cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Structure of Positive Currents

The space of currents (forms with distribution coefficients) on a complex manifold contains a distinguished cone of positive currents which have been defined and studied by Lelong. A subcone of this cone is generated locally by those currents which correspond to integration over complex subvarieties. Lelong has conjectured that these are precisely the positive currents which are d-closed and whose Lelong numbers, or densities, are locally bounded away from zero [6]. We prove this conjecture in Structure Theorem 6 below. For currents of degree (1, 1) (the hypersurface case) Lelong's conjecture follows immediately from a structure theorem of Bombieri [1] and [2] and Lemma 7 below. One of the authors has verified the conjecture for any degree under the assumption that the densities take integer values [4]. In this paper we show that Bombieri's Structure Theorem for currents of degree (i, 1) can be used to prove the complete conjecture of Lelong. Let ~,.k(~2) denote the space of currents of degree (k, k) on (~ open c ~". That is, u e ~k,k (O) if U = ~, U H d z I/x d5 s where each u H e ~ ' (O) Ill=IJi=k is a distribution on ~. I denotes the multi-index (i~,..., ik), and dz~= dzil A ... A d z i . If ~ belongs to the space ~2,_2k(Q) of compactly supported C ~ (2n-2k)forms on ~, then u(~) is by definition ~ A u(1). The usual differential operators d, r~, and • defined on ~k.k(O) extend to
Amorphous silicon logic integrated circuits

Amorphous silicon thin-film integrated circuits, with between 4 and 18 transistor functions per chip, have been fabricated on glass substrates. The amorphous silicon and the dielectric layers are deposited by rf glow discharge. The circuits have been designed to realize basic logic functions such as inverters, NAND and NOR gates, and addressable memory cells. For the first time, an amorphous silicon flip flop requiring a supply voltage of only 4.5 V has been manufactured. The logic voltage levels of the flip flop are compatible with standard bipolar TTL circuits. Measurements on an inverter chain show a typical propagation delay time of 70 μs and a power-delay-time product of 65 pJ. All of the circuits use n-channel enhancement type load transistors instead of integrated ohmic load resistors. The channel length of the driver transistors is 15 μm with a gate source/drain overlap of 7.5 μm. Experimental geometry ratios range from β=2.25 to β=21. Generally, the driver transistors exhibit on/off ratios greater than 106 for supply voltages smaller than 5 V. At these voltages the measured on-currents per unit channel width are in the order of 5...10nA/μm. The influence of the geometry ratio on static inverter characteristic and switching speed is discussed by means of a simple model. Two different manufacturing schemes for the fabrication of the integrated circuits are outlined. Mask layouts and experimental transfer characteristics of several integrated circuits are presented.
The magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on parental and observational measures of behavioral inhibition and shyness in toddlerhood

Behavioral inhibition is a temperamental trait that refers to slow approach to novel items, shyness towards new people, and fearfulness in new situations, and individuals may develop inhibited response styles by as early as 2 years of age. There are important methodological considerations in the assessment of early temperament, with parental report and observational measures providing both corroborative and unique data. The present study examined behavioral inhibition measured by parental report and observational measures in a genetically informative sample to delineate the agreement between the methods and the uniqueness of each method, and to estimate the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on the common and unique variance. The biometric, psychometric, and rater bias models were conducted to study the covariance between measurement modalities. Overall, the results suggested a common phenotype was assessed by both parents and observers. The latent phenotype underlying parental and observational measures of behavioral inhibition was moderately to substantially heritable.
An unexpected product from the cyclodesulfurization of 5‐[1‐(3‐methoxycarbonyl)thioureido]‐1‐(β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)imidazole‐4‐ carboxamide with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

The treatment of 5-[1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)thioureido]-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in N,N-dimethylformamide has afforded 4-cyano-5-[1-(3-methoxycarbonyl)-ureido]-1-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazole.
Kinetic pinning and biological antifreezes.

Biological antifreezes protect cold-water organisms from freezing. An example is the antifreeze proteins (AFP’s) that attach to the surface of ice crystals and arrest growth. The mechanism for growth arrest has not been heretofore understood in a quantitative way. We present a complete theory based on a kinetic model. We use the ‘‘stones on a pillow’’ picture. Our theory of the suppression of the freezing point as a function of the concentration of the AFP is quantitatively accurate. It gives a correct description of the dependence of the freezing point suppression on the geometry of the protein, and might lead to advances in design of synthetic AFP’s.
Cortical high-gamma responses in auditory processing.

