cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microfinance in Rural Haiti: A Case Study of Institutional Start-up & Microenterprise Development†

HAPI-Kredi, a small not-for-profit microfinance institution (MFI), entered into the Haitian marketplace shortly after the devastating 2010 earthquake. HAPI-Kredi, with a mission to serve female entrepreneurs at the economic margins, emerged as a complementary financial service to HAPI, a young NGO with strong ties to the impoverished rural area of La Vallee, Haiti. This article highlights the challenges and opportunities of providing and growing microcredit in rural Haiti through a start-up MFI with two employees and a loan portfolio approaching $10,0002 derived primarily from church-centered charitable donations. Extensive interviews with 30 clients of HAPI-Kredi conducted in May 2013 and in June 2014 provide business context for the demand and potential impact of microcredit in the region. This article, through the lens of a case study, details the experience of one MFI in La Vallee, Haiti situated in the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere.
A new apparatus design for high temperature (up to 950 °C) quasi-elastic neutron scattering in a controlled gaseous environment

A design for a sample cell system suitable for high temperature Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering (QENS) experiments is presented. The apparatus was developed at the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge National Lab where it is currently in use. The design provides a special sample cell environment under controlled humid or dry gas flow over a wide range of temperature up to 950 °C. Using such a cell, chemical, dynamical, and physical changes can be studied in situ under various operating conditions. While the cell combined with portable automated gas environment system is especially useful for in situ studies of microscopic dynamics under operational conditions that are similar to those of solid oxide fuel cells, it can additionally be used to study a wide variety of materials, such as high temperature proton conductors. The cell can also be used in many different neutron experiments when a suitable sample holder material is selected. The sample cell system has recently been used to reveal fast dynamic processes in quasi-elastic neutron scattering experiments, which standard probes (such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) could not detect. In this work, we outline the design of the sample cell system and present results demonstrating its abilities in high temperature QENS experiments.
Evidence for interspecies gene transfer in the evolution of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degraders

Small-subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) from 20 phenotypically distinct strains of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)-degrading bacteria was partially sequenced, yielding 18 unique strains belonging to members of the alpha, beta, and gamma subgroups of the class Proteobacteria. To understand the origin of 2,4-D degradation in this diverse collection, the first gene in the 2,4-D pathway, tfdA, was sequenced. The sequences fell into three unique classes found in various members of the beta and gamma subgroups of Proteobacteria. None of the α-Proteobacteria yielded tfdA PCR products. A comparison of the dendrogram of the tfdA genes with that of the SSU rDNA genes demonstrated incongruency in phylogenies, and hence 2,4-D degradation must have originated from gene transfer between species. Only those strains with tfdA sequences highly similar to the tfdA sequence of strain JMP134 (tfdA class I) transferred all the 2,4-D genes and conferred the 2,4-D degradation phenotype to a Burkholderia cepacia recipient.
Network computing for computer science departments

Computer science departments require a richness of computer support that is virtually unique among other academic disciplines. Not only is good computer service a necessity, but a variety of languages and modes of operation on a modern system are also required. In many cases these computing needs can be met through the use of a large computer system located on the campus. However, oftentimes neither a new (or a small) department nor its host institution can afford to support such a large scale system. Thus, a choice arises between the use of a limited local capacity and a richer but remote capacity. As the computing hub of the Regional Computing Network for schools in the San Francisco Bay Area for the past two years, Stanford has had an opportunity to observe and evaluate the impact of network computing in this regard. It is the purpose of this paper to report upon some of these observations for the benefit of those who may become involved with a network decision, either as a supplier or as a user of network service.
Tests of Homogeneity for Partially Matched-Pairs Data

Abstract Tests of homogeneity for partially matched-pair data are investigated. Different methods of combining tests of homogeneity based on Pearson chi-square test and McNemar chi-squared test are investigated. Numerical and simulation studies are presented to compare the power of these tests. Data from the National Survey of Children’s Health of 2003 (NSCH) is used to illustrate the methods.
A Comparison of Integratde-Circuit Television Sound Systems

A wide selection of Integrated Circuit (IC) TV Sound Systems is available in the marketplace today. This paper has been prepared to aid the Television manufacturer in choosing the Sound System (or Systems) that best suits his requirements.
Trends in automated visual inspection

