cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Chemehuevi Song: The Resilience of a Southern Paiute Tribe. By Clifford E. Trafzer

A Chemehuevi Song: The Resilience of a Southern Paiute Tribe . Indigenous Confluences Series. By Clifford E. Trafzer. Foreword by Larry Myers. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. xx + 308 pp. Illustrations, maps, glossary, notes, bibliography, index. $45.00.) Clifford E. Trafzer has produced a thorough history of the Chemehuevi people, whose ancestral home is in the present states of California, Nevada, and Arizona. Central to A Chemehuevi Song is the recurring theme of the ethnogenesis of Chemehuevi. According to Trafzer, “Chemehuevi culture is alive today through the dynamic process of ethnogenesis. Their culture has changed in many ways as a result of contact with newcomers, but the essence of cultural identity remains strong among the people. Songs, prayers, and stories call … rbales{at}csumb.edu
Internal ocean-atmosphere variability drives megadroughts in Western North America

Multidecadal droughts that occurred during the Medieval Climate Anomaly represent an important target for validating the ability of climate models to adequately characterize drought risk over the near-term future. A prominent hypothesis is that these megadroughts were driven by a centuries-long radiatively forced shift in the mean state of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Here we use a novel combination of spatiotemporal tree-ring reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere hydroclimate to infer the atmosphere-ocean dynamics that coincide with megadroughts over the American West, and find that these features are consistently associated with ten-to-thirty year periods of frequent cold El Nino Southern Oscillation conditions and not a centuries-long shift in the mean of the tropical Pacific Ocean. These results suggest an important role for internal variability in driving past megadroughts. State-of-the art climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5, however, do not simulate a consistent association between megadroughts and internal variability of the tropical Pacific Ocean, with implications for our confidence in megadrought risk projections.
A Pre-matriculation Course that Focuses on a Metacognitive Approach to Learning

In preparation for the first-year curriculum, pre-matriculation courses are offered to incoming medical students prior to orientation and generally focus on basic science content. Here we describe a pre-matriculation course that focuses on the acquisition of metacognitive awareness and skill development to prepare students for success in medical school.
Perspectives on Managing Solitary Pulmonary Nodules: A Survey of Primary Care Physicians

Primary care physicians (PCPs) may be involved in the evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) detected through lung cancer screening. Little is known about their perspectives on the management or the referral of SPN. Using the American Medical Association's Physician Masterfile, we randomly surveyed 1384 PCPs between January and October 2015 with an 18% response rate. A subset analysis was performed on SPN management and referral practices of PCP. These results and those relating to practice characteristics were compared between family practice and internal medicine physicians. Responders and nonresponders did not differ by demographic characteristics. A total of 137 (55.5%) PCPs reported feeling confident in managing the workup of imaging-detected SPN. However, only 53 PCPs (21.3%) were inclined to manage the evaluation and follow-up of SPN. There was no significant difference between family practice and internal medicine physicians with regard to years in practice, size of practice, or referral to specialists. Family practitioners and internists similarly disagreed or were neutral to self-managing SPN (P = 0.60). Internists were twice as likely to express confidence as family practitioners (odds ratio 1.95, 95% confidence interval 1.09-3.48). Among all PCPs, 75.4% would refer management of these patients to a pulmonologist, 28.9% to a surgeon, and 24.2% to an oncologist. Confidence did not predict lung cancer screening practices. Although more than half of PCPs expressed confidence in the workup of SPN, most preferred referral to specialists. Additional research is needed to understand barriers to PCP management of incidental SPN in the effort to facilitate lung cancer screening.
BOTTICELLI Project: Enhancing Export Control Cooperation Between Industry and Governments

Considering the important role of the Industry in this process, for the tenth anniversary of the 1540 resolution on the November 2014 Wiesbaden meeting in Frankfurt, industry was invited by the 1540 Committee, the German and the US Governments, UNODA and the European Commission, to take a greater role in contributing to the non-proliferation regime by strengthening the effective application of export controls. The BOTTICELLI Project was created as an answer to this invitation; the initiative confirms the industrial determination to actively contribute to international stability, peace and security by supporting governments in the implementation of the 1540 Resolution. This Project promotes an Export Control Culture, common Export Control Principles and smart practices without distortion of the competition.
3D multiphysics modeling of superconducting cavities with a massively parallel simulation suite

Radiofrequency cavities based on superconducting technology are widely used in particle accelerators for various applications. The cavities usually have high quality factors and hence narrow bandwidths, so the field stability is sensitive to detuning from the Lorentz force and external loads, including vibrations and helium pressure variations. If not properly controlled, the detuning can result in a serious performance degradation of a superconducting accelerator, so an understanding of the underlying detuning mechanisms can be very helpful. Recent advances in the simulation suite ace3p have enabled realistic multiphysics characterization of such complex accelerator systems on supercomputers. In this paper, we present the new capabilities in ace3p for large-scale 3D multiphysics modeling of superconducting cavities, in particular, a parallel eigensolver for determining mechanical resonances, a parallel harmonic response solver to calculate the response of a cavity to external vibrations, and a numerical procedure to decompose mechanical loads, such as from the Lorentz force or piezoactuators, into the corresponding mechanical modes. These capabilities have been used to do an extensive rf-mechanical analysis of dressed TESLA-type superconducting cavities. The simulation results and their implications for the operational stability of the Linac Coherent Light Source-II are discussed.
Attachment, Appraisal Support, and the Transition to College Among Underrepresented Students:

