cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rank Determination by Winner-Take-All Circuit for Rank Modulation Memory

Multilevel-cell (MLC) memory technologies have achieved a great improvement in increasing demand for a high-density memory. As the memory cells utilize a higher number of bits per cell, they have been faced with some problems, such as accurate charge placement and measurement, which slow down programming processes. To overcome these problems, the new data representation technology, rank modulation coding, is employed for MLC memories. For rank modulation memory, a fast and accurate rank reading among multiple cells is one of the most important functions to be achieved to serve an efficient nonvolatile memory. The existing rank determination methods that compare two currents (memory current and ramp down current) and an array of winner-take-all (WTA) rank determination showed their own limitation in terms of mismatch impacts and area consumption. If the rank determination speed can be improved and the circuits are not affected by the possible impact of mismatch, the rank modulation memory will be a more practical memory as a next-generation memory. This brief presents a new rank read circuitry with much faster rank read time. The read time for 16 cells' ranks is 600 ns, which is much faster than the existing ways. This rank determinator adopted an advanced WTA circuit for the rank read circuitry.
Noise reduction in supersonic jets from rectangular convergent-divergent nozzles

The design and development of noise reduction methods for rectangular supersonic, convergentdivergent nozzle jets are presented. This study focuses on the analysis of hard-wall corrugations and fluidic inserts for use in non-round rectangular nozzle jets. The baseline rectangular nozzle was tested at several operating conditions and azimuthal angles and compared to similar measurements in the literature. Hard-wall corrugations were seen to reduce the shock strength of over-expanded jets exhausting from the rectangular nozzles. This results in significant reduction of the BBSAN in the forward arc. Mixing noise reductions of over 3 dB OASPL were observed in the direction of the major axis of the rectangular hard-wall corrugation nozzle. Preliminary experiments on jets issuing from a single fluidic insert rectangular nozzle with distributed blowing were conducted. Mixing noise reductions were slightly less than for the hard-wall corrugation nozzle. For these rectangular nozzle jets, BBSAN was not significantly affected by the presence of the fluidic inserts. To exploit the fluidic insert noise reduction method for rectangular supersonic nozzle jets, a systematic parameter optimization study will be required.
Cinqué of the Amistad a Slave Tracler? Perpetuating a Myth

For more than fifty years a story has circulated both inside and outside the history profession that Joseph Cinque (Sengbe Pieh), leader of the Amistad mutiny in 1839 and the central character in Steven Spielberg's movie Amistad, became an international slave trader upon his return to Africa in 1842. The release of the movie in 1997 heated the controversy by subjecting Spielberg to the charge of romanticizing a black figure who preyed on his own people. Debbie Allen, the film's producer (who had convinced Spielberg to do what he called his "most important movie"), encountered the allegation while on a TV talk show and, both there and later in the press, attributed the story to rumor and innuendo. Soon afterward, Richard Grenier made the same indictment in the Washington Times. But the most widely known accusation came in USA Today and on CBS's Face the Nation from the noted film critic Michael Medved of the New York Post (and was repeated by Martin F. Nolan in the Boston Globe). Medved quoted the two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning Harvard historian Samuel Eliot Morison. In The Oxford History of the American People, a 1965 Book-of-the-Month Club selection still available in Penguin paperback, Morison wrote: "The ironic epilogue [to the Amistad story] is that Cinque, once home, set himself up as a slave trader."1 During the early 1980s, in writing my book Mutiny on the Amistad, I tried to find evidence that would resolve this serious charge against Cinque.2 The effort
Aurora in a Bottle

One of the most spectacular shows that nature offers at northern latitudes is what is known as northern lights or Aurora Borealis. The Aurora Borealis is caused by energetic particles of the solar wind, which get trapped in Earth's magnetosphere. To simulate this phenomenon on a table top scale, we ignited a plasma jet and introduced the fast traveling plasma into a chamber, where the pressure can be lowered. A magnetized ball representing Earth was placed in the middle of the chamber. Fig. 1 shows what happens when the plasma jet reaches the ball: the plasma wraps around the ball.
H -mode accelerating structures with permanent-magnet quadrupole beam focusing

We have developed high-efficiency normal-conducting rf accelerating structures by combining $H$-mode resonator cavities and a transverse beam focusing by permanent-magnet quadrupoles (PMQ), for beam velocities in the range of a few percent of the speed of light. The shunt impedance of interdigital $H$-mode (IH-PMQ) structures is 10--20 times higher than that of a conventional drift-tube linac, while the transverse size is 4--5 times smaller. Results of the combined 3D modeling---electromagnetic computations, multiparticle beam-dynamics simulations with high currents, and thermal-stress analysis---for an IH-PMQ accelerator tank are presented. The accelerating-field profile in the tank is tuned to provide the best propagation of a 50-mA deuteron beam using coupled iterations of electromagnetic and beam-dynamics modeling. Measurements of a cold model of the IH-PMQ tank show a good agreement with the calculations. Examples of cross-bar $H$-mode structures with PMQ focusing for higher beam velocities are also presented. $H$-PMQ accelerating structures following a short radio-frequency quadrupole accelerator can be used both in the front end of ion linacs or in stand-alone applications.
State Criminal Prosecution of a Former United States President in United States Domestic State Courts: A Thought-Experiment on Limits to the United States President’s Constitutional Powers Regarding Armed Conflict

