cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Nonhuman Primates to Research on Aging

Aging is the biological process of declining physiologic function associated with increasing mortality rate during advancing age. Humans and higher nonhuman primates exhibit unusually longer average life spans as compared with mammals of similar body mass. Furthermore, the population of humans worldwide is growing older as a result of improvements in public health, social services, and health care systems. Comparative studies among a wide range of organisms that include nonhuman primates contribute greatly to our understanding about the basic mechanisms of aging. Based on their genetic and physiologic relatedness to humans, nonhuman primates are especially important for better understanding processes of aging unique to primates, as well as for testing intervention strategies to improve healthy aging and to treat diseases and disabilities in older people. Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are the predominant monkeys used in studies on aging, but research with lower nonhuman primate species is increasing. One of the priority topics of research about aging in nonhuman primates involves neurologic changes associated with cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. Additional areas of research include osteoporosis, reproductive decline, caloric restriction, and their mimetics, as well as immune senescence and chronic inflammation that affect vaccine efficacy and resistance to infections and cancer. The purpose of this review is to highlight the findings from nonhuman primate research that contribute to our understanding about aging and health span in humans.
Fears from a medical student

> > Crisp, unstained white coat. Lab results in hand. > > > > The diagnosis: brain cancer with pseudopallisading necrosis. > > > > His prognosis is poor. Only three months left for him. > > > > But I wasn't taught how …
Reduced Organ Growth When Hyperphagia Is Prevented in Genetically Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats

AbstractRestricting the food intake of the genetically obese rat throughout life to that eaten by its lean littermate normalized body weight but not body composition compared to lean controls at 15 weeks of age. However, by 33 weeks of age the body weights of the restricted fatties were greater than those of lean controls but less than those of ad libitum-fed fatties. The weights of muscle, kidney, liver, and brain were decreased in restricted fatties. For the muscle and kidney significant decreases in DNA and protein content occurred in restricted fatties in comparison with both ad libitum-fed lean or obese controls. In the brain and liver more subtle but significant growth alterations were noted. Consequently, the ability of the calorically restricted obese rat to maintain its obese body composition occurs at the expense of normal growth in other organs and tissues.
Synthesis of haem in normal and leukaemic leucocytes.

RECENT investigations suggest that the formation of haem from iron and protoporphyrin is enzymatic in avian erythrocytes1–4, rat liver5,6 and canine muscle7. The haemoproteins, such as catalase, peroxidase and the cytochromes, exist in leucocytes8; however, the origin of haem for these proteins is not apparent. The present study concerns the formation of haem in a leucocyte system.
Relationship between health-related quality of life, disease activity and disease damage in a prospective international multicenter cohort of childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Previously, we described associations between health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and disease-related factors among childhood onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients. Here we determin...
Active Vaccines for Alzheimer Disease Treatment.

Abstract Introduction Vaccination against peptides specific to Alzheimer disease may generate an immune response that could help inhibit disease and symptom progression. Methods PubMed and Scopus were searched for clinical trial articles, review articles, and preclinical studies relevant to the field of active Alzheimer disease vaccines and raw searches yielded articles ranging from 2016 to 1973. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for active Alzheimer disease vaccine trials. Manual research and cross-referencing from reviews and original articles was performed. Results First generation Aβ42 phase 2a trial in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease resulted in cases of meningoencephalitis in 6% of patients, so next generation vaccines are working to target more specific epitopes to induce a more controlled immune response. Difficulty in developing these vaccines resides in striking a balance between providing a vaccine that induces enough of an immune response to actually clear protein sustainably but not so much of a response that results in excess immune activation and possibly adverse effects such as meningoencephalitis. Conclusions Although much work still needs to be done in the field to make this a practical possibility, the enticing allure of being able to treat or even prevent the extraordinarily impactful disease that is Alzheimer disease makes the idea of active vaccination for Alzheimer disease very appealing and something worth striving toward.
Executive Functioning Theory and ADHD

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the current diagnostic label for individuals presenting with significant problems with attention and/or impulsiveness and hyperactivity. While the disorder has not always been called ADHD, the history of the clinical syndrome of inattention and overactivity dates back over 200 years. Across the last 200+ years, different aspects of the disorder (hyperkinesis, inattention, etc.) have been emphasized yet there has been an increasing recognition of the heterogeneity of the disorder. ADHD remains among the most common reasons that a child is referred for mental health treatment and is increasingly a common reason that adults are referred for treatment. Individuals with ADHD display considerable variation in the degree of symptoms, functional impairments from these symptoms, domains of impairment, age of diagnosis, response to treatment, and psychiatric comorbidity. While not currently a symptom of ADHD, there is evidence that executive functioning (EF) deficits may be a defining aspect of the disorder and even that its two symptom dimensions actually represent dimensions of EF. This chapter presents an overview of EF theory and ADHD.
Transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic landscape of positional memory in the caudal fin of zebrafish

