cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Torque required from elderly females to operate faucet handles of various shapes.

Contemporary housing design for the elderly features faucet handles of various shapes in the kitchen and bath. Often the elderly users cannot properly grip the faucet handle, whose shape does not allow for sufficient torque to be developed to shut off the water flow. Twenty-three elderly females turned seven different faucet handles in the clockwise and counterclockwise direction, exerting comfortable levels of torque. The only handle that consistently allowed a torque force to be developed superior to that needed to operate working installed water faucets was a medical-type “paddle.” A comparison of the torque needed to terminate water flow in actual water faucets with the torque developed by the standing and seated subjects showed that the nonpaddle handles did not allow subjects to generate sufficient torque to terminate the water flow. The blunt edges of the nonpaddle handles caused substantial hand pain.
Analytical formulation of the scattering by a slightly rough dielectric boundary, covered with a homogenous dielectric layer

Characterization of the radar response of a multi-layer dielectric media with slightly rough interface has a number of applications, including remote sensing of snow non-destructive evaluation and quality control of multi-layered MMIC, etc. For the case of snow-pack remote sensing, the premise is to compare the scattered fields of the rough surface with snow with that on bare rough surface and then attribute the variation in the scattered power and coherence to the snow parameters. In this approach, first, the snow cover is modeled by a homogenous dielectric layer having a smooth top surface above a ground plane with a rough surface. In situations where the scattering from the rough surface become comparable to with the snow volumetric scattering, the volume scattering is added incoherently to the surface scattering, and then, the coherence is computed. In this paper, a small perturbation solution is developed to predict the bistatic scattering coefficients and the coherence of a slightly rough surface covered with homogenous dielectric layer.
Morphology and Magnetic Phase Transitions of Monolayer-Range Fe Films on Au(001)

We have studied the morphology and magnetic phase transitions of monolayer-range Fe films on a reconstructed Au(001) surface using the combination of High-Resolution Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (HRLEED) and Surface Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect (SMOKE) techniques. Through the measurement of energy dependent angular profiles of the specularly diffracted beam, we discovered a simple method to determine not only the interfacial spacings (Fe-Au and Fe-Fe) but also to detect the build up of the second layer. For a one-level (2-D) Fe films with coverage of ∼ 0.6 monolayer (ML) perpendicular magnetization was observed. For a 1 ML equivalent 3-D film both perpendicular and in-plane magnetization were observed. The magnetic phase transitions of these magnetic islands showed finite size broadening effect. The perpendicular saturation magnetization decreases with temperature above 100r.C but never vanishes and the magnetization curve has no hysteresis loop above ∼ 120r.C. The implication of superparamagnetism is discussed.
Residual symmetries in c=1 non-critical string theory

Abstract It is shown that the theories of one and two scalar fields coupled to two-dimensional quantum gravity are invariant under a pair of conjugate, Grassmann odd symmetries regardless of the details of the quantum measures. In the c=1 case it is found that these symmetries are hidden in the physical spectrum.
On a simple analytical model for solar chimneys

A set of differential equations is developed to analyze a solar chimney. The equations are integrated by making a few simplifying assumptions, and expressions for the power generated, as well as, the efficiency are obtained in closed form algebraic formulas. The analytical model is shown to consistently under predict the performance by 4–6% vis-a-vis the differential model. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered pH Regulation During Enamel Development in the Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Incisor

Regulation of pH is necessary to the production of an environment conducive to enamel growth and mineralization. We hypothesize that abnormal extracellular pH in the enamel matrix of mice with the cystic fibrosis gene knocked out (CF mice) results in altered enamel mineralization. The enamel matrix pH during amelogenesis was studied in 10 normal and 10 CF mice. Freshly dissected incisors were immersed in pH indicator or glyoxal bis (2-hydro-xyanil) (GBHA). The normal mouse enamel matrix pH was generally higher and modulated differently than did the CF mouse enamel. GBHA staining showed that normal mice had 2 well-demarcated bands in the maturation zone that correlated to the neutral pH zones, while CF mice showed no staining. These results indicate that CFTR plays a role in pH regulation during enamel development and that a reduced pH results in a lack of calcium influx during enamel maturation and hypomineralization of the CF incisor enamel.
Combined benders partitioning algorithm and multiplier methods for state-constrained discrete optimal control problems

The efficacy of Geoffrion's taxonomy of large-scale mathematical programming is being investigated in the context of state-constrained optimal control problems. One algorithm which can be synthesized from this taxonomy is called Generalized Benders Decomposition. In this paper, we first consider its direct application to optimal control. Numerical experience indicates the best performance is achieved when the dynamics are non-linear in the control and relatively few state-constraints are violated during the iteration process. To combat this latter difficulty, the algorithm is combined with parametric penalty methods. Some guidelines are provided on how to achieve improved numerical performance using this combined approach.
Dropping out of substance abuse treatment: A clinically oriented review

