cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
La diversification de la recherche en éthique animale et en études animales

Les approches provenant de l’Europe continentale n’ont pas encore ete integrees dans l’ethique animale anglo-saxonne dominante, peut-etre parce qu’elles ont largement ete meprises comme des incursions maladroites en ethique normative. Je soutiens qu’elles sont plus adequatement abordees comme des recherches s’inscrivant dans le domaine de la psychologie morale et de la meta-ethique. Suivant cette idee, je suggere une variete de croisements ou de rapprochements entre la diversification des perspectives en ethique animale et le developpement des etudes animales pluridisciplinaires, en particulier leur penchant pour l’heterodoxie methodologique et leur attention aux phenomenes de l’incorporation et de l’affectivite. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
Disjunctions of Negated Counting Functions Are Efficiently Learnable with Equivalence Queries

One open problem regarding learning counting functions is whether disjunctions of negated counting functions with a constant prime modulus p are efficiently learnable with equivalence queries. We give a positive solution to this problem by showing that for any constant prime p, conjunctions of counting functions with modulus p over the domain Z p n is efficiently learnable with at most (n+1)p−1+1 equivalence queries. We further prove that any disjunctions of counting functions and negated counting functions with a constant prime modulus p over the domain Z p n are also efficiently learnable with at most (n+1)p−1+1 equivalence queries.
5'-Nucleotidase activity in subjects with abnormal lymphocyte function.

5′-Nucleotidase (5′N) activity was determined in lymphocytes from patients with immunodeficiency diseases and in T-lymphocyte subpopulations from normal subjects. Cells from two patients with DiGeorge syndrome, with normal levels of B cells, and one patient with partial DiGeorge syndrome were found to have diminished 5′N activity. Utilizing monoclonal antibodies to deplete T-lymphocyte subpopulations, we found similar levels of 5′N in the cells remaining after depletion of OKT4- or OKT8-positive cells when 5′N values were determined after overnight incubation. If 5′N activity was determined on the day of the fractionation, however, OKT4-depleted cells had approximately threefold greater enzyme activity. These studies indicate that 5′N activity may vary in T lymphocyte subpopulations depending upon cell culture conditions. Diminished levels of 5′N activity are seen in patients with abnormal T-lymphocyte differentiation, as well as abnormalities of B-lymphocyte differentiation.
The preponderance of posterior circulatory events is independent of the route of cardiac catheterization.

Central nervous system complications of cardiac catheterization are most often attributed to embolic events that occur at the time of catheter manipulation. Nevertheless, the reason that over 50% of these events are localized to the posterior circulation remains unexplained. One potential explanation offered for this preponderance is the use of the brachial artery approach. In this report, we examined the relation between the route of catheterization and central nervous system complications.We retrospectively analyzed all central nervous system complications that occurred after cardiac catheterization through a femoral route at our institution over a 3 1/2-year period. Thirteen patients were identified as having central nervous system complications. Using defined criteria, posterior circulatory events still accounted for at least 54% of central nervous system complications.The preponderance of posterior circulatory events is apparently independent of the route of catheterization. Furthermore, given the ar...
The regions of multiple stable steady states of a biological reactor with wall growth, utilising inhibitory substrates

Abstract The stirred tank biological reactor with wall growth and an inhibitory substrate is analysed. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence and stability of a multiplicity of steady states are given. Diagrams are presented showing the effect of wall growth, reactor feed concentration and a kinetic inhibition parameter on conversion and on the existence of multiple steady states.
Chemical contamination, toxicity, and benthic community indices in sediments of the lower Miami River and adjoining portions of Biscayne Bay, Florida

A large-scale survey of sediment quality in Biscayne Bay, Florida, was conducted in 1995–1996 to characterize the relative degree, geographic patterns, and spatial extent of degraded sediment quality. Chemical analyses and multiple toxicity tests were performed on 226 surficial sediment samples collected over an area of 484 km2 in greater Biscayne Bay, including saltwater reaches of several tributaries. Benthic samples were collected and analyzed at one-third of the locations. One or more chemical concentrations exceeded effects range median (ERM) values in 35 samples, representing an area of 5.4 km2 (1.1% of the survey area). Highly toxic conditions in amphipod survival tests occurred in 24 of the samples, representing 62 km2 (13% of the area). Highly significant results were more frequently observed in three sub-lethal tests: sea urchin fertilization (affecting 47% of the area), sea urchin embryological development (84% of the area), and microbial bioluminescence (51% of the area). The highest levels of chemical contamination (range in mean ERM quotients of 0.2 to 2.0, average 0.76) were observed in samples from the lower Miami River. The high degree of contamination in the river contrasted sharply with conditions in the bay, where chemical concentrations generally were much lower (range in mean ERM quotients of 0.005 to 0.21, average 0.04). Amphipod survival tests showed a very high degree of correspondence with a gradient in chemical contamination in the river and adjoining reaches of the bay. Correlation analyses, scatter plots, and principal component analyses indicated that both amphipod survival in the laboratory tests and the abundance and diversity of the benthos decreased sharply with increasing concentrations of mixtures of organic compounds and trace metals in the sediments. The triad of analyses provided a strong weight of evidence of pollution-induced degradation of sediment quality in the riverine locations.
The necessity and consequences of modeling driver and load nonlinearity in on-chip global interconnect noise verification

