cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hedonic Prices for Fixed Broadband Services

This paper sets out a framework to estimate quality-adjusted price levels and price changes for fixed broadband services in OECD countries. We extend and adapt existing hedonic frameworks for international and interarea comparisons and consider the extended country product dummy approach. Hedonic pricing studies often are context and data dependent, and this study is no exception. We find that the multilevel structure of international broadband price datasets suggests modeling hedonic functions at the company level. This not only mitigates efficiency loss due to lack of subscriber information on individual plans but also allows for company costs and markups to influence estimates of hedonic function coefficients. Incorporating random variation in hedonic slope coefficients at the ISP level produces results that statistically dominate standard models where slope coefficients are the same across countries, and we suggest how price comparisons based on random coefficient hedonic models might be useful in telecommunications policy analysis.
The effect of sample preparation on electrical tree resistance tests

In solid organic dielectrics subjected to high and non-uniform electric stress gradients, failure usually occurs by a mechanism called treeing. The type of damage which progresses through the dielectric under electric stress in dry environment is called electrical treeing. In extruded dielectrics, failures, which do not occur promptly but rather appear to be the result of an aging process, are most likely due to electrical treeing. Materials of different molecular structures have different degrees of resistance to failure by treeing.
An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use

Data suggest psychedelics such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) may hold therapeutic potential in the treatment of addictions, including tobacco dependence. This retrospective cross-sectional anonymous online survey characterized 358 individuals (52 females) who reported having quit or reduced smoking after ingesting a psychedelic in a non-laboratory setting ⩾1 year ago. On average, participants smoked 14 cigarettes/day for 8 years, and had five previous quit attempts before their psychedelic experience. Of the 358 participants, 38% reported continuous smoking cessation after psychedelic use (quitters). Among quitters, 74% reported >2 years' abstinence. Of the 358 participants, 28% reported a persisting reduction in smoking (reducers), from a mode of 300 cigarettes/month before, to a mode of 1 cigarette/month after the experience. Among reducers, 62% reported >2 years of reduced smoking. Finally, 34% of the 358 participants (relapsers) reported a temporary smoking reduction before returning to baseline smoking levels, with a mode time range to relapse of 3-6 months. Relapsers rated their psychedelic experience significantly lower in personal meaning and spiritual significance than both other groups. Participants across all groups reported less severe affective withdrawal symptoms (e.g. depression, craving) after psychedelic use compared with previous quit attempts, suggesting a potential mechanism of action for psychedelic-associated smoking cessation/reduction. Changes in life priorities/values were endorsed as the most important psychological factor associated with smoking cessation/reduction. Results suggest psychedelics may hold promise in treating tobacco addiction as potentially mediated by spiritual experience, changed priorities/values, and improved emotional regulation.
Insurance status as a strong predictor of outcome in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): A multi-institutional retrospective study.

1069 Background: TNBC accounts for about 15-20% of all breast cancer. TNBC has particularly aggressive clinical course and accounts for a disproportionate number of breast cancer relapses and death...
Regulatory Obstacles to Harm Reduction: The Case of Smoking

Cigarette use remains the leading cause of avoidable death in the United States. The inability of many smokers to quit is a significant public health problem. The demand for a product that can help smokers kick the habit is an entrepreneurial opportunity. Yet government regulation threatens to hamper welfare-enhancing innovation and discourage the use of life-saving technologies, such as electronic cigarettes. In particular, the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) decision to “deem” electronic cigarettes as “tobacco products” to be regulated as tobacco cigarettes threatens to cartelize and ossify a dynamic, harm-reducing industry. FDA restrictions on truthful health information and comparative risk claims further inhibit potentially life-saving innovation by threatening to keep smokers and other consumers in the dark about the harm-reducing potential of e-cigarettes and reducing the economic incentives to develop safer forms of nicotine delivery. However well-intentioned, the FDA’s regulatory initiatives may inhibit the life-saving potential of alternatives to cigarettes and conventional tobacco products.
Traceless Silylation of β-C(sp3)–H Bonds of Alcohols via Perfluorinated Acetals

We report the silylation of primary C–H bonds located β to secondary and tertiary alcohols by exploiting perfluorinated esters as traceless directing groups. The conversion of a secondary or tertiary alcohol to a perfluoroalkyl ester and conversion of the ester to the corresponding silyl acetals by hydrosilylation allows for selective β-C(sp3)–H silylation catalyzed by the combination of [Ir(cod)OMe]2 and Me4Phen (3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) to form 6-membered dioxasilinane. Tamao-Fleming oxidation of these dioxasilinane leads to 1,2 diols. The developed sequence was applied to a series of natural products containing hydroxyl groups.
An Interior-Constraint BEM for Regularization of Problems with Improper Boundary Conditions

