cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sources of Vitamin A, Particularly Alfalfa Products, for Maintaining the Life of Chicks

Abstract AMONG the investigators who have demonstrated that fresh alfalfa, alfalfa meal, alfalfa leaves, and alfalfa hay may be used as sources of vitamin A in the diet of hens are Beach (1924), Davis and Beach (1925), Kennard and Lingle (1928), and Stuart (1929). Unpublished data obtained at the United States Poultry Experiment Station at Glendale, Arizona, also bear out their findings. However, there seem to be few if any published data regarding the comparative value of these products, as well as of other sources of vitamin A, when fed as a part of the diet of growing chicks. Accordingly, the experiments which are reported in this paper were planned for the purpose of obtaining such data. Inasmuch as it has been found during the last few years that vitamin A is of considerable value in preventing infection, it seemed desirable to learn whether or not this vitamin is also of . . .
Human cytomegalovirus tropism for endothelial cells: not all endothelial cells are created equal.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that persists for the life of the host following initial infection. Genome analysis indicates that mammalian CMVs have cospeciated with their respective host over the last 80 million years (39). This prolonged period of coevolution has resulted in a high level of coadaptation between virus and host. The study of CMV, a virus that is exquisitely adapted for persistence within the host, is beginning to reveal strategies critical for virus survival. Although all herpesviruses persist for the life span of the host, recent findings suggest that HCMV has a unique replication strategy for maintenance within the host, wherein the virus establishes sites of persistent active replication even in the presence of high levels of preexisting HCMV-specific immunity. A number of cell types, including myeloid lineage cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells (ECs), appear to be critical as sites of HCMV persistent replication and latency. HCMV infections of myeloid lineage and of smooth muscle cells have been the focuses of previous reviews (see references 32 and 66). This review will focus on HCMV infection of ECs and the role of this cell type in virus persistence and latency. We will describe a “genomic island” of three genes that are essential for HCMV EC tropism and discuss mechanisms by which the products of these genes mediate HCMV infection in ECs.
Fuhrman Grade Provides Higher Prognostic Accuracy Than Nucleolar Grade for Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: Recent evidence suggests that nucleolar grade but not Fuhrman grade is applicable to papillary renal cell carcinoma. We tested this hypothesis in an independent large series from a single institution.Materials and Methods: One dedicated uropathologist regraded 158 cases of papillary renal cell carcinoma by nucleolar and Fuhrman grades. The prognostic value and predictive accuracy of these grading systems to predict disease specific survival were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models and the concordance index.Results: There were 39 papillary renal cell carcinoma related deaths (25%) at a mean followup of 50 months. On univariate analysis nucleolar grade predicted disease specific survival with a concordance index of 67.8% but the survival difference between grades 1 and 2 did not attain statistical significance (p = 0.1441). Fuhrman grade predicted disease specific survival significantly better (concordance index 74.7%, p <0.001). Comparison of survival estimates between the grades revealed ...
Plasma supplementation is beneficial for coagulation during severe hemorrhagic shock

Background Hemorrhagic shock (HS) often causes coagulopathy due, in part, to decreased coagulation proteins. This study assessed the efficacy of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in preventing this coagulopathy following a canine model of HS designed to mimic bleeding with shock as seen in the emergency department followed by bleeding without shock as seen during operation for control of bleeding. Methods Twenty-two dogs had acute HS for 2 hours followed by resuscitation with red blood cells (RBC) plus lactated ringers (LR) or RBC and LR with FFP. After resuscitation, bleeding was continued for 1 hour while intravenous replacement of RBC and LR with or without FFP was provided. Baseline, postshock, postresuscitation, post-1 hour exchange, postoperative day one and day two measurements included coagulation Factors I, II, V, VII, VIII, and X, and the prothrombin (PT), partial thromboplastin (PTT), and thrombin times (TT). Results Baseline, postshock, and postresuscitation hemodynamic responses, coagulation factor levels, and coagulation times were similar for both groups. By contrast, the 1-hour postexchange factors were depleted in the LR dogs compared to the FFP dogs. This depletion correlated with prolonged PT, PTT, and TT in the LR dogs (mean 14, 35, and 8 seconds) compared to FFP dogs (9, 24, and 6 seconds). Conclusions Severe HS beyond one blood volume exceeds the interstitial stores of coagulation protein, thus necessitating FFP supplementation.
Toward Scalable Routing Experiments with Real-Time Network Simulation

The ability to conduct accurate and realistic experiments is critical in furthering the research and development of network routing protocols. Existing framework for routing experiments is found to be lacking in one or more of the three required features: realism, scalability, and flexibility. We develop a new software infrastructure that combines the scalability and flexibility benefits of real-time network simulation with the realism of open-source routing protocol implementations. The infrastructure seamlessly integrates the open-source XORP router software with a previously developed real-time network simulation engine. Our design of the infrastructure uses a novel forwarding plane offloading approach that decouples routing from forwarding and confines the more resource consuming forwarding operations inside the simulation engine to reduce I/O overhead. Experiments demonstrate superior performance of the experimental infrastructure without impairing accuracy.
Arsenic resistant microorganisms isolated from agricultural drainage water and evaporation pond sediments

