cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Intracellular flux analysis in hybridomas using mass balances and in vitro 13C nmr

Intracellular fluxes are important in defining cellular physiology and its changes in response to environmental variations. Stoichiometric balances combined with extra cellular metabolite measurements were applied to the estimation of intracellular fluxes and the study of energy metabolism in the hybridoma cell line ATCC CRL 1606. Redundant measurements allowed the evaluation of the consistency of the stoichiometry, measurements, and pseudo-steady-state assumption leading to refinement of the assumed biochemistry and identification of measurement errors. To validate the flux estimates, two batch experiments were performed with glucose labeled in the 1 position with (13)C. The distribution of (13)C in secreted lactate was measured via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and compared to that predicted from the estimated intracellular fluxes. There was good agreement between the measured and estimated isotope distributions, demonstrating the validity of the flux estimates obtained from stoichiometric balances. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Double-Layer Mediated Electromechanical Response of Amyloid Fibrils in Liquid Environment

Harnessing electrical bias-induced mechanical motion on the nanometer and molecular scale is a critical step toward understanding the fundamental mechanisms of redox processes and implementation of molecular electromechanical machines. Probing these phenomena in biomolecular systems requires electromechanical measurements be performed in liquid environments. Here we demonstrate the use of band excitation piezoresponse force microscopy for probing electromechanical coupling in amyloid fibrils. The approaches for separating the elastic and electromechanical contributions based on functional fits and multivariate statistical analysis are presented. We demonstrate that in the bulk of the fibril the electromechanical response is dominated by double-layer effects (consistent with shear piezoelectricity of biomolecules), while a number of electromechanically active hot spots possibly related to structural defects are observed.
Nature of the Soft Component of Cosmic Rays at 3500 Meters Altitude

An interpretation is given for the absorption curves of cosmic rays obtained with screens of different atomic numbers. Measurements made in 1935 at the Jungfraujoch (3500 m) with lead and aluminum show the existence of an important number of mesons of relatively small energy in the soft component.
Surface and gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline nickel oxide thin films

Abstract Preparation of nanocrystalline nickel oxide thin films and their applications for gas sensors were investigated. Nickel oxide thin films were deposited on a glass substrate by a sol–gel process. The microstructure and surface properties of the prepared sample were studied using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. The prepared nickel oxide films had a nanocrystalline NiO phase with the average grain size of 16 nm. Electronic property measurements indicated that the nickel oxide films had p-type conductivity with the activation energy of electrical conductivity around 0.42 eV. Gas sensing characteristics of NiO films were measured for different reducing gases, such as H2, CH4, NH3 and mixtures of these gases. The gas sensor response as well as response and recovery time was analyzed to understand sensing mechanism, selectivity and optimal sensing conditions. The cross sensitivity data suggested that this sensor could be used to detect gas molecules selectively in ambient conditions with high repeatability.
Structural evidence for two different testicular types in teleost fishes.

Testicular structure in Salmoniformes, Perciformes, Cypriniformes, and Atheriniformes has been examined and reinterpreted on the basis of two different tubular types, distinguished from each other by the intratubular distribution of spermatogonia. In the salmoniform, perciform, and cypriniform teleosts studied, spermatogonia are distributed along the entire length of the testicular tubules. However, in the atheriniform teleosts spermatogonia are restricted to the distal end of the tubule. Sperm development in teleosts is cystic, cysts being comprised of Sertoli-cell processes. In both testicular types described, Sertoli cells phagocytize spermatid residual bodies. Together witb the germ cells, they comprise the only intratubular cell types within the teleostean testis. Boundary cells are located immediately outside of the tubule basement membrane. They do not form a complete layer over the tubule surface; therefore, interstitial Leydig cells and blood vessels may border directly upon the tubular basement membrane.
Post-column derivatization procedure for the colorimetric analysis of tissue cannabinoids separated by high-performance liquid chromatography

A new method for quantitating cannabidiol (CBD) and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in mouse plasma and brain involves (1) the separation of CBD and THC from their major metabolites by the use of isocratic, reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and (2) the on-line reaction of the cannabinoids with Fast Blue Salt B (FBB) as a the former elute from the column; the colored cannabinoid-FBB derivatives are then detected at 490 nm in a spectrophotometer with a sensitivity of less than 50 ng. In addition to this HPLC--FBB analytical procedure, a method for extracting CBD and THC from brain and plasma is described, and selected examples illustrate the procedure's application to the analysis of CBD and THC in mouse plasma and brain samples taken from animals injected with these two cannabinoids.
Jumping over the fence: RNA nuclear export revisited

The nuclear envelope forms a cocoon that surrounds the cellular genome keeping it out of harm’s way and can be utilized by the cell as a means of functionally regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. At the same time, this double-layered membrane system constitutes a formidable obstacle to the unimpeded flow of genetic information between the genome and the rest of the cell. The nuclear pore has been long considered the sole passageway between nucleus and cytoplasm. A new report1 challenges this view and proposes a novel mechanism by which RNA transcripts destined for localized translation in highly polarized cell types, cross both inner and outer nuclear envelope membranes and reach the cytoplasm without utilizing the nuclear pore route.
Implementation Of Cellular Arrays