A well-posed problem in the analysis of elastic bodies requires the definition of appropriate constraints of the boundary to prevent rigid body motion. However, one is sometimes presented with the problem of non-self-equilibrated tractions on an elastic body that will cause rigid body motion, while the boundary should remain unconstrained. One such case is the analysis of multi-particle dynamics where the solution is obtained in a quasi-static approach. In such cases, the motion of the particles is governed by the dynamic equilibrium while the contact forces between particles may be computed from elastostatic solutions. This paper presents two regularization methods of Interior-Constraint Boundary Element techniques for elastostatic analysis with improper boundary supports. In the proposed method rigid body modes are eliminated by imposing constraints on the interior of an elastic body. This is accomplished through simultaneously solving the governing Boundary Integral Equation and Somigliana’s Identity. The proposed method is examined through assessment and verification studies where it is demonstrated, that for all considered problems rigid body motion is successfully constrained with minimal effects on body deformations.
Pushing indium phosphide quantum dot emission deeper into the near infrared

Cadmium-free near infrared (NIR) emitting quantum dots (QDs) have significant potential for multiplexed tissue-depth imaging applications in the first optical tissue window (i.e., 650 – 900 nm). Indium phosphide (InP) chemistry provides one of the more promising cadmium-free options for biomedical imaging, but the full tunability of this material has not yet been achieved. Specifically, InP QD emission has been tuned from 480 – 730 nm in previous literature reports, but examples of samples emitting from 730 nm to the InP bulk bandgap limit of 925 nm are lacking. We hypothesize that by generating inverted structures comprising ZnSe/InP/ZnS in a core/shell/shell heterostructure, optical emission from the InP shell can be tuned by changing the InP shell thickness, including pushing deeper into the NIR than current InP QDs. Colloidal synthesis methods including hot injection precipitation of the ZnSe core and a modified successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method for stepwise shell deposition were used to promote growth of core/shell/shell materials with varying thicknesses of the InP shell. By controlling the number of injections of indium and phosphorous precursor material, the emission peak was tuned from 515 nm to 845 nm (2.41 – 1.47 eV) with consistent full width half maximum (FWHM) values of the emission peak ~0.32 eV. To confer water solubility, the nanoparticles were encapsulated in PEGylated phospholipid micelles, and multiplexing of NIR-emitting InP QDs was demonstrated using an IVIS imaging system. These materials show potential for multiplexed imaging of targeted QD contrast agents in the first optical tissue window.
Nugget: A digital forensics language

Abstract One of the long-standing conceptual problems in digital forensics is the dichotomy between the imperative for verifiable and reproducible forensic computations, and the lack of adequate mechanisms to accomplish these goals. With over thirty years of professional practice, investigator notes are still the main source of reproducibility information, and much of it is tied to the functions of specific, often proprietary, tools. In this work, we discuss the design and implementation of a domain specific language (DSL) called nugget, which aims to enable the practical formal specification of digital forensic computations in a tool-agnostic fashion. The core idea of DSLs, such as SQL, is to create an intuitive means for domain experts to describe what computation needs to be performed while abstracting away the technical means of its implementation. In the context of digital forensics, nugget aims to address the following requirements: 1) provide investigators with the means to easily and completely specify the data flow of a forensic inquiry from data source to final results; 2) allow the fully automatic (and optimized) execution of the forensic computation; 3) provide a complete, formal, and auditable log of the inquiry.
Substructuring in four populations of African descent

OF THE THESIS SUBSTRUCTURING IN FOUR POPULATIONS OF AFRICAN DESCENT By Margarita T. Almeida Florida International University, 1997
Clock synchronization with deterministic accuracy guarantee

Accuracy is one of the most important performance metrics in clock synchronization. While state-of-the-art synchronization protocols achieve µsec-order average accuracy, they usually do not focus on the worst case accuracy and do not have any deterministic guarantees. This lack of accuracy guarantee makes it hard for sensor networks to be incorporated into larger systems that require more reliability than e.g., typical environmental monitoring applications do. In this paper, we present a clock synchronization algorithm with deterministic accuracy guarantee. A key observation is that the variability of oscillation frequency is much smaller in a single crystal than between different crystals. Our algorithm leverages this to achieve much tighter accuracy guarantee compared to the interval-based synchronization methods mostly proposed in the literature of distributed systems. We designed an algorithm to solve a geometric problem involving tangents to convex polygons, and implemented that in TinyOS. Experimental results show the deterministic error bound less than 9.2 clock ticks (280 µsec) on average at the first hop, which is close to the simulation results. Further, by a combination with previously proposed synchronization algorithms, it achieves the estimation error of 1.54 ticks at 10 hop distance, which is more than 40% better than FTSP, while giving deterministic error bounds.
A Peasant Uprising on the Edge of a Triple Frontier

