cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure and bonding in metal-pentadienyl and related compounds

Metal Complexes of the allyl (C3H5) and cyclopentadienyl (C5H5) ligands have played a major role in the development of organometallic chemistry. Metal allyl complexes are well known for the many intricate organic transformations which they may mediate, yet often possess limited stability. Metal cyclopentadienyl complexes on the other hand possess very high stabilities but only very limited catalytic chemistry. The pentadienyl ligand (C5H7 as well as various methylated derivatives) has similarities to both the allyl and cyclopentadienyl ligands, and it has now been demonstrated that metal pentadienyl complexes possess not only thermal stability but also chemical and catalytic reactivities. This favorable combination then will allow for detailed correlations to be made between chemical reactivities and the physical natures (structural, spectroscopic, etc.) of these compounds. In this article the presently available information on metal-pentadienyl compounds is discussed in order to gain some understanding of their nature compared to the related allyl and cyclopentadienyl systems, and to anticipate future applications of metal-pentadienyls. Particular emphasis is given to the bis(pentadienyl)metal complexes, which have been referred to as the “open metallocenes”.
A Bootstrapping Method for Building Subjectivity Lexicons for Languages with Scarce Resources

This article discusses a bootstrapping method for building subjectivity lexicons for languages with scarce resources.
Paradoxical roles of IFN-γ in models of Th1-mediated autoimmunity

T-cell responses to antigens are classified on the basis of the cytokines they produce as either Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) or Th2 (IL-4, IL-10), with these Th types being indicative of either cell-mediated or antibody-mediated responses, respectively. Using this classification, T-cell responses in MHC-class-II-restricted autoimmune diseases appear to be predominantly of the Th1 type, based on the presence of high levels of IFN-γ. This simplistic classification has recently been challenged, however, as disease incidence and severity are frequently elevated in animals that have a deficient IFN-γ response. The recent data discussed here indicate that the cytokine circuits involved in the regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses during the development of autoimmune arthritis are more complex than originally proposed; perhaps our characterization of autoimmune responses as strictly Th1 or Th2 is overly simplistic, especially as it pertains to the role of IFN-γ.
Stuttering prevention I

Abstract In this paper evidence is reviewed concerning the “difficult” distinction between stuttering and normal childhood disfluencies. Current primary prevention strategies seem to rely on the “Iowa School” (diagnosogenic and continuity hypotheses) beliefs that (a) there is such overlap of disfluencies between so- called stuttering and normally disfluent children that it is difficult to identify stuttering accurately; and (b) if disfluencies go unchecked and increase in frequency, there may come a point when the child might “come to be regarded” as a stutterer. Our analyses of evidence pertinent to stuttering identification suggest that both of these beliefs have been disproved. We propose a “categorical hypothesis” as an explanation of listener identification research findings, and argue that the “continuity hypothesis” is not compatible with the evidence. Further, the evidence suggests that highly disfluent children are not likely to be considered to be stuttering by anyone. If parents can readily distinguish between stuttering and normal disfluency, then the time for primary prevention has passed when they report, “I think Johnny is stuttering.” In short, preventive counseling for “at risk” disfluent children is probably not valid. The treatment construct is recommended as a replacement for the prevention construct in the management of childhood stuttering.
Social Networks and Popular Understanding of Science and Health: Sharing Disparities

With the increasing availability of health information on the Internet and ubiquity of access in many developed countries (e.g., Koch-Weser, Bradshaw, Gualtieri, & Gallagher, 2010), one may wonder ...
The Cause of Internal Outflow Surges in a High-Resolution Simulation of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma City Tornadic Supercell

AbstractA high-resolution simulation of the 8 May 2003 Oklahoma tornadic supercell is analyzed to determine the origin of internal outflow surges within the low-level cold pool. The analyzed simulation has 50-m horizontal grid spacing and is quadruply nested within larger, lower-resolution domains that were initialized via three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) of radar and other observations. The high-resolution simulation produces two tornadoes that track in close proximity to the observed tornado on 8 May 2003. The authors’ previous study determined that an internal outflow surge instigated tornadogenesis for the first tornado in this simulation but the cause of this internal outflow surge was unclear.In this study, the vertical momentum equation is analyzed along backward trajectories that are initialized within the tornado-triggering internal outflow surge. The analysis reveals that the internal outflow surge is forced by the dynamic part of the vertical pressure gradient. Further ex...
Complementary and Alternative Medicine practices in military personnel and families presenting to a military emergency department.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Limited published literature is available on Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) use and attitudes toward CAM in the military community. We sought to evaluate past experiences with CAM, common conditions for which CAM is used, and willingness to use acupuncture for acute conditions in an Emergency Department (ED) setting by patients and family members presenting to a tertiary military treatment facility (MTF). Methods: After institutional review board approval, an 18-item questionnaire was distributed to a convenience sample of ED patients presenting to a Navy MTF. Results: A response was obtained from 1,005 respondents with 45% describing previous or current CAM use. Massage, chiropractic, herbal, and acupuncture were most frequently employed. The most common reasons for use of CAM therapies are described. The majority (88%) of surveyed participants reported that CAM therapies should be offered by the MTF and 80% reported a willingness to use acupuncture in the ED setting. C...
Presentation The negative association in women between cigarette smoking and uncomplicated angina pectoris in the Framingham heart study data

