cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avifaunal inventory of Laysan Island, Hawaii, USA

Here I present a 6-month bird inventory of Laysan (25.776° N, 171.733° W), a coral island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Forty-four species belonging to 17 families were recorded, including six globally threatened species. Three species new to Laysan were found: Tringa brevipes , Tringa glareola , and Larus hyperboreus . This study expands upon previous ornithological coverage of the island, the majority of which has been partial, transitory, or historical.
Impact of differing cultural perceptions on special education service delivery

This article summarizes research concerning the nature of culture and cultural change; reviews Anglo-American treatment of Native Americans; demonstrates the direct influences of cultural perceptio...
Treatment of Compulsive Behavior by Covert Sensitization

Behavior therapy has achieved some success in the treatment of homosexuality, obesity, alcoholism and other compulsions. Here-tofore the aversive stimulus has been externally applied in the presence of the pleasurable but undesirable stimulus (or its substitute; e.g., words and pictures). In the method of covert sensitization the subject is asked to visualize the pleasurable stimulus while at the same time he is given instructions to imagine an unpleasant sensation such as vomiting. The method of covert sensitization is described, and two cases are presented illustrating its use.
The Cosmonational State

In Chapter 6, the deployment of the cosmonational state is studied in tandem with the rise of the postdiaspora condition, explaining how the former provides a context for the sustenance and flourishing of the latter. After reviewing literature on the interface of state and globalization, it discusses state remaking by way of the transformation of the nation-state into a cosmonational state. Then, it examines new metaphors developed that are reflective of the cosmonational state, identifies characteristics of the cosmonation-centric state, discusses the production of cosmonational laws, and shows how voting abroad is seen as a mechanism that symbolizes the extraterritorial expansion of the state. It goes on to explain how state administrative services provided exclusively to the inhabitants of the nation-state are now extended to the extraterritorial emigrant population. Additionally, this chapter explores the complexity of the governance of the cosmonational state and compares family reunification and nation reunification with cosmonational reunification.
Characterization of Site-Specific Glycosylation in Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Produced by Spodoptera frugiperda Insect Cell Line.

Influenza hemagglutinin is a surface glycoprotein related to virus invasion and host immune system response. Understanding site specific glycosylation of hemagglutinin will increase our knowledge about virus evolution and can improve the design and quality of vaccines. In our study, we used glycoproteomic analysis based on multienzyme digestion followed by LC tandem MS analysis to determine the glycosylation of Influenza hemagglutinin (H1/A/California/04/2009) using the following steps: PNGaseF treatment combined with trypsin or pepsin digestion was used to determine the glycosites and glycan occupancy. Three enzymes, trypsin, AspN, and pepsin, were used separately to generate suitable glycopeptides for online LC tandem MS analysis. The glycan structure of a given glycopeptide was determined by collision-induced dissociation MS/MS fragmentation, and the peptide backbone information was provided by collision-induced dissociation (CID)-MS3 fragmentation. With this approach, 100% sequence coverage of the hem...
Uncovering Magic Isotopes with the Power of HPC

Nuclear physicists at the US Department of Energys Oak Ridge National Laboratory used the Cray XK7 Titan supercomputer to simulate the unique properties that lend some isotopes more stability. The team modeled the nuclei of various isotopes, including tin-100 and some of the neutron-rich carbon isotopes, to confirm the magicity of these elements nuclei. The results lead scientists closer to better understanding astrophysical phenomena, the elements origins, and fundamental aspects of subatomic particles.
The Dynamic Characteristics of a Plugging Indicator for Sodium

The characteristics of a sodium-system plugging indicator have been studied with the instrument operated in both the bare orifice and partially plugged modes. The “plugging temperature” produced when the orifice is initially bare indicates the point where nucleation of the impurity is first noted and is strongly influenced by flow rate and cooling rate. Thus, in the bare orifice mode the meter must be calibrated to produce oxygen concentration as a function of plugging temperature. In the partially plugged mode, saturation temperature is indicated each time a flow rate arrest occurs, and, therefore, no calibration is required. Also, with Na2O on the orifice, the rate of flow increase or decrease through the orifice permits the calculation of mass transfer coefficients for the dissolution or precipitation of Na2O.
Scoping Review of Virtual Environments for Assessing Episodic Memory

To assess cognitive deficits in everyday tasks, clinical neuropsychologists have started to move toward neuropsychological testing performed in immersive virtual environments. Ideally, this type of assessment can provide greater ecological validity along with sufficient experimental control for accurate assessment. This paper presents a scoping review of studies using virtual assessment of episodic memory, a cognitive ability with a high level of clinical utility in differentiating neurological disorders. Gaps are identified and the implications of these gaps explored, especially about environmental locations and modes of interaction. Future study is suggested as to better understand and mitigate the effects of these issues on clinical practice.
The Campaign Against Over-Taxation, 1863–65: A Reappraisal

This chapter uses the ephemeral campaign against over-taxation, 1863–65, as a window onto the politics of Irish public finance in the mid-nineteenth century. It identifies the influences that encouraged the tax protest, analyses the organisation and geography of the agitation, and reappraises the case against post-Famine public finance in order to recover an alternative Irish fiscal policy. By demonstrating that grievances concerning taxation were subsequently incorporated into the home rule movement, it concludes that a long-forgotten campaign for tax reform had significant consequences for late Victorian and Edwardian politics.
Desorption Kinetics of Carbon Dioxide from a Graphene-Covered Pt(111) Surface.

