cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outgassing of AXF-5Q and other grades of limiter graphites

During high power tokamak discharges, graphite limiter surfaces may reach temperatures greater than 2000°C. The underlying material also experiences smaller temperature excursions. One result is that volatile compounds are introduced into plasmas from the limiters. An expensive tokamak “conditioning” period extending over weeks of discharge cleaning and hundreds of high power shots may be required to obtain acceptably clean plasmas. In general, graphite components are given a bake-out treatment prior to installation to reduce the conditioning period. In order to select appropriate graphites and determine bake-out and handling procedures for given applications, we have conducted outgassing experiments for several candidate graphites. We heat small samples of different types of graphite to >1500°C using high intensity quartz lamps and find that significant amounts of impurities are desorbed. Hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen make up the various compounds observed. Absolute levels are determined by graphite type and prior air exposure and heat treatment.
Development of radiation-magnetohydrodynamic computer modeling of gas-discharge EUV sources for microlithography

A radiation-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of gas discharges has been developed to accelerate the development of compact, intense sources of EUV radiation for microlithography. The model is an MHD numerical simulation with atomic and radiation physics. The plasma evolution is simulated with the MHRDR (Magneto-Hydro-Radiative-Dynamic-Research) 2D, three-temperature, MHD computer code. The MHD results are postprocessed with a code that calculates the 13.4-nm EUV radiation output from Xe ions, based on a detailed collisional-radiative atomic kinetics model. Modeling of a dense plasma focus discharge, in a Xe-He gas mixture, has been initiated with this new tool.
Wade in the Water: A Soul Chronology, 1927–1951; Get Your Soul Right: The Gospel Quartets and the Roots of Soul Music

Following the Civil War, gospel music served a variety of purposes within black communities. First and foremost, it defined sacred stories and elevated worshipful emotions during church services. B...
Correlation coefficients and mechanism using TG data

Abstract The use of linear correlation coefficients to ascertain mechanism from TG data was shown to be unsatisfactory. This is in agreement with results reported by others who also indicated the necessity of using additional isothermal techniques for determining mechanism. Two methods, Reich—Stivala (R—S) and double-log (D-L), were employed to distinguish one mechanism from among 15 theoretical possibilities for heterogeneous solid-state reactions using theoretical TG data. With a certain degree of accuracy of TG data and for relatively large E/RT values (above 18), the R—S method was shown to be superior to the D-L method and a good indicator of a most probable mechanism. In this respect, the utilization of supplemental isothermal techniques may not be necessary when the R—S method is used under certain conditions.
Poster Presentation 5 : Image Quality Assessment Error Visibility Using Gradual Modulation Statistics

Measurement of visual quality if of fundamental importance to design algorithms that can automatically assess the quality of images or videos in a perceptually consistent manner. In this paper we do an extensive subjective study using varying modulation thresholds in an attempt to capture physiological and psychovisual features of a human visual system (HVS).
Effect of single-walled carbon nanotubes on thermal and electrical properties of silicon nitride processed using spark plasma sintering

Abstract Si 3 N 4 nanocomposites reinforced with 1-, 2-, and 6-vol% single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were processed using spark plasma sintering (SPS) in order to control the thermal and electrical properties of the ceramic. Only 2-vol% SWNTs additions were used to decrease the room temperature thermal conductivity by 62% over the monolith and 6-vol% SWNTs was used to transform the insulating ceramic into a metallic electrical conductor (92 S m −1 ). We found that densification of the nanocomposites was inhibited with increasing SWNT concentration however, the phase transformation from α- to β-Si 3 N 4 was not. After SPS, we found evidence of SWNT survival in addition to sintering induced defects detected by monitoring SWNT peak intensity ratios using Raman spectroscopy. Our results show that SWNTs can be used to effectively increase electrical conductivity and lower thermal conductivity of Si 3 N 4 due to electrical transport enhancement and thermal scattering of phonons by SWNTs using SPS.
What’s in a Name? Organizational, Environmental, and Cultural Factors on Support for Community Policing in Turkey and the U.S.

Community policing (COP) represents officers’ expectations of police work that revolves around specific order maintenance chores that take place within the community. It is generally assumed that police officers are cognizant of the community policing type activities occurring in police organizations where COP is either formally or informally adopted. However, very little research has been done to examine whether or not police officers in other countries are engaging in similar COP type activities without the organizational endorsement or official implementation of community policing as it is known in the U.S. and elsewhere. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, we compare law enforcement officers’ attitudes toward their conceptions of police work with specific attention to order maintenance and community oriented type police activities in two countries, Turkey (no formal COP programs) and the U.S. (formal and informal COP programs). Secondly, we examine to what extent police organizational and environmental factors in these two countries influence officers’ conceptions of community-oriented policing activities. Findings suggest that, relative to Turkey, U.S. police officers have a favorable disposition toward COP type activities, suggesting name does matter. However, findings in both countries also suggest that officers’ orientation to police work that is reflective of the police operational philosophy, and the organizational and environmental factors are better predictors of COP type activities.
From GH to Billy Ghrelin

