cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying the Logic of Genetic Interaction to Discover Small Molecules That Functionally Interact with Human Disease Alleles

Despite rapid advances in the genetics of complex human diseases, understanding the significance of human disease alleles remains a critical roadblock to clinical translation. Here, we present a chemical biology approach that uses perturbation with small molecules of known mechanism to reveal mechanistic and therapeutic consequences of human disease alleles. To maximize human applicability, we perform chemical screening on multiple cell lines isolated from individual patients, allowing the effects of disease alleles to be studied in their native genetic context. Chemical screen analysis combines the logic of traditional genetic interaction screens with analytic methods from high-dimensionality gene expression analyses. We rank compounds according to their ability to discriminate between cell lines that are mutant vs. wild-type at a disease gene (i.e., the compounds induce phenotypes that differ the most across the two classes). A technique called Compound Set Enrichment Analysis (CSEA), modeled after a widely used method to identify pathways from gene expression data, identifies sets of functionally or structurally related compounds that are statistically enriched among the most discriminating compounds. This chemical:genetic interaction approach was applied to patient-derived cells in a monogenic form of diabetes and identified several classes of compounds (including FDA-approved drugs) that show functional interactions with the causative disease gene, and also modulate insulin secretion, a critical disease phenotype. In summary, perturbation of patient-derived cells with small molecules of known mechanism, together with compound-set based pathway analysis, can identify small molecules and pathways that functionally interact with disease alleles, and that can modulate disease networks for therapeutic effect.
Colored Petri Nets for Modeling Congestion Control in Wireless Sensor Networks with Retrials

Wireless sensor networks with their resources constraint lead to congestion, which has a meaningful negative impact on performance and QoS of these networks, so congestion control is one of the most important challenges. In this paper, we present a queuing and service management for congestion control with a retrial system called QSMCC-R. In our model, two logical queues characterize a sensor node, the first is used to store control packets and the second one for data packets. The approach is based on Round Robin policy to serve packets and uses control packets to acknowledge received data packets or to inform other nodes about the congestion if the queue occupancy rate reaches a threshold. Considering two levels of data packets which can transit through the network, QSMCC-R can be more reliable according to the field of application. In addition, we show a method for modeling and analyzing queuing and service management with a retrial system using Colored Petri nets.
Collaborative activities recommendation based on students’ collaborative learning styles using ANN and WSM

Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning is a promising innovation that ameliorates tutoring through modern technologies. However, the way of recommending collaborative activities to learners, by ...
The Shape of Love and Loss: Izumi Shikibu’s “Gojusshu waka” (五十首和歌, Fifty-Poem Sequence)

This paper will examine the lesser known poetry of Izumi Shikibu (b. 976?). As a poet, she had an interest in composing (or at times assembling) sets of poems in novel formats, and through a number of them, summoning up an image of herself as a solitary woman, bereft of the care of family or a lover. This paper proposes to examine two of these sequences of novel format: “Jūdai jusshu” (Ten Poems on Ten Topics) and “Gojusshu waka ” (Fifty-Poem Sequence).“Jūdai jusshu,” a less ambitious forerunner of “Gojusshu waka,” presents in ten poems on ten self-assigned topics the feelings of a woman dwelling alone without a lover, who fashions an image of herself within the poetic narrative of love, in particular that of the “waiting woman.” I will argue that these two sequences show the integration of two forms of poetic production: the composition of novel formats of poems that became popular from the mid-tenth into the eleventh century and women’s tenarai , the solitary composition or copying of verses to express or explore their feelings, especially in times of emotional distress.
Comparing Accelerometer and Self-Reported Treatment Effects in a Technology-Supported Physical Activity Intervention.

Background and AimsTo estimate and compare the change in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) between an accelerometer and technology-supported physical activity (PA) log across a 3-week P...
Softening of the Elastic Modulus of Zirconia Held in a Steady State of Flash

Once triggered by the application of electric field and furnace heating, a polycrystal can be held in a constant state of flash with the furnace switched off. The specimen temperature can now be controlled by the current flowing through it. We report on the measurement of the elastic modulus of 3 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia in such a state of flash. Significant softening of the elastic modulus is measured. The decline in the modulus steepens with temperature. In contrast the nominal modulus tends to stabilize at higher temperatures. The mechanical damping increases under flash. The experiments were done by activating the flash along a partial length of a cantilever beam. Modal finite element analysis simulations were used to determine the modulus in the flashed section. The temperature was estimated from a black body radiation model and also measured with a pyrometer. This work was driven by recent theoretical results that show that Frenkel pairs can be nucleated by the proliferation of phonons near the edge of the Brillouin zone. We discuss a possible "phonon resonance" mechanism for the nucleation of Frenkel pairs.
Adjunct Factor Replacement