Regeneration requires cells to regulate proliferation and patterning according to their spatial position. Positional memory is a property that enables regenerating cells to recall spatial information from the uninjured tissue. Positional memory is hypothesized to rely on gradients of molecules, few of which have been identified. Here, we quantified the global abundance of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites along the proximodistal axis of caudal fins of uninjured and regenerating adult zebrafish. Using this approach, we uncovered complex overlapping expression patterns for hundreds of molecules involved in diverse cellular functions, including development, bioelectric signaling, and amino acid and lipid metabolism. Moreover, 32 genes differentially expressed at the RNA level had concomitant differential expression of the encoded proteins. Thus, the identification of proximodistal differences in levels of RNAs, proteins, and metabolites will facilitate future functional studies of positional memory during appendage regeneration.
Are smarter people happier? Meta-analyses of the relationships between general mental ability and job and life satisfaction

Abstract Despite folk and scholarly interest on the relationship between intelligence and happiness, there is an absence of cumulative knowledge on this topic to guide theory and practice. Accordingly, we conducted meta-analyses of the relationships of general mental ability (GMA) with two organizationally relevant indicators of happiness (i.e., job and life satisfaction). Drawing on the gravitation model and job design theory, we test a model that posits GMA has positive indirect effects on job and life satisfaction through the mediating effects of job complexity and income. Overall, the results of the meta-analyses showed that there was a small, positive correlation between GMA and both job satisfaction (ρ = 0.05) and life satisfaction (ρ = 0.11). The results of meta-analytic path analysis generally supported the hypothesized model. Further, there was an unexpected negative, direct relationship between GMA and job satisfaction. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice.
HAMEX: heterogeneous architecture and memory exploration framework

The increasing amount of computation in heterogeneous architectures (including CPU and GPU cores) puts a big burden on memory subsystem. With the gap between compute units and the memory performance getting wider, designing a platform with a responsive memory system becomes more challenging. This issue is exacerbated when memory systems have to satisfy a high volume of traffic generated from heterogeneous compute units. Furthermore, as emerging memory technologies are being introduced to address these issues, a rapid and flexible mechanism is needed to evaluate these technologies in the context of heterogeneous architectures. This paper proposes HAMEX, a framework that enables early design space exploration of heterogeneous systems with a focus on resolving memory access bottle-necks. This framework first allows system designers to easily model heterogeneous architectures that can run both CPU and GPU workloads. Next, given a set of workloads partitioned on various compute units, traffic generated by these units are captured in order to explore different memory systems. We show the feasibility of design space exploration using HAMEX by simulating a contemporary commercial heterogeneous platform and explore the opportunities for power and performance improvements by adopting different memory technologies.
Perpetual Inferiority: Whites’ Racial Ideology toward Latinos

The author examines contemporary Latino racialization by focusing on whites’ attitudes toward Latinos. Drawing on 40 in-depth interviews with whites from Orange County, California, the findings sho...
Thinking What He Says: Market Research and the Making of Donald Trump’s 2016 Presidential Campaign

Much has been made of the unconventional nature of Donald Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign. From his willingness to indulge in the politics of defamation and personal attack, to his near total reliance on earned media and massive rallies, Trump has defied everything a presidential candidate is supposed to do. But there is one thing that Trump has done that all viable presidential candidates in the USA now try to do: He based his message and market positioning on a detailed, research-driven understanding of the thinking and political instincts of the voter segments targeted by his campaign. It is the object of this chapter to analyze the systematic market research done by Trump to identify, target and position himself with specific voter segments.
Treatment With Bortezomib-based Therapy, Followed by Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation, Improves Outcomes in Light Chain Amyloidosis: A Retrospective Study

Abstract Background The hematologic response is critical in patients with light chain amyloidosis because a good response is known to improve organ response and overall survival. We present a retrospective analysis to compare the hematologic and organ response in patients who received bortezomib-based therapy before autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) versus those who received non–bortezomib-based therapy before ASCT and those who underwent ASCT at diagnosis. Patients and Methods Of a total of 63 patients who underwent ASCT for light chain amyloidosis, 34 received bortezomib-based therapy before ASCT (Bor-ASCT) and 29 did not receive bortezomib therapy (non-Bor-ASCT). A greater number of patients had involvement of ≥ 3 organs and cardiac involvement in the Bor-ASCT group, suggesting a greater risk at baseline in the Bor-ASCT group. Results At 3, 6, and 12 months after ASCT, the hematologic response was better in the Bor-ASCT group, with a statistically significance difference at 6 months (partial response or better in 82% vs. 20%; P = .002) and 12 months (partial response or better in 76% vs. 33%; P = .02). Organ responses (66% vs. 21%; P Conclusion Our study has shown that bortezomib-based therapy before ASCT improves the hematologic response, organ response and overall survival, potentially by decreasing the light chain load before ASCT.
Augmenting clause learning with implied literals

