cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of high-temperature exposure on sugar content and chipping quality of potatoes

Kennebec and White Rose potatoes harvested at different dates were exposed for 2 or 4 days to temperatures above 25 C, then transferred to 20 C. Increase in concentration of total sugars was stimulated by exposure to high temperature, but diminished during holding at lower temperature. Reducing sugars were not affected similarly. High total sugar concentration enhanced darkening of chips. Light-colored chips were obtained from tubers transferred to 20 C after exposure to high temperature, provided tubers had a low reducing sugar concentration.
A disaggregate econometric analysis of electricity distribution capital costs

Abstract Under the assumption that electric utilities minimize their capital, labor, and electric losses costs in each local distribution system, capital input demand functions are developed at a highly disaggregated level and econometrically estimated, using cross-sectional data on 55 communities served by Long Island Lighting Company. These functions are then used to clarify such policy issues as the allocation of joint capital costs on the basis of marginal costs, the existence of economies of scale and density, and the appropriateness of natural monopoly status for electricity distribution.
Embeddings and Extensions in the Digital Plane in the Max and Related Metrics

Embeddings and Extensions in the Digital Planein the Max and Related MetricsRegina B. CohenVillanova University, Department of Mathematical SciencesVillanova, PA 19085ABSTRACTAll four point sets in the plane are congruent in the max metric to one of twelve types. Giveninterpoint distances, it can be determined from the betweenness relations (or lack thereof) whichtype is required. Then it is evident which further points may be embedded.Let k be the metric in R2
The end of slavery among the Yoruba

(1998). The end of slavery among the Yoruba. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 19, Slavery and Colonial Rule in Africa, pp. 232-249.
Penetration of Cephalothin and Cefoxitin into Experimental Infections with Bacteroides fragilis

addition of cephalothin. The concentration of cephalothin in broth decreased rapidly within 2 hr and was undetectable within 24 hr, whereas the level of cefoxitin decreased only 25% over the 24-hr period. Penetration of these drugs into perforated ping pong balls implanted intraperitoneally in rabbits was studied. Three weeks after implantation the reservoirs were infected with B. fragilis. After intramuscular administration of five doses of antibiotic, the penetration of cephalothin, as measured by bioassay, in uninfected and infected capsules was 16% and 2%, respectively, of the peak serum concentration; similar findings were noted with cefoxitin. For determination of the rate of breakdown within the infected site, radiolabeled antibiotic was injected into the capsule, and the concentrations of bioactive and radioactive drug were determined. With radiolabeled cephalothin there was a rapid decrease in bioactivity during the initial 60 min, and no active drug was measurable after 2 hr. In contrast, only 40% of cefoxitin was inactivated at the end of 6 hr. The results indicate that levels of cephalothin and cefoxitin are reduced significantly in sites infected with B. fragilis. The decrease appears to be mediated by both a decrease in penetration and inactivation at the site of infection. Treatment of infections due to Bacteroides fragilis with cephalosporin antibiotics has been disappointing. This experience is illustrated by a prospective study of penetrating abdominal trauma in which the antibiotic combination of cephalothin plus kanamycin was compared with that of clindamycin plus kanamycin as an initial treatment regimen [1]. The patients receiving clindamycin responded better than those given cephalothin in terms of both bacteriologic and clinical cure. The rate of recovery of anaerobes from infected wounds of patients receiving clindamycin was only 4% as compared with 46% for those receiving cephalothin. The results of therapy were compared in terms of the two major complica
FOREST AND CLIMATIC GRADIENTS ALONG THE SOUTHEAST SHORELINE OF LAKE MICHIGAN1

ABSTRACT An analysis of forest types within the zone of sand dunes along the southeast shoreline of Lake Michigan indicated that mesophytic tree species, principally Quercus rubra (red oak) and Acer saccharum (sugar maple), were dominant in Berrien County, Michigan, whereas the more xerophytic Quercus velutina (black oak) was dominant in Porter County, Indiana. Greater climatic modification by Lake Michigan in Berrien County was the hypothesized control of this forest distribution, and a preliminary climatic survey during the summer of 1967 suggested that nocturnal relative humidity values may be typically higher in that area. A causal relationship between this climatic pattern and the higher incidence of fires in Porter County is proposed, and it is suggested that the Quercus velutina forests may be perpetuated by fire.
NITRIC OXIDE MEDIATES LEPTIN-INDUCED LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE(LHRH) AND LHRH AND LEPTIN-INDUCED LH RELEASE FROM THE PITUITARY GLAND

