cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Outlook for Geopressured/Geothermal Energy and Associated Natural Gas

A review of the current status of investigations on the unconventional geopressure/geothermal source of energy concludes that large reservoirs with excellent flow characteristics (permeabilities of 3-6 darcies) occur below 15,000 ft, but readily recoverable, low-salinity brines saturated with methane are certainly not omnipresent in the region of interest. These investigations have also delineated several problem areas. For example, CO/sub 2/ scaling problems may occur; porosity and permeability are reduced when the pore pressure of the sandstones is decreased and creep behavior is associated with these reductions (the resulting production-dependent skin effect and creep tendency suggest that existing reservoir models are inadequate); salinities are highly variable and far greater than those predicted by well-log analysis - consequently, water saturations are generally much too high. It is suggested that (1) additional well tests be made at high flow rates for assessing this energy source and (2) an increased emphasis be placed on shallow hydropressured aquifers and watered-out gas reservoirs.
Magnetic reproducer and printer

The rapid development of business systems during the past few years has at the same time called attention to some rather serious limitations in mechanical and photographic methods for the production of printed copy. Modern electronic computing machines can process data and produce results in tremendous quantity. Moreover, the operation of large business organizations creates a problem in the dissemination of information within themselves that is not always economically solved by existing equipment.
A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae

Determinations of the motion of the sun with respect to the extra-galactic nebulae have involved a K term of several hundred kilometers which appears to be variable. Explanations of this paradox have been sought in a correlation between apparent radial velocities and distances, but so far the results have not been convincing. The present paper is a re-examination of the question, based on only those nebular distances which are believed to be fairly reliable. Distances of extra-galactic nebulae depend ultimately upon the application of absolute-luminosity criteria to involved stars whose types can be recognized. These include, among others, Cepheid variables, novae, and blue stars involved in emission nebulosity. Numerical values depend upon the zero point of the period-luminosity relation among Cepheids, the other criteria merely check the order of the distances. This method is restricted to the few nebulae which are well resolved by existing instruments. A study of these nebulae, together with those in which any stars at all can be recognized, indicates the probability of an approximately uniform upper limit to the absolute luminosity of stars, in the late-type spirals and irregular nebulae at least, of the order of M (photographic) = −6.3.1 The apparent luminosities of the brightest stars in such nebulae are thus criteria which, although rough and to be applied with caution, furnish reasonable estimates of the distances of all extra-galactic systems in which even a few stars can be detected. Finally, the nebulae themselves appear to be of a definite order of absolute luminosity, exhibiting a range of four or five magnitudes about an average value M (visual) = −15.2.1 The application of this statistical average to individual cases can rarely be used to advantage, but where considerable numbers are involved, and especially in the various clusters of …
Prototype Conflict Alerting System for Free Flight

The development of a prototype alerting system for a conceptual free eight environment is discussed. The alerting logic is based on a probabilistic model of aircraft sensor and trajectory uncertainties that need not be Gaussian distributions. Monte Carlo simulations are used over a range of encounter situations to estimate coneict probability as a function of intruder position, heading, and speed, as determined through a datalink between aircraft. Additionally, the probability of coneict along potential avoidance trajectories is used to indicate whether adequate space is available to resolve a coneict. Intruder intent information, e.g., e ight plan, is not included in the modelbutcould beused toreducetheuncertaintyintheprojected trajectory. Fouralertstagesaredeenedbasedon the probability of cone ict and on the avoidance maneuvers that are availableto thee ight crew. Preliminary results from numerical evaluations and from a piloted simulator study at NASA Ames Research Center are summarized.
Optical add/drop multiplexers based on X-crossing vertical coupler filters

A simple optical add/drop multiplexer (OADM) based on a X-crossing InGaAsP-InP vertical coupler filter is demonstrated. Laterally separated input and output waveguides and the X-crossing arrangement are achieved using wafer bonding. A sidelobe level of -26 dB and a coupling efficiency of 97% with the central wavelength at 1.56 /spl mu/m were measured for an OADM with an X-crossing angle of 0.25.
Competition between homogeneous and local processes in a diffusive many-body system

We consider a stochastic many-body system where a source refills uniformly the empty sites of a hypercubic lattice, on which each particle is allowed to jump (symmetrically) onto neighbouring vacant sites. In addition, there is a local trap, in competition with the injection reaction, which perturbs the dynamics by removing particles from the system. For number of dimensions d = 1, 2 and 3, for an 'imperfect' and a 'perfect' trap, the spatiotemporal effect of the local perturbation of the dynamics is investigated by computing the exact concentration of particles in the system and it is shown that the density profile exhibits a depletion (in one and two dimensions) whose properties depend on the space dimension. The exact reactive (fluctuating) steady state and the long-time behaviour of the concentration of particles are explicitly computed.
Instabilities in a thin current sheet and their consequences

