cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating software engineering in computer programming education

This paper details a computer programming class update for all education levels. As technology has become a more integral part of elementary and secondary education curriculum, the skilled programmer has become more commonplace. Students graduating from high school may, by that time, have been programming for as many as three years. As the IT field develops and spawns sub fields the role of the programmer remains important. However, new development methods deal more with creating systems from components. The philosophy change here creates a need for IT professionals who can design and create applications from a user's perspective rather than a computer's perspective [2]. This can be addressed by adding software development principles to the content, by going beyond code and helping students visualize the entire process. This change will provide each student with the skills necessary to become successful; both in further academic pursuits and in their career. This proposed curriculum will contain Software Engineering processes such as requirements elicitation and management, establishing scope and system boundaries, modeling, test procedures, and maintenance activities. The proposed class contains all programming course information while introducing software engineering activities to students in the beginning of their programming education. Instead of simply recreating sample programs, a complete problem will be presented. Students decide what processes need to be automated, how to go about implementing them, how to tell if the problem has been solved (test case), and finally create, verify, and validate their program. Having students go through these steps will provide them with a better understanding of where computer programming fits in the scope of an IT project; and will prepare them for the challenges they will face in a technological environment. This paper will present an overview of course content for this new class as well as strategies and examples for taking current computer programming assignments and infusing Software Engineering principles. It will provide motivation and educational strategy for a solid Software Engineering perspective while introducing programming syntax, decision structures, and data representations. To not unnecessarily burden a curriculum that in many institutions is already near its credit limits, it is critical that programming assignments exemplify SE tenet to reinforce understanding of the material.
Dynamic models and cross-sectional data: The consequences of dynamic misspecification

Abstract Most social variables are inherently imbedded in time and, therefore, are generated by a dynamic process of some kind. This paper explores the consequences of applying a static model to such variables. We find that unbiased estimates of the underlying dynamic parameters through the application of a static model to a cross-section of data are possible only if the underlying dynamic process is “nonergodic,” that is, that the process is a function of the initial conditions. A wide-sense stationary dynamic model that is not a function of the initial state of the system is proposed here, and we find that the application of static models to such processes is not successful, in particular, we find that the static estimates are attenuated or inflated versions of their dynamic counterparts.
Relating structural, magnetic-moment, and hyperfine-field behavior to a local-environment model in Fe 3-x Co x Si

A detailed NMR, magnetization, x-ray, and neutron-diffraction study is reported for the ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}\mathrm{Si}$ system over the entire range of Co concentration ($0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}3.00$). As the Co concentration $x$ is increased, the x-ray measurements indicate that a single phase having the fcc $D{O}_{3}$-type structure is maintained (with some variation in lattice constant) up to $x=2.15$. It is found that Co selectively enters the ($A$,$C$) sites for the higher concentrations studied in this work ($x\ensuremath{\le}2.00$) with a high degree of order for $xl1.50$. The variation in lattice constant with Co concentration correlates well with the bulk magnetization and can be described by a simple empirical relation which is an extension of Vegard's law. Neutron-diffraction and magnetization measurements have enabled a determination of the $\mathrm{Fe}(B)$, $\mathrm{Fe}(A,C)$, and $\mathrm{Co}(A,C)$ magnetic-moment dependence on Co concentration for these alloys. In particular, we note that the moment on the substituted Co atoms appears well localized and remains essentially constant (+1.7${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$) throughout the range $0\ensuremath{\le}x\ensuremath{\le}2.15$. In addition, the variations of the internal hyperfine fields with Co concentration at all sites [$\mathrm{Fe}(B)$, $\mathrm{Fe}(A,C)$, $\mathrm{Co}(A,C)$, and $\mathrm{Si}(D)$] have been studied by spin-echo NMR. In order to explain the magnetic-moment and internal field behavior, a model emphasizing the short range interaction approach is presented. Since Co enters the ($A$,$C$) sites, the short range interaction model involves only the $1nn$ configurations for the $\mathrm{Fe}(B)$ atoms. The model successfully describes the detailed behavior of the magnetic moments and internal fields at all sites and enables a subdivision of the observed internal field into contributions due to the $4s$ spin polarization transferred from neighboring moments and the polarization resulting from the on-site moment. Such an approach has already proved successful for transition metal substitutions into the $B$ sites.
Involvement of angiotensin receptor subtypes in osmotically induced release of vasopressin