Previous experiments have demonstrated that leptin releases luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) from median eminence (ME)-arcuate explants from male rats and also stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH from anterior pituitaries with a potency not significantly different from that of LHRH itself. To determine the mechanism by which leptin acts at both the hypothalamic and pituitary level, we evaluated the effect of a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA) on the response to leptin. To evaluate the role of NO in the action of leptin to release LHRH, ME-arc explants were incubated with leptin (10[-11] M), a concentration shown earlier to give the most effective stimulation of LHRH release. NMMA (3 x 10[-4] M) completely inhibited the LHRH release induced by leptin. In other experiments, hemi-anterior pituitaries were incubated with NMMA with and without leptin at various concentrations (10[-9] - 10[-6] M). As in the case of hypothalamic explants, NMMA had no effect on basal release of LH; however, it completely blocked the stimulation of LH release induced by leptin. Interestingly, the release of LH induced by LHRH (4 x 10[-9] M) was also completely blocked by the inhibitor of NOS. The results provide evidence that leptin acts both at hypothalamic and pituitary level to stimulate NO release, presumably by acting on its receptors at both sites which then induces the release of either LHRH or LH, respectively. Furthermore, LH release induced by LHRH is also mediated by NO.
Embroidered Conductive Fibers on Polymer Composite for Conformal Antennas

We provide a novel class of conformal antennas based on embroidered conductive metal-polymer fibers (E-fiber) on polymer-ceramic composites. This new technology offers attractive mechanical and RF performance when compared to traditional flat and rigid circuits and antennas. The proposed E-fiber components are consisted of high strength and flexible polymer fiber cores and conductive metallic coatings. They were fabricated using automatic embroidery process, followed by assembly with polydimethylsiloxane and rare-earth titanate ceramic composites. Such composite substrates were tape-casted, and capable of providing tunable dielectric constant from 3 to 12 with a low tanδ <; 10-2 up to GHz frequencies. Basic RF prototypes, such as transmission lines (TL), patch antennas, and antenna arrays were fabricated for experimental evaluation. Measurement of the prototypes were conducted and compared to their copper counterparts. The RF characteristics of the E-fiber TLs exhibited an insertion loss of only 0.03 dB/cm higher than copper TLs up to 4 GHz . Also, the E-fiber patch antenna and antenna array exhibited 0.3 dB and 0.6 dB lower gains, respectively, than their copper counterparts. When applied onto a cylindrical surface, both the E-fiber patch antenna and antenna array only suffered 1 dB loss in realized gain, which is quite remarkable when compared with traditional antennas.
Gender differences in the relationships between multiple measures of alcohol consumption and physical and mental health.

: Background: Epidemiological research examining health consequences of alcohol consumption generally relies on average volume consumed, yet examinations of drinking patterns show different dimensions of use associated with different health outcomes. Gender differences in metabolism and body composition may lead to gender-specific consequences of drinking frequency, quantity consumed per occasion, average amount consumed, and drinking pattern. Inconsistent results suggest gender differences are not well understood. Methods: Participants were 3069 male and 2600 female health maintenance organization survey respondents. Gender differences in relationships between alcohol consumption and health were examined using analyses of covariance adjusting for age alone and for age, ethnicity, marital status, body water index, and smoking. Past-year alcohol consumption (frequency, quantity per occasion, average drinks per month, and drinking pattern) and health measures (Short Form-36 general health, physical functioning, mental health subscales) were examined. Results: Gender × drinking frequency and drinking quantity interactions were significant in age-adjusted and fully adjusted models of general health and physical functioning. Gender interactions for drinking pattern were significant in the age-adjusted model and marginally significant in the fully adjusted model. No gender × drinking measure interactions were found for mental health. Fully adjusted models attenuated but did not eliminate gender differences for health and magnified relationships for functioning, the latter after adjusting for body water. For both genders, light to moderate consumption and more frequent drinking were associated with better health and functioning; relationships were stronger among women than men. Conclusions: Gender × drinking measure interactions in health outcomes suggest analyses should include such interactions except, possibly, for mental health. Adjusting for potential confounders can attenuate (general health) or magnify (physical functioning) gender differences. Functional status appears a sensitive measure for evaluating gender differences in alcohol's health effects, adjusting for body water. Women's health may benefit proportionally more from moderate drinking than men's.
Transfer factor in vitro: chromatography of components that enhance antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation.

Abstract Human dialyzable transfer factor (TF-D) was obtained from two sources: commercial blood bank buffy-coat preparations and leukocyte-rich plasma of dextran-sedimented whole blood. After Sephadex G-25 chromatography of TF-D, column fraction pools were assayed for effect on antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in vitro . Both sources of TF-D gave broad elution patterns of proliferation-enhancing activity. However, a discrete activity pattern was obtained, with most of the active material appearing at one total column volume, upon fractionation of relatively small sample sizes of TF-D prepared by the dextran sedimentation method. Conditions of chromatography did not account for spread of activity since localized elution patterns were seen for radiolabeled markers such as polyamines, thymidine, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, folic acid, adenine, and hypoxanthine chromatographed in a mixture with TF-D. These observations, suggesting antigen-dependent enhancing activity from many of the chemically heterogeneous small (dialyzable) molecules in human TF-D, are supported by experiments showing such activity from physiological amounts of added folinic acid and by reports of others showing activity from nanogram amounts of added polyamines and vitamin A, although the quality and quantity of activity elution patterns suggest the presence of other active materials in addition to polyamines, vitamin A, and folates.
An inverse spectral theory of Gel'fand-Levitan-type for higher order differential operators

