cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing headings in print and online documents

Headings are employed in most print documents, in PowerPoint presentations, and on many web pages. A key role of headings is to indicate the logical subordination of the sections of content that make up the print or online document. Although the basic principles of showing subordination with headings are familiar to all, there are some useful techniques that are rarely acknowledged and others that handbooks regularly condemn. These techniques include ways to flatten the document's hierarchical structure and ways to handle introductions and conclusions. PowerPoint presentations pose special problems because this medium calls for relatively flat hierarchies. Websites allow for considerable depth, but designers must recognize that depth arises from both headings on web pages and hyperlinks to the next level down in the hierarchy. Finally, headings and subordination are significant issues in multipurpose publishing for example, when a print document will be converted to a PowerPoint presentation or moved to a website or when content stored in a database will become both a print manual and an online help system. Of special importance in this regard is the distinction between populated and unpopulated locations in the document's hierarchy.
Informed Consent and the Differential Diagnosis: How the Law Can Overestimate Patient Autonomy and Compromise Health Care

The purpose of this paper is not simply to re-examine the doctrine of informed consent. The purpose, however, is to identify how the doctrine has evolved, its scope expanded, and how it has created serious consequences for physicians and patients. Specifically, this paper focuses on the differential diagnosis - the process by which a physician arrives at a diagnosis - and how some jurisdictions have manipulated informed consent to encompass this process. This paper will urge that the application of informed consent to the differential diagnosis is an unnecessary expansion of the doctrine and, potentially, compromises health care.
Real Men Do Housework: Ethos and Masculinity in Contemporary Domestic Advice

As advice books on caring for the home become more popular, they become more specialized. This essay analyzes one target niche of domestic advice: cleaning books for men. The authors of books like Clean Like a Man adopt as their primary persuasive strategy an ethos that establishes their own masculinity and, by extension, affirms the masculinity of readers. Though they explicitly argue for more equitable sharing of domestic tasks, the ethos adopted by the authors reveals general ambivalence about the changing notions of masculinity associated with such behaviors.
How Many Options is Enough for a Multiple-Choice Test Item?

Textbook writers often recommend four or five options per multiple-choice item, and most, if not all, testing programs in the United States also employ four or five options. Recent reviews of research on the desirable number of options for a multiple-choice test item reveal that three options may be suitable for most ability and achievement tests. A study of the frequency of acceptably performing distractors is reported. Results from three different testing programs support the conclusion that test items seldom contain more than three useful options. Consequently, testing program personnel and classroom teachers may be better served by using 2-or 3-option items instead of the typically recommended 4- or 5-option items.
Common fragile site expression in lymphocytes from an individual mosaic for trisomy 8.

During the course of a survey of fragile site expression in lymphocytes from twins one member of a dizygotic pair was found to be mosaic for trisomy 8. One hundred fifty metaphases from this individual were analyzed (100 treated with aphidicolin and 50 untreated); 43% were 46,XY and 57% 46,XY, +8. No differences were observed between the treated and control cultures in either the proportions of normal and trisomic metaphases or the overall or specific fragile site expression in the normal and trisomic cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“There is a Massacre of Women”: Violence Against Women, Feminist Activism, and Hashtags in Turkey

On July 9, 2014, a new and striking hashtag appeared on the timelines of Turkish-speaking social media users: #KadinKatliamiVar, meaning, “There is a massacre of women.” The hashtag was created by ...
Cognitive assessment of geriatric schizophrenic patients with severe impairment.

There is evidence that some elderly patients with chronic schizophrenia experience marked impairments in cognitive functioning. Assessment of these patients may be difficult with traditional neuropsychological measures. The purpose of the present study was to determine if cognitive functioning could be validly assessed with the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale—Late Version Cognitive factor score (ADAS-L Cog) in patients whose scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) reflect profound cognitive impairment. Patients with MMSE scores from 0 to 10 were selected from a larger database. Neuropsychological instruments designed for the assessment of mild to moderate dementia were found to be inadequate in this profoundly impaired population, due to floor effects. In contrast, there was a significant relationship between ADAS-L scores and several criterion measures, including the MMSE (R=−.71, P<.001), the Social Adaptive Functions Evaluation (SAFE) social functions scale (R=.47, P<.001), and the negative symptom total score of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (R=.412, P<.001). The MMSE was somewhat less strongly correlated with both social functions (R=−.401, P<.001) and the negative symptom total score of the PANSS (R=−.366, P<.001). These results suggest that cognition can be reliably and validly assessed with instruments such as the ADAS-L that are designed for the assessment of severely impaired patients.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: prognostic impact of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (malignant triton tumors), neurofibromatosis 1 status and location.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation [malignant triton tumors (MTT)], neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) status and location on the outcome of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Methods In this IRB-approved, HIPAA-compliant retrospective study medical records of 84 patients with pathologically confirmed MPNST from 1999 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient and tumor characteristics including size, location, NF1 status, absence or presence of rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (MPNST versus MTT, respectively), recurrence and metastatic patterns and outcomes were evaluated. Results Of 84 patients, 62 were MPNST and 22 were MTT. MTT occurred in older patients than MPNST (50 years versus 40.7 years, p = 0.04) and were larger (12.3 cm versus 8.1 cm, p = 0.01). While there was no difference between the location, rate of recurrent or metastasis disease, and metastatic pattern between MTT and MPNST groups, MTT had shorter metastasis-free interval (median, 1 month versus 9 months, p = 0.02) and shorter survival (median, 10 months versus 43 months, p Conclusions Among patients with malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, rhabdomyoblastic differentiation (MTT) and location in the torso are associated with poor prognosis. NF1 status has no impact on the prognosis.
Phenotypic Characterization of Metastatic Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Stem Cells

