cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of International Monetary Fund and World Bank Programs on Poverty

Structural adjustment - as measured by the number of adjustment loans from the IMF, and the World Bank - reduces the growth elasticity of poverty reduction. The author finds no evidence for structural adjustment having a direct effect on growth. The poor benefit less from output expansion in countries with many adjustment loans, than they do in countries with few such loans. By the same token, the poor suffer less from an output contraction in countries with many adjustment loans, than in countries with few. Why would this be? One hypothesis is that adjustment lending is counter-cyclical, in ways that smooth consumption for the poor. There is evidence that some policy variables under adjustment lending are counter-cyclical, but no evidence that the cyclical component of those policy variables affects poverty. The author speculates that the poor may be ill placed to take advantage of new opportunities, created by structural adjustment reforms, just as they may suffer less from the loss of old opportunities in sectors that were artificially protected before reform. Poverty's lower sensitivity to growth under adjustment lending, is bad news when an economy expands, and good news when it contracts. These results could be interpreted as giving support to either the critics, or the supporters of structural adjustment programs.
Developmental Disorders of Language

A developmental disorder of language is a significant delay or impairment in the expression and/or comprehension of language in the absence of a known cause. Keywords: language; development; dyslexia; dysphasia; SLI
A regioselective diels-alder synthesis of ellipticine

Abstract The trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate accelerated Diels-Alder reaction between 1,3-dimethyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-4H-furo[3,4-b]indole ( 3 ) and 5,6-dihydropyridones ( 10 ) shows high regioselectivity, yielding carbazole 11 upon hydrolytic workup. Carbazole 11b has been successfully converted to the pyridocarbazole alkaloid ellipticine ( 1 ).
TWC LOGD: A portal for linked open government data ecosystems

International open government initiatives are releasing an increasing volume of raw government datasets directly to citizens via the Web. The transparency resulting from these releases not only creates new application opportunities but also imposes new burdens inherent to large-scale distributed data integration, collaborative data manipulation and transparent data consumption. The Tetherless World Constellation (TWC) at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) has developed the Semantic Web-based TWC LOGD portal to support the deployment of linked open government data (LOGD). The portal is both an open source infrastructure supporting linked open government data production and consumption and a vibrant community portal that educates and serves the growing international open government community of developers, data curators and end users. This paper motivates and introduces the TWC LOGD Portal and highlights innovative aspects and lessons learned.
Probing substituent effects in aryl-aryl interactions using stereoselective Diels-Alder cycloadditions.

Stereoselective Diels−Alder cycloadditions that probe substituent effects in aryl−aryl sandwich complexes were studied experimentally and theoretically. Computations on model systems demonstrate that the stereoselectivity in these reactions is mediated by differential π-stacking interactions in competing transition states. This allows relative stacking free energies of substituted and unsubstituted sandwich complexes to be derived from measured product distributions. In contrast to gas-phase computations, dispersion effects do not appear to play a significant role in the substituent effects, in accord with previous experiments. The experimental π-stacking free energies are shown to correlate well with Hammett σm constants (r = 0.96). These substituent constants primarily provide a measure of the inductive electron-donating and -withdrawing character of the substituents, not donation into or out of the benzene π-system. The present experimental results are most readily explained using a recently proposed m...
Moire interferometer applied to a piezoceramic containing a simulated void

In this paper we describe the results of an ongoing experimental program to measure the strain distribution around a simulated void in a piezoceramic material subjected to large electric fields. The simulated void is a two- dimensional circular cylinder fabricated into the sample. Strain information is acquired with a Moire interferometric system which permits both quantitative evaluation of surface strains and qualitative information regarding domain reorientation. Results indicate that large stresses/strains arise around the perimeter of the hole prior to domain reorientation. Domain switching initiates at the locations where the largest stress/strain occurs around the perimeter of the simulated void and do so to reduce the localized concentrations. During this evolutionary process the material contains a multi-domain structure with regions polarized in 180 degree(s) apart. Domain switching appears to be predominately 180 degree(s) without any 90 degree(s) domain reorientation occurring at the mesoscopic level. Results suggest that large stress/strain concentrations around voids could be a source for electric fatigue degradation.
The 5f localization/delocalization in square and hexagonal americium monolayers: a FP-LAPW electronic structure study