An inverse spectral theory is presented for certain linear ordinary differential operators of arbitrary even order n which generalizes the Gel'fand-Levitan theory for Sturm-Liouville operators. It is proved that the coefficients in these operators are uniquely determined by n−1 distinct spectral matrices. Our method of proof makes use of a transformation due to M.K. Fage which generalizes the Povzner-Levitan transformations for Sturm-Liouville operators
Nanocluster Formation and Stabilization Fundamental Studies: Ranking Commonly Employed Anionic Stabilizers via the Development, Then Application, of Five Comparative Criteria

To start, a brief introduction is provided on the importance of transition-metal nanoclusters, on the need to develop and then apply methods to rank the nanocluster formation and then stabilizing abilities of commonly employed anions, solvents, cations, and polymers, and on the somewhat confused literature of nanocluster stabilization. The fundamental importance of surface-adsorbed anions in transition-metal nanocluster stabilization is noted, the reason the present studies begin with a study of nanocluster-stabilizing anions. Next, five criteria, as well as the associated experimental methods, are developed to evaluate the efficacy of nanocluster stabilizing agents. The criteria are of fundamental significance in that they allow the separation of stabilizing agent effects on nanocluster formation from those on nanocluster stabilization. The results from applying the five criteria to four commonly employed anions lead to the first "anion series" of relative nanocluster-formation and stabilizing abilities, at least for the Ir(0) nanoclusters examined and by the following five criteria: [(P(2)W(15)Nb(3)O(61))(2)O](16-) (a Brphinsted-basic polyoxoanion) > C(6)H(5)O(7)(3-) (citrate trianion) > [-CH(2)-CH(CO(2))-](n)(n-) (polyacrylate) approximately Cl(-). In addition to the needed methods and the first anion series, six other (8 total) conclusions are reached, important insights in an area previously lacking hard information about which anions are the better choices for nanocluster formation and stabilization. The results are also of significance in establishing polyoxoanions, notably highly charged and basic polyoxoanions such as [(P(2)W(15)Nb(3)O(61))(2)O](16)(-), as the present "Gold Standards" among currently known nanocluster stabilizing anions, and according to the above five criteria. Such standards provide a reference point for future work aspiring to develop even better nanocluster stabilizing anions, solvents, cations, and polymers or their combinations.
The metabolism of human sex hormone-binding globulin in the rhesus monkey.

The metabolism of human sex hormone-binding globulin (hSHBG) was studied in eight female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulaffa) after the pulse injection of (1251)- hSHBG. hSHBG was iodinated with lZ5l using a chloramine T technique, and the (1251)- hSHBG was separated from other constituents by molecular sieve chromatography with a Sephadex 0-25 column. The (1251)-hSHBG was administered intravenously as a pulse in 2 ml of phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, to each of eight rhesus monkeys. Blood samples (2.0 ml) were obtained at 2, 4, 6, 8, 24, 30, 45, and 54 hr after the injection. The glycoproteins were precipitated with concanavalin A-Sepharose, and the radioactivity was measured. The concentration of radioactivity as fraction of dose/ml of serum was plotted on a semilog scale against time. The disappearance of radioactivity could be expressed best as the sum of two exponentials, with a mean k SE fq,2 of 2.5 2 0.4 and 33.1 2 3.7 hr, respectively. The initial volume of distribution was 461 2 78 ml and the metabolic clearance rate was 559 f 66 ml/day. The very low clearance rate and prolonged tn are compatible with a relative stability in the circulating mass of SHBG. Rapid changes in concentration of SHBG could be due to changes in serum volume, reversible changes in tissue distribution of SHBG, or the secretion of variable forms of desialylated SHBG. (P.S.E.B.M. 1992, Vol 2011
Single-atom cavity-enhanced absorption. I. Photon statistics in the bad-cavity limit

The photon statistics of the transmitted light from a driven cavity containing a single resonant two-level atom are studied in the bad-cavity limit. For weak driving fields, the second-order intensity correlation function shows novel nonclassical behavior due to the interference of the driving field and forward reradiation from the atom. This behavior is related to squeezing in the cavity transmission. A physical interpretation is given in terms of the reduced quantum state of the coupled atom-field system following photodetection. >
Cellular growth in biofilms

In this paper we develop a macroscopic evolutionary equation for the growth of the cellular phase starting from a microscopic description of mass transport and a simple structured model for product formation. The methods of continuum mechanics and volume averaging are used to develop the macroscopic representation by carefully considering the fluxes of chemical species that pertain to cell growth. The concept of structured models is extended to include the transport of reacting chemical species at the microscopic scale. The resulting macroscopic growth model is similar in form to previously published models for the transport of a single substrate and electron donor and for the production of cellular mass and exopolymer. The method of volume averaging indicates under what conditions the developed growth model is valid and provides an explicit connection between the relevant microscopic model parameters and their corresponding macroscopic counterparts.
Factors affecting the turnover of different groups of part-time workers

