cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Clofarabine

Significant progress in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been achieved through more effective use of established drugs in risk-adapted treatment regimens. As we are reaching the limits of optimizing current treatment strategies, new therapeutic targets are being identified, and novel formulation of older drugs are being explored. Clofarabine is a novel purine analog approved in 2005 for treating children in second or greater ALL relapse. Ongoing trials are studying the benefits of clofarabine combinations in less heavily pretreated patients, and the use of different dose schedules in a variety of hematologic malignancies.
Epstein–Barr virus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease

There is convincing evidence that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Primary EBV infection following transplantation occurs in as many as 90% of cases of PTLD in children and pretransplant EBV seronegativity is a recognized risk factor for developing PTLD. Other risk factors include young age at the time of transplant, the type of transplant that the recipient receives and the type and intensity of immunosuppression. The clinical presentation is often nonspecific and tissue biopsy is necessary to establish the diagnosis. There appears to be a correlation between PTLD and EBV viral load measured by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the peripheral blood and quantitative PCR may be a useful guide in the management of PTLD. Antiviral drugs and cytomegalovirus-immunoglobulin G may have a role in preventing PTLD. Because PTLD results from functional over-immunosuppression, the initial treatment is reduction of immunosuppression. Antiviral agents, interferon, immuno-based monoclonal therapy, cell-based therapy and chemotherapy also have a potential role in treating this disorder. At the present time there is no standardized approach to the evaluation and treatment of PTLD.
Some empirical evidence on dynamic inconsistency

Abstract Individual discount rates are estimated from survey evidence. For gains, they are found to vary inversely with the size of the reward and the length of time to be waited. Rates are found to be much smaller for losses that for gains.
A Composite of Multiple Signals Distinguishes Causal Variants in Regions of Positive Selection

The human genome contains hundreds of regions whose patterns of genetic variation indicate recent positive natural selection, yet for most the underlying gene and the advantageous mutation remain unknown. We developed a method, composite of multiple signals (CMS), that combines tests for multiple signals of selection and increases resolution by up to 100-fold. By applying CMS to candidate regions from the International Haplotype Map, we localized population-specific selective signals to 55 kilobases (median), identifying known and novel causal variants. CMS can not just identify individual loci but implicates precise variants selected by evolution.
Evaluation of saturation effects on drag pick cutting of a brittle sandstone from full scale linear cutting tests

Abstract A permeable quartzose sandstone was subjected to full-scale cutting tests under a chisel-type drag pick, in both dry and fully saturated conditions. Contrary to the results observed from disc cutting tests in the same setup with the same rock ( Abu Bakar and Gertsch, 2011 ), saturation actually increased the cutting (drag) and normal (vertical) forces by 9.9% and 9.4%, respectively. The specific energy of cutting also was greater in the saturated samples, by 28%. More expectedly, the relation of fracture surface area to specific energy was confirmed through several descriptors of chip size distribution, including the Rosin–Rammler x′ parameter, and the empirical coarseness index. An inverse power relation between coarseness index and specific energy was also confirmed.
Validation of gas and vapor sampling methods under field insult conditions

A technique has been developed to validate gas and vapor sampling methods under field insult conditions. Laboratory validation, a necessary aspect of good laboratory practices, only tests the feasibility of a sampling method. “Field validation” determines the effectiveness of a given sampling method in the actual workplace environment where potentially interfering components may exist. A simple and inexpensive means is shown for introducing a known addition spike onto the sampling device during sampling. The validation sample is subject to the same field conditions as area or personnel samples. Upon analysis, recovery of the known addition spike within specified limits, verifies validity of the day's samples. Insufficient known addition spike recovery alerts the hygienist that something has caused sample failure, resulting in an invalid measurement of worker exposure.
Morphogenesis and cytopathic effects of the Diachasmimorpha longicaudata entomopoxvirus in host haemocytes.

Abstract The Diachasmimorpha longicaudata entomopoxvirus (DlEPV), the first reported symbiotic entomopoxvirus, occurs in the venom apparatus of D. longicaudata female wasps and is introduced into Anastrepha suspensa larvae during parasitism. The DlEPV 250–300 kb double stranded DNA genome encodes putative proteins having 30 to >60% amino acid identity with poxvirus homologs such as DNA helicase, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the poxvirus-specific rifampicin resistance protein. Although the molecular characterization of DlEPV is progressing, little is known about its morphogenesis in and effects on host haemocytes. This paper describes (1) haemocytes of third instar A. suspensa, (2) DlEPV infection and morphogenesis, and (3) DlEPV-induced changes in haemocytes. A. suspensa third instars have 3–4 haemocyte morphotypes. Dot blots of DNA from infected haemocytes hybridized with a digoxigenin-labeled DlEPV genomic probe as early as 4 h post-parasitism (hpp) and the intensity of the signal increased with time through 40 hpp. Immunofluorescence microscopy localized DlEPV proteins in cytoplasmic (but not nuclear) sites of infected haemocytes, within 24–36 hpp. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of viral envelopes, immature spheroids with centric nucleoids, budding virus, and extracellular enveloped virus in three haemocyte types, 24–84 hpp and later. Infected haemocytes exhibited blebbing, DNA concatenation, and inability to encapsulate sephadex beads in vitro. These data indicate that DlEPV disrupts the normal function of host haemocytes, thereby insuring the successful development of D. longicaudata offspring and as such should be regarded as a symbiont of the wasp.
Pediatric emergency department overcrowding and impact on patient flow outcomes.

