cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mesoscopic physics in vapor-cell atomic clocks

In the early 1980s, it was common to hear that Rb atomic clocks were limited to Sy(τ) = 10−11/τ1/2 at best, and that their ultimate frequency stability could never be better than low-parts of 10−13. Twenty-first century Rb clocks put the lie to those pronouncements. Today, it is not uncommon for vapor-cell clocks to exhibit short-term stabilities at low-parts of 10−13/τ1/2, and ultimate stability levels in parts of 10−15. Here, we discuss what it will take to improve those clocks further (e.g., getting the long-term stability to break into the 10−16 range). Specifically, it is our contention that next steps will require a better understanding of mesoscopic physics in vapor-phase systems: atomic phenomena occurring on a scale between the microscopic level of quantum dynamics and the macroscopic level of vapor temperature and pressure. Though at present we have some understanding of mesoscopic physics and its effects, much more needs to be understood. Further, while past and present advances have been driven by “one-off” phenomenological discoveries, it is our opinion that rapid advancement will be best facilitated by a more overarching vision of mesoscopic vapor-phase physics, which at present is lacking.
Research progress on catalytic denitrification technology in chemical industry

In recent years, due to the rising emission of NOx annually, attention has been aroused widely by people on more and more severe environmental problems. This paper first discusses applying NOx removal and control technologies and relating chemical principles. Of many technologies, selective reduction reaction (SCR) is the most widely used. Catalysts, the concentration of NOx at the entrance of SCR catalytic reactor, reaction temperature, NH3/NOx mole ratio and NH3 slip rate analyzed later contributes to the removal efficiency of NOx. Finally, the processing and configuration of SCR de-NOx system are briefly introduced.
A Cognitive Therapy for Depression: Theory, Techniques, and Issues:

Aaron T. Beck's use of cognitive therapy in the treatment of depression is discussed, and criticisms of the outcome research are presented. It is suggested that with further research and attention ...
Powers of ordered sets: Survey Article

Recently there has been significant progress in the study of powers of ordered sets. Much of this work has concerned cancellation laws for powers and uses these two steps. First, logarithmic operators are introduced to transform cancellation problems for powers into questions involving direct product decompositions. Second, refinement theorems for direct product decompositions are brought to bear. Here we present two results with the aim of highlighting these steps.
The Evolution of Vocal Learning Systems in Birds

Bird species in three major taxa use learned vocalizations to communicate. Oscine songbirds form the largest such group and have discrete forebrain circuits devoted to song-related functions. A descending motor pathway is essential for song production, and a basal ganglia circuit is essential for vocal learning and plasticity. Parrots and hummingbirds have similar circuits, but these differ in important respects from each other and from the oscine song system, suggesting independent evolution. Brains from all three taxa of birds capable of vocal learning share fundamental forebrain architecture with all bird taxa. These underlying precursor circuits could have given rise to vocal learning abilities independently in the three taxa. We propose that these new circuits arose from similar pre-existing circuits through parcellation, forming new subdivisions within them devoted to vocal functions.
Aqueous Pb reduction in Pb-contaminated soils by Florida phosphate rocks

Lead contamination is of great environmental concern due to its effect on human health. This study investigated the feasibility of using Florida phosphate rocks (PR) to immobilize aqueous Pb from Pb-contaminated soils. Occidental Chemical PR effectively immobilized Pb from 13 Pb-contaminated soils, but its effectiveness was affected by soil pH and extent of Pb contamination, with aqueous Pb reduction ranging from 21.8 to 100%. Longer reaction times improved aqueous Pb reduction. Six out of 7 Florida PR effectively immobilized aqueous Pb from the Burch Loam soil. Phosphate rock from Cargil Fertilizer was ineffective, with aqueous Pb reduction of 4.73%. The relative effectiveness of 6 Florida PR to immobilize aqueous Pb, excluding Cargil Fertilizer PR, was: Occidental Chemical > CF Chemical > Nu Gulf Industries > Agri-Chemical > IMC > Agrico Chemical. Phosphate rock solubility (as estimated by acid extraction and X-ray diffraction) failed to predicate the effectiveness of PR to immobilize aqueous Pb from Pb-contaminated soils, partially due to the complexity and kinetics of reactions between PR and soils. Our results demonstrate that PR has a potential to cost-effectively treat Pb-contaminated soils.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Fluorinated S-Nitrosothiol as the Nitric Oxide Donor for Fluoropolymer-Based Biomedical Device Applications.

