cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
You Can't Play If You Don't Know the Rules: Interpretive Conventions and the Teaching of Literature to Students in Lower-Track Classes.

This teacher‐research effort reports on student discourse from two lower‐track secondary English classrooms. Two questions guided the study: Will direct instruction of specific interpretive strategies promote critical engagement with literature for our students? How is the teacher's classroom role affected by such instruction? We found evidence that students took a questioning stance toward literary texts, read between the lines, and made personal connections. In addition, placing interpretive strategies at the center of the curriculum freed the teacher from endorsing a particular interpretation and helped redistribute literary authority in the classroom. While our students appeared capable of complex interactions with literature, we argue that they were unlikely to do so alone; simply opening up the classroom to student responses may not work. These students needed focused practice in collaborative settings with specific criteria in order to experience the rich transactions that literature can provide.
The effects of low frequency waves on ion trajectories in the Earth's magnetotail

The trajectories of ions in the Tsyganenko magnetic field model with a convection electric field have been compared to the trajectories when a perturbation electric field based on ISEE-1 and Geotail observations of lower hybrid frequency waves is included. The inclusion of waves dramatically modifies the characteristics of the ion trajectories. For example, initial conditions which result in adiabatic orbits in the absence of waves are often non-adiabatic when waves are included. In addition, both the regions of space accessible to the particles and the energization are changed. Although only individual trajectories were examined in this study, it is argued that the effect of the waves is to mix previously distinct regions of phase space.
A Description of the Brauer)Severi Scheme of Trace Rings of Generic Matrices

Abstract Here we use invariant theory to describe the Brauer–Severi scheme of the fibers of trace rings of generic matrices with an algebraically closed base field of characteristic zero when the trace ring is viewed as a sheaf of algebras over the variety of matrix invariants. Using this approach, we first prove that the Brauer–Severi scheme of a trace ring is isomorphic to Proj Q , for a graded ring Q whose generators we describe in the first section. This description also has a relevant interpretation over base fields of arbitrary characteristic. In the second section of this paper we show that the Brauer–Severi scheme of the fiber of a trace ring over a point that is not too degenerate will have smooth irreducible components meeting transversally and describe these irreducible components as Brauer–Severi schemes of certain algebras.
Sprouty4, a suppressor of tumor cell motility, is downregulated by DNA methylation in human prostate cancer

PURPOSE Alterations of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors contribute to prostate cancer progression by enhancing cellular proliferation, survival, and motility. The Sprouty gene family negatively regulates FGF signaling and may limit the ability of FGFs to enhance tumor progression. Sprouty1 is downregulated in human prostate cancers and Sprouty1 expression can markedly inhibit prostate cancer proliferation in vitro. Sprouty4 has been shown to negatively regulate both proliferation and cell migration in other systems. We therefore examined whether Sprouty4 expression was altered in prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of Sprouty4 was examined by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR. Methylation of the Sprouty4 gene promoter was assessed using bisulfite modification and sequencing. The effect of Sprouty4 expression on cell migration was determined using an in vitro wounding assay. RESULTS By in situ hybridization Sprouty4 is expressed in normal prostatic epithelial cells and is decreased in a subset of prostate cancers. Quantitative RT-PCR confirms that Sprouty4 expression is decreased in approximately one half of prostate cancers. Analysis of the 5′-regulatory region revealed a CpG island approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site, the proximal portion of which was preferentially methylated in prostate cancer tissues. More than one half of all prostate cancer DNAs were methylated in this region and methylation was significantly correlated with decreased Sprouty4 expression as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. When overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines, Sprouty4 did not inhibit cell proliferation but did inhibit cell migration. CONCLUSIONS Sprouty4 expression is downregulated in human prostate cancer by DNA methylation and this decreased expression may contribute to increased cell migration. Prostate 66:613–624, 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Rotational spectroscopy of interstellar PAHs

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are believed to be ubiquitous in the interstellar medium. Yet, to date no specific PAH molecule has been identified. In this paper, a new observational avenue is suggested to detect individual PAHs, using their rotational line emission at radio frequencies. Previous PAH searches based on rotational spectroscopy have only targeted the bowl-shaped corannulene molecule, with the underlying assumption that other polar PAHs are triaxial and have a complex and diluted spectrum unusable for identification purposes. In this paper the rotational spectrum of quasi-symmetric PAHs is computed analytically. It is shown that the asymmetry of planar, nitrogen-substituted symmetric PAHs is small enough that their rotational spectrum, when observed with a resolution of about a MHz, has the appearance of a "comb" of evenly spaced stacks of lines. The simple pattern of these "comb" spectra allows for the use of matched-filtering techniques, which can result in a significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. Detection forecasts are discussed for regions harbouring "anomalous microwave emission", believed to originate from the collective PAH rotational emission. A systematic search for PAH lines in various environments is advocated. If detected, PAH "combs" would allow to the conclusive and unambiguous identification of specific, free-floating interstellar PAHs.
Classroom Management: Help for the Beginning Secondary School Teacher

Beginning secondary school teachers need support. Although no panacea is available for assuring successful classroom practice, the authors provide suggestions resulting from thirty plus years experience as classroom teachers, school administrators, and university professors. These suggestions focus on classroom management, and they include helping students become academically engaged, organizing instruction to accommodate students' strengths and needs, and motivating students to be interactive during instructional activities. Becoming an effective teacher, however, is a unique journey, and classroom management is only one important factor that can make the journey more successful for both students and teachers.
Incidence and outcomes of intraoperative vascular surgery consultations.

