cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Explaining Patterns of Pelagic Fish Abundance in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta

Investigating the effects of environmental, biological, and anthropogenic covariates on fish populations can aid interpretation of abundance and distribution patterns, contribute to understanding ecosystem functioning, and assist with management. Studies have documented declines in survey catch per unit effort (CPUE) of several fishes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, a highly altered estuary on the US west coast. This paper extends previous research by applying statistical models to 45 years (1967–2012) of trawl survey data to quantify the effects of covariates measured at different temporal scales on the CPUE of four species (delta smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus; longfin smelt, Spirinchus thaleichthys; age-0 striped bass, Morone saxatilis; and threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense). Model comparisons showed that along with year, the covariates month, region, and Secchi depth measured synoptically with sampling were all statistically important, particularly in explaining patterns in zero observations. Secchi depth and predicted CPUE were inversely related for all species indicating that water clarity mediates CPUE. Model comparisons when the year covariate was replaced with annualized biotic and abiotic covariates indicated total suspended solids (TSS) best explained CPUE trends for all species, which extends the importance of water clarity on CPUE to an annual timescale. Comparatively, there was no empirical support for any other annualized covariates, which included metrics of prey abundance, other water quality parameters, and water flow. Top-down and bottom-up forcing remain important issues for understanding delta ecosystem functioning; however, the results of this study raise new questions about the effects of changing survey catchability in explaining patterns in pelagic fish CPUE.
Multi-regional query scheduling in wireless sensor networks with minimum latency

Query scheduling as one of the most important technologies used in query processing has been widely studied recently. In this paper, we investigate the Minimum Latency Multi-Regional Query Scheduling ML-MRQS problem in wireless Sensor Networks WSNs, which aims to generate a scheduling plan with minimum latency under a more practical query model called Multi-Regional Query MRQ. An MRQ targets at interested data from multiple regions of a WSN, where each region is a subarea. Because the ML-MRQS problem is NP-hard, we propose a heuristic scheduling algorithm Multi-Regional Query Scheduling Algorithm MRQSA to solve this problem. Theoretical analysis shows that the latency of MRQSA is upper bounded by 23A+B+C for an MRQ with m query regions R1,R2,',Rm, where A=maxi=1mDileft is the maximum latency for non-overlapped regions, B=maxi=1m{23Di+5Δ+21ki} is the maximum latency for overlapped regions, and C=i¾?i=1mHi+5Δ-m+17 is the accumulated latency for data transmission from the accessing nodes to the sink. Simulation results show that MRQSA reduces latency by 42.7% to 51.63% with respect to different number of query regions, network density, region size, and interference/transmission range compared with C-DCQS, while guaranteeing energy efficiency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple-photon absorption and saturation in Frenkel-exciton chains.

Numerical and analytical nonperturbative approaches to calculating the steady-state nonlinear optical response of small Frenkel-exciton chains are developed. In the strong-field limit the nonlinear response is due largely to the multiexciton states, which are directly obtained for a generally disordered Frenkel chain using the fermion transformation. A nonperturbative calculation of multiphoton saturation near the exciton band edge using a basis set which includes n-exciton (or n-fermion) states up to and including n=5 is presented. In the limit of pure radiative damping, the saturation intensity for n-photon absorption is found to scale as (N+1${)}^{6/\mathit{n}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}5}$, where N is the number of two-level molecules in the chain. In the perturbative limit the rate at which photons are absorbed scales as (N+1${)}^{5(\mathit{n}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1)}$. This remarkably strong size dependence for ng1 is caused by both cooperative and resonance effects.
An alveolar-arterial PCO2 discrepancy.

REPORTS in the literature have indicated that the infusion of tris (hydroxy-methyl) amino methane (tris) results in increased blood pH and carbon dioxide content, with no change or a lowering of Pco2 (ref. 1). Pulmonary ventilation has been reported to decrease, while large amounts of ‘bicarbonate’ are excreted through the kidneys2. These results have been interpreted in part as showing a respiratory centre responsiveness to pH in the absence of a change in Pco2 (ref. 2).
CONTESTED ELECTIONS IN A CITIZEN CANDIDATE MODEL

This work follows the citizen candidate model of Besley and Coate (1997) to show that for a unidimensional policy issue, a moderate default policy rules out equilibrium outcomes in which there is an uncontested candidate.
The beneficial effects of nafazatrom (BAYg6575) on experimental coronary thrombosis

