cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The emergence and disappearance of multi-digit synergies during force-production tasks

We analyzed patterns of covariation among forces produced by the five digits of the human hand during tasks that required the production of a pattern of the total force consisting of ramp-up, constant force, and ramp-down segments with the time of the ramps ranging from 0 to 3000 ms. Patterns of the variance of the total force and the sum of the variances of individual digit forces were compared over sets of 12 trials at each task. The initiation of the ramp-up segment was associated with positive covariation of digit forces. Negative covariation among digit forces (force-stabilizing synergies) emerged after a critical time of 600-800 ms, which was only weakly dependent on the ramp time. These synergies persisted over the steady-state phase. A quantitative index of digit force covariation was introduced; it showed a drop about 100 ms before initiation of the ramp-down phase; we termed this phenomenon "anticipatory covariation" (ACV). The ramp-down phase was associated with rapid disappearance of the force-stabilizing synergy over a time period that ranged from 0 to 600 ms and scaled strongly with the duration of the force ramp. Thumb-virtual finger synergies showed qualitatively similar behavior to the multi-finger synergies (virtual finger is an imagined digit whose action is mechanically equivalent to the action of the four fingers). We conclude that abrupt changes in a time profile of total force are associated with transient destabilization of the total force. Changes in force-stabilizing synergies may occur in preparation to changes in the total force.
Series Solution to the Transient Convective Diffusion Equation for a Rotating Disk Electrode

A series solution to the transient convective diffusion equation for the rotating disc electrode system is presented and compared to previously reported solutions. The solution presented here is for the entire time domain and agrees well with both the short and long time solutions presented earlier in the literature.
An optimal one-way multigrid algorithm for discrete-time stochastic control

The numerical solution of discrete-time stationary infinite-horizon discounted stochastic control problems is considered for the case where the state space is continuous and the problem is to be solved approximately, within a desired accuracy. After a discussion of problem discretization, the authors introduce a multigrid version of the successive approximation algorithm that proceeds 'one way' from coarse to fine grids, and analyze its computational requirements as a function of the desired accuracy and of the discount factor. They also study the effects of a certain mixing (ergodicity) condition on the algorithm's performance. It is shown that the one-way multigrid algorithm improves upon the complexity of its single-grid variant and is, in a certain sense, optimal. >
Three-dimensional simulation of body contact structures in PD SOI MOSFETs

The effect of body contact size on the control of floating body voltage in body tied to source partially depleted (BTS PD) SOI MOSFET has been investigated using three dimensional simulations using non-isothermal drift diffusion model. The results show that using smaller contacts (0.05 /spl mu/m) are as effective as larger contacts (0.35 /spl mu/m) while maintaining higher current drive. To accelerate simulation, a simple two-dimensional model to investigate BTS contacts in SOI MOSFETs was developed. Simulation results using the two-dimensional model show the same trend as the full three-dimensional simulations at less than 1% of the computation time.
The role of DNA deformation energy at individual base steps for the identification of DNA-protein binding sites.

We examine the use of deformation propensity at individual base steps for the identification of DNA-protein binding sites. We have previously demonstrated that estimates of the total energy to bend DNA to its bound conformation can partially explain indirect DNA-protein interactions. We now show that the deformation propensities at each base step are not equally informative for classifying a sequence as a binding site, and that applying non-uniform weights to the contribution of each base step to aggregate deformation propensity can greatly improve classification accuracy. We show that ap erceptron can be trained to use the deformation propensity at each step in a sequence to generate such weights.
A Precise, Reduced-Parameter Model of Thin Film Electrolyte Impedance

The extreme shape factors inherent in characterizing thin film electrolytes can present a challenge to quantitative interpretation of impedance spectra. Here, the impedance of a thin film ceramic electrolyte with surface microelectrodes is modeled via direct numerical solution of current conservation. Faradaic and non-faradaic currents at the electrode-electrolyte interface are modeled phenomenologically using a formulation based on the Butler-Volmer equation. The model is able to reproduce complex, experimentally obtained impedance spectra for Pt/YSZ and Pt/GDC cells using only four adjustable, physically intuitive parameters: electrolyte conductivity, permittivity, exchange current density, and double layer capacitance. Equivalent circuit models typically used to fit these spectra instead require six or more adjustable parameters with ambiguous physical meaning. Notably, the model described here is able to capture a heretofore unexplained intermediate frequency arc seen in the experimental results. A parametric study enables the mechanism of the intermediate frequency feature to be identified as a spreading resistance in the electrolyte that vanishes at high frequencies due to low-impedance dielectric transport of current across the electrode-electrolyte interface. The fitting results are validated by comparison of the parameter values with literature reports. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0281506jes] All rights reserved.
Occupy Wall Street and a Radical Politics of Inclusion