This study investigated associations among attachment to caregivers, peer appraisal support, and depressive symptoms during the transition to college among underrepresented college students attendi...
Abstract 297: Prevalence, Predictors, and Functional Consequences of Sub-Clinical Papillary Muscle Infarction Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: While papillary muscle infarction (PMI) with rupture is a devastating complication of ST elevation acute MI (AMI), prevalence and functional consequences of PMI without rupture are unknown. We employed delayed enhancement cardiac MRI (DE-CMR) to assess PMI after AMI. Methods: CMR and echocardiography (echo) were prospectively acquired in a broad cohort early after first AMI (26±11 days). CMR and echo were performed within 1 day and read independently. DE-CMR was used to quantify LV infarct size and to grade PMI, which was scored as partial ( Results: 102 pts were studied (57±13 years, infarct artery: 63% LAD, 28% RCA, 9% LCx). PMI was present in 27%, among whom 22% had complete infarction of the affected papillary and the remainder partial PMI. Among affected pts, 74% had posteromedial PMI. PMI was more frequent in pts with LCX (67%) or RCA (48%) vs those with LAD infarcts (11%; p Conclusions: PMI without rupture occurs in over one fourth of AMI pts, with likelihood increased among those with LCX or RCA infarcts. Extent of PMI is directly related to severity of MR early after AMI.
Use of Double-Gradient Plates To Study Combined Effects of Salt, pH, Monolaurin, and Temperature on Listeria monocytogenes † .

This study evaluated the combined effects of pH, NaCl, incubation temperature, and sublethal concentrations of monolaurin on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes using the double-gradient diffusion technique. L. monocytogenes tolerance to NaCl was greatest (>78 g/liter) at neutral pH (6.8 to 7.2) and increased in the pH range 7.0 to 5.4 as the incubation temperature was lowered. Monolaurin at 2 μg/ml lowered the salt tolerance of L. monocytogenes to 60 g/liter independently of pH. At 4 μg of monolaurin per ml, salt tolerance was reduced to approximately 40 g/liter with no growth occurring at pH 6.0 to 5.4 and 25 g of NaCl per liter. At 8 μg of monolaurin per ml, only a subpopulation of the initial inoculum tolerated 25 g of NaCl per liter at neutral pH (6.5 to 7.5). Monolaurin reduced the tolerance of L. monocytogenes to NaCl and low pH.
Catastrophic Earthquakes and the Prospect of Indirect Loss

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the design and application of a new regional economic model for rapidly assessing the indirect economic consequences of damage to residential structures, manufacturing facilities, and lifelines. The model is based on a computational algorithm which tracks indirect economic dislocations to economic sectors that suddenly can't find outlets for their products or adequate supplies of critical inputs. The two mai things illustrated by model are the affect of relatively modest earthquakes in causing potentially large indirect losses and 2) the futility of attempting to measure indirect losses using post event statistics. The approach is also used to assess the economic fallout from the Kobe disaster. Perhaps most important, indirect loss can be masked by rebuilding expenditures, and vary depending on the accounting stance taken. Most disasters produce some form of supply disturbances which ripple forward to demanders of critical products, and backward to the suppliers of raw and semi-finished ingredients. Earthquakes may produce dislocations in economic sectors not sustaining direct damage. he extent of these losses depends upon such factors as the availability of alterative sources of supply and markets for products, the length of the production disturbance, and deferability of production. Disasters can also produce indirect damages if consumer and producer demands for goods and services are reduced. Indirect losses stem solely from forward and backward linked costs. The National Institute for Buildings Standards (NIBS) Indirect Loss Model is a computational algorithm which accounts for earthquake induced supply shortages (forward linkages) and demand reductions (backward linkages). The NIBS Indirect Loss model was utilized to provide a rough assessment of indirect losses which the Kobe earthquake might engender. ’
Dosing, Not the Dose: Comparing Chronic and Pulsed Silver Nanoparticle Exposures

The environmental impacts of manufactured nanoparticles are often studied using high-concentration pulse-additions of freshly synthesized nanoparticles, while predicted releases are characterized by chronic low-concentration additions of weathered particles. To test the effects in wetlands of addition rate and nanoparticle speciation on water column silver concentrations, ecosystem impacts, and silver accumulation by biota, we conducted a year-long mesocosm experiment. We compared a pulse addition of Ag0-NPs to chronic weekly additions of either Ag0-NPs or sulfidized silver nanoparticles. The initially high water column silver concentrations in the pulse treatment declined such that after 4 weeks it was lower on average than in the two chronic treatments. While the pulse caused a marked increase in dissolved methane in the first week of the experiment, the chronic treatments had smaller increases in methane concentration that were more prolonged between weeks 28–45. Much like water column silver, most org...
An argument for vitamin d, a, and zinc monitoring in cirrhosis

