cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
People, People, People.

Will you be needed as a teacher in the year 2000? Should your school board buy land now for future expansion, or should it sell land already held? Would it be a good idea for an investor to put money into child-related industries for a maximum re turn twenty years from now? Answers to such questions depend at least partly on how many children will be around in the year 2000. Will your retirement fund be solvent when you retire? Will our nation's social security system be broke by the time you are eligible for benefits? What kinds of pro grams should churches and social agencies gear toward for maximum impact twenty years from now? Will we have enough space for people to live comfortably in the year 2000? What will we eat? How will we heat our homes and run our factories? To begin to answer any of these questions, fairly good estimates of the population lev els for the remainder of the century are needed by educators, urban planners, ecol ogists, scientists, and others. Population growth trends can be ana lyzed mathematically and future popu lation levels projected. Good projections on future population levels in the United States can be obtained using secondary school mathematics; thus population mod eling can be handled by secondary school students. In this article we will discuss the major factors affecting population change. A model will be developed that will allow us to start with the 1970 population figures, broken down by sex and age, and make projections at five-year intervals from 1975 to 2000. The principal sources of data are the Statistical Abstract of the United States and the Vital Statistics of the United States, both of which are published by the federal government and are available in most li braries. Much of the data can also be found in popular almanacs. Various factors influence population growth. The number of people immigrating into the United States increases the popu lation, as does the number of babies born. The number of people leaving the country and the number of individuals dying de crease the population. The roles of these factors may vary from year to year. The food supply and birth control programs may change the birth and survival rates over a span of time. Government regula tions may alter immigration laws. New dis coveries in medicine and nutrition may al ter life expectancy, and natural disasters and epidemics will change the death rate. Catastrophes, such as earthquakes, epi demics, and wars will influence population levels, but since there is no good way to predict catastrophes, most models ignore them in making projections. The major components of population change are birth, death, immigration, and emigration. We shall give a brief ex
The Influence of an Organizational Pain Management Policy on Nurses’ Pain Management Practices

Purpose/objectives To examine the influence of a formal organizational pain management policy on nurses' pain management practices. Design Descriptive correlational. Setting Tertiary-care medical center. Sample 91 nurses providing direct patient care on five study units during a 72-hour study period. Methods Off-going nurses completed three self-administered questionnaires one-half hour before the end of each eight-hour work shift. Opioid administration data also were collected. Data were analyzed using correlational, t test, chi-square, and analysis of variance analyses and descriptive statistics. Main research variables Nurses' knowledge of the healthcare organization's chronic pain management policy; nurses' knowledge of pain and pain management; nurses' perceived accountability for pain management activities; the ratio of actual amounts of opioid analgesics administered compared with maximum amounts ordered. Findings Nurses' knowledge of pain management and their perceived accountability for pain management were significantly related to knowledge of the organization's chronic pain management policy. Correlations were lower than expected, based on theoretical relationships proposed in the open system study framework. Conclusions Further research is needed to explore the influence of a high-quality pain management policy on nursing practice and clinical pain management. Implications for nursing practice Better understanding of the influence of organizational policy could lead to much needed improvements in pain management.
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS INSECTICIDES AND HOME REMEDIES FOR CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT COLONIES

Fast-kill drenches of Sevin 80WP, Dursban 4E and Spectracide 2E provided ca. 80 - 90% control of treated colonies for 112 days. The Orthene 75S dust application was as effective as the drenches and...
Phonology: Comprehension and Production

This chapter focuses on phonological perception, that is, receptive phonological abilities and discusses aspects of Genie's phonological knowledge and abilities. Genie's phonological system is abnormally variable and unpredictable. Almost all the rules are optional, and many of the substitutions and deletions distort the phonological structure to a degree that at times makes Genie's speech almost impossible to understand. Genie's performance on the rhyming tests and the optionality of her rules deleting final consonants and segments in clusters shows that her own phonetic output differs from its phonological representation. She does not memorize the phonetic form of words spoken to her and mimic that pronunciation in her speech, sans analysis, and sans phonological organization. Genie's language, like that of a normal child, includes a set of phonological rules—rules that organize and classify the sounds and sound sequences of her language, and rules that are motivated by universal phonological principles such as simplification of segment, cluster, and syllable.
Perioperative Care of the Elderly Cancer Patient

