cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peers, cooperative play, and the development of empathy in children

Cooperative peer play emerges in the second year of life. How applicable is Preston & de Waal's (P&deW's) model to the empathic processes in cooperative play? Empathic responses during peer play are more general than they propose, and more dependent on mental state understanding. Moreover, peer play forces children to reason about others' feelings, possibly serving as a unique mechanism for empathy development.
Beta-adrenoceptor changes in submandibular glands of old mice

Abstract The hypothesis that modifications in beta-adrenergic receptors may be responsible for age-dependent changes previously observed in vivo, has been investigated. Beta-adrenoceptor characteristics of submandibular glands of mice were studied by using the beta-adrenergic antagonist (−)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol. Data from such studies indicated the presence of two functional populations of binding sites in membrane preparations from young animals, displaying high and low affinity, respectively. Experiments performed on old mice membrane preparations revealed a 50% decrease in the high-affinity population receptor number when compared to the preparations from young animals. However, the affinity did not change significantly with advancing age. With regard to the low-affinity population, no statistically significant changes were observed. From these data it can be reasonably assumed that beta-adrenoceptor alteration during ageing may play a major role in the age-dependent impairment of beta-adrenergic responses in vivo.
Ethylene Signaling Pathway

The structural simplicity of the plant hormone ethylene contrasts with its dramatic effects in various developmental processes, as well as in the cellular processes that ethylene initiates in response to a diversity of environmental signals. A single well-conserved signaling cascade mediates this broad spectrum of responses. Ethylene is perceived by a family of two-component histidine kinase receptors that become inactivated upon ethylene binding. In the absence of the hormone, the receptors activate CTR1, a negative regulator of ethylene responses. Sequence similarity between CTR1 and the Raf protein kinases implies involvement of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in this signaling pathway. The protein EIN2 acts downstream of CTR1 and the possible kinase cascade. Although the biochemical function of EIN2 is not understood, its critical role is manifested by the complete ethylene insensitivity of EIN2 loss-of-function mutants. Downstream of EIN2, a family of plant-specific EIN3-like transcription factors mediate ethylene responses. The regulation of EIN3 stability by ethylene is accomplished by F-box-containing proteins that participate in the formation of a SKP1/cullin/F-box complex that targets proteins for degradation by the proteasome. A large number of ethylene-regulated genes have been identified, including the APETALA2 domain-containing transcription factor genes ERF1 and EDF1 to 4, which suggests the participation of a transcriptional cascade in the ethylene response. The differential regulation of some components of this complex nuclear cascade by other signaling pathways provides a possible mechanism for interaction and signal integration. As new points of intersection with other pathways and additional participants in the pathway are identified, the Connections Map will be updated to include this new information.
Time‐correlation function approach to molecular anharmonicity in hyperthermal atom‐molecule collisions

In hyperthermal atom-molecule collisions, differential cross sections for vibrational and rotational excitation are related to correlation functions of the positions of the atoms that constitute the target. We present a new approach to the evaluation of the correlation functions that encompasses the effects of anharmonic vibrations of the polyatomic. By means of cumulant expansion techniques, the vibrational correlation function is expressed in terms of displacement—displacement correlation functions, which are obtained from the corresponding double-time Green functions. The displacement-displacement Green functions are evaluated by decoupling their hierarchy of equations of motion with a linearization procedure that includes anharmonic forces to infinite order. Results for cubic and quartic anharmonicities in N2, CO, and in the bending mode of CO2 indicate that, at hyperthermal collision energies, anharmonic forces contribute less than 1% to the vibrational energy transferred to these targets.
Reaction rates for the formation of deuterium tritide from deuterium and tritium

The rates of formation of DT in a mixture of D2 and T2 have been measured as a function of initial T2 concentration, pressure, temperature,and methane concentration in a stainless steel reaction container which had been treated to inhibit protium ingrowth. An attempt has been made to explain the experimental resuts on the basis of ion-molecule chain reactions. Some of the observations are consistent with a gas-phase ion, ground-state molecule reaction, but some of the more interesting observations require more complicated models. The addition of excited state molecules or heterogeneous catalytic effects are possibilities that will need further experiments for confirmation.
Development of an e-mail database of US intensive care physicians.

Abstract Purpose Although surveying critical care physicians regarding their behaviors and attitudes may usefully inform clinical, ethical, and policy questions, few resources exist for surveying intensivists electronically. We sought to develop an e-mail database for all intensivists associated with US training programs in critical care medicine (academic intensivists) and to determine the feasibility of using this database to survey intensivists. Materials and Methods We obtained e-mail addresses for academic intensivists by consulting each training program's institutional Web site or contacting program directors directly. We sent presumed intensivists up to 3 e-mail invitations to participate in an initial survey. Results We identified 2858 potential intensivists and obtained operative e-mail addresses for 2494 (87%). Only 31 (9%) of the remaining intensivists were members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine, suggesting that most of those without identified addresses were not intensivists. During the conduct of an initial survey, 161 physicians self-identified themselves as nonintensivists; of the remaining 2333 presumed intensivists, 1026 (44%) responded and 44 (2%) opted out. The response rate of 44% is based on the conservative assumptions that the remaining 1263 physicians were intensivists and saw the e-mail invitation. Conclusions This database provides a unique resource for investigators wishing to efficiently identify the views and practice patterns of US academic intensivists and provides a benchmark response rate of approximately 44% for electronic surveys of intensivists.
Some individualized hypnotherapeutic techniques.

