cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the 42nd Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 42nd ACM Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages, POPL 2015, held in Mumbai, India, at the beautiful Tata Institute for Fundamental Research. This year's program consists of 52 papers drawn from the 227 papers originally submitted at the July 2014 paper deadline. These papers cover a wide range of topics stretching from theoretical foundations concerning the lambda calculus, type theory and verification to applications in security, networking, and web programming. The program also features invited talks from Peter Buneman, Sumit Gulwani and Peter Lee. While at POPL'15 in Mumbai, we encourage you to take part in the following co-located events: ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs (CPP) International Workshop on Coq for Programming Languages (CoqPL) POPL Off the Beaten Track: New Frontiers for Programming Languages Research (OBT) ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Partial Evaluation and Program Manipulation (PEPM) ACM SIGPLAN Programming Languages Mentoring Workshop (PLMW) International Conference on Verification, Model Checking and Abstract Interpretation (VMCAI) Programming Languages and Verification Technology for Networking (PLVNET) IMPECS-POPL Workshop on Emerging Research and Development Trends in Programming Languages (WEPL) Six tutorials.
Novel narrow spectrum benzyl thiophene sulfonamide derivatives to control Campylobacter

Campylobacter is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide, and poultry are a major source of human campylobacteriosis. The control of Campylobacter from farm to fork is challenging due to emergence of microbial resistance and lack of effective control methods. We identified a benzyl thiophene sulfonamide based small molecule (compound 1) with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 100 μM against Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 and Campylobacter coli ATCC33559, good drug-like properties, and low toxicity on eukaryotic cells. Compound 1 was used as a lead for the preparation of 13 analogues. Two analogues, compounds 4 and 8 (TH-4 and TH-8), were identified with better antimicrobial properties than compound 1. TH-4 and TH-8 had a MIC of 12.5 μM and 25 μM for C. coli and 50 μM and 100 μM for C. jejuni, respectively. Cytological studies revealed that both compounds affected C. jejuni envelope integrity. Further, both compounds had no effect on other foodborne pathogens. TH-4 and TH-8 had a minimal impact on the chicken cecal microbiota and were not toxic to colon epithelial cells and chicken macrophages, and red blood cells at 200 µM. Further, TH-4 and TH-8 reduced the Campylobacter load in chicken ceca (up to 2-log reduction) when infected chickens were orally treated for 5 days with 0.254 mg kg−1; as well as against internalized Campylobacter in Caco-2 cells at 12.5 µM and higher. Our study identified two novel specific and safe benzyl thiophene sulfonamide derivatives having potential for control of Campylobacter in chickens and humans.
Psychological and social determinants of health, antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, and viral suppression among HIV-positive black women in care.

Black women are disproportionately affected by HIV, accounting for 61% of women diagnosed in 2016. Black women with HIV are less likely to be adherent to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and virally su...
Coupling the reduced-order model and the generative model for an importance sampling estimator

Abstract In this work, we develop an importance sampling estimator by coupling the reduced-order model and the generative model in a problem setting of uncertainty quantification. The target is to estimate the probability that the quantity of interest (QoI) in a complex system is beyond a given threshold. To avoid the prohibitive cost of sampling a large scale system, the reduced-order model is usually considered for a trade-off between efficiency and accuracy. However, the Monte Carlo estimator given by the reduced-order model is biased due to the error from dimension reduction. To correct the bias, we still need to sample the fine model. An effective technique to reduce the variance reduction is importance sampling, where we employ the generative model to estimate the distribution of the data from the reduced-order model and use it for the change of measure in the importance sampling estimator. To compensate the approximation errors of the reduced-order model, more data that induce a slightly smaller QoI than the threshold need to be included into the training set. Although the amount of these data can be controlled by a posterior error estimate, redundant data, which may outnumber the effective data, will be kept due to the epistemic uncertainty. To deal with this issue, we introduce a weighted empirical distribution to process the data from the reduced-order model. The generative model is then trained by minimizing the cross entropy between it and the weighted empirical distribution. We also introduce a penalty term into the objective function to deal with the overfitting for more robustness. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Using practice effects for targeted trials or sub-group analysis in Alzheimer's disease: How practice effects predict change over time.

