cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Earth science: Our planet's internal weakness.

The influence of the region where the lower mantle meets the core extends to Earth's surface. A computational study of mineral properties shows one way forward in understanding this enigmatic zone. Michael Ammann and colleagues have applied first-principle methods to calculate absolute diffusion rates in the mineral post-perovskite in the conditions prevailing in the Earth's lower mantle. They find that the diffusion of Mg2+ and Si4+ in post-perovskite is extremely anisotropic, with almost eight orders of magnitude difference between the fast and slow directions. This could render post-perovskite up to four orders of magnitude weaker than perovskite, and could reconcile seismic observations of a D′′ reflector with recent experiments showing that the width of the perovskite to post-perovskite transition is too wide to cause sharp reflectors.
Infantile Vocalizations in Rats

Abstract Rat pups are reared in a nest with a pile of littermates. When a preweaning pup is placed in isolation for a brief period of time, it displays an increase in activity that includes vocalization with frequencies in the ultrasonic range (~ 40 kHz). The vocalization response to isolation is used to investigate early life communicatory, social, and affective behaviors. The rate of vocalization is influenced by multiple sensory stimuli including thermal, tactile, and olfactory. Measured at room temperature, the rate of isolation-induced ultrasonic vocalizations conforms to an inverted-U shaped pattern, peaking between postnatal days 7–11 when the thermoregulatory and locomotor capabilities of the pup remain poor. Other acoustic variables such as duration, amplitude, frequency range, frequency at maximum amplitude, and waveform are also reported in the literature and described in this chapter. Vocal parameters are often correlated but there is no fixed relationship among them.
alpha-Actinin and vinculin in normal and thrombasthenic platelets.

Recently, the contractile protein alpha-actinin was identified in normal human platelets by its antigenic cross-reaction with a monospecific antibody to purified muscle alpha-actinin. In this study, we extend that preliminary identification of platelet alpha-actinin. Amino acid analysis, one-dimensional peptide maps, and silver stain analysis on polyacrylamide gels demonstrate that human platelet alpha- actinin shows a greater degree of similarity to smooth muscle alpha- actinin than to striated muscle alpha-actinin. There is no evidence to suggest that alpha-actinin is a glycoprotein. In addition, we find that thrombasthenic platelets, which are deficient in glycoproteins IIb and IIIa (GPIIb and GPIIIa) contain normal amounts of alpha-actinin, confirming the recent finding that alpha-actinin and GPIIIa are different proteins in human platelets. We demonstrate that both normal and thrombasthenic platelets also contain vinculin, a 130,000-dalton polypeptide found in many cell types at sites of end-on attachment of microfilaments to the plasma membrane. Thus, the thrombasthenic defect in GPIIb and GPIIIa does not diminish the content of either alpha- actinin or vinculin.
Influence Of Advection Differencing Error Upon Large-Eddy Simulation Accuracy

Accurate prediction of turbulent features by alarge-eddy simulation (LES) model requires accuratenumerical evaluation of the nonlinear advective terms. In the presence of a mean wind, use of second-order orfourth-order finite differencing produces large lossesof turbulent energy at high wavenumbers, an inaccuracyconsistent with idealized numerical properties ofthese schemes. The discrete differencing inaccuraciesalso affect the small wavenumber ``large eddy''structure and the horizontally-averaged turbulentquantities. With a high accuracy pseudospectraltechnique, this energy loss does not occur andspectral behaviour corresponds to filtered Kolmogorovtheory predictions out to the de-aliasing cutoffwavenumber. The inaccuracy of the finite differenceschemes is greatly ameliorated through a Galileantransformation of the advective term.
Community-Based Social Justice Work: The WILLOW Project

Anne Geraghty-Rathert highlights the possibilities for melding the theoretical study of law with its practical application for engaging in social justice work. By combining classroom study with community pro bono outreach, undergraduate students gain useful skills for their future careers while learning important lessons about human rights and equality before the law. At Webster University, student interns work on a clemency project called the WILLOW Project (Women Initiate Legal Lifelines to Other Women). The Project represents three women, all incarcerated due to violence perpetrated by their batterers and not by themselves. The issues of domestic violence and wrongful conviction inherent in the WILLOW Project’s work resonate with students and offer them opportunities to hone vital skills for engaging in social justice and human rights protection.
Precision assembly of additively manufactured components using integral kinematic couplings

Abstract The use of additive manufacturing (AM) in engineering applications is often confronted by process capabilities that limit component accuracy and surface finish. These limitations greatly complicate locating of parts for post-processing and/or assembly. Here, we describe the use of integral additively manufactured kinematic couplings (AM-KCs) for construction of modular AM assemblies. As a representative test geometry, classic Maxwell KCs are printed using four commonly used AM processes for plastics and metals. We study how coupling accuracy and repeatability are influenced by material properties, surface quality, and loading conditions. Under systematically controlled preload, as-built polymer AM-KCs are measured to have 1 σ repeatability of 3.2 − 16.6 μ m which depends on the layer thickness and material/process combination. Metal AM-KCs made by selective laser melting (SLM) are shown to repeat to 0.9 μ m . Finally, we demonstrate the use of AM-KCs in the fabrication of a modular, 3D printed optical assembly.
Alcohol in the Early Years of Marriage

