cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimization-based interactive motion synthesis for virtual characters

Modeling the reactions of human characters to a dynamic environment is crucial for achieving perceptual immersion in applications such as video games, training simulations and movies. Virtual characters in these applications need to realistically react to environmental events and precisely follow high-level user commands. Most existing physics engines for computer animation facilitate synthesis of passive motion, but remain unsuccessful in generating motion that requires active control, such as character animation. We present an optimization-based approach to synthesizing active motion for articulated characters, emphasizing both physical realism and user controllability. At each time step, we optimize the motion based on a set of goals specified by higher-level decision makers, subject to the Lagrangian dynamics and the physical limitations of the character. Our framework represents each decision maker as a controller.
Thermodynamic Stability of Immiscible Polymer Blends

Calculations based on an extended Flory−Huggins−Staverman model demonstrate that miscibility gaps in virtually immiscible blends may encompass a complex pattern of metastable and unstable equilibria that differ little in Gibbs free energy. Examples are given that demonstrate the development of near immiscibility by sideways coalescence of upper-critical and lower-critical gaps upon an increase of the chain lengths of the constituents. The mechanisms of merging are discussed, as well as the effect of chain-length distribution and copolymer composition. The conceivable occurrence of nonstable equilibria may lead to a change in physical properties of immiscible blends with time, here called thermodynamic aging of the second kind.
A procedure for increasing the contrast of biological specimens in edge‐projection TEM

SUMMARY Rotary shadowing has been used to increase the image contrast of biological specimens during edge-projection imaging in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). In this imaging mode, biological specimens are adsorbed from aqueous solution onto a highly curved substrate and observed in a direction parallel to its surface. High contrast TEM images are obtained at 200 kV when a 1–3 nm layer of tungsten is thermally evaporated onto the substrate at an angle of about 9°. Individual adsorbates are clearly delineated by the smooth, continuous, and fine-grained tungsten layer that surrounds them. TEM images obtained with this technique can provide a unique view of biological adsorbates on metal, insulator or semiconductor substrates.
Bisphosphonates in the treatment of osteoporosis.

Bisphosphonates are compounds derived from pyrophosphate, a byproduct of cellular cleavage of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and are resistant to alkaline phosphatase by virtue of replacement of oxygen by carbon. The high affinity of the P-C-P structure for hydroxyapatite accounts for deposition in bone. Modification of the two side chains of carbon alters the potency of the drugs. Of those that have either completed or are undergoing clinical trials, the order of increasing potency for inhibition of bone resorption is etidronate, clodronate, tiludronate, pamidronate, alendronate, residronate and ibandronate (potency range: 1 to 10,000). Less than 5% of bisphosphonates are absorbed and the half life is a few hours. The drugs must be given on an empty stomach because food and beverages interfere with gastrointestinal absorption. Of the absorbed fraction, as much as 60% is taken up by the skeleton and the remainder is excreted un changed in the urine. Etidronate, tiludronate, residronate, and alendronate are given orally, clodronate intravenously, and pamidronate and ibandronate by either route. At lower concentrations, bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclatic bone resorption, whereas at higher concentrations they may inhibit mineralization and cause osteomalacia. Inhibition of mineralization diminishes with increasing potency. In postmenopausal women, etidronate and alendronate for 3 yr were shown to inhibit bone resorption, increase bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine and hip, and prevent fractures without producing osteomalacia. Bone formation also is reduced as a consequence of diminished bone resorption but reduction is less than the reduction of bone resorption. In higher doses bisphosphonates may cause upper gastrointestinal disturbances but in recommended doses they generally are well tolerated and have an excellent safety profile.
Modifications of the ABCD2 Score Do Not Improve the Risk Stratification of Transient Ischemic Attack Patients

Background Modifications to the age, blood pressure, clinical symptoms, duration of symptoms, and diabetes (ABCD 2 ) score, which incorporate history of hypertension and acute hyperglycemia in addition to acute blood pressure (BP) elevation and history of diabetes, have been proposed to increase the predictive value of the score. In addition, the timing of acute BP measurement may be important in the emergency department (ED) setting, given the phenomenon of "ED triage hypertension." Methods The standard ABCD 2 score was compared to modified scores incorporating various combinations of acute BP elevation or hyperglycemia, history of hypertension or diabetes, and subsequent versus initial ED BP measurements. The number of patients reclassified into an alternate risk category (low/moderate/high) with different schemes was determined. Predictive value using the composite outcome of stroke, death, or high-risk transient ischemic attack mechanism was assessed using c statistics. Results Modified ABCD 2 scores resulted in few patients shifting risk categories (between 2% and 10% for six alternate schemes), and did not improve the performance of the ABCD 2 score (c-statistics, 0.61-0.65, compared to 0.63 for the standard score). ED triage hypertension was frequent (mean systolic blood pressure [SBP]/diastolic blood pressure [DBP] decrease of 8/9 mm Hg on subsequent measurement; P Conclusions Modifications of the ABCD 2 score changed the risk category for few patients and did not improve the overall predictive value of the score.
Healthcare utilization in chronic liver disease: the importance of pain and prescription opioid use.

