cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 Algorithmic implications of the graph minor theorem

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the algorithmic ramifications of graph minor theorem and its consequences. Significantly, many of the tools used in the proof of the graph minor theorem can be applied to a very broad class of algorithmic problems. For example, Robertson and Seymour have obtained a relatively simple polynomial-time algorithm for the disjoint paths problem, a task that had eluded researchers for many years. Other applications include combinatorial problems from several domains, including network routing, utilization and design. Indeed, it is a critical measure of the value of the Graph Minor Theorem that so many applications are already known for it. Three types of the key notions employed in theorem are minors, obstructions and well-quasiorders. Kuratowski's theorem may be regarded as a characterization of planarity by means of excluded graphs, henceforth termed obstructions. Characterizations of this nature abound in combinatorial mathematics and optimization. Some familiar examples include the max-flow min-cut theorem, Seymour's description of the clutters with the max-flow min-cut property and Farkas' lemma.
Land, Custom and Practice in the South Pacific

Land, Custom and Practice in the South Pacific, R. Gerard Ward and Elizabeth Kingdon. eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 290 pp.
Induction of labor compared to dilation and evacuation for postmortem analysis

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the ability to obtain autopsy and cytogenetics after midtrimester termination. Methods A retrospective cohort study of women undergoing termination, via induction or dilation and evacuation (D&E), at 16 0/7–23 6/7 weeks was performed. Exclusion criteria were elective termination, preterm labor, PPROM, and no autopsy or cytogenetic exam performed. The ability to obtain cytogenetics and autopsy as well as complications rates were compared between the two groups with Chi-square tests. Results Of the 469 women who met the inclusion criteria, 158 had an induction and 312 had a DE however, there was no difference in major complications. Conclusions Midtrimester terminations by induction were more likely to have successful autopsies when compared with D&E. The ability to obtain cytogenetics was similar regardless of termination mode. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A description of shock attenuation for children running.

Abstract Context: A growing number of children are participating in organized sport activities, resulting in a concomitant increase in lower extremity injuries. Little is known about the impact generated when children are running or how this impact is attenuated in child runners. Objective: To describe shock attenuation characteristics for children running at different speeds on a treadmill and at a single speed over ground. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Eleven boys (age = 10.5 ± 0.9 years, height = 143.7 ± 8.3 cm, mass = 39.4 ± 10.9 kg) and 7 girls (age = 9.9 ± 1.1 years, height = 136.2 ± 7.7 cm, mass = 35.1 ± 9.6 kg) participated. Intervention(s): Participants completed 4 running conditions, including 3 treadmill (TM) running speeds (preferred, fast [0.5 m/s more than preferred], and slow [0.5 m/s less than preferred]) and 1 overground (OG) running speed. Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured leg peak impact acceleration (L...
Thermodynamic stability of archaeal histones.

The temperature, salt, and pH dependencies of unfolding of four recombinant (r) archaeal histones (rHFoB from the mesophile Methanobacterium formicicum, and rHMfA, rHMfB, and rHPyA1 from the hypert...
Time course of the attenuation effect of repeated antipsychotic treatment on prepulse inhibition disruption induced by repeated phencyclidine treatment

Antagonism of prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits produced by psychotomimetic drugs has been widely used as an effective tool for the study of the mechanisms of antipsychotic action and identifying potential antipsychotic drugs. Many studies have relied on the acute effect of a single administration of antipsychotics, whereas patients with schizophrenia are treated chronically with antipsychotic drugs. The clinical relevance of acute antipsychotic effect in this model is still an open question. In this study, we investigated the time course of repeated antipsychotic treatment on persistent PPI deficit induced by repeated phencyclidine (PCP) treatment. After a baseline test with saline, male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly injected with either vehicle, haloperidol (0.05mg/kg), clozapine (5.0 or 10.0mg/kg), olanzapine (2.0mg/kg), risperidone (1.0mg/kg) or quetiapine (10mg/kg), followed by PCP (1.5mg/kg, sc) and tested for PPI once daily for 6 consecutive days. A single injection of PCP disrupted PPI and this effect was maintained with repeated PCP injections throughout the testing period. Acute clozapine, but not other antipsychotic drugs, attenuated acute PCP-induced PPI disruption at both tested doses. With repeated treatment, clozapine and quetiapine maintained their attenuation, while risperidone enhanced its effect with a significant reduction of PCP-induced disruption toward the end of treatment period. In contrast, repeated haloperidol and olanzapine treatments were ineffective. The PPI effects of these drugs were more conspicuous at a higher prepulse level (e.g. 82dB) and were dissociable from their effects on startle response and general activity. Overall, the repeated PCP-PPI model appears to be a useful model for the study of the time-dependent antipsychotic effect, and may help identify potential treatments that have a quicker onset of action than current antipsychotics.
The role and specificity of the catalytic and regulatory cation binding sites of the NA+-pumping NADH:quinone oxidoreductase from vibrio cholerae

