cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The State, the Market and the Institutional Estate: Revisiting Contemporary Authority Relations in Higher Education

Over the past two decades, in nearly every arena of postsecondary education, traditional lines of authority, historical understandings of appropriate oversight and norms of political accountability have been rapidly changing (Burke, 2005; Hines, 2000). Essential understandings of such key elements in the postsecondary context as institutional autonomy, shared governance and organizational control are rapidly being transformed by challenges from a variety of stakeholders (Wellman, 2006; Marginson, 2006). A considerable body of emerging scholarship suggests that the balance of authority relations in higher education has changed dramatically over the past three decades, in line with shifts taking place in the larger national and international political economy of higher education (Heller, 2004; Pusser, 2003). These changes are increasingly apparent in the contested relationship between public postsecondary institutions and such key sources of authority and legitimacy as legislatures, governing boards and state agencies (Dunn, 2003; Longanecker, 2006). Contemporary literature on postsecondary organization and governance is replete with references to the rapid pace of change, increasing stakeholder demands and the pressures brought to bear by shifting political, financial and institutional relationships (Engell & Dangerfield, 2005). What emerges is an essential research question: “How should we understand contemporary authority relations in higher education?” Over the past decade considerable research in higher education has been devoted to documenting the changes taking place in the political economy of postsecondary organizations (Breneman et al., 2006; Slaughter & Rhoades, 2004). However, to date, relatively little scholarship has been devoted to revisiting the prevalent models of postsecondary authority relations, or to revising our understandings of those relations in light of contemporary cases of contest over postsecondary governance. This research addresses that gap in the literature through an analysis of a case of protracted contest over postsecondary authority relations, the institutional and political negotiations over the restructuring of Virginia’s public postsecondary system over the period 1996–2006. The case of Virginia’s restructuring is considered through the lens of one of the most influential models of authority relations in
Beyond Classroom Academics: A School-Wide and Multi-Contextual Perspective on Student Engagement in School.

School engagement researchers have historically focused on academic engagement or academic-related activities. Although academic engagement is vital to adolescents’ educational success, school is a complex developmental context in which adolescents also engage in social interactions while exploring their interests and developing competencies. In this article, school engagement is re-conceptualized as a multi-contextual construct that includes both academic and social contexts of school. The authors begin by describing how the characteristics of these contexts provide the opportunities and resources for adolescents to engage in academic learning and social interactions throughout school. Motivational theories are then used as an operational framework for understanding how adolescents become engaged in school, which is followed by a discussion about how adolescents’ academic and social engagement interact to shape their academic achievement. The article concludes with implications for practice and future research.
Health Behavior Research

This chapter begins with an overview of some conceptual advances that characterize the emergence of contemporary, late 1980s-early 1990s, health behavior research. It continues with a discussion of issues related to health behavior’s identity, and describes an agenda for future research, including meta issues, substantive areas for research, and searching for meaning. A summary concludes the chapter.
MOCVD grown β-Ga2O3 metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors on sapphire

We fabricated β-Gaalt;subagt;2alt;/subagt;Oalt;subagt;3alt;/subagt;:Si metal-oxide field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) on c-plane sapphire substrate which typically showed maximum drain current of 100 mA/mm. β-Gaalt;subagt;2alt;/subagt;Oalt;subagt;3alt;/subagt;:Si thin films were realized on c-plane sapphire substrate through a combination of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and post-annealing. The MOSFET device presented excellent on/off drain current ratio of ~10alt;supagt;11alt;/supagt; with very low gate leakage current, sharp pinch off behavior, and a breakdown voltage of 400 V at VG =-40 V. The growth and fabrication of β-Gaalt;subagt;2alt;/subagt;Oalt;subagt;3alt;/subagt;:Si MOSFETs on c-plane sapphire is valuable its demonstration of the great potential for future high-power electronic devices.
Prenatal and perinatal history in Kabuki Syndrome.

Kabuki syndrome (KS) is a disorder of epigenetic dysregulation due to heterozygous mutations in KMT2D or KDM6A, genes encoding a lysine-specific methyltransferase or demethylase, respectively. The phenotype is highly variable, including congenital cardiac and renal anomalies, developmental delay, hypotonia, failure to thrive, short stature, and immune dysfunction. All affected individuals have characteristic facial features. As KS natural history has not been fully delineated, limited information exists on its prenatal and perinatal history. Two tertiary centers collected retrospective data from individuals with KS (N = 49) using a questionnaire followed by review of medical records. Data from 49 individuals (age range: 7 months-33 years; 37% male; 36 with KMT2D mutations, 2 with KDM6A mutations, and 11 diagnosed clinically) were examined. Polyhydramnios affected 16 of 39 (41%) pregnancies. Abnormal quad screens in four out of nine (44%) pregnancies and reduced placental weights also complicated KS pregnancies. These data comprise the first large dataset on prenatal and perinatal history in individuals with confirmed (genetically or clinically) KS. Over a third of pregnancies were complicated by polyhydramnios, possibly secondary to abnormal craniofacial structures and functional impairment of swallowing. The differential diagnosis for polyhydramnios in the absence of intrauterine growth retardation should include KS.
Worse Mental Health Among More-Acculturated and Younger Immigrants Experiencing Discrimination: California Health Interview Survey, 2015–2016

