cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Engineering systems to enhance irrigation performance

The desirable irrigation system applies water at a rate that allows all water to infiltrate and distributes the water in space and time to match crop requirements in each parcel of the field. Various types of irrigation systems and management strategies have been developed in attempts to achieve the “desired” system. Our objective is to review various methods of enhancing irrigation performance. Although the “desired” system has not been attained, considerable improvements have been made based upon selection and management technologies which generate profits within the constraints of environmental prudence. Each irrigation system has inherent opportunities for enhancing irrigation performance. Like-wise, each has limitations in achieving maximum crop productivity per unit of applied water. Methods to improve the performance or surface irrigation can be grouped into those that increase the uniformity of water intake, reduce runoff losses, or decrease spatial variability. Two surface irrigation systems that enhance performance are surge-flow and level-basin. The uniformity and efficiency of sprinkler systems can be enhanced by computer-based design procedures and, in some cases, by applying low-energy, precision application concepts. Advantages of microirrigation are less surface area wetted, which minimizes evaporation and weed growth, and improved application uniformity which is specifically designed into the distribution network. An appropriate management strategy is necessary to attain the potential of an irrigation system engineered to match crop water requirements, and soil and environmental conditions. The best irrigation method applies the amount of water desired at the appropriate time while providing for leaching requirements, agronomic operations, and environmental considerations. With enhanced engineering and computer capabilities and improved knowledge of the soil-plant-water continuum, irrigators will adopt “prescription” irrigation. Prescription systems apply precisely the prescribed amounts of water, nutrients, and pesticides to match the production capacity of each parcel of land.
Preschool children's understanding of children with orthopedic disabilities and their expectations.

Summary The present study investigated whether preschool children (N = 121) had a realistic understanding of the limitations imposed by various orthopedic disabilities. The results have indicated that the preschoolers were aware that orthopedic disabilities may impose some physical limitations. Ss tended to perceive able-bodied children more capable in performing various tasks than disabled children. This evaluative judgment does not necessarily mean that the preschoolers were discriminating against the disabled children, but it may be a reflection of a sense of realism that the able-bodied children have less trouble in doing these tasks than their disabled counterparts. It was suggested that, with increased understanding of the realistic limitations imposed by orthopedic disabilities, children may become less biased toward their disabled peers. This change in attitude would have significant impact on the self-concepts of disabled children.
The combined use of α-methyltyrosine and threo-dihydroxyphenylserine—selective reduction of dopamine levels in the central nervous system

Abstract Dihydroxyphenylserine- α - 14 C (DOPS- α - 14 ) is taken up into mouse brain and decarboxylated to form norepinephrine- 14 C. The combined use of nontracer doses of this amino acid ( threo- or erythro-DOPS ) and the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, α-methyltyrosine ethyl ester, causes a 50 per cent depletion of dopamine in the central nervous system in mice while leaving norepinephrine levels unchanged. Without threo -DOPS, α-methyltyrosine depletes both norepinephrine and dopamine levels to less than one-half their normal values. dl - Threo -DOPS rapidly replenishes norepinephrine levels in reserpine-treated mice, but does not cause the awakening effect shown by l -DOPA under the same conditions. It is suggested that the reversal of the reserpine syndrome by l -DOPA is due to formation of dopamine rather than norepinephrine in the central nervous system.
Prostacyclin inhibition of phosphatidic acid synthesis in human platelets is not mediated by protein kinase C.

Abstract The activation of protein kinase C in human platelets by phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu)∗ results in the phosphorylation of a 40,000 dalton protein. This phosphorylation is time- and concentration-dependent. Maximal phosphorylation is rapid and is not affected by indomethacin or prostacyclin. PDBu does not promote activation of the phosphodiesteratic cleavage (phospholipase C) of the inositol phospholipids and the subsequent formation of 1,2-diacylglycerol or its phosphorylated product, phosphatidic acid. If platelets exposed to PDBu are subsequently stimulated with thrombin, this stimulus does not initiate further 40,000 dalton protein phosphorylation but will promote the formation of phosphatidic acid and also the phosphorylation of a 20,000 dalton protein (myosin light chain). However, prostacyclin will prevent the subsequent stimulation of phosphatidic acid synthesis by thrombin in a concentration-dependent manner. The fact that prostacyclin can affect the response to thrombin, even in the presence of phorbol ester, supports the idea that the enzymes related to the formation of phosphatidic acid or inhibition of its synthesis are not related to the phosphorylated 40K protein.
Checkpoint adaptation precedes spontaneous and damage-induced genomic instability in yeast.

