cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape Indexes of Orders One and Three from Molecular Graphs

The concept of a shape index derived from the molecular graph previously described, has been expanded to include two additional indexes derived from counts of one-path and three-path fragments. Algorithms have been derived using the original model of defining two limiting structures and quantitating any intermediate structural shape relative to these two. Counts of one-path fragments and three-path fragments lead to shape indexes of 1K and 3K. The information encoded in each has been extracted in terms of shape attributes. The concept that molecular shape can be viewed as a sum of isolated attributes is put forward and a partial series is presented based on the indexes developed to date. Several examples of QSAR applications are presented where two of these shape indexes are revealed to encode enough information to give good correlations.
Want to Graduate Clinicians Who Care? A Caring Behavior Scale for Healthcare Students (S740)

Objectives Discuss the importance of incorporating a caring behavior measuring instrument into palliative care education. Summarize the process of developing an instrument. Describe the psychometric properties of The Caring Behavior Scale. Background. Caring is the core and essence of quality humanized care. However, caring and other affective objectives receive little to no attention in healthcare education compared with the current emphasis on the acquisition of technical skills. A valid and reliable tool to measure caring behaviors of healthcare students could help cultivate and motivate their caring behaviors. However, no caring behaviors measuring instrument is currently available that is designed from an educational perspective. Research Objective. The development and the psychometric evaluation of an instrument to measure healthcare students’ caring behaviors. Methods. The study consisted of two phases and five steps. The first phase was concerned with the development of content domains and items, while the second phase focused on the initial psychometric evaluation and data analysis of the scale. In phase I, content domains were defined based on a qualitative study conducted by the researcher to examine the meaning of caring for patients in Egypt. Scale items were generated, the instrument content validity was evaluated, and the instrument was pretested. In phase II, the instrument was used to measure the caring behaviors of 112 nursing students. The derived data was used in the factor analysis to determine construct validity. Results. The scale was proved to be valid with a CVI (Content Validity Index) of 0.97 and showed high internal consistency reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of .93. The resulting scale consists of 28 items in three subscales. Subscale I: ‘‘Having a relationship as a human being/Presencing,’’ subscale II: ‘‘Preserving patient’s dignity’’ & subscale III: ‘‘Comforting.’’ Conclusions. The Caring Behavior Scale is a reliable and valid instrument to measure caring behaviors of healthcare students. Implications. Further research is needed to accumulate evidence for the validity and reliability of the scale. Incorporating the scale into undergraduate healthcare education and ongoing behavioral training of healthcare professionals could help promote the perception of patients and their families of the quality of clinicians’ caring behaviors.
Experimental evaluation of information retrieval through a teletypewriter

Experiments designed to evaluate the capabilities of mechanized information retrieval systems, with emphasis on interactive (man-machine) language and on some of the mechanical and psychological limitations in their design, were conducted at the Moore School Information Systems Laboratory. The basic assumption of the research is that an information retrieval system that provides for man-machine dialogue at a remote inquiry terminal should provide a searcher with many of the tools which would be available to him were he actually performing his search at a library or repository of documents. Factors involved in evaluation of such a system include ease of use, learning time, and effectiveness of actual retrieval. Three experiments and the conclusions resulting from them are detailed.
Combination antiplatelet therapy: Implications for pharmacists

Objectives. To present two case reports of patients who received suboptimal oral antiplatelet therapy and to review recent changes in national guidelines for management of acute coronary syndromes. Data Sources. Personal observation by the authors, and clinical practice guidelines and related clinical trials of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. Summary. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association revised the guidelines for administration of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in March 2002. Two cases observed by the authors illustrate the consequences of suboptimal antiplatelet therapy when a combination of two antiplatelet drugs should have been administered. Conclusion. Evidence from recent randomized controlled trials led to changes in the national guidelines for administration of oral antiplatelet therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Pharmacists should be aware of these changes and counsel patients about appropriate administration of antiplatelet drugs.
Biologic agents in the treatment of urticaria.