Elevated levels of As in contaminated water and soil could pose a major threat to the environment. Relatively high levels of As have been reported in agricultural drainage water and in evaporation pond sediments in Kern County, California. The objective of this study was to enumerate and isolate As-resistant microorganisms from agricultural drainage water and evaporation pond sediments and to assess their tolerance to metals, metalloids and antibiotics. The culture medium was amended with arsenite (III), arsenate (V), methylarsonic acid (MAA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA). Among the water samples, As(V), MAA, and DMA added to the medium at concentrations from 0.1 to 1000 mg L−1 showed no effect on the colony forming units (CFUs) compared with no As supplementation, while arsenite (III) (> 1.0 mg L−1) inhibited the population. The sediments showed three trends: (i) no effect on CFUs in the presence of As(V) up to 1000 mg kg−1, (ii) a decline in CFUs in the presence of > 100 mg kg−1, As(III), and (iii) an increase in CFUs upon the addition of MAA or DMA at > 25 mg kg−1, Arsenite (III) was much more toxic to the indigenous microflora than any other As species. Arsenite (III) inactivates many enzymes by having a high affinity for thiol groups of proteins. A plate diffusion method was used to assess the tolerance of the As-resistant bacteria to heavy metals, metalloids and antibiotics. Of 14 isolates tested, all were resistant to Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, Mo, Cr, Se(IV), Se(VI), As(III), As(V), Sb, Sn, and Ag (50 µg mL−1). The most toxic trace elements were Cd followed by Hg>Te>Zn. Multiple antibiotic tolerance (resistance to 2 or more antibiotics) was found among 43% of the isolates. The As-resistant bacteria showed a high tolerance to metals and antibiotics.
Predation on livestock by large carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala.

Conflict with humans is a significant source of mortality in carnivore populations yet information on this issue is lacking for some areas where threatened carnivores such as the jaguar Panthera onca interact with humans. We interviewed cattle ranchers to examine patterns of predation on livestock by carnivores in the tropical lowlands of Guatemala and to determine if the ranchers applied management practices recommended to prevent such predation by large felids. Additionally, we compared ranches with and without attacks on livestock to determine whether ranch characteristics and landscape structure near ranches explains the variations in the occurrence of livestock predation by carnivores. Cattle losses to carnivores represented 0.7% of the cattle stock in all ranches surveyed. Jaguars were most often accused of livestock attacks (suggesting a negative perception of this felid in the area), followed by pumas Puma concolor and coyotes Canis latrans. Males and smaller cattle were most often attacked and general patterns of attacks on livestock were similar to sites previously studied in the neotropics. Landscape structure around ranches (e.g. forest cover, distance to forest, bodies of water and human settlements) best explained the probability of predation on livestock. Outreach programmes and conflict mitigation measures need to be implemented for those ranches that are distant from human settlements but near forest cover and water sources. The co-occurrence of predation by jaguars, pumas and coyotes is particular to Mesoamerica and conflict mitigation strategies proposed in studies elsewhere may need to be altered, and evaluated, to be effective in this region.
Lysine α-Ketoglutarate Reductase and Lysine Oxidation Are Distributed in the Extrahepatic Tissues of Chickens

In animals, lysine oxidation is thought to occur primarily via the activity of lysine alpha-ketoglutarate reductase (LKR). This activity was reported previously in chicken liver, but no work on the tissue distribution of the enzyme in chickens has been reported. Therefore, LKR activity was assayed in liver, kidney, pancreas, heart, brain, lung, spleen, muscle, and intestinal tissues in chickens as was the in vitro ability of tissue homogenates to oxidize lysine. Additionally, the expression of LKR mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. We found LKR to be present in all tissues studied by both enzymatic analysis and mRNA abundance. Additionally, all tissues assayed oxidized lysine. The extent of lysine oxidation differed among the tissues, consistent with the different pathways of lysine oxidation in the different tissues. These studies demonstrate that LKR is widely distributed in chicken tissues and that tissues other than liver can contribute to whole-body lysine oxidation.
STRALCP—structure alignment-based clustering of proteins

Protein structural annotation and classification is an important and challenging problem in bioinformatics. Research towards analysis of sequence-structure correspondences is critical for better understanding of a protein's structure, function, and its interaction with other molecules. Clustering of protein domains based on their structural similarities provides valuable information for protein classification schemes. In this article, we attempt to determine whether structure information alone is sufficient to adequately classify protein structures. We present an algorithm that identifies regions of structural similarity within a given set of protein structures, and uses those regions for clustering. In our approach, called STRALCP (STRucture ALignment-based Clustering of Proteins), we generate detailed information about global and local similarities between pairs of protein structures, identify fragments (spans) that are structurally conserved among proteins, and use these spans to group the structures accordingly. We also provide a web server at http://as2ts.llnl.gov/AS2TS/STRALCP/ for selecting protein structures, calculating structurally conserved regions and performing automated clustering.
Micromechanics of the connective tissue matrix of the lung

