cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Support in Neurologic Injury

Neurologic injuries severe enough to require admission to a critical care unit include blunt and penetrating trauma and cerebrovascular accidents. Such patients will require the physician’s attention to nutritional support for weeks to months before they are able to resume adequate spontaneous oral intake. Traumatic brain injury induces systemic metabolic changes marked by hypermetabolism, hypercatabolism, the acute phase response, decreased immunocompetence and altered gastrointestinal function. Stroke patients are usually elderly, 6%–31% have pre-existing nutritional deficits [1, 2, 3], and undernutrition often worsens during the hospital stay [3, 4]. Unfortunately, limited information exists concerning the acute metabolic changes due to stroke, a situation resembling the state of knowledge concerning metabolism and nutritional support of brain injured patients circa 1980. The ability to self-feed may be affected by paralysis of limbs, cognitive deficits, and dysphagia. These problems can be identified in the ICU and anticipated to be part of the patient’s long-term course [5].
Magnetic Analysis of the Sr 88 (d, p)Sr 89 Reaction

A magnetic analyzer was used to study proton groups produced when a SrC${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ target was bombarded with 10.43-Mev deuterons. Three excited states of ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{89}$ were found in addition to the ground state. The corresponding $Q$ values are 4.33, 3.26, 2.26, and 1.79 Mev.
Smile-Seeking Givers and Value-Seeking Recipients: Why Gift Choices and Recipient Preferences Diverge

Prior research on gift giving has often treated “making recipients happy” as interchangeable with “improving recipients’ welfare.” We propose givers’ motive to make recipients happy is better understood as a desire to induce positive affective reactions, such as a smile from recipients. This “smile-seeking” motive yields a mismatch between gift choices and recipients’ preferences, because attributes that promote recipient happiness upon gift reception are often not the same attributes that augment recipients’ overall welfare. We find a considerable givers-recipients preference discrepancy that cannot be explained by extant theories of perspective taking (Studies 1 & 2), is mitigated when the affective reactions are not immediately obtainable (Studies 3 & 4), and is mediated by the anticipation of these affective reactions (Studies 4 & 5). Moreover, in a longitudinal field survey (Study 6), givers derive more enjoyment from their observation of the recipients’ initial affective reactions than from their observation of recipients’ long-term satisfaction. Our findings challenge extant assumptions about gift-giving motives, and attest to the importance of affective reactions in interpersonal decision making.
Reaction of cold agglutinins with I antigen solubilized from human red cells.

The antigens reacting with cold-agglutinin antibodies and present in the red cell membranes of human red cells were found in the water-phase when the washed membranes were extracted with n-butanol. The presence of these antigens was demonstrated by agglutination inhibition, complement fixation, and antibody inhibition as determined by the C1 fixation and transfer test. Although antigen and antibody were not able to react at 37°C when the antigen was present in the intact cell, after solubilization, antigen and antibody reacted equally well at 37°C and at 0°C. The amount of anti-I inhibiting activity present in extracts from adult and cord cells was roughly the same, although the amount of antibody fixed to the intact cord cells was less with cord cells.
Application of SCR Catalyst in Thermal Power Plant

Catalyst is the key part of selective catalytic reduction(SCR) system,and its catalytic behavior directly affects the efficiency and economics of NOx reduction.In this paper,the property of SCR catalyst with 3 kinds of physical structures has been compared,and the role of various metal oxides played during NOx reduction process has been introduced.During the operation of SCR catalyst,the influence of temperature,space velocity,and mole ratio of NH3/NOx on catalytic performance have been analyzed.Based on the operation characteristics of SCR system,the factors that cause catalyst deactivation such as ash abrasion,clogging,alkali metal and arsenic poisoning,and sintering have been presented.
Smoking Status of Employees from Catering and Public Places in Changping District of Beijing City

[Objective]To understand the smoking status and attitude towards tobacco control and smoking ban of employees from catering and public places in Changping District of Beijing City.[Methods]A total of 1450 employees from catering and public places conducted health examination in Changping CDC in 2009 were randomly selected and surveyed by unified questionnaire.[Results]Of 1 450 employees,current smoking rate was 28.00%(62.34% of male and 6.20% of female),smoking cessation rate was 21.18%;support rate of smoking ban in units was 97.66%.The knowledge level of tobacco control and smoking ban of female was higher than that of male(P0.01).[Conclusion]The smoking rate of employees from catering and public places in Changping District is relatively high.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen propaganda and education of "Smoking is harmful to health" among this group to reduce the smoking rate and achieve the goal of "smoking ban in all indoor public places in China from 2011" proposed by WHO.
Alzheimer Disease: Major Neurotransmitter Deficits. Can they be Corrected?