Numerous controlled studies as well as case reports have demonstrated that Omalizumab can be employed successfully in approximately 75 % of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria, leading to a dramatic decrement in symptoms with very few side effects. No other drug currently available is comparable, and the success rate in patients resistant to antihistamines is no different. In the U.S., Phase I and Phase II trials are complete and we await the results of a Phase III multicenter study, with a view to eventual submission to the Food and Drug Administration in the U.S. and to comparable agencies abroad seeking approval for this indication. Omalizumab is currently marketed for the treatment of severe allergic asthma. Case reports suggest efficacy in difficult cases of physical urticaria, but no controlled trails have been done. Other agents require further evaluation for possible efficacy in the treatment of chronic spontaneous urticaria, including antibody to CD20, a B-lymphocyte cell surface marker, anti-TNFα, and anti-Interleukin 1. Thus far, targeting TNFα has been disappointing for this indication, while targeting Interleukin I has dramatically ameliorated autoinflammatory disorders with urticaria or urticaria-vasculitic-like lesions such as cold-induced autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle—Wells syndrome, and Schnitzler syndrome.
An exploration of differences in sleep characteristics between Mexico-born US immigrants and other Americans to address the Hispanic Paradox.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Decreased sleep duration and quality are associated with poor health. Given that Mexico-born US immigrants (MI) often have favorable health status relative to the general US population (USALL), we tested the hypothesis that MI have better sleep as compared to USALL and to Mexican-Americans (MA) born in the US. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of a stratified multistage probability sample of 18 years and older civilian non-institutionalized USALL enrolled in NHANES during 2005-2006. Age-adjusted population prevalence rates and adjusted odd ratios of short habitual sleep time (SHST) and insomnia were calculated using weighted analyses. SETTING Computer assisted personal bilingual (English/Spanish) interviews in the participants' home using a sleep questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS 5160 USALL participants, including 1046 MA, of whom 620 were MI. RESULTS In logistic regression models unadjusted and adjusted for socioeconomic characteristics, health related behavior risk factors, health status, and depression, MI status was significantly associated with lower odds of SHST (OR = 0.7, 95%CI [0.6-0.9]), insomnia (OR = 0.3, 95%CI [0.2-0.5]), and sleep-associated functional impairments (OR = 0.4, 95%CI [0.2-0.8]). In MA males, MI status was associated with reduced odds of SHST < 7 h/weeknight and insomnia symptoms. Cultural changes measured by increased levels of English compared to Spanish language spoken at home were associated with an increased risk of poor sleep in MA men in univariate models, and may partially explain better sleep in MI men compared to their US-born counterparts. CONCLUSION Compared to the general US poplulation, Mexican-born US immigrants have more favorable sleep, possibly contributing to their lower reported risk of diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and all-cause mortality (the "Hispanic Paradox").
Electroproduction of forward protons up to Q/sup 2/ = 9. 5 GeV/sup 2/

We report new measurements of inclusive proton electroproduction. Data were taken with a hydrogen target at the (W,Q/sup 2/) points (2.2 GeV, 1.2 GeV/sup 2/), (2.7, 2.0), (2.7, 3.3), (2.7, 6.2), and (2.7, 9.5) and with a deuterium target at (2.2, 1.2), (2.7, 2.0), (2.7, 6.2), and (2.7, 9.5). The invariant structure function is studied as a function of W, Q/sup 2/, ..omega.., and x'. The data are compared with the predictions of the constituent-interchange model.
Synergism in inertial confinement fusion: a total direct energy conversion package

The products of fusion reactions have unique properties which can be used for direct energy conversion. These products are neutrons and ions. Neutrons can be transported very long distances through solid materials and can interact with certain elements which have a very high absorption cross section. Ions on the other hand have a very short transport length even in a gaseous medium. It is possible to utilize these products in an inertial confinement fusion reactor with two different direct energy conversion devices: a nuclear-pumped laser using neutrons from the fusion reaction; a photon generator material combined with a photovoltaic converter using the ionic fusion products.It will be argued that a nuclear-pumped laser can be more efficient than a conventional laser. It will also be shown that an advanced energy conversion concept based on photon production and photovoltaics can produce ICF system efficiencies of 56%.
Ground and aerial survey of a peninsular landfill

Abstract Heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and various organics have been detected in surface and subsurface water around two peninsular landfills. A possible source of this contamination is a large volume of PCB-contaminated oil floating on the water table of Pennsylvania Avenue Landfill (PAL): a similar lens is suspected at Fountain Avenue Landfill (FAL), but has not yet been defined. Analysis of historical aerial photography of FAL and chemical analysis of soil sampled around seeps indicate that historic liquid-containing structures may have held oil that is now seeping out of the landfill into surrounding surface water. The use of remote sensing provides a tool to relate prior disposal locations to current topography for design of a cost-effective geo-exploration effort.
Sugar Present in Tobacco Extracts

A number of sugars that are potentially cariogenic, including fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, and isomaltose, were identified and quantitated by gas-liquid chromatography in chewing tobacco and snuff.
Electrophysiological demonstration of a dentato-rubrospinal projection in cats

