cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of phenobarbital on the absorption of inorganic and hemoglobin iron in the rat.

Previous studies have suggested that iron mucosal protein complexes, possibly related to a carrier substance, are involved in intestinal iron transport. Since there is evidence indicating that phenobarbital induces an increase in intestinal microsomal proteins and enzymes, it was postulated that phenobarbital might affect iron absorption by increasing the synthesis of a carrier protein for iron. This investigation describes studies carried out in the rat to determine the effect of phenobarbital on the absorption of inorganic and hemoglobin iron labeled with Fe 59 . In vivo the absorption of Fe 59 SO 4 was significantly increased in phenobarbital-treated rats compared to controls (20.4 ± 5.7 versus 9.8 ± 4.2%; P P P 0.001). In vitro, phenobarbital treatment resulted in a significant increase in mucosal transfer of Fe 59 SO 4 by everted duodenal gut sacs compared to controls (51.3 ± 8.8. versus 28.0 ± 5.9 mμmoles; P 59 SO 4 by jejunal gut sacs. It is postulated that the phenobarbital-mediated increase in absorption of inorganic iron is related to increased synthesis of a carrier substance that influences iron transport. Further, it is suggested that the increased absorption of hemoglobin iron resulting from phenobarbital treatment is due, at least in part, to increased mucosal heme-splitting enzyme acitivity.
Perceptual clustering for automatic hotspot detection from Ki-67-stained neuroendocrine tumour images.

Summary Hotspot detection plays a crucial role in grading of neuroendocrine tumours of the digestive system. Hotspots are often detected manually from Ki-67-stained images, a practice which is tedious, irreproducible and error prone. We report a new method to segment Ki-67-positive nuclei from Ki-67-stained slides of neuroendocrine tumours. The method combines minimal graph cuts along with the multistate difference of Gaussians to detect the individual cells from images of Ki-67-stained slides. It, then, automatically defines the composite function, which is used to determine hotspots in neuroendocrine tumour slide images. We combine modified particle swarm optimization with message passing clustering to mimic the thought process of the pathologist during hotspot detection in neuroendocrine tumour slide images. The proposed method was tested on 55 images of size 10 × 5 K and resulted in an accuracy of 94.60%. The developed methodology can also be part of the workflow for other diseases such as breast cancer and glioblastomas.
The diversity, abundance and fate of ice algae and phytoplankton in the Bering Sea

Despite being an essential part of the marine food web during periods of ice cover, sea ice algae have not been studied in any detail in the Bering Sea. In this study, we investigated the diversity, abundance and ultimate fate of ice algae in the Bering Sea using sea ice, water and sub-ice sediment trap samples collected during two spring periods in 2008 and 2009: ice growth (March–mid-April) and ice melt (mid-April–May). The total ice algal species inventory included 68 species, dominated by typical Arctic ice algal diatom taxa. Only three species were determined from the water samples; we interpret the strong overlap in species as seeding of algal cells from the sea ice. Algal abundances in the ice exceeded 107 cells l−1 in the bottom 2-cm layer and were on average three orders of magnitude higher than in the water column. The vertical flux of algal cells beneath the ice during the period of ice melt (>108 cells m−2 day−1) exceeded export during the ice growth period by one order of magnitude; the vertical flux during both periods can only be sustained by the release of algae from the ice. Differences in the relative species proportions of algae among sample types indicated that the fate of the released ice algae was species specific, with some taxa contributing to seeding in the water column, while other taxa were preferentially exported.
Thermal Energy Storage

The sections in this article are 1 Fundamentals 2 Applications 3 Design 4 Operation 5 Conclusion
The purification and characterization of wheat-germ agglutinin.

Abstract The purification of wheat-germ agglutinin by precipitation with ammonium sulphate and by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, Sepharose–ovomucoid and CM-cellulose is described. This procedure gave agglutinin preparations which were homogeneous on polyacrylamide gels under a variety of conditions. Purified wheat-germ agglutinin formed colourless solutions and was relatively insoluble at neutral pH; maximum solubility in 1mm-tris–HCl buffer, pH7.4, was approx. 1mg/ml. The agglutinin was a glycoprotein containing a single polypeptide chain with an approximate molecular weight of 23000. The N-terminus of the oxidized agglutinin was cysteic acid and the C-terminus was glycine. The amino acid composition showed that the protein was extremely rich in cysteine and cystine; there were 15–17 free SH groups/mol. The absorption maximum for the protein was at 272nm and the molar extinction coefficient at 280nm was 1.09×105 litre·mol−1·cm−1. Equilibrium dialysis indicated that there was only one binding site per molecule for N-acetylglucosamine.
PREVENTION OF PERINATAL TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS: THE SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY, AND PREDICTIVE VALUE OF THE RECOMMENDED SCREENING QUESTIONS TO DETECT HIGH-RISK WOMEN IN AN OBSTETRIC POPULATION

