cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interevent anticipation of liquid and solid sucrose rewards

Albino rats were trained in a straight runway under two different series of reward magnitude each day. In one three-run series (a trial), reward was given on the first and third runs (R-N-R), and in the other, reward was given only on the first run (R-N-N). The interval between trials was approximately 40 min, and the interval between runs within a trial was approximately 30 sec. For one group of rats, reward was 10 45-mg sucrose pellets. For the other group, reward was 1 ml of 30% liquid sucrose mixed by weight with tap water. With both reward types, running on the second run of a trial was faster if the third run was rewarded (R-N-R) than if it was not (R-N-N). This result suggests that the animals were in some way anticipating the reward amount for an upcoming run while running a current run. After 26 training days, the third run of the R-N-R trial was shifted to nonreward for 12 additional days. Times slowed on Runs 2 and 3 in the shifted trial, but there was no evidence of a successive negative contrast effect. The implications of the anticipation result for the interpretation of differences between sugar and ordinary food rewards in paradigms that suggest reward anticipation are discussed.
Frangible Roof Joint Behavior of Cylindrical Oil Storage Tanks Designed to API 650 Rules

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the frangible joint behavior of tanks designed to API 650 rules. In such tanks, the roof-to-shell joint is intended to fail in the event of overpressurization, venting the tank and containing any remaining fluid. The reasoning behind present API design formulas is reviewed. Combustion analyses, structural analyses, and the results of testing are presented. Results show that higher pressures are reached before frangible joint failure than predicted by the present API 650 calculation. One consequence is that (for empty tanks) uplift of the bottom can be expected to occur more frequently than predicted using API 650. However, uplift does not necessarily mean bottom failure. Instead, the relative strength of the shell-to-bottom and roof-to-shell joints will determine failure. This ratio is larger for larger tanks. Recommendations are made as to possible changes in the design approach of API 650.
Photoadaption and defenses against oxygen toxicity in zooxanthellae from natural populations of symbiotic cnidarians

Abstract The enzymes Superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, which provide protection against toxic forms of oxygen, consistently show a positive correlation between specific activities and irradiance zooxantellae freshly isolated from several symbiotic cnidarians in Bermuda. This evidence shows that photoadaptive changes in spectral quantity and quality also involve the protection of photosynthetic components from potentially damaging forms of active oxygen produced photodynamically in the presence of high oxygen concentrations and chlorophyll, a potent photosensitizing agent. Additionally, a reversal in the level of enzyme activities occurs when individuals of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida (Verrill) (Anthozo: Actiniaria) from bright and dim areas are reciprocally transplanted, showing considerable plasticity in the regulation of these enzymes when exposed to different irradiances. The population genetics of A. pallida in Walsingham Pond, Bermuda, suggests that several asexually reproducing clones are resident in the pond. The chlorophyll content of zooxanthellae from nontransplanted bright and dim individuals of A. pallida is not significantly different while the enzymes Superoxide dismutase and catalase but not ascorbate peroxidase do differ significantly. Maintaining higher activities of Superoxide dismutase and catalase may be a result of the temporally variable levels of short-term changes in irradiance, known as “sunflecks”, produced by the mangrove canopy of the pond. These short-term exposures to high irradiance would likely cause an increase in the production of active forms of oxygen against which protection must be provided for the continuation of maximum photosynthetic capacity.
Wafer-scale processing of aligned carbon nanotubes for future integrated circuits

We demonstrated essential technological components for wafer-scale integrated CMOS nanotube circuits such as inverters, NAND, and NOR logic gates: 1.The full-wafer-scale synthesis and transfer of massively aligned carbon nanotubes, and device fabrication on 4 inch substrates 2. In-depth device study and tuning, and extensive doping study for the first wafer-scale integrated CMOS nanotube circuits. 3. A novel device structure such as defect-tolerate logic gate.
Modeling and characterization of atomically sharp “perfect” Ge/SiO2 interfaces

Abstract We have shown that oxidation of germanium-implanted Si can produce a pile-up of Ge in front of the oxidation front and produce an atomically-sharp interface. In this paper, we examine band-structure and processing of such an interface. Based on ab-initio calculations, the band structure of the sharp interface seems to be more favorable for use in electronic devices than the usually diffuse interface in Si/SiO 2 . Furthermore, we propose an ab-initio based Monte-Carlo model to simulate oxidation of SiGe alloys. The model explains the formation of the sharp interface due to the repulsive interaction between O and Ge. Furthermore, inclusion of Ge into the oxide is predicted for higher Ge concentrations, in agreement with experiment.
Recombinant Filaggrin Is Internalized and Processed to Correct Filaggrin Deficiency