Emerging evidence suggests cancer stem cells (CSCs) may initiate new tumors in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), one of the most aggressive solid tumors in humans. However, the involvement of CSCs in human tumorigenesis has not been previously studied in authenticated ATC cell lines. Here we demonstrate a functional role of CSCs in four new validated human ATC cell lines (THJ-11T, THJ-16T, THJ-21T and THJ-29T). We identified and enriched CSCs using a spheroid-forming assay. About 3 to 9% of cells from four ATC cell lines formed thyrospheres. The thyrospheres expressed the stem cell markers NANOG and Oct4 and possessed the ability to self-renew. Injection of these thyrospheres into the thyroids of NOD/SCID Il2rg-/- mice resulted in the formation of metastatic tumors that recapitulated the clinical features of human ATC. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo characterization of thyroid CSCs using validated human ATC cell lines. The availability of disease-specific thyrospheres and our orthotopic tumor models will enable the elucidation of disease mechanisms and the environmental niche of CSCs. They may also be useful for preclinical therapeutic screening and for monitoring the effects of biological therapies on ATC.
Limitations on detection of gradients of diffusible chemicals by axons

Abstract This paper applies a simple analysis of the statistical noise inherent in sensing concentrations of diffusible chemical factors to the problem of guidance of developing axons. We show that growth cones may be able to detect chemical changes of 0.5% across their width, and that guidance by a gradient is limited to distances below about 1 cm, even for a gradient of ideal shape.
Immunostimulatory activity of Toll-like receptor 8 agonists towards human leucocytes: basic mechanisms and translational opportunities

TLR8 (Toll-like receptor 8) is activated by ssRNAs (single-stranded RNAs) and synthetic imidazoquinoline compounds that resemble purines and have immunostimulatory activity. TLR8 agonists are particularly effective at inducing Th1-polarizing responses from human monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells, with the magnitude of response substantially exceeding that induced by agonists of other TLRs. Mechanisms underlying the remarkable efficacy of TLR8 agonists may include: (i) particularly robust activation of intracellular signalling cascades culminating in nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB), (ii) activation of BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase), and (iii) the ability of some imidazoquinolines to induce TLR-independent effects via antagonism of adenosine receptors. The strong agonist activities of TLR8 agonists also extend to human neonatal leucocytes, which usually display impaired Th1-polarizing responses to many diverse stimuli including agonists of other TLRs. Their strong Th1-polarizing properties render TLR8 agonists attractive targets of biopharmaceutical development as agents that may induce protective immune responses in diverse populations, including newborns.
An optimization framework to improve 4D-Var data assimilation system performance

This paper develops a computational framework for optimizing the parameters of data assimilation systems in order to improve their performance. The approach formulates a continuous meta-optimization problem for parameters; the meta-optimization is constrained by the original data assimilation problem. The numerical solution process employs adjoint models and iterative solvers. The proposed framework is applied to optimize observation values, data weighting coefficients, and the location of sensors for a test problem. The ability to optimize a distributed measurement network is crucial for cutting down operating costs and detecting malfunctions.
The Superiority of Enzyme Impregnated Paper for Determining Glycosuria in Patients Receiving Antituberculosis Drug Therapy

1. False-positive tests for glycosuria using Benedict's test were found in 30 of 40 patients receiving antituberculosis drug therapy with isoniazid, para-aminosalicylic acid and streptomycin, in a range of trace to two plus. 2. None of the patients had false-positive reaction for glycosuria using a specific enzyme impregnated test paper (Tes-Tape). 3. The use of enzyme impregnated testing paper is recommended for the routine determination of glycosuria in patients receiving the present day commonly used antituberculosis drugs. It appeared sufficiently accurate in detecting true glycosuria when compared with Benedict's reagent in testing urines with known concentrations of glucose.
Specifying connections for a universal relation scheme database