Abstract Early attrition from substance abuse treatment is very high, although rates do not differ dramatically from those found in medical and psychiatric treatments. The consequences of substance abuse treatment dropout are severe, however, with early dropouts having the same outcome as untreated clients. Evidence is considered regarding the impact of demographic and social variables on continuation in treatment. The effects of client motivation, substance use, criminality and legal pressure, prior treatment history, and psychopathology are also examined. An analysis of treatment factors and procedures used to enhance retention indicates that more conveniently located, smaller, decentralized clinics, with higher clinical staff ratios and more per capita expenditures, have lower attrition rates. Clients are also likely to continue in treatment longer when they receive rapid initial response and individual attention, and when they are seen in smaller groups in friendly, comfortable environments. Inexpensive techniques such as reminder phone calls and personal letters can be employed in the absence of resources needed to mount more extensive attrition prevention interventions.
Relationship of Personality and Locus of Control With Employment Outcomes Among Participants With Spinal Cord Injury

We investigated relationships among personality, locus of control, and current post-injury employment status for 1,391 participants with spinal cord injury. Participants with higher internality loc...
Near-infrared fiber-optic sample cell: Applications to fourier transform Raman and near-infrared absorption and reflectance spectroscopies

A fiber-optic sample cell designed for use in the near-infrared region is described. For Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy, Nd:YAG laser radiation is transmitted to the sample through one fiber bundle, while a second fiber bundle collects and transfers the scattered light to the source compartment of an infrared interferometer equipped with a CaF2 beam splitter and an InGaAs detector. Because the two fiber bundles are mounted in the aluminum body of the cell, virtually no optical alignment is required. In addition to its utility in FT-Raman spectroscopy, the cell may be used for obtaining near-infrared absorption spectra of liquids and reflectance spectra of solids without changing its configuration. Examples of the many uses of the cell are provided, and modifications which would potentially improve its efficiency and expand its capabilities are discussed.
The Word “Australopithecus” and Others

NEITHER Dr. Bather nor Dr. Allen (NATURE, June 20, p. 947, July 25, p. 135) directs attention to the fact that the names of all well-regulated families or subfamilies should be based on a generic name, so that the term Homosimiidae is ill advised. As for the name Australopithecus and any other combinations, it might be said that scientific names are not, strictly speaking, literature, though so regarded by the orthodox. Many years ago Le Conte, to show that a name need not necessarily mean anything, gave the name Guyascutus to a genus of beetle.
Validation of LTRAN2-HI by comparison with unsteady transonic experiment

Here is the disturbance velocity potential, M^ is the freestream Mach number, and 6 is the airfoil thickness-tochord ratio. For the purpose of flutter analysis, industrial users have indicated the need to perform accurate calculations in a frequency range up to A: =1.0, a reduced frequency violating the "low-frequency" assumption. Therefore an objective of the present study is to extend the range of reduced frequency for improved LTRAN2 applicability. The modifications made to the code in this study involve the addition of high-frequency time-dependent terms in the calculation of the pressure coefficient as well as the wake and downstream boundary conditions. The low-frequency governing equation is retained, however. Several other researchers" have performed similar modifications to LTRAN2, adding high-frequency terms to the boundary conditions of the numerical algorithm. Their results indicate that under subsonic flow conditions, improved agreement with linear theory in amplitudes and phase angles of lift and moment coefficients is obtained at higher frequencies with the modified code. However, to truly demonstrate the merit of the modified code, calculations done under transonic flow conditions should be compared with experimental results. Hence this study was undertaken to modify the existing code LTRAN2 and to evaluate the effects of these changes by comparison with experimental data. The experimental test case for comparison, performed by Davis and Malcolm, is a NACA 64A010 airfoil, pitching about quarter chord, at a Mach number of 0.8 over a range of reduced frequencies up to 0.6. This case was chosen based on the following criteria: 1) the availability of good test data, 2) the presence of a moderate strength shock wave, 3) the absence of strong separation effects in the experiments.
Video Imaging of Atrial Defibrillation in the Sheep Heart

Background The effects of defibrillatory shocks on the organization of atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been studied previously. In this study, we examined the events that precede, accompany, and follow the application of atrial defibrillatory shocks. Methods and Results We used video imaging to study the sequence of activation on the surface of the atria in the Langendorff-perfused sheep heart. We recorded transmembrane potentials simultaneously from >20 000 sites on the epicardium during AF as well as during and after biphasic shocks applied by a programmable atrial defibrillator. Defibrillatory shocks (1.2±0.6 J; n=6) depolarized all epicardial regions of the atria, and asynchronous repolarization occurred. The shocks resulted in four types of responses: (1) immediate cessation of epicardial activity, (2) single postshock activation, (3) organized activation for 0.8 to 1.5 seconds followed by termination, and (4) organized activity followed by degeneration back into AF. Types 2 through 4 involved a quiescent period lasting 110±28 ms immediately after the shock, then an activation sequence similar to those observed during sinus rhythm. The first cycle length after the shock for types 3 and 4 (170±36 ms) was longer than during AF (144±33 ms). Repolarization time after a shock was significantly longer for successful compared with unsuccessful shocks. Conclusions These results indicate that the shock depolarized the entire atrial epicardial surface, followed by a quiescent period, after which organized activation emanated from the sinoatrial pacemaker region.
A role for sialyl Lewis-X/A glycoconjugates in capillary morphogenesis

