cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Phytic Acid in Foods by Ion Chromatography with Post‐Column Derivatization

An ion chromatographic method to determine phytic acid in foods, which allows for the direct injection of extracts into the column without need of a prepurification step, was developed. Infant formula powder, soy flour, soy isolate, wheat bran, and wheat bread were analyzed using the new ion chromatographic method and an ion exchange method. Phytic acid determined with the ion chromatographic method ranged from 0.2% for infant formula powder to 3.28% for wheat bran. The generally lower values found using the ion chromatographic method compared to the ion exchange method are attributed to the measurement of interfering substances such as breakdown products of phytic acid by the ion exchange procedure.
Six-, Five-, and Four-Coordinate Ruthenium(II) Hydride Complexes Supported by N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Fundamental Reactivity, and Catalytic Hydrogenation of Olefins, Aldehydes, and Ketones

The Ru(II) hydride complex (IMes)2Ru(Cl)(H)(CO) (1) {IMes = 1,3-bis-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene} was synthesized from [Ru(CO)2Cl2]n and free IMes. Complex 1 rapidly reacts with CO to produce the cis-dicarbonyl Ru(II) complex (IMes)2Ru(Cl)(H)(CO)2 (2). The reaction of 1 with NaBAr′4 {Ar′ = 3,5-(CF3)C6H3} produces the four-coordinate Ru(II) cationic complex [(IMes)2Ru(H)(CO)][BAr′4] (4), which can be trapped by two equivalents of tert-butylisonitrile to produce [(IMes)2Ru(H)(CO)(CNtBu)2][BAr′4] (5). Experimental and computational studies suggest that complex 4 is a diamagnetic system that adopts a sawhorse structure. The hydride ligand of complex 2 is readily displaced as dihydrogen upon reaction with HCl to produce (IMes)2Ru(Cl)2(CO)2 (3). Both complex 1 and 4 were found to react with D2 (30 psi) at room temperature to produce the isotopomers (IMes)2Ru(Cl)(D)(CO) (1-d1) and [(IMes)2Ru(D)(CO)][BAr′4] (4-d1), respectively, with the rate of formation of 4-d1 at least 28 times faster than the con...
Altered body temperature of rabbits after central injection of β-endorphin and other peptides

After injection of 5 micrograms into a lateral cerebral ventricle, 6 of 12 peptides induced mean changes of 0.3 degree C or more in rectal temperature of rabbits. When beta-endorphin was studied further with 1.25-5 micrograms in 10, 23 and 30 degrees C environments, it induced dose-related hypothermia in the cold, hyperthermia in the heat and progressively smaller increases in body temperature with increasing doses at 23 degrees C.
BOREL-SUMMABLE PERTURBATION SERIES FOR THEORIES WITH DEGENERATE MINIMA

We shed new light on the large-order behavior of the perturbation theory for the quantum mechanics with degenerate minima. The dominant contribution at large-order of perturbation is identified as a bounce-like solution of an effective theory in Euclidean path-integral formalism. Based on this observation, we define an improved perturbation theory, which utilizes the symmetry of the theory. It is shown to yield a Borel-summable series.
Age of the Great Dyke of Southern Rhodesia

THE isotopic composition of strontium has been determined for two whole-rock specimens of gabbro from the Wedza Complex of the Great Dyke of Southern Rhodesia. In addition, concentrations of rubidium and strontium were measured for these rocks by the method of isotope dilution. These results led to an estimate of the time since differentiation of this intrusive.
Judgments of city-occupation combinations.

Ss judged attractiveness of working at a certain Occupation in a certain City. Experiment I supported the hypothesis that attractiveness was a sum of the separate values of City and of Occupation for Doctor, Lawyer, and Accountant, but not for Teacher. Experiment II confirmed Experiment I and indicated that the Teacher interaction was not a methodological artifact.
Molecular Simulation Study of Some Thermophysical and Transport Properties of Triazolium-Based Ionic Liquids

Results of a molecular dynamics study of several triazolium-based ionic liquids are reported. Triazolium cations include 1,2,4-triazolium, 1,2,3-triazolium, 4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium, and 1-methyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium. Each cation was paired with a nitrate or perchlorate anion. These materials are part of a class of ionic compounds that have been synthesized recently but for which little physical property data are available. Properties of the more common ionic liquid, 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, are also computed and compared with the properties of the triazolium-based compounds. A molecular mechanics force field was developed for these materials using a mix of ab initio calculations and parameter fitting using the molecular compound 1H-1,2,4-triazole as a basis for the triazolium cations. Liquid-phase properties that were computed include heat capacities, cohesive energy densities, gravimetric densities/molar volumes as a function of temperature and pressure, self-diffusivities, rotational time constants, and various pair correlation functions. In the solid phase, heat capacities and lattice parameters were computed. Of all of these properties, only lattice parameters have been measured experimentally (and only for four of the triazolium compounds). The agreement with the experimental crystal structures was good. When compared with that of the imidazolium-based ionic liquid, the triazolium-based materials have much smaller molar volumes, higher cohesive energy densities, and larger specific heat capacities. They also tend to be less compressible, have a higher gravimetric density, and have faster rotational dynamics but similar translational dynamics.
Assessment of Competency in Anesthesiology

