cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances in multilayer X-ray optics

Abstract We present an overview of advances in multilayer X-ray optics which have been achieved in the past few years. Advances in fabrication, characterization, and theory are described. These mirrors are being used in a variety of synchrotron-related applications such as monochromators and projection lithography, as well as nonsynchrotron applications like astronomy and X-ray laser cavities. Although some of these coatings are produced routinely, much work remains to be done in producing higher quality multilayers with very thin layers (less than ∼ 20 A) and multilayers which are stable at high temperatures. Good multilayers with very thin layers are needed for near normal incidence optics at short wavelengths. Very stable multilayers are needed to withstand the high power loads which can be imposed by synchrotron radiation. New materials and deposition techniques are being applied to these problems. For example, molecular beam epitaxy is being applied to the growth of these multilayers in an effort to produce single-crystal superlattice mirrors. Since the performance of these mirrors is strongly dependent on atomic-scale interface quality, it is necessary to control the fabrication and perform characterization on this length scale. Characterization techniques which have made recent impact include high-resolution TEM, in situ ellipsometry, and energy dispersive X-ray diffraction. Surface analysis techniques such as STM, RHEED, LEED, AES, and XPS are being used to study interface formation and surface structure on a subnanometer scale.
Highly-reliable electrostatic actuator using filleted electrode made with photoresist solvent reflow

This paper describes a simple 3-mask fabrication process to construct a highly-reliable, large deflection (> 8 μm) and high frequency (> 90 kHz) electrostatic (ES) actuator. The ES actuator consists of a high residual stress dielectric diaphragm and an electroplated nickel electrode separated by an electrostatic air gap defined by sacrificial photoresist (PR). Actuators with filleted electrodes were created using solvent reflow of sacrificial photoresist. The process has moderately high yield of greater than 64%. The filleted electrode enables the actuator to be continuously actuated for more than 43 days without any diaphragm breakage or stiction.
Fractionation of Memory in Patient Populations: A Memory Systems Perspective

Memory complaints and impairments characterize a number of different neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Exactly how these impairments manifest (e.g., the type of memory that is affected,...
The middle ear muscle of frogs does not modulate tympanic responses to sound.

The effect of the opercularis (=middle ear) muscle on the acoustic responsiveness of the tympanic middle ear of anuran amphibians was studied using laser vibrometric measurements of tympanic responses to sound. Removal of the muscle or direct stimulation of denervated muscles had no measurable effects on tympanic responses to sound in either American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) or green treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) at any frequency or at any sound‐pressure level studied. These results suggest that, contrary to proposed hypotheses, the opercularis muscle of the anuran middle ear is not capable of modulating the responsiveness of the tympanic middle ear. Instead, the opercularis system most likely functions as an independent system involved in acoustic reception.
Studies of Damascus steel blades: Part II—Destruction and reformation of the patterns

Abstract Two genuine Damascus steel blades and two reconstructed Damascus blades have been austenitized to the point where all of the cementite particles responsible for their Damask pattern were dissolved into the austenite. It is demonstrated that subsequent thermal cycling causes the reprecipitation of cementite particles in the same sheetlike morphology of the original blades, provided that the austenization temperature is low enough to avoid homogenization of the major impurity elements. Mn, Si, S, and P. The results provide strong support for the hypothesis of Part I[ Materials Characterization 30:175–186 (1993)], that the formation of sheets of clustered cementite particles in geniune Damascus blades is a type of carbide banding caused by microsegregated third elements deformed into sheets during the cyclic process. Several thermal cycling experiments on reconstructed blade pieces are presented. The experiments support a model in which the third-element additions bias the nucleation of cementite particles into the sheet geometry, followed by enhancement of the sheet morphology by particle coarsening during the thermal cycles.
Liquid membrane elctrodes for bile salts

Abstract A liquid membrane electrode is described which can measure the activity of biological detergents in solution. The results for two bile salts, sodium taurocholate and sodium taurodeoxycholate, are compared with those for a conventional detergent, sodium dodecyl sulfate. The activity of the bile anion is also measured in a mixed micellar solution (phosphatidylcholine added).
The personality‐culture relationship and its effects on interpersonal transactions

Attempts to establish personality as an open system operating in and depending on an environment of cultural inputs. Reveals several factors which create difference among personalities along with their implications for modal personality. Discusses the effects of the personality‐cultural relationship on interpersonal transactions, focusing on the effect of culture on the individual.
Measurements of ensemble averaged flame dynamics using spatially resolved analysis

