cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overlap and sonority in complex onsets in Georgian

This study investigates the relationship between the sonority shape of complex syllable onsets and articulatory overlap between the constituent consonants in Georgian (Kartvelian, Georgia; geo). Sonority sequencing and related phonological phenomena can be analyzed as epiphenomena related to perceptual cue preservation. The current study builds on previous research on Georgian that shows that order of place of articulation affects degree of overlap between stop-to-stop sequences and relates this back to issues of recoverability of segments within the sequence, and expands on this research to include complex syllable onsets with segmental makeups other than, but including, stop-to-stop sequences. Specifically, we use electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to examine the movements of the tongue, lips, and jaw during the production of Georgian words that cross three sonority shapes (rise, fall, and plateau) with front-to-back and back-to-front orders of place of articulation. Preliminary analyses confirm that there is less overlap in front-to-back clusters than in their back-to-front counterparts. It is also shown that sonority shape significantly affects overlap measures in interaction with order of place of articulations. This points towards a systematic relationship between sonority and overlap, which is discussed within the context of perceptual cue preservation and recoverability [Work supported by NSF.]This study investigates the relationship between the sonority shape of complex syllable onsets and articulatory overlap between the constituent consonants in Georgian (Kartvelian, Georgia; geo). Sonority sequencing and related phonological phenomena can be analyzed as epiphenomena related to perceptual cue preservation. The current study builds on previous research on Georgian that shows that order of place of articulation affects degree of overlap between stop-to-stop sequences and relates this back to issues of recoverability of segments within the sequence, and expands on this research to include complex syllable onsets with segmental makeups other than, but including, stop-to-stop sequences. Specifically, we use electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to examine the movements of the tongue, lips, and jaw during the production of Georgian words that cross three sonority shapes (rise, fall, and plateau) with front-to-back and back-to-front orders of place of articulation. Preliminary analyses confirm that ...
Bounded UDE-Based Controller for Input Constrained Systems With Uncertainties and Disturbances

The uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE)-based controller has emerged as an effective robust control method to handle systems with uncertainties and disturbances. However, similar to other controllers including an integral action, the UDE-based controller faces the integral windup issue when the system has input constraints. In this article, a bounded UDE-based controller is proposed to deal with systems subject to uncertainties, disturbances, and input constraint. An additional time-varying variable is introduced into the design of the error dynamics to naturally avoid integral windup. The boundedness design guarantees that both the final controller output and the additional time-varying variable dynamically move on an ellipse so that the controller output always satisfies the input constraint. The proposed bounded UDE-based controller inherits the robustness of the conventional UDE-based control method, and has a clear structure, with guidelines provided for parameter selections. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results are provided to validate the proposed design.
The Life and Career of a Divisional CEO: Bob Johnson at Honeywell

This case is an undisguised description of the life and career of an icon of the aerospace industry and former CEO of Honeywell Aerospace. He discusses his career, leadership style, lifestyle, and his views on several topics. Johnson also examines his postretirement challenges, finding himself at an unfamiliar personal crossroads.This case has been used in both Executive Education and MBA course offerings in career management and leadership. Included in the teaching note are links to supplemental streaming videos recorded from an interview session with Bob Johnson. These videos have been used to effectively enrich the discussion of the issues in the case. Excerpt UVA-OB-0872 Rev. Sept. 4, 2014 THE LIFE AND CAREER OF A DIVISIONAL CEO: BOB JOHNSON AT HONEYWELL It was a sunny day in December 2005, and Bob Johnson was “herding” his Jaguar down a divided road in Scottsdale, Arizona. As the retiring CEO of Honeywell Aerospace division, he seemed to have everything. Yet he looked concerned. During the course of his career, Johnson had worked for, and with, industry icons Jack Welch and Larry Bossidy. He had amassed an unblemished record of 32 straight successful turnaround and managerial assignments, all of them over profit plan, under expense budget, and ahead of schedule. He'd invested wisely and capitalized on his management bonus plans to the point where he'd become independently wealthy. He'd been married for 32 years and raised three children. He'd played golf all over the world and at the best courses. He'd even been teamed with Tiger Woods and in the process finished second in a nationally recognized pro-am tournament after playing the round of his life. He'd owned the cars of his choice, including a Ferrari and a Mercedes SL500 sports car. What could be wrong with this picture? “I'm not in a good place,” said Johnson. “I feel empty. Lonely. Alone. Sad.” Johnson's casual, unusual cadence belied his status as an internationally respected business icon and, at this time, seemed inconsistent with the real malaise he was describing. “Never been so lost,” he said. “I must figure out what to do and make some changes.” . . .
National and International Momentum Builds for More Child Focus in Relocation Disputes

