cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision Analysis in Diagnosis and Treatment Choice

Decision analysis, a quantitative approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty, is introduced and its use in clinical decision making is described. Decision analysis identifies the optimal course of action as that which maximizes (or minimizes) the expected value of the outcome as specified by the decision maker. Through sensitivity analysis, the parameters that affect the optimal course of action are identified. The expected value of clinical information and perfect information are defined in the context of a clinical example. Keywords: decision analysis; decision tree; probability revision; Bayes' rule; QALY ; sensitivity analysis; expected value; specificity
The flow of plasma in the solar terrestrial environment

The overall goal of our NASA Theory Program is to study the coupling, time delays, and feedback mechanisms between the various regions of the solar-terrestrial system in a self-consistent, quantitative manner. To accomplish this goal, it will eventually be necessary to have time-dependent macroscopic models of the different regions of the solar-terrestrial system and we are continually working toward this goal. However, our immediate emphasis is on the near-earth plasma environment, including the ionosphere, the plasmasphere, and the polar wind. In this area, we have developed unique global models that allow us to study the coupling between the different regions. Another important aspect of our NASA Theory Program concerns the effect that localized structure has on the macroscopic flow in the ionosphere, plasmasphere, thermosphere, and polar wind. The localized structure can be created by structured magnetospheric inputs (i.e., structured plasma convection, particle precipitation or Birkeland current patterns) or time variations in these inputs due to storms and substorms. Also, some of the plasma flows that we predict with our macroscopic models may be unstable, and another one of our goals is to examine the stability of our predicted flows. Because time-dependent, three-dimensional numerical models of the solar-terrestrial environment generally require extensive computer resources, they are usually based on relatively simple mathematical formulations (i.e., simple MHD or hydrodynamic formulation). Therefore, another long-range goal of our NASA Theory Program is to study the conditions under which various mathematical formulations can be applied to specific solar-terrestrial regions. This may involve a detailed comparison of kinetic, semikinetic, and hydrodynamic predictions for a given polar wind scenario or it may involve the comparison of a small-scale particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation of a plasma expansion event with a similar macroscopic expansion event. The different mathematical formulations have different strengths and weaknesses and a careful comparison of model predictions for similar geophysical situations will provide insight into when the various models can be used with confidence.
The spectral problem for the q-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equation and continuous q-Jacobi polynomials

The spectral problem for theq-Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov equations for\(Uq(\widehat{sl_2 })(0< q< 1)\) at arbitrary non-negative levelk is considered. The case of two-point functions in the fundamental representation is studied in detail. The scattering states are given explicitly in terms of continuousq-Jacobi polynomials, and theS-matrix is derived from their asymptotic behavior. The level zeroS-matrix is closely connected with the kink-antikinkS-matrix for the spin-\(\tfrac{1}{2}\) XXZ antiferromagnet. An interpretation of the latter in terms of scattering on (quantum) symmetric spaces is discussed. In the limit of infinite level we observe connections with harmonic analysis onp-adic groups with the primep given byp=q−2.
Refractoriness and Neural Precision

The response of a spiking neuron to a stimulus is often characterized by its time-varying firing rate, estimated from a histogram of spike times. If the cell’s firing probability in each small time interval depends only on this firing rate, one predicts a highly variable response to repeated trials, whereas many neurons show much greater fidelity. Furthermore, the neuronal membrane is refractory immediately after a spike, so that the firing probability depends not only on the stimulus but also on the preceding spike train. To connect these observations, we investigated the relationship between the refractory period of a neuron and its firing precision. The light response of retinal ganglion cells was modeled as probabilistic firing combined with a refractory period: the instantaneous firing rate is the product of a “free firing rate,” which depends only on the stimulus, and a “recovery function,” which depends only on the time since the last spike. This recovery function vanishes for an absolute refractory period and then gradually increases to unity. In simulations, longer refractory periods were found to make the response more reproducible, eventually matching the precision of measured spike trains. Refractoriness, although often thought to limit the performance of neurons, may in fact benefit neuronal reliability. The underlying free firing rate derived by allowing for the refractory period often exceeded the observed firing rate by an order of magnitude and was found to convey information about the stimulus over a much wider dynamic range. Thus, the free firing rate may be the preferred variable for describing the response of a spiking neuron.
Evaluating the Need for Intelligence in an Adaptive Hypermedia System

We described a formative evaluation of Tectonica Interactive, an introductory geology hyper-book that was authored and delivered using the MetaLinks software. MetaLinks is a framework and authoring tool for the creation of adaptive hypermedia documents that support the learner's exploration of richly interconnected material. The formative evaluation involved 19 subjects, and data was collected from navigation traces, a questionnaire, focus-group discussions, and think-aloud interviews. We interpret the results in terms of how the system addresses the issues of disorientation, cognitive overload, discontinuous flow (poor narrative flow or poor conceptual flow), and content non-readiness. We were interested in how features of the current implementation address these issues, and we were looking for evidence for the need of more advanced (adaptive and/or intelligent) features.
Experimenting with QCD

