cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical model of nonlinear, single-mode, classical Rayleigh-Taylor instability at arbitrary Atwood numbers.

An analytical model of the nonlinear bubble evolution of single-mode, classical Rayleigh-Taylor instability at arbitrary Atwood numbers $({A}_{T})$ is presented. The model is based on an extension of Layzer's theory [Astrophys. J. 122, 1 (1955)] previously applied only to the fluid-vacuum interfaces $({A}_{T}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1)$. The model provides a continuous bubble evolution from the earlier exponential growth to the nonlinear regime when the bubble velocity saturates at ${U}_{b}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\sqrt{{2A}_{T}/({1+A}_{T})({g/C}_{g}k)}$, where $k$ is the perturbation wave number, $g$ is the interface acceleration, and ${C}_{g}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3$ and ${C}_{g}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1$ for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometries, respectively.
Intracellular injection of lucifer yellow into cortical neurons in lightly fixed sections and its application to human autopsy material.

Abstract In this paper a method is described for injecting Lucifer yellow intracellularly in lightly fixed cortical slices. The resultant filling reveals detailed neuronal morphology of somata, dendrites, and their appendages offering the following advantages over currently available cell staining techniques: (1) a large number (10–30) of neurons can be filled intracellularly in a single experiment, (2) when coupled with retrograde fluorescent tracing methods, specific populations of neurons can be chosen for study, (3) good results can be obtained reliably, (4) neurons from autopsy or biopsy material can be intracellularly filled, (5) other neuronal features can be identified by combining this method with lectin or neurotransmitter immunocytochemistry, and (6) filled cells can be made electron dense, permitting specimens to be examined under the electron microscope.
Detection of chemical agents using a novel energy cell

The detection, classification and tracking of chemical agents (explosives) being surreptitiously smuggled into public areas, such as airports, for destructive purposes is difficult to solve by unobtrusive means. We propose the use of a novel energy cell with gas/vapor sniffing capability. Variants of such devices are routinely used by police to detect alcohol emanating from the breath of suspected impaired vehicle drivers. We have advanced this technology with the development of a Pethanol Alkaline Energy Cell which is capable of reading gaseous emissions ultimately in the parts per billion range. Our work is described in terms of detecting TATAP (acetone peroxide).
Acidosis and some metabolic properties of isolated cerebral tissues.

SYMPTOMS of central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction are known to ensue when the pH of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is lowered. The normal spinal fluid pH in humans is 7.31. 1 Coma occurs in patients with CSF pH values below 7.15, 2 and significant abnormalities of mentation are found with values less than 7.25. 1,3 These neurological changes are reversible. The biochemical reasons for the functional derangement associated with CSF acidosis are not clear. Activities of almost all enzyme systems are sensitive to pH change, 4 and a number of physiologically important enzymes are most active at pH 7.5. The property of excitability very likely is not an enzymatic process in neural tissue, but it is undoubtedly dependent upon chemical properties of the membrane and to some extent can be altered by changing pH. There are several ways by which acidosis might affect neuronal function. These include (1) damage to
Early-time instabilities in a dynamic percolation model

A simple site-bond cluster dynamics model is proposed in which clusters evolve by a combination of single monomer aggregation, merger, and dissociation processes. The evolution of clusters after a quench from the stable sol phase to the ``unstable'' gel phase is followed by Monte Carlo simulation. Comparisons are made to the evolution of clusters in the very early stages of spinodal decomposition.
Complete nucleotide sequence of the mycoplasma virus P1 genome.

Mycoplasma virus P1 is one of only four viruses isolated from the genus Mycoplasma. The host for P1, Mycoplasma pulmonis, possesses complex, phase-variable restriction and modification enzymes and the Vsa family of phase-variable surface proteins. The ability of P1 virus to infect host cells is influenced by these phase-variable systems, rendering P1 a valuable tool for assessing host properties. The double-stranded P1 DNA genome was sequenced (11,660 bp) and 11 ORFs were identified. The predicted P1 DNA polymerase is similar to that of phages that are known to have terminal protein (TP) attached to the 5' end of their genome, consistent with previous studies indicating that P1 DNA has covalently attached TP. Most of the other predicted P1 proteins have little sequence similarity to known proteins, and P1 virus is unrelated to the other mycoplasma virus, MAV1, for which the genome sequence is known. One of the predicted P1 proteins, the ORF 8 gene product, contains a repetitive collagen-like motif characteristic of some bacteriophage tail fiber proteins and is a candidate for interacting with the Vsa proteins.
Quantitative Analysis of Load Redistribution Attacks in Power Systems