Abstract We have previously shown that AT1 and AT2 angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors mediate the release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to central injections of Ang II. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that Ang II, acting at AT1 and AT2 receptors in the brain, is involved in mediating osmotically stimulated AVP release. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with intraventricular (i.v.t.) cannulas and catheters in the carotid artery and the femoral vein. Intraventricular injections of Ang II receptor antagonists specific to different subtypes of the receptor (AT1 and AT2) were given before a 30 min infusion of hypertonic (2.5 M) saline. Arterial blood samples were collected 5 min before and at two time points after (+ 15 min and + 30 min) beginning the saline infusion. We found that both losartan (AT1 specific) and CGP42112A (AT2 specific) significantly reduced osmotically induced release of AVP. PD123319 (AT2 specific) had no effect of osmotically stimulated AVP release. A combined treatment of losartan +PD123319 was no more effective than losartan in blocking the AVP response. Since losartan was the most rapid and effective antagonist of osmotically stimulated AVP release, we conclude that AT1 receptors are directly involved in the response. However, but since CGP42112A was also an effective antagonist and since, AT2 receptors are located at sites distant from the hypothalamus, such as the locus ceruleus, they may also contribute to this response. We conclude that brain Ang II receptors are involved in osmotically stimulated AVP release.
DISCRETE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON RETAINING WALL

Abstract Analysis based on Discrete Element Method (DEM) is presented for active and passive earth pressure distribution behind a retaining wall under different modes of wall movement. Soil mass in the present model is treated as comprising of blocks which are connected by elasto-plastic Winkler-springs. The solution of this method satisfies all equilibrium and compatibility conditions. Formulation of the method is briefly reviewed. Examples are shown to demonstrate the applicability of the method for analyses of earth pressure behind a gravity retaining wall. The DEM can be used to study the sliding patterns of backfill blocks which effect the earth pressure distribution behind the wall. Advantages of this method over the conventional limit equilibrium method are also discussed.
Seed physicochemical characteristics of field-grown US weedy red rice (Oryza sativa) biotypes: Contrasts with commercial cultivars

Abstract Red rice in the US is an aggressive weed that reduces the yield of rice and contaminates its grain. It is the same species as rice, which provides an opportunity for intercrossing. This genetic similarity complicates the management of red rice in fields and rice mills, but also indicates a potential for its use in rice breeding or niche markets. Physicochemical and cooking quality characteristics, which are important components of consumer desirability for rice, are virtually unknown for red rice. Thus, a survey of red rice accessions and rice × red rice crosses was conducted to characterize these traits. Grain amylose levels of most indigenous red rice accessions were similar to those of high amylose indica cultivars from Asia. Amylose levels in crosses were highly variable, ranging as low as those in medium-grain commercial rice to as high as those in long-grains. Alkali spreading value was generally greater in awned than in awnless red rice accessions and the aroma chemical, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, was detected in two red rice crosses. The generally high seed amylose levels in red rice indicate that its cooking quality would not be suitable for most common uses of US rice, but may be acceptable for niche uses.
Modeling and Analysis of the Role of Energy Storage for Renewable Integration: Power Balancing

The high variability of renewable energy is a major obstacle toward its increased penetration. Energy storage can help reduce the power imbalance due to the mismatch between the available renewable power and the load. How much can storage reduce this power imbalance? How much storage is needed to achieve this reduction? This paper presents a simple analytic model that leads to some answers to these questions. Considering the multitimescale grid operation, we formulate the power imbalance problem for each timescale as an infinite horizon stochastic control problem and show that a greedy policy minimizes the average magnitude of the residual power imbalance. Observing from the wind power data that in shorter timescales the power imbalance can be modeled as an iid zero-mean Laplace distributed process, we obtain closed form expressions for the minimum cost and the stationary distribution of the stored power. We show that most of the reduction in the power imbalance can be achieved with relatively small storage capacity. In longer timescales, the correlation in the power imbalance cannot be ignored. As such, we relax the iid assumption to a weakly dependent stationary process and quantify the limit on the minimum cost for arbitrarily large storage capacity.
Applications of nonstandard analysis to spin models

Abstract Methods of nonstandard analysis are used to construct a Markov semigroup representing the stochastic evolution of an infinite spin system with finite range interaction by means of a hyperfinite spin system. The hyperfinite spin system is then used to derive classical results about phase transitions of the stochastic Ising model without the use of thermodynamic limits.
Analysis of the Costructure of the Simian Virus 40 T-Antigen Origin Binding Domain with Site I Reveals a Correlation between GAGGC Spacing and Spiral Assembly

Polyomavirus origins of replication contain multiple occurrences of G(A/G)GGC, the high-affinity binding element for the viral initiator T-antigen (T-ag). The site I regulatory region of simian virus 40, involved in the repression of transcription and the enhancement of DNA replication initiation, contains two GAGGC sequences arranged head to tail and separated by a 7-bp AT-rich sequence. We have solved a 3.2-A costructure of the SV40 origin-binding domain (OBD) bound to site I. We have also established that T-ag assembly on site I is limited to the formation of a single hexamer. These observations have enabled an analysis of the role(s) of the OBDs bound to the site I pentanucleotides in hexamer formation. Of interest, they reveal a correlation between the OBDs bound to site I and a pair of OBD subunits in the previously described hexameric spiral structure. Based on these findings, we propose that spiral assembly is promoted by pentanucleotide pairs arranged in a head-to-tail manner. Finally, the possibility that spiral assembly by OBD subunits accounts for the heterogeneous distribution of pentanucleotides found in the origins of replication of polyomaviruses is discussed.
An initial-value method for nonlinear integral equations