The verification of noise in on-chip global interconnect is performed through simulation of an electrical circuit comprised of a network of coupled transmission lines, terminated by appropriate models for drivers (transmitters) and loads (receivers). The current methodology utilizes linearized models of the terminations, thus requiring only linear circuit simulations. In this study, we show that while a linear noise analysis methodology that relies on the termination model linearization is very efficient and convenient, it may result in significant loss of accuracy and/or in excessively conservative designs. We identify the situations where modeling the nonlinearity of the termination becomes a determining factor in the accuracy of the analysis. We also study the implications of adopting a fully nonlinear analysis methodology, and propose a practical compromise.
Reconfigurable resource scheduling

We consider a class of scheduling problems that we refer to as reconfigurable resource scheduling. This class of problems is motivated by emerging applications that involve dynamically allocating a large number of shared resources to a variety of services. We design efficient online algorithms for certain problems in this class. Our goal is to obtain constant competitive online algorithms where the online algorithm is given a constant factor advantage in terms of the number of resources. The main problem considered in this paper is as follows. The input is a sequence of requests, each of which is a set of unit jobs. Each job has a category, and needs to be processed within a fixed delay bound from its arrival, or else it is dropped and we incur a category-specific drop cost. A job of a given category can only be executed on a resource configured for that category. A resource can be reconfigured at any time at a fixed reconfiguration cost. Our main result is a constant competitive online algorithm for this problem, which is obtained by the following layered approach. First, we reduce our main problem to the special case in which all jobs arrive at integral multiples of the delay bound. Second, we reduce the latter problem to the special case of unit delay. Third, we reduce the unit-delay problem to a caching problem that we refer to as file caching with remote reads. Our solution to this caching problem generalizes certain existing work in the area of file caching.
Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Poly(ε-caprolactone)

The dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in poly(e-caprolactone) with the aid of a zwitterionic surfactant is reported. Melt rheology and electrical conductivity measurements indicate geometrical percolation and electrical percolation for nanocomposites with ∼0.08 wt % SWNT, implying an effective anisotropy for the nanotubes of at least 600. Spectroscopic measurements and comparison of dispersion using other surfactants established that the excellent dispersion is a result of the compatibilizing effect of the zwitterionic surfactant.
Some Postulated Relationships among Autumn Phenomena in Woody Plants

MOST research on winter hardiness (cold acclimation) of plants has been concerned with changes in amounts of organic compounds such as sugars, amino-acids and proteins. These autumnal alterations in organic constituents of the cell can only be brought about by changes in enzymes. The question as to what initial factor causes this change in the metabolism is still not solved. It is tempting to think of a hormone action which could influence a great many enzyme systems1, especially since cold acclimation and de-acclimation are closely associated with the growth-regulator controlled phenomenon of growth cessation in autumn, and growth resumption in spring. Recently, Levitt2 has suggested that protein and glutathione sulphydryls bear a direct relationship to the state of winter hardiness of plants. Sulphydryl groups in cells are essential for the three-dimensional structure of cell proteins3 and for cell growth4. Glutathione is also an essential part of the ascorbic acid oxidase system which is involved in growth processes, that is, ascorbic acid oxidizing capacity is low in growing plants and high in dormant plants. Marre and Arrigoni5 presented evidence that auxins inhibited the ascorbic acid oxidase and thereby increased the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione. A postulated relationship between ascorbic acid oxidase and glutathione can be represented as follows: AH2, metabolic substrate; G-S-S-G, oxidized glutathione; GSH, reduced glutathione; AA, ascorbic acid; DH,A dehydroascorbic acid.
An ultrastructural study of erythropoietin-induced red cell formation in mouse spleen.

