cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Martian rampart and pedestal craters' ejecta-emplacement: Coprates quadrangle

A study of the Martian rampart and pedestal craters in the Coprates quadrangle is presented. Relationships between crater size and ejecta-blanket areal extents imply a maximum ejecta-blanket thickness or maximum rim height for Martian rampart craters; the limiting thickness is encountered only for craters exceeding 6 km diameter. The larger craters have an additional component of internal flow of the ejecta caused by the greater weight of their thicker ejecta deposits, although smaller rampart craters have ejecta which appears to have undergone flow during emplacement; pedestal craters most likely result from impacts into less volatile-rich substrates which produce a less fluidized ejecta and no flow lobes.
Allegany: a late season golden nematode resistant variety.

Allegany is a golden nematode resistant variety with potential for both tablestock and chipping. It is late in vine maturity and when allowed to grow full season, has very high yield potential. In the Northeast, the specific gravity and chip color of tubers soon after harvest and after 10°C storage are comparable to Norchip. The tubers have exceptionally long dormancy Allegany is resistant to early blight, Verticillium wilt, and scab as well as the golden nematode.
UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase activities toward UDP-Gal and UDP-GalNAc play different roles in the development of Drosophila melanogaster.

In both humans and Drosophila melanogaster, UDP-galactose 4′-epimerase (GALE) catalyzes two distinct reactions, interconverting UDP-galactose (UDP-gal) and UDP-glucose (UDP-glc) in the final step of the Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism, and also interconverting UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine (UDP-galNAc) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-glcNAc). All four of these UDP-sugars serve as vital substrates for glycosylation in metazoans. Partial loss of GALE in humans results in the spectrum disorder epimerase deficiency galactosemia; partial loss of GALE in Drosophila melanogaster also results in galactose-sensitivity, and complete loss in Drosophila is embryonic lethal. However, whether these outcomes in both humans and flies result from loss of one GALE activity, the other, or both has remained unknown. To address this question, we uncoupled the two activities in a Drosophila model, effectively replacing the endogenous dGALE with prokaryotic transgenes, one of which (Escherichia coli GALE) efficiently interconverts only UDP-gal/UDP-glc, and the other of which (Plesiomonas shigelloides wbgU) efficiently interconverts only UDP-galNAc/UDP-glcNAc. Our results demonstrate that both UDP-gal and UDP-galNAc activities of dGALE are required for Drosophila survival, although distinct roles for each activity can be seen in specific windows of developmental time or in response to a galactose challenge. By extension, these data also suggest that both activities might play distinct and essential roles in humans.
Data on development of post-implantation rat embryos in a 24-hr culture

Cumulative data on growth, differentiation and development of control rat embryos over a 24-hr culture period (day 10-11 post-insemination) are presented. Cultures were performed in pure rat serum supplemented with 0.5% gelatin, with embryos at 5-8 somites at the start of the culture, according to New's technique. The embryos were evaluated according to the morphological scoring system of Brown and Fabro. Results are given, showing the repartition for each final somitic age, for the following parameters: yolk sac diameter, crown-rump length, head length, total score of development, and scores of development of 16 different territories. Viability of embryos, and the number and type of anomalies are also presented. Data were collected on 144 control embryos.
Youth with Special Health Care Needs: Transition to Adult Health Care Services

Transition to adult services for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) has emerged as an important event in the life course of individuals with disabilities. Issues that interfere with efficient transition to adult health care include the perspectives of stakeholders, age limits on pediatric service, complexity of health conditions, a lack of experienced healthcare professionals in the adult arena, and health care financing for chronic and complex conditions. The purposes of this study were to develop a definition of successful transition and to identify determinants that were associated with a successful transition. The 2007 Survey of Adult Transition and Health dataset was used to select variables to be considered for defining success and for identifying predictors of success. The results showed that a small percentage of young adults who participated in the 2007 survey had experienced a successful transition from their pediatric care.
A student project for layered network protocol development

A student project to accompany a course on computer interfacing and local area networks is described. The audience at which the course is aimed consists of beginning graduate students and seniors. The course addresses fundamental concepts in computer networks in general, and local networks in particular. Students are given the specification of a simple sliding window protocol that provides sequence control and error recovery over an unreliable data link. The task is to implement this protocol on the Apple Macintosh computer as a Layer-3 protocol using the services of the link access protocol (Layer 2) already existent on the machine as part of the Appletalk network. Typical implementations and the cost of benefits of utilizing inexpensive microcomputers for projects in the field of computer networks are discussed. >
Accelerated Aging Studies for Organic Optical Data Storage Media

