cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERPRETING PRECEDENT INTERJURISDICTIONALLY

Judges often have to interpret and apply the precedent of other jurisdictions. For example, federal courts apply state judicial decisions when they exercise diversity or supplemental jurisdiction. When a court applies the precedent of another jurisdiction, does the court also apply that other jurisdiction’s methods of interpreting precedent? Should it? This Article defends the counterintuitive claim that a judge can have a duty to apply another jurisdiction’s precedent without having a corresponding duty to apply the other jurisdiction’s interpretive norms. I begin by presenting a descriptive account of interpretive methodology in the context of precedent, explaining how methods of interpreting precedent can and do differ across courts and jurisdictions, just like methods of interpreting statutes and constitutions. I show that, in practice, courts often acknowledge that they have a duty to apply the substantive precedent of another jurisdiction without recognizing an obligation to apply the other jurisdiction’s methods of interpretation. I then present my theoretical account of interpretation, demonstrating how different theories of law generate different answers to the question of whether and when a law-applying court is bound by the interpretive methods of the law-supplying jurisdiction. This Article thus illustrates, for the first time, the relevance of analytical jurisprudence to a critical and ubiquitous quandary in conflicts of law. If we wish to make progress on the conflicts of law problem, I suggest, we cannot ignore its jurisprudential underbelly. Although the Article focuses on the relationship between state and federal courts in the U.S., its argument should extend to any context where courts in one jurisdiction apply a different jurisdiction’s law, and so the conclusions I reach have critical implications for our legal system as well as others.
Return to Work Following High Tibial Osteotomy With Concomitant Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation

Purpose To assess the timeline of return to work (RTW) following opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with concomitant osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) of the medial femoral condyle. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing HTO + OCA due to focal chondral deficiency and varus deformity were retrospectively identified and reviewed at a minimum of 2 years following surgery. Patients completed a subjective work questionnaire, a visual analog scale for pain, Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation, and a satisfaction questionnaire. Results Twenty-eight patients (average age: 36.0 ± 7.9 years) were included at 6.7 ± 4.1 years postoperatively. Twenty-six patients were employed before surgery and 25 patients (96.2%) returned to work following HTO + OCA. However, only 88.5% of patients were able to return to the same level of occupational intensity by 3.5 ± 2.9 months postoperatively. The rate of RTW to the same occupational intensity for sedentary, light, medium, and heavy intensity occupations was 100%, 100%, 88.9%, and 80% (P = .8), whereas the duration of RTW was 9.0 ± 7.1 months, 1.7 ± 1.4 months, 2.7 ± 0.9 months, and 4.2 ± 1.9 months (P = .006), respectively. Two patients (7.7%) underwent knee replacement by 5.3 ± 3.1 years postoperatively due to progression of osteoarthritis in the medial compartment. Conclusions In patients with focal chondral deficiency and varus deformity, HTO + OCA provides a high rate of RTW (96.2%) by 3.5 ± 2.9 months postoperatively. However, patients with greater-intensity occupations may take longer to return to work than those with less physically demanding occupations. Level of Evidence IV, Retrospective Case Series
The Association between Aortic Valve Weight, Echocardiographic Indices, and All-Cause Death in 1,046 Patients Undergoing Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis.

Background: Aortic valve weight (AVW), a flow independent measure of aortic stenosis (AS) severity, is reported to have heterogeneous associations with the echocardiographic variables used for AS evaluation. Controversy exists regarding its impact on survival after aortic valve replacement (AVR). Objective: We sought to determine the association between AVW with echocardiographic measures of AS severity and all-cause mortality after surgical AVR. Methods: One thousand and forty-sixconsecutive patients underwent surgical AVR for AS, the excised valves were weighed, and an echocardiogram was done before surgery. Results: Males had heavier valves than females, for both absolute and body surface are (BSA)-indexed values (2.78 ± 1.23 vs. 2.08 ± 0.68 g, p < 0.001; and 1.38 ± 0.61 vs. 1.19 ± 0.41 g/m2, p < 0.001, respectively). In a restricted cohort of 634 patients with isolated severe AS and normal ejection fraction, the correlations of AVW with echocardiographic variables of AS were modest, the strongest being with the dimensionless index (r = –0.27 and –0.26 for male and female, both p < 0.01). Stratified by stroke volume index and mean gradient (MG), no associations were found in the low-gradient groups (i.e., MG <40 mmHg). At a median follow-up of 3.5 years, there were only 244 deaths in the entire cohort. Mortality was not related to AVW, except in females who displayed an inverse relationship (HR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.47–0.95) only when it was analyzed as a continuous variable. Conclusions: The weak correlation between AVW with the echocardiographic indices of AS may reflect its complex pathophysiology, heterogeneous hemodynamics, and possible pitfalls in the current echocardiographic methods used in clinical practice. The prognostic value of AVW after AVR warrants further evaluation.
Providing Information to Referring Physicians and Patients

Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) contains both glandular (lacrimal and salivary gland) features and extraglandular manifestations that create multiple physical, emotional, occupational, and financial problems down the road. Although many physicians and medical centers are moving toward integrated electronic medical records, these systems will take years to develop for use within a given institution and more years for them to securely communicate with electronic systems outside their own institution. In general, these systems are not designed to communicate with patients due to issues of patient confidentiality. This chapter addresses an approach that we have been using to provide both referring physicians, members of the health care team, and patients with information.
Concentrations of the Opium Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine, and Thebaine in Poppy Seeds are Reduced after Thermal and Washing Treatments but are Not Affected when Incorporated in a Model Baked Product

Limited information exists on the effectiveness of potential treatments to reduce levels of opium alkaloids that may be present in seeds from poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Poppy seeds containing morphine at relatively lower (14.7 mg kg-1) and higher (210.0 mg kg-1) concentrations were subjected to dry heat and steam treatments, water washing, and baking. Sample extracts were then analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the opium alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The results indicated that thermal treatment promoted opium alkaloid degradation in poppy seed samples, with a 50% loss of morphine observed after 30-40 min at 200 °C. Water washing reduced concentrations of opium alkaloids in poppy seeds by approximately 50-80%, while steam treatment resulted in reduction of morphine in only one sample type. Importantly, baking had no significant effect on concentrations of opium alkaloids. Overall, these results indicate that opium alkaloids may not be significantly affected by baking or steam application and that poppy seeds may require water washing or extended thermal treatment to promote reduction of these compounds.
Chapter 22 – Sentence Processing

By convention, the term “sentence processing” refers to the subfield of psycholinguistics focusing on the interpretation of sentences. A range of information sources is used for successful sentence processing. Lexical and syntactic constraints are central for defining the structural alternatives, and information associated with the prosody of the sentence as well as the discourse and visual context in which the sentence occurs reinforces some interpretations and fleshes out the meaning of the sentence. Approaches to sentence processing differ regarding whether they assume serial versus parallel and modular versus interactive architectures; almost all assume incremental interpretation and even prediction of structure and lexical content. Current models include the garden-path model, constraint-based models, and approaches that allow the processing system to reduce and even distort the input (Good-Enough Processing; Noisy Channel Models). An important trend is work designed to shed light on how sentence processing is implemented in the brain.
Seasonality of tropical airborne algae: a 16-month study based on high-throughput sequencing in the Hawaiian Islands

The airborne environment is a critical juncture linking terrestrial and aquatic habitats, yet the algae of this environment are not well-characterised and understood. The goal of this study was to ...
Maintenance of Pulmonary Therapies

The treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary disease is aimed to optimize pulmonary function and prevent disease progression and other complications through (1) management of chronic infection; (2) clearance of mucous secretions; and (3) reduction of airway inflammation. Central to the concepts of precision medicine and coproduction among the individual, family, and clinical care team, the management of CF pulmonary disease should be tailored to an individual’s respiratory needs and personal preferences. Perhaps the most recognizable precision therapies are cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators in adults and children with CF as young as 6 months of age. Most of the currently used therapeutic interventions in CF, such as selection of antibiotics for specific respiratory infections and modalities for effective airway clearance, constitute personalized treatment regimens. In addition, clinical practice guidelines have been developed worldwide to standardize the treatment of CF pulmonary disease and updated to include the CFTR modulator therapies. How the CFTR modulator therapies might alter the present recommendations for maintenance pulmonary therapies in CF pulmonary disease is a focus for future investigations. Therefore, it is critical for CF care teams to collaborate with individuals and families to develop a therapeutic regimen and optimize individual care. This chapter will review maintenance pulmonary therapies in CF and includes a family’s perspectives on chronic daily treatments.
Variations in bariatric surgical practice patterns between general and bariatric surgeons: a matched analysis of the 2017 MBSAQIP database.

