cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct generation of sound in metals and acoustic nuclear spin resonance

Abstract The basic equations describing the direct electromagnetic generation of sound in a metal are studied. The boundary conditions are taken to be those applicable for specular reflection of the conduction electrons at the surface. The resonances of the surface impedance associated with setting up a standing acoustic wave in a metallic plate are evaluated, and the contribution of direct acoustic generation and subsequent acoustic NMR to the nuclear magnetic resonance signal is investigated.
Injerto arteriovenoso femoro-renal: una opción viable para el abordaje de hemodiálisis

En los ultimos anos se ha producido un aumento significativo del numero de pacientes con insuficiencia renal terminal. Por otra parte, el numero limitado de trasplantes renales conlleva que la mayor parte de pacientes sean dependientes de la dialisis cronica. Debido a las numerosas complicaciones asociadas con los cateteres de abordaje temporal, el abordaje arteriovenoso permanente es mas beneficioso como acceso vascular a largo plazo. No obstante, a causa de la disponibilidad limitada de vasos para practicar un acceso vascular permanente, es importante disponer de diversas posibilidades. En este articulo presentamos un caso de implantacion de un injerto arteriovenoso alternativo ,entre la arteria femoral comun izquierda y la vena renal izquierda, en un paciente con opciones limitadas de acceso vascular.
Ecological Experiments: Purpose, Design and Execution

Ecological Experiments stresses the importance to ecology of field experiments, where variables are manipulated in order to collect data on specific hypotheses, as opposed to the more passive observational method. The book begins by introducing a series of ecological questions that can be addressed experimentally for example, what is the significance of competition among species? The minimal requirements of experimental design that must be met are then introduced, together with examples of good and poor experiments from the ecological literature and a consideration of the trade-offs that may be forced on the experimenter by field conditions. All ecologists, and especially students beginning their careers in field study, will find in this text a good introduction to the experimental foundation of ecology.
Material control and accountability for laboratory biosecurity

Laboratory biosecurity refers to a suite of measures to protect legitimate stocks of dangerous pathogens and toxins from being acquired by individuals with malicious intent. Intentional misuse presents a different problem than accidental misuse, which is the subject of laboratory biosafety. In particular, the material control and accountability (MC&A) component of laboratory biosecurity addresses an insider threat. MC&A directly involves the personnel who work with pathogens and toxins that could be attractive to bioterrorists. Control of material comprises both procedural and physical measures for both material and MC&A-relevant information. Accountability requires a one-to-one correspondence between materials and people, together with a system of records, reporting and audit. Key elements of MC&A should be understood intellectually, rather than being applied simply as a prescriptive list of security measures. MC&A measures reflect an additional stewardship responsibility that technical people accept in working with material that could harm others if used improperly.
Headfirst Ingestion of Prey by Rattlesnakes: Are Tactile Cues Used?

Most vertebrates swallow prey headfirst (e.g., Bolles, 1890; Ewer, 1968; Eisenberg and Leyhausen, 1972; Tinbergen, 1972). This tendency for headfirst ingestion has been observed frequently for adult (Diefenbach and Emslie, 1971; Loop and Bailey, 1972; Greene, 1976; Mori 1996) and neonate snakes (Klein and Loop, 1975; but see Mori, 1994). Probability of headfirst ingestion appears related to prey/predator size ratios and possibly the type of prey (Loop and Bailey, 1972; Franz, 1977; Mori, 1991, 1994, 1996). Potential advantages for headfirst ingestion include a decrease in both swallowing time and probability of incurring injury while handling prey (Greene, 1976). Yet, headfirst ingestion has been observed for prey types for which these benefits are not evident (de Queiroz and de Queiroz, 1987). In such cases, there are presumably no costs associated with headfirst relative to tailfirst ingestion. How do snakes locate the head of their prey to begin ingestion? Tactile cues appear to play a role. For instance, Greene (1976) found that snakes feeding on other snakes used scale overlap as a directional cue to locate the head. Mori (1998) found a similar result for piscivorous snakes. For snakes feeding on mammals, the direction of the hair has been suggested as a stimulus for locating the head (Diefenbach and Emslie, 1971). Chemical and visual cues, such as body shape, may also be used for head location (Naulleau, 1966; Diefenbach and Emslie, 1971; Greene, 1976). The objective of my study was to test whether rattlesnakes use tactile cues, specifically hair, to locate the head of their prey for ingestion. I report both qualitative observations and quantitative statistical tests comparing rattlesnakes feeding on mice with and without hair. By comparing these results with previous studies, I suggest that the type of cues used to locate the head of prey varies based on the feeding behavior of snakes. Subjects were eight Crotalus viridis collected from several populations throughout the range of this species. All subjects were long-term laboratory residents (> 2 yr) and were individually housed in aquariums 52 cm x 36 cm x 20 cm with water available ad libitum. Snakes were maintained on a 12:12 L:D cycle with access to radiant heat during the light part of the cycle. All snakes were fed laboratory mice (Mus musculus) prior to the initiation of this experiment. Two types of laboratory mice were used for these experiments: regular lab mice (hair present), and lab mice that were devoid of hair (hair absent). The latter
Adaptations to Ovulation: Implications for Sexual and Social Behavior

