cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taxing Corporate Capital Gains

Prof. Desai notes that a missing element in current debates over the appropriate taxation of capital income is the puzzling treatment of corporate capital gains. Given the rising importance of corporate capital gains and the unique distortions associated with them, he finds the oversight surprising. He notes that the taxation of corporate capital gains is associated with two types of economic distortions. First, the realization-based taxation of corporate capital gains discourages value-enhancing asset reallocation by creating a significant lock-in effect. Because unrealized U.S. corporate capital gains exceed $800 billion, there is a sizable economic cost associated with that lock-in effect. Second, such taxation discourages corporate investments by imposing a third layer of tax on top of the corporate income tax and the personal income tax on corporate income distributed to shareholders. Those distortions, he believes, are all the more notable because of the relief available for analogous transactions in other parts of the tax system. For example, he notes, capital gains earned by individuals are currently taxed at lower rates than apply to ordinary income and dividends received by corporations are afforded relief through the dividends-received deduction. Among his suggested alternatives to taxing corporate capital gains at the same rates as ordinary income are exempting corporate capital gains from taxation altogether or taxing corporate capital gains at preferential rates. Several other countries exempt corporate capital gains from taxation. Reforms to the U.S. taxation of capital gains, he believes, have the potential for sizable efficiency gains relative to other alternatives, given the magnitude of preexisting distortions from the current system of capital taxation. He calculates that a reduction of the corporate capital gains tax rate from 35 percent to 15 percent would be associated with $17 billion per year in efficiency gains.
c15-160: Enzalutamide (ENZA) plus CC-115 in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): A phase 1b Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium study.

5045Background: Studies in PTEN-deficient prostate cancer (PC) models have shown additive anti-tumor activity when ENZA is combined with PI3K pathway inhibition due to modulation of reciprocal feed...
Intimate partner violence in couples navigating incarceration and reentry

Qualitative and preliminary quantitative research suggests that reentry from prison could be a time of heightened intimate partner violence (IPV) risk. Using data from 666 different-sex couples who...
Collaboration in the Elementary School: What Do Teachers Think?.

Teaching is often seen as an isolated profession in which individual teachers work behind closed doors independently from other teachers. However, this view of teaching as primarily an individual activity belies the reality of modern, collaborative educational practices that most significantly impact student learning. In this study, we examine elementary teachers’ perspectives on common collaborative practices and discuss what teachers believe are the biggest benefits of and barriers to teacher collaboration. The results from this investigative survey suggest that although teachers do not regularly participate in many collaborative activities, they believe that collaboration is valuable and an effective use of their time.
The neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.

Publisher Summary Significant neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection occur years after an acute viral seroconversion reaction and are commonly coincident with progressive immunosuppression and high viral loads. Disease processes start soon after initial viral infection, initiated through the exchange of infected body fluids by blood transfusion, accidental needle sticks, sexual intercourse, and maternal–fetal transmission. Infection is highly restricted for varying time periods, but is usually measured in years. The evasion of the innate and acquired immune surveillance mechanisms leads to dissemination and high-level replication to regional lymphatics and HIV-1 target tissues, including the bone marrow, lung, and brain. Importantly, HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) early in the course of disease. The virus is carried into the brain principally through CD4 T lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs), dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. Following acute infection the host engages the virus in a commensal relationship. This allows a subclinical stage in which HIV-1 persists in the infected human host but at low levels. The most severe form of HIV-1-associated tissue damage occurs in the CNS. The lack of adequate innate viral control mechanisms and adaptive immunity allows active viral replication to occur in the brain.
Critical window variable selection: estimating the impact of air pollution on very preterm birth

Understanding the impact that environmental exposure during different stages of pregnancy has on the risk of adverse birth outcomes is vital for protection of the fetus and for the development of mechanistic explanations of exposure-disease relationships. As a result, statistical models to estimate critical windows of susceptibility have been developed for several different reproductive outcomes and pollutants. However, these current methods fail to adequately address the primary objective of this line of research; how to statistically identify a critical window of susceptibility. In this article, we introduce critical window variable selection (CWVS), a hierarchical Bayesian framework that directly addresses this question while simultaneously providing improved estimation of the risk parameters. Through simulation, we show that CWVS outperforms existing competing techniques in the setting of highly temporally correlated exposures in terms of (i) correctly identifying critical windows and (ii) accurately estimating risk parameters. We apply all competing methods to a case/control analysis of pregnant women in North Carolina, 2005-2008, with respect to the development of very preterm birth and exposure to ambient ozone and particulate matter $<$ 2.5 $\mu$m in aerodynamic diameter, and identify/estimate the critical windows of susceptibility. The newly developed method is implemented in the R package CWVS.
Disentangling chemical and electrical effects of status epilepticus-induced dentate gyrus abnormalities.

