cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors Related To Annual Fund-Raising Contributions from Individual Donors to NCAA Division I-A Institutions

The purpose of this study was to identify selected factors related to annual fundraising program contributions at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A (D I-A) institutions and develop an equation for estimating an annual fund-raising goal. Based on a review of the literature, 15 potential predictor variables were selected and a survey instrument was developed to collect data on annual fund-raising contributions from individual donors and the selected factors. Surveys were mailed to the Director of Development for each Division I-A football institution (n = 114). Seventy useable questionnaires were returned, resulting in a 65.4 percent response rate. Multiple linear regression and Pearson product–moment correlation statistics were used to analyze the data. Based on the study's findings, a predictive equation was developed that can be utilized by D I-A athletic administrators in setting their annual fund-raising goal. The final model resulted in a statistically significant model that accounted for 78.1 percent of the variation in annual contributions. Five of the 15 selected predictor variables were determined to be significant in accounting for the variation in annual fund-raising contributions.
A fluorescent gated proportional counter for X-ray astronomy

The development of a position-sensitive proportional counter having a large drift volume is reported. It incorporates a fluorescent gating technique which results in a large improvement in background rejection over conventional proportional counters, and in addition offers the benefit of enhanced energy resolution (predicted to be about 3 percent at 40 keV) above the K shell of Xe.
Effect of pneumotoxicants on lactate dehydrogenase activity in airways of rats.

Abstract To assess the usefulness of monitoring changes in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the cell-free fraction of bronchopulmonary lavage fluid as an indicator of pulmonary injury, several toxicants were administered to rats using treatment regimens which have been shown previously to result in histopathologically demonstrable pneumotoxicity. For all of the toxicants employed except exposure to 1 atm O2, treatment did not affect recovery of lavage fluid from the lung. Lavage fluid LDH activity was elevated following treatment with paraquat, bromobenzene, and oxygen. Administration of monocrotaline using a treatment regimen which results predominantly in lung injury also produced elevated LDH activity in lavage fluid; however, treatment with this same compound using a regimen which results predominantly in hepatic injury failed to elevate lavage fluid LDH activity but resulted in a more pronounced increase in LDH activity in plasma. Similarly, the hepatotoxicant, carbon tetrachloride, produced a marked increase in plasma LDH activity without affecting that of the lavage fluid. The sensitivity of this method in detecting increased LDH activity was minimally dependent upon the volume of fluid used for lavage or on the number of successive lavages used for analysis. It appears to be useful as a rapid screening test for detecting lung injury from chemicals which are pneumotoxic following inhalation or systemic administration.
Towards a photonic crystal mode-locked laser

For a given average power, the energy per pulse of a mode-locked laser increases with increasing cavity length, lowering the repetition rate. Photonic crystal slow light optical waveguides can be used to address the high repetition rates and resulting low pulse energies of conventional semiconductor lasers by substantially increasing the effective optical cavity length while keeping the device compact. Such a device could enable a semiconductor laser to power two-photon microscopy, an advanced non-linear technique for time-resolved deep-tissue imaging. We present a design for realizing a monolithic two-segment quantum dot passively mode-locked photonic crystal laser. The cavity consists of a novel photonic crystal waveguide designed for low dispersion and wide bandwidth by engineering the photonic crystal lattice structure. Group velocity dispersion of 2x104 ps2/km, more than an order of magnitude lower than similar dispersion engineered photonic crystal waveguides, is achieved over 2% bandwidth, more than sufficient for mode-locking. Gain is achieved by optically pumping epitaxially grown InAs/GaAs quantum dots in part of the photonic crystal waveguide, and the saturable absorber section is reversed biased to enable pulse shaping. A cladding scheme is used to apply reverse bias to the saturable absorber and shorten its recovery time. Devices are fabricated using a combination of electron beam lithography, anisotropic etching, and selective under-etching processes, similar to standard photonic crystal waveguides. The low-dispersion, wide bandwidth waveguide, combined with the fast dynamics of InAs quantum dots could enable a compact, low repetition rate mode-locked laser to be realized.
Fiber Optic Sensor Programs At The University Of Washington

Fiber optics provide a technology which may be readily applied to chemical sensing. This application is the main thrust of fiber optic sensor development at the University of Washington. Researchers from a number of academic departments are investigating fiber optic based chemical sensors for applications in industrial, environmental, and biomedical monitoring. A brief overview is given with several examples of current sensor projects.
Triradical thermochemistry from collision-induced dissociation threshold energy measurements. The heat of formation of 1,3,5-trimethylenebenzene.