Electronics Laboratory, General Electric CompanySyracuse, New York 13221AbstractCellular arrays are regular structures of computing and memory elements with fixed and simple modes ofcommunication and control, well suited for implementation using VLSI technology. We describe two alternatearchitectures for such computational arrays, and compare their performance with sequential processing means.IntroductionIn this paper, we consider the use of arrays of computing elements to form solutions for linear algebraic
Reversible Inhibitors of λ Integrase-mediated Recombination Efficiently Trap Holliday Junction Intermediates and Form the Basis of a Novel Assay for Junction Resolution

The bacteriophage lambda integrase catalyzes four site-specific recombination pathways with distinct protein and DNA requirements and nucleoprotein intermediates. Some of these intermediates are very transient and difficult to obtain in significant amounts, due to the high efficiency and processivity of integrase, the lack of requirements for external energy factors or metal ions, and the highly reversible nature of each of the intermediates. We have previously used mixture-based combinatorial libraries to identify hexapeptides that trap 40-60% of recombination substrates at the Holliday junction stage of the reaction. These inhibitors discriminate between the four pathways, blocking one of them (bent-L recombination) more severely than the others and blocking the excision pathway least. We presume that these differences reflect specific conformational differences of the nucleoprotein intermediates in each pathway. We have now identified new inhibitors of the excision pathway. One of these, WRWYCR, is over 50-fold more potent at inhibiting excision than the previously identified peptides. This peptide stably traps Holliday junction complexes in all recombination pathways mediated by integrase as well as Cre. This finding and other data presented indicate that the peptide's target is a common feature shared by the Holliday junction complexes assembled by tyrosine recombinases. We have taken advantage of reversible inhibition by the active peptides to develop a new assay for Holliday junction resolution. This assay is particularly useful for determining junction resolution rates in cases where complexes directly assembled on junction substrates undergo little or no catalysis.
Primary intraspinal fibrosarcoma.

Abstract Fibrosarcomas of dura mater are very rare tumors representing only 0.5% of all central nervous system sarcomas. A higher incidence of dural fibrosarcomas has been reported in patients with neurofibromatosis. We present a case of spinal dura mater fibrosarcoma in a patient without neurofibromatosis. The diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in the clinical management is discussed.
Determination of the phase of the complex nonlinear refractive index by transient two-wave mixing in saturable absorbers

The ratio of the imaginary part to the real part of the complex nonlinear refractive index has been measured by transient two-wave mixing in acridine-orange-doped fluorophosphate glass, fluorescein-doped boric-acid glass, and ruby at argon-ion wavelengths. The method enables the individual signs of the components of the nonlinear index to be obtained. A simple theory based on a single homogeneously broadened absorption from the ground state agrees with measurements of the phase of the nonlinear index in acridine but not in fluorescein, where our data suggest that excited-state absorption plays an important role.
Ultrastructure of the dento‐gingival junction after gingivectomy

The lateral incisors of 2 cynomolgus monkeys were removed with the adjacent gingiva in situ at intervals of 12 to 49 days after gingivectomy. Electron microscopic examination of the specimens indicated that epithelial reattachment may occur in 12 days or less under these experimental conditions. Hemidesmosomes and a basement lamina were regenerated against enamel as well as coronal and root cementum surfaces. Reattachment appeared to occur against both morphologically normal and superficially altered cementum. Enamel lamellae extending through the thin coronal cementum layer were not disturbed during the surgical procedure. Hemidesmosomes appeared to regenerate more rapidly than the basement laminas against either the tooth surface or the gingival connective tissue.
Measuring technical efficiency of potato production in Iran using robust data envelopment analysis

Abstract A non-parametric method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to analyze the technical and scale efficiency of potato production in 23 Iranian provinces. In many real applications, inputs and outputs may be imprecise. In the present study, a robust DEA (RDEA) optimization framework was used to concentrate on DEA with uncertain data. The method was based on six inputs (human labor rent, land rent, diesel and machinery rent, irrigation water cost, fertilizer cost, pesticide cost) and the single output of potato gross return. The proposed DEA for 23 Iranian potato-producing provinces reveals that the average technical efficiency is 90% and scale efficiency is 97%. This suggests that inefficient provinces can potentially reduce their overall costs for potato production. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to compute the conformity of the rankings from the RDEA model with reality to illustrate the importance of varying the level of efficiency for different levels of conservatism.
HydroTrend v.3.0: A climate-driven hydrological transport model that simulates discharge and sediment load leaving a river system

