cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MODEL BASE MANAGEMENT AND ENDOMORPHIC SYSTEMS

This chapter discusses that an autonomous, intelligent system needs not just one, but many, models on which to base its operation, diagnosis, repair, and planning. These models differ in level of abstraction and in formalism. Concepts and tools are needed to organize the models into a coherent whole. An organized model base helps the agent to cope with the multiplicity of objects and situations in its environment and to link its high level plans with its actual low level actions. The chapter discusses the management of model bases using system entity structure concepts. It discusses the pruning process, which supports reuse of previously pruned structures. Concepts of context-sensitive pruning and partitioned entity structure bases are introduced to promote model base coherence and evolvability. It also presents research issues that arise when such model bases include models of the agent itself.
Toxico-Kinetics of Recombinant VWF In Non-Human Primates and Rabbits

Abstract 1414 Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is cleaved by the plasma metalloprotease ADAMTS13 that regulates the hemostatic activity of VWF by limiting its multimeric size in the human system. We showed previously by in vitro and ex vivo studies that human recombinant VWF (rVWF) is virtually resistant to the proteolytic activity of murine and rat ADAMTS13, whereas ADAMTS13 from rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys is able to cleave human rVWF. Here we tested the pharmacological behavior of human rVWF in rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys. The animals were infused once with different doses of human rVWF. VWF antigen rose sharply in a dose-dependent manner (∼25 IU/ml VWF:Ag for the highest dose, 15 min after injection) and then declined gradually (∼7 IU/ml VWF:Ag for the highest dose, 18 hours after injection). By contrast, the ADAMTS13 activity did not show relevant changes throughout the entire test period in the rabbit or in the monkey samples, indicating that an excess of intravenously administered rVWF as the substrate does not exhaust its enzyme ADAMTS13. Most importantly, neither rabbits nor cynomolgus monkeys showed any exaggerated pharmacological or toxic effects upon rVWF administration. Even the administration of 14 daily doses of rVWF to cynomolgus monkeys did not lead to any toxicological effect. Our data indicate that rabbits and cynomolgus monkeys, two species with a sufficient rVWF cleavage capacity by endogenous ADAMTS13, are appropriate animal models for a meaningful preclinical evaluation of the rVWF product, which allows the therapeutic safety margins for human patients to be determined. Disclosures: Muchitsch:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Dietrich:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Rottensteiner:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Gritsch:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Turecek:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Schwarz:Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.
Carbon Dioxide versus Air Insufflation in Gastric Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background/aims Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) with air insufflation is commonly used for the staging and treatment of early gastric carcinoma. However, carbon dioxide (CO2) use has been shown to cause less post-procedural pain and fewer adverse events. The objective of this study was to compare the post-procedural pain and adverse events associated with CO2 and air insufflation in ESD. Methods A systematic search was conducted for randomized control trials (RCTs) comparing the two approaches in ESD. The Mantel-Haenszel method was used to analyze the data. The mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results Four RCTs with a total of 391 patients who underwent ESD were included in our meta-analysis. The difference in maximal post-procedural pain between the two groups was statistically significant (MD, -7.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], -13.6 - -1.21; p=0.020). However, no significant differences were found in the length of procedure, end-tidal CO2, rate of perforation, and postprocedural hemorrhage between the two groups. The incidence of overall adverse events was significantly lower in the CO2 group (OR, 0.51; CI, 0.32-0.84; p=0.007). Conclusions CO2 insufflation in gastric ESD is associated with less post-operative pain and discomfort, and a lower risk of overall adverse events compared with air insufflation.
Severity and outcomes of acute alcoholic pancreatitis in cannabis users.

Background: Cannabis is the most commonly and widely used illicit drug in the world and is also the most commonly used drug of abuse in alcohol drinkers. Experimental studies have shown conflicting results of the effects of cannabis on the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP). The purpose of this study is to ascertain the clinical effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use on severity at presentation and outcomes of acute alcoholic pancreatitis (AAP). Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on the patients discharged with principle or secondary diagnosis of AP using ICD-9 & ICD-10 codes during the time period from January 2006 to December 2015 at a large community-based hospital in Central Georgia. Patients with alcoholic pancreatitis with cannabis (CB + ) and without cannabis (CB − ) use were identified and were matched with sex and age. Results: Our study findings showed that a greater percentage of CB + patients did not have a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) score (P=0.043), had a lower BISAP score (P=0.031), and had a significantly lower BUN level (P=0.033), but there was no difference in the Balthazar Index and revised Atlanta classification severity between the two groups. CB + patients tended to need less ICU care than CB − patients (P=0.059). Conclusions: Based on our findings, we found that CB + patients had less severe presentation of AAP indicating that cannabis could modulate the inflammatory effect of alcohol on the pancreas. Further large scale prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.
Crystalline nickel manganese antimonate as a stable water-oxidation catalyst in aqueous 1.0 M H2SO4