A method for measuring the heats of formation of triradicals using energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) of chloro-substituted biradical negative ions is described. This method is applied to the determination of the heat of formation of 1,3,5-trimethylenebenzene, which was generated by CID of the 5-chloromethyl-m-xylylene ion. The measured CID threshold energy for chloride loss (0.83 ± 0.07 eV) is combined with the electron affinity of the 5-chloromethyl-m-xylylene biradical (1.120 ± 0.059 eV) to give a heat of formation of the triradical of 111.0 ± 4.1 kcal/mol that agrees with the bond additivity value of 109.3 ± 2.1 kcal/mol. The measured heat of formation indicates a third C−H bond dissociation energy (BDE) in 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene of 88.2 ± 5.0 kcal/mol, indistinguishable from the C−H BDE in toluene or the first or second C−H BDEs in m-xylene. The results are in agreement with the predictions made on the basis of simple qualitative and high-level molecular orbital theories that predic...
Hemodynamic Alterations of Heat Stroke in the Elderly

Serial hemodynamic alterations were investigated in seven elderly patients with heat stroke. Their mean age was 72 ± 6 years. The circulatory response to heat stroke was either hyperdynamic or hypodynamic. Two patients had increased cardiac index (4.3 and 4.4 L/min/m 2 ), increased right atrial pressure (10 and 12 mm Hg), normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (10 and 12 mm Hg), and decreased systemic vascular resistance (542 and 738 dyne•sec•cm −5 ). Five patients had decreased cardiac index (mean 2.3 ± 0.2 L/min/m 2 ), decreased right atrial pressure (mean 2 ± 1 mm Hg), normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mean 6 ± 3 mm Hg), and increased systemic vascular resistance (mean 2020 ± 204 dyne•sec•-cm −5 ). Circulatory failure appears to be secondary to peripheral pooling of blood or hypovolemia. The inability to compensate hemodynamically when stressed by heat may predispose certain elderly individuals to develop heat stroke.
Home total parenteral nutrition: An alternative approach to the management of children with severe chronic small bowel disease☆

Abstract A home program of total parenteral nutrition (HTPN) has been developed for managing patients with severe chronic small bowel disease who would otherwise be unable to leave the hospital. Six such children were treated by this program using a Broviac catheter to shorten hospitalization, to decrease the cost of care, and to normalize their lives as much as possible. They ranged in age from 214–17 yr and received HTPN for periods of from 1–11 mo. Criteria for instituting this therapy were the inability to maintain fluid and nutritional balance on therapeutic diet or oral formula, or a need for 30 or more days of conventional TPN. The 6 patients had a total of 1139 days on HTPN with 1 episode of catheter sepsis and 1 localized infection at the catheter site. None of the catheters clotted but 1 was accidentally dislodged. Small bowel adaptation accurred in 4 of the 6 patients. This allowed gradual discontinuance of HTPN and reinstitution of total oral alimentation.
The State Perspective on Teacher Shortage, Certification, and Recruitment

The article discusses teacher certification, recruitment, and the supply and demand of foreign language teachers in the U.S. In order to meet the demand for language teachers, some states are changing their teacher certification requirements and are implementing alternative teacher certification programs. The obstacles facing language teachers' certification includes the U.S. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) and its requirements about highly qualified teachers. Teacher certification varies in the U.S. from state to state, so lessening the requirements in order to meet the demand for teachers could be difficult according to the author.
Finite-dimensional relativistic quantum mechanics

A finite-dimensional relativistic quantum mechanics is developed by first quantizing Minkowski space. Two-dimensional space-time event observables are defined and quantum microscopic causality is studied. Three-dimensional colored even observables are introduced and second quantized on a representation space of the restricted Poincare group. Creation, annihilation, and field operators are introduced and a finite-dimensional Dirac theory is presented.
Social Intelligence: Evidence for Independence of the Construct:

Summary.-The existence of a domain of social intelligence, separate from general ~ntelligence, has recently been questioned. This study presents evidence suggcsting that methodological variables associated with the type of instrument ut~l~zed to measure social intelligence may be critical to the identification of chis construct. Results support the existence of an independent factor of social intelligence. 0 A persistent issue in research on human ability has been whether a construct of social intelligence could be empirically validated, separately from the construct of general academic ability. Keating (1978) analyzed three measures of academic intelligence and three measures of social intelligence and could find no support for a separate construct of social intelligence based on these measures. He suggested, however, that a factor of social intelligence did not emerge because the format of the social intelligence tests was paperand-pencil. Keating suggested that the academic set established by these scales precluded the assessment of the factor of social intelligence. Keating hypothesized that this problem could be eliminated by using behavioral measures to assess ,social intelli
Implicit learning revealed by the method of opposition

Abstract Complex information, such as that required for motor skills, can be learned implicitly, without awareness. Much debate has centered on the appropriate methods for proving that implicit learning is not influenced by explicit awareness. A recent study by Destrebecqz and Cleeremans has provided compelling evidence for implicit sequence learning without awareness by using the ‘method of opposition'.
Inhibition of human malignant glioma cell motility and invasion in vitro by hypericin, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor

The effect of hypericin, an antiviral drug and a potent protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, on glioma cell invasion was investigated in vitro. Treatment of the established human glioblastoma cell line, T98G, with 1 microM hypericin for 24 h resulted in a significant inhibition of the cell invasion through an artificial basement membrane, but not cell attachment or proliferation. Furthermore, tamoxifen and staurosporine, both PKC inhibitors, also inhibited T98G cell invasion, suggesting that PKC may be the cellular target for hypericin-inhibited glioma cell migration. Similarly, hypericin decreased cell motility significantly in established lines, T98G and U87-MG, and also in a low-passage human malignant glioma cell line. Thus, hypericin may prove useful for studying mechanisms of glioma invasion, and may represent a new agent in malignant glioma therapy.
Severe sepsis in the United Sates: a 5-year analysis

We describe patient-level healthcare data related to severe sepsis over a 5-year period (2004 to 2008) in the United States.
Quadrature by expansion

Integral equation methods for the solution of partial differential equations, when coupled with suitable fast algorithms, yield geometrically flexible, asymptotically optimal and well-conditioned schemes in either interior or exterior domains. The practical application of these methods, however, requires the accurate evaluation of boundary integrals with singular, weakly singular or nearly singular kernels. Historically, these issues have been handled either by low-order product integration rules (computed semi-analytically), by singularity subtraction/cancellation, by kernel regularization and asymptotic analysis, or by the construction of special purpose "generalized Gaussian quadrature" rules. In this paper, we present a systematic, high-order approach that works for any singularity (including hypersingular kernels), based only on the assumption that the field induced by the integral operator is locally smooth when restricted to either the interior or the exterior. Discontinuities in the field across the boundary are permitted. The scheme, denoted QBX (quadrature by expansion), is easy to implement and compatible with fast hierarchical algorithms such as the fast multipole method. We include accuracy tests for a variety of integral operators in two dimensions on smooth and corner domains.
Auditory Short-Term Memory, Listening Comprehension, and the Input Hypothesis

This article reports the findings of a study which examined the relationship between auditory short-term memory and listening skill. The study was designed to assess the contribution of short-term memory for each of five types of auditory input to differences in standardized listening scores. Memory for syntactically arranged words proved to be the best predictor of listening skill in this battery of tests. The significance of the results for comprehension-based teaching methodologies is discussed.
APOE genotype affects the pre-synaptic compartment of glutamatergic nerve terminals

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype affects outcomes of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions of brain damage. Using APOE knock-in mice, we have previously shown that APOE-e4 Targeted Replacement (TR) mice have fewer dendritic spines and reduced branching in cortical neurons. As dendritic spines are post-synaptic sites of excitatory neurotransmission, we used APOE TR mice to examine whether APOE genotype affected the various elements of the glutamate–glutamine cycle. We found that levels of glutamine synthetase and glutamate uptake transporters were unchanged among the APOE genotypes. However, compared with APOE-e3 TR mice, APOE-e4 TR mice had decreased glutaminase levels (18%, p < 0.05), suggesting decreased conversion of glutamine to glutamate. APOE-e4 TR mice also had increased levels of the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (20%, p < 0.05), suggesting that APOE genotype affects pre-synaptic terminal composition. To address whether these changes affected normal neurotransmission, we examined the production and metabolism of glutamate and glutamine at 4–5 months and 1 year. Using high-frequency 13C/1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we found that APOE-e4 TR mice have decreased production of glutamate and increased levels of glutamine. These factors may contribute to the increased risk of neurodegeneration associated with APOE-e4, and also act as surrogate markers for Alzheimer's disease risk.
Optimal path planning on matrix Lie groups

The problem is to plan an optimal trajectory for an airplane moving at a constant velocity from some starting point and orientation to some final point and orientation. The problem is formulated as an optimal control problem of a left invariant control system on the Lie group SE(3). This paper considers the problem of optimal control on Lie groups in general, and relates the control tower problem to classic work on elastica. Through the use of Pontryagin's maximum principle and the techniques of numerical optimization, a solution to the problem is presented. Several examples are worked out in detail, including not only the model airplane on SE(3) but also similar systems on SE(2) and SO(3). >
Escape tactics used by bluegills and fathead minnows to avoid predation by tiger muskellunge

To explain why esocids prefer cylindrical, soft-rayed prey over compressed, spiny-rayed prey, we quantified behavioral interaction between tiger muskellunge (F1 hybrid of male northern pike Esox lucius and female muskellunge E. masguinongy) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). Tiger muskellunge required four times as many strikes and longer pursuits to capture bluegills than fathead minnows. Tiger muskellunge attacked each prey species differently; fathead minnows were grasped at midbody and bluegills were attacked in the caudal area. Each prey species exhibited different escape tactics. Fathead minnows remained in open water and consistently schooled; bluegills dispersed throughout the tank and sought cover by moving to corners and edges. Due to their antipredatory behavior (dispersing, cover seeking, and remaining motionless) and morphology (deep body and spines), bluegills were less susceptible to capture by tiger muskellunge than were fathead minnows.
Exciton and Impurity States in Rare-Gas Solids

