cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thank you to our Reviewers

Adams, Kristina M. Anderson, David E. Atchison, Michael Baguley, John Behan, Mary Blumberg, Phyllis Boerboom, Tobias B. Bolton, John Bravo del Moral, Ana M. Brown, Corrie Brown, Daniel R. Cake, Martin A. Carbone, Larry Cavalieri, John Clarke, Patricia M. Coe, Jason B. Coleman, Grahame J. Collin, Kaija Constable, Peter Delver, Hilary A. Deprez, Piet Dhein, Cheryl Doucet, Michele Dyer Inzana, Karen Edmondson, Katherine Ehlers, Jan P. Fajt, Virginia Foureman, Polly Fox, Jane Fuentealba, Carmen Gardner, Dianne Gerrity, Lauretta W. Gilling, Marg L. Goracke-Postle, Cory Grauer, Gregory F. Gray, Carol A. Hartman, Kathleen H. Hecker, Kent G. Hedlund, Cheryl Herrmann, John A. Jack, S.W. Keegan, Robert D. Khalil, Mohammed K. Khan, Ahrar Khoo, Lester Khosa, Deep Kinnison, Tierney Kochevar, Deborah T. Kogan, Lori R. Koskinen, Heli I. Kovacs, Suzie Krehbiel, Janver D. Lamb, Christopher R. Lamothe, Jane Lane, India F. Lewis, John Lindenmayer, Joann Lipman, Len Lloyd, James W. Main, David C. Malinowski, Robert Martin, Michael K. Matkin, Gary Meadows, Richard L. Mentes Gurler, Ayse Meyerholz, David K. Mills, Paul C. Mink, Suzanne Molgaard, Laura Murphy, Lisa Nault, Andre Neel, Jennifer Nelson, Philip Olson, Lynne E. Parkinson, Tim J. Patterson, Coretta C. Pead, Matthew Peterson, Kate Posey, Richard D. Rahman, S. Abdul Renberg, Walter Rhind, Susan M. Riley, Wendell Root Kustritz, Margaret V. Ruohoniemi, Mirja Rush, Bonnie R. Ryan, Marion T. Schedin, Laurel Schmidt, Peggy Schoenfeld-Tacher, Regina M. Sewell, Robin Sharkey, Leslie Short, Nick Silverman, Jerald Smeak, Daniel D. Snowden, Karen F. Sprunger, Leslie K. Stewart, Sherry Strand, Elizabeth B. Suddaby, Gordon T. Taboada, Joseph Tadich, Nestor A. Tarlinton, Rachael E. Taylor, Rosanne M. Tegzes, John Theis-Mahon, Nicole Timmins, Richard P. Tornquist, Susan J. Travillian, Ravensara Turner, Patricia V. Uhlenhopp, Eldon Vaarten, Jan Van Beukelen, Peter Vroegindewey, Gary Wagner, Gerald G. Weber, Scott Weiner, Sharon A. White, Mark B. Witte, Thomas H. Wright, Angela Yackel, Thomas Zaffarano, Bianca A.
Political Conservatism and Religious Evangelism: A Review of W Connolly's (2005) the Evangelical-Capitalist Resonance Machine

William Connolly's Evangelical-Capitalist Resonance Machine is used to explain the unification of political party, religion, capitalism, and news media in conservative politics. While he juxtaposes religious and political dogma to show a growing trend in politics to affix economic policies to social and moral issues, he leaves a lot to consider for Americans who do not fall into the general categories of political citizens that he illustrates.
Association of Emulsifier and Highly Processed Food Intake with Circulating Markers of Intestinal Permeability and Inflammation in the Cancer Prevention Study-3 Diet Assessment Sub-Study.

Compelling animal studies report increased intestinal permeability, inflammation, and colorectal carcinogenesis with exposure to certain emulsifiers commonly added to processed foods, but human data are lacking. Highly processed food consumption is also associated with obesity and higher risk of chronic diseases. We cross-sectionally examined the association of emulsifier and highly processed food consumption estimated from six 24-h dietary recalls among 588 U.S. men and women over one year, with biomarkers of intestinal permeability and inflammation measured from two fasting blood samples collected six months apart. In multivariable-adjusted generalized linear models, greater emulsifier intake (g/d) was not associated with antibodies to flagellin (P-trend = 0.88), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (P-trend = 0.56), or the combined total thereof (P-trend = 0.65) but was positively associated with an inflammatory biomarker, glycoprotein acetyls (GlycA) (P-trend = 0.02). Highly processed food intake (% kcal/d) was associated with higher anti-LPS antibodies (P-trend = 0.001) and total anti-flagellin and anti-LPS antibodies (P-trend = 0.005) but not with other biomarkers, whereas processed food intake expressed as % g/d was associated with higher GlycA (P-trend = 0.02). Our findings suggest that, broadly, highly processed food consumption may be associated with intestinal permeability biomarkers, and both emulsifier and highly processed food intakes may be associated with inflammation. Additional studies are warranted to further evaluate these relationships.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.1957947.
Using systems biology approaches to identify signalling pathways activated during chronic wound initiation.

