cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of lymphocyte reactivity in vitro by autologous polymorphonuclear cells (PMN)

Abstract The influence of autologous polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) on lymphocyte reactivity was investigated by monitoring the uptake of tritiated thymidine by unstimulated, phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated, and fetuin-stimulated lymphocytes in vitro . Addition of PMN at PMN-to-lymphocyte ratios (P:L) of 0.5 to 2.0 progressively inhibited lymphocyte reactivity. Soluble extracts, obtained by sonication and ultracentrifugation (100,000 g for 90 min) of PMN, also inhibited lymphocytes. The PMN-derived inhibitor(s) is noncytotoxic, heat labile (56 °C for 60 min), resistant to freeze-thawing (20 cycles), and appears to be nondialyzable. Inhibition was more marked when the factor was added at the initiation of lymphocyte cultures than when added with the tritiated thymidine 24 hr prior to cell harvest. Thus thymidine released by PMN which diluted the radiolabeled nucleotide and degradation of the tritiated thymidine did not explain these results. Lymphocytes incubated for 3 days in the medium containing the inhibitor reacted normally to PHA following washing, indicating that inhibition was reversible. These results suggest that a PMN-derived lymphocyte inhibitor(s) may modulate lymphocyte-mediated immune reactivity.
High-breakdown-voltage AlSbAs/InAs n-channel field-effect transistors

InAs channel field-effect transistors of 1- mu m gate length were grown by molecular beam epitaxy and observed to operate at channel electric fields (20 kV/cm) higher than previously demonstrated and several times greater than the threshold for impact ionization in bulk InAs. Voltage gains on the order of 10 were observed with transconductances as high as 414 mS/mm and output conductances as low as 33 mS/mm. These voltage gains are comparable to those of GaAs-based devices and are the highest observed for InAs channel devices. The results demonstrate the potential for practical room-temperature operation of InAs FETs. >
Laparoscopic Rectal Resection for Cancer

Laparoscopic colon resection for cancer has been proven oncologically equivalent to conventional surgery. Advantages of the laparoscopic approach include smaller incision and quicker recovery. In an attempt to translate these benefits to rectal cancer patients, minimally invasive techniques have been applied to this disease as well, with varying results. Laparoscopic rectal resection for cancer is a challenging procedure, due to the narrow confines of the bony pelvis and the need for mesorectal resection with preservation of autonomic nerves. Additionally, current technology limits our ability to effect efficient stapling of the distal rectum. The available data, although primarily consisting of retrospective analyses, do include limited prospective randomized trials in which some rectal cancer patients were included. This article will review current published literature and will describe the author’s technique for laparoscopic rectal cancer resection.
Comparison of Total Lipid Composition in Gb3‐Positive and Gb3‐Deficient Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells

Abstract Thin-layer chromatography was used to compare the glycolipid, phospholipid, and neutral lipid compositions of the globotriaosylceramide (Gb3)‐positive Burkitt's lymphoma Daudi cell line and the Gb3‐deficient Daudi‐derived VT500 cell line. Glycolipid compositions were determined by co‐migration of lipids with glycosphingolipid standards and staining with orcinol. Differences in glycolipid composition of the two cell lines, in addition to Gb3 content, included differences between expression of multiple cerebroside bands and more complex glycolipids. The composition of neutral lipids was similar in the two cell lines. Neutral lipids co‐migrated with triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and fatty acid standards. In addition, cholesterol appeared to be the major neutral lipid component in both cell lines. Phospholipid compositions were analyzed by developing chromatograms in two dimensions and staining with molybdenum blue reagent and ninhydrin. As determined by co‐migration with standards and staining pr...
Inductive parsimony and the Methodological Argument.

Abstract Studies on so-called Change Blindness and Inattentional Blindness have been taken to establish the claim that conscious perception of a stimulus requires the attentional processing of that stimulus. One might contend, against this claim, that the evidence only shows attention to be necessary for the subject to have access to the contents of conscious perception and not for conscious perception itself. This “Methodological Argument” is gaining ground among philosophers who work on attention and consciousness, such as Christopher Mole. I find that, without the supporting evidence of inaccessible consciousness, this argument collapses into an indefensible form of inductive parsimony. The Methodological Argument is thus shown to be unsuccessful when used against the claim that attention is required for conscious perception, though I suggest that it may be successful against the more ambitious claim that attention is necessary for all conscious experience.
Porosity Evolution in Salem Limestone (Mississippian) of South-Central Indiana: ABSTRACT

