cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary value problems in transport with mixed and oblique derivative boundary conditions, steady state and transient solutions

Abstract The transport of heat or mass from a stationary medium into a flowing fluid leads generally to boundary value problems in which the boundary condition (on the temperature or concentration) specifies the oblique derivative or the mixed second derivative with respect to the normal and tangential directions on the solid surface[1,2]. Such boundary value problems are generally nonselfadjoint. It is shown in this paper that the differential operators have, however, the important property of possessing an assured spectral representation, which, when determined, may be readily employed to solve steady state and transient problems of the foregoing type. The method of separation of variables is shown to be applicable for the determination of the above spectral representation of the operators in certain cases. These include (i) cylinder, cooled by a fluid flowing circumferentially around it, (ii) the infinite slab or infinite cylinder cooled by a fluid flowing along the axial direction. Solutions are obtained for steady and unsteady state problems. The boundary value problems of this paper are of considerable importance to nuclear reactor cooling and many separation processes.
Superparamagnetism in carbon-coated Co particles produced by the Kratschmer carbon arc process.

A process based on the Kratschmer-Huffman carbon arc method of preparing fullerenes has been used to generate carbon-coated cobalt and cobalt carbide nanocrystallites. Magnetic nanocrystallites are extracted from the soot with a gradient field technique. For Co/C composites, structural characterization by x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of a fcc Co phase, graphite, and a minority ${\mathrm{Co}}_{2}$C phase. The majority of Co nanocrystals exists as nominally spherical particles, 0.5--5 nm in radius. Hysteretic and temperature-dependent magnetic response, in randomly and magnetically aligned powder samples frozen in epoxy reveals fine-particle magnetism associated with monodomain Co particles. The magnetization exhibits a unique functional dependence on H/T, and hysteresis below a blocking temperature, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{B}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}160 K. Below ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{B}}$, the temperature dependence of the coercivity is given by ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}}$=${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{i}}$[1-(T/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{B}}$${)}^{1/2}$], with ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}\mathit{i}}$\ensuremath{\simeq}450 Oe.
Spectral description of oceanic near-surface variability

This paper provides a spectral description of near-surface oceanic velocity variability on a global scale. Rotary spectra of drifter velocities are estimated in zonal bands of the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The partition of energy between cyclonic and anticyclonic frequencies clearly identifies inertial oscillations at all latitudes. The meridional distribution of near-inertial energy is described in detail. The polarization of super-inertial energy is consistent with internal waves dynamics. Thus, the distribution of super-inertial energy may be a manifestation of freely propagating near-inertial waves on the β-plane.
Charybdotoxin-sensitive K (Ca) channel is not involved in glucose-induced electrical activity in pancreatic β-cells

The effects of charybdotoxin (CTX) on single [Ca2+] i -activated potassium channel (K (Ca)) activity and whole-cell K+ currents were examined in rat and mouse pancreatic β-cells in culture using the patch-clamp method. The effects of CTX on glucose-induced electrical activity from both cultured β-cells and β-cells in intact islets were compared. K(Ca) activity was very infrequent at negative patch potentials (−70<V m <0 mV), channel activity appearing at highly depolarizedV m . K(Ca) open probability at these depolarizedV m values was insensitive to glucose (10 and 20mm) and the metabolic uncoupler 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP). However, DNP blocked glucose-evoked action potential firing and reversed glucose-induced inhibition of the activity of K+ channels of smaller conductance. The venom fromLeiurus quinquestriatus hebreus (LQV) and highly purified CTX inhibited K(Ca) channel activity when applied to the outer aspect of the excised membrane patch. CTX (5.8 and 18nm) inhibited channel activity by 50 and 100%, respectively. Whole-cell outward K+ currents exhibited an early transient component which was blocked by CTX, and a delayed component which was insensitive to the toxin. The individual spikes evoked by glucose, recorded in the perforated-patch modality, were not affected by CTX (20nm). Moreover, the frequency of slow oscillations in membrane potential, the frequency of action potentials and the rate of repolarization of the action potentials recorded from pancreatic islet β-cells in the presence of glucose were not affected by CTX. We conclude that the K(Ca) does not participate in the steady-state glucose-induced electrical activity in rodent pancreatic islets.
Two Variants Of The Optical Correlation Process

Simulations of the standard optical correlation process show that difficulties arise if the inputs are realistically modeled to be an aperture in a plane. These difficulties are especially grave if the inputs are targets in a background with substantial amplitude. Simple examples show that these difficulties cannot be solved by edge enhancement techniques or by suppression of low frequency terms in the Fourier plane. The purpose of this paper is to give two new variants of the standard optical correlation process which solve this aperture problem. This assertion is empirically supported by a great deal of testing over numerous data sets. These two variants are to be used with phase-only or binary filters implemented in an addressable spatial light modulator in the Fourier plane. Each variant requires its own careful nonstandard design of the phase-only filters. The direct construction of phase-only filters developed previously by the author can and must be used to make filters suitable for these variants. Simulations suggest that the resulting filters can be packed with a great deal of information, are stable under perturbations in the training set, have a very low false alarm rate, and are extremely insensitive to backgrounds consisting of high variance, high mean, Gaussian or uniform noise. These two variants give superior results even when targets are in a zero or low amplitude background.
Partial trisomy 13 in a case of Cyclopia with 13/14 translocation

