cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Breaking the mold: understanding the evolution and development of lateral organs in diverse plant models

The formation of complex three-dimensional shape differs significantly between plants and animals due to the presence of the cell wall in the former, which prevents all cell migration. Instead, in lateral plant organs such as leaves or petals, shape is controlled by a series of developmental phases in which the organ acquires polarity, cells undergo proliferation, and, lastly, cells expand to their final shape and size. Although these processes were first described based on mutagenesis approaches in major model systems like Arabidopsis thaliana, further insight into their complexity is best provided by studies of natural variation in organ shape in alternative model systems that sample a broader range of plant form. Weaving together work from both forward and evolutionary genetics, this review focuses on how modification in polarity establishment, cell proliferation and cell expansion drives modifications in the fundamental lateral organ developmental program to create diversity in shape.
Properties of the self-similarly expanding Eshelby inclusions and application to the dynamic “Hill Jump Conditions”

For a self-similarly subsonically dynamically expanding Eshelby inclusion, we show by an analytic argument (based on the analyticity of the coefficients of the ensuing elliptic system and the Cauch...
Myotonic Disorders in an EMG Lab Over 12 Years

Researchers at the EMG Laboratory, Boston Children's Hospital, MA assessed the spectrum of disorders associated with electrophysiologic myotonia in a pediatric electromyography laboratory.
Mixed s-sourcery: Building many-body states using bubbles of Nothing

We recently introduced the idea of $s$-sourcery [B. Swingle and J. McGreevy, Phys. Rev. B 93, 045127 (2016)], a general formalism for building many-body quantum ground states using renormalization-group-inspired quantum circuits. Here we define a generalized notion of $s$-sourcery that applies to mixed states and study its properties and applicability. For our examples we focus on thermal states of local Hamiltonians. We prove a number of theorems establishing the prevalence of mixed $s$-source fixed points, giving results for free fermion models, conformal field theories, holographic models, and topological phases. Thermal double states (also called thermofield double states) and the machinery of approximate conditional independence are used heavily in the constructions. For a large class of models we provide an information theoretic argument for the existence of a local Hamiltonian whose ground state is the thermal double state, and in some cases we construct such a Hamiltonian.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE : V. THE EFFECT OF DIET ON HOST RESISTANCE.

White mice from the Rockefeller Institute breeding room fed on a McCollum complete diet, consisting of whole wheat (67.5 per cent), casein (15 per cent), milk powder (10 per cent), NaCl (1 per cent), CaCO3(1.5 per cent), and butter fat (5 per cent) are more resistant to mouse typhoid infection, mercury bichloride intoxication, and botulinus toxin than are similar mice fed on bread and pasteurized milk supplemented by an oatmeal and buckwheat mixture and dog biscuit.
Semantic attributes are encoded in human electrocorticographic signals during visual object recognition

Non-invasive neuroimaging studies have shown that semantic category and attribute information are encoded in neural population activity. Electrocorticography (ECoG) offers several advantages over non-invasive approaches, but the degree to which semantic attribute information is encoded in ECoG responses is not known. We recorded ECoG while patients named objects from 12 semantic categories and then trained high-dimensional encoding models to map semantic attributes to spectral-temporal features of the task-related neural responses. Using these semantic attribute encoding models, untrained objects were decoded with accuracies comparable to whole-brain functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), and we observed that high-gamma activity (70-110Hz) at basal occipitotemporal electrodes was associated with specific semantic dimensions (manmade-animate, canonically large-small, and places-tools). Individual patient results were in close agreement with reports from other imaging modalities on the time course and functional organization of semantic processing along the ventral visual pathway during object recognition. The semantic attribute encoding model approach is critical for decoding objects absent from a training set, as well as for studying complex semantic encodings without artificially restricting stimuli to a small number of semantic categories.
Revealing the Concealed Nature of Long-QT Type 3 Syndrome.

Background—Gain-of-function mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.5) are associated with the long-QT-3 (LQT3) syndrome. Nav1.5 is densely expressed at the intercalated disk, and narro...
Axon Death Pathways Converge on Axundead to Promote Functional and Structural Axon Disassembly

Summary Axon degeneration is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease and neural injury. Axotomy activates an intrinsic pro-degenerative axon death signaling cascade involving loss of the NAD + biosynthetic enzyme Nmnat/Nmnat2 in axons, activation of dSarm/Sarm1, and subsequent Sarm-dependent depletion of NAD + . Here we identify Axundead (Axed) as a mediator of axon death. axed mutants suppress axon death in several types of axons for the lifespan of the fly and block the pro-degenerative effects of activated dSarm in vivo . Neurodegeneration induced by loss of the sole fly Nmnat ortholog is also fully blocked by axed , but not dsarm , mutants. Thus, pro-degenerative pathways activated by dSarm signaling or Nmnat elimination ultimately converge on Axed. Remarkably, severed axons morphologically preserved by axon death pathway mutations remain integrated in circuits and able to elicit complex behaviors after stimulation, indicating that blockade of axon death signaling results in long-term functional preservation of axons.
Transnational Self-Defense and Liberal Values: Replacing Law with Flawed Policy in the 'Obama Doctrine'