This article does a thought experiment to suggest the limits of the United States President’s Constitutional Powers regarding Armed Conflict. It then examines how state criminal prosecution (as opposed to federal criminal prosecution or impeachment) might be an avenue in United States separation of powers and federalism to seek accountability for Presidents who act outside the limits of the powers available constitutionally and even with a Congressional grant of powers.
REPAIR OF UV IRRADIATION DAMAGE IN SIMIAN VIRUS 40

ABSTRACT The kinetics and extent of excision repair and DNA replication of UV-irradiated SV40 DNA were measured during lytic infection of monkey CV-l cells. Loss of T4 endonuclease V-sensitive sites from viral DNA occurred in a complex, dose-dependent fashion and suggests damaged viral DNA was repaired by the host cell excision repair system. Pulse and pulse-“chase” labelling experiments revealed formation of SV40 Form I (supercoiled) DNA was the most sensitive step in viral DNA replication after UV irradiation. Label in replicative intermediate or Form II molecules “chased” effectively into Form I molecules even after 40 J/m2 of UV light, indicating dimers ahead of the growing forks are bypassed without concomitant dimer removal.
Formulas for Finding Coefficients from Nodes/Nodal Lines

We ask the question: What can be determined about a vibrating system from the positions of nodal lines? The question is answered for a rectangular membrane. We give a formula for finding a potential from the nodal line positions. A uniqueness result is presented. Analogous one-dimensional results are presented; three-dimensional results are announced. A case study showing the effect of structural damping on measurements is described.
Bounds for Constructed Solutions of Second and Fourth Order Inverse Eigenvalue Problems

In this paper bounds are given for coefficients, in differential operators, which have been constructed from spectral data. The differential operators are of second and fourth order and the bounds are given in terms of differences in the given spectral data and spectral data from known (base) differential operators.
Spatial co-adaptation of cortical control columns in a micro-ECoG brain-computer interface.

OBJECTIVE Electrocorticography (ECoG) has been used for a range of applications including electrophysiological mapping, epilepsy monitoring, and more recently as a recording modality for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Studies that examine ECoG electrodes designed and implanted chronically solely for BCI applications remain limited. The present study explored how two key factors influence chronic, closed-loop ECoG BCI: (i) the effect of inter-electrode distance on BCI performance and (ii) the differences in neural adaptation and performance when fixed versus adaptive BCI decoding weights are used. APPROACH The amplitudes of epidural micro-ECoG signals between 75 and 105 Hz with 300 μm diameter electrodes were used for one-dimensional and two-dimensional BCI tasks. The effect of inter-electrode distance on BCI control was tested between 3 and 15 mm. Additionally, the performance and cortical modulation differences between constant, fixed decoding using a small subset of channels versus adaptive decoding weights using the entire array were explored. MAIN RESULTS Successful BCI control was possible with two electrodes separated by 9 and 15 mm. Performance decreased and the signals became more correlated when the electrodes were only 3 mm apart. BCI performance in a 2D BCI task improved significantly when using adaptive decoding weights (80%-90%) compared to using constant, fixed weights (50%-60%). Additionally, modulation increased for channels previously unavailable for BCI control under the fixed decoding scheme upon switching to the adaptive, all-channel scheme. SIGNIFICANCE Our results clearly show that neural activity under a BCI recording electrode (which we define as a 'cortical control column') readily adapts to generate an appropriate control signal. These results show that the practical minimal spatial resolution of these control columns with micro-ECoG BCI is likely on the order of 3 mm. Additionally, they show that the combination and interaction between neural adaptation and machine learning are critical to optimizing ECoG BCI performance.
Virginia Gil Amate, Sueños de unidad hispánica en el siglo xviii. Un estudio de “Tardes americanas” de José Joaquín Granados y Gálvez. Pról. de José Carlos Rovira. Universidad, Alicante, 2012; 284 pp. (Cuadernos de América sin Nombre, 30).

