cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expert judgment in assurance cases

Quantitative methods are usually preferred in safety assessment, but, frequently, necessary probabilities cannot be determined accurately. As a result, expert judgment plays a significant role in safety arguments and system deployment decisions. Trust in expert judgment is based on the assumption that the expert's experience, knowledge, and training will enable the expert to make a suitable decision. The record indicates, however, that this assumption does not always hold and that decisions tend to be ad hoc and unprincipled. In this paper we present an analysis of expert judgment and a rigorous process for utilizing expert judgment in safety arguments.
Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis: a Tool for Elucidating the Role of Ions in Neuronal Physiology and Pathophysiology

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA) is a quantitative electron microscope technique that measures both water content (percentage water) and total (free plus bound) concentrations of biological elements in selected morphological compartments. Unlike other methods for determination of ion/element concentrations, EPMA permits simultaneous quantitation of several elements (Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, and Mg) and allows optical differentiation of nervous tissue cell types (i.e, neurons, glia) with subsequent analysis of respective submembrane regions or organelles (e.g, axoplasm, mitochondria, nuclei). EPMA, therefore, represents a powerful tool for extending our current understanding of elements/ions in neurophysiological processes. In addition, it is presumed that neuropathic injury disrupts normal intraneuronal Na+, K+, and Ca2+ distribution and that the structural and functional consequences are mediated by ion translocation. However, little specific information is available regarding how translocated ions ...
Power usage management & service platform in smart electricity utilization condition

Since the main target of smart electricity utilization is to improve the management level and service quality of power usage,the construction of power usage management service platform in the condition of smart electricity utilization is discussed. The deficiency and bottleneck of power usage management in present smart electricity utilization system are analyzed and its system architecture,function design and software structure are introduced. The security deployment of the power usage management service platform is introduced from aspects of software security and information security. The external policy environment for developing the power usage management service platform is analyzed based on the introduction of the state subsidy policies for energy saving.
Proteomics Today: Protein Assessment and Biomarkers Using Mass Spectrometry, 2d Electrophoresis, and Microarray Technology

A number of books have been written on proteomics extolling its technology, applications, and perceived future. In general, most of these books are written with a prospective outlook. This particular book is unique in that the authors have taken a historical perspective in the development of proteomics. They named the book Proteomics Today. I believe the name stems from the authors’ perspective that the field existed before, but has gotten more impetus of lately due to advances in technology and discoveries of genomics, and has gotten a new name. The authors have done an excellent job of demonstrating with historical accounts the evolution of proteomics. The historical account of the field provides a nice learning experience and insights for anyone new as well as experienced scientists to this field of research.
CP-089 ‘Start smart’: Improving the quality of empiric antimicrobial prescribing in a tertiary children’s hospital setting

Background Rational antibiotic prescribing, in line with local guidelines, improves patient outcomes and reduces adverse events. The ‘Start Smart, then Focus’ antimicrobial care bundle provides a framework for rational antibiotic prescribing. Compliance with the care bundle was suboptimal at this tertiary paediatric hospital. A team with representatives from the pharmacy, microbiology and emergency departments collaborated with prescribers to improve the quality of empiric antibiotic prescribing at this institution. Purpose The project aim, using the ‘Model for Improvement’, was to ensure ≥90% of children admitted to the hospital via the emergency department (ED) and commenced on antibiotic therapy have a documented indication and a choice of therapy in line with local antimicrobial guidelines. Material and methods Results of weekly audits of the first 10 children admitted via the ED and started on antibiotics were fed back to prescribers. Frontline ownership techniques borne from brainstorming sessions with ED staff were used to develop ideas for change. These included: regular antibiotic prescribing discussion at Monday morning handover meeting, an antibiotic ‘spot quiz’ for prescribers, updates to prescribing guidelines (along with improved access and promotion of prescribing app), colour coded quick reference guideline summary cards which could be attached to prescriber ID badges and reminders and guideline summaries at point of prescribing in the ED. Collection of audit data initially proved challenging, but was resolved through a series of rapid Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles. Presentation of weekly run charts to prescribers fostered considerable support among consultants and non-consultant doctors. Results Documentation of indication and guideline compliance increased from a median of 30% in December 2014/January 2015 to 100% in February–May 2015. Monthly antibiotic expenditure for the hospital decreased from €32 000 in January 2015 to €13 000 in May 2015. Ongoing monthly audits continue to show 100% compliance. Conclusion Prescriber engagement, frequent data feedback and rapid audit cycles resulted in a sustained improvement in the quality of empiric antibiotic prescribing at this hospital. These interventions could easily be adapted by hospital pharmacists in other settings. References and/or Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the support of our ED team and hospital prescribers. This sense of ownership contributed to the success of this quality improvement project. No conflict of interest.
Eschatological and Related Myths