During the several year progression of Alzheimer disease (AD), a continuous loss of neurons is observed in two major forebrain nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS): the locus coeruleus (LC) and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM). Numerous neuropathological and biochemical studies of AD brain have revealed a substantial decrease of noradrenergic neurons in the LC and a 70% depletion of norepinephrine (NE) in the cortex (cf. Nazarali and Reynolds, 1992). The serotonergic system is also affected (cf. Nazarali and Reynolds, 1992).
The language of taste

AbstractThis is a jointly written paper. It has two parts: an empirical part and a theoretical one. Part one, the empirical part, is written by Adrienne Lehrer and describes the language of taste, illustrated by the vocabulary for wine language. The language of the taste of wine often has both a descriptive and evaluate element. Using wine talk as an example, one wine may be described as fruity, acidic, and light, and another as sour, unbalanced, and thin. The second uses highly evaluative terms not found in the first. We analyze the structure of the semantic field of wine descriptors, both literal and metaphoric. A heavy wine uses a deal metaphor, but recent wine writers have expanded the vocabulary by terms such as brawny and muscular. The authority of experts, the advantages and pitfalls thereof, in the description of wine is considered as an instance of delegation of semantic authority. Part two, written by Keith Lehrer, deals with the theoretical implications for a theory of meaning. The theory of wo...
Workup of the Patient with Lactic Acidemia: Mitochondrial Disease

Genetically determined causes of lactic acidemia fall into two categories: abnormalities in gluconeogenesis and defects of oxidative phosphorylation or mitochondrial disease. This distinction is important because management and prognosis are different. First of all, factitious and secondary elevations of lactic acid must be excluded, which are more common, and even D-lactic acidemia. For the evaluation of energy metabolism, lactate should be determined repeatedly throughout the day (especially before and after meals). Postprandial rise or fall in lactate gives important information. Definitive diagnosis is documented by deficiencies in activity of a growing group of enzymes and mutations in DNA, first of mitochondrial and lately also of nuclear DNA.
Cultivating Advanced Technical Writing Skills through a Graduate-Level Course on Writing Research Proposals.

A graduate-level course focused on original research proposals is introduced to address the uneven preparation in technical writing of new chemistry graduate students. This course focuses on writing original research proposals. The general course structure features extensive group discussions, small-group activities, and regular in-class small-group peer review. Since the introduction of this course, it has been found by student surveys, faculty feedback, and student success in winning graduate fellowships that the course is a valuable graduate education component. Detailed here are the course structure, pedagogical approach, and course evaluation.
Evaluation of midcarpal capitate contact mechanics in normal, injured and post-operative wrists.

Abstract Background Scapholunate ligament injury is a commonly occurring carpal ligament injury. Pathology associated with scapholunate ligament injury depends on several factors such as the time after injury, type of injury (instability) and the development of osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare contact mechanics in the lunocapitate and scaphocapitate joints in the normal, injured (scapholunate dissociation) and repaired (postoperative) wrist. Methods Four human subjects with scapholunate ligament dissociation participated in this study. MR images of normal (contralateral), injured and postoperative wrists were obtained during relaxed condition and during active light grasp. Relaxed MR images were used to construct model geometry (bones with cartilage) for the capitate, lunate and scaphoid. Kinematic transformations were obtained by using image registration between the unloaded and functionally loaded image sets. Joint surface contact mechanics were then calculated. Findings All contact measures (contact force, pressure, mean pressure and area) tended to increase with injury in both articulations. A significantly higher contact area was found in the injured scaphocapitate joint compared to normal. A significant increase in peak pressure was observed in the postoperative state compared to normal. Interpretation Injury to the scapholunate ligament increased contact measures, suggesting a risk for onset of osteoarthritis in both the scaphocapitate and lunocapitate joints. Surgical repair appeared to restore most measures of contact mechanics to near normal values, more so for the lunocapitate joint when compared to scaphocapitate joint. The elevated postoperative peak pressures indicate the difficulty to fully restore joint mechanics.
Donor Milk Utilization for Healthy Infants: Experience at a Single Academic Center

Abstract Background: Banked donor milk (BDM) has historically been used as an alternative to formula for preterm infants. Recently, BDM has been endorsed by two national organizations for use in healthy infants. We sought to quantify utilization trends and characteristics of mothers and their healthy newborns who received BDM during their postpartum stay between 2013 and 2016 at a single academic medical center. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, we used a clinical log to identify all infants who received BDM in the well-baby nursery between July 2013 and June 2016. From this log, we abstracted data on the numbers of babies who received BDM, the quantity of BDM provided, and indications for usage. We also collected clinical data from the medical records of a subset of corresponding mothers and infants. Results: BDM utilization increased over time in healthy infants, with 0.04% of infants before July 2014 receiving BDM compared with 4.7% in July 2015 to June 2016. During the same periods, ...
Monster wildfires and metaphor in risk communication