Abstract When applying flame sheet models to predict the dynamics of turbulent flames, it is common to model turbulence using ensemble averaging of the velocity. Measurements of the flame dynamics were made to support use this type of methodology, by measuring the dynamic volume of the flame using phase averaged images of the CH ∗ chemiluminescence. The dynamics agreed with the common behavior described in the literature, namely frequency scaling according to Strouhal number based on flow convective timescales. However, slightly different timescales were observed for the response magnitude and phase, indicating the possibility of different scaling mechanisms at work between these phenomena. The flame heat release rate dynamics were found to be identical to the dynamic response of the flame volume to inlet velocity perturbations, suggesting a simple proportionality between heat release rate and the flame volume. This result supports the use of ensemble averaging for modeling of the turbulent velocity for predictions of flame dynamics.
The C3UV testbed for collaborative control and information acquisition using UAVs

In this paper we introduce the Center for Collaborative Control of Unmanned Vehicles (C3UV) testbed for collaborative information acquisition. The C3UV testbed has been used for demonstrating a wide range of information-oriented applications executed by collaborative teams of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). This paper presents the C3UV testbed from an architectural stand-point. The testbed includes a estimation and control architecture and a software architecture. The estimation and control architecture is a set of components that can be composed to perform specific missions. The software architecture supports the execution of estimation and control components and implements the Collaborative Sensing Language - a language for highlevel specification of mission-level controllers for mobile sensor networks with ad-hoc resource pool and dynamic network topology. We show the use of different layers of the architecture using examples from our field experiments and demonstrations. Our heterogeneous teams of UAVs perform several types of missions such as environmental monitoring, pedestrian search and tracking, and river mapping.
Managing Care? Medicare Managed Care and Patient Use of Cardiologists

Objective. To examine the impact of Medicare managed care (MMC) versus Medicare fee for service (MFFS) on stent patients' use of physicians with lower resource use and better outcomes. Data Sources/Study Setting. Retrospective secondary data from 2003 through 2006 for 67,476 patients without acute myocardial infarction, staying 2 or more days in hospital, and treated by 486 physicians in Florida performing 10 or more cases per quarter. Study Design. Analysis was at the patient level. Multivariate logistic models estimated the probability of an MMC patient using a physician with a particular risk-adjusted profile rank with respect to hospital peers. Principal Findings. No differences were found in usage of physicians with shorter admissions. Compared with MFFS, MMC patients were significantly less likely to use physicians whose average mortality was the lowest/lowest quartiles/below median among facility peers, and more likely to use a physician ranked below median on live discharges directly home (not needing home health care, skilled nursing care, or a subacute hospital convalescence). Similar results were found with emergency admissions, and where physicians both attended and treated. Conclusions. Florida percutaneous coronary interventions patients insured by MMC used physicians with worse outcome profiles than those of MFFS patients. Results were not consistent with hospital care differences, physician–patient, or payor–physician selection, but they were consistent with selection of unobservably sicker members into MMC and concentration of MMC among physicians.
The Importance of Basic Science and Clinical Research as a Selection Criterion for General Surgery Residency Programs

Objective The selection criteria for surgical residents applying for residency differ among programs nationwide. Factors influencing this selection process have not been well defined, and research in particular has not been evaluated fully. This study aimed to evaluate the relative importance of basic science and clinical research in the selection criteria used by program directors (PDs). Design A web-based survey consisting of 11 questions was sent to PDs using the list server of the Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Respondents were asked to rank selection factors using a 1-to-5 scoring system, with 5 as most important. Their responses were recorded and tabulated. Setting University-based teaching hospital. Participants The survey went to 251 accredited general surgery residency programs in the United States. Results Overall, 134 (53.3%) of the surveys were returned, representing 61 university-based programs, 57 community-based programs with university affiliation, and 16 community-based programs without university affiliation. In total, 120 PDs (89.5%) considered basic or clinical research almost always or all the time when evaluating applicants to their general surgery program. Another 73 PDs (54.5%) gave basic science and clinical research equal importance. Another 40 PDs (29.9%) rarely or never credited research unless it had been published as an abstract or paper. In ranking research, 11 (8.2%) respondents gave it the 5 score. Most respondents (n = 93; 69.4%) gave it the 3 score. An applicant's interview and interest in surgery were the factors considered most important by 93 (69.4%) and 78 (58.2%), respectively, of the PDs. Conclusions Basic science and clinical research constituted an important but secondary criterion for resident selection by PDs into general surgery residency programs. PDs perceived the primary factors for residency selection to be the interview, demonstrated interest in surgery, AOA membership, letters of recommendation, and USMLE Step I scores.
Two homoeo box loci mapped in evolutionarily related mouse and human chromosomes

