cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid-state fluoroscopic imager for high-resolution angiography: parallel-cascaded linear systems analysis.

Cascaded linear systems based modeling techniques have been used in the past to predict important system parameters that have a direct impact on image quality. Such models are also useful in optimizing system parameters to improve image quality. In this work, detailed analysis of a solid-state fluoroscopic imaging system intended for high-resolution angiography is presented with the use of such a model. The imaging system analyzed through this model uses four 8×8 cm three-side buttable interlined charge-coupled devices (CCDs) specifically designed for high-resolution angiography and tiled in a seamless fashion to achieve a field of view (FOV) of 16×16 cm. Larger FOVs can be achieved by tiling more CCDs in a similar manner. The system employs a CsI:Tl scintillator coupled to the CCDs by straight (nontapering) fiberoptics and can potentially be operated in 78, 156, or 234 μm pixel pitch modes. The system parameters analyzed through this model include presampling modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum, and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). The results of the simulations performed indicate that DQE(0) in excess of 0.6 is achievable, with the imager operating at 156 μm pixel pitch, 30 frames/s, and employing a 450-μm-thick CsI:Tl scintillator, even at a low fluoroscopic exposure rate of 1 μR/frame. Further, at a nominal fluoroscopic exposure rate of 2.5 μR/frame there was no noticeable degradation of the DQE even at the 78 μm pixel pitch mode suggesting that it is feasible to perform high-resolution angiography hitherto unattainable in clinical practice.
TU‐E‐224‐03: The Role of Voluntary versus Mandatory Regulatory Standards

In its Report No. 160, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP) reported that the average value of the effective dose to exposed individuals has increased by a factor of 1.7 over the time period 1982 to 2006, with the contribution of medical exposures correspondingly increasing by a factor of 5.7. At present, medical contributors to the effective dose include computed tomography (50% of total medical exposure), nuclear medicine (25%), interventional fluoroscopy (15%), and conventional radiography and diagnosticfluoroscopy (10%). The assignment of organdoses to patients in has increasingly relied on the use of computational anatomical phantoms. In this presentation, we review the various phantom format types — stylized, voxel, and hybrid — as well as phantom morphometric categories — reference, patient‐dependent, patient‐ sculpted, and patient‐specific. Specific emphasis is given to hybrid phantoms — those defined through the use of combinations of polygon mesh and NURBS surfaces. The concept of a patient‐dependent phantom is reviewed in which phantoms of non‐50th percentile heights and weights are designed from population‐based morphometric databases and provided as a larger library of phantoms for patient matching and lookup of refined organdoses. Specific examples of the use of hybrid phantoms are given for nuclear medicine (MIRD schema), computed tomography, and interventional radiology dose assessment.
Effect of drugs modifying catecholamine synthesis on LH release induced by preoptic stimulation in the rat.

Electrochemical stimulation of the preoptic or median eminence-arcuate region of proestrous rats anesthetized with ether led to an elevation of plasma LH within an hour following stimulation. The elevation was greater following median eminence-arcuate stimulation than after preoptic stimulation and the response to preoptic stimulation was dependent on the current strength. The elevation in plasma LH induced by medial preoptic stimulation was partially blocked by pretreatment of the animals with alpha-methyl-ptyrosine to block catecholamine synthesis. The blockade could be reversed by the administration of either L-dopa or dihydroxyphenylserine shortly after treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine to reverse the blockade of catecholamine or norepinephrine synthesis, respectively. Pretreatment of the animals with diethyldithiocarbamate to lower norepinephrine levels selectively also blocked the response to preoptic stimulation and this blockade could be partially reversed by the administration of dihydroxyph...
Membranes of sperm and vegetative cells in pollen of gerbera jamesonii

Abstract In freeze-fractured pollen of Gerbera jamesonii , sperm cells were surrounded by two tightly appressed membranes, the inner plasma membrane of the vegetative cell and the plasma membrane of the sperm cell. No connections between these membranes were observed. The sperm nucleus had a reduced number of nuclear pores arranged singly or in patches. Sperm cytoplasm included mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, and vesicles. No distinctive patterns of particle distribution were observed on membranes associated with sperm cells.
Laser mass spectrometry for DNA sequencing, disease diagnosis, and fingerprinting

Since laser mass spectrometry has the potential for achieving very fast DNA analysis, the authors recently applied it to DNA sequencing, DNA typing for fingerprinting, and DNA screening for disease diagnosis. Two different approaches for sequencing DNA have been successfully demonstrated. One is to sequence DNA with DNA ladders produced from Snager`s enzymatic method. The other is to do direct sequencing without DNA ladders. The need for quick DNA typing for identification purposes is critical for forensic application. The preliminary results indicate laser mass spectrometry can possibly be used for rapid DNA fingerprinting applications at a much lower cost than gel electrophoresis. Population screening for certain genetic disease can be a very efficient step to reducing medical costs through prevention. Since laser mass spectrometry can provide very fast DNA analysis, the authors applied laser mass spectrometry to disease diagnosis. Clinical samples with both base deletion and point mutation have been tested with complete success.
Deadly myths of aggression

