cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Smoking Cessation Counseling Training for Pediatric Residents in the Continuity Clinic Setting

Objective.— To determine the effectiveness of a clinic-based smoking cessation counseling curriculum on pediatric resident confidence, knowledge, counseling skills, and provision of counseling. Methods.— Twenty-six residents at a pediatric residency program completed a new smoking cessation counseling curriculum as part of continuity clinic training. We assigned residents to 2 groups (study group, n=12 vs control group, n=14) on the basis of clinic site. We used a quasi-experimental, crossover design with pre- and posttests for each group. Control-group residents served as an initial control before the intervention crossover. Residents were tested at baseline and at completion of each group's intervention. Standardized patients measured resident provision of counseling and quality of counseling during resident continuity clinic. Knowledge and confidence were measured by a written exam and self-administered survey. Analysis of variance with a mixed design assessed overall group differences and group performances over time. Results.— There were no baseline differences between groups. Across time, there were significant differences between study-group and control-group residents for confidence (F [2, 48] = 11.82; P P P P P Conclusions.— Our findings suggest that a clinic-based curriculum in smoking cessation counseling can significantly increase knowledge, confidence, counseling skills, and provision of counseling. Future research should evaluate the long-term impact of such curricula on resident counseling behavior and patient outcomes.
MUDPACK-2: multigrid software for approximating elliptic partial differential equations on uniform grids with any resolution

We describe a multigrid software package, MUDPACK-2, that approximates elliptic partial differential equations in two and three dimensions on uniform meshes without restrictions on the number of grid points in each direction. MUDPACK-2 retains all the functionality of the original MUDPACK.
Failing to take the moral high ground : Psychopathy and the vertical representation of morality

Abstract Morality is explained in metaphors that use descriptions of verticality (e.g., “an upstanding citizen”). It is unknown, however, if these metaphors simply aid communication or indicate a deeper mode of knowledge representation. In two experiments, we sought to determine the extent to which verticality is used when encoding moral concepts. Furthermore, because psychopaths are characterized by a lack of moral concern, we believed this personality dimension could act as an important moderator. Experiment 1 established that people have implicit associations between morality and vertical space. Experiment 2 extended this finding by revealing that people low in psychopathy encoded moral-related (vs. immoral-related) concepts faster if they were presented in a high (vs. low) vertical position. This effect did not occur for participants high in psychopathy. Our results indicate that morality is partially represented on the vertical dimension, but not for individuals with little concern for morality.
The Perfect Must Not Overwhelm the Good: Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Selecting the Right Tool For the Job”

We thank each of the peer commentators for their contributions. The key points they raise fall into five broad but interrelated categories of questions: (1) What are the appropriate goals of resear...
Tunneling Spectroscopy in GaAs

Observations of tunneling in Schottky barriers made from $n$- and $p$-type GaAs with Au as the metallic element are presented in detail. The characteristics are expressed in terms of the dependence of incremental resistance $\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dI}}$ on applied voltage $V$. These are interpreted in terms of a theory which uses the WKBJ approximations and a two-band formulation for the dispersion of states of the forbidden gap. An experimental determination of this dispersion is made which proves to be consistent with the theory. In this determination, a technique is introduced in which the characteristics are measured directly as $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}I}{\mathrm{dV}}$. Fine structure is observed superposed on the background characteristic at $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ and is interpreted as a manybody polar (polaron) interaction. Some new aspects of the problem of zero-bias anomalies are presented.
The infectivity of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the velvetbean caterpillar for eight noctuid hosts

Abstract Eight species of noctuid larvae were tested for susceptibility to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis. Velvetbean caterpillar larvae were highly susceptible to crude preparations of polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs; LD50 = 4.7 PIBs/larva), but preparations of purified polyhedra were much less effective against these larvae (LD50 = 319.7 PIBs/larva). Of seven other noctuid species tested, only Heliothis virescens was as susceptible to the virus as A. gemmatalis. High dosages were required to kill Heliothis zea, Trichoplusia ni, Pseudoplusia includens, and Spodoptera ornithogalli. Plathypena scabra and Spodoptera frugiperda were not susceptible.
Range-Adapting Representation of Economic Value in the Orbitofrontal Cortex

While making economic choices, individuals assign subjective values to the available options. Values computed in different behavioral conditions, however, can vary substantially. The same person might choose some times between goods worth a few dollars, and other times between goods worth thousands of dollars, or more. How does the brain system that computes values—the “valuation system”—handle this large variability? Here we show that the representation of value in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), an area implicated in value assignment during economic choice, adapts to the behavioral condition of choice and, more specifically, to the range of values available in any given condition. In the experiments, monkeys chose between different juices and their choice patterns provided a measure of subjective value. Value ranges were varied from session to session and, in each session, OFC neurons encoded values in a linear way. Across the population, the neuronal sensitivity (defined as the change in neuronal activity elicited by the increase in one value unit) was inversely proportional to the value range. Conversely, the neuronal activity range did not depend on the value range. This phenomenon of range adaptation complements that of menu invariance observed in a previous study. Indeed, the activity of each neuron adapts to the range values it encodes but does not depend on other available goods. Our results thus suggest that the representation of value in the OFC is at one time instantiative of preference transitivity (menu invariance) and computationally efficient (range adaptation).
Neuronal co-ordination of rhythmic maxilliped beating in brachyuran and anomuran crustacea

