cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The radial edifice of cortical architecture: from neuronal silhouettes to genetic engineering.

The developmental principles that establish the columnar edifice of the cerebral cortex underlie its evolution and dictate its physiological operations and cognitive capacity. This article contrasts the initial discoveries made by Ramon y Cajal and his contemporaries, based on the ingenious interpretation of neuronal shapes and their relationships using the Golgi method, with new insights based on the application of the most advanced methods of molecular biology and genetics. We can now propose a realistic model of how the sequence of gene expression, cascade of multiple molecular pathways and cell-cell interactions establish the number of neurons, guide their migration and allocation into proper regions and determine their differentiation into specific phenotypes that establish specific synaptic connections. The findings obtained from different levels of analyses sustain the radial unit hypothesis as a useful framework for understanding the mechanisms of cortical development and its evolution as an organ of thought.
HIF-1: mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia

All organisms can sense O2 concentration and respond to hypoxia with adaptive changes in gene expression. The large body size of mammals necessitates the development of multiple complex physiological systems to ensure adequate O2 delivery to all cells under normal conditions. The transcriptional regulator hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is an essential mediator of O2homeostasis. HIF-1 is required for the establishment of key physiological systems during development and their subsequent utilization in fetal and postnatal life. HIF-1 also appears to play a key role in the pathophysiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease, which represent the major causes of mortality among industrialized societies. Genetic or pharmacological modulation of HIF-1 activity in vivo may represent a novel therapeutic approach to these disorders.
Enzymology of the acetyl-CoA pathway of CO2 fixation.

AbstractWe know of three routes that organisms have evolved to synthesize complex organic molecules from CO2: the Calvin cycle. the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. This review describes the enzymatic steps involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, also called the Wood pathway, which is the major mechanism of CO2 fixation under anaerobic conditions. The acetyl-CoA pathway is also able to form acetyl-CoA from carbon monoxide.There are two parts to the acetyl-CoA pathway: (1) reduction of CO2 to methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-H4folate) and (2) synthesis of acetyl-CoA from methyl-H, folate, a carboxyl donor such as CO or CO2, and CoA. This pathway is unique in that the major intermediates are enzyme-bound and are often organometallic complexes. Our current understanding of the pathway is based on radioactive and stable isotope tracer studies, purification of the component enzymes (some extremely oxygen sensitive), and identification of the enzyme-bound intcrmediates by chroma...
the culture concept as ideology

Anthropology's culture concept is intimately related to theories of instinct in biology. The ideological function of both concepts is to preserve traditional Christian-Cartesian views about human uniqueness. L. H. Morgan differed from the Boasians both in arguing against “instinct” and in refusing to use the culture concept. The Boasians used the culture concept as an ideological device to discredit the Morganian Washington school and to establish themselves as an independent disipline in American universities.
Gastric Inhibitors in Fasting Canine Thoracic Duct Lymph.

SummaryThese studies demonstrate the presence, in fractionated thoracic duct lymph, of an inhibitor of exogenous secretagogues. This inhibitor does not appear to be secretin, pancreozymin, or cholecystokinin, and its pattern of action resembles G.I.S. Further studies need to be undertaken and, if the agent is G.I.S., it may be possible to identify this inhibitor in thoracic duct lymph using such methods as chromatography.
Down-Regulation of PoGT47C Expression in Poplar Results in a Reduced Glucuronoxylan Content and an Increased Wood Digestibility by Cellulase

Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide in dicot wood. Unraveling the biosynthetic pathway of xylan is important not only for our understanding of the process of wood formation but also for our rational engineering of wood for biofuel production. Although several glycosyltransferases are implicated in glucuronoxylan (GX) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis , whether their close orthologs in woody tree species are essential for GX biosynthesis during wood formation has not been investigated. In fact, no studies have been reported to evaluate the effects of alterations in secondary wallassociated glycosyltransferases on wood formation in tree species. In this report, we demonstrate that PoGT47C, a poplar glycosyltransferase belonging to family GT47, is essential for the normal biosynthesis of GX and the normal secondary wall thickening in the wood of the hybrid poplar Populus alba × tremula . RNA interference (RNAi) inhibition of PoGT47C resulted in a drastic reduction in the thickness of secondary walls, a deformation of vessels and a decreased amount of GX in poplar wood. Structural analysis of GX using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy demonstrated that the reducing end of GX from poplar wood contains the tetrasaccharide sequence, β - D -Xyl p (1 → 3)- α - L -Rha p -(1 → 2)- α - D -Gal p A-(1 → 4)- D -Xyl p , and that its abundance was signifi cantly decreased in the GX from the wood of the GT47C-RNAi lines. The transgenic wood was found to yield more glucose by cellulase digestion than the wild-type wood, indicating that the GX reduction in wood reduces the recalcitrance of wood to cellulase digestion. Together, these results provide direct evidence demonstrating that the PoGT47C glycosyltransferase is essential for normal GX biosynthesis in poplar wood and that GX modifi cation could improve the digestibility of wood cellulose by cellulase.
Evaluation of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) exposures and illness among physicians in training