ABSTRACTThis work examines the use and understanding of metaphor in wildfire discourse. We focus on the framing of wildfires as monsters, seen in statements such as “Monster wildfire rages in Colorado” and “Two monster wildfires in Northern California are slowly being tamed,” which reflect a “wildfire is monster” metaphor. Study 1 analyzes how and when this phrase is used in TV news reports of wildfires, and Study 2A and Study 2B investigate how it influences reasoning about risks associated with wildfire. The results show that metaphor is widely used in framing news reports about significant wildfires, and that its use influences how people reason about them. The work is part of a project aimed at developing better ways to communicate about risks related to natural events and climate change.
A RAPID SLIDE TEST FOR HETEROPHILE ANTIBODY IN INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

The sera of 473 individuals were examined for sheep cell agglutinins both by the slide test and the Paul-Bunnell method. In this group there were 46 patients with positive slide tests and 35 of these individuals also had a diagnostic serum dilution test for heterophile antibody. In 11 cases the slide test was positive but the Paul-Bunnell test gave very low serum dilution values. However, when the slide test was carried out at 37 C, it was negative in 9 of the 11 cases. In the remaining 2 instances, one patient had a Forssman type of antibody which gave a 1:64 titer in saline and the slide test was positive at 37 C. In the other case no studies were made on the effect of temperature and the nature of the agglutination reaction was unfortunately not determined. Using human and bovine albumen, sheep serum and human AB serum absorbed with sheep cells as a diluent no evidence for blocking or hyperimmune antibody was discovered in the cases of infectious mononucleosis studied in this series. Moreover, of the 6 patients with negative serology but with strong clinical and hematological evidence for the disease, no blocking or hyperimmune antibody was disclosed by the slide test or by the use of absorbed human AB serum. The conclusion seems justified that blocking, incomplete or hyperimmune heterophile antibody must be rather uncommon in infectious mononucleosis. In the use of the rapid slide test it has been pointed out that cold agglutinins, (which may be abolished by warming to 37 C) and Forssman antibodies (which may be absorbed by guinea pig kidney) can give positive results. However, diseases in which cold agglutinins are strong enough to give a positive slide test are relatively rare and the occurrence of Forssman antibodies of a strength likely to give a positive slide test would be decidedly uncommon. In any event unless further experience reveals more serious discrepancies, the rapid slide test as described in this paper seems to offer a practical screening test to detect clinically significant amounts of heterophile antibody in cases of infectious mononucleosis.
The Association of Age With Clinical Presentation and Comorbidities of Pyoderma Gangrenosum.

Importance Pyoderma gangrenosum is an inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis. Current knowledge of this rare disease is limited owing to a lack of validated diagnostic criteria and large population studies. Objective To evaluate the association of age with the clinical presentation and comorbidities of pyoderma gangrenosum. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study performed at tertiary academic referral centers in urban settings. Adults (≥18 years) who were evaluated and diagnosed as having pyoderma gangrenosum at the Brigham and Women’s and Massachusetts General Hospitals from 2000 to 2015 and the University of Pennsylvania Health System from 2006 to 2016 were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Patient demographics, clinical features, medical comorbidities, and treatment. Results Of the 356 validated cases of pyoderma gangrenosum included in the study, 267 (75%) were women and 284 (84.8%) were white. The mean (SD) age at presentation was 51.6 (17.7) years. Pathergy was recorded in 100 patients (28.1%). A total of 238 patients (66.9%) had associated medical comorbidities: inflammatory bowel disease in 146 patients (41.0%); inflammatory arthritis in 73 patients (20.5%); solid organ malignant neoplasms in 23 patients (6.5%); hematologic malignant neoplasms in 21 patients (5.9%); and hematologic disorders, specifically monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, myelodysplastic syndrome, and polycythemia vera in 17 patients (4.8%). When stratified by age, pathergy was more common in patients 65 years or older (36.3% vs 24.3%;P = .02). Inflammatory bowel disease was the only medical comorbidity that was more common in patients younger than 65 years (47.7% vs 26.6%;P Conclusions and Relevance Although clinical presentation in this large cohort was similar between different age groups, disease associations varied by age. The findings of this study may allow for a more focused, age-specific evaluation of patients with pyoderma gangrenosum.
Parental Depressive Symptoms Potentiate the Effect of Youth Negative Mood Symptoms on Gene Expression in Children with Asthma