Se resena el libro: Suenos de unidad hispanica en el siglo xviii. Un estudio de “Tardes americanas” de Jose Joaquin Granados y Galvez. Prol. de Jose Carlos Rovira.
Optical wavefront matching as a multi-frequency compliment to transformation optics

The advent of Transformation Optics (TO) has led to a resurgence of interest in gradient-index (GRIN) optics. Furthermore, it has been noted that TO-derived lenses often possess better performance than those arrived at through more traditional GRIN design techniques. Due to the dispersive nature of optical materials, lenses are often combined into achromatic pairs to correct for chromatic aberrations. However, GRIN materials possess different dispersion behaviors than their homogeneous counterparts resulting in TO-derived solutions that only possess their intended behavior at the source design frequency. To mitigate this issue, a wavefront-matching (WFM) design paradigm is presented which overcomes this restriction and enables arbitrarily broadband transformations to be realized.
Base-Calling for Bioinformaticians

High-throughput platforms execute billions of simultaneous sequencing reactions. Base-calling is the process of decoding the output signals of these reactions into sequence reads. In this chapter, we detail the facets of base-calling using the perspective of signal communication. We primarily focus on the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform and review different third-party base-calling implementations.
The Story of Eczema in Pictures

Atopic dermatitis, with its many variations, occurs predominantly in children. In adults, it occurs with both similar and different variations. The typical child presents with an extremely pruritic rash that is troublesome not only to the patient but also to the caregivers. This chapter summarizes pictorially the clinical presentations before and after treatment of eczema, appearances of different types of cultures, pathologic findings, and involvement of the immune system and presents treatment and prevention algorithms.
Clinical Outcomes of Patients With T1 Nested Variant of Urothelial Carcinoma Compared to Pure Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder.

Abstract Purpose Evaluate oncologic outcomes of patients with cT1 nested variant (NV) of urothelial carcinoma (UC) and compare with cases of pure UC of the bladder. Materials and Methods We retrospectively identified 30 patients with NV who, between 1997 and 2012, underwent transurethral resection with T1 tumor stage, followed by restaging transurethral resection within 3 months confirming non–muscle-invasive disease. Radical cystectomy within 3 months of restaging transurethral resection was considered “early” treatment. We matched 3 patients with pure UC to each nested patient. Results Median follow-up for survivors was 4.3 years from T1-staged transurethral resection. Patients with NV had no statistically significant difference in metastasis-free survival ( P = .2) and cancer-specific survival ( P = .2) compared with patients with pure UC. However, it is concerning that the rate of upstaging to bladder and/or lymph nodes was 54% in patients with NV who underwent early radical cystectomy, even after rigorous restaging. Conclusions Although NV UC may be diagnosed at a higher stage, when stage matched we have not seen any statistical evidence that it is more aggressive than typical UC. Because patients with NV UC who are cT1 on restaging transurethral resection appear to have a higher propensity to develop nodal metastatic disease and a higher rate of upstaging, patients with cT1 NV UC on restaging biopsy may benefit from “early” radical cystectomy, whereas patients with
Application to Sr\(_2\)RuO\(_4\)

In this chapter, we apply the weak-coupling theory of Chap. 2 to the case of Sr\(_2\)RuO\(_4\).
University resources sharing using the CTS

NASA-Ames Research Center and Stanford University in California, and Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, are designing a curriculum-sharing experiment which will use compressed digital television. The experiment will permit evaluation of the potential of curriculum sharing by two universities which are geographically distant, but capable of transmitting and receiving television signals. The evaluation of the curriculum sharing per se will include inputs from faculty, staff and students at both institutions. Accessibility to and acceptability of each other's curriculum will be studied and recorded. Adjustments to differences in academic terms, class meeting times, teaching styles and similar issues will be closely monitored. It is hoped that this experiment will provide long-range planners the kind of information which they will need when designing large-scale educational telecommunications systems for the future.
To Share or Not to Share: Investigating the Social Aspects of Dynamic Ridesharing

Transportation network companies (TNCs) have introduced shared-ride versions of their ordinary services, such as UberPool or Lyft Line. The concept is simple: passengers pay less in fares for an incremental increase in time spent picking up and dropping off other riders. This paper focuses on the social and behavioral considerations of shared rides, which have not been explored as thoroughly as time and cost trade-offs in transportation. A survey of TNC users conducted through Mechanical Turk in June and July of 2016, which had 997 respondents across the United States, found that (a) users of dynamic ridesharing services reported that social interactions were relevant to mode choice, although not as much as traditional factors such as time and cost; (b) overall, the possibility of having a negative social interaction was more of a deterrent to use of dynamic ridesharing than the potential of having a positive social interaction was an incentive; (c) there was evidence that a substantial number of riders h...
Car-less or car-free? Socioeconomic and mobility differences among zero-car households

