cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral thermoregulation by juvenile spring and fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, during smoltification

Fall chinook salmon evolved to emigrate during the summer months. The shift in the temperature preference we observed in smolting fall chinook but not spring chinook salmon may reflect a phylogenetic adaptation to summer emigration by (1) providing directional orientation as fall chinook salmon move into the marine environment, (2) maintaining optimal gill function during emigration and seawater entry, and/or (3) resetting thermoregulatory set-points to support physiological homeostasis once smolted fish enter the marine environment. Phylogenetically determined temperature adaptations and responses to thermal stress may not protect fall chinook salmon from the recent higher summer water temperatures, altered annual thermal regimes, and degraded cold water refugia that result from hydropower regulation of the Columbia and Snake rivers. The long-term survival of fall chinook salmon will likely require restoration of normal annual thermographs and rigorous changes in land use practices to protect critical thermal refugia and control maximum summer water temperatures in reservoirs.
Biosynthesis of Indole-3-Acetic Acid by the Pine Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Pisolithus tinctorius.

Previous work has indicated that anatomical and morphological changes (stunting and dichotomy) in roots of various conifers may be influenced by plant-growth-regulating substances secreted by mycorrhizae. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has been tentatively identified as a major auxin produced by some selected ectomycorrhizae. We report the isolation and detection of IAA as a secondary metabolite from Pisolithus tinctorius by thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), enzyme-linked immunosorbent (monoclonal antibody) assay (ELISA), and unequivocal identification by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The thin-layer chromatography methods for auxin isolation described here are novel, with the use of heptane-acetone-glacial acetic acid as the migrating solvent and formaldehyde, H 2 SO 4 , and vanadate in detection. The acidic extract of the culture supernatant was methylated with ethereal diazomethane to detect IAA as methyl-3-IAA by HPLC, ELISA, and GC-MS. The quantitative amount of IAA detected ranged from 4 to 5 μmol liter −1 by HPLC and ELISA. Another unidentified metabolite was detected by GC-MS with a typical indole nucleus ( m/z = 130), indicating that it could be an intermediate in auxin metabolism. Plant response ( Pseudotsuga menziesii, Douglas fir) was monitored upon inoculation of P. tinctorius and l-tryptophan. There was a consistent increase in plant height and stem diameter as a result of the two treatments, with statistical differences in dry weights of the shoots and roots. Images
The Militarization of Gender and Sexuality in the Iraq War

There is an intimate connection linking gender, sexuality, and war: calls to arms by men to defend women and children, intense camaraderie of men in arms, men’s sustained and vigorous resistance to military service by women and homosexuals, mass rape and sexual servitude in warfare, survival sex by refugees and non-combatants in war zones, sexual commerce surrounding military bases and in’ rest and recreation’ destinations (Mosse 1996; Johnson 2000; Moon 1997; Sturdevant/Stoltzfus 1992; Enloe 1990, 2007). There also are the sexualized depictions of both sides in armed conflicts: from ‘our’ men who are honorable and virile, to ‘their’ men who are perverted and/or impotent; from ‘our’ women who are virtuous and vulnerable, to ‘their’ women who are promiscuous and treacherous (Ducat 2004; Goldstein 2001); and there is the phallic discourse of ‘war talk’: from weaponry — guns, bullets, missiles, and bombs, to military campaigns — assaults, penetration, conquest, and surrender (Cohn 1993; Cooke/Wollacott 1993). Just as there is a military-industrial complex that depends on war for profits and growth, war-making depends on a military-sexual complex to recruit, motivate, and retain military personnel (Hartung 2001; Nagel 1998, 2003).
Somatomedin generation by perfused livers.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses somatomedin (SM) generation by perfused livers. In the method described in the chapter, livers of normal and hypophysectomized rats weighing 85–150 gm were used. Livers were perfused with Waymouth's medium in a simple apparatus. Total liver ischemia was less than 10 seconds, and relatively normal lactate pyruvate levels were maintained in the perfusate. The apparatus permits recirculation of medium for any desired period and rapid change of medium. The SM activity on costal cartilages from a single hypophysectomized rat was measured. To establish a baseline against which to measure the effects of added GH, livers from both normal and hypophysectomized rats were perfused for a total of 3 hours with six 30-min changes of medium without added GH. The chapter presents the SO 4 uptake of cartilage incubated in the perfusates of livers of normal and hypophysectomized rats. Results are expressed as the percentage of the SO 4 uptake of cartilage incubated in medium alone. It was found that endogenous SM activity in the perfusates of the livers of normal rats (normal perfusates) was initially much greater than buffer levels and fell gradually to near-buffer levels over the first five medium changes.
The Response of Maize Seedlings of Different Ages to Hypoxic and Anoxic Stress (Changes in Induction of Adh1 mRNA, ADH Activity, and Survival of Anoxia)