Marriage, a marker event for the transition from adolescence to young adulthood, brings with it many changes, including shifts in values, new roles, and adjustments in a couple's relationship. Marriage also appears to generate shifts in alcohol use and alcohol consumption, changes that can occur even before the marriage ceremony takes place. Alcohol plays a role in marital violence, marital quality, and marital disruptions. However, high levels of individual alcohol consumption in a marriage do not uniformly lead to lower marital quality. Rather, it may be the nature of a couple's drinking partnership (i.e., the interplay of each spouse's drinking context and drinking patterns) that has the most effect on the health of a marriage.
Undoing the Undoing of the Demos - Wendy Brown, Undoing the Demos. Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York, Zone Books, 2015)

undoing the undoing of the demos Wendy B ROWN , Undoing the Demos. Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution (New York, Zone Books, 2015) Reviewing Wendy Brown is a humbling task. Undoing the Demos pulls together a masterful expos e of Michel Foucault’s lectures on neo- liberalism; an incisive review of the changing relationship between homo economicus and homo politicus in political theory; and an analysis of neoliberalism in action, framed by the now ubiquitous vocabulary of governance, benchmarks, or best practices, and finally by the economization of all institutions, most prominently the law, culture and higher education. The core argument throughout is that the institutionalization of neoliberal rationality constitutes a grave political threat. For all its celebration of freedom, neoliberalism expresses no need to guarantee the kinds of freedoms we normally associate with democracy. In fact, we only need to guarantee market freedom and the rest will follow. What replaces democratic politics is thus the economic argument that the market always knows best. In other words, the neoliberal regime is stripping the popular “demos” from its moral authority, replacing it with the authority of efficiency and the best bang for the buck. And thus the core institutions of capitalism and the state have been redesigned to facilitate what Korey C xalis xkan and Michel Callon [2009] 1 call “the economization of everything”—that is, the processes by which individuals are aligned with the demands of the system and become socially, culturally, physically and psychologically efficient. Homo economicus is everywhere, and homo politicus is nowhere to be found. Undoing the Demos is beautifully crafted and deeply generative for anyone working on this topic, and in many ways I could just leave it at that. Read it! Every word and every page is worth your time. But the job of a book reviewer is to critically engage its object. And so in this spirit I have one quibble, one criticism, and one regret. The quibble concerns the strange invisibility of the neoliberals themselves in this narrative. The criticism has to do with the limited engagement with neo-liberalism on its own terms, both on the social front (the failure to explore new forms of neoliberal social organization) and on the C xalis x kan Korey and Michel Callon 2009. “Economization, Part I: Shifting Attention from the Economy toward Processes of Economization”, Economy and Society, 38 (3): Marion Fourcade, University of California, Berkeley [fourcade@berkeley.edu] European Journal of Sociology, 57, 3 (2016), pp. 453–459—0003-9756/16/0000-900$07.50per art + $0.10 per page aEuropean Journal of Sociology 2016. doi: 10.1017/S0003975616000187 Downloaded from https:/www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 136.152.208.214, on 19 Jan 2017 at 02:13:28, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https:/www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003975616000187
Let’s get phygital: Seeing through the ‘filtered’ landscapes of Instagram

Abstract This paper considers the interplay of physical and digital landscaping in the Mission District (‘the Mission’), a gentrified neighborhood in San Francisco, California. Aligned with recent work on affect and people’s mediations of the linguistic landscape (Wee, 2016; Banda & Jimaima, 2015), I examine how the Mission is filtered – literally and figuratively – in a corpus of 16,756 Instagram posts. Comparing these digital remediated productions of place to the physical landscape, I demonstrate how both are structured semiotically along exclusionary lines. Contrary to the democratic and inclusive mythology of digital / social media, I show how users’ self-positionings and elitist stancetaking (Jaworski & Thurlow, 2009; Mapes, forthcoming) effectively reinscribe privilege and reiterate gentrification of the Mission. As mining of ‘big data’ becomes increasingly valued as empirically ‘objective’ information, my analysis demonstrates geotagged content should not be viewed as a static indicator, but as a subjective, dynamic and – at times – problematic process.
Thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke in nonagenarians compared with octogenarians