Despite the fact that eukaryotic cells enlist checkpoints to block cell cycle progression when their DNA is damaged, cells still undergo frequent genetic rearrangements, both spontaneously and in response to genotoxic agents. We and others have previously characterized a phenomenon (adaptation) in which yeast cells that are arrested at a DNA damage checkpoint eventually override this arrest and reenter the cell cycle, despite the fact that they have not repaired the DNA damage that elicited the arrest. Here, we use mutants that are defective in checkpoint adaptation to show that adaptation is important for achieving the highest possible viability after exposure to DNA-damaging agents, but it also acts as an entree into some forms of genomic instability. Specifically, the spontaneous and X-ray-induced frequencies of chromosome loss, translocations, and a repair process called break-induced replication occur at significantly reduced rates in adaptation-defective mutants. This indicates that these events occur after a cell has first arrested at the checkpoint and then adapted to that arrest. Because malignant progression frequently involves loss of genes that function in DNA repair, adaptation may promote tumorigenesis by allowing genomic instability to occur in the absence of repair.
Phosphate glass dissolution in aqueous solutions

Rates of aqueous dissolution are reported for a series of phosphate glasses having the composition (50 − X)M2O·(X)CaO·50P2O5. Dissolution reactions involving the consumption of H+ and OH− were monitored using pH stat titration techniques, solution analyses using inductively coupled plasma emission, and depth profiling of corroded glass surfaces for H and other elements using elastic recoil detection analysis and Rutherford backscattering. These analytical results indicate that the phosphate glasses dissolve uniformly due to acid- or base-catalyzed hydration of the polymeric phosphate network. The rate and nature of this hydration appears to be controlled by the surface pH and/or charge which develops at the glass/ solution interface. The implication of these results on dissolution models for both the phosphate and silicate glasses is discussed.
Photon filter for energetic neutral atom detectors from carbon nanotubes

Detecting energetic particles is a useful approach in studying space plasmas. Of specific interest are energetic neutral atoms (ENA) because their trajectories are unaffected by electric or magnetic fields. Imaging the ENA flux allows for the mapping of remote plasmas. In order to detect such particles, solid-state detectors are advantageous due to their lightweight and low power. However in the sensing environment the photon flux is usually several orders of magnitude higher than the ENA flux. Thus, in order to detect the energetic particles the photon flux must be blocked. Therefore, thin metal or carbon film filters that allow the transmission of ENAs while attenuating the photon signal are used. Here we report tests of low-density mats of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a filter medium. For a given mass per unit area (the parameter which sets the particle transmission energy threshold), CNTs are expected to absorb photons significantly better than thin films. The CNTs were grown by a water assisted chemical vapor deposition technique and pulled from their substrate to generate a CNT sheet covering an aperture. In order to test the performance of the CNT sheet as a filter, the transmissions of light and alpha particles were measured. We were able to achieve filter performance that resulted in alpha particle energy loss of only 5 keV with an optical density of 0.5.
Importance of location and timing of electrical stimuli in terminating sustained functional reentry in isolated swine ventricular tissues: Evidence in support of a small reentrant circuit

Background In excitable chemical media, a spiral wave is formed by reentrant excitation around a core and normal propagation away from the core. Whether or not this applies to cardiac muscle is unknown. Methods and Results In six isolated swine ventricular slices, we induced sustained episodes of functional reentry with a stationary core. A train of stimuli applied away from the core (7- to 8-mm distance) and near the core (within 1.6 mm) terminated 5 of 24 and 14 of 17 episodes of reentry, respectively (P<.001). When the stimulus was applied away from the core, successful terminations occurred when the line connecting the stimulus and the core was along the myocardial fiber orientation and when the coupling interval was 54±11% of the reentrant cycle length. Stimulation near the core terminated reentry primarily by propagation of the stimulus-induced wave fronts that closed up the excitable gap. However, in two episodes, the application of a stimulus near the core changed the electrogram morphology in onl...
Vertical composition variation in nominally uniform InGaN layers revealed by aberration-corrected STEM imaging

We have found composition variations along the growth direction within regions of nominally constant indium composition in InGaN light emitting diode structures grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition using atomic resolution Z-contrast imaging in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Within 60 nm thick nominally In 0.01 Ga 0.99 N layers, we found periodic enhancements in the indium concentration into 4 bands separated by 11 nm. Energy dispersive spectroscopy spectrum imaging confirmed that the higher intensity in the high angle annular dark field (HAADF) Z-contrast STEM images was in fact caused by locally higher indium concentration. We observed no lateral indium composition fluctuations.
Altered loading during walking and sit‐to‐stand is affected by quadriceps weakness after total knee arthroplasty

Purpose: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) successfully reduces pain, but has not achieved comparable improvements in function. We hypothesized that quadriceps strength affects performance by altering loading and movement patterns during functional tasks. Methods: Fourteen subjects with isolated, unilateral TKA were tested three months after surgery. Quadriceps strength was assessed isometrically and kinematics, kinetics, and EMG were collected during level walking and sit-to-stand (STS). Function was assessed using the timed up and go test (TUG), stair climbing test (SCT), and the 6 min walk test (6MW). Results: Functional performance was significantly related to the quadriceps strength of both legs, but was more strongly related to the uninvolved strength (involved rho = -0.43 with TUG; -0.65 with SCT; 0.64 with 6MW) (uninvolved rho = -0.63 with TUG; -0.68 with SCT; 0.77 with 6MW). During STS, subjects shifted weight away from the operated limb (p 0.56, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Quadriceps weakness in patients with TKA has a substantial impact on the movement patterns and performance of the knee during functionally important tasks.
Effects of the gap junction modifier rotigaptide (ZP123) on atrial conduction and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation

Background— Altered conduction is associated with increased atrial fibrillation (AF) vulnerability in canine models of chronic mitral regurgitation (MR) and heart failure (HF). Rotigaptide (ZP123) augments gap junction conductance, improving cell-to-cell coupling. We studied the effects of rotigaptide on atrial conduction and AF vulnerability in the canine MR and HF models. Methods and Results— Twenty-one dogs in 3 groups were studied: control (n=7), chronic MR induced by mitral avulsion (n=7), and HF induced by ventricular tachypacing (n=7). Epicardial mapping of both atria was performed with a 512-electrode array at baseline and at increasing rotigaptide doses (10, 50, and 200 nmol/L). Conduction velocity increased in both atria in control animals and MR animals (maximum percentage increase: 24±5%, 38±6% [P<0.001, <0.001] in the left atrium and 19±9%, 18±3% [P<0.001, <0.001] in the right atrium). Conduction velocity did not change in the left atrium of the HF group and increased minimally in the right a...
Hemoglobin Cubujuqui (alpha 141 Arg-Ser): functional consequences of the alteration of the C-terminus of the alpha chain of hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin Cubujuqui (1) was detected in several members of a Mexican-American family. Structural analysis of this hemoglobin indicated that the carboxyl terminal arginine at position 141 in the α chain had been replaced by serine. This residue is critical not only in stabilizing the deoxy or T conformation by electrostatic interactions, but it is also involved in the Bohr effect through its linkage with Val lα of the opposite a chain in the tetramer. The variant exhibits high affinity for oxygen that is associated with destabilization of the deoxy conformation, and reduced cooperativlty. The pH and the chloride sensitivity of the variant are also reduced, as compared to Hb A.
Optimal synthesis of mechanisms using nonlinear goal programming techniques

Abstract The application of multiple objective optimization techniques based on the methods of nonlinear goal programming to perform optimal synthesis of general planar mechanisms is presented. In this optimization technique, the objectives of the design problem are first identified and prioritized according to their relative importance. The mechanism analysis is then performed to identify the design variables and their relationships to the dependent variables. The nonlinear goal programming technique is employed to determine the optimal values for the design variables that best satisfy the desired objectives of the problem. The uniqueness of this optimization technique lies in its ability to include all the objectives directly in the optimization process. This method, thus, eliminates the need to identify or combine the objectives into a single objective for the purpose of optimization. Several illustrative mechanism synthesis problems with multiple objectives were studied for optimal solutions using the nonlinear goal programming technique and the method produced accurate and acceptable solutions in all cases. The application of this method to three typical industrial type mechanism synthesis problems is presented and the results are discussed.
An algebraic language for graphical query formulation using an extended entity-relationship model

The Entity-Category-Relationship (ECR) model extends the Entity-Relationship (ER) model with the concepts of subclass and generalization categories. In this paper a graphical representation of the ECR model and its application as the basis for an interactive query language are discussed. The proposed query language is based on algebraic operators that can be used to transform an ECR diagram so that it represents a desired query. Semantics of the algebraic operators are formally defined. A method of implementing the graphical ECR interface for accessing relational database systems is proposed.
Esophageal submucosal glands: structure and function

A three-tiered defense system exists in the esophagus, which serves a dual purpose of both limiting the degree of gastroesophageal reflux and minimizing the risk of acid-induced mucosal injury. The antireflux barrier, composed of both the lower esophageal sphincter and the diaphragmatic pinchcock, is the first line of defense and serves to limit the frequency and volume of refluxed gastric contents. When the antireflux barrier fails, the second line of defense, esophageal clearance, comes into play and serves to limit the duration of contact between gastric contents and the esophageal epithelium. Mechanisms involved in esophageal clearance include gravity and esophageal peristalsis, which remove volume, and secretions from swallowed saliva and esophageal submucosal glands, which neutralize acid. The third line of defense, tissue resistance, is necessary when acid contact time is prolonged such as when esophageal clearance is either ineffective or not operative (e.g., during sleep). Most studies that have examined esophageal clearance mechanisms have focused on the roles of esophageal peristalsis and salivary secretion, but the role of submucosal gland secretions is less well understood. This article reviews the structure and function of esophageal submucosal glands and discusses the potential role of their secretory products in esophageal clearance and tissue resistance.
Study of adsorption and decomposition of NO on clean and oxygen-covered Ni(111) by metastable quenching spectroscopy

