cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions from two-particle scattering to the extraordinary Hall effect in Kondo systems.

The contributions of skew scattering to the extraordinary Hall effect (EHE) in Kondo-type systems have been evaluated by using current-current correlation functions. By using this formalism we take account of two-electron scattering processes that are neglected in the conventional one-electron scattering theory of the EHE. We evaluate the correlation functions for dilute Kondo systems by considering only independent single-site scattering. We find there are two types of contributions to the EHE. Type-I terms come from diagrams in which the energies of the propagators are held fixed. We find that these type-I contributions reproduce the EHE found by the one-electron formalism, i.e., the elastic impurity- or potential-scattering contribution; in addition, there is a spin-scattering contribution which was not previously incorporated in the one-electron scattering formalism. The type-II contributions come from diagrams in which energy is exchanged between resonant and nonresonant scattering channels. These contributions to the EHE are new, i.e., they require two-electron scattering processes, and therefore perforce cannot be accounted for in a one-electron formalism. We find the type-II contributions to the EHE are as large as those of type I at low temperatures T${T}_{0}$, where ${T}_{0}$ is the characteristic energy scale of the single-ion Kondo problem; at high temperatures T\ensuremath{\gg}${T}_{0}$, they are negligible compared with type-I contributions. To obtain the Hall effect we must have scattering in two partial-wave channels whose orbital angular momenta differ by 1\ensuremath{\Elzxh}. To account for the dominant resonant Kondo scattering, we use the Anderson mixing interaction and consider the local electron is in a spin-orbit-coupled j state. In the nonresonant channel we consider two-electron charge- and spin-scattering terms whose origins could be, interalia, the direct and exchange parts of the Coulomb interaction between local and conduction electrons.
The Winter Soldiers Movement: GIs and Veterans Against the Vietnam War

Books reviewed in this article: Andrew E. Hunt, The Turning: A History of Vietnam Veterans Against the War Richard Moser, The New Winter Soldiers: GI and Veteran Dissent During the Vietnam Era
Fatigue life assessment and comparison of two types of bridge-mounted welded aluminum light pole support structures

The primary objective of this work was to perform fatigue life assessment for two types of mounted bridge aluminum light poles, which can lead to a better understanding of the structural behavior of both types of details, currently used as secondary structural elements mounted on various bridges and highways. Included in this study are shoe base and through plate socket connection details. Fatigue tests showed a relatively low life for through plate details as compared with the shoe base connections at the same stress range. Fracture mechanics studies indicated that lower bound design curves could be predicted using higher stress ratio fatigue crack growth data superimposed with the effect of compressive residual stresses at the surface of the tubes. Parametric studies demonstrated the importance of base plate thickness on the through thickness bending of the tube wall, which can be extremely effective on mounted bridge poles due to open terrain wind dynamic loads. A research study revealed that shoe base...
Photonic preprocessor for analog-to-digital-converter using a cavity-less pulse source

A photonic preprocessor for analog to digital conversion is demonstrated and characterized using a cavity-less optical pulse source. The pulse source generates high fidelity pulses at 2 GHz repetition rate with temporal width of 3 ps. Chirped pulses are formed by cascaded amplitude and phase modulators, and subsequently compressed in dispersion compensating fiber. Sampling operation is performed with a dual-output Mach-Zehnder modulator, where the complimentary output enables a reduction of noise by 3 dB. Phase noise characterization shows that the phase noise of the generated pulses is fully dictated by the RF source. The high quality of the pulse source used in a sampling preprocessor experiment was verified by measuring 8 effective number of bits at 10 GHz and 7.0 effective number of bits at 40 GHz.
Using multidose eyedrops in a health care setting: a policy and procedural approach to safe and effective treatment of patients.

Importance Quality and safety of eyedrop use for patients treated in a health care setting play a vital role in the delivery of health care. Objective To describe the development of a policy and procedural approach to the use of multidose eyedrops in multiple patients, approved and accepted by The Joint Commission in compliance with preferred practice standards in ophthalmology, the safe handling and administration of multidose eyedrops, and cost benefits of a multidose eyedrop approach. Design, Setting, and Patients Using a policy and procedural approach, we petitioned The Joint Commission for approval and evaluated the cost benefits of implementation of a multidose process for eyedrop administration in patients undergoing surgery and treatment at the Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Provo. Results The Joint Commission approved our policy and procedural approach, implemented in April 2012. Cost savings to both patients and the facility were significant. Costs to patients undergoing a single cataract operation were decreased as much as $283.85. Costs to the facility were decreased by $330.91 per cataract case. Conclusions and Relevance Approval of our policy and processes indicates that The Joint Commission validates our policy and its adherence to accepted preferred practice guidelines of safe handling and administration of multidose eyedrops and establishes precedence that may be followed by other eye care facilities and health care organizations in the future. Our policy provides a safe and effective process for administering eyedrop medications to patients as well as controlling excessive health care costs to both patients and health care facilities.
Teaching NeuroImages: Massive cerebral edema after CT myelography An optical illusion

