cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Fundamental Matrix, and Allied Topics

In systems with a reasonably small number of components, where machine computation is feasible, techniques are needed to calculate explicitly the mean and variance of the passage time for the Markov chain N(t) from a state to a set B. When the entry set B* is much smaller than B, the rank of the problem reduces to that of B* provided that the transition probabilities pmn(t) are known. In such calculations there is a fundamental matrix Z, the anologue of that in discrete time, whose properties are of interest. The fundamental matrix is related to the covariance function for stationary processes defined on the chain N(t). It also plays a key role in the central limit theorem for additive processes defined on the chain, in ergodic potential theory,† and in perturbation theory for Markov chains.
The Importance of Inter-Species Variation in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Alterations of Microglial-Axonal Interactions.

Interactions between microglia and neuronal components are important for normal CNS function. They are also associated with neuroinflammation and many pathological processes and several studies have explored these interactions in terms of phagocytic engulfment. Much progress has also been made in understanding the consequences of chronic neuroinflammatory changes following trauma. However, little is known about acute alterations to these physical non-phagocytic microglial-neuronal interactions following traumatic brain injury (TBI), and particularly to what degree these post-injury interactions may be influenced by the animal species utilized in pre-clinical models of TBI. To investigate these problems, we evaluated the physical interactions between microglia and injured axons acutely (6hr and 1d) following central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) in both rats and micro pigs. The physical interactions between Iba-1+ microglia and either normal MBP+ myelinated fibers or APP+ injured axonal swellings in the thalamus were assessed following injury or sham via quantitative image analysis of 3D confocal micrographs. The results indicated that the physical interactions between microglia and injured axonal swellings decreased by nearly half in rats 6hrs following cFPI but was consistent with sham control at 1d post-cFPI. This reduction was also observed in non-injured intact fibers at both timepoints following TBI in the rat. Microglial process interactions with injured axons in the micro pig, however, increased nearly two fold compared to interactions with intact axonal segments 1d post-cFPI. This study shows that the species utilized for in vivo pre-clinical studies influences the manner in which microglial-axonal interactions change following TBI. These species differences can be leveraged to further our understanding of the mechanisms involved in microglial process convergence and how these neuro-immune interactions alter the progression of axonal injury following TBI.
Geometry of Curves

In this chapter we introduce elements of the differential geometry of curves in an Euclidean space with three dimensions. We begin with the Serret-Frenet equations and their consequences and we devote a section on results related to closed curves.
Expressing Motherhood: Wet Nursing and Human Milk Banking in Brazil:

In early twentieth-century Brazil the proponents of human milk banking considered this development to signal the end of wet nursing and the start of a whole new day, one altogether better for the paid donors of human milk, their children, and the children in need of human milk. But wet nursing persisted alongside the new human milk banks for most of the twentieth century. Moreover, as this paper argues, the organizers and directors of milk banks drew on and constructed ideas about wet nursing, and about the generations of poor Afro-Brazilian women who had performed this labor, in the design and operation of the first milk banks.
The Chinese MENA Narrative: Peace with Development via the Belt and Road Initiative

This chapter addresses China’s strategic narrative with regard to MENA and its increasing regional role via the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). After decades of democracy promotion and violent regime change to enlarge the US-led liberal order, China sees the Western MENA narrative as the principal cause of state failure, rising terrorism and regional disorder. In response, Beijing offers an alternative “peace with development” narrative as a more sustainable security concept promoting MENA connectivity and economic integration to achieve regional stability. As China is strengthening its diplomatic and security postures, partnering with local actors in new geopolitical alignments and building new institutions to implement the BRI, a new MENA regional security architecture appears to be arising and slowly paving the way for a post-western, multi-order world.
Urothelial cancer of the uretero-vesical junction on 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT: [[es]]Cancer urotelial de la unión uretero-vesical en PET/TC con 18F-Fluciclovina

Abstract 18F-Fluciclovine is used in the PET/CT evaluation of prostatic cancer recurrence, with 11C-Choline and 68Ga-PSMA as alternative choices of radiotracers. 18F-Fluciclovine has been reported with incidental PET/CT imaging of recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma and nodal metastasis from penile squamous cell carcinoma. To these PET/CT depictions of non-prostatic neoplasms, the authors add a case of urothelial carcinoma demonstrated during a routine 18F-Fluciclovine PET/CT assessment of prostatic malignancy.
FLIC: A Distributed Fog Cache for City-Scale Applications