Abstract Electrophysiological experiments were performed in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose to demonstrate the existence of a dentato-rubrospinal projection. In one series of experiments lesions of the red nucleus were found to eliminate a response recorded at C-5 in the spinal cord following stimulation in the dentate nucleus. This response was unaffected by lesions placed in the interposed nuclei adjacent to the region of the dentate nucleus in which the stimulating electrode was located. Other experiments demonstrated that this response was evoked only when the stimulating electrode was located at the edge of or within the dentate nucleus. Together these studies show that stimuli applied in the dentate nucleus evoke a short latency response mediated by the red nucleus which does not result from current spread to the interposed nuclei. The effect of dentate stimulation on identified rubrospinal neurons was evaluated using extracellular and intracellular recordings. Rubrospinal neurons were identified by their antidromic activation from the spinal cord. In several of these neurons, stimulating in the dentate nucleus evoked short-latency synaptically mediated responses. Intracellular recording revealed that dentate stimulation evoked graded depolarizations in rubrospinal neurons with a mean latency of 1.4 ms. These findings indicate that the output of the dentate nucleus directly activates a component of the rubrospinal projection.
Dynamic regulation of alternative splicing and chromatin structure in Drosophila gonads revealed by RNA-seq.

Dynamic regulation of alternative splicing and chromatin structure in Drosophila gonads revealed by RNA-seq
Are Middle Eastern Current Account Imbalances Excessive

Employing a dynamic panel regression, this study estimates the medium-term current account position for three subgroups of emerging market and developing countries with shared economic characteristics. The fundamental determinants of the macroeconomic balance approach to current account determination (arising from the IMF’s Consultative Group on Exchange Rate (CGER)) are augmented by determinants relevant to Middle Eastern economies’ current account positions. The study also assesses the deviation of the actual medium-term current account position of three Middle Eastern subgroups of countries (emerging markets; low-income and fragile economies; and net oil exporters) from their medium-term current account norms. Key findings are that: augmentation of the fundamental determinants yields plausible Middle Eastern current account norms; and in comparison with the medium-term current account norm, the actual and projected current account imbalances of each of the three subgroups are typically not excessive.
Separating ice-water composites and computing floe size distributions

Describes an image processing technique that separates ice-water composites and determines the floe size distribution and concentration from SAR polar imagery. At marginal ice zones (MIZs), ice dynamics are active, providing important information for climatic indications and polar navigation. Hence, the identification of the ice-water composites and floe size distribution in these areas is of importance to geophysicists and polar navigator. The authors have designed a multi-phase technique that combines Gaussian approximation, Laplacian measurement and structural modeling to obtain ice-water segmentation and floe extraction. With this technique they compute floe size distribution, ice-water composites, and coverage statistics. They have successfully tested their technique on a database of SAR MIZ imagery and established floe distribution and ice coverage maps for the corresponding areas.
Effect of Back-Gate Biasing on Floating Electrolytes in Silicon-on-Insulator-Based Nanoribbon Sensors

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) field-effect-based sensors are often biased using a back substrate gate with biological/electrolytic solutions placed over the top sensor channel. For electrically floating electrolytes in contact with the SOI-buried oxide, we demonstrate that the electrolyte voltage is capacitively coupled to the applied back-gate bias resulting in a dual-gated sensor. Measured electrolyte voltages approach the constant back-gate voltage for real-time measurements, while a slower response is observed with dynamic measurements. Low subthreshold swings and threshold voltages are observed in both experimental and simulated - curves, consistent with strong coupling. Real-time constant voltage sensing can thus be performed at much lower operating voltages.
The effects of internal heat generation, anisotropy, and base temperature nonuniformity on heat transfer from a two-dimensional rectangular fin

Abstract A finite-element approach is used to study the two-dimensional performance of a straight fin of rectangular profile operating in a convecting environment. The analysis includes the effects of internal heat generation, anisotropy of fin material, base temperature elevation (depression), and unequal heat transfer coefficients for tip and main convection surfaces. Numerical results are presented showing the impact of these effects on the heat removal capability of the fin. The graphical information provided is believed to be useful for predicting the performance of a two-dimensional rectangular fin under more general and realistic conditions.
Sharing is caring: two coronary arteries sharing a single right coronary ostium in an adult patient with repaired tetralogy of Fallot

A 43-year-old man with repaired tetralogy of Fallot presented with chest pain. His electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm with non-specific ST-T wave changes, and a nuclear stress test was negative for ischaemia. Transthoracic echocardiography in the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the aortic cusp (AC) …
REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT OF MODEL UPDATING FOR NON-LINEAR, TRANSIENT DYNAMICS