Cyber security is becoming an area of growing concern in the electric power industry with the development of smart grid. False data injection attack, which is against state estimation through SCADA network, has recently attracted wide research interests. This paper further develops the concept of load redistribution (LR) attack, a special type of false data injection attack. The damage of LR attacks to power system operations can manifest in an immediate or a delayed fashion. For the immediate attacking goal, we show in this paper that the most damaging attack can be identified through a max-min attacker-defender model. Benders decomposition within a restart framework is used to solve the bilevel immediate LR attack problem with a moderate computational effort. Its effectiveness has been validated by the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT)-based method solution in our previous work. For the delayed attacking goal, we propose a trilevel model to identify the most damaging attack and transform the model into an equivalent single-level mixed-integer problem for final solution. In summary, this paper enables quantitative analysis of the damage of LR attacks to power system operations and security, and hence provides an in-depth insight on effective attack prevention when resource budgets are limited. A 14-bus system is used to test the correctness of the proposed model and algorithm.
Evolution of individual snowflakes during metamorphism

[1] The morphological changes of individual snowflakes evolving within a dry snow aggregate have been studied using X-ray computed microtomography (micro-CT). Fresh dry snow was collected during a snowfall, sealed, and stored in a −5°C cold room between periodic observations using micro-CT. Time series 3-D images were used to examine the structural evolution of an individual snowflake within the aggregate over a 2-month period, after which the snowflake had lost its original dendritic structure. Analysis of the aggregate showed that the fraction of large ice particles increased over this period while the total number of particles decreased, presumably to lower the free energy of the snow specimen. This approach enables the study of metamorphism of individual snowflakes in a local environment close to that found in nature. The evolution of structural parameters, including the volume fraction of ice, the surface-to-volume ratio of the ice matrix, the thickness and separation of the ice structure determined by the distance transform of the ice and pore space, were monitored and analyzed using coarsening theories. The computed growth exponent was smaller than the values obtained in the earlier work by Legagneux et al. (2004) and Kaempfer and Schneebeli (2007), who also interpreted the isothermal metamorphism in terms of coarsening theories.
Tax Interaction Effects, Environmental Regulation, and ''Rule of Thumb'' Adjustments to Social Cost

Preexisting distortions in factor markets complicate the estimation of the social welfare effects of regulatory interventions. The existence of these tax interaction effects (TIEs) suggests that general equilibrium (GE) approaches should be used to evaluate regulatory policies. However, formal GE analysis is not always feasible for the numerous environmental regulations proposed by federal, state, and local agencies. The question addressed in this paper is whether an empirically based ‘‘rule of thumb’’ upward adjustment factor is appropriate to properly scale social cost estimates in environmental policy. We argue that such rule of thumb adjustments are significantly less reliable than estimates based on a detailed general equilibrium analysis because of the uncertainty about both the magnitude and sign of the social cost distortion. In addition to addressing this question, the paper gives an overview of TIEs and their relevance to environmental policy.
Range of interlayer interactions in smectic- C liquid crystals.

The fact that the elastic constant for bending a layer of smectic-$C$ liquid crystal along its $c$ director differs from the value for bending in the perpendicular direction has recently been shown to give rise to interactions between distant layers. The effect of this entropy-induced interaction is to favor a parallel or antiparallel alignment of the $c$ directors in these nonadjacent layers. We calculate in detail the range and strength of this interaction in both infinite and finite samples, and find the results to depend mainly on the ratio of the average layer bending elastic constant to the layer compression modulus. At low values of this ratio, the interlayer interaction is of long range in a bulk sample, while at high values of the ratio it decays as the inverse cube of the interlayer distance. For a sample confined between rigid substrates parallel to the layers, the interaction is greatly reduced. For a free-standing film the interaction may be enhanced if the surface tension is weak, but may be diminished if the surface tension is strong.
Electrochemical behavior of gold in acidic chloride solutions

Summary The electrochemical behavior of gold was investigated in 0.1 M HClO4 containing 2−100×10−4 M of KCl or KBr, using triangular sweep voltammetry, steady-state current potential measurements and single pulse differential capacity data. In chloride ion solutions, on the forward scan and ascending steady-state measurements gold dissolution occurs in the range 1.0–1.2 V vs. SCE. A current maximum is found at 1.15 V, this position being independent of chloride ion concentration. Its height depends somewhat on chloride ion concentration and stirring rate, but is lower than the diffusion limited current expected for gold dissolution as AuCl4−. Gold becomes passive at approximately 1.2 V and no gold dissolution is observed up to 1.4 V. At 1.3 V in 0.01 M KCl, the passive film is stable for at least 13 h. Current-potential curves were calculated with the assumption that the coverage with “asorbed oxygen” increases linearly from zero at 1.0 V to full at 1.2 V, and that gold dissolution is charge transfer controlled and occurs only at the “oxygen”-free part of the surface. The agreement with experimental data is satisfactory. On the reverse scan of the sweep experiments the gold stays passive; the “adsorbed oxygen” is removed at about 0.8–0.9 V, the potential being larger the larger the chloride ion concentration. The steady-state experiments give current-potential curves similar to those found for ascending potentials; a current peak is observed and gold dissolution takes place at 1.2–1.0 V. The difference between scanning and steady-state experiments is ascribed to competition for adsorption sites between chloride ion and “oxygen” and slow replacement of “oxygen” by chloride ion. This view is supported by differential capacity measurements. In solutions containing bromide ions the dissolution of gold starts at 0.8 V and the electrode does not become passive up to 1.4 V.
A robust heteroclinic cycle in an ? steady-state mode interaction