Abstract 1. 1. The neuronal mechanism which co-ordinates the rhythmic beating of the flagella of the three pairs of maxillipeds has been investigated in nine species of Decapod Crustacea, by recording the electrical activity in the abductor muscles of the flagella in unrestrained animals. 2. 2. The arrival of two or three impulses in two motoneurones leads to a single twitch contraction of the abductor muscle and a single beat of a flagellum. The return stroke to the adducted position is passive and is caused by elastic recoil. 3. 3. The three flagella on one side beat in a strict temporal sequence in which the third flagellum leads, followed after a constant delay by the second and then the firts. For a given animal there is a fundamental frequency of beating, which is the same for the maxilipeds of both sides, regardless of whether both sides beat together (Anomura) or alternate (Brachyura). When both sides beat together, there is a fixed and constant delay which separates the beat of a flagellum on one side from the other. 4. 4. There is close co-ordination between the unilateral beating of the maxillipeds, the direction of walking and movements of the antennules. 5. 5. It is possible to account for these details of co-ordination with a unit level neural model in which a single pacemaker controls a short open chain of interneurones with fixed but different synaptic delays to the motoneurons of each flagellum.
Cellular Localization and Trafficking of the Human ABCG1 Transporter

We have developed a suitable heterologous cell expression system to study the localization, trafficking, and site(s) of function of the human ABCG1 transporter. Increased plasma membrane (PM) and late endosomal (LE) cholesterol generated by ABCG1 was removed by lipoproteins and liposomes, but not apoA-I. Delivery of ABCG1 to the PM and LE was required for ABCG1-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux. ABCG1 LEs frequently contacted the PM, providing a collisional mechanism for transfer of ABCG1-mobilized cholesterol, similar to ABCG1-mediated PM cholesterol efflux to lipoproteins. ABCG1-mobilized LE cholesterol also trafficked to the PM by a non-vesicular pathway. Transfer of ABCG1-mobilized cholesterol from the cytoplasmic face of LEs to the PM and concomitant removal of cholesterol from the outer leaflet of the PM bilayer by extracellular acceptors suggests that ABCG1 mobilizes cholesterol on both sides of the lipid bilayer for removal by acceptors. ABCG1 increased uptake of HDL into LEs, consistent with a potential ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux pathway involving HDL resecretion. Thus, ABCG1 at the PM mobilizes PM cholesterol and ABCG1 in LE/LYS generates mobile pools of cholesterol that can traffic by both vesicular and non-vesicular pathways to the PM where it can also be transferred to extracellular acceptors with a lipid surface.
Change in cerebral autoregulation as a function of time in children after severe traumatic brain injury: a case series

The objective of this study was to describe changes in cerebral autoregulation after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Two cerebral autoregulation tests were performed during the first 10 days after severe TBI in children <16 years. Cerebral autoregulation was quantified using the mean autoregulatory index (mARI). Nine (five males/four females) children (10 ± 5 years) with severe (admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 5 ± 2) TBI were enrolled. Thirty (3/9) percent of initial exams revealed impaired cerebral autoregulation; all three had returned to intact cerebral autoregulation on second exam. However, in three of nine (33%) patients, cerebral autoregulation worsened on second exam. Of the factors examined, worsening mARI on second exam was associated with worsening head computed tomography (CT) lesion. Cerebral autoregulation often changed and worsened during the first 9 days after severe pediatric TBI. Worsening cerebral autoregulation may mirror worsening TBI.
LDPC-Coded Optical Coherent State Quantum Communications

The problem of communication using optical coherent quantum states, in the presence of background radiation, is considered. Two modulation formats are studied, on-off keying (OOK) and M-ary pulse-position modulation (PPM). The bit-error-rate performance improvement due to low-density parity-check coding is reported. For OOK, it is assumed that the coherent state signal has a random phase. For an average number of noise photons N = 0.1, the required number of signal photons per information bit is six in the case of coded quantum OOK. For the same level of noise (N = 0.1) and assuming that signal phase is known, coded 16-ary PPM requires only 1.21 of signal photons per information bit.
Transfection of cells using flow-through electroporation based on constant voltage