Research at the frontlines of wars shows that the realities of war are quite different from the public presentations of war. The experiences of those surviving in the midst of war are frequently worlds apart from the ''images'' of political violence (mis)portrayed in public media, formal military texts, the literature, and war museums. This has allowed for a number of myths about war and human aggression to hold sway in both academic and popular culture that, as the basis for policies, can actually further harm those sub- jected to war. For example, although the vast majority of cultural and military treatises on war focus on soldiers, more children than soldiers are killed in wars in the world today. If this core reality of war is omitted from analyses, solutions become impossible. On the other hand, people often look at statistics like these and decry the inevitability of aggression in human nature and society. Yet, data from combat soldiers have shown that through much of modern history, the majority of combat soldiers on the front lines do not fire their weapons, at least not at other humans. They do not flee war, but they cannot bring themselves to kill others. When these facts are excluded from public dis- course on political violence, we sacrifice our potential for understanding the human capacity for peacebuilding. Without actual war zone research—research conducted at the front lines of wars—it is impossible to distinguish between fact and fiction in these formal presentations of war. In exploring some of the common myths about war and comparing them with data collected at the front lines, this article examines the question of why these myths emerge with such force and chronicles the cultural construction of aggression. In conclusion, the article suggests that a new kind of empiricism is necessary for studying such difficult, dangerous, and complex phenomena as political aggression and peacebuilding. It is an empiricism that necessitates both sophisticated methodologi- cal tools attuned to wartime realities and theoretical insights capable of explaining them. Examples take the reader through key dilemmas and solutions in the search for a more representative, and responsible, understanding of political violence and peace. Aggr. Behav. 24:147-159, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Seismic properties in the eastern part of the South Aegean volcanic arc

The South Aegean active volcanic arc lies along the 150-km seismic isodepth of a Benioffzone and consists in andesitic, dacitic and rhyolitic volcanoes of an orogenic calc-alkaline type. In the eastern part of the arc there are two main volcanic sites in the Nisyros and Kos islands. High shallow and intermediate depth seismic activity occurs in this volcanic area. Seismological data concerning the 1911–1980 period have been used to investigate seismic properties in that area. Two, distinct regions with different seismotectonic features have been defined. The internal region (Nisyros active volcano and its proximity) is characterized by a shallow, thin seismogenetic layer with abnormally highb-value, locally concentrated stresses, low seismicity and highly heterogeneous structure. These features are probably due to a magmatic body intruded in shallow depths within the crust. The possibility of magma formation in the upper surface of the descending slab or within the upper mantle wedge overlying this slab in the Nisyros-Kos area is herein discussed. On the contrary, the remaining (external) region, including the non-active volcanic island of Kos, is characterized by normal for tectonic shocksb-value, thick seismogenetic layer and high seismicity. It seems that in this region there is not a magmatic intrusion at least in shallow depths within the crust.
Accurate and efficient replaying of file system traces

Replaying traces is a time-honored method for benchmarking, stress-testing, and debugging systems--and more recently--forensic analysis. One benefit to replaying traces is the reproducibility of the exact set of operations that were captured during a specific workload. Existing trace capture and replay systems operate at different levels: network packets, disk device drivers, network file systems, or system calls. System call replayers miss memory-mapped operations and cannot replay I/O-intensive workloads at original speeds. Traces captured at other levels miss vital information that is available only at the file system level.We designed and implemented Replayfs, the first system for replaying file system traces at the VFS level. The VFS is the most appropriate level for replaying file system traces because all operations are reproduced in a manner that is most relevant to file-system developers. Thanks to the uniform VFS API, traces can be replayed transparently onto any existing file system, even a different one than the one originally traced, without modifying existing file systems. Replayfs's user-level compiler prepares a trace to be replayed efficiently in the kernel where multiple kernel threads prefetch and schedule the replay of file system operations precisely and efficiently. These techniques allow us to replay I/O-intensive traces at different speeds, and even accelerate them on the same hardware that the trace was captured on originally.
Integrating Sociological Research into Large Introductory Courses: Learning Content and Increasing Quantitative Literacy.

Sociologists can make meaningful contributions to quantitative literacy by teaching sociological research skills in sociology classes, including introductory courses. We report on the effectiveness of requiring a research module in a large introductory class. The module is designed to teach both basic research skills and to increase awareness of race and gender inequality. We find that a majority of students are able to interpret basic percentage tables with a minimum of instruction. Under the condition that students are willing to acknowledge inequality in our occupational system, completing the research assignment increases their awareness of race and gender inequality. We argue that one of sociology's most powerful contributions to quantitative literacy is that our core content provides a challenging and relevant context in which to learn quantitative skills.
Determination of the molecular weight of myosin; interference-optical measurements during the approach to ultracentrifugal sedimentation and diffusion equilibrium.