Depressive symptoms in parents and in youths have been found to relate to disease comorbidity processes in children, including greater disease-related impairment and poorer clinical outcomes. The current study sought to assess whether coming from a family characterized by more depressive symptoms on average would potentiate the effects of changes in youths’ own negative mood on the expression of two receptor genes relevant to asthma that are the primary targets of asthma medication, such that the combination of low child negative mood in the context of greater parental depressive symptoms would relate to the lowest levels of gene expression. One-hundred-twenty youths with diagnosed asthma and their parents participated every 6 months for 2 years. Parents reported on their depressive symptoms, children reported negative mood symptoms, and youths completed blood draws from which expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) and Beta2 Adrenergic Receptor (β2-AR) genes was extracted. Multilevel linear modeling revealed significant interactions between average levels of parental depressive symptoms and changes in youths’ negative mood symptoms predicting gene expression, such that youths expressed significantly less GR and β2-AR during times when they experienced more negative mood symptoms, but this was only true if they came from families with higher levels of average parental depressive symptoms. The current study identifies novel and biologically-proximal molecular signaling patterns that connect depressive symptoms to pediatric asthma while also highlighting the important role of family environment for biological processes that may operate within depression comorbidity.
Vulnerability of Interdependent Urban Infrastructure Networks: Equilibrium after Failure Propagation and Cascading Impacts

Abstract The functionality of modern cities relies heavily on interdependent infrastructure systems such as those for water, power, and transportation. Disruptions often propagate within and across...
Confabulation and epistemic authority.

Mahr & Csibra (M&C) claim that episodic remembering's autonoetic character serves as an indicator of epistemic authority. This proposal is difficult to reconcile with the existence of confabulation errors – where participants fabricate memories of experiences that never happened to them. Making confabulation errors damages one's epistemic authority, but these false memories have an autonoetic character.
Effect of Sirolimus on Native Total Kidney Volume After Transplantation in Patients with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Abstract Background The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been shown to be central to cyst formation and growth in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Drugs that suppress mTOR signaling are frequently used as antiproliferative agents for maintenance immunosuppression in patients who have undergone kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sirolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, on cyst volume regression in patients with ADPKD who have undergone renal transplantation. Methods In this single-center, prospective, open-label, parallel-group, randomized trial, 23 adult patients with ADPKD who successfully underwent renal transplantation from 2008 to 2012 were subsequently randomized (on a 1:1 basis) to a maintenance immunosuppression regimen with either sirolimus (sirolimus, tacrolimus, prednisone) or mycophenolate (mycophenolate, tacrolimus, prednisone). Total kidney volumes were measured by means of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging within 2 weeks after transplantation and at 1 year. The primary end point was change in total kidney volume at 1 year. Results Sixteen patients completed the 1-year study (8 patients in each group). There was a decrease in kidney volume in both the sirolimus group (percentage change from baseline, 20.5%; P Conclusions In ADPKD patients at 1 year after kidney transplantation, there was a similar decrease in polycystic kidney volume in patients receiving an immunosuppression regimen containing sirolimus compared with patients receiving mycophenolate.
Total Synthesis and Biological Activity of the Arachidonic Acid Metabolite Hemiketal E2

The total synthesis of hemiketal E2 (HKE2) has been accomplished using a gold(I)-mediated cycloisomerization followed by oxidation of the enol ether product to introduce a unique keto-hemiketal, the core structure of HKE2. Synthetic hemiketal E2 reproduced biosynthetically derived HKE2 in the inhibition of human platelet aggregation.
Relative Biological Effectiveness Uncertainties and Implications for Beam Arrangements and Dose Constraints in Proton Therapy

Current clinical implementation of proton radiation therapy assumes a constant relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value of 1.1 throughout the treatment field, for both the target and organs at risks. Although few in vivo clinical data suggest that this approximation is clinically significant, in vitro studies demonstrate the dependency of RBE on dose, fractionation, proton energy, and linear energy transfer, as well as patient radiosensitivity and definition of endpoint. This article provides a brief review on the principles and individual factors contributing to RBE uncertainties, with emphasis on clinical practice. Clinical considerations regarding the effect of RBE uncertainties and implications for beam arrangements in proton therapy treatment planning are discussed through clinical examples for treatments of prostate cancer and posterior fossa tumors as well as craniospinal irradiation for medulloblastoma. Approaches on biological optimization in proton therapy are presented, including a discussion on linear energy transfer-based optimization as an alternative method for biological optimization and its implementation both in multicriteria optimization and inverse optimization modules.
Swearing, moral order, and online communication