A survey of some of the current predictions of QCD obtained by Monte Carlo methods is presented.
Enforcement of Privacy Policies over Multiple Online Social Networks for Collaborative Activities

Our goal is to tend to develop an enforcement architecture of privacy policies over multiple online social networks. It is used to solve the problem of privacy protection when several social networks build permanent or temporary collaboration. Theoretically, this idea is practical, especially due to more and more social network tend to support open source framework “OpenSocial”. But as we known different social network websites may have the same privacy policy settings based on different enforcement mechanisms, this would cause problems. In this case, we have to manually write code for both sides to make the privacy policy settings enforceable. We can imagine that, this is a huge workload based on the huge number of current social networks. So we focus on proposing a middleware which is used to automatically generate privacy protection component for permanent integration or temporary interaction of social networks. This middleware provide functions, such as collecting of privacy policy of each participant in the new collaboration, generating a standard policy model for each participant and mapping all those standard policy to different enforcement mechanisms of those participants.
Longitudinal Assessment of Cognitive Changes Associated with Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer: The Impact of APOE and Smoking

Purpose This study examined the association of post-treatment changes in cognitive performance, APOE and smoking in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant therapy.
Hybrid storage design for NC-94 database within the parametric data model framework

The NC-94 dataset contains the most complete records of temporal and spatial variables for climate, crop, and soil in the north central region in the United States. Scientists store and process the dataset within scientific data formats which are efficient for scientific simulations. However, it is difficult for the public to access the dataset by using ad-hoc queries because the scientific data formats are not database management systems. This paper presents a hybrid storage model to build the NC-94 database which supports ad-hoc queries. The storage is designed within the parametric data model which has advantages over conventional relational databases. In our design paradigm, the database query language supports multi-granules as well as pattern windows to extract information, reducing the needs of high-level programming languages. We expect that our proposed paradigm significantly enhance the usefulness of the existing NC-94 dataset for the public domain.
Computational analysis of amoeboid swimming at low Reynolds number.

Recent experimental work has shown that eukaryotic cells can swim in a fluid as well as crawl on a substrate. We investigate the swimming behavior of Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae who swim by initiating traveling protrusions at the front that propagate rearward. In our model we prescribe the velocity at the surface of the swimming cell, and use techniques of complex analysis to develop 2D models that enable us to study the fluid-cell interaction. Shapes that approximate the protrusions used by Dictyostelium discoideum can be generated via the Schwarz–Christoffel transformation, and the boundary-value problem that results for swimmers in the Stokes flow regime is then reduced to an integral equation on the boundary of the unit disk. We analyze the swimming characteristics of several varieties of swimming Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae, and discuss how the slenderness of the cell body and the shapes of the protrusion effect the swimming of these cells. The results may provide guidance in designing low Reynolds number swimming models.
Together we will : experimental evidence on female voting behavior in Pakistan

In many emerging democracies women are less likely to vote than men and, when they do vote, are more likely to follow the wishes of household males. The authors assess the impact of a voter awareness campaign on female turnout and candidate choice. Geographic clusters within villages were randomly assigned to treatment or control, and within treated clusters, some households were left untreated. Compared with women in control clusters, both treated and untreated women in treated clusters are 12 percentage points more likely to vote, and are also more likely to exercise independence in candidate choice, indicating large spillovers. Data from polling stations suggest that treating 10 women increased turnout by about 9 votes, resulting in a cost per vote of US$ 2.3. Finally, a 10 percent increase in the share of treated women at the polling station led to a 6 percent decrease in the share of votes of the winning party.
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas: CT and MR characteristics

Thirty-seven cases of juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma were reviewed retrospectively to determine their CT and MR characteristics. All cases occurred in pediatric patients, except for one in a young adult. There was a propensity for tumors to be located around the third and fourth ventricles. On CT the tumors were all sharply demarcated and smoothly marginated and rarely had associated edema. The lesions tended to be round or oval. The tumor matrix was most often hypo- or isodense with marked enhancement. Cyst formation, either micro- or macrocystic or combined, was frequently observed, and tumor calcification occurred occasionally. On MR the tumors appeared hypo- or isointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images. The radiologic appearances of juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas are quite characteristic. By using age of presentation, typical location, configuration, and enhancement patterns, the presurgical diagnosis of juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma can be made with a high index of confidence.
Higher Education Quality Assurance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Challenges, Opportunities, and Promising Practices