This paper concerns the nonlinear integral equation $$u(t) = g(t) + \int_0^x {k(t,y,u(y))dy, 0 \leqslant t \leqslant x.} $$ By considering the dependence of the unknown functionu upon the interval lengthx, we derive a Cauchy system foru in whichx plays the role of the timelike variable. This is important computationally, for modern computers can solve such initial-value problems with speed and accuracy. Specialization to the linear Fredholm integral equation is considered. Remaining problems are sketched, and applications to optimal filtering, radiative transfer, and lateral inhibition are mentioned.
Effect of geometry on the performance of model metal matrix composite joints and transitions

The role of geometry in the mechanical performance of various configurations of joints and transitions in metal matrix composites (MMCs) was investigated. Three types of model joints were manufactured by pressure infiltration of molten Al-4.5% Mg into preforms of continuous polycrystalline alumina fibers. This method of fabrication allows metal continuity to be achieved throughout the joint region, creating composite/monolith interfaces free of the gross defects that commonly limit joint strength. Test results indicate that changes in joint configuration affect the level of plastic flow at the composite/monolith interfaces, and suggest that increasing the level of plastic constraint in these regions enhances performance. The factors controlling interface behavior in the various joint configurations were investigated with finite element techniques, based on constitutive behavior measured experimentally. Using these methods, the evolution of the stress state which develops at the composite/monolith interfaces was probed, providing insight into the interplay between the state of stress and the failure mechanisms that limit interface performance. With this in mind, the relationship between key components of stress and the mechanical performance of the experimental specimens is discussed with respect to debonding and void growth at the composite/monolith interface.
Survival effect of neoadjuvant radiotherapy before esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer: a surveillance, epidemiology, and end-results study

Purpose The role of neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NeoRT) before definitive surgery for esophageal cancer remains controversial. This study used a large population-based database to assess the effect of NeoRT on survival for patients treated with definitive surgery. Methods and Materials The overall survival (OS) and cause-specific survival for patients with Stage T2-T4, any N, M0 (cT2-T4M0) esophageal cancer who had undergone definitive surgery between 1998 and 2004 were analyzed by querying the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results database. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated and univariate comparisons were made using the log–rank test. Cox proportional hazards survival regression multivariate analysis was performed with NeoRT, T stage (T2 vs. T3-T4), pathologic nodal status (pN0 vs. pN1), number of nodes dissected (>10 vs. ≤10), histologic type (adenocarcinoma vs. squamous cell carcinoma), age ( Results A total of 1,033 patients were identified. Of these, 441 patients received NeoRT and 592 underwent esophagectomy alone; 77% were men, 67% had adenocarcinoma, and 72% had Stage T3-T4 disease. The median OS and cause-specific survival were both significantly greater for patients who received NeoRT compared with esophagectomy alone (27 vs. 18 months and 35 vs. 21 months, respectively, p 10 nodes dissected, and Stage T2 disease were all independently correlated with increased OS. Conclusion These results support the use of NeoRT for patients with esophageal cancer. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.
Sialosyl-Tn : a novel mucin antigen associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer patients

Colon cancers typically produce mucin. However, it is not known whether tumor mucin plays a biological role in cancer cell behavior. To address this issue, the expression of a mucin-associated antigen, sialosyl-Tn, was examined by immunohistochemical study in 128 primary colorectal carcinoma specimens from 137 patients who underwent curative surgical resection. Antigen expression was correlated with disease-free and overall 5-year survival. Sialosyl-Tn antigen expression occurred in 112 (87.5%) tumors, and was independent of age, gender, tumor location, Dukes' stage, depth of invasion, degree of differentiation, and ploidy status. Survival at 5 years for patients with sialosyl-Tn-negative versus sialosyl-Tn-positive tumors was 100% versus 73% (P less than 0.05) and disease-free survival was 94% versus 73%, respectively (P = 0.12). Although more advanced Dukes' stage, deeper invasion, and aneuploidy were all associated with poorer overall 5-year survival, antigen-negative tumors within each of these groups had much better prognoses than antigen-positive tumors. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that tumor ploidy (P less than 0.001) and sialosyl-Tn expression (P less than 0.05) were the two variables of most importance for predicting both disease-free and overall survival. The authors conclude that sialosyl-Tn expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in colon cancer, and therefore suggest that qualitative mucin alterations may reflect important differences in the biological behavior of these neoplasms.
An empirical investigation as to the need for multicomponent decision models

