cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia: Editors' Introduction

Most individuals with schizophrenia have problems with abuse of substances ranging from licit substances, such as nicotine, to illicit ones, such as cocaine. This comorbidity may reflect self-medication, as well as a biological susceptibility to both disorders. Twin studies have suggested that this biological susceptibility may involve genetic factors. Other biological risk factors may involve the medications used to treat schizophrenia, which may produce symptoms that provoke abuse of drugs to relieve negative symptoms or may even enhance the euphoric response to abused drugs. The articles in this issue address several research areas related to substance abuse and schizophrenia, including the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and organic disorders induced by substance abuse and the impact of substance abuse on the course of early schizophrenia. The management of substance-abusing schizophrenia patients requires a careful balance of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapies, and atypical antipsychotic agents may be particularly helpful. Psychotherapy needs to focus both on the management of affect and on the adequate monitoring of drug abstinence.
Cramer–Rao lower bound on range error for LADARs with Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes

The Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) on range error is calculated for laser detection and ranging (LADAR) systems using Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GMAPDs) to detect reflected laser pulses. For the cases considered, the GMAPD range error CRLB is greater than the CRLB for a photon-counting device. It is also shown that the GMAPD range error CRLB is minimized when the mean energy in the received laser pulse is finite. Given typical LADAR system parameters, a Gaussian-envelope received pulse, and a noise detection rate of less than 4MHz, the GMAPD range error CRLB is minimized when the quantum efficiency times the mean number of received laser pulse photons is between 2.2 and 2.3.
(3aR,8aR)-2,2,6,6-Tetra-methyl-4,4,8,8-tetra-phenyl-tetra-hydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-e][1,3,2]dioxasilepine.

The title compound, C33H34O4Si, is a dioxasilepine compound, an effective chiral dopant for the determination of high helical twisting powers in liquid crystals. Its structure consists of a five-membered dioxolo ring fused to a seven-membered dioxasilepine ring which contains two sets of phenyl rings in a twisted butterfly shape attached to the two Csp3 atoms in the ring opposite each other. Two methyl groups are attached to the Si atom in the ring and two additional methyl groups are attached to the Csp3 atom in the dioxolo ring (one of which is disordered) and which lies in an envelope pattern. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the phenyl ring pairs are 85.9 (2) and 83.5 (1)°. The dihedral angles between the mean planes of the dioxolo ring and the two pairs of butterfly shaped phenyl rings are 46.2 (1), 67.7 (1), 35.6 (7) and 83.5 (1)°.
Local buckling of structural steel shapes

Abstract The objectives of this paper are to (1) provide analytical expressions for the elastic cross-section local buckling stresses, including element interaction, of hot-rolled steel structural shapes, and (2) compare these local buckling results to the assumptions inherent in the local slenderness limits of the US AISC structural steel specification. The cross-section local buckling stress is determined by finite strip analysis (FSA). Local stability of each cross-section in the AISC shapes database (excluding pipes) is considered in axial compression, as well as positive and negative bending about the major and minor geometric axes. Local buckling stresses are converted into plate buckling coefficients ( k ’s) and simplified expressions are provided for all observed k ’s. The new k ’s explicitly include elastic web-flange interaction amongst the elements comprising the cross-section. The k values from the FSA are compared to those inherently assumed in the AISC Specification, significant differences are observed.
Securing public workstations by maintaining software centrally

Considers the maintenance of secure public workstations through the use of a network server which centralizes software maintenance. Presents the experience of the libraries of the University of Minnesota. Looks at the security of the boot process, the methods of central software maintenance and server independence. Concludes that the future upgrade may complicate matters but the underlying principles should prove useful.
Quinone reductase of phytophagous insects and its induction by allelochemicals

Abstract 1. 1. Juglone reductase activity was observed in various tissues of the larva of the fall armyworm [Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] with midgut microsomes being the most active. Optimum conditions for assaying the enzyme were established. 2. 2. Allelochemicals such as α-pinene, peppermint oil, flavone, indole 3-acetonitrile and indole 3-carbinol were found to induce the reductase. 3. 3. The enzyme was also active in corn earworms, tobacco budworms and velvetbean caterpillars.
Proteomic analysis of peptides tagged with dimedone and related probes.

Owing to its labile nature, a new role for cysteine sulfenic acid (-SOH) modification has emerged. This oxidative modification modulates protein function by acting as a redox switch during cellular signaling. The identification of proteins that undergo this modification represents a methodological challenge, and its resolution remains a matter of current interest. The development of strategies to chemically modify cysteinyl-containing peptides for LC-MS/MS analysis has increased significantly within the past decade. The method of choice to selectively label sulfenic acid is based on the use of dimedone or its derivatives. For these chemical probes to be effective on a proteome-wide level, their reactivity toward -SOH must be high to ensure reaction completion. In addition, the presence of an adduct should not interfere with electrospray ionization, the efficiency of induced dissociation in MS/MS experiments, or with identification of Cys-modified peptides by automated database searching algorithms. Herein, we employ a targeted proteomics approach to study the electrospray ionization and fragmentation effects of different –SOH specific probes, and compared them to commonly used alkylating agents. We then extend our study to a whole proteome extract using shotgun proteomic approaches. These experiments enable us to demonstrate that dimedone adducts do not interfere with electrospray by suppressing the ionization nor impedes product ion assignment by automated search engines, which detect a + 138 Da increase from unmodified peptides. Collectively, these results suggest dimedone can be a powerful tool to identify sulfenic acid modifications by high-throughput shotgun proteomics of a whole proteome.
Regional transformation through technological entrepreneurship