Objective To describe the presence of practice effects in persons with Alzheimer disease (AD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to evaluate how practice effects affect cognitive progression and the outcome of clinical trials. Methods Using data from a meta-database consisting of 18 studies including participants from the Alzheimer disease Cooperative Study (ADCS) and the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with ADAS-Cog11 as the primary outcome, we defined practice effects based on the improvement in the first two ADAS-Cog11 scores and then estimated the presence of practice effects and compared the cognitive progression between participants with and without practice effects. The robustness of practice effects was investigated using CDR SB, an outcome independent the definition itself. Furthermore, we evaluated how practice effects can affect sample size estimation. Results The overall percent of practice effects for AD participants was 39.0% and 53.3% for MCI participants. For AD studies, the mean change from baseline to 2 years was 12.8 points for the non-practice effects group vs 7.4 for the practice effects group; whereas for MCI studies, it was 4.1 for non-practice effects group vs 0.2 for the practice effects group. AD participants without practice effects progressed 0.9 points faster than those with practice effects over a period of 2 years in CDR-SB; whereas for MCI participants, the difference is 0.7 points. The sample sizes can be different by over 35% when estimated based on participants with/without practice effects. Conclusion Practice effects were prevalent and robust in persons with AD or MCI and affected the cognitive progression and sample size estimation. Planning of future AD or MCI clinical trials should account for practice effects to avoid underpower or considers target trials or stratification analysis based on practice effects.
Below the Surface: An Introduction to Mental Organization

Our aim in this chapter is to get a feel for the mind as it appears through a neuro­psychological lens. This background perspective will be of great help as we delve deeper into the learning process.
Learning cell embeddings for understanding table layouts

There is a large amount of data on the web in tabular form, such as Excel sheets, CSV files, and web tables. Often, tabular data is meant for human consumption, using data layouts that are difficult for machines to interpret automatically. Previous work uses the stylistic features of tabular cells (such as font size, border type, and background color) to classify tabular cells by their role in the data layout of the document (top attribute, data, metadata, etc.). In this paper, we propose a deep neural network model which can embed semantic and contextual information about tabular cells in a low-dimensional cell embedding space. We pre-train this cell embedding model on a large corpus of tabular documents from various domains. We then propose a classification technique based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to use our pre-trained cell embeddings, combining them with stylistic features introduced in previous work, in order to improve the performance of cell type classification in complex documents. We evaluate the performance of our system on three datasets containing documents with various data layouts, in two settings: in-domain and cross-domain training. Our evaluation result shows that our proposed cell vector representations in combination with our RNN-based classification technique significantly improve cell type classification performance.
Decreased Utilization of Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy in Blacks Relative to Whites with Advanced Heart Failure

Purpose Heart failure affects 6 million people in the US, and is most prevalent in Blacks who suffer the highest mortality risk[1, 2]. Yet prior studies have suggested that black patients are less likely to receive advanced heart failure therapy[3-6]. We hypothesized that black patients would have decreased rates of durable LVAD implantation within our expansive heart failure program. Methods A retrospective single center cohort study was conducted using electronic medical record data at our high-volume academic medical center. Patients between 18 and 85 years admitted with a diagnosis of cardiogenic shock or congestive heart failure between 1/2013 and 12/2017 with an LVEF Results A total of 702 patients were included, of which 60.8% were white and 34.2% were Black; 72% of the patients in the study were men. Comorbidities were similar among the racial groups with the exception of coronary artery disease (CAD), which had an increased prevalence in whites (N=248; 58%). White patients were older (65 vs 59; p Conclusion Black patients in our study had a decreased rate of durable LVAD implantation compared with white patients after adjustments were made for age, gender and clinical covariates. While this finding was likely mediated by socioeconomic factors, larger prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.
Modeling brittle fracture due to anisotropic thermal expansion in polycrystalline materials

Abstract This work investigated brittle fracture of polycrystalline materials due to thermal stresses arising from anisotropic thermal expansion. We used phase-field fracture simulations with the properties of α -uranium ( α -U) and assumed a linear elastic mechanical response. Three-dimensional simulations were used to predict fracture for various conditions and crystallographic textures. We found that fracture was more pronounced during cooling than during heating because the anisotropy increased with temperature. We also found that the total crack surface area increased with increasing average misorientation, while the net shape change of the material decreased with increasing misorientation. Two-dimensional simulations in which one crystallographic coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) was set to zero indicated that the largest difference between the CTE in the three crystallographic directions dominates the fracture.
Mental Disability, Exceptional Abortion, and the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act

This commentary interrogates a clause in the "Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act" which excludes "psychological and emotional conditions" as a basis for received life-saving medical exceptions to a proposed ban on abortion.
Swallowing the Rule: The Lucas Background Principles Exception to Takings Liability

In a recent article, Michael Blumm and Rachel Wolfard explore the scope of the “background principles” exception to the Supreme Court’s per se takings rule in Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council for regulations that result in economic wipeouts. In this response, I evaluate the authors’ documentation of how Lucas’s impact has differed from initial expectations and the role that the background principles exception has played in that evolution. I also appraise the authors’ assessment of Lucas’s framing of the background principles exception as a threshold inquiry, arguing that courts had applied this rubric before Lucas, but not always in the same context that the background principles exception entails. Finally, I explore the authors’ interpretation of the scope of the background principles exception, both as a descriptive and normative matter. I agree with them that, if applied as expansively as they advocate and as courts appear to have done, the exception in effect reinstates the harm prevention rationale for denying takings liability that the Lucas Court purported to eliminate.
"Sustainability, Public Health, and the Corporate Duty to Rescue"