A 74-year-old woman underwent myelography with iohexol to exclude a CSF leak. Three days later, her son noticed mild facial asymmetry and took her back to the hospital. Neurologic status was at baseline except for minimal left nasolabial flattening. Initial head CT appeared to show diffuse cerebral edema (figure, A), but the following morning the appearance had normalized (figure, B). Based on the spontaneous clinicoradiologic improvement, we hypothesize that an illusion of cerebral edema was caused by residual iohexol. Although not reported with iohexol, older agents can cause hyperdense gray matter and can accumulate in sulci.1
Abstract 3525: Targeting Group VIA phospholipase A2 using small molecules for ovarian cancer treatment

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) causes estimated 13,850 deaths in 2010 in the United State. More effective treatment regimens are urgently required for this deadly disease. We and others have obtained ample evidence indicating that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays an important role in EOC development. We have recently shown that the levels of LPA and several other bioactive lipids in the tumor environment of EOC are regulated by Group VIA calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta (iPLA2β) expressed in tumor microenvironment, suggesting that targeting iPLA2β in both host and tumor cells will likely to be beneficial. To test this idea, we used bromoenol lactone (BEL), a selective inhibitor of iPLA2β in vivo, and found that BEL significantly inhibited EOC tumorigenesis and metastasis in mouse xenograft models using human SKOV3 and HEY ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, the combination of BEL with paclitaxel (PTX), one of the mostly commonly used therapeutics in EOC, almost completely blocked tumor development in the xenograft mouse model. BEL showed very low or no detectable cytotoxic effects in mice. Another iPLA2 inhibitor, FKGK11, also inhibited tumor development in the xenograft mouse model, supporting that the major target of action was iPLA2. The combinational effects of BEL and PTX in vivo likely stem from their distinct cellular effects. BEL and FKGK11 reduced adhesion, migration, and invasion of EOC cells in vitro; the reduced ability appears to increase the vulnerability of tumor cells to PTX. In summary, this is the first attempt to target iPLA2 using a small inhibitor molecule for cancer treatment in vivo. In addition, the work is also rather unique by targeting activity of the same molecule (iPLA2) in both host and tumor cells. These results provide an important basis for development of new treatment modalities for EOC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3525. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3525
Bovine somatotropin and lactation: from basic science to commercial application

Abstract Bovine somatotropin (bST) results in increased milk yield and an unprecedented improvement in efficiency. Beginning in the 1930s to present day, investigations have examined animal-related factors such as nutrition, bioenergetics, metabolism, health and well being and consumer-related factors such as milk quality, manufacturing characteristics, and product safety. Overall, bST is a homeorhetic control involved in orchestrating many physiological processes. Direct effects involve adaptations in many tissues and the metabolism of all nutrient classes—carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and minerals. Mechanisms include alterations in key enzymes, intracellular signal transduction systems, and tissue response to homeostatic signals. Indirect effects involve the mammary gland and are thought to be mediated by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. Specific changes include increased cellular rates of milk synthesis and enhanced maintenance of secretory cells. Indirect effects are modulated by environment and management factors, especially nutritional status. This modulation is a central component in allowing ST to play a key role in regulating nutrient utilization across a range of physiological situations. U.S. commercial use began in 1994, and adoption has been extensive. From a consumer perspective, bST was unique, and special interest groups loudly predicted dire consequences. However, introduction of bST had no impact on milk consumption, and milk labeled as recombinant bST-free occupies a minor niche market. From a producer perspective, commercial use verified scientific studies and enhanced net farm income. Overall, ST is a key homeorhetic control regulating nutrient partitioning, and the ST/IGF system plays a key role in animal performance and well being across a range of physiological situations.
Differences in red cell membrane proteins in rhesus monkey erythrocytes

Abstract 1. 1. Red cell membranes were isolated from rhesus-monkey erythrocytes and their proteins were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and compared to the membrane protein pattern of human red cells. 2. 2. Rhesus-monkey erythrocytes had a significantly different distribution of spectrin-binding proteins. Specifically, they lacked band 2.2, had relatively greater amounts of bands 2.3 and 4.2 and had less protein in band 4.1. 3. 3. Whereas band 3 in human red cell membranes is a wide and diffuse region, in the rhesus monkey it is a discrete and narrow band suggesting a greater degree of homogeneity. 4. 4. The low-molecular weight polypeptides; i.e. band 6—the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase—and bands 7–8, were significantly decreased in comparison to their human counterparts.
On orderable set functions and continuity I