An in vivo model of coronary artery thrombosis in the conscious dog was used to evaluate the potential antithrombotic effect of nafazatrom (BAYg6575). A silver wire electrode was implanted in the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) and was used at a later time to deliver a 50 uA anodal current for 24 hours to the intimal surface of the vessel. The resulting injury to the endothelium was accompanied by the adhesion, aggregation, and subsequent formation of an occlusive thrombus in the LCX of vehicle-treated dogs. Nafazatrom was given as an intravenous dose of 1 mg/kg for 48 hours, before anodal stimulation of the coronary artery was initiated, and was repeated every 6 hours during anodal stimulation for a total treatment period of 72 hours. As compared to vehicle-treated control dogs, the dogs treated with nafazatrom had smaller thrombi, preservation of coronary blood flow, a lesser degree of ischemic injury in the myocardial region subserved by the LCX, and less frequent premature ventricular complexes during the final 12 hours of the study period. Concomitant ex vivo platelet aggregation studies revealed significant inhibition of platelet aggregation in response to collagen and adenosine diphosphate in drug-treated dogs. The results of these investigations provide evidence that nafazatrom prevents in vivo development of occlusive coronary artery thrombi in response to disruption of the endothelial surface of the vessel.
Weighted closed-loop identification and control of civil structures

In this paper, an integrated identification and control procedure is studied. This integrated procedure seeks to find a high performance controller for real world systems. The procedure, which is inherently iterative, involves three steps in each iteration: (1) closed loop identification; (2) system model extraction from the closed loop experiment data; (3) controller design. The algorithm proposed in this paper uses weighted closed loop identification for deducing a model. The weight used for identification is obtained from the control design step and it provides a measure to evaluate the relative importance of each output channel in the closed loop behavior. Hence the weighted identification can capture models which are good for control design so as to achieve better closed loop performance. The procedure is demonstrated by controlling a smart structure under development at Purdue.
Inhibition of the bovine branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex and its kinase by arylidenepyruvates.

Abstract A novel class of inhibitors for the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase (BCOAD) complex has been synthesized and studied. The sodium salts of arylidenepyruvates: e.g., furfurylidenepyruvate (compound I), 4-(3-thienyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate (compound II), cinnamalpyruvate (compound III) and 4-(2-thienyl)-2-oxo-3-butenoate (compound IV) inhibit the overall and kinase reactions of the BCOAD complex from bovine liver. Inhibitions of the overall reaction occur at the decarboxylase (E1) step as determined by a spectrophotometric assay with 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol as an electron acceptor. Inhibition of the E1 reaction by compound I ( K i = 0.5 μ M ) is competitive, whereas inhibitions by compounds II ( K i = 150 μ M ) and III ( K i =500μ M ) are non-competitive with respect to the substrate 2-oxoisovalerate. The K m value for 2-oxoisovalerate is 6.7 μM as measured by the E1 assay. Inhibition of the E1 step by compounds I, II and III are reversible at low inhibitor concentrations based on the Michaelis-Menten kinetics observed. By comparison, compound I does not significantly inhibit pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes. The arylidenepyruvates (compounds I, II and IV) inhibit the BCOAD kinase reaction in a manner similar to the substrate 2-oxo acids. The inhibition of the kinase reaction by compound I is non-competitive with respect to ATP, with an apparent K i value of 4.5 mM. The results suggest that arylidenepyruvates may be useful probes for elucidating the reaction mechanisms of the BCOAD complex and its kinase.
When “splitting” occurs in the group

The mechanism of splitting, not included in the specific and basic list of defenses that A. Freud originally prepared, has received much attention in recent years. Its nature and importance came to our attention through the observations of M. Klein (1957) and her school. To divide things up, so to speak, either by separating out different aspects of one and the same person and placing them in different pigeon holes marked either "good" or "bad," or to split an aggregate of people, say, a family, a community, a nation, or some other collective, into "friend" and "fiend" sections are some ways the splitting device works. There are other ways to split, and the process serves various though related functions, which promise slightly different gains. But the essential and ultimate purpose is the protection of a state of infantile and primitive omnipotence (Kernberg, 1974). Especially pertinent to group psychotherapy is that form of splitting that consists of certain interpersonal arrangements and alliances that enlist actually or hopefully the good will of one group sector. The motivation, as stated, is to continue the experience of being loved without intermission and vacillation and to continue the narcissistic illusion that Freud
Cell Cycle Position Determines Critical Temperatures in Plasma Membrane Vesicles

Giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) isolated from RBL-2H3 cells appear uniform at physiological temperatures, contain coexisting liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases at low temperatures, and experience micron-sized critical fluctuations close to their critical temperature. Individual vesicles have well-defined critical temperatures yet there is significant vesicle to vesicle variation even when GPMVs are isolated from a plate of seemingly identical cells. In this study, we explore if heterogeneity in critical temperatures arise, at least in part, from cells being at different stages of the cell cycle. Populations of cells were synchronized at S, G2, M, and G1 stages using a double Thymidine block that arrests cells at the border between G1 and S phases. Critical temperatures were elevated in GPMVs isolated from cells in cell cycle phases that precede cell division (G2 and M) compared to other stages (G1 and S). In unsynchronized cells, critical temperatures were found to be inversely proportional to cell density, suggesting that contact inhibition and associated arrest of cell growth results in lower plasma membrane critical temperatures. Lower critical temperatures were also observed when growth was arrested through overnight serum starvation, and elevated critical temperatures were restored 24h after the addition of serum containing medium. Transition temperatures are also lowered in GPMVs prepared from cells undergoing apoptosis through the application of TRAIL, and vesicles contain a more rigid liquid-ordered or gel phase at low temperature. These results are in agreement with past studies that have indicated that plasma membrane composition varies within the cell cycle. Since GPMV critical temperatures are hypothesized to reflect on the magnitude of lipid-mediated heterogeneity in intact cells, these results suggest that membrane heterogeneity is greatest in cells undergoing rapid growth and cell division and is suppressed in cells under low growth conditions.
Anomalous absorption of high intensity subpicosecond laser pulses