This study was designed to engineer a functional filaggrin (FLG) monomer linked to a cell-penetrating peptide (RMR) and to test the ability of this peptide to penetrate epidermal tissue as a therapeutic strategy for genetically determined atopic dermatitis (AD). A single repeat of the murine filaggrin gene (Flg) was covalently linked to a RMR motif and cloned into a bacterial expression system for protein production. Purified FLG+RMR (mFLG+RMR) was applied in vitro to HEK-293T cells and a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) tissue model. Immunochemistry demonstrated RMR-dependent cellular uptake of FLG+RMR in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HEK cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the RHE model identified penetration of FLG+RMR to the stratum granulosum, the epidermal layer at which FLG deficiency is thought to be pathologically relevant. In vivo application of FLG+RMR to FLG-deficient flaky tail (ft/ft) mice skin demonstrated internalization and processing of recombinant FLG+RMR to restore the normal phenotype. These results suggest that topically applied RMR-linked FLG monomers are able to penetrate epidermal tissue, be internalized into the appropriate cell type, and be processed to a size similar to wild-type functional barrier peptides to restore necessary barrier function, and prove to be therapeutic for patients with AD.
Petrological evidence for secular cooling in mantle plumes

Geological mapping and geochronological studies have shown much lower eruption rates for ocean island basalts (OIBs) in comparison with those of lavas from large igneous provinces (LIPs) such as oceanic plateaux and continental flood provinces. However, a quantitative petrological comparison has never been made between mantle source temperature and the extent of melting for OIB and LIP sources. Here we show that the MgO and FeO contents of Galapagos-related lavas and their primary magmas have decreased since the Cretaceous period. From petrological modelling, we infer that these changes reflect a cooling of the Galapagos mantle plume from a potential temperature of 1,560-1,620 degrees C in the Cretaceous to 1,500 degrees C at present. Iceland also exhibits secular cooling, in agreement with previous studies. Our work provides quantitative petrological evidence that, in general, mantle plumes for LIPs with Palaeocene-Permian ages were hotter and melted more extensively than plumes of more modern ocean islands. We interpret this to reflect episodic flow from lower-mantle domains that are lithologically and geochemically heterogeneous.
Dependence of semiconductor nanoparticle size on spray condition in electro-spray deposition method

Semiconductor nanoparticles whose sizes were below 10 nm were fabricated by electro-spray deposition (ESD) method for a simple and dry printing process. We evaluated the particle size relation with the spray conditions. We found that the ZnS particle sizes were related with the solution flow rate. Calculated particle diameter from semi-theoretical analysis corresponded well with the experimental results. The minimum particle size reached to 9.8 nm. These results indicated the controllability of particle diameter by the spray condition and the possibility of the spray process to produce nanoparticles which exhibits the quantum confinement effect.
Seed-holding crystal growing tip

Abstract Initiation of single crystal growth on a hemispherical tip is enhanced by a seed-holding cavity within the tip.
Crystal structures of α-UF5 and U2F9 and spectral characterizationof U2F9

Crystalsl of α-UF5 and the mixed-valence compound U2F9 have been obtained from the reaction of sulfur dioxide and uranium hexafluoride at 160 °C. The structures have been refined by single crystal X-ray methods. In accordance with conclusions of previous powder determinations, we find a six-coordinate chain structure for α-UF5 (UF (bridging) = 2.235(1), UF(non-bridging) = 1.995(7) A) and a nine-coordinate, three-dimensionally bridged structure for U2F9 (UF = 2.19(2)-2.40(2) A). Absorption spectral studies of U2F9 indicate no unusual oxidation state for uranium; U(IV) and U(V) are present. The principal structural disparity between earlier structure determination and our study is the finding of a UF (non-bridging) distance of 1.995(7) A for α-UF5, more than 0.2 A shroter than the earlier estimate but in good accord with recent vond length-bond strenth considereations. Cell data: α UF5, I4/m, Z = 2, a = 6.18(4), c = 4.470(1) A, R = 0.022 for 161 reflections with I⩾ 2α(I); U2F9, 143m, Z = 4, a = 8.462(2) A, R = 0.032 for 104 reflections with I ⩾2μ(I).
Cyclosporine induces epileptiform activity in an in vitro seizure model.