Abstract Past research on employee attitudes and behavior has focused mainly on full-time employees. When part-time employees have been studied, the research has concentrated on the differences between full-time and part-time employees. Recent research has suggested that part-time employees should not be viewed as a single, undifferentiated group. Instead part-time workers can be classified into separate groups using theoretically based demographic variables, attachments, and roles outside of the focal employer. The present study provides support for the proposition that part-time employee group membership accounts for incremental variance in predicting turnover. The present study also provides additional support for the premise that organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and perceived employment alternatives differentially predict turnover for these part-time groups. Implications for researchers and employers are discussed.
Development of malignant hyperthermia during mitral valve replacement

Abstract Malignant hypothermia is a genetically predisposed, potentially fatal disorder triggered by anesthetic agents. The early diagnosis and treatment of malignant hyperthermia is essential, yet often difficult, because the signs and symptoms of this disorder are not unique to the disease. When the patient is also undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass ihis disorder may be very difficult to recognize. In this article, we report a case of malignant hyperthermia diagnosed during mitral valve replacement and discuss the preoperative and postoperative management possibilities. The unusualness of this case stems from the fact that the patient had centronuclear myopathy. Although reported with other types of myopathies, centronuclear myopathy has rarely been associated with malignant hyperthermia. This episode of malignant hyperthermia was diagnosed by intraoperative measurements showing increased oxygen consumption despite hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
The Influence of Decision Frames and Vision Priming on Decision Outcomes in Work Groups: Motivating Stakeholder Considerations

Organizational leaders are increasingly emphasizing a stakeholder perspective in order to address concerns about business ethics. This study examined the choices of 94 groups in the context of a business decision-making simulation to determine how specific actions and communications can facilitate the consideration of different stakeholder perspectives. In particular, we examined whether generally framing the business situation as one involving diverse stakeholders versus a primarily profit-driven operation (referred to as framing), and whether specific suggestions that participants consider the concerns of stakeholders versus stockholders in maximizing the value of the firm (referred to as vision priming), would influence group choices and decision outcomes. We tested four experimental conditions against a control in a 2 × 2 experimental design to determine the effects that group choices had on decision outcomes when groups were exposed to stakeholder versus stockholder decision framing and stakeholder versus stockholder vision priming. The results revealed that the consistent conditions outperformed the control condition and that vision priming has a greater impact on decision outcomes than decision framing.
Artificial erection by perfusion of penile arteries

The dorsal and cavernous arteries of the penis in 14 cadavers and 4 surgical specimens were studied, and the role of these vessels in producing erection was evaluated. For the first time, erection was produced in a cadaver by the perfusion of the cavernous artery. Perfusing the dorsal artery resulted in distention but not erection, and the dorsal artery showed extensive anastomoses between all six arteries of the penis. The cavernous artery appears to be very important for erection, with the dorsal artery playing a relatively smaller role. Surgically, however, both vessels may lend themselves to vascular shunts in the treatment of vasculogenic impotence.
Modulation of GDP-Dissociation Inhibitor Protein Membrane Retention by the Cellular Redox State in Adipocytes

Abstract Small GTPases of the Rab family play a key role in the regulation of vesicular transport in eukaryotic cells. As they cycle on and off membranes, Rab proteins rely on the escort services of the GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI) proteins. While specific recognition of Rab–GDI complexes by membrane targets is suggested, the mechanisms underlying the subsequent GDI release into the cytosol remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that modulations of the cellular redox status in intact rat fat cells, 3T3-L1 adipocytes in culture, and other cultured cell types result in rapid, effective, dose-dependent, and selective membrane dynamics of GDI-1 and -2, membrane retention under reduced redox state, or dissociation under oxidized conditions. GDI retention on adipocyte membranes is associated with a complete arrest of insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters onto plasma membrane. Together, these data suggest, first, that following Rab delivery to membranes, GDI release is promoted by a shift in the redox state and, second, that arrest of GDIs on membranes inhibits intracellular membrane trafficking events.
Recent Changes in the Zooplankton Assemblage of Waldo Lake, Oregon

ABSTRACT Since 1969, two years after introductions of Mysis relicta, the species composition and total density of zooplankton in ultraoligotrophic Waldo Lake have undergone significant changes. During our study, spanning 1969–1998, taxa richness and zooplankter body size decreased. Zooplankton density increased by three orders of magnitude, from <1 m−3 to greater than 600 m−3. Hesperodiaptomus persisted from 1969 through 1998, and appears to be a major determinant in zooplankton dynamics. Rotifers, except Collotheca, were held to extremely low numbers, and cyclopoid copepods were eliminated. Bosminal longirostris, the only cladoceran which is presently common in the limnetic zone of this high altitude lake, exhibits daytime avoidance of the surface waters possibly due to high light intensities.
The fate of cryopreserved nerve isografts and allografts in normal and immunosuppressed rats