Abstract What does it take for a region to foster technological entrepreneurship? Recently, there has been significant interest in this topic. Most writers on this topic emphasize the tangible infrastructure such as sound legal systems, transparent capital markets, advanced telecommunications and transportation systems, etc. Sound legal systems, capital markets, and other structural features are necessary prerequisites for technopreneurship; however, what I am calling the intangibles of entrepreneurship are the sufficient conditions that allow, specifically, for Schumpeterian entrepreneurship to thrive in a locality. Often, governments attempt to promote technopreneurship by injecting risk capital. They distribute these funds through small business development centers, and several regions and countries have even attempted “public” venture capital funds. However, my hypothesis is that if only risk capital is injected, it flows straight to low-quality entrepreneurship. Focusing on only risk capital, the investing government assumes that the risk capital itself will create all other prerequisites for growth. This is a major supposition. If risk capital is expected to produce extraordinary wealth, it must be accompanied by seven other intangibles, including, access to novel ideas, role models, informal forums, region-specific opportunities, safety nets, access to large markets, and executive leadership.
Coverage dependent azimuthal orientations of PF3 on Ru(0001) : adsorbate-substrate versus interadsorbate interactions in rotational dynamics

Abstract We present evidence for a coverage dependent rotational dynamics and azimuthal orientation of PF 3 Ru (0001) . ESDIAD data are interpreted to indicate that at low coverages at temperatures above 75 K PF3 rotates nearly freely about an axis normal to the surface, while the rotation is hindered at 20 K; the barrier height is 1±0.5 meV. At saturation coverage (0.33 ML) the rotation is suppressed at all temperatures below 300 K. Surprisingly, the azimuthal orientation at saturation coverage differs by 30° from that for the low coverage at 20 K, which we explain on the basis of geometrical packing arguments and competing interaction potentials.
Neonatal Sepsis 2004-2013: The Rise and Fall of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

Objectives To evaluate data for the period 2004-2013 to identify changes in demographics, pathogens, and outcomes in a single, level IV neonatal intensive care unit. Study design Sepsis episodes were identified prospectively and additional information obtained retrospectively from infants with sepsis while in the neonatal intensive care unit from 2004 to 2013. Demographics, hospital course, and outcome data were collected and analyzed. Sepsis was categorized as early (≤3 days of life) or late-onset (>3 days of life). Results Four hundred fifty-two organisms were identified from 410 episodes of sepsis in 340 infants. Ninety percent of cases were late-onset. Rates of early-onset sepsis remained relatively static throughout the study period (0.9 per 1000 live births). For the first time in decades, most (60%) infants with early-onset sepsis were very low birth weight and Escherichia coli (45%) replaced group B streptococcus (36%) as the most common organism associated with early-onset sepsis. Rates of late-onset sepsis, particularly due to coagulase-negative staphylococci, decreased significantly after implementation of several infection-prevention initiatives. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were responsible for 31% of all cases from 2004 to 2009 but accounted for no cases of late-onset sepsis after 2011. Conclusions The epidemiology and microbiology of early- and late-onset sepsis continue to change, impacted by targeted infection prevention efforts. We believe the decrease in sepsis indicates that these interventions have been successful, but additional surveillance and strategies based on evolving trends are necessary.
Comparison of two independent exposure measurement techniques for clinical I-125 seeds

This investigation contains the results of exposure measurements on two types of clinical I-125 seeds: a model 6702 no-marker seed, and a model 6711 silver wire seed. Measurements were made locally with a parallel-plate mammography chamber, traceable to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) calibration. The same seeds were also measured at NBS using a reentrant chamber that was developed and calibrated there. The mammography chamber measurements showed an approximately 5% higher exposure rate for the no-marker seed than the reentrant chamber measurements. On the silver wire seed, good agreement was obtained between the two techniques. It was found that exposure rate variations in the plane perpendicular to the long axis of the seed (or seed axis) were substantial, due in part to the nonsymmetric distribution of radioactive material in the seed.
Monocyte colony-stimulating factor stimulates binding of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to Grb2.Sos complexes in human monocytes.

Monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is required for the proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes. The activated M-CSF receptor associates with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). In the present studies, we demonstrate that M-CSF also induces direct interaction of PI 3-kinase (p85α subunit) with the SH2/SH3 adaptor protein Grb2. Tyrosine-phosphorylated PI 3-kinase interacts with the SH2 domain of Grb2. A pYRNE (pY408) site in PI 3-kinase is potentially involved in this interaction. The results also demonstrate that the PI 3-kinase·Grb2 complex associates with the guanine nucleotide exchange protein Sos. Since Sos binds to the SH3 domains of Grb2 and thereby associates with Ras at the cell membrane, formation of the PI 3-kinase·Grb2·Sos complex provides a potential mechanism for growth factor-induced interactions of PI 3-kinase and Ras.
Tubulin mRNA instability and stabilization by protein synthesis inhibitors are reproducible in nontranslating extracts from Chlamydomonas

In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, flagellar amputation stimulates an induction in the synthesis of flagellar proteins which allows the cells to rapidly regenerate their flagella. The induction involves the coordinate accumulation and rapid degradation of a large number mRNAs, including those encoding the tubulins. The post-induction degradation of induced tubulin mRNAs has been shown to differ from the constitutive turnover pathway in two ways: (1) the rate of degradation is accelerated, and (2) degradation is prevented by inhibition of protein synthesis. In this report, it is shown that the post-induction degradation of all deflagellation-induced mRNAs examined is prevented by cycloheximide (CX), suggesting they all may be degraded via the same pathway. A cell-free decay system has been developed to investigate the degradation pathway. At least two characteristics of tubulin mRNA degradation are reproducible in these extracts: (1) endogenous alpha-tubulin mRNA is less stable than constitutive mRNAs in the same extract and (2) alpha-tubulin mRNA in extracts prepared from CX-treated cells (CX extracts) is significantly more stable than it is in extracts from untreated cells (control extracts). This indicates that the mechanism by which CX blocks rapid degradation of tubulin mRNA in vivo is not simply by preventing its translation and suggests the involvement of an altered trans-factor. The difference in tubulin mRNA stability in the two extracts is maintained when the extracts are prepared under conditions that dissociate ribosomes from mRNPs, indicating intact polysome structure is not necessary. Tubulin mRNA-containing polysomes isolated from control and CX extracts are equally stable when assayed alone. However, the polysomes from control extracts are more sensitive to exogenous RNAse treatment than are those from CX extracts, indicating a structural difference. There are no detectable differences in soluble factors that influence tubulin mRNA degradation rate between control and CX extracts; addition of excess soluble factors to either control or CX extracts does not alter the tubulin mRNA degradation in the extract, nor does a simple one-to-one combination of the two extracts result in stabilization or destabilization of the whole population of tubulin mRNAs in the mixture. The deflagellation-induced mRNAs, as a group, are shown to be particularly susceptible to a nuclease activity in extracts, inhibitable by vanadyl ribonucleoside complexes, which does not appear to attack constitutive mRNAs. It is proposed that a structural difference in the tubulin mRNPs produced in the presence and absence of CX underlies their differences in stabilities, and that a common nuclease targets the induced flagellar protein mRNAs.
Diversity Topics Covered in Teaching of Psychology Courses

Teaching of psychology courses trains graduate students in pedagogy, but little is known about how diversity is addressed in these courses. A survey of instructors in teaching of psychology courses assessed their coverage of diversity and classroom bias, as well as the instructional methods used to cover them. Results indicated that 87% of instructors covered diversity issues, and 78% covered bias that occurs in the classroom. Instructors who covered diversity and bias devoted 3 to 5 hr to the topics and primarily used traditional instructional methods, such as discussion, readings, and lectures. Older instructors tended to cover fewer topics than younger instructors. Although diversity topics are part of teaching of psychology courses, it is unlikely that the time devoted to the topics is sufficient preparation for teaching in diverse classrooms.
Relationship of Community Characteristics to Harvest Reporting: Comparative Study of Household Surveys and Harvest Tickets in Alaska

Accurate harvest reporting is critical for wildlife management. Rural Alaskan communities reported a median of 42% of moose harvested via traditional harvest tickets compared to those reported in household surveys. This harvest-report ratio did not change over time. Twice as many moose were reported harvested during subsistence household surveys (n = 8,039) than on hunter harvest tickets (n = 3,557). Percentage of the community that was indigenous, used and shared moose, and absence of a wildlife biologist or road access were associated with low harvest-report ratios. Analysis revealed that household surveys provide important information about moose harvest rates and their use should be expanded. Reporting rates might be improved by building trust through respectful dialogue between hunters and managers and by placing more emphasis on the benefits of reporting harvests and less emphasis on enforcement.
Effects of a Taped-Words Treatment Procedure on Learning Disabled Students' Sight-Word Oral Reading

The effects of modeling vocabulary words using a tape recorder on six high-school learning disabled boys' sight-word reading were examined in a multiple-baseline design. Response rates were first scored during the Baseline condition when no tape recorder was used. No teacher modeling was given. Later response rates were measured during the Taped-Words condition after a tape recording only provided a model for correctly pronounced words. Results indicated an increase in correct oral response rates of isolated word lists and a sharp decrease in each student's oral error rates. Implications of the findings are drawn both for practitioners working with learning disabled students and for others involved with reading tasks. The results indicate that the students were able independently to improve their response rates through the use of the tape recorder alone, thus freeing the teacher for other kinds of instruction.
Ammonia Recycled Percolation Process for Pretreatment of Herbaceous Biomass

