cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expression of the rat growth hormone gene in transfected CV-1 cells

Expression of the cloned rat growth hormone gene was studied in transfected CV-1 cells. Cell lines expressing rat growth hormone synthesized and secreted the 22 kilodalton form and the 20 kilodalton variant. The results confirm that the 20 kilodalton variant arises from an alternatively spliced mRNA rather than expression from a variant gene in rat. The 5′ end of the mRNA from expressing cell lines was located upstream of the normal initiation site in rat. Transcription initiated within a 5′ flanking AT rich sequence. Results presented indicate that transcription from normally silent promoter or promoter-like sequences dictated rat growth hormone gene expression in transfected cells. Finally, no hormone was expressed by CV-1 cells transfected with a plasmid containing the rat growth hormone gene in the same transcriptional reading frame as the neomycin resistance gene of pSV2neo indicating an effect of cloning orientation on expression in CV-1 cells.
Brunn-Minkowski inequality and its aftermath

Abstract : Two generalizations of Brunn-Minkowski inequality for convex sets are presented along with their direct and simple proofs. Literature in this area is reviewed. The connection between Anderson's inequality and these inequalities are discussed. Several references for statistical applications are cited. Different concepts of multivariate unimodality are reviewed. (Author)
Histological changes in the normal rat brain after gamma irradiation.

Radiation-induced changes in the parietal cortex of Wistar rats were observed at various time points after gamma surgery. Maximum dosages of 50, 75, and 120 Gy were given at the iso-center of the radiation using a 4-mm collimator. Conventional histochemical and immunocytochemical analyses, and computer-assisted videomicroscopy were utilized to examine perfusion-fixed brain tissue.
Mathematical Model of the Film-Mounted Rocketsonde Thermistor.

Abstract A mathematical model is developed for the film-mounted thermistor bead temperature sensor used in current meteorological rocketsondes. Thermometric correction formulas are given suited to programming for automatic data processing. The development treats the convection, radiation, electric heating and dynamic lag of the thermistor bead, along with the convective, radiative and conductive behavior of its supporting electric wires and film. The effects are combined according to conductive coupling. Basic expressions are included for special cases of long, short and insulated wires, and analogous cases in the film. The model is generally applicable when the wire and film are sufficiently thin. A numerical example based on the White Sands Missile Range STS-1 sensor establishes the film as the dominant element in sensing air temperatures above the stratopause.
Surgical management of otologic disease in pediatric patients with Turner syndrome

Summary Objectives Previous reports suggest that patients with Turner syndrome have a predisposition for acute and chronic otitis media. However, the role of early or aggressive surgical management of otologic disease has not been explored in the pediatric population. With respect to otitis media in pediatric Turner syndrome patients, we examined (1) the impact of timing and (2) the type of surgical intervention in the treatment of disease. Methods Retrospective 10-year review of patients with Turner syndrome and chronic otitis and its surgical management at a single pediatric tertiary institution. Results One hundred and seventy-eight patients with Turner syndrome were evaluated at our institution from 1997 to 2007. Thirty-two (18.0%) were diagnosed with middle ear disease. Eighteen (10.1%) were referred to otolaryngology for evaluation. Average age at presentation was 4.7 years (range: 1 month to 12 years). The 18 patients referred to otolaryngology required a mean of 16 clinic visits each for otologic symptoms. A mean of 6.7 pressure equalization tubes (PET) were required per patient (range: 0–25). Middle ear effusions (n = 14, 78%) along with tympanic membrane retractions and/or perforations (n = 10, 55.6%) were the most common otoscopic findings. Patients with tympanic membrane retractions (8/18) required a higher average number of PET (9.1) and cumulatively underwent a total of five tympanoplasty-type procedures. Six ears had evidence of cholesteatoma. Two patients underwent myringoplasty, 6 patients underwent tympanoplasty (33.3%, mean age 11.6 years), and 3 patients (16.7%, mean age 9.4 years) underwent tympanomastoidectomy. Revision procedures were common. Older age at first PET placement was significantly correlated with the need for later tympanoplasty and/or tympanomastoidectomy operations (p Conclusions Recurrent and chronic otitis media is common in patients with Turner syndrome. Once established, disease is recalcitrant and leads to multiple surgical procedures. Early PET insertion is advocated to offset the future necessity of more extensive tympanic procedures.
A rapid kinetic assay method for α-chymotrypsin and its application

A rapid kinetic assay method has been developed for α-chymotrypsin which in principle can be applied to other enzyme systems when the appropriate substrates are available. The method is capable of measuring irreversible or slowly reversible changes in enzyme conformation in terms of their effects on kinetic parameters. By combining a continuous optical assay for chymotrypsin with the use of the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation we have been able to study the effect of hydrogen peroxide oxidation of the enzyme on the kinetic parameters. Approximately a 15% decrease is observed in Vmax, while K0(app) changes by a factor of 3, suggesting that only the binding efficiency of the enzyme changes on oxidation. Since the observed change in K0(app) is linear with time it must depend only on the ratio of Eoxidized to Etotal, a ratio independent of enzyme concentration if the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is much greater than the concentration of enzyme.
Gender‐Based Relationship Efficacy: Children's Self‐Perceptions in Intergroup Contexts