A set functionv (which is not necessarily additive) on a measurable spaceI is called orderable if for each measurable order ℛ onI there is a measureϱℛν(J) =ν(J) onI such that for all subsetsJ ofI that are initial segements,ϱℛν. Properties such as nonatomicity, nullness of sets, and weak continuity are shown to be inherited from orderable set functionsv toϱℛν and vice versa. A characterization of set functions which are absolutely continuous (with respect to some positive measure) in the set of orderable set functions is also given.
“Only If You Are Really Interested”: Celebrity, Gender, Desire and the World of Morrissey

Nicholas P. Greco, Jefferson, NC, and London: McFarland, 2011, ISBN 978-0786462742, 218 pp., $40 (paperback) Since the Smiths broke up in 1987, Simon Godard, Mark Simpson, Johnny Rogan, and others ...
Association of abstinence-induced alterations in working memory function and COMT genotype in smokers

The common methionine (met) for valine (val) at codon 158 (val158met) polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene has been associated with nicotine dependence, alterations in executive cognitive function, and abstinence-induced working memory deficits in smokers. We sought to replicate the association of the COMT val allele with abstinence-induced alterations in working memory-related activity in task-positive (executive control) and task-negative (default mode network) regions. Forty smokers (20 val/val and 20 met/met) performed an N-back task while undergoing blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) on two separate occasions: following 72 h of confirmed abstinence and during smoking as usual. An independent sample of 48 smokers who completed the identical N-back task during fMRI in smoking vs. abstinence for another study was used as a validation sample. Contrary to expectations, genotype by session interactions on BOLD signal in executive control regions (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal cingulate/medial prefrontal cortex) revealed significant abstinence-induced reductions in the met/met group, but not the val/val group. Results also revealed that val/val smokers may exhibit less suppression of activation in task-negative regions such as the posterior cingulate cortex during abstinence (vs. smoking). These patterns were confirmed in the validation sample and in the whole-brain analysis, though the regions differed from the a priori regions of interest (ROIs) (e.g., precuneus, insula). The COMT val158met polymorphism was associated with abstinence-related working memory deficits in two independent samples of smokers. However, inconsistencies compared to prior findings and across methods (ROI vs. whole-brain analysis) highlight the challenges inherent in reproducing results of imaging genetic studies in addiction.
Structural-property relationship of nanocrystalline diamond films and its applications

The importance and interest of diamond synthesis is based on the unique properties that can be achieved using this material in several applications. Micro and nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films were deposited by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MPECVD). The structural properties were characterised by SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and NEXAFS. Nitrogen incorporated NCD films were grown to produce electrically conductive films. Ohmic contacts to n-NCD films were formed by Ti/Au or Cr/Au metal electrodes. NCD based vibrating MEMS cantilever devices have been fabricated.
Leveraging Question Answer technology to address terrorism inquiry

This paper investigates the potential use of dialog-based ALICEbots in disseminating terrorism information to the general public. In particular, we study the acceptance and response satisfaction of ALICEbot responses in both the general conversation and terrorism domains. From our analysis of three different knowledge sets: general conversation, terrorism, and combined, we found that users were more favorable to the systems that exhibited conversational flow. We also found that the system that incorporated both conversation and terrorism knowledge performed better than systems with only conversation or terrorism knowledge alone. Lastly, we were interested in what types of questions were the most prevalently used and discovered that questions beginning with 'wh*' words were the most popular method to start an interrogative sentence. However, 'wh* sentence starters surprisingly proved to be in a very narrow majority.
Making the transition from traditional to home schooling: Home school family motivations

This study examined the motivations of families that operate home schools. Four intact, religiously conservative families were interviewed and observed over one year. Findings showed that families were motivated by multiple factors to leave traditional schooling and begin home schooling. Additionally, the motivations to home school influenced the familiesâ€™ instructional practices. Finally, results indicated that the decision to home school was a positive decision for the families, not an outright rejection of traditional schooling. This study reveals the complex motivations to home school and may assist administrators, teachers, and policymakers in traditional schools induct and retain families considering home schooling.
Queueing models for single machine manufacturing systems with interruptions

Queueing theory is a well-known method for evaluating the performance of manufacturing systems. When we want to analyze the performance of a single machine, M/M/1 queues or approximations of G/G/1 queues often are considered a proper choice. However, due to the complex nature of interruptions in manufacturing, the appropriate model should be selected carefully. This paper proposes a systematic way to classify different kinds of interruptions seen in a single machine system. Queueing models for each category are proposed, and event classifications are compared from both the SEMI E10 and queueing theory points of view.
Frequency of perseveration in normal subjects.