Purpose This tutorial provides an introduction to cortical auditory spectral responses, focusing on event-related activity in the high-gamma frequencies (60–150 Hz), their recent emergence in neuro...
Intracardiac Thrombi in Pediatric Patients: Presentation Profiles and Clinical Outcomes

We document the presentation profiles, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes in a relatively large cohort of pediatric patients with intracardiac thrombi (ICT). We performed a retrospective review of patients diagnosed with ICT by echocardiography at a tertiary pediatric hospital during a 10-year period. These patients received medical therapy or thrombectomy. We provided echocardiographic descriptions of the ICT—size, chamber location, and mobility/morphology. The outcome measures were ICT (persistence, resolution, or embolization), effectiveness of therapy, and patient morbidity and mortality. There were 40 ICT diagnosed in 31 patients (22 males and 9 females). Mean age at diagnosis was 8.8 years (range, 15 days to 18 years). Overall mortality was 12/31 patients (39%); only one death was attributed to ICT embolization. Embolic events occurred in 4/31 patients (13%). The most common initial therapies included heparin infusion (n = 15), warfarin (n = 7), and aspirin (n = 7). The ICT resolved with medical therapy alone in 19/30 patients (63%). One patient required surgical thrombectomy. The cohort was divided into group 1 (dilated cardiomyopathy), group 2 (status post Fontan operation), and group 3 (other diagnoses). In group 1 (n = 11), there were 8 deaths. Embolization occurred in 2/5 large ICT, resulting in cerebral infarction and death (n = 1) and renal infarction (n = 1). The most common ICT location was the left ventricle (n = 10). Severe ventricular systolic dysfunction was present in 10/11 patients (91%). In group 2 (n = 9), there was 1 death. Embolization occurred in 1/7 large ICT, resulting in seizures and temporary paresis. All ICT were located in the Fontan pathway. Severe ventricular systolic dysfunction was present in 2/9 patients (22%). In group 3 (n = 11), there were 3 deaths. Embolization occurred in 1/9 small ICT, resulting in coronary emboli. ICT are most commonly diagnosed in pediatric patients with dilated cardiomyopathy or patients status post Fontan operation. The majority of ICT resolve with medical therapy. Larger ICT tend to embolize more frequently, and the morbidity secondary to embolizatioh is significant. Rarely is mortality due to ICT embolization. The prognosis is poor for patients with left ventricular ICT or ICT in the presence of ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Electroanalytical kinetic and diffusion studies in surfactant media

Voltammetry yields kinetic data for electron transfer in surfactant media. An electrocatalytic cycle is set up so that reactants exchange electrons in a rate-determining step following production of one reactant (the activated catalyst) at an electrode. Microdisk electrodes of radii < 10 μm are used to measure a ratio of catalytic limiting current (catalyst and substrate present) to that for catalyst alone. This “catalytic efficiency” can be used to find the apparent rate constant for reaction of activated catalyst with substrate. Microelectrodes can be used in highly resistive microemulsions. Electron transfer from the Co (I) form of vitamin B12 to alkyl vicinal dihalides in AOT water-in-oil microemulsions is discussed. Apparent diffusion coefficients (D′) from cyclic voltammetry decrease with increasing concentration of electroactive probe (CX) in many ionic micellar systems. Analysis of D′ versus CX data with approximate models provided micelle diffusion coefficients for systems with one or two types of micelles. Similar studies by steady state voltammetry at microdisk electrodes of radii < 13 μm gave D′ values with no Cx dependence in aqueous micellar systems. The latter experiments appear to yield average diffusion coefficients.
Effects of serial inoculations with Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria necatrix upon zinc and oleic acid absorption in chicks.

Abstract IN PREVIOUS papers in this series (Turk and Stephens, 1966Turk and Stephens, 1967 a, b), we have outlined the effects upon nutrient absorption of the coccidial infection of chickens produced by a single large inoculum of sporulated oocysts. The resulting short-lived acute infections were not typical of naturally-occurring infections which usually result from ingestion of fewer coccidial oocysts over a period of several days. Therefore, a series of trials was set up to determine the effects of an infection of the anterior one-third of the small intestine induced by five daily doses of Eimeria acervulina oocysts, or the infection of the middle one-third of the small intestine induced by 5 doses of Eimeria necatrix, upon the absorption of zinc and oleic acid. PROCEDURE Commercial broiler male chicks were raised to four weeks of age in electrically heated batteries with ad libitum access to a non-medicated chick starter ration and tap water. At. . .
Uninorm aggregation operators

Abstract A generalization of the t-norm and t-conorm called the uni-norm is defined. These operators allow for an identity element lying anywhere in the unit interval rather than at one or zero as in the case of t-norms and t-conorms, respectively. Various important properties of these uni-norms are investigated. We next introduce two particular families of these uni-norms, R ∗ and R ∗ , study their behavior and suggest some semantics. Finally, withdrawing the requirement of associativity, we introduce a class of operators called RQ-star aggregation operators which are useful for aggregations guided by imperatives such as “if most of the scores are above the identity take the Max else use the Min”.
The product of the distances of a point inside a regular polytope to its vertices