An infant with median facio-cerebral dysplasia and a nose-like tubular appendage (Cyclopia) is reported. Cytogenetic study of this case reveals a partial trisomy of chromosome 13 via the long arms of 13/14 translocation chromosome. This particular arrangement of the partial trisomy is clearly identified by the new quinacrine fluorescence and trypsin banding techniques. Cytogenetic analysis of the parents revealed normal chromosomal complements.
Updating Situation Models: Reply to Zwaan and Madden (2004)

A basic component of the comprehension process during reading involves the continual integration of incoming information with the evolving discourse representation; that is, the representation is continually updated as new information is introduced. O’Brien, Rizzella, Albrecht, and Halleran (1998) contrasted two competing views of this updating process: the memory-based text processing view and the here-and-now view. According to the here-and-now view, readers maintain a continually updated model of the situation described by the text within the here and now or active portion of the discourse model. Incoming information is checked against the here-and-now portion of the discourse model and is used to update that model. Thus, unless information is introduced that conflicts with the current model
1527 COAGULATION AND THE NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

The coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were studied in children with nephrotic syndrome using methods including plasma fibrinogen chromatography (Kid.Int.1976,10,319). Patients with minimal change disease (MCNS) were studied sequentially i) relapse on no treatment (n=34), ii) relapse receiving steroids (n=12), iii) early remission on steroids (n=14), iv) late remission on steroids (n=17) and v) late remission, no treatment (n=10). Other nephrotics, including those with focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) were studied too and compared to normal subjects. Irrespective of underlying cause, untreated nephrotic subjects had significantly elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen, high molecular weight fibrin-fibrinogen complexes and fibrinogen first derivatives. α2 macroglobulin levels were elevated too whereas, factor XIII, α1-antitrypsin, plasminogen and, surprisingly, antithrombin III levels were not different from normal. Values reverted toward normal when MCNS patients began to respond to steroid treatment (group iii) and were normal in groups iv and v. Abnormalities persisted in FGS patients who remained nephrotic. Thus coagulation changes occur prior to the administration of steroids and appear to be nonspecific being found in nephrotic syndrome irrespective of etiology. Our study provides a rationale for the recently advocated longterm use of oral anticoagulants in FGS patients (J.Ped.Neph.,1980,1,18) to prevent development of glomerulosclerosis and chronic renal failure.
81.1 - General Introduction

This chapter focuses on the centennial reports of international organizations. The remarkable advances of the past century in earthquake and engineering seismology documented in this Handbook are primarily the result of the skill and efforts of scientists and engineers working in the national organizations and institutions. However, the activities of these individuals, research teams, and their organizations have been strongly encouraged and enhanced by a number of international scientific entities created in order to build bridges among the national efforts and to facilitate multi-disciplinary research projects. Reports from those especially linked to IASPEI are presented in this chapter. Several other organizations with strong ties to the objectives and interests of IASPEI, although truly international, have recognized connections to or are identified with particular countries. Their stories are told in the national reports of those countries. One example is the International Seismological Centre. The nine reports presented here are only brief accounts of the history, organization, and achievements of these bodies in their furtherance of science and technology.
The Authoritative Metaphor and Social Change: Surgeon General C. Everett Koop's Direct Mailer, “Understanding AIDS”

In 1988, Surgeon General C. Everett Koop published “Understanding AIDS,” the nation's first and only direct mailing sent to every private home in the country. His appeals therein were driven by what we label authoritative metaphors. Communicated by and/or attributed to persons of authority, authoritative metaphors capitalize on the symbolic force of sanctioned power by appealing to the ethos of office. In “Understanding AIDS,” we find that Koop drew from his positions as a surgeon and a general, respectively, to equate AIDS with an unprecedented plague and an unprecedented war. He created new authoritative metaphors out of the vestiges of familiar metaphors related to disease and public health and thereby portrayed AIDS as a recognizable but decisively unique dilemma requiring distinct preventative behaviors.
Nutrient losses in eroded sediment from a limited-resource farm

