cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and calibration of an automated Mueller matrix polarization imaging system

The high fatality rate associated with the late detection of skin cancer makes early detection crucial in preventing death. The current method for determining if a skin lesion is suspect to cancer is initially based on the patient's and physician's subjective observation of the skin lesion. Physicians use a set of parameters called the ABCD (asymmetry, border, color, diameter) rule to help facilitate diagnosis of potential cancerous lesions. Lesions that are suspicious then require a biopsy, which is a painful, invasive, and a time-consuming procedure. In an attempt to reduce the aforementioned undesirable elements cur- rently associated with skin cancer diagnosis, a novel optical polarization-imaging system is described that has the potential to non- invasively detect cancerous lesions. The described system generates the full 16-element Mueller matrix in less than 70 s. The operation of the system was tested in transmission, specular reflection, and diffuse reflectance modes, using known samples, such as a horizontal linear polarizer, a mirror, and a diffuser plate. In addition, it was also used to image a benign lesion on a human subject. The results of the known samples are in good agreement with their theoretical values with an average accuracy of 97.96% and a standard deviation of 0.0084, us- ing 16 polarization images. The system accuracy was further in- creased to 99.44% with a standard deviation of 0.005, when 36 im- ages were used to generate the Mueller matrix. © 2002 Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1486248)
Post-Cinematic Affect: On Grace Jones, Boarding Gate and Southland Tales

This essay explores the 'structure of feeling' that is emerging today in tandem with new digital technologies, together with economic globalisation and the financialisation of more and more human activities. The 20th century was the age of film and television; these dominant media shaped and reflected our cultural sensibilities. In the 21st century, new digital media help to shape and reflect new forms of sensibility. Movies (moving image and sound works) continue to be made, but they have adopted new formal strategies, they are viewed under massively changed conditions and they address their spectators in different ways than was the case in the 20th century. The article traces these changes, focusing on three recent moving-image works: Nick Hooker's music video for Grace Jones's song 'Corporate Cannibal'; Olivier Assayas' movie Boarding Gate , starring Asia Argento; and Richard Kelly's movie Southland Tales , featuring Justin Timberlake, Dwayne Johnson and other pop culture celebrities.
Depression and Academic Impairment in College Students

Impairment from depression and its impact on productivity are of profound societal importance. We report the results of an evaluation of depression and academic impairment in university students, using standardized measures. Sixty-three students completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the work role section from the Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report. Academic impairment, manifested as missed time from class, decreased academic productivity, and significant interpersonal problems at school, was seen in 92% of the students. More severe depression was related to a higher level of impairment. At all levels of depression, affective impairment-inadequacy, distress, and disinterest in school-was more prevalent than was academic impairment. The risk of academic impairment became likely at only moderate-to-severe levels of depression. Discussing the implications of depression with students and aggressively pursuing both medication and nonmedication therapies are essential in preventing the high morbidity associated with untreated depression.
Compressive moduli of the human medial meniscus in the axial and radial directions at equilibrium and at a physiological strain rate.

The axial and radial compressive moduli of the human meniscus are important material properties in tibiofemoral joint models, but they have not been determined previously for fresh-frozen tissue. Our goals were to measure the moduli at equilibrium and at a physiological strain rate, to determine whether the axial and radial compressive moduli are equal for each type of loading, and to determine whether they depend on the region (i.e., anterior, middle, posterior) of the meniscus. Samples from each region from 10 fresh-frozen human medial menisci were tested in unconfined compression at four strain levels (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) at 32%/s, a strain rate determined to be physiologically relevant to walking, and then allowed to reach equilibrium in stress relaxation. At equilibrium, the axial and radial compressive moduli at 12% strain were 83.4 kPa and 76.1 kPa, respectively (p ¼ 0.58), whereas at the physiological strain rate, the axial and radial compressive moduli at 12% strain were 718 kPa and 605 kPa, respectively (p ¼ 0.61). At the physiological strain rate, the modulus increased with increasing strain (79.2 kPa at 3% strain vs. 662 kPa at 12% strain) and the modulus in the anterior region (1,048 kPa at 12% strain) was significantly greater than that in the posterior region (329 kPa at 12% strain) (p ¼ 0.04). Our study supports a plane of isotropy for the material properties of meniscal tissue. However, the material behavior is strongly nonlinear because the compressive modulus is several orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported values for tensile modulus. Further, the compressive modulus depends on the activity of interest (i.e., static such as standing or dynamic such as walking) due to viscoelastic effects, the strain level, and the region of the tissue. 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
On the Expected VCG Overpayment in Large Networks

