cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a class of anti-neoplastic therapies that unleash immune cells to kill malignant cells. There are currently 7 medications FDA-approved for the treatment of 14 solid tumors and 2 hematological malignancies. These medications commonly cause immune-related adverse effects due to overactive T lymphocytes, autoantibody production, and/or cytokine dysregulation. Hematological toxicities are rare and of uncertain mechanism, and therefore management is often based on experiences with familiar conditions involving these perturbed immune responses, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and idiopathic aplastic anemia. Management is challenging because one must attend to the hematological toxicity while simultaneously attending to the malignancy, with the imperative that effective cancer therapy be maintained or minimally interrupted if possible. The purpose of this review is to assist clinicians by providing a clinical and pathophysiological framework in which to view these problems.
Some remarks on the numerical solution of tricomi-type equations

Publisher Summary This chapter considers a few aspects of the numerical solution of the Tricomi equation and the inverted Tricomi equation with particular emphasis on periodic problems. These periodic problems are of actual physical interest: the former is a model for the deflection of a floppy disc considered as a rotating membrane, while the latter is a model for the transonic deLaval nozzle. As most studies of the Tricomi equation have been in domains bounded by one or more characteristics, such periodic problems offer some different viewpoints and some different qualitative insight into these mixed elliptic–hyperbolic equations. Because of these equations being linear, many mathematical questions such as unique solvability, convergence, etc. can be easily answered on these model problems. The chapter also discusses the inverted Tricomi equation and the nozzle problem.
Credit Spread and Aggregate Tobin's Q

This study investigates how credit spread dynamically responds to the change in aggregate Tobin’s q ratio. The VAR results from analyzing quarterly data from 1951 Q4 to 2012 Q4 reveal that credit spread drops significantly following the shock to the change in aggregate Tobin’s q ratio. There is not a response feedback from credit spread to the changes in aggregate Tobin’s q ratio. The variance decomposition results show that the change in aggregate Tobin’s q forecasts about 1.91%, 13.29% and 16.42% at the 2-quarter, 4-quarter and 8-quarter horizons respectively.
Implication of an Ionizing Group in the Control of Conformation and Activity of Chymotrypsin

Abstract 1. Acetylated chymotrypsinogen was prepared by the reaction of crystallized chymotrypsinogen with acetic anhydride at pH 6.7 and 4°, and purification of the product. End group analysis and Van Slyke amino nitrogen determination indicated that all the free e- and α-amino groups of the chymotrypsinogen molecule had been blocked by acetylation. 2. Activation of acetylated chymotrypsinogen by trypsin, followed by chromatography, yielded acetylated δ-chymotrypsin. Quantitative end group determination indicated that the molecule had a single amino group, the NH2-terminal α-amino group of an isoleucine residue. In the catalytic hydrolysis of N-acetyl-l-tryptophan amide, the steady state kinetic parameters were found to be the same, in the pH region 6 to 10, with acetylated δ-chymotrypsin and with δ-chymotrypsin. 3. The activation of acetylated chymotrypsinogen to acetylated δ-chymotrypsin was found to be accompanied by the appearance of a single new ionizing group, titratable in the pH region 5 to 10.5, with a pK(app) of 8.3. 4. The specific rotation of acetylated δ-chymotrypsin was found to vary with pH in the pH region 6 to 10.5, the change in specific rotation following the ionization of a single group with pK(app) of 8.3. Above pH 10 the specific rotation of the zymogen and the enzyme were found to be the same at the three different wave lengths investigated. 5. Previous investigations in this and other laboratories of the pH dependence of the quotient of the steady state kinetic parameters, kcat [Km(app)]-1 —a function which yields the ionization constants of the catalytically importance ionizing groups of the free enzyme—have indicated the importance of an ionizing group with pK(app) ∼ 8.5 in all α-chymotrypsin-catalyzed reactions studied, and in the δ- or acetylated δ-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-l-tryptophan amide. 6. An interpretation of these results that is consistent with all available experimental information is that the conversion of catalytically inactive chymotrypsinogen to active enzyme is accompanied by the appearance of a new ionizing group (a group that has a pK(app) of 8.3 in acetylated δ-chymotrypsin) which controls the conformation and thereby the activity of the enzyme. Molecules in which this ionizing group is unprotonated are in a catalytically inactive conformation, resembling that of chymotrypsinogen, and molecules in which this ionizing group is protonated are in a catalytically active conformation. A diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)-induced protein isomerization involves only the enzyme molecules that are in the catalytically active conformation. This interpretation leads to a prediction that in the presence of DFP there will be an increase in pK(app) of the ionizing group. Such an increase in pK(app) was previously observed, and accounts for the proton uptake and the change in specific rotation of the enzyme observed in its reaction with DFP. 7. All evidence obtained so far suggests that the group with pK(app) ∼8.5 is an NH2-terminal isoleucyl α-amino group.
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of z ? 0.4 Quasar Host Galaxies Selected by Quasar Radio and Optical Properties