There exist various approaches in SAT solvers that aim at extending inference based on unit propagation. For instance, probing [5] simply applies unit propagation of literals at the root node in order to detect failed literals [3] or to populate literal implication lists. The latter information can then, for instance, be used to shrink clauses by hidden literal elimination (e.g., if a $\longmapsto$ b then (a ∨ b ∨ c) can be reduced to (b ∨ c); cf. [4]).
The Law of Orientation with Parallel Lines of Sight

As discussed in chapter 13, the line of sight can move with or without simultaneous rotation. So that the latter movements can be differentiated in terminology from the other rotations of the eye I will give them the special name of rolling (cyclorotation in modem terminology — B.B.). This rolling has been previously termed circular rotation (Raddrehung), but because this word is often used in a quite different sense in the opthalmological literature it appears appropriate to me to avoid it here in the interest of clarity.
Adjuvant antiviral therapy for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after liver resection: indicated for all patients with chronic hepatitis B?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide with an increasing incidence that affects all major demographic groups (1,2). Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor and leading cause of HCC development, accounting for approximately 33% of HCC cases worldwide (and up to 2/3 of cases in under-developed countries) (3,4).
Self-Efficacy and Adherence Behaviors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients.

Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common disease that requires patient self-management with chronic medications. Adherence rates for RA medications are suboptimal. This study explores medication adherence and self-efficacy behaviors among RA patients. Methods We conducted a qualitative study comprising focus groups and individual interviews. Nineteen participants were recruited and screened to participate in three 90-minute focus groups (n = 13) and six 60-minute individual interviews. We created and maintained a codebook to analyze data. Interviews were analyzed by using NViVo qualitative analysis software. Results Key points in participant interviews were 1) self-efficacy as influenced by the ability to establish routines, and having an understanding relationship with their healthcare provider; 2) self-efficacy to adjust medications depended on having permission from providers to adjust medications, perceptions of the effectiveness of medications, and confidence in self-knowledge to make appropriate adjustments; and 3) changes in self-efficacy over time were influenced by initial denial and later acceptance of the diagnosis. Participant interviews revealed that medication adherence is a spectrum that ranges from adherent to nonadherent. Conclusion Participants' experience with RA medications revealed varied underlying reasons for adherence behaviors. Recognizing adherence as a dynamic behavior has important implications for how adherence interventions are designed. For example, participants reported adjusting medications in response to the unpredictable nature of RA. Interventions could collect information about RA symptoms and be tailored to provide adherence support at times when patients need it most. The importance of self-efficacy in influencing participants' adherence behaviors is an area for continuing research among patients and providers.
The humean sentimentalist learns from the aristotelian anscombe

Elizabeth Anscombe is an Aristotelian, but her insights allow one to make a better case for moral sentimentalism. The sentimentalist tradition emphasizes both the empathic and the active sides of compassion, benevolence, and other such sentiments, but hasn’t previously allowed us to see how these two aspects of the moral sentiments necessarily work together. However, Anscombe’s idea that one cannot simply desire a saucer of mud allows the sentimentalist to argue that compassion, e.g., as a motive cannot exist all on its own but requires empathic feeling. It can also be argued that empathy doesn’t merely lead to compassionate motivation but entails it. The two sides of compassion are necessarily tied together, and the paper ends by showing us how we might more deeply understand such a moral sentiment and others in terms of the traditional Chinese idea of the necessary complementarity of yin and yang.
Observer error and its impact on ancestry estimation using dental morphology

Dental morphology is becoming increasingly visible in forensic anthropology as part of the estimation of ancestry. As methods are developed based on these data, it is important to understand the role of observer error in data collection and method application. In this study, 10 observers collected dental morphological data on 19 traits on the same set of nine plaques. Various measures of interrater reliability were calculated to assess observer error. Data were then input into one of three ancestry estimation methods based on dental morphology to understand the role of observer error in these methods. Results show low rater reliability for all dental morphological traits when all 10 observers are compared. Rater reliability increases when only experienced observers are compared and traits are dichotomized. Further, differences in trait scores by observers resulted in disparate estimations of ancestry in each of the methods. While observer error appears to be an issue in dental morphological methods of ancestry estimation, these problems can be addressed. An argument is made for advanced training in dental anthropology in laboratories and in graduate programs. Further, methods need to test for and employ traits with high rater agreement.
Therapist and computer‐based brief interventions for drug use within a randomized controlled trial: effects on parallel trajectories of alcohol use, cannabis use and anxiety symptoms