Background: Understanding the impact of overcrowding in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) on quality of care is a growing concern. Boarding admitted patients in the PED and increasing emergency department (ED) visits are two potentially significant factors affecting quality of care. Objectives: The objective was to describe the impact ED boarding time and daily census have on the timeliness of care in a PED. Methods: Pediatric ED boarding time and daily census were determined each day from July 2003 to July 2007. Outcome measures included mean length of stay (LOS), time to triage, time to physician, and patient elopement during a 24-hour period. Results: For every 50 patients seen above the average daily volume of 250, LOS increased 14.8 minutes, time to triage increased 6.6 minutes, time to physician increased 18.2 minutes, and number of patient elopements increased by three. For each increment of 24 hours to total ED boarding time, LOS increased 7.6 minutes, time to triage increased 0.6 minutes, time to physician increased 3 minutes, and number of patient elopements increased by 0.6 patients. Conclusions: ED boarding time and ED daily census show independent associations with increasing overall LOS, time to triage, time to physician, and number of patient elopements in a PED.
A broadband open-sleeve dipole antenna mounted above a tunable EBG AMC ground plane

A broadband open-sleeve dipole antenna is mounted above a tunable electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) surface resulting in a low-profile narrowband antenna system that is tunable over an octave bandwidth. The EBG surface is composed of an array of square metallic patches connected via tunable capacitors over a thin PEC backed dielectric substrate. The capacitors tune the resonance of the surface down in frequency resulting in a low-profile antenna system that can be tuned from 1.2 GHz to 2.3 GHz with a relative thickness of only /spl lambda//30 to /spl lambda//15 at the lower and upper frequency limits respectively.
Abstract 3870: Construction and characterization of completely human serine protease therapeutics targeting Her2/neu

The serine protease granzyme B (GrB) is a powerful enzymatic inducer of apoptosis via a multi-modal intracellular mechanism including direct activation of the caspase cascade, damaging mitochondria resulting in the release of cytochrome C, and damaging nuclear matrix. We developed a novel recombinant immunotoxin linking GrB to a humanized Herceptin-derived scFv (4D5) specific for the Her2/neu cell-surface domain. The GrB/4D5 fusion constructs were efficiently expressed in HEK 293T mammalian cells as active glycosylated molecules and purified by immobilized cobalt affinity chromatography. In vitro studies demonstrated that GrB/4D5 retained the affinity and specificity of the original Herceptin antibody with a Kd of 0.24nM, as well as the biological activity of GrB (BAADT assay, enzymatic activity of 2.08×10 5 U/µM, vs 1.39×10 5 U/µM for free GrB). Target cell-specific activity was observed with IC 50 of 10 to 50nM against a panel of Her2/neu positive tumor cells. In addition, the rapid induction of apoptosis in cells was confirmed by Annexin V staining and detection of activated caspase-3 in the cytosol. GrB/4D5 was active against BT474 M1 parental cells as well as Herceptin-resistant cells, despite the fact that these cells were more than 150 fold resistant to Herceptin. Addition of EGF or NRG-1 had no inhibitory effect on the cytotoxicity of the fusion construct against BT474 M1 cells. This is the first report of GrB-based immunotoxins having the potential to overcome Herceptin resistance arising in breast tumor cells. Further in vitro characterization against Her2/neu positive cancer cells expressing MDR or MRP-related proteins and in vivo xenograft model studies are ongoing. Research conducted, in part, by the Clayton Foundation for Research. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3870. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3870
Disabled Consumers: The Use of the Internet and Attitudes toward Web Advertising

ABSTRACT This article introduces a relatively unknown and underappreciated market segment to the realm of web advertising—the disabled consumer. A study is reported whereby a sample of disabled consumers are compared with a nondisabled sample in respect to attitudes toward web advertising, use of the internet, and desired features found on websites. In addition, an ethnographic study was conducted that confirmed and enhanced the findings from the survey. The results show significant differences between the two groups. Implications for web advertisers are discussed.
Habituation and dishabituation of the averaged auditory evoked response.

Two experiments investigated amplitude reduction in the averaged evoked response (AER) resulting from repeated auditory stimulation. The first experiment examined the effects of stimulus duration o...
2-(2-Methyl-benzo-yl)benzoic acid: catemeric hydrogen bonding in a γ-keto acid.

