cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of marine debris in North Carolina salt marshes.

Abstract Marine debris composition, density, abundance, and accumulation were evaluated in salt marshes in Carteret County, North Carolina seasonally between 2007 and 2009. We assessed relationships between human use patterns and debris type. Wave effects on marine debris density were examined using a GIS-based forecasting tool. We assessed the influence of site wave exposure, period, and height on debris quantity. Presence and abundance of debris were related to wave exposure, vegetation type and proximity of the strata to human population and human use patterns. Plastic pieces accounted for the majority of all debris. Small debris (0–5 cm) was primarily composed of foam pieces and was frequently affiliated with natural wrack. Large debris (>100 cm) was encountered in all marsh habitat types surveyed and was primarily composed of anthropogenic wood and derelict fishing gear. Marsh cleanup efforts should be targeted to specific habitat types or debris types to minimize further damage to sensitive habitats.
Higher-dimensional conformal field theories in the Coulomb branch

Abstract We use the AdS/CFT correspondence to study flows of N = 4 SYM to non-conformal theories. The dual geometries can be seen as sourced by a Wigner's semicircle distribution of D3 branes. We consider two cases, the first case corresponds to a point in the Coulomb branch and the theory flows to a six-dimensional conformal field theory. In the second case a mass is introduced for a hypermultiplet and the theory flows to a five-dimensional conformal field theory. We argue from the gravity and the field theory side that the low energy theories correspond to the ( 2 , 0 ) theory in six dimensions and to a theory with exceptional global symmetry E 1 in five dimensions.
The migration of F-, OH- and O2- ions in apatites.

The energies of motion of F−, OH− and O2− ions in the apatite lattice have been calculated using a Born model of the crystal. Attention was confined to migration parallel to the c-axis by a vacancy mechanism. In contrast to most ionic crystals the barrier to migration is electrostatic rather than repulsive in character. It is found that the migration energy in a given crystal is least for F−, intermediate for O2− and largest for OH−.
DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT OF LACTOSE BY NEUTRON THERMALIZATION

A procedure has been developed for the determination of moisture in an organic material by the thermalization of neutrons. The method developed utilized commercially available equipment designed for depth moisture determinations of soils. The moisture content of three series (replications) of water in lactose U.S.P. was determined at various concentration levels by the neutron method and by two official methods (gravimetric and Karl Fischer titration). The number of thermal neutrons produced at the various moisture concentrations prepared were plotted against the corresponding moisture content indicated by each of the two official moisture determination methods. Regression curves were prepared using least squares calculations. With t tests it was shown that the means of the slopes of the three series were estimates of the true slope of the regression curves, and 0.95 confidence limits were also set on the slopes. The applicability of this new method of determining the moisture content of pharmaceutical systems is discussed.
Protein adsorption onto ceramic surfaces

Ceramics seldom have been used as blood-contacting materials. However, alumina ceramic (Al2O3) and polyethylene are incorporated into the pivot bearings of the Gyro centrifugal blood pump. This material combination was chosen based on the high durability of the materials. Due to the stagnant flow that often occurs in a continuous flow condition inside a centrifugal pump, pivot bearing system is extremely critical. To evaluate the thombogenicity of pivot bearings in the Gyro pump, this study sought to investigate protein adsorption, particularly albumin, IgG, fibrinogen, and fibronectin onto ceramic surfaces. Al2O3 and silicon carbide ceramic (SiC) were compared with polyethylene (PE) and polyvinylchloride (PVC). Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay revealed that the amount of adsorbed proteins onto Al2O3 and SiC was significantly less than that on PVC. The sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that numerous proteins adsorbed onto PVC compared to PE, Al2O3, and SiC. Identification of adsorbed proteins by Western immunoblotting revealed that the adsorption of albumin was similar on all four materials tested. Western immunoblotting also indicated lesser amounts of IgG, fibrinogen, and fibronectin on Al2O3 and SiC than on PE and PVC. In conclusion, ceramics (Al2O3 and SiC) are expected to be thromboresistant from the viewpoint of protein adsorption. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 40, 24–30, 1998.
Effects of steroid and lactogenic hormones on islets of Langerhans: a new hypothesis for the role of pregnancy steroids in the adaptation of islets to pregnancy

Adaptive changes that occur in islets of Langerhans during pregnancy include enhanced insulin secretion, insulin synthesis, beta-cell proliferation, gap-junctional coupling among beta-cells, and glucose oxidation. We have determined that elevated lactogenic activity is directly responsible for these changes in beta-cell function. Recently, we showed that two of the principal adaptive characteristics (insulin secretion and beta-cell proliferation) of rat pregnancy peaked on day 15 and returned to control levels by day 20. As placental lactogen remains elevated during late gestation, it was of interest to determine whether pregnancy steroids could reverse the effects of lactogen on islets. In this study, rat islets were cultured with progesterone, estradiol, rat PRL (rPRL), or combinations of these hormones (progesterone and rPRL, estradiol and rPRL, or progesterone and estradiol and rPRL). Insulin secretion was examined for 8 days, and beta-cell proliferation by 2-bromo-5'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation...
New insights on reaction dynamics from formaldehyde photodissociation