The excellent stability of Hoechst Celanese WORM media was demonstrated in accelerated aging studies. CNR data was measured as a function of exposure time for disks exposed to 65°/80% RH, 80°/80% RH, and 90Â°/80% RH. Disks were also exposed to a high intensity xenon lamp to compare the relative stability to visible and ultraviolet radiation. The stability of the polycarbonate substrate and the recording layer were investigated.
A research agenda for the relationships between culture and knowledge management

A preliminary research agenda for the relationship between culture, at several levels, and knowledge management (KM) practice and success is developed. The levels of culture that are considered are national culture (NC), overall organizational culture (OC), organizational climate, organizational subcultures, subunit cultures, and team climate. The national and organizational levels have previously been dealt with in largely separate research streams. The ubiquity of globalization demands that they be integrated into a single research agenda. Indicators that may serve as measures of the dependent variable in the culture–KM relationship are suggested as is a format that facilitates the formulation of specific research questions. While culture is usually thought of as the independent variable in the culture–KM dyad, the role of culture as the dependent variable in these relationships is also treated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in lowered oxygen tension.

Primary cultures of vascular smooth muscle cells, isolated from rat aorta, were grown under normoxic (20% O2) and mildly hypoxic (5 % O2) conditions. Cells from both conditions were compared for growth characteristics, morphology, protein synthesis, lysosomal enzyme activity, and oxygen consumption. In no case was a consistently significant difference observed. These observations indicate that these cells can adapt or are adapted to mildly hypoxic conditions. Moreover, these results may indicate that the culture of vascular smooth muscle cells in mild hypoxia represents a closer approximation of in vivo growth conditions for these cells.
The Impact of Low Technology Lead Hazard Reduction Activities among Children with Mildly Elevated Blood Lead Levels

Abstract This prospective environmental intervention study was conducted to determine the impact of low-technology lead hazard reduction activities among children with mildly elevated blood lead levels. Children whose homes had severe lead hazards were automatically assigned to the intervention group. Children whose homes had lesser hazards were randomly assigned to the intervention group or comparison group. The one-time intervention focused mainly on cleaning and repainting window areas and educating caregivers to maintain effective housekeeping techniques. Changes in blood lead and dust lead loading levels were observed following the interventions. Analysis of covariance was used to adjust comparisons of postintervention levels for preintervention levels and other variables. The lead hazard reduction activities were associated with a modest decline in blood lead levels among children with severe hazards. The magnitude of the decline depended on the confounder that was controlled; the majority ranged from −1.1 to −1.6 μg/dL. A moderate reduction in window well dust lead loading levels was also observed. While low-technology lead hazard reduction measures appeared to be an effective secondary prevention strategy among children with severe household lead hazards, larger studies are needed to confirm these results.
A NOTE ON ROBUST STABILIZATION OF FEEDBACK LINEARIZABLE SYSTEMS

The problem of robust stabilization of nonlinear systems with feedback linearizable nominal part and norm-bounded nonlinear uncertainties is investigated. Necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for robust stabilization of such systems. A design procedure is developed which combines feedback linearization technique and quadratic stabilization via linear feedback to achieve robust global asymptotic stability. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commentary: Molecular testing in melanoma.

Insights into the underlying genetic and biologic drivers of melanoma and their clinical consequences have developed at a vertiginous pace in the last decade. Several key determinants of tumor development and progression have emerged, including dysregulations of the p16:cyclin D-CDK4/6:RB pathway, alterations in the telomerase promoter, and perturbations in the mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. An appreciation of the complex interplay between the immune system and tumor microenvironment and the importance of molecules that govern the immune checkpoint, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 and programmed death 1/programmed death ligand 1, has also developed. While this is undoubtedly an exciting time in the melanoma field, these important advances bring with them new challenges for the clinician. Patients with melanoma often inquire how these seminal genetic insights will affect their clinical outcome. Consequently, clinicians are beginning to field sophisticated questions regarding molecular testing of melanoma, especially in regards to the prognostic and therapeutic implications of those results. In this issue of the Journal, Nagore et al further contextualize the genetic landscape in melanoma by investigating the prognostic significance of BRAFmutations in patients with localized disease. Their report comes in the wake of several studies that have explored the prognostic profile of BRAF mutations in advanced disease. In this commentary, we focus on a few of the most common inquires faced in the clinic as a result of such investigations. Specifically, we address the most common question (‘‘Which patients with melanoma should undergo molecular testing?’’) followed by the natural corollaries (‘‘If a patient is to undergo molecular testing, which tissue should be sent, and which test should be used?’’). Lastly, we
White Layer Cake Batter Emulsion Characteristics: Effects of Sucrose Ester Emulsifiers