My second time at Zuccotti Park, at the end of September 2011, I scribbled in my notebook the words, “who is the 99% anyway? What does it mean?” In the days, weeks, and months after that moment, I ...
A Thin X-Band Microwave Absorber Using a Center Shorted Spiral Medium

In this letter, the reflection characteristics of a shorted two-arm spiral medium are examined numerically. A magnetic-type phase response zone has been observed at a lower frequency range for both polarizations compared to other magnetic photonic band-gap (PBG) structures, such as the mushroom structure. The proposed structure exhibits good stability on the incident angle. The resonant frequency (angGamma = 0) varies within 1% with respect to the incident angle (thetas isin (0deg 60deg) for both polarizations. An absorption state occurs at the first magnetic-type phase response region. A 0.508-mm-thin X-band microwave absorber is fabricated and verified in a WR90 waveguide. An optimized design with 1.5% absorbing bandwidth is also given. Finally, the absorbing mechanism is discussed.
Robustness of a mathematical symbiotic system on segmenting SAR imagery

The reported work describes an experiment that evaluates the performance of a hybrid segmentation algorithm on speckled imagery. The particular hybrid algorithm considered was developed using a technique called mathematical symbiosis. The results show that the algorithm is able to correctly extract whole region shapes from the test images, even if the region shapes were almost adjoining each other. The results also show that the algorithm yields misclassification error rates that are below four percent for most of the test images. >
Sequential and γ-secretase-dependent processing of the betacellulin precursor generates a palmitoylated intracellular-domain fragment that inhibits cell growth

Betacellulin (BTC) belongs to the family of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factors that are expressed as transmembrane precursors and undergo proteolytic ectodomain shedding to release soluble mature ligands. BTC is a dual-specificity ligand for ErbB1 and ErbB4 receptors, and can activate unique signal-transduction pathways that are beneficial for the function, survival and regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. We have previously shown that BTC precursor (proBTC) is cleaved by ADAM10 to generate soluble ligand and a stable, transmembrane remnant (BTC-CTF). In this study, we analyzed the fate of the BTC-CTF in greater detail. We demonstrated that proBTC is cleaved by ADAM10 to produce BTC-CTF, which then undergoes intramembrane processing by presenilin-1- and/or presenilin-2-dependent γ-secretase to generate an intracellular-domain fragment (BTC-ICD). We found that the proBTC cytoplasmic domain is palmitoylated and that palmitoylation is not required for ADAM10-dependent cleavage but is necessary for the stability and γ-secretase-dependent processing of BTC-CTF to generate BTC-ICD. Additionally, palmitoylation is required for nuclear-membrane localization of BTC-ICD, as demonstrated by the redistribution of non-palmitoylated BTC-ICD mutant to the nucleoplasm. Importantly, a novel receptor-independent role for BTC-ICD signaling is suggested by the ability of BTC-ICD to inhibit cell growth in vitro.
Regulation of sigma B levels and activity in Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract The sigB operon of Bacillus subtilis encodes sigma B plus three additional proteins (RsbV, RsbW, and RsbX) that regulate sigma B activity. Using an anti-sigma B monoclonal antibody to monitor the levels of sigma B protein, PSPAC to control the expression of the sigB operon, and a ctc-lacZ reporter system to monitor sigma B activity, we observed that the rsbV and rsbW products control sigma B activity at the ctc promoter independently of their effects on sigma B levels. In contrast, RsbX was found to have no effect on expression of ctc when the sigB operon was controlled by PSPAC. The data are consistent with RsbV and RsbW being regulators of sigma B activity and RsbX acting primarily as a negative regulator of sigB operon expression. Evidence that stationary-phase induction of the sigma B-dependent ctc promoter is accomplished by a reduction in RsbW-dependent inhibition of sigma B activity is also presented. In addition, Western blot (immunoblot) analyses of sigB operon expression demonstrated that sigma B accumulation is coupled to the synthesis of its primary inhibitor (RsbW). This finding is consistent with RsbW and sigma B being present within the cell in equivalent amounts, a circumstance that would permit RsbW to directly influence sigma B activity by a direct protein-protein interaction.
A possible model of supernovae: Detonation of 12 C

Stars of intermediate mass (4M ⊙≲M≲9M ⊙) may ignite the12C+12C reaction explosively because of the high degree of electron degeneracy in their central regions. After the exhaustion of helium burning in the core of such stars, a helium-burning shell develops which is thermally unstable. Approximating this shell by suitable boundary conditions, the subsequent evolution of the core is examined quantitatively by standard techniques. An explosive instability due to ignition and detonation of12C+12C develops at a central density ϱc ∼ 2 × 109. Subsequent hydrodynamic expansion is computed; final velocities of expansion up tov∼20 000 km/sec are found. The star is totally disrupted; no condensed remnant is left. Such an explosion may be a plausible model for a significant fraction of supernovae. Investigation of the relevant nuclear reaction network shows that the entire core (M core∼1.37M ⊙) is processed through12C burning,16O burning and silicon burning. Significant amounts of56Ni are produced. This nucleosynthesis is critically sensitive to the exact central density at which the12C+12C reaction ignites; several factors which affect this critical density are discussed. A brief summary of other supernovae thories which have been expounded in detail is presented for comparison.
Verb Phrase Ellipsis and v: Evidence from Hocak