Abstract Clinical cases are used to illustrate the opportunities for adapting a rich variety of hypnotic approaches and manipulations to the therapeutic needs and the hypnotic capabilities of different patients. Spontaneous and suggested phenomena occurring during and after hypnosis are utilized to uncover and discover conflicts and defenses, to analyze and synthesize, to test reality, to exploit transference, to supply emotional support, and to trigger corrective emotional experiences. The “palette” includes emotional abreactions, visualizations, dissociative experiences, multisensory hallucinations, age regression and progression, induction of fantasies and dreams, as well as space, time, and other perceptual distortions. Case reports are presented in detail, with significant excerpts from therapeutic sessions. The rationale for the utilization of specific manipulations is discussed and clarified.
The mucopolysaccharide of normal human urine.

Abstract Mucopolysaccharide has been demonstrated in human urine but its identity never determined. Acid mucopolysaccharide, precipitated from normal human urine by cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide was purified after digestion with trypsin and papain to yield a homogeneous material. The composition and properties were found to be essentially indistinguishable from those of chondroitinsulfate from bovine nasal septa.
The Stress of Black Male Achievement: Ten Nonnegotiables

Oftentimes, when the subject of Black students’ talent maximization in gifted and advanced courses and programs is broached, students are treated as a monolithic entity. In fact, there is considerable evidence to suggest that unsuccessful achievement of academic excellence may be more troublesome for males than females at many points along the educational pipeline (Ford, 2010; Grantham, 2004a). School counselors, trained to understand the intended and unintended consequences of ignoring the importance of race and gender are well equipped to assist in the battle to increase the academic performance of talented Black males and—by extension—aid in ameliorating the achievement gap between the best and brightest Black students. The purpose of this column is to provide a brief introduction of the cumulative risks associated with being Black and male in educational settings as well as a discussion of how these risks are associated with mental health and academic performance. The column will conclude with a discu...
Librarian salaries in the USA: the impact of revenue redistribution on library recruitment

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to determine the scope of library revenue redistribution to salary expenditures from other operating expenditures.Design/methodology/approach – Existing US regional and national library data sources (1982‐2003) were reviewed to assess the impact of salary expenditures on other operating expenditures and the impact of retirement on planning.Findings – The study found that the salaries of the case study library are keeping pace with national averages, but have significantly impacted other operating expenditures due to MLS retention. Retirement rates in the case study are slightly ahead of national estimates and provide some insight into practical needs for LIS graduates.Originality/value – The article demonstrates the use of existing data sources as planning tools to assess library salaries' overall operating expenditures, and to project professional staff levels.
Coincubation of Rat Renal Proximal Tubules with Hepatic Subcellular Fractions Potentiates the Effects of para-Aminophenol

Abstract Treatment of rats with para -aminophenol (PAP) (300 mg/kg ip) produced decreases in renal nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) content, oxygen consumption, and adenine nucleotide concentrations 2–4 hr following administration. In contrast, incubation of rat renal tubules with up to 1 m m PAP for 4 hr produced inconsistent changes in renal tubules. This discrepancy suggested that extrarenal metabolism of PAP may be involved in PAP bioactivation and nephrotoxicity. We designed the present studies to test the hypothesis that hepatic metabolism of PAP potentiates the effects of PAP on renal tubules. Incubation of renal tubules with 0.5 m m PAP and 10 mg protein from hepatic postmitochondrial supernatant (S9 fraction) in the absence of glutathione (GSH) for 4 hr did not alter renal oxygen consumption or adenine nucleotide metabolite concentrations. We observed no changes when we incubated tubules with 0.5 m m PAP and 1 m m GSH in the absence of hepatic S9 fraction. However, incubation of renal tubules with 0.5 m m PAP, 1 m m GSH, and 10 mg hepatic S9 protein for 4 hr significantly decreased renal oxygen consumption and adenosine triphosphate and total nucleotide concentrations. These data suggest that the effects of PAP in renal tubules may be potentiated by enzymatic metabolism of PAP, possibly involving oxidation and GSH conjugation. From experiments using hepatic microsomes or cytosol instead of S9 fraction, we found that changes were produced when we incubated tubules with PAP in the presence of hepatic microsomes, but not cytosol. These data suggest that hepatic microsomal metabolism of PAP may contribute to the production of changes in renal tubules in vitro. PAP-induced changes in renal proximal tubules were prevented when we included a β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) generating system in the incubation medium. The protective effect of NADPH persisted when microsomes were inactivated by incubation with 1-aminobenzotriazole, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor. These data suggest that cytochrome P450-dependent oxidation is not involved in the production or prevention of PAP-induced changes in renal tubules. The enzyme(s) responsible for PAP bioactivation and the mechanism(s) by which NADPH protects renal tubules from PAP-induced decrements in oxygen consumption and adenine nucleotide concentrations are currently unclear.
Responsible researchers required.