Objective Vascular surgeons may aid in primarily nonvascular procedures. Such activity has not been quantified, and hospital administrators may be unaware of the importance of vascular surgeons to support other hospital-based surgical programs. This study reviewed intraoperative consultations by vascular surgeons to support other surgical services. Methods Intraoperative vascular consultations were reviewed from January 2006 to January 2014 for consulting service, indication, and whether consultation occurred with advanced notice. Patient demographics, operative times, estimated blood loss, length of stay, and relative value units (RVUs) assigned for each consultation were also assessed. Consultations for trauma and iatrogenic injuries occurring outside the operating theater were excluded. Results Vascular surgeons performed 225 intraoperative consultations in support of procedures by nonvascular surgeons. Requesting services were surgical oncology (46%), orthopedics (17%), urology (11%), otolaryngology (7%), and others (19%). Reasons for consultation overlapped and included vascular reconstruction (53%), control of hemorrhage (39%), and assistance with difficult dissections (43%). Seventy-four percent were for intra-abdominal procedures, and venous (53%) and arterial (50%) problems were encountered equally with some overlap. Most patients were male (59%), overweight (56%; body mass index ≥25 kg/m 2 ), had previous surgery (72%) and were undergoing elective procedures (89%). Mean total procedural anesthesia time was 9.4 hours, mean procedural operating time was 7.9 hours, and mean total and vascular-related estimated blood loss was 1702 mL and 327 mL, respectively. Mean length of stay was 14.7 days, mean intensive care unit stay was 2.9 days, and 30-day mortality was 6.2%. Mean nonvascular RVUs per operation were 46.0, and mean vascular RVUs per operation were 30.9. Conclusions Unexpected intraoperative need for vascular surgical expertise occurs often enough that vascular surgeons should be regarded as an essential operating room resource to the general operating room, nonvascular surgeons, and their patients. Intraoperative vascular surgical consultation in support of other surgeons requires a high level of open technical operative skills and is time and labor intensive.
Online Outlier Exploration Over Large Datasets

Traditional outlier detection systems process each individual outlier detection request instantiated with a particular parameter setting one at a time. This is not only prohibitively time-consuming for large datasets, but also tedious for analysts as they explore the data to hone in on the appropriate parameter setting and desired results.In this work, we present the first online outlier exploration platform, called ONION, that enables analysts to effectively explore anomalies even in large datasets. First, ONION features an innovative interactive anomaly exploration model that offers an "outlier-centric panorama" into big datasets along with rich classes of exploration operations. Second, to achieve this model ONION employs an online processing framework composed of a one time offline preprocessing phase followed by an online exploration phase that enables users to interactively explore the data. The preprocessing phase compresses raw big data into a knowledge-rich ONION abstraction that encodes critical interrelationships of outlier candidates so to support subsequent interactive outlier exploration. For the interactive exploration phase, our ONION framework provides several processing strategies that efficiently support the outlier exploration operations. Our user study with real data confirms the effectiveness of ONION in recognizing "true" outliers. Furthermore as demonstrated by our extensive experiments with large datasets, ONION supports all exploration operations within milliseconds response time.
The Role of Students and Content in Teacher Effectiveness.

The process of effective teaching—teaching that directly leads to student learning of standards-based content—is tenuous at best and easily disrupted by contextual and behavioral factors. In this commentary, I discuss the role of student support and mediation in teacher effectiveness and curricular reform. The most vocal students in physical education classes appear to thrive in the current multiactivity, recreation-oriented sport culture that dominates many U.S. physical education programs. They expect lessons with minimal skill and tactical instruction and with maximum opportunities to play ball. I also comment on Ward's emphasis on the value of content-rich definitions of teaching effectiveness and argue for additional disciplinary-based, concept-rich cognitive outcomes for physical education to complement and enrich skill, sport, and physical activity performance. I lend my voice to Rink's call for comprehensive measures of teacher accountability as the most critical next step in physical education re...
The instantaneous structure of mildly curved turbulent boundary layers

