cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twinkle: programming with color

Twinkle allows anyone to program using colors in the real world. Twinkle uses a color sensor to read colors from arrangements of objects, drawings, or collages. Those colors are then mapped to certain outputs, like sounds, graphics, or robotic movements. Color patterns can even be used to control the color sensor itself, closing the loop. The result is that you can program a computer or a robot, or compose a musical score, just by drawing on a piece of paper with crayons. Of course it's not limited to crayons. You could build your program with Lego bricks, arrange your program with the multi colored leaves of early Fall, or think of any collection of objects in the world as a program: from a striped shirt to a handful of MM the program counter becomes visible, handheld, and nondeterministic; and when the color sensor becomes the program counter the application space and the programming space become intertwined.
Classical and adaptive control algorithms for the solar array pointing system of the Space Station Freedom

Classical and adaptive control algorithms for the solar array pointing system of the Space Station Freedom are designed using a continuous rigid body model of the solar array gimbal assembly containing both linear and nonlinear dynamics due to various friction components. The robustness of the design solution is examined by performing a series of sensitivity analysis studies. Adaptive control strategies are examined in order to compensate for the unfavorable effect of static nonlinearities, such as dead-zone uncertainties.
Evaluating research system performance and targeting research in land-abundant areas of Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract The limited success of agricultural research in raising production in Sub-Saharan Africa is usually attributed to the short research history, to the difficulties of harsh climate and poor soils, or to poor management of research efforts. While these factors have undoubtedly been important, this paper shows, with a simple analytical framework, that limitations from the demand side for innovation must have been at least as important. Where land has been or continues to be abundant, farmers have little demand for yield-raising innovation. This issue is illustrated with historical and contemporary examples. Implications for research priorities in land-abundant areas are then derived which emphasize product quality and resistance to pests and diseases, as well as research capacity building.
The National Kidney Disease Education Program: Improving Understanding, Detection, and Management of CKD

The National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP), an initiative of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, works to reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its complications. Established in 2000, the NKDEP initially focused on increasing awareness in at-risk populations and helping the laboratory community recalibrate serum creatinine measurement methods and begin using a revised equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Expanding its focus in recent years, the NKDEP now works to improve provider practices by collaborating with health systems, community health centers, and professional associations to encourage testing and treatment of patients. Among its top priorities is to develop such resources as clinical encounter tools, patient education aids, and training programs that help primary care professionals better identify and care for patients with CKD. Other priorities include improving the coordination of federal responses to CKD and addressing the standardization of measurement and reporting of urine albumin. Improving CKD detection and management is an important challenge. To succeed, the NKDEP must work in close partnership with the renal community, public health agencies, professional associations, and voluntary organizations that serve at-risk and patient communities.
Electromagnetic Stirring and Continuous Casting — Achievements, Problems, and Goals

This paper reviews the history of commercial electromagnetic stirring devices used to control the solidification structures of continuously cast products. Besides the theoretical advantages of EMS, the implementation of rotary- and axial-type stirring equipment can also pose serious technical difficulties. Metallurgical problems include convective macrosegregation, bridging, and centrifuging of inclusions balanced against the potential for skin rupture. A review of experiences in steel casting demonstrates the influence of induced fluid motion on cross-section quality. This study also emphasizes the need to develop technologies and practices specially adapted to particular alloy systems and strand configurations. In addition, limitations in electrical efficiency require careful placement, combination, and synchronization of induction motors to promote equiaxed metal freezing.
AN EFFECT OF ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE ON THE LIGHT SCATTERED BY SUSPENSIONS OF CILIA.

Cilia were isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis by an ethanol-calcium method. Addition of adenosine triphosphate to a suspension of intact or digitonin-extracted cilia caused a decrease of about 20 per cent in turbidity. Study of fractionated cilia showed that the presence of two distinct axonemal components, the outer fibers and the 30S dynein (the axonemal ATPase protein), was necessary for this effect on turbidity to occur. The decrease in turbidity is interpreted as a result of a specific interaction of ATP with these protein components causing an effective increase in hydration. The high nucleotide specificity suggests that the change in hydration is closely related to the processes responsible for motility. The outer fibers themselves swell when suspended in media of very low ionic strength. The concentration of salt needed to prevent this swelling (2 mM MgSO4 or 30 mM KCl) is about the same as that needed to keep dynein bound to the fibers. The recombination of purified 30S dynein with the outer fibers can be followed by the rise in turbidity resulting from increased dry mass of the particles.
Reduced plasma concentrations of total, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with Gaucher type I disease

