cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decompositions in Edge and Corner Singularities for the Solution of the Dirichlet Problem of the Laplacian in a Polyhedron

The solution of the three-dimensional Dirichlet problem for the Laplacian in a polyhedral domain has Special singular forms at corners and edges. The main result of this paper is a “tensor-product” decomposition of those singular forms along the edges. Such a decomposition with both edge singularities, additional corner singularities and a smoother remainder refines known regularity results for the solution where either the edge singularities are of non-tensor product form or the remainder term belongs to an anisotropic Sobolev space for data given in an isotropic Sobolev space.
Electric Field Effects on Indirect Optical Transitions in Silicon

The effects of an externally applied electric field on the absorption of light by silicon have been measured under a wide variety of experimental conditions. The measurements on 52 samples of both $n$ and $p$ type and a variety of doping species show conclusively that the electro-absorption spectrum is associated with the pure silicon lattice and not with any impurity or imperfection. The spectral characteristics of the electro-absorption peaks associated with phonon-assisted processes are strongly affected by the magnitude of the applied electric field over the measured range of ${10}^{4}$ to ${10}^{6}$ V/cm. The electro-absorption spectrum is unchanged, however, in relative magnitude and peak position by a change in temperature, and the absolute spectral positions follow the band-gap dependence on temperature. Concurrent measurements of the maximum-electro-absorption-peak position and high-resolution, field-free optical absorption establish the final state in the transition process as an exciton state. An interpretation of these measurements is given, based on an optically assisted tunneling process to a final exciton state.
Public education expenditure and private investment in developing countries

Abstract An infinite-horizon model is presented, aimed at capturing the impact of public education expenditure on private investment. Empirical tests of the model using data from the Caribbean reveal that public education outlays have a significant effect on private investment.
Effect of diabetes mellitus and its treatment on ventricular arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction

Aims To evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus and its treatment on the risk of arrhythmias among early survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Research design and method The Onset Study was conducted in 64 US medical centres. Between August 1989 and September 1996, 3882 patients were interviewed after having an acute myocardial infarction. We used logistic regression models to examine the association of diabetes and its treatment with the risk of ventricular arrhythmia after adjustment for age, gender, hypertension, thrombolytic therapy, smoking, obesity, cardiac medicines and congestive heart failure. Results During the index hospitalization, patients with diabetes (n = 814) were less likely to develop ventricular arrhythmias than patients without diabetes (6.8 vs. 13.3%, P < 0.001). The risk of ventricular arrhythmia in patients treated with first generation sulphonylureas or diet alone was similar to patients without diabetes (OR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.39–2.15, and 0.76; 95% CI, 0.46–1.26, respectively). However, compared with patients without diabetes, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for ventricular arrhythmias was lower among patients treated with insulin or patients treated with second generation sulphonylureas (OR = 0.54, 95% CI 0.32–0.92; OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.27–0.75, respectively). Conclusions Compared with patients without diabetes, the risk of ventricular arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction is lower in patients with diabetes treated with second generation sulphonylureas or insulin, but not in those treated with first generation sulphonylureas or diet alone. This suggests that differences in the mechanism of action of different sulphonylureas may result in clinically relevant differences in arrhythmic risk.
Three-dimensional size effects in composite pin joints

Mechanical fastening is commonly used in joining composite laminates. It is especially superior to adhesive bonding in joining thick composite laminates. The significant effects of composite thickness on the efficiency of pin joining have been reported in a previous study. The present study further investigated the three-dimensional (thickness as well as in-plane dimensions) size effects on pin joining. A glass-fabric/phenolic composite material was used as the studied material while double-lap-single-pin joints were used as the experimental models. Based on four different thicknesses and seven different hole diameters, in total nine composite joint configurations were prepared. The nine configurations were organized into three groups with differentH/D ratios (thickness versus hole diameter). Experimental results revealed that the load-displacement curves of the groups withH/D=0.4 and 0.75 were brittle-type while those of the group withH/D=1.5 were ductile-type. The microscopic damage modes of the joints with brittle-type curves were due to outward buckling for 8-ply cases and kink bands for 24-ply and 40-ply cases. The bearing strengths of the pin joints decreased monotonically in the group withH/D=0.4 but increased then decreased in the groups withH/D=0.75 and 1.5 as the joint size increased. It was found that both the material properties and the geometry parameters were responsible for the three-dimensional size effects.
Modeling of multitype particle flow using the kinetic theory approach

The effects of particle size and/or density on particle interaction and overall behavior of granular flow were studied using the kinetic theory approach. The kinetic theory for granular flow was extended to mixtures of multitype particles assuming a non-Maxwellian velocity distribution and energy non-equipartition. Each type of particles was considered as a separate phase with different velocity and granular temperature. The resulting momentum equation for each particulate phase includes phase interaction arising from collisional pressure and particle–particle drag force. When applied to simple shear granular flow of a binary mixture, this model predicts well the energy non-equipartition and the stresses of particulate systems with different sizes and densities. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Women, smoking, and social disadvantage over the life course: a longitudinal study of African American women.