Although perseveration is a recognized sign of disturbed brain function, it also occurs in normal individuals. Determination of the frequency of perseveration in normal subjects would enable clinicians to use perseveration as a marker of possible pathology. The purpose of this study was to document the extent of perseveration in normal young and older subjects. Thirty young normal individuals between the ages of 20 and 35 years and 30 older normal individuals between the ages of 60 and 75 years were given four tasks on which perseveration has been reported in brain-damaged individuals. Four percent of all responses were perseverative. No age or gender effects on frequency were observed. Of the four neuropsychological tasks, the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test elicited the greatest number of perseverations.
TOSSTI: Saving Time and Energy in TinyOS with Software Thread Integration

Many wireless sensor nodes (motes) interface with slow peripheral devices, requiring the processor to wait. These delays waste time, energy and power, which are valuable but limited resources on many motes. This paper presents techniques to use software thread integration (STI) in TinyOS applications to recover the idle time for useful processing. We modify the TOS scheduler to support the selection and execution of integrated threads. We analyze the impact of integration on task response time. We demonstrate these methods by applying them to a microphone array sampling application to save computation time and energy. We find that the integrated tasks finish 17.7% faster, reducing application active time (and hence application energy) by 6.3%.
Enemies Hypothesis: A Review of the Effect of Vegetational Diversity on Predatory Insects and Parasitoids

The enemies hypothesis holds that predatory insects and parasitoids are more effective at controlling populations of herbivores in diverse systems of vegetation than in simple ones. Eighteen studies that tested the enemies hypothesis are reviewed. Of those studies reporting mortality from predation or parasitism, nine found higher mortality rates in diverse systems; two found a lower mortality rate; and two found no difference. The mechanisms that are thought to underlie the enemies hypothesis and directions for future research are discussed. Evidence suggests that the enemies hypothesis and the resource concentration hypothesis (which predicts that herbivores more easily find, stay in, and reproduce in monocultures of host plants than in polycultures) are complementary mechanisms in reducing numbers of herbivores in diverse agricultural systems.
Force-driven evolution of mesoscale structure in engineered 3D microtissues and the modulation of tissue stiffening.

The complex structures of tissues determine their mechanical strength. In engineered tissues formed through self-assembly in a mold, artificially imposed boundary constraints have been found to induce anisotropic clustering of the cells and the extracellular matrix in local regions. To understand how such tissue remodeling at the intermediate length-scale (mesoscale) affects tissue stiffening, we used a novel microtissue mechanical testing system to manipulate the remodeling of the tissue structures and to measure the subsequent changes in tissue stiffness. Microtissues were formed through cell driven self-assembly of collagen matrix in arrays of micro-patterned wells, each containing two flexible micropillars that measured the microtissues' contractile forces and elastic moduli via magnetic actuation. We manipulated tissue remodeling by inducing myofibroblast differentiation with TGF-β1, by varying the micropillar spring constants or by blocking cell contractility with blebbistatin and collagen cross-linking with BAPN. We showed that increased anisotropic compaction of the collagen matrix, caused by increased micropillar spring constant or elevated cell contraction force, contributed to tissue stiffening. Conversely, collagen matrix and tissue stiffness were not affected by inhibition of cell-generated contraction forces. Together, these measurements showed that mesoscale tissue remodeling is an important middle step linking tissue compaction forces and tissue stiffening.
dPAM: a distributed prefetching protocol for scalable asynchronous multicast in P2P systems

We leverage the buffering capabilities of end-systems to achieve scalable, asynchronous delivery of streams in a peer-to-peer environment. Unlike existing cache-and-relay schemes, we propose a distributed prefetching protocol where peers prefetch and store portions of the streaming media ahead of their playout time, thus not only turning themselves to possible sources for other peers but their prefetched data can allow them to overcome the departure of their source-peer. This stands in sharp contrast to existing cache-and-relay schemes where the departure of the source-peer forces its peer children to go the original server, thus disrupting their service and increasing server and network load. Through mathematical analysis and simulations, we show the effectiveness of maintaining such asynchronous multicasts from several source-peers to other children peers, and the efficacy of prefetching in the face of peer departures. We confirm the scalability of our dPAM protocol as it is shown to significantly reduce server load.
The master of software engineering program at Seattle University after six years

In 1977–78 Seattle University initiated a series of discussions with representatives from local business and industry. In those discussions, software engineering emerged as a critical area of need for specialized educational programs. As a result of this cooperative effort, Seattle University established the Master of Software Engineering [MSE] program. This program is now in its seventh year of operation and has produced four graduating classes. Rather than preparing students to enter the software engineering profession, the MSE program is a way for those already engaged in software engineering to improve their educational background and technical skills. The program is intended to cover both the technical and management aspects of software engineering. This paper discusses the philosophy, objectives, and implementation of the program.
Vitamin D and the Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Enhance Group A Streptococcus Resistance to Killing by Human Cells