Fluorinated polymers are widely used as biomaterials in various biomedical implant and device applications. However, thrombogenicity, surface-induced inflammation, and the risk of microbial infection remain key issues that can limit their use. In this work, we describe the first nitric oxide (NO) releasing fluorinated polymer, in which a new fluorinated NO donor, S-nitroso-N-pentafluoropropionyl-penicillamine (C2F5-SNAP), is incorporated within a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) tubing. The synthesis, decomposition kinetics, and NO-release characteristics of the C2F5-SNAP species are described in detail. Then, using a simple solvent swelling method, we demonstrate that C2F5-SNAP can readily be doped into PVDF tubing. The resulting tubing can release NO for 11 days under physiological conditions, with an NO flux >0.5 × 10−10 mol cm−2 min−1 over the first 7 days. Due to fluorous–fluorous interactions, the leaching of the fluorinated NO donor and its decomposed products is shown to be very low (less than 5 nmol mg−1, total). Furthermore, the new NO-releasing PVDF tubing exhibits significant antimicrobial activity (compared to undoped PVDF tubing) against both Gram positive and negative S. aureus and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains over a 7 d test period. This new NO-releasing fluorinated polymer is likely to have the potential to improve the biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of various biomedical devices.
Early Earth and the rise of complex life.

The history of life on Earth progressed in parallel with the evolving oxygen state of the atmosphere and oceans, but the details of that relationship remain poorly known and debated. There is, however, general agreement that the first appreciable and persistent accumulation of oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere occurred around 2.3 to 2.4 billion years ago. Following this Great Oxidation Event, biospheric oxygen remained at relatively stable intermediate levels for more than a billion years. Much current research focuses on the transition from the intermediate conditions of this middle chapter in Earth history to the more oxygenated periods that followed — often emphasizing whether increasing and perhaps episodic oxygenation drove fundamental steps in the evolution of complex life and, if so, when. These relationships among early organisms and their environments are the thematic threads that stitch together the papers in this collection. Expert authors bring a mix of methods and opinions to their leading-edge reviews of the earliest proliferation and ecological impacts of eukaryotic life, the subsequent emergence and ecological divergence of animals, and the corresponding causes and consequences of environmental change.
Initial experience with image‐guided surgical navigation in transoral surgery

BACKGROUND Surgical navigation using image guidance may improve the safety and efficacy of transoral surgery (TOS); however, preoperative imaging cannot be accurately registered to the intraoperative state due to deformations resulting from placement of the laryngoscope or retractor. This proof of concept study explores feasibility and registration accuracy of surgical navigation for TOS by utilizing intraoperative imaging. METHODS Four patients undergoing TOS were recruited. Suspension laryngoscopy was performed with a CT-compatible laryngoscope. An intraoperative contrast enhanced CT scan was obtained and registered to fiducials placed on the neck, face, and laryngoscope. RESULTS All patients were successfully scanned and registered. Registration accuracy within the pharynx and larynx was 1 mm or less. Target registration was confirmed by localizing endoscopic and surface structures to the CT images. Successful tracking was performed in all 4 patients. CONCLUSION For surgical navigation during TOS, although a high level of registration accuracy can be achieved by utilizing intraoperative imaging, significant limitations of the existing technology have been identified. These limitations, as well as areas for future investigation, are discussed.
Nonlinear anomalous Hall effect in few-layer WTe 2

The Hall effect occurs only in systems with broken time-reversal symmetry, such as materials under an external magnetic field in the ordinary Hall effect and magnetic materials in the anomalous Hall effect (AHE)1. Here we show a nonlinear AHE in a non-magnetic material under zero magnetic field, in which the Hall voltage depends quadratically on the longitudinal current2-6. We observe the effect in few-layer Td-WTe2, a two-dimensional semimetal with broken inversion symmetry and only one mirror line in the crystal plane. Our angle-resolved electrical measurements reveal that the Hall voltage maximizes (vanishes) when the bias current is perpendicular (parallel) to the mirror line. The observed effect can be understood as an AHE induced by the bias current, which generates an out-of-plane magnetization. The temperature dependence of the Hall conductivity further suggests that both the intrinsic Berry curvature dipole and extrinsic spin-dependent scatterings contribute to the observed nonlinear AHE.
Special Session: See Something, Say Something:Redirecting Stories for Organizational Change

Telling our lived stories and listening to others’ stories are part of how we make sense of our lives and build our communities. It is no wonder that stories hold us in such thrall and have power in our relationships and organizations. Both listening to and telling stories are important skills for engineering educators and change agents at any career stage. We also have to learn how to nudge the stories towards the improved future we know can occur. Before we can redirect the stories in our organizations as part of making change happen, we have to learn how to identify, and build meaning from, the stories we hear. This special session builds on data from our active research study of systemic curricular change origins as well as the work of others to demonstrate techniques to nudge stories. Every member of the FIE community, regardless of their institution or job title, is a potential change agent for improving CSET education and needs opportunities to continue building their skill sets. In this special session, we offer a portion of this training in an interactive, hands-on manner within the safe environment of FIE.
Generic Biphasic Catalytic Approach for Producing Renewable Diesel from Fatty Acids and Vegetable Oils

Conversion of fatty acids to diesel-range hydrocarbons suffers from elevated reaction temperature or low selectivity in single liquid-phase processes. Herein the biphasic interfacial catalytic proc...
Optical memory and multistep luminescence thermochromism in single crystals of K2Na[Ag(CN)2]3.