The purpose of this paper is to present data from Hocąk (Siouan) that contribute to the debate on the licensing conditions of verb phrase ellipsis (VPE). Previous research has argued that T/Infl licenses VPE (Bresnan 1976, Sag 1976, Zagona 1988, Lobeck 1995), while more recent research argues that v is the licenser (Gengel 2007, Yoshida & Gallego 2008, Gallego 2009, Rouveret 2012). I argue that Hocąk VPE is licensed by agentive v rather than T/Infl. In Hocąk, an overt tense morpheme is not required for VPE to be licit (1a). However, ellipsis is constrained by the type of verb: VPE is only possible with agentive verbs, as evidenced by the ungrammaticality of (1b).1
Courts as Economic Experts in European Merger Law

The relationship between law and economics in European competition law has always been important, but it has received increasing attention during recent years. Much of this attention has focused on doctrinal aspects of the relationship and on the European Commission’s use of economic analysis in its decisions. In contrast, the role of economic analysis in judicial decisionmaking has received comparatively little attention. This essay looks at that issue more closely.Three much-discussed opinions of the Court of First Instance ("CFI" or "the Court") in 2002 suggest the need for more thorough discussion of the issue (the "Merger Trio decisions").My objective in this brief essay is to explore the role of the CFI as an "economic expert" and to suggest potential implications of increased prominence for that role. I use examples from the Merger Trio decisions in discussing the central issue, which is "To what extent, if at all, should Community courts function as economic experts in competition law cases, particularly merger cases?"
Self-Running Liquid Metal Drops that Delaminate Metal Films at Record Velocities

This paper describes a new method to spontaneously accelerate droplets of liquid metal (eutectic gallium indium, EGaIn) to extremely fast velocities through a liquid medium and along predefined metallic paths. The droplet wets a thin metal trace (a film ∼100 nm thick, ∼ 1 mm wide) and generates a force that simultaneously delaminates the trace from the substrate (enhanced by spontaneous electrochemical reactions) while accelerating the droplet along the trace. The formation of a surface oxide on EGaIn prevents it from moving, but the use of an acidic medium or application of a reducing bias to the trace continuously removes the oxide skin to enable motion. The trace ultimately provides a sacrificial pathway for the metal and provides a mm-scale mimic to the templates used to guide molecular motors found in biology (e.g., actin filaments). The liquid metal can accelerate along linear, curved and U-shaped traces as well as uphill on surfaces inclined by 30 degrees. The droplets can accelerate through a visc...
Freeform Illumination Design with Cartograms

Freeform illumination optics allow highly prescribed irradiance control. Calculating a suitable source-to-target map which results in a continuous surface remains a computational challenge. We produce source-to-target maps using a modified cartogram generation technique.
Impact of hydrodynamics on effective interactions in suspensions of active and passive matter

Passive particles exhibit unique properties when immersed in an active bath of self-propelling entities. In particular, an effective attraction can appear between particles that repel each other when in a passive solution. Here we numerically study the effect of hydrodynamics on an active-passive hybrid system, where we observe qualitative differences as compared to simulations with excluded volume effects alone. The results shed light on an existing discrepancy in pair lifetimes between simulation and experiment, due to the hydrodynamically enhanced stability of coupled passive particles.
Familial polyposis coli.

Patients with familial polyposis coli are the group at highest risk for the development of large bowel cancer. The treatment of patients with this disease involves not only the prophylactic use of colectomy but also the education and follow-up of all kindred members at risk. The author argues for the establishment of more registries that would collect relevant clinical information about this disease.
[Current situation on the China infectious disease automated-alert and response system in Guangdong Province, China].

Objective To analyze the current situation on China Infectious Disease Automated-alert and Response System (CIDARS) in Guangdong province,China.Methods Earlywarning signals and response time were analyzed by using three approaches of CIDARS.Positive rates of early-warning signals and error early-warning rates prior and after the adjustment,were compared.Results Totally,114 585 early-warning signals appeared,with an average response time of 1.35 hours from April 21,2008 to December 31,2012.There were 12 394 early-warning signals in terms of fixed threshold method with a positive rate of 7.96％.85 727 early-warning signals appeared under the mobile percentile method with a positive rate of 0.85％.There were 16 464 early-warning signals by using accumulation and control chart methods,with a positive rate of 1.82％.Results showed there was a positive correlation between the number of reported cases and the number of early-warning signals (r.=0.924,P＜ 0.01).The overall positive rate in Guangdong province increased from 1.48％ to 2.14％,after the adjustment done by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010.The error early-warning rates regarding eight infectious diseases including hepatitis A,bacillary or amebic dysentery,both typhoid and paratyphoid fevers had reduced.Conclusion The early-warning signal response appeared timely in CIDARS with good operation.However,despite the improvement on the efficacy of CIDARS,some functions and parameters of the systems still need to be adjusted. Key words: Infectious disease; Early-warning system
Morphogenesis of Bone, Morphogenetic Proteins, and Regenerative Medicine