A structurally stable heteroclinic cycle connecting circles of fixed points of opposite parity is identified in a steady-state mode interaction with symmetry. These fixed points correspond to equilibria in the form of zigzag (odd parity) and varicose (even parity) states. Because of the reflection symmetry this 1:1 mode interaction bears certain similarities to earlier work on the 1:2 mode interaction with symmetry. However, in the present case the cycle connects eight equilibria, four of which are selected from the circle of zigzag equilibria and four from the circle of varicose equilibria. Conditions for the existence and asymptotic stability of the cycle are determined and compared with numerical integration of the mode interaction equations.
Severe anorexia nervosa: outcomes from a medical stabilization unit.

Objective: We report data from the medical stabilization and refeeding of patients with severe anorexia nervosa admitted over a 15-month period. Method: Through chart review and computerized data collection, we evaluated demographic and clinical data from 25 consecutive patients admitted to our medical stabilization unit from October 2008 to January 2010. Results: In this adult-patient population with a median body mass index (BMI) of 13.1 kg/m2 (interquartile range, 11.0–14.4), 44% developed hypoglycemia, 76% had abnormal liver function, 83% had abnormal bone density, 45% developed refeeding hypophosphatemia, and 92% were hypothermic. Severe liver function abnormality predicted the development of hypoglycemia (p = 0.02, OR 9.78, CI: 1.55–61.65). No clinical features predicted hypophosphatemia, including admission BMI (p = 0.19), serum glucose level (p = 0.21), elevated liver function tests (p = 0.39 for AST), or initial amount of kilocalories consumed (p = 0.06). Discussion: Patients with the most severe cases of anorexia nervosa have a high prevalence of serious medical complications during initial refeeding. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Numerical Simulation of Nanopulse Penetration of Biological Matters Using the ADI-FDTD Method

Study of the nanopulse bioeffects is important to ensure the appropriate application with nanopulse in biomedical and biotechnological settings. In this article, we develop an alternating-direction implicit (ADI) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) scheme coupled with the Cole-Cole expression for dielectric coefficients of biological tissues to simulate the electromagnetic fields inside the biological tissues when exposed to nanopulses. The scheme is then tested by numerical examples with two different biological tissues. Numerical results show that the proposed ADI-FDTD scheme breaks through the Courant, Friedrichs, and Lewy (CFL) stability condition and provides a stable solution with a larger time step, where the conventional FDTD scheme fails. Results also indicate that the computational time can be reduced when using a larger time step.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An erythrocyte vesicle protein exported by the malaria parasite promotes tubovesicular lipid import from the host cell surface.

Plasmodium falciparum is the protozoan parasite that causes the most virulent of human malarias. The blood stage parasites export several hundred proteins into their host erythrocyte that underlie modifications linked to major pathologies of the disease and parasite survival in the blood. Unfortunately, most are ‘hypothetical’ proteins of unknown function, and those that are essential for parasitization of the erythrocyte cannot be ‘knocked out’. Here, we combined bioinformatics and genome-wide expression analyses with a new series of transgenic and cellular assays to show for the first time in malaria parasites that microarray read out from a chemical perturbation can have predictive value. We thereby identified and characterized an exported P. falciparum protein resident in a new vesicular compartment induced by the parasite in the erythrocyte. This protein, named Erythrocyte Vesicle Protein 1 (EVP1), shows novel dynamics of distribution in the parasite and intraerythrocytic membranes. Evidence is presented that its expression results in a change in TVN-mediated lipid import at the host membrane and that it is required for intracellular parasite growth, but not invasion. This exported protein appears to be needed for the maintenance of an essential tubovesicular nutrient import pathway induced by the pathogen in the host cell. Our approach may be generalized to the analysis of hundreds of ‘hypothetical’ P. falciparum proteins to understand their role in parasite entry and/or growth in erythrocytes as well as phenotypic contributions to either antigen export or tubovesicular import. By functionally validating these unknowns, one may identify new targets in host–microbial interactions for prophylaxis against this major human pathogen.
Silver-Iodide Seeding and Precipitation Initiation in Convective Clouds

Abstract Convective clouds on seeded and not-seeded days were observed by means of radar and a pair of high quality, ground-based cameras. Stereographic analysis allowed calculation of cloud-top heights, bearing, and distance from the radar set. Radiosonde data were used to convert cloud-top altitudes to summit temperatures. During the periods 1957 to 1960 (Program I) and 1961 to 1964 (Program II) the total number of clouds observed were 1249 and 522, respectively. The analyses indicate that on days when silver-iodide seeding was carried out from an airplane, a higher fraction of clouds developed precipitation echoes. When all the clouds in Program I with temperatures between −18 and −42C are considered, the effects of seeding were found to be significant at the 0.07 level according to the Mann-Whitney U test. When the data for both programs are combined, the same test yields a significance level of about 0.03 for clouds with summit temperatures between −18 and −42C. The results lead to the conclusion tha...
Endoscopic Management of Benign Bile Duct Strictures