The number of macromolecules thought to play an important role in tissue rheology is small, including collagen, elastin and proteoglycans. Yet different tissues with similar constituents exhibit different rheological behavior. We hypothesized that the rheological behavior of the lung parenchyma arises from 1) the structural complexity of the collagen network within the alveolar wall and 2) the mechanical interaction between collagen and proteoglycans. In disease, active cellular remodeling alters the complexity of tissue architecture which changes its fractal dimension. We have developed a novel technique to visualize macromolecular complexes in the alveolar walls of a slice of intact lung tissue during macroscopic deformation. Collagen or elastin from normal and elastase-treated rat lungs were labeled and the rheology of the samples were assessed while the deformation of the macromolecules were imaged. The data suggest that 1) folding and relaxation of collagen may be important in the hysteretic behavior of the normal lung; 2) increased macroscopic hysteresis in emphysematous lungs is related to increased hysteresis during folding of alveolar walls; 3) proteoglycans stabilize the folding of the alveolar walls; and 4) the macroscopic power law stress relaxation may be related to the fractal organization of collagen within the alveolar wall.
Combining feature compensation and weighted Viterbi decoding for noise robust speech recognition with limited adaptation data

Acoustic models trained with clean speech signals suffer in the presence of background noise. In some situations, only a limited amount of noisy data of the new environment is available based on which the clean models could be adapted. A feature compensation approach employing polynomial regression of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is proposed in this paper. While clean acoustic models remain unchanged, a bias which is a polynomial function of utterance SNR is estimated and removed from the noisy feature. Depending on the amount of noisy data available, the algorithm could be flexibly carried out at different levels of granularity. Based on the Euclidean distance, the similarity between the residual distribution and the clean models are estimated and used as the confidence factor in a back-end weighted Viterbi decoding (WVD) algorithm. With limited amounts of noisy data, the feature compensation algorithm outperforms maximum likelihood linear regression (MLLR) for the Aurora2 database. Weighted Viterbi decoding further improves recognition accuracy.
Influence of land use on the integrity of marsh bird communities of Chesapeake Bay, USA

The landscape within the Chesapeake Bay watershed has been and continues to be impacted by human modifications. Understanding if such anthropogenic disturbances influence organisms that are dependent upon estuarine wetlands remains unclear. We developed an index of marsh bird community integrity (IMBCI) to evaluate marsh bird communities and wetland condition. During the 2002 and 2003 summers, we detected 30 bird species at 219 point count locations distributed among 96 wetlands. IMBCI scores for each wetland were used to determine whether wetland habitat characteristics and urban/suburban development, agriculture, and forest at three different spatial scales (watershed, 1000-m buffer, and 500-m buffer) influenced marsh bird community integrity. We found no relationship between IMBCI scores and wetland habitat characteristics, implying that marsh bird community integrity is not related to any single plant community. Nonparametric changepoint analysis indicated that marsh bird community integrity was significantly reduced when the amount of urban/suburban development within 500 m and 1000m of the marsh exceeded 14% and 25%, respectively. There was no effect of urban/suburban development on IMBCI scores at the watershed scale. The results of our study demonstrate that marsh bird community integrity shows a threshold response to urban/suburban development at local scales. IMBCI scores, combined with the identification of a land-use threshold, can be easy to interpret and may help communicate complex ecological data to natural resource managers and conservation planners.
Modeling vehicle–pedestrian interactions outside of crosswalks

Abstract Pedestrian and driver behaviors as well as their interactions, are essential in planning, designing and operating highway facilities. Pedestrian crossing outside of a marked or unmarked crosswalk (i.e. jaywalking), is one of those pedestrian behaviors that may highly affect safety and operations. Unlike permissible crossings at crosswalks, jaywalking events are not often anticipated by drivers, which may result in less driver reaction time and different vehicle operation dynamics. It is important to understand pedestrian crossing behavior outside of crosswalks, as well as driver yielding behavior towards them. To date, limited quantitative and behavioral research has been conducted to investigate this interaction or simulate it microscopically. This paper aims to explore both pedestrian jaywalking behavior (gap acceptance and speeds) and the corresponding driver reactions (yielding behavior) for modeling the vehicle–pedestrian interactions (VPI) outside the crosswalks in a micro-simulation environment. The study also quantifies the differences between vehicle–jaywalker and vehicle-permissible crossing. An observational study and an instrumented vehicle study were conducted on the campus of the University of Florida to collect data from pedestrian and driver perspectives, respectively. Crossing speed, yield acceptance and delay of jaywalking crossings and permissible crossings were observed in the study and these attributed can be used for replicating pedestrian operations in simulators. Moreover, behaviors of driver approaching jaywalkers versus pedestrians crossing at designated crosswalks were compared on the basis of yield rates, and vehicle speed profiles. Vehicle yield dynamics were analyzed to model the driver reactions towards jaywalkers. Lastly, it was found that the locations of jaywalking events are highly concentrated and influenced by the crossing environment, such as pedestrian and vehicular volume, bus stops presence and crossing distance. This paper establishes several quantitative relationships describing interactions between pedestrians crossing outside of crosswalks and approaching drivers, which provide the basis and assumptions for modeling such interactions in a micro-simulation environment for traffic operational analyses.
A New Phycitine Species from New Mexico (Pyraloidea: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)