Assessment of competency in traditional graduate medical education has been based on observation of clinical care and classroom teaching. In anesthesiology, this has been relatively easy because of the high volume of care provided by residents under the direct observation of faculty in the operating room. With the movement to create accountability for graduate medical education, there is pressure to move toward assessment of competency. The Outcome Project of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has mandated that residency programs teach six core competencies, create reliable tools to assess learning of the competencies, and use the data for program improvement. General approaches to assessment and how these approaches fit into the context of anesthesiology are highly relevant for academic physicians.
Do more diverse environments increase the diversity of subsequent interaction? Evidence from random dorm assignment

Exposing university students to members of a different race via random dorm assignment increases the number of different race friends in the dorm, but does not increase the diversity of social networks outside that environment, based upon data from Facebook.
The Nuclear Quadrupole Interaction in High Temperature Superconductors

Abstract Since their discovery in 1986 [11], the high temperature superconducting (HTS) copper oxides have presented a continuing challenge to both experiment and theory. The identification of the underlying mechanism (or mechanisms) responsible for their superconductivity remains an unanswered question. Numerous theories have been proposed ranging from phonon-mediated pairing of the charge carriers, similar to the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) [2] theory developed for conventional low-temperature superconductors, to novel concepts independent of phonons [3–-l0]. For conventional superconductors the variation of the transition temperature Tc , with isotopic mass M (from BCS theory Tc ∼ M−a ) was an important verification of the contribution of electron-phonon interactions to electron pairing. Measurements of this effect of HTS cuprates resulted in isotope shifts much smaller than predicted by theory [ll-14], raising doubts about the role of phonons. However, Barbee [15] argued that the size of the isoto...
Creep behavior of SiC fiber-reinforced hot-pressed Si3N4 composites

The creep response of SiC fiber-reinforced Si3N4 composites has been measured using four-point flexural loading at temperatures of 1200–1450°C and stress levels ranging from 250 to 350 MPa. Parameters characterizing the stress and temperature dependence of flexural creep strain rates were determined. A numerical analysis was also performed to estimate the power-law creep parameters for tensile and compressive creep from the bend test data. The incorpoporation of SiC fiber into Si3N4 resulted in substantial improvements in creep resistance even at very high stresses. The steady-state creep deformation mechanism, determined to be subcritical crack growth in the unreinforced matrix, changed to a mechanism in the composites of repeated matrix stress relaxation-fiber rupture-load dispersion by the matrix. Multiple fiber fracture rather than multiple matrix cracking resulted. The tertiary creep in the composite resulted from the rapid growth of the microcracks which initiated from the fiber rupture sites. Fiber strength, matrix cracking stress and interfacial shear strength have been identified as the key microstructural parameters controlling the creep behavior of the composite.
Sliding mode control of uncertain unified chaotic systems

This paper investigates the chaos control of the uncertain unified chaotic systems by means of sliding mode control. A proportional plus integral sliding surface is introduced to obtain a sliding mode control law. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, numerical simulations are presented graphically.
The choline incorporation pathway: primary mechanism for de novo lecithin synthesis in fetal primate lung.

The Choline Incorporation Pathway: Primary Mechanism for de Novo Lecithin Synthesis in Fetal Primate Lung
The secondary fluorescence correction for X-ray microanalysis in the analytical electron microscope

SUMMARY A general formulation for the secondary fluorescence correction is presented. It is intended to give an intuitive appreciation for the various factors that influence the magnitude of the secondary fluorescence correction, the specimen geometry in particular, and to serve as a starting point for the derivation of quantitative correction formulae. This formulation is primarily intended for the X-ray microanalysis of electron-transparent specimens in the analytical electron microscope (AEM). The fluoresced intensity, IYX, is expressed relative to the primary intensity of the fluorescing element, IY, rather than to that of the fluoresced element, IX, as has been customary for microanalysis. The importance of this choice of IY as a reference intensity for the electron-transparent specimens examined in the AEM is discussed. The various factors entering the secondary fluorescence correction are grouped into three factors, representing the dependencies of the correction on specimen composition, X-ray fluorescence probability and specimen geometry. In principle, an additional factor should be appended to account for the difference in detection efficiencies of the fluoresced and fluorescing X-rays; however, this factor is shown to be within a few per cent of unity for practical applications of the secondary fluorescence correction. The absorption of secondary X-rays leaving the specimen en route to the detector is also accounted for through a single parameter. In the limit that the absorption of secondary X-rays is negligible, the geometric factor has the simple physical interpretation as the fractional solid angle subtended by the fluoresced volume from the perspective of the analysed volume. Studies of secondary fluorescence in the published literature are compared with this physical interpretation. It is shown to be qualitatively consistent with Reed's expression for secondary fluorescence in the electron probe microanalyser and with the specimen-thickness dependence of the Nockolds expression for the parallel-sided thin foil. This interpretation is also used to show that the ‘sec α’ dependence on specimen tilt in the latter expression is erroneous and should be omitted. The extent to which extrapolation methods can be used to correct for secondary fluorescence is also discussed. The notion that extrapolation methods, by themselves, can be used to correct for secondary fluorescence is refuted. However, extrapolation methods greatly facilitate secondary fluorescence correction for wedge-shaped specimens when used in conjunction with correction formulae.
Joint Signal Probability Distribution Of An Optical Heterodyne Array