Development of early trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and contributes to the “lethal triad” of coagulopathy, hypothermia, and acidosis which can have a mortality as high as 50%. This chapter focuses on the role of fibrinogen replacement and PCC for these patients. There is little disagreement that in the bleeding trauma patient, fibrinogen must be replete.
Claiming modernity in Egypt: decadent orientalism and Mayy Ziyādah’s Fleurs de rêve

In the Western decadent imagination, Egypt has been figured as the site of Orientalist fantasy, a land of sphinxes, pyramids, and mummies having little to do with modernity. For a modern Arab write...
Incentive Problems in Performance-Based Online Advertising: Cost Per Click versus Cost Per Action

The multibillion-dollar online advertising industry continues to debate whether to use the CPC (cost per click) or CPA (cost per action) pricing model as an industry standard. This article applies the economic framework of incentive contracts to study how these pricing models can lead to risk sharing between the publisher and the advertiser and incentivize them to make efforts that improve the performance of online ads. We find that, compared to the CPC model, the CPA model can better incentivize the publisher to make efforts that can improve the purchase rate. However, the CPA model can cause an adverse selection problem: the winning advertiser tends to have a lower profit margin under the CPA model than under the CPC model. We identify the conditions under which the CPA model leads to higher publisher (or advertiser) payoffs than the CPC model. Whether publishers (or advertisers) prefer the CPA model over the CPC model depends on the advertisers' risk aversion, uncertainty in the product market, and the presence of advertisers with low immediate sales ratios. Our findings indicate a conflict of interest between publishers and advertisers in their preferences for these two pricing models. We further consider which pricing model offers greater social welfare.
Polymer-Crosslinked Aerogels

Polymer-crosslinked aerogels bear a conformal polymer coating that connects covalently the skeletal nanoparticles of otherwise typical aerogels. The bulk density remains low, but the specific compressive strength of the resulting materials is higher than those of mild steel and aluminum, while the ability to store energy may surpass that of armor-grade ceramics. This chapter places polymer-crosslinked aerogels in the broader perspective of polymer/sol–gel composites, while the effects of the crosslinking chemistry and network morphology are reviewed from a mechanical property point of view.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Magnesium

Magnesium fluoride is a by-product of the manufacture of metallic beryllium and uranium and is used as a flux in magnesium metallurgy and in the ceramics industry; it may also be used in the extraction of aluminum from arc-furnace alloys with iron, silicon, titanium, and carbon. It finds application as a welding flux for aluminum, as well as for steel. Properties are described.
Effects of Ethionine on Adenosine Triphosphate Levels and Ionic Composition of Liver Cell Nuclei

Abstract The administration of dl-ethionine to female rats is followed by a decrease in hepatic nuclear ATP concentration which parallels the change in the whole liver. However, the magnitude of the nuclear ATP change is less than in the whole liver. The nucleus also shows a decrease in K+ and an increase in Na+ levels accompanying the changes in ATP. Nuclear Ca++ and Mg++ levels also decrease but much more slowly than does the ATP. The nuclear changes observed were all reversed by the administration of adenine several hours after the injection of ethionine. Liver microsomes show a transient increase in Mg++ concentration following ethionine administration. The possibility of separate adenosine-trapping phenomena in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the liver cell is discussed.
Simultaneous binding of nitric oxide and isotopically labeled substrates or inhibitors by reduced protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase.

The active site Fe3+ of protocatechuate (PCA) 3,4-dioxygenase can be nonenzymatically reduced to Fe2+, to give a colorless and EPR-silent enzyme (Er). Nitric oxide (NO) binds to Er to yield a species with EPR (S = 3/2; g = 4.341, 3.693, 1.984; E/D = 0.055) and optical absorption (lambda max = 430 nm, epsilon approximately 1870 M-1 cm-1/iron) spectra. Addition of NO to a preformed Er. PCA complex results in a new species (EPR: S = 3/2; g = 4.920, 2.988, 1.846; E/D = 0.175; optical: lambda max = 404 nm, epsilon approximately 3930 M-1 cm-1/iron). Hyperfine broadening from the substrates [17O]PCA or [17O]homoprotocatechuate (HPCA) is observed in the EPR spectra of Er.substrate.NO complexes only when the 17O (I = 5/2) is placed in the carbon-4 OH group, suggesting that only this group binds to the iron when NO is bound. Previous studies (Orville, A. M., and Lipscomb, J. D. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 8791-8801) showed that both OH groups of HPCA can bind to the Fe3+ of the oxidized enzyme. Thus, the NO may compete with the substrate carbon-3 OH group for a binding site on the Fe2+. In contrast, when either PCA or HPCA is added to a preformed Er.NO complex, no substrate binding to the Fe2+ is detected. At 2.3 K, white light photodissociates NO from the Er.NO and Er.PCA.NO complexes. The Er.NO complex is photodissociated to a greater extent than the Er.PCA.NO complex, and different NO rebinding kinetics are observed showing that the substrate strongly influences the photodissociation/reassociation process. Photodissociation of each complex results in the formation of some Fe3+, suggesting that the nitrosyl complex has at least partial Fe(3+)-NO- character. In solution at 5-10 degrees C, white light promotes conversion of preformed Er.NO plus PCA to the Er.PCA.NO complex, suggesting that formation of the latter complex requires dissociation of NO. It is proposed that initial NO binding blocks the single site for exogenous ligand binding on the iron, thereby inhibiting PCA association. In contrast, PCA binding before NO appears to evoke an enzyme conformational change that allows simultaneous NO binding in another ligand site. These results are consistent with the current model for the mechanism of intradiol dioxygenases in which a PCA-induced conformational change allows substrate to bind as an Fe3+ chelate and O2 reacts initially with the PCA rather than the Fe3+.
General Patterns of Cell Phone Usage Among College Students