Abstract In rodents, status epilepticus (SE) triggered by chemoconvulsants can differently affect the proliferation and fate of adult-born dentate granule cells (DGCs). It is unknown whether abnormal neurogenesis results from intracellular signaling associated with drug-receptor interaction, paroxysmal activity, or both. To test the contribution of these factors, we systematically compared the effects of kainic acid (KA)- and pilocarpine (PL)-induced SE on the morphology and localization of DGCs generated before or after SE in the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampi of mice. Hippocampal insult was induced by unilateral intrahippocampal (ihpc) administration of KA or PL. We employed conditional doublecortin-dependent expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to label adult-born cells committed to neuronal lineage either one month before (mature DGCs) or seven days after (immature DGCs) SE. Unilateral ihpc administration of KA and PL led to bilateral epileptiform discharges and focal and generalized behavioral seizures. However, drastic granule cell layer (GCL) dispersion occurred only in the ipsilateral side of KA injection, but not in PL-treated animals. Granule cell layer dispersion was accompanied by a significant reduction in neurogenesis after SE in the ipsilateral side of KA-treated animals, while neurogenesis increased in the contralateral side of KA-treated animals and both hippocampi of PL-treated animals. The ratio of ectopic neurons in the ipsilateral hippocampus was higher among immature as compared to mature neurons in the KA model (32.8% vs. 10.0%, respectively), while the occurrence of ectopic neurons in PL-treated animals was lower than 3% among both mature and immature DGCs. Collectively, our results suggest that KA- and PL-induced SE leads to distinct cellular alterations in mature and immature DGCs. We also show different local and secondary effects of KA or PL in the histological organization of the adult DG, suggesting that these unique epilepsy models may be complementary to our understanding of the disease. NEWroscience 2018.
Angiomyofibroblastoma of the left broad ligament mimicking ovarian tumour.

Angiomyofibroblastoma (AMFB) is a very rare mesenchymal tumour of the lower female genital tract particularly originated from the vulva (Fletcher et al. 1992). Its presence in the broad ligament is...
Utility of a Computerized ICD-10 Algorithm to Identify Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Liver Injury Cases in the Electronic Medical Record

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is an important cause of liver injury that is difficult to diagnose and identify in the electronic medical record (EMR). Our objective was to develop a computerized algorithm that can reliably identify DILI cases from the EMR. The EMR was searched for all encounters with an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) T code for drug toxicity and a K-71 code for toxic liver injury between 1 October 2015 and 30 September 2018. Clinically significant liver injury was defined using predetermined laboratory values. An expert opinion causality score (1–3 = probable DILI, 4/5 = non-DILI), Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) score, and severity score was assigned to each case. Among the 1,211,787 encounters searched, 517 had both an ICD-10 T code and a K-71 code, with 257 patients meeting the laboratory criteria. After excluding 75 cases of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity, the final study sample included 182 cases of potential DILI, with antineoplastics and antibiotics being the most frequently implicated agents. Causality assessment identified probable DILI in 121 patients (66.5%), whereas 61 (33.5%) had an alternative cause of liver injury. Although age, sex, race, and suspect drugs were similar, the probable DILI cases were more likely to present with a hepatocellular injury profile and have more severe liver injury than the non-DILI cases (p < 0.05). A computerized algorithm based on a combination of ICD-10 codes identified 182 potential DILI cases with 121 true positives, 61 false positives, and a positive predictive value of 66.5%. Future studies incorporating natural language processing may further improve the utility of this algorithm in identifying high-causality idiosyncratic DILI cases.
BCI Mediated Action and Responsibility: Questioning the Distinction Between Recreation and Necessity.

Rainey et al. (2020) argue that responsibility for harm caused by a “predictably unpredictable” BCI-mediated action should be determined, at least in part, by whether the activity was necessary or ...
Optimal Evolutionary Seismic Design of Three-Dimensional Multistory Structures with Damping Devices

AbstractCurrent seismic codes do not incorporate a well-established methodology for the properties and topological distribution of damping devices in three-dimensional multistory structures. The is...
Laboratory Assessment of a Headband-Mounted Sensor for Measurement of Head Impact Rotational Kinematics.

