cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonequilibrium Single Molecule Protein Folding in a Coaxial Mixer

We have developed a continuous-flow mixing device suitable for monitoring bioconformational reactions at the single-molecule level with a response time of approximately 10 ms under single-molecule flow conditions. Its coaxial geometry allows three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing of sample fluids to diffraction-limited dimensions where diffusional mixing is rapid and efficient. The capillary-based design enables rapid in-lab construction of mixers without the need for expensive lithography-based microfabrication facilities. In-line filtering of sample fluids using granulated silica particles virtually eliminates clogging and extends the lifetime of each device to many months. In this article, to determine both the distance-to-time transfer function and the instrument response function of the device we characterize its fluid flow and mixing properties using both fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy velocimetry and finite element fluid dynamics simulations. We then apply the mixer to single molecule FRET protein folding studies of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor protein 2. By transiently populating the unfolded state of Chymotrypsin Inhibitor Protein 2 (CI2) under nonequilibrium in vitro refolding conditions, we spatially and temporally resolve the denaturant-dependent nonspecific collapse of the unfolded state from the barrier-limited folding transition of CI2. Our results are consistent with previous CI2 mixing results that found evidence for a heterogeneous unfolded state consisting of cis- and trans-proline conformers.
An empirical study of reliable networking for vehicular networks using IEEE 802.11n

The IEEE 802.11n technology is becoming more and more prevalent in wireless networks due to its significant enhancements in network performance. To examine whether the reliability of 802.11n is sufficient for vehicular networks, we conducted extensive experiments on inter-vehicle and intra-vehicle communications in vehicular environments. From this empirical study, we found that 802.11n provides high performance with stable throughput and reliable coverage in most cases. However, 802.11n protocols do not detect frequent changes of propagation and polarisation due to vehicle mobility and its rate adaptation algorithms improperly select multi-stream rates under channel fading conditions, although single-stream rates perform better. Moreover, an optimal antenna alignment that enables High Throughput (HT) operation using parallel data streams needs further investigation in vehicular environments. Our findings have profound implications on the protocol design and appropriate configuration for reliable networking in vehicular networks using 802.11n.
2-D turbulence for forcing in all scales

Abstract Rigorous estimates to support the Batchelor–Kraichnan–Leith theory of 2-D turbulence are made for time-dependent forcing at all length scales. The main estimate, derived under several different assumptions on the smoothness of the force in space and time, bounds the dissipation wavenumber κ η from above and below in terms of a generalized Grashof number. That estimate is shown to be connected to the energy power law, the dissipation law, and the enstrophy cascade. These results impose certain restrictions on the shape of the force, which in several cases is allowed to be discontinuous in time.
Public-private partnerships: the Connecticut model for financing long-term care.

Responses to the growing crisis in long-term care financing have included efforts to negotiate partnerships between the private and public sectors for the purpose of developing innovative models for long-term care insurance. One such set of models has been encouraged by support from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's “Long Term Care Insurance Program” grants. The Connecticut Partnership for Long Term Care uses a cooperative approach to encourage the development of private sector long-term care insurance products that are integrated with Medicaid eligibility determinations. The Connecticut model is described, accompanied by a history of its development, and a comparison is made with other models currently under consideration by national policy analysts. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:1026–1030, 1992
Endothelium-dependent effects of cigarette smoke components on tone of porcine intrapulmonary arteries in vitro☆

Abstract The acute effects of cigarette smoking on the pulmonary vasculature are poorly understood—both vasodilatory and vasoconstrictive effects have been described. To investigate the mechanisms involved, strips of pig intrapulmonary arteries with and without intact endothelium were exposed to an extract of cigarette smoke made by bubbling smoke through phosphate-buffered saline. After contraction with norepinephrine (2.5 × 10 −7 m ), smoke extract (concentration range 0.001 to 0.5%) caused a biphasic response in strips with intact endothelium—relaxation at lower concentrations and contraction at higher concentrations. Both relaxation and contraction responses were absent in strips without endothelium. Blockade of muscarinic, β adrenergic, serotonergic, and histamine type 1 and 2 receptors did not alter the effects. Indomethacin (5 × 10 −6 m ) or acetylsalicylic acid (10 −4 m ) blocked the relaxation but not contraction effects of smoke extract, suggesting that relaxation was due to cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid. Nicotine caused endothelium-dependent contraction of intrapulmonary arteries and the contractile effects of both nicotine and smoke extract were blocked by hexamethonium (10 −6 m ). However, the contractile effects of cigarette smoke components are more potent than those of nicotine. These findings help explain previously described acute effects of smoking on the pulmonary vasculature and provide insight into the mechanisms involved.
Social Networks and Participation in Social Activities at a New Senior Center: Reaching Out to Older Adults Who Could Benefit the Most