Summary: Purpose: Cyclosporine (CSA) toxicity represents a common cause of seizures in transplant patients, but the specific mechanisms by which CSA induces seizures are unknown. Although CSA may promote seizure activity by various metabolic, toxic, vascular, or structural mechanisms, CSA also has been hypothesized to modulate neuronal excitability directly. The objective of this study was to determine if CSA exerts direct epileptogenic actions on neurons in an in vitro seizure model. Methods: Combined hippocampal-entorhinal cortex slices from juvenile rats were exposed directly to artificial cerebro-spinal fluid (ACSF) containing either (a) 1.0 mM magnesium sulfate (control), (b) 1.0 mM sodium sulfate (low-magnesium), or (c) 1.0 mM magnesium sulfate + CSA (1,000–10,000 ng/ml). Spontaneous and evoked extracellular field potentials were recorded simultaneously from the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 hippocampal regions. Evoked synaptic responses were elicited by stimulation of the entorhinal cortex/perforant pathway. Results: CSA elicited spontaneous or stimulation-induced epileptiform activity in the DG or CA3 region of –40% of slices, consisting of brief repetitive “interictal” discharges or prolonged stereotypical “ictal” discharges. Mean latency to epileptiform activity was –100 min after onset of CSA application. The interictal discharges were inhibited by the non-NMDA antagonist, NBQX. Similar epileptiform activity was observed in low-magnesium ACSF without CSA. In control ACSF alone, epileptiform activity was not seen, except for rare spontaneous potentials in the DG. Conclusions: Direct effects of CSA on neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission may contribute to seizures seen in clinical CSA neurotoxicity.
INVOLVEMENT OF PROTEASOMES IN GENE INDUCTION BY INTERFERON AND DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA

Abstract Cytokine induced gene expression is mediated through the ligand-dependent activation of the janus kinase (jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction pathway. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway functions in the controlled degradation of cellular proteins, and regulates cytokine signal transduction through the degradation of specific signaling components. Interferon (IFN) treatment induces genes that function in ubiquitin conjugation, suggesting a reciprocal regulation of proteasome activity and IFN action; however, a role for the proteasome in IFN-α-induced gene expression has not been examined. In this report, we find that proteasome inhibitors markedly reduce the induction of interferon-stimulated-gene 15 (ISG15), ISG43, and STAT1 by IFN-α and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). The reduction in gene expression by proteasome inhibitors was dose-dependent, and was specific for ISGs. Neither STAT1 phosphorylation nor ISGF-3 activation was affected by proteasome inhibition at early times post-IFN treatment. Cycloheximide treatment diminished the effect of proteasome inhibitors on ISG induction, implicating an IFN/dsRNA-induced protein in this activity. These findings demonstrate that a functional proteasome is required for optimal ISG induction, and are consistent with a model in which IFN and dsRNA induce a proteasome-sensitive repressor of ISG expression.
Prevalence of Common Psychiatric Disorders Among American Indian Adolescent Detainees

ABSTRACT Objectives To examine the prevalence of common psychiatric disorders among adolescents detained on a Northern Plains reservation. Methods Prevalence data were gathered using lay interviews administering structured diagnostic instruments based on DSM-III-R criteria to 150 youths booked into a reservation-based juvenile detention center from July 1995 through April 1996. Results Approximately 49% of the sample had at least one alcohol, drug, or mental health disorder; 12.7% had two disorders; and 8.7% had three or more disorders. The most common diagnoses were substance abuse/dependence (38%), conduct disorder (16.7%), and major depression (10%). Females were significantly more likely than males to have major depression and/or anxiety disorders and were significantly more likely to have three or more disorders. These rates were higher in comparison with general and Indian adolescent community samples. Conclusions These American Indian adolescent detainees had a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Local juvenile justice systems should be vigilant for the presence of psychiatric disorders and appropriately connected with psychiatric services to address this considerable need. Careful psychiatric assessment is necessary to ensure a more coordinated community service response to juvenile delinquency.
Trace conditioning: abolished by cerebellar nuclear lesions but not lateral cerebellar cortex aspirations.

The trace conditioning paradigm in which the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) interval is longer and the US and CS do not overlap requires retention of a ‘trace’ of the CS to associate it with the US. This task is difficult, requiring for learning about 5 times the number of trials to criterion as the standard delay task. The present study was undertaken to determine if: (1) the cerebellar interpositus nucleus is essential in trace as well as in delay conditioning; and (2) the lateral cerebellar cortex is involved when CS-US association over longer time intervals is required. Sixteen adult male New Zealand white rabbits had recording and in some cases lesion electrodes surgically implanted before training. They were trained daily with 126 paired trials of tone CS and airpuff US. The trace period between CS offset and US onset was 500 ms. Mean number of trials to criterion of 8/9 CRs was 466.9 trials. After a day of overtraining the animals had one of 3 surgeries: (1) electrolytic lesion of the left cerebellar interpositus nucleus (n= 3); (2) aspiration of the left lateral cerebellar cortex (HVI and HVIIA) and underlying cerebellar nuclei (n= 4); or (3) aspiration of HVI and HVIIA only (n= 9). Rabbits with only HVI and HVIIA removed exhibited a transient decrease in CRs but relearned with significant savings. The amplitude, area and latency of pre- and postlesion conditioned responses (CRs) was similar. When the interpositus nucleus was damaged, the animals' capacity for CRs on the side ipsilateral to the lesion was permanently abolished. It is concluded that the cerebellar interpositus nucleus but not the overlying lateral cerebellar cortex is essential for retention of trace classical conditioning. Nevertheless, the temporary abolition of CRs by removal of lateral cerebellar cortex suggests that the cerebellar cortex does play an important role in learning and retention of the trace conditioned response.
“An Innate Sense of Fairness”: State Responses to the U.S. Supreme Court's Sovereign Immunity Decisions