Head impact sensors measure head kinematics in sports, and sensor accuracy is crucial for investigating the potential link between repetitive head loading and clinical outcomes. Many validation studies mount sensors to human head surrogates and compare kinematic measures during loading from a linear impactor. These studies are often unable to distinguish intrinsic instrumentation limitations from variability caused by sensor coupling. The aim of the current study was to evaluate intrinsic sensor error in angular velocity in the absence of coupling error for a common head impact sensor. Two Triax SIM-G sensors were rigidly attached to a preclinical rotational injury device and subjected to rotational events to assess sensor reproducibility and accuracy. Peak angular velocities between the SIM-G sensors paired for each test were correlated (R2 > 0.99, y = 1.00x, p < 0.001). SIM-G peak angular velocity correlated with the reference (R2 = 0.96, y = 0.82x, p < 0.001); however, SIM-G underestimated the magnitude by 15.0% ± 1.7% (p < 0.001). SIM-G angular velocity rise time (5% to 100% of peak) correlated with the reference (R2 = 0.97, y = 1.06x, p < 0.001) but exhibited a slower fall time (100% to 5% of peak) by 9.0 ± 3.7 ms (p < 0.001). Assessing sensor performance when rigidly coupled is a crucial first step to interpret on-field SIM-G rotational kinematic data. Further testing in increasing biofidelic conditions is needed to fully characterize error from other sources, such as coupling.
Chip Design 2020

This special issue of IEEE Micro aimed at publishing some of the most significant research that can highlight the trends in IC design in 2020 and provide directions for the future IC design era.
Microglia Regulate Neuroglia Remodeling in Various Ocular and Retinal Injuries

Reactive microglia and infiltrating peripheral monocytes have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases of the retina and central nervous system (CNS). However, their specific contribution in retinal degeneration remains unclear. We recently showed that peripheral monocytes that infiltrate the retina after ocular injury in mice become permanently engrafted into the tissue, establishing a pro-inflammatory phenotype that promotes neurodegeneration. Here, we show in mice that microglia regulate the process of neuroglia remodeling during ocular injury, and their depletion results in marked upregulation of inflammatory markers, such as Il17f, Tnfsf11, Ccl4, Il1a, Ccr2, Il4, Il5, and Csf2 in the retina, abnormal engraftment of peripheral CCR2+ CX3CR1+ monocytes into the retina and is associated with increased retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, and RPE65+ cell migration onto the retinal surface. Furthermore, we show that other types of ocular injuries, such as penetrating corneal trauma and ocular hypertension, also cause similar changes. However, optic nerve crush injury mediated RGC loss evokes neither peripheral monocyte response in the retina, nor RPE65+ cell migration, although peripheral CX3CR1+ and CCR2+ monocytes infiltrate the optic nerve injury site and remain present for months. Our study suggests that microglia are key regulators of peripheral monocyte infiltration and RPE migration and their depletion results in abnormal neuroglia remodeling that exacerbates neuroretinal tissue damage. This mechanism of retinal damage through neuroglia remodeling may be clinically important for the treatment of patients with ocular injuries, including surgical traumas.
Growth performance of male broilers fed ExPress® soybean meal and high-shear dry extruded corn

SUMMARY Soybean meal (SBM), a co-product of soybean oil obtained via solvent or mechanical extrusion, is the key protein source in broiler diet formulations. Mechanical extrusion, or high-temperature processing with high-shear dry extrusion, has demonstrated 1 to 2% increased amino acid digestibility in broilers versus solvent-extracted SBM through reduction of antinutritional factors (ANF). High-shear dry extrusion followed by mechanical pressing using a screw press (extruding-pressing) produces soy oil and partially de-oiled soymeal (ExPress). The extruding-pressing process has been growing in popularity due to improved cost and material efficiency by eliminating the need for solvents or steam dryers in the production of animal feed ingredients. Corn extrusion is likewise linked with increased nutritive value through improved palatability and approximately 20% increased starch gelatinization, resulting in superior growth performance and in one reported case, reduced mortality in broilers. In the present study, high-shear dry extruded corn and ExPress SBM were formulated in combination with conventional corn and solvent-extracted SBM to determine impact on growth performance in male broilers. Extruded corn increased feed intake and ExPress SBM increased weight gain. The diet containing dry extruded corn and ExPress SBM outperformed all other diet combinations, including unprocessed, ground corn and conventional, solvent-extracted SBM variations. The diet containing unprocessed, ground corn and ExPress SBM had the most efficient overall feed conversion ratio (FCR). The combination of lower feed intake observed with the ground corn ingredient and the improved protein digestibility reflected by superior growth in ExPress SBM made this the ideal formulation, out of the 4 diets examined, in terms of feed efficiency.
Increasing Numbers of Non-communicable Disease Co-morbidities: Major Risk Factors for Hospitalization among a Cohort of People with HIV and COVID-19 Coinfection

Abstract Data regarding coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection complications among people with HIV (PWH) are expanding but sometimes conflicting. This report presents the results of a retrospective review of 103 patients at a single urban academic health center with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The study showed that hospitalization is related to host factors such as age 65 years or older with an increasing number of specific non-communicable disease comorbidities, and not to HIV-attributable factors.
Impact of COVID-19 among young people currently and formerly in foster care.