The interaction of carbon dioxide (CO2) with a graphene-covered Pt(111) surface was investigated using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). The TPD spectra show monolayer and multilayer desorption peaks; however, the multilayer peak is not well-separated from the monolayer peak. The TPD spectra for submonolayer and multilayer coverages align on separate common leading edges. This alignment is a signature of zero-order desorption kinetics. The RAIRS spectra for submonolayer coverages have a relatively sharp peak at ∼2350 cm–1, which is assigned to the ν3 asymmetric stretch. The peak is observed at the onset of CO2 adsorption, and the area of the peak increases linearly with coverage. This suggests that CO2 does not lie flat on the surface but instead has a component of its bond axis perpendicular to the graphene surface.
Dissolution flowsheet for high flux isotope reactor fuel at SRS

ABSTRACTH-Canyon at Savannah River Site has started dissolving High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) fuel as part of the Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF) processing campaign. Each HFIR fuel core contains inner and outer fuel elements fabricated from uranium oxide (U3O8) dispersed in a continuous Al phase. Fuels fabricated in this manner, like other SNF’s processed in H-Canyon, dissolve by the same general mechanisms with similar gas generation rates including the production of H2. The objective of this work was to identify flowsheet conditions through literature review and laboratory experimentation to safely and efficiently dissolve the HFIR fuel in H-Canyon. The work showed that a full HFIR core could be dissolved using nominally 0.002 M Hg to catalyze the dissolution and the margin between the predicted H2 concentration and the calculated Lower Flammability Limit (LFL) was greater when the dissolving solution was allowed to boil for 45 min prior to initiating the Hg addition.
Salvage Surgery After TAMIS Excision of Early-Stage Rectal Cancer

Local excision for benign rectal lesions and T1 rectal cancers has become technically possible with the introduction of transanal endoscopic microsurgery and transanal minimally invasive surgery. This option is increasingly more appealing for both the patient and surgeon as it results in significantly reduced surgical morbidity compared to radical surgery. However, in some patients, local excision may reveal unfavorable pathological features that may then mandate radical resection. Immediate salvage surgery in this situation results in equivalent survival rates to upfront radical resection; however, the salvage operation may be more technically challenging, resulting in poorer functional outcomes. Local recurrence is another indication for salvage surgery after local excision of early rectal cancers. Both local recurrence rates and stage at which the recurrence occurs are found to be greater in patients who recur after local excision compared to upfront proctectomy with total mesorectal excision. Resulting survival outcomes are disappointing despite aggressive and extensive surgical resection to achieve tumor-free results. Ultimately careful patient selection and aggressive surveillance should be implemented in patients who undergo local excision for early rectal cancer.
Vascular variants and the evaluation of patients with acute stroke.

Variations in the cerebral vasculature that arise during embryogenesis can predispose to stroke or lead to atypical stroke syndromes, and neurologists assessing patients with acute stroke must be aware of some of the most common variations. During fetal development, the cerebral vasculature forms through a process of sprouting, driven by target tissue growth factors induced by ischemia. The process starts when the embryo is around 1.3 mm in length with the development of 6 branchial arch arteries. Subsequent remodeling and appearance of new vessels leads to the formation of the extracranial and intracranial vasculature, a process that continues beyond birth.1,2 The sprouting of new vessels from parent arteries (angiogenesis) and subsequent involution of anastomoses are driven by the growth of different areas of the brain, and the process is controlled through target tissue growth factors.2 Although blood flow to the developing brain initially is through the developing carotid artery, the growth of posterior fossa structures eventually leads to the formation of an anterior and posterior circulation, connected through the circle of Willis, which is formed around week 6 or 7 of development.
Stressful life events moderate the effect of neural reward responsiveness in childhood on depressive symptoms in adolescence.

BackgroundReward processing deficits have been implicated in the etiology of depression. A blunted reward positivity (RewP), an event-related potential elicited by feedback to monetary gain relative to loss, predicts new onsets and increases in depression symptoms. Etiological models of depression also highlight stressful life events. However, no studies have examined whether stressful life events moderate the effect of the RewP on subsequent depression symptoms. We examined this question during the key developmental transition from childhood to adolescence.MethodsA community sample of 369 children (mean age of 9) completed a self-report measure of depression symptoms. The RewP to winning v. losing was elicited using a monetary reward task. Three years later, we assessed stressful life events occurring in the year prior to the follow-up. Youth depressive symptoms were rated by the children and their parents at baseline and follow-up.ResultsStressful life events moderated the effect of the RewP on depression symptoms at follow-up such that a blunted RewP predicted higher depression symptoms in individuals with higher levels of stressful life events. This effect was also evident when events that were independent of the youth's behavior were examined separately.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the RewP reflects a vulnerability for depression that is activated by stress.
Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery: A Systematic Review.