The determination which of the many possible passages in Plato are mythical will depend, as already noted, on which definition of myth is adopted. Those who see no myths at all have the easiest task, whether they are defending Plato, like Findlay, or attacking him, like Popper. They may well be willing to refer to ‘myths’, but this is simply because a misnomer has so passed into common usage that it would be pedantic to insist on some other term. Where, however, the presence of myths in the Platonic dialogues is freely acknowledged, there is still much confusion in the definitions of myth and therewith in the selection of those passages to be interpreted accordingly. Purely mechanical criteria, like the superficial determination whether the form of a passage is narration or dialogue, or detecting the presence in or about it of some characteristic term meaning ‘myth’ or a near equivalent, are equally useless, as Frutiger has shown. But his own criteria, while much more intelligent and sensitive to the text, founder in part because he insists on treating certain unquestionably mythical passages as dialectical because they embody ‘self-evident propositions’. Yet, leaving their alleged selfevidenceevidence to one side, that is precisely why I believe they are mythical, as I have argued in the section on Frutiger in chapter 3.
Máseual excluido/indio permitido: neoliberal translation in Waldemar Noh Tzec

ABSTRACTThis article examines issues of translation in contemporary Yucatec Maya literature, using selected poems from Waldemar Noh Tzec’s 1998 Noj Balam/Large Jaguar as a representative case of how the Mexican state and ideologies of neoliberal multiculturalism may inflect the translation of indigenous text. In arguing for the existence of neoliberal translation, I use DuBois’s notion of double-consciousness and Rivera Cusicanqui’s theory of the ‘indio permitido’ to demonstrate how some bilingual indigenous texts create a space that is simultaneously inclusive and exclusionary, a literary phenomenon I refer to as the ‘maseual excluido/indio permitido’. I suggest that when nationalizing projects reduce indigenous language texts to objects that vouchsafe the ethnic particulars of indigenous authors, they do not so much create an intercultural literature so much as reinforce the linguistic status quo of bilingual indigenous and monolingual non-indigenous subjects. Moreover, the apparent translations of indi...
First-In-Human Stem Cell Trials in Huntington’s Disease: A Bioethics Survey (S25.008)

Objective: Explore attitudes and concerns of Huntington’s disease community about participation in a first-in-human experimental approach to treatment of HD. Background:Experimental treatment approaches and first-in-human Phase 1 trials are ethically complex. These studies create challenges for informed consent, impose burdens and risks to subjects and may offer little or no prospect of clinical benefit. Similarly, these studies create bioethical concerns for investigators, coordinators and study staff. These issues are understudied in the HD population. Methods: An anonymous survey approved by the Institutional Review Board at UC Davis. Results: Respondents (209/268) were separated into either Group 1: Individuals at risk or genetically tested for HD (n = 116) or Group 2: Family members or care providers (n = 93). Respondents were largely Caucasian (96[percnt]), and more likely female (69[percnt]), with mean age of 52 years (range 18 - 79) and drawn from throughout the US. Regarding participation in a first-in-human trial for HD, 67[percnt] of individuals from Group 1 responded positively compared to 92[percnt] from Group 2. For Group 1, most respondents reported no ethical concerns regarding experimental approaches to the treatment of HD. The most important reason cited for considering participation was to find a cure for HD. The perceived burdens of participation in a first-in-human trial included concerns about access and fear of adverse effects. For Group 2, sixty-five percent of respondents had no ethical concern regarding experimental approaches, with 57[percnt] supporting participation in such a study. Group 2 respondents were more likely to express safety concerns and adverse events than were those from Group 1. Perceived burdens related to participation were logistical, psychological and physical risk. Further statistical analyses will be presented. Conclusions: An appreciation for ethical challenges may impact study design and enable investigators and participants to bridge communication gaps to enhance the process of informed consent. Disclosure: Dr. Duffy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tempkin has received personal compensation for activities with Lundbeck Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Martin has nothing to disclose. Dr. O9Keefe has nothing to disclose. Dr. Michie has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yarborough has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wheelock has nothing to disclose.
Reversing Gels and Water Soluble Colloids from Aminosiloxanes

The unique sol/gel behavior of an organic/inorganic hybrid material synthesized from 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (3AS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) is discussed and examined. The addition of H2O to a mixture of a basic (3AS) and an acidic (TMOS) alkoxide leads to rapid gel formation. This wet gel reverses to a sol upon heating which is attributed to the dissolution of siloxane bonds between the surfaces of colloidal particles in the gel. The reversed sol dries to an optically transparent solid which is water soluble. The water solubility and the stability of these colloidal particles are described by their aminopropyl/silanol surface and the electrostatic interactions between them using DLVO theory.
Technology with Embodied Physical Actions: Understanding Interactions and Effectiveness Gains in Teams Working with Robots

Robots transform teamwork and create new dynamics among team members that are unprecedented in human teams. Little research has focused on how robots reshape teamwork dynamics and how teams can enhance outcomes when incorporating robots into their teamwork. My research will investigate several ways to improve the effectiveness of teams working with robots by conducting experiments in which teams will consist of multiple robots and individuals. Various psychological dimensions in team processes, including trust and team efficacy, will be measured to test their impacts on team outcomes such as performance, viability, and satisfaction. My research will develop an understanding of interactions among team members as well as between humans and robots in order to find ways to improve team effectiveness. Directions for designers of robots and for managers of human-robot teams will be provided.
Optogenetics: Switching with red and blue.