Exciton and impurity states in Kr and Xe crystals and in rare-gas solids containing Xe impurity calculated by pseudopotential theory
The Telephone in Pediatric Medicine A Review

From a review of numerous studies and reports of management of pediatric illness by telephone, it is concluded that innovative methods of teaching effective diagnosis and management by telephone still need to be explored. More research should be done on patient outcomes to assess the adequacy of the initial decision-making process, rather than relying solely on the number of questions asked. This will necessitate studies using actual patient telephone vignettes rather than simulated ones. Finally, research needs to be done on the efficacy of the "telephone hour" used by many physicians to manage their day more efficiently. Such studies could compare patient outcome and parent and physician satisfaction, in practices where the "telephone hour" is standard, to those practices where patient calls are managed as they occur.
Ab initio modeling of small proteins by iterative TASSER simulations

Predicting 3-dimensional protein structures from amino-acid sequences is an important unsolved problem in computational structural biology. The problem becomes relatively easier if close homologous proteins have been solved, as high-resolution models can be built by aligning target sequences to the solved homologous structures. However, for sequences without similar folds in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) library, the models have to be predicted from scratch. Progress in the ab initio structure modeling is slow. The aim of this study was to extend the TASSER (threading/assembly/refinement) method for the ab initio modeling and examine systemically its ability to fold small single-domain proteins. We developed I-TASSER by iteratively implementing the TASSER method, which is used in the folding test of three benchmarks of small proteins. First, data on 16 small proteins (< 90 residues) were used to generate I-TASSER models, which had an average Cα-root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 3.8A, with 6 of them having a Cα-RMSD < 2.5A. The overall result was comparable with the all-atomic ROSETTA simulation, but the central processing unit (CPU) time by I-TASSER was much shorter (150 CPU days vs. 5 CPU hours). Second, data on 20 small proteins (< 120 residues) were used. I-TASSER folded four of them with a Cα-RMSD < 2.5A. The average Cα-RMSD of the I-TASSER models was 3.9A, whereas it was 5.9A using TOUCHSTONE-II software. Finally, 20 non-homologous small proteins (< 120 residues) were taken from the PDB library. An average Cα-RMSD of 3.9A was obtained for the third benchmark, with seven cases having a Cα-RMSD < 2.5A. Our simulation results show that I-TASSER can consistently predict the correct folds and sometimes high-resolution models for small single-domain proteins. Compared with other ab initio modeling methods such as ROSETTA and TOUCHSTONE II, the average performance of I-TASSER is either much better or is similar within a lower computational time. These data, together with the significant performance of automated I-TASSER server (the Zhang-Server) in the 'free modeling' section of the recent Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP)7 experiment, demonstrate new progresses in automated ab initio model generation. The I-TASSER server is freely available for academic users http://zhang.bioinformatics.ku.edu/I-TASSER .
Hybrid neurofibroma-schwannoma of the orbit.

Purpose: To report a case of an unusual orbital tumor with histologic features of both neurofibroma and schwannoma. Methods: Clinical and pathological findings are presented in a patient with an orbital tumor. Results: Orbital magnetic resonance imaging in a 51-year-old female revealed a heterogeneously enhancing right orbital mass. An anterior orbitotomy was performed, and pathological evaluation revealed a tumor with discrete areas of both neurofibroma and schwannoma. Conclusions: Hybrid neurofibroma-schwannomas may arise within the orbit.
Gay and Lesbian Faculty Issues

This article attempts to connect the literature regarding queer perspectives of the professoriate. While many universities have taken steps to be welcoming to gay and lesbian individuals, the actual experiences of those within the academy find issues of hostility and marginalization. Consequently, this article examines the work environment and its challenges for gay and lesbian faculty members along with a discussion of the reactionary measures taken by colleges and universities.
Understanding the selection of statistical tests

The author uses operating characteristic curves to examine the statistical risks associated with various test plans. Using binomial distribution examples, he shows how the supplier's and procurer's statistical risks can be understood prior to starting a test, thereby avoiding the selection of a test that accidentally loads the dice against the supplier. The formulae used to calculate operating characteristic curves using electronic spreadsheets are identified. >
Opposition Parties and Democratisation in Sub-Saharan Africa