Abstract Background COVID-19 continues to have devastating impacts across the United States, causing high levels of unemployment and disconnection from work and school. Furthermore, some communities are at higher risk for adverse outcomes due to the pandemic, including transition age foster youth. Transition age foster youth report negative impacts on their employment, educational attainment, ability to meet basic needs, and their connection to work and school. Objective The current study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on key young adult outcomes including education, employment, financial well-being, and disconnection from work and school. Methods Young people from the Jim Casey Youth Opportunities Initiative complete a survey every April and October. This study focuses on a subsample of 2,117 young people who completed 8,004 surveys. Utilizing an interrupted time series design, we examine changes in outcomes at six time points pre-pandemic onset (April 2017 – October 2019) and two timepoints post-pandemic onset (October 2020 and April 2021). Results The pandemic slowed the declining school enrollment rates but did not reverse the downward trend that started before the pandemic. The pandemic decreased the number of young people who were employed and increased the number of those who were disconnected from work and school. The pandemic increased the number of young people who reported having savings. Conclusion Transition age foster youth need access to employment and educational opportunities, which were disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional resources are needed to ensure young people are connected to work and school.
Effect of the α-Hydrazino Analogue of Histidine on Histidine Transport and Arginine Biosynthesis

Abstract The α-hydrazino analogue of histidine was found to be an effective inhibitor of the growth of Salmonella typhimurium wild type as well as Escherichia coli W and E. coli K-12. A mutant, hisP1650, which is resistant to the inhibitory action of the compound was isolated and found to be defective in the histidine-specific transport system. The hydrazino analogue reacts rapidly with pyridoxal phosphate in a nonenzymatic reaction to give a product which does not have the spectral properties expected of a hydrazone. The analogue inactivates several pyridoxal phosphate enzymes. Evidence is presented suggesting that the primary point of inhibition in the cell is the pyridoxal phosphate moiety of acetylornithine transaminase in the pathway of arginine biosynthesis.
Are American CEOs Overpaid, and, If So, What If Anything Should Be Done about It?

The genesis of this article is a lecture on executive overcompensation that I gave at the University of Pennsylvania in October 2006, and the article was substantially completed shortly after I gave another version of the talk in March 2007 at Stanford University?eighteen months before the beginning of the depression in which (I am convinced) the nation now finds itself.1 Even back then the question whether executive compensation in publicly owned American companies was in some sense excessive was much in the news.2 But now an affirmative answer is accepted not only by many
Application of modern optimal control theory to environmental control of confined spaces and life support systems. II - Basic computational algorithm of Pontryagin's maximum principle and its applications

Optimal control theory application to environmental control of confined spaces and life support systems, considering algorithm of Pontryagin principle
Prototypes as assets, not toys. Why and how to extract knowledge from prototypes. (Experience report)

Software prototypes are becoming more and more important, as computer applications invade new domains and as personal prototyping environments become more powerful. Although numerous approaches recommend their use, prototypes are sometimes treated like their developers' personal toys, and little effort is made to extract and share the experiences and knowledge that emerged as a by-product of building the prototype. In this paper, a strategy is proposed to extract crucial pieces of knowledge from a prototype and from its developer. The strategy is based on monitoring explanations that developers give, analyzing their structure, and feeding results back to support and to focus explanations. During this process, the prototype turns into the centerpiece of a hyperstructured information base, which can be used to convey concepts, implementation tricks and experiences. If organizations begin to view-and treat-prototypes as executable representations of knowledge, they can fully capitalize on the assets prototypes really are.
MOVING OUT TO MOVE UP: DUAL‐CAREER MIGRATION AND WORK–FAMILY TRADEOFFS

Using data from a survey of new entrants to the junior PhD job market in economics, this paper shows that dual-career location problems compromise the personal and professional lives of early-career PhDs. Contrary to the common assumption that couples who do not live together break up, we find that living apart is a viable solution to location problems in the first year after graduate school. Surprisingly, PhDs facing moderate location problems are more likely than those facing severe location problems to make career sacrifices on behalf of their relationship; PhDs facing severe location problems are more likely to live apart. (JEL, J12, J44, A11)
Partial Deafferentation of Cat Spinal Neurons Results in Permanent Changes in Cell Surface Molecular Expression and Metabolic Activity