Abstract. Using a fully 3-D particle in-cell simulation, we studied the electrodynamics of a thin current sheet (CS). Starting with a uniform plasma and anti-parallel magnetic field, Harris equilibrium is achieved during the early stage of the simulation. In the processes of reaching the equilibrium, both electrons and ions in the newly formed CS are energized and develop pitch-angle anisotropies. We find two distinct stages of primarily electrostatic instabilities; in the first stage the relative drift between electrons and ions drives the instability in the central regions of the CS. The electrostatic fluctuations scatter electrons causing current disruption in the central region. The associated reduction in the average drift velocity of the current-carrying electrons generates sheared flow. The second stage of the instability begins when the drift velocity develops a minimum in the central plane. Then the shear and the growing electrostatic fluctuations under the condition of the maintained anti-parallel driving magnetic field configuration feed each other making the instability explosive. The growing fluctuations create plasma clumps as the electrons and ions are progressively trapped in the large-amplitude waves. The density clumping also generates clumps in the current. The non-uniform current distribution causes magnetic reconnection, accompanied by heating of electrons and ion at a fast rate and nearly complete bifurcation of the current sheet. Anomalous resistivity during different stages of the evolution of the CS is calculated and compared against theory.
Optimal parallel selection

We present an optimal parallel selection algorithm on the EREW PRAM. This algorithm runs in O(log n) time with n/log n processors. This complexity matches the known lower bound for parallel selection on the EREW PRAM model. We therefore close this problem which has been open for more than a decade.
THE SLOW-MODE NATURE OF COMPRESSIBLE WAVE POWER IN SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE

We use a large, statistical set of measurements from the Wind spacecraft at 1 AU, and supporting synthetic spacecraft data based on kinetic plasma theory, to show that the compressible component of inertial range solar wind turbulence is primarily in the kinetic slow mode. The zero-lag cross-correlation C(?n, ?B ?) between proton density fluctuations ?n and the field-aligned (compressible) component of the magnetic field ?B ? is negative and close to ?1. The typical dependence of C(?n, ?B ?) on the ion plasma beta ? i is consistent with a spectrum of compressible wave energy that is almost entirely in the kinetic slow mode. This has important implications for both the nature of the density fluctuation spectrum and for the cascade of kinetic turbulence to short wavelengths, favoring evolution to the kinetic Alfv?n wave mode rather than the (fast) whistler mode.
Finite type 3-manifold invariants and the structure of the Torelli group. I

Using the recently developed theory of finite type invariants of integral homology 3-spheres we study the structure of the Torelli group of a closed surface. Explicitly, we construct (a) natural cocycles of the Torelli group (with coefficients in a space of trivalent graphs) and cohomology classes of the abelianized Torelli group; (b) group homomorphisms that detect (rationally) the nontriviality of the lower central series of the Torelli group. Our results are motivated by the appearance of trivalent graphs in topology and in representation theory and the dual role played by the Casson invariant in the theory of finite type invariants of integral homology 3-spheres and in Morita's study [Mo2, Mo3] of the structure of the Torelli group. Our results generalize those of S. Morita [Mo2, Mo3] and complement the recent calculation, due to R. Hain [Ha2], of the I-adic completion of the rational group ring of the Torelli group. We also give analogous results for two other subgroups of the mapping class group.
Regulatory intervention and the effect of changes in corporate governance on firm decisions and market reactions

This paper investigates whether Italian companies that cross-list in the United States between 1993 and 2005 show (1) a change in their internal policies as anticipated by the bonding hypothesis, (2) an increase in market value, or (3) an increase in the access to capital funds. We use the unique environment created by the 1998 Draghi reform which significantly improved the protection of Italian listed companies’ minority shareholders and we further examine the impact of legislated changes in corporate governance in Italy on the decision of Italian companies to cross-list in the United States. Our results indicate that following the Draghi reform (1) firms that cross-list in the United States modify their dividend and cash policies as anticipated by the bonding hypothesis. Contrary to prior research, (2) we do not find evidence that cross-listing serves to enhance shareholder value or (3) is used as a vehicle to more easily access capital funds either before or after the domestic corporate governance is improved. The results of this study provide evidence that country level legislative innovations intended to enhance a weak corporate governance system can be a valid and effective substitute to the bonding mechanism by providing an alternative signal of a firm’s quality.
Perception of stress and speaking style for selected elements of the SUSAS database

The Speech Under Simulated and Actual Stress (SUSAS) database is a collection of utterances recorded under conditions of simulated or actual stress, the purpose of which is to allow researchers to study the effects of stress and speaking style on the speech waveform. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the perceptual validity of the simulated portion of the database by determining the extent to which listeners classify its utterances according to their assigned labels. Seven listeners performed an eight-alternative, forced-choice response, judging whether monosyllabic or disyllabic words spoken by talkers from three different regional accent classes (Boston, General American, New York) were best classified as, clear, fast, loud, neutral, question, slow, or soft. Mean percentages of "correct" judgments were analysed using a 3 (regional accent class) × 2 (number of syllables) × 8 (speaking style) repeated measures analysis of variance. Results indicate that, overall, listeners correctly classify the utterances only 58% of the time, and that the percentage of correct classifications varies as a function of all three independent variables.
Analytic Light Curves of Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows: Homogeneous versus Wind External Media