Abstract Procedures have been described for the use of an interference-fringe optical system in the ultracentrifuge, for the determination of molecular weights according to Archibald , and of sedimentation coefficients according to Gutfreund and Ogston , as well as of diffusion constants. Applied to myosin, this method yields a molecular weight of 380,000, which may have to be corrected to about 420,000 because of interaction effects. This corresponds to the amount of myosin which, as actomyosin, reacts with one mole of adenosine triphosphate.
A Preliminary Survey of the Peptoid Folding Landscape

We present an analysis of the conformational preferences of N-substituted glycine peptoid oligomers. We survey the backbone conformations observed in experimentally determined peptoid structures and provide a comparison with high-level quantum mechanics calculations of short peptoid oligomers. The dominant sources of structural variation derive from: side-chain dependent cis/trans isomerization of backbone amide bonds, side chain stereochemistry, and flexibility in the psi dihedral angle. We find good agreement between the clustering of experimentally determined peptoid torsion angles and local torsional minima predicted by theory for a disarcosine model. The calculations describe a well-defined conformational map featuring distinct energy minima. The general features of the peptoid backbone conformational landscape are consistent across a range of N-alkyl glycine side chains. Alteration of side chain types, however, creates subtle but potentially significant variations in local folding propensities. We identify a limited number of low energy local conformations, which may be preferentially favored by incorporation of particular monomer units. Greater variation in backbone dihedral angles are accessible in peptoids featuring trans amide bond geometries. These results confirm that computational approaches can play a valuable role in guiding the design of complex peptoid architectures and may lead to strategies for introducing constraints that select among a limited number of low energy local conformations.
Force modelling in shallow cuts with large negative rake angle and large nose radius tools—application to hard turning

In finish turning, the applied feedrate and depth of cut are generally very small. In some particular cases, such as the finishing of hardened steels, the feedrate and depth of cut are much smaller than tool nose radius. If a tool with a large tool nose radius and large negative rake angle is used in finish turning, the ploughing effect is pronounced and needs to be carefully addressed. Unfortunately, the ploughing effect has not yet been systematically considered in force modelling in shallow cuts with large negative rake angle and large nose radius tools in 3-D oblique cutting. In this study, in order to model the forces in such shallow cuts, first the chip formation forces are predicted by transforming the 3-D cutting geometry into an equivalent 2-D cutting geometry, then the ploughing effect mechanistic model is proposed to calculate the total 2-D cutting forces. Finally, the 3-D cutting forces are estimated by a geometric transformation. The proposed approach is verified in the turning of hardened 52100 steel, in which cutting conditions are typified as shallow cuts with negative rake angle and large nose radius tools. The workpiece material property of hardened 52100 steel is represented by the Johnson-Cook equation, which is determined from machining tests. The comparison between the experimental results and the model predictions is presented.
Is there an anemia responsive to pantothenic acid

Upon admission to the hospital, a 53-year-old black woman showed anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, incontinence and hypochromic anemia with increased storage of iron in the bone marrow. After an unsuccessful trial of pyridoxine, all symptoms and signs improved dramatically following administration of pantothenic acid. (At the time of admission, chest x-ray findings were such that INH-streptomycin therapy was started.) She was discharged 6.5 months after entry. For several years thereafter she received no vitamin therapy, and a similar clinical picture again developed. There was a clinical, but probably not a hematologic, response to a multiple-vitamin preparation containing large amounts of pantothenic acid. At this time and later, the course was complicated by cancer of the cervix, from which the patient died.
Modelling non‐Newtonian two‐phase flow in conventional and helical‐holding tubes

Summary The research described in this communication was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the fluid mechanics and heat-transfer aspects involved in aseptic processing could be modelled. In order to do this, a finite difference FORTRAN program (using the fourth-order, four-stage explicit Runge–Kutta method) was written by the authors to compute the velocity of fluid elements and particles during fully 3-dimensional flow in conventional and helical-holding tubes. The effect of particles on the fluid-flow field and the interaction between particles was taken into account during the modelling. Simulation results showed that an increase in specific gravity, tube diameter or coil diameter resulted in an increase in the residence time of the particles, while an increase in the flow rate decreased the residence time of the particles. An increase in the particle diameter or the flow rate narrowed the Residence Time Distribution (RTD) of the particles, while an increase in specific gravity or the tube diameter increased the RTD of the particles.
Die Wirkung von vasoaktiven Substanzen, Escherichia-coli-Organismen und Mikroembolisation auf die in vivo perfundierte Lunge des hundes

