cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Real-time three-dimensional reconstruction of intravascular ultrasound images of iliac arteries.

Abstract Intravascular ultrasound (IU) imaging provides detailed tomographic images of the vascular wall and lumen.1–3 One liability of this novel imaging modality, however, is the inability to view a given vascular segment in a composite format; detailed cross-sectional images are thus provided at the expense of a longitudinal perspective. The circumferential nature of a postangioplasty dissection may be well demonstrated by IU, for example, but the full longitudinal extent may not be readily apparent, even after repeated review of the videotaped images recorded over the length of the involved segment. Computer-based 3-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction (R) from serially recorded IU images offers a potential solution to this problem. By creating a longitudinal display of the entire vascular segment, 3-DR offers a composite format for presentation of detailed IU data, facilitating comparison of selected cross-sectional ullages with those that are proximal and distal. Previous studies from our laboratory have outlined the concepts, technique and instrumentation used for 3-DR, and demonstrated the feasibility and potential use of 3-DR.4–6 Whereas off-line analysis of such 3-DRs has provided insight into mechanisms of recanalization, to be clinically useful during interventional procedures, 3-D image generation must be rapid, if not instantaneous. We report here the use of real-time 3-DR from IU images recorded during percutaneous iliac artery revascularization in 2 patients.
Aerosol Collection Efficiency of a Graded Metal-Fiber Filter at High Airflow Velocity (10 m s–1)

A non-woven graded metal-fiber filter was characterized for its collection efficiency as a function of particle size at an airflow velocity of 10 m s −1 . Efficiencies were determined by generating a monodisperse aerosol of polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres and oleic acid liquid particles of measured concentration with and without the filter present. For PSL spheres ≤0.7 μm, the collection efficiencies follow theoretical single-fiber collision efficiency (Ptak and Jaroszczyk 1990). Above 0.7 μm diameter (Stokes number 0.8), PSL collection efficiency exhibits a general decreasing trend with increasing particle size suggesting particle bounce. Although this trend is consistent with measured single-fiber collection (collision and adhesion) efficiency for Stokes numbers in the range of 0.2 to 22 (Rembor et al. 1999; Ptak and Jaroszczyk 1990), the magnitude of the filter efficiency is less. For 1 μm to 4 μm PSL, the average collection efficiency is 0.43 (expanded uncertainty (U) of 0.08, n = 6). In the case of p...
Rapid late Miocene rise of the Bolivian Altiplano: Evidence for removal of mantle lithosphere

Abstract The oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonates deposited in the northern Altiplano demonstrate a rapid change in late Miocene time, which we attribute to an increase in elevation. Rainfall samples over an elevation transect adjacent to the Altiplano of northern Bolivia display a systematic decrease in mean annual δ 18 O values and define a local δ 18 O vs. altitude gradient [R. Gonfiantini, M.-A. Roche, J.-C. Olivry, J.-C. Fontes, G.M. Zuppi, The altitude effect on the isotopic composition of tropical rains, Chem. Geol. 181 (2001) 147-167.], which we apply to paleo-meteoric water values determined from carbonates. Age constraints from magnetostragraphy and paleoelevation estimates suggest surface uplift of ∼2.5 to 3.5 km occurred between ∼10.3 Ma and 6.8 ± 0.4 Ma, when the Altiplano rose to its current elevation. Only the removal of dense eclogitic lower crust and mantle lithosphere can generate a change of this magnitude and rapidity. This change coincides with an ∼30% decrease in the rate of convergence between the South America and Nazca plates and the propagation of deformation into the eastern Subandean zone, which we infer to have resulted from the increase in the force per unit length applied by the elevated Andean plateau to the surrounding lowlands.
SU‐E‐T‐84: Development of a Modified Winston‐Lutz Test for Evaluating Errors in IGRT Based Setups

Purpose: To develop a modified Winston‐Lutz test for determining Image Guided Radiotherapy(IGRT) setup accuracy relative to the radiation isocenter. Methods: A Winston‐Lutz cube (Modus Medical Devices) was placed directly on the treatment table and offset from isocenter by 5.0 mm in the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical dimensions. A high resolution Cone‐Beam CT(CBCT) was acquired and aligned to the reference CTimage. The table was shifted and Anterior‐Posterior (AP) and Lateral (LAT) Electronic Portal Imaging Device(EPID)images were acquired, with radiation to cube isocenter agreement determined for each image. This procedure was repeated ten times to determine reproducibility, and then was repeated daily for 51 days. In addition, this test was repeated daily with a random cube shift. Results: The reproducibility test yielded a mean 3D vector isocenter displacement of 0.7 mm ± 0.23 and 0.26 for the AP and LAT images, respectively. Maximum deviation was 1.09 mm for the AP images and 1.1 mm for the LAT images. The daily 5.0 mm offset test yielded a mean displacement of 0.92 mm ± 0.38 with a maximum of 1.7 mm for the AP images and 0.95 mm ± 0.47 with a maximum of 2.0 mm for the LAT images. The random offset test yielded a mean displacement of 0.68 mm ± 0.31 with a maximum of 1.54 mm for the AP images and 0.89 mm ± 0.38 with a maximum of 2.0 mm for the LAT images. Conclusions: A modified Winston‐Lutz test was developed that helps to quantify the maximum error to be expected for IGRT based setup patients. The test took into account inaccuracies due to IGRT isocenter definition, MV isocenter variation, IGRT software alignment, IGRT couch motions, TPS centroid isocenter definition, CT slice width effects, ROI contouring accuracy, and MLC positioning.
Slipping inside the Crack between the Worlds Carlos Castaneda, Alfred Schutz, and the Theory of Multiple Realities