This is a book about the 1907 peasant uprising in Romania but also the study of a frontier. The uprising provides the case study; the frontier provides the perspective. This moment of existential crisis in the life of the fledgling Romanian state is presented as multiple flows of information percolating and refracting internally, through the social strata, and externally, across borders. The author looks upon the three sides of the border (four, if one takes into account that Austria-Hungary was de facto two states) as distinct media with different potential for refraction and reaction.
BitMat: a main-memory bit matrix of RDF triples for conjunctive triple pattern queries

This poster proposes BitMat, a bit matrix structure for representing a large number of RDF triples in memory and processing conjunctive triple pattern (multi-join) queries using it. The compact in-memory storage and use of bitwise operations, can lead to a faster processing of join queries when compared to the conventional RDF triple stores. Unlike conventional RDF triple stores, where the size of the intermediate join results can grow very large, our BitMat based multijoin algorithm ensures that the intermediate result set remains small across any number of join operations (provided there are no Cartesian joins). We present the key concepts of BitMat structure, its use in processing join queries, describe the preliminary experimental results with UniProt and LUBM datasets, and discuss the possible use case scenarios.
School Portfolio Toolkit: A Planning, Implementation, and Evaluation Guide for Continuous School Improvement

-Introduction: Why a Toolkit -Continuous School Improvement: Understanding the Big Picture -The School Portfolio: Getting Started -Information and Analysis: The Data -Student Achievement: Creating a Vision -Quality Planning: Planning to Accomplish the Vision -Professional Development: Implementing the Vision -Leadership: Building a Leadership Structure to Implement the Vision -Partnership Development: Involving Partners to Implement the Vision -Continuous Improvement and Evaluation: Evaluating the Implementation of the Vision -Updating the School Portfolio: Maintaining the Momentum -Implementing the School Portfolio: Case Studies from Around the Country
Molecular Imaging of Atherosclerosis

Significant advances have been made toward the management of coronary disease, but it is not yet possible to clinically identify patients likely to develop an acute coronary event. Although the presence of risk factors and circulating biomarkers enables the identification of vulnerable patients, it is necessary to prospectively recognize the rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaque to prevent occurrences of acute events. For such a strategy to be successful, emphasis needs to be placed on the structural and molecular characteristics underlying coronary plaques of interest. The majority of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) arise from disrupted plaques that may not always be significantly obstructive. Histopathologic data reveal that “vulnerable plaques” are usually voluminous with significant expansive remodeling, contain bulky necrotic cores with neovascularization and intraplaque hemorrhage, and are covered by attenuated and inflamed fibrous caps. They are usually not heavily calcified. It has been proposed that the outwardly remodeled vascular segments and low-attenuation plaques can be detected by multislice CT with reasonable diagnostic accuracy. On the other hand, plaque volumes, lipid accumulation, and intraplaque hemorrhage have been identified by MRI at least in large and less mobile noncoronary vasculature. The assessment of the thickness of the fibrous cap has required invasive instrumentation such as optical coherence tomography (OCT). The fibrous cap and subintimal inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis are amenable to molecular imaging [1–4].
THE CLOSTRIDIUM KLUYVERI—ACETYL CoA EPOCH

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses experiments conducted using acetyl CoA. To obtain support for C. B. Van Niel's theory that in methane fermentations of organic compounds the methane is produced by reduction of CO2, Barker set up anaerobic enrichment cultures containing calcium carbonate, ethanol, and a generous innoculum of Delft canal mud. Chemical analysis showed that the vigorous gas production that occurred after a few days was accompanied, as expected, by the oxidation of ethanol to acetate and the reduction of CO2 to methane according to the equation. However, in some enrichment cultures, the yield of acetic acid was much less than the amount of ethanol that had disappeared and in these cultures, considerable amounts of butyric and caproic acids accumulated. Microscopic examination disclosed that in those cultures that produced caproic acid, two kinds of bacteria were always present. An opportunity to investigate further the mechanism of butyrate synthesis in C. kluyveri presented itself in 1944, when for the first time small quantities of the long-lived radioactive isotope of carbon, [14C], became available.
What PCIT Clinicians Need to Know About ASD Assessment