We review the photodissociation dynamics of formaldehyde with an emphasis on recent calculations that make use of a global ab initio-based potential energy surface for the S0 state. These calculations together with recent experiments reveal striking departures from conventional transition state theory for the formation of the molecular products H2 + CO. The evidence for this departure is reviewed in detail by examining properties of the new potential surface and results of quasiclassical trajectory dynamics calculations using this surface. We also review very recent work on the dynamics governing the formation of radical products, H + HCO. These products can be formed on the T1 surface as well as the S0 one, and we present some results contrasting the dynamics on these two surfaces. This work makes use of a new semi-global ab initio-based T1 potential energy surface.
Relation between fluorescence spectra of dilute and turbid samples

We present a method to extend rank-annihilation-factor analysis (RAFA) for the analysis of fluorescence from homogeneous turbid samples. The method is based on a fundamental relationship between the fluorescence of a dilute solution and that of a turbid solution. We have derived this relationship, known as the transfer function, for turbid materials using the two-flux Kubelka-Munk theory. The method is tested with spectroscopic data from optically thin and turbid samples of the media of a human aorta. At 450-nm excitation, agreement between the measured and predicted dilute-solution fluorescence spectra is within 5% at all emission wavelengths; at 340-nm excitation, agreement is within 20% at all wavelengths, with some residual Soret-band absorption. The simulations presented indicate that the transfer function is markedly more sensitive to absorption than to scattering properties.
Binding of Retinol in Both Retinoid-binding Sites of Interphotoreceptor Retinoid-binding Protein (IRBP) Is Stabilized Mainly by Hydrophobic Interactions

Interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) is an ocular protein which is believed to participate in the visual cycle by mediating transport of retinoids between pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. The molecular mechanism underlying the ability of IRBP to target particular retinoids to the specific cells that are their sites of action and metabolism is not completely clear, and little information is available regarding the structure of the protein's multiple ligand-binding sites. IRBP possesses two retinoid-binding sites, and it was reported that binding of the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, in one of these sites, but not in the other, is tightly regulated by another IRBP ligand, docosahexaenoic acid (Chen, Y., Houghton, L. A., Brenna, J. T., and Noy, N. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20507). The two sites are thus functionally distinct. Here, the thermodynamic parameters governing the interactions of retinol with the IRBP retinoid-binding sites were measured. The data demonstrate that the interactions of retinol with both sites are stabilized mainly by hydrophobic interactions, and that the hydroxyl head group of retinol is not involved in formation of protein-ligand complexes. Nevertheless, the data indicate that the two sites are structurally distinct, and that binding of retinol in them occurs by remarkably different modes of interactions.
When Prophecy Fails: On Ramey's Response to Spitz's Critique of the Abecedarian Project.

Abstract Interesting results from the preschool intervention phase of the Abecedarian Project continue to be disregarded, particularly the finding that the intervention group's advantage over the control group in mean ability scores peaked at ages 18 and 36 months and declined in later years. In fact, at 60 months of age the advantage was only slightly larger than it had been at 6 months of age, when the intervention group had experienced only 3 months of intervention. These results are typical of early intervention studies. Follow-up IQs are available but were not included in the project director's response, so the question of whether the project prevents mental retardation is unanswered.
Two new ground-level cloud water sampler designs which reduce rain contamination

Abstract The ability to obtain discrete samples of cloud water for chemical analysis during periods when precipitation is occurring is important for studies of potential ecological effects of cloud and rain deposition. The advantage of the two cloud water collector designs presented, over others reported in the literature, is their ability to greatly reduce the entry of horizontally blown drizzle and rain droplets (> 200 μm) into the collector. The CWP Active Cloud Water Collector can be used in either stagnant or windy environments and requires 12 V battery power. The AMC/WPI Passive Cloud Water Collector is designed for windy environs and requires no power. Both collectors use removable cartridges with Teflon strands as a collection surface, and collect cloud droplets by inertial impaction. On Mount Washington, NH, the Active and Passive Cloud Water Collectors had an average cloud water collection rate of 1.8 and 1.5 ml min−1, respectively.
Feasibility of MR diffusion studies in the kidney.

