cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Photoacoustic Endoscopic Imaging of the Rabbit Esophagus

We report photoacoustic and ultrasonic endoscopic images of two intact rabbit esophagi. To investigate the esophageal lumen structure and microvasculature, we performed in vivo and ex vivo imaging studies using a 3.8-mm diameter photoacoustic endoscope and correlated the images with histology. Several interesting anatomic structures were newly found in both the in vivo and ex vivo images, which demonstrates the potential clinical utility of this endoscopic imaging modality. In the ex vivo imaging experiment, we acquired high-resolution motion-artifact-free three-dimensional photoacoustic images of the vasculatures distributed in the walls of the esophagi and extending to the neighboring mediastinal regions. Blood vessels with apparent diameters as small as 190 μm were resolved. Moreover, by taking advantage of the dual-mode high-resolution photoacoustic and ultrasound endoscopy, we could better identify and characterize the anatomic structures of the esophageal lumen, such as the mucosal and submucosal layers in the esophageal wall, and an esophageal branch of the thoracic aorta. In this paper, we present the first photoacoustic images showing the vasculature of a vertebrate esophagus and discuss the potential clinical applications and future development of photoacoustic endoscopy.
The Impact of Ockham's Reading of the Physics On the Mertonians and Parisian Terminists

This article summarizes Ockham's interpretation of Aristotle's categories, showing how his account of connotative concepts introduced a revision in the Aristotelian doctrine about the relation between mathematics and physics. The article shows that Ockham's account influenced William of Heytesbury, John Dumbleton, and Nicholas Oresme to re-interpret disciplinary relations and disciplinary boundaries. They did so, however, in ways compatible with other basic principles of Aristotelian philosophy of nature; nevertheless, their modifications of the Aristotelian account of mathematics stimulated later philosophers to construct robust theories of mathematics compatible with modern mathematical physics.
The roles of bias-correction and resolution in regional climate simulations of summer extremes

The suitability of dynamical downscaling in producing high-resolution climate scenarios for impact assessments is limited by the quality of the driving data and regional climate model (RCM) error. Multiple RCMs driven by a single global climate model simulation of current climate show a reduction in bias compared to the driving data, and the remaining bias motivates exploration of bias correction and higher RCM resolution. The merits of bias correcting the mean climate of the driving data (boundary bias correction) versus bias correcting the mean of the RCM output data are explored and compared to model resolution sensitivity. This analysis focuses on the simulation of summer temperature and precipitation extremes using a single RCM, the Nested Regional Climate Model (NRCM). The NRCM has a general cool bias for hot and cold extremes, a wet bias for wet extremes and a dry bias for dry extremes. Both bias corrections generally reduced the bias and overall error with some indication that boundary bias correction provided greater benefits than bias correcting the mean of the RCM output data, particularly for precipitation. High resolution tended not to lead to further improvements, though further work is needed using multiple resolution evaluation datasets and convection permitting resolution simulations to comprehensively assess the value of high resolution.
The importance of schedule and drug dose intensity in combinations of modalities

Abstract Purpose : To review a series of laboratory experiments that have been conducted to investigate the degree to which therapeutic effectiveness is a function of the scheduling of two or more therapeutic agents. Methods and Materials : The therapeutic effectiveness of a few combinations of modalities (fractionated irradiation + cis-DDP alone and with 5FU, cyclophosphamide, or etoposide) has been evaluated systematically for a large number of schedules. For every such schedule, therapeutic gain factors were calculated as the ratio of effectiveness for tumor growth inhibition to each of three normal tissue endpoints in laboratory mice: duodenal crypt cell survival, pneumonitis (breathing rate at 5 months after treatment), and pulmonary fibrosis (breathing rate at 10 months). Results : For every combination tested, at least one schedule was distinctly therapeutically superior to the others. Most often, the greatest therapeutic gain was achieved with divided doses of cis-DDP administered simultaneously with five daily x-ray dose fractions. Even greater gain was found when cyclophosphamide was administered as a single bolus 1 day before fractionated cis-DDP/irradiation. Still greater therapeutic gain was achieved by protecting against normal tissue toxicity by administering the cytokine, interleukin 1, prior to chemotherapy-radiotherapy. Conclusion : Performing experiments of the type described in this paper can be of great value in the optimization of treatment with combinations of agents or modalities.
Fracture Patterns From Three-Point Bending of Sheep Femora

Fracture patterns of long bones broken under various loading conditions have been well documented [1,8]. Of particular interest in the current study was the wedge or “butterfly” type fracture that occurs as a result of bending forces on a bone. Butterfly fractures generally consist of a characteristic “Y” shape across the long axis [1,7]. While no studies were found that examine the mechanism of such a fracture, it is generally accepted and widely published that the bottom of the Y fracture is found on the tensile side and the top split portion occurs on the compressive side of the neutral axis (Figure 1). This phenomenon is explained using basic solid mechanics principles. Since the tensile strength of bone is 133 MPa compared to a compressive strength of 193 MPa [6], bending initiates a transverse fracture on the tensile side. However, across the neutral axis, compressive forces dominate and tensile failure is thought not to continue. Since the shear strength of bone is 51.6 MPa [10], less than half the compressive strength, the bone appears to fail along the planes of maximum shear stress at 45° to the transverse split [3].Copyright © 2012 by ASME
A ROP GTPase signaling pathway controls cortical microtubule ordering and cell expansion in Arabidopsis.