An ammonia-based pretreatment method termed ammonia recycled percolation (ARP) was developed for pretreating herbaceous biomass like corn cobs/stover mixture (CCSM) and switchgrass. The process involves treatment of biomass with aqueous ammonia through a percolation reactor (packed-bed, flow-through type). The effects temperature, reaction time, and ammonia concentration were studied. The extent of delignification in the ARP process was in the range of 60-80% for CCSM and 65-85% for switchgrass. The ARP process solubilized significant amounts of the hemicellulose fraction into the pretreatment effluent, yet left most of the glucan fraction intact. The experimental data on CCSM and switchgrass indicate that the ARP is a highly effective pretreatment method. Near-complete conversion of cellulose to glucose was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of ARP-treated solid samples of CCSM, whereas conversion was slightly lower for switchgrass. The rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of ARP-treated samples was substantially higher than that of a-cellulose. The ARP effluents were evaluated for fermentability/toxicity by the xylose-fermenting yeastPichia stipitis(NRRL Y-11545). The adaptability of ARP-treated solid samples to simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) was tested for ethanol production using cellulase enzyme and the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NREL, D5A).
Estimating Climate‐Change Impacts on Colorado Plateau Snowpack Using Downscaling Methods

This study develops observed climate-based downscaling transfer functions that are used with general circulation model (GCM) output to assess potential global-change impacts on Upper Colorado Plateau, USA, water resources. Daily automated snow water equivalent stations are used with 700 mb atmospheric circulation to determine empirical transfer functions. Downscaling methodologies using multiple regression and neural networks are evaluated, with the neural network results explaining approximately 70%of the daily snowfall variance. The neural network-based transfer functions are used with the GENESIS GCM to simulate snowfall characteristics in both a 1xCO2 and a 2xCO2 climate. While the total precipitation simulated by the 2xCO2 analysis remains nearly the same as today, less will fall as snow; specifically, snow water equivalence shows significant reduction (except in the Green River Basin) as the snow season is reduced by 58 days on average.
Effective clearance of methotrexate using high-flux hemodialysis membranes

Abstract We report the first series demonstrating effective clearance of methotrexate using acute intermittent hemodialysis with a high-flux dialyzer. The study was performed on six patients, two females and four males aged 13 to 72 years. All were patients at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Patients were dialyzed for 4 to 6 hours daily using a Fresenius F-80 membrane (Fresenius Inc, Walnut Creek, CA). Following the initiation of dialysis, there was a reduction in arterial and venous serum concentration of methotrexate with time. Mean plasma clearance of methotrexate during dialysis in these six patients was 92.1 ± 10.3 mL/min. One patient who was nearly functionally anephric was studied in detail. In this patient, following a high dose of methotrexate (7.2 g/m 2 ), approximately 63% of this dose was cleared with 6 hours of hemodialysis. With subsequent dialysis performed daily for 6 hours, the drug was cleared completely in 5.6 ± 0.3 days (n = 7 separate methotrexate treatments). A reduction in plasma methotrexate concentration from 1,733 ± 40 μmol/L 1 hour postinfusion to less than 0.3 μmol/L in 5 to 6 days was observed for these seven separate treatments. We conclude that significant clearance of methotrexate can be achieved with high-flux dialyzers, making methotrexate therapy a viable treatment option in patients with responsive malignancies despite the presence of renal failure.
Another Look at the Scale Analysis for Deep Moist Convecton.

Abstract In this note, a more rational approach is given to specify the parameters G and B in the scale analysis of Lipps and Hemier. The thermodynamic equation is written in a different form so that a closed expression for B can be derived. The present values of G and B are very similar to those in the previous scale analysis. A new result is that the time scale is expressed in terms of the moist convective instability rather than the inverse of the Brunt-Vsisala frequency. The ratio of volume integrated kinetic energy to volume integrated first-order sensible heat is also discussed in more detail. It is found that for an accurate estimate of sensible beat the region of compensating downward motion between the active clouds must be taken into account. As indicated by earlier authors, the amount of sensible heat produced inside the clouds is relatively small.
Genetic variations in human G protein-coupled receptors: Implications for drug therapy

Numerous genes encode G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)-a main molecular target for drug therapy. Estimates indicate that the human genome contains approximately 600 GPCR genes. This article addresses therapeutic implications of sequence variations in GPCR genes. A number of inactivating and activating receptor mutations have been shown to cause a variety of (mostly rare) genetic disorders. However, pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies on GPCRs are scarce, and therapeutic relevance of variant receptor alleles often remains unclear. Confounding factors in assessing the therapeutic relevance of variant GPCR alleles include 1) interaction of a single drug with multiple closely related receptors, 2) poorly defined binding pockets that can accommodate drug ligands in different orientations or at alternative receptor domains, 3) possibility of multiple receptor conformations with distinct functions, and 4) multiple signaling pathways engaged by a single receptor. For example, antischizophrenic drugs bind to numerous receptors, several of which might be relevant to therapeutic outcome. Without knowing accurately what role a given receptor subtype plays in clinical outcome and how a sequence variation affects drug-induced signal transduction, we cannot predict the therapeutic relevance of a receptor variant. Genome-wide association studies with single nucleotide polymorphisms could identify critical target receptors for disease susceptibility and drug efficacy or toxicity.
Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of theRFe2 compounds (R =Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu) over the temperature region 8 to 300 K