Previously we showed that there is only a transient induction of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (Adh1) transcripts and only a small induction of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme activity in root tips of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings subjected to strict anaerobiosis without prior acclimation by exposure to low O2 (D.L. Andrews, B.G. Cobb, J.R. Johnson, M.C. Drew [1993] Plant Physiol 101: 403-414). Acclimation of root tips of seedlings by low O2 before anoxia appeared to be necessary for full induction of ADH. Here we have examined the effect of seedling age on changes in the protein content, induction of Adh1 transcripts, and ADH enzyme activity in 5-mm root tips, root axes, and shoots of maize (cv TX5855). Their ability to survive anoxia was also recorded. Some seedlings were sparged with 4% O2 for 6 or 18 h (a hypoxic pretreatment) followed by anoxia (sparged with N2) for up to 48 h. Other seedlings were not acclimated before anoxia. In general, younger seedlings had higher initial (aerobic) levels of total protein, Adh1 transcripts, and ADH activity than did seedlings that were 2 d older. For younger seedlings, anoxia alone induced Adh1 transcripts, which reached a peak within 6 to 12 h, whereas ADH activity increased throughout the 48-h treatment. For older seedlings, anoxia caused only a small, transient induction of Adh1 transcripts or ADH activity. For seedlings of either age, hypoxia induced Adh1 transcripts and ADH activity, both of which were increased further by subsequent anoxia in the younger seedlings but to a lesser extent in the older seedlings. Despite differences in ADH activity, roots of seedlings of either age showed a similar resistance to anoxia. Thus, acclimation of maize seedlings to survive anoxia does not appear to be related to induction of high levels of ADH activity.
Wormholes made without massless matter fields

Abstract We derive the equations for wormholes in a general theory of scalar fields coupled to gravity, and study solutions to these equations in the theory of a massive complex scalar field with no interactions other than minimal coupling to gravity. We find solutions for all values of the wormhole size and find closed-form expressions in the limits of very large and very small size (compared to the scalar Compton wavelength). For small (large) size the charge carried by the wormhole is proportional to the second (first) power of the size. We explicitly verify that, on a scale larger than the wormhole size, the leading effect of an insertion of a wormhole end is the same as that of an operator insertion. In the small-size limit, we obtain a closed-form expression (up to a multiplicative numerical constant) for this operator in one-loop order.
A new radiolabeled protein renin substrate

Abstract A [14C]carbamyl protein substrate for renin has been prepared from purified hog substrate. The rates of reaction with human and hog renin have been measured and compared with the rates found using the unmodified protein substrate. The product of the reaction, [14C]carbamyl angiotensin I, is extracted into butanol or ethanol prior to counting. As in the case of purified hog substrate A, the labeled renin substrate is hydrolyzed at a low rate by pseudorenin. At pH 6 human renin cleaves the [14C]carbamyl renin substrate at twice the rate found with the unmodified substrate. In contrast, hog renin at pH 7.5 acts on the radiocyanated renin substrate at one-third the rate at which it hydrolyzes unmodified substrate. The pH optimum for the human renin reaction is 7.2. The sensitivity of the method is at present limited by the magnitude of the blank 14C values obtained under experimental conditions.
MODELING OF NON-HBL VHE γ-RAY BLAZARS

This is a summary of recent modeling results of three newly detected TeV blazars of the intermediate BL Lac object (IBL) and flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) sub-classes: W Comae, 3C 66A, and 3C 279. For model fits to the spectral energy distributions of W Comae and 3C 66A, a non-negligible contribution from a source of soft radiation external to the jets of these blazars is strongly preferred over pure synchrotron-self-Compton or synchrotron-proton-blazar models, respectively. This indicates that IBLs are truly intermediate between the "classical" TeV blazars (high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects) and FSRQs. The VHE γ-ray detection of the FSRQ 3C 279 poses severe challenges for leptonic models, and seems to favor a hadronic origin of the high-energy emission. However, even a hadronic model suffers from problems with extreme energy requirements.
Marine natural products: fistularin-1, -2 and -3 from the sponge Aplysina fistularis forma fulva

Three new high molecular weight bromotyrosine-related metabolites, 3a, 4a and 5a, were isolated from the sponge Aplysina ( Verongia) fistularis forma fulva, and their structures were determined from high resolution 1H NMR and other spectroscopic data. The new metabolites are formally derived by combination of major segments of two known Aplysina metabolites 1a and 2.
The Presence of the Fifth Component of Complement (C5) in Rabbit Uterine Flushings in Relation to Reproductive State

The fifth component of complement (C5) has been detected in rabbit uterine flushings. The C5 activity was evaluated using a hemolytic assay which requires the use of a C5-depleted reagent (C5D) prepared by affinity chromatography of normal human serum. In the absence of C5D, there was no hemolysis of antibody-sensitized erythrocytes by rabbit uterine flushings, whereas the presence of the C5D reagent resulted in substantial hemolysis. The amount of hemolysis was correlated with the reproductive state of the rabbits, with higher amounts of hemolysis (expressed per mg uterine flushing protein) evident in estrous rabbits. In addition, the amounts of immunoglobulin G (IgG), albumin, and total protein were also determined in the uterine flushings. The amounts of total protein and IgG were increased in day-6 pregnant animals compared to estrus while the amount of albumin per ml uterine flushing was not significantly changed.
Axillary Node Micrometastases: Detection and Biologic Significance.