Abstract As a result of a more complete analysis of available Framingham Heart Study data on the association of cigarette smoking to incidence of uncomplicated angina pectoris than has previously been published in Framingham papers, it was determined that there is a consistently negative risk factor association for women at every follow-up period from 12 to 30 years, with Framingham women cigarette smokers experiencing 30–40% lower rates of uncomplicated angina pectoris than non-smokers, the rates also declining with increasing amounts of cigarettes smoked. Our analysis confirms the absence of a predictive risk factor association in the case of men previously indicated by Framingham investigators. The published declarations by Framingham investigators of an absence of association between cigarette smoking and angina pectoris in Framingham women, is a failure to publicly recognize the distinctive negative association present in the Framingham female data. The Framingham data on the relationship of smoking to angina incidence is clearly at variance with the Surgeon General's sketchy finding of an inconsistent positive association for men and an uncertain relationship for women. It is suggested that special attention should be directed to these results of the Framingham data because of the preeminence of Framingham material world wide, because angina pectoris is the most common manifestation of coronary heart disease, because it will improve the “conventional wisdom” on this subject, and because the negative relationship found for Framingham women does not lend support to the belief held by some that smoking enhances the degree of cornonary atherosclerosis.
Discrete dynamic robot models

An inherently discrete-time dynamic model is introduced for robotic manipulators. Although robot dynamics are highly coupled and nonlinear, the model is compact and suitable for control engineering applications. The model is designed to guarantee conservation of energy (and momentum, if appropriate) at each sampling instant. Initial numerical experiments with cylindrical robots confirm the feasibility and applicability of the discrete dynamic robot model.
More Than Just Cat Pictures: Reddit as a Curated News Source

Reddit (www.reddit.com) is a site many people have heard of, but not everyone has explored. At its core, it allows users to post content and links to content, with other users voting on and comment...
Approaching Asymmetry and Versatility in Polymer Assembly

Modern integrated circuits are produced in a “top-down” approach with the aid of lithographic techniques to sequentially control the etching and deposition of materials. Arbitrary nanoscale shapes can be created in a desired hierarchical sequence to produce a functional device. If assembled with no control of size, shape, or sequence, the same materials produce no function and no technology. In contrast to lithography, “bottom-up” solution processing can assemble nanoscale polymeric materials in a simple manner, often through aggregation and phase separation processes driven by multiple weak interactions and the minimization of free energy ( 1 ). Unfortunately, bottom-up products are usually relatively simple and symmetrical (e.g., spherical and cylindrical micelles, bilayer membranes, and spherical colloids). On page 559 of this issue, Rupar et al. ( 2 ) present a beautiful example of complexity and arbitrary control of solution-grown nanomaterials. The authors combined aspects of sequential, top-down control with bottom-up simplicity by using molecular design, solution assembly, crystallization, and covalent cross-linking chemistry in a multistep fashion.
Application of the Distributed Hydrological Model, TOPNET, to the Big Darby Creek Watershed, Ohio, USA

Evaluation of the applicability and utility of watershed hydrologic models in different hydro-geologic and soil conditions is necessary for a range of spatial scales and to assess the utility of these models as watershed water resources management tools. This study presents the application of the hydrological model TOPNET to the Big Darby Creek watershed, Ohio, United States. It focuses on the simulation modeling of stream flow in the watershed based on meteorological data for the eight year period of 1992–1999. Visual comparison of time series plots and statistical measures namely, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), coefficient of correlation (R2), and the percent bias (PBIAS) were used to assess the model performance. The statistical model evaluation results indicated that the model has a relatively high confidence and can give a good representation of the flow hydrographs for the watershed. For the calibration period simulations of annual stream flow were accurate with a mean R2 and NS of 86% and 85% for the Big Darby at Darbyville gaging station. For the little Darby at West Jefferson gaging station a mean R2 of 81% was obtained while the NS averaged 78%. Further analysis based on the aggregation of the water years into wet seasons and dry seasons, the model was also able to adequately simulate stream flow for both gaging stations and for both low flow periods and high flow periods. Statistical analysis for the validation period also yielded high R2 values of 88% and 83% for the Darby at Big Darby at Darbyville gaging station and Little Darby at West Jefferson gaging station respectively. The worst PBIAS obtained for both calibration and validation period was 18% and this is better than recommended values for satisfactory daily simulations of ±25% for PBIAS. The encouraging simulation results obtained in this study shows the utility and usefulness of the TOPNET model in hydrological modeling and ultimately as a water resources management tool.
Structural Properties of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices for a Sample of Gifted Children