As a clinician delivering Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) who works with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), you will play some role in assessment of ASD, either peripherally or centrally. This chapter will help orient you to the intake and assessment tasks you will likely encounter, regardless of your role. Questions about ASD that frequently arise during intake are addressed first. Second, surveillance and screening of ASD is reviewed. Third, the components of evidence-based comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including structured and semi-structured parent interviews, collateral reports, objective assessments of core symptoms of ASD, questionnaire assessment of ASD symptoms, cognitive evaluations, assessment of adaptive behavior, and evaluation of language and communication are discussed. Fourth, ongoing assessment and progress monitoring is addressed, including a review of functional behavioral assessment, preference assessment, assessment of problem behavior, and assessment of core symptoms of ASD. Last, we outline ways to help families pre- and post-diagnosis.
mGAP: the macaque genotype and phenotype resource, a framework for accessing and interpreting macaque variant data, and identifying new models of human disease

Non-human primates (NHPs), particularly macaques, serve as critical and highly relevant pre-clinical models of human disease. The similarity in human and macaque natural disease susceptibility, along with parallel genetic risk alleles, underscores the value of macaques in the development of effective treatment strategies. Nonetheless, there are limited genomic resources available to support the exploration and discovery of macaque models of inherited disease. Notably, there are few public databases tailored to searching NHP sequence variants, and no other database making use of centralized variant calling, or providing genotype-level data and predicted pathogenic effects for each variant. The macaque Genotype And Phenotype (mGAP) resource is the first public website providing searchable, annotated macaque variant data. The mGAP resource includes a catalog of high confidence variants, derived from whole genome sequence (WGS). The current mGAP release at time of publication (1.7) contains 17,087,212 variants based on the sequence analysis of 293 rhesus macaques. A custom pipeline was developed to enable annotation of the macaque variants, leveraging human data sources that include regulatory elements (ENCODE, RegulomeDB), known disease- or phenotype-associated variants (GRASP), predicted impact (SIFT, PolyPhen2), and sequence conservation (Phylop, PhastCons). Currently mGAP includes 2767 variants that are identical to alleles listed in the human ClinVar database, of which 276 variants, spanning 258 genes, are identified as pathogenic. An additional 12,472 variants are predicted as high impact (SnpEff) and 13,129 are predicted as damaging (PolyPhen2). In total, these variants are predicted to be associated with more than 2000 human disease or phenotype entries reported in OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man). Importantly, mGAP also provides genotype-level data for all subjects, allowing identification of specific individuals harboring alleles of interest. The mGAP resource provides variant and genotype data from hundreds of rhesus macaques, processed in a consistent manner across all subjects ( https://mgap.ohsu.edu ). Together with the extensive variant annotations, mGAP presents unprecedented opportunity to investigate potential genetic associations with currently characterized disease models, and to uncover new macaque models based on parallels with human risk alleles.
Tradeoffs of Inclusion: Development in Ancient Athens:

Inclusive institutions play an important role in development. But how do inclusive institutions emerge? Inclusion is always the product of a tradeoff. The existing literature focuses on the tradeof...
Changes in microvascular oxygenation and total hemoglobin concentration of the vastus lateralis during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)

ABSTRACTBackground and Introduction: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is predicated on eliciting muscle contractions and increasing muscle demand to promote increase in strength. Previou...
There’s Levels to This: Code-meshing in a Community College Classroom

This article argues that writing teachers should allow, and even encourage, students to code-mesh in community college classrooms. By looking at and analyzing code-meshed writing produced by three ...
Doing Justice, Loving Kindness, Walking Humbly: Christian Approaches to Community Engagement

Civic work—both scholarship and practice—has long been central to the purposes of American higher education. Whether cultivating future leaders, advancing knowledge in service to society, or enrich...
93 – Bäcklund Transformations

Publisher Summary This chapter presents Backlund transformations applicable to nonlinear partial differential equations. If a Backlund transformation can be found, then the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation can be used to obtain either a different solution to the same partial differential equation, or to obtain a solution to a different nonlinear partial differential equation. The idea is that from a solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation, a relationship can be sometimes found that will generate the solution of: (1) a different partial differential equation (this is a Backlund transformation), and (2) the same partial differential equation (this is an auto-Backlund transformation). The first step in the procedure is to determine a Backlund transformation between two partial differential equations. There are various methods that can be utilized for certain classes of equations. This transformation utilizes a solution of one of the partial differential equations to determine a solution to the other partial differential equation.
Soy-maize crop rotations in sub-Saharan Africa: A literature review