The Na+-translocating NADH:quinone oxidoreductase is the entry site for electrons into the respiratory chain and the main sodium pump in Vibrio cholerae and many other pathogenic bacteria. In this work, we have employed steady-state and transient kinetics, together with equilibrium binding measurements to define the number of cation-binding sites and characterize their roles in the enzyme. Our results show that sodium and lithium ions stimulate enzyme activity, and that Na+-NQR enables pumping of Li+, as well as Na+ across the membrane. We also confirm that the enzyme is not able to translocate other monovalent cations, such as potassium or rubidium. Although potassium is not used as a substrate, Na+-NQR contains a regulatory site for this ion, which acts as a nonessential activator, increasing the activity and affinity for sodium. Rubidium can bind to the same site as potassium, but instead of being activated, enzyme turnover is inhibited. Activity measurements in the presence of both sodium and lithium indicate that the enzyme contains at least two functional sodium-binding sites. We also show that the binding sites are not exclusively responsible for ion selectivity, and other steps downstream in the mechanism also play a role. Finally, equilibrium-binding measurements with 22Na+ show that, in both its oxidized and reduced states, Na+-NQR binds three sodium ions, and that the affinity for sodium is the same for both of these states.
Spatiotemporal factors and developmental changes in visual processes

Contrast sensitivity functions were measured in elderly and young persons for sinusoidal gratings that reversed phase by 180° at rates of 0.3 and 6.3 Hz. Elderly subjects showed less sensitivity than young subjects for spatial frequencies. Their sensitivity to high spatial frequencies declined faster as the rate of reversal increased. These changes in sensitivity with age indicate a differential increase in the integration time constants of transient and sustained channels.
Dynamical Downscaling Projections of Twenty-First-Century Atlantic Hurricane Activity: CMIP3 and CMIP5 Model-Based Scenarios

AbstractTwenty-first-century projections of Atlantic climate change are downscaled to explore the robustness of potential changes in hurricane activity. Multimodel ensembles using the phase 3 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3)/Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B (SRES A1B; late-twenty-first century) and phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5)/representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5; early- and late-twenty-first century) scenarios are examined. Ten individual CMIP3 models are downscaled to assess the spread of results among the CMIP3 (but not the CMIP5) models. Downscaling simulations are compared for 18-km grid regional and 50-km grid global models. Storm cases from the regional model are further downscaled into the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane model (9-km inner grid spacing, with ocean coupling) to simulate intense hurricanes at a finer resolution.A significant reduction in tropical storm frequency is projected for the CMIP3 ...
Renal Papillary Adenocarcinoma

Papillary adenocarcinoma of the kidney is an uncommon variant of renal tubular carcinoma, which on radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluation presents characteristically as a predominantly solid hypovascular or avascular mass. Surgery is required to distinguish this lesion from other solid renal lesions, which differs from the more common form of renal tubular carcinoma in several important respects.
Rate of third nerve palsy recovery following endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms

Endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms resulting in third nerve palsies has been proposed as an alternative to microsurgical clip ligation. Third nerve function recovery following endovascular treatment in a large patient population has not been evaluated. A literature search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases for third nerve palsies and endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms was performed. All reported patients in these studies were systematically compiled. Fifty-two patients with third nerve palsies secondary to cerebral aneurysms underwent endovascular treatment. Endovascular management resulted in some degree of third nerve recovery in 65% of patients. The extent of recovery was reported in 21 patients. Of these, 71% had complete recovery. At least two procedure-related third nerve palsies are reported in the literature. One was permanent. One case of recurrent painful palsy is also reported. Microsurgical clip ligation of cerebral aneurysms has a 93% rate of third nerve palsy recovery and a 43% rate of complete third nerve recovery. Endovascular management of cerebral aneurysms can alleviate third nerve palsies in some patients. In reviewing the world literature, however, microsurgical clip ligation is associated with a higher rate of third nerve recovery. Endovascular management, in the subset of patients in whom extent of recovery was documented, demonstrated a higher rate of complete recovery.
Integrating an understanding of brain development into early childhood education

Cet article decrit les efforts a ce jour d'un projet de cinq ans deja, entrepris par le Projet de Developpement sur le Cerveau mene par les Professeurs de l'Institut Erikson pour aider a s'assurer que les professeurs et les praticiens en education de la petite enfance comprennent et integrent la connaissance du cerveau a la connaissance du developpement prcoce. Pour etre plus exact, cet article presente des resultats d'une enquete et d'une etude d'un groupe d'interet a propos des interets et des besoins en matiere de connaissances des professeurs et des praticiens se consacrant a la petite enfance, le contenu et le processus des modules de ressource sur le cerveau et le developpement precoce concu pour etre utilises dans le cadre du programme des etudes en licence, en maitrise et en doctorat sur l'education precoce, et les activites de developpement intellectuel des professeurs entreprises pour faciliter l'inclusion de ce contenu dans le programme d'etudes actuel. Cet article decrit le besoin d'une structure integree qui reflete bien mieux la perspective biopsychosociale, et conclut avec des reflexions sur les defis que presente l'integration du developpement du cerveau dans la preparation des educateurs qui travailleront avec les nourrissons et les petits enfants.
Exploring Child Mortality Risks Associated with Diverse Patterns of Maternal Migration in Haiti.