Abstract We compare life course characteristics of a cohort of African American women ( N = 457) by their smoking status at age 42: never smoker (34.1%), former smoker (27.8%), or current smoker (38.1%). The Woodlawn population from which our sample is drawn has been followed from first grade (1966–67) to mid adulthood (2002–3) and is a cohort of children from a disadvantaged Chicago community. Examination of the effects of cumulative disadvantage on smoking behavior showed that nearly half of women who first lived in poverty as children, dropped out of school, became teen mothers, and were poor as young adults currently smoked; less than 22% of women with none of these difficulties were current smokers. Regression analyses focusing on smoking and evidence of social disadvantage in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood showed that women with more education were much less likely to be current smokers. Women reporting low parental supervision in adolescence and less frequent church attendance in young adulthood and those whose mothers’ reported regular smoking were significantly more likely to be current smokers. Poverty and marital status in young adulthood varied significantly among smoking categories in bivariate relationships, but not in final multivariate regression models. Few other studies have examined smoking careers with data from age 6–42, comparing social disadvantage characteristics over the life course. While marital status, church involvement and parental supervision are not usually included as measures of socioeconomic status, they represent advantages in terms of social capital and should be considered mechanisms for transmitting disparities.
Identification of Soybean Accessions with High Germinability in High-Temperature Environments

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed produced in high-temperature, high-humidity production environments is prone to have substandard germination. Hardseededness, wrinkled seed coats, and infection by Phomopsis longicolla Hobbs are all known to affect soybean seed germinability. Ancestors of modern U.S. soybean cultivars may lack the necessary variability to impart high germinability to new cultivars without the introgression of new genetic diversity. The purpose of this research was to identify soybean germplasm possessing positive traits affecting high seed germinability for seed produced under high-temperature environments, such as in the early soybean production system (ESPS) of the midsouthern United States. Seed was produced in the ESPS for 486 U.S. plant
Leahy in Indonesia: Damned if You Do (and Even if You Don't)

Abstract In preparation for his impending visit to Indonesia, President Barack Obama is considering the paradoxical question of military reengagement with the Indonesian army's Special Forces Command (called KOPASSUS). An important part of this policy calculus is based on the current laws to deny military and law enforcement training to known foreign human rights violators, collectively known as the “Leahy Laws.” However, the text of the Leahy Laws considers neither the natural changes in the make-up of military units nor the important reforms the Indonesian armed forces have made in its own training and advocacy of human rights practices. A closer look at how the law is applied reviles that U.S.-Indonesia policy in general—and military-to-military relations in particular—are unnecessarily damaged by the Leahy Laws and details the consequences of good intentions gone awry.
Biodemography and Cultural Pluralism

L'A. rapporte les resultats d'un colloque sur la Biodemographie et le pluralisme culturel tenu a Cortona (20-21 avril 1997), concernant la Russie, l'Inde et l'Indiana (Etats-Unis) sur l'adaptation et le changement, les familles, la separation et les secondes epouses ; sur l'ethnicite et l'iconographie ; sur la sagesse traditionnelle et le savoir ; enfin, sur les politiques de developpement. La biodemographie et le pluralisme culturel ont ete les deux poles entre lesquels l'ethnologie s'est developpee. L'A. definit ces deux poles et montre quel est le developpement des recherches concernant plus specifiquement les strategies d'adaptation et de reponses des societes faces au changement technologique, a l'education standardisee, a la perte de la communication verbale et a l'abandon des sagesses traditionnelles.
Efficient RCS computation for incident angle sweep with the use of the FMM and MNM techniques

This Letter presents an extension of a recently developed technique for speeding up the iterative solution of MOM linear equations—referred to in the literature [4,5] as the MNM method—when sweeping the frequency in the content of RCS computation. It is shown that extended MNM is useful for efficient iterative solution of the multiple right-hand-side situations arising in the angular sweep problem. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 273–276, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10436
Contingency tables with given marginals

SUMMARY In its simplest formulation the problem considered is to estimate the cell probabilities pij Of an r x c contingency table for which the marginal probabilities pi and p j are known and fixed, so as to minimize E2pij In (Pi/r1ij), where rij are the corresponding entries in a given contingency table. An iterative procedure is given for determining the estimates and it is shown that the estimates are BAN, and that the iterative procedure is convergent. A summary of results for a four-way contingency table is given. An illustrative example is given.
Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the CNS that affects people during early adulthood. Despite several US FDA-approved medications, the treatment options in MS are limited. Many people with MS explore complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments to help control their MS and treat their symptoms. Surveys suggest that up to 70% of people with MS have tried one or more CAM treatment for their MS. People with MS using CAM generally report deriving some benefit from the therapies. The CAM therapies most frequently used include diet, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. There is very limited research evaluating the safety and effectiveness of CAM in MS. The most promising among CAM therapies that warrant further investigation are a low-fat diet, omega-3 fatty acids, lipoic acid and vitamin D supplementation as potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents in both relapsing and progressive forms of MS. There is very limited research evaluating the safety and effectiven...
An extreme point result for convexity, concavity and monotonicity of parameterized linear equation solutions