Abstract There has been tremendous growth in the cellular telephone industry in recent years. The present study was undertaken in order to better understand the pattern of usage among one of the most important target markets for cell phone products—young adults attending college. Data were collected from a total of 383 cell phone consumers residing in four states in different geographic regions of the United States. Respondents ranged in age from 18-57 with a median age of 23 years. Data analyses revealed several interesting and potentially important patterns of usage. Among these were the findings that the majority of those surveyed indicated that they use their cell phones for the purpose of social stimulation, to remain continually available, for domestic reasons, to leave themselves memos and reminders, for time-keeping, for emergency purposes, and to use the phone's phonebook function. It was also found that the cell phone market among the target population is relatively mature in that the vast major...
EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION-CHAMBER SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A SINGLE-CYLINDER SPARK-IGNITION ENGINE

The effect of combustion-chamber surface temperature on exhaust emissions was investigated for wide ranges of air/fuel ratio, speed and volumetric efficiency. A single-cylinder research engine was operated on propane over a range of speed (1000 to 2500 r/min.), volumetric efficiency (20% to 80%) and air/fuel ratio (13 to 22.5), while combustion-chamber surface temperature was varied independently. It was found that oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions significantly increase with increasing surface temperature. This effect is strongest at lean air/fuel ratios. In rich mixtures, the demonstrated weak influence of surface temperature on NOx emissions is attributed to NO decomposition reactions occurring during the expansion stroke. With the exception of the extremely lean condition (22.5 air/fuel ratio), the sensitivity of hydrocarbon emissions to surface temperature was found to be essentially independent of air/fuel ratio. No significant effect of surface temperature on carbon monoxide emissions was found.
Predicted Effects of Tritium Exposure on Fast-Acting Piezoelectric Valves for Gas Fueling at TFTR

The prospects for using piezoelectrically-driven valves with elastomeric or thermoplastic poppets in tritium gas service have been investigated. A modelling study of a typical valve incorporating ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) or high density polyethylene (HDPE) was performed. Equations were developed linking applied voltage; ceramic bimorph preloading force, elastic deflection modulus, and specific deflection force (per volt applied); polymer elastic modulus, thickness, seal surface area, and compression (to make seal); elastomer compression set; thermoplastic creep modulus; and flow gap between seat and polymer tip. It was determined that, while EPR should seal the valve orifice more easily, HDPE should produce a valve flow rate vs. voltage curve less variant with time and exposure. Both should, however, be sealable and allow flow curves perturbed by less than or equal to 10% of full scale after ~100 days of exposure to 10{sup}5 Pa (1 atm) T{sub}2 gas (equivalent to ~7 x 10{sup}7 rad = 7 x 10{sup}5 Gy dosage).
Factors influencing the choice of a safe haven for offloading illegally caught fish: a comparative analysis of developed and developing economies

Using data from 72 countries, this study focuses on factors that affect illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels’ choice of country to offload their catch, with a specific emphasis on the differences between developed and developing economies. The concept of choice-structuring properties is applied to analyze whether the following factors influence the selection of a country: concealability of vessels and illegally caught fish; convenience of the ports; strength of fisheries monitoring, control, and surveillance measures; effectiveness of country governance; and commitment to wildlife protection regulations. Results indicate that, rather than a country’s level of development, situational factors play a key role in what country IUU fishing vessels choose. IUU fishing vessels are more likely to offload illegal catch in countries with better port infrastructure and where concealability is easy to achieve because of high vessel traffic and large amounts of fish imports/exports; and they are less likely to offload their catch in countries with strong governance.
Liver metastases of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma with marked nuclear atypia and pleomorphism diagnosed by EUS FNA cytology: a case report with emphasis on FNA cytological findings.

Acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm. Although this tumor has been well characterized histologically, the morphological patterns in Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology have not been well defined. Unlike ductal adenocarcinomas, endocrine tumors, and solid pseudopapillary tumors of the pancreas with their characteristic FNA cytological features, acinar cell carcinomas pose a particular diagnostic challenge by sharing many cytomorphologic features with endocrine tumors of the pancreas.
Instruction level power model of microcontrollers

In the design of low power systems, it is important to analyze and optimize both the hardware and the software component of the system. To evaluate the software component of the system, a good instruction-level energy model is essential. In this paper we present a methodology for instruction level modelling of microcontrollers using gate level power estimation tools. We use the microcontroller, M68HC11, to illustrate this method. We study two different implementations of the microcontroller and show that the energy consumption of each instruction is quite different. Our study reveals that data correlation does not significantly affect the energy consumption of most instructions. Finally, we show the correctness of this model by running some sample programs and showing that the predicted energy estimates are quite close to the actual estimates.
Nonlinear Theory of Synchronous Machines On-Load

The usual two-reaction theory of synchronous machines yields results that neglect to take saturation into account. Based on a method developed in a companion paper [1], the radial airgap induction is found in synchronous machines when supplying balanced loads. The armature currents are considered to be distributed uniformly in the upper and lower layer of the armature windings. The partial differential equations, the boundary conditions, and the method of solution are reviewed. Numerical results are obtained for a 2750 kVA, 2300 V, 60 c/s, three-phase alternator at seven different internal power-factor angles. Calculated results compare well with tests.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-Mediated Angiogenesis Is Associated with Enhanced Endothelial Cell Survival and Induction of Bcl-2 Expression

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell mitogen and permeability factor that is potently angiogenic in vivo. We report here studies that suggest that VEGF potentiates angiogenesis in vivo and prolongs the survival of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) in vitro by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Growth-factor-enriched and serum-deficient cultures of HDMECs grown on collagen type I gels with VEGF exhibited a 4-fold and a 1.6-fold reduction, respectively, in the proportion of apoptotic cells. Enhanced HDMEC survival was associated with a dose-dependent increase in Bcl-2 expression and a decrease in the expression of the processed forms of the cysteine protease caspase-3. Cultures of HDMECs transduced with and overexpressing Bcl-2 and deprived of growth factors showed enhanced protection from apoptosis and exhibited a twofold increase in cell number and a fourfold increase in the number of capillary-like sprouts. HDMECs overexpressing Bcl-2 when incorporated into polylactic acid sponges and implanted into SCID mice exhibited a sustained fivefold increase in the number of microvessels and a fourfold decrease in the number of apoptotic cells when examined 7 and 14 days later. These results suggest that the angiogenic activity attributed to VEGF may be due in part to its ability to enhance endothelial cell survival by inducing expression of Bcl-2.
Fractionated conformal radiotherapy in the management of cavernous sinus meningiomas: long-term functional outcome and tumor control at a single institution.

Purpose To evaluate long-term outcome of cavernous sinus meningioma (CSM) treated with fractionated conformal radiotherapy (FCR). Patients and Methods Fifty-three patients with CSMs (16 men [30.2%], 37 women [69.8%], aged 53 ± 13.0 years [mean ± SD]) were treated by FCR. In 28 patients (52.8%) FCR was performed as first-line treatment and in 25 patients (47.2%) as adjuvant treatment. All patients received FCR with a dose of 52.9 ± 1.8 Gy in 29.4 ± 1.0 fractions over 6 weeks. Dose per fraction was 1.9 ± 0.1 Gy. Radiotherapy was delivered stereotactically in 47 cases (88.7%) and conformally in 6 (11.3%) Results The median follow-up was 6.9 years (range, 3–19 years). According to Sekhar's classification, 19 patients (35.8%) were Grade 1–2, 30 patients (56.6%) were Grade 3–4, and 4 patients (7.6%) were Grade 5. Pretreatment tumor volume was determined in 46 patients, and tumor volume was 12.6 ± 8.2 cm 3 . In these patients, the distance between tumor and optic apparatus was 1.62 ± 1.2 mm. Actuarial 5- and 10-year progression-free survival rates were 98.1% and 95.8%, respectively. Clinical improvement was observed in 31 patients (58.5%), and 20 patients (37.7%) remained unchanged. Radiologic response was observed in 18 patients (30.2%), and 35 patients (66.0%) showed stable lesions. Two patients (3.8%) showed tumor progression during follow-up. Transient morbidity was observed in 3 patients (5.7%) and permanent morbidity in 1 (1.9%). Conclusion Fractionated conformal radiotherapy affords satisfactory long-term tumor control and low treatment morbidity.
Cardiocirculatory adjustments to exercise following myocardial infarction in rats.