A sample of 16 quasars selected from the Large Bright Quasar Survey in the redshift range 0.4 < z < 0.5 has been imaged in the R band with the Planetary Camera on the WFPC2 instrument of the Hubble Space Telescope. The host galaxy magnitudes are mostly similar to or brighter than L*, and the host luminosity is positively correlated with the luminosity of the quasar nuclear component. There is no distinction in host galaxy magnitude between radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars, assuming they are all of the same galaxy type. Many of the host galaxies in the sample have small axial ratios, which may indicate that they are inclined disk systems. Alternatively, this elongated appearance may be due to bars or other distinctive morphological features which are visible while the bulk of the underlying lower surface brightness components of the host galaxy are not.
Prostaglandin E2 Induces the Expression of IL-1α in Colon Cancer Cells

PGE2 has been shown to exert pro-oncogenic effects in colorectal neoplasia through producing autocrine or paracrine growth factors. In the present study, we demonstrate that PGE2 induced the expression of IL-1α in colon cancer cells, which plays critical roles in tumor metastasis and neoangiogenesis in a variety of cancers. PGE2 increased the levels of both IL-1α mRNA and protein, suggesting a positive feedback loop between the IL-1 pathway and PGE2 signaling. Mechanistically, PGE2 induced the expression of IL-1α at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. PGE2 stimulated the transcriptional activity of the IL-1α promoter and significantly stabilized IL-1α mRNA. Moreover, we show that IL-1α enhanced colorectal neoplasia, stimulating cell migration and neoangiogenesis. Knockdown of the expression of IL-1α by small-interfering RNA resulted in a reduction of vascular endothelial growth factor secretion in colon cancer cells and an inhibition of tube formation by HUVECs. Thus, our results suggest that PGE2 induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL-1α, which may potentially enhance the proneoplastic actions of the cyclooxygenase-2/PGE2 signaling pathway.
Texture analysis of GPR data as a tool for depicting soil mineralogy

For the past decade, texture analysis has become one of the quantitative attributes used extensively in seismic studies for target detection and interpretation of subsurface anomalies, such as moisture content and landmines in inhomogeneous soil. The application of this analysis has been limited to other geophysical techniques, such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). GPR is a non-invasive method based on the propagation of electromagnetic waves to derive a model for the subsurface. In general, interpreting GPR data is primarily qualitative and depends on the expertise of the analysts. The goal of this study is to verify the ability of texture analysis technique to differentiate soil mineralogy.
PANEL SESSION - Is the second wave of HLS the one industry will surf on?

HLS tools are becoming fashionable again. Is this second wave of HLS the one industry will surf on? There are a lot of technical, strategic and human related questions behind this HLS comeback. In this session the panellists from System, S/C, EDA companies and Universities will look into the following questions: have designs become so complex that they cannot avoid higher level of abstraction? Have HLS tools become so much better? Can HLS yield entitlement gate count? Is HLS a new market? What are the practical issues with HLS production flows? Does HLS improve design predictability and efficiency? What are the next challenges?
Configuration of the glottis in laryngeal paralysis. I: Clinical study†

It is widely accepted in the American literature that the cricothyroid muscle is responsible for the paramedian position of the vocal fold in recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. However, support in the literature for this theory is not conclusive, and the cadaveric vocal fold position expected after lesions of the vagus nerve has also been reported in patients with an intact superior laryngeal nerve. This study compares the configuration of the glottis in patients with unilateral paralysis due to known lesions of either the recurrent laryngeal or vagus nerve. Normal subjects were studied as controls. Results indicate that the alteration of glottic configuration in laryngeal paralysis cannot be adequately characterized by standard terms of vocal fold position. The paralyzed vocal fold is shortened, with anterior rotation of the arytenoid. Patients with vagus nerve lesions had a statistically insignificant tendency for a more lateral vocal fold position, but a discrete difference in position between the two groups was not identified. This study also confirms prior observations that paralyzed vocal folds are frequently not denervated. These findings have significant implications for management of laryngeal paralysis.
Embassy newsletters as information sources of current affairs

Abstract Embassy newsletters, which are regarded as one of the most crucial functions of the public diplomacy efforts conducted by governments, contain policy information regarding political, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions of the issuing countries. Although these publications can primarily be viewed as propaganda materials, this article advocates their effective use as sources of information on current affairs as they provide the most recent and readily available data about the issuing countries. This paper identifies some 30 such foreign newsletters available in the United States, describes the methods of acquisition and organization of such materials, and cites the advantages of maintaining such collections.
Correspondence Between the Magnetotelluric and Field Penetration Depth Analyses for Measuring Electrical Conductivity