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends that all pregnant women be questioned concerning risk factors for hepatitis B virus infection and that those giving positive responses be serotested. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of those recommended questions among 692 parturient women were determined. A total of 59 currently or previously infected women (hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), or antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) seropositive) were compared with the 633 seronegative women. Among nonwhite women, the sensitivity of a positive response to any one of the recommended questions was 60%. Specificity and positive predictive value were 71% and 19%, respectively. Among white women, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were 56%, 75%, and 11%, respectively. To increase such unacceptably low sensitivity, the authors included two additional questions: single marital status and Medicaid/medical assistance payer status. Sensitivity increased to 96% among nonwhite women and 84% among white women. However, a positive response to at least one of the recommended questions or to additional questions was elicited from 78% of all women (92% nonwhite and 64% white). The authors conclude that to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B, we must serotest all women in our obstetric population.
Failures in learning and failures in teaching.

Professor Rutter9s remarkable study, reported elsewhere in this issue (p 208), of the impact of secondary schools on behavior and attainment is an extraordinary accomplishment, one with major implications for pediatric practice. The design, execution, and analysis of the study required some nine years of sustained effort. I will forego comment on what is apparent to any reader familiar with the literature on the measurement of behavior; namely, that conceptual elegance and methodologic rigor are required for the construction of behavioral measures sensitive to both process and outcome. What may be less obvious is the "politics" of a school-based study.
Genetic and molecular analysis of the proximal region of the mouse t-complex using new molecular probes and partial t-haplotypes

The t-complex is located on the proximal third of chromosome 17 in the house mouse. Naturally occurring variant forms of the t-complex, known as complete t-haplotypes, are found in wild mouse populations. The t-haplotypes contain at least four nonoverlapping inversions that suppress recombination with the wild-type chromosome, and lock into strong linkage disequilibrium loci affecting normal transmission of the chromosome, male gametogenesis and embryonic development. Partial t-haplotypes derived through rare recombination between t-haplotypes and wild-type homologs have been critical in the analysis of these properties. Utilizing two new DNA probes. Au3 and Au9, and several previously described probes, we have analyzed the genetic structure of several partial t-haplotypes that have arisen in our laboratory, as well as several wild-type chromosomes deleted for loci in this region. With this approach we have been able to further our understanding of the structural and dynamic characteristics of the proximal region of the t-complex. Specifically, we have localized the D17Tul locus as most proximal known in t-haplotypes, achieved a better structural analysis of the partial t-haplotype t6, and defined the structure and lethal gene content of partial t-haplotypes derived from the lethal tw73 haplotype.
Autonomous multi-floor indoor navigation with a computationally constrained micro aerial vehicle

We are interested in the problem of surveilling and exploring environments that include both indoor and outdoor settings. Aerial vehicles offer mobility and perspective advantages over ground platforms and micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) are particularly applicable to buildings with multiple floors where stairwells can be an obstacle to ground vehicles. A challenge when operating in indoor environments is the lack of an external source of localization such as GPS. For these reasons, in this work we focus on autonomous navigation in buildings with multiple floors without requiring an external source of localization or prior knowledge of the environment. To ensure that the robot is fully autonomous, we require all computation to occur on the robot without need for external infrastructure, communication, or human interaction beyond high-level commands. Therefore, we pursue a system design and methodology capable of autonomous navigation with real-time performance on a mobile processor using only onboard sensors (Fig. 1); where in this work autonomous navigation considers multi-floor mapping with loop closure, localization, planning, and control.
Optical-resonator-based neural network

Abstract A neural network model based on an optical resonator is described and its pattern recognition performance is investigated in computer simulations.
Naloxone pretreatment enhances shock-elicited aggression

Pairs of rats were placed in a chamber and given electric shocks of varying intensities in a random order. Two sessions, 48 h apart, were given to each pair. Shock-elicited aggression increased with shock intensity. Pretreatment, before a session, with the opiate antagonist, naloxone, resulted in greater aggression than was evidenced by saline-pretreated controls.
Mechanical Properties of Microsensor Materials: How to Deal with the Process Dependences?

Microsensors are measurement devices fabricated using planar integrated circuit technology together with enhancements generically called “micromachining”. It is well known that the thin-film materials used in microelectronics can have properties which differ from their bulk counterparts. In addition, thin-film materials exhibit residual stress, which is known to be strongly process dependent. The sensor designer must understand how the detailed process used to fabricate a particular device impacts the specific mechanical properties, hence, the expected mechanical device performance. This paper illustrates the problem of process-dependent material properties using examples of residual stress of several materials, and then presents an object-oriented material-property database which is being developed as part of a CAD system for microelectromechan-ical systems (MEMCAD).
β-Arrestin2-mediated inotropic effects of the angiotensin II type 1A receptor in isolated cardiac myocytes