The News of the Week story “A Dark tale behind two retractions” (R. F. Service, 18 December 2009, p. [1610][1]) omitted important issues regarding the training of young scientists. Students and postdocs involved in this debacle may have learned excellent experimental protocols and techniques, but did any of them have training in responsible conduct of research? And if so, how did that training influence their actions? When co-workers present research results, we trust them to be open, honest, and forthright. The high stakes of losing two papers in top-tier journals for all involved, including a pretenure faculty member whose tenure decision may have been affected by the retractions, remind us that we should pursue science for the sake of discovery and self-actualization rather than less savory goals such as power, financial gain, and prestige. Disappointingly, the News story did not discuss subsequent action that could preclude this type of situation from arising again. Challenging results that cannot be reproduced requires substantial courage. At what point do we draw the line between results that “have not yet been reproduced” and those that “cannot be reproduced”? Without guidance about responsible conduct of research, students lack the tools and experience to question protocols or recognize potentially risky situations. Both the National Institutes of Health ([ 1 ][2]) and the National Science Foundation ([ 2 ][3]) have written new guidelines for required training in responsible conduct of research. These changes suggest that the scientific community now acknowledges that training young scientists means more than teaching them how to design and perform experiments and interpret data. We hope that high-profile laboratories, such as Peter Schultz's, will lead by example and will endorse the concept that real-time, face-to-face, responsible-conduct training by qualified professionals is not only desirable but necessary to help avert horror stories like this in the future. 1. [↵][4] NIH, “Update on the Requirement for Instruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research” ( ). 2. [↵][5] NSF, Responsible Conduct of Research ( ). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.326.5960.1610 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [5]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
Refractive Indices of Water Vapor and Carbon Dioxide at Low Pressure

The Fabry-Perot interferometer has been used to obtain the dispersion curves for water vapor and for carbon dioxide in the wave-length range 2500A to 8600A at pressures below 20 mm of mercury and at a temperature of 20°C. The results have been formulated to permit computation of the refractive index of air containing these substances. The presence of water vapor in air used for precision wave-length measurements is undesirable, due to possible formation of an adsorbed film of water on the etalon mirrors. This has been observed for evaporated aluminium mirrors and for evaporated silver mirrors.Temperature variation causes the effective thickness of the common form of Fabry-Perot etalon to vary in much greater degree than is predicted by the expansion coefficient of the spacer material. The explanation of this effect leads to the conclusion that the etalon pressure coefficients will show similar anomalies. It is possible to explain qualitatively the discrepancies between the measurements of the refractive index of air made by Meggers and Peters and those by more recent observers.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water-Soluble 1,2-Bis(bis(hydroxyalkyl)phosphino)ethane Ligands and Their Nickel(II), Ruthenium(III), and Rhodium(I) Complexes.

The syntheses of the water-soluble, chelating phosphines 1,2-bis(bis(hydroxybutyl)phosphino)ethane (1, n = 3; DHBuPE) and 1,2-bis(bis(hydroxypentyl)phosphino)ethane (1, n = 4; DHPePE) are reported. These ligands (and, in general, other 1,2-bis(bis(hydroxyalkyl)phosphino)ethane ligands) can be used to impart water solubility to metal complexes. As examples of this, the [Ni(DHPrPE)(2)Cl]Cl (2), [Rh(DHPrPE)(2)][Cl] (3), and [Ru(DHBuPE)(2)Cl(2)][Cl] (4) complexes were synthesized; they are indeed soluble in water (>0.5 M). Crystals of DHPrPE (1, n = 2) are monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, with a = 9.5935(8) A, b = 9.353(2) A, c = 10.655(2) A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 100.03(1) degrees, gamma = 90, V = 941.5(5) A(3), R = 0.051, and Z = 2. Crystals of [Ni(DHPrPE)(2)Cl]Cl (2) are monoclinic, space group I2, with a = 15.951(3) A, b = 11.454(2) A, c = 20.843(3) A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 91.24(2) degrees, gamma = 90 degrees, V = 3807(2) A(3), R = 0.062, and Z = 4. Crystals of [Rh(DHPrPE)(2)][Cl] (3) are triclinic, space group Po, with a = 13.900(2) A, b = 15.378(2) A, c = 18.058(2) A, alpha = 87.71(1) degrees, beta = 75.03(1) degrees, gamma = 85.24(1), V = 3715(2) A(3), R = 0.044, and Z = 4. Crystals of [Ru(DHBuPE)(2)Cl(2)][Cl] (4) are monoclinic, space group C2/c, with a = 14.310(2) A, b = 21.630(2) A, c = 15.459(3) A, alpha = 90 degrees, beta = 99.83(1) degrees, gamma = 90, V = 4715(1) A(3), R = 0.056, and Z = 4.
Process development of high-k metal gate aluminum CMP at 28nm technology node