Internal migration is a salient dimension of adulthood in Haiti, particularly among women. Despite the high prevalence of migration in Haiti, it remains unknown whether Haitian women’s diverse patterns of migration influence their children’s health and survival. In this paper, we introduce the concept of lateral (i.e., rural-to-rural, urban-to-urban) versus nonlateral (i.e., rural-to-urban, urban-to-rural) migration to describe how some patterns of mothers’ internal migration may be associated with particularly high mortality among children. We use the 2006 Haitian Demographic and Health Survey to estimate a series of discrete-time hazard models among 7,409 rural children and 3,864 urban children. We find that compared with their peers with nonmigrant mothers, children born to lateral migrants generally experience lower mortality, whereas those born to nonlateral migrants generally experience higher mortality. Although there are important distinctions across Haiti’s rural and urban contexts, these associations remain net of socioeconomic factors, suggesting they are not entirely attributable to migrant selection. Considering the timing of maternal migration uncovers even more variation in the child health implications of maternal migration; however, the results counter the standard disruption and adaptation perspective. Although future work is needed to identify the processes underlying the differential risk of child mortality across lateral versus nonlateral migrants, the study demonstrates that looking beyond rural-to-urban migration and considering the timing of maternal migration can provide a fuller, more complex understanding of migration’s association with child health.
Changing Perspectives in Foreign Language Education: Where Do We Come From? Where Are We Going?.

: New beginnings, such as the start of a new century — not to mention a new millennium — lead to reflection on our professional past and possible future. This article reminisces about the “good old days” in foreign language education and assesses changes that have taken place in language teaching since the 1960s. Using questions posed originally by Brecht (2001) regarding the future of foreign language education in the United States, the author offers her own perspectives and adds additional questions and issues the profession will have to deal with successfully to guarantee a valued place for foreign languages in our schools and postsecondary institutions.
An Interview with Steve Shadle

Bonnie Parks interviewed Steve Shadle, serials cataloger for University of Washington Libraries, in August 2002. In this interview Shadle provides a cataloger's perspective on the challenges he and other serials catalogers face in the organization and management of electronic and print serial titles. Serials Review 2002; 28:321–326.
Military Family Advocacy: A Status Report

In the past decade, issues posed by child and spouse abuse have become a national concern, shared by the armed forces. This article traces the development of the military family advocacy movement, from mounting public concern about child abuse and neglect to establishment of formal programs in the services, under guidance from the Department of Defense. Individual services are now working to expand and coordinate their family advocacy efforts. Program policies are being issued and modified, and training directed toward personnel who deal with these issues.
Dental cements: a comparison of properties

An analysis of various types of dental cements from the standpoint of minimiz­ ing patient discomfort indicates that zinc oxide-eugenol cement is decidedly su­ perior. Although the solubility of this cement is low and its initial*adaptation to the cavity walls unusually good, its low strength and lack of resistance to abra­ sion confine its use to restorations not involving high stress or attrition. Al­ though silicate or silico-phosphate ce­ ments are superior to zinc phosphate in terms of strength, solubility and the anticariogenic effect from the fluoride pres­ ent, greater acidity and inferior handling characteristics limit their use. Use of a cavity varnish with ,zinc phosphate ce­ ment may minimize subsequent pulpal injury and discomfort.
Propagation of Errors in Tristimulus Colorimetry

The uncertainty ellipse equation is developed for the general case of propagation of errors in tristimulus colorimetry, where spectral tristimulus values as well as spectral radiance factors are deemed uncertain. Two applications are presented as special cases. In the first, uncertainty in chromaticity coordinates for spectrum colors, uncertainties of spectral tristimulus values are based on the CIE standard observer system and the 2°- and 10°-field systems derived from Stiles’ data by Judd and Kelly. In the second, uncertainties in chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent light sources, uncertainties in spectral emittances are based on five sets of data for one source. It is important that an international standard-observer system be specified not only by mean tristimulus values of the spectrum but also by their variances; otherwise the significance of the departure of an individual experimental datum from that by the standard observer cannot be assessed.
SOME CONJECTURES ABOUTL p NORMS OF K-PLANE TRANSFORMS

For 1≤k≤n-1, the k-plane transformTk,n carries functionsf defined onRn to functionsTk,nf defined on the set of affine k-planes inRn. It is known thatTk,n mapsLp intoLq for certain values ofp andq. In this article we formulate conjectures for the exact values of the norm of theTk,n, and state also a conjecture asserting that theLq norm ofTk,nf changes monotonically whenf is replaced by its symmetric decreasing rearrangement.
Multiple Masculinities?: Teenage Boys Talk about Jocks and Gender