Assuming an adiabatic evolution of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) remnant interacting with an external medium, we calculate the injection, cooling, and absorption break frequencies and the afterglow flux for plausible orderings of the break and observing frequencies. The analytical calculations are restricted to a relativistic remnant and, in the case of collimated ejecta, to the phase where there is an insignificant lateral expansion. Results are given for both a homogeneous external medium and a wind ejected by the GRB progenitor. We compare the afterglow emission at different observing frequencies, for each type of external medium. It is found that observations at submillimeter frequencies during the first day provide the best way of discriminating between the two models. By taking into account the effect of inverse Compton (IC) scatterings on the electron cooling, a new possible time dependence of the cooling break is identified. The signature of the upscattering losses could be seen in the optical synchrotron emission from a GRB remnant interacting with a preejected wind, as a temporary mild flattening of the afterglow decay. The upscattered radiation itself should be detected in the soft X-ray emission from GRB remnants running into denser external media, starting a few hours after the main event.
Generalized decomposition of incomplete finite automata

The problem of generalized pair decomposition (GPD) allowing two-way interconnections for incomplete finite automata is studied. A pair of *-covers on the set of states of an automation M are naturally induced by each GPD of M. A necessary and sufficient condition on a pair of *-covers obtainable from a GPD of M is established. Input configuration between component automata is defined and a lower bound for the number of input configurations from one component to another is given. It is shown that one component can always be adjusted so the bound is met for the other.
On the classification of tight contact structures I

We develop new techniques in the theory of convex surfaces to prove complete classification results for tight contact structures on lens spaces, solid tori, and T2×I.
Collider and dark matter phenomenology of models with mirage unification

We examine supersymmetric models with mixed modulus-anomaly mediated SUSY breaking (MM-AMSB) soft terms which get comparable contributions to SUSY breaking from moduli-mediation and anomaly-mediation. The apparent (mirage) unification of soft SUSY breaking terms at Q = μmir not associated with any physical threshold is the hallmark of this scenario. The MM-AMSB structure of soft terms arises in models of string compactification with fluxes, where the addition of an anti-brane leads to an uplifting potential and a de Sitter universe, as first constructed by Kachru et al.. The phenomenology mainly depends on the relative strength of moduli- and anomaly-mediated SUSY breaking contributions, and on the Higgs and matter field modular weights, which are determined by the location of these fields in the extra dimensions. We delineate the allowed parameter space for a low and high value of tan β, for a wide range of modular weight choices. We calculate the neutralino relic density and display the WMAP-allowed regions. We show the reach of the CERN LHC and of the International Linear Collider. We discuss aspects of MM-AMSB models for Tevatron, LHC and ILC searches, muon g−2 and b → sγ branching fraction. We also calculate direct and indirect dark matter detection rates, and show that almost all WMAP-allowed models should be accessible to a ton-scale noble gas detector. Finally, we comment on the potential of colliders to measure the mirage unification scale and modular weights in the difficult case where μmir MGUT.
Heating, Conduction, and Minimum Temperatures in Cooling Flows

There is mounting observational evidence from Chandra for strong interaction between keV gas and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in cooling flows. It is now widely accepted that the temperatures of cluster cores are maintained at a level of ~1 keV and that the mass deposition rates are lower than earlier ROSAT/Einstein values. Recent theoretical results suggest that thermal conduction can be very efficient even in magnetized plasmas. Motivated by these discoveries, we consider a "double heating model" that incorporates the effects of simultaneous heating by both the central AGN and thermal conduction from the hot outer layers of clusters. Using hydrodynamic simulations, we demonstrate that there exists a family of solutions that does not suffer from the cooling catastrophe. In these cases, clusters relax to a stable final state, which is characterized by minimum temperatures of order 1 keV and density and temperature profiles consistent with observations. Moreover, the accretion rates are much reduced, thereby reducing the need for the excessive mass deposition rates required by the standard cooling flow models.
A new approach to the synthesis of ether phospholipids. Preparation of 1,2-dialkylglycerophosphorylcholines from L-glyceric acid

Abstract A novel stereospecific synthesis of antitumor active ether phospholipids is reported.
Centered zirconium chloride cluster compounds with the Ta6Cl15 structure