Abstract Experimental heat capacity data for the Laves phase R Fe 2 intermetallic compounds ( R =Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, and Lu) have been determined over the temperature range 8 to 300 K. The error in these data is thought to be less than 1%. Smoothed heat capacity values and the thermodynamic functions, ( H ° T − H ° 0 ) and S ° T , are reported throughout the temperature range for the R Fe 2 series. In addition, ( G ° 298 − H ° 0 ) at 298 K is reported for all the R Fe 2 compounds. These data were analyzed and it was shown that the maxima in the thermodynamic functions near HoFe 2 are due to the magnetic contribution of the lanthanide element. The lattice contribution to the entropy at 300 K was estimated, and from this quantity the Debye temperature was calculated to be about 300 K, which is in good agreement with the low-temperature heat capacity. Furthermore, this analysis indicates that the apparent electronic specific heat constants, γ′, for TbFe 2 , DyFe 2 , and HoFe 2 , reported earlier, are in error.
Disclosure of Physician-Specific Behavior Improves Blood Utilization Protocol Adherence in Cardiac Surgery

Background Evidence indicates that a transfusion (Tx) trigger hemoglobin (Hgb) value of 8 gm/dL may be safer than a more liberal Tx trigger in cardiac surgery (CS) patients. We hypothesized that weekly physician feedback would improve adherence to such a protocol, but that the public identification of individual physician behavior would have an additive effect. Methods We concurrently reviewed all adult CS patients at our institution from December 1, 2010 to May 27, 2011. We matched any cardiac surgery intensive care unit Tx event (red blood cells) with the Hgb value immediately before Tx. Patients requiring massive transfusions (>10 units/24 hours) were excluded. After all providers agreed upon a Hgb of 8 as the Tx trigger, we studied 3 consecutive time periods: no feedback, weekly feedback of group Tx behavior, and weekly feedback with identification of individual surgeon Tx behavior. Results Of the 512 patients who underwent cardiac operations, 144 patients underwent 510 Tx events. Compared with period 1, the unadjusted odds of receiving a Tx above 8 gm/dL decreased by 48% in study period 2(odds ratio: 0.52, p p p p = 0.02) with the observed to expected mortality ratio decreasing from 2.19 to 0.51. Conclusions Blood transfusion protocol adherence improves when weekly feedback is provided. Identifying individual surgeon behavior improves adherence to a greater degree. Routine presentation of quality metrics with identification of individual physician-specific behavior may be the most effective way to accomplish performance improvement.
Cardiorespiratory effects of four α2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations in captive red wolves

Objective—To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of immobilizing doses of xylazine-ketamine (XK), medetomidine-ketamine (MK), medetomidine-ketamine- acepromazine (MKA), and medetomidine-butorphanol- ketamine (MBK) in captive red wolves. Design—Prospective study. Animals—32 adult captive red wolves. Procedure—Wolves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: XK, MK, MKA, or MBK. Physiologic variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2, arterial blood gases, and rectal temperature. Induction time, muscle relaxation, and quality of recovery were assessed. Results—Heart rates were lower in wolves in the MBK group than for the other groups. All 4 drug combinations induced considerable hypertension, with diastolic pressures exceeding 116 mm Hg. Blood pressure was lowest in wolves receiving the MBK combination. Respiratory rate was significantly higher in wolves receiving XK, MK, and MKA. Tidal volumes were sim...
Rate of Incisor Growth in the Mountain Pocket Gopher

Since pocket gophers use their incisor teeth to excavate rather extensive burrow systems in hard soil, their rate of incisor growth and attrition is unusually high (Howard and Smith, 1952). The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of incisor growth of pocket gophers from different habitats, and to determine the extent to which extrusive incisor growth is a subspecific adaptation to local habitat conditions. I am grateful to Drs. Ernst Mayr and Richard M. Hansen for suggestions during the preparation of the manuscript, and to Dr. Elmer Remmenga for advice on statistical procedures. Methodsand materials .—The pocket gophers used in this study were collected from two ecologically different localities, each within the range of a different subspecies of Thomomys talpoides . One of the localities, Black Mesa, is located on the western slope of the Rockies about 27 miles west of Gunnison in Gunnison County, Colorado. The elevation of this locality is approximately 10,000 feet, the growing season is short and, although there is a fairly heavy winter snowfall, the total annual precipitation is low. The Black Mesa sample was taken from mountain meadows in which the vegetation is predominantly grasses and mixed forbs and the soil is relatively coarse and shallow. The other locality is at Livermore, Colorado, on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, about 20 miles north of Fort Collins in Larimer County, at an elevation of approximately 6,200 feet. The gophers from Livermore were trapped in irrigated alfalfa fields where the soil is a deep sandy loam. Although the gophers from Black Mesa differ from topotypes of Thomomys talpoides fossor Allen, they are at present assigned to this subspecies; those from Livermore belong to the subspecies retrorsus Hall. Pocket gophers from deep soils and low elevations tend to be larger on the …
Neurologic and cognitive deficits in children with cystinosis