When very intense laser radiation is incident on a sharply bounded overdense plasma, strong energy absorption can be accounted for by the electrons that are drawn into the vacuum and sent back into the plasma with velocities on the order of the quiver velocity. The absorption process takes place on the time scale of the laser light cycle and no corona or underdense plasma need be present. The validity of this mechanism is confirmed through 2 1/2 ‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations in the case of a two‐pump system. From these simulations the presence of strong average magnetic fields is also noted, even without the presence of a thermal gradient, because of the average current of electrons drawn from the overdense plasma.
Incorporating a Sorghum Habitat for Enhancing Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Cotton

Lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) prey on insect pests in cotton. The objective of this 2 yr on-farm study was to document the impact of a grain sorghum trap crop on the density of Coccinellidae on nearby cotton. Scymnus spp., Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Coleomegilla maculata (De Geer), Cycloneda munda (Say), and Olla v-nigrum (Mulsant) were found in sorghum over both years. Lady beetle compositions in sorghum and cotton and in yellow pyramidal traps were similar. For both years, density of lady beetles generally was higher on cotton with sorghum than on control cotton. Our results indicate that sorghum was a source of lady beetles in cotton, and thus incorporation of a sorghum habitat in farmscapes with cotton has great potential to enhance biocontrol of insect pests in cotton.
Influence of Pb(II) Ions on the EPR Properties of the Semiquinone Radicals of Humic Acids and Model Compounds: High Field EPR and Relativistic DFT Studies

X-band (9.76 GHz) and high field (416.00 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) was used to study the interactions between Pb(II) ions and semiquinone radicals of natural humic acids and their simple models. The EPR experiments were performed on powder samples. The formation of Pb(II) complexes with the radicals was accompanied by a significant decrease of g parameters as compared to those observed for parent radicals. Two types of complexes were identified depending on the initial concentration of Pb(II) ions. For one of them the anisotropic hyperfine coupling with the 207Pb nucleus was observed. Systematic DFT calculations were carried out for complexes with different forms of radical ligands (L2−•, HL−•, and H2L•) derived from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid representing different ligation schemes. The g parameters calculated for the structure characterized by a significant accumulation of spin density on the Pb atom are strongly deviated from the values observed experimentally. Moreover, a ...
Percolation and effective‐medium theories for perfluorinated ionomers and polymer composites

Percolation and effective-medium theories are applied to model the transport and elastic properties of perfluorinated ionomers. The composite nature of these polymers is emphasized. The effective-medium theory is generalized to track continuously the evolution from lamellar to fibrillar morphology. The predicted dramatic difference in ion selectivity between lamellar and spherical morphology is verified quantitatively in perfluorinated ionomer blends. The limitations and potential improvements of the effective-medium theory and its relationship to percolation theory are discussed. Applications of these theories to other multiphase polymer systems are also discussed.
Vapor condensation at a turbulent liquid surface in systems with possible spaced-based applications

Brown and Sonin's (1989) correlation is used to predict the condensation rate in three different systems and the results are compared with experimental data. These systems are: (1) a cylindrical system with turbulent mixing provided by an axial submerged jet, (2) a channel flow with grid-induced turbulence, and (3) a swirling film flow in a cylinder. The first and third system are of interest for space applications. While all the present data are from ground-based laboratory tests, the comparisons are restricted to conditions of low Richardson number, where the local condensation rate per unit area at the liquid surface is not affected by buoyancy effects.
Dimensionality dependence of dynamical correlations: exact results from a quantum many body system

Using one of the simplest model interacting quantum many body systems it is shown that the relaxation function behaves remarkably differently at low temperatures depending upon whether the lattice dimensionality of the system, D T T c in quantum many body systems.
Absence of Bax switched MG132-induced apoptosis to non-apoptotic cell death that could be suppressed by transcriptional or translational inhibition