The Salem Limestone (Valmeyeran) is represented in Monroe and northern Lawrence Counties, Indiana, by a complex assemblage of bioclastic packstone-grainstones capped by dolomitic rocks. Modal analysis indicates intervals where porosity exceeds 20%. However, the evolution of this porosity is not well documented. Optical and cathodoluminescence petrography reveal primary porosity in coarse echinoderm-bryozoan and diverse-fauna grainstones. In the porous zones, cement occurs as (1) fibrous to sparry cement filling intragranular areas (foraminifer chambers and fenestrate bryozoan zooecia), (2) isopachous crusts on the exterior of polycrystalline and coated grains, (3) syntaxial rims on uncoated echinoderm grains, and (4) rudimentary syntaxial cement on "bald spots" where grai coats have been spalled by compaction. Porosity in analagous bioclastic grainstones composed of uncoated echinoderm fragments is thoroughly occluded with syntaxial cement. Cathodoluminescence reveals that rudimentary cement under spalled grain coats postdates the earliest cements on uncoated grains. From oldest to youngest, luminescence zonation for well-developed syntaxial rims progresses from nonluminescent, through dully luminescent, through brightly luminescent, to dully luminescent. The rudimentary syntaxial cement under spalled coats is commonly brightly luminescent. Tightly cemented, fine-grained, bioclastic packstone-grainstones overlie these porous intervals, apparently serving as aquacludes that prevented more thorough cementation. Secondary porosity also is common in the Salem Limestone and occurs as gastropod molds, vugs, and solution-enlarged fractures. End_of_Article - Last_Page 292------------
Memory Architecture for Integrating Emerging Memory Technologies

Current main memory system design is severely limited by the decades-old synchronous DRAM architecture, which requires the memory controller to track the internal status of memory devices (chips) and schedule the timing of all device operations. This rigidity has become an obstacle of integrating emerging memory technologies such as PCM into existing memory systems, because their timing requirements are vastly different. Furthermore, with the trend of embedding memory controllers into processors, it is crucial to have interoperability among general-purpose processors and diverse memory modules. To address this issue, we propose a new memory architecture framework called universal memory architecture (UniMA). It enables the interoperability by decoupling the scheduling of device operations from memory controller, using a bridge chip at each memory module to perform local scheduling. The new architecture may also help improve memory scalability, power efficiency, and bandwidth as previously proposed decoupled memory organizations. A major focus of this study is to evaluate the performance impact of local scheduling of device operations. We present a prototype implementation of UniMA on top of DDRx memory bus, and then evaluate its efficiency with different workloads. The simulation results show that UniMA actually improves memory system efficiency for memory-intensive workloads due to increased parallelism among memory modules. The overall performance improvement over the conventional DDRx memory architecture is 3.1% on average. The performance of other workloads is reduced slightly, by 1.0% on average, due to a small increase of memory idle latency. In short, the prototype and evaluation demonstrate that it is possible to integrate diverse memory technologies into a single memory architecture with virtually no loss of overall performance.
Equal Processing Time Bicriteria Scheduling on Parallel Machines

We consider the problem of scheduling jobs on parallel, identical machines so as to minimize a primary and a secondary criteria. All the jobs are assumed to have identical processing times. Polynomial time algorithms, that generate optimal solutions, are presented for various combinations of primary and secondary criteria.
Public health considerations associated with molluscan aquaculture systems: Human viruses.

The documentation of several recent outbreaks of human virus diseases associated with the consumption of shellfish has reiterated the threat posed by these agents to the shellfish industry. This article reviews pertinent outbreaks, identifies principal viral agents involved, and delineates systems which may be at greatest risk. The results of two recent laboratory studies which sought to define environmental factors that contribute to virus accumulation by shellfish are also discussed. First, the accumulation of environmentally significant levels of feces-associated and monodispersed poliovirus by oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) was investigated. The results of this study suggested that virus accumulation by mollusks may not be significant when water column concentrations are below ⋍0.01 plaque-forming units (PFU) per milliliter. The second study focused on the relative contributions of undisturbed sediments versus those in the water column in the accumulation of viruses by epifaunal and infaunal shellfish (C. virginica and M. mercenaria). Viruses were found to be most efficiently accumulated when suspended in the water column.
Effect of diffusion rates in optical fiber polymer coatings on aging

Optical fibers have been found to exhibit an accelerated rate of strength reduction during static fatigue and zero stress aging for long times in aggressive environments. This phenomenon has been commonly referred to as the fatigue and aging `knee'. The onset of the knee has been found to be highly variable and is sensitive to the polymer buffer coating. In past work we have shown that moisture vapor penetrates most polymer coatings on the time scale of minutes, which implies that the diffusion rate of small molecules is not the rate-determining step for aging. On the other hand, the diffusion of large molecules through the polymer coatings can take anywhere from weeks to years to reach the polymer/glass interface. The implication of this result is that large molecule diffusion might be the rate- determining step in aging. In the work presented here the diffusion of moisture and pH buffer solutions through various optical fiber coatings will be discussed. These results are correlated with the zero stress aging behavior of the same fibers.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental evidence against the existence of an ideal glass transition