This article discusses the national and international attempts at developing some uniform standards for relocation disputes. It explores the constitutional and fundamental rights of parents and children in the relocation context, and exposes the current lack of uniformity in relocation laws both here and abroad. Because the definite trend appears to be away from presumptions for or against a move and toward a best interests of the child approach, the article concludes that the challenge is how to make the best interests test actually focus on child-centered factors. A child focus considers the risk to an individual child based on the child’s developmental stage, resilience and adaptability, relationship with both parents, and the child’s voice.
Mechanical efficiency of heat engines

This 2007 book presents a developed general conceptual and basic quantitative analysis as well as the theory of mechanical efficiency of heat engines that a level of ideality and generality compatible with the treatment given to thermal efficiency in classical thermodynamics. This yields broad bearing results concerning the overall cyclic conversion of heat into usable mechanical energy. The work reveals intrinsic limits on the overall performance of reciprocating heat engines. The theory describes the general effects of parameters such as compression ratio and external or buffer pressure on engine output. It also provides rational explanations of certain operational characteristics such as how engines generally behave when supercharged or pressurized. The results also identify optimum geometric configurations for engines operating in various regimes from isothermal to adiabatic and are extended to cover multi-workspace engines and heat pumps. Limited heat transfer due to finite-time effects have also been incorporated into the work.
An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Computer Knowledge and Involvement on Students’ Attitude Toward the use of the Web in the Classroom and its Frequency of Use

This paper investigates the impact of computer knowledge and involvement on students’ attitude toward the use of the Web in a classroom setting as well as its current and anticipated frequency of use by students. Results suggest that both prior computer knowledge and computer involvement have an impact on students’ attitude toward Web-based classroom applications. Implications for marketing educators are discussed and further research suggestions are offered.
EcoJustice and Vulnerability in Virtual Worlds

This chapter explores the virtual reality platform Second Life™ with philosophical traditions in sociocultural and ecojustice studies. There is an appropriate and significant vulnerability in virtuosity for science education when learners are not prepared to navigate their interactions in virtual reality. Here I argue that educators have an obligation to engage their students in the contexts of the environments where they are educated and this responsibility becomes increasingly important as virtual worlds are powerful mediums for passing on values and ideas, which ultimately mediate our chaotic and immediate natural world. I analyze my experiences as an avatar in Second Life and apply ecojustice to vulnerabilities that become visible through my interactions with people and environments. I critique the Second Life platform and describe a theory of vulnerability in virtuosity, whereby a world designed for humans by humans significantly limits viable reproductive potential and the learning necessary for longer-term sustainability.
Stability as a constraint in sagittal plane human force exertion modeling

The stability constraints of a two-dimensional static human force exertion capability model (2DHFEC) were evaluated with subjects of varying anthropometry and strength capabilities performing manual exertions. The biomechanical model comprehensively estimated human force exertion capability under sagittally symmetric static conditions using constraints from three classes: stability, joint muscle strength, and coefficientof friction. Experimental results showed the concept of stability must be considered with joint muscle strength capability and coefficientof friction in predicting hand force exertion capability. Information was gained concerning foot modeling parameters as they affect whole-body stability. Findings indicated that stability limits should be placed approximately 37% of the distance from the ankle joint center to the posterior-most point of the foot and 130% of the distance from the ankle joint center to the maximal medial protuberance (the ball of the foot). 2DHFEC provided improvements over existing models, especially where horizontal push/pull forces create balance concerns.
The Cerebral Code: Thinking a Thought in the Mosaics of the Mind

Part 1: The representation problem and the copying solution cloning in cerebral cortex a compressed code emerges managing the cerebral commons resonating with your chaotic memories partioning the playfield. Part 2: The Brownian notion convergence zones with a hint of sex chimes on the quarter hour the making of metaphor thinking a thought in the mosaics of the mind.
Role of protein kinase C in ischemic preconditioning: in search of the "pure and simple truth".

There is no doubt that brief nonlethal episodes of ischemia protect or “precondition” the heart and render the myocardium resistant to a subsequent more sustained ischemic insult. The vexing question is: what are the cellular mediators and pathways triggered by brief ischemia that initiate this paradoxical yet profound cardioprotection?
A Multi-layered Motion Controller for a Mobile Robot Implemented With Fuzzy Logic

The objective of this research is to develop a simple motion controller that can direct a robot safely through a complex environmnent. The controller combines a layered control architecture with a fuzzy control implementation. Layered control is a strategy in which a complex controller is segregated into simpler layers of control that are easily implemented. A method of arbitration is used to resolve the outputs of the individual controllers into a single control action. In this paper, three layers of control are created including a protection layer, an orientation layer, and a proportional-plus-derivative layer. Each layer of control is developed using fuzzy logic control. Computer simulations are used to validate the controller design, which proves to be highly effective at traversing complex environments without the need for extensive sensory capability or advanced knowledge of the environment.
Schwinger effect and entanglement entropy in confining geometries