This chapter provides an overview of morphogenesis of bone and morphogenetic proteins and describes regenerative medicine. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), the primordial inductive signals for bone, are isolated from demineralized bone matrix from adults. BMPs initiate, promote, and maintain chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and have actions beyond bone. BMPs regulate each of the key steps that include chemotaxis, mitosis, and differentiation of cartilage and bone. BMPs initiate chondrogenesis in the limb. The apical ectodermal ridge is the source of BMPs in the developing limb bud. The intricate dynamic, reciprocal interactions between the ectodermally derived epithelium and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme sets into motion the train of events culminating in the pattern of phalanges, radius, ulna, and the humerus. The hypertrophic chondrocytes in the epiphyseal growth plate mineralize and serve as a template for appositional bone morphogenesis. Cartilage morphogenesis is critical for both bone and joint morphogenesis. The redifferentiation and maintenance of the chondrocytes for cell therapy can be aided by BMPs, cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins (CDMPs), TGF-β isoforms, and insulin growth factors (IGFs). It is also possible to repair cartilage using muscle-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Environmental Enrichment Potently Prevents Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation by Human Amyloid β-Protein Oligomers

Microglial dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a key contributor to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer9s disease (AD). Environmental enrichment (EE) is well documented to enhance neuronal form and function, but almost nothing is known about whether and how it alters the brain9s innate immune system. Here we found that prolonged exposure of naive wild-type mice to EE significantly altered microglial density and branching complexity in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. In wild-type mice injected intraventricularly with soluble Aβ oligomers (oAβ) from hAPP-expressing cultured cells, EE prevented several morphological features of microglial inflammation and consistently prevented oAβ-mediated mRNA changes in multiple inflammatory genes both in vivo and in primary microglia cultured from the mice. Microdialysis in behaving mice confirmed that EE normalized increases in the extracellular levels of the key cytokines (CCL3, CCL4, TNFα) identified by the mRNA analysis. Moreover, EE prevented the changes in microglial gene expression caused by ventricular injection of oAβ extracted directly from AD cerebral cortex. We conclude that EE potently alters the form and function of microglia in a way that prevents their inflammatory response to human oAβ, suggesting that prolonged environmental enrichment could protect against AD by modulating the brain9s innate immune system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Environmental enrichment (EE) is a potential therapy to delay Alzheimer9s disease (AD). Microglial inflammation is associated with the progression of AD, but the influence of EE on microglial inflammation is unclear. Here we systematically applied in vivo methods to show that EE alters microglia in the dentate gyrus under physiological conditions and robustly prevents microglial inflammation induced by human Aβ oligomers, as shown by neutralized microglial inflammatory morphology, mRNA changes, and brain interstitial fluid cytokine levels. Our findings suggest that EE alters the innate immune system and could serve as a therapeutic approach to AD and provide new targets for drug discovery. Further, we propose that the therapeutic benefits of EE could extend to other neurodegenerative diseases involving microglial inflammation.
Optimizing Nutrition for Endurance Training

Appropriate nutrition for endurance sports training is required for optimizing performance as well as for preventing injuries and other overuse conditions. High-intensity training requires high-carbohydrate consumption for fuel, while lower-intensity training may be sustained with fats. The longer an endurance event lasts, the less stored carbohydrate (glycogen) remains in the muscle, and the greater the athlete’s body relies on the breakdown of lipids for energy. Endurance athletes know that nutrition influences aspects of performance such as fatigue levels, immunity, muscle catabolism, maintenance, and growth as well as coordination. The more committed endurance athletes become about their goals, the more often they make intentional modifications to their training diet. Nutritional optimization for the endurance athlete means determining the ideal mixture of the glycolytic, lipolytic, and ketogenic pathways to allow for peak athletic performance while maintaining energy balance, muscle mass, gastrointestinal comfort, and mental health.
Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead

Because it is sometimes found uncombined, lead has been known since antiquity. Tin is easily reduced from SnO 2 and it too has been known for centuries, and when alloyed with copper the alloy bronze is produced. Although discovered much later, Mendeleev predicted the existence of an element having the properties of germanium. Alloys of tin and lead are useful in applications such as solder. Silicon and germanium are used in the electronics industry. Silicates are among the most common rocks and minerals, and, as a result of the many ways in which SiO 4 tetrahedral can be arranged, numerous structures are known. All of the elements form organometallic compounds. Although alkyl lead compounds were used as antiknock agents in fuels for many years, the silicon compounds, especially the silicones, are now much more important.
Storage efficient graph search by composite dynamic-and-static indexing of a single network