Water oxidation is a required half-reaction for electrochemical water splitting. To date, the only well-established active oxygen-evolution catalysts stable under operating conditions and at rest in acidic aqueous media contain Ru or Ir, two of the scarcest non-radioactive elements on Earth. We report herein a nickel-manganese antimonate electrocatalyst with a rutile-type crystal structure that requires an initial voltammetric overpotential of 672 ± 9 mV to catalyze the oxidation of water to O2(g) at a rate corresponding to 10 mA cm−2 of current density when operated in contact with 1.0 M sulfuric acid. Under galvanostatic control, the overpotential initially rose from 670 mV but was then stable at 735 ± 10 mV for 168 h of continuous operation at 10 mA cm−2. We additionally provide an in-depth evaluation of the stability of the nickel-manganese antimonate electrocatalyst, including elemental characterization of the surface, bulk, and electrolyte before and after electrochemical operation.
Slope propagation in static timing analysis

Static timing analysis has traditionally used the PERT method for identifying the critical path of a digital circuit. Due to the influence of the slope of a signal at a particular node on the subsequent path delay, an earlier signal with a signal slope greater than the slope of the later signal may result in a greater delay. Therefore, the traditional method for timing analysis may identify the incorrect critical path and report an optimistic delay for the circuit. We show that the circuit delay calculated using the traditional method is a discontinuous function with respect to transistor and gate sizes, posing a severe problem for circuit optimization methods. We propose a new timing analysis algorithm which resolves both these issues. The proposed algorithm selectively propagates multiple signals through each timing edge in cases where there exists ambiguity regarding which arriving signal represents the critical path. The algorithm for propagating the corresponding required times is also presented. We prove that the proposed algorithm identifies a circuit's true critical path, where the traditional timing analysis method may not. We also show that under this method circuit delay and node slack are continuous functions with respect to a circuit's transistor and gate sizes. In addition, we present a heuristic method which reduces the number of signals to be propagated at the expense of a slight loss in accuracy. Finally, we show how the proposed algorithm was efficiently implemented in an industrial static timing analysis and optimization tool, and present results for a number of industrial circuits. Our results show that the traditional timing analysis method underestimates the circuit delay by as much as 38%, while that the proposed method efficiently finds the correct circuit delay with only a slight increase in run time.
Towards Conceptualizing and Empirically Examining Legacy of Place: An Exploratory Consideration of Historic Neighborhood Characteristics on Contemporary Dropout Behavior

The study presented here has two main purposes. First, we introduce a novel conceptualization of neighborhood effects that includes historical characteristics of place as independent influencers on individual outcomes. Second, we provide two empirical examples of this concept by analyzing the influence that historic neighborhood dropout and poverty rates have on contemporary dropout behavior. Using multilevel logistic models, we find that students living in neighborhoods marked with a dropout or poverty legacy are over 16% more likely to drop out compared to students living outside of these areas. The influence of legacy of place remains even when controlling for contemporary neighborhood attributes including current dropout and poverty rates. The findings set the stage for future conceptual and empirical work that considers the historical development of place as it relates to the impact that these histories have for contemporary individuals.
PACS Reliability Issues

Reliability is perhaps the most important performance parameter of a PACS system. Any system downtime may seriously affect patient care. The following reliability issues are discussed: (1) hardware redundancy (networks, archives), (2) database backups, (3) monitor routines for local host processes and network status, (4) uninterruptable power supplies, and (5) in-service training of all radiology technologists.
Protecting Your Online You: A New Approach to Handling Your Online Persona After Death

People create online personas through email, social networking, and virtual world services. Upon signing up for one of these services, a person enters into a contractual agreement governing the terms of use. These agreements include limitations on what will happen to his account after he dies. The conditions governing what happens to the account after the creator dies vary widely, which gives rise to a situation where it is nearly impossible to know how all of one’s digital assets will be handled after death. Due to the increased use of these services, the lack of clarity in what happens to one’s online persona after death is becoming a greater problem. This Note proposes treating one’s online persona as part of one’s estate and handling it in a similar manner as other assets, which can be bequeathed to a designated person. An exception to this general probate treatment, however, arises when a person’s digital assets are left unresolved in his will. In much the same way that past love letters from a deceased husband offer a window into his life, a person’s e-mail, social network postings, and other digital artifacts should also be available after death and the solution proposed here makes that a more likely reality while still protecting the creator’s potential privacy interest. Such a system will result in the fulfillment of the digital creator’s wishes, better guarantees of privacy, and the assurance of a more equitable and better defined legal system for addressing one’s online persona after death. © 2012 Noam Kutler. This Note is the first-place winner of the Berkeley Technology Law Journal ’s annual student writing competition. † Associate, KL B.A., Rutgers University (2004). I would like to thank Professor Naomi Cahn, Christopher Healey, Andrew Emerson, and the editors of the Berkeley Technology Law Journal for their thoughtful comments and assistance in completing this Note. I would also like to thank my wife Stephanie for her unending support and encouragement. 1641-1670_KUTLER_041712 (DO NOT DELETE) 4/17/2012 2:27 PM 1642 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 26:1641
Recovery of Function after Focal Cerebral Insult