Single crystals of the layered compound K2Na[Ag(CN)2]3 exhibit a dual emission with high-energy (HE) and low-energy (LE) phosphorescence bands at 313 and 402 nm, respectively. Remarkably, the crystals exhibit “optical memory”, in which a new emission band with intermediate energy (IE) at 380 nm is generated upon laser irradiation (λex = 266 nm) at cryogenic temperatures. The irradiated crystals reinstate their original luminescence spectrum upon heating to room temperature and then recooling. In addition to these unusual “write/read/erase” changes, the crystals also exhibit multistep luminescence thermochromism such that the LE/HE intensity ratio increases between 17 and 80 K but then decreases upon further heating. The unprecedented occurrence of both novel phenomena in one compound has been related to reversible photophysical changes instead of irreversible photochemical changes.
Non-word (buyan) and non-self (wuji): Resistance to duality, standardisation and comparison in regime of school accountability

This article problematizes the way of thinking schooling in discourse of sign system, which involves opposition, and double gesture of inclusion/exclusion. Drawing on two fundamental texts of Taois...
The Mosaic of Coronavirus Vaccine Development: Systemic Failures in Vaccine Innovation

Scientists are racing to develop vaccines against the novel coronavirus. While some vaccine candidates may enter the market in record time, the current vaccine innovation ecosystem exposes governance lacunas at both the international and domestic levels.
Novel LRRFIP2-RAF1 fusion identified in an acral melanoma: A review of the literature on melanocytic proliferations with RAF1 fusions and the potential therapeutic implications

A small subset of cutaneous melanomas harbor oncogenic gene fusions, which could potentially serve as therapeutic targets for patients with advanced disease as novel therapies are developed. Fusions involving RAF1 are exceedingly rare in melanocytic neoplasms, occurring in less than 1% of melanomas, and usually arise in tumors that are wild type for BRAF, NRAS, and NF1. We describe herein a case of acral melanoma with two satellite metastases and sentinel lymph node involvement. The melanoma had a concomitant KIT variant and LRRFIP2-RAF1 fusion. This constellation of molecular findings has not been reported previously in melanoma. We review the existing literature on melanocytic neoplasms with RAF1 fusions and discuss the potential clinical implications of this genetic event. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Reluctant Reception: Refugees, Migration and Governance in the Middle East and North Africa

Seeking to understand why host states treat migrants and refugees inclusively, exclusively, or without any direct engagement, Kelsey P. Norman offers this original, comparative analysis of the politics of asylum seeking and migration in the Middle East and North Africa. While current classifications of migrant and refugee engagement in the Global South mistake the absence of formal policy and law for neglect, Reluctant Reception proposes the concept of 'strategic indifference', where states proclaim to be indifferent toward migrants and refugees, thereby inviting international organizations and local NGOs to step in and provide services on the state's behalf. Using the cases of Egypt, Morocco and Turkey to develop her theory of 'strategic indifference', Norman demonstrates how, by allowing migrants and refugees to integrate locally into large informal economies, and by allowing organizations to provide basic services, host countries receive international credibility while only exerting minimal state resources.
Intrinsic properties of avian interaural level difference sound localizing neurons.

Abstract Intrinsic properties of neurons are one major determinant for how neurons respond to their synaptic inputs and shape their outputs in neural circuits. Here, we studied the intrinsic properties of neurons in the chicken posterior portion of the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLDp), the first interaural level difference (ILD) encoder of the avian auditory pathway. Using whole-cell recordings in brain slices, we revealed that the LLDp is composed of a heterogeneous neuron population based on their firing patterns. LLDp neurons were broadly classified as either phasic or tonic firing neurons, with further classification applied to tonic firing neurons, such as regular (most dominant, n = 82 out of 125 cells, 65.6%), pauser, or adaptive firing. Neurons with different firing patterns were distributed about evenly across the dorsoventral as well as mediolateral axis of LLDp. Phasic firing neurons were of faster membrane time constant, and lower excitability than tonic firing neurons. The action potentials (APs) elicited at the current thresholds displayed significant differences in first spike latency, AP peak amplitude, half-width, and maximal rising and falling rates. Interestingly, for APs elicited at suprathreshold currents (400 pA above thresholds), some of the differences diminished while a few others emerged. Remarkably, most parameters of the APs at thresholds were significantly different from those of APs at suprathresholds. Combined with our previous study (Curry and Lu, 2016), the results lend support to the two-cell type model for ILD coding in the avian system.
Revitalizing Keno: A Call for Pattern-Based Proposition Bets