Background & Aims The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with healthcare utilization in patients with chronic liver disease with a focus on pain, opioid use, and psychiatric symptoms.
EGOCENTRISM IN ADOLESCENCE

This paper describes the different forms of egocentrism characteristic of each of the major stages of cognitive growth outlined by Piaget. Particular attention is paid to the egocentrism of adolescence which is here described as the failure to differentiate between the cognitive concerns of others and those of the self. This adolescent egocentrism is said to give rise to 2 mental constructions, the imaginary audience and the personal fable, which help to account for certain forms of adolescent behavior and experience. These considerations suggest, it is concluded, that the cognitive structures peculiar to a given age period can provide insights with respect to the personality characteristics of that age level.
Isolation and characterization of sea urchin egg lipid rafts and their possible function during fertilization.

Specialized membrane microdomains called rafts are thought to play a role in many types of cell-cell interactions and signaling. We have investigated the possibility that sea urchin eggs contain these specialized membrane microdomains and if they play a role in signal transduction at fertilization. A low density, TX-100 insoluble membrane fraction, typical of lipid rafts, was isolated by equilibrium gradient centrifugation. This raft fraction contained proteins distinct from cytoskeletal complexes. The fraction was enriched in tyrosine phosphorylated proteins and contained two proteins known to be involved in signaling during egg activation (an egg Src-type kinase and PLC gamma). This fraction was further characterized as a prototypical raft fraction by the release of proteins in response to in vitro treatment of the rafts with the cholesterol binding drug, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (M beta CD). Furthermore, treatment of eggs with M beta CD inhibited fertilization, suggesting that egg lipid rafts play a physiological role in fertilization. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 59:294-305, 2001.
Genomagnetic electrochemical assays of DNA hybridization

Abstract An electrochemical genomagnetic hybridization assay has been developed to take advantage of a new and efficient magnetic separation/mixing process, the amplification feature of enzyme labels, and single-use thick-film carbon transducers operated in the pulse-voltammetric mode. It represents the first example of coupling a magnetic isolation with electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization. The new protocol employs an enzyme-linked sandwich solution hybridization, with a magnetic-particle labeled probe hybridizing to a biotinylated DNA target that captures a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (AP). The α-naphthol product of the enzymatic reaction is quantitated through its well-defined, low-potential (+0.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl) differential pulse-voltammetric peak at the disposable screen-printed electrode. The efficient magnetic isolation is particularly attractive for electrical detection of DNA hybridization which is commonly affected by the presence of non-hybridized nucleic acid adsorbates. The new biomagnetic processing combines such magnetic separation with a low-volume magnetic mixing, and allows simultaneous handling of 12 samples. The attractive bioanalytical behavior of the new enzyme-linked genomagnetic electrical assay is illustrated for the detection of DNA segments related to the breast-cancer BRCA1 gene.
Effect of DMBA on oral cancer development in hamsters with latent HSV-1 infections in trigeminal ganglia.

This study examined the effect of 7, 12-dimethyl-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carcinogen, on pathologic changes in buccal pouch mucosa of hamsters with latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections in their trigeminal ganglia. Of the pouches receiving DMBA treatment, the average number of tumors per pouch was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in pouches of animals with HSV-1 infections as compared to those that received DMBA only. Of the pouches receiving DMBA, the average cumulative tumor diameter (the sum of the tumor diameters in each group divided by the number of pouches in that group) was notably greater in animals with latent HSV-1 than in animals that had not been infected; however, this difference was not significant. The DMBA-treated hamsters that had latent infections also displayed a higher severity and prevalence of histopathologic changes in their pouch mucosa. This study indicates that latent HSV-1 and DMBA show synergism in the development of tumors and precancerous histopathologic changes in hamster buccal pouch mucosa. An unexpected finding was that among the HSV-1 infected animals, 95% of the ganglia from animals treated with DMBA showed latent HSV-1 virus on explanation culture, whereas only 10% of the ganglia from infected animals that received mineral oil, rather than DMBA, contained latent virus.
The roots and context of the coastal zone movement

