cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human DNA Ligase I Interacts with and is Targeted for Degradation by the DCAF7 Specificity Factor of the CUL4-DDB1 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

The synthesis, processing, and joining of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication is complex, requiring the sequential action of a large number of proteins. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, a DNA sliding clamp, interacts with and coordinates the activity of several DNA replication proteins, including the enzymes flap endonuclease 1 (FEN-1) and DNA ligase I that complete the processing and joining of Okazaki fragments, respectively. Although it is evident that maintaining the appropriate relative stoichiometry of FEN-1 and DNA ligase I, which compete for binding to proliferating cell nuclear antigen, is critical to prevent genomic instability, little is known about how the steady state levels of DNA replication proteins are regulated, in particular the proteolytic mechanisms involved in their turnover. Because DNA ligase I has been reported to be ubiquitylated, we used a proteomic approach to map ubiquitylation sites and screen for DNA ligase I-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases. We identified three ubiquitylated lysine residues and showed that DNA ligase I interacts with and is targeted for ubiquitylation by DCAF7, a specificity factor for the Cul4-DDB1 complex. Notably, knockdown of DCAF7 reduced the degradation of DNA ligase I in response to inhibition of proliferation and replacement of ubiquitylated lysine residues reduced the in vitro ubiquitylation of DNA ligase I by Cul4-DDB1 and DCAF7. In contrast, a different E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates FEN-1 turnover. Thus, although the expression of many of the genes encoding DNA replication proteins is coordinately regulated, our studies reveal that different mechanisms are involved in the turnover of these proteins.
Community College Student Dropouts from Higher Education: Toward a Comprehensive Conceptual Model

ABSTRACTHistorically, higher education research has focused on traditional students (i.e., recent high school graduates at a residential, 4-year institutions), but community college students are quickly becoming the new traditional student (Jenkins, 2012). In the fall of 2011, more than one third (36%) of all students enrolled in postsecondary education and almost half (46.7%) of all students enrolled in a public postsecondary institution were enrolled at a community college (Knapp, Kelly-Reid, & Ginder, 2012). However, community colleges have struggled to match the persistence rates at other institutional types. The 2011 2-year public community college national 3-year persistence-to-degree rate was 26.9% (American College Testing [ACT], 2011). The purpose of this paper is to review the literature regarding the most prominent theoretical frameworks for community college student persistence and suggest a new theoretical construct. The resultant framework is termed the Collective Affiliation Model because i...
VibKeyboard: virtual keyboard leveraging physical vibration: demo

VibKeyboard could accurately determine the location of a keystroke on extended surface areas leveraging a single vibration sensor. Unlike capacitive sensing, it does not require conductive materials and compared to audio sensing it is more robust to acoustic noise. In VibKeyboard, the received vibration signals are determined by the location of the touch impact. This allows location discrimination of touches precise enough to enable emerging applications such as virtual keyboards on ubiquitous surfaces for mobile devices. VibKeyboard seeks to extract unique features in frequency domain embedded in the vibration signal attenuation and interference and perform fine grained localization. Our experimental results demonstrate that VibKeyboard could accurately recognize keystrokes from close-by keys on a nearby virtual keyboard.
Experimental Model Validation of High Aspect Ratio Through-Hole Filling by Additive-Assisted Copper Electrodeposition

A multi-element, time-dependent model developed by Childers et al. [A.S. Childers, M.T. Johnson, J. Ramirez-Rico, and K.T. Faber, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160:3093-3102, 2013] for copper infiltration of large (∼50–200 µm diameter), high aspect ratio (∼60) through-hole channels was experimentally tested for validity. The model built on the work of Akolkar and Landau [R. Akolkar and U. Landau, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151:702-711, 2004] for copper deposition in micro-scale integrated circuitry. Childers’ model broadens the original by including the transport and adsorption of all electrolyte species - inhibitors, accelerators, and copper ions. The resulting model is tested experimentally with wood-derived biomorphic carbon materials. Results indicate that model predictions of premature pore choke off are in agreement with quantitative observations of copper infiltration and qualitative imaging of plated pore profiles. Low accelerator concentrations (0.002 ppm) yielded the highest quantity of copper infiltration without premature closure.
The immunoregulatory role of alpha enolase in dendritic cell function during Chlamydia infection.