Automated visual inspection (AVI) or automated optical inspection (AOI) systems offer significant advantages over human inspection from a fatigue, throughput, speed and accuracy point of view. This area has matured considerably over the last decade or so, due to advances in enabling technologies like sensors, processor hardware, software methodologies, and networking to name a few. These advances in cost, performance and design methodologies have resulted in an explosion of application areas, where AVI and AOI systems have become an integral component of quality control schemes in product inspection and certification. AVI systems represent a quantitative feedback node to identify and eliminate problems at different stages in the production process. Commercial systems The major application areas for AVI include but are not limited to: (a) Packaging: medical containers (pill strips, bottles), food cans (hole detection, shape defects, finish), chips (pad contacts), etc. (b) Electronics: semiconductor wafers, dies, chips, PCB inspection, etc. (c) Web and surface inspection: metal, textiles, paper etc. AVI systems can be further classified based on whether they detect gross defects using relatively global features or fine defects based on fine local features. Print inspection and die inspection are examples of the latter and typically require greater algorithmic support. Commercial systems can also be classified based on the level of integration. Custom systems are complete solutions for a specific industrial application available for high-volume industries like semiconductors. On the other hand, the AVI industry has always had a large number of system integrators and consultants that design systems based on off-theshelf vision processors, sensors, software and varying degrees of proprietary contributions. Commercial AVI systems have always had to operate under ‘‘hard’’ realtime conditions and harsh plant environments and have become mature and reliable over the years. Increasingly, industry trends have led to further de facto requirements: (a) systems have to be networked and accessible remotely, (b) systems have to be integrated with manufacturing software or processes and (c) systems have to interface with databases. While these trends raise the bar for any developer, they have made defect classification and statistical analysis, a real possibility. This presents an opportunity to AVI system developers to ‘‘add value’’ to the manufacturing process.
Azilsartan/chlorthalidone combination therapy for blood pressure control

Background Edarbyclor(®) is a combined angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and thiazide-like diuretic (azilsartan and chlorthalidone), and was approved on December 20, 2011 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for hypertension management. Objective To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, tolerability, and role of azilsartan plus chlorthalidone for hypertension management. Methods Peer-reviewed clinical trials, review articles, and relevant treatment guidelines, were identified from the databases MEDLINE and Current Contents (both 1966 to February 15, 2013, inclusive) using search terms "azilsartan", "chlorthalidone", "pharmacology", "pharmacokinetics", "pharmacodynamics", "pharmacoeconomics", and "cost-effectiveness". The FDA website, as well as manufacturer prescribing information, was also reviewed to identify other relevant information. Results Azilsartan is a new ARB with high affinity for the angiotensin 1 receptor, approved by the FDA for hypertension management. Unlike other ARBs, azilsartan has no clinical data supporting improvement in cardiovascular outcomes, and is not approved for indications other than hypertension, which a select few other ARBs may be used for (eg, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure). Chlorthalidone is a longer acting thiazide-like diuretic that has been demonstrated to improve cardiovascular outcomes. Combination treatment with azilsartan/chlorthalidone is effective for reducing blood pressure. Compared to olmesartan/hydrochlorothiazide and azilsartan/hydrochlorothiazide combinations, azilsartan/chlorthalidone appears to be more efficacious for reducing blood pressure. Conclusions Azilsartan/chlorthalidone can be considered an antihypertensive therapy option in patients for whom combination therapy is required (blood pressure >20 mmHg systolic or >10 mmHg diastolic above goal). Cost to patients and insurance coverage will probably determine whether azilsartan/chlorthalidone will be the most appropriate combination therapy for an individual patient.
J. W. Gregory

“Drowned by the capsizing of his canoe on the Urubamba.” Thus has passed Prof. J. W. Gregory, at the age of sixty-eight years, continuing to the last his brilliant career of tireless exploration. British geology has lost one of its most intrepid leaders, and his fellow scientific workers the world over will miss his stimulating thought.
Induction of partial synchrony in mammalian cells by sub-culturing procedures.

THERE are many advantages of working with synchronized cell cultures and, indeed, much work has been done in this field1. However, the interpretation of many kinds of experiments requires either that the cultures be not synchronized, or that the investigator be aware of the possibility of inadvertent synchrony2.
Effect of phonotactic probability and neighborhood density on word-learning configuration by preschoolers with typical development and specific language impairment.

Purpose In this study, the authors assessed the effects of phonotactic probability and neighborhood density on word-learning configuration by preschoolers with specific language impairment (SLI) and typical language development (TD). Method One hundred thirty-one children participated: 48 with SLI, 44 with TD matched on age and gender, and 39 with TD matched on vocabulary and gender. Referent identification and naming were assessed in a computer-based learning context. Results For referent identification, preschoolers with TD benefited from high phonotactic probability, and the younger group also benefited from low neighborhood density. In contrast, the SLI group benefited only from high neighborhood density. For naming, older preschoolers with TD benefited most from low-density words, younger preschoolers with TD benefited most from words with high phonotactic probability, and the SLI group showed no advantage. Conclusion Phonotactic probability and neighborhood density had different effects on each grou...
Spatial Compliant Motion of a Rigid Body Constrained by a Frictional Contact