Most of the debate surrounding the publication of Carlos Castaneda's books has focused on the issue of whether Castaneda actually served as an apprentice to the Yaqui sorcerer don Juan Matus or if he invented the whole odyssey. While disucssion of this issue is important, since Castaneda was awarded a Ph.D. from the UCLA Anthropology Department for Journey to Ixtlan (under the title, "Sorcery: A Description of the World"), I approach Castaneda's work from a different perspective. By suspending judgment on the truthfulness of Castaneda's argument. I use his reported experiences as an exercise in the sociology of knowledge. Castaneda's work is placed in the philosophical context of social phenomenology, and the attempt is made to demonstate the relationship between Alfred Schutz's theory of multiple realities and Castaneda's put ative experiences in the world of sorcery. I further argue that Castaneda's books may be read as providing a model for living an "authentic" life. Although the issues raised may bea...
Clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients with HIV/AIDS: a retrospective study

The purpose of the study is to describe what is the presentation of breast cancer in women with HIV, their tolerance to therapy, the most common complications of treatment and their outcomes. Retrospective chart review of patients with HIV diagnosed with breast cancer between January 1, 1989 and December 31, 2013 at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital (UM/JMH) 47 females and 1 male were included in the analysis. The median age of diagnosis was 46 years (IQR 41–52) and 64 % of the women were premenopausal. Median CD4+ count was 330 cells/µL (IQR 131–589 cells/µL). 41 % had AIDS at time of diagnosis. 94 % of patients presented with locoregional disease and 6 % with late stage breast cancer. 52 % had ER+ tumors. 6 % had HER-2/neu tumor expression and 21 % had triple negative disease. The 5 year PFS was 50 % (95 % CI 34–64 %), the 5 year OS was 44 % (95 % CI 29–58 %), and the Breast cancer-specific survival was 57 % (95 % CI 40–70 %). Death was attributed to breast cancer in 22 patients, AIDS progression in 6 patients, other medical condition in 1, and for 4, the cause was unknown. Serious adverse events were documented in 46 % of patients treated with chemotherapy. Targeted therapy was well tolerated. Patients with HIV/AIDS and breast cancer pose a major challenge for oncologists. Surgery, radiation, and endocrine therapy are well tolerated. Standard dose chemotherapy can have life-threatening side effects which can be managed with growth factor support and antimicrobial prophylaxis. All cancer therapy can be given while continuing with antiviral therapy at full dose.
Swinbank on boundary-layer research

In recognition of his pioneer work and notably effective leadership in the experimental investigation of the atmosphere’s surface boundary layer, W. C. ‘Bill’ Swinbank has been called ‘ . . . the arch-apostle of the small, controlled field experiment’ (Priestley, 1974). That this appellation is well deserved is demonstrated by the published record of the research arising from the field programs he conducted in Australia during the 1960’s, under the auspices of the CSIRO Division of Meteorological Physics. Swinbank’s major papers on boundary-layer research were published in the decade before this journal came into existence, although his very last note on the subject (‘The geostrophic drag coefficient’, 1974) did appear in these pages. It therefore seems appropriate that this memorial volume include some more specific reference to his earlier work by quoting selections chosen as much for style as content in order to recall Bill Swinbank td those who knew him, and to introduce him to those who did not. In part because of the work summarized here, we have come to know that, given uniform conditions of weather and terrain, distributions of wind and temperature in the surface boundary layer can be sufficiently steady in the mean to enable micrometeorological measurements approaching laboratory quality to be obtained in the field. Exploiting the fact that such conditions frequently exist over the plains of southeastern Australia, Bill Swinbank organized and led a remarkable series of micrometeorological field expeditions whose measurements set a standard of precision and internal consistency seldom approached during the ensuing decade. His own descriptions of the design, conduct, and analysis of these studies are distributed among a number of papers and reports. Recollected, they provide an account of unique interest to the student of the atmospheric boundary layer. Should some few points made then now seem obvious to the more informed reader (who benefits from more than ten years’ hindsight), one must ask why similarly exacting standards are not universally observed in boundary-layer field work today.
The accumulation of ions in living cells-a non-equilibrium condition

