cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of a varying density of states on superconductivity

A microscopic treatment of the consequences for superconductivity of a nonconstant electronic density of states is presented. Generalized Eliashberg gap equations valid for a varying density of states are presented, from which the change of ${T}_{c}$ with static or thermal disorder can be calculated. The temperature dependence of the effective mass is shown to be altered by disorder. Use of these results provides a possible experimental approach for deducing the energy variation of the density of states of superconductors.
The Role of Alcohol Advertising in Excessive and Hazardous Drinking.

Based on a nationwide survey of 1,200 respondents predominantly in the twelve to twenty-two age range, alcohol advertising appears to contribute to certain forms of problem drinking. There is a moderately positive correlation between the amount of day-to-day exposure to beer, wine, and liquor ads and both excessive alcohol consumption and drinking in hazardous contexts such as automobile driving. These relationships remain significant when demographic attributes and interpersonal influences are controlled. The evidence indicates that advertising stimulates consumption levels, which in turn leads to heavy drinking and to drinking in dangerous situations. When respondents are shown specimen advertisements depicting excessive consumption themes or hazardous drinking situations, these concepts are readily perceived and many infer an implicit endorsement of such behavior by the sponsoring companies. These results have implications for designing alcohol abuse education messages that can effectively counteract t...
A comparison of implantation methods for large PIT tags or injectable acoustic transmitters in juvenile Chinook salmon

Abstract The miniaturization of acoustic transmitters may allow greater flexibility in terms of the size and species of fish available to tag. New downsized injectable acoustic tags similar in shape to passive integrated transponder tags can be rapidly injected rather than surgically implanted through a sutured incision. Before wide-scale field use of these injectable transmitters, standard protocols to ensure the most effective and least damaging methods of implantation must be developed. Three implantation methods were tested in various sizes of juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Methods included a needle bevel-down injection, a needle bevel-up injection with a 90° rotation, and tag implantation through an unsutured incision. Tagged fish were compared to untagged control groups. Weight and wound area were measured at tagging and every week for 3 weeks; holding tanks were checked daily for mortalities and tag losses. No significant differences among treatments were found in tag loss, or survival, but wound area was significantly reduced among fish tagged via an incision and growth was slightly reduced in bevel down fish. Although there were no significant differences, the bevel-up injection trended toward having the worst results in terms of tag loss and wound area and had high mortality. Implantation through an incision resulted in the lowest tag loss but the highest mortality. Fish from the bevel-down treatment group had the least mortality and smaller wound areas than the bevel-up treatment group but also showed reduced growth. Cumulatively, the data suggest that the unsutured incision and bevel-down injection methods were the most effective; the drawbacks of both methods are described in detail.
Relics, liṅgas, and other auspicious material remains in south asian religions

ABSTRACTThis article reconsiders sites, practices, and ideas about the physical remains of the special dead in South Asian religions. Questioning the common notion of “relics” as a point of distinction between “Buddhism” and “Hinduism,” it explores the constellation of ideas and practices surrounding the remains of gods, demons, people, and animals in South Asian religions. Archaeological and literary evidence for liṅgas, stūpas, and related sites and structures are used to explore shared discourses and practices among Buddhists and Śaivas in particular. Through such test cases, it shows how bones and other physical remains of the special dead could become areas of engagement, especially when linked to sacred landscape. Attention to these contact zones reveals sharing, borrowing, and competition among ancient and medieval groups that modern scholarship has studied primarily in terms of assumed differences between “Hinduism” and “Buddhism.”
Direct simulation of turbulent heat transfer in swept flow over a wire in a channel

Abstract We investigate heat transfer characteristics of a turbulent swept flow in a channel with a wire placed over one of its walls using direct numerical simulation. This geometry is a model of the flow through the wire-wrapped fuel pins, the heat exchanger, typical of many civil nuclear reactor designs. The swept flow configuration generates a recirculation bubble with net mean axial flow. A constant inward heat flux from the walls of the channel is applied. A key aspect of this flow is the presence of a high temperature region at the contact line between the wire and the channel wall, due to thermal confinement (stagnation). We analyze the variation of the temperature in the recirculation bubble at Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity along the wire-axis direction and the channel half height of 5400. Four cases are simulated with different flowrates transverse to the wire-axis direction. This configuration is topologically similar to backward-facing steps or slots with swept flow, except that the dominant flow is along the obstacle axis in the present study and the crossflow is smaller than the axial flow, i.e., the sweep angle is large. The temperature field is simulated at three different Prandtl numbers: 10−2, 10−1 and 1. The lower value of Prandtl number is characteristic of experimental high-temperature reactors that use a molten salt as coolant while the high value is typical of gas (or water vapor) heat exchangers. In addition, mean temperature, turbulence statistics, instantaneous wall temperature distribution and Nusselt number variation are investigated. The peak Nusselt number occurs close to the reattachment location, on the lee side of the wire, and is about 50–60% higher compared to the case without crossflow. The high temperature region follows the growth of the recirculation bubble which increases by about 65% from the lowest to highest amount of crossflow. Particular attention is devoted to the temperature distribution on the walls of the channel and the surface of the wire. The behavior of the heat-flux across the mean dividing streamline of the recirculation bubble is investigated to quantify the local heat transfer rates occurring in this region.
A hypertensive response to exercise is associated with transient ischemic dilation on myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging.

A hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) is associated with false-positive stress echocardiograms and myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (myocardial perfusion imaging [MPI]) defects even in the absence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Transient ischemic dilation (TID) of the left ventricle on stress MPI is a marker of severe CAD and future cardiac events. This study evaluated the association between an HRE and TID. Blinded quantitative TID assessment was performed in 125 patients who had an HRE and a summed stress score (SSS) of less than 4, as well as 125 control patients with an SSS of less than 4 and without an HRE matched for age, gender, and resting systolic blood pressure. Cardiac comorbidities, pretest Framingham risk, and exercise results were recorded. TID was defined as a stress-to-rest volume ratio of 1.22 or greater. An HRE was associated with a high prevalence of TID and significantly more TID than no HRE (25.6% vs 11.2%; odds ratio, 3.00 [95% confidence interval, 1.41–6.38]). TID was more prevalent even in subgroups with a low pretest probability CAD, including those without diabetes mellitus or angina. On conditional logistic regression analysis, an HRE was found to be independently associated with TID after consideration of other clinical and exercise MPI variables (odds ratio, 2.72 [95% confidence interval, 1.01–7.31]). An HRE is associated with a high prevalence of TID in patients without other significant perfusion defects, possibly as a result of global subendocardial ischemia induced by the HRE.
Parent and institutional agreement on children's use of mental health services

Discussions about health care reform often center on managed care models of service delivery. With pressures to contain health care costs while maintaining the quality of care, evaluations of managed care have become increasingly critical. Instrumental to evaluations of managed care, or any service system, is reliable information on service utilization. Data on service use by child clients can come from a variety of sources, including parents reports and organizational records. This paper assesses the reliability of parent reports of children's use of mental health services by comparing their reports of the types and amount of services received to institutional claims data. The results show that parents can provide valuable information on service use, and that their reliability depends on the type of service rendered. While agreement between the two data sources is rather strong overall, it is not perfect. Implications of these findings for evaluating service utilization are discussed.
Fatal Pulmonary Infarction in a Patient with Sickle Cell Trait

It is not generally appreciated that sickle cell trait can lead to diffuse sickling and be fatal under certain circumstances. This report demonstrates that widespread sickling occurred in our patient with sickle cell trait and was responsible for his death. It is suggested that sickle cell trait should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all Negro patients who present with suspected vasoocclusive episode.
Researchers in Music Education/Therapy: Analysis of Publications, Citations, and Retrievability of Work

This study offers a look at accepted standards for evaluation of eminence and productivity in the scientific community and updates the database established by Standley (1984) from the contents of t...
Absolute photon-flux measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet

Absolute photon-flux measurements in the vacuum ultraviolet have extended to short wavelengths by use of rare-gas ionization chambers. The technique involves the measurement of the ion current as a function of the gas pressure in the ion chamber. The true value of the ion current, and hence the absolute photon flux, is obtained by extrapolating the ion current to zero gas pressure. Examples are given at 162 and 266 A. The short-wavelength limit is determined only by the sensitivity of the current-measuring apparatus and by present knowledge of the photoionization processes that occur in the rate gases.
Racialization in the Age of Empire: Japanese and Filipino Labor in Colonial Hawai`i

In the past few decades, the social sciences have turned decidedly away from essentialist and reductionist ways of theorizing race and its articulations with nation and class. Though invaluable in advancing the social-scientific study and critique of race and racism, this turn has led many to conceptualize race increasingly as an empty signifier whose articulations with nation and class are wholly a matter of contingency This article suggests that we reengage the project of theorizing the insistent, historically recurrent articulations of race, nation, and class without falling into the old traps of essentialism, reductionism, and ahistoricism. Taking colonial Hawai`i as an example, this article analyzes how these categories articulated to racialize Japanese and Filipino migrant labor differentially in the age of empire.
Comment on ‘Low-temperature synthesis of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with a closed cage structure’ by X. Wang et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 384 (2004) 391]

Abstract A Letter by Wang et al. reported synthesis of α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles with a closed cage structure. The authors mistook thickness fringes in the transmission electron micrographs (TEM) as evidence for ‘layers’ of ‘a closed cage structure’. We prepared α-Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles using procedures described by Wang and recorded a series of TEM images of the particles at 0.5° increments in specimen tilt angle. In this Letter, we first explain the origin of thickness fringes, and then present a series of images to prove that these particles do not have a closed cage structure.
Student utilization of a university 2009 H1N1 vaccination clinic