The adequacy of an exclusively attitudinal component model, which is analogous to the traditional decision-theoretic model, in which each option is scored and weighted on multiple attributes, is investigated. The results indicate that a purely attitudinal model is inadequate when predicting the career intentions of young people. This conclusion holds, irrespective of how the relative weights used in the attitudinal component model are measured. It is shown that an adequate model must include normative (i.e., judgments of others' beliefs) and affective (i.e., emotional) components in addition to the attitudinal component. Although decision-theoretic models can readily be expanded to include the normative component by including attributes that represent judgments of others' beliefs about alternative actions, it is not clear how to include a global affective component.
Electrocatalytic decomposition of hydrogen sulfide

The recently discovered phenomenon of nonfaradaic electrochemical modification of catalytic activity (NEMCA) was explored for the electrocatalytic decomposition of H2S to H 2 and S 2 over Pt electrodes at 600-750~ and 1 atm. It was found that upon applying a potential to Pt supported on a 0 2 conducting yttria-stabilized zirconia disk, the decomposition of H2S significantly increased up to a factor of 11 at 600~ The results appear to verify several aspects of NEMCA including the phenomenon that the electrolyte needs not to conduct reaction-specific species and that the degree of rate enhancement is related to the working electrode polarization. In addition, results indicate that separate chambers are not always required for electrocatalysis.
Magnetic and multiferroic phases of single-crystalline Mn 0.85 Co 0.15 WO 4

The magnetic and multiferroic phase diagram of ${\text{Mn}}_{0.85}{\text{Co}}_{0.15}{\text{WO}}_{4}$ single crystals is investigated by means of magnetic, heat-capacity, dielectric, polarization, and neutron-scattering experiments. Three magnetic phase transitions are detected through distinct anomalies in all physical quantities. The ferroelectric polarization is observed only along the $b$ axis below 10 K but not along the $a$ axis as recently suggested. The magnetic phases studied by neutron scattering are very complex. Up to four different magnetic structures, partially coexisting at certain temperature ranges, have been identified. Upon decreasing temperature two commensurate phases (AF4, AF1) are followed by an incommensurate phase (AF5) and a second incommensurate phase (AF2) is detected as a minor phase. The ferroelectric polarization is possibly associated with both (AF2 and AF5) phases.
ANGULAR DEPENDENCE OF GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE IN A SUPERLATTICE

Most discussions of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) have focused on collinear cases where the magnetizations in adjacent layers are either parallel or antiparallel. To explore the relative importance of the superlattice potential and of the impurity scattering on the angular dependence of GMR, we calculate the electrical resistivity for noncollinear magnetizations. The electronic structure of the superlattice is modeled by a Kronig-Penney potential. When the magnetizations of the adjacent layers are neither parallel nor antiparallel, spinor forms of Bloch states and dispersion relations are derived. Then the conductivity as a function of the angle between magnetization directions of adjacent layers is calculated in the homogeneous limit where the mean free path is much larger than the layer thickness. We find the angular dependence of the resistivity and hence of the GMR for current in the plane of layers and perpendicular to the plane of the layers depends on the spin-dependent superlattice potential, and the details of the scattering potential. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Conductance Hysteresis and Switching in a Single-Molecule Junction

Voltage-controlled conductance hysteresis and stepwise switching in a reversible manner were observed in a single-molecule double-barrier junction defined by a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at ∼10 K. In situ visualization and characterization of the junction using the STM revealed that the charge bistability of a single molecule on a polar alumina film is responsible for the conductance hysteresis and switching. It was also found that the relative stability between different charge states depends on the multiple adsorption configurations of molecules on the surface.
Time-series clustering of gene expression in irradiated and bystander fibroblasts: an application of FBPA clustering

The radiation bystander effect is an important component of the overall biological response of tissues and organisms to ionizing radiation, but the signaling mechanisms between irradiated and non-irradiated bystander cells are not fully understood. In this study, we measured a time-series of gene expression after α-particle irradiation and applied the Feature Based Partitioning around medoids Algorithm (FBPA), a new clustering method suitable for sparse time series, to identify signaling modules that act in concert in the response to direct irradiation and bystander signaling. We compared our results with those of an alternate clustering method, Short Time series Expression Miner (STEM). While computational evaluations of both clustering results were similar, FBPA provided more biological insight. After irradiation, gene clusters were enriched for signal transduction, cell cycle/cell death and inflammation/immunity processes; but only FBPA separated clusters by function. In bystanders, gene clusters were enriched for cell communication/motility, signal transduction and inflammation processes; but biological functions did not separate as clearly with either clustering method as they did in irradiated samples. Network analysis confirmed p53 and NF-κB transcription factor-regulated gene clusters in irradiated and bystander cells and suggested novel regulators, such as KDM5B/JARID1B (lysine (K)-specific demethylase 5B) and HDACs (histone deacetylases), which could epigenetically coordinate gene expression after irradiation. In this study, we have shown that a new time series clustering method, FBPA, can provide new leads to the mechanisms regulating the dynamic cellular response to radiation. The findings implicate epigenetic control of gene expression in addition to transcription factor networks.
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AND ANTIBODY RESPONSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT AFTER LOCAL AND SYSTEMIC IMMUNIZATION