The crystal structure of the title compound, C15H12O3, displays catemeric aggregation involving O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds progressing from the carboxyl group of one mol­ecule to the ketone O atom of another glide-related neighbor. The mol­ecule is twisted, with the toluene 80.61 (3)° out of plane with respect to the phenyl group of the benzoic acid. The acid group makes a dihedral angle of 13.79 (14)° with the attached phenyl ring. The mol­ecules are achiral, but the space group glide planes create alternating conformational chirality in the chain units. The four hydrogen-bonding chains progress along [001] in an A—A—B—B pattern (right-to-left versus left-to-right), and are related to each other by the center of symmetry at (0.5, 0.5, 0.5) in the chosen cell. There is one close contact (2.54 A) between a phenyl H atom and the acid carbonyl from a symmetry-related mol­ecule.
TRANSIENT CONGENITAL LEUKEMIA IN 7 INFANTS WITH MONGOLISM.

3. Stein, W. H.: A chromatographic investigation of the amino acid constitutes of normal urine, J. Biol. Chem. 201: 45, 1953. 4. Folin, O.: Laws governing the chemical composition of urine, Am. J. Physiol. 13: 66, 1905. 5. Stambaugh, R., Davidson, D. T., Jr., and Elkinton, J. R.: Variation in excretion of certain amino acids with age, Clin. Chem. 9: 210, 1963. Brie[ clinical and laboratory observations 3 0 3
Synthesis of [18F]anginex with high specific activity [18F]fluorobenzaldehyde for targeting angiogenic activity in solid tumors

Anginex is a 33-residue peptide that has been previously demonstrated to possess antiangiogenic properties. To provide a tool to evaluate the regional biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of anginex, and possibly to provide a useful angiogenesis-targeted radiotracer, we have radiolabeled anginex with fluorine-18. High specific activity [18F]fluorobenzaldehyde (1.5–4.8 TBq (40–130 Ci)/µmol) was used to label anginex via reductive amination in 76% yield. The effective specific activity of the product was lower because unlabeled anginex was not separated. However, the high specific activity labeling reagent increased the labeling yield and reduced the amount of anginex required for labeling. Regional pharmacokinetics were measured by PET scanning in mice, demonstrating tumor uptake and low background, with up to 30% of total injected dose localized in some tumors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic structure - soil interaction under the action of vertical ground motion, Part II: the plane problem

Abstract For a strip wall erected on a rigid strip foundation and supported on the surface of the ground, the dynamic structure-soil interaction under the action of the vertical ground motion is investigated. The ground motion is idealized as vertically propagating, vertical steady-state motion. For the contact between the foundation and the ground, two cases are considered: (a) the contact is perfectly smooth; (b) the contact is assumed to be welded along the contact surface beneath the foundation. The use of Fourier and Laplace transform methods yields dual integral equations (for the case without friction) or simultaneous dual integral equations (for the case with welded contact). Both of them are solved by means of infinite series of orthogonal functions, the Jacobi polynomials. The displacement of the foundation, the response of the system to the incident excitation, and the distributions of contact stresses beneath the foundation are presented. The numerical results show that there are significant differences between the relative displacements of the top of the wall with respect to its base, for the cases of smooth and welded contact.
Intragenic telSMN mutations: frequency, distribution, evidence of a founder effect, and modification of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype by cenSMN copy number.

Summary The autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by the loss or mutation of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, which exists in two nearly identical copies, telomeric SMN (telSMN) and centromeric SMN (cenSMN). Exon 7 of the telSMN gene is homozygously absent in ∼95% of SMA patients, whereas loss of cenSMN does not cause SMA. We searched for other telSMN mutations among 23 SMA compound heterozygotes, using heteroduplex analysis. We identified telSMN mutations in 11 of these unrelated SMA-like individuals who carry a single copy of telSMN: these include two frameshift mutations (800ins11 and 542delGT) and three missense mutations (A2G, S262I, and T274I). The telSMN mutations identified to date cluster at the 3′ end, in a region containing sites for SMN oligomerization and binding of Sm proteins. Interestingly, the novel A2G missense mutation occurs outside this conserved carboxy-terminal domain, closely upstream of an SIP1 (SMN-interacting protein 1) binding site. In three patients, the A2G mutation was found to be on the same allele as a rare polymorphism in the 5′ UTR, providing evidence for a founder chromosome; Ag1-CA marker data also support evidence of an ancestral origin for the 800ins11 and 542delGT mutations. We note that telSMN missense mutations are associated with milder disease in our patients and that the severe type I SMA phenotype caused by frameshift mutations can be ameliorated by an increase in cenSMN gene copy number.
Black Ink and the New Red Power: Native American Newspapers and Tribal Sovereignty

This research explores the relationship between Native American newspapers and tribal sovereignty. By means of a content analysis of more than a thousand environmental stories in four tribal newspa...
dHvA observation of spin-dependent scattering by magnetic pairs of Co impurities in Au☆