An electron microscopic study was made of the wave of red cell formation induced by erythropoietin in the spleens of hypoxia-induced polycythemic mice, initially exhibiting markedly inhibited erythropoiesis. The spleens of control polycythemic mice are devoid of developing erythroid elements. At 12–24 hours after erythropoietin injection, only proerythroblasts are noted in the spleens. Proerythroblasts are replaced by basophilic, polychromatophilic, and orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes at 48 hours; orthochromatic erythroblasts and reticulocytes predominated at 72 hours. Cells of the erythroid series are distinguished mainly by their chromatin arrangement. Chromatin clumps begin to form in the basophilic erythroblast, are most prominent in the polychromatophilic erythroblast, and become increasingly inconspicuous in the orthochromatic erythroblast until finally the chromatin is uniformly distributed in the nucleus about to be extruded. A description is given of the process of nuclear extrusion and the phagocytosis of the nuclei by macrophages. In all stages of development, the erythroid cells occur in clusters. This arrangement may facilitate the distribution, from centrally located macrophagocytic “nurse” cells, of ferritin and other materials essential for the processes of development.
Patents: Incentive to innovate and communicate — An introduction

This paper describes in non-legal language the requirements for patentability of an invention, the process of patenting, the contents of a patent document, and how to obtain or retrieve patents for use as sources of technical information; and it provides a selected bibliography of 170 items on creative and business aspects of invention, general and specific aspects of patenting, and retrieval and use of patent information.
DNA repair in a UV-sensitive mutant of of mouse cell line

A UV-sensitive mutant, Q31, isolated from mouse-lymphoma L5178Y cells, was studied for excision and post-replication repairs. A nearly equal number of UV endonuclease-sensitive sites was induced by UV in L5178Y, Q31, and human Raji cells. L5178Y cells irradiated with 10 J/m2 removed 18% of sensitive sites from DNA of detection, whereas Raji cells eliminated about 60% of the sites. These results during incubation for 24 h, and Q31 cells removed 3% of the sites, a fraction less than the limit indicate that mouse-lymphoma cells are capable of excision repair to a limited extend as compared with human cells and that mutant Q31 cells are essentially devoid of dimer excision. The newly synthesized DNA was of smaller size in UV-irradiated and unirradiated Q31 cells than that in the corresponding L5178Y cells, but the DNAs in both cell strains increased to comparable sizes after a 2-h chase.
THE EFFECT OF INFANT INTERHOSPITAL TRANSFER UPON PATTERNS OF PARENTAL RESPONSE

Parents of all infants who stayed 2 weeks or longer in the neonatal intensive care unit were surveyed to (1) assess the levels of contact and anxiety experienced by parents of infants transferred to the neonatal intensive care unit; and (2) to compare these levels with those of parents of infants who were born in-hospital. Morbidity was assessed using the Infant Morbidity Score. Thirty-three were parents of transfer infants and 58 were parents of born-in infants. There was no significant difference among the transfer and born-in infants in severity of illness or length of hospitalization. Parents of transfer infants had significantly less infant contact than parents of born-in infants (p<0.05). Anxiety levels in each group of parents were similar. There were significant positive correlations between contact and anxiety (p<0.03) and between infant morbidity and anxiety (p<0.01) in both groups. These findings suggest that the decreased contact by parents of transfer infants due to early separation and to distance did not alter the pattern of response to their infant's illness.
High-density lipoproteins from human alcoholics exhibit impaired reverse cholesterol transport function.

We have previously shown that chronic alcohol consumption leads to inhibition of sialylation of apolipoprotein E (apo E) that results in its impaired binding to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) molecule. Because apo E plays a major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), we speculated that ethanol-mediated formation of HDL molecules without apo E may affect the RCT process. Therefore, we have investigated whether the RCT function of HDL is affected in chronic alcoholics with or without liver disease compared with nondrinkers. HDL was isolated from fasting plasma of normal subjects, n = 9 (nondrinkers), chronic alcoholics, n = 8 (ALC), and chronic alcoholics with liver disease, n = 6 (ALD). A portion of HDL sample from each subject was evaluated for its cholesterol efflux capacity from [3H]cholesterol oleate preloaded mouse macrophages. The remaining portion of each HDL sample was labeled with [3H]cholesterol oleate and evaluated for its ability to deliver cholesterol to the liver using HepG2 cells in culture. Cholesterol efflux capacity of HDLs was decreased by 83% (P < .0002) in alcoholics without liver disease and by 84% (P < .0006) in alcoholics with liver disease compared with the HDLs from nondrinkers. The capacities of HDLs to deliver cholesterol to the liver were decreased by 54% (P < .005) in alcoholics without liver disease and by 64% (P < .005) in alcoholics with liver disease compared with the HDLs from nondrinkers. The fact that further complications by liver disease in alcoholic subjects did not significantly exacerbate the extent of impairment in RCT function of HDL suggest that alcohol per se is responsible for its deleterious effects on RCT. Significantly, plasma HDL apo E concentration relative to that of apo A1 (apo E/apo A1 ratio) was also decreased by 31% to 32% (P < .0005) in alcoholics without or with liver disease compared with nondrinkers. It is therefore concluded that chronic alcohol consumption adversely affects the RCT function of HDL by altering its association with apo E due to ethanol-induced desialylation of apo E.
AMACRINE CELLS OF THE CAT RETINA