The 2009 H1N1 influenza resulted in widespread outbreaks on college campuses. Once sufficient quantity of vaccine became available, many universities held vaccination clinics for students. We sought to examine factors associated with participation in an on-campus vaccination effort. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by students in January 2010. Our results suggest a high degree of awareness of the 2009 H1N1 virus among students. The odds of being vaccinated were higher for students who believed the H1N1 virus was a greater public health threat and for students who had friends and family that were vaccinated after controlling for sex, ethnicity, age, and living conditions.
A cointegration analysis of demand: implications for pricing

The use of modeling and statistics for the design and development of pricing strategy is prevalent in academia as well as the industry. One of the more commonly used tools by researchers and managers alike for the estimation of linear demand models is the ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. Unfortunately, a majority of data sets to which such models are applied suffer from nonstationarity ‐ that is, the dependence of a variable on its prior values ‐ thereby violating the assumptions of a basic (naive) regression model. Estimates of variables under these conditions are known commonly to be inflated and inaccurate. While this problem is well‐known and can be corrected for among statisticians and econometricians, a simple and effective tool has not yet been designed for managers ‐ the actual users of such models. Studies some of the problems encountered when using a naive model and proposes a simple method to check for nonstationarity and redesign the model to account for the same. Using scanner data on soup, shows that the redesigned model predicts better, fits better and offers more meaningful results. Finally, looks at the implications of estimating such models for pricing strategies and issues. Surface response analysis shows how a manager can use such models for conducting insightful studies on price sensitivity.
Activation of human monoamine oxidase B gene expression by a protein kinase C MAPK signal transduction pathway involves c-Jun and Egr-1.

Monoamine oxidases (MAO) A and B deaminate a number of biogenic amines. Aberrant expression of MAO is implicated in several psychiatric and neurogenerative disorders. In this study, we have shown that phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) increases human MAO B, but not MAO A, gene expression. The sequence between −246 and −225 bp consists of overlapping binding sites (Sp1/Egr-1/Sp1) that are recognized by Sp1, Sp3, and PMA-inducible Egr-1 is essential for PMA activation. PMA transiently increases egr-1 and c-jun gene expression. Mutation studies show that Egr-1 and c-Jun transactivate the MAO B promoter and increase endogenous MAO B transcripts via the Sp1/Egr-1/Sp1 overlapping binding sites. Sp3 inhibits Sp1 and Egr-1 activation of MAO B gene expression. c-fos gene expression was increased by PMA but not involved in MAO B gene transcription. Furthermore, protein kinase C inhibitor blocks the PMA-dependent activation of MAO B. Co-transfection of the MAO B promoter with dominant negative forms of Ras, Raf-1, MEKK1, MEK1, MEK3, MEK7, ERK2, JNK1, and p38/RK inhibit the PMA-dependent activation of the MAO B promoter. These results indicate that MAO B expression is selectively induced by the activation of protein kinase C and MAPK signaling pathway and that c-Jun and Egr-1 appear to be the ultimate targets of this regulation.
A Case Study of Professional Boundary Issues Experienced by Undergraduate Psychology Students in a Supervised Field Experience Course

There has been little research on the types of boundary issues encountered in undergraduate psychology field experience courses, despite the increased popularity of such courses. This case study identifies the frequency and types of boundary issues faced by undergraduate psychology students enrolled in such a course, including the most common issues experienced at different types of placements. The case study included 50 students enrolled in a supervised undergraduate psychology field experience course at a small public teaching institution. Boundary issues, including inappropriate comments, behavior, or physical contact from employees or clients, were not uncommon, but varied based on student characteristics and type of placement. Women reported more frequent, and serious, inappropriate comments and behavior than men. Boundary issues were most common in drug and alcohol rehabilitation agencies. The findings from this case study suggest several steps field experience supervisors may take to improve the learning experience for students.
Oxygen isotope study of the Long Valley magma system, California: isotope thermometry and convection in large silicic magma bodies

