cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiphasic activation of smooth muscle adenylate cyclase by pretreatment with guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) suggests multiple enzyme populations.

Abstract The activation of uterine smooth muscle adenylate cyclase was studied by pretreating the particulate form of the enzyme with the GTP analog guanyl-5′-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p). Pretreatment with Gpp(NH)p left the enzyme in an irreversibly activated state which survived subsequent washing in guanyl nucleotide-free buffer. Activation under these conditions was multiphasic with rapid and slow components. At 23 °C slow activation proceeded at about 1 10 th the rate of rapid activation. The onset of the slow phase took longer at lower temperatures. Routine adenylate cyclase assay conditions (conversion of [ 32 P]ATP to cyclic [ 32 P]AMP) carried out without pretreatment probably characterized the rapidly activated component. The simplest kinetic model suggests not only the generally accepted two-step association reaction, but also implies the existence of more than one enzyme form, each of which is characterized by a separate activation rate. The complex kinetics of activation might be explained by a heterogeneous mixture of unassociated and preassociated nucleotide binding and catalytic subunits.
Regenerative changes in C/EBPα and C/EBPß expression modulate binding to the C/EBP site in the c-fos promoter

CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins are a family of basic zipper DNA binding proteins that regulate transcription of several liver-specific genes and certain growth-related genes. Growth-related variations in the nuclear expression of one or more of the CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins may regulate the transition from the nonproliferative, differentiated phenotype of adult liver to the proliferative phenotype of regenerating liver. To evaluate this possibility, we used Northern- and Western-blot analyses to profile the expression of selected CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins in regenerating liver. Variations in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein expression were then correlated with changes in binding to the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein site of the c-fos promoter. Expression of both CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β increases after partial hepatectomy. Steady-state levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α mRNA increase 30 within an hour of partial hepatectomy (p < 0.05). This is followed by a transient increase in nuclear levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α protein at 3 hr after partial hepatectomy (p = 0.08). In contrast, increases in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β mRNA and protein are more sustained. Levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β mRNA increase 400 to 500 within an hour of partial hepatectomy and remain increased throughout most of the prereplicative period (p < 0.01). Nuclear levels of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β protein are 200 to 300 greater than prehepatectomy levels at 3 hr (p < 0.001) to 6 hr (p < 0.05) and do not approach basal levels until 24 hr after partial hepatectomy. Gel mobility shift assays of nuclear extracts from regenerating livers indicate that these increases in nuclear protein expression are associated with increased DNA binding of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α-β heterodimers and β-β homodimers. These results demonstrate growth-related variations in the expression and DNA binding of both CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α and β during liver regeneration and support the theory that altered CCAAT/enhancer binding protein DNA binding may contribute to regeneration-associated changes in liver cell phenotype. (Hepatology 1994;19:447–456).
A thermodynamics with internal degrees of freedom and nonconservative forces

Abstract The foundations of phenomenological thermodynamics of homogeneous systems is reexamined by means of the exterior calculus of E. Cartan. The analysis subsumes the existence of a 1-form W of isothermal differential work and the relation dE = d 2 + W , where the 1-forms 2 and dE are to be evaluated in terms of the structure of W . These evaluations are obtained under the following additional assumptions: 1. (1) 2 (Caratheodory inaccessibility), 2. (2) semiadditivity of isothermal work and internal energy, 3. (3) monotone transformations of the emperical temperature scale. Similar procedures are used to analyze systems in which the forces are conservative but dependent on a number of additional internal degrees of freedom and systems in which the forces are nonconservative. The existence of an entropy function is established in all cases, and the systems with nonconservative forces are shown to be equivalent to systems with internal degrees of freedom.
Tectonic, Climatic, and Cryospheric Evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula

For millennia, Antarctica has been a frozen continent, a land of ice and snow where complex life persists rather than thrives. But Antarctica has not always been this way. Millions of years ago the southern continent was teeming with life. Changing oceans and a plummeting atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration drove a dramatic evolution of the Antarctic continent. To provide a record of these ancient climatic shifts, the 2005–2006 SHALDRIL drilling program collected sediment cores from the bed of the iceberg-filled seas off the Antarctic Peninsula. In the AGU book Tectonic, Climatic, and Cryospheric Evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula, editors John B. Anderson and Julia S. Wellner draw on the findings garnered from SHALDRIL to explore the changing Antarctic Peninsula. In this interview, Eos talks to John B. Anderson.
CH, CN, and NH Band Strengths of Metal‐poor Cluster and Field Red Giants