Es wird eine Technik fur kontrollierte In-situ-Perfusion des linken Unterlappens beschrieben. In dem System sind die bronchiale Verbindung, die Spontanatmung und der negative intrathorakale Druck erhalten. Die Perfusionsparameter sind den vom intakten Tier her bekannten Werten ahnlich. Anderungen im Blutgehalt der Lunge werden durch Anderungen in der Fullung des venosen Reservoirs erfast. Der Kapillardruck wird durch einen „Segmentkatheter” und durch die isogravimetrische Methode bestimmt. Damit konnen die arterielle und die venose Resistenz getrennt errechnet werden. Die Injektion von Histamin, Adrenalin und von lebenden E.-coli-Organismen in das System bewirkten ein Ansteigen der arteriellen und der venosen Resistenz und einen Abfall im Blutgehalt der Lunge. Embolisation der nicht perfundierten intakten Lunge bewirkte eine reflektorische Steigerung der arteriellen und venosen Resistenz und einen Abfall des Blutgehaltes im isoliert perfundierten Lungenlappen. In diesen Experimenten trat ein Lungenodem nur nach Gabe einer grosen Dosis des Enzym-inhibitors Natriumazid auf. Wahrend der Entstehung des Lungenodems waren die Resistenzverhaltnisse praktisch unbeeinflust. Aus diesen Ergebnissen wird geschlossen, das ein Lungenodem unter physiologischen Verhaltnissen nicht durch Erhohung der venosen Resistenz und des hydrostatischen Kapillardruckes entsteht. Die Ergebnisse, die mit dieser Perfusionstechnik erzielt wurden, sind unterschiedlich von Ergebnissen mit der In-vitro-Perfusionstechnik. Die Bedeutung dieser unterschiedlichen Ergebnisse wird diskutiert.
Purification and partial characterization of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinases from reticulocytes.

Abstract The catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases from rabbit reticulocytes has been purified to near homogeneity. It has a molecular weight of 43,000 as judged from gel filtration and by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyi sulfate and appears to be similar in physical properties and substrate specificity to the comparable enzyme isolated from muscle or liver. The enzyme phosphorylates histones, a protein of 40 S ribosomal subunits from reticulocytes and from Artemia salina , and the low molecular weight heat-stable phosphatase inhibitor ( G. A. Nimmo and P. Cohen, 1978 , Eur. J, Biochem. 87 , 341–351). No evidence has been obtained for a direct or indirect role of this enzyme in the regulation of protein synthesis.
Acetone solubility and diffusivity in poly(ethylene terephthalate) modified with low levels of 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, isophthalic acid, and 2,5-bis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole

Abstract A series of random copolyesters was prepared by replacing up to 10 wt.% of the dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) in poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) with dimethyl 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate (NDC), isophthalic acid (IPA), or 2,5-bis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (ODCA). Solution cast films of the resulting copolymers were prepared and characterized. Modification of PET with NDC and ODCA led to copolymers with glass transition temperatures higher than that of PET, while modification with IPA decreased the glass transition temperature. Copolymerization decreased crystallinity levels in all cases. The acetone solubility and acetone diffusion coefficient were determined by integral kinetic gravimetric sorption experiments at 35°C and 5.4 cm Hg acetone pressure. PET containing low levels of NDC had lower amorphous phase acetone diffusivity and solubility than PET, while PET modified with IPA had amorphous phase acetone diffusivity and acetone solubility similar to that of PET. PET modified with 5% ODCA had amorphous phase acetone diffusivity similar to that of PET, while PET modified with 10% ODCA had an amorphous phase acetone diffusivity value slightly lower than that of PET. Copolymers containing ODCA had somewhat higher acetone solubilities that PET, due mainly to the lower levels of crystallinity in the ODCA-containing polymers than in PET.
The association of hallux limitus with the accessory navicular.

Hallux limitus is one of the most prevalent, debilitating disorders of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, and it has many proposed etiologies. This article reviews these etiologies, focusing primarily on the pes planus foot. The pes planus foot type is often associated with symptomatic hallux limitus and the accessory navicular. This article discusses this correlation, although a causal relationship has not been proven. The prevalence and classification of the accessory navicular are also discussed. Clinical cases involving symptomatic hallux limitus occurring concomitantly with an accessory navicular are reviewed, including radiographic findings, symptoms, and surgical treatment. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(6): 359-365, 2002)
Infection in Severe Asthma Exacerbations and Critical Asthma Syndrome

In chronic persistent asthma and severe acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma, infectious agents are the predominant triggers that drive disease and airway pathobiology. In acute exacerbations of bronchial asthma (AEBA) including near fatal and fatal asthma, viral agents, particularly human rhinovirus-C, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A appear to be the more prevalent and recurring threats. Both viral, and to a lesser extent bacterial agents, can play a role, and co-infection may also be present and worsen prognosis in hospitalized patients, placing a portion at risk for critical asthma syndrome. During severe acute exacerbations, infectious agents must be treated empirically, but the initial treatment regimens can vary and viral coverage may also vary based on seasonality and patient age. Early treatment with ceftriaxone and azithromycin, along with oseltamivir in winter months, should be initiated with all cases of severe exacerbations where infection is suspected, and definitely in critical asthma syndrome until infection is excluded by appropriate diagnostic testing. In this manuscript we will outline the impact of the major viral agents on severe asthma including the data from the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. The role of bacterial infections in acute exacerbations of asthma will also be reviewed as well as the benefit of empiric antibiotics and the role of macrolides in both acute and chronic asthma.
Long-Range Transport of Continental Aerosols over the Atlantic Ocean and Their Effects on Cloud Structures