The U.S. Supreme Court's recent revival of state sovereign immunity is usually cited as a significant development in modern U.S. federalism. These decisions giving states a powerful defense against lawsuits lead to the question: How will the states react to the Court's rulings? How likely is it that states will consent to be sued? This article discusses the consequences of the Court's sovereign immunity rulings specifically concerning state legislative debates over immunity waiver bills. It explains why some states have been willing to waive immunity, despite the Court majority's fears of a flood of lawsuits if states did not enjoy immunity. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Two Generations of Mothers and Daughters: Role Position and Interdependence:

Using both partners as informants and three interdependence measures (contact, aid, and attachment) as criterion variables, we address the assumption that women's orientation to and dependence on other generations differ because of unique roles. In 135 pairs of student women and their mothers and 119 pairs of middle-aged women and their mothers, we ask how a woman's role position interacts with her partner's role position in regard to interdependence. Both dyadic and individual role combinations are examined. In younger pairs, we examine the combination of daughter's marital status and both mother's launching and work statuses; in older pairs, we examine the combination of mother's marital status and both daughter's launching and marital statuses. Regression analyses demonstrate that, except for younger pairs where married daughters and their mothers are less interdependent than single daughters and their mothers, interdependence is remarkably unrelated to role positions, singly or in combination. Results...
Conditions limiting the use of ionophore A23187 as a probe of divalent cation involvement in biological reactions. Evidence from the slow fluorescence quenching of Type A spinach chloroplasts

Abstract The conditions under which ionophore A23187 can be used as a probe of Mg 2+ involvement in the reactions of intact (Type A) spinach chloroplasts have been investigated by monitoring ionophore-induced reversal of slow fluorescence quenching. The following observations were made: (1) A23187-dependent reversal of quenching is a strong function of pH. This is consistent with competition between protons and divalent cations for the carboxylic acid moiety of the ionophore. (2) In the presence of exogenous Mg 2+ , quenching reversal by A23187 is significantly slowed. It is suggested that formation of the dimeric A23187 · Mg 2+ complex delays action of the ionophore at the thylakoid membrane by slowing equilibration of the ionophore among chloroplast membrane phases. (3) In the absence of Mg 2+ , significant interaction of A23187 with certain monovalent cations — Li + and Na + , but not K + — is observed. Evaluations of the interaction of ionophore A23187 with specific biological systems and inferences of divalent cation involvement, or lack thereof, must take these limitations into account.
The effect of food on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fenoldopam in class III heart failure.

Eighteen patients with New York Heart Association class III congestive heart failure were given single 100 mg oral doses of fenoldopam with food or fasting in a random-order single-blind crossover trial. Before and after each fenoldopam dose, thermodilution cardiac output, right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) were measured with a balloon-tipped pulmonary artery catheter, and heart rates and blood pressures were recorded with an automated sphyg-momanometer. Compared with fasting, bioavailability of fenoldopam was decreased significantly when administered with food: mean peak plasma fenoldopam level decreased from 26.5 (±4.1 SEM) ng/ml to 10.9 (±1.7 SEM) ng/ml (p = 0.0004) and mean area under the concentration-time curve was decreased from 44.7 (±5.8 SEM) ng · hr/ml to 26.8 (±4.1 SEM) ng · hr/ml (p = 0.0001). Fenoldopam administration to fasting patients resulted in decreases in mean arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, and PCWP and significant increases in cardiac index without change in heart rate. The maximum changes in mean cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, and PCWP were greatest 1 hour after oral administration and did not persist beyond 3 hours after administration. In fasting patients, changes in cardiac index were correlated with plasma fenoldopam levels, whereas changes in PCWP and mean arterial pressure did not correlate significantly with the observed fenoldopam level. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1991) 49, 449–456; doi:10.1038/clpt.1991.53
Mechanisms of structure formation during combustion synthesis of materials

A study involving two distinct approaches, directed towards understanding the mechanisms of structure formation during combustion synthesis of materials, is described. The first approach consists of a novel technique which utilizes a microscopic high-speed video recording of the combustion front, followed by a quantitative framewise image analysis. Using this technique, it is discovered that combustion does not proceed uniformly but rather in a jump-wise manner, with the local front velocity exhibiting large fluctuations. The second approach isolates reactant interactions and involves a study of particles of the lower melting point reactant placed on the surface of a thin foil of the other reactant, heated at rates up to 10 4 K/s by passing electrical current through the foil. These heating rates simulate conditions of the combustion front. Simultaneous measurements of foil temperature coupled with microscopic observations provide insight into the spreading characteristics of melts over foils and subsequent product structure formation
FlexQuery: An online query system for interactive remote visual data exploration at large scale