Abstract Introduction While General Surgeons (GSs) perform metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), these procedures are increasingly performed by Metabolic and Bariatric Surgeons (MBSs). As MBS is an evolving practice with changing surgical platforms and approaches, it is important to evaluate outcomes between different specialists performing these procedures. Objectives To compare perioperative practice pattern variations and outcomes of MBS performed by GSs versus MBSs. Setting University Hospital, United States Methods Using the 2017 Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) database, we identified Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) cases, and stratified by specialization (GSs vs. MBSs). Patient characteristics, practice patterns and outcomes s, complications and thirty-day outcomes were compared between cohorts. Matched procedure-specific analyses were performed. Results Of 172,430 MBS procedures, 4,394 (2.5%) were performed by GSs and 168,036 (97.4%) by MBSs. At baseline, patients of GSs had fewer comorbidities. General Surgeons more commonly used the robotic platform for SG cases, and perform interventions such as staple line reinforcement and staple line check with provocative testing. Metabolic and Bariatric Surgeons more commonly performed robotic (vs. laparoscopic) RYGB. Overall complications were low in both study cohorts. After propensity matching, transfusion and venous thromboembolism were higher in SG performed by GSs, while SSI was higher in SG and RYGB performed by MBSs. These findings were not reproduced after case-control matching. In matched analyses, there were no mortality or morbidity differences between study cohorts. Conclusion Metabolic and bariatric surgery is performed safely by both GSs and MBSs, with no difference in morbidity and mortality.
Substance-Related Found-Down Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the patient population with substance-related found-down extremity compartment syndrome (FDECS) and report on their treatment and outcome. DATA SOURCE This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Articles in English language were identified by searching 3 online databases, EMBASE, PubMed Publisher, and Cochrane Central, in September 2019. STUDY SELECTION Studies involving substance-related FDECS were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: patient age <18 years, not original studies, no full text available, technical reports, traumatic acute extremity compartment syndrome, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, and vascular acute extremity compartment syndrome. DATA EXTRACTION There were 61 studies included with 166 cases of FDECS. Two investigators screened and extracted data independently according to a standardized template. Disagreements were addressed by an attempt to reach a consensus, and involvement of a third reviewer. Studies were quality assessed with "Quality Assessment tool for Case Series Studies." DATA SYNTHESIS Descriptive statistics were reported using Excel. CONCLUSION Substance-related FDECS is often occurring in young adults. Data from this review found that most of the patients were already diagnosed with substance use disorders and/or psychiatric disorders. There should be a high index of suspicion of FDECS in patients presenting after prolonged immobilization. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Exploiting Long-Term Temporal Cache Access Patterns for LRU Insertion Prioritization

In a CPU cache utilizing least recently used (LRU) replacement, cache sets manage a buffer which orders all cache lines in the set from LRU to most recently used (MRU). When a cache line is brought...
A Study of Semiconductor Defects within Automotive Manufacturing using Predictive Analytics

Latent defects within semiconductors have been a primary cause of final inspection failures within the electronic control unit (ECU) manufacturing process. Finding the true root cause within the ECU circuit is a challenge due to the complexity of these devices. As automotive OEMs increase their Tier I testing requirements to eliminate failures within their manufacturing and in the consumer market, Tier I suppliers are reacting by introducing high voltage burn-in testing. The burn-in testing can induce electrical overstress (EOS) to the semiconductors, resulting in requests to Tier II semiconductor manufacturers to analyze these failures. However, the end result is a failure caused within the Tier I process, unrelated to the semiconductor manufacturing process. The analysis of these suspect manufacturers costs both the Tier I and Tier II time and money that could have been used more effectively. Historical data exists within the Tier I manufacturing process that can be analyzed to identify potential relationships between production variables, such as specific equipment used for testing, the temperature of the specific test, the type of measurement taken during that test step, and the result of a non-supplier related defect (NTF or EOS result). A prediction model is created to flag these as potential non-supplier related defects based on previous investigations. The results shift the focus away from the Tier II semiconductor supplier for non-related defects and towards solving the root cause which may be occurring within the testing or manufacturing process.
Rethinking the One Button Studio: An Alternative Solution

This design case focuses on the development of an alternative to Penn State’s One Button Studio, but with a do-it-yourself mentality and a substantially smaller budget. The development of our one button video kiosk began as a class project but is part of a larger design-based research project. Video production is not something that all faculty, staff, or students are comfortable with. Our one button video kiosk is intended to minimize barriers and concerns with such productions by helping users produce video content as quickly and easily as possible. The case focuses on the design, development, and initial testing of the kiosk. By freely sharing these details, it is the hope of the authors that readers will join the conversation by sharing their revisions or new designs for such kiosks or alternative solutions.
Why Do High Income Families Have Higher Voter Turnout

This paper addresses two puzzles about voter turnout. The first is that high income families are more likely to vote, even after controlling for age and education. The second is the large number of registered voters that do not vote (again, a more pronounced phenomenon among low income citizens). Using the warm glow theory to rationalize voting and allowing hyperbolic discounting, the paper explains the variation of registration and voter turnout across families with different income levels. We also discuss the model's implications for policies aimed at increasing turnout, including compulsory voting and lottery approaches.
Design, fabrication and testing of a 15-kW gas-fired liquid-metal evaporator