Introduction Multiple randomized trials have shown that endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) leads to improved outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO). Elderly patients were poorly represented in these trials, and the efficacy of EVT in nonagenarian patients remains uncertain. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study at a single center. Inclusion criteria were: age 80–99, LVO, core infarct Results 108 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 79 octogenarians (73%) and 29 nonagenarians (27%). Nonagenarians were more likely to be female (86% vs 58%; p Conclusions Nonagenarians may be at higher risk of symptomatic ICH than octogenarians, despite similar stroke- and treatment-related factors. While there was a trend towards higher mortality and worse functional outcomes in nonagenarians, the difference was not statistically significant in this relatively small retrospective study.
Noninvasive monitoring of chronic kidney disease using pH and perfusion imaging

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a cardinal feature of methylmalonic acidemia (MMA), a prototypic organic acidemia. Impaired growth, low activity, and protein restriction affect muscle mass and lower serum creatinine, which can delay diagnosis and management of renal disease. We have designed an alternative strategy for monitoring renal function based on administration of a pH sensitive MRI agent and assessed this in a mouse model. This protocol produced three metrics: kidney contrast, ~4% for severe renal disease mice compared to ~13% and ~25% for moderate renal disease and healthy controls, filtration fraction (FF), ~15% for severe renal disease mice compared to ~79% and 100% for moderate renal disease and healthy controls, and variation in pH, ~0.45 units for severe disease mice compared to 0.06 and 0.01 for moderate disease and healthy controls. Our results demonstrate that MRI can be used for early detection and monitoring of CKD.
Managing with Private Equity Style: CEOs’ Prior Buyout Target Experiences and Corporate Policies

We examine the effects of public firm CEOs’ prior private equity (PE) target experiences on corporate policies. Based on difference-in-differences and propensity score matching analyses, public firm CEOs previously serving as CEOs in PE targets reduce investment by about 15 percent while enhancing patent values by over 7 percent after taking office compared to CEOs without such experiences. The effects are stronger if these CEOs (1) worked in targets invested by more reputable PE firms, (2) worked in targets invested by PE firms known for implementing significant capital investment cuts or for enhancing innovation, and (3) have more recent and longer PE target experiences. These CEOs also cut employment, enhance firm value, and increase leverage.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia in the Elderly: Trends in Mortality Rates, Hospital Cost, Length of Stay, and Complication Rates in Patients Aged 60 and Older

Abstract Background: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with a high mortality rate. Advancing age is a risk factor associated with poor prognosis and an increased rate of chemotherapy-related complications in patients with AML. We aimed to evaluate trends in cost of hospitalizations, length of stay, mortality rates, and complication rates in patients aged 60 years and older who were admitted for active AML. We also sought to elucidate differences in these outcomes in teaching and non-teaching institutions. Methods:We queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 1999 and 2013 using the ICD-9 codes 205.00, 205.01, 206.00, and 206.01 for acute myeloid and acute monocytic leukemias in the primary diagnosis field. Admission data regarding total cost, length of stay (LOS), and in-hospital mortality was extracted. This data was trended over the 15-year interval and comparisons were made between teaching and nonteaching institutions. Incidence of in-hospital complications including clostridium difficile infection (CDI), bacteremia, sepsis, pneumonia, venous thromboembolism (VTE), neutropenic fever, candidiasis, urinary tract infection (UTI), and acute respiratory failure were determined and compared in subsets of teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Frequency of bone marrow transplant was also determined in both hospital settings. Results: A total of 51,684 (weighted n=247,747) admissions for AML occurred from 1999-2013. Of these 31,004 admissions (weighted n=148,683) were in patients aged 60 and older. Most of these elderly admissions occurred at teaching institutions (n=17,593, weighted n=84,829). In-hospital mortality was higher in patients aged 60 and greater (23.68%) compared to those less than 60 (13.7% (p Conclusions: For patients admitted with a primary diagnosis of active AML, in-hospital mortality was markedly higher in patients aged 60 and older compared with those less than 60. In the elderly, in-hospital mortality decreased dramatically between 1999 and 2013. Many factors may contribute to the decrease in mortality in this population including the use of less-aggressive cytotoxic chemotherapy, such as low-dose cytarabine or hypomethylating agents, improved adherence to preventative practices including the use of high-efficiency particulate air filtration, and prophylactic antibiotics. In patients older than 60, LOS and total cost were higher in teaching institutions, although in-hospital mortality was similar. In general, complication rates were higher at teaching hospitals, which may be a consequence of increased medical complexity and more aggressive therapy offered at these hospitals. For instance, bone marrow transplant rates were much higher in teaching than in non-teaching hospitals. Further research is required to determine the exact factors and practice differences contributing to the discrepancies between teaching and non-teaching institutions. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Axioms Should Explain Solutions

In normative economics, axiomatic properties of mechanisms are often formulated by taking the viewpoint of the designer on what is desirable, rather than that of the participants. By contrast, I argue that, in real-world applications, the central role of axioms should be to help explain the mechanism’s outcomes to participants. I specifically draw on my practical experience in two areas: fair division, which I view as a success story for the axiomatic approach; and voting, where this approach currently falls short.
Resurgence as Choice in Context: Treatment duration and on/off alternative reinforcement