In this paper, we study the quasi-static motion of an elastically suspended, unilaterally constrained rigid body. The motion of the rigid body is determined, in part, by the position controlled motion of its support base and by the behavior of the elastic suspension that couples the part to the support. The motion is also determined, in part, by contact with a frictional surface that both couples the rigid body to the unilateral constraint and generates a friction force. The unknown friction force, however, is determined in part by the unknown direction of the rigid-body motion. We derive an analytically solvable set of equations that simultaneously determines both the friction force and the resulting rigid-body motion.We also address the issues of whether a solution to these equations exists and whether the obtained solution is unique. We show that, for any passive compliant system in which the nominal motion imposes contact, a solution to the set of motion equations always exists. We also show that, for...
An overview of the challenges and progress in meeting the E-911 requirement for location service

When the FCC created the rules for wireless Enhanced 911 (E-911) service, a flurry of research and development activities dedicated to locating the position of emergency callers followed. The current deadline for this capability is October 1, 2001. We review the unique challenges and some of the proposed approaches for each of the major wireless standards.
Characteristics of peer models at a summer camp for children with autism

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine the openness, growth and loneliness of typical peers volunteering at a summer day camp for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the authors obtained descriptive data on the attitudes and behaviors of 38 adolescent peer buddies without disabilities volunteering at a summer camp for children with ASD using four short surveys. Surveys were given prior to the start of camp in an attempt to capture the attitudes and perspectives of the participants before they became more familiar with the characteristics of the children with ASD who were attending the camp. The authors examined if there were group differences on attitudes and behaviors based on age, gender and first-time volunteer versus returning volunteer peer buddy. Findings – The analysis showed that all volunteer peer buddies appeared open to interacting, playing and developing friendships with the child represented in the vignette with ASD. Participa...
Novel synthesis of 3-iodo-ortho-carborane

Abstract A new and convenient route to 3-iodo- ortho -carborane was developed starting from thallium ortho -dicarbollide. This stable dicarbollide derivative can be isolated and purified thus avoiding undesirable by-product formation observed in a more conventional synthetic approach. Thallium dicarbollide readily reacts with boron triiodide in hexane to give the title compound in 70–80% yield and on a scale ranging from several milligrams to tens of grams of 3-iodo- ortho -carborane.
Neurogenic acquired stuttering

We were formally introduced to the phenomenon of acquired stuttering in 1976 when a 33-yr-old patient was admitted to the AphasiaNeurobehavior Unit of the Boston Veterans Administration Hospital with a seizure disorder which developed following a head injury. Along with the seizure the patient had developed a profound stutter, characterized by phonemic repetitions of virtually every syllable. He had no history of developmental speech or language problems. The clinicians responsible for this patient’s treatment were confronted with the problem of determining whether the etiology was psychogenic or neurogenic. This prompted us to investigate the problem of acquired stuttering. With little effort seven additional patients with adult onset of stuttering were recalled. In characterizing their speech problem we were drawn to the definition presented by Espir and Rose (1970) who characterized stuttering as “a deviation of speech which affects adversely the speaker or listener because of an interruption of the normal rhythm of speech by an involuntary repetition, prolongation or arrest of sounds.” Definitions which implied a developmental etiology were rejected because our patients clearly began to stutter subsequent to neurolgical injury during adulthood. At the same time we began a retrospective examination of these seven patients, a literature search was undertaken. It was striking to find that while a single bibliography in developmental stuttering may run over 600 references (Bloodstein, 1969) we were able to locate less than a dozen references to acquired stuttering, since this phenomenon was first
Representative unit-cell models for open-cell metal foams with or without elastic filler

Representative unit-cell models were developed for open-cell metallic foams in order to predict their effective elastic moduli and the failure strengths. Two different open-cell metallic foams were considered. One was just open-cell foam and the other was open-cell foam filled with an elastic material. The models were based on the metallic frames consisting of edges of tetrakaidecahedron. The filling material was modeled as elastic foundation to the tetrakaidecahedral frames. The frame structure of the unit-cell was analyzed using the finite element (FE) method. The failure strength was determined when the vertices of edges became plastic hinges under the assumption of elastic-perfectly-plastic material behavior of the metallic material. Both elastic modulus and failure strength were computed using a single step of FE analysis without any iterative or incremental procedure. In addition, a very small number of FEs was used. As a result, the unit-cell was computationally very efficient. In order to assess the representative unit-cell models, experiments were also conducted. The experimental data agreed very well with the predicted values of both stiffness and strength.
Effect of Cracks on Thermal Conductivity

Expressions are derived for the effect of penny-shaped cracks of various orientations on the thermal conductivity of solid materials.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SINGULARITIES IN TWO DIMENSIONS. PART 2: COMPUTATION OF GENERALIZED FLUX/STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS

SUMMARY A numerical method for the computation of the generalized flux/stress intensity factors (GFIFs/GSIFs) for the asymptotic solution of linear second-order elliptic partial differential equations in two dimensions in the vicinity of singular points is described. Special attention is given to heat transfer and elasticity problems. The singularities may be caused by re-entrant corners and abrupt changes in material properties. Such singularities are of great interest from the point of view of failure initiation: The eigenpairs, computed in a companion paper,' characterize the straining modes and their amplitudes (the GFIFs/GSIFs) quantify the amount of energy residing in particular straining modes. For this reason, failure theories directly or indirectly involve the GFIFs/GSIFs. This paper addresses a general method based on the complementary weak formulation for determining the GFIFs/GSIFs numerically as a post-solution operation on the finite element solution vector. Importantly, the method is applicable to anisotropic materials, multi-material interfaces, and cases where the singularities are characterized by complex eigenpairs. An error analysis is sketched and numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the technique.
Vibrational spectra of C2ν deuterium substituted pyridines. 3—pyridine-3,5-d2 and pyridine-3,4,5-d3†

Pyridine-3,5-d2 and pyridine-3,4,5-d3 have been prepared. Isotopic constitution and label specificity of each of several preparations were verified by mass spectrometry and proton NMR. Liquid phase Raman and both liquid and vapor phase infrared spectra of these molecules are reported. Vibrational assignments consistent with frequency sum and product rule constraints are proposed. The relative rates of base-catalyzed exchange of hydrogen with deuterium for the ring positions of pyridine-N-oxide were estimated during the course of the synthetic work. It is found that the 2 and 6 positions exchange very readily, that the 3 and 5 positions exchange slowly, and that the 4 position exchanges very slowly.
The Campaign Disconnect: Media Coverage of the 2000 South Carolina Presidential Primary

Campaigns are an interactive process in which candidates, outside groups, the media, and voters communicate with each other to create an information environment that allows the various participants to construct meaning and form an understanding of the candidates and the campaign. Presidential primaries add a layer of complexity to this process as candidates and the press deal with both local and national audiences. In this article, we analyze the campaign communications in the 2000 Republican presidential primary in South Carolina—including candidate ads, mailings, and phone calls; local and national newspaper coverage; and network television coverage. We find that there was a disconnect as news media often focused on events and issues that diverged from the messages of the candidates' campaigns. In addition, we find substantial differences between local and national media coverage of the primary resulting from their distinct audiences and the reporters' own understanding of the local context that created...
Histopathology of experimental brucellosis in rams following vaccination with Brucella ovis

SUMMARY Lesions induced by inoculation of Brucella ovis into the epididymis were compared in rams previously vaccinated with B. ovis bacterin and unvaccinated rams. Inoculation of killed B. ovis did not produce significant lesions in either group whereas prior vaccination exacerbated epididymal lesions following inoculation of live B. ovis. Increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes were present in the interstitium and neutrophilic infiltration of the epididymal duct epithelium and intraepithelial cyst formation was more prominent. The inflammatory response surrounding extravasated spermatozoa was more severe in vaccinated rams but it was not determined if the response was directed at spermatozoa or intermixed brucellae, or both.
Multiplex PCR amplification and immobilized capture probes for detection of bacterial pathogens and indicators in water

Abstract Detection of pathogens ( Legionella species) and indicator bacteria (coliform bacteria) was achieved by multiplex (simultaneous) PCR amplification of diagnostic gene sequences and by hybridization to immobilized poly-dT-tailed capture probes using a dot- or slot-blot approach. Complex manipulations of primer concentrations and staggered additions of primers were required in order to achieve equal amplification of multiple genes. Multiplex PCR amplification of two different Legionella genes, one specific for L. pneumophila ( mip ) and the other for the genus Legionella (5S rRNA), was achieved by staggered amplification. Multiplex PCR amplification using differing amounts of primers specific for lac Z and lam B genes permitted the detection of coliform bacteria and those associated with human faecal contamination, including the indicator bacterial species E. coli and enteric pathogens Salmonella and Shigella . Hybridization of biotin-labelled amplified DNA, in which the biotin was incorporated during PCR amplification from biotinylated-dUTP, to immobilized 400-dT-tailed capture probes permitted specific and sensitive detection of target gene sequences. The sensitivity of colorimetric detection achieved by PCR amplification of target DNA was at a level equivalent to 1–2 bacterial cells, which is the same level of sensitivity obtained with radioactive detection. The simultaneous amplification of several genes and hybridization to immobilized capture probes with colorimetric detection is an effective, efficient and rapid detection method for various human bacterial pathogens.
A multi-phase Monte Carlo technique for simulation of radiative transfer

Abstract Evidence is presented which shows that the transfer of radiation in a set of homogeneous scattering atmospheres, characterized by different phase functions but the same value of ω o , can be simultaneously simulated with Monte Carlo techniques in a single computer run. Furthermore, it is shown that the computation time increases very slowly with the number of phase functions processed.
A Conceptual Framework for Unsolicited Commercial E-mail: Perceived Intrusiveness and Privacy Concerns

While e-mail remains a popular advertising medium for marketers, consumers' privacy concerns about the medium have become a serious issue. In this study, an online survey examined how two aspects of privacy—perceived intrusiveness and psychological reactance—influenced consumers' attitudes toward unsolicited commercial e-mail and marketing in general. The results indicate that the more intrusive an individual perceives an e-mail, the stronger their reactance will be against it, the more they will avoid it, and the more negative their attitudes toward it. Implications for marketers and academics, as well as suggestions for industry regulations, are also addressed.
Concerted proton transfer mechanism of Clostridium thermocellum ribose-5-phosphate isomerase.

Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (Rpi) catalyzes the interconversion of d-ribose-5-phosphate and d-ribulose-5-phosphate and plays an essential role in the pentose phosphate pathway and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. RpiB, one of the two isoforms of Rpi, is also a potential drug target for some pathogenic bacteria. Clostridium thermocellum ribose-5-phosphate isomerase (CtRpi), belonging to the RpiB family, has recently been employed in the industrial production of rare sugars because of its fast reaction kinetics and narrow substrate specificity. It is known that this enzyme adopts a proton transfer mechanism. It was suggested that the deprotonated Cys65 attracts the proton at C2 of the substrate to initiate the isomerization reaction, and this step is the rate-limiting step. However the elaborate catalytic mechanism is still unclear. We have performed quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical simulations of this rate-limiting step of the reaction catalyzed by CtRpi with the substrate d-ribose. Our results ...
A small catalytic oligoribonucleotide

A 19-nucleotide RNA fragment can cause rapid, highly specific cleavage of a 24-nucleotide RNA fragment under physiological conditions. Because each 19-mer can participate in many cleavage reactions, this molecule has all the properties associated with an RNA enzyme.
Preparation of polycrystalline ice specimens for laboratory experiments

Abstract A perennial problem in preparing fine grained ice specimens is the convenient production of low porosity material which is homogeneous, of random c-axis orientation and of controlled grain size. A review of the nature of bubble formation in ice leads directly to the two factors which must be controlled in order to minimize gas bubble formation, and thus porosity. The factors are (1) reduction of the number of bubble nucleation sites and (2) reduction of the amount of dissolved gas available at the freezing front. An ice specimen preparation technique developed at CRREL addresses both these factors. Two techniques have proven effective in reducing the number of nucleation sites; (1) a purge technique using carbon dioxide gas and (2) a vacuum technique. A newly developed flushing technique reduces the amount of dissolved gas in the pore water during freezing. The resulting material is optically clear with some very small bubbles dispersed throughout. The radial freezing technique employed occasionally results in a narrow column of fine bubbles along the central axis of the specimen. The density is 0.917 ± 0.002 Mg/m 3 . An overview of techniques for forming, flooding and freezing ice specimens is presented and several major preparation methods are reviewed in detail.
Mentoring Is about Inspiring Interest and Excitement in Others

Prof. Charles Frey led the way in the field of therapeutic approaches in pancreatic diseases by developing one of the most frequently used surgical operation: the Frey procedure for chronic pancreatitis. In this interview for Pancreatology, Prof. Frey shares his life experiences as a pancreatologist and provides advice to young pancreatic researchers.
Prediction of interactions between HIV-1 and human proteins by information integration.

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) relies on human host cell proteins in virtually every aspect of its life cycle. Knowledge of the set of interacting human and viral proteins would greatly contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of infection and subsequently to the design of new therapeutic approaches. This work is the first attempt to predict the global set of interactions between HIV-1 and human host cellular proteins. We propose a supervised learning framework, where multiple information data sources are utilized, including cooccurrence of functional motifs and their interaction domains and protein classes, gene ontology annotations, posttranslational modifications, tissue distributions and gene expression profiles, topological properties of the human protein in the interaction network and the similarity of HIV-1 proteins to human proteins’ known binding partners. We trained and tested a Random Forest (RF) classifier with this extensive feature set. The model’s predictions achieved an average Mean Average Precision (MAP) score of 23%. Among the predicted interactions was for example the pair, HIV-1 protein tat and human vitamin D receptor. This interaction had recently been independently validated experimentally. The rank-ordered lists of predicted interacting pairs are a rich source for generating biological hypotheses. Amongst the novel predictions, transcription regulator activity, immune system process and macromolecular complex were the top most significant molecular function, process and cellular compartments, respectively. Supplementary material is available at URL www.cs.cmu.edu/~oznur/hiv/hivPPI.html
Advances in understanding behavioral phenotypes in neurogenetic syndromes