Abstract Transportation professionals have long identified the important division between choice and constraint in modal decision-making. However, while heterogeneity within some modal groups such as transit riders is well documented, intragroup differences in other groups have been largely ignored. In particular, significant heterogeneity exists among zero-car households, who may not own a car due to choice (car-free) or constraint (car-less). Recognition of intragroup heterogeneity among zero-car households yields policy implications as cities consider where to invest their ever more precious and more limited transportation resources. Using activity diary data from the 2012 California Household Travel Survey, I investigate two research questions: first, how do car-less households compare to car-free households in terms of both their socioeconomic characteristics and their relative share of zero-car households? Second, how do motivations behind not owning a car translate into mobility differences - including daily trip counts and miles traveled? I find that, contrary to media reports that the number of car-free households—that is, households that choose not to own a car—is “booming”, 79 percent of zero-car households do not own a car because of economic or physical constraints. Car-less households in many ways mirror the captive transit population, in that they have significantly lower household incomes, lower educational attainments, and are disproportionately non-white compared to car-free households. Observed socioeconomic variations translate into mobility differences, with car-free travelers taking more trips and traveling more miles per day. Policy makers should consider extending access to carshare services, which are positively associated with more trips and miles traveled among both car-free and car-less households.
ESTADO, ÉLITES Y CONTRAINSURGENCIA: UNA COMPARACIÓN PRELIMINAR ENTRE COLOMBIA Y PERÚ

En este trabajo, el autor compara la violencia insurgente en Colombia y Peru. Partiendo de un elemento comun, la debilidad estatal, contrastalas diferentes estrategias implementadas para contrarrestar a los movimientos armados. El analisis conceptual de las caracteristicas del estado en los casos estudiados, evidencia segun el autor, como la diferencia existente entre la configuracion de elites socioeconomicas y su relacion con el estado en cada pais es lo que explica las desigualdades entrelos modelos anti-insurgentes de “privatizacion” socio-centrico (adoptado en Colombia) y “autoritario” estado-centrico (propio del Peru). El estudio comparativo entre estas estrategias demuestra que ambas representaron enormes costos para las sociedades de sus paises y no estuvieron acompanadas por cambios en las estructuras politicas que aseguraran la estabilidad y el mantenimiento de las garantias democraticas.
The Infrared Spectra of Several N-Containing Compounds Absorbed on Montmorillonites

Earlier investigations have shown that infrared spectroscopy provides an ideal non-destructive tool for investigation of adsorbed species present when simple compounds are adsorbed on ceramic materials1. In this study, we have looked at the infrared absorption spectra of several more complex compounds that can be adsorbed on montmorillonites. These compounds relate to biologically important materials that can be prepared on ceramic surfaces or in their interlamellar spaces. We will first discuss the spectra observed for adsorbed ammonia and gradually proceed to a discussion of the spectra observed for an adsorbed dipeptide, glycylglycine. The latter compound is the simplest compound which possesses a peptide linkage similar to proteins. The types of complexes formed on the clays depend strongly upon such factors as the time of exposure of the clay to the compound, the nature of the heat treatment of the clay complex and pH at which the clay complex was prepared. Analyses of the infrared spectra in this study distinctly indicate the exact nature of the types of complexes present in the montmorillonites.
Treatment at high-volume facilities and academic centers in relation to overall survival in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer: A National Cancer Database analysis

392Background: Numerous studies have shown that treatment at a high volume facility (HVF) for patients (pts) with pancreatic cancer is associated with improved outcomes, particularly with pancreate...
Foreign Language Learning

This article provides an overview of contemporary research on the development of foreign-language ability. Following a brief consideration of current theoretical debate within the context of globalization and the rise of English as a lingua mundi, the article treats the evolution of communicative competence as a model of foreign-language competence. The expansion of foreign-language research to accommodate theories of acquisition and of socialization is then discussed. The article concludes with speculation on future research, with particular emphasis on calls to integrate investigations of the cognitive and the social aspect of foreign-language development. This article offers a survey of current research on the process of learning/acquiring foreign languages. It begins by considering current theoretical and sociopolitical challenges in the field of foreign-language research. Next, it addresses the evolving definition of foreign-language competence. An overview of constructs representing foreign-language ability emphasizes recent expansions and reconceptualizations of the now-classic notion of communicative competence, or the ability to express, interpret, and negotiate meaning in a range of relevant contexts. This is followed by a section of the article which reviews a number of major advances in research on foreign-language development through the advent of the social turn in the broader field of second-language acquisition research (Block, 2003). The concluding section speculates on the future of foreign-language-learning research, with a focus on the agenda of integrating research on the cognitive and social aspects of language development, and consideration of several areas of promise within contemporary foreign-language research.
Chemical Difference between Normal Human Hæmoglobin and Hæmoglobin-I

INGRAM and I have reported that a specific colour reaction on a ‘fingerprint’ indicated that the tryptic peptide 23 of haemoglobin-I (Hb-I) contains tryptophan whereas the corresponding one in the normal haemoglobin (Hb-A) does not. Ingram reported that the peptide is in the α-chain of the molecule2. Hill and Konigsberg3 found that there is only one tryptophan residue in the α-chain of Hb-A; it is in a pentapeptide with valyl as the NH2-terminal and lysyl as the COOH-terminal residues. I wish to report that it is the lysyl residue of the pentapeptide which is exchanged with aspartyl in the genetic alteration of Hb-I. It is now known that the pentapeptide is the third tryptic peptide from the NH2-terminal end of the α-chain4,5 and that the interchange of lysyl for aspartyl takes place at the 16th from the NH2-terminus.
Introduction to occupational medical ethics.