Abstract Soil and nutrient losses from limited-resource farms are major contributors to water-pollution problems in many parts of the world. Research was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing vegetable and small fruit crops as major components in farmers' cropping systems to reduce these losses. A ‘limited-resource farm’ is defined in this research as one that provides a maximum of US$40 000 gross income, and has no off-farm employees. The crops selected were sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ), raspberry and blackberry ( Rubus spp.), and soybean ( Glycine max ). Runoff plots (63.75 m 2 ) were established on a Baxter cherty silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic, Typic Paleudalf) during the 1986 and 1987 growing-seasons from May to September. A total of 19 rainfall events occurred during the 1986 growing-season and 11 in 1987. The eroded sediment was collected using a modified Gerlach-trough method. After total soil loss was determined, the sediment was analyzed for Ca, Mg, and K, extractable P, and micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn). Rainfall intensity and duration, total runoff volume, organic-matter content, and percent canopy cover were also determined. The results showed that nutrient losses were related to soil loss, and that erosion parameters influenced soil loss and runoff. Significant differences were observed among crops in reducing nutrient losses. Sweet potato, which was planted on 0.15-m ridges, was more effective in controlling nutrient and soil losses than the other crops. This was primarily because of the better canopy cover and the ridges which slowed the flow of water across the slopes. The crops' ability to reduce nutrient losses varied from year to year for most nutrients. However, significant differences among crops and in P concentration in the eroded sediment were observed in both growing-seasons. The type of crop, month of the year, canopy cover, rainfall duration, and slope were found to be significant in contributing to the nutrient losses.
Synthesis of poly(arylene phosphine oxide) by nickel-catalysed coupling polymerization

Abstract An amorphous high molecular weight poly(arylene phosphine oxide) (PAPO) was synthesized from bis(4-chlorophenyl)phenylphosphine oxide by the nickel-catalysed carbon—carbon coupling reaction. The physical and thermal properties of PAPO were investigated. The material exhibited a glass transition temperature around 365°C and 5% weight loss around 550°C in nitrogen and air. Upon heating up to 750°C in air PAPO lost only 65% of its weight leaving significant amount of char behind which is due to the presence of phosphorous in the polymer. The polymer developed an intense red colour once the phosphine oxide groups in the polymer were reduced to phosphine.
Mesoscopic modeling of chemical reactivity

Abstract An overview of mesoscopic models suitable for studying fluid-surface interactions is given. These models may be continuum or discrete and stochastic or deterministic. A spatially adaptive coarse-grained Monte Carlo method is introduced as a discrete, stochastic simulation tool that can reach large length and time scales with high accuracy. This method is applied to diffusion–reaction in a microporous membrane. It is shown that aside from concentration profiles and rates, coarse-graining gives the correct thermal fluctuations, an essential aspect for noise-controlled phenomena such as nucleation and nonlinear dynamics. An illustrative example of nanopatterning in reacting systems is provided to highlight the effect of noise at the mesoscale. Finally, it is shown that mesoscopic models are accurate even for nonlinear chemistry, which induces very short-range correlations, when diffusion is sufficiently fast.
Interrelationship of H+ excretion and Na+ reabsorption in the toad urinary bladder

Recent results from this laboratory have shown that in the absence of mucosal Na+ and exogenous CO2, H+ excretion is reduced in the toad urinary bladder. This study was done to determine if H+ excretion is linked to Na+ reabsorption in the toad bladder. Na+ transport was inhibited by ouabain or by substitution of the sodium with choline chloride. Both of these agents produced an inhibition of H+ excretion. However, when dinitrophenol was added to stimulated CO2 production by the tissue, H+ excretion returned to control levels even though Na+ transport was still inhibited. Vasorressin, which stimulates Na+ transport in toad urinary bladder, had no effect on H+ excretion. In addition, simultaneous energies of activation were detemined for H+ excretion and Na+ reabsorption in the toad bladder. The activation energies for the two processes were significantly different. These results suggest that Na+ and H+ are not coupled in an exchange mechanism at the mucosal surface of the cell. H+ excretion, however, does appear to be limited by the endogenous CO2 production of the bladder in the absence of exogenous CO2.
Direct Visualization Of Joining of DNA Fragments By LigIIIβ Using Atomic Force Microscopy

DNA ligaseIII is one of three mammalian DNA ligases (LigI, LigIII and Lig IV). LigIII is distinguished from the other ligases by the presence of a Zinc finger(ZnF) that improves ligation efficiency. Previously, it was demonstrated that LigIII has two different DNA binding modules (ZnF-DBD and NTase-OB) and a jack-knife model has been proposed to explain nick recognition and joining of double-strand breaks. However, the oligomeric state of LigIII in solution and during ligation, and the role of ZnF in end-end ligation are unknown. Using atomic force microscopy, we directly visualized a germ cell-specific form of DNA LigIII, LigIIIb and a delZnF mutant, their interactions with DNA and ligation products. We found no evidence for oligomerization of WT and delZnF LigIIIb in solution or when complexed to DNA. Importantly, WT and delZnF proteins exist in three distinct conformational states: closed, semi-extended, and extended conformations. While WTLigIIIb protein accesses all three conformational states significantly, delZnF LigIIIb occupies primarily the closed and semi-extended states, suggesting that ZnF is part of one wing as proposed in the jack-knife model. Furthermore, binding and ligation studies on nicked and non-nicked blunt-end DNA and DNA with 5′ overhang indicate that in addition to tandem joining of two linear DNA molecules, LigIIIb can mediate the ligation of a variety of higher order structures including three way junctions. In addition, with 5′ overhang DNA, compared to WT protein, delZnF promotes a small but significant occurrence of three-way junctions, lassoes and knots in the presence of MgCl2. These data suggest that monomeric DNA LigIIIb is capable of binding two DNA molecules simultaneously. Currently, we are testing the hypothesis that the ZnF in LigIIIb may be involved in quality control ensuring only tandem end-end ligation.
Integrated digital metamaterials enables ultra-compact optical diodes