By using $\mathrm{AdS}/\mathrm{CFT}$, we study the critical electric field, the Schwinger pair creation rate and the potential phase diagram for the quark and antiquark in four confining supergravity backgrounds which are the Witten QCD (WQCD), the Maldacena-Nunez (MN), the Klebanov-Tseytlin (KT) and the Klebanov-Strassler (KS) models. We compare the rate of phase transition in these models and compare it also with the conformal case. We then present the phase diagrams of the entanglement entropy of a strip in these geometries and find the predicted butterfly shape in the diagrams. We found that the phase transitions have a higher rate in WQCD and KT relative to MN and KS. Finally we show the effect of turning on an additional magnetic field on the rate of pair creation by using the imaginary part of the Euler-Heisenberg effective Lagrangian. The result is increasing the parallel magnetic field would increase the pair creation rate and increasing the perpendicular magnetic field would decrease the rate.
Fever and Rash in a Patient With Hepatitis

Clinical Review & Education JAMA Clinical Challenge Fever and Rash in a Patient With Hepatitis Meredith E. Clement, MD; N. Lance Okeke, MD; Charles B. Hicks, MD Figure. Left, Pigmented, macular rash on palmar surface of left hand. Right, Pigmented, macular rash on plantar surface of left foot. A 56-year-old man with longstanding human immunodeficiency vi- rus (HIV) infection presented for evaluation of new-onset fatigue and malaise. He was adherent to his antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen (tenofovir/emtricitabine, raltegravir), with a recent CD4 lymphocyte count of 382 cells/mm 3 (18%) and HIV RNA below the level of assay detection. Initial evaluation was unremarkable except for new abnor- malities in hepatic laboratory results (alanine aminotransferase, 217 U/L (3.6 μkat/L); aspartate aminotransferase, 149 U/L (2.5 μkat/L); alka- line phosphatase, 610 U/L (10.2 μkat/L); total bilirubin, 2.2 mg/dL (37.6 μmol/L); and albumin, 3.1 g/dL). He denied having jaundice, pruritus, abdominal pain, or other gastrointestinal symptoms and re- ported no alcohol intake or recent use of new medications. He reported taking ator- Quiz at jama.com vastatin for dyslipidemia and testosterone gel for hypogonadism. Test results for hepatitis A, B, and C were nega- tive, as were results for anti–smooth muscle and antimitochondrial an- tibodies. Results of a serum antinuclear antibody test were positive, with a titer of 1:640. Liver biopsy demonstrated moderately active inter- face and lobular hepatitis with plasma cells and periportal cholestasis, findings suggestive of autoimmune hepatitis. The patient was started on prednisone and azathioprine. Shortly thereafter he developed fe- ver to 38.9°C and a macular rash that involved his palms and soles (Figure). Physical examination was otherwise normal. WHAT WOULD YOU DO NEXT? A. Stop atorvastatin secondary to statin-associated hepatitis B. Continue prednisone and azathio- prine for autoimmune hepatitis C. Check a rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test D. Biopsy the skin lesions JAMA July 28, 2015 Volume 314, Number 4 (Reprinted) Copyright 2015 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Downloaded From: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/ by a University of California - San Diego User on 07/28/2015 jama.com
Reliability analysis for FDDI dual homing networks

Closed-form reliability functions for the dual homing configuration for the fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) are derived by the combinatorial method. The new reliability functions are then compared to that of the dual ring configuration via numerical examples, which show that in most cases the dual homing network is more reliable than the dual ring network. The model analysis also shows that dual homing is recommended only if certain network parameter constraints are met.
Tumor location is an independent prognostic factor in head and neck Merkel cell carcinoma.

Objective. Explore the relationship between tumor location and prognosis among patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of the head and neck.Study Design. Retrospective analysis of large population database.Setting. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database/multiple settings.Subjects and Methods. Using the SEER database, the authors identified patients with MCC of the head and neck. They compared clinicopathologic characteristics and disease-specific survival (DSS) between patients with head and neck MCC at different anatomic subsites. DSS was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method, and a multivariable regression model was constructed so that independent predictors of DSS could be determined.Results. Of the 2104 patients identified, 61.0% were men. The mean age at diagnosis was 77.5 years. Tumors were most commonly located on the face (61.1%). Scalp tumors were significantly larger (10.4% >5 cm, P = .0001) and more likely to present with distant metastasis (8.7%, P = .07) than other head an...
Noise Induced Resonance versus Mixing of Modes. A Study

Abstract Surveying older and newer results about Lyapunov exponents and rotation numbers associated to linear systems with multiplicative noise we observe that in the long run multiplicative noise affects those systems in two antagonistic ways. It induces resonance resulting in a destabilizing tendency or, in the opposite direction, it mixes the modes which produces a stabilizing affect.
SQL databases v. NoSQL databases

Michael Stonebraker considers several performance arguments in favorofNoSQL databases—andfinds them insufficient.
Structure of trophic and mutualistic networks across broad environmental gradients