Most bioethical advice has focused on the individual physician-patient relationship. But the ethical dilemmas confronting occupational medicine are more complex, because of the influence of institutional and organizational structure. For example, consider conflicts of interest in managed care: Concerns about costs to employers are not just economic, to be outweighed by commitments to employee health, but also legitimate ethical concerns about fair allocation of resources among all employees. Furthermore, in occupational health research, rather than thinking of employees as a "vulnerable population" it may be more useful to regard them as a distinct community and apply the 23 specified protections of communities.
What medical therapies work for gastroparesis

Orion Wells, MD; Ashley Warcola, PharmD; Jon Neher, MD, Valley Family Medicine Residency, University of Washington at Valley Medical Center, Renton ; Sarah Safranek, MLIS, University of Washington Health Sciences Library, Seattle.
Innovation for Surgeon Inventors

This chapter addresses issues relating to the commercialization of your ideas as a surgeon inventor by reviewing relevant topics that most significantly influence commercialization potential. It seeks to provide surgeons the ability to value their inventions, focusing on issues that extend beyond technical efficacy to include patient, practitioner, and payer value propositions. It takes the reader through an overview of issues related to intellectual property protection, market analysis, and business modeling. It will provide guidelines for navigating financial, regulatory, and market adoption hurdles, and lead into a discussion of pitch techniques. A framework is established for asking the right questions and getting help on the path toward commercialization.
Creep-Rupture Behavior of a Nicalon/SiC Composite

A study of the high temperature tensile creep rupture behavior of a commercially available woven [0/90] Nicalon/SiC composite was performed. Tests were performed at temperatures of 500 to 1149°C. At a creep stress of 83 MPa, lives of less than 40 hours for temperatures above 600°C in air were obtained. At the reduced stress level of 69 MPa, lives were twice as long. However, a test conducted at 83 MPa and temperature of 982°C in vacuum yielded a run-out life of more than 1000 hours. Also, the tests performed in air have significantly shorter lives than those reported by the composite manufacturer. Post test investigations focused on identifying the mechanisms responsible for the unexpected difference in life and results are presented. Analytical modeling and supplemental testing revealed an unexpected environmentally assisted material degradation at an intermediate temperature range of 700 to 800°C. Microscopic and chemical analyses indicate that a combination of applied stress and temperature produces an oxidation-embrittlement damage mechanism. The role of the selected specimen geometry and testing conditions, which was instrumental in the detection of this failure mechanism, is thoroughly discussed.
EphA2-Receptor Targeted PEGylated Nanoliposomes for the Treatment of BRAFV600E Mutated Parent- and Vemurafenib-Resistant Melanoma.

The clinical outcomes of malignant melanoma have improved with the introduction of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors. However, off-target toxicities of the MEK inhibitor trametinib (TMB) often result in dose interruption and discontinuation of therapy. The purpose of this study was to anchor a physically stable EphrinA1-mimicking peptide known as YSA (YSAYPDSVPMMS) on TMB-loaded PEGylated nanoliposomes (YTPLs), and evaluate them in BRAFV600E-mutated parent cells (lines A375 and SK-MEL-28) and vemurafenib-resistant cells lines (A375R and SK-MEL-28R) in melanoma. TMB-loaded PEGylated liposomes (TPL) functionalized with nickel-chelated phospholipids were prepared using a modified hydration method. The hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential values of optimized YTPL were 91.20 ± 12.16 nm and –0.92 ± 3.27 mV, respectively. The drug release study showed TPL did not leak or burst release in 24 h. The hemolysis observed was negligible at therapeutic concentrations of TMB. A differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study confirmed that TMB was retained in a solubilized state within lipid bilayers. YTPL showed higher intracellular uptake in parental cell lines compared to vemurafenib-resistant cell lines. Western blot analysis and a cytotoxicity study with the EphA2 inhibitor confirmed a reduction in EphA2 expression in resistant cell lines. Thus, EphA2 receptor-targeted nanoliposomes can be useful for metastatic melanoma-specific delivery of TMB.
Commentary on human pluripotent stem cell-based blood-brain barrier models.

In 2012, we provided the first published evidence that human pluripotent stem cells could be differentiated to cells exhibiting markers and phenotypes characteristic of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In the ensuing years, the initial protocols have been refined, and the research community has identified both positive and negative attributes of this stem cell-based BBB model system. Here, we give our perspective on the current status of these models and their use in the BBB community, as well as highlight key attributes that would benefit from improvement moving forward.
Tort Immunity in the Pandemic