The electronic and geometrical properties of bulk americium and square and hexagonal americium monolayers have been studied with the full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method. The effects of several common approximations are examined: (1) non-spin polarization (NSP) vs. spin polarization (SP); (2) scalar-relativity (no spin-orbit coupling (NSO)) vs. full-relativity (i.e., with spin-orbit (SO) coupling included); (3) local-density approximation (LDA) vs. generalized-gradient approximation (GGA). Our results indicate that both spin polarization and spin orbit coupling play important roles in determining the geometrical and electronic properties of americium bulk and monolayers. A compression of both americium square and hexagonal monolayers compared to the americium bulk is also observed. In general, the LDA is found to underestimate the equilibrium lattice constant and give a larger total energy compared to the GGA calculations. While spin orbit coupling shows a similar effect on both square and hexagonal monolayer calculations regardless of the model, GGA versus LDA, an unusual spin polarization effect on both square and hexagonal monolayers is found in the LDA results as compared with the GGA results. The 5f delocalization transition of americium is employed to explain our observed unusual spin polarization effect. In addition, our results at the LDA level of theory indicate a possible 5f delocalization could happen in the americium surface within the same Am II (fcc crystal structure) phase, unlike the usually reported americium 5f delocalization which is associated with crystal structure change. The similarities and dissimilarities between the properties of an Am monolayer and a Pu monolayer are discussed in detail.
IP restoration vs. optical protection: Which one has the least bandwidth requirements?

Abstract Survivability in IP-over-WDM networks has already been extensively discussed in a series of studies. While many studies assume an IP restoration scheme and focus on network connectivity in order to ensure proper recovery, few studies deal with optical protection. We investigate this question with the objective of estimating the respective bandwidth requirements of both recovery schemes, subject to single or multiple failures. We also design a mixed recovery scenario where the recovery is taken care at a different layer depending on the type of failures. Results shows that optical protection is by far the most economical recovery scheme in terms of bandwidth requirements.
Packetized Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charge Management

Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging could cause significant strain on residential distribution systems, unless technologies and incentives are created to mitigate charging during times of peak residential consumption. This paper describes and evaluates a decentralized and “packetized” approach to PEV charge management, in which PEV charging is requested and approved for time-limited periods. This method, which is adapted from approaches for bandwidth sharing in communication networks, simultaneously ensures that constraints in the distribution network are satisfied, that communication bandwidth requirements are relatively small, and that each vehicle has fair access to the available power capacity. This paper compares the performance of the packetized approach to an optimization method and a first-come, first-served (FCFS) charging scheme in a test case with a constrained 500 kVA distribution feeder and time-of-use residential electricity pricing. The results show substantial advantages for the packetized approach. The algorithm provides all vehicles with equal access to constrained resources and attains near optimal travel cost performance, with low complexity and communication requirements. The proposed method does not require that vehicles report or record driving patterns, and thus provides benefits over optimization approaches by preserving privacy and reducing computation and bandwidth requirements.
Single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis of bone marrow failure patients reveals characteristic patterns of genetic changes.

The bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFS) are a heterogeneous group of rare blood disorders characterized by inadequate haematopoiesis, clonal evolution, and increased risk of leukaemia. Single nucleotide polymorphism arrays (SNP-A) have been proposed as a tool for surveillance of clonal evolution in BMFS. To better understand the natural history of BMFS and to assess the clinical utility of SNP-A in these disorders, we analysed 124 SNP-A from a comprehensively characterized cohort of 91 patients at our BMFS centre. SNP-A were correlated with medical histories, haematopathology, cytogenetic and molecular data. To assess clonal evolution, longitudinal analysis of SNP-A was performed in 25 patients. We found that acquired copy number-neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN-LOH) was significantly more frequent in acquired aplastic anaemia (aAA) than in other BMFS (odds ratio 12.2, p<0.01). Homozygosity by descent was most common in congenital BMFS, frequently unmasking autosomal recessive mutations. Copy number variants (CNVs) were frequently polymorphic, and we identified CNVs enriched in neutropenia and aAA. Our results suggest that acquired CN-LOH is a general phenomenon in aAA that is probably mechanistically and prognostically distinct from typical CN-LOH of myeloid malignancies. Our analysis of clinical utility of SNP-A shows the highest yield of detecting new clonal haematopoiesis at diagnosis and at relapse.
Hierarchical spatial models for predicting tree species assemblages across large domains

Spatially explicit data layers of tree species assemblages, referred to as forest types or forest type groups, are a key component in large-scale assessments of forest sustainability, biodiversity, timber biomass, carbon sinks and forest health monitoring. This paper explores the utility of coupling georeferenced national forest inventory (NFI) data with readily available and spatially complete environmental predictor variables through spatially-varying multinomial logistic regression models to predict forest type groups across large forested landscapes. These models exploit underlying spatial associations within the NFI plot array and the spatially-varying impact of predictor variables to improve the accuracy of forest type group predictions. The richness of these models incurs onerous computational burdens and we discuss dimension reducing spatial processes that retain the richness in modeling. We illustrate using NFI data from Michigan, USA, where we provide a comprehensive analysis of this large study area and demonstrate improved prediction with associated measures of uncertainty.
A superior synthesis of [6,6]-methanofullerenes: The reaction of sulfonium ylides with C60