ABSTRACT This study examined social network characteristics associated with older adults' intentions to participate and actual participation in social activities at a new senior center. Face-to-face interviews (N = 126) were conducted prior to the opening of a senior center in the participants' community. Measures included social network characteristics, social support, social connectedness, and demographic characteristics. Actual participation was assessed approximately 14 months after the senior center's opening. Smaller proportions of network members living in close proximity, having 10% or more network members be children, higher perceived availability of social support, and lower perceived levels of social connectedness were associated with higher intentions to participate in social activities. Levels of intention did not significantly predict actual participation. Older adults with little social support may not perceive senior centers as places to gain desired support. However, individuals who lack ...
It Is Not What You Have; It Is What You Do With It: Support for Addis's Gendered Responding Framework

Depression in men is a critical topic but unfortunately there has been more rhetoric than research on the nature, extent, and treatment of depression in men. Many of the models of depression in men are based on a medical model view of “big D” depression. Addis's gendered responding framework provides an innovative perspective on depression in men that has important implications for theories, research, and clinical interventions. Additional support for Addis's model is provided from existing studies on substance use as a response to negative affect and gender differences in rumination, and from new results presented here.
Energy Recovery from Waste Plastics by Using Blends of Biodiesel and Polystyrene in Diesel Engines

This study investigated diesel engine combustion and emissions characteristics using blends of biodiesel and polystyrene. As polystyrene accounts for approximately 22% by weight of all high volume plastics, it is attractive to develop methods to convert these waste plastics into energy. Biodiesel is a biorenewable fuel and a good solvent for certain materials. In this study, biodiesel was used as a recycling agent and polystyrene packing peanuts were dissolved in biodiesel in different concentrations as a means to recover energy from waste plastics. Test results showed that engine power increased initially with the polystyrene concentration and then decreased for concentrations higher than 5%. The initial increase in engine power was mainly due to the injection timing advancement caused by the increased bulk modulus and viscosity of fuel blends. The decline in engine power at high polystyrene concentrations could be caused by the poor spray atomization and deteriorated combustion efficiency due to the hig...
A new ion source for thermal emission mass spectrometry

Abstract An ion source with circularly-symmetric lens elements has been designed and evaluated using a single-filament, thermal-ionization mass spectrometer. Both uranium and plutonium samples have been analyzed. The new fource yields better ion transmission and improved results in comparison to the Nier-type source previously used.
Traffic engineering with semiautonomous users: a game-theoretic perspective

In this paper, we explore the interaction between traffic engineering and the users of a network. Because a traffic engineer may be unaware of the structure of content distribution systems or overlay networks, his management of the network does not fully anticipate how traffic might change as a result of his actions. Content distribution systems that assign servers at the application level can respond very rapidly to changes in the routing of the network. Consequently, the traffic engineer's decisions may not be applied to the intended traffic. We use a game-theoretic framework in which infinitesimal users of a network select the source of content, and the traffic engineer decides how the traffic will route through the network. We formulate a game and prove the existence of equilibria. Additionally, we present a setting in which equilibria are socially optimal, essentially unique, and stable. Conditions under which efficiency loss may be bounded are presented, and the results are extended to the cases of general overlay networks and multiple autonomous systems.
Effects of non-electrolyte polymers on photoinduced electron transfer reactions. Influence of aqueous poly(vinylalcohol) on quenching of tetraanionic porphyrins by methyl viologen

Abstract The association of water soluble tetraanionic porphyrins with poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA) occurs in dilute solutions, as evidenced by absorption and emission spectral changes. Quenching of the emission of the free porphyrin fluorescence and the palladium(II) complex phosphorescence by methyl viologen is suppressed upon addition of PVA (M = 78000). Flash excitation of the Pd(II) complex in solutions containing viologen (1 mM) and PVA ( > 0.05%) results in charge separation of photooxidized porphyrin and reduced viologen. The charge separation yield increases to a maximum of 15% and the back reaction rate decreases with the addition of polymer until a plateau is reached at approximately 0.3% PVA.
EUS in the detection of ascites and EUS-guided paracentesis

Abstract Background: The utility of EUS was evaluated for detection of ascites and EUS-guided FNA of ascites in patients undergoing EUS for diagnosis and staging of GI malignancies. Methods: A series (from March 1994 to October 1997) of 571 consecutive patients who underwent upper EUS for various indications was retrospectively reviewed. Follow-up clinical information was obtained from referring physicians, subsequent CT, and telephone interviews. Results: Eighty-five patients (15% of series) were found to have ascites by EUS. Six did not have CT before EUS. Pre-EUS CT identified ascites in only 14 (18%) of the 79 patients who had pre-EUS CT. Of the patients in whom CT was negative for abdominal fluid (n = 65) and who had clinical follow-up, 13 of 58 (22%) subsequently had ascites develop that were detected by CT or physical examination. Overall, 31 of the 85 patients underwent EUS-guided FNA paracentesis; the mean volume obtained was 7.9 mL (range 1-40 mL). In 5 patients, malignant ascites was diagnosed by EUS-guided FNA; in these patients surgery was avoided. Conclusions: EUS is more sensitive than CT in detecting small amounts of ascites. A significant number (22%) of patients who had ascites by EUS subsequently had ascites develop that was detectable by CT or physical examination. EUS-guided paracentesis appears to be safe and effective and can identify malignant ascites. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:336-9.)
ITC analysis of guest binding to a deep-cavity cavitand