Keno is a renowned game of chance offered by both lotteries and casinos throughout the world. The premise of the game is simple: a set of numbers is drawn at random and players are paid for selecting all or most of those numbers in advance. The mathematical foundation governing the odds and payouts for these basic wagers is elementary. More sophisticated bets, however, have associated probabilities which cannot be easily calculated by applying a manageable series of formulas. As a result, keno’s wagering menu has remained stagnant since the game’s widespread inception. Namely, proposition bets, now commonplace in virtually every other form of gaming, have never been developed for keno to any large degree. This is both unfortunate and surprising because keno is ideally suited for such an expansion. Unlike most other lottery-style games, keno highlights all drawn numbers on a rectangular grid, creating random visual patterns at the conclusion of each drawing. Creative new wagers based on these patterns are rigorously derived herein. These new additions should greatly enhance the game for both gamblers and enterprising gaming operators alike.
A Promising Start for Early Childhood Development and the Law

This symposium essay identifies a promising new direction in the field of family law: the emerging subdiscipline of early childhood development and the law. Legal scholars have examined discrete issues in this area, but this engagement did not lead to a sustained debate about how the legal system can foster early childhood development, nor has it yet led to the integration of legal scholars into the interdisciplinary research on, and policy debates about, early childhood. Both this symposium, organized by the University of Florida Levin College of Law, as well as the preceding national summit, are promising steps in the creation of this new subdiscipline, highlighting the theoretical and practical benefits of this focused inquiry and generating a research agenda. Drawing on this momentum, this essay identifies the next steps for solidifying the subdiscipline, with the goal of reorienting the legal system to nurture early childhood development.
Helping Automated Vehicles With Left-Turn Maneuvers: A Game Theory-Based Decision Framework for Conflicting Maneuvers at Intersections

The deployment of connected, automated vehicles (CAVs) provides the opportunity to enhance the safety and efficiency of transportation systems. However, despite the rapid development of this technology, human-driven vehicles are predicted to predominate the vehicle fleet, compelling CAVs to be able to operate in a mixed traffic environment. The key to achieving a reliable and safe human-CAV collaboration in such environments is to characterize the interactions between the actors and incorporate the underlying decision-making mechanism of human drivers into CAVs' motion planning algorithms. Towards this goal and extending a previously developed game theoretical model, the present study proposes a decision-making dynamic to achieve more realistic models of human behavior when making conflicting maneuvers at intersections. A novel field test is conducted to extract the required modeling data directly from CAVs' perception system, facilitating the incorporation of the model into CAV navigation algorithms. Model validation and sensitivity analysis provided invaluable insights into the nature of human decisions and indicated that the proposed structure is robust to environmental uncertainties and can well capture the real-world behavior of human drivers in unprotected left-turn maneuvers. The derived knowledge can be directly used in CAV motion planning algorithms to provide the vehicle with more accurate predictions of human actions when operating in mixed traffic environments.
RFID-based 3D human pose tracking: A subject generalization approach

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) human pose tracking has recently attracted increased attention in the computer vision field. Real-time pose tracking is highly useful in various domains such as video surveillance, somatosensory games, and human-computer interaction. However, vision-based pose tracking techniques usually raise privacy concerns, making human pose tracking without vision data usage an important problem. Thus, we propose using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as a pose tracking technique via a low-cost wearable sensing device. Although our prior work illustrated how deep learning could transfer RFID data into real-time human poses, generalization for different subjects remains challenging. This paper proposes a subject-adaptive technique to address this generalization problem. In the proposed system, termed Cycle-Pose, we leverage a cross-skeleton learning structure to improve the adaptability of the deep learning model to different human skeletons. Moreover, our novel cycle kinematic network is proposed for unpaired RFID and labeled pose data from different subjects. The Cycle-Pose system is implemented and evaluated by comparing its prototype with a traditional RFID pose tracking system. The experimental results demonstrate that Cycle-Pose can achieve lower estimation error and better subject generalization than the traditional system.
PIKS: A Technique to Identify Actionable Trends for Policy-Makers Through Open Healthcare Data

With calls for increasing transparency, governments are releasing greater amounts of data in multiple domains including finance, education, and healthcare. We focus on healthcare due to its economic importance worldwide. The efficient exploratory analysis of healthcare data constitutes a significant challenge. Key concerns in public health include the quick identification and analysis of trends and the detection of outliers. This allows policies to be rapidly adapted to changing circumstances. We present an efficient outlier detection technique, termed PIKS (Pruned iterative-k means searchlight), which combines an iterative k-means algorithm with a pruned searchlight based scan. We apply this technique to identify outliers in two publicly available healthcare datasets from the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, and California’s Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development. We provide a comparison of our technique with three other existing outlier detection techniques, consisting of auto-encoders, isolation forests, and feature bagging. We identified outliers in conditions including suicide rates, immunity disorders, social admissions, cardiomyopathies, and pregnancy in the third trimester. We demonstrate that the PIKS technique produces results consistent with other techniques such as the auto-encoder. However, the auto-encoder needs to be trained, which requires several parameters to be tuned. In comparison, the PIKS technique has far fewer parameters to tune. This makes it advantageous for fast, “out-of-the-box” data exploration. The PIKS technique is scalable and can readily ingest new datasets. Hence, it can provide valuable, up-to-date insights to citizens, patients, and policy-makers. We have made our code open source, and with the availability of open data, other researchers can easily reproduce and extend our work. This will help promote a deeper understanding of healthcare policies and public health issues.
GN-SCCA: GraphNet Based Sparse Canonical Correlation Analysis for Brain Imaging Genetics