Age is the single most important risk factor for cancer. The demographic of age above 60 is the largest growing segment of our patient population in the USA. Solid tumors are common in this age group, and surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. General health of the elderly patients is a complex interplay of biologic age, physiologic reserve, and functional status. While chronologic age is an independent predictor of worse short-term outcomes after oncologic surgery, this effect is comparable to the other preoperative risk factors. Elderly patients with good functional capacity generally do well with surgery but are more susceptible to complications than younger patients due to poor functional reserve. As a result, elderly patients suffer greater morbidity, increased length of stay, and mortality from postoperative complications. It is important to have a thorough understanding of ways to optimize care within the perioperative arena by focusing on functional assessments and interventions available to the entire medical team caring for the surgical patient. Appropriate advanced care planning, establishing the symptom burden and discussing the patient’s desires as well as a thorough discussion of treatment options will guide the physician in determining the best plan of care for the patient. In addition, appreciation for frailty, previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy, as well as intraoperative techniques available to minimize morbidity are all crucial to care for the elderly patient with cancer. Assessment and understanding each patient’s comorbidities remain essential to appropriately optimize surgical success and minimize symptom burden.
Case 5-2018: A 63-Year-Old Man with Confusion after Stem-Cell Transplantation

A Man with Confusion after Stem-Cell Transplantation A 63-year-old man presented with confusion and weakness 5 months after he had undergone allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. MRI did not show evidence of acute brain abnormalities. Diagnostic tests were performed.
Augustine and Rousseau: Confessio Laudis, Confessio Peccatorum, and the Nature of the Self

The Confessions written by Augustine (c.400) and Rousseau (1782–1789) set the terms for understanding the roles of God, self, and audience in the process of literary confession. Augustine’s work is a prayer. For him, confession has two senses, confessio laudis (praise of God) and confessio peccatorum (confession of sin). Thus, his primary audience is God. By confessing, Augustine hopes to arrive at self-understanding, for he believes that the human self is incomplete and prone to self-deception. Rousseau takes a drastic turn from Augustine. For Rousseau, the human self has an unchanging inner core, and the goal of confession is to uncover this hidden monad. Confession is therefore a means to personal authenticity rather than a declaration of guilt, and the primary audience is the reader rather than God, who effectively disappears from Rousseau’s narrative.
Derivative Securities and Corporate Governance

Corporate governance consists in the set of legal and contractual precautions that investors use to minimize the agency costs of management. Governance devices matter when they are the least-cost ways to constrain managers. If markets-including the capital market, the product market, and the managerial-services market-do the job better, then governance devices will not have much significance! Many of the papers soon to be presented concern the workings of these devices. Authors ask, for example, how well the market for managers works, and under what circumstances tender offers protect investors by going over managers' heads, or when managers are justified in rejecting bids above market price. I want to open the Symposium by asking whether developments in capital markets, particularly the proliferation of new derivative securities,. supply a lower-cost alternative to governance mechanisms, and if so, over what domain. I offer these thoughts in the spirit of Ronald Coase's paper The Nature of the Firm, published in 1937.3 Coase observed that "the firm" is just the result of a choice between organization by bureaucracy and organization by market. When markets are relatively expensive, then people choose to conduct their activities in ways that substitute other
Lunar Eclipses and Occultations

Because the Moon is constantly in motion, it will, from time to time, grab the keen observer’s attention by involving itself in interesting celestial phenomena, total solar eclipses being the most obvious example. Because there are many good books on solar eclipses( including one in this series — Michael Maunder and Patrick Moore’s The Sun in Eclipse), and because total solar eclipses are events for solar rather than lunar observers, I shall discuss them no further here. But what of lunar eclipses? These phenomena, which are very pleasing to look at, also offer the amateur lunar observer the chance to do interesting scientific experiments. For some reason this aspect of lunar eclipses is often ignored. We shall try to do something about that in this chapter.
The influence of bloom thinning and GA3 sprays on flower bud numbers and distribution in peach trees

Bloom thinning mature peach trees increased shoot growth on sample limbs of 7.5-11 cm circumference by 53% when compared with trees hand thinned 44 days after full bloom (AFB). The number of flower buds per limb was increased by 103%. Bloom thinning increased the number of shoots which were 20 to 50 cm long by 86%. The number of buds on the basal five nodes of shoots 7-20 cm long was more than 2.2 times that of hand thinned trees. Shoots 7-64 cm long had more buds per cm shoot length. Application of 100 mg I"1 GA3, 0, 12, 36 and 47 days AFB inhibited flower buds and reduced the subsequent year’s cropping. Applications of GA3 36 and 47 days AFB inhibited flower bud development on short shoots more than when applied at 0 or 12 days AFB. None of the GA3 treatments affected flower bud development on the upper half of long shoots, but reduced numbers on short shoots. Fruit on long shoots were larger than those on short ones, and fruit on the upper half of all shoots were larger than those on the lower half. La...
A Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform Based Convolutional Neural Network for Human Thyroid Medical Image Segmentation