This research introduces a new construct, gender-based relationship efficacy, which refers to beliefs about one's ability to relate to own- and other-gender peers. Study 1 investigated 204 fourth graders (M age = 9.56) and confirmed that own-gender and other-gender relationship efficacy represent distinguishable aspects of preadolescents' social competency beliefs that are differentially related to outcomes with own- and other-gender peers, including outcome expectancies and friendships with own- and other-gender peers. Study 2 provided further evidence of the distinctiveness of relationship efficacy for own- and other-gender peers among 403 seventh (M age = 12.48) and 453 eighth (M age = 13.50) graders and found gender and age differences. Developmental changes and implications for research on intergroup relationships are discussed.
Excavations at Masai Gorge Rockshelter, Naivasha

Dr. Ambrose has been working for several years in the Central Rift of Kenya, with special interest in the Late Stone Age and Pastoral Neolithic and their environmental adaptations. Apart from his detailed survey and ecological studies, he has excavated three main sites, two on Mount Eburu overlooking Lake Naivasha from the north, namely Masai Gorge and Marula Rockshelters, with the third, Enkapune ya Muto, on the Mau escarpment to the west of the lake. This work is incorporated in his thesis submitted to the University of California at Berkeley in 1984, ‘Holocene environments and human adaptations in the Central Rift Valley, Kenya’. The present article is a report on Masai Gorge, which makes numerous comparisons with other sites and offers new interpretations of the Rift Valley sequence. Diane Gifford-Gonzalez' report on the bones excavated by Ambrose from Masai Gorge, as well as on the interesting sample of teeth from the nearby Marula Rockshelter, follows as a separate article. As Ambrose explains, the ...
From Departmental to Disciplinary Assessment: Deepening Faculty Engagement

In the late 1980s, as student outcomes assessment was first taking hold in higher education, I interviewed a number of faculty members who had been pulled into the movement's orbit. One still stick...
The computations of some Schur indices

Let χ be an irreducible character of a finite groupG. Letp=∞ or a prime. Letm p (χ) denote the Schur index of χ overQ p , the completion ofQ atp. It is shown that ifx is ap′-element ofG such that $$X_u \left( x \right) \in Q_p \left( X \right)$$ for all irreducible charactersX u ofG thenm p (χ)/vbχ(x). This result provides an effective tool in computing Schur indices of characters ofG from a knowledge of the character table ofG. For instance, one can read off Benard’s Theorem which states that every irreducible character of the Weyl groupsW(E n), n=6,7,8 is afforded by a rational representation. Several other applications are given including a complete list of all local Schur indices of all irreducible characters of all sporadic simple groups and their covering groups (there is still an open question concerning one character of the double cover of Suz).
Timing of Antioxidant Vitamin Ingestion Alters Postprandial Proatherogenic Serum Markers

Background— This study was designed to determine the optimal timing of vitamins E and C to prevent oxidative stress induced by a high-fat evening meal in type 2 diabetes. Methods and Results— Eleven subjects were admitted on 4 occasions. Euglycemia was maintained for 24 hours by insulin infusion. Participants were fed a high-fat test supper equivalent to a McDonald’s Big Mac Meal. Blood was drawn for measurement of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), and total radical antioxidant parameter (TRAP) before and during the 4 hours after the test meal. Studies were performed in random sequence with vitamin E 800 IU and vitamin C 1 g given either before breakfast or before supper in a double-blind manner on the day of the test meal. Control studies were performed with no vitamins and no test meal administered. There was a significant rise in CRP and PAI-1 after the test supper (P<0.05 compared with “no meal”). Either presupper or pre...
Approaches to SAR in carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. Prediction of carcinogenicity/mutagenicity using MULTI-CASE

Abstract The assumptions and considerations underlying the use of structure-activity studies in the field of genotoxicity are discussed and reviewed. The MULTI-CASE program, recently introduced as a second generation CASE program is described and its special features higlighted. Some of the problems relevant to the use of structure-activity tools are also discussed. A list of these problems is a follows: • Problems with non-congeneric dtata bases, • Problems with expert systems, • Problems with the size of the data bases, • Problem with “structural alerts”, • Problems with QSAR, • Problems with Metabolic transformations, and • Problems with short-term assays.
Renal transplant status in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: Is immunosuppression safer than kidney disease?

