cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Government policies toward advertising in China (1979-1989)

The evolution of Chinese government policies toward advertising (1979-1989) and the issues involved, are examined by analyzing documents published inside and outside China.The study demonstrates the historical background, social environment, and rapid growth of advertising in China. Advertising was resurrected in 1979 due to China's economic reform and open-door policy, and played an important role in the national economic development.The study found that advertising developments in China were effected by political factors in society. The government's advertising policies were in a state of flux, and were not clearly defined within the broad complex of society's needs, aspirations and resources. The regulations on advertising were incomplete and their enforcement was weak.It was concluded that China needs to upgrade its advertising level and to learn more from the West, but may not leap on the Western consumer-oriented bandwagon and neglect the political and cultural impacts of advertising on society. Bet...
Error Detection Reliability of LTE CRC Coding

The error detection performance of CRC coding in LTE with general two-level early stopping algorithms for turbo decoding is investigated. Analytical models for the probability of block error and undetected block error at the code block and transport block levels were developed. Simulations were used to verify the model for shorter CRC lengths and block sizes. The analytical models show the setting of 24-bit CRCs in LTE allows low-complexity, robust and reliable early stopping algorithms to reduce turbo decoding complexity.
Segmenting non stationary images with triplet Markov fields

The hidden Markov field (HMF) model has been used in many model-based solutions to image analysis problems, including that of image segmentation, and generally gives satisfying results. However, when the class image is non stationary, the unsupervised segmentation results provided by HMF can be poor. In this paper, we tackle the problem of modeling a non stationary hidden random field and its effect on the unsupervised statistical image segmentation. We propose an original approach, based on the recent triplet Markov field (TMF) model, to segment non stationary images. Experiments indicate that the new algorithm performs better than the classical one.
Hydrology of disasters

Natural and man-induced disasters include a wide range of events: floods, droughts, episodic pollution, structure failure, earthquakes, avalanches, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. Each type of event is unique in terms of its cause, our ability to forecast it, the degree of prevention possible, the economic consequences, and the social impact. This book, which is a compendium of papers presented at a World Meteorological Organization conference, attempts to cover all possible types of disasters related to hydrology. As might be expected with a proceedings volume, each author deals with each topic in a different manner, making categorization of this book difficult.
Regional Economic Diversity: Action, Concept, or State of Confusion

Economic diversity has been promoted as a means to achieve the goals of stability and growth. However, the link between diver- sity, diversification and economic performance depends on the dif- ferences, both conceptually and empirically, between diversity and diversification. Unfortunately, the literature contains varying defini- tions of diversity and diversification. I propose two key points in de- fining diversity. First, it is a static concept. Second, it examines the size, the presence of multiple specializations, and the linkages pre- sent among industries within a region's economy. A brief review of diversity measures is used to discuss measuring diversity relative to some standard, as an explanatory variable in examining growth and stability, and other issues. No one diversity measure is critique free; care should be taken when using a diversity measure as the only fac- tor in a policy designed to change the structure of a region's econ- omy, given the goals of growth and stability.
Humidity preferences of four species of fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:Solenopsis)

The responses of the four fire ant species found in Texas (Solenopsis aurea Wheeler,Solenopsis geminata Fabricius,Solenopsis invicta Buren, andSolenopsis xyloni McCook) to varied relative humidities were examined. Humidity preferences of worker ants were determined with a linear gradient chamber. Workers alone did not exhibit any hydrokinetic responses, whereas brood tending workers of all species tested showed a marked preference (negative hydrokinesis) for saturated atmospheres (near 100 % RH). The responses are presumably due to the broods' hogher susceptibility to desiccation.
Some Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of Apomorphine Degradation

Rates of spontaneous apomorphine degradation have been determined at varying temperature and pH under pseudo first-order conditions. The pH profile, covering a range of pH 5.2 to 6.8 at 30°, describes the influence of the reaction of aqueous media on apomorphine stability. Buffering the medium to lower pH values dramatically decreases the velocity of decomposition. Rate constants have been determined for reactions run at 0.2 pH unit intervals over the range described. Rates calculated at a constant pH 6.0 but at different temperatures (30° and 40°) provide data for the estimation of the heat of activation, which was computed to be 12,057 cal./mole.
The role of the basic fraction of γ-globulin in the flocculation tests