Alpha-mono-/diglyceride emulsified batters had the highest specific gravity, nonemulsified batters had the lowest specific gravities, and sucrose ester emulsified batters were intermediate, varying with the hydrophil-lipophil balance of the emulsifier. Sucrose ester emulsified batters generally exhibited pseudoplastic viscosity characteristics with viscosities and flow rates falling between those of the nonemulsified batter and the a-mono-/diglyceride emulsified batter. The addition of sucrose esters resulted in cakes with volumes greater than when no emulsifier was used. However, the sucrose ester emulsified cakes shrank from the edge of the pan and collapsed upon cooling, exhibiting a very flat profile.
INTER-RELATIONSHIP OF THREE MEASURES OF MOTIVATION

This paper is a progress .report concerning three measures of motivation: (a) Need for Achievement-nAch (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1953), (b) Need for Affiliation-nAff (Shipley & Veroff, 1952), and (c) Need for Power-nPow (Veroff, 1957). Need for achivement refers to a drive to compete satisfactorily with an interiorized standard of excellence; need for affiliation has reference to a drive to establish, maintain or restore a warm, reciprocal relationship wich another person; and need for power refers to a drive to control the means of influencing another's behavior. Certainly the degree of statistical independence of the needs is an important consideration, particularly if one ultimately aspires to the measurement of a "need hierarchy." The three measures were obtained from 416 male Ss over the last four years. Of this number, 215 were students at Darunouth College and 201 were recent members of the U. S. Army. Using a measurement technique, suggested by McClelland, et al. (1952), Ss wrote stories to the following six pictures: two men (inventors) in a shop working at a machine (cf. 2 in the list, Atkinson, 1958, Appendix 111); four men seated at a table with coffee cups-one man is writing on a sheaf of papers (101); man (father) and children seaced at breakfast table (102); man seaced at drafting board before picture of woman and children (28); conference group-seven men variously grouped around a conference table (83); woman in foreground with man standing behind and to the left (103). The Dartmouth stories were scored for the three needs by a person whose scoring reliability, as measured in reference to published expert scoring, had been demonstrated to be .90 for each of the needs. The scoring reliabilities of the Army smdy were .90 for need for achievement, .78 for need for affiliation, and .82 for need for power. An individual's need score was determined by adding the scores obtained by E for that particular need for S's six stories. Following this summing, each person was characterized by three need scores. The distribution of each of the three scores was broken into fourths. The three needs were then compared wich one another by means of three 4 X 4 tables. Table 1 shows the X's that demonstrate the inter-relationships between the need scores for each sample.
The comparative psychophysics of complex shape perception

The authors compared the complex shape perception of humans and monkeys. Members of both species participated in a Same-Different paradigm in which they judged the similarity of shape pairs that could be variations of the same underlying prototype. For both species, similarity gradients were found to be steep going out from the transformational center of psychological space. In contrast, similarity gradients were found to be flat going from the periphery in toward the center of psychological space. These results show that there are important common principles in the shape-perception and shape-comparison processes of humans and monkeys. The same general organization of psychological space is obtained. The same quantifiable metric of psychological distance is applied. Established methods for creating controlled shape variation have the same effect on both species' similarity judgments. The member of the to-be-judged pair of shapes that is peripheral in psychological space controls the strength of the perceived similarity of the pair. The results have broader implications for the comparative study of perception and categorization.
Nursing in China.

Nursing in China is described in this article in relation to training, selection of candidates and duties of these professionals.
Thermal and Sample-Size Effects on the Fluorescence Lifetime and Energy Transfer in Tetracene-Doped Anthracene

The fluorescence decay time of anthracene crystals was studied for crystals of various sizes at numerous temperatures between 4.2 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The decrease in the lifetime observed between 300 and \ensuremath{\sim} 140 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is attributed to changes in the amount of reabsorption, while the decrease observed between \ensuremath{\sim} 75 and 25 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is consistent with fluorescence emission from two types of levels with different intrinsic lifetimes whose populations are in thermal equilibrium. The time evolution of the anthracene and tetracene fluorescence intensities was also investigated for samples of various sizes and at numerous temperatures. The results cannot be explained by exciton diffusion theory and are consistent with the predictions of long-range-interaction theory only if an anomalously large value is assumed for the strength of the interaction. This discrepancy is not yet understood, but it is shown that it is not due to the effects of reabsorption.
The Status of the Business Communication Course at U.S. Colleges and Universities

This study examines the current status of the introductory business communication course at colleges and universities across the United States. Using data collected during the spring of 2008 from a national sample of 505 instructors, this study reveals a number of pedagogical and programmatic insights about (1) major course sponsors; (2) academic levels at which the course is taught; (3) instructors’ ideal and actual class sizes; (4) use of distance learning; (5) content coverage; and (6) required learning assignments. Findings from this study are compared with results from previous audits. Future research ideas as well as implications for business communication education are presented.
Protruding Knob-Like Proteins Violate Local Symmetries in an Icosahedral Marine Virus.

