cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Domain Structure of the Fib-1 and Fib-2 Regions of Human Fibronectin: Thermodynamic Properties of the Type I Finger Module

The stability of the Fib-1 (29 kDa) and Fib-2 (19 kDa) fragments of human fibronectin as well as several different subfragments and isolated type I "finger" modules were studied under various solvent conditions by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy. It was established that all fibronectin fingers constitute independently folded domains whose melting temperatures range from 54 to 108°C. The difference between heat capacities of the native and denatured states (ΔCp) is low, about 0·03 cal/K-g, which is consistent with the relatively low percentage of hydrophobic amino acids and the consequent small change in non-polar surface area exposed to the solvent upon denaturation. The free energy of unfolding at 25°C, as calculated from the calorimetric data or measured directly by titration with GdmSCN is also small, in the range of 2·4 to 6·7 kcal/mol. The small ΔG value and its flat dependence on temperature (determined by ΔCp) translates the small variations in ΔG between fingers into large variations in tm . The small value of ΔG also indicates that finger modules are structurally rather fragile which may account for their sensitivity to proteolysis; almost any cleavage within either of the two disulfide loops destroys the cooperative structure and abolishes the corresponding melting transition. The fact that some fingers exhibit large decreases in tm upon separation from more stable neighbors with which they interact can also be viewed as a consequence of the low values of ΔG and ΔCp.
DEFICIENCY OF MUSCLE CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE (CO) IN LEIGH'S DISEASE

A 3y/o male presented with a progressive neurologic disorder characterized by hypotonia, ophthalmoplegia and ataxia. Post-mortum studies at 4 1/2y revealed Leigh's disease. Biochemical findings included elevation of blood lactate (L) (ranging from 1.9 to 7.0mM, normal mean ± SD 1.0±0.4mM), pyruvate (P) (0.11 to 0.25, normal 0.11±0.03mM) and L/P ratio (14 to 35, normal 10 to 18). β-OH-butyrate (BOH), acetoacetate and L were intermittently present in urine. Plasma amino acids were normal. CSF L (4.7mM) and P (0.24mM) were elevated. Increased urinary excretion of glycine and alanine was present. No increase in blood L or P was noted after IV glucose (100mg/kg). During an 18 hr fast blood BOH increased to 2000μM (normal 91±81μM, n=4) with little change in blood L, P, or glucose levels. Skeletal muscle biopsy (pre-mortum) showed absent CO on histochemical staining. Muscle mitochondria exhibited decreased rates of State 3 respiration; 47 natoms O2/min/mg protein with pyruvate/malate and 63 natoms O2/min/mg protein with succinate/rotenone (reported normal rates 147 and 158 natoms O2/min/mg protein, respectively). Muscle cytochrome spectrum obtained from the difference in absorption of reduced and oxidized forms revealed an absence of the 605 nM peak corresponding to CO. This case confirms the findings of Willems JL, et al (Ped 60:850, 1977) indicating that a subgroup of patients with Leigh's encephalomyelopathy have CO deficiency.
Practical graph mining

Given the ubiquity of large-scale graphs and networks, graph mining has rapidly grown to occupy a center-stage within data analysis and mining. In this talk I will present our recent work on mining interesting, representative subgraph patterns from very large graph databases. Some aspects of graph indexing may also be covered. I'll conclude with thoughts on future challenges and research directions.
The impact of impact studies

1. On January 1, 1970 the National Environmental Protection Act became law in the United States, and has been further strengthened by judicial interpretations. This act requires, among other things, a presentation of information to justify the effect of projects on the environment of both public and private works controlled by the permit process of the federal government, and to suggest alternatives. One of the events which influenced passage of this legislation was the Santa Barbara oil spill of January 1969. 2. Insofar as the marine environment is concerned, the most significant activity related to the requirement for impact statements is the study of coastal situations where waste outfalls, atomic power plants or desalination plants may be located. Although many of the studies sponsored by industry have been cursory, the need for critical application of ecological techniques known since the classical studies ofLorenz (1863) and touched upon in brief notes byHerdman (1920) andElmhirst (1932) has become obvious through the public hearing process. 3. The impact of impact studies may not only be to raise the standards of environmental studies in the sea, but also to clarify the present somewhat incoherent application by pragmatic ecologists of such debatable theoretical concepts as diversity and community stability.
Urease activity of Proteus penneri.