The strengths of the CN, NH, and CH bands in the spectra of Population II red giants are discussed based on observations of a sample of both globular cluster and field giants. We confirm an anticorrelation between the oxygen abundance and the CN indices and a correlation between the 3883 A CN band and the 3360 A NH band strengths among giants in the globular clusters M15 and M13. We find one M15 star (IV-38) with a strong 3883 A CN band and detectable 4215 A CN and 3360 A NH bands. Abundance analysis of M15 IV-38 reveals a comparable carbon abundance to a comparison star that has much weaker CN bands. One possible reason for this may be that IV-38 is an insipid CH star that has also undergone some deep mixing. Alternatively, the atmosphere of IV-38 may have been extensively processed through the O→N cycle of hydrogen burning such that carbon has been affected by O→C conversion. By combining our data set with material from the literature and high-quality B–V photometry, we find that the CN band strength differences among the M5 red giants do not appear to broaden the giant branch of that cluster within the photometric errors. Using the CN, CH, and NH bands, we are able to confirm that the metal-poor field giant HD 135148 is a CH-strong star and has not undergone deep mixing.
Regulatory polymorphisms in key candidate genes for disease susceptibility and drug response: a mandate for valid genetic biomarkers.

Biomarkers have moved into the center stage of personalized healthcare, promising optimal treatment and prevention strategies that are tailored to the individual. Genetic factors are thought to pla...
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations on the Methyl−Methyl Recombination Reaction

The temperature and pressure dependence of the rate constant of the methyl−methyl recombination reaction with He bath gas has been studied using time-resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Methyl radicals were produced by the 193 nm laser photolysis of acetone. In the observed temperature (300−700 K) and pressure (0.6−10 Torr) range, the rate constant exhibits a negative temperature dependence and falloff behavior typical for recombination reactions. The integrity of the measurements has been validated by determining the recombination rate constant with Ar (1 Torr) as the bath gas at room temperature and by analyzing the yield of the reaction product, ethane. In addition, rate constants were calculated theoretically using variable reaction coordinate transition state theory in a manner that improves upon the previous treatment of Wagner and Wardlaw by incorporating high-level ab initio results. The calculated high-pressure rate constant can be expressed as (T) = 7.42 × 10-11 (T/298 K)-0.69 e-88K/T cm3...
Clinical and molecular pathology of aggressive Schneiderian papilloma involving the temporal bone.

Background Inverting papilloma is a benign but locally aggressive sinonasal tumor that rarely involves the middle ear or temporal bone. Methods A report of a case and the molecular pathology of the tumor is presented. Results A 35-year-old woman with a history of recurrent inverting papilloma of the left paranasal sinuses was found to have evidence of extension through the eustachian tube and extensive involvement of the temporal bone. Surgical management resulted in the patient being disease-free at 14 months. Molecular pathology studies of the resected tumor suggest an association with human papillomavirus. Conclusions Direct extension of the sinonasal tumor through the eustachian tube may represent the pathologic mechanism involved in the development of inverting papilloma involving the middle ear and temporal bone. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck20: 83–88, 1998.
Control of cupric ion location and adsorbate interaction by calcium and thallium ions in X-zeolite studied by electron spin resonance and electron spin-echo modulation spectrometry

Abstract Electron spin resonance and electron spin-echo modulation studies of Cu 2+ exchanged into calcium-thallium X-zeolites are reported. The calcium to thallium ratio has been varied and shows the influence of mixed cocations on the location and coordination of Cu 2+ . The predominance of Ca 2+ induces Cu 2+ to form a trigonal bipyramidal complex with three zeolite oxygens and two water oxygens in the hydrated X-zeolite. The predominance of Tl + induces Cu 2+ to form a hexaaquo octahedral complex. In certain mixed cation X-zeolites both Cu 2+ species are observed, indicating that calcium-rich and thallium-rich regions are present in the mixed co-cation zeolite. After dehydration only one of two Cu 2+ species observed seems to be able to interact strongly with alcohol adsorbates. The active Cu 2+ species is suggested to be in SII positions slightly recessed into the β-cages.
Lagrangian EPIC code computations for oblique, yawed-rod impacts onto thin-plate and spaced-plate targets at various velocities