Even mild longitudinal wall curvature is known to produce significant effects on the time-averaged turbulent transport in a boundary layer. The present study was undertaken to study the manner in which the instantaneous structure of turbulence in the boundary layer responds to mild streamline curvature. Both convex and concave boundary layers with a boundary-layer thickness to wall radius ratio of about 0·01 were studied. Attention was directed mainly to two events characterizing the instantaneous turbulence structure. These were the so-called ‘bursting’ and ‘zero-crossing’. Quantitative data on the statistics of these events were obtained using a combination of analog instrumentation and visual counting (from continuous film records). These data were compared with data from flat-wall boundary layers obtained from similar signal-processing techniques. The results indicate that neither the individual nor the joint statistics of these events are significantly affected by curvature in the vicinity of the wall. On the other hand, curvature seems to affect appreciably at least some properties of these events at large distances from the wall. Careful examination of these results shows, however, that neither the process of turbulent production near the wall nor the turbulent dissipative process anywhere in the boundary layer is significantly affected by mild curvature. Apparent curvature effects on the instantaneous structure in the outer part of the boundary layer can be explained as being due to the strong effect of streamline curvature on the turbulent diffusion process. This explanation is consistent with previous observations of the time-averaged structure of the flow. The results of the present study indicate the need to re-examine some of the recent turbulence models for curved flows that involve modification of the production and dissipation terms rather than the diffusion term in the transport equations.
A new computational approach to solving a class of optimal control problems

A class of optimal control problems in which the control signals are bounded and appear linearly in the hamiltonian function occur in many applications. In the solutions to these problems, the fact that optimal control trajectories may contain discontinuities and possibly singular arcs/sub-arcs makes the problems extremely difficult to solve, if not impossible. This paper presents a novel and efficient computational method for solving such problems. The method consists of two steps. In the first step, the original optimal control problem with possible discontinuities and singular arcs in control is converted into one with continuous and non-singular control trajectories by adding to the performance indexes a perturbed (or weighted) energy term. The resultant boundary value problem can easily be solved for an appropriately large value of the perturbation parameter. In the second step, a continuation method (imbedding method, or homotopy method) is developed to obtain the solution to the original problem by...
Hydrophobicity of amino acid residues: Differential scanning calorimetry and synthesis of the aromatic analogues of the polypentapeptide of elastin

Relative hydrophobicities of aromatic amino acid residues are investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) on 10 synthetic copolypentapeptides of poly(VPGVG) of elastin. Utilizing the hydrophobic-driven process of the inverse temperature transition exhibited by these polypentapeptides in aqueous solution, the relative hydrophobicities of Phe, Trp, and Tyr residues are determined by the critical temperature and heat of the transition. The DSC data for the aromatic residue containing copolypentapeptide aqueous solution indicate that tryptophan is the most hydrophobic amino acid residue, phenylalanine the third most hydrophobic on basis of transition temperature and the second on basis of transition heat. For tyrosine, significant differences are observed between the phenolic and the phenoxide anionic states. At pH 7, where tyrosine is protonated, it is found to be the second most hydrophobic amino acid residue on the basis of the transition temperature, whereas on the basis of the heat of transition, it is less hydrophobic than both tryptophan and phenylalanine. Changing the pH from pH 7 to pH 12, for example, for poly[0.8(VPGVG), 0.2(VPGYG)] in aqueous solution shifts the transition temperature from 7 to 49 degrees C with a dramatically reduced heat. On the basis of both the transition temperature scale and the heat of transition, the hydroxylated tyrosine appears less hydrophobic than glycine.
A Basic Study of the Chewing Forces of a Denture Wearer

The problem of thumbsucking should be corrected by the parent and the pedia­ trician. If the habit has not been cor­ rected by the time the child is 3 5/2 years old, it should be determined if the habit is meaningful or empty. If it is an empty habit, it should be corrected by a quali­ fied dentist. If further psychological needs become evident, the child should be referred to a psychiatrist. The psychiatrist should insti­ tute corrective treatment, and, if neces­ sary, refer the child back to the dentist for final correction. It is hoped that the team of parent, pediatrician, dentist and psychiatrist will work together to insure a greater per­ centage of normal masticating mecha­ nisms in our children.
A lack of justification for routine screening assays for syphilis in general hospital psychiatric patients.