In socially monogamous species in which males heavily invest in offspring, there arises an inevitable genetic conflict between partners over whether investing males become biological fathers of their partners' offspring. Humans are such a species. The ovulatory-shift hypothesis proposes that changes in women's mate preferences and sexual interests across the cycle are footprints of this conflict. When fertile (mid-cycle), women find masculine bodily and behavioral features particularly sexy and report increased attraction to men other than current partners. Men are more vigilant of partners when the latter are fertile, which may reflect evolved counteradaptations. This adaptationist hypothesis has already generated several fruitful research programs, but many questions remain.
To Tell or Not to Tell: Disclosure and the Narrative Self

Drawing from a narrative identity framework, we present the results of three studies examining the nature of what people do and do not disclose about their life experiences. Across three studies, our findings indicate that (1) the major difference in what people do and do not disclose concerns the emotionality of the events and whether or not the events are transgressions; (2) for everyday memorable events, increased negative emotion is associated with greater likelihood of disclosure; but (3) for more important and/or longer retained events, increased negative and decreased positive emotion were associated with lower likelihoods of disclosure. We also found that socioemotional consequences are an important reason for nondisclosure of important past experiences and are predictably related to the extent to which events induce positive and negative emotions. Findings are considered in terms of their implications for narrative identity.
Comparison of Ear-Canal Reflectance and Umbo Velocity in Patients With Conductive Hearing Loss: A Preliminary Study

OBJECTIVE:: The goal of the present study was to investigate the clinical utility of measurements of ear-canal reflectance (ECR) in a population of patients with conductive hearing loss in the presence of an intact, healthy tympanic membrane and an aerated middle ear. We also sought to compare the diagnostic accuracy of umbo velocity (VU) measurements and measurements of ECR in the same group of patients. DESIGN:: This prospective study comprised 31 adult patients with conductive hearing loss, of which 14 had surgically confirmed stapes fixation due to otosclerosis, 6 had surgically confirmed ossicular discontinuity, and 11 had computed tomography and vestibular evoked myogenic potential confirmed superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD). Measurements on all 31 ears included pure-tone audiometry for 0.25 to 8 kHz, ECR for 0.2 to 6 kHz using the Mimosa Acoustics HearID system, and VU for 0.3 to 6 kHz using the HLV-1000 laser Doppler vibrometer (Polytec Inc, Waldbronn, Germany). We analyzed power reflectance |ECR| as well as the absorbance level = 10 × log10(1 - |ECR|). All measurements were made before any surgical intervention. The VU and ECR data were plotted against normative data obtained in a companion study of 58 strictly defined normal ears (Rosowski et al., 2011). RESULTS:: Small increases in |ECR| at low-to-mid frequencies (400-1000 Hz) were observed in cases with stapes fixation, while narrowband decreases were seen for both SCD and ossicular discontinuity. The SCD and ossicular discontinuity differed in that the SCD had smaller decreases at mid-frequency (∼1000 Hz), whereas ossicular discontinuity had larger decreases at lower frequencies (500-800 Hz). SCD tended to have less air-bone gap at high frequencies (1-4 kHz) compared with stapes fixation and ossicular discontinuity. The |ECR| measurements, in conjunction with audiometry, could successfully separate 28 of the 31 cases into the three pathologies. By comparison, VU measurements, in conjunction with audiometry, could successfully separate various pathologies in 29 of 31 cases. CONCLUSIONS:: The combination of |ECR| with audiometry showed clinical utility in the differential diagnosis of conductive hearing loss in the presence of an intact tympanic membrane and an aerated middle ear and seems to be of similar sensitivity and specificity to measurements of VU plus audiometry. Additional research is needed to expand upon these promising preliminary results.
UNESCO’s programme of fundamental education, 1946–1959

UNESCO formed the concept of fundamental education in hopes that the programme could end poverty, bring world peace and serve indigenous people. When UNESCO’s first pilot project appeared to fail, the organisation developed centres where fundamental education workers learned to use such techniques as libraries, museum displays, films and radio, instruction in vernacular languages, and literacy campaigns. Modelled on progressive education, these techniques shared four tendencies that contradicted the aims of fundamental education. First, the programmes seemed to impose a modern scientific culture on indigenous societies. Second, the fundamental education workers found themselves manipulating indigenous people to accept what the programmes offered. Third, when officials used words aimed at helping, they seemed to mask the cultural traits that the programmes implied. Fourth, the fundamental education workers tended to translate failure as an indication of the need for increased efforts rather than as events ...
Computerized Spectrum Analysis

Automatic spectral data reduction and analysis system consisting of densitometer, analog-digital converter and IBM 1800 process computer with magnetic disk memory
Particularity "and" Integration: Understanding of Ecocultural Niches and Their Implication for Fostering Diversity within Christian Colleges and Universities.