Products of voluminous pyroclastic eruptions with eruptive draw-down of several kilometers provide a snap-shot view of batholith-scale magma chambers, and quench pre-eruptive isotopic fractionations (i.e., temperatures) between minerals. We report analyses of oxygen isotope ratio in individual quartz phenocrysts and concentrates of magnetite, pyroxene, and zircon from individual pumice clasts of ignimbrite and fall units of caldera-forming 0.76 Ma Bishop Tuff (BT), pre-caldera Glass Mountain (2.1–0.78 Ma), and post-caldera rhyolites (0.65–0.04 Ma) to characterize the long-lived, batholith-scale magma chamber beneath Long Valley Caldera in California. Values of δ18O show a subtle 1‰ decrease from the oldest Glass Mountain lavas to the youngest post-caldera rhyolites. Older Glass Mountain lavas exhibit larger (~1‰) variability of δ18O(quartz). The youngest domes of Glass Mountain are similar to BT in δ18O(quartz) values and reflect convective homogenization during formation of BT magma chamber surrounded by extremely heterogeneous country rocks (ranging from 2 to +29‰). Oxygen isotope thermometry of BT confirms a temperature gradient between "Late" (815 °C) and "Early" (715 °C) BT. The δ18O(quartz) values of "Early" and "Late" BT are +8.33 and 8.21‰, consistent with a constant δ18O(melt)=7.8±0.1‰ and 100 °C temperature difference. Zircon-melt saturation equilibria gives a similar temperature range. Values of δ18O(quartz) for different stratigraphic units of BT, and in pumice clasts ranging in pre-eruptive depths from 6 to 11 km (based on melt inclusions), and document vertical and lateral homogeneity of δ18O(melt). Worldwide, five other large-volume rhyolites, Lava Creek, Lower Bandelier, Fish Canyon, Cerro Galan, and Toba, exhibit equal δ18O(melt) values of earlier and later erupted portions in each of the these climactic caldera-forming eruptions. We interpret the large-scale δ18O homogeneity of BT and other large magma chambers as evidence of their longevity (>105 years) and convection. However, remaining isotopic zoning in some quartz phenocrysts, trace element gradients in feldspars, and quartz and zircon crystal size distributions are more consistent with far shorter timescales (102–104 years). We propose a sidewall-crystallization model that promotes convective homogenization, roofward accumulation of more evolved and stagnant, volatile-rich liquid, and develops compositional and temperature gradients in pre-climactic magma chamber. Crystal + melt + gas bubbles mush near chamber walls of variable δ18O gets periodically remobilized in response to chamber refill by new hotter magmas. One such episode of chamber refill by high-Ti, Sr, Ba, Zr, and volatile-richer magma happened 103–104 years prior to the 0.76-Ma caldera collapse that caused magma mixing at the base, mush thawing near the roof and walls, and downward settling of phenocrysts into this hybrid melt.
Chloroplastic and cytosolic isozymes of the homosporous fern Athyrium filix-femina L.

Intact chloroplasts isolated from mature leaf tissue of the homosporous fern Athyrium filixfemina were osmotically ruptured and subjected to starch gel electrophoresis in side by side comparisons with whole leaf extracts. The single enzyme activities of reportedly cytosolic [NADP]IDH and [NADP]ME were not expressed in the chloroplast fraction, and these were used as controls ensuring the cytosol-free quality of the chloroplast preparations. Isozymes 6PGDH-2, ALDO-2, and TPI- 1 were lacking from the chloroplast fraction and are considered cytosolic. The single enzyme activities observed for AAT and SkDH, are chloroplastic. These data indicate that the two isozymes of certain enzymes in Athyrium filix-femina are not the products of duplicated loci resulting from polyploidy, but are distinct and subcellularly compartmentalized as demonstrated in heterosporous plants. Thus A. filix-femina is functionally diploid in spite of its high chromosome number of 2n = 80. THIS REPORT presents the first evidence for subcellular localization of several isozymes in homosporous vascular plants. lKnowledge of isozyme localization in these plants is important in interpreting the multiple-banded enzyme phenotypes encountered in electrophoresis of homosporous fern tissue. Homosporous ferns are characterized by high chromosome numbers, and it has been hypothesized that these plants are ancient poly
A ‘WalMartization’ of Religion? The Ecological Impact of Megachurches on the Local and Extra-Local Religious Economy

This study explores the impact megachurches have on local and extra-local congregations. Arguing that the two commonly held theories concerning the effect of megachurches on local congregations—that they are either harmful because they undercut local competition, or are beneficial because they increase local competition—are under-specified, we add the concept of religious niches to an organizational ecology model to predict how megachurches will differentially impact local congregations of various affiliation. Following new methodological directions charted by Blanchard et al. (Soc Forces 86(4):1591–1620, 2008), we test how the presence of megachurches differentially impacts congregational change rates among Catholics, Mainline Protestants, Conservative Protestants and three disaggregated Conservative Protestant sub-groups—Evangelical, Pentecostal and Fundamentalists, using county-level data from the 1990 and 2000 Churches and Church Membership datasets and megachurch data from the Database of Megachurches in the US. We find support for the variable impact of megachurches on local congregations in differing niches. For local congregations in dissimilar niches the presence of megachurches seems to be beneficial, whereas for local congregations inhabiting similar niches the presence of megachurches seems to be harmful. In addition to the local impact of megachurches, we find that they also have an impact upon the vitality of congregations in neighboring counties.
ACTH 4-9 analog can retard spatial alternation learning in brain damaged and normal rats.