The addition-elimination reaction of stabilized sulfonium ylides 1a–f to C60 provides a new high yield route to [6,6]-methanofullerenes. The rates of reaction differ with the nucleophilicity of the ylides.
Cavity QED in a molecular ion trap

We propose a class of experiments using rotational states of dipolar molecular ions trapped near an on-chip superconducting microwave cavity. Molecular ions have several advantages over neutral molecules for such cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments. In particular, ions can be loaded easily into deep rf traps and are held independent of their internal state. An analysis of the detection efficiency for, and coherence properties of, the molecular ions is presented. We discuss approaches for manipulating quantum information and performing high-resolution rotational spectroscopy using this system.
A computing environment for the blind

Much of the early work on applying computer technology to the development of sensory aids for the blind was devoted to systems for transforming ink-print texts into a Braille format. This continues to be an important use of computers, but the disadvantages of Braille render it a poor substitute for the modes of information access normally available to people with normal sight. Braille is embossed on bulky paper. The surface area required for tactile discrimination of the Braille dots add to the problem, since this means that a Braille text takes up more space than a corresponding ink-print text. Furthermore, the ability to read Braille takes considerable time to acquire, and not all visually handicapped persons can read Braille, due to concomitant handicaps or because their visual impairment came fairly late in life. Braille also has the disadvantage that it is unreadable to almost all sighted persons; blind persons cannot read what sighted persons can read, and vice versa. Many blind persons are excellent typists, so they can indeed communicate in writing to the sighted, but they have no way of proofreading their own typing.
DLCQ-M(atrix) description of string theory, and supergravity

Abstract We discuss the connection between Matrix string theory and the DLCQ of string theory. Using this connection we describe the sense in which perturbative string amplitudes are reproduced in the Matrix string theory. Using recent realization of the connection between SYM and Supergravity, we suggest how to describe Matrix theory with non-flat backgrounds.
A Question of Title: Property Rights and Asset Values

Abstract This paper examines the impact of land title systems on property values. The predominant system in the U.S. and a few other countries, the recording system, awards title to claimants over current possessors, whereas the predominant system throughout most of the world, the registration system, awards title to the current possessor. The theory illustrates that the title system effect on asset value depends on property-specific factors like the risk of a claim and title system characteristics like transactions costs. A natural experiment in Cook County, Illinois, where both systems existed side-by-side from 1897 through 1996, allows a test of the theory. The evidence for commercial and industrial properties reveals that parcels tend to self-select into the two systems as expected with registration enhancing value once the self-selection effects are removed.
Carbon Nanotube Salts. Arylation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotube salts prepared by treating single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with lithium in liquid ammonia react readily with aryl iodides to give SWNTs functionalized by aryl groups.
Liability and its influence on designing for product and process safety

This paper sketches the regulatory framework within which design takes place and then focuses on tort liability in the USA and European Union domains, its doctrines of fault-based liability and strict liability, and their relevance to product and process design. It also discusses new environmental liability laws and other recent developments which have design implications. Finally, it discusses company decision-making on product and process design, a context in which the deterrent effect of tort liability, and many competing factors, are considered.
Inadequate cytology of thyroid nodules. Repeat it or live with it.

This article was originally published in Annals of Surgical Oncology, DOI 10.1245/s10434-011-1605-7
RANDOM-EXCHANGE AND RANDOM-FIELD XY-CHAIN FOR S=1/2

Although spin-glass and random-field behavior has been observed in a wide variety of different systems, the identification of universal properties is still disputed [1]. Adopting a quantum statistical point of view, the universal features are hidden in the density of states and the localization properties of the wave functions. In this work, we investigate density of states and localization length of wave functions in an s = ½ xy-chain for random exchange and random field. Using the transformation to spinless fermions [2], the problem is then reduced to a nonlinear map, providing accurate estimates for integrated density of states and exponential localization length of the wave functions. The thermodynamics can be obtained from the density of states since the spinless fermions are free. The results clearly reveal: (i) The appearance of disorder-induced exponential tails in the integrated density of states at the bottom and top of the spectrum. These tails lead to a characteristic field dependence of the zero-temperature magnetization and susceptibility. (ii) Important differences between the random-exchange and random-field models. In the random-exchange case, the state in the middle of the band is found to be extended and the zero-field susceptibility diverges, while in the random-field case, corresponding to the Anderson model [3], all states are exponentially localized and the zero-field susceptibility remains finite. This difference also affects the leading temperature dependence of the zero-field susceptibility and specific heat as T → O.
Beyond the Standard IAU Framework

This work was supported by the Research Council Grant No. C1669103 and by 2009 Faculty Incentive Grant of the Alumni Organization of the University of Missouri- Columbia.
Universal control of nuclear spins via anisotropic hyperfine interactions