Polling increasingly indicates that consumers, management executives, and the public at large expect corporations to act responsibly. This suggests that like ordinary individuals, corporations may ...
Simple Method for Using Precomputed Hydrologic Models in Flood Forecasting with Uniform Rainfall and Soil Moisture Pattern

AbstractTransforming a weather forecast into a flood hydrograph for a watershed requires a series of steps: (1) gathering and pre-processing data about the current conditions of the watershed, such as soil moisture, snow cover, etc.; (2) creating or modifying a hydrologic model; (3) running the model; and (4) assessing the results. Adequately performing all these steps in a short period of time as a major storm is approaching is in many cases extremely difficult. In this paper the authors present a method that enables performing the steps 2, 3, and 4, in advance of a flooding crisis by determining a large set of potential “scenarios” (combination of parameters), running a model for each, and storing the results. The researchers analyze a way to create the scenarios so to maximize the uniformity of their distribution on the parameters space. They present a simple technique to retrieve the stored result that best matches the current conditions. The authors illustrate this method in a test case, for which se...
Safety First Portfolio Insurance

In this study, we show how a dynamic insurance program can be implemented within a mean-variance framework. The approach combines elements of the single period safety first idea suggested by Telser and developed by Leibowitz with multiperiod insurance strategies like CPPI and TIPP. The insurance program allows the user to set a probability of hitting a specified floor or target and also allows for changing risk attitudes through time. When the insurance strategy is tested on historical data, the insured portfolio achieves high long-term returns while mostly avoiding long bear markets. In order to understand how the insurance strategy might perform in the future, we simulate returns of the stock market and compare the insurance strategy to buy and hold strategies. An additional benefit of the safety first approach is that it specifies a strategy for underfunded portfolios as well as overfunded portfolios.
Detection and tracking of moving objects in image sequences with varying illumination

Change detection is known to be a significant and difficult research problem in automated surveillance systems. In this paper, we propose a new change detection approach based on the least squares method, which is robust to changes in illumination and shadow conditions. This new approach is employed to design our detection and tracking system that is shown to successfully detect a moving object in a complex outdoor environment.
In vivo quantitation of platelet deposition on human peripheral arterial bypass grafts using indium-111-labeled platelets: Effect of dipyridamole and aspirin

Indium-111-labeled autologous platelets, injected 48 hours after operation, were used to evaluate the thrombogenicity of prosthetic material and the effect of platelet inhibitor therapy in vivo. Dacron® double-velour (Microvel®) aortofemoral artery bifurcation grafts were placed in 16 patients and unilateral polytetrafluoroethylene femoropopliteal grafts were placed in 10 patients. Half the patients in each group received platelet inhibitors before operation (dipyridamole, 100 mg 4 times a day) and after operation (dipyridamole, 75 mg, and acetylsalicylic acid, 325 mg 3 times a day); the rest of the patients served as control subjects. Five-minute scintigrams of the graft region were taken with a gamma camera interfaced with a computer 48, 72, and 96 hours after injection of the labeled platelets. Platelet deposition was estimated from the radioactivities of the grafts and expressed as counts per 100 pixels per microcurie injected. Dipyridamole and aspirin therapy significantly reduced the number of platelets deposited on Dacron grafts and prevented platelet accumulation over 3 days. With the small amount of platelet deposition on polytetrafluoroethylene femoropopliteal artery grafts even in control patients, platelet inhibitor therapy had no demonstrable effect on platelet deposition on these grafts. It is concluded that (1) platelet deposition on vascular grafts in vivo can be quantitated by non-invasive methods, and (2) dipyridamole and aspirin therapy reduced platelet deposition on Dacron aortofemoral artery grafts.
Exploring human brain neuronal currents with phase MRI

Purpose: Brain activity-associated neuronal currents produce weak transient magnetic fields that would affect both magnitude and phase of the local MRI signal, but these very small signal changes are not reliably detectable with conventional fMRI methodologies. A recent simulation study, using a realistic model specifically for human cerebral cortex, indicates that the phase signal change induced by spontaneous activity may reach a detectable level up to 0.2i¾? in favorable conditions. This study aimed to investigate neuronal current-induced signal changes in human visual cortex with phase MRI. Materials and Methods: Six healthy subjects participated in a phase fMRI study using a temporally well-controlled visual stimulation paradigm with a known neuronal firing pattern in visual cortex. The precise timing of the paradigm provides a means of detecting and testing the neuronal current-induced phase signal changes, and placing a series of acquisition windows to fully cover the entire response duration enables a thorough detection of any detectable phase signal changes induced by the stimulus-evoked neuronal currents. Results: The presented phase MRI method demonstrated to be reliable, and the improved phase measure has achieved a sensitivity level of 0.2i¾? for detecting any significant phase signal changes under a practical length of fMRI session. The test found no sign of any significant neuronal current-induced phase signal changes in any subject and study. Conclusions: Under the experimental condition, the upper limit of the neuronal current-induced phase signal changes was found to be less than 0.2i¾? in the human visual cortex, consistent with the model prediction.
An Oral History Program on the Battle of Little Bighorn from the Perspective of the Indian Descendants