This paper describes the development and testing of a compact heat- pipe heat exchanger that is designed to transfer thermal energy from hot combustion gases to the heater tubes of a 25-kW{sub e} Stirling engine. In this system, sodium evaporates from a surface that is heated by a stream of hot gases and the liquid metal then condenses on the heater tubes of a Stirling engine where energy is transferred to the engine`s helium working fluid. Recent tests on a prototype unit illustrated that a compact (8 cm {times} 13 cm {times} 16 cm) sodium evaporator can routinely transfer 15-kW{sub t} of energy at an operating vapor temperature of 760{degrees}C. Four of these prototype units will eventually be used to power a 25-kW{sub e} Stirling engine system. Design details and test results from the prototype unit are presented in this paper.
Enzymic Synthesis of O-Alkyl Bonds in Glycerolipids

We have found that O-alkyl bonds in glycerolipids are synthesized by microsomal enzymes of preputial gland tumors when dihydroxyacetone-P or glyceraldehyde-3-P and 1-14C long chain fatty alcohols are used as substrates; ATP, coenzyme A, and Mg++ are essential cofactors. The O-alkyl moieties formed from the 1-14C- and 9,10-3H-labeled long chain fatty alcohols show that the fatty alcohol chains are directly incorporated. Dihydroxyacetone-P is an obligate source of the glycerol portion of glyceryl ethers, since only the dihydroxyacetone-P served as a precursor when 1-hydroxy-3-chloro-2-propanone phosphate was used as a specific inhibitor of triose-P isomerase, which is present in the microsomal preparation. Kinetic data on the following parameters were obtained: time, CoA, Mg++, ATP, protein, pH, and inhibitors (phosphate and 1-hydroxy-3-chloro-2propanone phosphate). We documented the chromatographic behavior of the intermediates (O-alkyldihydroxyacetone and O-alkyldihydroxyacetone-P) and identified the O-alkyl linkage by thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography of the isopropylidene derivatives of the O-alkylglycerols formed by LiAlH4 reduction. Only the 1 isomeric O-alkylglycerols could be isolated after LiAlH4 reduction. Although other nucleotides (ADP and ITP) substituted for ATP in this system, glutathione or cysteine could not replace the CoA requirement. Metals other than Mg++ did not provide optimal conditions, and copper ions inhibited the biosynthesis of O-alkyl bonds. To some extent, dihydroxyacetone was able to replace the dihydroxyacetone-P requirement, but it is possible that phosphorylation occurred in the system. The enzymic synthesis of the O-alkyl linkage is localized in microsomes and appears to decrease as the tumor ages. The preputial gland tumors contain significant quantities of Oalkyl- and O-alk-1-enyl-linked lipid classes, but the enzyme system described was unable to make O-alk-1-enyl bonds under our experimental conditions. However, the similar composition of the O-alkyl and O-alk-1-enyl moieties (16:0, 18:0, and 18:1) suggests that interconversions between these two lipid classes or their precursors may occur.
Reading Melville Cross-Culturally

One of the most provocative and illuminating approaches to Herman Melville's first published work lies in T. Walter Herbert's historically informed and ethnographically informative study of Typee} His comparison of Melville's account of his initial contact with the Marquesan islanders with the written accounts of two other Americans (one a naval officer whose book was dated 1815 and the other a clergyman's dated 1831) demonstrates how much cultural and professional perspective shapes style and governs meaning, especially when describing an unfamiliar culture.
Therapeutic Approaches to Target Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in hematologic malignancies as well as a number of solid tumors. Among solid tumors, the isolation and characterization of the tumorigenicity and signaling pathways of CSCs have been studied most thoroughly in brain and breast cancers. These tumor types share similar normal stem cell and oncogenic regulatory pathways and will be the focus of this review. Efforts to eliminate the CSCs within solid tumors provide a new paradigm for therapy, one that may include standard cytotoxic treatments to target the rapidly proliferating bulk of the tumor and other agents to target the CSCs, which may underlie tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. In addition, because a number of oncogenic pathways may be activated in CSCs, targeting multiple, rather than single, sites of self-renewal and differentiation is likely to be the most efficacious. Proposed treatments designed to target CSCs, singly or in combination, include differentiation therapy, targeting the aberrant signaling pathways in the CSC and the CSC microenvironment (“stem cell niche”) and targeting the mechanisms of CSC treatment resistance. Additional research into the biology of CSCs in individual tumors, testing of proposed therapies in animal tumor systems, and carefully designed human clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of targeting CSCs.
Non-Interference 2.0: China's Evolving Foreign Policy towards a Changing Africa

China’s non-interference policy has come under scrutiny in regards to its growing and deepening relations in Africa. The policy has come to represent an about-face from conditional assistance and investment associated with the Washington Consensus. Although often well received in much of the global South, this policy has drawn a lot of criticism from the West and others. These commentators have perceived non-interference as an opportunistic and often inconsistent instrument for enabling China’s increasing access to African resources and markets. This article suggests that despite some consistent support for the rhetoric of non-interference, China’s implementation of the policy has become increasingly varied and context-ualized in reaction to Africa’s ever-more diversified political and economic landscape since the early 2000s.
Single snapshot signal subspace method for target location