This paper takes a theoretical look at the relationship between ethnic identity formation, in-group ethnic affiliations, and academic achievement for students of color. To this end, the study examines the process of ethnic identity development and considers how human ecology theory, in particularly the concept of “ecocultural niches,” may be helpful in explaining both the individual and social factors present for students of color in their transition and adjustment to college. To help illustrate the experience of students at different levels of the model, a case study design was utilized. The case study draws from observations gathered by the author from his participation in an ongoing research study with Latino students at the Center of Intercultural Teaching and Learning at Goshen College. Implications of the use of an ethnocentric model within Christian higher education are considered at the conclusion of the paper.
Prophylactic Placement of Vena Caval Filters: A Cautionary Note

Greenfield filter placement in patients without deep venous thrombosis has been performed when such patients were felt to be at high risk for asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis and subsequent embolus. In this group placement is termed "truly prophylactic" to differentiate from placement in a patient with documented deep venous thrombosis which has not yet embolized. A retrospective review of Greenfield filter placement at five Dayton, Ohio, community hospitals over three years revealed 59 filters placed in 58 patients. Of these 90% were placed surgically and 10% percutaneously at an average cost of $4,141.00 per surgical procedure. Indications included traditional as well as true prophylaxis. A low morbidity and no mortality related to filter placement was observed. The high efficacy and safety of filter placement seen at large institutions is also found in our community hospital experience despite placement by physicians who perform the procedure infrequently. Although filter placement in patients at a high risk for silent fatal pulmonary emboli may prevent a rare mortality, widespread use of this modality for pulmonary embolus prophylaxis is costly and not without patient risk. We caution against the use of Greenfield filters for pulmonary embolus prophylaxis in patients without deep venous thrombosis until evidence of superior efficacy compared to other forms of prophylaxis can be demonstrated.
Sinonasal Disease and Orbital Cellulitis in Children

Sinonasal disease is common in the pediatric population because of anatomic, environmental, and physiologic factors. Once paranasal sinusitis develops, orbital cellulitis is a concerning sequela that can result in loss of visual acuity and even intracranial disease. Thus, a clear history and physical examination in conjunction with radiographic studies are critical to a correct diagnosis and timely institution of treatment that may include hospitalization, serial ophthalmologic examinations, intravenous antibiotics, and surgery. The serious nature of orbital cellulitis in children cannot be overestimated; but, if prompt and appropriate treatment is initiated, the prognosis is excellent and long-term sequelae should be limited.
In vitro microwave effects on human neutrophil precursor cells (CFU-C)

Human marrow cells were irradiated with 2450-MHz CW microwaves in a fluid-filled waveguide irradiation system. Cell exposure was conducted by placing a marrow cell suspension in 20-microliter glass microcapillary tubes were positioned in the exposure chamber, and irradiated at power densities from 31 to 1,000 mW/cm2 (with corresponding specific absorption rates of 62 to 2,000 mW/g) for 15 minutes. The temperature of the sample was maintained at a fixed point. Sham-irradiated (SI) and microwave-irradiated (MWI) cells were cultured in a methylcellulose culture system for neutrophil colony proliferation. There was no reduction in neutrophil colony number on days 6-7 or 12-14 in cells exposed at 31 or 62 mW/cm2, but as the power density was increased to 1,000 mW/cm2, there was a reduction in colony number of MWI cells compared with SI cells. The microwave interaction with the human neutrophil colony-forming cells was apparently not related to temperature rise, or to the state of cells cycle, and was irreversible.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of sodium in the human body

Sodium magnetic resonance imaging of the human body in vivo has been tried and its clinical application is considered. A short T2 imaging algorithm with total volume excitation and a specialized RF coil focused to the region of interest have been adopted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Using a 1.5-T human body imaging system, several important organs including heart, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and spine have been examined to demonstrate their sodium concentration in vivo. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Size and pressure independent kinetics of CO oxidation on alumina‐supported iridium nanoparticles

The gas-phase oxidation of CO catalyzed by iridium was studied under CO-rich reactant conditions over the pressure range 10 -4-10 -2 Pa to investigate the controversial size and pressure dependencies. The reactivity of iridium clusters with an average size of 3 nm was compared to macroscopic metal particles with extended single crystal facets over a range of temperatures (433-573 K), and the apparent activation energies for CO oxidation were consistent with the known activation energies for CO desorption from iridium surfaces. No size-specific dependence of the reaction kinetics was measured, and no indication of the previously reported "pressure gap" was observed. Unlike many other transition metal catalysts, iridium may be used as a model catalyst for CO oxidation in different morphological forms over a range of pressures without invoking a change in the kinetic model.
Infrared properties of two-loop, initial state spectator interactions in the Drell-Yan process