This research proposes a novel dual-tree complex wavelet transform based Convolutional Neural Network (WCNN) to perform organ tissue segmentation from medical images. Accurate and efficient segmentation on the medical image of human organ is a critical step towards disease diagnosis. For medical image segmentation tasks, conventional Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are: 1) inclined to ignore crucial texture information of the image due to the limitations of typical pooling approaches, and 2) insufficiently robust to noise. To overcome the obstacles, a spectral domain transformation technique is adopted in the CNN. Specifically, a dual-tree complex wavelet pooling layer is concatenated to the traditional pooling process in a CNN. By using wavelet decomposition, the image becomes scalable in the spatial direction, allowing accurate recognition of textures. The WCNN decomposes the image into a number of wavelet subbands, and reduces noisy data by filtering out high-frequency subbands. The performance of WCNN is tested on standard image classification datasets, and applied for human thyroid optical coherence tomography (OCT) image segmentation. Compared to the traditional CNNs using max pooling, experimental results demonstrate that the WCNN approach obtains outstanding consistency and accuracy in the image segmentation domain.
Gender dysphoria in youth: An overview for primary care providers.

Background and purpose Primary care providers who encounter children are often the first line of contact for individuals with gender dysphoria, which occurs when sex assigned at birth is incongruent with one's true, expressed sexual identity. Because those with untreated gender dysphoria are at risk of a variety of negative outcomes, including mood symptomatology, suicidality, substance use disorders, and other psychosocial risk factors, it is critical that health care providers are adept in the provision of holistic, patient-centered care. The purpose of this report is to provide an updated review of the current evidence from the literature pertaining to the identification, treatment, and coordination of care among children with gender dysphoria within the primary care setting or medical home. Methods Using PubMed and CINAHL, a literature review spanning from 2012 to the present was conducted using the following key words: gender dysphoria, transgender health, LGBT health, and hormone therapy. Reference lists of identified articles were also explored for relevance. Conclusions Treatment may include a social transition, hormone antagonist therapy, or the administration of cross-sex hormone therapy, with a medical home needed to facilitate coordination of care. Best practice guidelines vary across pediatric and developmental groups and include both reversible and nonreversible modalities. Screening for negative psychosocial sequelae must be completed to include mood symptomatology, suicidality, substance use disorders, and risky sexual behavior, so that appropriate screening, identification, and treatment interventions can be implemented. Implications for practice The primary care medical home must act as a foundation for the identification of gender dysphoria and/or associated comorbidities and must treat, when able, or refer, when indicated. In addition, because of structural barriers and stigmatization, public policy often fails the transgender community and can exacerbate the aforementioned psychosocial comorbidities faced by the transgender youth community. Health care providers, particularly nurse practitioners, are in a unique position to expand on the face-to-face care provided to the community and engage in advocacy efforts to dismantle structural barriers impeding transgender individuals and communities while also providing primary health care, anticipatory guidance, and care coordination.
Post-Discharge Opioid Prescribing Patterns and Risk Factors in Patients Undergoing Elective Colon and Rectal Surgery Without Complications

Few studies have examined opioid usage in the post-discharge period. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the need for post-discharge opioids in a unique set of patients: those undergoing colorectal operations and experiencing no surgical complications. The secondary aim was to examine the accuracy of the Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) to predict the need for additional opioid prescriptions. Our hypotheses were that few patients would require post-discharge opioids and that the ORT would predict patients requiring post-discharge opioids. All patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery between January 2012 and December 2014 that did not experience NSQIP complications within 30 days or receive an opioid prescription in the 2 weeks prior to operation were reviewed. ORT score was calculated for all patients. Patients requiring post-discharge opioids within 1 year were compared to those not receiving additional opioids after discharge. There were 367 patients that met inclusion criteria and 56 (15%) received post-discharge opioids. Opioid use in the year prior to surgery was the only significant risk factor to receive post-discharge opioids. Opioids were prescribed for three distinct reasons by three groups of prescribers. The ORT did not accurately predict need for post-discharge opioids. Even among patients without complications, 15% received post-discharge opioid prescriptions. Previous opioid use within the year prior to surgery was a major risk factor for additional prescriptions. The timing and prescriber’s specialty are impacted by the indication for post-discharge opioids. The ORT did not predict which patients would receive post-discharge opioids.
Automation and Offshoring in Durable Goods Manufacturing: An Indiana Case Study:

The loss of manufacturing jobs is largely attributed to either offshoring or automation. Using state-level data from the Annual Survey of Manufactures and unit record administrative data from the I...
Firm Performance Context, in-the-money CEO Stock Options, and Corporate Acquisitions

While most prior agency-based research suggests that stock options grants induce CEOs to undertake risky corporate acquisitions, recent research grounded in the behavioral agency perspective demons...
WRITING PAPERS IN ECONOMICS USING FAKE LATEX

