cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COLBERT: A Language for Reactive Control in Sapphira

The design criteria for Colbert are: 1. To have a simple language with standard iterative, sequential and conditional constructs. 2. To have a clear and understandable semantics based on FSAs. 3. To have a debugging environment in which the user can check the state of the system and redefine Colbert activities. 4. To have an small, fast, and portable executive.
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence by Csr (Rsm) Systems

Most bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to flourish in the external environment and in specialized host niches. This ability requires their metabolism, physiology, and virulence factors to be responsive to changes in their surroundings. It is no surprise that the underlying genetic circuitry that supports this adaptability is multilayered and exceedingly complex. Studies over the past 2 decades have established that the CsrA/RsmA proteins, global regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression, play important roles in the expression of virulence factors of numerous proteobacterial pathogens. To accomplish these tasks, CsrA binds to the 5' untranslated and/or early coding regions of mRNAs and alters translation, mRNA turnover, and/or transcript elongation. CsrA activity is regulated by noncoding small RNAs (sRNAs) that contain multiple CsrA binding sites, which permit them to sequester multiple CsrA homodimers away from mRNA targets. Environmental cues sensed by two-component signal transduction systems and other regulatory factors govern the expression of the CsrA-binding sRNAs and, ultimately, the effects of CsrA on secretion systems, surface molecules and biofilm formation, quorum sensing, motility, pigmentation, siderophore production, and phagocytic avoidance. This review presents the workings of the Csr system, the paradigm shift that it generated for understanding posttranscriptional regulation, and its roles in virulence networks of animal and plant pathogens.
Fluidic adaptive zoom without lens motion

This study demonstrated a 20 mm aperture monolithically integrated fluidic zoom lens with a total thickness of 8 mm and a hybrid fluidic zoom lens with a lens distance of 25 mm. The zoom ratios for monolithic and hybrid zoom lenses are 1.8 and 3.0, respectively. This works shows that these characteristics of fluidic lenses fit uniquely to integrated zoom lenses that obtain zooming function without varying the lens distance.
Distrusting Online: Social Deviance in Virtual Teamwork

Trust appears to be a central issue for virtual teamworking. Most current literature fundamentally assumes online behavior as equivalent to face-to-face, but that somehow the media reduces or inhibits our ability to engender trust. However, there is substantial evidence that this fundamental assumption does not lead to a complete explanation of the issue. Research indicates that the media actually promotes untrustworthy social behavior. In other words, the lack of trust may be functionally determined rather than incidentally determined. Face-to-face meetings can be used to increase trust and performance through both improved communications and decreased deceptive behaviors.
Development and evaluation of a statewide autopsy education workshop

Therole ofautopsy iscritical inconfirming diagnoses andadvancing research inAlzheimer's disease. Incol- laboration withtheAlzheimer's Association chapters in Michigan, thestaff oftheEducation CoreoftheMichigan Alzheimer's Disease Research Center developed, imple- mented, andevaluated aneducational intervention based on a train-the-trainer modeltodisseminate information about autopsy tochapter staff andvolunteers. Participants ata one-day Autopsy Education Workshop (AEW)devel- opedskills tomake presentations about autopsyintheir local communities andassist family caregivers with decision-making. Participants reported significant gains in knowledge about autopsy andan increased level ofconfi- dence indiscussing autopsy withfamily members. TheAEW curriculum andevaluation design will bedescribed. Introduction Autopsy plays an important roleinunderstanding
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on High confidence networked systems

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2013 2nd ACM International Conference on High Confidence Networked Systems (HiCoNS'13) as part of CPSWeek 2013. HiCoNS aims to foster collaborations between researchers from the fields of control and systems theory, embedded systems, game theory, software verification, formal methods, and computer security who are addressing various aspects of resilience of cyber-physical systems (CPS). HiCoNS continues after growing interest and enthusiasm that was created by the First Workshop on Secure Control Systems (SCS) at CPSWeek 2010, the Workshop on the Foundations of Dependable and Secure Cyber-Physical Systems (FDSCPS) at CPSWeek 2011, and the 1st ACM International Conference on High Confidence Networked Systems (HiCoNS'12) as part of CPSWeek 2012. This year's conference aimed to present novel research, development, and experimentation addressing the security, robustness, and reliability of cyber-physical systems that govern the operation of critical infrastructures such as power transmission, water distribution, transportation, healthcare, building automation, and many more. The use of Internet-connected devices and commodity IT solutions and the malicious intents of hackers and cybercriminals have made these technologies more vulnerable. Despite attempts to develop guidelines for the design and operation of systems via security policies, much remains to be done to achieve a principled, science-based approach to enhance security, trustworthiness, and dependability of networked cyber-physical systems. The technical program of HiCoNS'13 will present theories and methodologies from such areas as fault-tolerant and networked control systems, game theory for multi-agent dynamics in uncertain environments, and learning and verification theory for secure and trustworthy cyber-physical systems. The technical program includes sessions focused on Resilient Networks, Security Games, Attack Diagnosis, and Security Experimentation. During these sessions, oral presentations will cover both recent research results as well as new directions for future research and development. In addition, the program includes invited talks and panel discussions on emerging topics in resilience of CPS.
Achebe, Head, Marechera: On Power and Change in Africa