Donor Schwann cells, perineurial cells, and vasculature are known to survive in grafts of peripheral nerve. In the present study, we attempted to cryopreserve nerve to determine whether these cellular components of nerve would survive after transplantation and support host axonal regeneration through the graft. Four-centimeter lengths of peroneal nerves were removed from inbred adult American Cancer Institute (ACI) rats and placed into vials that contained a cryoprotective mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and formamide (DF) at room temperature. Each vial with nerves in DF was cooled at a rate of 1–1.5°C/minute down to –40°C at which point the vials were plunged into liquid nitrogen at –196°C. After 5 weeks of storage, the nerves were thawed and DF removed. Some of the cryopreserved-thawed ACI nerves were transplanted as isografts into the legs of ACI rats. Other ACI nerves were used as allografts and inserted into immunologically normal Fischer (FR) rats that were untreated or were immunosuppressed with the drug Cyclosporin A (Cy-A). At surgery, only one end of the nerve graft was joined to the cut proximal end of the peroneal nerve of the host. The cellular elements of ACI grafts were present at 5 weeks in grafts removed from ACI rats and FR rats treated with Cy-A. Non-immunosuppressed FR rats rejected ACI nerves as did FR rats in whom Cy-A was stopped after 5 weeks of treatment. All surviving ACI grafts underwent Wallerian degeneration and consisted of columns of Schwann cells, which in their proximal portion were associated with regenerating host axons. The donor perineurial sheath and vasculature were also present in surviving grafts. ACI isografts only were examined 20 weeks postoperatively. All normal tissue components survived in these older grafts and contained regenerated and myelinated host axons throughout their 4 cm lengths. These results demonstrated that the cellular elements of nerve can be cryopreserved, and after transplantation, survive and function. Because nerves survived after prolonged cryopreservation, it seems feasible to establish a nerve bank from which grafts can be withdrawn to repair gaps in injured nerves. However, cryopreserved nerves used as allografts remain immunogenic and require immunosuppression for their survival. Published in 1993 by Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pilot task-based assessment of noise levels among firefighters.

Abstract Purpose Over one million American firefighters are routinely exposed to various occupational hazards. While efforts have been made to identify and reduce some causes of injuries and illnesses among firefighters, relatively little has been done to evaluate and understand occupational noise exposures in this group. The purpose of this pilot study was to apply a task-based noise exposure assessment methodology to firefighting operations to evaluate potential noise exposure sources, and to use collected task-based noise levels to create noise exposure estimates for evaluation of risk of noise-induced hearing loss by comparison to the 8-hr and 24-hr recommended exposure limits (RELs) for noise of 85 and 80.3 dBA, respectively. Methods Task-based noise exposures ( n = 100 measurements) were measured in three different fire departments (a rural department in Southeast Michigan and suburban and urban departments in Northern California). These levels were then combined with time-at-task information collected from firefighters to estimate 8-hr noise exposures for the rural and suburban fire departments ( n = 6 estimates for each department). Data from 24-hr dosimetry measurements and crude self-reported activity categories from the urban fire department ( n = 4 measurements) were used to create 24-hr exposure estimates to evaluate the bias associated with the task-based estimates. Results Task-based noise levels were found to range from 82 to 109 dBA, with the highest levels resulting from use of saws and pneumatic chisels. Some short (e.g., 30 min) sequences of common tasks were found to result in nearly an entire allowable daily exposure. The majority of estimated 8-hr and 24-hr exposures exceeded the relevant recommended exposure limit. Predicted 24-hr exposures showed substantial imprecision in some cases, suggesting the need for increased task specificity and highlighting the variability of firefighting noise exposures. Conclusions The results indicate potential for overexposure to noise from a variety of firefighting tasks and equipment, and suggest a need for further exposure characterization and additional hearing loss prevention efforts. Relevance to industry Firefighters may be at risk of noise-induced hearing loss, which can affect their fitness for duty and ability to respond effectively to emergencies. The results of this study suggest that additional efforts at hearing loss prevention among firefighters are warranted.
The alterative effect of isobutylmethylxanthine in hypofunctional human neutrophil chemotaxis.