Abstract 1. 1. Subfractions of γ-globulin of different electrophoretic mobilities reacted differently in the turbidity tests. The most basic fraction was most active in the thvmol turbidity and cephalin flocculation tests and the intermediate fraction under the peak reacted strongly with zinc sulphate. 2. 2. Study of other proteins of varying isoelectric points also showed that the more basically charged proteins reacted most strongly with thymol reagent and cephalin cholesterol antigen. 3. 3. Examination of a group of normal and pathologic sera with abnormal flocculation tests showed some correlation between the level of the basic fractions of the γ-globulin and positive cephalin flocculation and thymol turbidity tests. However, exceptions were noted particularly in sera of patients with infectious hepatitis and multiple myeloma. The level of zinc turbidity was related somewhat more closely to the total level of γ-globulin.
Sea of leads microwave characterization and process integration with FEOL and BEOL

Complete front-end-of-the-line (FEOL), back-end-of-the-line (BEOL), and Sea of Leads (SoL) process integration is reported with the end result being fully packaged CMOS dice at wafer-level. In addition, SoL microwave characterization in the 0.1-45 GHz frequency range demonstrates that the insertion-loss decreases with increasing lead thickness and decreasing lead length. Worst case insertion-loss for signal path into- and out- of the package was measured at wafer-level to be 1.15 dB at 45 GHz. Crosstalk between parallel leads was approximately -30 dB at 45 GHz. Finally, the fabrication of a high-density substrate for SoL using low cost multi-crystalline Si is reported.
Determinants of Property Value Growth for Tax Increment Financing Districts

Although the majority of empirical research on tax increment financing (TIF) examines municipal-level effects, there are fewer studies looking at TIF effects at a more localized level. This article examines the characteristics of the areas in which TIF districts are located as well as the factors influencing property value growth within TIF districts. In addition to finding that TIF districts, on average, are located in areas that are more economically disadvantaged than the municipality as a whole, the results of this study suggest a positive relationship between blight and subsequent property value growth. The results also show that the spatial size of a TIF district has a positive influence on property value growth and that industrial TIF districts and TIF districts located in low-density areas and in areas with high proportions of White residents and close to the city center have higher growth.
Characterization of Rickettsial Infection in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) by Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Several species of the spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR), with considerable variation in vertebrate host pathogenicity, are present in ticks in the United States. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to characterize the growth and the distribution of Rickettsia amblyommii in selected tissues (salivary glands, gut, and ovaries) of naturally infected Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), during bloodmeal acquisition and throughout vertical transmission to eggs and postembryonic life cycle stages (larvae and nymphs). R. amblyommii was identified in the samples at ratios of ≤1 rickettsiae per tick cell. Significant variability in the ratio of rickettsial to tick gene copy numbers between the tissues was identified; however, no single tissue was consistently observed to have the greatest rickettsial burden throughout the feeding event. Furthermore, the ratio of rickettsial to tick gene copy numbers did not significantly differ between eggs, immature ticks, and feeding events. This is the first study to use qPCR to enumerate rickettsial growth and distribution in the tick host during bloodmeal acquisition. Deciphering SFGR tissue distribution and transmission mechanisms is necessary for the development of novel approaches to control tick-borne rickettsial diseases.
Henry Margenau’s Philosophy as Frame of Reference in Teaching Science

Knowledge, experience, and action encompass most of the academic side of education. * By knowledge I mean rational mental activities (activities in the brain) and the products of such activities as they may be written in articles and books; by experience I mean direct sensuous stimuli as well as the perceptions that arise when these are amplified by memory and connections to other brain processes; and by action I mean the application to practice of knowledge and experience. The three are not sharply categorizable, and in some cases may not be distinguishable at all. The power and usefulness of Henry Margenau’s philosophy, as I understand it from his The Nature of Physical Reality,(1) lie in its compellingly sensible approach which can usefully be applied to these three educational concerns.(2) Its importance lies in providing us with a comprehensive frame of reference of the kind that has been called for by T. R. Blackburn in his essay on sensuous-intellectual complementarity.(3) By comprehensive frame of reference I mean one that can give meaning to modern science as well as to the contemporary countercultures.(4) Use of this frame of reference in teaching physical science is philosophy by example, and it must be acknowledged that in such use there is less than enough room for the explicit qualifications and necessary subtleties that accompany his discussion in Margenau’s work. There is added the certainty that when an ideal is reduced to practice the results never meet the absolute standards of the ideal. I hope, however, that I have done no great violence to his thoughts.
Liquid Milk Products | Pasteurization of Liquid Milk Products: Principles, Public Health Aspects