The use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for treating benign biliary strictures has become the standard of practice, with surgery and percutaneous therapy reserved for selected patients. The gold-standard endoscopic therapy is dilation of the stricture followed by placing and exchanging progressively larger and more numerable plastic stents over a 1-year period. Newer modalities, including the use of fully covered metal stents, are currently under investigation in an effort to improve the treatment of benign biliary strictures.
The structure of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane on glass surfaces

Abstract The structure of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) has been studied in aqueous solution and as a solid using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The monomeric aminosilane forms an internal cyclic chelate structure when hydrolyzed. Two vibrational bands have been found near 1575 and 1600 cm −1 in condensed aminopropylsiloxane polymer. The band at 1575 cm −1 is assigned to the NH 2 deformation mode of the acceptor amine groups involved in strong hydrogen bonding and the band at 1600 cm −1 is assigned to the NH 2 groups. Heat treatment causes the formation of nonring chain-structured aminosilanes. In the study of the structure of APS coupling agent on high-surface-area silica gel (Cab-O-Sil) and E-glass fibers, it was found that the aminosilane adsorbed on silica as essentially a monolayer and the amino group chemically interacted with the glass surface. The adsorbed APS on E-glass fiber exists as a multilayer, and formed a predominately cyclic ring structure in the coupling agent interphase.
Multivariate statistical monitoring as applied to clean-in-place (CIP) and steam-in-place (SIP) operations in biopharmaceutical manufacturing

Multivariate statistical process monitoring (MSPM) is becoming increasingly utilized to further enhance process monitoring in the biopharmaceutical industry. MSPM can play a critical role when there are many measurements and these measurements are highly correlated, as is typical for many biopharmaceutical operations. Specifically, for processes such as cleaning-in-place (CIP) and steaming-in-place (SIP, also known as sterilization-in-place), control systems typically oversee the execution of the cycles, and verification of the outcome is based on offline assays. These offline assays add to delays and corrective actions may require additional setup times. Moreover, this conventional approach does not take interactive effects of process variables into account and cycle optimization opportunities as well as salient trends in the process may be missed. Therefore, more proactive and holistic online continued verification approaches are desirable. This article demonstrates the application of real-time MSPM to processes such as CIP and SIP with industrial examples. The proposed approach has significant potential for facilitating enhanced continuous verification, improved process understanding, abnormal situation detection, and predictive monitoring, as applied to CIP and SIP operations.
In vitro Culture of Shoot Apical Meristems of Various Phaseolus Species and Cultivars

Summary In vitro morphogenetic responses of shoot apical meristems of 3 species of Phaseolus were studied under various temperature regimes as well as hormone combinations. Meristems of Phaseolus vulgaris exhibited the best response in terms of shoot regeneration (65 %) when cultured on media supplemented with 10.0 /%M each of BA and IAA or IBA at a constant temperature of 26 °C. The efficiency of bud and shoot regeneration was different with various cultivars of P. vulgaris, P. coccineus and P. lunatus. Except for 10.0 14M BA, other concentrations of cytokinins or auxins alone failed to induce bud or shoot regeneration. Even at the optimal level of BA (10.0 IM), differential responses were observed in plant regeneration efficiency (0-100 %). Meristems of P. lunatus failed to produce shoots and plantlets under all conditions tested. An elevation of mannitol and sucrose concentrations in the media drastically reduced the growth of plantlets regenerated from meristems (up to 95 %). Sucrose alone, at 5 % level, appeared to be adequate to bring about growth reduction and thus facilitate short-term preservation of Phaseolus meristems.
Visible imaging of turbulence in the SOL of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak

Measurements of fluctuations in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of Alcator C-Mod plasmas were made using visible emission from the plasma edge. Line emissions from a local gas jet of He atoms were imaged along radially separated, toroidally viewing chords and provided local measurements (AR, ΔZ = 3.4 mm, RΔO ∼ 20) mm) of density fluctuations. The RMS emission fluctuation amplitudes, normalized by the average emission, ranged from 10% to 60%, depending on distance from the separatrix, and increased sharply beyond ρ from LCFS = 20 mm. These intensity fluctuations imply that radial profile of the normalized RMS density fluctuations varies from ∼20% to 90%. Typical fluctuation spectra show turbulence out to frequencies of ∼ 150 kHz, although most of the spectral power is below 20 kHz. The radial correlation length for the <20 kHz fluctuations is ∼7 mm. No essential differences were seen in the SOL fluctuations when plasmas with Enhanced D α ' (EDA) H-mode confinement were compared with those having L-mode confinement. In addition, fluctuations in natural' D α light, due to recycling at an outboard poloidal limiter, were imaged by a gated fast-framing camera and provided measurements of the poloidal size scale of the SOL fluctuations. Snapshots of D α emission were obtained with exposures of 2 and 10 μs. Typical fluctuation size in the poloidal dimension was 0.01-0.03 m. These striations/fluctuations were randomly located in the successive gated frames taken at 1000 Hz, as expected for edge turbulence.
IUE observations of 32 Cygni - The effects of the B star within the upper chromosphere of a late-type supergiant