Renal apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were anisotropic within and significantly different between cortex and medulla using a relatively motion-insensitive one-dimensional technique in 20 volunteers. ADC values ranged from 1.79 +/- .39 to 2.95 +/- .58 (x 10(-3)mm2/sec), relatively high but similar to other reports. Further investigation may help clarify this data, and determine whether the findings result from diffusion properties (and/or radially oriented parenchymal architecture), or artifacts due to factors such as bulk motion.
Line-of-sight analysis using voxelized discrete lidar

Modern small-footprint LIDAR systems have the ability to resolve structural details at sub-meter sizes, which make them ideal for collecting information to use in line-of-sight analysis. Many existing techniques used to map line-of-sight apply simple surface triangulation to the LIDAR point cloud, but are not well suited to scenes with significant 3D structure and overlapping objects. Newer voxel-based techniques have the ability to describe scene structure accurately, but typically suffer from a lack of information if all scene surfaces are not exhaustively sampled by the LIDAR. LIDAR instrument position is typically discarded after producing the point cloud, but we show how it can be used to identify areas in voxel maps where insufficient data are available. Using this knowledge of under-sampled areas we demonstrate construction of an improved line-of-sight map with metrics that indicate where and why errors in the line-of-sight are likely to occur. During the summer of 2010 an airborne experiment over the RIT campus collected both LIDAR and high resolution visible imagery. The LIDAR point cloud was sampled at several returns per square meter, and the accompanying visible imagery is used to provide context and truth information for LIDAR derived products. A realworld voxel line-of-sight map created from this LIDAR collection is presented along with an analysis of the associated derived errors.
Nonimmunosuppressant immunophilin ligand GPI-1046 does not promote in vitro growth of prostate cancer cells.

Abstract Objectives Nonimmunosuppressant immunophilin ligands such as GPI-1046 have gained interest recently for their clinical potential to reduce the extent of injury sustained by penile innervation during radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer treatment and thereby improve erectile function recovery postoperatively. Preclinical studies in rat animal models of cavernous nerve injury have demonstrated that immunophilin ligands exert both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects on physiologic erection and on the morphology of erectile tissue and penile innervation. Before establishing their clinical roles, however, it would be useful to evaluate whether they exert mitogenic effects on malignant prostate cells. Methods Human prostate cancer cell lines (LAPC-4, CWR22Rv1, LNCaP, and PC-3) were treated in vitro with 0 to 10 μM of the prototypical nonimmunosuppressant ligand GPI-1046 in 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing (ie, low growth) media, and their growth was assayed during a 7-day period using spectrophotometric cell counting. The results were normalized for comparison to the maximal growth produced in 10% FBS-containing media. Results All four prostate cancer cell lines grew maximally in 10% FBS-containing media, and this growth was reduced by more than twofold ( P Conclusions These data contribute toward allaying concerns that the use of nonimmunosuppressant immunophilin ligand therapy for the improvement of erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy will promote recurrent prostate cancer.
N × N and 1 × N switching with chiral nematic liquid crystals

New designs are presented for 4 × 4, 1 × 4, and 1 × 16 electrooptical switches that utilize chiral nematics.
Ultraviolet Video-Viewing: The Television Camera as an Insect Eve

A television camtiera, like the eyes of some insects, is sensitive to ultraviolet light. When equipped with an appropriate ultraviolet-transmitting lens, such a camera can be used for the direct examtiination of ultraviolet reflectiont patterns (for example, on flowers, butterflies) that are invisible to us, but visible to inisects.
Don’t Mono-crop the Movement: Toward a Cultural Ecology of Local Food

Over the past generation, advocates for healthier food and agriculture have drawn on the farm-to-fork trope to define spatial arrangements in the foodshed. Consider farmers9 markets, food hubs, community supported agriculture (CSA), co-ops, rooftop, community, and schoolyard gardens, 100-Mile Diets, and urban farms: the architecture of reform is endless, but every part seeks to reduce the distance between food producers (farms) and consumers (forks). For all the intuitive appeal of the farm-to-fork trope, however, there are other ways to think about the local food movement9s spatial configurations that could be more inclusive, multidimensional, and politically potent. This article argues that instead of a distance versus proximity orientation, good-food advocates might envision a kind of cultural ecology of various efforts toward healthier food and agriculture. This perspective shows the various organizational efforts of a region interacting like species in a healthy ecosystem. Where farmers9 markets might be gentrified, for example, community gardens and urban farms might not; where urban farms might be labor intensive, food hubs might not and could offer healthier food in urban spaces; where food hubs might not be convenient enough, virtual marketplaces might. The downsides of one part are carried by the advantages of another; the limitations of the first are helped by the strengths of the next. What matters here are not just the particular individual innovations—farmers9 markets, CSAs, food hubs, etc.—but the ways in which they overlap to build an interdependent whole. No longer one-dimensional, this cultural ecology adds political and organizational integrity to the physical integrity of food.
The chemistry of snow in the central Sierra Nevada: a study of snowfall over a 20-year period, 1966–1985, 1. Changes in pH

Abstract Fresh snowfall precipitation has been collected at 14 sites in the central Sierra Nevada during the winter seasons from 1966 to 1985. The pH of these 1,398 individual snow samples has been measured throughout this 20-year period. The results indicate that there has been a small increase in acidity of 0.02 pH units per year in this region over this 20-year period. The pH has change from approximately 5.6 in 1966 to 5.2 in 1985. In the period from 1972 to 1974 the pH changed more dramatically from 5.2 to 4.6 but returned to 5.4 again in 1975–1976. The cause of such an increase in acidity in this period is not known, but it was coincidental with the world energy crisis when larger quantities of high lead and sulfur content fossil fuels were in use in the United States.
Hyperspectral remote sensing for shallow waters. I. A semianalytical model.