The homoeo box is a 180-base pair (bp) DNA sequence conserved in Drosophila homoeotic genes, which regulate early development1,2. These DNA sequences are present in open reading frames and have been identified in specific gene transcripts in Drosophila and Xenopus embryos3–5; they possess structural features in common with genes encoding some DNA-binding proteins6,7. Homologous homoeo box sequences have been detected in species ranging from insects and annelids to vertebrates2,5,8. The high degree of sequence conservation (70–90%) among different species suggests a strong evolutionary relationship and implies a common role in embryonic development. To test this hypothesis, one approach we have used is to examine the patterns of genetic organization of homoeo box sequences in mouse and human for any similarities; the second approach is to localize the chromosomal map positions of homoeo box sequences in the two species. A similar genomic organization and chromosomal distribution of homoeo box sequences would argue for a conserved function and might shed light on their mechanism of action. Here, we describe experiments which show that two homoeo box loci map, respectively, to evolutionarily related regions on mouse chromosome 11 and human chromosome 17.
Organizational commitment of IT workers: leader support and differences across gender and race

The purpose of this study is to determine how psychosocial mentoring, career mentoring and leader-member exchange (LMX) contribute to organizational commitment for IT workers, as well as how these relationships differ according to race and gender. We draw on affective events theory, as well as the literature on IT personnel and leader support to explicate these relationships. We conducted a field study of 289 IT workers in a Fortune 500 company. LMX and career mentoring explained 28% of the variance in organizational commitment. Additionally, we found that the impact of career mentoring on organizational commitment is stronger for women than for men and that career mentoring influences organizational commitment for non-minority races but not minority races. Finally, the influence of LMX on organizational commitment is stronger for minority races than for non-minority races. This study contributes to the body of literature on IT personnel issues by exploring whether and how organizational support mechanisms enhance organizational commitment for private sector IT workers. We also demonstrate that race and gender are important considerations for researchers studying organizational commitment, mentoring, and LMX. Our findings suggest that managers can boost organizational commitment among IT workers by focusing on LMX and career mentoring. Moreover, they may want to place particular emphasis on career mentoring programs for women and on the development of supervisor/employee relationships for their minority race IT workers.
Oncogenic activity of the regulatory subunit p85β of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)

Expression of the regulatory subunit p85β of PI3K induces oncogenic transformation of primary avian fibroblasts. The transformed cells proliferate at an increased rate compared with nontransformed controls and show elevated levels of PI3K signaling. The oncogenic activity of p85β requires an active PI3K-TOR signaling cascade and is mediated by the p110α and p110β isoforms of the PI3K catalytic subunit. The data suggest that p85β is a less effective inhibitor of the PI3K catalytic subunit than p85α and that this reduced level of p110 inhibition accounts for the oncogenic activity of p85β.
Predictors of treatment delay in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.

Background and Purpose Expeditious treatment is critical in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) due to the risk of rebleeding. This study aimed to define predictors of treatment delay among aSAH patients. Methods A retrospective study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database identified patients diagnosed with SAH between 2002 and 2007. Patient's characteristics such as age, gender, race, insurance, SAH severity, treatment (coil versus clip), and other factors were studied. The Cochrane-Armitage test was used to assess delayed care trends by procedure, time of treatment, and hospital volume. Multivariate logistic regression evaluated factors associated with treatment delays. Results A total of 38,827 patients were admitted between 2002 and 2007; 69.0% were women and 61% were white. The overall median age was 52 years. More patients underwent treatment with surgical clipping than with endovascular coiling (60.4% versus 39.6%, respectively). Overall, 74% of hospital admissions occurred on weekdays; the remaining 26% occurred on weekends. Multivariate analysis revealed that older age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.1; p = 0.0004) and surgical clipping versus endovascular coiling (OR: 1.3; p = 0.02) were independent predictors of delayed treatment (i.e., >2 days from admission). Nonwhite patients experienced greater treatment delays on weekdays compared with white patients (OR: 1.4; p = 0.01). Furthermore, patients treated in low-volume hospitals were significantly more likely to experience delays than those treated in higher volume hospitals (OR: 2.0; p = 0.007). Conclusions Risk factors associated with treatment delay in aSAH patients include older age, nonwhite race, surgical clipping, and admission to low surgical volume hospitals.
BAKING and STORAGE STABILITY PROPERTIES of HIGH FIBER BREADS CONTAINING COMPARABLE LEVELS of DIFFERENT FIBER INGREDIENTS

Textural changes and storage stability properties of high fiber yeast breads containing 13% dietary fiber (TDF, as is basis) from either white wheat bran, white wheat distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS), barley spent grains (BSG), soy fiber, or oat fiber were compared. Flour substitution levels ranged from 12% to 23%. There were approximately 100 colony forming units (CFU)/1000 g for the BSG containing breads and 106 to 107 CFU/1000 g for the other products. Mixing and baking properties for breads utilizing these ingredients varied widely. Breads containing wheat distillers’grains retained softness longer during the storage trial than did the other experimental products.
Incidence of erectile dysfunction after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair

The aim of this study is to document the incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) following open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair using a modified International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire (IIEF). An IIEF was mailed to 175 married male patients (mean age +/- SD: 71 +/- 8 years) who had an open AAA repair by one of four board-certified vascular surgeons between 1994 and 1998. The IIEFs were anonymous and asked patients to recall their sexual function before and 3 months after repair. ED was defined in patients with IIEF scores <11 (range 1-30). The overall response rate was 39% (68/175). A comparison of the IIEF results showed that 67/68 patients reported worsening erectile function (p < 0.00001); one respondent reported improved erectile function. On the basis of the IIEF scores, 20/68 patients (29%) were found to have ED and 48/68 patients (71%) had normal function prior to repair. Of the 48 patients with normal function prior to surgery, 83% (40/48) had ED after surgery. ED rates were similar between tube grafts 82% (23/28) and bifurcated grafts 85% (17/20) p = ns. The ED rate after open AAA repair is alarmingly high and prospective follow-up with IIEF will be necessary to better assess true ED rates after conventional open AAA repair.
Examining Associations Among ADHD, Homework Behavior, and Reading Comprehension: A Twin Study

Previous literature has indicated an important association between reading comprehension and both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and homework habits. This investigation sought to extend previous knowledge by providing information about how ADHD and homework behavior (i.e., completing homework regularly) may jointly influence reading comprehension. Using a genetically sensitive design, this study examined the genetic and environmental influences on and between ADHD, homework behavior and reading comprehension. Participants for this study included 691 twin pairs (351 monozygotic, 340 same-sex dizygotic) from the Florida Twin Project on Behavior and Environment (FTP-BE) and 2647 twin pairs (865 monozygotic, 1782 dizygotic) from the larger Florida Twin Project on Reading (FTP-R) in Grades 3 through 7. Three separate models, each representing a different definition of ADHD (full ADHD, inattention only, and hyperactivity/impulsivity only), showed similar patterns of results; therefore, results of the full ADHD model are discussed. Overlapping genetic influences were found between ADHD, homework behavior, and reading comprehension, but no shared environmental influences among all three. However, shared environmental influences overlapped between homework behavior and reading comprehension. Although the sources of this environmental overlap are unknown, these results have implications for improving homework practices and their subsequent influence on literacy skills through homework environments.
Hallucinations on withdrawal of isoflurane used as sedation.

Hallucinations on withdrawal of midazolam have been noted in intensive care patients. Isoflurane is increasingly used as an alternative drug for sedation. We report a scven-year-old child with 15% burns who, on withdrawal of isoflurane, suffered hallucinations, a generalized seizure and disorientation. The adverse symptoms occurred within hours of stopping the isoflurane and lasted for five days.
Design of an urban, ground-water-dominated wetland

In the Barney Circle wetland in southeast Washington DC, a proposed site for wetland enhancement and creation, ground water supplied over 80% of the flow into the wetland from 25 March to 17 August 1994. In most months, the primary outflow from the wetland occurred as ground-water flow, but in April, almost all the outflow was surface water Rain, ramoff, and changes in storage account for less than a third of the observed surface-water discharge from the wetland to the Anacostia River in April and May. This indicates that ground-water inflow was the major source of water. Although it is only a first order basin. the wetland had a small but definite flood-control function. Peak surface-water discharges out of the wetland during a storm event were reduced by 38%to 80% compared to surface-water inflow into the wetland. The time during which storm outflow occurred was much longer than the time of storm inflow. Proposed construction of a highway will result in a 13% reduction in the recharge area of the Barney Circle watershed. A calibrated ground-water flow model of the watershed suggests that this will result in a 27% decrease in baseflow discharge from the wetland. The hydroperiod of the wetland will only be slightly affected, however. By modifying the calibrated watershed model, it was possible to design a modified topography of the wetland that will favor desired plant communities. However, modifying the hydroperiod will require a much greater depth of excavation than would have been predicted based on the average hydroperiod either before or after highway construction. Excavation of the wetland will cause ground water in the surrounding uplands to drain more quickly than previously. This change in the hydrology had to be taken into account in the design. This study illustrates how failure to consider the effects of site alteration on local hydrology could result in project failure.
Detergent-like action of tetraphenylborate on phospholipid labelling in guinea pig cortex subfractions.