Abstract Surface metastable quenching electron spectroscopy (MQS) and thermal desorption has been used to study the chemical properties of NO adsorbed on clean Ni(111) or on Ni(111) precovered with O or N + O. We find that on the fully covered surfaces, the NO decomposition must be preceded by partial desorption and the decomposition temperature equals that of desorption onset (i.e., ~ 400 K). On partly covered surfaces, desorption is not a precondition for decomposition, which takes place below 300 K. The presence of O or a mixture of N and O on the surface changes NO chemisorption properties. The MQS spectrum and the change in work function caused by NO adsorption on oxygen precovered surfaces are anomalous, and indicate increased electron binding energy and reduced spatial extension of the lπ, 5σ orbitals.
Liquid chromatographic determination of cyclosporine in whole blood with the advanced automated sample processing unit

We describe a rapid, precise, cost-effective, and accurate isocratic liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure for determining cyclosporine in whole blood. The cyclosporine is extracted from 0.5 ml of whole blood together with 200 micrograms of cyclosporin D, added per liter as internal standard, by using an Advanced Automated Sample Processing (AASP) unit. The on-line solid-phase extraction is performed on an octasilane sorbent cartridge which is interfaced with a Perkin-Elmer 83 X 4.6 mm I.D. cartridge column, packed with 3-micron octadecyl packing. The column is eluted with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile-water (13:7) at a flow-rate of 1.0 ml/min at a column temperature of 70 degrees C. The column effluent is monitored at 210 nm. The absolute recovery of cyclosporine exceeded 87% and the linearity extended up to 2000 micrograms/l. Within-run and day-to-day coefficients of variation were less than 8%. The correlation between AASP-LC and manual Bond-Elut extraction-LC method was excellent (r = 0.97).
High-Q intrinsically-switched quasi-absorptive tunable bandstop filter with electrically-short resonators

Tunable high-Q intrinsically-switchable quasi-absorptive bandstop filters are presented in the 4 GHz to 6 GHz and 6.3 GHz to 11.4 GHz frequency ranges. Their responses can be reconfigured between all pass and tunable bandstop filter responses by simply tuning the center frequency of their resonators, avoiding insertion loss and control voltages associated with the series switches required in conventional bandstop filter banks that have similar response reconfiguration capability. In contrast to previously shown intrinsically-switchable bandstop filters, the filters shown in this paper require only one tuning element per resonator, have a significantly higher quality factor (650), and use electrically-short resonators. When combined with destructive interference attenuation enhancement techniques, these characteristics enable >60 dB maximum attenuation in the bandstop state and less than 2.0 dB insertion loss in the all pass state.
Varying index coefficient models

It has been a long history of using interactions in regression analysis to investigate alterations in covariate-effects on response variables. In this article, we aim to address two kinds of new challenges arising from the inclusion of such high-order effects in the regression model for complex data. The first kind concerns a situation where interaction effects of individual covariates are weak but those of combined covariates are strong, and the other kind pertains to the presence of nonlinear interactive effects directed by low-effect covariates. We propose a new class of semiparametric models with varying index coefficients, which enables us to model and assess nonlinear interaction effects between grouped covariates on the response variable. As a result, most of the existing semiparametric regression models are special cases of our proposed models. We develop a numerically stable and computationally fast estimation procedure using both profile least squares method and local fitting. We establish both ...
Anal Pap smears and anal cancer: what dermatologists should know.

Squamous epithelial cells are susceptible to infection by the human papillomavirus. Infection of squamous epithelium with oncogenic human papillomavirus types is associated with development of dysplasia and potential malignant transformation. Historically, cervical cancer has been the most prevalent human papillomavirus–induced squamous neoplasia. However, because of widespread screening via Pap smear testing, rates of cervical cancer in the United States have decreased dramatically during the past 50 years. Rates of anal cancer, in contrast, have doubled during the past 30 years. The groups at highest risk for development of anal cancer are men who have sex with men, HIV-positive patients, and patients immunosuppressed as a result of solid-organ transplantation. By detecting dysplasia before it develops into invasive cancer, anal Pap smears may be a potentially useful screening tool for anal cancer, particularly in individuals known to be at increased risk. However, at this time, sufficient data supporting the benefit of anal Pap smear screening are lacking. With insufficient evidence, no national health care organizations currently recommend the use of anal Pap smears as a routine screening test, even among high-risk groups.
Recruitment variation of eastern Bering Sea crabs: Climate-forcing or top-down effects?