LaTeX is a very popular platform for writing papers in economics, mainly due to its superior aesthetics in print. The question is whether the aesthetic (and other) benefits of adopting LaTeX outweigh the opportunity costs of learning and using LaTeX, which can be high even for experienced users. FaKe LaTeX using Microsoft Word has a remarkably similar visual appearance to papers produced in native LaTeX and it is easy to learn and use. This low cost alternative may be appealing to many economists.
HiTOP thought disorder, DSM-5 psychoticism, and five factor model openness

Abstract HiTOP internalizing, detachment, antagonistic externalizing, and disinhibited externalizing align comfortably with respective domains of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of general personality. The alignment of HiTOP thought disorder and DSM-5 Section III psychoticism with FFM openness though has been disputed, with the existing research obtaining weak and/or inconsistent results. The purpose of the current paper is to discuss possible reasons for this problematic alignment. The strength of the relationship is hindered in part because it is an alignment of a largely adaptive domain of personality with an entirely maladaptive domain (whereas this is not the case for the other four HiTOP-FFM alignments). The strength of the relationship is also affected by how both openness and psychoticism have been conceptualized and/or assessed.
Basic Physics of Radiation Safety

This chapter describes the basic composition of matter, decay modes of radionuclides, and radioactive decay equations. α-Decay, β−-decay, β+-decay, electron capture decay, and isomeric transition are briefly discussed. Included in the chapter are the interaction of particulate and non-particulate radiations with matter and their attenuation. Photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production are highlighted. A section on statistics of counting detailing Gaussian distribution and calculation of standard deviation of counts is presented.
Preconditioning a Newton-Krylov solver for all-speed melt pool flow physics

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a multigrid block-based preconditioner for solving linear systems arising from a Discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the all-speed Navier-Stokes equations with phase change. The equations are discretized in conservative form with a reconstructed Discontinuous Galerkin (rDG) method and integrated with fully-implicit time discretization schemes. To robustly converge the numerically stiff systems, we use the Newton-Krylov framework with a primitive-variable formulation (pressure, velocity, and temperature), which is better conditioned than the conservative-variable form at low-Mach number. In the limit of large acoustic CFL number and viscous Fourier number, there is a strong coupling between the velocity-pressure system and the linear systems become non-diagonally dominant. To effectively solve these ill-conditioned systems, an approximate block factorization preconditioner is developed, which uses the Schur complement to reduce a 3 × 3 block system into a sequence of two 2 × 2 block systems: velocity-pressure, v P , and velocity-temperature, v T . We compare the performance of the v P - v T Schur complement preconditioner to classic preconditioning strategies: monolithic algebraic multigrid (AMG), element-block SOR, and primitive variable block Gauss-Seidel. The performance of the preconditioned solver is investigated in the limit of large CFL and Fourier numbers for low-Mach lid-driven cavity flow, Rayleigh-Benard melt convection, compressible internally heated convection, and 3D laser-induced melt pool flow. Numerical results demonstrate that the v P - v T Schur complement preconditioned solver scales well both algorithmically and in parallel, and is robust for highly ill-conditioned systems, for all tested rDG discretization schemes (up to 4 th -order).
When Do Friendships Help versus Hurt? Perceived Best Friend Victimization and Support as Moderators of Peer Victimization-Related Distress.

Although high-quality friendships are presumed to protect peer-victimized adolescents from distress, evidence supporting this claim is mixed. This study investigated whether the protective function...
Probabilistic Bias Mitigation in Word Embeddings.

It has been shown that word embeddings derived from large corpora tend to incorporate biases present in their training data. Various methods for mitigating these biases have been proposed, but recent work has demonstrated that these methods hide but fail to truly remove the biases, which can still be observed in word nearest-neighbor statistics. In this work we propose a probabilistic view of word embedding bias. We leverage this framework to present a novel method for mitigating bias which relies on probabilistic observations to yield a more robust bias mitigation algorithm. We demonstrate that this method effectively reduces bias according to three separate measures of bias while maintaining embedding quality across various popular benchmark semantic tasks
Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung

Neuroendocrine tumors are ubiquitous neoplasms derived from the diffuse neuroendocrine system that can arise virtually in any anatomic site, most commonly the bronchopulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, and pancreas. Despite their common histogenesis, the diagnostic criteria and nomenclature for neuroendocrine tumors are different depending on primary site, advocating for greater standardization and terminology across all anatomic areas.
Damage assessment using Google Street View: Evidence from Hurricane Michael in Mexico Beach, Florida