The addition of 2 x 10- 4M sodium tetraphenylborate to particulate preparations of guinea pig cerebral cortex increases labelling of phosphatidic acid from y-(3ZP)-ATP two- to four-fold. The effect was observed in all subcellular fractions studied (nuclear, synaptosomal, mitochondria1 and microsomal) and is not blocked by the addition of atropine. Changes in phospholipid labelling similar to those induced by tetraphenylborate can be demonstrated with sodium dodecyl sulphate or sodium desoxycholate. It is suggested that tetraphenylborate stimulates diglyceride kinase.
Multiscale representations for face recognition

Automatic face recognition algorithms have the potential to impact several applications including surveillance, human augmentation, multimedia indexing and retrieval, and authentication. In this paper, a technique to retrieve images by visual appearance similarity is applied to the problem of face recognition. The framework for representing and computing similarity is based on the design and use of multi-scale Gaussian differential features (MGDFs) as appearance features. In the first part of this paper, the relevance of MGDFs as appearance features and an algorithm to deduce global similarity is developed. In the second part of this paper, multi-scale representations are applied to face recognition. Results from experiments on standard test collections tested in this paper indicate that at least 96% recognition accuracy is obtained, and when compared with other techniques, the MGDF based representation yields comparable or better results. The MGDF based technique is very general; it was originally developed for global appearance similarity retrieval in heterogeneous images, and has been applied to retrieve similar textures, trademarks, binary shapes and heterogeneous gray-level collections.
Hypoxia in skeletal muscle at rest and during the transition to steady work

Abstract This paper reviews O2 transport to skeletal muscle at rest and during the transition to steady work. In animals whose surface area is large relative to volume, mean intracellular PO2 is about 5 mm Hg, and V O 2 increases if flow increases. However, coupled V O 2 of mitochondria in vitro and in vivo is maximal when intracellular PO2 exceeds about 0.1 mm Hg. The 50-fold difference between the critical PO2 for V O 2 of mitochondria and V O 2 of whole muscle is accounted for, at least in part, by nonuniformities in the muscle microcirculation. These nonuniformities cause focal anoxia, even though mean intracellular PO2 greatly exceeds critical mitochondrial PO2. It remains to be determined whether biochemical pathways to O2 parallel and/or, alternative to the classical respiratory chain, contribute to the flow dependence of muscle V O 2 . Most of the O2 debt in phasic contraction is acquired during the first 30–60 sec. while blood flow is increasing rapidly. This initial phase of vasodilation is entirely due to short neurones intrinsic to skeletal muscle arterioles. A minor component of the O2 debt is acquired after maximum flow is attained. This may be accounted for by slow recruitment of capillaries, which are under metabolic rather than neural control.
The linguistic construction of expert identity in professor–student discussions of science

This study examines how participation in a verbal exchange during an inquiry-based classroom activity allows three college students and their science instructor to use linguistic signs (choices of words, grammatical structures, discursive structures, prosody and poetic discourse) to construct authority and expertise. Our work explores linguistic and interactional processes of identification (the dynamic construction and transaction of expert identity) and examines how discursive strategies adopted by the professor at different moments of the verbal exchange influence the students’ subsequent discursive practices and perceptions of authority. We adopt a dialogic, socio-constructivist perspective on identity, viewing personal identities as being partially constructed via interactional positioning. Our findings reveal that the attainment of expertise involves two different types of language-mediated processes: the transmission of a professional vision or intension and the emergence of a perception of agency among students. The former is centered on referential-denotative meanings of speech (elicitation of standard account and operational definition) while the latter requires effective use of pragmatic–performative functions of speech (non-evaluative and more than minimal recipient practices). Consideration is given to the need for science instructors to be able to utilize pragmatic functions of language strategically to encourage students to position themselves within the identity of science expertise.
The long, hard road: drug metabolism in the lifetime of the DMDG.

Special issues of Xenobiotica marked the 10th and 20th anniversaries of the DMDG. Within these, Drs David Case (1981) and Angus Bell and Mike Tarbit (1992) reviewed the state of the art of the science of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics at those times as applied within the pharmaceutical industry. Now the DMDG reaches the landmark of its 30th anniversary, which is again marked by this special issue of the journal. This review attempts to take a broad overview of the state of our science and the notable advances that have occurred over the past 10 years. As with the previous anniversary issues, the papers presented here are intended to provide a wider perspective on the impact of the advances within the science as applied to industrial drug metabolism.
Essential Role of the Histone Methyltransferase G9a in Cocaine-induced Plasticity

Cocaine-induced alterations in gene expression cause changes in neuronal morphology and behavior that may underlie cocaine addiction. In mice, we identified an essential role for histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) dimethylation and the lysine dimethyltransferase G9a in cocaine-induced structural and behavioral plasticity. Repeated cocaine administration reduced global levels of H3K9 dimethylation in the nucleus accumbens. This reduction in histone methylation was mediated through the repression of G9a in this brain region, which was regulated by the cocaine-induced transcription factor DeltaFosB. Using conditional mutagenesis and viral-mediated gene transfer, we found that G9a down-regulation increased the dendritic spine plasticity of nucleus accumbens neurons and enhanced the preference for cocaine, thereby establishing a crucial role for histone methylation in the long-term actions of cocaine.
Retinoic acid enhances the rate of olfactory recovery after olfactory nerve transection