The general objective of this research is to develop an oral history program on the Battle of Little Bighorn from the perspective of the Northern Cheyenne Indian descendants of this famous encounter with General George A. Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry.
Raman studies of nucleic acids: II. Aqueous purine and pyrimidine mixtures☆

Abstract Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of complementary base pairs have been studied at neutral pH or p2H up to total solute concentrations of 1.0 M in the nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives. No evidence for specific base-pairing interactions has been found. Interactions between soluble nucleosides and heavy-metal ions, however, can be detected and results of a study of the cytidine-HgCl2 complex in water are reported and discussed. The present investigation demonstrates the usefulness of Raman spectroscopy as a probe of intermolecular interactions in systems of biological interest.
Amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis siné myositis). Presentation of six new cases and review of the literature.

We report six patients with the classic cutaneous findings of dermatomyositis who did not develop clinical or laboratory evidence of muscle disease for at least 2 years after onset of then-skin manifestations. Such patients represent 11% of our total experience with dermatomyositis patients during a 15 year period. All six patients had Gottron's paules, periungual erythema/telangiectasia, and violaceous discoloration of the face, neck, upper chest, and back at some time during the course of their disease. In addition, all complained of pruritus and photosensitivity. None of the patients had evidence of malignancy. Each of five patients treated with oral corticosteroids for their cutaneous disease had marked improvement and did not develop myositis. These cases further emphasize that the cutaneous manifestations of dermatomyositis are pathognomonic of this disease and challenge the commonly held notion that muscle disease always develops within 2 years of onset of skin disease.
L/spl infin/ Theory Based Computer Aided Controller Synthesis for Time-Delay Systems

This paper reports a result on the method of computer aided feedback controller design for possibly unstable time-delay systems. The design objective is to reduce the weighted sensitivity. It is shown that the proposed design method is in an asymptotical sense L/spl infin/ optimal. The resulting controller is either of neutral delay type, or of retarded delay type.
Domain Adaptation via Pseudo In-Domain Data Selection

We explore efficient domain adaptation for the task of statistical machine translation based on extracting sentences from a large general-domain parallel corpus that are most relevant to the target domain. These sentences may be selected with simple cross-entropy based methods, of which we present three. As these sentences are not themselves identical to the in-domain data, we call them pseudo in-domain subcorpora. These subcorpora -- 1% the size of the original -- can then used to train small domain-adapted Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) systems which outperform systems trained on the entire corpus. Performance is further improved when we use these domain-adapted models in combination with a true in-domain model. The results show that more training data is not always better, and that best results are attained via proper domain-relevant data selection, as well as combining in- and general-domain systems during decoding.
Participant Observation and Community Engagement: An Anthropological Approach to Promote and Assess Transformative Learning with Ngo Internships In Ghana

For the fifth year in a row, Michigan State University leads the nation in study abroad participation among public universities in the United States. During the 2007-08 academic year, the most recent year for which data are available, 2,969 MSU students studied abroad. This reflects a 6 percent increase from last year's data. They participated in more than 250 programs in 60 countries on all continents
Niche engineering demonstrates a latent capacity for fungal-algal mutualism

Mutualistic symbioses shape the evolution of species and ecosystems and catalyze the emergence of biological complexity, yet how such symbioses first form is unclear. We show that an obligate mutualism between the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii—two model eukaryotes with very different life histories—can arise spontaneously in an environment requiring reciprocal carbon and nitrogen exchange. This capacity for mutualism is phylogenetically broad, extending to other Chlamydomonas and fungal species. Furthermore, we witnessed the spontaneous association of Chlamydomonas algal cells physically interacting with filamentous fungi. These observations demonstrate that under specific conditions, environmental change induces free-living species to become obligate mutualists and establishes a set of experimentally tractable, phylogenetically related, synthetic systems for studying the evolution of symbiosis.
Negative affect reduces team awareness: the effects of mood and stress on computer-mediated team communication.

Objective:This article presents research on the effects of varying mood and stress states on within-team communication in a simulated crisis management environment, with a focus on the relationship...
Just World Beliefs and Irrational Beliefs: A Sex Difference?