Ten strains of Proteus penneri isolated from geographically diverse laboratories were tested for urease activity. Cell lysates from urea-induced cells had a mean activity of 4.9 +/- 4.1 mumol of NH3 per min per mg of protein. On nondenaturing 6% polyacrylamide activity gels, the enzymes of P. penneri had very similar electrophoretic mobilities within species and within the Proteus genus but were distinct from the ureases of Providencia and Morganella species. On lower-percentage polyacrylamide, differences in mobilities of the ureases could be detected between the Proteus species. From representative strains, the P. penneri urease was found to be inducible by growth in urea and had an apparent molecular weight of 246,000 +/- 9,000, an isoelectric point of 5.1, and a Km for urea of 14 mM and was inhibitable by acetohydroxamic acid, hydroxyurea, and EDTA. In an in vitro model of struvite formation, a P. penneri strain produced abundant crystals on a glass rod submerged in synthetic urine in the absence but not presence of acetohydroxamic acid (500 micrograms/ml). Images
When treatment appears futile: the role of the mental health professional and end-of-treatment counseling

The end of treatment, whether initiated by the medical team or by the patient, represents a difficult transition for the patient. The mental health professional, as part of a multidisciplinary team, can offer important assistance and support to the patient as they move through the end of their infertility treatment. A description of the topics covered in exit counseling is provided, as well as indications for referral.
Characterization of Major Surface Glycoprotein Genes of Human Pneumocystis carinii and High-Level Expression of a Conserved Region

To facilitate studies of Pneumocystis carinii infection in humans, we undertook to better characterize and to express the major surface glycoprotein (MSG) of human P. carinii, an important protein in host-pathogen interactions. Seven MSG genes were cloned from a single isolate by PCR or genomic library screening and were sequenced. The predicted proteins, like rat MSGs, were closely related but unique variants, with a high level of conservation among cysteine residues. A conserved immunodominant region (of approximately 100 amino acids) near the carboxy terminus was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and used in Western blot studies. All 49 of the serum samples, which were taken from healthy controls as well as from patients with and without P. carinii pneumonia, were reactive with this peptide by Western blotting, supporting the hypothesis that most adult humans have been infected with P. carinii at some point. This recombinant MSG fragment, which is the first human P. carinii antigen available in large quantities, may be a useful reagent for investigating the epidemiology of P. carinii infection in humans.
Practice nurses' workload and consultation patterns.

BACKGROUND. There are calls for the role of the practice nurse to be developed and extended. Before areas for further training and education can be identified, baseline data are needed on practice nurses' current activity and workload. AIM. A study was undertaken to analyse the activity of practice nurses in two large inner city general practices and to assess the skills mix of the nursing staff required to meet the needs of the practices. METHOD. The study practices had a combined list of 26,000 patients, 80% of patients attracting a deprivation allowance. Each practice employed three practice nurses. A nurse activity index with 45 codes was constructed to describe patient-nurse consultations. Activity codes were categorized into traditional treatment tasks, extended role tasks or diagnosis and management tasks. For eight months, practice nurses in practices Y and Z recorded activity index codes for each patient consultation. Practice Y also recorded the source of referral and the age and sex of the patient. RESULTS. There were 13,898 practice nurse consultations during the study period, equivalent to an annual nurse consultation rate of 0.8 per patient. Compared with the practice population as a whole, the patients attending the practice nurses in practice Y were older (mean age 43 years versus 37 years, P < 0.001). Those attending the practice nurses in practice Y were also more likely to be female (61% of consultations were with female patients compared with 50% of the practice population as a whole, P < 0.001). In practice Y, patients referred themselves to the practice nurse in 42% of consultations, 32% were follow-up consultations and in 25% of cases the patient had been referred by a doctor. The most common reasons for nurse consultation were blood tests (15% of procedures in practice Y and 18% in practice Z) and dressings (13% in both practices). Most procedures in practices Y and Z were in the traditional treatment category (61%), 26% were in the extended role category and 9% in the diagnosis and management category (3% coded 'other', 1% uncoded). Between practices, the greatest difference in recorded procedures was for asthma check ups (7% of procedures in practice Y compared with 2% in practice Z). CONCLUSION. This study describes the workload of practice nurses in two inner city practices over eight months. Other practices could use the activity index to make comparisons over time and between practices. Up to 60% of nurses' work in the study practices could be done by a nurse without extended training and up to 30% could be done by a health care assistant, but with some loss of quality. It is suggested that half the nursing hours available to a practice should be offered by a nurse with extended training in order to undertake and develop extended role tasks and diagnosis and management tasks.
Early English Woodland and Waste

Much labor has been spent upon the history of the cultivated and occupied lands of the medieval English village and the social life of its inhabitants, and as a result a fairly clear framework has been constructed into which alterations and additions may be fitted where necessary. This statement is not true of the great background of all early village life, of the activities concerned with the waste or unoccupied land lying outside fields and even village bounds, and either lying idle, or else used for pasture, estovers, and hunting. Modern students have been negligent of this side of the medieval countryside, being more engaged with the human interests of the village; and little allowance has been made for changes and developments occurring within decades or even centuries. The great history of common rights, an extremely important subject, has yet to be written. This paper has a few suggestions to make which might sometime be useful in a study of a very large field.
Monovalent cation binding in the minor groove of DNA A-tracts

