cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-Sectional Volumes and Trajectories of the Human Brain, Gray Matter, White Matter and Cerebrospinal Fluid in 9473 Typically Aging Adults

Accurate knowledge of adult human brain volume (BV) is critical for studies of aging- and disease-related brain alterations, and for monitoring the trajectories of neural and cognitive functions in conditions like Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury. This scoping meta-analysis aggregates normative reference values for BV and three related volumetrics—gray matter volume (GMV), white matter volume (WMV) and cerebrospinal fluid volume (CSFV)—from typically-aging adults studied cross-sectionally using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Drawing from an aggregate sample of 9473 adults, this study provides (A) regression coefficients β describing the age-dependent trajectories of volumetric measures by sex within the range from 20 to 70 years based on both linear and quadratic models, and (B) average values for BV, GMV, WMV and CSFV at the representative ages of 20 (young age), 45 (middle age) and 70 (old age). The results provided synthesize ~20 years of brain volumetrics research and allow one to estimate BV at any age between 20 and 70. Importantly, however, such estimates should be used and interpreted with caution because they depend on MRI hardware specifications (e.g. scanner manufacturer, magnetic field strength), data acquisition parameters (e.g. spatial resolution, weighting), and brain segmentation algorithms. Guidelines are proposed to facilitate future meta- and mega-analyses of brain volumetrics.
A Lattice Boltzmann Advection Diffusion Model for Ocean Oil Spill Surface Transport Prediction

The focus of our study is to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of using Lattice Boltzmann Advection Diffusion Equation (LBM-ADE) to model and simulate ocean oil spill transport at the surface level. We present some preliminary results from a prototype model and simulation in limited scale (a sub area of Gulf of Mexico) with assimilation of real ocean current data from the Unified Wave Interface-Coupled Model (UWIN-CM). We validate our model in a benchmark study against GNOME, a tool developed and used by NOAA for ocean oil spill forecast, under two scenarios: (i) a Gaussian hill concentration using a linear ocean current with the analytical solution as a reference; (ii) a Gaussian hill concentration using real ocean current from (UWIN-CM). Our benchmark results in both cases show the LBM-ADE model solutions are very close to the targeted analytical and GNOME solutions with the same initial oil spill and location.
Extensor digitorum brevis bulk and associations with fibular motor nerve conduction amplitude.

INTRODUCTION Prior work demonstrates that fibular compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitude <4.0 mV predicts impairment of ankle proprioceptive precision and increased fall risk. Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) inspection may present a simple clinical surrogate for CMAP amplitude. OBJECTIVE (1) To estimate the inter-rater reliability of assessment of EDB bulk. (2) To determine whether inspection of EDB bulk is associated with fibular CMAP amplitude. DESIGN Prospective inter-raterreliability study. SETTING Academic center outpatient Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation electromyography (EMG) clinics. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-two adult participants (102 feet). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (1) Inter-rater reliability of assessment of EDB bulk. (2) Mean fibular CMAP amplitude. (3) A binary measure of fibular CMAP amplitude at/above or below a 4.0 mV threshold. RESULTS Inter-rater reliability of EDB bulk grading was moderate (kappa: 0.65 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.48-0.82]). The mean CMAP value was 5.9 ± 2.2 mV when bulk was normal, 3.4 ± 2.1 mV when diminished, and 0.6 ± 0.9 mV when atrophied. A multivariable analysis demonstrated that EDB bulk, distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP), and lumbar radiculopathy were all associated with CMAP amplitude. The sensitivity and specificity of grading muscle bulk as normal versus abnormal in detecting CMAP amplitude above or below 4.0 mV were 0.86 (95% CI 0.78-0.94) and 0.71 (95% CI 0.54-0.88), respectively. An atrophied EDB was a highly specific indicator that CMAP amplitude was abnormal (<4.0 mV) in 100% of cases (8/8). CONCLUSIONS EDB bulk was associated with fibular CMAP amplitude. Atrophy was a highly specific indicator for CMAP amplitude below 4.0 mV. Evaluation of EDB bulk may represent a quick and easy clinical surrogate marker for CMAP amplitude and distal neuromuscular impairment.
Curative kink: survivors of early abuse transform trauma through BDSM

Bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism (BDSM; “kink”) are frequently pathologized as derivatives of abuse. Although the link is unsubstantiated, some kink-identified people ...
A Revolution of Language: Pamphlet Literature and Public Speeches during the French Revolution

This essay examines the emergence of two forms of communications during the 1789 French Revolution: pamphlet literature and public speeches. These two new communications, written and oral, functioned together to tear down the barriers of gender, class, and social mobility of the French society and facilitated the creation of a revolutionary community that attracted a broader audience and invited wider participation. Their use of revolutionary rhetoric to appeal to various audiences bred a new set of political language and a modern standard of leadership based on oratory and the ability to cope with dynamics, chaotic circumstances. These two forms of communications were products of their time and they played a significant role in shaping the French Revolution.
The ups and downs of DNA methylation: an interview with Gerd Pfeifer.