Motivated by the increasing need to price networks, we study the prices resulting from of a variant of the VCG mechanism, specifically defined for networks by J. Feigenbaum, et al (2002). This VCG mechanism is the unique efficient and strategyproof mechanism, however it is not budget-balanced and in fact it is known to result in arbitrarily bad overpayments for some graphs by A. Archer and E. Tardos (2002), In contrast, we study more common types of graphs and show that the VCG overpayment is not too high, so it is still an attractive pricing candidate. We prove that the average overpayment in Erdos-Renyi random graphs with unit costs is p/(2 - p) for any n, when the average degree is higher than a given threshold. Our simulations show that the overpayment is greater than p/(2 - p) below this threshold, hence, together with the constant upper bound from Mihail et al. (2003), the overpayment is constant regardless of graph size. We then present simulation results which show that power-law graphs with unit costs has overpayments that decrease with graph size and finally, power-law graphs with uniformly random costs has a small constant overpayment
Design and Manufacture of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Tissue Mimicking Material for Needle Insertion

The polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tissue-mimicking material for needle insertion was manufactured and evaluated. Factorial design of experiment was conducted by changing three factors − the ratio of softener and PVC polymer solution, the mass fraction of mineral oil, and the mass fraction of micro-sized glass beads − to study the indentation hardness, compression elastic modulus and friction and cutting forces in needle insertion of 12 types of soft PVC material. The indentation hardness of the soft PVC material ranged from 5 to 50. The elastic modulus of the soft PVC material was from 6 to 45 kPa between 0-0.15 strain. The friction and cutting force during needle insertion also had large ranges, which were from 0.005 to 0.086 N/mm and 0.04 to 0.36 N respectively. The analysis of variance showed that the ratio of softener and PVC polymer solution had the most significant effect on all of the four properties of the PVC material. The percentage of mineral oil also had statistical significance on these four properties. The glass beads only had effect on the needle insertion cutting force. A nonlinear regression model was applied to find relationships among mechanical properties and the significant factors. The R2 values of the regression analysis results were all larger than 0.9. Four properties of a PVC tissue-mimicking material can be designed to desired values based on these relationships.
Regulatory Status of Silicones in the United States

This chapter provides an overview of the principal chemical regulatory statutes in the United States. Federal laws are discussed, followed by material-specific laws and an analysis of their impact on silicones. Each section includes an overview of the statutory provisions, and covers key trends and indicators. The chapter concludes with a summary of global trends toward risk assessment and environmental accountability.
The Marriage Contract: Spouses, Lovers, and the Law

This review of Lenore J. Weitzman’s book, The Marriage Contract: Spouses, Lovers, and the Law, discusses this excellent and exhaustive treatise on the inter-relationship of family law and contract law. The result of ten years’ of sociological research on marriage and divorce, Weitzman’s book advertises itself as providing “expert advice on writing a living-together contract for equal partnerships, traditional marriages, remarried parents, homosexual couples, roommates who want to avoid palimony.” The book provides an incisive, critical analysis of the traditional model of marriage and its regulation by current law. The book’s most significant contribution is its argument that late twentieth-century social realities have rendered anachronistic archaic legal assumptions concerning both married and unmarried couples. In order to remedy the inequities that arise from judicial discretion in the realm of domestic problems, Weitzman suggests that the best method for governing relationships is “intimate marital and non-marital contracts.”Clearly, Professor Weitzman has seen the future of domestic relations law to be contract law, but it is in the case of intimate contracts that professor Weitzman’s book is most disturbing and frightening. It is unsettling to envision thousands of couples using The Marriage Contract as a kind of fix-it manual for their relationship (not unlike Dacey’s How to Avoid Probate), only to discover, at some later date, that their intimate contract is unenforceable, worthless piece of wishful thinking.Professor Weitzman, who is a sociologist although not an attorney, has written a legal “how-to” manual replete with sample agreements and contract provisions. He book is dangerous because many readers may skip the legal analysis and proceed straight to the model contracts. Her caveats, however, are grossly inadequate to warn the reader of potential legal pitfalls in the sample agreements. These illustrative draft instruments are fraught with legal peril, particularly to the naive, the trusting, and the legally illiterate. Professor Weitzman’s book is potentially harmful in that it offers dubious legal advice through official-sounding, jargon-laden, model intimate contracts. As such, these “contracts” are the weakest and least valuable portion of the book.
Revisiting the FISA Court Appointment Process

The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) courts are the only active Article III courts without full-time judges directly appointed by the President. The Chief Justice unilaterally chooses generalist judges to serve as part-time FISA judges. Proceedings are classified and only the government is represented, so the only legal or technical arguments against any surveillance request are the ones judges raise themselves. This Essay argues that the FISA court appointment process lacks democratic legitimacy, threatens the separation of powers, undermines the ideological balance of the judiciary, and asks too much of generalist judges. The author concludes that, whatever the wisdom of the FISA courts’ decisions, they belong in the hands of permanent, specialist judges appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
LORD HAILEY AND THE MAKING OF THE AFRICAN SURVEY