We show that the maximum of the product of the distances from a point inside an n-dimensional regular simplex, cross-polytope or cube to the vertices is attained at the midpoint of an edge for small n, but is attained at symmetrically placed pairs on an edge for sufficiently high dimensions. We also examine the problem for regular polygons and general triangles in the plane.
Newborn heart-rate response and response habituation as a function of stimulus duration

The heart-rate response of newborns to auditory stimulation was found to be an inverted U-function of stimulus duration. Groups of 20 Ss each were tested with a 2, 6, 10, 18, or 30-second 75 db stimulus. Response to all stimuli was a heart-rate acceleration whose peak magnitude, latency, and duration varied with stimulus duration and with stimulus repetition. Maximal response occurred following the 10-second stimulus. Repetition of the four longest stimuli led to response decrement but there was no habituation of response to the 2-second stimulus. It was suggested that conflicting results of earlier studies might be reconciled on the assumption that the duration yielding maximal response is a function of stimulus intensity.
Drug-drug interactions: Effect of quinidine on nifedipine binding to human cytochrome P450 3A4

Quinidine is a known inhibitor of cytochrome P450-mediated nifedipine metabolism. The interactions of nifedipine and quinidine with human cytochrome P450 3A4, which metabolizes these drugs, were examined using the kinetics of CO binding to this P450 as a rapid kinetic probe of protein conformation and dynamics. This approach showed that nifedipine and quinidine bind to different P450 3A4 species, respectively termed species I and II, with distinct conformations. When both drugs were present simultaneously, nifedipine interacted with the quinidine-bound P450 species II, but not species I. These findings indicate that quinidine acts as an allosteric inhibitor by switching nifedipine binding from nifedipine-metabolizing species I to the nonmetabolizing species II.
Automation of a Screening Polygraph Test Increases Accuracy

Abstract The present study examined the effects of automating the Relevant–Irrelevant (RI) psychophysiological detection of deception test within a mock-screening paradigm. Eighty participants, recruited from the local community, took part in the study. Experimental design was a 2 (truthful/deceptive) by 2 (human/automation) factorial. Participants in the deceptive conditions attempted deception on two items of an employment application. Examinations conducted with the automated polygraph examination were significantly more accurate than examinations conducted by the human polygraph examiner. Statistical analyses revealed different patterns of physiological responses to deceptive items depending upon the automation condition. Those results have potentially interesting theoretical implications. The results of the present study are clearly supportive of additional efforts to develop a field application of an automated polygraph examination.
Patriotic Youth Clubs in Russia. Professional Niches, Cultural Capital and Narratives of Social Engagement

Youth civic engagement in post-socialist countries and youth enrolment in defending the current regimes or contesting them became a growing topic of research in the 2000s. This essay examines a category of largely under-studied youth social engagement in Russia: patriotic clubs for children, teenagers and young adults. These clubs do not come close to the stereotypes promoted by the state patriotic education programmes. There is a major gap between the activists' patriotic narratives and practices, and those expected by the Kremlin. The first part of the paper investigates the notion of ‘patriotic club’ as a broad umbrella that covers multiple activities and practices. Then it explores their meanings and three of their main functions, as a professional tool on the job market, a source of cultural capital, and a way to develop a depoliticised social engagement.
Effects of temperature and ion-to-atom ratio on the orientation of IBAD MoS2 coatings

Abstract MoS 2 coatings, 55–800 nm thick, were grown by ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) using different ion-to-atom ratios and deposition temperatures. Crystallinity and orientation of the IBAD MoS 2 coatings were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Only XRD peaks corresponding to (00 l ), ( hk0 ), and amorphous MoS 2 , and a previously unreported low-2Θ peak (2 Θ ≈ 10.7 °) were observed. The basal (002) peak intensities varied primarily with ion-to-atom ratio; the greatest basal intensity occurred when the ion-to-atom ratio produced about 1 displacement per atom. Although a secondary factor in basal intensity, deposition temperature was the primary factor in edge (100) intensity. Edge intensity increased with increasing temperature; it appears that the increases are due to annealing of randomly-oriented MoS 2 , which converts to edge orientation. The origin of the low-2Θ peak is unknown, but appears to be associated with the basal planes of MoS 2 .
Hyperthermia equipment evaluation

This article looks briefly at the advances over the past 2 decades in the development of equipment for administering clinical hyperthermia, and observes that while there has been much progress, the equipment available today still does not meet the design criteria articulated 20 years ago. The assertation is made that the testing of hyperthermia equipment in animals has not addressed the questions most of interest in the clinic, and a suggestion is made for a more rigorous way to evaluate clinical equipment. Finally some areas where significant progress in equipment development seems possible are mentioned.
Evolutionary Multi-Agent Systems: An Adaptive Approach to Optimization in Dynamic Environments