Concentrating on issues of power and change, this analysis of texts by Chinua Achbe, Bessie Head and Dambudzi Marechera teases out each author's view of how colonialism affected Africa, the contributions of Africans to their malaise, and how many reacted in creative, progressive, pragmatic ways.
Monsanto and the Per Se Illegal Rule for Bundled Discounts

Recent statistics indicate that 90% of the soybeans and 70% of the corn and cotton grown in the United States are Roundup Ready crops. The Roundup Ready gene, patented by Monsanto, allows those crops to withstand application of Roundup, an herbicide originally produced solely by Monsanto with the active ingredient of glyphosate, which kills weeds on contact. Although Monsanto’s patent on the Roundup herbicide expired in 2000, the company’s business practices made it an industry giant in both the seed and herbicide markets. Monsanto requires that farmers sign a technology agreement when purchasing Roundup Ready seeds that restricts the purchase of herbicide to products produced by Monsanto. The company also heavily encourages farmers to purchase their brand of herbicide with Roundup Ready seeds through discounting programs. This note will examine whether Monsanto should be held accountable for unlawful bundling under a theoretical judicial standard that finds both tying and bundling per se illegal — with no need to prove further consumer forcing. The argument is based on Einer Elhauge’s recent critique of the rule of reason, a rule which states that tying and bundling schemes are illegal only if there is proof of substantial market foreclosure. Application of the rule of reason, the currently favored judicial approach, over the rule of per se illegality has made it virtually impossible for challengers to successfully dispute tying and bundling schemes. Such schemes should be susceptible to judicial scrutiny to protect consumer welfare — precisely the goal of the Sherman Antitrust Act.
Barriers to Health Care Among Adults Identifying as Sexual Minorities: A US National Study.

Objectives. To assess the extent to which lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 18 to 64 years experience barriers to health care.Methods. We used 2013 National Health Interview Survey data on 521 gay or lesbian (291 men, 230 women), 215 bisexual (66 men, 149 women), and 25 149 straight (11 525 men, 13 624 women) adults. Five barrier-to-care outcomes were assessed (delayed or did not receive care because of cost, did not receive specific services because of cost, delayed care for noncost reasons, trouble finding a provider, and no usual source of care).Results. Relative to straight adults, gay or lesbian and bisexual adults had higher odds of delaying or not receiving care because of cost. Bisexual adults had higher odds of delaying care for noncost reasons, and gay men had higher odds than straight men of reporting trouble finding a provider. By contrast, gay or lesbian women had lower odds of delaying care for noncost reasons than straight women. Bisexual women had higher odds than gay or lesbian...
On the gelling of sodium metasilicate solutions

Experiments are described which suggest strongly that the gelling of sodium metasilicate solutions is dependent on foreign trace additives. Gelling can be inhibited by their removal, achieved by a simple process which has been called “gel gettering”.
The influence of prior median sternotomy on outcome of heart transplantation

This study is a retrospective analysis of the influence of previous cardiac surgery on the outcome of heart transplantation in 118 consecutive recipients from January 1988 to December 1996. Group 1 consisted of 67 patients who had no previous sternotomy, group 2 was 33 patients who had one previous sternotomy, and group 3 was 18 patients who had two or more previous sternotomies. The three groups were demographically similar apart from the indication for transplantation and the sex distribution. Preoperative hemodynamic data, except systolic pulmonary artery pressure, were similar among the three groups. There was no significant difference in hospital mortality, 1-year and 5-year actuarial survival rates, incidence of renal dysfunction requiring dialysis, prolonged respiratory support, elevated total bilirubin, re-exploration for bleeding, incidence of mediastinitis, or postoperative hospital stay between the groups. The rejection-free and infection-free survival rates were similar in the three groups. Ho...
Interaction With Nanoscale Topography: The Use of Nanowell-Trapped Charged Ligand-Bearing Nanoparticle Surfaces To Modulate Physiological Focal Adhesions in Endothelial Cells