Partial denervation of spinal neurons often results in reactive reinnervation by spared systems and some recovery of function. Dorsal rhizotomy in the adult cat has been used for the examination of the molecular modifications that occur postsynaptically and which may underlie anatomical and behavioral plasticity. We examined two markers of postsynaptic neurons in the spinal cord. Immunolocalization of a specific marker of superficial dorsal horn and intermediolateral neurons, the limbic system-associated membrane protein (LAMP), revealed that removal of certain afferents results in a permanent decrease in LAMP expression. Cytochrome oxidase, a metabolic marker, is normally high in the neurons of Clarke's nucleus, but showed a dramatic decrease after deafferentation. Reactive reinnervation occurs in many regions of the spinal cord following partial deafferentation, including Clarke's nucleus and the dorsal horn, and these changes in presynaptic input may be manifest by permanent modifications in molecular expression and metabolic activity of spinal neurons.
Differential expression of two forms of GABAA receptor γ2-subunit in mice

Abstract The γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A ) receptor γ 2 -subunit is important for benzodiazepine action. In previous studies, two forms of γ 2 -subunit have been found which are generated by RNA alternative splicing ( γ 2L and γ 2S ) and differ by the presence or absence of an 8-amino acid insertion in the major intracellular loop between proposed transmembrane domains M3 and M4. We have used the RNase protection assay to study regulation of expression of the two forms of γ 2 -subunit in mouse brain, as judged from mRNA levels. We find that γ 2L and γ 2S are differentially expressed in brain regions and that γ 2S is expressed at a fairly constant level during brain development while γ 2L increases dramatically with maturation. Their differentially regulated expression suggests further that γ 2L and γ 2S form receptors with important functional differences.
Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon

The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon. The clinical presentation, laboratory findings, vascular pathology, and pathophysiology are discussed.
Difficult queuing simulation problems: a balanced likelihood ratio approach for analyzing rare events in a tandem Jackson network

Balanced likelihood ratio importance sampling methods were originally developed for the analysis of fault-tolerant systems. This paper provides a basis for adapting this approach to analyze the rare event probability that total system size reaches a bound before returning to zero in tandem Jackson networks. An optimal importance sampling distribution for the single server case is derived through direct application of the balanced likelihood ratio approach. The generalization of this approach to larger systems is explored via a two-node tandem Jackson network. A general heuristic approach is outlined along with certain open questions whose answers could lead to a more robust solution. Asymptotic characteristics of the proposed importance sampling approach for the two-node network are discussed. Bounded relative error is only possible under certain conditions. Numerical results illustrate the benefits of the approach.
Regulation of ribosome phosphorylation and antibiotic sensitivity in tetrahymena thermophila: A correlation

Abstract Tetrahymena thermophila cells transferred from growth medium into a dilute salt (starvation) medium shortly (∼6–8 hrs) become more resistant to the in vivo inhibitory effects of the antibiotics cycloheximide, tetracycline and emetine. They also become more sensitive to the inhibitory effects of paromomycin and anisomycin. By comparing ribosomes from growing and starved cells we have found that for at least two of these drugs differences between growing cell and starved cell ribosomes exist with respect to drug-ribosome interactions. In addition, we found that isolated monosomic ribosomes from starved cells are more resistant to thermal denaturation than are monosomic ribosomes from growing cells. The kinetics of all these changes following transfer of growing cells to starvation medium is the same and correlates with a change in the extent of phosphorylation of a single small subunit ribosomal protein. As judged by our in vitro assays, enzymatic removal of this phosphate converts "starved cell" ribosomes into "growing cell" ribosomes. We have extended these studies to show that the phenomenon of drug adaptation in Tetrahymena, at least with respect to cycloheximide, is associated with this ribosome phosphorylation.
Suprasellar adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting ectopic pituitary adenoma: case report and literature Review.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: Functional ectopic pituitary adenomas are rare and can be misdiagnosed as extensions of pituitary adenomas when they are located in the vicinity of the normal gland. In this report, we present a case of an ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting suprasellar pituitary adenoma that caused Cushing's disease. A literature review of previously reported ectopic pituitary adenomas is included to illustrate the diverse clinical manifestations of this disease entity. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 11-year-old boy was noted to have hirsutism, a buffalo hump, and unexplained weight gain consistent with Cushing's syndrome. Laboratory investigations revealed that the boy had elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone and serum cortisol levels unsuppressed by dexamethasone. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were suggestive of a pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension. INTERVENTION: The initial transsphenoidal approach failed to achieve complete surgical resection. A repeat operation in which the pterional approach was used revealed a suprasellar pituitary adenoma without association with intrasellar contents. The patient's cushingoid symptoms improved significantly 3 months after surgery. CONCLUSION: Ectopic pituitary adenomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all patients with Cushing's syndrome. Furthermore, surgical approaches should be chosen carefully once the diagnosis of ectopic pituitary adenoma is made.
Effects of tillage, nitrogen placement, and wheel compaction on denitrification rates in the corn cycle of a corn‐oats rotation