Experiences of discrimination harm mental and physical health, with the strongest penalty on mental health. Among immigrants, it remains unclear how acculturation—the process by which immigrants acquire the beliefs and practices of a host culture—influences the mental health burden of navigating discrimination. On the one hand, acculturation can be associated with upward social mobility. Conversely, the acculturative process may increase exposure to, and recognition of, discrimination. We examined the relationship between discrimination and mental illness across racial/ethnic groups, and pathways by which acculturation and age relate to the discrimination-mental health relationship. A secondary data analysis using population data from the 2015–2016 California Health Interview Survey. The Kessler 6-item Psychological Distress Scale (K6) assessed symptoms of psychological distress, with K6 score ≥ 13 associated with severe mental illness. Discrimination was measured using a self-reported measure of lifetime experience of unfair treatment in getting medical care. We used a 5-point acculturation index (constructed by measures of nativity, years living in the USA, and home language use). A weighted logistic regression model predicted mental illness as a function of discrimination. We ran mediational analysis using the Karlson-Holm-Breen method and used predictive margins to present predicted probabilities of mental illness for people reporting discrimination at different acculturation and age levels. There were independent effects on mental illness associated with increased discrimination (OR 3.85, 95% CI = 2.46, 6.03, p < 0.001) and increased acculturation (OR 1.72, 95% CI = 1.24, 2.38, p = 0.001), including when stratified across racial/ethnic groups. Higher levels of acculturation led to a significant increase in discrimination’s association with mental illness. There was a higher probability of mental illness in younger age groups than in older age groups. While discrimination is associated with poor mental health, a stronger link between discrimination and mental illness exists among younger immigrants and immigrants with increased acculturation. Health practitioners should not overlook the mental health needs of younger immigrants and immigrants who may seem more integrated into US society.
Delay to Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Hypertensive Stroke Patients: An Analysis of Delay Duration Across Agents.

Abstract Background and Purpose A subset of ischemic stroke patients present with blood pressures above that considered safe for thrombolytic administration, requiring antihypertensive therapy. Guideline statements are ambivalent regarding which antihypertensive agent should be used to obtain a satisfactory blood pressure Methods We reviewed data from consecutive patients at a single institution treated with alteplase from January 2014 to January 2019, collecting door-to-needle times, antihypertensive agent (if used), and antihypertensive-to-needle times. Patients were grouped by initial agent administered. We assessed for differences in door-to-needle times between those needing antihypertensive(s) and those who did not. Antihypertensive-to-needle times were compared across 3 antihypertensive groups (labetalol, nicardipine, and hydralazine). Results Analysis included 239 patients: 177 receiving no antihypertensive, 44 labetalol, 13 nicardipine, and 5 hydralazine. Those not administered an antihypertensive prior to alteplase had shorter door-to-needle times (52.6 minutes versus 62.1 minutes, P = .016). We found no statistical differences when comparing door-to-needle times across all groups (no med 52.6 minutes, labetalol 64.3 minutes, nicardipine 53.0 minutes, hydralazine 67.4 minutes, P = .052). No differences were found in antihypertensive-to-needle amongst the 3 antihypertensive groups (labetalol 18.75 minutes, nicardipine 12.15 minutes, hydralazine 25.40 minutes, P = .239). Conclusions Patients requiring antihypertensives experienced slower door-to-needle times. No statistically significant changes were observed in door-to-needle times by antihypertensive used, however these results may have clinical importance. This study is limited by relatively small sample size. Pooling data from multiple institutions could provide more robust assessment and inform clinical practice.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for Architectural Exploration: A Routerless NoC Case Study

Machine learning applied to architecture design presents a promising opportunity with broad applications. Recent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) techniques, in particular, enable efficient exploration in vast design spaces where conventional design strategies may be inadequate. This paper proposes a novel deep reinforcement framework, taking routerless networks-on-chip (NoC) as an evaluation case study. The new framework successfully resolves problems with prior design approaches, which are either unreliable due to random searches or inflexible due to severe design space restrictions. The framework learns (near-)optimal loop placement for routerless NoCs with various design constraints. A deep neural network is developed using parallel threads that efficiently explore the immense routerless NoC design space with a Monte Carlo search tree. Experimental results show that, compared with conventional mesh, the proposed deep reinforcement learning (DRL) routerless design achieves a 3.25x increase in throughput, 1.6x reduction in packet latency, and 5x reduction in power. Compared with the state-of-the-art routerless NoC, DRL achieves a 1.47x increase in throughput, 1.18x reduction in packet latency, 1.14x reduction in average hop count, and 6.3% lower power consumption.
CHAPTER 3 – Psychostimulants