Achieving cell adhesion, growth and homeostasis on an underlying biomaterial surface may be a desirable feature in implant device design and tissue engineering. Insight has been gained from numerous cell patterning strategies where spatial cues and physical constraints have been shown to regulate the structure and function of cells. Despite significant advances in modifying substrates for cellular attachment, migration and proliferation, the achievement of confluent and aligned growth of functional endothelial cells on cardiovascular blood-contacting implants under physiologically significant wall shear stress has proven difficult. Recently we have reported on a method that enhances cellular adhesion under flow conditions on synthetic polymer surfaces, without reliance on pro-adhesive protein biomaterials, which are often thrombogenic. In this method we utilize electron beam lithography and size-dependent self-assembly to fabricate line arrays of nanowells allowing entrapment and retention of charged nanoparticles, covalently conjugated with a RGD adhesive ligand, GRGDSPK. This approach is an additive strategy of combining substrata topographic alteration, electrostatic charge and biochemical ligands, all uniquely incorporated as an ensemble of charged, ligand-bearing nanoparticles entrapped in arrays of nanowells. However, the modulation of endothelial cell physiologic mechanisms as a result of ensemble surface exposure remains to be characterized.In this report, we extend our studies and probe cell physiologic mechanisms altered as a result of nanofeatured surface exposure. We first examined the functional intactness or normalcy of endothelial cells adherent to the nanofeatured ensemble surface utilizing standard immunostaining and flow cytometry methods. We found β1-integrin expression dominated quiescent adherent endothelial cells while αVβ3-integrins expression was more common in migratory cells. Endothelial cells were noted to express high levels of PECAM-1 over time when exposed to nanofeatured surface and RGD peptides. For understanding the contribution of the nanofeatured surface (entrapped RGD conjugated nanoparticles) to cell adhesion, cytochalasin B was used to alter cell spreading. Confocal microscopy illustrated the uptake of nanoparticles in endothelial cells on composite surfaces, as well as the inhibition of this endocytosis by cytochalasin B. After prohibiting the cells from engulfing nanoparticles, we found an 80% reduction in cell adhesion; suggesting that an endocytic mechanism might play a role in maintaining cell adhesion. Nanofeatured ensemble surfaces appear to be good substrates for achieving a high level of EC adhesion, with maintained growth and stability.© 2013 ASME
Isolation and Structure of Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory Tetracyclic Triterpenoids from the Zimbabwean Monadenium lugardae

The Zimbabwean medicinal plant Monadenium lugardae was evaluated as a potential source of new anticancer constituents. Four new tetracyclic triterpene (1–4) were isolated, accompanied by four previously known triterpenes (5–8). Against a panel of human tumor cell lines, lugardstatins 1 (1) and 2 (2) had good cancer cell growth inhibitory activity. All of the triterpene structures (1–8) were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectrometric and HR mass spectrometric analysis.
Evolving landscape of tumor molecular profiling for personalized cancer therapy: a comprehensive review

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tumour molecular profiling has been at the crossroads of large-scale integrative genomic studies and major clinical trials over the past 5 years and has provided roadmaps for better disease stratification and therapeutic management.Areas covered: We review the landscape of precision oncology trials in Asia, Europe and the United States, and emerging insights gained from recently reported studies such as the SHIVA and CUSTOM trials. Changes in the molecular portraits of human cancers and the immune contexture of the tumor microenvironment during treatment may predict the course of tumor progression, including the development of treatment resistance. ‘Liquid biopsy’ approaches that harness circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA and exosomes may provide a non-invasive means of monitoring the parent tumor in real-time. Several molecular signatures are being evaluated as biomarkers for emerging immunologic approaches, such as the mismatch-repair deficiency status and nonsynonymous mutatio...
Biased Censoring of Low SMC Sites by Atheroma in Thoracic Aorta

Atheroma tends to intrude into arterial sites that were previously prepared by aging effects. The dominating effect appears to be the expansion of the fibroplastic realms around the SMC’s. Yet, some evidence seems to raise the possibility that, all else being equal, the fibroplastic sites with the fewest SMC’s seem especially vulnerable.
The Effect of the Kerguelen Plateau on the Ocean Circulation

AbstractThe Kerguelen Plateau is a major topographic feature in the Southern Ocean. Located in the Indian sector and spanning nearly 2000 km in the meridional direction from the polar to the subantarctic region, it deflects the eastward-flowing Antarctic Circumpolar Current and influences the physical circulation and biogeochemistry of the Southern Ocean. The Kerguelen Plateau is known to govern the local dynamics, but its impact on the large-scale ocean circulation has not been explored. By comparing global ocean numerical simulations with and without the Kerguelen Plateau, this study identifies two major Kerguelen Plateau effects: 1) The plateau supports a local pressure field that pushes the Antarctic Circumpolar Current northward. This process reduces the warm-water transport from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean. 2) The plateau-generated pressure field shields the Weddell Gyre from the influence of the warmer subantarctic and subtropical waters. The first effect influences the strength of the Antarct...
Seeing Like a Subaltern: State-Building, Census Taking, & the Political Economy of Population Counts