We use the light-cone axial gauge of proper-time ordered perturbation theory and study the soft-IR properties of the two-loop virtuals' diagrams considered by Bodwin, Brodsky and Lepage for ππ → μ+μ- + X. It is shown that although the systematic summation over all possible spectator interactions removes the outside soft-IR divergences in the non-overlapping ladder Glauber diagrams, unphysical inside soft-IR divergences persist. So, in the light-cone axial gauge the on-shell Glauber region is not a gauge invariant concept which can be physically isolated from radiative corrections which non-trivially involve other diagrammatic regions. Due to gauge invariance it can be potentially misleading in eikonal phenomenologies based on perturbative QCD to assume an ad hoc inside soft-IR cutoff in analyzing possible non-abelian effects in multiple scatterings involving spectators.
Effect of twinning, slip, and inclusions on the fatigue anisotropy of extrusion-textured AZ61 magnesium alloy

Abstract In this study, experiments were conducted to quantify structure-property relations with respect to fatigue of an extruded AZ61 magnesium alloy using a MultiStage Fatigue (MSF) model. Experiments were conducted in the extruded and transverse directions under low and high cycle strain control fatigue conditions. The cyclic behavior of this alloy displayed varying degrees of twinning and slip depending on the strain amplitude as observed in the hysteresis loops of both directions. Under low cyclic conditions, asymmetrical stress strain response was observed for both orientations. However, systematic stabilization of the hysteresis occurred by half-life due to subsequent twinning and detwinning mechanisms. In addition, under high cycle fatigue, pseudo-elasticity was observed at the first and at half-life cycles. Structure-property relations were quantified by examining the fracture surfaces of the fatigued specimens using a scanning electron microscope. In terms of crack incubation, fatigue cracks were found to initiate from intermetallic particles (inclusions) that were typically larger than the mean size. Quantified sources of fatigue crack incubation, microstructurally small cracks, and cyclic stress–strain behavior were correlated to the MSF model. Based on the specific material parameters, the MSF model was able to predict the difference in the strain-life results of the AZ61 magnesium alloy in the extruded and extruded transverse directions including the scatter of the experimental results. Finally, the MSF model revealed that the inclusion size was more important in determining the fatigue life than the anisotropic effects from the texture, yield, and work hardening.
Sketching data: lessons learned from a formative user evaluation

Mobile devices require new interaction approaches for working with data, as inputting numbers into a spreadsheet on a tablet is especially tedious. Last year we presented SketchGraph [Martino et al. 2012] for sketching data in a fluid manner (Fig. 1). Here, we discuss observations of usability based on a user study.
Recently discovered small polar motion loops and their atmospheric excitation mechanism

[1] Polar motion is the relative motion of the solid Earth with respect to its rotational axis. Recently, small loops have been discovered in unfiltered polar motion observations. These loops with periods less than 21 d and sizes ranging from a silver dollar coin to a compact disc (when projected onto the surface of the Earth) are currently observable because every ∼6.4 years the Chandler, annual, and semiannual variations that dominate this motion destructively interfere and act like a high-pass filter. These loops, as well as diurnal polar motion variations, are shown to be significantly correlated to variations in atmospheric angular momentum that result primarily from rapid fluctuations in atmospheric pressure fields with the contributions from the winds playing a smaller variable role. Finally, the results show that variations in the speed of weather patterns and whether or not the surface winds are interacting with land or oceans have an effect on polar motion that is observable with current geodetic observational techniques.
Critical Modification to the Vogel−Tammann−Fulcher Equation for Temperature Effect on the Density of Water

A Vogel−Tammann−Fulcher equation-type asymptotic exponential function is modified by including a second-order term to correlate the temperature dependence of the anomalous pure water density behavior. This approach yields an accurate correlation of the liquid water density in the temperature range of −30 °C to 89 °C at 1 atm, with an average relative deviation from the data that is on the order of 10-4.
Q2 dependence of the European Muon Collaboration effect.

At both low and medium Bjorken x, the nuclear-binding and dynamical rescaling models of nuclear effects in deep-inelastic scattering predict very little variation with ${Q}^{2}$ over the range 4--${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{GeV}}^{2}$. At large x Fermi motion introduces some sensitivity.
Glycosylation, immunity, and autoimmunity.

Is there evidence that similar derangements in N-glycosylation contribute to autoimmunity in humans? There are rare carbohydrate deficiency syndromes in humans affecting proximal and largely essential steps in N-glycan synthesis, but these are associated with extremely severe, nonimmune multiorgan dysfunction early in life (Lowe and Freeze, 1999xNaturally occurring disorders of glycosylation. Lowe, J.B. and Freeze, H. See all References(Lowe and Freeze, 1999) and are not likely to be informative for autoimmune susceptibility. Humans with documented inactivating mutations in the MII or Hgat5 loci have not been reported, so their relevance to human autoimmune disease has not been studied. Linkage studies have not identified either as a clear candidate for an autoimmune susceptibility locus. Nonetheless, these loci, and their cognate N-glycans, represent important candidates for further study as contributors to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosis and other autoimmune syndromes.
Butter, Milk, and a “Spare Ribb”: Women's Work and the Transatlantic Economic Transition in Seventeenth-Century Massachusetts

Exploring the generally unappreciated connection between local economic behavior and the emergence of larger commercial endeavors in seventeenth-century Massachusetts, the article demonstrates, through a close analysis of contemporary account books, that “women's work” was a vital element in the colony's pivotal transition to a transatlantic economy.
Differential effects of dopamine and psychoactive drugs on dopamine transporter phosphorylation and regulation.