Abstract The effects of isobutylmethylxanthine on the locomotion of chemotactically normofunctional and hypofunctional human neutrophils were compared. The hypofunctional cells were obtained from the peripheral blood of selected subjects with juvenile periodontitis. The chemically oriented migration (i.e. chemotaxis) of these cells was less than 50% of normal. Isobutylmethylxanthine caused a doubling of the CHO.Met.Leu.Phe.OH-induced chemotactic responsiveness of hypofunctional cells, while no effect of the drug was detected with respect to random migration. Isobutylmethylxanthine had no effect on chemotaxis or random migration in the normofunctional cell populations. Since isobutylmethylxanthine inhibits cAMP catabolism, these data suggest that the cyclic nucleotide plays a role in intracellular transduction mechanisms which affect chemotaxis.
Dynamical studies of the Mersa Matruh Gyre: intense meander and ring formation events

Abstract A study of the dynamics of the Mersa Matruh Gyre and the Mid-Mediterranean Jet flow system in the southwestern Levantine basin is presented. Data-driven simulations in the Levantine basin, using an eddy-resolving quasigeostrophic model initialized with two quasi-synoptic hydrographic data sets, reveal intense mesoscale meander and ring formation events involving the Mid-Mediterranean Jet, the Mersa Matruh Gyre and the Rhodes Gyre. The dynamics of these events are quantified via local energy and vorticity budget analyses. The dominant processes are investigated and compared with previously studied events in the Gulf Stream Ring and Meander region.
Potential energy surfaces of carbon dioxide

Several bent valence states of CO2 are characterized by means of full-valence-space MCSCF calculations. The ground state potential energy surface exhibits a double well corresponding to a ring minimum, with C2vsymmetry (1A1) and a 73.1° OCO angle, in addition to the linear (1σ) global minimum. The transition state for the ring opening process, which has a barrier of 12.1 kcal/mole with respect to the ring minimum, is however found to have Cs symmetry. Double minima are also shown to exist for the 1A2, 1B1 and 1B2 excited states. However, in these cases all minima are bent. Cross sections through the ground state potential energy surface corresponding to the two collinear exchange reactions O(1D) + CO(1σ+) → OC(1σ+) + O(1D) C(3P) + O2(3σ) → CO(1σ+) + O(1D) are also calculated and their energy contour maps are reported. The latter reveals the existence of a stable linear intermediate with the structure COO. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impotence in Diabetes: The Neurologic Factor

In this chapter, Ellenberg describes a study undertaken to investigate the influence of endocrine, neurologic, and urologic factors in the etiology of impotence in diabetic males. Accurate diagnosis of the basis for diabetic impotence is crucial, as diagnosis determines which treatment strategies are indicated and what the prognosis for reversal will be.
TVA-EPRI River Resource Aid (TERRA) Reservoir and power operations decision support system

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) have developed software to assist utilities in coordinating power and reservoir operations while balancing multiple objectives. The INTEGRAL project consists of a Decision Support System (DSS) and a Power and Reservoir System Scheduling Model (PRSYM). The DSS, as tailored to the TVA power and reservoir system, is the TVA-EPRI River Resource Aid (TERRA). TERRA is a decision support system that integrates tracking, display, and modeling tools. TERRA provides historical, current, and forecast data to users at several locations to help resolve problems in operation, forecasting, and planning. Graphical displays are featured for individual power plants and reservoirs and on a system-wide basis. TERRA tracks constraints that affect operations and flags non-compliance. Constraints consist of flow, dissolved oxygen, and temperature limits for regulatory compliance, recreation, lake improvement, and special operations. Numerical models may be run from TERRA to predict water temperatures and flows at selected power plants to aid in reservoir operations to comply with thermal limits and minimum flow requirements. TERRA uses a geographic information system (GIS) background map of the Tennessee River Valley. The TERRA software is adaptable to other reservoir systems by changing the GIS background map and reconfiguring other system features.
Identification of a protein kinase multigene family of Dictyostelium discoideum: molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding a developmentally regulated protein kinase.

Abstract We have identified protein kinase genes of Dictyostelium by using highly conserved amino acid sequence motifs to design the synthesis and amplification of DNA fragments by polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Cloning and sequencing the PCR products have revealed five different members of the protein kinase multigene family. These five putative kinases showed varying degrees of amino acid sequence similarity (40-70%) to protein kinases in data bases and contained invariant amino acid residues characteristic of protein kinases. DNA from PCR was labeled and used to isolate several lambda gt11 cDNA clones, including one full-length one (Dd kinase-2). The nucleotide sequence of Dd kinase-2 contained a region identical to one of the cloned kinase fragments amplified by PCR, and based on the deduced amino acid sequence Dd kinase-2 encodes a protein of 479 amino acids. A 350-amino acid kinase domain at the C-terminal end shows high homology to the catalytic domains of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, S-6 kinase of Xenopus, and the suppressor of cdc25 of yeast. The N-terminal domain is highly basic and also contains alternating threonine/proline residues. The cDNA hybridized to a single copy gene but to two differentially regulated mRNAs--a 2.0-kilobase mRNA that is expressed in vegetative cells and a 2.2-kilobase mRNA that is expressed during development. The larger mRNA is induced by cAMP by using a cell-surface receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway.
Generation of chemotactic activity for neutrophils by liver cells metabolizing ethanol.