For analytical or semianalytical retrieval of shallow-water bathymetry andyor optical properties of the water column from remote sensing, the contribution to the remotely sensed signal from the water column has to be separated from that of the bottom. The mathematical separation involves three diffuse attenuation coefficients: one for the downwelling irradiance ~Kd!, one for the upwelling radiance of the water column ~Ku C !, and one for the upwelling radiance from bottom reflection ~Ku B !. Because of the differences in photon origination and path lengths, these three coefficients in general are not equal, although their equality has been assumed in many previous studies. By use of the Hydrolight radiativetransfer numerical model with a particle phase function typical of coastal waters, the remote-sensing reflectance above ~Rrs! and below ~rrs! the surface is calculated for various combinations of optical properties, bottom albedos, bottom depths, and solar zenith angles. A semianalytical ~SA! model for rrs of shallow waters is then developed, in which the diffuse attenuation coefficients are explicitly expressed as functions of in-water absorption ~a! and backscattering ~bb!. For remote-sensing inversion, parameters connecting Rrs and rrs are also derived. It is found that rrs values determined by the SA model agree well with the exact values computed by Hydrolight ~;3% error!, even for Hydrolight rrs values calculated with different particle phase functions. The Hydrolight calculations included bbya values as high as 1.5 to simulate high-turbidity situations that are occasionally found in coastal regions. © 1998 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 010.0010, 280.0280.
Suppression of negative self-referent thoughts: A field study

We examined the effects of suppressing negative self-referent thoughts on thought frequency, mood, and self-esteem over an 11-day period. Participants were randomly assigned to a suppression or control group and completed a nightly Web survey. Compared with controls, participants who suppressed a specific thought experienced it more frequently and had more anxious and depressed mood. Self-reported shamefulness of the thought moderated the effect of suppression on self-esteem. Suppression participants who rated their thoughts as shame-producing had lower self-esteem than did all other participants. These findings generally replicate results from a previous laboratory study (Borton, Markowitz, & Dieterich, 2005) and demonstrate that the deleterious effects of suppression are not confined to short-term laboratory experiments.
Topography of Human Intelligence Across Race: Factorial Comparison of Black-White Wais-R Profiles for Criminal Offenders

Comparison of intellectual functioning across racial groups is an important scientific issue with broad interdisciplinary implications. A large random sample (N = 275) of Black and White incarcerated individuals were studied to evaluate the topography of intelligence across race. Principal factor analyses yielded the general intelligence-g factor along with specific Verbal Comprehension and Perceptual Organization dimensions. All three of these structural components were highly congruent between Whites and Blacks. Theoretical implications of these data include: (1) evidence of qualitatively equivalent intellectual functioning across race, (2) justification of a verbal-performance dichotomy of adult intelligence across racial groups, and (3) support for construct validity of adult intellectual assessment across race.
Puget Peak Avalanche, Alaska

The Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964, caused four phenomena at the head of Puget Bay in south-central Alaska. A large rock-snow avalanche fell from Puget Peak and slid into the bay. Sea waves struck the coast, transporting debris inland to elevations of 7 m. Tectonic warping uplifted Puget Bay 1.7 m, and earth cracks formed in the surficial valley alluvium. The Puget Peak avalanche transported 1.8 × 10 6 m 3 of rock, snow, soil, and plant debris downslope. The avalanche began as a large rockfall of jointed and fractured bedrock from Puget Peak. The rockfall reached the cirque traveling at a speed of more than 100 kph; there, it set in motion a large volume of snow. Most of the debris was deposited on the beach and in the bay. Undisturbed 1963-1964 snow in the cirque, areas of undisturbed vegetation and soil, many fresh grooves and scars on bedrock surfaces, and large areas stripped of surficial vegetation and soil along the avalanche track indicate that the avalanche mass slid on snow, soil, and rock from the cirque to the bay. Evidence along the avalanche track indicates that the avalanche mass traveled at high speed along its entire extent. Similar avalanches have occurred at Puget Bay in the past and will occur again, because shattered bedrock and steep slopes remain on Puget Peak.
Incorporating psychosocial health into biocultural models: preliminary findings from Turkana women of Kenya.