Abstract We report the first dHvA observations of interaction effects between impurities, via measurements of the spin-dependent scattering of conduction electrons by magnetic pairs of Co impurities in Au. The local moment associated with Co pairs produces the only spin-dependent scattering in these dilute alloys because isolated Co impurities (which are also present) carry no local moment at low temperatures. The results are used to estimate the concentration (or average separation) of magnetic pairs.
Natural language interfaces

As you can see by the thickness of this issue, the response to my request for contributions was overwhelming - I received 52 separate items! Since the contributions arrived over a period of time, and since we had to use archaic means (typing, cutting and pasting) to produce this newsletter, the articles are not in optimal order. I hope that the index below will help untangle the issue.
The public/private division of responsibility for education: An international comparison

Abstract How do we explain the great diversity across societies with respect to their public/private division of responsibility for education? Part I of this paper sets forth a theoretic model in which the relative size of the private sector in education is determined by excess demand and heterogeneous demand (due to deep-seated religious and linguistic differences) and by the supply of nonprofit entrepreneurship in the society in question. Part II applies this model to the U.S., Japan, Holland and India. Demand and supply-side variables are used to analyze why the size of the private sector in education varies widely by state or province, within each country. The results are consistent with our hypotheses.
Local Means in Value Chain Ends: Dynamics of Product and Social Upgrading in Apparel Manufacturing in Guatemala and Colombia

Summary This paper contributes to existing discussions of global value chains (GVC) and industrial upgrading by examining observations from eight months of field research in Guatemala and Colombia, where upgrading firms have their own nationally distinct form of labor relations, despite producing the same products for the same overseas buyers. Analysis of these observations leads to the conclusion that labor relations show significant leeway in relation to upgrading outcomes, and that local history merits more attention as a driver of management strategy. The paper concludes with a discussion of relevant theory and implications for future research.
The quest for an unambiguous parameterization of mixing efficiency in stably stratified geophysical flows

Estimates of turbulent mixing in geophysical settings typically depend on the efficiency at which shear-driven turbulence mixes density across isopycnals. To date, however, no unifying parameterization of diapycnal mixing efficiency exists due to the variability of natural flows and also due to certain ambiguities that arise from descriptions based on a single parameter. Here we highlight important ambiguities of some common single-parameter schemes in the context of a multiparameter framework that considers the independent effects of shear, buoyancy, and viscosity. Parameterizations based on the gradient Richardson number (Ri), the turbulent Froude number (FrT), and the buoyancy Reynolds number (Reb) are considered. The diagnostic ability of these parameters is examined using published data from both direct numerical simulations and field observations.
Revolt in the garden of eden: An alternative group model

The most common model used to highlight the significant features of a group revolt has been Freud's primal horde myth. In this essay the utility of this model will be briefly reviewed, then its most apparent limitation will be addressed. To wit, in this model the women play no active part in the revolution. On the other hand, as a model for group behavior the myth of the Garden of Eden preserves much of what is valuable in the primal horde myth, including the oedipal paradigm inherent in the revolution and, at the same time, offers a critical psychological understanding of the very active involvement women do have in groups before, during, and after the revolt. This is the main focus of this essay and will be explored in depth. Concomitant with this exploration, certain commonly observed behaviors of male group members during this critical phase of group life can also be better understood. Furthermore, the Garden of Eden myth highlights other important facets of the group revolt, and these will be noted. Finally a clinical example will be explored that vividly underscores the value of this alternative model.
Sampling and Inference Problems for Spatiotemporal Single-Photon Imaging

Recent advances in materials, devices and fabrication technologies have led to an emerging class of solid-state sensors with single photon sensitivity. Thanks to their sub-nanosecond time resolution, and rapidly increasing spatial resolutions, these new single-photon sensors (SPS) have been a key enabling technology behind recent breakthroughs in several domains, including fluorescence-based bio-imaging, time-of-flight 3D computer vision, LIDAR, and astronomy. In this talk, I will present results in signal sampling and inference to address several challenges associated with the SPS. In particular, I will present our recent work on establishing the performance bounds of the SPS in acquiring light intensity fields; on time-sequential adaptive sensing schemes that allow one to push the imaging capabilities of SPS systems beyond the nominal limit imposed by current hardware; and on new image formation algorithms that can efficiently "decode" the massive bitstreams generated by the SPS.
Ratios of nuclear proteins to DNA for rat and mouse tumors and possible effect of cytoplasmic fibrils in isolating nuclei