Electroporation is a high-efficiency and low-toxicity physical gene transfer method. Classical electroporation protocols are limited by the small volume of cell samples processed (less than 10(7) cells per reaction) and low DNA uptake due to partial permeabilization of the cell membrane. Here we describe a flow-through electroporation protocol for continuous transfection of cells, using disposable devices, a syringe pump and a low-cost power supply that provides a constant voltage. We show transfection of cell samples with rates ranging from 40 μl min(-1) to 20 ml min(-1) with high efficiency. By inducing complex migrations of cells during the flow, we also show permeabilization of the entire cell membrane and markedly increased DNA uptake. The fabrication of the devices takes 1 d and the flow-through electroporation typically takes 1-2 h.
Alkali co-adsorption and surface coverage effects on electron-stimulated desorption (ESD): CO and NO on Ni(111)

We present results on the effect of potassium co-adsorption on the ESD from CO and NO on Ni(111) at 90 K. K co-adsorption strongly affects the yields of positive ions and alters their electron beam energy dependence. At a K-coverage of θK = 0.25 and saturation coverages of CO or NO, the strong O+ ESD threshold associated with O 1s ionization is eliminated. We attribute this to increased metal → CO(2π★) electron back-donation upon K addition which screens the O 1s hole, and reduces the excitation probability of shake-off/shake-up processes responsible for O+ ESD. For fixed K-coverage, the ESD yields depend on adsorbate coverage. For θK = 0.25 and CO or NO exposures <1 L the adsorbate state is ESD inactive at both valence- and core-excitation energies.
Time: The hidden dimension in strategic planning

Abstract Recent research indicates that business executives differ in their orientation toward the future, and that these orientations are associated with individual preferences for different corporate planning horizons. However, very little is known about the process of setting planning horizons and its interrelationship with the setting of corporate objectives. Such conditions thus call for a study of the temporal aspects of strategic management. Toward that end, this article discusses (a) the role of individual future orientations of corporate executives in setting planning horizons, (b) the case for considering planning horizons as a means in the traditional goal-means complex, and (c) the idea of planning horizons as unacknowledged negotiating currency in the politics of strategic decision making.
PREDICTORS OF JOB SATISFACTION AMONG POLICE OFFICERS: DOES PERSONALITY MATTER?

Abstract The aim of this research was to enhance the theoretical foundation of job satisfaction within the field of policing. The data were collected through a self-report survey administered to a sample of sworn police officers (N = 87). The primary research question was whether personality characteristics significantly contribute to perceptions of job satisfaction beyond which could be explained through demographic and job characteristic variables. Although results of hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that overall personality measurement added to the variance accounted for in job satisfaction beyond demographic and job characteristic variables, none of the independent personality scales were significant predictors. Overall, results demonstrated that years of experience and the job characteristic factors of autonomy and feedback were the most important predictors of job satisfaction in this sample of police offers. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Plutonium levels in Kwajalein Lagoon

Reported plutonium levels in fish from both Kwajalein and Enewetak lagoons, suggest that Kwajalein Lagoon contains significantly more plutonium in its environment than would be expected from worldwide fallout levels alone, although quantities of plutonium greater than fallout concentrations have not been detected in the lagoon water. If there is no reason to reject the published fish data, then individuals on Kwajalein Atoll who supplement their diet with foods from the local marine environment may have plutonium body burdens similar to the low levels predicted for individuals on similar diets at Enewetak Atoll.
Positive reinforcement and visual evoked potentials in cat

Abstract Visual evoked potentials (EPs) to light flashes or to central electrical stimuli were studied in freely moving rats trained to press a lever for milk reward. The EPs were recorded from the optic chiasm (OC), dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LG) and striate cortex (posterior marginal gyrus) during the following behavioral states: (1) non-rewarded lever pressing performance (NOR); (2) consumption of reward; (3) relaxed wakefulness after satiation (REL); (4) sleep onset; and (5) emotional excitement (EXC). Light flashes were delivered from a tiny contact flash unit placed on the cornea. Both pupils were maximally dilated with homatropine. The EPs were studied either in absence or in the presence of ambient light entering the nonstimulated eye. A minimum intensity of ambient light entering one eye during consumption of reward was necessary for a bilateral occurence of high amplitude 6–9 c/sec rhythmic ECoG activity over the striate cortex, i.e. , post-reinforcement synchronization (PRS). During NOR and EXC the EPs recorded from the OC, LG, and cortex (CX) were poorly developed, whereas those during PRS, REL or sleep onset were conspicuously augmented. The increase in amplitude of the OC and LG EPs was associated with increase in latency of the primary positive peaks. The presence of ambient light entering the non-stimulated eye during consumption of reward, associated with PRS, had a facilitatory effect on the EPs in the OC and LG. During other behavioral states: NOR, EXC, REL or sleep onset, ambient light had no significant effect. These observations indicate that a central interaction of light and gustatory input results in centrifugal modulation of gross retinal output. In contrast to flash-induced cortical EPs, those elicited centrally by electrical stimulation of the LG were markedly suppressed during PRS, REL or sleep onset as compared to EPs recorded during NOR or EXC. The facilitation of cortical EPs to LG stimulation observed during NOR and EXC was markedly potentiated by ipsilateral and contralateral input of ambient light. On the other hand, bilateral input of ambient light increased the amplitude and duration of PRS activity and suppressed the EPs, thus sharpening the contrast between the EPs observed during NOR or EXC and those recorded during PRS.
Facts and fallacies about streptococcal infection and rheumatic fever.