This paper investigates the potential benefits and limitations of including psychosocial stress data in a biocultural framework of human adaptability. Building on arguments within human biology on the importance of political economic perspectives for examining patterns of biological variation, this paper suggests that psychosocial perspectives may further refine our understanding of the mechanisms through which social distress yields differences in health and well-being. To assess a model that integrates psychosocial experiences, we conducted a preliminary study among nomadic pastoralist women from northern Kenya. We interviewed 45 women about current and past stressful experiences, and collected anthropometric data and salivary cortisol measures. Focus group and key informant interviews were conducted to refine our understanding of how the Turkana discuss and experience distress. The results suggest that the most sensitive indicators of Turkana women's psychosocial experiences were the culturally defined idioms of distress, which showed high concordance with measures of first-day salivary cortisol. Other differences in stress reactivity were associated with the frequent movement of encampments, major herd losses, and direct experiences of livestock raiding. Despite the preliminary nature of these data, we believe that the results offer important lessons and insights into the longer-term process of incorporating psychosocial models into human adaptability studies. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:729–740, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scanning electron microscopy of denervated taste buds in hamster: Morphology of fungiform taste pores

Background Taste pores of fungiform papillae are critical for taste function. Taste nerve injury affects the pore, rendering it refractory to staining with vital dyes. Whether pores of denervated fungiform papillae disappear or undergo more modest structural changes to account for diminished staining was the subject of the present study. Methods The chorda tympani in the hamster was severed unilaterally and the anterior tongue prepared for scanning electron microscopy after 31 days of survival. Results Taste pores were found on 92% of control fungiform papillae. They were round openings formed by the free margins of keratinocytes, and centered in hillock-shaped elevations of the papillary surface. Hillocks were encircled by an indentation which, in turn, was surrounded by a circular epithelial rim. These structures associated with fungiform pores distinguish pores on the anterior tongue from those on the posterior tongue. The pores led to a channel that penetrated into the papilla. The experimental side of the tongue had markedly fewer pores. Definitive pores were present on only 53% of denervated papillae. The papillae that lacked pores either exhibited a small hillock and a subtle depression in place of the pore, or had entirely flat apical surfaces. The denervated papillae that retained pores exhibited structural changes. The pores had smaller diameters and led to shallower channels than control pores. Moreover, these persistent pores were associated with hillocks, indentations and rims that were more variable and less distinct than those of control papillae. Conclusion Pores of fungiform papillae in hamster are associated with specialized surface features of the papillary epithelium. Denervation results in changes that range from disappearance of the pores to their shrinkage and the atrophy of pore-associated epithelial structures. Anat. Rec. 251:230–239, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On Exact Multicollinearity and the Estimation of the Cobb-Douglas Production Function

The assumptions of the economic model underlying the traditional Cobb-Douglas production function analysis imply that exact multicollinearity should exist among the inputs. Restricted estimation procedures may lead to parameter estimates with additional economic content. Conventional methods of input aggregation and model specification may result in biased or misinterpreted estimates.
Motor Synergies for Coordinated Movements in Humanoids

Synthesizing automatons whole body movements is difficult, especially in humanoids with as high Degrees of Freedoms (DOFs) as humans. Based on a biologically inspired control model we proposed, three different ways of motor synergies over multiple motor routines are discussed to compose complex movements in a 33 DOF humanoid. Motor routine is a movement unit which implements a functional task and only involves those active joints participating in the task. We demonstrate the humanoid doing coordinated walking, sitting and rising, reaching, object manipulation etc.
Biological activity and enrichment of spermatogonial stem cells in vitamin A-deficient and hyperthermia-exposed testes from mice based on colonization following germ cell transplantation.

Spermatogenesis is a complex process in which spermatogonial stem cells divide and subsequently differentiate into spermatozoa. This process requires spermatogonial stem cells to self-renew and provide a continual population of cells for differentiation. Studies on spermatogonial stem cells have been limited due to a lack of unique markers and an inability to detect the presence of these cells. The technique of germ cell transplantation provides a functional assay to identify spermatogonial stem cells in a cell population. We hypothesized that vitamin A-deficient (VAD) and hyperthermically treated testes would provide an enriched in vivo source of spermatogonial stem cells. The first model, hyperthermic treatment, depends on the sensitivity of maturing germ cells to high temperatures. Testes of adult mice were exposed to 43°C for 15 min to eliminate the majority of differentiating germ cells. Treated donor testes were 50% of normal adult testis size and, when transplanted into recipients, resulted in a 5.3- and 19-fold (colonies and area, respectively) increase in colonization efficiency compared to controls. The second model, VAD animals, also lacked differentiating germ cells, and testes weights were 25% of control values. Colonization efficiency of germ cells from VAD testes resulted in a 2.5- and 6.2-fold (colonies and area, respectively) increase in colonization compared to controls. Hyperthermically treated mice represent an enriched source of spermatogonial stem cells. In contrast, the low extent of colonization with germ cells from VAD animals raises important questions regarding the competency of stem cells from this model.
In vitro microelectrode study of neuromuscular transmission in a case of botulism