Malnutrition is prevalent in cirrhosis. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, including vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc, are common and have been shown to correlate with survival. Our aim was to review the mechanisms of vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies in cirrhosis and the clinical assessment of affected patients, their outcomes based on the current literature, and management. This is a narrative review including the relevant literature for cirrhosis and vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc deficiencies. Vitamin D deficiency has important effects in cirrhosis, regardless of the cause of chronic liver disease.These effects include associations with fibrosis and outcomes such as infections, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. Vitamin A deficiency is associated with liver disease progression to cirrhosis and clinical decompensation, including occurrence of ascites or hepatic encephalopathy. Zinc deficiency can lead to hepatic encephalopathy and impaired immune function. Such deficiencies correlate with patient survival and disease severity. Caution should be applied when replacing vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc to avoid toxicity. Identification and appropriate treatment of vitamin and mineral deficiencies in cirrhosis may reduce specific nutritional and cirrhosis-related adverse events. Routine monitoring of vitamin A, vitamin D and zinc levels in cirrhosis should be considered.
5 Developing a Successful Bariatric Surgery Program

With nearly two-thirds of the American population deemed obese, there is a greater need to promote improved health, and bariatric surgeons are seeing a greater number of people inquiring and desiring bariatric surgery as a tool to achieve weight loss. Patients undergoing bariatric surgery may do so at dedicated medical centers with the adequate resources to provide such care. Establishing and setting up a bariatric surgery program is a major undertaking that requires a substantial amount of effort, planning, and commitment from the surgeons. It requires the multidisciplinary work by a team of medical staff and physician providers. We discuss in depth the tools needed to start and maintain a bariatric surgery practice. This includes bariatric surgery credentialing requirements, inpatient and outpatient infrastructure needs, personnel needs, education, long-term care, follow-up planning, and the costs of developing a bariatric practice.
Initial kinetic study with a chemical equilibrium analysis of the ZnO(s) + Ti2O3(s) reaction

A constant heat rate thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the kinetics of the reaction ZnO(s) + Ti[sub 2]O[sub 3](s) between 850 and 1,400 K. Experiments were conducted with reactants of two particle size distributions and two molar ratios. The mole fraction equilibrium products were calculated and compared with experimental results. The rate of the reaction is described by an equation of the form: d[alpha]/dt = A exp([minus]E/[sub a]/(RT))(1[minus][alpha])[sup n]. For equal-molar reactants composed of ZnO(s) with a median particle diameter of 1 [mu]m and Ti[sub 2]O[sub 3] of 4 [mu]m, n = 1, E[sub a] = 112 000 J/mol, and A = 90 1/s. The parameters depend on particle size. Products from the reaction are primarily Zn(g) and TiO[sub 2](s), but a side reaction between the product TiO[sub 2] and ZnO produces Zn[sub 2]TiO[sub 4] and perhaps Zn[sub 2]Ti[sub 3]O[sub 8] and ZnTiO[sub 3]. The amount of the titanate produced depends on the molar ratio of the reactants.
An Opus con naturam:: Labor, Care, and Transformation in the Garden

This essay proposes that a garden can be a site and an occasion for a labor with nature, an opus con naturam, to play with the alchemical phrase, a collaboration that can potentially transform both nature within and nature without. A garden, that is, nurtures individuation. A garden embeds culture in the land and informs culture with the processes and needs of the land. Like ego and Self, body and soul, reason and instinct, in practice land and culture are not separate or opposed, but interwoven. The garden is a symbol, then, of that connection, a place of healing, retreat, and labor. Frances Hodgson Burnet’s novel, The Secret Garden, illustrates the healing power of the garden, and an analysis of the labor of gardening suggests how that power works.
Exploring a Whedonverse, the Whedonverses, and the Whedonverse(s): The Shape of Transmedia Storytelling in Joss Whedon’s World(s)

For his exemplar storyworlds, not only as transmediated texts but also as sociocultural commentary, Joss Whedon is one of the most studied auteurs of our time. To better understand why Whedon and the Whedonverse(s) matter, this collection looks to the many ways in which his texts are built, disseminated, and consumed. The chapters within it explore how the narratives within the various storyworlds are not isolated, but rather expansive.
Identification of candidate cancer drivers by integrative Epi-DNA and Gene Expression (iEDGE) data analysis.