During the last three decades, population abundances of eastern Bering Sea (EBS) crab stocks fluctuated greatly, driven by highly variable recruitment. In recent years, abundances of these stocks have been very low compared to historical levels. This study aims to understand recruitment variation of six stocks of red king (Paralithodes camtschaticus), blue king (P. platypus), Tanner (Chionoecetes bairdi), and snow (C. opilio) crabs in the EBS. Most crab recruitment time series are not significantly correlated with each other. Spatial distributions of three broadly distributed crab stocks (EBS snow and Tanner crabs and Bristol Bay red king crab) have changed considerably over time, possibly related in part to the regime shift in climate and physical oceanography in 1976–1977. Three climate-forcing hypotheses on larval survival have been proposed to explain crab recruitment variation of Bristol Bay red king crab and EBS Tanner and snow crabs. Some empirical evidence supports speculation that groundfish predation may play an important role in crab recruitment success in the EBS. However, spatial dynamics in the geographic distributions of groundfish and crabs over time make it difficult to relate crab recruitment strength to groundfish biomass. Comprehensive field and spatially explicit modeling studies are needed to test the hypotheses and better understand the relative importance and compound effects of bottom-up and top-down controls on crab recruitment. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS

A study was made of the intracellular localization of Type 2 poliomyelitis virus, using the technique of Mirsky and Pollister (23) for cellular fractionation. After isotonic saline homogenization of central nervous system tissue from infected mice, and subsequent centrifugation of the suspension, the virus present in the supernatant fluid was held to be of cytoplasmic origin. Upon serial washings of the sediment with physiological saline, the resulting supernates contained progressively less virus until by the seventh washing, virtually none was present. At this point extraction of the washed sediment with molar NaCl, which lyses the nuclei, yielded substantial amounts of virus, and this was assumed to be from nuclear sources. The possibility has not been excluded however that the "nuclear" sediment was contaminated by cytoplasmic particles too large to remain in the supernate. Experiments on the increase of virus during the incubation and acute stages of infection have revealed that it was first detectable in the "cytoplasmic" fraction and subsequently in the "nuclear" fraction. Virus in the "nuclear" fraction from paralyzed mice sometimes reached titers almost as high as those found in the "cytoplasm." Adsorption experiments indicated that the "nuclear" fraction of CNS tissue from normal, uninoculated mice did not adsorb added Type 2 poliomyelitis virus, nor did such fractions adsorb virus procured from the "cytoplasm" or "nuclei" of infected cells. Although individual mice varied in their response after virus injection, the "cytoplasmic" fraction of paralytic mice was found to contain virus regularly, whereas little more than half of the non-paralytic mice yielded it. When virus was present in the "cytoplasm," it could be found in the "nuclear" fraction of paralytic mice with much greater regularity than in that of non-paralytic mice. A comparison between the lines of the MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus, "adapted" and "non-adapted" to newborn mice, and the Lansing strain, revealed no differences in their intracellular increase. In both infant and adult mice, the chief difference in the findings with non-paralyzed and paralyzed mice lay in the greater concentration of virus in the "nuclear" fractions of the latter group.
Ergonomic Field Assessment of Bucking Bars during Riveting Tasks

Riveting tasks in aircraft manufacturing results in exposure to vibration from both rivet guns and bucking bars. Long term exposure to vibration has been associated with symptoms of vibration white...
Lung Recruitment for Ventilation: Does It Work, and is It Safe?

Ventilation strategies for infants, children, and adults with lung injury are active areas of translational and clinical research. The concept of the “Open Lung” continues to be developed. A large experimental literature demonstrates clearly that severe lung injury results if a lung is ventilated from collapse with each ventilator cycle. The lung will not collapse unless surfactant function is deficient and/or no positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) is used. However, the distribution of injury/pneumonia or whatever the primary abnormality may be is seldom uniform across the lung. The open lung is a lung that is inflated as uniformly as possible with reversal of any atelectasis and with aeration of fluid filled alveoli. Consolidated lung volumes will not open despite the application of pressures that will severely overdistend the more normal lung (1). Thus, opening an injured lung is a relative goal - to open the regions that can be opened. The other way to cause lung for injury is overdistention, and a large experimental literature demonstrates that overstretch of a lung will cause stress-strain injuries to the airspace epithelium and vascular endothelium.
When Movies Matter: Exposure to Smoking in Movies and Changes in Smoking Behavior

The authors investigated the association between exposure to smoking in movies and the initiation and progression of adolescent smoking over time among 6,522 U.S. adolescents (between the ages of 10 and 14 years, at baseline) in a nationally representative, 4-wave random-digit-dial telephone survey. They conducted a hazard (survival) analysis testing whether exposure to movie smoking and demographic, personality, social, and structural factors predict (a) earlier smoking onset and (b) faster transition to experimental (1–99 cigarettes/lifetime) and established smoking (>100 cigarettes/lifetime). Results suggest that higher exposure to movie smoking is associated with less time to trying cigarettes for the first time (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.66; 95% CI [1.37, 2.01]) but not with faster escalation of smoking behavior following initiation (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.53; 95% CI [0.84, 2.79]). In contrast, age, peer smoking, parenting style, and availability of cigarettes in the home were predictors of earlie...
A small-signal, RF simulation study of multiple-gate and silicon-on-insulator MOSFET devices