Abstract This paper presents Lagrangian EPIC code computations for oblique, yawed-rod impacts onto thin-plate and spaced-plate targets at various velocities. The baseline set of computations considers a nominal obliquity of 65 degrees and a nominal impact velocity of 1300 m/s, onto thin-plate targets at nominal yaw angles of 0, 10, and +10 degrees. The yaw angles are achieved by inducing velocities into the plates. These results are compared to test data and MESA code results published previously. Additional sets of computations are presented to show the effect of increased impact velocities at nominal values of 2600 m/s and 5200 m/s. Some spaced-plate computations are also included.
Field Experiences As Meaningful Contexts for Learning about Learning

A strategy was investigated for integrating the learning of educational psychology concepts with exposure to real-life classroom applications. In conjunction with regular course activities, 68 pres...
The volume measure for flat connections as limit of the Yang–Mills measure

Abstract We prove that integration over the moduli space of flat connections can be obtained as a limit of integration with respect to the Yang–Mills measure defined in terms of the heat-kernel for the gauge group. In doing this we also give a rigorous proof of Witten’s formula for the symplectic volume of the moduli space of flat connections. Our proof uses an elementary identity connecting determinants of matrices along with a careful accounting of certain dense subsets of full measure in the moduli space.
Agreement between fiber optic and optoelectronic systems for quantifying sagittal plane spinal curvature in sitting

Spinal posture affects how individuals function from a manual wheelchair. There is a need to directly quantify spinal posture in this population to ultimately improve function. A fiber optic system, comprised of an attached series of sensors, is promising for measuring large regions of the spine in individuals sitting in a wheelchair. The purpose of this study was to determine the agreement between fiber optic and optoelectronic systems for measuring spinal curvature, and describe the range of sagittal plane spinal curvatures in natural sitting. Able-bodied adults (n = 26, 13 male) participated. Each participant assumed three sitting postures: natural, slouched (accentuated kyphosis), and extension (accentuated lordosis) sitting. Fiber optic (ShapeTape) and optoelectronic (Optotrak) systems were applied to the skin over spinous processes from S1 to C7 and used to measure sagittal plane spinal curvature. Regions of kyphosis and lordosis were identified. A Cobb angle-like method was used to quantify lordosis and kyphosis. Generalized linear model and Bland-Altman analyses were used to assess agreement. A strong correlation exists between curvature values obtained with Optotrak and ShapeTape (R(2) = 0.98). The mean difference between Optotrak and ShapeTape for kyphosis in natural, extension, and slouched postures was 4.30° (95% LOA: -3.43 to 12.04°), 3.64° (95% LOA: -1.07 to 8.36°), and 4.02° (95% LOA: -2.80 to 10.84°), respectively. The mean difference for lordosis, when present, in natural and extension postures was 2.86° (95% LOA: -1.18 to 6.90°) and 2.55° (95% LOA: -3.38 to 8.48°), respectively. In natural sitting, the mean ± SD of kyphosis values was 35.07 ± 6.75°. Lordosis was detected in 8/26 participants: 11.72 ± 7.32°. The fiber optic and optoelectronic systems demonstrate acceptable agreement for measuring sagittal plane thoracolumbar spinal curvature.
Human Disturbance of the Waitomo Catchment, New Zealand

The karst disturbance index (KDI) consists of 31 environmental indicators categorized within the five broad categories of geomorphology, hydrology, atmosphere, biota, and culture. This article discusses the application of the KDI to the rural karst region of Waitomo, New Zealand. Previous applications of the KDI measured disturbance to urban areas as delineated by geo-political boundaries while this study used a physical boundary of a small karst catchment. Such an approach ensures greater environmental specificity of measured disturbance levels compared to those determined according to arbitrary, politically defined areas. The study included a comparison of a local resource manager and a visiting karst expert's determinations of disturbance levels for the catchment. Overall, the Waitomo catchment was found to be moderately disturbed. The only significant, direct disturbances were deforestation and erosion; however, these lead to the indirect disturbance of cave biota, water quality and accelerated sedimentation of the catchment's waterways. We have a high degree of confidence in the validity of these results due to the ability to assess all of the applicable indicators in the index, and the consistency of scoring by both individuals who applied the index. The benefit of applying the KDI at the catchment level is the greater accuracy measuring disturbance as opposed to applying the index within geo-political boundaries that incorporate both karst and non-karst terrains. With disturbance data for a highly specific area, the Waitomo resource managers have the improved ability to effectively identify, target, remediate, and manage human disturbance of the karst landscape.
Guidelines in Pulmonary Medicine: A 25-Year Profile