Identifying associations between genetic variants and neuroimaging quantitative traits (QTs) is a popular research topic in brain imaging genetics. Sparse canonical correlation analysis (SCCA) has been widely used to reveal complex multi-SNP-multi-QT associations. Several SCCA methods explicitly incorporate prior knowledge into the model and intend to uncover the hidden structure informed by the prior knowledge. We propose a novel structured SCCA method using Graph constrained Elastic-Net (GraphNet) regularizer to not only discover important associations, but also induce smoothness between coefficients that are adjacent in the graph. In addition, the proposed method incorporates the covariance structure information usually ignored by most SCCA methods. Experiments on simulated and real imaging genetic data show that, the proposed method not only outperforms a widely used SCCA method but also yields an easy-to-interpret biological findings.
Determination of resonant frequencies for DNA and protein by directly measuring absorption spectra

Resonant frequencies for Salmon and Herring DNA and protein have directly been measured by measuring absorption spectra through frequency-tuning the output of a coherent and monochromatic THz source in the range of 0.2-4.5 THz.
Production and applications of copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the production and applications of copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals. 64 Cu has been utilized as a tracer to determine the role of copper chaperone proteins as transporters of copper across the cell membrane, and to the secretory pathway in cells. It is found that as stability toward metal loss is a highly desirable property for copper chelates utilized in the in vivo delivery of copper radionuclides, the kinetic stability of a metal complex in vivo is of special importance in the consideration for BFC candidacy. For ligands of the polyamine system, the macrocyclic chelators are more topologically constrained than the acyclic ones because of the absence of head and end groups in a ring, which provides the copper macrocyclic complexes with extra kinetic stability and thermodynamic stability as well. The in vivo evaluation of 64 Cu-labeled cross-bridged ligand complexes has demonstrated that they are significantly more resistant to transchelation in rat liver and more rapidly cleared through the blood, liver, and kidney.
Myth, Ritual and the Oral

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Jack Goody Year: 2010 Pages: 180 Publisher: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 978-0-521-12803-2 (soft cover).
Clarifying the Role of Forensic Anthropologists in Death Investigations

Although their customary role is the identification of decomposed human remains, forensic anthropologists are frequently called upon to provide evidence for or to testify about the circumstances that surrounded a particular death. The literature is ambiguous and contradictory about the role of anthropologists in death investigations. Relying upon traditional distinctions, we present three cases that illustrate the presence of evidence for "manner of death" on decomposed remains. Then we argue that evidence for vital reactions, necessary for the determination of "cause of death," rarely if ever survives skeletonization, and while forensic anthropologists can be expected to provide evidence for the determination of manner of death, they are unlikely to contribute to the discovery of its cause.
Poverty, Battering, Race, and Welfare Reform: Black-White Differences in Women's Welfare-to-Work Transitions

Abstract Poverty and battering trap women. Poor battered women find it especially difficult to move quickly from welfare to work and therefore to comply with the requirements of welfare reform. Interviews with the population of Black and White women enrolled at six sites of a short-term job readiness program (N = 122) revealed a significant association between battering and welfare-to-work transition. Women threatened or battered severely enough to have sought a protective order had three times the drop out rate of other enrollees. Black-White differences in program participation outcomes and in patterns of battering and its consequences were few but striking. White women dropped out more frequently than did Black women. There were no significant Black-White differences in reported violence and injury. However, White women reported significantly higher rates of some nonviolent abuse, specifically threats enforcing their conformity to traditional notions of maternity, domesticity, and economic dependence o...
Pearls & Oy-sters: A case of refractory nocturnal seizures Putting out fires without smoke

The patient presented at age 16 years with nocturnal seizures. Her family frequently noticed restless movements during sleep. The authors thank Dr. Michael D. Perloff for reviewing the manuscript.
Block of an ether-a-go-go-like K(+) channel by imipramine rescues egl-2 excitation defects in Caenorhabditis elegans.