Today, we find ourselves in a race against time: attempting to control growth in the coastal zone before it destroys the valued assets and services that are causing the growth to occur. Evidence tells us that we should proceed expeditiously with rational management schemes that can serve both social and environmental needs. The road to this goal began decades ago, but only recently has there been a global recognition of its urgency. To understand where we are going, it is instructive to understand where we have come from. This article briefly highlights major changes that have occurred during the past 50 years which have influenced society's attitudes concerning the coastal zone. The article first chronicles the social, scientific, and technological changes that aroused interest; brought people, understanding, and activity to the shoreline; and created problems and opportunities there. It provides the roots and context for the changing land‐ and seascapes of the coastal zone over the past 50 years. Next, ...
Informatics: a brief survey

Since the late 1970s, the term “informatics” has increasingly been adopted to describe the application of information technology to various fields, such as legal informatics, medical informatics, social informatics and organizational informatics. This article provides a brief survey of informatics with respect to its historical background, disciplinary identity, fundamental aspects, applications, and challenges.
Representation and Comprehension in Machine Translation and Intelligent Decision Support

The paper mentions that a contributing factor to failures of machine translation and large-scale intelligent decision support systems is the unavailability of "common sense" about the world and about language and its contextual use.
Domain-Specific Querying Formalisms for Retrieving Information about HVAC Systems

AbstractIn order to save energy and improve the control of indoor environments, researchers have developed hundreds of computer algorithms that can automatically and continuously analyze the conditions of HVAC systems. However, the complex information requirements of these algorithms inhibit deploying them in real-world facilities. This paper proposes an integrated performance analysis framework that automatically collects, merges, and provides the information required by them. The information items that are used to represent the information needs are categorized, a domain-specific query language that can formally represent the query statements is formalized, and a library of mechanisms that can automatically reason about and retrieve the needed information is developed. In order to validate the performance of the query language and mechanisms, a prototype was also developed, which includes a graphic user interface that helps users to define the queries, and the reasoning mechanisms that process the queri...
Reproductive biology of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica: Juvenile hormone as a pleiotropic master regulator

Juvenile hormone (JH) exerts major pleiotropic effects on cockroach development and reproduction. The production of JH by the corpora allata (CA) in the adult female German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is dependent upon and modulated by both internal and environmental stimuli. Mating, intake of highquality food, social interactions, and the presence of vitellogenic ovaries facilitate JH synthesis. Conversely, starvation, deficient diets, enforced virginity, isolation, and a pre- or post-vitellogenic ovary cause the CA to produce less JH. Sensory stimulation of the genital vestibulum by the ootheca also inhibits the CA via signals that ascend the ventral nerve cord. All these stimulatory and inhibitory signals are integrated by the brain, and a preponderance of favorable signals results in a graded lifting of brain inhibition, permitting the synthesis and release of JH. The effects of inhibitory signals on JH biosynthesis can be lifted experimentally by severing nervous connections between the brain and the CA. Such an operation accelerates activation of the CA. Besides controlling gonadal maturation in females, JH concurrently regulates the production of sexual signals, including both attractant- and courtship-eliciting pheromones, and the behavioral expression of calling (pheromone release) and sexual receptivity. Although JH is required for the expression of copulatory readiness in female B. germanica, it appears that signals associated with copulation (spermatophore, sperm, accessory secretions) can inhibit this behavioral state even when titers of JH are permissive for receptivity. These observations suggest that JH might regulate sexual receptivity in females indirectly through
A List of the Generic and Subgeneric Names of Dermaptera, with Their Genotypes

The list below is presumed to be complete through 1943, but since the war has disrupted the distribution of scientific journals and the preparation of bibliographic periodicals, its completeness for the most recent literature may be questioned. The list comprises 234 names. In the case of all except twenty-six names,[1][1] the genotype species was fixed in connection with the original publication of the name. Where the genotype was not fixed in the original publication, reference to the earliest known genotype fixation is given. All original generic descriptions and type fixations have been examined. [1]: #fn-1
Dextran–methylprednisolone succinate as a prodrug of methylprednisolone: Plasma and tissue disposition

Abstract Plasma and tissue disposition of a macromolecular prodrug of methylprednisolone (MP), dextran (70 kDa)–methylprednisolone succinate (DMP), was studied in rats. Single 5‐mg/kg doses of DMP or unconjugated MP were administered into the tail veins of different groups of rats ( n = 4/group/time point). Blood (cardiac puncture) and tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, thymus, and brain) were collected at various times after DMP (0–96 h) or MP (0–2 h) injections. Concentrations of DMP and MP in samples were analyzed by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Conjugation of MP with 70‐kDa dextran resulted in 22‐, 300‐, and 30‐fold decreases in the steady‐state volume of distribution, clearance, and terminal plasma rate constant of the steroid, respectively. As for tissue distribution, the conjugate delivered the steroid primarily to the spleen and liver as indicated by 19‐ and 3‐fold increases, respectively, in the tissue/plasma area under the curve (AUC) ratios of the steroid. On the other hand, the tissue/plasma AUC ratios of the prodrug in other organs were negligible. Active MP was released from DMP slowly in the spleen and liver, and AUCs of the regenerated MP in these tissues were 55‐ and 4.8‐fold, respectively, higher than those after the administration of the parent drug. In contrast, no parent drug was detected in the plasma of DMP‐injected rats. These results indicate that DMP may be useful for the targeted delivery of MP to the spleen and liver where the active drug is slowly released. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 90:2078–2087, 2001
Electronic structure of transition-metal impurities in copper.