Nelson Butters is world-renowned for his investigations of human cognitive disorders. Butters’ seminal explorations of subhuman primate cognition with his collaborators Donald G. Stein and Jeffrey J. Rosen, while not as well-known, have been equally influential in directing another important area of research. These investigators were pathbreaking in their examinations of the mechanisms underlying recovery of function following lesions of dorsolateral frontal cortex in monkeys. Butters and his colleagues [e.g. 1973, 1974; Rosen et al, 1971] hypothesized that cortex immediately adjacent to a cortical lesion, as well as more distant association cortices, play a critical role in recovery and reorganization of function following cortical ablation in the adult. This work anticipated more recent investigations of CNS plasticity and reorganization following insult in subhuman primates [e.g. Kaas, 1992]. As we suggest below, the lessons derived from Butters’ prescient observations of primates may also provide powerful constraints on modeling in human cognitive neuroscience.
EXAGGERATED WEIGHT LOSS IN GENETICALLY OBESE (ob/ob) MICE BY WITHDRAWAL FROM MORPHINE

Summary Naloxone (.25-5.0 mg/kg, s.c.) causes a dose related abolition of overeating in ob/ob mice, but the effect lasts only one hour ( Science 202 , 988). We were interested in a longer lasting method for suppressing overeating and utilized a morphine-induced withdrawal technique. Ad lib fed ob/ob mice and lean controls were dosed with saline or morphine by s.c. injections at 10.00 and 16.00 hours. Measurements of food and water consumption 6 h after the first injection showed little change due to morphine at all doses (1-16 mg/kg). However, measurements taken 18 h after the second injection (24 h after the first injection), when we would expect to see withdrawal effects, showed large dose- related decreases in food and water intake in obese mice. Female obese mice (5-6 months old) ordinarily gain 0.16 g/day as compared to 0.002 g/day for lean controls. Withdrawal from morphine abolished this gain and produced a dose-related loss in body weight in the obese mice at doses as low as 1 mg/kg. The lean mice required withdrawal from 8–16mg/kg of morphine to produce a similar effect. Food and water intake both dropped more sharply in obese than in lean mice and the effects were dose-dependent. Water intake was more severely effected than food intake. We suspect that withdrawal from morphine produces a sustained naloxone-like state in obese mice.
The Failed Diffusion of the Unicameral State Legislature, 1934–1944

The early twentieth-century witnessed numerous efforts to reform state government institutions, resulting in the widespread adoption of such reforms as the direct primary and citizen initiative. By contrast, efforts to establish unicameral state legislatures experienced success in just one state: Nebraska. In this article, I examine why movements to adopt one-house legislatures in other states failed in the wake of the Nebraska breakthrough of 1934. Using a most-similar case study research design, I compare the successful Nebraska effort to unsuccessful subsequent efforts in Ohio and Missouri, and I point to rural opposition as being the decisive factor explaining divergent outcomes across the three states. In Nebraska, the lack of malapportionment in the bicameral legislature meant that rural communities did not fear that unicameralism would lead to their diminished influence in state government, but in Ohio and Missouri (where malapportionment was high) rural communities used their structural advantages in state politics to shut down unicameralism efforts. The article's findings suggest that the bicameral state legislature is an important institutional legacy of the bygone era of rural dominance in American politics.
Glyphosate: A review of its global use, environmental impact, and potential health effects on humans and other species

Glyphosate, [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine], was synthesized in 1950 and patented as a chemical chelator, capable of binding metals such as calcium, magnesium, and manganese. Glyphosate’s ability to bind to manganese was later found to inhibit an enzyme used by plants and bacteria for biosynthesis of three amino acids found in all proteins, and the commercial value of this property led to the development and marketing of glyphosate as a broad-spectrum herbicide. In 1974, the Monsanto Chemical Company introduced the herbicide as Roundup™, a formulation of glyphosate and adjuvants. Roundup™ was originally used for weed control in specific farming and landscaping operations and around power lines and train tracks. Following introduction of Roundup Ready™ seeds, in the 1990s, glyphosate use increased significantly. Although Monsanto’s patent on glyphosate expired in 2002, the widespread and growing use of Roundup Ready™ seed globally and competitive glyphosate marketing by other chemical companies have led to glyphosate’s significant increase in the environment. Concerns about potential adverse effects have also grown. While, at present, many regulatory agencies have determined that there is little risk of adverse health effects to the general public or to farmworkers using proper handling techniques, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) assessing hazard data on glyphosate identified it in 2016 as a category 2A carcinogen (likely to cause human cancer). Response to this classification has been divided: The agribusiness industry has been forceful in its opposition, while other experts support IARC’s classification. The following article examines these issues. It also examines the basis for regulatory decisions, controversies involved, and questions of environmental justice that may or may not be addressed as glyphosate continues to be used.
Hashtag activism and message frames among social movement organizations: Semantic network analysis and thematic analysis of Twitter during the #MeToo movement