The octanoylated peptide hormone ghrelin regulates episodic growth hormone release and energy balance. Work in genetically modified mice (Kirchner et al., 2009) now shows that in vivo activity of ghrelin O -acyltransferase (GOAT), responsible for ghrelin octanoylation, decreases during fasting but increases after ingesting medium-chain fatty acid triglycerides (MCT).
A generalized solution of the orthogonal procrustes problem

A solutionT of the least-squares problemAT=B +E, givenA andB so that trace (E′E)= minimum andT′T=I is presented. It is compared with a less general solution of the same problem which was given by Green [5]. The present solution, in contrast to Green's, is applicable to matricesA andB which are of less than full column rank. Some technical suggestions for the numerical computation ofT and an illustrative example are given.
Olfactometer Experiments with Male Braconids

The parasitic wasp, Microbracon hebetor (Say) is well known in biological control as a very useful enemy of lepidopterous pests in stored grains. The wasp is also well known for its usefulness in genetic investigation as evidenced by the fact that Dr. P. W. Whiting and associates have published genetic studies on the organism (as Habrobracon juglandis (Ashmead)) for over 30 years (Martin, 1947). Important factors in the maintainance of braconid stocks which should be of interest to both groups of biologists concern the behavior of males in the presence of possible mates and in the presence of potential food.
Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza

Fast and effective diagnostics play an important role in controlling infectious disease by enabling effective patient management and treatment. Here, we present an integrated microfluidic thermoplastic chip with the ability to amplify influenza A virus in patient nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and aspirates. Upon loading the patient sample, the microfluidic device sequentially carries out on-chip cell lysis, RNA purification and concentration steps within the solid phase extraction (SPE), reverse transcription (RT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in RT-PCR chambers, respectively. End-point detection is performed using an off-chip Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). For peripherals, we used a single syringe pump to drive reagent and samples, while two thin film heaters were used as the heat sources for the RT and PCR chambers. The chip is designed to be single layer and suitable for high throughput manufacturing to reduce the fabrication time and cost. The microfluidic chip provides a platform to analyze a wide variety of virus and bacteria, limited only by changes in reagent design needed to detect new pathogens of interest.
Image-flow computation: an estimation-theoretic framework and a unified perspective

Abstract Image flow is a major source of three-dimensional information. This paper describes a new framework for computing image flow from time-varying imagery. In this framework, image-flow information is classified into two categories—conservation information and neighborhood information. Each type of information is recovered in the form of an estimate accompanied by a covariance matrix. Image flow is then computed by fusing the two estimates using estimation-theoretic techniques. This framework offers the following principal advantages. First, it allows estimation of certain types of discontinuous flow fields without any a priori knowledge about the location of discontinuities. The flow fields thus recovered are not blurred at motion boundaries. Second, covariance matrices (or alternatively, confidence measures) are associated with the estimate of image flow at each stage of computation. The estimation-theoretic nature of the framework and its ability to provide covariance matrices make it very useful in the context of applications such as incremental estimation of scene depth using techniques based on Kalman filtering. Finally, this framework serves to unify various existing approaches for image-flow estimation. In this paper, two algorithms based on this framework are described and are used to recover image flow from a variety of image sequences. To illustrate the usefulness of the framework in the context of an application, the image-flow estimates and their covariance matrices recovered from some representative image sequences are also used to recover scene depth.
Performance monitoring and measurement techniques for coherent systems

• Stokes space works — Polarization state tracking — CD/PMD • and so does the Kalman filtering — Carrier phase tracking — Polarization state tracking — PMD estimation • EVM is a good metric of signal quality and performance
Hydroperoxide-dependent oxygenation of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene by ram seminal vesicle microsomes. Source of the oxygen

Incubation of 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid with ram seminal vesicle microsomes (RSVM) triggers the oxygenation of trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP-7,8-diol). The principal oxidation products are 7,8,9,10-tetrahydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrenes which are non-enzymatic hydrolysis products of r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. At short incubation times, an additional product is isolated which is identified as r-7,t-8,t-9-trihydroxy-c-10-methoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. This product appears to arise by solvolysis of the extracted diolepoxide during high performance liquid chromatography using methanol-water solvent systems. The incubation of 18O-labeled 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid with BP-7,8-diol and RSVM leads to very little incorporation of 18O into the stable solvolysis products (analyzed by gc-ms of their peracetates). Parallel incubations conducted with 16O-labeled hydroperoxide under an 18O2 atmosphere indicate that the principle source of the epoxide oxygen is molecular oxygen.
Properties and fate of plasma fibronectin bound to the tissue culture substratum