The object 32 Cygni is a zeta Aurigae-type system, comprised of a K5 supergiant and a B4--B6 dwarf, which undergoes atmospheric eclipses. We have obtained high-resolution ultraviolet spectra of this system with IUE near orbital phase 0.2, covering the 1175--3000 A region. The UV spectrum is striking, since all resonance and other strong lines exhibit marked P Cygni characteristics. Further, the absorption portion of these lines is generally complex, revealing multiple absorption components at high velocities (-400 km s/sup -1/) which have not previously been seen with such strength or so far from primary eclipse. The origin of the excess UV flux seen in OAO 2 observations is explained by strong chromospheric line strengths. Earlier hypotheses of multiple condensations in the supergiant chromosphere are discussed in light of overionization effects and Saito's hypothesis of Lyman photon driven shocks. Ionization moleling supports the hypothesis that the B star resides within the upper chromosphere of the K supergiant. We determine a line-of-sight density of 1.6 x 10/sup 7/ cm/sup -3/ at 4 K star radii, which coupled with measured velocities leads to a mass loss rate of 4 x 10/sup -7/ M/sub sun/ yr/sup -1/, consistent with previous investigations. Finally, the effectmore » of the B star on the K supergiant atmosphere is reviewed in light of the small separation between the stars compared with the Stroemgren ionization radius of the B star.« less
Model for DNA polymerase.

EVIDENCE which has accumulated over the past decade from mammalian and non-mammalian sources about the enzyme(s) involved in DNA synthesis has indicated the possibility of a multiunit structure for this enzyme. Mammalian DNA polymerase DNA nucleotidyl-transferase (E.G.2.7.7.7) was first isolated from a high speed supernatant fraction of cell homogenates, instead of a nuclear fraction where DNA synthesis takes place1. Later it was shown that cytoplasmic fractions, obtained by non-aqueous techniques2 and also by the use of a homogeniza-tion medium containing Ca++ (ref. 3) to retain morphological integrity of nuclei, contained substantial amounts of this enzyme.
Prevalence of indoor allergen exposures among New Orleans children with asthma.

Studies of inner-city asthmatic children have shown significant regional variation in dust allergen exposures. The home environment of asthmatic children in the Gulf South region of the USA has not been characterized. This study describes indoor dust allergen levels in the homes of 86 asthmatic children in New Orleans and explores regional variability in dust allergen exposure. Data were used from baseline home visits of children in the New Orleans Healthy Homes Initiative. Interview, visual observation, and environmental dust sampling data of 86 children between 4 and 17 years of age were analyzed. Seventy-seven percent of households had moderate (>2.0–9.9 μg/g) or high (≥10.0 μg/g) levels of either Der p 1 or Der f 1 dust mite allergen and 56.6% had moderate (>2.0–8.0 U/g) or high (>8.0 U/g) levels of cockroach allergen (Bla g 1). The prevalence of high (>10 μg/g) levels of dog (Can f 1) allergen was 26.5%, and few households (6.0%) had high cat allergen (Fel d 1) levels (>8.0 μg/g). Households with average humidity levels >50% were three times more likely to have elevated dust mite levels (odds ratio=3.2; 95% confidence interval=1.1, 9.3; p=0.03). Home ownership and education level were inversely associated with cockroach and dust mite allergen levels, respectively. Our findings reinforce the evidence of regional variability in dust allergen exposure levels. Asthmatic children living in the Gulf South are exposed to multiple indoor allergen exposures and live in a highly allergenic environment.
Tweaking the Euro-American Perspective: Infusing Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity into the Supervision of Family Therapy

Psychotherapy theories have their foundation in the Euro-American perspective. The feminist movement and changing demographics require consideration of the impact of cultural diversity in couples a...
A concept for Sensor Web Enablement employment in a high-volume layered sensing simulation environment

Layered sensing brings multiple heterogeneous sensors together for exploitation and analysis in a variety of ways. Combining a high volume of real-time sensor data with a standard Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) architecture provides a difficult challenge as software and hardware is stressed to operational limits. Simulations of layered sensing environments make excellent testbeds for SWE solutions due to the controllable nature of inputs and outputs. This paper presents a concept for developing a simulation of a layered sensing environment to investigate the ability of a SWE-based architecture to handle a real-time, high-volume stream of data. This work in progress system simulates a physically secure facility and a large number of related security sensors using the OpenSim modeling and simulation environment. Sensor data is then fed into an adaptation of 52North's SWE architecture, specifically the Sensor Observation Service (SOS) module. The data is then used in a decision support role by a user tasked with monitoring the physical security of the facility.
Topological information content and chemical reactions