Empirical evidence shows complementarity between maize and soybean as a sustained agricultural system across North and South America as well as Eastern Europe. The potential application to sub-Saharan Africa motivates this literature review. Maize is one of the most important crops on the African subcontinent, accounting for over half of daily caloric intake in some regions. However, continuous cropping of maize has led to extensive degradation of soil and decrease in crop productivity and endangers household food and nutritional security. The cultivation of soybean holds great promise in improving agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Introducing soy into rotation with maize is a method to diversify diets, better nutritional status, reduce abiotic and biotic stresses, and improve soil fertility, while enhancing crop productivity and generating more income for farmers. However, limited access to extension services and other sources of technical support constrains adoption of the more complex rotation cropping system involving a new crop, soybean. Rotating soybean with maize too challenges farmers as there is not a specific prescription that can guide farmers operating across Africa’s diverse agroecological environments. Finally, soybean is an input-intensive crop requiring significant investment at planting, which may not allow small holders with limited resources and no access to credit.
Deep learning-enabled analysis reveals distinct neuronal phenotypes induced by aging and cold-shock

Access to quantitative information is crucial to obtain a deeper understanding of biological systems. In addition to being low-throughput, traditional image-based analysis is mostly limited to error-prone qualitative or semi-quantitative assessment of phenotypes, particularly for complex subcellular morphologies. The PVD neuron in Caenorhabditis elegans, which is responsible for harsh touch and thermosensation, undergoes structural degeneration as nematodes age characterized by the appearance of dendritic protrusions. Analysis of these neurodegenerative patterns is labor-intensive and limited to qualitative assessment. In this work, we apply deep learning to perform quantitative image-based analysis of complex neurodegeneration patterns exhibited by the PVD neuron in C. elegans. We apply a convolutional neural network algorithm (Mask R-CNN) to identify neurodegenerative subcellular protrusions that appear after cold-shock or as a result of aging. A multiparametric phenotypic profile captures the unique morphological changes induced by each perturbation. We identify that acute cold-shock-induced neurodegeneration is reversible and depends on rearing temperature and, importantly, that aging and cold-shock induce distinct neuronal beading patterns. The results of this work indicate that implementing deep learning for challenging image segmentation of PVD neurodegeneration enables quantitatively tracking subtle morphological changes in an unbiased manner. This analysis revealed that distinct patterns of morphological alteration are induced by aging and cold-shock, suggesting different mechanisms at play. This approach can be used to identify the molecular components involved in orchestrating neurodegeneration and to characterize the effect of other stressors on PVD degeneration.
To Apologize or Justify: Leader Responses to Task and Relational Mistakes

Leadership roles are complex, creating an environment where leaders are likely to make mistakes that result in negative outcomes. We shift the conversation in the literature from examining the effe...
Smartwatch-Centered Design and Development in Mobile Computing Classes

In this Research-to-Practice paper, we describe our approach to using smartwatches in a college level computer science class. Smartwatches are unique in the way they provide an interface for interaction–similar to smart phones, while also leveraging affordances inherent in wristwatches such as glanceability. This hybrid nature is especially useful as a means for guiding design scenarios in classroom instruction. We first considered different application domains such as community physical activity and how they leveraged smart watches. From these domains, we elicited general ground rules that inform our approach for using smart watches in a computer science course. We then synthesize and describe five design guidelines that directed our approach to teaching and evaluating students’ designs. We assessed and evaluated these guidelines in a third-year level mobile computing class where students were asked to consider them as part of a three-week design and development assignment. After concluding the assignment, the students were asked to complete a survey to capture their experience with the use of the design guidelines, and to also provide general feedback on the suitability of these design goals. Throughout these exercises, we found the design guidelines to be especially useful in three ways: in providing small-screen specific design and development experience, in affording practice and reinforcement of core mobile computing topics, and as a means to meaningfully contribute to socially relevant projects. We contribute to the computing education corpus by detailing the five design guidelines, how they can be used to lead higher-level computer courses, and how they can be used as a lens in considering design approaches in general.
Understanding Early-Stage Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis for Future Prospects of Diagnosis: from Knee to Temporomandibular Joint

Many mechanical load-bearing joints of the body are prone to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), including the knee joint and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Early detection of PTOA can be beneficial in prevention or alleviating further progression of the disease. Various mouse models, similar to those used in development of novel diagnosis strategies for early stages of OA, have been proposed to study early PTOA. While many studies have focused on OA and PTOA in the knee joint, early diagnostic methods for OA and PTOA of the TMJ are still not well established. Previously, we showed that fluorescent near-infrared imaging can diagnose inflammation and cartilage damage in mouse models of knee PTOA. Here we propose that the same approach can be used for early diagnosis of TMJ-PTOA. In this review, we present a brief overview of PTOA, application of relevant mouse models, current imaging methods available to examine TMJ-PTOA, and the prospects of near-infrared optical imaging to diagnose early-stage TMJ-OA.
Persistent Opioid Use after Ophthalmic Surgery in Opioid-Naive Patients and Associated Risk Factors.