This paper concerns results of a Rasch and a factor analysis of Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices items for a sample of 166 gifted children. Of 36 items, 33 had adequate fit to a Rasch model bu...
Fundamental Mobility Properties for Realistic Performance Analysis of Intermittently Connected Mobile Networks

Traditional mobile ad hoc routing protocols fail to deliver any data in intermittently connected mobile ad hoc networks (ICMN's) because of the absence of complete end-to-end paths in these networks. To overcome this issue, researchers have proposed to use node mobility to carry data around the network. These schemes are referred to as mobility-assisted routing schemes. A mobility-assisted routing scheme forwards data only when appropriate relays meet each other. The time it takes for them to first meet each other is referred to as the meeting time. The time duration they remain in contact with each other is called the contact time. If they fail to exchange the packet during the contact time (due to contention in the network), then they have to wait till they meet each other again. This time duration is referred to as the inter meeting time. A realistic performance analysis of any mobility-assisted routing scheme requires a knowledge of the statistics of these three quantities. These quantities vary largely depending on the mobility model at hand. This paper studies these three quantities for the three most popularly used mobility models: random direction, random waypoint and random walk models. Hence, this work allows for a realistic performance analysis of any routing scheme under any of these three mobility models
A continuous-flow system for the growth of RNA tumor viruses.

Abstract By continuously pumping tissue culture medium into roller bottles containing infected cells and continuously harvesting the spent medium, RNA tumor virus can be harvested conveniently within 20 min of its release from the infected cells. An apparatus used to collect Moloney mouse leukemia virus in such a way yielded up to 390 μg protein in purified virus (about 1 mg virus) from each liter of tissue culture fluid.
Comments on superconducting surface resistance

The author believes a recent letter by Passow contains several inconsistent and misleading statements.
Multiple paternity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., Fabaceae)

We report on two field experiments that were conducted in 1991 and 1992 at the South Coast Extension and Research Center, Irvine, CA, to study the incidence of multiple paternity in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Hypocotyl color and shikimate dehydrogenase (Skdh) isozymes were used as genetic markers. The white-seeded cultivar 'Ferry Morse 53' (FM 53) was used as the female parent. This cultivar is homozygous recessive (pp) for hypocotyl color. The pollen source parents were three homozygous dominant (PP) purple-hypocotyled, black-seeded cultivars. Three cultivars, 'ICA Pijao,' G4459, and the maternal parent FM 53, are of Mesoamerican origin and homozygous for the fast (F) allele at the Skdh locus. The other cultivar, Black Valentine, is of Andean origin and is homozygous for the slow (S) allele at the Skdh locus. Overall, 6 125 pods were obtained from 57 and 111 plants harvested individually in 1991 and 1992, respectively. All progeny, 28938 seeds, were scored for hypocotyl color at the seedling stage. The purple-hypocotyled seedlings were genotyped for the Skdh locus to identify their pollen parents. Multiple paternity was identified in all the pods with hybrid seeds (i.e., those of intercultivar crosses) at 5.8% and 8.1% in 1991 and 1992, respectively. All multiply sired pods produced both nonhybrid and hybrid seeds. As many as three successful fathers per pod were identified, but the number of markers limited measuring higher levels of multiple paternity. Most multiply sired pods (-70%) were filled by nonhybrid seeds plus a single hybrid seed. Ovule position effect within multiply sired pods was inferred from the nonrandom distribution of hybrid seeds within a pod. On average, hybrid seeds occurred more frequently in ovules in position 7 (most basal) and in position 1 (most stylar) than in ovules in the middle positions of the pod.
Interaction of the regulatory domains of the murine Cyp1a1 gene with two DNA-binding proteins in addition to the Ah receptor and the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT)