Many neurologic symptoms occur with coughing paroxysms in patients with CF. Few seek medical advice for these symptoms. Rarely, a patient who reports these symptoms should be evaluated further for more serious neurologic conditions, including brain abscess. 12 However, for most patients it seems reasonable to offer reassurance that, although the symptoms may be alarming, the incidence of irreversible sequelae appears small.
Real-space observation of the reconstruction of Au(100)

Abstract We have investigated the reconstruction of the Au(100) surface with scanning tunneling microscopy. The measured corrugation pattern is described in detail by an isotropically contracted and slightly rotated, buckled hexagonal top layer, forming an incommensurate Au on Au structure. Contraction of atomic spacing is 3.82%, rotation 0.1°. The underlying cubic layer determines the vertical position of the top-layer atoms but its structure appears to have little or no influence on the contraction. The resulting interference pattern shows a dominant buckling of various 1× 5 corrugations arranged in an apparently large unit cell, which is approximately X 0 Z Y , where X = 24 ± 3, Y = 48 or 43, depending on temperature, and − 5 ⩽ Z. ⩽ 0.
Pb2MnF6: Antiferromagnet and superionic conductor☆

Abstract Measurements of the EPR linewidth versus temperature indicate Pb 2 MnF 6 is an antiferromagnet with T N = 30 ± 1 K. The disappearance of the low-field NMR lines at T N confirms these results. The coalescence of the 19 F NMR lines above 500 K show the anion conductivity to be comparable to PbF 2 .
Creation of biomolecule arrays by electrostatic immobilization on electron-beam-irradiated polystyrene thin films

Thin polystyrene films irradiated by an electron beam to create trapped charge are shown to immobilize the positively-charged protein, avidin-fluorescein. Using electron-beam lithography, fluorescent patterns with a minimum feature size of were formed. The electrostatic nature of the immobilization was supported by the spatial and temporal features of the immobilization process. Additional evidence for an electrostatic mechanism was obtained from experiments to screen the trapped charge density with poly-L-lysine.
Variation in the suppression or enhancement of responses related to drug habits as a function of stimulus classes and competing response categories.

Male prisoners who were opiate addicts (N = 47) were given three Process Association Tests of Addiction containing stimuli which evoked responses characteristic of three levels of drug habits: beginning and ending stage of addiction, intermediate stage of addiction, and an advanced level of addiction. Each test required subjects to associate 278 word stimuli with one of five options which were randomly selected from among 20 options covering the stages of addiction, steps in drug taking, and drug effects. The purpose of the study was to determine whether responses to particular options suppressed or enhanced responses to other options. A strong interaction was found between the classes of stimuli and the response options which produced suppression or enhancement. This interaction made it possible to develop a suppression scale to measure the effect of each class of stimulus. Popular responses most frequently suppressed responses of other options. Thus, when the stimuli were clean, responses of "to be clean" and "to live a normal life," which are sensitive indicators of the beginning or ending stages of addiction , suppressed responses of other stages. The response of "to be high," a prime indicator of an intermediate habit, suppressed responses of other options when the stimuli were drug names. Responses of "to be hooked" and "to fix," which are specific indicators of a strong habit, and "to be high," which is a nonspecific indicator of a strong habit, suppressed responses of many other options. In the development of new association tests the analysis of suppression could provide a basis for selectively varying option groupings in order to increase or decrease the frequently of certain responses.
Preface to the Focused Issue on Earthquake Simulators

This focused issue of Seismological Research Letters describes some earthquake simulators and some results of using them on a fault model that encompasses a fairly comprehensive set of faults in California, excluding the Cascadia megathrust. Earthquake simulators are computer programs that model long histories of earthquake occurrence and slip using various approximations of what is known about the physics of stress transfer due to fault slip and the rheological properties of faults. The purpose of these large simulations of earthquake history is to learn about the statistical behavior of earthquakes within the simulated region in the hope that the simulated earthquake catalogs can demonstrate to us some aspects of earthquake behavior that observations cannot. The difficulty with basing our knowledge of earthquake behavior only on observations is that the record of earthquake occurrence from the combination of instrumental, historical, and paleoseismic data is too short and incomplete. As the results of the simulation studies described herein show, and as is recognized by everyone studying earthquake occurrence, the observation time needed is longer than is represented in our limited data, especially for the largest earthquakes that represent the greatest seismic hazard. Clearly, for earthquake simulators to be considered valid, they need to be consistent with our temporally‐constrained observations. This is necessary, if not sufficient, for us to have faith in the result of earthquake simulators. Presumably, the greater the extent of known physics that can be included in an earthquake simulator is, the more likely it is to correctly represent actual behavior. However, limitations on computational power presently constrain our ability to include as much physics as is known into earthquake simulators while, at the same time, including a large number of faults that are represented with …
Sexually dimorphic sterility phenotypes in Hoxa10-deficient mice.