Background A cluster of influenza-like illness (ILI) among physicians in training during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic (pH1N1) led to a health hazard evaluation. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine exposures, infection control practices, ILI prevalence, and transmission among physicians in training at 4 affiliated hospitals during the pandemic. We administered an electronic survey and met with physicians in training and hospital personnel. Results Of the 88 responding physicians, 85% reported exposure to pH1N1. Exposures occurred at work from patients or coworkers and outside of work from coworkers, household members, or the community. Thirteen cases of ILI were reported in May-June 2009; 10 respondents reported working while ill (duration, 1-4 days). Between 13% and 88% of respondents knew which personal protective equipment (PPE) was recommended when caring for influenza patients at the 4 hospitals. The most common reasons for not using PPE were not knowing that a patient had pH1N1 or ILI and not having PPE readily available. Conclusions Physicians in training have gaps in their knowledge of and adherence to recommended PPE and compliance with work restrictions. Our findings underscore the importance of installing isolation precaution signage, making PPE readily available near patients with influenza, and facilitating work restrictions for ill health care personnel.
Speeding Localization of Pulsed Signal Transitions Using Multicore Processors

Microprocessor clock rates-which for three decades doubled about every 18 months-have essentially stopped increasing. Instead, the number of processor cores (identical processing units capable of all usual microprocessor functions) in a microprocessor is increasing exponentially with time. In order to increase performance as the number of cores increase, a measurement analysis software will have to take advantage of this parallelism. The objectives of this paper are to study one example of a measurement analysis having serial dependencies among the input data and to show that there is a practical parallel algorithm despite the data dependencies within the measured time series. The measurement analysis studied is transition localization in digital signals. A parallel scan-type algorithm is presented. The results of applying the parallel algorithm on both synthetic data and actual measured data are presented, and the speedup obtained on a twenty-four core computer analyzed. The parallel method produces exactly the same measurement results, bit for bit, as the original serial method. It is argued that what is desired for this and many other measurement processing algorithms is scalability in throughput with number of cores. Such scalability is achieved by the proposed algorithm, with throughput up to about a dozen cores.
Ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques in the thoracic aorta are associated with cryptogenic stroke: A multiplane transesophageal echocardiographic study

Atherosclerotic plaque ulcers > or = 2 mm in depth and width in the thoracic aorta have been implicated by autopsy study as a cause of unexplained or cryptogenic ischemic strokes. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) allows visualization of complex atherosclerotic lesions of the thoracic aorta. We compared the prevalence of thoracic aorta ulcerated plaques (ulcers > or = 2 mm in both depth and width) in three age-matched groups undergoing multiplane TEE: group 1, 23 patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke; group 2, 26 patients with known-cause strokes; and group 3, 57 control patients without strokes. TEEs were interpreted in a blinded fashion. Ulcerated plaques were found in 9 (39%) group 1 patients but in only 2 (8%) group 2 patients and in only 4 (7%) group 3 patients (p < 0.001). There was an association between advancing age and the presence of ulcerated plaques (p < 0.02). We conclude that ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques in the thoracic aorta are associated with cryptogenic ischemic stroke and should be considered a potential source of cerebral emboli.
The Relation Between Production of Cytotoxin and Clinical Features in Shigellosis

The relation between in vitro production of HeLa cell cytotoxin by strains of Shigella and clinical symptomatology was determined for 35 travelers from the United States who developed shigellosis in Guadalajara, Mexico. There were 25 patients with Shigella sonnei, eight with Shigella flexneri, one with Shigella boydii, and one with Shigella dysenteriae. These strains were evaluated for in vitro production of cytotoxin. The amount of cytotoxin did not correlate with the number of stools passed, the severity of abdominal pain, or the presence of nausea or vomiting. However, patients with strains of Shigella that produced more cytotoxic activity were more likely to have fever (P less than .02) and occult blood in their stools (P less than .004). The cytotoxicity produced by 30 (86%) strains could not be neutralized with rabbit antiserum to purified, formaldehyde-treated Shiga toxin from S. dysenteriae type 1 strain 60 R; the cytotoxicity of five (14%) of the strains was partially neutralized. When only nonneutralizable cytotoxin was considered, the presence of fecal leukocytes (P less than .04), as well as of occult blood (P less than .002) and fever (P less than .02), correlated with the amount of cytotoxin. The amount of nonneutralizable cytotoxin produced by shigella strains was related to the clinical findings. This cytotoxic activity was infrequently attributable to "Shiga toxin".
The Department of Statistics at The George Washington University