Background It is unknown how colorectal surgical outcomes in recipients of renal transplants (TXP) compare to the outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods Data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 2004 to 2008 were reviewed. International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9) codes identified patients undergoing colorectal surgery who were stratified as having no kidney disease, CKD, ESRD, or TXP. The effects of renal status on mortality, length of hospital stay, and hospital costs were determined. Results A total of 171,133 patients were identified; 162,986 had no kidney disease, 3,686 had CKD, 1,296 had ESRD, and 3,765 had had TXP. The odds of death after surgery were 43% more likely for patients with CKD, 82% more likely for TXP, and 240% more likely for those with ESRD. TXP resulted in an additional length of hospital stay of 3.4 days, compared to 3.2 days for those with ESRD, and 1.1 days for those with CKD (P Conclusion After TXP, patients undergoing colorectal surgery have mortality and costs between those of patients with CKD and ESRD, with pulmonary complications remaining high mortality events.
Diffusion and Alignment of Domain Repeats in Modular Proteins - A NMR Study

Translational and rotational diffusion influences protein behavior in signaling cascades as well as other activities that involve protein-protein interactions. For modular proteins it is of interest to evaluate how the domains orient relative to each other within the single polypeptide chain. Often, the disposition of binding sites or motional properties are intimately linked to function and the relative orientation of and flexibility between domains are pivotal properties in that respect.The present study concerned repeating domains that differ very little in sequence, and therefore allowed us to ask basic questions about the dependence of rotational diffusion and alignment with the magnetic field on linker lengths between the domains. Measuring residual dipolar couplings and relaxation properties by NMR as well as hydrodynamics provided insight into the diffusional behavior of such multi-domain proteins.
The negative autopsy: Sudden cardiac death or other?☆

One of the most frustrating challenges faced by the forensic pathologist is the inability to determine the cause of death in a young person previously thought healthy. The four steps in the investigation of a sudden death include obtaining the history and scene information, performing a gross and microscopic autopsy, performing appropriate laboratory tests, and making the diagnosis. When examining the heart grossly it is important to preserve the anatomic landmarks, section the coronary arteries closely, and recognize lethal abnormalities such as anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Specimens useful for toxicologic analysis include whole blood, serum, vitreous humor, gastric contents, bile, urine a purple top tube of blood, and frozen myocardium and spleen. Lethal cardiac diseases with minimal or no anatomic findings include Brugada and Garg's syndromes, the long QT syndrome, and Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Consultation with other experts, including cardiac pathologists, cardiologists, electrophysiologists, and molecular biologists, may be helpful in determining a cause of death.
Factor VIII (Anti-hemophilic factor)

Abstract Factor VIII is a compound of high molecular weight which interacts with activated factor IX, calcium, and phospholipid to generate thromboplastin (activated factor X) for blood coagulation. It has the electrophoretic mobility of an α-2 globulin, and probably consists of both glycoprotein and phospholipid. It is released into the circulation by both the liver and the spleen. Factor VIII is quite labile, with a halflife of only 12 hr. The inheritance of the factor is mediated by both X-linked and autosomal chromosomes. Defects in the former give rise to classical hemophilia, and in the latter to von Willebrand's disease and several variants of hemophilia. Serious traumatic or surgical bleeding in patients with these disorders is currently controlled by the administration of factor VIII concentrates. These concentrates are generally available and their use has resulted in substantial improvement in both the duration and quality of life. An unresolved problem has been the appearance of antibodies to factor VIII, both in treated hemophiliacs and in patients with a variety of other clinical disorders. The plasma concentration of factor VIII is influenced by several hormones including thyroxine, progesterone, corticosteroids, and epinephrine, and varies considerably from individual to individual. Increased levels are found in several diseases with prominent thromboembolic complications. The role of factor VIII in promoting hypercoagulability is uncertain, its metabolic pathways are unknown, and its physical concentration, apart from its coagulant activity, unmeasured. The introduction of several new techniques for characterizing the factor promises to improve our knowledge.
Effect of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on the secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone in adult male rhesus monkeys.

Plasma levels of radioimmunoreactive LH, FSH, and testosterone (T) were assayed before and after administration of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to five chair-restrained rhesus monkeys with chronic indwelling venous catheters. Intravenous injection of 1, 5, and 25 μg or infusion of 1 μg/min for 25 min of GnRH resulted in a significant increase in plasma levels of LH. However, no significant increases in plasma FSH levels were detected. Plasma levels of T were also elevated after administration of 25 μg GnRH, but peak concentration of T lagged behind peak levels of LH by approximately 30 min. These studies indicate that the male rhesus responds to GnRH administration by increased secretion of LH, followed by an increase in T levels. A concomitant increase in plasma FSH was not observed after treatment with GnRH in the doses used. (Endocrinology 102: 1815, 1978)
Determining the provenience of Kennewick Man skeletal remains through sedimentological analyses