Background Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare congenital cardiac lesion that has been diagnosed in both children and adults with symptoms ranging from an asymptomatic murmur to sudden cardiac death. The aim of this review was to characterize published cases of ARCAPA to better understand this rare congenital coronary anomaly. Methods A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar for cases of ARCAPA. Keywords searched included: "anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery" and "ARCAPA." Results A total of 223 cases of ARCAPA were identified in 193 case reports. There was a slight male predominance (54.5%) and the median age at presentation was 14.0 years. Thirty-eight percent of patients were asymptomatic and most commonly identified during evaluation of a murmur. Angina and dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms (22.4% and 17.0%, respectively). In symptomatic patients, a bimodal distribution of age at presentation was observed with a peak near birth and another between ages 40 and 60 years. The condition was most commonly diagnosed with coronary angiography (40.4%). Most cases were repaired surgically (72.6%) and reimplantation of the right coronary artery onto the aorta was the most common method of repair (62.3%). Conclusions ARCAPA represents a rare coronary anomaly with great variability in clinical presentation. An understanding of the pathophysiology associated with the lesion is critical when determining treatment strategies.
STEM Outreach with K-12 Schools: Delivery of Electrical Engineering Projects and Assessment of Learning Outcomes

This Research to Practice Work-in-Progress paper discusses the delivery and assessment of the learning outcomes for hands-on STEM laboratory and project activities which engage K-12 STEM students and K-12 STEM educators. Hands-on laboratory and project-based experiences are deemed to be among the most effective means to introduce and reinforce STEM-related concepts. The constituents identified as K-12 students are introduced to aspects of engineering design, assembly, test, and validation. The faculty from undergraduate engineering programs interact with K-12 students either by organizing visits to the engineering laboratories and/or travel to the STEM schools to demonstrate engineering projects as well as engage the K-12 students in engineering laboratory activities. The duration of each laboratory activity is approximately sixty minutes. The constituents identified as K-12 STEM educators are engaged in structured project activities using a workshop setting. During the ninety-minute duration of the workshop, project activities ranging from simple resistive circuit configurations to advanced transistor and RF circuits are first outlined, then assembled and tested by the educators. Through participation in this workshop, the STEM educators gain the opportunity to identify new and/or revise laboratory activities within their K-12 STEM curriculum.
Designing a Process for Cardiology Patient Transfers: A Quality Improvement, Descriptive Study on Interprovider Communication and Resident Education.

Background Patient transitions create vulnerability for care teams. Failures in the handoff process result in communication errors and knowledge gaps, mainly when the handoff occurs between resident and expert-level subspecialty clinicians. The authors set out to develop a standardized handoff using resident comfort as a proxy for implementation. The primary measurable aim of this study was to increase the percentage of pediatric residents who self-reported comfort in assuming care of patients transitioned from the cardiac intensive care unit to the cardiology acute care unit. Methods Investigators surveyed residents at a 323-bed pediatric hospital on their handoff experiences. The study team performed a Failure Mode Effect Analysis and created a key driver diagram. Interventions included a transfer checklist and algorithm, a huddle between care teams, and education surrounding the transfer process. Results Residents completed a survey before (n = 74) or after (n = 23) intervention. The percentage of residents who reported feeling "always" or "very often" prepared to care for patients at the time of transfer increased from 15% to 83%. The percentage of residents who reported that they "always" or "very often" had concerns about floor appropriateness decreased from 23% to 4%. Conclusions The authors designed a transfer process to improve communication, resident-level education, and psychological safety among team members to ensure safe, thorough handoffs between providers with different levels of training. Although we cannot definitively conclude that resident comfort improved due to a small "n" postintervention, we offer a description outlining process changes, barriers to implementation, and lessons learned.
Prevalence of Seizures and Risk Factors for Mortality in a Continuous Cohort of Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the risk factors for mortality in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients. DESIGN Retrospective, single-center study. SETTING PICU and Pediatric cardiothoracic ICU in an urban, quaternary care center. PATIENTS All neonatal and pediatric patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at our institution between January 2014 and December 2018, who underwent a standardized continuous electroencephalogram neuromonitoring protocol during most of the duration of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. We excluded patients who had extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiated at another institution. INTERVENTION None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sixty-six children required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support during this period. Four patients were excluded, three due to lack of electroencephalogram data, one with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiated at other institution. In the remaining 62, 11 patients (17%) had seizures, of which 5 (45%) had status epilepticus. Eight of 11 patients (72%) had exclusively electrographic seizures. A total of 33 patients (53.2%) died, of which 22 died during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation course, and one died 3 years after hospital discharge. Mean survival from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation initiation was 766.9 days (standard deviation, 691.7; median, 546.5; interquartile range 1-3, 97.7-1255.0). In multivariate analysis, increased risk of mortality was associated with the use of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (hazard ratio, 4.33; 95% CI, 1.75-10.72; p = 0.002), imaging findings of cerebral edema (hazard ratio, 14.31; 95% CI, 5.18-39.54; p 100 mg/dL within 2 hr preextracorporeal membrane oxygenation) (hazard ratio, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03-1.44; p = 0.022), and prolonged deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (hazard ratio, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.65-7.13; p < 0.001). Presence of seizures was associated with imaging findings of cerebral edema (hazard ratio, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.04-16.58; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Seizures are common in children requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support, with a high rate of electrographic seizures and status epilepticus, as in prior studies. Presence of cerebral edema is both risk factor for mortality and seizures. Other risk factors for mortality include extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, high lactate levels, and prolonged deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
“The Price of Disaster”: The Charter School Authorization Process in Post-Katrina New Orleans:

Charter schools because of their entanglements with privatization remain one of the most publicly contested and controversial educational reform initiatives. Charter schools, in theory, are to bala...
"Our data, ourselves: a framework for using emotion in qualitative analysis"

Qualitative training rarely acknowledges the role of emotions in both data collection and analysis. While bracketing emotions is an important part of reflexivity, emotions are both a source of data...
Elastic Network Modeling of Cellular Networks Unveils Sensor and Effector Genes that Control Information Flow

The high-level organization of the cell is embedded in long-range interactions that connect distinct cellular processes. Existing approaches for detecting long-range interactions consist of propagating information from source nodes through cellular networks, but the selection of source nodes is inherently biased by prior knowledge. Here, we sought to derive an unbiased view of long-range interactions by adapting a perturbation-response scanning strategy initially developed for identifying allosteric interactions within proteins. We deployed this strategy onto an elastic network model of the yeast genetic network. The genetic network revealed a superior propensity for long-range interactions relative to simulated networks with similar topology. Long-range interactions were detected systematically throughout the network and found to be enriched in specific biological processes. Furthermore, perturbation-response scanning identified the major sources and receivers of information in the network, named effector and sensor genes, respectively. Effectors formed dense clusters centrally integrated into the network, whereas sensors formed loosely connected antenna-shaped clusters. Long-range interactions between effector and sensor clusters represent the major paths of information in the network. Our results demonstrate that elastic network modeling of cellular networks constitutes a promising strategy to probe the high-level organization of the cell.
Effects of High- ${\rm{\beta }}$ on Phase-Locking Stability and Tunability in Laterally Coupled Lasers

Phase-locked laser arrays have been extensively investigated in terms of their stability and nonlinear dynamics. Specifically, enhancing the phase-locking stability allows laser arrays to generate high-power and steerable coherent optical beams for a plethora of applications, including remote sensing and optical communications. Compared to other coupling architectures, laterally coupled lasers are especially desirable since they allow for denser integration and simpler fabrication process. Here, we present the theoretical effects of varying the spontaneous emission factor $\beta $ , an important parameter for micro- and nanoscale lasers, on the stability conditions of phase-locking for two laterally coupled semiconductor lasers. Through bifurcation analyses, we observe that increasing $\beta $ contributes to the expanding of the in-phase stability region under all scenarios considered, including complex coupling coefficients, varying pump rates, and frequency detuning. Moreover, the effect is more pronounced for $\beta $ approaching 1, thus underlining the significant advantages of implementing nanolasers with intrinsically high $\beta $ in phase-locked laser arrays for high-power generation. We also show that the steady-state phase differences can be widely tuned – up to $\pi $ radians – by asymmetrically pumping high- $\beta $ coupled lasers. This demonstrates the potential of high- $\beta $ nanolasers in building next-generation optical phased arrays requiring wide scanning angles with ultra-high resolution.
Paternal Cannabis Exposure Prior to Mating, but Not Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, Elicits Deficits in Dopaminergic Synaptic Activity in the Offspring.