We performed in vitro microelectrode studies in the anconeus muscle biopsy of a 6-week-old infant intoxicated with Clostridium botulinum toxin B. The most striking abnormalities were the severe reduction of the endplate potential (EPP) quantal content and the marked variability of EPP latencies. The increased variability was often limited to a "single quantum" component of the EPP. Neither the amplitudes nor the frequencies of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEEPs) were decreased. However, there was a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies of MEPPs. This unique combination of electrophysiologic findings indicates a severe presynaptic failure of neuromuscular transmission, which appears to result from an impairment of the process of synaptic vesicle release taking place after the stimulus induced influx of calcium into the motor nerve terminals.
The future of general classification

SUMMARY Discusses problems related to accessing multiple collections using a single retrieval language. Surveys the concepts of interoperability and switching language. Finds that mapping between more indexing languages always will be an approximation. Surveys the issues related to general classification and contrasts that to special classifications. Argues for the use of general classifications to provide access to collections nationally and internationally.
Electrowetting Light Valves for Electronic Paper

Flexible electrowetting devices developed for electronic paper applications are presented. New designs allow white-state area to exceed 90% of the display area, and provide bi-stability for zero power applications.
On Various Algorithms for Estimating the Chromatic Number of a Graph

The well known problem of colouring the vertices of a graph with the minimum number of colours such that adjacent vertices are coloured differently is used in a variety of scheduling and storage problems. This minimum number of colours is called the chromatic number of the graph G and is denoted by ^(G). A number of algorithms for finding a minimum colouring and thus the chromatic number of a graph are known (Christofides, 1971). However, the computer time required to implement such algorithms is often prohibitive. Thus faster algorithms which do not always yield a minimum colouring are frequently used. In this paper we discuss a number of such algorithms and construct graphs to show that each algorithm can give an arbitrarily bad estimate for the chromatic number of a graph.
Women's Help-Seeking Patterns for Depression

Depression tends not to be accurately identified and treated in primary care settings. Women of color are especially likely to use these settings for mental health issues but are less likely to be diagnosed appropriately. A study was conducted within four Florida primary care clinics serving primarily low-income families. Participants included 321 women (Black, 22%, Hispanic, 23.5%, White, 38.6%) who completed a confidential questionnaire while waiting to be seen by clinic staff. Ten percent reported recent major depression, with 26.7% indicating depressive symptoms during the past two years. Depressed women were significantly more likely to report physical violence during the past year. Respondents turned primarily to family, friends, and medical clinics for their depression. They found turning to clinic staff to be helpful and described psychosocial interventions as useful. Members of all ethnic/racial groups reported barriers to seeking help, including perceived separation between mental health and general health and stigma. Implications are discussed in terms of appropriate community education and screening procedures.
Autoritarismo subnacional: estrategias territoriales de control político en regímenes democráticos

Este documento explora las dinamicas de cambio y continuidad de los autoritarismos subnacionales (especificamente en las provincias) en los regimenes democraticos nacionales. Tomando contribuciones de teorias propias de la politica territorial provee un marco para el analisis del contexto estrategico en el que elites autoritarias en el poder y sus oponentes locales y nacionales adelantan estrategias de control territorial y de oposicion. El autoritarismo subnacional no debe ser entendido como un asunto local, sino como un resultado de dinamicas mas amplias de gobernanza territorial nacional en regimenes democraticos. Los conflictos entre los autoritarismos y la oposicion ocurren a traves de multiples ambitos territoriales dentro del sistema politico nacional. En regimenes democraticos nacionales las elites autoritarias adelantaran tres tipos de estrategias: la parroquializacion del poder, la nacionalizacion de su influencia, y la monopolizacion de los vinculos institucionales entre lo nacional y lo subnacional. La democratizacion subnacional, cuando ocurra, resultara entonces de la intervencion por parte de actores en espacios politicas nacionales. Para este fin se han hecho dos distinciones entre las “modalidades” de cambio politico subnacional: las transiciones “lideradas por partidos politicos” y las transiciones “lideradas por el centro”.
The role of human rhinovirus in immunology, COPD, and corresponding treatments

The common cold is most often a result of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. Common cold symptoms including rhinorrhea and nasal obstruction frequently occur during HRV infection of the upper respiratory tract. Conversely, HRV may also infect the epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract. Symptom severity associated with HRV infection ranges from mild to potentially serious depending on a person’s susceptibility and pre-existing condition, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. An over active host immune response is believed to be the primary contributor to HRV pathogenesis. Enhanced activity of various host cell cytokines and granulocytes mediate specific cellular pathways inducing many of the symptoms associated with HRV infection. There are over 100 serotypes of HRV which can be further categorized based on the specific characteristics of each type. The two main categories of HRV consist of the major and minor groups. The unique host cell receptor is the distinguishing factor between these two groups. Yet, these viruses may also differ in mechanism of infection and replication. Due to the high frequency of hospital and clinical visits and the corresponding economic burden, novel therapies are of interest. Several different treatment options varying from herbal remedies to anti-viral drugs have been studied. However, the vast number of HRV serotypes complicates the progress of developing a universal treatment for attenuating HRV infection.
Prediction of Reading Ability: A Cross-Validation Study of the Simple View of Reading