The emergence of large-scale multi-omics data warrants method development for data integration. Genomic studies from cancer patients have identified epigenetic and genetic regulators – such as methylation marks, somatic mutations, and somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs), among others – as predictive features of cancer outcome. However, identification of “driver genes” associated with a given alteration remains a challenge. To this end, we developed a computational tool, iEDGE, to model cis and trans effects of (epi-)DNA alterations and identify potential cis driver genes, where cis and trans genes denote those genes falling within and outside the genomic boundaries of a given (epi-)genetic alteration, respectively. iEDGE first identifies the cis and trans gene expression signatures associated with the presence/absence of a particular epi-DNA alteration across samples. It then applies tests of statistical mediation to determine the cis genes predictive of the trans gene expression. Finally, cis and trans effects are annotated by pathway enrichment analysis to gain insights into the underlying regulatory networks. We used iEDGE to perform integrative analysis of SCNAs and gene expression data from breast cancer and 18 additional cancer types included in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Notably, cis gene drivers identified by iEDGE were found to be significantly enriched for known driver genes from multiple compendia of validated oncogenes and tumor suppressors, suggesting that the remainder are of equal importance. Furthermore, predicted drivers were enriched for functionally relevant cancer genes with amplification-driven dependencies, which are of potential prognostic and therapeutic value. All the analyses results are accessible at https://montilab.bu.edu/iEDGE. In summary, integrative analysis of SCNAs and gene expression using iEDGE successfully identified known cancer driver genes and putative cancer therapeutic targets across 19 cancer types in the TCGA. The proposed method can easily be applied to the integration of gene expression profiles with other epi-DNA assays in a variety of disease contexts.
Virtual Visits Versus In-Person Visits and Appointment No-Show Rates

Introduction Published guidelines recommend that patients being discharged home after hospitalization for HF should be offered a 7 to 14 day post-discharge outpatient clinic visit as a way to increase engagement with care and reduce risk of poor outcomes (ACCF/AHA Class IIa recommendation). At our institution no-show rates for the 7-day post-discharge outpatient visit in this population are as high as 76%, suggesting poor engagement. A reason that patients may not show up for in-person visits may be related to the complexity, inconvenience, or difficulty of getting to the appointment. Virtual visits, secure telemedicine videoconferencing between a clinician and a patient at home using any available consumer device with audiovisual capabilities, are available for use via our institution. We hypothesized that substituting in-person visits with virtual visits may increase patient engagement with medical care therefore reducing no-show rates. Methods Virtual Visits in Heart Failure Care Transitions (VIV-HF) is a randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03675828) comparing 7-day post-discharge virtual visits to in-person outpatient clinic visits among patients hospitalized for HF. The primary outcome is appointment no-show rates. The secondary outcomes are a composite and individual components of unscheduled all-cause first occurrence of hospital readmission, emergency department visit, or death, in the first 45 days after hospital discharge. We estimated that the no-show rate in the in-person arm would be 76% based on our historical experience, and 51% in the virtual visit arm. Based on this we estimated that we would need to follow approximately 108 patients to provide the study with a power of 80% to detect a difference of 25% between the study groups, at an overall two-sided alpha level of 0.05. Results As of the date of this submission July 1, 2019, we have enrolled 100 patients (93% of goal). We anticipate finishing recruitment and ascertainment of the primary end-point by mid-August 2019. Conclusions ViV-HF is testing the hypothesis that substituting in-person visits with virtual visits may increase patient engagement with medical care therefore reducing appointment no-show rates. Results will be presented as a late breaking clinical trial at the Heart Failure Society of America Annual Scientific Meeting in Philadelphia, in September 2019.
Can native-speaker corpora help explain L2 acquisition of tense and aspect?: A study of the “input”

This study investigates the distributional patterns of verb form frequencies in the Spanish past tense (the Preterit and the Imperfect) in the Corpus del Espanol ( Davies, 2002 ). Following a usage-based approach, we examine the potential influence of input frequency as a driving factor in L2 learning. Results provide support for the existence of a distributional bias in L1 Spanish, with several telic predicates more often occurring in the Preterit and several atelic predicates in the Imperfect. Results also demonstrate that the distribution of verbs in the Preterit and the Imperfect is Zipfian, with the most frequent verbs overall accounting for the majority of all the tokens. Finally, an analysis of the different meanings of the Imperfect demonstrates clear differences in frequency of use with the continuous meaning as the most frequently expressed meaning, followed by habituality and progressivity. Implications for research and teaching are discussed.
Elite making and increasing access to cosmopolitan capital: DC youth experiences in education abroad

This paper focuses on the production of cosmopolitan capital among students participating in the DC Public Schools Study Abroad Programme, an initiative that has been lauded as shifting the narrati...
The death and life of the urban commonwealth, by Margaret Kohn: New York, Oxford University Press, 2016

Private property rights are fundamental to our understanding of cities and urban policy. Margaret Kohn challenges our thinking about these rights in The Death and Life of the Urban Commonwealth. Ko...
Invertibility of the 3-core of Erdos Renyi Graphs with Growing Degree

Let $A \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$ be the adjacency matrix of an Erdős Renyi graph $G(n, d/n)$ for $d = \omega(1)$ and $d \leq 3\log(n)$. We show that as $n$ goes to infinity, with probability that goes to $1$, the adjacency matrix of the $3$-core of $G(n, d/n)$ is invertible.
Autoimmune Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Astrocytopathy in Children: A Retrospective Analysis of 35 Cases