TO identify cell adhesion molecules required for angiogenesis, we used an in vitro model in which bovine capillary endothelial cells can be induced to form capillary-like tubes. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the carbohydrate epitopes sialyl Lewis-X and sialyl Lewis-A inhibited capillary formation. We postulated that a member of the selectin family of adhesion molecules may be involved in capillary formation because these proteins bind to sialyl Lewis-X/A-containing ligands. We isolated a 2.8-kilobase comple-mentary DNA from a bovine capillary endothelial cell cDNA lib-rary which encodes a polypeptide with 71% identity to human E-selectin. We report here that antibody directed against the bovine E-selectin inhibited capillary formation, suggesting that in addition to its role in leukocyte adhesion to endothelium, a form of E-selectin is involved in capillary morphogenesis.
A component analysis of a behavioral skills training package used to teach conversation skills to young adults with autism spectrum and other developmental disorders

Abstract We conducted a component analysis of a behavioral skills training (BST) package to teach conversation skills to young adults with autism and/or developmental disorders. Performance following each component of the package was compared to a task analysis that included both vocal and non-vocal conversation skills, such as making comments related to the conversation topic, maintaining eye contact, maintaining and appropriate distance from the conversation partner. The components of the BST package included instructions, modeling of an appropriate conversation, rehearsal, rehearsal with feedback, in situ training with feedback provided to the participants in a private training room, and in situ training with feedback plus reinforcement. Results suggested unique components were correlated with acquisition of the conversation skills across participants. Results are presented as they relate to effective components of BST and implications for providing BST to individuals in clinical contexts.
Simple parametrization for octupole states in spherical and weakly deformed heavy nuclei.

A simple parametrization of the frequencies of low-energy octupole phonons in spherical and weakly deformed heavy nuclei is given. It is shown that this parametrization substantially simplifies the interpretation of octupole states in the A = 70, A = 100, and A = 120 regions and provides information on the ordering and spacing of single particle orbitals in valence shells in the latter region. Finally, this parametrization is used for an investigation of the nature of the low-lying negative parity states in Ra and Th isotopes.
Optical properties of liquids for direct absorption solar thermal energy systems

Abstract A method for experimentally determining the extinction index of four liquids (water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and Therminol VP-1) commonly used in solar thermal energy applications was developed. In addition to the extinction index, we report the refractive indices available within the literature for these four fluids. The final value reported is the solar-weighted absorption coefficient for the fluids demonstrating each fluid’s baseline capacity for absorbing solar energy. Water is shown to be the best absorber of solar energy of the four fluids, but it is still a weak absorber, only absorbing 13% of the energy. These values represent the baseline potential for a fluid to be utilized in a direct absorption solar thermal collector.
The origins of the theory of group characters

1. Introductory Remarks The following is intended as a first step towards the writing of the history of the representation heory of finite groups. The central figure is, of course, Georg Frob niu (1849-1917), who created the theory of group characters and much of representation theory. Frobenius was l d to his discoveries by his analysis, in 1896, of the group determinant. Since this no ion is no longer in common use, it will be helpful to begin by defining it and relati g it to more familiar notions. Let G be a finite group with eleme ts glf g2, . . . , gn> where gx=e (the ide ti y). Associate with each g{ a variable xi = xgii and consid r the polynomial 6 in xlf x2, . . . , xn defined by XgigTx Xgigi1 •*• Xgxgnx
Exciton dynamics at interfaces of organic semiconductors

Abstract We review recent progress of using time-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy (2PPE) to study the energetics and dynamics of excitons at surfaces and interfaces of two prototypical organic semiconductors: C60 and pentacene. For C60 thin films epitaxially grown on Au(1 1 1) and Cu(1 1 1) surfaces, we observe both charge transfer and exciton states. For excitons in C60, the proximity of a metal surface leads to rapid, exciton band-mediated quenching. At the surface of pentacene thin films we observe a series of charge-transfer excitons where the electron and the photohole are bound across the interface. The ability of 2PPE to measure and directly relate exciton levels to single-electron levels is illustrated.
Optical Magnetic Imaging with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

We present recent work on developing an optical magnetic imaging system using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. The NV center is a photo-stable and bio-compatible sensor that can be used for both DC and AC magnetic field detection. We applied this imaging system to study DC magnetic fields produced by living cells. For AC detection, the spatial resolution and magnetic field sensitivities are further improved by use of phase encoding technique, widely used in the conventional magnetic resonance imaging.
Dissolution Rate Studies III. Penetration Model for Describing Dissolution of a Multiparticulate System

Danckwerts' penetration model is used to derive equations for the dissolution of solids in a multiparticulate system. The equations obtained are capable of explaining the deviations from linearity of cube-root plots. The loss of sensitivity in distinguishing differences between polymorph dissolution rates at high agitation intensities also may be rationalized from these equations.
High-resolution wavefront control using liquid crystal spatial light modulators