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Despite their high comorbidity, the effects of brief interventions (BI) to reduce cannabis use, alcohol use and anxiety symptoms have received little empirical attention. The aims of this study were to examine whether a therapist-delivered BI (TBI) or computer-guided BI (CBI) to address drug use, alcohol consumption (when relevant) and HIV risk behaviors, relative to enhanced usual care (EUC), was associated with reductions in parallel trajectories of alcohol use, cannabis use and anxiety symptoms, and whether demographic characteristics moderated reductions over time. DESIGN Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine joint trajectories of alcohol use, cannabis use and anxiety symptoms assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months after baseline enrollment. SETTING Hurley Medical Center Emergency Department (ED) in Flint, MI, USA. PARTICIPANTS The sample was 780 drug-using adults (aged 18-60 years; 44% male; 52% black) randomly assigned to receive either a TBI, CBI or EUC through the HealthiER You study. INTERVENTIONS AND COMPARATOR ED-delivered TBI and CBIs involved touchscreen-delivered and audio-assisted content. The TBI was administered by a Master's-level therapist, whereas the CBI was self-administered using a virtual health counselor. EUC included a review of health resources brochures in the ED. MEASUREMENTS Assessments of alcohol use (10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), cannabis use (past 30-day frequency) and anxiety symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory-18) occurred at baseline and 3-, 6- and 12-month follow-up. FINDINGS TBI, relative to EUC, was associated with significant reductions in cannabis use [B = -0.49, standard error (SE) = 0.20, P < 0.05) and anxiety (B = -0.04, SE = 0.02, P < 0.05), but no main effect for alcohol use. Two of 18 moderation tests were significant: TBI significantly reduced alcohol use among males (B = -0.60, SE = 0.19, P < 0.01) and patients aged 18-25 years in the TBI condition showed significantly greater reductions in cannabis use relative to older patients (B = -0.78, SE = 0.31, P < 0.05). Results for CBI were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS Emergency department-based therapist-delivered brief interventions to address drug use, alcohol consumption (when relevant) and HIV risk behaviors may also reduce alcohol use, cannabis use and anxiety over time, accounting for the overlap of these processes.
Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir: The First 8-Week, Pangenotypic HCV Treatment Regimen for Patients 12 Years of Age and Older.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, dosing, and cost information of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Data Sources: A literature search was conducted between September 2018 and July 2019 using PubMed and Google Scholar with the search terms glecaprevir, pibrentasvir, Mavyret, Maviret, and hepatitis C. Clinicaltrials.gov was searched using the same terms. References of published articles were assessed for additional information. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language preclinical and clinical studies on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir were evaluated. Data Synthesis: Food and Drug Administration-approved glecaprevir/pibrentasvir is considered both safe and efficacious for the treatment of HCV genotypes 1 to 6 and in several patient populations, such as those with treatment-naive or treatment-experienced HCV; with or without compensated cirrhosis, HIV-1 coinfection, or renal impairment; post-liver or post-kidney transplant; and ≥12 years of age. Sustained virological response rates ranged from 83% to 100% in clinical trials, and safety outcomes appear similar to other guideline-recommended HCV treatment options. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This review discusses the pharmacological, efficacy, and safety data found in glecaprevir/pibrentasvir clinical trials and relates this to guideline recommendations and the practical use of this medication for treatment of HCV. Conclusions: With HCV infection rates remaining elevated, it is important to have safe and efficacious treatment options. Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir is a safe and efficacious guideline-recommended, 8-week treatment for HCV in several patient populations, with these populations likely growing in the near future given ongoing and future studies.
Perfluoroalkyl substances and severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver in Children: An untargeted metabolomics approach.