This study aims to understand how inherent ecological network structures of nestedness and modularity vary over large geographic scales with implications for community stability. Bipartite networks from previous research from 68 locations globally were analyzed. Using a meta-analysis approach, we examine relationships between the structure of 22 trophic and 46 mutualistic bipartite networks in response to extensive gradients of temperature and precipitation. Network structures varied significantly across temperature gradients. Trophic networks showed decreasing modularity with increasing variation in temperature within years. Nestedness of mutualistic networks decreased with increasing temperature variability between years. Mean annual precipitation and variability of precipitation were not found to have significant influence on the structure of either trophic or mutualistic networks. By examining changes in ecological networks across large-scale abiotic gradients, this study identifies temperature variability as a potential environmental mediator of community stability. Understanding these relationships contributes to our ability to predict responses of biodiversity to climate change at the community level.
Moving neurons back into place.

Subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) is a neuron migration disorder characterized by an aberrant ‘band-like’ accumulation of neurons within the neocortical white matter, frequently leading to mental retardation and epilepsy. SBH can now be regressed by reactivating neuronal migration.
THE OBLIQUE EFFECT: A NEW SLANT ON THINGS

Summary.-In a classification task that required 9 undergraduates to make speeded decisions about the orientation of foveally and peripherally presented single lines, no evidence was found for an 'oblique effect.' This supporn the recent suggestion by Essock that the oblique effect is difficult to demonstrate in tasks involving stimulus encodings and memory, e.g., a classification task. The oblique effect is the finding that oblique lines and gratings are generally more difficult to discriminate than horizontal or vertical lines and gratings. The effect has been demonstrated with children, adults, and animals (Appelle, 1972). Essock (1980) has recently questioned the robustness of the effect. He argues that most demonstrations of the oblique effect have occurred in what he calls Class 1 situations, i.e., where the task concerns basic visual sensitivity. Essock did not observe an oblique effect using reaction time in a classification task which required stimulus encoding and memory, i.e., Class 2. Two earlier experiments that employed a reaction time measure ~ielded an oblique effect. Attneave and Olson (1967) employed an identification task, and Olson and Attneave ( 1970) utilized a perceptual grouping task. The present study assessed an oblique effect in a Class 2 classificatioh task using a reaction time measure. In addition, the study examined the oblique effect at a number of retinal locations. Berkeley, Kitterle, and Watkins (1975) observed an oblique effect out to 8' along the horizontal axis but not between 8" and 20". These researchers used a Class 1 situation that employed gtatings and an accuracy measure.
The FAA Approach to Air Traffic Controller Training

In January 1976, the FAA implemented a revised nationally standardized system oriented training program for enroute and terminal controllers. One of the prime elements of this program is mandatory participation by all air traffic controller trainees. Everyone hired as a trainee air traffic controller must satisfactorily progress through the entire training program and be certified as a full performance level controller. Trainees who fail any phase of training are immediately removed from the Air Traffic Control career field or reassigned as appropriate. There is classroom and laboratory training throughout the course of study which is constantly assessed. The assessment instruments are validated and are reliable indicators and predictors to the trainees' ability to perform at the full performance level. This paper describes our approach to training a newly hired developmental controller from entry on duty with the FAA until he/she attains the status of full performance level.
Permissive Hypercapnia and Risk for Brain Injury and Developmental Impairment

Very low birthweight (VLBW, <1500g) infants are often premature with incompletely developed respiratory systems, and most require respiratory assistance for survival.1 However, mechanical ventilation and other respiratory care can injure fragile, immature lungs and increase risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic form of lung disease.2 Permissive hypercapnia is a respiratory treatment strategy that accepts levels of partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) above normal, thus allowing less aggressive respiratory care and, as a result, less trauma to the lung.3,4 Despite the suggested benefit of permissive hypercapnia for decreasing risk of BPD, it is not well understood whether it is associated with risk of brain injury, such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and subsequent developmental impairment. IVH was evaluated as a secondary outcome in two clinical trials of permissive hypercapnia.5,6 Neither trial found any relationship between permissive hypercapnia and risk of IVH, but the first5 had a small sample size (n=49) and the second6 was terminated early with a smaller than planned sample (n=220). A trial that targeted even higher PaCO2 levels found that, at 18-22 months, children in this minimal ventilation group had worse scores on the Bayley mental developmental index than children randomized to standard ventilation.7 Prior observational studies have found an association between high PaCO2 levels and IVH,8-12 and IVH is associated with increased risk for developmental impairments.13-24 Hence, it is not clear whether permissive hypercapnia is safe for immature brains. Clinical trials are both difficult and expensive. It can be challenging to enroll sufficient numbers of subjects, and trials can be terminated early. Additionally, trials tend to be conducted under circumstances different from those under which the general population receives care. Our detailed observational data on blood gases and ventilatory support in a large population of infants allows us to infer ventilation care strategy and address the impact of permissive hypercapnia. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) whether a permissive hypercapnia treatment strategy early in life is associated with higher risk for IVH than a normocapnia treatment strategy, and (2) whether permissive hypercapnia is associated with more behavioral and functional problems during early childhood.
337 PCR ANALYSIS FOR DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE (MP): A USEFUL TEST IN CHILDHOOD LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (LTRI)

