cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A test of the flavor independence of strong interactions

We present a comparison of the strong couplings of b, c, and light (u, d, and s) quarks derived from multi-jet rates in flavor-tagged samples of hadronic Z0 decays recorded with the SLC Large Detector at the SLAC Linear Collider. By comparing the rates of 3-jet events in these three samples we have extracted the Preliminary values of: αs(uds)/αs(all) = 0.96±0.03(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.02(theory), αs(c)/αs(all) = 1.16±0.11(stat.)± 0.10(syst.)±0.07(theory), αs(b)/αs(all) = 0.98±0.04(stat.)±0.08(syst.)±0.02(theory).
Neighborhoods Matter: Assessing the Evidence for Place Effects

How does one's place of residence affect individual behavior and long-run outcomes? Understanding neighborhood and place effects has been a leading question for social scientists during the past half-century. Recent empirical studies using experimental and quasi-experimental research designs have generated new insights on the importance of residential neighborhoods in childhood and adulthood. This paper summarizes the recent neighborhood effects literature and interprets the findings. Childhood neighborhoods affect long-run economic and educational outcomes in a manner consistent with exposure models of neighborhood effects. For adults, neighborhood environments matter for their health and well-being but have more ambiguous impacts on labor market outcomes. We discuss the evidence on the mechanisms behind the observed patterns and conclude by highlighting directions for future research.
A flow disturbance estimation and rejection strategy for multirotors with round-trip trajectories

This paper presents a round-trip strategy of multirotors subject to unknown flow disturbances. During the outbound flight, the vehicle immediately utilizes the wind disturbance estimations in feedback control, as an attempt to reduce the tracking error. During this phase, the disturbance estimations with respect to the position are also recorded for future use. For the return flight, the disturbances previously collected are then routed through a feedforward controller. The major assumption here is that the disturbances may vary over space, but not over time during the same mission. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this feedforward strategy via experiments with two different types of wind flows; a simple jet flow and a more complex flow. To use as a baseline case, a cascaded PD controller with an additional feedback loop for disturbance estimation was employed for outbound flights. To display our contributions regarding the additional feedforward approach, an additional feedforward correction term obtained via prerecorded data was integrated for the return flight. Compared to the baseline controller, the feedforward controller was observed to produce 43% less RMSE position error at a vehicle ground velocity of 1m/s with 6 m/s of environmental wind velocity. This feedforward approach also produced 14% less RMSE position error for the complex flows as well.11Experimental validation video can be found here: https://youtu.be/lHJLIt3UI5U
SABER: Data-Driven Motion Planner for Autonomously Navigating Heterogeneous Robots

We present an end-to-end online motion planning framework that uses a data-driven approach to navigate a heterogeneous robot team towards a global goal while avoiding obstacles in uncertain environments. First, we use stochastic model predictive control (SMPC) to calculate control inputs that satisfy robot dynamics, and consider uncertainty during obstacle avoidance with chance constraints. Second, recurrent neural networks are used to provide a quick estimate of future state uncertainty considered in the SMPC finite-time horizon solution, which are trained on uncertainty outputs of various simultaneous localization and mapping algorithms. When two or more robots are in communication range, these uncertainties are then updated using a distributed Kalman filtering approach. Lastly, a Deep Q-learning agent is employed to serve as a high-level path planner, providing the SMPC with target positions that move the robots towards a desired global goal. Our complete methods are demonstrated on a ground and aerial robot simultaneously (code available at: https://github.com/AlexS28/SABER ).
DeCiFering the elusive cancer cell fraction in tumor heterogeneity and evolution

Summary The cancer cell fraction (CCF), or proportion of cancerous cells in a tumor containing a single-nucleotide variant (SNV), is a fundamental statistic used to quantify tumor heterogeneity and evolution. Existing CCF estimation methods from bulk DNA sequencing data assume that every cell with an SNV contains the same number of copies of the SNV. This assumption is unrealistic in tumors with copy-number aberrations that alter SNV multiplicities. Furthermore, the CCF does not account for SNV losses due to copy-number aberrations, confounding downstream phylogenetic analyses. We introduce DeCiFer, an algorithm that overcomes these limitations by clustering SNVs using a novel statistic, the descendant cell fraction (DCF). The DCF quantifies both the prevalence of an SNV at the present time and its past evolutionary history using an evolutionary model that allows mutation losses. We show that DeCiFer yields more parsimonious reconstructions of tumor evolution than previously reported for 49 prostate cancer samples.
Hand Gesture Recognition Based on a Nonconvex Regularization