The replacement metal gate (RMG) height range and defectivity (fall on particle, Al residue, corrosion and micro-scratch) performance controls are very challenging for high-k metal gate (HKMG) RMG chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) processes. In this study, a robust aluminum metal CMP (Al-CMP) process development was investigated to meet the criteria of RMG at 28nm technology node. The Al metal gate height loss post-Al-CMP was found to increase with increasing the total area and pattern density of metal gates. Adding at least one extra ghost metal gate dummy structure on both sides of each metal gate and optimizing the metal gate dummy structure can effectively eliminate the metal gate height loss. Furthermore, implementing a real-time profile control (RTPC) end-point detecting system with lower down force polishing condition can further reduce the Al metal gate height loss and range levels. The defectivity issues of the microscratches and fall on particles can be fixed by using a soft pad with chemical wafer buff process on the final Al-CMP polishing step.
Identification of OFDM signals under multipath fading channels

Modulation identification is an important part of wireless communications systems e.g., blind receivers can benefit from the methods that can identify the modulation of the received signals without a priori information. Moreover, distinction of OFDM systems from single carrier systems is highly important for adaptive receiver design algorithms. OFDM signals exhibit Gaussian characteristics in time domain in contrast with the single carrier signals. However, when the wireless communications considered, Gaussianity of the received samples is affected from the channel impairments along with the frequency, phase offsets and sampling mismatch. In this paper, we analyzed how the time-domain Gaussianity of fourth order cumulants of OFDM signals is affected under these conditions. A general chi-square constant false alarm rate Gaussianity test which employs estimates of cumulants and their covariances is adapted to the specific case of OFDM signals. A parametric simulation analysis which investigates the performance of the proposed method by the changes in the parameters such as signal to noise ratio, number of symbols, and modulation order is provided. The performance of proposed method is compared with moment based tests as well.
Functional Design of Ancillary Service Markets Under the Framework of Standard Market Design for ISO New England

This paper discusses the functional design of the new ancillary service markets (ASM) of ISO New England under the framework of standard market design (SMD). The re-introduction of ancillary service markets into ISO New England's wholesale electricity market is envisioned to correctly value and price the actions necessary to prepare for and maintain the reliability of power system dispatch in conjunction with operating an efficient energy market. The new ASM consists of a forward reserve market, a real-time reserve market and a redesigned regulation market energy and various ancillary services are simultaneously cleared and locational energy and reserve prices are produced in real-time. The relationship between the regulation clearing and the co-optimization of energy and reserves is discussed..
A 0.18-μm CMOS Fully Integrated 0.7-6 GHz PLL-Based Complex Dielectric Spectroscopy System

A fully-integrated sensing system utilizes a ring oscillator-based phase locked loop (PLL) for wideband complex dielectric spectroscopy of materials under test (MUT). Characterization of both real and imaginary MUT permittivity is achieved with frequency-shift measurements between a sensing oscillator, with a frequency that varies with MUT-induced changes in capacitance and conductance of a delay-cell load, and an amplitude-locked loop (ALL)- controlled MUT-insensitive reference oscillator. Fabricated in 0.18-µm CMOS, the 0.7-6 GHz spectroscopy system occupies 6.25 mm 2 area and achieves 3.7% maximum permittivity error.
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING USING INTRAVENOUS PARAMAGNETIC CONTRAST MEDIA: A REVIEW

Interest in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging as a major diagnostic tool in veterinary clinical medicine is increasing. Most MR studies are performed with the use of contrast enhancement via intravenous injection of paramagnetic gadolinium-containing contrast media. A vast number of publications are available regarding the use of contrast media in humans. The purpose of this paper is to assist practicing veterinary radiologists in understanding mechanisms of MR contrast enhancement. This paper reviews certain aspects of MR contrast enhancement, including physical, chemical and biologic characteristics of most common MR contrast media targeted primarily at the central nervous system (CNS). Authors also describe processes that explain changes in signal intensity on the MR images.
Joint estimation of Stokes images and aberrations from phase-diverse polarimetric measurements