Plasma fibronectin (pFn) is a serum protein which, when adsorbed to a glass or plastic substratum, mediates the adhesion of fibroblasts in culture. We have studied some of the details of its adsorption and subsequent fate. By using 125I-labeled pFn, we show that a substratum incubated with pFn adsorbs approximately 0.4 microgram/cm2 pFn (a monomolecular layer), and one incubated with medium containing serum adsorbs approximately 7 ng/cm2 pFn (a 12-fold enrichment relative to a random selection of the soluble proteins). SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) suggests the bound serum proteins (eluted with SDS) are primarily BSA and beta-globulins. The bound pFn adheres so tightly, though, that most resists elution, as assayed 1) with pFn radioiodinated before binding, 2) with pFn radioiodinated after binding, or 3) by the cell spreading activity of the bound pFn retained after SDS treatment. Under culture conditions, there is a continuous "turnover" of substratum-bound pFn: soluble pFn can bind to a serum-coated substratum, while bound pFn is gradually removed by incubation with serum proteins. The presence of fibroblasts increases the rate of this removal several-fold. By SDS-PAGE the material removed (as well as that eluted from the substratum with SDS after cell detachment) is intact pFn or large (possibly proteolytically generated) fragments. Thus, pFn binds preferentially to the tissue culture substratum, but can be removed subsequently by the combined action of cells and other serum proteins.
Peak ages of risk for starting nonmedical use of prescription stimulants

BACKGROUND: To produce population-level, year- and age-specific risk estimates of first time nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among young people in the United States. METHODS: Data are from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health 2004-2012; a nationally representative probability sample survey administered each year. Subpopulations included youths aged 12 to 21 years (n=240,160) who had not used prescription stimulants nonmedically prior to their year of survey assessment. A meta-analytic approach was used to produce population-level age-, year-, and cohort-specific risk estimates of first time nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. RESULTS: Peak risk of starting nonmedical use of prescription stimulants was concentrated between ages 16 and 19 years, when an estimated 0.7% to 0.8% of young people reported nonmedical use of these medicines for the first time in the past twelve months. Smaller risk estimates ranging from 0.1% to 0.6% were observed at ages 12 to 15 years and 20 to 21 years. Compared with males, females were more likely to have started nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (odds ratio=1.35; 95% CI, 1.13-1.62), particularly between the ages of 14 and 19. Females showed a peak annual incidence rate of 1% at age 18, while males the same age showed an incidence rate of 0.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Peak annual incidence rates for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants were observed between the ages of 16 and 19 years. There is reason to initiate interventions during the earlier adolescent years to prevent youths from starting nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. Language: en
Relationships of substance use to attitudes toward gender roles, family and cohabitation

This study utilizes data from four nationally representative subsamples of white high school seniors to analyze the relationships of alcohol consumption, marijuana use, and other illicit drug use to attitudes toward gender roles, family, and cohabitation. These analyses provide evidence concerning two hypotheses: the Gender Roles Hypothesis and Deviance Hypothesis. As predicted by the Gender Roles Hypothesis, among males, traditional gender role attitudes were associated with greater alcohol consumption. Contrary to the predictions of the Gender Roles Hypothesis, for females, nontraditional gender role attitudes were not associated with greater alcohol consumption or drug use in analyses which controlled for confounding factors such as family structure, socioeconomic status, and religiosity. As predicted by the Deviance Hypothesis, nontraditional attitudes toward cohabitation and family were associated with greater alcohol consumption and illicit drug use among both males and females.
SU-GG-T-444: Electronic Transmission of Gamma Knife Records to a Radiation Oncology Record and Verify System and E-Mail

Purpose: Create a mechanism for paperless documentation of Gamma Knife treatment plans (GammaPlan) in PDF format that can be integrated into a record and verify system for radiationoncology. The mechanism must not violate FDA approval of the GammaPlan computer environment. Method and Materials: GammaPlan has a separate binary database that is not directly importable into the Mosaiq record and verify system without the development of in‐house software, but inclusion of “foreign software” into the GammaPlan UNIX‐based computer platform would violate FDA approval. Therefore, a mechanism was devised that uses a combination of scripts in the UNIX environment and a generic Windows XP‐based PC that “listens” on the local network, to convert and combine user selected paper printouts into one PDF file. Various “Freeware” programs were installed on the PC, which include Ghostscript, Fictional Daemon, and ImageMagick. UNIX Korn shell scripts were written for the GammaPlan platform and are launched when each document is printed as a PostScript file by GammaPlan. These files are stored locally before sending them to the PC for conversion to a PDF document. The PDF file is uploaded to the eScan folder of Mosaiq for manual importing into the Documents folder. A Korn shell script uses Elm to e‐mail the PDF document with a comment and HIPAA notice to the physician's e‐mail account. Results: The software has been used for 7 months without significant problems. One potential problem is that the PC must be logged onto in order for the software to work. We check that the computer is up and running from the UNIX platform. Also, we had two instances when the PC was running https which blocks communications between GammaPlan and the PC. Conclusion: The software works well as it was designed under the constraints imposed by the FDA.
Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β Promotes Tight Junction Stability in Brain Endothelial Cells by Half-Life Extension of Occludin and Claudin-5