K + channels are key regulators of cellular excitability. Mutations that activate K + channels can lower cellular excitability, whereas those that inhibit K + channels may increase excitability. We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans egl-2 gene encodes an eag K + channel and that a gain-of-function mutation in egl-2 blocks excitation in neurons and muscles by causing the channel to open at inappropriately negative voltages. Tricyclic antidepressants reverse egl-2(gf) mutant phenotypes, suggesting that EGL-2 is a tricyclic target. We verified this by showing that EGL-2 currents are inhibited by imipramine. Similar inhibition is observed with the mouse homolog MEAG, suggesting that inhibition of EAG-like channels may mediate some clinical side effects of this class of antidepressants.
Simulations of a 12-pulse-three-phase-cycloconvertor with current control

The modeling and simulation of a three phase 12-pulse cycloconvertor with current control system is presented. The modeling is performed using the switching relations and control functions of the current-controlled-cycloconvertor. The simulation is carried out with a block-oriented simulation software. The results clearly show the behavior of the instantaneous values of three-phase variables allowing a useful tool for studying and predicting the behavior of high-power-cycloconvertor-fed AC-drives, like those found in semiautogenous copper mills. >
The kinematics for forming ideal aligned fibre composites into complex shapes

Abstract In this paper we present a framework to analyse the kinematics for forming aligned fibre composites into complex shapes. We identify the ideal process endpoint, with equal fibre spacing and uniform part thickness, as the goal for all processes. Furthermore, we show that this ideal mapping is obtainable for a large group of ‘topologically equivalent’ parts by using only two deformation modes: shear in-the-plane and out-of-plane bending (which leads to shear between plies for a laminate). In addition, we show how in-plane shear is related to the instrinsic attributes of the part geometry. Example solutions are derived for a variety of shapes. Then it is shown how the kinematic analysis can be used for the development of forming limit diagrams for composites. One example of this approach is given for a vacuum forming process.
Exchange Between an Estuary and an Intertidal Marsh and Slough

The hydrodynamic characteristics of small, intertidal perimeter habitats make flushing and residence times in these environments difficult to quantify using conventional approaches. The flooding and draining of intertidal shallows surrounding small perimeter sloughs result in large volume changes relative to total system volume during each tidal cycle. In such environments, an Eulerian framework of flushing and residence time may not be the best approach for quantifying tidal exchange; thus, alternative approaches should be considered in analyzing hydrodynamic exchange in small perimeter habitats. In this study, the results of applying such an approach to a small intertidal perimeter slough in South San Francisco Bay are presented. Previous work has shown that hydrodynamic exchange in an estuarine system can be analyzed by making Eulerian measurements of hydrodynamic fluxes and binning them according to salinity and temperature classes, thus providing a quasi-Lagrangian method of analyzing exchange and transport in an estuarine system. We apply a method which uses this approach to estimate the volumetric exchange ratio M, which is used to estimate the tidal exchange within an estuary during each tidal cycle. We find that the estimation of volumetric exchange ratios and the calculation of hydrodynamic residence times in estuarine systems can be complicated by mixing conditions associated with very strong tidal forcing, particularly in small-volume systems such as small perimeter sloughs, where the tidal prism can be on the scale of or greater than the total system volume.
Generalizing "search" in generalized search trees

The generalized search tree, or GiST, defines a framework of basic interfaces required to construct a hierarchical access method for database systems. As originally specified, GiST only supports record selection. We show how a small number of additional interfaces enable GiST to support a much larger class of operations. Members of this class, which includes, nearest-neighbor and ranked search, user-defined aggregation and index-assisted selectivity estimation, are increasingly common in new database applications. The advantages of implementing these operations in the GiST framework include reduction of user development effort and the ability to use industrial strength concurrency and recovery mechanisms provided by expert implementers.
High temperature ductility loss in carbon-manganese and niobium-treated steels

The causes of embrittlement in several plain carbon-manganese and niobium-treated steels between 800 and 1200 °C have been investigated. Tensile ductility was measured as a function of temperature and strain rate. Percent elongation and reduction in area were used to characterize the temperature dependence and severity of the ductility loss. The size, distribution, and composition of grain boundary precipitates were measured on extraction replicas. Grain boundary segregation was measured by AES on samples that were deformed at 900 °C before being fractured under ultra-high vacuum at room temperature. Segregation of impurity residual elements and grain boundary precipitation are the primary factors responsible for the observed ductility loss. The embrittlement results in a low ductility fracture which is largely intergranular through the austenite grain boundaries. Segregation of Cu, Sn, and Sb was found on the fracture surfaces of the embrittled samples. High temperature deformation was necessary to produce segregation as no segregation was detected in undeformed samples. Grain boundary precipitation, particularly AIN but also Nb (C,N), contributed to the embrittlement when there was a relatively fine distribution of precipitates along the austenite grain boundaries. The most severe ductility loss occurred when grain boundary precipitation combined with Cu, Sn, and Sb segregation.
Overcoming unsustainability: retrofitting American suburbs with high-density built environment