We applied nonlinear optimization to design integrated digital metamaterials in silicon for unidirectional energy flow. Two devices, one for each polarization state, were designed, fabricated, and characterized. Both devices offer comparable or higher transmission efficiencies and extinction ratios, are easier to fabricate, exhibit larger bandwidths and are more tolerant to fabrication errors, when compared to alternatives. Furthermore, each device footprint is only 3μm × 3μm, which is the smallest optical diode ever reported. To illustrate the versatility of digital metamaterials, we also designed a polarization-independent optical diode.
Extraction of extrasolar planet spectra from realistically simulated wavefront-corrected coronagraphic fields

The observation of an extrasolar planet in reflected light using a coronagraphic telescope requires a several-orders-ofmagnitude reduction of scattered light around a star by controlling instrumental wavefront errors with deformable mirrors (DMs). This creates a "dark hole" in the background in which diminished speckles of scattered light are at a level similar to or less than that of a planet. There are a number of methods for detecting the planet in this dark field, including image subtraction from another telescope orientation. However, extracting the spectrum of the planet from such a field may be more difficult because the chromatic variation of the speckles can hide spectral features, and the need to disperse the light on a detector increases noise. To investigate the conditions in which spectral extractions are feasible, a physical optics propagation simulation was created of a band-limited Lyot coronagraphic telescope with realistic phase and amplitude errors on each optic and dual sequential DMs to correct the resulting wavefront errors. The Electric Field Conjugation method was used to set the DMs to create a broadband (25%) dark hole from λ = 625 - 878 nm. Simulated planet spectra were then extracted from within this hole using a variety of methods including roll subtraction and spectral filtering. The results of these experiments are presented.
Impact of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Expression of SSA/Ro Autoantigenic Polypeptides in Transformed Human Epidermal Keratinocytes

SSA/Ro autoantibodies are frequently found in various autoimmune disorders including subacute cutaneous and neonatal lupus erythematosus. SSA/Ro patient sera precipitate a ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of multiple polypeptides and small RNA molecules (hY RNA). Such sera react in Western blot with at least four antigenically distinct proteins having molecular weights of 52-60 kD. Several laboratories have reported increased binding of anti-SSA/Ro patient serum to viable cultured human epidermal keratinocytes following UVB irradiation. However, it is currently unknown which SSA/Ro molecule(s) might be responsible for this increased antibody binding to UVB irradiated keratinocytes. To address this question, we studied the effect of UVB irradiation on the expression of three different polypeptide components of the SSA/Roautoantigen complex (60 kD SSA/Ro, 52 kD SSA/Ro, and 46 kD SSA/Ro (calreticulin) in A431 cells, a transformed human epidermal keratinocyte cell line. Total cellular and cell surface exp...
Electron capture by protons from theK-shell of H and Ar

Whenever a collision takes place between charged particles, the first Born approximation for electron capture from hydrogenlike ions (Z T ,e) by a bare nucleusZ P , must be modified in order to account for the long-range Coulomb effects. One of the simplest ways to fulfill this requirement is provided by theT-matrix of the following form: $$T_{if}^{(1)} = \left\langle {\Phi _f exp\left\{ { - i\frac{{Z_T (Z_p - 1)}}{\upsilon } ln (\upsilon R + v \cdot R)} \right\}\left| {\frac{{Z_P }}{R} - \frac{{Z_P }}{{r_P }}} \right| exp\left\{ {i\frac{{Z_P (Z_T - 1)}}{\upsilon } ln (\upsilon R + v \cdot R)} \right\}\Phi _i } \right\rangle $$ where Φ's are the usual unperturbed channel states andZ's are the nuclear charges. In this transition amplitude, both initial and final scattering states satisfy the correct asymptotic boundary conditions in their respective channels. In the present paper, detailed computation of theK-shell cross sections is carried out for charge exchange in H+-H and H+-Ar collisions. The results are in good agreement with experimental data.
Rho Kinase–Mediated Vasoconstriction Is Important in Severe Occlusive Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Rats

Vascular remodeling, rather than vasoconstriction, is believed to account for high vascular resistance in severe pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We have found previously that acute Rho kinase inhibition nearly normalizes PAH in chronically hypoxic rats that have no occlusive neointimal lesions. Here we examined whether Rho kinase-mediated vasoconstriction was also important in a rat model of severe occlusive PAH. Adult rats were exposed to chronic hypoxia ( approximately 10% O(2)) after subcutaneous injection of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor SUGEN 5416. Hemodynamic measurements were made in anesthetized rats after 2 weeks of hypoxia (early group) and 3 weeks of hypoxia plus 2 weeks of normoxia (late group). Both groups developed PAH, with greater severity in the late group. In the early group, intravenous fasudil was more effective than intravenous bradykinin, inhaled NO, or intravenous iloprost in reducing right ventricular systolic pressure. Despite more occlusive vascular lesions, fasudil also markedly reduced right ventricular systolic pressure in late-stage rats. Blood-perfused lungs from late-stage rats showed spontaneous vasoconstriction, which was reversed partially by the endothelin A receptor blocker BQ123 and completely by fasudil or Y-27632. Phosphorylation of MYPT1, a downstream target of Rho kinase, was increased in lungs from both groups of rats, and fasudil (intravenous) reversed the increased phosphorylation in the late group. Thus, in addition to structural occlusion, Rho kinase-mediated vasoconstriction is an important component of severe PAH in SUGEN 5416/hypoxia-exposed rats, and PAH can be significantly reduced in the setting of a severely remodeled lung circulation if an unconventional vasodilator is used.
Effectively Selecting a Target Population for a Future Comparative Study