IN HIS FOREWORD to Lord Hailey's monumental African Survey (1938) Lord Lothian asserted (a) that the project had been directly inspired by General Smuts' Rhodes Memorial Lectures at Oxford in 1929 and (b) that the publication had been delayed by the expansion of the scope and 'by the illness of the Director for some months during the winter of 1937 and the early part of the presexlt year'.l In this article I argue that the Smuts genealogy, on which John Hargreaves and Kenneth Robinson have already cast doubt, ought to be discarded almost entirely.2 Further, although the statements concerning the enlargement of scope and the Director's illness are true, they severely understate the mental and physical crisis the Survey caused for Lord Hailey himself. Indeed it came close to killing him. The African Survey was the fruit of long germination not of a mere off-the-cuff remark; it was, in effect! the culmination of the interwar generation's debate on African problems. Apart from mavericks like Norman Leys, whose 'extremist' views on race now seem so sensible, British attitudes towards Africa were shaped by the interaction between two broad schools. The first, dominating southern as well as much of central and eastern Africa, stressed economic development through white initiative, capital and management of migrant black labour, the evolution of Africans 'on their own lines', and segregation. The second, centering in West Africa and Uganda, emphasized peasant production, protection of African interests, and lndirect rule. Although the relationship between the two schools became increasingly dialectical, they drew on a common bank of scientific and anthropological theory, employed common language, and shared the elementary assumption, based either on race or culture, that Africans were
Left. No, Right! Development of the Frame of Reference Transformation Tool (FORT)

A computational model was developed to predict the spatial-cognitive difficulties imposed when the operator must transform information along up to 6 degrees of freedom between a display (viewed at different orientations), and either a cognitive understanding or a compensatory control. The model applies to pilots, robotics operators, navigators or surgeons using endoscopic procedures. Penalties (in workload, errors or time) in the frame of reference transformation (FORT) are based on psychological findings in spatial cognition, such as mental rotation, depth compression, population stereotypes and verbally mediated strategies. We present the graphical user interface for exercising the model; then show how we have applied it to an astronaut space-shuttle, Hubble rendezvous sequence. Finally we validate the model against two existing data sets, one for cognition and one for control. The model could be used as the basis for both a design analysis tool and a real-time operator aiding system.
Nanometer-scale Investigation on the Loess of Luochuan:Nano-rod Calcite

Nano-rod calcite was discovered in a loess-paleosol sequence with the TEM investigation for the samples from the Luochuan section. The diameter of the calcite is 30～50 nanometer and the length from hundreds nanometer to several micrometer. Nano-rod calcite crystals are round fibers with varying thicknesses. The crystals are bended along the direction of the crystal length. They sometimes have interlaced arrangement, and arborescent or frame forms. The EDS reveals small amounts of magnesium, phosphorous and sulfur. Morphology and composition analysis indicate that the formation of the nano-rod calcite is involved in matter derived from microorganisms and mineralization. The forming condition of the nano-rod calcite should be an indicator of paleoclimate, paleoenvironment and paleoecology. Therefore, the discovery of nano-rod calcite in the loess-paleosol sequence provides a new clue for reconstructing the paleoclimate and is of significance in the research of nanometer minerals in environment, genesis of carbonate in loess and paleoclimate reconstruction.
Technical System of Security Protection for Power Fire

The existing problems about research on power fire were introduced.The present fire prevention and extinguishing technologies were analysis.According to the fire causes and risks,the necessity,content and method of the research on security protection technologies including intelligent fire detection and fire extinguishing,new security protection,novel fire prevention and extinguishing were presented,which suggests the research area and method of the security protection system for power fire.
Mineral Products Consumption and Resource Guarantee

Mineral products are major source for human to obtain substance and energy. Energy resources are more important than substance resources. Energy product can not only be used as energy, but also substance resource, such as chemical raw material. Substance resource consumption tends to reduction of single and general consumption. Energy production and consumption should seek the reduction of single consumption and stabilization of general consumption. Now China's living consumption including single and general has reasonably gone up with steady steps. Directly transmitting electricity should be taken as important while adjusting surplus and deficiency energy between regions. Therefore, the proportion of electricity in energy consumption should be increased. There is more room for different energy to be replaced. Energy shortage is represented as total amount of shortage, which can be solved by national macro-control. There is smaller room for different substance resources to be replaced. Substance shortage is showed as structural shortage, which mainly relies on market.
Simulating microstructure evolution of battery tabs during ultrasonic welding