The purpose of this publication is to motivate the need of validating numerical models based on time-domain data for non-linear, transient, structural dynamics and to discuss some of the challenges faced by this technology. Our approach is two-fold. First, several numerical and experimental testbeds are presented that span a wide variety of applications (from non-linear vibrations to shock response) and difficulty [from a single-degree-of-freedom (sdof) system with localised non-linearity to a three-dimensional (3-D), multiple-component assembly featuring non-linear material response and contact mechanics]. These testbeds have been developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in support of the Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative and our code validation and verification program. Conventional, modal-based updating techniques are shown to produce erroneous models although the discrepancy between test and analysis modal responses can be bridged. This conclusion offers a clear justification that metrics based on modal parameters are not well suited to the resolution of inverse, non-linear problems. In the second part of this work, the state-of-the-art in the area of model updating for non-linear, transient dynamics is reviewed. The techniques identified as the most promising are assessed using data from our numerical or experimental testbeds. Several difficulties of formulating and solving inverse problems for non-linear structural dynamics are identified. Among them, we cite the formulation of adequate metrics based on time series and the need to propagate variability throughout the optimisation of the model's parameters. Another important issue is the necessity to satisfy continuity of the response when several finite element optimisations are successively carried out. An illustration of how this problem can be resolved based on the theory of optimal control is provided using numerical data from a non-linear Duffing oscillator. The publication concludes with a brief description of current research directions in inverse problem solving for structural dynamics.
The Importance of Being Earmarked: Transport Policy and Highway Finance in Great Britain and the United States

In the spring of 1907, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer, Herbert Asquith, was asked in Parliament for his opinion on taxing the growing number of private automobiles in Great Britain. Such a measure, Asquith replied, would be an 'almost ideal tax, because it is a tax on a luxury which is apt to degenerate into a nuisance'.1 This remark was typical of the British upper-class attitude toward the motor car in the early decades of this century: it was unlikely that the automobile would become widely owned by the middle classes, and unthinkable that it could be owned by the lower classes. Such motoring as was to be done by men of humble station would be as chauffeurs and lorry drivers. The wealthy would continue to use their new self-propelled playthings for weekend pleasure trips in the country. At about the same time as Asquith's remark was making the rounds, and some 4,000 miles to the west, an American businessman wrote a letter to a trade journal defending his views on the future of the motorcar in the United States:
An emerging view of scientific collaboration: scientists' perspectives on collaboration and factors that impact collaboration

Collaboration is often a critical aspect of scientific research, which is dominated by complex problems, rapidly changing technology, dynamic growth of knowledge, and highly specialized areas of expertise. An individual scientist can seldom provide all of the expertise and resources necessary to address complex research problems. This paper describes collaboration among a group of scientists, and considers how their experiences are socially shaped. The scientists were members of a newly formed distributed, multi-disciplinary academic research center that was organized into four multi-disciplinary research groups. Each group had 14 to 34 members, including faculty, postdoctoral fellows and students, at four geographically dispersed universities. To investigate challenges that emerge in establishing scientific collaboration, data were collected about members' previous and current collaborative experiences, perceptions regarding collaboration, and work practices during the center's first year of operation. The data for the study includes interviews with members of the center, observations of videoconferences and meetings, and a center-wide sociometric survey. Data analysis has led to the development of a framework that identifies forms of collaboration that emerged among scientists (e.g., complementary and integrative collaboration) and associated factors, which influenced collaboration including personal compatibility, work connections, incentives, and infrastructure. These results may inform the specification of social and organizational practices, which are needed to establish collaboration in distributed, multi-disciplinary research centers.
Min-cut partitioning on underlying tree and graph structures

We consider two generalizations of the min-cut partitioning problem where the nodes of a circuit C are to be mapped to the vertices of an underlying graph G, and the cost function to be minimized is the cost of associating the nets of C with the edges of G. Let P be the number of pins, the the number of nodes of G, and d be the maximum number of cells on a net of C. In the first problem the graph G is a tree T. An iterative improvement heuristic is given (Vijayan, 1991) with O(P.t/sup 3/) time per pass. Our proposed heuristic guarantees identical solutions in O(P.t.min(d,t)) time per pass. The second problem is defined on any graph G. The standard iterative improvement heuristic requires O(P t/sup 4/) time per pass, but our proposed approach guarantees O(P.t.min(d,t)) time per pass. The problems find applications in VLSI physical design and in distributed systems.
Vertical Mixing and the Temperature and Wind Structure of the Tropical Tropopause Layer

AbstractVertical mixing may lead to significant momentum and heat fluxes in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and these momentum and heat fluxes can force large climatological temperature and zonal wind changes in the TTL. The climatology of vertical mixing and associated momentum and heat fluxes as parameterized in the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and as parameterized by the mixing scheme currently used in the ECMWF operational analyses are presented. Each scheme produces a very different climatology showing that the momentum and heat fluxes arising from vertical mixing are highly dependent on the scheme used. A dry GCM is then forced with momentum and heat fluxes similar to those seen in ERA-Interim to assess the potential impact of such momentum and heat fluxes. A significant response in the TTL is found, leading to a temperature perturbation of approximately 4 K and a zonal wind perturbation of approximately 12 m s−1. These temperature and zonal wind perturbations are approximately zonall...
Radiation Dose: Records and Audits