Formed in 1935, the Department of Statistics at The George Washington University is the oldest statistics department within a school of liberal arts and sciences, and one of the oldest departments of statistics in the United States. The evolution of the Department of Statistics at The George Washington University (the department, henceforth) along with accomplishments of its faculty and students is described here. To commemorate its 75th anniversary, the department held a 1-day symposium featuring many distinguished speakers. The mission of the department is to provide quality teaching at the undergraduate and graduate levels with a faculty and PhD student body contributing to the frontiers of research in statistical theory, methodology, and practice. In the last quarter century or so the department has been offering service courses such as introduction to statistics to business and social sciences students. Currently, the department is servicing about 2,100 students annually. It offers BS, MS, and PhD degrees in Statistics. Jointly with the School of Public Health, it offers an MS and a PhD in Biostatistics and participates in the MS and PhD programs in Epidemiology.
Assessing the impacts of traditional school year calendar start dates

Abstract The importance of education is undeniable. With considerable investment by the public in education, effectiveness and mechanisms for delivery must continually be monitored and evaluated. Proposals to alter the school calendar year therefore merit serious consideration if this translates to better management of scarce resources. Among those facets of school level costs that offer an opportunity for significant savings are plant operations. Any savings that enable resources to be focused more centrally on delivery and support of the educational mission are clearly worthy of exploration. At issue is the variability of school beginning and ending dates across the United States. It is hypothesized that strategic planning of break periods can lead to decreases in energy costs, and usage. For example, in the southwest United States, hot summer conditions can lead to significant spikes in energy consumption at times of the year when energy prices are at their highest. An approach for evaluating energy usage patterns relative to school calendars is developed, where usage and climate conditions are sought to be better understood. An optimization model is structured, formulated and applied capable of identifying ideal school start/end dates with plant operation costs in mind. Application results for a school are presented, with findings discussed within the context of proposed state-level public policy.
Local Comovement in REIT Returns: Implications for Portfolio Performance

Executive Summary. This study investigates the comovement of monthly returns for securities of real estate investment trusts (REITs) headquartered in the same state. The empirical analysis suggests...
Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of civilian trauma and criminal violence

Many individuals in the community suffer from PTSD and other stress reactions. Physicians, however, tend to diagnose post-traumatic symptoms as anxiety or depressive disorders rather than PTSD. Contacting and engaging patients after a disaster can be quite difficult. The chronic PTSD patient has been described as elusive and difficult to detect within the health care system. In one study, the time interval from trauma to psychiatric consultation was well over 3 years. A history of PTSD is often obscured by comorbid disorders or adjustment difficulties, such as depression, aggressive behavior, and drug and alcohol abuse. PTSD is a common problem, particularly in populations that are at high risk for exposure to traumatic events, such as the homeless, drug abusers, and those of specific professions. Although research on treatment of PTSD has revealed only modest benefits, early detection and intervention are important and might prevent poor adjustment and a chronic outcome. Clinicians should routinely inquire about history of unpleasant events and distasteful and unspeakable experiences, both recent and lifetime. Studies of various traumatic events consistently demonstrated that the presence of significant symptoms between 6 weeks to 6 months after exposure predicts chronic PTSD. Although early intervention might lead to the prevention of PTSD or its chronic course, there have been no randomized or controlled studies to support this hypothesis. Research on PTSD in victims of civilian trauma has only recently begun. Rape is the most extensively studied civilian trauma. Most studies reported that PTSD following rape is common. Further, characteristics of the rape event, such as rape by a stranger, use of physical force, display of weapons, and victim injury, are associated with a greater likelihood of PTSD, and symptoms at 3 months after the rape are predictive of a chronic course. Interest in the consequences of MVAs has increased dramatically, perhaps owing to the frequency of such accidents and the large number of PTSD damage claims. There is a great need to understand work environments better and the special risks associated with dangerous occupations, such as police, firefighters, rescue workers, and body handlers. Clinicians commonly attribute symptoms to a particular stressor, usually the most recent stressor or the stressor that represents the content of the symptoms. For example, nightmares about a recent auto accident and avoidance of expressways are interpreted as evidence that a recent auto accident is the cause of PTSD symptoms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Projection algorithms for nonconvex minimization with application to sparse principal component analysis