We present the results of a sedimentological study of a 9300 calendar yr old disarticulated skeleton known as Kennewick Man. Micromorphological, granulometric, mineralogical, and chemical analyses were performed on sediments from the skeleton and streambank adjacent to where the bones were found. Our results support earlier estimates that the skeleton eroded out from an 80 cm section of Columbia River flood deposits. Fine-textured sediments from the burial site attached to the bones indicate a low energy, fluvial depositional environment. Given the taphonomic evidence that Kennewick Man was rapidly buried, we believe that the stratigraphic and sedimentological evidence support the hypothesis that the body was interred by humans in the ground rather than being quickly buried by overbank flooding.
A cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex

A cardiogenic hypertensive chemoreflex is elicited by serotonin administered experimentally in the dog. The reflex nearly doubles aortic pressure within 4-6 sec and is associated with powerful inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic responses. The afferent pathway is via intrathoracic vagal branches, whereas the efferent paths engage not only the vagal and sympathetic routes but also the phrenic nerve. The reflex can be abolished by vagotomy or with cyproheptadine, and can be attenuated by local anesthesia of the intertruncal space. Small chemoreceptors lying between the aorta and pulmonary artery are the source of the reflex, and they receive their blood supply from the proximal left coronary artery. Human counterparts of the reflex may include new hypertension during angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction, new postoperative hypertension after coronary bypass grafting, and hypertensive patients with carcinoid syndrome. Many unresolved problems include the precise mechanism of chemoreception, whether the chemoreflex has any tonic influence, and mechanisms of integration of the reflex with other events peripherally and centrally. Answers to these questions could be of great clinical value.
How do breast cancers become hormone resistant

We propose that the molecular heterogeneity of estrogen receptors (ER) in breast tumor cells characterized by the presence of mutant receptor forms, generates the cellular heterogeneity evident when progesterone receptor (PR) or DNA ploidy are analyzed in cell subpopulations. Furthermore, it is likely that cellular heterogeneity leads to the lack of uniformity in response to tamoxifen that we have described. We find that heterogeneity of PR distribution and DNA ploidy reflects the existence of mixed subpopulations of breast cancer cells that are substantially remodeled under the influence of tamoxifen. It appears likely that rather than being "resistant", different subsets of cells can be inhibited or stimulated by tamoxifen and their suppression or outgrowth alters the phenotype of the tumor. PR heterogeneity in solid tumors of patients may predict for such a mixed, and potentially dangerous, response to antiestrogen treatment. Similarly, the molecular heterogeneity resulting from the presence of two normal PR isotypes can lead to inappropriate responses to progesterone antagonists in certain genes or cell types. These agonist-like responses are due to cooperative interactions between the receptors and other transcription factors. As we learn more about the heterogeneity of PR, ER and other proteins in tumors, we may be able to recognize such lethal cell subpopulations, or combinations of regulatory factors. Specifically, with respect to tamoxifen, our data suggest that its use as a chemopreventant in women at high risk of developing breast cancer [Kiang, J. Natn. Cancer Inst. 83, 1991, 462-463] should be viewed with caution, since in the presence of tamoxifen subpopulations of cells may arise that are stimulated, rather than inhibited, by the drug.
VITAMIN A POTENTIATES THE MITOGENIC EFFECT OF EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR IN CULTURES OF NORMAL ADULT HUMAN SKIN FIBROBLASTS

The polypeptide hormone, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Vitamin A (retinoic acid) were added to log phase cultures of adult human skin fibroblasts and the effect on cell growth observed. At the end of seven days EGF alone stimulated cell growth 68%, while trans-retinoic acid alone had no significant effect. However, when EGF was added in combination with trans-retinoic acid, cell growth was increased 159 to 214%. Cisretinoic acid gave similar results. These results indicate that, under certain conditions, a presumed inhibitor of fibroblast growth (retinoic acid) can potentiate the mitogenic action of a hormone, namely, epidermal growth factor.
Resolving the complexity dilemma in e‐commerce firms through objective organization

The escalating rate of activity in the e‐commerce arena over the past ten years increasingly supports the noumenon of a viable new mode of business activity. Unfortunately, the most recent few years have seen many of the most prominent of these ventures struggle fiscally (and sometimes die altogether). As concern surfaces regarding the viability of these business ventures, the discussion should shift from the worth of the business plan to the appropriateness of the organization used to deliver that plan. In what may be a classic case of putting new wine into old wine skins, high technology firms must look closely at whether the potency of an Internet‐based firm can operate effectively within the confines of a standard bureaucracy.
Observation of Clinical Teaching: Interest in a Faculty Development Program for Surgeons