We propose a universal relation scheme database model based on the assumption that there is a unique connection among any set of attributes in a relational database. We use the notion of object ([Sc],[MU]) to give a database designer the ability to control how connections in the database are to be made. We show how semantic considerations that follow naturally from the unique connection assumption constrain how objects and the underlying base relations must be syntactically related. We illustrate and motivate our definitions and constraints with several simple examples.
Voltage-controlled enzyme-catalyzed glucose–gluconolactone conversion using a field-effect enzymatic detector

The field-effect enzymatic detection (FEED) technique was used to control the kinetics of the enzymatic conversion of glucose to gluconolactone. The glucose–gluconolactone conversion occurring at an enzyme-immobilized electrode, a well-studied process, was confirmed using mass spectrometry. Electrochemical studies showed that the glucose oxidation current depends on the gating voltage VG and the ion concentration of the sample solution. Additionally, the depletion of glucose in the sample also showed a dependence on VG. FEED was used to detect H2O2 on the zepto-molar level in order to show the ultrasensitive detection capability of the technique. These results, while providing evidence for the proposed mechanism of FEED, indicate that VG controls the conversion process. The effect of VG on the glucose–gluconolactone conversion was demonstrated by the observed VG-dependent kinetic parameters of the conversion process.
Can menopausal hormone therapy prevent coronary heart disease

Observational studies show that women who take menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) have a greatly reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). But in some large randomized controlled trials, MHT failed to decrease CHD and so has been deemed inappropriate for long-term prophylaxis against atherosclerosis or other chronic diseases associated with the menopause. Despite the apparent strength of this conclusion, several recent reports suggest that MHT could be atheroprotective when started close to the menopause, and effects of early discontinuation of MHT have never been studied in randomized trials. Here, we examine these reports and highlight existing uncertainty regarding the effects of long-term continuation versus early discontinuation of early-start MHT on atherosclerosis and CHD risk. We call for new research on this question, and an evidence-based review of existing recommendations for MHT.
Growing up in the Shadow of Terrorism: Youth in America after 9/11.

Research conducted in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attacks (9/11) suggests that, except for those who directly witnessed or suffered loss from the attacks, for most children the emotional impact was relatively transitory. We review this literature as well as consider other ways in which the attacks may have played a role in the development of adolescents and young adults as they came of age in the shadow of 9/11 in the United States. Specifically, we discuss the potential impact of the collective trauma of 9/11 on children's coping and emotional regulation, their sociopolitical attitudes, and their general beliefs about the world. Developmental issues and the role of parents in shaping their children's responses to 9/11 are also addressed. Researchers interested in children's social, emotional, and psychological development have much to learn about children's reactions to events like 9/11 and factors that might mitigate the negative consequences of such events on children's development.
Wireless keyboard and mouse device based on Bluetooth

Existing cordless keyboard and mouse products that utilize proprietary RF interfaces and protocols, are not interoperable, have no security, and have only one-way operation. Bluetooth will bring the wireless keyboard and mouse application into real life by providing standard RF frequency and protocols, having good protection against interference, providing two-way communication, reliable links and secure data transmission. This paper discusses the benefits of wireless keyboard and mouse based on the bluetooth technology and presents how the prototyping of bluetooth wireless keyboard and mouse was done at Motorola Suzhou Design Center, focusing on the system architecture and S/W stacks designed and implemented on the embedded device. All the protocol stacks are designed and implemented above the HCI UART layer on the Motorola 8 bit HC08 micro-controller. Several key issues for prototyping wireless keyboard/mouse such as security and power management are also discussed here.
Structure-based optimization of phenylbutyrate-derived histone deacetylase inhibitors

Previously, we developed a strategy to develop a novel class of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors by tethering short-chain fatty acids with Zn(2+)-chelating motifs, which led to N-hydroxy-4-(4-phenylbutyryl-amino)benzamide (HTPB), a hydroxamate-tethered phenylbutyrate derivative with sub-micromolar potency in inhibiting HDAC activity and cancer cell proliferation. In this study, we carried out structure-based optimization of HTPB by using the framework generated by the structure of histone deacetylase-like protein (HDLP)-trichostatin A (TSA) complexes. Docking of HTPB into the HDLP binding domain suggested that the hydrophobic microenvironment encompassed by Phe-198 and Phe-200 could be exploited for structural optimization. This premise was corroborated by the greater potency of (S)-(+)-N-hydroxy-4-(3-methyl-2-phenylbutyrylamino)-benzamide [(S)-11] (IC(50) in HDAC inhibition, 16 nM), of which the isopropyl moiety was favorable in interacting with this hydrophobic motif. (S)-11 at concentrations as low as 0.1 microM was effective in causing histone hyperacetylation and p21(WAF/CIP1) overexpression and suppressing proliferation in cancer cells.
Digital Imaging and Fractographical Analyzes of Perforation-induced Delamination of Laminated Graphite-Epoxy Composite:

A digital imaging technique for characterizing dynamic delamination in laminated composites is presented in this article. Perforation-induced delamination surfaces are generated using a conical and protruding hemispherical penetrators applied in the thickness direction using penetrating split Hopkinson pressure bar (P-SHPB). The results reveal that the extent of delamination depends strongly on the shape and geometry of the penetrator. Delamination is the dominant mode of failure for the conical hemispherical penetrator below the perforation limit energy but competes with matrix cracking at energy above the perforation limit. With the protruding penetrator, delamination mode continues to dominate at all energies. Hackles formation is not a characteristic of perforation-induced delamination.
Rhodobacter capsulatus nifA1 Promoter: High-GC −10 Regions in High-GC Bacteria and the Basis for Their Transcription

It was previously shown that the Rhodobacter capsulatus NtrC enhancer-binding protein activates the R. capsulatus housekeeping RNA polymerase but not the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at the nifA1 promoter. We have tested the hypothesis that this activity is due to the high G+C content of the -10 sequence. A comparative analysis of R. capsulatus and other alpha-proteobacterial promoters with known transcription start sites suggests that the G+C content of the -10 region is higher than that for E. coli. Both in vivo and in vitro results obtained with nifA1 promoters with -10 and/or -35 variations are reported here. A major conclusion of this study is that alpha-proteobacteria have evolved a promiscuous sigma factor and core RNA polymerase that can transcribe promoters with high-GC -10 regions in addition to the classic E. coli Pribnow box. To facilitate studies of R. capsulatus transcription, we cloned and overexpressed all of the RNA polymerase subunits in E. coli, and these were reconstituted in vitro to form an active, recombinant R. capsulatus RNA polymerase with properties mimicking those of the natural polymerase. Thus, no additional factors from R. capsulatus are necessary for the recognition of high-GC promoters or for activation by R. capsulatus NtrC. The addition of R. capsulatus sigma(70) to the E. coli core RNA polymerase or the use of -10 promoter mutants did not facilitate R. capsulatus NtrC activation of the nifA1 promoter by the E. coli RNA polymerase. Thus, an additional barrier to activation by R. capsulatus NtrC exists, probably a lack of the proper R. capsulatus NtrC-E. coli RNA polymerase (protein-protein) interaction(s).
Abrasion-ablation calculations of large fragment yields from relativistic heavy ion reactions

Calculations of large mass fragment yields from high-energy heavy-ion reactions are performed based on the abrasion-ablation model. The geometrical picture of the clean-cut fireball model is used to calculate the number of participant nucleons in the abrasion stage and the excitation energy of the spectators (primary residues). A standard statistical evaporation code is used to calculate the ablation stage. Results from this model show an overall agreement with experimental data, although some systematic discrepancies are found and discussed. A frictional spectator interaction is introduced which increases the average excitation energy of primary fragments and improves the results considerably.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Relativistic Heavy-ions, abrasion-ablation model, peripheral reactions, calculated fragmentation cross sections.
Exhuming the History of Feminist Masculinity: Condorcet, 18th Century Radical Male Feminist

This work addresses bell hooks’s call for the development of an alternative to patriarchal masculinity which she calls feminist masculinity. Patriarchal masculinity has convinced most men and women that the development of different forms of masculinity goes against our biological nature. Yet there exists a history of men’s experiences that contradicts this perspective and amounts to, I argue, men’s feminist history. In particular I argue that the life and work of French philosophe Condorcet constitutes a historical cornerstone for feminist masculinity. An important implication of this work is the understanding that gender dissolution is not the only strategy capable of rectifying gender inequality. Siding with a range of feminist perspectives, from ecofeminism and Black feminism, I contend that we can accomplish much through a critical reconstruction of men and masculinity, including the reevaluation of historic figures such as Condorcet.
Compartmentalized Photoreactions within Compositionally Anisotropic Janus Microstructures

We demonstrate spatially controlled photoreactions within bicompartmental microparticles and microfibers. Selective photoreactions are achieved by anisotropic incorporation of photocrosslinkable poly(vinyl cinnamate) in one compartment of either colloids or microfibers. Prior to photoreaction, bicompartmental particles, and fibers were prepared by EHD co-jetting of two compositionally distinct polymer solutions. Physical and chemical anisotropy was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The data indicate adjustment of polymer concentrations of the jetting solutions to be the determining factors for particle and fiber structures. Subsequent exposure of poly(vinyl cinnamate)-based particles and fibers to UV light at 254 nm resulted in spatially controlled crosslinking. Treatment of the crosslinked bicompartmental colloids with chloroform produced half-moon shaped objects. These hemishells exhibited a distinct porous morphology with pore sizes in the range of 70 nm. Based on this novel synthetic approach, Janus-type particles and fibers can be prepared by EHD co-jetting and can be selectively photocrosslinked without the need for masks or selective laser writing.
MALDI of individual Biomolecule-Containing Airborne Particles in an Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer

Individual airborne biomolecule-containing particles were detected and characterized in near real-time by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) with an ion trap mass spectrometer. Biomolecule-containing particles were laboratory-generated and passed through a heated region containing a solution of matrix in equilibrium with the gas phase. Passage into a cooler region created a supersaturation, resulting in rapid deposition of the matrix vapor onto the biomolecule-containing particles, whereupon they were sampled into the inlet of our spectrometer. The coated particles were collimated and individually sized by light-scattering-based time-of-flight. When the sized particle reached the center of the ion trap, it was irradiated with a focused 266-nm laser, and the resulting ions were mass-analyzed. Mass spectra of leucine enkephalin, bradykinin, substance P, and polylysine-containing particles were determined with attomole sensitivity. Structural information of the peptides contained in an indiv...
Gamma-rays from superconducting cosmic strings

Superconducting cosmic strings1, predicted in some elementary particle theories, can have dramatic cosmological consequences2–6. Ostriker, Thompson and Witten (OTW) have shown3 that the low-frequency electromagnetic radiation from superconducting closed loops can sweep away the surrounding plasma, and have identified the resulting bubbles of radiation with the voids observed in the large-scale distribution of galaxies. Here I discuss some observational consequences of the OTW model. It will be shown that it predicts observable fluxes of γ-rays and ultra-high energy cosmic rays from long strings stretching across the visible universe.
Engineering anisotropy to amplify a long-wavelength field without a limit

We present a simple design of circular or spherical shells capable of amplifying a long-wavelength or static field. This design makes use of only two isotropic materials and is optimally restricted to the prescribed geometric and materials constraint. Furthermore, it is shown that the amplification factor of the structure can be made arbitrarily large as the ratio of the radius of the inner sphere to that of the outer sphere decreases to zero. It is anticipated that the presented design will be useful for high-gain antennae for telecommunications, magnets generating strong, local uniform fields and thermoelectric devices harvesting thermal energy, among other applications.
In vitro assay demonstrates similar invasion profiles for B16F1 and B16F10 murine melanoma cells

The variants of the B16 murine melanoma cell line were assayed for their invasive characteristics in the membrane invasion culture system (MICS) and concomitantly tested for their ability to form lung metastases in vivo. Specifically, the B16F1 (low metastatic variant) and the B16F10 (high metastatic variant) murine melanoma cell lines were examined for their ability to invade human amniotic basement membranes (BMs) in vitro and simultaneously examined for lung colony formation in vivo. The B16F1 and B16F10 cell lines both demonstrated similar invasion profiles over 72 h with the total percent invasion through the BMs for both cell lines not exceeding 5.0%. In vivo observations reconfirmed the significant difference in the metastatic capabilities of the 2 variants. These data suggest that tumor cells with differing metastatic propensities can invade an amniotic BM at similar rates, but their survival and metastatic lesion forming capabilities in vivo may vary considerably.
Hybrid computer integration of partial differential equations by use of an assumed sum seperation of variables

The majority of numerical solution methods for partial differential equations by either analog or digital methods involve some form of finite differences technique, integral transforms, or Monto-Carlo methods. On the other hand, the most common classical analytical approach is based on some form of separation of variables and series expansions. The motivation for the research presented in this paper was to investigate the possibility of using the classical separation of variables approach as a basis for an efficient computational algorithm. The method studied was developed with a hybrid computer implemention in mind due to the ease in on-line operation in engineering design applications although it could be used for digital computation also.
Vitamin D Deficiency in Adult Quail and Chickens and Effects of Estrogen And Testosterone Treatments.

SummaryMature male quail remained in a good physical condition even though no vitamin D was given for a year. In contrast, high mortality occurred in the vitamin D deficient females, even though ca...
Lymphangiography in the Diagnosis and Localization of Various Chyle Leaks

Chyle leaks are rare entities infrequently encountered by most physicians. However, large centers providing advanced surgical care are inevitably confronted with chyle leaks as a complication of surgery, an extension of disease, or as a primary disorder. Regardless of the etiology, proper diagnosis and localization are paramount in the management of any chyle leak. Here we present 16 patients with 17 chyle leaks (5 chyluria, 8 chylothorax, and 4 chylous ascites) who underwent bipedal lymphangiography (LAG) and postprocedure computed tomography (CT) imaging. In each case, the source of the chyle leak was identified and properly localized to guide further treatment. Of the 16 patients who underwent LAG and postprocedure CT imaging, the initial LAG alone provided the diagnosis and localized the chyle leak in 4 patients (25%); the postprocedure CT imaging provided the diagnosis and localized the chyle leak in 6 patients (37.5%); and the two modalities were equal in the diagnosing and localizing the chyle leak in the remaining 6 patients (37.5%) These cases highlight the unparalleled abilities of LAG and the added benefit of post-LAG CT imaging in the diagnosis and fine anatomic localization of chyle leaks. In addition, these cases demonstrate the retained utility of LAG in these investigations despite the development of alternative tests involving CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine imaging.
Role of a Social Scientist in Public Health