Plasma lipid and serum apoprotein concentrations were determined in twenty-nine individuals with Gaucher type I disease. Plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were all significantly reduced in the patients with Gaucher disease compared to a group of matched control subjects. Total, LDL and HDL cholesterol were lower in males than in females with Gaucher disease. These sex differences appeared to be inversely correlated with the severity of disease manifestations which were greater in the males. Serum levels of apoprotein-B and apoprotein-AI, the major structural apoproteins of LDL and HDL, respectively, were decreased in the subjects with Gaucher disease. Thus, the reductions in LDL and HDL cholesterol were associated with reduced numbers of lipoprotein particles in plasma. In contrast, apoprotein-E, a protein which is secreted by several tissues, including activated macrophages and which may mediate hepatic catabolism of lipoproteins, was elevated in the patients. Since macrophages may also catabolize lipoproteins, Gaucher disease may serve as a model for the effect of activated macrophages upon human lipoprotein metabolism.
THE E3-20.5K MEMBRANE PROTEIN OF SUBGROUP B HUMAN ADENOVIRUSES CONTAINS O-LINKED AND COMPLEX N-LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES

Abstract Subgroup 6 adenoviruses (Ad3, -7, -11, -35) contain two open reading frames (ORFs) in the early E3 transcription unit that are not present in subgroup C adenoviruses (Ad2, Ad5). The product of one of these ORFs, a 20,500-kDa (20.5K) protein, was shown previously to be expressed as two diffuse 22K and 36K bands on SDS-PAGE; the 22K appeared to be the precursor to the 36K species. As judged by its predicted sequence, 20.5K is a type I membrane glycoprotein with two potential sites for N-glycosylation and a transmembrane domain near its COOH-terminus. Here we show that when Ad3-or Ad7-infected cells were radiolabeled in the presence of tunicamycin, which prevents the addition of N-linked oligosaccharides, both the 22K and the 36K forms of 20.5K showed increased mobility in SDS PAGE, indicating that both forms contain N-linked sugars. Both the 22K and the 36K forms were sensitive to digestion by endoglycosidase F and N -glycanase, again indicating that they both contain N-linked sugars. Only the 22K species was sensitive to endoglycosidase H, indicating that it contains high-mannose-type oligosaccharides and that the 36K species contains complex-type carbohydrates. The 36K form was sensitive to neuraminidase, indicating that its sugars contain terminal sialic acid. When digested with N -glycanase and neuraminidase, the 36K form was sensitive to O -glycanase, indicating that the 36K form has O-linked oligosaccharides. The 22K form was labeled with [ 3 H]mannose and the 36K form was labeled with [ 3 H]glucosamine and to a much lesser extent by [ 3 H]mannose. Altogether these results indicate that the 20.5K protein is cotranslationally modified with N-linked high-mannose oligosaccharides, then the protein moves into the Golgi and trans -Golgi network where it acquires O-linked and complex N-linked oligosaccharides.
Parallel evolution of game evaluation functions in ada

This is an Ada experience report, where we conclude that Ada tasking and distributed processing facilities make it a good research tool for experimentation with algorithms that might eventually need multiple processors. We implemented a genetic algorithm in Ada to create effective computer players for Connect4. Key to our success was employing Ada tasking and ALRM Annex E Distributed computing to harness a symmetric multiproces-sor and a distributed machine with very few code changes. Easy extension of an original single-task code to multi-tasking and distributed variants-even though extension was not planned in advance-was essential to timely completion. Using either the parallel or distributed implementation, about 150 processor hours were sufficient to evolve players that neither the GNU "Four-in-a-Row" Expert player nor the author could defeat. This algorithm relies on human expertise to restrict the genetic search space. Work is in progress on a new algorithm with near-zero encoded knowledge, which will run on 220 distributed nodes within the same distributed computing framework.
The Need for a Contextual Framework for Intervention Training

Abstract It is argued that curricula in psychotherapy and other forms of intervention in doctoral level psychology training programs are severely limited by the routine failure to include explicit training in contextual skills. Contextual skills consist of the processes of judgement and reasoning that guide and inform the application of more specific, circumscribed knowledge and skills. Examples of the types of processes comprising contextual skills and their relevance to the practice of and training in psychological intervention are discussed. The ways in which such a framework would improve intervention training and practice are considered.
STORAGE STABILITY OF DEHYDRATED FOOD EVALUATION OF LITERATURE DATA

Literature data on storage stability of dehydrated foods were compiled and critically evaluated. Stability of nine different groups of dehydrated products is reported in terms of time required to produce earliest quality defects, and in terms of specific quality measurements at time of failure, where these were available. Methods of drying, storage and pretreatment are also reported for each product. The paper also discusses the contribution of various factors to stability of dehydrated foods, as well as research needs in this area.
Toxic Legacy: The Environmental Impact of the Manufactured Gas Industry in the United States