This paper explores the ability of a team of autonomous software agents to be effective in unknown and changing optimization environments by evolving to use the most successful algorithms at the points in the optimization process where they will be the most effective. We present the core framework and methodology which has potential applications in layout, scheduling, manufacturing, and other engineering design areas. The communal agent team organizational structure employed allows cooperation of agents through the products of their work and creates an ever changing set of individual solutions for the agents to work on. In addition, the organizational structure allows the framework to be adaptive to changes in the design space that occur during the optimization process — making our approach extremely flexible to the kinds of dynamic environments encountered in engineering design problems. An evolutionary approach is used, but evolution occurs at the strategic, rather than solution level — where the strategies of agents in the team (the decisions for picking, altering, and inserting a solution) evolve over time. As an application of this approach, individual solutions are tours in the familiar combinatorial optimization problem of the traveling salesman. With a constantly changing set of these tours, the team, each agent running a different solution strategy, must evolve to apply the solution strategies which are most useful given the set at any point in the process. As a team, the evolutionary agents produce better solutions than any individual algorithm. We discuss the extensions to our preliminary work that will make our framework highly useful to the design and optimization community.© 2008 ASME
Gold nanoparticle mediated cancer immunotherapy

Abstract Significant progress has been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy, where the goal is to activate or modulate the body's immune response against cancer. However, current immunotherapy approaches exhibit limitations of safety and efficacy due to systemic delivery. In this context, the use of nanotechnology for the delivery of cancer vaccines and immune adjuvants presents a number of advantages such as targeted delivery to immune cells, enhanced therapeutic effect, and reduced adverse outcomes. Recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been explored as immunotherapy carriers, creating new AuNP applications that merit a critical overview. This review highlights recent advances in the development of AuNP mediated immunotherapies that harness AuNP biodistribution, optical properties and their ability to deliver macromolecules such as peptides and oligonucleotides. It has been demonstrated that the use of AuNP carriers can improve the delivery and safety of immunotherapy agents, and that AuNP immunotherapies are well suited for synergistic combination therapy with existing cancer therapies like photothermal ablation. From the Clinical Editor Cancer immunotherapy approaches are rapidly evolving and are some of the most promising avenues to approach malignancies. This review summarizes the role of gold nanoparticles in immunotherapy agent delivery, and in the development of synergistic therapies such as photothermal ablation.
Polar symmetric flow of a viscous compressible atmosphere; an application to Mars

The atmosphere is assumed to be driven by a polar symmetric temperature field and the equations of motion in pressure ratio coordinates are linearized by considering the zero order in terms of a thermal Rossby number R delta I/(2a omega) sq where delta T is a measure of the latitudinal temperature gradient. When the eddy viscosity is greater than 1 million sq cm/sec, the boundary layer extends far up into the atmosphere, making the geostrophic approximation invalid for the bulk of the atmosphere. A temperature model for Mars was used which was based on Mariner 9 infrared spectral data with a 30% increase in the depth averaged temperature from the winter pole to the subsolar point. The results obtained for the increase in surface pressure from the subsolar point to the winter pole, as a function of eddy viscosity and with no-slip conditions imposed at the surface, are given.
Deformation of Filamentous Escherichia coli Cells in a Microfluidic Device: A New Technique to Study Cell Mechanics

The mechanical properties of bacterial cells are determined by their stress-bearing elements. The size of typical bacterial cells, and the fact that different time and length scales govern their behavior, necessitate special experimental techniques in order to probe their mechanical properties under various spatiotemporal conditions. Here, we present such an experimental technique to study cell mechanics using hydrodynamic forces in a microfluidic device. We demonstrate the application of this technique by calculating the flexural rigidity of non-growing Escherichia coli cells. In addition, we compare the deformation of filamentous cells under growing and non-growing conditions during the deformation process. We show that, at low forces, the force needed to deform growing cells to the same extent as non-growing cells is approximately two times smaller. Following previous works, we interpret these results as the outcome of the difference between the elastic response of non-growing cells and the plastic-elastic response of growing cells. Finally, we observe some heterogeneity in the response of individual cells to the applied force. We suggest that this results from the individuality of different bacterial cells.
Solution structure of an RNA x DNA hybrid duplex containing a 3'-thioformacetal linker and an RNA A-tract.