The G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) and β-arrestins, families of molecules essential to the desensitization of G protein-dependent signaling via seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMRs), have been recently shown to also transduce G protein-independent signals from receptors. However, the physiologic consequences of this G protein-independent, GRK/β-arrestin-dependent signaling are largely unknown. Here, we establish that GRK/β-arrestin-mediated signal transduction via the angiotensin II (ANG) type 1A receptor (AT1AR) results in positive inotropic and lusitropic effects in isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes. We used the “biased” AT1AR agonist [Sar1, Ile4, Ile8]-angiotensin II (SII), which is unable to stimulate Gαq-mediated signaling, but which has previously been shown to promote β-arrestin interaction with the AT1AR. Cardiomyocytes from WT, but not AT1AR-deficient knockout (KO) mice, exhibited positive inotropic and lusitropic responses to both ANG and SII. Responses of WT cardiomyocytes to ANG were dramatically reduced by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition, whereas those to SII were unaffected. In contrast, cardiomyocytes from β-arrestin2 KO and GRK6 KO mice failed to respond to SII, but displayed preserved responses to ANG. Cardiomyocytes from GRK2 heterozygous knockout mice (GRK2+/−) exhibited augmented responses to SII in comparison to ANG, whereas those from GRK5 KO mice did not differ from those from WT mice. These findings indicate the existence of independent Gαq/PKC- and GRK6/β-arrestin2-dependent mechanisms by which stimulation of the AT1AR can modulate cardiomyocyte function, and which can be differentially activated by selective receptor ligands. Such ligands may have potential as a novel class of therapeutic agents.
Pounding Millet During School Hours: Obstacles to Girls’ Formal Education in Niger

Based on in-depth interviews with Nigerien women, this article demonstrates that while they value formal schooling for their girls, they are discouraged by the incompatibility between boko (formal schooling) and the important values transmitted by tarbiyya (education in the home) and mahamadiya (Islamic education). I argue that these tensions arise from a system of education that is not rooted in context. In the colonial era, education was a means of assimilation to the colonizer's values. More recently, neocolonial education projects serve the development theory of the moment and they tend to emphasize increased enrollment for girls without focusing on quality and content of that education. While the system imparts important skills such as literacy and numeracy, the more intrinsic goals of education such as empowerment and identity formation are not emphasized because, I argue, formal education does not reflect the social, cultural, religious and material context of most Nigeriens’ everyday lives. The ideas about educational reform, in Niger and in other Muslim countries, show that boko is not inherently incompatible with tarbiyya and mahamadiya, and that intrinsic goals of education can be met only by reconciling them. S’appuyant sur des entretiens approfondis avec des femmes nigeriennes, cet article montre que ces dernieres attachent bien de l’importance a l’education formelle de leur filles, mais qu’elles sont decouragees par l’incompatibilite entre boko (l’instruction formelle), et les valeurs importantes transmises par tarbiyya (l’education familiale) et mahamadiya (l’education islamique). Je soutiens que ces tensions sont dues au fait que le systeme d’education est trop peu contextualise. Pendant la periode coloniale l’education etait un outil d’assimilation des valeurs colonisatrices. De nos jours, les projets educationnels neo-coloniaux sont mis au service de la theorie du developpement du moment et tendent a mettre l’accent sur la scolarisation des filles sans se preoccuper de la qualite et du contenu de l’enseignement dispense. Si le systeme permet de transmettre des competences importantes telles que la lecture, l’ecriture et le calcul, il met peu l’accent sur les buts intrinseques de l’education tels que l’autonomisation et la construction identitaire. Ceci est du au fait que l’education formelle ne reflete pas le contexte social, culturel, religieux et materiel de la vie quotidienne de la plupart des Nigeriens. Les reflexions courantes a propos de la reforme educationnelle, tant au Niger que dans d’autres pays musulmans, suggerent que boko n’est pas en soi incompatible avec tarbiyya et mahamadiya et que les buts intrinseques de l’education ne peuvent etre atteints qu’en conciliant ces trois formes.
An atom-based explanation for the absence of excimer emission in the fluorescence of dilute solutions of poly(pentafluorostyrene)

The steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of poly(pentafluorostyrene) in dilute fluid solution shows no excimer emission. An atomic level modeling study explains why this polymer cannot form an excimer. Repulsive Coulombic interactions prohibit the attainment of the extensive overlap of the two rings in the classic face-to-face sandwich conformation of a singlet excimer.
Surface modification of Pt(111) by Sn adatoms: Evidence for the formation of ordered overlayers and surface alloys