ABSTRACT. The new phycitine species Lipographis unicolor is described from Catron Co., New Mexico. Adults and genitalia are illustrated.
Association of Vitamin D Level With Clinical Status in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study.

Association of Vitamin D Level With Clinical Status in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study
A psychometric evaluation of the homonegative microaggressions scale

ABSTRACTThis study adds to the growing body of research on sexual minorities by offering insight into how more subtle forms of discrimination affect their victims via the use of a new measure called the Homonegative Microaggressions Scale (HMS). The objectives of this study were to explore the factor structure of the HMS, to verify this structure with a second sample, and to test its criterion-related validity by correlating with an identity measure, the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identity Scale (LGBIS). Two samples of participants, all of whom were 18 or older, completed the HMS in addition to other measures. The first sample consisted of 120 participants and was 44% female, with 55% identifying as gay men, 34% as lesbian, and 12% as bisexual, while the 302 participants making up the second sample was 45% female, with 41% identifying as bisexual, 39% as gay men, and 20% as lesbian. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted on data from the first sample of participants resulting in a four-factor model ...
Intelligent Control System for the Hydraulic Drive Valve based on the CAN Bus

The growing genes of control field on industry are aptitude and exactitude.This control system is distributed with two grades about structure.First grade is field cell based on SCM,and sampling pressure signal in pipeline and output digital control signal processed by controller,at the same time,system's control function comes true by the digital signal directly acting on the step electrical set in the digital simplified direction valve,which in the hydraulic circuit converts the electric signal to mechanical action; The second grade is remote control cell in which industrial-control computer with high performance is used to complete monitor func- tion for field cell,and due to its favorable man-machine conversation interface,operator only need to input information and monitor estate of field simply.The system's two distributed grades complete communion of information by CAN.
Statistical Methods for Drug Discovery

This chapter is a broad overview of the drug discovery process and areas where statistical input can have a key impact. The focus is primarily in a few key areas: target discovery, compound screening/optimization, and the characterization of important properties. Special attention is paid to working with assay data and phenotypic screens. A discussion of important skills for a nonclinical statistician supporting drug discovery concludes the chapter.
The Secreted Enzyme PM20D1 Regulates Lipidated Amino Acid Uncouplers of Mitochondria

Summary Brown and beige adipocytes are specialized cells that express uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and dissipate chemical energy as heat. These cells likely possess alternative UCP1-independent thermogenic mechanisms. Here, we identify a secreted enzyme, peptidase M20 domain containing 1 (PM20D1), that is enriched in UCP1 + versus UCP1 − adipocytes. We demonstrate that PM20D1 is a bidirectional enzyme in vitro, catalyzing both the condensation of fatty acids and amino acids to generate N -acyl amino acids and also the reverse hydrolytic reaction. N -acyl amino acids directly bind mitochondria and function as endogenous uncouplers of UCP1-independent respiration. Mice with increased circulating PM20D1 have augmented respiration and increased N- acyl amino acids in blood. Lastly, administration of N- acyl amino acids to mice improves glucose homeostasis and increases energy expenditure. These data identify an enzymatic node and a family of metabolites that regulate energy homeostasis. This pathway might be useful for treating obesity and associated disorders.
Morphogenesis and Tissue Engineering

Morphogenesis is the developmental cascade of pattern formation and body plan establishment, culminating in the adult form. It is the basis for the emerging discipline of tissue engineering. This exciting field is based on principles of molecular development biology and morphogenesis, gleaned through studies of inductive signals, responding stem cells, and the extracellular matrix scaffolds, which are used to design and construct spare parts to restore function to the human body. Among the many organs in the body, bone has considerable powers for regeneration and is a prototype model for tissue engineering. Implantation of demineralized bone matrix into subcutaneous sites results in local bone induction. This model mimics the steps sequential bone morphogenesis and has permitted the isolation of bone morphogens, such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). BMPs are also involved in the morphogenesis of cartilage and other organs. The symbiosis of the mechanisms underlying bone induction and differentiation is critical for tissue engineering and is governed by both biomechanics (physical forces) and context (microenvironment/extracellular matrix scaffold), which can be duplicated by biomimetic biomaterials such as collagens, hydroxyapatite, proteoglycans, and cell adhesion glycoproteins, including fibronectins and laminin. Rules of tissue architecture elucidated in bone morphogenesis may provide insights into tissue engineering of bone and cartilage and be universally applicable to other organs/tissues, including the entire joints in the musculoskeletal system.
WAVELET TRANSFORM ANALYSIS OF EEG SCANS FOR THE DETECTION OF EPILEPSY

