cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signal Intensity Deconvolution in Optical Receivers

In a photon-counting free-space optical communication receiver, the signal energy should be centered on the photo detector in order to maximize the received signal power. Random spatial fluctuations of the beam can be induced by atmospheric as well as mechanical phenomena. In order to control a compensator for driving the beam to the center of the detector, we must be able to infer the location of the centroid with only rudimentary spatial information (the number of photons that have hit each quadrant of the detector). We close this control loop by making a reduction to the task of signal intensity reconstruction via an inverse problem, proving non-asymptotic estimation error bounds for the previously published method and novel simplification, and presenting two novel estimation schemes that empirically perform better in near- and medium-range deep space settings. Our centroid estimation method is the first procedure in the literature proved to be consistent.
Better Late Than Never: An n-Variant Framework of Verification for Java Source Code on CPU x GPU Hybrid Platform

A method of detecting malicious intrusions and runtime faults in software is proposed, which replicates untrusted computations onto two diverse but often co-located instruction architectures: CPU and GPU. Divergence between the replicated computations signals an intrusion or fault, such as a zero-day exploit. A prototype implementation for Java demonstrates that the approach is realizable in practice, and can successfully detect exploitation of Java VM and runtime system vulnerabilities even when the vulnerabilities are not known in advance to defenders. To achieve acceptable performance, it is shown that GPU parallelism can be leveraged to rapidly validate CPU computations that would otherwise exhibit unacceptable performance if executed on GPU alone. The resulting system detects anomalies in CPU computations on a short delay, during which the GPU replica quickly validates many CPU computation fragments in parallel in order to catch up with the CPU computation. Significant differences between the CPU and GPU computational models lead to high natural diversity between the replicas, affording detection of large exploit classes without laborious manual diversification of the code.
Preoperative Education Significantly Decreases Postoperative Opioid Use after Arthroscopic Meniscectomy

Objectives:Arthroscopic meniscectomy is one of the most common procedures in orthopedic surgery and is thus a frequent reason for prescription of post-operative opioid narcotics. Recent emphasis ha...
From the Streets to the Screen to Nowhere: Las Morras and the Fragility of Networked Digital Activism

Drawing on a case study of Mexico City-based feminist media producers Las Morras, this article addresses both the potentialities of digital media activism for raising awareness about gender-based harassment and its limits for facilitating social/political transformations. Las Morras drew international attention in 2016 when they released a series of YouTube videos of group members with hidden GoPro cameras repeatedly confronting male cat-callers and casual harassers. Incorporating a qualitative content analysis of the responses to YouTube videos and comments taken from Las Morras’ Twitter and Facebook accounts (before deletion) with in-depth interviews with founding members, we argue that Las Morras offers a powerful illustration of the paradoxical role of networked digital media as activist tool. On the one hand, it rapidly circulated a powerful critique of misogyny. On the other hand, the negative attention it received (including doxing, trolling of the site, and personal threats directed at members) led to the eventual demise of the group.
Progress of gut microbiota in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus

The incidence of type 1 diabetes(T1DM)has increased significantly worldwide and has become a major public health problem.At present, it is believed that the occurrence of T1DM is related to various factors such as genetic susceptibility, immunity and environment, but the specific cause and exact mechanism are still not fully explained.In recent years, with the understanding and research of gut micro-ecology, abnormalities in the composition or functionality of gut microbiota lead to a variety of diseases, for instance, gastrointestinal diseases, obesity, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 2 diabetes and so on.Yet there are evidences indicating that an imbalance of gut microbiota is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus, and in the T1DM children, the ecology of gut microbiota is different from healthy children.However, there are few studies on the gut microbiota in children with diabetes.This article will review the progress of gut microbiota of children with type 1 diabetes. Key words: Gut microbiota; Type 1 diabetes; Children
Degradation Analysis of Gun Barrel Life Using Machine Learning and Design of Experiments

>The US Army M240 Small-Caliber Machine Gun Barrel degrades as round-count increases, leading to velocity drop and mismatch between aiming/fire control and round impact at range. This degradation can be understood as a functional response of velocity change over time, with time in this case represented by round-count on the barrel. Statistically modeling this type of functional response poses some additional challenges when compared to traditional one-dimensional data, and Functional Data Analysis (FDA) can help address this added complexity. Although FDA is not a new technique, its application to gun barrel degradation had never been employed before by the Department of Defense (DoD) until now.
64. ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF PEER FEEDBACK AMONGST PEDIATRIC RESIDENTS