Abstract Vapor deposition of Sn onto Pt(111) in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) has been examined by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and low energy ion (Ne + ) scattering spectroscopy (LEISS). The AES uptake plots for depositions at substrate temperatures between 140 and 400 K indicate a uniform layer growth up to a Sn exposure of 9.1 × 10 14 atoms cm -2 . LEED data taken simultaneously indicate the successive appearance of the following patterns at submonolayer coverages: (√3 × √3) R 30° followed by c(4 × 2). Simple overlayer real space structures are suggested for these ordered Sn overlayers. For Sn exposures greater than 9.1 × 10 14 atoms cm -2 at these substrate temperatures, nonlinear AES uptake plots and an increasingly diffuse LEED pattern are observed. For Sn depositions above 450 K, Pt-Sn alloy formation is strongly suggested from AES uptake plots and LEISS data. Annealing the Sn-Pt interface to 1000 K. produces ordered (as judged by LEED) alloy surfaces. Evidence for alloy formation is also inferred from variable incidence angle LEISS data. Real space models consistent with the data are proposed.
Rigid rod molecules as liquid crystal thermosets. II. Rigid rod esters

Nine rigid rod ester monomers endcapped with maleimide, nadimide, and methylnadimide groups were prepared and studied by DSC and hot stage polarized light microscopy. All of the monomers showed thermotropic nematic liquid crystalline phases and could be thermally crosslinked in the nematic phase. The nematic texture was maintained in the crosslinked solid state. The nematic phase range was enlarged by B-staging the monomeric compounds. Heating the monomers for a short period of time in the nematic phase lowered the crystal to nematic transition temperatures and increased the nematic to isotropic transition temperatures. A nonequilibrium phase diagram was proposed to explain the melting behavior of these reactive liquid crystal thermoset materials.
A Generalization of the Child-Langmuir Relation for One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Diodes

The steady-state Child-Langmuir relation between current and applied voltage has been a basic principle upon which all modern diode physics has been based. With advances in pulsed power technology and diode design, new devices which operate in vastly different parameter regimes have recently become of interest. Many of these devices cannot be said to satisfy the strict requirements necessary for Child-Langmuir flow. For instance, in a recent pulsed electron device for use in high-current accelerators, the applied voltage is sinusoidal in time. In another case, development of sources for heavy ion fusion necessitates understanding of transient current oscillations when the voltage is applied abruptly. We derive the time-dependent relationship between the emitted current and time-dependent applied voltage in a nonrelativistic planar diode. The relationship is valid for arbitrary voltage shapes V(t) applied to the diode for times less than the beam-front transit time across the gap. Using this relationship, transient and time-dependent effects in the start-up phase of any nonrelativistic diode can be analyzed.
On the transient response of forced nonlinear oscillators

We consider the transient response of a prototypical nonlinear oscillator modeled by the Duffing equation subjected to near resonant harmonic excitation. Of interest here is the overshoot problem that arises when the system is undergoing free motion and is suddenly subjected to harmonic excitation with a near resonant frequency, which leads to a beating type of transient response during the transition to steady state. In some design applications, it is valuable to know the peak value of this response and the manner in which it depends on system parameters, input parameters, and initial conditions. This nonlinear overshoot problem is addressed by considering the well-known averaged equations that describe the slowly varying amplitude and phase for both transient and steady state responses. For the undamped system, we show how the problem can be reduced to a single parameter χ that combines the frequency detuning, force amplitude, and strength of nonlinearity. We derive an explicit expression for the overshoot in terms of χ, describe how one can estimate corrections for light damping, and verify the results by simulations. For zero damping, the overshoot approximation is given by a root of a quartic equation that depends solely on χ, yielding a simple bound for the overshoot of lightly damped systems.
Case report 725

An 11-month-old boy with a swollen, painful right elbow demonstrated a supracondylar fracture on plain film radiographic studies. Sonography was subsequently performed to exclude dislocation of the elbow and demonstrated the supracondylar fracture as well as a normal relationship of the capitulum and radius, signifying a displaced fracture without associated dislocation. A bone dislocation would generally require dosed reduction alone, whereas distal humeral epiphyseal separation usually requires open reduction or percutaneous (pin) fixation. This case demonstrates the utility of ultrasound in the evaluation of physeal disruption and dislocation in the elbow prior to ossification of the secondary centers of ossification.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Education–Occupation Mismatch Status Among Immigrants in South Africa and the United States

In this study, a comparative–international approach is used to examine race–ethnic disparities in education–occupation mismatch status among immigrants. Using data from the USA and South Africa, this study finds that immigrants are most likely to be undereducated, or have less schooling for their jobs, when their racial characteristics are similar to those of the local racial majority. Black immigrants in South Africa and White immigrants in the USA are the most likely to be undereducated. Having racial characteristics similar to those of the local racial majority is associated with a lower likelihood of overeducation among immigrants.
Molecular characterization of DNA puff II/9A genes in Sciara coprophila.