The binding of five different monovalent cations to DNA oligomers containing A-tracts, runs of four or more contiguous adenine residues, has been assessed by capillary electrophoresis, using the Replacement Ion method. In this method, a nonbinding cation in the background electrolyte is gradually replaced by a binding cation, keeping the ionic strength of the solution constant. Monovalent cation binding reduces the effective charge of an A-tract-containing oligomer, decreasing its free solution mobility. The cations bind in the A-tract minor groove, because the binding site can be blocked by the minor groove binding drug netropsin. Li+, NH4+, and Tris+ ions bind to A-tracts with similar affinities; the binding of Na+ ions is weaker, and K+ ion binding is highly variable. Each A-tract appears to bind one monovalent cation upon saturation of the binding site(s). For a given cation, the apparent dissociation constants depend on A-tract sequence and orientation, but not on the phasing of the A-tracts with res...
The intersection of the similarity and conjunctivity equivalence classes

Abstract Let A be an n×n complex matrix. Let Sim(A) denote the similarity equivalence class of A, let Conj(A) denote the conjunctivity equivalence class of A, and let U (A) denote the unitary similarity equivalence class of A. Define CS(A)≡Sim(A)∩Conj(A). We seek to classify the matrices that have CS (A)= U (A) , and show by an example that this is not true in general. But we show that it is true when A is Hermitian or is a scalar multiple of a Hermitian. For n⩾3, we reduce the general n×n case to the case when A is non-singular and not a multiple of a Hermitian matrix. We completely classify the 2×2 case and find that CS (A)= U (A) when A is non-singular or normal (or both).
Protein–ligand docking with multiple flexible side chains

In this work, we validate and analyze the results of previously published cross docking experiments and classify failed dockings based on the conformational changes observed in the receptors. We show that a majority of failed experiments (i.e. 25 out of 33, involving four different receptors: cAPK, CDK2, Ricin and HIVp) are due to conformational changes in side chains near the active site. For these cases, we identify the side chains to be made flexible during docking calculation by superimposing receptors and analyzing steric overlap between various ligands and receptor side chains. We demonstrate that allowing these side chains to assume rotameric conforma- tions enables the successful cross docking of 19 complexes (ligand all atom RMSD \ 2.0 A ˚ ) using our docking soft- ware FLIPDock. The number of side receptor side chains interacting with a ligand can vary according to the ligand's size and shape. Hence, when starting from a complex with a particular ligand one might have to extend the region of potential interacting side chains beyond the ones interact- ing with the known ligand. We discuss distance-based methods for selecting additional side chains in the neigh- borhood of the known active site. We show that while using the molecular surface to grow the neighborhood is more efficient than Euclidian-distance selection, the num- ber of side chains selected by these methods often remains too large and additional methods for reducing their count are needed. Despite these difficulties, using geometric constraints obtained from the network of bonded and non- bonded interactions to rank residues and allowing the top ranked side chains to be flexible during docking makes 22 out of 25 complexes successful.
Genetic diversity of newly diagnosed follicular lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the second most common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and often follows an indolent disease course with slow progression.1, 2 However, patients may develop resistant disease; in addition, transformation to a more aggressive subtype of lymphoma occurs at a rate of 2–3% per year.3, 4, 5, 6 FL arises from germinal center B cells and the most common molecular defect is t(14;18)(q32;q21) in 85–90% of the cases, which results in the IGH-BCL2 fusion gene and the overexpression of the anti-apoptotic oncogene BCL2.7 However, the t(14;18) is also observed in healthy individuals and FL patients who are in long-term remission2 suggesting the existence of additional genomic alternations that impact disease course. Recently, massive parallel exome or whole genome sequencing of FL tumors and follow-up validation studies have discovered that point mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation and chromatin modification, including MLL2, EZH2, CREBBP, EP300 and MEF2B, dominate the FL landscape.8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Mutations in JAK-STAT pathway genes and B-cell receptor (BCR)/NF-κB signaling genes have also been identified, but with lower frequencies.11
Manifolds for pose tracking from monocular video

We formulate a simple human-pose tracking theory from monocular video based on the fundamental relationship between changes in pose and image motion vectors. We investigate the natural embedding of the low-dimensional body pose space into a high-dimensional space of body configurations that behaves locally in a linear manner. The embedded manifold facilitates the decomposition of the image motion vectors into basis motion vector fields of the tangent space to the manifold. This approach benefits from the style invariance of image motion flow vectors, and experiments to validate the fundamental theory show reasonable accuracy (within 4.9 deg of the ground truth).
Some effects of ionizing radiation on the lipid and glycogen content of adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans

Abstract Measurements were made of the free sugar, glycogen, and lipid levels in adult horn flies, Haematobia irritans , treated with a 2.0 krad dose of ionizing radiation from a 137 Cs source as pharate adults. Glycogen levels were depressed in irradiated males but remained unchanged in irradiated females. Triglyceride levels in treated insects of both sexes were also lower, to about 50 per cent of the control, but there was no apparent effect on the distribution of fatty acids among the various lipid classes. The fatty acid distribution of the diglycerides differs in male and female horn flies.
Microstructure of laterally oxidized AlxGa1−xAs layers in vertical‐cavity lasers