This paper addresses problems with swearing on the internet. The opening section of the paper defines swearing (uttering offensive emotional speech) as a ubiquitous form of impolite human behavior. Swearing can occur wherever humans communicate with each other and that it appears in computer-mediated communication (CMC) is not surprising. The second section documents how swearwords appear in email, blogs, Twitter, MySpace, Facebook, and YouTube and in other practices and sites (trolling, 4chan). Swearword use is situated in the context of emerging research on impoliteness and moral order (politeness norms and standards that govern internet behavior). Online swearword use is a function of moral order, as well as users’ interpersonal characteristics such as age (younger more likely than older users), gender (men more likely than women), the time of day (later in the day and evening), and a website’s social composition (adversarial and male dominated more than homogeneous friendly sites). The paper concludes with suggestions for dealing with internet swearword use where regulation is desirable and feasible. Websites and communities should develop moral order norms that at a minimum restrict illegal forms of speech (e.g., credible threats of violence, workplace sexual harassment).
Implications of the Holomorph Concept for Ascomycete Systematics

The expectation for ascomycetous species expressed by de Bary in 1887 is still prevalent. A life cycle with morphological expression of the ascal stage was the norm. The mitotic fungus was considered as a sometimes more frequently expressed intermittant life cycle stage. The mitotic and meiotic species were acknowledged as rare and derived from the loss of a pleomorphous life cycle stage.
Phenotypic Tolerance and Bacterial Persistence

When a bacterial population that was susceptible to a given antibiotic gives rise to a member that is resistant to the antibiotic, the best-understood mechanisms are those that are heritable by that cell’s progeny. Less well understood is nonheritable antibiotic resistance—resistance that is neither permanent in a given bacterium nor passed to its progeny. Nonheritable resistance is also called phenotypic tolerance. This chapter distinguishes two classes of phenotypic tolerance—one that can potentially be overcome by using several antibiotics in combination and another that requires finding new antibiotics that can kill bacteria in non-replicating states. Such states are often imposed by conditions in the host that constrain the bacteria without eliminating them, including host immunity and antibiotics themselves.
Towards Intelligent Arbitration of Diverse Active Learning Queries

Active learning literature has explored the selection of optimal queries by a learning agent with respect to given criteria, but prior work in classification has focused only on obtaining labels for queried samples. In contrast, proficient learners, like humans, integrate multiple forms of information during learning. This work seeks to enable an active learner to reason about multiple query types concurrently, aimed at soliciting both instance and feature information from the teacher, and to autonomously arbitrate between queries of different types. We contribute the design of rule-based and decision-theoretic arbitration strategies and evaluate all against baselines of more traditional passive and active learning. Our findings show that all arbitration strategies lead to more efficient learning, compared to the baselines. Moreover, given a dynamically changing environment and constrained questioning budget (typical in human settings), the decision-theoretic strategy statistically outperforms all other methods since it reasons about both what query to make and when to make a query, in order to most effectively utilize its questioning budget.
Ni de aquí, ni de allá: Puerto Rican acculturation-acculturative stress profiles and depression.

Objective Acculturation-acculturative stress profiles and their association with depression symptoms were examined in a sample of mainland Puerto Ricans (N = 367) using latent profile analysis. Methods Bidimensional behavioral acculturation, bidimensional ethnic identity, and acculturative stress were used as indicators to derive profiles. Differences in depressive symptoms across latent profile members were determined using an automatic mixture modeling with continuous outcomes approach. Results Three profiles were identified, each demonstrating a distinctive configuration of adherence to bidimensional behavioral acculturation, bidimensional ethnic identity, and level of acculturative stress. The largest profile resembled individuals following a partial marginalization strategy. Participants in this profile were also reported more depression symptoms than all other participants. Conclusions The identification of a large partial marginalization profile offers important information about sociocultural indicators of depression among Puerto Ricans living in the United States. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
The combination of exercise training and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition improves glucose tolerance and exercise capacity in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes

Abstract Purpose Exercise is recommended in addition to pharmacotherapies for the management of type 2 diabetes, but metformin and exercise training may have non-additive or even inhibitory effects on exercise-induced improvements in glycemic control and exercise capacity. The objectives of this report were to determine if co-treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor and exercise could (1) further improve glycemic control when compared to either monotherapy and (2) not worsen exercise capacity when compared to exercise alone. Methods A rodent model of type 2 diabetes (30 mg/kg streptozotocin and high-fat feeding in male Sprague-Dawley rats) was used to assess 12 weeks of co-treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) and exercise (EX; treadmill running) on glycemic control and exercise capacity. Animals were randomized to the following conditions (n = 7–10/group): vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose) sedentary (VEH SED), VEH EX, canagliflozin (3 mg kg−1 d−1) SED (SGLT2i SED), or SGLT2i EX. Results Both EX and SGLT2i independently improved indices of glycemic control. The combination of SGLT2i and EX further improved glucose tolerance (glucose area under the curve 1109 ± 51 vs 1427 ± 82 mmol/ L 120 min−1 for SGLT2i EX vs. SGLT2i SED, respectively; p Conclusions If these findings with the combination of SGLT2i and exercise translate to humans, they will have important clinical health implications.
Noncommutative Geometry and Stochastic Calculus: Applications in Mathematical Finance