Chronic wounds are a significant health problem worldwide. However, nothing is known about how chronic wounds initiate and develop. Here we use a chronic wound model in diabetic mice and a Systems Biology Approach using nanoString nCounter technology and weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA), with tissues collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-wounding, to identify metabolic signalling pathways involved in initiation of chronicity. Normalized counts obtained from the nanoString nCounter Mouse Metabolic Panel were used for the WGCNA, which groups genes into co-expression modules to visualize the correlation network. Genes with significant module membership and gene trait significance (p < 0.05) were used to identify signalling pathways that are important for the development of chronicity. The pathway analysis using the Reactome database showed stabilization of PTEN, which down-regulates PI3K/AKT1, which in turn down-regulates Nrf2, as shown by ELISA, thus disabling antioxidant production, resulting in high oxidative stress levels. We find that pathways involved in inflammation, including those that generate pro-inflammatory lipids derived from arachidonic acid metabolism, IFNγ and catecholamines, occur. Moreover, HIF3α is over-expressed, potentially blocking Hif1α and preventing activation of growth factors and cytokines that promote granulation tissue formation. We also find that FGF1 is under-expressed, while thrombospondin-1 is over-expressed, resulting in decreased angiogenesis, a process that is critical for healing. Finally, enzymes involved in glycolysis are down-regulated, resulting in decreased production of pyruvate, a molecule critical for ATP production, leading to extensive cell death and wound paralysis. These findings offer new avenues of study that may lead to the development of novel treatments of CW to be administered right after debridement.
On Neural Networks and Paul Spirakis

“We are our connectome,” this is the tautology du jour. Everything we do, think, remember, say (or write), is merely a projection of our current neural configuration. So, here goes.
Tree-pattern queries on a lightweight XML processor

Popular XML languages, like XPath, use "tree-pattern" queries to select nodes based on their structural characteristics. While many processing methods have already been proposed for such queries, none of them has found its way to any of the existing "lightweight" XML engines (i.e. engines without optimization modules). The main reason is the lack of a systematic comparison of query methods under a common storage model. In this work, we aim to fill this gap and answer two important questions: what the relative similarities and important differences among the tree-pattern query methods are, and if there is a prominent method among them in terms of effectiveness and robustness that an XML processor should support. For the first question, we propose a novel classification of the methods according to their matching process. We then describe a common storage model and demonstrate that the access pattern of each class conforms or can be adapted to conform to this model. Finally, we perform an experimental evaluation to compare their relative performance. Based on the evaluation results, we conclude that the family of holistic processing methods, which provides performance guarantees, is the most robust alternative for such an environment.
The pleasures of sad music: a systematic review

Sadness is generally seen as a negative emotion, a response to distressing and adverse situations. In an aesthetic context, however, sadness is often associated with some degree of pleasure, as suggested by the ubiquity and popularity, throughout history, of music, plays, films and paintings with a sad content. Here, we focus on the fact that music regarded as sad is often experienced as pleasurable. Compared to other art forms, music has an exceptional ability to evoke a wide-range of feelings and is especially beguiling when it deals with grief and sorrow. Why is it, then, that while human survival depends on preventing painful experiences, mental pain often turns out to be explicitly sought through music? In this article we consider why and how sad music can become pleasurable. We offer a framework to account for how listening to sad music can lead to positive feelings, contending that this effect hinges on correcting an ongoing homeostatic imbalance. Sadness evoked by music is found pleasurable (1) when it is perceived as non-threatening; (2) when it is aesthetically pleasing; and (3) when it produces psychological benefits such as mood regulation, and empathic feelings, caused, for example, by recollection of and reflection on past events. We also review neuroimaging studies related to music and emotion and focus on those that deal with sadness. Further exploration of the neural mechanisms through which stimuli that usually produce sadness can induce a positive affective state could help the development of effective therapies for disorders such as depression, in which the ability to experience pleasure is attenuated.
Short-Term Performance of MM5 with Cloud-Cover Assimilation from Satellite Observations

This study investigates the extent to which assimilating high-resolution remotely sensed cloud cover into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU‐NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) provides an improved regional diagnosis of downward shortwave surface radiation fluxes and precipitation and enhances the model’s ability to make short-range prediction. The high-resolution (4 km 3 4 km) clear- and cloudy-sky radiances derived using a cloud-screening algorithm from visible band Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) data were used in the University of Maryland Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment’s Surface Radiation Budget (UMD GEWEX/SRB) model to infer the vertically integrated cloud mass via cloud optical thickness. Three-dimensional cloud fields were created that took their horizontal distribution from the satellite image but derived their vertical distribution, in part, from the fields simulated by MM5 during the time step immediately prior to assimilation and, in part, from the observed cloudtop height derived from the infrared band of GOES. Linear interpolation was used to derive 1-min cloud images between 15-min GOES samples, and the resulting images were ingested every minute. Comparisons were made between modeled and observed data taken from the Arizona Meteorological Network (AZMET) in southern Arizona for model runs with and without cloud ingestion. Cloud ingestion substantially improved the ability of the MM5 model to capture temporal and spatial variations in surface fields associated with cloud cover. Experiments in which the model was operated in forecast mode suggest that cloud ingestion gave some limited enhancement in MM5 short-term prediction ability for up to 3 h. However, an analysis suggests that, in order to get additional forecasting capability, it will be necessary to modify the atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics in the model to be consistent with the ingested cloud fields.
Macrolide therapy of chronic Lyme Disease.