In this interview, Professor Gerd Pfeifer speaks with Storm Johnson, Commissioning Editor for Epigenomics, on his work to date in the field of DNA methylation. Dr. Pfeifer received a PhD degree from the University of Frankfurt, Germany. After postdoctoral work, he became a faculty member at the Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope (Duarte, CA) in 1991. He is currently a full professor at the Van Andel Institute in Grand Rapids, MI. Dr. Pfeifer has served on several NIH advisory committees and has published over 300 research papers. Dr. Pfeifer's research interests are cancer etiology, molecular carcinogenesis and epigenetics. His expertise is in cellular and molecular biology. His lab currently works on epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation in cancer and other diseases.
Exploding the Western: Myths of Empire on the Postmodern Frontier

The frontier and Western expansionism are so quintessentially a part of American history that the literature of the West and Southwest is in some senses the least regional and the most national literature of all. The frontier - the place where cultures meet and rewrite themselves upon each other's texts - continues to energize writers whose fiction evokes, destroys, and rebuilds the myth in ways that attract popular audiences and critics alike. Sara L. Spurgeon focuses on three writers whose works not only exemplify the kind of engagement with the theme of the frontier that modern authors make, but also show the range of cultural voices that are present in Southwestern literature: Cormac McCarthy, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Ana Castillo. Her central purposes are to consider how the differing versions of the Western "mythic" tales are being recast in a globalized world and to examine the ways in which they challenge and accommodate increasingly fluid and even dangerous racial, cultural, and international borders. In Spurgeon's analysis, the spaces in which the works of these three writers collide offer some sharply differentiated visions but also create new and unsupected forms, providing the most startling insights. Sometimes beautiful, sometimes tragic, the new myths are the expressions of the large culture from which they spring, both a projection onto a troubled and troubling past and an insistent, prophetic vision of a shared future.
The Hidden Moderate Utah: The Political History of the War within the Mormon/Republican Relationship

As one of the “reddest” states in the Union, Utah is often presumed a foregone conclusion electorally alongside other strong Republican states. However, Utah does not share the same political history as other “Bible Belt” states; since the 1890 renouncement of polygamy by the LDS Church, there exists a moderate impulse that guides Utah down a unique political course, in which being a traditional red state is not necessarily so certain. This paper attempts to demonstrate this by showing the historical fight against right-wing extremists in Utah, the greater success of Mitt Romney and other Mormons nationally in blue states than in red states dominated by conservative evangelicals, and the more recent attempt by the Democrats and the LDS Church to engage moderate Utah Mormons with both parties.
The Use of Penalty Clauses in Location Incentive Agreements

In October, 1980, the State of Tennessee provided Nissan Motor Manufacturing Company with $33 million in financial incentives to induce the company to locate its first U.S.-based assembly plant in Smyrna, Tennessee.' The incentive package, valued at $11,000 per Tennessean employed at the plant, included funds for worker training and road improvements.2 In December, 1986, the State of Indiana offered more than $86 million in financial incentives to Isuzu Motors Ltd. and Fuji Heavy Industries, Inc. as an inducement to locate their planned joint venture in Lafayette, Indiana.3 Indiana's incentive package, which included $55 million directly from the state budget and $5 million from the local city and county governments for infrastructure improvements, cost state taxpayers $50,588 per worker employed at the Fuji-Isuzu plant.4 In October, 1993, the State of Alabama provided Mercedes-Benz AG ("Mercedes") with a package of financial incentives worth more than $300 million.5 The package, valued at $200,000 per job created at the plant, included an interest-free loan of more than $42 million, construction of a $35 million training center, and an agreement to purchase more than 2500 Mercedes vehicles for state use.6 Finally, Alabama agreed to pay the salaries of Mercedes employees during their training at the state-built training center.7 These direct financial incentives offered by state and local governments to attract and retain businesses are essentially investments in a speculative venture by the taxpayers of a community! Public officials anticipate that the investments they make on behalf of the local citizens eventually will cause the community to prosper due to the newly created jobs and the ripple effect on incomes, land values, and increased demand for goods and services. Public officials' willingness to gamble with public funds has caused an expensive bidding war pitting state against state, county against county, and township
Geometry of Cantor Systems

A Cantor system is defined. The geometry of a certain family of Cantor systems is studied. Such a family arises in dynamical systems as hyperbolicity is created. We prove that the bridge geometry of a Cantor system in such a family is uniformly bounded and that the gap geometry is regulated by the size of the leading gap.
Synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants. V: Two-phase liquid-liquid systems at low surfactant concentrations