Abstract Airborne measurements of aerosols and cloud microstructures were made in the vicinity of the Azores Islands. Two dichotomous cases are examined: a clean marine air mass and a continentally influenced air mass. The clean marine air mass had relatively low Aitken nucleus (CN) and cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) concentrations, while the continentally influenced air mass had high CN and CCN concentrations. Also, black carbon, sulfate, and SO2 concentrations were significantly higher in the continentally influenced air mass. The continentally influenced air mass had a monomodal aerosol number distribution with a peak at about 0.05-µm radius, whereas the clean marine air mass had a bimodal aerosol number distribution with peaks at about 0.02 and 0.08µm radius.The formation of the aerosol mode at 0.08µm is attributed to aerosols left behind when drizzle drops (which grow efficiently by the collision-coalescence mechanism in clean marine air) evaporate. Stratocumulus clouds in the continentally influen...
Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole in pediatric patients

The pharmacokinetic properties of fluconazole were studied in more than 100 pediatric patients, including 12 premature neonates. The volume of distribution and the rate of elimination differed significantly from the values reported for adults. The volume of distribution varied with age, being greatest during the neonatal period (1.18 to 2.25 l/kg) and decreasing by young adulthood to a value similar to that reported for adults (0.7 l/kg). With the exception of neonates, fluconazole clearance was generally more rapid in children than in adults, with a mean plasma elimination half-life of just over 20 h for all pediatric age groups. In neonates, fluconazole was eliminated slowly, with a mean elimination half-life of 88.6 h at birth, 67.5 h approximately one week later and 55.2 approximately two weeks after birth. Fluconazole appeared to be well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. These pharmacokinetic results, taken in conjunction with the corresponding data for adults, provide a sound basis for establishing appropriate fluconazole dosage recommendations for pediatric patients.
The value of remaining lifetime is close to estimated values of life.

Abstract Workers under 50 on average will spend 10–20% of their future hours working. So, assuming they value leisure time at the wage rate, the value of their lives is 5–10 times their future lifetime earnings. This value is close to values of life estimated by compensating wage differentials or willingness to pay.
Porcine growth hormone: a central metabolic hormone involved in the regulation of adipose tissue growth.

During the past 20 y, much has been learned about how porcine growth hormone (pGH) affects growth and nutrient partitioning in growing pigs. Our contemporary understanding of the biology of pGH has as it roots the seminal studies conducted by Larry Machlin. His studies and many subsequent reports by other investigators have established that treatment of growing pigs with pGH markedly stimulates muscle growth and, concurrently, reduces fat deposition. In growing pigs, maximally effective doses of pGH increase average daily gain as much as 10% to 20%, improve feed efficiency 15% to 30%, decrease adipose tissue mass and lipid accretion rates by as much as 50% to 80%, and concurrently increase protein deposition by 50%. These effects are associated with a decrease in feed intake of approximately 10% to 15%. These responses occur because pGH has a wide array of biological effects that modulate nutrient partitioning between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. The decrease in adipose tissue growth is due to a reduction in lipogenesis that is the consequence of pGH blunting the effects of many insulin-dependent events. This article provides an overview of some of the biological effects pGH has in adipose tissue and discusses what is known about the underlying mechanisms that account for these effects.
PLGA Nanoparticles for Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Delivery to Solid Tumors

This paper focuses on novel approaches in the field of nanotechnology-based carriers utilizing ultrasound stimuli as a means to spatially target gene delivery in vivo, using nanoparticles made with either poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) or other polymers. We specifically discuss the potential for gene delivery by particles that are echogenic (amenable to destruction by ultrasound) composed either of polymers (PLGA, polystyrene) or other contrast agent materials (Optison, SonoVue microbubbles). The use of ultrasound is an efficient tool to further enhance gene delivery by PLGA or other echogenic particles in vivo. Echogenic PLGA nanoparticles are an attractive strategy for ultrasound-mediated gene delivery since this polymer is currently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for drug delivery and diagnostics in cancer, cardiovascular disease, and also other applications such as vaccines and tissue engineering. This paper will review recent successes and the potential of applying PLGA nanoparticles for gene delivery, which include (a) echogenic PLGA used with ultrasound to enhance local gene delivery in tumors or muscle and (b) PLGA nanoparticles currently under development, which could benefit in the future from ultrasound-enhanced tumor targeted gene delivery.
Postexposure bake characteristics of a chemically amplified deep-ultraviolet resist