The manufactured gas industry provided cities in the United States with energy for light and power during much of the period from approximately 1850 to 1950. This article explores the history of the effects of this industry on air, land, and water environments; it also examines attempts by the courts and municipal and state governments to regulate gas-waste pollution and the industry’s response. The article concludes by exploring the heritage of badly contaminated sites that the manufactured gas industry left to the nation after it was replaced by natural gas after World War II.
Analyzing reliability of change in depression among persons with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective To examine several methods of determining reliability of change constructs in depressive symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to demonstrate the strengths, weaknesses, and uses of each method. Methods Data were analyzed from a cohort of 54 persons with RA who participated in a combined behavioral/pharmacologic intervention of 15 months duration. These longitudinal data were used to examine 3 methodologies for assessing the reliability of change for various measures of depression. The specific methodologies involved the calculations of reliable change, sensitivity to change, and reliability of the change score. Results The analyses demonstrated differences in reliability of change performance across the various depression measures, which suggest that no single measure of depression for persons with RA should be considered superior in all contexts. Conclusion The findings highlight the value of utilizing reliability of change constructs when examining changes in depressive symptoms over time.
State Adoption of Model Insurance Codes: An Empirical Analysis

What are thepatterns ofadoption ofNAIC model insurance acts among the states, and what explains the diferences in state response? This article provides an empirical analysis of these questions. State responses are analyzed comprehensively and functionally; two core regulatory functions-financial regulation and consumer protection-receive specific attention. The article then examines three types of explanations suggested by the literature on model-code adoption: broad socioeconomic forces, narrow interest-group pressures, and the nature ofpublic institutions (specifically the legislature and the state insurance department). The interest-group model is the most powerful, but the results it produces challenge the traditional view of the politics of insurance regulation.
Status and perspectives of detectors for experiments in HEP and related fields

Developments in the field of particle detectors are reviewed. Due to increasing physics demands, intrinsic detector limitations are becoming more and more of an issue, necessitating fundamental R&D. The example of high-resolution jet spectroscopy is chosen to illustrate this.
Experience with On-Line Bubble Chamber Measuring Machines

About four-thousand events have now been measured at ANL using three measuring machines, each equipped with a small Recomp II computer. The computer has a 4K memory of 40 bit words and has floating point hardware. The computer guides and, in a sense, watches over the measurer, performing many elementary checks of the measuring process. A space reconstruction is not attempted, but sufficient checks are made to eliminate most mistakes and inaccuracies which would later cause failures during the reconstruction process.
Economic determinants of quarterly earnings data

Abstract We conduct exploratory data analysis on the economic determinants of quarterly earnings data. After surveying the industrial organization literature, we selected firm-size, product-type and barriers-to-entry as independent variables useful in explaining autocorrelation in quarterly earnings and sales. We perform cross-sectional regression analysis on a sample of 364 calendar year-end. New York Stock Exchange firms. As our dependent variable, we employed both seasonal and non-seasonal lags of the levels and first differences of the sample autocorrelation functions (SACF) of quarterly earnings and sales data. Our results support a pervasive impact of firm-size on the levels of the SACF. This outcome is consistent with the notion that larger firms exhibit mare stable, higher pronounced levels of serial correlation in their quarterly earnings numbers than smaller firms. Results for the other economic variables were more contextual, depending m whether we used the full sample or a subgroup and on whether the data were differenced. Stronger results on the product-type and barriers-to-entry variables were documented for the seasonal firm subgroup at seasonal lags. This result is suggestive of an economic rationale for the seasonal behavior of quarterly earnings and sales data.
Shell-model analysis of helion and triton inelastic scattering from90Zr including core polarization effects

A microscopic analysis of the inelastic scattering of helions and tritons from90Zr is performed using the shell-model wavefunctions and phenomenological effective interactions. Effects of the core polarization are studied assuming a collective model for the core of closed shells. Core coupling parametersA L , are obtained from the measured electromagnetic transition rate,B(EL). For those transitions for which no meauredB(EL) values are available,A L values which fit the data have been extracted. The radial forms of both the Gaussian and Yukawa interactions were studied. Effects of the non-locality of the bound states on the predicted cross sections are found to be small. As in the case of proton inelastic scattering, it is found that the valence (direct) contributions are small and the transitions are dominated by core polarization. The strength of the effective interaction required to fit the data is reduced by a factor of two or more when the core polarization contributions are included.
Cutaneous Lesions of Allergic Granulomatosis: A Histopathologic Study

Allergic granulomatosis is a clinical and pathologic syndrome occurring in individuals with an allergic background. It is characterized by fever, leukocytosis, eosinophilia and frequent pulmonary infiltrations of the type seen in Loeffler's pneumonia. As a rule, these are accompanied by manifestation of systemic-vascular, cardiac, gastro-intestinal, renal, nervous and cutaneous-involvement. Studies of systemic changes have been reported by several authors (1, 2, 3, 4). The present communication deals with the histology of the cutaneous lesions.
On the Costume of the Greek Tragic Actor in the Fifth Century b.c.