The Simple View of Reading, as originally articulated by Gough and Tunmer (1986), proposes that reading comprehension ability can be predicted by the product term of two components: decoding and li...
Application of the Stressor Vulnerability Model to Understanding Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Alcohol-Related Problems in an Undergraduate Population

Research examining the comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol-use disorder (AUD) suggests that individuals experiencing PTSD symptoms (PTSS) often drink alcohol as a means to self-medicate their trauma symptoms; however, little attention has been given to moderating variables that may make this association more likely. The stressor vulnerability model proposes that being male, relying on maladaptive forms of coping, and holding positive alcohol-outcome expectancies predispose individuals to engage in alcohol use when experiencing psychological distress. In the current study, sex, avoidance coping (AVC), tension-reduction expectancies (TRE), and emotional-relief drinking-refusal self-efficacy (ERDRSE) were examined as moderators of the relationship between PTSS and alcohol-related problems in a sample of 144 undergraduates. Results indicated that males reporting high levels of TRE exhibited a stronger positive relationship between PTSS and alcohol-related problems than was present for males reporting low levels of TRE and for females reporting either high or low levels of TRE. In addition, a significant positive relationship between PTSS and alcohol-related problems was observed for individuals reporting high levels of TRE and low levels of ERDRSE, but not for individuals reporting high levels of TRE and high levels of ERDRSE, low TRE-low ERDRSE, or low TRE-high ERDRSE. Assessment of these vulnerability factors in traumatized youth and young adults may serve as a useful means of identifying individuals at risk for the development of alcohol-related problems.
Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Challenges and Interventions for Families

Experiencing a brain injury is a traumatic event not only for the child who is directly affected, but also for his or her family system. Recently, attention has turned toward the potentially deleterious effects of having a child with a traumatic brain injury (TBI) on parents, siblings, and extended family members. Specifically, families of TBI survivors may suffer major psychological, financial, role, and relationship risks. Therefore, treating the child with a brain injury is only one component of a comprehensive recovery program. This article describes common experiences of families following a child's brain injury, and specific strategies that might help families through the recovery/reentry process.
Incrementally Learning Time-varying Half-planes

We present a distribution-free model for incremental learning when concepts vary with time. Concepts are caused to change by an adversary while an incremental learning algorithm attempts to track the changing concepts by minimizing the error between the current target concept and the hypothesis. For a single half-plane and the intersection of two half-planes, we show that the average mistake rate depends on the maximum rate at which an adversary can modify the concept. These theoretical predictions are verified with simulations of several learning algorithms including back propagation.
Racial and Ethnic Identity Theory, Measurement, and Research in Counseling Psychology: Present Status and Future Directions

The present article integrates and expands on the special section contributions of K. O. Cokley (2007); J. E. Helms (2007); J. E. Trimble (2007); S. M. Quintana (2007); and J. S. Phinney and A. D. Ong (2007). The authors of the present article begin with a note on politics and ideology in writings on racial identity development and review general progress the field has made on the topics of racial and ethnic identity development. The present challenges in both explicating clear and concise theories of racial and ethnic identity development and operationalizing and measuring these constructs in paper-and-pencil form are identified. The need for interdisciplinary work on theory testing is highlighted, and select examples of best practices in measuring racial and ethnic identity are presented. The article closes with directions for research in racial and ethnic identity development, and with implications for counseling practice, supervision, and systemic change.
Riot News The Press, the Spread of Opinion, and Demogeographic Self-Interest

Using material collected in the aftermath of the 1967 Detroit ghetto outburst, this study attempts to establish a correlation between the demographic characteristics of a community, its geographic proximity to a large black population, and the manner in which riot-related news was presented in a selection of suburban newspapers. The self-interest of competing groups appears to influence both the selection of "news" and the manner in which it is presented to reading publics.
GlycoPattern: a web platform for glycan array mining.