Many accounts of democratisation in Africa from the early 1990s were infused with revived Afro-optimism at the outbreak of competitive elections in country after country on the continent. As noted by Huntington (1991:174) multiparty elections mean the demise of dictatorships and in many states the first years of the 1990s were heralded as the beginning of ac omplete political renewal (Ayittey 1992; Hyden and Bratton 1992; Joseph 1992). However, soon thereafter disputed elections in key states such as Kenya and Ghana in 1992, aborted processes in Togo and Cameroon, Zambia’s disappointing second elections in 1996, and breakdowns of the democratisation process in countries including Nigeria (1993), Angola (1992), and Gambia (1994) led to ah ost of pessimistic predictions: ac ontinuation of disorder and destructive politics (Chabal and Daloz 1999), no change at all (Akinrinade 1998), political closure (Joseph 1998), semi-authoritarianism (Carothers 1997), or ar eturn to ‘big man’, neopatrimonial, clientelist, informalised and disordered politics of the continent (Ake 1996; Bratton 1998; Chabal and Daloz 1999; Mbembe 1995; Villalon 1998). 1 While an umber of states have become either electoral or fully liberal democracies, many countries in Africa are still run by electoral authoritarian regimes. This article analyses the role of opposition parties’ behaviour in institutionalising democratic elections in electoral autocracies, and the effects of opposition choices on transformation of electoral authoritarian regimes to democracies. Specifically, the choices of opposition parties either to contest or boycott elections, and either accept or reject the outcome of the polls, are addressed in the analysis. The question is what type of opposition behaviour increases the likelihood of electoral autocracies becoming democracies and increasing participation, competition, and legitimacy? Political parties’ behaviour varies in important ways and that variation is taken as given in this article. One could legitimately also ask why opposition parties chose to act differently depending for example on the structural cleavages they represent (Lipset and Rokkan 1967), incentives of electoral systems they face (Sartori 1976; Lijphart 1984), the preferences of voters they seek to catch (Downs 1957), or because they are office-, voter-, or policy-seeking parties (Strom 1990). Seeking to explain the behaviour of opposition parties in Africa’s emerging democracies would be an interesting subject, but the focus on the con
Editor's Observations: Criminal History and the Purposes of Sentencing

The criminal history guidelines and application notes constitute one of the most confusing and complex chapters in the Sentencing Guidelines Manual. Perhaps not surprisingly, that chapter accounts for the largest number of appeals in the federal system. Yet Chapter Four has been broadly neglected by scholars and guideline experts alike. One is hard pressed to find more than a handful of journal articles discussing this fundamental section. Skimming the literature, one might be forgiven for thinking that the guidelines were constructed along a single offense-severity axis. Given this history of neglect, the Sentencing Commission deserves special praise for publishing its Draft Simplification Paper on Criminal History. The paper, reprinted beginning page 216 infra, was designed to initiate a dialogue about the role of criminal history in the sentencing process. It certainly has provoked a wide-ranging discussion among the commentators in this Issue, who debate proposals to modify the method of scoring prior convictions, expand the number of criminal history categories, and simplify the "decay" rules. But the debate that unfolds in these pages is not simply a technical discussion about the structure of this complex guideline chapter. It might also be seen as a micro cosm of the broader debate over the structure and
Response of ventilatory and lactate thresholds to continuous and interval training

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of continuous and interval training on changes in lactate and ventilatory thresholds during incremental exercise. Seventeen males were assigned...
Pattern retrieval in image databases based on adaptive signal decomposition

Efficient retrieval of information from image and other multimedia databases is an important and challenging problem. Among techniques developed for this purpose, query by example is the most effective way for searching large collections of images. In this paper we propose a new approach to extracting image features based on the local intensity pattern. The user can select any region of interest within an image and request that the system retrieve all similar looking patterns. No domain specific or context information is used in analysis, and the feature representation has desirable properties such as reduced dimensionality, preserving perceptual similarity, and offering a natural hierarchical indexing structure. Experimental results are presented. >
Mechanism of inhibition of hepatic bile acid uptake by amiloride and 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stilbene (DIDS)

Abstract The mechanisms by which amiloride and 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stilbene (DIDS) inhibit hepatic uptake of cholate and taurocholate (TC) were investigated in isolated rat hepatocytes. Amiloride inhibited Na + -dependent uptake of cholate and TC only when hepatocytes were preincubated with amiloride, indicating an indirect effect of amiloride. Time-dependent studies showed that the inhibition of bile acid uptake was associated with a parallel increase in intracellular Na + concentration (Na + ] i ). Although amiloride decreased intracellular pH, this decrease preceded amiloride-induced inhibition of bile acid uptake and increase in [Na + ] i Amiloride inhibited bile acid uptake, decreased membrane potential, and increased [Na + ] i with comparable concentration dependency. DIDS inhibited Na + -dependent uptake of cholate and TC non-competitively. Neither DIDS nor amiloride inhibited Na + -independent uptake of cholate and TC. These results indicate that amiloride inhibits Na + -dependent cholate and TC uptake by decreasing the transmembrane Na + -gradient, and further support the hypothesis that two different transporters may be involved in hepatic bile acid uptake by Na + -dependent and Na + -independent mechanisms.
X-ray photochemistry: ω-chloro olefin sulfones