Marine viruses play crucial roles in shaping the dynamics of oceanic microbial communities and in the carbon cycle on Earth. Here we report a 4.7-A structure of a cyanobacterial virus, Syn5, by electron cryo-microscopy and modelling. A Cα backbone trace of the major capsid protein (gp39) reveals a classic phage protein fold. In addition, two knob-like proteins protruding from the capsid surface are also observed. Using bioinformatics and structure analysis tools, these proteins are identified to correspond to gp55 and gp58 (each with two copies per asymmetric unit). The non 1:1 stoichiometric distribution of gp55/58 to gp39 breaks all expected local symmetries and leads to non-quasi-equivalence of the capsid subunits, suggesting a role in capsid stabilization. Such a structural arrangement has not yet been observed in any known virus structures.
Laser Shock Peening of Nanoparticles Integrated Alloys: Numerical Simulation and Experiments

Nanocomposite and multiphase structures have become more important nowadays to enhance the mechanical properties of materials. Laser shock peening (LSP) is one of the most efficient ways to increase component fatigue life. In this paper, numerical and experimental studies have been carried out to study the effects of nanoparticles integrated structures during the laser shock peening of aluminum alloys. The LSP experiment of aluminum samples with different particle densities was carried out. The effect of nanoparticle on shock wave propagation, plastic deformation, energy absorption, and residual stress magnitude was studied. A qualitative agreement is found between experiment and simulation. The existence of nanoparticles affects the stress wave propagation and increases the ratio of absorbed energy to total energy and thus the magnitude of residual stress of the material after LSP.
Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O: a new piezoelectric material

Piezoelectric ZnO thin films have been successfully used for multilayer surface acoustic wave (SAW) and bulk acoustic wave (BAW) devices. Magnesium zinc oxide (Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O) is a new piezoelectric material, which is formed by alloying ZnO and MgO. Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O allows for flexibility in thin film SAW device design, as its piezoelectric properties can be tailored by controlling the Mg composition, as well as by using Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O/ZnO multilayer structures. We report the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth, structural characterization and SAW evaluation of piezoelectric Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O (x<0.35) thin films grown on (011~2) r-plane sapphire substrates. The primary axis of symmetry, the c-axis, lies on the Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O growth plane, resulting in the in-plane anisotropy of piezoelectric properties. SAW test devices for Rayleigh and Love wave modes, propagating parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis, were designed and fabricated. Their SAW properties, including velocity dispersion and piezoelectric coupling, were characterized. It has been found that the acoustic velocity increases, whereas the piezoelectric coupling decreases with increasing Mg composition in piezoelectric Mg/sub x/Zn/sub 1-x/O films.
The critical role of plasmapheresis in ABO-incompatible renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Thousands of patients with chronic renal failure die yearly and are unable to have a kidney transplant due to the severe shortage of donors. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed to remove ABO antibodies and permit ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) kidney transplants, but there is only limited research within this area and a lack of standardized protocols for TPE. This article reviews the literature to provide a historical perspective of TPE for ABO-I kidney transplantation and also provides the Johns Hopkins Hospital protocol with a focus on both titers and TPE. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The TPE treatment plan is based on ABO titers with the goal of a titer of 16 or less at the anti-human globulin (AHG) phase before surgery. Pretransplant therapy consists of every-other-day TPE followed immediately by cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin. ABO antibody titers are closely monitored before and after transplantation. After transplantation, TPE therapy is performed for all patients to prevent rebound of anti-A and anti-B titers until tolerance or accommodation occurs. TPE is discontinued and reinstituted based on the clinical criteria of creatinine levels, biopsy results, and ABO titer. RESULTS: Fifty-three ABO-I kidney transplants have been completed with no episodes of hyperacute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and only three episodes of AMR. One-year death-censored graft survival is 100 percent and patient survival is 97.6 percent. CONCLUSIONS: While randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the optimal method and protocol to remove ABO antibodies, the current literature and our results indicate a critical role for TPE in ABO-I renal transplantation.
Nonnative-English-Speaking Professionals in TESOL.

This study explores the labels native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) from the perspective of seven nonnative-English-speaking professionals in TESOL. Using data from e-mail and face-to-face interviews gathered over a 16-month period, the author delineates a number of dimensions surrounding the terms, such as precedence in learning languages, competence in the learned languages, cultural affiliation, social identities, and language environment. Participants also discussed related professional issues, such as the power relations imposed by the labels, the impact of the labels on the hiring process, and the pedagogical implications of the labels. The study calls for more case studies to thoroughly examine other common professional labels.
Ribosome kinetics and aa-tRNA competition determine rate and fidelity of peptide synthesis