The sequential changes of the cardiocirculatory response to exercise over time in rats with myocardial infarction and failure were studied. Hemodynamics and regional blood flow (RBF, radioactive microspheres) were determined at rest and during exercise either at 1, 10 or 42 days after infarction (MI, infarct size 41.4±2.6% of LV) or sham procedures (SH). Whereas the response to exercise was attenuated one day after surgery in MI and SH, cardiocirculatory recovery was present in SH at 10 days and LV systolic and end-diastolic pressures separated SH and MI groups. Renal vasoconstriction during exercise occurred 10 days after MI and BF to working muscle during exercise was significantly lower in MI as compared to SH. At 42 days after MI manifest heart failure was present and despite significant blood flow redistribution (p<0.05 MI vs SH in renal and cutaneous beds) impaired skeletal muscle flow was observed along with increased vascular resistance in working muscle during exercise. We conclude that the cardiocirculatory response to exercise following large MI follows a distinctive time-dependent pattern, which differs from that observed at rest. Besides exaggerated sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction during exercise, impaired vasodilatation in skeletal muscle at exercise emerged.
Maternofetal and neonatal copper requirements revealed by enterocyte-specific deletion of the Menkes disease protein.

The essential requirement for copper in early development is dramatically illustrated by Menkes disease, a fatal neurodegenerative disorder of early childhood caused by loss-of-function mutations i...
Quantitatively Determined Survivin Expression Levels Are of Prognostic Value in Human Gliomas

PURPOSE: Survivin is a novel antiapoptotic gene that has been recently cloned and characterized. Its expression has been found to be of prognostic significance in several tumor types. This is the first study on the prognostic significance of survivin expression in human gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used quantitative Western blot analysis with densitometry to determine survivin protein expression levels in 92 glioma cases for which frozen tissue was available for analysis. Survivin positivity and expression levels were correlated with histopathologic features of the tumors, apoptosis (as measured by cleaved, or activated, caspase 3 levels), and clinical outcome. RESULTS: Survivin expression has clear prognostic value in human gliomas. Patients with detectable survivin expression had significantly shorter overall survival times (P < .0001) compared with those without detectable expression when all glioma patients were considered. Although glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients had significantly higher...
Contributions of low-threshold calcium current and anomalous rectifier (Ih) to slow depolarizations underlying burst firing in human neocortical neurons in vitro

The slow depolarization that underlies the voltage-dependent burst-firing behavior of human neocortical neurons is mediated by a low-threshold calcium conductance in concert with the anomalous rectifier current, Ih. The slow depolarization could be elicited by depolarization from negative membrane potentials or as a rebound following hyperpolarization. The rebound depolarization was time- and voltage-dependent. Most of the slow depolarization was blocked by inorganic calcium blockers. The remainder of the depolarization and the ‘sag’ in the hyperpolarizing voltage responses were blocked by extracellular Cs+.
Acute respiratory failure secondary to mesalamine-induced interstitial pneumonitis

Interstitial pneumonitis as an adverse effect of mesalamine therapy is a rare but potentially serious complication. Patients typically have a mild disease course with no documented cases of respiratory failure in published literature. Given its variable latent period and non-specific signs and symptoms, it may be difficult to diagnose. We present the case of a 65-year-old man who presented with symptoms of fever, shortness of breath and a non-productive cough, 2 weeks after initiation of therapy with mesalamine. His hospital course was complicated by acute respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. Radiographic studies revealed bilateral lower lobe infiltrates and bronchosopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy were consistent with a diagnosis of drug-induced interstitial pneumonitis. The aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of considering a diagnosis of mesalamine-induced lung injury in patients presenting with respiratory symptoms while on mesalamine therapy and to review relevant literature.
Modified Reduction Test to Predict the Shelf Life of Cottage Cheese

Summary One hundred and one commercial samples of Cottage cheese were subjected to a modified reduction test designed to measure the correlation between shelf life and the reduction time required for resazurin, methylene blue, and 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Prior to testing, the samples were neutralized to a pH of 6.5±0.5, bile salts No. 3 (Difco) were added to partially inhibit the Gram-positive lactic organisms, and trypticase soy broth was added to stimulate the growth of the psychrophiles. The reduction times varied from 1.3 to 40 hr., depending on the quality of the cheese and the type of dye used. The reduction times in hours at 24° C, plotted against keeping quality in days, gave correlation coefficients as follows: resazurin pink, 0.80; resazurin white, 0.77; methylene blue, 0.75; and TTC 0.74. Reduction to resazurin pink gave the most rapid results as well as the highest correlation. The correlations between shelf life and initial psychrophile and total count were -0.67 and -0.78, respectively. The test is useful for identifying Cottage cheese with a short shelf life. Nineteen of 20 samples which developed an organoleptically detectable defect within two days when stored at 10° C., reduced resazurin to pink in 7.75 hr. or less, and all samples requiring more than 23 hr. to reduce resazurin retained their original organoleptic quality for six or more days.
“Anything From Making Out to Having Sex”: Men's Negotiations of Hooking Up and Friends With Benefits Scripts