Thirty adult male hooded rats (Long—Evans strain) were assigned randomly to one of three lesion groups (n = 10) and prepared with medial frontal, posterior parietal, or sham neocortical injuries. Following a recovery interval of 10–12 days, access to water was limited to 30 min per day and the rats were shaped to traverse a T-maze for a reward of sweetened water. After a pretraining criterion was attained, osmotic minipumps (Alzet 2002) were installed subcutaneously. The minipumps delivered chronically for the next 14 to 15 days either 0 or 1.2 μg of ACTH 4–9 dissolved in bacteriostatic saline per day while the rats were trained on a reinforced spatial alternation task. Analysis of the number of errors made to a criterion of at least 80% correct alternations in two consecutive training sessions, or a ceiling of 62 errors (attained by two rats with parietal lesions), revealed that learning was impaired in the rats with parietal injuries. Contrary to our hypothesis, animals receiving ACTH 4–9 committed more errors than their counterparts receiving only saline.
Combustion of single coal particles in a jet

Abstract Fluidized bed combustion has attracted much interest in recent years, but there is very little data on the behavior of coal particles at these new conditions. Coal of much larger diameter (1–10 mm), much lower furnace temperatures (~850 °C), and different fluid mechanical conditions exist compared to pulverized coal furnaces. This paper presents experimental data on the behavior and combustion rates of individual coal particles aerodynamically suspended in a heated jet, to stimulate flow conditions in a fluidized bed. Tests of bituminous, sub-bituminous and lignite coals from 2 to 12 mm at jet temperatures of 705 and 816 °C in air and air diluted with equal parts of nitrogen were conducted. The ignition delay time varied from 2 to 44 sec. The devolatilization time extended up to 80 sec and was dependent mainly on particle size. The total burn time was independent of coal type and temperature, and varied as the square of the size and inversally with the oxygen concentration. The total turn time varied from 25 to 740 sec independently of coal type. The square law for the char burning rate was investigated.
Acting Out Reform: Theater and Village in the Republican Rural Reconstruction Movement

AbstractRural theater reform was a component of the Republican Rural Reconstruction Movement from its mid-1920s beginnings in mass literacy efforts. Amid the economic and political upheaval of the 1920s and 1930s, reformers argued that national salvation depended on the unity and continued relevance of village communities, and they believed that rural theater could contribute to bringing village communities together. One important example, the Mass Education Movement project in Dingxian, illustrates how reformers used the theater to reinforce the village as the unit of reform and national reconstruction. Reformers hoped rural theater would transmit to villagers ideas about citizenship and the new responsibilities this political role entailed. However, it was equally important that the reform theater — a group activity performed for a village audience — enable and sustain a reconstitution of the village community. In this way, the Rural Reconstruction Movement demonstrates an alternative to the top-down ru...
The Community-Based Welfare System: An Alternative to Public Welfare

The New Society cannot be created solely among the affluent and well educated. The poor, who more than all others are victims of the present social order, must join in the invention of alternative institutions. An alternative to the existing system of Public Assisttance is proposed which seeks to institutionalize new concepts of work, employment, equality, and community. A theory of social change which leads from the identification of cognitive alternatives toward the reformulation of basic societal norms and values is implicit.
Using Multi-Buffer Mode to Improve Performance of Encryption Card

This paper proposed a method to improve encryption card performance by multi-buffer mode. Compare original single-buffer mode, multi-buffer mode can reduce the time wasted that data transmission in PCI bus, can make encryption chip work at full capacity, can maximize the efficiency of encryption chip, and can improve performance of encryption card greatly. This paper also gives the scheduling algorithm to achieve multi-buffer mode. Finally, the result of comparing test proved that multi-buffer mode can indeed greatly improve the performance encryption card.
Hormonal regulation of serum lipoprotein (a) levels: effects of parenteral administration of estrogen or testosterone in males

When given orally, estrogens, as well as androgens, lower serum lipoprotein (a)[Lp(a)]levels. To determine whether these effects occur also after parenteral administration of steroids, Lp(a) levels were determined in two groups of elderly males suffering from prostatic carcinoma, who were randomized to treatment with parenteral estrogen (n = 8) or orchidectomy (n = 6). One group of healthy male volunteers (n = 9) was studied after parenteral administration of testosterone. Estrogen was given as im polyestradiol phosphate, 240 mg twice monthly, and testosterone was given as im injections, 250 mg/week. In the orchidectomized subjects, Lp(a) levels increased by 20% by month 3 after treatment (P < 0.05). In spite of drastic changes in serum hormone levels, no change in Lp(a) levels was observed in the estrogen-treated subjects. Concomitantly, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowered by 15% and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased by 20%. Testosterone administration lowered Lp(a...
Perception or reality of body weight: Which matters to the depressive symptoms