Background Macrolide antibiotics are highly active in vitro against B.burgdorferi, but have limited efficacy in the treatment of patients with Lyme Disease. As macrolides are less active at a low pH, their poor clinical activity might be due to localization of borrelia to an acidic endosome, and their activity improved by alkalinization of that compartment with hydroxychloroquine. Material/methods 235 patients with a multi-symptom complex typical of chronic Lyme disease, ie fatigue, musculoskeletal pain, and neurocognitive dysfunction and with serologic reactivity against B.burgdorferi were treated with a macrolide antibiotic (eg clarithromycin) and hydroxychloroquine. Results Eighty % of patients had self-reported improvement of 50% or more at the end of 3 months. After 2 months of treatment, 20% of patients felt markedly improved (75-100% of normal); after 3 months of treatment, 45% were markedly improved. Improvement frequently did not begin until after several weeks of therapy. There were no differences among the three macrolide antibiotics used. Patients who had been on hydroxychloroquine or macrolide antibiotic alone had experienced little or no improvement. Compared to patients ill for less than 3 years, the onset of improvement was slower, and the failure rate higher in patients who were ill for longer time periods. Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that the Lyme borrelia reside in an acidic endosome and that the use of a lysosomotropic agent augments the clinical activity of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of patients with chronic Lyme Disease. In contrast, the efficacy of tetracycline in such patients is not affected by hydroxychloroquine.
The EASY - LoadLeveler API Project

With the increasing use of distributed memory massively parallel machines (MPPs) such as the IBM SP, the need for improved parallel job scheduling tools has sparked many recent developments. IBM's LoadLeveler is being used at the Cornell Theory Center, but problems exist with the current scheduling algorithm applied to the job mix on the 512-node SP. In order to address Cornell's difficulties, Joseph Skovira began to consider enhancements to LoadLeveler. At about the same time, David Lifka, developer of the EASY parallel job scheduler, began working at CTC. With Waiman Chan and Honbo Zhou of IBM LoadLeveler development, we have developed a LoadLeveler API that allows external schedulers like EASY to control the starting and stopping of jobs through LoadLeveler.
Response to Dr. Oliver's Letter

Dear Editor, I thank Dr. Oliver for his interest in my report on “Breaches of Standards of Medical Care in Chronic Opioid Analgesic Therapy”[1] where Controlled Substance Model Guidelines were applied to the case review by the “experts” to determine if there was a “standard” breach [1] This case was presented (as a number of others [2–4]) from the standpoint of the “experts”—the plaintiff's expert's allegations as to where the defendant fell below the “standard” and the defendant's expert's responses to those allegations. This format was [2–4] and is chosen in order to alert the pain community on how “experts” currently interpret the “standard.” So, if the plaintiff's expert did not view an issue in the case as falling below the “standard,” it was not identified or discussed as such an approach would bring in the opinion of the writer, which may not necessarily be the “standard.” For this reason, only information available to the experts reviewing the case was presented and nothing else. Finally, because the experts chose the Model Guidelines for the “standard,” these were discussed with emphasis on where the plaintiff's “expert” alleged a breach. Unfortunately, the information mentioned earlier may not have been transmitted in the way the case was described, as some of Dr. Oliver's comments indicate that this format was not understood. Dr. Oliver points out that the first element of the model guidelines (diagnosis) was glossed over and not discussed. He states rightly that chronic right-shoulder pain is a symptom …
Purification and properties of phosphotransacetylase from Veillonella alcalescens.

Abstract Gel filtration of phosphotransacetylase purified from Veillonella alcalescens gave a molecular weight of 75,000 to 80,000. Ultracentrifugation and sedimentation in sucrose gradients showed a heterogeneous distribution of proteins. The predominant component in sucrose gradients had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.2; a minor component having a sedimentation coefficient of 2.8 could also be detected. Denaturation with urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 32,000 to 40,000. Amidination with dimethyl suberimidate prior to denaturation indicated that the enzyme contained two subunits. The properties of this phosphotransacetylase were compared with those of phosphotransacetylases isolated from other bacteria.
Reconfigurable Hardware from Programmable Logic Devices