The legalization and increasing availability of cannabis products raises concerns about the impact on offspring of users, and little has appeared on the potential contribution of paternal use. We administered cannabis extract to male rats prior to mating, with two different 28-day exposures, one where there was a 56-day interval between the end of exposure and mating ("Early Cannabis"), and one just prior to mating ("Late Cannabis"); the extract delivered 4 mg/kg/day of the main psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. We then assessed the impact on dopamine (DA) systems in the offspring from the onset of adolescence (postnatal day 30) through middle age (postnatal day 150), measuring the levels of DA and its primary metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in various brain regions. Paternal cannabis with either regimen elicited a profound and persistent deficit in DA utilization (DOPAC/DA ratio) in the offspring, indicative of subnormal presynaptic activity. However, the two regimens differed in the underlying mechanism, with Early Cannabis reducing DOPAC whereas Late Cannabis increased DA and elicited a smaller reduction in DOPAC. Effects were restricted to male offspring. The effects of cannabis were not reproduced by equivalent exposure to its Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, nor did we see the effects with perinatal exposure to tobacco smoke or some of its fetotoxic contributors (benzo[a]pyrene without or with nicotine). Our studies provide some of the first evidence for adverse effects of paternal cannabis administration on neurodevelopment in the offspring, and reinforce the important consequences of paternal drug use in the preconception period.
Radiation chemistry in the reprocessing and recycling of spent nuclear fuels

Abstract The interaction of ionizing radiation with solvent extraction solutions results in the ionization, excitation, and decay to neutral radicals of mainly diluent molecules. These produced reactive species diffuse into the bulk solution to react with solvent extraction ligands. Ligand reactions often result in deleterious effects such as loss in ligand concentration or the production of decomposition products that may also be complexing agents. This often interferes with desired separations. The common radiolysis reactions and their potential effects on solvent extraction are reviewed here.
Genetic and sequence organization of the mcrBC locus of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract The mcrB (rglB) locus of Escherichia coli K-12 mediates sequence-specific restriction of cytosine-modified DNA. Genetic and sequence analysis shows that the locus actually comprises two genes, mcrB and mcrC. We show here that in vivo, McrC modifies the specificity of McrB restriction by expanding the range of modified sequences restricted. That is, the sequences sensitive to McrB(+)-dependent restriction can be divided into two sets: some modified sequences containing 5-methylcytosine are restricted by McrB+ cells even when McrC-, but most such sequences are restricted in vivo only by McrB+ McrC+ cells. The sequences restricted only by McrB+C+ include T-even bacteriophage containing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (restriction of this phage is the RglB+ phenotype), some sequences containing N4-methylcytosine, and some sequences containing 5-methylcytosine. The sequence codes for two polypeptides of 54 (McrB) and 42 (McrC) kilodaltons, whereas in vitro translation yields four products, of approximately 29 and approximately 49 (McrB) and of approximately 38 and approximately 40 (McrC) kilodaltons. The McrB polypeptide sequence contains a potential GTP-binding motif, so this protein presumably binds the nucleotide cofactor. The deduced McrC polypeptide is somewhat basic and may bind to DNA, consistent with its genetic activity as a modulator of the specificity of McrB. At the nucleotide sequence level, the G+C content of mcrBC is very low for E. coli, suggesting that the genes may have been acquired recently during the evolution of the species.
Identification of interacting genes in genome-wide association studies using a model-based two-stage approach.

Summary In this paper, we propose a two-stage approach based on 17 biologically plausible models to search for two-locus combinations that have significant joint effects on the disease status in genome-wide association (GWA) studies. In the two-stage analyses, we only test two-locus joint effects of SNPs that show modest marginal effects. We use simulation studies to compare the power of our two-stage analysis with a single-marker analysis and a two-stage analysis by using a full model. We find that for most plausible interaction effects, our two-stage analysis can dramatically increase the power to identify two-locus joint effects compared to a single-marker analysis and a two-stage analysis based on the full model. We also compare two-stage methods with one-stage methods. Our simulation results indicate that two-stage methods are more powerful than one-stage methods. We applied our two-stage approach to a GWA study for identifying genetic factors that might be relevant in the pathogenesis of sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our proposed two-stage approach found that two SNPs have significant joint effect on sporadic ALS while the single-marker analysis and the two-stage analysis based on the full model did not find any significant results.
Association of electrophoretic karyotype of Candida stellatoidea with virulence for mice.

Abstract Seven isolates of Candida stellatoidea were studied for their electrophoretic karyotype, virulence for mice, sensitivity to UV radiation, growth rate in vitro, reaction on cycloheximide-indicator medium, and proteinase activity. The isolates exhibited one of two distinct electrophoretic karyotypes as determined by orthogonal field alternating gel electrophoresis (OFAGE). Four isolates, including the type culture of C. stellatoidea, belonged to electrophoretic karyotype type I by OFAGE, showing eight to nine bands of which at least two bands were less than 1,000 kilobases in size as estimated by comparison with the DNA bands of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These isolates failed to produce fatal infection in mice within 20 days when 5 X 10(5) cells were injected intravenously. The yeasts were cleared from the kidneys of two of three mice tested by day 30. Type I showed proteinase activity on bovine serum albumin agar at pH 3.8 and produced a negative reaction on cycloheximide-bromcresol green medium within 48 h. The three grouped in type II by OFAGE showed banding patterns similar to those of a well-characterized isolate of Candida albicans. The isolates of type II had an electrophoretic karyotype of six to seven bands approximately 1,200 kilobases or greater in size. All three type II isolates were highly virulent for mice, producing fatality curves similar to those of a previously studied C. albicans isolate. From 80 to 90% of the mice injected with 5 X 10(5) cells intravenously died within 20 days. The type II isolates produced a positive reaction on cycloheximide-bromcresol green agar and showed no proteinase activity on bovine serum albumin agar at the low pH. In addition, the type II isolates grew faster and were significantly more resistant to UV irradiation than the type I isolates. These results indicated that type II, but not type I, isolates can be considered simply as sucrose-negative C. albicans.
Arf6 Regulation of Gyrating‐Clathrin