Targeting to the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway has become a promising approach for treating cancer. Previous studies showed that inhibition of the proteasome can induce apoptosis in various cancer cells. However, whether and how the inhibition of the proteasome induces other forms of cell death is not quite known. We previously showed that proteasome inhibitors including MG132 and Bortezomib could induce apoptosis in a Bax- and caspase-dependent way. In the present study, we found that in the absence of Bax and caspase activation, inhibition of the proteasome could also kill cancer cells by an alternative, non-apoptotic form of cell death. We further demonstrated that proteasome inhibitors, such as MG132, could induce intracellular accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and extensive cellular vacuolization likely due to ER stress. Translational or transcriptional inhibitors suppressed MG132-induced polyubiquitinated protein accumulation, and in turn inhibited MG132-induced ER stress, cellular vacuolization and cell death. These findings thus suggested that non-apoptotic cell death was resulted from misfolded protein accumulation and ER stress. Furthermore, our study indicated that proteasome inhibitors could be favorable chemotherapeutic agents because they could induce non-apoptotic cell death in addition to apoptosis, which could overcome resistance due to compromised apoptotic machinery.
Survey of macromoths (Insecta: Lepidoptera) of a Palouse prairie remnant site in Eastern Washington State

Abstract. In its broadest sense, The Palouse or Palouse prairie is an ecoregion consisting primarily of native grasses, shrubs, and forbs that originally covered over 16,000 km2 of central Idaho, southeastern Washington, and northeastern Oregon. It is estimated that only 1–6% of this habitat remains with much of it having been converted to agriculture. The Kramer Palouse Natural Area is a relatively undisturbed, 11.7-ha remnant of Palouse prairie situated in Whitman County, Washington. During 2004–05 we conducted a light-trapping and hand-netting survey of a set of families of moths, collectively referred to as macromoths, on the Kramer site. The purpose of this study was to document the biological diversity of moths occurring on the site. This paper reports on just over 5,100 specimens and 150 species in 7 families: Cossidae (usually considered a micromoth — one species), Thyatiridae (one species) Lasiocampidae (one species), Notodontidae (three species), Sphingidae (five species), Erebidae (14 species),...
Nondestructive, Histologically Compatible Tissue Imaging by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Imaging mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful technique which has been gaining increased attention and broad use in many fields of science. Many biological applications are being pursued using the comprehensive information it provides on the distribution of multiple endogenous and exogenous molecules within animal and plant tissues[1]. Amongst the imaging MS techniques[2], those based on ambient ionization[3] such as desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS)[4], laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)[5] and atmospheric pressure fentosecond laser imaging mass spectrometry (AP fs-LDI IMS)[6] amongst others[7], allow analysis at atmospheric pressure without significant sample preparation. In the past few years, much effort has gone into advancing ambient imaging mass spectrometry, especially in cancer diagnostics[8]. The prospect of improving the accuracy of histopathological cancer evaluation by adding chemical information to morphological microscopic analysis now represents an attainable advance.
Effects of verbal plus gestural matrix training on sentence production in a patient with primary progressive aphasia

Abstract This research examined the effectiveness of verbal plus gestural treatment on the acquisition and generalization of present, past and future verb tenses in NP + V + NP sentence production in a primary progressive aphasic subject. Using a single-subject multiple-baseline design across behaviours as well as a matrix training procedure, treatment and generalization effects both within and across language matrices were examined. The relation between gestural and verbal responding was also examined post-hoc using a modified reversal design component. Results indicated improved production of sentences utilizing trained verb tenses and generalization to untrained verbs within tense. Paired gestural plus verbal responding resulted in higher levels of correct oral sentence production than verbal training alone. Findings are discussed in the context of brain mechanisms underlying gestural and verbal language production.
Follicular lymphoma: emerging therapeutic strategies

Follicular lymphoma is a diverse disease, both biologically and clinically. Patients may present with indolent, asymptomatic disease or more aggressive, symptomatic disease with high tumor burden. Decision-making to treat in the frontline is based on histology, disease burden and patient symptoms. The general approach should be a combination of rituximab and chemotherapy, traditionally using alkylating agents, with or without an anthracycline, with more recent evidence for the alternative of bendamustine. Relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma carries similar variability in presentation. Therapeutic options include the same regimens traditionally used for first-line therapy; however, they also include agents, such as bendamustine, bortezomib, lenalidomide and anti-CD20 agents (rituximab, ofatumumab and radioimmunotherapy). Finally, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (both autologous and allogeneic) remains a useful treatment strategy, although the optimal timing of such approaches requires further c...
Arenamides A−C, Cytotoxic NFκB Inhibitors from the Marine Actinomycete Salinispora arenicola⊥

Three new cyclohexadepsipeptides, arenamides A-C (1-3), were isolated from the fermentation broth of a marine bacterial strain identified as Salinispora arenicola. The planar structures of these compounds were assigned by detailed interpretation of NMR and MS/MS spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of the amino acids, and those of the chiral centers on the side chain, were established by application of the Marfey and modified Mosher methods. The effect of arenamides A and B on NFkappaB activity was studied with stably transfected 293/NFkappaB-Luc human embryonic kidney cells induced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Arenamides A (1) and B (2) blocked TNF-induced activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner with IC(50) values of 3.7 and 1.7 microM, respectively. In addition, the compounds inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moderate cytotoxicity was observed with the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT-116, but no cytotoxic effect was noted with cultured RAW cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the chemoprevention and anti-inflammatory characteristics of arenamides A and B warrant further investigation.
Novel approach to tuning the physical properties of organic-inorganic hybrid semiconductors.