Abstract Of 136,035 Yale-New Haven Hospital patients who had screening tests for syphilis, 1.2% were VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) positive, and 0.6% were FTA-Abs (Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption) positive. Of this total sample, 2037 were psychiatric inpatients, 15 of whom were VDRL positive (0.7%), and only 4 (0.2%) were FTA-Abs positive. The authors discuss the merits of routine screening based on this and other surveys. The results of screening the psychiatric subsample were of particular interest since these patients might be at risk for misdiagnosis and brain dysfunction. Of this psychiatric inpatient cohort: (1) the number of syphilitics identified was 3.8-fold lower than that in the total sample, (2) strong consideration could be given to screening only those DSM-III ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [ed 3] ) diagnostic subgroups at risk, and (3) these were major affective disorders or delusional dementia. Further studies of other samples, psychiatric and nonpsychiatric, to define subgroups at risk are suggested.
Two Studies in Retroaction: I. Influence of Partial Identity II. Susceptibility to Retroaction at Various Grade Levels

Resume DEUX ETUDES DE RETROACTION On a deja montre que le degre de similarite entre la matiere originale a apprendre et la matiere interpolee est un facteur important du rappel. Dans cette etude on a essaye de mesurer l'influence sur le rappel d'une similarite entre la matiere originale apprise et celle interpolee et de comparer le rappel apres une interpolation similaire avec le rappel apres le repos. On a etabli des conditions a intervalles egaux pour l'apprentissage original, l'interpolation, et un deuxieme apprentissage. L'efficacite du rappel a ete mesuree par le pourcentage de l'economie. On a etabli cinq conditions et les a utilisees avec cinq differents groupes de sujets. Condition X avec une periode interpolee de repos, Condition O avec une interpolation de 0 elements identiques avec ceux de la matiere originale a apprendre, Conditions 2, 3, 4, avec 2, 3, 4 elements respectivement communs a la matiere originale et a celle interpolee. L'instrument de mesure a ete un test de substitution fait en em...
A Young Patient with a Family History of Hypertension

The evaluation of causes of hypertension in young adults with a family history of hypertension needs to be methodical to identify potentially treatable causes. Renal- and renovascular imaging and measurement of plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity are at the core of this evaluation in most patients. Pertinent aspects of hypertension in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease are discussed with a focus on the role of the endothelium in mediating early hypertension and a review of treatment strategies. Finally, the possibility that autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and primary aldosteronism are connected beyond coincidence is explored; evidence to support it is scant, although there is a likely role for aldosterone excess and the resultant hypokalemia in promoting cyst growth.
Heat conduction problems in crystal growth from the vapor

Abstract When a crystal is grown or evaporated on a substrate, temperature gradients are set up in the crystal. The surface temperature of the crystal becomes non-uniform and differs from the substrate temperature. The consequences of this non-uniformity in surface temperature are analyzed for several crystal geometries. It is shown that the non-uniformity in surface temperature may drastically affect the growth rate, step spacing, and growth shape. This analysis is applied to recent experiments on ice and rare gas crystals.
A National Survey of Spelling Instruction: Investigating Teachers' Beliefs and Practice

Information about current spelling instructional practices across the United States was sought in this national survey with a random sample of teachers of grades 1 through 5. Respondents reported current practices and noted their level of agreement or disagreement to theoretical statements about spelling. Teachers responded to open-ended statements regarding concerns and problems they encounter in teaching spelling. The results suggest teachers rely on a traditional model for instruction. They are aware of more recent research on developmentally appropriate practice but do not necessarily implement those ideas. Implications from this study include provision for professional development, examination of purchased materials in relation to theories of appropriate individual instruction, and support for teachers who want to change instruction to match their beliefs.
Using CDC's health-related quality of life scale on a college campus.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of the US Centers for Disease Control's health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scale among 522 college students. METHODS: Chi-square analysis assessed scale construct validity and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with selected tobacco, alcohol, and substance use variables assessed known-groups validity of the scale's Healthy Days index. RESULTS: Patterns of association among scale items were consistent with those hypothesized. ANOVA analyses revealed significant (P<.05) associations between the Healthy Days index and selected variables in predicted directions. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence is provided that the HRQOL scale could serve as part of program evaluation, intervention, and surveillance efforts among college students.
Oral infection of calves with Neospora caninum oocysts from dogs: humoral and cellular immune responses.

Abstract Neospora caninum has been identified as a major cause of abortion in cattle in a number of countries throughout the world. Until the recent demonstration that dogs can serve as a definitive host of this parasite, it was not possible to study the infection in cattle orally exposed to oocysts. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of N. caninum oocysts to infect calves, and to define initial immune responses that arise after oral infection. Seven calves were fed approximately 10 4 –10 5 N. caninum oocysts, three calves served as uninfected controls. Before infection, all calves were serologically negative for anti- Neospora antibodies and the calves were non-reactive to Neospora antigen in an in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assay. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from inoculated calves were able to mount in vitro proliferative responses to crude N. caninum antigen extract as early as 1 week p.i. Within 2 and 4 weeks p.i., Neospora -specific IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies were detected by IFAT and ELISA in serum from infected calves but not from sham-infected calves. The continued presence of reactive cells in the blood, spleen and mesenteric, inguinal, bronchial lymph nodes was seen as late as 2.5 months p.i., and parasite DNA was detected in the brain and spinal cord of the infected animals by PCR, indicating that the cattle were infected by oral inoculation of N. caninum oocysts collected from dogs, and that the animals were systematically sensitised by parasite antigen.
PROPAGATOR MATRIX FOR PLANE WAVE REFLECTION FROM INHOMOGENEOUS ANISOTROPIC POROELASTIC SEAFLOOR