Abstract Background Toxicant-associated steatohepatitis has been described in adults but less is known regarding the role of toxicants in liver disease of children. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) cause hepatic steatosis in rodents, but few previous studies have examined PFAS effects on severity of liver injury in children. Objectives We aimed to examine the relationship of PFAS to histologic severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. Methods Seventy-four children with physician-diagnosed NAFLD were recruited from Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta between 2007 and 2015. Biopsy-based liver histological features were scored for steatosis, lobular and portal inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis. Plasma concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and untargeted plasma metabolomic profiling, were determined using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry. A metabolome-wide association study coupled with pathway enrichment analysis was performed to evaluate metabolic dysregulation associated with PFAS. A structural integrated analysis was applied to identify latent clusters of children with more severe form of NAFLD based on their PFAS levels and metabolite pattern. Results Patients were 7–19 years old, mostly boys (71%), Hispanic (51%), and obese (85%). The odds of having nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), compared to children with steatosis alone, was significantly increased with each interquartile range (IQR) increase of PFOS (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.40–7.87) and PFHxS (OR: 4.18, 95% CI: 1.64–10.7). Each IQR increase of PFHxS was associated with increased odds for liver fibrosis (OR: 4.44, 95% CI: 1.34–14.8), lobular inflammation (OR: 2.87, 95% CI: 1.12–7.31), and higher NAFLD activity score (β coefficient 0.46; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.89). A novel integrative analysis identified a cluster of children with NASH, characterized by increased PFAS levels and altered metabolite patterns including higher plasma levels of phosphoethanolamine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, aspartate and creatine, and decreased plasma levels of betaine. Conclusions Ηigher PFAS exposure was associated with more severe disease in children with NAFLD. PFAS may be an important toxicant contributing to NAFLD progression; however larger, longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Mictomagnetic full-Heusler nanoprecipitates in (Ti, Zr, Hf)NiFexSn half-Heusler composites

Abstract One of the most recent strategies used to enhance the efficiency of certain thermoelectric (TE) materials relies on the interaction of magnetic dopants with charge carriers and lattice vibrations. Understanding the forms of magnetism inherent to the materials is critical for continued TE performance optimization. Accordingly, we herein analyze the low-temperature magnetic properties of a mictomagnetic composite system we previously engineered for improved TE power generation capabilities. The Ti0.25Zr0.25Hf0.50NiFexSn0.975Sb0.025 set of materials features long-range magnetic ordering as a result of an intentional magnetic full-Heusler secondary phase in the half-Heusler composites. Having the highest population density of magnetic nanoprecipitates, the x = 0.05 sample exhibits both superparamagnetic and cluster glass behavior, with blocking temperatures ranging from ≈ 100 to 250 K. We discern the phenomena from the sharp, open DC magnetization loops, the splitting of the zero-field-cooled and field-cooled DC moments, as well as the frequency- and field-dependent AC susceptibility measurement. In the magnetotransport data, we find evidence for the Kondo effect in these dilute magnetic semiconductors, in addition to weak antilocalization in the pure sample that is abated in the magnetic samples.
Iwankapiya American Indian pilot clinical trial: Historical trauma and group interpersonal psychotherapy

American Indians face pervasive trauma exposure, collective histories of communal suffering, and elevated risk for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. In addition to socioeconomic barriers, access to culturally responsive treatment is limited, which may compromise treatment engagement. The Iwankapiya study piloted the Historical Trauma and Unresolved Grief Intervention (HTUG), combined with Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), to reduce symptoms of depression and related trauma and grief. The study hypothesized that HTUG + IPT would lead to greater group engagement and decreased depression and related symptoms compared with IPT-Only. American Indian adults (n = 52) were randomized into one of two 12-session interventions, HTUG + IPT or IPT-Only, at two tribal sites: one Northern Plains reservation (n = 26) and one Southwest urban clinic (n = 26). Standardized measures assessed depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, grief, trauma, and substance use. Data were collected at screening, baseline, end of intervention, and 8 weeks postintervention; depression and group engagement measures were also collected at Weeks 4 and 8 of the intervention. Depression scores significantly decreased for both treatments, but there were no significant differences in depression between the two groups: IPT-Only (30.2 ± 6.4 at baseline to 16.7 ± 12.1 at follow-up) and HTUG + IPT (30.2 ± 8.1 at baseline to 19.9 ± 8.8 at follow-up). However, HTUG + IPT participants demonstrated significantly greater group engagement. Postintervention, clinicians expressed preference for HTUG + IPT based upon qualitative observations of greater perceived gains among participants. Given the degree of trauma exposure in tribal communities, these findings in a relatively small sample suggest HTUG should be further examined in context of treatment engagement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Red and Green Disease in Glaucoma

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a key tool in the diagnosis and evaluation of glaucoma. On OCT printouts, measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), macula, and optic nerve are compared to a normative database of age-matched normals and then color-coded. A color-coding of green (“within normal limits”) suggests that the patient is normal and has nerve tissue values similar to age-matched normals. Yellow (“borderline”) is a warning and suggests that the patient’s values may be slightly thinner than normal. Red (“outside normal limits”) indicates that the patient has glaucoma and has very thin nerve tissue.
Site-Dependent Spin Delocalization and Evidence of Ferrimagnetism in Atomically Precise Au25(SR)180 Clusters as Seen by Solution 13C NMR Spectroscopy.