Publisher Summary Psychostimulant drugs have a long history of abuse and dependence with episodic collective amnesia associated with excessive use. There are two major classes of psychomotor stimulants: (1) direct or indirect sympathomimetics, such as cocaine and amphetamine, and (2) nonsympathomimetics. This chapter focuses on indirect sympathomimetics. Cocaine and amphetamines produce euphoria, increase activity, facilitate performance, and decrease appetite. Amphetamines have medical uses as adjuncts for short-term weight control, treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and narcolepsy. Cocaine is available as a local anesthetic for mucous membrane anesthesia and vasoconstriction. The chapter describes the mechanism of action of psychomotor stimulant drugs at the behavioral, neuropharmacological, and molecular levels that have important implications for understanding the neurobiology of addiction to psychostimulants. Acute withdrawal from psychostimulants produces major elevations in brain reward thresholds that may have a critical role in driving escalation to dependence. These studies provide key insights into the understanding of the vulnerability to develop psychostimulant addiction and vulnerability to relapse and can provide novel approaches to prevention and treatment in the human population.
Representation and the Computation of Long Distance Tone Processes

This paper shows how enhancing the representation, while fixing the logical power of computation, provides a better characterization of the computationally complex tone processes, the unbounded circumembient (UC) processes noted in Jardine (2016). Using Autosegmental Representations, we define tone-TBU associations as quantifier-free least fixed point transductions, which allow us to extend the notion of subsequentiality to the otherwise non subsequential UC processes.
The Case of Self-Management in Yugoslavia

Most research by western scholars has traditionally emphasized the macroeconomic aspects of socialist economies. A predictable outcome of this emphasis on the system of planning and macroeconomic analysis has been a rather poor ex ante understanding of the economic forces at work in socialist countries. Let us look at two examples.
Exploring automated question answering methods for teaching assistance

One important aspect of learning is through verbal interactions with teachers or teaching assistants (TAs), which requires significant effort and puts a heavy burden on teachers. Artificial intelligence has the potential to reduce their burden by automatically addressing the routine part of this interaction, which will free them up to focus on more important aspects of learning. We explore the use of automated question answering methods to power virtual TAs in online course discussion forums, which are heavily relied on during the COVID-19 pandemic as classes transition online. First, we focus on answering frequent and repetitive logistical questions and adopt a question answering framework that consists of two steps: retrieving relevant documents from a repository and extracting answers from retrieved documents. The document repository consists of course materials that contain information on course logistics, e.g., the syllabus, lecture slides, course emails, and prior discussion forum posts. This question answering framework can help virtual TAs decide whether a question is answerable and how to answer it. Second, we analyze the timing of student posts in discussion threads and develop a classifier to predict the timing of follow-up posts. This classifier can help virtual TAs decide whether to respond to a question and when to do so. We conduct experiments on data collected from an introductory physics course and discuss both the utility and limitations of our approach .
Constrained Robust Model Reference Adaptive Control of a Tilt-Rotor Quadcopter Pulling an Unmodeled Cart

This article presents an innovative control architecture for tilt-rotor quadcopters with H-configuration transporting unknown, sling payloads. This control architecture leverages on a thorough analysis of the aircraft's equation of motion, which reveals gyroscopic effects that were not fully characterized and were disregarded while synthesizing control algorithms in prior publications. Furthermore, the proposed control architecture employs barrier Lyapunov functions and a novel robust model reference adaptive control law to guarantee a priori user-defined constraints on both the trajectory tracking error and the control input, despite poor information on the aircraft's inertial properties and the presence of unknown, unsteady payloads. Flight tests involving a quadcopter pulling an unmodeled cart by means of a thin rope of unknown length, which is slack at the beginning of the mission, verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Business Ethics in the Time of Covid-19

The Covid-19 pandemic presents an opportunity for business ethics to further redefine itself and develop the project of a new narrative about business. To take advantage of this opportunity business ethicists have to become more involved in the actual business models that are being developed. And as academics we must commit to the idea of making business better.
Abstract D065: Investigating the Interplay of monocytes in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastomas

We are members of INDUCER- Increasing Diversity in Undergraduate Cancer Biology Education & Research. Our program strives to give opportunities to experience cancer research to underrepresented students interested in the biomedical sciences. We want to help bridge the gap in medicine between Caucasians and People of Color and combat racial disparity. We utilize the GL261 cell line in the murine model to study and understand glioblastomas and their tumor microenvironment, which includes microglia and macrophages. Microglia function as macrophages of the central nervous system, play a critical role in the innate and adaptive responses to pathogens and can take on a pro-inflammatory/anti-tumorigenic (M1) or anti-inflammatory/pro-tumorigenic (M2) phenotype. Our research introduces Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R), which is expressed by both microglia and macrophages, whose signaling is critical for their proliferation and survival. Pexidartinib is a CSF1R inhibitor drug developed by Plexxikon Inc (PLX), a pharmaceutical company. They have generated PLX3397 and PLX5622. Each drug inhibits specific kinases, for example, PLX3397 inhibits c-KIT, CSF1R, and FLT3, which are key players in tumor proliferation, while PLX5622 is a specific inhibitor that only targets CSF1R signaling. Both PLX3397 and PLX5622, provided to mice in their chow, ablate microglia in the CNS of wild type mice, without affecting peripheral macrophages. Upon discontinuation of the diet, microglia repopulate the CNS. PLX73086 is a second generation CSF1R inhibitor, and little is known about its effects on microglia and macrophages. What is known is that it should only ablate macrophages in the periphery, not affecting the CNS because it is not expected to cross the Blood Brain Barrier. Upon the discontinuation of the diet, repopulation is similarly expected. In our research, we studied the effects of PLX73086 on macrophages and microglia of the murine glioma model, after being fed the diet for 7 days and 7 days off the diet. We compared the extent of ablation and repopulation of the tissue. Citation Format: Maryam Tayyab, Maame Gyamfi, Michael Caponegro, Dr. Styliani-Anna (Stella) Tsirka. Investigating the Interplay of monocytes in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D065.
Extracting full-field dynamic strain on a wind turbine rotor subjected to arbitrary excitations using 3D point tracking and a modal expansion technique

Abstract Health monitoring of rotating structures such as wind turbines and helicopter rotors is generally performed using conventional sensors that provide a limited set of data at discrete locations near or on the hub. These sensors usually provide no data on the blades or inside them where failures might occur. Within this paper, an approach was used to extract the full-field dynamic strain on a wind turbine assembly subject to arbitrary loading conditions. A three-bladed wind turbine having 2.3-m long blades was placed in a semi-built-in boundary condition using a hub, a machining chuck, and a steel block. For three different test cases, the turbine was excited using (1) pluck testing, (2) random impacts on blades with three impact hammers, and (3) random excitation by a mechanical shaker. The response of the structure to the excitations was measured using three-dimensional point tracking. A pair of high-speed cameras was used to measure displacement of optical targets on the structure when the blades were vibrating. The measured displacements at discrete locations were expanded and applied to the finite element model of the structure to extract the full-field dynamic strain. The results of the paper show an excellent correlation between the strain predicted using the proposed approach and the strain measured with strain-gages for each of the three loading conditions. The approach used in this paper to predict the strain showed higher accuracy than the digital image correlation technique. The new expansion approach is able to extract dynamic strain all over the entire structure, even inside the structure beyond the line of sight of the measurement system. Because the method is based on a non-contacting measurement approach, it can be readily applied to a variety of structures having different boundary and operating conditions, including rotating blades.
Psychosocial Factors and Psychological Interventions: Implications for Chronic Post-Surgical Pain in Pediatric Patients with Osteosarcoma.

This study retrospectively investigated psychological factors contributing to chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP) in pediatric patients after limb-sparing or amputation surgery for extremity osteosarcoma. Psychological factors were identified and analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum and median two-sample tests. Univariate and multivariate Cox regressions were performed using gender, age, psychological factors, and psychological interventions related to CPSP duration as covariates. Duration of pain treatment was significantly longer in patients resistant to psychological interventions (p = 0.01) than those receptive to interventions. Shorter duration of pain treatment was associated with older age (p = 0.03) and receptiveness to psychological interventions (HR = 4.19, 95% CI [1.22, 14.35]). Older age and receptiveness to psychological interventions as part of pain management care are associated with needing a shorter duration of pain treatment. Our results highlight the importance of prospective investigations evaluating motivation to engage in psychotherapy and psychological interventions and identify risk factors for CPSP in pediatric oncology.
Cost Minimization Algorithm for Provisioning Cloud Resources

Cloud Computing offers resources as a utility that can be accessed and rented via web browsers. It has also made it easy for paying for resources with different ways of pricing. However, that could result in overpaying for resources or underutilizing the reserved resources. In this paper, we focus on two main options in the pricing model, namely, pay-per-use and reserved instances. In the first one, users can pay for what they use only while the second option offers up to 72% discount but they have to pay in advance for the whole reserved period. In this paper, we present two algorithms for provisioning cloud resources to help cloud customers pick the most cost-effective plans for their jobs
Simmering on the Back Burner or Playing with Fire? Examining the Consequences of Back-Burner Digital Communication Among Ex-Partners.