1. Living cells ofValonia macrophysaKutz were exposed for different lengths of time to sea water in which the proportion of potassium had been increased or decreased by the addition of isotonic KC1 or NaCl solutions. 2. The concentration of potassium in the sap ordinarily increased more than that of sodium or chloride regardless of whether it was present in more or less than normal concentration in the surrounding solution. 3. The chloride concentration in the sap ordinarily changed in much the same way as the potassium concentration, but to a significantly smaller extent. 4. The sodium concentration appears to have first increased and then decreased, depending upon the length of exposure and the extent to which the sea water was altered. 5. This may be explained by supposing: (a) the cell to be normally in a non-equilibrium condition with respect to the surrounding solution; (b) to be surrounded by a plasma membrane consisting of a mosaic of anion-permeable and cation-permeable areas which are of the nature of charged porous films, and as such exaggerate differences between the diffusion velocities of the ions to which they are permeable; (c) that the diameters of the pores are variable according to experimental conditions; (d) that the penetrabilities of different ions are characteristic functions of their own effective diameters and of the diameters of the pores in the membranes. 6. This theory is shown to explain more or less completely also the intake of ions by plants, the changes in morphology of green algae grown in darkness, the characteristic ion content of erythrocytes and of neoplastic cells, and the relation between glycolysis and growth of neoplasms.
Susceptibility of Transgenic and Wildtype Zebra Danios, Danio rerio, to Predation

The effects to ecosystems by genetically modified organisms are still unknown, yet a transgenic version (the red glofish or red fluorescent protein (RFP) transgenic zebra danio) of the zebra danio, Danio rerio, a common aquarium fish, has become the first transgenic pet sold in the USA. It has been hypothesized that RFP zebra danios will not persist in nature because they will be preferentially preyed upon due to their red coloration; however, the bright coloration of wildtype zebra danios may indicate they are aposematic since they are not preyed upon immediately by predators in their native range. These hypotheses were addressed via nine predation experiments with largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, as predator and combinations of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, wildtype zebra danios, and RFP zebra danios as prey. Neither wildtype nor RFP transgenic zebra danios are aposematic since both varieties were readily consumed by largemouth bass in laboratory trials. Both varieties were preyed upon in approximately equal proportion (1.4 to 1.0) so the bright, apparently conspicuous coloration of the transgenic zebra danios did not increase their susceptibility to predation. In these laboratory trials, largemouth bass did not preferentially prey upon a native fish, the mosquitofish, relative to wildtype zebra danios (1.2 to 1.0). Based on the results of these experiments, wildtype zebra danios and RFP transgenic zebra danios are likely to be preyed upon in a similar fashion as native forage fish.
Further evaluation of polypeptide synthesis in cerebral anoxia, hypoxia and ischemia.

The alteration of polypeptide synthesis was evaluated with microsomes isolated from anoxic rabbit, hypoxic rat and ischemic gerbil brains to estimate the extent of functional or structural changes in polyribosomes in situ and the extent of artifact during tissue preparation. By using two-stage experimentation with combination of control and pathological microsomes and supernatant, it was found that the previously observed effects on microsomal or polyribosomal polypeptide synthesis in the above pathophysiological conditions were mainly the reflection of the alteration of polyribosomes in situ rather than the artifact during tissue preparation by degradative processes. In support of this finding. the use of inhibitors of degradative enzymes did not significantly protect microsomes either in normal or in pathological conditions. It was noted that the decline of tissue pH, to a certain extent, could be correlated with dysfunction of polyribosomes both in situ and during tissue preparation in cerebral hypoxia and anoxia. Since there is little change in ATP level, it was postulated that the alteration of pH in situ is responsible for the observed suppression of polypeptide synthesis in vitro at least in cerebral hypoxia. This hypothesis was supported by the subsequent experiments with incubation of brain slices and homogenization of brain tissue under various pH. It was emphasized that the environmental biochemical elements surrounding polyribosomes in cytoplasm should be evaluated as possible contributing factors for polyribosomal dysfunction in such pathological conditions as cerebral anoxia, hypoxia or ischemia if the alteration of energy state does not explain the phenomenon entirely.
Strain-induced stiffening of carbon fibres

Abstract The strain dependence of piezoresistance and stress have been measured simultaneously for single fibres from mesophase pitch (Thornel-P). The stress versus strain curves show an increasing slope for strains beyond ∼ 0.2–0.3%. The fibres can be characterised in terms of an initial and a final modulus. The final modulus is ∼ 12% larger on average than the initial value. The observed stiffening can be explained by a strain-induced increase in the fibre preferred orientation and modelled by either a uniform stress or elastic unwrinkling model. The stiffening phenomenon is more pronounced in the fibre piezoresistance data. In cyclic strain measurements, the stiffening is accompanied by an irreversible increase in the fibre resistance, indicating that the changes in preferred orientation are not entirely irreversible.
Bayesian estimation via sequential Monte Carlo sampling: Unconstrained nonlinear dynamic systems

Precise estimation of state variables and model parameters is essential for efficient process operation. Bayesian formulation of the estimation problem suggests a general solution for all types of systems. Even though the theory of Bayesian estimation of nonlinear dynamic systems has been available for 4 decades, practical implementation has not been feasible because of computational and methodological challenges. Consequently, most existing methods rely on simplifying assumptions to obtain a tractable but approximate solution. For example, extended Kalman filtering linearizes the process model and assumes Gaussian prior and noise. Moving-horizon-based least-squares estimation also assumes Gaussian or other fixed-shape prior and noise to obtain a least-squares optimization problem. This approach can impose constraints but is nonrecursive and requires computationally expensive nonlinear or quadratic programming. This paper introduces sequential Monte Carlo sampling for Bayesian estimation of chemical proce...
KNOWLEDGE SUPERVISED PERCEPTUAL GROUPING BASED QUALITATIVE BUILDING DETECTION FROM MONOCULAR AERIAL IMAGES

This paper addresses an important and practical problem in computer vision and pattern recognition — qualitative target detection from aerial images. In particular, it discusses the problem of qual...
Sex differences in college student adherence to NIAAA drinking guidelines.