The cell-mediated immune response on the secretory surface of the lower respiratory tract was investigated and compared to the systemic cell-mediated immune response and to the secretory and systemic antibody responses. Guinea pigs were immunized either parenterally or locally with dinitrophenylated human IgG. The effect of rendering animals tolerant on the local cell-mediated response and on the local antibody response was also studied. The antibody response in the bronchial washing fluids was predominantly of the IgA class. In the animals rendered tolerant by administering large doses of the antigen intravenously, the secretory antibody response was significantly reduced to about 40% of the levels in the animals which were not tolerant. Cellular immunity was assayed using the inhibition of macrophage migration. In animals which were immunized subcutaneously, splenic lymphocytes strongly inhibited the migration of normal guinea pig macrophages; however cells obtained from bronchial washings from the same animals exhibited little or no inhibition of macrophage migration in the presence of antigen. In the animals which were immunized by nose drops, splenic lymphocytes showed virtually no inhibition of macrophage migration; however, bronchial washing lymphocytes strongly inhibited the migration of normal macrophages. Thus, nose drop immunization gave rise to a significantly greater local cellular immune response than did parenteral immunization. In those animals which were immunized by nose drops after a tolerizing dose of antigen, there was virtually no inhibition of macrophage migration by either the cells from the spleens or bronchial washings. Studies were done which demonstrated that a substance similar to macrophage-inhibition factor was liberated by the bronchial washing cells on incubation with the antigen. Studies were also done which indicated that secretory antibody played no role in the inhibition of macrophage migration when bronchial washing lymphocytes were used. Lymphocytes were purified from bronchial washings and were found to inhibit normal macrophage migration in the presence of antigen to the same extent that the mixed population of lymphocytes and pulmonary macrophages did. Thus this study supports the concept that local cellular immunity can be initiated independently of systemic cellular immunity.
Clocklike properties of limit-cycle oscillations in cells and complex organisms

The lecture is a general review of biological phenomena regulated by cellular oscillators whose period (day, month, year) is an evolved match to the major periodicities in the physical environment. These oscillators function as clocks, timing diverse events to "appropriate" times of day, month or year. Emphasis is given to oscillator properties that are not trivial analytic necessities, but rather are, evolved refinements enhancing the oscillators' capacity (1) to identify local time and (2) measure lapses of time. Hints at the still obscure physical nature of the oscillator are also reviewed.
On free quadratic extensions of rings

The quaternion algebraB[j] over a commutative ringB with 1 defined byS. Parimala andR. Sridharan is generalized in two directions: (1) the ringB may be non-commutative with 1, and (2)j2 may be any invertible element (not necessarily −1). LetG={ϱ} be an automorphism group ofB of order 2, andA={b inB|ϱ (b)=b}. LetB[j] be a generalized quaternion algebra such thataj ϱ (a) for eacha inB. It will be shown thatB is Galois (for non-commutative ring extensions) overA which is contained in the center ofB if and only ifB[j] is Azumaya overA. Also,A[j] is a splitting ring forB[j] such thatA[j] is Galois overA. Moreover, we shall determine which automorphism group ofA[j] is a Galois group.
Cortical surface segmentation and mapping

Segmentation and mapping of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance (MR) images plays an important role in neuroscience and medicine. This paper describes a comprehensive approach for cortical reconstruction, flattening, and sulcal segmentation. Robustness to imaging artifacts and anatomical consistency are key achievements in an overall approach that is nearly fully automatic and computationally fast. Results demonstrating the application of this approach to a study of cortical thickness changes in aging are presented.
Taxonomic and Environmental Variation of Metabolite Profiles in Marine Dinoflagellates of the Genus Symbiodinium