▪ Abstract: Axillary lymph node status is the single most important predictor of overall survival in patients with breast cancer. Standard histopathologic examination of regional lymph nodes relies on one microscopic section of each node to detect metastatic disease. The spectrum of metastatic disease in a lymph node ranges from complete replacement of the node by tumor to isolated nests of tumor cells in the subcapsular sinus. The clinical significance of micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes has changed over time. Micrometastases are defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer as tumor foci less than or equal to 2 mm in greatest dimension. Retrospective studies of node-negative breast cancer patients employing intensive histopathologic examination of the axillary lymph nodes consistently show that up to a third of these patients are actually node positive. Studies published through the mid-1980s failed to show any significant effect of these micrometastases on survival. More recent studies (mid-1980s–1997) with more than 10 years of clinical follow-up have come to a different conclusion. It now appears that micrometastases are associated with a small, but statistically significant, decrease in tumor-free survival and overall survival, as compared with truly node-negative breast cancer patients. Additional slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin (“levels”), immunohistochemistry for cytokeratin proteins (found only in epithelial cells), and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for cytokeratin protein mRNA have all been used to detect micrometastases in recently published studies. The methodology utilized to detect micrometastases clearly affects the sensitivity of their detection. The current issue is the most appropriate method of detection of these small foci of tumor, given technical and cost considerations. The clinical significance of single malignant cells in the subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes, identified only by immunohistochemistry or molecular techniques, remains unclear. ▪
The Presence of Loose Anagen Hairs Obtained by Hair Pull in the Normal Population

To help determine the specificity of "loose anagen" (LA) hairs in Loose Anagen Syndrome, the presence or absence of LA hairs on a gentle but firm hair pull was evaluated in 110 normal subjects from a 0.5 to 83 y old. In children ≤10 y old, 61% had LA hairs on hair pull evaluation and 73% of all hairs obtained were LA hairs. In contrast, LA hairs were found in only two of 87 (2%) normal postpubescent subjects. The number of LA hairs was small in normal children (1–2 per hair pull) and a maximum of one out of every 6–7 hair pulls in adults, far less than that reported with Loose Anagen Syndrome. Although the mere presence of LA hairs on a hair pull test is thus not specific for LAS in children, the number per hair pull may have diagnostic significance. Correlation of these findings with the various hair disorder phenotypes currently termed Loose Anagen Syndrome will be important.
GRAIN GROWTH AND RESIDUAL STRESS IN BST THIN FILMS

ABSTRACT Residual stress plays an important role in the determination of properties and lifetime of thin film dielectric films. While residual stress can be caused by a variety of factors, grain growth is of particular importance. Using theoretical approaches the stress due to grain growth and coalescence are predicted for magnesium doped barium strontium titanate thin films on magnesium oxide single crystal substrates. Grain growth leads to large compressive stresses for larger grains, while grain coalescence yields extremely high tensile stresses in very thin films. How stress affects defect incorporation, stress relaxation pathways, and their impact on film properties are examined.
Is there a natural suicide rate for a society

It was argued that no society could be free of suicide. To test this, from published literature 27 social variables related to suicide were set to zero in the multiple regression equations, and the estimated suicide rate was observed to be positive and nonzero.
Experimental constraints on the theory of high-tc superconductivity.

Analysis of the many experiments on high-temperature superconductivity indicate several essential aspects of any theory. The conductivity and other transport properties as a function of disorder, temperature, and frequency point to a non-Fermi liquid-like behavior, whereas photoemission experiments and magnetic properties indicate the presence of a Fermi surface in momentum space. To reconcile this apparent contradiction, a new type of electron liquid, called a Luttinger liquid, has been postulated, and the present article aims to show the need for this postulate. Theory and experiment indicate that the suitable phenomenological electronic structure model of the CuO layers is that of the one-band Hubbard model. It is also argued that experiment clearly indicates that interlayer interactions strongly affect the superconducting transition temperature, Tc, consistent with the fact that no theoretical calculations on two-dimensional Hubbard models have resulted in the prediction of high transition temperatures, and that anyon models are not favored by experiment.
The impact of direct trade controls and an overvalued exchange rate on factor proportions in manufacturing