An approximate expression is presented for the joint probability density function of the IF signal magnitudes from an array of optical heterodyne detectors operating in the clear air turbulent atmosphere. The treatment considers local oscillator shot noise, log-normal amplitude fluctuations, and Gaussian phase front perturbations, where arbitrary correlation of phase and of amplitude fading are allowed.
AMERICAN PROFESSIONAL WRESTLING: EVOLUTION, CONTENT, AND POPULAR APPEAL

Over the past several years, professional wrestling, now referred to as sports entertainment, has become a hugely popular cultural phenomenon. There are several reasons to account for why tens of millions of Americans are attracted to this form of entertainment, but this article centers attention on three allures that stand out: excitement, intrigue, and political incorrectness. Content analysis suggests that these three foci form the core of pro wrestling program content. The present paper identifies the macrosocial forces that explain sociologically why these themes are especially marketable today: community breakdown, social disenchantment, and political correctness.
Noninvasive in vivo tissue and pulse modulated Raman spectroscopy of human capillary blood and plasma

We have refined of our previously published tissue modulation technique for obtaining Raman spectra of blood in fingertip capillary beds. Results from the newest LighTouch device benefit from more consistent management of applied force and temperature and more consistent tissue placement. Comparing these more precisely obtained spectra with other spectra obtained from the same capillary beds using the natural heart driven pulse as modulation reveals essential aspects of microcirculation such as plasma skimming, the Faraeus effect and the Faraeus-Lindqvist effect. We discuss these results in the context of performing noninvasive quantitative analysis of blood and blood components in vivo. We show the first Raman spectra of human blood plasma noninvasive, in vivo.
Designing pervasive health games for sustainability, adaptability and sociability

Active video games (AVG) have become widespread as more physical interfaces are introduced in video games. Lab based studies have indicated that AVGs can increase the amount and intensity of physical activity compared to non-active games and TV, however, the long-term effectiveness of AVGs has yet been established. In fact, most of the existing studies show a reduction of interest and participation over time. This paper presents our findings from a long-term, multi-site deployment of a pervasive health game, the American Horsepower Challenge (AHPC). Similar to previous studies, our findings also show reduced effectiveness of the game, but on a much larger scale. Moreover, we analyze reasons for this and report what kind of game related online and offline activities happened during the deployment. We argue that a shift of evaluation metrics and design goals is required to make real-world sustainable behavior changes. Based on empirical data, we propose three goals for AVGs---sustainability, adaptability and sociability. Behavior-changing games can learn how to achieve these goals from existing game genres, such as alternate reality games, location-based games, family games, and multiplayer online games etc.
Co-sequestration of SO2 with supercritical CO2 in carbonates: An experimental study of capillary trapping, relative permeability, and capillary pressure