As the utilization of computed tomography has grown in the past decade, so has the interest in being able to monitor doses of ionizing radiation received by patients. Until recently, the biggest obstacle to dose monitoring was the image-based dose sheet on which dose-related parameters are stored. While development of a new radiation dose structured report will promote dose monitoring and reporting in the future, a vast repository of legacy data with image-based dose sheets still exists worldwide. In this chapter, we discuss the challenges faced in CT dose monitoring as well as some solutions that have been developed to overcome the limitations of the image-based dose sheet. We also address the steps involved in designing and implementing an institutional dose monitoring program, and participation in regional and national dose registries. Finally, we discuss the recent advances in organ dose estimation using Monte Carlo simulations.
TrkB/BDNF signalling patterns the sympathetic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is essential for maintaining mammalian homeostasis. How this intricately connected network, composed of preganglionic neurons that reside in the spinal cord and post-ganglionic neurons that comprise a chain of vertebral sympathetic ganglia, arises developmentally is incompletely understood. This problem is especially complex given the vertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia derive secondarily from the dorsal migration of 'primary' sympathetic ganglia that are initially located several hundred microns ventrally from their future pre-synaptic partners. Here we report that the dorsal migration of discrete ganglia is not a simple migration of individual cells but a much more carefully choreographed process that is mediated by extensive interactions of pre-and post-ganglionic neurons. Dorsal migration does not occur in the absence of contact with preganglionic axons, and this is mediated by BDNF/TrkB signalling. Thus BDNF released by preganglionic axons acts chemotactically on TrkB-positive sympathetic neurons, to pattern the developing peripheral nervous system.
Cholesterol turnover in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.)

Turnover of cholesterol in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.), was investigated by feeding cholesterol-4-C14 in the diet and examining periodically the specific radioactivity of the total carcass cholesterol. It was found that the movement of cholesterol into and out of the roach tissues was much slower than has been reported for mammals. The ester cholesterol pool was found to equilibrate slowly with the free cholesterol pool. At least 40% of the carcass cholesterol was found to be exchangeable with the dietary cholesterol.
The Open Movement: What Libraries Can Do

Open approaches have moved beyond open access, open source software, and open courseware to developments with open infrastructure and open processes. But open initiatives tend to be pursued separately by specialist groups, suffering from fragmentation and not having expected outcomes or impact. The session will provide a simple overarching definition of open resources, and introduce a convenient framework enabling shared understanding of three different types of openness, illustrated by 13 examples of open domains relevant to libraries and information services. It will explain the common attributes, existing synergies, mutual benefits, and natural limits of open approaches, and discuss issues surrounding the development and implementation of policies and strategies to advance openness in society, including current and prospective roles for librarians and information specialists in promoting openness in education, workplaces, communities, and society. The speaker will present resources and tools developed in her work, which attendees can use to share and compare their own experiences and plans for engaging with open resources and activities. Attendees will gain a fuller understanding of the concept of openness and its relevance and implications for academic, public, and special libraries, and their parent organizations. They will learn about current developments and future directions for the open agenda, and they will be able to assess and determine their own future roles as educators, advocates, facilitators, collaborators, coordinators, and leaders of the open movement. They will be able to use insights gained from the session to strengthen their positions within their institutions and promote an open culture.
Dynamics of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles within Polystyrene Melts

We present a detailed study of the dynamics of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles suspended in polystyrene homopolymer matrices using X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy for temperatures between 120 and 180 °C. For low molecular weight polystyrene homopolymers, the observed dynamics show a crossover from diffusive to hyper-diffusive behavior with decreasing temperatures. For higher molecular weight polystyrene, the nanoparticle dynamics appear hyper-diffusive at all temperatures studied. The relaxation time and characteristic velocity determined from the measured hyper-diffusive dynamics reveal that the activation energy and underlying forces determined are on the order of 2.14 × 10–19 J and 87 pN, respectively.
Exciton localization and dissociation dynamics in CdS and CdS-Pt quantum confined nanorods: effect of nonuniform rod diameters.

One-dimensional colloidal multicomponent semiconductor nanorods, such as CdSe–CdS dot-in-rod, have been extensively studied as a promising class of new materials for solar energy conversion because of the possibilities of using the band alignment of component materials and the rod-diameter-dependent quantum confinement effect to control the location of electrons and holes and to incorporate catalysts through the growth of Pt tips. Here we used CdS nanorods as an example to study the effect of nonuniform diameters along the rod on the exciton localization and dissociation dynamics in CdS and (platinum tipped) CdS–Pt nanorods. We showed that, in CdS nanorods prepared by seeded growth, the presence of a bulb with a larger diameter around the CdS seed resulted in an additional absorption band lower in energy than the exciton in the CdS rod. As a result, excitons generated in the CdS rod could undergo ultrafast localization to the bulb region in addition to trapping on the CdS rod. We observed that the Pt tip ...
Toward Understanding of Bio-Oil Aging: Accelerated Aging of Bio-Oil Fractions