Popular media and academic literature often portray men as happy beneficiaries of nonrelational or casual sex—a view that is consistent with traditional notions of masculinity. This study examined the validity of this notion, using semistructured interviews to explore ways that 19 college-age men defined and enacted “hooking up” and “friends with benefits” scripts. Men's definitions reflected both standard and alternate conceptions of these scripts, and their experiences indicated variability in intentions and outcomes. Whereas a few men embraced the no-strings-attached nonrelational scripts, most rejected the script or enacted an amended version that allowed for greater relational connection. Further, their experiences were not all positive and were not all devoid of emotional connection. These alternative enactments challenge the pro-masculine, universally positive conceptualization of nonrelational sex portrayed in the media and in some empirical research.
Changes in Continental Freshwater Discharge from 1948 to 2004

Abstract A new dataset of historical monthly streamflow at the farthest downstream stations for the world’s 925 largest ocean-reaching rivers has been created for community use. Available new gauge records are added to a network of gauges that covers ∼80 × 106 km2 or ∼80% of global ocean-draining land areas and accounts for about 73% of global total runoff. For most of the large rivers, the record for 1948–2004 is fairly complete. Data gaps in the records are filled through linear regression using streamflow simulated by a land surface model [Community Land Model, version 3 (CLM3)] forced with observed precipitation and other atmospheric forcings that are significantly (and often strongly) correlated with the observed streamflow for most rivers. Compared with previous studies, the new dataset has improved homogeneity and enables more reliable assessments of decadal and long-term changes in continental freshwater discharge into the oceans. The model-simulated runoff ratio over drainage areas with and witho...
Effects of neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve upon the structural and functional organization of the ventral posteromedial nucleus in the rat

The present study examined the way in which an indirect partial deafferentation of the medial portion of the ventrobasal complex (VPM/VPL) induced by neonatal transection of the infraorbital nerve (ION) altered the structural and functional properties of its constituent neurons. This manipulation significantly reduced the volume of the contralateral VPM/VPL. In addition, cell counts in Nissl-stained material revealed a significant reduction of the number of VPM/VPL neurons contralateral to neonatal ION transection. We also analyzed the effect of neonatal ION transection on the soma-dendritic morphology of individual neurons in the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM) by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in vivo and Lucifer yellow in fixed slices. Neonatal transection of the ION resulted in increased dendritic length, area, and volume of VPM neurons in both preparations; however only the changes observed in fixed slices reached statistical significance. Alterations in the functional characteristics of VPM neurons were also observed following neonatal nerve damage. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of vibrissae-sensitive neurons and a corresponding increase in the percentages of neurons responsive to guard hair deflection or that were unresponsive to peripheral stimulation. Neonatal nerve damage also resulted in significantly longer latencies of VPM cells after stimulation of either trigeminal nucleus principalis or subnucleus interpolaris. The present results indicate that the development of normal response properties and soma-dendritic morphology of VPM neurons is dependent upon intact afferent input during development. Indirect partial deafferentation of VPM/VPL by neonatal transection of the ION results in reduced neuron number, which may result in decreased competition among the dendrites of these neurons. This proposal is consistent with observations of increased dendritic dimensions of VPM neurons contralateral to neonatal ION damage.
High-fidelity in vivo replication of DNA base shape mimics without Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds

We report studies testing the importance of Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding, base-pair geometry, and steric effects during DNA replication in living bacterial cells. Nonpolar DNA base shape mimics of thymine and adenine (abbreviated F and Q, respectively) were introduced into Escherichia coli by insertion into a phage genome followed by transfection of the vector into bacteria. Genetic assays showed that these two base mimics were bypassed with moderate to high efficiency in the cells and with very high efficiency under damage-response (SOS induction) conditions. Under both sets of conditions, the T-shape mimic (F) encoded genetic information in the bacteria as if it were thymine, directing incorporation of adenine opposite it with high fidelity. Similarly, the A mimic (Q) directed incorporation of thymine opposite itself with high fidelity. The data establish that Watson–Crick hydrogen bonding is not necessary for high-fidelity replication of a base pair in vivo. The results suggest that recognition of DNA base shape alone serves as the most powerful determinant of fidelity during transfer of genetic information in a living organism.
A New Method for Testing Separate Families of Hypotheses

Abstract Theoretical and empirical evidence are reported showing that the tests given in Cox (1961) and Williams (1970a, b) for the problem of testing separate families of hypotheses suffer from fundamental difficulties. Neither test is guaranteed to be asymptotically level a, even for very smooth problems. A new method proposed here as an alternative works adaptively by repeated application of the parametric bootstrap idea over slowly shrinking confidence regions. Theoretical properties of the method are derived, and its finite-sample behavior is studied in a number of examples.
Analytical Solution for Circular Gates as Flow Metering Structures