Abstract In this study we performed three categories of steady- and unsteady-state core-flooding experiments to investigate capillary trapping, relative permeability, and capillary pressure, in a scCO 2 + SO 2 /brine/limestone system at elevated temperature and pressure conditions, i.e., 60 °C and 19.16 MPa. We used a Madison limestone core sample acquired from the Rock Springs Uplift in southwest Wyoming. We carried out two sets of steady-state drainage-imbibition relative permeability experiments with different initial brine saturations to study hysteresis. We found that the final scCO 2 + SO 2 drainage relative permeability was very low, i.e., 0.04. We also observed a rapid reduction in the scCO 2 -rich phase imbibition relative permeability curve, which resulted in a high residual trapping. The results showed that between 62.8% and more than 76% of the initial scCO 2 + SO 2 at the end of drainage was trapped by capillary trapping mechanism (trapping efficiency). We found that at higher initial brine saturations, the trapping efficiency was higher. The maximum initial and residual scCO 2 -rich phase saturations at the end of primary drainage and imbibition were 0.525 and 0.329, respectively. Each drainage-imbibition cycle was followed by a dissolution process to re-establish S w = 1. The dissolution brine relative permeabilities for both cycles were also obtained. We characterized the scCO 2 + SO 2 /brine capillary pressure hysteresis behavior through unsteady-state primary drainage, imbibition, and secondary drainage experiments. We observed negative imbibition capillary pressure curve indicative of possible wettability alteration throughout the experiments due to contact with scCO 2 + SO 2 /brine fluid system. The trapping results were compared to those reported in literature for other carbonate core samples. We noticed slightly more residual trapping in our sample, which might be attributed to heterogeneity, different viscosity ratio, and pore-space topologies. The impact of dynamic effects, i.e., high brine flow rate imbibition tests, on trapping of the scCO 2 -rich phase was also explored. We performed two imbibition experiments with relatively high brine flow rates. The residual scCO 2 saturation dropped to 0.291 and 0.262 at the end of the first and second imbibition tests, i.e., 11.5% and 20.4%, respectively, compared to 0.329 under capillary-dominated regime.
Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC). The disease carries a >80% lifetime risk of CRC (mean age at diagnosis being 46 years). The CRCs that arise in HNPCC are usually right-sided and associated with synchronous and metachronous tumors. HNPCC is also associated with a high risk of extracolonic cancers, predominantly endometrial cancer. Predisposition to cancer in HNPCC has been attributed to mutations in mismatch repair (MMR) genes, over 95% of the identified mutations in HNPCC being in hMSH2 , hMLH1 , and hMSH6 . The abnormal MMR genes lead to instabilities in nucleotide repeat sequences (microsatellites) within the genome (MSI, microsatellite instability) that may lead to tumorigenesis and concerning pathologic features but improved clinical outcomes when compared with sporadic CRCs without MSI. Mutations in MMR genes are also associated with a host of other extraintestinal cancers. Each individual MMR gene has its own genotype-phenotype pattern of expression that can vary from individual to individual. As a result, this genetic information can be used to direct surveillance of affected and at-risk family members. Once the clinical criteria for HNPCC have been met and/or a gene mutation confirmed, affected patients show improved survival with cancer screenings every 1 to 2 years starting before age 25 years. Prophylactic colectomy for asymptomatic gene mutation carriers and the extent of colectomy when polyps or cancer arise in HNPCC remain the subject of debate. This issue will discuss our current understanding of the genetics of HNPCC, the various phenotypic expressions, genetic testing, surveillance, and current recommendations of management of this familial cancer syndrome.
Role of GAC63 in Transcriptional Activation Mediated by the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a member of the basic helix-loop-helix/Per-Arnt-Sim (bHLH-PAS) gene family, binds a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mediates their toxic effects. GAC63 has been shown to act as a coactivator in nuclear receptor-mediated gene transcription. In this report, we demonstrate that GAC63 interacts with AHR through its bHLH-PAS domain. Overexpression of GAC63 greatly enhanced AHR-regulated reporter gene activity in a ligand-dependent manner in transient transfection assays. Upon ligand treatment, endogenous GAC63 was recruited to the xenobiotic response element of the mouse CYP1A1 gene, an AHR-responsive gene. Reduction of the endogenous GAC63 level by small interfering RNA inhibited transcriptional activation by AHR. These findings reveal a new function of GAC63 in AHR-mediated gene transcription.
Review and application of serine protease inhibition in coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Purpose. Current pharmacologic agents, aprotinin, epsilon aminocaproic acid, and tranexamic acid, used to decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery are discussed. Aprotinin is the only agent that also modulates the systemic inflammatory responses that are generated by contact activation during CABG surgery. These responses are largely mediated by serine proteases such as kallikrein, thrombin, and plasmin. Summary. Aprotinin is a naturally occurring polypeptide that has a concentration-dependent effect to inhibit serine proteases. Two aprotinin dosing regimens are indicated in the United States (U.S.) for prophylactic use to reduce perioperative blood loss and the need for blood transfusion in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during the course of CABG surgery. Serum concentrations achieved with the full-dose regimen inhibit both kallikrein and plasmin activity resulting in attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response to bypass, whereas serum concentrations achieved with the half-dose regimen only inhibit plasmin activity. The efficacy and safety of aprotinin have been studied in randomized controlled trials in over 5,000 patients. Aprotinin is well tolerated compared to placebo. Treatment-emergent adverse events are similar to those associated with CPB surgery. However, because aprotinin is a bovine protein, there is a small, but manageable risk of hypersensitivity reactions. Epsilon aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid are lysine analogs that reduce bleeding by inhibiting the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, a serine protease responsible for breaking down fibrinogen to fibrin. Although they are commonly used to decrease bleeding associated with CABG surgery with CPB, they are not currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for CABG surgery. Conclusion. Aprotinin is the only agent that has an FDA indication to prevent blood loss and transfusion during CABG surgery, and the additional benefit of attenuating the systemic inflammatory response associated with CABG with CPB.
Cascading impact of lag on quality of experience in cooperative multiplayer games