Nonideal solution theory has been used to derive equations that predict interfacial concentrations and conditions for synergism in binary mixtures of surfactants in liquid-liquid systems at low surfactant concentrations. Equations were derived that allow prediction of synergism in three phenomena: (1) interfacial tension reduction efficiency; (2) mixed micelle formation; and (3) interfacial tension reduction effectiveness. These equations involve the experimentally determined parameters, βLLσ and βLLM, related to the molecular interactions between the two surfactants in the mixed monolayer at the liquid-liquid interface and in the mixed micelles, respectively. The experimental data needed to determine whether a liquid-liquid binary surfactant system is capable of synergism in the three areas mentioned above are: (1) the interfacial tension vs log total concentration curves of the individual surfactants in the vicinity of their critical micelle concentrations (CMC); and (2) the interfacial tension vs log total concentration curve of at least one mixture in the vicinity of its CMC. φ, the ratio of the volume of the oil phase to the volume of the aqueous phase in each system investigated, and K, the partition coefficient of each surfactant, drop out of the pertinent equations provided that their values are the same in the mixed system and in the pure surfactant systems. This is generally the case in systems containing low concentrations of surfactants. Two systems were investigated: C12H25(OC2H4)7OH-C12H25SO3⊝Na⊕ and C12H25N⊕(CH2C6H5)(CH3)CH2COO⊝-C12H25 SO3⊝Na⊕ in heptane-water mixtures. In the systems studied, theoretical predictions are in good agreement with experimental results.
Molecular evidence of a unique lipoamide dehydrogenase in plastids: analysis of plastidic lipoamide dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a subunit of the α-ketoacid dehydrogenases and the glycine decarboxylase complex in mitochondria, and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in plastids. We report here the unexpected finding of two plastidic isoforms of lipoamide dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana that are different from the mitochondrial form of the enzyme. The cDNA clones were confirmed by sequence alignment analysis and their location verified by chloroplast import assay. They are single copy genes that appear to be expressed in parallel in different tissues with highest level in developing siliques. Phylogenetic analysis gives further exemplary evidence for the plastidic evolution derived from cyanobacteria.
The Complexities of 21st-Century Brain Exchange

The emerging economies of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) will, it is assumed, lure both home students who go abroad to study when they finish their degrees and some graduates who have settled in the West—because of their dramatic economic growth and expanding higher education systems.
On the utility of an in-core fast neutron generator

An examination of the flux magnitudes reported for a LiOD-D2O converter (thermal to 14 MeV neutrons) indicates that such a device offers little if any advantage over fission spectrum neutrons.
T cell receptor expression by T cells that mature extrathymically in nude mice.

Abstract The expression of TCR by T cells that mature extrathymically in nude mice was determined by staining Ig − cells from B10 nude mice that were 5 months of age or older with mAbs specific for CD3, α β or γ δ TCR. Although the majority of Ig − cells in older nude mice express TCR, the distribution of α β and γ δ TCR in relation to CD4 and CD8 expression is markedly different compared to T cells from euthymic mice. Approximately half of the CD3 + T cells found in the spleen and lymph nodes of nude mice express γ δ TCR that is equally distributed between CD4 − 8 − double-negative and CD8 + single-positive T cells. These data provide the first quantitative measure of the expression of TCR by T cells that mature in the absence of a thymus and suggest that the extrathymic environment, although not efficient, is permissive for the maturation of T cells that express α β and γ δ TCR.
Description of heavy ion collisions

Abstract Heavy ion collisions are best described by transport models that include both mean-field potentials and two-body collisions. In particular, the relativistic transport model, which treats consistently the change of hadron masses and energies in hot dense matter, allows one to study these medium effects in heavy ion collisions. In this talk, we review the present understanding of hadron in-medium properties and the progress made in extracting such information from available experimental data using the relativistic transport model.
WE‐A‐L100E‐01: MR Data for Treatment Planning: Spatial Accuracy Issues, Protocol Optimization, and Applications (Preview of TG117 Report)

Image‐guided therapies, including stereotactic radiosurgery, biopsy procedures, IMRT and image‐guided surgery are being used with increasing frequency. Although originally based primarily on CT data, image‐guided therapies now frequently use MR data alone, or in conjunction with CT data in the planning of or real‐time guidance of interventional procedures. Unlike CTimaging, the spatial accuracy of MRI data depends on both an appropriate QC program and the choice of appropriate image acquisition techniques. TG‐117 seeks to provide guidance regarding the optimization of imaging protocols and necessary QC procedures when MR systems are to be used to obtain data for procedures in which high spatial accuracy is critical. This lecture will provide a preview of TG‐117, reviewing the physical bases for spatial distortions due to both system hardware and interaction of the system with the patient, describing methods for reducing or eliminating effects of distortion in MR imaging including protocol optimization and correction strategies, and presenting examples of QC tests for MR systems used to obtain data for procedures requiring high spatial accuracy. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the physical bases for spatial distortions. 2. Understand image acquisition optimization and correction strategies for minimizing or eliminating effects of spatial distortions. 3. Understand issues related to QC testing for clinical applications requiring high spatial accuracy.
Part two: Against the motion asymptomatic popliteal artery aneurysms (less than 3 cm) should be repaired.