We consider concave minimization problems over nonconvex sets. Optimization problems with this structure arise in sparse principal component analysis. We analyze both a gradient projection algorithm and an approximate Newton algorithm where the Hessian approximation is a multiple of the identity. Convergence results are established. In numerical experiments arising in sparse principal component analysis, it is seen that the performance of the gradient projection algorithm is very similar to that of the truncated power method and the generalized power method. In some cases, the approximate Newton algorithm with a Barzilai---Borwein Hessian approximation and a nonmonotone line search can be substantially faster than the other algorithms, and can converge to a better solution.
Bayesian rock classification and petrophysical uncertainty characterization with fast well-log forward modeling in thin-bed reservoirs

ABSTRACTRock typing is critical in deepwater reservoir characterization to construct stratigraphic models populated with static and dynamic petrophysical properties. Rock typing based on multiple well logs is subject to large uncertainty in thinly bedded reservoirs because true physical properties cannot be resolved by low-resolution logging tools due to shoulder-bed effects. We have introduced a new Bayesian approach that inherently adopts the scientific method of iterative hypothesis testing to perform rock typing by simultaneously honoring different logging-tool physics in a multilayered earth model. In addition to estimating the vertical distribution of rock types with maximum likelihood, the Bayesian method quantifies the uncertainty of rock types and the associated petrophysical properties layer by layer. Bayesian rock classification is performed with a fast sampling technique based on the Markov-chain Monte Carlo method, thereby enabling an efficient search of rock types to obtain the final results...
Discussion on DC transmission Control System Composition and Function

Brief introductions to the DC power transmission control system,the basic function of control and control ways are made.DC pole control system is the core of converter station control system,main function is through the rectifier and the inverter side trigger angle adjustment,to realize the system requirements of power or conveying current.DC and AC transmission technology differs significantly in transmission process control protection system dependent.HVDC transmission is established in the valve turn-on and turn-off control on an electric energy transmission mode.
Assessment of the health risk likely to be caused by the environmental exposure to low dose asbestos fibers

The given paper is aimed at introducing our work on the assessment of health hazard likely to be caused by the environmental exposure to the low-dose asbestos fibers.For our research purpose,we collected 48 air samples in Jan.,2011,from Dayao County,Yunnan.We have determined the concentrations of asbestos fibers in the air caused by crocidolite mineral in the soil and rock by phase-contract microscopy along with an evaluation of human health risks by using the assessment model for surveying the general cancer,lung cancer and mesothelioma.The results of our evaluation indicate that the mean and maximum concentrations of asbestos fibers in rural air of Dayao were 0.003 75 f/mL and 0.029 7 f/mL,respectively.This indicates that the rural air of Dayao county has been broadly contaminated by the asbestos fibers,mainly derived from crocidolite mineral in the soil and the rock,due to the disturbance of human activities and climatic and meteorological factors.The mean risks of the general cancer,lung cancer and mesothelioma caused by asbestos fibers in the air were 86.3×10-5,291.48×10-5 and 7.1×10-5,respectively.To be exact,the minimum risk rates of general cancer,lung cancer and mesothelioma were 69×10-5,267.65×10-5,and 0.57×10-5,while those of maximum liability were 683.1×10-5,470.99×10-5,and 56×10-5 correspondingly.All the facts indicate that the health of local residents has been significantly influenced by asbestos fibers in the air.Actually,they have been suffering such an exposure over years.As a result,the risk-incidence rates of the above said cancers are usually higher for elderly residents than for young,particularly higher for the seventy-aged people than for the forties.This suggests that the risks of such cancers were significantly influenced by the year-long exposures,which reflects that the incidence of such cancers in Dayao are also remarkably influenced by the asbestos fiber concentrations in the air.
Financing the Ecosystem Approach: Trends in Great Lakes States and Areas of Concern

State and local governments have prepared Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for Great Lakes Areas of Concern (AOCs). These RAPs are to incorporate an “ecosystem” approach that recognizes ecological interrelationships. The financial implications of this approach have gone largely unexamined. This article describes historical revenues and expenditures for environmental functions by state and local governments in the Great Lakes states and in AOCs. Its purposes are to identify some fiscal measures that will be affected by an ecosystem approach and to document trends in public finances among governmental units with responsibility for implementation of RAPs. Great Lakes state and local governments generally increased spending on ecosystem functions between 1977 and 1987; it will be shown that charge and utility revenues for ecosystem functions also increased, and that municipalities within AOCs generally have higher total expenditures than do their counterparts. Implications for financing of RAPs are also discussed.
WE-AB-204-00: Diversity and Inclusion in Medical Physics