Abstract The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a phosphoprotein whose activity and phosphorylation state are acutely regulated by both protein kinase C (PKC) and substrate transport. DAT is a major site of action for psychostimulant and therapeutic drugs that either block transport or are transported substrates, but the effects of such drugs on DAT phosphorylation and regulation are not well understood. To examine these issues we subjected rDAT LLC-PK1 cells to acute in vitro pretreatments with the endogenous, psychostimulant, and therapeutic compounds dopamine (DA), (−)-cocaine, 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (β-CFT), GBR 12909, mazindol, and methylphenidate (MPH), in the presence or absence of the PKC activator phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate (PMA), followed by analysis of DAT metabolic phosphorylation and transport activity. Basal phosphorylation of DAT was not affected by any of the uptake blockers tested, and PMA-stimulated phosphorylation was not affected by cocaine, β-CFT, mazindol or MPH, but was strongly suppressed by GBR 12909. Pretreatment of cells with cocaine or MPH had no effect on subsequent DA transport activity or the extent of PMA-induced transport down-regulation, whereas GBR 12909 inhibited PMA-induced DAT internalization. These findings indicate that these DAT phosphorylation and down-regulation properties are unaffected by some classes of uptake blocking drugs, but that differential regulatory effects may be exerted by GBR compounds. Pretreatment of cells with DA had no obvious effect on basal or PMA-stimulated DAT phosphorylation but led to cocaine-blockable transport down-regulation. DA-induced down-regulation was blocked by the PKC inhibitor bisindoylmaleimide I and was not additive with down-regulation induced by PMA, consistent with PKC serving as a common step and point of integration for these DA and PMA induced processes. The results of this study provide information on the potential for endogenous and psychoactive compounds to modulate or be modulated by DAT phosphorylation-mediated regulatory mechanisms that may contribute to drug behavioral or therapeutic properties.
DNA Sequencing up to 1300 Bases in Two Hours by Capillary Electrophoresis with Mixed Replaceable Linear Polyacrylamide Solutions

This paper presents results on ultralong read DNA sequencing with relatively short separation times using capillary electrophoresis with replaceable polymer matrixes. In previous work, the effectiveness of mixed replaceable solutions of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) was demonstrated, and 1000 bases were routinely obtained in less than 1 h. Substantially longer read lengths have now been achieved by a combination of improved formulation of LPA mixtures, optimization of temperature and electric field, adjustment of the sequencing reaction, and refinement of the base-caller. The average molar masses of LPA used as DNA separation matrixes were measured by gel permeation chromatography and multiangle laser light scattering. Newly formulated matrixes comprising 0.5% (w/w) 270 kDa and 2% (w/w) 10 or 17 MDa LPA raised the optimum column temperature from 60 to 70 °C, increasing the selectivity for large DNA fragments, while maintaining high selectivity for small fragments as well. This improved resolution was furthe...
Integration of computers into the medical school curriculum: An example from a microbiology course

While the use of computers has become widespread in recent years, a unified, integrated approach to their use in the medical school curriculum has not yet emerged. The University of New Mexico School of Medicine will phase in computerization of its curriculum beginning in the fall of 1993. Areas to be included in this change will be curricular material, modeling programs, examinations and teacher-student communication. All areas of the medical school are connected by network enabling rapid communication. From the first day of medical school, students will construct a personal, interrelational, database. This material will form the basis of information for ‘life-long learning’. Use of modeling programs will enable students to understand the interrelationships in dynamic systems which may not be obvious by other means. The introduction of computer assessment will allow faculty and students to assess student progress before course material is presented, in order to set a suitable standard, and during the cou...
Related-Key Linear Cryptanalysis

A coding theory framework for related-key linear cryptanalytic attacks on block ciphers is presented. It treats linear cryptanalysis as communication over a low capacity channel, and a related key attack (RKA) as a concatenated code. It is used to show that an RKA, using n related keys generated from k independent ones, can improve the amortized cost ? in number of plaintext-ciphertext pairs per key bit determined ? over that of k single key attacks, of any linear cryptanalysis, if k and n are large enough. The practical implications of this result are demonstrated through the design of an RKA, with k=5 and n=7, predicted to produce a 29% improvement for DES attacks that use an r-1 round approximation.
Quantitative X-Ray Spectrum Imaging of Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate PLZT Thin-Films