Water measurement in irrigation canals is frequently hindered by low head availability and high capital investment costs associated with construction of compatible hydraulic structures. Often irrigation systems have circular sliding gates in place used as diversion and flow control structures. The Fresno Irrigation District investigated the feasibility of using such circular gates (Armco Model 101) as flow metering stations in the 1920s. This early work demonstrated that circular gates could be used simultaneously for both flow control and as flow measurement structures. The original work is compiled by USBR as 10,500 data points and is presented in tabular fashion for gate diameters varying from 20.3 to 121.9 cm (8–48 in.) . An analytical equation of the form Q= CD (y,D) yD 2gH , [where CD (y,D) is a discharge function which depends on the gate displacement y and the nominal gate diameter D , g represents the gravitational acceleration, and H is the hydraulic headloss through the crescent-shaped orifice]...
Protein Aa and Lattice Corneal Dystrophy

A 73-year-old woman underwent corneal transplantation because of lattice dystrophy. Histopathologic examination of the excised host cornea disclosed eosinophilic deposits that stained positively with Congo red and showed green birefringence with polarized light. Immunofluorescent examination showed protein AA and protein AP in the stromal deposits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of protein AA and protein AP in the amyloid deposits of lattice corneal dystrophy.
Determination of the Zeeman splitting in superconductors by Fourier analysis of tunneling data

The Zeeman energy splitting \ensuremath{\delta} of the superconducting tunneling conductances measured in a magnetic field gives a measure of both the g factor of the conduction electrons and also the l=0 antisymmetric Fermi-liquid parameter ${G}^{0}$. We show how a technique of Fourier analysis, known as cepstral analysis, can be used to measure the Zeeman splitting directly from the total conductance. This technique allows measurement of Fermi-liquid effects which are thought to be of particular importance in high-${T}_{c}$ vanadium-based compounds. We present some results on the recent data of Bending, Beasley, and Tsuei on ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Ga in which the g factor is found to be nearly 2.0.
Nonlinear Filter Based on the Fokker-Planck Equation

This paper presents a nonlinear filter based on the Fokker–Planck equation for uncertainty propagation coupled with a fast measurement update step. The measurement update is implemented as a function approximation performed on a Markov chain Monte Carlo sample of the unnormalized posterior obtained from the Bayes rule. Markov chainMonte Carlo sampling also results in fast computation of the normalization constant of the posterior, which is typically a computationally heavy step. For the propagation step, a previously developed semianalytical meshless tool is employed to solve the Fokker–Planck equation for high-dimensional systems in real time. Performance of the filter is studied for dynamical systems with two-, three-, and four-dimensional state spaces.
How Imaging Biomarkers Can Inform Clinical Trials and Clinical Practice in the Era of Targeted Cancer Therapy

Individualized therapy for patients with cancer, often termed personalized or precision medicine, has become an increasingly important topic with the recognition that tumors once classified solely by their tissue of origin consist of multiple genetically distinct subgroups. This ability to categorize tumors into small subgroups defined by molecular makeup can have an important impact on treatment approach because some tumors are driven by a molecular abnormality that can be targeted by specific drugs. Targeted therapies are available for tumors that express the estrogen receptor (ER) (tamoxifen, letrozole), HER2 (trastuzumab, pertuzumab), EGFR (gefitinib), the BCR-ABL fusion protein kinase (imatinib), the BRAF V600E protein kinase (vemurafenib), PD-1 ligands (pembrolizumab), and VEGF (bevacizumab), to name a few. However, questions remain for how best to use these therapies. How can patients most likely to benefit from targeted therapy be easily and reliably identified? How should response be measured (especially because many targetedtherapiesarecytostatic)?Historically,thesequestions have been addressed by assaying tissue or serum biomarkers. However, molecular imaging offers several advantages as a cancer biomarker and is complementary to tissue sampling. Because imaging is noninvasive and nondestructive, it is capable of serial measurements of the same tissue over time, and it can be used to interrogate lesions that are difficult or impossible to safely biopsy. Imaging can also capture heterogeneity within individual lesions and across all lesions in a patient. In addition, imaging can reflect the local in vivo microenvironment of the tumor in an unperturbed state as well as in response to therapy, and in ways not adequately represented by in vitro assays.
Spatial Prediction With Mobile Sensor Networks Using Gaussian Process Regression Based on Gaussian Markov Random Fields

In this paper, a new class of Gaussian processes is proposed for resource-constrained mobile sensor networks. Such a Gaussian process builds on a GMRF with respect to a proximity graph over a surveillance region. The main advantages of using this class of Gaussian processes over standard Gaussian processes defined by mean and covariance functions are its numerical efficiency and scalability due to its built-in GMRF and its capability of representing a wide range of non-stationary physical processes. The formulas for Bayesian posterior predictive statistics such as prediction mean and variance are derived and a sequential field prediction algorithm is provided for sequentially sampled observations. For a special case using compactly supported kernels, we propose a distributed algorithm to implement field prediction by correctly fusing all observations in Bayesian statistics. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Bidirectional case-marking and linear adjacency