Abstract Nuclei isolated from Walker rat carcinoma, one of the Morris hepatomas, and two mouse ascites tumors, using Pb 2+ to stabilize the nuclei and Triton N-101 to help remove cytoplasm, showed total histone to DNA ratios ranging from 1.5 to 2.5, and residual protein to DNA ratios of 1.5 to 4.0, with most values falling in the range of 2.0 to 3.0. Tabbed nuclei isolated from Walker tumor in 0.44 M sucrose at pH 3.8 or at higher pH values in the absence of Triton showed masses of fine fibers in the tabs. Similar fibers were found in electron microscope studies of whole cells from Walker tumor and Ehrlich ascites sarcoma. These fibers may bind parts of the cytoplasm to the nucleus, accounting for difficulties in isolating clean nuclei. In order to carry out successful isolation of tumor cell nuclei, the tumor cells must be harvested from the host animals within a limited period of time, since the cells became increasingly resistant to rupture the longer they remain within the animals.
Acute gastritis associated with spiral organisms from cats

Numerous studies implicateHelicobacter pylori as one causative agent producing gastritis and dyspepsia. Recent reports focus on another bacterium,Gastrospirillum hominis, as a possible pathogen producing gastritis. We report a 30-year-old researcher who became acutely ill with epigastric pain indicative of esophagitis or peptic ulcer disease. Gastritis and a gastric ulcer were observed endoscopically. Histological examination of the gastric mucosa revealed an acute gastritis and large spiral-shaped organisms. The spiral forms were present in large quantities in the gastric mucosa of experimental animals (cats) handled by the patient in his research. Electron microscopy confirmed that the organisms from the cat and patient were morphologically identical. The patient was successfully treated with bismuth subsalicylate. His symptoms resolved and the organisms were cleared from his stomach. This study provides evidence that another bacterium, aGastrospirillum, may cause gastritis in man and may be transmitted from animal to man.
Jeremiah 27–29: The Question of False Prophecy

IN ANCIENT Israel the prophet functioned as Yahweh's messenger. As such, he announced to the people Yahweh's will for them in their current historical situation.' Presumably, many would have considered such information vitally important for the life of the nation, and thus the need would have been felt to establish the validity of a prophet's message at the time he spoke it. If, for example, one waited for the threatened destruction to occur in order to be convinced of the verity of the prophet's call to obedience, the anticipated act of repentance would certainly come too late. Yet how could a true prophet be distinguished from a false one? So much was at stake, yet how could one judge between the diametrically opposed messages of two seemingly genuine prophets? In a recent discussion of this problem H.-J. Kraus has concluded that there is no firm set of criteria for distinguishing "true" from "false" prophets. Ultimately, only a prophet himself can judge another's message to be false, and then only on the basis of a fresh revelation from Yahweh.2 Whatever the merits of such a conclusion, it leaves us with a serious problem. For it was in fact the people who needed to be able to distinguish between the conflicting claims of prophetic opponents, since they were the ones being called upon to make a decision. If prophets alone could correctly discern Yahweh's will for the present situation, how could the people be condemned for failing to respond to that will? The following discussion, which focuses upon Jeremiah 27-29, acknowledges the validity of Kraus's rejection of absolute criteria for judging the truth of a prophet's message, but goes on to suggest that valid judgments by the people might still be made. We find that when two apparently equally compelling prophets of Yahweh were in conflict, the key to the resolution of the problem lay in an interpretation of the people's religious heritage.
Life Care Plan Development

The life care plan is a dynamic document based upon published standards of practice, comprehensive assessment, data analysis, and research, which provides an organized concise plan for current and future needs with associated costs for individuals who have experienced catastrophic injury or have chronic health care needs. Life care planning has a rich history of scrutiny and has become the most recognizable approach for estimating lifelong future care. This article will outline general procedures, topics, and suggestions for completing a detailed, comprehensive plan for persons with spinal cord injury. Resources for training and certification are also included.
A Technique for the Direct Optimization of Dynamic Systems Described by Differential-Algebraic Equations

This paper presents a method for the optimization of dynamic systems described by index-1 differential-algebraic equations (DAE). The class of problems addressed include optimal control problems and parameter identification problems. Here, the controls are parameterized using piecewise constant inputs on a grid in the time interval of interest. In addition, the differential-algebraic equations are approximated using a Rosenbrock-Wanner (ROW) method. In this way the infinite dimensional optimal control problem is transformed into a finite dimensional nonlinear programming problem (NLP). The NLP is solved using a sequential quadratic programming technique. The paper shows that the ROW method discretization of the DAE leads to (i) a relatively small NLP problem, and (ii) an efficient technique for evaluation the function, constraints and gradients associated with the NLP problem. The paper also investigates a state mesh refinement technique that ensures a sufficiently accurate representation of the optimal state trajectory. Two nontrivial examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
ENHANCED SELECTIVITY OF PARGYLINE AS AN INHIBITOR OF TYPE B MONOAMINE OXIDASE IN HARMALINE-TREATED RATS.