Purpose To determine the rate and risk factors for new persistent opioid use after ophthalmic surgery in the United States. Design Retrospective claims-based cohort analysis. Participants Opioid-naive patients 13 years of age and older who underwent incisional ophthalmic surgery between January 1, 2012, and June 30, 2017, and were included in Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics Data Mart database. Methods New persistent opioid use was defined as filling an opioid prescription in the 90-day and the 91- to 180-day periods after the surgical procedure. The outcome variable was an initial perioperative opioid prescription fill. Rates of new persistent opioid use were calculated, and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify variables increasing the risk of new persistent use and refill of an opioid prescription after the initial perioperative prescription in first 30 days. Main Outcome Measures New persistent opioid use and refill. Results A total of 327 379 opioid-naive patients (mean age, 67 years [standard deviation, 16 years]; 178 067 women [54.4%]) who underwent ophthalmic surgery were examined. Among these patients, 14 841 (4.5%) had an initial perioperative opioid fill. The rate of new persistent opioid use was 3.4% (498 of 14 841 patients) compared with 0.6% (1833 of 312 538 patients) in patients who did not have an initial perioperative opioid fill. After adjusting for patient characteristics, initial perioperative opioid fill was associated independently with increased odds of new persistent use (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 6.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.57–6.91; P Conclusions Exposure to opioids in the perioperative period is associated with new persistent use in patients who were previously opioid-naive. This suggests that exposure to opioids is an independent risk factor for persistent use in patients undergoing incisional ophthalmic surgery. Surgeons should be aware of those risks to identify at-risk patients given the current national opioid crisis and to minimize prescribing opioids when possible.
Model Compression Hardens Deep Neural Networks: A New Perspective to Prevent Adversarial Attacks.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been demonstrating phenomenal success in many real-world applications. However, recent works show that DNN's decision can be easily misguided by adversarial examples-the input with imperceptible perturbations crafted by an ill-disposed adversary, causing the ever-increasing security concerns for DNN-based systems. Unfortunately, current defense techniques face the following issues: 1) they are usually unable to mitigate all types of attacks, given that diversified attacks, which may occur in practical scenarios, have different natures and 2) most of them are subject to considerable implementation cost such as complete retraining. This prompts an urgent need of developing a comprehensive defense framework with low deployment costs. In this work, we reveal that ``defensive decision boundary'' and ``small gradient'' are two critical conditions to ease the effectiveness of adversarial examples with different properties. We propose to wisely use ``hash compression'' to reconstruct a low-cost ``defensive hash classifier'' to form the first line of our defense. We then propose a set of retraining-free ``gradient inhibition'' (GI) methods to extremely suppress and randomize the gradient used to craft adversarial examples. Finally, we develop a comprehensive defense framework by orchestrating ``defensive hash classifier'' and ``GI.'' We evaluate our defense across traditional white-box, strong adaptive white-box, and black-box settings. Extensive studies show that our solution can enormously decrease the attack success rate of various adversarial attacks on the diverse dataset.
The Effects of Auditory Tact and Auditory Imagining Instructions on the Emergence of Novel Intraverbals

The current research investigated whether intraverbals would emerge following auditory tact instruction. Participants were first taught to tact auditory stimuli by providing the name of the item or animal that produces the sound (e.g., saying “eagle” when presented with the recording of an eagle cawing). Following test probes for simple intraverbals as well as intraverbal categorization participants were taught to tact what each auditory stimulus is (e.g., saying “caw” when presented with the recording of an eagle cawing). Following both tact instructional phases, the effects of an auditory imagining instruction procedure on target intraverbals were examined. Results indicate that following both tact instructional phases, intraverbals increased for three of four participants. Auditory imagining instruction was sufficient for two of four participants to reach mastery criterion, and two of four participants needed some direct instruction. Low covariation between simple intraverbal and categorization was also observed. Functional interdependence between tacts and intraverbals and the possible role of a conditioned hearing response are discussed.
5-Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery and Neovascular Glaucoma: Long-term Follow-up of the Original Pilot Study

Background: The long-term efficacy and safety of filtering surgery with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in eyes with neovascular glaucoma are unknown. Methods: Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis of surgical outcome was performed on all 34 patients (34 eyes) enrolled from May 1982 through April 1986 in the original pilot study of filtering surgery with 5-FU. Results: Success rates at the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year intervals were 71 %, 67%, 61 %, 41 %, and 28%, respectively. The median filter survival time was 38.7 months (95% confidence interval: 32–45 months). Twelve (35%) of 34 patients lost light perception vision, and phthisis bulbi developed in 8 (24%) of 34 patients. Age of 50 years or younger ( P P = 0.0004) were significant risk factors for surgical failure. The 1-year success rate for patients no older than 50 years of age was 23% compared with a 95% success rate in patients older than 50 years of age. After adjustment for age, type 1 diabetes was a borderline risk factor ( P = 0.06). Conclusion: There is a high risk of long-term failure of filtering surgery with 5-FU in neovascular glaucoma. Patients 50 years of age or younger have an extremely poor prognosis. Patients older than 50 years of age have initial short-term success with an accelerated failure rate after 3 years.
Patterns of variability are consistent across signal types in the treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus

Animal signal characteristics vary at multiple levels, and this variation can be related to the selective forces acting on signal structure. However, the effectiveness of selection acting on any one signal type may depend on selective forces acting on the same characteristics in other signal types, particularly if the signals share a common physical production mechanism. In anurans, signal variability has been related to the potential for various forms of selection by female choice on the characteristics of male advertisement calls. The significance of variability in the characteristics of another vocalization type, the aggressive call, is less well understood. In the present stiudy, within- and between-male variability was measured in several characteristics of both advertisement and aggressive calls in the treefrog Dendropsophus ebraccatus. Many characteristics of both call types were repeatable within males. Fine-temporal and spectral characteristics generally had low variation within males, whereas gross-temporal characteristics were more variable. Unexpectedly, there were strong correlations between both measures of variability and mean values of the call characteristics of advertisement and aggressive calls. Thus, despite potentially conflicting selection pressures acting on advertisement and aggressive calls, the characteristics of individuals' calls were consistent across these two signal types. The potential forces responsible for consistency across call types are discussed, including morphological constraints and behavioural syndromes that act across different signalling contexts. In general, it is argued that measurements of variability made across multiple signal types, as in the present study, can provide important insights into the evolution of signal structure in organisms with complex signal repertoires. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 109, 131–145.
Map and Database Construction for an Historic Cemetery: Methods and Applications

Accurate maps and databases can be beneficial for research and management of cemeteries, but such documents have rarely been linked for historic cemeteries. This paper focuses on the mapping and inventorying of historic St. Michael’s Cemetery in Pensacola, Florida, and on potential applications of the results to other cemeteries. The mapping involved a global positioning system receiver to establish reference points and a total station survey of individual marked graves, borders, and fences. Grave inscriptions and marker attributes were recorded on a microcassette recorder and transcribed into a spreadsheet. All data were imported into a geographic information system to produce an accurate digital map and database. The map and database are suited to examine architectural trends and influences, historical social issues, evolving funerary customs, demographic trends, and cemetery management matters. The fully interactive map and database are available on the Web and can potentially serve archaeologists, historians, geographers, genealogists, geologists, forensic scientists, and anthropologists.
A Survey of Enterprise Architecture Analysis Using Multi Criteria Decision Making Models (MCDM)

System design becomes really important for software production due to continuous increase in size and complexity of software systems. It is a complex design activity to build architecture for the systems like large enterprises. Thus it is a critical issue to select the correct architecture in software engineering domain. Moreover, in enterprise architecture selection different goals and objectives must be taken into consideration as it is a multi-criteria decision making problem. Generally this field of enterprise architecture analysis has progressed from the application of linear weighting, through integer programming and linear programming to multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) models. In this paper we survey two multi-criteria decision making models (AHP, ANP) to determine that to what extent they have been used in making powerful decisions in complex enterprise architecture analysis. We have found that by using ANP model, decision makers of an enterprise can make more precise and suitable decisions in selection of enterprise architecture styles.
Cysteine regulates expression of cysteine dioxygenase and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase in cultured rat hepatocytes

Rat hepatocytes cultured for 3 days in basal medium expressed low levels of cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and high levels of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS). When the medium was supplemented with ...
Navigating Disruptive Innovation in Undergraduate Business Education.

The undergraduate business education landscape is dramatically changing and will continue to do so for the foreseeable future. Many of the changes are being driven by increasing costs, advances in technology, rapid globalization, and an increasingly diverse workforce and customer base, and are occurring simultaneously in both the business world and higher education. This is especially true for undergraduate business education in which alternative models to the traditional four-year curriculum continue to emerge. Using Christensen's theory of disruptive innovation as a framework, we develop a set of recommendations to help undergraduate business education navigate the disruptions it faces by adopting a “pragmatic liberal” approach. This approach offers a direct contrast to the decades of limited success that business schools have had integrating liberal education and business education.
Training teamwork in medicine: An active approach using role play and feedback

Recent reports in the field of medicine have recommended teamwork training as method of reducing human error. The current study evaluated a teamwork training protocol that used a lecture, several role plays, and guided discussion for feedback. Forty-one medical residents participated in the training on 1 of 2 days (groups) and completed evaluation measures both prior to and immediately following the training program. Means for a situational judgment test (SJT) were higher for post-training scores than pre-training scores. However, mean comparisons with teamwork attitudes and learning goal orientation did not yield significant differences. An item analysis of the SJT responses indicated significant response shifts that corresponded to teamwork behaviors. Results suggested that teamwork training positively affected behavioral intentions for trauma room teamwork.
Buoyant density of canine distemper virus.