'Gyrating-' or 'G'-clathrin are coated endocytic structures located near peripheral sorting endosomes (SEs), which exhibit highly dynamic but localized movements when visualized by live-cell microscopy. They have been implicated in recycling of transferrin from the sorting endosome directly to the cell surface, but there is no information about their formation or regulation. We show here that G-clathrin comprise a minority of clathrin-coated structures in the cell periphery and are brefeldin A (BFA)-resistant. Arf6-GTP substantially increases G-clathrin levels, probably by lengthening coated bud lifetimes as suggested by photobleaching and photoactivation results, and an Arf6(Q67L)-GTP mutant bearing an internal GFP tag can be directly visualized in G-clathrin structures in live cells. Upon siRNA-mediated depletion of Arf6 or expression of Arf6(T27N), G-clathrin levels rise and are primarily Arf1-dependent, yet still BFA-resistant. However, BFA-sensitive increased G-clathrin levels are observed upon acute incubation with cytohesin inhibitor SecinH3, indicating a shift in GEF usage. Depletion of both Arf6 and Arf1 abolishes G-clathrin, and results in partial inhibition of fast transferrin recycling consistent with the latter's participation in this pathway. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the dynamics of G-clathrin primarily requires completion of the Arf6 guanine nucleotide cycle, but can be regulated by multiple Arf and GEF proteins, reflecting both overlapping mechanisms operative in their regulation and the complexity of processes involved in endosomal sorting.
Do Exploitive Agents Benefit from Asymmetric Power in International Politics

Endowing agents that prefer co-operative outcomes with asymmetric power substantially increases the chances that both co-operative agents survive and that co-operative worlds evolve across a variety of structural settings of conflict and co-operation present in international relations; particularly when agents are endowed with the ability to selectively interact with other agents. These results are consistent with the general finding that non-compulsory play consistently helps co-operators. The question addressed in this analysis is whether or not asymmetric power also helps exploitive agents in the same structural settings; a question heretofore not analysed. Contrary to expectations, the simulation results reported here suggest that exploitive agents benefit from asymmetric power only in very restricted circumstances – circumstances relatively unlikely to occur in international relations. In effect, there is an asymmetry in the benefits of asymmetric power.
Specular gloss scales comparison between the national institute of standards and technology and the national research council of canada

The gloss value of a test sample is determined relative to a standard, generally a polished piece of black glass. Therefore, gloss is a dimensionless quantity whose accurate determination requires standardized experimental conditions such as spectral distribution of the incident beam of light, incident and viewing angles, and a gloss standard. To help manufacturers monitor and assess specular gloss, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory provides a special test service to calibrate gloss reference standards. This facility is built around a newly rebuilt reference goniophotometer—an instrument that measures flux as a function of angles of illumination or observation—and a newly developed primary gloss standard—three wedges of highly polished, high-quality optical glass. The system has an overall (k=2) uncertainty of 0.4%. The new service offers calibration measurements of industry working gloss standards at the specular geometries of 20°, 60°, and 85°, in compliance with the International Standards Organization (ISO) 2813 and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 523 documentary standards. This article describes a bilateral comparison of specular gloss scales between NIST and the National Research Council of Canada (NRCC) that has been performed. The results of this comparison show agreement within the combined uncertainties for the measurement of specular gloss of highly polished black glass.
Binuclear monoindenyl–titanium(IV) complexes. Synthesis and styrene polymerization catalysis

Abstract The first binuclear monoindenyl–titanium(IV) complexes have been synthesized by the stepwise reaction of [1,2-C2H4(1-Ind)2]Li2 with 2 equiv of ClTi(O-i-Pr)3, giving a 1:1 rac and meso mixture of 1,2-C2H4[1-IndTi(O-i-Pr)3]2 (2), followed by an in situ chlorination reaction with CH3C(O)Cl in ethyl ether to form 1,2-C2H4[1-IndTi(O-i-Pr)Cl2]2 (3). Further reaction of 3 with CH3C(O)Cl in CH2Cl2 afforded 1,2-C2H4[1-IndTiCl3] (4). Styrene polymerization studies with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as cocatalyst demonstrated 3 and 4 to be highly syndiospecific catalyst precursors, although their activities were one order of magnitude lower than for the reference mononuclear compound IndTiCl3 (1).
Coulombic Forces in Protein−RNA Interactions: Binding and Cleavage by Ribonuclease A and Variants at Lys7, Arg10, and Lys66†