Resurgence as Choice (RaC) is a quantitative theory suggesting that an increase in an extinguished target behavior with subsequent extinction of an alternative behavior (i.e., resurgence) is governed by the same processes as choice more generally. We present data from an experiment with rats examining a range of treatment durations with alternative reinforcement plus extinction and demonstrate that increases in treatment duration produce small but reliable decreases in resurgence. Although RaC predicted the relation between target responding and treatment duration, the model failed in other respects. First, contrary to predictions, the present experiment also replicated previous findings that exposure to cycling on/off alternative reinforcement reduces resurgence. Second, RaC did a poor job simultaneously accounting for target and alternative behaviors across conditions. We present a revised model incorporating a role for more local signaling effects of reinforcer deliveries or their absence on response allocation. Such signaling effects are suggested to impact response allocation above and beyond the values of the target and alternative behaviors as longer-term repositories of experience. The new model provides an excellent account of the data and can be viewed as an integration of RaC and a quantitative approximation of some aspects of Context Theory.
A customized program for the identification of conserved protein sequence motifs

We searched for viral protein sequences that could be important for tissue tropism. To achieve this goal, human pathogenic viruses were classified according to the tissue they infect (e.g., pulmonary), irrespective of whether they were enveloped or non-enveloped RNA or DNA viruses. Next, we developed an amino acid sequence alignment program and identified the conserved amino acid motif, VAIVLGG, in alphaviruses. The VAIVLGG sequence is located on the structural capsid protein of the chikungunya virus, a mosquito-borne arthrogenic member of the alphaviruses. Capsid protein translocation onto the host cell membrane is a required step for virion budding. Our identified VAIVLGG consensus sequence might potentially be used for developing a pan-vaccine effective against alphaviruses.
Conductors of care: exploring the role of the multiple sclerosis nurse in Australasia, phase 1

Background: The specialty of multiple sclerosis (MS) care has seen profound growth in recent years, resulting in increased job responsibilities for MS nurses. However, there is limited contemporary...
Survival Outcome of Combined Heart and Lung Transplantation: Single Center vs. UNOS Data

Purpose Following a combined heart/lung transplant (HLTx), UNOS reports a survival rate of 68% at year 1, 58% at year 2, and 53% at year 3. This study aims to compare the survival outcome following HLTx from our medical center with UNOS registry data. Methods We retrospectively studied 12 patients that underwent HLTx at our center between 2012-2020 to assess long-term survival. We analyzed included recipient's age, sex, etiology, lung allocation score (LAS), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time, total/warm ischemic time, procedural approach, induction, donor age/sex, length of stay (LOS), and cause of death. We then assessed the survival outcome of our patients and compared that with the UNOS registry data (n=1295) using a Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test (p Results Out of our 12 patients, 8 were male and 4 were female, with the average age 53 ± 10 yrs. From the donors, 7 were male and 5 were female, with an average age of 37 ± 14 yrs. Etiology included PF (50%), sarcoidosis (17%), and pulmonary HTN (17%). Pre-Txp, 2 patients were placed on VA ECMO (1 on ventilation), 1 on VV ECMO, 1 on RVAD, and 1 on HM III. The average LAS was 65 ± 21. All of our patients were put on CPB during operation with an average CPB time of 186 ± 37 min, total ischemic time of 243 ± 68 min for right and 194 ± 60 min for left, and warm ischemic time of 36 ± 10 min for right and 47 ± 11 min for left. In total, 9 had a median sternotomy incision and 3 had a clamshell incision. Campath induction was performed on 7 patients while 5 had Simulect induction. Post-Txp, 2 patients required ECMO. Median LOS was 45 days and mean survival time was 757 ± 945 days. A total of 3 patients died due to infection, MSOF, and bleeding. The log-rank test between the patients from our center compared to the national average showed no significant difference in survivability (p=0.292). Conclusion Although not significant, our HLTx survival outcome was slightly better than the national UNOS survival data. Surgical techniques and careful management may contribute to better survival outcomes in selected patients.
Functional evidence of distinct electrophile-induced activation states of the ion channel TRPA1.

Abstract Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a tetrameric, nonselective cation channel expressed on nociceptive sensory nerves whose activation elicits nocifensive responses (e.g. pain). TRPA1 is activated by electrophiles found in foods and pollution, or produced during inflammation and oxidative stress, via covalent modification of reactive cysteines, but the mechanism underlying electrophilic activation of TRPA1 is poorly understood. Here we studied TRPA1 activation by the irreversible electrophiles iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) following transient expression in HEK293 cells. We found that in Ca2+ imaging studies C621 is critical for electrophile-induced TRPA1 activation, but the role of C665 in TRPA1 activation is dependent on the size of the electrophile. We identified slower TRPA1 activation in whole-cell recordings compared to studies with intact cells, which is rescued by pipette solution supplementation with the antioxidant glutathione. Single-channel recordings identified two distinct electrophilic-induced TRPA1 activation phases: a partial activation that, in some channels, switched to full activation with continued electrophile exposure. Full activation but not the initial activation was regulated by C665. Fitting of open time distributions suggests that full activation correlated with an additional (and long) exponential component, thus suggesting the phases are manifestations of distinct activation states. Our results suggest that distinct NEM-induced TRPA1 activation states are evoked by sequential modification of C621 then C665.
When Autoimmune Encephalitis masquerades as an Eating Disorder, two case reports on unique presentation of anti - NMDAR Encephalitis. (P2.2-016)