Using the recommended modifications to isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) analysis proposed by Turnbull and Daranas (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125 14859–14866) and Tellinghuisen (Anal. Biochem. 2008, 373, 395–397), we determine the thermodynamic data for the binding of a series of halogenated guests to deep-cavity cavitand 1. These modifications allowed the accurate determination of the thermodynamic data of systems with c values of between 0.2 and 5; values that are much lower than is often suggested as the lower limit of ITC. The compiled data allowed a more accurate glimpse of the strength of the unusual C–H…X–R hydrogen bonds observed between these hosts and halogenated guests.
Elimination of coincident Staphylococcus aureus nasal and hand carriage with intranasal application of mupirocin calcium ointment

Objective: To determine the safety and efficacy of mupirocin calcium ointment in the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus nasal and hand carriage in healthy persons. Design: A double-blind, placebo...
Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) triiodide

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(C12H8N2)3](I3)2, contains one [Co(1,10-phenanthroline)3]2+ cation, half each of two centrosymmetric triiodide anions, and one complete triiodide anion. The title compound was synthesized solvothermally from Co(NO3)2, 1,10-phenanthroline, and SnI2, where the SnI2 reagent serves only as a source of I atoms.
Simultaneous chromizing and aluminizing using chromium oxide and aluminum: (I) on low alloy steel

Abstract A new pack process of simultaneous deposition of chromium and aluminum onto metal components has been developed. This process is characterized by the pack composition using elemental Al and Cr2O3 powder as the Al and Cr sources. A series of pack cementation on a low alloy steel have been performed by varying the weight ratio of Cr2O3 to Al and the pack temperature. Cr2O3 is converted by aluminum halide (or Al) to Cr halide (or Cr) which is deposited along with aluminum on the metal surface. At a higher weight ratio of Cr2O3 to Al, the aluminum content in the coating layer decreases with increasing temperature, while the Cr content does the opposite. The decrease in aluminum content is mainly related to the activated conversion of Cr2O3 to chromium halide by aluminum in the diffusion layer.
Online course advising: Differences in student response by gender and ethnicity

Previous research suggests that effective academic advising can lead to better academic outcomes among undergraduate students. This study examines patterns between the use of an online advising tool, Course Signals, and course performance among students in engineering and technology. The number of advising interventions distributed through Course Signals tends to be positively associated with improved student course performance, particularly among female students. Findings suggest that online advising has the potential to be an effective method to improve student academic performance.
Symmetrical segregation of potassium channels at cytokinesis.

To determine how voltage-gated ion channels segregate between sibling cells at cytokinesis, we used a whole-cell patch clamp to measure the electrophysiological phenotypes of siblings within 45 min of division. Recently born siblings in an immortalized line of embryonic retinal cells were identified as pairs of spherical cells adhering to one another. All siblings were electrically coupled when cells were simultaneously voltage clamped, whereas nonsiblings were not coupled. Twelve paris of siblings were electrically isolated by mechanical separation so that their phenotypes could be measured independently. Cells expressed two principal membrane conductances, delayed rectifier-like (IK) and inward rectifier (IK(IR)) potassium currents. Despite qualitative and quantitative variability in IK and IK(IR) expression within the population, each cell of a given pair expressed similar steady-state current densities between –110 and +50 mV. We estimated IK(IR) slope conductance by blocking the current specifically with 5 mM Cs and calculated IK(IR) ratios in siblings and nonsiblings. Three pairs of siblings expressed IK(IR) ratios of approximately 1.2, while ratios in three pairs of adhered nonsiblings varied between 1.6 and 5.4. When currents were sampled continuously through cytokinesis by using the perforated-patch recording mode, current amplitude showed no net change within 30 min of division. Because channel number did not appear to change in siblings during this interval, parental channels were inherited by each daughter in proportion to the area of membrane received. Heterogeneity therefore arises after siblings reenter interphase and is not due to the asymmetrical segregation of channels at cytokinesis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gas-phase thermochemical properties of pyrimidine nucleobases.