We present FLIC, a distributed software data caching framework for fogs that reduces network traffic and latency. FLICis targeted toward city-scale deployments of cooperative IoT devices in which each node gathers and shares data with surrounding devices. As machine learning and other data processing techniques that require large volumes of training data are ported to low-cost and low-power IoT systems, we expect that data analysis will be moved away from the cloud. Separation from the cloud will reduce reliance on power-hungry centralized cloud-based infrastructure. However, city-scale deployments of cooperative IoT devices often connect to the Internet with cellular service, in which service charges are proportional to network usage. IoT system architects must be clever in order to keep costs down in these scenarios. To reduce the network bandwidth required to operate city-scale deployments of cooperative IoT systems, FLIC implements a distributed cache on the IoT nodes in the fog. FLIC allows the IoT network to share its data without repetitively interacting with a simple cloud storage service reducing calls out to a backing store. Our results displayed a less than 2% miss rate on reads. Thus, allowing for only 5% of requests needing the backing store. We were also able to achieve more than 50% reduction in bytes transmitted per second.
Examining the Factors That Influence African Americans in the Midwest to Reduce Salt Intake

Purpose: Salt intake is associated with cardiovascular diseases that are the leading cause of death especially among African American communities in the Midwest. Interventions need to be developed ...
Pop Culture and Perception

The advent of immediate gratification in the form of 24 h internet access, television binge-watching, podcasts, news cycles, radio programs, and websites all dedicated solely to true crime has inundated the population with a never-ending plethora of prison culture, told from the perspective of the creators and rarely in the form of pure reality. In truth, prison for women is rarely, if ever, portrayed in a wide open spotlight, rather it is shown in a pinpoint of light that only ensconces the parts that entice the public to watch. The reality of prison for the majority of women is stark in contrast. The exception may be the rare celebrity who finds themselves facing prison time even with a rigid, perhaps flamboyant, defense. Once inside the prison walls, these celebrities encounter a vast majority of women who pleaded their case at the behest of a public defender, whose resources are limited. Does having money and power make a difference with regard to sentencing? This chapter will give a brief overview of this dichotomy as well as contrast popular media portrayals of women in prison with the grim reality of those who are incarcerated.
Developmental and family milieu correlates of resilience in urban children who have experienced major life stress

Reports findings from interviews with parents of demographically-comparable groups of highly-stressed urban children with stress-resilient (SR) and stress-affected (SA) outcomes at ages 10-12. SR and SA children were compared on family milieu and child development variables assessed within a developmental framework. Compared to SAs, parents of SRs scored higher on variables reflecting parent perceptions of a nurturant caregiver-child relationship and self-views as effective caregivers, in the context of positive discipline practices, a child's positive early temperament, and support for primary caregivers. A discriminant function analysis identified seven variables that optimally differentiated the groups and correctly classified 86% of the Ss as SR or SA.
A Pattern Strabismus in Myelomeningocele

Previous studies of ophthalmologic problems in patients with myelomeningocele have reported the high prevalence of strabismus but have not thoroughly analyzed the type of strabismus. In an evaluati...
Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease 19

Purpose of review To provide a summary of the neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), documented in the literature thus far. Recent findings A small but growing literature documents cases of new onset neuro-ophthalmic disease, in the setting of COVID-19 infection. Patients with COVID-19 have experienced acute onset vision loss, optic neuritis, cranial neuropathies, and Miller Fisher syndrome. In addition, COVID-19 increases the risk of cerebrovascular diseases that can impact the visual system. Summary The literature on COVID-19 continues to evolve. Although COVID-19 primarily impacts the respiratory system, there are several reports of new onset neuro-ophthalmic conditions in COVID-infected patients. When patients present with new onset neuro-ophthalmic issues, COVID-19 should be kept on the differential. Testing for COVID-19 should be considered, especially when fever or respiratory symptoms are also present. When screening general patients for COVID-19-associated symptoms, frontline physicians can consider including questions about diplopia, eye pain, pain with extraocular movements, decreased vision, gait issues, and other neurologic symptoms. The presence of these symptoms may increase the overall probability of viral infection, especially when fever or respiratory symptoms are present. More research is needed to establish a causal relationship between COVID-19 and neuro-ophthalmic disease, and better understand pathogenesis.
Brief Behavioral Therapy and Bupropion for Sleep and Fatigue in Young Adults With Crohn’s Disease: An Exploratory Open Trial Study

Abstract Background/Aims Sleep disturbances and fatigue are common symptoms amongst patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). The aim of this study was to test the feasibility and effects of a pragmatic, stepped-care intervention for the treatment of poor sleep quality and fatigue in adolescents and young adults with CD. Methods This study is a two-phase open trial exploring interventions for sleep and fatigue. After the initial comprehensive assessment which included quantitative measures and an interview to evaluate sleep and physical and mental health, the 12-week intervention consisted of two sequential steps: 1) a brief behavioral therapy for sleep in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (BBTS-I; 4 weeks) and 2) adding the psychotropic medication, bupropion sustained release (BUP-SR; 8 weeks), for the subset of subjects continuing to experience fatigue. Results 232 CD patients (median age=24, median sex=female) were approached over 18 months, of whom 112 screened positive on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and multi-dimensional fatigue inventory (MFI), with 68 CD patients completing the more comprehensive baseline assessment. Of the 68 patients, 52 participated in Phase I of the BBTS-I intervention. Following 4-weeks of the BBTS-I, there were significant improvements in sleep quality (p Conclusions A stepped-care approach shows that we can improve sleep disturbance with BBTS-I in CD patients, but fatigue only partially improves. For a subset of patients who chose to add BUP-SR to their behavioral therapy, fatigue improves further but not to a statistically significant effect compared to behavioral therapy alone.
A 5.8 GHz Fully-Tunnel-Diodes-Based 20 µW, 88mV, and 48 dB-Gain Fully-Passive Backscattering RFID Tag