We propose a method for completely controlling a nuclear spin subsystem using only microwave irradiation of resolved anisotropic hyperfine interactions with a single electron spin. This paradigm of control has important applications for spin based solid-state quantum information processing. In particular we argue that indirect addressing of the nuclear spins via an electron spin acting as a spin actuator allows for nuclear spin quantum logic gates whose operational times are significantly faster than either gates based on rf fields resonant with nuclear spin flips or nuclear-nuclear dipolar interactions. We demonstrate experimental aspects of this method with one electron and one nuclear spin of a single crystal of irradiated malonic acid.
Synthesis and structure of [C6H14N2][(UO2)4(HPO4)2(PO4)2(H2O)]·H2O: An expanded open-framework amine-bearing uranyl phosphate

Abstract A new open-framework compound, [C6H14N2][(UO2)4(HPO4)2(PO4)2(H2O)]·H2O, (DUP-1) has been synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions. The resulting structure consists of diprotonated DABCOH22+ (C6H14N22+) cations and occluded water molecules occupying the channels of a complex uranyl phosphate three-dimensional framework. The anionic lattice contains uranophane-like sheets connected by hydrated pentagonal bipyramidal UO7 units. [C6H14N2][(UO2)4(HPO4)2(PO4)2(H2O)]·H2O possesses five crystallographically unique U centers. U(VI) is present here in both six- and seven-coordinate environments. The DABCOH22+ cations are held within the channels by hydrogen bonds to both two uranyl oxygen atoms and a μ2-O atom. Crystallographic data (193 K, Mo Kα, λ=0.71073 A): DUP-1, monoclinic, P21/n, a=7.017(1) A, b=21.966(4) A, c=17.619(3) A, β=90.198(3)°, Z=4, R(F)=4.76% for 382 parameters with 6615 reflections with I>2σ(I).
Neutrino masses and solar neutrinos.

It has been pointed out by Bahcall and Bethe and others that all solar-neutrino data can be explained by Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein oscillations with $m({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ eV consistent with ideas of grand unified theories (GUT's). We point out here a second possibility consistent with GUT ideas with $m({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}})\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ eV and $m({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ eV. The two cases can be distinguished by a measurement of the solar neutrinos from $^{7}\mathrm{Be}$.
Utilization of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Manual as a Teaching Tool

Teaching a specialized law course to students who are not in law school is a refreshing venture for most instructors. It often provides the instructor with an opportunity to teach in an area of specific research interest that is much more focused than the general business law or legal environment of business course. Accordingly, for those instructors who have the opportunity to teach a course in sports law in their curriculum in a legal studies program housed in a college of business, a legal aspects of sport or sport governance course in a sport management program, or even in a law school course devoted to collegiate athletics, the most current edition of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Manual (the Manual) can be used as part of the pedagogical process in beneficial ways. Many
Identifying the Best Buys in U.S. Higher Education

Which U.S. institutions of higher education offer the best value to consumers? To answer this question, we evaluate U.S. institutions relative to a data envelopment analysis (DEA) multi-factor frontier based on 2000–2001 data for 1,179 4-year institutions. The resulting DEA “best buy” scores allow the ranking of institutions by a weighted sum of institutional characteristics per dollar of average net price. The net price is calculated as tuition, fees, room, and board less per student financial aid. Institutional characteristics include SAT score, athletic expenditures, instructional expenditures, value of buildings, dorm capacity, and student body characteristics. The DEA scores indicate the distance of each institution from the “best buy” frontier for the chosen characteristics, providing an objective means of ranking institutions as the best values in higher education.
Photon Exchange in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions

The strong electromagnetic fields in peripheral heavy ion collisions give rise to photon–photon and photon–nucleus interactions. I present a general survey of the photon–photon and photon-hadron physics accessible in these collisions. Among these processes I discuss the nuclear fragmentation through the excitation of giant resonances, the Coulomb dissociation method for application in nuclear astrophysics, and the production of particles.
A past as participants knew it: piece rates, time study, standard costs, and new technology in the U.S. men's tailored clothing industry

Abstract This paper condenses 17 personal interviews that were conducted with top executives, middle managers, and union officials in the U.S. men's tailored clothing industry. Each of the interviewees had participatory knowledge about procedures that impact standard cost numbers: piece rates, time study, production standards, and new technology. In summary, the interviews indicate that time study data, the collective bargaining process, skill-level distinctions, and market forces combined to influence standard cost numbers. They reveal that production standards were designed intentionally to be achievable by average workers. These views contrast those presented in several new accounting histories which have argued that piece rates, production standards, and standard costs were imposed on labour without its consent and were implemented for social and ideological purposes as well as economic criteria. Instead, the interview data support the notion that the conflicting interests of capital and labour were accommodated in this unionized industry. Foreign and non-union domestic competitors, declining markets for tailored clothing, and a tradition of bargaining and arbitration combined and contributed to a collaborative approach to the development of accounting-related procedures.
The Constitutive Equation for Silicon and Its Use in Crystal Growth Modeling