To be efficacious as an x-ray resist, a material must efficiently undergo a desirable chemical change upon being irradiated with x-rays. The probability of such a change taking place is given by the product of the fractional x-ray absorption and the “inherent sensitivity,” which we define as the yield per unit energy absorbed. Increasing the absorption of the polymer, as, for example, by chlorinating an olefin sulfone thereby increasing the absorption at wavelengths just below the chlorine absorption edge will result in improved usefulness if, and only if, this increased energy absorbed can be used by the polymer to enhance the desired chemical reaction. The “usefulness” of chlorinating is thus dependent on the efficiency of intramolecular energy transfer. We have studied the efficiency of this transfer by monitoring the loss of SO2 from the main-chain backbone as a function of absorbed x-ray energy, using x-ray wavelengths both abov and below the chlorine absorption edge. The polymers studied were 1-olefin sulfones, with and without the chlorine atom in the ω-position. Through the use of this series of polymers it was hoped to observe an effect due to the changing separation of the chlorine atom from the backbone. The experiments indicate that (a) the inherent sensitivity is independent of irradiating wavelength, for both the chlorine-containing and the non-chlorine-containing polymers; (b) the hexene polymers are considerably more sensitive than the lower members of the series (which exhibit a sensitivity which is approximately independent of the side chain length); and (c) the chlorine-containing polymers are less sensitive than the non-chlorine-containing species. At this time the explanation for these observations is speculative.
A uniqueness theorem for a boundary inverse problem

Let D contained in/implied by R3 be a bounded domain with a smooth boundary Gamma , - Delta u+q(x)u=0 in D u=f, uN=h on Gamma and q(x) in Linfinity (D). From knowledge of the set (f, h) where f runs through C1( Gamma ) the coefficient q(x) is uniquely recovered. Analytical formulae for q(x) are given. Applications are considered.
Breast cancer susceptibility loci and mammographic density

Introduction Recently, the Breast Cancer Association Consortium (BCAC) conducted a multi-stage genome-wide association study and identified 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer risk. Given the high degree of heritability of mammographic density and its strong association with breast cancer, it was hypothesised that breast cancer susceptibility loci may also be associated with breast density and provide insight into the biology of breast density and how it influences breast cancer risk. Methods We conducted an analysis in the Nurses' Health Study (n = 1121) to assess the relation between 11 breast cancer susceptibility loci and mammographic density. At the time of their mammogram, 217 women were premenopausal and 904 women were postmenopausal. We used generalised linear models adjusted for covariates to determine the mean percentage of breast density according to genotype. Results Overall, no association between the 11 breast cancer susceptibility loci and mammographic density was seen. Among the premenopausal women, three SNPs (rs12443621 [TNRc9/ LOC643714], rs3817198 [lymphocyte-specific protein-1] and rs4666451) were marginally associated with mammographic density (p < 0.10). All three of these SNPs showed an association that was consistent with the direction in which these alleles influence breast cancer risk. The difference in mean percentage mammographic density comparing homozygous wildtypes to homozygous variants ranged from 6.3 to 8.0%. None of the 11 breast cancer loci were associated with postmenopausal breast density.
Cross-Layer Congestion Control, Routing and Scheduling Design in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

This paper considers jointly optimal design of crosslayer congestion control, routing and scheduling for ad hoc wireless networks. We first formulate the rate constraint and scheduling constraint using multicommodity flow variables, and formulate resource allocation in networks with fixed wireless channels (or single-rate wireless devices that can mask channel variations) as a utility maximization problem with these constraints. By dual decomposition, the resource allocation problem naturally decomposes into three subproblems: congestion control, routing and scheduling that interact through congestion price. The global convergence property of this algorithm is proved. We next extend the dual algorithm to handle networks with timevarying channels and adaptive multi-rate devices. The stability of the resulting system is established, and its performance is characterized with respect to an ideal reference system which has the best feasible rate region at link layer. We then generalize the aforementioned results to a general model of queueing network served by a set of interdependent parallel servers with time-varying service capabilities, which models many design problems in communication networks. We show that for a general convex optimization problem where a subset of variables lie in a polytope and the rest in a convex set, the dual-based algorithm remains stable and optimal when the constraint set is modulated by an irreducible finite-state Markov chain. This paper thus presents a step toward a systematic way to carry out cross-layer design in the framework of “layering as optimization decomposition” for time-varying channel models.
'Bringing Coals to Newcastle?' Human Rights, Civil Rights and Social Movements in New York City (with Diana H. Yoon)

In this article we examine the encounter between global human rights ideas and domestic discourses of civil rights and social justice, focusing on processes of translation and adaptation of women’s human rights in two ethnographic sites in New York City. The first site is a citywide coalition working for the adoption of a New York City human rights ordinance. The second site is an advocacy organization working on domestic violence issues. We find that the local adoption of human rights in New York City – the ‘domestication’ of human rights – takes place in two central sites: law and social movement. We further find that the process of translation takes place unevenly in the two sites, and it is driven primarily by the actors, mechanisms and technologies in the social movement arena. Overall, we witness the emergence of a domestic human rights movement as a new counter-hegemonic space, characterized by multiplicity in meanings, ideological heterogeneity and ambivalence from those engaged in its construction.
Utilizing Home Rule: The Case for Restricting Hydraulic Fracturing at the Local Level