Neutral and achiral backbone linkers are promising replacements for the phosphodiester linkages of antisense oligonucleotides that target mRNA sequences. Results are presented here for the solution structure elucidation by NMR of an RNA·DNA hybrid duplex, r(GCGCAAAACGCG)·d(CGCGTT-SCH2O-TTGCGC) (designated RIII), containing a 3‘-thioformacetal (3‘-TFMA) backbone substitution in the DNA strand. The 3‘-thioformacetal linker can be accommodated in the hybrid duplex in a conformation that is drastically different from its form in a DNA·DNA duplex but close to that of the canonical A-form helix, reflecting the sequence requirement for hybridization. While the global features of RIII are similar to what are described in the literature, the 3‘-TFMA modification drives sugar puckers of the adjacent residues to more C3‘-endo-like conformations and causes distortions in related twist angles and helical rises. The helical conformation analyses of each of the two strands and the hybrid duplex enable a clear account of...
Silica diffusion at Ascutney Mountain, Vermont

A suite of pelitic schists from the contact metamorphic aureole around the syenite stock at Ascutney Mountain, Vermont, shows a decrease in the amounts of cordierite, quartz, and andalusite and an increase in pleonaste and corundum as the contact is approached. Whole rock chemical analyses show a distinct SiO2 concentration gradient from the wall rocks toward the intrusion; however, the syenite has a higher weight percent SiO2 than the adjacent schists. It is suggested that silica diffused down an SiO2 activity gradient into the intrusive; other major oxide components were apparently immobile. The diffusion of silica was probably through intergranular fluids, and the amount of silica available for diffusion was governed by the solubilities of cordierite, andalusite, and quartz in the interstitial fluid.
On the generation of large-scale structures in a homogeneous eddy field

An analytical theory is developed which illustrates dynamics of the spontaneous generation of large-scale structures in the unforced two-dimensional eddying flows. The eddy field is represented by the closely packed array of standing coherent vortices whose intensity is weakly modulated by the long-wavelength perturbations introduced into the system. The asymptotic multiscale analysis makes it possible to identify instabilities resulting from the positive feedback of the background eddies on large-scale perturbations. Initially, these instabilities amplify at a rate proportional to the square root of their wavenumber. Linear growth is arrested when the amplitude of the long-wavelength perturbations reaches the level of background eddies. The subsequent evolutionary pattern is characterized by the emergence of relatively sharp features in the large-scale streamfunction field – features suggestive of the coherent jets commonly observed in eddying geophysical flows. The proposed solutions differ substantially from their counterparts in forced-dissipative systems, exemplified by the canonical model of Kolmogorov flow. The asymptotic model is successfully tested against numerical simulations.
Trap-imbalanced fermion mixtures

We analyze the ground-state phases of two-component $(\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\uparrow},\ensuremath{\downarrow}})$ population- and mass-balanced (${N}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}={N}_{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$ and ${m}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}={m}_{\ensuremath{\downarrow}}$) but trap-imbalanced $({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\uparrow}}\ensuremath{\ne}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\ensuremath{\downarrow}})$ fermion mixtures as a function of interaction strength from the weak attraction Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) to the strong attraction Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) limit. In the BCS limit, we find that the unpolarized superfluid (UPS) fermions exist away from the central core of the trapping potentials, and are surrounded by partially $\ensuremath{\sigma}$-polarized normal $(\mathrm{P}\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathrm{PN})$ fermions. As the interactions increase towards unitarity, we find that the central $\mathrm{P}\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathrm{PN}$ core first transitions to a UPS, and then expands towards the edges until the entire mixture becomes a UPS in the BEC limit.
Numerical Analysis of the Deformation of an Adherent Drop Under Shear Flow

The adhesion of leukocytes to substrates is an important biomedical problem and has drawn extensive research. In this study, employing both single and compound drop models, we investigate how hydrodynamics interacts with an adherent liquid drop in a shear flow. These liquid drop models have recently been used to describe the rheological behavior of leukocytes. Numerical simulation confirms that the drop becomes more elongated when either capillary number or initial contact angle increases. Our results show that there exists a thin region between the drop and the wall as the drop undergoes large stretching, which allows high pressure to build up and provides a lift force. In the literature, existing models regard the leukocyte as a rigid body to calculate the force and torque acting on the drop in order to characterize the binding between cell receptors and endothelial ligands. The present study indicates that such a rigid body model is inadequate and the force magnitude obtained from it is less than half of that obtained using the deformable drop models. Furthermore, because of its much higher viscosity, the cell nucleus introduces a hydrodynamic time scale orders of magnitude slower than the cytoplasm. Hence the single and compound drops experience different dynamics during stretching, but exhibit very comparable steady-state shapes. The present work offers a framework to facilitate the development of a comprehensive dynamic model for blood cells.
The Family and Business Life of Harriet Hubbard Ayer, Culminating in Fights over Her Person and Property

This article examines the rise and fall of the Recamier Manufacturing Company, a cosmetics and patent medicine firm established in New York City by Harriet Hubbard Ayer in 1886. Ayer invested in an extensive advertising campaign where she fashioned herself as a tragic figure forced into the business world. When faced with challenges to her “person and property,” she relied on a network of business and professional allies to protect her interests. An examination of Ayer's business career reveals how consumers responded to an emerging cultural attitude that experts of all types should play a role in the development of beautiful faces and strong bodies. The narrative of her life reveals, among other things, the pervasiveness of the idea of a woman's respectability during the Gilded Age.
Gantt Chart visualization for MPI and Apache multi-dimensional trace files