HydroTrend v.3.0 is a climate-driven hydrological water balance and transport model that simulates water discharge and sediment load at a river outlet, by incorporating drainage basin properties (river networks, hypsometry, relief, reservoirs) together with biophysical parameters (temperature, precipitation, evapo-transpiration, and glacier characteristics). HydroTrend generates daily discharge values through: snow accumulation and melt, glacier growth and ablation, surface runoff, and groundwater evaporation, retention and recharge. The long-term sediment load is predicted either by the ART-QRT module based on drainage area, discharge, relief, and temperature, or the BQART module that also incorporates basin-average lithology and anthropogenic influences on soil erosion. Sediment trapping efficiency of reservoirs is based on reservoir location in the river network and its volume that determines the residence time of water within the reservoir. Glacial influence is based on the extent of ice cover, equilibrium altitude, and freezing line mobility. HydroTrend v.3.0 captures the inter- and intra-annual variability of sediment flux by using either high-resolution climate observations or a stochastic climate generator for simulations over longer geological intervals. A distributary channel module simulates the flow conditions and transport capacity across a multiple deltaic channel system. Simulations of the Metauro and the Po rivers, in Italy, are used as case studies to demonstrate the applicability of the new model.
Behavioral and biochemical effects of gradual reductions in cigarette yields in pregnant and nonpregnant smokers.

Abstract Smoking-related risks have been well-documented for both the smoker and the pregnant smoker's unborn child, but the risks associated with low tar/nicotine cigarette smoking are still controversial. The present study examined some of the behavioral and biochemical effects of gradual reductions in tar and nicotine yields in six pregnant and six nonpregnant smokers. Over four sessions spanning a 6-week period, smokers switched to cigarette brands progressively lower in tar and nictotine. Examination of the topographical variables assessed both during (cigarette frequency, puff frequency, and cigarette duration) and between sessions (daily cigarette rate and nicotine intake) revealed significant decreases in both pregnant and nonpregnant smokers' cigarette duration and nicotine intake. Also observed were significantly lower and less variable carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels among the pregnant smokers when they smoked the lowest tar and nicotine brands. However, even the pregnant smokers' lower mean COHb levels did not drop below the 3% minimal cardiovascular risk level. The pregnant smokers also tended to have lower and less variable salivary thiocyanate (SCN) levels, but these differences were nonsignificant. The results were discussed in terms of implications for controlled smoking treatment programs for pregnant smokers.
Exact reflectance under a cardioidal luminance distribution

The cardioidal luminance distribution B (θ, k) = B (θ/2, k) (1 + k cos θ), - 1 ≦ k ≤ ∞, 0 ≦ θ ≦ π/2 is the general empirical form of the luminance of overcast skies. It has been found empirically (Moon and Spencer 1942) and theoretically (Chandrasekhar 1946) that the value k = 2 represents most overcast skies. The purpose of this note is to obtain the exact algebraic expression for the reflectance r (m, k) of a surface (between media of relative indices of refraction 1 and m ≧ 1) irradiated by an unpolarized cardioidal radiance distribution. In this way the classical reflectance formula of Walsh (1926) for the case k = 0 is generalized, and the approximately-obtained numerical results of Middleton (1952) for the case k = 2, m = 4/3 are extended. In addition it is found that the function r (·, k) is essentially linear over the range 1.2 ≦ m ≦ 1.9 for each fixed value of k in the interval 0≦5 ≤ k ∞, and thus may be represented by the form: r (m, k) = a (k) m + b (k). In particular r (m, 2) = 0.141965 m - 0.137709 which has a maximum deviation of 3.2 per cent from the exact values of r (m, 2) over the range 1.2 ≦ m ≦ 1.9.
Photolabeling of brain membrane proteins by lysergic acid diethylamide.

Abstract 3H-Lysergic acid diethylamide (3H-LSD) is irreversibly incorporated into bovine caudate membranes during ultraviolet light illumination. The incorporated radioligand apparently forms a covalent bond with a sub-population of the membrane proteins. Although the photolabeling pattern differs significantly from the Coomassie blue staining pattern on SDS gels, the photolabeling is apparently not specific for LSD binding sites associated with neurotransmitter receptors. 3H-LSD photolabeling can occur during prolonged exposure of membrane samples to room lighting and thus may introduce artifacts into receptor binding assays.
TARSKI’S FINITE BASIS PROBLEM IS UNDECIDABLE

We exhibit a construction which produces for every Turing machine , an algebra (finite and of finite type) such that the Turing machine halts iff the algebra has a finite basis for its equations.
Some aspects of occlusive renal arterial disease in man.

A review of the past six years' experience with the surgical treatment of hypertension associated with occlusive renal arterial disease has shown that in about 60 per cent of patients diastolic hypertension remitted, and in about 16 per cent arterial pressure was greatly reduced. In a small group of patients not operated upon, antihypertensive drugs were found to be as effective as in patients with essential hypertension; this suggests a neurogenic component in this type of renal hypertension. Revascularization procedures in patients with unilateral renal arterial stenosis usually lessened disparities in glomerular filtration rate of the two kidneys but did not eliminate them. Postoperatively, solute and water excretions of the repaired kidney usually exceeded those of the unaffected side even though preoperatively they had been much less. In a few patients, information concerning the natural history of renal arterial diseases shows that atherosclerosis need not necessarily cause progressive stenosis over...
Endogenous APOBEC3A DNA Cytosine Deaminase Is Cytoplasmic and Nongenotoxic