Abstract Denitrification rates under various tillage systems were determined in the corn (Zea mays L.) cycle of a corn‐oats (Avena sativa L.) rotation. Denitrification was measured directly with an in‐situ soil cover method which supplied the soil with acetylene (C2H2) and evacuated the nitrous oxide (N2O) produced. Denitrification rates were measured in both a field or non‐wheel track (NWT) area and in a compacted wheel track (WT) area for the no‐till (NT), chisel plow (CH), moldboard plow (MP) tillage systems after nitrogen (N) was applied by broadcast/incorporation with 112 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate. Nitrogen was also applied to the NT treatment by injection with modified anhydrous ammonia knives prior to planting. Most of the cumulative N loss occurred over a 22 day period following heavy rainfall in June. Denitrification was greatest on days after rainfall events for the NT systems. Cumulative N loss was estimated at 25, 16, and 11 kg N/ha from May 29‐September 8 for NT, CH, and MP treatments, resp...
Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Tofacitinib is the first in a new class of nonbiologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), a targeted, synthetic DMARD, approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other non-biologic DMARD. Tofacitinib, an orally administered Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, decreases T-cell activation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and cytokine signaling by inhibiting binding of type I cytokine receptors family and γ-chain cytokines to paired JAK1/JAK3 receptors. The net effect of tofacitinb’s mechanism of action is decreased synovial inflammation and structural joint damage in RA patients. To date, six phase 3 trials have been conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tofacitinib under the oral rheumatoid arthritis triaLs (ORAL) series. This review describes the pharmacology of the novel agent, tofacitinib, and details the safety and efficacy data of the ORAL trials.
MINI-PILOT PLANT DESIGN AMD OPERATION OF A LIQUID ENTRAINED REACTOR FOR LIQUID PHASE METHANOL SYNTHESIS PROCESS

ABSTRACT The commercial reactor type proposed for the liquid phase methanol synthesis (LPMeOH™) process is a liquid entrained reactor (LER), mainly due to its higher methanol productivity and better capability of alleviating the chemical equilibrium limitation than a mechanically agitated slurry reactor (MASR). A laboratory scale mini-pilot plant version of a liquid entrained reactor system was successfully designed and built to carry out process engineering research, as well as to demonstrate the process feasibility of the LPMeOH™ process. This paper discusses in detail, the design philosophy of the liquid entrained reactor system and its accessory peripherals. The operation of the mini-pilot liquid entrained reactor system has also justified its effectiveness in pre-scaleup investigation of the energy conversion process, at a fraction of the cost required for a pilot scale investigation.
Equilibrium turnpike theory with time-separable utility

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that under reasonably general conditions intertemporal competitive equilibrium has a turnpike property. The model is general because it permits (1) time-variant, time-separable utility functions, (2) heterogeneous rates of discount across consumers, and (3) matching flatness in utilities and production possibilities. The results rely on bounded marginal utility for all consumers and aggregate stationarity of utilities of the set of most patient consumers. Under these assumptions, the neighborhood turnpike result holds with (1) and (2) because of the eventual unimportance of the impatient consumer. Matching flatness requires the use of a two-sided Liapounov function and the growth theoretic methods of McKenzie.
Observations of Critical Consciousness Development in the Context of Service Learning

This paper explores dynamics of students’ critical consciousness development in the context of a thematically organized service-learning sociology course titled Health, Illness, and Community. The integrated components of the course were designed to cultivate critical consciousness by framing the study of health in terms of social justice issues that were demonstrable across three community partner organization sites. Analyses of writing assignments and qualitative interviews at the end of the semester reveal that student development of critical consciousness was demonstrated through analytic engagement with structural and systemic forces framing health inequities as well as reflexive consideration of the limited extent to which well-meaning efforts and intentions of individuals can significantly impact lasting social change. The combination of these two processes simultaneously cultivated students’ ideological commitments to ongoing social justice work and subverted student selfefficacy with regard to the operationalization of those commitments.
A review of multivariate control charts

A review of the literature on control charts for multivariate quality control (MQC) is given, with a concentration on developments occurring since the mid-1980s. Multivariate cumulative sum (CUSUM) control procedures and a multivariate exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control chart are reviewed and recommendations are made regarding their use. Several recent articles that give methods for interpreting an out-of-control signal on a multivariate control chart are analyzed and discussed. Other topics such as the use of principal components and regression adjustment of variables in MQC, as well as frequently used approximations in MQC, are discussed.
Antimicrobial use and bacterial resistance

The current epidemic of bacterial resistance is attributed, in part, to the overuse of antibiotics. Recent studies have documented increases in resistance with over-use of particular antibiotics and improvements in susceptibility when antibiotic use is controlled. The most effective means of improving use of antibiotics is unknown. Comprehensive management programs directed by multi-disciplinary teams, computer-assisted decision-making, and antibiotic cycling have been beneficial in controlling antibiotic use, decreasing costs without impacting patient outcomes, and possibly decreasing resistance.
Visualization of nucleotide substitutions in the (micro)transcriptome