Trace visualization is a way to understand the behavior of an application on computer systems. In this paper we describe the design and implementation of a Gantt Chart visualization tool for visualizing multi-dimensional trace files, particularly traces from Message Passing Interface (MPI) programs and Apache servers. An MPI tracing library is developed for MPI programs, and an Apache server plug-in is developed to generate Web traces. Since the amount of trace data may be large, utilities are provided to convert and merge multiple event trace files into one scalable, self-defining interval file for visualization. The interval format facilitates the development of multiple time-space diagrams for visualization tools. For MPI traces, each record also includes an instruction address for source code association, which provides a way to display the source code and pin-point the line that generates the event.
Comparison of Microscopy and PCR for Detection of Three Species of Encephalitozoon in Feces

As the name implies Microsporidia are very small. Spores rarely exceed 3 lm in size, making them difficult to see, difficult to differentiate from other tiny particulate matter in clinical and environmental specimens, and difficult or impossible to differentiate some species of Microsporidia even with excellent microscopic equipment. Therefore, several investigators have developed methods to detect spores in biological specimens or water using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [1–3,5,7,8]. Because the small size of spores and non-specific staining characteristics make direct detection of spores in feces by light microscopy difficult and because little is known of the sensitivity, or limits of detection, for either microscopic or molecular methods the present study was undertaken. In this study microscopic versus molecular methods of detection were compared when known numbers of spores from three microsporidian species were seeded into animal feces. Additional attempts were made to determine if detection varied with feces from different animal sources.
Repeated cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal cancer: Analysis of survival outcomes

Abstract Background Cytoreductive surgery (CRS)/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is the procedure of choice in patients with peritoneal dissemination from appendiceal cancer. Although recurrence rates are 26%–44% after first CRS/HIPEC, the role of repeated CRS/HIPEC has not been well defined. We hypothesize that patients undergoing multiple CRS/HIPEC's have meaningful long term survival. Methods A retrospective study of a prospective database of 294 patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) was conducted, of these 162 had PC of appendiceal origin. Twenty-six of these patients underwent 56 CRS/HIPEC. Survival and outcomes was analyzed. Results The percentage of patients with pre-surgical PCI scores ≥20 for the first, second, and third CRS/HIPEC was 65, 65, and 25%, respectively. Complete cytoreduction (CC 0-1) at first, second, and, third surgeries was 96, 65 and 75%, respectively. The mean operating time was 10.1 h. There was no 30-day peri-operative mortality. Following the first, second, and third CRS/HIPEC 27, 42, and 50% experienced grade III complications, respectively. Mean follow up was 51, 28, and 16 months from the first, second, and third CRS/HIPEC, respectively. Overall survival rate for the first CRS/HIPEC was 100, 83, 54, and 46% at years 1, 3, 5 and 10, respectively; from the second CRS/HIPEC 91, 53, and 34% at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively; and from the third CRS/HIPEC was 75% at one year. Conclusion Repeat CRS/HIPEC can lead to meaningful long term survival rates in patients with appendiceal peritoneal carcinomatosis with morbidity and mortality similar to those of the initial CRS/HIPEC.
Practical Approaches to Treatment: Case Studies

In a patient with scleroderma (SSc) and Raynaud’s alone without digital ischemic events, the goal is not to eliminate every Raynaud’s event but to reduce the risk of ischemic ulcers or tissue loss and to improve quality of life. In patients with recurrent digital ulcers who have not responded to enhanced vasodilator therapy, we move to intravenous prostacyclin. In the USA we use epoprostenol and in Europe iloprost is available. If acute digital ischemia and no correctable lesion are discovered and prostacyclin therapy is not available or prostacyclin is not quickly reversing signs of ischemia, then a digital sympathectomy is recommended. When a patient presents with a toe ulcer, macrovascular disease should be suspected; if the peripheral pules are absent or not easily felt then further assessment is always required and a combined medical and surgical approach is often required. In a case of vasculitis early intervention treating the underlying disease to prevent further vascular damage is most important. At the same time, associated vasospasm can be a major component of vasculitis that should not be ignored.
Optical tracking of the director axis in liquid crystal sensors

In this paper, a new approach in tracking the director axis of uniaxial nematic liquid crystal (LC) for sensing applications is developed. This approach utilizes measuring critical angles for total internal reflection (TIR) at the interface of isotropic and LC film. The proposed optical transduction requires measuring two critical angles in orthogonal directions, which lead to a uniquely tracked director axis in well ordered uniaxial LC films. These critical angles are related to the director axis orientation which is treated as an arbitrary vector. An example of tracking the director is provided and the sensitivity of this approach is also discussed.
Determinants of Virological Response to Antiretroviral Therapy: Implications for Long-Term Strategies