THE Abdominal B (AbdB) genes constitute a distinct subfamily of homeobox genes that exhibit posterior domains of expression1,2, including the genital imaginal disc in Drosophila and the develop-ing urogenital system in vertebrates3,4. We have mutated the AbdB gene Hoxal0 in mice. We report here that homozygotes are fully viable and show an anterior homeotic transformation of lumbar vertebrae. All male homozygotes manifest bilateral cryptorchidism resulting in severe defects in spermatogenesis and increasing steril-ity with age. Female homozygotes ovulate normally, but about 80% are sterile because of death of embryos between days 2.5 and 3.5 post coitum. This coincides spatially and temporally with expression of maternal Hoxal0 in distal oviductal and uterine epithelium. These results indicate a role for AbdB Hox genes in male and female fertility and suggest that maternal Hoxal0 is required to regulate the expression of a factor that affects the viability of preimplantation embryos.
Nanoparticle manipulation using a plasmonic nano-tweezer with an integrated heat sink

Making use of the field enhancement and confinement, and thermal management, of a template-stripped localized surface plasmon resonance structure, we experimentally demonstrate the trapping and rotation of 110 nm diameter polystyrene nanoparticles.
Multiscale suboctave wavelet transform for denoising and enhancement

This paper describes an approach for accomplishing sub- octave wavelet analysis and its discrete implementation for noise reduction and feature enhancement. Sub-octave wavelet transforms allow us to more closely characterize features within distinct frequency bands. By dividing each octave into sub-octave components, we demonstrate a superior ability to capture transient activities in a signal or image more reliably. De-noising and enhancement are accomplished through techniques of minimizing noise energy and nonlinear processing of transform coefficient energy by gain.
Cytotoxicity of sanguinarine chloride to cultured human cells from oral tissue

The in vitro cytotoxicity of sanguinarine chloride, a dental product used in the treatment of gingivitis and plaque, was compared using cell lines and primary cells from oral human tissues. For the established cell lines, sanguinarine chloride exhibited similar potencies to S-G gingival epithelial cells and to KB carcinoma cells, whereas HGF-1 gingival fibroblasts were more tolerant. However, a gingival primary cell culture was more sensitive to sanguinarine chloride than were the established cell lines. Detailed studies were performed with the S-G cells. The 24-hr midpoint (NR50) cytotoxicity value towards the S-G cells was 7.6 microM, based on the neutral red cytotoxicity assay; vacuolization and multinucleation were noted. When exposed to sanguinarine chloride for 3 days, a lag in growth kinetics was first observed at 1.7 microM. Damage to the integrity of the plasma membrane was evident, as leakage of lactic acid dehydrogenase occurred during a 3 hr exposure to sanguinarine chloride at 0.1275 mM and greater. The cytotoxicity of sanguinarine chloride to the S-G cells was lessened in the presence of an S9 hepatic microsomal fraction from Aroclor-induced rats or by including fetal bovine serum (15%) in the exposure medium. Progressively increasing the pH from 6.0 to 7.8 enhanced the potency of sanguinarine chloride, presumably due to the enhanced uptake of the lipophilic alkanolamine form, as compared to that of the cationic iminium form.
Distinguishing vaccine efficacy and effectiveness

Abstract Background Mathematical models of disease transmission and vaccination typically assume that protective vaccine efficacy (i.e. the relative reduction in the transmission rate among vaccinated individuals) is equivalent to direct effectiveness of vaccine. This assumption has not been evaluated. Methods We used dynamic epidemiological models of influenza and measles vaccines to evaluate the common measures of vaccine effectiveness in terms of both the protection of individuals and disease control within populations. We determined how vaccine-mediated reductions in attack rates translate into vaccine efficacy as well as into the common population measures of ‘direct’, ‘indirect’, ‘total’, and ‘overall’ effects of vaccination with examples of compartmental models of influenza and measles vaccination. Results We found that the typical parameterization of vaccine efficacy using direct effectiveness of vaccine can lead to the underestimation of the impact of vaccine. Such underestimation occurs when the vaccine is assumed to offer partial protection to every vaccinated person, and becomes worse when the level of vaccine coverage is low. Nevertheless, estimates of ‘total’, ‘indirect’ and ‘overall’ effectiveness increase with vaccination coverage in the population. Furthermore, we show how the measures of vaccine efficacy and vaccine effectiveness can be correctly calculated. Conclusions Typical parameterization of vaccine efficacy in mathematical models may underestimate the actual protective effect of the vaccine, resulting in discordance between the actual effects of vaccination at the population level and predictions made by models. This work shows how models can be correctly parameterized from clinical trial data.
STUDENTS ON THE MOVE: AN ARTICULATION TRANSFER INFORMATION FEEDBACK MODEL