Syndrome-specific behavior was proposed by Langdon Down in his first clinical descriptions. Research interest followed but waned during the eugenics era when antisocial behavior was attributed to people with intellectual disability (ID) and the US Supreme Court legalized involuntary sterilization. When these claims were refuted and behavioral treatments introduced, their focus on environmental determination minimized the importance of biological research. The modern era began with the recognition that patterned behavior, for example, self-injury in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and hyperphagia in PWS, was syndrome-specific, and when parent support groups pointed out syndrome-specific behavioral similarities in their children. Syndrome-specific rating scales and methodologies followed to allow behavioral comparisons between syndromes. The focus initially was on specific behaviors but with refinements in neuropsychological tests has expanded to include neurocognitive profiles. Greater clarification in genetic diagnoses has led to mutant mouse behavioral models and neurophysiologic and neuroimaging strategies have made possible the study of brain circuits. There is growing interest in investigating the developmental trajectory of behaviors from infancy to adulthood and old age. Because anxiety, mood disturbance, repetitive behaviors, and social deficits commonly occur in people with severe ID, those affected are often given multiple psychiatric diagnoses. This has led to considerable confusion in the literature. It is critical to focus on specific behaviors and cognitive patterns in research and not confuse psychiatric symptoms that lack precise definitions and involve multiple genes, the so-called psychiatric phenotype, with the more specific behavioral phenotype. New treatments based on knowledge of underlying neurobiology call for more fine-grained definition of behavior.
The efficacy of a topical anesthetic gel in the relief of pain associated with localized alveolar osteitis.

Purpose This prospective randomized clinical study assessed the efficacy of pain control for postextraction alveolar osteitis comparing the use of eugenol on a gauze strip versus a thermosetting gel containing 2.5% prilocaine and 2.5% lidocaine. Patients and Methods Thirty-five patients who presented with postextraction alveolar osteitis were randomly assigned to either a control group or test group. After irrigation of the extraction site with normal saline solution, the control patients were treated with eugenol on a gauze strip placed in the socket and the test patients were treated with the thermosetting gel placed directly into the socket. All patients were given a series of visual analog scales to record their pretreatment pain and post-treatment pain at 5, 10, and 15 minutes and then at 1-hour increments during waking hours for the next 48 hours. They were also given a prescription for an analgesic to use for breakthrough pain during the 48-hour period, if necessary, and instructed to record the dose and timing of any pain medication taken. All patients were seen for follow-up at 48 hours after treatment. Results The mean pretreatment pain score was 6.72 on a scale ranging from 1 to 10 for the eugenol group and 6.37 for the prilocaine-lidocaine group (SE, 0.46), and the 2 groups were not different ( P = .62). In the immediate post-treatment period (0-15 minutes) the pain levels were significantly reduced in both groups ( P s P = .022). Over the next 48 hours, the pain level was nominally less with the thermosetting gel, but this difference was not statistically significant ( P s = .2). Conclusion Although the efficacy of the 2 treatments was not significantly different, the nominal superiority and ease of using the thermosetting gel warrant further investigation.
Introduction to Special Section on Programmable Logic Arrays

IN AN earlier paper [1], aspects of LSI were discussed that provide strong motivation for using programmed logic arrays for implementation of computer functions. These factors include extended use of a single chip design, the necessity to design for function, effective fault analysis and testing, and minimal design errors and changes. The approach to LSI exemplified by PLA's will continue to be useful in VLSI, since the factors cited for large-scale integration will be even more prominent in the very large-scale integration environment with its demand for more on-chip function.
Application of the Protonic Model Potential Approach to the Infrared Spectra of HX and Hydrogen Bonded HX−2 Species

The application of the protonic model potential approach to calculations of the infrared spectra of HF, HCl, HF−2, and HCl−2 is examined and compared with experimental results.
Sufficient conditions for stabilizability over Gaussian relay and cascade channels

We present sufficient conditions for stabilizability of an unstable linear time invariant scalar system across an additive white Gaussian noise channel, with a relay assisting the observer. We consider two topologies: (i) a Gaussian relay channel, and (ii) a cascade of two Gaussian point to point channels. We assume that the control action is available at the relay, and that there are average power constraints on both the transmitter and the relay nodes. We propose coding schemes based on distributed stochastic approximation algorithms, and present sufficient conditions for the stabilizability of the plant through such schemes. The analysis suggests it may be useful to provide a relay node, even if the total transmission power remains the same.
Empyema and bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy: factors affecting incidence