A propagator matrix method for the calculation of acoustic plane waves reflected from an inhomogeneous, anisotropic, poroelastic seafloor is presented. The matrix is integrated using an implicit technique. The results are first compared with homogeneous, isotropic poroelastic cases reported by Stoll and Kan1 for verification. Computations are then extended to the inhomogeneous and anisotropic cases of which no prior solutions were available.
Effects of high viscosity and conventional sclerosants on complication rates and MELD in BRTO

Purpose 10% Ethanolamine oleate is the international standard sclerosing agent in balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (BRTO) but its lack of availability in this concentration limits its use in the US. Our goal is to describe our initial experience, complication rates and effects on liver function utilizing high viscosity sclerosant (HVS) mixture versus conventional sclerosant. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of nine patients in which successful BRTO was performed in the setting of acute endoscopicaly proven bleeding isolated gastric varices (IGV) from 11/10 - 9/12. The primary sclerosant used was 3% STS+Gel foam+ IV contrast solidified to a honey consistency, other sclerosants used were absolute alcohol and STS + Ethiodol (ETL). Results We performed 12 successful BRTO procedures; three were treated with absolute alcohol (ETOH), two with STS+etl and four patients treated with HVS. There were 3-grade (G) 1, 2 -G2, 3-G3 and 1- G4. Technical success rate (complete obliteration of GV) was 9 of 9 (100%). Initial clinical success rate (absence of re-bleeding in 7 days) was 100% (9/9). There were no cases of recurrent variceal bleeding requiring either TIPS or surgical intervention with a mean clinical follow-up period of 1.8 months (range, 2 to 20 weeks). Complications occurred in 3 of 9 (33%) patients; 1 death (ETOH) and 2 non target embolizations (ETOH and sts+etl) with subsequent venous thrombosis complications. No complications were associated with the HVS. Mean cohort pre-MELD (prm), post-Meld (next day follow up) (pom) and intermediate term follow-up MELD (ITFM) (mean: 1.8 mo): 14, 15.5 and 12.3. Mean prm, pom and itfm (ETOH): 16, 17 and 12. Mean prm, pom and itfm (sts+etl): 10.7, 10.1 and 8. Mean prm, pom and itfm (HVS): 14, 17 and14.5. The percentage improved MELD with ETOH, sts+etl and HVS: 29.3, 20.5 and 15.3 utilizing the fischer exact test and student t test trend of MELD over time is highly correlative (R=0.9 and p Conclusion HVS while not as a robust hepatoprotective sclerosant, in the short term appears to be effective in short term variceal obliteration with low complication rates.
A New Method to Control High Temperature Corrosion in Gas Turbines Resulting From Alkali Sulfates

A quantitative program has been completed concerning the detailed chemistry of alkali sulfate deposition onto surfaces immersed in hot flame gases. It has been irrefutably proven that the process is heterogeneous. It is the surface and the alkali that are the predominant controlling features. It is insensitive to the sulfur or any of the flame parameters. The nature of the surface is not important and it uses the flame gases solely as a source of ingredients. Alkali speciation in the flame gases is irrelevant. The chemistry is rapid and shows no activation energy. Formation of sulfate appears to be driven largely by thermodynamic stability considerations. The alkali deposit that results depends on what is available in the hot flame gases. A preferential ranking is observed showing the pronounced trend of sulfate>chloride>carbonate>hydroxide. Consequently, additives have been sought and found that the alkali prefers to sulfur to in this way modify and control the deposition chemistry. It has been determined that the only such candidate species originate in the first few columns of the transition elements. Of these, salts of niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and tungsten are successful. Molybdenum and tungsten salts are the more readily available. When these are added to the burned gases at a concentration twice that of the alkali, on an atomic basis, it is observed that no alkali sulfate or chloride is formed. Instead benign alkali polymolybdates or polytungstates are produced. It appears reasonable to expect similar behavior on thermal barrier coatings.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Buoyant instability of a viscous film over a passive fluid

The article of record as published may be located at http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112093002514
Therapy of Seminal Inadequacy. II. Use of an Extract of Chorionic Gonadotropin and ‘Pituitary Synergist’1

EVANS and his associates (1–5) during the past 12 years have supplied evidence from their studies on the rat in particular that extracts of the anterior pituitary gland enhance the action of chorionic gonadotropin. They considered this enhancement of function to result from the operation of a true synergism and accordingly they have employed the term ‘pituitary synergist’ to describe this function of the pituitary. This group of workers in 1933 (5) reported that the so-called ‘pituitary synergist’ had been prepared sufficiently free from the gonad-stimulating and the growth-stimulating principles to render unlikely the possibility that these principles are responsible for this pituitary action. There has been available commercially during the past year or so a preparation3 which is said to be a ‘balanced’ combination of chorionic gonadotropin and the pituitary follicle-stimulating principle or the ‘pituitary synergist’ of Evans. The manufacturers state that in the preparation of their product the two frac...
Snake robot uncovers secrets to sidewinders' maneuverability.