Abstract Recent outbreaks of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in the United States are drawing attention to a previously declining disease. Authorities agree that penicillin treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) pharyngitis contributed to the decline in incidence and severity of ARE However, because the pathogenic mechanism that links GABHS and ARF is still a debatable issue, the cause of the recent outbreaks is unknown. A review of the current literature generates interesting questions about the current status of ARF and common GABHS testing and treatment practices. Facts about GABHS and ARF and current recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of GABHS pharyngitis are presented.
Overexpression and Biosynthetic Deuterium Enrichment of TEM-1 β-Lactamase for Structural Characterization by Magnetic Resonance Methods

Abstract An expression system has been developed that allows high levels of production of TEM-1 β-lactamase with ease of biosynthetic incorporation of nuclear isotopes. The gene for mature TEM-1 β-lactamase fused to the leader sequence of the ompA protein was subcloned into the pET-24a(+) vector by introduction of an Nde I restriction site at the first codon of the fused genes and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. With protein induction at 25°C supported by LB medium supplemented with osmolytes (300 mM sucrose and 2.5 mM betaine), the extracellular, mature form of wild-type TEM-1 β-lactamase was recovered at a level of 140 mg/L. The production level of E166N, E240C, E104C, and M272C mutants depended on the mutation but was invariably higher than reported by others for expression systems of the wild-type enzyme. Comparison of different carbon sources on the efficiency of biosynthetic incorporation of covalent deuterium showed maximal (90%) incorporation with minimal medium containing 99% 2 H 2 O and sodium d 3 -acetate (99 atom% 2 H). The yield of deuterium-enriched wild-type enzyme was 80 mg/L with yields for mutants proportionally reduced. The high level of protein deuteration achieved with this system allowed detection of the hyperfine coupling between the paramagnetic nitroxyl group of a spin-labeled penicillin substrate and hydrogens on the penicillin moiety in a cryokinetically isolated acylenzyme reaction intermediate because of the decrease in overlapping resonances of active site residues. The overexpression system is readily adaptable for other target proteins and facilitates studies requiring large quantities of protein in isotopically enriched forms.
Usability and design considerations for an autonomic relational database management system

Autonomic systems offer numerous advantages over non-autonomic systems, and many of these advantages relate to ease of use. The advantages regarding ease of use include reducing the number of low-level system administration tasks, simplifying the system administrator's interface, handling exceptions which would otherwise have resulted in system alerts, and the learning, by the system, of actions taken by the administrator. However, human intervention must still be factored in, and care must be taken in the design of autonomic systems not to make the system administrator's task more difficult. This paper examines the ease-of-use ramifications of autonomic computing in the context of relational databases in general, and of the IBMÂ® DB2Â® Universal DatabaseTM Version 8.1 autonomic computing system in particular.
Curricular considerations for pharmaceutical comparative effectiveness research.

In the U.S. pharmacoepidemiology and related health professions can potentially flourish with the congressional appropriation of $1.1 billion of federal funding for comparative effectiveness research (CER). A direct result of this legislation will be the need for sufficient numbers of trained scientists and decision-makers to address the research and implementation associated with CER. An interdisciplinary expert panel comprised mostly of professionals with pharmaceutical interests was convened to examine the knowledge, skills, and abilities to be considered in the development of a CER curriculum for the health professions focusing predominantly on pharmaceuticals. A limitation of the panel's composition was that it did not represent the breadth of comparative effectiveness research, which additionally includes devices, services, diagnostics, behavioral treatments, and delivery system changes. This bias affects the generalizability of these findings. Notwithstanding, important components of the curriculum identified by the panel included study design considerations and understanding the strengths and limitations of data sources. Important skills and abilities included methods for adjustment of differences in comparator group characteristics to control confounding and bias, data management skills, and clinical skills and insights into the relevance of comparisons. Most of the knowledge, skills, and abilities identified by the panel were consistent with the training of pharmacoepidemiologists. While comparative effectiveness is broader than the pharmaceutical sciences, pharmacoepidemiologists have much to offer academic and professional CER training programs. As such, pharmacoepidemiologists should have a central role in curricular design and provision of the necessary training for needed comparative effectiveness researchers within the realm of pharmaceutical sciences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of team skills in novice nurses through an athletic coaching model

Abstract Nursing is a team sport, and medical errors occur when members of the team fail to collaborate. The purpose of this project was to develop team leadership skills in entry-level nursing students through the integration of team-focused activities in the classroom. The instructor's or coach's role was to facilitate group activities that encourage communication, delegation, leadership, and adaptability. The result was development of core competencies related to teamwork for students to use as an RN.
Hydroxyl radical transfer between interface and bulk from transition path sampling