Abstract Pargyline, a slightly selective inhibitor of type B monoamine oxidase (MAO), inhibited phenylethylamine oxidation by 88 ± 1% and 81 ± 1% in rat brain and liver, respectively, at 24 hrs after injection of a 30 mg/kg i.p. dose. Serotonin oxidation was inhibited to a lesser extent, 68 ± 4% and 68 ± 2%, respectively, in brain and liver. In rats treated with harmaline, a short-lasting reversible MAO inhibitor selective for type A MAO, the inhibition of phenylethylamine oxidation after pargyline injection still occurred but the inhibition of serotonin oxidation was prevented. These results illustrate that a selective MAO inhibitor can be used to enhance the selectivity of an irreversible inhibitor, presumably by occupying active sites on a certain form of MAO temporarily and thereby preventing its inactivation. In heart, inhibition of both phenylethylamine and serotonin oxidation by pargyline was prevented by harmaline; this finding supports other evidence that phenylethylamine is metabolized by type A MAO in rat heart.
Simultaneous analysis of butene isomer mixtures using process mass spectrometry

The feasibility of simultaneous analysis of mixtures containing two to four butene isomers and up to six total components using process mass spectrometry is assessed. As for typical (nonisomeric) applications of process mass spectrometry, simultaneous analysis is based on the assumption that the electron ionization mass spectra of mixtures are linear combinations of the spectra of the individual constituents. Limits of detection for binary isomer mixtures are on the order of 0.1% to 10%, limited by the ability to distinguish small differences between similar spectra. As spectral and mixture complexity increase, both accuracy and precision decrease. Not surprisingly the similarity of the spectra of stereoisomers cis- and trans-2-butene is greater than that of the other (nonstereoisomeric) isomer pairs, and mixtures containing both cis- and trans-2-butene are the most difficult to quantitate. However, even for mixtures of all four butenes, accuracy (root-mean-square error = 2.43%), precision (average coefficient of variation = 6.72%), and linearity (correlation coefficient of a plot of measured versus actual concentration r2 = 0.985 ± 0.002) are reasonably good.
Classifying with a Two Neuron Cnn

We analyze the two neuron CNN for the particular parameter range where the system converges to constant outputs. The functional relation between the external inputs and the steady state values of the neuron states is found and proves to be useful to solve classification problems. In fact, an exhaustive classification of the binary input–output relations that can be achieved by a two neuron CNN is established. From this relation, we propose an algorithm relating the CNN parameters and each one of the different classification problems. As an illustration, we attempt to implement the header action of a universal Turing machine and Boolean functions. Our results are compared to the CNN universal cell.
Is a formalised structure a necessary prerequisite for implementing national telecommunications plan in developing and developed economies

Abstract This study provides a comparative analysis on the implementation of a national telecommunication plan (NTP) for developing and developed economies. It develops a theoretical construct for the implementation of an NTP and applies that for the case of Thailand to understand the level of consensus in the implementation of an NTP. It analyses the status of the implementation of an NTP in Thailand and compares the outcome with what happens in countries like the US, Canada and Brazil. The study suggests that there is no consensus or formal planning process among the telecommunications regulators in Thailand for the implementation of an NTP. This contrasts with the situation in the US, Canada and Brazil where findings suggest that government regulators as well as private sectors have developed a consensus and formalised structure of strategic planning towards the implementation of an NTP. In conclusion, the study highlights the need for a developing economy like Thailand to adopt a formalised NTP implementation plan for their telecommunications industry.
Disasters without borders: the international politics of natural disasters

This work is a comprehensive account of the evolution of a new field of study. Despite the author's frank admission that he accepts the premise that the international community has a moral responsi...
Late Proterozoic paleomagnetism and tectonic models: a critical appraisal

Abstract Interpretations of Proterozoic orogenic belts in terms of plate tectonic processes have been widely divergent. Published models range between the extremes of no relative motions between continental nuclei (implying ensialic orogenic processes) on the one hand, to large-scale relative motions with oceans opening and closing (resulting in continent-continent collisions) on the other hand. Paleomagnetic data can, in theory, contribute significantly to this debate; however, as shown in this paper, several tectonic interpretations on the basis of paleomagnetic data have been premature. A critical continent in many of the previous models is Africa. In order to test hypotheses, for instance, for the late Proterozoic-Cambrian Pan African orogeny, a compilation of paleopoles has been made for Africa, with age ranges falling fully or partially within the interval of 1150 to 500 Ma. A quantitative comparison of the quality of this African dataset with the Phanerozoic poles for North American and Europe shows that the late Proterozoic paleopoles of Africa generally have very low reliability. It appears that the data from other Gondwana continents are equally unreliable and even less abundant. This means that currently the dataset of Gondwanaland cannot be used with confidence for the testing of tectonic models such as the Precambrian supercontinent, at least for the time after 1150 Ma. Well-dated late Proterozoic paleopoles from the three cratonic nuclei within Africa (Congo, Kalahari, West Africa) define relatively short apparent polar wander path segments, but each with different age ranges. This implies that they cannot be compared with each other to test relative motions between the cratonic nuclei and that a choice between ensialic and ensimatic models for the Pan African orogenic belts cannot yet be based on paleomagnetic data. While this does not imply that the tectonic models (e.g. those of Piper and McWilliams) are wrong, it does mean that substantial paleomagnetic support for them will have to wait more and higher-quality paleopole determinations with better dating precision.
Ubiquity symposium: What is the Right Computational Model for Continuous Scientific Problems?