The phases Zr6Cl15N, Na0.5Zr6Cl15C and Na2Zr6Cl15B, all isostructural with Ta6Cl15, are prepared by reactions of zirconium powder, ZrCl4, NaCl when necessary, and ZrNCl, NaN3, NH4Cl, graphite or amorphous boron as appropriate in sealed tantalum containers at 700 °C (N) and 850 °C (B, C). Structures of the first two phases have been refined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (space group Ia3d, a = 21.171(1), 21.466(1) A, R = 6.1, 3.2%; Rw = 4.9, 3.4%, respectively). The non-metal atoms are centered in all Zr6 trigonal antiprisms (d(Zr-N) = 2.273(1) A, d(Zr-C) = 2.7758(5) A) with sodium in the latter disordered over one-sixth of the 48 g positions. According to tuned single-crystal diffractometer data, the third phase exhibits a small tetragonal distortion of the parent structure. The connectivity of the (Zr6Cl12Z)Cl62 units in this structure is described and the structure contrasted with those of three other, non-interconvertible structures with the same connectivity, CsNb6Cl15, K2Zr6Cl15B and Nb6F15.
Wage Bargaining under the National Labor Relations Act

Sections 8(a)(3) and 8(a)(5) of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) prohibit the management of a firm from unilaterally increasing the wage during contract negotiations without the union's approval. We show how the management can strategically increase the wage during negotiations without violating the NLRA. Increasing the wage during negotiations will upset the union's incentive to strike and decrease the union's bargaining power, thereby shrinking the set of equilibrium contracts in the firm's favor. Indeed, as the union becomes more patient, the set of equilibrium wages converges to the best equilibrium outcome to the firm.
Centering theory and the Italian pronominal system

In this paper, I give an account, in terms of centering theory [GJW86], of some phenomena of pronominalization in Italian, in particular the use of the null or the overt pronoun in subject position. After a general introduction to the Italian pronominal system, I will review centering, and then show how the original rules given in [GJW86] have to be extended or modified. Finally, I will show that centering does not account for two phenomena: first, the functional role of an utterance may override the predictions of centering; second, a null subject can be used to refer to a whole discourse segment. This later phenomenon should ideally be explained in the same terms that the other phenomena in volving null subject are.
A Hierarchical Bayesian Multidimensional Scaling Methodology for Accommodating Both Structural and Preference Heterogeneity

Multidimensional scaling (MDS) models for the analysis of dominance data have been developed in the psychometric and classification literature to simultaneously capture subjects’ preference heterogeneity and the underlying dimensional structure for a set of designated stimuli in a parsimonious manner. There are two major types of latent utility models for such MDS models that have been traditionally used to represent subjects’ underlying utility functions: the scalar product or vector model and the ideal point or unfolding model. Although both models have been widely applied in various social science applications, implicit in the assumption of such MDS methods is that all subjects are homogeneous with respect to their underlying utility function; i.e., they all follow a vector model or an ideal point model. We extend these traditional approaches by presenting a Bayesian MDS model that combines both the vector model and the ideal point model in a generalized framework for modeling metric dominance data. This new Bayesian MDS methodology explicitly allows for mixtures of the vector and the ideal point models thereby accounting for both preference heterogeneity and structural heterogeneity. We use a marketing application regarding physicians’ prescription behavior of antidepressant drugs to estimate and compare a variety of spatial models.
SPITZER OBSERVATIONS OF WHITE DWARFS: THE MISSING PLANETARY DEBRIS AROUND DZ STARS

We report a Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera search for infrared excesses around white dwarfs, including 14 newly observed targets and 16 unpublished archived stars. We find a substantial infrared excess around two warm white dwarfs?J220934.84+122336.5 and WD 0843+516, the latter apparently being the hottest white dwarf known to display a close-in dust disk. Extending previous studies, we find that the fraction of white dwarfs with dust disks increases as the star's temperature increases; for stars cooler than 10,000?K, even the most heavily polluted ones do not have ~1000?K dust. There is tentative evidence that the dust disk occurrence is correlated with the volatility of the accreted material. In the Appendix, we modify a previous analysis to clarify how Poynting-Robertson drag might play an important role in transferring materials from a dust disk into a white dwarf's atmosphere.
Price discovery in the U.S. stock and stock options markets: A portfolio approach

Option prices vary with not only the underlying asset price, but also volatilities and higher moments. In this paper, we use a portfolio of options to seclude the value change of the portfolio from the impact of volatility and higher moments. We apply this portfolio approach to the price discovery analysis in the U.S. stock and stock options markets. We find that the price discovery on the directional movement of the stock price mainly occurs in the stock market, more so now than before as an increasing proportion of options market makers adopt automated quoting algorithms. Nevertheless, the options market becomes more informative during periods of significant options trading activities. The informativeness of the options quotes increases further when the options trading activity generates net sell or buy pressure on the underlying stock price, even more so when the pressure is consistent with deviations between the stock and the options market quotes.
Cerebral color blindness: an acquired defect in hue discrimination.