In the processing of chemically amplified resist systems, two `dose' parameters must be considered. The exposure dose dictates the amount of photoacid generated, and the thermal dose that is administered during the post-exposure bake (PEB) governs the extent to which the resin is chemically transformed by the acid. An Arrhenius relationship exists between these two dose variables, and the magnitude of the effective activation energy determines the degree of PEB temperature control required for a particular linewidth budget. PEB characteristics are presented for a chemically amplified positive-tone DUV resist used by IBM in the manufacture of 0.5 micrometers 16 Mb DRAMs. The effect of PEB temperature and time on resist sensitivity, contrast, resolution, and process latitude is presented. The influence of exposure and thermal dose on the chemical contamination effect is also discussed.
Dual character concepts and the normative dimension of conceptual representation

Five experiments provide evidence for a class of ‘dual character concepts.’ Dual character concepts characterize their members in terms of both (a) a set of concrete features and (b) the abstract values that these features serve to realize. As such, these concepts provide two bases for evaluating category members and two different criteria for category membership. Experiment 1 provides support for the notion that dual character concepts have two bases for evaluation. Experiments 2–4 explore the claim that dual character concepts have two different criteria for category membership. The results show that when an object possesses the appropriate concrete features, but does not fulfill the appropriate abstract value, it is judged to be a category member in one sense but not in another. Finally, Experiment 5 uses the theory developed here to construct artificial dual character concepts and examines whether participants react to these artificial concepts in the same way as naturally occurring dual character concepts. The present studies serve to define the nature of dual character concepts and distinguish them from other types of concepts (e.g., natural kind concepts), which share some, but not all of the properties of dual character concepts. More broadly, these phenomena suggest a normative dimension in everyday conceptual representation.
Phase II Trial of Temozolomide Plus the Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor, Marimastat, in Recurrent and Progressive Glioblastoma Multiforme

PURPOSE: Novel therapies are needed for patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Because there is evidence that temozolomide (TMZ) has some activity in GBM and is well tolerated, and because of laboratory evidence that metalloproteinases are important in glioma cell invasion, the combination of TMZ and the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat (MRM) in patients with recurrent GBM was studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with recurrent GBM after standard radiotherapy were enrolled. For 19 patients, this therapy was their first chemotherapy after tumor progression after irradiation; 25 others had received chemotherapy previously. TMZ 150 to 200 mg/m2 days 1 to 5 and MRM 50 mg days 8 to 28 was administered at 28-day intervals for two cycles; then patients were reevaluated. Treatment continued until progression of tumor or toxicity developed. RESULTS: Joint and tendon pain was the major therapy-related toxicity and was reported in 47% of patients. Five patients (11%) were r...
Variability in isometric force and moment generating capacity of glenohumeral external rotator muscles.

Background. Muscles which cause glenohumeral external rotation possess varying ability for generating force and moment due to differences in muscle architecture, moment arm, and the interaction of these two factors. This study’s purpose was to determine a complete dataset of muscle-tendon parameters for predicting the moment generating capacity and force-length dependence for external rotation of infraspinatus, supraspinatus and teres minor muscles. Methods. Muscle fascicle length, sarcomere length, pennation angle, and muscle volume were measured for sub-regions of infraspinatus and supraspinatus, and teres minor from 10 glenohumeral specimens. Tendon excursion was measured for glenohumeral rotation. From these parameter measurements, optimal fascicle length, physiological cross-sectional area, muscle force-length dependence, and maximum isometric moment generating capacity were calculated. Findings. Substantial differences were found for optimal muscle length, physiologic cross-sectional area, and tendon length for the 10 specimens of this study. Muscle sub-region had a significant effect on the force-length relationship for infraspinatus (P < 0.001), but was not significant for supraspinatus (P = 0.49). For infraspinatus and supraspinatus, maximum isometric rotation moment capacity was greater at 10° versus 60° abduction (P < 0.001). Maximum isometric rotation moment capacity for the teres minor was greater at 10° versus 60° abduction (P < 0.01). Sub-regions demonstrated significant differences in isometric moment capacity (P < 0.001). Interpretation. Functional capabilities of these muscles depend on muscle architecture and moment arm as well as their combined effects. The results allow for development of stochastic and deterministic models of glenohumeral external rotation strength which can be used for prediction of muscle forces and joint moments.
Estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation, concentration, and distribution from seismic data

Gas hydrates contain a major untapped source of energy and are of potential economic importance. The theoretical models to estimate gas hydrate saturation from seismic data predict significantly different acoustic/elastic properties of sediments containing gas hydrate; we do not know which to use. Thus, we develop a new approach based on empirical relations. The water‐filled porosity is calibrated (using well‐log data) to acoustic impedance twice: one calibration where gas hydrate is present and the other where free gas is present. The water‐filled porosity is used in a combination of Archie equations (with corresponding parameters for either gas hydrate or free gas) to estimate gas hydrate or free gas saturations.The method is applied to single‐channel seismic data and well logs from Ocean Drilling Program leg 164 from the Blake Ridge area off the east coast of North America. The gas hydrate above the bottom simulating reflector (BSR) is estimated to occupy ∼3–8% of the pore space (∼2–6% by volume). Free...
Unsupervised Discriminative Language Model Training for Machine Translation using Simulated Confusion Sets