Summary Cortical microtubules (MTs) participate in the spatial control of cell expansion and division that is required for plant growth and morphogenesis. Well-ordered transverse cortical MTs promote cell elongation and restrict radial cell expansion [1, 2]. The molecular mechanism controlling their ordering is poorly understood. We report the first known signaling pathway that promotes the organization of cortical MTs into parallel arrays oriented perpendicular to the axis of cell elongation in plants. Well-ordered MTs locally restrict cell expansion to promote indentation formation in the jigsaw-puzzle-shaped pavement cells of Arabidopsis leaves [3, 4]. Deleting ROP6, a Rho-family GTPase, randomized cortical MTs and released the localized restriction of cell expansion, whereas ROP6 overexpression enhanced MT ordering, turning the jigsaw-puzzle appearance of cells into a cylindrical shape. ROP6 directly binds and activates MT-associated RIC1 to achieve the MT ordering. The ROP6-RIC1 pathway also affects MT ordering of hypocotyl cells, showing a broad role for this pathway in the spatial regulation of cell expansion.
SIGACT news complexity theory column 53

A way-cool new project and web site has been created by Greg Kuperberg. Greg is trying to graphically capture the known (for now, relativizable) relationships between classes, and to make clear to everyone what open questions remain. The starting point for Greg's "Complexity Zoology" site is www.math.ucdavis.edu/~greg/zoology/. Greg welcomes feedback, corrections, and (best of all) new or missed results.
Navier-Stokes simulations of axisymmetric vortex rings

The solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations by means of a spectral method is used in the present numerical investigation of viscous axisymmetric vortex rings, in the cases of a single ring over the 0.001-1000 Re number range, and a pair of interacting rings. The propagation speeds of vortex rings of varying Re are computed and compared with the results of Saffman's (1970) theory; the present error estimate is found to be smaller than Saffman's, and to decrease with increasing Re at fixed core/ring radius ratio. The 'leapfrogging' of two vortex rings of equal sign and Re=1000 each is observed, indicating severe strain of the vortex core through the first pass and merging during the second pass.
Extent of environmental disclosure of U.S. and Canadian firms by annual report location

Abstract This study discusses various influences on firms to provide additional environmental disclosure and empirically measures and analyzes the extent of actual environmental disclosures included in the annual reports of firms in the U.S. and Canada. The environmental disclosure content provided in the annual reports of firms is evaluated based on environmental reporting guidelines published by the American Institute of Public Accountants and the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. In general, the results indicate that U.S. firms provided a significantly higher level of environmental disclosure than did Canadian firms. Also, firms in each nation varied significantly in the amount of environmental disclosure provided in each of four annual report sections.
SU‐FF‐T‐111: Head‐And‐Neck IMRT Without Beam‐Splitting

Purpose: Varian MLC leaf travel is limited to 14.5 cm. For large PTV, an IMRT field will be split into two or three sub‐fields. Thus a 9‐beam head‐and‐neck plan may end up with 18 or more treatment fields. The purpose of this study is to develop a non‐split IMRT planning technique and compare the quality of non‐split plans with beam‐split counterparts. Method: Varian Eclipse user can choose fixed‐jaws and set field‐size less than 14.5 cm so that IMRT field will not split. A small part of the PTV may be blocked by x‐jaws in a particular beam, but the missing dose from one beam can be covered by other beams at different gantry angles. We compared our previously treated 9‐beam‐split‐18‐field head‐and‐neck IMRT plans with corresponding non‐split plans of 9, 11, and 15 gantry angles. Plan DVH and IMRT QA results were analyzed. Results: Non‐split plans produced the same dose coverage as beam‐split plans. DVH curves of PTV for split and non‐split plans almost overlapped with each other. DVH of organs‐at‐risk were slightly different. Total treatment MU were about the same for all the plans. All IMRT QA plans delivered on a Varian Trilogy passed physics QA criteria, with non‐split plans showing slightly better passing scores. Conclusions: Creating IMRT plans without beam‐splitting is encouraged. Non‐split IMRT plans can be as good as beam‐split plans, but use only half of the number of beams. Quality of non‐split plans improves with increasing number of beams. The amount of improvement was larger for the number of beams going from 9 to 11 than that from 13 to 15, demonstrating a balance of costs and benefits. Cutting the number of beams by half may result in a number of benefits: more accurate dose delivery, shorter treatment time, and increased machine throughput and productivity.
In situ observations of the onset of hydrothermal discharge during the 1998 Submarine Eruption of Axial Volcano, Juan de Fuca Ridge