We have previously reported that interleukin-10 (IL-10) deficient dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells that induced elevated protective immunity against Chlamydia. To further investigate the molecular and biochemical mechanism underlying the superior immunostimulatory property of IL-10 deficient DCs we performed proteomic analysis on protein profiles from Chlamydia-pulsed wild-type (WT) and IL-10−/− DCs to identify differentially expressed proteins with immunomodulatory properties. The results showed that alpha enolase (ENO1), a metabolic enzyme involved in the last step of glycolysis was significantly upregulated in Chlamydia-pulsed IL-10−/− DCs compared to WT DCs. We further studied the immunoregulatory role of ENO1 in DC function by generating ENO1 knockdown DCs, using lentiviral siRNA technology. We analyzed the effect of the ENO1 knockdown on DC functions after pulsing with Chlamydia. Pyruvate assay, transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, cytokine, T-cell activation and adoptive transfer assays were also used to study DC function. The results showed that ENO1 knockdown DCs had impaired maturation and activation, with significant decrease in intracellular pyruvate concentration as compared with the Chlamydia-pulsed WT DCs. Adoptive transfer of Chlamydia-pulsed ENO1 knockdown DCs were poorly immunogenic in vitro and in vivo, especially the ability to induce protective immunity against genital chlamydia infection. The marked remodeling of the mitochondrial morphology of Chlamydia-pulsed ENO1 knockdown DCs compared to the Chlamydia-pulsed WT DCs was associated with the dysregulation of translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) 20 and adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) 1/2/3/4 that regulate mitochondrial permeability. The results suggest that an enhanced glycolysis is required for efficient antigen processing and presentation by DCs to induce a robust immune response. The upregulation of ENO1 contributes to the superior immunostimulatory function of IL-10 deficient DCs. Our studies indicated that ENO1 deficiency causes the reduced production of pyruvate, which then contributes to a dysfunction in mitochondrial homeostasis that may affect DC survival, maturation and antigen presenting properties. Modulation of ENO1 thus provides a potentially effective strategy to boost DC function and promote immunity against infectious and non-infectious diseases.
Candidates and Combatants: Why Do Simultaneous Electoral and Armed Campaigns Occur?

Why do militant groups decide to simultaneously pursue an armed campaign and an electoral campaign? And, perhaps more perplexingly, why do governments allow them to do so? Almost none of the existing literature addresses either the militant group decision to participate in elections while still using violence or the government decision to allow it to do so. This paper, then, attempts to address this gap. We identify important empirical patterns concerning simultaneous armed and electoral campaigns using new quantitative data that identifies all instances of militant group electoral participation between 1970 and 2010 (Matanock 2016). We then develop a formal signaling model that centers on electoral participation as a costly signal of social support for militant groups. We show that under certain conditions the electoral information revealed to the government about a militant group's strength outweighs the cost of holding that election and helps the government to determine its future strategy in cracking down on the group. In this case, the government is willing to allow electoral participation for actively fighting militant groups rather than banning them. In order to test the theory, we focus on process tracing a well-known case in which new evidence has recently been revealed, Northern Ireland.
Phase Formation of Monotectic Al–In and Al–Ga–In Alloys and Implications Thereof

The separation of phases in monotectic Al-In and Al–Ga–In alloys is studied. Different cooling rates result in different morphologies and dispersions of the secondary In or Ga–In phases in an Al matrix. Both uniform dispersion of In particles in an Al matrix and layered In phase along the Al grain boundaries are produced. Ga–In liquid phases are situated primarily along the Al grain boundaries. It is the co-effects of coalescence and particle pushing in addition to a monotectic reaction in solidification. The Ga–In layer along the Al grain boundaries acts as a catalyst in splitting water and provides a passageway for oxygen to oxide the Al matrix. As a result, hydrogen can be separated from water for clean energy applications.
Method for estimating relative abundance and species composition around oil and gas platforms in the northern Gulf of Mexico, U.S.A.

Abstract We used hydroacoustics and video data collected contemporaneously at three standing and two toppled oil and gas platforms located ∼130 km off the coast of Louisiana. Stereo-video and GoPro® cameras were used to profile the water column to estimate the number, length, and species composition of fishes present on the platforms. Hydroacoustics were used to determine the spatial distribution, both in distance and depth, of relative fish biomass, or mean volume backscatter, within 500 m of the center of each site. Mean volume backscatter (MVBS, SV) was highest near the structure, then declined rapidly with distance. We estimated that background-noise level was obtained at ∼100 m from the structures. Fish MVBS was highest in the lower water column (>60 m depth), compared to 0–30 m and 30–60 m depth zones. Fish communities differed among depth layers, seasonally, and between structure types (standing/toppled), though red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) was the dominant species present at both structure types. Coupled video sampling revealed that MVBS changed little seasonally, but different species contributed to community structure seasonally and among layers in the water column. This study is one of several studies to use video data combined with acoustics to describe species contribution to acoustic biomass at standing and toppled platforms. We contend that integrating these non-destructive sampling methods is an important step in understanding the efficacy of artificial structures as ecological valuable habitat.
Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with trauma exposure among Latinas in primary medical care

Latina immigrants are an underserved population with complex medical and mental health needs. This population has high rates of trauma exposure, compounding their health issues. However, little is ...
Causes and explanations revisited