The problems of suburbs are well-known: suburban sprawl, dependency on automobiles and consequent waste of energy, greater carbon footprint, loss of land, etc. These problems can be overcome, before the suburbs reach a breaking point, with mixed-use high-rises and mid-rises in which living can be made enjoyable by creating the ground plane-like environment above with sustainable vertical urban design concepts. These new buildings can be built with recycled and re-usable materials, and clean-energy environmental technologies such as solar panels, wind energy, hydroelectric, and efficient cogeneration power plants. Air quality—both indoor and outdoor—can be improved and a community environment can be created by providing mixed-uses that bring together civic, education, recreation, exercise, and live/work functions and facilities. The compactness of the built environment and the high vertical density will allow walk-up communities with pedestrian-friendly walkways to stores, shopping, entertainment and other suburban commercial and mercantile neighborhoods. This will reduce the use of cars, make people healthier, and reduce traffic gridlock in the main city’s central business district (CBD). A new 21st century model is needed for the American suburbs that are stretching cities to their limits. While this paper focuses on American suburbs, the authors’ proposition can be applied to the suburbs of cities internationally where similar conditions prevail.
A comparison of the Accessibility and Attitudinal Barriers Model: Travel providers and travelers with physical disabilities

Quality of life is a major issue for people with physical disabilities. Though life has improved over the last decade, major gaps in satisfaction with life still exist between individuals with and without physical disabilities. Tourism is one segment of society that has the potential for improving the quality of life for individuals with physical disabilities. By improving travel opportunities for individuals with physical disabilities, the individuals may experience more life satisfaction and, ultimately, a better quality of life. The Accessibility and Attitudinal Barriers Model (AABM), originally developed by Takeda & Card (2002, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 12(1), 47–61), illustrated four travel sectors (transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, and attractions), and to what extent travel providers encountered accessibility and attitudinal barriers when providing package tours for individuals with physical disabilities who used mobility devices. The purpose of this st...
Echocardiographic findings in systemic lupus erythematosus

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) frequently has cardiovascular complications. Pericardial inflammation and effusion, myocardial hypertrophy, ventricular dysfunction, valvular disease and coronary atherosclerosis may result in considerable morbidity. While the pathologic findings in SLE have been well described, 1–3 the antemortem documentation of the cardiac complications has been less frequent than the postmortem findings would support. We therefore sought to study how echocardiography may improve the clinical assessment of cardiac involvement in 50 consecutive patients with SLE.
Building a Protestant left : Christianity and crisis magazine, 1941-1993

Founded in 1941 by Reinhold Niebuhr and others, the magazine Christianity and Crisis (C&C) achieved a level of influence far exceeding its small circulation. A forum for important writers ranging from Paul Tillich to Rosemary Ruether, from George Kennan to Noam Chomsky, from Margaret Mead to Cornel West, from Lewis Mumford to Daniel Berrigan, C&C for half a century commanded great respect in left-liberal circles, both religious and secular. In Building a Protestant Left, Mark Hulsether uses the history of C&C as a case study to explore changing ideas about religion and society in the latter half of the twentieth century. He follows the twists and turns of this story from Niebuhr's Christian realist positions of the 1940s, through Protestant participation in the complex social movements of the 1950s and 1960s, to the emergence of various liberation theologies - African American, feminist, Latin American, and others - that used C&C as a central arena of debate in the 1970s and 1980s. Throughout, Hulsether places these changes in the context of postwar cultural and social history, relating C&C's theological and ethical positions to the broader social and political issues that the journal addressed.
Macrobenthic Communities of the Lower Chesapeake Bay. IV. Bay‐wide Transects and the Inner Continental Shelf Benthic Studies of the Lower Chesapeake Bay 7

The distribution, abundance, and species composition of subtidal macrobenthic invertebrates of the lower Chesapeake Bay and the inner continental shelf off the mouth of the bay were studied. The benthos of the lower bay was sampled on two bay-wide transects sampled once in June 1978. The benthos of the inner shelf was sampled five times per year from 1979 through 1981. Data from this study were compared with data from previous studies of estuaries and the inner shelf of the mid-Atlantic Southeastern U.S.
Hippocampal lesions and active avoidance

Abstract Rats with lesions of the hippocampus were impaired relative to normal rats in the acquisition and retention of a one-way active avoidance task, but were superior to normal and partially neodecorticate rats in the acquisition of a two-way active avoidance task. The deficit of rats with hippocampal damage in the one-way task was accentuated when “no shock trials” (CS only) preceded acquisition or reacquisition training. Neocortically lesioned animals showed a slight deficit on both response and latency measures of performance. It is suggested that hippocampectomized rats are deficient in the ability to associate noxious events with cues indicating spatial location.
Body sensor networks in fetal monitoring with NFC enabled Android devices