A volcanic eruption at the summit of Axial Volcano on January 25, 1998, instantaneously created extensive and vigorous hydrothermal discharge. Moorings 2 km apart along the eruption fissure recorded temperature increases of ∼0.6°C up to 115 m above bottom within hours of initial seismic activity. Water temperatures at the mooring sites remained high for about 5 days, then declined steadily over the next 2 weeks. A response cruise 18 days after the eruption found hydrothermal temperature anomalies of ∼0.1°C over the eruption site, and a more intense and much thicker plume 20 km downstream of the eruption. We estimate the steady-state heat flux required to produce this distal plume, evidence of discharge conditions perhaps 1-13 days after the eruption, as 60-230 GW. The Axial eruption thus produced the largest vent field heat flux yet measured, but these high levels lasted less than 3 weeks.
Edge excitations and the fractional quantum Hall effect in double quantum wells.

The structure of the edge excitations of a quantum Hall droplet, confined in a double quantum well, is studied using a generalized version of the Wen-Stone chiral boson action. As the interwell tunneling t is increased, one finds a «metal-insulator» transition from a phase where the optic edge mode is ungapped to a phase where the optic mode is gapped. The large-t phase exhibits edge quasiexcitons whose charge is half that of a quasiparticle-quasihole bound state
Mucosal hyperplasia, mucinous cystadenoma, and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the appendix. A re-evaluation of appendiceal “mucocele”

The evaluation of 73 appendiceal lesions fulfilling the criteria of so-called “mucocele” showed that they comprise 3. distinctive clinicopathologic entities: 1) Focal or diffuse mucosal hyperplasia, with no epithelial atypia and mild distention of the lumen (18 cases). The microscopic pattern is highly reminiscent of the colonic hyperplastic polyp. This is a benign lesion, almost always a pathologic finding in appendices removed incidentally. Of the 18 cases classified as such, 5 were associated with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel, and 1 with ovarian mucinous cystoma; 2) Mutinous cystadenoma, exhibiting some degree of epithelial atypia and marked distention of the lumen (46 cases). Four of these were associated with ovarian mucinous cystoma and 9 with adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. In 10 cases, variable amounts of acellular mucus were present in the periappendiceal region and occasionally free in the peritoneal cavity. In 3 of these cases the mucus most probably originated from a coexistent ovarian tumor. Of the followed patients, none died as a consequence of the appendiceal cystadenoma. Simple excision of the lesion was curative in every case; and 3) Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma (9 cases). This group was distinguished from the previous one by the presence of stromal invasion by glands and/or epithelial cells in the peritoneal implants. Six were associated with peritoneal involvement (so-called pseudomyxoma peritonei); in 2 others, the lesion was limited to the appendix, and in the remainder there was direct extension into the urinary bladder. Of the 6 patients with peritoneal extension, 4 died as a result of the disease 2-11 years after the original surgery, 1 was lost to followup, and the sixth case is a recent observation. The 2 patients with localized tumor were alive and well 2 and 19 years after treatment, respectively. The patient with direct extension into the urinary bladder was alive and well 7 years after an anterior pelvic exenteration. On the basis of these findings we suggest that most instances of so-called “mucocele” should be regarded as mucinous neoplasms, analogous in many aspects to the epithelial tumors of the colon, with peculiarities probably due to the anatomical characteristics of the organ in which they arise.
Changes in the molecular superstructure of bovine cornea under stress.

Abstract The changes in the low-angle light scattering patterns of the bovine cornea undergoing mechanical stretching were observed. Upon stretching the patterns changed orientation, the anisotropy of the low-angle patterns disappeared, and the intensity of the scatterd beam at higher angles increased. The V v H v ratio was dependent on the direction of the stretch. These observations are discussed with respect to the molecular changes of the superstructures in the cornea.
Comparison of non-sexual crimes committed by juvenile sexual offenders and delinquent youth in residential treatment in the USA

AbstractIn this study we explored differences and similarities in criminal behaviour between incarcerated adolescents who committed sexual and non-sexual crimes with adolescents who committed only non-sexual crimes. Cross-sectional data on 606 adolescents were collected at two points in time (five years apart) from residential treatment facilities in the USA. After controlling for all the other variables (data collection site/time, race and poverty) in a model using logistic regression, general delinquency and property damage significantly predicted membership in the juvenile sexual offender group whereas felony theft and selling drugs significantly predicted membership in the non-sexual offender group (χ2 = 91.80, p < .001; Naglekerke = .278). A large number of juvenile sex offenders had also committed serious non-sexual crimes. These findings highlight a need for practitioners and researchers in juvenile justice to address non-sexual and sexual behavioural challenges among adolescent sexual offenders.
The Geometry of Bourges Cathedral