Thermal pasteurization – originally developed by Louis Pasteur in the 1860s – is now widely used to render milk free of microbial pathogens. While the primary purpose of pasteurization is to ensure the safety of milk and other fluid dairy products, this same process also destroys many spoilage microorganisms, thereby extending product shelf life. Two methods of pasteurization are in common practice in the dairy industry: (1) continuous high-temperature–short-time pasteurization, in which milk is heated to at least 71.1 °C for a minimum of 15 s, and (2) low-temperature–long-time pasteurization, in which milk is heated in an enclosed vat to at least 62.8 °C for a minimum of 30 min. A third process known as ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization, in which milk is heated to at least 135 °C for a minimum of 1.0 s, will produce a shelf-stable product that can be kept unrefrigerated until opened. Regardless of the method used, pasteurization will render an end product that is free of all milk-borne pathogens responsible for human illness including Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia enterocolitica, as well as Brucella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Cronobacter sakazakii, and Cryptosporidium (and the last four are less frequently encountered).
Impact of surgical margin clearance for resection of secondary hepatic malignancies.

Over the past several decades, there has been increasing discussion regarding the optimal management of secondary liver malignancies. Traditionally, resection has only been recommended if it could be accomplished with negative microscopic margins of at least 10 mm. However, many investigators have pushed this limit to offer resection to patients with narrower margins. We review the data regarding the impact of margin clearance on outcomes for patients undergoing hepatic metastasectomy. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short Paper: Analyzing Metadata Schemas for Buildings: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

Commercial buildings account for a large amount of delivered energy in the U.S., nearly 42% of which is consumed in buildings with digital control systems {EIA}. These buildings are a ripe venue to deploy novel applications because of (a) access to sensors and actuators that are used in their digital control systems, (b) deployed wireless sensor networks, and (c) the advent of smart "internet-of-things" sensors. However, these novel applications face a fundamental scalability challenge because the sensor metadata across buildings do not follow any common schema. In this paper, we quantify the shortcomings of three metadata schemas which have gained traction in modeling the contextual, spatial and functional relationships between sensors in the built environment: (1) Project Haystack, (2) Industry Foundation Classes (3) and Semantic Sensor Web against three commercial buildings and an extensive list of smart-building applications.
Defective glucuronic acid transport from lysosomes of infantile free sialic acid storage disease fibroblasts.

Separation by h.p.l.c. and pulsed amperometric detection were employed to measure glucuronic acid (GlcUA) and other acidic monosaccharides in fibroblasts from patients with infantile free sialic acid storage disease (ISSD) and Salla disease. These lysosomal storage disorders result from defective carrier-mediated transport of free N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) out of cellular lysosomes. Three Salla disease fibroblast strains stored approx. 0.4 nmol of free GlcUA/mg of cell protein, whereas four ISSD strains stored approx. 5 nmol GlcUA/mg (normal is undetectable). The GlcUA content of the mutant cell strains, which by differential centrifugation and Percoll gradient fractionation was localized to the lysosomes, averaged 5% of the free NeuAc content of the cells. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) also accumulated in ISSD cells, but only when they were grown in the presence of fetal calf serum, which contains abundant NeuGc. No other acidic monosaccharides were detected in any of the mutant cell strains. GlcUA egress studies revealed that 56% of the initial GlcUA content was lost from normal granular fractions after 2 min at 37 degrees C. For similarly loaded ISSD granular fractions, virtually no GlcUA was lost even after 6 min. The results indicate that GlcUA is recognized and transported by the lysosomal NeuAc carrier, and that GlcUA transport is impaired in the lysosomal disorders of free NeuAc storage.
Underlying causes and long-term survival in patients with initially unexplained cardiomyopathy.

Background Previous studies of the prognosis of patients with heart failure due to cardiomyopathy categorized patients according to whether they had ischemic or nonischemic disease. The prognostic value of identifying more specific underlying causes of cardiomyopathy is unknown. Methods We evaluated the outcomes of 1230 patients with cardiomyopathy. The patients were grouped into the following categories according to underlying cause: idiopathic cardiomyopathy (616 patients), peripartum cardiomyopathy (51); and cardiomyopathy due to myocarditis (111), ischemic heart disease (91), infiltrative myocardial disease (59), hypertension (49), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (45), connective-tissue disease (39), substance abuse (37), therapy with doxorubicin (15), and other causes (117). Cox proportional-hazards analysis was used to assess the association between the underlying cause of cardiomyopathy and survival. Results During a mean follow-up of 4.4 years, 417 patients died and 57 underwent cardiac transplantation. As compared with the patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy, the patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy had better survival (adjusted hazard ratio for death, 0.31; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.09 to 0.98), and survival was significantly worse among the patients with cardiomyopathy due to infiltrative myocardial disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 4.40; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.04 to 6.39), HIV infection (adjusted hazard ratio, 5.86; 95 percent confidence interval, 3.92 to 8.77), therapy with doxorubicin (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.46; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.67 to 7.18), and ischemic heart disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.52; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.07 to 2.17). Conclusions The underlying cause of heart failure has prognostic value in patients with unexplained cardiomyopathy. Patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy appear to have a better prognosis than those with other forms of cardiomyopathy. Patients with cardiomyopathy due to infiltrative myocardial diseases, HIV infection, or doxorubicin therapy have an especially poor prognosis.
CRT-200.30 Elevated Glucose Level Upon Presentation Predicts Left Main and/or Three Vessel Disease in Patients Without Diabetes Presenting With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Elevated glucose level upon presentation has been reported to predict worse clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, the association between elevated glucose level and angiographic findings have not been fully elucidated. We performed a retrospective analysis of
Continuously-tunable dispersionless 44-ns all optical delay element using a two-pump PPLN, DCF, and a dispersion compensator

