regression. RESULTS: To date, our lab has established and identified 2 patient derived xenografts for each TCGA-defined subtype. These xenografts lines have reliable growth patterns with a tumor take rate >80%. Phase I drug testing has been completed and includes tumor growth responses to the following single agents: temozolomide, bevacizumab, BCNU, cytoxan, and irinotecan. CONCLUSIONS: A panel of patient derived xenografts with reliable growth characteristics that represent the four TCGA-defined GBM subtypes has been established and utilized for drug evaluation. The identification of these valid xenograft models represents an important contribution for modeling and predicting therapeutic response. We have currently completed the first round of drug testing within each subtype and look to expand testing to include additional agents as well as select combinations. SECONDARY CATEGORY: n/a.
Manganese response in conventional and glyphosate resistant soybean.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is widely produced and provides many benefits to production agriculture, however, recent reports suggest that GR soybean genetics may result in reduced Mn uptake and increased response to Mn fertilization. The objective of this research was to determine response ofGR and conventional (CV) soybean near-isolines to Mn fertilization. The soybean near-isoline pair KS4202 and K4202RR was planted at three locations and near-isoline pair KS4602N and KS4602NRR was planted at two locations in a split-block field study. Manganese treatments consisted of soil-applied MnSO 4 at 0, 2.8, 5.6, and 8.4 kg Mn ha -1 and foliar applied Mn-glucoheptonate at 0.22 and 0.45 kg Mn ha -1 . Leaf tissue was analyzed for Mn at R1, R3, and R6 growth stages and seed was analyzed for Mn at harvest. Manganese concentrations in leaf tissue were above the critical value and were not affected by GR genetics at any location or growth stage. However, there were yield responses to Mn applications at three of the five locations. KS4202RR soybean yield increased by 800 and 275 kg ha -1 with increasing Mn application rate at two locations when the near-isoline KS4202 yield did not increase. In contrast, at the third responsive location KS4602NRR did not respond to Mn application when the near-isoline KS4602N yield increased by 450 kg ha -1 . These results indicate that although soybean response to Mn is influenced by genetics, neither the Mn uptake nor the Mn responsiveness were conclusively affected by glyphosate-resistance in soybean.
Amorphous FexNb100−x with wide composition range*

Sputtered amorphous FexNb100−x (30≤x≤85) has been studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy and resistivity measurements. The samples with x<60 are nonmagnetic. The magnetic ordering temperatures of the samples with x≥60 increase with Fe content. Small magnetic hyperfine fields are observed in the magnetic samples, consistent with the small Fe moments measured. The resistivity of the magnetic and nonmagnetic samples show different temperature dependences. Only the magnetic samples exhibit a resistivity minimum, indicating a Kondo‐like mechanism.
Comparison of Peer Coaching Versus Traditional Supervision Effects

Abstract Two groups of undergraduate students participating in a field experience as part of a teacher education program were compared in regard to their (a) development of clarity skills, (b) pedagogical reasoning and actions, and (c) attitudes toward several aspects of the field experience. The experimental group was trained in peer coaching techniques, in which teams of preservice teachers were assigned to the same classrooms to provide observation and feedback to each other. The control group experienced traditional university supervision. Results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental condition on 8 of 10 variables measured.
A System for Mining Temporal Physiological Data Streams for Advanced Prognostic Decision Support

We present a mining system that can predict the future health status of the patient using the temporal trajectories of health status of a set of similar patients. The main novelties of this system are its use of stream processing technology for handling the incoming physiological time series data and incorporating domain knowledge in learning the similarity metric between patients represented by their temporal data. The proposed approach and system were tested using the MIMIC II database, which consists of physiological waveforms, and accompanying clinical data obtained for ICU patients. The study was carried out on 1500 patients from this database. In the experiments we report the efficiency and throughput of the stream processing unit for feature extraction, the effectiveness of the supervised similarity measure both in the context of classification and retrieval tasks compared to unsupervised approaches, and the accuracy of the temporal projections of the patient data.
Integrated pest management (IPM)—specific needs of developing countries