Reconfigurable hardware is an emerging technology that utilises SRAM based field programmable logic devices to implement functions in hardware to accelerate processing functions. Using the reconfigurable aspect of the programmable logic device this hardware function can then be changed allowing alternative functions to be implemented. This article will describe a hardware platform — the Altera Re configurable Interconnect Peripheral Processor (RIPP 10) that is now available to support research in this area.
Viterbi Detection for Compressively Sampled FHSS-GFSK Signals

This paper proposes a sequence detector designed to retrieve data bits from compressively sampled frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) signals. The received signal waveform is not reconstructed from the compressive measurements, nor are received bits detected on a symbol-by-symbol basis. Rather, the entire sequence of transmitted symbols is detected from the entire sequence of compressive measurements. Another novel aspect of the work is that a non-cooperative scenario is assumed. Specifically, the receiver is assumed to have no prior knowledge of the specific spread spectrum hopping sequence used by the transmitter. The most significant contribution of the work is the design of adaptive sampling kernels that exploit the structure of an FHSS-GFSK signal to obtain significant performance improvements over random-kernel sampling. The resulting system can automatically choose an appropriate compression ratio as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without explicit knowledge of the SNR. Additionally, the noise folding problem present in random-kernel sampling is greatly alleviated by use of the adaptive sampling kernels. Compared with Nyquist sampling, adaptive compressive sampling offers compression ratios ranging from 20 to 32, depending on the SNR while suffering less than 1 dB loss in the resulting bit error rate.
Evidence for Asymmetries in SN1987A

Results of observations carried out during the past year and a half after the explosion of SN1987A (February 23 1987), show strong evidence for asymmetry in the expanding shell. The departure from spherical symmetry in SN1987A has important implications for further detailed modeling of supernovae explosions, light curves and spectra.
Practicing Sucks, But it Doesn't have to!: Surviving Music Lessons by Phyllis R. Sdoia-Satz and Barry Satz

Practicing does, indeed, suck, and many students undertake music lessons with very unrealistic expectations, generally shared by their parents, about how fast progress will be and how much work is ...
Integrating Case-Based Reasoning and Meta-Learning for a Self-Improving Intelligent Tutoring System

A framework integrating case-based reasoning (CBR) and meta-learning is proposed in this paper as the underlying methodology enabling self-improving intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). Pedagogical strategies are stored in cases, each dictating, given a specific situation, which tutoring action to make next. Reinforcement learning is used to improve various aspects of the CBR module - cases are learned and retrieval and adaptation are improved, thus modifying the pedagogical strategies based on empirical feedback on each tutoring session. To minimize canceling out effects due to the multiple strategies used for meta-learning - for example, the learning result of one strategy undoes or reduces the impact of the learning result of another strategy, a principled design that is both cautious and prioritized is put in place. An ITS application, called Intelligent Learning Material Delivery Agent (ILMDA), has been implemented, powered by this framework, on introductory computer science topics, and deployed at the Computer Science and Engineering Department of the University of Nebraska. Studies show the feasibility of such a framework and impact analyses are reported on pedagogical strategies and outcomes.
Conjunction of Evidence and Fuzzy Logic

Classical logic and probability theory produce in law the troublesome conjunction paradox. The theories seem to tell us the conjoined likelihood of independent elements equals the product of each element’s likelihood. Meanwhile, the law requires each element of a cause of action to meet the standard of proof, but it does not apply the standard of proof to the conjunction. Hence, if the cause entails more than one element, no assurance exists that the product of likelihoods will meet the standard of proof. Fuzzy logic, however, explodes the conjunction paradox. It does so by saying that the elements’ conjoined likelihood equals the least likely element’s likelihood. This is exactly equivalent to the law’s approach. That consistency constitutes a powerful piece of proof that the law employs fuzzy logic in preference to classical logic and probability theory.
Zinc Transporters in the Rat Mammary Gland Respond to Marginal Zinc and Vitamin A Intakes during Lactation

Marginal intake of zinc and vitamin A is common during lactation and a deficiency of one micronutrient can result in a secondary deficiency of the other. However, the resistance of milk zinc (Zn) concentration to changes in dietary Zn or vitamin A indicates tight regulation of mammary gland Zn transport. Although several mammalian proteins have been identified and implicated in Zn transport, the mechanisms responsible for mammary gland Zn transport and their regulation by dietary Zn and vitamin A are unknown. In this study, we identified mammary gland Zn transporters and determined effects of marginal Zn and vitamin A intakes on their levels. Rats were fed a control [25 mg Zn/kg, 4 retinol equivalents (RE)/g], a low Zn (10 mg Zn/kg), a low vitamin A (0.4 RE/g), or a low Zn (10 mg Zn/kg) and vitamin A (0.4 RE/g) diet throughout lactation. ZnT-1, ZnT-2 and ZnT-4 were identified in the mammary gland and localized to the serosal membrane (ZnT-1) or intracellularly (ZnT-2 and ZnT-4) by immunostaining. Rats fed a low Zn or low vitamin A diet had lower ZnT-1 protein and higher ZnT-4 mRNA expression and protein levels compared with controls. There was a significant interaction between dietary Zn and vitamin A on zinc transporter mRNA expression and protein levels. Although total mammary gland Zn was not affected, mammary gland metallothionein levels were lower in rats fed low Zn and higher in rats fed low vitamin A, suggesting different mechanisms regulating zinc transporter levels. These results indicate that milk Zn level is maintained through coordinated regulation of mammary gland zinc transporters and documents an effect of vitamin A on zinc homeostasis at the molecular level during lactation.
Separate Spheres: Analytical Persistence in United States Women's History