This paper reconsiders the notions of actual cause and explanation in functional causal models. We demonstrate that isomorphic causal models can generate intuitively different causal pronouncements. This occurs because psychological factors not represented in the model determine what criteria we use to determine causation. This partially explains the difficulty encountered in previous attempts to define actual cause. Freed from trying fit all examples to match intuition directly (which is not possible using only the information in causal models), we provide definitions for causation matching the different causal criteria we intuitively apply. This formulation avoids difficulties associated with previous definitions, and allows a more refined discussion of what constitutes a cause in a given situation. The definitions of actual cause also allow for more refined formulations of explanation.
The Utility of Flow Cytometric Immunophenotypic Analysis in the Distinction of Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma/Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia From Mantle Cell Lymphoma

The clinical and morphologic distinction between small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)/ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is often challenging and has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. The authors investigated the usefulness of the marker CD23 in discriminating between these processes by flow cytometric immunophenotypic analysis. Consecutive samples of body fluids and hematopoietic tissue from patients with suspected B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders were studied using a panel of antibodies that included pan-B cell markers, CD5, FMC7, and CD23. Specimens from 38 patients with CD5-positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders consisting of a monomorphic population of small lymphoid cells were identified. Using standard flow cytometric and/or morphologic criteria, 28 patients were classified as having SLL/CLL and 10 were classified as having MCL. Neoplastic cells from all 28 patients (100%) with SLL/CLL demonstrated CD23 immunoreactivity, whereas neoplastic cells from none of the 10 patients (0%) with MCL demonstrated CD23 immunoreactivity (P < .0001). FMC7 immunoreactivity was observed in one of eight cases of SLL/CLL and in five of five cases of MCL (P = .0047). In conclusion, CD23 is a useful marker for the subclassification of CD5-positive B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders by flow cytometric analysis. FMC7 also may be a useful marker for subclassification.
Multiple-Lot Lot Streaming in a Two-stage Assembly System

In this chapter, we address a lot streaming problem for a two-stage assembly system involving multiple lots with the objective of minimizing the makespan. Each lot consists of items of a unique product type. We designate this problem as a multiple-lot, two-stage assembly, lot streaming problem (ML-TSALSP) which combines two key decisions: lot splitting and lot sequencing. While the problem of scheduling in such a machine environment has been addressed in the literature, our problem is different because of the presence of the streaming of a lot over the stages. We derive some structural properties for this problem, and develop a branch-and-bound-based solution procedure that relies on effective lower bounds and dominance properties. Our computational investigation reveals the efficacy of the proposed branch-and-bound-based methodology for this problem.
Solving the Chinese Finger Trap: A Novel Method for Simultaneous Superior and Inferior Vena Cava Filter Removal

As many as 130,000 inferior vena cava (IVC) filters are placed annually, with as few as 5,000 retrieved a year for patients who no longer require protection from deep vein thrombosis. Superior vena cava (SVC) filter placement is an even less common occurrence and is usually reserved for special cases. Furthermore, the simultaneous placement of IVC and SVC filters is most rare, whereas simultaneous IVC and SVC filter removal has not been reported in the literature. We present a case and a novel technique for successful concurrent removal of IVC and SVC filters in a patient.
Tired and stressed: Examining the need for sleep

A key feature of circadian rhythms is the sleep/wake cycle. Sleep causes reduced responsiveness to the environment, which puts animals in a particularly vulnerable state; yet sleep has been conserved throughout evolution, indicating that it fulfils a vital purpose. A core function of sleep across species has not been identified, but substantial advances in sleep research have been made in recent years using the genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila melanogaster. This review describes the universality of sleep, the regulation of sleep, and current theories on the function of sleep, highlighting a historical and often overlooked theory called the Free Radical Flux Theory of Sleep. Additionally, we summarize our recent work with short-sleeping Drosophila mutants and other genetic and pharmacological tools for manipulating sleep which supports an antioxidant theory of sleep and demonstrates a bi-directional relationship between sleep and oxidative stress.
Boilerplate in Pour-Over Wills

In their intriguing and innovative article, Boilerplate and Default Rules in Wills Law: An Empirical Analysis, 103 Iowa L. Rev. 663 (2018), Professors Reid Kress Weisbord and David Horton conduct an empirical examination of the use of boilerplate provisions in wills. This response essay explores the consequences of their decision to exclude pour-over wills from their data set.
Comparison of mean radiant and air temperatures in mechanically-conditioned commercial buildings from over 200,000 field and laboratory measurements