This report maps and assesses the status and practice of higher education quality assurance (QA) in Sub-Saharan Africa. It centers on quality assurance in degree-granting tertiary institutions, but also incorporates, where available, information on other types of tertiary education. A main finding is that structured national-level quality assurance processes in African higher education are a very recent phenomenon and that most countries face major capacity constraints. The research for this report was conducted between November 2005 and December 2006 through document and web reviews, interviews and six detailed country case studies covering Cameroon, Ghana, Mauritius, Nigeria, South Africa and Tanzania. This study has two main purposes, one being to establish a baseline on the status of quality assurance in higher education in Africa. A second is to provide information to education policymakers, stakeholders (including employers) and development partners involved in tertiary education in Africa that may assist them with identification and prioritization of capacity enhancement needs for quality improvement.
Proton therapy for head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma: Initial clinical outcomes

Background The purpose of this study was to report outcomes of proton therapy in head and neck adenoid cystic carcinoma. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of 26 patients treated between 2004 and 2012. Twenty patients (77%) had base of skull involvement; 19 (73%) were treated for initial disease and 7 (27%) for recurrent disease. Twenty patients were treated postoperatively, 6 after biopsy alone and 24 had positive margins or gross residual disease. Median dose delivered was 72 Gy (relative biological effectiveness [RBE]). Results Median follow-up was 25 months (range, 7–50 months). The 2-year overall survival was 93% for initial disease course and 57% for recurrent disease (p = .19). The 2-year local control was 95% for initial disease and 86% for recurrent disease (p = .48). The 2-year distant metastatic rate was 25%. Late toxicity of grade 0 or 1 was seen in 17 patients, grade 2 in 5, grade 3 in 2, grade 4 in 1, and grade 5 in 1. Conclusion Initial outcomes of proton therapy are encouraging. Longer follow-up is required. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 37: 117–124, 2015
Complexity in the digital age how can IT help, not hurt

Most executives see IT as a major source of complexity in their organizations. However, IT can also help companies to better manage business complexity. As businesses enter new geographies, develop new products, open new channels, add more granular customer segments, and acquire other companies, they become more complex. And with complexity usually comes cost. Mastering complexity, however, involves more than just getting rid of it. As it turns out, top performing companies find their “complexity sweet spot” by creating value from product complexity (think about providing customers with choice, full-service offerings, customization options, or integrated solutions) while at the same time keeping processes for customers and employees simple. Martin will discuss how IT and the IT unit can help companies to advance toward their complexity sweet spot.
International Trade and Intertemporal Substitution

This paper studies the role of international trade delivery lags and variation in the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution in accounting for puzzling features of cyclical fluctuations of international trade volumes. Our insight is that, because international trade is time-intensive, variation in the rate at which agents are willing to substitute across time affects how trade volumes respond to changes in output and prices. We calibrate our model to match key features of U.S. data and discipline the variation in the intertemporal marginal rate of substitution using asset price data. We find that our model is quantitatively consistent with U.S. cyclical import fluctuations.
A minimal architecture for general cognition

A minimalistic cognitive architecture called MANIC is presented. The MANIC architecture requires only three function approximating models, and one state machine. Even with so few major components, it is theoretically sufficient to achieve functional equivalence with all other cognitive architectures, and can be practically trained. Instead of seeking to trasfer architectural inspiration from biology into artificial intelligence, MANIC seeks to minimize novelty and follow the most well-established constructs that have evolved within various subfields of data science. From this perspective, MANIC offers an alternate approach to a long-standing objective of artificial intelligence. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the MANIC architecture.
MAG4 versus alternative techniques for forecasting active region flare productivity.

MAG4 is a technique of forecasting an active region's rate of production of major flares in the coming few days from a free-magnetic-energy proxy. We present a statistical method of measuring the difference in performance between MAG4 and comparable alternative techniques that forecast an active region's major-flare productivity from alternative observed aspects of the active region. We demonstrate the method by measuring the difference in performance between the "Present MAG4" technique and each of three alternative techniques, called "McIntosh Active-Region Class," "Total Magnetic Flux," and "Next MAG4." We do this by using (1) the MAG4 database of magnetograms and major-flare histories of sunspot active regions, (2) the NOAA table of the major-flare productivity of each of 60 McIntosh active-region classes of sunspot active regions, and (3) five technique-performance metrics (Heidke Skill Score, True Skill Score, Percent Correct, Probability of Detection, and False Alarm Rate) evaluated from 2000 random two-by-two contingency tables obtained from the databases. We find that (1) Present MAG4 far outperforms both McIntosh Active-Region Class and Total Magnetic Flux, (2) Next MAG4 significantly outperforms Present MAG4, (3) the performance of Next MAG4 is insensitive to the forward and backward temporal windows used, in the range of one to a few days, and (4) forecasting from the free-energy proxy in combination with either any broad category of McIntosh active-region classes or any Mount Wilson active-region class gives no significant performance improvement over forecasting from the free-energy proxy alone (Present MAG4).
A Practical Approach to Pharmaceutical Policy