In contrast to the traditional view that striate visual cortex (area 17) is surrounded by two homogeneous cortical areas (areas 18 and 19), recent studies have shown that mammalian extrastriate visual cortex contains several anatomically and functionally distinct subregions. One such region, the V-4 complex of the rhesus monkey, is highly specialized for the analysis of color information, suggesting that a lesion in a homologous region might produce a defect in color vision while sparing other visual functions. We have studied a patient whose clinical syndrome supports this suggestion: a 44-year-old man with normal color vision suffered two cerebral infarctions that produced first a right and then a left superior homonymous quadrantanopia and also caused prosopagnosia, topographical disorientation, and severely impaired color vision. Computed tomography demonstrated extensive lesions in both inferior occipital lobes in the territories of the lateral branches of the posterior cerebral arteries, involving the lingual and medial occipitotemporal gyri bilaterally; these gyri contain the inferior portion of striate cortex and segments of extrastriate visual cortex. The patient had no difficulty in giving the correct color names associated with common objects presented either verbally or in outline drawings. Standardized testing with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, the Nagel anomaloscope, and a method that tests for just-noticeable differences between monochromatic stimuli all showed that the patient's ability to distinguish one color from another was markedly impaired but not totally absent. In contrast, visual acuity, reading, visually guided eye movements, and stereopsis were normal. Cells in the V-4 complex of monkey extrastriate cortex are highly specialized for distinguishing one color from another; the hue discrimination deficit that was demonstrated in this patient with cerebral color blindness indicates that a region or regions with similar function has been damaged.
The evolution of vibrational phase space during the collisional relaxation of highly excited collinear CS2

This paper presents a detailed theoretical analysis of the vibrational relaxation of highly excited CS2 (initially 32 640 cm−1) in collinear collisions with a thermal bath of He atoms. The relaxation is simulated by a classical molecular dynamics method in which CS2 undergoes successive collisions with thousands of He atoms. In most of our studies the CS2 coordinates and momenta at the end of one collision are used as input to the next collision, so it is possible to examine the detailed evolution of the CS2 vibrational phase space during the relaxation process. By restricting motion to being collinear, it is possible to characterize this evolution using surfaces of section and other methods. Comparisons of our collinear results with corresponding three‐dimensional simulations indicates that the collinear restriction does not alter the relaxation process significantly.Our phase space analysis indicates that individual relaxation sequences can evolve in a variety of different ways depending on the initial ...
SENTENCIAS DEL TRIBUNAL CONSTITUCIONAL RELATIVAS AL ARTÍCULO 206 DEL CÓDIGO CIVIL: TENSIÓN ENTRE EL DERECHO A LA IDENTIDAD Y LA CERTEZA JURÍDICA

El presente comentario analiza la evolucion jurisprudencial del Tribunal Constitucional chileno respecto del articulo 206 del Codigo Civil, y en especial los ultimos fallos dictados en el mes de septiembre del presente ano. La norma que se analizara dispone que: "[S]i el hijo es postumo, o si alguno de los padres fallece dentro de los ciento ochenta dias siguientes al parto, la accion podra dirigirse en contra de los herederos del padre o de la madre fallecidos, dentro del plazo de tres anos, contados desde su muerte o, si el hijo es incapaz, desde que este haya alcanzado la plena capacidad". El Tribunal Constitucional chileno, mediante la sentencia de 29 de septiembre de 2009, Rol N° 1340-2009, declaro inaplicable por inconstitucionalidad el precepto legal precedente. Esta sentencia marco un hito en materia de interpretacion de las normas relativas a filiacion.
Tate-Shafarevich groups and $K3$ surfaces

This paper explores a topic taken up recently by Logan and van Luijk, finding nontrivial 2-torsion elements of the Tate-Shafarevich group of the Jacobian of a genus-2 curve by exhibiting Brauer-Manin obstructions to rational points on certain quotients of principal homogeneous spaces of the Jacobian, whose desingularizations are explicit K3 surfaces. The main difference between the methods used in this paper and those of Logan and van Luijk is that the obstructions are obtained here from explicitly constructed quaternion algebras, rather than elliptic fibrations.
On the nature of pathology in game searching

Abstract Game-playing programs usually process the estimates attached to game positions through repeated minimax operations, as if these were true terminal payoffs. This process introduces a spurious noise which degrades the quality of the decisions and, in the extreme case, may cause a pathological phenomenon: the deeper we search the worse we play. Using a probabilistic game model, this paper examines the nature of this distortion, quantifies its magnitude, determines the conditions when its damage is curtailed and explains why search-depth pathology (the extreme manifestation of minimax distortion) is rarely observed in common games.
Quantum corrections for D = 4 black holes and D = 5 strings

Abstract In recent times quantum corrections for N = 2 black holes in 4 dimensions have been addressed in the framework of double extreme black hole solutions, which are characterised by constant scalar fields. In this paper we generalize these solutions to non-constant scalar fields. This enables us to discuss quantum corrections for massless black holes and for configurations that are classically singular. We also discuss the relation to the 5-dimensional magnetic string solution.
Rapid convergence of a local load balancing algorithm for asynchronous rings