Objectives Observation of clinical teaching is a powerful tool to develop faculty teaching skills. However, the process of being observed can be intimidating for any educator. Our aim is to assess interest in an Observation of Teaching Program within an academic surgical department. Design An electronic survey asking faculty to indicate interest in participation in a faculty development program that consists of a peer, expert, and/or cross-disciplinary physician observation of teaching was used. Faculty members were also asked whether they would like to observe other faculty as part of a peer-review track. The results were compiled for descriptive statistical analysis. Setting Electronic survey. Participants In all, 46 faculty, all of whom have assigned medical student and resident teaching responsibilities, were introduced to the Observation of Teaching Program and surveyed on their interest in participating. Results A total of 87% (40/46) of faculty responded after 2 e-mails and 75% (30/40) indicated interest in the Observation of Teaching Program. All faculty who responded positively indicated interest in expert review (30/30), 90% (27/30) in peer review, 87% (26/30) in surgeon review, and 83% (25/30) in cross-disciplinary physician review. A total of 48% (19/40) indicated interest in observing others. Of those who were not interested in the Observation of Teaching Program, restrictions on time (4/10), not enough clinical care responsibilities (2/10), not wanting to be watched (2/10), and program did not seem effective (1/10) were cited as reasons for not participating. Conclusions Surgical faculty are interested in being observed and receiving feedback about their clinical teaching by experts, peers, colleagues, and cross-disciplinary physicians. Professional development programs for surgeons should consider observation as a teaching methodology.
Understanding the kinetics and network formation of dimethacrylate dental resins

Dimethacrylate monomers are commonly used as the organic phase of dental restorative materials but many questions remain about the underlying kinetics and network formation in these highly crosslinked photopolymer systems. Several novel experimental and modeling techniques that have been developed for other multifunctional (meth)acrylates were utilized to gain further insight into these resin systems. Specifically, this work investigates the copolymerization behavior of­bis-GMA (2,2-bis[p-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxyprop-1-oxy)-phenyl]propane) and TEGDMA (triethylene glycol dimethacrylate), two monomers typically used for dental resin formulations. Near-infrared spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as dynamic mechanical and dielectric analysis were used to characterize the kinetics, radical populations, and structural properties of this copolymer system. In addition, a kinetic model is described that provides valuable information about the network evolution during the formation of this crosslinked polymer. The results of these numerous studies illustrate that all of the aforementioned techniques can be readily applied to dental resin systems and consequently can be used to obtain a wealth of information about these systems. The application of these techniques provides insight into the complex polymerization kinetics and corresponding network formation, and as a result, a more complete understanding of the anomolous behaviors exhibited by these systems, such as diffusion controlled kinetics and conversion dependent network formation, is attained. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Mixing” as an Ethnoetiology of HIV/AIDS in Malaysia's Multinational Factories

Minah Karan, the stigmatizing label appended to Malay factory women in the 1980s, signaled a dangerous female sexuality that risked spreading beyond the factory gates and infecting Malaysia's idea(l)s of its traditional kampung culture. This article narrates how Minah Karan, as the former antihero of development, was reconstituted in the 1990s, with the government's labeling of factories as “high-risk settings” for HIV/AIDS. This is an ethnoetiology based not on any evidential epidemiological data but on the racial and gendered “mixing” that transpires behind factory walls: a fear that the “mixing of the sexes” means ipso facto “sexual mixing” among the races. The article demonstrates how importation of the high-risk label articulates at the local level the new and contested linkages, economic, religious, and scientific, constitutive of globalization. The pragmatic nature and imperatives of this high-risk process are discerned in factory women's accounts of how they negotiate the interactional imperatives of factory work, because transnational structures of productivity violate the social boundaries that have long connoted political stability, moral integrity, ethnic community, and individual safety. The article concludes by questioning whether ethnoetiologies, especially when they concern sexual networks, become social etiologies, because this would locate ethnoetiologies as central to conventional public health praxis rather than as ethnographic exotica in the margins.
Neutrinos and cosmology

Neutrinos have provided the major consummated connection between particle physics and astrophsycis and cosmology. This talk emphasizes cosmological neutrinos and dark matter. It also reviews the basic big bang nucleosynthesis arguments which are critical to the need for non-baryonic dark matter and constrain the number of families of neutrinos (including “sterile” families).
Suppression of Anomalous Gate Edge Leakage Current by Control of Ni Silicidation Region using Si Ion Implantation Technique

It is reported for the first time that the anomalous gate edge leakage current in NMOSFETs is caused by the lateral growth of Ni silicide toward the channel region, and this lateral growth is successfully suppressed by the control of the Ni silicidation region using the Si ion implantation (Si I.I.) technique. As a result, the anomalous gate edge leakage current is successfully reduced, and the standby current and yield for 65nm-node SRAM are greatly improved. This novel technique has high potential for 45nm and 32nm CMOS technology.
Theoretical basis and accuracy of a non-iterative polarization protocol in molecular mechanics energy function calculations