Playing online games should be fun. One of the primary causes of player frustration in online games is lag, or delay in exchange of game state data [1]--[8]. Current lag mitigation strategies are based on the assumption that a player's Quality of Experience (QoE) is influenced only by her own lag [9]--[12]. We systematically show that this assumption is incorrect, because in an online cooperative game the change in QoE of one player due to their lag can have a cascading effect on the QoE of the other players. Our results are obtained through a novel experimental framework based on previous QoE and online game research.Understanding a player's QoE as a cascade function that includes other players' network conditions provides valuable information for designing cooperative online games. Based on our observations, we recommend changes to the current approach to lag mitigation in cooperative games. We argue that the primary objective of lag mitigation should not be to reduce the lag of all players. Instead the primary objective should be to reduce the lag of the most lagged player within each cooperative group.
αvβ3 Integrin in central nervous system tumors

Summary α v β 3 is an integrin specifically expressed in endothelial cells of newly forming blood vessels. Integrin-mediated angiogenesis is hypothesized to play a central role in the development and the progression of central nervous system neoplasms. Accordingly, it is considered a potential target for antiangiogenic therapy. In the current study, we compare the expression of α v β 3 in ependymomas, oligodendrogliomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, medulloblastomas, and vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas). Samples of 5 tumors of each of the 5 tumor types were harvested surgically and frozen. After the pathological diagnosis was confirmed, immunohistochemistry was performed using an anti- α v β 3 monoclonal antibody (LM609). The expression of α v β 3 was assessed using a 4-tiered (0-3) grading scheme reflecting the percentage of positively staining vessels. All vestibular schwannomas demonstrated strong (grade 3) α v β 3 expression. The expression was uniformly prominent in Antoni B regions of the tumors. Of 5 ependymomas, 4 demonstrated uniformly strong α v β 3 expression. Oligodendrogliomas, medulloblastomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas demonstrated more variable α v β 3 expression. α v β 3 may contribute significantly to angiogenesis in vestibular schwannomas and ependymomas. Despite the high vascular density of oligodendrogliomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, and medulloblastomas, these tumors had variable moderate α v β 3 expression. This discrepancy suggests temporal and/or regional variability in the angiogenesis in these types of tumor. This study provides the first demonstration of α v β 3 expression in vestibular schwannomas, medulloblastomas, and pilocytic astrocytomas.
Time-dose relationships for locomotor activity effects of morphine after acute or repeated treatment.

Abstract 1. Effects of morphine sulphate (1·25, 2·5, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg i.p.) on locomotor activity of male rats were observed for 8 h after single doses in non-tolerant rats. The lower three doses had only an excitatory effect, whereas the higher three doses caused initial depression followed by a delayed excitatory effect. 2. The same doses of morphine were administered daily for 30 days. No tolerance developed within this time to the excitatory effect. The locomotor excitatory effect of the higher three doses of morphine became progressively more pronounced over treatment periods of 30 days (and 48 days for 20 mg/kg), while the latency to peak activity decreased. 3. An explanation of these results is suggested on the basis of two different central drug-receptor interactions affecting motility.
Logic approaches for deductive databases

Various ways of introducing deductive capability into a database system through the use of logic are examined. The inference mechanism of Prolog and its use in deductive databases are introduced. Different approaches to designing deductive database systems according to a taxonomy are described. Examples are provided for each approach, and their limitations are discussed. >
Estimating climate effects on the atmospheric contribution to the potential available inorganic nitrogen in eastern United States soils

Abstract Atmospherically deposited inorganic nitrogen (N) is often considered to be the primary means of increasing the nitrogen in natural ecosystems. A modeling study of the relationship of climate to an estimate of available inorganic N in soil solution was made for locations/climates in the eastern United States assuming only wet N deposition and assuming both wet and dry deposition measurements for the period 1986–1995. In the absence of denitrification, dry and cool climate locations increased in available nitrogen over the 10-yr period even if only wet deposition was considered. Locations in humid climates retained little wet N deposition due to both denitrification and leaching. Locations in cool dry climates were more sensitive to maximum denitrification rates than warm or hot climates because the temperatures of the soil in the cool climates often were not high enough to maximize the rate. What wet N deposition occurred tended to be retained within the soil column in cooler climates and during drier parts of the year. The timing and magnitude of the dry deposition strongly influenced the retained N in the soil solution; deposition during dry or cold periods resulted in net N accumulation in the soil solution and deposition during wet periods resulted in net N loss from the soil solution. Dry N deposition was retained in the soil column in warmer climates during drier parts of the year. Results indicated that the retention of atmospherically deposited N in the soil water column may be strongly influenced by the climate of the area, and that N was retained especially in soil columns under dry and cold conditions. Additional modeling with verification is needed to assess the impact organic N exchanges and various vegetation types have on the developed relationships between climate, atmospheric deposition and available N.
A study of the production and transport of muons through shielding at the Tevatron