The technique of phase diversity has been used in traditional incoherent imaging systems to jointly estimate an object and optical system aberrations. This paper extends the technique of phase diversity to polarimetric imaging systems. Specifically, we describe penalized-likelihood methods for jointly estimating Stokes images and optical system aberrations from measurements that contain phase diversity. Jointly estimating Stokes images and optical system aberrations involves a large parameter space. A closed-form expression for the estimate of the Stokes images in terms of the aberration parameters is derived and used in a formulation that reduces the dimensionality of the search space to the number of aberration parameters only. We compare the performance of the joint estimator under both quadratic and edge-preserving regularization; we also compare the performance of the reduced parameter search strategy to the full parameter search strategy under quadratic regularization. The joint estimator with edge-preserving regularization yields higher fidelity polarization estimates than with quadratic regularization. With the reduced parameter search strategy, accurate aberration estimates can be obtained without recourse to regularization “tuning.”
Electromagnetic Image Formation with Holograms of Arbitrary Shape

A diffraction-limited, electromagnetic theory of image formation is presented for a point-reference hologram whose recording arrangement consists of a surface of arbitrary shape, a point-reference source, and the object. The hologram is illuminated by a spherical electromagnetic wave during reconstruction. The electromagnetic hologram is assumed to have recorded two components of the field scattered from the object so that the vector field is completely reconstructed. The vector hologram is modeled by electric and magnetic surface currents determined from the irradiance of each of two orthogonal components of the object field on the film. The image field is described by a dyadic kernel, the system response to a point object, which is related to the scalar kernel by Π(r,r′) = DK(r,r′), where D is the dyadic operator D= (I+k−2∇∇). It is shown that the conjugate-image field produced by a point-reference electromagnetic hologram approximates the field produced by the ideal system, which forms the image of a point object by launching a spherically converging wave.
Therapeutic effects of S-35-thiouracil in balb/c mice carrying harding-passey melanoma

Thiouracil (TU) selectively binds to the pigment melanin during melanogenesis and is rapidly cleared from normal tissues. This compound shows little affinity for pre-formed melanin. BALB/c mice, carrying the subcutaneously transplanted Harding-Passey melanoma, were given i.p. injections of 35S-labeled thiouracil in a range of doses and administration schedules. Injected doses ranged from 1.3 to 10 mCi per mouse with resultant tumor dose rates of 10 to 30 cGy/hr, respectively. At the lower dose rates, growth delay of approximately 1 to 2 weeks was observed in all tumors. At the highest doses used, complete tumor regression (no regrowth) was observed in some cases, with extended growth delays of approximately 6 weeks in the rest. These results illustrate the possible utility of radiolabeled thiouracil as a systemically administered brachytherapy agent for melanoma.
EPP in T: More controversial subjects

. This paper has two goals. First, it provides a solution to an important and particularly recalcitrant problem regarding non-control infinitival complements of derived nouns, which have been argued to provide independent motivation for the retention of the EPP in T. Second, it presents an unnoted problem regarding the elimination of the EPP in infinitival complements of underived nouns, proposing an analysis for them that need not appeal to the EPP in T. To reach these goals, this paper appeals to: (i) an approach to null complementizers as affixes that require specific kinds of hosts, as proposed in Boskovic and Lasnik 2003 (building on, but modifying certain aspects of the foundational analysis in Pesetsky 1991 and Stowell 1981); and (ii) an argument (based on Ormazabal 1995) that non-control infinitival complements to nouns are CPs headed by an affixal null C.
The Direct Determination of Mercury in Whole Blood and Serum

Abstract Despite the widespread use of mercury concentrations in blood in the evaluation of human exposure to mercury, little work has been done to establish a “normal” range of concentrations. Published experimental results have indicated that the correlation between mercury exposure and concentration in blood is not firmly established.1 The correlation depended strongly on the chemical form of the mercury exposure, among other things. Whole blood and its components, red blood cells (RBCs), plasma and serum, have been studied in attempts to elucidate the metabolism of mercury in the human body.
Effects of low frequency continuous muscle vibration on learning and transfer of a knee joint positioning task

The use of continuous low frequency vibration has been shown to improve perception of limb motion under certain conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether practice combined with continuous low frequency vibration could be used to enhance learning and subsequent transfer of a knee joint positioning task. Absolute and constant error were compared between a Control group, that did not receive vibration during practice and an Experimental group, that received 15Hz vibration on the quadriceps tendon during each practice trial. Both groups were able to reduce absolute and constant error with practice but vibration had no impact on learning or transfer. These findings indicate that subjects effectively ignore the vibration induced input instead of using it in a beneficial way to augment the sensory input associated with limb motion. This suggests that the vibration induced haptic input may be down weighted by the sensory motor system such that ongoing movement was not disrupted. It is possible that vibration may only be useful when the haptic input generated by vibration is meaningfully related to the task.
Significance of Formative Time Lags in Gaseous Breakdown