‘In forming our estimate of tragedy, let us first consider its externals—the hideous appalling spectacle that the actor presents. His high boots raise him out of all proportion, his head is hidden under an enormous mask; his huge mouth gapes upon the audience as if he would swallow them; to say nothing of the chest-pads and stomach-pads with which he contrives to give himself an artificial corpulence lest his deficiency in this respect should emphasize his disproportionate height.’.
A queuing model for systems with rework and process downtime

In manufacturing systems, lead time reduction can provide a strategic advantage, specifically when it means the elimination of non-value added waiting time. Queuing theory and Discrete Event Simulation (DES) are two methods commonly used to analyze lead time reduction efforts. Queuing models offer the advantage of fast analytical solutions, whereas DES analyses allow incorporation of high levels of system detail. There is great potential in the coordinated use of these methods. However, it is important to fully understand the assumptions and approximations of queuing theory as it is extended to increasingly realistic scenarios. Here, a novel formulation of queuing model is demonstrated for systems with both rework and process downtime. An emphasis is placed on the extensive testing of the queuing model vs. DES under a wide range of conditions, including various levels of rework rate, arrival variability, and process downtime. The queuing model proves to be effective at estimating lead time in all conditions examined.
Introduction to human-robot interaction

This tutorial presents the current status of research in interactions with robots, including adaptive robots/interfaces, speech, gestures, virtual reality, and social interactions. Different user interface designs will be shown and discussed during the tutorial. Human-robot interaction (HRI) guidelines, evaluation methodologies and metrics currently used by the community will be presented. Research needs will also be discussed. Participants will work in small groups to design a robotic application as well as an evaluation plan.
Enriched back-arc basin basalts from the northern Mariana Trough: implications for the magmatic evolution of back-arc basins

Abstract The composition of basalts erupted at the earliest stages in the evolution of a back-arc basin permit unique insights into the composition and structure of the sub-arc mantle. We report major and trace element chemical data and O-, Sr-, Nd-, and Pb- isotopic analyses for basalts recovered from four dredge hauls and one ALVIN dive in the northern Mariana Trough near 22°N. The petrography and major element chemistry of these basalts (MTB-22) are similar to tholeiites from the widest part of the Trough, near 18°N (MTB-18), except that MTB-22 have slightly more K 2 O and slightly less TiO 2 . The trace element data exhibit a very strong arc signature in MTB-22, including elevated K, Rb, Sr, Ba, and LREE contents; relatively lowK/Ba and highBa/La andSr/Nd. The Sr- and Nd- isotopic data plot in a field displaced from that of MTB-18 towards Mariana arc lavas, and the Pb-isotopic composition of MTB-22 is indistinguishable from Mariana arc lavas and much more homogeneous than MTB-18. Mixing of 50–90% Mariana arc component with a MORB component is hypothesized. We cannot determine whether this resulted from physical mixing of arc mantle and MORB mantle, or whether the arc component is introduced by metasomatism of MORB-like mantle by fluids released from the subducted lithosphere. The strong arc signature in back-arc melts from the Mariana Trough at 22°N, where the back-arc basin is narrow, supports general models for back-arc basin evolution whereby early back-arc basin basalts have a strong arc component which diminishes in importance relative to MORB as the back-arc basin widens.
Maropitant prevented vomiting but not gastroesophageal reflux in anesthetized dogs premedicated with acepromazine-hydromorphone

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of maropitant for prevention of vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in dogs following acepromazine-hydromorphone premedication and inhalation anesthesia.
Limb-sparing resection of the scapula and reconstruction with a constrained total scapula prosthesis: a case of multicentric epithelioid hemangioendothelioma involving the scapula and surrounding soft tissues.

Introduction The scapula is a relatively uncommon site for primary bone sarcomas. Tumors arising from the scapula are often initially contained by the rotator cuff muscles that protect pertinent adjacent muscles as well as the brachial plexus and axillary blood vessels. Limb-sparing resection of a scapula sarcoma is technically complex and requires meticulous dissection and mobilization of the brachial plexus and axillary blood vessels. Several muscles must be capable of being preserved in order to reconstruct the scapula and shoulder girdle with a special customized total scapula replacement. The goal of reconstruction is to restore a stable shoulder girdle to preserve elbow and hand function.
Effects on self-stimulation behavior of drugs influencing dopaminergic neurotransmission mechanisms.

Drugs preferentially influencing dopaminergic neurotransmission mechanisms were administered to rats which lever-pressed to receive electrical stimulation in either the lateral hypothalamus or periaqueductal mesencephalon. The same drug effects were observed regardless of the site of electrical stimulation. Blockade of dopamine receptors by 0.35 or 0.5 mg/kg pimozide reduced self-stimulation rates. Increasing the reward value of the stimulation by doubling of self-stimulation current induced control rates of lever-pressing in animals given 0.35 mg/kg pimozide but not in those receiving 0.5 mg/kg. At doses of 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg, apomorphine, a putative dopamine receptor stimulator, reduced self-stimulation rates at normal current. Doubling of the stimulation current produced greater than normal rates of lever-pressing at 0.75 mg/kg apomorphine, but at 1.5 mg/kg no such increase in rate was observed. l-DOPA, 75 and 150 mg/kg, also reduced self-stimulation, but doubled current restored rates to control levels at both doses. For comparison purposes, pharmacological effects on predominantly noradrenergic mechanisms were also studied. Inhibition of dopamine-β-hydroxylase by 150 mg/kg disulfiram reduced self-stimulation under normal current, but rates were increased to above control levels with doubled current. That self-stimulation behavior could be reinstated by doubling of current suggests that motor incapacity is not a sufficient explanation for most of the observed reductions in lever-pressing rate. These results further suggest that, in addition to noradrenaline, the integrity of central dopaminergic systems may be essential for the behavioral expression of certain motivational processes.
Dialectics of something and nothing: critical reflections on Ritzer's globalization analysis