Objective: To analyze the clinical manifestations, imaging, electroencephalography, treatment, and prognosis of 35 cases of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A) in children. Methods: Children hospitalized in the Department of Neurology, Hunan Children’s Hospital, China, between January 2015 and June 2021, owing to autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system were subjected to a cell-based assay (CBA). The assay identified 40 children positive for GFAP-immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibodies in the serum and/or the cerebrospinal fluid. Based on clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics, five children who were only positive for GFAP-IgG antibodies in serum were excluded, and the remaining 35 children were diagnosed with autoimmune GFAP-A. The clinical data derived from the 35 children were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 35 children, including 23 males and 12 females with a mean age of 6.3 ± 0.6 years , manifested clinical symptoms of fever (62.9%), headache (42.9%), convulsions (42.9%), abnormal mental behavior (51.4%), disorders of consciousness (54.3%), visual disturbance (22.9%), ataxia (11.4%), paralysis (40%), and autonomic dysfunction (25.7%). One child exhibited only the clinical symptom of peripheral facial nerve palsy. Eleven out of 35 children were also positive for other antibodies. In addition to the common overlapping autoimmune syndromes, one case of autoimmune GFAP-A also manifested as Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis. Linear periventricular enhancement upon MRI was significantly less frequent in children (8.5%) than in adults. In pediatric patients, MRI contrast enhancement was principally seen in the meninges and brain lobes. Although repeated relapse (17.1%) and sequelae symptoms (20%) occurred in some cases, most children showed a favorable prognosis. Spearman’s rank correlation showed that the antibody titer was not significantly associated with the severity of the initial disease conditions. Conclusions: The disease diagnosis in children seropositive for GFAP antibodies only should receive a comprehensive diagnosis based on their clinical symptoms, imaging, electroencephalographic characteristics, and treatment responses. Some patients with relapses should receive repeated gamma globulin and corticosteroid therapy or the addition of immunosuppressants to their therapeutic regimen, and slow-dose tapering of corticosteroids and extended treatment are recommended for patients with overlapping autoimmune syndromes.
Enhanced flavor–nutrient conditioning in obese rats on a high-fat, high-carbohydrate choice diet

Abstract Through flavor–nutrient conditioning rats learn to prefer and increase their intake of flavors paired with rewarding, postingestive nutritional consequences. Since obesity is linked to altered experience of food reward and to perturbations of nutrient sensing, we investigated flavor–nutrient learning in rats made obese using a high fat/high carbohydrate (HFHC) choice model of diet-induced obesity (ad libitum lard and maltodextrin solution plus standard rodent chow). Forty rats were maintained on HFHC to induce substantial weight gain, and 20 were maintained on chow only (CON). Among HFHC rats, individual differences in propensity to weight gain were studied by comparing those with the highest proportional weight gain (obesity prone, OP) to those with the lowest (obesity resistant, OR). Sensitivity to postingestive food reward was tested in a flavor–nutrient conditioning protocol. To measure initial, within-meal stimulation of flavor acceptance by post-oral nutrient sensing, first, in sessions 1–3, baseline licking was measured while rats consumed grape- or cherry-flavored saccharin accompanied by intragastric (IG) water infusion. Then, in the next three test sessions they received the opposite flavor paired with 5 ml of IG 12% glucose. Finally, after additional sessions alternating between the two flavor-infusion contingencies, preference was measured in a two-bottle choice between the flavors without IG infusions. HFHC-OP rats showed stronger initial enhancement of intake in the first glucose infusion sessions than CON or HFHC-OR rats. OP rats also most strongly preferred the glucose-paired flavor in the two-bottle choice. These differences between OP versus OR and CON rats suggest that obesity is linked to responsiveness to postoral nutrient reward, consistent with the view that flavor–nutrient learning perpetuates overeating in obesity.
Putting on the breaks: regulating organelle movements in plant cells(f)

A striking characteristic of plant cells is that their organelles can move rapidly through the cell. This movement, commonly referred to as cytoplasmic streaming, has been observed for over 200 years, but we are only now beginning to decipher the mechanisms responsible for it. The identification of the myosin motor proteins responsible for these movements allows us to probe the regulatory events that coordinate organelle displacement with normal cell physiology. This review will highlight several recent developments that have provided new insight into the regulation of organelle movement, both at the cellular level and at the molecular level. [
Sleep is increased by weight gain and decreased by weight loss in mice