In this tenth piece to the Ubiquity symposium discussing What is computation? Joseph Traub shares his views about using the Turing Machine model and the real number model for solving continuous scientific problems. --Editor
Reversible vision loss secondary to malnutrition in a woman with severe anorexia nervosa, purging type, and alcohol abuse

Objective: To report a case of severe reversible vision loss in a woman with a 7-year history of anorexia nervosa, purging type, alcohol abuse and a severely restricted, vitamin-deficient diet. Method: Psychiatric, ophthalmologic, and medical records were reviewed, and a literature search was performed on visual complications associated with anorexia nervosa and malnutrition. Discussion: Ophthalmologic complications of malnutrition are rare but include both oculomotor and visual sensory disturbances. Thiamine deficiency can cause both types of disorders. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies are typically associated with optic neuropathy. Clinicians treating eating disorders should be aware of the potential for vitamin deficiencies and associated visual loss in patients with anorexia nervosa. This case highlights the importance of a detailed dietary history to guide vitamin rehabilitation and to minimize or reverse nutritional visual loss. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:281–283)
Temperature and Photoperiod Effects on Sterility in a Cytoplasmic Male‐Sterile Soybean

Manual cross-pollination to produce large quantities of hybrid soybean seed is difficult and time consuming. An environmentally stable sterility system is one of the necessary components to produce large quantities of hybrid seed. The objective of this study was to subject cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) BC5F1 plants, from a cross of a Chinese Glycine max wild-type soybean with a Chinese wild annual soybean G. soja (male parent) and controls, to a variety of different temperature and photoperiod treatments to test whether CMS is stable under various environmental conditions. Plants were grown in growth chambers under controlled temperature, photoperiod, and irradiance regimes until pod set, and then they were transferred to a glasshouse until they matured. Plants were evaluated for time of anthesis after photoperiod induction (13 h light/11 h dark) and fertility or sterility. Anther squash and pod set data showed that sterility of the CMS line was stable under all environmental conditions tested, whereas fertility-restored control plants remained fertile. Extreme environmental conditions led to delayed floral induction andlor stunted growth.
Tetrazole analogs of phenylalanine derivatives as tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors.

Eight new tetrazole analogs of phenylalanine derivatives in which the carboxyl group was replaced by a tetrazole ring were synthesized. At a concentration of 2.5 × 10–5 Ai, each compound exhibited greater than 50% inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase activity.
On the Characterization of Hard-to-Detect Bridging Faults

We investigate a characterization of hard-to-detect bridging faults. For circuits with large numbers of lines (or nodes), this characterization can be used to select target faults for test generation when it is impractical to target all the bridging faults (or all the realistic bridging faults). We demonstrate that the faults selected based on the proposed characterization are indeed hard-to-detect by showing that the fault coverage of a given test set with respect to this subset is lower and more sensitive to the test set than the fault coverage obtained with respect to a random subset of the same size, with respect to the complete set of faults, and when possible, with respect to a subset of realistic bridging faults of the same size. We also demonstrate that a test set for the selected subset of faults detects other faults more effectively than when a test set is derived for a randomly selected subset of faults of the same size.
The Impacts of Household Wealth on Child Development

This study examines the influence of wealth relative to income across several child development outcomes using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The wealth measures include net worth and specific asset holdings. The child outcome measures include two cognitive achievement scores and one behavior problem score. Analyses use OLS regression to test whether wealth has explanatory power distinct from income. Results show that wealth is a significant predictor for the applied problem math score and reported behavior problems. Implications and a brief introduction to asset-building programs that focus on children are discussed.
ARMAR observations during TOGA/COARE

The NASA/JPL Airborne Rain Mapping Radar (ARMAR) was deployed for rainfall observations during TOGA/COARE on the NASA DC-8 aircraft. A total of /spl sim/30 hours of rain profiling measurements were collected over the Western Pacific Ocean during January and February 1993. The rain systems observed included isolated convective cells, mesoscale convective complexes, and a tropical cyclone. The authors' preliminary results show that the radar bright bands of the observed stratiform rain were typically located at or above 4.5 km, although occasionally some appeared at altitudes as low as 4.1 km. The results also show relatively large reflectivity variations in stratiform rain. In the authors' rain attenuation study, they show that the radar surface reference technique and the radiometer technique produce similar path-integrated attenuation estimates for one-way attenuations /spl les/4 dB. The radar technique, however, has the potential of providing accurate estimates at larger attenuations when the radiometer is saturated. The dual-polarization radar profiling measurements show that the local extrema of Z/sub DR/, /spl rho//sub hv/ /spl phi//sub hv/ occurred near the bottom of the melting layer. These extrema were probably caused by the presence of varying mixture of hydrometeors with various shape, size, and thermodynamic phase. >
Bacterial sulfate reduction and pH: Implications for early diagenesis