A stress analysis that describes the crystal growing process requires a material model that is valid over a wide temperature range and includes dislocation motion and mutliplication. The stresses developed in the growing process could induce residual stresses, changes in dislocation density and buckling into the growing crystals. The dislocation density is introduced as an internal variable in the constitutive model. The stress-strain and dislocation density-strain characteristics of silicon crystals are discussed as a function of temperature, strain rate, and initial dislocation density
Entry and exit under demand uncertainty

Abstract This paper presents a dynamic model of entry and exit in competitive markets with demand uncertainty and Bayesian learning. There is a unique equilibrium path characterized by a pair of simple zero-expected profit equations.
Samarium-induced iodine-catalyzed reduction of imines: synthesis of amine derivatives

Abstract Samarium metal induced iodine-catalyzed reduction of the imines towards the synthesis of secondary amines was investigated. The imines derived from aromatic amines produced monoamines whereas imines from arylalkyl amines gave diamines in good yield.
Response of Tropical Precipitation to Global Warming

Abstract Using high-resolution cloud-resolving simulations with different CO2 concentrations, local precipitation fluxes are found to obey Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) scaling. Previous studies of the effect of CO2 concentration on precipitation extremes have used general circulation models, which are poor platforms for studying tropical convection because convection is parameterized. In idealized cloud-resolving simulations, it is possible to identify not only the changes in local precipitation fluxes, but also the factors responsible for those changes. There are many properties of convection that can change as the atmosphere warms, each of which could produce deviations from CC scaling. These properties include the effective water-vapor gradient, cloud pressure depth, and cloud velocity. A simple theory is developed that predicts the changes in these properties consistent with CC scaling. Convection in the cloud-resolving simulations is found to change as predicted by this theory, leading to an ∼20% increase...
Oxidation of Oxazolines and Thiazolines to Oxazoles and Thiazoles. Application of the Kharasch-Sosnovsky Reaction.

Using a modification of the Kharasch−Sosnovsky reaction, the oxidation of oxazolines and thiazolines bearing a variety of 2-alkyl substituents (chiral and achiral) were smoothly oxidized to their corresponding oxazoles and thiazoles, respectively. The key feature involved in the successful implementation of this important oxidation was the use of a mixture of Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts to enhance the oxidation of the intermediate captodative radical, 24. The main limitation of this method was shown when the oxidation failed with oxazolines/thiazolines lacking the carboalkoxy group at C-4.
Ranking the importance of alerts for problem determination in large computer systems

The complexity of large computer systems has raised unprecedented challenges for system management. In practice, operators often collect large volume of monitoring data from system components and set up many rules to check data and trigger alerts. However, the alerts from various rules usually have different problem reporting accuracy because their thresholds are often manually set based on operators' experience and intuition. Meantime, due to system dependencies, a single problem may trigger many alerts at the same time in large systems and the critical question is which alert should be analyzed first in the following problem determination process. In this paper, we propose a novel peer review mechanism to rank the importance of alerts and the top ranked alerts are more likely to be true positives. After comparing a metric value against its threshold to generate alerts, we also compare the value with the equivalent thresholds from many other rules to determine the importance of alerts. Our approach is evaluated with a real test bed system and experimental results are also included to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Task-technology fit for mobile information systems

Mobile information technology (IT) holds great promise to support managerial processes; however, clear guidelines of how to design effective mobile information systems (IS) for use by managers are still lacking. Building on earlier research studies of task-technology fit (TTF) and other areas of IS, this article presents a three-step conceptual model to establish fit between managerial tasks, mobile IT, and the mobile use context, assuming that a good fit positively impacts task performance. We find that use situations characterized by high distraction and poor quality of network connection are particularly challenging for the design of mobile IS, and that the user interface requires particular attention. Our model contributes to IS research by joining disparate streams of research in an effort to help advance our understanding about the development and utilization of mobile IS. From a practical perspective, we contribute to the success of mobile IS and to the effectiveness of mobile work as it becomes increasingly prevalent in our modern world.
Control of multiple single-phase PFC modules with a single low-cost DSP

In this paper, a new control scheme is proposed for controlling multiple single-phase power-factor-correction (PFC) modules with a single low-cost digital signal processor (DSP). The proposed scheme allows for multiple PFC modules of different current ratings to be operated in parallel and controlled via a single DSP. DSP-based control handles simple current sharing and provides size reduction. The paper describes a current sense technique for each PFC module and a closed-loop control algorithm for output voltage and input current control for operating multiple modules. In the example design, switching frequency is set at 120 kHz and two continuous conduction mode PFC stages are operated in parallel and controlled via a single TMS320LF2407 DSP. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is capable to be used for modern switching power supplies.
Radiative Shock-induced Collapse of Intergalactic Clouds