Summary It is shown that a complex penetration depth parameter derived from fluctuating magnetic field experiments bears a simple correspondence to the complex impedance derived from magnetotelluric experiments. The magnetotelluric method used for deducing the electrical conductivity as a function of depth within a geological body has received considerable attention since its conception by Cagniard (1953). The initial difficulties and inconsistencies experienced were partially removed by the suggestion of Cantwell & Madden (1960) that the Earth impedance be analysed as a tensor rather than as a scalar quantity. Recently Kuckes (1973) pointed out that studies of fluctuating geomagnetic magnetic fields in a region whose dimensions are somewhat less than the lateral wavelength associated with the fluctuations, can also be used to quantitatively deduce the conductivity us. depth in the body. It was shown that the experimental data, Fourier analysed in time, could be used to define a physically significant complex field penetration depth which is a function of frequency. It is the purpose of this note to point out that there is a one to one correspondence between the complex penetration depth derived solely from magnetic measurements and the complex impedance measured in magnetotelluric experiments. After showing this correspondence we shall consider the strengths and weaknesses which we can expect of each method in practical applications. The complex penetration depth is derived from the Fourier analysed components of the magnetic field, if we denote the Fourier analysed component of the field perpendicular to the surface as B,(w) and the tangential components as B,(o) and B,(o), the real and imaginary parts of the penetration depth are defined by
Global governance: Promoting biodiversity and protecting indigenous communities against biopiracy

Many potentially useful medicines arise from developing countries’ biodiverse environments as well as from indigenous community knowledge. This bioprospecting has become an important strategy in drug discovery and development. However, global intellectual property rules have resulted in biopiracy, where public and private entities have exploited natural and ethnic resources without benefit sharing with indigenous peoples. Sovereign-based approaches have not led to adequate biodiversity management. There is tremendous opportunity for public-private partnerships to fill this void. Coupling pharmaceutical companies with indigenous peoples, civil society organizations, and country academics, long term, trust-based relationships can provide equitable benefits sharing and effective biodiversity management.
Application of singular value cecomposition to topographic analysis of flash-evoked potentials

Singular value decomposition is a robust numerical method for decomposing a matrix of multichannel EEG or EP data into a sharply reduced set of features with corresponding waveform, amplitude, and spatial vectors. In 19 normal subjects aged 19 to 40 years, the three largest features computed by the SVD algorithm accounted for 93–98 percent of the total variance of the averaged flash-evoked potential. There was good separation of major brain areas as well as clustering of related electrode sites. Orthogonal rotation of the three spatial vectors is essential to see clustering of brain areas across subjects. Three-dimensional display showed the regular presence of orthonormal occipital, frontopolar, and vertex spatial vectors. Since the spatial feature vectors cluster tightly and yet are orthonormal, statistical comparison of patients with normal control groups will be facilitated.
An overall mechanism for the deposition of plasma polymers from methane in a low-pressure argon plasma jet

An overall mechanism for plasma polymer deposition from a methane-seeded argon plasma jet was established from experimental measurements and a simplified model of reaction kinetics within the plasma jet. Total mass deposition rates were obtained at various substrate positions and methane flow rates. Methane consumption was estimated from residual gas analysis. The influence of substrate coolant temperature on deposition rate was evaluated. The model was based on particle densities, jet temperature, and jet velocity data published previously, and reaction rate constants from the literature were used. No adjustable parameters were employed in this model. Experimental results for total deposition rate and methane consumption were in good agreement with model predictions. The overall deposition mechanism consists of three steps: Penning ionization of methane by excited argon neutrals, followed by dissociative recombination of CN x + to yield CH, followed by incorporation of CH into the growing film upon impact. Contributions of species other than CH to the total deposition rate are minor, and adsorption is not a prerequisite for incorporation into the growing film.
Effects of Tyrothricin and Actinomycin A Upon Bacterial Fibrinolysis and Plasma-Coagulation

Summary(1) Tyrothricin and actinomycin A inhibit fibrinolysis by beta hemolytic streptococcus cultures or supernatants thereof. (2) These substances also interfere with coagulation of plasma by pathogenic staphylococcus.
Characterization of long pathlength capillary waveguides for evanescent chemical sensing applications

ABSTRACT Light-guiding fused silica capillary tubing has promising applications in the field of chemical sensors. Light propagation in these waveguides occurs within the fuse d silica capillary wall as opposed to liquid core waveguides where light traverses the solution-filled inner core. The electric field of light within the capillary wall extends slightly into the capillary inner diameter as an evanescent wave. An evaluation of the optical absorbance characteristics of these novel capillaries was performed by coupling the light source from a spectrophotometer into a capillary waveguide flow cell. A series of four thiacyanine dyes in methanol solutio n provided distinct absorbance peaks throughout the visible spectrum (400-800 nm). Evanescent absorbance values show a linear dependence upon capillary length up to ~10 m (with 150 µ m inner diameter). Evanescent absorbance measurements were nonlinear with solution concentration for all capillary lengths and may be attributed to adsorption of the ionic dye on the capillary fused silica inner surface. The waveguide effective pathlength ratio (EPLR) was determined by comparing evanescent absorbance values to conventional measurements in a 0.1 mm pathlength cuvette. The EPL is on the order of 10
The effect of Helmholtz instability on the macrolayer thickness in vapor mushroom region of nucleate pool boiling