The remote visual exploration of live data generated by scientific simulations is useful for scientific discovery, performance monitoring, and online validation for the simulation results. Online visualization methods are challenged, however, by the continued growth in the volume of simulation output data that has to be transferred from its source - the simulation running on the high end machine - to where it is analyzed, visualized, and displayed. A specific challenge in this context is limits in the communication bandwidth between data source(s) and sinks. Previous work places queries `near' data sources, exploiting their data reduction capabilities, but such work does not address the common scenario in which scientists make multiple different queries on the data being produced. This paper considers the general case in which science users are interested in different (sub)sets of the data produced by a high end simulation. We offer the FlexQuery online data query system that can deploy and execute data queries `along' the I/O and analytics pipelines. FlexQuery carefully extends such analytics pipelines, using online performance monitoring and data location tracking, to realize data queries in ways that minimize additional data movement and offer low latency in data query execution. Using a real-world scientific application - the Maya astrophysics code and its analytics workflow - we demonstrate FlexQuery's ability to dynamically deploy queries for low-latency remote data visualization.
Differential protein insertion into developing photosynthetic membrane Regions of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides

Previous studies have suggested that much of the B800-850 light-harvesting bacteriochlorophyll a-protein complex is inserted directly into the intracytoplasmic photosynthetic membrane of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. In contrast, the B875 light-harvesting and reaction center complexes are assembled preferentially at peripheral sites of photosynthetic membrane growth initiation. The basis for this apparent site-specific polypeptide insertion was examined during the inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses. The pulse labeling of polypeptides at the membrane growth initiation sites was significantly less sensitive to inhibition by rifampicin, chloramphenicol, or kasugamycin than in the intracytoplasmic or outer membranes. This suggests increased stability for the translation machinery at these membrane invagination sites. Similar differential effects in polypeptide insertion were observed during inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis through deprival of delta-aminolevulinate to R sphaeroides mutant H-5, which requires this porphyrin precursor. The pulse-labeling patterns observed during the inhibition of both RNA and pigment syntheses were consistent with the uncoupling of polypeptide insertion into the membrane invagination sites from their growth and maturation into intracytoplasmic membranes.
Partial Warps, Phylogeny and Ontogeny: A Reply to Adams and Rosenberg

are multiple outgroups. As Adams and Rosenberg point out, we did not say how to select among equally reasonable choices. For good reason, Adams and Rosenberg ask if that choice affects the conclusion. The second question arises from an issue raised by both us and Rohlf (1998): whether the choice of basis (the coordinate system for the morpho? metric analysis) affects phylogenetic results. Adams and Rosenberg address this question in quite specific terms: whether rigid rotations affect phylogen? etic conclusions.
Effect of Sulfuric Acid, Oxygen, and Hydrogen in High Temperature Water on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Sensitized AISI 304 Stainless Steel

Abstract The influence of dissolved oxygen and hydrogen and dilute sulfuric acid in 289 C water on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of lightly and moderately sensitized AISI 304 stainle...
MBD-isolated Genome Sequencing provides a high-throughput and comprehensive survey of DNA methylation in the human genome

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification involved in both normal developmental processes and disease states through the modulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genomic organization. Conventional methods of DNA methylation analysis, such as bisulfite sequencing, methylation sensitive restriction enzyme digestion and array-based detection techniques, have major limitations that impede high-throughput genome-wide analysis. We describe a novel technique, MBD-isolated Genome Sequencing (MiGS), which combines precipitation of methylated DNA by recombinant methyl-CpG binding domain of MBD2 protein and sequencing of the isolated DNA by a massively parallel sequencer. We utilized MiGS to study three isogenic cancer cell lines with varying degrees of DNA methylation. We successfully detected previously known methylated regions in these cells and identified hundreds of novel methylated regions. This technique is highly specific and sensitive and can be applied to any biological settings to identify differentially methylated regions at the genomic scale.
Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis: Current concepts and one center's experience

Abstract Background Although new approaches to the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) are significantly prolonging their lives, most patients will eventually develop respiratory failure due to progressive bronchiectasis caused by chronic lung infection and inflammation and die from to respiratory failure. We examined our center's (University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics) experience with lung transplantation for patients with CF and reviewed the literature to examine current and evolving approaches to transplantation for this indication. Methods We reviewed all published literature pertaining to lung transplantation for CF through 2006, and we reviewed all aspects of transplantation for patients with CF at our institution from 1994 to 2005. Results Major complications following lung transplantation include acute rejection, bacterial infection, and bronchiolitis obliterans. Five-year survival at UWHC (Kaplan–Meier) is 67%, and survival was not adversely affected by transplanting patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The major cause of death for transplant recipients was bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). Conclusions Lung transplantion for CF is associated with acceptable survival rates and can improve quality of life. Lung transplant should be offered to all patients with advanced CF lung disease if they meet currently accepted inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Detecting authority bids in online discussions