This study assessed sex differences on a portion of the Multidimensional Belief in a Just World Scale and the Irrational Beliefs Test for an undergraduate sample of 23 men and 23 women who complete...
A semi-micromethod for the determination of the extinction coefficients of duplex and single-stranded DNA☆

Abstract We have developed a rapid and convenient procedure for the determination of concentrations and extinction coefficients of oligo- and polynucleotides. It offers significant advantages over other methods in terms of precision and the ability to detect artifactual or erroneous results. Samples are first completely digested with appropriate enzymes to mononucleotides and nucleosides. Using the multicomponent linear regression capabilities of commonly available spreadsheet programs, the absorbance spectrum of the digest can be analyzed as a linear combination of the contribution of the possible constituent monomers. If all the spectral components present have been included, the analysis yields the concentration of each of the monomer species whose sum is the concentration (in monomer units) of the original undigested sample. When combined with the predigest absorbance spectrum, the extinction coefficients of the intact sample can then be calculated. The analysis also yields the fractional base composition of the oligomer or polymer. The extensive spectral data provided by digital readouts of modern spectrophotometers permit the application of sensitive tests of the goodness of fit, thus facilitating the detection of artifacts and sample inhomogeneity. Both single-strand and duplex structures can be analyzed comfortably in sample sizes of 25 to 35 nmol (total) of mononucleotides with a precision of 1%. The concentrations obtained by this method agree, on the average, within 0.2% with those determined by phosphate analysis of the same sample. The method also yields the base composition with an accuracy of ca. 5% for high-molecular-weight polymers and 2% for short oligomers (15–20 bp) when compared to the predicted values.
Interpreting Diagenetic History of Sandstones: ABSTRACT

Diagenesis is regarded commonly as effecting only minor changes in a sandstone. However, certain changes in mineralogy and texture can be recognized as responses to physico-chemical conditions similar to those of regional metamorphism, but developed at lower temperatures and pressures. Recognition of mineral associations leads to identification and classification of chemical reactions involved and to reconstruction of the diagenetic environment. The sedimentary history may be reconstructed in reverse order by consideration of three stages: late burial (lithification), early burial, and depositional. Alterations in cements, mineral replacement relations, and appearance of diagnostic authigenic minerals provide data for interpretation of the reactions leading to the erection of diagenetic isograds, and reconstruction of the condition of late burial. Reactions typical of lithification trend in the direction of reduction in free energy in individual minerals, reduction in water in the crystal lattice, and transformation of clay minerals into more ordered lattices of more definite composition. With the exception of textural changes brought about by compaction, the environment of early burial is dominated by reactions controlled by Eh and pH. Examples are authigenesis of certain clay minerals, and precipitation of silica, iron oxides, and carbonates in pores or as concretionary growths. Groups of associated minerals representing this stage of development may be plotted in a form comparable with ACF and AKF diagrams. From these can be drawn interpretations of the chemical conditions prevailing. Paragenetic relations among individual grains permits reconstruction of the composition of the raw detritus. Environments of accumulation represent conditions of important changes in solution, oxidation and reduction. Modification in mineralogy occurs as reactions controlled by Eh, pH, and solubility products occur among the components. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1765------------
“Cheap labor” speaks: PR adjuncts on pedagogy and preparing Millennials for careers

Abstract In-depth interviews were conducted among 32 adjunct public relations instructors across the U.S. to discover their unique contributions in preparing today's undergraduates for entry-level positions. Research questions probed teaching philosophy, practice-to-classroom transition, and any challenges faced. Amidst adjuncts’ voices, two overarching themes emerged – omnipresent economic forces, and academic/practitioner dichotomy. Findings fill a significant gap in the public relations body of knowledge and offer several suggestions for further research.
Anticipating responses to one's own misdeeds: Repressive coping and the prediction of others' reactions to inconsiderate behavior

Abstract Students predicted how their best friends or significant others would respond to various inconsiderate behaviors on their part, such as being late or failing to return a borrowed object. To judge the accuracy of these predictions, we asked the friends how they expected to respond to such behaviors. For each dyad we computed a discrepancy score between the students' predictions and their friends' responses. Repressors' predictions were less negative than their friends' responses, whereas nonrepressors' predictions were more negative. Furthermore, repressors' predictions, unlike those of nonrepressors, showed no correlation with their friends' responses. Failure to anticipate negative reactions to one's actions may bode poorly for one's interpersonal relationships.
The potential role of dedicated 3D breast CT as a diagnostic tool: Review and early clinical examples