When comparing a new treatment with a control in a randomized clinical study, the treatment effect is generally assessed by evaluating a summary measure over a specific study population. The success of the trial heavily depends on the choice of such a population. In this article, we show a systematic, effective way to identify a promising population, for which the new treatment is expected to have a desired benefit, using the data from a current study involving similar comparator treatments. Specifically, using the existing data, we first create a parametric scoring system as a function of multiple baseline covariates to estimate subject-specific treatment differences. Based on this scoring system, we specify a desired level of treatment difference and obtain a subgroup of patients, defined as those whose estimated scores exceed this threshold. An empirically calibrated threshold-specific treatment difference curve across a range of score values is constructed. The subpopulation of patients satisfying any...
Seismicity and focal mechanisms at the New Britain Trench related to deformation of the lithosphere

Abstract The focal mechanisms and distribution of earthquakes at the New Britain Trench show evidence for both large-scale contortion and segmentation of the subducted slab. Although trench morphology is continuous around the bend in the New Britain Trench, the subducted slab is continuous only to about 100 km depth. A v -shaped notch in the seismicity, extending from 150 km downward may indicate a tear in the lithosphere along the fold hinge which accomodates northeast subduction beneath Bougainville and northwest subduction beneath New Britain. Deep seismicity probably originates within segments of lithosphere detached from the presently subducting slab at about 250 km depth.
The Effects on Preservice Elementary Teachers of Learning Mathematics and Means of Teaching Mathematics Through the Active Manipulation of Materials.

Interest in the use of manipulative materials for teaching mathematics is very high. Almost a fourth of the sessions at the 1973 convention of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics involved the use of manipulative materials in teaching. But the amount of research on the preparation of teachers to use manipulative materials in teaching, or on any kind of use of manipulative materials with adults, is quite limited. Studies on the effects of manipulative materials on achievement in, and attitude toward, mathematics of college-age students have indicated that using manipulatives for up to half of the course time did not result in losses in symbolic mathematics achievement or losses in affirmative attitudes toward mathematics. Several studies, in fact, indicated that such use led to gains in achievement, or in attitude, or in both (Bluman, 1971; Douthitt, 1972; Hendrickson, 1970; Leitch, 1972; Sherer, 1968; Smith, 1970; Unkel, 1971). Frank (1971) found that teacher learning with such materials can have a positive effect on the mathematics achievement of the pupils of such teachers. Swick (1959) observed that teachers continued to use manipulative materials in the years following participation in a research study about such use. But Boonstra (1970) and Postman (1971) reported that short periods of involvement of preservice teachers with a laboratory approach do not seem sufficient to cause the trainees to use a laboratory approach in teaching. Two difficulties of research in this area should be noted. At the time this
Effects of a high-fat diet and strain on hypothalamic gene expression in rats.

Objective: This study was designed to investigate whether dietary fat and genetic background might differentially alter the expression of hypothalamic genes involved in food intake. Research Methods and Procedures: Three-month-old Osborne-Mendel (OM) and S5B/Pl rats were fed either a high-fat or a low-fat diet for 14 days. mRNA for neuropeptide Y (NPY), corticotrophin-releasing hormone, NPY Y-1 receptor and Y-5 receptor, and serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptors were measured using Northern blotting or ribonuclease protection assays. Results: OM rats showed an increased expression of NPY and corticotrophin-releasing hormone compared with S5B/Pl rats. The expression of NPY-Y1 and -Y5 receptor mRNA was significantly higher in the hypothalamus of OM rats compared with S5B/Pl rats. The expression of 5HT-2c receptor mRNA was significantly reduced in both strains of rats eating a high-fat diet when compared with the animals eating the low-fat diet. Discussion: These data suggest that over activity of the NPY system may contribute to the development of obesity in OM rats and that expression of the 5HT-2c receptor gene may be modulated by dietary fat.
Patterns of giftedness: A triarchic analysis

This article presents an analysis of patterns of giftedness based on the triarchic theory of intelligence. The analysis distinguishes among seven different patterns of giftedness, each involving a different combination of analytical, creative, and practical abilities. The seven patterns are the Analyzer, the Creator, the Practitioner, the Analytical Creator, the Analytical Practitioner, the Creative Practitioner, and the Consummate Balancer. Examples are given of each pattern and the strengths and weaknesses of each pattern are discussed.
Adenosine and anergy.