Since the 1960s United States women’s history has seen a dramatic rise in productivity, reclamation of the past, innovation of new theories and strategies, and analysis of the roles of women in society. Despite this growth, or perhaps because of it, a persistent debate about “separate spheres” has provided a common thread within scholarship of the past four decades. Original separate spheres scholarship demonstrated how the sexual division of labor intensified through industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century. Subsequent scholarship critiqued separate spheres metaphors, calling attention to the ways in which women of color have rarely had the privilege of occup ying a str ictly domestic realm. Such arguments only encouraged more analysis and application of separate spheres metaphors until questions about women’s and men’s roles in society, private and public realms, domestic and political influence pervaded most scholarship about women regardless of race, class, and region. Once a field that struggled to simply place women into the historical narrative of the United States, women’s histor y is now thr iving and expanding to include not only gender as a category of analysis, but also race, class, sexuality, and often religion, age, and ability. No longer is women’s history simply compensatory or recuperative. Rather, there has been rapid growth in the publishing of scholar ship, the certification of w omen’s histor y and gender history graduate programs, and the establishment of scholarly communities. For more than four decades, “separate spheres” ideology has been defined, challenged, and revised to the point that scholars cannot write women’s or gender history without adding their own ideas about the boundaries that have connected or divided women’s and men’s experiences. Original separate spheres scholarship of the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated how the sexual division of labor intensified through industrialization in the mid-nineteenth century. This analysis established an ideolo gy that could both bring women to the center of American history and legitimize the study of “private” as well as “public” realms. Separate spheres pr ovided a framework for thinking about women’s and men’s economic, labor, social, and cultural experiences as distinctly gendered, sometimes separate, and always in relationships of power. Separate spheres of influence were often coded as domestic for women and political for men.
Interleukin-13 displaying retargeted oncolytic measles virus strains have significant activity against gliomas with improved specificity

The majority of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors (80%) overexpress interleukin-13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2), but there is no expression of IL-13Rα2 in normal brain. Vaccine strains of measles virus have significant antitumor activity against gliomas. We tested the hypothesis that measles virus entry could be retargeted via the IL-13Rα2. MV-GFP-HAA-IL-13 was generated from the Edmonston-NSe vaccine strain, by displaying human IL-13 at the C-terminus of the H protein, and introducing CD46 and signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM)-ablating mutations in H. The IL-13 retargeted virus showed significant cytopathic effect (CPE) against IL-13Rα2 overexpressing glioma lines, and lack of CPE/viral replication in normal human astrocytes and normal human fibroblasts not expressing IL-13Rα2. In vivo treatment of orthotopically implanted GBM12 xenografts demonstrated significant prolongation of survival in mice treated with the retargeted strain (P < 0.0001), and comparable activity between the IL-13R retargeted strain and MV-GFP (P = 0.6377). In contrast to MV-GFP-treated mice, administration of the retargeted strain in the central nervous system of measles replication-permissive Ifnarko CD46 Ge mice resulted in lack of neurotoxicity. Strains of measles virus retargeted against the glioma-specific IL-13Rα2 receptor have comparable therapeutic efficacy, and improved specificity as compared with the unmodified measles virus strain MV-GFP in vitro and in vivo.
Rejoinder---Further Reflections on Studying Social Influence in New Product Diffusion

Building on the commentaries on our work, we make additional suggestions for future research on social contagion and new product diffusion. In particular, we note that social contagion may occur for many reasons and that investigating how various personal or group characteristics moderate the amount of influence some customers exert or the extent to which others are sensitive to potential influence can provide insights into the social mechanism(s) at work.
Equivalence of factorial designs with qualitative and quantitative factors

Abstract Two symmetric fractional factorial designs with qualitative and quantitative factors are equivalent if the design matrix of one can be obtained from the design matrix of the other by row and column permutations, relabeling of the levels of the qualitative factors and reversal of the levels of the quantitative factors. In this paper, necessary and sufficient methods of determining equivalence of any two symmetric designs with both types of factors are given. An algorithm used to check equivalence or non-equivalence is evaluated. If two designs are equivalent the algorithm gives a set of permutations which map one design to the other. Fast screening methods for non-equivalence are considered. Extensions of results to asymmetric fractional factorial designs with qualitative and quantitative factors are discussed.
Bivariate Spatial Process Modeling for Constructing Indicator or Intensity Weighted Spatial CDFs