APOBEC3A (A3A) is a myeloid lineage-specific DNA cytosine deaminase with a role in innate immunity to foreign DNA. Previous studies have shown that heterologously expressed A3A is genotoxic, suggesting that monocytes may have a mechanism to regulate this enzyme. Indeed, we observed no significant cytotoxicity when interferon was used to induce the expression of endogenous A3A in CD14+-enriched primary cells or the monocytic cell line THP-1. In contrast, doxycycline-induced A3A in HEK293 cells caused major cytotoxicity at protein levels lower than those observed when CD14+ cells were stimulated with interferon. Immunofluorescent microscopy of interferon-stimulated CD14+ and THP-1 cells revealed that endogenous A3A is cytoplasmic, in stark contrast to stably or transiently transfected A3A, which has a cell-wide localization. A3A constructs engineered to be cytoplasmic are also nontoxic in HEK293 cells. These data combine to suggest that monocytic cells use a cytoplasmic retention mechanism to control A3A and avert genotoxicity during innate immune responses. Background: APOBEC3A is a potentially genotoxic DNA cytosine deaminase expressed in myeloid lineage cells. Results: Exogenous APOBEC3A genotoxicity correlates with expression level and nuclear localization. Endogenous APOBEC3A is nontoxic and cytoplasmic, despite its capacity to be highly induced by interferon. Conclusion: Cytoplasmic localization prevents endogenous APOBEC3A from accessing nuclear DNA. Significance: Endogenous APOBEC3A is not genotoxic.
Fluorescent erythrocyte ghosts as standards for quantitative flow cytometry

We report here a quick and inexpensive method for preparing standards of known fluorochrome content for calibration and quantitation of flow cytometry fluorescence signals. Erythrocyte ghosts prepared by hypotonic lysis are filled with solutions containing fluorescently labeled dextran. Standards prepared by this technique have a narrow range of fluorescence and a linear response of fluorescence to fluorochrome content up to 2 × 106 fluorochrome molecules/cell. The volume of ghost standard particles is roughly 70 femtoliters (fl)/cell. The fluorescence of ghost standards is nearly identical to that of commercially available microbead standards of similar fluorochrome content. Ghost standards have stable fluorescence for at least 3 weeks at 4°C. These standards can be made with any fluorochrome or combination of fluorochromes over a wide concentration range. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Feasibility of Obtaining Pulmonary Venous Flow Velocity in Cardiac Patients Using Transthoracic Pulsed Wave Doppler Technique

The purpose of this study was to determine, in an adult population, the percentage of patients in whom high quality pulmonary venous flow velocity recordings can be obtained using current transthoracic pulsed wave Doppler techniques. Pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocity variables obtained with a pulsed wave Doppler method were used for the indirect assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function and LV filling pressures. The general clinical use of these methods, however, remains uncertain because the transthoracic success rate of obtaining all components of pulmonary venous flow velocity has been variable, and sometimes reported to be as low as 30% to 60%. Mitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity variables were obtained using pulsed wave Doppler signals in 200 consecutive adult patients (mean age 68.2±11.4 years) in normal sinus rhythm who were referred for echocardiographic study. Six cardiac sonographers and five ultrasound systems were used. The success rate for obtaining pulmonary venous systolic and diastolic flow velocity was 95%, reverse flow velocity at atrial contraction was 90%, and the duration of reverse flow at atrial contraction was 89%. In the 5% to 11% of patients in whom pulmonary flow velocities could not be adequately recorded, the most common reasons were depth limitations of the pulsed wave Doppler machine, marked cardiac enlargement, or left atrial wall motion artifact. The success rate also was influenced by the ultrasound equipment used, individual variation among sonographers, and even the type (impaired, pseudonormal, restricted) of associated mitral filling pattern. Given current machine technology, sonographer education, and daily practice, high quality, complete recordings of pulmonary venous flow velocity can be obtained in approximately 90% of adult patients using the precordial transthoracic Doppler technique. These results suggest that using these variables as an aid for evaluating LV diastolic function and filling pressures may have broader clinical applicability than previously appreciated.
E-CRM Analytics: The Role of Data Integration

Electronic Customer Relationship Management (e-CRM) Analytics is the process of analyzing and reporting online customer/visitor behavior patterns with the objective of acquiring and retaining customers through stronger customer relationships. To better understand the role of data integration in achieving the goals of e-CRM, the authors conducted a study by means of a survey. The results of this study propose that although online, offline and external data integration has its complexities, the value added is significant. This survey of CRM professionals is composed of two parts. The first part investigated the nature of the data integrated and the data architecture deployed. The second part analyzed the technological and organizational value added with respect to the e-CRM initiative. The findings suggest that organizations that integrate data from various customer touch-points have significantly higher benefits, user satisfaction and return on their investment (ROI) than those that do not. Additional insights are also presented exploring the role of data integration in e-CRM projects at both business to business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) firms. For organizations implementing e-CRM, this study reveals that data integration is worth their time, money and efforts.
TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN CYLINDRICAL FUEL-ELEMENT END CAPS