INTRODUCTION Amacrine cells, the interneurons of the inner plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina, form both lateral and radial pathways amongst the bipolar and ganglion cells (Cajal, 1933). In fact, certain amacrine cells are elemental to the rod system of the mammalian retina (Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974). Physiological studies indicate that amacrine cells of the cat retina have distinct response. characteristics suggestive of diverse functions in the rod and cone systems or the on-centre or 0%centre pathways (Nelson et 01.. 1976; Nelson and Kolb, 1978). In addition, pharmacological evidence is now accumulating that specific neurotransmitters are present in specific varieties of amacrines (Pourcho, 1979; Pourcho, 198Oa, 1980b; Tork and Stone, 1979; Nakamura et al., 1980). It thus seems timely to enquire, in greater detail, of the morphology and synaptic connections of the amacrine cells of the cat retina, and attempt to link such findings to the physiology and chemistry of such cells. In our quest to understand amacrine cells of the cat retina, we have used four different experimental procedures. Firstly, we have used the venerated Golgi technique for studying the morphology of the amacrine cells and classifying them by characteristics such as dendritic field size, morphology, branching pattern and stratification within the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Secondly, we have made reconstructions of portions of amacrine cells studied by ultra-thin serial sections in the electron microscope. Such reconstructed three-dimensional profiles can oft-times be identified with specific Golgi-impregnated cell types. Thirdly, intracellular recordings and stainings of amacrine cells have been possible in cat retina and identification of the physiologically recorded units can be made with their Go&impregnated counterparts. Lastly and more recently, we have been using the powerful tool of intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). By this means, a physiologically identified amacrine cell can be visualized and compared to a Golgi-impregnated cell, and, furthermore, examined by electron microscopy for synaptic relationships in the neuropil of the IPL. Although Cajal (1933) left us an encompassing description of the neurons of the vertebrate retina, he did not specifically study the cat retina. Therefore, we Auyusr 1981)
Developing sustainable tourism: managers' assessment of Jamaica's ten‐year master plan

Purpose – The study aims to examine Jamaican managers' perceptions of the ten‐year master plan (2000) for tourism sustainability and its effectiveness in achieving inclusive, community‐based development and growth. The research seeks to determine how much progress has been made and discusses implications for the Jamaican tourism industry.Design/methodology/approach – An online survey containing 16 open‐ and close‐ended questions was sent to 540 Jamaican managers and executives; 99 surveys were completed and used for analysis.Findings – The findings indicate Jamaica's ten‐year master plan has the correct focus. The goals of the plan are viewed as important. Goals related to heritage‐based tourism and infrastructure improvements and accessibility are perceived as successfully developed. Weaknesses appear in the implementation and development of community‐based, inclusive tourism and environmentally sustainable tourism. Some significant differences between those employed in tourism/hospitality and those empl...
The influence of stoichiometry on compression creep of polycrystalline UO2+x

Compressive creep tests have been performed on polycrystalline hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide, as a function of temperature, stress and deviation from stoichiometry. Under low stresses measured steady-state creep rates for UO2+x increase linearly with applied stress, σ, and with oxygen excess, x. Creep rates for UO2+x tested at high stresses follow a power-law stress dependence of the form e ∝ σn where 4<n<7, and increase with xm where 1.75<m< 2. The transition stress, σt, between linear and power-law stress dependence behavior decreases with increasing OU ratio. For polycrystals tested at high stresses, the creep activation energy, Qc, decreases with increasing x in the same manner as found for uranium dioxide single crystals. Creep activation energies also decrease with increasing x in the linear stress-dependence region, but values for Qc are lower at a given x than are values obtained in the power-law stress region. It is suggested that different diffusion processes control the observed creep behavior in the two different stress regimes.
Radioimmunologic Measurements of Naturally Occurring Antibodies. III. Antibodies Reactive with Escherichia coli or Bacteroides fragilis in Breast Fluids and Sera of Mothers and Newborn Infants

Radioimmunologic Measurements of Naturally Occurring Antibodies. III. Antibodies Reactive with Escherichia coli or Bacteroides fragilis in Breast Fluids and Sera of Mothers and Newborn Infants
Low-level detection of viral pathogens by a surface-enhanced Raman scattering based immunoassay.

The need for rapid, highly sensitive, and versatile diagnostic tests for viral pathogens spans from human and veterinary medicine to bioterrorism prevention. As an approach to meet these demands, a diagnostic test employing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the selective extraction of viral pathogens from a sample in a chip-scale, sandwich immunoassay format has been developed using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a readout method. The strengths of SERS-based detection include its inherent high sensitivity and facility for multiplexing. The capability of this approach is demonstrated by the capture of feline calicivirus (FCV) from cell culture media that is exposed to a gold substrate modified with a covalently immobilized layer of anti-FCV mAbs. The surface-bound FCVs are subsequently coupled with an extrinsic Raman label (ERL) for identification and quantification. The ERLs consist of 60-nm gold nanoparticles coated first with a layer of Raman reporter molecules and then a layer of mAbs. The ...
Heteronymous monosynaptic Ia facilitation from supine to standing and its relationship to the soleus H-reflex.