We consider the problem of load balancing in a ring network. We present an analysis of the following local algorithm. In each step, each node of the ring examines the number of tokens at its clockwise neighbor and sends a token to the neighbor if the neighbor has fewer tokens. We show that in a synchronous model, for any initial token distribution b, the algorithm converges to a completely balanced distribution within 40PT(b) + n steps, where OPT(b) is the time taken by the optimal centralized algorithm to balance b completely. Our main result is an analysis of the algorithm in an asynchronous model in which local computations and messages may be arbitrarily delayed, subject to the constraint that each message is eventually delivered and each computation is eventually performed. By generalizing our analysis for the synchronous model, we show that for any initial token distribution b, the algorithm converges to a completely balanced distribution within 8OPT(b) + 2n rounds, where a round is a minimal sequence of steps in which every component of the network is scheduled at least once. We also show that for every initial token distribution, the message complexity of the algorithm is asymptotically optimal among all algorithms that move tokens in the clockwise direction.
Three-manifolds, virtual homology, and group determinants

We apply representation theory to study the homology of equivariant Dehn-fillings of a given finite, regular cover of a compact 3‐manifold with boundary a torus. This yields a polynomial which gives the rank of the part of the homology carried by the solid tori used for Dehn-filling. The polynomial is a symmetrized form of the group determinant studied by Frobenius and Dedekind. As a corollary every such hyperbolic 3‐manifold has infinitely many virtually Haken Dehn-fillings. 57M10; 57M25, 20C10
Thermal Emission from Transiting Very Hot Jupiters: Prospects for Ground-based Detection at Optical Wavelengths

Very hot Jupiters (VHJs) are defined as Jupiter-mass extrasolar planets with orbital periods shorter than 3 days. For low albedos the effective temperatures of irradiated VHJs can reach 2500-3000 K. Thermal emission from VHJs is therefore potentially strong at optical wavelengths. We explore the prospects of detecting optical-wavelength thermal emission during secondary eclipse with existing ground-based telescopes. We show that OGLE-TR-56b and OGLE-TR-132b are the best-suited candidates for detection and that the prospects are highest around z' band (~0.9 μm). We also speculate that any newly discovered VHJs with the right combination of orbital separation and host star parameters could be thermally detected in the optical. The lack of detections would still provide constraints on the planetary albedos and reradiation factors.
Convenient syntheses of 6-arylmethyl-and 6-(1-E-propenyl) -3-pyridinols

Abstract 1-(2-Furylmethyl)-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disilacyclopentane 3a was reacted sequentially with t-butyllithium, an aldehyde and hydrochloric acid to produce the corresponding 6-substituted 3-pyridinol.
Design approaches for electron devices operating in critical environments, especially ceramic-envelope tubes for high-temperature operation☆

Abstract On the basis of several surveys conducted for the Armed Services and in the light of current trends in the industry, a review is presented of developments aiming toward reliable components for operation in critical environments where temperatures of the order of 500°C, high shock and vibration levels, and nuclear flux densities are encountered. the construction of high-vacuum tubes for such service presents unique problems of which many have been overcome in recent years. The different design approaches will be briefly described and illustrated, and still existing limitations pointed out.
Motives with exceptional Galois groups and the inverse Galois problem

We construct motivic l-adic representations of $\textup {Gal}(\overline {\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q})$ into exceptional groups of type E 7,E 8 and G 2 whose image is Zariski dense. This answers a question of Serre. The construction is uniform for these groups and is inspired by the Langlands correspondence for function fields. As an application, we solve new cases of the inverse Galois problem: the finite simple groups $E_{8}(\mathbb{F}_{\ell})$ are Galois groups over $\mathbb{Q}$ for large enough primes l.
The Atmospheric Circulation of the Super Earth GJ 1214b: Dependence on Composition and Metallicity

We present three-dimensional atmospheric circulation models of GJ 1214b, a 2.7 Earth-radius, 6.5 Earth-mass super Earth detected by the MEarth survey. Here we explore the planet's circulation as a function of atmospheric metallicity and atmospheric composition, modeling atmospheres with a low mean molecular weight (MMW; i.e., H2-dominated) and a high MMW (i.e., water- and CO2-dominated). We find that atmospheres with a low MMW have strong day-night temperature variations at pressures above the infrared photosphere that lead to equatorial superrotation. For these atmospheres, the enhancement of atmospheric opacities with increasing metallicity lead to shallower atmospheric heating, larger day-night temperature variations, and hence stronger superrotation. In comparison, atmospheres with a high MMW have larger day-night and equator-to-pole temperature variations than low MMW atmospheres, but differences in opacity structure and energy budget lead to differences in jet structure. The circulation of a water-dominated atmosphere is dominated by equatorial superrotation, while the circulation of a CO2-dominated atmosphere is instead dominated by high-latitude jets. By comparing emergent flux spectra and light curves for 50× solar and water-dominated compositions, we show that observations in emission can break the degeneracy in determining the atmospheric composition of GJ 1214b. The variation in opacity with wavelength for the water-dominated atmosphere leads to large phase variations within water bands and small phase variations outside of water bands. The 50× solar atmosphere, however, yields small variations within water bands and large phase variations at other characteristic wavelengths. These observations would be much less sensitive to clouds, condensates, and hazes than transit observations.
Microscopic Contour Changes of Tribological Surfaces by Chemical and Mechanical Action