Background An Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Common Program requirement states that a training program must evaluate resident performance in a timely manner and use multiple evaluators. Peer evaluation is one tool used by many programs to fulfill this requirement. Peer evaluation is critical to the development and training of residents because it allows for the assessment of cognitive and noncognitive skills not necessarily observed by faculty. A literature review showed that effective feedback should be performance-focused, specific, based directly on observable, or objective data, neutral, identify a plan for improvement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of open-ended feedback provided to pediatric residents by their peers throughout their clinical rotations. Methods At our institution, pediatric residents are asked to complete a peer evaluation form on all residents that they have worked with during their rotation. The residents received no formal training on giving peer feedback. The form is a series of Likert scaled questions and an open-ended feedback section. Based on our literature review, we created a rubric that assessed the degree to which the open-ended comments were specific (low, moderate, or high), actionable (yes or no), and objective (low, moderate, or high). Two blinded reviewers retrospectively analyzed 1368 peer feedback comments received by 26 graduating pediatric residents during their 3-year training period. Results Cohen's kappa for each criterion demonstrated high inter-rater reliability. Our analyses determined that, on average, 59% of the comments were rated moderately or highly specific (?=0.834), 3% were rated actionable (?=0.969), and 92% were rated moderately or highly objective (?=0.935) when evaluated separately against each criterion in the rubric (e.g. specificity alone). When analyzing the overall quality of each comment, less than 5% of comments (?=0.958) were determined to be specific (moderate or high), actionable, AND objective (moderate or high). While a majority of comments were evaluated to be specific and/or objective, we found the greatest disparity in feedback quality was a lack of actionable feedback. Discussion These results indicate residents-in-training need development on how to improve the quality of feedback they provide to their peers, particularly in the area of actionable information. Future efforts should focus on creating and evaluating strategies that elicit higher quality feedback.
Modulating Stereoselectivity through Electrostatic Interactions in a SPINOL-Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydroquinazolinones

Chiral phosphoric acids have received considerable attention because of their excellent performance in many asymmetric catalytic reactions. However, the full breadth of means by which the stereosel...
Genomics in Personalized Nutrition: Can You "Eat for Your Genes"?

Genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data are now quickly and inexpensively acquired, raising the prospect of creating personalized dietary recommendations based on an individual’s genetic variability at multiple SNPs. However, relatively little is known about most specific gene–diet interactions, and many molecular and clinical phenotypes of interest (e.g., body mass index [BMI]) involve multiple genes. In this review, we discuss direct to consumer genetic testing (DTC-GT) and the current potential for precision nutrition based on an individual’s genetic data. We review important issues such as dietary exposure and genetic architecture addressing the concepts of penetrance, pleiotropy, epistasis, polygenicity, and epigenetics. More specifically, we discuss how they complicate using genotypic data to predict phenotypes as well as response to dietary interventions. Then, several examples (including caffeine sensitivity, alcohol dependence, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity/appetite, cardiovascular, Alzheimer’s disease, folate metabolism, long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis, and vitamin D metabolism) are provided illustrating how genotypic information could be used to inform nutritional recommendations. We conclude by examining ethical considerations and practical applications for using genetic information to inform dietary choices and the future role genetics may play in adopting changes beyond population-wide healthy eating guidelines.
Introducing the circular stapling device atraumatically with the use of a second anvil

Inserting a second anvil to the blunt end of circular stapling devices, when open placement of the distal purse-string is employed, lessens the risk of injury to the anal canal and allows smooth introduction. Once inserted, the anvil is easily removed and the anastomosis is constructed in the usual fashion.
"They're changing the network just by being there": Reconsidering infrastructures through the frame of disability studies

Through the case study of wheelchair user accessibility in public transportation in London, United Kingdom, this article aims to show how the field of disability studies can enrich other disciplines––in this particular case, the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS). Firstly, this paper describes the manners in which wheelchair users struggle with various access barriers in transport, from broken technologies to tense social interactions. This is partnered with a discussion on the nature of infrastructures as highly paradoxical things that struggle with temporality and scale. Secondly, this article describes the inclusion mechanisms developed by wheelchair-using passengers to combat this neoliberal-able infrastructure, showing how they are extremely active users of this network. This is used to illustrate how disability studies throws into question long-standing definitions in the field of STS, namely that of infrastructures being "invisible". This article argues that "invisibility" is a category of privilege for infrastructures, and shows how other disciplines can be enriched through dialogue with the field of disability studies.
Toward synergistic reinforced graphene nanoplatelets composite hydrogels with self-healing and multi-stimuli responses

Abstract Although many effects to design smart self-healing sustainable hydrogels with sensitivity to multi-environmental stimuli have been documented, a facile fabrication of stimuli-responsive hydrogels with improved mechanical properties remains challenging. Here, smart self-healing sustainable hydrogels containing soy protein polymer (SPP) and/or graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) were fabricated using “slime” chemistry. The composites hydrogels exhibited impressive self-healing behavior and high ductility under mechanical stimuli, pH-modulation, and thermo sensitivity. An unexpected synergistic reinforcing effect was achieved via combination of SPP and GNP (ternary composite); while the usage of mere SPP and GNP (binary composite) even weakened the gel modulus. Surprisingly improved resistance to gel flowability caused by external heat stimuli was also achieved in the same system. The reinforcing mechanism was attributed to the interactions between SPP and GNP to restore the crosslinking structures. This character also offered merits to the higher viscosity of ternary composite system and thereby resulted in improved heat resistance.
Quasi in-situ EBSD analysis of twinning-detwinning and slip behaviors in textured AZ31 magnesium alloy subjected to compressive-tensile loading