Abstract In many applications, it is useful to know how the solution to a set of simultaneous linear equations depends on parameters θ entering into the coefficients. To this end, this paper addresses the classical equation Ax = b with n × n matrix A = A ( θ ) and n × 1 vector b = b ( θ ) depending on an m -tuple of parameters θ with components θ i entering in a rank-one manner. Given such a system, the following problems are considered: For solution component x i ( θ ) and parameter θ j , determine if the first and second order partial derivatives of x i with respect to θ j are of one sign for all θ in a prescribed hypercube Θ r of radius r ⩾ 0 ; i.e., we determine which components enter the solution either monotonically, convexly or concavely. In this paper, we provide extreme point results for these problems. Namely, we need only check the sign of three specially constructed multilinear functions at the extreme points (vertices) of Θ r in order to ascertain whether the desired one-sign condition is satisfied over the entire hypercube. Central to the proof of extremality is a special “multilinear factorization” of the partial derivatives of x i ( θ ) . This leads to a simple method to compute the so-called radii of convexity, concavity and monotonicity.
On using equality-constraint algorithms for inequality constrained problems

Abstract : The paper discusses several theoretic aspects of replacing inequality constrained problems with an appropriate equality constrained problem. It is shown that such a replacement may be neither valid nor advantageous. (Author)
Metal–Polymer–Metal Split-Dipole Nanoantennas

The conjugated polymer semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene), (P3HT), is integrated directly into the slot region of resonant plasmonic split-dipole nanoantennas. The P3HT radiative emission rate is enhanced by a factor of up to 29, in experiment, and 550 for the ideal case, due to the large local density of optical states in the nanoantenna slot region. Additionally, the theoretical modified luminescence quantum efficiency is shown to increase from 1% to 45% for optimized nanoantenna parameters.
Species Diversity and Biological Invasions: Relating Local Process to Community Pattern

In a California riparian system, the most diverse natural assemblages are the most invaded by exotic plants. A direct in situ manipulation of local diversity and a seed addition experiment showed that these patterns emerge despite the intrinsic negative effects of diversity on invasions. The results suggest that species loss at small scales may reduce invasion resistance. At community-wide scales, the overwhelming effects of ecological factors spatially covarying with diversity, such as propagule supply, make the most diverse communities most likely to be invaded.
Clinical histologic correlation of human peripapillary anatomy.

Abstract The various types of peripapillary crescents which are observed clinically are generally interpreted to represent misalignments of the edges of the neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RIPE), choroid, and sclera at the disc margin. In order to test the validity of conventional assumptions about the anatomic basis for each type of crescent, the authors compared histologic sections to previously obtained clinical photographs and fluorescein angiograms of 21 eyes enucleated for choroidal melanomas. The authors' results define several configurations of peripapillary tissue, but also show that there can be more than one anatomic basis for some appearances. A scleral lip, which consists of an anterior extension of sclera to separate the choroid from the optic nerve head, is nearly always present, and ophthalmoscopically appears as a white rim that marks the disc margin and accumulates fluorescein after the vascular transit in an angiogram. A chorioscleral crescent occurs when the RPE is retracted from the disc margin, most prominent when associated with a tilted exit canal for the axon bundles through the sclera. In such a crescent, the choroid may be thinned or absent next to the disc, exposing to view some of the underlying sclera. Malposition of the embryonic fold occurs when the boundary between the neural retina and the RIPE does not coincide with the embryologically formed fold in the neuroectoderm that occurs at the disc. When this occurs, there is either a double layer RIPE (forming a very dark pigment crescent) or a double layer of incompletely formed neural retina adjacent to the disc. Irregular pigmentation occurs when the RPE adjacent to the disc lacks pigment or is hyperpigmented, mimicking misalignment of the layers when viewed by ophthalmoscopy.
Doublet triplet splitting and fermion masses with extra dimensions