We have studied the lateral oxidation of AlxGa1−xAs (x=0.98 and 0.92) layers contained in vertical‐cavity lasers using cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. We find a fine‐grained (∼4 nm) cubic spinel phase of Al2O3 in both the 2% Ga‐ and 8% Ga‐oxidized layers. The 8% Ga‐oxidized layers contract vertically by 6.7% and not the expected 20% for a fully dense Al2O3 layer, with the 2% Ga‐oxidized layers showing a similar contraction. We observe a ∼17‐nm‐thick amorphous interface between the oxidized and unoxidized AlxGa1−xAs layers, which may account for the excellent electrical properties of these devices. We also observe metastable amorphous cavities associated with the moving reaction front. We infer the reaction proceeds from an initial amorphous phase that then transforms to a porous γ‐Al 2O3 layer.
Role of the N-terminus in determining metal-specific responses in the E. coli Ni- and Co-responsive metalloregulator, RcnR.

RcnR (resistance to cobalt and nickel regulator) is a 40-kDa homotetrameric protein and metalloregulator that controls the transcription of the Co(II) and Ni(II) exporter, RcnAB, by binding to DNA as an apoprotein and releasing DNA in response to specifically binding Co(II) and Ni(II) ions. Using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to examine the structure of metals bound and lacZ reporter assays of the transcription of RcnA in response to metal binding, in WT and mutant proteins, the roles of coordination number, ligand selection, and residues in the N-terminus of the protein were examined as determinants in metal ion recognition. The studies show that the cognate metal ions, Co(II) and Ni(II), which bind in (N/O)5S six-coordinate sites, are distinguished from non-cognate metal ions (Cu(I) and Zn(II)), which bind only three protein ligands and one anion from the buffer, by coordination number and ligand selection. Using mutations of residues near the N-terminus, the N-terminal amine is shown to be a liga...
Surface Tension Effects on Post-Nucleation Growth of Water Microdroplets in Supersaturated Gas Mixtures

Immediately after nucleation in a superheated gas mixture, the very small size of liquid droplets affects the condensation growth of the droplets in two ways: (1) The droplet size may be comparable to the mean free path of the gas molecules, resulting in noncontinuum transport effects, and (2) surface tension effects may strongly alter the conditions at the interface of the droplet. In the study reported here, a direct simulation Monte Carlo scheme was used to model the molecular transport during quasi-equilibrium condensation growth of water microdroplets in a supersaturated mixture of water vapor and a noncondensable gas. In the simulation, the boundary condition at the droplet surface is treated in a manner that allows us to model surface tension effects on transport. Results of calculations are presented for water vapor and argon mixtures for which some experimental data on droplet growth rates exists. The simulation results indicate that surface tension effects play a significant role in the determination of droplet growth rates during early stages of droplet growth
The effect of venous flow alterations upon patency of rat femoral vein anastomoses.

The rat femoral vein has become a standard model for laboratory training in microvascular anastomotic technique as well as for research investigations into factors affecting venous patency. This study examined the short-term patency (1 and 7 days) of rat vein anastomoses. The influences upon patency of epigastric flap creation and distal femoral vessel ligation (epigastric flow only) were explored. In a separate experiment, blood flow from the femoral vein was determined through catheter collection of venous efflux; the influences of island epigastric flap creation and distal femoral ligation on flow rates were explored. It was found that 82% of basic femoral vein anastomoses were patent at one day, while 100% of anastomoses associated with an epigastric flap and ligated/transected distal femoral vessel circulation (creating a low-tension anastomosis) were patent (P<0.01). With distal femoral vessel ligation and no transection (normal tension at the repair), anastomoses were patent in 90% of the veins when an epigastric flap was also raised, and in 60% when a flap was not created. When a flap was raised without disturbing the distal femoral circulation, vein patency was 75% at one day. When the vein anastomosis was performed with distal femoral vein ligation, the patency rate was 50%. All veins patent at 1 day were also patent at 7 days post-op; 96% of veins clotted at 1 day were found to be patent at 7 days. The venous efflux was not found to vary significantly when an epigastric flap was raised. These results indicate an increase in patency through reduction of longitudinal tension and suggest that island/free flaps have a beneficial influence upon the prevention of venous occlusion. The high rate of recanalization in thrombosed veins indicates a potential source of error in previous studies in which vein patency was evaluated only at longer postoperative times. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Correlation between codon usage, regional genomic nucleotide composition, and amino acid composition in the cytochrome P-450 gene superfamily