Back burners are people with whom one communicates to potentially establish a future romantic or sexual relationship, and these relationships are common among college students. Using a sample of no...
Cut, copy, move, delete: The study of human interferon genes reveal multiple mechanisms underlying their evolution in amniotes.

Interferons (IFNs) are rapidly evolving cytokines released when viral infections are detected in cells. Previous research suggests that genes encoding IFNs and their receptors duplicated extensively throughout vertebrate evolution. We present molecular genetic evidence that supports the use of nonallelic homologous recombination (NAHR) to expand select IFN genes during amniote evolution. The duplication of long regions of genome (encompassing at least one functional IFN gene) followed by the insertion of this genome fragment near its parent's location, is commonly observed in many amniote genomes. Duplicates inserted away from duplication hotspots are not as frequently perturbed with new duplicates, and tend to survive long periods of evolution, sometimes becoming new IFN subtypes. Although most duplicates are inserted parallel to and near the original sequence, the insertion of the Kelch-like 9 gene within the Type I IFN locus of placental mammals promoted antiparallel insertion of gene duplicates between the Kelch-like 9 and IFN-e loci. Genetic exchange between highly similar Type I gene duplicates as well as between Type III IFN gene duplicates homogenized their diversification. Oddly, Type III IFN genes migrated long distances throughout the genome more frequently than did Type I IFN genes. The inter-chromosomal movement of Type I IFN genes in amniotes correlated with complete intron loss in their gene structure, and repeatedly occurred with occasional Type III IFN genes.
Qualitative Risk Assessment

The purposes for presenting this chapter are twofold. The first is to discuss the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) programs that bear on the subject of health risk communication and public education. The second is to share some of ATSDR’s experiences and lessons gained from our health assessment program.
Soft Phonon Anomalies in the Relaxor Ferroelectric Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) 0.92 Ti 0.08 O 3

Neutron inelastic scattering measurements of the polar transverse optic phonon mode dispersion in the cubic relaxor $\mathrm{Pb}({\mathrm{Zn}}_{1/3}{\mathrm{Nb}}_{2/3}{)}_{0.92}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{0.08}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at 500 K reveal anomalous behavior in which the optic branch appears to drop precipitously into the acoustic branch at a finite value of the momentum transfer $q\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.2{\AA{}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ measured from the zone center. We speculate that this behavior is the result of nanometer-sized polar regions in the crystal.
Interlock Tension in Steel Sheet Piling

A need exists for representation of the interlock strength of steel sheet piling as a distribution for two main reasons. First, this strength is highly variable, and second, this aspect of design of a sheet pile system depends on the strength of the weakest interlock. In this investigation a total of 220 interlock tension tests were run on PS28 steel sheet piling from two different sources. From these tests frequency distribution diagrams were developed. A considerable difference in the results demonstrated a sensitivity of one of the two products to initial alignment. The study of the failure mechanism further suggested that relative alignment angle of adjacent webs, not considered in this program, may have a considerable influence on interlock strength. Consequently, while this study provides for an improved concept of representation of interlock strength it demonstrates a possible need for improved testing techniques.
Efficient mechanism for fairness and deadlock-avoidance in high-speed networks

High-speed network is a new environment, motivated largely by the advance of fiber-optics technology. Such a network cannot operate in conditions which may cause deadlock or may starve certain network nodes since these phenomena result in long waiting times and invocations of delaying recovery procedures which imply (by definition) very low speed.
Exact final-state equations with poles

Relativistic equations for the decay amplitude into three particles are found, which are of the Faddeev kind. They serve to extract the normal threshold cuts in the two-particle subenergies. They are reduced to a many-channel two-«particle» integral equation with the quasi-particle off the mass shell. The kernel is a solution of the Faddeev equations with the quasi-particle pole extracted from the two-particle amplitude. The simplest approximation to this is shown to retain the most important singularity structure of the decay amplitude.
Current in a Scattering Antenna Embedded in a Dissipative Half Space

The current distribution on a half-wave dipole antenna embedded in a conducting half space is investigated. The dipole antenna is parallel to the plane of the interface between the two media. It is illuminated by a diffracted inhomogeneous plane wave with perpendicular magnetic field vector. The current distribution is found mainly cosinusoidal with a shifted cosine correction term. A numercial analysis is given for the case where the dissipative medium has average earth constants. variations of the current due to different angles of incidence are also investigated.
Expression and immune recognition of the conserved MSP4 outer membrane protein of Anaplasma marginale