Mammography is the gold standard in routine screening for the detection of breast cancer in the general population. However, limitations in sensitivity, particularly in dense breasts, has motivated the development of alternative imaging techniques such as digital breast tomosynthesis, whole breast ultrasound, breast-specific gamma imaging, and more recently dedicated breast computed tomography or "breast CT". Virtually all diagnostic work-ups of asymptomatic nonpalpable findings arise from screening mammography. In most cases, diagnostic mammography and ultrasound are sufficient for diagnosis, with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) playing an occasional role. Digital breast tomosynthesis, a limited-angle tomographic technique, is increasingly being used for screening. Dedicated breast CT has full three-dimensional (3D) capability with near-isotropic resolution, which could potentially improve diagnostic accuracy. In current dedicated breast CT clinical prototypes, 300-500 low-dose projections are acquired in a circular trajectory around the breast using a flat panel detector, followed by image reconstruction to provide the 3D breast volume. The average glandular dose to the breast from breast CT can range from as little as a two-view screening mammogram to approximately that of a diagnostic mammography examination. Breast CT displays 3D images of the internal structures of the breast; therefore, evaluation of suspicious features like microcalcifications, masses, and asymmetries can be made in multiple anatomical planes from a single scan. The potential role of breast CT for diagnostic imaging is illustrated here through clinical examples such as imaging soft tissue abnormalities and microcalcifications. The potential for breast CT to serve as an imaging tool for extent of disease evaluation and for monitoring neo-adjuvant chemotherapy response is also illustrated.
Ising-Model, Block-Spin Distributions by the Markov Property Method

The idea that near the critical point each block of spins behaves just like a single big spin is investigated. The case where a diamond-shaped block of spins is embedded in a (small) sea of spins is studied. Use is made of the Markov property method to make exact computations of the various spin moments needed to test this hypothesis. The residual fluctuation about the mean value of the block spin is seen to tend to a finite fraction of the length of the mean block-spin. This result is in line with previous studies which used different types of boundary conditions.
Resolution of adenylate cyclase sensitive and insensitive to Ca2+ and calcium-dependent regulatory protein (CDR) by CDR-Sepharose affinity chromatography

Abstract Partially purified adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] from bovine brain cortex was fractionated into two separate forms by calcium-dependent regulatory protein (CDR)-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The major form of the enzyme, comprising approximately 80% of the applied activity, did not bind to the affinity column in the presence of Ca2+ and was insensitive to the CDR. Approximately 20% of adenylate cyclase activity was absorbed to CDR-Sepharose in the presence of Ca2+. This activity was stimulated by Ca2+ and CDR. This study directly demonstrates that brain cortex contains Ca2+-CDR-sensitive and -insensitive forms of adenylate cyclase and indicates that CDR-Sepharose may be a useful tool for purification of adenylate cyclase. The Ca2+ -stimulated adenylate cyclase was purified at least 55-fold with a 13% yield.
Vibronic States of Octahedral Complexes

The interactions which occur between nuclear and electronic motions in electronically degenerate states of octahedral molecules are investigated.
UBITag: A Ubiquitous Optical Wireless Tag for Identifying Objects in the Physical Space

In this paper, an infrastructure that enables the association of a unique identification (ID) number to objects in the physical world is proposed. The system consists of a small tag that can be attached to any object. The tag is powered optically and establishes an optical communication link with a Reader. The Reader device can write a unique ID in the tag memory and can also readout the number. Each ID is also stored in a cloud database, which allows for associations of other attributes to the tag. By removing the need for a battery, using optical instead of RF communication, and minimizing the need for storing much information besides a single number, the size requirements on the tag are significantly reduced. A larger scale prototype is developed and end-to-end operation of the infrastructure is demonstrated. Prototyping is comprised the optical tag with active photovoltaic area of $1.44\,\mathrm {mm}^2$ and dimension of 9.7 mm × 6.9 mm, a Reader that optically interrogates with tag through 9600 baud UART protocol, a two-columned debatable for TagID and TagInfo data maintenance and a mobile application. In the end, basic packaging requirements of the tags are discussed and custom spherical packages with 1.8-mm diameter are developed. In the future, it is possible to mass produce the tags at a very low cost and attach them to many physical objects in the environment—creating a bridge between the physical and the cyber worlds.
The Influence of Planting Date of Carrot On Meloidogyne Incognita Reproduction and Injury To Roots

Carrot cv. Emperator was direct seeded into Meloidogyne incognita infested sandy loam field plots at Tustin, southern California, on five dates each two weeks apart starting in mid-October. Harvest dates were similarly staggered in the following spring. Significant differences in plant weights at harvest were not found. Percentages of tap roots rendered unmarketable due to galling and forking symptoms were 50.3, 30.8, 19.3, 8.9 and 11.2 respectively on the five plantings. Root injury was related to the level of infection in early season, as influenced by soil temperatures that fluctuated near the M. incognita activity threshold of 18°C. Accumulated temperature, particularly from mid-season onward, determined final nematode numbers, which were significantly (P = 0.05) more on the fourth and fifth plantings. The importance of changing planting dates of winter vegetables for suppressing root-knot nematodes was demonstrated.
Effects of patch size on feeding associations in muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides).