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder, in other words a central nervous system disorder, which results from various factors. It causes disruption in neural cell activity, which causes seizures, or unusual behavior, sensation and occasionally loss of consciousness. Although epileptic seizures does not negatively impact the patient but the occurrences during these seizures as well as the events following them is results in life-threatening issues. The irregularity of the brain activity during these seizures can possibly result in injuries and can even cause death in certain circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new processing method to analyze EEG wave sequences and to determine if the waves display characteristics of epilepsy. The method would greatly reduce the discrepancies in wave analysis that result from a neurological inspection by eliminating the effects of human bias. It would have the capacity to differentiate normal brain waves that is alpha, beta, gamma, theta, or delta waves, from that of a patient suffering from epilepsy. Through our method, different parameters would be measured to gain quantitative data determining and demonstrating the mental situation of the brain’s neural activity. The EEG is process to remove the noise and unwanted signals. Then, time and frequency features are extracted from the EEG signals. Finally, using wavelet transformation, the extracted feature are processed to obtain epileptic characteristic. An open source database is used to evaluate our method.
Real-time fluorescence target/background (T/B) ratio calculation in multimodal endoscopy for detecting GI tract cancer

Multimodal endoscopy, with fluorescence-labeled probes binding to overexpressed molecular targets, is a promising technology to visualize early-stage cancer. T/B ratio is the quantitative analysis used to correlate fluorescence regions to cancer. Currently, T/B ratio calculation is post-processing and does not provide real-time feedback to the endoscopist. To achieve real-time computer assisted diagnosis (CAD), we establish image processing protocols for calculating T/B ratio and locating high-risk fluorescence regions for guiding biopsy and therapy in Barrett’s esophagus (BE) patients. Methods: Chan-Vese algorithm, an active contour model, is used to segment high-risk regions in fluorescence videos. A semi-implicit gradient descent method was applied to minimize the energy function of this algorithm and evolve the segmentation. The surrounding background was then identified using morphology operation. The average T/B ratio was computed and regions of interest were highlighted based on user-selected thresholding. Evaluation was conducted on 50 fluorescence videos acquired from clinical video recordings using a custom multimodal endoscope. Results: With a processing speed of 2 fps on a laptop computer, we obtained accurate segmentation of high-risk regions examined by experts. For each case, the clinical user could optimize target boundary by changing the penalty on area inside the contour. Conclusion: Automatic and real-time procedure of calculating T/B ratio and identifying high-risk regions of early esophageal cancer was developed. Future work will increase processing speed to <5 fps, refine the clinical interface, and apply to additional GI cancers and fluorescence peptides.
Laser Pooling: Static and Dynamic Laser Power Allocation for On-Chip Optical Interconnects

The advent of many-core processors with hundreds of processing cores collocated on single silicon dies requires scalable and efficient on-chip interconnects. Research suggests conventional electrical interconnects will be inadequate to support large-scale many-core processors. Thus, emerging technologies such as on-chip silicon nanophotonics may help meet the demands of future many-core processors by providing high-bandwidth and low-power communication over extended distances. Nanophotonic interconnects require a large external laser source which is often wasted during periods of low network utilization. We propose laser pooling techniques, where we share laser power among all the nodes and effectively share the link bandwidth and power. Furthermore, we design both static and dynamic techniques to scale laser power with network load. Evaluation and simulations of the proposed architecture estimate the proposed architecture, powering 16 optical channels with 0.5 dB/cm waveguide cladding losses, would require only 5.1 W of laser power versus 12.3 W of laser power for the baseline architecture, almost 58.5% laser power savings, while incurring only a 22% saturation throughput penalty.
The Research Topic Defines “Noise” in Social Media Data – a Response from the Authors

We provide a response to Allem and Ferrara, who recently commented on our article “Garbage in garbage out: data collection, quality assessment and reporting standards for social media data use in health research, infodemiology and digital disease detection.” In their comment, entitled “the importance of debiasing social media data to better understand e-cigarette-related attitudes and behaviors,” Allem and Ferrara discussed the importance of removing bias in social media data and claimed that automated tweets are noise that introduces bias in the data and thus should be removed before applying the framework we proposed. We believe they misunderstood our intent. In addition, their discussion misinterpreted the key messages of our article, and the implication of their comments, which suggested that automated tweets are garbage, is highly misleading. A formal response is provided here to articulate accurately the main focus of our article and present a different view about the “noise” in social media data. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(6):e165]
Understanding and Promoting Effective Use of Representations in Physics Learning