Pharmaceuticals are an essential component of health care. But for many people in low- and middle-income countries, access to the medicines they need to prevent or treat severe illnesses is limited. Typical problems are lack of availability, costs that exceed the individual's purchasing power or lack of competent "agents" - health workers that are well trained to give the correct advice on which medicines to take. Pharmaceutical policy is the part of health policy that aims at addressing these problems and increasing access to safe, effective and affordable medicines for all patients. There are many obstacles against achieving these goals. Such obstacles can arise from financial interests on the side of suppliers and health care providers, who may benefit from charging higher prices and issuing more prescriptions than might be justified from a clinical and economic viewpoint. Or from rogue suppliers trying to introduce low quality or counterfeit drugs into markets with less effective regulation. Also, corruption and ineffective bureaucracies sometimes interfere with well intended programs to offer access to essential medicines for the poor. This book offers policy makers a hands-on approach, tested in the World Bank's field work in many countries, for assessing the pharmaceutical sector, recognising typical "patterns of dysfunction" and developing strategies to quickly deal with the most urgent problems while at the same time building a platform for sustainable long term policy. It offers examples from a variety of low- and middle income countries and provides practical assessment tools for policy makers.
Mauldin-Williams graphs, Morita equivalence and isomorphisms

We describe a method for associating some non-self-adjoint algebras to Mauldin-Williams graphs and we study the Morita equivalence and isomorphism of these algebras. We also investigate the relationship between the Morita equivalence and isomorphism class of the C*-correspondences associated with Mauldin-Williams graphs and the dynamical properties of the Mauldin-Williams graphs.
Silurian trace fossils in carbonate turbidites from the Alexander arc of southeastern Alaska

Early to Late Silurian (Llandovery‐Ludlow) body and trace fossils from the Heceta Formation of southeastern Alaska are preserved in the oldest widespread carbonates in the Alexander terrane. These fossils represent the earliest benthos to inhabit diverse shallow and deep subtidal environments in the region and are important indicators of early stages in benthic community development within the evolving Alexander arc. The ichnofossils are particularly significant because they add to a small but growing body of knowledge about trace fossils in deep‐water carbonates of Paleozoic age. Carbonate turbidites that originated along a deep marine slope within the arc yield a low‐diversity suite of trace fossils consisting of five distinct biogenic forms. Simple burrows (Planolites, two forms), ramifying tunnels (Chondrites), and tiny cylindrical burrows (?Chondrites) represent the feeding activities (fodinichnia) of pre‐turbidite animals that burrowed in the lime mud before the influx of coarser sediment deposited ...
Human visual system-based edge detection using image contrast enhancement and logarithmic ratio

In this paper, we introduce a human visual system (HVS)-based edge detection algorithm. The introduced algorithm integrates image enhancement, edge detection and logarithmic ratio filtering algorithms to develop an effective edge detection method. Also a parameter (â) is introduced to control the level of detected edge details and functions as a primary threshold parameter. The introduced algorithm functions in tracking and segmenting significant dark gray levels in an image. Simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the introduced algorithm compared to other traditional methods such as Canny's algorithm in preserving object's topology and shape. The developed algorithm functions at various applications where measurements and segmentation of dark gray level spots for classification and tracking purposes are required such as road cracks, lunar surface images, and remote objects.
Convergence theory for multi-input discrete-time iterative learning control with Coulomb friction, continuous outputs, and input bounds

In this paper we consider the problem of discrete-time iterative learning control (ILC) for position trajectory tracking of multiple-input, multiple-output systems with Coulomb friction, bounds on the inputs, and equal static and sliding coefficients of friction. We present an ILC controller and a proof of convergence to zero tracking error, provided the associated learning gain matrices are scalar-scaled with a sufficiently small positive scalar. We also show that non-diagonal learning gain matrices satisfying the same prescribed conditions do not lead to the same convergence property. To the best of our knowledge, for problems with Coulomb friction, this paper represents a first convergence theory for the discrete-time ILC problem with multiple-bounded-inputs and multiple-outputs; previous work presented theory only for the single-input, single-output problem. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light‐Emitting Porous Silicon from Cast Metallurgical‐Grade Silicon

Strong visible light emissions from porous silicon (PS) prepared from cast metallurgical‐grade silicon (MG‐Si) are reported for the first time. The Si substrates used for the preparation of the PS films were obtained by directional solidification casting of MG‐Si, followed by wafer sawing and lapping. A chemical etching method was used instead of the conventional electrochemical method of producing PS. The photoluminescence spectra are characterized by a full width at half maximum of 340 to 370 meV, a 2.0 eV peak energy, and a strong peak intensity.
Short-run and long-run industry-level estimates of U.S. Armington elasticities