This article presents a geometrical analysis of Bourges Cathedral, based on the application of computer-aided design (CAD) techniques to the results of a recent and highly precise laser survey. This analysis reveals that the cathedral's original designer developed a tightly interlocking and strikingly unified design, in which the five-fold subdivision of the chevet ground plan set proportions that would be vertically extruded into an elevation that can be inscribed both within a square and within a series of progessively smaller equilaterial triangles. These results contribute to an ongoing debate about the use of ‘ad quadratum’ and ‘ad triangulum’ geometries in Gothic architecture, and they provide new evidence for the geometrical coherence of Gothic cathedral design. In methodological terms, meanwhile, this discussion demonstrates the potential of CAD-based geometrical analysis for the study of precisely surveyed medieval buildings. The sequence of images being analysed can be viewed as supplementary material at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/ah.bz.s1
Physical consequences of anomalies in nonlocal potential problems

An $s$-wave two-body separable potential may give rise to several phenomena which are absent for nonsingular local potentials. We examine the physical implications of a well known example of such phenomena, the continuum bound state, as well as of two lesser known anomalies, the so-called positive energy spurious state and negative energy bound states with improper long-range behavior. By examining these anomalies in light of Levinson's theorem, Wigner's phase shift inequality, and the effect of a perturbation on the anomalous states by their insertion in a three-body scattering situation, we find in agreement with previous studies that the continuum bound state acts as a resonance of negligible width. However, we find it difficult to see how the presence of a spurious state can be detected experimentally.
Minimally allowed neutrinoless double beta decay rates within an anarchical framework

Neutrinoless double beta decay $(\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}0\ensuremath{\nu})$ is the only realistic probe of the Majorana nature of the neutrino. In the standard picture, its rate is proportional to ${m}_{ee}$, the $e\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}e$ element of the Majorana neutrino mass matrix in the flavor basis. I explore minimally allowed ${m}_{ee}$ values within the framework of mass matrix anarchy where neutrino parameters are defined statistically at low energies. Distributions of mixing angles are well defined by the Haar integration measure, but masses are dependent on arbitrary weighting functions and boundary conditions. I survey the integration measure parameter space and find that for sufficiently convergent weightings, ${m}_{ee}$ is constrained between (0.01--0.4) eV at 90% confidence. Constraints from neutrino mixing data lower these bounds. Singular integration measures allow for arbitrarily small ${m}_{ee}$ values with the remaining elements ill-defined, but this condition constrains the flavor structure of the model's ultraviolet completion. $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\beta}0\ensuremath{\nu}$ bounds below ${m}_{ee}\ensuremath{\sim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{eV}$ should indicate symmetry in the lepton sector, new light degrees of freedom, or the Dirac nature of the neutrino.
Patterns of autobiographical memory loss in dementia.

Background Several studies have found impaired recall of remote autobiographical memories relative to recent memories in semantic dementia (SD), a pattern opposite to that in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Objective To document dissociation of memory for autobiographical incidents and personal semantic information in individuals with AD, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and SD. Methods The authors administered the Autobiographical Memory Interview to eight individuals with AD, 11 with FTD, eight with SD, and eight normal controls . Autobiographical incidents and personal semantic memory was assessed from three time periods: childhood, early adulthood, and recent life. Results Individuals with SD recalled more details of autobiographical incidents from the most recent 5 years than from childhood and early adulthood (childhood vs recent life: t(7) = −3.59, p = 0.009; early adulthood vs recent life: t(7) = −4.33, p = 0.003). No difference was found between childhood and early adulthood (t(7) = 1.11, p = 0.305). Recall of personal semantic information was related to the age of the memory with less remembered from earlier time periods (childhood vs recent life: t(7) = −6.52, p < 0.001; childhood vs early adulthood: t(7) = −2.61, p = 0.035; early adulthood vs recent life: t(7) = −9.15, p < 0.001). Conclusions SD is a compelling model in which to study the anatomy of episodic memory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MuVi: a multicast video delivery scheme for 4g cellular networks

Although wireless broadband technologies have evolved significantly over the past decade, they are still insufficient to support the fast-growing mobile traffic, especially due to the increasing popularity of mobile video applications. Wireless multicast, aiming to exploit the wireless broadcast advantage, is a viable approach to bridge the gap between the limited wireless networking capacity and the ever-increasing mobile video traffic demand. In this work, we propose MuVi, a Multicast Video delivery scheme in OFDMA-based 4G wireless networks, to optimize multicast video traffic. MuVi differentiates video frames based on their importance in reconstructing the video and incorporates an efficient radio resource allocation algorithm to optimize the overall video quality across all users in the multicast group. MuVi is a lightweight solution with most of the implementation in the gateway, slight modification in the base-station, and no modification at the clients. We implement MuVi on a WiMAX testbed and compare its performance to a Naive wireless multicast scheme that employs the most robust MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme), and an Adaptive scheme that employs the highest MCS supportable by all clients. Experimental results show that MuVi improves the average video PSNR (Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) by up to 13 and 7 dB compared to the Naive and the Adaptive schemes, respectively. MuVi does not require modification to the video encoding scheme or the air interface. Thus it allows speedy deployment in existing systems.
The spinous process: The forgotten appendage