The pseudo Goldstone boson mechanism for the {open_quotes}doublet-triplet splitting{close_quotes} problem of the grand unified theory can be naturally implemented in the scenario with extra dimensions and branes. The two SU(6) global symmetries of the Higgs sector are located on two separate branes while the SU(6) gauge symmetry is in the bulk. After including several vector-like fields in the bulk, and allowing the most general interactions with their natural strength (including the higher dimensional ones which may be generated by gravity) which are consistent with the geometry, a realistic pattern of the standard model fermion masses and mixings can be naturally obtained without any flavor symmetry. Neutrino masses and mixings required for the solar and atmospheric neutrino problems can also be accommodated. The geometry of extra dimensions and branes provides another way to realize the absence of certain interactions (as required in the pseudo Goldstone boson mechanism) or the smallness of some couplings (e.g., the Yukawa couplings between the fermions and the Higgs bosons), in addition to the usual symmetry arguments. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
A study of the rate of water loss from the surfaces of the finger tips and toe tips of normal and senile subjects and patients with arterial hypertension

Abstract The rate of water loss from the tip of the index finger and second toe of normal subjects was very variable. There were variations from one period of fifteen minutes to another, from finger to toe, from right finger to left finger, and from day to day in the same subject. The mean rate of sweating in the toe tips was approximately one-half that in the finger tips, although this ratio could be variable. The rate of sweating varied markedly from person to person under identical conditions of observation. In the patients with arterial hypertension the rate and variations of water loss from the finger and toe tips were about the same as in the normal subjects. This suggests that, in resting persons with hypertension, sympathetic activity is no greater than in normal subjects. In senile subjects the rate of water loss was much less than in the normal subjects and patients with hypertension. Furthermore, the rates from period to period were much less variable. In fact, the senile subjects were outstanding for the constancy with which they lost water. This may be part of the reduced physiologic activity which is known to occur in senile persons.
Do DEAD-Box Proteins Promote Group II Intron Splicing without Unwinding RNA?

The DEAD-box protein Mss116p promotes group II intron splicing in vivo and in vitro. Here we explore two hypotheses for how Mss116p promotes group II intron splicing: by using its RNA unwinding activity to act as an RNA chaperone or by stabilizing RNA folding intermediates. We show that an Mss116p mutant in helicase motif III (SAT/AAA), which was reported to stimulate splicing without unwinding RNA, retains ATP-dependent unwinding activity and promotes unfolding of a structured RNA. Its unwinding activity increases sharply with decreasing duplex length and correlates with group II intron splicing activity in quantitative assays. Additionally, we show that Mss116p can promote ATP-independent RNA unwinding, presumably via single-strand capture, also potentially contributing to DEAD-box protein RNA chaperone activity. Our findings favor the hypothesis that DEAD-box proteins function in group II intron splicing as in other processes by using their unwinding activity to act as RNA chaperones.
Developing a Pollicization Outcomes Measure

Purpose To evaluate which objective criteria correlated with subjective impressions of outcome following index finger pollicization for thumb hypoplasia. Methods Forty-two pollicizations in 35 patients were assessed by a comprehensive subjective and objective measurement analysis. In the subjective measures, the surgeon, therapist, and caregiver rated how the pollicized digit "looks like a thumb" and "works like a thumb." The caregiver also completed a subjective questionnaire. For objective results, we measured appearance, strength, range of motion, stability, and ability to pick up objects. The subjective results were then correlated with objective data via a linear regression analysis. Results When combining the total subjective score for "looks like a thumb," "works like a thumb," and the caregiver questionnaire, we found significant correlation scores for palmar abduction, lateral pinch, tip pinch, and picking up a bead, a die, and a table tennis ball. The strongest correlations were found with composite flexion, metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint range of motion, interphalangeal (IP) joint range of motion, and the sticker test. Three of these 4 items (sticker test and MCP joint and IP arcs of motion) also correlated best with children who preferred using their thumbs for small object acquisition instead of scissor pinch. Conclusions Composite flexion, MCP and IP joint arcs of motion, and the sticker test correlated the strongest with the subjective criteria. These parameters appear to be the most critical measures that impress a good outcome following pollicization. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic IV.
Phase behavior and modeling of the poly(methyl methacrylate)–CO2–methyl methacrylate system

Abstract Cloud-point data for the system poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–CO2–methyl methacrylate (MMA) are measured in the temperature range of 26 to 170°C, to pressures as high as 2500 bar, and with cosolvent concentrations of 10.4, 28.9, and 48.4 wt.%. PMMA does not dissolve in pure CO2 to 255°C and 2550 bar. The cloud-point curve for the PMMA–CO2–10.4 wt.% MMA system exhibits a negative slope that reaches 2500 bar at 105°C. With 28.9 wt.% MMA the cloud-point curve remains relatively flat at ∼900 bar for temperatures between 25 and 170°C. With 48.4 wt.% MMA the cloud-point curve exhibits a positive slope that extends to 20°C and ∼100 bar. Pressure-composition isotherms are also reported for the CO2–MMA system at 40.0, 80.0, 105.5°C. This system exhibits type-I phase behavior with a continuous mixture–critical curve. The Peng–Robinson (PR) and SAFT equations of state model the CO2–MMA data reasonably well without any binary interaction parameters, although the PR equation provides a better representation of the mixture-critical region. It is not possible to obtain even a qualitative fit of the PMMA–MMA–CO2 data with the SAFT equation of state. The SAFT model qualitatively shows that the cloud-point pressure decreases with increasing MMA concentration and that the cloud-point curve exhibits a positive slope for very high concentrations of MMA in solution.
Effect of chiral enhancers on the permeability of optically active and racemic metoprolol across hairless mouse skin.