Backscatter front-ends are generally praised for their sub-µW power consumptions. However, this power consumption ends up being dwarfed by that of its modulating baseband circuitry. Furthermore, they are plagued by short reading ranges. The work reported in this paper demonstrates, for the first time, the use of a combined single-element oscillator/reflection-amplifier architecture. This remarkable system combines two critical features for range extension-the highest reflection-amplification RFID gain of the literature (48 dB) and higher-than-MHz sub-carrier offset frequency-while displaying a power consumption lower than that of any comparable commercial (amplifier-less) oscillator: 20 µW. This is achieved by using a tunnel-diode, whose properties as a baseband-oscillator and a 5.8 GHz reflection-amplifier are analyzed, before both are combined. This highly voltage-sensitive system is synergistically associated with a first-of-a-kind self-regulating tunnel diode-based rectifier to propose a fully-tunnel-diodes-based passive RFID design which could enable the future of practical km-range RFIDs.
Optimal Duration of Breastfeeding

* Abbreviations: aIRR — : adjusted incidence rate ratio CI — : confidence interval The American Academy of Pediatrics1 and World Health Organization2 recommend breastfeeding as the optimal method of infant feeding. Multiple other medical and health professional organizations concur with this recommendation on the basis of the evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, with continuation after the introduction of complementary solids, promotes optimal health and well-being for mothers and infants.3–6 The reported benefits for infants are strongest in the first 12 months of life, and the benefits continue after the period of direct breastfeeding has ended.7–12 In this edition of Pediatrics , Christensen et al13 present a study demonstrating that longer duration of breastfeeding was associated with decreased risk of hospitalization for infection during the first year of life. For every extra month of any breastfeeding, adjusted analysis revealed a 4% reduced rate of hospitalization (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93–0.99). In addition, breastfeeding for 10 to 12 months and ≥13 months reduced hospitalization for the first 2 to 3 years of life (aIRR 0.52 [95% CI 0.33–0.82] and … Address correspondence to Joan Younger Meek, MD, MS, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 250 E Colonial Dr, Orlando, FL 32801. E-mail: joan.meek{at}med.fsu.edu
Intersecting alcohol use and depression impedes HIV treatment in the rural South, USA

This study tested the hypothesis that the co-occurrence of alcohol use and depressive symptoms predicts HIV suppression and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among people living with HIV. Baseline cross-sectional results showed a significant interaction between depressive symptoms and alcohol use in predicting HIV suppression; individuals who drank more alcohol and had higher depressive symptoms demonstrated poorer HIV suppression relative to those who had fewer depressive symptoms. In a one-year longitudinal analysis of ART adherence, alcohol use and depressive symptoms measured in daily text-message assessments demonstrated that neither alcohol use nor depressive symptoms alone predicted ART adherence. However, the intersection of alcohol use on days when experiencing depressive symptoms did significantly predict ART non-adherence, for both moderate and heavy alcohol drinkers. Findings suggest that the co-occurrence of alcohol use and depressive symptoms is a robust predictor of poor HIV treatment outcomes.
Conditioning and Training for Competitive Fencing

(1956). Conditioning and Training for Competitive Fencing. Journal of Health, Physical Education, Recreation: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 42-54.
LGBT Youth: Reconciling Family, Pride, and Community

The recent advancements in marriage equality have prompted many commentators to declare that the struggle for LGBT rights has been won. As the United States stands on the edge of marriage equality, LGBT individuals now enjoy an unprecedented level of support and acceptance. LGBT-identified youth, however, continue to experience high levels of harassment, family rejection, bullying, homelessness, violence, and isolation. Accordingly, when so much energy and resources are committed to the cause of marriage equality, it is essential to redouble our efforts to reach some of the most vulnerable members of the LGBT community — its youth. Although the work of the LGBT rights movement has made it possible for youth to come out, it has not made it safe for them to live as openly LGBT-identified young people. The key institutions that support youth — families, schools, communities of faith, and the state — have not evolved to accommodate the reality of LGBT-identified youth. The result has been a profound disconnect, with otherwise proud and resilient LGBT youth experiencing shocking rates of homelessness, over-criminalization, high-risk behavior, health disparities, and suicidal ideation.
Vacuum-ultraviolet photoionization of bromoform and its chlorine substituted counterparts during condensation with argon at 15 K: Infrared spectra of the (CHX2+)X and X−-HCX2 molecular ions