Abstract The mechanism of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) infiltration of the liver in acute alcohol-related liver injury is unknown. We have reported that ethanol metabolism by hepatocytes incubated with moderate concentrations of ethanol (2–50 mM) results in the release into the medium of a chemoattractant for human PMN. This response to ethanol is time- and concentration-dependent with peak activity at 10 mM ethanol. Generation of the factor is specific for hepatocytes and is blocked by inhibiting ethanol metabolism with 4-methylpyrazole. It does not appear to be due to cell death. The activity has been partially characterized: it behaves as a polar lipid, possibly an arachidonic acid metabolite distinct from leukotriene B4. Preliminary studies indicate that a cell-free system derived from liver generates a similar activity. In that system scavengers of oxygen-derived free radicals block production of the factor.
The electron and fluoride affinities of tungsten hexafluoride by ion cyclotron resonance spectroscopy

Abstract Ion cyclotron resonance techniques are used to examine the formation and reaction of negative ions derived from tungsten hexafluoride, both alone and in mixtures with other species. Electron transfer reactions suggest that the electron affinity of WF 6 is between that of atomic fluorine and chlorine, yielding a value of 3.5 ± 0.1 eV. The upper limit is set by the failure to observe electron transfer from Cl − to WF 6 at thermal energies and hence is somewhat uncertain. Fluoride transfer reactions indicate that WF 6 is a relatively strong Lewis acid in the gas phase. Relative fluoride affinities D (SiF 4 −F − ) D (WF 6 −F − ) D (BF 3 −F − are determined, yielding a value of 69 ± 5 kcal/mole(3.0 ± 0.2 eV) for D (WF 6 −F − ).
Cooperative interaction of S. pombe proteins required for mating and morphogenesis

We isolated two S. pombe genes, scd1 and scd2, that are required for normal morphology and mating. scd1 and scd2 are homologous to CDC24 and BEM1, respectively, of S. cerevisiae. Epistasis analyses indicate that scd2 and ras1 converge upon scd1, which, in turn, interacts with cdc42sp, a RHO-like GTPase. Studies with the yeast two-hybrid system indicate that scd2 forms complexes with both scd1 and cdc42sp. Furthermore, biochemical studies indicate that the interaction between scd1 and scd2 is direct. The yeast two-hybrid data further suggest that scd1, scd2, cdc42sp, and ras1, in its GTP-bound state, act cooperatively to form a protein complex.
Computational Determination of Nitroaromatic Solid Phase Heats of Formation

Homodesmic heats of reaction are computed at the B3PW91/6-31G* level as a means of determining gas phase heats of formation. These are then converted to solid state values by combining with Δ H sub, the latter being either experimental or calculated, with an empirical relationship based on molecular surface electrostatic potentials. Our focus, after evaluating the approach in four test cases, is upon six nitroaromatic compounds for which the literature Δ H f(solid) are ambiguous, i.e. two or more values have been reported that differ by at least 6 kcal/mol. The calculated results provide clear support for some of the experimental data at the expense of the remainder. This appears to be an effective approach to estimating Δ H f , provided that appropriately designed homodesmic reactions can be used.
Computerized acoustic detection of obstructive apnea

Cardiac, respiratory and neurologic abnormalities have been identified as causes of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Recurrent central apnea (no respiratory effort or nasal/oral airflow) and obstructive apnea (respiratory effort without concurrent nasal/oral airflow) in infants are considered risk factors for SIDS. However, using currently available monitoring techniques, normal activities such as yawns, stretches and swallows cannot be distinquished from short obstructive episodes lasting less than 20 s. A system was developed to more accurately detect obstructive apnea in infants using a miniature microphone placed over the trachea, a cassette tape recorder and a MINC-11 microcomputer. Respiratory sounds were recorded on 5 anesthesized rabbits in which partial and total airway obstruction was artificially induced. Sounds were analyzed by computer using fast Fourier transformations. Amplitude versus frequency was plotted for normal breathing, partial obstruction and total obstruction. Characteristic patterns were identified for each episode demonstrating that acoustic detection of apnea in infants by a microprocessor-based monitor is feasible.
Network analysis of trace data for the support of group work: activity patterns in a completely online course

A 16-student, completely online software design course was studied using social network analysis and grounded theory techniques. Bi-directional (read and post) log data of user activity was recorded to understand how small group networks change over time with activity type (individual, peer-to-peer, and small group). Network structure was revealed through sociograms and triangulated with discussion board topics and interview data on group experience. Results show significant differences in network structure across activity types, which are supported by open coding and axial coding of the text of member discussions and editing patterns of member work products. It is also indicated that bi-directional log data, contextualized to specific activities and artifacts, revealed a more accurate and complete description of small group activity than ordinary, uni-directional log data would have. Our findings have implications for tool development revealing group structure and software design for completely online group work.
Surgical Correction of Distal Radius Malunions using an Anatomic Radial Locking Plate

Background Correction of a distal radius fracture malunion is challenging technically. These malunions most classically deform dorsally, but often the deformity involves three planes.
In vivo repopulating hematopoietic stem cells are present in the murine yolk sac at day 9.0 postcoitus