The present report contains an introduction to some elementary concepts in noncommutative differential geometry. The material extends upon ideas first presented by Dimakis and Mueller-Hoissen. In particular, stochastic calculus and the Ito formula are shown to arise naturally from introducing noncommutativity of functions (0-forms) and differentials (1-forms). The abstract construction allows for the straightforward generalization to lattice theories for the direct implementation of numerical models. As an elementary demonstration of the formalism, the standard Black-Scholes model for option pricing is reformulated.
Security Analysis of an Automobile Controller Area Network Bus

As vehicles added more complex electrical systems, point-to-point electrical wiring became heavy and expensive. In 1986, the Society of Automotive Engineers proposed the first invehicle network, referred to as the controller area network (CAN) (Corrigan 2008). The proposed network was envisioned as a simple network to reduce wiring and allow multiple microcontrollers to communicate on a single bus.
Scaling climate change to human behavior predicting good and bad years for Maya farmers.

OBJECTIVES Human responses to climate variation have a rich anthropological history. However, much less is known about how people living in small-scale societies perceive climate change, and what climate data are useful in predicting food production at a scale that affects daily lives. METHODS We use longitudinal ethnographic interviews and economic data to first ask what aspects of climate variation affect the agricultural cycle and food production for Yucatec Maya farmers. Sixty years of high-resolution meteorological data and harvest assessments are then used to detect the scale at which climate data predict good and bad crop yields, and to analyze long-term changes in climate variables critical to food production. RESULTS We find that (a) only local, daily precipitation closely fits the climate pattern described by farmers. Other temporal (annual and monthly) scales miss key information about what farmers find important to successful harvests; (b) at both community- and municipal-levels, heavy late-season rains associated with tropical storms have the greatest negative impact on crop yields; and (c) in contrast to long-term patterns from regional and state data, local measures show an increase in rainfall during the late growing season, indicating that fine-grained data are needed to make accurate inferences about climate trends. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance to define climate variables at scales appropriate to human behavior. Course-grained annual, monthly, national, and state-level data tell us little about climate attributes pertinent to farmers and food production. However, high-resolution daily, local precipitation data do capture how climate variation shapes food production.
Insecure borderlands, marginalization, and local perceptions of the state in Turkana, Kenya, circa 1920–2014

Africa’s international borders have been sites of inter-ethnic and inter-state relations and media for material and cultural exchange. Drawing on archival materials and interviews, the article illu...
Ultra-high pressure disordered eight-coordinated phase of Mg$_2$GeO$_4$: Analogue for super-Earth mantles

High-pressure phases of Mg$_2$GeO$_4$ have been explored as an analogue system for the ultra-high pressure behavior of Mg$_2$SiO$_4$. Using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell combined with in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction, we have identified a novel phase in which germanium adopts eight-fold coordination with oxygen. The cubic Th3P4-type phase was synthesized upon heating Mg$_2$GeO$_4$ to ~1600 K at 162 GPa and it remained stable up to ~ 275 GPa and 2020 K. While the Th3P4-type phase is commonly observed in chalcogenides, it has not been reported before in any oxide composition. If applicable to silicates, the formation of this highly coordinated and intrinsically disordered phase or a closely related structure as suggested by theoretical calculations would have important implications for the interior mineralogy of large, rocky extrasolar planets.
Molecular Simulation Study on the Walking Mechanism of Kinesin Dimers on Microtubules

Kinesins are motor proteins that move unidirectionally along microtubules as they hydrolyze ATP. Although the general features of the kinesin walking mechanism are becoming increasingly clear, some key questions remain unanswered, such as how they convert the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy and walk processively. In this study, through molecular simulations and free energy calculations, we found that in aqueous solution, kinesin favors an extended form with its microtubule-binding interface (MTBI) motif unfolded, as seen in a recent x-ray structure of kinesin-8. Through the flexible fitting of two newly released cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) maps, we derived atomic structures of the kinesin dimer-microtubule complexes in both two-head-bound and one-head bound states. Free energy calculations showed that kinesin bound to microtubules has a lower free energy than the extended form and that the free energy difference is in the range of the free energy released by ATP hydrolysis. The transition between the extended and compact forms, the structural differences of the leading and trailing heads, and atomic force simulations suggest a completely new mechanism by which kinesin dimers walk on microtubules. A structure cycle and energy cycle are presented to describe kinesin dimers walking on microtubules. Identifying the extended form of kinesin provides a new target for the regulation of kinesins.
Multiaxial fatigue assessment of complex steel connections: A case study of a vertical-lift gussetless truss bridge