Abstract Background Failure to control for the confounding effects from body perceptions may contribute to the inconsistency of literature on the relationship between body weight and depression. The aim was to determine if perception mediates the associations between measured weight and depression. Methods We analyzed the data of 13,548 adults age 18 or older, collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005–2008. Depression status was ascertained using the Patient Health Questionnaire; and the BMI was calculated from measured height and weight. Results Among women, adjusting for perception weakened the relationship between measured weight and depression. The odds ratios (OR) of depression for being obese and overweight were 2.26 [95% confidence interval (1.50–3.40)] and 1.92 (1.29–2.85) before being adjusted for perception and 1.72 (1.01–2.92) and 1.62 (1.01–2.60) when perception was adjusted for. Independent from measured weight, women who perceived themselves as underweight [OR=2.95(1.47–5.14)] or overweight [1.73 (1.14–2.61)] had an increased odds of depression compared with women who perceived themselves as about the right weight. Among men, measured weight, neither overweight nor underweight, was associated with depression, perceiving oneself as underweight [OR=2.80 (1.42–5.54)] was associated with depression. Limitation The inherent limitation of the study's cross-sectional design prevented the authors from investigating causality. Conclusion Perception may be more important than measured weight in the relationship with depression. Independent from measured weight either perceived under or overweight among women, or underweight among men, appear to be significantly associated with depression.
MO‐D‐J‐6C‐04: Tumor Hypoxia Imaging

Purpose: To develop the methodology for measuring tumor hypoxia and defining the hypoxic volume Method and Materials: PET imaging with hypoxia‐affined radiolabeled tracers is promising as a method to define hypoxic volume in tumors, although validation of the images are still lacking. We evaluate PET imaging with several tracers in rodent tumormodels and compare them to direct pO2 probe measurement for validation. In addition, using hypoxia‐inducible reporter gene the expression of which can be imaged with PET, we attempt to directly link the molecular event of biological hypoxia to non‐invasive imaging. Extension of the study to the clinic is being planned. Results: Microscopic distribution of the tracer in tumor sections closely correlates with the hypoxia‐induced reporter gene expression. In addition, pO2 data obtained with probes are roughly correlated with PET image information. Conclusion: Our results validated the use of PET imaging with members of the 2‐nitroimidazole family for identifying tumor hypoxia. Educational Objectives: 1. The significance of tumor hypoxia 2. PET imaging of tumor hypoxia 3. Use of reporter genes in molecular imaging
Radiative effects of polar stratospheric clouds during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment and the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition

Results are presented of a study of the radiative effects of polar stratospheric clouds during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE) and the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE) in which daily 3D Type I nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) and Type II water ice polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) were generated in the polar regions during AAOE and the AASE aircraft missions. Mission data on particular composition and size, together with NMC-analyzed temperatures, are used. For AAOE, both Type I and Type II clouds were formed for the time period August 23 to September 17, after which only Type I clouds formed. During AASE, while Type I clouds were formed for each day between January 3 and February 10, Type II clouds formed on only two days, January 24 and 31. Mie theory and a radiative transfer model are used to compute the radiative heating rates during the mission periods, for clear and cloudy lower sky cases. Only the Type II water ice clouds have a significant radiative effect, with the Type I NATO PSCs generating a net heating or cooling of 0.1 K/d or less.
Gender and the Nonprofit Sector

Numerous studies have found women to be more public spirited than men, volunteering more and giving a larger share of their income to nonprofits. Yet in the theoretical literature on the nonprofit sector, the role of women has been largely neglected. This article uses cross-national data to examine the relationship between women's empowerment, voluntary action and the nonprofit sector. I find a strong and positive relationship between women's empowerment, voluntary action, and nonprofit sector strength. These findings suggest a need for a gender theory that offers new insights into the nonprofit sector. If policy makers intensify their efforts to promote women's empowerment, this could not only increase equity but may strengthen the nonprofit sector. This, in a virtuous circle, could further help to promote women's empowerment.
Black, Hispanic, and White Women's Perception of Heart Disease

Understanding why women delay seeking treatment for symptoms suggestive of an acute myocardial infarction remains elusive. Thirty individual semistructured interviews were conducted to determine black (n=10), Hispanic (n=10), and white (n=10) women's perception of heart disease risk and whether differences existed based on participant's race or ethnicity. Narrative descriptions analyzed using the Morse and Field method revealed that women, regardless of race or ethnicity, associated heart disease and heart attacks with men who were obese, stressed, and smokers. Perceptions of heart disease risk were similar between groups, with women generally believing they were at risk for heart disease because of family history, diet, and obesity. Racial and ethnic differences were noted, however, in risk reduction and anticipated treatment-seeking behaviors. Continued efforts are needed to raise women's perception of their cardiac risks and the need for the engagement in health-promoting behaviors.
Blockade of nucleus accumbens opiate receptors attenuates intravenous heroin reward in the rat