we suggested that small PAA’s were associated with higher incidence of thrombosis, clinical symptoms, and distal occlusive disease. This was based upon the liberal use of duplex scanning to make the diagnosis. 2,3 We concluded that small PAA (<2.0 cm) may not be as benign as previously suggested. Symptomatic PAA were significantly smaller than asymptomaticaneurysms(p<0.03).Themajorityofthesmall aneurysms (64%) in this series were partially thrombosed and this incidence was not significantly different from that of larger aneurysms (70%). Complete thrombosis of the PAA did not correlate with aneurysm size. When comparing runoff scores, these smaller symptomatic PAA had poorer outflow vessels. These data suggest that size alonedoes notcorrelate with the presenting symptoms of PAA. The presenting symptoms or lack thereof did not correlate with the prevalence of
Trees and diagrams of decomposition

We introduce here and investigate the notion of an alternative tree of decomposition. We show (Theorem 5) a general method of finding out all non-alternative trees of the alternative tree determined by a diagram of decomposition.
Vibrations of two coaxial cylindrical shells containing fluid

Abstract This paper considers the vibrational behavior of two long, elastic, coaxial cylindrical shells containing (or conveying) fluid. Both exact and approximate formulas for the added (attached, virtual) mass of the fluid are derived. The method of analysis is illustrated using appropriate shell equations.
Thermal Degradation of Terpenes: Camphene, Δ3-Carene, Limonene, and α-Terpinene

Emissions from wood dryers have been of some concern for a number of years, and recent policy changes by the Environmental Protection Agency have placed emphasis upon the gaseous emissions that lead to the formation of particulate matter as small as 2.5 μm diameter. In this qualitative study, camphene, Δ3-carene, limonene, and α-terpinene were thermally degraded in the presence of air to determine the number and kind of oxidative degradation products that might be expected under drying conditions used in processing wood products. Various chromatographic methods were used to isolate the products for proof of structure by NMR and/or GC−MS. The degradation products resulted from dehydrogenations, epoxidations, double bond cleavages, allylic oxidations, and rearrangements. A number of compounds not previously associated with the thermal degradation of these terpenes were identified.
Determinants of Substrate Specificity and the Role of Metal in the Reactions of Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase

Recent studies have provided a fairly detailed view of the various intermediates involved in the reactions of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and the manner in which the catalytically essential metal atom might catalyze their interconversions. A better understanding of how the enzyme distinguishes between its alternate substrates, CO(2) and O(2), has also emerged. The results of these studies should prove useful in anticipating possible ways in which the enzyme's substrate specificity might be manipulated. Together, the techniques that are described constitute a powerful methodology for more refined experimentation aimed at understanding the curious reactivities of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase.
Age related pathogenesis of nocturia in patients with overactive bladder.

Purpose: Nocturia is caused by increased nocturnal urine output (nocturnal polyuria) and/or diminished nocturnal bladder capacity. We retrospectively evaluated the causes of nocturia in patients with overactive bladder and nocturia.Materials and Methods: A total of 850 patients (18 years or older) with symptoms of overactive bladder (8 or more micturitions per 24 hours and urgency or urgency urinary incontinence) and nocturia (mean of 2.5 or more episodes per night) were enrolled in a 12-week study of tolterodine ER (4 mg QD) vs placebo. Of this total 845 patients (417 men and 428 women) completed 7-day bladder diaries. Patients were stratified post hoc by sex and age groups (less than 50, 50 to 70, more than 70 years). Indices of nocturnal urine production (nocturia index, nocturnal polyuria index and nocturnal bladder capacity index) were compared using ANOVA (α level 0.05). Higher nocturia index and nocturnal polyuria index values suggest that nocturia occurs because of nocturnal urine overproduction. ...
Satellite-cell pool size does matter: defining the myogenic potency of aging skeletal muscle

The deteriorating in vivo environment is thought to play a major role in reduced stem cell function with age. The capacity of stem cells to support tissue maintenance depends not only on their response to cues from the surrounding niche, but also on their abundance. Here, we investigate satellite cell (myogenic stem cell) pool size and its potential to participate in muscle maintenance through old age. The numbers and performance of mouse satellite cells have been analyzed using molecular markers that exclusively characterize quiescent satellite cells and their progeny as they transit through proliferation, differentiation and generation of reserve cells. The study establishes that abundance of resident satellite cells declines with age in myofibers from both fast- and slow-twitch muscles. Nevertheless, the inherent myogenic potential of satellite cells does not diminish with age. Furthermore, the aging satellite cell niche retains the capacity to support effective myogenesis upon enrichment of the mitogenic milieu with FGF. Altogether, satellite cell abundance, but not myogenic potential, deteriorates with age. This study suggests that the population of satellite cells that participate in myofiber maintenance during routine muscle utilization is not fully replenished throughout life.
Casein kinase 1δ/ε inhibitor PF-5006739 attenuates opioid drug-seeking behavior.