Abstract Ultrasonic welding offers ability to weld thin layers of malleable metals at low temperature and low power consumption. During ultrasonic welding, intensive material interactions occur due to the severe plastic deformation (SPD) and frictional heat generation, which leads to the microstructural change. Different grain microstructures have been observed after different ultrasonic welding conditions. Theory of the microstructural evolution was for the first time hypothesized as three regimes, namely SPD, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and grain growth according to the material thermomechanical loading conditions. A novel metallo-thermo-mechanically coupled model was developed to model the temperature-dependent mechanical deformation and microstructural evolution during the ultrasonic spot welding process. The numerical analysis was carried out with a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model using DEFORM 11.0. The material constitutive model considered cyclic plasticity, thermal softening and acoustic softening. Dynamic recrystallization and grain growth kinetics laws were applied to simulate the microstructural evolution under different welding time durations. The simulation results demonstrated that the essential characteristics of the deformation field and microstructure evolution during ultrasonic welding were well captured by the metallo-thermo-mechanically coupled model. The numerical framework developed in this study has been shown to be a powerful tool to optimize the ultrasonic welding process for its mechanical properties and microstructures.
Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpression in mice abrogates sex differences in body weight, visceral fat, and food intake response to a fast and alters levels of feeding regulatory hormones.

Corticotropin-releasing factor overexpressing (CRF-OE) male mice showed an inhibited feeding response to a fast, and lower plasma acyl ghrelin and Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus compared to wild-type (WT) mice. We investigated whether hormones and hypothalamic feeding signals are impaired in CRF-OE mice and the influence of sex. Male and female CRF-OE mice and WT littermates (4–6 months old) fed ad libitum or overnight fasted were assessed for body, adrenal glands and perigonadal fat weights, food intake, plasma hormones, blood glucose, and mRNA hypothalamic signals. Under fed conditions, compared to WT, CRF-OE mice have increased adrenal glands and perigonadal fat weight, plasma corticosterone, leptin and insulin, and hypothalamic leptin receptor and decreased plasma acyl ghrelin. Compared to male, female WT mice have lower body and perigonadal fat and plasma leptin but higher adrenal glands weights. CRF-OE mice lost these sex differences except for the adrenals. Male CRF-OE and WT mice did not differ in hypothalamic expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), while female CRF-OE compared to female WT and male CRF-OE had higher NPY mRNA levels. After fasting, female WT mice lost more body weight and ate more food than male WT, while CRF-OE mice had reduced body weight loss and inhibited food intake without sex difference. In male WT mice, fasting reduced plasma insulin and leptin and increased acyl ghrelin and corticosterone while female WT showed only a rise in corticosterone. In CRF-OE mice, fasting reduced insulin while leptin, acyl ghrelin and corticosterone were unchanged with no sex difference. Fasting blood glucose was higher in CRF-OE with female > male. In WT mice, fasting increased hypothalamic NPY expression in both sexes and decreased POMC only in males, while in CRF-OE mice, NPY did not change, and POMC decreased in males and increased in females. These data indicate that CRF-OE mice have abnormal basal and fasting circulating hormones and hypothalamic feeding-related signals. CRF-OE also abolishes the sex difference in body weight, abdominal fat, and fasting-induced feeding and changes in plasma levels of leptin and acyl ghrelin.
Do non-citizens affect U.S. Congressional elections?

ABSTRACTU.S. citizens against immigration argue that immigrants commit voter fraud and skew election outcomes towards progressive candidates. These arguments have increased in number and severity since the Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that states cannot require photo identification from voters. We examine whether the size of the non-citizen population is related to election outcomes. Previous research indicates that non-citizens sway elections in favour of progressive candidates but only in elections where the victory margin is small. We find no evidence of a relationship between non-citizens and vote outcomes. We find evidence that the percent of the population that is non-white is positively related to percent of votes cast for democratic candidates.
Si nanospring films for compliant interfaces

Films comprised of dense arrays of Si nanosprings were studied for their potential as compliant interface layers. The films, fabricated via glancing angle deposition (GLAD), were comprised of 10-µm high Si nanosprings with 4 or 10 coil turns and seed spacings of 900 nm or 1500 nm. Unseeded films with the same height and 4 or 10 coil turns were co-fabricated as the control material. The film mechanical behavior was a combination of the mechanical response of the individual springs and their interactions inside the film, resulting in increasing compressive stiffness with applied stress. The shear stiffness of all types of Si spring films was in the narrow range of 17–27 MPa. On the contrary, depending on coil geometry, the low-stress compressive stiffness could be varied in the broad range of 13–150 MPa. Thus, this class of nanostructured films allows for relatively decoupled normal and shear properties with values comparable to those of soft polymers. Despite that unseeded films have the thinnest coil wire, it was shown that seeding can produce equal or lower film stiffness, while also increasing the resistance to permanent compression at high stresses. Similarly, a capping layer increased the coherency of the films and their resistance to permanent compression without affecting significantly the compressive film stiffness. Capped films with 10-turn coils, with 900-nm seed spacing, provided the most resistance to permanent compression for stresses at least as high as 15 MPa, while maintaining compressive stiffness values that were equivalent to unseeded 10-turn springs. Finally, capped 4-turn springs with 900-nm seed spacing were shown to be the most compliant of all film types, including unseeded films, while also exhibiting the best agreement between film-level stiffness and estimates based on individual spring properties. Therefore, seeding of GLAD springs can produce films with increased resistance to permanent deformation while maintaining the low stiffness of unseeded films.
Helicobacter pylori stains and association between H. pylori and inflammation in gastric specimens