The stratum corneum, the rate-limiting barrier in transdermal drug delivery, is chiral in nature and enantiomers behave differently with respect to their transport across the skin, resulting in enantioselective permeation. The permeation characteristics of individual enantiomers of metoprolol free base (MB) were investigated using hairless mouse skin. The influence of chiral permeation enhancers, l-menthol and (+/-)-linalool, on the permeation of MB was also investigated. In the absence of enhancers, the permeation profiles of R- and S-MB from donor solutions containing either RS-MB or pure enantiomers are comparable (p < 0. 05). In presence of enhancers, l-menthol and (+/-)-linalool, the flux values were increased 2.4- to 3.0-fold, respectively, and the permeation profiles of R- and S-MB from donor solutions containing RS-MB are comparable (p < 0.05). However, when donor vehicle contains pure enantiomers, the permeation enhancing effect of l-menthol on S-MB was significantly higher (by 25%) than on R-MB (p < 0.05). Further, in presence of l-menthol, the flux of S-MB from donor solution containing pure S-MB was 35% higher than the flux of RS-MB from racemate. No such effect was seen with (+/-)-linalool. In all the investigations, no enantiomeric inversion was observed during the permeation process. The lag times were shorter in the case of l-menthol compared with (+/-)-linalool.
The temporary breakdown of hydrodynamic lubrication during the initiation of extrusion

Abstract Transient hydrodynamic lubrication theory is used to investigate the conditions prevailing during the start of an extrusion process. It is shown that a temporary breakdown of lubrication occurs. This can result in high extrusion pressures during the initial stages of the process.
Immunophenotype and Cytokine Profiles of Rhesus Monkey CD56bright and CD56dim Decidual Natural Killer Cells

The primate endometrium is characterized in pregnancy by a tissue-specific population of CD56(bright) natural killer (NK) cells. These cells are observed in human, rhesus, and other nonhuman primate decidua. However, other subsets of NK cells are present in the decidua and may play distinct roles in pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to define the surface marker phenotype of rhesus monkey decidual NK (dNK) cell subsets, and to address functional differences by profiling cytokine and chemokine secretion in contrast with decidual T cells and macrophages. Rhesus monkey decidual leukocytes were obtained from early pregnancy tissues, and were characterized by flow cytometry and multiplex assay of secreted factors. We concluded that the major NK cell population in rhesus early pregnancy decidua are CD56(bright) CD16(+)NKp30(-) decidual NK cells, with minor CD56(dim) and CD56(neg) dNK cells. Intracellular cytokine staining demonstrated that CD56(dim) and not CD56(bright) dNK cells are the primary interferon-gamma (IFNG) producers. In addition, the profile of other cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors secreted by these two dNK cell populations was generally similar, but distinct from that of peripheral blood NK cells. Finally, analysis of multiple pregnancies from eight dams revealed that the decidual immune cell profile is characteristic of an individual animal and is consistently maintained across successive pregnancies, suggesting that the uterine immune environment in pregnancy is carefully regulated in the rhesus monkey decidua.
An Algorithm for Automatic Design of Logical Cryogenic Circuits

Logical cryogenic circuits differ from the circuitry used with other devices as paths for both the required function and its denial must be provided. Present techniques for logical design of cryogenic circuits either rely on the experience of the designer to achieve a minimal circuit or are derived from analogous relay circuits. An algorithm to develop minimal (or near minimal) circuits by collapsing a complete decoding-tree structure by removing un-needed devices is discussed. The algorithm requires no subjective decisions and is readily programed for inclusion in an automatic design system. A generalization of the algorithm to include functions of n-ary input variables and multiple outputs is also presented.
Multi-intersected/recursive textured algorithms for large-scale convex optimization problems

In this paper, we extend our textured algorithm to multi-intersected textured models. We also describe the recursive textured decomposition process as a tree, in which we can obtain the overall solution by consolidating the end subsystem solutions. The proposed algorithms, their properties, and the theorems for exact convergence are then addressed. The worst-case time complexity of the algorithm with complete tree structure, in which parents in the same recursion level have the same number of children, is analyzed. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of the algorithms and the trade-off among the number of recursion levels, the number of sequential computing steps, and problem size reduction.
Identification of a Single Amino Acid Required for APOBEC3 Antiretroviral Cytidine Deaminase Activity