A signal subspace approach is developed for the passive sensing problem of locating radiation-emitting point sources from a single statistical realization or snapshot of the superposed radiation as detected at a receiving antenna array, and for the active sensing problem of locating point scatterers or "targets" from the multistatic response matrix (MRM) of the targets as measured either by a coincident array of "same transmit/same receive" antennas or by a non-coincident array where different elements are used for transmit and receive. Two applications are emphasized: (1) passive location of M<N sources from a single snapshot of the signal received by an N-element array; (2) active location of between N and (N(N+1)/2)-1 non-multiply scattering targets describable by the distorted wave Born approximation from a single snapshot of the MRM as measured by a coincident N-element array.
Cancer immunoediting: antigens, mechanisms, and implications to cancer immunotherapy

Accumulated data from animal models and human cancer patients strongly support the concept that the immune system can identify and control nascent tumor cells in a process called cancer immunosurveillance. In addition, the immune system can also promote tumor progression through chronic inflammation, immunoselection of poorly immunogenic variants, and suppressing antitumor immunity. Together, the dual host-protective and tumor-promoting actions of immunity are referred to as cancer immunoediting. The current framework of cancer immunoediting is a dynamic process comprised of three distinct phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Recently, we demonstrated that immunoselection by CD8(+) T cells of tumor variants lacking strong tumor-specific antigens represents one mechanism by which cancer cells escape tumor immunity and points toward the future of personalized cancer therapy.
After Moctezuma: Indigenous Politics and Self‐Government in Mexico City, 1524–1730 – By William F. Connell

It is a commonplace among historians of colonial Latin America that the seventeenth century is less thoroughly covered in the historiography than the sixteenth or eighteenth centuries. There is a p...
A method for analyzing penetration resistance data

Abstract Analysis and data interpolation of penetration resistance ( CI ) are complicated by the effects of soil water content (θ) and bulk density ( Bd ). Analysis is also complicated by the serial correlation in error over depths, which results in standard errors for hypothesis testing which are incorrect. A method is presented that attempts to normalize the effects of water content and bulk density by using a covariate analysis to adjust the CI at each depth to a reference value of θ and Bd . This adjustment works as long as there is a relationship between CI vs. θ and Bd . A time-series analysis is used to eliminate the serial correlation of errors when separating treatments across depths. This is done by using a first- or second-order data transformation based on residuals and a general linear method of analysis, the parameter estimates obtained are unbiased and standard errors associated with these estimates are correct.
Comparison of ventricular volume and mass measurements from B- and C-scan images with the use of real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: studies in an in vitro model.

Abstract Background: Real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography avoids geometric assumptions in volume analysis and permits immediate visualization in any plane without the need for cardiac or respiratory gating or computation time. This study compared the accuracy of volume and mass assessments between standard long-axis (B-scan) and short-axis (C-scan) views in a simplified but quantifiable left ventricular phantom. Methods and Results: The model comprised an inner balloon within an outer balloon separated by ultrasonographic gel. First, to mimic different chamber volumes, 12 volumes (40 to 180 mL) of water within the inner balloon were scanned with a real-time 3D system. Second, 10 volumes (80 to 170 mL) of gel were inserted between the balloons to mimic varying cardiac mass, and the gel volume space (mass) was calculated by subtracting the inner from the outer balloon volume. "Chamber" and "mass" measurements for both B and C scans correlated closely with the actual values ( r = 0.99). However, chamber volumes from C scans were consistently less than B-scan values (mean difference from reference for C scans: −5.2 ± 1.2 mL, P P = NS). Similarly, for gel volume measurements, B-scan results were closer to actual mass volumes (mean difference 0.3 ± 2.5 and 1.7 ± 2.9 mL) than those of C scans, which tended to underestimate (−4.5 ± 2.5 mL, P Conclusion: Our study suggests that real-time 3D echocardiography should provide an accurate means of determining chamber volumes and cardiac mass. However, measurements performed from B-scan views may be closer to the actual values than those from C-scan views, presumably since they are less highly influenced by distortions related to lateral resolution. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:910-7.)
Comparison of SNR and Peak-SNR (PSNR) as performance measures and signals for peak-limited two-dimensional (2D) pixelated optical wireless communication

Two-dimensional (2D) pixelated Optical-Wireless-Communication-Systems (OWCS), with Intensity-Modulation, Direct-Detection (IM/DD), commonly use computer-display (on transmit-side), and camera (on receive-side). One-dimensional (1D) IM/DD OWCS and channels, which use discrete optical components, are average-power-limited, due to eye-safety rules. In contrast, 2D pixelated-channels are peak-power limited. However, in the literature, both 1D and 2D systems-evaluations, use the average-power SNR, as a signal to noise (SNR) measure. We first show an example of a signal which has better SER vs. SNR performance, but worse actual result for a given channel conditions. We further show that the Peak-power Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (PSNR), which is a common image quality evaluation measure, is a better metric, used in SER vs. PSNR. We further define and optimize a signal for maximum variance, given a peak-limited-channel, under PSNR; we conclude with such signal-example, showing superior-performance when-compared to known 2D modulation method.
Effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, naloxone, and drug combinations on visual discrimination in rats.