We present a series of empirical studies on undergraduate students’ use of representation in introductory physics in order to describe when and how students use representations, and to understand the impacts of varied instructional strategies on student performance with representations. We demonstrate that student performance on isomorphic problems can vary, often dramatically, simply by changing the representational formats of the questions posed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that students do not have fixed forms of expertise; in some cases, students will perform better using one representational format and in other cases will perform more poorly using the same representational format. We also find that when students are given a choice of representational format on physics problems, their performance on these problems does not necessarily improve. On the macro-scale, we find that the educational environments in which students are taught can have dramatic impact. Those environments that regularly use multiple representations and those that hold students responsible for using multiple representations positively impact students’ performance and ability to work across representations.
Blood and tissue oxygenation during hemorrhagic shock as determined with ultramicro oxygen electrodes.

Recent clinical and laboratory observations in the field of shock have centered attention upon deficits in pulmonary function as one of the major causes of death and morbidity following shock and trauma.1,2,3,4 Following the initial proposal that an oxygen debt was accumulated in hemorrhagic shock,5 other investigators have found that an oxygen deficit indeed did occur irk hemorrhagic shock and appeared to correlate with irreversibility.6,7 Evidence in the literature is scanty concerning direct measurements of tissue pO2 during hemorrhagic shock and is conflicting concerning arterial pO2 measurements in the same condition. The experiments reported here utilize an ultramicro oxygen electrode to determine arterial pO2 and renal and cerebral parenchymal pO2 during a standard episode of hemorrhagic shock.
Subungual Melanoma (Melanoma of the Nail Apparatus)

Subungual melanoma (SUM) is a distinctive variant of AM originating from melanocytes in the nail matrix, nailbed epithelium, or the periungual epidermis (i.e., the nail apparatus) (129–138). Some have suggested that the term subungual melanoma may not accurately reflect the origin of melanomas from this site and thus prefer melanoma of the nail apparatus (129). In their advanced stages, SUM have generally destroyed or disrupted the nailplate and nailbed and thus are subungual. These lesions are commonly diagnosed at an advanced stage because they are rare, often resemble rather banal conditions such fungal infections of the nail, and so frequently lack pigmentation, which is a major clue to the diagnosis of melanoma. Thus SUM are often associated with a poor prognosis with 5-year survival rates ranging from 16 to 72%. This unusual form of melanoma was first reported in 1834 by Alexis Boyer, surgeon to Napoleon, who described a 57-year-old man with a pigmented band involving the left fifth finger that progressed to an inflamed painful nodule after many years (138). Sir Jonathan Hutchinson applied the term melanotic whitlow to the latter entity because of its striking resemblance to common fungal infection or a “whitlow,” which he attributed to a “melanocytic sarcoma”; he is also credited with the observation that hyperpigmentation extending onto periungual skin, Hutchinson’s sign, often indicates subungual melanoma (130). Subungual melanomas account for 1–3% of all melanomas in most series. However they may make up 15–20% of melanomas among African-Americans, 10–31% among Asians, and 33% among Native Americans (131–138). As referred to above, there is generally an equal distribution between the hands and feet. The median age of patients with subungual melanoma is approximately 64 years, with a range of 20–95 years (131–138).
Time-dependent model of the Martian atmosphere for use in orbit lifetime and sustenance studies

A time-dependent model of the Martian atmosphere suitable for calculation of long-term aerodynamic effects on low altitude satellites is presented. The atmospheric model is both position dependent, through latitude and longitude effects, and time dependent. The time dependency includes diurnal and seasonal effects, effects of annual motion, long and short term solar activity effects, and periodic dust storm effects. Nine constituent gases are included in the model. Uncertainties in exospheric temperature, turbidity, and turbopause altitude are used to produce bounds on the expected density. A computer model - a Fortran subroutine which, when given the Julian date, Cartesian position of the sun and the spacecraft in aerocentric coordinates, returns the local values of mass density, temperature, scale height, and upper and lower bounds on the mass density is presented.
Riding the Third Rail: The Politics of Social Security Reform in the Retrenchment Era