The difference of the topological information content of two reacting molecules and that of their reaction products is calculated for several topological types of chemical reactions, illustrating the influence of the structure of the reagents and of the reaction product. It is shown that the change in the topological information content in a chemical reaction can be positive as well as negative, depending on the way the reagents approach each other and thus on the reaction product formed. A quantitative measure of structural specificity is introduced.
Incarceration as Forced Migration: Effects on Selected Community Health Outcomes

Objectives. We estimated the effects of high incarceration rates on rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies. Methods. We calculated correlations between rates of incarceration in state prisons and county jails and rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies for each of the 100 counties in North Carolina during 1995 to 2002. We also estimated increases in negative health outcomes associated with increases in incarceration rates using negative binomial regression analyses. Results. Rates of sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancies, adjusted for age, race, and poverty distributions by county, consistently increased with increasing incarceration rates. In the most extreme case, teenage pregnancies exhibited an increase of 71.61 per 100000 population (95% confidence interval [CI]=41.88, 101.35) in 1996 after an increase in the prison population rate from 223.31 to 468.58 per 100 000 population in 1995. Conclusions. High rates of incarceration can have the unintended consequence of destabilizing communities and contributing to adverse health outcomes.
Paper: On the global stabilization of locally convergent algorithms

There are a number of algorithms in the literature which both theoretically and empirically are known to be only locally convergent. These include such well known algorithms as secant, Newton, quasi-Newton and primal-dual algorithms. Locally, these algorithms tend to be highly efficient. Consequently, it is very desirable to find ways of extending, or modifying, these algorithms, so that they become globally convergent while retaining their attractive local properties. This paper describes a set of techniques which have recently emerged for stabilizing such algorithms and illustrates their application by means of a number of examples.
Low frequency ac shielding effectiveness of a bulk normal metal / high Tc superconducting composite

Abstract We have investigated the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of a random bulk Ag/YBa2Cu3O7−δ composite material containing 40% Ag. A cylindrical enclosure was fabricated out of the composite material, and the shielding effectiveness of the material was determined by measuring the frequency dependence of the r.f. coupling between two coils separated by the enclosure walls. At room temperature, the enclosure was essentially transparent to r.f. at frequencies below 1kHz, while at higher frequencies, eddy currents in the connected Ag matrix of the composite attenuated the coupled r.f. in accord with the classical f'2 skin depth expression. At 77K, however, the superconducting phase introduced a minimum of 70 dB additional attenuation below 1kHz, with a smooth crossover into the high-frequency skin depth regime.
An apparently common mechanism of generating antibody diversity: Length variation of the VL-JL junction

The joining of various V, (D) and J gene segments during DNA rearrangement of the antigen receptor genes is one of the principle mechanisms responsible for the generation of antibody diversity. In the absence of N-segment variation, the structures of the coding joints formed during light chain rearrangement are thought to be less complex than their heavy chain counterparts. Consequently, the joining of the VL and JL gene segments during recombination account for all of the junctional diversity seen within the third complementarity determining region (CDR3). We generated kappa light chain transcripts from human fetal liver and peripheral blood lymphocytes and found that approximately one third exhibit a variation in the length of CDR3-independent of the JK gene segment utilized. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals that many of the nucleotides at the VK-JK joint resulting in length variation of CDR3 are directly encoded by the germline VK and JK gene segments used in these transcripts. However, nearly 20% of the transcripts contain N-segment additions consistent with TdT-like activity. These observations suggest that TdT or an analogous enzyme must be active in a significant percentage of human B-lymphocytes during light chain rearrangement. Length variation in light chain CDR3 expands the potential repertoire and thus contributes an additional means of generating diversity in the antibody molecule.
The Gold Medal of the Austrian Dermatologic Society

By honoring me with this gracious award, you also honored my father, Reinhard Beutner, who introduced me to observation-based biomedical research and to the University at Buffalo that has made our work possible for the past 50 years. At the University at Buffalo, Ernest Witebsky showed me the concepts of serologic specificity of the antibody reaction. He suggested that we apply these concepts to labeled antibody methods, immunofluorescence (IF). These relate structure and function and now serve as vital tools for diverse studies. Witebsky also taught us about the methods used by Karl Landsteiner for studies of red blood cell autoantibodies and other views on autoimmunity. These served as a model for studies on autoimmunity to skin cells. As an immunologist, these studies of autoimmune skin diseases would not have been possible for me without considerable help from the dermatologic community. First, the Chief of Dermatology at the University at Buffalo in
Polarized light emission from individual incandescent carbon nanotubes