Accumulating observational evidence for a number of radio galaxies suggests an association between their jets and regions of active star formation. The standard picture is that shocks generated by the jet propagate through an inhomogeneous medium and trigger the collapse of overdense clouds, which then become active star-forming regions. In this contribution, we report on recent hydrodynamic simulations of radiative shock-cloud interactions using two different cooling models: an equilibrium cooling-curve model assuming solar metallicities and a nonequilibrium chemistry model appropriate for primordial gas clouds. We consider a range of initial cloud densities and shock speeds in order to quantify the role of cooling in the evolution. Our results indicate that for moderate cloud densities (1 cm-3) and shock Mach numbers (20), cooling processes can be highly efficient and result in more than 50% of the initial cloud mass cooling to below 100 K. We also use our results to estimate the final H2 mass fraction for the simulations that use the nonequilibrium chemistry package. This is an important measurement, since H2 is the dominant coolant for a primordial gas cloud. We find peak H2 mass fractions of 10-2 and total H2 mass fractions of 10-5 for the cloud gas, consistent with cosmological simulations of first star formation. Finally, we compare our results with the observations of jet-induced star formation in "Minkowski's Object," a small irregular starburst system associated with a radio jet in the nearby cluster of galaxies Abell 194. We conclude that its morphology, star formation rate (~0.3 M☉ yr-1) and stellar mass (~1.2 × 107 M☉) can be explained by the interaction of a ~9 × 104 km s-1 jet with an ensemble of moderately dense (~10 cm-3), warm (104 K) intergalactic clouds in the vicinity of its associated radio galaxy at the center of the galaxy cluster.
Improvability of Feedback Systems

Abstract This paper introduces the notion of improvability and bottlenecks of feedback systems in the context of instrumentation cost. Specifically, a feedback system is improvable if its performance can be enhanced by re-allocating sensor and actuator costs under budget constraints. We derive a criterion which determines when the system is improvable, using the LQG performance index. In addition, we introduce and analyze the notion of instrumentation bottleneck and provide a criterion for bottleneck identification. An important feature of the results derived is that both improvability and BN indicators can be evaluated using on-line measurements in the feedback loop, without requiring precise knowledge of the plant data. Examples illustrating results are provided.
How well do domain wall fermions realize chiral symmetry

Abstract In the domain wall fermion formulation, chiral symmetry breaking in full QCD is expected to fall exponentially with the length of the fifth dimension. We measure the chiral symmetry breaking due to a finite fifth dimension in two ways, which can be effected differently by finite volume and explicit fermion mass. For quenched QCD the two methods generally agree, except for the largest extent of the fifth dimension, which makes the limit uncertain. We have less data for full QCD, but see exponential suppression for the method where we have data.
Three-component glycolate Michael reactions of enolates, silyl glyoxylates, and α,β-enones.

Silyl glyoxylates react with enolates and enones to afford either glycolate aldol or Michael adducts. Product identity is controlled by the countercation associated with the enolate. Reformatsky nucleophiles in the presence of additional Zn(OTf)2 result in aldol coupling (A), while lithium enolates provide the Michael coupling (B). Deprotonation of the aldol product A with LDA induces equilibration to form the minor diastereomer of Michael product B. This observation suggests that formation of the major diastereomer of Michael product B does not occur via an aldol/retro-aldol/Michael sequence.
The first direct ammonolysis of 2-thiouracil nucleosides to 2-thiocytosine nucleosides

Sugar-peracetylated 1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-, 1-(β-d-galactopyranosyl)-, and 1-(β-d-xylopyranosyl)-6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiouracils 2–4 and the corresponding 1-pyranosyl-2-(pyranosylthio)pyrimidines 5–7 undergo efficient ammonolysis (NH3/MeOH, 0→23°C, 16 h) to give the corresponding 1-(β-d-pyranosyl)-6-aryl-5-cyano-2-thiocytosines.
Developments in realistic design for aperiodic Mo/Si multilayer mirrors

Aperiodic multilayers have been designed for various applications, using numeric algorithms and analytical solutions, for many years with varying levels of success. This work developed a more realistic model for simulating aperiodic Mo/Si multilayers to be used in these algorithms by including the formation of MoSi2. Using a genetic computer code we were able to optimize a 45° multilayer for a large bandpass reflection multilayer that gave good agreement with the model.
The preference reversal phenomenon: Response mode, markets and incentives