Abstract We assessed the difference between mean radiant temperature ( t r ¯ ) and air temperature (ta) in conditioned office buildings to provide guidance on whether practitioners should separately measure t r ¯ or operative temperature to control heating and cooling systems. We used measurements from 48 office buildings in the ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database, five field studies in radiant and all-air buildings, and five test conditions from a laboratory experiment that compared radiant and all-air cooling. The ASHRAE Global Thermal Comfort Database is the largest of these three datasets and most representative of typical thermal conditions in an office; in this dataset the median absolute difference between t r ¯ and ta was 0.4 ∘C (with 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles = 0.2, 0.2, 0.6, and 1.6 °C). More specifically, the median difference shows that t r ¯ was 0.4 ∘C warmer than ta (with 5th, 25th, 75th, and 95th percentiles = −0.4 °C, 0.2 °C, 0.6 °C, and 1.6 °C). The laboratory experiments revealed that in a radiant cooled space t r ¯ was significantly (p t r ¯ was significantly (p t r ¯ and ta are typically closer in radiant cooled spaces than in all-air cooled spaces. Although the differences are significant, the effect sizes are negligible to small based on Cohen's d and Spearman's rho. Therefore, we conclude that measurement of ta is sufficient to estimate t r ¯ under typical office conditions, and that separate measurement of t r ¯ or operative temperature is not likely to have practical benefits to thermal comfort in most cases – this is especially true for buildings with radiant systems. Furthermore, spatial and temporal variations in ta can be greater than or equal to the difference between t r ¯ and ta at any one location in a thermal zone, thus we expect that such variations typically have a greater impact on occupant thermal comfort than the differences between t r ¯ and ta.
Second harmonics enhancement by nanostructures.

The study shows numerical simulations of the second harmonic generation in nanostructures. We consider structures with Sn cylinders embedded into Si. The second harmonic generation was enhanced compared with flat layers of Si on Sn.
A Subnuclear Targeting Defective Mutant of Runx1 Uncouples the Roles of Runx1 In Embryonic Development and Adult Definitive Hematopoiesis

Abstract Abstract 1387 As shown by gene ablation or replacement studies, Runx1, a master regulator of hematopoiesis, is critical for the emergence of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Runx1 is also the most common target for point mutations and chromosomal translocations in human leukemia. Localization of Runx1 to distinct foci within the nucleus through a unique subnuclear targeting signal is linked to physiological roles of the protein. Many leukemia-related chromosomal translocations (e.g., 8;21 translocation that encodes for AML1-ETO protein) disrupt the Runx1 C-terminus and modify its biological activity as well as alter subnuclear localization. We hypothesize that altered subnuclear routing of leukemic proteins plays a key role and provides a common mechanism in human leukemias. We have previously developed a knock-in mouse model with a Runx1 C-terminal truncation (Runx1 Q307X), which similar to a complete ablation of Runx1 or a genetic knock-in of the leukemic AML1-ETO, causes mid gestation lethality. The Runx1 Q307X mutation also abolishes subnuclear targeting and alters Runx1-dependent myeloid gene expression. To further dissect the specific functional contributions of altered Runx1 subnuclear targeting, we developed a knock-in mouse model in which endogenous Runx1 is replaced with a triple point mutation (Runx1 HTY350-352AAA) that modifies the subnuclear targeting. In contrast to Runx1 Q307X or AML1-ETO knock-in mice, animals homozygous for Runx1 HTY350-352AAA bypass embryonic lethality. However, expression of key Runx1 target genes that regulate hematopoiesis is altered. In addition, bone marrow from Runx1 HTY350-352AAA animals shows increased proliferation ex vivo, resulting in an increase of myeloid and a decrease of B-lymphoid lineage cells. Importantly, red blood cell development, previously thought unrelated to Runx1 expression, is also modified in the Runx1 HTY350-352AAA homozygous animals, as shown by decreased mean corpuscle volume and selective effects on globin gene expression. Together, these findings show that altered subnuclear targeting uncouples the critical role of Runx1 during hematopoietic stem cell emergence and differentiation into various lineages in the adult. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly

Political protests have a long history throughout the world, but the rise of contemporary forms of communication such as ubiquitous cellphone and video recording technology and both formal and info...
Nursing Students’ Assessment and Parent Reports of Their Children’s Oral Health Behaviors as Predictors of Tooth Decay Risk—A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study:

Aim:The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between children’s tooth decay risk score and a dental examination and parent reports of oral health practices.Materials and Methods:A cros...
Inhibitory Effects of Indomethacin in Human MNNG/HOS Osteosarcoma Cell Line In Vitro.

Recurrence or metastasis remains the major cause of poor prognosis and mortality in Osteosarcoma patients. Therefore, development of more effective therapeutic approaches is required. We showed tha...
Use of Propensity Scoring and Its Application to Real-World Data: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Methodological Objectives Explained to Researchers Without Using Mathematical Equations.

Real-time data collection of patient health status and medications is sped up with modern electronic devices and technologies. As real-world data provide enormous research opportunities, propensity score methods have been getting attention due to their theoretical grounds in a non-randomized study setting. In contrast to randomized clinical trials, observational clinical data obtained from a real-world database may not have balanced distributions of patient characteristics between treatment and control groups at the beginning of the respective study. These imbalanced distributions may cause a bias in an estimated treatment effect, which needs to be eliminated. Propensity scoring is one class of statistical methods to address the imbalance issue of real-world datasets. This article provides basic concepts and assesses advantages, disadvantages, and methodological objectives of propensity scoring. Targeting clinical pharmacology researchers with limited statistical background, five representative methods are reviewed and visualized: matching, stratification, covariate modeling, inverse probability of treatment weighing (IPTW), and doubly robust methods. Examples of applications of propensity score methods were selected from the literature of outcomes research and drug development, nephrology, and pediatrics. Opportunities of applications related to these examples are described. Furthermore, potential future applications of propensity score methods in clinical pharmacology are discussed. The 21st Century Cures Act signed in 2016 encourages scientists to find opportunities to apply propensity scoring to real-world data. This article underscores that scientists need to justify their choice of statistical methods, whether a propensity score method or an alternative method, based on their clinical study design, statistical assumptions and research objectives. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Icosahedral Meta-Carboranes Containing Exopolyhedral B-Se and B-Te Bonds