Abstract The transition path sampling technique was used to determine trajectories connecting the interface and bulk for the transfer of a hydroxyl radical from the air–water interface to the water bulk. The trajectories were used to calculate the rate of transfer for the process. In addition, transition state and Grote–Hynes theories were used to calculate the rate of transfer. It was found that transition state theory significantly overestimated the rate of transfer, while the Grote–Hynes theory estimated a transmission coefficient that was fairly close to that from transition path sampling. Analysis of transition states found that a majority of them were not at the free energy barrier from the potential of mean force, but shifted towards the vapor phase.
An Empirical Investigation of the Adaptive-Filtering Learning Factor

Acceptance of the adaptive-filtering parameter-estimation process has been mixed. Much of the variability between studies may result from the particular learning factor selected and may be further affected by the type of standardization used. The author presents a modification of the Makridakis and Wheelwright adaptive-filtering algorithm. This modified algorithm provides superior performance and simplifies the selection of the learning factor when used with simple autoregressive processes.
Elementary Principal/Superintendent Relationship as Perceived by Teachers

Despite more than a decade of research on bottom-up school change, the principal/ superintendent relationship continues to be studied primarily as a traditional flow of power from the top down. There is little research that considers the proposition that power vested in principals can be exercised upwardly within the school district hierarchy in the form of independence from and influence on the superintendent. Given the lack of research on these phenomena, it is not surprising that we could find no studies that explore the effects of hierarchical independence and influence on school climate. The present study investigates both. Two schools form the basis of this comparative case study. The schools were chosen based on scores obtained through the OCDQ and TAI instruments. The first school is selected for its high scores on both instruments and the second school is selected based on average scores on the OCDQ and the TAI. Both schools are in the same school district and a brief description of that district begins the discussion. Individual case study findings as well as a comparison of the two case studies follow.
Preparing and Supporting Teachers of Less Commonly Taught Languages

The article discusses the support that is given to teachers of less commonly taught languages (LCTLs) in the U.S. The teachers of such languages are, the article alleges, improperly trained and teacher development opportunities are lacking. The U.S. National Security Language Initiative (NSLI) established the need for instruction in languages such as Chinese, Arabic, and Russian. The educational attainment of language teachers in the U.S., many of whom are native speakers who immigrated to the U.S., is discussed. The system used for certifying LCTL teachers is explained and is sometimes an obstacle for some to enter the teaching profession so alternative paths to certification are sometimes used.
Closed-form and numerical solutions for the probability distribution function of fracture diameters

After summarizing the available methods intended to estimate the fracture size distribution from a given trace length distribution, Santalo closed-form integral solution is used to derive a closed-form expression of the fracture size distribution for each of the most common trace length distributions, i.e. uniform, exponential, gamma, and power law. Numerical integration is used for the lognormal distribution. Expressions are given for the mean fracture diameter as a function of the mean trace length and the minimum fracture diameter. It is shown that, when the trace lengths are uniform, exponential, gamma, lognormal or power law, none of fracture diameter distributions is lognormal, exponential or gamma, as assumed in the literature. Power law trace length distribution yields a power law fracture size. The minimum fracture diameter cannot be equal to zero and plays an important role in determining the fracture diameter distribution. When the trace length distribution is defined on an interval, the diameter lower bound must be contained in the trace length interval, and the upper bound must be equal to the trace length upper bound.
Autoradiography: Technique for Drastic Reduction of Exposure Time to Alpha Particles

High-speed, gross, alpha autoradiographs can be made if silver-activated zinc sulfide is used as an intensifier in conjunction with high-speed film. The intensifier is interposed between the sample and film. This technique requires about 1/1000 of the exposure time required with Kodak NTB plates. The gross autoradiographs have greater contrast but slightly less resolution than conventional plates.
Determinants of temporal trends in size in vessel-based reporting in the USA Illex illecebrosus fishery

Summary The Illex illecebrosus fishery in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean is a trawl-based fishery. Illex illecebrosus normally lives <1 year, thus managing the fishery using a standard stock assessment approach is difficult. Real-time management is an attractive option. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of data on size composition reported by commercial vessels for application in real-time management in the I. illecebrosus fishery. Observations were collected from fish processors for 1996–98 and from fishing vessels directly reporting in 1999–2001. Mean size of I. illecebrosus increased more or less steadily through the fishing season in each year. Apparent growth rates, determined by evaluating the change in mean size in the catch, varied considerably between years. Apparent growth rates appear to be reasonable expressions of true growth rates because either the bulk of the squid entered the fishery at the beginning of the fishery and remained with the fishery for the duration of the season, or the squid on the outer shelf, available to the fishery, represented an emigrated portion of a larger coherent offshore population. Depth exerted only a minor influence on the size of squid caught, whereas the size–frequency varied significantly with latitude. Largest squid were caught at the southern and northern extremes of the study domain. Refrigerated seawater (RSW) trawlers consistently caught smaller squid than did freezer trawlers. The complexity of I. illecebrosus size structure revealed by this study indicates the necessity of obtaining a dispersed data set, in space, with a degree of temporal detail to elucidate trends. Such a data set is conceivably obtainable from fishing vessels reporting information as they fish providing that the sampling design addresses issues concerning the dispersion of vessels across latitude, the appropriate composition of the reporting fleet, and the collection of sufficient observations per tow to adequately resolve the range in size as well as the mean.
PP-511: (Pirimiphos Methyl-ISO) Evaluated as a Protectant for Raisins and Walnuts