Governments employ social scientists to collect data and publish official counts of well-defined populations in the interest of taxation, redistribution, public health, conscription, and political integration. States vary in their capacity to generate accurate statistical summaries. A measure of state capacity is proposed based on the extent of age-heaping in census microdata, and this measure is validated with cross-national and sub-national tests. Evidence is presented for three explanations of age-heaping: ignorance of age by respondents, weak administrative capacity within the census bureaucracy, and strategic census misreporting as a form of social resistance to state power. Implications of the last explanation for data collection in weak states are discussed.
Preaching to the choir? An analysis of newspaper readability vis-a-vis public literacy

This study examined the interplay among readability, literacy, story type, and demographics in regard to the complexity of local newspaper content. Literacy data were derived from the US Census Bur...
Explosive Blast Loading on Human 3D Aggregate Minibrains

The effects of primary explosive blast on brain tissue still remain mostly unknown. There are few in vitro models that use real explosives to probe the mechanisms of injury at the cellular level. In this work, 3D aggregates of human brain cells or brain microphysiological system were exposed to military explosives at two different pressures (50 and 100 psi). Results indicate that membrane damage and oxidative stress increased with blast pressure, but cell death remained minimal.
GROW: Green Organic Vegetable Gardens to Promote Older Adult Wellness: a Feasibility Study.

ABSTRACTProtecting older adult’s cognitive health is a public health priority. Wellness behaviors within 6 domains have demonstrated effectiveness in protecting older adult’s cognitive abilities. Interventions targeted to low-income older adults are needed because these populations experience greater social and physical health disparities compared to adults in higher socioeconomic statuses. This study examined the feasibility of engaging independent, community-dwelling older adults living in low-income senior housing in cultivating raised-bed gardens and reviewed the improvements in cognition and nutrition. Ten participants received ergonomic garden tools, seeds, waist-height garden beds, and weekly garden education. Participants planted vegetables of their choosing and tended to their garden beds for 17 weeks. Cognition and nutrition outcomes were measured before and after the intervention. Adults successfully engaged in the intervention throughout the duration and experienced improvement in cognitive an...
In the Absence of Meaning

There are many diagnoses of the bad state of U.S. mathematics education, ranging from incoherent curricula to low-quality teaching. In this chapter I will address a foundational reason for the many manifestations of failure—a systemic, cultural inattention to mathematical meaning and coherence. The result is teachers’ inability to teach for understanding and students’ inability to develop personal mathematical meanings that support interest, curiosity, and future learning. In developing this argument I discuss the subtle ways in which actual meanings with which teachers currently teach and actual meanings students currently develop in interaction with instruction contribute to dysfunctional mathematics education. I end by proposing a long-term strategy to address this situation.
The Value and Risk of Curated Shopping: Online Consumer’s Choice

Online shopping is attractive to consumers because they can look for and compare products faster and easier. However, as the number of products available online continues to increase at a dizzying pace, consumers have to spend more time and effort searching for relevant product information. As a result, curated shopping, which recommends a limited number of products carefully chosen by professional shopping curators, is becoming more popular among online consumers. In this study, the authors empirically investigate how consumers' perceived risk, perceived value of curated shopping, and personal characteristics affect their decision to use curated shopping. The results show that perceived convenience, the efficiency of curated shopping, and the degree of shopping fatigue are positive factors that increase the intention to use curated shopping. On the other hand, perceived financial risk is shown to be a significant negative factor. The study found, furthermore, that previous experiences with curated shopping moderate the aforementioned relationships. The authors also discuss the academic and practical implications of these findings.
Using the Disclosure Decision-Making Model to Understand High School Football Players’ Disclosures of Concussion Symptoms

Despite advancements in concussion treatment and management, health and sports professionals largely depend on athletes’ self-reporting of symptoms to begin the process of diagnosis. With this in mind, recent scholarly attention has focused on understanding the barriers and processes of athletes’ self-disclosure of symptoms. The current study applied the disclosure decision-making model to understand high school football players’ disclosure decisions after experiencing symptoms of a concussion. Data obtained from 184 high school football players from across the United States demonstrated 2 significant paths by which players’ disclosures of concussion symptoms during a game can be understood. First, the perceived severity of these symptoms predicted athletes’ self-efficacy to disclose concussions, which subsequently predicted their intentions to disclose concussion symptoms during a game. Second, the felt stigma around disclosing concussion symptoms predicted athletes’ anticipated responses from coaches to...
Neopterin/7,8-dihydroneopterin is elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and protects mdx skeletal muscle function