Abstract The a romatic h ydrocarbon ( Ah ) receptor complex is a ligand-activated transcriptional activator consisting of at least two protein components. The ligand-binding component is the AhR protein, a cytosolic receptor encoded by the Ahr gene, which, upon ligand binding, translocates to the nucleus in a heterodimeric complex with the ARNT ( Ah receptor nuclear translocator) component. The complex binds to several discrete DNA domains containing a romatic h ydrocarbon r esponsive e lements (AhRE) present in the regulatory region of the murine cytochrome P 1 450 Cyp1a1 gene and of the other genes in the [ Ah ] gene battery. As a consequence of binding, a transcriptional complex is formed that activates the expression of these genes by as yet unidentified mechanisms. We have analyzed DNA-protein interactions in four of these domains, specifically, the AhREs located between −1085 and −482 (sites A, C, E, and D) of the upstream regulatory region of the murine Cyp1a1 gene. We found that two DNA-binding proteins, present in cytosolic and nuclear extracts of mouse Hepa-1 cells, showed overlapping DNA-binding specificities to those of the Ah receptor. One of these proteins had an apparent molecular mass of 35–40 kDa, bound only to AhRE3 (site D), and has been identified tentatively as a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors. The second protein, purified by DNA-affinity chromatography, had an apparent molecular mass of 95 kDa and bound to a larger DNA motif that included the AhRE sequence, in AhRE3 and AhRE5 (sites D and A), but not in AhRE1 or AhRE2 (sites C and E). This protein was not AhR nor was it ARNT, since it was found in receptorless ( Ahr − ) and in nuclear translocation-defective ( Arnt − ) cells, as well as in cells that had not been exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD; dioxin), a potent inducer of Cyp1a1 expression. Evidence from in vivo methylation protection indicated that two G residues flanking AhRE3, one of which is required for binding of the 95-kDa protein, may be protected from methylation in uninduced cells and become exposed upon dioxin treatment, suggesting that the 95-kDa protein may be constitutively bound to AhRE3, and be displaced by binding of the Ah receptor complex. These results lend support to the concept that the transcriptional regulation of the [ Ah ] battery genes could be modulated by combinatorial interactions of the Ah receptor complex with other transcription factors.
Enzymatic measurement of saccharopine with saccharopine dehydrogenase.

Abstract We have developed an enzymatic method for measuring saccharopine, a key intermediate in lysine metabolism. With the enzyme saccharopine dehydrogenase, saccharopine can be oxidized to lysine and α-ketoglutarate with the corresponding conversion of NAD to NADH. The natural equilibrium favors saccharopine formation, but using hydrazine to trap one of the products, α-ketoglutarate, shifts the reaction toward quantitative oxidation of saccharopine. A stable endpoint is reached in 15–20 min, and although high concentrations of α-ketoglutarate slow the reaction, the end product is fully recovered. Unlike previous assays this technique is specific, convenient, and capable of measuring saccharopine directly in protein-free biological fluids or extracts.
Aspiration cytopathology of epithelioid angiosarcoma.

BACKGROUND Epithelioid angiosarcoma (EA) is an uncommon neoplasm readily mistaken for carcinoma. In contrast to the histopathology of this tumor, the cytopathology as obtained using fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy has rarely been described. METHODS Three patients with histologically and immunohistochemically proven EA each underwent FNA using standard technique before surgical resection. RESULTS Aspirate smears were obtained from 3 males (ages 47, 63, and 15 years) each of whom presented with a solitary palpable soft tissue mass, 1 from the left calf and 2 from the right popliteal region. No patient had a history of malignancy or had been exposed to prior radiation therapy. Smears were relatively hypocellular due to the dilutional effects of abundant blood. Cells were scattered on slides primarily in a single cell dissociated pattern; small aggregates were present in a fraction of the slides. Malignant cells generally monotonous in size and averaging three to four times the dimension of a mature lymphocyte had a rounded so-called epithelioid configuration. Cells possessed primarily rounded, single nuclei often eccentrically placed, with some anisokaryosis, and smooth nuclear borders. Binucleated cells with mirror-image nuclei were much less frequent, and cells with three or four nuclei were even more scarce. Cells contained large single nucleoli or more often multiple misshapen smaller nucleoli. Cytoplasm was abundant and finely granular in virtually all cells. In some, the cytoplasm acquired a central spheric density thus producing a “rhabdoid” appearance that was only seen with air-dried Diff-Quik (Fisher Scientific, Biochemical Sciences, Inc., Swedesboro, NJ) stained smears. Mitoses were readily found. Immunostaining of the cell block in one case permitted a specific diagnosis of EA before subsequent surgical excision. CONCLUSIONS Epithelioid angiosarcoma may display a rhabdoid morphology in FNA biopsy smears, and this cytopathology can closely mimic that of nonsmall carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and other epithelioid types of soft tissue tumors. Immunophenotyping is essential for definitive diagnosis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2000;90:245–51. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
A generalization of sum composition: Self orthogonal Latin square design with sub self orthogonal Latin square designs

Abstract A generalization of the theory of sum composition of Latin square designs is given. Via this generalized theory it is shown that a self orthogonal Latin square design of order (3p α − 1) 2 with a subself orthogonal Latin square design of order (p α − 1) 2 can be constructed for any prime p > 2 and any positive integer α as long as p ≠ 3, 5, 7 and 13 if α = 1. Additional results concerning sets of orthogonal Latin square designs are also provided.
The Adventures of Managerial Hegemony: Teamwork, Ideology, and Worker Resistance

New forms of work organization have spread throughout much of the corporate world. Critics warn that team systems may encourage workers to internalize managerial definitions of their work situations, and-as a result-strengthen management's hegemony over them. This article presents an ethnographic analysis of four manufacturing plants in which team initiatives have been introduced. The findings cast doubt on the hegemony thesis. Analyzing data bearing on the degree of managerial legitimacy, the salience of class boundaries, and instances of worker defiance in both traditionaland team-based production areas, I find only occasional evidence of increased worker integration or incorporation within a nascent managerial regime. Indeed, by drawing attention to the limited authority that workers were actually allowed, team systems tended to heighten worker suspicion and distrust and to foster patterns of solidarity that were difficult for managers to control. The most significant feature of the new production concepts may not be their siren-like appeal, but rather the tensions and contradictions they introduce into work organizations. In fact, such concepts provide workers with subtle yet strategic resources with which to renegotiate the boundaries of managerial authority.
Cement solidification of simulated off-gas condensates from vitrification of low-level nuclear waste solutions.