Gastric cancer has been strongly associated with presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. To improve techniques in identifying H. pylori so that gastric cancer may be predicted early, this pr...
Interactive Extraction of Examples from Existing Code

Programmers frequently learn from examples produced and shared by other programmers. However, it can be challenging and time-consuming to produce concise, working code examples. We conducted a formative study where 12 participants made examples based on their own code. This revealed a key hurdle: making meaningful simplifications without introducing errors. Based on this insight, we designed a mixed-initiative tool, CodeScoop, to help programmers extract executable, simplified code from existing code. CodeScoop enables programmers to "scoop" out a relevant subset of code. Techniques include selectively including control structures and recording an execution trace that allows authors to substitute literal values for code and variables. In a controlled study with 19 participants, CodeScoop helped programmers extract executable code examples with the intended behavior more easily than with a standard code editor.
Professional Identity Scale in Counseling (PISC): Revision of Factor Structure and Psychometrics

ABSTRACTThis study reexamined the factor structure of the 62-item Professional Identity Scale in Counseling (PISC). An exploratory factor analysis suggested a 16-item, four-factor solution, and all four factors were positively correlated with subscales of the Professional Identity and Values Scale (PIVS). Confirmatory factory analysis revealed that this model is a good candidate for further testing.
The Catholic Interracial Council and Mexican American Civil Rights in Davenport, Iowa, 1952–1974

This essay examines the politics of the Catholic Interracial Council (CIC) and Mexican American activism in Iowa from the 1950s to the 1970s. As a national church body, the CIC worked to bridge the racial chasm that existed in black and white Catholic churches in places like New York and Detroit. In the Midwest, and Iowa in particular, the CIC included an eclectic mix of Mexican American, African American, and Anglo religious activists. The CIC organized for an end to police brutality, fair housing, equal access to education, and farmworkers’ rights. By focusing on the CIC, this essay shows how religious activism was part of the larger project of community formation that helped give rise to Mexican American civil rights activism in Iowa and across the Midwest.
Variance, Inter-Trait Correlation, Heritability, and Marker-Trait Association of Rubber Yield-Related Characteristics in Taraxacum kok-saghyz

Rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz or TK) is a potential industrial crop species that can produce high-quality natural rubber in its roots. The present study estimated trait variance, inter-trait correlation, and entry-mean heritability for rubber yield-related traits and analyzed associations between these traits and 42 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A trial was conducted at three environments to assess a biparental progeny of 66 F1 full-sibs, in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replicates. Significant correlations, broad ranges of variation, and significant genotypic variance components were identified for five measured phenotypic traits. Moderate broad-sense heritability on an entry-mean heritability estimates (0.51–0.61) were obtained for five rubber yield-related traits based on a 1-year trial. However, the broad-sense heritability in general sense ranged from 0.09 to 0.15 depending on the trait. Two linkage groups were identified. Association analysis identified seven significant marker-trait gene associations, and only one marker was related to two traits. The implications of trait correlations and heritability for selection and improvement are discussed.
Amino acid sequence of a platelet-binding human anti-DNA monoclonal autoantibody

The complete amino acid sequences of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of a human IgM monoclonal platelet-binding autoantibody have been determined. This antibody, HF2–1/17, produced by a human x human hybridoma prepared from lymphocytes of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus and thrombocytopenia, is polyreactive with single-stranded DNA, synthetic polynucleotides, sulfated carbohydrates, and acidic glycolipids isolated from platelet membranes. The heavy chain is of the VHIII subgroup, and the light chain is of the VKI subgroup. The heavy chain is the expression product of the VH26 germline gene. The light chain bears significant homology to other immunoglobulins of known primary structure, including WEA, GAL, HAU, HK101, and DEE. These results suggest that HF2–1/17 may be an autoantibody derived with little or no modification from germline genes. A model of the antibody combining site suggests that arginine 24 and arginine 30 in the light chain (CDR1) interact with a surface defined by phosphate or sulfate groups of the antigen.
Examining the Affordances and Constraints of Organization-ICT Practices in Addressing Complex Social Problems