Abstract The absolute liquid heat capacity of poly(α-methyl styrene) was determined at temperatures far below T g and T K in previous work by use of pentamer/polymer athermal mixtures. Here the data is compared to data compiled by Wunderlich and coworkers from 0 K to above T g in order to obtain the absolute entropy for the polymer in its equilibrium state at temperatures as much as 180 K below the glass temperature or 130 K below the Kauzmann temperature. The results provide no evidence of a second-order transition or of a smeared transition in the entropy. In addition, we find no evidence that the entropy would become negative at a finite temperature.
Observation of spectral evolution during the formation of a Ni2 Kondo molecule

We have used atomic manipulation and scanning tunneling spectroscopy to study the evolution in electronic properties that occurs as two Ni atoms are merged into a single magnetic molecule on Au(111). We observe energetic shifting of molecular d-orbitals and a strong decrease in the molecular Kondo temperature as Ni-Ni separation is reduced to 3.4+ or -0.3Angstroms. These results are qualitatively explained by a combination of spin-1/2-s-d model and density-functional calculations.
In-flight calibration and performance of the Solar Extreme ultraviolet Experiment (SEE) aboard the TIMED Satellite

Understanding both the absolute value and time variability of the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiance is necessary for understanding the structure and variability of the Earth’s thermosphere and ionosphere. Long-term measurement of the solar EUV irradiance requires a calibration scheme that addresses the following issues: (1) the calibration must be referenced to repeatable radiometric standards; (2) changes in calibration throughout the duration of the measurements must be tracked; and (3) the measurements must be validated with independent instruments and models. The calibration and performance of the TIMED Solar EUV Experiment (SEE), which has been measuring the solar EUV irradiance since early 2002, will be discussed in relation to these calibration objectives. The pre-flight calibrations of SEE are based on calibrated synchrotron sources at the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF). The in-flight calibrations for SEE are based on redundant channels used weekly and annual suborbital rocket flights with the prototype SEE instruments that are calibrated before and after each launch at NIST SURF.
Predictions of Hole Mobilities in Oligoacene Organic Semiconductors from Quantum Mechanical Calculations

We estimate the hole mobility for oligoacene crystals using quantum mechanics (QM) to calculate the reorganization energy and electron-transfer coupling matrix elements and molecular dynamics (MD) to do the thermal averaging. Using an incoherent transport model we calculate a hole mobility of 6.5 cm_2/(V s) for pentacene crystals at 300 K. This can be compared to recent experimental results of 5 cm^2/(V s). However, we find that an alternative packing into the crystal could lead to a hole mobility of 15.2 cm^2/(V s). This suggests that current materials might still be improved by a factor of ∼3. Such calculations might be useful for finding solid-state structures that would increase the hole mobility for use in high-performance molecular devices.
The Darker Side of Grutter

Liberals have generally cheered the Supreme Court's decision in Grutter v. Bollinger as validating the continued use of affirmative action in the struggle against racial injustice. But the Supreme Court's modern race cases rest on a misunderstanding of the nature of contemporary racial discrimination. From Brown, to Bakke, to Grutter, the Court has advanced a colorblind conception of racial equality that treats race-conscious affirmative action as constitutionally suspect, because it deviates from an aspirational baseline of race neutrality that lies at the core of the equal protection clause. However, race neutrality is a hopelessly artificial concept in a Nation like ours, that continues to make race an operative factor in the allocation of nearly all significant societal resources. Rather, it is colorblind race neutrality that should be viewed as constitutionally suspect, because that is what now constitutes the culture's preferred form of racial discrimination. Contemporary "race neutrality" is simply a modern descendent of the more traditional forms of invidious discrimination that have been practiced in the United States since the Nation was founded. And the Supreme Court's current preference for race-neutrality over race-consciousness is a modern descendent of the Court's own tradition of complicity in racial discrimination. Part II of this article describes the Supreme Court's current conception of racial discrimination, emphasizing the manner in which the Court has confused the concept of race neutrality with the concept of racial equality. Part III argues that the concept of race neutrality is constitutionally suspect, because it has now become a tool for discriminating against racial minorities. Part IV argues that the only way in which we are ever likely to remedy the systemic discrimination that continues to permeate American culture is by pursuing the precise racial balance goals that the Supreme Court has deemed to be unconstitutional. Part V concludes that the Supreme Court is once again impeding the Nation's progress toward racial equality, as it has done so many times in the past.
Marine episodes in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay, Canada, during the Wisconsin glaciation

Abstract Twelve reworked shell fragments were recovered from five till samples collected on Nottingham Island in western Hudson Strait, Canada. Total hydrolysate amino acid ratios ( d -alloisoleucine/ l -isoleucine) for each fragment range from 0.043 to 0.154 and are significantly higher than ratios for radiocarbon-dated Holocene shells, which average 0.022. One shell fragment with an aIle/Ile ratio of 0.065 yielded an AMS radiocarbon age of 44,200 ± 2300 yr B.P. (AA-3254). Absolute age estimates based on the amino acid ratios are constrained by reasonable limits on the estimated effective diagenetic temperature of the fossils. On this basis, the shell fragments are correlated with oxygen isotope substages 5e and 5a and stage 3 in the preferred hypothesis. Theses results independently support hypotheses calling for at least partial deglaciation and marine incursion in Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay at these times.
Cache memory organization to enhance the yield of high performance VLSI processors