Abstract Solidification in a cementitious matrix is a viable alternative for low-level nuclear waste management; it is therefore important to understand the behavior and properties of such wasteforms. We have examined the cementitious solidification of simulated off-gas waste streams resulting from the vitrification of low-level nuclear waste. Different possible methods for scrubbing the off-gasses from a vitrifier give rise to three possible types of waste compositions: acidic (from aqueous dissolution of volatile NOx and POx carried over from the vitrifier), basic (from neutralizing the former with sodium hydroxide), and fully carbonated (arising from a direct-combustion vitrifier). Six binder compositions were tested in which ordinary Portland cement was replaced at different proportions by fly ash and/or ground granulated blast furnace slag. A high solution to binder ratio of 1l/1 kg was used to minimize the volume of the wasteform and 10% attapulgite clay was added to all mixes to ensure that the fresh mix did not segregate prior to setting. The 28-day compressive strengths decreased when a high proportion of cement was replaced with fly ash, but were increased significantly when the cement was replaced with slag. The heats of hydration at early age for the various solids compositions decreased when cement was replaced with either fly ash or slag; however, for the fly ash mix the low heat was also associated with a significant decrease in compressive strength. High curing temperature (60°C) or the use of extra-fine slag did not significantly affect the compressive strength. Recommendations for choice of binder formulations and treatment of off-gas condensates are discussed.
The behavioural study of political ideology and public policy: Testing the Janda, Berry, and Goldman model

In previous work the authors found a variant of the theory of market failure to be a way to link political ideology and public policy for business and economics. However, the theory of market failure says little about other aspects of ideology and domestic public policy. Janda, Berry, and Goldman offer a model of ideological attitudes toward equality, freedom, and order that might explain ideological positions toward public policy unrelated to business and the economy. The present study compares the Janda, Berry, and Goldman model to depictions of liberalism and conservatism in a variety of scholarly journals and finds the model to be partly valid.
Quantitative drop analysis. VIII. Determination of phosphorus

A drop scale procedure for the determination of phosphorus is described which is based on the acidimetric titration of ammonium phosphomolybdate. Its reliability has been demonstrated with quantities of phosphorus varying from 0.5 to 9γ.
Sexual problems and infertility.

Abstract Although infertile couples often suffer sexual dysfunction, it is usually overlooked. Sexual dysfunction can have organic as well as psychologic causes, and may be a direct result of the diagnostic tests and treatments required for the workup. All involved in assessing and treating infertile couples must, moreover, be aware of the cultural, religious, and legal proscriptions concerning sexual activities.
31:3 Judder-Induced Edge Flicker at Zero Spatial Contrast

Judder is a motion artifact that degrades the quality of video imagery. Smooth motion appears jerky and can appear to flicker along the leading and trailing edge of the moving object. In a previous paper (1) we demonstrated that the strength of the edge flicker signal depended upon the brightness of the scene and the contrast of the moving object relative to the background. Reducing the contrast between foreground and background reduced the flicker signal. In this report, we show that the contrast signal required for judder-induced edge flicker is due to temporal contrast and not simply to spatial contrast. Bars made of random dots of the same dot density as the background exhibit edge flicker when moved at sufficient rate.
Development of a Mathematical Formula for the Calculation of Fingerprint Probabilities Based on Individual Characteristics

Abstract A method is developed for assigning a probability to a fingerprint, including a partial print, based on the number of individual (Galton) characteristics present. A multinomial model is used, the categories of which are the individual characteristics and combinations of them. The negative of the logarithm of the probability of any particular configuration is related to the entropy function of information theory. The parameters of the model are estimated from data (fingerprints). Confidence bounds are obtained for the negative log probability of any configuration.
Solutions to the stochastic transport problem of O(σ{ V / N }) for conservative solutes

A recursive perturbation solution to the eulerian transport problem for a conservative solute in a random conductivity field is reported. The stochastic concentration is given to arbitrary order inσ ν, the variance of fluctuating velocity. The result gives the stochastic concentration as a perturbation to the deterministic concentration for constant mean flow. The closed form solution is easy to implement numerically via FFT.
Examination and verification of the filtration mechanism of cake mode during the pressure filtration tests of liquid Al–Si cast alloys