OBESITY IS A MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEM FOUND IN MODERN SOCIETIES AND IS STILL INCREASING IN MANY COUNTRIES. ABOUT 60% OF ADULTS ARE overweight or obese in the United States.1 Numerous studies indicate that obesity is closely associated with sleep disturbances, which are also a major health problem. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is one of the most common complaints of obese patients, and is also the most frequent complaint in a sleep clinic. Obesity is often associated with sleep disordered breathing, which might contribute to EDS. However, independent studies from different groups indicate that objective EDS occurs in obese patients regardless of the presence of sleep apnea.2–4 A study of the prevalence of EDS in a large general, randomized sample involving over 1,700 subjects also suggests that obesity is a significant risk factor for EDS independent of sleep disordered breathing and age.5 However, these studies are cross-sectional and do not provide any direction on the causality of the association. We and others have recently observed that sleep is significantly increased in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model.6,7 In the DIO mice, the increase of sleep was significantly correlated with the increase of body weight, but not the increase of daily energy intake. Also, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice sleep more compared to non-obese controls.8 In both DIO and ob/ob mice, sleep was primarily or exclusively increased during the dark period, the active time period in mice, consistent with the increased sleepiness during the daytime in obese humans. In order to understand further the direction of the association between obesity and excessive sleep, we examined sleep alterations in mice after weight gain and weight loss, induced by high-fat diet and regular lab chow (after the development of DIO), respectively. We hypothesized that the increases of sleep in obesity could be reversed by weight loss.
Assessing and Improving Outreach through Objectives

This paper attempts to marry two new ideas: the assessment of service as scholarship for promotion and tenure and the use of performance-based agreements in tenure decisions. Whereas much has been written in the last few years about how colleges and universities might assess and reward service as a form of scholarship (Lynton 1995; Driscoll and Lynton 1999), less has been written about reforming tenure through performance-based agreements, otherwise known as tenure by objectives (Chait 1998). This article suggests that by marrying the two, institutions might provide faculty with useful feedback to improve the quality of their outreach, reduce ambiguity about what is expected, and improve the chances that faculty can effectively make the case for service as scholarship for tenure and promotion.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of thiol/disulfide chemistry: I. Kinetics and equilibria of the reduction of captopril disulfide and captopril-glutathione mixed disulfide by glutathione

Abstract The kinetics and equilibria of the reduction of captopril disulfide (CpSSCp) and captopril-glutathione mixed disulfide (GSSCp) by glutathione (GSH) have been studied by 1H and 13C NMR. Reduction takes place by thiol/disulfide exchange: GSH + CpSSCp ⇄ GSSCp + CpSH GSH + GSSCp ⇄ GSSG + CpSH . Equilibrium constants were determined as a function of pH for the two reactions; at physiological pH, the equilibrium constants for the first and second reactions are 1.46 and 0.300, respectively. The equilibrium constant for the overall reaction is 0.436, which corresponds to a difference in formal electrode potential for the two half reactions ( E GSSG GSH o ′ - E CpSSCp CpSH o ′ ) of 0.011 V; i.e., CpSH is more strongly reducing than GSH. Rate constants were determined as a function of pD for the forward and reverse reactions of both steps. The results indicate that, at physiological pH, the rate predicted for the in vivo reduction of CpSSCp by endogenous thiols is much slower than that oberved experimentally, which supports previous conclusions that reduction of CpSSCp to CpSH involves both enzymatic and nonenzymatic, i.e., thiol/disulfide exchange, processes.
Bit error rate optimization of DS-CDMA receivers

In search of acceptable cost versus performance trade-off points for DS-CDMA receivers linear tap-weight filters are considered. Based on stochastic approximation concepts a recursive algorithm is developed for the adaptive optimization of linear filters in the minimum Bit Error Rate (BER) sense. The recursive form is decision driven and distribution free. For AWGN channels, theoretical analysis of the BER surface of linear filter receivers identifies the subset of the linear filter space where the optimal receiver lies and offers a formal proof of guaranteed global optimization with probability one for the 2-user case. To the extent that the output of a linear DS-CDMA filter can be approximated by a Gaussian random variable, a minimum-mean-square-error optimized linear filter approximates the minimum BER solution. Numerical and simulation results indicate that for realistic AWGN DS-CDMA systems with reasonably low signature cross-correlations the linear minimum BER filter and the MMSE filter exhibit approximately the same performance. The linear minimum BER receiver is superior, however, when either the signature cross-correlation is high or the channel noise is non-Gaussian.
Labor and the Federal System

The various aspects in which this problem [of accommodating state and federal laws] comes before the Court are seldom easy of solution. Decisions ultimately depend on judgment in balancing overriding considerations making for the requirement of an exclusive nation-wide regime in a particular field of legal control and respect for the allowable area within which the forty-eight States may enforce their diverse notions of policy.1
Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Bio-Acoustic Scatterers in Complex Media

Abstract : LONG TERM GOALS To develop a methodology for extracting the relevant spatial and temporal scales of bio-acoustic scatterers based on multi bi-static long-range measurements in shallow water waveguides. OBJECTIVE Characterization of biologically-induced ocean reverberation features is key to effectively parametrize acoustic models and thus ultimately improve the detection performance of long-range SONAR systems. Ocean reverberation signals measured in shallow water can be thought to result from the combined effect of both two-way multipath acoustic propagation and the intrinsic scattering function of compact (e.g. fish aggregates or submerged target) or extended (e.g. rough seabed) acoustic inhomogeneities. In particular, multipath effects in shallow water effectively yield multiple probing of the complex scattering function of fish aggregates or marine mammals. This complexity of the acoustic propagation and biological scattering prevents the use of conventional remote sensing techniques for mid-frequency long-range SONAR systems.
Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Biological Ties and Self-Investment as Sources of Positive Illusions About Children and Stepchildren