The electronic structure of magnetic transition-metal impurities (Fe,Co,Ni) in Cu is calculated by means of a cluster approach and the local-spin-density approximation. The wave functions were expanded into Gaussians and no shape approximation to the potential was made. We report the results of the energy-level distribution in 13-atom fcc clusters of ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{13}$, ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{12}$Fe, and in 19-atom clusters (M${\mathrm{Cu}}_{12}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{6}$, M=Cu,Fe,Co,Ni) which are in strong disagreement with X\ensuremath{\alpha} scattered-wave results. The local cluster density of states (DOS) agrees very well with the respective bulk and surface DOS of Cu metal. For the Fe impurity we obtain a local moment of 3.05${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$, which is in good agreement with experiment and Green's-function calculations. The spin densities show, besides the strong localized Fe moment, a negative polarization of the conduction electrons as indicated by a Mulliken population analysis or direct examination of the spin densities in the (100) plane. Previous observations of scattering in de Haas--van Alphen experiments, which showed that mainly spin-down states are involved, are in agreement with our local DOS. For the Co and Ni systems the impurity moment is reduced to 2.05${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ and 0.69${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$; however, the Ni impurity might become nonmagnetic by including more Cu shells or proper boundaries in the calculation. This is indicated through the level distribution as well as the high correlation of magnetism in both Cu shells.
After the Thrill is Gone: Married to the Holy Spirit but Still Sleeping Alone

This article focuses on the culture industry around singles and sexuality within black religious broadcasting. Many Pentecostal preachers’ messages on sexuality respond to the great angst many black women feel concerning the prospect of marriage. Several studies conclude that, for a myriad of reasons, black women are the least likely to marry. This has led many televangelists to create a niche by encouraging black women to focus on career advancement and personal care. Yet, traditional notions of sexuality, which include abstinence before marriage and the repression of sexual pleasure, endure. This article explores the tension generated by televangelists who promote transgressing the social order that calls for marriage as an ultimate goal while they simultaneous offer a relationship with the sacred as a panacea for sexual desire. It asks what the implications are for black women, theologically and socially, when the Holy Spirit is offered as a spiritual replacement for physical relationships.
Some properties of thin-film SOI MOSFETs

The properties that can be expected from thin-film silicon-on-insulator transistors are described. Simple qualitative modeling shows that improvements of different parameters, such as subthreshold slope, hot-electron effects, and short-channel effects, can be obtained when thin, fully depleted films are used. The potential advantages of using these devices for future small-geometry CMOS applications are highlighted.
Assessment of dual plane PIV measurements in wall turbulence using DNS data

Experimental dual plane particle image velocimetry (PIV) data are assessed using direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of a similar flow with the aim of studying the effect of averaging within the interrogation window. The primary reason for the use of dual plane PIV is that the entire velocity gradient tensor and hence the full vorticity vector can be obtained. One limitation of PIV is the limit on dynamic range, while DNS is typically limited by the Reynolds number of the flow. In this study, the DNS data are resolved more finely than the PIV data, and an averaging scheme is implemented on the DNS data of similar Reynolds number to compare the effects of averaging inherent to the present PIV technique. The effects of averaging on the RMS values of the velocity and vorticity are analyzed in order to estimate the percentage of turbulence intensity and enstrophy captured for a given PIV resolution in turbulent boundary layers. The focus is also to identify vortex core angle distributions, for which the two-dimensional and three-dimensional swirl strengths are used. The studies are performed in the logarithmic region of a turbulent boundary layer at z+ = 110 from the wall. The dual plane PIV data are measured in a zero pressure gradient flow over a flat plate at Reτ = 1,160, while the DNS data are extracted from a channel flow at Reτ = 934. Representative plots at various wall-normal locations for the RMS values of velocity and vorticity indicate the attenuation of the variance with increasing filter size. Further, the effect of averaging on the vortex core angle statistics is negligible when compared with the raw DNS data. These results indicate that the present PIV technique is an accurate and reliable method for the purposes of statistical analysis and identification of vortex structures.
Plasma confinement by permanent magnet boundaries