Abstract The transient temperature distributions in bonded end caps of solid cylindrical fuel elements subjected to sudden change in temperature are determined analytically. The solution for the temperature distributions is expressed by products of Bessel functions, exponential functions and coupling relations between the end cap and the fuel section of the fuel element. A numerical example is given for enriched uranium oxide dispersed fuel elements with zircaloy cladding and bonded zircaloy end caps. From the calculated results of the example several conclusions are drawn (see section 4).
Actinomycin D induces apoptosis and inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic cancer cells are usually resistant to apoptosis induced by cytotoxic drugs, by activation of surface receptors such as Fas and TNF receptor or by serum or growth factor withdrawal. Actinomycin D (actD) is an inhibitor of RNA synthesis and acts as a potent inducer of apoptosis in several cell lines. In the present study, we investigated the effects of actD on PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. ActD caused apoptosis in PANC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, as determined by cell growth assays, DNA laddering and TUNEL assays. Induction of apoptosis correlated with activation of the JNK/SAPK pathway and increased expression of Bax but not Bad or p53. PANC-1 cells were completely resistant to Fas antibody and TNF-alpha. In contrast, TRAIL decreased the growth of PANC-1 cells by 22%. Low concentrations of actD (10 ng/ml) enhanced the cytotoxic effects of all 3 cytokines. EGF, FGF-2 and IGF-I did not protect PANC-1 cells from actD-mediated apoptosis. ActD (10 ng/ml) also inhibited the growth of CAPAN-1 and T3M4 pancreatic cancer cells but not MiaPaCa-2 cells. Our observations suggest that actD may act via JNK/SAPK and Bax to promote apoptosis in PANC-1 cells and that it may inhibit the growth of other pancreatic cancer cell lines.
EFFECTS OF CURING ON THE FLAVOR AND TEXTURE OF BAKED SWEET POTATOES

The objective of this investigation was to determine the quality advantages, if any, of curing whole sweet potatoes prior to marketing during the harvest season. Freshly harvested sweet potatoes were washed, graded, and boxed for shipment and then cured at 30°C and 90% RH for 0, 4 or 7 days prior to shipping. Preparations were timed so that all treatments could be shipped on the same pallet. During 2 yr a total of 8 shipments were made to northern cities (500–600 miles) by truck. Sample potatoes were evaluated by a trained flavor and texture profile panel and by analytical methods. Results indicated that curing for either 4 or 7 days developed a product that was superior in both flavor and texture. Viscosity of purees was lower for cured than for uncured sweet potatoes. Curing slightly reduced ascorbic acid content.
On the mechanics and mechanisms of crack growth in polymeric materials

Abstract Crack initiation and growth behaviors in two polymers—PMMA, a thermoplastic and Homalite-100, a thermosetting polyester—are examined in this paper. The shadow-optical method of caustics is used in conjunction with a high speed video camera to record the variation of the stress intensity factor and the crack position with time. Slow crack growth, transition to unstable growth and stick-slip crack growth behaviors were observed in both material. The observed crack growth behaviors are discussed in terms of the mechanisms that govern the crack growth processes.
Oxygen permeation, electrical conductivity and stability of the perovskite oxide La0.2Sr0.8Cu0.4Co0.6O3−x

Abstract The cubic perovskite La 0.2 Sr 0.8 Cu 0.4 Co 0.6 O 3− x has high electronic and ionic conductivity at high temperatures. The electronic conductivity initially increases with increasing temperature but then decreases due to loss of oxygen atoms from the structure. The oxygen permeability measured on disc membranes is comparable to values reported for other cobalt-containing perovskite oxides with high strontium content. The permeation flux decreases with time due to a transformation of the disordered cubic perovskite to an ordered structure related to Brownmillerite. This ordered structure is stable below 975°C in an oxygen partial pressure pO 2 =0.01 atm. Membranes that have been maintained at high temperature in an oxygen partial pressure gradient for >400 h show decomposition to a multi-phase assemblage that includes non-perovskite strontium cuprates. This decomposition may also contribute to the flux decline.
Tolerance to Feeding Damage by Cotton Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) Among Genotypes Representing Adapted Germplasm Pools of United States Upland Cotton

ABSTRACT Cotton fleahopper [Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter)] (Hemiptera: Miridae) is one of the most damaging insect pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Texas and Oklahoma because of their feeding on small floral buds which are termed squares. Damage to early season squares can reduce yield, delay crop maturity and increase the risk of crop loss because of late season insect pests and adverse weather. Insecticide applications are the only control tactic. The objectives of this study were to determine the tolerance to cotton fleahopper injury to squares among upland cotton genotypes representing the adapted germplasm pools and breeding lines available to cotton breeders in the United States and to evaluate leaf hairiness as a resistant trait. Results of the choice and no-choice trials indicated that four entries, ‘Stoneville 474’, ‘Suregrow 747’, ‘Deltapine 50’, and ‘TAM 96WD-22 h’, were more tolerant to cotton fleahopper injury relative to the other 11 entries. In choice trials, cotton fleahoppe...
Transforming Growth Factor β Differentially Modulates the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in Distinct Cell Types