In December 2016, the Obama administration released a Report on the Legal and Policy Frameworks Guiding the United States’ Use of Military Force and Related National Security Operations (Report). Its purpose was to “enhance the public’s understanding of the legal and policy principles that have guided U.S. national security operations”. The Report outlines the administration’s view of international and domestic law regulating the resort to, and use of, armed force against non-state armed groups in the territory of other nations, here called “transnational self-defense.” In a personal foreword, President Obama claimed that the Report “reinforce[s] the fact that we defend our interests at home and around the world in a manner consistent with the laws, values, and traditions that are the source of our greatest strength.” In this chapter I argue that the Report and related 2013 Presidential Policy Guidance (PPG), which I collectively label the “Obama doctrine,” are inconsistent with both international law and fundamental American liberal values in two important ways. First, the Obama doctrine permits the resort to force in preemptive self-defense when not clearly necessary to avert a grave threat of impending harm. Second, the Report and PPG strongly imply that all uses of force in transnational self-defense occur within the context of armed conflict regulated by international laws of war. This adoption of an armed-conflict paradigm for all acts of transnational self-defense is erroneous in some contexts: not all violence between states and non-state actors creates or occurs within an armed conflict to which the laws of war apply. Relatedly, the Report extends its law of war paradigm to attacks against all “associated forces” of a non-state group without precisely outlining a legal and factual basis for doing so. When combined, these errors allow for much greater destruction of life and property than is clearly necessary to defend against a relatively specific, certain, impending threat of harm. Respect for international law and American liberal values requires a much more circumscribed and calibrated approach to transnational self-defense.
Thrombocytopenia in the Newborn

Neonates develop thrombocytopenia from a multitude of causes, including immune-mediated conditions, infections, inherited disorders, and acquired conditions such as thrombosis. This can make it challenging to diagnose an underlying cause and the evaluation can be extensive. This article will provide strategies to facilitate the evaluation of thrombocytopenia in the newborn and provide a background for the underlying pathophysiology of this condition and its various causes.
Maternal-Fetal Medicine Workforce Survey: Are We Ready for Regionalized Levels of Maternal Care?

Objective To conduct a survey of the members of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) to determine the practice patterns of maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) subspecialists in the United States and to estimate the likelihood that our work force is sufficient to support the proposed MFM staffing requirements for level III and IV maternity centers. Study Design All regular SMFM members in the United States were invited to answer a 26 question survey by email. The survey queried demographic characteristics, practice type, night call arrangements, and whether the respondent's hospital was currently equipped with the services and personnel described in the requirements for level III or IV centers. Results Of the MFM specialists working full time in what would be considered a level III or IV maternity center, only 47.5% took in-house call. Of those taking only call from home or back-up call, the majority reported that during call hours, MFM antepartum and laboring patients are cared for by generalist obstetrician gynecologists; only 6.4% work with MFM hospitalists. Respondents from level III or IV centers also reported that many of their centers did not meet the criteria for nursing support, anesthesia support, or intensive care services. Conclusion These data, if confirmed, indicate that work needs to be done to upgrade services and achieve appropriate staffing to meet the proposed level III and IV criteria for maternity care.
In Search of Evidence-Based Science Policy: From the Endless Frontier to Scisip

The federal government invests billions of dollars every year in scientific research. How to allocate this money among fields, institutions, researchers, and projects; how to nurture the talent needed to conduct research at the frontiers of science; how to assess the results of research; and how to translate those results into useful products and services â€” answering these questions and others are the jobs of science and innovation policy. In a 2005 speech, presidential science adviser John H. Marburger III suggested that the science policy community was not equipped with tools for such jobs and challenged it to â€œgrow up, and quicklyâ€ so it could provide useful guides to action in our â€œglobal, technology-based society.â€ Growing up has meant becoming more empirical, evidence-based, and, in many instances, quantitative. This paper tracks the evolution of U.S. science policy research largely as it has been conducted in universities and supported by the National Science Foundation, from its beginnings in the early 1960s to the present time, from reliance on expert opinion to more systematic, empirical studies. It examines how a community developed, the growth and decline of federal support, the emergence of the SciSIP (Science of Science and Innovation Policy) program and the ways in which that program has fostered new approaches to science policy. It concludes that the tools and data sets being created by program researchers can have significant impacts on policy, not just in science and technology, but in other fields as well.
Clinical Test Strips for Rapid Identification of Binder Materials in Rock Paintings