Abstract Plasma confinement by three different full line cusp geometries is studied. The efficiency in primary electron confinement is shown to account for the difference in plasma density for these three geometries.
Creating accessible groups for individuals with disabilities

Abstract This article supports the important work of group counselors by focusing on the inclusion of individuals with disabilities in non-disability specific groups and addressing disability myths, disability etiquette, architectural accessibility, and group process issues. SUMMARY Although they represent the largest minority group in the United States, the 43 million Americans with disabilities have had limited opportunities for full participation in society. Individuals with disabilities are unique people having many of the same life issues as their able-bodied peers. Myths, attitudinal. and environmental barriers may preclude people with disabilities from accessing a full range of counseling services to deal with their life issues. Through modeling, attending to disability etiquette, and addressing attitudinal and environmental barriers, group leaders have an important role in promoting accessible groups for, and acceptable attitudes toward, people with disabilities.
A language for implementing information retrieval software

Information storage and retrieval (IS&R) programming is often hindered by the lack of specialized facilities in traditional computer languages. This article describes a portable programming language, derived from the C and Mumps languages and designed to meet the needs of IS&R applications. The language allows the user to deal with an IS&R database at a level of abstraction consistent with many theoretical models commonly in use. Examples from a pilot implementation of a statistically‐based retrieval system are given which demonstrate that this approach results in substantial savings in disk storage and greater coding efficiency when compared with traditional implementation techniques.
Effect of sand cover on the survival and vigor ofRosa rugosa Thunb.

Rugosa rose,Rosa rugosa Thunb., is adapted to the northeast coast of the United States. It can be used to trap blowing sand or planted for beautification. Unpredictable weather conditions during the year of establishment have caused survival to be generally poor. Field observations have indicated that rugosa rose spruted from old plants when covered with 30 to 60 cm of sand. To test this observation, rugosa rose was planted at three depths: 0, 15 and 30 cm deeper than the normal planting depth. Roses planted 30 cm deeper than normal developed expanded leaves sooner than did those planted at the normal depth. Peat moss mixed in the planting hole tended to delay leaf formation for the 0 cm treatment but had no effect on survival at any depth. Survival during the first year was 100% for the 30 cm depth and 93% for 0- and 15-cm treatments. The deeper planted roses were more vigorous at the end of the season than were those set at the normal depth. Rose hips developed on plants set at the two deeper treatments. No hips were produced on those plants for the normal depth. New roots grew on the buried stems. These new roots were near the sand surface rather than uniformly distributed along the buried stems.
Justifying Sex: The Place of Women's Sexuality on a Social Justice Agenda:

Within popular and professional discourses, consideration of women's sexuality often centers on its dangers and difficulties: unintended pregnancy, infection, varying forms of coercion and objectification, and sexual dysfunction. Such rhetoric is so persistent that sexuality itself is often perceived as inherently risky and dangerous. The present article challenges this equation by arguing that women's sexual vulnerability is attributable to social injustice and inequality on the basis of gender, heteronormativity, class, and race, rather than sexuality itself. The emerging interdisciplinary movement toward positive sexuality, including the relevance of desire and pleasure to social justice and social change, is reviewed with particular attention to the ways in which social work is especially well suited to assume a positive, social justice orientation to women's sexuality.
Diabetes group medical visits and outcomes of care in low-income, rural, uninsured persons

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of Diabetes Group Medical Visits (DGMVs) verses usual care in a sample of low-income patients with diabetes receiving care at a rural free clinic. Methods: Data were collected through chart review, using direct data entry into Microsoft Access. Participants were included if they met the inclusion criteria: 1) age ≥ 18 years; 2) diagnosis of diabetes; 3) uninsured and received care between May 2007 and August 2009. Fifty-three participants attended DGMVs and were compared to 58 participants who received usual care. Results: The personal characteristics and biophysical measures of this population differed from previously studied Group Visit populations. The majority of patients were female (73.9%), white (95.5%), younger than 50 (53.2%), driving long distances to receive care (mean miles = 21, SD 20.4) and had a high school education or less (95.4%). Participants were severely obese (mean BMI = 37.6, SD 28.48) and had 5 co-morbid conditions other than diabetes (mean = 5.5, SD 2.1). Those attending DGMVs had higher baseline A1C, depression scores, BMIs, and more pain than usual care. There was a statistically significant decrease in systolic pressure from time one to time two in patients who attended DGMVs t(52) = 2.18, (p = 0.03). There was no significant impact on outcomes of patients who received usual care. However, it is important to note that the majority of patients attended three or fewer DGMVs visits in one year. Conclusion: Group visits may not be enough to improve outcomes in this population. Previous studies suggest that improvements are seen in those who attend more frequently. Hence, the lack of improvement in biophysical outcomes may be due to low attendance. The limited impact of this traditional style intervention in relation to low attendance argues the need to test alternative interventions to reach this population.
Control of solid oxide fuel cells: An overview