Abstract Samples of bromoform, bromoform-d and the chlorine substituted counterparts were deposited onto a 15 K cold window during simultaneous irradiation from an open microwave discharge of argon. Infrared absorptions previously assigned to daughter cations and anions showed a 2 to 10 cm −1 dependence on the detached chlorine or bromine atom, which appears to be trapped in the same matrix cage with the molecular fragment. Spectroscopic considerations favor the (CHX 2 + )X and X − -HCX 2 identifications for these ionic species. Subsequent photolysis with the filtered light of a mercury arc selectively destroyed these ions and produced CX 3 , CX 3 + , and Ar n H + or Ar n D + upon rearrangement with the detached halogen atom.
Assessing student skills in laboratory and research experiences (348.4)

Undergraduate students completing biochemistry and molecular biology programs need not only a firm grasp on the essential concepts of the field, but they also need the skills to use and communicate that knowledge. Through a series of workshops supported by an RCN-UBE grant, ASBMB has been working to build a network of BMB faculty to identify the essential skills students should have upon completing their undergraduate training. Over the course of two years workshop participants identified key skills BMB students should possess in order to move into the workforce or go on to graduate or professional schools. Having the ability to work reliably in the laboratory is an obvious target. Students should know how to develop a hypothesis, design experiments using appropriate methods and controls and be able to analyze and interpret data. They should be able to search for and capably read primary literature, and as well as knowing how to use data bases and internet based resources. In addition to these skills, stu...
Infectious Airborne Bacteria

Environmental Reservoirs and Sources Airborne Transmission Infectious Dose Airborne Bacterial Pathogens Prevention and Control Measures Keywords: actinomycetes, airborne; airborne bacterial pathogens; bioaerosols; infectious bacteria, airborne
Conformational changes in aspartate transcarbamylase. II. Concerted or sequential mechanism

Abstract Tryptic digestion rates of aspartate transcarbamylase, as well as reaction rates of p-mercuribenzoate with the thiol groups of this enzyme, were determined as a function of aspartate or succinate concentration. The two methods gave identical "state functions" for a given ligand, indicating that increased digestibility and increased availability of thiol groups both reflect the same ligand-induced conformational transition. The shape of the state function given by aspartate alone was markedly different from that obtained with succinate in the presence of carbamyl phosphate. State functions for aspartate determined by digestibility were compared with saturation functions for aspartate obtained by activity measurements in the presence of carbamyl phosphate. This was done by plotting against each other the substrate concentrations required to reach the same degree of completion of the two functions. The resulting plot was linear throughout its entire course indicating that the shapes of the state and the corresponding saturation functions were identical, i.e. the curves were homologous. Such homology is not compatible with a concerted mechanism for allosteric transitions, but is consistent with a sequential mechanism. In fact, calculations using a wide range of assumptions for the concerted mechanism showed that this model cannot generate homologous state and saturation functions, and therefore cannot account for the behavior observed when aspartate was used as the ligand. In contrast to the apparent sequential behavior with aspartate, the data obtained by Gerhart and Schachman (Biochemistry, 7, 538 (1968)) using succinate (in the presence of carbamyl phosphate) were compatible with a concerted mechanism. It seems therefore that whether aspartate transcarbamylase will follow one, or the other, of these mechanisms depends on the ligand which occupies the catalytic site. The conformational effect of the allosteric activator, ATP was also investigated, and is discussed in relation to allosteric models.
From Exploding Stars to the Laboratory: Nucleosynthesis in the rp-Process

The rp-process is thought to result from explosive stellar conditions of high temperature and density typically in an accreting binary star system. These conditions favor the successive proton captures leading to the synthesis of heavier nuclei beyond 56Ni and may provide an explanation for the observed high abundances of some p-nuclei. Simulations of this process are an important component of understanding the pathways and the resulting abundances of the process. The most crucial input parameters include nuclear mass differences, β-decay half-lives, deformations, and especially reaction rates. Here is a brief description of a semi-empirical way of predicting the properties of nuclei far from stability that may lie on the rp-process path.
Effect of Gastric Bubble as a Weight Reduction Device: A Controlled, Crossover Study