The codon usage bias of 110 mammalian cytochrome P-450 genes has been determined and analyzed in relation to a variety of genetic, biochemical, and physiological parameters. In those P-450 genes exhibiting biased usage the preferred codons generally do not differ among the four species examined (rat, rabbit, man, and mouse) or from the predominantly used codons identified for all sequenced genes in a recent data base analysis (Wada et al. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (Suppl.), 2111-2118). Codon usage bias does not correlate with evolutionary relationships, evolutionary age, or with the extent of evolutionary conservation of orthologous proteins; there is no obvious correlation with the level of expression of a given P-450, with its inducibility, nor with its physiologic role; and neither the preferred codons nor the degree of bias differ for P-450s expressed in different tissues. Codon usage bias does correlate with the C+G content at the codon third position, and thus preferred codons usually end in C or G; for those P-450s for which gene sequences are available this bias also correlates with the C + G content of the intronic and flanking regions of these genes. Moreover, a lesser increase in the C + G content at the codon first and second positions is also evident in genes located in regions of high C + G content; this leads to predictable differences in the amino acid compositions of P-450 enzymes that correlate with genomic nucleotide composition and the degree of bias in codon usage.
Micro- and Nano-Technology: A Critical Design Key in Advanced Thermoelectric Cooling Systems

Advanced, thermoelectric cooling technologies now are receiving more research attention to provide cooling in advanced vehicles and residential systems to assist in increasing overall system energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas impacts from leakage by current R-134a systems. This work explores the systems-related impacts, barriers, and challenges of using micro-technology solutions integrated with advances in nano-scale thermoelectric materials in advanced TE cooling systems. Integrated system-level analyses that simultaneously account for thermal energy transport into / dissipation out of the TE device, environmental effects, temperature-dependent TE and thermo-physical properties, thermal losses, and thermal and electrical contact resistances are presented to establish accurate optimum system designs using both BixSb2-xTe3 / Bi2Te3 TE systems and Bi2Te3 TE systems. This work established the design trends and identified optimum design regimes and metrics for these types of systems that will minimize system mass, volume and cost to maximize their commercialization potential in vehicular and residential applications. The relationships between important design metrics, like coefficient of performance, specific cooling capacity and cooling heat flux requirements, upper limits, and critical differences in these metrics in BixSb2-xTe3 / Bi2Te3 TE systems and Bi2Te3 TE systems are explored and quantified. Finally, the work discusses the critical role that micro-technologiesmore » and nano-technologies can play in enabling miniature TE cooling systems in advanced vehicle and residential applications and gives some key relevant examples.« less
Longterm management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) has been associated with numerous reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. Despite tremendous advances in the management of reproductive dysfunction, insight into the metabolic implications of PCOS is limited by the lack of uniform diagnostic criteria, the heterogeneity of the condition and the presence of confounders including obesity. Obesity clearly has a role in long term health and may best predict both reproductive and metabolic dysfunction as well as negatively affect the response to treatment in women with PCOS. Diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer are also at the forefront of any risk assessment or comprehensive treatment strategy for these women. Lifestyle modifications including dietary changes, increased exercise and weight loss are appropriate first line interventions for many women with PCOS. Pharmaceuticals including metformin, lipid lowering agents and oral contraceptives should be tailored to the individual’s risk profile and treatment goals.
Molecular Characterization of the U.S. Peanut Mini Core Collection Using Microsatellite Markers

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the secondmost important legume crop in the United States. A limitation to increased peanut productivity is that peanut improvement is hampered by relatively low genetic variability in the germplasm commonly used by breeding programs. To facilitate accessibility to diverse germplasm sources for breeding applications, a core subset of the USDA peanut germplasm was previously established that later was further refi ned and developed into a mini core collection consisting of 112 accessions. This report details an extensive characterization of genetic diversity and relationships in the U.S. peanut mini core using microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Seventy-two peanut accessions from the U.S. peanut mini core were genotyped with 73 SSR markers; all but six produced reliable, polymorphic bands. Moderate levels of genetic variation were found with genetic distances (D) values among accessions ranging from 0.088 to 0.254. Distinct groupings of the accessions based on subspecies classifi cation and on botanical (market) type groupings were established. Twelve of the markers, mapped previously to the A genome, were found to be suffi cient to identify both subspecies and botanical types and gave a clustering pattern very similar to the entire 67 SSR marker set. The genetic variation observed within U.S. peanut mini core can be utilized for selection of diverse parents for breeding and development of mapping populations.
Recent Studies on Invasive Fungal Diseases in Children and Adolescents: an Update

The improved survival of fragile pediatric hosts such as those afflicted with primary or acquired immune deficiencies, prematurity, and surgical pathology – mainly gastrointestinal and trauma – has resulted in an increased number of children susceptible to invasive fungal infections. These infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Newer, safer antifungal agents allow for preventive and empiric strategies in the management of patients at risk, such as premature infants, patients receiving chemotherapy, and bone marrow or solid-organ transplant recipients. Improved radiological and molecular techniques result in earlier diagnosis of fungal infections, allowing for preemptive therapy in these patients, minimizing exposure to antifungal agents and the risk of emergence of resistant fungal strains. A better understanding of the differences in pharmacokinetics between children and adults will allow for better utilization of existing antifungal agents and improved outcomes.
Random access in a cognitive radio network with slotted Aloha for primary users and CSMA for secondary users