In the early 1980s, an aide to Democratic House Speaker Thomas "Tip" O'Neill declared Social Security to be the "Third Rail of American Politics." Like the electrified rail used to power the trains of the Washington, D.C. Metro, anyone who touched Social Security would face likely (political) death. At the time, this aide was referencing President Ronald Reagan's failed attempt to reform Social Security in 1981. Yet a quarter-century later the adage still seems to apply. Upon his 2004 electoral victory, President George W. Bush declared that he had "earned capital in the campaign, political capital, and now intend[ed] to spend it." "Reforming Social Security," Bush explained, "will be a priority of my administration." But despite early favorable polls, a massive publicity campaign, Republican majorities in both houses, and strong ideological commitment to reform, President Bush failed to meet his goal. Over the course of 2005, public support for President Bush's plan (as well as for Bush himself) eroded considerably, and no Social Security bill even made it out of committee, let alone to the President's desk. Bush supporters and privatization advocates were clearly disappointed with the President's failure to reform Social Security; however it is my assessment that they should not have been surprised. In fact, Presidents Ford, Carter, Reagan, and Clinton have each seen some of their own reform efforts fail to materialize; and since 1935, there have only been two instances in which a reform involving any level of 'pain' was successful. Riding the Third Rail: The Politics of Social Security Reform in the Retrenchment Era will attempt to analyze Bush's inability to reform Social Security in a broader historical context. The paper will explore similar reform attempts that began under President Gerald Ford, after it became clear that the over-expansion of the U.S. Social Security system had stretched its obligations further than any anticipated revenue. More specifically, I will analyze the roles that elected politicians and issue network members have played in determining both the direction and success of reform attempts. After establishing a historical framework, I will offer a detailed analysis of the recent push to retrench Social Security under President Bush. I will also comment on what I believe to be the prospects for future reform in light of Social Security's history and the current political climate surrounding it. Ultimately, I intend to demonstrate that the nature of Social Security politics is competitive, dynamic, and complex, and that this complexity generally impedes good policy proposals from both sides of the political spectrum.
Nitric oxide synthesis in brain is stimulated by oxygen.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of elevated partial pressures of 02 on the steady state level of nitric oxide (*NO) in the central nervous system. Previous investigations have inferred that elevations in brain 02 tension alter concentrations of X10. However, conclusions were based on measurements of the products produced as a consequence of `NO production, rather than direct measurements, and the results have been contradictory (1-4).
Small lymphocytic lymphoma. Morphologic and immunologic progression.

The large cell lymphoma (LCL) that occurs in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (Richter’s syndrome) has generally been shown to be of the same light chain type as the original chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The authors how report on a patient with diffuse well-differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (WDL) of the kappa light chain type who in the course of his illness first had the blood picture of CLL and then developed malignant lymphoma of large cell (“histiocytic”) type, which expressed lambda light chains. Despite an extensive multiparameter investigation, we could not determine with certainty whether the presence of two morphologically and immunologically different lymphomas represented proliferation of two distinctly separate clones or whether it represented clonal evolution of the disease with an alteration in immunoglobulin light chain associated genes. The results of the study, however, suggest that the development of lymphoma with expression of a different immunoglobulin light chain may not necessarily indicate the occurrence of a second primary. This study also illustrates the necessity for sequential lymph node biopsies to document progression of disease in patients with low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders and indicates that the immunologic phenotype of a B-cell neoplasm in a given patient should not be assumed to remain constant.
The Changing Use of Tests in Counseling

(1982). The Changing Use of Tests in Counseling. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 147-152.
Ground Robot Terrain Mapping and Energy Prediction in Environments with 3-D Topography

Energy usage for robots operating in off-road environments depends on the type of terrain and its 3-dimensional topography. Unfortunately, the terrain-dependent rolling resistance is typically unknown. This paper presents a method for predicting the energy cost of paths through such environments based on data previously collected by the robot. Using a longitudinal vehicle model and known environment topography, the rolling resistance at a point in the environment is estimated with a Recursive Least Squares (RLS) filter. These point estimates are then used to build a spatial rolling resistance map of the environment with Gaussian process regression (GPR). The map allows for the probabilistic prediction of the energy cost of future missions. Simulation results are provided for the energy prediction and preliminary experimental results on a ground robot platform validate the rolling resistance mapping method.
Comparison of rural versus urban residence for symptoms and quality of life in recurrent ovarian cancer: Baseline analysis of GOG-0259, an NRG Oncology/GOG study.

e18083Background: Women with recurrent ovarian cancer (OC) experience a wide range of cancer- and treatment-related symptoms that negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Studies have reported heal...
NON-TARGETED EFFECTS LEAD TO A PARIDIGM SHIFT IN RISK ASSESSMENT FOR A MISSION TO THE EARTH’S MOON OR MARTIAN MOON PHOBOS

Cancer risk is an important limitation for galactic cosmic ray (GCR) exposures, which consist of a wide-energy range of protons, heavy ions and secondary radiation produced in shielding and tissues. Many studies suggest non-targeted effects (NTEs) occur for low doses of high-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, leading to deviation from the linear dose response model used in radiation protection. We investigate corrections to quality factors (QF) for NTEs, which are used in predictions of fatal cancer risks for exploration missions. Prediction of fatal cancer risks for missions to the Martian moon, Phobos of 500-d and the Earth's moon of 365-d for average solar minimum condition show increases of 2- to 4-fold higher in the NTE model compared with the conventional model. Limitations in estimating uncertainties in NTE model parameters due to sparse radiobiology data at low doses are discussed.
Effect of Addition of K, Rh and Fe Over Mo/HZSM-5 on Methane Dehydroaromatization Under Non-oxidative Conditions