Abstract In the previously postulated relationship between the macrolayer thickness in saturated pool boiling and the Helmholtz instability wavelength is further investigated in the ligth of experimental data that recently appeared in the open literature. The study shows that the Helmholtz wavelength in the vapor stems is strongly dependent on parameters affected by surface chemistry. These parameters same order of magnitude as the ones reported in the literature, the Helmholtz instability model was able to successfully predict the macrolayer thickness data. This result suggests that the Helmholtz instability model must not be ruled out, unless further experimental research proves otherwise.
Modulation of insulin and glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas by the neurohypophysial hormones and by desamino-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP)

Marked stimulation of glucagon release and modest stimulation of insulin release were observed during in situ perfusion of the rat pancreas with AVP or OT. Glucagon release in response to AVP or OT (200 pg/ml) gradually increased over a 45 min perfusion period reaching maxima of 500% and 300% of the pre-stimulatory levels, respectively. Insulin release transiently increased by 100%. In each case release rates returned to control values immediately after withdrawal of the peptides. Total glucagon release was concentration dependent and linear from 20 pg to 20 ng AVP or OT/ml (r>.97). Pancreatic response to DDAVP perfused at 20 ng/ml was virtually indistinguishable from that induced by AVP at 200 pg/ml. This demonstration of a glucagonotrophic action of the neurohypophysial hormones in the in situ perfused rat pancreas confirms earlier studies using isolated islets and bolus IV injection.
Cost-effectiveness of routine blood type and screen testing before elective laparoscopy

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of the routine preoperative evaluation of blood type and screen testing before laparoscopy. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted in patients transfused with blood during or after laparoscopy over a 3-year period at Hutzel Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; Grace Hospital, Southfield, Michigan; and Bixby Medical Center, Adrian, Michigan. Results: Of 7529 women receiving laparoscopic procedures, 57 required blood transfusion at laparoscopy. Medical records of the 57 patients requiring blood transfusion were evaluated as to urgency and indication. All 57 subsequent blood transfusions were found to be the result of previously identifiable problems, including ectopic pregnancy and preoperative anemia. No patient required transfusion for a vascular injury. Conclusion: In the absence of preoperative indications, routine preoperative type and screen testing for elective and emergency laparoscopic procedures does not enhance patient care and should be eliminated.
Estimating evaporation: A comparison between Penman, Idso-Jackson, and zero-flux methods

Abstract A field evaporation—drainage study was conducted to compare three methods of predicting evaporative losses from a bare soil. Two of the methods (modified Penman combination and Idso—Jackson) are dependent only on measurements of atmospheric parameters whereas the third method (plane of zero flux) is dependent only on measurements of soil parameters. A Captina soil profile was wet up and allowed to dry by evaporation and drainage. For the initial two days after infiltration ceased all three methods predicted similar evaporative losses. Differences between the three methods occurred when the soil moisture content at the soil surface controlled the evaporation rates. Under the three drying conditions the three methods behaved somewhat differently in the prediction of the amounts of water evaporated from the soil surface. Lower losses by evaporation were predicted by the Idso—Jackson and zero-flux methods. In the case of the Idso—Jackson method this result was attributed to the influence of clouds on albedo, the impact of wind and the importance of albedo in the predictive equation. For the zero-flux method the decrease in evaporation was due to lower soil water contents and matrix potentials near the surface which resulted in lower transport rates of water to the surface.
The role of data in aligning the 'unique identity' infrastructure in India

We present findings from a qualitative field study of a national e-infrastructure project currently underway in India. We study how this large and complex infrastructure for issuing unique biometric-based identification numbers to the 1.2 billion residents of India was aligned across various stakeholders engaged in the project. We find that the focus on 'data' kept the entire infrastructure together and working. However, this narrow focus also made the design team view the people applying for IDs as numbers whose management could be standardized. In reality, the infrastructure encountered people with differing experiences and expectations of state-issued IDs, expectations that had to be managed by agents on the ground. With our focus on the nation state as a site for studying e-infrastructure, we extend the domains in which CSCW research takes place and contribute to the theory of infrastructure building in a context where state-citizen relations are at stake.
Effect of drugs on chemoreceptor responsiveness in fetal sheep