In this paper, the authors present an overview for control of solid oxide fuel cells. Even though a large amount of literature of SOFCs has been published in last decade, most of them has focused on electrochemical characteristics such as cell components, new materials, reaction mechanisms, etc. This paper goes through a review of control of SOFCs for last decade.
FREEDOM OF SPEECH AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE

(1976). FREEDOM OF SPEECH AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE. Free Speech Yearbook: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1-6.
Superconductivity from undressing

Photoemission experiments in high-${T}_{c}$ cuprates indicate that quasiparticles are heavily ``dressed'' in the normal state, particularly in the low doping regime. Furthermore, these experiments show that a gradual undressing occurs both in the normal state as the system is doped and the carrier concentration increases, as well as at a fixed carrier concentration as the temperature is lowered and the system becomes superconducting. A similar picture can be inferred from optical experiments. It is argued that these experiments can be simply understood with the single assumption that the quasiparticle dressing is a function of the local carrier concentration. Microscopic Hamiltonians describing this physics are discussed. The undressing process manifests itself in both the one- and two-particle Green's functions, and hence leads to observable consequences in photoemission and optical experiments, respectively. An essential consequence of this phenomenology is that the microscopic Hamiltonians describing it break electron-hole symmetry: these Hamiltonians predict that superconductivity will only occur for carriers with holelike character, as proposed in the theory of hole superconductivity.
Monosaccharides define two immunodominant structures of chicken fetal antigen.

Abstract Chicken fetal antigen (CFA) is an oncodevelopmental antigen associated with hematolymphoid development and differentiation. The immunodominant structures of two CFA determinants were characterized by hapten inhibition of microcytotoxicity (HIM) and were found to be defined by specific monosaccharides. CFA determinants 5 and 11 were effectively (> 50%) inhibited by d -mannose and d -glucose, respectively. Therefore, these carbohydrate residues, or closely related structures, are proposed as the immunodominant structures for these antigenic determinants. Implications of these results vis a vis the developmental control and biological role of CFA are discussed.
Effects of mono- versus di-substitution of conjugating groups on the electronic structure of porphyrins

Abstract Mono- and adjacent-pyrrole disubstituted porphin dianions (substituents either formyl or vinyl groups) are examined with a semi-empirical SCF MO formalism (CNDO π SCF PSDCI) which includes extensive single and double CI. Calculations predict that the presence of the second conjugating group on an adjacent pyrrole ring enhances the asymmetry introduced by the first group and that the magnitude and orientation of the transition-dipole moments are strongly dependent on the substituent groups.
Diets Versus Diseases in the Anthropometrics of Slave Children: A Reply

Having labored for many years in the fields of slavery research, I have learned to appreciate the challenges and complexities of the subject. My work has led me to change my assumptions and opinions on several questions, and the comment by Philip Coelho and Robert McGuire requires me to revisit my thoughts on explanations for the remarkable catch-up growth of American slaves.' After tabulating this catch-up growth from slave manifests in the early 1980s, I was highly skeptical, if not entirely disbelieving. Young slaves were incredibly small, and the average catch-up of about four inches was amazingly large, if not unprecedented in historical and contemporary populations. My reservations were reinforced by an extensive literature on slave health, which never debated whether child malniutrition might have been followed by significant growth recovery. Indeed, all participants in the energized debate over health and diets surrounding Time on the Cross assumed that children and adults faired relatively the same.2 If taken at face value, moreover, the vast catch-up growth raised a host of questions about slaveowner motivations, management practices, the operation of the slave family, and the aftermath of slavery. It took some time to sort through alternative scenarios before attempting to publish results several years later. At first, I discounted the height data as wrong or biased. Ultimately I discarded the incredibly small heights below age three, as biased downward relative to modern standards, because most of the measurements were probably taken while the children were lying down.3 I wondered about compositional biases: perhaps most of the children originated from areas where slaves were small, while adults were shipped from areas where slaves were much taller. But the catch-up phenomenon also held within regions of shipment. I also pondered the "lemons" problem, in which traders may have preferred to buy and sell short children but tall workers. An extensive examination of possible trader preferences and shipping biases by John Komlos, Jonathan Pritchett, and Herman Freudenberger shows that if such biases existed, they had little effect on the relative heights of children and adults.4
Probing Membrane Protein Unfolding with Pulse Proteolysis