Small-jar laboratory tests were conducted with PP-511 (Pirimiphos methyl-ISO) (O-[2-(dimethylamino)-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinyl] O, O-dimethyl phosphorothioate) applied to raisins at rates of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 ppm and to in-shell walnuts at a rate of 8 ppm. Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) were controlled for 12 months in raisins treated with 4 and 8 ppm (calculated). Walnut treatments proved to be unsatisfactory.
The effect of maternal stress on birth outcomes: exploiting a natural experiment

A growing body of research highlights that in utero conditions are consequential for individual outcomes throughout the life cycle, but research assessing causal processes is scarce. This article examines the effect of one such condition—prenatal maternal stress—on birth weight, an early outcome shown to affect cognitive, educational, and socioeconomic attainment later in life. Exploiting a major earthquake as a source of acute stress and using a difference-in-difference methodology, I find that maternal exposure to stress results in a significant decline in birth weight and an increase in the proportion of low birth weight. This effect is focused on the first trimester of gestation, and it is mediated by reduced gestational age rather than by factors affecting the intrauterine growth of term infants. The findings highlight the relevance of understanding the early emergence of unequal outcomes and of investing in maternal well-being since the onset of pregnancy.
Daily rhythms in locomotor circuits in Drosophila involve PDF.

The neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) has been studied extensively in Drosophila, and its role in circadian time-keeping has been firmly established. The role of PDF outside of the clock...
An electrocapillary study to test the applicability of the Flory-Huggins isotherm

Abstract The Flory-Huggins isotherm with interaction parameter has been tested using accurate electrocapillary data for four aliphatic compounds at the mercury-electrolytic solution interface. When surface coverages derived by differentiation of surface pressure-activity data were tested in the Flory-Huggins isotherm and when all parameters were freely optimized, the equation fit the data very well in all cases, but the size ratio parameter thus obtained was about 0.5. When parameters of the Flory-Huggins isotherm were fixed by limiting properties of surface pressure-activity data directly (with no differentiations performed), the size parameter was about 1.0. The size parameter expected physically is about 3.0. The Flory-Huggins isotherm with realistic size parameters did not fit the data as well as the simpler Frumkin equation in any of the cases considered. The physical basis underlying both models is weak for interaction parameters as large as encountered in aqueous-organic solute systems.
A Case of Poncet's Disease in a Patient with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Accompanying Erythema Nodosum.

Poncet's disease is an aseptic polyarthritis developing in the presence of active Tuberculosis occurring elsewhere, and is not due to direct involvement of joints but to an immunological reaction to tuberculoprotein. We experienced a case of Poncet's disease accompanying erythema nodosum in a 55-year-old female patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. She had multiple tender erythematous nodules on both lower limbs for 3 months and a cough and sputum from one month ago. She felt severe pain in both knees and ankles with swelling one week before admission. Her chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT) scan and positive sputum AFB stain results revealed that she had active pulmonary tuberculosis accompanying erythema nodosum and aseptic polyarthritis. Her arthritis and erythema nodosum were dramatically improved within four weeks after anti-tuberculosis therapy. We report a case of Poncet's disease in pulmonary tuberculosis accompanying erythema nodosum.
Harmonic analysis on constant curvature surfaces with point singularities

Let Rn2 denote the n-fold covering space of the plane with the origin deleted (0 < n ⩽ ∞), parametrized by polar coordinates (r, θ) with θ periodic of period 2πn, and equipped with the flat Riemannian metric dr2 + r2 dθ2. There is a natural harmonic analysis, with the Fourier transform given by f(c, λ) = 12π∫− ∞∞∫0∞ f(r, θ) J|v|(λr) eivθr dr dθ , Fourier inversion formula f(c, θ) = ∫− ∞∞∫0∞ f(r, θ) J|v|(λr) eivθλ dλ dv , and Plancherel formula ‖f‖22=2π ∫− ∞∞∫0∞ |f(v, λ)|2 λ dλ dv in the case n = ∞, and analogous expressions with v restricted to the values kn when n is finite. This harmonic analysis realizes the joint spectral decompositions of the self-adjoint operators i(∂∂θ) and Δ, where Δ is the Dirichlet or Friedrichs extension of the Laplace-Beltrami operator defined on D. This paper gives a detailed development of this harmonic analysis, including the effect of basic differentiation and multiplication operators on the Fourier transform, the theory of L2 Sobolev spaces Hk, and the distinctions between H2, the domain of Δ, and the space of functions f with both f and Δf in L2. In the process, it is necessary to study certain generalizations of the Hilbert transform that are related to the theory of Hankel transforms. Two applications of this harmonic analysis are given, to the study of a natural Radon transform (or X-ray transform) on Rn2, and to the solution of the heat equation on Rn2. The latter also gives information about the heat equation in a sector of the plane with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions, and about Brownian motion in the plane taking into account the winding number of a Brownian path with respect to the origin. Analogous problems for spaces of non-zero constant curvature are discussed, and in this context some higher dimensional spaces arise naturally.
Pulmonary hypertension in acute lung injury is due to impaired vasodilation with intact vascular contractility.