Abstract During the #MeToo movement, social movement organizations (SMOs) played a crucial role in the online mobilization by utilizing various message frames and appealing hashtags during the social movement. Applying a co-creational approach and using framing as a theoretical framework, the study explored how SMOs use words and hashtags to participate in the #MeToo movement through Twitter. Based on both semantic network analysis and thematic analysis methods, findings of the study enhance literature of social movement organizations and activism as well as provide practical implications for effective social movement campaigns.
Three-Temperature Thermochemical Nonequilibrium Model with Application to Slender-Body Wakes

Hypersonic fluid dynamic simulations commonly model thermochemical nonequilibrium processes with the two-temperature model, which consists of a translational–rotational and vibrational–electronic–e...
Trace fossils in fluvial deposits of the uppermost Stockton Formation (Late Triassic), Newark Basin, New Jersey

Fluvial deposits of the uppermost Stockton Formation (Late Triassic), Newark Basin, west-central New Jersey have yielded an assemblage of trace fossils. Dominated by burrows, specimens include Coch...
The Research Patent

The patent system gives the courts discretion to tailor patentability standards flexibly across technologies to provide optimal incentives for innovation. For chemical inventions, the courts deem them unpatentable if the chemical lacks a practical, non-research-based use at the time patent protection is sought. The fear is that an early-stage patent on a research input would confer too much control over yet-unknown uses for the chemical, thereby potentially hindering downstream innovation. Yet, denying patents on research inputs can frustrate patent law’s broad goal to protect and promote advances in science and technology. This Article addresses this problem by proposing a new form of intellectual property—a “research patent.” This regime would allow inventors to obtain patents on research inputs and extract their full value through licensing and enforcement. Research patents would impose minimal administrative costs on the patent system and ultimately promote the disclosure, development, and use of early-stage inventions. At a broader level, the proposed regime raises the theoretical question of how allowing patent protection on early-stage inventions like research inputs serves patent law’s instrumental justification of promoting scientific progress. It also raises significant normative and policy questions about technology-specific patentability standards and their role in furthering the goals of the patent system.
Severe COVID-19 After Recent Heart Transplantation Complicated by Allograft Dysfunction

Abstract A 50-year-old male presented with atrial flutter 25 days after heart and kidney transplantation. Rejection was excluded, but he developed severe COVID-19 infection with cardiac allograft d...
Determination of the Structure and Chemistry of Thermally Grown Oxides in Thermal Barrier Coatings

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) insulate gas turbine hot section components from the hot (∽1200 - 1450°C) combustion gas exhaust stream. An airline company can save millions of dollars per year by using TBCs to protect vital engine components and to improve fuel efficiency. TBCs typically consist of an 8 wt.% yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (YPSZ) ceramic topcoat deposited on a platinum-nickel-aluminide (Pt-Ni-Al) bondcoat covering a nickel-based superalloy substrate. Thermal exposure during YPSZ electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and engine operation promotes the formation of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) between the Pt-Ni-Al and the YPSZ layers. Stresses can develop at the Pt-Ni-Al/TGO and TGO/YPSZ interfaces due to TGO growth and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch. These stresses eventually cause spallation of the YPSZ, leaving the metallic substrate vulnerable to high temperature degradation since exhaust temperatures are often higher than the melting temperature of most nickel-based superalloys (∽1200 - 1450°C).
A Safe Harbor for Ransomware Payments: Protecting Stakeholders, Hardening Targets, and Defending National Security