During studies of APOBEC3 (A3) anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (anti-HIV-1) mechanisms, we identified a single cysteine at position 320 (C320) that disrupts A3DE activity. This residue is located in the recently identified DNA binding domain in A3G. Replacing C320 with a corresponding tyrosine from A3F (Y307) increased A3DE antiviral activity more than 20-fold. Conversely, replacing A3F Y307 with a cysteine or inserting a similar cysteine into A3B or A3G disrupted the anti-HIV activity of A3. Further investigation uncovered that C320 significantly reduces A3DE catalytic activity.
Bioavailability of Different Sources of Ferrous Sulfate Iron Fed to Anemic Rats

The bioavailability of iron from ferrous sulfate sources that had been stored for unknown periods was evaluated by using iron-deficient rats in experiment 1. The efficiency of converting dietary iron from these sources into hemoglobin varied from 60 to 84%. This variability was not explained on the basis of percent of iron in the ferrous state nor on the percent of iron in the source. The one fresh source used was reevaluated 3 months later, and its bioavailability had been reduced from 84 to 65%. The bioavailability of six fresh ferrous sulfate samples varied from 50 to 59% in experiment 2. It was concluded that, whenever ferrous sulfate is to be used as a ref erence source, fresh salt should be obtained to reduce variability among experi ments. J. Nutr. 113: 2223-2228, 1983.
Solid State Ionics

This issue of the MRS BULLETIN contains three articles relating to the general field that has come to be known as Solid State Ionics. The central feature of this area of science and emerging technology is the rapid transport of atomic or ionic species within solids, and the various phenomena, of both scientific and technological interest, that are related to it.Attention to this area has grown greatly in recent years because of the rapidly increasing recognition of the possibility of a wide range of interesting technological applications. One example already widespread is the use of an oxygen-conducting solid electrolyte as the critical element in the oxygen sensors installed in the exhaust systems of almost all current automobiles to reduce deleterious emissions and improve the efficiency of the combustion process.Work is under way in a number of other directions, including static and dynamic chemical sensors, solid state electrochemical reactors, low impedance selective atomic filters, new concepts for the direct conversion of heat to electricity by the use of sodium- or hydrogen-transporting cycles, a novel method for the low cost electrolysis of water at intermediate temperatures, batteries that can store greatly increased amounts of energy, ion exchange materials, solid state laser hosts, high efficiency fuel cells, electrochromic materials and configurations for both optical displays and “smart windows,” advanced catalysts, atomic reservoirs and pumps, high temperature superconductors, and possibly solid state fusion hosts.Despite this recent attention, however, it is worth noting that interest in solids in which ionic species can move with unusual rapidity is actually not new at all. As early as 1839, Michael Faraday reported measurements on several materials that showed an unusual increase in electrical conductivity at elevated temperatures, contrary to that found in normal metals.
Designing ethical phishing experiments

While fraud has been part of human society for as long as we know, the automated type of fraud that is known as phishing is a relatively recent phenomenon. It is becoming clear to society that phishing is a problem of quite catastrophic dimensions. Phishing is a multifaceted techno-social problem for which there is no known single silver bullet. As a result of these insights, an increasing number of researchers and practitioners are attempting to quantify risks and degrees of vulnerabilities in order to understand where to focus protective measures. When academic researchers plan phishing studies, they are faced with the reality that such studies must not only be conducted in an ethical manner, but they also must be reviewed and approved by their Institutional Review Board (IRB). This article provides an overview of the review process used by IRBs, an outline of the section of the federal regulations, 45 CFR 46, 116(d)(14), that provide the circumstances where aspects of the informed consent process can be waived. Moreover, it contains a discussion of the controversial ethical issues inherent in phishing studies that request a waiver of aspects of the informed consent requirement. Finally, this paper outlines the process of designing and analyzing phishing experiments in an ethical manner, and in accordance with the principles and regulations guiding IRBs
Multi-Frequency, Linear and Circular Polarized, Metamaterial-Inspired, Near-Field Resonant Parasitic Antennas

Several metamaterial-inspired, electrically small, near-field resonant parasitic antennas are presented. Both electric and magnetic couplings to the parasitic are compared and contrasted. The electric-coupled versions are shown to be more efficient and to have more bandwidth. The evolution of circular polarized designs from their linear counterparts by introducing multiple parasitics having different resonant frequencies is demonstrated. Single L1 and dual band L1/L2 GPS systems are emphasized for practical illustrations of the resulting performance characteristics. Preliminary experimental results for a dual band, circularly polarized GPS L1/L2 antenna are provided and underscore several practical aspects of these designs.
Alternative algorithm for maximum likelihood DOA estimation and detection