This study was designed to examine the effects of the drugs ketamine, morphine, pentobarbital, and propranolol on fetal chemoreceptor responsiveness. Eleven fetal lambs (gestational age 125-133 d) were chronically instrumented with a catheter in a hindlimb artery and vein and a forelimb artery; a carotid arterial oximeter catheter was placed in six of these fetuses. An inflatable cuff occluder was placed around the maternal hypogastric artery. Acute fetal hypoxemia was induced repeatedly by reducing uterine blood flow. Fetal heart rate, arterial pressure, and carotid arterial oxygen saturation were monitored continuously before and after administering ketamine, morphine, pentobarbital, or propranolol to the fetus. The ratio delta heart rate/delta O2 saturation has been shown previously to be a reproducible index of chemoreflex response. The differences in baseline values and changes with drugs were compared by multiple regression analysis coded by effects. Chemoreflex response was markedly attenuated by ketamine and morphine but not by pentobarbital or propranolol. Because the cardiovascular response to hypoxemia is blunted by some drugs, caution should be exercised in interpreting heart rate responses to hypoxemia in the fetus when these drugs have been administered to the mother.
Bruce Springsteen, Cultural Studies, and the Runaway American Dream

Kenneth Womack, Jerry Zolten, and Mark Bernhard (Eds), Farnham, Surrey, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012, IBSN-10: 1409404978, ISBN-13: 978-1409404972, 275 pp, $89.95 (hb) If you want to think abo...
Low-cost inflatable lighter-than-air surveillance system for civilian applications

Today's society places an extremely high price on the value of human life and injury. Whenever possible, police and paramilitary actions are always directed towards saving as many lives as possible, whether it is the officer, perpetrator, or innocent civilians. Recently, the advent of robotic systems has enable law enforcement agencies to perform many of the most dangerous aspects of their jobs from relative safety. This is especially true to bomb disposal units but it is also gaining acceptance in other areas. An area where small, remotely operated machines may prove effective is in local aerial surveillance. Currently, the only aerial surveillance assets generally available to law enforcement agencies are costly helicopters. Unfortunately, most of the recently developed unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are directed towards military applications and have limited civilian use. Systems Planning and Analysis, Inc. (SPA) has conceived and performed a preliminary analysis of a low-cost, inflatable, lighter- than-air surveillance system that may be used in a number of military and law enforcement surveillance situations. The preliminary analysis includes the concept definition, a detailed trade study to determine the optimal configuration of the surveillance system, high-pressure inflation tests, and a control analysis. This paper will provide the details in these areas of the design and provide an insight into the feasibility of such a system.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A sequential formula for electronic coupling in long range bridge-assisted electron transfer: Formulation of theory and application to alkanethiol monolayers

A recursion relation is formulated for the Green’s function for calculating the effective electron coupling in bridge-assisted electronic transfer systems, within the framework of the tight-binding Hamiltonian. The recursion expression relates the Green’s function of a chain bridge to that of the bridge that is one unit less. It is applicable regardless of the number of orbitals per unit. This method is applied to the system of a ferrocenylcarboxy-terminated alkanethiol on the Au(111) surface. At larger numbers of bridge units, the effective coupling strength shows an exponential decay as the number of methylene(–CH2–) units increases. This sequential formalism shows numerical stability even for a very long chain bridge and, since it uses only small matrices, requires much less computer time for the calculation. Identical bridge units are not a requirement, and so the method can be applied to more complicated systems.
The vapor pressure and heat of sublimation of samarium

Abstract The vapor pressure of samarium metal has been investigated in the temperature range 928°–1160°K. The vapor pressure (in atmospheres) is represented by the relation − R In P = 4.8176 · 104/T − 25.191, over the temperature range cited. The second-law heat of sublimation is 49.19 kcal/mole computed at 298°K, and the third-law heat is 49.43 kcal at 298°K. Extrapolation of the data yields a normal boiling point of 2077°K.
Gender Differences in Vocal Accommodation:: The Role of Perception

This study examined how perceptual sensitivity contributes to gender differences in vocal accommodation. Male and female shadowers repeated isolated words presented over headphones by male and female speakers, and male and female listeners evaluated whether accommodation occurred. Female shadowers accommodated more than males, and more to males than to female speakers, although some speakers elicited greater accommodation than others. Gender differences in accommodation emerged even when immediate social motives were minimized, suggesting that accommodation may be due, in part, to differences in perceptual sensitivity to vocal characteristics.
CD34+ cord blood cells expressing cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen are enriched in granulocyte-macrophage progenitors and support extensive amplification of dendritic cell progenitors