The high permittivity of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O3—PZT and PLZT, respectively—thin films and the flexibility of chemical solution deposition (CSD) make solution-derived P(L)ZT thin films extremely attractive for integrated capacitor applications. However, Pb-loss or cation segregation during processing results in degraded properties of the final film. Here, we have extended the use of multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) of energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectrum images (SIs) in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to allow the two-dimensional (2D) quantitative analysis of cation segregation and depletion in P(L)ZT thin films. Quantified STEM-EDS SIs allow high-resolution (< ≈10 nm) quantification of these cation distributions. Surface Pb depletion is found after crystallization and is replenished by a unique post-crystallization PbO overcoat+anneal processes. Zr/Ti and La segregation are found to develop in a decidedly nonplanar fashion during crystallization, especially in PLZT 12/70/30 material, highlighting the need for 2D analysis. Quantitative 2D chemical information is essential for improved processing of homogeneous P(L)ZT films with optimal electrical properties.
Calcium Efflux from Frog Twitch Muscle Fibers

An apparatus is described which collects the effluent from the center 0.7 cm of a single muscle fiber or bundle of muscle fibers. It was used to study the efflux of 45Ca from twitch muscle fibers. The efflux can be described by three time constants 18 ± 2 min, 300 ± 40 min, and 882 ± 172 min. These kinetics have been interpreted as those of a three-compartment system. The fastest is thought to be on the surface membrane of the muscle and of the T system. It contains 0.07 ± 0.03 mM Ca/liter of fiber and the Ca efflux is 0.11 ± 0.04 pM Ca/cm2. sec. The intermediate rate compartment is thought to represent the Ca in the longitudinal reticulum. It contains approximately 0.77 mM Ca/liter. Only the efflux from this compartment increases during stimulation. The most slowly exchanging compartment is poorly defined. Neither Ca-free nor Ni-Ringer solutions alter the rate of loss from the fastest exchanging compartment. Ni apparently alters the rate of loss from the slowest compartment.
Simulation of 3D EM fields by a weak-form biconjugate gradient FFT method

We develop two numerical schemes, the weak-form conjugate gradient-fast Fourier transform (CG-FFT) and biconjugate gradient-fast Fourier transform (BCG-FFT) methods, for the iterative solution of 3-D hypersingular integral equations in electromagnetics. The weak-form CG-FFT method is based on Zwamborn-van den Berg's (1992) scheme, and excellent agreement has been shown for this method. The weak-form BCG-FFT method is a significant improvement over the weak-form CG-FFT method; for our examples it converges three to six times faster than the CG-FFT method with a comparable cost per iteration. Both the weak-form CG-FFT and BCG-FFT methods require O(Nlog /sub 2/N) CPU time, and O(N) computer memory. We have validated the numerical results by comparing with analytical solutions for high contrast multilayer spherical media.
Depression of physical activity by contraceptive pills.

Abstract According to daily pedometer readings in a group of white, college-educated women, contraceptive pills depress general physical activity level.
Comparison of perceptions of oral health-related quality of life in adolescents affected with ectodermal dysplasias relative to caregivers

The objective of this study was to assess the perceived oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) of adolescents affected with one of the ectodermal dysplasias (EDs). Data were collected from 2003 to 2007 in a cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of individuals affected by ED (n=35) using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire(CPQ11–14)for children and the Parent-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ) for their caregivers. The main findings of this study were that individuals who were affected with ED in the older age group (15–19 years old) perceived more functional problems than younger individuals (11–14 years old) (p=0.04). Females with ED (n= 13) perceived more emotional problems than males (n=22; p=0.01). Although caregivers tended to report slightly higher OHQoL scores (indicating worse OHQoL), no significant differences were observed between children’s and parents’ total OHQoL and individual domains’ median scores (p>0.05). Thus, the perceptions of oral health and well-being may vary by age and gender for children who have ED. Caution is warranted concerning using parents as proxies for their children when assessing the child’s OHQoL.
The Critically Ill Obstetric Patient

T P IN A PACU THAT normally does not recover obstetric patients, receiving a phone call from the delivery room brings concern to the nurses. A pregnant patient undergoes physiological changes in virtually every organ system, and the care of a perinatal patient demands specialized training to meet the requirements of mother and baby. Although the line from Gone With the Wind “. . . don’t know nothin’ ‘bout birthing no baby” comes to mind immediately, the PACU nurse must be prepared to care for a wide variety of patient needs, including those of the pregnant patient. The following is a case study of a critically ill patient who had undergone a cesarean delivery and arrived in PACU for postoperative monitoring due to the development of complications. This case is a continuation of the April 2005 JoPAN discussion of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
Cycling of the E. coli lagging strand polymerase is triggered exclusively by the availability of a new primer at the replication fork

Two models have been proposed for triggering release of the lagging strand polymerase at the replication fork, enabling cycling to the primer for the next Okazaki fragment--either collision with the 5'-end of the preceding fragment (collision model) or synthesis of a new primer by primase (signaling model). Specific perturbation of lagging strand elongation on minicircles with a highly asymmetric G:C distribution with ddGTP or dGDPNP yielded results that confirmed the signaling model and ruled out the collision model. We demonstrated that the presence of a primer, not primase per se, provides the signal that triggers cycling. Lagging strand synthesis proceeds much faster than leading strand synthesis, explaining why gaps between Okazaki fragments are not found under physiological conditions.
Genetic reinforcement learning for scheduling heterogeneous machines