It is generally accepted that the translation rate depends on the availability of cognate aa-tRNAs. In this study it is shown that the key factor that determines translation rate is the competition between near-cognate and cognate aa-tRNAs. The transport mechanism in the cytoplasm is diffusion, thus the competition between cognate, near-cognate and non-cognate aa-tRNAs to bind to the ribosome is a stochastic process. Two competition measures are introduced; C(i) and R(i) (i=1, 64) are quotients of the arrival frequencies of near-cognates vs. cognates and non-cognates vs. cognates, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction rates of bound cognates differ from those of bound near-cognates. If a near-cognate aa-tRNA binds to the A site of the ribosome, it may be rejected at the anti-codon recognition step or proofreading step or it may be accepted. Regardless of its fate, the near-cognates and non-cognates have caused delays of varying duration to the observed rate of translation. Rate constants have been measured at a temperature of 20^oC by (Gromadski, K.B., Rodnina, M.V., 2004. Kinetic determinants of high-fidelity tRNA discrimination on the ribosome. Mol. Cell 13, 191-200). These rate constants have been re-evaluated at 37^oC, using experimental data at 24.5^oC and 37^oC (Varenne, S., et al., 1984. Translation in a non-uniform process: effect of tRNA availability on the rate of elongation of nascent polypeptide chains. J. Mol. Biol. 180, 549-576). The key results of the study are: (i) the average time (at 37^oC) to add an amino acid, as defined by the ith codon, to the nascent peptide chain is: @t(i)=9.06+1.445x[10.48C(i)+0.5R(i)] (in ms); (ii) the misreading frequency is directly proportional to the near-cognate competition, E(i)=0.0009C(i); (iii) the competition from near-cognates, and not the availability of cognate aa-tRNAs, is the most important factor that determines the translation rate - the four codons with highest near-cognate competition (in the case of E. coli) are [GCC]>[CGG]>[AGG]>[GGA], which overlap only partially with the rarest codons: [AGG]<[CCA]<[GCC]<[CAC]; (iv) based on the kinetic rates at 37^oC, the average time to insert a cognate amino acid is 9.06ms and the average delay to process a near-cognate aa-tRNA is 10.45ms and (vii) the model also provides estimates of the vacancy times of the A site of the ribosome - an important factor in frameshifting.
Knowledge management and consumerization of information technology: opportunities and challenges

The conduct of knowledge management (KM) is changing fundamentally due to consumerization of Information Technology. The consumerization of Information Technology (CoIT) is transforming the way knowledge workers conduct work and share knowledge and information. Therefore, knowledge management activities in an organization are no longer only supported by traditional Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) (such as DB, DSS, data warehouses, email), but are also enabled through new forms of ICTs commonly referred to as social software or Web 2.0 technologies. Although, the ubiquitous and pervasive nature of these new forms of ICTs are creating a flexible KM environment, these digitized workspaces are also creating challenges. This study examines the following research question, what opportunities and challenges do knowledge-intensive organizations face during the conduct of KM in a multiple platform technology environment? In this research in progress, the preliminary findings (emerging research themes and potential research questions) from our pilot test are presented. When the study is completed, the multiple and diverse perspectives from the practitioner and scholarly journals plus interviews with knowledge workers and providers will be compared and contrasted to posit a more complete research agenda and management implications.
Xanthobilirubic acid and its amides. Synthesis, spectroscopy, and solution structures

Xanthobilirubic acid, 5-[1,5-didehydro-3-ethyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyrrol-2-ylidene)methyl]-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-3-propanoic acid, its methyl ester, amide, N-methylamide and dimethylamide, and kryptopyrromethenone have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically. In d6-DMSO solution all pyrromethenones were monomeric, with lactam and pyrrole N-Hs H-bonded to solvent. In deuteriochloroform, the pyrromethenones preferred a dimeric form, with intramolecular H-bonding between the lactam C = 0 of one unit and the lactam and pyrrole N-Hs of the second.
A review of the Chance to Grow Project: a care project for pregnant and parenting adolescents.

This paper reports on the process and outcome of an innovative program for pregnant and parenting adolescents, the Chance to Grow Project. One hundred sixty-one pregnant adolescents were exposed to intensive decision-making counseling and case management services. These young women were followed for 24 months, as were 87 pregnant teens who served as a comparison group. The results of the analysis suggest a number of important findings. These include a much higher placement for adoption of the babies of the program participants, higher levels of school retention, economic self-sufficiency, and more responsible sexual behavior on the part of the participants. This article describes the Chance to Grow Project in detail and suggests some important practice implications which can be drawn from this analysis.
The binding of Mg++ ions to polyadenylate, polyuridylate, and their complexes.