An electronic optical laser interferometer capable of resolving depth differences of as low as 30 A and planar displacements of 6000 A was constructed for the examination of surface profiles of bearing surfaces without physical contact. This instrument was used to determine topological chemical reactivity by applying a drop of dilute alcoholic hydrochloric acid and measuring the profile of the solid surface before and after application of this probe. It was found that scuffed bearing surfaces exposed to lubricants containing an organic chloride reacted much more slowly. In a separate series of experiments, a number of stainless steel plates were heated in a nitrogen atmosphere to different temperatures and their reactivity examined later at ambient temperature. The change of surface contour as a result of the probe reaction was found to follow an Arrhenius-type relation with respect to heat treatment temperature. This result could have implications on the scuffing mechanism. Presented as an American Socie...
Atomic and gravitational clocks

Atomic and gravitational clocks are governed by the laws of electrodynamics and gravity, respectively. While the strong equivalence principle (SEP) assumes that the two clocks have been synchronous at all times, recent planetary data seem to suggest a possible violation of the SEP. Our past analysis of the implications of an SEP violation on different physical phenomena revealed no disagreement. However, these studies assumed that the two different clocks can be consistently constructed within the framework. The concept of scale invariance, and the physical meaning of different systems of units, are now reviewed and the construction of two clocks that do not remain synchronous—whose rates are related by a nonconstant functionβ a—is demonstrated. The cosmological character ofβ a is also discussed.
Preparation and characterization of redox active molecular assemblies on microelectrode arrays

Abstract Microelectrode arrays, consisting of six or eight individually addressable Au or Pt microelectrodes about 2 μm wide, 50 μm long, and 0.1 μm thick separated by about 2 μm on a Si 3 N 4 substrate, can be modified by immersion into a solution containing molecules having thiol, dithiocarbamate, or disulfide functional groups. The functional groups yield selective modification of the Au or Pt, not the Si 3 N 4 , with about one monolayer of molecular reagents. Electrochemical and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) data are summarized to illustrate that the dithiocarbamate functional group can be used to link redox active molecules to Au or Pt surfaces. Results are presented to illustrate that secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be used to characterize organic monolayers on the microelectrodes. Preliminary findings are presented showing the esters of lipoic acid, a five-membered cyclic disulfide, will selectively modify Au surfaces versus Si 3 N 4 , and the cyclic disulfide will kinetically compete with a linear disulfide for sites on a Au surfaces. In a competition with the linear disulfide, the cyclic disulfide is at least ten times more reactive towards Au. Overall, the studies define classes of experiments needed to develop rational approaches to the modification of surfaces using spontaneous self-assembly methods by taking advantage of selective surface coordination chemistry of molecules having appropriate functional groups.
A new approach for validating satellite estimates of soil moisture using large-scale precipitation: Comparing AMSR-E products

Abstract Validation of remotely sensed soil moisture is complicated by the difference in scale between remote sensing footprints and traditional ground-based soil moisture measurements. To address this issue, a new method was developed to evaluate the information content of remotely sensed soil moisture data using only large-scale precipitation. Under statistically stationary conditions, precipitation conditionally averaged according to soil moisture results in a sigmoidal curve, with high average precipitation corresponding to high average soil moisture, in a manner that reflects the dependence of drainage and evaporation on soil moisture. However, errors in soil moisture measurement degrade this relationship. Thus, soil moisture data can be assessed by the degree to which the natural sigmoidal relationship is preserved. The metric of mutual information was used as an error-dependent measure of the strength of the sigmoidal relationship. In this way, a choice model was constructed between different soil moisture data records, based on maximum mutual information. Three AMSR-E soil moisture algorithms (VUA–NASA, NASA, and U. Montana) were evaluated with the choice model for a nine-year period (2002–2011) over the contiguous United States at ¼° latitude-longitude resolution, using NLDAS precipitation. The U. Montana product resulted in the highest mutual information for 50% of the region, followed closely by VUA–NASA at 47%, and distantly by NASA at 3%. Areas where the U. Montana product yielded the maximum mutual information generally coincided with low vegetation biomass and flatter terrain, while the VUA–NASA product contained more useful information in more rugged and more highly vegetated areas.
Bondi-Hoyle Accretion in a Turbulent Medium