Recognition of hand gestures is one of the most fundamental tasks in human-robot interaction. Sparse representation based methods have been widely used due to their efficiency and low demands on the training data. Recently, nonconvex regularization techniques including the l 1-2 regularization have been proposed in the image processing community to promote sparsity while achieving efficient performance. In this paper, we propose a vision-based hand gesture recognition model based on the l 1-2 regularization, which is solved by the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Numerical experiments on binary and gray-scale data sets have demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in identifying hand gestures.
Direct Numerical Simulations of the Swirling von Karman Flow Using a Semi-implicit Moving Immersed Boundary Method

Abstract We present a novel moving immersed boundary method (IBM) and employ it in direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the closed-vessel swirling von Karman flow in laminar and turbulent regimes. The IBM extends direct-forcing approaches by leveraging a time integration scheme, that embeds the immersed boundary forcing step within a semi-implicit iterative Crank–Nicolson scheme. The overall method is robust, stable, and yields excellent results in canonical cases with static and moving boundaries. The moving IBM allows us to reproduce the geometry and parameters of the swirling von Karman flow experiments in (F. Ravelet, A. Chiffaudel, and F. Daviaud, JFM 601, 339 (2008)) on a Cartesian grid. In these DNS, the flow is driven by two-counter rotating impellers fitted with curved inertial stirrers. We analyze the transition from laminar to turbulent flow by increasing the rotation rate of the counter-rotating impellers to attain the four Reynolds numbers 90, 360, 2000, and 4000. In the laminar regime at Reynolds number 90 and 360, we observe flow features similar to those reported in the experiments and in particular, the appearance of a symmetry-breaking instability at Reynolds number 360. We observe transitional turbulence at Reynolds number 2000. Fully developed turbulence is achieved at Reynolds number 4000. Non-dimensional torque computed from simulations matches correlations from experimental data. The low Reynolds number symmetries, lost with increasing Reynolds number, are recovered in the mean flow in the fully developed turbulent regime, where we observe two tori symmetrical about the mid-height plane. We note that turbulent fluctuations in the central region of the device remain anisotropic even at the highest Reynolds number 4000, suggesting that isotropization requires significantly higher Reynolds numbers.
Adequate predimension inequalities in differential fields

Abstract In this paper we study predimension inequalities in differential fields and define what it means for such an inequality to be adequate. Adequacy was informally introduced by Zilber, and here we give a precise definition in a quite general context. We also discuss the connection of this problem to definability of derivations in the reducts of differentially closed fields. The Ax-Schanuel inequality for the exponential differential equation (proved by Ax) and its analogue for the differential equation of the j-function (established by Pila and Tsimerman) are our main examples of predimensions. We carry out a Hrushovski construction with the latter predimension and obtain a natural candidate for the first-order theory of the differential equation of the j-function. It is analogous to Kirby's axiomatisation of the theory of the exponential differential equation (which in turn is based on the axioms of Zilber's pseudo-exponentiation), although there are many significant differences. In joint work with Sebastian Eterovic and Jonathan Kirby we have recently proven that the axiomatisation obtained in this paper is indeed an axiomatisation of the theory of the differential equation of the j-function, that is, the Ax-Schanuel inequality for the j-function is adequate.
Deep Personalized Glucose Level Forecasting Using Attention-based Recurrent Neural Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of blood glucose forecasting and provide a deep personalized solution. Predicting blood glucose level in people with diabetes has significant value because health complications of abnormal glucose level are serious, sometimes even leading to death. Therefore, having a model that can accurately and quickly warn patients of potential problems is essential. To develop a better deep model for blood glucose forecasting, we analyze the data and detect important patterns. These observations helped us to propose a method that has several key advantages over existing methods: 1- it learns a personalized model for each patient as well as a global model; 2- it uses an attention mechanism and extracted time features to better learn long-term dependencies in the data; 3- it introduces a new, robust training procedure for time series data. We empirically show the efficacy of our model on a real dataset.
High-dimensional semi-supervised learning: in search for optimal inference of the mean

Author(s): Zhang, Yuqian; Bradic, Jelena | Abstract: We provide a high-dimensional semi-supervised inference framework focused on the mean and variance of the response. Our data are comprised of an extensive set of observations regarding the covariate vectors and a much smaller set of labeled observations where we observe both the response as well as the covariates. We allow the size of the covariates to be much larger than the sample size and impose weak conditions on a statistical form of the data. We provide new estimators of the mean and variance of the response that extend some of the recent results presented in low-dimensional models. In particular, at times we will not necessitate consistent estimation of the functional form of the data. Together with estimation of the population mean and variance, we provide their asymptotic distribution and confidence intervals where we showcase gains in efficiency compared to the sample mean and variance. Our procedure, with minor modifications, is then presented to make important contributions regarding inference about average treatment effects. We also investigate the robustness of estimation and coverage and showcase widespread applicability and generality of the proposed method.
Triggered Reversible Disassembly of an Engineered Protein Nanocage