The interactions between bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and its RNA substrate extend beyond the scissile P-O5' bond. Enzymic subsites interact with the bases and phosphoryl groups of the bound substrate. Those residues interacting with the phosphoryl group comprise the P0, P1, and P2 subsites, with the scissile bond residing in the P1 subsite. Here, the function of the P0 and P2 subsites of RNase A is characterized in detail. Lys66 (P0 subsite) and Lys7 and Arg10 (P2 subsite) were replaced with alanine residues. Wild-type RNase A and the K66A, K7A/R10A, and K7A/R10A/K66A variants were evaluated as catalysts for the cleavage of poly(cytidylic acid) [poly(C)] and for their abilities to bind to single-stranded DNA, a substrate analogue. The values of kcat and Km for poly(C) cleavage were affected by altering the P0 and P2 subsites. The kcat/Km values for poly(C) cleavage by the K66A, K7A/R10A, and K7A/R10A/K66A variants were 3-fold, 60-fold, and 300-fold lower, respectively, than that of wild-type RNase A. These values indicate that the P0 and P2 subsites contribute 0.70 and 2.46 kcal/mol, respectively, to transition-state binding. Binding experiments indicate that the P0 and P2 subsites contribute 0.92 and 1.21 kcal/mol, respectively, to ground-state binding. Thus, the P0 subsite makes a uniform contribution toward binding the ground state and the transition state, whereas the P2 subsite differentiates, binding more tightly to the transition state than to the ground state. In addition, nucleic acid binding to wild-type RNase A is strongly dependent on NaCl concentration, but this dependence is diminished upon alteration of the P0 or P2 subsite. The logarithm of Kd is a linear function of the logarithm of [Na+] over the range 0.018 M </= [Na+] </= 0.14 M, with partial differential log Kd/ partial differential log [Na+] = 2.3 +/- 0.1, 1.8 +/- 0.1, 1.4 +/- 0.1, and 0.9 +/- 0.2 for nucleic acid binding to wild-type RNase A and the K66A, K7A/R10A, and K7A/R10A/K66A variants, respectively. Similar experiments with NaF and the wild-type enzyme yield partial differential log Kd/ partial differential log [Na+] = 2.0 +/- 0.2, indicating that the anion makes only a small contribution to nucleic acid binding. Together these data provide a detailed picture of the contributions of Coulombic interactions to binding and catalysis by RNase A, and illuminate the general role of Coulombic forces between proteins and nucleic acids.
Revised Parametric Ideal Scramjet Cycle Analysis

Nomenclature A ∕A = area ratio, Eq. (17) A2 = diffuser (engine inlet) exit area, cm ; combustor entrance area ao = freestream speed of sound, m∕s cp = specific heat at constant pressure, kJ∕ kg · K F = thrust, N F∕ _ mo = specific thrust, N∕ kg∕s f = fuel-to-air ratio gc = Newton’s constant, kg · m ∕ N · s hPR = fuel lower heating value, kJ∕kg Mc = combustion Mach number Mo = Mach number at freestream flight conditions M o = freestream Mach number for maximum F∕ _ mo M o = freestream Mach number for minimum S M o = freestream Mach number for maximum F∕A2 M9 = Mach number at engine nozzle exit (M9 0 M9 0 0 M9 Mo), Eq. (3) Po = freestream static pressure, Pa R = gas constant for air, kJ∕ kg · K S = thrust-specific fuel consumption, mg∕ N · s T = temperature, K Tmax = material temperature limit, K T 0 max = burner exit total temperature, Eq. (7a),Mc < Mo, K T 0 0 max = burner exit total temperature, Eq. (7b), Mc ≥ Mo, K To = freestream ambient temperature, K Tto = freestream total temperature (Tt2 Tto), K T9 = temperature at engine nozzle exit, K (also T9 0 and T9 0 0 ) V9 = engine nozzle exit velocity, m∕s (also V9 0 and V9 0 0 ) γ = ratio of specific heats ηT = thermal efficiency ηP = propulsive efficiency ηo = overall efficiency τr = inlet temperature ratio, Tto∕To 1 γ − 1 Mo∕2 τλ = total temperature to freestream temperature ratio, Eq. (6) τb = τb τλ∕τr
Spin polarization of quantum well states in copper thin films deposited on a Co(001) substrate.