Pyrolysis bio-oil from biomass is a promising intermediate for producing transportation fuels and platform chemicals. However, its instability, often called aging, has been identified as a critical hurdle that prevents bio-oil from being commercialized. The objective of this research is to explore the bio-oil aging mechanism by an accelerated aging test of fractionated bio-oil produced from loblolly pine. When water soluble (WS), ether insoluble (EIS), and pyrolytic lignin (PL) fractions were aged separately, the increased molecular weight (Mw) was observed with increasing aging temperature and the presence of acids. WS and EIS fractions had high Mw brown solids formed after aging. Adjusting the pH of WS and EIS fractions from 2.5 to 7.0 significantly reduced the tendency of a Mw increase. Similar Mw rise was also observed on a PL fraction with an elevated temperature and acid addition. Formaldehyde was found to react with the PL fraction in the presence of any acid catalysts tested, i.e., 8-fold Mw incre...
Independent Biosynthesis of Different Hemin Chromoproteins- Cytochrome c in Various Tissues.∗

SummaryThe participation of glycine in the biosynthesis of cytochrome c has been demonstrated. Under our conditions, the incorporation of C14 from glycine-2-C14 was of relatively very low order in the cytochrome c of heart and very high order in liver tissue which had undergone active regeneration. The data support the conclusion that in regenerating liver cytochrome c is fabricated in situ and not derived from other tissues. A rate of “turnover” for liver cytochrome c has been provisionally deduced, which is appreciably higher than the normal rate of hemoglobin “turnover.” It is tentatively proposed that chromoprotein biosynthesis is a general property of living, aerobic cells.
Spacecraft potential control by PSI on the POLAR satellite

The Plasma Source Instrument (PSI) on the POLAR satellite is demonstrated to effectively clamp the spacecraft potential to +1.8 V, permitting the measurement of low energy ions which would otherwise be unobservable. Effects of PSI operations on observations of low frequency electric fields by the Electric Field Instrument (EFI) and observations of 1-lOkHz waves by the Plasma Wave Investigation are also shown. Since the EFI observations indicate a disturbance of the sheath electric field surrounding the spacecraft, a crude model is proposed to explain the nature of the disturbance, and to thereby provide a means for addressing possible consequences for low energy particle observations.
Predicting Failure of Damaged Composite Sandwich Structures Using Compression-After-Impact Strength Data

*The damage tolerance properties of a composite sandwich structure are investigated with a Progressive Failure Methodology (PFM) to predict the compression-after-impact (CAI) strength of a composite sandwich panel. The PFM, previously correlated to coupon-level CAI strength data, is incorporated within a finite element model to establish the existing level of damage and predict the initiation and propagation of damage. The modeling techniques have been shown to match the CAI response of a coupon-level sandwich and to quantify important failure parameters. This paper extends the analysis tool to the response of a larger structure. The relative size of the damage to the overall structure was studied with a panel-level model. The model was used to predict the failure of an impacted panel, showing local instability at the delamination location followed by a rapid propagation of fiber failure as compression continued. The analysis predicted a significant decrease in strength of the impacted panel, although not as severe as predicted by a coupon-level model.
PO-0988 How To Prevent And Improve Management Of Iron Deficiency Anaemia In Children

Aims The aim of our retrospective chart review is to identify causes and improve management of iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) amongst toddlers in outpatient paediatric clinics. Methods This is a retrospective chart review of children, aged 6 months to 2 years old, who were diagnosed with IDA over 1 year study period in outpatient clinics. Identification of cases with iron deficiency anaemia were from outpatient pharmacy who were prescribed iron supplements during the study period. Results Over the study period, 52 cases of iron deficiency anaemia were diagnosed. Mean age of the cases was 11 months old and the mean haemoglobin level was 10 ± 1.4 g/Dl at diagnosis. Children on complete breastfeeding have a significantly lower haemoglobin compared to those on mixed or formula feeding (p = 0.01). Thalassaemia screen were positive in 14 out of 32 cases screened. Mentzer index was significantly lower in patients with positive thalassaemia screen versus patients without thalassaemia (p = 0.00). Patients referred to dietician showed a significant improvement in haemoglobin compared to those who were not referred. (p = 0.16) Compliance to iron administration were assessed in 29 cases, with 6 were assessed to be non-compliant. Patients who were compliant to iron supplements showed a non-significant improvement in haemoglobin compared to those who were non-compliant (p = 0.5). Conclusion Mentzer index is useful to distinguish between IDA and thalassaemia. Assessing compliance and involving dietician are important factors in improving haemoglobin levels. Children on complete breastfeeding should be advised on iron rich diet or regular iron supplementation.
Entertainment robotics

Competing teams of autonomous robot soccer players illustrate the challenges, pleasures, and promise of developing collaborative multi-robot applications.
Evaluating use of higher dose oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin for refractory nocturnal enuresis.