Microorganisms in terrestrial and marine ecosystems are essential to environmental sustainability. In the marine environment, invertebrates often depend on metabolic cooperation with their endosymbionts. Coral reefs, one of the most important marine ecosystems, are based on the symbiosis between a broad diversity of dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium and a wide phyletic diversity of hosts (i.e., cnidarian, molluscan, poriferan). This diversity is reflected in the ecology and physiology of the symbionts, yet the underlying biochemical mechanisms are still poorly understood. We examined metabolite profiles of four cultured species of Symbiodinium known to form viable symbioses with reef-building corals, S. microadriaticum (cp-type A194), S. minutum (cp-type B184), S. psygmophilum (cp-type B224) and S. trenchii (cp-type D206). Metabolite profiles were shown to differ among Symbiodinium species and were found to be affected by their physiological response to growth in different temperatures and light regimes. A combined Random Forests and Bayesian analysis revealed that the four Symbiodinium species examined primarily differed in their production of sterols and sugars, including a C29 stanol and the two sterols C28Δ5 and C28Δ5,22, as well as differences in metabolite abundances of a hexose and inositol. Inositol levels were also strongly affected by changes in temperature across all Symbiodinium species. Our results offer a detailed view of the metabolite profile characteristic of marine symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, and identify patterns of metabolites related to several growth conditions.
Characterization and strain-energy-function-based modeling of the thermomechanical response of shape-memory polymers

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) are an emerging class of active polymers that can be used on a wide range of reconfigurable structures and actuation devices. In this study, an epoxy-based SMP was synthesized, and its thermomechanical behaviors were comprehensively characterized. The stress–strain behavior of the SMP was determined to be nonlinear, finite deformation in all regions. Strain-energy-based models were used to capture the complicated stress–strain behavior and shape-recovery response of the SMP. Among various strain energy functions, the stretch-based Ogden model provided the best fit to the experimental observations. Compared to the sophisticated models developed for SMPs, the strain-energy-based model was found to be reliable and much easier to use for practical SMP designs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41861.
Comparison of IR Spectroscopic Analysis and X‐Ray Diffraction of Aluminum Hydroxide Gel

Abstract Data are presented which demonstrate that IR spectrophotometry is more sensitive than X‐ray diffraction to structural changes occurring in aluminum hydroxide gel during aging. By examining changes in peak shape and position in the IR spectrum, evidence is seen for an increasing degree of order as the gel ages. The increased order may be responsible for the loss of acid reactivity observed during aging. IR analysis is also recommended for routine monitoring of aluminum hydroxide gels.
The status of the Peregrine in Great Britain

(1963). The status of the Peregrine in Great Britain. Bird Study: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 56-90.
Extracellular Mediators in Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis

This issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology includes an elegant review titled “Vascular Inflammation and the Renin-Angiotensin System” by Brasier et al.1 This is the first in a series of articles on extracellular mediators in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. The articles in this series will focus on both molecular mediators and cellular effectors that modulate vascular function and lead to …
Bodies for Rent: Labor and Marginality in Southern Louisiana

In southern Louisiana, supplying a workforce for the offshore oil and gas industry's least desirable jobs requires manipulation of non-market forces that shape access to labor. Specifically, a labor camp system, evolving since the late 1970s, recruits and deploys disempowered workers (or “bodies”) to fulfill the manual labor needs of a wide variety of oil and gas companies—a process that generates profits for the individuals who own labor camps while reproducing the continuities between work and poverty for the marginalized underclass of US cities. This essay explores the perpetuation of the camp system, arguing that it is not company desires for cost-saving mechanisms but demands for a tractable workforce that explain the primary relationships between camp workers, managers and owners, on the one hand, and oil company management, on the other. Understandings of how social capital, cultural capital and drug dependency factor into employment at one camp provide key insights into the anatomy of the labor camp system.
Low-Volume Concentrated Sprays Applied by Ground Equipment for Control of the Boll Weevil1

During 1964 low-volume concentrate spray was evaluated for control of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Technical malathion applied with ground equipment gave excellent weevil control. Commercially available nozzles (Spraying Systems 730023 or equivalent) were fitted to a high-clearance sprayer. With this system it was possible to apply 25 ounces of technical malathion (2 pounds) per acre. To apply smaller amounts of technical malathion with these nozzles, it was necessary to use water to make up the necessary volume. With sufficient agitation water and technical malathion will stay in suspension. When the water and malathion droplet strikes the cotton leaf the water evaporates leaving only the technical malathion. It is possible for this system to be adapted to existing sprayers with very few modifications.
The use of tritium labeled compounds to develop gamma-emitting receptor-binding radiotracers

In an effort to evaluate receptor binding drugs for their potential as gamma labeled radiopharmaceuticals suitable for clinical heart scanning, in vivo data were compared with the results obtained from a theoretical model. The distribution of selected tritium-labeled, receptor-binding radiotracers was studied in animals to determine if the heart to blood ratios agree with those obtained using a theoretical model of receptor binding. In general, the in vivo studies agree with the theoretical model when the concentration of the radiotracer in the heart is due to specific receptor binding. The use of the theoretical model for a first approximation followed by in vivo biodistribution studies is an efficient strategy to select those few from among the large number of receptor binding compounds that will ultimately yield an efficacious radiopharmaceutical to study receptor changes in the intact human heart.
Biological correlates of learning and attention: What is relevant to learning disability and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder?