Chalcogen-containing carboranes have been known for several decades and possess stable exopolyhedral B(9)-Se and B(9)-Te σ bonds despite the electron-donating ability of the B(9) vertex. While these molecules are known, little has been done to thoroughly evaluate their electrophilic and nucleophilic behavior. Herein, we report an assessment of the electrophilic reactivity of meta-carboranyl selenyl (II), tellurenyl (II), and tellurenyl (IV) chlorides and establish their reactivity pattern with Grignard reagents, alkenes, alkynes, enolates, and electron-rich arenes. These electrophilic reactions afford unique electron-rich B-Y-C (Y = Se, Te) bonding motifs not commonly found before. Furthermore, we show that meta-carboranyl selenolate, and even meta-carboranyl tellurolate, can be competent nucleophiles and participate in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Arene substitution chemistry is shown to be further extended to electron-rich species via the palladium mediated cross-coupling chemistry.
Perceptions of Justice: An International Perspective on Judges and Appearances

Prevailing international norms value an impartial process in judicial decision-making. Indeed, there is remarkably little difference between the judicial recusal norms found in U.S. law and those found, for example, in other common law countries. However, an issue shared by common law countries is the necessity, often downplayed in practice, that judges not only be impartial in fact, but also that they are perceived as impartial. This Article addresses two issues shared by common law nations concerning the appearance of impropriety: (1) the common practice of directing judicial recusal motions to the very judge whose impartiality is being challenged, and (2) the reluctance of some judges to recuse themselves when the lack of impartiality stems from appearances rather than actual bias. Taken together, these flaws with the current approach to recusal worldwide put the judge in the untenable position of judging his or her own cause, and also create the potential that judges will focus on their personal belief in their impartiality rather than on the appearance of impropriety, as required by the recusal standard.
A PTAS for the Classical Ising Spin Glass Problem on the Chimera Graph Structure.

We present a polynomial time approximation scheme (PTAS) for the minimum value of the classical Ising Hamiltonian with linear terms on the Chimera graph structure as defined in the recent work of McGeoch and Wang. The result follows from a direct application of the techniques used by Bansal, Bravyi and Terhal who gave a PTAS for the same problem on planar and, in particular, grid graphs. We also show that on Chimera graphs, the trivial lower bound is within a constant factor of the optimum.
Unilateral Abduction of the Infant's Foot: Relation to Carrying Position

In well-baby care one not infrequently sees infants, usually 2 to 6 months of age, who have unilateral abduction of a foot. I would like to submit for your consideration and reader response one very simple yet often overlooked cause for this condition. On close questioning of the mothers involved, I have found that they will hold their infant regularly to one side ("on my right hip" or "on my left hip") and consequently put pressure on one of the baby9s lower extremities in such a way that abduction of that foot occurs.
Flouting the Law: Does Perceived Injustice Provoke General Non-Compliance?

What happens when people's common sense view of justice diverges from the sense of justice they see enshrined in particular legal rules and legal outcomes? In particular, does the perception of one particular law as unjust make people less likely to comply with unrelated laws? This article reports an experiment that empirically tested the Flouting Thesis - the idea that the perceived justice of one law can influence the intention to comply with unrelated laws. Participants who were exposed to laws they perceived as unjust were more willing, as a general matter, to flout unrelated laws, compared to participants exposed to laws perceived as just. This willingness to disobey extended far beyond the unjust law in question, resulting in participants expressing plans to flout unrelated laws in their everyday lives (such as traffic violations, petty theft, and copyright restrictions). Factors contributing to the relationship between perceived injustice and flouting include the role of law in American popular culture, the expressive function of the law in producing compliance, and unconscious psychological processes that underlie the diminished willingness to comply with the law.
Plasma nonesterified fatty acids in pregnancy