Summary Introduction Nocturnal enuresis is a common pediatric condition with limited treatment options. In older children, pharmacologic therapy is often the preferred treatment. Pharmacologic therapies including desmopressin (DDAVP) or imipramine are effective in 40–50% of children. However, imipramine has serious safety concerns. Desmopressin in combination with a fixed dose anticholinergic has been shown to be useful in individuals who fail desmopressin monotherapy, but still fails to achieve success rates greater than 60%. Objective The goal was to explore the efficacy and safety of using combination therapy desmopressin plus oxybutynin with increasing dose of oxybutynin in patients refractory to standard combination therapy. Study design This was a single institution, IRB-approved, retrospective chart review of 61 patients (ages 7–18 years) including those with monosymptomatic primary nocturnal enuresis and non-monosymptomatic enuresis with controlled daytime voiding symptoms (CDVS) treated initially with desmopressin. All patients who failed initial therapy with desmopressin were started on combination therapy desmopressin (0.6 mg) plus standard dose (5 mg) oxybutynin. In patients who failed standard combination therapy, the dose of oxybutynin was titrated upwards until a response or the maximum dose of 10 mg was achieved. Demographic and medical history data were evaluated to determine predictive factors associated with response/failure to different therapy groups. Results The use of escalating doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin achieved an overall response rate of 96.7% defined as a 2-week period without any enuretic events following initiation of treatment. Low-dose combination therapy (LDCT) (0.6 mg of desmopressin + 5 mg of oxybutynin) had a response rate of 68% (Table). Advanced dose combination therapy (ADCT) (0.6 mg of desmopressin + 7.5–10 mg of oxybutynin) had a response rate of 75.0%. A statistically significant relationship was found correlating both attention deficit disorder/attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADD/ADHD) and CDVS with failure on monotherapy. No patients in the study reported any adverse events or side effects from the medications. Discussion The overall success rate of 96.7% with titrated doses of oxybutynin in combination with desmopressin is considerably higher than the response rates on fixed dose combination therapy quoted in the literature and supports the need for further evaluation in larger studies. Additionally, we found a statistically significant association between monotherapy failure and children with either ADD/ADHD or controlled daytime voiding symptoms. Our study is limited by small numbers and larger studies are needed to confirm these results. Conclusion Our results suggest that ADCT is a safe and effective treatment option for primary nocturnal enuresis refractory to standard and low-dose combination therapy. Desmopressin monotherapy LDCT ADCT Total Patients treated 61 25 8 61 Responders 36 17 6 59 Response rate 59.0% 68.0% 75.0% 96.7%
Reliability Discussion on Power Supply Source of Gateway Meter

Aiming at the practical operating problems of power supply source in gateway meter, the operating modes of the power supply source, AC, DC and AC UPS system types and their reliability in the station is introduced. Measurements to enhance the reliability of the power supply source are discussed in three ways of gateway meter, power supply system of station and wiring method.
On Chameleons and Monitors

One of the most difficult problems faced by researchers in the field of secondlanguage acquisition is the demonstration of the systematic nature of learner language, or interlanguage (Selinker, 1972). What does it mean to say that interlanguage (IL) is systematic when different research instruments, administered at the same time, provide different assessments of the status of the same form in the learner’s IL? One measure may show a form occurring 75% of the time, and another measure may show it occurring only 20% of the time. Research on the nature of system in IL cannot be successful until the causes of systematic variation in IL have been isolated and identified. What causes this variation in IL form?
Defects and Properties

The chapter describes various defects and their effects on properties. Grain boundaries affect a myriad of electrical and other properties in semiconductors consider first the structure of grain boundaries in semiconductors. The chapter briefly reviews the tetrahedrally bonded silicon semiconductors and the possible defects grain boundaries encompass on them. Grain boundaries in III–V and IV–IV compounds (GaAs, SiC) having fourfold coordination, such as in the sphalerite and wurtzite structure, behave very much as they do for Si. Dislocation and stacking faults affect the electrical properties and optical properties. Dislocations are deleterious for optical properties because they induce nonradiative recombination, which acts to reduce radiative recombination. Point defects affect the nonradiative recombination dependent properties of thin films.
Abortion, neglect, and the death of Augusta García Platas en Ayacucho, Peru, in 1946