In this article an attempt will be made to present some of the methods by which social science can enter and become established in new fields. It is based on observations made primarily in the field of public health, but it is written for the purpose of assisting social scientists within, or about to enter into, any area of interest which has had little association with social science.
Evaluating alternative strategies using scenarios

Abstract In this article the author considers how the issues involved in strategy valuation might be addressed in the planning/implementation process, and he illustrates the discussion with examples of ‘rote’ and ‘good’ planning.
Segregation behavior for CoCu multilayers

Abstract The segregation behavior of CoCu multilayers has been studied using 1–5 monolayers of cobalt and copper on a Cu(111) substrate. Substrate and overlayer-multilayer orders were confirmed using reflection high energy electron diffraction. Segregation and interdiffusion behavior were observed using Auger electron spectroscopy. The results indicate that well-ordered Co/Cu heterostructures can be grown epitaxially on Cu(111); the growth mode is predominantly layer by layer. Cobalt on Cu(111) exhibits an interdiffusion temperature of 250–275°C, while Cu/Co/Cu(111) bilayers and heterostructures exhibit an interdiffusion temperature of 500–550°C. The consequences of this segregation behavior for fabricating magnetic multilayers will be discussed.
Probing the Folding Pathways of Long R3Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (LR3IGF-I) and IGF-I via Capture and Identification of Disulfide Intermediates by Cyanylation Methodology and Mass Spectrometry

Abstract This report describes an integrated investigation of the refolding and reductive unfolding of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and its variant, long R3 IGF-I (LR3IGF-I), which has a Glu3 to Arg3 substitution and a hydrophobic 13-amino acid N-terminal extension. The refolding performed in glutathione redox buffer was quenched at different time points by adjusting the pH to 2.0–3.0 with a 1 n HCl solution of 1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate, which trapped intermediates via cyanylation of free sulfhydryl groups. The disulfide structure of the intermediates was determined by chemical cleavage followed by mass mapping with mass spectrometry. Six refolding intermediates of IGF-I and three refolding intermediates of LR3IGF-I were isolated and characterized. Folding pathways of IGF-I and LR3IGF-I are proposed based on the time-dependent distribution and disulfide structure of the corresponding trapped intermediates. Similarities and differences in the refolding behavior of IGF-I and LR3IGF-I are discussed.
Oxygen-17 NMR in solids by dynamic-angle spinning and double rotation

IT is widely lamented that despite its unqualified success with spin-1/2 nuclei such as 13C, 29Si and31P, the popular NMR technique of magic-angle spinning (MAS) has experienced a somewhat restricted applicability among quadrupolar nuclei such as 17O, 23Na and 27A1 (refs 1–3). The resolution in the central (1/2 ⇆–1/2) transition of these non-integer quadrupolar spins under MAS is thought to be limited primarily by second-order quadrupolar broadening. Such effects of second-order spatial anisotropy cannot be eliminated by rotation about a fixed axis or by multiple-pulse techniques4,5. More general mechanisms of sample reorientation (refs 6–8 and A. Samoson and A. Pines, manuscript in preparation) can, however, make high-resolution NMR of quadrupolar nuclei feasible. MAS is implemented by spinning a sample about a single axis so that second-rank spherical harmonics (which give rise to first-order broadening through anisotropy of electrical and magnetic interactions) are averaged away. But dynamic-angle-spinning (DAS) and double-rotation (DOR) NMR involve spinning around two axes, averaging away both the second- and fourth-rank spherical harmonics, which are responsible for second-order broadening. Here we present the application of these new techniques to 17O in two minerals, cristobalite (SiO2) and diopside (CaMgSi2O6). This work goes beyond previous results on 23Na (ref. 8) by showing the first experimental results using DAS and by demonstrating the application of DOR to the resolution of distinct oxygen sites in an important class of oxide materials.
A flow cytometric technique for quantitation of B-cell activation

A flow cytometric method for enumeration of intracytoplasmic antibody-containing cells was developed. Flow cytometry was found to yield results comparable to traditional fluorescence microscopy in cells stimulated to produce intracytoplasmic antibody by either pokeweed mitogen or Epstein-Barr virus. This technique offers several advantages over traditional fluorescence microscopy, including objective measurement of fluorescence intensity and rapid analysis of large numbers of cells.
Cortical Development: The Sources of Spontaneous Patterned Activity

A recent study has found that spontaneous neural activity in the developing visual cortex has two distinct origins - local intracortical circuits and spontaneous activity in the retina.
Understanding Falling Poverty in the Poorest Places: An Examination of the Experience of the Texas Borderland and Lower Mississippi Delta, 1990–2000