The binding of Mg ++ to polyadenylate (poly A), Polyuridylate(poly U), and their complexes, poly (A + U) and poly (A + 2U), was studied by means of a technique in which the dye eriochrome black T is used to measure the concentration of free Mg−. The apparent binding constant KX = [MgN]/[Mg++][N], N = site for Mg++ binding (the phosphate group of the nucleotide), was found to decrease rapidly as the extent of binding increased and, at low extents of binding, as the concentration of Na− increased in poly A, poly (A + U), and poly (A + 2U), and somewhat less so in poly U. Kx is generally in the range 104 > KX > 102. The cause of these dependences is apparently, primarily, the displacement of Na+ by Mg++ in poly U and poly (A + U) on the basis of the similarity of extents of displacement measured in this work and those measured potentiometrically. was calculated and was found to approach zero as the concentration of Na+ increased. In poly U, poly (A + U), and poly (A + 2U) at low ΔH′ v.H. > 0, about + 2 kcal/“mole.” In poly A, also at low salt, ΔH′ v.H. ≈ −4 kcal/“mol” for the initial binding of Mg++, and increases to +2 kcal/“mol” at saturation. This enthalpic variation probably accounts for the anticooperativity in the binding of Mg++ not ascribable to the displacement of Na++.
Aging, Neurocognition, and Medication Adherence in HIV Infection

Objective To evaluate the hypothesis that poor adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) would be more strongly related to cognitive impairment among older than among younger HIV-seropositive adults. Setting and Participants A volunteer sample of 431 HIV-infected adult patients prescribed self-administered HAART was recruited from community agencies and university-affiliated infectious disease clinics in the Los Angeles area. Measurements Neurocognitive measures included tests of attention, information processing speed, learning/memory, verbal fluency, motor functioning, and executive functioning. Medication adherence was measured using microchip-embedded pill bottle caps (Medication Event Monitoring System) and self-report. Latent/structural analysis techniques were used to evaluate factor models of cognition and adherence. Results Mean adherence rates were higher among older (≥50 years) than younger ( Conclusions Older HIV-positive individuals with neurocognitive impairment or drug problems are at increased risk of suboptimal adherence to medication. Likewise, older adults may be especially vulnerable to immunological and neurocognitive dysfunction under conditions of suboptimal HAART adherence. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing medication adherence rates and evaluating neurocognition in the growing population of older HIV-infected patients.
Vascular biology and pathobiology of the liver: Report of a single‐topic symposium

Portal hypertension and its complications account for the majority of morbidity and mortality that occurs in patients with cirrhosis. In addition to portal hypertension, a number of other vascular syndromes are also of great importance, especially the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. With the identification of major vascular defects that could account for many of the clinical sequelae of these syndromes, the liver vasculature field has now integrated very closely with the broader vascular biology discipline. In that spirit, the Henry and Lillian Stratton Basic Research Single Topic Conference was held on the topic of Vascular Biology and Pathobiology of the Liver. The course took place approximately 10 years after the first American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD)-sponsored conference on this topic that occurred in Reston, Virginia. The conference initiated with an introduction to basic vascular cell signaling and then explored vascular biology specifically as it relates to liver cells. Subsequently, specific disease syndromes were discussed in more detail including portal hypertension and IR injury. Finally, clinical and translational sessions focused on emerging therapies and technologies to treat vascular diseases of the liver.
Methods for the study of ripening and protein synthesis in intact pome fruits

Abstract Techniques were developed to utilize intact apple and pear fruits to simultaneously study the dynamic cellular processes attending ripening such as cell-wall softening, chlorophyll degradation, respiration, and protein, RNA and ethylene synthesis. Solution infiltration procedures employing mannitol as a carrier solution for administering protein and nucleic acid precursors and metabolic inhibitors provided a means of investigating various aspects of ripening in an integrated manner. Specific details for employing fresh fruit extracts and acetone-dried powders of apple and pear fruits (as a source of proteins) for electrophoretic studies in relation to fruit ripening are discussed.
Routes to catalysis: structure of a catalytic antibody and comparison with its natural counterpart

The three-dimensional structure of a catalytic antibody (1F7) with chorismate mutase activity has been determined to 3.0 A resolution as a complex with a transition state analog. The structural data suggest that the antibody stabilizes the same conformationally restricted pericyclic transition state as occurs in the uncatalyzed reaction. Overall shape and charge complementarity between the combining site and the transition state analog dictate preferential binding of the correct substrate enantiomer in a conformation appropriate for reaction. Comparison with the structure of a chorismate mutase enzyme indicates an overall similarity between the catalytic mechanism employed by the two proteins. Differences in the number of specific interactions available for restricting the rotational degrees of freedom in the transition state, and the lack of multiple electrostatic interactions that might stabilize charge separation in this highly polarized metastable species, are likely to account for the observed 10(4) times lower activity of the antibody relative to that of the natural enzymes that catalyze this reaction. The structure of the 1F7 Fab'-hapten complex provides confirmation that the properties of an antibody catalyst faithfully reflect the design of the transition state analog.
Socioeconomic status (SES) affects means–end behavior across the first year☆