This paper is an analysis of certain aspects of manufacturing development under a regime of import and foreign exchange controls, where such controls are accompanied by an overvalued exchange rate. The analytical framework is a modification of the ‘effective rate of protection’ analysis. The argument proceeds from the fact that the overvalued rate represents a subsidy on imported capital equipment and intermediate goods. Two implications are drawn from the analysis. First and most important, the subsidy on imported intermediate goods will exacerbate the oft‐noted tendency of import‐substitute industry to take the form of ‘processing and packaging’ operations with minimal domestic value added. Second, the subsidy on imported capital equipment will give entrepreneurs an incentive to substitute imported capital equipment for domestic labour.
Photokinetics in single-crystal cuprous oxide

Abstract The minority carrier lifetime of cuprous oxide is measured on single-crystal samples equilibrated at various oxygen pressures, and its dependence on oxygen partial pressure is shown. This dependence supports the conclusion that copper atom vacancies give rise to recombination centers.
Disruption of Hibernation Caused by Hypothalamic Lesions

Lesions were made in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic area or ventromedial nucleus of ground squirrels (Citellus tridecemlineatus). Four squirrels, two with preoptic damage and two obese hyperphagics, entered hibernation within 1 to 3 days. They all died after 11 to 12 days, shortly after all normal hibernating squirrels had awakened. Seven squirrels with preoptic damage, rendered hypothermic before being placed in the cold, died within 2 to 6 days.
Accumulation of tetrahydrofolates in human plasma after leucovorin administration.

Reduced folates in plasma after i.v. and oral leucovorin administration were estimated by a ternary complex assay based on the incorporation of CH2FH4 into a stable complex with Lactobacillus casei thymidylate synthase and [3H]FdUMP. Each of the reduced folates, CH2FH4, FH4, and 5CH3FH4, could be quantitatively recovered from plasma by this approach even in the presence of high concentrations of the parent compound leucovorin. Examination of the accumulation kinetics of these reduced folates showed that after i.v. administration of 20 mg d,l-leucovorin to a healthy volunteer, FH4 and, to a lesser extent, CH2FH4 accumulated to maximal levels very early (<15 min), with a subsequent depletion that had a half-life of approximately 30 min. Accumulation of FH4 reached a peak level that was 12% of the maximal level of 5CH3FH4 achieved and more than 3 times greater than the pretreatment level of this common, circulating reduced folate form. Similar accumulation patterns were observed in a female patient with metastatic colonic cancer who was undergoing methotrexate (MTX)/fluorouracil therapy followed by i.v. leucovorin (15 mg). FH4 also accumulated, but to a lesser extent and over a longer period of time, when the same dose of leucovorin given orally. When several similar doses of leucovorin were given prior to the experimental dose, greater accumulation and duration of the FH4 response was observed. We propose that accumulation of FH4 and CH2FH4 could provide a circulating source of the reduced folate thought to be the active form for both high-dose MTX with leucovorin rescue and enhancement of fluorouracil activity.
Seasonal temperature and its influence on plasma corticosterone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, plasma protein and packed cell volume in mature male chickens.

Abstract 1. 1. The relationship between seasonal changes in environmental temperature and hematological parameters was investigated in mature, single comb white leghorn (SCWL) male chickens. 2. 2. Samples of blood plasma, obtained monthly from two groups of birds over two separate 12 month periods, were analysed for corticosterone (CT), 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), plasma protein (PP), and packed cell volume (PCV). 3. 3. Statistical analyses revealed that blood plasma concentrations of T3 were significantly correlated negatively with monthly dry-bulb temperatures. 4. 4. There were no consistent or significant relationships between monthly dry-bulb temperature and CT, T4, PP or PCV over the two 12 month periods. 5. 5. The results of this study indicate that blood plasma concentrations of T3 are influenced by season of year in mature, male domestic fowl.
Direct comparison of countercurrent and cascade crossflow air stripping under field conditions

Abstract Field tests using “identical” cascade crossflow and countercurrent air strippers to treat contaminated ground water from an industrial site confirmed the advantages of the cascade crossflow configuration which had been previously demonstrated in the laboratory. In parametric tests, 1,2-dichloroethane stripping efficiency and column pressure drop were measured as a function of air-to-water ratio using both equal water loading rates and equal water flow rates. Pressure drop in the cascade crossflow unit was more than one order of magnitude lower, and maximum air rates were four to five times greater than the comparable values in countercurrent flow. Because of the larger air rates, higher stripping efficiency was possible in the cascade crossflow stripper. For example, at a water loading rate of 18.9 kg/m 2 - s, the maximum 1,2-dichlorethane stripping efficiency in countercurrent flow was limited to 0.92, while greater than 0.99 efficiency was possible using a seven-pass crossflow column. Long-term tests, in which both columns were operated continuously for as long as two months, showed that the cascade crossflow stripper was more resistant to fouling than the countercurrent stripper.
Viral infection of the bovine fetus and its environment.