The theory of dipole polarization as used in molecular mechanics energy functions is analyzed, and the difference in induction energy between an iterative (self-consistent) and non-iterative (one-step) scheme is derived. It is concluded that this difference is bound to be small in most cases, so that a non-iterative polarization model can be expected to give a satisfactory representation of the induction energy. This is demonstrated with examples of configurations of water molecules. The advantages of a one-step procedure are discussed.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure: Evaluation of the Abbott TDxTM Drug Assay System

Immunoassay techniques have been widely used for therapeutic drug monitoring, but lack of antibody specificity can lead to measurement of erroneous drug concentrations due to cross-reactivity with other drugs, metabolites, or endogenous substances, particularly in patients with excretory organ compromise such as renal dysfunction. The Abbott TDx system, a popular automated immunoassay method for therapeutic drug monitoring, was used to measure apparent serum concentrations of carbamazepine, digoxin, gentamicin, lidocaine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, quinidine, valproic acid, and vancomycin in patients with renal failure who were not receiving these drugs. Endogenous substances and other concomitantly administered drugs did not lead to spuriously elevated drug levels, and a previous report of cross-reactive digoxin-like substances was not confirmed. Pooled plasma samples from the patients were spiked with digoxin or phenytoin, each at two concentrations, and the samples were assayed for the drug concentration using the TDx system. No falsely elevated values were found. This work suggests that the TDx system may be better suited for the measurement of these drugs in patients with renal failure than some other immunoassay methods.
Microvascular transfer of long tracheal autograft segments in the canine model

Objective The reconstruction of long segment tracheal defects represents an unsolved clinical dilemma. Prior attempts to directly revascularize tracheal segments have been unsuccessful. The objective of this study was to evaluate orthotopic autotransplantation of revascularized long tracheal segments in the canine model. Methods Ten randomly selected mongrel dogs underwent excision, orthotopic reimplantation, and microvascular revascularization of a long segment (8.0 cm) of cervical trachea. The cranial thyroid artery and the internal jugular vein served as the vascular supply for the tracheal segment. The animals were maintained for a period of 30 days during which time graft viability was measured by routine endoscopic assessment and tracheal biopsies. Ex vivo, tracheal autografts were examined grossly for graft healing and microscopically for histologic architecture. Results Seven of 10 dogs survived the predetermined 30-day postoperative study period without complications. Postmortem examination demonstrated that 7 dogs had healed tracheal autograft segments with normal histologic architecture, 2 dogs sustained a postoperative wound infection and tracheal dehiscence, and 1 dog sustained a fatal postoperative hematoma. Conclusions For the first time, we have demonstrated direct revascularization of long segment tracheal autografts in the dog model using the cranial thyroid artery and internal jugular vein as the vascular supply.
Mechanical properties of tissue conditioners. Part II: Creep characteristics

These static creep characteristics indicate that under functional loads Coe-Comfort could behave satisfactorily as a tissue-conditioning material for periods up to 1 week, particularly for the first 24 hours postinsertion. However, the absence of published data on the tissue loads exerted by dentures in their resting state precludes making judgments as to the absolute efficiency of any of these materials as tissue-conditioning agents. When the present results are considered along with those obtained in an earlier study (Part I), the following general conclusions can be made: 1. Coe-Comfort should exhibit the best tissue-conditioning characteristics of the materials tested. 2. F.I.T.T. should perform as the best functional impression material. 3. Lynal is distinctly different from the other two materials in its mechanical properties. Its much greater stiffness coupled with much lower plasticity precludes a prediction of its relative clinical efficacy.
Increased Extracellular Glutamate In the Nucleus Accumbens Promotes Excessive Ethanol Drinking in Ethanol Dependent Mice

Using a well-established model of ethanol dependence and relapse, this study examined adaptations in glutamatergic transmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and their role in regulating voluntary ethanol drinking. Mice were first trained to drink ethanol in a free-choice, limited access (2 h/day) paradigm. One group (EtOH mice) received repeated weekly cycles of chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure with intervening weeks of test drinking sessions, whereas the remaining mice (CTL mice) were similarly treated but did not receive CIE treatment. Over repeated cycles of CIE exposure, EtOH mice exhibited significant escalation in drinking (up to ∼3.5 g/kg), whereas drinking remained relatively stable at baseline levels (2–2.5 g/kg) in CTL mice. Using in vivo microdialysis procedures, extracellular glutamate (GLUEX) levels in the NAc were increased approximately twofold in EtOH mice compared with CTL mice, and this difference was observed 7 days after final CIE exposure, indicating that this hyperglutamatergic state persisted beyond acute withdrawal. This finding prompted additional studies examining the effects of pharmacologically manipulating GLUEX in the NAc on ethanol drinking in the CIE model. The non-selective glutamate reuptake antagonist, threo-β-benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA), was bilaterally microinjected into the NAc and found to dose-dependently increase drinking in nondependent (CTL) mice to levels attained by dependent (EtOH) mice. TBOA also further increased drinking in EtOH mice. In contrast, reducing glutamatergic transmission in the NAc via bilateral injections of the metabotropic glutamate receptor-2/3 agonist LY379268 reduced drinking in dependent (EtOH) mice to nondependent (CTL) levels, whereas having a more modest effect in decreasing ethanol consumption in CTL mice. Taken together, these data support an important role of glutamatergic transmission in the NAc in regulating ethanol drinking. Additionally, these results indicate that ethanol dependence produces adaptations that favor elevated glutamate activity in the NAc which, in turn, promote excessive levels of ethanol consumption associated with dependence.
The enthalpies of 2,6-dimethylpyridine and m-cresol between 314 and 669 K and at pressures to 10.3 MPa