We prospectively studied the role of MP in childhood LTRI. Children aged 3 months to 12 years with a chest X-ray infitrate were included. Excluded were immunodeficiency disorders, aspiration, congenital malformations, nasogastric tube feeding, cystic fibrosis and severe retardation. A complement fixation test and an IF assay measuring IgM and IgG antibodies on day 1 and 14 were performed to confirm infection with MP. A four-fold rise in IgG titers or a positive IgM titer were considered diagnostic. On day 1 a nasopharyngeal aspirate was taken for culture of MP and PCR analysis. The primers used in PCR analysis were: Myc 16S and Myc PL Over a period of 11 months 34 children (15F, 19M) with a mean age of 5.5 years were included. In 10 patients (29%) MP infection was detected. The results of serologic testing(SER.), culture(CULT.) and PCR are shown below:
Fatigue-A Test Integrated Damage Modeling Approach

Empirical damage models were developed using the method of least squares and flight simulation test results. The experimental data were obtained from notched coupon specimens subjected to a number of simulated transport flight-by-flight test sequences of alternate loading intensities. Clipping of maximum load levels was performed during test to isolate the influence of load induced microplasticity from the combined influence of micro and macroplasticity on test life. The resulting test data were indicative of load sequence effects resulting from microplasticity at material and fabrication defects contained within a local volume of material adjacent to a notch. Since the specimen was the damage integrator, the resulting models were considered to statistically account for load sequence effects in the development and coalescing of crack nuclei in forming a predominant propagating crack. Results indicate that the models present a viable alternative to the PalmgrenMiner approach.
Infrared spectrum of matrix-isolated SeOCl2

Abstract All six ir bands allowed by the point group Cs were found for matrix-isolated SeOCl2. A compilation of vibrational data for group VIA oxyhalides is given.
Palliative care in the intensive care unit: barriers, advances, and unmet needs

The concept that critical illness and terminal illness are necessarily distinct entities has given way to the understanding that they often exist on the same spectrum. Consequently, there is growing consensus that palliative treatment must coexist with attempts at restorative treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). Palliative care in the ICU has evolved from a relatively one-dimensional construct of terminal sedation in dying patients to a multidisciplinary field addressing symptom control, physician-patient-family communication,spiritual needs, and the needs of health care providers. As ongoing research efforts yield new insights, our ability to practice evidence-based palliative care in the ICU will grow, and new avenues for improvement will become evident.
2012 International Symposium on Computer Architecture Influential Paper Award

This column discusses the winner of the 2012 International Symposium on Computer Architecture Influential Paper Award. It describes, from the point of view of the chair of the committee, what makes the paper influential.
Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide)-based nanotherapeutics

This mini-review provides a brief overview of recent advances in the area of biologically-relevant nanomaterials composed of poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PHPMA). Polymer diversity within the field of nanomedicine has grown considerably in recent years, yet the overwhelming majority of soft nanomaterials intended for medical applications are composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and its derivatives. However, it is well known that PHPMA offers several advantages over PEG in some applications, including its ability to be functionalized via its side-chain hydroxyl group to incorporate drugs, imaging agents, targeting ligands, etc. This mini-review focuses on select recent advances in PHPMA-based nanostructures. Particular attention is placed on polymer–drug conjugates, self-assembled nanoparticles, and other recent examples of PHPMA-based nanotherapeutics.
Fibrin glue treatment of complex anal fistulas has low success rate.