Evidence of infection with noncytopathogenic BVD virus was detected in 5 of 147 live apparently healthy bovine fetuses collected from slaughter cows. Infection was determined by virus isolation from tissues of 3 fetuses and by the presence of neutralizing antibody in the serum of 2 others. One of the 3 fetuses with virus present had antibody also. Noncytopathogenic BVD virus was isolated from placentomes associated with 2 of 3 fetuses from which virus was isolated. Neutralizing antibody was not detected in the serum of a cow carrying an infected fetus. Antibodies to BVD virus were detected in sera from 86.9% of the dams. Although antibodies to IBR virus were detected in 67.0% and to PI-3 virus in 100.0% of sera tested from dams, no evidence of fetal infection with these viruses was found. Factors affecting the frequency and outcome of infection of the bovine fetus were discussed in relation to 14 recognized viral entities.
Urban America as a Context for the Development of Moral Identity in Adolescence

Moral identity, defined as a self-consistent commitment to lines of action benefiting others, is described in the contexts of adolescence and poor, urban neighborhoods. A model of moral identity development is proposed. According to the model, stable characteristics of the individual and the individual's family, in conjunction with social attitudes, self-conceptions, and opportunities for the exploration of prosocial action, influence the development of moral identity. Analyses from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth provide support for the model, and demonstrate that urban poverty is associated with few opportunities for development of moral identity. We argue that the provision of these opportunities should be given a high priority both to foster good individual development and as a means for increasing social capital in neighborhoods.
Star formation via the phase transition of an adiabatic gas

An analytic model based on a second-order accurate global virial analysis is used to describe two stable equilibrium states for rotating gas clouds: a pressure-supported, diffuse state and a rotationally supported, compact state. Diffuse and compact equilibrium sequences are identified along which slow, secular evolution of a gas cloud can occur. A virial analysis provides analytic expressions for the limiting masses of gas clouds at points of dynamical instability. The minimum mass below which external triggers of any amplitude cannot effectively induce star formation is identified for adiabatic gas clouds. It is suggested that fluctuations in the ISM of some galaxies may actually cause star formation to proceed primarily via a phase transition, rather than via the classical Jeans instability.
A Laboratory Investigation of Aluminum Filtration Through Deep-Bed and Ceramic Open-Pore Filters

A mathematical model which describes filtration of liquid aluminum is proposed and experimentally verified. Deep-bed filters consisting of tabular Al2O3 particles (where the bed height and Al2O3 particle size was varied) and ceramic open-pore (Selee) filters were used to remove TiB2 “synthetic inclusions” from the melt. Inclusion capture kinetics for these two types of filters have been evaluated and quantified in terms of a kinetic parameter Ko. The results show that during filtration the open-pore ceramic filter behaves similar to a deep bed filter; however, as filtration proceeds, a cake filtration mode becomes prevalent. In both types of filters, filtration efficiency is shown to be strongly dependent on the melt approach velocity.
American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute Technical Review on Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding

This literature review and the recommendations therein were prepared for the AGA Institute Clinical Practice and Economics Committee. The paper was approved by the Committee on March 12, 2007, and by the AGA Institute Governing Board on May 19, 2007.
Improved analytical representation of combinations of Fermi–Dirac integrals for finite-temperature density functional calculations

Abstract Smooth, highly accurate analytical representations of Fermi–Dirac (FD) integral combinations important in free-energy density functional calculations are presented. Specific forms include those that occur in the local density approximation (LDA), generalized gradient approximation (GGA), and fourth-order gradient expansion of the non-interacting free energy as well as in the LDA and second-order gradient expansion for exchange. By construction, all the representations and their derivatives of any order are continuous on the full domains of their independent variables. The same type of technique provides an analytical representation of the function inverse to the FD integral of order 1 / 2 . It plays an important role in physical problems related to the electron gas at finite temperature . From direct evaluation, the quality of these improved representations is shown to be substantially superior to existing ones, many of which were developed before the era of large-scale computation or early in the era.
Domestic violence in primary care: The psychologist's role

This paper highlights the difficulties facing medical and mental health professionals in helping families in which there is violence. Emphasis is placed on how domestic violence presents in primary care medical settings. Physician and patient characteristics that interfere with domestic violence detection are reviewed. A role is outlined for psychologists in primary care settings to facilitate detection and treatment. Facilitative efforts include educating physicians through collaboration and serving as an on-site resource for information and consultation.
Quantum-Transport Theories and Multiple Scattering in Doped Semiconductors. I. Formal Theory

Previous quantum-transport theories relevant to the calculation of multiple-scattering contributions to the electron mobility of a doped semiconductor are re-examined. The Green's-function evaluations of the Kubo formula are extended to include contributions of second order in the impurity concentration in addition to the first-order terms included previously. The simple rigorous results obtained are used to justify and simplify the Kohn-Luttinger transport equations. Apparent difficulties with the impurity averaging are clarified, and the second-order Kohn-Luttinger equation is reduced to a Boltzmann form. For an isotropic solid a simple closed formula for the mobility is derived, which contains such quantum corrections to the Brooks-Herring formula as coherent scattering from pairs of impurities, higher Born approximations for the single scattering, and dressing effects of the impurities on the electron energy levels and wave functions. It is noted that a variational principle of the Kohler type exists, which should be of use in estimating multiple-scattering contributions in anisotropic solids.
Haemolysis, a tool to evaluate mechanical stress to cells in bioprocess equipment