Delineating formative time lag studies of gaseous breakdown as conventionally carried out, this type of investigation is analyzed as it applies to two breakdown types. These are (1) the breakdown thresholds set by the generic Townsend relation, in many instances difficult to detect, but for which time scales observed delineate the well-established atom physical mechanisms active; (2) the more dramatic transient spark-like breakdowns, involving appearance of negative resistance characteristics caused by alterations of the gas, the electrodes, or space charge disposition of an unpredictable character. On this basis, the various breakdown phenomena known are listed and characterized as to their amenability to profitable time lag studies. It is further indicated that in contrast to time lag studies, the fast oscilloscopic analysis of breakdowns delineating transient current, potential, and luminosity as a function of space and time can prove invaluable and areas requiring this type of analysis are indicated.
Predictors of frequent emergency department use among patients with psychiatric illness.

Abstract Objective To identify the patient characteristics associated with frequent emergency department (ED) use and develop a tool to predict risk for returning in the next month. Method Prospective cohort study of 863 adults with psychiatric illness presenting to one of four general hospital EDs. ED visits and relevant clinical information in the year before and one month after the index visit were abstracted. Results One hundred sixty-seven of the patients (19%) were considered frequent users. Characteristics associated with frequent user status were homelessness, cocaine-positive toxicology screen, Medicare insurance, a personality disorder and hepatobiliary disease (all P Conclusions Psychiatric patients with frequent ED use are a heterogeneous group, but there are specific target conditions which, if confirmed, may facilitate reduced ED use and be replaced by more appropriate treatment.
Determination of Dinocap in Apples, Grapes, and Pears Using A Solid Phase Extraction Cleanup and HPLC-UV Detection

Abstract A solid phase extraction (SPE) technique for the isolation and HPLC-UV determination of the pesticide dinocap in apples, grapes and pears is described. Samples are extracted with acetone; the acetone extract is subjected to cleanup on both C-18 and silica SPE columns. The residues are determined using HPLC with a UV detector. The average recovery from crop samples spiked at tolerance, 0.1 ppm dinocap, was 85.9%.
Chronic dysphonia secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Diagnosis using simultaneous dual-probe prolonged pH monitoring

Summary The association of chronic dysphonia with gastroesophageal reflux has been reported in the otalaryngologic literature; unfortunately, these reports are primarily anecdotal. Because of the difficulty in documenting reflux, patients are often left without a definitive diagnosis or therapy. The purpose of this paper is to report on an objective method of documenting gastroesophageal reflux disease by using ambulatory esophageal and hypopharyngeal pH monitoring. 70% of the subjects who underwent simultaneous dual-probe pH monitoring evidenced reflux in the hypopharynx in both an upright and supine position. All of the subjects had erythema of the arytenoid cartilages on indirect examination; so this appears to be of clinical diagnostic significance.
Effects of Implanted and Injected Pesticides and Fertilizers on the Survival of Adelges tsugae (Homoptera: Adelgidae) and on the Growth of Tsuga canadensis

Studies in a forest of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, in Connecticut showed that Mauget injections of bidrin and oxydemetonmethyl and CSI implants of acephate in May caused significant mortality of the spring generation of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, present at that time (93-98%) and significant mortality of the subsequent summer generation 5 mo later (60-88%). Injections and implants of fertilizer (alone or in combination with pesticides) significantly enhanced the survival of the adelgid generation present at the time of treatment and significantly reduced the effectiveness of the pesticides. However, survival of the subsequent generation of A. tsugae 5 mo after treahllent was no higher on fertilized hemlocks than on untreated controls. Because the survival of A. tsugae is inversely density-dependent, the higher adelgid mortality on fertilized hemlocks after 5 mo probably reflected the higher population densities on those trees that resulted from enhanced adelgid survival during the previous generation. Hemlock growth and foliage color were not improved by either method of fertilization. On the contrary, fertilized trees produced significantly less new growth and showed greater adelgid-induced injury after 14 wk than did the untreated hemlocks because of the increased adelgid densities. The greatest biomass of new growth was produced on hemlocks in which injections or implants of pesticides had significantly reduced adelgid population densities. Injected and implanted pesticides and fertilizers were readily translocated throughout the crown of these lightly infested hemlocks regardless of their size and age. However, the ability of hemlocks to trans locate these materials may become severely impaired as trees become more heavily infested and more severely injured by A. tsugae .
One-portal endoscopically assisted fasciotomy for exertional compartment syndrome

A newly described method of single-incision endoscopically assisted fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome is outlined. The procedure affords a small 2- to 3-cm incision with visualization of the anterior compartment fascia, lateral compartment fascia, superficial peroneal nerve, perforating vessels, and underlying muscle. The single-portal endoscopically assisted fasciotomy for chronic exertional compartment syndrome in the anterior and lateral compartments of the lower leg is a safe and reliable technique with excellent outcomes and patient satisfaction. Moreover, this technique affords the patient an expeditious recovery because of the small incision and decreased soft tissue trauma throughout the lower leg.
Palaeomagnetism of some Late Cretaceous and Miocene igneous rocks on Jamaica