Background Exceeding nationally recommended drinking limits puts individuals at increased risk of experiencing harmful effects due to alcohol consumption. Both weekly and daily limits exist to prevent harm due to toxicity and intoxication, respectively. It remains unclear how well college students adhere to recommended limits, and if their drinking is sensitive to the wider sex difference in weekly vs. daily drinking limits.
Effect of short-tube orifice size on the performance of an air source heat pump during the reverse-cycle defrost

Abstract Many air source heat pumps use the reverse-cycle defrost to eliminate frost that forms on the outdoor heat exchanger during normal winter operation. During the defrost, the heat pump is switched from the heating to the cooling mode to provide heat to the outdoor heat exchanger to melt the frost. Once the frost is melted and drained from the heat exchanger, the unit is switched back to the heating mode. The objective of this research was to characterize the effect of short-tube orifice diameter on the response of a heat pump during the reverse-cycle defrost. An experimental apparatus was constructed containing a nominal 3 ton (cooling capacity) residential air source heat pump. A manifold was constructed which allowed for the switching of different sized orifices by turning a shut-off valve. Refrigerant temperature and pressure measurements were made throughout the system as well as refrigerant flow-rates, air-side capacity, compressor/outdoor fan power and refrigerant level in the accumulator. A detailed comparison of the effect on defrost performance is provided.
Bugged by bad writing? Help break the cycle

Reviewer : I read your abstract and, frankly, it really didn't tell me anything about your manuscript. It has some real problems. When I removed the fluff but kept your original words, it distilled down to three simple sentences: A study was done. Results were found. Conclusions were drawn. It gave me nothing specific about the content of your manuscript. Author : So? Do you have a problem with that? R : (speechless with quizzical look) A : That's the way abstracts read. Isn't that correct? Isn't that the way to write—mimic what's worked for others; use published works as examples? That's what my thesis advisor told me. I wish I had a dime for every time I had that conversation. My pockets would jingle loudly. Have you ever wondered why so many technical articles talk a lot but say little? Why so many are simply chronologies, or de facto diaries, of what the authors did and seem to ignore what you, the reader, need? Why so many lack purpose (beyond fulfilling the author's professional requirement or personal need to publish)? Or, why so many are solutions looking for problems, i.e., they describe (often prodigious) effort but fail to espouse value or utility. Ever wondered why people write like this? Well, I have, and here are some possibilities. It might be genetic. Maybe there's a poor-writing gene? An interesting idea, but not too likely. Maybe it's a poor-writing bug or, in the cant, a viral or bacteriological agent. That's a cute idea. It certainly could explain a lot: Why it's so pervasive (pandemic?) and why it continues to propagate through the literature (contagious?). Yes, I rather like the concept of the poor-writing bug. Unfortunately, to the best of my knowledge, no such beastie has yet been found. So what's the …
Neural cell adhesion molecules - Brain glue and much more!

The formation of stable cell contacts is of pivotal importance for every metazoan life form. It is therefore not surprising that adhesive molecules appeared early during the evolution of multicellular organisms. The pioneering work of Johannes Holtfreter and others indicated that adhesive molecules, which reside in the plasma membrane on the surface of most cells, are not only important for establishing general cell adhesion and cellular contacts, but also convey a specific tissue and cellular identity to their host cells (1). Over the last few decades a large number of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been identified and further characterized, and we have learned that the expression of these proteins is highly choreographed in terms of timing and cell identity.
CD11 molecule defines two types of suppressor cells within the T8+ population

Abstract It has been shown that T8 + cells are comprised of functionally heterogeneous subpopulations such as suppressor, cytotoxic, and NK cells. In this report, we attempted to delineate the functional heterogeneity of T8 cells defined by anti-CD11 antibody (anti-Mol). Although allospecific cytotoxic activity was restricted to the T8 + Mol − subset, suppression of PWM IgG synthesis could be elicited in both the T8 + Mol + and the T8 + Mol − subset of cells. However, the mechanism of suppression was different in these two subsets. Suppression by the T8 + Mol − subset of cells required the interaction with the T4 + 2H4 + suppressor inducer cells, whereas the T8 + Mol + subset of cells could suppress in the absence of the suppressor inducer cells. Moreover, recombinant interleukin-2 alone could augment this suppression by the T8 + Mol + subset, but did not induce suppression by the T8 + Mol − subset. In contrast, NK and LAK activity was exclusively found in the T8 + Mol + subset of cells but not in the T8 + Mol − subset of cells. These results suggest that the CD11 molecule is useful for distinguishing novel subsets of T8 cells.
Evaluative framework for phase II studies in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now recognized as a major public health problem, accounting for approximately 50% of all patients with HF [(1)][1], and morbidity and mortality rates in HFpEF approximate those of HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) [(2)][2]. Aside from supervised
Unusual manifestations of cushing's syndrome in a multiple endocrine neoplasia type I kindred.