Abstract Twinning and detwinning behavior, together with slip behavior, are studied in a textured AZ31 magnesium alloy under compressive and tensile strains along the rolling direction (RD) after each interrupted mechanical test via quasi in-situ electron backscattered diffraction technique. The results show that twinning firstly takes place under the compressive strain along the RD. With the increasing compressive strain, { 10 1 ¯ 2 } tensile twins firstly nucleate, then propagate, and finally thicken. While under a reversed tensile strain along the RD, detwinning occurs. No nucleation happens during detwinning. Thus, tensile twins can detwin at lower tensile strain, followed by thinning, shortening, and vanishing. Slips are also activated to accommodate the plastic deformation. In the matrix, prismatic slip can only dominate at relatively high strains. Otherwise, basal slip dominates. While in the twins, prismatic slip can activate at lower strains, which is ascribed to the texture reorientation.
Probing the photochemical reactivity of deep ocean refractory carbon (DORC): Lessons from hydrogen peroxide and superoxide kinetics

Abstract Most marine DOC is thought to be biologically-recalcitrant, especially that in the deep ocean pool (> 1000 m). In particular, the deep waters of the North Pacific should contain the most recalcitrant DOC because they do not form locally, with deep DOC having survived long isolation from the surface during global-scale thermohaline circulation. One of the proposed removal pathways involves photochemical reactions when refractory DOC circulates through sunlit surface waters (Mopper et al., 1991). Here, we reevaluate the general photoreactivity of refractory DOC by investigating the photochemical production of two reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide (O 2 − ), using controlled irradiations at sea and in the laboratory. The photoproduction of these two ROS were compared between deep and surface water samples collected in the Gulf of Alaska. For irradiated samples, initial superoxide steady-state concentrations ([O 2 − ] ss ) and first-order decay constants ( k pseudo ) were similar between surface and deep waters, ranging from ~ 1–4 nM and 4–12 × 10 − 3 s − 1 , respectively. Initial photoproduction rates were comparable between surface and deep waters, ranging from 22–173 nM h − 1 for O 2 − and from 1–8.3 nM h − 1 for H 2 O 2 , indicating that a large portion of photoproduced O 2 − does not lead to H 2 O 2 formation. In fact, the photoproduction ratio of O 2 − to H 2 O 2 averaged ~ 4:1 in paired experiments, instead of the 2:1 stoichiometry expected for O 2 − dismutation to form H 2 O 2 . Continued irradiation for up to 48 h showed photoproduced H 2 O 2 to be much lower in deep samples compared to surface samples with accumulation slowing or stopping in deep samples despite both measurable [O 2 − ] ss and photon absorbance by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). These results are consistent with a loss of source material (i.e. CDOM) for O 2 − photoproduction and a shift to a predominantly oxidative pathway for O 2 − decay. Low photoproduction rates, loss of continued accumulation with extended radiation, and an apparent loss of O 2 − source material argues that the deep refractory DOC pool is less photochemically reactive than previously suggested.
Directed Site Percolation and Dual Filling Models

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses directed site percolation and dual filling models. A duality theory for directed percolation has begun to develop. The dual model is not a standard percolation model, but does exhibit a threshold or critical probability. The fact that the critical probabilities of the two models sum to one was used to improve the lower bound for the square lattice directed bond percolation critical probability. Restrictions on the directedness of the edges in the percolation model are needed to establish the existence of a dual filling model. Also, two different dual filling models may exist for a given directed percolation model. This chapter presents broader view of class of directed percolation models, including models on certain non-planar graphs and models with some undirected (two-way) edges, such as the stiff model.
Electronic Structure Calculations and Adaptation Scheme in Multi-core Computing Environments

Multi-core processing environments have become the norm in the generic computing environment and are being considered for adding an extra dimension to the execution of any application. The T2 Niagara processor is a very unique environment where it consists of eight cores having a capability of running eight threads simultaneously in each of the cores. Applications like General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure (GAMESS), used for ab-initio molecular quantum chemistry calculations, can be good indicators of the performance of such machines and would be a guideline for both hardware designers and application programmers. In this paper we try to benchmark the GAMESS performance on a T2 Niagara processor for a couple of molecules. We also show the suitability of using a middleware based adaptation algorithm on GAMESS on such a multi-core environment.
A Genome-Wide Association Study of Autism Incorporating Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and Social Responsiveness Scale