Data were collected on one group of muriquis, or woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) during a 14-month study at Fazenda Monies Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil to examine th
A Case for Translation

T HERE has been for many years a great deal of talking and writing about various types of foreign language reading without the intermediary of translation to one's native tongue. Many and varied objections have been raised against the translation method. It has been urged that the native, who learns to read in a "natural manner," does not translate and usually does not even concern himself with the meaning of individual words of the thought group. It has also been claimed that translation, by interposing another language, interferes with the positive and active acquisition of the language studied. It does not seem to have occurred to the critical that the native learns to read only after years of intimate contact with his own language and that only very slowly does he come face to face with any large number of words which he has not heard and spoken. To the second objection it might be answered that, although a distinguished student of a foreign language finally reads without the step of translation, this fact constitutes an ability or accomplishment and not a method.
Interfacing to the 10Mbps ethernetTM: Observations and conclusions

This paper documents our efforts to connect our network front-ends to the 10 Mbps Ethernet,TM and presents some quantitative and qualitative results that may prove useful to those who, like us, are implementing a distributed-function architecture built upon a high-speed local area network.
Cluster-particle aggregation with fractal (Levy flight) particle trajectories

The effects of particle trajectories on the structure of aggregates formed by cluster-particle aggregation have been explored by computer simulation. With the use of Levy-flight particle trajectories, clusters with a continuous range of effective dimensionalities between the limits of the Witten-Sander ($D\ensuremath{\simeq}\frac{5}{3}$ for $d=2$) and Vold-Sutherland models ($D\ensuremath{\simeq}2.0$ for $d=2$) can be generated. The effective dimensionality varies continuously with the exponent which describes the distribution of step lengths in the Levy-flight trajectory, but there does not seen to be a unique (1:1) relationship between the dimensionality of the trajectory and the dimensionality of the cluster.
Chiral symmetry restoration at finite temperature in the SU(3) × SU(3) sigma model☆

Abstract The temperature dependence of the effective potential of the SU (3) & SU (3) σ model is studied in the one-loop approximation. In the chiral limit (mquarkcurrent = 0), and with masses mη′0 = 850 (from the anomal), mδ0 = 950 MeV, and mϵ0 = 800 MeV in this limit, it is found that the chiral symmetry restoration transition in first order and occurs at a temperature of ≅180 MeV.
Mid-West Intercollegiate Poultry Judging Contest

Abstract The Second Mid-west Intercollegiate Poultry Judging Contest held at the Colesium Poultry Show, Chicago, Illinois, December 10, 1921, proved to be a highly satisfactory contest and a success to a high degree. For several years the eastern institutions had been holding judging contests among the college students specializing in Poultry, but not until last year did those colleges in the Mississippi Valley organize and start a similar competition. In 1920 at the Chicago Show, three colleges, namely from Missouri, Iowa and Purdue Universities competed and the grand sweepstakes was was won by Missouri. This year seven institutions competed and the colleges ranked as follows : Oklahoma, Iowa, Nebraska, Purdue, Missouri, Kansas and Michigan. The first two states tied in number of points but Oklahoma won by having the most perfect scores. Each college was represented by three students who were required to place four pens of exhibition birds and four . . .
The effect of temperature and solvent upon geminal proton-deuteron spin-spin splitting

Abstract For a series of eight deuterated organic molecules it was shown that geminal proton-deuteron spin-spin splitting is both temperature and solvent dependent. Lowering of temperature leads to decoupling of the nuclei. This phenomenon is discussed in terms of the effect of molecular motion upon the efficiency of quadrupolar relaxation. Other dominant factors are molecular shape, intermolecular forces and solvent polarity.
Analytic short period lunar and solar perturbations of artificial satellites.

The short period luni-solar theory of Kozai is generalized for arbitrary obliquity of the ecliptic and inclination of the moon's orbit to the ecliptic. Analytic first order lunar perturbations to the elements are derived. The theory is illustrated by an application to the communication satellite Intelsat 3F3.
LESSON STUDY IN A METHODS COURSE: CONNECTING TEACHER EDUCATION TO THE FIELD

Through growing formative research, lesson study has emerged as a powerful practice that affects teachers' practical analysis of learning and teaching. Such research, however, also recognizes challenges to its implementation. In a methods course, lesson study has the potential to provide valuable links between teacher education and practice. In this article the author examines the essential factors in the implementation of lesson study in methods courses for inservice teachers and considers how collaboration, critical field observations, and the practice of teacher reflection emerge from the practice of lesson study. Lesson study challenges and methods of addressing these also are discussed.
Coping with powerlessness: The relationship of gender and job dependency to empowerment-strategy usage.