Spin polarized photoemission is used to examine the spin polarization of the quantum well states observed in copper films grown on a fcc Co(001) substrate. The states are observed to predominantly carry minority spin polarization and this is shown through comparison with calculation to reflect a preferential hybridization in the interface. The calculation also provides evidence that the quantum well states observed in the experiments are not only [ital sp] derived but also reflect the hybridization with the more localized copper [ital d] bands.
Perspectives on measurement of denitrification in the field including recommended protocols for acetylene based methods

Of the biogeochemical processes, denitrification has perhaps been the most difficult to study in the field because of the inability to measure the product of the process. The last decade of research, however, has provided both acetylene and 15N based methods as well as undisturbed soil core and in situ soil cover sampling approaches to implementing these methods. All of these methods, if used appropriately, give comparable results. Thus, we now have several methods, each with advantages for particular sites or objectives, that accurately measure denitrification in nature. Because of the general usefulness of the acetylene methods, updated protocols for the following three methods are given: gas-phase recirculation soil cores; static soil cores; and the denitrifying enzyme assay also known as the phase 1 assay. Despite the availability of these and other methods, denitrification budgets remain difficult to accurately establish in most environments because of the high spatial and temporal variability inherent in denitrification. Appropriate analysis of those data includes a distribution analysis of the data, and if highly skewed as is typically the case, the most accurate method to estimate the mean and the population variance is the UMVUE method (uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator). Geostatistical methods have also been employed to improve spatial and temporal estimates of denitrification. These have occasionally been successful for spatial analysis but in the attempt described here for temporal analysis the approach was not useful.
Effects of finite thickness and tangential loading on development of zones of microslip in fretting

The Amontons-Coulomb law of sliding friction is used to analyze a line contact elasticity model in which the contact stresses and tangential displacement relevant to fretting fatigue are calculated. Once the numerical analysis is verified, the effects of finite thickness and tangential loading are calculated and their influence on fretting fatigue is discussed. The results are shown to compare well with previous experimental observations on a qualitative basis and a refinement of the model that would lead to quantitative experimental comparisons is suggested. Presented at the 41st Annual Meeting in Toronto, Ontario, Canada May 12–15, 1986
Integration of diffusion-weighted MRI data and a simple mathematical model to predict breast tumor cellularity during neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) data obtained early in the course of therapy can be used to estimate tumor proliferation rates, and the estimated rates can be used to predict tumor cellularity at the conclusion of therapy. Six patients underwent DW-MRI immediately before, after one cycle, and after all cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated for each voxel and for a whole tumor region of interest (ROI). Proliferation rates were estimated using the ADC data from the first two time points, and then used with the logistic model of tumor growth to predict cellularity after therapy. The predicted number of tumor cells was then correlated to the corresponding experimental data. Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the ROI analysis yielded 0.95 (p = 0.004), and, after applying a 3×3 mean filter to the ADC data, the voxel-by-voxel analysis yielded a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.70±0.10 (p < 0.05).
Orthogonal Dispersion Spectrometer for Missing Mass Spectra

For interactions of the type M1 + M2 ? M3 + M4 the kinematics of both initial particles and one secondary particle determine the reaction completely. Given a fixed initial state and any missing mass M4, the momentum-angle correlation for particle M3 is determined uniquely. In the spectrometer described, this correlation is preserved as a line image in the focal plane of a double focusing magnetic lens. Dispersions both in the plane of production and at right angles to it separate the images corresponding to different values of M4, for which the spectrum is obtained directly by means of a 28-counter hodoscope in the focal plane. Each hodoscope counter is gated with a scintillation and Cerenkov counter telescope to identify particle M3. During each beam pulse the outputs from the hodoscope counters are recorded on 10 Mc/sec scalers. Between accelerator pulses the contents of these scalers are read onto magnetic tape and into a PDP-5 computer, which accumulates, corrects, and displays the data continuously to provide an on-line monitor.
Evaluating the positive and negative benefits of crime: Development and validation of the Decisional Balance Scale for Adolescent Offenders (DBS-AO)

Abstract Purpose The current study focuses on the development and validation of the Decisional Balance Scale for Adolescent Offenders (DBS-AO). This measure was designed to systematically evaluate adolescent offenders’ motivation to end or maintain their criminal behaviors, a critical yet missing component for most assessment measures and treatment programs focused on adolescent offenders. Method Items based on the decisional balance theory were generated via focus groups and refined through confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using 238 adolescent offenders from a maximum-security institution. Their results were compared to the stages of change and psychopathic characteristics. Results The CFA demonstrated a good fit for a three-factor model. The first scale, Cons, assesses the negative consequences of ending criminal behavior (e.g., monetary loss). In contrast, the Pros-Self evaluates the positive consequences for offenders when they terminate criminal activities (e.g., improved self-respect). Finally, the Pros-Others considers the positive consequences experienced by significant others when offenders stop engaging in crime (e.g., increased safety). The DBS-AO three scales demonstrated good scale homogeneity and initial evidence of construct validity with the Stages of Change scale. Conclusions The DBS-AO provides a theory-driven model for addressing motivational issues for adolescent-offender treatment, which is currently lacking in most interventions for adolescent offenders.