Defining conserved, protective epitopes is essential to the design of an effective vaccine against bovine anaplasmosis. MSP4, one of six initial body proteins recognized by a neutralizing serum, is conserved among Anaplasma marginale isolates at both the protein and the DNA levels. Sera from cattle immunized with an outer membrane fraction of A. marginale and protected from a virulent challenge bind MSP4. The gene for MSP4 has been cloned, and the recombinant protein has been expressed, isolated, and demonstrated to share epitopes with the native protein expressed on initial bodies. MSP4 may have a greater potential to protect cattle from a challenge by heterologous isolates than other A. marginale surface proteins, which vary widely in size and structure.
Degradation of polymers in solution by freezing

Polyvinylpyrrolidone in aqueous solutions of various concentration has been degraded by freezing the solvent. The kinetics and mechanism of degradation of linear polymer molecules under these conditions has been elaborated and the similarities with ultrasonic degradation by cavitation, which is mechanical in nature, have been pointed out. Experimental results for the degradation of polystyrene in benzene and of polyvinylpyrrolidone in water follow the proposed kinetics and mechanism. Polyvinylpyrrolidon in wasriger Losung und in verschiedener Konzentration wurde durch Gefrieren des Losungsmittels abgebaut. Die Reaktionskinetik und der Mechanismus des Abbaus von linearen polymeren Molekulen durch das Gefrieren des Losungsmittels wird abgeleitet, und es werden viele Ahnlichkeiten mit dem Ultraschallabbau durch Kavitation aufgezeigt. Die Resultate fur den Abbau des Polystyrols in Benzol und des Polyvinylpyrrolidons in Wasser sind im Einklang mit der vorgeschlagenen Reaktionskinetik und mit dem Mechanismus.
Claiming “Victim” to Harassment Law: Legal Consciousness of the Privileged

Sociologists of law have long been concerned with the effectiveness of rights; the emergence of diversity training in the 1990s spurred renewed attention to questions of how laws are enacted in daily life. Much scholarship has constructed the managerialization of civil rights law and popularization of diversity concepts as diluting efforts to redress structural discrimination. In studying diversity and antiharassment trainings in practice, I argue that these are sites where civil rights find expression of their obligations, and I find that much of the “dilution” of content stems from diversity trainers’ efforts to negotiate with the resistance of trainees to their new obligations under civil rights law. The trainees evince a variable legal consciousness in relationship to this legality of rights-promotion, to which they are being exposed in these trainings; the findings suggest further research is needed into the legal consciousness of the privileged.
Initial‐value predictability of Antarctic sea ice in the Community Climate System Model 3

[1] We assess initial-value predictability characteristics of Antarctic sea ice from climate simulations. The integrations are initialized on 1 January with identical ice-ocean-terrestrial conditions and integrated forward for two years. We find that the initialized ice-ocean state provides predictive capability on the ice-edge location around Antarctica for the first several months of integration. During the ice advance season from April to September, significant predictability is retained in some locations with an eastward propagating signal. This is consistent with previous work suggesting the advection of sea ice anomalies with the mean ocean circulation. The ice-edge predictability is then generally lost during the ice retreat season after October. However, predictability reemerges during the next year's ice advance starting around June in some locations. This reemergence is associated with ocean heat content anomalies that are retained at depth during the austral summer and resurface during the following autumn as the ocean mixed layers deepen.
Theory & Methods: Adaptive Estimation Using Weighted Least Squares

This paper proposes an adaptive estimator that is more precise than the ordinary least squares estimator if the distribution of random errors is skewed or has long tails. The adaptive estimates are computed using a weighted least squares approach with weights based on the lengths of the tails of the distribution of residuals. Smaller weights are assigned to those observations that have residuals in the tails of long-tailed distributions and larger weights are assigned to observations having residuals in the tails of short-tailed distributions. Monte Carlo methods are used to compare the performance of the proposed estimator and the performance of the ordinary least squares estimator. The estimates that were studied in this simulation include the difference between the means of two populations, the mean of a symmetric distribution, and the slope of a regression line. The adaptive estimators are shown to have lower mean squared errors than those for the ordinary least squares estimators for short-tailed, long-tailed, and skewed distributions, provided the sample size is at least 20. The ordinary least squares estimator has slightly lower mean squared error for normally distributed errors. The adaptive estimator is recommended for general use for studies having sample sizes of at least 20 observations unless the random errors are known to be normally distributed.
Structural stabilities, elastic constants, generalized stacking fault energetics, and the martensitic transformation mechanisms for the Ni50−xTiPtx (x = 0 − 30) ternary system: ab initio investigation