Multiple optogenetic technologies are required to control biological activity simultaneously with different colors of light. Optimizing a near-infrared-induced heterodimerization system, which can be combined with blue-light-controlled domains, enables precise spatiotemporal control of target molecules in live mammalian cells.
Oyster Demographics in Harvested Reefs vs. No-Take Reserves: Implications for Larval Spillover and Restoration Success

Fishery species that reside in no-take, marine reserves often show striking increases in size and abundance relative to harvested areas, with the potential for larval spillover to harvested populations. The benefits of spillover, however, may not be realized if the populations or habitats outside of reserves are too degraded. We quantified oyster population density and demographics such as recruitment, growth, mortality, and potential larval output as a function of two types of oyster management strategies in Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, USA: (1) natural reefs + harvested and (2) restored reefs + harvested. We compared these data to demographic data collected as a function of a third type of management strategy, (3) restored reefs + protected from harvest. Mean oyster recruitment was ~12 times higher in restored + harvested reefs than in natural + harvested reefs. Mean total oyster density was ~8- to 72-times higher in restored + protected reefs than in restored + harvested or natural + harvested reefs, respectively. Moreover, harvested reefs exhibited truncated size structure, and few or no individuals greater than legal size (75 mm), whereas protected reefs typically had a polymodal size structure, including many large individuals. We estimate that restored + protected reefs have ~4 to 700 times greater potential larval output m-2 than restored + harvested or natural + harvested reefs, respectively. After accounting for total sound-wide areal coverage of each reef type, total potential larval output from restored + protected reefs was ~6 times greater than that from natural + harvested and restored + harvested reefs. Marine reserves can potentially subsidize harvested populations via larval spillover, however, in the case of oyster reefs in Pamlico Sound, the relatively degraded conditions of natural reefs (e.g., low vertical relief, low shell volume per square meter) may not provide much in the way of suitable settlement substrate to realize the benefits of larval spillover from reserves. Restoration of oyster reefs, even with a thin veneer of substrate, may improve settlement substrate to increase the benefits of larval spillover from reserves.
Victims' Stories and the Postcolonial Politics of Empathy

Abstract This paper discusses Diana Meyers's book in light of postcolonial feminist insights. It argues that though Meyers's defense of empathy is admirably sensitive to the ways philosophical concepts and popular discourses can undermine our empathetic capacities, building a human rights culture r...
Reducing Misses and Near Misses Related to Multitasking on the Electronic Health Record: Observational Study and Qualitative Analysis.

Background: Clinicians’ use of electronic health record (EHR) systems while multitasking may increase the risk of making errors, but silent EHR system use may lower patient satisfaction. Delaying EHR system use until after patient visits may increase clinicians’ EHR workload, stress, and burnout. Objective: We aimed to describe the perspectives of clinicians, educators, administrators, and researchers about misses and near misses that they felt were related to clinician multitasking while using EHR systems. Methods: This observational study was a thematic analysis of perspectives elicited from 63 continuing medical education (CME) participants during 2 workshops and 1 interactive lecture about challenges and strategies for relationship-centered communication during clinician EHR system use. The workshop elicited reflection about memorable times when multitasking EHR use was associated with “misses” (errors that were not caught at the time) or “near misses” (mistakes that were caught before leading to errors). We conducted qualitative analysis using an editing analysis style to identify codes and then select representative themes and quotes. Results: All workshop participants shared stories of misses or near misses in EHR system ordering and documentation or patient-clinician communication, wondering about “misses we don’t even know about.” Risk factors included the computer’s position, EHR system usability, note content and style, information overload, problematic workflows, systems issues, and provider and patient communication behaviors and expectations. Strategies to reduce multitasking EHR system misses included clinician transparency when needing silent EHR system use (eg, for prescribing), narrating EHR system use, patient activation during EHR system use, adapting visit organization and workflow, improving EHR system design, and improving team support and systems. Conclusions: CME participants shared numerous stories of errors and near misses in EHR tasks and communication that they felt related to EHR multitasking. However, they brainstormed diverse strategies for using EHR systems safely while preserving patient relationships.
N -Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic N -Tosylaldimines

Nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of aromatic N-tosylaldimines has been achieved using trifluoromethyltrimethylsilane (TMSCF3) in the presence of the in situ generated N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts. Aromatic N-tosylaldimines with electron-withdrawing as well as electron-donating groups on the aryl ring afforded the corresponding trifluoromethylated sulfonamides in moderate to good yields.
Human Experimental Abuse, In and Out of Context

The twentieth century is littered with examples of human experimental abuse. There are the well known Nazi experiments of the 1940s, of course, and the Japanese biowarfare experiments in Manchuria, but there are also similar abuses in the United States, Australia, and other parts of the world — many of which proved fatal. How do we account for such abuses? What kinds of social arrangements have encouraged experimental mistreatment, and how can such abuses be prevented? I explore such questions here, along with the question of why radiation has figured so prominently in experimental abuses, especially in the United States and the former Soviet Union. Some points are made about the dehumanizing of experimental subjects and the symbolic history of experimentation; a caution is also raised against the dangers of exculpatory relativism, the tendency to justify experimental abuses by situating (exotociz­ing) them in some distant or alien context, when rules and expectations were different.
Avoiding Disincentives to Treat in Designing Pay-for-Performance Measures.

To be a useful tool for assessing quality of physician care, pay-for-performance must be designed to include process measures and to not penalize physicians for treating patients with difficult-to-manage conditions. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
Use of X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy in the Chemical Analyses of Lake Sediments, Determining 41 Elements

Up to the present time, few really concentrated efforts have been directed toward the use of X-ray emission spectroscopy for natural samples. A procedure is described whereby 41 elements are quantitatively analyzed by X-ray emission spectroscopy in consecutive samples from a lake core, employing three target tubes, eight analyzing crystals, and two counter tubes. The elements encountered were sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, selenium, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium, niobium, silver, cadmium, antimony, iodine, cesium, barium, lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, hafnium, tungsten, platinum, and lead. Quantitative analyses involved three major procedures: the Compton scattering technique, the establishment of nomograms, and the making of comparative standards. Data are presented for the ranges of concentration of these elements. Other methods of analysis are used as a comparison.
New maps of Federal coal

Compilation and analysis of publicly available data on Federal coal are resulting in voluminous map sets showing coal isopachs, structure contours, and overburden isopachs on each known minable coal bed. As of the spring of 1981, there are available from the U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Services Section in Denver map sets at 1:24,000 scale or microfiche sets covering approximately 470 of the ultimately 1,400 quadrangles in the program. Because Congress in 1976 mandated the prompt “inventorying” of all unleased Federal coal for Government land-use planning, and because dollars but not employee positions were provided for the work, the U.S. Geological Survey was obliged to contract for the compilations. A typical map set has a short text and about 20 plates, including a data sheet; a Federal mineral ownership map; and correlation charts. For each coal bed, there are isopachs, structure contours, stripping limits, and mining ratios extending as far as the data will permit, regardless of coal ownership. Reserve base tonnages and relative development potentials are calculated, but only for unleased Federal coal areas. Termed “minable” are coal beds at least 1.524 m (5 ft) thick and less than 914.4 m (3,000 ft) deep. For conventional underground mining methods, beds dipping more than 15° are excluded; also excluded are all but 3.66 m (12 ft) of thick beds. For in situ conversion methods, the minimum dip is 15° except for the deep thick beds in the Powder River Basin. Arbitrary parameters classify the development potential of each unleased 16.19-hectare (40-acre) tract as high, moderate, low, unknown, or negative. The former Secretary of the Interior announced his intention to restrict leasing in general to tracts classified as having high to moderate potential for development. Many geologists will find these systematic map compilations to be useful bases for adding new data points and making their own interpretations, correlations, extrapolations, and reserve estimates.
Method for measuring wear on boot outsoles using a 3D laser scanner.

In the mining industry, slips and falls are the second leading cause of non-fatal injuries. Footwear is the primary defence against a slip; consequently, the condition of the footwear outsole is cr...
Updated comments on projector augmented wave (PAW) implementations within various electronic structure code packages

Abstract The projector augmented wave (PAW) formalism of Blochl (1994) has been implemented in a number of electronic structure code packages and generally has become an important tool for density functional simulations of materials. However, it is occasionally possible to obtain unphysical results. A source for such occasional anomalous behavior is traced to one contribution present in some codes that use the reformulation of the exchange–correlation terms introduced by Kresse et al. (1999). A remedy is discussed which has been implemented in new versions of the atomic dataset generation program ATOMPAW (Holzwarth et al. 2001).
Probing the subcutaneous absorption of a PEGylated FUD peptide nanomedicine via in vivo fluorescence imaging