In spite of the widespread use of the Garren-Edwards gastric bubble as an adjuvant device in weight reduction, its efficacy has not been established. Therefore, our purpose was to conduct a randomized, double-blind, crossover study of this device in the management of exogenous obesity. The study group consisted of 23 patients, 21 women and 2 men, ranging in age from 21 to 53 yr. Patients were 25%-111% above their ideal body weight. They were studied for 24 wk, consisting of two separate 12-wk evaluation periods. Patients were randomly assigned either to receive the gastric bubble or to have a sham procedure. After the first 12-wk evaluation period, the gastric bubble and sham were administered in crossover fashion, so that those who had received the gastric bubble initially received the sham later and vice versa. The study coordinator remained blind to the kind of treatment, weighed each patient biweekly, enforced dietary counseling, and provided behavior modification. Those who had passed or were found to have a deflated bubble at the end of the treatment period were excluded from the study. Mean weight reduction in the two evaluation periods did not differ significantly. Patients lost 5.4 +/- 1.7 kg (mean +/- SE) during the gastric bubble period and 5.20 +/- 0.8 kg during the sham period. The order of administration of the gastric bubble and sham did not significantly affect the result. The time-course of mean biweekly values, however, revealed that with the gastric bubble, weight loss was significantly greater only during first (p less than 0.005) and second (p less than 0.025) 2-wk evaluation periods. This difference, however, disappeared after the initial 4 wk of treatment. These observations suggest that although gastric bubble implantation reduced weight significantly more than the sham procedure initially, the mean weight loss during 12 wk of evaluation was not different between the two periods. In our opinion, the gastric bubble is of no value as an adjuvant device in weight reduction.
Parallel, paedomorphic evolutionary processes of the bivalve-inhabiting hydrozoans (Leptomedusae, Eirenidae) deduced from the morphology, life cycle and biogeography, with special reference to taxonomic treatment of Eugymnanthea*

It is hypothesized that bivalve-inhabiting hydroids originated from colonial, free-living eirenid hydrozoans, initially appearing as an Eutima species with solitary hydroids producing immature medusae with tentacles and manubrium, and also with derived characteristics of the marginal warts of the mature medusae as the remnants of the tentacular bulbs of the ancestral eirenid, and decreased number of statocysts. The derivate eumedusoid-producing Eugymnanthea evolved then. Deduced from the morphology, life cycles, and geographical distributions of this group and of all the known extant Eutima species, it is proposed that parallel, paedomorphic evolution took place in the marginal regions of the area of distribution of the ancestral-like Eutima at least in the northern hemisphere of both the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Eugymnanthea appeared as a polyphyletic taxon as a result of the parallel evolution of different species of Eutima. It is pointed out that Eugymnanthea and Eutima are to be merged into a single genus in the future.
Absence of Photoreactivating Enzyme in Candida albicans, Candida stellatoidea, and Candida tropicalis

In vitro assays demonstrate photoreactivating enzyme activity in extracts of Candida pseudotropicalis but not in extracts of Candida albicans, Candida stellatoidea, or Candida tropicalis.
Indole synthesis based on triazole photochemistry: Total synthesis of7-methoxymitosene☆

The mitomycin analogue 7-methoxymitosene (2) has been prepared in twelve steps through a novel 1-aryltriazole photolysis which serves to generate regiospecifically a highly functionalized indole.
Thermal properties of gauge fields common to anyon superconductors and spin liquids

The thermally driven confinement-deconfinement transition exhibited by lattice quantum electrodynamics in two space dimensions is reexamined in the context of the statistical gauge fields common to anyon superconductors and to spin liquids. Particle-hole excitations in both systems are bound by a confining string at temperatures below the transition temperature [ital T][sub [ital c]]. We argue that [ital T][sub [ital c]] coincides with the actual critical temperature for anyon superconductivity. The corresponding specific-heat contribution, however, shows a [ital smooth] peak just below [ital T][sub [ital c]] characteristic of certain high-temperature superconductors.
Balloon angioplasty of coronary bifurcation lesions: The kissing balloon technique

Initial experience with the technique of "kissing balloon" angioplasty is described in 52 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Guiding catheters employing both the femoral and brachial approach were used in all but two of the coronary angioplasties and, in addition, the bilateral femoral approach was used in the renal and peripheral angioplasties. Initial success was achieved in 51 (98%) patients. Abrupt closure requiring urgent coronary revascularization occurred in one patient six hours following the completion of the procedure. Another patient developed a new Q-wave on the electrocardiogram and moderate elevation of CPK-MB fraction following the procedure due to loss of a diagonal branch. No deaths occurred in this series. Angiographic restenosis developed in ten patients. In the recurrence group, five had repeat kissing balloon angioplasty, two had repeat single vessel angioplasty, and three patients chose elective surgical revascularization. Based on our experience, the technique of kissing balloon coronary angioplasty can be performed safely utilizing the brachio-femoral technique. The risk of major side branch occlusion can be minimized with this technique and the overall complication rate does not significantly differ from that of our experience in single vessel coronary angioplasty. Patient selection criteria are based upon the angiographic relationship of the major branch to the side branch and is important in determining the initial and long-term success of this technique.
Ohmic contacts of Au and Ag to p-GaSb