In the olfactory system, retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in development and may affect growth in the adult animal. To explore the potential effects of RA on recovery after injuries, adult mice were trained in a buried food paradigm and were given a single oral supplement of RA after olfactory nerve transection. Results demonstrate that RA accelerates the recovery of olfactory functions after injury.
Association of Self-perceived Body Weight Status with Dietary Reporting by U.S. Teens*

Objective: Children's self perception of body weight and the medical definition of obesity show poor correlation. This study examined the independent associations of body mass index (BMI) and self-perceived weight status (considered self over-, under-, or right weight) with food reporting, nutrient intake estimates, and biomarkers of dietary exposure. Research Methods and Procedures: Dietary (one 24-hour recall), anthropometric, and biochemical data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1269 boys and 1385 girls, ages 12 to 18 years). Sex-specific multiple regression analyses were used to determine the association of BMI and self-perceived body weight status with reported intakes of energy, macronutrients, low-nutrient-dense foods, micronutrients, and serum concentrations of selected vitamins and carotenoids. Results: Reported intakes of energy, macronutrients, number of eating occasions, percentage of energy from low-nutrient-dense foods, likelihood of meeting the standard of intake of micronutrients, and biomarkers were not different among boys and girls who perceived themselves as overweight relative to those who perceived themselves at the right weight (p > 0.05). In boys, BMI was a negative predictor of percentage of energy from low-nutrient-dense foods (p = 0.004) and intake of ascorbic acid (p = 0.04). BMI was inversely related to serum concentrations of most carotenoids (p ≤ 0.002). Discussion: Perceiving oneself as overweight was not associated with reporting of low-nutrient-dense foods, macronutrients, micronutrients, and biomarker status; BMI, however, was a significant predictor of several outcomes.
OVERCOMING ECONOMIC HARD TIMES: SOME LESSONS FROM THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE

The United States' economic experience has closely paralleled that of Britain. If both countries are to return to controlled prosperity, changes are needed in the business world and in academia. If those changes don't happen, the downward spiral toward depression may well accelerate.
PERFORMING IN QUANTUM SPACE: A CREATIVE APPROACH TO N- DIMENSIONAL COMPUTING

This paper discusses a new approach to scientific and artistic computing that allows one to use the creative process of music performance to interact with n-dimensional data sets. Using a unique multi-user instrument, the AlloSphere, a three-story metal sphere in an echo-free chamber that immerses approximately twenty-five researchers in 4-Pi stereo radians of interactive visual and audio data, new scientific discoveries and emergent art transform science and art into a new field.
Studies on glycoconjugate metabolism in developing skeletal muscle membranes

Abstract The postnatal development of mammalian skeletal muscle is characterized by changes in the properties of several key membrane glycoprotein enzymes and receptors. In the recent study, CMP-sialic acid: fetuin sialyltransferase and CMP-sialic acid: lactosylceramide sialytransferase activity was characterized in sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes isolated from neonatal (0–1 week) and adult (8 week) rabbit skeletal muscle. CMP-sialic acid: fetuin sialytransferase decreased by a factor of 10 in sarcolemma and 6 in sarcoplasmic reticulum during development, whereas CMP-sialic acid: lactosylceramide sialytransferase activity decreased by a factor of 6 in sarcolemma and 18 in sarcoplasmic reticulum. The K m for CMP-sialic acid using the lipid acceptor declined during the development of sarcoplasmic reticulum (neonate vs. adult: 538 vs. 33 μM), but not in sarcolemma. The carbohydrate composition of sarcolemma was changed only with respect to total sialic acid content (neonate vs. adult: 67 vs. 44 nmol/mg). Similar analysis of sarcoplasmic reticulum carbohydrates showed decreases in total sialic acid, lipid-bound sialic acid, hexosamines and hexoses. The major ganglioside was GM3 for both types of membrane. No qualitative changes were observed in ganglioside composition comparing neonatal and adult membranes.
Facing pandemic influenza threats: The importance of including poultry and swine workers in preparedness plans

Recent research has shown that poultry and swine workers, especially those with intense exposures, are at increased risk of zoonotic influenza virus infections. In multiple studies, US poultry workers and poultry veterinarians have evidence of previous infections with avian influenza virus. Similarly, US swine workers have strong evidence of previous and acute infections with swine influenza viruses. Mathematical modeling has demonstrated that such workers may accelerate the spread of pandemic viruses in their rural communities. Because these workers may contribute to the novel generation of viruses and serve as a bridging population in the cross-species sharing of influenza viruses, it seems prudent to include poultry and swine workers in influenza preparedness programs. Possible preventive and control interventions include special education programs to increase workers' use of personal protective equipment such as gloves, increased surveillance for influenza viruses among workers and their animals, recommendations that workers seek medical attention should they develop influenza-like illness, and workers' priority receipt of annual and pandemic influenza vaccines.
“The arsenic threat: interdependencies of water, agriculture, food supply, public health and energy critical infrastructure”