An unsupervised discriminative training procedure is proposed for estimating a language model (LM) for machine translation (MT). An English-to-English synchronous context-free grammar is derived from a baseline MT system to capture translation alternatives: pairs of words, phrases or other sentence fragments that potentially compete to be the translation of the same source-language fragment. Using this grammar, a set of impostor sentences is then created for each English sentence to simulate confusions that would arise if the system were to process an (unavailable) input whose correct English translation is that sentence. An LM is then trained to discriminate between the original sentences and the impostors. The procedure is applied to the IWSLT Chinese-to-English translation task, and promising improvements on a state-of-the-art MT system are demonstrated.
DETERMINANTS OF MANURE USE BY SMALL-SCALE CROP FARMERS IN THE KWAZULU-NATAL PROVINCE: A LOGIT ANALYSIS

This study employed the logit model to examine factors that influence the use of cattle and chicken manure for managing soil fertility by surveying a random sample of 224 farm households in the Midlands of KwaZulu-Natal province, South Africa. The majority (87%) of the respondents were farming on communal land with an average farm size of 2.9 hectares. Sixty-three % of the farmers in the sample used manure to manage soil fertility in their fields. Cattle manure was used by 54% while chicken manure was used by 39% of the sample. Manure was readily available to 73% of the respondent farmers. The common method of applying manure was by a spreader. Some suggestions are made on strategies that could improve the efficiency of utilization of manure for soil fertility management in this agro ecosystem.
COMMITMENT AS MOTIVATION: AMARTYA SEN’S THEORY OF AGENCY AND THE EXPLANATION OF BEHAVIOUR

This is the author's accepted manuscript.The original publication is available at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9186646&fileId=S0266267114000030.
Staphylococcus aureus IsdG and IsdI, Heme-degrading Enzymes with Structural Similarity to Monooxygenases

Heme-degrading enzymes are involved in human diseases ranging from stroke, cancer, and multiple sclerosis to infectious diseases such as malaria, diphtheria, and meningitis. All mammalian and microbial enzymes identified to date are members of the heme oxygenase superfamily and assume similar monomeric structures with an all α-helical fold. Here we describe the crystal structures of IsdG and IsdI, two heme-degrading enzymes from Staphylococcus aureus. The structures of both enzymes resemble the ferredoxin-like fold and form a β-barrel at the dimer interface. Two large pockets found on the outside of the barrel contain the putative active sites. Sequence homologs of IsdG and IsdI were identified in multiple Gram-positive pathogens. Substitution of conserved IsdG amino acid residues either reduced or abolished heme degradation, suggesting a common catalytic mechanism. This mechanism of IsdG-mediated heme degradation may be similar to that of the structurally related monooxygenases, enzymes involved in the synthesis of antibiotics in Streptomyces. Our results imply the evolutionary adaptation of microbial enzymes to unique environments.
Effects of short-term and long-term androgen treatment on the diaphragm in male and female rats

The effects of short-term (2.5 wk) and long-term (10 wk) testosterone propionate (2.5 mg/day; 5 days/wk) treatment on diaphragm contractility, fatigue resistance, and fiber type proportions were studied in male and female rats. Contractility and fatigue resistance indexes were measured in an in vitro diaphragm costal strip preparation by direct stimulation at 37 degrees C. The fatigue paradigm consisted of 30 trains/min at 5 Hz (50% duty cycle) for 10 min. Fatigue resistance indexes were calculated as postfatigue divided by baseline forces. In females but not males, testosterone treatment produced significant increases in body weight, costal diaphragm weight, and contractility and significant decreases in fatigue resistance indexes. The interaction between testosterone treatment and the duration of treatment was significant, with the increase in contractility (females) being significant after short-term but not long-term treatment. No significant difference in fiber type proportions or areas was observed, regardless of treatment duration or the preexperimental, basal circulating level of androgen.
An empirical study on the comprehension of stereotyped UML class diagram layouts

An empirical study is presented that investigates how stereotype based layouts impact the comprehension of UML class diagrams. This work replicates a previous study using eye-tracking equipment but uses online questionnaires instead. Subjects were given two types of tasks: one addressing UML syntax and the other addressing software design. Three different layout strategies are compared. Along with general aesthetics, the layouts are primarily organized by class stereotypes of control, boundary, and entity. A confidence value for each question was collected from the subjects to help validate the categorization of subjects. Results of the study are compared and contrasted to the eye-tracking study done with the same tasks and layouts. Results show a significant improvement in performance in both types of tasks with the multi-cluster stereotyped layouts.
A CMOS single-pole-four-throw switch

An one-pole-four-throw switch that can be used to switch between the band select filters of four cellular bands and a single input programmable low noise amplifier has been demonstrated in a 0.18-mum complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. Its insertion losses are 0.39, 0.61, 0.66, and 0.75dB in the GSM900, DCS1800, PCS1900, and wide-band code division multiple access system bands. IIP3's of the switch are ~27dBm and isolations are greater than 22dB
Mapping the Geomorphology and Processes of Coastal Land Loss in the Pontchartrain Basin: 1932 to 1990 and 1990 to 2001