The United States is under ransomware siege. Victims range from small municipalities to non-profits to multi-national corporations and governments. The law is struggling to respond. Few entities, crippled by a ransomware attack, can refuse to pay. Not paying the ransom may result in significant harm, including financial ruin or even loss of life. Paying a ransom, however, is likely to generate attacks on other targets. Paying may not even lead to recovery of the data as promised. By definition, paying ransoms transfers value to criminals, and that is against many laws. But more than simple illegality is at issue. While ransomware hackers may be lone criminals or infamous cyber-gangs, they may also be hostile foreign countries, or non-state actors such as terrorist groups. Ransomware and other digital threats have the potential to compromise U.S. critical infrastructure. Strategically significant economic transactions have long been prohibited or highly regulated. In the wake of the September 11th attacks, the discovery and prevention of terrorist financing became a key pillar of U.S. security architecture. Under this regime, paying a ransom, thereby aiding the “enemy,” may trigger liability. Regulators have threatened enforcement of sanctions and anti-money laundering laws not only against ransomware victims who pay, but also against third-party service providers who facilitate payment. Both the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) and the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) have issued advisories emphasizing their strict policies against paying prohibited persons or transmitting funds without required procedures. How to steer between the Scylla of legal liability and the Charybdis of a cyberattack? Sometimes ransoms should be paid as the lesser evil. Confronted with the potential damages of a ransomware attack, people may rightly choose to pay. On the other hand, society cannot allow itself to be held hostage. Those who endanger individual lives, enterprises, and core social functions must be resisted. That is, the status quo, in which many enterprises simply pay off cybercriminals, thereby incentivizing more cyberattacks, is unsustainable. This article argues that the threat of legal liability for ransomware payments, with no positive incentive for potential victims, is unlikely to spur adoption of sound security measures or even to stop payments, and may be counterproductive if it leads victims to conceal attacks. Instead, this article suggests the creation of a safe harbor for ransomware payment that (i) enables the victim and those who assist the victim to pay when necessary (protecting stakeholders), but that also (ii) deters attacks (hardening targets) and (iii) facilitates interdiction of attacks that do occur (defending national security).
Shattering crystal with crystal: Galileo's rhetoric, lenses, and the epistemology of metaphor.

The terms that Galileo’s contemporaries used for lenses (cristallo/i, lente/i, and vetro/i) have often been treated, and even translated, interchangeably. In this article, we argue that Galileo use...
Entanglement Swapping for Repeater Chains with Finite Memory Sizes.

We develop entanglement swapping protocols and memory allocation methods for quantum repeater chains. Unlike most of the existing studies, the memory size of each quantum repeater in this work is a parameter that can be optimized. Based on Markov chain modeling of the entanglement distribution process, we determine the trade-off between the entanglement distribution rate and the memory size for temporal multiplexing techniques. We then propose three memory allocation methods that achieve entanglement distribution rates decaying polynomially with respect to the distance while using constant average memory slots per node. We also quantify the average number of memory slots required due to classical communication delay, as well as the delay of entanglement distribution. Our results show that a moderate memory size suffices to achieve a polynomial decay of entanglement distribution rate with respect to the distance, which is the scaling achieved by the optimal protocol even with infinite memory size at each node.
Disparities and trends in the participation of minorities, women, and the elderly in breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer clinical trials.

BACKGROUND This study was done to determine the representation of minorities, women, and the elderly in National Cancer Institute (NCI) clinical trials. METHODS This is an analysis in the NCI Clinical Data Update System. Patients were evaluated in breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer trials from 2000 to 2019. Representation in a trial was determined by race/ethnicity, sex, and age. Secondarily, the change in trial participation by multivariable analysis by comparing years 2000 through 2004 to 2015 through 2019 was evaluated. RESULTS The cohort included 242,720 participants: 197,320 Non-Hispanic White (81.3%), 21,190 Black (8.7%), 11,587 Hispanic (4.8%), and 6880 Asian/Pacific Islander (2.8%). Black and Hispanic patients were underrepresented for colorectal (odds ratio [OR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.67; P < .001 and OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.64-0.87; P < .001, respectively), lung (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.76-0.91; P < .001 and 0.66; 95% CI, 0.57-0.77; P < .001, respectively), and prostate cancer trials (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79-0.92; P < .001 and OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.51-0.66; P < .001) between 2015 and 2019. The odds of participation in 2015 to 2019 increased among Black patients in breast (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 2.07-%2.32; P < .001), lung (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.38-1.73; P < .001), and prostate cancer trials (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26; P < .001). The odds of participation in a trial among Hispanic patients increased for breast (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 3.09-3.56; P < .001), colorectal (OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.04-2.96; P < .001), lung (OR, 3.88; 95% CI, 3.20-4.69; P < .001), and prostate cancer (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.42-2.04; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS This study identified that Black and Hispanic patients remain underrepresented in trials, but in recent years, participation has increased. These findings indicate that minority participation has increased over time, but further efforts are needed.
Reading in a Second Language: Moving from Theory to Practice

Research Foundations 1. The Nature of Reading: Defining Reading 2. How Reading Works: The basic building blocks 3. How Reading Works: The Comprehension Process 4. Models, and More Models of Reading: Explaining Reading Research Issues and the L2 Reader 5. Individual Student Variation 6. The Social Contexts of Reading 7. Motivation in Reading 8. Reading in Different Languages and L1 / L2 differences 9. Issues in Reading in a Second Language Component Abilities and Resources for L2 Reading 10. Reading and Vocabulary Development 11. Reading and Grammar 12. Discourse Structure Awareness 13. Reading Strategies 14. Becoming a Strategic Reader 15. Fluency and Reading Rate 16. Extensive Reading Institutional and Instructional Factors Influencing Reading Development 17. Reader-Writer Relations 18. Reading and Content-Based Instruction 19. Assessing Reading 20 From Theory to Practice: Designing a Curriculum GLOSSARY REFERENCES INDEX
Pure Moorean Propositions