Objective We attempted to identify clinical practice guideline and pathway articles in the area of pulmonary medicine published in peer-reviewed journals since 1974. Design Review. Data sources MEDLINE, the Cochrane Database, Best Evidence, and Abstracts of Clinical Care Guidelines from January 1974 to December 1998. Study selection All articles contained relevant search terms for pulmonary topics and were included irrespective of setting (primary or specialty, inpatient or outpatient). Controlled and uncontrolled trials as well as observational studies and consensus opinion/statements were all identified. The articles were stratified by design as well as by pulmonary topic. Data extraction Limited data on study type, study focus, year of publication, and results of study were abstracted. Results Our criteria yielded 271 articles, including 115 consensus statements and expert opinion guidelines; 30 controlled studies, meta-analyses, or systematic reviews; and 126 uncontrolled trials and observational studies. Of these, 82 articles (30.3%) related to asthma, 46 articles (17.0%) related to COPD, and 36 articles (13.3%) related to pneumonia. In addition, we tracked the increasing publication of all guideline-related pulmonary articles; randomized, controlled trials (RCTs); systematic reviews; and consensus statements by year for the past 25 years. Conclusion Pulmonary guidelines are increasingly published in peer-reviewed journals, but few are tested clinically in RCTs. There is continued reliance on consensus statements and expert opinion. Pulmonary guideline publications have continued to dramatically increase in number and in importance since 1974, both on the local level and internationally.
Minimal connectivity between six month neostriatal transplants and the host substantia nigra

The present study sought to determine if axonal connectivity is established between 6-month-old neostriatal transplants and the host substantia nigra. Cell suspensions of fetal neostriatum were transplanted into the adult rat neostriatum lesioned previously by kainic acid. Horseradish peroxidase injections into the ipsilateral ventral midbrain labelled the lesion site and the intact neostriatum extensively, but no appreciable anterograde or retrograde label was found within the graft. These results demonstrate a paucity of connectivity between neostriatal grafts and the host brain at a time when other investigators have described transplant-mediated recovery of function.
Polarized Raman spectra of oriented fibers of A DNA and B DNA: anisotropic and isotropic local Raman tensors of base and backbone vibrations.

Polarized Raman spectra of oriented fibers of calf thymus DNA in the A and B conformations have been obtained by use of a Raman microscope operating in the 180 degrees back-scattering geometry. The following polarized Raman intensities in the spectral interval 200–1800 cm-1 were measured with both 514.5 and 488.0 nm laser excitations: (1) Icc, in which the incident and scattered light are polarized parallel to the DNA helical axis (c axis); (2) Ibb, in which the incident and scattered light are polarized perpendicular to c; and (3) Ibc and Icb, in which the incident and scattered light are polarized in mutually perpendicular directions. High degrees of structural homogeneity and unidirectional orientation were confirmed for both the A and B form fibers, as judged by comparison of the observed Raman markers and intensity anisotropies with measurements reported previously for oligonucleotide single crystals of known three-dimensional structures. The fiber Raman anisotropies have been combined with solution Raman depolarization ratios to evaluate the local tensors corresponding to key conformation-sensitive Raman bands of the DNA bases and sugar-phosphate backbone. The present study yields novel vibrational assignments for both A DNA and BDNA conformers and also confirms many previously proposed Raman vibrational assignments. Among the significant new findings are the demonstration of complex patterns of A form and B form indicator bands in the spectral intervals 750–900 and 1050–1100 cm-1, the identification of highly anisotropic tensors corresponding to vibrations of base, deoxyribose, and phosphate moieties, and the determination of relatively isotropic Raman tensors for the symmetrical stretching mode of phosphodioxy groups in A and B DNA. The present fiber results provide a basis for exploitation of polarized Raman spectroscopy to determine DNA helix orientation as well as to probe specific nucleotide residue orientations in nucleoproteins, viruses, and other complex biological assemblies.
Streamlining the Clinical Research Enterprise