Abstract Evaporated contacts of Au, Au(Zn), Au(In, Zn) Au(Ge), Ag, Ag(Zn), Ag(Ge), Ag(Sn), Ag(In), In, In(Zn), In(Ge), and Al have been studied for p-GaSb(100) doped in the range 8 × 1016–1 × 1019 cm−3. Annealing was typically at a temperature 250–350°C for 10–30 min. A transmission line and other methods were used to determine the specific contact resistivity. For material of a carrier doping density 1018 cm−3 the contacts exhibited values about 5 × 10−5 Ω cm2. For other dopings the contact resistivity tended to be inversely proportional to the doping density, and at 1 × 1019 cm−3 the value was 5 × 10−6 Ω cm2. Ag contacts were stable in resistance for at least 100 h at 350°C and therefore may be expected to have little change over many thousands of hours at 70°C. The Au based contacts however began to increase in resistance after 30 h at 250°C. Models for the calculation of specific contact resistivity have been applied to p-GaSb and comparison with experimental results made.
Methylthilation: a new pathway of drug metabolism

nitro group by nucleophilic substitution has occurred, or where reaction with an epox­ide intermediate has been indicated (Table I). 1-Allyl-3,5-diethyl-6-chlorouracil is con­verted into a methylthio metabolite in which the chlorine atom is replaced by a thiomethyl substituent•. Biotransformation of the anti-inflammatory agent, 2-acetamido-4-chloromethylthiazole, to a methylthio metabolite by replacement of chlorine has been reported'. Bromazepam is converted into a methylthio metabolite in which substitution is at the a-carbon of the pyridine ring'. A metabolite of the nitrofuran, 3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-(2-furyl)­acrylamide, has been reported in which the TIPS -September 1981 nitro group is replaced by a methylthio moiety". In these examples the introduc­tion of a sulfur atom is likely to be the result of a nucleophilic attack on the electron­deficient carbon atom (C-CI, C
On scattering theory for oscillatory potentials of slow decay

Abstract Existence of the Moller wave operators and unitarity of the S operator is proved for quantum-mechanical scattering potentials of the form V(r) = ( sin r) r δ , 1 2 3 4 .
Superconductivity in a high magnetic field: Excitation spectrum and tunneling properties.

The quasiparticle excitation spectrum of a type-II superconductor placed in high magnetic field near ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$(T) is shown to be gapless. The gap turns to zero at the points in the magnetic Brillouin zone that are in correspondence with the vortex lattice in real space. When the field decreases below a certain critical value, branch crossings occur and gaps start opening up at the Fermi surface. The strong dispersion around the gapless points leads to an algebraic temperature dependence in the thermodynamic functions and the algebraic voltage dependence in the tunneling conductance between the microscope tip and superconductor in a scanning tunneling microscope experiment. The crossover from the localized midgap states at the core of an isolated vortex to the coherent quasiparticle band at high fields is reflected in a qualitative change of differential conductance.
Piecewise mathematical representation of articular surfaces.

Abstract Spatial linkages have been used to measure the relative position of anatomical bodies in vivo. If an accurate method is used for mathematically representing the articular surfaces, the relative position of which is measured by a linkage, in vivo areas of contact in anatomical joints can be determined. Articular surfaces can be represented mathematically in a piecewise continuous fashion using parametric surface patches. This paper describes the use of Coons' bicubic surface patches, with null twist vectors, to obtain the piecewise mathematical representation of the articular surfaces of the proximal humerus and scapula from the shoulder of a German Shepherd Dog. The accuracy of the representation is examined qualitatively and quantitatively.
Psychostimulant medication and perceived intensity in hyperactive children.

Adult ratings of children's activity, based on impressionistic scales, are good indicators of psychostimulant medication effects. These ratings seldom correlate with objective indicators, however, and their behavioral referents are poorly understood. Two separate studies tested the hypothesis that intensity of child behavior, as perceived by others, would differentiate medicated and unmedicated states. College student subjects assessed randomized videotaped segments of children's behaviors. The perceived intensity of hyperactive children's responses decreased with medication, while there were no medicationrelated changes in either gross motor locomotion or off-task behaviors. In a test for observer sensitization or expectancy, the results for subjects who were looking for medication effects did not differ from those for uninformed subjects.
A deep inertial jet on a sloping bottom near the equator

Abstract A previous model of an equatorward-flowing inertial jet over a sloping bottom gives an explanation for the great width of deep western boundary currents at mid-latitudes. The model has an inverted reduced-gravity semi-geostrophic shallow water configuration. Here this model is modified for consistency on the equatorial β-plane to examine the jet as it approaches and then crosses the equator. The jet is scaled according to recent observations of an equatorward current of bottom water off the coast of East Africa near 3°S in the geometrically simple Somali Basin of the Indian Ocean. Model results are in reasonable agreement with observations south of the equator. Possible reasons for discrepancies between model and observations north of the equator include the violation of the semi-geostrophic approximation, frictional effects, and hydraulic jumps.
Assessment of the contributions of Na+ channel inhibition and general peripheral action in cocaine-induced conditioned taste aversion.