Slotted Aloha and carrier sensing multiple access (CSMA) are effective random access protocols, which can also be important elements of more advanced media access protocols. In this paper, we investigate slotted Aloha and CSMA protocols in a cognitive radio network, where primary users have higher priority than secondary users and secondary users need to monitor the channel to avoid interference to the primary users, it is thus proposed that slotted Aloha is used for primary users to access the channel and secondary users use slotted CSMA to sense the time slots of slotted Aloha and transmit their packets during idle time slots. A Rayleigh fading channel is considered and we derive the throughput of slotted Aloha and CSMA for the primary and secondary users.
Zero curvature particle flow for nonlinear filters

We derive a new algorithm for computing Bayes’ rule using particle flow that has zero curvature. The flow is computed by solving a vector Riccati equation exactly in closed form rather than solving a PDE, with a significant reduction in computational complexity. Our theory is valid for any smooth nowhere vanishing probability densities, including highly multimodal non-Gaussian densities. We show that this new flow is similar to the extended Kalman filter in the special case of nonlinear measurements with Gaussian noise. We also outline more general particle flows, including: constant curvature, geodesic flow, non-constant curvature, piece-wise constant curvature, etc.
The effects of physical activity on sleep: a meta-analytic review

A significant body of research has investigated the effects of physical activity on sleep, yet this research has not been systematically aggregated in over a decade. As a result, the magnitude and moderators of these effects are unclear. This meta-analytical review examines the effects of acute and regular exercise on sleep, incorporating a range of outcome and moderator variables. PubMed and PsycINFO were used to identify 66 studies for inclusion in the analysis that were published through May 2013. Analyses reveal that acute exercise has small beneficial effects on total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, stage 1 sleep, and slow wave sleep, a moderate beneficial effect on wake time after sleep onset, and a small effect on rapid eye movement sleep. Regular exercise has small beneficial effects on total sleep time and sleep efficiency, small-to-medium beneficial effects on sleep onset latency, and moderate beneficial effects on sleep quality. Effects were moderated by sex, age, baseline physical activity level of participants, as well as exercise type, time of day, duration, and adherence. Significant moderation was not found for exercise intensity, aerobic/anaerobic classification, or publication date. Results were discussed with regards to future avenues of research and clinical application to the treatment of insomnia.
Lattice Vibrations in Aluminum and the Temperature Dependence of X-Ray Bragg Intensities

x-ray intensity data have been obtained from aluminum single crystals at temperature intervals that were small enough to allow determination of $\frac{d(\mathrm{ln}I)}{\mathrm{dT}}$ in the 100-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K temperature range. From these measurements the temperature dependence of $\frac{\mathrm{dM}}{\mathrm{dT}}$ (or ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$), the temperature derivative of the Debye-Waller factor $M$ was determined. These derivatives are related in a straightforward way to the frequency distribution $g(\ensuremath{\nu})$ and hence to an equivalent characteristic temperature ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$. Comparisons of experimental results with calculations based on actual approximate frequency distributions for aluminum indicate that the sensitivity of ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ to the shape of the frequency distribution can be experimentally significant. These experimental results for ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ are in very good agreement with calculations based on a frequency distribution derived by means of an 8-neighbor Born-von K\'arman force model from a previously reported analysis of neutron inelastic scattering data. Calculations using a simple one-neighbor force model based only on elastic constants were inadequate. In the 100-300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K range the entire temperature dependence of the experimental ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ can be accounted for by anharmonicity associated with thermal expansion. The experimental and analytical techniques used make possible the determination, at a given temperature, of a relatively accurate and unambiguous value for ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$. The determination does not depend on ${\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ values at other temperatures.
3D CT–based high-dose-rate breast brachytherapy implants: treatment planning and quality assurance