Protein nanocages play crucial roles in sub-cellular compartmentalization and spatial control in all domains of life and have been used as biomolecular tools for applications in biocatalysis, drug delivery, and bionanotechnology. The ability to control their assembly state under physiological conditions would further expand their practical utility. To gain such control, we introduced a peptide capable of triggering conformational change at a key structural position in the largest known encapsulin nanocompartment. We report the structure of the resulting engineered nanocage and demonstrate its ability to disassemble and reassemble on demand under physiological conditions. We demonstrate its capacity for in vivo encapsulation of proteins of choice while also demonstrating in vitro cargo loading capabilities. Our results represent a functionally robust addition to the nanocage toolbox and a novel approach for controlling protein nanocage disassembly and reassembly under mild conditions.
Stabilizing Highly Dispersed Halo Sites in Thermally Restructured Palladium Core@Shell Nanoparticles for Improved Catalyst Activity and Durability

Stabilizing high dispersions of catalytically active metals is integral to improving the lifetime, activity, and material utilization of catalysts that are periodically exposed to high temperatures during operation or maintenance. We have found that annealing palladium-based core@shell catalysts in air at elevated temperature (800°C) promotes the redispersion of active metal into highly dispersed sites, which we refer to as halo sites. Here, we examine the restructuring of Pd@SiO2 and Pd@CeO2 core@shell catalysts over successive 800°C aging cycles to understand the formation, activity, nanoscale structure and stability of these palladium halo sites. While encapsulation generally improves metal utilization by providing a physical barrier that promotes redispersion over agglomeration, our cycled aging experiments demonstrate that halo sites are not stable in all catalysts. Halo sites continue to migrate in Pd@SiO2 due to poor metal-support bonding, which leads to palladium agglomeration. In contrast, halo sites formed in Pd@CeO2 remain stable. The dispersed palladium also synergistically stabilizes the ceria from agglomerating. We attribute this stability, in addition to an observed improvement in catalytic activity, to the coordination between palladium and reducible ceria that arises during the formation of halo sites. We probe the importance of ceria oxidation state on the stability of halo sites by aging Pd@CeO2 after it has been reduced. While some halo sites agglomerate, we find that returning to air aging mitigates the loss of these sites and catalytic activity. Our findings illustrate how nanoscale catalyst structures can be designed to promote the formation of highly stable and dispersed metal sites.
When to Be Agile: Ratings and Version Updates in Mobile Apps

Lean and agile models of product development organize the flexible capacity to rapidly update individual products in response to customer feedback. Although agile operations have been adopted acros...
VOLDOR + SLAM: For the times when feature-based or direct methods are not good enough

We present a dense-indirect SLAM system using external dense optical flows as input. We extend the recent probabilistic visual odometry model VOLDOR [1], by incorporating the use of geometric priors to 1) robustly bootstrap estimation from monocular capture, while 2) seamlessly supporting stereo and/or RGB-D input imagery. Our customized back-end tightly couples our intermediate geometric estimates with an adaptive priority scheme managing the connectivity of an incremental pose graph. We leverage recent advances in dense optical flow methods to achieve accurate and robust camera pose estimates, while constructing fine-grain globally-consistent dense environmental maps. Our open source implementation [https://github.com/htkseason/VOLDOR] operates online at around 15 FPS on a single GTX1080Ti GPU.
Gender-based analysis of pre-residency research productivity among a current United States radiation oncology resident class

Background The increasing proportion of women in medicine has not been adequately reflected in the gender distribution of radiation oncology residents. The presence of at least one pre-residency peer-reviewed publication (PRP) has been associated with radiation oncology resident choice of academic over private practice career, with no significant gender difference in the likelihood of having a PRP (McClelland et al., 2017). We sought to pursue a gender-based analysis of PRP productivity in a current junior resident class. Methods A list of radiation oncology residents from the graduating class of 2022 (PGY-2 academic year of 2018-2019) was obtained through internet investigation. Research productivity was calculated using PRP number, defined as the number of a resident's publications listed in PubMed (pubmed.gov) through the calendar year of residency application (2016 for this class). Results Of 195 residents examined from the 2022 class, 61 (31%) were women, representing a nine percent increase from the resident class of 2016. Four-fifths of women had 1+ PRP, 31% had dual degrees, and 18% had a PhD. These percentages were comparable to their male counterparts, 73% with 1+ PRP, 28% with dual degrees, and 15% with a PhD. There were no statistically significant differences by gender in any of these benchmarks. Conclusions While slower than the overall trend of increased female representation in medicine, the proportion of women in radiation oncology residency has increased by 0.9-1.5% annually over a recent six-year span. There remain no significant differences in PRP productivity, dual degree status, or PhD status by gender.
A viral genome packaging ring-ATPase is a flexibly coordinated pentamer.