As many areas of the medical field are becoming more and more interested in telemedicine and outpatient care, we focused on obstetrics and the monitoring of fetal health as an area of medicine that could benefit greatly from body sensor network (BSN) technology. In this paper, we explore some of the hardware sensor interface challenges involved with condensing the fetal monitoring procedure into a portable system, specifically for a system integration with a smartphone. There are two contributions of our hardware interface with an Android-based smartphone: i) using IOIO hardware board to prototype an universal interface to commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hospital-graded medical devices, ii) using Google's Near Field Communication (NFC) Android devices for initiating our monitoring mobile application and secure interface hardware devices and a backend hospital information system (HIS). We demonstrated this prototype that could integrate with current existing medical monitoring devices and capture BSN information in a seamless manner without cumbersome initialization processes. Also, it reduced the risk that applications can accidentally be initialized and corrupted HIS unintentionally. As a result, the system can be potentially used by a remote monitoring setup without a presence of a medical profession, and even streamline in-patient monitoring process with actual precision for the medical measurements.
Rotation‐invariant target recognition using an amplitude‐coupled minimum‐average correlation‐energy filter

An amplitude-coupled minimum-average correlation energy algorithm is implemented and tested for a rotation invariance feature. The algorithm is tested on synthetic aperture radar images for probability of correct classification.
Multidetector CT Scan in the Evaluation of Chest Pain of Nontraumatic Musculoskeletal Origin

Acute nontraumatic chest pain is a common presenting symptom to the emergency department. Often, it is evaluated by MDCT with PE, aortic dissection, or coronary artery protocols. The parameters used for these MDCT protocols are very similar to those used in protocols for dedicated imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Thus, these studies are not only effective in evaluating for these traditional vascular causes of chest pain, but also in evaluating musculoskeletal causes of chest pain, including those of infectious, rheumatologic, and systemic causes. In essence, every MDCT of the chest is also a musculoskeletal examination of the chest and anyone interpreting these images must be familiar with the MDCT-imaging appearance of common musculoskeletal causes of acute nontraumatic chest pain.
A Unified Unintrusive Discrete Approach to Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Propagation in Fluid Flow Simulations

In recent years, there has been growing interest in making computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions with quantifiable uncertainty. Tangent-mode sensitivity analysis and uncertainty propagation are integral components of the uncertainty quantification process. Generalized polynomial chaos (gPC) is a viable candidate for uncertainty propagation, and involves representing the dependant variables in the governing partial differential equations (pdes) as expansions in an orthogonal polynomial basis in the random variables. Deterministic coupled non-linear pdes are derived for the coefficients of the expansion, which are then solved using standard techniques. A significant drawback of this approach is its intrusiveness. In this paper, we develop a unified approach to automatic code differentiation and Galerkin-based gPC in a new finite volume solver, MEMOSA-FVM, written in C++. We exploit templating and operator overloading to perform standard mathematical operations, which are overloaded either to perform code differentiation or to address operations on polynomial expansions. The resulting solver is capable of either performing sensitivity or uncertainty propagation, with the choice being made at compile time. It is easy to read, looks like a deterministic CFD code, and can address new classes of physics automatically, without extensive re-implementation of either sensitivity or gPC equations. We perform tangent (forward) mode sensitivity analysis and Galerkin gPC-based uncertainty propagation in a variety of problems, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Graded ferroelectric capacitors with robust temperature characteristics

Ferroelectric thin films offer the possibility of engineering the dielectric response for tunable components in frequency-agile rf and microwave devices. However, this approach often leads to an undesired temperature sensitivity. Compositionally graded ferroelectric films have been explored as a means of redressing this sensitivity, but experimental observations vary depending on geometry and other details. In this paper, we present a continuum model to calculate the capacitive response of graded ferroelectric films with realistic electrode geometries by accurately accounting for the polarization distribution and long-range electrostatic interactions. We show that graded c-axis poled BaxSr_(1−xT)iO_3 BST parallel plate capacitors are ineffective while graded a-axis poled BST coplanar capacitors with interdigitated electrodes are extremely effective in obtaining high and temperature-stable dielectric properties.
Elements of Surprise: The 2005 Election and the Formation of the Grand Coalition

The 2005 federal election departed from familiar patterns of German electoral and coalition politics. For the past six decades, federal coalition formation has been guided and shaped by increasingly well-entrenched informal rules. While remaining generally operative in 2005, there were significant deviations and departures from these customary rules. The outcome was the most prolonged, turbulent, and uncertain process of coalition formation in the Federal Republic's history, even once the logic of the Grand Coalition had become evident. The Grand Coalition that finally emerged bears a decided Social Democratic imprimatur, reflecting both post-election realities and the ability of the SPD to play a relatively weak hand to maximum advantage. Yet by revealing a new readiness to face Germany's structural problems and to arrive at pragmatic, if not necessarily dramatic, solutions, the 2005 Grand Coalition demonstrated once again the strength of Germany's consensus politics. At the same time, the electoral tren...