A hallmark of animal life is the ability to move through the environment to catch prey, avoid predators, or find mates. Animals achieve this using a staggering diversity of locomotor strategies despite having similar body shape and being subjected to similar physics—e.g., gazelles pronk and cheetahs gallop. These differences in strategy may allow animals to fill different ecological niches by affording more (or less) stability, maneuverability, speed, efficiency, and stealth. Many animals rely on specialized appendages—limbs, fins, and wings—that reciprocate to produce forward motion. However, some organisms move using a completely different strategy that involves the generation of undulatory traveling waves that propagate along the body or a specialized elongated fin. Most studies of such undulatory locomotion have focused on the role of a single, in-plane wave that travels from head-to-tail to produce forward thrust, as seen for example in aquatic animals such as eels, lampreys, and leeches (1, 2). In PNAS, Astley et al. (3) present behavioral data that suggest a role for multiplane body undulations in sidewinding snakes to achieve turning maneuvers. Specifically, they observe that rattlesnakes adjust the relative amplitude and timing of the horizontal and vertical waves and that these changes are, in turn, correlated with shallow and sharp turning. Of course, correlations do not prove a mechanistic relationship, so the investigators looked for a complementary approach to determine whether these shifts in the traveling waves are indeed responsible for the animal's extraordinary maneuverability. A natural approach for understanding such biomechanical mechanisms is the use of models—either computational (simulations) or physical (robots). Complex … [↵][1]2To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: sstamper{at}jhu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
A remark on the disconnected nature of Lagrange equations in the context of a linear-scaling implementation of the coupled-cluster energy gradients

It is known that the Λ-tensor (an array of Lagrange multipliers), necessary for evaluating analytic energy gradients in the coupled-cluster theory, is diagrammatically disconnected in general. This means that the number of non-negligible elements in the Λ-tensor grows faster than linearly with the number of calculated particles. At a formal level, when evaluating the gradients of the coupled-cluster energy, this could prevent obtaining a linear scaling of the operational cost with respect to the number of correlated particles. It is shown that in ground/excited-state coupled-cluster calculations, based on localized orbitals, the disconnected part of the Λ-tensor, as well as the disconnected part of the left-hand excited-state eigenvector, can be ignored, thus justifying the use of standard screening techniques employed in linear-scaling schemes.
Construction of potential energy curves in avoided crossing situations

Abstract A new means of analytic continuation, specifically designed to treat branch point structure, is introduced and applied to two-state avoided crossing models. By means of this method it is possible to obtain approximations to both curves using limited data from either curve or both curves. Further, the method provides a good analytic continuation into the complex plane and is able to accurately locate the complex branch points.
Extracellular proteases in developing chick neural retina

During retinal histogenesis, cells and their extensions migrate within the tissue to final positions. In order for the cells to move through the matrix of tissue, space must be made available. We report evidence that extracellular proteolytic activity might be associated with this process. (1) When embryonic chick neural retinal cells are seeded onto a substrate of rhodamine conjugated fluorescent gelatin, the tips of growing neurites remove the fluorescence from the substrate. (2) Latent gelatinolytic activity can be identified with soluble assays of homogenates of embryonic chick neural retina. (3) Zymogram analysis demonstrates the presence of high molecular weight bands of proteolytic activity. The activity is inhibited by 1.10 phenanthroline, suggesting that it is due to a metalloproteinase. Activity can be detected in supernatants of retinal cells grown in vitro. Gelatinolysis is not the only proteolytic activity detected in the retina. Addition of plasminogen to zymograms results in an additional band of activity.
Mothers' speech to their 1-year-old infants in home and laboratory settings

The speech of mothers and their 1-year-old infants was compared in the home and in the laboratory playroom. The home and laboratory settings were similar for measuring the number of actual words that infants spoke and were similar for measuring the complexity of the mother's speech, including the number of different words, the type-token ratio, and the length of the utterances. Infants vocalized at similar rates in the two settings, but mothers spoke at a faster rate in the laboratory playroom. The usefulness of a preliminary warm-up period was supported by the finding that for the second half of the sessions, mothers slowed their rate of speech and increased the complexity of their speech.
Diversity, Merit, Fairness, and Discrimination Beliefs as Predictors of Support for Affirmative‐Action Policy Actions

This paper explores support for hiring policies associated with affirmative action (AA) using a model including beliefs regarding the fairness of AA, merit, value of diversity, prevalence of discrimination, personal self-interest, and demographic characteristics. Participants (n = 212) evaluated 8 hiring policies ranging from the use of strong preferential treatment to race-blind policies. Beliefs affected support for policies differently. For example, diversity valuation predicted support for policies involving preferences and recruitment, but predicted opposition to race-blind approaches, whereas support for the merit principle predicted opposition to preferences and support for race-blind approaches. Results suggest that established predictors of attitudes toward AA do not necessarily predict support for specific forms of AA.
Tuberculous and posttuberculous bronchopleural fistula. Ten year clinical experience.