Abstract While the rewarding properties of cocaine appear to be mediated by its blockade of central monoamine uptake, the mechanisms and sites of action for cocaine's aversive effects have yet to be determined. Using the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) preparation, the present study examined the role of Na + channel blockade in cocaine's aversive effects by comparing cocaine to the local anesthetic procaine at three doses (18, 32 and 50 mg/kg). Furthermore, the role of cocaine's peripheral actions in its aversive effects was examined by comparing cocaine to the quaternary analog cocaine methiodide (equimolar to the three doses of cocaine) in establishing CTAs. Procaine and cocaine methiodide each dose-dependently suppressed saccharin consumption, indicating that the aversive effects of cocaine are, in part, mediated by its inhibition of Na + channels and via its activity in the PNS. However, the fact that the aversions induced by procaine and cocaine methiodide were weaker than those induced by cocaine at each dose tested suggests other factors are involved in its aversive effects. Possible reasons for the weaker aversions induced by procaine and cocaine methiodide relative to cocaine were discussed.
Simplified Analyses of a Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Joint for Filament-Wound Pipes

A simplified analysis procedure is described for a fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) stubflanged joint which addresses some of the problems with current FRP joints. The joint consists of a tapered hub that is filament-wound with the pipe. A separate stub is used to connect the two halves of the joint. This system avoids material discontinuities at the flange-pipe intersection and pull-back of the flange. The joint is modeled following the Taylor Forge approach used in metallic joint analysis. The analytical model is verified using finite element analysis; the results are in excellent agreement.
The ne plus ultra of tree graph inequalities

With nary mention of a tree graph, we obtain a cluster expansion bound that includes and vastly generalizes bounds as obtained by extant tree graph inequalities. This includes applications to both two-body and many-body potential situations of the recently obtained ‘new improved tree graph inequalities’ that have led to the ‘extra 1/N! factors’. We work in a formalism coupling a discrete set of boson variables, such as occurs in a lattice system in classical statistical mechanics, or in Euclidean quantum field theory. The estimates of this Letter apply to numerical factors as arising in cluster expansions, due to essentially arbitrary sequences of the basic operations: interpolation of the covariance, interpolation of the interaction, and integration by parts. This includes complicated evolutions, such as the repeated use of interpolation to decouple the same variables several times, to ensure higher connectivity for renormalization purposes, in quantum field theory.
A viscoelastic constitutive model for particulate composites with growing damage

Abstract A mechanical model which describes time-and temperature-dependent deformation behavior of particulate composites with changing microstructure, including growing damage, is described and then verified by experimental study of a viscoelastic filled elastomer. An existing constitutive model, which is based upon thermodynamics of irreversible processes with internal state variables, is first reviewed and then used to describe the mechanical behavior of elastic and viscoelastic media with changing microstructure. A rate-type equation is successfully employed in describing the evolution of microstructural changes, which are believed here to be primarily microcracking. An elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle and the time-temperature superposition principle are used in modeling effects of the material's intrinsic viscoelasticity and the effects of temperature changes. Laboratory tests of the stress and dilatation responses of uniaxial test specimens under controlled monotonically increasing axial extension and constant confining pressure at different temperatures were performed. The effects of strain level, strain rate, confining pressure, and temperature on the stress and dilatation are described and compared to the theoretical model.
Treatment of benign chronic gastric ulcer with ranitidine. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled six week trial.

A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted to determine whether ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. for 6 weeks would expedite endoscopic healing or relief of symptoms in patients with benign gastric ulcer. Of 203 patients enrolled, 101 received ranitidine and 102 received placebo. Endoscopic evaluations were conducted at baseline and at 2 and 6 weeks. At 6 weeks 68% of the patients treated with ranitidine had healed compared with 53% in the placebo group (p = 0.02). In those patients who had not healed by 6 weeks, ranitidine provided greater relief from pain than placebo. More patients in the placebo group dropped out of the study because of worsening symptoms (13 versus 4, p = 0.04). No differences in laboratory abnormalities or incidence of adverse events were detected between the two study groups. These results indicate that ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. is superior to placebo in the treatment of benign gastric ulcer.
Luminescence properties and water coordination of Eu3+ in the binary solvent mixture water/1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride.

The effect of relative water content on the luminescence properties and speciation of Eu3+ ions in solutions of EuCl3 in the binary solvent mixture water/[BMI]Cl is presented, where [BMI]Cl is the ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Using luminescence techniques, the binding properties of water to Eu3+ are determined for samples with mole ratios of water-to-IL ranging from 0 to 5. Very little water binds to Eu3+ at mole ratios of water-to-IL less than 1, above which binding increases rapidly with increasing water concentration. It is shown that only certain hydration numbers for Eu3+ complexes are stable in the water/IL solutions. The data presented suggest that the Eu3+ species present are [EuClx]3-x, [EuCly(H2O)3-4]3-y, [EuClz(H2O)6]3-z, and [Eu(H2O)8-9]3+ (where x > y > z). Comparison of the positions of the 5D0←7F0 transitions of the Eu3+ complexes in IL solution with those of model crystal systems provides insight into the extent of Cl- complexation. This study suggests that [BMI]...
Biases in the air-sea flux of CO2 resulting from ocean surface temperature gradients