We discuss theoretically a novel approach to tailoring the properties of a new family of organic-inorganic hybrid superlattices, using two isostructural materials, $\mathrm{ZnSe}(\mathrm{en}{)}_{0.5}$ and $\mathrm{ZnTe}(\mathrm{en}{)}_{0.5}$, as examples. Replacing Se with Te leads to a number of nontrivial changes: the conduction band parity, singularity type, conductivity in the superlattice direction, and the $p$-type dopability. Experimentally, we report the first unambiguous observation of exciton-polariton emission in a hybrid semiconductor, i.e., $\mathrm{ZnTe}(\mathrm{en}{)}_{0.5}$. The band-edge excitonic transitions in both emission and absorption are explained by the calculated electronic structures.
Sliding Mode Control of Automotive Engines

There is considerable interest in coordinated automotive engine/transmission control for smooth shifts, or for traction control of front wheel drive vehicles. Closed loop control of the engine has been shown to be useful in improving shift quality. Because of the nonlinear dynamic behavior of the engine, the control method of sliding modes is well suited for engine control algorithms The authors outline a dynamic engine model, and develop the sliding control laws to follow desired torque converter pump and turbine speed trajectories. The relationships between these desired trajectories and shift quality are also outlined.
Some Univariate-Multivariate Generalizations

The mathematical extension from scalars to matrices as a prerequisite for univariate to multivariate generalizations of statistical concepts and methods is discussed. The basic notion of variability is generalized from a univariate context to a multivariate context using two matrix functions, a determinant and a trace. These two means of generalizing variance are shown to yield a number of alternative multivariate indices of shared variation. Multivariate partial indices are proposed. The complexity of multivariate test statistics and some problems in the interpretation of tests of multivariate hypotheses are reviewed.
The nth root percent depth dose method for calculating monitor units for irregularly shaped electron fields

This study outlines an improved method for calculating dose per monitor unit values for irregularly shaped electron fields using the nth root percent depth dose method. This method calculates the percent depth dose and output factors for an irregularly shaped electron field directly from the measured electron beam percent depth dose curves and output factors for circular fields. The percent depth dose curves and output factors for circular fields are normalized and measured at a fixed depth of maximum dose for a reference field, respectively. When compared with the sector integral lateral buildup ratio method, the percent depth dose data calculated using the nth root method accounts more accurately for the change in lateral scatter with decreasing field size. Therefore, it provides more accurate values of dose per monitor unit at different depths for all type of field shapes and beam energies. For beam energies in the range of 6-21 MeV, the differences between measured and calculated dose per monitor unit values, at different depths, were found to be within {+-}1.0% when the nth root percent depth dose method was used for calculation and 12.6% when the sector integral lateral buildup ratio method was used. The nth root percent depthmore » dose method was tested and compared with the sector integral lateral buildup ratio method for ten clinically used irregularly shaped inserts (cutouts). For small irregularly shaped fields, a maximum difference of 2% was found between calculated dose per monitor unit values and measurements when the nth root percent depth dose method was used; this difference changed to 7% when comparisons were made between measurements and calculations based on the sector integral lateral buildup ration method. For large irregular fields this difference was found to be within 1.5% and 3.5%, respectively.« less
Accelerating Embedded Multimedia Applications with Versatile and Reconfigurable Instruction Fusion

Continuously increasing demand for richer functionality, faster real-time communication, smaller feature size, longer battery life, more elevated security, and higher reliability is pushing the design for portable multimedia applications into the era where a single system is consisted of a general-purpose CPU interacting with several application-specific accelerating components and coprocessors to fulfill the ever diverse constraints imposed multi- directionally. The inter-component communication overhead, along with the engineering efforts required to integrate, verify, and validate such heterogeneous systems are scaled disproportionally as the complexity of such systems continue rising skyrocketedly. Moreover, due to limited instruction encoding space and the need to maintain backward compatibly in the future designs, designers are often forced to include only a very small subset of the total desired functionalities on chip, despite there can be more than sufficient silicon real estate to incorporate these specialized function units. This paper proposes a cost-effective technique of incorporating diverse functionalities into a single multi-purpose, streamlining acceleration unit, named Versatile Processing Unit (VPU), to replace the conventional ALU on a CPU. The proposed VPU can supply the general-purpose CPU with a rich set of streamlined operations, which may supersede some or even all of the heterogeneous cores. The superseded hardware components are removed to reduce the integration and communication overhead. The issues of limited instruction encoding space and future backward compatibility are resolved by our proposed dynamic instruction re-mapping technique, in which the instruction bit fields can be redefined on the fly to allow instruction space reuse at run time.
Giant Magnetoresistance in CaCu3Mn4O12-Based Oxides with Perovskite-Type Structure