Casein kinase 1 delta (CK1δ) and casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1e) inhibitors are potential therapeutic agents for a range of psychiatric disorders. The feasibility of developing a CNS kinase inhibitor has been limited by an inability to identify safe brain-penetrant compounds with high kinome selectivity. Guided by structure-based drug design, potent and selective CK1δ/e inhibitors have now been identified that address this gap, through the design and synthesis of novel 4-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-imidazol-5-yl]pyrimidin-2-amine derivatives. PF-5006739 (6) possesses a desirable profile, with low nanomolar in vitro potency for CK1δ/e (IC50 = 3.9 and 17.0 nM, respectively) and high kinome selectivity. In vivo, 6 demonstrated robust centrally mediated circadian rhythm phase-delaying effects in both nocturnal and diurnal animal models. Further, 6 dose-dependently attenuated opioid drug-seeking behavior in a rodent operant reinstatement model in animals trained to self-administer fentanyl. Collec...
Registration of multiple MRI scans by matching bony surfaces

An algorithm originally developed for retrospective registration of brain image studies (CT, MRI, PET, SPECT) has been modified for use in registering multiple image data sets in other areas of the body where rigid bony structures can be identified in both scans of interest. The original algorithm relied upon matching 3D models of a single surface, segmented from each scan to be registered. This method has been extended to match any number of pairs of surface models. The ray-tracing algorithm used has also been modified to allow the use of surfaces which are far from spherical in shape, such as long bones in the extremities and the bony pelvis, for which the original algorithm was not well suited. Application to registration of multiple MRI scans of a thigh containing a large soft tissue sarcoma is described.
Sebaceous gland carcinoma : a subtle second malignancy following radiation therapy in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma

BACKGROUND Second primary malignancies are common after bilateral retinoblastoma; their estimated incidence has been as high as 51% 50 years after diagnosis. Fifteen patients who developed sebaceous gland carcinoma after radiation therapy have been reported in the literature, five of whom were treated for bilateral retinoblastoma. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective chart review of patients treated for bilateral retinoblastoma at Duke University Medical Center who later developed sebaceous gland carcinoma. RESULTS This article reports two patients who developed sebaceous gland carcinoma after radiation therapy for bilateral retinoblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Delay in diagnosis is often associated with sebaceous gland carcinoma. Because high mortality is observed with metastatic disease, the recognition of this association is important for anyone who follows patients with a history of bilateral retinoblastoma or prior cranial radiation therapy. Cancer 1998;83:767-771. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Mercaptobenzothiazole Vulcanization Using Sulfur35

Abstract A study has been made of the function of raercaptobenzothiazole in the vulcanization process. Radioactive sulfur35 and mercaptobenzothiazole tagged with sulfur35 were used for measuring the sulfur and mercaptobenzothiazole reaction rates. The effects of variations in the zinc oxide, sulfur, and mercaptobenzothiazole concentration on the sulfur combining rates were determined. It was found that a marked induction period exists, during which the zinc mercaptide of mercaptobenzothiazole, the initial product, reacts readily with sulfur. The ratio of combined sulfur to consumed mercaptobenzothiazole is constant during the vulcanization process. A kinetic expression is given which accounts for the data. When polyisobutylene was substituted for GR-S or Hevea, the zinc mercaptide of mercaptobenzothiazole was found to be the initial product. A mechanism is postulated for the accelerating properties of mercaptobenzothiazole. It involves the formation of the zinc mercaptide, which reacts with sulfur and rub...
Silver-Catalyzed Silacyclopropenation of 1-Heteroatom-Substituted Alkynes and Subsequent Rearrangement Reactions

Silver phosphate-catalyzed silylene transfer from silacyclopropane 1 to 1-heteroatom-substituted alkynes resulted in alkoxy-, amino-, and alkylthiolate-substituted silacyclopropenes. Silver-catalyzed silylene transfer to 1-halo- and 1-sulfonyl-substituted alkynes led to insertion of silylene into the carbon−heteroatom bond. Attempts at copper-catalyzed insertion of carbonyl compounds into heteroatom-substituted silacyclopropenes led to rearrangement into silicon-substituted alkynes with a net silylene insertion into the carbon−heteroatom bond. Mechanistic studies were conducted utilizing crossover experiments. A mechanism involving transmetalation/elimination was supported by the observation of crossovers in double-labeling experiments for alkynyl sulfides, halides, and sulfones.
THAI DIFFICULTIES IN USING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS

Three questions were investigated: 1) Do Thai students have greater difficulty learning English prepositions of place and time or are prepositions equally difficult for all students learning English as a second language? 2) Are certain prepositions more difficult than others depending on the students’ first language? 3) Do contrastive analysis and error analysis predict the subjects’ performance on a test of English prepositions in the same manner? The prepositions investigated were at, by, for, from, in, on, to, and θ. A diagnostic test with three parts was administered to 169 Ss: 40 Thai, 48 Japanese, 38 Spanish, and 43 Other. The analysis showed no significant difference in the groups on total scores; all four groups had difficulty with English prepositions. There were no items that were specifically Thai problems. Rather, their problems with prepositions were shared by all groups. A contrastive analysis via a “translation” task provided information on how English and Thai prepositions differ. The results showed that while English and Thai preposition systems contrast in many ways and predictions can be made based on these contrasts, error analysis was just as effective in showing problems Thai students have with English prepositions.
The effect of cigarette taxes on cigarette consumption.