[1] The difference in the fugacities of CO2 across the diffusive sublayer at the ocean surface is the driving force behind the air-sea flux of CO2. Bulk seawater fugacity is normally measured several meters below the surface, while the fugacity at the water surface, assumed to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, is measured several meters above the surface. Implied in these measurements is that the fugacity values are the same as those across the diffusive boundary layer. However, temperature gradients exist at the interface due to molecular transfer processes, resulting in a cool surface temperature, known as the skin effect. A warm layer from solar radiation can also result in a heterogeneous temperature profile within the upper few meters of the ocean. Here we describe measurements carried out during a 14-day study in the equatorial Pacific Ocean (GasEx-2001) aimed at estimating the gradients of CO2 near the surface and resulting flux anomalies. The fugacity measurements were corrected for temperature effects using data from the ship's thermosalinograph, a high-resolution profiler (SkinDeEP), an infrared radiometer (CIRIMS), and several point measurements at different depths on various platforms. Results from SkinDeEP show that the largest cool skin and warm layer biases occur at low winds, with maximum biases of −4% and +4%, respectively. Time series ship data show an average CO2 flux cool skin retardation of about 2%. Ship and drifter data show significant CO2 flux enhancement due to the warm layer, with maximums occurring in the afternoon. Temperature measurements were compared to predictions based on available cool skin parameterizations to predict the skin-bulk temperature difference, along with a warm layer model.
MERJ special issue—editorial

The overall theme for this Special Issue is Mathematics Education in Rural Schools: Evidence-based approaches. Guiding the selection of papers to be included was the desire to present a range of approaches that highlighted some of the more general and specific issues that impact on mathematics education in rural contexts. In the Australian context, the Melbourne Declaration of Educational Goals for Young Australians (MCEETYA 2008) articulates a focus on equity and social justice in education. The document recognised the need for collaboration amongst stakeholders to commit to promoting excellence in Australian schooling that is free from (amongst other things) discrimination based on geographic location, that builds on local cultural knowledge and experiences of Indigenous students, and that establishes partnershipswith local communities. The Declaration also contains a commitment to the development of a high-quality teaching workforce in all Australian schools. However, care needs to be exercised when advocating change. Reform agendas, such as those that have emerged as a consequence of the American Reform and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009, can actually work against the ongoing efforts to sustain quality teaching and learning in rural areas. Charter schools are being encouraged, but in many rural areas local resources are not always sufficient to establish and develop such a structure. In some instances, the high turnover rates of qualified teachers or the lack of access to basic infrastructure can impact adversely on a community’s capacity to sustain quality schooling. Large-scale national survey data has provided a clear picture of the teaching and learning environment, the priorities, and the professional learning needs of rural teachers (Lyons et al. 2006). Included in the findings were the impacts of high annual staff turnover rates, difficult to staff schools, professional isolation, teaching outside areas of qualification, unmet professional learning needs, accessing quality learning experiences and opportunities for students—including alternative activities for gifted and talented, special needs and Indigenous students. Data that has been Math Ed Res J (2011) 23:77–81 DOI 10.1007/s13394-011-0015-2
A DIVISION ALGORITHM

A divisibility test of Arend Heyting, for polynomials over a field in an intuitionistic setting, may be thought of as a kind of division algorithm. We show that such a division algorithm holds for divisibility by polynomials of content 1 over any commutative ring in which nilpotent elements are zero. In addition, for an arbitrary commutative ring R, we characterize those polynomials g such that the R-module endomorphism of R[X] given by multiplication by g has a left inverse.
A preventive program for the newly separated: Initial evaluation

A 6-month long preventive intervention program for newly separated persons was designed on the basis of an analysis of the literature that identified the major stressful elements in the separation experience. Following the implementation of the program, its impact was assessed by contrasting persons who were assigned to the program (n = 100) with newly separated persons who were randomly selected to serve as a no-treatment control group (n = 50). Of the nine dependent measures of adjustment used in this evaluation, five significant posttreatment differences were found, in each case favoring the intervention group. The nature of these significant differences is particularly encouraging in light of the preventively oriented objectives of the intervention program. Detailed analysis of program characteristics resulted in the identification of desirable program modifications that could be implemented when the program is reinstituted.
Fiscal Policy, Expectations, and Exchange‐Rate Dynamics*

This paper uses the sticky-price monetary model to analyze the effects of fiscal policy on the exchange rate under alternative assumptions about exchange-rate expectations. the use of different expectations mechanisms-specifically the perfect-foresight model and the popular models tested by Frankel and Froot: regressive, adaptive, and distributed-lag-is based on recent empirical evidence suggesting that exchange-rate expectations may not be rational. the most surprising finding in the paper is that with adaptive and distributed-lag expectations, fiscal expansion has no initial impact on the exchange rate, and the same may be true for regressive expectations.
Putting the computer to work in marketing management

The computer can be applied profitably to all facets of marketing management. The author offers a systematic plan to help marketers actualize the computer's potential value.