ABSTRACT Objective To describe two unusual cases of Cushing’s syndrome in a kindred with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I). Methods The clinical and laboratory data as well as follow-up course of the two patients are reviewed in detail. Results Our first patient with a history of MEN I had hypercortisolism and computed tomographic evidence of a right adrenal mass (8.5 by 11 cm) extending into the inferior vena cava as well as multiple pulmonary nodules. He was diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome attributable to metastatic adrenal cancer that progressed despite chemotherapy. He died 2 years later. His son, who was also diagnosed with MEN I, had adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. The plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) level was high; magnetic resonance imaging showed normal pituitary findings but an islet cell tumor of the pancreas. The islet cell tumor was resected, and the patient’s urinary cortisol declined to upper limits of normal. CRH was detected in the tissue, and the patient was thought to have Cushing’s syndrome as a result of a CRH-secreting islet cell tumor. One year later, however, his Cushing’s syndrome recurred. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling suggested a pituitary source, and the patient underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Histopathologic examination did not reveal pituitary hyperplasia or microadenoma, but the patient was cured of his Cushing’s syndrome. Conclusion Cushing’s syndrome is a rare initial manifestation of MEN I. We report two unusual causes of Cushing’s syndrome in MEN I—that is, adrenal cancer and a probable CRH-secreting islet cell tumor. The natural history of Cushing’s syndrome in MEN I is not known; further studies should be conducted. (Endocr Pract. 1998;4:190-194)
Oprah's Book Club and the politics of cross-racial empathy

Cultural critics often view the sympathy that white audiences may feel when encountering African-American culture as a process of co-optation that does little to upset racial hierarchies. To compli...
Structural biology: a molecular propeller.

Telomeres are protein–DNA structures protecting the ends of chromosomes. The crystal structure of a four-stranded stretch of human telomere DNA, bound to K+ ions, has implications for the design of anticancer drugs.
Strangers in the Land , Gender, and Immigration Policy

I first read John Higham's book in an immigration history seminar in my first semester of graduate school at the University of Wisconsin. In fact, Higham visited campus that fall to present the Merle Curti lecture, named for his mentor. Higham's influence has remained significant: like many historians of immigration and ethnicity, I have often returned to his book during the course of my own teaching and research, whether on American Catholic history or U.S. immigration policy. My remarks focus on gender issues and immigration policy history in Strangers in the Land .
Computer games for the teaching of reading.

The development and implementation of programs of computer-based instruction for reading are discussed.
Conversion of hydrogen sulfide to hydrogen by superadiabatic partial oxidation: thermodynamic consideration

Abstract A thermodynamic model for the partial oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was used to study product compositions attainable in the superadiabatic partial oxidation regime. Superadiabatic partial oxidation techniques permit attainment of operating temperatures significantly in excess of the adiabatic temperature of the incoming reactants. The superadiabatic partial oxidation of H2S is studied numerically by varying acid gas and oxidizer feed compositions with overall goal of optimizing the hydrogen yield. These reactant parameters were varied as follows: (20% H 2 S /80% N 2 )/ air , (20% H 2 S /80% N 2 )/ O 2 , 100% H 2 S / air , 100% H 2 S / O 2 , (75% H 2 S /25% N 2 )/ air , and (75% H 2 S /25% N 2 )/ O 2 . The performed analysis predicts favorable H2 and low SO2 yields in the region of ultra-rich superadiabatic partial oxidation at equivalence ratios above 6 for all studied acid gas and oxidizer compositions. Pure oxygen as an oxidizer shifts the thermodynamic range to equivalence ratios >12. Oxygen operation appears thermodynamically promising. With oxygen, high H2 and low SO2 yields are attainable in the superadiabatic systems with lower degrees of heat recuperation.
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers integrated onto silicon substrates by PdGe contacts

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been integrated onto an aluminium coated silicon substrate. The InGaAs top-emitting VCSELs were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and individual lasers were defined by high energy proton implantation. The substrate was removed by a new substrate removal process and the lasers were bonded to an aluminised silicon substrate using a Pd/Ge/InSn contact. Threshold currents below 5.5 mA and output powers of ~1 mW were obtained for 40 µm VCSELs bonded to Si.
Advances in Raman spectroscopy methods for catalysis research

Raman spectroscopy is one of the most powerful methods for characterizing catalysts and reagents, particularly under reaction conditions. Recently, a number of innovations in experimental technique and data interpretation have made Raman spectroscopy an even more powerful method. The present article reviews three areas of innovation: the avoidance of fluorescence interference, the application of chemometric methods to data interpretation, and remote sensing by Raman spectroscopy.
Experimental assessment of dynamic structural parameters for homogeneous and interfacial charge-transfer reactions: case studies based on time-dependent Raman scattering methods