Suspensions of fragile sheep erythrocytes were used to compare the levels of mechanical stress in two different crossflow filter units of small pilot scale. The recycling pumps were identified as the critical components mainly responsible for haemolysis. The level of cell damage was largely determined by the pump type and the backpressure applied to increase the transmembrane pressure in the filter.
Mating behaviour and female choice: their relation to social structure in wild caught House mice (Mus musculus) housed in a semi-natural environment

Mating behaviour and its relation to social structure was studied in two colonies of wild caught House mice (Mus musculus) housed in semi-natural environments. In both colonies, one male was initially dominant to (chased) a number of subordinate males, and mated significantly more often than subordinate males. In time, younger males deposed the dominant male and set up defended areas in the observation room. Under this territorial social structure, only males who possessed defended areas mated. Females moved freely throughout the observation room, and chose high quality territories in which to deliver their litters. Females mated significantly more often with a) males in whose territories they delivered their litters and b) males who defended‘high quality’territories.
The overall rate of return as a profit measure for capital projects

Abstract The internal rate of return (IRR) is often used by industrial corporations as the profit measure for evaluating the acceptability and/or ranking of capital projects. This practice is so prevalent that its validity is seldom questioned; the only complaint appears to be that the calculation of the IRR is cumbersome. In reality, the IRR is not generally a reliable profit measure, and many arguments in favor of its use are not valid [1]. On the other hand, the net present value (NPV) of the cash flow of a project, when discounted at the appropriate hurdle rate, is recognized as the most reliable profit measure for evaluating and ranking capital projects. However, some corporate executives have a disdain for the use of NPV because the concept is not an intuitively obvious indicator of the magnitude of the profit. While NPV should still be used as a decision criterion in economic evaluation of capital projects by analysts, a more useful and persuasive profit measure for presentation to top management appears to be the overall rate of return (ORR).
Purification of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by ion-exchange and high-performance liquid chromatography☆

Combining ion-exchange (AG MP-1) and reversed-phase (C-18) partition chromatography accomplishes a higher degree of purification of NADH than either method can provide alone. Final elution in 95% ethanol, dehydration with anhydrous sodium sulfate, and storage in dry 1,2-propanediol over molecular sieves prevents hydrolysis of the purified dinucleotide.
Dynamic response of a repaired composite beam with an adhesively bonded patch under a harmonic peeling load

Abstract The dynamic response of repaired composite beams under a harmonic peeling load was studied theoretically and experimentally. The repair method was based on removal of the damaged region and bonding a composite patch into the gap with adhesive. In the theoretical part, the equations of motion in the axial and transverse directions were derived assuming that the viscoelastic adhesive layer resists both peeling and shear stresses and both the patch and parent materials behave as Euler–Bernouli beams. The validity of the theoretical model for evaluating the dynamic response of repaired composite beams was examined with the results of the finite element model. The finite element results indicated that the deformation mechanism of the repaired composite beam depends on the adhesive elastic modulus. For low values of the adhesive elastic modulus, shear deformation in the adhesive layer is the dominant deformation mechanism and the proposed theoretical model replicated the results of the computational analysis. In the experimental part, the response of unidirectional fiberglass-reinforced epoxy composite specimens with various repaired patch lengths, thickness, and material properties were measured by hammer test technique using a non-contact laser vibrometer. The patch section was either the fiberglass-reinforced epoxy composite or E-glass fiber reinforced composites with various stacking sequences. The repairing patches were bonded to the composite beam with an epoxy. The experimental results were compared to those of the theoretical model and finite element analyses. The experimental results were related to the adhesive material properties, its loss factor and to the patch material properties.
The Ventral Photoreceptor Cells of Limulus III. A voltage-clamp study

In the dark, the ventral photoreceptor of Limulus exhibits time-variant currents under voltage-clamp conditions; that is, if the membrane potential of the cell is clamped to a depolarized value there is an initial large outward current which slowly declines to a steady level. The current-voltage relation of the cell in the dark is nonlinear. The only ion tested which has any effect on the current-voltage relation is potassium; high potassium shifts the reversal potential towards zero and introduces a negative slope-conductance region. When the cell is illuminated under voltage-clamp conditions, an additional current, the light-induced current, flows across the cell membrane. The time course of this current mimics the time course of the light response (receptor potential) in the unclamped cell; namely, an initial transient phase is followed by a steady-state phase. The amplitude of the peak transient current can be as large as 60 times the amplitude of the steady-state current, while in the unclamped cell the amplitude of the peak transient voltage never exceeds 4 times the amplitude of the steady-state voltage. The current-voltage relations of the additional light-induced current obtained for different instants of time are also nonlinear, but differ from the current-voltage relations of the dark current. The ions tested which have the greatest effect on the light-induced current are sodium and calcium; low sodium decreases the current, while low calcium increases the current. The data strongly support the hypothesis that two systems of electric current exist in the membrane. Thus the total ionic current which flows in the membrane is accounted for as the sum of a dark current and a light-induced current.
More than two decades of Apc modeling in rodents