This paper addresses the apparent conflict between the results of experiments on individual choice and judgement and the results of market experiments. Data are reported for experiments designed to analyze the effects of (a) economic incentives, repetition, feedback and information and (b) choice and valuation response modes on (c) subjects' decisions in paired market and nonmarket environments. Causes of divergent market and nonmarket behavior are identified in the context of the preference reversal phenomenon (PRP). Study of the PRP is extended to two types of market environments. The PRP is observed on the first repetition in a market setting (second price auction) with immediate feedback, both with and without financial incentives. However, after five repetitions of the auction, the subjects' bids are generally consistent with their choices and the asymmetry between the rates of predicted and unpredicted reversals disappears. An individual pricing task using the BDM mechanism yields similar results on the first repetition but results which differ from the second price auction on the fifth repetition. Choice tasks produce lower rates of reversals than do pricing tasks in both market and individual decision making settings. We are grateful for financial support from the National Science Foundation (grant no. SES-8820552) and the California Institute of Technology. Research facilities were provided by the Economic Science Laboratory at the University of Arizona. Valuable computer programming was provided by Sean Coates and Shawn LaMaster. We thank Professor Jeffrey Dubin for his help in setting up the software for the generalized Tobit model, and Professors Joyce Berg, Graham Loomes, and Charles R. Plott for helpful comments.
Identifying and testing of signatures for non-volatile biomolecules using tandem mass spectra

Identification of volatile and semi-volatile molecules using traditional electron ionization mass spectrometry has been successful. The major contributor to this success is the reproduceability of the mass spectra, which allow identification of components based on comparison of fragmentation patterns within very large databases. However, this approach is not useful for the identification of typical nonvolatile biomolecules. Tandem mass spectrometry with collision induced dissociation (CID) has the potential to provide structure-specific fragmentation from non-volatile biomolecules.The recognition of these molecules based on CID is not an easy task, since the spectra generated for a given molecule are not as reproducible as in traditional electron ionization mass spectrometry. Also, the rules governing the formation of CID produced ions are not completely understood.In this study we investigate the use of the Kohonen Self-Organized Mapping (SOM) neural network to generate and test signatures (fragmentation patterns) for a given set of non-volatile biomolecules using spectra generated by tandem mass spectrometry with CID. The signatures then may be used as a discriminator for identifying unknown non-volatile biomolecules.
Synthesis of benzo-fused 1-azabicyclo[m.n.0]alkanes via the Schmidt reaction: a formal synthesis of gephyrotoxin.

The intramolecular capture of benzocyclobutyl, benzocyclopentyl, and benzocyclohexyl carbocations 7 by azides produces spirocyclic aminodiazonium ions 8, which undergo 1,2-C-to-N rearrangement with loss of dinitrogen to produce benzo-fused iminium ions resulting from either aryl (9) or alkyl (10) migration to the electron-deficient nitrogen atom. Reduction of the iminium ions affords regioisomeric benzo-fused 1-azabicyclo[m.n.0]alkanes, e.g., benzopyrrolizidines, benzoindolizidines, benzoquinolizidines, or perhydrobenzo[f]pyrrolo[1,2-a]azepines in two regioisomeric versions, anilines (e.g., 11-14) and benzylic amines (e.g., 15-18), the result of aryl and alkyl migrations, respectively. Generally, aryl migration is preferred, despite modeling that shows that the lowest energy aminodiazonium ions are those where the departing dinitrogen is preferentially antiperiplanar to the migrating alkyl group rather than the aryl group. The utility of this methodology was illustrated by a formal synthesis of the alkaloid gephyrotoxin 4. A dependence on the efficiency and regioselectivity of the Schmidt reaction upon subtle changes in the structure of the cation precursor was observed, necessitating the exploration of a variety of substrates. Fortunately, these materials were easily made. Ultimately, the azido-alkene 81 bearing a 2-bromoethyl side-chain was useful for the Schmidt reaction, producing the known benzo-fused indolizidine 49, which had been transformed by Ito et al. into gephyrotoxin 4. The synthesis of 49 required nine steps (five purifications) from commercially available 4-methoxy-1-indanone 60 and proceeded in 22% overall yield.
Second Messengers of Insulin Action

Despite significant advances in past years on the chemistry and biology of insulin and its receptor, the molecular events that couple the insulin-receptor interaction to the regulation of cellular metabolism remain uncertain. Progress in this area has been complicated by the pleiotropic nature of the actions of insulin. These most likely involve a complex network of pathways resulting in the coordination of mechanistically distinct cellular effects. Because the well-recognized mechanisms of signal transduction (i.e., cyclic nucleotides, ion channels) appear not to be central to insulin action, investigators have searched for a novel second-messenger system. A low-molecular-weight substance has been identified that mimics certain actions of insulin on metabolic enzymes. This substance has an inositol glycan structure, and is produced by the insulin-sensitive hydrolysis of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol in the plasma membrane. This hydrolysis reaction, which is catalyzed by a specific phospholipase C, also results in the production of a structurally distinct diacylglycerol that may selectively regulate one or more of the protein kinases C. The glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol precursor for the inositol glycan enzyme modulator is structurally analogous to the recently described glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane protein anchor. Preliminary studies suggest that a subset of proteins anchored in this fashion may be released from cells by a similar insulin-sensitive phospholipase-catalyzed reaction. Future efforts will focus on the precise role of the metabolism of glycosyl phosphatidylinositols in insulin action.
Angular momentum of an electric charge and magnetically charged black hole