Abstract A cDNA clone, pSDII/9, that hybridizes in situ to ecdysone-regulated DNA puff II/9A in Sciara coprophila was used as a probe to isolate a Sciara genomic clone, λpSDII/9, which contains a 14·7 × 103 base-pair DNA insert. The full-length cDNA insert was sequenced and mapped to gene II/9-1 on the genomic clone. A second gene (II/9-2), transcribed in the same direction as II/9-1, was also mapped to λpSDII/9, and its nucleic acid sequence was found to be 85% similar to that of gene II/9-1. An RNase protection assay demonstrates that gene II/9-1 contains a single intron that also exists in gene II/9-2 according to sequencing analysis and primer extensions of RNA encoded by this gene. Computer analyses of the deduced amino acid sequences of genes II/9-1 and II/9-2 indicate that the two DNA puffencoded proteins are mostly α-helical coiled-coils. The 5′-flanking sequences of both genes contain regions that are similar to other ecdysone-regulated genes from Drosophila melanogaster.
Collective Support Recovery for Multi-Design Multi-Response Linear Regression

The multi-design multi-response linear regression problem is investigated, in which design matrices are Gaussian with covariance matrices Σ (1:K) = (Σ (1) , ... , 1 (K) ) for K linear regression tasks. Design matrices across tasks are assumed to be independent. The support union of K p-dimensional regression vectors (collected as columns of matrix B*) is recovered using l 1 /l 2 -regularized lasso. Sufficient and necessary conditions on sample complexity are characterized as a sharp threshold to guarantee successful recovery of the support union. This model has been previously studied via l 1 /l ∞ -regularized lassoand via l 1 /l 1 + l 1 /l ∞ -regularized lasso, in which sharp threshold on sample complexity is characterized only for K = 2 and under special conditions. In this paper, using l 1 /l 2 -regularized lasso, sharp threshold on sample complexity is characterized under standard regularization conditions. Namely, if n > c p1 ψ(B*, Σ (1:K) ) log(p - s) where c p1 is a constant, and s is the size of the support set, then l 1 /l 2 -regularized lasso correctly recovers the support union; and if n <; c p2 ψ(B*, Σ (1:K) )log(p - s) where c p2 is a constant, then l 1 /l 2 -regularized lasso fails to recover the support union. In particular, the function ψ(B*, Σ (1:K) ) captures the impact of the sparsity of K regression vectors and the statistical properties of the design matrices on the threshold on sample complexity. Therefore, such threshold function also demonstrates the advantages of joint support union recovery using multitask lasso over individual support recovery using single-task lasso.
Conveying empathy to hospice family caregivers: Team responses to caregiver empathic communication

Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to explore empathic communication opportunities presented by family caregivers and responses from interdisciplinary hospice team members. Methods Empathic opportunities and hospice team responses were analyzed from bi-weekly web-based videoconferences between family caregivers and hospice teams. The authors coded the data using the Empathic Communication Coding System (ECCS) and identified themes within and among the coded data. Results Data analysis identified 270 empathic opportunity-team response sequences. Caregivers expressed statements of emotion and decline most frequently. Two-thirds of the hospice team responses were implicit acknowledgments of caregiver statements and only one-third of the team responses were explicit recognitions of caregiver empathic opportunities. Conclusion Although hospice team members frequently express emotional concerns with family caregivers during one-on-one visits, there is a need for more empathic communication during team meetings that involve caregivers. Practice implications Hospice clinicians should devote more time to discussing emotional issues with patients and their families to enhance patient-centered hospice care. Further consideration should be given to training clinicians to empathize with patients and family caregivers.
Heavy ion fusion targets; issues for fast ignition

Abstract During the last 36 years researchers have suggested and evaluated a large number of target designs for heavy ion inertial fusion. The different target designs can be classified according to their mode of ignition, their method of implosion, and their size. Ignition modes include hot-spot ignition and fast ignition. Methods of implosion include direct drive and indirect drive. Historically there has been significant work on indirectly driven targets with hot-spot ignition. Recently there has been increasing interest in directly driven targets with ion driven fast ignition. In principle, fast ignition might lead to improved target performance. On the other hand, fast ignition imposes stringent requirements on accelerators and beam physics. Furthermore, fast ignition magnifies the importance of a number of traditional target physics issues associated with ion beam energy deposition and fuel preheat. This paper will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various classes of targets. It will also discuss some issues that must be resolved to assess the feasibility of ion fast ignition.
Impacts of glacial/interglacial cycles on continental rock weathering inferred using Sr/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr ratios in Michigan watersheds