The spinous process (SP) is often neglected in the radiologic examination of the spine. Proper coning decreases scattered radiation to the SP's in the lateral view. Lateral zonography (thick cut tomography) is occasionally needed in the thoracic region. In the anteroposterior view paying attention to alignment of the SP's and the distance between them will help in the diagnosis of fracture and/or dislocation. Examination of the spinolaminal line (i.e. the line joining the base of the SP's) on the lateral view is also important in looking for the alignment of the vertebra in trauma. Local absence or indistinctiveness of the spinolaminal line may be recognized in spina bifida or when an osteolytic process involves the cortex in this area. The SP itself is involved, with or without the remainder of the verebra, in metastatic or primary carcinoma, in trauma, rheumatoid arthritis and Paget's disease and in primary benign tumors.
Sorption of Benzoic Acid, Sorbic Acid, Benzyl Alcohol, and Benzalkonium Chloride by Flexible Tubing

Earlier studies using methylparaben, propylparaben, and several types of flexible tubing showed that the parabens are sorbed by a number of commonly used tubing. The sorption increased with increas...
Subarachnoid meperidine-morphine combination. An effective perioperative analgesic adjunct for cesarean delivery.

Background and Objectives Low-dose subarachnoid morphine provides effective perioperative analgesia but may be associated with a transient period of inadequate pain relief between the regression of local anesthetic block and the onset of morphine9s analgesic effect. We hypothesized that this period of suboptimal analgesia could be avoided by adding meperidine, a rapid-acting, intermediate-duration opioid. Methods In a double-blind, randomized trial, 49 patients scheduled for elective cesarean delivery received subarachnoid 0.75% bupivacaine, 12 mg in 8.25% dextrose, with either meperidine 10 mg, morphine 0.15 mg, or meperidine 10 mg plus morphine 0.15 mg. Visual analog scale scores for pain and satisfaction were obtained at skin incision, delivery, uterine exteriorization, on arrival in the postanesthesia care unit, and 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Neonatal Apgar scores and adverse effects were also noted. Postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) requirements were recorded for 24 hours. The data were analyzed by chi-square analysis Fisher9s exact test, the Wilcoxon rank sum test, and analysis of variance with Tukey9s adjustment for multiple comparisons. Results There were no significant differences in the incidence and severity of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and sedation. Respiratory depression was not observed. Patients treated with morphine alone were least comfortable (P Conclusion The subarachnoid combination of meperidine-morphine provided more uniform analgesia, higher satisfaction, and a lower requirement for intravenous narcotic supplementation than either morphine or meperidine alone in patients recovering from cesarean delivery.
How Do Female Adolescents Cope and Survive the Hardships of Prostitution? A Content Analysis of Existing Literature

This content analysis explores the hardships experienced by female adolescents involved in prostitution and the coping strategies they employ for their survival. Thirty-one studies published in peer-reviewed journals were analyzed. Results of this content analysis indicate that teenage girls involved in prostitution suffer from sexual and physical assaults, substance abuse, health problems, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social stigmatization, and isolation. Furthermore, adolescent girls used the following coping mechanisms for their survival: peer support, use of drugs and alcohol, and self-mutilation. Prostituted females relied on personal safety plans and boundaries to mitigate the violence and risks involved in prostitution. Implications for social work and multicultural social work practice, future research, and social policy are discussed.
Food effects on propranolol systemic and oral clearance: Support for a blood flow hypothesis

The influence of a high-protein meal as compared to fasting on the disposition of simultaneous intravenous and oral doses of propranolol, as well as on indocyanine green clearance, was examined in six normal subjects. The intravenous dose (0.1 mg/kg) was unlabeled propranolol and the oral dose (80 mg) was a stereospecifically deuterium-labeled pseudoracemate of propranolol. Systemic clearance of propranolol increased 38%, from 1005 +/- 57 to 1384 +/- 115 ml/min (mean +/- SE; P less than 0.05) as a result of the meal, with no change in t1/2 or apparent volume of distribution. A 12% decrease in oral clearance occurred with the meal but was not statistically significant (3717 +/- 185 ml/min, fasting; 3245 +/- 498 after meal), whereas bioavailability increased 67% (27.2% +/- 1.7% fasting; 45.5% +/- 4.3% after meal; P less than 0.01). Estimated hepatic blood flow, as measured by indocyanine green clearance, rose 34% 60 minutes after the meal (1719 +/- 155 ml/min fasting; 2304 +/- 218 ml/min after meal; P less than 0.02). A difference was observed in the oral clearance of the propranolol enantiomers in the fasting state, but this difference was unaffected by the meal. These alterations in propranolol disposition, as the result of a high-protein meal, are consistent with a transient increase in hepatic blood flow.
Malignant Angioendotheliomatosis Proliferans Treated with Doxorubicin