Objective: n/a Background: n/a Design/Methods: We report two cases of autoimmune-encephalitis that presented as eating disorders. Case 1: An 18-year-old female with ANA-positive JIA, idiopathic scoliosis, OCD and GAD with a history of anorexia-nervosa, at ten-years of age, presented with reduced oral intake, altered mental status, and catatonia. Serum NMDAR antibody was indeterminate. She received methylprednisolone. She had a relapse of symptoms with steroid taper and she also developed urinary incontinence. EEG showed three focal-seizures originating in the right frontocentral region with left side spread. She received steroids, plasmapheresis, and IVIG. Her refractory catatonia and worsening dysphagia-food refusal were treated with Ativan and NGT feeds. She was started on Rituximab. Her Ativan was weaned with improvement in her catatonia, oral intake, and functional abilities. Case 2: A 13-year-old female with PMH of ADHD in early childhood presented with reduced oral intake, weight loss - seen at the eating disorder clinic; sudden onset behavioral changes–irritability, reduced concentration, and increased emotional lability. She subsequently developed tonic-clonic-seizures. The exam showed deficits in executive functioning and psychosis. EEG showed left temporal spikes and right-sided paroxysmal seizure activity. She was treated with Lamictal and Trileptal. She received IVIG, steroids, and Rituximab. CSF studies were positive for anti NMDAR antibody. She had relapse of symptoms with the steroid taper. She was admitted for additional plasmapheresis/PLEX and steroid therapy. She is presently on monthly cycles of Dexamethasone, IVIG and is functional, doing well in school. Recent animal studies indicate the direct association between Somatostatin(SST) neurons in the Nucleus Tuberalis-Lateralis (NTL/TN) and appetite, weight gain, and food intake. This could be due to possible inhibition of TN-SST neurons causing appetite suppression, and with use of benzodiazepines, these pathways get activated to promote food intake. This needs further investigation. Results: n/a Conclusions: n/a Disclosure: Dr. Virupakshaiah has nothing to disclose. Dr. Consolini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bean has nothing to disclose. Dr. Elia has nothing to disclose.
Outcomes of Clinical Trials on Osteonecrosis of the Jaw.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to provide a cross-sectional view of all registered clinical trials enrolling patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). The primary aim was to report predictors of trial completion and publication of results. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of ONJ trials registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. For each included entry, trial characteristics and endpoints were recorded. Predictors were enrollment size, etiology, study type, intervention type, sponsor, funding, study locations, number of centers, and specialty of the principal investigator. Outcomes were trial status, publication on PubMed, journal of publication, and length of time between endpoints. Associations between predictors and outcomes were evaluated using chi-square tests and t-tests. RESULTS The final sample included 26 trials. Overall, 50% of trials were completed and 69% of completed trials were published. Three out of four terminated trials were suspended due to lack of funding. The median enrollment for completed trials was 149 participants with a mean length of five years. All trials included medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) patients and 26% also included osteoradionecrosis of the jaw (ORNJ) patients. The majority of trials were observational (65%), conducted internationally (62%), and involved multiple centers (54%). Published trials had a mean time of 5.9 years between trial start and publication, which was comparable to trial length (p=0.90) and appeared in either dental (44%) or cancer (56%) journals. Completion and publication rates were not significantly increased by industry sponsorship/funding, larger enrollment sizes, or multi-center involvement. Oral and maxillofacial surgery was the most represented dental specialty of principal investigators (56%). CONCLUSIONS The majority of completed ONJ trials had their results published in a timely manner. Evidence-based investigation of ONJ is a multi-disciplinary and international effort. Among all specialists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons led the most ONJ trials.
A New Strategy for Smoking Cessation: Characterization of a Bacterial Enzyme for the Degradation of Nicotine.