The major hemodynamic feature of acute lung injury (ALI) is pulmonary hypertension. Both endothelial-dependent and -independent pulmonary vasorelaxation is impaired in ALI due to endotoxemia. We hypothesized that endotoxemia selectively impairs relaxation of the pulmonary artery but does not impair contractility of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle (VSM). Our purpose was to determine the effect of endotoxemia (ETX) on the contractile response of pulmonary VSM to (1) cellular depolarization (KCl), (2) α 1 -adrenoreceptor stimulation (phenylephrine, PE), (3) 5HT 2 receptor stimulation (serotonin, 5HT), and (4) prostaglandin F 2α receptor stimulation. Pulmonary artery rings were isolated from rats 6 hr after injection of ETX, 20 mg/kg ip (n ≥ 6), or saline (n ≥ 6) and suspended on tensiometers in individual organ baths. Endothelial-dependent cGMP-mediated relaxation was determined using the receptor agonist acetylcholine (ACh) in rings preconstricted with PE. Dose-response curves were generated to each contractile agonist. Statistical comparison was performed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferonni-Dunn, P < 0.05 accepted as significant. Relaxation to ACh was 96.4 ± 1.3% in controls vs 21.4 ± 3.1% (P < 0.05) in endotoxin-treated rats. Endotoxin did not affect the maximal tension in response to the contractile agonists nor did it change the concentration required to produce 50% contraction (EC 50 ). From these data we conclude that endotoxemia causes a decrease in vasorelaxation to the endothelial-dependent receptor agonist acetylcholine but does not impair agonist-induced contractility of pulmonary VSM. This suggests that pulmonary hypertension in ALI is mediated by impairment of pulmonary vasodilation with preservation of VSM contractility. © 1995 Academic Press, Inc.
Varenicline: a first-line treatment option for smoking cessation.

Background Varenicline acts as a partial agonist/antagonist with affinity and selectivity for alpha(4) beta(2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This activity at the nicotine-receptor level may help patients achieve smoking cessation by reducing cravings/withdrawal symptoms and smoking satisfaction. Objective This article reviews the literature on the pharmacologic properties, therapeutic efficacy, and tolerability of varenicline for smoking cessation. Methods Pertinent controlled clinical trials, meta-analyses, meeting abstracts, case reports, and review articles published in English between 1966 and May 2008 were identified through searches of MEDLINE and OVID using the terms varenicline, smoking, tobacco cessation, and CP 526555. Results Eight clinical trials were identified that compared Conclusions Varenicline has a unique mechanism of action compared with other first-line options for smoking cessation. Available clinical-trial data support its use as an effective and generally well-tolerated therapy for smoking cessation in healthy adult smokers, although there is a need for further efficacy and safety evaluation in the general population, particularly those with comorbid conditions.
Chemistry with stretched molecules

Abstract It has been known for some years that molecular oxygen is produced in very high vibrational states by the photolysis of ozone in the middle atmosphere and the possible atmospheric implications of highly exicted oxygen have been the subject of extensive investigation. This short article describes the latest experimental and theoretical advances regarding this problem. The collision dynamics of O 2 (v≲20) now appears to be well understood; however, at higher vibrational levels, which are energetically local to the hypothesized O 4 complex and to the transition state for O + O 3 formation, much work is still needed.
Implementing a meaning‐based individualized reading program in first grade

Abstract The development and implementation of an individualized meaning‐based reading program for first grade is shared by a classroom teacher. This program was developed through the acquisition of a meaning‐based philosophy and the desire to put theory into practice. The program described was implemented during the school year 1982–83. Details of the use of materials, diagnostic procedures, and daily schedule are provided. A section on individual conferences explains the use of teacher feedback strategies that promote learner independence. Independent actitivites are also discussed along with problems, concerns, and benefits of the total program. The conclusion is drawn that an individualized meaning‐based program can provide positive changes in teaching and learning behavior.
MAP adaptation of stochastic grammars