RNA-related applications of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies require context-specific interpretations: e.g., sequence mismatches may indicate sites of RNA editing, or uneven read coverage often points to mature form of microRNA. Existing visualization tools traditionally show RNA molecules in two dimensions, with their base pairing and the resulting secondary structure. However, it is not straightforward to combine a linear NGS data display with the 2-D RNA depictions. We present a novel approach for interactive representation of nucleotide substitutions and modifications in the transcribed genome. With the focus on RNA secondary structure in the context of NGS data, it provides intuitive visualization of genomic environment, sequence reads, nucleotide polymorphisms and editing events integrated with the structural and functional elements of both coding and non-coding RNA molecules. Using our approach we present and discuss examples and general trends of polymorphisms and editing in the context of the secondary structure of microRNAs. As expected, most of the substitutions comprised A to G and C to T events, consistent with typical RNA editing patterns. However, we did not observe prevalence of editing in double-stranded regions of the microRNA stem-loop. We describe novel prominent editing event candidates, observed across several small RNA libraries of Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to the existing general tools for NGS data visualization, the power of our approach is not only in the display of read alignments and their counts, but the integration of RNA secondary structure, sequencing depth, and rates/patterns of editing or other modifications. It provides a comprehensive picture, important for large-scale studies and detailed analyses, helping to gain insight into the intricate relationships between different events in RNA biogenesis.
Magnet Exciting Coils

Magnet exciting coils which have been built at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator are described. The paper gives the indices used in designing the coils, and evaluates the properties of various types of insulation. The fields obtained in bending magnets and in quadrupole magnets have been measured, and the magnetic efficiencies of the flux circuits are recorded. Designs of some unique coils will be shown, which include the following: The exciting coils on the alternating gradient magnets of the accelerator, the coils on the choke that powers the accelerator, a bending magnet, a quadrupole magnet, and the large solenoid coil on a spark chamber magnet.
RecA, Tus protein and constitutive stable DNA replication in Escherichia coli rnhA mutants.

Constitutive stable DNA replication (cSDR), which uniquely occurs inEscherichia coli rnhA mutants deficient in ribonuclease HI activity, requires RecA function. TherecA428 mutation, which inactivates the recombinase activity but imparts a constitutive coprotease activity, blocks cSDR inrnhA mutants. The result indicates that the recombinase activity of RecA, which promotes homologous pairing and strand exchange, is essential for cSDR. Despite the requirement for RecA recombinase activity, mutations inrecB, recD, recJ, ruvA andruvC neither inhibit nor stimulate cSDR. It was proposed that the property of RecA essential for homologous pairing and strand exchange is uniquely required for initiation of cSDR inrnhA mutants without involving the homologous recombination process. The possibility that RecA protein is necessary to counteract the action of Tus protein, a contra-helicase which stalls replication forks in theter region of the chromosome, was ruled out because introduction of thetus : :kan mutation, which inactivates Tus protein, did not alleviate the RecA requirement for cSDR.
Systemic cognitive-developmental therapy: A counselling model and an integrative classification schema for working with partners and families

Systemic Cognitive-Developmental Therapy (SCDT) represents a holistic, non-pathological, and integrative approach to partner and family counselling. The model directly links developmental constructs to the counselling process and offers specific assessment and treatment strategies that can be easily learned and applied in the immediacy of the counselling encounter. Additionally, it offers a classification schema that clinicians can use to organize familiar counselling and therapy approaches into a developmental framework. This article introduces the theory and practice of SCDT, illustrates the techniques and strategies specific to the model, and provides illustrative partner, family, and client examples for clarification.
A micro-method for the study of oxidative phosphorylation

Abstract 1. 1. A method is described for polarographic measurement of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria isolated from very small quantities of rat brain and liver. Measurements of O2 consumption are made with an O2 cathode and a standard polarization circuit using a reaction chamber with a volume of 40 μl. 2. 2. The characteristics of this system are described. They are similar to the characteristics of polarographic systems requiring much larger quantities of mitochondria. 3. 3. Oxidative phosphorylation was measured in mitochondria isolated from as little as 100 mg of tissue. Respiratory control ratios and ratios of phosphate acceptor to O2 consumption (ADP/O) obtained are comparable to those measured in much larger volumes of mitochondria as reported in the literature.
Anisotropic Thermal Properties of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Nanoceramics