The murine yolk sac, being the first site of embryonic blood cell production, has long been theorized to contain the migrating hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that seed the liver and initiate hematopoiesis on day 10.0 postcoitus (pc). However, it remains controversial whether yolk sac cells isolated before day 11.0 pc possess any long-term repopulating HSC activity upon transplantation into adult recipient mice. We hypothesized that failure to demonstrate engraftment of day <11.0 yolk sac cells in adult hosts may result from an inability of yolk sac cells to home to the active adult hematopoietic sites (spleen and bone marrow). In the present studies, we transplanted yolk sac cells into conditioned newborn mice in whom the liver, as well as the spleen and bone marrow, concomitantly function as a site of blood cell formation. We report that yolk sac cells isolated from day 9.0 pc embryos provide long-term multilineage reconstitution for at least 11 months in primary conditioned newborn mice and for at least 6 months in secondary recipients. Donor yolk sac HSC progeny repopulated mature peripheral blood, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid compartments. Thus, day 9.0 pc yolk sac HSC can contribute to definitive multilineage hematopoiesis in transplanted recipients. Determination of HSC activity in the day 9.0 pc murine yolk sac suggests that yolk sac HSC are available to seed the liver on day 10.0 pc when definitive hematopoiesis is initiated.
Comprehensive process design study for layered‐NOX‐control in a tangentially coal fired boiler

As emissions regulations for coal-fired power plants become stricter worldwide, layering combustion modification and post-combustion NO x control technologies can be an attractive option for efficient and cost-effective NO x control in comparison to selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology. The layered control technology approach designed in this article consists of separate overfire air (SOFA), reburn, and selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR). The combined system can achieve up to 75% NO x reduction. The work presented in this article successfully applied this technology to NRG Somerset Unit 6, a 120-MW tangential coal-fired utility boiler, to reduce NO x emissions to 0.11 lb/MMBtu (130 mg/Nm 3 ), well under the US EPA SIP Call target of 0.15 Ib/MMBtu. The article reviews an integrated design study for the layered system at Somerset and evaluates the performance of different layered-NO x -control scenarios including standalone SNCR (baseline), separated overfire air (SOFA) with SNCR, and gas reburn with SNCR. Isothermal physical flow modeling and computational fluid dynamics simulation (CFD) were applied to understand the boiler flow patterns, the combustible distributions and the impact of combustion modifications on boiler operation and SNCR performance. The modeling results were compared with field data for model validation and verification. The study demonstrates that a comprehensive process design using advanced engineering tools is beneficial to the success of a layered low NO x system.
Localization-delocalization transition in metal-dielectric films

Anderson localization in random potential fields has been studied extensively for the last fifty years. It is commonly accepted that in 1D and 2D systems characterized by non-correlated random potential distributions, all states are exponentially localized. In this paper we investigate the eigen-problem for Surface Plasmons (SP) in random metal-dielectric films. We show that short-range correlations presented in the governing Kirchhoff's Hamiltonian (KH) result in delocalization of the eigenstates at the band center. The delocalization is shown to be manifested through power law singularities for the density of states and SP localization lengths. The study of the system size dependence of the nearest neighbor's level spacing distributions shows a gradual shift of the SP eigen-problem from a metallic phase for small system sizes into an insulating quantum phase for infinite systems. It reveals a genuine metal-insulator transition that takes place in the composite and is characterized by quantum percolation threshold Pq which is higher than the corresponding geometrical critical concentration Pc.
Fusion and propagation with multiple observations in belief networks

Abstract The Polytree Algorithm of Kim and Pearl [16, 19] is a fundamental method for evidential reasoning in belief networks. Not only does it provide exact solutions to singly connected networks using efficient, local computations, but variations of it can be applied to more general networks as well. When a belief network is singly connected, the Polytree Algorithm can compute a posterior marginal distribution for each variable by visiting each node at most once for each piece of evidence. By contrast, the related algorithms based on undirected graphs [1, 14–16, 28] only need to visit each node at most twice no matter how much evidence is observed. In this paper, a Revised Polytree Algorithm is developed with the same complexity as the undirected methods, but within the directed framework of the Polytree Algorithm. When this new algorithm is applied via “cutset conditioning” to general networks it obtains not just the corresponding significant improvement in speed, but also a much simpler form for combination. Furthermore, the revised algorithm requires only minor modifications to existing implementations of the Polytree Algorithm.
Calculation of optical second-harmonic susceptibilities and optical activity for crystals

A new generation of nearly first-principles calculations predicts both the linear and second-harmonic susceptibilities for a variety of insulating crystals, including GaAs, GaP, AlAs, AlP, Se, α-quartz, and c-urea. The results are typically in agreement with experimental measurements. The calculations have been extended to optical activity, with somewhat less success to date. The theory, based on a simple self-energy correction to the local density approximation, and results are reviewed herein. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.