A quaternary derivative of naloxone, methyl naloxonium chloride (MN), was administered intracerebrally to rats trained to self-administer heroin intravenously. Increases in intravenous (IV) heroin self-administration rates were found following injections of low doses of MN into the nucleus accumbens (N.Acc), but not following injections of low doses of MN into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). These results were interpreted to suggest that the rewarding properties of IV heroin were decreased following N.Acc opiate receptor blockade. The relative insensitivity of the VTA to MN treatment was taken to suggest that VTA opiate receptors are either not essential or play a secondary role in mediating IV heroin self-administration. The present data support the notion that post-synaptic N.Acc opiate receptors play a crucial role in maintaining IV heroin self-administration.
P226 A Multidisciplinary Approach To Creating Behavioral Health Guidelines: Challenges Of Adhering To IOM Standards

Background In 2010 our organisation began creating evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for behavioural health, focusing initially on depression, PTSD, and obesity, following emerging IOM standards. Context Selected challenges in five areas: 1. Terminology. For many years, our organisation used guideline terminology that was inconsistent with the field. 2. Representation. Given the diverse types of professionals in behavioural health and the breadth/depth of each topic, attaining sufficiently diverse panel membership has been challenging. 3. Stakeholders. Obtaining the patient perspective has been challenging, particularly given the stigma and privacy concerns often associated with mental health. 4. Systematic Reviews. The high cost of developing de novo systematic reviews, especially for large scope topic areas, is limiting. 5. Education. Professionals have varying knowledge and lexicons for the process, requiring education, particularly surrounding non-financial conflicts of interest. Description of Best Practice •Terminology- Implemented organisation-wide systemic change in lexicon via change in organisation policy and routine dissemination. •Representation- Used multi-step consensus nomination process to assemble multidisciplinary panels. •Stakeholders- Using multi-tiered approach to involve stakeholders via Consultation, Participation, and Communication models and outreach to mental health peer support programmes. •Systematic Reviews- Applied Delphi poll method in topic scoping/refinement to work within organisational resources. Other mechanisms to enhance resources include topic nominations to AHRQ, possible organisational partnerships, and developing products from guidelines. •Education- Creating a series of self-study educational modules on guideline development. Lessons for Guideline Developers and Others Our challenges and resolutions could be helpful to others in guideline development.
CRITICAL PHENOMENON AND TOPOLOGICAL FIELD THEORIES IN THREE DIMENSIONS

We give a new mechanism for Bose-Fermi transmutation based on phase transition in a renormalizable generalization of the three-dimensional CP1 model coupled to a U(1) Chern-Simons theory. The generalization involves the addition of the scale invariant curvature term of the world line of the point particle. The short range disordered phase has a mass spectrum which corresponds to that of a single spinless bosonic point particle while the long range ordered phase has an infinite spinning Majorana mass spectrum. On the world line these Majorana particles have fermionic degrees of freedom.
The Structure of Geographical Threshold Graphs

We analyze the structure of random graphs generated by the geographical threshold model. The model is a generalization of random geometric graphs. Nodes are distributed in space, and edges are assigned according to a threshold function involving the distance between nodes as well as randomly chosen node weights. We show how the degree distribution, percolation and connectivity transitions, clustering coefficient, and diameter relate to the threshold value and weight distribution. We give bounds on the threshold value guaranteeing the presence or absence of a giant component, connectivity and disconnectivity of the graph, and small diameter. Finally, we consider the clustering coefficient for nodes with a given degree l, finding that its scaling is very close to 1/l when the node weights are exponentially distributed.
Estimating Grass Yield on Blue Grama Range From Seasonal Rainfall and Soil Moisture Measurements

To estimate annual forage production from moisture conditions it is important to consider the timing and seasonality of precipitation events as well as the past history of storm events. In this study we examined this relationship using 16 yr of annual measurements of herbaceous standing crop recorded at two study sites located on the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center in central New Mexico. Our hypothesis was that end-of-season herbaceous standing crop estimations could be improved using measured soil moisture instead of seasonal accumulations of rainfall as traditionally used for yield prediction. Daily recorded and simulated soil moisture levels were used to estimate the number of days over the growing season when soil moisture by volume was at low (, 20%), intermediate (20% to 30%), or high ($ 30%) levels. Defining regression equations to include either simulated or probe-recorded measures of soil moisture improved the adjusted R 2 of the regression models from 46% for the rainfall model to over 60% for various soil moisture models. Key variables for explaining annual variation in herbaceous production included seasonal moisture conditions, the amount of broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britt. & Rusby) present on the area, and the degree days of temperature accumulated over the growing season. Diurnal daily temperatures near historical averages were most advantageous for forage production. Simulated soil moisture data improved predictive grass yield estimates to a level equivalent to using onsite moisture probes to categorize daily moisture conditions. Potential exists to better predict forage conditions based on forecast information that uses soil moisture data instead of the traditional input of seasonal rainfall totals.
Automated Classification Schemes for Optical Tomographic Arthritis Scans