Abstract This study assessed the impact of SES on early means–end behavior. Sixty-one 6- to 8- and 10- to 12-month-old infants from high and low SES families were presented with two tasks requiring a two-step process to retrieve a toy. On the cloth task, overall performance improved with age, but low SES infants showed delays. Performance by the 10- to 12-month-old low SES infants was identical to that of the 6- to 8-month-old high SES infants. On the hook task, again overall performance improved with age, but significant SES differences emerged at 10 to 12 months, with only 20% of low SES infants succeeding at the task, compared to 73% of high SES infants. The results suggest a divergence in means–end behavior between high and low SES infants by 6 months of age, adding to the well-known documentation of gaps in cognitive skills evident between high and low SES infants.
Experimental synovitis induced by collagen-specific T cell lines.

Abstract Type II collagen (CII) and ovalbumin (OV) reactive T cell lines were developed from the lymph node cells of Louvain rats previously immunized with the respective antigen. Histologic sections of rat knees injected intraarticularly (ia) with 10 6 cells from line CII (VA) or CII (VII) were graded blindly. Significant synovitis ( P 3 CII cells, and required viable lymphocytes. The process was independent of anticollagen antibodies and was associated with the lines' capacity to elaborate a previously described 65-kDa CII-binding arthritogenic lymphokine. Line CII (VIII), which could not elicit a synovitis, did not produce detectable quantities of this factor. A line-and antigen-specific synovitis, comparable to the ia injection protocol, was also induced by intravenous administration of 2 × 10 7 CII (VA) cells and ia challenge with soluble collagen. These studies demonstrate that CII lines bearing the T helper phenotype can evoke a sustained synovitis and suggest that this experimental process is associated with the release of an arthritogenic lymphokine and not dependent on the formation of antibodies to CII.
The comprehensive IT help desk: a single point-of-contact for the university community

The IT Help Desk at the University of West Florida provides services to a university community of over 9,000 students, 1,200 faculty and staff, and an undetermined number of alumni, prospective students, and the general public. Functioning as a single point-of-contact for IT information, questions, and requests, the Help Desk offers a comprehensive suite of services, and facilitates critical campus communication regarding IT issues. Services include: standard phone and desktop support, enterprise-wide system monitoring, campus IT alerts, eLearning support, classroom technology support, ResNet Help Desk, software purchases, and an IT event calendar. Daily 8:00 AM briefings combined with work load "expeditors" and lead analysts in a highly team-oriented environment, allow Help Desk staff and student employees to move customer issues through a tiered support matrix. This matrix encompasses IT resources within the central IT department and throughout a distributed university support model. It also includes departments and offices that are not technical in nature. Customer surveys provide feedback and suggestions for continued improvement.
Essential Supports for Sustaining Interdisciplinary Teams: Lessons from Two Departmentalized High Schools:

The high school reform movement includes a resurgence in interdisciplinary teaming. A comparative case study was conducted to examine the nature of teaming. Four dimensions of essential supports for developing and sustaining interdisciplinary teams are described and discussed.
Über die Mondillusion

A new theory of the moon illusion based on visual size-constancy is advanced. It was possible to show that an object moving away from the observer in a horizontal plane remains constant in apparent size for a greater distance than an object moving in vertical plane. Therefore, the phenomenon of size-constancy holds for a shorter distance in the vertical than in the horizontal plane. This variation in the distance beyond which size-constancy breaks down accounts for the apparent change in the size of a distant object (e. g. the moon) between the horizontal and the vertical plane.
Carriers of Electricity in Metals Exhibiting Positive Hall Effects

The momentum associated with the electric current in metals has been measured for the first time under conditions in which they are known to have positive Hall coefficients. Such metals are of particular interest because their positive (anomalous) coefficients suggest the possibility of positive electric carriers. A coil of the wire under investigation was supported with its axis vertical as a torsional pendulum. The extremely small deflections resulting from the inertial effect of successive reversals of current were measured by a resonance method. A phototube and oscilloscope method for measuring both the amplitude and the phase of the small deflections is described.In more than 100 determinations on Mo and Zn the sign of the charge-to-mass ratio was always found to be negative. For both Mo and Zn the mean value of $\frac{e}{m}$ was found to be within 3 percent of the value for free electrons in slow motion. One set of determinations for Mo was made at liquid air temperatures. The direct mechanical method used to measure $\frac{e}{m}$ is independent of any particular theory of metallic conduction. The results thus discriminate against theories for which current and momentum can have the same direction. In particular, the results rule out the possibility that positive Hall effects may be explained by positive carriers.
The new rhetoric, practical reason, and justification: The communicative relativism of Chaim Perelman