The authors study the tolerance of defects faults in cache memories. They argue that, even though the major components of a cache are linear RAMs (random-access memories), traditional techniques used for fault/defect tolerance in RAMs may be neither appropriate nor necessary for cache memories. They suggest a scheme that allows a cache to continue operation in the presence of defective/faulty blocks. Results are presented of an extensive trace-driven simulation analysis that evaluates the performance degradation of a cache due to defective blocks. From the results it is seen that the on-chip caches of VLSI processors can be organized so that the performance degradation due to a few defective blocks is negligible. The authors conclude that by tolerating such defects without a noticeable performance degradation, the yield of VLSI processors can be enhanced considerably. >
Toward preparation of antibody-based imaging probe libraries for dual-modality positron emission tomography and fluorescence imaging.

Two novel imaging agents trastuzumab-Cy5.5-CHX-A″ 1 and cetuximab-Cy7-CHX-A″ 2, bearing both a chelating moiety (CHX-A″) for sequestering metallic radionuclides (86Y or 111In) and the near infrared dye Cy5.5/Cy7, were prepared by a novel modular synthetic strategy as examples of dual-labeled, antibody-based imaging probe library. Fluorescent microscopy illustrated that 1 and 2 strongly bind to HER2-expressing cancer cells (e.g., NIH3T3–HER2+, SKOV-3) and to EGFR-expressing cancer cells (e.g., A431), respectively, thereby demonstrating that the functionality of the targeting moiety is conserved. Hence, the described novel synthesis strategy can be applied to engineer other tumor-targeted monoclonal antibody based probes for multimodality imaging.
Fluoropolymer surface studies

Abstract By combining four techniques—X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA), soft X-ray spectroscopy, contact-angle hysteresis, and electron microscopy—a powerful method to elucidate the nature of solid surfaces is created. ESCA provides semiquantitative elemental analysis of the uppermost 5–100 A of the sample. Soft X-ray spectroscopy extends the elemental analysis to a depth of about a micron. Contact-angle measurements can be interpreted in terms of the distribution of surface energy and roughness, and a view of the microtopography is obtained with the electron microscope. This method of surface characterization has been applied to several problems in fluoropolymer surface chemistry. For example, certain sodium complex solutions are shown to react with fluoropolymer surfaces, removing most of the fluorine and leaving a sponge-like surface with characteristics of an unsaturated, oxidized hydrocarbon. Also analyzed are surface changes that occur upon exposure of these sodium-etched films to environmental conditions. In another application, films of poly(tetrafluorethylene/hexafluoropropylene) melted and recrystallized against a gold substrate were analyzed. The unusual wettability of such films has been attributed to the presence of a “transcrystalline” surface region, but our analysis indicates the presence at the surface of a very thin layer of materials with the characteristics of an oxidized hydrocarbon. The increased wettability is evidently due to the presence of this layer.
EFFECTS OF RELATIVE AREA ON MATCHING HETEROCHROMATIC STIMULI FOR SATURATION

Abstract Participants adjusted the saturation of one rectangular color stimulus so that it appeared to match the saturation of another rectangular color stimulus for stimulus pairs of different relative areas. In Experiment 1, in which stimuli of complementary colors were used, higher saturation stimuli were consistently chosen for large areas to match lower saturation stimuli in smaller areas. In Experiment 2, better saturation matches were obtained if participants fixated and the stimuli were presented for very brief durations. In Experiment 3, larger color contrast effects were obtained with hue pairs that were nearer to complementary than with hue pairs that were more nearly the same. These findings agree with the interpretation that biases in relative saturation selected to match stimuli of different relative size are largely the result of negative afterimages of the larger stimulus having greater impact on the apparent saturation of the smaller stimulus.
Comparison of Relative Inotropic and Chronotropic Effects of Propranolol, Practolol, and Sotalol

Several studies comparing β receptor blocking agents have raised the possibility that practolol or sotalol may act more selectively on β receptors affecting heart rate than on β receptors influencing contractility. To further evaluate this potentially important hypothesis, the relative effects of practolol, sotalol and propranolol on heart rate and contractile force were measured in thoracotomized dogs. Animals receiving substantial β receptor stimulation manifested a dose-related reduction in both heart rate and contractile force after treatment with all three drugs. Furthermore, dosages of each drug matched to produce equal decreases in heart rate also caused equal decrements in contractile force. In contrast, dogs devoid of β receptor stimulation due to prior administration of reserpine and adrenalectomy responded to practolol with a dose-related increase in contractile force (maximum 22 percent) and in heart rate. Effective β-blocking doses of propranolol (up to 0.64 mg/kg) caused neither stimulatory nor depressant effects in reserpinized-adrenalectomized preparations. Thus, practolol differs from propranolol in that it exerts a positive inotropic influence, detectable when β stimulation is absent. Nevertheless, such an effect is inapparent if β stimulation is substantial, which is often true when β blockade is used clinically. Neither practolol nor sotalol, as used therapeutically, appear to act on heart rate more selectively than propranolol.
Thermal degradation of an aromatic polypyromellitimide in air and vacuum I — Rates and activation energies