The majority of algorithms developed for the narrowband direction of arrival (DOA) estimation problem rely on an eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) to determine both the number of signals and their respective DOAs. An alternative algorithm is presented that solves both the DOA detection and estimation problems without resorting to an EVD. The algorithm is shown to have asymptotically equivalent performance to that of the (unconditional) maximum likelihood method, and hence it yields asymptotically minimum variance DOA estimates. The computational complexity required to update the DOA estimates in response to additional data from the array is investigated, and the algorithm is shown to be somewhat simpler than other methods with comparable performance. In addition, the asymptotic distribution of the algorithm's cost function is derived, and is shown to be composed of the sum of two differently scaled chi-squared random variables. A hypothesis test for determining the number of signals based on this result is then presented.
Preconcentration of low levels of americium and plutonium from waste waters by synthetic water-soluble metal-binding polymers with ultrafiltration

A preconcentration approach to assist in the measurement of low levels of americium and plutonium in waste waters has been developed based on the concept of using water-soluble metal-binding polymers in combination with ultrafiltration. The method has been optimized to give over 90% recovery and accountability from actual waste water.
Prophylactic Efficacy of Nifursol Against Different Levels of Exposure to Histomoniasis in Turkeys 4 to 9 Weeks of Age

Abstract Three experiments were conducted with B. B. Bronze and B. B. White turkeys, four to nine weeks of age. Poults were fed 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 or 75 p.p.m. (or 0.00125, 0.0025, 0.00375, 0.0050, and 0.0075%) of nifursol and given graded levels of exposure to histomoniasis. The exposure levels consisted of graded doses of infective material (embryonated Heterakis gallinae ova) administered orally. Histomoniasis mortality was recorded during post-exposure periods of 27–35 days; dead birds were examined for hepatic and cecal lesions typical for histomoniasis. Birds which survived the post-exposure period were sacrificed and examined for hepatic and cecal lesions. Graded doses of infective material caused graded levels of mortality and morbidity only in poults fed the unmedicated diet in two experiments. Dietary levels of 37.5, 50, 75 and 100 p.p.m. of nifursol were equally effective in preventing histomoniasis mortality and morbidity. In one experiment, both 12.5 and 25 p.p.m. of nifursol completely prevented mortality and morbidity among poults given graded doses of infective material. However, 20.8 percent mortality and 27.1 percent morbidity occurred among poults fed 12.5 p.p.m. of nifursol in another experiment. The minimum effective level of nifursol in feed for prevention of histomoniasis mortality and morbidity was between 25 and 50 p.p.m. Level of exposure or dose of infective material given poults had very little influence on the efficacy of nifursol treatments.
Exploration of Shape Variation Using Localized Components Analysis

Localized components analysis (LoCA) is a new method for describing surface shape variation in an ensemble of objects using a linear subspace of spatially localized shape components. In contrast to earlier methods, LoCA optimizes explicitly for localized components and allows a flexible trade-off between localized and concise representations, and the formulation of locality is flexible enough to incorporate properties such as symmetry. This paper demonstrates that LoCA can provide intuitive presentations of shape differences associated with sex, disease state, and species in a broad range of biomedical specimens, including human brain regions and monkey crania.
Dating Aggression, Sexual Coercion, and Aggression-Supporting Attitudes Among College Men as a Function of Participation in Aggressive High School Sports

Aggressive male sports have been criticized as bastions of sexism and training grounds for aggression against women, but there have been few empirical demonstrations of these alleged relationships. The authors studied self-reported dating aggression and sexual coercion in 147 college men. Men who had participated in aggressive high school sports, as compared with other men, engaged in more psychological aggression, physical aggression, and sexual coercion toward their dating partners, caused their partners more physical injury, were more accepting of violence, had more sexist attitudes and hostility toward women, were more accepting of rape myths, and were less tolerant of homosexuality. Results indicate that participation in aggressive high school sports is one of the multiple developmental pathways leading to relationship violence.
Future prospects for measurements of mass hierarchy and CP violation

Abstract We present a brief overview of current plans to pursue two challenging goals, resolution of the neutrino mass hierarchy and determination of the CP phase of the PMNS neutrino mixing matrix. Future prospects include large atmospheric experiments, PINGU, ORCA, and INO-ICAL, medium baseline reactor experiments, JUNO and RENO- 50, and long baseline accelerator experiments, LBNE, LBNO, and Hyper-Kamiokande. There are also new initiatives emerging, ESS ν SB at the European Spallation Source, and CHIPS in the NuMI neutrino beam. This is a multifaceted, vigorous, and technically difficult world-wide program. It will likely take more than a decade to start reaping its benefits.
NADPH Supply and Mannitol Biosynthesis. Characterization, Cloning, and Regulation of the Non-Reversible Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Celery Leaves