This paper is devoted to a solution to Moore's problem. After explaining what Moore's problem is and after considering the main approaches toward solving the problem, I provide a definition of Moorean sentences in terms of pure Moorean propositions. My solution to Moore's problem essentially involves a description of how one can contradict oneself without uttering a contradiction, and a set of definitions that exactly determines which sentences are Moorean and which are close relatives of Moorean sentences.
The Public Manager's Guide to Network Management

The federal government's policy of devolution has meant that many services that were formerly internal are now provided by non-governmental organizations. Thus, state and local governments have had to shift from managing hierarchies to managing multi-organizational networks. Our paper discusses what publicly funded networks are, their different forms, and then provides guidelines for effectively managing and structuring such networks.
The Young Leonardo: Art and Life in Fifteenth-Century Florence

Leonardo da Vinci is often presented as the 'transcendent genius', removed from or ahead of his time. This book, however, attempts to understand him in the context of Renaissance Florence. Larry J. Feinberg explores Leonardo's origins and the beginning of his career as an artist. While celebrating his many artistic achievements, the book illuminates his debt to other artists' works and his struggles to gain and retain patronage, as well as his career and personal difficulties. Feinberg examines the range of Leonardo's interests, including aerodynamics, anatomy, astronomy, botany, geology, hydraulics, optics, and warfare technology, to clarify how the artist's broad intellectual curiosity informed his art. Situating the artist within the political, social, cultural, and artistic context of mid- and late-fifteenth-century Florence, Feinberg shows how this environment influenced Leonardo's artistic output and laid the groundwork for the achievements of his mature works.
Low neural exosomal levels of cellular survival factors in Alzheimer's disease

Transcription factors that mediate neuronal defenses against diverse stresses were quantified in plasma neural-derived exosomes of Alzheimer's disease or frontotemporal dementia patients and matched controls. Exosomal levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6, heat-shock factor-1, and repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor all were significantly lower in Alzheimer's disease patients than controls (P < 0.0001). In frontotemporal dementia, the only significant difference was higher levels of repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor than in controls. Exosomal transcription factors were diminished 2-10 years before clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Low exosomal levels of survival proteins may explain decreased neuronal resistance to Alzheimer's disease neurotoxic proteins.
Lymphogranuloma venereum in the female

Abstract 1. 1. Ninety-six consecutive cases of lymphogranuloma venereum in the female are analyzed and are found to fall into four overlapping groups, i.e., genital, inguinal, anorectal, urethral syndromes. 2. Various therapeutic measures are recommended. A specific has as yet not been found. Sulfanilamide has proved a valuable adjunct to therapy. It is of value in checking the rectal leucorrhea that is so often attendant upon rectal stricture, as an aid in the healing of ulcerations, and in permitting drainage from ischiorectal abscesses, sinus tracts and draining buboes to cease. However, thus far but little effect has been observed on the secondary lesions per se, such as rectal stricture, elephantiasic vulvae, or papillary excrescences and growths about the genitalia.
Use of the Individual Exchange Project Model in an Undergraduate Software Engineering Laboratory

Organization of undergraduate project work in software engineering is always difficult because of the students' very limited computing experience. Many related concepts need to be introduced almost simultaneously: the software life cycle, the use of documentation standards, the need to use documents produced by others, the role of CASE, and the importance of configuration management. This paper describes an Individual Exchange Project Model that has been used effectively in the University of West Florida's undergraduate Software Engineering Laboratory. This model involves individuals working in small teams to develop miniature programs. Each individual carries out the entire development process exchanging intermediate documents among team members.
ABO system incompatibility: relationship between direct Coombs test positivity and neonatal jaundice.

Recent evidence indicates that neonatal serum bilirubin levels much lower than 20 mg/100 ml may produce minor or even severe damage of the central nervous system, particularly when they are associated with other pathological situations.1-3 This information has prompted a more aggressive approach to neonatal jaundice aimed at the prevention rather than the therapy of severe hyperbilirubinemia. However, most of the proposed methods of treatment, including phenobarbital and phototherapy, present potential hazards for the infant and should, therefore, be used only in infants with a high risk of jaundice.4,5 Newborn infants incompatible with their mothers in the ABO system present a potentially higher risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia particularly in the presence of a positive direct Coombs test.
Vaught’s conjecture and the Glimm-Effros property for Polish transformation groups