Many efforts have been made to increase diversity in the science workforce. In order for us to be competitive in innovation and ingenuity we need to reach out to any source of intellectual talent. Having greater diversity can only increase the creativity in medical physics. In order for students to succeed academically they need role models and mentors with whom they can identify. Literature has shown that racial and ethnic diversity has both direct and indirect positive effects on the educational outcomes, career advancement and motivation of students. Diversity not only focuses on race, ethnicity and gender, but it can also include socioeconomic status, sexual orientation and more. Underrepresented populations have had low numbers over the years not only in medical physics but also in the sciences in general. With the rapidly changing face of our country we need to address how we attract and train the next generation of scientists to stay competitive. It is necessary to examine the role that diversity and inclusion play in the long term goals of institutions, workplaces and classrooms. To increase innovation we must engage people from all walks of life with different perspectives and life experiences to solve the problems that we will face. Diversity should be viewed as a strategy to achieve our goals instead of acts of good citizenship. Many of today's businesses and corporations have discovered that embracing diversity prepares future leaders in today's global market. This lecture will provide insight to how differences within our society can drive innovation. We will provide an overview of the role diversity and inclusion plays in the clinic, education and research to develop the future workforce in medical physics. Learning Objectives: 1.Understanding the role diversity and inclusion plays in medical physics. 2.The importance of developing education and research strategies for a global workforce. 3.How to develop a roadmap to diversity excellence within AAPM.
Abstract LB-317: Energy distruptor 2-deoxyglucose mitigates bacterial infection responsive hyperplasia and/or colitis

Transmissible murine crypt hyperplasia (TMCH) is a pathological outcome of Citrobacter rodentium (CR) infection, accompanied by intestinal inflammation during colitis though excessive induction of epithelial regeneration and repair mechanisms. The TMCH model, provides an excellent template to determine how alterations in intestinal stem cells promote trans-differentiation, crypt regeneration or colon carcinogenesis following bacterial infection. CR is a valuable infection model for the study of pathogenesis of the clinically significant human pathogens, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). During TMCH, there is a complex interplay between the Notch and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in colonic crypt hyperplasia. Blocking Notch signaling via chronic dibenzazepine (DBZ) administration inhibits both Notch and Wnt signaling, and disrupts the intestinal barrier during CR induced colitis. 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) is a glycolytic inhibitor has been used for cancer therapy exploiting the cancer cell9s high metabolic state. Added, the similarity of 2DG to mannose produces improper N-linked glycosylation resulting in an unfolded protein response (UPR) slowing growth of tumors. Here, using CR infection model, we show that dietary treatment of 2DG (0.4%) mitigates C. rodentium- and Notch signaling blocker dibenzazepine (DBZ)-induced colitis in NIH:Swiss mice. The survival curve shows no loss in mice administered with 2DG, compared to 40% loss in mice with vehicle alone during CR infection together with DBZ treatment. At tissue level, 2DG dietary intervention resulted in restoration of Hes-1, and β-catenin protein levels as observed from the western analyses of the C. rodentium-infected and DBZ-treated mice crypts. Histological staining show reduced dysbiosis upon 2DG intervention, as seen from reduced infiltration of inflammatory response cells during CR infection and the therapeutic effects are further substantiated with the Ki-67 staining. Thus, the energy distruptor 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) is described for the first time here to mitigate bacterial infection and its responsive hyperplasia/colitis. The current model in this novel mechanism of action will be presented. Citation Format: Ishfaq Ahmed, Shahid Umar, Rao V. Papineni. Energy distruptor 2-deoxyglucose mitigates bacterial infection responsive hyperplasia and/or colitis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-317.
Measurements and Modelling of Unstable Steady State, Separatrix, and Critical Point Behavior

The relaxation of a perturbed chemical system to its stable states provides a means for characterizing the essential dynamic features of the system. These features are contained in the phase portrait, a plot of the concentration of one variable species as a function of another variable species for a variety of initial conditions. A particular steady state may be characterized as a stable node or a stable focus according to the appearance of the relaxation trajectories around that state. In addition, basins of attraction in multistable systems may be determined as well as the separatrix partitioning these basins. The nature of the unstable steady state may be determined from relaxation experiments in systems that can be accurately described in terms of one or two variable species. This paper reports on measurements and modelling of the relaxation behavior of the bistable iodate-arsenous acid system. The stable and unstable steady states are characterized and the separatrix is located in the phase plane. In addition, the special case of relaxation to the critical point is investigated. A more detailed account of this study will be forthcoming [1,2].
Acoustic monitoring for conservation in tropical forests: examples from forest elephants