Abstract The Armington substitution elasticity is a key parameter for trade-policy analysis. We estimate short- and long-run Armington elasticities for 309 manufacturing industries at the four-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level over the period 1989–1995. Our estimation results offer a comprehensive, disaggregated, and up-to-date set of Armington elasticities. On average, long-run estimates are approximately two times larger than the short-run estimates, which is important since long-run estimates are more appropriate for most trade-policy analysis. Also, statistically significant differences exist within most three-digit SIC categories, which highlights the importance of estimation at a disaggregated level.
Analysis and synthesis of neural networks with lower block triangular interconnecting structure

The authors present a qualitative analysis of Hopfield-type neural network models with lower block triangular interconnecting structure. Such networks are viewed as interconnected systems and the present results are phrased in terms of the qualitative properties of the subsystems of the networks and in terms of the properties of the interconnecting structure of the networks. The results address the stability properties of equilibrium points and estimates of trajectory properties. These results enable one to devise a design method for the class of neural networks considered to establish desired relationships between scalar-valued analog input signals and output signals in binary form. >
Fair values, income measurement, and bank analysts' risk and valuation judgments

We examine how fair‐value‐income measurement affects commercial bank equity analysts' risk and value judgments. Normatively, holding information and other underlying economics constant, bank analysts' risk and valuation assessments should distinguish between banks with different risks, but should not depend on how banks measure income. In our experiment, we vary income measurement—full‐fair‐value (all fair‐value changes recognized in income) versus piecemeal‐fair‐value (some fair‐value changes recognized in income, others disclosed in the notes). We also vary interest‐rate‐risk exposure (exposed versus hedged). We find that bank analysts' risk and value judgments distinguish banks' exposure to interest‐rate risk only under full‐fair‐value‐income measurement. Our evidence contributes to research concerned with financial performance reporting, risk, and fair‐value accounting by demonstrating that differences in income measurement affect fundamental judgments of specialist analysts. Our findings are striking...
Families of log canonically polarized varieties

Determining the number of singular fibers in a family of varieties over a curve is a generalization of Shafarevich’s Conjecture and has implications for the types of subvarieties that can appear in the corresponding moduli stack. We consider families of log canonically polarized varieties over \({\mathbb {P}^1}\) , i.e. families \({g:(Y, D) \to \mathbb {P}^1}\) where D is an effective snc divisor and the sheaf \({\omega_{Y/\mathbb {P}^1}(D)}\) is g-ample. After first defining what it means for fibers of such a family to be singular, we show that with the addition of certain mild hypotheses (the fibers have finite automorphism group, \({\mathcal {O}_Y(D)}\) is semi-ample, and the components of D must avoid the singular locus of the fibers and intersect the fibers transversely), such a family must either be isotrivial or contain at least 3 singular fibers.
SYNTHESIS OF POLYFUNCTIONAL ORGANOPHOSPHONATE LIGANDS

ABSTRACT Bifunctional and polyfunctional ligands are finding increasing applications in metal ion liquid-liquid extraction processes, and there is interest in developing more rational design parameters to assist in the construction of ion specific ligand systems. The design and synthesis of several new families of polyfunctional organophosphonate ligands are reviewed here along with studies of the coordination chemistry of the ligands with lanthanide and uranyl ions.
The Contribution of Atmospheric Aerosols to the Martian Opposition Effect

Mie scattering calculations have been made for atmospheric aerosols having various indices of refraction to determine their possible contribution to a Martian opposition effect, such as that reported by O’Leary in 1967. Neither substances with a real index between 1.20 and 1.50, such as ice, water, or solid CO2, nor highly absorbing materials, such as limonite, can produce the observed effect. Submicron-sized spherical particles with refractive indices of 1.55 to 2.00 do, on the other hand, exhibit a marked increase in reflectivity at small phase angles and might be responsible for the enhanced brightness at the shorter wavelengths.
SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING WITH PERIODIC POTENTIALS

Abstract We discuss supersymmetry breaking in some supersymmetric quantum mechanical models with periodic potentials. The sensitivity to the parameters appearing in the superpotential is more acute than in conventional nonperiodic models. We present some simple elliptic models to illustrate these points.
Realtime Multilevel Crowd Tracking Using Reciprocal Velocity Obstacles