We extend the original Glimm-Effros theorem for locally compact groups to a class of Polish groups including the nilpotent ones and those with an invariant metric. For this class we thereby obtain the topological Vaught conjecture.
The complete free space time domain Green's function and propagator for Maxwell's equations

The propagator is a mathematical expression which, when convolved with any given present time field, evolves that field through a predetermined time increment. When the field is entirely causal, the free space propagator and free space Green's function have a simple mathematical relationship. In this paper, a method for finding the full wave time domain propagator for the electromagnetic field is presented. Starting with Maxwell's differential equations in tensor form, a state variable approach is used to derive expressions for the propagator in three dimensions. It is shown that the properties of the propagator, which satisfies a homogeneous hyperbolic matrix equation, and the Green's function, which satisfies an inhomogeneous equation with the same operator, can be used to determine their mathematical relationship.
The Advantages of Surface Area of the Body as a Basis for Calculating Pediatric Dosages

The use of surface area of the body as a basis for calculating fluid dosages has been questioned in recent communications. This letter is being written to call attention to certain facts which the authors of these communications appear to have overlooked. One is that body fluid requirements, like many other body functions, are not directly proportional to body weight. For this reason, Oliver et al. find it necessary to use five separate ml/lb-factors to calculate the fluid allowances of infants, children and adults. As can be seen in the table at the bottom of Figure 1, these diminish as individuals grow larger. Darrow likewise lists a series of eight factors to calculate body fluid requirements. Specifically he recommends that calories expended per kilogram be assumed to vary between 45 and 50 in the newborn, 60 and 80 in infants of 3 to 10 kg, 45 and 60 in children of 10 to 15 kg and so on down to a range of 25 to 30 in individuals weighing more than 60 kg.
Difference in Judicial Discourse

Sally Kenney's essay reminds us of the range and the limitations of our scholarship on gender and judging. At one point in her discussion, after reviewing the views of Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Sandra Day O'Connor discounting the role of gender in their own decision making, Kenney says this: [F]eminist and nonfeminist women judges' hostility to th[e] essential difference frame of reference should give us pause, as should the repeated failure to unearth the essential dichotomous difference across jurisdiction, issue, and time. But perhaps more importantly, such questions do not exhaust the relevance of gender as a category of analysis to thinking about gender and judging (pp. 436–437 of this issue).
Ron receptor-dependent gene regulation in a mouse model of endotoxin-induced acute liver failure.

Background Prior experimentation has shown that loss of the tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling domain of the Ron receptor leads to marked hepatocyte protection in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute liver failure (ALF) in D-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. The aim of this study was to identify the role of Ron in the regulation of hepatic gene expression. Methods Microarray analyses were performed on liver RNA isolated sequentially from wild-type (WT) and TK-/-mice during the progression of ALF. Gene array data were validated using Western and immunohistochemistry analyses as well as with ex vivo culture systems. Results At baseline, 101 genes were differentially expressed between WT and TK-/-livers, which regulate processes involved in hypoxia, proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism. One hour after ALF induction, WT livers exhibited increased cytokine expression compared to TK-/-livers, and after 4 hours, an induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) genes as well as JAK-STAT pathway activation were prominent in TK-/-livers compared to controls. Conclusion Our studies suggest a novel hepato-protective mechanism in Ron TK-/-mice wherein increased and sustained SOCS production and JAK-STAT activation in the hepatocyte may inhibit the destructive proinflammatory milieu and promote survival factors which blunt hepatic death and the ensuing development of ALF.
Genetic Adaptation to Diet Preserves Longevity

Diet affects cellular metabolism and organismal life history traits. Pang and Curran (2014) use Caenorhabditis elegans and its bacterial diets to unveil genetic perturbations in proline catabolism that shorten lifespan, but, only on specific Escherichia coli diets, thereby unveiling a genome-encoded adaptive response to different nutritional states.
Serological survey of pleurodiran turtles

Abstract 1. 1. Electrophoresis, agglutination and precipitation using blood serum confirm taxonomic separation between pelomedusid and chelid turtles. 2. 2. South American Platemys, Chelus and Phrynops appear to be closely related. 3. 3. Hydromedusa is most distinct among South American forms and shows likeness to Australasian chelids. 4. 4. Australasian Emydura and Elseya are close enough to be treated as congeners in Emydura, a genus not most similar to its geographical neighbor Chelodina. 5. 5. Both Emydura and Chelodina share serum protein similarities with South American chelids. So it appears that forms in South America and Australasia did not diverge in isolation.
Quantitation ofin vivo andin vitro neuropeptide secretion under the influence of steroids