Concerns the development of a learning-based heuristic for scheduling heterogeneous machines. List scheduling methods are flexible enough to be used for a large class of problems, including the heterogeneous machine problem. However, designing a priority rule requires insight into the characteristics of the problem. We propose the iterative list scheduling, which refines priority rules while generating a number of schedules. We also show that the iterative list scheduling can be formulated as a reinforcement learning problem, defining states and actions. Due to the large number of possible states, reinforcement learning algorithms which use value functions in constructing an optimal policy may not be suitable for scheduling problems. Encoding the policies of reinforcement learning into genetic algorithms leads to the genetic reinforcement learning (GRL), which directly works with the policies rather than the values of states. A GRL-based scheduler, EVIS (Evolutionary Intracell Scheduler), has been applied to problems such as the heterogeneous machine scheduling, the job-shop scheduling, the flow-shop scheduling, and the open-shop scheduling problems. The proposed model of EVIS, which has the linear order of population-fitness convergence, was verified with computer experiments. Even without fine tuning of EVIS, the quality of solutions found by EVIS was comparable to that of problem-tailored heuristics for most of the problem instances.
When Going Green Backfires: How Firm Intentions Shape the Evaluation of Socially Beneficial Product Enhancements

Many companies offer products with social benefits that are orthogonal to performance (e.g., green products). The present studies demonstrate that information about a company’s intentions in designing the product plays an import role in consumers’ evaluations. In particular, consumers are less likely to purchase a green product when they perceive that the company intentionally made the product better for the environment compared to when the same environmental benefit occurred as an unintended side effect. This result is explained by consumers’ lay theories about resource allocation: intended (vs. unintended) green enhancements lead consumers to assume that the company diverted resources away from product quality, which in turn drives a reduction in purchase interest. The present studies also identify an important boundary condition based on the type of enhancement and show that the basic intended (vs. unintended) effect generalizes to other types of perceived tradeoffs, such as healthfulness and taste.
Music discriminations by carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Studies using three koi (Cyprinus carpio) investigated discrimination of musical stimuli. The common protocol used a single manipulandum and a multiple continuous reinforcement-extinction schedule signaled by music of the S+ and S− types in 30-sec presentations separated by a silent 15-sec intertrial interval. In a categorization study, the fish learned to discriminate blues recordings from classical, generalizing from John Lee Hooker (guitar and vocals) and Bach (oboe concertos) to multiple artists and ensembles. A control-by-reversal test developed into a demonstration of progressive improvement in iterated reversal learning. The subjects next learned to discriminate single-timbre synthesized versions of similar music. In the final study, which used melodies with the same order of note-duration values, but with mirror-image orders of pitch values, one fish discriminated melodies with no timbre cues, in contrast to results reported in rats.
Subspace based estimation of the signal to interference ratio for CDMA cellular systems

The signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) has been highlighted in the literature to be a most efficient criterion for several methods aiming at reducing the effects of cochannel interference, e.g. diversity reception, dynamic channel allocation and power control. In this paper we address the problem on how to obtain fast and accurate measurements of this parameter in a practical context. We develop a general SIR estimation technique for narrow-band cellular systems, that is based on a signal subspace approach using the sample covariance matrix of the received signal. Simulation results for a GSM-like system show that the SIR can be estimated to within an error of 0.3 dB after only 200 ms, or within an error of 0.1 dB after only 0.6 seconds.
A comparative analysis of Dmc1 and Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments

The eukaryotic RecA homologs Rad51 and Dmc1 are essential for strand exchange between homologous chromosomes during meiosis. All members of the RecA family of recombinases polymerize on DNA to form helical nucleoprotein filaments, which is the active form of the protein. Here we compare the filament structures of the Rad51 and Dmc1 proteins from both human and budding yeast. Previous studies of Dmc1 filaments suggested that they might be structurally distinct from filaments of other members of the RecA family, including Rad51. The data presented here indicate that Rad51 and Dmc1 filaments are essentially identical with respect to several structural parameters, including persistence length, helical pitch, filament diameter, DNA base pairs per helical turn and helical handedness. These data, together with previous studies demonstrating similar in vitro recombinase activity for Dmc1 and Rad51, support the view that differences in the meiotic function of Rad51 and Dmc1 are more likely to result from the influence of distinct sets of accessory proteins than from intrinsic differences in filament structure.
Bronchoscopy in the Intensive Care Unit