Abstract Purpose Although accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) as the sole radiation modality after lumpectomy has shown promising results for select breast cancer patients, published experiences thus far have provided limited information on treatment planning methodology and quality assurance measures. A novel three-dimensional computed tomography (CT)–based treatment planning method for accurate delineation and geometric coverage of the target volume is presented. A correlation between treatment volume and irradiation time has also been studied for quality assurance purposes. Methods and materials Between May 2002 and January 2003, 50 consecutive patients underwent an image-guided interstitial implant followed by CT-based treatment planning and were subsequently treated with APBI with a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy remote afterloader. Target volume was defined as the lumpectomy cavity +2 cm margin modified to ≥5 mm to the skin surface. Catheter reconstruction, geometric optimization, and manual adjustment of irradiation time were done to optimally cover the target volume while minimizing hot spots. Dose homogeneity index (DHI) and percent of target volume receiving 100% of the prescription dose (32 Gy in 8 fractions or 34 Gy in 10 fractions) was determined. Additionally, the correlation between the treatment volume and irradiation time, source strength, and dose was then analyzed for manual verification of the HDR computer calculation. Results In all cases, the lumpectomy cavity was covered 100%. Target volume coverage was excellent with a median of 96%, and DHI had a median value of 0.7. For each plan, source strength times the treatment time for every unit of prescribed dose had an excellent agreement of ±7% to the Manchester volume implant table corrected for modern units. Conclusions CT-based treatment planning allowed excellent visualization of the lumpectomy cavity and normal structures, thereby improving target volume delineation and optimal coverage, relative to conventional orthogonal film dosimetry. Using the Manchester volume implant table calculated irradiation time can be used as quality assurance for the HDR computed time. Thus dosimetric quality assurance and adequate target volume coverage can be concurrently confirmed, allowing prospective evaluation and optimization of implants.
Malthusianism, socialism and feminism in the United States.

(1983). Malthusianism, socialism and feminism in the United States. History of European Ideas: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 203-214.
The effect of metal catalysts on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran precursors

Abstract The catalytic effects of copper and iron compounds were examined for their behavior in promoting formation of chlorine (Cl2), the major chlorinating agent of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), in an environment simulating that of municipal waste fly ash. Formation of Cl2 occurred as a result of a metal-catalyzed reaction of HCl with O2. Catalytic activity was greatest at a temperature of approximately 400 °C, supporting a theory of de novo synthesis of PCDDs and PCDFs on fly ash particles downstream of waste combustion.
Innovation diffusion: A deterministic model of space-time integration with physical analog☆

Abstract This paper extends a fundamental temporal diffusion model to integrate space and time dimensions of the diffusion of innovation. The analogous developments in physical sciences are compared and it is demonstrated that the proposed model may be the first step in linking the concept of catalysts in physical science diffusion processes to the role of change agents in social science systems.
Low reflectivity and instability of a self-pumped phase conjugator caused by reflection gratings in +c-face incidence

Abstract We have explored nonlinear dynamics of a self-pumped phase conjugator when the input beam enters the crystal from the face to which the +c-axis of the crystal points. The pattern dynamics is similar to that in the geometry of a-face incidence, but the phase-conjugate power is much weaker and is always unstable. Two-wave coupling coefficients are calculated and functions of transmission and reflection gratings are discussed. Our analysis shows that reflection gratings are an obstacle to obtain high reflectivity because energy flows from the phase-conjugate wave back to the incident beam for this incident geometry. When +c-face incidence is used, a crystal having a lower number density of charge carriers can have a better phase-conjugate reflectivity.
Fast method for force computations in electronic structure calculations

We present efficient $[O(N\mathrm{ln}N)]$ methods for computing three quantities crucial to electronic structure calculations: the ionic potential, the electron-ion contribution to the Born-Oppenheimer forces, and the electron-ion contribution to the stress tensor. The present methods are applicable to calculations in which the electronic charge density is represented on a uniform grid in real space. They are particularly well suited for metallic extended systems, where other $O(N)$ methodologies are not readily applicable. Based on a fast algorithm for determining the atomic structure factor, originally developed by Essmann et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 103, 8577 (1995)] for fast Ewald energy and force computation, the present methods involve approximations that can be systematically improved. The methods are tested on a representative metallic system (bulk Al), and their ability to simultaneously achieve high accuracy and efficiency is demonstrated.
Effect of aluminium speciation on fish in dilute acidified waters

Acidification of lakes and streams is a serious water quality problem in high elevation granitic ecosystems in the northeastern US1–3. An important consequence of acidification is the mobilisation of aluminium from the edaphic to the aquatic environment3–5. Elevated levels of aluminium may have serious ramifications for biological communities, particularly fish, inhabiting acidified aquatic systems5,6. In this study, water quality data were collected from several acidified lakes and streams in the Adirondack region of New York state. The purpose of this investigation was to characterise aluminium chemistry in these acidified waters and to assess the relative toxicity of soluble aluminium species to fish. Aqueous aluminium speciation was found to be highly variable in Adirondack waters, and its effect on fish was also variable.
Studies on metalloproteins; soluble zinc-containing protein extracted from human leucocytes.