Because of their superior scaling characteristics and reduced short channel effects, multi-gate MOSFETs are being considered for replacing conventional planar silicon MOSFETs in digital applications. At the same time, improvements in the high frequency capabilities of conventional MOSFETs have made them increasingly attractive for RF applications. The paper examines the performance capabilities of multi-gate MOSFETs in the RF regime using a simulation study of their small-signal behavior. Three dimensional numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the high frequency performance of two of the most promising multigate devices, i.e. the finFET and the trigate transistor. The trigate transistor has been found to exhibit a higher transconductance, small signal current gain and unilateral power gain as compared to the finFET, as well as a higher cutoff frequency, f/sub T/, and maximum frequency of oscillation, f/sub MAX/. Peak f/sub T/ of 42 and 51 GHz and peak f/sub MAX/ of 183 and 228 GHz were obtained for the finFET and trigate transistors, respectively, for a gate length of 50 nm.
Whole limb kinematics are preferentially conserved over individual joint kinematics after peripheral nerve injury

Biomechanics and neurophysiology studies suggest whole limb function to be an important locomotor control parameter. Inverted pendulum and mass-spring models greatly reduce the complexity of the legs and predict the dynamics of locomotion, but do not address how numerous limb elements are coordinated to achieve such simple behavior. As a first step, we hypothesized whole limb kinematics were of primary importance and would be preferentially conserved over individual joint kinematics after neuromuscular injury. We used a well-established peripheral nerve injury model of cat ankle extensor muscles to generate two experimental injury groups with a predictable time course of temporary paralysis followed by complete muscle self-reinnervation. Mean trajectories of individual joint kinematics were altered as a result of deficits after injury. By contrast, mean trajectories of limb orientation and limb length remained largely invariant across all animals, even with paralyzed ankle extensor muscles, suggesting changes in mean joint angles were coordinated as part of a long-term compensation strategy to minimize change in whole limb kinematics. Furthermore, at each measurement stage (pre-injury, paralytic and self-reinnervated) step-by-step variance of individual joint kinematics was always significantly greater than that of limb orientation. Our results suggest joint angle combinations are coordinated and selected to stabilize whole limb kinematics against short-term natural step-by-step deviations as well as long-term, pathological deviations created by injury. This may represent a fundamental compensation principle allowing animals to adapt to changing conditions with minimal effect on overall locomotor function.
Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase protein and a transgene containing tyrosine hydroxylase 5' flanking sequences by stress in mouse adrenal gland.

Abstract: Prolonged stress is associated with the induction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression in rat adrenal medulla. We have used transgenic mice expressing a transgene encoding 4.5 kb of rat TH gene 5′ flanking region fused upstream of the structural gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) to test whether cold exposure or immobilization stress regulates TH gene expression in mouse adrenal gland. Exposure of mice to cold for 3 days increases adrenal TH protein and enzymatic activity. Cold exposure also increases adrenal TH-CAT expression two- to threefold. Immobilization stress induces mouse adrenal TH-CAT expression after either one immobilization or multiple immobilizations. TH-CAT expression increases transiently after a single immobilization, but after multiple immobilizations the induction of TH-CAT is sustained for at least 24 h. TH protein and TH enzymatic activity in mouse adrenal gland are elevated 2.8-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively, after seven immobilizations, but are not increased after either one, two, or three immobilizations. These results indicate that cold exposure and immobilization stress induce adrenal TH gene expression at least partially by stimulating the transcription rate of the TH gene. Furthermore, as observed in the rat, multiple mechanisms apparently regulate adrenal TH gene transcription rate and TH enzyme induction, depending on whether mice are subjected to a single immobilization or multiple immobilizations. Our results indicate that these transgenic mice are an excellent model system to study the molecular mechanisms regulating TH gene expression in adrenal medulla.
Human biology: From a love to profession and back again.

In 1937-1939, while working with my right hand as psychologist in the Bata Shoe Co. in Zlin, Moravia, with my left hand I was involved in research on age changes in body dimensions and profited from the interdisciplinary orientation of the (Czech) Biotypological Society, of which I was an active member. In 1941 I joined the Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene, a research and teaching unit in the School of Public Health of the University of Minnesota. My contributions ranged from philosophy of science through a broadly conceived physical anthropology, including nutritional anthropometry, to the study of behavior. I did field work both in Yugoslavia and in the United States. The research topics included aging, the effects of smoking, and etiology of coronary heart disease. In the collaborative monograph on The Biology of Human Starvation, I co-authored chapters on body weight, physical appearance and external dimension, body fat, a synthesizing chapter on compartments of the body, special senses, neuromuscular functions and motor performance, and seven chapters devoted to psychology. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:143-155, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Ensuring patient safety in wireless medical device networks