Abstract Decomposition of non-amine compounds, such as lactate, by the anaerobic bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans produces a change in the chemistry of the surrounding fluids. Empirical studies demonstrate the following: 1. (1) D. desulfuricans are tolerant of alkaline pH-values (maximum pH = 9.2 for the strain used). 2. (2) Growth results in the lowering of pH to values near neutrality. The factors which control this lowering in pH are release of CO 2 and the establishment of a proton gradient across the cell membrane. This energy-yielding metabolic process may make a significant contribution towards carbonate dissolution reactions and diagenetic reactions involving silica. These include silicification of Precambrian microorganisms, nucleation of chert nodules, and the replacement of sulfate minerals by silica.
A map of human impacts to a “pristine” coral reef ecosystem, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

Effective and comprehensive regional-scale marine conservation requires fine-grained data on the spatial patterns of threats and their overlap. To address this need for the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Monument) in Hawaii, USA, spatial data on 14 recent anthropogenic threats specific to this region were gathered or created, including alien species, bottom fishing, lobster trap fishing, ship-based pollution, ship strike risks, marine debris, research diving, research equipment installation, research wildlife sacrifice, and several anthropogenic climate change threats i.e., increase in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, seawater acidification, the number of warm ocean temperature anomalies relevant to disease outbreaks and coral bleaching, and sea level rise. These data were combined with habitat maps and expert judgment on the vulnerability of different habitat types in the Monument to estimate spatial patterns of current cumulative impact at 1 ha (0.01 km2) resolution. Cumulative impact was greatest for shallow reef areas and peaked at Maro Reef, where 13 of the 14 threats overlapped in places. Ocean temperature variation associated with disease outbreaks was found to have the highest predicted impact overall, followed closely by other climate-related threats, none of which have easily tractable management solutions at the regional scale. High impact threats most tractable to regional management relate to ship traffic. Sensitivity analyses show that the results are robust to both data availability and quality. Managers can use these maps to (1) inform management and surveillance priorities based on the ranking of threats and their distributions, (2) guide permitting decisions based on cumulative impacts, and (3) choose areas to monitor for climate change effects. Furthermore, this regional analysis can serve as a case study for managers elsewhere interested in assessing and mapping region-specific cumulative human impacts.
Reproductive Defects Are Corrected in Vitamin D–Deficient Female Rats Fed a High Calcium, Phosphorus and Lactose Diet

Vitamin D-deficient female rats are capable of reproduction; however, vitamin D deficiency reduces their overall reproductive capacity. It was previously suggested that the reduction in reproductive performance is a direct result of a lack of vitamin D rather than an effect of the hypocalcemia or hypophosphatemia that can be associated with vitamin D deficiency. In the present study, rats were fed one of three diets: 1) 0.47% Ca(+2) and 0.3% phosphorus (P(i)) with vitamin D; 2) 0.47% Ca(+2) and 0.3% P(i) without vitamin D; and 3) 20% lactose, 2% Ca(+2) and 1.25% P(i) without vitamin D. Their reproductive capacity was monitored. Vitamin D-deficient rats fed the high calcium, high phosphorus, 20% lactose diet had normal serum calcium (2.2 +/- 0.16 mmol/L), slightly lower phosphorus (1.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/L), and undetectable 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3). The decrease in reproductive capacity, as indicated by the fertility ratio and pup number per litter previously seen in vitamin D-deficient rats was completely corrected when serum calcium and phosphorus levels were normalized relative to vitamin D-replete rats. It appears likely that the diminished reproductive performance attributed to vitamin D deficiency is the result of hypocalcemia and/or hypophosphatemia caused by vitamin D deficiency.
Preventing and managing drug-induced anaphylaxis.

Drug-induced anaphylaxis and anaphylactoid reactions have increased in frequency with more widespread use of pharmaceutical agents. Anaphylaxis is a systemic, severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction caused by immunoglobulin (Ig) E-mediated immunological release of mediators of mast cells and basophils. An anaphylactoid reaction is an event similar to anaphylaxis but is not mediated by IgE.
Efficient Floorplan Area Optimization

The floorplan area optimization problem is to determine the shape and dimensions of all the modules when the topology of the floorplan is given. The objective is to minimize the area of the resulting floorplan. Existing methods only apply to slicing floorplans. We present in this paper an algorithm for general hierarchical floorplans. Our algorithm combines the curve-adding technique used in the case of slicing floorplans and a new technique that computes shape curves by iterative modification of the shape and dimensions of individual modules. We also present an optimal points selection algorithm using the technique of dynamic programming to further enhance the process of shape curves construction.