Efforts to understand the causes of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been hampered by genetic complexity and heterogeneity among individuals. One strategy for reducing complexity is to target endophenotypes, simpler biologically based measures that may involve fewer genes and constitute a more homogenous sample. A genome-wide association study of 2,165 participants (mean age = 8.95 years) examined associations between genomic loci and individual assessment items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, and Social Responsiveness Scale. Significant associations with a number of loci were identified, including KCND2 (overly serious facial expressions), NOS2A (loss of motor skills), and NELL1 (faints, fits, or blackouts). These findings may help prioritize directions for future genomic efforts.
Comparison of Secretory and Histological Effects of Shigella and Cholera Enterotoxins in Rabbit Jejunum

The purpose of this study was to compare the actions of shigella toxin and cholera toxin to determine if mucosal damage is a prerequisite for shigella toxin-induced secretion. The secretory response to maximal doses of cholera toxin and shigella toxin were compared. The maximal rate of secretion and the electrolyte and protein concentration of the intestinal fluid were similar for both toxins. On the other hand, the time of onset after exposure to the toxin was 105 min for shigella toxin and 15 to 30 min for cholera toxin. In addition, cholera toxin-induced secretion was associated with depletion of goblet cell mucus, whereas no change was seen in association with the response to shigella toxin. Other than goblet cell depletion, there were no histological differences between loops secreting in response to cholera toxin and to shigella toxin. Finally, the secretory effect of the toxins are not additive. These studies suggest that, in spite of apparent differences in the patterns of secretory response to the two toxins, they may share a rate-limiting steD in the secretorv process.
Neural plasticity and disorders of the nervous system

Introduction 1. Anatomical and physiological basis for neural plasticity 2. Nerves 3.Sensory systems 4. Pain 5. Movement disorders 6. Cranial nerves and neurotology.
The legacy of Robert Kuhn Mautz (1915–2002)

Abstract Robert K. Mautz's work has influenced the accounting and auditing profession for decades. The Philosophy of Auditing and his support of applied research afford us a legacy for contemporary contemplation in research, education, and professional practice. He served on numerous committees and commissions, providing a model of service and integrity worthy of recognition.
Suing the Firearms Industry: A Case for Federal Reform

A wave of lawsuits against the firearms industry for criminal acts of third parties crested and substantially evaporated during the 1980s. Primarily brought by individual plaintiffs, these suits alleged a variety of theories of negligence (including negligent design and marketing), strict liability for defective (actually nondefective) products, and ultra-hazardous activity. Since the firearms at issue worked properly and were made and distributed lawfully, these cases were by and large dismissed as failing to allege cognizable claims.1 While such individual actions continue to be brought and are usually dismissed,2 in the late 1990s municipalities began to
Transition from School to Adulthood: Case Studies of Adults with Learning Disabilities Who Dropped Out of School

In-depth, structured interviews were conducted over a 2-year period with four young adults previously identified as having learning disabilities during their school years. All four had dropped out of high school; but overall, they reported that their early withdrawal was an important and affirming choice in their transition from youth to young adulthood. Themes emerging as noteworthy include their lack of involvement in formal vocational assessment, their own individualized education programs, and adult services. The personal stories and experiences cast doubt on the prevailing opinion that school dropouts are “losers” and “failures.” In contrast, their stories reveal a serious shortfall in their secondary special education programming and in the overall transition planning process.
Challenges in protein-folding simulations

Experimental studies of protein folding processes are frequently hampered by the fact that only low resolution structural data can be obtained with sufficient temporal resolution. Molecular dynamics simulations offer a complementary approach, providing extremely high resolution spatial and temporal data on folding processes. The effectiveness of such simulations is currently hampered by continuing questions regarding the ability of molecular dynamics force fields to reproduce the true potential energy surfaces of proteins, and ongoing difficulties with obtaining sufficient sampling to meaningfully comment on folding mechanisms. We review recent progress in the simulation of three common model systems for protein folding, and discuss how recent advances in technology and theory are allowing protein folding simulations to address their current shortcomings.
Determination of residual levels of unsaturation in partially hydrogenated poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) using TG

The thermal degradation characteristics of head-to-head poly(styrene) [HHPS] should provide insight with respect to the impact of head-to-head placement on the thermal stability of traditional atactic head-to-tail polymer [HTPS]. The synthesis of head-to-head poly(styrene) must be accomplished indirectly. The head-to-head polymer is most satisfactorily obtained by dissolving metal reduction of poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) [PDBD] generated by radical polymerization of the corresponding diene monomer. Full saturation of the polymer mainchain requires several iterations of the reduction procedure. Since the decomposition of poly(2,3-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene) is prominent at 374°C and that for head-to-head poly(styrene) is similarly facile at 406°C, it seemed feasible that TG of partially hydrogenated PDBD might be utilized as a convenient means of monitoring the extent of hydrogenation. This has been demonstrated for various levels of unsaturation remaining - from approximately 90 to less than 10%. Within this range the peak areas from the DTG plots of the partially hydrogenated polymer provide a good reflection of the ratio of unsaturated to saturated units in the polymer. Even low levels of unsaturation in the polymer may be detected by the asymmetry of the decomposition peak for the polymer.
Shelter competition in juvenile red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): the influences of sex differences, relative size, and prior residence