New findings What is the central question of this study? We examined whether the macrophage-synthesized antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin was elevated in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. We then examined whether 7,8-dihydroneopterin could protect dystrophic skeletal mouse muscle from eccentric contraction-induced force loss and improve recovery. What is the main finding and its importance? Urinary neopterin/creatinine and 7,8-dihydroneopterin/creatinine were elevated in DMD patients. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin attenuated eccentric contraction-induced force loss of dystrophic skeletal mouse muscle and accelerated recovery of force. These results suggest that eccentric contraction-induced force loss is mediated, in part, by an oxidative component and provides a potential protective role for 7,8-dihydroneopterin in DMD. Abstract Macrophage infiltration is a hallmark of dystrophin-deficient muscle. We tested the hypothesis that Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients would have elevated levels of the macrophage-synthesized pterins, neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin, compared with unaffected age-matched control subjects. Urinary neopterin/creatinine and 7,8-dihydroneopterin/creatinine were elevated in DMD patients, and 7,8-dihydroneopterin/creatinine was associated with patient age and ambulation. Urinary 7,8-dihydroneopterin corrected for specific gravity was also elevated in DMD patients. Given that 7,8-dihydroneopterin is an antioxidant, we then identified a potential role for 7,8-dihydroneopterin in disease pathology. We assessed whether 7,8-dihydroneopterin could: (i) protect against isometric force loss in wild-type skeletal muscle exposed to various pro-oxidants; and (ii) protect wild-type and mdx muscle from eccentric contraction-induced force loss, which has an oxidative component. Force loss was elicited in isolated extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles by 10 eccentric contractions, and recovery of force after the contractions was measured in the presence of exogenous 7,8-dihydroneopterin. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin attenuated isometric force loss by wild-type EDL muscles when challenged by H2 O2 and HOCl, but exacerbated force loss when challenged by SIN-1 (NO• , O2• , ONOO- ). 7,8-Dihydroneopterin attenuated eccentric contraction-induced force loss in mdx muscle. Isometric force production by EDL muscles of mdx mice also recovered to a greater degree after eccentric contractions in the presence of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. The results corroborate macrophage activation in DMD patients, provide a potential protective role for 7,8-dihydroneopterin in the susceptibility of dystrophic muscle to eccentric contractions and indicate that oxidative stress contributes to eccentric contraction-induced force loss in mdx skeletal muscle.
Spyglass: A System for Ontology Based Document Retrieval and Visualization.

This paper describes the Spyglass tool, which is designed to help analysts explore very large collections of unstructured text documents. Spyglass uses a domain ontology to index documents, and provides retrieval and visualization services based on the ontology and the resulting index. The ontology based approach allows analysts to share information and helps to ensure consistency of results. The approach is also scalable and lends itself very well to parallel computation. The Spyglass system is described in detail and indexing and query results using a large set of sample documents are presented.
Rural Native Hawaiian Perspectives on Special Education

Native Hawaiians are an involuntary minority group who became Americans through an overthrow of their monarchy and colonization in the late 1800s. They have a history of separate and substandard schooling, and political and economic oppression. Currently, Native Hawaiians are overrepresented in special education, due in large part to the mismatch between western schooling and Hawaiian culture and speaking Pidgin English as their first language. In addition to overrepresentation, special education issues for Native Hawaiians include conducting unbiased assessment, providing culturally-relevant instruction and behavior management, and supporting families of students with disabilities. These issues overlap significantly with higher education challenges of recruiting and retaining Native Hawaiians in special education teacher preparation programs and developing culturally competent special educators.
Mixed Effects Models

Mixed effects models, or simply mixed models, are widely used in practice. These models are characterized by the involvement of the so-called random effects. To understand the basic elements of a mixed model, let us first recall a linear regression model, which can be expressed as y = Xβ + e, where y is a vector of observations, X is a matrix of known covariates, β is a vector of unknown regression coefficients, and e is a vector of (unobservable random) errors. In this model, the regression coefficients are considered fixed. However, there are cases in which it makes sense to assume that some of these coefficients are random. These cases typically occur when the observations are correlated. For example, in medical studies, observations are often collected from the same individuals over time.
Plenary Sessions

As the characteristic size of a flying robot decreases, the challenges for successful flight revert to basic questions offabrication, actuation, fluid mechanics, stabilization, and power ‐‐ whereas such questions have in general been answered for larger aircraft. When developing a robot on the scale of a housefly, all hardware must be developed from scratch as there is nothing “off-the-shelf” which can be used for mechanisms, sensors, or computation that would satisfy the extreme mass and power limitations. With these challenges in mind, this talk will present progress in the essential technologies for insect-scale robots and the latest flight experiments with robotic insects.
Etirinotecan pegol (EP, NKTR-102) in the treatment of high-grade glioma (HGG): A phase 2 trial.