Multi-subunit ring-ATPases carry out a myriad of biological functions, including genome packaging in viruses. Though the basic structures and functions of these motors have been well-established, the mechanisms of ATPase firing and motor coordination are poorly understood. Here, using single-molecule fluorescence, we determine that the active bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging motor consists of five subunits of gp17. By systematically doping motors with an ATPase-defective subunit and selecting single motors containing a precise number of active or inactive subunits, we find that the packaging motor can tolerate an inactive subunit. However, motors containing one or more inactive subunits exhibit fewer DNA engagements, a higher failure rate in encapsidation, reduced packaging velocity, and increased pausing. These findings suggest a DNA packaging model in which the motor, by re-adjusting its grip on DNA, can skip an inactive subunit and resume DNA translocation, suggesting that strict coordination amongst motor subunits of packaging motors is not crucial for function. In viruses, multi-subunit ring-ATPases are involved in genome packaging. Here, using single-molecule techniques, the authors determine that the active bacteriophage T4 DNA packaging motor is a pentamer and show that the motor can tolerate inactive subunits, suggesting that strict coordination between the subunits is not crucial.
Online Assortment Optimization with Reusable Resources

We consider an online assortment optimization problem where we have n substitutable products with fixed reusable capacities c1,…,cn. In each period t, a user with some preferences (potentially adve...
Learning Signal-Agnostic Manifolds of Neural Fields

Deep neural networks have been used widely to learn the latent structure of datasets, across modalities such as images, shapes, and audio signals. However, existing models are generally modality-dependent, requiring custom architectures and objectives to process different classes of signals. We leverage neural fields to capture the underlying structure in image, shape, audio and cross-modal audiovisual domains in a modality-independent manner. We cast our task as one of learning a manifold, where we aim to infer a low-dimensional, locally linear subspace in which our data resides. By enforcing coverage of the manifold, local linearity, and local isometry, our model -- dubbed GEM -- learns to capture the underlying structure of datasets across modalities. We can then travel along linear regions of our manifold to obtain perceptually consistent interpolations between samples, and can further use GEM to recover points on our manifold and glean not only diverse completions of input images, but cross-modal hallucinations of audio or image signals. Finally, we show that by walking across the underlying manifold of GEM, we may generate new samples in our signal domains. Code and additional results are available at https://yilundu.github.io/gem/.
On Releasing Annotator-Level Labels and Information in Datasets

A common practice in building NLP datasets, especially using crowd-sourced annotations, involves obtaining multiple annotator judgements on the same data instances, which are then flattened to produce a single “ground truth” label or score, through majority voting, averaging, or adjudication. While these approaches may be appropriate in certain annotation tasks, such aggregations overlook the socially constructed nature of human perceptions that annotations for relatively more subjective tasks are meant to capture. In particular, systematic disagreements between annotators owing to their socio-cultural backgrounds and/or lived experiences are often obfuscated through such aggregations. In this paper, we empirically demonstrate that label aggregation may introduce representational biases of individual and group perspectives. Based on this finding, we propose a set of recommendations for increased utility and transparency of datasets for downstream use cases.
Shift-Robust GNNs: Overcoming the Limitations of Localized Graph Training data.

There has been a recent surge of interest in designing Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for semi-supervised learning tasks. Unfortunately this work has assumed that the nodes labeled for use in training were selected uniformly at random (i.e. are an IID sample). However in many real world scenarios gathering labels for graph nodes is both expensive and inherently biased -- so this assumption can not be met. GNNs can suffer poor generalization when this occurs, by overfitting to superfluous regularities present in the training data. In this work we present a method, Shift-Robust GNN (SR-GNN), designed to account for distributional differences between biased training data and the graph's true inference distribution. SR-GNN adapts GNN models for the presence of distributional shifts between the nodes which have had labels provided for training and the rest of the dataset. We illustrate the effectiveness of SR-GNN in a variety of experiments with biased training datasets on common GNN benchmark datasets for semi-supervised learning, where we see that SR-GNN outperforms other GNN baselines by accuracy, eliminating at least (~40%) of the negative effects introduced by biased training data. On the largest dataset we consider, ogb-arxiv, we observe an 2% absolute improvement over the baseline and reduce 30% of the negative effects.
Abstract Goerss-Hopkins theory

Abstract We present an abstract version of Goerss-Hopkins theory in the setting of a prestable ∞-category equipped with a suitable periodicity operator. In the case of the ∞-category of synthetic spectra, this yields obstructions to realizing a comodule algebra as a homology of a commutative ring spectrum, recovering the results of Goerss and Hopkins.
Mitigating Gig and Remote Worker Misconduct: Evidence from a Real Effort Experiment

Employee misconduct is costly to organizations and has the potential to be even more common in gig and remote work contexts, in which workers are physically distant from their employers. There is, ...
Galectin-3 enhances extracellular matrix associations and wound healing in monkey corneal epithelium