The Functional Upstream Domain (FUD) peptide is a potent inhibitor of fibronectin assembly and a therapeutic candidate for disorders linked with hyperdeposition of fibronectin-modulated ECM proteins. Most recently, experiments involving subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of a PEGylated FUD (PEG-FUD) of 27.5 kDa molecular weight yielded a significant reduction of fibronectin and collagen deposition in a murine model of renal fibrosis. The benefits of FUD PEGylation need to be studied to unlock the full potential of the PEG-FUD platform. This work studies the impact of PEGylating the FUD peptide with differently sized PEG on its absorption from the site of injection following s.c. delivery using non-invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging. The FUD and mFUD (control) peptides and their 10 kDa, 20 kDa, and 40 kDa PEG conjugates were labeled with the sulfo-Cy5 fluorophore. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and confocal fluorescence microscopy experiments verified FUD and PEG-FUD fibronectin binding activity preservation following sulfo-Cy5 labeling. Fluorescence in vivo imaging experiments revealed a linear relationship between the absorption apparent half-life (t1/2) and the MW of FUD, mFUD, and their PEG conjugates. Detected drug signal in the kidney and bladder regions of mice suggests that smaller peptides of both the FUD and mFUD series enter the kidney earlier and in higher amounts than their larger PEG conjugates. This work highlights an important delayed dose absorption enhancement that MW modification via PEGylation can contribute to a drug when combined with the subcutaneous route of delivery.
Experimental investigation into the influence of vortex control on transcritical R744 ejector and cycle performance

Abstract Vortex control over a diphasic convergent-divergent nozzle through adjustable nozzle inlet vortex can improve the performance of transcritical R744 ejector cooling cycle due to its potential for flow control with less sacrifice of nozzle efficiency and no requirement of geometry change. In this study, the influence of vortex control on transcritical R744 ejector and cycle performance has been experimentally investigated. Vortex control was applied to ejectors with different geometric parameters. The results with vortex control were compared with those with series expansion valve control and needle control. Design guidelines for ejector with vortex control were provided. It was found that the total work recovery efficiency of ejector with vortex control can be better than series expansion valve control and is close to needle control. Vortex control can be used to improve system performance by adjusting the high-side pressure of the transcritical R744 ejector cycle. Under off-design conditions, system capacity and COP can be improved by 11.0% and 8.1%, respectively, by applying vortex control.
Recurrent KRAS mutations in papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity.

We recently proposed that an epithelial renal tumor “papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity” represents a distinct entity. It constituted 4% of previously diagnosed papillary renal cell carcinoma at the participating institutions. Histologically, it is characterized by papillary or tubulopapillary architecture covered by a single layer of eosinophilic cells with finely granular cytoplasm and apically located nuclei. It is characteristically positive for GATA3 and L1CAM and lack vimentin and, to a lesser extent, α-methylacyl-CoA-racemase (AMACR/p504s) immunostaining. To investigate the molecular pathogenesis of these tumors, we performed targeted next-generation sequencing on ten previously reported papillary renal neoplasms with reverse polarity, followed by a targeted polymerase chain reaction analysis for KRAS mutations in a control series of 30 type 1 and 2 papillary renal cell carcinomas. KRAS missense mutations were identified in eight of ten papillary renal neoplasms with reverse polarity. These mutations were clustered in exon 2—codon 12: c.35 G > T (n = 6) or c.34 G > C (n = 2) resulting in p.Gly12Val and p.Gly12Arg alterations, respectively. One of the wild-type tumors had BRAF c.1798_1799delGTinsAG (p.Val600Arg) mutation. No KRAS mutations were identified in any of the 30 control tumors. In summary, this study supports our proposal that papillary renal neoplasm with reverse polarity is an entity distinct from papillary renal cell carcinoma and the only renal cell neoplasm to consistently harbor KRAS mutations.
Event attribution and partisanship shape local discussion of climate change after extreme weather

Extreme weather events may provide opportunities to raise public awareness and spur action to address climate change. Using concepts from the study of social movements, we conducted a systematic comparative-case analysis of 15 communities that experienced extreme weather events in the United States between 2012 and 2015 to identify under what conditions, and through what mechanisms, the experience of an extreme weather event generates community discussion and collective action linked to climate change. Although collective action related to climate change was rare post-event, we observed community discussion about the event’s link to climate change in slightly more than half of the cases, especially in Democratic and/or highly educated communities that experienced events for which attribution to climate change is more certain. Our results suggest that, although a single event may have limited impact on discussion or collective action about climate change, partisanship and an event’s attribution to climate change matter. Extreme weather events may raise public awareness of climate change. This comparative-case analysis shows that single events had limited impact on climate change discussion, but this was more common in Democratic communities and for weather events with a more certain attribution to climate change.
Evaluation of dyadic changes of parent-child weight loss patterns during a family-based behavioral treatment for obesity.