Summary The accelerating loss of biodiversity worldwide demands effective tools for monitoring animal populations and informing conservation action. In habitats where direct observation is difficult (rain forests, oceans), or for cryptic species (shy, nocturnal), passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) provides cost-effective, unbiased data collection. PAM has broad applicability in terrestrial environments, particularly tropical rain forests. Using examples from studies of forest elephants in Central African rain forest, we show how PAM can be used to investigate cryptic behaviour, mechanisms of communication, estimate population size, quantify threats, and assess the efficacy of conservation strategies. We discuss the methodologies, requirements, and challenges of obtaining these data using acoustics. Where applicable, we compare these methods to more traditional approaches. While PAM methods and associated analysis are maturing rapidly, mechanisms are needed for processing the dense raw data efficiently with standard computer hardware, speeding development of detection algorithms, and harnessing communication networks to move data from the field to research facilities. Passive acoustic monitoring is a viable and cost-effective tool for conservation and should be incorporated in monitoring schemes much more broadly. The capability to quickly assess changes in behaviour, population size, and landscape use, simultaneously over large geographical areas, makes this approach attractive for detecting human-induced impacts and for assessing the success of conservation strategies.
Stages in the Embryonic Development of the American Lobster with Special Emphasis on Its Nervous System

The development of Homarus in the egg can be seen as a succession of different embryonic forms rather than as the continuous and gradual formation of a single body plan. Three periods of organogenesis are distinguishable, that of the nauplius, postnauplius and first larval stage (L1). Behavioral, morphological and anatomical landmarks are examined and their times of appearance are related to a biometric index based on the size of the lateral eye. This scale is transformed to a percent developmental scale. Serotonin immunoreactivity, studied as a marker of developing nervous structures, is first seen in the protocerebrum at approximately 11% development and by the time organogenesis of the L1 has begun (c. 50% dev.) all the prominent stained structures present at hatching in the optic lobes, brain and nerve cord have appeared, except for the accessory lobes of the deutocerebrum which develop during the organogenesis of the L1.
Past matrix stiffness primes epithelial cells and regulates their future collective migration through a mechanical memory.

During morphogenesis and cancer metastasis, grouped cells migrate through tissues of dissimilar stiffness. Although the influence of matrix stiffness on cellular mechanosensitivity and motility are well-recognized, it remains unknown whether these matrix-dependent cellular features persist after cells move to a new microenvironment. Here, we interrogate whether priming of epithelial cells by a given matrix stiffness influences their future collective migration on a different matrix – a property we refer to as the ‘mechanical memory’ of migratory cells. To prime cells on a defined matrix and track their collective migration onto an adjoining secondary matrix of dissimilar stiffness, we develop a modular polyacrylamide substrate through step-by-step polymerization of different PA compositions. We report that epithelial cells primed on a stiff matrix migrate faster, display higher actomyosin expression, form larger focal adhesions, and retain nuclear YAP even after arriving onto a soft secondary matrix, as compared to their control behavior on a homogeneously soft matrix. Priming on a soft ECM causes a reverse effect. The depletion of YAP dramatically reduces this memory-dependent migration. Our results present a previously unidentified regulation of mechanosensitive collective cell migration by past matrix stiffness, in which mechanical memory depends on YAP activity.
Disasters as opportunities for sustainability: the case of Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand

Disasters can catalyze change in different ways, among others: they allow reinforcing pre-disaster exploitation and inequities, enhancing disaster risk reduction policies, or introducing alternative pathways guided by sustainability. Only few studies have investigated the latter: how people were able to leverage disasters for change towards sustainability. This study deals with such people who were able to see, seize, and sustain opportunities for sustainability following a disaster. The study generated data through semi-structured interviews with sustainability change agents in Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand, active during and after the major earthquakes period 2010–2012. The study finds that progress towards sustainability to date is mixed. While Christchurch was less successful in leveraging the immediate opportunities for sweeping change towards sustainability, the sustainability change agents continued to see, seize, and sustain post-disaster opportunities to move sustainability forward. The study derives advice on how to best leverage disasters for sustainability.
Systemic Therapy in the Treatment of Desmoid Tumors

Desmoid tumors respond to systemic medical therapies, from antiinflammatory drugs to standard chemotherapy agents. Liposomal doxorubicin, doxorubicin-based regimens, methotrexate in combination with vincristine, and vinorelbine have all demonstrated notable responses in this disease. Recently, molecular-targeted agents have shown antitumor activity, giving patients with desmoid tumor and their care providers multiple therapeutic options.
Re-appraising the situation and its impact on aggressive behavior: Theoretical and applied implications