We fabricate nanoscale lamps which have a filament consisting of a single multiwalled carbon nanotube. After determining the nanotube geometry with a transmission electron microscope, we use Joule heating to bring the filament to incandescence, with peak temperatures in excess of 2000 K. We image the thermal light in both polarizations simultaneously as a function of wavelength and input electrical power. The observed degree of polarization is typically of the order of 75%, a magnitude predicted by a Mie model of the filament that assigns graphene's optical conductance $\ensuremath{\pi}{e}^{2}/2h$ to each nanotube wall.
Towards an Adequate Environmental Virtue Ethic

In this article I consider four concerns regarding the possibility of an environmental virtue ethic functioning as an alternative rather than a supplement to more conventional approaches to environmental ethics. The concerns are: (1) it is not possible to provide an objective specification of environmental virtue, (2) an environmental virtue ethic will lack the resources to provide critique of obtaining cultural practices and policies, (3) an environmental virtue ethic will not provide sufficient action-guidance, (4) an environmental virtue ethic cannot ground constraints on human activities regarding the natural environment. Each of these concerns makes a claim about the poverty of normative resources at the disposal of environmental virtue ethics. I defend a conception of environmental virtue as a character virtue with the same normative standing as the conventional personal and interpersonal virtues that enables an environmental virtue ethic with the wherewithal to address each of the concerns.
From Geosynclinal to Geosyncline

In 1857, James Hall suggested that the Appalachian Mountains had formed from sediments accumulated on an ancient seafloor which had gradually subsided under their weight. His idea received little immediate support, but in 1873 it was accepted in modified form by James D. Dana, in whose opinion a contraction-caused downwarp, which he called a geosynclinal, had preceded the accumulation of sediments. In 1883, in response to a growing trend, Dana changed the name to geosyncline, and in 1895 he concluded that a depositional trough, as suggested by Hall, caused cither by gravity or contraction, was a prelude to all mountain making.
Concessions or coercion? How governments respond to restive ethnic minorities

Destabilized multiethnic states and empires are environments that are highly susceptible to violent ethnonationalist conflict. Conflicts between states built on the ruins of such empires and their minorities are especially common. James Fearon has famously argued that these conflicts are the result of minorities' rational incentives to rebel, which in turn are the result of newly independent states' inability to guarantee that these minorities will not be discriminated against if they acquiesce to citizenship, as well as expectations that over time the balance of power will shift against minorities as states consolidate their institutions. States can, however, take steps to reassure their minorities. The puzzle is why they often fail to do so. In fact, states often adopt policies that confirm minorities' worst fears, pushing them toward rebellion. Such action may be precipitated by a state's belief that a minority is motivated by a separatist agenda rather than by the desire to have its concerns and griev...
Mesostructured Selenides with Cubic MCM-48 Type Symmetry: Large Framework Elasticity and Uncommon Resiliency to Strong Acids

The metal mesostructured Pt/Sn/Se chalcogenides with cubic MCM-48 type pore symmetry are found to be surprisingly stable in concentrated oxidizing acids. Their metal chalcogenide framework exhibits high flexibility during reversible proton exchange as it expands and contracts in an apparent breathing-like action.
Genetic and postgenetic sex determination

Die relative Bedeutung genetischer und postgenetischer Faktoren der Geschlechtsbestimmung wird diskutiert. Nach einer Ubersicht uber Falle von experimenteller Geschlechtsumkehr bei Wirbeltieren, die alle ohne genetische Regulation bleiben, werden die degenerativen Typen von Geschlechtsabnormalitaten beim Menschen kritisch bewertet. Es wird angenommen, dass in den sogenannten Turner- und Klinefelter Syndromen die somatischen, genitalen, und chromosomalen Aberrationen wahrscheinlich gemeisam durch Keimschadigung erzeugt werden.
A formal definition of software architecture behavioral concepts

Software architecture is a novel filed of software engineering devoted towards describing the architecture of software systems. Architecture Description Languages (ADLs) are formal methods used to achieve this description. Most of the ADLs (including COSA) focus in describing the structural description of software systems, however to have a comprehensive description of a system we need to define not only the structural view but also the behavioral view of the system. In this article we define the behavioral aspects of the COSA model using the B method. We also provide a B formal specification of the proposed aspects
Chromatin modification mapping in nanochannels

We report the simultaneous mapping of multiple histone tail modifications on chromatin that has been confined to nanofluidic channels. In these channels, chromatin is elongated, and histone modification can be detected using fluorescently tagged monoclonal antibodies. Using reconstituted chromatin with three distinct histone sources and two histone tail modification probes (H3K4me3 and H3K9ac), we were able to distinguish chromatin from the different sources. Determined ratios of the two modifications were consistent with the bulk composition of histone mixtures. We determined that the major difficulty in transitioning the mapping method to site-specific profiling within single genomic molecules is the interference of naturally aggregating, off-the shelf antibodies with the internal structure of chromatin.
ARE BLACK HOLES BLACK BODIES