The surge of hydraulic fracturing in the United States has spawned concern over public health risks associated with the practice. Some states, such as New York, have ultimately banned hydraulic fracturing citing significant environmental and public health hazards. Nationally, debate over regulation of hydraulic fracturing has taken center stage. The current regulatory scheme is a patchwork of state regulation with minimal federal oversight that leaves many individuals at risk of health and property damages. For individuals negatively affected by hydraulic fracturing, pursuing a cause of action may not be a viable option. Poorly defined property rights and significant evidentiary barriers often hinder individuals from the ability to purse a legal remedy for injuries suffered as a result of nearby hydraulic fracturing operations. Using their home rule powers, municipalities may be in the best position to insulate their residents from health and property damages by restricting or banning hydraulic fracturing within their borders. This article will analyze why hydraulic fracturing poses substantial health and property risks; why the currently regulatory regime leaves individuals vulnerable; and will suggest strategies for municipalities to restrict or ban hydraulic fracturing with their borders.
The light side of the force

A combination of two single-molecule techniques has revealed new tertiary interactions in the TPP riboswitch.
Simulation-driven task prioritization using a restless bandit model for active sonar missions

We consider a task prioritization problem of an active sonar tracking system when available ping resources may not be sufficient to sustain all tracking tasks at any particular time. In this problem, the time-varying conditions of a tracking task are represented by a finite-state discrete-time Markov decision process. The objective is to find a policy which decides at each time interval which tracking tasks to perform so as to maximize the aggregate reward over time. This paper addresses the derivation of the Markov chain parameters from the sonar tracking system simulations, the establishment of task prioritization as a restless bandit (TPRB) problem, and the TPRB policy obtained by a primal-dual index heuristic based on a first-order linear programming relaxation to the TPRB problem. The superior performance of the resulting TPRB policy is demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations on various multi-target scenarios.
Spatially variant total variation minimization improves photoacoustic tomography

We present a new method that can enhance quantitative recovery of optical absorption coefficient in heterogeneous media from noisy photoacoustic data by incorporating spatially variant information into total variation minimization with the finite element method.
Agreement and clinical utility of 2 techniques for measuring cardiac output in patients with low cardiac output

BACKGROUND The reliability of cardiac output obtained with the bolus technique is a problem. OBJECTIVES To compare measurements of cardiac output measured with bolus and continuous techniques in patients with low cardiac output and to determine if measurements obtained with the continuous technique increased the number of subsequent clinical decisions. METHODS In 60 intensive care patients, a nurse recorded a single continuous cardiac output measurement and then obtained the mean of 3 consecutive bolus determinations. The medical records of these 60 patients (experimental group) for the next 48 hours and of 60 other patients with regular or mixed venous oximetry catheters (control group) were reviewed to assess the occurrence of cardiac output events and the frequency of clinical decisions based on the events. RESULTS Mean cardiac output was 4.46 L/min by the continuous technique and 5.20 L/min by the bolus technique (P = .011) for the experimental group. Median bias between the 2 types of measurements was -0.10 L/min (P = .79). Twenty-three of the pairs (38%) had an absolute percent difference greater than 15%. Of these, 18 (78%) had a higher bolus reading. Treatment decisions per 48 hours were 9.9 for the experimental group and 8.6 for the control group (P = .014). Median length of stay was 2 days less in the experimental group (P = .02), and mean highest cardiac output was 0.81 L/min higher (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS Measurements of cardiac output determined with the continuous technique may be more precise than measurements determined with the bolus technique. Continuous cardiac output information increases the number of treatment decisions and actions that may shorten hospital length of stay.
Millimeter-wave cell grouping for optimized coverage based on radio-over-fiber and centralized processing

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a cell grouping method to improve frequency-reused millimeter-wave coverage. The method provides a 3.5-dB improvement on signal quality and power budget in a field test on a three-transmitter radio-over-fiber system.
Reactivity of Gas-Phase Radicals with Organic Surfaces

In chemical reactions at the gas–surface interface, the heterogeneity in structure of reaction sites plays a critical role in determining surface reactivity. This Perspective describes reaction mechanisms in such systems and details the use of in situ scanning probe microscopy to investigate reactions of gas-phase radicals with self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers on gold surfaces. For both atomic hydrogen and atomic chlorine reagents, the presence of defects in the alkanethiolate surface order has a substantial influence on what reactions can occur and the speed at which they do so. Data acquired from a series of images were modeled using kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, and a surface radical reaction model was developed to explain the observed evolution of surface structure as the reactions proceed.
Influence of Antigen Receptor Avidity, Affinity, and Specificity on Genetically Engineered T Cells