Abstract Assessing damage on the ground is a challenging task for humanitarian organizations and disaster managers due to the limited availability of data and methods for processing. As the most commonly adopted data source, remote sensing imagery can only reflect the damage situation on top of a building and fails to present the damage level from the perspective of the human eye. Recently, an increasing number of Google Street View (GSV) images provide the chance to understand the human's perception of damage on the ground. However, to automatically and quantitatively apply GSV images in damage assessment, two research questions need to be answered: (1) Can deep learning be successfully applied to automate the process of evaluating postdisaster damage using GSV images? (2) Does damage assessment using GSV images provide a different insight, compared with existing approaches, such as remote sensing imagery? Based on our experiments using GSV images and remote sensing imagery in Mexico Beach, FL after Hurricane Michael, we present two conclusions: (1) By applying a deep learning model, the GSV-based damage assessment can be satisfactorily and automatically conducted, with an accuracy of approximately 70% for a single GSV image. (2) GSV images provide a different insight into damage assessment since remote sensing imagery cannot record the damage to exterior walls, windows, doors and facades. When the overall damage level is relatively low, GSV images show better performance in damage assessment. Conversely, when the overall damage level is relatively high, remote sensing imagery shows better performance based our experiments.
Prescription Opioids: An Overview

Abstract Over 100 million Americans suffer from chronic pain. Therefore, proper pain management is essential for well-being of these patients. Morphine and codeine are natural alkaloids present in opium. In addition to morphine and codeine, many semisynthetic opiates such as oxycodone, oxymorphone, nalbuphine, naloxone, naltrexone, and buprenorphine are synthesized from thebaine, a naturally occurring alkaloid present in opium. In addition, synthetic opioids, such as fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil, meperidine, methadone, levorphanol, pentazocine tramadol, and tapentadol, are routinely used in pain management patients. Unlike semisynthetic opioids that have structural similarity with morphine, synthetic opioid are not structurally related to morphine, but similar to morphine, synthetic opioids also interact with opioid receptors for their pharmacological action. In order to combat opioid misuse and abuse, pharmaceutic companies more recently have introduced abuse-deterrent formulations of opioids. Various approaches, such as physical/chemical barrier, formulating with opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone or naltrexone, using an aversion agent to deter abuse, prodrug formulation, or subcutaneous delivery of opioid, have been utilized to marker abuse-deterrent opioid formulations.
Sinus disease in Apert's syndrome: Durable quality of life improvement following surgical intervention

Abstract Apert's syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by craniosynostosis, midface hypoplastia, and syndactyly of the hands and feet. In severe presentations, patients undergo primary. front-orbital advancement during infancy with revisions as necessary. We describe a case of surgical management and clinical outcome in a patient with chronic sinusitis complicated by Apert's syndrome and multiple previous craniofacial surgeries. The complexity of the sinonasal anatomy of this patient amplified the risk of surgical complications. However, we have demonstrated that detailed pre-operative planning and subsequent functional endoscopic sinus surgery can be accomplished safely. Additionally, post-operative SN-5 surveys demonstrate a durable quality of life benefit. Surgical intervention for sinus disease should be considered an option in the management of this patient population.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Rates in Left Ventricular Assist Device Population Reduced with Octreotide Utilization.

Patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices have a high risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and recurrent bleeding. Studies have shown octreotide can reduce the risk of GIB. This retrospective, case-crossover study, evaluated the efficacy of octreotide for the prevention of recurrent GIB in patients with left ventricular assist devices between August 2008 and October 2018. A total of 32 patients received octreotide and were included in the study. Hospital admission for GIB was evaluated before and after the initiation of octreotide. Each case served as his/her own control. Most patients were on a reduced aspirin dose (56.2%) and had a reduced international normalized ratio goal (59.4%) before starting monthly octreotide. The most common dose of long-acting octreotide was 30 mg every 28 days. Overall, octreotide decreased the frequency of GIB (4.3 vs. 0.9 events/year, p < 0.001). Nineteen (59.4%) patients did not have a subsequent gastrointestinal bleed. Of the 13 patients who rebled after initiation of octreotide, the frequency of events decreased by 2.6 bleeds per patient per year (4.8 vs. 2.2; p = 0.043). In high-risk patients who have failed conventional therapy, octreotide can be useful for the prevention of recurrent GIB.
Comparison of Noise Figure of InP and GaAs Self-Oscillating Mixers

GaAs and InP Gunn-effect Oscillators used as self-excited mixers in the 60 GHz frequency range have been investigated. The double side-band noise figure and conversion characteristics was measured and it was shown that the noise performance obtained in these devices makes them attractive for applications where low cost, simplicity in circuitry, and small physical size are important factors.
New dentaries of Chiromyoides (Primatomorpha, Plesiadapidae) and a reassessment of the “mammalian woodpecker” ecological niche