Liquid crystal spatial light modulator technology appropriate for high-resolution wavefront control has recently become commercially available. Some of these devices have several hundred thousand controllable degrees of freedom, more than two orders of magnitude greater than the largest conventional deformable mirror. We will present results of experiments to characterize the optical properties of these devices and to utilize them to correct aberrations in an optical system. We will also present application scenarios for these devices in high-power laser systems.
Hydrometeorology of Rocky Mountain floods

Climatology and flood hydrology of the Rocky Mountains were the topics of a workshop held in Lakewood, Colo., October 4–5, 1990. Ninety-one people participated in the workshop, which was organized by Robert Jarrett, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver; John Liou, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Denver; and Doug Laiho, Delta Environmental Consultants, Boulder, representing the American Society of Civil Engineers. The workshop was held to address some of the recognized complexities in the hydrometeorology of floods in the Rocky Mountains. The complexities are caused by the effects of rough mountain terrain on meteorology, snowmelt and rainfall flooding, and limited rainfall and streamflow data. The current theories and methods used to estimate flood flows in the Rocky Mountains, particularly estimation of the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and the probable maximum flood (PMF), have been questioned by hydrologists and engineers for some time. Purposes of the workshop were to review the current understanding and ongoing research of floods—both frequent and extreme, including the PMF, in the Rocky Mountains; to bring together scientists, engineers, and flood-plain managers in government, industry, consulting firms, and universities; and to provide a mechanism for the exchange of ideas and technology between climatologists, meteorologists, hydrologists, engineers, and managers.
Impasse at the Crossroads: Evolution or Regulation

Abstract Today, the free enterprise system of health care delivery is being challenged in the United States, where availability and consumption of health services and their cost are epochal. Review of the health care delivery systems of other nations reveals failure of the system when the national medical community has been divided, when government has monopolized the system, and when fee for service has been abandoned. Government intervention in American health care has been increasingly regulatory and promises to extend regulation in the immediate future. The American medical community can respond by unifying, by reducing its contribution to health care costs, and by changing physician behavior. Consumers have the responsibility to eliminate unnecessary utilization and to become more informed buyers of health care and insurance. The fiscal intermediary has the responsibility to provide tailored insurance options that are cost-effective. An informed and unified medical community can be a formidable force in shaping the future of health care in the United States.
Molecular aspects of cholangiocarcinoma

Novel targets for therapeutic or chemopreventive approaches against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are urgently needed. In this review article, we discuss the molecular aspects of CCA including the role of erbB receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), downstream signaling pathways of these erbB RTKs, inflammatory mediators during gallbladder carcinogenesis and bile acids based on our study using a mouse model for human CCA (BK5.erbB2 mice) as well as additional information in the literature.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic gastric bypass does not improve outcome and increases costs when compared to open gastric bypass for the surgical treatment of obesity.

BACKGROUND: Hand-assisted laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (Hand-Lap GB) has been adopted by some surgeons to treat morbid obesity because it is easier to perform than the total laparoscopic procedure, but to date no study has compared the outcomes of patients undergoing the Hand-Lap GB to those obtained with the open procedure (Open GB). We hypothesized that patients undergoing Hand-Lap GB would lose a similar amount of weight when compared to Open GB patients, while experiencing no increase in complications, a shorter hospital stay, and lower overall costs of care, in part as a result of fewer incisional hernias requiring subsequent surgery. METHODS: Nonrandomized, prospective data were collected on all patients undergoing proximal GB via Hand-Lap or open approaches between May 1998 and July 1999. Our first 25 Hand-Lap GB procedures, performed in selected patients (with no extensive previous abdominal surgery) referred to two of us (E.J.D, M.A.S), were compared to all other (n = 62) concurrent open proximal GB performed by the group during this period of time in patients with body mass index (BMI) <50 kg/m2. RESULTS: Preoperatively, Hand-Lap GB patients did not differ from Open GB patients in age (40 ± 11 vs 43 ± 11 years), gender (92% female vs 81% female), incidence or type of preoperative comorbid conditions, preoperative weight (282 ± 33 vs 280 ± 37 lb), or BMI (45.5 ± 5.4 vs 44.1 ± 3.3 kg/m2). (Data given as mean ± standard deviation). Although length of hospital stay did not differ between groups (3.6 ± 1.3 vs 4.2 ± 4.6 days), total hospital costs were significantly higher for Hand-Lap GB ($14,725 ± 3089 vs. $10,281 ± 3687, p <0.01 ANOVA). One patient in the Open GB group developed an anastomotic leak from the gastrojejunostomy. Follow-up revealed that Hand-Lap GB patients had a similar risk of postoperative complications as the Open GB group, including marginal ulcer (16% vs 14.5%), stomal stenosis (24% vs 23%), and, most notably, incisional hernia (20% vs 27%). There were no major wound infections or deaths in either group. One patient in each group developed a postoperative small bowel obstruction. Loss of excess weight in Hand-Lap GB patients at 12 months postoperatively was 66 ± 14% vs 77 ± 14% in the Open GB group. CONCLUSIONS: The Hand-Lap GB yielded good weight reduction in a population of morbidly obese patients, but at a higher cost for hospital care than Open GB. There was no decrease in the incidence of incisional hernias with the Hand-Lap GB procedure. Although Hand-Lap GB appears to be safe and effective, its failure to provide a decrease in hospital stay or risk of incisional hernia requiring subsequent surgical repair is significant. The primary role for the Hand-Lap GB procedure should therefore be to aid surgeons in developing skills to climb the steep learning curve for total laparoscopic gastric bypass, since Hand-Lap GB does not improve patient outcome and increases cost in comparison to the open GB procedure.
Estimation of terminal capacity in probabilistic communication nets