Summary. In order to contribute to the resolution of the problem of the plate tectonic character of the Caribbean, a palaeomagnetic study has been carried out on some Jamaican igneous rocks. Sixteen Late Cretaceous intrusives and lavas and one Late Miocene lava sampled in five sites have been investigated. Because of widespread maghaemitization of the predominantly large-grained deuteric class 1 titanomagnetites, some difficulty was experienced in identifying stable directions of magnetization in the Cretaceous rock units. Using thermal demagnetization technique, two distinct directions of magnetization were obtained, significantly different from those observed in contemporaneous North American rocks. Nine units yield a palaeomagnetic pole at 143.8OW, 44.1°N, referred to as 'normal', while seven units yield 'equatorial' poles situated both east and west of Jamaica. It is not possible to decide which of the two directions of magnetization reflects the Late Cretaceous geomagnetic field in Jamaica, but from other evidence they appear to merit palaeotectonic interpretation. They are consistent with the plate tectonic behaviour of the Caribbean since Late Cretaceous and its motion from the southwest relative to the present day frame of reference, with a simultaneous large anticlockwise horizontal rotation of Jamaica. Late Miocene lavas, containing high-coercivity magnetic material, yield closely grouped directions giving a palaeopole at 152.4OW, 73.3ON, supporting the deductions made from the Cretaceous data.
Selenium metabolism, selenoproteins and mechanisms of cancer prevention: complexities with thioredoxin reductase

Numerous studies in animal models and more recent studies in humans have demonstrated cancer chemopreventive effects with Se. There is extensive evidence that monomethylated forms of Se are critical metabolites for chemopreventive effects of Se. Induction of apoptosis in transformed cells is an important chemopreventive mechanism. Apoptosis can be triggered by micromolar levels of monomethylated forms of Se independent of DNA damage and in cells having a null p53 phenotype. Cell cycle protein kinase cdk2 and protein kinase C are strongly inhibited by various forms of Se. Inhibitory mechanisms involving modification of cysteine residues in proteins by Se have been proposed that involve formation of Se adducts of the selenotrisulfide (S-Se-S) or selenenylsulfide (S-Se) type or catalysis of disulfide formation. Selenium may facilitate reactions of protein cysteine residues by the transient formation of more reactive S-Se intermediates. A novel chemopreventive mechanism is proposed involving Se catalysis of reversible cysteine/disulfide transformations that occur in a number of redox-regulated proteins, including transcription factors. A time-limited activation mechanism for such proteins, with deactivation facilitated by Se, would allow normalization of critical cellular processes in the early stages of transformation. There is uncertainty at the present time regarding the role of selenoproteins in chemoprevention model systems where supranutritional levels of Se are employed. Mammalian thioredoxin reductase is one selenoprotein that shows increased activity with Se supplementation in the nutritional to supranutritional range. Enhanced thioredoxin reduction could have beneficial effects in oxidative stress, but possible adverse effects are considered. Other functions of thioredoxin reductase may be relevant to cell signaling pathways. The functional status of the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system during in vivo chemoprevention with Se has not been established. Some in vitro studies have shown inhibitory effects of Se on the thioredoxin system correlated with growth inhibition by Se. A potential inactivating mechanism for thioredoxin reductase or other selenoenzymes involving formation of a stable diselenide form resistant to reduction is discussed. New aspects of Se biochemistry and possible functions of new selenoproteins in chemoprevention are described.
Attitudinal Differences between Graduate and Undergraduate Students in Introductory Marketing Classes

Forty-four statements about marketing were evaluated on a five-point Likert-type scale by MBA and undergraduate students taking introductory level marketing classes. Undergraduates tended to idealize marketing on ethical issues while both graduates and the undergraduates seemed to exhibit very positive attitudes toward marketing as a business force.
Developing a pain and palliative care programme at a US children's hospital.

Although a number of successful adult combined pain and palliative care programmes exist worldwide, integrated paediatric pain and palliative care services are rare. This article reviews epidemiology, definition, symptom prevalence and myths in paediatric palliative care. It then describes the development of the Pediatric Pain and Palliative Care Programme at the Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, USA. This paediatric service aims to control acute, chronic and recurrent pain in all in- and outpatients at the hospitals, with follow-up at home. The team also provides holistic, interdisciplinary care for children and teens with life-limiting or terminal diseases, and their families. It is the only paediatric hospice provider in the state of Minnesota. One of the advantages of an integrated Pain and Palliative Care Programme such as the one described in this article, may be the provision of care in a continuum from acute, chronic or recurrent pain to palliative care and hospice care. This example shows, that integrated paediatric pain medicine and palliative care programmes can be successfully implemented in a children’s hospital setting.
Complex dynamic features of a cooled reverse‐flow reactor