Abstract Background . Factors affecting the incidence of empyema and bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after pneumonectomy were analyzed. Methods . All patients who underwent pneumonectomy at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1985 to September 1998 were reviewed. There were 713 patients (514 males and 199 females). Ages ranged from 12 to 86 years (median 64 years). Indication for resection was primary malignancy in 607 patients (85.1%), metastatic disease in 32 (4.5%), and benign disease in 74 (10.4%). One hundred fifteen patients (16.1%) underwent completion pneumonectomy. Factors affecting the incidence of postoperative empyema and BPF were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis. Results . Empyema was documented in 53 patients (7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7% to 9.7%) and a BPF in 32 (4.5%; 95% CI, 3.1% to 6.3%). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the development of empyema was adversely affected by benign disease ( p = 0.0001), lower preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ; p p = 0.0001), lower preoperative serum hemoglobin ( p = 0.05), right pneumonectomy ( p = 0.0109), bronchial stump reinforcement ( p = 0.007), completion pneumonectomy ( p p = 0.01), and the amount of blood transfusions ( p p = 0.03), lower preoperative FEV 1 ( p = 0.03) and DLCO ( p = 0.01), right pneumonectomy ( p p = 0.03), timing of chest tube removal ( p = 0.004), increased intravenous fluid in the first 12 hours ( p = 0.04), and blood transfusions ( p = 0.04). Bronchial stump closure with staples had a protective effect against BPF compared with suture closure ( p = 0.009). No risk factors were identified as being jointly significant in multivariate analysis. Conclusions . Multiple perioperative factors were associated with an increased incidence of empyema and BPF after pneumonectomy. Prophylactic reinforcement of the bronchial stump with viable tissue may be indicated in those patients suspected at higher risk for either empyema or BPF.
High-resolution IR cavity ring-down spectroscopy of jet-cooled free radicals and other species.

Initial spectral results are reported from a newly constructed cavity ringdown spectrometer. The apparatus incorporates a slit-jet expansion, with or without a discharge, to produce cold sample molecules. High spectral resolution in both the near- and mid-IR is obtained by using stimulated Raman scattering of the pulsed amplified output of a cw Ti:Sa ring laser. Molecular spectra presented include the electronic near-IR transitions a1Δ−g ← X3Σ−g of O2 and B3Πg ← A3Σ+u of metastable N2 and vibrational overtones of H2O (polyad 2) and the OH radical. Fundamental vibrational transitions of CH3 (ν3) in the mid-IR are also observed. This apparatus has demonstrated the potential for obtaining high-resolution spectra of both reactive and non-reactive species throughout the entire IR region.
Are All Perpetrators Alike? Comparing Risk Factors for Sexual Coercion and Aggression

The present study developed and contrasted predictive models of male nonphysical sexual coercion (e.g., verbal pressure or manipulation) and physical sexual aggression (e.g., incapacitation, physical force, or threats) using a sample of 369 incarcerated males to identify shared and unique risk factors for each form of sexual perpetration. Results revealed a set of shared risk characteristics that predisposed individuals to both sexual coercion and aggression (i.e., belief in rape myths, sexual promiscuity, aggressive tendencies, and empathic deficits). In addition, findings indicated that whether the offenders engaged in only sexual coercion or also used more violent sexually aggressive tactics depended on the presence of two sets of traits unique to these forms of perpetration. Specifically, sexual coercers tended to possess traits that facilitated the use of verbal tactics (i.e., ability to manipulate others and to imagine others’ emotional reactions). In contrast, sexual aggressors had characteristics that could increase their willingness to “cross the line” and resort to more violent means to obtain sex from an unwilling partner (i.e., hostility toward women, egocentricity, an impulsive disregard for sociolegal proscriptions, and childhood emotional abuse). A model of general sexual perpetration that directly contrasted sexually coercive and aggressive men was also developed, and hostility toward women was identified as the only predictor capable of predicting perpetrator group membership. Together, these findings suggest that although sexual coercers and aggressors share some underlying risk factors, the etiological patterns of these behaviors are distinct and necessitate individual attention by researchers and prevention programs.
Effects of bifunctional metal sulfide interlayers on photovoltaic properties of organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells

Bilayer organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells have been fabricated with chemical-bath deposited In2S3, SnS, and Sb2S3 interlayers between the organic P3HT hole-conducting and inorganic TiO2 electron-conducting layers. Sb has the highest electronegativity among the elements investigated, and the ionicity of the metal–sulfur bond decreases in the order In2S3 (15%) > SnS (9%) > Sb2S3 (7%). Thus, with a larger covalent character of the Sb–S bond, Sb may bond to S atoms on P3HT relatively easily compared to In or Sn. Such chemical bonding between Sb2S3 and P3HT may then reduce the overall incompatibility between the TiO2 and P3HT layers, making Sb2S3-based devices more efficient compared to In2S3- and SnS-based devices. Along with strong photon absorption, the presence of the metal–sulfur bond promotes improved wetting between the TiO2 sand P3HT layers, resulting in dual functionality for the metal sulfide interlayers. However, along with differences in metal–sulfur bond ionicity, the efficiency improvements seen with Sb2S3 can further be attributed to factors like differences in crystal structure, morphology, photon absorption, charge carrier recombination rates, and the manner in which the sulfide layer interacts with TiO2. While further studies are required to elucidate the exact reason behind the behavior of Sb2S3, the findings discussed herein can provide guidelines for identifying novel absorber layers for developing efficient and cost-effective organic–inorganic hybrid photovoltaics.
Identification of a Novel Tumor Suppressor Gene p34 on Human Chromosome 6q25.1