Smoking is the leading cause of preventable diseases; thus, effective smoking cessation aids are crucial for reducing the prevalence of cigarette smoking and smoking-related illnesses. In our current campaign we offer a nicotine-degrading enzyme from Pseudomonas putida, NicA2, a flavin-containing protein. To explore its potential, a kinetic evaluation of the enzyme was conducted, which included determination of Km, kcat, buffer/serum half-life, and thermostability. Additionally, the catabolism profile of NicA2 was elucidated to assess the potential toxicity of the nicotine-derived products. In characterizing the enzyme, a favorable biochemical profile of the enzyme was discovered, making NicA2 a prospective therapeutic candidate. This approach provides a new avenue for the field of nicotine addiction therapy.
“Intelligent Internationalization”: A 21st Century Imperative

sionally donors that attempt to bypass priorities, developed internally and on academic grounds, etc. I have never seen an outstanding research university that does not enjoy academic freedom or a form of shared governance. One has to be clear. I am in no way implying that all people who share in governance should be university insiders; but internal academic voices need to be heard and considered. It should also be stressed that academic freedom— the freedom of teachers and students to teach, study, and pursue knowledge without unreasonable interference—is not the same thing as political freedom, although they are practically twins. The ever-present challenges are obvious. Twenty years is not a very long time, and one can assume that the intellectual climate will not be subject to abrupt change. And that introduces another predictable challenge: professionalism and/or an increasing anti-intellectualism. In the United States, and elsewhere also, I am referring to the view that learning for its own sake is somehow a frivolous activity—perhaps a luxury and not deserving of support. From the point of view of the student, the purpose of education is job and career. That is how curriculum is frequently structured—accounting: Yes; computer science: a shouted Yes; Shakespeare: if there is a little spare time. From the point of view of the state what matters are “human resources to meet workforce needs.” Basic science needs support because the study of biology may lead to a cure of some disease, especially the diseases that afflict funders. There is some truth in all of these propositions, but why does it also imply that sociology is quite useless and that the humanities are not deserving of support? I am, of course, familiar with the more standard challenges to higher education: disruption caused by technology, high cost, massive open online courses making residential education a useless indulgence, and others. I do not dispute their great importance, but I add disinterested learning—for undergraduates we would call it liberal education—because it is only rarely mentioned. Yet, fundamental intellectual progress has most often started with disinterested investigators attempting to solve a problem, because it is fascinating and has not been done before. In the social sciences and humanities where problems are very rarely solved in definitive form, each generation of students and teachers needs its own reinterpretation of the big questions asked by these fields of study and investigation. These endeavors are the intellectual essence of research universities. “Intelligent Internationalization”: A 21st Century Imperative
The Unknowability of Things in Themselves

The notions of things in themselves and of the unknowability of things in themselves have proved a persistent problem for commentators of Kant’s. Little agreement about either the meaning or the truth of Kant’s claims concerning these matters has ever been reached. Whatever disagreements there are can be explained in part by the fact that more than one of Kant’s philosophical motives come into play in his repeated discussions of these problems.
Androgen Regulation of the Pem Homeodomain Gene in Mice and Rat Sertoli and Epididymal Cells

Although the role of homeodomain transcription factors during embryogenesis is well known, their developmental function in postnatal animals is only beginning to be understood. We examined the regulation and expression pattern of Pem, a homeodomain protein that may regulate androgen-dependent events in the testis and epididymis. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Pem protein is expressed selectively in the nuclei of Sertoli cells during the androgen-dependent stage of the seminiferous epithelium cycle in vivo. RNase protection analysis revealed that a proximal promoter was responsible for androgen-dependent mouse Pem expression in testis and epididymis in vivo, whereas a distal promoter was used in placenta. The mouse Pem gene was expressed at approximately 10-fold higher levels in the testis than in the epididymis; conversely, the rat Pem gene was expressed at >10-fold higher levels in the epididymis than in the testis. Because androgen-binding protein has been proposed to transport androgens from the testis to the epididymis, we tested whether the > or = 20-fold higher levels of androgen-binding protein expression in the rat, compared to that of mouse, are responsible for the differential expression of Pem in these two rodent species. Studies with androgen-binding protein transgenic mice demonstrated that the species-specific difference in androgen-binding protein expression is unlikely to be responsible for the species-specific difference in Pem expression. We found that androgen is necessary but not sufficient for Pem expression, since purified Sertoli cells rapidly down-regulated Pem transcripts in culture, regardless of the presence of testosterone. We conclude that Pem gene expression in Sertoli cells requires other cell types or cellular factors in addition to androgen.
Pricing and Resource Allocation in Caching Services with Multiple Levels of Qos