Poor healing of epithelial wounds in cornea is a major clinical problem, leading to persistent epithelial defects and ulceration. The primary cause is poor cell migration over the wound. Carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 binds to extracellular matrixes (ECMs) and promotes lamellipodia formation by cross-linking to α3 integrin. Recombinant galectin-3 also facilitates wound healing in the rodent cornea. The purposes of the present experiments were to: (1) establish epithelial wound healing models in monkey corneal explant culture, the models more relevant to human, (2) evaluate the healing effect of galectin-3 in our models, and (3) determine if galectin-3 enhances cell adhesion by interacting with ECMs on corneal surface and their ligand integrins. Monkey corneas with central wounds produced by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or n-heptanol were incubated with or without recombinant galectin-3. The defected area was stained with sodium fluorescein. Primary isolated corneal epithelial cells from monkey were cultured with or without galectin-3 on plates coated with ECMs or integrins, and the number of adhering cells was counted. Galectin-3 expression in various eye tissues was visualized by immunoblotting. NaOH caused loss of epithelial cells and basement membrane. n-Heptanol removed epithelial cells, but the basement membrane was retained. These corneal defects spontaneously became smaller in a time-dependent manner. Exogenous galectin-3 enhanced wound healing in both NaOH and n-heptanol models. Galectin-3 also enhanced cell adhesion onto the major ECMs found in the basement and Bowman's membranes and onto integrins. Relatively high levels of galectin-3 were detected in corneal and conjunctival epithelium, but tear fluid contained negligible galactin-3. These results suggested that the enhanced binding of epithelial cells to ECMs and integrins caused by galectin-3 might promote cell migration over wounded corneal surfaces. Since tear fluid contained relatively low levels of galectin-3, exogenous galectin-3 may be a beneficial drug to enhance re-epithelialization in human corneal diseases.
New Dimensions in Field Screening: Distributed Analysis and Virtual Laboratories

The traditional operating model of an analytical chemistry lab situates chemist and instruments inside the walls with samples flowing in and data flowing out. However, when considering the logistics of collecting, packaging, labeling, shipping, receiving and storing samples, on-site (preferably in-situ) analysis techniques offer obvious advantages. Typically, analytical instruments used in the field are specially designed and engineered for minimum size, weight, power consumption and maintenance requirements in combination with maximum speed, ruggedness and simplicity of operation. Within these design constraints, specificity, sensitivity and precision generally lag behind that of state-of-the-art laboratory instruments, whereas capital and operating costs tend to be markedly higher.
Potentiation of Gastric Acid Response in the Dog

In dogs having fistulas of the total stomach, gastric acid secretion was measured in response to continuous intravenous infusions of histamine, gastrin, and combinations of histamine and gastrin and histamine and bethanechol. The response to histamine was potentiated by 0.20 g per kg-hr of gastrin and 0.04 mg per kg-hr of bethanechol, but not by 0.05 g per kg-hr of gastrin. When potentiation occurred the slope of the line relating logarithm of dose to response was significantly steeper and the observed maximal response was much higher. The most striking finding was the near-doubling of the observed maximal outputs during potentiation, from about 10 mEq per 15-min period to about 17 mEq per 15-min period. Maximal acid responses were also calculated from the Lineweaver-Burk transformation of the data and found to be approximately equal when potentiation was not occurring. During potentiation, however, calculated maximal responses increased as much as 10017c. We conclude that in the dog the maximal secretory capacity depends on the nature of the stimulant or stimulants as well as on the functionally secreting mass of the stomach.
Clonal Expansions and Loss of Receptor Diversity in the Naive CD8 T Cell Repertoire of Aged Mice

There are well-characterized age-related changes in the peripheral repertoire of CD8 T cells characterized by reductions in the ratio of naive:memory T cells and the development of large clonal expansions in the memory pool. In addition, the TCR repertoire of naive T cells is reduced with aging. Because a diverse repertoire of naive T cells is essential for a vigorous response to new infections and vaccinations, there is much interest in understanding the mechanisms responsible for declining repertoire diversity. It has been proposed that one reason for declining repertoire diversity in the naive T cell pool is an increasing dependence on homeostatic proliferation in the absence of new thymic emigrants for maintenance of the naive peripheral pool. In this study, we have analyzed the naive CD8 T cell repertoire in young and aged mice by DNA spectratype and sequence analysis. Our data show that naive T cells from aged mice have perturbed spectratype profiles compared with the normally Gaussian spectratype profiles characteristic of naive CD8 T cells from young mice. In addition, DNA sequence analysis formally demonstrated a loss of diversity associated with skewed spectratype profiles. Unexpectedly, we found multiple repeats of the same sequence in naive T cells from aged but not young mice, consistent with clonal expansions previously described only in the memory T cell pool. Clonal expansions among naive T cells suggests dysregulation in the normal homeostatic proliferative mechanisms that operate in young mice to maintain diversity in the naive T cell repertoire.
Software dynamics: a new measure of performance for real-time software