Through interviews with 20 teenage boys at two high schools, the author examines the ways in which boys from different school subcultures engage with the most dominantly masculine of the school's peer groups—the Jocks. The author investigates how boys from less “masculine” groups maintain a sense of self as masculine. The boys do this by reworking meanings of group membership and gendered identity to include masculinized attributes associated with Jocks, such as competence, heterosexual success, and dominance. These findings indicate that a simplistic deployment of the “multiple masculinities” model may miss some of the ways gender works in a given setting. The author argues that typologies overlook the complex ways in which masculinity is discursively manipulated so that even boys who are understood as less masculine within a school's social hierarchy maintain or create a sense of self as recognizably masculine.
The Effect of Pregnancy on the Murmurs of Mitral and Aortic Regurgitation

The effect of pregnancy on the intensity of murmurs of aortic and mitral regurgitation has not been reported previously. Twenty-five women with these murmurs, singly or in combination, were examined when pregnant as well as when not pregnant. During pregnancy the murmur of aortic regurgitation decreased in intensity or became inaudible in 10 patients, remained unchanged in four, and increased in one. The murmur of mitral regurgitation decreased in intensity or became inaudible in eight patients, became shorter in duration in two, was unchanged in three, and became louder in one. Three of the patients who did not show a decrease in intensity of the mitral or aortic regurgitation murmur and the patient whose murmurs increased during pregnancy had the appearance or persistence of systemic hypertension during pregnancy. Phenylephrine consistently increased the loudness of the murmurs, usually to the level present in the nonpregnant state. The diminished intensity of these murmurs may be related to the decrease in peripheral resistance known to occur during pregnancy. It is apparent that (1) aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation may be missed during pregnancy, since these murmurs may become inaudible, and (2) the severity of these cardiac lesions may be underestimated clinically because of a decrease in intensity of these murmurs during pregnancy. It is important to determine the existence of valvular heart disease, since endocarditis is a hazard during parturition, and prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be given to these patients.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type B (GABAB) Receptor Agonists as Gastroesophageal Reflux Inhibitors

We have previously demonstrated that the prototypical GABAB receptor agonist baclofen inhibits transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs), the most important mechanism for gastroesophageal reflux. Thus, GABAB agonists could be exploited for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, baclofen, which is used as an antispastic agent, and other previously known GABAB agonists can produce CNS side effects such as sedation, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting at higher doses. We now report the discovery of atypical GABAB agonists devoid of classical GABAB agonist related CNS side effects at therapeutic doses and the optimization of this type of compound for inhibition of TLESRs, which has resulted in a candidate drug (R)-7 (AZD3355) that is presently being evaluated in man.
639 THE EFFECTS OF FORMULA (F) COMPOSITION AND VOLUME ON GASTRIC EMPTYING PATTERNS (GEP) IN THE PRETERM INFANT (PI)

639 THE EFFECTS OF FORMULA (F) COMPOSITION AND VOLUME ON GASTRIC EMPTYING PATTERNS (GEP) IN THE PRETERM INFANT (PI)
Electrochemical hydrogenation of ethylene at well-defined Pt(100) and Pt(111) surfaces

Abstract Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of ethylene has been studied at well-defined Pt(100) and Pt(111) and polycrystalline Pt surfaces in conventional and thin-layer cells in aqueous solution. A strongly adsorbed hydrocarbon layer forms spontaneously when clean Pt surfaces are exposed to ethylene solution. Reduction of the adsorbed material and ethylene from solution is sensitive only to the number of Pt surface atoms present and not to the crystallo-graphic orientation of the surface. Analysis of electrode rate data suggests that reduction follows two parallel paths of comparable rate. In one pathway chemisorbed ethylene accepts electrons from the electrode and protons from the solution, while in the other pathway non-adsorbed ethylene acquires H-atoms from adsorption sites (or adsorbed species) at the electrode surface.
Discrete element method modeling of bi-convex pharmaceutical tablets: Contact detection algorithms and validation

Abstract Various algorithms have been presented in the literature for contact detection between three-dimensional bi-convex objects, such as pharmaceutical tablets. Most are approximations to true bi-convex shapes, e.g., glued spheres, sphere-intersections, sphero-cylinders, and super-ellipsoids, and others, such as the discrete function representation, are computationally expensive. In this paper, algorithms are presented for determining if two, true bi-convex tablets, or a bi-convex tablet and an infinite plane, are in contact. A bi-convex tablet has two spherical caps and a cylindrical band. In all, ten contact scenarios are examined involving all components of the tablets, i.e., caps, band, and edges. In addition to checking for contact, relations for determining the contact location, overlap, and unit normal vector for the contact are presented for use in discrete element method computer simulations. These algorithms have been validated for single and multiple tablet scenarios: (a) comparing translational and angular velocities of a single bi-convex tablet impacting a flat plane, (b) comparing the fill fractions of bi-convex tablets in a container, and (c) comparing the dynamic angle of repose of bi-convex tablets in a rotating drum.
Assessing And Managing Risk In The Public Sector: An Urban Hazardous Waste Landfill