Abstract Ca0.5Na0.5Cu2.5Mn4.5O12, CaCu3−xMn4+xO12 (0.5≤x≤2) were prepared at 700°C and 2600 PSI by combined sol–gel and high oxygen pressure methods. CaCu0.5Mn6.5O12 and CaMn7O12 (x=2.5 and 3) were prepared by solid state reactions in evacuated quartz tubes at 900°C. These compounds crystallize in a body-centered cubic variant of the perovskite structure except for CaMn7O12, which has rhombohedral symmetry. The oxidation states of Cu and Mn were investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The oxidation state of Mn is near 4+ in Ca0.5Na0.5Cu2.5Mn4.5O12 and decreases with increasing x. Ca0.5Na0.5Cu2.5Mn4.5O12, CaCu2.5Mn4.5O12 (x=0.5), and CaCu1.5Mn5.5O12 (x=1.5) undergo a semiconductor-to-metal transition (TSM), CaCu2Mn5O12 (x=1.0) is metallic, while the 2.0≤x≤3.0 phases are semiconducting in the range 10–400 K. All of the materials (except the x=2.5 and 3.0) undergo a paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic-like transition below their ordering temperatures (TC). The CaCu0.5Mn6.5O12 and CaMn7O12 (x=2.5 and 3.0) materials order antiferromagnetically at (TN) 40 and 20 K, respectively. The magnetic and resistivity results are summarized in a T–x phase diagram. The ordering temperatures decrease with increasing Mn3+ content, hence the double exchange mechanism does not appear to govern the ferromagnetic ordering. The highest magnetoresistance reaches a maximum of −32% for Ca0.5Na0.5Cu2.5Mn4.5O12 and is −28% for CaCu2.5Mn4.5O12 at 4.2 K and 5 T. In general, the magnetoresistance does not occur at the semiconductor-to-metal transition and it decreases smoothly with increasing temperature or x. These materials show high sensitivity of the magnetoresistance at low applied magnetic fields and good temperature stability of the magnetoresistance.
STAT1 Negatively Regulates Lung Basophil IL-4 Expression Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

IL-4 contributes to immunopathology induced in mice by primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. However, the cellular source of IL-4 in RSV infection is unknown. We identified CD3−CD49b+ cells as the predominant source of IL-4 in the lungs of RSV-infected BALB/c mice. We ruled out T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, mast cells, and eosinophils as IL-4 expressors in RSV infection by flow cytometry. Using IL4 GFP reporter mice (4get) mice, we identified the IL-4-expressing cells in RSV infection as basophils (CD3−CD49b+FceRI+c-kit−). Because STAT1−/− mice have an enhanced Th2-type response to RSV infection, we also sought to determine the cellular source and role of IL-4 in RSV-infected STAT1−/− mice. RSV infection resulted in significantly more IL-4-expressing CD3−CD49b+ cells in the lungs of STAT1−/− mice than in BALB/c mice. CD49b+IL-4+ cells sorted from the lungs of RSV-infected STAT1−/− mice and stained with Wright-Giemsa had basophil characteristics. As in wild-type BALB/c mice, IL-4 contributed to lung histopathology in RSV-infected STAT1−/− mice. Depletion of basophils in RSV-infected STAT1−/− mice reduced lung IL-4 expression. Thus, we show for the first time that a respiratory virus (RSV) induced basophil accumulation in vivo. Basophils were the primary source of IL-4 in the lung in RSV infection, and STAT1 was a negative regulator of virus-induced basophil IL-4 expression.
Parallel Rate Heterogeneity in Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genomes of Brazil Nut Trees (Lecythidaceae) Is Consistent with Lineage Effects

We investigated whether relative rates of divergence were correlated between the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes as expected under lineage effects or were genome specific as expected with locus-specific effects. Five mitochondrial noncoding regions (nad1B_C, nad4exon1_2, nad7exon2_3, nad7exon3_4, and rps14-cob) for 21 samples from Lecythidaceae were sequenced. Three chloroplast regions (rpl20-5' rps12, trnS-trnG, and psbA-trnH) were sequenced to expand the taxa in an existing data set. Absolute rates of nucleotide and insertion and deletion (indel) changes were 13 times faster in the chloroplast genome than in the mitochondrial genome. Similar indel length frequency distributions for both organelles suggested that common mechanisms were responsible for generating indels. Molecular clock tests applied to phylogenetic trees estimated from mitochondrial and chloroplast sequences revealed global rate heterogeneity of nucleotide substitution. Maximum likelihood and Tajima's 1D relative rate tests show that Lecythis zabucajo exhibited a rate acceleration for both the mitochondrial and chloroplast sequences. Whereas Eschweilera romeu-cardosoi showed a significant rate slowdown for chloroplast sequences, the mitochondrial sequences for 3 Eschweilera taxa showed evidence for a rate slowdown only when compared with L. zabucajo. Significant rate heterogeneity was also observed for indel changes in the mitochondrial genome but not for the chloroplast. The lack of mitochondrial nucleotide changes for some taxa as well as chloroplast indel homoplasy may have limited the power of relative rate tests to detect rate variation. Relative ratio tests consistently indicated rate proportionality among branch lengths between the mitochondrial and chloroplast phylogenetic trees. The relative ratio tests showed that taxa possessing rate heterogeneity had parallel relative divergence rates in both mitochondrial and chloroplast sequences as expected under lineage effects. A neutral replication-dependent model of rate heterogeneity for both nucleotide and indel changes provides a simple explanation for common patterns of rate heterogeneity across the 2 organelle genomes in Lecythidaceae. The lineage effects observed here were uncoupled from annual/perennial habit because all the species from this study are perennial.
Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspectives edited by Laura Sjoberg