We have recently developed a sagittal laser optical tomographic (SLOT) imaging system for the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory processes in proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While cross sectional images of distribution of optical properties can now be generated easily, clinical interpretation of these images remains a challenge. In this paper, we apply and analyse two machine learning methods for optimal identification and severity classification of RA in a data set of 78 joints. The methods surveyed include fisher face with support vector machines (SVMs), and transformed mixtures of Gausians (TMG). It appears that TMG methods outperform the approach using fisher face with SVMs; however, the results need to be further validated in studies involving larger patient populations
Cardiorespiratory Effects of Naloxone in Children

BACKGROUND:Data on the cardiorespiratory changes and complications following administration of naloxone in children are limited.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes and complications following naloxone treatment in children.METHODS:The maximal changes in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and any complications within 1 and 2 hours following naloxone were tabulated.RESULTS:One hundred ninety-five children received naloxone over 3 years. The mean ± SD age was 9.7 ± 6 years. The total doses of naloxone ranged from 0.01 to 7 mg (0.001–0.5 mg/kg body weight), with a median dose of 0.1 mg. Group 1 patients consisted of 11 6 (60%) children who were postoperative and had been given naloxone by an anesthesiologist; group 2 patients consisted of 79 (40%) children who received naloxone in the emergency department or pediatric intensive care unit. Patients in group 1 were older: 10.6 ± 5.3 versus 8.2 ± 6.7 years (p < 0.006), but received significa...
Acts of God, Acts of Man

Why does society take the death on the job of some people more seriously than that of others? The deaths of astronauts and soldiers are greeted with great concern by opinion leaders who vow that they will not to be tolerated, but the deaths of day laborers and other blue-collar workers seem to be accepted as an inevitable act of nature. This double standard of death is reinforced by the bifurcated way that the mass media frames the issue. The labor movement and the safety and health community must confront this problem head-on and develop an educational strategy to rectify the distorted idea that some lives are more valuable than others.
Streamlined protocol for mRNA display.

mRNA display is a powerful method for in vitro directed evolution of polypeptides, but its time-consuming, technically demanding nature has hindered its widespread use. We present a streamlined protocol in which lengthy mRNA purification steps are replaced with faster precipitation and ultrafiltration alternatives; additionally, other purification steps are entirely eliminated by using a reconstituted translation system and by performing reverse transcription after selection, which also protects input polypeptides from thermal denaturation. We tested this procedure by performing affinity selection against Her2 using binary libraries containing a nonspecific designed ankyrin repeat protein (DARPin) doped with a Her2-binding DARPin (dopant fraction ranging from 1:10 to 1:10 000). The Her2-binding DARPin was recovered in all cases, with an enrichment factor of up to 2 orders of magnitude per selection round. The time required for 1 round is reduced from ∼4–7 days to 2 days with our protocol, thus simplifying...
Modeling of photovoltaic microgrids for bulk power grid studies

The integration of photovoltaic (PV) microgrids will have a transformative impact on the smart power grid. However, there are a number of research problems that must be studied to facilitate penetration of PV-generation systems into power grids. These problems are: i) PV models based on manufacturers' data that are non-confidential and can be used by smart grid stakeholders for microgrid studies; ii) PV-generating station models that are validated and non-confidential that can be used by utilities for bulk power flow and short circuit studies; and iii) PV-generator equivalent dynamic models for bulk power system stability studies. This paper seeks to address the modeling challenges of PV-generating stations.
Structural analysis of as-deposited and annealed low-temperature gallium arsenide

Abstract The structure of GaAs grown at low substrate temperatures (LT-GaAs) by molecular beam epitaxy has been studied using high resolution X-ray diffraction methods. Double crystal rocking curves from the as-deposited LT-GaAs show well defined interference fringes, indicating a high level of structural perfection. Triple crystal diffraction analysis of the as-deposited sample showed significantly less diffuse scattering near the LT-GaAs 004 reciprocal lattice point compared with the substrate 004 reciprocal lattice point, suggesting that despite the incorporation of approximately 1% excess arsenic, the epitaxial layer had superior crystalline perfection than did the GaAs substrate. Triple crystal scans of annealed LT-GaAs showed an increase in the integrated diffuse intensity by approximately a factor of three as the anneal temperature was increased from 700 to 900°C. Analogous to the effects of SiO 2 precipitates in annealed Czochralski silicon, the diffuse intensity is attributed to distortions in the epitaxial LT-GaAs lattice by arsenic precipitates.