Nitric oxide is a mediator of paracrine cell signalling. An inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is expressed in macrophages and in Swiss 3T3 cells. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a cytokine that modulates many cellular functions. We find that TGF-beta cannot induce iNOS mRNA expression, either in macrophage cell lines or in Swiss 3T3 cells. However, TGF-beta attenuates lipopolysaccharide induction of iNOS mRNA in macrophages. In contrast, TGF-beta enhances iNOS induction by phorbol ester, serum or lipopolysaccharide in 3T3 cells. Thus TGF-beta can inhibit or augment iNOS mRNA induction in response to primary inducers, depending on the cell type in question.
A study of formaldehyde dismutation by liver alcohol dehydrogenase with NAD+-analogs

Abstract Crystalline horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed reduction of acetylpyridine-NAD + in the presence of formaldehyde. The formation of reduced coenzyme was followed spectrophotometrically by recording the absorbance increase at 363 mμ. Formaldehyde oxidation activity and ethanol oxidation activity of the enzyme, both measured by acetylpyridine-NADH formation, responded similarly to the effects of different inhibitors. Acetylpyridine-NAD + was also active in the overall dismutation of formaldehyde and acted catalytically in this process. However, with equivalent concentrations of the coenzymes (0.5 m m ) acetylpyridine-NAD + was only 10% as efficient as NAD + . With either NAD + or acetylpyridine-NAD + , addition of alcohols markedly stimulated the dismutation reactions. The pH optimum for formaldehyde dismutation is around 8. In the presence of added alcohols, the pH optimum is shifted to 6; the increased rate at lower pH being due to faster oxidation of hemiacetals of formaldehyde formed between formaldehyde and alcohol. The stimulatory effect of added alcohols on formaldehyde dismutation disappears at higher pH. Above pH 7.5 ethanol markedly inhibits formaldehyde dismutation. At this pH, ethanol undergoes coupled oxidation reduction reaction with formaldehyde and competitively inhibits formaldehyde oxidation. A general mechanism for liver alcohol dehydrogenase has been proposed which explains its (a) alcohol dehydrogenase activity, (b) coupled oxidoreductase activity, and (c) formaldehyde dismutase activity.
Preoperative transhepatic biliary decompression in pancreatic and periampullary cancer.

Pancreatic resection for pancreatic and periampullary cancer between 1969 and 1975 at The Ohio State University Hospitals had an associated operative mortality rate of 30% and a morbidity rate of 80%. Transhepatic biliary decompression (THD) has been accepted as a method of preoperative risk reduction in the deeply jaundiced patient and an alternative to surgical biliary decompression. The use of preoperative THD in pancreatic and periampullary cancer was examined. Of 44 patients with bilirubin greater than 10 mg/100 ml, 17 had radical resection (THD=7, no THD=10), and 27 had palliative operation (THD=17, no THD=10). Preoperative serum bilirubin in the THD group was 7.3±1.0 compared to 16.3 ±1.5 in the no THD group (p < 0.05). Operative morbidity rate was: radical surgery: THD (40%), no THD (70%); palliative surgery: THD (18%), no THD (20%). Operative mortality rate was: radical surgery: THD (28%), no THD (60%); palliative surgery: THD (6%), no THD (0%). Catheter-related complications were minimal. Preoperative THD tends to reduce the risk of curative resection for pancreatic and periampullary cancer, but does not alter the outcome of palliative surgery. Long-term THD may be an alternative if palliative surgical biliary decompression either fails or is not technically possible in the patient with unresectable cancer.
The Protein Requirement of Growing Chicks

Abstract A ration for growing chicks must carry a certain amount of protein in order to secure normal growth. This protein may be either animal or vegetable. Animal protein is preferable and there are a greater number of these to choose from, while the desirable and available vegetable protein concentrates are very limited. Soybean meal may be mentioned as one which may substitute, or at least partially substitute animal protein in the ration for growing chicks. When more than the minimum amount of protein required for normal growth is used in a ration the results secured from the excess does not warrant its use from the standpoint of economical feeding. There is, however, a wide range in the amount of protein which may be used in the ration with about equal results. A considerable excess may not prove harmful but it is better to substitute this excess with the less expensive …
"Switching on" the properties of single-molecule magnetism in triangular manganese(III) complexes.