Clinical test strips were developed by the Bayer Corporation in the 1960s for rapid and simple analysis of urine samples. The test strips consist of a waterproof plastic strip with reagent-impregnated pads that undergo color changes to indicate pH or the presence of protein, glucose, or blood. The blood diagnostic is based on the fact that the heme iron complex catalyzes the reaction between diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide with 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine to give a green or blue color. Bayer (2003) specifies that optimal results require the use of fresh, well-mixed, uncentrifuged urine.
General response patterns of fish populations to stress: an evaluation using an individual-based simulation model

General response patterns of fish populations tostress, originally proposed by Colby for fisheriesrehabilitation and later adapted by Munkittrick forcontaminants, were evaluated using an individual-basedsimulation model. General response patterns relatechanges in population-level variables to the type ofstress. The model follows the daily growth,mortality, and spawning of individual yellow perch andwalleye through their lifetime, and was corroboratedusing Oneida Lake data. Two versions of the model wereused: population (yellow perch only) and community(dynamic predation on yellow perch by walleye). Eightstresses were imposed on the population and communityversions of the model and 100-year simulations wereperformed. Response patterns were defined by changesin predicted yellow perch mean population abundance,mean age of adults, and mean adult growth (representedby mean length at age-7). Proposed response patternswere similar to those predicted using the populationversion of the model. Simulations using the communityversion of the model distorted the response patterns,either causing amplification, dampening, or reversalof many of the patterns. Predicted response patternsbecame unique when additional variables were included.Our model results suggest that caution is appropriatein interpreting general response patterns based onmean age, or when the population of interest plays amajor role in a relatively simple food web. The responsepattern approach may be better at identifying the lifestage impacted rather than the mechanism of the stress.
Fundamentals of Seismic Exploration

The problem of the geophysicist is to determine the structure of the interior of the earth from data obtained at the ground surface. Ultimately the problem is to find a method of processing a whole seismogram that will give structure, composition, and source parameters. Such a problem is an inverse problem. The forward problem is one in which a model of the earth structure and seismic source is used to give properties of seismic motion. When the solution of the forward problem is known, one method of inversion is an iteration based on trial and error. The parameters of the model are readjusted according to some criterion until some satisfying agreement between the data and the computed wave motion is discovered. This iterative approach to the inverse problem has proven to be successful in many applications. Today, far more sophisticated inversion methods are being developed for seismic data. In this paper, we describe the present state of the art in which spectral methods in the form of lattice methods in general, and maximum entropy spectral analysis in particular, play the key role. An understanding of these spectral methods will provide a firm basis for appreciating the exciting new inversion methods that the future holds.
The Postmodern Medical Paradigm: A Case Study of Anti-MMR Vaccine Arguments

This essay analyzes the arguments of the antivaccination movement, arguing that many analysts have misdiagnosed the root causes of vaccine skepticism. It is no longer productive for argumentation s...
Young bone marrow transplantation preserves learning and memory in old mice

Restoration of cognitive function in old mice by transfer of blood or plasma from young mice has been attributed to reduced C–C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CCL11) and β2-microglobulin, which are thought to suppress neurogenesis in the aging brain. However, the specific role of the hematopoietic system in this rejuvenation has not been defined and the importance of neurogenesis in old mice is unclear. Here we report that transplantation of young bone marrow to rejuvenate the hematopoietic system preserved cognitive function in old recipient mice, despite irradiation-induced suppression of neurogenesis, and without reducing β2-microglobulin. Instead, young bone marrow transplantation preserved synaptic connections and reduced microglial activation in the hippocampus. Circulating CCL11 levels were lower in young bone marrow recipients, and CCL11 administration in young mice had the opposite effect, reducing synapses and increasing microglial activation. In conclusion, young blood or bone marrow may represent a future therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative disease. Melanie Das et al. demonstrate that transplantation of young bone marrow preserves the cognitive function of old recipient mice. This study suggests that microglial rejuvenation via peripheral manipulation of the hematopoietic system may be sufficient to delay a cognitive decline during aging.
Creating a Virtual Assistant for Medicinal Chemistry

The virtual assistant concept is one that many technology companies have taken on despite having other well-developed and popular user interfaces. We wondered whether it would be possible to create an effective virtual assistant for a medicinal chemistry organization, the key being delivering the information the user would want to see, directly to them, at the right time. We introduce Kernel, an early prototype virtual assistant created at Lilly, and a number of examples of the scenarios that have been implemented to try to demonstrate the concept. A biochemical assay summary email is described that brings together new results and some basic analysis, delivered within an hour of new data appearing for that assay, and an email delivering new compound design ideas directly to the original submitter of a compound shortly after their compound was tested for the first time. We conclude with a high level description of the first example of a Design-Make-Test-Analyze cycle completed in the absence of any human intellectual input at Lilly. We believe that this concept has much potential in changing the way that computational results and analysis are delivered and consumed within a medicinal chemistry group, and we hope to inspire others to implement their own similar solutions.
Point Prevalence of Children Hospitalized With Chronic Critical Illness in the General Inpatient Units.