Abstract The application of time-dependent scattering methodologies to dynamic structural problems involving charge transfer reactions is described. We show experimentally that a time-dependent analysis of resonance-enhanced Raman scattering can lead to a complete mode-by-mode description of the vibrational structural changes accompanying charge transfer and, therefore, a complete description of the vibrational activation barrier to charge transfer. (In other words, all force constants, all mode displacements, all bond-length displacements, and all individual energy components of the barrier can be determined.) The strategy is illustrated with case studies of internal (metal-to-ligand) charge transfer, ligand-bridged metal-to-metal charge transfer, outer-sphere charge transfer, and interfacial charge transfer.
Visualization of myocardial cellular architecture using acoustic microscopy

Abstract The resolution of an ultrasound transducer depends on its frequency. The resolution improves when higher frequency transducers are used. A 1000 MHz transducer has a resolution of approximately 1 μm. Acoustic microscopy utilizes very high-frequency ultrasound (600 to 1000 MHz) to visualize structures on a microscopic level. Unstained, deparaffinized, 5 μm sections of myocardial biopsy specimens from 10 patients were placed on a slide and imaged using an Olympus UH3 scanning acoustic microscope. To compare with light microscopy, the section used for acoustic microscopy was subsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin and a serial section from the paraffin block was stained with PTAH stain. Myocytes, myofibrils, and interstitial tissue were accurately imaged. Pathologic phenomena such as cell fallout, interstitial fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration were identified by acoustic microscopy. Intramural vessels, nuclei of endothelial cells, and the media were clearly identified by this technique. There was close correlation between findings by acoustic microscopy and light microscopy. Acoustic microscopy permitted the visualization of cardiac cellular detail with a resolution similar to that of light microscopy. Unlike light microscopy, acoustic microscopy requires no staining of the specimen.
Inverse relationship of polyoma tumour specific cell surface antigen to h-2 histocompatibility antigens.

NEOPLASTIC transformation is known to be associated with changes in the strength of normal cellular antigens, but the effect can be either an increase or a decrease. In the former category are Forssman antigens in guinea-pig hepatoma1 and SV40 transformed cells2; HL-A antigens in leukaemic cells3; and “G” antigen in human tumour cells4. On the other hand, the intensity of the expression of mouse H-2 histocompatibility antigens is decreased in TL(+) leukaemia5 and methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced tumours6. We set out to tell whether the expression of histocompatibility antigens was also affected by transformation with an oncogenic virus and have found that in tumours induced by polyoma virus, the quantity of H-2 antigens varied inversely with the amount of tumour-specific cell surface antigen.
Helping elementary teachers build mathematical generality into curriculum and instruction1

This article explores how elementary teachers can use functional thinking to build algebraic reasoning into curriculum and instruction. In particular, we examine how children think about functions and how instructional materials and school activities can be extended to support students' functional thinking. Data are taken from a five-year research and professional development project conducted in an urban school district as well as from a graduate course for elementary teachers taught by the first author. We propose that elementary grades mathematics should, from the start of formal schooling, extend beyound the fairly common focus on recursive patterning to include curriculum and instruction that deliberately attends to how two or more quantities vary in relation to each other. We discuss how teachers can transform and extend their current resources so that arithmetic content can become opportunities for pattern building, conjecturing, generalizing and justifying mathematical relationships between quantities and how teachers might embed this mathematics within the kinds of sociomathematical norms that help children build mathematical generality.
Setting the parameters or what not to say about sociobiology

Abstract Two things ought not be said about sociobiology: first, that it is immoral; second, that it can solve all the basic philosophical problems of ethics and epistemology.
Demonstration of dual-band infrared thermal imaging at Grass Valley Creek bridges

We demonstrated dual-band infrared (DBIR) thermal imaging at the Grass Valley Creek Bridges near Redding CA. DBIR thermal imaging is an enabling technology for rapid, reliable, bridge deck inspections while minimizing lane closures. bridge-deck inspections were conducted from a mobile DBIR bridge inspection laboratory during November 2-3, 1995. We drove this self-contained unit at limited highway speeds over 0.4 lane miles of bridge deck. Using two thermal IR bands, we distinguished delaminations from clutter. Clutter, or unwanted thermal detail, occurs from foreign materials or uneven shade on the bridge deck surface. By mapping the DBIR spectral- response differences at 3-5 {mu}m and 8-12 {mu}m, we removed foreign material clutter. By mapping the deck diurnal thermal inertia variations, we removed clutter from uneven shade. Thermal inertia is a bulk deck property, the square root of thermal conductivity x density x heat capacity. Delaminated decks have below-average thermal inertias, or above-average day-night temperature excursions. Compared to normal decks areas, delaminated deck areas were typically 2 or 3 {degrees}C warmer at noon, and 0.5{degrees}C cooler at night. The mobile DBIR bridge inspection laboratory is currently undergoing extensive testing to examine bridges by the Federal Highway Administration.
On the disappearing money-to-inflation connection