Abstract Based on their relatively large, chisel-like incisors and robust dentaries, species of the Paleocene plesiadapid mammal Chiromyoides have been described as potential ecological analogues of either seed-eating rodents or the unusually specialized lemur Daubentonia madagascariensis. Here, we analyze the most complete dentaries of Chiromyoides currently known in order to illuminate jaw form and function in this taxon. Principal Component Analysis shows that Chiromyoides campanicus and Daubentonia are uniquely similar in select dentary proportions when compared with a sample including seven other fossil plesiadapid taxa as well as 22 extant primates, dermopterans and scandentians. Comparative allometric analyses indicate that in both Daubentonia and Chiromyoides, the unique jaw proportions are likely achieved through hypertrophy of masseteric fossa length and dentary depth, rather than simple reduction of tooth row length. Consistent with these dentary features indicative of powerful gnawing, we show that incisor apex morphology became increasingly chisel-like in certain younger species of Chiromyoides. Importantly, slight reduction in molar area relative to jaw length and body mass appears to characterize all species of Chiromyoides in which molar proportions can be estimated. Notably, this pattern occurs in one of the oldest known specimens of Chiromyoides, an edentulous but relatively complete dentary from the middle Tiffanian of Texas, which differs from other Chiromyoides specimens in having a relatively shallower corpus. Taken together, this evidence suggests that Chiromyoides was a Daubentonia-like extractive forager that evolved from taxa whose diets emphasized exudates.
Multiple-Aircraft-Conflict Resolution Under Uncertainties

A new method for efficient trajectory planning to resolve potential conflicts among multiple aircraft is proposed. A brief review of aircraft trajectory planning and conflict resolution methods is ...
Best Practicable Waste Treatment Screening Model

A mathematical model has been developed for the preliminary screening of wastewater management alternatives involving treatment and discharge to receiving waters and land application. The model consists of a dissolved oxygen model of receiving waters, mass balances of nitrogen and water at the land application site and cost estimating equations. The model is used to estimate costs and water quality impacts on surface and ground waters of wastewater management options. The objective of the model is the identification of alternatives that demonstrate cost-effective potential as specified in regulations for best practicable waste treatment technology (BPWTT). The screening model was used to evaluate wastewater management alternatives for a hypothetical city with a wastewater flow of 10 mgd.
Chapter 5 Beam Recrystallized Polycrystalline Silicon: Properties, Applications, and Techniques

Publisher Summary Heavily doped polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) is a material that is widely used in present day silicon integrated circuit technology for gates and interconnection lines in metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuits. Initial interest in the beam annealing of polysilicon arose because of its potential as a process that could be used to obtain resistivity reduction in as-deposited films. Experiments undertaken to explore that potential are described in the chapter. These experiments showed that beam-recrystallized polysilicon films have electronic properties that closely approximate those of single crystal material. This result ultimately led to successful attempts to fabricate MOS transistors and integrated circuits directly in beam recrystallized polysilicon. A substantial interest now exists in the potential of beam-recrystallized silicon-on-insulators (SOIs) as a substrate for integrated circuit fabrication. The chapter discusses the mechanisms by which thin films of polycrystalline Si are recrystallized by a scanning circular CW laser beam.
Fluorescent labeling of cell surfaces.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the different aspects of fluorescent labeling of cell surfaces. Fluorescence microscopy has been used in the study of cell surfaces. Surface organization, physical state, dynamics, and function are all accessible through appropriate labels of the surface, but these labels must be applied intelligently if they are to yield valid information. Most fluorophores reacting with proteins in solution ought to react with cell surfaces. The coupling of commonly used fluorophores to cells is limited then, by the reaction conditions required and by the hydrophobicity of the fluorophore. Hydrophobic fluorescent molecules such as pyrene, diphenylhexatriene, and the carbocyanine dyes readily label lipid bilayers, in liposomes or in cells. The diverse proteins of cell surfaces bind or are bound by ligands ranging from peptide hormones, toxins, through antibodies and their fragments and lectins, to large particles-low density lipoprotein particles, and even viruses. Cells labeled for microscopy must be washed after labeling, otherwise the high concentration on fluorescent ligand in the medium will swamp signals from the surface. This washing also removes some nonspecifically bound ligand and, by disrupting the equilibrium between free and bound ligand, some specifically bound ligand as well.
A Thriving Metropolitan Area With a “Small Town” Feel: My Vision, as Mayor, for Salt Lake County

Salt Lake County residents have good reasons to prepare for growth and to confront new realities. Today, our children are sometimes kept inside at recess because the air is not healthy to breathe. Our transportation corridors are already congested. Our schools are expected to prepare our children to compete in a global economy with limited financial resources. I want to decide whether our challenges will shape us, or whether we will seize the day and shape our own future. With challenge comes opportunity—if we choose to confront issues collaboratively.
An Exclosure Method for Quantifying Vertebrate Pesticide Residues from Rangeland Vegetation