Abstract Technical challenges have greatly impeded the investigation of membrane protein folding and unfolding. To develop a new tool that facilitates the study of membrane proteins, we tested pulse proteolysis as a probe for membrane protein unfolding. Pulse proteolysis is a method to monitor protein folding and unfolding, which exploits the significant difference in proteolytic susceptibility between folded and unfolded proteins. This method requires only a small amount of protein and, in many cases, may be used with unpurified proteins in cell lysates. To evaluate the effectiveness of pulse proteolysis as a probe for membrane protein unfolding, we chose Halobacterium halobium bacteriorhodopsin (bR) as a model system. The denaturation of bR in SDS has been investigated extensively by monitoring the change in the absorbance at 560 nm (A560). In this work, we demonstrate that denaturation of bR by SDS results in a significant increase in its susceptibility to proteolysis by subtilisin. When pulse proteolysis was applied to bR incubated in varying concentrations of SDS, the remaining intact protein determined by electrophoresis shows a cooperative transition. The midpoint of the cooperative transition (Cm) shows excellent agreement with that determined by A560. The Cm values determined by pulse proteolysis for M56A and Y57A bRs are also consistent with the measurements made by A560. Our results suggest that pulse proteolysis is a quantitative tool to probe membrane protein unfolding. Combining pulse proteolysis with Western blotting may allow the investigation of membrane protein unfolding in situ without overexpression or purification.
Accessing Time–Varying Forces on the Vibrating Tip of the Dynamic Atomic Force Microscope to Map Material Composition

In dynamic atomic force microscopes the primary physical quantities being measured are the amplitude/phase or amplitude/frequency of the vibrating force probe. Topographic images with spatial resolutions down to the atomic scale can be obtained by mapping these measurements across the sample surface under feedback control. During the imaging process the vibrating tip is observing tip–sample interaction potentials (force–distance relationships) at every point on the surface. The interaction potential is a superposition of short- and long–distance interactions of various origins determined by the material compositions of the tip, sample, and the medium of imaging. In principle, measurement of tip–sample interaction potential should allow determination and mapping of material composition of the sample. However, a single measurement of amplitude/phase or amplitude/frequency in dynamic atomic force microscopes is not enough to characterize a complicated tip–sample interaction potential. Recent developments in the understanding of dynamics of the vibrating force probe (cantilever), together with specially designed cantilevers that utilize torsional vibrations in addition to conventional vertical vibrations, enable the recovery of tip–sample interaction potentials at a timescale less than a millisecond. Here, with theory and experiments, we discuss how these cantilevers recover the information about the tip–sample interaction forces and give an example of compositional mapping on a polymeric material system.
Di- and tribromoindoles in the common oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Abstract The sources/origins, fate and impacts of naturally occurring organobromine compounds in the marine environment are largely unknown. Soft tissue composites of the common oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) collected from coastal Georgia (USA) were analyzed for organobromines by gas chromatography. Three simple bromoindoles (BIs)––two dibromo- and one tribromo congener––were detected and their molecular formulas elucidated by electron and negative chemical ionization GC-MS. Semi-quantitative estimates of BI concentrations in these samples using GC-ECD indicated that oysters sampled in November 1999 contained 5–10 times more BIs than those sampled in August 2000 and March 2001. Although their bromine substitution patterns are presently unknown, this first ever report of bromoindoles in C. virginica , a prolific and important commercial and ecological species, underscores its potential utility as a bioindicator of organobromines in the coastal marine environment.
Estimation and application of indicator values for common macroinvertebrate genera and families of the United States

Abstract Tolerance of macroinvertebrate taxa to chemical and physical stressors is widely used in the analysis and interpretation of bioassessment data, but many estimates lack empirical bases. Our main objective was to estimate genus- and family-level indicator values (IVs) from a data set of macroinvertebrate communities, chemical, and physical stressors collected in a consistent manner throughout the United States. We then demonstrated an application of these IVs to detect alterations in benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages along gradients of urbanization in New England and Alabama. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to create synthetic gradients of chemical stressors, for which genus- and family-level weighted averages (WAs) were calculated. Based on results of PCA, WAs were calculated for three synthetic gradients (ionic concentration, nutrient concentration, and dissolved oxygen/water temperature) and two uncorrelated physical variables (suspended sediment concentration and percent fines). Indicator values for each stress gradient were subsequently created by transforming WAs into ten ordinal ranks based on percentiles of values across all taxa. Mean IVs of genera and families were highly correlated to road density in Alabama and New England, and supported the conclusions of independent assessments of the chemical and physical stressors acting in each geographic area. Family IVs were nearly as responsive to urbanization as genus IVs. The limitations of widespread use of these IVs are discussed.
Reflecting On Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD)