We report a simple but detailed solution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of atomically precise neutral Au25(SR)180 (SR = alkyl thiolate) clusters. The paramagnetic 13C Knight shi...
Labor Report: State and Regional Analysis for North Dakota, Minnesota, South Dakota - Q2 2017

This quarterly labor report provides insight into trends in non-farm employment in the Upper Great Plains. It includes state-level data for North Dakota, Minnesota and South Dakota and local-level data for the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of Fargo, ND-MN; Bismarck, ND; Grand Forks, ND-MN; Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI; Duluth, MN-WI; Rochester, MN; St. Cloud, MN; Sioux Falls, SD; and Rapid City, SD. In addition to reporting employment and wage figures, this report provides context for labor market and industry trends by conducting regional comparisons and using economic theory to interpret results. By using data to signal the health and functioning of regional labor markets and local economies, this report seeks to offer meaningful analysis for employers, job seekers and policymakers at the state and local levels.
Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Contribute to the Maintenance of Thymic Stroma including Thymic Epithelial Cells

Abstract In paradox to critical functions for T-cell selection and self-tolerance, the thymus undergoes profound age-associated atrophy and loss of T-cell function, which are further enhanced by cancer therapies. Identification of thymic epithelial progenitor populations capable of forming functional thymic tissue will be critical in understanding thymic epithelial cell (TEC) ontogeny and designing strategies to reverse involution. We identified a new population of progenitor cells, present in both thymus and bone marrow (BM), that co-express the hematopoietic marker CD45 and the definitive thymic epithelial marker EpCAM and maintains the capacity to form functional thymic tissue. Confocal analysis and qRT-PCR of sorted cells from both BM and thymus confirmed co-expression of CD45 and EpCAM. Grafting of C57BL/6 fetal thymi under the kidney capsule of H2BGFP transgenic mice revealed that peripheral CD45+ EpCAM+ GFP-expressing cells migrate into the developing thymus and contribute to both TECs and FSP1-expressing stroma. Sorted BM-derived CD45+EpCAM+ cells contribute to reaggregate thymic organ cultures (RTOCs) and differentiate into keratin and FoxN1 expressing TECs, demonstrating that BM cells can contribute to the maintenance of TEC microenvironments previously thought to be derived solely from endoderm. BM-derived CD45+EpCAM+ cells represent a new source of progenitor cells that contribute to thymic homeostasis. Future studies will characterize the contribution of BM-derived CD45+EpCAM+ TEC progenitors to distinct functional TEC microenvironments in both the steady-state thymus and under conditions of demand. Cell therapies utilizing this population may prove useful for counteracting thymic involution in cancer patients.
Erdoğan’s ‘New’ Turkey. Attempted Coup d’état and the acceleration of political crisis: edited by Nikos Christofis, Routledge, London and New York, 2020, Hardback £115, E-book £ 33.29, Hardback ISBN 9780367352509, E-book ISBN 9780429330216; ISBN 9780367352509

The aborted coup attempt of 15 July 2016 constitutes a major historical juncture in Turkey’s recent history. Few observers would contest that this event symbolically marks the country’s transformat...
Produce Growers' On-Farm Food Safety Education: A Review.

ABSTRACT From planting to distribution, fresh produce can be contaminated by humans, water, animals, soil, equipment, and the environment. Produce growers play an essential role in managing and minimizing on-farm food safety risks. Because of an increase in public awareness about produce safety, farmer food safety education has become an important research and extension topic. This review article summarizes findings by researchers who have evaluated produce growers' food safety knowledge and attitudes and the effectiveness of food safety educational programs for growers. A search of on-line databases, journal archives, conference abstracts, and reference lists of relevant studies was conducted to locate peer-reviewed articles on produce growers' food safety knowledge and behavioral changes. Study selection criteria included publications in English, publication between 2000 and 2019, and a focus on one of six topics: handling of agricultural water, soil amendments, domesticated animal and wildlife management, worker health and hygiene, food safety plans and record-keeping, and cleaning and sanitation. Forty-three published articles were included in the analysis. Handling of agricultural water and soil amendments were the two topics least understood by growers, whereas worker health and hygiene were the best understood. Food safety educational interventions were evaluated in 13 studies, and most studies used in-person workshops and self-reported pre- and postintervention knowledge assessments. Most reported increased knowledge, some reported improved attitudes and perceived behavioral control, and only four reported behavioral changes. Because of small sample sizes, many studies did not include a statistical analysis of the differences between pre- and postintervention survey results. This review article provides insights and guidance for the development of food safety education for produce growers. HIGHLIGHTS
Urban landscape attributes affect occupancy patterns of the San Joaquin kit fox during an epizootic