Bidirectional case markers in West African languages, including those of the Songhay family, are morphemes inserted between subject and object NPs that would otherwise be adjacent. They therefore specify both that the NP to the left is a subject, and that the NP to the right is an object, and they cannot be bracketed uniquely with either. This is shown by the fact that these morphemes are absent when either subject or object position is (structurally and phonologically) absent, for example due to extraction. This is the only morphological case-marking in the relevant languages. The operation inserting such morphemes must have reference to constituent structure (NP), abstract case (subject, object), and linear adjacency. These data increase the evidence that complex case-marking operations can apply in a centrally located morphology component that has simultaneous access to categorial and linear relations. The idea is questionable that such morphological operations take place at a syntax/PF interface, where syntactic categories are first aligned with prosodic phrases, since actual prosodic (e.g. accentual) bracketings do not always coincide with the bracketings relevant to case morphology. This point is made with data from Tamashek (Berber) nominal prefix alternations, preceding the main section on Songhay case marking.
Faceting of GP zones in an Al-Ag alloy

Abstract Despite observations of faceting in Al-Ag GP zones by Nicholson and Nutting in 1961 and by Gragg and Cohen in 1971, no detailed explanation for faceting was given and no systematic experimental study of the type and amount of faceting has heretofore been reported. In this paper, the faceting of GP zones in an Al-Ag alloy was investigated experimentally as a function of temperature with TEM. These observations were compared with equilibrium shape calculations obtained by using a discrete lattice plane model modified by the incorporation of thermodynamic functions appropriate to the f.c.c. Al-Ag solid solution. This model was used to calculate and plot the orientation-dependence of the chemical interfacial energy as a function of reaction temperature. Wulff constructions on these plots yielded the equilibrium shapes. A reasonably accurate accounting for the faceting and its temperature-dependence has been achieved with this approach.
Impedance characteristics of deep brain stimulation electrodes in vitro and in vivo

The objective of this study was to quantify the electrode-tissue interface impedance of electrodes used for deep brain stimulation (DBS). We measured the impedance of DBS electrodes using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in vitro in a carbonate- and phosphate-buffered saline solution and in vivo following acute implantation in the brain. The components of the impedance, including the series resistance (R(s)), the Faradaic resistance (R(f)) and the double layer capacitance (C(dl)), were estimated using an equivalent electrical circuit. Both R(f) and C(dl) decreased as the sinusoidal frequency was increased, but the ratio of the capacitive charge transfer to the Faradaic charge transfer was relatively insensitive to the change of frequency. R(f) decreased and C(dl) increased as the current density was increased, and above a critical current density the interface impedance became nonlinear. Thus, the magnitude of the interface impedance was strongly dependent on the intensity (pulse amplitude and duration) of stimulation. The temporal dependence and spatial non-uniformity of R(f) and C(dl) suggested that a distributed network, with each element of the network having dynamics tailored to a specific stimulus waveform, is required to describe adequately the impedance of the DBS electrode-tissue interface. Voltage transients to biphasic square current pulses were measured and suggested that the electrode-tissue interface did not operate in a linear range at clinically relevant current amplitudes, and that the assumption of the DBS electrode being ideally polarizable was not valid under clinical stimulating conditions.
Syntheses of differentially protected isocoumarins

Syntheses of an isocoumarin subunit suitable for the completion of purpuromycin are outlined. Specifically, work targeting an orthogonally protected isocoumarin (eventually 12% yield over 12 steps) and an improved synthesis of a symmetrically protected isocoumarin (18% over 10 steps) are described. A new modification for selective catechol protection as mediated by potassium bicarbonate is also presented along with insights into oxidative and reductive functionalization of isocoumarins.
Blue moons and large fires

Theoretical analysis of simulations of optical effects from the 1950 Canadian forest fires has revealed what conditions are necessary for large fires to cause blue moons and suns. This study shows how large fires can be used to improve our understanding of long range pollution transport on a global scale as well as the evolution of aerosol radiative effects so important to global climate studies. The most important aerosol characteristics are the initial submicron smoke particle concentration and areal extent of the fire and its effect on fire plume dispersion. Capping clouds above the fire and near saturation humidity effects are simulated and found to help establish anomalous optical effects. Data are included showing probable anomalous extinction events associated with concentrated fire plumes.
Telemanipulation, telepresence, and virtual reality for surgery in the year 2000

The new technologic revolution in medicine is based upon information technologies, and telemanipulation, telepresence and virtual reality are essential components. Telepresence surgery returns the look and feel of `open surgery' to the surgeon and promises enhancement of physical capabilities above normal human performance. Virtual reality provides basic medical education, simulation of surgical procedures, medical forces and disaster medicine practice, and virtual prototyping of medical equipment.
Separation of Overlapping Orders of a Concave Grating Spectrograph in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Region

A method of separating the overlapping orders of a concave grating spectrograph in the vacuum ultraviolet region by means of a grazing incidence concave foregrating is described. It is shown that by a suitable choice of the constants of the foregrating it is possible to eliminate the astigmatism of the whole system. Experimental results obtained with such a foregrating are shown.