The Bondi-Hoyle formula gives the approximate accretion rate onto a point particle accreting from a uniform medium. However, in many situations accretion onto point particles occurs from media that are turbulent rather than uniform. In this paper we give an approximate solution to the problem of a point particle accreting from an ambient medium of supersonically turbulent gas. Accretion in such media is bimodal, at some points resembling classical Bondi-Hoyle flow, and in other cases being closer to the vorticity-dominated accretion flows recently studied by Krumholz, McKee, & Klein. Based on this observation, we develop a theoretical prediction for the accretion rate and confirm that our predictions are highly consistent with the results of numerical simulations. The distribution of accretion rates is lognormal, and the mean accretion rate in supersonically turbulent gas can be substantially enhanced above the value that would be predicted by a naive application of the Bondi-Hoyle formula. However, it can also be suppressed by the vorticity, just as Krumholz, McKee, & Klein found for non-supersonic vorticity-dominated flows. Magnetic fields, which we have not included in these models, may further inhibit accretion. Our results have significant implications for a number of astrophysical problems, ranging from star formation to the black holes in galactic centers. In particular, there are likely to be significant errors in results that assume that accretion from turbulent media occurs at the unmodified Bondi-Hoyle rate or that are based on simulations that do not resolve the Bondi-Hoyle radius of accreting objects.
Harmonic maps between 3-dimensional hyperbolic spaces

We prove that a quasiconformal map of the sphere S^2 admits a harmonic quasi-isometric extension to the hyperbolic space H^3, thus confirming the well known Schoen Conjecture in dimension 3.
Molecular hydrogen coordination to transition metals

Abstract The discovery of molecular hydrogen coordination to transition metals and its significance in terms of reactions of σ bonds at metal centers and catalysis is described. The fact that several complexes, known for many years, have only now been shown to contain H2 ligands after our finding, perhaps best reflects how surprising and well hidden this phenomenon has been. The existence of a tautomeric-like relationship between dihydrogen and dihydride ligands was equally unexpected. Diagnostics for, properties of. and induced cleavage of H2 ligands are given, along with a bonding model in harmony with these properties.
Intensity estimation for a neutron beam for biological and medical applications

Abstract Fast neutrons of energies in the multi-MeV region are of great interest for biological and medical applications because of their special type of interaction with tissue-like material. The neutron energy is delivered to the tissue by one or several of the following means: (a) recoil protons, (b) recoil heavy particles, (c) nuclear disintegration, and (d) low-energy protons from neutron reactions with nitrogen and γ rays from neutron capture in hydrogen. This report discusses intensity estimations for different types of neutron beams, and is based on averaged and interpolated values from published and unpublished sources. In making the estimates, we have assumed realistic values for the distance from neutron source to exposure area. This assumption is necessary for two reasons: (a) to allow for the installation of sufficient shielding to reduce the background radiations in the irradiation area, and (b) to allow for neutron beam divergence so that reasonably large objects can be irradiated uniformly.
Amide modes of reverse turns

Abstract This review article discusses the amide modes associated with the reverse turns in peptides and proteins. Applications of the normal mode analysis treatment to different types of β-turns in peptides and in proteins like insulin, metallothioneins, phosvitin, and glycoproteins are presented. Similar analysis is carried out on γ-turns in peptides and proteins. The article attempts to bring to notice the so far neglected reverse turn, namely, cross-β conformation. Possible models for further physicochemical studies of this conformation are presented. Applications of cross-β conformation to insulin fibrils, bacteriophage T4, prebiotic polypeptides, DNA—protein interactions, and the Alzheimer's disease are presented and discussed. This article concludes with a critical assessment, a discussion of power and limitations of vibrational spectroscopy in study protein conformation, and a discussion on perspectives for the future.
The thermal light emission of NH3•BH3

Une emission de lumiere est detectee lors de la decomposition thermique dans une atmosphere d'oxygene. Resultats de l'etude par thermophotometrie
Augmenting branching temporal logics with existential quantification over atomic propositions

In temporal-logic model checking, we verify the correctness of a program with respect to a desired behavior by checking whether a structure that models the program satisfies a temporal logic formula that specifies this behavior. One of the ways to overcome the expressiveness limitation of temporal logics is to augment them with quantification over atomic propositions. In this paper we consider the extension of branching temporal logics with existential quantification over atomic propositions. Once we add existential quantification to a branching temporal logic, it becomes sensitive to unwinding. That is, unwinding a structure into an infinite tree does not preserve the set of formulas it satisfies. Accordingly, we distinguish between two semantics, two practices as specification languages, and two versions of the model-checking problem for such a logic. One semantics refers to the structure that models the program, and the second semantics refers to the infinite computation tree that the program induces. We examine the complexity of the model-checking problem in the two semantics for the logics CTL and CTL* augmented with existential quantification over atomic propositions. Following the cheerless results that we get, we examine also the program complexity of model checking; i.e., the complexity of this problem in terms of the program, assuming the formula is fixed. We show that while fixing the formula dramatically reduces model-checking complexity in the tree semantics, its influence on the structure semantics is poor.
Chlorine in coal: an XAFS spectroscopic investigation

Abstract K-edge XAFS spectroscopy has been used to examine directly the occurrence of chlorine in a variety of coals worldwide. Chlorine XAFS spectra were also obtained for Illinois No. 6 coal before and after aqueous leaching and conventional coal cleaning and during low-temperature (