Recent failure to observe significant relationships between price-level changes and lagged money growth, when both are measured on a quarter-to-quarter basis, has been called the disappearing money-inflation phenomenon. By examining only short-run, dynamic adjustments, regression models of quarterly price-level changes may have a tendency to non-rejection of the null hypothesis of insignificant coefficients on past-lagged money. Using the techniques of unit root and cointegration testing, the evidence uncovered in this paper suggests that a longer-run link between inflation and money, variously defined, has not disappeared.
Transfer RNAs of Halobacterium volcanii: Sequences of five leucine and three serine tRNAs*

Abstract The sequences of eight class II transfer RNAs (those having the large extra arm) of Halobacterium volcanii , five for leucine and three for serine are presented here. In principle, these tRNAs cover at least 11 out of the possible 12 codons for these two amino acids. Although these tRNAs follow general patterns for the class II tRNAs, in detail they are distinct from both eucaryotic and eubacterial tRNAs.
GALEN SOTTO VOCE: METH. MED . 13.6 (10.892.5–7 K)

Late in the second part (books 7–14) of the Therapeutike methodos , which Galen was completing after a twenty-year gap since beginning the work as a whole, the text in Kuhn (and in B = British Library Add. MS 6898 [xii cent.], at least) includes a comment which looks like a Galenic aside made parenthetically to himself while dictating. The sentence reads: ἐκeῖθeν οὖν αὐτὰ μeταφέρeιν ἐνταῦθα σκοπούμeνον ὅτῳ βέλτιον ἐξ αὐτῶν (so MS B, superior to K's ἑαυτῶν) χρῆσθαι, ‘So (I ought) to consider transferring them (namely, my discussion on the treatment of kakokhymia ) to here from there (i.e. in the section on prophylaxis in the De san. tuenda ) to make better use of them’. The rendering in the new Loeb volume 3, p. 345 is not clear.
A Treatment-Refractory Case of Social Anxiety Disorder: Lessons Learned From a Failed Course of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Abstract Over the past 25 years researchers have made enormous strides in the implementation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD), although considerable work remains to be done. The present paper discusses a treatment refractory case seen in our clinic. The young man presented numerous interrelated obstacles, such as low treatment expectations, poor homework compliance, and comorbid depression and alcohol dependence. We highlight the challenges presented by this complex presentation, as well as issues that arose over the course of treatment. We then elaborate on techniques that could have improved his outcome. The promise of motivational interviewing and behavioral activation techniques for these complex clients is discussed. Future research and treatment directions for refractory cases are considered.
ON THE REGULATION AND DIVERSITY OF RESTRICTION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract The effect of UV irradiation on restriction mediated by four endogenous restriction systems of E. coli K-12 was investigated using a uniform testing method. Restriction by all four systems was reduced when treated cells were separately challenged with λ phage carrying modification patterns that elicit restriction by each system. The response of each system was genetically and physiologically distinct.
Intravenous fluid administration and urine output during radical neck surgery

This study examines perioperative urine output (UO) and hemodynamics in 24 patients who underwent radical head and neck surgery. The hypothesis tested was that "UO was not important in patients with normal renal function as long as hemodynamics were maintained." Intraoperatively, a "wet" group (13 patients) had generous amounts of intravenous (IV) fluid administered during surgery receiving 1,018 +/- 58 mL.h-1. The other "dry" group (11 patients) had fluids restricted to 426 +/- 23 mL.h-1. The intraoperative UOs for the wet and dry groups were 1.33 +/- 0.27 and 0.39 +/- 0.10 mL.kg-1 x h-1, respectively (p < 0.05). Postoperatively, the UOs for the wet and dry groups were 1.9 +/- 0.3 and 1.1 +/- 0.1 mL.kg-1 x h-1, respectively (p < 0.05). Perioperatively, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in systemic or pulmonary hemodynamics. Postoperatively, ordinary indices of renal function remained normal in both groups. We conclude that intraoperative oliguria due to moderate fluid restriction is not detrimental to renal outcome as long as systemic hemodynamics are maintained. Furthermore, not only does this relatively "dry" status not compromise hemodynamics, it affords the patient other benefits.
The high-temperature creep behavior of a highly-oriented polycrystalline graphite

Abstract The creep behavior of a heavily-oriented graphite was studied extensively to determine the influence of the crystallographic orientation on its creep properties in an attempt better to understand creep deformation in graphite. The creep rates were studied both in tension and compression as a function of Φ, the angle between the stress axis and the “average” c -direction orientation of the billet. The creep rates in tension varied from 5 × 10 −3 for Φ = 0° to 5 × 10 −8 min −1 for Φ = 90° at a stress of 2020 psi. The compression creep rates for all angles were slower than any of the tensile creep results for an equivalent stress. The instantaneous creep rate was proportional to the eighth power of stress as determined by the unispecimen technique where the creep rates for the same sample were compared immediately before and immediately after a stress change. The activation energies were determined in a similar manner where the comparison of the creep rates was made before and after a temperature change. The measured activation energies for tensile creep averaged 277,000 cals/mole. Neither the stress dependence nor the activation energies were influenced by orientation angle and were similar for both tension and compression creep. Recovery on release of the load was appreciable (approx. 25 per cent of the creep strain) and was temperature and time dependent. Optical microscopy before and after creep strain on the same areas was used to study the deformation modes.
Associations of Light, Moderate, and Vigorous Intensity Physical Activity with Longevity The Harvard Alumni Health Study