: This paper examines how risk was assessed and managed at the Adams Center Hazardous Waste Landfill in Fort Wayne, Indiana. The landfill is one of 21. federally licensed hazardous waste landfills in the United States. Like a majority of these landfills, Adams Center evolved out of an existing sanitary, nonhazardous landfill. The process used to transform the Adams Center landfill was deficient in considering technical and cultural factors in risk assessment and in providing a forum where these differences could be addressed and where issues of risk mitigation and compensation could be discussed. The landfill operators are facing strong opposition in their attempt to expand. The author suggests alternative models for assessing and managing the risks of hazardous waste that would more broadly represent affected interests in decision making and produce a more comprehensive definition of risk and a more integral focus on risk mitigation and compensation.
Dynamic IS curves with and without money: An international comparison

Abstract When money is added to a dynamic IS model, evidence from six countries indicates that money growth usually helps predict the GDP gap and that the predictive power of a short-term real interest is much weaker than previous work suggests. Thus, for dynamic IS models such as that used by Rudebusch, G.D., Svensson, L.E.O. [1999. Policy rules and inflation targeting. In: Taylor, J.B. (Ed.), Monetary Policy Rules. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 203–246; 2002. Eurosystem monetary targeting: lessons from US data. European Economic Review 46, 417–442], the omission of money appears to come at a high cost.
Improvements in illness self-management and psychological distress associated with telemonitoring support for adults with diabetes

Abstract Objective The objective of this observational open label trial was to characterize changes in diabetes self-management and psychological distress associated with a mobile health (mHealth) interactive voice response (IVR) self-management support program. Methods For 3–6 months, 301 patients with diabetes received weekly IVR calls assessing health status and self-care and providing tailored pre-recorded self-management support messages. Patients could participate together with an informal caregiver who received suggestions on self-management support, and patients' clinicians were notified automatically when patients reported significant problems. Results Patients completed 84% of weekly calls, providing 5682 patient-weeks of data. Thirty-nine percent participated with an informal caregiver. Outcome analyses adjusted for study design factors and sociodemographics indicated significant pre–post improvement in medication adherence, physical functioning, depressive symptoms, and diabetes-related distress (all p values p values Conclusions We conclude that the combined program of automated telemonitoring, clinician notification, and informal caregiver involvement was associated with consistent improvements in medication adherence, diabetes self-management behaviors, physical functioning, and psychological distress. A randomized controlled trial is needed to verify these encouraging findings.
Hall-thermopower sign anomaly in chalcogenide glasses

Recent models for the electronic structure of multicomponent chalcogenide glasses have led to the conclusion that the Fermi level is essentially pinned near the center of the gap by a relatively low-energy defect center. Expressions for the conductivity, thermoelectric power, and Hall coefficient of these glasses are calculated within such a model. When the effective mass of holes in the valence band is larger than that of electrons in the conduction band, it is found that a $p$-type thermopower and an $n$-type Hall coefficient can coexist over a wide temperature range, an anomaly which has been reported for a variety of glasses. In addition, the model explains several salient features of the transport coefficients measured in some of these glasses.
Suppression of basal and stimulated noradrenergic activities by the dopamine agonist bromocriptine in man

This study was designed to determine the effects of dopaminergic receptor stimulation on basal and stimulated catecholamine release in man. Five normal white male volunteer subjects were studied in metabolic balance at constant 150-meq sodium, 60-meq potassium intake and then daily for 8 days on an isocaloric constant diet of 10 meq sodium and 60 meq potassium/day in each of two separate protocols. In one protocol, the subjects received the dopamine agonist bromocriptine for 14 days before and during the study; in the other protocol, placebo was substituted for bromocriptine. During normal sodium intake, bromocriptine suppressed supine plasma norepinephrine concentrations from 193 +/- 10 to 159 +/- 9 pg/ml (P = 0.01). Dietary sodium depletion increased supine plasma norepinephrine concentrations in subjects taking placebo from 193 +/- 10 to 229 +/- 10 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). Bromocriptine prevented the supine plasma norepinephrine response to sodium depletion. After discontinuation of bromocriptine treatment, supine plasma norepinephrine concentrations returned to placebo control values. Upright posture stimulated an increase in plasma norepinephrine concentrations from 193 +/- 10 to 419 +/- 30 pg/ml (P = 0.0001) during normal sodium intake, and bromocriptine suppressed this response from 419 +/- 30 to 286 +/- 29 pg/ml (P = 0.004). Dietary sodium depletion enhanced the plasma norepinephrine response to upright posture, and bromocriptine markedly suppressed this enhancement. After discontinuation of bromocriptine treatment, supine and upright plasma norepinephrine concentrations returned to placebo control values. Bromocriptine induced a parallel downward shift in the inverse hyperbolic relationship between the plasma norepinephrine concentration and urinary sodium excretion in erect subjects, and decreased overnight urinary norepinephrine excretion in supine subjects from 1.1 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 ng/h (P = 0.0002). No consistent effects of bromocriptine on plasma epinephrine or dopamine concentrations were observed. The results of this study strongly suggest an inhibitory action of dopamine receptor stimulation by bromocriptine on basal and stimulated norepinephrine output at noradrenergic nerve terminals in the central nervous system and/or the periphery.
Free and free abelian Euler–Satake characteristics of nonorientable 2-orbifolds