Abstract Civil engineering structures grow more complex as engineers push innovation boundaries. Load complexity, costs, construction and maintenance efficiency, among other things, can lead to unique designs that are often excluded in current design codes and evaluation standards. Fatigue-induced damage is currently one of the most common damage types experienced by ordinary and complex civil engineering structures subjected to cyclic loading such as bridges. However, current fatigue evaluation and design standards provide limited guidance on how to approach complex welded connections. Uniaxial and multiaxial methods for the evaluation of fatigue life using strains histories are compared for the assessment of a welded gussetless truss connection of the Memorial Bridge, a vertical-lift bridge connecting Portsmouth, NH and Kittery, ME. As expected, using both approaches result in sufficient remaining fatigue life. However, it is demonstrated that commonly used uniaxial fatigue analysis methods can be insufficient in complex structures that experience variable amplitude, multiaxial, and non-proportional loading. Multiaxial non-proportional stresses experienced by a complex connection can cause a decrease in remaining fatigue life estimates. This paper presents assessment tools and a method for the evaluation of fatigue life of complex welded connections using strain time histories.
Gender Price Differentials in the Housing Market: Evidence from a Repeat-Sales Approach

Do women pay more than men for similar housing? We utilize repeat-sales housing transactions drawn from ZTRAX to examine if gender gaps exist in house purchase prices and loan to price ratios. Our analysis utilizes repeat-sales and include house and neighborhood-by-time fixed effects to control for unobserved differences in the quality of houses and their associated neighborhoods. We find that female homebuyers pay a 2% premium on average. In addition, female homebuyers’ loan to price ratio is 3 percentage points lower than that of male buyers. We also show that female buyers pay less when the seller is female than when the seller is male. However, the gender price differentials and loan-to-price differentials are disappearing in more recent years. Our estimates have implications for the levels and persistence of gender differences in homeownership and wealth accumulation.
Advanced Computing with Words: Status and Challenges

In this chapter, we focus on the status of Advanced Computing with Words (ACWW) and the challenges that it may encounter in the future. First, we elaborate on the notion of Computing with Words (CWW) and its various subareas. Then we present some non-engineering ACWW problems and connect them to more realistic engineering problems, after which we provide a roadmap for solving ACWW problems, and show how the Generalized Extension Principle (GEP) can be used to formulate their solutions. We also propose a syllogistic approach to solving ACWW problems that also uses the Extension Principle but in a different way. Finally, we discuss present and future challenges to ACWW, i.e. we explain what challenges ACWW encounters given the current trend of data abundance and widespread use of Internet for dealing with questions posed in natural languages.
Reflections and Future Directions on Measurement in Work-Family Research

Publisher Summary The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the different conceptualizations and overview measurement of constructs reflecting the negative, positive, and integrative perspectives of the work–family interface. It provides an overview of the conceptual distinctions among several constructs in the work–family literature, and next it examines the variety of measures being used for several of these constructs, measurement issues associated with the conceptualizations, and implications for practice. Finally, it makes recommendations for areas of future research and development. Given that several reviews are already done on work–family conflict. It focuses on measures intended to capture concepts reflecting the positive and integrative perspectives of the work–family interface. The goal of this chapter is to reduce conceptual confusion and guide researchers in the choice of constructs most relevant to their research and applied interests. It explores that the dominant view of the work–family interface is negative. Deeply entrenched beliefs that individuals have a finite amount of time and energy and that work and family compete for these finite resources have contributed to a nearly exclusive focus on work–family conflict. The distinction between work–family conflict and work–family interface has important implications for measurement and work–family research. All of the existing instruments purporting to measure work–family conflict actually measure work–family interference. Distinguishing these concepts is more than semantic because instruments assessing work–family interface confound episodes or experiences, where work and family exerted mutually incompatible pressures and differences in how individuals respond to the incompatible pressures.
Comment on ‘The Eviction of Critical Perspectives from Gentrification Research’