Purpose – Seeks to provide critical reflections on George Ritzer's globalization analysis.Design/methodology/approach – Draws on a critical reading of Ritzer's work, in particular, his most recent book The Globalization of Nothing.Findings – Highlights Ritzer's neglect of the dialectic of production and consumption, a dialectic that the author views as central to globalization.Originality/value – The contributions and limitations of Ritzer's book are identified and discussed.
Intravenous Labetalol for the Control of Hypertension Following Repair of Coarctation of the Aorta

Paradoxical hypertension is a relatively common complication of surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta. An early phase of systolic hypertension has been ascribed to elevated levels of norepinephrine. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system from sympathetic stimulation has been implicated in a later phase of systolic and diastolic hypertension that can result in mesenteric arteritis. The use of a rapidly acting, titratable intravenous alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocker, such as labetalol hydrochloride, addresses both of these neurohormonal mechanisms. In the intravenous form, it would appear to be an excellent choice for the management of early postoperative hypertension and it can be converted to the oral form in cases of persistent hypertension. We report for the first time the use of labetalol in two young patients for the control of paradoxical hypertension following coarctation repair.
Semi-Empirical Molecular Modeling of Ionic Liquid Tribology: Ionic Liquid–Aluminum Oxide Surface Interactions

The interactions between the selected ionic liquids (ILs) and aluminum oxide surfaces are modeled in this report using theoretical methods. A wide range of ILs and their interactions with an aluminum oxide surface are modeled using the PM5 semi-empirical method. The ILs modeled in this study contain imidazolium (C3, 4, 6, 8 or 10mim) or ammonium cations including (C6H13)3NH+, (C8H17)3NH+, C8H17NH3 +, (C2H5)3NH+, and (C8H17)NH3 +. The anions include Cl−, Br−, PF6 −, (CF3SO2)2N−, and (C2F5SO2)2N−. The interactions of these ILs with an Al–O surface are modeled in a stepwise manner. The lowest energy forms of the individual ILs are determined, and these ILs are allowed to form a complex with the Al–O surface. The resulting reaction enthalpies of ionic liquid-surface complex formation are seen to correlate with the tribological properties of the ILs. The strongest correlations occur within those ILs containing similar cations.
On the relation between insolation and climatological variables—II. Prediction of insolation at Fort Hood, Texas☆

Abstract Total insolation data were taken at hourly intervals at Fort Hood in Central Texas from September, 1974 to the present. This paper presents a digest of the data through the end of August, 1975. By analyzing the hourly variation of insolation on clear days, a simple correlation was devised for predicting the total insolation at any hour of any clear day in the year. The standard deviation for predicting daily total insolation on clear days is 10.2 Langleys compared to the average daily total of 300–700 Langleys. On unclear days, the fraction of clear weather insolation received at ground level was correlated with cloud cover and visibility. For any combination of cloud cover and visibility, the insolation can thereby be predicted. This correlation is found to be least accurate at low insolation, where solar energy systems are non-functional. At higher insolation, the accuracy improves, but is never as accurate as for clear days. With this correlation, monthly total insolation is predicted to within 5–10%. For the year September, 1974–August, 1975, the correlation predicted total insolation 1% lower than the observed value.
COMPACT CORRELATION OF FLOW DATA FOR SOLUTIONS OF RIGID POLYMER MOLECULES

A compact 4-parameter model is used to correlate shear stress-shear rate curves for polymer solutions. The model is where ηr is the relative viscosity, τ is the shear stress, γ is the shear rate, a...
Determination of oxidative stability of polypropylene using chemical sensors

Rapid determination of thermal oxidative stability of polymers during processing is required for the high-throughput evaluation of efficiency of anti-oxidant additive formulations. A conventional method for determination of thermal oxidative stability of polypropylene involves the analysis of melt flow index (MFI) after multiple extrusions. While these measurements are reliable and well accepted, they are also time consuming, require a relatively large amount of material for analysis, and are destructive. Realizing these prominent limitations of MFI analysis, measurements of volatiles were performed using an array of metal oxide semiconductor chemical sensors. This approach can provide descriptive information about the polypropylene oxidative stability after multiple-pass extrusions and can be applicable for the high-throughput ranking of oxidative stability of polypropylene formulations.
Putting the child first how one student teacher negotiated the moral landscape of teaching