OBJECTIVES: Children with medical complexity (CMC) have high rates of mortality and morbidity, prolonged lengths of stay, and use a disproportionately high amount of health care expenditures. A subset of children with CMC have chronic critical illness requiring even higher levels of clinical support and resource use. We aimed to describe the point prevalence of children hospitalized in general inpatient care units with pediatric chronic critical illness (PCCI). METHODS: Point prevalence analysis across 6 pediatric tertiary medical centers in the United States on a “snapshot day” (May 17, 2017). On the day of sampling, a number of demographic, historical, and clinical descriptors were collected. A previously published definition of PCCI was used to establish inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The point prevalence of patients with PCCI in general inpatient care units was 41% (232 out of 571). Of these, 91% (212 out of 232) had been admitted more than once in the previous 12 months, 50% (117 out of 232) had a readmission within 30 days of a previous admission, and 20% (46 out of 232) were oncology patients. Only 1 had a designated complex care team, and there were no attending physicians designated primarily for medically complex children. CONCLUSIONS: Children with chronic critical illness, a subset of CMC, may make up a substantial proportion of pediatric patients hospitalized in general inpatient care units. There is a critical need to understand how to better care for this medically fragile population. In our data, it is suggested that resources should be allocated for PCCI in nonintensive care clinical areas.
Deterministic conditions for subspace identifiability from incomplete sampling

Consider an r-dimensional subspace of ℝd, r < d, and suppose that we are only given projections of this subspace onto small subsets of the canonical coordinates. The paper establishes necessary and sufficient deterministic conditions on the subsets for subspace identifiability. The results also shed new light on low-rank matrix completion.
Racial differences in the PSA bounce in predicting prostate cancer outcomes after brachytherapy: Evidence from the Department of Veterans Affairs.

Abstract Purpose African American men have historically had poorer prostate cancer biochemical and survival outcomes than Caucasians. However, emerging data suggest nononcologic factors drive much of this disparity. Prior evidence has suggested an association between a transient prostate specific antigen (PSA) bounce and improved biochemical control. However, racial differences in this relationship have remained relatively unexplored. Methods and Materials We identified 4477 men treated for low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) from 2000 to 2010 with brachytherapy alone or in combination with external beam radiotherapy without androgen deprivation. Longitudinal PSA data were used to define to biochemical failure and PSA bounce. Cox proportional hazard models were used explore racial differences in the relationship between the PSA bounce and time to biochemical failure. Results Thirty-one percent of our sample experienced a PSA bounce, with African Americans more likely to experience a bounce (42%) compared with Caucasians (29%); p Conclusions A PSA bounce was associated with improved biochemical control among patients receiving brachytherapy as part of their treatment for low- or intermediate-risk prostate cancer at the VA. African American men treated with brachytherapy had a particularly pronounced biochemical control benefit of a PSA bounce.
Medical reversals in low- and middle-income countries

BACKGROUND Low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) often have limited budgets for health care, and as such, they need to prioritize health care interventions that are evidence based. However, sometimes, interventions are implemented despite a lack of supporting evidence because of a perceived biologic plausibility or because they have worked in other populations. Later, some of these interventions are shown to either lack benefit or are harmful in randomized studies, which we call a medical reversal. MAIN BODY In this paper, we discuss a variety of medical reversals in LMICs, ranging from tuberculosis to nutrition to malaria to septic shock. These practices were previously identified, but we wish to highlight those that are most relevant to LMICs. CONCLUSION Identifying and eliminating these practices will help in better allocation of limited health care resources and dollars in LMICs.
Bullying trends in the United States: a meta-regression

The current study used meta-regression to establish trends in bullying from 1998 to 2017, to identify factors that help explain variation in bullying trends, and to determine differences in the tre...
Discovery of Small Molecules for the Reversal of T Cell Exhaustion.