Abstract We compute the Γ -sectors and Γ -Euler–Satake characteristic of a closed, effective 2-dimensional orbifold Q where Γ is a free or free abelian group. Using this information, we determine a family of orbifolds such that the complete collection of Γ -Euler–Satake characteristics associated to free and free abelian groups determines the number and type of singular points of Q as well as the Euler characteristic of the underlying space. Additionally, we show that any collection of these groups whose Euler–Satake characteristics determine this information contains both free and free abelian groups of arbitrarily large rank. It follows that the collection of Euler–Satake characteristics associated to free and free abelian groups constitute a finer orbifold invariant than the collection of Euler–Satake characteristics associated to free groups or free abelian groups alone.
Multiple forms of acetylcholinesterase and their distribution in endplate and non-endplate regions of rat diaphragm muscle.

The properties of the cholinesterase activity in homogenates of whole rat diaphragm and of innervated (+EP) and non-innervated (−EP) regions of the muscle have been investigated. Under standard assay conditions, over 90% of the cholinesterase activity of whole muscle homogenates was due to specific acetylcholinesterases. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase was higher in +EP regions of muscle than in −EP regions. About 40% of the total activity was calculated to be specifically associated with the endplates. When a high speed supernatant fraction of muscles homogenized in 1 M NaCl, 0.5% Triton X-100 was subjected to velocity sedimentation in a sucrose gradient, and three species of acetylcholinesterase activity with sedimentation constants of 4 S, 10 S and 16 S were observed. All three forms were stable under the conditions of sedimentation and had buoyant densities of approximately 1.28. All three hydrolyzed β-methylacetylcholine at approximately 30% the rate that acetylcholine was hydrolyzed. The 10 S and 16 S forms were inhibited by concentrations of acetylcholine over 1.25 mM, but no substrate inhibition was observed with the 4 S enzyme. Velocity sedimentation of extracts from +EP and −EP regions of muscle demonstrated that the 4 S and 10 S forms of the enzyme were distributed throughout the muscle while the 16 S form was found only in +EP regions. Extracts of the phrenic nerve contained only 4 S and 10 S forms. Thus, the 16 S form of acetylcholinesterase is specifically associated with endplate regions of muscle and may correspond to the endplate enzyme. Seven days after denervation of the diaphragm, both endplate-specific cholinesterase activity and the cholinesterase activity in −EP regions of muscle were decreased. Although the activity of all three forms of acetylcholinesterase were decreased in denervated muscle, the largest proportional decrease occurred in the activity of the 16 S form.
Modelling and measurement of residue particle formation during pressure reduction

Abstract When a vacuum system containing particle free, cleanroom air is pumped down from atmospheric pressure to produce a vacuum, the gas in the chamber expands and cools to cause water vapor condensation and droplet formation. Experiments have been performed to show that a stable aerosol of submicrometer residue particles on the order of 0.2 μm are formed when the water droplets have subsequently re-evaporated. The residue particles are spherical in shape and appear to contain mainly sulfuric acid. The theoretical and experimental studies conducted strongly suggest that the main steps involved in the residue particle formation process are: (1) simultaneous absorption of SO2 and H2O2 in the ppb range from the air into the water droplets during pump down, (2) concentration of SO2 and H2O2 in the liquid when the droplets re-evaporate, and (3) oxidation of SO2 by H2O2 in the concentrated liquid solution during the final period of evaporation to produce stable residue particles of H2SO4. The mathematical model developed gives results that are consistent with the experimental observations.
Magnetism of surfaces and interfaces

Recent experimental advances in the study of surfaces have raised important questions about our fundamental understanding of these phenomena. One important consequence of this has been the development of theoretical/computational methods for accurately determining the electronic structure and properties of surfaces and interfaces. This talk reports on theoretical determinations of the magnetic properties of free surfaces [e.g., Ni(110)] and overlayers [e.g., Ni on Cu(001)] based on self‐consistent spin polarized energy band determinations of the energy dispersion and spatial character of surface states. Particular attention is paid to surface state effects on surface spin polarization, magnetic moments, and exchange splittings. Detailed results of charge and spin densities and layer projected density of states are presented. Comparisons are made to relevant photo‐emission and other experiments, the nonexistence of magnetically ’’dead’’ layers is described, and comparisons with earlier results1 on coherent modulated Cu/Ni structures are given.
Retrieval Practice as a Means of Primary Learning: Socrates Had the Right Idea