This study presents an in‐depth examination of the articulation and transfer process of two‐year college students to four‐year colleges and universities. The primary purpose was to identify categories of information needed for the development of an articulation and transfer information model. The model addresses categories of information regarding frequency of need, potential use, and relative importance. In addition to written documentation, such as policy statements, three interview schedules were developed to gather data from two‐year college staff, two‐year college students preparing to transfer and for students who had transferred from a two‐year college and were enrolled in a four‐year institution. These interviews were conducted at each of Alabama's 21 publicly‐supported junior and community colleges. The model as developed contains 12 major and 17 subsidiary categories of information.
Design of circular plates for minimum weight

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Problem der Bemessung einer elastischplastischen Kreisplatte veranderlicher Dicke von minimalem Gewicht. Die Platte ist am Rand frei drebhar gelagert oder eingespannt und tragt eine rotationssymmetrische, sonst beliebig verteilte Last. Es wird das vonDrucker undShield entwickelte Verfahren zur Dimensionierung verwendet, welches ein absolutes Minimum fur das Gewicht einer Sandwichplatte und ein relatives Minimum fur dasjenige einer homogenen Platte liefert.
Regionally-specific alterations in mesotelencephalic dopamine synthesis in diabetic rats: association with precursor tyrosine

The effect of diabetes-induced chronic tyrosine (Tyr) deficiency on dopamine (DA) synthesis in different areas of the mesotelencephalic DA system was examined. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin. In vivo Tyr hydroxylation was used as an index of DA synthesis. The brain areas examined were prefrontal cortex (PFC), pyriform cortex (PYR), olfactory tubercle (OT), caudate-putamen (CP), substantia nigra (SN), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Significant decreases in Tyr hydroxylation were observed in PFC, CP, and PYR. The largest decrease was seen in the PFC. Variations in tissue Tyr levels were shown to account for 62% of the variability in Tyr hydroxylation in the PFC, and 23% of the variability in the CP; a significant correlation between Tyr levels and Tyr hydroxylation was not seen in the other brain areas. The mechanisms underlying this regionally selective effect, and possible clinical relevance are discussed.
Equivalence of the Rayleigh solution and the extended-boundary-condition solution for scattering problems

Methods based on the Rayleigh hypothesis (e.g. the point-matching method) for numerically solving wave-diffraction problems are shown to be equivalent to the exact extended-boundary-condition method. It is concluded that the Rayleigh hypothesis is exact, although, in general, it is necessary to interpret it in the generalised function sense.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates prostaglandin h2 synthase nitration and suppresses eicosanoid production.

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates the biological levels of arachidonate-derived cell signaling molecules by either enhancing or suppressing the activity of prostaglandin H2 isoforms (PGHS-1 and PGHS-2). Whether NO activates or suppresses PGHS activity is determined by alternative protein modifications mediated by NO and NO-derived species. Here, we show that inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and PGHS-1 co-localize in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE−/− mouse aortae. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry revealed Tyr nitration in PGHS-1 in aortic lesions but markedly less in adjacent nonlesion tissue. PGHS-2 was also found in lesions, but 3-nitrotyrosine incorporation was not detected. 3-Nitrotyrosine formation in proteins is considered a hallmark reaction of peroxynitrite, which can form via NO-superoxide reactions in an inflammatory setting. That iNOS-derived NO is essential for 3-nitrotyrosine modification of PGHS-1 was confirmed by the absence of 3-nitrotyrosine in lesions from ApoE−/−iNOS−/− mice. Mass spectrometric studies specifically identified the active site residue Tyr385 as a 3-nitrotyrosine modification site in purified PGHS-1 exposed to peroxynitrite. PGHS-mediated eicosanoid (PGE2) synthesis was more than fivefold accelerated in cultured iNOS−/− versus iNOS-expressing mouse aortic smooth muscle cells, suggesting that iNOS-derived NO markedly suppresses PGHS activity in vascular cells. These results further suggest a regulatory role of iNOS in eicosanoid biosynthesis in human atherosclerotic lesions.
Designing and Operation of Reactors for Suspension Polymerization of Vinyl Chloride

Abstract For suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride there are considerable economic incentives to develop improved operational techniques. For future plants a method to optimize readily both the design and operating techniques is needed. In such cases, consideration must be given to several design variables, operating parameters, and economic considerations. For existing plants the preferred procedures for polymerization may change a t frequent intervals because of variations in costs, availability of materials, and demands for specific PVC products.
How Does Percolation Behavior Influence Binding? A Comparison of 2,4-Xylidine and 2,4-Dichlorophenol at/in Ruthenium(II)-tris-Bipyridine/Titanium Dioxide Co-doped Zeolite Y

Ruthenium(II)-tris-bipyridine/titanium dioxide co-doped zeolite Y (Ru(bpy)32+/TiO2/Y) are efficient and long-term stable heterogeneous photocatalysts in solar Fenton-type oxidation reactions. Howev...