Neuroinflammatory conditions often involve dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB). Therefore, identifying molecular targets that can maintain barrier fidelity is of clinical importance. We have previously reported on the anti-inflammatory effects that glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibition has on primary human brain endothelial cells. Here we show that GSK3β inhibitors also promote barrier tightness by affecting tight junction (TJ) protein stability. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to evaluate barrier integrity with both pharmacological inhibitors and mutants of GSK3β. Inhibition of GSK3β produced a gradual and sustained increase in TEER (as much as 22% over baseline). Analysis of subcellular membrane fractions revealed an increase in the amount of essential tight junction proteins, occludin and claudin-5, but not claudin-3. This phenomenon was attributed to a decrease in TJ protein turnover and not transcriptional regulation. Using a novel cell-based assay, inactivation of GSK3β significantly increased the half-life of occludin and claudin-5 by 32% and 43%, respectively. A correlation was also established between the enhanced association of β-catenin with ZO-1 as a function of GSK3β inhibition. Collectively, our findings suggest the possibility of using GSK3β inhibitors as a means to extend the half-life of key tight junction proteins to promote re-sealing of the BBB during neuroinflammation.
Thermo-mechanical large deformation response and constitutive modeling of viscoelastic polymers over a wide range of strain rates and temperatures

A phenomenological one-dimensional constitutive model, characterizing the complex and highly nonlinear finite thermo-mechanical behavior of viscoelastic polymers, is developed in this investigation. This simple differential form model is based on a combination of linear and nonlinear springs with dashpots, incorporating typical polymeric behavior such as shear thinning, thermal softening at higher temperatures and nonlinear dependence on deformation and loading rate. Another model, of integral form, namely the modified superposition principle (MSP), is also modified further and used to show the advantage of the newly developed model over MSP. The material parameters for both models are determined for Adiprene-L100, a polyurethane based rubber. The constants once determined are then utilized to predict the behavior under strain rate jump compression, multiple step stress relaxation loading experiment and free end torsion experiments. The new constitutive model shows very good agreement with the experimental data for Adiprene-L100 for the various finite loading paths considered here and provides a flexible framework for a three-dimensional generalization.
The potential benefit of a home fire safety intervention during emergency medical services calls

Objective: To determine how often house fires occur at 1- and 2-family dwellings visited previously by emergency medical services (EMS) personnel and whether these visits were missed opportunities for a point-of-contact home fire safety intervention. Methods: A retrospective, consecutive, case series analysis of all Milwaukee Fire Department alarm responses during 1994 was performed. Measurements included date of service, type of response, property type, dollar loss estimate, number of injuries and fatalities, cause of alarm, and presence of an operational smoke detector. Descriptive, x2. and relative risk statistics were used to describe the relationship between EMS responses and fire responses at 1- and 2-family dwellings. Results: The Milwaukee Fire Department dispatched 94,378 requests for service to 43,556 addresses. 16, 150 addresses generated multiple requests; 7.2% (1,162/16,150) were for an “alarm of fire” response [relative risk 1.83 (95% CI: 1.69–1.99) for addresses with multiple requests vs those with a single request for service]. Most [62% (721/1,162)] of the addresses were visited by EMS personnel prior to the alarm; 28% (205/721) were 1- and 2-family dwellings. A mean of 1.8 (376/205) EMS responses occurred prior to the “alarm of fire” response; 121 addresses received 1 response, 46 received 2, 18 received 3, and 20 received s4 responses. Of 169 addresses with complete data, there was a total fire dollar loss of $1,963,020 (1994) along with 32 injuries and 0 fatalities. While 47% (80/169) of the 1- and 2-family dwellings had a smoke detector present, only 17% (29/169) of the dwellings had an operational smoke detector. Conclusions: A point-of-contact home fire safety intervention appears of potential benefit for frequent users of EMS care. Determination of the presence of an operational smoke detector in 1- and 2-family dwellings may be a useful injury prevention act during such EMS calls.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME DIAMIDES OF 2-CHLOROBENZALDEHYDE, 2,4-DICHLOROBENZALDEHYDE, AND 3,4-DICHLOROBENZALDEHYDE.

The synthesis of some N,N '-bis-(amido) chlorotoluenes is described. These compounds are prepared by the condensation of various amides with the appropriate chlorinated benzaldehyde.
A pilot study evaluating mindfulness-based stress reduction and massage for the management of chronic pain.

BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and massage may be useful adjunctive therapies for chronic musculoskeletal pain. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of studying MBSR and massage for the management of chronic pain and estimate their effects on pain and mood. DESIGN: Randomized trial comparing MBSR or massage with standard care. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. MEASUREMENTS: Pain was assessed with 0 to 10 numeric rating scales. Physical and mental health status was measured with the SF-12. RESULTS: The study completion rate was 76.7%. At week 8, the massage group had average difference scores for pain unpleasantness of 2.9 and mental health status of 13.6 compared with 0.13 (P<.05) and 3.9 (P<.04), respectively, for the standard care group. These differences were no longer significant at week 12. There were no significant differences in the pain outcomes for the MBSR group. At week 12, the mean change in mental health status for the MBSR group was 10.2 compared with — 1.7 in the standard care group (P<.04). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to study MBSR and massage in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Mindfulness-based stress reduction may be more effective and longer-lasting for mood improvement while massage may be more effective for reducing pain.
Melting relations in the Fe-rich portion of the system FezFeS at 30 kb pressure

Abstract The melting relations of FezFeS mixtures covering the composition range from Fe to Fe 67 S 33 have been determined at 30 kb pressure. The phase relations are similar to those at low pressure. The eutectic has a composition of Fe 72.9 S 27.1 and a temperature of 990°C. Solubility of S in Fe at elevated temperatures at 30 kb is of the same order of magnitude as at low pressure. Sulfur may have significantly lowered the melting point of iron in the upper mantle during the period of coalescence of metal prior to core formation in the primitive earth.
Unprecedented evidence for high viral abundance and lytic activity in coral reef waters of the South Pacific Ocean

Despite nutrient-depleted conditions, coral reef waters harbor abundant and diverse microbes; as major agents of microbial mortality, viruses are likely to influence microbial processes in these ecosystems. However, little is known about marine viruses in these rapidly changing ecosystems. Here we examined spatial and short-term temporal variability in marine viral abundance and viral lytic activity across various reef habitats surrounding Moorea Island (French Polynesia) in the South Pacific. Water samples were collected along 4 regional cross-reef transects and during a time-series in Opunohu Bay. Results revealed high viral abundance (range: 5.6 x 106 – 3.6 x 107 viruses ml-1) and lytic viral production (range: 1.5 x 109 – 9.2 x 1010 viruses l-1 d-1). Flow cytometry revealed that viral assemblages were composed of three subsets that each displayed distinct spatiotemporal relationships with nutrient concentrations and autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial abundances. The results highlight dynamic shifts in viral community structure and imply that each of these three subsets is ecologically important and likely to infect distinct microbial hosts in reef waters. Based on viral-reduction approach, we estimate that lytic viruses were responsible for the removal of ca. 24% to 367% of bacterial standing stock d-1 and the release of ca. 1.1 to 62 µg of organic carbon l-1 d-1 in reef waters. Overall, this work demonstrates the highly dynamic distribution of viruses and their critical roles in controlling microbial mortality and nutrient cycling in coral reef water ecosystems.
Design, simulation, and validation of a bond graph model and controller to switch between pump and motor operation using four on/off valves with a hydraulic axial piston pump/motor

Bond graphs model the power flow in a system and the state equations are formulated directly from this graphical representation. As the paper demonstrates, bond graphs can quickly and accurately model and simulate the dynamics in electrohydraulic systems. Many applications use a hydraulic motor intermittently as a pump for dynamic braking, commonly through the use of directional control valves or pump/motor units capable of over-center operation. To reduce costs, improve efficiency, and decrease switching times, research has been completed performing dynamic switches between pump and motor operation using four high-speed on-off poppet valves (Lumkes and Hartzell, 1995). The bond graph model and simulation results are used to design appropriate control methods, which are then implemented in the lab. It was determined that an electronic variable delay circuit could be used to cycle the valves. This was constructed in the lab and the simulation and experimental results compared. Both methods demonstrate the possibility of efficient switches between pump and motor operations with switching times less then 150 ms. The controller delays are critical for efficiency and pressure spikes while also being highly dependent on system operating conditions. Thus an adaptive controller is required for satisfactory operation at all conditions.
Vanguard Alutiiq heritage practice and the import of expertise

Cet article explore les diverses manieres par lesquelles le nettoyage de la pollution due au petrolier Exxon Valdez et le travail patrimonial et identitaire des Alutiit se sont articules autour de conseils d’experts universitaires. Les types de connaissances et d’evaluations a travers lesquels l’identite, le patrimoine et le nettoyage des cotes polluees ont pu etre administres suggerent que ce sont les technologies elles-memes de la realisation patrimoniale et identitaire des Autochtones de l’Alaska qui se transforment. Elles sont a present de plus en plus liees au paysage politique americain au sens large, au capitalisme, a l’autorite scientifique et a l’intervention de l’Etat, autant qu’a une sensibilite propre et un attachement a l’autorite locale. L’identite et le travail patrimonial autochtones sont negocies, contingents, ouverts et provocateurs, mais sous certaines conditions.
Construct Validity of the Risk, Pain, and Injury Questionnaire