On February 7, 2013, the Associated Press reported [1] that “more than half of California’s population relies on a drinking water supply contaminated by arsenic, nitrates and other contaminants, though most communities blend or treat their water to make it safe, according to a new report by the State Water Resources Control Board released earlier this week. . . Arsenic was the most-detected naturally occurring contaminant, while nitrate was the human-caused contaminant detected the most. Chemical fertilizers and livestock manure are the main source of nitrate contamination in groundwater. . . Some communities cannot afford water treatment or other alternatives.” The report further stated 265 community water systems have delivered water from wells that have exceeded the nitrate, arsenic, or other standards. Most of these communities are located in rural Kern, Tulare, and Madera counties and serve contaminated water to about 2 million Californians [1]. The access and the quality of our drinking water is and should be a major concern to guarantee the global citizen’s safety and security regardless where people live. The original intention of this paper was to further investigate and better understand the risks and the consequences of the February 2013 water report from the State of California where the drinking water in many locations was found to have high levels of arsenic. In the literature, we found many products in the food chain that contain arsenic, and that led us to look deeper into the nexus between water, agriculture, food (i.e., cattle, poultry, fish/aquaculture, etc.) and even the energy sector, because of the current practices of fracking and the derived concerns of contamination to our environment, the water, the soil, and all the derived products. We realized very quickly that this is not a California issue but rather a Global Health one. The Issue of Arsenic—Concerns to ponder include: • Because agriculture is the number one industry in California, how has arsenic contamination impacted agriculture, cattle, poultry, water supplies, and our food security and what are the repercussions we face as society and individuals with our public health related risks? • Can part of this problem be explained by the public’s perception and the policy about the water critical infrastructure alone? • Are the current techniques of fracking used for energy-related purposes too risky in releasing arsenic and other contaminants that ends up affecting our water and our food supply?
Systems analysis of dual-purpose nuclear power and desalting plants Part I. Optimization

Abstract The optimal process design of a dual purpose plant for producing power and water is investigated. A nuclear reactor and steam turbine power generator for steam and power production is coupled with two water plants, a multi-stage flash plant and a reverse osmosis plant. The total system cost for producing given levels of power and water is minimized. Optimal designs are presented for several combinations of water and external power demands ranging from 25 mgd to 150 mgd and from 50 MWe to 200 MWe.
Export expansion and economic growth: Evidence from Chinese Provinces

This paper examines the effect of exports on economic growth based on the data of 30 Chinese provinces from 1978 to 1995. A theoretical model is based on the neoclassical production function, in which exports can affect output growth. It was found that the growth rate of exports and the growth rate of per capita output are positively related; i.e. provinces with faster growth of exports grew faster than the provinces with slower export growth. It was also found that investment in state enterprises was insignificantly related to output growth, while investment in private enterprises was positively related to growth.
Review essay: Toward “a search for remedy”: On political discourse in a democratic culture

DIRTY POLITICS: DECEPTION, DISTRACTION, AND DEMOCRACY. By Kathleen Hall Jamieson. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992; pp. 335. $25.00. MEDIATED POLITICS IN TWO CULTURES. Edited by Lynda Lee Kaid, Jacques Gerstle, and Keith R. Sanders. New York: Praeger, 1991; pp. 299. $55.00. REAGAN AND PUBLIC DISCOURSE IN AMERICA. Edited by Michael Weiler and W. Barnett Pearce. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 1992; pp. 351. $39.95. THE SPOT: THE RISE OF POLITICAL ADVERTISING ON TELEVISION. Third Edition. By Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992; pp. 418. $14.95 paper.
One-flask synthesis of dinucleoside tetra- and pentaphosphates.

We report a one-flask route for the synthesis of dinucleoside tetra- and pentaphosphates, in isolated yields of 50−85%. This route relies on a mixture of P(III) and P(V) chemistries, using phosphitylation of a protected nucleoside with 2-chloro-4H-l,3,2-benzo-dioxaphosphorin-4-one (salicylchlorophosphite), followed by sequential reaction with inorganic pyrophosphate and a nucleoside 5‘ mono- or diphosphate.
Subcutaneous calcification in venous ulcers : report of a case

Abstract. We report on a 77-year-old woman with a recalcitrant leg ulcer that contained and extruded calcified material. Roentgenograms of the involved leg showed extensive subcutaneous calcification. The literature concerning subcutaneous calcification in venous insufficiency is reviewed. The patient responded to surgical debridement of the calcified tissue and subsequent skin grafting.
Quantitative analysis of ERα and GAD colocalization in the hippocampus of the adult female rat