To determine the effect of ternary additions on the martensitic behavior of NiTi, we apply ab initio calculations using the highly precise full-potential linearized augmented plane wave method to the Ni-Ti-Pt system. We compare formation energies of various stoichiometries and the pair energetics between Pt atoms to create a number of model austenite structures, finding that Pt atoms prefer to decorate the lattice at third nearest neighbors from one another, and establish the hierarchy among the austenitic and martensitic phases. We examine the structural stability to determine the susceptibility toward displacive phase transformation: namely, we calculate planar generalized stacking fault energetics of major shear planes including the {100}, {011}, and {111} planes and we calculate and compare the elastic constants of each phase. We show that increased Pt content causes a dramatic softening of the austenite C′ elastic constant and increased rigidity in the martensite, and there is a high resistance to {100} shear similar to equiatomic NiTi. Finally, we explore a martensitic mechanism of this alloy and explain how the transformation path and energy barriers of the NiTi system are affected by Pt.
Designing with 4-step braided fabric composites

A micromechanics model is presented for the prediction of the elastic properties of 4-step braided composites. A representative volume element (RVE) is derived from an integrated solid model developed for 4-step braids. The condition of iso-strain is assumed in the RVE and elastic properties are predicted. The fiber volume fraction is predicted as a function of the pitch length and the yarn crimp. Favorable correlation with experimental data is found for a number of polymer-matrix composites. Additional numerical simulations are performed in order to evaluate the effects of the pitch length and the yarn crimp on the elastic properties.
Coherent island formation of Cu2O films grown by chemical vapor deposition on MgO(110)

Cuprous oxide (Cu2O) films have been grown on single-crystal MgO(110) substrates by a chemical vapor deposition process in the temperature range 690–790 °C. X-ray diffraction measurements show that phase-pure, highly oriented Cu2O films form at these temperatures. The Cu2O films are observed to grow by an island-formation mechanism on this substrate. Films grown at 690 °C uniformly coat the substrate except for micropores between grains. However, at a growth temperature of 790 °C, an isolated, three-dimensional island morphology develops. Using a transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscope, both dome- and hut-shaped islands are observed and are shown to be coherent and epitaxial. The isolated, coherent islands form under high mobility growth conditions where geometric strain relaxation occurs before misfit dislocation can be introduced. This rare observation for oxides is attributed to the relatively weak bonding of Cu2O, which also has a relatively low melting temperature.
Director’s Forum - Practice Models: What Are Other Professions Doing?

The Director's Forum series is written and edited by Robert J. Weber and Scott M. Mark and is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health sy...
Biosensor for asparagine using a thermostable recombinant asparaginase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus.

Asparaginase from the hyperthermophilic microorganism Archaeoglobus fulgidus was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with a polyhistidine tail. After heat treatment to denature most of the native E. coli proteins, the enzyme was purified by an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography method. The activity of the enzyme was determined by monitoring the change in ammonium concentration in solution. It was found that the enzyme is thermostable at temperatures as high as 85 °C. The KM for l-asparagine was 8 × 10-5 and 5 × 10-6 M at 37 and 70 °C, respectively. The catalytic activity for l-asparagine was 5-fold higher than for d-asparagine. The enzyme was immobilized in front of an ammonium-selective electrode and used to develop a biosensor for asparagine. The biosensor had a detection limit of 6 × 10-5 M for l-asparagine. Unlike a sensor based on asparaginase from E. coli, the biosensor based on recombinant asparaginase from A. fulgidus demonstrated higher stability.
Correlation Functions for Coherent Fields

A factorization condition which must be satisfied by the first $n$ correlation functions for the electromagnetic field operators has been used to define nth-order coherence. The first-order coherence condition has been shown to imply maximum fringe contrast in interference patterns. In the present paper we investigate the mathematical consequences of assuming the condition for maximum fringe contrast. By considering the correlation functions as scalar products and formulating rigorous inequalities for them we are able to show that the assumed condition in turn implies factorization of the first-order correlation function. By extending the same methods we are able to show that all of the higher order correlation functions factorize into forms similar to those required for full coherence, but differing from them through the inclusion of a sequence of constant numerical factors. These coefficients are shown to furnish a convenient description of the higher-order coherence properties of the field. Their values are presented for some typical examples. We derive a number of inequalities satisfied by the coefficients for the case of fields which possess positive-definite weight functions in the $P$ representation. Some inequalities obeyed by the correlation functions for such fields are derived as well.
Molecular weight and concentration effects on gel/sol transitions in a segmented rigid‐rod polyimide solution

Gel/sol and order/disorder transitions can be observed in a segmented rigid-rod polyimide solution at different concentrations and molecular weights. This polyimide was synthesized from 3,3′,4,4′-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl in refluxing 3-cresol in a one-step process. Above about 140°C, the polymers are completely soluble in 3-cresol in a concentration range up to 12(w/w)%. During cooling, the hot solutions undergo a mechanical sol/gel transition to form thermally reversible gels. In the gel state, an ordered structure develops. Both the gel/sol and order/disorder transitions are dependent upon concentration, temperature, and molecular weight, but the two transitions exhibit different kinetics. Possible mechanisms of these transitions are discussed.
Effect of ethanol on phosphorylation of the NMDAR2B subunit in mouse cortical neurons.