Nixon’s (1994a; 1994b; 1996a; 1996b) research using a Risk, Pain, and Injury Questionnaire (RPIQ) is perhaps the most systematic in the risk, pain, and injury literature. The RPIQ is intended to measure the acceptance of dominant discourses on risk, pain, and injury among athletes and others. This article presents a face validity critique of the RPIQ and results of a subsequent content validity analysis based on a study of 171 athletes from a West Coast university. Structural equation modeling used to test Nixon’s original 3-factor model (M1) revealed poor model fit. Two alternate models (M2 and M3) tested reformulated subscale constructs and items. Whereas M2 demonstrated poor construct validity, limited support was found for items in M3. Further replications of this research are recommended.
Native N-terminus nitrophorin 2 from the kissing bug: similarities to and differences from NP2(D1A).

by Robert E. Berry*, Dhanasekaran Muthu, Tatiana K. Shokhireva, Sarah A. Garrett, Hongjun Zhang,and F. Ann Walker*Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, AZ85721-0041, USA (e-mail: berryr@email.arizona.edu, awalker@email.arizona.edu)Thefirstaminoacidofmaturenativenitrophorin2isasparticacid,andwhenexpressedinE.coli,thewild-type gene of the mature protein retains the methionine-0, which is produced by translation of thestart codon. This form of NP2, (M0)NP2, has been found to have different properties from its D1Amutant, for which the Met0 is cleaved by the methionine aminopeptidase of E. coli (R. E. Berry, T. K.Shokhireva,I.Filippov,M. N.Shokhirev,H.Zhang,F. A.Walker,Biochemistry2007,46,6830).NativeN-terminus nitrophorin 2 ((DM0)NP2) has been prepared by employing periplasmic expression of NP2 inE. coli using the pelB leader sequence from Erwinia carotovora, which is present in the pET-26bexpression plasmid (Novagen). This paper details the similarities and differences between the threedifferent N-terminal forms of nitrophorin 2, (M0)NP2, NP2(D1A), and (DM0)NP2. It is found that theNMR spectra of high- and low-spin (DM0)NP2 are essentially identical to those of NP2(D1A), but therate and equilibrium constants for histamine and NO dissociation/association of the two are different.
Harmful algal blooms and red tide problems on the U.S. west coast

On the U.S. west coast, the main toxin-producing algal species are dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium that cause paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and diatoms in the genus Pseudo-nitzschia that produce domoic acid and cause domoic acid poisoning (DAP). Other harmful species, including the raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo and the diatoms Chaetoceros convolutus and Chaetoceros concavicornis, kill fish at aquaculture sites, but are not harmful to humans. Water discolorations (red tides) caused by nontoxic dinoflagellates also occur throughout the area. Early records, partially based on local native lore, suggest that algal toxins have been present along this coast for hundreds of years, but actual scientific information is sparse. We review what is now known about harmful algal blooms in this vast area, including the hydrographic regimes that induce and(or) support blooms, bloom dynamics, and the biology of the causative species.
Improving the learning experience for the deaf through augment reality innovations

One challenge facing the deaf is the need to divide their attention between subject matter and sign language interpreters. Sign language interpreters provide a visual interpretation of speech. However, the observation of an interpreter distracts an individual from other visual stimuli such as a presentation, demonstration or video. This paper proposes an augmented reality, head-mounted display system designed to improve the learning experience for the deaf, specifically a child's experience in a planetarium. The system uses augmented reality to enable a sign language interpreter to remain within the wearer's vision. This improves on subtitle-based alternatives by removing literacy as a requirement. The project is part of a three-year development calibration between three Brigham Young University departments and Gallaudet University, with funding from the National Science Foundation. This paper focuses on the design, prototyping and proposed usability testing performed by a team of six IT students for a senior capstone project.
Arriving at a “New View” of Women's Sexual Problems

Abstract This essay offers an all-embracing narrative of the “new view” project to explain how and why a feminist critique of current sex problem nomenclature, an alternative vision, and an activist campaign have emerged since 1999. The story begins with 15 years of urology-promoted medicalization of men's sexuality and the building of a female market near the end of the 1990s. The Food and Drug Administration role is illuminated by the author's advisory panel experience and the FDA's proposed guidelines for testing sex drugs for women. The prevailing theory of women's sexual problems is traced to Masters and Johnson's biased research and continuing debates about orgasm. Finally, the origins of the “new view” campaign are described: a growing discomfort with the aggressive roles of urology and the drug industry in women's sexual medicine, the decision to take public as well as professional positions, the creation of a working group, and ongoing activism.
The outer membrane, not a coat of host proteins, limits antigenicity of virulent Treponema pallidum.