The federally endangered and California state threatened San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) persists in relatively high density in the urban environment of Bakersfield, California, USA. Coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (V. vulpes), and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are natural competitors of San Joaquin kit foxes, and their presence in Bakersfield potentially impacts kit foxes. We used annual camera survey data in 111 randomly selected 1-km2 grid cells to investigate the influence of landscape attributes and the presence of canid competitors on San Joaquin kit fox occupancy from 2015 to 2019 in Bakersfield. Of 59 candidate models, our results indicated that occupancy patterns of urban kit foxes were driven primarily by a selection for campuses (e.g. schools, churches, and medical centres), followed by an avoidance of paved roads. Presence of other canids was associated with kit fox presence during surveys but did not have a discernable effect on occupancy, possibly due to a relatively low number of detections. Kit fox occupancy was estimated to have declined by 40% in Bakersfield over the 5-year study, likely due to sarcoptic mange (canis variety skin mite, Sarcoptes scabiei) disease as evidenced by a 37–49% extinction probability as a result of mange. Despite mange, the San Joaquin kit fox population in Bakersfield is one of the largest remaining populations. Awareness of the selection for campuses and avoidance of paved roads by San Joaquin kit foxes can help to develop effective land management and mitigation policy for kit foxes affected by urban development.
Crohn’s-like Enteritis in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia: A Case Series and Systematic Review

Background X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an inherited primary immunodeficiency that usually manifests clinically with recurrent sinopulmonary infections. Gastrointestinal manifestations are mostly driven by acute infections and disturbed mucosal immunity, but there is a notable prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Differentiating between XLA-associated enteritis, which can originate from recurrent infections, and IBD can be diagnostically and therapeutically challenging. Objective This study presents a critical appraisal of the clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histological features associated with XLA-associated Crohn disease (CD)–like enteritis. Methods We report 3 cases and performed a systematic review of the literature describing the diagnoses and outcomes. Results An XLA-related enteropathy presented in adolescence with an ileocolonic CD-like phenotype without perianal disease. Abdominal pain, noninfectious diarrhea, and weight loss were the most common symptoms. Imaging and endoscopic findings closely resemble CD. However, histologically, it presents without nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and only 2 studies reported the presence of granulomas. In addition, in XLA-associated enteritis, immunohistochemistry showed the absence or marked reduction in B cells and plasma cells. Conclusions An XLA-associated enteritis is a distinct pathological process that presents clinically in a manner similar to ileocolonic CD. It is important to evaluate for infectious diarrhea, which is common in XLA and can mimic IBD clinically. Complete multidisciplinary evaluation is, therefore, recommended for XLA patients with persistent gastrointestinal symptoms. Although more research is needed, therapeutic selection for XLA-associated enteritis is like that of IBD, and the possible risk of drug interactions and complications from increasing immunosuppression should be considered.
The Changing Higher Landscape of Education

What this chapter attempts to break down and analyze the changing trends and directions that are driving innovation and change within the broader higher educational landscape. Any attempt to summarize or consolidate the multifaceted changes and trends that are underway in the educational space would take an entire book on its own, but this chapter attempts to do so in a manner that is practical and relevant for the readers of the book. Content production, the increasing importance of non-traditional or alternative academic careers, the conversation around tenure and the tenure process, to something seemingly more straightforward such as how to establish a consistent writing paradigm, this chapter seeks to present, discuss, and analyze just what exactly aspiring academics need to know about this fast-changing and evolving area. No single chapter or discussion is going to be able to fully encompass, but this chapter does attempt to summarize and present the core issues in a manner that also leaves readers with practical and helpful advice moving forward.
Maturity Model Linkages Between Software Development Teams, Users and Quality

Information Systems literamre has shown clear linkages between the selection of software development methodologies, the actions of software development teams, overall product quality, and user satisfaction. Rarely are these linkages emphasized, however, in current research on process improvement. This paper examines the convergence of these areas and discusses current research designed to further explore these linkages within the Capability Maturity Model (CMM) framework.
The Aspect Hypothesis: Development of Morphology and Appropriateness of Use