Fourteen years have elapsed since our laboratory first reported the successful use of metalorganic-hydride combinations for producing epitaxial compound semiconductor films and alloys on insulating substrates and semiconductors. The technique has since been applied to the formation of a variety of III-V, II-VI, and IV-VI semiconductor compounds and alloys. More recently II-IV-V2 compounds were also produced. Successes in our laboratory and others and the application of the technique to devices continue to point to the process as the most viable one available today to produce large area growth of many types of films. Since much of the early work was performed in our laboratory, it may be of interest to this audience to become familiar with the steps that had to be climbed and the problems that were met in attaining the degree of quality now available in films grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD).
Synergistic and antagonistic effects of atrazine on the toxicity of organophosphorodithioate and organophosphorothioate insecticides to Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract The acute toxicities of two organophosphorodithioate (dimethoate and disulfoton) and two organophosphorothioate (omethoate and demeton-S-methyl) insecticides were evaluated individually and in binary combination with the herbicide atrazine using fourth-instar larvae of the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans. Atrazine alone up to 1000 μg/L did not show significant toxicity to the midges in a 48-h bioassay. However, atrazine concentrations as low as 1 μg/L in combination with dimethoate at EC25 (concentration to affect 25% of tested midges), 100 μg/L in combination with disulfoton (EC25), and 10 μg/L in combination with demeton-S-methyl (EC25) significantly enhanced the toxicity of each organophosphate insecticide. In contrast, atrazine concentrations of 10 μg/L and above in combination with omethoate (EC25) significantly decreased the toxicity of the insecticide. Biochemical analysis indicated that increased toxicity of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl in binary combination with atrazine correlated to the increased inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, cytochrome P450-dependent O-deethylation activity in the midges exposed to atrazine at 1000 μg/L was 1.5-fold higher than that in the control midges. Thus, atrazine appeared to induce cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the midges. Elevated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity may increase the toxicities of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl by enhancing the oxidative activation of dimethoate into omethoate, and disulfoton and demeton-S-methyl into their sulfoxide analogs with increased anticholinesterase activity. In contrast, atrazine reduced the toxicity of omethoate possibly by enhancing the oxidative metabolic detoxification since omethoate does not require oxidative activation.
Electron-impact double-ionization cross sections for Xe 8+

Absolute cross-section measurements are presented for the double ionization of Xe/sup 8+/ by electron impact from below threshold to 1500 eV. A search for direct double ionization indicates that this process is small or negligible compared to the single-electron processes which contribute to double ionization. The presence of a high percentage of metastable target ions in the interaction region of this experiment significantly affects the interpretation of the measured cross sections and indicates the potential importance of selected metastable ions in plasmas.
Application of H-likelihood to factor analysis models with binary response data

The estimation of binary responses in factor analysis models is often complicated, because the marginal likelihood involves an intractable integral. When the number of latent variables is large, the dimensionality of a required integral will be high, and thus numerical integration would not be an ideal estimation method. This paper proposes H-likelihood for the estimation of binary response factor analysis models, avoiding the intractable integral. Examples and simulation studies demonstrate the performance of the proposed method.
Diffraction From A Material Loaded Tandem Slit

In this paper, we consider plane wave diffraction by a tandem slit loaded with a homogenous material. The boundary value problem is formulated into a pair of simultaneous Wiener-Hopf equations via Fourier transformation. After decoupling these equations by elementary transformation, each modified Wiener-Hopf equation is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The integral equations are then solved approximately to yield the Fourier transform of the diffracted fields. The inverse transform is evaluated asymptotically to obtain the far field expressions. Measurements and numerical simulations are also performed for several different geometry and material configurations. The analytic solutions compare well with measured and simulated results. The possibility of reducing beamwidth and increasing power coupled through the loaded tandem slit is explored.
Improved SAT-based Boolean matching using implicants for LUT-based FPGAs

Boolean matching (BM) is a widely used technique in FPGA resynthesis and architecture evaluation. In this paper we present several improvements to the recently proposed SAT-based Boolean matching formulation (SAT-BM-M) [11]. The principal improvement was achieved by deriving the SAT formulation using the implicant instead of minterm representation of the function to be matched. This enables our BM formulation to create a SAT problem of size O (as opposed to O(m•2k) in the original formulation, where n is the number of inputs to the function, k is the size of the LUT, and m is the number of implicants, which is much smaller than 2 n and experimentally found to be around 3 . Using the new BM formulation, and considering 10-input functions, we can show an almost 3x run time improvement and can solve 5.6x more problems than the SAT-based BM formulation in [11]. Moreover, using this improved Boolean matching formulation, we implemented (as a proof of concept) a FPGA resynthesis tool, called RIMatch, which was able to reduce the number of LUTs produced by ZMap by 10% on the MCNC benchmarks.