Summary Inhibitory receptors (IRs) function as critical regulators of immune responses by tempering T cell activity. In humans, several persisting viruses as well as cancers exploit IR signaling by upregulating IR ligands, resulting in suppression of T cell function (i.e., exhaustion). This allows escape from immune surveillance and continuation of disease. Here, we report the design, implementation, and results of a phenotypic high-throughput screen for molecules that modulate CD8+ T cell activity. We identify 19 compounds from the ReFRAME drug-repurposing collection that restore cytokine production and enhance the proliferation of exhausted T cells. Analysis of our top hit, ingenol mebutate, a protein kinase C (PKC) inducing diterpene ester, reveals a role for this molecule in overriding the suppressive signaling cascade mediated by IR signaling on T cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate a disease-relevant methodology for identifying modulators of T cell function and reveal new targets for immunotherapy.
Microendoscopy detects altered muscular contractile dynamics in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal disease involving motor neuron degeneration. Effective diagnosis of ALS and quantitative monitoring of its progression are crucial to the success of clinical trials. Second harmonic generation (SHG) microendoscopy is an emerging technology for imaging single motor unit contractions. To assess the potential value of microendoscopy for diagnosing and tracking ALS, we monitored motor unit dynamics in a B6.SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS for several weeks. Prior to overt symptoms, muscle twitch rise and relaxation time constants both increased, consistent with a loss of fast-fatigable motor units. These effects became more pronounced with disease progression, consistent with the death of fast fatigue-resistant motor units and superior survival of slow motor units. From these measurements we constructed a physiological metric that reflects the changing distributions of measured motor unit time constants and effectively diagnoses mice before symptomatic onset and tracks disease state. These results indicate that SHG microendoscopy provides a means for developing a quantitative, physiologic characterization of ALS progression.
Enhancing patient and organizational readiness for cardiovascular risk reduction among Black and Latinx patients living with HIV: Study protocol

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH) now that HIV is a manageable chronic disease. Identification and treatment of comorbid medical conditions for PLWH, including CVD and its risk factors, typically lack a critical component of care: integrated care for histories of trauma. Experiences of trauma are associated with increased HIV infection, CVD risk, inconsistent treatment adherence, and poor CVD outcomes. To address this deficit among those at greatest risk and disproportionately affected by HIV and trauma-i.e., Black and Latinx individuals-a novel culturally-congruent, evidence-informed care model, "Healing our Hearts, Minds and Bodies" (HHMB), has been designed to address patients' trauma histories and barriers to care, and to prepare patients to engage in CVD risk reduction. Further, in recognition of the need to ensure that PLWH receive guideline-concordant cardiovascular care, implementation strategies have been identified that prepare providers and clinics to address CVD risk among their Black and Latinx PLWH. The focus of this paper is to describe the hybrid Type 2 effectiveness/implementation study design, the goal of which is to increase both patient and organizational readiness to address trauma and CVD risk among 260 Black and Latinx PLWH recruited from two HIV service organizations in Southern California. This study is expected to produce important information regarding the value of the HHMB intervention and implementation processes and strategies designed for use in implementing HHMB and other evidence-informed programs in diverse, resource-constrained treatment settings, including those that serve patients living in deep poverty. Clinical trials registry: NCT04025463.
An adapted Delphi approach: The use of an expert panel to operationally define non-judgment of internal experiences as it relates to mindfulness.

Abstract Objectives There are several definitions of mindfulness throughout the literature, many of which suggest an attitude of non-judgmental awareness. However, the concept of “non-judgment” itself has not previously been systematically operationally defined. Our purpose was to use an expert panel to generate an operational definition of non-judgment of internal experiences, as it relates to mindfulness, to be used to inform the development of an implicit measure of the construct. Design We utilized an adapted Delphi survey method consisting of three survey rounds. Setting We employed in-person and online survey methods. Results We used three survey rounds with an adapted Delphi approach. Expert review panelists consisted of 18 mindfulness researchers or clinicians. Each round of survey results was assessed and discussed among the core team. A consensus was reached among the core team for an operational definition of non-judgment of internal experiences: “acknowledging our thoughts, feelings, and sensations, as they are, without applying valence (e.g., good, bad, right, wrong) to them.” Conclusions An expert panel review process informed the generation of an operational definition of non-judgment of internal experiences. Our operational definition provides a foundation for the future development of an implicit task of non-judgment of internal experiences, with the aim of using this task to assess change in response to mindfulness-based treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic definition of non-judgment of internal experiences within the mindfulness literature.
Duration of Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Patients.

Introduction:According to clinical guidelines, there are no differences in early infection rates when utilizing antimicrobial prophylaxis regimens beyond 24 hours. We shortened the prophylaxis regi...
Good science and bad science

Abstract This chapter help readers re-examine not only what they think about cannabis use and legalization, but more importantly to continue weighing and examining related future questions for themselves, based on their cultivation of logical and skeptical aspects of scientific thinking. Also describes four separate cannabis-related science reports that illustrate different points on a conceptual continuum of scientific quality, plus the case of a recently published book. Cannabis stimulates creativity and has no effect on IQ or conversely causes significant memory loss and lowers IQs. Legalizing cannabis leads to a measurable drop in opioid prescriptions, and fewer opioid-related deaths, or on the other hand an increase in both of these measures. Data show purportedly that states legalizing recreational cannabis experience significant increases in arrests for driving while intoxicated and motor vehicle accidents, yet other analyses of the same data sources yield precisely the opposite conclusion.
Retzius Sparing Prostatectomy Effect on Symptomatic Lymphocele Rates.