BACKGROUND Family-based treatment (FBT) for children with overweight and obesity is a package that includes nutrition and physical activity education, as well as parenting and behavior therapy skills. To date, the majority of research suggests that one of the best predictors of child weight loss is parent weight loss. However, the bidirectional processes facilitating parent-child weight loss are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the strength and direction of parent-child weight-change patterns during a 6-month intervention with FBT for childhood obesity. METHODS Parent-child weight change dynamics were evaluated using a bivariate multilevel approach. RESULTS Significant positive weight reductions throughout treatment were observed among both parents and children (P's < .01 for both parent and child). In the model adjusting for the conditional influence of attendance over time, parents' initial weight loss was associated with subsequent weight loss by their child (B = 0.102, P < .05; d = 0.352) across the first 10 sessions. Child's weight loss also was associated with subsequent weight loss by their parent (B = 0.105, P < .01; d = 0.412) across the first 10 sessions. A small and negative effects of parents' weight loss on children and children's weight loss on parents from sessions 10 to 20 may have been reflective of slowed rates of weight loss as treatment progressed. CONCLUSIONS Together these data suggest that parent-child dyads mutually influence weight loss in FBT. Future studies should leverage how to make best clinical use of these dynamic effects in the context of family-based interventions.
Food Residue During Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Is Commonly Encountered and Is Not Pathognomonic of Delayed Gastric Emptying.

Retained gastric food (RGF) identified during esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is often attributed to gastroparesis. This retrospective study evaluated the prevalence of RGF, risk factors for RGF, and the association between RGF and delayed gastric emptying (GE). The prevalence and odds ratios for RGF in patients with structural foregut abnormalities or medical risk factors for delayed GE were determined from 85,116 EGDs performed between 2012 and 2018. The associations between RGF, delayed GE, and medical comorbidities were evaluated in 2991 patients without structural abnormalities who had undergone EGD and gastric emptying scintigraphy. The relationship between medication use and RGF was evaluated in 249 patients without structural or medical risk factors for RGF. RGF was identified during 3% of EGDs. The odds of RGF were increased in patients with type 1 diabetes (12%, OR 1.7, P ≤ 0.001), type 2 diabetes (6%, OR 1.4, P ≤ 0.001), gastroparesis (14%, OR 4.8, P ≤ 0.001), amyloidosis (5%, OR 1.7, P ≤ 0.001), and structural foregut abnormalities (6%, OR 2.6, P ≤ 0.001). Overall, the PPV of RGF for delayed GE was 55%. However, the PPV varied from 32% in patients without risk factors to 79% in patients with type 1 diabetes. Opioids, cardiovascular medications, and acid suppressants were associated with RGF. RGF is common during EGD. The PPV of RGF for delayed GE varies depending on underlying risk factors (type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gastroparesis, and amyloidosis). Acid suppressants or antacids, cardiovascular medications, and opioids are associated with RGF independent of delayed GE.
Allosteric HIV integrase inhibitors promote formation of inactive branched polymers via homomeric carboxy-terminal domain interactions

Summary The major effect of allosteric HIV integrase (IN) inhibitors (ALLINIs) is observed during virion maturation, where ALLINI treatment interrupts IN-RNA interactions via drug-induced IN aggregation, leading to the formation of aberrant virions. To understand the structural changes that accompany drug-induced aggregation, we determined the soft matter properties of ALLINI-induced IN aggregates. Using small-angle neutron scattering, SEM, and rheology, we have discovered that the higher-order aggregates induced by ALLINIs have the characteristics of weak three-dimensional gels with a fractal-like character. Their formation is inhibited by the host factor LEDGF/p75, as well as ex vivo resistance substitutions. Mutagenesis and biophysical analyses reveal that homomeric carboxy-terminal domain interactions are required to achieve the branched-polymer nature of the ALLINI-induced aggregates. These studies provide key insight into the mechanisms of ALLINI action and resistance in the context of the crowded virion environment where ALLINIs exert their effect.
PuBliCiTy: Python Bioimage Computing Toolkit

The Python Bioimage Computing Toolkit (PuBliCiTy) is an evolving set of functions, scripts, and classes, written primarily in Python, to facilitate the analysis of biological images, of two or more dimensions, from electron or light microscopes. While the early development was guided by the goal of replacing an existing internal code-base with Python code, the effort later came to include novel tools, specially in the areas of machine learning infrastructure and model development. The toolkit is built on top of the so-called python data science stack, which includes numpy, scipy, scikit-image, scikit-learn, and pandas. It also contains some deep learning models, written in TensorFlow and PyTorch, and a web-app for image annotation, which uses Flask as the web framework. The main features of the toolkit are: (1) simplifying the interface of some routinely used functions from underlying libraries; (2) providing helpful tools for the analysis of large images; (3) providing a web interface for image annotation, which can be used remotely and on tablets with pencils; (4) providing machine learning model implementations that are easy to read, train, and deploy - written in a way that minimizes complexity for users without a computer science or software development background. The source code is released under an MIT-like license at github.com/hms-idac/PuBliCiTy. Details, tutorials, and up-to-date documentation can be found at the projects page as well. Project pagegithub.com/hms-idac/PuBliCiTy
Higher-Valency Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: An Exploratory Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in U.S. Seniors