Mutation of tumor suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is an initiating step in most colon cancers. This review summarizes Apc models in mice and rats, with particular concentration on those most recently developed, phenotypic variation among different models, and genotype/phenotype correlations.
Glioblastoma multiforme and cerebral cavernous malformations: intersection of pathophysiologic pathways

Abstract Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM) are known to occur in both sporadic and familial forms. To date, there has been no identified association of CCM with glioblastoma multiforme. We present a 69-year-old woman with a 14 year history of multiple CCM who developed progressive aphasia. She had no radiation exposure and had only undergone a single computed tomography scan in her entire life. MRI demonstrated irregular gadolinium enhancement in the area of a prior stable CCM, suspicious for a high grade tumor. Stereotactic biopsy revealed a glioblastoma multiforme. This is a unique case of glioblastoma multiforme arising from the “site” of a known CCM. We review the literature on the genetics of cavernous malformations and propose a mechanism for the tumorigenic potential of these vascular malformations.
Cytokines Stimulate GTP Cyclohydrolase I Gene Expression in Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

Abstract—In vascular endothelial cells, tetrahydrobiopterin serves as an essential cofactor required for enzymatic activity of nitric oxide synthase. GTP cyclohydrolase I is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Previous studies have demonstrated that proinflammatory cytokines stimulate production of tetrahydrobiopterin in endothelial cells. Long-term regulation of GTP cyclohydrolase I gene expression in endothelium has not been studied. The present study was designed to determine whether the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (INF-γ), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) stimulate tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis by increasing expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA in endothelial cells. The relative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify expression of GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nuclear run-on assay was performed to determine the transcription rate of GTP cyclohydrolase I gene. GTP cycl...
A sensor-type application of a self-oscillating dynamic system with a fiber optic feedback line, including chemical sensors and biosensors

We present an overview of research, conducted and published by the author and colleagues during the preceding decade, with self-oscillating dynamic systems. Special attention has been addressed to sensor type applications that allow one to design a new type of sensors of different physical parameters as well as using system for chemical and biosensors. Many detection methods exploit self-oscillating systems, such as lasers and RF or microwave oscillators, and use changes introduced into a feedback mechanism (for instance laser inter-cavity spectroscopy) for evaluation of different physical parameters such as refractive indices or absorption coefficients. Typically, that approach is very efficient, is easy to implement, and gives high sensitivity. We have demonstrated that a similar method can be used in the case of an RF optoelectronic self-oscillating system (OSOS) with a fiber-optic feedback line. Using fiber as an element of a positive feedback line allows one to design a new family of fiber-optic sensors each of which can be integrated into a fiber-optic feedback line. Changes introduced into the feedback line of an OSOS typically cause an RF frequency shift that can be measured very precisely with an RF frequency counter or spectrum analyzer. For some types of sensors an OSOS can easily incorporate and utilize advantages of well-developed modern inexpensive light sources (VCSELs, LEDs) and opto-electronic components that have been designed for communication purposes. A single closed loop OSOS can be easily duplicated for sensor array measurement via the use of parallel fiber-optics (for example VCSEL arrays and fiber ribbon cables) that have been well developed for telecommunication systems.
Dynamics of self-organization in complex adaptive networks

We study the dynamical behavior of complex adaptive automata during unsupervised learning of periodic training sets. A new technique for their analysis is presented and applied to an adaptive network with distributed memory. We show that with general imput pattern sequences, the system can display behavior that ranges from convergence into simple fixed points and oscillations to chaotic wanderings. We also test the ability of the self-organized automaton to recognize spatial patterns, discriminate between them, and to elicit meaningful information out of noisy inputs. In this configuration we determine that the higher the ratio of excitation to inhibition, the broader the equivalence class into which patterns are put together.
Effect of Polysorbate 80 Concentration on Thermal and Photostability of a Monoclonal Antibody

Polysorbate 80 is widely used in protein formulations to protect protein against agitation-induced aggregation. In this study, we address concerns about residual peroxide present in Polysorbate 80 on protein stability. Residual peroxide may oxidize active pharmaceutical ingredients leading to reduced stability and may ultimately lead to lower potency and efficacy. The effect of Polysorbate 80 concentration on thermal and photostability of monoclonal antibody of the IgG1 subclass (MAb1) was evaluated at Polysorbate 80 concentrations ranging from 0.00% to 1.00% (w/v). MAb1 samples at 5 mg/mL with various Polysorbate 80 concentrations were subjected to accelerated thermal stress by incubation at 25°C, 40°C, and 50°C for a period of 4 weeks and light stress per ICH guideline Q1B, option 1. Our results show that Polysorbate 80 concentration of 1.00% (w/v) adversely affected thermal and photostability of MAb1. This study demonstrates the importance of carefully choosing Polysorbate 80 concentration in protein formulations to prevent destabilizing effect of Polysorbate 80 on thermal and photostability.
Paleocene floral diversities and turnover events in eastern North America and their relation to diversity models