The buoyant density of canine distemper virus was determined in cesium chloride. In 10 different experiments, the infectivity peak was found at a density ranging from 1.242–1.226, with a mean of 1.231. Three stable complement-fixing (CF) antigens were found for CDV with buoyant densities of 1.29, 1.23, and 1.14. The buoyant densities for both the virion and CF antigens of CDV were in close agreement with those previously reported for measles virus.
Raman evidence for product binding to the enzyme W137F 4‐chlorobenzoyl‐CoA dehalogenase in two conformational states

The enzyme 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation of 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA (4-CBA-CoA) to yield 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA (4-HBA-CoA). Part of the catalytic mechanism involves interaction between an active site side-chain, from Asp145, with the 4-position of the benzoyl moiety. For the complex consisting of product 4-HBA-CoA in the active site the interaction between Asp145 and the 4-OH group helps produce a major rearrangement in the benzoyl's π-electron system with the system becoming highly polarized. This leads to a large red shift in the benzoyl λmax, from 260 to 370 nm, and radical changes in the Raman spectrum. In addition to the Asp145-4-OH interaction, the aspartate side-chain is held in place by a hydrogen bond to the indole side-chain of Trp137. We explored the consequences of removing this hydrogen bonding interaction by using protein engineering techniques to replace Trp137 by Phe, Ala or His. For 4-HBA-CoA binding to Trp137Phe dehalogenase there is spectroscopic evidence for two conformational populations for bound product. One species (highly polarized) has a λmax near 375 nm and intense Raman bands at 1550, 1520 and 658 cm−1, whereas the second species (moderately polarized) has a λmax near 330 nm and an intense Raman mode at 1575 cm−1. Raman data collected between 6 and 34 °C demonstrate population changes with the highly polarized species having the highest thermodynamic stability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Inflammatory Mediators and Cytokines on Human Melanocyte Function

The fully differentiated human melanocyte functions as a necessary and integral part of the epidermis, synthesizing melanin in intracellular organelles and transferring these pigment-containing organelles to surrounding keratino-cytes. The epidermal environment contains multiple inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and growth factors that may alter constitutive melanocyte function. Constitutive melanocyte function can also be markedly altered by release of such mediators in inflammatory dermatoses. Many of the same factors can also be released by ultraviolet radiation and psoralen + ultraviolet A treatment. These inflammatory mediators and cytokines affect not only melanocyte pigment production, but also proliferation, differentiation, immunologic susceptibility and cytotoxicity, inflammatory mediator, cytokine and matrix protein production, and cell movement. The effect of inflammatory mediators and cytokines on melanocytes and the regulation of these effects are an active area of investigation.
Color Index for Red Clover Seed

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed coats range in color from yellow to purple with the majority of populations having seeds with various proportions of both. Our objectives were to determine the extent of variability for seed color in red clover and evaluate the potential of a color classification scheme as a descriptor for red clover populations. Two to four replicates of 100 randomly selected seeds were classified for color for single seed lots of the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) red clover core collection and 15 cultivars. In addition, four 100-seed samples of multiple (2- 5) seed lots of five cultivars were evaluated. Individual seeds from each sample were placed into 1 of 5 (1 = >95% yellow to 5 = >95% purple) different color classes. This allowed a color index (CX) to be calculated for each sample by the formula [Σ(seeds per class x class number)]/ (total number of seeds evaluated). Extensive variability was found among accessions within the core collection for CX, with a range of 4.4 for PI 207972 to 2.4 for PI 120105. A highly significant difference was observed among cultivars for CX; however, most had mean CXs between 3.0 and 3.3. Slight, but significant, differences were found among lots within 'Arlington' (range 3.3-3.5) and 'Altaswede' (range 2.5-2.8) for CX. However, the difference between Arlington and Altaswede mean CXs averaged across seed lots was more than three times larger than the greatest intracultivar seed lot difference. Frequencies of Classes 1 and 5 were relatively consistent across environments. From analysis of variance of five seed lots from each of Arlington and 'Kenstar', estimates of variance components associated with cultivar, seed lot within cultivar, and 100-seed sample within seed lot indicated 94% of total variance of a randomly selected sample was due to differences between cultivars. Our data indicated CX used in conjunction with class frequencies, if necessary, could be a useful descriptor for red clover populations.