A spatial cumulative distribution function (SCDF) gives the proportion of a spatial domain D having the value of some response variable less than a particular level w. This article provides a fully hierarchical approach to SCDF modeling, using a Bayesian framework implemented via Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. The approach generalizes the customary SCDF to accommodate density or indicator weighting. Bivariate spatial processes emerge as a natural approach for framing such a generalization. Indicator weighting leads to conditional SCDFs, useful in studying, for example, adjusted exposure to one pollutant given a specified level of exposure to another. Intensity weighted (or population density weighted) SCDFs are particularly natural in assessments of environmental justice, where it is important to determine if a particular sociodemographic group is being excessively exposed to harmful levels of certain pollutants. MCMC methods (combined with a convenient Kronecker structure) enable straightforward estimates or approximate estimates of bivariate, conditional, and weighted SCDFs. We illustrate our methods with two air pollution datasets, one recording both nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) ambient levels at 67 monitoring sites in central and southern California, and the other concerning ozone exposure and race in Atlanta, GA.
Energy flux correlations and moving mirrors

We study the quantum stress tensor correlation function for a massless scalar field in a flat two-dimensional spacetime containing a moving mirror. We construct the correlation functions for right-moving and left-moving fluxes for an arbitrary trajectory, and then specialize them to the case of a mirror trajectory for which the expectation value of the stress tensor describes a pair of delta-function pulses, one of negative energy and one of positive energy. The flux correlation function describes the fluctuations around this mean stress tensor, and reveals subtle changes in the correlations between regions where the mean flux vanishes.
Controlling hyperchaos in a multimode laser model.

We show that it is possible to stabilize remnants of periodic orbits in a hyperchaotic system (with more than one positive Lyapunov exponent) using a single feedback parameter. Numerical simulations of a multimode laser with an intracavity frequency doubling crystal using occasional proportional feedback indicate that the controlled periodic orbits are locally unstable in only one coordinate, even though the system has three positive Lyapunov exponents in this parameter regime. This situation should be common in dynamical systems of the coupled oscillator type with many degrees of freedom.
Use of boosting to improve LVQ ATR classifiers

Boosting has emerged as a popular combination technique to refine weak classifiers. Pioneered by Freund and Schapire, numerous variations of the AdaBoost algorithm have emerged, such as Breiman's arc-fs algorithms. The central theme of these methods is the generation of an ensemble of a weak learning algorithm using modified versions of the original training set, with emphasis placed on the more difficult instances. The validation stage then aggregates results from each element of the ensemble using some predetermined rule. In this paper the wavelet decomposition based codebook classifier proposed by Chan et al. is used as the learning algorithm. Starting with the whole training set, modifications to the training set are made at each iteration by resampling the original training data set with replacement. The weights used in the resampling are determined using different algorithms, including AdaBoost and arc-fs. Accuracy of the ensembles generated are then determined using various combination techniques such as simple voting and weighted sum.
The effect of digitoxin on the V leads.

Abstract The effect of digitoxin on the V leads was studied in fifty patients. Twenty-eight were healthy, and twenty-two had various forms of heart disease. The principal effects were in the RS-T and T segments. In general, there was a tendency for the RS-T segments to become elevated in the leads registering cavity potential and depressed in the leads from the epicardial surface of the heart. In a few patients there was a transitory tendency for the T wave to become tall and pointed, but, in general, it became lower or inverted. In the V leads this change was most marked in the left precordial leads when the heart was in the transverse position, and over the right precordial leads when it was in the vertical position. In addition, there was noted over the center of the precordium a tendency to transient T-wave change, which disappeared as the dosage was further increased. While this change was slight in many patients, in some it was unmistakable. Notwithstanding the fact that digitalis was given in full doses, even to the point of vomiting, it was impressive that the changes noted were relatively slight. It is suggested that the striking changes seen in patients with advanced heart disease receiving digitalis require for their production pre-existing heart disease, digitalis administered over a long period of time, or a peculiar susceptibility of the patient.
Women's feedback on a chemopreventive trial for cervical dysplasia.

Abstract This study identifies the risks, benefits, and social influences affecting the decision to participate in a chemoprevention trial for cervical dysplasia. Women from three clinical sites in southeastern Michigan were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. In previous studies, minority women have significant barriers to participation in clinical trials. However, in this study, women (63% black, 26% white, and 9% other ethnicity), were interested in participating and reported only moderate barriers. These barriers could easily be addressed with resources available to investigators. Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
SEM voltage contrast simulations

High resolution inspection and metrology is an important part of current semiconductor technology and has an increasingly active role as miniaturization is pushed beyond 200 nm. Current and future semiconductor design rules require not only high resolution CD control and inspection but also the ability to image high aspect ratio structures patterned on complex layers. This goal is usually achieved by using e-beam based tools that exploit voltage contrast to form images of deep structures; although useful, such images are not obviously and uniquely determined by their topographical counterpart since other parameters may significantly affect image appearance. In this paper we present a simulation approach that explains the imaging properties of charged surfaces under different conditions. This approach shows that in order to get a physical description of an e-beam image formation process, the surface must be considered as an electrostatic optical element with its own properties.
Arteriovenous ratios of angiotensin II during acute infusion experiments: a model-based nalysis