OBJECTIVE To compare symptomatic lymphocele rates between standard and Retzius sparing prostatectomy approaches. METHODS From September 18, 2019 to July 15, 2020, robot assisted laparoscopic prostatectomies by 2 surgeons (1 using SP and other Xi) at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Symptomatic lymphoceles were diagnosed after the patient represented to the hospital with symptoms attributable to lymphocele and confirmed by abdominal CT scan. Statistical analysis was performed using R Studio (1.2). RESULTS There were 81 prostatectomies performed during the study period. Of these, 50 were Retzius sparing and 31 were standard approach. The 2 groups were similar in age, BMI, grade group, nerves spared, and T stage. Retzius sparing prostatectomies had higher lymph node yield and were more often performed with Xi multiport. Symptomatic lymphoceles were entirely present in the Retzius sparing group, occurring in 18% of cases at a mean time of 34 days after surgery. Retzius sparing approach was a significant predictor of lymphocele occurrence with an odds ratio of 23.77 (95% CI, 2-3725). CONCLUSION Retzius sparing prostatectomy was a significant predictor of symptomatic lymphoceles. Most of these cases required IR drainage and IV antibiotics as treatment. This is likely due to impairment of lymph reabsorption as the peritoneal lining remains approximated during Retzius sparing prostatectomy.
Applying Governing Networks and Multilevel Scales to Address Wicked Problems

The question of how to govern multiscale problems in today’s networked environment is an important topic in the fields of public administration and public management. This chapter addresses the complexities involved with managing the interaction of actors operating in dynamic networks and various scales of governance. Traditional NPM-based approaches, in particular, have proven grossly insufficient for addressing the complexities associated with network systems and the scalar politics associated with managing wicked social problems like global-sourced human trafficking. Our approach builds on Cash et al.’s (Ecology and Society 11:8, 2006) argument that there is no single, correct, or best governing approach or scalar model that can be universally applied across the board. We propose a more sophisticated and nuanced paradigm that draws on a dynamic set of approaches that reflects the type of network and scale of players within the specific political, economic, and social context in which they operate and interact. The key issue is whether the existing, evolving, and proposed governance structures and processes are designed to fit the purpose of the outcome. Adaptive governance allows different networks to identify modes that fit a particular purpose. How networks and related governance scales are conceptualized tends to vary across fields of study. Drawing on the rich literature from political science and environmental studies, this chapter explores innovative ways of conceptualizing the complex interactions among governance network actors. We apply this conceptual framework to help us map the seemingly intractable collective action challenges associated with multilevel scalar politics that are continually evolving within a rapidly changing world.
Compliance With Surgical Oncology Specialty Care at a Safety Net Facility

BackgroundSocial determinants of health challenge in at-risk patients seen in safety net facilities.Study designWe performed a retrospective review of surgical oncology specialty clinic referrals a...
Effectiveness of Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection Among Transplant Recipients.

Background Bezlotoxumab significantly reduces the incidence of recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI); however, limited data are available in solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis comparing recurrent CDI in SOT and HCT recipients receiving standard of care alone (oral vancomycin, fidaxomicin, or metronidazole) or bezlotoxumab plus standard of care. The primary outcome was 90-day incidence of recurrent CDI, and secondary outcomes included 90-day hospital readmission, mortality, and incidence of heart failure exacerbation. Results Overall, 94 patients received bezlotoxumab plus standard of care (n = 38) or standard of care alone (n = 56). The mean age was 53 years; patients had a median of 3 prior Clostridioides difficile episodes and 4 risk factors for recurrent infection. Most patients were SOT recipients (76%), with median time to index CDI occurring 2.7 years after transplantation. Ninety-day recurrent CDI occurred in 16% (6/38) in the bezlotoxumab cohort compared to 29% (16/56) in the standard of care cohort (P = .13). Multivariable regression revealed that bezlotoxumab was associated with significantly lower odds of 90-day recurrent CDI (odds ratio, 0.28 [95% confidence interval, .08-.91]). There were no differences in secondary outcomes, and no heart failure exacerbations were observed. Conclusions In a cohort of primarily SOT recipients, bezlotoxumab was well tolerated and associated with lower odds of recurrent CDI at 90 days. Larger, prospective trials are needed to confirm these findings among SOT and HCT populations.
Partnerships in Banking 5.0