The CsrRS two-component regulatory system of group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) responds to subinhibitory concentrations of the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37. LL-37 signaling through CsrRS results in upregulation of genes that direct synthesis of virulence factors, including the hyaluronic acid capsule and streptolysin O (SLO). Here, we demonstrate that a consequence of this response is augmented GAS resistance to killing by human oropharyngeal keratinocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. LL-37-induced upregulation of SLO and hyaluronic acid capsule significantly reduced internalization of GAS by keratinocytes and phagocytic killing by neutrophils and macrophages. Because vitamin D induces LL-37 production by macrophages, we tested its effect on macrophage killing of GAS. In contrast to the reported enhancement of macrophage function in relation to other pathogens, treatment of macrophages with 1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 paradoxically reduced the ability of macrophages to control GAS infection. These observations demonstrate that LL-37 signals through CsrRS to induce a virulence phenotype in GAS characterized by heightened resistance to ingestion and killing by both epithelial cells and phagocytes. By inducing LL-37 production in macrophages, vitamin D may contribute to this paradoxical exacerbation of GAS infection. IMPORTANCE It remains poorly understood why group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes asymptomatic colonization or localized throat inflammation in most individuals but rarely progresses to invasive infection. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37, which is produced as part of the innate immune response to GAS infection, signals through the GAS CsrRS two-component regulatory system to upregulate expression of multiple virulence factors. This study reports that two CsrRS-regulated GAS virulence factors-streptolysin O and the hyaluronic acid capsule-are critical in LL-37-induced resistance of GAS to killing by human throat epithelial cells and by neutrophils and macrophages. Vitamin D, which increases LL-37 production in macrophages, has the paradoxical effect of increasing GAS resistance to macrophage-mediated killing. In this way, the human innate immune response may promote the transition from GAS colonization to invasive infection.
Coresets for k-Segmentation of Streaming Data

Life-logging video streams, financial time series, and Twitter tweets are a few examples of high-dimensional signals over practically unbounded time. We consider the problem of computing optimal segmentation of such signals by a k-piecewise linear function, using only one pass over the data by maintaining a coreset for the signal. The coreset enables fast further analysis such as automatic summarization and analysis of such signals. A coreset (core-set) is a compact representation of the data seen so far, which approximates the data well for a specific task - in our case, segmentation of the stream. We show that, perhaps surprisingly, the segmentation problem admits coresets of cardinality only linear in the number of segments k, independently of both the dimension d of the signal, and its number n of points. More precisely, we construct a representation of size O(k log n/e2) that provides a (1+e)-approximation for the sum of squared distances to any given k-piecewise linear function. Moreover, such coresets can be constructed in a parallel streaming approach. Our results rely on a novel reduction of statistical estimations to problems in computational geometry. We empirically evaluate our algorithms on very large synthetic and real data sets from GPS, video and financial domains, using 255 machines in Amazon cloud.
Cooperation without Trust: Overcoming Collective Action Barriers to Endangered Species Protection

Mutual trust among individuals is frequently cited as an important factor in encouraging collective action, particularly in environmental policy settings. Yet the precise role of trust in the collective action process remains uncertain. This article explores the hypothesis that trust is overrated as a cause of cooperation. It initially tests this hypothesis through two case studies of voluntary collective action in a new context: the creation of multiactor Habitat Conservation Plans to protect endangered species. The two cases suggest that institutional mechanisms and political leadership can play an important role in encouraging collective action without relying on trust among cooperators. Besides their theoretical implications, the results suggest policymakers might spend more energy on creating incentives and assurance mechanisms to encourage collaboration, rather than the potentially fruitless task of building of social capital among rival stakeholders.
Simultaneity, Sequentiality, and Speed: Organizational Messages About Multiple‐Task Completion

Workplace norms for task completion increasingly value speed and the ability to accomplish multiple tasks at once. This study situates this popularized issue of multitasking within the contextofchronemicsscholarship byaddressingrelatedissuesofsimultaneity, sequentiality, and speed. Ultimately, we consider 2 multiple-task completion strategies discussed in the literature on polychronic behavior, dovetailing (or sequentially accomplishing tasks) and simultaneouslyaccomplishingtasks.Focusgroupandexperimentalfindingssupporttheexistence of both simultaneous and sequential multitasking styles. Additionally, each is linked to varying perceptions of work pace, workload, and availability outside of work hours. The developed measurement scale offers a communication-focused theoretical contribution to multitaskingconcepts.Implicationsforthesefindingsandfuturedirectionsarealsodiscussed.
Evaluating the effectiveness of collaborative computer-intensive projects in an undergraduate psychometrics course