This paper presents an approach to use concepts from continuous dynamical systems to describe behavior of real-time software. The idea is applicable to nearly all real-time software architectures. It relies on changing deadlines and taking quantitative measurements how many deadlines are missed or what is the total time of missed deadlines. A resulting graph can be approximated by a straight line or an exponential curve, from which dynamic parameters, such as sensitivity and time constant, can be inferred.
Development of electrospun-fiber embedded microfluidic devices using microfabrication-free processes

Microfluidic devices are widely used in biomedical applications owing to their inherent advantages. Currently, most microfluidic devices are fabricated using microfabrication techniques, which require specialized equipment. This paper outlines a microfabrication-free method for making microfluidic devics via integrating two accessible and simple fabrication techniques, hydrogel molding and electrospinning (ES). Preliminary results demonstrate the feasibility of the method and potential for incorporating complex channels and device optimization.
Synthesis of Oxidized Nitro-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

A series of phenolic and cis-dihydrodiol derivatives of 6-nitrobenzo[a] pyrene and 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene were synthesized. The common structural feature of these compounds is that their nitro groups are perpendicular or near perpendicular to the aromatic moieties. From the synthesis of these compounds, it was found that an acetoxy group does not affect the regioselectivity of electrophilic nitration to a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and that a nitro substituent can substantially reduce the concerted electrophilic 1,2-addition of osmium tetroxide to the most olefinic aromatic double bond of a PAH.
A 128/spl times/128 pixel CMOS area image sensor with multiplexed pixel level A/D conversion

A 128/spl times/128 pixel CMOS area image sensor with a sigma-delta A/D Converter shared within each group of 2/spl times/2 pixels is described. Each pixel comprises a photodiode and 4 MOSFETs and occupies 20.8 /spl mu/m/spl times/19.8 /spl mu/m with a fill factor of 30% in a 0.8 /spl mu/m three layer metal one layer poly CMOS process. At 3.3 V, the dynamic range is >83 dB, the dissipation is <1 mW and the fixed pattern noise is /spl ap/1%.
The endpoint hypothesis: a topological-cognitive assessment of geographic scale movement patterns

Movement patterns of individual entities at the geographic scale are becoming a prominent research focus in spatial sciences. One pertinent question is how cognitive and formal characterizations of movement patterns relate. In other words, are (mostly qualitative) formal characterizations cognitively adequate? This article experimentally evaluates movement patterns that can be characterized as paths through a conceptual neighborhood graph, that is, two extended spatial entities changing their topological relationship gradually. The central questions addressed are: (a) Do humans naturally use topology to create cognitive equivalent classes, that is, is topology the basis for categorizing movement patterns spatially? (b) Are 'all' topological relations equally salient, and (c) does language influence categorization. The first two questions are addressed using a modification of the endpoint hypothesis stating that: movement patterns are distinguished by the topological relation they end in. The third question addresses whether language has an influence on the classification of movement patterns, that is, whether there is a difference between linguistic and non-linguistic category construction. In contrast to our previous findings we were able to document the importance of topology for conceptualizing movement patterns but also reveal differences in the cognitive saliency of topological relations. The latter aspect calls for a weighted conceptual neighborhood graph to cognitively adequately model human conceptualization processes.
Methylphenidate for α-interferon induced depression:

Interferon-Alpha (IFN) has been effective in the treatment of chronic viral infections and cancer albeit the added risk of severe depression. The literature has reported effectiveness in the use of antidepressants for interferon-induced depression. We report a case of severe protracted depression induced by IFN in a patient diagnosed with melanoma who responded rapidly to a course of methylphenidate using the Hamilton Depressive Rating Scale. Methylphenidate appeared to be effective in the treatment of neurovegetative symptoms of major depression induced by IFN. This report provides further clinical evidence that the neurovegetative symptoms of depression might respond better to a norepinephrine uptake inhibitor or psycho-stimulants.
Distinct regulation of dopamine D2S and D2L autoreceptor signaling by calcium

D2 autoreceptors regulate dopamine release throughout the brain. Two isoforms of the D2 receptor, D2S and D2L, are expressed in midbrain dopamine neurons. Differential roles of these isoforms as autoreceptors are poorly understood. By virally expressing the isoforms in dopamine neurons of D2 receptor knockout mice, this study assessed the calcium-dependence and drug-induced plasticity of D2S and D2L receptor-dependent G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) currents. The results reveal that D2S, but not D2L receptors, exhibited calcium-dependent desensitization similar to that exhibited by endogenous autoreceptors. Two pathways of calcium signaling that regulated D2 autoreceptor-dependent GIRK signaling were identified, which distinctly affected desensitization and the magnitude of D2S and D2L receptor-dependent GIRK currents. Previous in vivo cocaine exposure removed calcium-dependent D2 autoreceptor desensitization in wild type, but not D2S-only mice. Thus, expression of D2S as the exclusive autoreceptor was insufficient for cocaine-induced plasticity, implying a functional role for the co-expression of D2S and D2L autoreceptors.
Phencyclidine in combination with d-amphetamine: differential effects on acquisition and performance of response chains in monkeys.