OBJECTIVES: This paper reexamines the work of Meier and Licari in a previous issue of the Journal. METHODS: The impact of excise taxes on cigarette consumption and sales was measured via standard regression analysis. RESULTS: The 1983 federal tax increase is shown to have an anomalous effect on the regression results. When those data are excluded, there is no significant difference between state and federal tax increases. Further investigation suggests that firms raised cigarette prices substantially in the years surrounding the 1983 federal tax increase, which accounts for the relatively large decrease in consumption during this period. CONCLUSIONS: Federal excise taxes per se do not appear to be more effective than state excise taxes in terms of reducing cigarette consumption. The reaction of cigarette firms to government policies appears to be an important determinant of the success of antismoking initiatives.
Extending HTTP Models to Web 2.0 Applications: The Case of Social Networks

Owing to an explosive growth, Web 2.0 technologies are now widespread. Moreover, they have been increasingly mixed with the cloud model to produce highly sophisticated services, also with an increased social flavor. In this perspective, Social Networks (SNs) are a paradigmatic example, allowing to share user-generated contents, while assuring a high degree of interactivity. Such facets introduce new usage patterns reflecting in new features in the produced HTTP traffic. Therefore, additional modeling is needed, since standard HTTP behaviors could not easily capture new trends. This paper introduces an extension to standard HTTP behavioral models, by considering new elements generated by SN applications. To prove the correctness of the proposed approach, a traffic characterization of one of the most popular SN is presented.
Responses to playback of local vs. distant contact calls in the orange-fronted conure, Aratinga canicularis

We conducted interactive playback experiments on foraging flocks of orange-fronted conures, Aratinga canicularis, using loud contact calls that had been recorded at sites ranging from 0 to 30 km from the playback site. Responses were scored on the basis of the proximity of approach to the speaker, the number of different vocalizations produced by the responding flock, and the duration of respondent vocal interactions with the playbacks. Overall response strength decreased significantly as distance between playback and recording sites was increased up to 9 km, and remained at a steady low level for greater distances. As 9 km is the upper limit of conure home ranges measured in this study site, this nonlinear effect of response with distance suggests that response strength is partly determined by familiarity with calls of local birds. An additional and independent amount of the variation in response strength was explained by the structural similarity between respondent and stimulus calls. This correlation could be caused by a preference to interact with known stimulus birds whose calls have converged during prior associations. However, our data suggest that responding birds subtly changed their call structure during longer trials to more closely match the stimulus call. If subsequently verified as a common phenomenon, this finding could provide an important explanation for the remarkable imitative abilities of parrots.
A Method for Directly Estimating the Tag‐Reporting Rate of Anglers

Abstract Tag-reporting rates for marine recreational boat anglers were estimated directly by surreptitiously implanting, during routine creel surveys, fish tags into fish that had already been caught during October 1976-September 1978. Twenty-nine percent (177) of the 600 implanted tags were returned. Ninety-five percent of all tags returned were received within 100 days after they had been implanted. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were found among reporting rates by anglers from different fishing areas and for different species of fish. No significant differences were found for reporting rates by anglers among seasons or years. These results indicate that use of reward tags in other studies has not fully corrected for nonreporting of recovered tags and, consequently, fishing mortality estimates based on them have been underestimates. The vast majority of anglers (96%) correctly identified their fish to genus and they reported fish lengths that were within ±76 mm (SD) of those determined by agency sta...
Order selection on a single machine with high set-up costs

We study the problem of allocating a limited quantity of a single manufacturing resource to produce a subset of possible part-types. Customer orders require one or more part-types. We assume that revenue is received for an order only if it is completely filled, and that set-up costs and order revenues dominate the variable costs of production. We present a heuristic for the solution of our problem, as well as families of cutting-planes for an integer programming formulation. Computational results on a set of random test problems indicate that the heuristic is quite effective in producing near optimal solutions. The cutting-planes appear to be quite useful in reducing the number of linear programming solutions required by branch-and-bound.
Strategies for optimizing polypropylene-clay nanocomposite structure