Abstract The fluence distributions of muons were measured at a number of locations downstream of three different target stations in the fixed-target experimental areas of the Fermilab Tevatron. These were compared with Monte-Carlo calculations of muon production by 800 GeV protons and their transport through shielding materials and regions of magnetic fields. Agreement between the measured and calculated fluence is quite satisfactory at distances between 167 and 3000 m from the primary production targets. The calculations are therefore a trustworthy tool for predicting muon fluence distributions.
Excess of Rare Damaging TUBA4A Variants Suggests Cytoskeletal Defects in ALS

Identifying disease genes implicated in late-onset neurodegenerative disorders can be challenging due to the lack of DNA samples from multiple affected family members. To overcome this limitation, Smith et al. (2014) report in this issue of Neuron the first exome-wide rare variant analysis in unrelated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients associating TUBA4A with ALS.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM NEURON-ENRICHED AND GLIA-ENRICHED FRACTIONS OF RABBIT AND BEEF BRAIN

Fractions enriched in neuronal and glial cells were obtained from dispersions of whole beef brain and rabbit cerebral cortex by large-scale density gradient centrifugation procedures. The fractions were characterized by appropriate microscopic observation. Mitochondria were then isolated from these fractions by differential centrifugation of their homogenates. The two different types of mitochondria were characterized with respect to certain enzyme activities, respiratory rate, rate of protein synthesis, and their buoyant density in sucrose gradients. The mitochondria from the neuron-enriched fraction were distinguished by a higher rate of incorporation of amino acids into protein, higher cytochrome oxidase activity, and a higher buoyant density in sucrose density gradients. Mitochondria from the glia-enriched fraction showed relatively high monoamine oxidase and Na+- and K+-stimulated ATPase activities. The rates of oxidation of various substrates and the acceptor control ratios did not differ appreciably between the two types of mitochondria. The difference in the buoyant density of mitochondria isolated from the neuron-enriched and glia-enriched cell fractions was utilized in attempts to separate neuronal and glial mitochondria from the mixed mitochondria obtained from whole brain homogenates in shallow sucrose gradients. The appearance of two peaks of cytochrome oxidase, monoamine oxidase, and protein concentration in such gradients shows the potential feasibility of such an approach.
Thrombospondin and tumor necrosis factor

Progress in two main projects in my laboratory are discussed: (i) the study of the extracellular matrix/cell surface molecule thrombospondin (TSP); and (ii) the characterization of primary or immediate early response genes induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF).
Receptor binding specificity and sequence comparison of a novel avian-origin H7N9 virus in China

Avian influenza such as H5N1 could infect humans and cause great health concern due to its high mortality rate. In March 2013, a novel reassortant avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus was found in several patients with severe respiratory illness in China. Since then, at least 82 people in China have been infected with this new virus and 17 have died from this virus. The question of how these people were infected with this virus and whether this virus will spread among people remains an urgent topic for research. This study took an early investigation of this virus by comparing the collected viral genome sequences of 2013 H7N9 inChinaagainst those of previous avian H7N9 and examined the receptor binding specificity of this new virus. This virus was found to be very different from the previous avian H7N9 viruses and surprisingly many of the internal proteins of 2013 H7N9 from the avian and human hosts in China were either identical or similar. Our analysis of the HA protein of this virus implied that the current strains of 2013 H7N9 inChina displayed avian type receptors as their primary binding preference and human type receptors as secondary. For pandemic risk assessment, we also detected 23 mutations, including a few well known for host adaptation, in the HA1 domain of the HA protein from this virus. Each mutation was quantified for its impact on the recaptor binding selection using a bioinformatics approach. Collectively these current mutations tended to decrease the HA binding affinity for avian type recaptors and increase that for human type receptors, which could enhance the ability of this virus to infect humans.
Quantitative assessment of augmentation therapy.

. We report the results obtained from 18 women whose facial folds and furrows were treated with augmentation therapy. The results of treatment with microlipoinjection and injectable collagen were measured and compared at regular intervals for a period of 1 year using a method of optical profilometry. Subsidence was noted with both modalities. Collagen gave consistent results. Seventy-five percent of correction on the average is lost at 6 months, but 22% of the collagen-treated subjects maintained at least 30% correction 1 year from the time of treatment. Autologous fat gave unpredictable results ranging from poor to excellent. A good result at 6 months is likely to be maintained until 1 year from the time of treatment. Forty-four percent of fat augmented subjects maintained at least 30% correction 1 year after treatment.
What do High School Students Know about How to Study