Abstract Using a resident–intruder model, 24-h resident juvenile male and female red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, were intruded upon by same or opposite sex juvenile conspecifics that were the same size or larger than the residents. Relative size was significantly related to contest outcomes. Residents that were the same size as the intruders won a significantly higher proportion of their encounters than residents that were smaller than the intruders. Overall, neither sex nor prior residence was significantly related to contest outcome. There was clear shelter-related territorial defense in both male and female juveniles, and is very similar to that shown in adult conspecifics. The provision of shelter for juveniles in the aquaculture of P. clarkii is especially important because of the shelter competition advantage of adults. This indirectly increases juvenile vulnerability to heterospecific predation and cannibalism by conspecific adults and juveniles.
Gd‐DTPA2− as a measure of cartilage degradation

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the main source of tissue fixed charge density (FCD) in cartilage, and are lost early in arthritic diseases. We tested the hypothesis that, like Na+, the charged contrast agent Gd-DTPA2- (and hence proton T1) could be used to measure tissue FCD and hence GAG concentration. NMR spectroscopy studies of cartilage explants demonstrated that there was a strong correlation (r > 0.96) between proton T1 in the presence of Gd-DTPA2- and tissue sodium and GAG concentrations. An ideal one-compartment electrochemical (Donnan) equilibrium model was examined as a means of quantifying FCD from Gd-DTPA2- concentration, yielding a value 50% less but linearly correlated with the validated method of quantifying FCD from Na+. These data could be used as the basis of an empirical model with which to quantify FCD from Gd-DTPA2- concentration, or a more sophisticated physical model could be developed. Spatial distributions of FCD were easily observed in T1-weighted MRI studies of trypsin and interleukin-1 induced cartilage degradation, with good histological correlation. Therefore, equilibration of the tissue in Gd-DTPA2- gives us the opportunity to directly image (through T1 weighting) the concentration of GAG, a major and critically important macromolecule in cartilage. Pilot clinical studies demonstrated Gd-DTPA2- penetration into cartilage, suggesting that this technique is clinically feasible.
Predictors of Nonsentinel Lymph Node Positivity in Patients with a Positive Sentinel Node for Melanoma

Background Patients found to harbor melanoma micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) are recommended to proceed to complete lymph node dissection (CLND), although the majority of patients will have no additional disease identified in the nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs). We sought to assess predictive factors associated with finding positive NSLNs, and identify a subset of patients with low likelihood of finding additional disease on CLND. Study design We queried our prospective melanoma database for patients from January 1996 to August 2003 with a positive SLN. Univariable logistic regression models were fit for multiple factors and a positive NSLN. To derive a probabilistic model for occurrence of one or more positive NSLN(s), a multivariable logistic model was fit using a stepwise variable selection method. Results Of 980 patients who underwent SLN biopsy for cutaneous melanoma, 232 (24%) had a positive SLN; 221 (23%) followed by CLND. Of these patients, 34 (15%) had one or more positive NSLN(s). In multivariable analysis, male gender (odds ratio [OR] 3.6 [95% CI 1.33, 9.71]; p=0.01), Breslow thickness (OR 4.58 [95% CI 1.28, 16.36]; p=0.019), extranodal extension (OR 3.2 [95% CI 1.0, 10.5]; p=0.05), and three or more positive sentinel nodes (OR 65.81 [95% CI 5.2, 825.7]; p=0.001) were all associated with the likelihood of finding additional positive nodes on CLND. Of 47 patients with minimal tumor burden in the SLN, only 1 (2%) had additional disease in the NSLN. Conclusions These results provide additional data to plan clinical trials to answer the question of who can safely avoid CLND after a positive SLN. Patients with minimal tumor burden in the SLN might be the most likely group, although defining "minimal tumor burden" must be standardized. Serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry on the NSLN in any "low-risk" group must be performed in a clinical trial to confirm that residual disease is unlikely before avoiding CLND can be recommended.
Spirituality and positive psychology go hand in hand: an investigation of multiple empirically derived profiles and related protective benefits.