Virulent Treponema pallidum reacts poorly with the specific antibodies present in human and rabbit syphilitic sera, a phenomenon often attributed to an outer coat of host serum proteins. Here we present additional evidence that the limited antigenicity of virulent organisms actually is due to a paucity of proteins in the outer membrane. Initially, we used electron microscopy to demonstrate that the outer membrane is highly susceptible to damage from physical manipulation (i.e., centrifugation and resuspension) and nonionic detergents. Organisms with disrupted outer membranes were markedly more antigenic than intact treponemes as determined by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) with rabbit syphilitic and antiendoflagellar antisera. Data obtained with a new radioimmunoassay, designated the T. pallidum surface-specific radioimmunoassay, corroborated these IEM findings by demonstrating that the major T. pallidum immunogens are not surface exposed; the assay also was unable to detect serum proteins, including fibronectin, on the surfaces of intact organisms. Furthermore, IEM of T. pallidum on ultrathin cryosections with monospecific anti-47-kDa-immunogen antiserum confirmed the intracellular location of the 47-kDa immunogen. On the basis of these and previous findings, we proposed a new model for T. pallidum ultrastructure in which the outer membrane contains a small number of transmembrane proteins and the major membrane immunogens are anchored by lipids to the periplasmic leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane. This unique ultrastructure explains the remarkable ability of virulent organisms to evade the humoral immune response of the T. pallidum-infected host.
Robust conversion of marrow cells to skeletal muscle with formation of marrow-derived muscle cell colonies: a multifactorial process.

Abstract Objective Murine marrow cells are capable of repopulating skeletal muscle fibers. A point of concern has been the "robustness" of such conversions. We have investigated the impact of type of cell delivery, muscle injury, nature of delivered cell, and stem cell mobilizations on marrow-to-muscle conversion. Methods We transplanted green fluorescence protein (GFP)-transgenic marrow into irradiated C57BL/6 mice and then injured anterior tibialis muscle by cardiotoxin. One month after injury, sections were analyzed by standard and deconvolutional microscopy for expression of muscle and hematopoietic markers. Results Irradiation was essential to conversion, although whether by injury or induction of chimerism is not clear. Cardiotoxin- and, to a lesser extent, PBS-injected muscles showed significant number of GFP + muscle fibers, while uninjected muscles showed only rare GFP + cells. Marrow conversion to muscle was increased by two cycles of G-CSF mobilization and to a lesser extent by G-CSF and steel or GM-CSF. Transplantation of female GFP to male C57BL/6 and GFP to ROSA26 mice showed fusion of donor cells to recipient muscle. High numbers of donor-derived muscle colonies and up to 12% GFP + muscle cells were seen after mobilization or direct injection. These levels of donor muscle chimerism approach levels that could be clinically significant in developing strategies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies. Conclusion In summary, the conversion of marrow to skeletal muscle cells is based on cell fusion and is critically dependent on injury. This conversion is also numerically significant and increases with mobilization.
Characteristics of parasite populations in endemic trichostrongylidosis.

Worm counts, faecal egg counts and erythrocyte losses are recorded for lambs which were exposed on a naturally infected pasture for different periods in different years. After each exposure period the lambs were kept under conditions in which no further infection could occur; at varying times, usually after the infections had had time to maturo, the lambs were killed and examined. A detailed analysis of the results is given. It is concluded that the negative binomial distribution of worms among sheep within a flock is not a reflexion of the pasture distribution of infective stages but is the result of a combination of Poisson distributions, these distributions being generated by genetic subsets within the flock. There is a remarkable correlation between the numbers of Haemonchus present and the numbers of worms of the other genera. It is suggested that there are host-mediated common elements in the biomass regulating parameters of mixed trichostrongyle infections and that there is a resource-allocating device. Three main hypotheses are proposed. The hypotheses are: (1) The dimensional constraints on the host-parasite system are the results of various kinds of pace-setters or biological clocks. In each annual cycle the parent worms programme the rate of development through each generation. (2) The rate of development of the worms is tied stochastically or deterministically to the rate of senescence and death. (3) The rate of development and death for each trichostrongyle is set at the start of each season by a host factor which acts on a comparable area of the genome in each trichostrongyle. Methods of testing these hypotheses are discussed and the work related to other systems.
Evaluation of Cell-Mediated, Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity in Young Chickens by an Interdigital Skin Test

Abstract An evaluation was made of an interdigital skin test to assess cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), mediated by thymic (T) cells, in chickens less than 2 wk of age. Hubbard-by-Hubbard roosters 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days of age were injected intradermally in the interdigital skin between Digits 3 and 4 of die right foot with 100 μg or 200 μg of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) in .10 mL of physiological saline solution (PSS). The left foot was injected with PSS and served as a control. The CBH response elicited by the PHA-P was evaluated by determining interdigital skin thickness before injection and at 12 and 24 h after injection. The effect of treatment with the T-cell suppressing drugs dexamethasone and cyclosporin on the CBH response was determined in chickens treated daily for 4 or 5 days prior to skin testing at 5 or 10 days of age. Significant increases (P
No paradox of multi-location