Abstract The branch capacities in a communication net are assumed to be random variables so that terminal capacities are also random variables. The problem of finding estimates of terminal capacity based on a set of observations of maximum flow rates is considered, for both the stationary and non-stationary case.
Near resonance interactions in the B-O scheme. The vibronic mechanism pertinent to radiationless transitions and inhomogeneous line broadening

Abstract Near resonance vibronic interactions in the Born-Oppenheimer approximation - pertinent to radiationless transitions and inhomogeneous line broadening - are shown to be independent of the relevant electronic energy separation and to be practically equivalent to those deduced in the crude adiabatic scheme. The present theoretical results agree with those previously deduced by the authors in alternative procedures. The superiority of the B-O approximation for resonant interactions of this type - which rests on the belief that the off-diagonal elements arising in this scheme are smaller than those resulting in alternative schemes and inversely proportional to the electronic energy separation - is therefore questionable.
Performance Enhancement of a Vertical Tail Model with Sweeping Jet Actuators

Active Flow Control (AFC) experiments performed at the Caltech Lucas Adaptive Wall Wind Tunnel on a 12%-thick, generic vertical tail model indicated that sweeping jets emanating from the trailing edge (TE) of the vertical stabilizer significantly increased the side force coefficient for a wide range of rudder deflection angles and yaw angles at free-stream velocities approaching takeoff rotation speed. The results indicated that 2% blowing momentum coefficient (C(sub mu) increased the side force in excess of 50% at the maximum conventional rudder deflection angle in the absence of yaw. Even C(sub mu) = 0.5% increased the side force in excess of 20% under these conditions. This effort was sponsored by the NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project and the successful demonstration of this flow-control application could have far reaching implications. It could lead to effective applications of AFC technologies on key aircraft control surfaces and lift enhancing devices (flaps) that would aid in reduction of fuel consumption through a decrease in size and weight of wings and control surfaces or a reduction of the noise footprint due to steeper climb and descent.
Overview of tumor lysis syndrome

Objectives: To provide a general overview of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) focusing on the incidence, epidemiology, and patient outcomes associated with the syndrome; review the role of the oncology nurse in impacting patient outcomes and identify evolving issues relating to TLS. Data Sources: Primary and tertiary literature related to TLS and clinical practice experience. Conclusions: Issues related to TLS continue to evolve and the oncology nurse plays a key role in patient management. as with other neoplastic disease-related complications (eg, pain, nausea/vomiting), knowledge of TLS and attention and intervention, where appropriate, can positively impact patient outcome. Implications for Nursing Practice: The oncology nurse plays a critical role in impacting patient outcomes with respect to TLS ranging from collaboration with other disciplines to identifying patients at risk, through assessments vigilant monitoring, and implementing optimal treatment regimens.
Exercise and Fitness for Persons with Disabilities

Over the past decade greater attention has been focused on the role of exercise and fitness for persons with disabilities. Increased involvement in exercise programmes, competitive sports and fitness activities has led to further inquiry into the broader concepts of performance, prevention of further deterioration of a given disability, maintenance for activities of daily living, and overall well-being. This paper reviews the literature on 3 categories of disabilities, mental retardation, mental illness and selected physical disabilities, in order to determine the role of exercise and fitness programmes in each. Despite problems in research design, sampling procedures, instrument validity, and delineation of fitness components, there is growing support for the premise that physical exercise has a role to play in breaking the debilitative cycle. Although the research indicates that physical activity can serve as a potential non-pharmacological adjunct therapy for persons with physical disabilities, there is still a need for well-controlled studies to quantify the individualisation of exercise programming.
Insurance status, use of mental health services, and unmet need for mental health care in the United States.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to provide updated national estimates and correlates of service use, unmet need, and barriers to mental health treatment among adults with mental disorders.Methods:The sample included 36,647 adults ages 18–64 (9,723 with any mental illness and 2,608 with serious mental illness) from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Logistic regression models were used to examine predictors of mental health treatment and perceived unmet need.Results:Substantial numbers of adults with mental illness did not receive treatment (any mental illness, 62%; serious mental illness, 41%) and perceived an unmet need for treatment (any mental illness, 21%; serious mental illness, 41%). Having health insurance was a strong correlate of mental health treatment use (any mental illness: private insurance, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.29–2.06; Medicaid, AOR=2.66, CI=2.04–3.46; serious mental illness: private insurance, AOR=1.65, CI=1.12–2.45; Medicaid...
Some compositional properties of seeds and oils of eightAmaranthus species