We present a novel, real time algorithm to compute the trajectory of each pedestrian in moderately dense crowd scenes. Our formulation is based on an adaptive particle filtering scheme that uses a multi-agent motion model based on velocity-obstacles, and takes into account local interactions as well as physical and personal constraints of each pedestrian. Our method dynamically changes the number of particles allocated to each pedestrian based on different confidence metrics. Additionally, we use a new high-definition crowd video dataset to evaluate the performance of different pedestrian tracking algorithms. This dataset consists of videos of indoor and outdoor scenes recorded at different locations, each with 30-80 pedestrians. Using this dataset, we highlight the performance benefits of our algorithm over prior techniques. In practice, our algorithm can compute trajectories of tens of pedestrians on a multi-core desktop CPU at interactive rates (27-30 frames per second). To the best of our knowledge, our approach is 4-5 times faster than prior methods that provide similar accuracy.
NONLINEAR INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TWO WIDELY SPACED MODES — EXTERNAL EXCITATION

Recent experimental studies indicate that energy can be transferred from high- to low-frequency modes in structures with weak nonlinearity. In each of these experiments, a high-frequency mode was driven near its natural frequency but the response included a large contribution due to the first mode of the structure. In this paper, an analytical study of the response of a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system with widely spaced modes to a simple-harmonic excitation near the natural frequency of its high-frequency mode is presented. This system serves as a paradigm for the interaction of high- and low-frequency modes.
Predicting Maximum Lift Coefficient for Twisted Wings Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

*† ‡ A method is presented that allows one to predict the maximum lift coefficient for a finite wing from knowledge of wing geometry and maximum airfoil section lift coefficient. This approach applies to wings of arbitrary planform and includes the effects of twist and sweep. The method utilizes a correlation obtained from grid-resolved computational fluid dynamics solutions for 25 different wing geometries. These wings had aspect ratios ranging from 4 to 20, taper ratios from 0.5 to 1.0, quarter-chord sweep angles from 0 to 30 degrees, and linear geometric washout ranging from 0 to 8 degrees. For this range of parameters, the ratio of maximum wing lift coefficient to maximum airfoil section lift coefficient varied from about 0.70 to 0.98, with high-aspect-ratio tapered wings producing the highest values and lowaspect-ratio wings with washout and sweep producing the lowest values.
Tunable band gaps in bilayer graphene-BN heterostructures

We investigate band gap tuning of bilayer graphene between hexagonal boron nitride sheets, by external electric fields. Using density functional theory, we show that the gap is continuously tunable from 0 to 0.2 eV and is robust to stacking disorder. Moreover, boron nitride sheets do not alter the fundamental response from that of free-standing bilayer graphene, apart from additional screening. The calculations suggest that graphene−boron nitride heterostructures could provide a viable route to graphene-based electronic devices.
Children's idiomatic expressions of cultural knowledge

The process of teaching and learning music from many cultures is important for imparting cultural knowledge. Analysis of folklore provides information on cultural knowledge structures for education...
Kinetics of Hydroxyapatite Formation at Low Temperature

The influence of temperature on the kinetics of formation of calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite by an acid-base reaction has been determined. Calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite is compositionally similar to bone apatite. Reactants used in this study were tetracalcium phosphate, a calcium phosphate more basic than hydroxyapatite, and dicalcium phosphate, which is more acidic than hydroxyapatite. The kinetics of hydroxyapatite formation are initially controlled by the surface areas of the reactants; however, eventually the rate of hydroxyapatite formation becomes diffusionally controlled. The origin of diffusion control appears to be associated with the epitaxial formation of hydroxyapatite on the surface of the dicalcium phosphate reactant. The microstructure of hydroxyapatite formed at 5°, 15°, and 25°C were generally similar and are characterized by the formation of a porous acicular product which covers the surfaces of the reactants. The microstructure of the hydroxyapatite formed at 38°C was distinct from this and exhibited a pseudomorphic relationship with the dicalcium phosphate reactant. Seeding with hydroxyapatite accelerated the initial reaction but did not appear to have major long-term effects on the fractional degree of reaction or on microstructural development. Reaction was also accelerated in a neutral salt solution of high ionic strength.
Statistical dynamics and economics

Abstract It is shown in this paper how complex economic dynamics can be characterized using the statistical or distributional theory of dynamical systems. The basic concepts of the latter are summarized. Then applications to supply and demand adjustments in competitive markets, aggregate business fluctuations and economic growth in the very long run are briefly reviewed.
Pulmonary valve insertion during reoperation for tetralogy of Fallot.