Abstract Studies are presented on the purification of soluble zinc-containing proteins from human leucocytes. The criterion for purification is an increase in the zinc to protein ratio, and conditions are defined under which this criterion is valid. Carbonic anhydrase is present in erythrocytes contaminating the leucocytes from which it can be separated by fractional precipitations with ammonium sulfate. This is shown by measurements of carbonic anhydrase activity, zinc, and protein. Further purification of the leucocyte proteins having high zinc to protein ratios was achieved by variations of pH, 11, and ethanol concentration. The maximum zinc to protein ratio attained was 3000 μg. Zn/g. protein. This content of zinc in leucocyte protein is comparable to the magnitude of the metal contents of other metalloproteins.
Monoblock laser for a low-cost, eyesafe, microlaser range finder

A small, lightweight, low-cost prototype laser has been developed for use in a microlaser range finder (µLRF). The laser design is based on a flash-lamp-pumped, Nd:YAG laser with a Cr4+ passive Q switch. The design incorporates a monolithic potassium titanyl arsenide (KTA) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) in an intracavity configuration, producing output at 1.54 µm. Precisely cut, properly coated crystals make up the laser resonator, reducing the number of components and enabling laser oscillation with the simplest of alignment fixtures. The 1.54-µm laser cavity consists of only four rectangular-shaped crystals: a Nd:YAG laser rod, a Nd:YAG endcap, a Cr4+Q switch, and a KTA OPO. Along with a ceramic laser pallet and a flash lamp, these six components make up a prototype monoblock (essentially a one-piece) laser transmitter. Several of these simple prototypes have been built and tested, giving a nominal output of >3.0 mJ at 1.54 µm with a 27-ns pulse width. The transmitter was incorporated into a breadboard laser range finder, and successful ranging operations were performed to targets at ranges in excess of 3 km.
Agarose-DTNB column for binding sulfhydryl-containing proteins and peptides

Abstract The preparation of agarose-DTNB [5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate)] is described. The agarose-DTNB columns are useful in the separation of non-sulfhydryl proteins or peptides from those containing a free sulfhydryl group. The columns after use can be regenerated. The chemical reactions involved in the binding of bovine mercaptalbumin as well as in the regeneration of the column are presented.
Inhibition of dihydroorotase by purines and pyrimidines

Abstract Dihydroorotase (4,5- l -dihydroorotate amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.2.3) activity in sonicated preparation of the Novikoff ascites hepatoma was inhibited by a group of pyrimidines, pyrimidine analogues, and purine derivatives. Cytidine compounds were much more effective than the corresponding uridine derivative and among these CMP and 5-bromo-2′-deoxycytidine were potent inhibitors of the enzyme. The only exception to this rule occured with thymidine and TMP, which also were potent inhibitors of enzymic activity. Among the purine derivatives, noteworthy inhibition was obtained with adenosine, 2′-deoxyadenosine, ATP, ADP, deoxyguanosine, deGMP, and adenosine-N1-oxide. The latter was the most effective inhibitor of all the compounds tested. The inhibition was of the competitive and the Ki values have been determined and tabulated. Some of the implications of these inhibition are discussed. Although the substrate, carbamylaspartate, affords protection against heat inactivation of the enzyme, no such protection was observed with the inhibitors suggesting a different site of binding.
Public reactions to information about genetically engineered foods: effects of information formats and male/female differences

Developing effective communication strategies to inform the public about genetic engineering applications in food production is critical for the successful commercialization and future development of the technology. However, few existing studies in the United States have examined how communication materials affect public understanding of new technologies. Our survey study examined the effect of two information formats developed according to public issue education principles on the public understanding of, interest in and attitude towards genetically engineered salmon. In addition, we examined male/female differences in attitude. Our results indicated that participants who read the “consequence” information learned more, expressed more interest, and indicated higher level of actual confidence in judgment than those who read the “perspective” information. Women were less approving of genetically engineered salmon than men were both before and after reading the information. Reading information led to a posit...
Synthesis and chromatography of dinitrophenyl-valyl peptides.

Abstract A rapid analytical method for the direct synthesis of DNP-valyl peptides is described in which the dinitrophenyl group is employed as the blocking group. The quantitative data for the synthesis and the chromatographic behavior of ten DNP-valyl peptides are presented and application of the method to amino acids other than DNP-valine is considered. Seven of the nine DNP-peptides or mixtures thereof, theoretically possible by combining the isomers of valine and leucine, were also prepared. Neither the chromatographic behavior on silicic acid-Celite nor the rate of hydrolysis in boiling 6 N hydrochloric acid was affected by using these diastereoisomeric mixtures in place of pure optically active forms.
PROGRESS REPORT: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOUSING: HOUSING POLICY

(1987). PROGRESS REPORT: THE GEOGRAPHY OF HOUSING: HOUSING POLICY. Urban Geography: Vol. 8, No. 6, pp. 577-584.
Uneven playing fields: State variations in boys' and girls' access to and participation in high school interscholastic sports

Using 2000 aggregate Office of Civil Rights (OCR) data combined with demographic and contextual data from National Center for Educational Statistics (NCES); this paper finds gender parity in only a handful of states, wide variation among states in girls and boys access to single-gender interscholastic sports and teams, and that states vary widely in patterns of participation in single-gender sports activities. Regression analyses suggest that gender disparities in athletic participation opportunities among states is associated with states per pupil expenditures and student racial composition. Gender disparities in single-gender athletic participation rates among states are strongly associated with participation opportunities as well as per pupil expenditures and student racial and composition.