Grain of 21Amaranthus accessions (eight species) was analyzed for crude fat, fatty acid profiles (FAP), and vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols). Contents of (1→3), (1→4) β-glucan were determined in 12 accessions (four species), and trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in 20 accessions (six species). FAP and vitamin E profiles were compared to those of barley, buckwheat, corn, lupin, oat, and wheat oils. Crude fat content ranged from 5.2 to 7.7%, and of the oils examined, amaranth oil was most similar in FAP to corn and buckwheat oils. Amaranth was higher than all but wheat and lupin in tocopherol content but was virtually devoid of tocotrienols, which have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic activity. Amaranth grain did not contain (1→3), (1→4) β-glucans and was low in trypsin inhibitor activity (≤4.3 trypsin units inhibited/mg). Any hypocholesterolemic effects of dietary amaranth are apparently due to substances other than (1→3), (1→4) β-glucans or tocotrienols.
Activity-dependent differences between rat fast and slow neuromuscular systems

Activity-dependent pharmacologic differences between the fast tibialis anterior and slow soleus neuromuscular systems of the rat were studied. The tibialis anterior was more sensitive than the soleus to d-tubocurarine tetanic fade (50 Hz), as determined from recordings of compound muscle action potentials. Pre-treatment with physostigmine prevented curare-induced tetanic fade in the tibialis anterior, but not the soleus. Additionally, when contractile tension was 80% blocked by d-tubocurarine, the tibialis anterior was more responsive than the soleus to the decurarizing action of tetanic stimulation (25, 50 and 100 Hz). These results disclose that activity-dependent pharmacologic differences exist between neuromuscular systems. Further, they indicate that the tibialis anterior and the soleus differ in their processes of transmitter release. It is speculated that differences in nerve terminal Ca2+ account for the observed pharmacologic differences between the tibialis anterior and soleus.
Immunoblot studies of the IGF-related acid-labile subunit

Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGF-I and II) are present in serum primarily within a ternary complex consisting of IGF, IGF-binding protein-3 (IGF-3) and acid-labile subunit (ALS). Relatively little is known about ALS as compared to the other components of the complex. We report immunoblot studies of ALS using a new rabbit antiserum to human ALS1-34. The antiserum shows high specificity for ALS, labelling only the intact 82-88 kDa doublet in whole serum. Treatment with endoglycosidase-F leads to only a partial deglycosylation of ALS in whole serum, while purified ALS is reduced to M(r) approximately 58 kDa. Acidification of both whole serum and purified ALS leads to a complete loss of ALS ability to bind to cross-linked IGFBP-3:[125I]IGF-II tracer; however, immunoblot studies show no change in the apparent M(r) of the major ALS band. Immunoblot studies of human serum shows that intact ALS is decreased in growth-hormone (GH) deficiency, increases with GH treatment, is elevated in GH excess and is unchanged with IGF-I treatment. These data provide new information regarding the characteristics of ALS and demonstrate the research utility of a highly-specific antiserum for this protein.
Unusual Two-Dimensional Sheet Structure of the Solvent-Free Cesium Aryloxide Complex CsO-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3

The solvent-free cesium aryloxide complex Cs(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) (1) has been isolated and structurally characterized. In the solid state, 1 consists of Cs(O-2,6-i-Pr2C6H3) units held in pseudo-one-dimensional infinite chains by both Cs−O and Cs−π-arene interactions with the neighboring unit. The chains are cross-linked into two-dimensional sheets by Cs−C interactions between a carbon atom in the para position of the arene ring and a cesium cation from an adjacent chain.
Individualization of Immunosuppressive Therapy. II. Sirolimus as a Less Nephrotoxic Alternative to Calcineurin Inhibitors

The nephrotoxic effects of chronic administration of calcineurin inhibitors have created a demand for a potent immunosuppressive drug free of this side effect. Sirolimus (SRL) clearly displays fewer and a lesser degree of adverse effects on renal function by itself. However, in combination with calcineurin antagonists, it tends to augment the nephrotoxicity due, at least in part, to a pharmacokinetic interaction. The use of SRL for de novo immunosuppression (even with adjunctive mycophenolate mofetil) is probably not sufficient to avert alloimmune reactions. A useful combination with SRL can be achieved by reducing calcineurin inhibitor exposure by 80% for immediately functioning kidneys or by delaying its inception until renal graft recovery. SRL proffers additional benefits as an inhibitor of endothelial and smooth muscle cell proliferation, serving as the foundation of chronic immunosuppressive therapy.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) effects on enkephalinergic neurons in various regions of mouse brain