T cells must integrate multiple environmental cues when deciding whether to mount an immunogenic or tolerogenic response. Since not all self-reactive T cells are eliminated during thymic development, mechanisms of peripheral tolerance such as T cell anergy contribute to preventing autoimmunity. Recent studies have implicated extracellular adenosine and the adenosine A2A receptor as playing an important role in inhibiting T cell effector function. Herein, we review the current literature regarding T cell anergy and the emerging literature implicating the A2A receptor as critical regulator of immune activation. Finally, we present evidence to suggest a possible role for adenosine A2A receptor signaling in T cell anergy.
A multiyear comparison of the male reproductive biology of the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) from Guam and the native range

Previous studies have suggested that reproduction in the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) is reduced on Guam because of elevated stress hormones caused by limited food availability. This study examined the reproductive anatomy of male brown treesnakes on Guam over a 15-year period (1985–99) to determine whether the size at maturity and development of the testis and sexual segment of the kidney varied between years and to compare these data to those for snakes collected from the native range. On Guam, the average snout–vent length and body mass of B. irregularis has decreased from its high in 1985 and remained stable from 1989 to 1999. The snout–vent length at maturity was similar between years. Mean diameters of the seminiferous tubule and the sexual segment of the kidney were not significantly different between years. However, the number of sexual segment tubules hypertrophied per snake varied greatly. Snakes from the native range matured at smaller snout–vent lengths and had significantly more hypertrophied sexual segment tubules per kidney than populations on Guam. These data suggest that elevated plasma levels of corticosterone, potentially due to an increase in male–male interactions as a result the explosive population growth experienced on Guam, may be negatively influencing male reproduction.
Summation of particle-particle and particle-hole ring diagrams in binding energy calculations and Lipkin models☆

Abstract In this paper we study methods for calculating the particle-particle (pp) and particle-hole (ph) ring diagrams in the linked diagram expansion of the ground-state energy shift Δ E 0 for many-body systems. Analytic expressions for summing up the pp ring diagrams to all orders are derived, given as an integral involving G pp ( ω , λ ) ν , where G pp is the pp Green function, υ the interaction hamiltonian (taken to be two-body) and λ a strength parameter to be integrated over from 0 to 1. Similar expressions for summing up the ph ring diagrams are also derived, their integral form involving G ph (ω, λ) ν , where G ph is the ph Green function and ν the particle-hole interaction. T energy variable ω is to be integrated over from −∞ to +∞. Two methods for carrying out the ω-integration are suggested. One is the multipole expansion method, and the other is the transition amplitude method where the Green functions G pp and G ph are calculated using RPA equations from which the physical transition amplitudes can be obtained. Our methods for summing up the pp and ph ring diagrams to all orders are applied to several Lipkin-model many-body problems. The effect of using Hartree-Fock self-consistent single-particle wave functions on the contribution of high-order ring diagrams to Δ E 0 is studied and found to be very important. Possible applications of our methods to actual nuclear many-body problems are discussed.
Radioactive methionine: determination, and distribution of radioactivity in the sulfur, methyl and 4-carbon moieties

A simple and inexpensive method is described for isolation and determination of [14C]methionine in the non-protein fraction of tissues extensively labeled with 14C. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated by isolation of non-protein [14C]methionine (as the carboxymethylsulfonium salt) of proven radiopurity from the plant Lemna which had been grown for a number of generations on [U-14C]sucrose and contained a 2000-fold excess of 14C in undefined non-protein compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first reported assay for radioactive methionine under these demanding conditions. This method also offers an attractive alternative to the use of more expensive and sophisticated equipment for assay of radioactive methionine under less demanding conditions. An advantage is that the isolated methioninecarboxymethylsulfonium salt is readily degraded to permit separate determination of radioactivity in the 4-carbon, methyl and sulfur moieties of methionine. During this work, a facile labilization of 3H attached to the (carboxy)methylene carbon of methioninecarboxymethylsulfonium salt was observed. This labilization is ascribed to formation of a sulfur ylid.
Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Approximately Optimal Control of Corn Rootworm and Soybean Cyst Nematode

A dynamic programming model is used to determine approximately optimal management strategies for control of corn rootworm and soybean cyst nematode in Illinois. Decision alternatives for rootworm control include nontreatment, application of a soil insecticide, and rotation to soybeans. Alternatives for cyst nematode control are nontreatment, soil nematicide, resistant cultivars, and rotation to corn. State variables in the dynamic programming model are infestation levels of both pests, previous land use decisions, and expected product prices.
I. Development of basic models

Based on the concept that task progress is the growth of developments in a structured work and activity process, mathematical models ore developed to define, identify, and follow work progress and resourco utilization patterns. These models ore developed from the Pearl-Roed Logistic function and describe operating characteristics in the micro resource allocation and control problem. The model3 are the Task Operating Characteristic (TOC) curve and the Resource Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. A second paper extends the theoretical results and gives examples (Braswell 1971).
Simulation of Stent Deployment in Patient-Specific Cerebral Aneurysm Models for Their Hemodynamics Analysis