We investigate the relationship between personal spirituality and positive psychology traits as potentially presented in multiple profiles, rather than monolithically across a full sample. A sample of 3966 adolescents and emerging adults (aged 18–25, mean = 20.19, SD = 2.08) and 2014 older adults (aged 26–82, mean = 38.41, SD = 11.26) completed a survey assessing daily spiritual experiences (relationship with a Higher Power and sense of a sacred world), forgiveness, gratitude, optimism, grit, and meaning. To assess the relative protective benefits of potential profiles, we also assessed the level of depressive symptoms and frequency of substance use (tobacco, marijuana, alcohol, and heavy alcohol use). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to examine common subgroupings of study participants across report on personal spirituality and positive psychology scales in each age cohort, with potential difference between latent classes then tested in level of depressive symptoms and degree of substance use. LCA determined a four-class and a three-class best-fitting models for the younger and older cohorts, respectively. Level of personal spirituality and level of positive psychology traits were found to coincide in 83 % of adolescents and emerging adults and in 71 % of older adults, suggesting personal spirituality and positive psychology traits go hand in hand. A minority subgroup of “virtuous humanists” showed high levels of positive psychology traits but low levels of personal spirituality, across both age cohorts. Whereas level of depression was found to be inversely associated with positive psychology traits and personal spirituality, uniquely personal spirituality was protective against degree of substance use across both age cohorts. Overall interpretation of the study findings suggests that personal spirituality may be foundational to positive psychology traits in the majority of people.
Risks for Hypertension Among Undiagnosed African American Mothers and Daughters

Abstract Introduction This study examines risks for high blood pressure (BP) among undiagnosed African American mothers and daughters, because African American children are at risk for hypertension due to familial influences. Method This study was cross-sectional in design and included 70 African American mother and daughter participants from the Detroit metropolitan area. Results BP readings clinically diagnostic of hypertension were found for mothers (25.7%) and daughters (54.3%), although they were undiagnosed. Many participants with BP readings in pre-hypertension or hypertension categories were overweight or obese (mothers, 90.9%; daughters, 50.2%). Fewer underweight or normal-weight mothers (25.0%) and daughters (64.3%) had BP readings indicative of hypertension. Lower diastolic BP was associated with higher body mass index (BMI) among mothers ( r = -.34, P = .045). Higher systolic BP was positively related to potassium consumption among daughters and total African Americans ( r = .55, P = .005 and r = .41, P = .003, respectively). Discussion Early screening for hypertension is needed to improve health among African Americans. Health providers should use American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines for determining hypertension in children. Research on familial and environment influences on BP among children is recommended to determine early risk for the development of hypertension.
Implementing Changes in Marketing Strategy: The Role of Perceived Outcome- and Process-Oriented Supervisory Actions

Abstract This study investigates the role of supervisors in implementing changes in marketing strategy. The authors propose that perceptions of outcome-oriented supervisory actions influence salespeople's primary appraisals of a strategic change (i.e., whether the change will affect them) and that perceptions of process-oriented supervisory actions influence salespeople's secondary appraisals (i.e., whether they can cope with the impact of the change on them). The results from a study of 828 salespeople in 204 branches of a large distributor of industrial goods provide evidence that perceived outcome risk containment and outcome reward emphasis enhance primary appraisals, whereas perceived process risk containment and process reward emphasis enhance secondary appraisals. In turn, the authors find that salespeople's primary and secondary appraisals influence their change implementation behaviors, leading to successful change implementation. Notably, they also find that (outcome and process) risk containmen...
ON RANDOMIZED RESPONSE SURVEYS FOR ESTIMATING A PROPORTION

In studies about sensitive characteristics, randomized response (RR) methods are useful for generating reliable data, protecting respondents’ privacy. It is shown that all RR surveys for estimating a proportion can be encompassed in a common model and some general results for statistical inferences can be used for any given survey. The concepts of design and scheme are introduced for characterizing RR surveys. Some consequences of comparing RR designs based on statistical measures of efficiency and respondent’ protection are discussed. In particular, such comparisons lead to the designs that may not be suitable in practice. It is suggested that one should consider other criteria and the scheme parameters for planning a RR survey.
Critical Images in Emergency Medicine

Lawner BJ, Slovis CM, Fowler R, et al Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 452 pages, $39.95 ISBN-13: 978-1451131598 ISBN-10: 1451131593 Like emergency medicine, emergency medical services (EMS) is a dynamic, increasingly sophisticated and growing field of medicine that has undergone tremendous evolution during the past 4 decades. It has evolved significantly from the 1960s, when seriously ill or injured patients were often transported to the hospital by the local funeral director in a hearse, with little, if any, out-of-hospital care; in modern EMS systems, cardiac arrest victims are routinely resuscitated in the field by licensed paramedics with more than 1,000 hours of initial training and using state-of-the-art emergency medicine skills and technology. In 2010, the American Board of Emergency Medicine recognized EMS as the sixth subspecialty of emergency medicine, giving physicians the opportunity to become board certified in this growing field. Avoiding Common Prehospital Errors, the latest edition in the Avoiding Common Errors series, “emphasizes high impact areas of prehospital medicine.” Organized into sections covering airway management, respiratory emergencies, cardiac care, trauma, pediatrics, aeromedical/critical care, incident command/ disaster, customer service/medicolegal, behavioral/psychiatric, obstetrics/gynecology, and neurologic emergencies, it is a surprisingly compact handbook for being 440 pages long. Each section is divided into short, easily digestible, 3to 4-page chapters that address key out-of-hospital care concepts, “tricks of the trade,” and potential pitfalls to avoid while working the outof-hospital field setting. Avoiding Common Prehospital Errors benefits from the wealth of accumulated EMS experience of the editors and authors, who include some of the leadingEMSphysicians in theUnited States, as well as a number of seasoned field paramedics. Using the available and pertinent evidence, the authors challenge some long-standing EMS practice concepts such as the role of out-of-hospital intubation, as well as discuss newer, cutting-edge topics in out-ofhospital resuscitation such as compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation, postresuscitation hypothermia, field use of continuous positive airway pressure devices, and vasopressors. Although geared toward out-of-hospital providers, this text would also be of use to EMS fellows, residents, and medical students during an EMS rotation. This concise overview of key
A non-replication multicasting scheme in delay tolerant networks