During the past three years the University of Buffalo has been carry ing on a study designed to improve the articulation between high school and college, particularly as it affects the superior student.1 As one phase of this investigation the staff of the study have been trying to determine for this group the value of a course in "how to study." Designed to meet three times a week for the school year and to carry one-half unit of credit, the course as first given was largely exploratory in nature and restricted to four high school classes. At the end of'the first semester the work was extended to other groups and, in the attempt to dis cover how much high school pupils know about methods of study which are generally accepted as being psychologically sound, these new groups were given, at the first regular meeting of the class, an objective test which had been constructed to serve as an end test for the first half of the course as given to the previous groups. It was felt that the performance of these pupils on the test would serve to indicate rather accurately just what por tions of the subject would prove to be new material for them and, there fore, what the emphasis should be in the development of the course. The test used is composed of eighty-five items : sixty of these are mul tiple choice in nature while twenty-five conform to the true-false type. The individual items included in the test were contributed by the several members of the staff of the study who were at the time teaching "how to study" in the local high schools. Each item was carefully studied by this group in the attempt to make it as valuable a measuring instrument as pos sible. In group discussion better wording than the original was frequently suggested, different and more promising alternatives advanced in the case of the multiple choice questions, and, in general, the possibilities of the different items composing the test greatly improved. The test thus rep resents the joint efforts of individuals closely in touch with the problems involved in teaching "how to study" to high school students. In the form in which the test was finally administered to the several groups, those who had completed one semester's study of the subject and
High Recurrence Rates of Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Mohs' Surgery in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

BACKGROUND. Cutaneous cancers exhibit a much higher incidence in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia than in nonleukemic patients. Squamous and basal cell carcinomas also exhibit greater subclinical tumor extension in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to estimate and compare the recurrence rates of squamous cell carcinoma after Mohs’ surgery in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared with those in controls and to evaluate differences among squamous cell carcinoma size and histologic grade. METHODS. We retrospectively assessed the clinical histories, postoperative notes, and surgical photographs of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and controls matched (2:1) for age, sex, and surgical year. Both patients and controls underwent Mohs’ surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck at the Mayo Clinic between March 1988 and April 1999. RESULTS. Twenty-eight patients who underwent Mohs’ surgery for 57 squamous cell carcinomas had 7 recurrences. The cumulative incidence of recurrence on a per-tumor basis was 4.3% at 1 year, 14.8% at 3 years, and 19.0% at 5 years. Squamous cell carcinoma was seven times more likely to recur in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia than in controls (p 5 .003). The distribution of tumor histologic grade was not significantly different between patients and controls (p 5 .39). Maximum preoperative tumor diameters were clinically similar between patients and controls (median 15 mm vs 14 mm;p 5 .04). CONCLUSION. The recurrence rates of squamous cell carcinoma were significantly higher in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Squamous cell carcinomas in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia did not exhibit a significant difference in histologic grade or clinical difference in preoperative tumor size. Close surveillance for squamous cell carcinoma recurrence is warranted in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
High-spatial-resolution one-dimensional rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy imaging using counterpropagating beams.

A counterpropagating phase-matching geometry is employed for high-spatial-resolution one-dimensional (1D) imaging of temperature and O2-to-N2 concentration ratio using picosecond pure-rotational coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (RCARS) over a large field (20 mm). A single-shot 1D RCARS image of more than 20 mm in length is thus acquired at 300 K in air. High-resolution 1D RCARS flame measurements are demonstrated using a custom-built burner and a premixed methane/air flame (Φ=0.6). This phase-matching scheme improves the spatial resolution by approximately 1 order of magnitude when compared to the standard small-angle BOXCARS phase-matching schemes typically employed in CARS measurements. Additionally, for a 20 mm 1D image, signal levels are increased by 102 because of the higher irradiance provided in the current scheme.
Conformal Invariance, Unitarity, and Critical Exponents in Two Dimensions

Conformal invariance and unitarity severely limit the possible values of critical exponents in two-dimensional systems.
Control of the Pitch of Synthetic Polypeptide Lyotropic Phases Utilizing a Chiral Solvent

Abstract The addition of the chiral solvent, phenethyl alcohol to the cholesteric lyotropic phases of the synthetic polypeptides poly-(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate) or poly-(γ-benzyl-D-glutamate) (PBLG and PBDG) causes a strong perturbation of the pitch. Both polymers are in the α-helical conformation and, in both cases, l-alcohol increases and d-alcohol decreases the pitch relative to the racemic alcohol.
Out of Sight and Out of Mind: The Media Literacy Needs of Grown-Ups

With few exceptions, media literacy programs typically are aimed at children and youth in elementary and high schools, although the term media literacy, as defined generally, could apply to persons of any age. This article considers the range and scope of media literacy conceptually and operationally while suggesting there is a case for media literacy for adults. The expanding concept of literacy in relationship to media platforms and technologies is considered, as are college-level and postcollege approaches. Benefits to individuals and society are considered along with potential barriers. The locus of responsibility for media literacy, it is argued, ought to be with educators, media industries, and other institutional interests—as well as individuals themselves.
Picture/Text Relationships: An Investigation of Literary Elements in Picturebooks