Abstract 1. The effect of various combinations of glucose and insulin on plasma NEFA concentrations were tested in normal pregnant, early puerperal, and nonpregnant subjects. 2. The responses observed in plasma NEFA were dependent upon the amount of glucose administered as well as the time of glucose loading in relation to that of insulin administration. Small amounts of glucose tended to enhance NEFA falls in plasma, while larger glucose dosages produced smaller changes or stabilized the fatty acid level. 3. The relative amounts of carbohydrate and insulin rather than the degree of hyperglycemia and hypophosphatemia appeared to determine the amount and direction of change in NEFA concentration. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the known factors determining NEFA oxidation, esterification, and release by adipose tissue. 4. Within a few days after the onset of labor the concentration of plasma NEFA is increased and its regulation is extremely labile as indicated by its sensitivity to experimental modification. This lability is not observed in the early puerperium. 5. Intravenous glucose tolerance data are not influenced by pregnancy in metabolically normal patients despite evidence of decreased reactivity to exogenous insulin.
Estimation of Heritabilities for Weight, Height and Front Cannon Bone Circumference of Thoroughbreds

SUMMARY A total of 19,833 records on 1,992 Thoroughbred foals out of 813 dams and by 365 sires was used to estimate heritability of weight, height at withers, and front cannon bone circumference. Measurement ages ranged from 0 to 174 days. Records were adjusted for the fixed effects of age of dam, sex of foal, and month and year of birth of the foal. Body weight, height at withers and front cannon bone circumference tended to be rather lowly heritable during the first few months but were moderately to strongly heritable by 1 year of age.
Geochemistry of Venus' Surface: Current Limitations as Future Opportunities

Geochemical data about Venus' surface materials are quite limited and of poor precision. The Venera and VEGA lander missions (sources of the available data) were engineering and scientific triumphs, but their chemical analyses of the Venus surface do not permit detailed confident interpretation, such as are routine for terrestrial analyses and MER APXS rover analyses from Mars. In particular, the Venera and VEGA analyses of major elements (by XRF) did not return abundances of Na, and their data on Mg and Al are little more than detections at the 2σ level. Their analyses for K, U, and Th (by gamma rays) are imprecise, except for one (Venera 8) with extremely high K contents (∼4% K 2 O) and one (Venera 9) with a non-chondritic U/Th abundance ratio. The landers did not return data on other critical trace and minor elements, like Cr and Ni. In addition, the Venera and VEGA landers sampled only materials from the Venus lowlands-they did not target sites in any of the highland areas: shield volcanos, tesserae, nor the unique plateau costruct of Ishtar Terra. These limitations on current understanding of Venus' geochemistry emphasize the huge opportunities in additional chemical analyses of Venus' surface. Currently available instruments could provide much more precise analyses for major and minor elements, even within the engineering constraints of the Venera and VEGA lander systems. Such precise analyses would be welcome for basalts of Venus' lowland plains, but would be especially desirable for the highland tesserae and for Ishtar Terra. The tesserae may well represent ancient crust that predates the most recent volcanic resurfacing event and so provide a geochemical look into Venus' distant past. Ishtar Terra may be composed (at least in part) of granitic rocks like Earth's continental crust, which required abundant water to form. So, Ishtar Terra could possibly yield evidence on whether Venus once had an ocean, and thus the possibility of life.
Entry of Bacillus anthracis spores into epithelial cells is mediated by the spore surface protein BclA, integrin α2β1 and complement component C1q

Inhalational anthrax is initiated by pulmonary exposure to Bacillus anthracis spores. Spore entry into lung epithelial cells is observed both in vitro and in vivo and evidence suggests it is important for bacterial dissemination and virulence. However the specific host receptor and spore factor that mediate the entry process were unknown. Here, we report that integrin α2β1 is a major receptor for spore entry. This is supported by results from blocking antibodies, siRNA knock-down, colocalization, and comparison of spore entry into cells that do or do not express α2. BclA, a major spore surface protein, is found to be essential for entry and α2β1-mediated entry is dependent on BclA. However, BclA does not appear to bind directly to α2. Furthermore, spore entry into α2-expressing cells is dramatically reduced in the absence of serum, suggesting that additional factors are involved. Finally, complement component C1q, also an α2β1 ligand, appears to act as a bridging molecule or a cofactor for BclA/α2β1-mediated spore entry and BclA binds to C1q in a dose-dependent and saturable manner. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for pathogen entry into host cells as well as a new function for C1q-integrin interactions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Affective Autonomy

The term autonomy describes the position of a person or a group of persons in which they take their own decisions in all regards. It is the condition of being autonomous. The person or the group of persons will be under their own control, with no other person or condition governing the decisions of their lives. Relationships in autonomous societies involve expressing the individual's internal attributes and uniqueness. Based on the nature of autonomy, described two types of autonomy: affective autonomy and intellectual autonomy. Keywords: cross-cultural psychology; Shalom H. Schwartz
Huupukwanum Tupaat: Out of the Mist: Treasures of the Nuu-chah-nulth Chiefs at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado

HUUPUKWANUM TUPAAT: OUT OF THE MIST: TREASURES OF THE NUU-CHAH-NULTH CHIEFS AT THE DENVER MUSEUM OF NATURE AND SCIENCE, DENVER, COLORADO, October 6, 2000-January 15, 2001 (opened in Victoria, British Columbia at the Royal British Columbia Museum in July of 1999). After its stay in Colorado, the exhibition traveled to the Gene Autry Museum in Los Angeles. Catalog with the same title by Martha Black, curator of ethnology at the Royal British Columbia Museum.
The Chemistry of Pseudouridine