Delay tolerant networks (DTNs) are a special type of wireless mobile networks which may lack continuous network connectivity. Multicast is an important routing function that supports the distribution of data to a group of users, a service needed for many potential DTNs applications. While multicasting in the Internet and mobile ad hoc networks has been studied extensively, efficient multicasting in DTNs is a considerably different and challenging problem due to the probabilistic nature of contact among nodes. This paper aims to provide a non-replication multicasting scheme in DTNs while keeping the number of forwardings low. The address of each destination is not replicated, but is assigned to a particular node based on its contact probability level and node active level. Our scheme is based on a dynamic multicast tree where each leaf node corresponds to a destination. Each tree branch is generated at a contact based on the compare-split rule proposed in this paper. The compare part determines when a new search branch is needed, and the split part decides how the destination set should be partitioned. When only one destination is left in the destination set, we use either wait (no further relay) or focus (with further relay) to reach the final destination. The effectiveness of our approach is verified through extensive simulation.
Bor-Stickstoff-Verbindungen, LXVIII [1]. Kernresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an 1,3,2-Diazaboracycloalkanen und Phenylboranderivaten

Die 1H-chemische Verschiebungsdifferenz Δδ = δ (NCH2) – δ (NCH3) von 1,3-Dimethyl-1,3,2-diazaboracyloalkanen ist ebenso von der Ringgrose abhangig wie die entsprechende Differenz der 13C-chemischen Verschiebungen. Zwischen δ11B und δ13C des borgebundenen Phenylkohlenstoffatoms von Phenylboranderivaten besteht keine direkte Beziehung, doch zeigt sich ein stereochemischer Effekt auf die Absolutwerte von δ13C. Mit Hilfe 13C-kernmagnetischer Messungen lassen sich Konformationsisomere von Bis(methylamino)phenylboran und N-Trimethyl-B-triphenyl-borazin bei tiefen Temperaturen nachweisen und auch der pseudoaromatische Charakter von 1,3,2-Diazaborolinen bestatigen. Boron-Nitrogen Compounds. LXVIII. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies on 1,3,2-Diazaboracyloalkanes and Phenylborane Derivatives The 1H chemical shift differences Δδ = δ (NCH2) – δ (NCH3) of 1,3-dimethyl1,3,2-diazaboracycloalkanes as well as the corresponding differences of 13C chemical shifts are dependent upon the ring size. No simple correlation exists between δ11B and δ13C of the boron-bonded phenyl carbon atom of phenylborane derivates, although stereochemical factors appear to influence the absolute values of δ13C. 13C Nuclear resonance measurements permit the observation of conformational isomers of bis(methylamino)phenylborane and N-trimethyl-B-triphenylborazine at low temperatures and confirm the pseudoarmatic nature of the 1,3,2-diazaboroline ring system.
Zero-point-motion effects on the structure of C60.

The Car-Parrinello method and a new analysis procedure are used to determine the full vibrational spectrum of C 60 . We evaluate the quantum effects on the structural properties of C 60 within the harmonic approximation. We find excellent agreement with the experimental pair correlation function. Zero-point-motion effects appear to be rather large
Atmospheric equilibrium model of sulfate and nitrate aerosols

Given local rates of production of gas-phase sulfate and nitrate, ammonia concentration, relative humidity and temperature, a model is presented that enables calculation of the quantity of sulfate/nitrate/ammonium/water aerosol, its precise chemical composition and physical state. The model is based on a complete thermodynamic chemical and phase equilibrium calculation for the sulfate/nitrate/ammonium system. Detailed simulations of sulfate/nitrate/ammonium aerosol evolution are presented, and recent ambient data from Tanner are interpreted. Some new results on temperature variation of activity coefficients are presented in the Appendix.
Object recognition and localization via pose clustering