2096 Background: Patients with recurrence of HGG after bevacizumab (BEV) have an extremely poor prognosis and generally do not respond to further treatment. EP is the first long-acting topoisomeras...
Un-muddling Implementation from Design via Algorithmic Design Patterns

This work in progress paper presents an abstraction of problems to introduce more advanced algorithmic constructs early in the computers science sequence in a natural way. The approach is to use an abstract class that extracts the methods common to many classes of algorithms for a given problem. For example, an abstract class for divide-and-conquer algorithms may be defined first, before a specific type of sorting algorithm is defined. This refocuses the coverage onto approaches to construct algorithms for a given problem, rather than the implementation of simple existent algorithms - a top down approach starting from the class of problem.
Acoustic, non-invasive measurement of velopharyngeal aperture using a high frequency tone

Many researchers need access to the real time articulatory state of the velopharyngeal port to investigate the timing and extent of nasal gestures alongside the acoustic consequences of those gestures. While numerous methods exist for the investigation of nasalization (e.g., airflow, velotrace, and nasometer), these methods tend to be invasive, expensive, or to muffle the acoustic speech signal in pursuit of nasal articulatory data. We describe an inexpensive method and procedure for the investigation of nasal gestures using low frequency ultrasound. This system injects a 20 kHz tracer tone into a nostril using inexpensive components and/or three-dimensional printed parts. This signal can then be collected along with the speech signal using microphones typical in speech research. We will compare the results of this system to those of a state of the art airflow collection system and compare cross-participant reliability of both methods. Many researchers need access to the real time articulatory state of the velopharyngeal port to investigate the timing and extent of nasal gestures alongside the acoustic consequences of those gestures. While numerous methods exist for the investigation of nasalization (e.g., airflow, velotrace, and nasometer), these methods tend to be invasive, expensive, or to muffle the acoustic speech signal in pursuit of nasal articulatory data. We describe an inexpensive method and procedure for the investigation of nasal gestures using low frequency ultrasound. This system injects a 20 kHz tracer tone into a nostril using inexpensive components and/or three-dimensional printed parts. This signal can then be collected along with the speech signal using microphones typical in speech research. We will compare the results of this system to those of a state of the art airflow collection system and compare cross-participant reliability of both methods.
Persistent Vomiting and Weight Loss Leading to the Diagnosis of Barrett's Esophagus in an Adolescent.

Barrett's esophagus in children with peptic strictures has not been well characterized, and its prevalence is unknown. We report a case of peptic esophageal stricture with Barrett's esophagus in an adolescent patient who presented with dysphagia with recurrent episodes of vomiting and limited medical history. A 13-year-old male with mild intellectual disability was transferred to our facility due to a two-month history of dysphagia with recurrent episodes of vomiting and intolerance to both solids and liquids. Physical examination and laboratory values were within normal limits, including complete blood count and differential, serum electrolytes, glucose, amylase, lipase, liver and kidney function tests, and thyroid-stimulating hormone level. Barium esophagram revealed persistent focal narrowing of the proximal and mid-esophagus. An esophageal endoscopy revealed a snug circumferential stricture and biopsy consistent with erosive esophagitis. The patient was started on high dose pantoprazole and underwent serial endoscopic guided balloon dilations with marked improvement in symptoms. Peptic stricture with Barrett's esophagus is rare in children. It should be included in the differential diagnosis of a child with the common symptom of vomiting in the setting of developmental delay. Vigorous treatment with endoscopic balloon dilation and proton pump inhibitors is necessary to prevent the progression into adenocarcinoma.
Control of MagLev System Using Supertwisting and Integral Backstepping Sliding Mode Algorithm

Magnetic Levitation systems are nonlinear, frictionless and noiseless which use electromagnetic fields to hover ferromagnetic objects in air. For this purpose, we have proposed Supertwisting and Integral Backstepping sliding mode controllers. The designed controllers ensure the air gap to be maintained at the desired value while tracking the magnetic flux and momentum to their respective references. The stability analysis of the proposed controllers has been presented using Lyapunov theory which proves the global asymptotic stability of the system. The performance of the proposed controllers is analyzed using ODE 45 solver in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The proposed controllers reduce the chattering and improves the dynamic response of the system. Robustness of the proposed controllers has been checked by adding noise and disturbance in system's state space model. Furthermore, comparison of proposed controllers with each other, with conventional PI and recently published nonlinear controllers for MagLev system in terms of dynamic response has also been presented. The results show that the dynamic behavior of supertwisting sliding mode controller is best among analyzed controllers.
The rigorous adjustment of the global mean sea level budget during 2005–2015