Abstract The thermal degradation of a polypyromellitimide (condensation product of pyromellitic anhydride and an aromatic diamine, designated as ‘H-film’ by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.) was studied in air and vacuum in the range of 400° to 700°C by thermogravimetry using a recording electrobalance. Although this organic polymer is remarkably stable in air up to approximately 420°C, at temperatures in excess of this it begins to volatilize. At 485°C practically total volatilization takes place within approximately five hours. In a vacuum (∼10 −3 mm of mercury) the polymer shows even greater heat stability with no appreciable weight loss even after prolonged exposure to temperatures up to approximately 500°C. Above this temperature it begins to volatilize leaving a brittle, carbonized residue which appears to reach a limiting weight corresponding to approximately 45 per cent of the original sample and showing no infra-red absorption bands. From the thermal degradation profiles the rates of volatilization were calculated, from which the Arrhenius relationship gave an activation energy of 33 kcal/mole and 74 kcal/mole for the degradation in air and vacuum, respectively. The general shapes of the rate curves of this polymer as the result of thermal degradation in vacuum resemble those of polytrivinylbenzene as investigated by other workers.
Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation−Induced Excitability to Quadriceps After Stroke

Abstract Forrester LW, Hanley DF, Macko RF. Effects of treadmill exercise on transcranial magnetic stimulation−induced excitability to quadriceps after stroke. Objective To determine characteristics of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)–induced measures of central motor excitability to the paretic and nonparetic quadriceps muscles of chronic hemiparetic stroke patients in the context of a short-term, submaximal bout treadmill exercise. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Motor control and gait biomechanics laboratory. Participants Convenience sample of 11 patients including cohorts of treadmill untrained (n=8) and trained (n=3) stroke patients with chronic hemiparetic gait. Intervention Short-term submaximal treadmill exercise. Main Outcome Measures Thresholds, amplitudes and latencies of TMS-induced motor evoked potentials at vastus medialis in paretic and nonparetic lower extremities. Results Baseline characteristics of the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) show significantly higher motor thresholds, longer latencies, and reduced amplitudes on the paretic side. In cross-sectional comparisons a group of treadmill-trained patients had greater paretic MEP amplitude changes after treadmill exercise versus paretic MEP responses from a group of untrained patients. Conclusions These results indicate that treadmill training for 3 months or more may alter responsiveness of the lower-extremity central motor pathways to a short-term treadmill stimulus.
The pure rotational spectrum of glycolaldehyde isotopologues observed in natural abundance

Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of glycolaldehyde has been recorded from 6.5–20 GHz and 25–40 GHz in two pulsed-jet chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometers. The high phase stability of the spectrometers enables deep signal integration, allowing transitions from the 13 C-substituted, 18 O-substituted, and deuterium-substituted isotopologues to be observed in natural abundance. Transitions from HCOCH 2 18 OH are reported for the first time. Additional transitions from the 13 C-substituted, deuterium-substituted, and HC 18 OCH 2 OH isotopologues, as well as previously unobserved weak lines from the main isotopologue, have been observed. Transitions from all isotopologues are used with previously reported transitions to refine the spectroscopic parameters for each isotopologue. A Kraitchman analysis was performed using the experimental rotational constants to determine the molecular structure of glycolaldehyde.
Politics and Play: Meditations on Rhetorical Bodily Performance.

Focusing on the drag king performances of Christie Whisman, who lived and worked in Columbus, Ohio, USA, from 1999 to 2001, this essay argues that rhetorical bodily performances have the capacity not only to subvert normalised notions of identity categories, but that such performances can also create alternate pedagogical sites that persuasively and parodically connect politics to play. By exposing the interconnected nature of the material and theoretical body – the body constructed by physicality, and the body constructed through ideology – Whisman's work expands and deconstructs social categorisations that have material and psychic impact. It calls into question what constitutes masculinity and femininity, for example, and it provides an opportunity for the subject to answer back and have a hand in her own construction. By forwarding a political critique that highlights the symbiotic relationship between the body and identity, parody and persuasion, and subversion and reiteration, this essay argues that...
Microfluorometric analysis of cellular DNA following incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine

Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation into cellular DNA has a differential effect on the cell-associated fluorescence of several DNA-specific dyes. After cells were treated with BrdU, flow microfluorometry was used to study the relative increase or decrease in fluorescence of stained cells. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into CHO cells increased the fluorescence of mithramycin-, olivomycin-, or chromomycin-stained cells, decreased that of propidium iodide-stained cells, and had little, if any, effect on the fluorescence of acriflavine Feulgen-stained cells. Changes in relative fluorescence of cell-associated dyes are due to changes in the amounts of dye bound to cells with BrdU-substituted DNA. Colorimetric and absorbance measurement of DNA content showed that BrdU does not alter the diploid DNA content of CHO cells; however, BrdU induces perturbations in the distribution of cells about the cell cycle which cause an increase in average DNA content.
Geometrical Theory of Channel Depolarization

A geometrical theory is proposed for depolarization in narrow-band fixed-to-mobile (F2M) and mobile-to-mobile (M2M) wireless channels. This novel theory is used to reveal the origin of channel depolarization and to provide a mechanism for computing cross-polarization discrimination (XPD). Based on the superposition of polarization components on conservation-of-polarization planes, a new 3-D geometry-based reference model is proposed for XPD in narrow-band F2M and M2M wireless channels. This purely theoretical approach is used to derive the XPD without the aid of measurement data or its approximation. The geometrical theory and reference model provide a relationship between channel depolarization or XPD and channel modeling factors such as the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx), the azimuth/elevation angles of arrival and departure, and the distribution of scatterers around the Tx and/or the Rx. Our geometry-based XPD model shows good agreement with previously reported empirical results from other authors and provides insight on the detailed behavior observed in their XPD measurements.
Predicting consequences of climate change for ecosystem functioning: variation across trophic levels, species and individuals

Aim Maintenance of ecosystem function under climate change may depend on variation in the way species within functional guilds and individuals within species respond to changes in temperature. What level of variation among and within species do we need to understand, and is it predictable from distribution and trait data? Location Northern California, USA. Methods We used a mesocosm experiment and a set of feeding trials to test the ability of a guild of marine invertebrate grazers to control benthic algal blooms along a local temperature gradient. We investigate links between the locally disjunct distributions of these species, their temperature tolerance traits and the temperature dependence of their population growth and grazing rates. Results We found that the effect of increased temperature on population growth rates is independent of species interactions, but strongly species specific. This variation among herbivores is only partly predictable from differences in species distributions and traits, but translated into large differences in their ability to control macroalgae. Further, these species effects were amplified at warmer temperatures. Finally, we found evidence for a strong response to temperature in the feeding rates of the most important consumer over the course of the experiment, resulting in almost as much variation in grazing rates within one species as the average difference between species. Main conclusions These results illustrate the importance of understanding the variation in responses to temperature among species within a trophic level, among populations within key species and potentially within populations over time. However, this variation is not easily predicted. Further research is needed to uncover links between individuals' thermal optima and their current and future temperature niche.
Survival and Cause-specific Mortality of a Protected Population of River Otters In Minnesota

ABSTRACT Determining causes of mortality and estimating survival rates can provide insight into the status of species for which population trends are not well understood. From Apr. 2002–May 2004 we radio-marked and monitored 39 (13 adult males; 6 subadult males; 8 adult females; 12 subadult females) river otters (Lontra canadensis) in the upper Mississippi River watershed to document causes of mortality, and to evaluate the effects of season, age and sex on survival of river otters in southeastern Minnesota. Further, we assessed the relative importance of demographic parameters to population growth using a projection matrix, which incorporated reproductive data with our observed survival estimates. Human induced mortalities, including accidental captures by fur-harvesters targeting other species (n = 6) and vehicle collisions (n = 1), accounted for the majority of deaths while natural mortality was low (n = 1). Annual survival of females was 0.680 (SE = 0.099) and was 0.946 (SE = 0.052) for adult males. E...
Adolescents' Attitudes toward Women in Politics: The Effect of Gender and Race

Recent studies of political attitudes have documented increasing support for women political candidates among college students and adults. This study examined junior and senior high school student's attitudes toward women in politics and analyzed the effect of gender and race on their attitudes. We found that adolescent girls had very positive and optimistic views of the role of women in politics; adolescent boys, particularly blacks, had more negative and pessimistic views.
Intelligent job selection for distributed scheduling

A key issue in distributed scheduling is selecting appropriate jobs to transfer. A job selection policy that considers the diversity of job behaviors is proposed. A mechanism used in artificial neural networks, called weight climbing, is employed. Using this mechanism, a distributed scheduler can learn the behavior of a job from its past executions and make a correct prediction about whether transferring the job is worthwhile. A scheduler using the proposed job selection policy has been implemented and experimental results show that it is able to learn job behaviors fast, make decisions accurately and adjust itself promptly when system configuration or program behaviors are changed. In addition, the selection policy introduces only negligible time and space overhead. >
Note on comparability of MicroCog test forms