A variety of factors can contribute to the failure of combination antiretroviral therapy to durably suppress viral replication in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients who have a low CD4 + T cell count or high plasma viral load before therapy is initiated are at high risk for subsequent virological failure. Previous therapy is also a strong determinant of subsequent virological response, presumably because of pre-existing viral resistance. Drug exposure, as determined by adherence, drug absorption, and drug metabolism, has a significant impact on future long-term virological responses. Although definitive proof is lacking, some tissues may have limited drug penetration, thus allowing for ongoing viral replication. Understanding why combination therapy fails for HIV-infected patients may allow clinicians to individualize treatment strategies. Unfortunately, almost any factor (drug, host, or viral) that leads to virological failure of an initial combination regimen is likely to persist-and perhaps become more challenging-once a salvage regimen is initiated.
On-line Estimation of Biomass Concentration and Specific Growth Rate in the Fermentation Process

The biomass concentration, the same as concentrations of substrates or products, a very important state variable of almost every bioprocess, cannot often be measured on-line, due to the lack of reliable and cheap sensors, which makes this set of variables limited for control purposes. In this paper, a type of soft sensing model for the on-line estimation of biomass concentration has been developed based on the least squares support vector machines approach. The soft sensing model was trained on data coming from Nosiheptide fermentation process, and evaluated the production. The results show that this method is potentially useful for estimation biomass on-line in bioprocesses. In addition, an on-line computing model based on the biomass estimator was developed for the specific growth rate. This model consists of three sub-models. They describe the growth characteristic of different phases very well and facilitate its on-line monitoring.
Dual-comb based measurement of frequency agile lasers

Properly stabilized, frequency combs form high accuracy references across much of the optical spectrum. Here we employ dual frequency combs to harness this accuracy for fast and high resolution measurements of frequency agile CW lasers.
Examining Retailer And Consumer Perceptions In Determining Economic Expectations: A Demonstration With The 2008 Holiday Season

Two stratified probability samples were conducted in the southeastern United States, one of consumers and one of retailers, to measure economic perceptions in the fall of 2008. Direct comparisons were made between consumers’ and retailers’ perceptions in the areas of the economy, financial soundness, cost of living, and planned consumer holiday spending. The results suggested that retailers and consumers held similar negative perceptions in terms of the state of the economy. Consumers though felt less financially sound than retailers did. Additionally, consumers felt the cost of living has increased to a greater degree than retailers felt their cost of operating had. Finally, there was a considerable difference in consumers’ planned holiday spending and retailers’ expectations of holiday spending as retailers better predicted that consumers were planning to spend less. The managerial implications for retailers based on these predictions are presented.
Taxonomy of pain.

Research on the pathophysiology of chronic pain has begun to challenge the traditional diagnostic and treatment paradigms for the patient with neuropathic pain. The heterogeneous nature of neuropathic pain indicates that more than one anatomic lesion is most likely responsible for the clinical presentation of a particular syndrome. Numerous pharmacologic agents that have shown improved efficacy in the treatment of neuropathic pain have been developed over the past decade. For the practicing clinician, an important concern is whether the current paradigm for classification of neuropathic pain syndromes is comprehensive enough to address this rapidly expanding body of knowledge.
Space Based Internet Network Emulation for Deep Space Mission Applications

Future space missions will benefit from an evolvable communication infrastructure, which can be built cost effectively over a period of time. This evolvable infrastructure needs to include two way high data rate transfers to support human exploration missions, and asymmetric high data rate links to support scientific missions. For this communication infrastructure to be effective, it needs to be designed on an architecture that has common standards and interfaces. The Internet Protocol (IP) provides such an architecture and has the benefit of interoperability with the terrestrial Internet. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a network emulator that would be capable of testing future deep space communication architectures. This design presented is flexible and lightweight, allowing missions such as communication with a rover on Mars, human exploration missions, Earth observing senor webs, and many more scenarios. Along with the vast scenario capabilities, newly developed protocols and modifications to existing protocols can easily be tested and evaluated within the network emulator. We have tested and shown the emulator’s ability to apply arbitrary bit error rates and delays on packets traversing the network.
Selective and reversible base-induced elimination of a ruthenium dithioether yields a vinyl metallosulfonium complex.

Chemical oxidation of tris(2-diphenylphosphinebenzenethiolato)ruthenate(II) [Ru-1]– with ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate in the presence of ethylene yields [(2-diphenylphosphinebenzenethiolato)(eth...
Outside School Time: An Examination of Science Achievement and Non-Cognitive Characteristics of 15-Year Olds in Several Countries.