Extant research has tested the processes explicating how individuals use re-appraisal (an emotion regulation strategy) to down-regulate negative emotions, including anger. However, no research has tested how re-appraisal is related to aggressive behavior despite several theoretical claims regarding its relations. Three studies tested the general hypothesis that re-appraisal will be negatively related to aggressive behavior while also testing what variables moderate and mediate these relations. Using a cross-sectional design, Study 1 found that re-appraisal was negatively related to aggressive behavior and that re-appraisal significantly mediated the relations between known aggression-related variables (e.g., vengeance, anger) and several indices of aggressive behavior. Study 2 used an experimental design to further test the findings in Study 1. Employing a mixed factorial design, some participants were provoked, praised, or given no feedback from a same-sex “partner” on an essay writing task. Some participants were then given mitigating information – information that should cue re-appraisal processes – regarding the feedback prior to completing an aggressive and prosocial behavioral measure. Results showed that provoked participants who did not receive the information were significantly more aggressive than those provoked participants who received the information. Revenge motives significantly mediated these relations and trait levels of re-appraisal moderated these mediated effects. Study 3 was an intervention designed to reduce vengeance by teaching participants how to re-appraise. Results showed that participants who were low at baseline levels of re-appraisal and were in the intervention condition had the highest increase in re-appraisal. Most importantly, the largest decrease in vengeance was observed for participants who were in the intervention
PLASMA-WALL INTERACTION: RECENT TFTR RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS ON DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF LIMITERS

The first wall of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) consists of a water cooled toroidal belt limiter, a cooled moveable limiter, and cooled protective plates to shield the vacuum vessel from neutral beam shinethrough. Each of these systems consists of Inconel support plates covered with graphite tiles. In addition, there are Inconel and stainless steel bellows cover plates to protect the bellows and the surface pumping system which provides enhanced pumping in the torus and also serves to protect the bellows. These systems are described and the design requirements, simulations and actual thermal and mechanical loads reviewed. The normal and off-normal operating conditions which were considered in the design of the TFTR components include thermal loading during normal and disruptive plasma operation, eddy-current induced mechanical forces and arcing. The failures which have occurred are generally associated with, thermal stress rather than mechanical failure due to disruption induced eddy currents.
Language Parallels in New World Primates

New World monkeys are less well known and less frequently studied than Old World monkeys and apes, yet they have value as models for speech and language. All New World primates are arboreal living in dense forests. This has led to a reliance on vocal communication rather than the visual signaling most common in Old World primates and apes. As a result New World primates have evolved complex vocal repertoires that may share more parallels with human speech than other primates. Many of these species also live in small family groups akin to most human societies. I describe the rationale for studying speech and language parallels in New World primates and present some of the methods used in research. I then discuss several areas of potential parallels including vocal complexity, categorical responses to calls, signals that refer to external objects or events, syntax and rudimentary grammar, developmental processes including babbling, dialects, and vocal control. I conclude with a brief discussion of cognitive abilities in these species some of which have important parallels to human cognition. Although New World primates have not often been subjects of research relating to speech and language disorders, they provide much potential for understanding mechanisms and developmental and functional aspects of speech and language.
Why do App Reviews get Responded: A Preliminary Study of the Relationship between Reviews and Responses in Mobile Apps

Recent studies show that providing responses for user reviews of a mobile app can increase its user satisfaction and overall ratings. However, due to large volumes of user reviews, few are actually responded by app developers. In this paper, we conduct a preliminary study on the characteristics of mobile apps' reviews and their human-written responses. We found that an app review often has multiple segments, each has a particular intention. Similarly, a response also has multiple segments, and some are intended to answer the impact parts of reviews (e.g., complaints, requests, or information seeking). Responses often have similar structures and most of their content is consistently written with pre-defined templates. We also found that similar reviews might be answered with the same or similar responses. Based on those findings, we propose to develop a semi-automated tool to help mobile apps' developers write the responses for users reviews more effectively.
Illuminating the Complexity of Oral Reading Fluency: A Multiple Lens Approach:

Oral reading fluency is recognized as an important variable associated with the assessment of reading proficiency. Frequently, fluency assessments distill a child’s overall reading fluency to a sin...
A single-cell method to map higher-order 3D genome organization in thousands of individual cells reveals structural heterogeneity in mouse ES cells

In eukaryotes, the nucleus is organized into a three dimensional structure consisting of both local interactions such as those between enhancers and promoters, and long-range higher-order structures such as nuclear bodies. This organization is central to many aspects of nuclear function, including DNA replication, transcription, and cell cycle progression. Nuclear structure intrinsically occurs within single cells; however, measuring such a broad spectrum of 3D DNA interactions on a genome-wide scale and at the single cell level has been a great challenge. To address this, we developed single-cell split-pool recognition of interactions by tag extension (scSPRITE), a new method that enables measurements of genome-wide maps of 3D DNA structure in thousands of individual nuclei. scSPRITE maximizes the number of DNA contacts detected per cell enabling high-resolution genome structure maps within each cells and is easy-to-use and cost-effective. scSPRITE accurately detects chromosome territories, active and inactive compartments, topologically associating domains (TADs), and higher-order structures within single cells. In addition, scSPRITE measures cell-to-cell heterogeneity in genome structure at different levels of resolution and shows that TADs are dynamic units of genome organization that can vary between different cells within a population. scSPRITE will improve our understanding of nuclear architecture and its relationship to nuclear function within an individual nucleus from complex cell types and tissues containing a diverse population of cells.
Outcomes of Severe Seronegative Hepatitis-associated Aplastic Anemia: A Pediatric Case Series