Tests to quantify the amount of zinc phosphide (Zn 3 P 2 ) residues deposited on range vegetation were run in conjunction with field efficacy trials of this rodenticide against black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). The tests were designed to evaluate the experimental design and, if the technique proved feasible, to determine residue levels at normal and exaggerated rates of application. Four exclosures were used, each treated with a specific multiple of the bait application rate used in the efficacy trials (XO, X1, X3, and X10). Random vegetation samples were clipped in each exclosure on Days 1, 15, 30, and 60 posttreatment. The on-site exclosure method yielded an accurate estimate of treatment-related residue values and should prove useful for other rodenticidal agents.
Charge-tunable indium–organic frameworks built from cationic, anionic, and neutral building blocks

By using the same ligand, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDA), and varying synthetic conditions (especially the In3+/FDA ratio), it is possible to access three unique building blocks of indium, demonstrating charge-switching from a positive trimer to a negative monomer and leading to the synthesis of In-MOFs with tunable framework charge.
Effects of dihydrexidine, a full dopamine D-1 receptor agonist, on delayed response performance in chronic low dose MPTP-treated monkeys

Monkeys exposed to low doses of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) over long periods of time develop cognitive deficits without severe parkinsonian motor signs. In the present study we assessed the effects of the selective and full dopamine D-1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine on delayed response deficits in chronic low dose (CLD) MPTP-treated monkeys. Dihydrexidine caused a dose-dependent improvement in task performance, that could be blocked by the D-1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390. In addition to reducing the number of mistakes made during delayed response performance, dihydrexidine also improved task persistence. These data suggest that dihydrexidine may be useful in treating cognitive as well as motor deficits of parkinsonism.
Tumor-promoting phorbol diester mimics two distinct neuronotrophic factors

Abstract The two purified neuronotrophic factor proteins, nerve growth factor (NGF) and ciliary neuronotrophic factor (CNTF), differ in molecular properties and in their action on certain neuronal cell types. The survival in culture of dissociated chick embryonic day 8 dorsal root ganglionic neurons is supported by NGF and day 8 ciliary ganglionic neurons by CNTF, but neither factor can be a substitute for the other. Here we report that a known tumor-promoting phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), can support the survival of both neuronal types in the absence of either NGF or CNTF and does so with the same efficacy as the corresponding trophic factor. The inactive phorbol derivative, 4-α-phorbol-didecanoate, does not support either neuronal type. The combined provision of suboptimal doses of TPA and NGF or CNTF does not reveal synergistic effects. These results suggest that TPA, NGF and CNTF may exert their neuronal survival promoting influences through a common molecular mechanism.
Impairments in timing, temporal memory, and reversal learning linked to neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine intoxication.

Abstract Methamphetamine intoxication has long-term consequences on dopaminergic function and corticostriatal-mediated behaviors in humans and other animals. In order to determine the potential impact on timing and temporal memory, we examined methamphetamine dose regimens that have been linked to neurotoxicity in adult (8 months) male rats. Rats that were given repetitive, high-dose methamphetamine (3.0 mg/kg ip × 4 injections/2 h) or saline injections were trained on a 2-s vs 8-s bisection procedure using auditory and visual signal durations. Following the high-dose regimen, baseline timing performance was reestablished prior to the rats' receiving reversal training in which the spatial/temporal mapping of the anchor durations (2 s and 8 s) to response options (left or right lever) was reversed. Low-dose methamphetamine (0.5 mg/kg ip) or saline injections were subsequently used to evaluate the effectiveness of the neurotoxic doses in terms of modifying the horizontal leftward shifts associated with increases in clock speed. Overall, the results indicate that MAP intoxication leads to reduced auditory/visual differences in clock speed, deficits in reversal learning, distortions in temporal memory, and lowered dopaminergic regulation of clock speed consistent with damage to prefrontal cortex and corticostriatal circuitry.
Experimental Study of Temperature Elevations in Extracted Teeth Using a System B Heating Catheter for Bacterial Disinfection

Total bacterial disinfection and elimination from the human root canal system are crucial in clinical endodontic procedures [Card et al., 2002; Kakoli et al., 2009]. The current approaches relying on mechanical instrumentation and root canal irrigation and medicaments have demonstrated that eradication of bacteria occurs when the bacteria are in direct contact with the medicaments. However, persistent infection following routine treatments has suggested that bacteria may harbor in the root canal anatomical irregularities and/or deep dentinal tubules, therefore, surface irrigation of medicaments may not be able to reach those regions. Heat treatment has been used for obturation of the root canal in endodontic practice. In this study we hypothesize that as an alternative, surface heating using a System B heating catheter through the root canal surface would be effective for bacterial elimination in the deep dentin. The heat-induced cytotoxic response kills bacteria in the root dentin via heat conduction from the thermal energy incident on the root canal wall. In principle, a high power setting and/or a long heating duration can always achieve sufficient temperature elevations in deep dentin. Yet, the detailed temperature distribution inside the dentin and possible thermal damage to the supporting periodontium are unknown. Therefore, it is of clinical importance to perform and investigate temperature elevations in dentin to provide clinicians with an optimized and effective treatment protocol to minimize unnecessary thermal damage to the surrounding structure.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The problem of human protein requirements: Some kinetic and metabolic considerations