This study investigated the differences between the Standard and Short forms of MicroCog by comparing Domain scores for a clinical sample of 351 substance abusers which gave a significant difference between scores on the Spatial Processing Domain. Implications for research and clinical use are discussed.
State Differences and Facility Differences in Nursing Home Staff Turnover

The author uses data from 8,023 nursing homes to examine state differences in turnover and vacancy rates and organizational characteristics associated with turnover rates. The analyses focus on nurse aides, licensed practical nurses, and registered nurses as caregivers. Findings show that the 2004 turnover and vacancy rates for these caregivers were high and that there were differences across states for turnover and vacancy rates. The author shows that staffing levels of caregivers, quality of care, and top management turnover are associated with caregiver turnover.
Staging Contemporary Russian Teenage Femininity in Yaroslava Pulinovich's Natasha Plays

For this project, I analyze two of twenty-two-year-old Russian playwright Yaroslava Pulinovich's works, Natasha's Dream and I Won, to examine how she explores the tensions present in contemporary Russian youth culture. In addition to my literary analysis of her plays in relation to contemporary Russian youth culture, I also consider how Pulinovich innovates contemporary performance for audiences between ages sixteen and twenty-five via her work in the Russian New Drama movement. As Pulinovich negotiates the competing forces of progress and tradition within the liminal space of contemporary Russian adolescence, the stories of her Natasha characters emerge as microcosmic examples of sociopolitical and cultural trends that shape the lives of young people, particularly young women, in contemporary Russia. Pulinovich's Natasha plays offer an important new perspective on young adults' lives from the field of Russian theatre for youth.
Evaluation of Safety Benefits and Potential Crash Migration Due to Shoulder Rumble Strip Installation on Connecticut Freeways

With the encouragement of FHWA, many states are installing shoulder rumble strips to reduce the number of run-off-the-road crashes. In 1996, Connecticut began full-scale installation of shoulder rumble strips on limited-access highways (freeways). This paper describes research aimed at answering three questions about the effectiveness of this project: (a) Do rumble strips reduce single-vehicle, fixed-object crashes? The analysis indicates that installing shoulder rumble strips reduces these crashes by 33%. (b) Do certain roadway factors influence the rate of these crashes with regard to the rumble strip installation locations? In the sections where rumble strips were installed, run-off-the-road crashes were reduced by as much as 48.5% in interchange areas and as little as 12.8% on sections of roadways where the speed limit was less than 65 mph. (c) Is the potential adverse effect of crash migration (from locations with rumble strips to those without) occurring? The roadway factors analyzed and sections of...
A fault-controlled trough through a carbonate platform: The Middle Cambrian House Range embayment

During the Cambrian, part of western North America was a rapidly subsiding, passive continental margin. A belt of carbonate deposition dominated the central shelf during Middle Cambrian time. The belt was bounded by fine-grained terrigenous sediments that accumulated in deeper water to the west and in a coastal setting to the east. Rapid and possibly repeated movement along a northeast-southwest–oriented fault produced a conspicuous eastward re-entrant into the carbonate belt, the House Range embayment, in Nevada and Utah during the middle Middle Cambrian. The embayment was an asymmetrical trough that deepened and widened as it extended ∼400 km westward across the shelf toward the edge of the continent. The trough axis lay near its abrupt southern margin which was a normal fault separating an area of continuous shallow-water accumulation to the south from deep-water deposition. The northern flank of the embayment was initially a drowned platform that formed a southward-sloping ramp. Facies within the embayment represent deposition in an anoxic basin, on a deep ramp that was locally steepened, and on a shallow, low-energy ramp. The facies rapidly prograded basinward across the northern flank, and through vertical accretion, a broad carbonate platform was re-established there. In contrast to the northern flank, a continuous sequence of deep-water lithofacies accumulated throughout the late Middle Cambrian in the trough axis of the embayment. This region seemingly subsided more rapidly than did that of the northern flank, and it may have functioned as a sediment bypass zone. Although a source of periplatformal carbonates was nearby, sedimentation rates in the trough were thus inadequate to re-establish a shallow-water depositional setting.
The Teacher's Role in Site-Based Management

(1995). The Teacher's Role in Site-Based Management. Kappa Delta Pi Record: Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 2-5.
PIM Kinase Inhibitor AZD1208 for Treatment of MYC-Driven Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer afflicts one in six men during their lifetime. Up to 20% of low-risk and 40% of high-risk patients fail primary therapy with surgery and/or radiation, resulting in nearly 30000 deaths annually in the United States (1). Patients who fail primary treatment and develop recurrence often have very limited treatment options. Given the high prevalence of prostate cancer and the high failure rate of current prostate cancer therapies, development of new therapies for aggressive prostate cancer is a high priority. The serine-threonine kinase PIM1 has emerged recently as a possible therapeutic target in prostate and other malignancies (2). PIM1 phosphorylates several target substrates involved in inhibition of apoptosis and promotion of cell cycle progression, eg, BAD, CDC25A, p27KIP1, and the androgen receptor (3,4). Notably, PIM1 dramatically cooperates with c-MYC to promote prostate cancer development in a kinase-dependent manner (5,6) and is required to maintain the tumorigenicity of these tumors (7). These data highlight the potential of Pim1 as a therapeutic target in prostate cancer (8). AZD1208 is a novel pan-PIM kinase inhibitor that has shown efficacy in models of acute myeloid leukemia (9–11). Here, we examined the efficacy of AZD1208 in treating MYC-driven prostate cancer.
The Cul3/Klhdc5 E3 Ligase Regulates p60/Katanin and Is Required for Normal Mitosis in Mammalian Cells