Between 1972 and 1982,15 episodes of tuberculosis-related bronchopleural fistula (BPF) were observed in 13 patients at a municipal hospital in New York City. All 13 had a history of inadequate treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, and seven had one or more associated chronic debilitating conditions. Past pleural inflammation with resultant fibrothorax appeared to be the source of the late BPF formation in at least seven patients, while rupture of a cavity during active disease was likely in four. Clinical presentation ranged from life-threatening tension-pneumothorax to incidental discovery, a long-term wasting illness being the most common form. Diagnosis was not difficult. Antituberculosis chemotherapy and tube suction were generally employed in treatment, with further surgical drainage procedures done when necessary and possible; open window thoracostomy was usually successful (four of seven BPFs closed, one stable for years), as were one case each of pleuropneumonectomy and decortication. When surgery was not feasible, long-term tube drainage was a useful alternative.
Entanglement requirements for implementing bipartite unitary operations

We prove, using a method based on map-state duality, lower bounds on entanglement resources needed to deterministically implement a bipartite unitary using separable (SEP) operations, which include LOCC (local operations and classical communication) as a particular case. It is known that the Schmidt rank of an entangled pure state resource cannot be less than the Schmidt rank of the unitary. We prove that if these ranks are equal the resource must be uniformly (maximally) entangled: equal nonzero Schmidt coefficients. Higher rank resources can have less entanglement: we have found numerical examples of Schmidt rank 2 unitaries, which can be deterministically implemented, by either SEP or LOCC, using an entangled resource of two qutrits with less than one ebit of entanglement.
Stability analysis for Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian finite-element formulation of the advection-diffusion equation

Abstract This paper analyzes the stability of the finite-element approximation to the linearized two-dimensional advection-diffusion equation. Bilinear basis functions on rectangular elements are considered. This is one of the two best schemes as was shown by Neta and Williams [1]. Time is discretized with the theta algorithms that yield the explicit (θ = 0), semi-implicit ( θ = 1 2 ), and implicit (θ = 1) methods. This paper extends the results of Neta and Williams [1] for the advection equation. Giraldo and Neta [2] have numerically compared the Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian finite-element approximation for the advection-diffusion equation. This paper analyzes the finite element schemes used there. The stability analysis shows that the semi-Lagrangian method is unconditionally stable for all values of θ while the Eulerian method is only unconditionally stable for 1 2 ≤ θ ≤ 1 . This analysis also shows that the best methods are the semi-implicit ones ( θ = 1 2 ). In essence this paper analytically compares a semi-implicit Eulerian method with a semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian method. It is concluded that (for small or no diffusion) the semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian method exhibits better amplitude, dispersion and group velocity errors than the semi-implicit Eulerian method thereby achieving better results. In the case the diffusion coefficient is large, the semi-Lagrangian loses its competitiveness. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Membrane Targeting: Getting Arl to the Golgi

Post-translational modification with myristoyl or prenyl groups is essential for membrane association of many small GTPases in the Ras superfamily. Two recent papers show that, rather than myristoylation, amino-terminal acetylation of the Arf-like protein Arl3p is required for Golgi targeting via an interaction with an integral membrane protein called Sys1.
Alchemy and the Society of Jesus in the Seventeenth Century: Strange Bedfellows?

Bien que l'alchimie et les sciences occultes aient ete exclues de l'en- seignement jesuite, quelques membres de cette societe experimentaient ces matieres pendant leur temps libre. Detail de leurs activites
The Multidimensionality of Ethnic Identity Among Urban High School Youth

This study was designed to explore the associations of ethnic identity dimensions with collective self-esteem membership, school interest, student interest in learning, and community engagement among 406 ethnically diverse (Asian American, Black, Latino, Pacific Islander, and multiracial) high school students. Using the Ethnic Identity Scale, this article presents the relationships between school and community variables with students' perceptions of ethnic identity exploration, resolution, and affirmation. Correlational analyses and post hoc t tests using Steiger's modified z statistic show strong positive correlations between most school and community variables and students' ethnic identity exploration and resolution. They also reveal a strong negative correlation between students' school interest and ethnic identity affirmation. Results are discussed in terms of the emergent distinctions between student interest in learning and school interest as they relate to ethnic identity dimensions and collective ...
Spectroscopy of exoplanet atmospheres with the FINESSE Explorer mission