Abstract Experimental enthalpy measurements are reported for both 2,6-dimethylpyridine and m -cresol. The measurements were made in a high-pressure high-temperature flow calorimeter and cover the pressure range 0.34 to 10.3 MPa and the temperature range 314 to 669 K.
Amide derivatives of meclofenamic acid as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

This paper describes SAR studies involved in the transformation of the NSAID meclofenamic acid into potent and selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors via neutralization of the carboxylate moiety in this nonselective COX inhibitor.
Derrick Bell’s post-Brown moves toward critical race theory

The late Professor Derrick Bell is renowned as the intellectual architect who drafted the blueprints that guided the initial development of critical race theory (CRT). Prior to the advent of CRT, Professor Bell wrote extensively on initiatives designed to improve the lives of African Americans. Among his most influential scholarship, ‘Serving Two Masters’ from the 1976 Yale Law Review emerged as a seminal foundational piece for CRT. We found that Bell’s post-Brown litigation and frustrations were captured in several powerful law review journals from 1970–1976. During this time, he wrote extensively on minority admissions programs, school litigation strategies, racial remediation, equal employment, and of course the Brown decision and its aftermath. These early works attended to the details of how legal remediation for racism in various forms could be considered and approached, but more often were ignored and denied. These same works showed the contradictions built into legal strategies. By working through...
Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).
Economics and the Idea of Jus Naturale

I. The ethical-juristic conception of "natural law," as well as the natural science conception of "natural laws," affected economic thought in the eighteenth century, 205.—Separate study of the influence of former would throw light on laissez faire, 208.—II. General meaning of Jus Naturale conception in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 209.—Of no influence on economic theories of mercantilists, it shaped those of such writers as Grotius, Pufendorf, and Hutcheson, 211.—III. The philosophy of the Physiocrats. Laws of economic process as it would go on in an ideal social order, prescribed by Nature but to be achieved by human efforts, 215.—IV. The philosophy of Adam Smith. Human propensities and sentiments, with limited amount of human planning, would produce a harmonious social order, 226.—The Theory of Moral Sentiments in relation to the Wealth of Nations, 232.—V. Summary and conclusions, 239.
Social Intentions: Aggregate, Collective, and General

The literature on collective action largely ignores the constraints that moral principle places on action-prompting intentions. Here I suggest that neither individualism nor holism can account for the generality of intentional contents demanded by universalizability principles, respect for persons, or proactive altruism. Utilitarian and communitarian ethics are criticized for nominalism with respect to social intentions. The failure of individualism and holism as grounds for moral theory is confirmed by comparing Tuomela's reductivist analysis of we-intentions with Gilbert's analysis of social facts. Tuomela's account founders over intentions to cooperate, and Gilbert's cannot accommodate legitimate authority, vicarious agency, or group structure.
Long Lived Charge Separated States Induced by trans-Stilbene Incorporation in the Pores of Brønsted Acidic HZSM-5 Zeolites: Effect of Gallium on the Spontaneous Ionization Process

In situ CW-EPR, diffuse reflectance UV−visible spectroscopy and Raman scattering were used to monitor the spontaneous incorporation of trans-stilbene (t-St, C14H12) in the medium pore H2.2-GaZSM-5 zeolites [H2.2(GaO2)2.2(SiO2)93.8] by direct exposure under dry and inert atmosphere of solid t-St to dehydrated porous material without any solvent. The sorption of t-St with relatively low ionization potential (7.65 eV) occurs in Bronsted acidic H2.2-GaZSM-5 zeolites according to a complex and slow reaction sequence. First, charge separation occurs and t-St•+@H2.2-GaZSM-5•− radical pair is created, while long-lived t-St@H2.2GaZSM-5•−•+ electron−hole pair is formed through hole transfer. The analysis of the DRUVv spectra set recorded during the t-St sorption course shows the respective concentrations of all transient species as a function of time. In particular, note that system reorganization is observed through a second type of electron−hole pair. The broad and strong bands observed in the near-IR regions ove...
Waste glass weathering