Abstract Michigan soils have developed on thick glacial-drift deposits that include different proportions of ground granite and gneiss from the Canadian Shield region (with radiogenic Sr) and carbonate sedimentary rocks from within the Michigan Basin (with non-radiogenic Sr). This study of the Cheboygan, Huron and Kalamazoo watersheds shows how Sr-isotope and Sr/Ca ratios in soil waters, ground waters, and soils reflect relative weathering intensities of the dominant minerals in Michigan soils, including carbonates from the Michigan Basin, and amphibole, plagioclase and K-feldspar derived from the Canadian Shield. Soil water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios evolve quickly to the carbonate weathering end-member (0.709–0.711) once a calcite and dolomite layer is reached at depth (~ 100–200 cm) in the Huron and the Kalamazoo watersheds. Dissolution of plagioclase and amphibole controls shallow soil water 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.711–0.713), with minor contributions from K-feldspar weathering. In contrast, soils in the previously studied Cheboygan watershed are completely depleted in carbonate minerals and contain little plagioclase and amphibole in the top 300 cm of the profile. As a result, soil waters in this watershed are ionically dilute with high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios (0.72 and 0.74), dominantly contributed by K-feldspar dissolution. Subsequent dissolution of plagioclase and amphibole at greater depths sharply increases soil water and ground water Mg 2 + , Ca 2 + , and Sr 2 + concentrations, and lowers the Sr-isotopic ratios to ~ 0.709 for the Cheboygan watershed. Similarly, along hydrologic flow paths, soil water Sr/Ca ratios move from the silicate end-member (defined by amphibole and plagioclase) towards the carbonate end-member. The Sr-isotopic compositions and Sr/Ca ratios of soil waters thus reveal the types, directions and extent of chemical weathering processes in Michigan soils, augmenting information from previous soil water chemistry and soil mineralogy studies. This work also highlights the two-fold impacts of glacial/interglacial cycles on the riverine and oceanic Sr isotopes: due to the great extent of continental glaciation, Paleozoic carbonate minerals from the Michigan Basin were redistributed widely within the interior of the North American continent, leading to elevated Sr fluxes with lower Sr-isotopic ratios in natural waters after glacial retreat. The glacial ice also ground up the ancient Precambrian Canadian Shield, accelerating mineral weathering rates and releasing highly radiogenic Sr from K-feldspar.
Isolation of Plastoquinones C and D from Spinach Chloroplasts.

A total of 8 quinones have now been identified in spinach chloroplast lipids. These include 4 plastoquinones which have been designated by letter as plastoquinone A, B, C, and D. There are also 3 tocopherylquinones a, 8, and y as well as vitamin K1. In a previous note we reported the presence of plastoquinone C in chloroplast lipids (7). We now find that this plastoquinone C fraction contains another plastoquinone which we have referred to as plastoquinone D (5). The latter represents about one third of the total quinone in the plastoquinone C fraction. In a previous paper we have reported on the difference in activity between plastoquinone C and D in restoration of photosynthetic electron transport in acetone extracted spinach chloroplasts (5). In this paper we will describe the method used for the purification of the plastoquinone.
The synthesis of methyl 4-O-(4-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside: The methyl β-glycoside of the trisaccharide related to Fabry's disease

Abstract As part of a program to synthesize the ceramide trisaccharide ( 1 ) related to Fabry's disease, methyl 4- O -(4- O -α- d -galactopyranosyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 12 ) was prepared. Methyl β-lactoside ( 2 ) was converted into methyl 4- O -(4,6- O -benzylidene-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 4 ). Methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-4- O -(2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 7 ) was synthesized from 4 through the intermediates methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-4- O -(4,6- O -benzylidene-2,3-di- O -benzoyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 5 ) and methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-4- O -(2,3-di- O -benzoyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 6 ). The halide-catalyzed condensation of 7 with 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl- d -galactopyranosyl bromide ( 8 ) gave methyl 2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-4- O -[2,3,6-tri- O -benzoyl-4- O -(2,3,4,6-tetra- O -benzyl-α- d -galactopyranosyl)- β- d -galactopyranosyl]-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 10 ). Stepwise deprotection of 10 led to 12 , the methyl β-glycoside of the trisaccharide related to Fabry's disease.
The misdiagnosis of conversion disorder in a psychiatric emergency service

During a 1-year period, 8400 patient presentations to a psychiatric emergency service were screened for the conversion symptom of extremity paresis/paralysis. Of 4220 unduplicated presentations, three patients had this complaint. These cases were reviewed and followed up. All had received a DSM-III diagnosis of conversion disorder, but in each case the patient's conversion symptom was attributed to organic disease. This had medicolegal consequences in one case and threatened legal consequences in the others. Although the frequency of this alleged conversion symptom was 0.07%, in reality it was 0.0%. Guidelines for the management of the alleged conversion symptom of paresis/paralysis are discussed.
Optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment

The determination of optimal trajectories for the aeroassisted flight experiment (AFE) is discussed. The intent of this experiment is to simulate a GEO-to-LEO transfer, where GEO denotes a geosynchronous earth orbit and LEO denotes a low earth orbit. The trajectories of an AFE spacecraft are analyzed in a 3D-space, employing the full system of 6 ordinary differential equations (ODEs) describing the atmospheric pass. The atmospheric entry conditions are given, and the atmospheric exit conditions are adjusted. Two possible transfers are considered: (1) indirect ascent to a 178 NM perigee via a 197 NM apogee; and (2) direct ascent to a 178 NM apogee.
Time correlation of localized excitations in extended molecular systems: A self-consistent field treatment