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the chemistry of pseudouridine, leaving the biological properties for a companion review. It points out the unique chemical features of pseudouridine and an attempt to rationalize them in terms of modern organic chemistry. This involves considerable speculation, but it is hoped that these ideas will stimulate further experiments and provide greater insight into nucleoside chemistry in general. The complete structures of the A isomers remain to be determined. The structure of several unidentified products that are formed when pseudouridine is heated in acid should be determined in order to gain further insight into acid-catalyzed isomerization and rearrangement. Further work, exploiting the unique chemistry of pseudouridine in the structural work on transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) needs to be done. Selective modification of pseudouridine residues appears hopeful. Photolysis of pseudouridylic acid shows great promise for specific cleavage of certain polynucleotides. Better synthetic procedures are needed. Pseudouridine is still relatively difficult to prepare. The yields of most of the derivatives that have been synthesized are seriously reduced by isomerization. Milder conditions for removing the blocking groups or selective syntheses that do not require blocking groups are needed. Such methods, of course, would have considerable general utility.
Cervical cytokines and clearance of incident human papillomavirus infection: Hawaii HPV cohort study.

Mechanisms for the control and resolution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the cervix include the local production of cytokines, which control recruitment and function of cells integral to pathogen control. We established a cohort of women for long-term follow-up to examine the mucosal expression of antiviral (IFN-α2), Type-1 (IFN-γ, IL-12), regulatory (IL-10), and proinflammatory (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, and TNF) cytokines in association with the clearance of incident cervical HPV infection. Interviews and specimens for HPV DNA analysis and cytokine protein measurement were obtained at baseline and at 4-month intervals. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to study the relationship between clearance of 107 high-risk and 111 low-risk incident HPV infections and cytokine levels among 154 women. Positive changes from baseline levels of IL-10, IL-12, MIP-1α, and TNF were associated with significantly longer times to type-specific HPV clearance. Inverse trends in the hazard ratios associated with clearance of high-risk HPV infections were monotonic and significant for IL-12 (ptrend = 0.02) and TNF (ptrend = 0.02); the likelihood of high-risk HPV clearance was reduced by 65% and 67%, respectively, among women in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of change from baseline. Our results suggest that in women with a nontransient cervical HPV infection, proinflammatory, Type-1, and regulatory cytokines are elevated, underscoring the long-term commitment of local immune mediators to viral eradication.
Transplant survivorship of bryophyte soil crusts in the Mojave Desert.

Patches of the dominant biological soil crust moss (Syntrichia caninervis) in the Mojave Desert were subjected to transplant experiments to test the survivability of crustal transplantation due to source or destination microhabitat. After a period of 27 months, all the reciprocally transplanted and replanted sections had survived. However, percent cover of the reciprocally transplanted patches declined 20–50% relative to initial cover compared to a decline in cover of 36–52% for the replanted patches. Similarly, shoot density declined an average of 26% in the transplants and replants. Shoot mortality was essentially negligible through the first 21 months of the study and then declining across all treatments to approximately 5–10 dead shoots/cm2. However, this shoot death was also observed in equivalent densities in the host patches, indicative of a community-wide decline in plant health that was probably related to a regional rainfall deficit over this period. A tendency existed for plants moved from a shaded site to have reduced shoot density in the new site, and plants moved into exposed sites lost significantly more cover than plants moved into shaded sites. These seemingly conflicting trends result from one of the transplant treatments, the shaded to exposed, exhibiting a greater loss in shoot density and decline in cover than its reciprocal transplant, exposed to shaded. For soil restoration of disturbed bryophyte crusts, we recommend using as source material both the exposed and the shaded portions of the crust but avoiding moving Syntrichia from a shaded site into an exposed site.
High-performance 1.52 μm InAs/InP quantum dot distributed feedback laser

A high performance ridge-waveguide InAs/InP quantum dot distributed feedback laser around 1.52 μm with a cavity length of 1 mm and a stripe width of 3 μm is demonstrated. In continuous-wave operation singlemode output power was up to 18.5 mW and its sidemode suppression ratio was greater than 62 dB. The relative intensity noise was measured to be less than - 154dB/Hz from 10 MHz to 10 GHz, and the optical linewidth smaller than 150 kHz when the injection current was 200 mA at room temperature of 18°C.
Tolerance of Diverse Amino Acid Substitutions at Conserved Positions in the Nuclear Export Signal (NES) of HIV-1 Rev

The effector domain of the Rev protein is a nuclear export signal (NES) that is responsible for transporting Rev and its bound congeners out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm. Previous work has identified several critical residues in the NES and has led to the belief that NESs of the Rev type are necessarily leucine rich. Here we present the sequences of a large number of functional Rev molecules with NES mutations. The data indicate a previously unreported diversity in allowable residues at a number of positions, including each of the leucine residues previously considered essential.
Anatomical Studies of Carex Cuchumatanensis, C. decidua, and C. hermannii (Cyperaceae) and Comparisons with North American Taxa of the C. acuta Complex