In this study, we observed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in human chromosomal fragment 6q25.1 in sporadic lung cancer patients. LOH was observed in 65% of the 26 lung tumors examined and was narrowed down to a 2.2-Mb region. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of genes located within this region identified a candidate gene, termed p34. This gene, also designated as ZC3H12D, C6orf95, FLJ46041, or dJ281H8.1, carries an A/G nonsynonymous SNP at codon 106, which alters the amino acid from lysine to arginine. Nearly 73% of heterozygous lung cancer tissues with LOH and the A/G SNP also exhibited loss of the A allele. In vitro clonogenic and in vivo nude mouse studies showed that overexpression of the A allele exerts tumor suppressor function compared with the G allele. p34 is located within a recently mapped human lung cancer susceptibility locus, and association of the p34 A/G SNP was tested among these families. No significant association between the less frequent G allele and lung cancer susceptibility was found. Our results suggest that p34 may be a novel tumor suppressor gene involved in sporadic lung cancer but it seems not to be the candidate familial lung cancer susceptibility gene linked to chromosomal region 6q23-25.
Determination of p-aminobenzoates and cinnamate in cosmetic matrix by supercritical fluid extraction and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

Abstract p -Aminobenzoates (PABAs) and cinnamate are useful UV-absorbers in cosmetic products as protection against harmful UV radiation. A novel analytical method for the determination of p -aminobenzoate and cinnamate UV-absorbers was proposed. They were extracted by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and then analyzed by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Methanol and acetic acid were used as modifier in SFE. The recovery of SFE in the range 98.43–101.83% with good reproducibility (relative standard deviation, R.S.D.=0.94–1.77%) were obtained. The MECC method offered a good resolution (Rs=1.44) and acceptable detection limits ranging from 157 to 828 ng/ml. A comparison between the results obtained by MECC with HPLC was made. With regard to specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility, the results of HPLC was better than capillary electrophoresis (CE). But CE is more rapid, effective and economical than HPLC. The proposed analytical techniques were applied to the determination of PABA and cinnamate in 10 commercial sunscreen products using direct analysis and standard addition determination. These two results for identical samples are similar.
Influence of Early Skip-A-Day Feed Removal on Live Performance and Carcass Yield of Broilers of Different Sexes and Strain Sources

ABSTRACT Feed restriction programs reduce early growth and decrease mortality in broilers. Observations of subsequent compensatory growth are conflicting and may be influenced by sex and strain. This study examined effects of sex, strain, and early skip-a-day feed removal on broiler performance and meat yield. In experiment 1, males and females were fed ad libitum to 54 d or subjected to 24-h feed removal periods at 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 d. On d 16, BW was suppressed 44%. Although some compensatory growth occurred and feed conversion was improved, early feed removal adversely affected final BW and meat recovery. Mortality was unaffected by skip-a-day feed removal program. Sex did not affect responses to early feed removal; however, males had greater BW, feed consumption, and weights of all carcass parts. In experiment 2, males from 2 diverse strains were fed ad libitum to 54 d or subjected to 24-h feed removal periods at 9, 11, 13, 15, and 17 d. Body weight was suppressed 44% at the end of feed removal. The reduction of early growth of broilers did not allow for complete recovery of final BW and carcass parts. However, feed conversion was improved by early feed removal. Strain source did not influence responses to early feed removal; the yield strain had superior live performance and meat yield. These data indicate broilers subjected to 5 d of feed removal in a skip-a-day program do not attain equivalent final BW and meat recovery, and although feed conversion was improved, responses were not affected by sex or strain.
Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity: Comparisons and Evaluations of Paper-and-Pencil versus Behavioral Measures

Abstract Sixty-eight undergraduate students experienced 32 hands-on tasks designed to provide a behavioral validation for the paper-and-pencil Disgust Scale, which the students had completed 2 months before. Tasks assessed participant-determined degree of exposure (looking at, picking up, touching, and in some cases eating) to objects such as a cockroach, cremated ashes, and a freshly killed pig's head and to disgusting video clips (seconds watching). These tasks elicited strong negative affect in a way that was ethical and not very disturbing to participants; they may be useful for future laboratory study of emotion. Participants also experienced nondisgusting control tasks, such as imitating a chicken or holding one's hand in ice-water. Analysis of task intercorrelations indicated four factors: food-related disgust, body-violation-and-death-related disgust, compliance motivation, and embarrassability. Only the two disgust factors correlated significantly with the paper-and-pencil Disgust Scale; a combination of the two correlated .58 with Disgust Scale scores obtained months before the laboratory assessment and correlated .71 with scores obtained immediately after this assessment. Most generally, these results are a reminder that there is no gold standard for personality assessment. As with paper-and-pencil measures, behavioral measures require getting beyond face validity to assess threats to validity from factors such as embarrassment and compliance motivation.