Abstract A time-dependent self-consistent field approach is developed for the dynamics of a local excitation coupled to its molecular environment, starting from the time-correlation function of transition operators. A variational functional is used to derive a factorized TCF with the correct normalization and phase factor. We also show what conditions are sufficient to justify the assumption of localized dynamics.
Forcing a sequential experiment to be balanced

Subjects arrive sequentially at an experimental site and must be assigned immediately to treatment or control groups. In order to avoid biasing the results of the experiment it is customary to make the assignments by independent flips of a fair coin, but in small-sized experiments this may result in a severe imbalance between the numbers of treatments and controls. This paper discusses a new method of assigning the subjects which tends to balance the experiment, but at the same time is not over vulnerable to various common forms of experimental bias.
Guarding the goods. New insights into the central alarm system of plants

The discovery that one's kitchen has been invaded by mice is often made indirectly. The holes chewed in the muesli bag and the teeth marks on the corn flakes box are a dead give away. Although you have not seen the mouse, you deploy your defensive weapons, and if successful, succeed in protecting
A generalization and partial reconceptualization of the theory of non-cooperative games

The question of rational behavior in dynamic non-cooperative games of incomplete information is examined. Two formulations of rationality are presented. In the first approach a player reduces his game to an 'adaptive' optimal control problem. The second approach amounts to a generalization of Nash equilibrium theory. The author discusses the applicability of the two models in light of both philosophical and technical differences between them. Both approaches are shown to accommodate Me concept of 'strategic' learning as an aspect of rational behavior. However the two differ in their ability to model or to prescribe the appealing notion of 'tacit cooperation' familiar in prisoner's dilemma games. In the last section an optimality criterion is proposed to help clarify the circumstances under which cooperation is rational.
A topic model of clinical reports

Clinical narrative in the medical record provides perhaps the most detailed account of a patient's history. However, this information is documented in free-text, which makes it challenging to analyze. Efforts to index unstructured clinical narrative often focus on identifying predefined concepts from clinical terminologies. Less studied is the problem of analyzing the text as a whole to create temporal indices that capture relationships between learned clinical events. Topic models provide a method for analyzing large corpora of text to discover semantically related clusters of words. This work presents a topic model tailored to the clinical reporting environment that allows for individual patient timelines. Results show the model is able to identify patterns of clinical events in a cohort of brain cancer patients.
The Flow of Viscous Polymer Solutions for Gravel Packing Through Porous Media

Gravel packing with viscous aqueous polymer solutions, as in Shell's Aquapac, often calls for fluid placement to the formation. To estimate placement pressures experiments have examined the flow of suitable polymer solutions through porous media ranging from coarse spherical beads to gravel pack gravel and simulated formation sand. The solutions are shown to follow power-law behavior, and pressure drops within the porous media can be described in terms of a simple power-law model. However, the solutions tend to form a gel at the inlet surface of the pack. The surface impairment may dominate the overall pressure drop particularly in the case of formation-like permeabilities. The surface buildup and potentially rapid viscosity breaking may effectively prevent meaningful predictions of pressure response. The results suggest that placement with these solutions may sometimes be very different than intended. Unanticipated high downhole viscosities may suggest interpretations involving ''premature sandout.'' However, breakers can substantially reduce downhole viscosity during placement. Since the nature of gravel pack buildup is strongly dependent on solution viscosity, the detailed behavior may have an important influence on gravel pack effectiveness and productivity.
Automated flossing device reduces plaque but not gingivitis.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Efficacy of an automated flossing device in different regions of the mouth Hague AL, Carr MP. J Periodontol 2007;78(8):1529-37 Level of Evidence 2 Purpose/Question Is flossing using an automated flossing device better than manual flossing in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation. Source of Funding Supported by industry; William Getgey Co. Type of Study/Design Randomized Controlled Trial
Noncovalent Derivatization: Green Chemistry Applications of Crystal Engineering

The field of crystal engineering is rapidly expanding. As our understanding of the mechanism of construction and relationship between structure and function of molecular crystals increases, it is important to recognize that this field offers significant toxicological and environmental benefits. The processes of molecular recognition and self-assembly are inherently benign in terms of its impact on human health and the environment. These benefits must be articulated and exploited.
Evidence for objects of lunar mass in the early solar system.