This paper looks at the problem of detecting a particular type of social behavior in discussions: attempts to establish credibility as an authority on a particular topic. Using maximum entropy modeling, we explore questions related to feature extraction and turn vs. discussion-level modeling in experiments with online discussion text given only a small amount of labeled training data. We also introduce a method for learning interaction words from unlabeled data. Preliminary experiments show that a word-based approach (as used in topic classification) can be used successfully for turn-level modeling, but is less effective at the discussion level. We also find that sentence complexity features are almost as useful as lexical features, and that interaction words are more robust than the full vocabulary when combined with other features.
Measurement of the elastic modulus of kapton perpendicular to the plane of the film at room and cryogenic temperatures

Understanding the short term elastic properties, i.e., the instantaneous modulus of Kapton is essential in determining the loss of prestress during storage and operation of SSC dipole magnets. The magnet prestress contributes directly to the coil response to the Lorentz forces during ramping. The instantaneous modulus is important in extrapolating short term stress relaxation data to longer times. Most theoretical fits assume a time independent component and a time dependent component. The former may be represented by the Kapton modulus near zero K where all relaxation processes have been ‘frozen’ out.1 Modulus measurements at 77K and 4.2K may point to a correct value for the near zero K modulus. Three companion papers presented at this conference will be: 1) “Stress Relaxation in SSC 50 mm Dipole Coils” 2) “Temperature Dependence of the Viscoelastic Properties of SSC Coil Insulation (Kapton)” 3) “Theoretical Methods for Creep and Stress Relaxation Studies of SSC Coil.”
ENDOGENOUS GONADOTROPIC ACTIVITY IN MARE SERUM SUBSEQUENT TO CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH GONADOTROPIN.

Over 100 samples of sera from 2 mares chronically treated with HCG alone or combined with FSH as an antigen were tested for gonadotropic activity in normal immature female rats. The sera were also tested in normal immature males and in hypophysectomized male and female rats. An FSH-like response was obtained in the normal immature female rat with the sera of the mare treated with HCG alone for about a 6-month period after cessation of treatment with antigen. In the mare receiving the sequential treatment with HCG followed by FSH, a gonadotropic response was obtained with the sera for 7 weeks following withdrawal of treatment with antigens. Following a second series of treatments, sufficient anti-FSH, as well as anti-HCG, was present to mask any gonadotropic activity which the serum possessed for a 5-week period; following this the serum showed gonadotropic activity for 17 weeks. Finally, following a third series of treatment with FSH alone, no gonadotropic activity was observed for 24 weeks after the init...
Simulating data processing for an advanced ion mobility mass spectrometer

We have designed and implemented a Cray XD 1-based simulation of data capture and signal processing for an advanced Ion Mobility mass spectrometer (Hadamard transform Ion Mobility). Our simulation is a hybrid application that uses both an FPGA component and a CPU-based software component to simulate Ion Mobility mass spectrometry data processing. The FPGA component includes data capture and accumulation, as well as a more sophisticated deconvolution algorithm based on a PNNL-developed enhancement to standard Hadamard transform Ion Mobility spectrometry. The software portion is in charge of streaming data to the FPGA and collecting results. We expect the computational and memory addressing logic of the FPGA component to be portable to an instrument-attached FPGA board that can be interfaced with a Hadamard transform Ion Mobility mass spectrometer.
Unsupervised topic modeling for leader detection in spoken discourse

In this paper, we describe a method for leader detection in multi-party spoken discourse that relies on unsupervised topic modeling to segment the discourse automatically. Latent Dirichlet allocation is applied to sliding temporal windows of utterances, resulting in a topic model which captures the fluid transitions from topic to topic which occur in multi-party discourse. Further processing discretizes the continuous topic mixtures into sequential topic segments. Features are extracted from topic shift regions and used to train a binary role classifier. The added topic shift features significantly improve the baseline performance on two corpora, demonstrating both the value of the features and the robustness of the unsupervised segmentation. Furthermore, our classification results on the ICSI corpus, using automatically segmented topics, are better than the results using ground truth segmentations.
Transverse Stabilization of Atmospheric-Pressure DC Glow Plasma in Air With Resistive Barrier

Atmospheric-pressure glow plasmas in air or other gases are attractive for industrial plasma processing, but attempts to obtain large-volume plasmas are plagued with filamentation due to transverse plasma instability. A method to prevent transverse instability of DC glow discharges using a resistive barrier is presented. Experimental data on current-voltage characteristics, light intensity versus time, and quantitative striation measurements indicate that the plasma is a true DC glow discharge which shows some longitudinal instability, but is transversely stabilized by a barrier with resistivity in the 104-106 Ω-m range. A finite-element model of the discharge's electric field elucidates the mechanism of transverse stabilization.
A Novel Pathway of Chronic Allograft Rejection Mediated by NK Cells and Alloantibody

Chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) in murine heart allografts can be elicited by adoptive transfer of donor specific antibody (DSA) to class I MHC antigens and is independent of complement. Here we address the mechanism by which DSA causes CAV. B6.RAG1−/− or B6.RAG1−/−C3−/− (H-2b) mice received B10.BR (H-2k) heart allografts and repeated doses of IgG2a, IgG1 or F(ab’)2 fragments of IgG2a DSA (anti-H-2k). Intact DSA regularly elicited markedly stenotic CAV in recipients over 28 days. In contrast, depletion of NK cells with anti-NK1.1 reduced significantly DSA-induced CAV, as judged morphometrically. Recipients genetically deficient in mature NK cells (γ-chain knock out) also showed decreased severity of DSA-induced CAV. Direct NK reactivity to the graft was not necessary. F(ab’)2 DSA fragments, even at doses twofold higher than intact DSA, were inactive. Graft microvascular endothelial cells responded to DSA in vivo by increased expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), a response not elicited by F(ab’)2 DSA. We conclude that antibody mediates CAV through NK cells, by an Fc dependent manner. This new pathway adds to the possible mechanisms of chronic rejection and may relate to the recently described C4d-negative chronic antibody-mediated rejection in humans.
Methylnaltrexone, a new peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist being evaluated for the treatment of postoperative ileus.

Postoperative ileus (POI), a transient impairment of bowel function, is considered an inevitable response after open abdominal surgery. It leads to significant patient morbidity and increased hospital costs and length of stay. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, involving neurogenic, hormonal, inflammatory and pharmacologic mediators. Several treatments have been shown to reduce the duration of POI, and a multimodal approach combining several of these interventions seems to be the most effective treatment option. Various drug therapies have been evaluated for the treatment of POI, although most have not shown any benefit. Peripherally active mu-opioid receptor antagonists are a new class of compounds that selectively block the peripheral (i.e., gastrointestinal [GI]) effects of opioids while preserving centrally mediated analgesia. Recently, alvimopan was approved in the US for the treatment of POI after abdominal surgery with bowel resection. Methylnaltrexone is a peripherally active mu-opioid recepto...
A pragmatic approach to mapping the open biomedical ontologies

There has been a large increase in the number of ontologies that have been introduced by the biomedical community in recent years. To maximise their potential, there is an urgent need for a mechanism to build interoperability between ontologies developed by different groups. While identifying and linking related concepts is of obvious importance, it is also essential to analyse how ontologies as a whole overlap and can be clustered. This paper explores overlapping relationships in the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) and provides an interoperability framework called InterOBO for sharing biomedical knowledge across OBO communities.
Coexisting anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with heart failure

Background:Among patients with heart failure (HF), anxiety symptoms may co-exist with depressive symptoms. However, the extent of overlap and risk factors for anxiety symptoms have not been thoroughly described.Purpose:The aim of this study was to describe the coexistence of anxiety and depressive symptoms, and to determine the predictors of anxiety symptoms in patients with HF.Methods:The sample consisted of 556 outpatients with HF (34% female, 62±12 years, 54% New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III/IV) enrolled in a multicenter HF quality of life registry. Anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Brief Symptom Inventory-anxiety subscale. Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). We used a cut-point of 0.35 to categorize patients as having anxiety symptoms or no anxiety symptoms. Logistic regression was used to determine whether age, gender, minority status, educational level, functional status, comorbidities, depressive symptoms, and antidepressant use were predi...
Anti-Catholicism and Race in Post-Civil War San Francisco

In San Francisco during the 1870s, conflicts over public schools, immigration, and the bounds of citizenship exacerbated long-simmering tensions between Protestants and Catholics. A surging anti-Catholic movement in the city——never before studied by scholars——marked Catholics as racially and religiously inferior. While promising to unite, anti-Catholicism actually exposed splits within Protestant San Francisco as it became utilized by opposing sides in debates over the place of racially marked groups in church and society. Considered neither fully white nor fully Christian, many Irish Catholics in turn demonized Chinese immigrants to establish their own credentials as patriotic white Christians. By the early 1880s the rising anti-Chinese movement had eclipsed tensions between Catholics and Protestants, creating new coalitions around Christian whiteness rather than broad-based interracial Protestantism.
Investigating multilevel mediation with fully or partially nested data

Mediation analysis has become one of the most widely used tools for investigating the mechanisms through which variables influence each other. When conducting mediation analysis with fully nested data (e.g., individuals working in teams) or partially nested data (e.g., individuals working alone in one study arm but working in teams in another arm) special considerations arise. In this article we (a) review traditional approaches for analyzing mediation in nested data, (b) describe multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) as a versatile technique for assessing mediation in fully nested data, and (c) explain how MSEM can be adapted for assessing mediation in partially nested data (MSEM-PN) and introduce two new MSEM-PN specifications. MSEM-PN affords options for testing equality of level-specific mediation effects in the nested arm with mediation effects in the nonnested arm. We demonstrate the application of MSEM and MSEM-PN in simulated examples from the group processes literature involving fully and partially nested data. Finally, we conclude by providing software syntax and guidelines for implementation.
Conflicts in the Work-Family Interface: Links to Job Stress, Customer Service Employee Performance, and Customer Purchase Intent