Nowadays, the surge of complex structured data in the form of single information network puts new challenges for advanced searching and indexing mechanisms. Traditional feature-based indexing no longer works in the new scenario, because the mining deficiency and pattern recurrence curse on the excessive and complicated internal structure prevent index construction and storage from being handled efficiently. In this paper, we propose an integrated dynamic-and-static indexing (DS-Index) scheme which can build a best-of-breed feature-based index on a single network and let it dynamically adapt to the query requirement. To achieve this, an r-enhanced partitioning strategy is employed to transform the network into a database of small graphs. Therefore we can efficiently extract indexing features and bypass the storage difficulty of pattern recurrence curse. Then a corresponding r-decomposition strategy of queries into features is further proposed to process queries in a decompose-and-recombine manner so that each feature can be dynamically indexed on the fly. The integrated framework will guarantee that recombining all look-up results returns complete query answers on the original network. This key property, i.e., r-preservation principle of features, cannot be achieved by bruteforce partitioning and querying due to the loss of structures. We refer to the proposed two-stage approach as DS (dynamic-and-static) index, as different from traditional offline index construction, the indexing information of query features here is “dynamically created on-the-fly” by looking up the static database index.
Dipicolinic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1.

The efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics is threatened by the emergence and global spread of metallo-β-lactamase-(MBL) mediated resistance, specifically New Delhi-Metallo-β- lactamase-1 (NDM-1). Utilizing fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), a new class of inhibitors for NDM-1 and two related β-lactamases, IMP-1 and VIM-2, was identified. Based on 2,6-dipicolinic acid (DPA), several libraries were synthesized for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Inhibitor 36 (IC50 = 80 nM) was identified to be highly selective for MBLs when compared to other Zn(II) metalloenzymes. While DPA displayed a propensity to chelate metal ions from NDM-1, 36 formed a stable NDM-1:Zn(II):inhibitor ternary complex, as demonstrated by 1H NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, equilibrium dialysis, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. When co-administered with 36 (at concentrations non-toxic to mammalian cells), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of imipenem against...
Cor Triatriatum Sinistrum.

Um homem de 25 anos apresentou-se a clinica com queixas de palpitacoes. O ecocardiograma transtoracico (ETE) mostrou presenca de membrana no atrio esquerdo sugestiva de cor triatriatum (coracao triatrial) []. Esse achado foi confirmado com ecocardiograma transesofagico (ETE), que revelou uma membrana no atrio esquerdo que se fixa na crista de Coumadin e no septo atrial, apenas caudal a fossa ovalis []. […] Cor Triatriatum Sinistrum
Postoperative Schmerztherapie: Beurteilung von subjektivem Schmerzempfinden

Die Einschatzung von Schmerzintensitat, -lokalisation und -charakter sowie des zeitlichen Verlaufs der Schmerzsymptomatik ist eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung fur die Auswahl und Dosierung geeigneter Analgetika und damit fur den Erfolg einer postoperativen Schmerzbehandlung.
Smooth Muscle Cells Move With Mitochondria.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are essential components in blood vessel walls and responsible for maintenance of blood vessel structure and function. Normally, SMCs reside in medial layers of blood vessels and do not exhibit migration potential. Under pathological conditions, however, medial SMCs migrate to intimal space where they proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix, contributing to vascular remodeling and repair, the featured characteristics of several cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) is a potent stimulator for SMC migration and has been used widely to examine the underlying molecular mechanisms.1 Although the research on SMC migration has mostly focused on the cellular regulation, recent studies have narrowed down to the subcellular levels, especially mitochondria.2–6 However, the precise mechanisms underlying mitochondrial functions in SMCs remain largely unknown. The new study by Nguyen et al7 in this issue makes the elegant and exciting discovery that mitochondrial Ca2+/CaMKII (calmodulin-dependent kinase II), a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase necessary for cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, promotes mitochondrial motility, serving as an important regulator for PDGF-induced SMC migration. See accompanying article on page 1333 Mitochondria are double membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles found in large quantities in most cell types and play a critical role in the generation of metabolic energy. A previous study has demonstrated that the increase in mitochondrial motility because of activation of Ca …
Fundamentals of Gastrointestinal Anastomoses

The creation of a gastrointestinal anastomosis is a fundamental skill essential to general surgery. This chapter will detail the history of gastrointestinal anastomoses, will provide general principles to be used when joining segments in the gastrointestinal tract, and will review key technical considerations that the general surgeon should keep in mind when constructing some of the most common intestinal anastomoses. A brief review of current controversial areas is also provided.
Electromagnetic N- Delta transition at high Q2.