The reaction between oxide-centered, triangular [MnIII3O(O2CR)6(py)3](ClO4) (R = Me (1), Et (2), Ph (3)) compounds and methyl 2-pyridyl ketone oxime (mpkoH) affords a new family of Mn/carboxylato/oximato complexes, [MnIII3O(O2CR)3(mpko)3](ClO4) [R = Me (4), Et (5), and Ph (6)]. As in 1−3, the cations of 4−6 contain an [MnIII3(μ3-O)]7+ triangular core, but with each Mn2 edge now bridged by an η1:η1:μ-RCO2- and an η1:η1:η1:μ-mpko- group. The tridentate binding mode of the latter causes a buckling of the formerly planar [MnIII3(μ3-O)]7+ core, resulting in a relative twisting of the three MnIII octahedra and the central O2- ion now lying ∼0.3 A above the Mn3 plane. This structural distortion leads to ferromagnetic exchange interactions within the molecule and a resulting S = 6 ground state. Fits of dc magnetization data for 4−6 collected in the 1.8−10.0 K and 10−70 kG ranges confirmed S = 6 ground states, and gave the following D and g values: −0.34 cm-1 and 1.92 for 4, −0.34 cm-1 and 1.93 for 5, and −0.35 c...
Multiple-bus shared-memory system: Aquarius project

A multiple-bus architecture called a multi-multi is presented. The architecture is designed to handle several dimensions with a moderate number of processors per bus. It provides scaling to a large number of processors in a system. A key characteristic of the architecture is the large amount of bandwidth it provides. Each node in the architecture contains a microprocessor, memory, and a cache. The cache-coherence protocol for the multi-multi architecture combines features of snooping cache schemes, to provide consistency on individual buses, with features of directory schemes, to provide consistency between buses. The snooping cache component can take advantage of the low-latency communication possible on shared buses for efficiency, yet the complete protocol will support many more processors than a single bus can. The resulting protocol naturally extends cache coherence from a multi to a multi-multi. Cache and directory states are described. Concepts that allow efficient performance, namely, local sharing, root node, and bus addresses in the directory, are discussed. >
Comparative Breakdown Study of Mesa- and Ion-Implantation-Isolated AlGaN/GaN High-Electron-Mobility Transistors on Si Substrate

This letter reports a comparison of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) fabricated on the same wafer using mesa etch or ion implantation as the isolation technology. The devices fabricated with ion implantation show similar DC performance (i.e., current density and on-resistance) to the devices with mesa isolation but have a higher breakdown voltage for the same gate-to-drain distance. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with a breakdown voltage of 1800 V and specific on-resistance of 1.9 mΩ cm2 have been realized through ion implantation isolation. The planarity of the device structure and field termination profile are keys to explain this increase in the breakdown voltage.
Quake research proposals solicited

The U.S. Geological Survey invites proposals for research contracts and grants under the continuing Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program. The proposed research must be directed toward the goal of identifying, evaluating, and characterizing the immediate and long-term seismic hazard. Program objectives and tasks required to achieve those objectives are described in Proposal Information Package RFP-1586 Written inquiries concerning this program and requests for Proposal Information Package RFP-1586 should be addressed to Contracting Officer, U.S. Geological Survey, MS 285, 345 Middlefield Rd., Menlo Park, CA 94025. Proposals will be due in early February 1985. It is anticipated that funding of selected programs will start on or after October 1, 1985.
Sensitivities of some photographic films and screens for proton radiography

Abstract The sensitivity to proton radiation of a selection of photographic films and film-screen combinations was measured for applications in proton radiography. For the fastest emulsions, usable radiographic images require a proton fluence of around 5 × 10 6 protons/cm 2 . When the emulsion is placed near the end of range for high contrast imaging, the required dose level is at least 5 rad. Transparent scintillation screens offer a great advantage in speed with little impairment of resolution, providing usable radiographs at 0.1 rad dose level. Screen unsharpness is investigated for plastic scintillator screens of three thicknesses.
Differential evaluation of audit evidence from fixed versus sequential sampling

ABSTRACT: Does the value of audit evidence depend on whether it was collected using fixed or sequential sampling? Opposing normative views are held by the two main schools of statistical theory: Bayesians say no, frequentist statisticians say yes. We test empirically how using fixed versus sequential sampling plans influences the subsequent evaluation of audit evidence. In our experiments, students and practicing auditors assess the strength of evidence obtained using different sampling plans. Audit evidence obtained from a fixed sampling plan is invariably assessed as stronger, consistent with frequentist, but not Bayesian, theory. We test for, and rule out, an alternative explanation for this finding. We also provide qualitative data on the reasoning behind auditors’ observed preference for fixed sampling. Although sequential sampling might in fact increase audit efficiency, our findings suggest that this benefit would likely be negated by subsequent unfavorable assessment of audit evidence from a seque...
A Five-Item Measure of Socially Desirable Response Set

The internal consistency reliability of a five-item measure of socially desirable response set, the SDRS-5, was examined in two samples: 614 outpatients of medical providers and 3053 outpatients of medical and mental health providers. Alpha reliability estimates were 0.66 and 0.68, respectively. One-month test-retest reliability was 0.75 in a sample of 75 older adults. With appropriate caveats, we recommend the SDRS-5 for clinical investigators needing a very brief measure of socially desirable response set.
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Anti-Icing Strategies

Departments of transportation use a variety of strategies to maintain roadways effectively during winter while considering a number of factors, such as level of service, cost, infrastructure and environmental impacts, equipment, and weather. The impacts of chemicals on infrastructure, vehicles, and the environment have motivated the State of California to reduce salt usage on highways and to move toward antiicing strategies, which typically use fewer chemicals to achieve effective results. However, a lack of established recommended dispersal rates, laboratory studies to verify field studies, and an understanding of the science associated with anti-icing principles has slowed full implementation of anti-icing strategies in California. This research effort focused on synthesizing available information regarding winter maintenance best practices and establishing a set of preliminary guidelines to implement anti-icing strategies in California. A qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the performance of fi...
Comment on Mark Joseph's “Is mixed‐income development an antidote to urban poverty?”