Abstract Positive illusions appear to be an important component of close relationships, including romantic and parenting relationships. Previous research suggests that parents hold unrealistically positive perceptions about their children, but it is unclear whether these illusions develop as a result of a biological tie or of adopting the parental role. This study investigated the source of positive parental illusions by examining whether stepparents engage in such illusions. If stepparents exhibit positive parental illusions, this would suggest that these illusions develop through the adoption of the parental role. The sample included 67 couples with a stepchild aged 3 to 13. Both biological parents and stepparents exhibited positive parental illusions, but these illusions were stronger in biological parents. Measures of the extent to which stepparents adopted the parental role were directly related to positive illusions about their stepchild. These findings suggest that positive parental illusions devel...
Lower daily energy expenditure as measured by a respiratory chamber in subjects with spinal cord injury compared with control subjects

BACKGROUND This study was designed to determine the effect of chronic spinal cord injury on daily energy expenditure. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that both resting and total energy expenditure would be lower in spinal cord-injured (SCI) subjects than in control subjects because of lower sympathetic nervous system activity and reduced levels of physical activity in SCI subjects. DESIGN Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure (24-h EE), resting metabolic rate (RMR), sleeping metabolic rate, spontaneous physical activity, the thermic effect of food (TEF), and 24-h respiratory quotient were measured by using a respiratory chamber in 10 male SCI subjects (injury ranged from level C6 to L3) and 59 age-matched, noninjured, male control subjects. RESULTS The 24-h EE was lower in SCI than in control subjects (7824 +/- 305 compared with 9941 +/- 188 kJ, P < 0.01). After adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass, and age, 24-h EE was still lower (-753 kJ/d, P < 0.01) in SCI than in control subjects. Spontaneous physical activity measured by a radar system was also significantly lower (4.6 +/- 0.6% compared with 6.5 +/- 0.3% of time, P < 0.01) in SCI than in control subjects. In absolute value (7347 +/- 268 compared with 9251 +/- 1326 kJ/d, P < 0.01) or after adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass, and age (-678 kJ/d, P < 0.01), RMR was also lower in SCI than in control subjects. TEF was significantly lower in SCI than in control subjects (987 +/- 142 compared with 1544 +/- 213 kJ/d, representing 12.9% and 15.9% of total energy intake, respectively, P < 0.05). The sleeping metabolic rate and 24-h respiratory quotient did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS The 24-h EE was significantly lower in SCI than in control subjects. This difference can be explained by the lower levels of physical activity, and lower RMR and TEF values, in SCI subjects.
Description of the types and content of phase 1 clinical trial consent conversations in practice.

Background or aims:All agree that informed consent is a process, but past research has focused content analyses on post-consent or on one conversation in the consent series. Our aim was to identify and describe the content of different types of consent conversations.Methods:We conducted a secondary analysis of 38 adult oncology phase 1 consent conversations, which were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and qualitatively analyzed for type and content.Results:Four types of consent conversations were identified: (1) priming, (2) patient-centered options, (3) trial centered, and (4) decision made. The analysis provided a robust description of the content discussed in each type of conversation. Two themes, supportive care and prognosis, were rarely mentioned. Four themes clustered in the patient-centered (type 2) conversations: affirmation of honesty, comfort, progression, and offer of supportive care.Conclusion:We identified and described four types of consent conversations. Our novel findings include (1) f...
Toward a post-multicase methodological approach

This article posits the use of adapted multicase methodology as appropriate to the exploration of participant cases and context that are fragmented, fluid, and interconnected artefacts of hypermediated postmodern experiences. This paper attempts to deconstruct conventional interpretations of “case” and “context,” in an effort to propose a methodological approach attuned to the boundary-less-ness and hybridity of the postmodern milieu. For illustrative purposes, adapted multicase methodology is employed toward exploring the gender identity construction and enactment of four self-identified female gamers.
Formation of A Dihaloenone of Homoadamantanone

Abstract Adamantanone is converted to a (Z)-bromoiodomethylidene homoadamantanone via a sequence involving ethynyl Grignard addition, conversion to a bromoalkynol and treatment with iodine and [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and aliesterases of fingerling channel catfish by chlorpyrifos, parathion, and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF)