Abstract Objective We evaluated the frequency of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in CD34 + CLA + (cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen) and CD34 + CLA − cord blood cells, and followed cellular growth and HPC production during cultures in Flt3 ligand, thrombopoietin, and stem cell factor (FTS). Materials and Methods Immunomagnetic bead-purified CD34 + cells were sorted into CD34 + CLA + or CD34 + CLA − cells. HPC frequency was assessed by clonal assays in methylcellulose either ex vivo or after, 7, 14, or 21 days of culture with FTS. Dendritic cell (DC) progenitors were evaluated after induction of FTS-amplified cells into DC using secondary cultures containing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-4. Results Ex vivo, granulocyte-macrophage progenitors were more frequent and erythroid progenitors were less frequent in the CLA + fraction. In FTS culture, CD34 + CLA + cells produced greater absolute numbers of CD34 + cells, granulocyte-macrophage-, erythroid-, and DC (including Langerhans cell-related) progenitors compared to CD34 + CLA − cells. In CD34 + CLA + cultures, CLA + cells steadily decreased with time, and CD34 + CLA − cells appeared. In CD34 + CLA − cultures, CLA + cells were generated, increased up to day 7, and decreased thereafter. CLA was expressed only on CD34 − cells in these cultures. Ex vivo, CD34 + CLA + cells could be subdivided further into CD38 low and CD38 high cells. Cord blood and growth factor-mobilized CD34 + cells contained more CLA + CD38 low cells than nonmobilized peripheral blood CD34 + cells and proliferated more extensively with FTS than the latter cells. Conclusions CD34 + CLA + cells contain a rather immature progenitor capable of high proliferation and extensive amplification of HPC in vitro. This progenitor may be localized in the CD34 + CLA + CD38 low fraction. In addition, cultures of CD34 + CLA + cells from cord blood produced CD34 + CLA − cells, suggesting that these cells may derive directly from CD34 + CLA + cells in vivo.
Coming to terms with intramural differences over policy frameworks: How policy researchers accommodate rival claims among their peers

Although we readily scrutinize conflicts among political stakeholders, similar attention is seldom paid to how we deal with contestable understandings within our own field of inquiry. Debates over competing scholarly perspectives and contested models are rarely subject to any systematic postmortem or attempts to account for differential survival. Given the indeterminacy of many of our conceptual schemes, empirical data seldom carry the day to a resolution all can accept. Accordingly, there are eventually many different versions of any given dispute, each offering a different path to resolution or equanimity. Disputants retire and conflicts fade, providing a demographic resolution of sorts, but not a scientific or a conceptual one. The work presented here claims that there is much to be gained from systematic scrutiny of our conceptual disputes, especially as a means to access the different perspectives we assume to handle them. We argue that there is an internal logic to the different perspectives on any given dispute. It is not the dispute per se that draws our interest; but rather, how any given dispute generates multiple interpretations and reconstructed versions. We propose and illustrate an approach to analyzing disputes that makes their internal logic more transparent and attends to the pathways that emerge for resolution. We will find, in the process, that there are some reliable routes to conciliation and some fault lines that remain unstable.
Multiple transitions and HIV risk among orphaned Kenyan schoolgirls.

Why are orphaned girls at particular risk of contracting HIV? Using a transition to adulthood framework, this paper uses qualitative data from Nyanza province, Kenya to explore pathways to HIV risk among orphaned and non-orphaned high school girls. I show how co-occurring processes such as residential transition out of the parental home, negotiating financial access and relationship transitions interact to produce disproportionate risk for orphan girls. I also explore the role of financial provision and parental love in modifying girls’ trajectories to risk. I propose a testable theoretical model based on the qualitative findings and suggest policy implications.
Increased skin permeability in preterm infants

Localized cutaneous blanching of preterm neonates following the topical application of a 10% solution of Neo-Synephrine attests to the permeability of immature skin. Skin permeability was evaluated in 18 healthy infants between 30 to 40 weeks of gestational age. The response consisted of speckles or islands of blanching which gradually coalesced to form a homogeneous pale area. Infants 30–35 weeks had a very rapid response which persisted from 30 minutes to 8 hours. A response was no longer apparent by 21 days of postnatal life. Infants 36–37 weeks had a longer lag period and responded less intensively. Infants 38–42 weeks failed to exhibit blanching in most cases. The degree of permeability correlated inversely with gestational age. Surface temperatures on strongly blanched and contiguous unblanched skin were identical when measured simultaneously. Toxicologic implications are clear. Other considerations include the intrauterine role of fetal skin as a dialyzing membrane, the relationship of skin structure to barrier function and the potential of further pharmacologic studies on the accessible cutaneous circulation.
Relationship matters in demantia caregiving

This study examined the relationship between four framing categories of caregiving (Relational, Instrumental, Reactive, Role Acquiring), derived from interviews with spouse caregivers, and scores o...
Examining elementary school children’s level of enjoyment of traditional tag games vs. interactive dance games