Introduction Use of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in nonimmunocompromised adults aged ≥65 years is controversial. Higher-valency conjugate vaccines (15-valent and 20-valent ) are under development; their potential cost effectiveness in older adults is unknown, particularly when potential indirect (herd immunity) effects from childhood vaccination are considered. Methods A Markov model estimated the cost effectiveness of current U.S. recommendations and alternative strategies using currently available and in-development pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in seniors. Separately, strategies using a hypothetical 20-valent vaccine adding the 7 most common disease-causing non–13-valent vaccine serotypes were considered. Sensitivity analyses were performed and alternative scenarios were examined. Data were gathered and the analyses were performed in 2020. Results In analyses considering only existing and in-development vaccines, sole 20-valent vaccine use cost $172,491/quality-adjusted life year gained compared with current U.S. recommendations under baseline assumptions (equal serotype effectiveness and no childhood vaccination indirect effects). Strategies using 15-valent vaccine were more costly and less effective. When 13-valent/20-valent vaccines were assumed ineffective against pneumococcal serotype 3 and 15-valent vaccine was fully effective, 15-valent vaccine cost $237,431/quality-adjusted life year gained. With indirect effects considered, 15-valent or 20-valent vaccine cost >$449,000/quality-adjusted life year gained. When adding hypothetical 20-valent vaccine under baseline assumptions, hypothetical 20-valent vaccine cost $139,348/quality-adjusted life year gained. Conclusions In-development pneumococcal conjugate vaccines may be economically unreasonable in older adults, regardless of serotype effectiveness assumptions, particularly when considering potential indirect effects from use of those vaccines in children. Adult vaccines containing high-risk serotypes not contained in childhood vaccines may be more promising.
Bioactive exometabolites drive maintenance competition in simple bacterial communities

During prolonged resource limitation, bacterial cells can persist in metabolically active states of non-growth. These maintenance periods, such as those experienced by cells in stationary phase cultures, can, perhaps counterintuitively, include upregulation of cellular secondary metabolism and release of exometabolites into the local environment, at the cost of an energetic commitment to growth. As resource limitation is a characteristic feature of many habitats that harbor environmental microbial communities, we hypothesized that neighboring bacterial populations employ exometabolites to compete or cooperate during maintenance, and that these exometabolite-facilitated interactions can drive community outcomes. Here, we evaluated the consequences of exometabolite interactions over stationary phase among three well-known environmental bacterial strains: Burkholderia thailandensis E264 (ATCC 700388), Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 31532, and Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000 (ATCC BAA-871). We assembled these stains into laboratory-scale synthetic communities that only permitted chemical interactions among them. We compared the responses (transcripts) and behaviors (exometabolites) of each member with and without neighbors. We found that transcriptional dynamics were altered in the presence of different neighbors, and that these changes could be attributed to the production of or response to bioactive exometabolites employed for competition during maintenance. B. thailandensis was especially influential and competitive within its communities, as it consistently upregulated additional biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the production of bioactive exometabolites for both exploitative and interference competition. Additionally, some of these bioactive exometabolites were upregulated and produced in a non-additive manner in the 3-member community. These results demonstrate that the active investment in competition during maintenance can contribute to both bacterial population fitness and community-level outcomes. It also suggests that the traditional concept of defining competitiveness by growth outcomes may be too narrow, and that maintenance competition could be an alternative measure.
Freedom's Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution

Introduction: the Haitian Revolution and Cuban slave society 1. 'A colony worth a kingdom': Cuba's sugar revolution in the shadow of Saint-Domingue 2. 'An excess of communication': the capture of news in a slave society 3. An unlikely alliance: Cuba and the black auxiliaries 4. Revolution's disavowal: Cuba and a counterrevolution of slavery 5. 'Masters of all': echoes of Haitian independence in Cuba 6. Atlantic crucible: 1808 between Haiti and Spain 7. A black kingdom of this world: making history, imagining revolution in Havana, 1812 Epilogue: Haiti, Cuba, and history: afterlives of antislavery and revolution.
Communication and Cancer