We demonstrate an optically controlled, continuously-tunable dispersionless optical delay element using a two-pump PPLN waveguide, dispersion compensated fiber and a dispersion compensator. A continuous optical delay up to 44-ns is shown for 10-Gb/s NRZ applications. (2 pages)
Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears Without Glenohumeral Arthritis

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) can be an effective surgical option to restore function and relieve pain in patients with massive rotator cuff tears, and the indications of RSA have moved beyond cuff tear arthropathy to patients with rotator cuff pathology without glenohumeral arthritis (Hamada stage 1, 2, or 3). Successful results have been reported in patients of this population with painful pseudoparalysis, but outcomes are less predictable in patients with preserved overhead forward elevation. In this chapter, we present a technique for RSA in patients with massive rotator cuff tears without glenohumeral arthritis. Axillary nerve identification and protection is paramount in order to perform the appropriate releases for adequate humeral and glenoid exposure. Preoperative planning of the humeral cut and the conglomeration of intra-operative findings such as ease of reducibility and the motion once reduced are all taken into effect when determining the size of the components.
A Re-Examination of Increasing Cash Holdings

We reexamine the widely accepted phenomenon that U.S. corporations are holding increasing amount of cash in the last few decades. We document that increase in cash holdings as a percentage of enterprise (market) value of assets is a smaller and narrower phenomenon. We find that the aggregate amount of cash as a percentage of enterprise value increased from 5.9% in 1980-84 to 6.7% in 2010-14. We also find that most of the increase can be attributed to the changes in smaller firms and firms in technology and healthcare sector.
Consultation-Liaison in Child Psychiatry: Continuity and Change in the Past Decade

An analytical study of developments in child psychiatric consultation in the 1980s must take into account change in the knowledge base of child psychiatric, including psychopathology and expectable develpoments in infants, children, and adolescents, and the changing social, economic, political, and professional contexts in which consultation takes place. Because consultation-liaison work is often at the furthest reach of applications of new research, changes in practice often occur slowly. Conversely, interdisciplinary interaction and cross-fertilization between child psychiatry and pediatrics is a stimulus for change and often provides new models for assessment and treatment. Since child psychiatrists are rarely the sole providers of professional care for a child and family, all types of clinical practice are, in effect, consultative, in nature. The explicitness and design of the consultative relationship, whether planful or unwitting, will be examined in relation to changes on both sides of the professional interchange.
Chimera and chimera-like states in populations of nonlocally coupled homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical oscillators.

Chimera and chimera-like states are characterized in populations of photochemically coupled Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillators. Simple chimeras and chimera states with multiple and traveling phase clusters, phase-slip behavior, and chimera-like states with phase waves are described. Simulations with a realistic model of the discrete BZ system of populations of homogeneous and heterogeneous oscillators are compared with each other and with experimental behavior.
Evaluating strategic remanufacturing supply chain decisions

Accurately evaluating strategic commitments to remanufacturing requires a comprehensive understanding and consideration of the simultaneous effect of uncertainty on supply and demand. This paper presents a model that supports improved remanufacturing decision-making under stochastic demand and supply components and various cost factor considerations. The model is formulated as a newsvendor model extension that considers the simultaneous effects of probabilistic supply and demand. This characterisation assesses the effects of critical operational constraints on several strategic performance measures including cost, revenue and profit. The paper employs a Monte Carlo approach to assess the performance and extent of engagement in strategic remanufacturing supply chain operations, and illustrates results via a case study application. Results indicate that the technique can assist decision-makers in strategically determining the potential of future engagements in remanufacturing activities, and extends researc...
Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in the Treatment of Refractory/Relapsed Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP): Results of a Meta-Analysis of 299 Patients.