Purpose: Fibrin glue has been used to treat anal fistulas in an attempt to avoid more radical surgical intervention. Reported success rates vary widely. The purpose of this study was to review the use of fibrin glue in the management of complex anal fistulas at a tertiary referral center. Methods: This study was designed as a retrospective review of all patients treated with fibrin glue injection for complex anal fistulas in the Section of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine/Barnes-Jewish Hospital. Demographics, previous treatment, operative information, and early follow-up were obtained from the patients’ medical records. Phone interviews were conducted to determine successful healing or recurrence of fistulas requiring further treatment. Statistical analysis was by Fisher’s exact test. The institutional review board approved the study. Results: A total of 42 patients (19 males; median age, 44 (range, 20–76) years) were treated between 1999 and 2002. Three patients were lost to follow-up and were excluded from the study. Etiology of fistulas were cryptoglandular (n = 22), Crohn’s disease (n = 13), or coloanal and ileal pouch-anal anastomotic (n = 4). Fistulas were classified as deep transsphincteric (n = 33), superficial transsphincteric (n = 1), supralevator (n = 2), or rectovaginal (n = 3). Initially, most patients had “closure” of the fistula but recrudescence was common. Durable healing was only achieved in 31 percent (12/39). Healing rates by etiology were cryptoglandular 23 percent (5/22), Crohn’s disease 31 percent (4/13), and ileal pouch-anal anastomotic 75 percent (3/4; P = 0.14). Success rates by classification were deep transsphincteric 33 percent (11/33), superficial transsphincteric 0 percent (0/1), supralevator 0 percent (0/ 2), and rectovaginal 33 percent (1/3; P = 1). The success rate for patients with no previous treatment was 38 percent (8/21) vs. 22 percent (4/18) in those whose fistulas had been previously treated (P = 0.32). Eight patients underwent a second fibrin glue treatment and only one of them healed (12.5 percent). Median follow-up for successfully healed fistula was 26 months. Conclusions: Fibrin glue treatment for complex anal fistulas has a low success rate and most recrudescences occurred within three months. However, given the low morbidity and relative simplicity of the procedure, fibrin glue should still be considered as a first-line treatment for patients with complex anal fistulas.
Applications of limiting conversion free‐radical polymerizations. I. tert‐butyl hydroperoxide‐initiated polymerization of styrene in benzene

Data for the tert-butyl hydroperoxide-initiated polymerization of styrene in dilute benzene solution at 126°C. are presented. These data are discussed in terms of Tobolsky's limiting conversion kinetics. Several rate laws are considered. Simple unimolecular decomposition of the peroxide appears to be unimportant under these conditions, as does solvent interaction.
Growth Factor Synthesis and Human Breast Cancer Progression

Data obtained using long-established human breast cancer cell lines have suggested that autocrine growth factors secreted by the cells are important for their growth in vitro. Such data alone cannot definitively establish a role for autocrine growth factors in human breast cancer cell proliferation in vivo, but they create a paradigm that can be tested by analysis of data obtained with primary breast cancer cells and tissues. This review is aimed at examining experimental data obtained using fresh human breast cancer cells and tissues to determine whether the results obtained are consistent with predictions made by autocrine models of human breast cancer cell proliferation. Conceptually, for autocrine loops to be of primary importance in human breast cancer cell proliferation, breast cancer cells in vivo must 1) synthesize biologically active growth factors that are available to growth factor receptors, 2) synthesize the cognate growth factor receptors, 3) require the specific factors for proliferation, and 4) express the autocrine loop as a pathologic, rather than a physiologic, process. Since the proportion of tumors that express growth factors of a given family is consistently higher than the proportion of tumors that express the cognate receptors, it is likely that growth factor synthesis has an important, nonautocrine role in breast cancer progression as well. Data obtained with primary human breast cancer specimens indicate that growth factors synthesized by breast cancer cells have an important role in tumor development and progression but that these factors act in a true autocrine fashion only in a subset of tumors.
Exogenous Gangliosides Stimulate Breakdown of Neuro‐2A Phosphoinositides in a Manner Unrelated to Neurite Outgrowth

Gangliosides administered exogenously are well-known effectors of differentiation in many neuroblastoma lines and primary neuronal cultures. Previous studies suggested the phosphoinositide signaling mechanism could be a contributing factor. We have found that treatment of Neuro-2A cells with bovine brain ganglioside mixture (BBG) causes breakdown of phosphoinositides, as measured by increased levels of inositol phosphates. The effect was optimal at 60 min and required a minimal BBG concentration of 25 microM. However, addition of neomycin, which blocked phosphoinositide breakdown, had no observable effect on ganglioside-stimulated neurite outgrowth. A similar result was obtained with psi-tectorigenin, which also inhibited phosphoinositide hydrolysis. When cells were treated with maitotoxin, an agent that promotes phosphoinositide breakdown, there was no enhancement of neurite outgrowth. These findings indicate that although exogenous gangliosides elevate inositol phosphate formation over a prolonged period in neuro-2A cells, this reaction is not integral to the differentiation of these cells. The possibility of secondary effects influencing neurite type and structure cannot be excluded.
Loop corrections to conformal invariance for type-I superstrings

Abstract BRST anomalies arising from modular integrations can be cancelled between different genus world-sheets at the price of moving the world-sheet σ-model away from its conformal fixed point. We have fully implemented this procedure for the lowest-loop corrections to the type-I superstring. The associated conformal invariance violations are responsible for important corrections to the background field equations including both the coupling of the gauge field to gravity and the anomaly-cancelling interactions of the antisymmetric tensor field.
A small step for the cell, a giant leap for mankind: a hypothesis of neocortical expansion during evolution