In one component of a multiple schedule, patas monkeys acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms (learning). In the other component, the four-response chain was the same each session (performance). The response chain in each component was maintained by food presentation under a fixed-ratio schedule. Errors produced a brief timeout but did not reset the chain. When phencyclidine was administered alone, overall response rate decreased and percent errors increased in both components with increasing doses. d-Amphetamine alone generally decreased rate and increased errors in learning, but increased rate and had no effect on accuracy in performance. When phenycyclidine was administered in combination with d-amphetamine, the phenycyclidine dose-effect curves tended to shift to the left as the dose of d-amphetamine was increased. The extent to which the curves shifted, however, dependent on both the schedule component and the behavioral measure. For example, with accuracy, the shift was more evident in learning than in performance. Combinations of phencyclidine with a high dose of d-amphetamine generally produced supra-additive effects; i.e., the effects on rate and accuracy were greater than expected from simple addition of the effects of each drug given alone.
Level structure of 76As

Abstract The energy-level structure of 76 As has been studied by the 75 As(d, p) reaction with 12.0 MeV incident deuterons. Eighty-seven excited energy levels up to 2.5 MeV have been identified. The angular distributions for thirty-nine of the observed transitions are compared with distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. Angular momentum transfers are determined and spectroscopic strengths are deduced from the data. The results are compared with shell-model sum rules and with (d, p) results on N = 42 isotones. Possible spin values are assigned for some of the levels based on the present results, (n, γ), (p, n) and (p, nγ) studies.
Intramolecular [4 + 1] pyrroline annulation approach to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Formal total synthesis of (±)-supinidine.

Abstract Dienic azide 7 was found to yield dehydropyrrolizidines 10 and 11 on thermolysis. The synthesis of these compounds is described and the mechanistic implications as well as synthetic utility of this new annulation sequence is discussed.
COIL DESIGN FOR HELIAC, A HELICAL AXIS STELLARATOR

A proposed Helical Axis Stellarator (Heliac) for High-Beta plasma confinement is described. A preliminary design and analysis of loads and stressses is presented.
Metonymy and metaphor: what's the difference?

A computational approach to metonymy and metaphor is proposed that distinguishes between them, literalness, and anomaly. The approach supports Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) views that metonymy and metaphor are quite different phenomena, that in metonymy an entity stands for another, whereas in metaphor an entity is viewed as another.
Induced Rotation—Translation Spectra of Solutions of H2, HD, and D2 in Liquid Argon

Dilute solutions of H2, D2, and HD in liquid argon are studied by examining the 1000–140‐cm−1 region of their induced absorption spectra. Since the absorption features overlap extensively, an empirical profile analysis is performed. For H2 and D2 several relatively sharp absorptions (Δν1/2≈30 cm−1), which have a Lorentzian line shape and closely correspond to the expected transitions of the freely rotating solute molecules, are observed. The width of these lines appears to be due to uncertainty broadening which depends on the time the absorbing solute molecule spends in a particular solvent cavity. Other features, with a 150‐cm−1 half‐width, are fitted with a four‐parameter exponential equation and are believed to involve quantized translational energy levels of the solute. The range of translational energy levels, which is determined by the distribution of solvent cavity sizes, is responsible for their increased bandwidths. The HD spectrum is unusual in that the rotational selection rules are relaxed and transitions corresponding to ΔJ = +2, +3, and +4 are observed. Furthermore, all of the rotational absorption features are anomalously broad (Δν1/2≈50 cm−1) and their maxima are shifted from the gas‐phase frequencies in an irregular pattern. Because of its asymmetrical mass distribution, rotational motion of HD is accompanied by a translation of the molecule in its solvent cavity. This rotation—translation interaction has been given quantitative form in a perturbation treatment by Friedmann and Kimel, and the results are consistent with the observed selection rules, frequency shifts, and linewidths in the spectrum of HD in liquid argon.
Calcium regulates neuronal differentiation both directly and via co-cultured myocytes