A reverse-flow reactor (RFR) usually attains a symmetric period-1 state, so that the temperature profile just after a flow reversal is a mirror image of that after the previous flow reversal. Recent simulations show that in certain cases a cooled RFR may attain other states with different types of periodicity or even complex quasi-periodic states. The maximum temperature of these states often exceeds that of the symmetric states so that it may deactivate the catalyst and/or lead to safety problems. A systematic, numerically efficient method is presented for constructing maps of parameter regions in which a cooled RFR has qualitatively different dynamic features. The technique is applied to determine the dependence of these dynamic features on the cooling capacity and flow-reversal period. Stable quasi-periodic and asymmetric period-1 states exist mainly for short flow-reversal periods. The quasi-periodic states usually exist for lower cooling capacities than those for which the asymmetric period-1 states exist. Stable symmetric and asymmetric period-1 states exist for the same set of parameters in very narrow regions of the parameter space. The behavior of the RFR in the limit of very fast flow reversals is usually modeled by a countercurrent flow reactor, with equal flow rates in the two compartments. This cooled reactor may attain asymmetric states for certain sets of parameters.
Team Structure and Success as Related to Cohesiveness and Leadership

Summary Based upon the structural characteristics associated with interacting teams, two hypotheses were tested. Hypothesis I predicted that both players and coaches of successful volleyball teams would perceive greater team cohesion. Hypothesis II, which was derived from Fiedler's (2) contingency model for leadership effectiveness, proposed that successful teams would be coached by leaders perceived to be task-oriented in style. Data analysis consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 (respondents × team success × level of skill) multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for the dependent variables of cohesion and leadership. Final sample was comprised of winning and losing players (n = 71) and head coaches (n = 8) within the two most highly competitive divisions of the Southern California Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Conference volleyball league. Both players and coaches responded to the same assessment instruments, Fiedler's (2) Group Atmosphere Scale and Least Preferred Co-worker Scale. Hypothesis I was confirmed....
Why do scala developers mix the actor model with other concurrency models

Mixing the actor model with other concurrency models in a single program can break the actor abstraction. This increases the chance of creating deadlocks and data races--two mistakes that are hard to make with actors. Furthermore, it prevents the use of many advanced testing, modeling, and verification tools for actors, as these require pure actor programs. This study is the first to point out the phenomenon of mixing concurrency models by Scala developers and to systematically identify the factors leading to it. We studied 15 large, mature, and actively maintained actor programs written in Scala and found that 80% of them mix the actor model with another concurrency model. Consequently, a large part of real-world actor programs does not use actors to their fullest advantage. Inspection of the programs and discussion with the developers reveal two reasons for mixing that can be influenced by researchers and library-builders: weaknesses in the actor library implementations, and shortcomings of the actor model itself.
Data stream linkage mechanism

Using a programming discipline called the Data Stream Linkage Mechanism (DSLM), a program can be built by linking program modules to form a network through which data passes. The network is specified by the program designer using a mixture of precoded and custom coded modules. This linkage technique and the capabilities that result from it constitute an approach to programming that is radically different from conventional techniques. It can increase the productivity of programmers and can result in programs that are easier to understand and to maintain. This paper gives examples based on a specific implementation of DSLM and describes some of the experience gained from the implementation over the last six years.
A rigorous statistical test for the existence of supermetallicity in F, G and K dwarfs

In this paper, the first statistically rigorous test is performed to determine whether there are dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood with [Fe/H] > +0.2 dex. The possibility that no such stars exist is rejected with a confidence limit exceeding 99.994 per cent. If the threshold value is raised to +0.38 dex, the corresponding hypothesis is rejected with a confidence limit of 98.5 per cent. It is tentatively found that this upper limit does not depend on the presence or absence of planets orbiting metal-rich stars. In a result that is unchanged from a previous paper, the upper limit for the known metallicities of giants is found to be about 0.2 dex lower than the limit for dwarfs. Stars that might be observed to improve the upper metallicity limit for dwarfs are listed.
Unassisted Isolated-pair Mating of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes

Female Anopheles mosquitoes usually mate only once, but mating is seldom seen in small containers containing only one female and male. Therefore, matings are often performed among many adults in large cages or by forced copulation. Isolated-pair mating of Anopheles gambiae G3 strain-derived mosquitoes without forced copulation in small vials is described. We observed that the experimental variables eye color and male number were significant factors in the mating frequency. Females mated more frequently when three males were present over only one male. White-eyed females were more likely to be mated than wild-eyed females, but wild males mated more frequently than did white-eyed males. Experiments were also conducted to determine when mating was occurring by using wild-eye-color mosquitoes in isolated pairs. Almost no matings were observed before day 6 rather than the frequencies typically observed after 1-2 d in standard large-cage matings among large numbers of adults.