This paper investigates supervised and unsupervised adaptation of stochastic grammars, including n-gram language models and probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs), to a new domain. It is shown that the commonly used approaches of count merging and model interpolation are special cases of a more general maximum a posteriori (MAP) framework, which additionally allows for alternate adaptation approaches. This paper investigates the effectiveness of different adaptation strategies, and, in particular, focuses on the need for supervision in the adaptation process. We show that n-gram models as well as PCFGs benefit from either supervised or unsupervised MAP adaptation in various tasks. For n-gram models, we compare the benefit from supervised adaptation with that of unsupervised adaptation on a speech recognition task with an adaptation sample of limited size (about 17h), and show that unsupervised adaptation can obtain 51% of the 7.7% adaptation gain obtained by supervised adaptation. We also investigate the benefit of using multiple word hypotheses (in the form of a word lattice) for unsupervised adaptation on a speech recognition task for which there was a much larger adaptation sample available. The use of word lattices for adaptation required the derivation of a generalization of the well-known Good-Turing estimate. Using this generalization, we derive a method that uses Monte Carlo sampling for building Katz backoff models. The adaptation results show that, for adaptation samples of limited size (several tens of hours), unsupervised adaptation on lattices gives a performance gain over using transcripts. The experimental results also show that with a very large adaptation sample (1050h), the benefit from transcript-based adaptation matches that of lattice-based adaptation. Finally, we show that PCFG domain adaptation using the MAP framework provides similar gains in F-measure accuracy on a parsing task as was seen in ASR accuracy improvements with n-gram adaptation. Experimental results show that unsupervised adaptation provides 37% of the 10.35% gain obtained by supervised adaptation.
The influence of substrata on calcification patterns in molluscan shell.

Experimentally induced shell repair in the land snail Otala lactea has been employed to study the influence of the substratum on microtopography of the surface of mineral deposited by molluscs. Substrata, including the periostraca of four species of molluscs, surface replicas, and the outer membrane of the eggshell of the hen, have been inserted in the area of shell repair in Otala, and the topographical patterns of deposition of calcium carbonate have been observed by scanning electron microscopy. The mineral patterns formed on all inserted substrata conformed to the microtopography of the surfaces and were distinctly different from that of normal shell regeneration. The topography of the normal outer mineral surface of the shell of four species of molluscs were observed to conform to the topography of the periostraea on which the crystalline shell is deposited. It is inferred that the topography of the outer mineral surface of the shell probably results from the interaction of crystals of aragonite and calcite growing in an organic matrix and in contact with the periostracum. Normal shell of Otala consists of fine-grained aragonite in highly preferred orientation. Regenerated shell contains calcite grains in random orientation and aragonite, usually in random orientation. The aragonite-to-calcite ratio varies widely and appears to be independent of experimental substrata placed in the area of repair.
PATHOLOGICAL REPORT OF A CASE OF ADDISON’S DISEASE TREATED WITH CORTIN

This is a description of the post-mortem findings in the case of Addison’s disease reported by Hartman and Aaron (1).
Understanding Latina/o School Pushout: Experiences of Students Who Left School Before Graduating

In this qualitative study, the authors describe narratives of school experiences of Latina/o early school leavers, examine their reasons for leaving school before graduating, and analyze their responses using the resistance model. In addition, the authors compare the participants' reasons for leaving school with data from the Clark County School District's 2007 Dropout Survey Report. They conclude that the most salient issues discussed by Latina/o early school leavers are discrimination and racial microaggressions.
Magnetohydrodynamic Oscillations of Neutron Stars

FLUID motions in neutron stars have been investigated theoretically several times1–3, but the problem of free magnetohydrodynamic oscillations has evidently not been considered previously, notwithstanding its possible importance in connexion with the interpretation of pulsar observations4–7, especially the modulation of pulse rates8,9. The arguments put forward in the letter indicate that the spectrum of these oscillations i would typically range in period from 0.5 to several powers of f ten times the rotation period of the star.
Use of hypnosis with witnesses of vehicular homicide

This is a case study of hypnosis with witnesses of vehicular homicide victims. An investigation was made of three separate vehicular homicide cases which were all hit-and-run fatalities. The medical examiners referred the three witnesses for hypnosis as they had difficulty in recalling the description of either the drivers or the vehicles who had committed the offence. Hypnosis was used both for memory refreshment and to relax the witnesses. The technique of hypnotic time regression revealed the description of each of the hit-and-run drivers and their respective vehicles. Copyright © 1999 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Calculation of cryoscopic data

Abstract The accuracies of determinations of purity and freezing point based upon cryometric freezes suffer from the scatter of data, from the failure of systems ever to recover from the effects of supercooling, and from complex phenomena that elevate temperature during the later parts of runs. Methods are here proposed for decreasing the errors caused by scatter of data and failure to recover from supercooling. These methods utilize the optical projection of calculated curves upon the actual data and involve a new interpretation of the nature of recovery from supercooling.