Advances in the related fields of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology offer intriguing reformulations of the clinical entities of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD). The definition of such terms as attention and learning used in cognitive neuroscience differ from their use in clinical practice and emphasize such processes as intention, working memory, and executive function. Research suggests that neither attention nor long-term memory are the critical cognitive correlates of ADHD or LD. Rather, encoding processes, particularly working memory, are identified as deficiencies for children with these conditions. Furthermore, intention and inhibition appear to be particularly impaired in children with ADHD, who exhibit broader deficits in so-called executive function. Findings from cognitive neuroscience offer explanations of the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological underpinnings of learning problems and the frequent comorbidity of LD and ADHD.
The Plasma Bipolar Junction phototransistor: coupling electron-hole and electron-ion plasmas

Coupling semiconductor (e−-h+) and gas phase plasmas with a strong electric field yields a transistor exhibiting photosensitivity and voltage gain but also a light-emitting collector whose radiative output can be switched and modulated.
Sexual Dimorphism in Visceral Organ Mass and Hematology in Spotted Salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum, before and after Breeding

Despite having relatively little dimorphism in external morphology, male and female Ambystoma maculatum have substantial differences in both short-term (e.g., resting metabolic rate) and long term (e.g., growth rate) physiological processes. In this study, I investigated differences in the mass of reproductive (gonads and proximal reproductive tract) and somatic (liver and heart) organs, and in hematological parameters related to oxygen carrying capacity (erythrocyte count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin concentration) and osmotic balance (plasma osmolality) between males and females before and after breeding. Pre-breeding females had substantially larger ovaries and oviducts compared to post-breeding females, whereas males had similar reproductive organ masses before and after breeding. Females had smaller livers than males, but similar heart masses. Males had similar erythrocyte counts to females, but higher hematocrits, hemoglobin concentrations, and plasma osmolalities. The internal anatomical and physiol...
Alloy softening in Ni3Al polycrystals

The alloying effect of boron on localized deformation in Ni3Al polycrystals containing 24–26 at% AI was studied using microhardness indentation. Alloy softening was observed both along the grain boundaries and in the grain interior. The softening effect decreased as the aluminium concentration increased. For alloys of near-stoichiometric composition, the maximum effect occurred at about 0.23 at% (500 wt p.p.m.) boron. A softening mechanism based on cross slip of screw dislocations was proposed.
Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis in P-388 Lymphocytic Leukemia Tumor Cells by Helenalin and Bis(helenalinyl)malonate In Vivo

Although the parent sesquiterpene lactone, helenalin, and its derivative, bis(helenalinyl)malonate, are structurally related chemically, they demonstrate differences in their antineoplastic activity, with bis(helenalinyl)malonate being much more active against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia cell growth (T/C% = 261) compared with helenalin (T/C% = 162). Previous studies have shown that both agents strongly inhibit protein synthesis in vivo by greater than 70% after 3 d of administration and in vitro by 50% at a 100 microM concentration of drug. This inhibition of protein synthesis of P-388 cells may be partially responsible for the cytotoxicity of the drug. These agents also inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in vivo, with DNA synthesis being suppressed by greater than 90% after 2 d of administration of drugs at the therapeutic dose. Of the sulfhydryl-bearing enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis that were assayed, only the activities of inosine-5'-monophosphate (IMP) dehydrogenase and the ribonucleotide reductase complex were inhibited by greater than 50% by these sulfhydryl-reactive drugs, which would account for the observed inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis in the P-388 cells. The inhibition of the activities of these enzymes lowered the deoxyribonucleotide levels in P-388 cells, which would explain the overall suppression of DNA synthesis by the sesquiterpene lactones.
The hemodynamic response of the conscious pregnant guinea pig to nicotine

The hemodynamic response to continuous intravenous infusion of nicotine, at 4.5 and 18 micrograms/min, was measured using radiolabeled microspheres in nine chronically catheterized pregnant guinea pigs. These gave serum nicotine levels of 72.3 +/- 6.6 ng/ml and 315 +/- 32 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM), respectively. During low-dose nicotine infusion there was no significant change in cardiac output, its distribution, or uteroplacental blood flow. During high-dose nicotine infusion, cardiac output fell from 257.8 +/- 30.9 ml/min to 212.7 +/- 19.3 ml/min (p less than 0.05) and uteroplacental blood flow fell from 31.2 +/- 3.1 ml/min to 22.3 +/- 2.4 ml/min (p less than 0.05). During control, low-dose, and high-dose periods, serum epinephrine levels rose from control value of 60.2 +/- 2.6 to 98.9 +/- 35 and 1200 +/- 295 pg/ml (p less than 0.05 low dose versus high dose) and serum norepinephrine levels did not change significantly during nicotine infusion. Hence at nicotine levels 20 times but not at two to five times those seen in smokers, modest reductions in cardiac output and uteroplacental blood flow were observed.
The Tolerance of Different Ages of Domestic Fowl to Body Water Loss