Enjoyment has been implicated as a determinant of physical activity among children and adolescents. However, the effect of different sport activities on children’s enjoyment remains largely unexplored. This study examined whether children’s enjoyment in physical education (PE) varied as a function of learning activities. Participants were 210 third- through sixth-grade children who had a 30 min PE class every week. Participants responded to a standardized self-report enjoyment survey measuring their enjoyment level in a PE class during which they participated in tag games. Students completed the same questionnaire when involved in interactive dance games in PE. The results revealed that children reported significantly higher scores in enjoyment toward interactive dance games than they did toward traditional games (p < .01). Also, girls exhibited higher enjoyment toward interactive dance games than boys did (p < .05). However, no gender difference emerged on enjoyment toward traditional games. In conclusio...
On designing economic agents that behave like human agents

This paper explores the idea of constructing theoretical economic agents that behave like actual human agents and using them in neoclassical economic models. It does this in a repeated-choice setting by postulating “artificial agents” who use a learning algorithm calibrated against human learning data from psychological experiments. The resulting calibrated algorithm appears to replicate human learning behavior to a high degree and reproduces several “stylized facts” of learning. It can therefore be used to replace the idealized, perfectly rational agents in appropriate neoclassical models with “calibrated agents” that represent actual human behavior. The paper discusses the possibilities of using the algorithm to represent human learning in normal-form stage games and in more general neoclassical models in economics. It explores the likelihood of convergence to long-run optimality and to Nash behavior, and the “characteristic learning time” implicit in human adaptation in the economy.
Social Security Beneficiaries Residing Abroad and Emigration

The population of social security beneficiaries residing outside the United States, now approximately 340,000, is examined. One objective is to evaluate the implications of the growth of this population for the level of emigration; another is to classify those in this population according to citizenship and-for the first time-nativity.
Home-based study of anti-HIV drug regimen adherence among HIV-infected women: Feasibility and preliminary results

Collection of antiretroviral medication adherence data in the homes of HIV-infected people may have methodological advantages that can improve data quality. However, the feasibility of this approach has not been established. In addition, data on adherence, and its predictors, among HIV-infected women have been limited. Sixty-three HIV-positive women who were prescribed at least one antiretroviral drug in the last month were interviewed in their homes. A standard instrument was used to collect data on all antiretroviral medications prescribed and taken in the three days prior to the interview. Data were also collected on factors thought potentially to affect the ability to be adherent. The results of this study suggest that it is feasible to conduct home-based adherence research. Sixty-seven per cent reported taking all prescribed antiretroviral medication doses. One-third took a sub-optimal dose putting themselves at increased risk of treatment failure and the selection of resistant HIV strains. Unintenti...
Organ distribution of the Ro (SS-A) antigen in the guinea pig.

Using an anti—Ro (SS-A—specific “sandwich” enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western immunoblotting, we determined the Ro (SS-A) content (both quantitative and qualitative) in saline-perfused organs of the guinea pig. All tissue extracts contained substantial concentrations of Ro (SS-A) antigen and could be grouped into 3 categories based on quantitative reactivity in the sandwich ELISA. The 60-kd and 52-kd molecular forms of Ro (SS-A) present in tissue extracts were similar to those described in Wi-L2 extracts, and the 54-kd molecular form of Ro (SS-A) in guinea pig erythrocytes was similar to that found in human erythrocytes. The tissue distribution of the isoforms of Ro (SS-A) was shown by Western immunoblotting to vary in different tissues, and the reactivity to the 60-kd Ro (SS-A) was correlated with the activity seen in the ELISA. Both the 60-kd and 52-kd Ro (SS-A) bands in guinea pig liver extracts were very weak on Western immunoblots, in contrast to the high concentration of Ro (SS-A) antigen in the ELISA. Other data suggest the possible existence of a unique form of Ro (SS-A) in the liver. Guinea pig tissues have 4 Y RNA that are equivalent to the 4 human RNA—hY1, hY3, hY4, and hY5—present in HeLa cells, while guinea pig red blood cells have only one Y RNA, which is equivalent in size to human hY4. This heterogeneity of the Ro (SS-A) antigen suggests that there is differential expression of the various Ro (SS-A) genes in different tissues and expands the possibilities for tissue-specific pathologic events involving the Ro (SS-A)/anti—Ro (SS-A) system.
Low-Fat Fresh Pork Sausage Patty Stability in Refrigerated Storage with Potassiunn Lactate