Abstract Our experience with pulmonary valve insertion during reoperation for residual lesions after initial open repair of tetralogy of Fallot in 15 patients is reported. Preoperatively, 14 patients were in moderate to severe congestive heart failure, and all 15 had decreased right ventricular (RV) function at cardiac catheterization. All 15 patients had pulmonary insufficiency but not as an isolated finding. The most common residual lesions encountered were ventricular septal defect in 9, tricuspid insufficiency in 11, and peripheral pulmonary arterial stenosis in 6. Tissue valves were inserted in all patients. Mean peak RV-left ventricular pressure ratio measured in the operating room decreased from 0.61 ± 0.10 (± the standard deviation) to 0.47 ± 0.17 ( p
Thin film annealing by ion bombardment

Abstract The enhancement of film adherence resulting from argon ion bombardment during the evaporation procedure was studied experimentally. The observations point to the existence of an annealing effect caused by atomic rearrangement in bombardment-induced temperature spikes. This mechanism begins to be effective at a critical minimum bombardment intensity which is sufficient to ensure that practically all the deposited material is subjected to rearrangement soon after it has been condensed. The small amount of argon incorporated into the film by the bombardment is shown to have no significant influence on the process.
Accuracy and Decision Time for Sequential Decision Aggregation

This paper studies prototypical strategies to sequentially aggregate independent decisions. We consider a collection of agents, each performing binary hypothesis testing and each obtaining a decision over time. We assume the agents are identical and receive independent information. Individual decisions are sequentially aggregated via a threshold-based rule. In other words, a collective decision is taken as soon as a specified number of agents report a concordant decision (simultaneous discordant decisions and no-decision outcomes are also handled). We obtain the following results. First, we characterize the probabilities of correct and wrong decisions as a function of time, group size, and decision threshold. The computational requirements of our approach are linear in the group size. Second, we consider the so-called fastest and majority rules, corresponding to specific decision thresholds. For these rules, we provide a comprehensive scalability analysis of both accuracy and decision time. In the limit of large group sizes, we show that the decision time for the fastest rule converges to the earliest possible individual time, and that the decision accuracy for the majority rule shows an exponential improvement over the individual accuracy. Additionally, via a theoretical and numerical analysis, we characterize various speed/accuracy tradeoffs. Finally, we relate our results to some recent observations reported in the cognitive information processing (CIP) literature.
Accurate aerial image simulation using high-resolution reticle inspection images

The use of hardware-based and software-based reticle defect printability simulation systems is expanding as the cost and complexity of reticles increases. Without such systems it has become increasingly difficult to predict the lithographic significance of a defect found on a reticle. The viability of such systems can be judged using several criteria including accuracy, ease of use, level of automation, and the degree to which they can be applied to a wide range of reticle types. Simulation systems have improved in each of these areas. Automated and semi-automated systems have now been developed and integrated into reticle manufacturing. We report on advances made in a software-based simulation system which uses high-resolution reticle inspection images as the basis for the description of the reticle. We show that the simulated aerial images can be compared quantitatively to results from a hardware-based simulation system (the Zeiss AIMSTM tool) for both 193 and 248 nm EPSM reticles. The development of a new set of metrics to judge lithographic significance will be explained. Common procedural mistakes in evaluating the impact of a defect will be discussed.
ON ACHIEVING THE SHORTEST-PATH ROUTING IN 2-D MESHES

In this paper, we present a fully distributed process to collect and distribute the minimal connected component (MCC) fault information so that the shortest-path between a source and its destination can always be found in the corresponding information-based routing via routing decisions made at each intermediate node. Considering the communication cost in the above information distribution, a more practical implementation is provided with a low number of nodes involved in the information propagation. The experimental results show substantial improvement of our approach in terms of the success rate in finding the shortest-path and the average path length.
A Model for Genetic and Epigenetic Regulatory Networks Identifies Rare Pathways for Transcription Factor Induced Pluripotency

With relatively low efficiency, differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by ectopic expression of a few transcription factors. An understanding of the mechanisms that underlie data emerging from such experiments can help design optimal strategies for creating pluripotent cells for patient-specific regenerative medicine. We have developed a computational model for the architecture of the epigenetic and genetic regulatory networks which describes transformations resulting from expression of reprogramming factors. Importantly, our studies identify the rare temporal pathways that result in induced pluripotent cells. Further experimental tests of predictions emerging from our model should lead to fundamental advances in our understanding of how cellular identity is maintained and transformed.
The bounded complex of a uniform affine oriented matroid is a ball

Zaslavsky conjectures that the bounded complex of a simple hyperplane arrangement is homeomorphic to a ball. We prove this conjecture for the more general uniform affine oriented matroids.
Universal counting of black hole entropy by strings on the stretched horizon

We show that the entropy of any black object in any dimension can be understood as the entropy of a highly excited string on the stretched horizon. The string has a gravitationally renormalized tension due to the large redshift near the horizon. The Hawking temperature is given by the Hagedorn temperature of the string. As examples, we consider black holes with one (black p-branes) or more charges, Reissner-Nordstrom black holes and the BTZ black hole in addition to Schwarzschild black holes. We show that the vanishing and nonvanishing extremal entropies can be obtained as smooth limits of the near-extreme cases.
Pool Boiling Curve in Microgravity