Abstract One student teacher's moral development process is uncovered, using a case study approach to capture the participant's internal processes and the constructed social context. The participant was in the first eight‐week placement of her semester‐long student teaching assignment, a kindergarten classroom in a rural public elementary school with a diverse student body. The participant believed that her professional moral responsibility was to “put the child first.” She believed this included protecting the child's dignity and autonomy, creating a close classroom community, establishing trust between teacher and child, fostering productive communication among all adults in the child's life, and safeguarding the child's health and safety. The participant maintained these priorities in her daily teaching practice and used them in her decision‐making process. However, the decisions that she was required to make during her early weeks of student teaching led to a modified understanding of her values. Demo...
Melatonin levels in developing Xenopus laevis

1. 1. Spectrophotofluormetric determinations of melatonin levels in embryonic stages of the amphibian Xenopus laevis have been made. 2. 2. Significant changes occur at the times of first embryonic movement, hatching and active larval swimming. 3. 3. There is some indication that a fivefold increase in melatonin, occurring at the time of active larval swimming, is the result of enzyme activity in the retina of the eye. 4. 4. The suggestion is made that melatonin metabolism is related to photomechanical changes in retinal cells.
Rhythmic discharge induced by temperature variation and drugs in isolated sympathetic ganglia.

Isolated sympathetic ganglia from various mammalian species fire spontaneous, rhythmic discharge when exposed to low temperatures. Extracellular recording from rat, guinea pig, and rabbit superior cervical ganglia as well as dog lumbar ganglion revealed large single potentials or bursts of potentials, occurring at regular intervals, when the bath temperature was kept between 15–30°C. When the temperature was reduced below 15°C or raised above 30°C, the rhythmic discharge decreased in frequency and finally stopped. Rhythmic discharge also appeared when ganglia were treated with emetine or the K+ channel blockers, cesium and 4-aminopyridine. The frequency and amplitude of potentials and the pattern of rhythm varied from ganglion to ganglion. The single potential or rhythmic burst firing seemed to originate from a single unit or multiple discharging units, as indicated by the amplitude and frequency of the potentials in a burst. The discharge was abolished by ganglionic blocking agents or by the absence of C...
Defect in macrophage effector function confers Salmonella typhimurium susceptibility on C3H/HeJ mice.

Abstract The defective allele of the endotoxin response locus ( Lps d ) renders mice (e.g., C3H/HeJ strain) both endotoxin hyporesponsive and susceptible to Salmonella typhimurium . In this study, the mechanism of Lps d -regulated susceptibility to murine typhoid was examined. C3H/ HeJ mice became significantly more resistant to S. typhimurium by reconstitution with bone marrow from syngeneic C3H/HeN mice ( Lps n , salmonella resistant). Thus, the Lps d resistance defect appeared to reside in a radiosensitive bone marrow-derived cell(s). At least one of the abnormal cell types appeared to be a macrophage because C3H/HeJ mice preinfected with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) were, in contrast to controls, able to restrict early salmonella replication in their spleens and displayed a signficant increase in mean time to death. In contrast, no deficiency in uptake of salmonellae by C3H/HeJ macrophages was observed. These results indicate that the early deaths of C3H/HeJ mice following S. typhimurium challenge reflect a failure of their macrophages to limit the growth of these gram-negative bacteria.
Statistical modeling and analysis of content identification

A number of hash-based algorithms for audio and video identification (ID) have been studied in recent literature, and some have been deployed as mobile phone applications and on file sharing sites. A fundamental question is what is the relationship between database size, hash length, and robustness, that any reliable content ID system should satisfy. This paper presents some answers under a simple statistical model for the signals of interest.
POSTSTRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE SLABS: FULL-SCALE TESTING AND DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

This paper reports on an experimental research project concerning the poststrengthening of concrete slabs with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). The two problems studied were strengthening in order to double the load-bearing capacity of slabs and restoration of the original load-bearing capacity of rebars that had been accidentally cut. To this end, the load conditions and the geometrical conditions of steel rebars as well as the length and distribution of CFRP strips were varied. Design, test setup, and selected results of the tests are presented and discussed. On the basis of these tests, design recommendations are given for strengthening and repair. These design recommendations are consistent with the steps typically used for the design and dimensioning of slabs and beams in structural concrete. These steps include calculation of the bending resistance, the shear resistance and the anchoring length of the reinforcement.
Helmet use among university bicyclists