WMDNs provide many alarms and related clinical data that are life-critical. To avoid exposing patients to serious injuries or death, these systems must be protected from data delays, distortions, loss, or other erratic delivery problems. Despite the careful planning, procurement, installation, and management that goes into selecting and deploying WMDN systems, by nature many intentional and unintentional ad hoc changes will occur throughout these systems' life cycle. Clearly, delayed or lost WMDN alarm and data streams can cause serious patient safety risks, but, to date, nonproprietary WMDN verification and validation (V2) techniques do not exist. Further, because the implementation of decision-support-system capabilities for life-critical analyses like ECG arrhythmias or drug interactions varies by manufacturer, model, and user configuration, no single proprietary V2 strategy can, by itself, universally assure safe and reliable WMDN systems. Based on the belief that a formal-methods-based approach could help to verify and validate heterogeneous, wireless, patient-care-device networks, we propose developing a prototype verification and validation toolkit (V2T) that clinical biomedical engineering and IS departments can use to ensure safe and reliable WMDN operation.
Computer Modeling of the Patellofemoral Joint Instability: Patella Inherent Geometry Influence on Stress and Loading

Despite a large range of surgical options, treatment of patellofemoral instability continues to be a challenging clinical problem. Currently, there have been a number of computer models developed to try and better define the stabilizing forces about the patellofemoral joint. However, most of these studies have focused on patellofemoral contact pressures, omitting evaluation of patellar stability in the first 30° of knee flexion. The purpose of this study was to reconstruct a pathologic and normative patellar shape within a computer model based on previously described morphologic ratios. We then applied physiologic force vectors to each patellar shape and calculated the stress and moment about each. We hypothesized that individuals with a pathologic patellar shape would have internal stress and moments about the patella which could predispose them to instability. We found that there were significant differences in patterns of stress, strain, and internal displacement about the control and study patellar shapes. This study suggests that a change of patellar shape could have significant effects on the stresses and moments about the patella. Future studies in which calculations of moments could be performed on a series of control and study patellar groups could further define this difference. Dynamic simulations of the control and study patellar shapes could also visually demonstrate the difference in patellar translation. In the future, the results of patellofemoral modeling could be applied to individual patients to more accurately detail an individual treatment plan.© 2009 ASME
Current Perspectives on Established and Putative Mammalian Oligopeptide Transporters

Peptides and peptide-based drugs are increasingly being utilized as therapeutic agents for the treatment of numerous disorders. The increasing development of peptide-based therapeutic agents is largely due to technological advances including the advent of combinatorial peptide libraries, peptide synthesis strategies, and peptidomimetic design. Peptides and peptide-based agents have a broad range of potential clinical applications in the treatment of many disorders including AIDS, hypertension, and cancer. Peptides are generally hydrophilic and often exhibit poor passive transcellular diffusion across biological barriers. Insights into strategies for increasing their intestinal absorption have been derived from the numerous studies demonstrating that the absorption of protein digestion products occurs primarily in the form of small di- and tripeptides. The characterization of the pathways of intestinal, transepithelial transport of peptides and peptide-based drugs have demonstrated that a significant degree of absorption occurs through the role of proteins within the proton-coupled, oligopeptide transporter (POT) family. Considerable focus has been traditionally placed on Peptide Transporter 1 (PepT1) as the main mammalian POT member regulating intestinal peptide absorption. Recently, several new POT members, including Peptide/Histidine Transporter 1 (PHT1) and Peptide/Histidine Transporter 2 (PHT2) and their splice variants have been identified. This has led to an increased need for new experimental methods enabling better characterization of the biophysical and biochemical barriers and the role of these POT isoforms in mediating peptide-based drug transport.
Deeper data: a response to boyd and Crawford:

Data analysis of any sort is most effective when researchers first take account of the complex ideological processes underlying data’s originating impetus, selection bias, and semiotic affordances of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) under examination.
Drawing Dissent: Political Cartoons in Yemen

Does the fallout from the now infamous Danish cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad reflect inherent mass radicalism or irrationality on the part of Muslim societies? Judging from the news coverage broadcast to Western audiences, one would think so. Most media images focused on bearded men or veiled women demonstrating and burning flags reinforced by dramatic sound bites, as when the usually sober BBC ( 2006 ) cited one protester as saying: “They want to test our feelings. They want to know whether Muslims are extremists or not. Death to them and their newspapers.” These reactions seemed disproportionate, if not irrational, because of the medium: they were, after all, just drawings.
Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Conduction-Electron Energy Distributions in Laser-Excited Silicon

Electron energy distributions, extending from equilibrium surface states through transiently populated conduction band states, have been observed in laser excited silicon by means of transient photoelectron spectroscopy. Atomically clean (111) wafers in UHV were excited by 90 nsec, 2.33 eV or 65 nsec, 4.66 eV pulses. Photoelectron spectra were obtained with the 4.66 eV pulses. Photovoltage shifts have been measured and found to saturate. We have identified a feature in the excited state portion of the spectra due to electrons which have equilibrated in the conduction band minima (CBM). Electron temperatures as a function of 2.33 eV pump fluence have been extracted from the spectra and are shown to be in equilibrium with the lattice above 1100 K. Very hot non-equilibrium electrons are also observed to ~ 4 eV above the CBM. A method of determining the diffusion depth of CBM electrons has been developed and applied to our data.
Coordination of Health Behavior Counseling in Primary Care