Affinity of a T cell receptor (TCR) refers to the strength of binding between a single TCR and a peptide/MHC (pMHC) complex while avidity of a TCR refers to the overall strength of binding between multiple cell-bound receptors and their ligands. Affinity of a TCR plays a role in thymic T cell selection and the generation of the TCR repertoire. In the absence of sensitivity to strong or weak antigen receptor signals, the homeostasis of the immune system is compromised and the risk of autoimmunity and/or infection ensues. Over the past few decades, T cells which have been genetically modified to target tumor antigens have been used to treat cancer patients. Antibody-based chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) were the first molecules used to redirect the specificity of normal T cells. CAR gene modified T cells can direct tumor rejection in mice and humans. Another class of receptors used to redirect the specificity of T cells is the T cell receptor (TCR). TCR gene modified T cells can also direct tumor rejection in mice and humans. CAR and TCR engineered T cells reactive against tumors have emerged as a promising advance in tumor immunotherapy. The rationale of this chapter is to study how CAR and TCR gene modified T cells modulate tumor immunity.
Arc Mechanism Analysis of Gas Blast Arc Quenching Type Lightning Protection Gap

A gas blast arc quenching model is proposed based on.the principle and phenomenon of gas blast arc quenching type lighting protection gap on transmission line.The model is consisting of gas blast wave model,arc quenching gas flow model and arc plasma model.The action of gas blast arc quenching device to arc is simulated by fluent model based on hydrodynamics software CFD.Simulation results show that the arc can be blow off the gap in very short time by high speed gas flow and the arc surface temperature dropped very quickly.The results of gas blast arc quenching test verify the effectiveness of the model,and prove that power frequency sustaining current arc of lighting protection gap can be cut off and suppressed effectively by the high speed gas flow generated by gas blast arc quenching device.
Transactive Home Energy Management Systems: The Impact of Their Proliferation on the Electric Grid

Approximately 100 million singlefamily homes in the United States account for 36% of the electricity load, and often they determine the peak system load, especially on hot summer days when residential air-conditioning use is high. Traditional building power profiles are changing. Currently, there is an increased use of energy-efficient building materials and designs, which decreases building loads. In addition, there is an increased adoption of rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV), which leads to bidirectional power flow and significant power ramps as PV output decreases in the late afternoon. Building power profiles are likely to change even more as residential energy storage products proliferate. Therefore, a better understanding of residential electricity demand is key to addressing the envisioned transition of the electric power system from its traditional structure to one that is transactive.
Enabling Elastic Stream Processing in Shared Clusters

Distributed data stream processing has become an increasingly popular computational framework due to many emerging applications which require real-time processing of data such as dynamic content delivery and security event analysis. These distributed data stream processing applications are often run on shared, multi-tenant clusters as companies try to consolidate from dedicated clusters for each application (batch and streaming) to a single cluster using a global cluster manager such as Hadoop YARN. In shared cluster environments, guaranteeing the quality of service constraints for throughput and response time for both stream processing applications and batch applications is a significant challenge. Stream processing applications often face an elastic demand where the input rate can vary drastically. The typical solution to solve workload elasticity is to guarantee enough resources to the application, but this solution is not possible when resources are being shared among multiple applications. In this paper, we present an approach for supporting elastic scaling of distributed data stream processing applications and efficiently scheduling and coordinating stream processing with batch processing in shared clusters. Our solution consists of a congestion detection monitor which detects bottlenecks in the streaming system and a global state manager that performs non-disruptive, stateful scaling of streaming applications. We implemented our solution using Storm, a popular stream processing framework, and tested our implementation on a Hadoop YARN cluster using a real-time security event processing workload. Our experimental results show that our solution improves stream processing application throughput by 49% over default Storm while decreasing average request response times by 58%.
Current drive by tokamak injection

In this paper a scheme for tokamak formation and sustainment via helicity injection is proposed. The method consists of injecting source tokamaks into a steady tokamak to sustain its current. The source tokamaks are created using an ohmic heating coil fed from one end and are accelerated toward the steady tokamak by the combined effect of line tension and a mirror field. High efficiency, conservation of toroidal symmetry, and injection of an inductively generated, fairly hot plasma are the relevant features of this method.
Conceptualizing a Computing Platform for Science Beyond 2020: To Cloudify HPC, or HPCify Clouds?

A primary challenge of the cyberinfrastructure research community is the need to define the Platforms for Science beyond 2020. We analyze major current trends and propose that in order to deliver the Platform for Science in 2020 the dominant research challenge is to manage the convergence of capabilities of traditional HPC systems with richness of Apache Big Data systems. In this vision paper, we purport to examine the relationship between infrastructure for data-intensive computing and that for High Performance Computing and examine possible "convergence" of capabilities.