College-aged individuals are at risk for bicycle-related head injuries, but the risk of such injuries can be reduced by their use of bicycle helmets. The objective of this research was to measure the rate of bicycle helmet use by university bicyclists at a large public university in the southwestern United States at three different times. Bicyclists riding onto campus were observed as they rode through a main campus entrance in 1985, 1990, and 1994, and the percentage of bicyclists who were wearing a helmet was recorded. The bicyclists were unaware that their helmet use was being monitored. In 1985, 10% of bicyclists were wearing helmets; in 1990, only 4.4% wore helmets. In 1994, the proportion of helmet-wearing bicyclists had increased to 24%. Although the sample sizes were small, the 1994 increase was statistically significant. The reasons for the increase are unclear, and further study is needed to identify factors related to university bicyclists' use of bicycle helmets.
Beamforming as a foundation for spotlight-mode SAR image formation by backprojection

In this paper we show that the technique for spotlight-mode SAR image formation generally known as "backprojection" or "time-domain" is most easily derived and described in terms of the well-known methods of phased-array beamforming. By contrast, backprojection has been typically developed via analogy to tomographic imaging, which restricts this technique to the case of planar wavefronts. We demonstrate how the very simple notion of delay-and-sum beamforming leads directly to the backprojection algorithm for SAR, including the case for curved wavefronts. We further explain why backprojection offers a certain elegant simplicity for SAR imaging, and allows direct one-step computation of several useful SAR products, including an orthographically correct image free of any geometric or defocus effects from wavefront curvature and also free of the effects of terrain-elevation-induced defocus. (This product requires as an input a pre-existing digital elevation map (DEM) of the scene to be imaged.) In addition, we'll demonstrate why beamforming yields a mode-independent SAR image formation algorithm, i.e. one that can just as easily accommodate strip-map or spotlight-mode phase histories collected on an arbitrary flight path.
Nerve stimulation with an electrode of finite size: differences between constant current and constant voltage stimulation.

Abstract Differences between constant current and constant voltage nerve stimulation are controversial. To elucidate this controversy, exact solutions are found for the electrical potential and current of a conducting electrode of finite size placed near a boundary of altered conductivity. Substantial differences in the effects of a finite and a point stimulator are predicted. This was strongly dependent on the stimulator–boundary distance, the conductivity of the media, and the curvature of the boundary. The difference between constant voltage and constant current stimulation was smaller than the effects of changes in medium conductivity and electrode distance. A poorly conducting boundary layer surrounding the stimulator minimized these differences.
Effects of pretreatment on the surface properties of iron fischer—tropsch catalysts

Abstract A potassium- and copper-promoted iron Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) catalyst was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger spectroscopy and ion scattering spectrometry to determine the changes in surface speciation of iron and carbon, and the distribution of potassium and copper on exposure to various pretreatment conditions. A transformation in surface composition from Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 to iron carbide was enhanced by pretreating catalysts with hydrogen-carbon monoxide compared with carbon monoxide and retarded by the addition of water vapor to the gases. A lower initial F-T activity observed for hydrogen-carbon monoxide-compared with carbon monoxide-pretreated catalysts, may be explained by greater coverage of the “active” carbide species by surface carbonaceous material formed during pretreatment.
A computational study and correlation of premixed isooctane–air laminar reaction front properties under spark ignited and spark assisted compression ignition engine conditions

Abstract To address the need for reliable premixed laminar burning velocity and thickness information within the spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) combustion regime, a large dataset of simulated reaction fronts has been generated in this work. A transient one dimensional premixed laminar flame simulation was applied to isooctane–air mixtures using a 215 species chemical kinetic mechanism. The simulation was exercised over fuel–air equivalence ratios, unburned gas temperatures and pressures ranging from 0.1 to 1.0, 298 to 1000 K and 1 to 250 bar, respectively, a range that extends beyond that of previous researchers. Steady reaction fronts with burning velocities in excess of 5 cm/s could not be established under all of these conditions, especially when burned gas temperatures were below 1500 K and/or when characteristic reaction front times were on the order of the unburned gas ignition delay. Steady premixed laminar burning velocities were correlated using a modified two-equation form based upon the asymptotic structure of a laminar flame, which produced an average error of 2.5% between the simulated and correlated laminar burning velocities, with a standard deviation of 3.0%. Additional correlations were constructed for reaction front thickness and adiabatic flame temperature. The resulting premixed laminar burning velocity correlation showed good agreement with experiments and existing correlations within the spark-ignited (SI) regime. Analysis of the simulated characteristic reaction front times and ignition delays suggests that homogeneous SACI combustion is most useful under medium and high load operating conditions.
Metal-containing oligomers, dendrimers and biopolymers

Transition metal complexes encompass a large and exceptional pool of building blocks with diverse stereochemical, electrochemical and photophysical features. This mini-account presents efforts to advance the organic chemistry of coordination compounds, where functionalized complexes are viewed as synthetic building blocks. Selective synthetic transformations, conducted on the periphery of coordinatively saturated metal complexes, are shown to facilitate the fabrication of sophisticated complexes, multimetallic arrays, and metal-containing biopolymers. In addition, the utilization of novel phenanthrolines as tunable fluorophores, as well as for the assembly of hyperbranched structures and sensory oligonucleotides, is described.
Decreased phospholipase A2 activity and prostaglandin biosynthesis in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-activated alveolar macrophages.