A fundamental premise of our common law tort system is that the risk of liability will help deter unsafe behavior. Yet, as we continue to battle the COVID-19 pandemic, proposals abound to shield businesses from tort liability. Politicians have even conditioned fiscal-stimulus for our ailing economy on passage of tort liability shields. This essay examines the pros and cons of such shields, and concludes that their questionable benefits do not justify loss of the deterrent value of tort liability. Although businesses would surely prefer to avoid lawsuits, those that act reasonably--even without tort immunity--face little risk of damage judgments and would be hard prey for plaintiff personal-injury lawyers. To be found negligent, businesses would need to flaunt such basic precautions as social distancing, gloves, masks and disinfecting measures. Presumably, we should not encourage such behavior by removing the tort system’s incentives to operate safely. And even if a business arguably could have done more to keep their customers and employees safe, plaintiffs would still have the tall burden of establishing causation--that they caught the disease because of the defendant’s neglect as opposed to other sources. Beyond all that, businesses already enjoy the protection of workers’ compensation laws, and strong defenses like regulatory compliance. On the other side of the equation, creating immunity shields may signal to employees and customers that they return to work or patronize business at their own peril--creating an anxiety that undermines the trust and confidence we want to instill to restart of our economy. Finally, other systems, such as insurance and government compensation funds, can be used to encourage businesses to reopen and stay open.
Using Black Bone Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Fibula Free Flap Surgical Planning: A Means to Reduce Radiation Exposure with Accurate Surgical Outcomes.

SUMMARY Advances in virtual surgical planning and three-dimensionally-printed guides have enabled increased precision in vascularized free fibula flap reconstruction of the mandible and valuable preoperative planning. However, virtual surgical planning currently requires high-resolution computed tomographic scans, exposing patients to ionizing radiation. The aim of this study was to determine whether black bone magnetic resonance imaging can be used for accurate surgical planning and three-dimensionally-printed guide creation, thus reducing patient radiation exposure. This study included 10 cadaver heads and 10 cadaver lower extremities. A mock fibula free flap for mandible reconstruction was performed. Five operations were planned with guides created using black bone magnetic resonance imaging, whereas the other five were planned and performed using guides created with computed tomographic scan data. All specimens underwent a postoperative computed tomographic scan, and three-dimensional reconstruction of scans was performed and surgical accuracy to the planned surgery was assessed. Guides created from black bone magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated high accuracy to the surgical plan. There was no statistically significant difference in postoperative deviation from the plan when black bone magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomographic scanning was used for virtual surgical planning and guide creation. Both modalities led to a postoperative positive or negative deviation from the virtual plan within 0.8 mm. This study demonstrates that virtual surgical planning and three-dimensionally-printed guide creation for free fibula flaps for mandible reconstruction can be performed using black bone magnetic resonance imaging with comparable accuracy to computed tomographic scanning. This could reduce radiation exposure for patients and enable a more streamlined imaging process for head and neck cancer patients.
At the Buzzer: Parting Shots on Communication and Sport:

In his final editorial essay, founding Editor-in-Chief Lawrence Wenner speaks to the successes of the Communication & Sport project as a disciplinary endeavor over its first 10 years. In handing ov...
Variety in Your Volleyball

(1975). Variety in Your Volleyball. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 46, No. 6, pp. 41-41.
Disparity in rehabilitation: another inconvenient truth.

On the 50th anniversary of the passage of America’s Voting Rights Act and the historic civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery, with the country confronting an ever-increasing diversification of its population, we are still grappling with structural racialization and its inextricable link to poverty. Economic inequality is the highest it has been since 1928. Disparity, with its fractal-like presence, permeates far too many facets of our society including employment opportunity, law enforcement, criminal justice, education, housing, voting rights, and financial lending. Our health care system is an integral part of this troubling phenomenon with systems, structures, and processes of care that reinforce disparity, the root causes of which are complex, troubling, and without simple solutions. Health disparities were defined in 1999 by the National Institutes of Health as “differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of diseases and other adverse health conditions that exist among specific population groups in the United States.” Other definitions exist, but most of them agree with the fundamental concept of differences between population groups with regard to a specific health outcome or process. After the release of the 2002 Institute of Medicine report, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, numerous efforts have been undertaken to document and understand health disparities in the United States. Since 2003, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality has reported annual trends on disparities in health care delivery. Each year the report emphasizes one priority population. In 2013, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality provided expanded analyses of
Laying down tracks: DSN planning for Cassini's final mission phase

The Cassini Mission is in the final years of its second extension, the Cassini Solstice Mission (CSM). Nine months prior to the end-of-mission, the spacecraft will embark on its final mission phase, the F-ring and Proximal Orbits (FRPO). These orbits will bring the spacecraft closer to Saturn than ever before, allowing for the collection of some of the most unprecedented, imperative, and profuse science of the entire mission. A key challenge during this phase is identifying viable spacecraft downlink opportunities given the reduced orbital period and the temporal ‘balancing act’ that must be maintained between science data acquisition, orbit trim maneuvers (OTMs), orbital geometry, other missions' events, and Deep Space Network (DSN) downtimes. This paper describes the development of the DSN straw-man for the FRPO phase of the Cassini mission, starting with the constraints identified from the above sources, then the process followed to select DSN passes given those constraints, and finally the products produced to summarize the selected passes and verify their compliance with the constraints. Ultimately, the DSN straw-man included 286 selected passes, of which only 44 had conflicts with constraints.
Substantive Due Process Since Eastern Enterprises, with New Defenses Based on Lack of Causitive Nexus: The Superfund Example

Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel has renewed the relevance of one type of substantive due process reasoning by implicitly ruling that future statutory obligations to pay compensation are tempered by an analysis of the party’s actions and the alleged harm. Though the legal commentary has focused on Eastern Enterprises’s implications for cases involving takings and retroactive liability, the causative nexus analysis adds another dimension to its importance. This analysis is relevant to Superfund actions, particularly when innocent landowners are involved. Courts should address the causative nexus issue when determining liability to ensure that Superfund does not place unconstitutional burdens on private citizens. After Eastern Enterprises, proper substantive due process analysis requires courts to ask why a Potentially Responsible Party is the appropriate party to pay for a cleanup and whether such a burden is in line with this nation’s traditional notions of fairness.
Embedded Software Development in a System-Level Design Flow

System level design is considered a major approach to tackle the complexity of modern System-on-Chip designs. Embedded software within SoCs is gaining importance as it addresses the increasing need for flexible and feature-rich solutions. Therefore, integrating software design and co-simulation into a system level design flow is highly desirable. In this article, we present the software perspective within our systemlevel design flow. We address three major aspects: (1) modeling of a processor (from abstract to ISS-based), (2) porting of an RTOS, and (3) the embedded software generation including RTOS targeting. We describe these aspects based on a case study for the ARM7TDMI processor. We show processor models including a cycle-accurate ISSbased model (using SWARM), which executes the RTOS MicroC/OS-II. We demonstrate our flow with an automotive application of anti-lock breaks using one ECU and CAN-connected sensors. Our experimental results show that automatic SW generation is achievable and that SW designers can utilize the system level benefits. This allows the designer to develop applications more efficiently at the abstract system level.
Some Remarks on a Synthetic Turbulent Boundary Layer

Professor Murthy has kindly consented to insert me in the program at this time, like mayonnaise in a sandwich between two distinguished eddy chasers, Kovasznay and Roshko. My object is to establish my own credentials as an active eddy chaser, and to lay a foundation for the panel discussion this afternoon.
Complex Systems Analysis of Arrested Neural Cell Differentiation during Development and Analogous Cell Cycling Models in Carcinogenesis

A new approach to the modular, complex systems analysis of nonlinear dynamics of arrested neural cell Differentiation--induced cell proliferation during organismic development and the analogous cell cycling network transformations involved in carcinogenesis is proposed. Neural tissue arrested differentiation that induces cell proliferation during perturbed development and Carcinogenesis are complex processes that involve dynamically inter-connected biomolecules in the intercellular, membrane, cytosolic, nuclear and nucleolar compartments. Such 'dynamically inter-connected' biomolecules form numerous inter-related pathways referred to as 'molecular networks'. One such family of signaling pathways contains the cell cyclins. Cyclins are proteins that link several critical pro-apoptotic and other cell cycling/division components, including the tumor suppressor gene TP53 and its product, the Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (T antigen), Rb, mdm2, c-Myc, p21, p27, Bax, Bad and Bcl-2, which play major roles in various neoplastic transformations of many tissues.The novel theoretical analysis presented here is based on recently published studies of arrested cell differentiation that normally leads to neural system formation during early developmental stages; the perturbed development may involve cyclin signaling and cell cycling responsible for rapidly induced cell proliferation without differentiation into neural cells in such experimental studies.
Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture; No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub‐Saharan Africa; Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Change in the Northern Province of Zambia, 1890–1990

Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. ROBERT McC. NETTING. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. xxl + 389 pp., figures, illustrations, photographs, tables, references, index. No Condition Is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. SARA BERRY. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. xiv + 258 pp., tables, notes, bibliography, Index. Cutting Down Trees: Gender, Nutrition, and Agricultural Change in the Northern Province of Zambia, 1890–1990. HENRIETTA L. MOORE and MEGAN VAUGHAN. Portsmouth, NH: Hefnemann, 1994. xxvi + 278 pp., figures, photographs, tables, notes, references, Index.
Environmental Xenobiotics and the Antihormones Cyproterone Acetate and Spironolactone Use the Nuclear Hormone Pregnenolone X Receptor to Activate the CYP3A23 Hormone Response Element