In a recent publication, investigators examined the ways in which learners most effectively acquired new knowledge. The authors found that students achieved the most meaningful and long-lasting learning through retrieval practice, a method consisting of taking tests on the curricular material covered as part of the primary learning activity. The findings from this study may be useful in enhancing the ways that we prepare our surgical trainees. Further, these data have important implications as we consider our own processes for lifelong learning.
The role of program structure in software maintenance

Abstract A number of claims have been made by the developers of program design methodologies, including the claim that the code produced by following the methodologies will be more understandable and more easily maintained than code produced in other ways. However, there has been little empirical research to test these claims. In this study, student and professional programmers were asked to make either simple or complex modifications to programs that had been generated using each of three different program structures. Data on the programmers' modification performance, cognitive representations formed of the programs and subjective reactions to the programs suggested that problem structure (as created by the different methodologies), problem content, complexity of modification, and programmer experience all play a crucial role in determining performance and the representation formed.
Families, the invisible axion, and domain walls

Abstract We consider models in which the unbroken discrete subgroup of a Peccei-Quinn symmetry may be effectively embedded in the rest of the continuous symmetry group to avoid the formation of domain walls. In this context we may gain insight into the family question. We note that instantons in an unbroken “hypercolor” group might be used to reduce the size of the discrete symmetry or to eliminate it altogether.
Disseminated malignant melanoma and recombinant interferon: analysis of seven consecutive phase II investigations.

We have performed seven phase II trials with recombinant interferons (IFN) involving 191 patients with biopsy- proved, measurable disseminated malignant melanoma. The regimens and numbers of patients have included IFN-α2A, 50 × 10 6 U/m 2 subcutaneous (SQ) TIW (regimen A, 31 patients); IFN-α2A, 12 × 10 6 U/m 2 SQ TIW (regimen B, 30 patients); IFN-α2A with cimetidine as an immunorestorative agent (regimen C, 35 patients); IFN-γ (regimen E, 29 patients); IFN-α2A with IFNγ (Regimen E, 20 patients); IFN-α2A with bis-chioroethylnitrosourea (BCNU) (regimen F, 30 patients); and IFN-α2A with the biochemical modulator, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) (regimen G, 16 patients). The objective regression rates were as follows: A, 23%; B, 20%; C, 23%; D, 10%; E, 5%; F, 7%; G, 0%. Despite the higher response rate from regimen A, there appeared to be no survival advantage from any of these programs. The median time to progression was 1 month with a median survival time of 6 months. Most regressions involved soft tissue disease, were partial, and occurred within 2–3 months of treatment. Four patients received IFN for approximately 6 months and have manifested extraordinarily durable regressions of > 4+ years. The α-regimens produced a flu-type illness and anorexia which were dose-related. Leukopenia was most noteworthy with regimens containing γ-interferon. Ongoing trials involving alternative and improved immune-related modalities are awaited with keen interest.
Relationship between breast cancer risk factors and mammographic breast density in the Fernald Community Cohort

Relationship between breast cancer risk factors and mammographic breast density in the Fernald Community Cohort
When I Write My Masterpiece: Thoughts On What Makes A Paper Interesting

This article reflects on academic papers and what makes them interesting. The author believes academic papers are like rock and roll bands: whether an audience finds them interesting is a matter of...
Organic Vapors at Underground Gasoline Tank Removal Sites

Abstract Leaking underground fuel storage tanks are a major public health concern of the 1980s. The discovery of these leaking tanks and the potential for groundwater contamination prompted legislation which requires monitoring of existing tanks and removal of those tanks found leaking. In San Diego County, the removal of an underground storage tank is witnessed by a Hazardous Materials Specialist (HMS). The HMS and the tank contractor (TC) who actually conducts the tank removal are both subject to exposure to organic vapors during this work activity. To investigate the organic vapors at gasoline tank removal sites, breathing zone and general air samples are collected on large (400/200 mg) charcoal tubes. Breathing zone samples were collected for both HMSs and TCs. General air samples were collected upwind and downwind from the site, three meters deep in the excavation and directly above the excavation at grade. Five gasoline tank removal sites were sampled. The samples were analyzed for pentane, n-hexane...
Current pharmacotherapy for cholestatic liver disease