Typical pork sausage patties (40% fat), low-fat (89%) control patties, and low-fat (89%) patties with 20% added water and 0.49% carrageenan were compared to identical treatments containing 29% potassium lactate. The lactate had no effect on percent discoloration or lean color during refrigerated aerobic storage. Sensory properties of pork sausage treatments were not affected by the lactate salt (P 0.05); however, the typical patties with 29Po potassium lactate had lower (P 0.05)
Evolution of RNA-binding Specificity in T4 DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerase of phage T4 (T4 gp43), an essential component of the T4 DNA replicase, is a multifunctional single-chained (898-amino acid) protein that catalyzes the highly accurate synthesis of DNA in phage replication. The enzyme functions both as a DNA-binding replication protein and as a sequence-specific RNA-binding autogenous translational repressor. We have utilized a phylogenetic approach to study the relationships between the two nucleic acid-binding functions of the protein. We found that autogenous translational control of gp43 biosynthesis has been conserved in phage RB69, a distant relative of T4, although we also found that the RB69 system differs from its T4 counterpart in two regards: (a) nucleotide sequence and predicted secondary structure of the RNA target (translational operator), and (b) RNA specificity of the protein. T4 gp43 is specific to the RNA operator sequence of the T4 genome whereas RB69 gp43 can bind and repress operator RNA from both phages equally well. In studies with T4-RB69 gp43 chimeras, we mapped T4 gp43 RNA-binding specificity to a protein segment that also harbors important determinants for DNA binding and the polymerase catalytic function. Our results suggest that RNA functions as a regulator of both the dosage and activity of this DNA replication enzyme.
Pyrolytic conversion of methyl- and vinylsilane polymers to Si-C ceramics

Poly(methylsilane) and poly(vinylsilane) were synthesized using a titanocene catalyst, and their pyrolytic conversion to ceramics was followed using a combination of thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The two polymers have distinctly different backbone structures, as determined by29Si NMR; methylsilane polymerizes to a polysilane, while vinylsilane polymers have a predominately polycarbosilane backbone, with some polysilane structure as well. The pyrolysis path and char yield were dependent primarily on backbone structure, with little influence of polymer molecular weight. The majority of the weight loss on conversion occurs below 650 °C, although bond rearrangement continues to 1400 °C. Poly(vinylsilane) produced a carbon-rich Si-C ceramic in which the carbon was dispersed on a sufficiently fine level to show resistance to oxidation on heating in air to 1400 °C. Copolymerization of methyl- and vinylsilane produced stoichiometric SiC; however, polymers of methylsilane were sensitive to oxygen incorporation and sometimes pyrophoric. Polymerization of vinylsilane with disilylethane permitted control of rheology and imparted thermoset behaviour.
Potential air quality impacts of large-scale geothermal energy development in the Imperial Valley

Abstract This report is an assessment of the potential impact on air quality of large-scale (3000 MW) geothermal development in California's Imperial Valley. The assessment is based on the predictions of numerical atmospheric transport models. Emission rates derived from analyses of the composition of geothermal fluids in the region and meteorological data taken at six locations in the valley over a 1-y period were used as input to the models. Hydrogen sulfide is the emission of major concern. Our calculations predict that at the 3000-MW level (with no abatement), the California 1-h standard for H2S (42 μg m−3) would be violated at least 1% of the time over an area of approximately 1500 km2 (about 1 3 of the valley area). The calculations indicate that an H2S emission rate below 0.8 g s−1 per 100-MW unit is needed to avoid violations of the standard beyond a distance of 1 km from the source. Emissions of ammonia, carbon dioxide, mercury, and radon are not expected to produce significant ground level concentrations, nor is the atmospheric conversion of hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide expected to result in significant SO2 levels.
Constitutive and Mundane Versions of Labeling Theory

Labeling theory is currently in the throes of reconsideration (Gove, 1975; Rock, 1974), reformulation (Becker, 1974; Goode, 1975; Rains, 1975), and perhaps rebirth (Emerson & Messinger, 1977). This liminal period is crucial for it will determine what the "new" labeling theory will look like and indeed whether there will be a new labeling theory at all. If a new labeling theory is to emerge, conceptual midwives would do well to nourish the perspective with contents which make for a broader and more substantial base than previous formulations. Similarly, those who are apt to be affected by the fate and liveliness of labeling theory ought to contribute ideas which fortify rather than diminish the embryonic perspective. In this spirit I use an ethno? methodological eye to specify an anatomical weakness in labeling theory which ought not be transmitted to its intellectual progeny. In the maxim "the deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people so label (Becker, 1963, p. 9), an ethnomethodologist can recognize a nascent correspondence to his own programmatic research directives. The labeling theorist's maxim is not unlike the heuristic through which the ethnomethodologist is led to treat seemingly stable or given features of a social setting as the collective achievement of the setting's participants (Garfinkel, 1967). The transformation of "social facts" into processual accomplishments is a paradigmatic principle of ethno? methodological inquiry, and the labeling theorists seemed on the verge of exhibiting the ways in which "deviance" was not a given property of acts but rather the name of the process through which such designations were achieved. Yet the seeming affinity between the two perspectives has not led to an intellectual rapprochement of any magnitude. One reason for the failure, at least from an ethnomethodological point of view, is the fusion of lay and analytic perspectives in some of the leading statements of the labeling stance, particularly those of Howard Becker. The confusion is more than excusable in the considerable effort to achieve an