To measure changes in presynaptic inhibition, 10 subjects (5 male, 5 female) were tested under two conditions: supine and standing. This study utilized the heteronymous facilitation protocol, as described by Hultborn et al. (1987a), to measure presynaptic inhibition of the Ia afferent pathway onto the soleus α-motoneuron pool. The magnitude of the facilitation produced by the conditioning stimulus provides an indirect assessment of presynaptic inhibition from supine to standing. Maximal soleus H-reflex (H-max) and motor response (M-max) amplitudes were determined prior to testing at each condition. Subjects received 24 test H-reflex stimuli (˜15% M-max), and 24 conditioned stimuli at each body position. Results demonstrated a significant decrease in H-max/M-max ratio from supine (68.7%) to standing (54.8%). This was the result of changes in H-max between the two body positions with no significant changes in M-max. Significant inhibition of the conditioned H-reflex was also demonstrated from supine to stan...
Dentition of Gobiohyus and a Reevaluation of the Helohyidae (Artiodactyla)

The late Eocene bunodont artiodactyl Gobiohyus is reevaluated on the basis of new dental material and contains three species— G. orientalis, G. pressidens , and G. robustus. Gobiohyus yuanchuensis Young (1937) is reassigned as ? Indohyus yuanchuensis. Gobiohyus is referred to the Helohyidae, which also includes Helohyus (and Lophiohyus as a junior synonym of Helohyus ), Indohyus, Raoella, Kunmunella , and Bunodentus . Helohyidae are removed from the Dichobunoidea and placed in the Anthracotherioidea because they share with anthracotheriids a downturned mandibular angle, squared upper molars, hypocone strongly reduced or lost, hypertrophied metaconule on the posterolingual angle of upper molars, lower molars increasing in size from M1 through M3, and enlarged M3 hypoconulid. Helohyids are derived anthracotherioids in their bunodonty or incipient bunodonty and in their small paraconules which are close to the protocone. Anthracotheriids are derived relative to helohyids in other dental features. Dichobunoids, achaenodonts, choeropotamids, entelodonts, and cebochoerids have at one time or another been allied to Gobiohyus or other helohyids; dichobunoids, entelodonts, and cebochoerids are not close to helohyids, but the evidence for achaenodonts and choeropotamids is equivocal.
Is motor vehicle-related mortality a disease of development?∗☆

The effect of economic development on motor vehicle-related mortality was assessed using per capital GNP from 46 countries, Gini coefficients from 34 countries and mortality statistics reported to WHO. The data suggest that these commonly used indicators of economic development do not reliably predict a given country's current experience with motor vehicle-related mortality. Implications for health planners and traffic safety workers are discussed.
All the Wrong Moves: A Clinical Review of Restless Legs Syndrome, Periodic Limb Movements of Sleep and Wake, and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder

Restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, and periodic limb movement disorder are a group of conditions that merit awareness from the medical community. These disorders are commonly encountered yet are often confused and misdiagnosed by health care professionals. It is imperative that health care providers are able to recognize these conditions to accurately diagnose, manage, and appropriately refer patients.
Direct Measurement of Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area by Real-Time Three-Dimensional Color Doppler for Quantitation of Aortic Regurgitant Volume: An In Vitro Validation

Objective The proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method is useful in the quantitation of aortic regurgitation (AR). We hypothesized that actual measurement of PISA provided with real-time 3-dimensional (3D) color Doppler yields more accurate regurgitant volumes than those estimated by 2-dimensional (2D) color Doppler PISA. Methods We developed a pulsatile flow model for AR with an imaging chamber in which interchangeable regurgitant orifices with defined shapes and areas were incorporated. An ultrasonic flow meter was used to calculate the reference regurgitant volumes. A total of 29 different flow conditions for 5 orifices with different shapes were tested at a rate of 72 beats/min. 2D PISA was calculated as 2π r 2 , and 3D PISA was measured from 8 equidistant radial planes of the 3D PISA. Regurgitant volume was derived as PISA × aliasing velocity x time velocity integral of AR/peak AR velocity. Results Regurgitant volumes by flow meter ranged between 12.6 and 30.6 mL/beat (mean 21.4 ± 5.5 mL/beat). Regurgitant volumes estimated by 2D PISA correlated well with volumes measured by flow meter ( r = 0.69); however, a significant underestimation was observed (y = 0.5x + 0.6). Correlation with flow meter volumes was stronger for 3D PISA-derived regurgitant volumes ( r = 0.83); significantly less underestimation of regurgitant volumes was seen, with a regression line close to identity (y = 0.9x + 3.9). Conclusion Direct measurement of PISA is feasible, without geometric assumptions, using real-time 3D color Doppler. Calculation of aortic regurgitant volumes with 3D color Doppler using this methodology is more accurate than conventional 2D method with hemispheric PISA assumption.
NASA's pilot land data system development program