Network caches are the storage centers in the supply chain for content delivery - the digital equivalent of warehouses. Operated by access networks and other operators, they provide benefits to content publishers in the forms of bandwidth cost reduction, response time improvement, and handling of flash crowds. Yet, caching has not been fully embraced by publishers, since its use can interfere with site personalization strategies and/or collection of visitor information for business intelligence purposes. While recent work has focused on technological solutions to these issues, this paper provides the first study of the managerial issues related to the design and provisioning of incentive compatible caching services. Starting with a single class of caching service, we find conditions under which the profit maximizing cache operator should offer the service for free. This occurs when the access networks' bandwidth costs are high and a large fraction of content publishers value personalization and business intelligence. Yet, some publishers will still opt out of the service, i.e., cache-bust, as observed in practice. We next derive the conditions under which the profit-maximizing cache operator should provision two vertically differentiated service classes, namely premium and best-effort. Interestingly, caching service differentiation is different from traditional vertical differentiation models, in that the premium and best effort market segments do not abut. Thus, optimal prices for the two service classes can be set independently, and cannibalization does not occur. It is possible for the cache operator to continue to offer the best-effort service for free while charging for the premium service. Furthermore, consumers are better off because more content is cached and delivered faster to them. Finally, we find that declining bandwidth costs will put negative pressure on cache operator profits, unless consumer adoption of broadband connectivity and the availability of multimedia content provide the necessary increase in traffic volume for the caches.
Experimental and Computational Simulation of Free Jet Characteristics Under Transverse Field Gradients

In this paper, we present numerical and experimental studies of the behavior of a liquid metal jet in a constant and gradient magnetic field. The experiments were conducted in the Magnetic Torus Li...
Fundamental studies on the metal chloride cathodes in sodium batteries

The authors report studies of the passivation of the NiCl/sub 2/ electrode during reduction, its effect on the electrochemical rate kinetics for the reduction, and its dependence on the state of charge of the electrode. NiCl/sub 2/ exhibits passive behavior more readily at lower states of charge due to a decrease in the electrochemical area, resulting from NaCl deposited during reduction. The passive behavior is evident from the DC polarization curves as well as AC impedance plots at the same potentials, implying a correlation between them. The results of the studies are presented in detail. >
The Use of Television and Scanning Techniques for Ultraviolet Irradiation Studies of Living Cells

The Ultraviolet Flying-Spot Television Microscope is a new tool for the study of living cells. The original development of the technique has been described by the authors elsewhere. One of the major uses of this technique is the study of ultraviolet irradiation damage in living cells. Recent advances in the technique now enable one to perform experiments designed to elucidate the relationship between total cellular damage and cellular component damage. This paper describes the methods for the simultaneous utilization of two wavelengths of light for the illumination of different portions of a single living cell. This technical advance now makes it possible to produce ultraviolet irradiation damage in any area of the cell while illuminating the remainder of the cell with nondamaging visible light purely for image production purposes.
A fast and high-order method for the three-dimensional elastic wave scattering problem

In this paper we present a fast and high-order boundary integral equation method for the elastic scattering by three-dimensional large penetrable obstacles. The algorithm extends the method introduced in 5] for the acoustic surface scattering to the fully elastic case. In our algorithm, high-order accuracy is achieved through the use of the partition of unity and a semi-classical treatment of relevant singular integrals. The computational efficiency associated with the nonsingular integrals is attained by the method of equivalent source representations on a Cartesian grid and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The resulting algorithm computes one matrix-vector product associated with the discretization of the integral equation with O ( N 4 / 3 log N ) operations, and it shows algebraic convergence. Several numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the method.
The early and late effect of ultraviolet light exposure on the induction and repair of electron-induced DNA damage in rat epidermis.

Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the early and late effects of ultraviolet light (UVL) on induction and repair of DNA damage in rat epidermis by electron radiation. The dorsal skin of 28-day-old rats was irradiated with 8.0 × 10 5 or 13.6 × 10 5 ergs/mm 2 UVL or weekly exposures of 0.4 × 10 5 ergs/mm 2 UVL for 23 or 48 weeks. At 1, 48, 100, 200, or 400 days after single UVL doses or 28 days after last weekly UVL dose, the animals were irradiated with 1200 rads of electrons and the resultant alkaline labile DNA damage and repair quantitated by the S 1 nuclease assay. The cytotoxic effect of UVL on basal epidermal cells was assessed by the labeled doublets technique. Single UV doses were capable of inhibiting repair of electron induced DNA damage for up to 5 h, but did not have any measurable late effect (>20 days) on the rate or extent of DNA repair. The rate of DNA repair in epidermal cells from animals exposed to weekly doses of UVL was more rapid than in age-matched controls. The UV doses used on these experiments were shown to be cytotoxic to a large proportion of the basal epidermal cells. The results indicate that exposure of the rat skin to single cytotoxic or multiple exposures of UVL did not accelerate the age related loss of DNA repair capacity.
Relative mitogenic activities of various estrogens and antiestrogens.