Abstract Joseph's analysis of the literature on mixed‐income developments reveals different motives and casts significant doubt on key assumptions about the presumed benefits of that approach. This literature provides more support for the ability of mixed‐income developments to enhance social control and help leverage neighborhood political and economic gains. However, some of those advantages could be achieved for low‐income households through well‐managed housing, careful tenant selection, and good design—without income mixing. Revisiting the early history of public housing suggests some parallels with HOPE VI (Housing Opportunities for People Everywhere) initiatives and casts doubt on the ability of policy makers to sustain socially engineered communities. The inconclusive endorsement for mixed‐income housing proffered by Joseph's analysis suggests the need for further ethnographic research on these communities, including an analysis of the importance of homeownership, the pattern of engagement with pu...
The association of helmet use with the outcome of motorcycle crash injury when controlling for crash/injury severity

Many studies have reported that helmet use by motorcycle riders significantly decreases their risk of head injury, death, and disability in the event of a crash. However, these studies have not controlled for crash severity and thus do not conclusively show the value of helmet use by motorcycle riders. Using data from a statewide trauma registry, the present study examines the association of helmet use with various outcomes of motorcycle crashes, controlling for overall crash severity as measured by a modified Injury Severity Score. The results show that in crashes where the overall degree of injury was comparable, the risk of head injury in hospitalized motorcyclists was nearly twice as high for unhelmeted riders as it was for helmeted riders, thus confirming the protective effects of helmet use. However, there were no significant differences in various measurements of resource utilization, including days in hospital, hospital charges, and need for post-hospital rehabilitation. A higher incidence of extremity injuries among the helmeted riders may account for their failure to demonstrate consistently lower resource utilization, despite lower rates of head injury.
Olfactory discrimination deficits in mice lacking the dopamine transporter or the D2 dopamine receptor

Previous pharmacological studies have implicated dopamine as a modulator of olfactory bulb processing. Several disorders characterized by altered dopamine homeostasis in olfaction-related brain regions display olfactory deficits. To further characterize the role of dopamine in olfactory processing, we subjected dopamine transporter knockout mice (DAT −/−) and dopamine receptor 2 knockout mice (D2 −/−) to a battery of olfactory tests. In addition to behavioral characterization, several neurochemical markers of olfactory bulb integrity and function were examined. DAT −/− mice displayed an olfactory discrimination deficit, but did not differ detectably from DAT wildtype (DAT +/+) mice in odor habituation, olfactory sensitivity, or odor recognition memory. Neurochemically, DAT −/− mice have decreased D2 receptor staining in the periglomerular layer of the olfactory bulb and increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity compared to DAT +/+ controls. D2 −/− mice exhibited the same olfactory deficit as the DAT −/− mice, further supporting the role of dopamine at the D2 synapse in olfactory discrimination processing. The findings presented in this paper reinforce the functional significance of dopamine and more specifically the D2 receptor in olfactory discrimination and may help explain the behavioral phenotype in the DAT and D2 knockout mice.
CHO cell mutants for arginyl-, asparagyl-, glutaminyl-, histidyl- and methionyl-transfer RNA synthetases: identification and initial characterization.

Abstract A number of conditional lethal mutants of CHO cells that are defective in protein synthesis have been characterized with respect to their biochemical lesions. A defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase appears to be the basis of each mutant phenotype. In each strain, the specific activity in vitro of the synthetase cognate for one of the following amino acids was substantially reduced: arginine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine or methionine. One mutant, Arg-1, gave no detectable arginyl-tRNA synthetase activity, suggesting that it contains an altered enzyme that is unstable in vitro. Most of the mutants correspondingly exhibited impaired aminoacylation in vivo under nonpermissive conditions. However, two mutants, Arg-1 and His-1, appeared to have normal levels of acylated tRNA under the nonpermissive conditions which inhibited protein synthesis to approximately 50% and 10%, respectively. The expression of each mutant's phenotype, measured by rates of protein synthesis or growth, was a function of temperature and/or the concentration of amino acid cognate for the synthetase found to be deficient in vitro. The properties of these mutants make them applicable to diverse problems related to translation in mammalian cells.
Holography In Art And Education

One of the most rewarding applications of holography is the teaching of it. Because of its highly visual nature, holography can be introduced at any level to practically any age group with a broad spectrum of educational backgrounds. However, a rigorous understanding of this subject, even at a non-mathematical level, requires the basic study of physical optics on topics such as interference, polarization, coherence, etc.--subjects not normally taught except in physics courses. Herein we demonstrate a series of pedagogic techniques through which all of these phenomena can be presented, using the simplest of equipment. Artists without any technical background can be initiated into this field through this rudimentary introduction and begin to explore a new medium of expression.