The NASA Pilot Land Data System (PLDS) project is intended to enhance the effectiveness of data processing capabilities used by researchers applying remote sensing data in land science research. Two sites in the centerminous U.S. have been selected as study areas scanned by Landsat, Nimbus and GOES instruments. The data will be analyzed by teams of researchers representing different fields of expertise. The PLDS program will explore data management, networking and communications, system access capabilities, land analysis software, special processes and overall systems engineerng. The data will be processed by researchers working interactively through remote supermicrocomputer workstations using a variety of operating systems and on-site software capabilities.
Academic Disciplines: Holland's Theory and the Study of College Students and Faculty

Using as a framework the "theory of careers" developed by John L. Holland, the authors of this volume examine the patterns of student stability and change inherent in the college experience, as well as the variations in professional attitudes and behaviors of college faculty. Their goal is to learn more about what colleges and universities might do to facilitate the retention, satisfaction, and learning of their students.For example, why should faculties split over student-oriented teaching strategies, one group favoring the formal, structured classroom, the other a freer, more spontaneous environment? Why do some undergraduates become independent thinkers with strong analytical, mathematical, and scientific competencies while others develop powerful interpersonal and group leadership skills?Holland's theory--at its core a person-environment fit theory--assumes that there are six personality types and six analogous academic environments and that the educational persistence, satisfaction, and achievement of students are a function of the congruence or "fit" between students and their academic environments. The authors also assume that there are circumstances under which the environments of the major field exert more influence on students than do the students' own personality traits. Applying Holland's theory to distinctive clusters of academic disciplines, the authors have found that the answers to such fundamental questions as those asked above emanate from a basic understanding of the influences of academic disciplines and the manner by which they shape the patterns of thought and behavior of both college students and faculty."Academic Disciplines" will benefit researchers and graduate students who study college students and faculty, as well as administrators and policymakers responsible for the performance of colleges and universities.
THE RATE OF HEAT CONDUCTION FROM A HEATED SPHERE TO A PACKED BED OF PASSIVE SPHERES

We calculate the rate of heat conduction, Q, from a heated sphere with constant surface temperature to a packed bed, consisting of equal sized passive spheres of a different thermal conductivity than that of the matrix, whose temperature far away from the heated sphere is constant. If the passive spheres are much smaller than the heated one, the composite may be viewed as an effective continuum with conductivity k*, and hence Q equals the corresponding rate of heat conduction in the absence of the passive spheres multiplied by the ratio of k* to the thermal conductivity of the matrix. Here, we examine the case in which the passive spheres are of the same size as the heated one via an effective continuum technique, which approximately accounts for the depletion of inclusion density near the surface of the heated sphere by introducing a position dependent effective conductivity. The results thus obtained are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data thus demonstrating that systems which are n...
Blood pressure variability and the risk of all-cause mortality, incident myocardial infarction, and incident stroke in the cardiovascular health study.

Hypertension, or high mean blood pressure (BP), is associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke.1–4 Recently, conventional approaches to understanding the biological and pathological effect of differences in BP have been reconsidered. In a recent series of articles, Rothwell and colleagues report that BP variability is a risk factor for stroke, independent of the mean BP, among high-risk patients. Yet, it is unclear whether variability in BP over multiple years among adults with lower risk is independently associated with excess risk of subsequent mortality, incident MI, or incident stroke. Data from the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS), a longitudinal cohort study of vascular risk factors and disease in the elderly, were used to address these questions. Our study sought to evaluate whether variability in annual clinic measures of BP is associated with all-cause mortality, incident MI, and incident stroke, independent of individual mean levels of BP or with individual changes or trends in BP levels over time. Further consideration was given to whether the use of antihypertensive medications modifies these associations.
Mass spectral fragmentation of the intravenous anesthetic propofol and structurally related phenols.

Propofol (2,6-diisopropyl phenol) is a widely used intravenous anesthetic. To define its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, methods for its quantitation in biological matrixes have been developed, but its pattern of mass spectral fragmentation is unknown. We found that fragmentation of the [M − H]− ion (m/z 177) of propofol in both APCI MS/MS and ESI MS/MS involves the stepwise loss of a methyl radical and a hydrogen radical from one isopropyl side chain to give the most intense product ion, [M −H − CH4]−, at m/z 161. This two-step process is also the preferred mode of fragmentation for similar branched alkyl substituted phenols. This mode of fragmentation of the [M − H]− ion is supported by three independent lines of evidence: (1) the presence of the intermediary [M − H − CH3]− radical ion under conditions of reduced collision energy, (2) the determination of the mass of the predominant [M − H − CH4]− product ion by high resolution mass spectrometry, and (3) the pattern of product ions resulting from further fragmentation of the [M − H − CH4]− product ion. Phenols with a single straight chain alkyl substituent, in contrast, undergo β elimination of the alkyl radical irrespective of the length of the alkyl chain, yielding the most intense product ion at m/z 106. This product ion represents a special case of a stable intermediary radical for the two-step process described for branched side chains, because further elimination of a hydrogen radical from the β carbon is not possible.
High accuracy orbital plane locator