Foliar anatomy and micromorphology of perigynia and achenes were investigated for three taxa of theCarex acuta complex of sect.Phacocystis Dumort. in Middle and South America. Anatomical characters appear to be conservative, and show little variation amongC. cuchumatanensis Standl. & Steyerm.,C. decidua F. Boott, andC. hermannii Cochrane. Leaves of all species are amphistomatous, with stomates and papillae on both epidermal surfaces, and have a single layer of bulliform cells but differ in the number of vascular bundles. Perigynia have epidermal cells with thin, convex, outer walls that are collapsed in dired specimens, and epidermal cells of achenes each have a single, rounded, nodulose silica-body with a basal platform. Anatomical data are useful in resolving the affinities among these species, and show that they are anatomically indistinguishable fromC. lenticularis Michx. These four New World endemics differe substantially fromC. nigra (L.) Reichard.
Moniliformis dubius: X-irradiation and temperature effects on morphogenesis in Periplaneta americana

Abstract The development of Moniliformis dubius in Periplaneta americana was studied after exposure of (1) eggs and early larvae to X-rays and (2) infected hosts to high temperatures. Eggs X-irradiated in vitro with doses from 8 to 72 kr were infective to P. americana but the proportion completing development in the intermediate host decreased with increase in dose. Abnormalities observed in midacanthella stages included failure of apical nuclei to reach the tip of the proboscis; distention of the entire proboscis; abnormal structural differentiation of the genital complex; and reduction in size and cell number in muscle bands and testes. Abnormalities in late acanthellae also included failure of proboscis and/or neck invagination and malformation of proboscis hooks. At the higher doses the degree and frequency of abnormalities increased. Irradiation of late acanthors or early aeanthellae with 8 kr resulted in failure of neck invagination in some late aeanthellae. In high-temperature experiments, larvae from infected hosts kept at 28 C were normal, those at 33 C were greatly distorted and no larvae were found in hosts at 38 C. The types and extent of temperature-induced abnormalities are dependent on the length of time of exposure and the stage(s) of development at which exposure occurs. Abnormalities resulting from exposure to X-rays are generally similar to those that occur after exposure to 33 C for more than 1 week.
A Microinverter for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics

A transformerless microinverter is described that is intended for integration into building materials such as residential roof shingles. The inverter achieves low profile (3 mm), high efficiency (95.1%) and high-reliability capacitive energy storage using 125°C ceramics. It is intended to interface a 25 W photovoltaic array such as a small thin-film residential roof shingle to the 120 V ac utility. Design tradeoffs involving cost and efficiency are described, and operation of an experimental prototype is documented.
Contribuição a uma tipologia das formas de desrespeito: para além do modelo hegeliano-republicano

In this article we propose a new typology of forms of disrespect. Based on Axel Honneths critique of the Hegelian Republican treatment of the issue of recognition, we elaborate an alternative proposal, inspired by the notion of asymmetrical counter-concepts as proposed by Reinhart Koselleck. We identify three basic forms of disrespect as expressed through the use of language, pointing to the horizons of expectations and the practical consequences they generate. Finally, we examine the advantages presented by our typology as compared to that proposed by Honneth, amongst which the possibility of applying this analytical tool to identify forms of disrespect that transcend the borders of the nation-state.
First-principles study of the variation of electron transport in a single molecular junction with the length of the molecular wire

We report a first-principles study of quantum transport in a prototype two-terminal device consisting of a molecular nanowire acting as an inter-connect between two gold electrodes. The wire is composed of a series of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane (BCP) cage-units. The length of the wire $(L)$ is increased by sequentially increasing the number of BCP cage units in the wire from 1 to 3. A two terminal model device is made out of each of the three wires. A parameter free, nonequilibrium Green's function approach, in which the bias effect is explicitly included within a many body framework, is used to calculate the current-voltage characteristics of each of the devices. In the low bias regime that is considered in our study, the molecular devices are found to exhibit Ohmic behavior with resistances of 0.12, 1.4, and $6.5\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ for the wires containing one, two, and three cages respectively. Thus the conductance value, ${G}_{c}$, which is the reciprocal of resistance, decreases as ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}L}$ with a decay constant $(\ensuremath{\beta})$ of $0.59\text{ }{\text{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This observed variation of conductance with the length of the wire is in excellent agreement with the earlier reported exponential decay feature of the electron transfer rate predicted from the electron transfer coupling matrix values obtained using the two-state Marcus-Hush model and the Koopman's theorem approximation. The downright suppression of the computed electrical current for a bias up to 0.4 V in the longest wire can be exploited in designing a three terminal molecular transistor; this molecular wire could potentially be used as a throttle to avoid leakage gate current.