Recently, researchers have witnessed a vast change regarding the protection of research participants in the clinical research environment. Although federal regulations (particularly the “Common Rule”1) governing human participant research have not changed substantially since 1981, the level of enforcement and the implementation of those regulations have increased dramatically. For example, in June 2000, the Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP) was created within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) to succeed the Office for Protection from Research Risks. In the 10 years preceding this announcement, Office for Protection from Research Risks had issued 40 determination letters noting violations of a research institution's multiple project assurance.2During the first 18-month period of OHRP's existence, however, 289 determination letters were issued.3The increased enforcement of compliance activity within DHHS, as well as the escalating legal environment, has increased institutional anxiety concerning clinical research.4Whereas clinical researchers previously had modest institutional oversight procedures, these procedures have increased substantially in the form of multiple Institutional Review Boards (IRBs),5conflict-of-interest committees,6scientific oversight committees, and other entities. Recent accounts of adverse events—including deaths—among patients enrolled in clinical studies have created a public demand for increased protection of patient safety and greater regulation of research institutions.7-9The increased oversight burden threatens to compromise the efficiency of the clinical research enterprise, however, and there is a perception in the clinical research community that regulations are onerous, which may serve as a disincentive for physicians and students who are contemplating careers in clinical research.10The desire to maximize both efficiency and participant protection ranks high on the priority list of many clinical researchers. As such, in a June workshop conducted by the Clinical Research Roundtable (CRR), the issue “Streamlining the Clinical Research Enterprise” was discussed with regard …
Epiglottic enlargement in infants and children: another radiologic look.

Ten children are presented with epiglottic enlargement who did not have acute bacterial epiglottitis. Although the radiologic appearance of enlargement of the epiglottis is non-specific, correlation with clinical history and other radiologic findings allows correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy. The clinical presentation, radiologic appearance, and differential diagnostic considerations are discussed.
A new approach for instruction in powder crystallography.

A series of Internet-distributed audio/visual recordings for learning crystallographic analysis of powder diffraction data is discussed. These recordings provide a compact mechanism for distributing educational information. Such presentations provide hands-on discussion beyond what is usually presented in instructional texts. In some cases similar material can be presented with HTML text, but recordings can be created with significantly less effort and are superior for software demonstration.
Effects of Zn status, bile and other endogenous factors of jejunal Cd absorption

Abstract The possible contribution of endogenous factors to the control of intestinal Cd uptake was studied in rat jejunum isolated and perfused in situ. If Cd is trasported by the same mechanism as Zn, factors influencing Zn absorption should exert similar effects on that of Cd. In spite of an earlier demonstration of interaction between the 2 metals at the level of their intestinal absorption, the increased Zn uptake expected on the basis of previous observations on Zn-deficient rats is not accompoanied by increased Cd uptake. The mechanisms involved in Cd and Zn transport in the jejunum are therefore not identical. Cadmium, like Zn and Cu, is readily taken up from a perfusate free of exogenous ligands, so that there is no need to assume an obligatory role of such ligands in Cd absorption. Jejunal Cd transport was strongly depressed by secretions from the bile duct. This inhibition could not be accounted for by the protein content of the bile. On the other hand, micelle-forming bile salts completely abolished Cd absorption at or above a level corresponding to their critical micellar concentration. It is suggested that bile salts represent one endogenous factor which might be involved in preventing extensive Cd uptake from the intestinal lumen.
Pet Psychotherapy: Use of Household Pets in the Treatment of Behavior Disorder in Childhood

The use of pets in the therapeutic encounter brings a new dimension to child psychotherapy. A pet may be used as an aide by the clinician in his office and also introduced into the home situation.
Elevation of cAMP in human platelets inhibits thrombin- but not collagen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation.