Abstract The hypothalamus produces several neuropeptidergic signals that either function as hypophysiotrophic hormones to regulate pituitary hormone secretions or act as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators within the hypothalamus to regulate the secretion of hypophysiotrophic hormones. There is substantial evidence to suggest that gonadal steroids modulate the secretion of several peptidergic neurons. In this article, we describe the in vivo and in vitro procedures for assessing the release of hypothalamic peptidergic signals. The push-pull cannula perfusion technique for assessing in vivo efflux of these signals at specific sites within the hypothalamus or at the level of the target, the pituitary gland, is detailed. In vitro procedures include methods for continuous perfusion or static incubation of the hypothalamus or specific hypothalamic sites in short-term culture. Advantages and limitations are discussed to allow selection of the most appropriate procedure.
Concentration-dependent polyparameter linear free energy relationships to predict organic compound sorption on carbon nanotubes

Adsorption of organic compounds on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), governed by interactions between molecules and CNTs surfaces, is critical for their fate, transport, bioavailability and toxicity in the environment. Here, we report a promising concentration-dependent polyparameter linear free energy relationships (pp-LFERs) model to describe the compound-CNTs interactions and to predict sorption behavior of chemicals on CNTs in a wide range of concentrations (over five orders of magnitude). The developed pp-LFERs are able to capture the dependence of the ki on equilibrium concentration. The pp-LFERs indexes [r, p, a, b, v] representing different interactions are found to have a good relationship with the aqueous equilibrium concentrations of compounds. This modified model can successfully interpret the relative contribution of each interaction at a given concentration and reliably predict sorption of various chemicals on CNTs. This approach is expected to help develop a better environmental fate and risk assessment model.
Interactions between femtosecond solitons in optical fibers

Interactions between two femtosecond solitons or solitonlike pulses in single-mode optical fibers are studied. Because of Raman scattering, the total energy of the two input pulses is redistributed into two new solitons. The energy redistribution is controlled by various input parameters. The particular dependences on the initial values of relative phase, pulse separation, relative intensity, and wavelength separation are investigated. Numerical simulations are performed through a solution of the generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation with the use of a modified version of the beam-propagation method. It is found that the interaction between the two pulses is determined by the interplay among the interpulse Raman scattering, the Raman self-frequency down-shift, the cross-phase modulation, and the walk-off effect. The energy redistribution between the two interacting pulses has potential applications to ultrafast switching devices and logic gates.
Effect of purified growth factors on rabbit articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture. II. sulfated proteoglycan synthesis

The effect of 3 purified peptide growth factors--platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF)--heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), insulin, and 0.2 mM ascorbate on synthesis of sulfated proteoglycan by rabbit articular chondrocytes was studied in monolayer culture. Growth of the cells increased linearly as the concentration of heat-inactivated FBS rose from 0 to 30%. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis (35SO4/micrograms DNA) was enhanced as the concentration of heat-inactivated FBS went from 0 to 5%. At higher levels of serum, radiosulfate incorporation declined progressively. Two modes of study of the test factors were used: 1) the dose of the factor was increased while the serum concentration was fixed at a low basal level (1% heat-inactivated FBS); 2) the dose of the test factor was kept constant but the level of heat-inactivated FBS varied from 0 to 10%. There was an inverse relationship between GAG and DNA synthesis when proliferation of cells was increased by EGF and platelet lysate. PDGF (1 U/ml) stimulated radiosulfate incorporation as well as DNA formation in the serum-free medium; the values for GAG synthesis did not increase as the serum concentration increased, but the cell mass did. The action of FGF was intermediate between that of EGF and PDGF: with 50 ng FGF/ml, increasing concentrations of serum caused a large progressive reduction of radiosulfate incorporation as growth was stimulated. In basal medium, however, FGF caused mild enhancement of GAG synthesis. Insulin increased aggregatable proteoglycan production far out of proportion to its growth-promoting activity in the presence of 1% heat-inactivated FBS. The response was effaced when higher concentrations of serum were employed. Ascorbate had a unique anabolic effect, increasing both cell growth and proteoglycan synthesis that is not suppressed by higher concentrations of serum. The content of serum and its several peptide and hormonal components thus have divergent effects on growth and proteoglycan synthesis in cell culture. This phenomenon must be taken into account in studying biochemical processes and pharmacologic reactions of articular chondrocytes in vitro.
Noun classification in the Western Amazon

Abstract Based on morphosyntactic and typological characteristics, Dixon (1986) differentiates between noun class and noun classification systems. Data from the western Amazon area suggest that this dichotomy is an oversimplification. Moving roughly from north to south, Western Amazonian languages fall into four groups: those with (1) systems evidencing a mixture of Dixon's noun class and classification features; (2) no noun classification features; (3) a mixture of Dixon's noun class and classification features, plus verbal incorporation of classifiers; and (4) dominantly verbal incorporation. Furthermore, classifiers in at least groups (1) and (3) have both classic inflectional and derivational characteristics. The shared features in groups (1) and (3) may be a result of language contact, whereas the shared features in groups (3) and (4) are independent developments.