The structure of nanocomposites produced by melt-mixing polypropylene and 5 wt % of organically modified layered silicates with varying amounts of different maleated polypropylene compatibilizer grades has been analyzed with X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and melt rheology. The extent of delamination in different nanocomposites has been quantified from analysis of several TEM images for each specimen by a product of the single particle volume fraction and the intrinsic viscosity of such particles. This measure correlated directly with the low shear relative viscosity of the molten composites (relative to the silicate free mixture of polypropylene and compatibilizer). The results also indicate that the acid number alone is not a good predictor of compatibilizer effectiveness, i.e., the amount required for exfoliation. The molar ratio of functional groups to compatibilizer chains is found to be a better parameter for ranking compatibilizer effectiveness than the acid number, whic...
Connectionism and artificial intelligence: history and philosophical interpretation

Abstract Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus have tried to place connectionism and artificial intelligence in a broader historical and intellectual context. This history associates connectionism with neuroscience, conceptual holism, and non-rationalism, and artificial intelligence with conceptual atomism, rationalism, and formal logic. The present paper argues that the Dreyfus account of connectionism and artificial intelligence is both historically and philosophically misleading.
Solid tumor models for the assessment of different treatment modalities--XIV: the evaluation of host and tumor response to cyclophosphamide and radiation.

Abstract The effect of increasing doses of cyclophosphamide (50–250 mg/kg) on the time of occurrence of maximal and minimal tumor growth rates, tumor volume reduction, and linear doubling times (LDT) on the solid tumor model H-4-II-E have been determined. Tumor response to cyclophosphamide was classified as class I, tumor regression; class II, pseudo-regression; and class III, slow-down. The overall treatment efficiency (OTE) has been used to assess the magnitude of tumor volume changes after treatment. The maximum OTE occurred after 150 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide. Increasing the dose to 200 and 250 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide resulted in a decrease in OTE. Similar parameters were utilized to measure the effectiveness of increasing doses of local tumor radiation (750, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000 and 3500R). The major increase in OTE occurs when the radiation dose is increased from 750R to 2000R. Increasing the dose further to 3500R results in smaller incremental increases in the OTE. Results of the study indicate that increasing the cyclophosphamide dose beyond a certain level (i.e. 150 mg/kg) increases mortality and morbidity without concomitant therapeutic benefit. The effects of increasing the dose of local tumor radiation on life span have given results which suggest that increasing the total radiation dose beyond a certain limit is less effective in increasing life span.
Longitudinal stability and predictability of sexual perceptions, intentions, and behaviors among early adolescent African-Americans

Purpose: To assess the stability and predictability of perceptions, intentions, and behaviors regarding intended sexual intercourse and condom use. Methods: One hundred and nineteen African-American youth aged 9-15 years living in urban public housing provided information at baseline and 6 months later using a theory-based and culturally- and developmentally-tailored instrument assessing perceptions, intentions, and sexual behaviors. Results: Over the 6-month study interval, individual behaviors, intentions, and perceptions demonstrated considerable stability. Intentions regarding sexual intercourse in the next half-year were predictive of subsequent coitus among the entire cohort and among the subset who were virgins at baseline. Youth who thought it likely that they would be sexually-active in the next 6 months were at significantly elevated risk of doing so, compared to youth who were uncertain or thought coitus unlikely. However, intentions regarding future coitus among the subset of youth who were sexually-experienced at baseline were not predictive of future coital behavior. Conclusions: These data suggest that social cognitive behavioral models that incorporate intentions and perceptions are appropriate as the theoretical basis for interventions targeting these young adolescents.
Fundamentals Of Coherent Optics - A Tutorial

This tutorial consists of a review of the pertinent fundamentals of optics: concepts of incoherent, coherent, and partially coherent light; propagation of coherent light; diffraction and interference;Fraunhofer diffraction as a Fourier transformation; spatial frequency concepts; properties of image formation, amplitude impulse response, intensity impulse response, and the optical transfer function; simultaneous optical Fourier transformation and image formation; simple spatial filtering operations.
Mitogenic activity of Actinomyces viscosus. II. Induction of DNA and immunoglobulin synthesis in rabbit B lymphocytes.

Abstract A cell wall extract from Actinomyces viscosus (AVIS) induces blastogenesis in a large proportion of lymphocytes from non-immunized rabbits. The response appears to be a polyclonal B cell response, since purified T cells are unresponsive, whereas B cell-enriched cultures exhibit 3-fold higher DNA synthesis than conventional splenocyte cultures. Furthermore, AVIS triggers immunoglobulin synthesis and plasma cell formation in vitro . The rabbit response is similar to that of the mouse, and we suggest that non-specific polyclonal B cell responsiveness to Actinomyces bacteria may be an important host defense mechanism common to these, and probably other, mammalian species.
The Refractive Index of Hydrogen as a Function of Pressure