Objectives Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) is a potentially life-threatening diagnosis without clear treatment guidelines. The goal of the study was to characterize the presentation, evaluation, histopathology, and outcomes of therapy in children with HAAA to guide future research and to develop standardized care guidelines for this rare disease. Methods Retrospective chart review of 4 patients with HAAA who presented to Children's Hospital Colorado between 2016 and 2019 was conducted. Patient presentation, evaluation, bone marrow and liver pathology, interventions, and clinical course were collected. Immunohistochemistry of liver biopsies was performed. Results We treated 4 patients with HAAA without liver failure. All had evidence of systemic hyperinflammation and CD8+ T cell predominant liver tissue infiltration. One had a genetic mutation predisposing him to immune-mediated disease, but all other genetic testing was negative. In 3 of the 4 patients, hepatitis was poorly responsive to standard therapy with steroids, azathioprine, or tacrolimus; however, sustained biochemical remission of hepatitis was induced after more aggressive immunosuppressive therapies including Anti-Thymocyte Globulin (ATG) at standard immunosuppressive therapy (IST) dosing for severe Aplastic Anemia (sAA). Two patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); 1 as first line therapy and 1 for refractory sAA. Conclusions We found that ATG-based IST induced remission of hepatitis in patients with steroid-refractory HAAA. This is also an appropriate initial treatment for severe Aplastic Anemia, though may not prevent the need for HSCT. We propose that equine ATG based IST at standard dosing regimen for sAA is a therapy that in select cases can be considered early on in the treatment course and could lead to a sustained remission of both hepatitis and sAA. This should be considered in collaboration with a pediatric hematologist.
Mechanism of stacking fault formation in metal(100) heteroepitaxial growth

Strain in metal(100) heteroepitaxial thin-film growth can lead to a variety of effects such as the formation of stacking faults (SFs). To gain a better understanding we have carried out temperature-accelerated dynamics (TAD) simulations of the submonolayer growth of Cu islands on a biaxially strained Cu substrate at 200 K. In the case of 4% compressive strain we find that SF formation occurs with a morphology very similar to the structures found experimentally in Cu/Ni(100) growth. We also find that islands play a key role by lowering the barrier for vacancy formation. In particular, once two substrate vacancies are formed and diffuse to form the appropriate configuration this leads to the formation of a SF in both the substrate and island. While the activation barrier for SF formation is very high, due to the presence of a large number of low-frequency vibrational modes, the saddle-point entropy is large while the corresponding Vineyard prefactor is more than 10 orders of magnitude larger than is typical of atomic processes in fcc metals. Similarly, an analysis of the entropy of the SF state indicates that the reverse prefactor is much smaller, while the free energy of this state is lower than that of the initial state.
Magneto-sonoluminescence and its signatures in photon and dilepton production in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The matter produced in the early stages of heavy ion collisions consists mostly of gluons, and is penetrated by the coherent magnetic field produced by spectator nucleons. The fluctuations of gluonic matter in an external magnetic field couple to real and virtual photons through virtual quark loops. We study the resulting contributions to photon and dilepton production that stem from the fluctuations of the stress tensor ${T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}$ in the background of a coherent magnetic field $\stackrel{P\vec}{B}$. Our study extends significantly the earlier work [G. Basar, D. E. Kharzeev, and V. Skokov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 202303 (2012)], in which only the fluctuations of the $trace$ of the stress tensor ${T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ were considered (the coupling of ${T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\mu}}$ to electromagnetic fields is governed by the scale anomaly). In the present paper we derive more general relations using the operator product expansion (OPE). We also extend the previous study to the case of dileptons, which offers the possibility to discriminate between various production mechanisms. Among the phenomena that we study are magneto-sonoluminescence [MSL, the interaction of magnetic field $\stackrel{P\vec}{B}(x,t)$ with the sound perturbations of the stress tensor $\ensuremath{\delta}{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}(x,t)$] and magneto-thermoluminescence [MTL, the interaction of $\stackrel{P\vec}{B}(x,t)$ with smooth average $\ensuremath{\langle}{T}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\rangle}$]. We calculate the rates of these process and find that they can dominate the photon and dilepton production at early stages of heavy ion collisions. We also point out the characteristic signatures of MSL and MTL that can be used to establish their presence and to diagnose the produced matter.