Bronchoscopy is the endoscopic examination of the tracheobronchial tree. Flexible bronchoscopy has largely replaced rigid bronchoscopy as the procedure of choice for most endoscopic evaluations of the airway. Rigid bronchoscopy, however, is indicated for the removal of large foreign bodies, which may be difficult to remove with the flexible bronchoscope, and in the evaluation of patients with massive hemoptysis. Flexible bronchoscopy is easily performed, is associated with few complications, and allows greater visualization of the tracheobronchial tree than does rigid bronchoscopy. In intubated patients, the endotracheal tube provides easy access to the lower respiratory tract while still allowing ventilation. A size 8.0 mm or larger endotracheal tube is required to allow passage of the bronchoscope while allowing adequate ventilation (sometimes a size 7.5 tube may suffice). A number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be performed with the fiberoptic bronchoscope including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), biopsy of intrabronchial lesions, protected microbiology specimen brush (PSB) and cytology sampling, as well as transbronchial biopsy. Many pulmonologists, however, are reluctant to perform transbronchial biopsy in ventilated ICU patients due to the high complication rate and low diagnostic yield in this setting.
Lagrangian Data Assimilation in Multilayer Primitive Equation Ocean Models

Abstract Because of the increases in the realism of OGCMs and in the coverage of Lagrangian datasets in most of the world's oceans, assimilation of Lagrangian data in OGCMs emerges as a natural avenue to improve ocean state forecast with many potential practical applications, such as environmental pollutant transport, biological, and naval-related problems. In this study, a Lagrangian data assimilation method, which was introduced in prior studies in the context of single-layer quasigeostrophic and primitive equation models, is extended for use in multilayer OGCMs using statistical correlation coefficients between velocity fields in order to project the information from the data-containing layer to the other model layers. The efficiency of the assimilation scheme is tested using a set of twin experiments with a three-layer model, as a function of the layer in which the floats are launched and of the assimilation sampling period normalized by the Lagrangian time scale of motion. It is found that the assimi...
Acute Effects of Smoking on Physical Endurance and Resting Circulation

Abstract The influence of smoking a cigarette or “pseudo-cigarette” on endurance times for a step test to exhaustion was compared for 19 male college students, using a balanced test-retest procedure. Blood pressures and pulse rates were markedly increased by smoking, but individuals classified as “tobacco-sensitive” by this test showed no greater change in endurance than “non-sensitives.” The endurance of the total group was not significantly influenced by smoking. The pattern of cardiovascular changes caused by smoking were similar to the changes reported for epinephrine, suggesting that the total effect is vasodilation, which over-rides the cutaneous vasoconstriction.
In-situ modification of cellulose nanofibrils by organosilanes during spray drying

Abstract Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have shown their potential as the sustainable choice for reinforcements in thermoplastic composites. Studies on surface properties are important because they directly relate to the compatibility between CNFs and polymer matrices. In this study, CNF suspensions were treated with two different organosilane functionalities before being spray-dried (SD). Three concentration levels of organosilane solution were applied based on the mass of the CNFs in suspension: 1 wt. %, 3 wt. % and 5 wt. %. Morphological and surface properties of the CNFs were measured to understand changes induced by the organosilane modification. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows some aggregation of larger particles as well as many small twisted rectangular particles. Particle size distribution analysis (PSD) indicates certain differences among treated and untreated CNFs. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) reveals that the organosilane treatment reduces the dispersion component of surface energy of dried CNFs and changed the acid-base characteristic of CNFs by the attachment of different functional end-groups.
Influence of supplementation on behavior of grazing cattle

supplemental starch decreased ( P .lo) or decreased (P .lo) this response. Different types tices that modify behaviors to control feed intake, and timing of starch-based supplements produced improve efficiency, or reduce stress could be major variable results; however, increasing the level of contributions to the livestock industry. Dormant grasses are usually deficient
Outcomes of Shock Wave Lithotripsy and Ureteroscopy for Treatment of Pediatric Urolithiasis.

Purpose: Shock wave lithotripsy has been commonly used to treat children with renal and ureteral calculi but recently ureteroscopy has been used more frequently. We examined postoperative outcomes from these 2 modalities in children.Materials and Methods: We reviewed linked inpatient, ambulatory surgery and emergency department data from 2007 to 2010 for 5 states to identify pediatric admissions for renal/ureteral calculi treated with shock wave lithotripsy or ureteroscopy. Unplanned readmissions, additional procedures and emergency room visits were extracted. Multivariate logistic regression using generalized estimating equations to adjust for hospital level clustering was performed.Results: We identified 2,281 admissions (1,087 for shock wave lithotripsy and 1,194 for ureteroscopy). Ages of patients undergoing ureteroscopy and those undergoing shock wave lithotripsy were similar (median 17.0 years for both cohorts, p = 0.001) but patients were more likely to be female (63.4% vs 54.7%, p <0.0001), to be ...
Analytic and integrative perspectives for HIV vaccine design

Prophylactic AIDS vaccines are required to optimally load adaptive immune responses against a virus optimally designed to impair those responses and induce persistent infection. This inevitably may necessitate atypical induction patterns that are distinct from well-balanced responses deriving from the inherent immunological framework. This review discusses how the diverse features of pathologic context-dependent T-cell (CTL/Th) and B-cell (neutralizing antibody) responses may be incorporated into vaccine-induced immunity to achieve HIV control in vivo.