Pool boiling experiments using R-113 were conducted in the microgravity of space on a flat heater, consisting of a semitransparent gold film sputtered on quartz substrate, 19.05 x 38.1 mm (0.75 x 1.50 in.). Transient measurements of both the mean heater surface temperature and input heat flux are used to compute the mean heat transfer coefficient at the heater wall. Steady-state pool boiling is achieved in microgravity under conditions in which a large vapor bubble somewhat removed from the heater surface is formed, which acts as a reservoir for the nucleating bubbles. The steady nucleate boiling heat transfer is enhanced materially in microgravity relative to that in Earth gravity, whereas the heat flux at which dryout occurs is considerably less. Using quasisteady data obtained during periods in which some significant portions of the heater surface were dried out, it was possible to construct two distinct composite approximate microgravity pool boiling curves for R-113, one for the higher level of subcooling and one for the lower level of subcooling. These are compared with a reference curve for pool boiling at a/g = +1, constructed from available data and correlations deemed to reasonably represent the circumstances present.
Catalytic Enantioselective Allylic Amination of Unactivated Terminal Olefins via an Ene Reaction/[2,3]-Rearrangement

The enantioselective allylic amination of unactivated terminal olefins represents a direct and attractive strategy for the synthesis of enantioenriched amines. We have developed the first use of a nitrogen-containing reagent and a chiral palladium catalyst to convert unfunctionalized olefins into enantioenriched allylic amines via an ene reaction/[2,3]-rearrangement.
The cost of climate policy in the United States

Abstract We re-evaluate prospects for US economic growth and the likely costs of advanced technologies given recent developments, and then apply the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model to evaluate three core GHG policy scenarios for the US that cap emissions at different levels. The three policy scenarios involve allowance allocations that through 2050 are: (1) constant at present emissions levels, (2) linearly reduced to 50% below present, (3) linearly reduce emissions to 80% below present. The cumulative allowance allocations over the horizon of the policy are 287, 203 and 167 Gt of CO 2 equivalent, respectively. We compare the results to previous analysis of these same policy scenarios to evaluate how the changed growth and technology prospects affect the results. We focus on 203 and 167 Gt scenarios because current proposals envision deep cuts in emissions from present. The 167 Gt scenario is closest to proposals currently being considered by Congress and supported by the US Administration however we do not attempt to model specific details of actual proposals. We test results to alternative assumptions about program coverage and banking behavior. Measured in terms of changes in economic welfare, the economic cost of 203 and 167 Gt cases is in the range of 2 to 3% by 2050, with CO 2 prices between $48 and $67 in 2015 rising to between $190 and $266 by 2050. Implementation details matter: when an idealized economy-wide cap-and-trade is replaced by coverage omitting some sectors, or if the credibility of long-term target is weak (limiting banking behavior) prices and welfare costs change substantially.
Red Clump Stars as a Tracer of Microlensing Optical Depth

Zaritsky & Lin have recently suggested that the color-magnitude diagram of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) contains evidence of foreground red clump stars. They interpret this as evidence of tidal debris or a dwarf galaxy at a distance of ~35 kpc that may be responsible for the large gravitational microlensing optical depth observed by the MACHO collaboration. I derive a relationship between the microlensing optical depth of such a foreground population and the observed density of foreground horizontal-branch stars such as the red clump population postulated by Zaritsky & Lin. Recent observational determinations for Population I and Population II stellar mass functions are used to show that the surface density of the foreground red clump stars claimed by Zaritsky & Lin implies a microlensing optical depth in the range τfg = (0.8–3.6) × 10−8, which is only 3%-13% of τLMC as determined by the MACHO collaboration. If the foreground population has a similar star formation history to the LMC, then the implied τfg is only 3%-4% of τLMC.
Shape space from deformation

The construction of shape spaces is studied from a mathematical and a computational viewpoint. A program is outlined reducing the problem to four tasks: the representation of geometry, the canonical deformation of geometry, the measuring of distance in shape space, and the selection of base shapes. The technical part of this paper focuses on the second task: the specification of a deformation mixing two or more shapes in continuously changing proportions.
Catalytic crossed Michael cycloisomerization of thioenoates: total synthesis of (+/-)-ricciocarpin A.

Thioenoates are found to participate in highly chemoselective catalytic crossed Michael cycloisomerization with appendant aryl ketone and enoate partners to afford cyclopentene and cyclohexene products. This methodology has enabled a concise total synthesis of the potent molluscicide (±)-ricciocarpin A.
Metamaterial based broadband engineering of quantum dot spontaneous emission

We report the broadband (∼ 25 nm) enhancement of radiative decay rate of colloidal quantum dots by exploiting the hyperbolic dispersion of a one-dimensional nonmagnetic metamaterial structure.