Abstract The filtration equations at constant pressure were used to examine and verify the filtration mechanism of cake mode during the Prefil Footprinter ® tests of liquid Al–Si cast alloys. Although cake mode is the dominant mechanism, the conventional equations have not well described the Prefil curves. The inverse mass flow rate deviates from the linearity with filtrate weight at the initial and terminal transient stages. The deviation at the initial transient stage is probably due to the lack of well-formed cakes. In the terminal transient stage the occurrences of partial and/or complete clogging may cause the deviation. If both the initial and terminal transient stages disappear, the linear relationship tends to hold true over the whole course. For some low filtrate weight melts, however, the deviations from the linearity occur at the steady stage probably due to the compressibility of the formed cake caused by oxide films and non-uniform cake thickness.
Design of observers for time-varying discrete-time descriptor systems

In this note, linear discrete-time time-varying ‘descriptor’ systems, i.e. control systems of the form Ek+1 Xk+1 = AkXk + Bkuk, yk = Ckxk are considered where Ek+1 and Ak+1 are constant, not necessarily square, matrices. The problem is to design a reduced-order observer for the system. Using matrix generalized inverses and singular-value decomposition, a procedure is developed which either leads to a routine observer-design problem involving an ordinary discrete-time state equation or proves that no observer exists for the given ‘descriptor’ system. The method of this note is partly based on an earlier paper of the authors on observer design for continuous-time time invariant systems of the form E dx/dt=Ax + Bu, y=Cx where E and A are square matrices (El-Tohami et al. 1983) and makes use of some results of Luenberger on discrete-time time-varying descriptor systems (Luenberger 1977).
The mass-independent fractionation of oxygen: a novel isotope effect and its possible cosmochemical implications.

Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates a chemically produced, mass-independent isotopic fractionation of oxygen. The effect is thought to result from self-shielding by the major isotopic species 16O2, but other possible mechanisms such as molecular symmetry cannot be ruled out. In a three-isotope plot, the experimentally produced fractionation line is essentially equal in slope to the observed carbonaceous chondrite mixing line. The implications for the early history of the solar system are discussed.
Replication of a premenstrual decrease in right-ear advantage on language-related dichotic listening tests of cerebral laterality.

Abstract Five fused dichotic word tasks measured perceptual asymmetry in 30 women at 4 weekly intervals. The five tasks varied according to whether the stimuli presented were word–word pairs or nonsense word-pairs, or whether they consisted of neutral words paired with positive emotion-evoking words (e.g. hug–tug), neutral words paired with negative emotion-evoking words (e.g. till–kill), or neutral words paired with neutral words (e.g. bean–dean). Overall right-ear advantage (REA) decreased in the premenstrual week relative to the postmenstrual week, replicating previous results using identical measures. In addition, REA scores were similar at menstrual, postmenstrual and midcycle weeks. Additional data from 12 men suggests sex differences in task performance were small or non-existent. In both women and men, there were no effects of repeated testing on REA, but emotional proclivity indices, defined as the tendency to recall words of positive or negative affective tone, increased across the four test sessions. As found previously, there was a trend for women to hear fewer positive words during the premenstrual week. These data are consistent with other research suggesting that a progesterone-mediated decrease in functional asymmetry occurs in the luteal phase. Future research manipulating task demands (e.g. memory load) or the affective valence of the stimuli may be useful in understanding the observed changes in hemispheric advantage.
Mental Health Care Provision for Rural Elders

Rural mental health service resources and intervention approaches to meet the needs of rural elders are in a state of flux. Even within this fluctuation, some relatively stable and beneficial resources are available to rural elders and their families. This article identifies those resources within the context of the growing influence of managed behavioral health care. Systems of managed care are directing the types of mental health services available and their patterns of coordination with other health and social service resources used by rural elders.
Developing a faculty fitness training program for community college nurse educators: “A pilot project”

Abstract This pilot project examined a faculty fitness training program executed over a spring and summer session. It was supported by a $5,000.00 grant from the City University of New York, Office of Academic Affairs (2010–11). The program was offered to a small number of nursing faculty on a volunteer basis. The goal was to introduce and demonstrate the science behind exercise and cardiovascular fitness testing, while providing a comprehensive cardiovascular health assessment. Second, all participants underwent exercise training to demonstrate physiologic improvements in their fitness. The assessment included a maximal exercise tolerance test (ETT) with a follow-up post-ETT allowing faculty to witness progress of their cardiovascular fitness first hand. As a result, participants will be better able to relay this information and employ firsthand experiences regarding the use of exercise for health promotion and disease prevention to future students by incorporating pertinent content into their coursework.
Design of Support Systems for Dynamic Decision Making in Airline Operations

To date, there has been very little research conducted on the design of support systems for dynamic decisions environments, such as airline operations. The paper discusses the idea that the regulation of dynamic systems has implications for both "internal" and "external" dynamic systems with respect to the human operator. Hollnagel's Contextual Control Modes are suggested as a framework for designing such support systems, noting that they can identify requirements specific to different contextual control modes.
p38 MAPK activation, JNK inhibition, neoplastic growth inhibition, and increased gap junction communication in human lung carcinoma and Ras-transformed cells by 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid.