• An 84-year-old man was examined for progressive pain, edema, and infiltrating skin lesions on his lower extremities. A skin biopsy specimen confirmed the suspected diagnosis of angioendotheliomatosis proliferans. The clinical course and histologic changes suggested the malignant form of this disease. Treatment with intravenous doxorubicin hydrochloride caused a complete clinical remission. ( Arch Dermatol 1982;118:512-514)
Differential expression of AP-2γ and AP-2α during human trophoblast differentiation

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that AP-2α induces the expression of the hPL and hCG genes in cultured trophoblast cells. In the current study, we have shown by transient transfection studies that AP-2γ, which is the product of a separate gene from AP-2α, also stimulates hPL and hCGβ promoter activities. However, AP-2γ mRNA levels during in vitro differentiation of human cytotrophoblast cells were strikingly different than those of AP-2α mRNA levels, with AP-2α increasing and AP-2γ markedly decreasing during the differentiation process. The amount of AP-2γ protein binding to AP-2 elements on the hPL promoter, as determined by supershift assays, also markedly decreased during the differentiation process. These findings strongly suggest that AP-2γ action in cytotrophoblast cells is repressed by a co-factor(s) that inhibits AP-2γ action or is prevented by the absence of a co-factor(s) that is essential for AP-2γ action.
Forum Intellectual Capital Formation and the united states Educational System

The complete address was presented at the 48th American Power Conference, Monday April 14, 1986 at the Grand Ballroom, The Palmer House, Chicago, Illinois. The full version will be available with the publication of the Conference Proceedings. This summary is printed with the permission of the author and the American Power Conference. Power companies are generally characterized as capital intensive because of the large investment in equipment and physical plant they require. However, in recent years the word capital has taken on a much broader meaning, encompassing the notion of intellectual capital. The prime ingredient of intellectual capital is individual technological know-how. Intellectual capital should be viewed and treated exactly like other forms of capital: it is a resource that can appreciate or depreciate, become obsolete, require maintenance, repair, replacement, and/or modernization. Moreover, with intellectual capital, new capital infusions are required from time to time; venture capital and capitalists are needed; new sources of capital must be sought; and existing sources must be expanded. I am convinced that the available intellectual capital of American technological know-how is decreasing to dangerously low levels. The consequences to American business and industry will be serious. It is useful to see if intellectual capital and technological know-how are governed by the same law of supply and demand that governs other forms of capital. A brief look first at the demand side and then at the supply side is instructive in this connection.
THE MANIN–MUMFORD CONJECTURE: A BRIEF SURVEY

The Manin–Mumford conjecture asserts that if K is a field of characteristic zero, C a smooth proper geometrically irreducible curve over K, and J the Jacobian of C, then for any embedding of C in J, the set C(K) ∩ J(K)tors is finite. Although the conjecture was proved by Raynaud in 1983, and several other proofs have appeared since, a number of natural questions remain open, notably concerning bounds on the size of the intersection and the complete determination of C(K) ∩ J(K)tors for special families of curves C. The first half of this survey paper presents the Manin–Mumford conjecture and related general results, while the second describes recent work mostly dealing with the above questions.
Family relationships as represented in a story-completion task at thirty-seven and fifty-four months of age.

Children at thirty-seven and fifty-four months of age were able to represent aspects of the parent-child relationship, but the older children also elaborated other family relationships and roles.
Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by arsenite.

Abstract Inorganic arsenic is considered a human carcinogen based principally on epidemiological evidence. Unlike most initiating chemicals, arsenic is inactive or extremely weak in its ability to directly induce gene mutations. Arsenite has been shown, however, to enhance mutagenicity when present with other agents such as UV radiation. Synergistic potentiation of chromosomal damage has been shown with co-treatment with DNA-crosslinking agents. Arsenite at low concentrations is known to be highly selective in reacting with closely space (vicinal) dithiol groups in proteins. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is known to contain such vicinal dithiol groups. Stimulation of PARP is an immediate response of eukaryotic cells to DNA strand breaks and has been implicated in DNA repair. The effect of treatment with sodium arsenite on PARP activity was assessed as follows: Molt-3 cells (a human T-cell lymphoma-derived cell line) in culture were treated for 24 h with concentrations of sodium arsenite ranging from 2.5 up to 25 μM. Speciation of inorganic arsenic and cell viability were determined. Cell cycle kinetics were measured by flow cytometry. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis was assayed using a palindromic decameric deoxynucleotide to stimulate enzyme activity. Results show that arsenite decreases PARP activity in a dose-dependent manner with an approximately 50% decrease in enzyme activity at 10 μM arsenite and 80% viability. The percent of cells in S-phase increases with increasing concentration of arsenite. These results provide further indication that arsenite may potentiate genetic damage through reaction with dithiols in DNA repair proteins such as PARP, perhaps resulting in interference with normal repair function.
Effects of Droplet Diameter on the Leidenfrost Temperature of Laser Processed Multiscale Structured Surfaces