It is shown that the refractive index of hydrogen is given by nH2 = 1 + 3.046 ρ + 2.6 ρ2 where ρ has units of mol/cm3. Here ρ at a given pressure, P, can be obtained from the equation of state, ρ(P). This relation is combined with that for the refractive index of loaded diamond anvils to obtain nH2/nD vs P. This is found to be in good agreement with the ratio nH2/nD measured directly at different pressures by Fabry-Perot interferometry. The density variation of the molar refraction is computed.
The effect of phage T4 infection on phospholipid hydrolysis in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Cronan and Wulff (1969) proposed that phospholipid hydrolysis is a phage T4-induced function involved in the phage lysis mechanism. The experiments reported here show that phage infection does not necessarily alter the rate of phospholipid hydrolysis detected in uninfected cells. Furthermore, uninfected cells contain a latent phospholipid hydrolyzing activity which becomes activated upon lysis of the cells by any of a number of treatments, including phage infection. It is concluded that phospholipid hydrolysis may play no role specific to the phage life cycle.
The Clinical Spectrum of Freezing of Gait in Atypical Parkinsonism

Freezing of gait (FOG), commonly seen in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), has been classified as its fifth cardinal feature. However, its presence frequently leads to a misdiagnosis of PD. FOG is actually more common in atypical parkinsonism (AP): including vascular Parkinsonism (VP), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), multiple system atrophy (MSA), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and higher level gait disorders (HLGDs). VP is the result of multiple small vessel infarcts (lacunar state or Binswanger's disease), particularly involving the frontal, parietal, and basal ganglia regions. Approximately 50% have FOG (often referred to as lower body parkinsonism). FOG is also common in neurodegenerative forms of AP, present in 45-57%. Of these, FOG is present in 53% of PSP, 54% MSA, 54% DLB, 25% CBD, and 40% HLGD. It is generally seen in the late stages. There are two syndromes closely associated with AP that are dominated by FOG; pure akinesia (PA) and primary progressive freezing gait (PPFG). PA is characterized by akinesia of gait (including FOG), writing, and speech. Tremor, rigidity, dementia, and response to levodopa are notably absent. PPFG is defined by early FOG (often the initial feature) that progresses to include postural instability. It is accompanied by bradykinesia, rigidity, postural tremor, dementia, and levodopa unresponsiveness. Both syndromes are heterogeneous but PSP seems to be the most common cause. CBD and DLB can also present as PPFG. FOG is a common feature of AP and although typically occurring late in disease may also be an early symptom.
Prevention of Reversal in Mercury-198 Lamps

THE green emission line 5461 A. of mercury-198 has been proposed by Meggers1 as a primary standard of wave-length, and is one of the lines being considered as the basis for a redefined international metre. The line has much to recommend it in its sharpness, isolation from other lines, convenience of excitation, etc.
Protein storage vacuoles of soybean aleurone cells accumulate a unique glycoprotein

Abstract The single cell-layer of aleurone cells exhibits structural evidence of high levels of Golgi apparatus mediated secretory activity [1]. We have used an antiserum directed against β-1,2-xyloglycan side chains of proteins as a probe of protein trafficking and Golgi activity. Although the aleurone contains many distinct xyloglycoproteins the primary xyloglycoprotein accumulated in the aleurone is a 42-kDa polypeptide. The 42-kDa xyloglycoprotein is accumulated in protein storage vacuoles within the aleurone cells. Comparison of anti-β-xyloglycoprotein immunoblots of the other embryonic tissues, cotyledon and axis, indicated that while numerous xyloglycoproteins appeared to be present in these tissues the 42-kDa xyloglycoprotein was absent. The identity of the protein storage vacuoles was confirmed by the presence of α-TIP (α-tonoplast integral protein) in the limiting membrane of the vacuoles. The aleurone also accumulates a variety of embryo-specific proteins including conglycinin, soybean agglutinin, and the oil body protein 24-kDa oleosin. The xyloglycoproteins appear to traffic through the Golgi apparatus. The anti-β-xyloglycoprotein serum labeled xyloglycoproteins in the medial-trans Golgi cisternae suggesting that the xylosylation of N -linked glycan was a medial-late processing event initiated in the medial Golgi cisternae. We interpret our results to indicate soybean aleurone cells accumulate a specific abundant xyloglycoprotein of unknown function in the cell's protein storage vacuole that appears to be unique to this single-cell layer of embryonic cells.
Effect of deionization time on reclosing circuit breakers

SINCE the initial tests and trial application of high-speed reclosing to high-voltage tie-line circuit breakers a little over 13 years ago by Philip Sporn and D. C. Prince,1 high-speed reclosing of such circuit breakers has become standard practice on most modern American transmission systems. Today, when capital investment and operating costs are more important than ever before, high-speed reclosing is almost universally recognized by transmission engineers in this country as one of the most economical methods of 1. Increasing the maximum power which can be transmitted over long high-voltage tie lines without loss of synchronism following a short-circuit tripout. 2. Reducing system disturbance and shock at the instant of reclosing by reconnecting the two parts of the system before they have swung too far apart. 3. Reducing line outage time and improving service to customers.