Undergraduate psychometrics classes often use computer-intensive active learning projects. However, little research has examined active learning or computer-intensive projects in psychometrics courses. We describe two computer-intensive collaborative learning projects used to teach the design and evaluation of psychological tests. Course evaluations were significantly above the department average, and students perceived the projects as effective in meeting course objectives and improving computer skills. Grades on these projects were unrelated to self-reported computer background, suggesting that all students can succeed at computer-intensive projects when instructors provide adequate support and create a collaborative learning environment.
β-Alanine metabolism in the housefly, Musca domestica: Studies on anabolism in the early puparium☆

Abstract β-Alanine synthesis has been studied in the housefly, Musca domestica. The larvae were reared aseptically on a β-alanine free diet and upon pupation were injected with uracil-6-3H, aspartate-U-14C, pantothenate-1-14C, propionate-2-14C, or malonate-2-14C. It was found by radioassay that relative to the other compounds tested uracil contributed 56·2 per cent and aspartate 24·2 per cent, while pantothenate, propionate, and malonate contributed 9·4, 7·1, and 3·1 per cent, respectively, to β-alanine synthesis.
Differential-SPIHT for image sequence coding

Efficient image sequence coding exploits both spatial correlation and temporal correlation. SPIHT is a powerful algorithm in exploiting spatial correlations for still image coding. Based on SPIHT, we present a novel approach to exploit temporal correlations for image sequence coding, while maintaining single frame, random access decoding. The so-called Differential-SPIHT takes advantage of inter-frame correlations by reusing the significance testing data of a SPIHT coded frame. From simulation results of videos and volumetric medical images, Differential-SPIHT offers significant reductions in bitrate from conventional two-dimensional (2D) SPIHT for the same reconstruction PSNR, while retaining the desirables features of rate scalability and computational simplicity.
Feeding tube-induced pneumothorax.

A case of accidental bronchial perforation by the metal stylet of a silastic feeding tube is reported. The misplacement of the feeding tube resulted in a pneumothorax. This is a previously unreported complication of enteral feeding in adults. Pulmonary complications of enteral feeding and recommendations for prevention of these complications are discussed. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 8 :714-716, 1984)
Coding guidelines for pipelined processors

This paper is a tutorial for assembly language programmers of pipelined processors. It describes the general characteristics of pipelined processors and presents a collection of coding guidelines for them. These guidelines are particularly significant to compiler developers who determine object code patterns.
The Status of Husserlian Phenomenology in Caring Research

In a recent article, Paley criticized nursing research that claimed to be phenomenological and recommended that all reference to Husserl be dropped by nurses following certain qualitative procedures. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that Paley is wrong in his recommendation by showing that Paley (i) does not distinguish scientific phenomenology from philosophical phenomenology; (ii) is severely limited with respect to scholarly references that legitimate and articulate the scientific phenomenological method; (iii) seems to be unaware of the precedents for attempting scholarly analyses of the experiences and behaviors of others; and (iv) seems to be unaware of the internal history of the development of the scientific phenomenological method, which would show its close relationship to Husserl. Although deficiencies in nursing phenomenological research can be found, the solution is not to drive the researchers away from phenomenology, but to encourage them to apply the scientific phenomenological method in a better way.
On realistic modeling of laser-generated ultrasound pulses

A novel formulation of pulsed photoacoustic generation which should facilitate the study of applications of laser-generated acoustic pulses is described and illustrated. This formulation has advantages both in the analytical results obtained and in the ease of numerical calculations. Numerical calculations are presented to illustrate the efficacy of this approach, with emphasis on the effects of finite-source dimensions and on the initial waveform. The origin of the precursor signal is addressed using this formulation. It is concluded that the precursor is due to thermal-to-acoustic mode conversion at the sample surface. In addition, calculations of surface wave progenitors exhibit the advantages of the method in treating near-field propagation. >
Modernization in Mainland China: A Comment