The electromagnetic N-\ensuremath{\Delta} transition is studied using perturbative QCD. Several results are obtained. Among them is that at high ${Q}^{2}$, in contrast to low ${Q}^{2}$, the E2 multipole amplitude is larger than the M1; their ratio is \ensuremath{\surd}3 . Also, the asymptotic ${Q}^{2}$ dependence of N-\ensuremath{\Delta} form factors should be the same as their elastic e-N scattering counterparts, when such counterparts exist. Data for some N-\ensuremath{\Delta} form factors show that they fall faster with ${Q}^{2}$ than the nucleon dipole form, but since we have an underlying theory we can now discover that this is due to kinematic factors in the definition of the form factors in question.
Population Diversity, Overview

Every species is composed of one or more populations – localized groups of individuals of the same species. Population diversity is the variety, the number, and genetic diversity of these groups. This article surveys the origin and detection of genetic differences between populations, discusses the importance of populations to humanity, and reviews estimates of the extent of global population diversity and human-driven modifications of this diversity.
The Abyss of Madness

Despite the many ways in which the so-called psychoses can become manifest, they are ultimately human events arising out of human contexts. As such, they can be understood in an intersubjective manner, removing the stigmatizing boundary between madness and sanity. Utilizing the post-Cartesian psychoanalytic approach of phenomenological contextualism, as well as almost 50 years of clinical experience, George Atwood presents detailed case studies depicting individuals in crisis and the successes and failures that occurred in their treatment. Topics range from depression to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder to dreams, dissociative states to suicidality. Throughout is an emphasis on the underlying essence of humanity demonstrated in even the most extreme cases of psychological and emotional disturbance, and both the surprising highs and tragic lows of the search for the inner truth of a life – that of the analyst as well as the patient.
Population Health and Health Equity for Adolescents

Population health focuses on health outcomes among a group of individuals, with the goals of maintaining the health of an entire population and reducing inequalities in health between groups (Kindig and Stoddart, Am J Public Health 93:380–383, 2003; Health Canada (1998) Taking action on population health. Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario). Given the changing racial/ethnic composition of the population of adolescents in the USA, healthcare providers will need to provide quality care that appropriately addresses the needs of the increasingly diverse population of young people. A population health perspective that considers social determinants of health across adolescents’ social ecologies represents a potentially effective approach to improving health outcomes and reducing health disparities among minority youth. Social determinants of health represent conditions in the environments in which people live, learn, work, and play that affect health outcomes and risks (Marmot et al., Lancet 372:1661–1669, 2008). Negative social determinants lead to health disparities. Thus, addressing social determinants of health associated with health disparities among youth will help achieve the goal of promoting health equity among the adolescent population. An ecological or life-course perspective remains essential to understanding adolescents’ current health and potential health trajectories (Blum et al., Lancet 379:1567–1568, 2012). Clinicians are encouraged to address modifiable, proximal determinants of risk and protective factors related to health outcomes across adolescents’ social ecologies in efforts to reduce health disparities and enhance health equity among their adolescent patient populations.
Drug Development Strategy for Type 2 Diabetes: Targeting Positive Energy Balances.

Newer classes of medications have been proven useful in glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D), but many do not appear capable to slow down the progressive loss of s-cell function, or to improve population-level glycemic control. Positive energy balance, e.g. surplus energy intake over expenditure, is at the core for developing metabolic syndrome and T2D. Currently available glycemic control drugs come to the market based on their 1-2 years risk-benefit profiles, but most of them do not correct positive energy balance and lose efficacy in the long-term. This denouement is destined by a positive energy balance of T2D. There is continuous endeavor/investment in new drugs for T2D. In this review, we compared the effects of commonly used oral hypoglycemic agents on energy balance and discussed several novel therapeutic targets/approaches for T2D that could potentially correct positive energy balance: changing the composition of intestinal host-microbiota to alleviate excess caloric consumption, controlling chylomicron uptake into intestinal lacteals to reduce excessive caloric intake, and activating pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) to ameliorate glucose metabolism and increase energy expenditure. We further reviewed how nicotine affects body weight and ameliorates positive energy balance, and ways to encourage people to adopt a more healthy lifestyle by exercising more and/or decreasing caloric intake. These potential targets/approaches may hopefully correct positive energy balance, delay disease progression, reverse some pathophysiological changes, and eventually prevent and/or cure the disease. Drug development strategies applying new insights into T2D process and therapeutic index to correct positive energy balance need to be seriously considered.
Calcium to Magnesium Ratio Higher Than Optimal Across Age Groups (P10-100-19)