Abstract The abilities of a variety of estrogens and antiestrogens to stimulate DNA synthesis in the prepuberal rat uterus were compared. One microgram of each compound was administered in vivo via a single intraperitoneal injection. DNA synthesis was assayed in vitro in isolated nuclei 24 h later. The relative mitogenicities of the steroidal estrogens were: 16 α -E 2 α -E 2 = E 3 = 16-EpiE 3 β -E 2 = 17 β -E 2 . The potencies of several nonsteroidal estrogens were also tested. Indenestrol A was as potent at 17β-E 2 , whereas indanestrol and dimethylstilbestrol had weaker activities. The antiestrogens, nafoxidine and 4-hydroxytamoxifen, were both potent stimulators of DNA synthesis. The abilities of an estrogen to stimulate increases in uterine wet weight, DNA polymerase α activities, and DNA synthesis in uterine nuclei 24 h after injection were closely correlated. Because the magnitude of the stimulation of DNA synthesis was greatest, its measurement is the most sensitive of these assays of uterotrophic activity.
Nemuro-Oki earthquake of June 17, 1973: A lithospheric rebound at the upper half of the interface

Abstract P-wave first motions, radiation patterns and amplitudes of long-period surface waves, relocated aftershock distributions, leveling and tsunami data indicate that the 1973 Nemuro-Oki earthquake is caused by a low-angle thrust-faulting, representing a rebound at the upper 50 km of the interface between the continental and oceanic lithospheres. Rebound, most likely aseismic, at depths below 50 km, is suggested to take place in the near future from a comparison of recent geologic crustal deformation with pre-seismic and co-seismic data. The estimated seismic moment is about 1 3 – 1 4 of that for the neighboring great earthquakes. The macro-seismic data suggest that the 1973 earthquake is smaller than the 1894 Nemuro-Oki earthquake, the last great earthquake in this region. The 1973 earthquake had been predicted on the basis of a seismic gap. Although the prediction was successful as to the location and nature of the faulting and partly as to the occurrence time, it is smaller than the predicted one. A part of the seismic gap may still remain. The difference between the observed seismic slip (1.6 m) and that predicted on the basis of the pre-seismic crustal deformation (3.0 m) indicates either (1) the 1973 earthquake relieved only a part of the strain accumulated in the upper 50 km, or (2) a significant amount of aseismic slip took place on the seismic fault and completely relieved the accumulated strain in the focal region of the 1973 earthquake. If the former is the case, the remaining strain, not only in the focal region, but also in the remaining seismic gap adjoining it, may be relieved in a larger earthquake in the future. The source parameters obtained are as follows: fault plane, dip direction = N40°W, dip angle = 27°; seismic moment = 6.7 · 1027 dyn cm; average slip dislocation, 1.6 m in N63°W direction; stress drop = 35 bars. In these calculations, the fault dimension and the rigidity are assumed to be 100 · 60 km2 and 7.0 · 1011 dyn/cm2, respectively.
Influence of pigment packing behavior on the adhesive requirements of aqueous paper coatings

The amount of adhesive included in an aqueous paper coating formulation is critical to the performance and appearance of the final product. While the time-honored “weight ratios” are typically used to formulate pigmented coatings for paper, pigment volume concentration (or alternatively, % void volume) has been found to be much more useful in determining the interactions of pigments with the adhesive on the properties of such aqueous coatings. In this study, slurries of commercial kaolin clay and ground calcium carbonate pigments used in papermaking applications were blended and then centrifuged to determine the maximum packing efficiency of the pigments. Isolated films of coatings made from selected pigment blends and increasing levels of latex adhesive were tested for void volume percentage and tensile modulus. Based on these results, a regression equation between pigment interstitial space and the mechanical strength of different coating films was established.
Influence of load amplitude and uniaxial tensile properties on fatigue crack growth

Abstract Fatigue resistance curves are developed for a circular bar specimen containing an initial penny-shaped crack. They appear as straight lines in the strain energy density factor, S, versus crack length, a, plot as the stress amplitude (and/or mean stress) and uniaxial tensile properties are varied. Subcritical crack growth is seen to increase with decreasing load amplitude and increasing fracture toughness. Results for cases other than those analyzed may be obtained by extrapolation of the data that involves rotating the S-a lines. The loadtime history influence on fatigue crack growth is accounted for through the hysteresis strain energy density function. Only a single parameter is needed that can be determined either from a standard fatigue crack growth test or uniaxial fatigue test of a smooth specimen. This parameter remains constant for a fixed material as load amplitude and specimen size are changed. Reinterpretation of the obtained results is made by application of the commonly recognized two-parameter crack growth relation involving the stress intensity factor range Δ K. These parameters are shown to vary appreciably with changes in load amplitude and hence cannot be regarded as material constants.
High-throughput analysis of signals regulating stem cell fate and function

Stem cells exhibit promise in numerous areas of regenerative medicine. Their fate and function are governed by a combination of intrinsic determinants and signals from the local microenvironment, or niche. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying both embryonic and adult stem cell functions has been greatly enhanced by the recent development of several high-throughput technologies: microfabricated platforms, including cellular microarrays, to investigate the combinatorial effects of microenvironmental stimuli and large-scale screens utilizing small molecules and short interfering RNAs to identify crucial genetic and signaling elements. Furthermore, the integration of these systems with other versatile platforms, such as microfluidics and lentiviral microarrays, will continue to enable the detailed elucidation of stem cell processes, and thus, greatly contribute to the development of stem cell based therapies.