'The eviction of critical perspectives from gentrification research’ offers the premise that scholars are becoming less critical of gentrification and that this trend is detrimental to those most vulnerable to gentrification. This argument falls short on a number of grounds. First, the article does not persuasively show that the scholarly literature on gentrification has indeed become less critical. More significantly, Slater does not consider perhaps the most important reason that gentrification can be accurately described in both critical and less than critical terms — gentrification's impacts are multifaceted, affecting different people differently and even the same individuals in different ways. Finally, those most threatened by gentrification are likely to need a combination of resistance and persuasion to blunt the ill effects of gentrification. Slater's call for more critical approaches may inspire some to resist, but will do little to persuade the larger society to take their concerns seriously. Given that those most threatened by gentrification are among the least powerful, their cause will most benefit from a combination of literature that inspires resistance as well as literature that persuades others that gentrification is truly a predicament. Therefore, literature that not merely criticizes gentrification but offers a rationale for blunting its detrimental effects is needed as well.
Endometrial cancer: Evaluation of spread and follow-up in one hundred eighty-nine patients with Stage I or Stage II disease

A retrospective study was undertaken of 189 patients with Stage I or Stage II endometrial cancer in whom selective lymphadenectomy had been performed between the years 1974 and 1981. Pelvic and para-aortic nodal involvement increased with increasing stage, grade, and depth of myometrial invasion. The incidences of pelvic and para-aortic node metastases in Stage I were 1.4% and 3.8%, respectively, while 17.6% of Stage II patients had para-aortic metastases. Mortality was significantly greater for Stage I adenosquamous carcinoma (10.5%) and papillary serous adenocarcinoma (37.5%) than for Stage I adenocarcinoma (2.2%). In Stage I, grade 3 nonrandomized cases of endometrial cancer, no significant difference in survival or morbidity occurred between those patients treated with external radiation and those who were not. Intraperitoneal or adnexal spread occurred in 12 of the 189 patients, and lymph nodes were diseased in two of these. Sixteen of 17 recurrences developed at extrapelvic sites, indicating the need for effective systemic chemotherapy in high-risk patients. The overall 5-year survival rates for Stage I and II patients were 88.0% and 83.3%, respectively.
Independence numbers of graphs-an extension of the Koenig-Egervary theorem

Let G be an arbitrary finite, undirected graph with no loops nor multiple edges. In this paper the inequality @b"0=
Association of type-O blood with neuroendocrine tumors in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.

Context: The ABO blood type system describes the expression of human blood group antigens found on both erythrocytes and normal tissue throughout the body. We recently reported an association between O blood type and the manifestation of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in a cohort of patients with Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine whether there is an association of ABO blood type with the development of neuroendocrine tumors in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN-1). Design: A retrospective analysis of 105 patients with MEN-1 was performed. Demographic, clinical, and biochemical data were analyzed by ABO blood type. Fisher's exact test was used to determine association between ABO blood type and manifestation of neuroendocrine tumor. Results: Demographic and clinical characteristics were similar amongst blood type cohorts. We found an association between O blood type and the manifestation of a primary neuroendocrine tumor of the gastrointesti...
Isogeneic lymphocyte interactions (ILI) in CBA/N mice: Presence of ILI-Type 2 and absence of ILI-Type 1

Abstract The ability of spleen cells from immune defective CBA/N mice to stimulate two types of isogeneic lymphocyte interactions (ILI) was studied. In normal mice adult splenic cells induce proliferation of syngeneic neonatal thymocytes in Type 1 ILI and of syngeneic adult lymph node cells in Type 2 ILI. We have shown that CBA/N spleen cells are inoperative in ILI-Type 1 because the stimulating antigen, murine differentiation antigen 1 (MDA-1), is absent. Murine differentiation antigen 2 (MDA-2), however, is present and Type 2 ILI is evoked by CBA/N spleen cells. The results suggest that MDA-1 and MDA-2 are present on different subsets of B cells. In previous studies in other mice we have shown MDA-1 to be a strong contender for the role of receptor for T-cell signals. Our present findings lend further support to that hypothesis.
Parent Involvement and Educational Outcomes for Latino Students

This study focuses on the determinants and effects of parent involvement in schools, in the context of urban school districts, and particularly with regard to the schools that serve Latino students. Three research questions are investigated in this article: (1) What are schools doing to support parents, foster involvement and engagement in their children's schools, and generally create strong parent-school relations? (2) How effective are schools at fostering parent involvement? (3) Do schools with more effective parent involvement practices and greater parent participation perform at higher levels than those with less effective practices and lower levels of parent involvement? Data on Latino representation on Local School Councils (LSCs), school-level demographic and performance indicators, and information on effective school organization, parent involvement, and school practices regarding outreach and engagement with parents and communities are used to investigate these questions. The empirical analysis demonstrates that in addition to previously established aspects of effective school organization, governing arrangements and Latino political incorporation play a critical role in building stronger, more supportive school–parent relations and in encouraging higher levels of parent involvement in formal school activities. Moreover, these practices and relations were found to have important implications for Latino student performance.