The proper regulation of factors involved in mitosis is crucial to ensure normal cell division. Levels and activities of proteins are regulated in many ways, one of which is ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in targeting specific substrates for degradation by facilitating their ubiquitination. In seeking to elucidate additional biological roles for Cul3 we performed a two-hybrid screen and identified Ctb9/KLHDC5 as a Cul3-interacting protein. Overexpression of Ctb9/KLHDC5 resulted in an increase in microtubule density as well as persistent microtubule bridges between post-mitotic cells. Conversely, down-regulation of Ctb9/KLHDC5 showed a pronounced reduction in microtubule density. Based on these observations, we examined the interactions between Cul3, Ctb9/KLHDC5, and the microtubule-severing protein, p60/katanin. Here we show that p60/katanin interacts with a complex consisting of Cul3 and Ctb9/KLHDC5, which results in ubiquitin laddering of p60/katanin. Also, Cul3-deficient cells or Ctb9/KLHDC5-deficient cells show an increase in p60/katanin levels, indicating that Cul3/Ctb9/KLHDC5 is required for efficient p60/katanin removal. We demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism for p60/katanin that occurs at the level of targeted proteolysis to allow normal mitotic progression in mammalian cells.
OCT1 genetic variants influence the pharmacokinetics of morphine in children

Aim: Large interindividual variability in morphine disposition could contribute to unpredictable variability in morphine analgesia and adverse events. Caucasian children have more adverse effects and slower morphine clearance than African–American children. To study variations in intravenous morphine pharmacokinetics in children, we examined the influence of genetic polymorphisms in OCT1. Methods: In 146 children undergoing adenotonsillectomy, 146 concentration–time profiles (2–4 measurements per patient) were available. Population pharmacokinetic analysis characterized the profiles in NONMEM® and tested OCT1 variants as covariates. Results: Allometrically scaled post hoc Bayesian morphine clearance in homozygotes of loss-of-function OCT1 variants (n = 9, OCT1*2–*5/*2–*5) was significantly lower (20%) than in wild-type (n = 85, OCT1*1/*1) and heterozygotes (n = 52, OCT1*1/*2–*5; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Besides bodyweight, OCT1 genotypes play a significant role in intravenous morphine pharmacokinetics. Rela...
Bayesian Assessment of Null Values Via Parameter Estimation and Model Comparison

Psychologists have been trained to do data analysis by asking whether null values can be rejected. Is the difference between groups nonzero? Is choice accuracy not at chance level? These questions have been traditionally addressed by null hypothesis significance testing (NHST). NHST has deep problems that are solved by Bayesian data analysis. As psychologists transition to Bayesian data analysis, it is natural to ask how Bayesian analysis assesses null values. The article explains and evaluates two different Bayesian approaches. One method involves Bayesian model comparison (and uses Bayes factors). The second method involves Bayesian parameter estimation and assesses whether the null value falls among the most credible values. Which method to use depends on the specific question that the analyst wants to answer, but typically the estimation approach (not using Bayes factors) provides richer information than the model comparison approach.
Abstract 518: Systems Biology Approach to Identify Genetic Mechanisms Underlying the Metabolic Syndrome in the LH Rat

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a collection of co-occurring complex disorders including hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. The Lyon Hypertensive (LH) and Lyon Normotensive (LN) rats are models of MetS sensitivity and resistance, respectively. To identify genetic determinants and mechanisms underlying MetS, rats from an F2 intercross between LH and LN were studied. Multi-dimensional data were obtained including SNP genotypes, physiological traits including blood pressure, plasma lipid and leptin levels, and body weight/adiposity, and more than 150 billion nucleotides of RNA-Seq reads from the livers of F2 (n=36), LH (n=6), and LN (n=6) individuals. We identified 17 pQTLs (physiological quantitative trait loci) and 1200 eQTLs (gene expression quantitative trait loci) at genome-wide p RGD1562963, closest to the eQTL peak was identified as the eQTL driver gene. It is directly affected by genetic variation between LH and LN rats, affects downstream genes in the eQTL cluster, and is correlated with MetS phenotypes. Our study sheds light on the intricate pathogenesis of MetS and proved that systems biology with high-throughput sequencing is a powerful method to study the etiology of complicated diseases.