The gas-phase acidity and proton affinity of thymine, cytosine, and 1-methyl cytosine have been examined using both theoretical (B3LYP/6-31+G*) and experimental (bracketing, Cooks kinetic) methods. This paper represents a comprehensive examination of multiple acidic sites of thymine and cytosine and of the acidity and proton affinity of thymine, cytosine, and 1-methyl cytosine. Thymine exists as the most stable “canonical” tautomer in the gas phase, with a ΔHacid of 335 ± 4 kcal mol−1 (ΔGacid = 328 ± 4 kcal mol−1) for the more acidic N1−H. The acidity of the less acidic N3−H site has not, heretofore, been measured; we bracket a ΔHacid value of 346 ± 3 kcal mol−1 (ΔGacid = 339 ± 3 kcal mol−1). The proton affinity (PA = ΔH) of thymine is measured to be 211 ± 3 kcal mol−1 (GB = ΔG = 203 ± 3 kcal mol−1). Cytosine is known to have several stable tautomers in the gas phase in contrast to in solution, where the canonical tautomer predominates. Using bracketing methods in an FTMS, we measure a ΔHacid for the more...
Verification of Temporal Variations in Mesoscale Numerical Wind Forecasts

Abstract The authors address a particular example of the general question of whether high-resolution forecasts provide additional deterministic skill beyond what can be achieved with a coarser-resolution model. To this end, real-time forecasts using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with grid increments of 30 and 3.3 km are compared over a domain centered on the complex terrain region of southern New Mexico during the 1 June 2002 to 1 June 2003 period. The authors use time series of surface data to evaluate the relative ability of the two forecasts to capture significant temporal variations of wind. The authors hypothesize that the additional detail and structure provided by high resolution becomes a “liability” when the forecasts are scored by traditional verification metrics, because such metrics sharply penalize forecasts with small temporal or spatial errors of predicted features. Thus, a set of verification metrics is designed that is increasingly tolerant ...
John Dewey and Museum Education

Abstract Although John Dewey's educational concepts have been discussed previously in relation to museums, his own writing about museums has received little attention. Dewey, who visited museums frequently throughout his life, recognized the powerful educational value of museums. He assigned a central role to museums as integrative components of raw experiences in his educational theory, and he made extensive use of student visits to museums at the Chicago Laboratory School. Early twentieth-century museum educators and directors applied Dewey's ideas, and advocated a museum education philosophy, based on the progressive education movement, that has significance for current exhibition and educational practice.
Guidelines for Measuring Reaction Time

Although reaction time is one of the most common measures of neurological function, protocols often do not take into consideration many of the extraneous factors that may invalidate such assessments. This paper discusses several issues related to matters of instrumentation, subject control, design of assessment, and interpretation. Twenty recommendations are provided as a guideline for those who assess reaction time of clients or patients. While these suggestions are not proposed as definitive or complete, the points should serve as a guide to young researchers as well as a checklist for more seasoned experimenters.
Sensory processing disorder: any of a nurse practitioner's business?

Purpose: Children who exhibit the confusing symptom patterns associated with sensory processing deficits are often seen first by primary care providers, including family and pediatric nurse practitioners (NPs). The purpose of this article is to alert NPs to the state of the science for these disorders and to the roles NPs could play in filling the knowledge gaps in assessment, treatment, education, and research. Data sources: Literature searches using PubMed and MedLine databases and clinical practice observations. Conclusions: Sensory integration disorders have only begun to be defined during the past 35 years. They are not currently included in the DSM IV standard terminology, and are not yet substantively incorporated into most health disciplines’ curricula or practice, including those of the NP. Implications for practice: NPs are in a unique position to test hypothesized terminology for Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) by contributing precise clinical descriptions of children who match as well as deviate from the criteria for three proposed diagnostic groups: Sensory Modulation Disorder (SMD), Sensory Discrimination Disorder (SDD), and Sensory-Based Motor Disorder (SBMD). Beyond the SPD diagnostic debate, for children with sensory deficit patterns the NP role can incorporate participating in interdisciplinary treatment plans, refining differential diagnoses, providing frontline referral and support for affected children and their families, and making both secondary prevention and critical causal research possible through validation of consistently accepted diagnostic criteria.
Guidelines For Selecting Or Synthesizing Nematic Liquid Crystals

Principles for selecting or synthesizing liquid crystal mixtures with desired birefringence are analyzed. Based on these principles a liquid crystal mixture exhibiting large birefringence and low visco-elastic coefficient at room temperature was formulated. Optical and electro-optic properties of this liquid crystal were characterized at elevated temperature. Results are compared with those of some commercially available liquid crystals.
Relaxation of stored charge carriers in a Zn0.3Cd0.7Se mixed crystal

Persistent photoconductivity (PPC) has been investigated in detail in a ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Cd}}_{0.7}$Se mixed crystal. Two different temperature conductivity states have been observed. Relaxation of stored charge carriers, which contribute to PPC, has been studied at different conditions. We find that the decay of PPC follows the ``stretched-exponential'' function that is usually observed in a wide class of disordered materials. At T220 K, the relaxation time increases with increase of temperature. At a constant temperature, the relaxation time increases with increase of excitation photon dose, which is a consequence of the presence of the two different conductivity states. However, at a constant temperature, the decay exponent is excitation-photon-dose independent, while the characteristic decay time constant depends on excitation photon dose. The PPC observed here thus exhibits characteristic phenomena of disordered systems, which suggests that the random local-potential fluctuations, which arise from the compositional fluctuations, are responsible for PPC. PPC-decay behavior is also analyzed for some of the previously published data on other materials. We find that the stretched-exponential function describes the PPC decay in various materials at low temperatures.
Phase I Study of a Bispecific Ligand-Directed Toxin Targeting CD22 and CD19 (DT2219) for Refractory B-cell Malignancies