Abstract This paper uses angiosperm pollen taxon turnover (first and last appearance) and diversity events as metrics to describe the Paleocene floral history of the eastern Gulf Coast; data are from 64 samples and 67 angiosperm pollen taxa. Angiosperm pollen diversity was very low at the beginning of the Paleocene, rose slowly and then somewhat more rapidly to a maximum for the epoch in the middle of the late Paleoceneas a result of the maximum in rate of first appearances during the late early Paleocene and earliest late Paleocene. Diversity then dropped very rapidly at or near the end of the epoch as the rate of last appearances reached its maximum, resulting in the Terminal Paleocene Extinction Event. The latest Paleocene diversity decline coincided with an increase in mean annual temperature and probably in rainfall, representing the beginning of the climatic maximum for the Tertiary which characterized the early Eocene. The increase in diversity of early Paleocene floras in the eastern Gulf Coast resulted from exploitation of unfilled ecospace originating from (1) low regional diversity following the Terminal Cretaceous Extinction Event, and (2) creation of many new niches during the Paleocene, resulting, according to megafloral evidence, from a change to a new vegetation type (multistratal tropical rainforest) brought about by an increase in rainfall. The slow rate of recovery of earliest Paleocene angiosperm diversity in the eastern Gulf Coast may be explained in part by the diversity-dependence model of Carr and Kitchell (1980). However, additional factors may have contributed to the slow recovery: (1) the adverse terminal Cretaceous climates may have extended into the early Paleocene, (2) the initial Paleocene environment of the eastern Gulf Coast may have contained relatively few niches, (3) some earliest Paleocene angiosperms, particularly trees, may have had inherently poor capabilities for rapid evolution, and (4) there was a lack of significant immigration of new taxa to the region. In contrast, the earliest Eocene angiosperm flora recovered very rapidly from the Terminal Paleocene Extinction Event, and this high recovery rate resulted to a significant degree from immigration of new taxa from Europe; thus, the shape of the earliest Eocene diversity curve supports the immigration-dependence recovery model of Barry et al. (1991).
Spatially resolved optical and electro-optic properties of electroclinic liquid crystals

Chiral smectic A (Sm A) liquid crystals are of increasing interest because of their potential for fast analog electro-optic modulation. Chiral smectic A liquid crystals, when viewed between crossed polarizers, exhibit distinctive periodic stripe domains due to a voltage dependent deformation (kink) of the bookshelf geometry. These stripe domains reduce the contrast ratio of electro-optic devices employing these materials. This paper describes a novel optical technique to probe spatial variations in the optical properties of liquid crystals with micron resolution. The effect of the stripe formation on the electro-optic properties of a electroclinic Sm A liquid crystal, denoted as KN125, is investigated. The electric field induced stripe domains were experimentally characterized by measuring the transmission of KN125, interposed between crossed polarizers. A sharply focused visible cw laser beam was translated across the sample with one-micron resolution. A quasi periodic modulation of the transmission due to stripe deformation of the bookshelf geometry was observed. measurements performed within a single stripe and between adjacent stripes permitted an independent determination of the true optical tilt angle and the kink angle. The electric field dependence of the optical tilt angle for the KN125 liquid crystal is reported.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An evaluation of product commonality and group technology production methods in a pre-defined multiple-machine scenario

Abstract Group technology has been used successfully for a number of years as a setup reduction tool. It is especially valuable in low-volume high-mix manufacturing environments where products and machines may be partitioned into product families and machine cells. The partitioning of machines or processes into cells may be limited by practical constraints, and the partitioning of products is complicated as the number of products and processes increases. In this paper, the authors examine the behaviour of various grouping strategies lauded as being appropriate in situations where machine partitioning and product routeing are determined by technological constraints. Of specific experimental concern in this paper is the effect of the mean and variance of component part commonality between products on system performance under various grouping strategies in a multiple-machine environment.
Oscillation behavior of nth order neutral differential equations with continuous delay

Abstract We consider the n th order nonlinear neutral differential equation of the form x(t)+ ∫ a b p(t,μ)x τ(t,μ) dμ (n) +λ ∫ c d q(t,ξ)f x σ(t,ξ) dξ=h(t). In this paper, we obtain sufficient conditions which ensure that all solutions are either oscillatory or lim t →∞ | x ( t )|=∞ or else liminf t →∞ | x ( t )|=0.