Abstract Because customer service employees often represent the sole contact a customer has with a firm, it is important to examine job-related factors that affect customer service employee performance and customer evaluations. In two diverse customer settings, the authors capture matched responses from service employees, supervisors, and customers. The authors use the data to examine the potential chain of effects from customer service employee work–family conflict and family–work conflict, to job stress and job performance, to customer purchase intent (CPI). The results show direct (and indirect) effects of work–family conflict and family–work conflict on service employee customer-directed extra-role performance (CDERP). The results also show direct effects of job stress on service employee in-role performance (IRP) and CDERP and on CPI. Furthermore, the findings show that job stress has a more pronounced effect on IRP than on CDERP and that CDERP has a greater effect on CPI than does IRP. The authors c...
Industrial Minerals—Key to Economic Development

Industrial or non-metallic minerals are essential to economic development. The value of industrial mineral production in the United States is more than three times the value of metallic mineral production. In the developed countries of the world the value of non-metallic mineral production exceeds the value of metallic mineral production. The development of a modern industrialized society requires quality and reasonably priced industrial minerals in such industries as smelting of copper and iron, manufacturing cement, drilling oil wells, manufacturing ceramic materials, and a host of others. Because transportation costs are high most industrial minerals are not imported, so a country or region must have a good raw material source.
Chronic Pain in Adolescents: Physiological and Psychological Bases for Pain

Chronic pain is a prevalent problem in adolescents, resulting in considerable disability across multiple domains. Several pain conditions—back, abdominal, and musculoskeletal pain—are seen frequently in clinical settings and are reviewed in detail in this chapter. The biopsychosocial model is widely used to conceptualize the pain experience and explains the genetic, biological, emotional, and environmental contributions to chronic pain. Emerging biological research provides insight into the heritability of pain conditions and the influence of stress on pain perception. Adolescent coping style and mood problems are one of many psychological factors that can impact adolescents with chronic pain. The social environment provides a context for better understanding pain-related impairment, with attention to the parental factors affecting adolescent adaptive or maladaptive adjustment to pain. A rehabilitative approach to pain management is recommended, and multidisciplinary treatment typically includes medication management, physical therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
The Lecture Method in Mathematics: A Student's View

(1973). The Lecture Method in Mathematics: A Student's View. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 195-201.
Platform and cannula design improvements for spinal cord therapeutics delivery.

Background Only recently have data been published attempting to validate a technology and technique suitable for targeted delivery of biological payloads to the human spinal cord. Objective To characterize the development and evolution of a spine-stabilized microinjection platform as a vehicle for biologics delivery to the cervical and thoracolumbar spine on the basis of preclinical experience in both non-Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) experimental series and GLP studies. Methods Our laboratory completed > 100 cervical and lumbar porcine microinjection procedures between July 2004 and June 2010. This included both non-GLP- and GLP-adherent survival series to validate the safety and accuracy achievable with intraspinal microinjection. During this time, 3 different microinjection platforms, injection stages, and cannula designs were tested. Results Repetitive technological improvements reduced incision length, decreased procedural complexity, and simplified ventral horn targeting and accuracy. These changes reduced procedural invasiveness and the likelihood of neurological morbidity while improving targeting accuracy. In part as a result of these technological improvements and procedural modifications, we have safely progressed from single unilateral microinjections to multiple bilateral injections without long-term neurological sequelae. Conclusion Technological and procedural refinements have significantly enhanced the capabilities of intraspinal microinjection-based biologics delivery. Reductions in procedural invasiveness and the capability to deliver sequential biological payloads effectively have broadened the flexibility of intraspinal microinjection to a widened array of intrinsic spinal cord pathologies. These advances have laid the groundwork for clinical translation of spinal cord microinjections.
Influence of thyroid function on Co60 cyanocobalamin metabolism in various animals.

SummaryRabbits, but not rats or guinea pigs, fed thiouracil, accumulate increased concentrations of injected Co60 cyanocobalamin in kidney tissue but not in liver tissue. Radioactivity excretion in urine also increases. The effect of thiouracil on cyanocobalamin metabolism by rabbit kidney appears to be extrathyroidal and not mediated through the thyroid gland.
Intracavity High Harmonic Generation: Frequency Combs From IR to the XUV

Intracavity high harmonic generation has enable the extension of the fs frequency comb to the XUV. We review the technological development of these sources, their fundamental limitations, and their potential impact on science and technology.