Purpose: The novel bispecific ligand-directed toxin (BLT) DT2219 consists of a recombinant fusion between the catalytic and translocation enhancing domain of diphtheria toxin (DT) and bispecific single-chain variable fragments (scFV) of antibodies targeting human CD19 and CD22. We conducted a phase I dose-escalation study to assess the safety, maximum tolerated dose, and preliminary efficacy of DT2219 in patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma or leukemia. Experimental Design: DT2219 was administered intravenously over 2 hours every other day for 4 total doses. Dose was escalated from 0.5 μg/kg/day to 80 μg/kg/day in nine dose cohorts until a dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed. Results: Twenty-five patients with mature or precursor B-cell lymphoid malignancies expressing CD19 and/or CD22 enrolled to the study. Patients received median 3 prior lines of chemotherapy and 8 failed hematopoietic transplantation. All patients received a single course of DT2219; one patient was retreated. The most common adverse events, including weight gain, low albumin, transaminitis, and fever were transient grade 1–2 and occurred in patients in higher dose cohorts (≥40 μg/kg/day). Two subjects experienced DLT at dose levels 40 and 60 μg/kg. Durable objective responses occurred in 2 patients; one was complete remission after 2 cycles. Correlative studies showed a surprisingly low incidence of neutralizing antibody (30%). Conclusions: We have determined the safety of a novel immunotoxin DT2219 and established its biologically active dose between 40 and 80 μg/kg/day ×4. A phase II study exploring repetitive courses of DT2219 is planned. Clin Cancer Res; 21(6); 1267–72. ©2015 AACR .
Molecular Assemblies, Patterning, and Deposition of Conjugated Polymers: Ultrathin Films Prepared using the Layer-by-Layer and Precursor Polymer Electrodeposition Approach

In this paper we present a combined protocol for ultrathin film formation and assembly of Φ- conjugated polymer materials using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique and a precursor polymer approach to electrodeposition. While much work has been done on investigating the chemistry (synthesis) and properties (physics) of these materials, little focus has been given on the multilayer and ordering issues associated with ultrathin film formation especially using novel “wet-processing” approaches. This work details our molecular assembly approaches on conjugated polymer systems for polyfluorene and polythiophene derivatives. This was demonstrated in the following systems: a) ionene precursor polyfluorene polymers deposited as ultrathin films using the LbL technique from an aqueous solution and b) electrodeposition of polysiloxane modified precursor polymers. Important strategies are outlined for combining the two techniques as a novel method for preparing ultrathin films and patterning.
The dominant synoptic‐scale modes of North American monsoon precipitation

In this study, we explore the mechanisms of synoptic rainfall variability using observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite. Although previously shown to have an important impact on North American monsoon rainfall, tropical cyclones are excluded from this analysis, in order to focus on more frequent synoptic disturbances within the region. A rotated empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of North American monsoon rainfall during June to September 2002–2009 suggests that low-level tropical disturbances contribute to the leading two modes of precipitation variability within this region. These disturbances result in gulf surges or low-level surges of moisture up the Gulf of California, and provide a key moisture source to facilitate the development of organized convection. In the first mode, the low-level trough brings precipitation to lower elevations along the western slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental south of Hermosillo, Mexico and over the southern Baja Peninsula. In the second mode, the low-level trough interacts with an upper-level inverted trough enhancing precipitation into the southwestern United States and northwest Mexico. In particular, the upper-level trough contributes to the easterly to northeasterly shear across the region, favouring mesoscale convective organization and enhanced deep convection over the Sierra Madre Occidental and higher elevations in southeast Arizona. The EOF methodology offers an objective approach for determining the dominant modes of precipitation for the monsoon region useful for identifying past and monitoring future low-frequency impacts on these modes.
Insight into the antiadhesive effect of yeast wall protein 1 of Candida albicans.