Background: Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD20 antigen on neoplastic and normal B cells. In addition to its role in the treatment CD20-positive B-cell malignancies, rituximab has been approved for symptom management of rheumatoid arthritis. Expanding the use of rituximab in other autoimmune diseases remains investigational. The treatment of auto-antibody mediated platelet destruction in refractory ITP is challenging. Although a good response is seen in the majority of patients treated with steroids and/or splenectomy, relapses occur in half of the patients. A few uncontrolled studies have evaluated the use of rituximab for therapy of relapsed/refractory ITP. Objective: In order to define the efficacy and safety of rituximab in the treatment of patients with refractory/relapsed ITP we conducted a review of the current available literature and performed a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: We conducted a MEDLINE literature search using Pub med, Ovid software for the key words rituximab, ITP and immune thrombocytopenia on all available published literature analyzed to date (Jan 2001 to June 30, 2006). Studies involving children ( Results: A total of 34 peer reviewed publications were identified after the electronic search that identified a total of 324 patients. Five abstracts and 14 full-length manuscripts were excluded from the analysis as they included 2 . The overall response rate was 55%, of which 38% of the patients achieved a complete response (CR) that was defined as a platelet count of at least 100,000–150,000. In addition, 17% of the patients achieved a partial response (PR) (i.e. platelet count >50,000 and nd CR (duration 6 m to 4 yrs). CR in splenectomized patients (available from 5 studies, n=126) was higher (62%) than non-splenectomized patients. Initial rise in platelet count in early responders was seen as early as 7–14 days from initiation of therapy. Discussion: Treatment of relapsed or refractory ITP is based on retrospective studies and no specific guidelines exist. Rituximab-associated depletion of antibody producing B-cells and/or Fc receptor blockade by mAb results in objective responses in over half (55%) of the patients treated. Re-treatment is effective in a similar percentage of patients with durable response. Minimal toxicity with equivalent results to other immunosuppressants favors rituximab’s use in patients with symptomatic refractory ITP. Prospective trials should further validate these results and potentially identify ITP patient characteristics prognostic for responsiveness to rituximab immunotherapy.
Contemporary failure aetiologies of the primary, posterior-stabilised total knee arthroplasty

Aims The number of revision total knee arthroplasties (TKA) that are performed is expected to increase. However, previous reports of the causes of failure after TKA are limited in that they report the causes at specific institutions, which are often dependent on referral patterns. Our aim was to report the most common indications for re-operations and revisions in a large series of posterior-stabilised TKAs undertaken at a single institution, excluding referrals from elsewhere, which may bias the causes of failure. Patients and Methods A total of 5098 TKAs which were undertaken between 2000 and 2012 were included in the study. Re-operations, revisions with modular component exchange, and revisions with non-modular component replacement or removal were identified from the medical records. The mean follow-up was five years (two to 12). Results The Kaplan-Meier ten-year survival without a re-operation, modular component revision and non-modular component revision was 95.7%, 99.3% and 95.3%, respectively. The most common indications for a re-operation were: post-operative stiffness (58%), delayed wound healing (21%), and patellar clunk (11%). The indications for isolated modular component revision were acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) (64%) and instability (36%). The most common indications for non-modular component revision were chronic PJI (52%), aseptic loosening (17%), periprosthetic fracture (10%), and instability (10%). Conclusion Post-operative stiffness remains the most common indication for re-operation after TKA. Infection is the most common indication for modular and non-modular component revision. Aseptic loosening was not an uncommon cause of failure, however, it was much less common than in national registry and non-registry data. Focusing on posterior-stabilised TKAs initially performed at our institution allowed for an accurate assessment of the causes of failure in a contemporary specialty practice. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:647–52.
Charge and size of a ring in an electrolyte with atomic force microscopy

Abstract We study the interaction force between a ring with a dipole density and the tip of an Atomic Force Microscope. Given the vector nature of a dipole we study the force for all possible dipole orientations. These results are applied to the practical problem of a charged ring electrically partially shielded by ions in an electrolyte. We provide theoretical tools to analyze experiments and extract parameters such as the charge and size of the ring, the screening, and the Debye length.
Project selection A process analysis