Cerebral aneurysms are a mayor cause of hemorrhagic stroke which is a highly significant and devastating disease. Currently there is an increased interest in using endovascular devices for flow diversion such as stents, for treating intracranial aneurysms [1]. Several studies have proven that the geometry and position of the stent in its deployed state play a mayor role in the way the blood flow is diverted. The design of flow diverters and the selection of the most appropriate device for a given aneurysm require a computational model to study the changes in the blood flow patterns after stenting. In this paper an innovative methodology for virtual deployment of stents within patient-specific anatomical models is presented. One remarkable property of this technique is the ability to easily interchange different stent designs within the same model in order to perform fast comparative characterizations.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Safety of cefepime: A new extended-spectrum parenteral cephalosporin

The purpose of this study was to compare the safety profile of cefepime, a new extended-spectrum, fourth-generation cephalosporin used to treat mild-to-severe bacterial infections, with that of ceftazidime. A total of 2,032 patients enrolled in North American and European cefepime trials were analyzed. The study population spanned adolescence to the elderly (15-100 years); the median age was 62 years. Cefepime was compared with ceftazidime (1,456 patients), a third-generation cephalosporin. Cefepime dosing was 1-4 g/day (0.5-2.0 g twice daily) for adults; ceftazidime dosing was 1-6 g/day (0.5 g every 12 hours to 2.0 g every 8 hours). A limited number of cefepime-treated patients received 2 g every 8 hours. The median length of dosing for both cefepime and ceftazidime was 7 days. In randomized trials in which cefepime (2,032 patients) was compared with ceftazidime (1,456 patients), analysis of comparative data indicated that adverse events of probable or unknown relation to study drugs were observed in 13.8% of cefepime patients and 15.6% of ceftazidime patients. The most commonly observed adverse event for cefepime was headache (2.4%), followed by nausea (1.8%), rash (1.8%), and diarrhea (1.7%). For ceftazidime, the most commonly observed adverse event was diarrhea (3.2%), followed by headache (2.5%), nausea (2.1%), rash (1.9%), and constipation (1.5%). The incidence of positive Coombs' test was higher in high-dose cefepime recipients than in ceftazidime recipients (14.5% vs 8.7%; p = 0.043), although there was no evidence of hemolysis in either treatment group. Coadministration of analgesics, diuretics, and anticoagulants did not increase incidence of adverse events associated with study-drug therapy. Adverse renal and hematologic events, as well as anaphylaxis and death, were rare in both groups. In the comparative trials with cefepime, anaphylaxis was reported in no patients receiving cefepime and in one patient receiving ceftazidime. None of the three seizures reported in patients receiving cefepime and one of six seizures in patients receiving ceftazidime were of probable or possible relationship to the study drugs. None of the 12 cases of gastrointestinal hemorrhage reported in cefepime patients or five cases reported in ceftazidime patients were judged to be related to treatment drug. Tolerance for intravenous administration in both treatment groups was similar. Cefepime did not effect any significant or unusual allergic, hematologic, gastrointestinal, neurologic, or renal toxicity when administered to patients with mild-to-severe infections, including those receiving concomitant medications. The safety profile of cefepime is excellent and comparable to that of ceftazidime and those reported for other cephalosporins.
Effect of Hybrid and Physical Properties of Individual Popcorn Kernels on Expansion Volume

ABSTRACT The relationships between expansion volume and physical properties of three varieties of popcorn kernels were investigated on a single kernel basis. Physical properties studied were kernel size, kernel sphericity, and kernel density. Methods of measuring densities and popped volumes of individual popcorn kernels were developed. Popcorn kernels were separated into seven kernel sizes by screening with round-hole sieves. Thirty kernels from each of three kernel sizes (4.76 < D < 5.16, 5.56 < D < 5.95, 6.35 < D < 6.75 mm) of three popcorn varieties were individually measured for sphericity, density, and popped volume. Density and sphericity measures of popcorn kernels showed little variability. Variety, kernel sphericity, and kernel density had minor effects on expansion volume. Kernel size had no effect. There were no strong linear relationships (R2 = 0.28) among expansion volume and physical properties of the three varieties of popcorn kernels. The variety with the highest mean density and the high...
Photoacoustic measurement of iron in composite coagulant

Abstract Iron concentrations of composite coagulant powders were measured by means of the photoacoustic effect. The onset of photoacoustic signal saturation for iron in the powders was 5 wt.%. This problem was solved by adding one of the components of the composite coagulant as a diluent to the samples. Based on the findings of this research, photoacoustic response of composite coagulant is closely correlated to iron concentration in the coagulant powders. Photoacoustic signal was found to be a function of excitation power of photoacoustic set-up. Sample grinding helps improve the accuracy of photoacoustic measurement of iron in composite coagulant.
SU‐E‐T‐257: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study of Photon Beam with Energies 6X, 10X, 6FFF, 10FFF From a TrueBeam Linear Accelerator