Mannitol, a sugar alcohol, is a major primary photosynthetic product in celery ( Apium graveolens L. cv Giant Pascal). We report here on purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of cytosolic non-reversible glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (nr-G3PDH, EC1.2.1.9), the apparent key contributor of the NADPH required for mannitol biosynthesis in celery leaves. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, purified nr-G3PDH showed a molecular mass of 53 kD. A 1,734-bp full-length cDNA clone (accession no. AF196292) encoding nr-G3PDH was identified using polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of cDNA ends techniques. The cDNA clone has an open reading frame of 1,491 bp encoding 496 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular weight of 53,172. K m values for the celery nr-G3PDH were low (6.8 μm for NADP + and 29 μm ford-glyceraldehyde-3-P). NADPH, 3-phosphoglycerate, and ATP were competitive inhibitors, and cytosolic levels of these three metabolites (as determined by nonaqueous fractionation) were all above the concentrations necessary to inhibit activity in vitro, suggesting that nr-G3PDH may be regulated through feedback inhibition by one or more metabolites. We also determined a tight association between activities of nr-G3PDH and mannose-6-P reductase and mRNA expression levels in response to both leaf development and salt treatment. Collectively, our data clearly show metabolic, developmental, and environmental regulation of nr-G3PDH, and also suggest that the supply of NADPH necessary for mannitol biosynthesis is under tight metabolic control.
Parallel algorithms and systolic array designs for RSA cryptosystem

Two algorithms for computing very large integer modular exponentiation are proposed. One is based on a recording technique that significantly reduces the total number of modular multiplications. The second is parallel algorithm that can be implemented by two parallel processors and achieves optimal performance. Two corresponding systolic array designs are developed. The main advantage of these systolic architectures is to provide a potentially higher throughput for a large number of computations, namely, encryptions and decryptions in an RSA cryptosystem. >
Survival of viruses in the marine environment

It has been well established that human pathogenic viruses may be transmitted through the marine environment due to the release of sewage by polluted rivers, outfalls, or release fromvessels. These wastes contain human enteric viruses, which if ingested, or in some cases inhaled, can cause a wide variety of illnesses. Their ability to be transmitted by this route is because of their capability to remain infectious long enough in the marine environment to come in contact with a susceptible host. Transmission routes may be fairly direct, such as ingested of contaminated seawater by a swimmer, or more complex by prolonged survival in sediments which are later resuspended and accumulated in shellfish during feeding. The virus is then transmitted during consumption of the shellfish. To understand the potential for human enteric virus transmission through themarine environment numerous studies have been conducted on factors which influence their persistence in this environment (Table 6.1). This review focuses on factors that could play a role in the survival of human pathogenic viruses in the marine environment.
Catchment power and the joint distribution of elevation and travel distanceto the outlet

Abstract. The delivery of water, sediment, and solutes by catchments is influenced by the distribution of source elevations and their travel distances to the outlet. For example, elevation affects the magnitude and phase of precipitation, as well as the climatic factors that govern rock weathering, which influence the production rate and initial particle size of sediments. Travel distance, in turn, affects the timing of flood peaks at the outlet and the degree of sediment size reduction by wear, which affects particle size distributions at the outlet. The distributions of elevation and travel distance have been studied extensively but separately, as the hypsometric curve and width function. Yet a catchment can be considered as a collection of points, each with paired values of elevation and travel distance. For every point, the ratio of elevation to travel distance defines the mean slope for transport of mass to the outlet. Recognizing that mean slope is proportional to the average rate of loss of potential energy by water and sediment during transport to the outlet, we use the joint distribution of elevation and travel distance to define two new metrics for catchment geometry: "source-area power", and the corresponding catchment-wide integral "catchment power". We explore patterns in source-area and catchment power across three study catchments spanning a range of relief and drainage area. We then develop an empirical algorithm for generating synthetic source-area power distributions, which can be parameterized with data from natural catchments. This new way of quantifying the three-dimensional geometry of catchments can be used to explore the effects of topography on the distribution on fluxes of water, sediment, isotopes, and other landscape products passing through catchment outlets, and may provide a fresh perspective on problems of both practical and theoretical interest.
Impact of incomplete knowledge on scanning strategy

Security is a fundamental problem facing wireless systems employing spectrum sharing, and thus scanning algorithms are used to detect malicious or illegal activity in such systems. A crucial issue in designing such algorithms is incorporating knowledge about the environment, as well as what knowledge an adversary might have, into the scanning algorithm to improve detection performance. In particular, if such knowledge is initially incomplete, it becomes desirable to adapt one's knowledge based upon the results of the scanning activities, so as to further improve detection performance. To obtain insight into this problem, we suggest a Bayesian game-theoretical model of bandwidth scanning with learning. We show that such knowledge could change the structure of the strategies employed from distributing effort among all the bands, to band-sharing or even band on/off strategies and improve detection performance. Also, we have shown that a lack of information for the scanner compare to the adversary makes the scanner strategy more sensitive to the information he has.