Abstract A device has been developed for accurately locating optical instruments relative to the orbital plane of the electrons in the storage ring. It consists of a pair of extreme ultraviolet photodiodes which are positioned above and below the electron's orbital plane. By interchanging the two diodes the system is self calibrated. When diode currents have the same ratio in both orientations their center of rotation is in the orbital plane. This device is located about 19 m from the tangent point of the NBS radiometric beam line. It is sensitive to vertical changes of less than 0.1 mm (angles of less than 2 μrad above or below the orbital plane).
Probe-evoked potential correlates of hemispheric asymmetries during a speech shadowing task.

Evoked potentials (EPs) to a monaurally presented probe stimulus were recorded from the vertex in subjects engaged in shadowing a word list presented simultaneously to the contralateral ear. Greater attenuation of the N1-P2 and baseline-P2 amplitude of the probe EPs was observed when the probe stimulus was presented to the right ear and the verbal material presented to the left ear than when the opposite stimulation arrangement was used. The baseline-N1 amplitude, however, was equally attenuated during the two stimulation arrangements. The implications of these findings for the issue of differential, task-specific attenuation of probe EPs are discussed.
The Aroostook War of 1839

Comic opera or epic struggle? In The Aroostook War of 1839, W.E. (Gary) Campbell seeks to find an historiographical middle ground. The titular Aroostook War was in reality a boundary confrontation ...
Evaluation of non-separable bound-bound Franck-Condon factors using the self-consistent field and adiabatic approximations

Abstract The self-consistent field and adiabatic approximations are used to evaluate non-separable bound-bound Franck-Condon overlap integrals. The two methods rely on different, approximate separations of the nuclear wavefunctions. Both approaches provide good agreement with accurate calculations with less computational complexity than alternative, semiclassical approaches.
When is collaborating with friends a good idea? insights from design education

Prior research is split on the relationship between prior friendship and performance. Based on our review of the literature, we highlight areas where further research is needed to achieve greater practical applicability of the results. We then present our study measures and preliminary analysis of data collected from a design studio university course. Our quantitative and qualitative probes suggest a link between teammates' prior friendship and lower performance outcomes. We also identify four group processes that may mediate the relationship between friendship and performance.
Performance evaluation of R with Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor

Over the years, R has been adopted as a major data analysis and mining tool in many domain fields. As Big Data overwhelms those fields, the computational needs and workload of existing R solutions increases significantly. With recent hardware and software developments, it is possible to enable massive parallelism with existing R solutions with little to no modification. In this paper, we evaluated approaches to speed up R computations with the utilization of the Intel Math Kernel Library and automatic offloading to Intel Xeon Phi SE10P Co-processor. The testing workload includes a popular R benchmark and a practical application in health informatics. There are up to five times speedup gains from using MKL with a 16 cores without modification to the existing code for certain computing tasks. Offloading to Phi co-processor further improves the performance. The performance gains through parallelization increases as the data size increases, a promising result for adopting R for big data problem in the future.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: what a physician should know, a decade after its introduction in clinical practice.

In the era of breast conservation surgery, sentinel lymph node biopsy is increasingly used. Sentinel lymph node biopsy can be performed by using the blue dye technique, lymphoscintigraphy and the combined method. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a minimally invasive technique which has many advantages over the classical axillary (level I and II) lymph node dissection. However, false negative results – albeit rare in experienced hands – may be a serious limitation. The physician should be familiar with this new technique. This will allow him or her to be more actively involved in the management of breast cancer patients and to understand the available management options for these patients.
Escherichia coli Pathotypes Occupy Distinct Niches in the Mouse Intestine

Since the first step of the infection process is colonization of the host, it is important to understand how Escherichia coli pathogens successfully colonize the intestine. We previously showed that enterohemorrhagic O157:H7 strain E. coli EDL933 colonizes a niche in the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine that is distinct from that of human commensal strains, which explains how E. coli EDL933 overcomes colonization resistance imparted by some, but not all, commensal E. coli strains. Here we sought to determine if other E. coli pathogens use a similar strategy. We found that uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 and enteropathogenic E. coli E2348/69 occupy intestinal niches that are distinct from that of E. coli EDL933. In contrast, two enterohemorrhagic strains, E. coli EDL933 and E. coli Sakai, occupy the same niche, suggesting that strategies to prevent colonization by a given pathotype should be effective against other strains of the same pathotype. However, we found that a combination of commensal E. coli strains that can prevent colonization by E. coli EDL933 did not prevent colonization by E. coli CFT073 or E. coli E2348/69. Our results indicate that development of probiotics to target multiple E. coli pathotypes will be problematic, as the factors that govern niche occupation and hence stable colonization vary significantly among strains.
Effects of Problem Set Assignments on an Economics Principles Class