Abstract In order to elucidate the effects of MPTP on enkephalinergic neurons, dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), proenkephalin (PE) mRNA and met-enkephalin (ME) were measured in striatum, olfactory tubercle, and prefrontal cortex of C57/B16 mice 1 day–2 weeks following treatment with 96 mg/kg MPTP-HCl (24 mg/kg i.p., twice/day for 2 days). DA and its metabolites were depleted 70% in striatum and 40% in olfactory tubercle within 1 day. In cortex, DA was unchanged, whereas homovanillic acid and NE were depleted 50 and 40% respectively by 3 days. ME increased in all three brain regions at different times whereas PE mRNA showed a different pattern in each region, with an increase in olfactory tubercle, a decrease in cortex, and in striatum, a decrease at 1 day followed by an increase at 3 days. Thus enkephalinergic neurons in each region respond differently to MPTP treatment. In striatum and olfactory tubercle, DA is depeleted sufficiently to release its tonic inhibition on the enkephalinergic neurons, thereby leading to increased enkephalin synthesis. In cortex, the change in NE metabolism appears to cause a decrease of ME release and thereby a depression of PE synthesis. The possible relationship between these results and the changes observed in Parkinson's disease are discussed.
Asynchronous vs didactic education: it’s too early to throw in the towel on tradition

Asynchronous, computer based instruction is cost effective, allows self-directed pacing and review, and addresses preferences of millennial learners. Current research suggests there is no significant difference in learning compared to traditional classroom instruction. Data are limited for novice learners in emergency medicine. The objective of this study was to compare asynchronous, computer-based instruction with traditional didactics for senior medical students during a week-long intensive course in acute care. We hypothesized both modalities would be equivalent. This was a prospective observational quasi-experimental study of 4th year medical students who were novice learners with minimal prior exposure to curricular elements. We assessed baseline knowledge with an objective pre-test. The curriculum was delivered in either traditional lecture format (shock, acute abdomen, dyspnea, field trauma) or via asynchronous, computer-based modules (chest pain, EKG interpretation, pain management, trauma). An interactive review covering all topics was followed by a post-test. Knowledge retention was measured after 10 weeks. Pre and post-test items were written by a panel of medical educators and validated with a reference group of learners. Mean scores were analyzed using dependent t-test and attitudes were assessed by a 5-point Likert scale. 44 of 48 students completed the protocol. Students initially acquired more knowledge from didactic education as demonstrated by mean gain scores (didactic: 28.39% ± 18.06; asynchronous 9.93% ± 23.22). Mean difference between didactic and asynchronous = 18.45% with 95% CI [10.40 to 26.50]; p = 0.0001. Retention testing demonstrated similar knowledge attrition: mean gain scores −14.94% (didactic); -17.61% (asynchronous), which was not significantly different: 2.68% ± 20.85, 95% CI [−3.66 to 9.02], p = 0.399. The attitudinal survey revealed that 60.4% of students believed the asynchronous modules were educational and 95.8% enjoyed the flexibility of the method. 39.6% of students preferred asynchronous education for required didactics; 37.5% were neutral; 23% preferred traditional lectures. Asynchronous, computer-based instruction was not equivalent to traditional didactics for novice learners of acute care topics. Interactive, standard didactic education was valuable. Retention rates were similar between instructional methods. Students had mixed attitudes toward asynchronous learning but enjoyed the flexibility. We urge caution in trading in traditional didactic lectures in favor of asynchronous education for novice learners in acute care.
A facile strategy to design zeolite L crystals with tunable morphology and surface architecture.

Tailoring the anisotropic growth rates of materials to achieve desired structural outcomes is a pervasive challenge in synthetic crystallization. Here we discuss a method to selectively control the growth of zeolite crystals, which are used extensively in a wide range of industrial applications. This facile method cooperatively tunes crystal properties, such as morphology and surface architecture, through the use of inexpensive, commercially available chemicals with specificity for binding to crystallographic surfaces and mediating anisotropic growth. We examined over 30 molecules as potential zeolite growth modifiers (ZGMs) of zeolite L (LTL type) crystallization. ZGM efficacy was quantified through a combination of macroscopic (bulk) and microscopic (surface) investigations that identified modifiers capable of dramatically altering the cylindrical morphology of LTL crystals. We demonstrate an ability to tailor properties critical to zeolite performance, such as external porous surface area, crystal shap...
On fuzzy recognizers

In this paper, we define and examine the concept of a fuzzy recognizer. If L(M) is the language recognized by an incomplete fuzzy recognizer M, we show that there is a completion M of M such that L(M) = L(M). We also show that if A is a recognizable set of words, then there is a complete accessible fuzzy recognizer MA such that L(MA) = A. We lay groundwork to determine rational decompositions of recognizable sets.
A longitudinal study of correlates of creativity

Abstract: Longitudinal divergent thinking and motivational and personality assessment data were collected from school children (from their 1st through their 12th grade) who were selected as having creative potential according to the Williams (1972) Cognitive Affective Interaction (CAI) model. The research was initiated as an evaluation design with treatment and nontreatment groups and the CAI enrichment with the treatment group. Findings suggest treatment effects up through the 6th grade and then a decline in divergent‐thinking scores occurs by the 9th and 12th grades. Self‐esteem and self‐concept scores showed a similar trend, but personality scores remained fairly stable. Limitations of the test of motivation prevented conclusions regarding them. It seems likely that the decline in divergent thinking after the 6th grade was related to a change in the enrichment program in which the subjects after the 6th grade did not participate weekly in the small group activities. The findings are discussed in the co...
Phosphate stabilization of intermolecular interactions