The effects of d-amphetamine, morphine, and naloxone on visual discrimination were investigated using a two-choice discrete-trial procedure in which rats were trained to discriminate the position of a lightflash. Morphine (0.3–5.6 mg/kg) but not amphetamine (0.1–1.0 mg/kg) caused a significant dose-dependent disruption in discriminative performance. Both amphetamine and morphine increased response latencies. Naloxone (1.0 mg/kg) prevented the disruption of any aspect of performance by up to 100 mg/kg morphine. Performance after naloxone/amphetamine co-administration was not significantly different from that observed after amphetamine alone. Naloxone alone (0.3–10 mg/kg) had no effect on discrimination, spatial bias or response latencies. These results suggest that morphine and amphetamine affect different components of discrimination performance.
Mode of action of tertiary amine local anesthetics on axon membrane excitability

Abstract A study was made on the mode of action of tertiary amine local anesthetics on lobster axon excitability. A minimum concentration of extracellularly applied local anesthetics to exert narcotic action on the axon membrane, and the time to exert narcotic action after application of a given concentration of local anesthetic to the extracellular solution were determined. A theoretical relationship describing the mode of action was obtained in terms of the internal and external pH values, the external concentration of local anesthetics, their permeability through the membrane and the time to exert narcotic action. The experimental data were analyzed in comparison with the theoretical formulation for the action mode. It is concluded that the predominant mode of action of tertiary amine local anesthetics is, first, to penetrate into the axon interior in a neutral form, and then to react in a cationic form electrostatically from the intracellular phase and, it is speculated that finally, both the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions exert narcotic action on the nerve membrane. In addition, it was found that the permeability of the neutral form of procaine was about 3.5 times greater than that of tetracaine and almost independent of the extracellular pH.
Psychosocial care in a medical genetics clinic

Abstract In the process of genetic counseling, many patients and their families need psychosocial evaluation and care to help them cope with the genetic information and its implications. Such psychosocial work may be routine or extended. For two years we assessed the actual psychosocial evaluation and care provided by us in a medical genetics clinic, using six categories to classify the nature of a patient's need for extended psychosocial work. Of 138 new patients, 82 (59%) required extended psychosocial evaluation and care. In particular, young patients, seen with many family members, and requiring multiple medical consultations, were found to need the most extensive psychosocial care. Ongoing clinic patients ( N =35) referred for psychosocial care were used as a comparison group. We concluded that a significant number of patients and their families receiving genetic counseling also require extended psychosocial evaluation and care, and that these patients may be identifiable early in the counseling procedure.
The Teachers' Forum: From Intelligent Consumer to Active Modeler, Two MBA Success Stories

Discussion about the decline in management science in the business schools. The author proposes a paradigm to train the MBA students to be active modelers by using the personal computer and software, primarily the spreadsheet. Those tools allow significantly faster and easier modeling and also make possible a new style of modeling, referred to as "end-user-modeling."
Absorption of Cosmic Rays in the Milky Way.

If cosmic rays are of extragalactic origin, they must be partially absorbed by the gas and dust clouds which populate the interstellar spaces. This absorption will produce directional asymmetries in the intensity of the cosmic rays because of our eccentric location relative to the Milky Way. In addition to the straight absorption of energy a part of the cosmic rays will be scattered by interstellar matter without appreciable loss in total energy. Such scattering includes the formation of energetic secondaries and therefore tends to produce a change in the numbers and physical characteristics of the various constituents of the cosmic rays. Again, because of the segregating action of the earth's magnetic field, directional asymmetries will result. Although the effects to be expected are in all probability small it seems that modern instruments are sufficiently sensitive to make possible the detection of the before-mentioned asymmetries. Positive results of a search for absorption effects might furnish new information on (1) Whether or not cosmic rays are of extragalactic origin. (2) The problem of the total amount of interstellar matter. (3) The analysis of the composition of cosmic rays.
Can informatics keep pace with molecular biology

Abstract A host of new enabling technologies allows the molecular biologist to process many more samples and generate more data than was previously possible. These technologies include automated sequencing, biological robots, rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based screening, fluorescence in situ hybridization, etc. Informatics research is underway to develop algorithms, software and hardware to attack the mounting data produced by pharmaceuticals firms, animal paternity testing, the Human Genome Project (HGP) and others. The Human Genome Project is developing advanced technology, methods and computational tools for the collection, archival, analysis and visualization of a vast amount of data associated with genome maps and sequences. This program will be a litmus test to determine if technology can keep pace with molecular biology. The trend is towards linking all the basic diagnostic tools to computer networks or laboratory instrument management systems to attain high throughput and high data quality.
Sublethal effects of heavy metal contaminated sediment on midge larvae (Chironomus tentans)