The pregnenolone X receptor (PXR), a new member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily, was recently demonstrated to mediate glucocorticoid agonist and antagonist activation of a hormone response element spaced by three nucleotides (DR-3) within the rat CYP3A23 promoter. Because many other steroids and xenobiotics can up-regulate CYP3A23 expression, we determined whether some of these other regulators used PXR to activate the CYP3A23 DR-3. Transient co-transfection of LLC-PK1 cells with ( CYP3A23)2-tk-CAT and mouse PXR demonstrated that the organochlorine pesticides transnonachlor and chlordane and the nonplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) each induced the CYP3A23 DR-3 element, and this activation required PXR. Additionally, this study found that PXR is activated to induce ( CYP3A23 )2-tk-CAT by antihormones of several steroid classes including the antimineralocorticoid spironolactone and the antiandrogen cyproterone acetate. These studies reveal that PXR is involved in the induction of CYP3A23 by pharmacologically and structurally distinct steroids and xenobiotics. Moreover, PXR-mediated PCB activation of the ( CYP3A23 )2-tk-CAT may serve as a rapid assay for effects of nonplanar PCBs.
Geologic structure and evolution of the Keta basin, Ghana, West Africa

The Keta basin, covering approximately 2,200 km 2 , lies along the east coast of Ghana. It is one of the chains of Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary basins in the Gulf of Guinea. The basin is filled with 870 m of Paleozoic marine and nonmarine sediments that were deposited in an interior basin that once occupied the present site of the Keta basin. These sediments are unconformably overlain by 3,600 m of Mesozoic-Tertiary deposits. Three major post-Paleozoic depositional cycles are recognized in the basin. Jurassic dolerite sill from well samples in the basin are correlative with dolerite exposures in other coastal regions of Ghana and West Africa. Radiometric ages of these dolerites (162 to 192 m.y.) agree with the presumed initial time of separation of Africa and South America. Bouguer gravity anomalies show that the Keta basin is dominated by two major northeast-trending anomalies, with an axial high of 36 mgal to the north and a low of −15 mgal to the south, where the sediments are thickest. The prominent northeast-southwest orientation of the basinal structure, faults, and gravity anomalies coincide with the orientation of the Romanche Fracture Zone. The structure exerts considerable influence on sediment accumulation in the basin. Seismic data from the adjacent continental shelf and gravity data from the basin suggest that the Romanche fracture extends into the West African continent as the Fenyi-Yakoe fault. The Keta basin is a graben that is modified by basement faulting.
A modified technique for serum lipasedetermination

Summary o 1. Examination of certain serum lipase kinetics led to the adoption of anassay technique that features the use of high levels of substrate, bile salt, and a 1-hour incubation period with constant shaking. This method yields sufficiently high levels of fatty acid after only 1-hour incubation period to permit precise titration. The modified lipase technique was applied to sera from healthy subjects to establish the normal range. 2. Analysis of sera from patients with acute pancreatitis disclosed a closerelationship between serum lipase and amylase activity.
Preparation of carbon-14 labeled (3R)-7-hydroxy-N-(1S)-1-{[(3R,4R)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl]methyl}-2-methylpropyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinecarboxamide (JDTic)

Starting with [14C]-D-tyrosine, carbon-14 labeled JDTic dihydrochloride with specific activity 15 mCi/mol was prepared in 5% radiochemical yield. Separation of the (3R)- and (3S)-diastereomers was carried out via the 3-phenyl-2,3,10,10a-tetrahydro-5H-imidazo[1,5-b]isoquinolin-1-ones formed by reaction with benzaldehyde. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring by financial intermediaries: Banks vs. Nonbanks

Recent empirical evidence indicates that captical markers respond positively to debt-financing announcements in the form of loan agreements. Nonbank firms, prompted largely by technological and telecommunications advances, have also entered the commercial lending market in recent years. This article finds evidence that borrowing firms experience positive abnormal returns upon announcing conclusions of loan agreements with nonbank firms. Our evidence suggests that nonbanks have replicated some of the unique attributes formerly enjoyed only by banks.
The development of the serosa in male embryos of the mealy bug, Pseudococcus obscurus Essig

The development of the serosa or embryonic covering is described for males of the coccid, Pseudococcus obscurus Essig. The cells of part of this tissue are typical of males, having the paternal chromosome set heterochromatic and genetically inert. The cells of the remainder of the tissue have the chromosome contributions of both parents in the euchromatic state. Observations on cells undergoing reversal from the heterochromatic to euchromatic state are described. Euchromatic serosa cells (ESC) were selectively damaged or destroyed by (1) paternal x-irradiation (PI) causing genetic damage to one set, (2) direct ultraviolet irradiation of ESC, and (3) interspecific mating to introduce foreign genetic information. The effects of these treatments on serosa composition were studied. Following PI, the fewer ESC were usually not accompanied by more heterochromatic serosa cells (HSC). After UV irradiation, the fewer ESC were consistently accompanied by extra HSC. Following interspecific mating, the hybrid ESC resembled those of the maternal species, Ps. obscurus, in number and size, but the HSC increased in number. Within almost all groups, regardless of treatment, a negative correlation between the numbers of ESC and HSC was found. The negative correlations and the UV results support an area compensation model for the completion of the serosa. The model is that a change in the total area of the ESC is accompanied by a compensatory change in the total area of the HSC. The results of PI may be consistent with the model since the size of individual ESC increased.