The more than 1000-fold increase in the cortical surface without a comparable increase in its thickness during mammalian evolution is explained in the context of the radial-unit hypothesis of cortical development. According to the proposed model, cortical expansion is the result of changes in proliferation kinetics that increase the number of radial columnar units without changing the number of neurons within each unit significantly. Thus, mutation of a regulatory gene(s) that controls the timing and ratio of symmetric and asymmetric modes of cell divisions in the proliferative zone, coupled with radial constraints in the distribution of migrating neurons, could create an expanded cortical plate with enhanced capacity for establishing new patterns of connectivity that are validated through natural selection.
Erratum to ‘Variability of manual lumbar spine segmentation’ [International Journal of Spine Surgery 6 (2012) 167–173]

The publisher regrets to notify that in the above mentioned article, the name of the author “Heather E. Acuff” had been printed as “Heather N. Acuff” by mistake. This has been corrected in the online version of the article. We apologize for any inconvenience this might have caused to the readers.
Purification of argininosuccinase by high-pressure immunoaffinity chromatography on monoclonal anti-argininosuccinase-silica.

Enzyme purification can be shortened by the use of immunological techniques. These techniques include the immobilization of antibodies against the desired enzyme on such supports as Sepharose and agarose for use in low-pressure affinity chromatography (LPAC). The time required for column work can be shortened considerably by using high-pressure affinity chromatography (HPAC) instead of LPAC. The use of HPAC requires that the antibody be immobilized on supports such as silica which can withstand the high pressures associated with HPAC. We describe here the synthesis of an antibody-silica HPAC column and its use to purify active argininosuccinase from a crude homogenate using conditions less harsh (pH 3, no detergent) than those previously employed
Computerized Content Analysis in Management Research: A Demonstration of Advantages & Limitations

Content analysis is a research technique used to objectively and systematically make inferences about the intentions, attitudes, and values of individuals by identifying specified characteristics in textual messages. The unobtrusive nature of content analysis makes it well suited for strategic management research. To date, the content analyses in most management studies have been performed by human coders, despite advances in computer technology that enable researchers to perform the same analyses more reliably and less expensively. In this paper, the investigator compares human-coded content analysis to computerized coding of the same text communications. The results suggest the two methods may be equally effective. Differences in results obtained using different units of analysis (such as analysis by sentence, by paragraph or by whole document) are also examined. Better reliability, improved stability, and comparability of results suggest more extensive use of computerized content analysis in future res...
Determination of the sampling interval in surface roughness measurements with implications to engineering tribo-surface characterization and evaluation

AbstractThis article presents the theoretical basis from which a sampling interval may be meaningfully determined in the surface roughness measurements for engineering tribology applications. Equations are derived that relate the measurement sampling interval to the material properties of the part and the RMS roughness of the surface. The feasibility of the roughness measurements is discussed. The study also reveals some insights into the surface characterization parameters and the quality of surface run-in processes.
Structural studies of neutral glycerides and phosphoglycerides of rat liver.

Abstract The distribution of fatty acids esterified at each position of glycerol in triglycerides (TG), phosphatidyl choline (PC), and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) of rat liver was determined. The carbon number distribution of TG and diglyceride acetates derived from PC and PE was also determined. Each of the TG positions showed a distinct distribution of fatty acids that was not arranged randomly, indicating pairing of some acids. The composition of the fatty acids esterified at the 1-position of PC and PE was the same, but differed from the 1-position of TG; the 2-position differed in all three classes. The carbon number distribution of PC diglyceride acetates was different from that of PE diglyceride acetates and neither agreed with the random distribution values calculated from the experimentally determined compositions of the 1- and 2-positions of each class, indicating preferential pairing of some acids in these lipid classes also. Selectivity of diglycerides used for the biosynthesis of either TG or phospholipids or both is substantiated by the lack of agreement between the TG carbon number distribution determined experimentally and the distribution calculated from values of either PC or PE diglyceride acetates plus the values of the 3-position of the TG. These findings for rat liver are the opposite of those reported in a companion paper in which tumor cells did not show selectivity of diglycerides used for TG and PC biosynthesis.
Nitric Acid−Water Complexes: Theoretical Calculations and Comparison to Experiment†

The formation of HNO3·(H2O)n complexes is studied both theoretically and experimentally. First principles electronic structure calculations were used to produce minimum structures and harmonic vibrational frequencies of HNO3·(H2O)n and DNO3·(H2O)n complexes (n = 0−4). They also provide insight into the ionization of HNO3 in water, predicting that ionization in isolated clusters occurs for n = 4 or larger. Vibrational absorption spectra of matrix isolated nitric acid/water complexes were obtained using an FTIR spectrometer-based instrument. By incrementally increasing the amount of H2O in the matrix, we have been able to study nitric acid/water complexes and the ionization of HNO3. New spectral assignments, the first ones for the n = 2 and 3 complexes, are suggested on the basis of the results of the electronic structure calculations.
Functional neuroimaging of the Iowa Gambling Task in older adults.