Importance of the field: The cholestatic liver diseases comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders which, left untreated, usually progresses to cirrhosis and liver failure. Most are recognized before the onset of advanced fibrosis, thereby affording an opportunity for disease modifying therapy. Areas covered: This review will cover the current pharmacologic management of the most common causes of cholestatic liver disease in adults, including primary biliary cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis-autoimmune hepatitis overlap syndrome, primary sclerosing cholangitis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, intestinal failure-associated liver disease, and immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis. Pharmacologic management of complications of cholestasis will also be reviewed. Expert opinion: Effective therapy for most cholestatic liver disease is lacking. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) slows the progression of primary biliary cirrhosis but the majority of patients do not have a full response. Even in those with a...
The Reporting of Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault by Nonstrangers to the Police

We examine the effects of the gender of the victim and offender and their relationship to each other on whether sexual and physical assaults are reported to the police. We also examine the reasons victims give for not reporting assaults and whether reporting patterns have changed over time. The analyses are based on a sample of 6,291 physical assaults and 1,787 sexual assaults from the National Violence Against Women Survey. The results suggest that victims are just as likely to report domestic assaults as they are to report assaults by other people they know. Male victims are particularly reluctant to report assaults by their intimate partners, whereas third parties are particularly unlikely to report assaults by partners of either gender. Sexual assaults, particularly those that involve acquaintances, are less likely to be reported. These patterns have not changed since the 1960s.
Geodata fusion study by the Open Geospatial Consortium

Making new connections in existing data is a powerful method to gain understanding of the world. Data fusion is not a new topic, but new approaches provide opportunities to enhance this ubiquitous process. Interoperability based on open standards is radically changing the classical domains of data fusion while inventing entirely new ways to discern relationships in data with little structure. Associations based on locations and times are of the most primary type. The Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) conducted a Fusion Standards study with recommendations implemented in testbeds. In the context of this study, Data Fusion was defined as: “the act or process of combining or associating data or information regarding one or more entities considered in an explicit or implicit knowledge framework to improve one’s capability (or provide a new capability) for detection, identification, or characterization of that entity”. Three categories were used to organize this study: Observation Fusion, Feature fusion, and Decision fusion. The study considered classical fusion as exemplified by the JDL and OODA models as well as how fusion is achieved by new technology such as web-based mash-ups and mobile Internet. The study considers both OGC standards as well open standards from other standards organizations. These technologies and standards aid in bringing structure to unstructured data as well as enabling a major new thrust in Decision Fusion.
Analysis of a Surface Antigen of Pneumocystis carinii

The 115 kd band in polyacrylamide gels is a major antigen of Pneumocystis carinii. Data obtained from treatment with enyzmes, binding to lectins, and labelling the surface with biotin suggest that this moiety is a glycoprotein containing mannosyl/glucosyl and N-acetylglucosamine residues, and that it is located on the cell wall of the organism. Other rat and human P. carinii antigens also are glycoproteins but differ in specific protein or carbohydrate residues or location on the organism.
Cytokines alter production of HIV-1 from primary mononuclear phagocytes

Some strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can infect primary monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. In this report, the effect of cytokines on the production of one of these strains that shows a tropism for mononuclear phagocytes, designated HIV-1JR-FL, was studied. Primary peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes infected with HIV-1JR-FL were treated with the hematopoietic factors: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN). The M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, and gamma-IFN were able to alter HIV-1 production under different conditions.
Evans antigen: a new hybrid structure occurring on background of D.. and D-- Rh complexes.

Background and Objectives: Previously, the Evans antigen (RH37) of the Rh blood group system was shown to be specified by a novel CE–D–CE hybrid gene. We studied further the heterogeneity of Evans and report here its new molecular type resulting from a novel intraexon fusion event on the background of D·· and D–– complexes. Materials and Methods: A white family with 2 Evans+ and 2 Evans– members was analyzed by serological methods and molecular techniques. Results: The Evans+ proband (JD) typed D+C–c–E–e– and showed a partial loss of RHCE but an increased dose of RHD on DNA blots. On sequencing of Rh cDNAs, a normal D and 3 hybrid transcripts were detected. The D–CE hybrid is characterized by a single breakpoint located in exon 6. The CE–D hybrid derived its exon 1 (or 1 and 2) from RHCE and exons 2–10 (or 3–10) from RHD. The CE–D–CE hybrid had its internal exons 2–7 (or 3–7) from RHD. Family studies showed that the D–CE and CE–D hybrids were linked and cotransmitted from JD to his son, whereas RHD and CE–D–CE hyrbid were transmitted from JD to his daugther. Conclusion: In this family, Evans is specified by the novel D–CE intraexon fusion gene which occurs in cis to CE–D and trans to CE–D–CE interexon fusion genes. The observed large duplication of RHD reflects a convergent mosaicism underlying the enhancement of D and ablation of CcEe antigens.
Design of a knowledge based system for inventory control, an OPS5 implementation

Abstract This paper introduces a knowledge based expert system designed to address the fundamental problem of inventory control (how much of an item to order and how often to order) faced by many managers. It provides implementation details about the structure of the system and its programming environment, OPS5.