Abstract Technology-oriented companies involved in rapidly changing markets are interested in the value of collaborative efforts aimed at the realization of shared benefits, while spreading the costs and risks across multiple partners. The experiences and insights of participants in such ventures can contribute to the understanding of how to build more productive alliances. This study examines the project evaluation processes employed by the most successful industry–university research centers sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The delivery of highly satisfying research programs, as indicated by the industrial representatives, is defined as being successful. This paper focuses on the process management issues involved in the formulation and evaluation of research proposals, structural advantages and liabilities associated with the process, as well as the conditions/contexts that favor their application. These processes are strategically significant because they define the organization's research agenda, focus resource allocations by linking capabilities and commitments, and frame the performance assessment process.
Examination of a spectral-based ultrasonic analysis method for materials characterization and evaluation

Abstract Ultrasonic analysis has long been used as a diagnostic tool for materials and medicine, and measurements that are able to detail internal structure are often desirable. Peak density has previously been used as an assessment for tissue pathology. This quantity has potential for use in the study of tissue and soft materials. However, the use of this parameter is still in its early stages, and the signal processing techniques used are limited. In this work, other signal processing methods commonly used in ultrasonic measurement are applied to the resulting ultrasound pulses transmitted through a soft phantom material to study their effects on peak density calculations. This study examines the outcomes due to the selection of pulse width, the use of standard window functions, and spectral normalization using a reference spectrum. The consequences are assessed through the inspection of individual frequency spectra as well as two dimensional images based upon the peak density parameter. It was found that peak density was highly dependent on the window function employed and was also subject to the pulse width. Spectral normalization was found to have little effect on peak density calculations.
An Agent-Based Model of New Venture Idea Discovery

How entrepreneurs discover, evaluate, and exploit opportunities are the central themes in the field of entrepreneurship. This topic has gathered much research and debate within the entrepreneurship field, however, the use of agent-based modeling to develop an understanding of this process and its implications has been limited. Making use of NetLogo, this paper develops an agent-based model examining the results of the venture idea discovery process, allowing the resource endowments and the preference of the entrepreneur for innovation verses arbitrage to vary in the simulation.
The Independent Subway

The third and last major stage of NYC Rapid Transit System was the Independent Subway, which opened in stages between 1933 and 1940. It completed the transition from private to public operation, as it was both built and operated by the city.
Preoperative fasting and fluid management in pediatric patients

Preoperative fasting is principally intended to minimize the risk of pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents and facilitate the safe and efficient conduct of anesthesia. Liberalization of fasting guidelines has been implemented in most countries. In general, clear fluids are allowed up to 2h before anesthesia, and light meals up to 6h. In infants, most recommendations now allow breast milk feeding up to 4h and other kinds of milk up to 6h. Recently, the concept of preoperative oral rehydration using a carbohydrate-rich beverage up to 2h has also gained support. Drinking carbohydrate-rich fluids before elective surgery may reduce dehydration, improve hemodynamic stability under anesthesia, facilitate intravenous access, maintain glucose homeostasis, reduce patient irritability, and improve child and parent satisfaction. These guidelines apply to healthy children only. Exclusion criteria included obesity, diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux, ileus, bowel obstruction and emergency care. In particular, trauma and other emergency cases are at higher risk for aspiration regardless of fasting interval and should be managed appropriately.
The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries

Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline.
Whole-Genome Sequences of Two Pseudomonas fluorescens Strains Isolated from Roots of Tomato and Cucumber Plants.

ABSTRACT Pseudomonas fluorescens strain EC1 was isolated from Cucumis sativus (cucumber) roots, and P. fluorescens SC1 was isolated from Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) roots. The P. fluorescens SC1 genome has a total sequence length of 6,157,842 bp, and the P. fluorescens EC1 genome has a total sequence length of 6,125,428 bp.
Minimally invasive surgery

A 43-year-old woman with a body mass index of 35.1 presented to an ambulatory surgery center for a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. A Veress needle was used to access the peritoneal cavity. When the laparoscopic camera was inserted, massive hemorrhage was noted. Laparoscopic control of the bleeding was attempted but was unsuccessful, and the patient was converted to a laparotomy. Because of the massive hemorrhage, the source was unable to be identified. A total of eight non-vascular clamps were placed in the abdomen in an attempt to control bleeding. The estimated blood loss at the outside facility was reported to be 5 L. The patient’s abdomen was packed, she was transfused 2 units of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma, and then transferred to a level 1 trauma center. The most appropriate first step in the management of this patient in addition to resuscitation at the center is: 1. Thoracotomy/X-clamp descending aorta. 2. Call an endovascular surgeon. 3. REBOA in the emergency room. 4. Perform thromboelastography. The patient arrived at the center on an intravenous drip of norepinephrine at 16 μg/min and with intermittent intravenous infusions of 1 mg epinephrine. As retrograde endovascular occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) was not available at the center at the time, the patient was taken directly from the ambulance bay to the operating room and the massive transfusion protocol was initiated. The patient’s blood pressure was 80/50, her arterial pH was 6.93, and the base deficit was −24. At laparotomy, there was obvious hemorrhage from the distal infrarenal abdominal aorta just above the bifurcation. There was maceration of approximately 1 cm of the anterior aorta encompassing 50% of …
Euclidean Transformations: Elementary School Spaceometry.