This study examines the structural changes that occurred between 1990 and 2000 in the two poorest regions in the United States—the Texas Borderland and the Lower Mississippi Delta—and analyzes the associations between these changes and the substantial reduction of poverty witnessed in these areas over the decade. Results show that both regions experienced noteworthy changes during the 1990s in the aggregate characteristics commonly associated with poverty. Further, results from multivariate models indicate that counties with high initial poverty rates saw poverty decline the most, with job growth and net in-migration contributing to this decline. Conversely, smaller declines in the population younger than age 15 and greater increases in the share of families headed by females were associated with lesser reductions in poverty over the decade. The results also reveal that the underlying mechanisms influencing the reduction of poverty differed between these regions in important respects. Increases in finance...
A simplified method for assessing wind-induced fatigue damage

Abstract This work, initiated and funded by BP International, considered a method of simplifying the procedure for the analysis of wind-induced fatigue damage. Common practice currently is to employ a time consuming deterministic stress-cycle counting algorithm to a synthesized time history. It has been shown that by normalizing the damage in a certain way the value of normalized damage becomes completely independent of the wind spectrum and even the structure. It is thus only necessary to compute denormalizing factors which are readily found from wind data and structural analyses. The proposed method is believed to be suitable for a first assessment of fatigue performance and, because of its simplicity and its ability to be presented in calculation sheet format, should be easily used by design engineers.
Income and employment generation in the food and fiber system

In the spirit of the classic Davis—Goldberg study of agribusiness, a procedure is presented for estimating and estimates of employment and income originating in the US Food and Fiber System. The Food and Fiber System is on net a nearly wholly domestic based subsystem of the economy accounting for employment for 18.5% of the civilian workforce and a source for 18% of total gross national product.
Identification of solid solutions of coprecipitated Ni-Co oxalates using XRD, TG and SEM techniques

Abstract Homogeneous solid-solution oxalates of Ni 2+ and Co 2+ ions were synthesized by coprecipitation from nitrate solutions using a double-inlet technique. The identification of the solid solutions used X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The experimental results showed that the coprecipitated powders have characteristics that are different from those of the mechanical mixtures with the same stoichiometry.
Linear reactive power optimization in a large power network using the decomposition approach

A mathematical framework is presented for the solution of the economic dispatch problem. The application of the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition method for the solution of this problem is emphasized. The system's optimization problem is decomposed into several subproblems corresponding to specific areas in the power system. The upper bound technique along with the decomposition method are applied to a 16-bus system and a modified IEEE 30-bus system, and numerical results are presented for larger systems. The results indicate that the presented formulation of the reactive power optimization and the application of the decomposition procedure will facilitate the solution of the problem. The algorithm can be applied to a large-scale power network, where its solution represents a significant reduction in the number of iterations and the required computation time. >
Many computers, many people, and everything in between: Supporting shared computing

Over the years we have seen a shift from mainframe computing, to personal computing, to a world heavily dominated by web interactions. Users today have access to a wide variety of devices and advances in social computing now enable users to keep in touch with colleagues, friends, and family all over the world; however, we are still limited by the one-user/one-computer origins of PC technology. Whether we want to interact with people in the same room, down the hall, or 10,000km away; whether we want to work together, or apart, at the same time, or independently, our computing environments need to adapt. In this talk I will emphasize the importance of designing for “shared computing”; the notion that devices as well as experiences are often shared, and we need to effectively support all dimensions of shared use. Extending a design from individual to shared use is more than adding a few new features and often, the underlying conceptual model of the system must change. This talk will reflect on where we've come from, current stumbling blocks, and where we are headed.
The distribution of modifiers used by children in a word-association task

Summary A standardized word-association test was administered to 100 Ss in each of the grades 2–6 inclusive. The responses were restricted to modifiers. All inflected parts of speech used as modifiers were excluded from the analysis. The frequency for all other unique responses was tabulated. The number of words occupying the same frequency category was determined and a distribution made. The frequency distribution was found to conform reasonably to the lognormal variant of Zipf's law. The distribution of the total occurrences comprises the first moment of the distribution of occurrence-frequency categories. The two distributions were parallel and separated by the distance demanded if the conditions of lognormality were to be met. The transformation provides an interesting description of the language behavior of the children. The estimated parameters indicated a trend toward preference in the use of qualifier types common to the majority of respondents in the later grades, i.e., stereotypy in the kinds of words used. There was a significant progressive increase over age levels in the diversity of words used and in the number of words used in the categories of lower frequency of occurrence.
Comparison of 1-D and 2-D aircraft images

A preliminary comparison is made between one- and two-dimensional images of airplanes, and the possible use of one-dimensional imagery for aircraft target identification is investigated. Observations are made at X-band ( lambda =3 cm). Graphical data are presented for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional images. The preliminary conclusions based on nine data runs on two types of aircraft (Boeing 727 and Lockheed L-1011) are (1) one-dimensional high-resolution range profiles are highly aspect angle dependent and do not appear useful for TID and (2) two-dimensional high-resolution images do appear useful for TID. >
Glucan phosphate potentiates endotoxin-induced interferon-γ expression in immunocompetent mice, but attenuates induction of endotoxin tolerance