The concept and practice of IPM has emerged over the past two decades or more. The primary impetus for its development has come from developed countries. IPM technology transfer to developing countries has followed the earlier pattern of the ‘green revolution’. The technology being proposed requires high energy inputs and an intensive infrastructure to support it. These conditions simply do not exist in most developing countries. IPM programs for developing countries must be based on their own socioeconomic situation rather than on simple technology transfer. Better understanding of cropping systems must be the keystone to development of IPM programs. Chemical control should play a secondary role. Cultural and bioligical control and plant resistance adapted to subsistence farming holds the greatest promise. Little attention has been given to the reciprocal feature of studies of traditional agriculture. These practices embrace a wealth of time-honoured ecological wisdom which if unravelled could provide useful leads for modern agriculture. The sequence of steps contributing to this process are proposed.
The role of Trp side chains in tuning single proton conduction through gramicidin channels.

We present an extensive set of measurements of proton conduction through gramicidin A (gA), B (gB), and M (gM) homodimer channels which have 4, 3, or 0 Trp residues at each end of the channel, respectively. In gA we find a shoulder separating two domains of conductance increasing with concentration, confirming the results of Eisenman, G., B. Enos, J. Hagglund, and J. Sandblom. 1980. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 339:8-20. In gB, the shoulder is shifted by approximately 1/2 pH unit to higher H(+) concentrations and is very sharply defined. No shoulder appears in the gM data, but an associated transition from sublinear to superlinear I-V values occurs at a 100-fold higher [H(+)] in gM than in gA. The data in the low concentration domain are analyzed using a configuration space model of single-proton conduction, assuming that the difference in the proton potential of mean force (PMF) between gA and its analogs is constant, similar to the results of Anderson, D., R. B. Shirts, T. A. Cross, and D. D. Busath. 2001. Biophys. J. 81:1255-1264. Our results suggest that the average amplitudes of the calculated proton PMFs are nearly correct, but that the water reorientation barrier calculated for gA by molecular dynamics using the PM6 water model (Pomes, R., and B. Roux. 1997. Biophys. J. 72:246a) must be reduced in amplitude by 1.5 kcal/mol or more, and is not rate-limiting for gA.
Rate Distortion Analysis for Spatially Scalable Video Coding

In this paper, we derive the rate distortion lower bounds of spatially scalable video coding techniques. The methods we evaluate are subband and pyramid motion compensation where temporal redundancies in the same spatial layer as well as interlayer spatial redundancies are exploited in the enhancement layer encoding. The rate distortion bounds are derived from rate distortion theory for stationary Gaussian signals where mean square error is used as the distortion criteria. Assuming that the base layer is encoded by a nonscalable video coder, we derive the rate distortion functions for the enhancement layer, which depend upon the power spectral density of the input signal, the motion prediction error probability density function and the base layer encoding performance. We will show that pyramid and subband methods are expected to outperform independently encoding the enhancement layer using motion-compensated prediction, in terms of rate distortion efficiency, when the base layer is encoded at a relatively higher quality or less accurate displacement estimation happens in the enhancement layer.
Influence of Feeding Dehydrated Poultry Waste on Broiler Growth, and Meat Flavor, and Composition

Abstract Effects of feeding three levels (9.6, 19.1, and 38.2%) of dehydrated poultry waste (DPW) to broilers were studied. The performance of the group receiving 38.2% DPW was the poorest as evidenced by lower average live weight, lower average eviscerated weight, and poorer feed conversion. Flavor differences were studied using the triangle taste test. Analysis of responses revealed that panel members could not accurately detect flavor differences between the two extreme treatments (those receiving 0% and 38.2% DPW). Carcass composition changes were studied by analyses of dark meat for protein, ether extract, calcium, phosphorus, and TBA value. No significant differences in composition were noted among treatments from these analyses. Under conditions of this study, dehydrated poultry waste had no noticeable effect on carcass quality, though growth was somewhat depressed at the highest level. Thus DPW may be fed to broilers at a level below 20% without serious consequences.