Abstract Estimated human protein requirements have been substantially lowered by FAO/WHO expert committees over the past two decades. The estimates and methods of calculation are considered in the light of the kinetics of response to protein intake, body protein turnover, amino acid flows in the body, and the concept of nitrogen (N) steady state. Whereas traditional methods of estimation have assumed an essentially linear (first order) response of N retention to absorbed N, animal studies show that response to graded protein intakes obeys saturation kinetics. Corrections for protein quality have also assumed a linear relation between response and supply of limiting amino acid, while animal experiments indicate that this response likewise follows saturation kinetics. Evidence is lacking that the present minimum protein standards for humans can support acceptable internal nitrogen steady states at any age above infancy or foster normal growth in the child. New research approaches to determination of protein requirements are suggested, including study of the kinetics of human response to graded protein intakes and graded variations of quality; development of indicators of nitrogen steady state and correlation with clinical status; and determination of optimum protein-energy ratios by age and sex.
Magnetic constrast in reflection electron microscopy

Abstract The possibility of obtaining magnetic contrast in reflection electron microscope images is considered. We consider the problem of observing two-dimensional magnetic domains in Fe monolayer films on a GaAs substrate. By introducing the vector potential into multiple scattering RHEED calculations based on the multi-slice algorithm, the effect of the Lorentz force on diffraction conditions is evaluated at the specular condition for 120 kV electrons. This provides a contrast mechanism. For Fe(110)/GaAs(110) the contrast which results in the (440) specular beam from a reversal of B normal to the beam in the plane of the surface is found to be about 28%, suggesting that useful contrast might be obtained from a single monolayer. The penetration depth of the wavefield into the crystal is studied as a function of incident beam direction The distance along the beam path needed to re-establish the steady-state condition following a reversal of B is used to estimate the resolution of the method. The method, which would allow real-time image recording at high sample temperatures, is compared briefly with other magnetically sensitive surface imaging techniques.
Regulation of bovine rod outer segment membrane guanylate cyclase by ATP, phosphodiesterase and metal ions

In vertebrate retina, rod outer segment is the site of visual transduction. The inward cationic current in the dark-adapted outer segment is regulated by cyclic GMP. A light flash on the outer segment activates a cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase resulting in rapid hydrolysis of the cyclic nucleotide which in turn causes a decrease in the dark current. Restoration of the dark current requires inactivation of the phosphodiesterase and synthesis of cyclic GMP. The latter is accomplished by the enzyme guanylate cyclase which catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP from GTP. Therefore, factors regulating the cyclase activity play a critcal role in visual transduction. But regulation of the cyclase by some of these factors — phosphodiesterase, ATP, the soluble proteins and metal cofactors (Mg and Mn) — is controversial. The availability of different types of cyclase preparations, dark-adapted rod outer segments with fully inhibited phosphodiesterase activity, partially purified cyclase without PDE contamination, cloned rod outer segment cyclase free of other rod outer segment proteins, permitted us to address these controversial issues. The results show that ATP inhibits the basal cyclase activity but enhances the stimulation of the enzyme by soluble activator, that cyclase can be activated in the dark at low calcium concentrations under conditions where phosphodiesterase activity is fully suppressed, and that greater activity is observed with manganese as cofactor than magnesium. These results provide a better understanding of the controls on cyclase activity in rod outer segments and suggest how regulation of this cyclase by ATP differs from that of other known membrane guanylate cyclases.
A technical innovation in paediatric chest wall reconstruction

Extensive paediatric chest wall resections and reconstructions are a surgical challenge. Chest wall reconstruction is well known to be associated with chest wall deformity, scoliosis and restrictive lung disease. We describe, via illustrative cases, the technical innovation of paediatric chest wall reconstruction following tumour resection with titanium rib replacement. The results from this chest wall reconstruction technique have been cosmetically excellent. Both cases, following significant chest wall resections, did not require post-operative ventilation and have returned to normal function. This Novel Paediatric Chest wall reconstruction technique is ideally suitable after extensive chest wall resection. It has provided stability and protection of underlying viscera and may prevent scoliosis.