Methane dehydroaromatization was studied over a series of K, Rh and Fe promoted 10 wt% Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts with different promoter loadings of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% at 750 °C in a recirculating batch reactor. All the catalysts were reduced in H2 at 750 °C prior to methane activation. K, Rh and Fe- promoted Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts were prepared by sequential impregnation. N-propylamine-temperature programmed desorption confirmed the significant modification in the acidity of the catalyst upon addition of K. Compared to 10 wt% Mo/HZSM-5, the conversion of CH4 remained nearly unchanged for 1 wt% K-promoted catalyst but decreased by ~ 46% for 1 wt% Rh promoted catalyst and by ~ 4.3% for Fe-promoted catalyst after 255 min of reaction. The conversion of CH4 further decreased with increase in K and Rh loading but increased with increase in Fe loading. Compared to Rh and Fe-promoted catalysts, K-promoted catalyst exhibited better selectivity for C6H6 after 255 min of reaction. The temperature programmed oxidation results revealed that K promoted catalyst significantly reduced coking. 1 wt% K added to 10 wt% Mo/HZSM-5 exhibited optimum performance, where the conversion of CH4 was ~ 28%, selectivity of C6H6 was ~ 50% while the selectivity of carbon was ~ 47% after 255 min of reaction.
Design and sample size considerations for Alzheimer’s disease prevention trials using multistate models:

Background/AimsClinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease have been aimed primarily at persons who have cognitive symptoms at enrollment. However, researchers are now recognizing that the pathophysiol...
Therapeutic Hypothermia and Neuroprotection in Acute Neurological Disease

Therapeutic hypothermia has consistently been shown to be a robust neuroprotectant in many labs studying different models of neurological disease. Although this therapy has shown great promise, there are still challenges at the clinical level that limit the ability to apply this routinely to each pathological condition. In order to overcome issues involved in hypothermia therapy, understanding of this attractive therapy is needed. We review methodological concerns surrounding therapeutic hypothermia, introduce the current status of therapeutic cooling in various acute brain insults, and review the literature surrounding the many underlying molecular mechanisms of hypothermic neuroprotection. Because recent work has shown that body temperature can be safely lowered using pharmacological approaches, this method may be an especially attractive option for many clinical applications. Since hypothermia can affect multiple aspects of brain pathophysiology, therapeutic hypothermia could also be considered a neuroprotection model in basic research, which would be used to identify potential therapeutic targets. We discuss how research in this area carries the potential to improve outcome from various acute neurological disorders.
Omnidirectional Optical Communicator

We are developing an inter-satellite omnidirectional optical communicator (ISOC) that will enable cross-link communications between spacecraft at Gbps data rates over distances of up to thousands of kilometers in free space. The ISOC will allow superfast cross-links and will be a technology enabler for swarms and formation flying spacecraft. The ISOC under development features a truncated dodecahedron geometry that can hold an array of fast photodiode detectors and gimbal-less MEMS scanning mirrors. The main goals of the ISOC development include: 1) full sky coverage, 2) Gbps data rates and 3) the ability to maintain multiple simultaneous links. We have developed two omnidirectional communicator prototypes capable of full-duplex operation. We are using advanced single-mode laser diodes operating at 850 nm capable of producing hundreds of milliwatts of laser radiation. We are also employing MEMS-based beam steering mirrors, and fast PIN photodiodes to achieve long-range communications. The ultimate goal of the project is to achieve full duplex operation at 1 Gbps data rates over 200 km and slightly lower data rates at longer distances. In this paper we describe the overall ISOC architecture and present the design tradeoffs for gigabit data-rate operation. We also present preliminary NRZ On-Off Keying communications simulation results obtained using our optical link budget model. The ISOC is ideally suited for crosslink communications among small spacecraft, especially for those forming a swarm and/or a constellation. Small spacecraft furnished with ISOC communications systems, should be able to communicate at gigabit per second rates over long distances. This data rate enhancement can allow real-time, global science measurements and/or ultra-high fidelity observations from tens or hundreds of Earth-orbiting satellites, or permit high-bandwidth, direct-to-earth communications for planetary missions.
Empirische Untersuchung II: Untersuchungsmethodik

Wie bereits dargelegt, sind im landlichen Raum wie in der Stadt die Konnektivitat von Strasen, das Sicherheitsempfinden, Asthetik und attraktive Zielorte mit aktiver Mobilitat assoziiert. In einigen Aspekten unterscheidet sich der landliche Raum aber von der stadtischen gebauten Umwelt. In diesem Teil der Untersuchung sollen daher Merkmale identifiziert werden, die fur die gebaute Umwelt landlicher Orte typisch sind.