ABSTRACT Ywp1 is a prominent glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein of the cell wall of Candida albicans; it is present in the yeast form of this opportunistic fungal pathogen but absent from filamentous forms and chlamydospores. Yeast cells that lack Ywp1 are more adhesive and form thicker biofilms, implying an antiadhesive activity for Ywp1, with a possible role in yeast dispersal. The antiadhesive effect of Ywp1 is transplantable from yeast to hyphae, as hyphae that are forced to express YWP1 lose adhesion in an in vitro assay. Deletion of the GPI anchor results in loss of Ywp1 to the surrounding medium and reduction of the antiadhesive effect, implying an importance of time-dependent residency in the cell wall. Anchor-negative versions of Ywp1 possessing or lacking a C-terminal green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag were created in C. albicans and harvested from culture supernatants; in addition to serving as quantifiable markers for Ywp1 secretion, they revealed that the cleaved 11-kDa propeptide of Ywp1 remains strongly but noncovalently associated with the Ywp1 core. This association is resistant to highly acidic and basic solutions, 8 M urea, and 1% SDS (below 45°C). Above 50°C, SDS dissociates the isolated complex, but even higher temperatures are required to dissociate the propeptide from native Ywp1 that is anchored in a cell wall. This property has permitted detection, for the first time, of orthologs of Ywp1 in other members of the Candida clade. The cleaved propeptide, which carries the sole N-glycan of Ywp1, must participate in the antiadhesive effect of Ywp1.
Proteus system architecture and organization

The Proteus architecture is a highly parallel MIMD, multiple instruction multiple data, machine optimized for large granularity tasks such as machine vision and image processing. The system can achieve 20 G-flops (80 G-flops peak). It accepts data via multiple serial links at a rate of up to 640 megabytes/second. The system employs hierarchical reconfigurable interconnection network with the highest level being a circuit switched enhanced hypercube serial interconnection network for internal data transfers. The system is designed to use 256 to 1.024 risc processors. The processors use 1 M byte external read/write allocating caches for reduced multiprocessor contention. The system detects, locates and replaces faulty subsystems using redundant hardware to facilitate fault tolerance. The parallelism is directly controllable trough an advanced software system for partitioning, scheduling and development. >
Content Analysis of Science Performance Indicators in Alternate Assessment

Under the requirement of both the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (1997) and No Child Left Behind (NCLB; 2002), states are required to provide alternate assessment for students who cannot participate in general curriculum and statewide assessments. According to NCLB, states are required to report the progress of all students in science in the 2007—2008 school year. Due to a lack of research on how to teach science for students with significant cognitive disabilities, states find themselves in a difficult position. The intent of this study was to examine the number of states that included performance indicators (PIs) for science in their alternate assessments. We also investigated how states generate their science PIs linked to the academic areas of the national standards set by the National Science Education Standards (NSES) and how to access these indicators to general curriculum for teaching science to students with significant cognitive disabilities. These findings are discussed with recomm...
Patent Assertion and the Rate of Innovation

We analyze the effect of Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs) on the innovation incentives of producing firms. Before producing, these firms engage in sequential patent races to discover and patent the components needed for the final product. We characterize the equilibrium of a model that incorporates patent trade, entry, licensing, litigation, and injunctions. In our model, only producing firms can obtain injunctions, which reduces the incentives of producing firms to sell patents to PAEs, because the latter cannot exclude rival firms from the market. We show that PAEs can increase the marginal value of patenting a discovery, but they can also act as an entry deterrent. As an extension, we study patent trade among producing firms and a third party that can decide to enter the market and produce.
Lessons Learned From My Students: The Impact of SEM Teaching and Learning on Affective Development

Through reflection on his years as an enrichment teacher in Schoolwide Enrichment Model (SEM) programs, the author describes significant ways the social and emotional development of his students was shaped by their involvement in enriched teaching and learning. Through portraits of his students engaged in Type II and Type III enrichment, the author highlights eight important influences upon the affective development of gifted and talented students. Implications for educators in enrichment programs are presented.
Comparison of strains transferred to a bone simulant among implant overdenture bars with various levels of misfit.

Purpose To measure and compare strains transferred to a bone simulant by screw-fastening implant overdenture bars with various levels of fit or misfit. Materials and Methods Photoelastic resin was cast directly to two 3.75 × 13-mm Branemark fixtures (Nobelpharma USA Inc, Chicago, IL) situated 20 mm apart in a silicone mold of an edentulous mandible. Two strain-gauge rosettes were also incorporated in the resin to allow precise determination of principal stresses at two locations. Four groups of three overdenture bars with 0-, 180-, 360-, and 500-μm vertical gaps were fabricated. These bars were sequentially secured to the abutments with gold slot screws tightened to 10 N · cm. Strain indicator readings were recorded at a standardized time following the initial fastening of each bar. The test was repeated three times for each overdenture bar. Results Mean principal stresses and strains at the location of the rosettes were determined. The magnitude of these stresses and strains increased significantly with each increase in gap size. Strains were several times larger mesial to the fixture than they were distal. Conclusions Strains are transferred to the bone when misfitting prostheses were secured. Some of the strains mesial to the fixture appeared to be unfavorable for regions of lower bone density when the groups with designed gaps were secured. These data will be compared with those in ongoing animal studies regarding the cellular response to prosthesis misfit.
The calculation of posterior distributions by data augmentation