In this paper, an experimental investigation of the effects of droplet diameters on the Leidenfrost temperature and its shifts has been carried out. Tests were conducted on a 304 stainless steel polished surface and a stainless steel surface which was processed by a femtosecond laser to form Above Surface Growth (ASG) nano/microstructures. To determine the Leidenfrost temperatures, the droplet lifetime method was employed for both the polished and processed surfaces. A precision dropper was used to vary the size of droplets from 1.5 to 4 millimeters. The Leidenfrost temperature was shown to display shifts as high as 85 °C on the processed surface over the range of droplet sizes, as opposed to a 45 °C shift on the polished surface. The difference between the shifts was attributed to the nature of the force balance between dynamic pressure of droplets and vapor pressure of the insulating vapor layer.
Coupled oscillators control morning and evening locomotor behaviour of Drosophila

Daily rhythms of physiology and behaviour are precisely timed by an endogenous circadian clock1,2. These include separate bouts of morning and evening activity, characteristic of Drosophila melanogaster and many other taxa, including mammals3,4,5. Whereas multiple oscillators have long been proposed to orchestrate such complex behavioural programmes6, their nature and interplay have remained elusive. By using cell-specific ablation, we show that the timing of morning and evening activity in Drosophila derives from two distinct groups of circadian neurons: morning activity from the ventral lateral neurons that express the neuropeptide PDF, and evening activity from another group of cells, including the dorsal lateral neurons. Although the two oscillators can function autonomously, cell-specific rescue experiments with circadian clock mutants indicate that they are functionally coupled.
Diversity and composition of the adult fecal microbiome associated with history of cesarean birth or appendectomy: Analysis of the American Gut Project.

Abstract Background Cesarean birth is associated with altered composition of the neonate's microbiota and with increased risk for obesity and other diseases later in life. The mechanisms of these associations, and whether cesarean birth is associated with an altered adult microbiota, are unknown. Methods In 1097 adult volunteers without diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or recent antibiotic use, fecal microbiome metrics were compared by history of cesarean birth (N=92) or appendectomy (N=115). Associations with potential confounders, microbiome alpha diversity, and individual microbial taxa were estimated by logistic regression. Permutation tests assessed differences in microbial composition (beta diversity) based on Jensen–Shannon divergence. Findings Cesarean birth history was associated with younger age; appendectomy with older age and higher body mass index. Neither was associated with fecal microbiome alpha diversity. Microbial composition at all taxonomic levels differed significantly with cesarean birth (P≤0.008) but not with appendectomy (P≥0.29). Relative abundance differed nominally for 17 taxa with cesarean birth and for 22 taxa with appendectomy, none of which was significant with adjustment for multiple comparisons. Interpretation Adults born by cesarean section appear to have a distinctly different composition of their fecal microbial population. Whether this distinction was acquired during birth, and whether it affects risk of disease during adulthood, are unknown. Funding Supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (Z01-CP-010214).
An ab Initio Study of the Kinetics of the Reactions of Halomethanes with the Hydroxyl Radical. 2. A Comparison between Theoretical and Experimental Values of the Kinetic Parameters for 12 Partially Halogenated Methanes

Ab initio calculations have been performed for the H-atom abstraction reactions from a series of 12 halogenated methanes by the hydroxyl radical. Geometry optimization and vibrational frequency calculations were performed for reactants, transition states, and products at the MP2/6-311G(2d,2p) level of theory. Single-point energy calculations were carried out at the PMP4(SDTQ) level with both 6-311G(3df,2p) and 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis sets. Canonical transition state theory with Wigner's tunneling correction was used to predict the rate constants as function of the temperature (250−400 K). It is found that the treatment of the kinetics of these reactions with the lower level of theory, PMP4(SDTQ)/6-311G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-311G(2d,2p), leads to results in good agreement with experimental values and suggests the possibility of using this methodology in the implementation of a theoretical tool that properly describes the kinetics of reactions such as hydrogen abstractions by OH radicals from partially halogenated...
Time-domain analysis of motion transmissibilities in force-driven and displacement-driven structures

A transmissibility is a relationship between signals of the same type, where the input and the output of the transmissibility are outputs of the underlying system. Transmissibility estimates are traditionally obtained using frequency-domain methods, which are based on the assumption that the input and output signals are stationary, and thus initial conditions and transient effects are ignored. In this paper we develop a time-domain framework for SISO and MIMO transmissibilities that accounts for nonzero initial conditions for both force-driven and displacement-driven structures. We show that transmissibilities in force-driven and displacement-driven structures are equal when the locations of the forces and prescribed displacements are identical. We present three examples to illustrate this equality.
Ethical and medical dilemmas of space tourism

Abstract Space tourism is an important new venture, however it raises several issues that must be addressed; namely, the medical implications associated with space flight and potential for ethical problems surrounding the safety of such travel. It seems highly likely that businesses involved in space tourism could find themselves liable for any passenger deaths or injuries, if they are found to have been negligent. This paper, therefore, discusses such issues as the medical facilities that need to be made available on board a space facility, and the companies’ duty to disclose to potential passengers the risks associated with microgravity and the likelihood of space sickness, loss of bone density, disease, and pregnancy.
A new in vitro culture technique for rat embryos.