Human lung neoplasms frequently express mutations that down-regulate expression of various tumor suppressor molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinases such as p38 MAPK. Conversely, activation of p38 MAPK in tumor cells results in cancer cell cycle inhibition or apoptosis initiated by chemotherapeutic agents such as retinoids or cisplatin, and is therefore an attractive approach for experimental anti-tumor therapies. We now report that 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid (PBA), an experimental compound that reverses the transformed phenotype at non-cytotoxic concentrations, activates p38 MAPK in tumorigenic cells at concentrations and treatment times that correlate with decreased cell growth and increased cell-cell communication. H2009 human lung carcinoma cells and ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cells treated with PBA showed increased activation of p38 MAPK and its downstream effectors which occurred after 4 h and lasted beyond 48 h. Untransformed plasmid control cells showed low activation of p38 MAPK compared to ras-transformed and H2009 carcinoma cells, which correlates with the reduced effect of PBA on untransformed cell growth. The p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, negated PBA's activation of p38 MAPK downstream effectors. PBA also increased cell-cell communication and connexin 43 phosphorylation in ras-transformed cells, which were prevented by SB203580. In addition, PBA decreased activation of JNK, which is upregulated in many cancers. Taken together, these results suggest that PBA exerts its growth regulatory effect in tumorigenic cells by concomitant up-regulation of p38 MAPK activity, altered connexin 43 expression, and down-regulation of JNK activity. PBA may therefore be an effective therapeutic agent in human cancers that exhibit down-regulated p38 MAPK activity and/or activated JNK and altered cell-cell communication.
Linear dimension reduction and Bayes classification

An explicit expression for a compression matrix T of smallest possible left dimension K consistent with preserving the n variate normal Bayes assignment of X to a given one of a finite number of populations and the K variate Bayes assignment of TX to that population was developed. The Bayes population assignment of X and TX were shown to be equivalent for a compression matrix T explicitly calculated as a function of the means and covariances of the given populations.
Doctor talk: physicians' use of clear verbal communication.

Low health literacy negatively affects processes and outcomes of care. Physicians do not routinely use communication techniques recommended for use with low health literate patients. This study was conducted to compare the self-reported and actual use of clear verbal communication among medical residents and to identify characteristics associated with clear communication. Residents self-assessed their communication behaviors and then completed a low health literacy standardized patient encounter. Answers on the self-assessment were compared with behaviors observed in the standardized patient encounter. Residents (N = 82) reported frequent use of techniques recommended for clear verbal communication, including plain language (88%) and teach-back (48%). However, during the standardized patient encounter, they used an average of 2 jargon terms per minute, and only 22% used teach-back. No resident characteristics consistently predicted better communication. In conclusion, the study found that medical resident...
Aided and Unaided Speech Supplementation Strategies: Effect of Alphabet Cues and Iconic Hand Gestures on Dysarthric Speech

Purpose: This study compared the influence of speaker-implemented iconic hand gestures and alphabet cues on speech intelligibility scores and strategy helpfulness ratings for 3 adults with cerebral...
National-level infrastructure and economic effects of switchgrass cofiring with coal in existing power plants for carbon mitigation.

We update a previously presented Linear Programming (LP) methodology for estimating state level costs for reducing CO2 emissions from existing coal-fired power plants by cofiring switchgrass, a biomass energy crop, and coal. This paper presents national level results of applying the methodology to the entire portion of the United States in which switchgrass could be grown without irrigation. We present incremental switchgrass and coal cofiring carbon cost of mitigation curves along with a presentation of regionally specific cofiring economics and policy issues. The results show that cofiring 189 million dry short tons of switchgrass with coal in the existing U.S. coal-fired electricity generation fleet can mitigate approximately 256 million short tons of carbon-dioxide (CO2) per year, representing a 9% reduction of 2005 electricity sector CO2 emissions. Total marginal costs, including capital, labor, feedstock, and transportation, range from $20 to $86/ton CO2 mitigated, with average costs ranging from $2...
Photosynthetic Electron Transfer through the Cytochromeb 6 f Complex Can Bypass Cytochrome f

The cytochrome b(6)f complex is an obligatory electron transfer and proton-translocating enzyme in all oxygenic photosynthesis. Its operation has been described by the "Q-cycle." This model proposes that electrons are transferred from plastoquinol to plastocyanin (the reductant of P700 in Photosystem I) through, obligatorily in series, the iron-sulfur and the cytochrome f redox centers in the cytochrome b(6)f complex. However, here we demonstrate that (a) the iron-sulfur center-dependent reductions of plastocyanin and P700 are much faster than cytochrome f reduction, both in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cytochrome f mutants and in the wild type, and (b) the steady-state photosynthetic electron transport does not correlate with strongly inhibited cytochrome f reduction kinetics in the mutants. Thus, cytochrome f is not an obligatory intermediate for electrons flowing through the cytochrome b(6)f complex. The oxidation equivalents from Photosystem I are delivered to the high potential chain of the cytochrome b(6)f complex both at the cytochrome f level and, independently, at another site connected to the quinol-oxidizing site, possibly the iron-sulfur center.
Flavonoids of fossil miocene Platanus and its extant relatives