Despite the many effects of estrogen in the hippocampus, there has been little evidence that hippocampal principal cells express nuclear estrogen receptors. In the hippocampus, the alpha form of the nuclear estrogen receptor (ER alpha) has been localized to sparsely distributed cells with the morphological characteristics of inhibitory interneurons. Because inhibitory neurons may be involved in the effects of estrogen on hippocampal principal cells, quantitative description of ER alpha expression in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic (inhibitory) and non-GABAergic cells of the hippocampus is a key step in understanding the mechanism(s) of estrogen action on hippocampal circuitry. We used single and double-label immunohistochemistry for ER alpha and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD; a marker of GABAergic neurons) to determine the numbers and distributions of hippocampal GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons that express ER alpha in the adult female rat. We found many more ER alpha-expressing cells in the hippocampus than any previous study and observed distinct dorsal vs. ventral differences in hippocampal ER alpha expression. In the dorsal hippocampus, most ER alpha-positive cells were also GAD positive; however, ER alpha was expressed in only a subset of GAD-positive cells. Double-labeled cells were concentrated at the border between str. radiatum and str. lacunosum-moleculare. In the ventral hippocampus, we found a very high number of ER alpha-positive cells, the majority of which were not immunoreactive for GAD and are likely to be pyramidal cells. These findings suggest that ER alpha can mediate the effects of estrogen primarily in GABAergic neurons in the dorsal hippocampus and in both GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons in the ventral hippocampus.
A sensitive system for measuring atmospheric depolarization of light.

An improved instrument for measuring depolarization of linearity polarized light has been assembled and operated It is a hundred times more sensitive than previous devices used for similar measurements, and it can detect depolarized light amounting to less than 10−8 of the total transmitted light. This sensitivity is achieved by means of a high quality wollastan prism and a differential detection scheme over a 600-m path indicate that atmospheric depolarization is less than the detection limit of 10−8.
Earthquake Triggering at Alaskan Volcanoes Following the 3 November 2002 Denali Fault Earthquake

The 3 November 2002 M W 7.9 Denali fault earthquake provided an excellent opportunity to investigate triggered earthquakes at Alaskan volcanoes. The Alaska Volcano Observatory operates short-period seismic networks on 24 historically active volcanoes in Alaska, 247–2159 km distant from the mainshock epicenter. We searched for evidence of triggered seismicity by examining the unfiltered waveforms for all stations in each volcano network for ∼1 hr after the M W 7.9 arrival time at each network and for significant increases in located earthquakes in the hours after the mainshock. We found compelling evidence for triggering only at the Katmai volcanic cluster (kvc, 720–755 km southwest of the epicenter), where small earthquakes with distinct P and S arrivals appeared within the mainshock coda at one station and a small increase in located earthquakes occurred for several hours after the mainshock. Peak dynamic stresses of ∼0.1 MPa at Augustine Volcano (560 km southwest of the epicenter) are significantly lower than those recorded in Yellowstone and Utah (>3000 km southeast of the epicenter), suggesting that strong directivity effects were at least partly responsible for the lack of triggering at Alaskan volcanoes. We describe other incidents of earthquake-induced triggering in the kvc, and outline a qualitative magnitude/distance-dependent triggering threshold. We argue that triggering results from the perturbation of magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the kvc and suggest that the comparative lack of triggering at other Alaskan volcanoes could be a result of differences in the nature of magmatic-hydrothermal systems.
The role of technology and people in the diffusion of lean production in the automotive supplier industry

This study examined the extent to which technical and people systems of lean production affects department performance, the perceptions of department performance and work-related attitudes. A model was developed suggesting that the integration of technical and people systems will predict department performance, perception of department performance and work-related attitudes. Two manufacturing facilities from the automotive supplier industry participated in the study. A survey completed by 533 employees was developed to measure people systems of lean production. A technical systems assessment instrument was used to measure the extent to which the technical systems of lean production had been implemented at the department level. A total of 121 supervisors and superintendents provided survey data regarding perceived department effectiveness attributable to the implementation of lean production. Department performance measures also included uptime by department and shift for an eight-month period. Complete archival data was provided for 26 departments. The study results suggest that people systems predict work-related attitudes and influence perceptions of department performance by employees. Technical systems were strongly related to management perception of department performance. The people systems composite was significantly related to employee perceptions of department performance. The reverse relationship was shown for management perception of department performance.
Accounting information can be used for scientific investigation

In much the same manner as science, modern accounting information systems are concerned with statements about measurable attributes, data simplification, prediction, and history. These in-place systems can provide a massive data base for various sorts of scientific investigations into living systems at the group, community, society, and supranational system levels. This article discusses these ideas and provides a method, based on general living systems theory (GLST), for reclassifying accounting data according to various forms of matter-energy flows.