Abstract In this article, we investigate whether assigning problem sets to students in economic principles classes increases their learning. Two classes taught by the same instructor using the same textbook and examinations, in the mornings of the same days of the week, provided the setting. One class was assigned problems, whereas the other was not. At the end of the semester, the class that received problem sets did not score significantly higher than the control group on either the TUCE or a comprehensive multiple-choice final examination, ceteris paribus. However, the experimental group did have significantly better attendance, and the increased attendance had a significantly positive effect on learning, according to both measures.
Leveraging Height in a Jumping Sensor Network to Extend Network Coverage

With respect to ground level, wireless communication signal strength increases with the elevation of communicating wireless sensor network devices, within practical bounds. Jumping sensors are mobile sensors that provide relocation capabilities and a temporary increase in elevation can be utilized for improving communication. This paper provides a comprehensive multidimensional analysis for jumping sensors. It studies the main factors that impact the Received Signal Strength (RSS) in sensor communication, and performs a comparative analysis between theoretical and experimental results. Sensor elevation from ground level is a key factor, which is often neglected, and plays an important role for successful wireless communication. The impact of jump height manipulation on a jumping sensor to the packet transmission goodput is presented. An airborne two-way communication scheme is defined and studied with experiments. The results indicate the effectiveness of utilizing the change in elevation of a jumping sensor to increase communication range. Since energy is at premium in sensor nodes, the operational energy cost of a jumping sensor prototype is studied in detail. A jumping sensor network is simulated with the parameters learned from the experimental results and the jumping sensor prototype analysis. Simulation results show the enhancement in connectivity and the feasibility of a jumping sensor network.
The Relative Vitamin G Content of Dried Whey and Dried Skimmilk

Abstract THE extensive use of milk products and leafy green plants such as alfalfa in the poultry ration indicates that poultrymen have found them essential, but the underlying cause of the benefits derived from these products was not understood until recently. Now, with a more complete knowledge of the nutritive requirements of poultry, the vitamin G content of milk products and leafy greens is considered their chief contribution to poultry rations. Hauge and Carrick (1926) were the first to present evidence showing that a growth-promoting factor, now known as vitamin G, is required by poultry in addition to vitamin B. Later Norris and co-workers (1930, 1931, 1933) and Bethke et al. (1931) confirmed these results and called attention to the great requirement of poultry for this vitamin. On account of this the vitamin G content of milk by-products and other sources of this vitamin becomes an important practical consideration. Since dried . . .
Peripherally administered calcitonin gene-related peptide decreases food intake in mice

Abstract Previously, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) decreased food intake when administered ICV but not when administered peripherally to rats. Amylin, which has a close structural homology to CGRP, reduced food intake administered IP at concentrations higher than those previously tested for CGRP. We examined the effects of higher doses of IP-administered CGRP on food intake. CGRP reduced food intake from 25 to 200 μg/kg in mice. CGRP did not reduce water intake and was not aversive in a two-bottle test. Using a lever press, CGRP was more effective at reducing milk consumption in prefed than in nonprefed mice. The effect of CGRP on food intake was not antagonized by the cholecystokinin A receptor antagonist, L364,718. These studies suggest a role for CGRP as a satiating factor.
Imitation: Effects of movement and static events

Abstract In this study of imitation the modeling stimulus consists of the attributes of a model and the physical events produced by a model. The physical events include two components, the position of objects (static events) and the movement of objects (movement events). To investigate the effect of these components young children ( N = 64) first observed one of four video tapes and then were given an opportunity to play with the materials seen on TV. The condition which presented a model and the condition which presented only the static and movement events produced similar amounts of imitation. Other results were that simple responses (reproduction of a single static event) required only the observation of static events; whereas complex responses (reproduction of two static events in the sequence presented by the modeling film) required the observation of static and movement events. The results suggest that a primary function of a model is the transmission of information about the environment.
Inappropriate Social and Sexual Responses to a Female Student by Male Patients with Dementia and Organic Brain Disorder

This paper focuses on the issues of inappropriate sexual comments and behaviors directed at a female student in a hospital environment. Through a discussion of case reports, the paper explores the difficulties faced by female students addressing sexual responses by patients with dementia. To further complicate the emotional difficulties of students, these issues are typically difficult and uncomfortable to explore in clinical supervision. The paper concludes with some examples of how female students can be supported and prepared to work with this difficult patient population.