Receptor heteromerization is an important phenomenon that results from the interaction of epitopes on two receptors. Previous studies have suggested the possibility of Dopamine D2- NMDA receptors’ interaction. We believe that the interaction is through an acidic epitope of the NMDA NR1 subunit (KVNSEEEEEDA) and a basic epitope of the D2 third intracellular loop (VLRRRRRKRVN), which was shown to also interact with the Adenosine A2A receptor. In previous work we highlighted the role of certain amino acid residues, mainly two or more adjacent arginine on one peptide and two or more adjacent glutamate, or aspartate, or a phosphorylated residue on the other in the formation of noncovalent complexes (NCX) between epitopes. In the present work, we use the phosphorylated (KVNSpEEEEEDA), non-phosphorylated (KVNSEEEEEDA) and modified (KVNpSAAAAAAA) forms of the NMDA epitope that possibly interact with the D2 epitope to investigate the gas-phase stability of the NCXs as a function of the nominal energy given to the NCX ion as it enters the collision cell. In addition to theoretical calculations, the experimental data was used to calculate the stability of each electrostatic complex versus that of the dimer of KVNSpEEEEEDA. Our results demonstrate the importance of the phosphate group in stabilizing molecular interactions and that appreciably higher collision energies are required to completely dissociate any of the three different NCX ions that are formed through electrostatic interaction in comparison to the energy required to dissociate the KVNpSEEEEEDA dimer ion, which is mainly kept together by hydrogen bonding. This study emphasizes ionic bonds stability and their importance to protein structure as their potent electrostatic attractions can in the gas phase surpass the strength of covalent bonds.
Nitrate removal in riparian wetland soils: Effects of flow rate, temperature, nitrate concentration and soil depth

Abstract Riparian zones, located adjacent to intensely managed agricultural fields, are thought to play an important role in removal of nutrient contaminants including NO−3 from groundwater. We studied the effect of flow rate, NO−3 concentration and temperature on NO−3 removal in soil columns under saturated-flow conditions. Bibb (coarse-loamy, siliceous, acid thermic Typic Fluvaquent) sandy loam soil was collected from a riparian forest located in Nomini Creek Watershed, Virginia. Soils included in the study were a permanently inundated surface horizon, a seasonally saturated surface horizon, a shallow subsurface horizon and a deep subsurface horizon. Soil columns were infiltrated with NO−3 amended groundwater at concentrations from 14 to 36 mg NO−3-N L−1. Column operating temperatures varied between 8 and 20°C and flow rates between 0.01 and 0.09 mL min−1. Following a 48 h equilibrium period, effluent NO−3 and N2O concentrations were determined. Denitrification was the primary mechanism of NO−3 removal, with higher denitrification capacities found in the surface horizons. Effluent NO−3 concentrations could be described by a linear combination of temperature, flow rate and influent NO−3 concentrations. Low temperatures and increased flow rates reduced the denitrification capacity in all soils. Our results showed that the NO−3 removal capacity present in the Bibb soil should theoretically be sufficient to remove most, if not all, NO−3 from the groundwater at the Nomini Creek study site. However, on-site measurements of NO−3 concentration in receiving streams indicated that this capacity is not fully realized in the field, suggesting the importance of other factors such as local hydrology and groundwater flow patterns.
Photosynthesis is required for induction of the CO2‐concentrating system in Chlamydomonas reinhardii

Chlamydomonas reinhardii cells grown photoautotrophically at air levels of C@ (0.03-0.04%) exhibit a much higher affinity for inorganic carbon in photosynthesis than do cells grown at elevated (I-58) CO, concentrations [ 11. This is also true of other unicellular green algae [2,3]. The apparent Km (CO2) of air-adapted C. reinhardii is much lower than that of RuBP carboxylase from the same cells [ 11. Two explanations have been offered for this phenomenon, one being solely dependent on the activity of carbonic anhydrase [4,5] and the other based on a CO2 concentrating mechanism [6,7]. Although not well characterized, the proposed CO2 concentrating mechanism appears to involve active HCOytransport into the algal cells [6-81, raising the internal inorganic carbon concentration several-fold higher than that of the surrounding medium [6,8,9]. Carbonic anhydrase activity increases substantially in high COz-adapted algae upon transfer to air levels of CO2 [2,4,10], as does the apparent capacity for energy dependent HCOF transport [6]. This suggests that carbonic anhydrase may play a specific role in the CO2 concentrating mechanism of these algae. We have utilized photosynthesis-deficient mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardii and manipulation of growth conditions in wild-type C. reinhardii to study regulation of carbonic anhydrase activity and the capacity for bicarbonate transport. We conclude that there is a coordinated regulation of carbonic anhydrase and bicarbonate transport in Chlamydomonas and that this regulation may be mediated by photosynthetic or photorespiratory metabolism.