PURPOSE We wanted to examine how coordinated care is implemented in pri- mary care practices to address patients' health behavior change needs.
High-speed metal-semiconductor-metal photodiodes with Er-doped GaAs

Very high-speed MSM photodiodes have been fabricated on Er-doped GaAs over a doping range of 10/sup 18/-10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/. The impulse response (characterized by photoconductive sampling) of these diodes, with finger widths/spacings of 2 /spl mu/m, has been found to be tunable over a range of about 3 ps-22 ps. Electro-optic sampling was used to characterize MSM diodes with finger widths/spacings of 0.5 /spl mu/m and 1 /spl mu/m on a sample with [Er]=10/sup 19/ cm/sup -3/, resulting in 3-dB bandwidths of 160 GHz and 140 GHz, respectively, corresponding to pulse widths of 2.7 ps and 3.3 ps. Correlation measurements were also done on the GaAs:Er samples, using an all-electronic Sampling Optical Temporal Analyzer (SOTA) structure. >
Regge Amplitude Arising from SU ( 6 ) W Vertices

The spin structure of three-particle vertices may be determined from the quark model. Using these ${\mathrm{SU}(6)}_{W}$ vertices in the Van Hove model, we derive a Reggeized scattering amplitude. In addition to Regge poles, there are necessarily fixed Regge cuts in both fermion and boson exchange amplitudes. The magnitudes of the pole and cut terms in an entire class of $\mathrm{SU}(6)$-related reactions are determined by their magnitudes in a single reaction. As an example, we explain the observed presence or absence of wrong-signature nonsense dips in a class of reactions involving vector-meson exchange.
Commercial Lobbying: Institutions and Political Reforms

This paper analyzes the effective regulation of commercial lobbying activities and focuses on the endogenous choice of regulatory institutions. The analysis uses a model of commercial lobbying in which citizens hire lobbyists to present policy matters on their behalf, and policymakers announce political access rules to induce citizens and lobbyists to engage in information acquisition and make financial contributions. The distribution of private costs and public informational benefits from commercial lobbying can explain why commercial lobbying is widely employed, but may not be socially efficient, and may lack public support. I derive the institutional conditions under which a market outcome can be first-best as well as the conditions under which a first-best institution will or will not be self-stable. One result is that current lobbying regulation may fail to be effective: unable to limit lobbyists' and policymakers' incentives to substitute financial contributions for socially beneficial information acquisition. The analysis highlights the necessity to monitor information transfers as well as financial transfers to construct effective regulatory instruments. Additional results explain why endogenous reforms that regulate lobbying activities may or may not occur.
Democratic School Desegregation: Lessons from Election Law

Despite their joint relevance to democracy, no article to date has attempted to analyze election law alongside education law. This Article examines the relationship between the doctrinal threads of these bodies of law. From this study, this Article concludes that, while election law is imbued with democratic principles to guide courts and policymakers — such as the one-person one-vote principle — education law is not guided by any such democratic principles. Additionally, while electoral boundaries are viewed as malleable under federal law, school district boundaries are not. In light of these doctrinal differences, and in light of the importance of education to democracy, this Article advocates a policy of democratic school desegregation based on a principle focused on reducing socioeconomic isolation in schools. This democratic principle, referred to in this Article as the 60/40 principle, has the ultimate goal of ensuring that no child in the United States attends a school with a low-income student majority. Under this principle, school district boundaries are not sacrosanct and may be adjusted as a last resort to achieve the ideals of democratic school desegregation.
Ethnogerontological Curriculum: What Should We Teach and How Should We Teach It?

The composition and needs of our culturally diverse older population will encourage educators and social work professionals to address the conflicting demands for access and delivery of culturally sensitive services. Therefore, ethnocultural content in gerontology needs to be incorporated into the social work curriculum. Ethnogerontological social work curricula will promote student/practitioner awareness of the dynamics that result from aging and cultural diversity, and will provide training in the development of specific skills for the adaptation of treatment plans and services that meet the culturally unique needs of an elderly population.
Response to Government of India Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) Discussion Paper on Standard Essential Patents and Their Availability on FRAND Terms

The Government of India Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) has requested input regarding its Discussion Paper on Standard Essential Patents and Their Availability on FRAND Terms (March 1, 2016). This Response offers a series of balanced and neutral recommendations in a range of areas for the DIPP's consideration.
Examining the Sources of Racial Bias in Potentially Capital Cases A Case Study of Police and Prosecutorial Discretion

While prior research has uncovered racial disparities in the administration of death sentences, little attention has been devoted to earlier stages in the capital punishment processes. To understan...