IN THE JANUARY 1992 ISSUE of this Journal, Chien-Hsun Chen tested the hypothesis that "both domestic capital accumulation and foreign capital inflows affect economic development in China, the latter being an indicator of modernization" ("Modernization in Mainland China: Self-Reliance and Dependence." American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 51 Jan. 1992: 57-68). To test this hypothesis, Chen utilized a linear regression model of the form: YR = |b.sub.0~ + |b.sub.1~ CAR + |b.sub.2~ FCIR + |b.sub.3~ ET + |Mu~ where YR = the growth rate of provincial income by region, an indicator of modernization; CAR = capital accumulation rate; FCIR = Foreign capital inflows as a percentage of provincial income, by region; ET = Foreign direct investment as a percentage of provincial income by region. ET is a policy variable which represents the degree of openness in China's regional economy. If Chen's hypothesis is correct, then |b.sub.2~ should be positive and significantly related to YR. In his article, Chen provided data for the dependent and independent variables. The data covered 27 regions over three years. Based on this data, Chen reported the following regression estimate: YR = 11.916 - 0.03 CAR + 0.20 FCIR + 0.008 ET (4.83) (-0.37) (2.23) (0.14) D.W. Stat. = 2.36, |R.sup.2~ = .563. The numbers in the parenthesis are t statistics. The regression results above indicate that FCIR is significantly related to YR. From this, Chen concluded that foreign capital inflows significantly affected economic development and modernization in China. Chen, in his article, did not clearly indicate how he utilized the data that he reported to derive the regression results above. However, since the data set consists of a time series over three years and a cross-section of 27 regions, the optimal way to use this data set is to pool the time series and cross- section data. Pooling provides a total of 81 observations. The model above can be estimated using ordinary least squares using the combined time series and cross-section data set. Pooling increases the degrees of freedom, and the ordinary least square estimators are efficient provided that the co-efficients are invariant over time and across the cross-section units. The least squares regression results using the combined time series cross-section data are reported below. These results were derived from Micro TSP Version 7.0. YR = 12.266 - 0.02 CAR + 0.216 FCIR + 0.003 ET (4.52) (-0. …
Commons + Borderlands: Working Papers on Interdisciplinarity, Accountability and the Flow of Knowledge

Commons + Borderlands: Working Papers on Interdisciplinarity, Accountability and the Flow of Knowledge. Marilyn Strathern. Wantage, Oxfordshire: Sean Kingston Publishing, 2004. 102 pp.
HRT Gene Function Requires Interaction between a NAC Protein and Viral Capsid Protein to Confer Resistance to Turnip Crinkle Virus

An Arabidopsis protein was found to interact specifically with the capsid protein (CP) of turnip crinkle virus (TCV) through yeast two-hybrid screening. This protein, designated TIP (for TCV-interacting protein), was found to be a member of the recently recognized NAC family of proteins. NAC proteins have been implicated in the regulation of development of plant embryos and flowers. TIP alone was able to activate expression of reporter genes in yeast if fused to a DNA binding domain, suggesting that it may be a transcriptional activator. The TIP binding region in the TCV CP has been mapped to the N-terminal 25 amino acids. Site-directed mutagenesis within this region revealed that loss of the TIP–CP interaction in the yeast two-hybrid assay correlated with loss of the ability of TCV to induce the hypersensitive response and resistance in the TCV-resistant Arabidopsis ecotype Dijon (Di-0 and its inbred line Di-17). These data suggest that TIP is an essential component in the TCV resistance response pathway.
Back to the Future for Dermatophyte Genomics

ABSTRACT Dermatophytes are a uniquely pathogenic group of fungi that cause most common fungal infections globally. The major cause of athlete’s foot is Trichophyton rubrum , a pathogen of human skin. A recent paper in this journal reported the sequencing and analysis of five additional genome sequences, including that of Trichophyton rubrum . These five join the existing two additional genome sequences to bring the total to seven dermatophyte genome sequences, a notable milestone in the study of these fungi. These additional genomes set the stage for future genome-supported studies on the biology, pathogenicity, and host specificity of this important group of pathogens. To predict how this future might play out, we review the history of Aspergillus genomics since the initial publication of the first three Aspergillus genome sequences in 2005, an event that stimulated important studies of the pathogenic Aspergillus species. From these 7 years of Aspergillus history, we offer some speculation on the future of dermatophyte studies supported by the genome sequences given the similarities, differences, and relative levels of support for studies in these two groups of fungi and the diseases they cause.
Cayley color graphs of inverse semigroups and groupoids

The notion of Cayley color graphs of groups is generalized to inverse semigroups and groupoids. The set of partial automorphisms of the Cayley color graph of an inverse semigroup or a groupoid is isomorphic to the original inverse semigroup or groupoid. The groupoid of color permuting partial automorphisms of the Cayley color graph of a transitive groupoid is isomorphic to the original groupoid.
Does ordinary injustice make extraordinary injustice possible? Gender, structural injustice, and the ethics of refugee determination

Our understanding of the impact of gender on refugee determination has evolved greatly over the last 60 years. Though many people initially believed that women could not be persecuted qua women, it is now frequently recognized that certain forms of gender-related persecution are sufficient to warrant asylum. Yet despite this conceptual progress, many states are still reluctant to consider certain forms of gender-related persecution to be sufficient to warrant asylum or refugee status. One reason for this continued bias is the lack of a framework with which to understand gender-related persecution. I argue that we ought to understand gender-related persecution as resulting from the intersection of individual or state persecution and structural injustice. Structural injustice can be understood as the kind of everyday injustice, harm, and violence that women experience that makes possible the more extraordinary kinds of violence that women are likely to claim as the basis of asylum. Understanding gender-rela...
Generalized Stochastic Lotka-Volterra Equations