This chapter deals with partnerships and examines banking ecosystems, whose importance is growing. An ecosystem combining in a value network, partners, customers, and regulators can add customers’ and organizations’ value (The term value network has been used with a different meaning. Stabell and Fieldstad [Stabell, C. B., & Fjeldstad, O. D. (1998). Proposed it. Configuring value for competitive advantage: On chains, shops, and networks. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 413–437]. It is based on mediation technologies according to Thompson’s typology [Thompson, J. D. (2017). Organizations in action: Social science bases of administrative theory. Routledge, London, UK]. It connects customers and partners who are interested in creating mutual relations and interdependence. The mediating technologies support relations between actors scattered over time and space. This model is similar to what has been called the platform approach [Zhu, F., & Iansiti, M. (2007). Dynamics of platform competition: Exploring the role of installed base, platform quality and customer expectations. Division of Research, Harvard Business School, Cambridge, MA]). In this vision of banking 5.0, external entities supporting the banking services are partners in the banking 5.0 transformation. Working as a team with partners is crucial in banking 5.0. The partners can support the distribution of banking services, especially in an embedded banking approach. Partners’ relevance is essential in all financial institutions’ functions. They must be part of the transformation to banking 5.0. This chapter analyzes different models of partnerships. It considers the importance of ecosystems in banking 5.0. It presents the best ways to organize partnerships in a banking 5.0 ecosystem. Under this view, the partner rating, seen as a process that starts with the vendor marketing and ends with the final evaluation of the partners’ contribution, is an essential process.
Dust in H II regions

The observed far infrared flux of H ii regions is interpreted as evidence for the presence of internal dust absorbing a fraction of Lyman continuum photons. The effect of this dust on the required number of ionizing photons and on the helium to hydrogen line intensity ratios are discussed and analytic formulae describing these effects are presented for simplified models.
The cAMP-responsive element in the corticotropin-releasing hormone gene mediates transcriptional regulation by depolarization

Membrane depolarization is a critical element of neuronal signaling. In this study, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene by depolarization were investigated. In PC-12 cells, potassium-induced membrane depolarization increased expression of a CRH-reporter construct in a cAMP-dependent manner. This synergistic activation was mediated via calcium influx, predominantly via L-type calcium channels, and calmodulin. RNase protection assays demonstrated increased levels of CRH-reporter transcripts in stably transfected cells after treatment with cAMP and potassium, with the induced transcripts initiating at the major transcription initiation site of the human CRH gene. At the genomic level, the CRH cAMP-responsive element conferred both positive cAMP and synergistic cAMP/depolarization regulation to a heterologous promoter. Additionally, DNase I protection assays demonstrated similar nuclear protein/DNA binding profiles across the cAMP-responsive element after treatment of PC-12 cells with potassium or potassium/cAMP. These results support a model in which the protein(s) binding to the cAMP-responsive element integrates signals initiated by multiple pathways (cAMP and calcium) and transmits that integrated signal to the basal transcription machinery, resulting in increased levels of gene expression.
Dynamic pattern mining: an incremental data clustering approach

We propose a mining framework that supports the identification of useful patterns based on incremental data clustering. Given the popularity of Web news services, we focus our attention on news streams mining. News articles are retrieved from Web news services, and processed by data mining tools to produce useful higher-level knowledge, which is stored in a content description database. Instead of interacting with a Web news service directly, by exploiting the knowledge in the database, an information delivery agent can present an answer in response to a user request. A key challenging issue within news repository management is the high rate of document insertion. To address this problem, we present a sophisticated incremental hierarchical document clustering algorithm using a neighborhood search. The novelty of the proposed algorithm is the ability to identify meaningful patterns (e.g., news events, and news topics) while reducing the amount of computations by maintaining cluster structure incrementally. In addition, to overcome the lack of topical relations in conceptual ontologies, we propose a topic ontology learning framework that utilizes the obtained document hierarchy. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed clustering algorithm produces high-quality clusters, and a topic ontology provides interpretations of news topics at different levels of abstraction.
Synaptic Consolidation Normalizes AMPAR Quantal Size following MAGUK Loss

The mechanisms controlling synapse growth and maintenance are of critical importance for learning and memory. The MAGUK family of synaptic scaffolding proteins is abundantly expressed at glutamatergic central synapses, but their importance in controlling the synaptic content of glutamate receptors is poorly understood. Here, we use a chained RNAi-mediated knockdown approach to simultaneously remove PSD-93, PSD-95, and SAP102, the MAGUKs previously shown to be responsible for synaptic localization of glutamate receptors. We find that MAGUKs are specifically responsible for creating functional synapses after initial spine formation by filling functionally silent spines with glutamate receptors. Removal of the MAGUKs causes a transient reduction in AMPA receptor quantal size followed by synaptic consolidation resulting in a normalization of quantal size at the few remaining functional synapses. Consolidation requires signaling through L-type calcium channels, CaM kinase kinase, and the GluA2 AMPA receptor subunit, akin to a homeostatic process.
Lidocaine Can Reduce Intracranial Pressure Associated with Intracranial Space-Occupying Lesions