Abstract Global mean sea level budget is rigorously adjusted during the period 2005–2015. The emphasis is to provide the best estimates for the linear rates of changes (trends) of the global mean sea level budget components during this period subject to the constraint: Earth's hydrosphere conserves water. The newly simultaneously adjusted trends of the budget components suggest a larger correction for the global mean sea level trend implicated by the other budget components' trends under the budget constraint. The simultaneous estimation of the linear trends of the budget components subject to the constraint for closure improves their uncertainties and enables a holistic assessment of the global mean sea budget, which has implications for future sea level science studies, including the future Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Reports, and the US Climate Assessment Reports.
Chapter 28 – Thyroid Cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter begins with a review of the present understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms leading to thyroid cancer. After a brief review of the risk factors and staging of thyroid carcinomas, it discusses an algorithm for the evaluation of a thyroid nodule and the available diagnostic tools. A review of the different forms of thyroid cancer, ranging from well-differentiated carcinomas to anaplastic and other less common malignancies, is followed by a discussion of surgical management and postoperative adjuvant treatment. Although thyroid cancer is relatively rare, the incidence of thyroid nodules is significantly higher. Exposure to ionizing radiation increases a patient's risk for the development of thyroid carcinoma. Although higher doses of ionizing radiation typically lead to the destruction of thyroid tissue, Hodgkin's disease patients who receive 4000 cGy also have a higher incidence of thyroid cancer. A patient with a history of radiation exposure who presents with a thyroid nodule has up to a 50% chance of having a malignancy. Similarly, patients exposed to radiation from nuclear weapons and accidents have a higher incidence of thyroid cancer. Surgery is the primary modality for the treatment of thyroid carcinomas. Prior to any thyroid surgery, any voice changes or previous neck surgery should prompt an assessment of vocal-cord mobility by indirect laryngoscopy. Although many patients with thyroid carcinomas are euthyroid, necessary medical therapy should be instituted for patients demonstrating thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism to avoid intraoperative metabolic derangements, such as hypertensive crisis. The primary goals of surgical treatment should be to eradicate primary disease, to reduce the incidence of local/distant recurrence, and to facilitate the treatment of metastases, which should be achieved with minimal morbidity.
Forensic Geophysical Data Processing and Interpretation

Processing and interpretation of geophysical data determine the success or failure of an investigation in the forensic sciences. Furthermore to help data processing and interpretation is advisable the integration with other data (i.e., data from one or more geophysical techniques, investigators data, geological data, archaeological data, structural data, etc.). In this chapter will be discussed the methodologies and associated mathematical and physical parameters related to the processing of the geophysical data that can help in the resolution of forensic problems such as to individuate the presence of hidden objects.
A kinder, gentler drug war? Race, drugs, and punishment in 21st century America:

This article assesses whether the kinder, gentler rhetoric through which the disproportionately white opiate crisis has been framed has been accompanied by changes in drug sentencing policy and dru...
Unusual Presentation of Pacemaker Syndrome

Pseudo-pacemaker syndrome has been well described in patients with both intrinsic prolonged AV conduction or in the setting of managed ventricular pacing algorithms. In this case, a patient is presented with symptomatic AV dyssynchronous RV pacing due to RV pacing.
Editor’s views

In the first issue of this year, Philosophical Psychology published an article entitled “Research on group differences in intelligence: A defense of free inquiry” by Nathan Cofnas (2020), along wit...
Assessment of early pancreatic cancer response to targeted hyaluronan treatment with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging

Hyaluronan (HA) is a dense compound that is a ubiquitous component of the extracellular matrix in most tissues. However, HA tends to be overexpressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This increased HA is associated with high tumor interstitial pressures and microvascular collapse. These conditions collectively compromise microvascular function and impede systemic delivery of anticancer drugs. The aim of this preclinical study was to monitor changes in PDACs following HA degradation by using a real-time multimodal US approach integrating both contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. Athymic nude mice with pancreatic tumors received a single dose of targeted HA or sham treatment. In vivo multimodal US images of tumor tissue were acquired at baseline before dosing and again at 6 h along the same tumor cross-section. Animals were euthanized after imaging at 6 h and tumors were then excised for histological processing. In PDAC-bearing animals, CEUS-derived tumor perfusion measurements were significantly increased at 6 h after dosing with a targeted HA drug as compared to those administrated control treatment (p < 0.04). PA measures of tumor oxygenation were also considerably higher in treated tumors (p = 0.02). Changes in the multimodal US findings were supported by histological analysis of excised tumor tissue samples, which revealed HA depletion (p < 0.001) and increased microvascular patency in the targeted HA treated PDACs. This study reveals PDAC changes following targeted HA treatment can be detected using multimodal US imaging.
Where is the Family in Young Adult Substance Use Treatment? The Case for Systemic Family Therapy for Young Adults with Substance Use Disorders