Abstract The hormone angiotensin II (AII) is a vascocontrictor known to participate in the natural regulation of blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. A third-order model was developed which describes the dynamics of venous and arterial plasma AII concentrations (PAC) and mean arterial blood pressure (BP) during acute constant rate AII infusion experiments. The model is calibrated using approximate blood circulation rates and steady-state PAC and BP data for published experiments in sheep. Analysis of the dynamic model demonstrates that local changes in PAC during the first several minutes of acute infusion are characterized by the comparatively rapid distribution of exogenous AII making its forward passage across the blood circulation, combined with the more gradual elevation of exogenous AII recycled through the circulation. This analysis explains the observed divergence in physiological levels of venous and arterial PAC at steady state in terms of the monotonic net clearance of elevated levels of circulating AII along the circulatory path between the point of infusion and the two sites at which the PAC measurements are taken. The model suggests that the differing arteriovenous AII concentration ratios and differing PAC and BP relationships reported for different dose-response experiments may be explained in part by differences in the specific infusion and measurement sites employed in those experiments.
A DISCRETE DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR MADE‐TO‐ORDER COST ANALYSIS

A model is presented that yields optimal production rates for a firm producing a contracted order. The model is unique in that it considers the influence of production rate and learning on total program cost. An application to the specific characteristics of two military production programs is presented. As demonstrated by the application, models of this type may be used as decision-making tools when negotiating the cost impact of contract modifications.
Crushinator: a framework towards game-independent testing

Testing game applications relies heavily on beta testing methods. The effectiveness of beta testing depends on how well beta testers represent the common game-application users and if users are willing to participate in the beta test. An automated testing tool framework could reduce the dependence upon beta testing by most companies to analyze their game applications. This paper presents the Crushinator as one such framework. This framework provides a game-independent testing tool that implements multiple testing methods that can assist and possibly replace the use of beta testing.
Regulation of meiotic recombination and prophase I progression in mammals.

Summary Meiosis is the process by which diploid germ cells divide to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. The process is highly conserved in eukaryotes, however the recent availability of mouse models for meiotic recombination has revealed surprising regulatory differences between simple unicellular organisms and those with increasingly complex genomes. Moreover, in these higher eukaryotes, the intervention of physiological and sex-specific factors may also influence how meiotic recombination and progression are monitored and regulated. This review will focus on the recent studies involving mouse mutants for meiosis, and will highlight important differences between traditional model systems for meiosis (such as yeast) and those involving more complex cellular, physiological and genetic criteria. BioEssays 23:996‐1009, 2001. fl 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Survival of Helminthosporium solani in soil and in vitro colonization of senescent plant tissue

Silver scurf, caused byHelminthosporium solani, is considered to be a tuberborne disease of potato. The ability ofH. solani to overwinter in soil was evaluated in field studies at two locations in New York during 1992. Field plots were established at sites whereH. solani infected potatoes had been produced in 1991. Plants produced from pathogen-free tubers of four cultivars yielded tubers infected with silver scurf at both locations. Up to 61% of tubers were infected in some plots. The ability ofH. solani to colonize leaf tissue was evaluated inin vitro assays. Detached leaves of ten crops were sprayed with a spore suspension ofH. solani and incubated for 20 days.H. solani colonized and sporulated on senescent leaf tissue of alfalfa, sorghum, rye, oats, corn and wheat, and only colonized senescent tissue of rapeseed, red clover and buckwheat. No growth was observed on potato leaf tissue. These results indicate that soil survival and saprophytic ability may be important in the epidemiology of silver scurf of potato.
Multiplicative Time And Space Integrating Acousto-Optic Architectures For Real Time Spectrum Processing

Multiplicative acousto-optic architectures using time and space dimensions for spectrally resolving long 1-D signals and images are described. The Discrete Fourier Transform algorithm is implemented optically to provide fine frequency resolving power. Experimental results are presented for 1-D and 2-D input signals. Bias removal techniques are discussed, including an approach using a photorefractive crystal as a time integrating bias-free detector.
On the Feasibility of Treating to a 1.5 cm PTV for Accelerated Partial Breast Brachytherapy With a Commercial Single Entry Hybrid Applicator