Abstract The idea of data augmentation arises naturally in missing value problems, as exemplified by the standard ways of filling in missing cells in balanced two-way tables. Thus data augmentation refers to a scheme of augmenting the observed data so as to make it more easy to analyze. This device is used to great advantage by the EM algorithm (Dempster, Laird, and Rubin 1977) in solving maximum likelihood problems. In situations when the likelihood cannot be approximated closely by the normal likelihood, maximum likelihood estimates and the associated standard errors cannot be relied upon to make valid inferential statements. From the Bayesian point of view, one must now calculate the posterior distribution of parameters of interest. If data augmentation can be used in the calculation of the maximum likelihood estimate, then in the same cases one ought to be able to use it in the computation of the posterior distribution. It is the purpose of this article to explain how this can be done. The basic idea ...
Strategy Content and the Research Process: A Critique and Commentary

The purpose of this paper is to encourage discussion on the ‘state-of-the-science’ in strategy content research. We present a view of an interactive research process and argue that strategy content research would benefit from (1) more carefully developed theoretical work; (2) more theory-driven data analysis; and (3) less emphasis on the immediate applicability of results.
Variations in economic uncertainty and risk premiums on capital assets

Abstract We study the movements in equity prices caused by variation over time in uncertainty about corporate dividends. The framework for our analysis is a general equilibrium model which we fit to NYSE index returns using a method of simulated moments (MSM). Using the model and the MSM estimates, we find that: in general, equity risk premiums are not proportional to return volatility, but are reasonably linear in return variance; equity return volatility is about twice as high as dividend volatility, even though equity prices in our model are rationally determined; dividend-price ratios ‘predict’ subsequent equity returns with about the same precision as found in practice; long-run market returns are negatively autocorrelated; and, consistent with empirical evidence, risk premiums on levered equity are a monotonically increasing function of junk bond yield spreads.
Interannual Variability and Annual Cycle: Mechanisms of Circulation and Climate in the Tropical Atlantic Sector

Abstract General circulation mechanisms instrumental in both annual cycle and interannual variability of rainfall are studied with reference to key regions of the tropical Americas and Africa, including the Central American–Caribbean area, northern Northeast Brazil, Subsaharan Africa, the Angola coast and the zaire (Congo) and Amazon basins. For most of these regions, rainfall anomalies tend to be associated with departures in the large-scale atmospheric and oceanic fields that correspond to the pattern changes in the annual alternation of dry and rainy seasons. The interannual variability of climate and circulation thus appears largely as enhancement and reduction of the annual cycle.
Study of Meltblown Structures Formed By Robotic and Meltblowing Integrated System: Impact of Process Parameters On Fiber Diameter Distributions

In previous publication, the influence of process parameters on the fiber orientation of the meltblown web was evaluated [4]. The meltblown webs were formed using Robotic Fiber Assembly and Control System (RFACS), which is described in previous publications [3, 4]. In this paper, parametric studies evaluating the effect of polymer throughput rate, attenuating air pressure and temperature, and die temperature, on fiber diameter distributions of meltblown webs from polypropylene produced by RFACS are reported. Fiber diameters were determined by analyzing fabric images obtained through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under the specific conditions explored, the fraction of fibers of diameter smaller than 10 microns (µm) can increase by 72% with a 7.9 x 10 -2 g/min/hole (82%) reduction in throughput. A 54% increase of the same can be observed with a 2.8 bar (400%) increase in attenuating air pressure. A change of 45oC (16 %) in air temperature is shown not to significantly affect fiber diameters produced, while an increase of 67oC (26%) in die temperatures can result in an increase of 17% in the fraction of fibers of diameter smaller than 10µm. All fiber diameter distributions are shown to be unique to the condition evaluated as no overlap across distributions for changes in a given parameter is observed. Further fiber fraction smaller than 10 µm data is also shown to be unique to each parameter evaluated.
Multiplication of scrapie agent in cell culture.

Activity detected In a further series of passage levels of a cell line derived from a mouse affected with scrapie has confirmed that multiplication of the agent is occurring in these cells. A relationship has been demonstrated between cell growth and an increase in scrapie activity. It is suggested that affected cells contain one infective unit and that multiplication of the agent is a doubling process linked with cell division.
Non-vector space landing control for a miniature tailed robot

Small insects can use vision to successfully land on arbitrary surfaces. For miniature robots with a size of a few centimeters, it is challenging to achieve similar capabilities due to their small sizes. To address this problem, we present a new vision based landing algorithm using a non-vector space control method, which formulates the system dynamics in the space of sets—different from the traditional vector space with a linear structure. Using a stabilization controller in the non-vector space, we can control the landing posture of a small robot with an active tail. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The research presented in this paper, together with the idea of compressive feedback—when only a compressed image is used for feedback—can potentially achieve real time onboard vision based control for miniature robots.
Chapter 25 – Biliary Tract Carcinoma