Purpose: To compare the quality of Monte Carlo simulation results of photon beams with multiple energies with the corresponding measured beam commissioning data from a Varian TrueBeam accelerator. Methods: IAEA phase space files for photon beam energies 6X, 10X, 6FFF, 10FFF from TrueBeam linear accelerator provided by Varian were implemented as source files in the GEANT4 Monte Carlo code. The simulation geometry consisted of upper and lower tungsten alloy jaws and a cubic water phantom (50 × 50 × 50 cm3). Central axis depth dose curves (PDD) for multiple field sizes (1×1, 2×2, 4×4, 6×6, 10×10, 20×20, 30×30 cm2) and radial and transverse dose profiles for identical field sizes at 5 different depths (Dmax, 5, 10, 20, 30 cm) for all four energies were recorded in the phantom. Each simulation was performed with 2.0E9 incident particles. The results of PDD and profiles from simulations were then compared with the corresponding beam commissioning data collected with a Wellhoffer Blue Phantom using a 0.13cc ion‐chamber and a 0.8 × 0.8 mm2 diode. Results: The GEANT4 simulated PDD curve for photon beam compared favorably well, within ∼2%, against the corresponding measured ion‐chamber PDD for all energies and field sizes. The simulated in‐plane and cross‐plane profiles also compared well, within 2 mm, at the 50% level against the measured profiles for all energies, field sizes and depths. Conclusion: For the commissioning of a linear accelerator, the feasibility of utilizing Monte‐Carlo simulated beam data has been demonstrated in this study. The increase of computer speed and capabilities may Result in the adoption of Monte‐Carlo techniques for future machine commissioning and dose calculations.
Linkage between the B-cell specific receptor for monkey red blood cells and HL-A antigens in man-mouse hybrids

The established human lymphoid cell lines 6410 and WI-L2 exhibit the recently discovered receptor for monkey red blood cells (MRBC). This receptor is specific for B cells. These lymphoid lines were fused with the BUdR-resistant murine fibroblast line IT22 by Sendai virus-mediated cell fusion. In 107 subclones of the primary fusion events, it was shown that the parental MRBC receptor and HL-A antigens segregated concordantly. Twenty-two clones expressed both, while 85 expressed neither marker. No discordant clones were observed. This syntenic relationship may be exploited in mapping the MHC region and in rapid demonstration of that chromosmal region in somatic cell hybrids. Hybrid clones expressed the HL-A specificities characteristic of the human parent line and no new nonparental specificities were detected.
A catalog of models for the operations of addition and subtraction of whole numbers

The above material contains twelve headings that indicate a collection of families of models. Many of these collections consist of several families. For example, the description of the collection of number-line models refers to at least seven families. There are listed here more than 20 families of models for addition and subtraction on the whole numbers which are easily distinguished from one another. Research has revealed that there are also more than 20 well-known models for the other operations of multiplication and division of whole numbers.
The analytical methodology and method performance for the determination of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in serum for the Vietnam Veteran Agent Orange validation study, the ranch hand validation and half-life studies, and selected Niosh worker studies

Abstract We present the changes to our published serum TCDD method including: 1) lower amount of serum required (100 g) for normal concentration levels to be measured; 2) addition of an external standard which allows for each analysis the calculation of internal standard recovery, the isomer specificity, and 10,000 RP at the time of peak detection; 3) more stringent QC requirements for a valid TCDD result; and 4) additional measures to protect against carryover from sample-to-sample. We also present a method validation and performance evaluation, along with QC results and ranges of concentration values that we determined in over 1,000 serum samples from Agent Orange, Ranch Hand, and NIOSH Worker Studies.
Differentiating mTOR Inhibitors in Renal Cell Carcinoma

PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling is dysregulated in many cancers, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and activation of this pathway has been suggested to correlate with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis in RCC tumors. mTOR inhibition plays a principal role in the targeted treatment of many cancer types, including RCC. Although mTOR inhibitors share the same mechanism of action, differences in metabolism, formulation and dosing schedule underpin distinct PK/PD profiles such that they may be differentiated for use in a variety of treatment niches. Approved mTOR inhibitors temsirolimus and everolimus serve as important therapeutic options within the current RCC treatment paradigm, although their recommended applications differ in setting and patient population characteristics. Clinical practice guidelines recommend temsirolimus for use in treatment-naive patients with poor-prognosis metastatic RCC of any histology (predominant clear cell or non-clear cell histology). Everolimus provides a standard-of-care therapy for patients with metastatic RCC whose disease has progressed after previous vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. As therapeutic failure impacts the vast majority of patients with RCC, sequencing strategies of available agents or simultaneous targeting of multiple members of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may provide additional clinical benefit. Various classes of agents targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway are currently being investigated, including mTORC1/mTORC2 kinase domain inhibitors, mTOR/PI3K dual inhibitors, PI3K-selective inhibitors, and programmed cell death 6 modulators. Clinical trials of mTOR inhibitors in a variety of tumor types are ongoing, and the role of mTOR inhibitors continues to evolve across the RCC treatment landscape.