Control of neuronal development by cellular interactions can be regulated by both extracellular and intracellular calcium. Removal of extracellular calcium affects the differentiation of amphibian spinal neurons in vitro by preventing neuronal calcium influx during the production of calcium-dependent action potentials (Holliday and Spitzer, Dev. Biol. 141:13-23, 1990). However, this culture condition affects differentiation through other mechanisms as well. We have investigated the interaction between neurons and myocytes to distinguish direct effects of low extracellular calcium on neuronal differentiation and indirect effects due to interference with neuron-myocyte interactions. We have examined the initiation of neurite outgrowth and the subsequent extension and orientation of processes. We find that (1) the number of neurons that initiate process outgrowth is reduced by the presence of myocytes in a standard medium containing calcium. Experiments with muscle-conditioned medium indicate that the production and/or secretion of inhibitory cues is calcium dependent. (2) When neurite initiation occurs, neuronal architecture in the absence of myocytes is similar to that in their presence, either in standard or in calcium-free medium, although neurite extension is enhanced by the absence of calcium. (3) Conditioned medium (CM) experiments additionally demonstrate that the orientation of neurite outgrowth to myocyte-derived cues is calcium dependent, although the production of directional cues by myocytes is calcium independent. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Help Seeking and Entry into Vocational Services by Adults Enrolled in New Hampshire State Mental Health Services: A Pathways-To-Care Study

The current study provides naturalistic data documenting the pathways to care to vocational services (VS) for 80 adults who were receiving some form of mental health care through a New Hampshire state mental health service and who had an unmet vocational need but were not currently enrolled in VS. Of the participants, 81.2% had recognized their vocational need, 55.3% reported that they or someone else had sought help to alleviate the need, and 52.6% had participated in some form of VS to address the need. The mean length of the participants' unmet vocational need was 4.4 years, and for those who had previously entered VS the mean length of time until services were first received was more than 2.8 years. The largest portion of the total delay to VS entry was associated with the failure to recognize the need. The results are discussed with respect to possible interventions that could increase access and reduce delays to treatment entry.
Microtubules and pigment migration in the melanophores ofFundulus heteroclitus L.

The dermal melanophores ofFundulus heteroclitus L. have been investigated by light and electron microscopy with the purpose of revealing the mechanisms controlling pigment migration. As predicted by earlier studies, the nerve endings of a double innervation were found adjacent to and in synaptic relation to the melanophore surface. Not expected were the large number of small pits or invaginations present in the cell surface. These appear identical to the so-called micropinocytotic vesicles found generally in cells of the vascular endothalium and smooth muscle. In chromatophores they are more reasonably interpreted as receptor sites for neurohormones than as uptake and transport mechanisms. Observations made on the kinetics of pigment migration within the processes of these melanophores indicate that the granules move along relatively fixed channels arranged parallel to the long axes of the processes. Examined at fine structure levels, the zones of cytoplasm around these channels are found to be populated by microtubules about 225 A in diameter aligned parallel to the direction of pigment movement. These long slender elements are present in the processes regardless of whether the melanin is concentrated in the cell center or dispersed. It is reasoned from these and other observations that the microtubules function as cytoskeletal elements which help maintain the extended form of the melanophore arms and at the same time define the channels in which the pigment moves. The possible role of the tubule in generating the motive force for pigment migration is discussed.
Cardiolipin from beef heart mitochondria: Fatty acid positioning and molecular species distribution

Abstract The positioning of fatty acids within cardiolipin from beef heart mitochondria was determined and compared to phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine; from the same source. Unsaturated fatty acids were preferentially esterified in the β-position and saturated fatty acids were contained preferentially in the α-position of the choline and ethanolamine phosphatides. In contrast, fatty adds were nearly randomly distributed between the (α- and β-positions of cardiolipin. On acetolysis, cardiolipin yielded diglyceride acetates which were separated into three distinct species, trienes, tetraenes and pentaenees, by argentation thin-layer chromatography. Tetraenes accounted for more than 75% of the total diglyceride acetates and contained 94% linoleic acid, suggesting the existence of a molecular species of cardiolipin containing solely linoleic acid.
Spacecraft dynamical distribution of fluid stresses activated by gravity-jitter-induced slosh waves

The dynamical behavior of fluids, in particular the effect of surface tension on partially filled rotating fluids (cryogenic liquid helium and helium vapor) in a full-scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft propellant Dewar tank imposed by various frequencies of gravity jitters, has been investigated. Fluid stress distribution, caused by the excitation of slosh waves and their associated large-amplitude disturbances on the liquid-vapor interface, exerted on the outer and inner walls of a rotating Dewar container also has been investigated. Results show that fluid stress distributions near the outer and inner walls of the rotating Dewar are closely related to the characteristics of slosh waves excited on the liquid-vapor interface in the rotating Dewar tank. This can provide a useful tool for managing spacecraft dynamic control leading toward the control of spacecraft imbalance caused by the uneven fluid stress distribution due to slosh wave excitations at the interface between liquid and vapor propellants.