Abstract Flavonoids of seven extant Platanus species and a fossil Platanus species from the Miocene Clarkia Flora of northern Idaho were compared. Sixteen flavonoids were isolated of which 15 were either wholly or partially identified. Flavonoids of Platanus are based on kaempferol and quercetin and most glycosides are linked at position 3. Because of an extremely high degree of overall chemical similarity and the presence of minor variation within some species, flavonoid data were of limited value in clarifying relationships among extant species. Flavonoid data suggest a closer chemical similarity of the fossil Platanus species to the Asiatic P. orientalis , rather than to the six investigated North American species. Morphologically, however, the fossil Platanus is very similar to P.occidentalis from eastern North America. These findings are similar to those reported in a paleobiochemical study of a fossil Liriodendron species from the same Miocene Flora.
Skin exposures from 1318-nm laser pulses

Our work addresses laser tissue interaction for skin exposures from 1318 nm laser pulses. Single pulse data from 0.5 milli-second exposures, along with the mechanisms of photon energy absorption in tissue are investigated. We offer preliminary ED50 data and its implication within the realm of laser tissue interaction for discussion. A comparison will be made between the skin reaction of the Yucatan mini-pig (highly pigmented model) and Yorkshire pig (lightly pigmented model). This study represents the first systematic histological investigation of skin reaction to 1318 nm laser pulses.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Climate Change and Society: Speculation, Construction and Scientific Investigation

This article traces the long intellectual history that seeks to understand the recursive relationship between variations in the Earth's climate and variations in social structure and cultural practices. Contemporary sociological investigations of this theme have evolved along two paths: the neoidealistic orientation of social constructivism and a neo-realist orientation comprising two complementary approaches. Both orientations are explicated and evaluated, leading to a conclusion that provides programmatic directions.
Limitations and generalizations of the classical phenomenological model for diffusion in fluids

It is shown that the classical derivation of the diffusion equation uses two incompatible assumptions: (1) the diffusion coefficient, , is assumed to be finite ( is a characteristic velocity and λ is the mean-free path); but (2) the flux is approximated in the limit of λ → 0. The second assumption results in unphysical instantaneous propagation which disappears as this assumption is relaxed and the flux term is represented exactly (in the framework of the classical model). With this correction, the diffusion equation becomes (∂n/∂t) = (∂/∂x) where n is the density as a function of coordinate, x, and time, t. Keeping D finite and letting λ → 0 gives the classical equation (∂n/∂t) = (∂/∂x)[D(∂n/∂x)] and classical solution . However, this solution is valid only in the limits where |∂n/∂x| ≫ (λ2/3!)|∂3 n/∂x 3|; otherwise the classical approximation is not correct. Here, we have shown that this inequality translates into 24D 2 t 2/|6Dt − x 2| ≫ λ2 and gives limits for x 2: at any fixed t, x 2 cannot exceed . R...
Assessment of the Effect of Fluid-to-particle Heat Transfer Coefficient on Microbial and Nutrient Destruction during Aseptic Processing of Particulate Food

A computer program was developed to determine the effect of fluid-to-particle heat transfer coefficient (h fp ) on microbial and nutrient destrucdon during aseptic processing of fluid-particle mixtures. According to the simulation results, an increase in h fp did not improve the nutrient retention even though it reduced the time of heating required to reach a target lethality. It was found that even if the process were designed using the most conservative h fp , one would still obtain a high product quality for particles of small sizes. Quality losses were found to be more pronounced for larger particles. Ensuring a narrow residence time distribution of particles within the holding tube can minimize overheating and unnecessary loss of nutrients.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of Heating/Drying of Moist Paper Sheet With a Gas-Fired Infrared Emitter

Infrared (IR) radiation is used for heating/drying of moist paper in the paper making process owing to its penetration characteristic inside porous media and a high absorptivity of water in the IR wavelength range. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of the transport phenomena occurring within moist paper during IR heating/drying. A series of experiments has been conducted along with the development of a theoretical model to fundamentally understand IR heating/drying of moist paper. The experimental results confirm the IR radiation energy penetration into the paper sheet and the theoretical analysis indicates that the penetration depth decreases with increasing sheet moisture content.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in Fanconi's anemia.

The fifth reported case of esophageal carcinoma complicating Fanconi's pancytopenia is described and discussed. This is a rare complication of Fanconi's anemia, which is uncommonly associated with squamous cell malignancies and more commonly with leukemia.