Dense single-wall-carbon-nanotube-(SWCNT)-reinforced alumina nanocomposites have been fabricated by a novel spark-plasma-sintering technique. Anisotropic thermal properties have been found in carbon nanotube composites. The introduction of ropes of SWCNTs gives rise to a decrease in the transverse thermal diffusivity with increasing carbon nanotube content while it does not change the in-plane thermal diffusivity. This is scientifically interesting and technologically important for the development of materials for novel thermal barrier coatings.
An interpretation of experimental conformity through physiological measures

However co-operative the subject, and however ingenious the experimenter, the difficulty of obtaining exact measures of emotional reactions remains one of the most trying problems in experimental psychology. This paper reports on the use of physiological measures in a standard psychological experiment as one way out of the difficulty.
IMOST: Interactive Multiple Objective System Technique

An interactive multiple objective system technique (IMOST) is investigated to improve the flexibility and robustness of multiple objective decision making (MODM) methodologies. The interactive concept provides a learning process about the system, whereby the decision maker can learn to recognize good solutions, the relative importance of factors in the system, and then design a high-productivity and zero-buffer system instead of optimizing a given system. This interactive technique provides integration-oriented, adaptation and dynamic learning features by considering all possibilities of a specific domain of MODM problems which are integrated in logical order. It encompasses the decision-making processes of formulating problems, constructing a model, solving the model, testing/examining its solution, and improving/reshaping the model and its solution in a specific problem domain. Although IMOST deals with multiple objective programming problems, it also provides some valuable orientation of integrated system methodologies.
Recovery curves of intraventricular conduction; QRS aberration.

SummaryData have been obtained from the isolated rabbit ventricle, from which have been drawn recovery curves of intraventricular conduction. Similar curves have been drawn after the injection of strophanthin and of quinidine.
Studies of nonverbal behavior: An evaluation and recommendation

The current status of the research about nonverbal behavior is disappointing. The authors critically examine fourteen representative studies and identify three compelling conceptual problems: inadequate grounding of studies; insufficient justification for procedures; and an outdated perspective on theory‐building, Further, the authors specify implications and solutions for these weaknesses. A new framework for the development of theories about nonverbal behavior is proposed and explicated. Three distinct but interrelated positions are involved: personal construct theory; the action/ movement distinction; and the perspective on rules.
On the dynamics of the highly anisotropic glass transition in a columnar discotic liquid crystal

Abstract Recent experimental findings show that the dynamics and thermodynamics of glass transition in a columnar discotic liquid crystal are highly anisotropic. This anisotropy is discussed in the context of the coupling theory. The difference of almost thirty degrees Kelvin between the glass transition temperature of axial rotation around the columnar axis and that of the intracolumnar thermal expansion coefficient is rationalized by the disparity of intermolecular constraints (coupling parameter, n) for these two types of motion. Axial rotation of the disc-like molecule about the columnar axis is least constrained by intermolecular interactions, having a small coupling parameter and a weak Tg-scaled temperature dependence of its relaxation time. Dielectric and NMR data which probe the axial rotational motion are consistent with this expected behavior. Comparison with wholly amorphous glass-forming small molecule liquids show that the Tg-scaled temperature dependence of the α-relaxation of the columnar discotic liquid crystal is the weakest known. This unusual property is due to the α-relaxation associated with the axial motion, involving only a single degree of freedom. However, I expect that motion along the columnar axis will be more intermolecularly constrained and its relaxation time to have a much stronger Tg-scaled temperature dependence. This prediction cannot be fully verified until measurement of the dynamics of motion along the columnar axis becomes available.
The Isoxazoline Route to α-Methylen Lactones.

A new route to α-methylene lactones, important structural subunits of many natural products, has been developed using the nitrile oxide derived from 2-nitroethanol.
Nitrate loss in Saylorville Lake reservoir in Iowa

Summary Few studies have quantified nitrate-nitrogen reductions in rivers flowing through large flood control reservoirs despite their potential role in helping to meet nitrate-N load reduction targets. In this study, we evaluated a 26-year record of nitrate-N monitoring in Saylorville Lake reservoir that impounds the Des Moines River in central Iowa to estimate the annual mass of nitrate-N removed and evaluate controls on inter-annual patterns of nitrate-N removal rates. Results from mass balance calculations indicate a nitrate mass loss of 4.9% over the 26 year period from 1986 through 2011. The annual percent nitrate mass removed is related to hydraulic loading rate with low flow years having longer retention times removing a significantly greater percentage of nitrate than is removed during high flow years with low retention times. Average annual residence times varied from 3.5 to 74 days with a 26 year average of 9.7 days. Nitrate removal results for Saylorville Lake agree well with published work for several other reservoirs which together encompass a broad range of nitrate removal rates. Combining data from Saylorville Lake with other published studies, a relationship between nitrate-N removal rate and hydraulic loading rate was developed resulting in a predictive equation with a model R 2 = 0.92.