Despite the prevalence of SUDs, many individuals remain untreated (Grant et al., JAMA Psychiatry, 73(1), 39-45, 2016). Substance use disorders (SUDs) in young adults present unique challenges and stressors to parents of these individuals (D'Aniello et al., American Journal of Family Therapy, 2020; Kaur et al., International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 5(6), 2380-2383, 2018; Shumway et al., Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 37(1), 75-98, 2019). Parents and caregivers often facilitate their children's care and provide pragmatic and emotional support to their children; this high level of care is challenging to maintain, as with any chronic, relapsing condition. In the case of SUDs, the challenges caregivers face may be exacerbated by the stigma and the blame associated with parents in the development and maintenance of children's SUDs, and the strains that come with navigating barriers related to accessing treatment in the USA. Estimates suggest that healthcare spending for substance use treatment is relatively low and few utilize therapeutic family treatment. This disconnect between widespread SUD prevalence, and service underutilization, indicates that families who need treatment are not accessing it. The present paper synthesizes the extant literature on the role of family members in SUD treatment, as families are a primary context of care for their children's treatment across many chronic, relapsing conditions. Finally, we identify the utility of family therapy in addressing family member's unique needs related to their loved one with a SUD, in the family and in a treatment context.
Regulators Associated with Clinical Outcomes Revealed by DNA Methylation Data in Breast Cancer

The regulatory architecture of breast cancer is extraordinarily complex and gene misregulation can occur at many levels, with transcriptional malfunction being a major cause. This dysfunctional process typically involves additional regulatory modulators including DNA methylation. Thus, the interplay between transcription factor (TF) binding and DNA methylation are two components of a cancer regulatory interactome presumed to display correlated signals. As proof of concept, we performed a systematic motif-based in silico analysis to infer all potential TFs that are involved in breast cancer prognosis through an association with DNA methylation changes. Using breast cancer DNA methylation and clinical data derived from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we carried out a systematic inference of TFs whose misregulation underlie different clinical subtypes of breast cancer. Our analysis identified TFs known to be associated with clinical outcomes of p53 and ER (estrogen receptor) subtypes of breast cancer, while also predicting new TFs that may also be involved. Furthermore, our results suggest that misregulation in breast cancer can be caused by the binding of alternative factors to the binding sites of TFs whose activity has been ablated. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis that links DNA methylation to TF binding to patient prognosis.
Models and analysis of active worm defense

The recent proliferation of Internet worms has raised questions about defensive measures. To date most techniques proposed are passive, in-so-far as they attempt to block or slow a worm, or detect and filter it. Active defenses take the battle to the worm—trying to eliminate or isolate infected hosts, and/or automatically and actively patch susceptible but as-yet-uninfected hosts, without the knowledge of the host's owner. The concept of active defenses raises important legal and ethical questions that may have inhibited consideration for general use in the Internet. However, active defense may have immediate application when confined to dedicated networks owned by an enterprise or government agency. In this paper we model the behavior and effectiveness of different active worm defenses. Using a discrete stochastic model we prove that these approaches can be strongly ordered in terms of their worm-fighting capability. Using a continuous model we consider effectiveness in terms of the number of hosts that are protected from infection, the total network bandwidth consumed by the worms and the defenses, and the peak scanning rate the network endures while the worms and defenses battle. We develop optimality results, and quantitative bounds on defense performance. Our work lays a mathematical foundation for further work in analysis of active worm defense.
Abstract 03: Outpatient Care Preceding Incident Heart Failure (HF) and Implications for Long-Term Outcomes. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that outpatient management of patients at risk for a HF hospitalization is associated with lower mortality following an incident HF hospitalization. Methods: Patterns of outpatient visits prior to incident HF hospitalization were assessed among CMS Medicare beneficiaries with continuous fee-for-service eligibility residing during 2003-2006 in four geographic areas of CVD surveillance conducted by the ARIC Study. Incident HF hospitalization was defined as hospitalization with ICD9 code 428.x with no HF hospitalizations in preceding 2 years. Outpatient visits to primary care physicians, general internists, or cardiologists were identified from Carrier files. A comorbidity score was calculated from ICD9 codes at the time of incident HF hospitalization. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, comorbidity score, gender, and race were used to estimate mortality. Results: Mean age among beneficiaries with observed incident HF hospitalization (n=2006; 90.4% white, 45.1% male) ...
Occult fetal-maternal transfusion

F E T A. L M A T E R N A L transfusions may OCCW as frequently as 20 to 25 per cent of all deliveries.1 The occurrence of large occult transfusions of fetal erythrocytes into the maternal circulation has been reported. s-s This phenomenon as the etiology of an acute fetal emergency is not well k.nown. Fifteen previous cases have been summarized by McGowan.6 That only 5 of the patients with severe cases survived points out the severity of this occult entity. The following case illustrates the urgency of the clinical problem.