Abstract Although increasing attention is paid to communication in psychosocial oncology, a comprehensive review of the literature reveals that emphasis has been given to individuals' self-reported experiences. Because naturally occurring interactions between cancer patients, family members, and health professionals have not received systematic attention, the authors propose that an empirical foundation for understanding communication activities is in its infancy. In this two-part article, Part I expands on how communication has been identified as central to family relationships, yet has been accessed through individuals' reports. Specific examples drawn from both qualitative and quantitative research methods illustrate the predominance and limitations of self-reports for studying communication and psychosocial oncology. Part II provides an overview of “conversation analysis” as an alternative method for studying interactional patterns in medical encounters and family interactions. The discussion focuses ...
Microelectromechanical Systems Technology Applied to the Miniaturization of Field Instrumentation

This paper explores the miniaturization of analytical instruments using emerging microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. MEMS provides an enabling technology base for miniaturization of many kinds. It has grown in parallel with the growth of the semiconductor industry since the discovery of silicon piezoresistance at the Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s, and borrows many principles and techniques from silicon “wafer fabs”. The technology is one of several that promises to revolutionize our lives in the 21st century. We review some of the processes developed to fabricate MEMS parts and give examples of components developed with this technology. Finally, we describe how this technology has been used to develop a portable gas chromatograph (GC) and other chemical instrumentation for the detection of gases and vapors in the field. We show, with experimental results, how analytical instrumentation can benefit from MEMS technology.
Quasiharmonic theory of two-dimensional crystals: I. Lennard-Jones potentials, quantum corrected cell theory, and the quantum mechanical principle of corresponding states☆

Abstract The quasiharmonic approximation of lattice dynamics is used to calculate the frequency spectrum, the dynamical contribution to the free energy, and the thermal expansion of a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. Results for a Lennard-Jones (12, 6) pair potential are presented in a tabular form which enables corresponding-states scalings to be used to form estimates of the thermal expansion for a variety of adsorbed inert gas monolayers. The magnitude of anharmonic corrections to this approximation is tested by comparing the equilibrium lattice constant obtained from quasiharmonic theory with the results of a quantum-corrected cell-model theory. The conclusion is that the quasiharmonic theory may be used to calculate the lattice constant with a precision of 0.01 A in a proposed analysis of the lateral interactions in an adsorbed xenon monolayer in the temperature range 1 to 50 K. These methods are readily extended to more realistic pair potentials and permit the inclusion of substrate-mediated interactions for physisorbed monolayers.
Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Treatment-Related Leukemia or Myelodysplasia

PURPOSE: This report describes results of related or unrelated hematopoietic stem-cell transplants in 111 patients with treatment-related leukemia or myelodysplasia performed consecutively at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center between December 1971 and June 1998, and identifies patient and treatment characteristics associated with survival and relapse. PATIENTS AND METHODS: At transplantation, 56 patients had treatment-related secondary acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 15 had refractory anemia with excess blasts in transition (RAEB-T), 23 had refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), 15 had refractory anemia (RA), and two had refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS). Conditioning regimens were total-body irradiation (TBI) and chemotherapy for 60 patients, busulfan (BU) 14 to 16 mg/kg and cyclophosphamide (CY) 120 mg/kg (BUCY) for 27 patients, BU targeted to 600 to 900 ng/mL plasma steady-state concentration with 120 mg/kg CY (BUCY-t) for 22 patients, and miscellaneous chemotherapy for two...
The inhibitive effects of azasterols on sterol metabolism and growth and development in insects with special reference to the tobacco hornworm

Several monoazasterols were found to be potent inhibitors of Δ24- and Δ22,24- reductase enzyme(s) in the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta (Johannson). Certain of these inhibitors also prevented normal larval development and pupation in the hornworm at dietary concentrations in the parts per million range. Comparative studies with several different insects indicated differences between the species with respect to the effects of the azasterols. The relationship of azasterol structure to the inhibitory effect(s) on sterol metabolism and larval development is discussed.
Enhanced efficacy of nucleoside analogs and recombinant alpha interferon in weanling mice lethally infected with herpes simplex virus type 2

Abstract Weanling ICR Swiss mice were inoculated intranasally with a lethal dose of herpes simplex virus type 2, and treated with either vidarabine, vidarabine-5′-monophosphate, acyclovir or a hybrid recombinant human alpha interferon which is active in murine tissues. Treatment with antiviral drugs was initiated 2, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h following virus inoculation. Single drug treatment showed little effect on mortality, with only acyclovir showing some slight reduction. Four dual drug combinations (vidarabine/acyclovir; vidarabine/interferon; vidarabine 5′-monophosphate/acyclovir and vidarabine 5′-monophosphate/interferon) were also all associated with marked reductions of mortality when treatment was begun at 2 h, and this beneficial effect increased further when therapy was delayed until 24 or 48 h following virus inoculation. However, the combination ofa acyclovir/interferon was consistently toxic to the mice, unless a reduction in dosages was employed.These results suggest that certain antiviral combinations might be useful for serious human infections caused by herpes simplex virus.