Abstract Alveolar macrophages from normal and BCG-infected rabbits were labelled with [14C]arachidonate and its metabolites were measured. It was found that production of both prostaglandins and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid was diminished markedly in BCG-primed macrophages. This decrease was due partly to a depression in cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activity, but mainly to a decrease in arachidonic acid release, probably due to a suppression in phospholipase A2 activity. This is indicated by a consistent depression of this enzyme activity in BCG macrophage homogenates at a wide pH range, suggesting that both lysosomal and non-lysosomal phospholipases are suppressed in BCG macrophages. However, intracellular lysosomal acid phosphatase and its release were increased markedly in BCG-primed macrophages. Our previous studies have shown a close relationship between lysosomal acid hydrolase release and production of arachidonate-prostaglandins in normal macrophages. The present study shows that in activated macrophages primed by BCG, different mechanisms are operative in the control of synthesis and release of lysosomal acid hydrolases and of the phospholipase for prostaglandin production.
Adjustment of Vietnamese Refugee Youths: A Self-Report:

Structured interviews explored the problems of 41 Vietnamese refugee youths in foster homes in New York State. Refugees in this country 3 years or more and 1 1/2 years or less were compared. Self-reports indicated the youths were adapting well, and their social adjustment increases significantly over time.
A model for predicting transfusion after coronary artery bypass grafting

Background. Blood conservation has become an important issue in cardiac surgery. This study was undertaken to determine if the need blood transfusion could be predicted from preoperative patient variables. Methods. From January 1, 1992, to December 31, 1993, 2,033 patients having isolated coronary artery bypass grafting procedures were studied; 1,446 (71%) were male and 587 (29%), female. The mean age was 65.1 ± 9.9 years (range, 31 to 88 years). Emergency operation, urgent operation, and reoperations were done in 78 (4%), 188 (9%), and 189 (9%) patients, respectively. In the entire group, 1,245 (61%) received transfusion during hospitalization, and 788 (39%) did not. Logistic regression analysis was used to construct a model that predicted the need of transfusion of packed red blood cells after coronary artery bypass grafting. A transfusion risk score was constructed by assigning points to independent predictive factors on the basis of the logistic regression coefficient and the odds ratio. Preoperative predictors of transfusion were emergency operation, urgent operation, cardiogenic shock, catheterization-induced coronary occlusion, low body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction lower than 0.30, age greater than 74 years, female sex, low red cell mass, peripheral vascular disease, insulin-dependent diabetes, creatinine level greater than 1.8 mg/dL, albumin value lower than 4 g/dL, and redo operation. Results. The mean transfusion risk score for patients receiving 0, 1 to 4, and greater than 4 units of packed red blood cells was 2.3 ± 0.9, 5.2 ± 3.0, and 9.6 ± 3.5, respectively ( p = 0.001). Patients with a score higher than 6 had a 95% transfusion incidence. The predictive model was validated on 422 patients having coronary artery bypass grafting from January 1 to May 31, 1994. The observed rates of the validation group fell within the 95% confidence intervals of the predicted rates. Conclusions. These data demonstrate that readily available patient variables can predict patients at risk for transfusion. Routine use of aprotinin and other adjustments of cardiopulmonary bypass should be considered to reduce transfusion in high-risk patients.
Design of an Economical Multidrop Network Topology with Capacity Constraints

This paper compares several algorithms for designing economical multidrop network topologies with capacity constraints. Sharma's algorithms, the outside-to-inside-city approach (OICCA, which happens to be a special case of the Esau-Williams algorithm) and the Exchange algorithm (predecessor of several "greedy" algorithms), are then compared to the Esau-Williams algorithm (EWA) and to EWA plus Sharma's exchange algorithm for some practical network applications.
Measuring Sprawl across the Urban Rural Continuum Using an Amalgamated Sprawl Index

Urban sprawl is rapidly transforming the landscape of Kentucky’s prime farmland from a dominant agricultural land use pattern to a patchwork of dispersed and loosely defined parcels. This state, located in the east central portion of the U.S., is not unlike many states considered rural, nor is it unlike many rural regions found throughout the world where urban sprawl is concentrated in metropolitan areas that are often encroaching into these rural areas. Authors have argued for and against urbanization patterns generally understood to be sprawl on the basis of social, economic, and biophysical opportunities and constraints. Finding consensus in the literature about defining and measuring urban sprawl is difficult. This paper demonstrates a method for cost effectively measuring urban development using National Land Cover Data, Census data, and ancillary data across 34 counties. Based on seven indicators framed around the amount, configuration, and per capita land usage, an amalgamated sprawl index (ASI) is demonstrated through an example in north central Kentucky, USA. While the public believes this growth area of Kentucky is rapidly sprawling, this study indicates the pattern of sprawl is spreading faster in areas not obvious to this same public.