Biliary tract tumors occur in a portion of the bile duct system that is outside the liver. Other than the inflammatory effects of liver fluke infestations in Southeast Asia, the causes of biliary tree cancers are not known. They appear more commonly in patients with ulcerative colitis. Carcinomas of the part of the biliary tract that empties into the small bowel, the ampulla of Vater, are confused with carcinomas of the pancreas, and may have similar etiology. Biliary tract malignancies occur slightly more often in men than women, and incidence rates do not vary greatly either by ethnicity or by social class. Incidence among men has increased slightly over the period in the county as a whole, but there has been no change among those living in high-risk census tracts. The pattern of occurrence of biliary tract carcinomas in Los Angeles County provides no strong suggestions of local causation. The reason for the male excess is unknown, although it may be due in part to confusion between carcinoma of the biliary ampulla and that of the pancreas.
A Patient with a Single Thyroid Nodule Suspicious for Follicular Neoplasm According to the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: Molecular Evaluation

The risk of malignancy for a nodule with a cytologic diagnosis of “suspicious for follicular neoplasm” is approximately 25 %, although there is significant variability among institutions. The standard of care has been diagnostic lobectomy followed by completion thyroidectomy if the nodule is malignant on histopathology, but most patients will undergo surgery for a nodule that is histologically benign. Molecular diagnostic tools, including several mutational panels and the Veracyte Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC), are potentially useful for improved risk stratification of nodules with indeterminate cytology. However, the application of molecular diagnostic tools is predicated upon the baseline risk of malignancy (i.e., the “pretest probability”). As this risk increases, the reported negative predictive value for a given test decreases and the positive predictive value increases. For this reason, the clinician must also consider sonographic features that are predictive of malignancy, as well as his or her institution-specific risk for malignancy after an indeterminate cytologic diagnosis in order to apply published findings.
Probing TeV scale physics in precision UCN decays

We present the calculation of matrix elements of iso-vector scalar, axial and tensor charges between a neutron and a proton state on dynamical Nf = 2+ 1+ 1 HISQ configurations generated by the MILC Collaboration using valence clover fermions. These matrix elements are needed to probe novel scalar and tensor interactions in neutron beta-decay that can arise in extensions to the Standard Model at the TeV scale. Results are presented at one value of the lattice spacing, a= 0:12 fm, and two values of light quarks corresponding to Mp = 310 and 220 MeV. We discuss two sources of systematic errors, contribution of excited states to these matrix elements and the renormalization constants, and the efficacy of methods used to control them.
Cell-to-cell movement of mitochondria in plants

We report cell-to-cell movement of mitochondria through a graft junction. Mitochondrial movement was discovered in an experiment designed to select for chloroplast transfer from Nicotiana sylvestris into Nicotiana tabacum cells. The alloplasmic N. tabacum line we used carries Nicotiana undulata cytoplasmic genomes, and its flowers are male sterile due to the foreign mitochondrial genome. Thus, rare mitochondrial DNA transfer from N. sylvestris to N. tabacum could be recognized by restoration of fertile flower anatomy. Analyses of the mitochondrial genomes revealed extensive recombination, tentatively linking male sterility to orf293, a mitochondrial gene causing homeotic conversion of anthers into petals. Demonstrating cell-to-cell movement of mitochondria reconstructs the evolutionary process of horizontal mitochondrial DNA transfer and enables modification of the mitochondrial genome by DNA transmitted from a sexually incompatible species. Conversion of anthers into petals is a visual marker that can be useful for mitochondrial transformation.
Factors Affecting the Use of Hunting Sites by Ferruginous Hawks

Even under the most favorable conditions, the use of space for foraging by free-living animals is difficult to study. This is especially true for the large avian predators, most of which are highly mobile and may range widely in their search for prey. Some investigators have obtained useful information through radiotelemetry (Nicholls and Warner 1972), but that technique has the disadvantage that foraging movements often cannot be distinguished from other activities. This paper reports on a study of the foodsearching behavior of free-living Ferruginous Hawks (Buteo regalis). It examines the searching patterns of hawks in relation to spatial variations in vegetation type, cover density, and prey distribution within their foraging ranges. It also considers the influence of previous experience on the birds' searching patterns.
Tabanidae: Use of a Self-marking Device to Determine Populations in the Mississippi-Yazoo River Delta

Fluorescent pigment in a self-marking device on a Malaise trap baited with CO2 (released at rates of 100 or 500 ml/min) was used to estimate the size of the tabanid population in the Delta Experimental Forest, Stoneville, MS. The estimated daily average for the 1st test from August 1–25, 1974, was 989,195 ♀ tabanids in the 4-mile2 (10.4 km2) area. The estimated daily average for a 2nd test from Sept. 10 to Oct. 7, 1974 was 275,497 ♀ tabanids in the same area.
Graph Minors: XVII. Taming a Vortex

Abstract The main result of this series serves to reduce several problems about general graphs to problems about graphs which can “almost” be drawn in surfaces of bounded genus. In applications of the theorem we usually need to encode such a nearly embedded graph as a hypergraph which can be drawn completely in the surface. The purpose of this paper is to show how to “tidy up” near-embeddings to facilitate the encoding procedure.