Abstract We give a new derivation for the properties of radiation appearing to an observer bounded in a space-time domain that has a horizon; this includes the Rindler case (constant accelerating frame) and the Schwarzschild solution (black hole). Because of the global nature of the quantum state, which inevitably extends to space beyond the horizon, it is possible for the observer to gather information concerning the physical state beyond his horizon, similar to the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiments. Depending on the quantum states, the radiation can appear to be either black-body or something quite different.
SU-D-BRD-03: A Gateway for GPU Computing in Cancer Radiotherapy Research

Purpose: Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) has become increasingly important in radiotherapy. However, it is still difficult for general clinical researchers to access GPU codes developed by other researchers, and for developers to objectively benchmark their codes. Moreover, it is quite often to see repeated efforts spent on developing low-quality GPU codes. The goal of this project is to establish an infrastructure for testing GPU codes, cross comparing them, and facilitating code distributions in radiotherapy community. Methods: We developed a system called Gateway for GPU Computing in Cancer Radiotherapy Research (GCR2). A number of GPU codes developed by our group and other developers can be accessed via a web interface. To use the services, researchers first upload their test data or use the standard data provided by our system. Then they can select the GPU device on which the code will be executed. Our system offers all mainstream GPU hardware for code benchmarking purpose. After the code running is complete, the system automatically summarizes and displays the computing results. We also released a SDK to allow the developers to build their own algorithm implementation and submit their binary codes to the system. The submitted code is then systematically benchmarked using amore » variety of GPU hardware and representative data provided by our system. The developers can also compare their codes with others and generate benchmarking reports. Results: It is found that the developed system is fully functioning. Through a user-friendly web interface, researchers are able to test various GPU codes. Developers also benefit from this platform by comprehensively benchmarking their codes on various GPU platforms and representative clinical data sets. Conclusion: We have developed an open platform allowing the clinical researchers and developers to access the GPUs and GPU codes. This development will facilitate the utilization of GPU in radiation therapy field.« less
Structural Communication -- A New Contribution to Pedagogy.

(1972). Structural Communication‐a New Contribution to Pedagogy. Programmed Learning and Educational Technology: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 63-78.
Future Directions in the Study of Non-Conservative Water Wave Systems

A few future directions and challenges in wave research are briefly discussed including Numerical Experiments as in the treatment of splashing waves, and topics in the Mechanics of Ocean Waves, especially in their non-linear, non-conservative reality. Breaking waves are featured.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The structure and radiation of an ethanol pool fire

Abstract The structure of the flame above a burning 0.5 m diameter pool of ethanol has been examined. The average concentration of CO2, CO, H2O, and hydrocarbons, the mean and standard deviation of temperature, and the mean velocity are reported from the surface up to 1.5 diameters downstream. The local soot absorption coefficient has been found to be less than 0.7 m−1 everywhere in the fire using a fiber optic laser attenuation probe. Instantaneous temperatures measured simultaneously at 11 positions along the diameter show no correlation between fluctuations on the centerline and at the edge of the fire, and moderate correlation between thermocouple pairs located at similar radial positions across the fire. In all cases the cross-correlation is maximum where the time delay is zero for any given height. The temperature probability distribution and a measured dominant flickering frequency of 1.96 Hz are consistent with observations made in other moderate sized pool fires of various fuels. The radiative loss in the first 0.75 m is 19% of the 72.8 kW thermal input. Measurements of radiant intensity distributions from the fire are compared to values predicted from nonisothermal radiation models. When account is taken of the low frequency, large scale fluctuations in temperature, concentration, and soot absorption coefficient, predictions of intensity are in closer agreement with experiment than predictions from models based only upon time mean temperature and composition. The data reported here provide a comprehensive basis for evaluation of other fire and radiation models as well.
Comparison of electrode materials for the detection of rapid hydrogen peroxide fluctuations using background-subtracted fast scan cyclic voltammetry

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a critically important signaling molecule. Endogenous H2O2 mediates diverse physiological processes both intra- and intercellularly; and enzymatically generated H2O2 is a widely used reporter molecule at biosensors that rely on enzymes to detect non-electroactive species. However, the development and application of electroanalytical methods for the direct detection of this molecule has been challenging because the electron transfer kinetics for the irreversible oxidation of H2O2 are slow. We comparatively characterize the electrochemical oxidation of H2O2 on bare and Nafion®-coated platinum and carbon-fiber microdisc electrodes using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). Using a waveform ranging from +0.2 to +1.3 V at 400 V s−1, the electrocatalytic properties of the platinum surface were not readily apparent, and the carbon-fiber microelectrode demonstrated greater sensitivity and selectivity toward H2O2. Nafion®-coating further enhanced detection on carbon electrodes. These results confirm that platinum electrodes, with or without Nafion®, will not work acceptably with this approach, and confirm the value of carbon-fiber microelectrodes relative to more traditionally used platinum electrodes in the direct detection of rapid H2O2 fluctuations using FSCV.