A new technique for culturing embryos, which permits detailed observation and manipulation, is described. The method has been applied to rat embryos on day 10, 11, or 12 of gestation. Twenty-four-hour culture of day-11 rat embryos resulted in nearly normal increases in somite number, and embryo length and protein increment of about half that occurring in vivo. After 24 h of culture the embryos generally were translucent and showed no apparent areas of gross tissue necrosis. Sections from representative embryos are presented. The apparatus is extremely compact and requires only about 9 ml of medium which is sufficient to support three embryos. The small volume allows the measurement of metabolites consumed or liberated with reasonable accuracy. The method permits a detailed and continuous record to be made of the heart rate and the addition of drugs to and sampling of the culture medium. The apparatus, named the PLASMOM, was used to measure the effect of changes in the ambient temperature on the heart rate of day-11 rat embryos. The results showed a linear dependence of heart rate on temperature between 30 and 40° C.
Evaluation of an algorithm for predicting albedo in heliotropic crops

Abstract Albedo (the fraction of reflected incoming solar radiation in the 400–3000 nm range) is of critical importance in crop simulation studies because it determines how much solar radiation is available for carbon uptake, crop water use, and ultimately productivity and yield. However, many crop simulation models do not place as much emphasis on albedo as is warranted given its importance in determining these crop processes. In addition, prediction of albedo in crop simulation models dealing with heliotropic crops (their leaves follow the sun) has received relatively little attention. An albedo algorithm based on a spherical leaf angle distribution was modified to predict albedo in two heliotropic crops, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Since no analytical expression exists for the heliotropic leaf angle distribution, linear relationships were developed to predict the albedo of these heliotropic crops from the albedo of a crop with a spherical leaf angle distribution. These relationships were developed from field data and tested on independent field measurements. Albedo was measured over soybean for a wide range of leaf area indices and leaf optical properties and between two cuttings in alfalfa. The normalized mean absolute error was used to compare predicted and measured values. There was good agreement between predicted and measured values except under foggy conditions when the direct beam fraction was zero and when water droplets on leaf surfaces may have influenced leaf optical properties.
The ASDMCon Project: The Challenge of Detecting Defects on Construction Sites

Techniques for three dimensional (3D) imaging and analysis of as-built conditions of buildings are gaining acceptance in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) community. Early detection of defects on construction sites is one domain where these techniques have the potential to revolutionize an industry, since construction defects can consume a significant portion of a project?s budget. The ASDMCon project is developing methods to aid site managers in detecting and managing construction defects using 3D imaging and other advanced sensor technologies. This paper presents an overview of the project, its 4D visualization environment, and the 3D segmentation and recognition strategies that are being employed to automate defect detection.
Nuclear Spin, Hyperfine-Structure Separation, and Magnetic Moment of 22-Hour Potassium-43

With the atomic-beam magnetic-resonance method, the nuclear spin and hyperfine-structure separation have been measured for 22-hour ${\mathrm{K}}^{43}$. The results are $I=\frac{3}{2}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\nu}(^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}})=192.64\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ Mc/sec. The nuclear magnetic moment calculated from these measurements is $|\ensuremath{\mu}|=0.163\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$ nuclear magneton.
Is identification with school the key component in the ‘Black Box’ of education outcomes? Evidence from a randomized experiment

Abstract In this paper, we follow up the important class size reduction randomized experiment in Tennessee in the mid 1980s (Project STAR) to attempt to further understand the long-lasting influences of early education interventions. While STAR led to large test score benefits during the intervention, these benefits quickly faded at its conclusion. However, research has recently shown that the STAR experiment led to long term benefits, including increases in college entrance exams participation (ACT/SAT), especially for minority students. We collect new follow up data on high school participation in extracurricular activities to examine whether (1) STAR increased participation in high school activities and (2) whether this increase in participation in high school is the explanation behind the long term benefits of the intervention. We find suggestive evidence that STAR did indeed increase some aspects of high school participation, including scholastic honors and participation in sports, especially for minority students. In contrast, we find little evidence that this increase in participation is the mechanism that has conferred higher rates of college-going to the STAR students.
An American scientist in Tehran

Enthusiastic stem-cell researchers in Iran face plentiful funding but a shortage of equipment
The release of chromatin template restrictions by natural polyribonucleotides.

Certain natural RNAs are capable of releasing the DNA template restrictions on soluble rat liver chromatin, when assayed with an excess of exogenous DNA polymerase. A marked difference in the capacity for DNA template activation was observed among the RNAs isolated from yeast, Escherichia coli, rat liver and MS-2 and Qβ bacteriophages. The effects observed with the natural RNAs were compared with several synthetic polyribonucleotides.
Edge and screw dislocations in the linearized gauge theory of defects

Abstract The field equations governing static pure dislocation states in the linearized gauge theory of defects are obtained. Explicit solutions are exhibited. The fields of stress associated with these solutions are shown to agree with known stress fields for screw and edge dislocations in the near field but decay exponentially m the farfield.