Abstract We find the angular momentum L of a point particle with electric charge e held at a fixed position in the presence of a black hole with magnetic charge g. (For a point charge in the presence of an ordinary magnetic monopole, it is known that L=eg.) The angular momentum does depend on the separation distance between the particle and the black hole; however, L→eg for a large separation. Implications for the cosmic censorship hypothesis, the quantum hairs and other physical situations are discussed.
Catalytic asymmetric alkylations of ketoimines. Enantioselective synthesis of N-substituted quaternary carbon stereogenic centers by Zr-catalyzed additions of dialkylzinc reagents to aryl-, alkyl-, and trifluoroalkyl-substituted ketoimines.

Catalytic enantioselective alkylations of three classes of ketoimines are reported. Reactions are promoted in the presence 0.5–10 mol % of a Zr salt and a chiral ligand that contains two inexpensive amino acids (valine and phenylalanine) and involve Me2Zn or Et2Zn as alkylating agents. Requisite aryl- and alkyl-substituted α-ketoimine esters, accessed readily and in >80% yield on gram scale through a two-step sequence from the corresponding ketones, undergo alkylation to afford quaternary α-amino esters in 79–97% ee. Aryl-substituted trifluoroketoimines are converted to the corresponding amines by reactions with Me2Zn, catalyzed by a chiral complex that bears a modified N-terminus. The utility of the catalytic asymmetric protocols is illustrated through conversion of the enantiomerically enriched alkylation products to a range of cyclic and acyclic compounds bearing an N-substituted quaternary carbon stereogenic center.
A method for thermal analysis of spiral bevel gears

A modelling method for analyzing the three-dimensional thermal behavior of spiral bevel gears has been developed. The model surfaces are generated through application of differential geometry to the manufacturing process for face-milled spiral bevel gears. Contact on the gear surface is found by combining tooth contact analysis with three-dimensional Hertzian theory. The tooth contact analysis provides the principle curvatures and orientations of the two surfaces. This information is then used directly in the Hertzian analysis to find the contact size and maximum pressure. Heat generation during meshing is determined as a function of the applied load, sliding velocity, and coefficient of friction. Each of these factors change as the point of contact changes during meshing. A nonlinear finite element program was used to conduct the heat transfer analysis. This program permitted the time- and position-varying boundary conditions, found in operation, to be applied to a one-tooth model. An example model and analytical results are presented.
Continent Orthotopic Urinary Diversion in Female Patients: Early Mayo Clinic Experience

Objective To review our initial experience with orthotopic neobladder urinary diversion in female patients. Material and Methods We reviewed the clinical characteristics, operative reports, and pathologic results of five female patients who underwent radical or simple cystectomy and continent orthotopic urinary diversion. Perioperative morbidity, postoperative daytime and nighttime continence, renal function, need for protective pads, and self-catheterization were documented. All urodynamic and upper urinary tract imaging studies were reviewed. Results Follow-up has ranged from 9 to 18 months in these initial patients. Thus far, all five women have achieved acceptable daytime continence, and four of five women have achieved nighttime continence. Only one patient augments volitional voiding with intermittent self-catheterization. Complications consisted of urinary retention in one patient and development of a urinary tract and bladder calculus, which necessitated cystolitholapaxy, in another patient. Neobladder capacities have ranged from 400 to 600 mL with voided volumes up to 300 mL. Only one patient has had a substantial residual urine volume (300 mL). All upper urinary tract imaging studies have shown stable function, and urodynamic studies have revealed high-compliance, large-volume neobladder capacities in all patients. Conclusion Bladder replacement pouches designed from detubularized bowel are gaining widespread acceptance among urologists and their patients. Although these operations have previously been limited to men because of concerns about cancer-involved margins and continence after cystectomy in female patients, recent advances in the knowledge of female pelvic anatomy and neurovascular innervation of the bladder neck and proximal urethra have facilitated nerve-preserving radical cystectomy in women that allows continence and volitional voiding through the urethra.
A general synthetic route to differentially functionalized angularly and linearly fused [6-7-5] ring systems: a Rh(I)-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation reaction.

Investigations of a Rh(I)-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation reaction reveal its general synthetic utility for accessing highly functionalized tricyclic [6−7−5] linear and angular ring systems from allene−ynes. Three types of allene−ynes were prepared and subjected to Rh(I)-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation conditions. For three series of allene−ynes, the [6−7−5] ring systems were afforded in varying yields depending on the substrate structure. One series of allene−ynes afforded the [6−6−5] ring system possessing an α-alkylidene cyclopentenone as a result of a selective reaction with the proximal double bond of the allene.