The ratio of calcium to magnesium (Ca: Mg) intake has gained immense attention in recent years, since a ratio above 2:1 has been associated with increased risk of metabolic, inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. The objective of this study was to assess Ca: Mg ratios across age groups and to determine the relationship between Ca: Mg ratios and markers of inflammation. Adult men and women, 18 to 60 years of age, completed a demographic form, a magnesium food frequency questionnaire and a calcium food frequency questionnaire. In a subset of individuals, biochemical assays were completed for inflammation markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), C-reactive protein (CRP) and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9). Means, standard deviations, medians and interquartile ranges were calculated, and Pearson's correlations were conducted to determine the relationship between Ca: Mg ratio and markers of inflammation. Fifty-six adults were included in this analysis, and were categorized into four age categories: 18 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years and 50 to 59 years. On average, participants were 28.87 ± 10.16 years of age, with a body mass index of 24.54 ± 3.72 kg/m². Mean magnesium intake, calcium intake and Ca: Mg ratio for each age group were: 249.08 mg, 763.89 mg and 3.37 for the 18–29 years group, 226.59 mg, 730.50 mg and 3.58 for the 30 to 39 years group, 252.63 mg, 731.29 mg and 3.19 for the 40 to 49 years group and 286.03 mg, 595.03 mg and 2.79 mg for the 50 to 59 years group. All study groups had lower magnesium and calcium intakes compared to the Recommended Daily Allowances for these nutrients; however, the Ca: Mg ratio was higher than the optimal ratio of 2:1 in all age groups. In a subset, Ca: Mg ratio was significantly associated with IL-6 (r = 0.626, P = 0.017). All age groups had a high Ca: Mg ratio above the optimal 2:1 ratio and in a subset of participants, a higher Ca: Mg ratio was associated with greater inflammation. Interventional studies should target lowering the Ca: Mg ratio in the diet and assess the effect of lowering Ca: Mg ratio on changes in metabolic markers. None.
TCT-452 Septal Correction to Prevent Iatrogenic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction (SCORPION) Prior to Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement

Left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction following transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) portends significant morbidity and mortality and is an exclusion criterion in approximately 50% of patients screened for TMVR clinical trials. Pre-emptive alcohol septal ablation is a feasible
Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia muridarum spectinomycin resistant vectors and a transcriptional fluorescent reporter to monitor conversion from replicative to infectious bacteria

Chlamydia trachomatis infections are the leading cause of sexually transmitted infections of bacterial origin. Lower genital tract infections are often asymptomatic, and therefore left untreated, leading to ascending infections that have long-term consequences on female reproductive health. Human pathology can be recapitulated in mice with the mouse adapted strain C. muridarum. Eight years into the post-genetic era, significant advances to expand the Chlamydia genetic toolbox have been made to facilitate the study of this important human pathogen. However, the need for additional tools remains, especially for C. muridarum. Here, we describe a new set of spectinomycin resistant E. coli-Chlamydia shuttle vectors, for C. trachomatis and C. muridarum. These versatile vectors allow for expression and localization studies of Chlamydia effectors, such as Inc proteins, and will be instrumental for mutant complementation studies. In addition, we have exploited the differential expression of specific Chlamydia genes during the developmental cycle to engineer an omcA::gfp fluorescent transcriptional reporter. This novel tool allows for monitoring RB to EB conversion at the bacterial level. Spatiotemporal tracking of GFP expression within individual inclusions revealed that RB to EB conversion initiates in bacteria located at the edge of the inclusion and correlates with the time post initiation of bacterial replication and inclusion size. Comparison between primary and secondary inclusions potentially suggests that the environment in which the inclusions develop influences the timing of conversion. Altogether, the Chlamydia genetic tools described here will benefit the field, as we continue to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying Chlamydia-host interaction and pathogenesis.
Healthcare Disparities for Individuals with Disability: Informing the Practice

Disability is relevant to almost all people at some point across their lifespan. Nonetheless, persons with disability are often marginalized and stigmatized in the USA, including in health care. Disparities in health and health care are increasingly documented, especially for certain subpopulations of persons with disability. Disabilities are heterogeneous; therefore, to perform various life activities, including receiving health care, individuals with disability require accommodations specific to their particular needs. Especially pertinent in educational settings, learning disabilities encompass a diverse range of experiences and accommodation requirements. Historically, health care professionals have been afraid to reveal disability for fear of being forced to leave practice or undergo extensive evaluation. Therefore, little is known about this largely invisible group of clinicians. Having more persons with disability in health care professions could potentially decrease disability-related health care disparities. However, welcoming persons with disability into these professional roles faces considerable challenges.
Sleep Induction by Mechanosensory Stimulation in Drosophila