The general paradigm of pose clustering is discussed and compared to other techniques applicable to the problem of object detection. Pose clustering is also called hypothesis accumulation and generalized Hough transform and is characterized by a “parallel” accumulation of low level evidence followed by a maxima or clustering step which selects pose hypotheses with strong support from the set of evidence. Examples are given showing the use of pose clustering in both 2D and 3D problems. Experiments show that the positional accuracy of points placed in the data space by a model pose obtained via clustering is comparable to the positional accuracy of the sensed data from which pose candidates are computed. A specific sensing system is described which yields an accuracy of a few millimeters. Complexity of the pose clustering approach relative to alternative approaches is discussed with reference to conventional computers and massively parallel computers. It is conjectured that the pose clustering approach can produce superior results in real time on a massively parallel machine.
Preference for procedural order, discussion structure and group decision performance

Recent research on group decision‐making suggests that the discussion procedures followed by a group may be a relatively unimportant factor for effective decision performance. The present study represents the first in a series of investigations designed to determine whether the relationship between discussion procedures and decision performance is mediated by certain situational factors. In this study, we examine the mediating influence of a cognitive structure called “procedural order preference.” The study found a significant interaction between discussion procedures and procedural order preference of group members. Specifically, (1) groups comprised of high procedural order (HPO) members using a high‐structure procedure arrived at higher quality decisions than HPO groups using a low‐structure procedure; and (2) groups comprised of low procedural order (L PO) members using a low‐structure procedure arrived at higher‐quality decisions than HPO groups using a low‐structure procedure.
Characterization and nanopatterning of organically functionalized graphene with ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy

With exceptional carrier mobilities, mechanical strength, and optical transparency, graphene is a leading material for next-generation electronic devices. However, for most applications, graphene will need to be integrated with other materials, which motivates efforts to understand and tune its surface chemistry. In particular, the modification of graphene via organic functionalization holds promise for tuning the electronic properties of graphene, controlling interfaces with other materials, and tailoring surface chemical reactivity. Toward these ends, this article reviews recent work from our laboratory on noncovalent and covalent organic functionalization of graphene. Using ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV STM), the molecular ordering and electronic properties of organic adlayers on graphene are characterized at the molecular scale. In addition, UHV STM is employed to nanopattern these organic layers with sub-5 nm resolution, thus providing a pathway for producing graphene-based heteromolecular nanostructures.
Oscillation of Venus' upper atmosphere

[1] Little is known about the variability of Venus' upper atmosphere. We report discovery of a large (∼ ±30–50%) 9-day period density oscillation, derived from radar tracking of the Magellan spacecraft from 15 Sept 92 – 24 May 93. The densities correspond to 164–184 km altitude, 11°N latitude, and cover all local times. The wave is presumed to propagate upward from lower atmosphere regions, and occurs mainly between dusk and midnight, suggesting that local time differences in forcing and/or mean wind filtering are affecting accessibility to the upper atmosphere. Possible sources for the wave are discussed, including wave-wave interactions. Many questions remain concerning the origin and nature of the 9-day oscillation, including its persistence. Instruments on Venus Express, now orbiting Venus, have the opportunity to further elucidate the 9-day wave and understand its role in the dynamics of Venus' upper atmosphere.
Osmotic stimulation of vasotocin secretion by the toad's hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system in vitro.

The hypothalamo-neurohypophysealcomplex of the toad containing vasotocinneurons has been maintained in culture mediumfor 1−3 days. The isolated system was found torelease 0.54 ng/hr vasotocin into 240 mOsm/1culture medium and 1.98 ng/hr into culture mediumwhich had been made hypertonic (450mOsm/1) by addition of NaCl. Hypertonic mannitolsolutions were also effective in triggeringvasotocin release from the explant; hypertonicurea solutions were ineffective. Although the4 -fold increase in vasotocin release in vitro washighly significant (p < 0.001) following osmoticstimulation, the response was considerably smallerthan that observed in vivo. When the preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract was sectioned at the infundibulum, only the hypothalamic part of the tract released vasotocin with osmotic stimulation, although both the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis released considerable amounts of hormone in the presence of 55 mM KCl-medium. These findings suggest that in the toad the osmoreceptors are located in the...
KCl activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in rabbit bailar artery.

Abstract The objective of the present study was to investigate if MAPK can be activated by a non-receptor agonist KCl, which depolarizes membrane to increase intracellular Ca2+ and contracts cerebral arteries. Rabbit basilar arteries were used in isometric tension and western blot analysis studies. KCl produced a concentration-dependent contraction and an elevation of phospho-MAPK, which can be abolished by nicardipine, a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel blocker, and by PD98059 or U0126, MAPK kinase inhibitors. Thus, MAPK can be activated by the elevation of intracellular Ca2+, independent of the activation of either G-protein coupled receptors or receptor tyrosine kinase. KCl which not only depolarizes membrane potentials, opens voltage-dependent Ca2+, and increases intracellular Ca2+, but also, probably by elevation of intracellular Ca2+, triggers the activation of MAPK which seems responsible for a predominant part of the contraction of KCl in the rabbit basilar arteries.