Many non-profit organizations (NPO) and non-government organizations (NGO) aim to address real-world problems that are evident in our society. Complex social problems such as poverty, homelessness, illiteracy, emergencies and disasters are ever-present in today’s world. Many forms of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are involved in the process of addressing the needs of collaborating agencies and the communities and individuals in affected areas. Though not presently studied in Information Systems (IS) research, NPOs and NGOs have begun to exhibit a tightly intertwined relationship between their organizational practices and technology. Integrating work practices with ICT may result in differential outcomes when addressing inherently complex and dynamic social problems. This conceptual paper aims to explore the ways in which organizations are enabled and constrained in addressing their social missions through their interaction with various forms of ICT.
Characterization of Fut10 and Fut11, Putative Alpha-1-3/4 Fucosyltransferase Genes Important for Vertebrate Development

Two new, putative alpha-1-3/4 fucosyltransferases ([alpha]1-3/4 Fuc-Ts), Fuc-TX and Fuc-TXI, were identified in the vertebrate genome and transcriptome sequence databases through sequence homology-based queries. These proteins have a significant sequence similarity to only [alpha]1-3/4 Fuc-Ts, and possess peptide motifs that are evolutionarily conserved among the known vertebrate [alpha]1-3/4 Fuc-Ts. However, Fuc-TX and Fuc-TXI lack the HH[R/W][D/E] sequence that determines the specificity for type 1 or 2 substrates among the known vertebrate enzymes, and Fuc-TXI proteins do not possess a transmembrane domain. The Fut10 and Fut11 genes that encode these proteins are expressed ubiquitously in the adult mouse and in the mouse embryo throughout development. Though a Fuc-T activity of the mouse proteins could not be detected, Fuc-TXI, but not Fuc-TX, was found to hydrolyze GDP-fucose. The interaction of Fuc-TXI with GDP-fucose was also confirmed by its binding to GDP-hexanolamine. In zebrafish, Fut11 transcripts could be detected during early embryonic development. A knock-down of Fuc-TXI in zebrafish embryos with Fut11-specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides resulted in malformations of the posterior trunk and tail.
Spider-Hunting Sphecid Wasps

The Hymenoptera families Sphecidae and Pompilidae contain wasps that provision their larval cells with paralyzed spiders. The predatory habits of these two groups differ in that sphecids store several small spiders in each cell, called mass provisioning, whereas pompilids use one spider that is as large or larger than themselves. Sphecids are generally unable to pursue their small prey into confined spaces. Hence, spiders that dwell in burrows, in web tubes, and under bark or rocks may be heavily preyed upon by pompilids, but are usually spared from sphecids.
Real life evidence that impaired awareness of hypoglycemia persists for years in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Abstract Aims To determine if impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes persists over time and to assess if continuous glucose monitoring use was associated with improved awareness of hypoglycemia in our population. Methods Thirty-six with type 1 diabetes and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia who participated in studies on impaired awareness of hypoglycemia between 2009 and 2015 were contacted to complete an online survey. The survey included the Cox/Clarke and Gold hypoglycemia questionnaires and questions about continuous glucose monitoring use. Results 23 of 36 (63%) subjects contacted completed the survey. (12 M, 11 F; median age 51 years, median diabetes duration 34 years). One had had an islet cell transplant and was excluded. Persistent impaired awareness of hypoglycemia was found in 19/22 (86%) using the Cox questionnaire and 18/22 (82%) using the Gold questionnaire. Consistent use of continuous glucose monitoring over the last six months defined as using a device ≥75% of time over the last 6 months was reported by 67% (12/18) and 68% (13/19) of participants with persistent impaired awareness of hypoglycemia as measured by Gold and Cox; respectively. Nineteen of the 22 participants (86%) reported severe hypoglycemia over the last six months. Conclusion Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia persisted in >80% of the subjects with type 1 diabetes we studied between 2009 and 2015. While the consistent use of continuous glucose monitoring among our participants was high; it did not translate into restoration of hypoglycemia awareness in this population. This real world data shows that severe hypoglycemia continues to be a frequent problem in this patient population.
Toward Thick Responsiveness: Engaging Identity-Based Student Protest Movements.

This article utilizes ethnographic and philosophical methods to consider the ethical dimensions of responding to student activists protesting racial and other forms of social inequality. I consider...
Bulbar Muscle Weakness in the Setting of Therapeutic Botulinum Injections

We present a case of new-onset bulbar muscle weakness in the setting of therapeutic botulinum injections for spasticity in a teenaged patient with cerebral palsy. Through a careful history, a systemic effect of the local injections was suspected, and the patient's symptoms improved with a decrease in the dosing of the botulinum injections.
Characterization of autism spectrum disorder and neurodevelopmental profiles in youth with XYY syndrome