Chironomid larvae were maintained for 17 days in sediments with various heavy metal levels. The control sediment had levels of 0.6 ppm cadmium, 17 ppm chromium and 77 ppm zinc. The most contaminated sediment had levels of 1030 ppm cadmium, 1640 ppm chromium, and 17300 ppm zinc. The mean length and weight of the larvae from the control sediment were 1.83 cm and 2.86 mg. The mean length and weight of larvae from the most contaminated sediment were 0.82 cm and 0.20 mg. A linear relationship was found for the square root of length versus metal levels in the sediment.
The Nature of the Interatomic Forces in Metals

It has been generally assumed that in the transition elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc.) the $3d$ shell is filled with ten electrons or is nearly filled, and that the $d$ electrons make no significant contribution to the cohesive forces in metals. Evidence is presented here to show that about half of the $d$ orbitals (2.56 of the total of 5) are involved in bond formation, through hybridization with the $4s$ and $4p$ orbitals, and that the number of covalent bonds resonating among the available interatomic positions increases from one to nearly six in the sequence K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, remains nearly constant from Cr to Ni, and begins to decrease with Cu. The remaining 2.44 $d$ orbitals, with very small interatomic overlapping, are occupied by nonbonding electrons which are mainly responsible for the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic properties of the metals. This point of view provides a qualitative explanation of many properties of the transition metals (including those of the palladium and platinum groups), such as interatomic distance, characteristic, temperature, hardness, compressibility, and coefficient of thermal expansion, and it accounts satisfactorily for the observed values of the atomic saturation magnetic moments of the ferromagnetic elements iron, cobalt, and nickel and their alloys. It is also shown to provide a reason for the occurrence of the positive exchange integrals which give rise to ferromagnetism.
Managing with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators.

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) save lives in patients at risk for sudden death attributable to ventricular arrhythmias, pacemakers (PMs) have been improving symptoms in patients with bradyarrhythmias for decades, and, more recently, cardiac resynchronization devices have improved mortality, morbidity, and quality of life for patients with heart failure.1 However, these devices can also be life-changing for the patients receiving them. The need for long-term follow-up, concerns regarding malfunction, and lifestyle restrictions all affect patients with any implanted device. For patients with ICDs, receiving shocks, both appropriate and inappropriate, can impact quality of life (QOL). Lead or device malfunction can result in unnecessary shocks, and recalls can cause anxiety. Shocks at the end of life can be particularly devastating. However, with careful attention by the healthcare team, both shocks and their impact can be reduced. In addition to shocks, restrictions imposed by the ICD can also impact QOL. The possibility of syncopal arrhythmias and loss of control attributable to shocks, as well, has led to concerns regarding the safety of driving and of sports participation for some individuals, a further burden. Remote monitoring increases the ease of follow-up for patients and physicians and may improve timeliness of management. However, a consequence of remote follow-up has been a decrease in the amount of time electrophysiologists may spend face-to-face with patients, emphasizing the importance of communication between electrophysiologist and primary cardiologist. This article will review ways in which electrophysiologists, general cardiologists, and patients can work together to minimize the burdens that can accompany these devices, often weighing issues of patient QOL, safety, and autonomy. Studies of overall QOL for patients with ICDs have shown mixed results. Some studies have found no significant differences in overall QOL between ICD patients and other cardiac patients,2,3 PM patients, or the general population. …
A hydrated aluminophosphate with both 4.8 2 and 6 3 sheets in the 4-connected framework

Porous aluminosilicates of the zeolite type have become important industrially as ion-exchangers, molecular sieves and catalysts1,2. Topologically, the tetrahedral centres of the oxygen tetrahedra lie at the nodes of various 4-connected three-dimensional nets. Four-connected porous frameworks (AlPO4) composed of alternating AlO4 and PO4 tetrahedra are the basis of a new family of synthetic molecular sieves, which may become important industrially because they lack the strong ion-exchange and catalytic properties of the zeolites3. Aluminophosphates display a wide range of crystal structures because Al can be coordinated to either four, five or six oxygen atoms, some of which may belong to either hydroxyl or water species3–12. As part of a systematic study of the crystal chemistry of aluminophosphates, we have found that the framework of synthetic-phase H3 (ref. 13) (AlPO4 · 1.5 H2O) contains PO4 tetrahedra alternating between AlO4 tetrahedra and AlO4(H2O)2 octahedra. As reported here, the 4-connected three-dimensional net formed by linking adjacent Al and P atoms is a new type containing 6.6.6 and 4.8.8. two-dimensional nets joined by up–down linkages. This coexistence of two types of two-dimensional· nets in a three-dimensional net suggests that the principle of parsimony should not be adopted too strictly in attempts to invent new nets of potential relevance to molecular sieve technology.
Oxepane diterpenes from montanoa tomentosa