Recent reports indicate that lidocaine hydrochloride may attenuate surges in intracranial pressure (ICP) produced experimentally by air embolism and clinically resulting from surgical stimulation during craniotomy or endotracheal suctioning and intubation. This study was undertaken to examine the role of lidocaine hydrochloride in reducing raised intracranial pressure produced by an intracranial space-occupying lesion. Our results indicate that intracranial pressure (ICP) is reduced consistently by an average of 26% with a concomitant increase in cerebral perfusion pressure of 13%.
The self-serving attributional bias: Beyond self-presentation

Abstract An experiment was conducted to provide empirical support for the notion that asymmetrical causal attributions for favorable and unfavorable outcomes result from a self-serving attributional bias that occurs independently of self-presentational concerns. Subjects did either well or poorly on an ego-involving test for which their performance, attributions, and evaluations of the test were either public or private. A pattern of self-serving responses for subjects' attributions and evaluations of the test was found in the private conditions, thus providing evidence of the influence of outcome favorability on individuals' perceptions of causality. Theoretical and practical implications of these finding are discussed and suggestions for future research are offered.
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: Molecular Pathways of the Aging Myocardium

Age-related diastolic dysfunction is a major factor in the epidemic of heart failure. In patients hospitalized with heart failure, HFpEF is now as common as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. We now have many successful treatments for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, while specific treatment options for HFpEF patients remain elusive. The lack of treatments for HFpEF reflects our very incomplete understanding of this constellation of diseases. There are many pathophysiological factors in HFpEF, but aging appears to play an important role. Here, we propose that aging of the myocardium is itself a specific pathophysiological process. New insights into the aging heart, including hormonal controls and specific molecular pathways, such as microRNAs, are pointing to myocardial aging as a potentially reversible process. While the overall process of aging remains mysterious, understanding the molecular pathways of myocardial aging has never been more important. Unraveling these pathways could lead to new therapies for the enormous and growing problem of HFpEF.
Distant Green Thunderstorms—Fraser's Theory Revisited

Abstract The theoretical development presented by Fraser can produce a spectrum of light that would be perceived as a faint green. The theory assumed a perfectly black background thunderstorm. Severe thunderstorms are certainly not black when observed from a distance of 30–40 km. Thus it is useful to compare the theory with some observed examples of severe thunderstorms that should have been green by the Fraser theory but were not. Therefore, some elementary modifications of the Fraser model such as using a nonblack background are suggested. The use of a nonblack cloud background tends to shift the resulting dominant wavelengths away from the green portion of the spectrum, suggesting a better match with observations.
Vascular anatomy of the presacral space: a fresh tissue cadaver dissection.

Objective To assess variability in the vascular structures of the presacral space and to estimate the risk of injury because of blind suture placement during sacral colpopexy. Study design Ten fresh frozen female cadavers were evaluated. Three 0-polyester sutures were placed blindly through the peritoneum and around the midline of the anterior longitudinal ligament. The presacral space was dissected and the sutures examined for injury to vessels. The midline of the anterior longitudinal ligament was marked from the promontory to its inferior edge, and measurements were taken to the leading edge of vessels proximal to the presacral space. On a template, all vessels larger than 2 mm were drawn to scale and overlaid on the template. Results Unequivocal vascular injury was found in 5 cadavers because of blind sutures. Four injuries occurred to the middle sacral artery and 1 to the left common iliac vein. There was significant variability in location of vessels, particularly on the left side of the ligament. Conclusions The vascular pattern of the presacral space is variable, and major vessels may deviate significantly from their expected positions. Surgeons should carefully expose this space prior to placing sutures during sacral colpopexy.
Collision strengths for the intercombination lines of S III

The collision strengths of intercombination lines of S III ions observed in the Io torus are calculated on the basis of data gathered by Voyager instruments, the IUE and the Faint Object Telescope. The doubly ionized ions are excited by electron impacts and move from the 3P2P(3) ground state to excited 3s3P3(1)PO, (1)DO, 3p3d(1)PO, and 3p4s(1)PO states. Excitational cross sections are calculated with a two-state close-coupling approximation for the energy range up to 1,000,000 K, with target states being represented by multiconfiguration interaction wave functions. The close-coupling approximation regarded as an accurate technique because of the dominance of the Coulomb factor in the ionized state. The wave function calculations are estimated to yield values accurate to within 30 percent. Further work is need to quantify the magnitude of error introduced by resonance contributions to the collision strengths.