С ^Spaceometry the study of simple relationships of three-dimensional space; an intuitive exploration of location (whereness), direction, size, and distance. Does this sound familiar? Of course, its an apt description of informal geometry, kindergarten through grade eight. (Brydegaard 1972). And nowhere is the term spaceometry more appropriate than in describing the study of Euclidean transformations in the elementary and middle school. Yet, is consideration being given to the interrelatedness of elementary geometry and children's spatial ability? Are we, as teachers, aware of the different levels of spatial conceptualization and the difficulties encountered by young children in their attempts to internalize spatial concepts and subject them to mental operations? And, what has research to tell us concerning the child's ability to learn transformational concepts at the different spatial levels?
Strength of Granular Materials in Transient and Steady State Rapid Shear

This paper discusses relationships between the frictional strength of a flowing granular material and quantities including porosity and grain-scale energy dissipation. The goal of the paper is to foster an understanding of frictional strength that will facilitate the development of constitutive laws incorporating important physical processes. This is accomplished in several steps. First, a friction relationship is derived for a steady state simple shear flow using an energy balance approach. The relationship shows that friction is explicitly related to porosity, grain connectivity, and grain-scale dissipation rates. Next, the friction relationship is extended to describe transient changes in frictional behavior. The relationship shows that, in addition to the processes important for steady flows, the rate of dilatation and changes in internal energy play a role in the frictional strength of a granular material away from steady state. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to illustrate the accuracy of the friction relationships and illuminate important scaling behavior. The discussion of numerical simulations focuses on the rate-dependence of frictional strength and the partition of macroscopic energy dissipation into its grain-scale components. New interpretations of existing constitutive laws and ideas for new constitutive laws are discussed.
Innovation in environmental policy: the National Environmental Policy Act of the US and the Resource Management Act of New Zealand

On enactment, both the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 1970 of the US and the Resource Management Act (RMA), 1991 of New Zealand received accolades for innovativeness. However, is such praise justified when these acts are explored through the literature on policy innovation? This paper suggests that it is. More importantly, recognizing how different attributes of innovation contribute to having a policy adopted suggests what the crafters of future environmental policies might do well to consider. It is critical to attend to the political climate in which a policy is being drafted.
MULTIPLIERS ON DIRICHLET TYPE SPACES

In this article we examine Dirichlet type spaces in the unit poly- disc, and multipliers between these spaces. These results extend the corre- sponding work of G. D. Taylor in the unit disc. In addition, we consider functions on the polydisc whose restrictions to lower dimensional polydiscs lie in the corresponding Dirichet type spaces. We see that such functions need not be in the Dirichlet type space of the whole polydisc. Similar observations are made regarding multipliers.
Individual and interactive effects of herbivory on plant fitness: endopolyploidy as a driver of genetic variation in tolerance and resistance

Previous studies have shown a causal link between mammalian herbivory, tolerance, and chemical defense in Arabidopsis thaliana, driven by the process of endoreduplication (replication of the genome without mitosis). Removal of the apical meristem by mammalian herbivores lowers auxin, which triggers entry into the endocycle. Increasing chromosome number through endoreduplication, and therefore gene copy number, provides a means of increasing gene expression promoting rapid regrowth rates, higher defensive chemistry and enhanced fitness. Here, we assess whether insect leaf-feeding elicits the same compensatory response as the removal of apical dominance. Insect feeding has been shown to downregulate auxin production, which should trigger endoreduplication. Results here support this contention; insect leaf-feeding by Trichoplusia ni elicited a compensatory response similar to that of mammalian herbivores—an ecotype-specific response consistent with the level of endoreduplication. The interactive effects of mammalian and insect herbivory were also assessed to determine whether interactions were additive (pairwise) or non-additive (diffuse) on tolerance (fitness). Specifically, results indicate that herbivory is either diffuse (a significant clipping × T. ni interaction) or pairwise (no significant interaction between clipping and T. ni herbivory), dependent upon plant genotype and compensatory ability. In general, herbivore-induced changes in plant quality appear to be responsible for the observed differences in herbivory and fitness compensation. We discuss the importance of evaluating endoreduplication among plants within a population to avoid masking the association between tolerance and resistance and the fitness consequences of multi-herbivore interactions.
High resolution two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry for robust and sensitive characterization of therapeutic antibodies at the peptide level.