Abstract The leaves of Montanoa tomentosa afforded a new oxepane diterpene, tomentanol, and its previously known relatives zoapatanol, montanol, tomexanthin and tomentol. The structure of tomentanol was determined through examination of its spectroscopic properties.
Acidification of yolk granules in Blattella germanica eggs coincident with proteolytic processing of vitellin

In eggs of the cockroach Blattella germanica, vitellin (Vt) utilization by the embryo is initiated at day 4 postovulation by the proteolytic processing of its three subunits to a specific set of peptides. A report from our laboratory (Nordin et al.: Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 15:119, 1990) described a yolk proteinase, activated at days 3–4, which processes the Vt. Further investigation of this event has focused on the yolk granules. Granules from eggs 4–6 days postovulation contained a significant subpopulation which accumulated high concentrations of the dye acridine orange (AO), a fluorescent probe of vesicle acidification, while those from eggs 0–3 days postovulation did not. AO accumulation was caused by proton translocation and was not due to dye binding or a Donnan equilibrium. The temporal correlation of granule acidification with Vt processing suggests a role for this event in yolk proteinase activation in B. germanica. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that incubation of yolk from freshly ovulated eggs in vitro at pH of 5 and below resulted in Vt processsing. Yolk granules of the blowfly Phormia regina also became acidified but this occurred in the oocyte prior to egg deposition.
Heterothallism in the basidiomycetous yeast genus Sporidiobolus Nyland

The sexual speciesSporidiobolus salmonicolor andSporidiobolus pararoseus spp. nov. are described as heterothallic species in the genusSporidiobolus, a genus consisting of two homothallic species,Sporidiobolus johnsonii andSporidiobolus ruinenii. The four species are compared and a key to the genus is presented. As a taxonomic correctionSporobolomyces pararoseus nom. nud. is reported as a synonym ofSporobolomyces shibatanus.
Pathology Produced by Sulfur Mustard in Human Skin Grafts on Athymic Nude Mice. I. Gross and Light Microscopic Changes

AbstractSulfur mustard (SM) is a powerful vesicant in humans whose pathogenic mechanism is not well understood and an agent for which no effective therapy exists. We selected human skin grafted to congenitally athymic nude mice to study SM-induced injury because the injury in various animal models differs from skin injury in humans. Grafts made from full-thickness human neonatal foreskin or from partial-thickness adult facial, mammary, and abdominal skin were exposed to SM in either the liquid or vaporized form. The course of injury was followed at the gross, light microscopic, and ultrastructural levels. Morphologic changes were correlated to the dose. Changes occurring at the ultrastructural level are reported in a companion paper. Skin lesions in grafts had many features in common with those reported previously in humans including (a) similar dose-response for both liquid and vapor exposures; (b) similar time course for the appearance of overt pathology, preceded by a typical asymptomatic latent period...
Phenomenal experience and the measure of information

This paper defends the hypothesis that phenomenal experiences may be very complex information states. This can explain some of our most perplexing anti-physicalist intuitions about phenomenal experience. The approach is to describe some basic facts about information in such a way as to make clear the essential oversight involved, by way illustrating how various intuitive arguments against physicalism (such as Frank Jackson’s Knowledge Argument, and Thomas Nagel’s Bat Argument) can be interpreted to show that phenomenal information is not different in kind from physical information, but rather is just more information than we typically attribute to our understanding of a physical theory. I clarify how this hypothesis is distinct from Nagel’s claim that the theory of consciousness may be inconceivable, and then in conclusion briefly describe how these results might suggest a positive and conservative physicalist account of phenomenal experience.
Effects of N1-alkylnicotinamide chlorides on NADH oxidation in rat liver submitochondrial particles.

Abstract Longer chain N 1 -alkylnicotinamide chlorides ( N 1 -octyl to N 1 -dodecyl, inclusive) were shown to be effective inhibitors of NADH oxidation in rat liver submitochondrial particles. A positive chainlength effect was observed in this inhibition. Inability of these compounds to inhibit succinate oxidation or NADH reduction of ferricyanide in these particles indicated a point of inhibition of the electron transport chain between the oxygen side of NADH dehydrogenase and the point at which electrons from succinate oxidation enter the chain. N 1 -Decyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride was synthesized and demonstrated to function in Submitochondrial particles in a similar fashion to that observed with N 1 -alkylnicotinamide chlorides. N 1 -Decyl-3-methylpyridinium chloride was approximately five times more effective as an inhibitor of NADH oxidation than was N 1 -decylnicotinamide chloride.