Laura Sjoberg collects an impressive array of essays that provides a wide overview of feminist insights and contributions to security studies in Gender and International Security: Feminist Perspect...
Use of Screen Capture To Produce Media for Organic Chemistry

Although many students learn best in different ways, the widest range of students can be reached when multiple modes of input are employed, especially if the student is simultaneously completing a set of handwritten notes. Computers, meanwhile, have led to countless changes in society, and education has not been exempt from these changes. Students rarely, if ever, are without some sort of electronic device. Be it a smart phone, laptop computer, or tablet, the modern student is nearly perpetually "connected" to the Web. Screen capture has been used to produce high-quality videos for students in organic chemistry classes as an attempt to (i) exploit the students' perpetually connected state for educational purposes by making not just course materials but also course meetings available online after class; (ii) provide course materials such as assignment keys and demonstrations that go beyond the boundaries of paper-based materials in a way that employs multiple modes of input; and (iii) accommodate legitimate student absences more rigorously. To date, such materials have been implemented in the mainstream organic chemistry course and its corresponding lab, as well as the basic nonmajor, one-semester, organic chemistry class. A description of this implementation is offered here.
Dynamics of Epistemic Modality

A dynamic semantics for epistemically modalized sentences is an attractive alternative to the orthodox view that our best theory of meaning ascribes to such sentences truth-conditions relative to what is known. I will demonstrate that a dynamic theory about might and must oers elegant explanations of a range of puzzling observations about epistemic modals. The rst part of the story oers a unifying treatment of disputes about epistemic modality and disputes about matters of fact while at the same time avoiding the complexities of alternative theories. The second part of the story extends the basic framework to cover some complicated data about retraction and the interaction between epistemic modality and tense. A comparison between the suggestion made in this paper and current versions of the orthodoxy is provided.
Amplifying Embedded System Efficiency via Automatic Instruction Fusion on a Post-Manufacturing Reconfigurable Architecture Platform

Portable embedded SoC processor architects are constantly challenged by exponentially increasing demand for newer functionality, faster real-time communication, stronger security, and higher reliability; while the constraint on energy, feature size, NRE cost, and time-to-market (TTM) grows tighter than ever. Existing approaches attempting to achieve these mutual conflicting design goals rely heavily on adopting special-purpose accelerators (SPA) to take charge of the heavy lifting in the aimed embedded SoC designs. These SPAs, synthesized from either ASIC or FPGA, are usually augmented to the base processor as co-processors to execute the performance-critical regions of applications. ASIC-based SPAs achieve performance-energy efficiency at the expense of sacrificing post-manufacturing programmability while incurring large NRE and TTM; FPGA-based SPAs retain programmability at the expense of significant energy and area increase. Furthermore, augmenting these SPAs as co-processors adds considerable communication and synchronization overhead severely compromising their initially promised benefits. This paper proposes an innovative design paradigm that moves away from the common scheme of adding co-processing ASIC/FPGA SPAs to an integrated and reconfigurable design. Specifically, we propose a new class of embedded processor by replacing the processor's conventional ALU with a more powerful and flexible versatile processing unit (VPU). VPU enables multiple interdependent instructions to be fused and processed together as a single atomic VPU instruction by exploring dataflow dependencies of the application code. The instruction fusion is automatically performed by a VPU-aware compiler. The optimized VPU code reduces code size and amplifies the effective processor bandwidth and capacity by eliminating transient computation and register spill code. Experimental results show up to 400% and average 150% speedup for MediaBench with negligible area increase.
Analysis of non-adiabatic heat-recirculating combustors

A simple first-principles model of counter current heat-recirculating combustors is developed, including the effects of heat transfer from the product gas stream to the reactant stream, heat loss to ambient, and heat conduction in the streamwise direction through the dividing wall (and heat transfer surface) between the reactant and product streams. It is shown that streamwise conduction through the wall has a major effect on the operating limits of the combustor, especially at small dimensionless mass fluxes (M) or Reynolds numbers that would be characteristic of microscale devices. In particular, if this conduction is neglected, there is no small-M extinction limit because smaller M leads to larger heat recirculation and longer residence times that overcome heat loss if M is sufficiently small. In contrast, even a small effect of conduction along this surface leads to significantly higher minimum M. Comparison is made with an alternative configuration of a flame stabilized at the exit of a tube, where heat recirculation occurs via conduction through tube wall; it is found that the counter-current exchanger configuration provides superior performance under similar operating conditions. Implications for microscale combustion are discussed.
Leadership in Legal Education Symposium Iii: The Dean as Crisis Manager