OBJECTIVE The neural systems most susceptible to age-related decline mirror the systems linked to decision making. Yet, the neural processes underlying decision-making disparities among older adults are not well understood. We sought to identify neural response patterns that distinguish 2 groups of older adults who exhibit divergent decision-making patterns. METHOD Participants were 31 healthy older adults (ages 59-88, 53% female), defined as advantageous or disadvantageous decision-makers based on Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance, who completed an alternate version of the IGT while undergoing functional MRI. The groups were indistinguishable on neuropsychological testing. We contrasted the BOLD signal between groups during 3 phases of the decision-making process: Prechoice (preselection), Prefeedback (postselection), and Feedback (receipt of gains/losses). We further examined whether BOLD signal varied as a function of age in each group. RESULTS We observed greater activation among the IGT-Disadvantageous relative to -Advantageous older adults in the prefrontal cortex during the early phases of the decision-making process (Prechoice), and in posterior brain regions (e.g., the precuneus) during the later phases (Prefeedback and Feedback). We also found that with increasing age, IGT-Advantageous older adults showed increasing activation in the prefrontal cortex during all phases and increasing activation in the posterior cingulate during earlier phases of the decision process. By contrast, the IGT-Disadvantageous older adults exhibited a reduced or reversed trend. CONCLUSIONS These functional differences may be a consequence of altered reward processing or differing compensatory strategies between IGT-Disadvantageous and -Advantageous older adults. This supports the notion that divergent neurobiological aging trajectories underlie disparate decision-making patterns.
The rise, hegemony, and decline of the Chicago School of Sociology, 1892–1945

Abstract This article suggests how knowledge, scientific activities, and academic disciplines are socially situated and driven through an empirical investigation of the social origin and development of the Chicago School of Sociology. The world's first department of sociology was founded at the University of Chicago in 1892. Millions of dollars from the Rockefeller foundation were used to lure some of the most distinguished scholars to Chicago. The Chicago School of sociology, under the charismatic leadership of Robert E. Park, acquired paradigmatic status. The School contibuted significantly to the scientific community's collectively negotiated social order. Using the Tiryakian “Schools” approach to the development of the social sciences, the Chicago School of Sociology is examined. The origin, rise, and components of the School are outlined. For twenty years the Chicago School reigned as the first hegemonic paradigm in the history of American sociology. The etiology of the School's decline is addressed. The departure of Park, increasing doubts over the scientific status of the discipline, the changing concepts of the role of the sociologist, and the rise of other sociology departments, most notably at Harvard and Columbia, contributed to the decline of the School. The Chicago School of Sociology as an open, cooperative, interdisciplinary supportive environment of intellectual and methodological eclecticism, is a paradigm to be emulated.
Crystallization, sequence, and preliminary crystallographic data for an antipeptide Fab 50.1 and peptide complexes with the principal neutralizing determinant of HIV-1 gp120.

X-ray quality crystals of an Fab fragment from an antipeptide monoclonal antibody (R/V3-50.1) that recognizes the principal neutralizing determinant (PND) of the gpl20 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) (MN isolate) were grown as uncomplexed and peptide complexed forms. Crystals of the free Fab grew from high salt in orthorhombic space groups P212121 and I222 and from polyethylene glycol in space groups P1 and P21. Seeds from either the P1 and P21 native (uncomplexed) Fab crystals induced nucleation of crystals of the Fab complexed to a 16-residue synthetic peptide corresponding to the PND when streak seeded into preequilibrated solutions of this complex. Data were collected from these complex crystals and from each of the four native Fab forms to at least 2.8A resolution. The genes for the variable domain of the Fab were cloned and sequenced and the primary amino acid sequence was deduced from this information. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of this Fab–pep-tide complex will be important in the understanding of the PND of HIV-1 and its recognition by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Symptom Burden of Seriously Ill Hospitalized Patients

We studied symptom burden and associated factors in a cohort of 1582 seriously ill patients admitted at five tertiary care academic centers in the U.S. between June 1989 and June 1991 in the SUPPORT Study. Logistic regression was used to test the independent association of symptoms with demographic, psychological, chronic, and acute illness measures. Pain, dyspnea, anxiety, and depression caused the greatest symptom burden. The following symptoms accounted for 67.3% of all symptoms that were at least moderately severe at least half of the time: dyspnea (19.2%), pain (17.6%), pain/dyspnea (7.6%), anxiety (5.9%), depression (5.0%), anxiety/depression (4.4%), anxiety/depression/pain/dyspnea (3.9%), and nausea (3.7%). Hospital, male gender, disease category, more comorbidities, more dependencies in activities of daily living prior to illness, and poorer quality of life were associated with greater symptom burden. Seriously ill patients have a high symptom burden. Better strategies will be needed to control symptoms in these patients.