Abstract LIKE all animals, birds produce water by their metabolism. Because of their high metabolic rates, the quantity of water thus produced by birds is greater in relation to body size than for other vertebrates. Birds, however, from the standpoint of water conservation, have a high rate of evaporative water loss, but they have one important physiological advantage over mammals; their nitrogen excretion involves uric acid instead of urea. Uric acid can be excreted in a semi-solid suspension, whereas urea must be excreted in an aqueous solution which inevitably, involves a considerable loss of water (Sturkie, 1965). The kangaroo rat, Dipodomys merriami, which has an unusually efficient kidney, can excrete urea in a concentration only 20 to 30 times greater than that in its blood whereas birds can excrete uric acid in a concentration some 3,000 times greater than that in the blood (Smith, 1956). Although it seems unlikely that any . . .
Food-associated calls correlate with food preferences in cotton-top tamarins

Abstract Food-associated calls in some birds and primates have been described as representational signals, with external reference to food objects. However, alternative interpretations suggest that these calls might also communicate an animal's preference for food or predict its subsequent behaviour. The vocal behaviour of cotton-top tamarins, Saguinus oedipus, was investigated in food and non-food related conditions. Recordings were made from nine adult cotton-top tamarins during presentation of a variety of foods. Two types of cells (C-chirps and D-chirps) occurred at a much higher rate than they did when no food was present or when animals were given non-food manipulable objects. Each of the two call types was associated with a different food-associated behavioural context. Great variation occurred within and between individuals in the number of calls elicited by different food types. Two-choice food-preference trials of six different foods presented individual tamarins with each combination of food pairs. All individuals had a transitive food preference hierarchy and each individual had a different preference hierarchy. Correlations between food preference rank and rate of calling were positive for eight of the nine animals, and the overall correlation of food preference with calling rate was significant suggesting that cotton-top tamarins use their calls to communicate honestly about their own food preferences.
College students and algebra story problems: Strategies for identifying relevant information.

College students' strategies to discriminate relevant from irrelevant information in algebra story problems were identified and compared to strategies used by younger students in previous studies. College students identified numbers relevant for solution (Experiment 1) or provided verbal reports as they computed answers (Experiment 2). Type of information examined, sequence and duration of examination, and verbal reports were analyzed. College students' strategies were similar to those of younger students (using specific semantic features, using the question, discriminating during reading, rereading, transitional strategies). Students used multiple strategies across problems. Multiple strategies within a single problem occurred more frequently on problems with transitional strategies. An exploratory analysis indicated that students were aware of their strategies and consistently monitored and evaluated their strategic processing.
Beyond Monologue: For a Comparative Political Theory

The essay advances a proposal that is addressed primarily to theorists, but with implications for the entire profession: the proposal to replace or supplement the rehearsal of routinized canons with a turn to global, cross-cultural (or “comparative”) political theorizing. I offer geopolitical and general intellectual reasons why the turn seems appropriate today, and I discuss a variety of theoretical or philosophical inspirations undergirding the turn. After highlighting some recent examples of comparative political theorizing, I conclude by responding to critical queries as well as indicating broader implications of the move “beyond monologue.”Fred Dallmayr's most recent publication is Dialogue among Civilizations: Some Exemplary Voices.
Consumer Privacy and Name Removal Across Direct Marketing Channels: Exploring Opt-In and Opt-Out Alternatives

Abstract The authors examine consumer perspectives of data collection awareness and knowledge of name removal mechanisms, such as opt in and opt out, across mail, telephone, and Internet direct channels. The authors investigate consumer privacy states based on the fair information practices of notice (data collection awareness) and choice (knowledge of name removal mechanisms). Data from a national survey suggest that name removal preference varies by channel, consumer privacy state, channel-specific purchase experience, and consumer demographics. Empirical support is also found for alternative approaches (i.e., opt-in methods) for removing personal information from direct marketing lists.
Expanding the Conversation: Multiplier Effects From a Deliberative Field Experiment

Do formal deliberative events influence larger patterns of political discussion and public opinion? Critics argue that only a tiny number of people can participate in any given gathering and that deliberation may not remedy—and may in fact exacerbate—inequalities. We assess these criticisms with an experimental design merging a formal deliberative session with data on participants’ social networks. We conducted a field experiment in which randomly selected constituents attended an online deliberative session with their U.S. Senator. We find that attending the deliberative session dramatically increased interpersonal political discussion on topics relating to the event. Importantly, after an extensive series of moderation checks, we find that no participant/nodal characteristics, or dyadic/network characteristics, conditioned these effects; this provides reassurance that observed, positive spillovers are not limited to certain portions of the citizenry. The results of our study suggest that even relatively...