FINESSE (Fast INfrared Exoplanet Spectroscopic Survey Explorer) will provide uniquely detailed information on the growing number of newly discovered planets by characterizing their atmospheric composition and temperature structure. This NASA Explorer mission, selected for a competitive Phase A study, is unique in its breath and scope thanks to broad instantaneous spectroscopy from the optical to the mid-IR (0.7 – 5 micron), with a survey of exoplanets measured in a consistent, uniform way. For 200 transiting exoplanets ranging from Terrestrial to Jovians, FINESSE will measure the chemical composition and temperature structure of their atmospheres and trace changes over time with exoplanet longitude. The mission will do so by measuring the spectroscopic time series for a primary and secondary eclipse over the exoplanet orbital phase curve. With spectrophotometric precision being a key enabling aspect for combined light exoplanet characterization, FINESSE is designed to produce spectrophotometric precision of better than 100 parts-per-million per spectral channel without the need for decorrelation. The exceptional stability of FINESSE will even allow the mission to characterize non-transiting planets, potentially as part of FINESSE’s Participating Scientist Program. In this paper, we discuss the flow down from the target availability to observations and scheduling to the analysis and calibration of the data and how it enables FINESSE to be the mission that will truly expand the new field of comparative exoplanetology.
Assessment of Zr–V–Fe getter alloy for gas-gap heat switches

A commercial Zr-V-Fe alloy (i.e., SAES Getters trade name alloy St-172) has been assessed as reversible hydrogen storage material for use in actuators of gas gap heat switches. Two prototype actuators containing the SAES St-172 material were built and operated for several thousand cycles to evaluate performance of the metal hydride system under conditions simulating heat switch operation.
Growth and development of six generations of albino rats under treatment with thymocrescin.

ALTHOUGH early workers on the thymus thought that it played a part in the control of growth and development, the work of Park and McClure (i) was – generally conceded to have demonstrated that extirpation of the thymus, in dogs, at least, led to no defects of either growth or development. This status of the thymus was abruptly changed in 1929 when a paper by Asher and Ratti (2) appeared. They found that rats fed McCollum's rachitogenic diet, kept in the dark and injected with aqueous thymus extracts grew, while the uninjected controls were stunted. A long and excellent series of papers by Asher and his coworkers followed and gave additional steps in the purification of the active substance. Asher (3) reviewed the work, which his group has carried on with thymus extracts, for Abderhalden's “Handbuch der biologischen Arbeitsmethoden.” He emphasized the growth and gonadotropic effects of the extract in dosages as low as 1 mg. daily and described in detail the method of extraction which yields this last and m...
Comment on J. Blake's "Can we believe recent data on birth expectations in the United States?".

In her recent article on the family size values of U. S. women, Blake repeats the warning that current low fertility may be transitory. Her caution is appropriate, and her data document some interesting aspects of pronatalist values. Nevertheless, there are several points in Blake's interpretation of these data that warrant comment. These will be considered, following the outline of her article. 1. Blake proposes that the increase in the two-child "ideal" has been too rapid to represent a real change in values and consequently attributes this increase to the effects of propaganda. Yet, as she acknowledges subsequently, the proportion favoring two would be expected to increase rapidly with decreases in ideal family size, given the value that families should have at least two children. Furthermore, the thesis that "a sudden wave of propaganda" has caused the declines in family size ideals seems plausible only when ideals are considered in isolation. Behavior patterns have been a harbinger of this "concentration at two" for several decades. Parity progression ratios at the higher orders have declined rather consistently, even over the baby-boom cohorts. This seems to be an example of changes in vague cultural values lagging behind pragmatic adaptations in behavior. 2. Attention is called to a "remarkable tolerance" for large families. Measurement problems aside, this discussion treats tolerance as if it were the primary force affecting fert-ility. This is a curious perspective from one of the authors of the classic "Social Structure and Fertility" (Davis and Blake, 1956). It is easy to envision a society in which virtually no one has more than two children, and yet most would "tolerate" considerably larger families or even consider them ideal for others. In what way is a tolerance for families of more than five children any less consistent with a two-child than with a three-child average family size preference? If normative constraint were the primary force, then we should have to explain why we see so little of the five-child family; and for that we would have to look beyond the ZPG movement of the last several years. 3. Further evidence is offered concerning the "aversion to childlessness and the only child." This is, indeed, an important issue among factors relevant to future fertility trends, and the evidence for such a norm is impressive. It seems unnecessary to imply further that those who said a childless family was too small also meant that the one-child family was too small (p. 34), or to assume that since there was no religious differential, the Catholic responses to this question were more biased than the nonCatholic responses (p. 35). Some couples do, in fact, intentionally remain childless or have an only child, and there is strong evidence as well for the convergence of religious differentials in fertility (Westoff and Bumpass, 1973; Ryder, 1973). The complex issue at hand is whether, in spite of strong normative