Abstract Serine esterases can be inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. The in vitro potency of the organophosphorus pesticide DEF and oxons of the phosphorothionate insecticides chlorpyrifos (chlorpyrifos-oxon, Cpxn) and parathion (paraoxon, Pxn) were determined for brain, gill, liver, muscle, and plasma for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and gill, liver, and plasma aliesterases (ALiE). AChE activity was inhibited less than 15% in all tissues in the presence of 1 mM DEF®. AChE I50 values for Cpxn were 28–33 nM, and for Pxn were 446–578 nM. ALiE I50 values for Cpxn were 0.1–0.2 nM, for DEF were 24–163 nM, and for Pxn were 6–46 nM. Fish were exposed to chlorpyrifos (Cp), parathion (Pth), DEF, and combinations of the phosphorothionates with DEF for 4 h followed by a 384-h recovery period. AChE inhibition following Cp and Pth exposures was rapid. Cp led to more persistent inhibition than Pth. DEF treatments yielded low levels of AChE inhibition in brain and muscle, and high levels of inhibition in gill, liver, and plasma. In vitro and in vivo results suggest that DEF's disposition and/or mode of action are different than those of Cp or Pth. Exposure to DEF resulted in persistent, high level inhibition of ALiE activity. Greater AChE inhibition in DEF plus Cp or Pth treatments was not evident, suggesting that ALiEs do not serve to appreciably protect AChE in channel catfish, even though ALiEs are inherently more sensitive to inhibition.
The Chosen Few: How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70–1492. By Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012. Pp. xvii, 323. $39.50.)

In this well‐researched and wide‐reaching book, Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein examine Jewish history from the rabbinic through the medieval periods, utilizing an economics lens that address...
Typhoon Structure as Revealed by Aircraft Reconnaissance. Part II: Structural Variability

Abstract This is the second of two papers on the structure of northwest Pacific tropical cyclones as revealed by U.S. Air Force aircraft reconnaissance. This paper describes the varying structure of the tropical cyclone's outer-radius wind profile in relation to its inner-core intensity or minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) and eye-size characteristics. We explore this inner- to outer-radius structural relationship and its variability for the full range of cyclone central pressures, outer-core (1°–2.5° radius) wind strengths, and for radial extent of 15 m s−1 (30 kt) and 25 m s−1 (50 kt) surface winds. Results show that outer-radius wind strength and inner-core intensity can vary greatly and that there is only a weak relationship between these parameters. However, if information is available on whether an eye-wall cloud exists and what the size of the eye is, then a significant reduction in the wide variance between MSLP and outer wind radius is observed.
The Integration of Behavioral Health Interventions in Children's Health Care: Services, Science, and Suggestions

Because the integration of mental or behavioral health services in pediatric primary care is a national priority, a description and evaluation of the interventions applied in the healthcare setting is warranted. This article examines several intervention research studies based on alternative models for delivering behavioral health care in conjunction with comprehensive pediatric care. This review describes the diverse methods applied to different clinical problems, such as brief mental health skills, clinical guidelines, and evidence-based practices, and the empirical outcomes of this research literature. Next, several key treatment considerations are discussed to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of these interventions. Some practical suggestions for overcoming key service barriers are provided to enhance the capacity of the practice to deliver behavioral health care. There is moderate empirical support for the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical utility of these interventions for treating internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Practical strategies to extend this work and address methodological limitations are provided that draw upon recent frameworks designed to simplify the treatment enterprise (e.g., common elements). Pediatric primary care has become an important venue for providing mental health services to children and adolescents due, in part, to its many desirable features (e.g., no stigma, local setting, familiar providers). Further adaptation of existing delivery models may promote the delivery of effective integrated interventions with primary care providers as partners designed to address mental health problems in pediatric healthcare.
Guilty but mentally ill: Reform of the insanity defense in Illinois

In 1981 Illinois joined several other states by passing a “guilty but mentally ill” statute. Passed as a response to perceived inadequacies in the existing insanity defense, the statute was intended to protect society better, to provide treatment for offenders, and to compel the offender to assume greater responsibility for his or her criminal acts. This study, based on court data and responses to a survey of state prosectors, suggests that the statute has not been successful in reaching its major objectives. GBMI offenders often may be placed on probation, infrequently receive treatment when institutionalized, and may use the plea to absolve themselves of responsibility for their acts.
Effects of background event rate and critical signal amplitude on vigilance performance.

Subjects monitored a display consisting of the repetitive presentation of pairs of movements of a bar of light. A neutral background event, for which no overt response was required, was a double deflection of 24 mm. The critical signal for detection was a longer deflection in the second movement within an event. Detection probability was greater for incremental excursions of 33% relative to 8.3% of the base movement. This effect was enhanced twofold when the event rate in which the signals were embedded was 21 as compared to 6 events/min. The results are considered in terms of the elicited observing rate hypothesis proposed by Jerison (1970).
Ectopic Hamartomatous Thymoma A Case Report with Literature Review

The authors report an example of an unusual lower neck lesion, ectopic hamartomatous thymoma. Like other examples of this entity, the lesion was well marginated and characterized by cysts lined by squamous epithelium, adipose tissue, and spindle cells. The lesion was initially mistaken for a malignant neoplasm (at the time of frozen section) and the correct interpretation was rendered upon review of the permanent sections. They review the literature and clinicopathologic differential diagnosis of this entity.