Physical activity is associated with better health; however, the optimal intensity of activity remains unclear. A total of 13,485 men (mean age, 57.5 years) from the Harvard Alumni Health Study reported their walking, stair climbing, and sports/recreation in 1977. Between 1977 and 1992, 2,539 died. After adjusting for the different activity components, distance walked and storeys climbed independently predicted longevity (p, trend = 0.004 and or =6 METs) clearly predicted lower mortality rates (p, trend = 0.72, 0.07, and <0.001, respectively). These data provide some support for current recommendations that emphasize moderate intensity activity; they also clearly indicate a benefit of vigorous activity.
Neuroscience History in Words and Pictures: Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. L.H. Marshall and H.W. Magoun. 1998. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 323 pp., $59.50.

Yes, that is the Horace Magoun who, with the distinguished neurophysiologist Louise Marshall, has produced a treasure trove of stories about the founders, foundations, and development of contemporary brain science. While large enough (8½″ × 11½″) and with enough interesting pictures that it can serve as a coffee table conversation piece, this book brings research and investigators to life in a lively, conversational text that should be fully accessible to entering college students and fully interesting to mature neuroscientists. This is the kind of book which, if available to young people interested in a scientific or science-based career, could easily attract them to the neurosciences. This is not to say that the book is simplistic; rather it is rich in the truly interesting stories, studies, and pictorial stuff of neuroscience that reminds those of us in the field why we were drawn to brain studies in the first place.
Applying skills standards to the development of multi-institution information technology programs

The Boston Area Advanced Technological Education Connections (BATEC) is a National Science Foundation center designed among other things, to develop a coordinated Information Technology (IT) education delivery system that cuts across different educational institutions: group one, high school; group two, community college; and group three, university. This paper describes the strategy used by the BATEC center to develop a coherent sequence of curriculum initiatives based on the application of national IT skills standards.
Muon capture on 3He and the weak structure of the nucleon

Abstract The weak form factors of the nucleon, including the induced pseudoscalar form factor and second class terms, are constrained using a microscopic calculation of the weak capture process He 3 ( μ − , ν μ ) H 3 . The calculation is parameter free, and yields a rate of 1499 ( 16 ) Hz , in agreement with the remarkable experimental measurement 1496 ( 4 ) Hz . The nuclear wave functions are obtained using the EIHH method with the Argonne v 18 nucleon–nucleon potential and the Urbana-IX three nucleon force. The weak currents in the nuclei are described using HBχPT formalism. The induced pseudoscalar form factor is found to agree with HBχPT prediction. The result is compatible with vanishing second class currents, with the tightest constraint to date on the conservation of vector current (CVC) hypothesis.
Multidetector Computed Tomographic Pulmonary Angiography: Beyond Acute Pulmonary Embolism

Although multidetector computed tomographic (MDCT) pulmonary angiography has found widespread use in the evaluation of acute pulmonary embolism, advances in technology have allowed for its application in realms that were previously exclusive to conventional pulmonary angiography. In this article, the authors address the use of MDCT in the evaluation of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. These examples demonstrate the potential for MDCT to expand the use of computed tomographic angiography in the evaluation of the pulmonary arteries. Technical parameters, diagnostic findings at MDCT, and therapeutic implications of such findings are discussed for each condition.
Robust Time-Optimal Control of Flexible Structures With Parametric Uncertainty

The design of robust time-optimal controllers using the sensitivity concept is presented in this paper. A parameter optimization problem is solved using the Switch Time Optimization algorithm to determine a bang-bang control profile that minimizes the maneuver time subject to the constraint that the sensitivity of the final states with respect to system parameters are zero. The proposed approach is illustrated on the benchmark floating oscillator problem and a slewing flexible beam whose equations of motion are nonlinear. Simulation results illustrate the reduction of residual vibrations of the system subject to the robust control profile, compared to the time-optimal control profile.
Physiologic Effects of Maternal Smoking on Breast‐Feeding Infants

Women who smoke and breast-feed pose an unknown threat to their infants' health. In this pilot study, relationships between ingestion of nicotine in breast milk and physiologic effects in the infant were investigated. Infant physiologic effects measured were temperature, pulse, respiration, systolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. Five smoking and five nonsmoking mother-infant pairs were studied. Breast milk was analyzed for nicotine using gas chromatography. Breast milk from smoking mothers contained a mean of 33.1 ng/mL of nicotine while the breast milk from nonsmoking mothers contained a mean of less than 6.45 ng/mL of nicotine. Infant physiologic measures were taken before and 20 min after breast-feeding. After breast-feeding, infants of smoking mothers had a significant change in respirations and oxygen saturation while infants of nonsmoking mothers had a significant change in pulse only. Results provide a scientific basis for counseling smoking, breast-feeding mothers.