The author would like to express her thanks to Rosabeth M. Kanter, J. Richard Hackman, Cheryl Tromley, and Mark Shanley for their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Special thanks go to David M. Mangini for his statistical assistance. The anonymous reviewers and editors of ASQ also provided useful feedback on the article. A critical-incident interviewing method was used to determine the strategies employed by men and women in organizational situations. Ninety-eight male and female participants provided an example of a frustrating workplace situation in which they were powerless because they were dependent on others and the action they took in response to the situation. Measures of job dependency, taken as a measure of relative power for each job, were also assessed. Chi-square, correlational, and log-linear results indicated that while men and women did not differ in the relative power of the jobs they held, women tended to use an acquiescence strategy to a greater extent than men in coping with their powerlessness. When examined, relative job dependency, however, had a greater effect than gender on the use of this strategy.,
Landscape of little hierarchy

Abstract We investigate the little hierarchy between Z boson mass and the SUSY breaking scale in the context of landscape of electroweak symmetry breaking vacua. We consider the radiative symmetry breaking and found that the scale where the electroweak symmetry breaking conditions are satisfied and the average stop mass scale is preferred to be very close to each other in spite of the fact that their origins depend on different parameters of the model. If the electroweak symmetry breaking scale is fixed at about 1 TeV by the supersymmetry model parameters then the little hierarchy seems to be preferred among the electroweak symmetry breaking vacua. We characterize the little hierarchy by a probability function and the mSUGRA model is used as an example to show the 90% and 95% probability contours in the experimentally allowed region. We also investigate the size of the Higgsino mass μ by considering the distribution of electroweak symmetry breaking scale.
Pharmacological Inhibition of Aldose Reductase in Human Diabetic Neuropathy

Studies of the effect of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in human diabetic neuropathy have shown improvements in motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity and somatosensory evoked potentials, and a reduction in neuropathic pain. Improvements in motor and sensory deficits have also been detected clinically. These effects occurred after the administration of sorbinil for relatively short periods. However, more prolonged treatment may be necessary to achieve a therapeutic response in some patients. The results of tests of cardiac autonomic (vagal) function improved with the administration of sorbinil for 6 weeks. The most notable finding was a reduction in resting heart rate. Improvements in both clinical and test measures, related to autonomic and somatic nerve function, have reversed on withdrawal of sorbinil and improved again on renewal of administration. Toxic manifestations of sorbinil were infrequent, almost invariably mild, and readily reversible.
Tissue kallikrein processes small proenkephalin peptides.

Abstract Tissue kallikrein may play a role in processing precursor polypeptide hormones. We investigated whether hydrolysis of natural enkephalin precursors, peptide F and bovine adrenal medulla docosapeptide (BAM-22P), by hog pancreatic kallikrein is consistent with this concept. Incubation of peptide F with this tissue kallikrein resulted in the release of Met 5 -enkephalin and Met 5 -Lys 6 -enkephalin. Met 5 -Lys 6 -enkephalin was the main peptide released, indicating that the major cleavage site was between two lysine residues. At 37°C and pH 8.5, the K M values for formation of Met 5 -enkephalin and Met 5 -Lys 6 -enkephalin were 129 and 191 μM, respectively. Corresponding k cat values were 0.001 and 0.03 s −1 and k cat / K M ratios were 8 and 1.6·10 2 M −1 · s −1 , respectively. Cleavage of peptide F at acidic pH (5.5) was negligible. When BAM-22P was used as a substrate, Met 5 -Arg 6 -enkephalin was released, thus indicating cleavage between two arginine residues. At pH 8.5, K M was 64 μM, k cat was 4.5 s −1 , and the k cat / K M ratio was 7 · 10 4 M −1 · s −1 . At 5.5, the pH of the secretory granules, K M , k cat and k cat / K M were 184 μM, 1.9 s −1 and 10 4 M −1 · s −1 , respectively. It is unlikely that peptide F could be a substrate for kallikrein in vivo; however, tissue kallikrein could aid in processing proenkephalin precursors such as BAM-22P by cleaving Arg-Arg peptide bonds.
Observation of noncovalent complexes to the avidin tetramer by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Intact avidin-biotin and avidin-biotin maleimide noncovalent complexes have been observed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) by using an extended mass range quadrupole mass spectrometer. By utilizing mild ES1 interface conditions, the expected solution behavior of four biotin or biotin maleimide molecules noncovalently binding to each avidin tetramer can be preserved in the gas phase. The ESI-MS results show the appropriate mass additions of 973 ± 60 Da for biotin and 1802 ± 40 Da for biotin maleimide to the avidin tetramer species. These results support the hypothesis that substantial retention of higher order structure is possible in the gas phase by using gentle ESI conditions.