Summary: GlycoPattern is Web-based bioinformatics resource to support the analysis of glycan array data for the Consortium for Functional Glycomics. This resource includes algorithms and tools to discover structural motifs, a heatmap visualization to compare multiple experiments, hierarchical clustering of Glycan Binding Proteins with respect to their binding motifs and a structural search feature on the experimental data. Availability and implementation: GlycoPattern is freely available on the Web at http://glycopattern.emory.edu with all major browsers supported. Contact: ude.yrome@tavarga.yajnas
Genetics of the Buttercup Plumage Pattern

Abstract Genetic analysis of the Buttercup breed of chickens indicates that they carry the buttercup allele (ebc) at the E locus, modified by the columbian-like primary pattern mutation Db and a secondary pattern gene resulting in autosomal barring. The interactions between ebc and the Db alleles are clarified by both F2 and testcross data. Homozygous ebc in the absence of Db results in a modified stripe pattern, whereby the light parallel back stripes are irregular and wider than those of wild type chicks. The dorsal head stripe is also broken and irregular, while the ground color is of a lighter shade of tan. Adult ebc/ebcdb+/db+ males are typical black-breasted wild types as suggested previously by Brumbaugh and Hollander (1965). Adult females closely resemble the brown (eb/eb) phenotype. Further proof that the buttercup gene is an allele at the E locus is provided by F2 segregation data for crosses between Buttercup (ebc/cbcdb+/db+) and Light Brown Leghorns (e+/e+db+/db+) and Black Langshans (E/Edb+/db+).
Toxicokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Deltamethrin in Adult Sprague–Dawley Rats

The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to characterize the toxicokinetics and dose-dependent systemic/tissue distribution of deltamethrin (DLM) over a range of doses in adult Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats; (2) to provide comprehensive time course blood and tissue data for development of a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for DLM. DLM is one of the more neurotoxic members of a relatively new and commonly used class of insecticides, the pyrethroids. Despite widespread exposure of the general population to pyrethroids, there is little basic toxicokinetic (TK) data to use in health risk assessments or in development of PBTK models. Male S-D rats were dosed orally with 0.4, 2, or 10 mg DLM/kg dissolved in glycerol formal (GF). Another group received 2 mg/kg iv. Serial blood and tissue samples were taken at sacrifice and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for their DLM content, in order to obtain comprehensive time course data sets for estimation of classical TK, as well as PBTK parameters (e.g., tissues:blood partition coefficients). Gastrointestinal (GI) absorption of DLM was rapid but incomplete. Bioavailability was just 18%. Some 83% of DLM in blood was present in the plasma. Just 0.1-0.3% of systemically absorbed doses reached the brain, the target organ of the bioactive parent compound. Fat, skin and surprisingly, skeletal muscle, accumulated large amounts of the highly lipophilic chemical and served as slow-release depots. Tissue distribution was dose dependent, though generally not proportional to dose. Clearance was dose independent in this dosage range. The time-profiles were used by A. Mirfazaelian et al. (2006, Toxicol. Sci. 93, 432-442) to construct and adjust a PBTK model. Much remains to be learned about physiological/biochemical processes and barriers that govern the GI absorption, transport, brain deposition, and elimination of DLM and other pyrethroids in laboratory animals and humans.
Improvement of Bayesian Network Inference Using a Relaxed Gene Ordering

Bayesian network structural learning from high throughput data has become a powerful tool in reconstructing signaling pathways. Recent bioinformatics research advocates the notion that signaling networks in the living cell are likely to be hierarchically organized. Genes resident in hierarchical layers constitute biological constraint, which can be readily used by many network structural learning algorithms to reduce the computational complexity. Based on the hierarchical constraint constructed by using breadth-first-search(BFS) on a manually assembled transcriptional regulation network in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we propose a new constrained Bayesian network structural learning algorithm that solves the NP-hard computational problem in a heuristic manner. We demonstrate the utility of our algorithm in constructing two important signaling pathways.
Preparation and Properties of 8-ChlorotheophyllineSalts of Some Alkaloids*

Abstract The 8-chlorotheophylline salts of five important alkaloids were prepared.Some of the more important physical properties, including optical crystallographic properties, were determined.
Single-shot fourier transform multispectroscopy

Compared to color imaging, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has a significant advantage in identifying the objects based on their material spectral characteristics. Though multispectral imaging (MSI) is intended to overcome the speed and spatial resolution limitations of the HSI modalities, it pays severe penalties in detection and recognition tasks. In this article, we propose a novel MSI modality by designing a spectral filter array (SFA) based on the Fourier transform spectroscopy. We refer to this new SFA pattern as Fourier SFA. Compared to the MSI modalities based on narrowband filtering, Fourier SFA reconstructs spectral features more faithfully.
Analyzing Paired Comparison Tests

This article presents a new graphical method for handling data of the “prefer A,” “prefer B,” or “no preference” type. One novel and attractive feature of this analysis (in contrast to other method...
The Reactions of Nitric Oxide with Superoxide in Cerebral Ischemic Injury

Nitric oxide (NO) was first found as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, but has also been shown to affect cerebral blood flow and cell signal transduction. It is important that NO itself is not so toxic or reactive in vivo, and that rapid reaction with superoxide forms a more powerful biological species, peroxynitrite. It is suggested that reaction of peroxynitrite with superoxide dismutase (SOD) nitrates protein tyrosine, so facilitating cell degeneration after ischemia. This mechanism could also explain the reason for motor neurron death in farmilial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which SOD point mutations were recently found.