The problem of the accumulation of the Moon is discussed on the assumption that the Moon is a captured object. If it is such, it is highly improbable that it is the only object of this kind present in the early solar system. Evidence indicating that other massive objects were present at that time is presented. Also, it is pointed out that interior of the Moon must contain normal solar proportions of the elements of intermediate volatility in the lunar interior, if the Moon accumulated in a gas sphere.
Heterogeneous inbred family (HIF) analysis: a method for developing near-isogenic lines that differ at quantitative trait loci

Analysis of near-isogenic lines (NILs) that differ at quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be an effective approach for the detailed mapping and characterization of individual loci. Although NILs are useful for genetic and physiological studies, the time and effort required to develop these lines have limited their use. Here we describe a procedure to identify NILs for any region of the genome that can be analyzed with molecular or other genetic markers. The procedure utilizes molecular markers to identify heterogeneous inbred families (HIFs) that segregate for a genomic region of interest. Each HIF is isogenic at the majority of loci in the genome, but NILs differing for markers linked to QTL of interest can be extracted from segregating families. The application of this procedure is described for two QTL associated with seed weight in sorghum. A population of 98 HIFs was screened with two RAPD markers from different linkage groups that were associated with seed weight. Three segregating families were identified for each marker. The progeny of these HIFs were characterized for the segregation of seed weight and other yield components and for markers flanking each QTL. NILs derived from each HIF had significantly different seed weights confirming the presence of at least two loci that influence seed weight in sorghum.
Levels of Knowledge About Suicide Facts and Myths Among Younger and Older Adults

Abstract Despite the fact that older adults have the highest suicide rate of any age group, little is known about the kind of information older adults possess about suicide facts. Purpose of study ...
Stimulation of rat medial or sulcal prefontal cortex during passive avoidance learning selectively influences retention performance

Summary Low-level unilateral electrical stimulation was delivered during passive avoidance learning through a bipolar electrode to the prefrontal cortex of the adult albino rat. No brain stimulation was applied during a retention test measured 24 h later. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex stimulation produced retention impairment over and above that observed with chronic electrode implantation. Sulcal cortex stimulation, in contrast, actually attenuated the retention deficit produced by chronic implantation in the sulcal cortex. Stimulation of an afferent common to both prefrontal regions, the dorsomedial thalamus, resulted in retention disruption, but stimulation of another common afferent, the locus coeruleus, did not. Acquisition of the inhibitory response was not affected by stimulation of any of the above brain regions. The present results demonstrate, again, that the functional role in memory of particular brain regions can be dissected by low-level electrical stimulation. The functional separation of rat sulcal and medial cortices revealed by the effects of stimulation suggests that these prefrontal subfields subserve different functions in the information storage process.
Transient considerations of flat-plate solar collectors

A mathematical study showed that a quasi-steady-state model which assumes zero capacitance adequately represents the performance of a flat-plate solar collector if hourly meteorological data are the best available. The use of more complex models which account for capacitance is justified only if better data can be obtained.
Selective-area growth of Ge and Ge/SiGe quantum wells in 3 μm silicon-on-insulator waveguides

We demonstrate a robust process for growing high-quality bulk Ge and Ge/SiGe quantum wells in selected areas of 3 μm thick silicon-on-insulator waveguides, eliminating sidewall growth and hence facilitating low-insertion-loss optical modulators.
Persisting circadian oscillations in enzyme activity in non-dividing cultures of Euglena.

Abstract Rhythmic fluctuations in the activity of several enzymes (e.g., alanine dehydrogenase) having a period of about 24 hours have been demonstrated in synchronously dividing cultures of Euglena , gracilis grown autotrophically in diurnal light cycles. Moreover, these oscillations occur in non-dividing, heterotrophically grown, stationary cultures and persist in constant darkness for as long as 14 days. As a consequence, they are interpreted as representing biochemical “hands” of an underlying, light-entrainable, endogenous, self-sustaining clock mechanism which can operate independently of the cell cycle. Results from inhibitor studies, mixing experiments, and experiments utilizing different extraction techniques, as well as characterization of partially purified alanine dehydrogenase extracted from various points of its oscillation suggest that periodic synthesis and destruction of the enzyme generate the observed changes in its activity.
Electrical transport properties of single-crystal Sr 3 Ru 2 O 7 : The possible existence of an antiferromagnetic instability at low temperatures

We report the results of Hall coefficient R_H and magnetoresistance (MR) measurements on single crystalline samples of Sr3Ru2O7 grown by the floating zone method. R_H was found to be positive over the entire temperature range studied (0.3 - 300K). Its temperature (T) dependence follows closely that of the magnetic susceptibility, including a maximum at a characteristic temperature T=17 K. We show that R_H can be decomposed into normal and anomalous parts as in the case of skew scattering in heavy-fermion compounds and ferromagnetic metals. This, together with the observation that the longitudinal MR is greater than the transverse MR at the same magnetic field and temperature, suggests that magnetic fluctuations dominate the electrical transport properties in Sr3Ru2O7. We found a crossover in the sign of the MR at T*, from positive to negative as the temperature increased, for both the transverse and the longitudinal configurations. In addition, a non-monotonic behavior in the field dependence of the MR was found at low temperatures. These observations suggest that the magnetic correlations in Sr3Ru2O7 at ambient pressure undergo a qualitative change as the temperature is lowered. Above T*, they are dominated by ferromagnetic instability. However, below T*, the system crosses over to a different behavior, controlled possibly by a canted antiferromagnetic instability.