Abstract Separations of complex peptide mixtures have been a common target application for two-dimensional liquid chromatography over the last few decades. These separations have most frequently been carried out at the capillary scale, with columns on the order of 75 µm i.d. and flow rates on the order of 500 nL/min. Recently, however, several groups have worked to optimize comprehensive 2D-LC (LC × LC) separations of peptides at the analytical scale (i.e., 2 mm i.d. columns, and ca. 1 mL/min flow rates) and demonstrated peak capacities on the order of 5000 in analysis times of a few hours, using reversed-phase separations in both dimensions. In this paper we aim to advance the performance of such separations in two primary ways. First, we demonstrate that active solvent modulation (ASM) can be used to improve the 2D peak capacity by both enabling use of long and highly efficient first dimension (1D) columns, and by mitigating the deleterious effects of injecting large fractions of 1D effluent into the small columns that are required for fast and highly sensitive second dimension (2D) separations. Taken together these two benefits enable the realization of a peak capacity of 10,000 in an analysis time of four hours. This comes at the cost of increased instrument complexity compared to 1D-LC separations, but the 2D-LC approach is unquestionably the most efficient way to improve upon the resolving power of existing 1D-LC. Second, we have systematically studied the compromise between the peak capacity of each 2D separation and the operating pressure required to achieve that peak capacity. Understanding this compromise will be important to the development of LC × LC methods that both produce high peak capacities, and are sufficiently robust to operate for days at a time without significant losses in separation performance. Based on the results of this study we chose conditions for subsequent separations that required less than 400 bar operating pressure in the second dimension, but yielded a 2D peak capacity of about 3500 in 2 h. After 160 h of continuous operation of the LC × LC separation under these conditions (and about 20,000 injections into the 2D column) the 2D column had only lost about 18% of its initial isocratic efficiency. These results should motivate further development and implementation of such high performing and robust separations for the identification and quantification of peptides in a variety of application areas, including digests of therapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies.
Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenström in children

Background Hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom (HGPW), a rare cutaneous eruption characterized by the triad of recurrent episodes of lower extremity petechiae, symptoms of stinging and burning, and lower extremity edema, is poorly described in children. Some children have been reported to follow a benign course, while others are eventually diagnosed with fulminant rheumatologic disease. Objectives To determine the distinguishing features of HGPW including the spectrum of disease manifestations and clinical outcomes. Methods This is a multicenter, retrospective case series of six children with HGPW combined with a literature review of 45 previously published pediatric cases. Results Most children were eventually diagnosed with systemic disease (63%) or developed autoantibody accumulation suggestive of evolving disease (71%). The most common diagnoses were Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. The mean duration between onset of cutaneous eruption and diagnosis of systemic disease was 5.6 years, underscoring that HPGW patients often present with a rash that precedes the development of systemic symptoms. Conclusions Diagnosis of HGPW should prompt initial screening for rheumatologic disease with long-term rheumatology follow-up, as the majority of patients present with evolving manifestations of systemic disease.
Factors affecting pre-doctoral dental students' selection of advanced dental education: A cross-sectional study.

Context Understanding the motivators and obstacles behind pursuing advanced dental education is essential in planning pedagogy, mentorship programs, and curricula that support dental students to achieve their future career goals. Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate factors influencing dental student's choice to pursue a postgraduate specialization at University of New England College of Dental Medicine with a focus on student personality. Factors examined include demographics, religious affiliations, prior education, dental experiences, expected debt, past career choices, beliefs about the process of specialization, and personality types. Method A total of 232 dental students (91.6% response rate) completed a self-administered questionnaire. About 21.6% of dental students intended to pursue a dental specialty while 38.8% wanted to pursue a nondental Masters' program. Approximately one-third of dental students were interested in practicing as general dentists or pursuing additional training in general dentistry. Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry were the top choices for dental specialization. Results Being younger, having a dentist family member, nonwhite ethnicity, and having Extraverted and Sensing personality were found to be significant predictors of dental students' intention to pursue advanced dental education. Having a unique talent or skills, past exposure to dental treatments, family/peer expectations, geographic location of the residency program and its proximity to the family were the most identified factors while considering residency program. Conclusion Results in this study are consistent with previous literature and bring attention to the importance of understanding students' personality in teaching methodologies, mentorship and determining their future goals. The findings allow dental institutions to better prepare their predoctoral candidate for residency.