Augusta Garcia Platas died after a clandestine abortion in Ayacucho in 1946. This article, based on material in the Historical Archive in Ayacucho, examines the criminal trial that was held to determine who was responsible for her death. Although the judicial authorities accused certain individuals of being directly responsible for inducing an abortion, they considered that the root cause of the young woman's death was neglect on the part of those who were supposed to protect her physical and moral health. This case provides an opportunity to clarify the strategies used by the defendants to refute criminal charges. It also helps us understand the various deficiencies of the Peruvian legal system in the mid-twentieth century.
Analysis and design of level-converting flip-flops for dual-V/sub dd//V/sub th/ integrated circuits

This paper investigates the performance and energy consumption of six fully static CMOS edge-triggered level-converting flip-flops (LCFFs). These flip-flops provide the necessary voltage level conversion from a lower to a higher supply without incurring leakage currents in dual-V/sub dd/ systems while maintaining good speed. In particular, we propose two novel designs and extend two previous non-level-converting flip-flops to intrinsically perform level conversion. In addition, the robustness of the newly proposed LCFFs is investigated based on worst-case process corners as well as power supply noise. Results show delay improvement of up to 50% and energy-delay product reductions of 15-50% compared to a conventional level-converting master-slave flip-flop.
Prefabrication of the Substructure and Construction Issues

This chapter discusses rapid construction applications for the bridge substructure and foundations. The substructure, totally prefabricated bridges, and emergency replacement of the existing substructure (when the superstructure is lifted off the top of bearings and reused) using precast units are addressed. A list of successful substructure projects that were completed in recent years in different states is provided, along with case studies and detailed discussions on substructure construction.
The Development Of A Digital Video Subtraction System For Intravenous Angiography

A system is under development for a relatively non-invasive technique for the assessment of atherosclerosis. The principle of this method is digital video x-ray subtraction for the visualization of arterial structures after the intravenous injection of contrast media. The prototype unit for the development of video subtraction techniques has been assembled and preliminary testing has started. Re-sults so far in dogs have shown good visualization of the heart, carotid arteries and renal arteries.
Modeling and Analysis of Magnetic Field Induced Coupling on Embedded STT-MRAM Arrays

Spin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is an emerging memory technology which exhibits nonvolatility, high density, high endurance, and nano-second read and write times. These characteristics make STT-MRAM suitable for last-level cache and other embedded applications. The STT-MRAM bit-cell consists of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) which is composed of two ferromagnetic layers (free and fixed layers) and one insulating layer in between. As STT-MRAM arrays become denser to meet cost and requirements of high performance computing, the distance between adjacent MTJ bits reduces. This aggravates the magnetic coupling from free and fixed layer of one MTJ bit to its neighbors. Even though magnetic coupling is expected to become stronger as MTJ scales down, its impacts on static and dynamic properties on MTJ is relatively unexplored. In this paper, we present a model of the magnetic field coupling in high-density MTJ arrays for three different types of MTJ stacks and evaluate the effect of magnetic field induced coupling on static and dynamic properties. Lastly, we show how process induced variations in MTJ characteristics affect the magnitude of magnetic coupling and their effect on the electrical characteristics of the STT-RAM arrays.
Economic Policy and Performance

In the transition from centralized military rule to federalism in Ethiopia, an economy ruined by war had to be reformed extensively if it was to be viable at all. While environmental related shocks in the agricultural sector explained part of the dismal growth, the disappointing economic performance of the period was largely a reflection of poor economic management, a hostile business environment, and prolonged civil war. After the collapse of the military regime in 1991, the Transitional Government of Ethiopia embarked on the Stabilization and Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) , adopting a new economic policy geared toward transforming the command economy to one based on the market and calling for an increase in private sector activity and a significant decrease in the role of the state in the economy . This policy was linked to donor demands for liberalization, making the state dependent on outside resources for economic reconstruction and territorial decentralization . The state’s role was to be confined to regulation and mapping out strategies for overall national economic development.
Screening for Colorectal Cancer

Considerable indirect evidence, based on the natural history of colorectal cancer and the ability of tests to detect adenomas and invasive cancers, suggests that screening for colorectal cancer reduces mortality. Without screening, a 50-year-old person at average risk has approximately a 530-in-10,000 chance of developing invasive colorectal cancer in the rest of his or her life and approximately a 250-in-10,000 chance of dying from it. Analysis of indirect evidence with a mathematic model indicates that screening persons for 25 years, from the age of 50 to the age of 75 years should reduce the chance of developing or dying from colorectal cancer by 10% to 75%, depending on which screening tests are used and how often screening is done. Screening for colorectal cancer is optional. A possible recommendation is that annual fecal occult blood tests and 65-cm flexible sigmoidoscopy every 3 to 5 years be done for average-risk men and women who are between 50 and 75 years of age. In addition to having annual fecal occult blood tests, persons with first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer can be offered barium enemas instead of sigmoidoscopies every 3 to 5 years.