The major research question was: How do pictures and texts function in developing literary elements in picturebooks for younger readers and picturebooks for older readers? We examined 30 picturebooks for younger readers and 30 picturebooks for older readers to determine how pictures and text work to develop plot, character, setting, and mood. Findings reveal that in books for younger readers, illustrations played a major role in developing each element; yet the illustrations and text worked together in diverse ways. In books for older readers, findings indicated that illustrations played a dominant role primarily in setting, mood, and character relationships. These findings suggest that comprehension may be enhanced by instruction that focuses on the interplay between pictures and texts to develop literary elements in picturebooks.
Large N collective fields and holography

We propose that the Euclidean bilocal collective field theory of critical large-N vector models provides a complete definition of the proposed dual theory of higher spin fields in anti--de Sitter spaces. We show how this bilocal field can be decomposed into an infinite number of even spin fields in one more dimension. The collective field has a nontrivial classical solution which leads to an $O(N)$ thermodynamic entropy characteristic of the lower dimensional theory, as required by general considerations of holography. A subtle cancellation of the entropy coming from the bulk fields in one higher dimension with $O(1)$ contributions from the classical solution ensures that the subleading terms in thermodynamic quantities are of the expected form. While the spin components of the collective field transform properly under dilatational, translational, and rotational isometries of AdS, special conformal transformations mix fields of different spins indicating a need for a nonlocal map between the two sets of fields. We discuss the nature of the propagating degrees of freedom through a Hamiltonian form of collective field theory and argue that nonsinglet states which are present in an Euclidean version are related to nontrivial backgrounds.
1001–23 Localized Intracoronary Delivery of Urokinase with the Channelled Balloon: Pharmacokinetics of Drug Delivery and Washout

The Channelled Balloon is a new local drug delivery catheter which allows for simultaneous vessel dilation and local drug infusion at low pressure. In order to assess the pharmacokinetics of intracoronary urokinase delivery with this device, 123l-urokinase was delivered to 19 coronary arteries in 10 anesthetized pigs. All vessels underwent dilation at 6 atm, with simultaneous infusion of urokinase. Drug was infused at an inflation pressure of 2 or 4 atm, a balloon:artery ratio of either 1:1 or 1.2:1. and at a concentration of either 5,500 or 11,000 units/ml. Treated vessels were harvested up to 5 hrs later to quantitate intramural drug deposition and washout. Results Successful drug delivery was accomplished in all vessels without adverse hemodynamic, electrical, or angiographic sequelae. The efficiency of drug delivery (i.e., % of delivered drug that was intramurally deposited) ranged from 0.06 to 0.4%. Drug infusion pressure had no significant effect on drug deposition. Higher urokinase concentrations and a higher balloon:artery ratio resulted in higher intramural drug levels (p l 0.01). Urokinase deposition and washout is described below: Time of Harvest 5 mins 15 mins 45 mins 1 hr 5hrs Intramural 21 ± 12 7 ± 4 5 ± 4 5 ± 4 2 ± 2 Urokinase units units units units units Conclusions Urokinase can be safely delivered at coronary angioplasty sites using the Channelled balloon. Intramural drug deposition is related to the concentration of infused drug and balloon:artery ratio. Although significant washout occurs, urokinase persists for at least 5 hours following delivery. This technique may be useful in the local dissolution of intracoronary thrombus and creates a reservoir of urokinase at an angioplasty site which may result in prolonged local thrombolysis.
Spectrophotometric evidence for a glutamate dehydrogenase-l-leucine complex

Abstract Ultraviolet differential spectroscopic measurements show the existence of a glutamate dehydrogenase- l -leucine complex. Similar complexes can be formed with other amino acids. The dissociation constant for the enzyme- l -leucine complex was 270 μ m and was independent of the state of association of the enzyme. l -Leucine had little effect on the association state of the enzyme. The formation of this enzyme-ligand complex appears to be related to the ability of several amino acids to activate the glutamate dehydrogenase reaction.
What Do Data Used to Develop Ground-Motion Prediction Equations Tell Us About Motions Near Faults?

A large database of ground motions from shallow earthquakes occurring in active tectonic regions around the world, recently developed in the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Center’s NGA-West2 project, has been used to investigate what such a database can say about the properties and processes of crustal fault zones. There are a relatively small number of near-rupture records, implying that few recordings in the database are within crustal fault zones, but the records that do exist emphasize the complexity of ground-motion amplitudes and polarization close to individual faults. On average over the whole data set, however, the scaling of ground motions with magnitude at a fixed distance, and the distance dependence of the ground motions, seem to be largely consistent with simple seismological models of source scaling, path propagation effects, and local site amplification. The data show that ground motions close to large faults, as measured by elastic response spectra, tend to saturate and become essentially constant for short periods. This saturation seems to be primarily a geometrical effect, due to the increasing size of the rupture surface with magnitude, and not due to a breakdown in self similarity.
On the Formulation of Balance Laws for Electromagnetic Continua

Kovetz' formulation (Electromagnetic Theory, Oxford University Press, 2000) of the system consisting of the linear momentum balance, moment-of-momentum balance, energy balance and Clausius— Duhem i...