Glucan phosphate has been shown to enhance antimicrobial immunity in a variety of experimental models. However, the mechanisms by which glucans enhance resistance to infection remain largely unknown. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is a key regulator of both innate and acquired immunity. Suppression of IFN-γ production is a prominent feature of the altered immune response that follows major trauma or sepsis. The present studies were designed to determine the effect of glucan phosphate on IFN-γ expression in normal mice and endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)]-tolerant mice. The model of LPS tolerance was used because it results in patterns of cytokine expression similar to those commonly observed following severe trauma or sepsis. Glucan treatment potentiated LPS-induced IFN-γ expression in control mice. The induction of LPS tolerance resulted in marked suppression of LPS-induced IFN-γ production. However, co-administration of glucan with LPS, during the tolerance induction phase, attenuated the LPS-tolerant response. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 are important mediators of LPS-induced IFN-γ production. LPS-induced IL-12 p40 mRNA expression was increased in the spleens of glucan-treated mice compared with controls. Induction of LPS tolerance caused marked suppression of IL-12 production, a response that was attenuated by glucan treatment. IL-18 was constitutively expressed in both control and LPS-tolerant mice, and LPS-induced serum levels of IL-18 were increased in mice treated with glucan. T cells isolated from glucan-treated mice exhibited increased IFN-γ expression in response to IL-12 and IL-18, as well as increased expression of the IL-12 and IL-18 receptors. The ability of glucan to potentiate IFN-γ expression in control mice provides a potential mechanism by which glucan enhances antimicrobial immunity. The ability of glucan to attenuate suppressed IFN-γ expression in LPS-tolerant mice denotes its potential benefit for the treatment of trauma and sepsis-induced immunosuppression.
Effects of dietary lithium on pregnant and lactating rats and their progeny

Abstract Two groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats (210±15 g) were fed throughout gestation one of two diets (n=12 for each diet), either control or lithium-containing (0 or 1000 ppm lithium carbonate). At parturition, half of the rats (CL) that had been fed the control diet were switched to the lithium diet, and half (LC) that had been fed the lithium diet were switched to the control diet. The remaining rats in each group were fed during lactation the same diet as during gestation (CC and LL). Dietary lithium during gestation resulted in a significant decrease in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency, and significantly decreased litter size, total litter weight and mean pup weight. Litters were standardized to six male pups per litter on day 1 of lactation, and after 21 days, the mean number of pups and mean pup weight (g) per standardized litter were CC 6.0, 55.2±0.8; CL 6.0, 42.1±2.9; LC 5.7, 54.4±2.1; and LL 4.8, 53.4±1.8. During lactation, lithium carbonate ingestion significantly affected the weights of both liver and kidney. Dams fed the control diet throughout gestation and lactation (group CC) had larger kidneys than the three groups (groups CL, LC and LL) ingesting lithium. The results of this study show that dietary lithium affects body weights of pregnant and lactating dams as well as growth and survival of their pups. It is proposed that these adverse effects of dietary lithium can be studied to examine the nutritional and toxicological consequences of lithium ingestion.
Trade and the Revelation of Information through Prices and Direct Disclosure

ITis article analyzes the volume of trade in a multiperiod noisy rational expectations model. When traders receive private signals at the first trading date and are allowed a second round of trade, two types of equilibria exist. In the first, traders do not learn about the average private signalfrom the second round of trade, and all trade takes place at the first date. In the second, traders do learn from the second round, and trade thus takes place at both the first and second dates. The article characterizes volume when a public signal is disclosed at the second date.
Cross-Linking Polymerization in Two-Dimensional Assemblies: Effect of the Reactive Group Site

The cross-linking polymerization of hydrated amphiphiles in monolayers, bilayers, and nonlamellar phases, i.e., bicontinuous cubic and the inverted hexagonal phases, is an effective method to modify their properties. Polymerization of monomeric amphiphiles in an assembly proceeds in a linear or cross-linking manner depending on the number and location of polymerizable groups per monomer. Polymerization of hydrated lipids with reactive groups in each hydrophobic tail yields cross-linked polymers. Sisson et al. (1996) examined the cross-linking of bilayers as a function of the mole fraction of bis-substituted lipids (bis-SorbPC), where the reactive groups were located at the end of the lipid tails. The onset of cross-linking was determined by changes in lipid lateral diffusion, bilayer vesicle stability, and polymer solubility. These data indicated that a substantial mole fraction (0.30 ± 0.05) of the bis-substituted lipid was necessary for bilayer cross-linking. Analysis of the cross-linking and competing ...