XYY syndrome is a sex chromosome aneuploidy that occurs in ~ 1/850 male births and is associated with increased risk for neurodevelopmental difficulties. However, the profile of neurodevelopmental impairments, including symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in XYY remains poorly understood. This gap in knowledge has persisted in part due to lack of access to patient cohorts with dense and homogeneous phenotypic data. We evaluated a single-center cohort of 64 individuals with XYY aged 5–25 years, using a standardized battery of cognitive and behavioral assessments spanning developmental milestones, IQ, adaptive behavior, academic achievement, behavioral problems, and gold-standard diagnostic instruments for ASD. Our goals were to (i) detail the neurodevelopmental profile of XYY with a focus on ASD diagnostic rates and symptom profiles, (ii) screen phenotypes for potential ascertainment bias effects by contrasting pre- vs. postnatally diagnosed XYY subgroups, and (iii) define major modules of phenotypic variation using graph-theoretical analysis. Although there was marked inter-individual variability, the average profile was characterized by some degree of developmental delay, and decreased IQ and adaptive behavior. Impairments were most pronounced for language and socio-communicative functioning. The rate of ASD was 14%, and these individuals exhibited autism symptom profiles resembling those observed in ASD without XYY. Most neurodevelopmental dimensions showed milder impairment among pre- vs. postnatally diagnosed individuals, with clinically meaningful differences in verbal IQ. Feature network analysis revealed three reliably separable modules comprising (i) cognition and academic achievement, (ii) broad domain psychopathology and adaptive behavior, and (iii) ASD-related features. By adding granularity to our understanding of neurodevelopmental difficulties in XYY, these findings assist targeted clinical assessment of newly identified cases, motivate greater provision of specialized multidisciplinary support, and inform future efforts to integrate behavioral phenotypes in XYY with neurobiology. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00001246 , “89-M-0006: Brain Imaging of Childhood Onset Psychiatric Disorders, Endocrine Disorders and Healthy Controls.”
Leading Strategically: How Power Affects Leadership Behavior

As individuals increase in their level of power, they are increasingly called upon to strategically adapt their leadership behaviors to fit the needs of different audiences. Building on research fr...
A Decade’s Difference: Research Revisited on Family Influence of Rural High School Students’ Postsecondary Decisions

This study is a quantitative descriptive research design which compared 1995 and 2005 data regarding family influence on rural Pennsylvania high school seniors’ postsecondary decisions. A chi-square analysis at p < 0.05 determined that there was (a) an increase in students planning college attendance, (b) a decrease in students not planning postsecondary education or unsure of postsecondary plans, (c) an increase in students planning college attendance who did not have parents with postsecondary schooling, (d) a decrease in students not planning postsecondary education or unsure of postsecondary plans who did not have parents with postsecondary schooling, (e) an increase in lower-middle class students planning to attend college, and (f) a decrease in lower-middle class students not planning postsecondary education or unsure of postsecondary plans. There was no significant difference in students’ postsecondary plans when siblings’ pursuit of postsecondary education was considered.
Management of locally recurrent rectal cancer

Abstract The diagnosis and management of recurrent rectal cancer is surgically and oncologically challenging. Recurrence usually presents within 1–3 years of treatment for primary tumor, and diagnostic workup should assess pelvic resectability and workup for metastatic disease. Treatment includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, as well as surgical resection when an R0 resection is feasible. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy is recommended in chemo/radiotherapy naive patients. Preoperative or intraoperative reirradiation is feasible, but the long term impact on likelihood of R0 resection and survivability is controversial. Chemoradiation may also be used to palliate unresectable disease.
Ternary Alloy Rare-Earth Scandate as Dielectric for $\beta$ -Ga 2 O 3 MOS Structures

A ternary alloy rare-earth scandate, (Y0.6Sc0.4)2O3, is demonstrated as a high- ${k}$ dielectric insulator for $\beta $ -Ga2O3 MOS devices. (Y0.6Sc0.4)2O3/ $\beta $ -Ga2O3 (010) MOS capacitors were fabricated and characterized using capacitance–voltage ( ${C}$ – ${V}$ ) techniques and interface state density ( ${D} _{\mathrm {it}}$ ) methods. The ${D} _{\mathrm {it}}$ distribution was extracted using photo-assisted C–V with a 265-nm light-emitting diode (LED), demonstrating a peak ${D} _{\mathrm {it}}$ value of $4 \times 10^{12}$ cm−2 eV−1 near the conduction band, and dropping to below $2 \times 10^{11}$ cm−2 eV−1 at 0.9 eV below the conduction band. A total interface charge of $ cm−2 was calculated based on the experimental data. Similar ${D} _{\mathrm {it}}$ values were observed using the Terman method for the energy range 0.35–0.55 eV below the conduction band. Current–voltage ( ${J}$ – ${V}$ ) measurements showed rising accumulation leakage current due to bulk-limited transport of electrons through traps in the (Y0.6Sc0.4)2O3 and low depletion leakage current limited by the generation of holes from deep-level $\beta $ -Ga2O3 traps. High breakdown fields of 4.3– $6.0\,\,\text {MV}\cdot \text {cm}^{-1}$ were observed. The low ${D} _{\mathrm {it}}$ value shows the excellent potential of (Y0.6Sc0.4)2O3 as a gate dielectric for $\beta $ -Ga2O3 metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron

aza-Michael adducts of tricarbonyl(tropone)iron are synthesized by two different methods. Primary aliphatic amines and cyclic secondary amines participate in a direct aza-Michael reaction with tricarbonyl(tropone)iron under solvent-free conditions. Less nucleophilic aniline derivatives and more hindered secondary amines add efficiently to the cationic tropone complex formed by protonation of tricarbonyl(tropone)iron. While the protocol utilizing the cationic complex is less efficient overall for accessing the aza-Michael adducts than the direct, solvent-free addition to the neutral complex, it allows the use of a broader range of amine nucleophiles. Following protection of the amine of the aza-Michael adduct as a tert-butyl carbamate, the diene is decomplexed from the iron tricarbonyl fragment upon treatment with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate to provide derivatives of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one. These products can serve as precursors to diverse compounds containing a seven-membered carbocyclic ring. Because the demetallation requires protection of the amine as a carbamate, the aza-Michael adducts of secondary amines cannot be decomplexed using the protocol described here.
Factorial invariance in hierarchical factor models of mental disorders in African American and European American youths

BACKGROUND There is converging evidence that mental disorders are more optimally conceptualized in a hierarchical framework (i.e., the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology, HiTOP) that transcends the categorical boundaries of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). However, the majority of this evidence comes from studies that draw upon predominantly European American or Caucasian populations. Whether a hierarchical conceptualization of mental disorders generalizes across racial-ethnic groups, including for African American (AA) populations, is unclear. METHODS We tested multidimensional and bifactor models of 15 DSM diagnoses and psychiatric traits in two groups, including AA (n = 3,088) and European American (EA; n = 5,147) youths aged 8-21 from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC). We also conducted multigroup confirmatory factor analyses to test for factorial invariance between the best fitting AA and EA multidimensional and bifactor models. RESULTS In the multidimensional model tests, a three-factor model, specifying internalizing, externalizing, and thought dimensions, emerged as the best fitting model for AAs and EAs. In the bifactor model tests, a three-factor model (i.e., internalizing, externalizing, and thought dimensions) that also specified a general factor emerged as the optimal for both AAs and EAs. The general factor accounted for a significant proportion of the covariation between the secondary factors and the individual disorders and traits. Furthermore, both models were factorially invariant, indicating no significant difference in the factor structure of mental disorders between AAs and EAs in PNC. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the hierarchical factor structure of mental disorders may be racial-ethnically robust. This finding has implications for etiological and epidemiological studies focused on racial-ethnic subgroup comparisons, particularly with respect to identifying similarities and differences in prevalence rates or sociodemographic risk factors for mental disorders.
Extreme Zr stable isotope fractionation during magmatic fractional crystallization

Zirconium is a commonly used elemental tracer of silicate differentiation, yet its stable isotope systematics remain poorly known. Accessory phases rich in Zr4+ such as zircon and baddeleyite may preserve a unique record of Zr isotope behavior in magmatic environments, acting both as potential drivers of isotopic fractionation and recorders of melt compositional evolution. To test this potential, we measured the stable Zr isotope composition of 70 single zircon and baddeleyite crystals from a well-characterized gabbroic igneous cumulate. We show that (i) closed-system magmatic crystallization can fractionate Zr stable isotopes at the >0.5% level, and (ii) zircon and baddeleyite are isotopically heavy relative to the melt from which they crystallize, thus driving chemically differentiated liquids toward isotopically light compositions. Because these effects are contrary to first-order expectations based on mineral-melt bonding environment differences, Zr stable isotope fractionation during zircon crystallization may not solely be a result of closed-system thermodynamic equilibrium.
An Examination of Dispositional Trust in Human and Autonomous System Interactions

The rapid advancement of technology has changed the human and AS interactions, blurring the boundaries of what must be a human or automation action. The successfully implementation of human-in-the-loop is essential for the new relationship between humans and AS, in which control is shared and a team-mate collaboration arises. We believe that only through the best understanding of human factors and individual differences it will be possible to work towards the formation and calibration of trust in human and AS interactions. Therefore, this study conducted an online questionnaire to investigate the influence of personality traits, culture orientation, and individual differences on dispositional trust, as an effort to map out humans’ baseline trust in autonomous systems. We found that while some factors presented significant relation with trust in autonomous systems when analyzed as an isolated variable, such as agreeableness trait, they do not have significant results when investigated concomitantly to other factors. Thus, we were able to identify that some individual differences – cultural values, extrovertion trait, and age – presented stronger influence on the dispositional trust in automation. Thus, our study provides valuable information about human factors that mediate trust, which supports the optimization and improvement of the overall interaction between humans and autonomous systems.