There is evidence that phosphorylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of the NMDA receptors in the brain. In this study, we examined the effect of acute and chronic ethanol treatment on the phosphorylation of the R2B subunit of the NMDA receptors in fetal cortical neurons. Additionally, the effect of acute ethanol treatment on the phosphorylation of the R2B subunit in adult cerebral cortex and hippocampus was also examined. The results show that acute or chronic ethanol treatments did not affect the total phosphorylation of the R2B subunit in cortical neurons. In adult mice, we observed that acute ethanol treatment increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of the R2B subunit in hippocampus but not in cerebral cortex. We also observed that acute or chronic ethanol treatments did not alter the Fyn or Csk levels in cortical neurons. Although Fyn, but not Csk, was present in adult cerebral cortex, ethanol did not phosphorylate the R2B subunit in this region. Like ethanol, MK-801 (NMDA antagonist) did not affect the phosphorylation of the R2B subunit in cortical neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that acute and chronic ethanol and MK-801 treatments do not affect the phosphorylation of the R2B subunit in fetal cortical neurons and adult cerebral cortex. Based on these observations, we speculate that the R2B subunit of the NMDA receptors is regulated by multiple cascades and in a brain region specific manner.
Coefficients for the rapid reduction of h′–f records to N–h profiles without computing aids

Abstract Tables of coefficients are presented by means of which h′–f records may be readily reduced to electron-density—height profiles without the use of computing aids. The tables presented are for any station whose magnetic dip angle does not exceed 80°. The ordinary ray trace is utilized. No special assumptions concerning profile shapes are made. Account is taken of the earth's magnetic field, but collisions are neglected. The sensitivity of these coefficients to magnetic dip angle and gyrofrequency is discussed. Sample h′–f records are reduced by means of the coefficients and the results are compared with those from the Budden matrix method.
Toxicity of municipal wastewater effluents contaminated by pentachlorophenol in southwest Missouri

Abstract Toxicity of effluents from two sewage treatment plants in Joplin, Missouri, was tested using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas . No test organisms survived in effluents from either plant, in effluents diluted with water from Turkey Creek (the receiving stream), or in water from Turkey Creek. Mortality was complete in all but the most dilute treatments of effluents, in which reconstituted water was used as the diluent. High concentrations of pentachlorophenol (130–970 μg liter −1 ) in effluents and the receiving stream likely caused mortality during the 7-day tests. Detectable concentrations of other phenolic compounds indicated the presence in Turkey Creek of other toxic by-products of pentachlorophenol manufacture. This study demonstrated the utility of biological tests of whole effluents to determine toxicity of wastewater effluents.
The potential of variational retrieval of temperature and humidity profiles from Meteosat Second Generation observations

The quality of temperature and humidity retrievals from the infrared Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) sensors on the geostationary Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites is assessed by means of a one-dimensional variational algorithm. The study is performed with the aim of improving the spatial and temporal resolution of available observations to feed analysis systems designed for high-resolution regional-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The non-hydrostatic forecast model COSMO in the ARPA-SIMC operational configuration is used to provide background fields. Only clear-sky observations over sea are processed. An optimized one-dimensional variational set-up comprised of two water-vapour and three window channels is selected. It maximizes the reduction of errors in the model backgrounds while ensuring ease of operational implementation through accurate bias correction procedures and correct radiative transfer simulations. The 1Dvar retrieval quality is first quantified in relative terms, employing statistics to estimate the reduction in the background model errors. Additionally the absolute retrieval accuracy is assessed by comparing the analysis with independent radiosonde observations. The inclusion of satellite data brings a substantial reduction in the warm and dry biases present in the forecast model. Moreover it is shown that the use of the retrieved profiles generated by the 1Dvar in the COSMO nudging scheme can locally reduce forecast errors. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
The Evolution and Development of Equity REITS: The Securitization of Equity Structures for Financing the U.S. Lodging Industry

ABSTRACT The mid-1990s saw the alignment of real estate and capital markets. The primary driver of this convergence was the increasing securitization of real estate debt and equity investments. This article discusses the evolution of REITs as innovative equity instruments during this period and their resulting impact on financing the U.S. lodging industry.