In following what I take to be the central theme in these volumes I have not discussed several topics which are important and deserve mention: a careful, lengthy section on ‘justice’ and the disambiguation of various of its senses, a fecund account of the difference between classical and romantic modes in argumentation, a brief but incisive critique of Skinner's behaviorism, a treatment of the function of various sorts of “commonplaces” and “confused notions” in argument, and a consideration of the relation between law and morality.
Electrohydrodynamic traveling-wave pumping of homogeneous semi-insulating liquids

Charge separation near a liquid/solid interface is explored by the electrohydrodynamic pumping of Freon TF, transformer oil, and silicone oil using high-voltage traveling waves. Liquid head displacement measurements show strong dependences on peak voltage amplitude (1.0-2.5 kV), frequency (0.1-20 Hz), liquid viscosity (0.5-20 cS), and liquid conductivity (10/sup -13/-10/sup -9/ Omega /sup -1/ m/sup -1/). Reverse pumping, opposite to the traveling wave direction, occurs when the ratio of the voltage to the frequency is small but switches to forward pumping when the ratio is large. The largest measured head was approximately 7 cm, which can drive an average flow velocity of 18 cm/s. A charge transport analysis coupled to viscosity-dominated flow is used to describe the pumping process. The time-averaged coulombic force on the migrating charge can result in pumping in either direction. In the regime where ion migration dominates charge relaxation, a universal curve for the pumping dependence on traveling-wave voltage and frequency is deduced experimentally and predicted by the model. Measurements of average volume charge density show that undoped liquids have a positive net charge density, whereas additives used to increase the conductivity lead to bipolar injection and an augmentation of the injection as well as the conductivity. >
Unconventional superconductivity in a two-dimensional repulsive gas of fermions with spin–orbit coupling

Abstract We investigate the superconducting instability of a two-dimensional repulsive Fermi gas with Rashba spin–orbit coupling αR. Using renormalization group approach, we find the superconducting transition temperature as a function of the dimensionless ratio Θ = 1 2 m α R 2 / E F where EF = 0 when the smaller Fermi surface shrinks to a (Dirac) point. The general trend is that superconductivity is enhanced as Θ increases, but in an intermediate regime Θ ∼ 0.1, a dome-like behavior appears. At a very small value of Θ, the angular momentum channel jz in which superconductivity occurs is quite high. With increasing Θ, jz decreases with a step of 2 down to jz = 6, after which we find the sequence jz = 6, 4, 6, 2, the last value of which continues to Θ → ∞. In an extended range of Θ, the superconducting gap predominantly resides on the large Fermi surface, while Josephson coupling induces a much smaller gap on the small Fermi surface. Below the superconducting transition temperature, we apply mean field theory to derive the self-consistent equations and find the condensation energies. The state with the lowest condensation energy is an unconventional superconducting state which breaks time-reversal symmetry, and in which singlet and triplet pairings are mixed. In general, these states are topologically nontrivial, and the Chern number of the state with total angular momentum jz is C = 2jz.
R5020 and RU486 act as progesterone receptor agonists to enhance Sp1/Sp4-dependent gene transcription by an indirect mechanism.

It has been suggested that ligand-dependent gene activation by the progesterone receptor (PR) can result from recruitment of PR by the promoter bound Sp1. A detailed investigation of the Sp1-dependent agonistic activity of RU486 and R5020 on the folate receptor (FR) type α, p27, thymidine kinase 1 and p21 genes reveals a different mechanism. The FR-α P4 promoter and the endogenous FR-α gene were up-regulated by the PR agonist R5020 through either PR-A or PR-B. The classical antagonist RU486 also activated the promoter but only through PR-B. The most proximal (essential) G/C-rich (Sp1 binding) element and the initiator region constituted the minimal promoter responsive to PR regulation; substitution with a stronger cluster of G/C-rich elements enhanced the magnitude of the PR response. In contrast, substitution of the G/C-rich element with a TATA box resulted in the loss of regulation by PR. Overexpression of Sp1 and Sp4 but not Sp3 enhanced activation of the FR-α promoter by PR, knocking down Sp1 decrease...
The site of active uptake of atmospheric water in larvae of Tenebrio molitor

Abstract Larvae starved and desiccated for 8 days will then take up water from 93% r.h., the gain ceasing by 7 days. The rate and amount of uptake were the same in those starved at 0% r.h. as in those starved at 53% r.h. Tying off the last abdominal segment prevents uptake while tying off the first abdominal segment allowed one-third as much gain as controls. This supports the theory that active uptake of atmospheric water is by way of the rectum and not the body cuticle. Because of the time taken to reach equilibrium, of the same uptake after exposure at 53% as after 0% r.h., and of a large overshoot in uptake, it is suggested that the phenomenon in this species is a by-product of drying the faeces and not a vital aspect of the physiology of water balance.