This article discusses some of the issues which confront a dean in a major crisis and offers some observations on getting both the law school and the dean through with minimal damage. Crisis management is not part of a dean's usual job description. Yet major crisesunanticipated events with significant media coverage and with the potential to damage both the law school and the deanoccur more frequently than commonly assumed. My own cursory survey suggests that any dean in a typical five-year term has about a fifteen percent chance of encountering a major problem. When such events do occur, any stereotypic notions of a dean as an ivory tower administrator safely removed from the slings and arrows of the real world quickly evaporate. This article defines what constitutes a major crisis and how to handle them.
An Introduction to the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)-Related Lipid Transfer Domain Protein Family

The steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domain superfamily comprises a diverse group of proteins that bind hydrophobic lipids. The distinguishing feature shared by all members of this family is an α/β helix-grip fold structure containing a long hydrophobic pocket for ligand binding. The mammalian START domain protein family is grouped into 6 subfamilies that bind either cholesterol and oxysterols (STARD1/D3 and STARD4 subfamilies) or phospholipids and sphingolipids (STARD2/D11 subfamily), or have putative functions in Rho-GTPase signaling (STARD8/12/13 subfamily), thioesterase activity (STARD14/15 subfamily), or kinesin motor activity (STARD9). StAR (STARD1) is the namesake of the START domain protein family and has a well-established function in cholesterol transport in the adrenal and gonads for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Some of the mammalian START family members, e.g., STARD1, STARD11, and STARD2 are well characterized for their roles in cholesterol, ceramide, and phosphatidylcholine transfer, respectively, while much remains to be learned about the remaining family members. The purpose of this book is to present a compendium of the history of the discovery and the characterization of the mammalian START proteins, encompassing the seminal work over the past 50 years that has led to our current understanding of these lipid transport proteins. The chapters in this book focus on members of the STARD1/3 and STARD4 subfamilies, which have established roles involved in cholesterol and sterol trafficking. Each chapter provides a personal perspective of the discovery-to-publication journey for work on a START domain family member by authors whose work was instrumental in their discovery and characterization. This introductory chapter provides a brief overview and background on all members of the mammalian START protein family to provide a complete picture of this family of lipid transport proteins.
In vivo oxidation of ronnel in the Madeira cockroach.

The oxygen analog of ronnel, O,O -dimethyl O -(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphate, was identified in the extracts of ronnel-treated Madeira cockroaches, Leucophaea maderae (F.). The extracts were analyzed by cholinesterase assay for inhibitors on intact paper chromatograms developed by normal and reverse phase solvent systems. It was established that the phosphate was produced by in vivo oxidation of ronnel, O,O -dimethyl O -(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate, in the cockroaches and not during subsequent analytical steps or by administration of the phosphate as a contaminant of technical ronnel. The enzyme method is highly sensitive, easily detecting 0.01 µg. or less of the phosphate and when combined with several chromatographic systems should be widely applicable in detecting and identifying anticholinesterase metabolites formed in biological systems.
Co-selection of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance in freshwater bacteria

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found in most environments, especially in highly anthropized waters. A direct correlation between human activities ( e.g., pollution) and spread and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) within the resident bacterial communities appears more and more obvious. Furthermore, the threat posed for human health by the presence of ARB and ARGs in these environments is enhanced by the risk of horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes to human pathogens. Although the knowledge on the spread of antibiotic resistances in waters is increasing, the understanding of the driving factors determining the selection for antibiotic resistance in the environment is still scarce. Antibiotic pollution is generally coupled with contamination by heavy metals (HMs) and other chemicals, which can also promote the development of resistance mechanisms, often through co-selecting for multiple resistances. The co-selection of heavy metal resistance genes and ARGs in waters, sediments, and soils, increases the complexity of the ecological role of ARGs, and reduces the effectiveness of control actions. In this mini-review we present the state-of-the-art of the research on antibiotic- and HM-resistance and their connection in the environment, with a focus on HM pollution and aquatic environments. We review the spread and the persistence of HMs and/or ARB, and how it influences their respective gene co-selection. In the last chapter, we propose Lake Orta, a system characterized by an intensive HM pollution followed by a successful restoration of the chemistry of the water column, as a study-site to evaluate the spread and selection of HMs and antibiotic resistances in heavily disturbed environments.
Efficient Process Management of On-Line Transmission Lines Monitoring in North China Power Grid

In this paper,methods of using CMMI to achieve efficient process management on transmission lines on-line monitoring project of North China Power Grid are studied.It introduces the background of transmission lines on-line monitoring system and the management on the project,analyses the methods of how to apply CMMI project management theory to the on-line monitoring system and the application of management scheme,and discusses the tracking and distribution of defects by case analysis.