The weathering of glass is reviewed by examining processes that affect the reaction of commercial, historical, natural, and nuclear waste glass under conditions of contact with humid air and slowly dripping water, which may lead to immersion in nearly static solution. Radionuclide release data from weathered glass under conditions that may exist in an unsaturated environment are presented and compared to release under standard leaching conditions. While the comparison between the release under weathering and leaching conditions is not exact, due to variability of reaction in humid air, evidence is presented of radionuclide release under a variety of conditions. These results suggest that both the amount and form of radionuclide release can be affected by the weathering of glass.
Effects of Calcium and PIP2 on the Membrane Binding of Synaptotagmin I

Synaptotagmin I (Syt I) appears to act as the Ca2+ sensor in neuronal exocytosis and it is known to interact both with membranes and with SNAREs, which form the conserved core protein machinery for the fusion process. The interactions of Syt I with membranes were examined here with a combination of vesicle sedimentation and site-directed spin labeling (SDSL). Several interesting features of the interaction are revealed. First, Syt I binds to PC/PS bilayers in a Ca2+-independent manner though one of its cytosolic C2 domains, C2B. The interaction is mediated by the polybasic region of C2B domain, which associates in the electrostatic double-layer, but does not penetrate into the bilayer interior. Second, the affinity of C2B is increased approximately 20 fold in the presence of Ca2+ and now interacts through its Ca2+-binding loops. Remarkably, in the presence of Ca2+, C2A, C2B and a tandem fragment containing both C2A and C2B have approximately the same affinity, indicating the free energy of C2 domain interactions in Syt 1 are not additive. This may be due to demixing of the PS in the bilayer or the effects of curvature strain that are induced by the C2 domains. Finally, PI(4,5)P2 is a lipid that is critical to membrane fusion. Our preliminary data indicate that the addition of 1 mol% PI(4,5)P2 has little effect on the Ca2+-dependent binding of C2A; however, the membrane binding of both C2B and the tandem C2A-C2B domains is enhanced by PI(4,5)P2. As seen for other polybasic segments, the C2 domains appear to sequester or alter the lateral distribution of PI(4,5)P2 in the bilayer.
Discovering pattern in developing lives: Reflections on the Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood

The Minnesota Study of Risk and Adaptation was initiated in the mid-1970s as a short-term longitudinal study of infants at elevated risk for abuse and neglect. At the outset, the project leaders intended to characterize the infant, the caregiving environment, and the larger social milieu of the family in as comprehensive a manner as possible so as to test explicitly posed hypotheses about pathways leading from the child, the caregiving environment, and the social milieu to abuse or neglect. Paradoxically, only a minority of infants recruited to the study were ultimately abused or neglected over the 36-month period for which funding had been provided, but it proved possible to identify several antecedent indicators that predicted their outcome. It was also evident from the data that developmental casualty was elevated in this sample and the frequencies of suboptimal outcomes in social, emotional, and behavioral domains were greater than expected for less stressed samples. The study had yielded a wealth of information about infants and families from this at-risk sample and it was clear that the sample must be followed into childhood so as to describe the trajectories of developmental successes and casualties that were already apparent in the first 24 months of data. Alan Sroufe joined the project leaders in this endeavor and the childhood data supported the study of the sample into adolescence and now into adulthood. At this point, children of the original sample of infants are now being assessed using many of the protocols and procedures used with their parents. The study has produced hundreds of published reports about risk and its consequences, as well as about positive adjustment to life in a socio-cultural milieu that frequently can be non-supportive or even dangerous. This essay is a reflection on some accomplishments of the Minnesota study as these have helped shape how developmental scientists think about social and emotional development and more generally about how theory has guided the conceptual, empirical, and measurement plans for the study from its beginning.
Word Perception in Two Languages

Abstract In all experiments, subjects located words in arrays of letters. In Experiment 1, monolinguals and bilinguals located words within a certain time period; in Experiment 2, response times were measured as they located their first words. Bilinguals located words in one language only or in either language. In both experiments, single language performance of bilinguals was no worse than that of monolinguals. Moreover, when locating words in both languages together, bilinguals located more words (Experiment 1) and were quicker (Experiment 2) than were monolinguals. In Experiment 3, bilinguals located words given to them (forced discovery) or any words they could (free discovery). In free discovery, more words were located in either language than were in a single language, whereas in forced discovery there was no difference. Bilinguals are not always at a disadvantage even when the tasks have a data-driven component and are time-pressured; an important variable appears to be whether the tasks are open-ended.
On the comparison of linear and nonlinear servomschanism response

In trying to design or adjust a dynamic system for optimum performance, the engineer is helped by a knowledge of theoretical limits on the capabilities of the system. Examples of such limits are the gain-bandwidth product of amplifier design and the coding theorem of information theory.