In a recent paper, Stephen Barker and Phil Dowe (2003)1 argue that multilocation is impossible. An object enjoys multi-location just in case it is wholly present at more than one (distinct) space-time region (106). One popular view that is committed to multi-located objects is endurantism, the doctrine that objects persist through time by being wholly present at each time they are located.2 So if Barker and Dowe are right, endurantism is in big trouble. I am not an endurantist, but some of my best friends are. Fortunately for them, Barker and Dowe’s paradox can be resisted. Here, I attempt to show how. Here is a brief summary of Barker and Dowe’s argument. Endurantists say that enduring objects are not extended in time, which suggests that they are three-dimensional entities.3 Consider an enduring object O that is wholly present at each three-dimensional space-like hyperplane of a fourdimensional space-time region R. So for each such hyperplane r in R, O is wholly present at r. So O completely fills a four-dimensional region of space-time. Moreover, for any r in R, O has a part at r. But then O is
Perspectives on Simulation Based Aerodynamic Design

This paper reviews the status of advanced computational simulation techniques in the aerodynamic design of modern aircraft. An outline of the aircraft design process is provided, and the most relevant trade-offs between disciplines are presented to justify the leading role that aerodynamic design plays in this truly multidisciplinary process. A control theory based adjoint approach which considerably reduces the computational cost of the calculation of design sensitivities is presented. Our experience with this method is described with the help of several computational design examples that cover a substantial range of objective functions, computational models, and geometric complexity. Using the adjoint method, entire design optimization calculations can be completed with a computational cost equivalent to only a few (typically less than ten) analysis runs. In comparison with current practice in an industrial setting, the design approach presented in this paper can yield large computational savings as well as reduced turn around times that can be used to either decrease the time to market or to increase the number of design iterations within a given time frame.
Peptide Mapping of the Murine DNA Methyltransferase Reveals a Major Phosphorylation Site and the Start of Translation

The murine DNA methyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of methyl groups from S-adenosylmethionine to cytosines within d(CpG) dinucleotides. The enzyme is necessary for normal embryonic development and is implicated in a number of important processes, including the control of gene expression and cancer. Metabolic labeling and high pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) were performed on DNA methyltransferase purified from murine erythroleukemia cells. Serine 514 was identified as a major phosphorylation site that lies in a domain required for targeting of the enzyme to the replication foci. These results present a potential mechanism for the regulation of DNA methylation. HPLC-ESI-MS peptide mapping data demonstrated that the purified murine DNA methyltransferase protein contains the N-terminal regions predicted by the recently revised 5′ gene sequences (Yoder, J. A., Yen, R.-W. C., Vertino, P. M., Bestor, T. H., and Baylin, S. B. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 31092–31097). The evidence suggests a start of translation at the first predicted methionine, with no alternate translational start sites. Our peptide mapping results provide a more detailed structural characterization of the DNA methyltransferase that will facilitate future structure/function studies.
Fuzzy Q-learning: a new approach for fuzzy dynamic programming

Fuzzy reinforcement learning (FRL) involves "jump starting" reinforcement learning with fuzzy logic rules. By using FRL, prior domain knowledge, which may be very approximate and imprecise, can be expressed in terms of fuzzy rules and refined later through the learning process. In this paper, we develop a new algorithm called fuzzy Q-learning (or FQ-Learning) which extends Watkin's Q-learning method. It can be used for decision processes in which the goals and/or the constraints, but not necessarily the system under control, are fuzzy in nature. An example of a fuzzy constraint is: "the weight of object A must not be substantially heavier than w" where w is a specified weight. Similarly, an example of a fuzzy goal is: "the robot must be in the vicinity of door k". We show that FQ-learning provides an alternative solution to this problem which is simpler than the Bellman-Zadeh's fuzzy dynamic programming approach. We apply the algorithm to a multistage decision making problem and a navigation task. >
Evaluating the risk of unmanned aircraft ground impacts

Currently many countries are developing regulation to allow unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations in their National Airspace System (NAS). Successful integration requires UAS to achieve, at a minimum, an equivalent level of safety to that of manned aviation. Safety is primarily defined in terms of the risk to human life, although potential collateral damages to property can also be taken into account. This paper presents a novel, general, quite conservative and rather simple method that calculates the probability of fatalities and the fatality rates associated with a ground impact. Spatial analysis results are presented that indicate where unmanned aircraft may fly based on obtained reliability and safety levels and provide a coherent comparison of reliability requirements between unmanned aircraft of different families.