ABSTRACTElementary and secondary students spend more hours outside of class than in formal school and thus have more time for interaction with everyday science. However, evidence from a large international survey, Program of International Student Assessment (PISA) (OECD 2012), found a negative relationship between number of hours attending after-school science and science assessment scores in many countries, raising questions about why. The secondary analysis of the 2006, 2009, and 2012 PISA surveys found that in most Western countries the longer students attended after-school science programs (in a typical week), the lower their PISA standardized science test score, but the higher their positive attitudes toward future science careers, interest in science, and self-confidence in science. Several potential hypotheses for this relationship are examined and rejected. Further analysis of a causal relationship between frequent attendance in after-school programs and student achievement and attitudes should cl...
XENOTRANSPLANTATION - STATE OF THE ART

Organ transplantation is limited by the number of cadaveric human donor organs that become available. Xenotransplantation--the transplantation of organs and tissues between animal species--would supply an unlimited number of organs and offer many other advantages. The pig has been identified as the most suitable donor animal. Pig organs, when transplanted into humans or nonhuman primates, are, however, rejected hyperacutely within minutes by antibody-mediated complement activation. Human anti-pig antibodies have been identified as being directed against Gal alpha1-3galactose epitopes on pig vascular endothelium. Major efforts are being made to overcome this hyperacute rejection. Methods being investigated include (i) depletion or inhibition of recipient antibodies or complement, (ii) development of transgenic pigs that do not express the alphaGal epitope and/or express a human complement inhibiting protein (e.g. DAF), and (iii) development of immunological tolerance to pig organs in the recipient. If complement activation is prevented, e.g. by inhibition of complement activation by cobra venom factor, soluble complement receptor 1 or by the use of hDAF transgenic pig organs, then "delayed xenograft rejection" occurs and is again believed to be largely antibody-dependent. Experimental pig-to-primate organ xenotransplantation is now, however, resulting in transplant function for days and weeks rather than minutes, and there is therefore optimism that we are on the threshold of a new era in the field of the transplantation of vital organs.
Haskino: A Remote Monad for Programming the Arduino

The Haskino library provides a mechanism for programming the Arduino microcontroller boards in high level, strongly typed Haskell instead of the low level C language normally used. Haskino builds on previous libraries for Haskell based Arduino programming by utilizing the recently developed remote monad design pattern. This paper presents the design and implementation of the two-level Haskino library. This first level of Haskino requires communication from the host running the Haskell program and the target Arduino over a serial link. We then investigate extending the initial version of the library with a deep embedding allowing us to cut the cable, and run the Arduino as an independent system.
Did Mandatory Adoption of IFRS Increase Liquidity in the Canadian Stock Markets

In this study, we investigate whether average liquidity for non-U.S. firms traded on Canadian stock exchanges increased or decreased after mandatory adoption of IFRS in Canada. We consider two competing forces affecting liquidity from IFRS adoption: enhanced comparability of firms within industries that span international boundaries and less tailoring of financial reporting to satisfy local investor needs. We find that liquidity decreased for Canadian and non-U.S. international firms traded on the Canadian exchanges, suggesting that the benefits of global comparability were not sufficient to offset the loss of local investor accommodation. To provide perspective on these results for Canadian exchanges, we also compare liquidity before and after IFRS adoption for firms traded on the U.K. and Australian exchanges. These three countries share the British influence on financial reporting historically and have similar legal and institutional settings. We expect that the benefits of global comparability would be relatively greater for the U.K. exchanges relative to the Canadian and Australian exchanges given the U.K.’s proximity and commerce with other European countries. We find that liquidity increased for the U.K. exchanges but decreased for the Australian exchange, supporting the interpretation of the Canadian findings. We also compare changes in liquidity between the two Canadian exchanges, the more global and senior Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the more local and retail-oriented TSX Venture Exchange (TSXV). We find that the decrease in liquidity after IFRS adoption was significantly greater for the TSXV exchange, consistent with the trade-off between global comparability and accommodating local investor needs.
Transcultural performances of gender

In Chapter 4, I discussed the beliefs that my participants had with regard to their language use, and I began to highlight the differences in perceptions of this language use between genders. Discovering beliefs about these issues is an important way to begin to analyze the complexities surrounding transcultural realities; however, these beliefs, as accessed through interviews, are filtered not only through participant histories, but also through the medium of the interview and participants’ perceptions of what a researcher might want to hear. In this and subsequent chapters, I compare these beliefs to actual practices.
Deep-turbulence wavefront sensing using digital-holographic detection in the off-axis image plane recording geometry

This paper develops wave-optics simulations which explore the estimation accuracy of digital-holographic detection for wavefront sensing in the presence of distributed-volume or “deep” turbulence and detection noise. Specifically, the analysis models spherical-wave propagation through varying deep-turbulence conditions along a horizontal propagation path and formulates the field-estimated Strehl ratio as a function of the diffraction-limited sampling quotient and signal-to-noise ratio. Such results will allow the reader to assess the number of pixels, pixel field of view, pixel-well depth, and read-noise standard deviation needed from a focal-plane array when using digital-holographic detection in the off-axis image plane recording geometry for deep-turbulence wavefront sensing.