Purpose: It’s well known that mediastinum, lungs, heart, spinal cord are the unwishful targets in distant radiation therapy at the parasternal zone in breast cancer patients. Different treatment-related morbidity has been observed. That was the reason for the modern radiation therapy application at this zone. It has been shown that internal mammary artery is the optimal natural pathway for the radiation sources which leads to symmetrical irradiation of internal mammary lymph nodes. Our goal was to identify the efficacy of breast cancer treatment depending on the parasternal brachytherapy using Co or Cf sources in comparison with Ir afterloading and to analyze long-term results in each group. Materials and Methods: 868 patients with central and medial location of the tumor underwent parasternal brachytherapy. In 575 women (66.2%) 60Co was used, in 194 (22.4%) 252Cf was used, and 99 (11,4%) had afterloading ‘‘Microselectron-HDR’’ irradiation with 192Ir. Medium age was 48.2 ( 15.8) years in the first group, 50.8 ( 12.6) years in the second group, and 49.7 ( 9.8) years in the third group. I stage had 98 patients (11.3%), IIA e 388 (44.7%), IIB e 202 (23,3%), IIIA e 121 (13.9%), IIIB e 59 (6.8). All women with T3 and T4 (62 e 19.8%) had standard preoperative chemotherapy. Manual installation of 60Co or 252Cf sources was performed for the time necessary for the prescribed dose to be achieved. The isodose at the specification point was 80 Gy, while at 2 cm from the medial field edge total dose was at least 36 Gy. A total dose of 45 Gy in three 15 Gy fractions was delivered to the internalmammary lymph nodes using 192Ir afterloading. Results:With a median followup of 148 months no significant difference in 15-year disease-free and overall survival was detected in all brachytherapy techniques. No significant complications associated with brachytherapy were registered. Conclusions: Ir afterloading technique we conceder to be preferable to manual Co and Cf radiation source installation due to decreased medical staff irradiation. It has become apparent that distant radiation therapy is a cause of significant morbidity, especially among long-term survivors. If the internal mammary nodes are to be treated we suggest using afterloading brachytherapy technique.
Role and strain distribution of genes controlling light chains needed for the expression of an intrastrain cross-reactive idiotype.

Several strains of mice were tested for their capacity to provide immunoglobulin L chains required for the expression of the major cross-reactive idiotype (CRIA) associated with p-azophenylarsonate-specific antibodies of strain A mice. To facilitate testing, mice were bred that were homozygous for Igh-C e and Lyt-2 a , 3 a , i. e., they possessed genes controlling H chains but not L chains required for expression of the CRIA. Such male mice were mated to females of various strains and their offspring were tested; expression of CRIA indicated the presence in the female parent of genes controlling the appropriate L chains. All females bearing the Lyt-2 a , 3 b or Lyt-2 b , 3 b genotype yielded offspring, most of which were CRI A + , whereas all the offspring of females that were Lyt-2 a , 3 a were CRI A − . The female parents included mice of several strains that are congenic for Lyt-2 a , 3 b , Lyt-2 b , 3 b or Lyt-2 a , 3 b , thus demonstrating very close linkage between the Lyt loci and the expression of CRIA. In addition, doubly congenic strains of mice with the heavy chain allotype of the CRI A + AL/N strain and the Lyt-2 a , 3 a genotype on a BALB/c background failed to express CRIA. The data provide further evidence for the similarity of repertoires of L chains in Lyt-3 b mice of various strains. When genes were present controlling A/J H chains and L chains of C57BL/6 or BALB/c origin, the quantitative expression of CRIA was only slightly lower than that observed in A/J mice. Mice possessing genes controlling the H or L chains required for CRIA expression, but not both, did not express CRIA but synthesized Ar-specific antibodies which contained low but significant concentrations of the idiotype-associated chain.
The role of structured stirring and mixing on gamete dispersal and aggregation in broadcast spawning

Broadcast-spawning benthic invertebrates synchronously release sperm and eggs from separate locations into the surrounding flow, whereupon the process depends on structured stirring by the flow field (at large scales), and sperm motility and taxis (at small scales) to bring the gametes together. The details of the relevant physical and biological aspects of the problem that result in successful and efficient fertilization are not well understood. This review paper includes relevant work from both the physical and biological communities to synthesize a more complete understanding of the processes that govern fertilization success; the focus is on the role of structured stirring on the dispersal and aggregation of gametes. The review also includes a summary of current trends and approaches for numerical and experimental simulations of broadcast spawning.
Low Molecular Weight Carbonyls in Large Midwestern Office Buildings

Abstract Airborne carbonyls in large office buildings in the Midwestern United States have been studied both indoors and near the air-intakes environment using HPLC and GCMS methods. Air sampling for carbonyls was conducted using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine coated silica gel cartridges and stainless steel Tenax TA® tubes. 1,3-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitroaniline were tentatively identified as degradation products of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine by HPLC and GCMS analysis. Performance of the Tenax TA®-GCMS method under field sampling conditions was studied and Tenax TA® data was validated to estimate the lowest possible concentration of carbonyls in the environment, using a correction term derived from error propagation analysis. Analytical recovery, analytes' breakthrough percentage, and limitations of the DNPH-cartridge sampling are presented along with GCMS ion fragmentation data of the tentatively identified product(s). Carbonyls including formaldehyde (6.8 ± 8.8 ppbv),+ acetaldehyde (2...