According to the aspect hypothesis (Andersen & Shirai, 1996; Bardovi-Harlig, 2000), perfective morphology emerges before imperfective morphology, it is first used in telic predicates (achievements and accomplishments) and it later extends to atelic predicates (activities and states). The opposite development is hypothesized for imperfective morphology. This study proposes to investigate the emergence of preterite and imperfect morphology in Catalan to examine if the aspectual characteristics of predicates can account for the emergence of morphology and also appropriate use. Past verbal forms in narratives produced by three multilingual learners of Catalan as a foreign language were coded for appropriateness of use, morphology, and lexical aspect. An aspectual analysis of the data provided support for the aspect hypothesis, because achievement and accomplishment predicates in general were inflected for preterite morphology more frequently than were activity and state predicates, and the opposite was found for the emergence of imperfect morphology. The aspectual trends, however, varied for individual learners, tasks, and developmental stages. An analysis of the appropriate use of preterite and imperfect forms showed that morphology was used appropriately in almost all contexts. Prototypical combinations of morphology and aspect tended to be used more appropriately than nonprototypical combinations, as supported by other studies (Cadierno, 2000; Camps, 2002; Giacalone-Ramat, 2002).
Preloading of GAC by natural organic matter: effect of surface chemistry on TCE uptake

Trichloroethylene (TCE) adsorption by activated carbon previously loaded (“preloaded”) with natural organic matter (NOM) is reduced significantly in comparison to as-received carbon. Granular activated carbon (GAC) surface chemistry was modified as a means to preferentially reduce the uptake of natural organic matter foulants and thus increase the uptake of TCE. Heat treatment (up to 1000 °C under N2) and oxidation (conc. NO3) were successful in changing the surface chemistry while not extensively changing the pore structure of two GAC samples. The uptake of organic foulants decreased significantly with increasing surface acidity (as measured by NaOH neutralization). While the subsequent effects of preloading on TCE uptake were mitigated, TCE uptake by hydrophilic carbons was not satisfactory. In contrast, heat treatment of acid-activated wood-based carbons mitigated the effects of preloading while maintaining high TCE uptake. The observed effects could not be explained by a reduction in NOM uptake, suggesting a shift in the sorption mechanism, possibly resulting from the mesoporous structure of these carbons.
Diluents and Lean Mixture Combustion Modeling for SI Engines with a Quasi-Dimensional Model

Lean mixture combustion might be an important feature in the next generation of SI engines, while diluents have already played a key role in the reductions of emissions and fuel consumption. Lean burning modeling is even more important for engine modeling tools which are sometimes used for new engine development. The effect of flame strain on flame speed is believed to be significant, especially under lean mixture conditions. Current quasi-dimensional engine models usually do not include flame strain effects and tend to predict burn rate which is too high under lean burn conditions. An attempt was made to model flame strain effects in quasi-dimensional SI engine models. The Ford model GESIM was used as the platform. A new strain rate model was developed with the Lewis number effect included. A 2.5L V6 4-valve engine and 4.6L V8 2-valve modular engine were used to validate the modified turbulent entrainment combustion model in GESIM. Results showed that the current GESIM can differ by as much as 10 crank angle degrees compared with test data. The modified GESIM can predict burn duration to within 1--2 CA of experimental data, which is considered very good for engine models.
Coping with information input overload: user interface concepts for industrial process control

Process control in control rooms is currently in a state of technological flux driven by recent developments in information technology. The continual integration of new control devices carries with it the risk of overburdening the human operators, with a major source of danger here being information input overload. This article addresses this phenomenon and the implications for user-centered process control.
Alkylation of a histidine residue at the active site of bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease.

Abstract In the study of reactions designed to identify the amino acid residues most directly involved in the catalytic function of pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, the enzyme was first treated with iodoacetate under conditions similar to those which are effective in alkylating essential histidine residues in pancreatic ribonuclease; no inactivation of DNase occurred although some reagent was incorporated. DNase is an enzyme which requires divalent cations to be present with the substrate; when the iodoacetate reaction was tried in the presence of 0.1 m Mn++, DNase was inactivated at pH 7.2 in Tris-chloride buffer and the loss of activity paralleled the formation of 1 residue of 3-carboxymethylhistidine per molecule. The variation of the rate of inactivation with Mn++ concentration indicated that alkylation by iodoacetate is facilitated by the binding of 1 Mn++ per molecule of enzyme. Substitution of Mn++ by 0.1 mm Cu++ greatly increases the rate of alkylation; the half-life of the DNase activity is 5 min at 25° and the only substituted amino acid formed is 3-carboxymethylhistidine. A 29-residue peptide containing the modified histidine residue has been isolated in 90% yield after tryptic hydrolysis of the carboxymethylated DNase. The phenomena of substrate hydrolysis and carboxymethylation at the active site are thus both metal-dependent. The presence of Mn++ or Cu++ probably facilitates the alkylation by increasing the affinity of the active site for the carboxyl group of iodoacetate. A neutral alkylating agent, iodoacetamide, is without effect. The present results increase the number of enzymes of pancreatic origin but differing specificities which are known to have histidine at the active site.