People tend to fall asleep when gently rocked or vibrated. Experimental studies have shown that rocking promotes sleep in humans and mice. However, the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon are not well understood. A habituation model proposes that habituation, a form of non-associative learning, mediates sleep induction by monotonous stimulation. Here, we show that gentle vibration promotes sleep in Drosophila in part through habituation. Vibration-induced sleep (VIS) leads to increased homeostatic sleep credit and reduced arousability, and can be suppressed by heightened arousal or reduced GABA signaling. Multiple mechanosensory organs mediate VIS, and the magnitude of VIS depends on vibration frequency and genetic background. Sleep induction improves over successive blocks of vibration. Furthermore, training with continuous vibration does not generalize to intermittent vibration, demonstrating stimulus specificity, a characteristic of habituation. Our findings suggest that habituation plays a significant role in sleep induction by vibration.
Resident-led Quality Improvement Initiative to Improve Guideline-consistent Care for Pediatric Asthma

Background Asthma is the leading cause of chronic disease in children. The national prevalence of childhood asthma is 7.5%; however, in New York City, the prevalence is 13% and at the New York Presbyterian Hospital Weill Cornell Medicine (NYPH-WCM) resident-based clinic, which exclusively serves Medicaid patients, the prevalence is 22%. Guidelines per the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) expert panel emphasize the assessment of asthma severity and control, and use of an Asthma Action Plan (AAP) to provide effective asthma care to patients; however, despite published guidelines to improve asthma care, compliance remains …
General Fractional Landau Inequalities

We present uniform and \(L_{p}\) mixed Caputo–Bochner abstract fractional Landau inequalities over \(\mathbb {R}\) of fractional orders \(2<\nu \le 3\). These estimate the size of first and second derivatives of a Banach space valued function over \(\mathbb {R}\). We give applications when \(\nu =2.5.\) It follows [5].
Production Effects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis Infection Based on Diagnostic Test Results

Several studies have evaluated the production effects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection with various outcomes. Some studies have reported up to an 18% reduction in milk production for fecal-culture-positive cows compared to fecal-culture-negative cows. A4% reduction in milk production was observed in serum-ELISA-positive cows compared to test-negative cows in one study, while other studies have reported no differences between test-negative and test-positive cows. Most of these studies were restricted to a small region of the US and a relatively small number of operations.
A longitudinal analysis of the role of potentially morally injurious events on COVID-19-related psychosocial functioning among healthcare providers

Medical leaders have warned of the potential public health burden of a "parallel pandemic" faced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. These individuals may have experienced scenarios in which their moral code was violated resulting in potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs). In the present study, hierarchical linear modeling was utilized to examine the role of PMIEs on COVID-19 pandemic-related difficulties in psychosocial functioning among 211 healthcare providers (83% female, 89% White, and an average of 11.30 years in their healthcare profession [9.31]) over a 10-month span (May 2020 -March 2021). Reported exposure to PMIEs was associated with statistically significant poorer self-reported psychosocial functioning at baseline and over the course of 10-months of data collection. Within exploratory examinations of PMIE type, perceptions of transgressions by self or others (e.g., "I acted in ways that violated my own moral code or values"), but not perceived betrayal (e.g., "I feel betrayed by leaders who I once trusted"), was associated with poorer COVID-19 related psychosocial functioning (e.g., feeling connected to others, relationship with spouse or partner). Findings from this study speak to the importance of investing in intervention and prevention efforts to mitigate the consequences of exposure to PMIEs among healthcare providers. Interventions for healthcare providers targeting psychosocial functioning in the context of moral injury is an important area for future research.
On the Possibilities of the Essay: A Meditation

When one looks from inside at a lighted win dow, or looks from above at the lake, one sees the image of oneself in a lighted room, the image of oneself among trees and sky?the deception is ohvoius, but flattering all the same. When one looks from the darkness into the light, however, one sees all the difference between here and there, this and that. Perhaps all unsheltered people are angry in their hearts, and would like to break the roof spine, and ribs, and smash the windows and flood the floor and spindle the curtains and bloat the couch.
View Alignment of Aerial and Terrestrial Imagery in Urban Environments

We introduce an algorithm that fuses information from aerial and terrestrial views for the automatic reconstruction of high-resolution building models within built-up areas. Calibrated aerial photography is commercially available for wide areas of coverage and has been shown to be a useful source of information about the location of buildings at the site, their 2D footprint [8,10], and their rooftop shape [1,6,9]. In contrast, terrestrial imagery is usually uncalibrated, not available commercially for most urban areas, and difficult to acquire. These ground-level images do, however, provide close-range, high-resolution views not normally available in aerial data. Our approach uses the pose information typically associated with aerial surveillance imagery to acquire an initial three-dimensional model of the buildings at the site. Uncontrolled, terrestrial imagery is then aligned to the model using a symbolic model matching and pose a refinement technique. Once aligned, ground-level views can be used to enhance the site model in a number of ways. High-resolution facade textures can be mapped onto the model geometry using the recovered pose information and standard texture mapping algorithms. The same algorithms allow explicit segmentation of building facades from terrestrial views as regions of pixels that project to vertical structures in the model. Context sensitive processing can be applied to these facade regions for the symbolic extraction of surface structures such as windows, doors, and pillars.