Abstract The geomorphology and processes of land loss in the Pontchartrain Basin for the period 1990–2001 are mapped and the results of the classification presented. This data set is compared to an earlier classification, which covered the period 1932–1990 to determine the status and trends of wetland loss in the Pontchartrain Basin between 1932 and 2001. Results of the land loss classification indicate land loss rates have remained steady between the two periods (13 km2/y between 1932 and 1990 and 12 km2/y between 1990 and 2001). The geomorphology and processes of loss have shifted from primarily interior loss as a result of direct removal and submergence in the first period to primarily shoreline loss as a result of erosion in the second period. Three areas of concentrated land loss between 1990 and 2001 represent portions of the upper, middle, and lower basin. Land loss at all three locations shifts from interior to shoreline loss between the two periods. In the second period, interior loss through the...
Atmospheric extinction of infra‐red radiation

The effects of scattering on the transmission of 2·6 to 12 micron radiation are analysed as a continuation of an earlier paper. Monochromatic extinction coefficients are determined on the basis of the original haze models and of the exact values of the complex index of refraction for water. The individual extinction cross-sections are computed with a high degree of accuracy by means of a modified van de Hulst expression. The results are in good agreement with existing experimental determinations of window transmission except in the 8 to 12 μ region, where they support Roach and Goody's (1958) conclusion on the importance of wing absorption by molecular lines. The computed continuous spectrum of haze extinction presented graphically and in tables, further reveals interesting details which will be useful in determining the relative importance of absorption and scattering in atmospheric infra-red radiation. A simple cloud model is also considered, and it is shown that even tenuous clouds may be quite opaque to infra-red radiation over a wide band. In the window regions, clouds and dense hazes scatter a considerable portion of the incident radiation, thereby contributing to the infra-red sky background usually attributed to black-body emission.
Cardioprotection by St. Thomas’ solution is mediated by protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase

Abstract Background Intracellular signaling pathways, specifically the activation of protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase, are essential to the cardioprotection of ischemic preconditioning. We proposed that activation of PKC and TK contribute to the myocardial protection of St. Thomas’ No. 2 cardioplegia solution (STC). Materials and methods Isolated rat hearts were exposed to 40 min of global ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Before ischemia, hearts received no treatment (control; n = 7), STC ( n = 7), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; n = 6), PMA + chelerythrine ( n = 6), anisomycin ( n = 6), anisomycin + genistein ( n = 7), STC + chelerythrine ( n = 7), STC + genistein ( n = 7), PMA + genistein ( n = 7) or anisomycin + chelerythrine ( n = 7). Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) recovery, myocardial infarct size, and lactate dehydrogenase release were measured. Results STC as well as PMA (protein kinase C activator) and anisomycin (tyrosine kinase activator) significantly reduced infarct size (6.9 ± 2.9%, 9.6 ± 2.1%, 14.0 ± 4.4%) compared with controls (42.4 ± 2.9%, P P P P P Conclusion Administration of the pharmacologic inhibitors chelerythrine and genistein blunts the cardioprotection caused by STC treatment.
Evidence for the Antiquity of Gender Roles in the Central Plains Tradition

Using the Direct-Historical-Approach Pawnee gender roles are traced back to 1300 A.D. in the Central Plains tradition. The roles' ideological foundation, the deities Morning Star and Evening Star, are documented using lodge layout and solar alignment, tool distribution and faunal remains. Also, information from a gardening, meat processing and hide cleaning area (historic female activities) has tools associated with those actions, especially knives and endscrapers although male tools, broken arrowheads from the carcasses, are present with hammerstones and chert debris. Flint knapping is traditionally interpreted as a male activity, but the most parsimonious explanation would have women making their own tools as well as resharpening and reworking them on the spot rather than waiting for males to perform those tasks. Such an interpretation would mean that flint knapping was not a male activity per se as it is traditionally seen, but an action performed by women in one context and men in another.
IN-FLIGHT SYSTEM IDENTIFICATION

A method is proposed and studied whereby the system identification cycle consisting of experiment design and data analysis can be repeatedly implemented aboard a test aircraft in real time. This adaptive in-flight system identification scheme has many advantages, including increased flight test efficiency, adaptability to dynamic characteristics that are imperfectly known a priori, in-flight improvement of data quality through iterative input design, and immediate feedback of the quality of flight test results. The technique uses equation error in the frequency domain with a recursive Fourier transform for the real time data analysis, and simple design methods employing square wave input forms to design the test inputs in flight. Simulation examples are used to demonstrate that the technique produces increasingly accurate model parameter estimates resulting from sequentially designed and implemented flight test maneuvers. The method has reasonable computational requirements, and could be implemented aboard an aircraft in real time.