The Lotka-Volterra equations for two types of species of variables (x,y) interacting mutually describe a bistable system and can be generalized to include a carrying capacity, and here the fluctuations between the two states are generalized such that the nonlinear dynamics of the two variables are perturbed by noise, dz = a(z,t)dt b(z,t)dW(t) with b(z,t)dW(t) a nonlinear diffusion coefficient multiplying a white noise Wiener process which produces a generally nonlinear noise with examples including colored noise, history following etc. The Fokker-Planck equations for these equations of the generalized noise Lotka-Voltera model are solved exactly for several cases including the special cases of Tsallis q-entropy derived statistics.
A Clickable Aminooxy Probe for Monitoring Cellular ADP-Ribosylation

ADP-ribosylation is essential for cell function, yet there is a dearth of methods for detecting this post-translational modification in cells. Here, we describe a clickable aminooxy alkyne (AO-alkyne) probe that can detect cellular ADP-ribosylation on acidic amino acids following Cu-catalyzed conjugation to an azide-containing reporter. Using AO-alkyne, we show that PARP10 and PARP11 are auto-ADP-ribosylated in cells. We also demonstrate that AO-alkyne can be used to monitor stimulus-induced ADP-ribosylation in cells. Functional studies using AO-alkyne support a previously unknown mechanism for ADP-ribosylation on acidic amino acids, wherein a glutamate or aspartate at the initial C1′-position of ADP-ribose transfers to the C2′ position. This new mechanism for ADP-ribosylation has important implications for how glutamyl/aspartyl-ADP-ribose is recognized by proteins in cells.
5' dinucleotide repeat polymorphism of NRAMP1 and susceptibility to tuberculosis among Caucasian patients in Houston, Texas.

Setting Houston Tuberculosis Initiative (HTI) and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Objective To further explore the association between the polymorphisms of NRAMP1 and human susceptibility/resistance to tuberculosis (TB), specifically to determine whether the reported association shown for blacks and Asians holds true for Caucasian populations. Design In a case-control study, 135 adult Caucasian TB patients and 108 adult Caucasian HIV-seronegative non-TB controls were analyzed for the association between the polymorphisms in NRAMP1 gene and clinical TB. Results Heterozygote at 5'(GT)n, a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the promoter of NRAMP1, was observed at significantly higher frequencies among HIV-negative patients with pulmonary TB (41.6%; OR 2.02; 95%CI 1.11-3.64), extra-pulmonary TB (66.7%; OR 4.80; 95%CI 1.34-17.15), and HIV-seropositive TB patients (50%; OR 3.77; 95%CI 1.33-10.66) in comparison with the controls (27.8%). Homozygotes (GT)(10,10) were over-represented among HIV-positive TB patients (18.2%; OR 6.86; 95%CI 1.55-30.21) compared to the controls (5.5%). Conclusion These findings suggest that the 5'(GT)n polymorphism of NRAMP1 modifies TB susceptibility in this Caucasian population, and could possibly be related to the site of infection among HIV-negative individuals and HIV-coinfected TB.
The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment, by R. Chetty, N. Hendren, and L. F. Katz

That childhood poverty has a negative effect on educational outcomes is well established. Children from low-income families are only one third as likely to complete high school as their more fortun...
Comparison of fabric hand evaluation in different cultures

Publisher Summary International trade in textile products, and specifically in apparel, has shown a dramatic increase, mainly due to trade agreements such as NAFTA, WTO, and GATT. Globalization has made communication among trading countries a potential problem area, involving such factors as differences in meanings and definitions and across cultures. Such differences could influence consumers' selections of apparel and textiles. In the last 40 years, progress in the design of textile machinery has been remarkable, especially with respect to improvement of efficiency, automation, and productivity. The machines have been designed largely for high-speed production of textile products that can be supplied to textile consumers at competitive prices. However, the quality of textile materials produced by modern high-production textile processing sequences is not necessarily as good as that produced by traditional machines; rather, the quality of the textile materials is becoming poorer in many cases. This general trend toward lower-quality textile products is of particular significance in the case of wool fabrics and garments, which traditionally occupy the “up-market” end of the spectrum of textile products because of their superiority in the important quality features of fabric hand, garment appearance, and comfort. This chapter presents studies of the comparison of fabric hand assessment, both subjective and objective, covering the effects of cultures, measuring techniques, and instruments.
Racism: The Crime in Criminal Justice

This article examines the question of whether racial disparities in the U.S. criminal justice system are merely the bad implementation of what would otherwise be a good system, or are an inherent part, and even possibly the intended result, of our state and federal criminal justice policies. After an examination of numerous statistics that show significant racial disparities in the workings of the U.S. criminal justice system, the author surveys the writings of other academic commentators who have concluded that, yes, such disparities are an intended result.