Abstract Both thrombin and collagen induced the phosphorylation of tyrosine in numerous proteins in platelets, with collagen causing the phosphorylation of an additional 40 kDa protein. Thrombin-induced phosphorylation was markedly inhibited when cAMP was elevated with lloprost. Lloprost or the combination of lloprost, inhibitors of positive feedback and cytochalasin D also partially inhibited collagen-induced phosphorylation. By contrast, Lloprost had no effect on phosphorylation induced by collagen in the presence of inhibitors of positive feedback by released ADP, TxA2 and fibrinogen and in platelets containing BAPTA to prevent increases in cytosolic Ca2+. The results indicate that collagen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation may be a fundamental pathway in hemostasis which can function even when platelet cAMP is elevated.
The Intentional Escalation of Vulnerability: Antecedents and Implications

This study examines how, when and why firms intentionally escalate their vulnerability to stakeholders and when that unexpected strategy can increase their performance. In particular, I study the t...
The effect of variable winter severity on size-dependent overwinter mortality caused by acute thermal stress in juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Mortality during winter can impact the population dynamics of fish at temperate latitudes. The red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) supports valuable coastal fisheries throughout its range in the southeastern United States. At the northern edge of its distribution, severe winters may cause considerable overwinter loss and size-selective mortality among juveniles. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to quantify overwinter survivorship of age 0 fish. To determine thermal tolerance, fish were exposed to various minima (1, 3, or 58C) for up to 14 d. The effect of winter severity on survivorship was then evaluated by exposing fish to simulated cold-front events of varying frequency and duration. Body size was incorporated as a factor into each set of experiments. Age 0 red drum were intolerant of even brief exposure to temperatures ≤38C and experienced mortality after prolonged exposure to 58C. Higher frequency of simulated cold-front events impacted survivorship more than longer-event duration, and recovery time between events improved survivorship. Size-dependent mortality was only evident for fish exposed to mild and moderate winter severity conditions, with larger fish surviving longer. For juvenile red drum, severe winters may cause high mortality independent of body size, whereas size-dependent year-class restructuring may occur during milder winters.
COLD CRUSHING STRENGTH OF FIRE BRICK1

Data on cold crushing strength in three directions, viz., flat, edge, and endwise of six brands of fire brick are given. Transverse strength data of all these brands are also given. Porosities of all the brick used in these tests were determined by the air-expansion method. The purpose of the investigation was to find whether it is possible to translate the values obtained for crushing strength of fire brick in one direction (flat) into values for the other directions (end and edge); to determine whether transverse strength data can similarly be transformed to crushing strength data and vice versa and whether porosity and crushing strength of fire brick are correlated. The data herein presented do not show the existence of any such simple mathematical relationship between the different properties of the brick. A new capping material, a mixture of sand and molten sulphur, was used for the crushing tests, and was found to be more satisfactory than the other materials commonly used for the purpose. It is recommended that in reporting crushing strength data of fire brick, the brick be tested on end.
Human and coral reef use interactions: From impacts to solutions?

Abstract The literature on coral reefs and human resource use or fishing is reviewed less from the perspective of summarizing findings but more from the sociological perspective of what scientists chose to study, publish, and cite in journal articles. The motivation was to determine if coral reef science is generating information needed to solve the coral reef climate and fisheries crisis that has been publicized in many of the highest visibility and cited publications. The social-ecological system of coral reefs involves the environment, the ecosystem, human harvesting and social organization and the policies that arise from their interaction. Regardless of the focus and findings of any science investigation on this system, recommendations for management are limited, and include restrictions on space, time of use, effort, gear, species, size, and gender. Evaluating the scientific journal literature in the Scopus database on these restrictions indicates a disparity in focus for both publications and citations. The greatest number of scientists and citations are focused on spatial closures and fishing effort, effort seen as the problem and closures the solution. The other restrictions, that represent less extreme forms of management and have lower short-term social costs and trade offs, are not well studied and, when studied, investigated by either a small group of associated colleagues or transient one-publication investigators. When the values, selectivity, and incentives of scientists conflict with resource users desires for knowledge, incentives, and profits the resulting divide can weaken the social relevance and applicability of science and delay real-world problem solving. Societal engagement, acceptance, objectivity, and finding solutions are likely to increase if scientific effort is spread more evenly across this full spectrum of management restrictions and more components of the social-ecological system.
Leadership and group decisions involving risk

Abstract In a study designed to neutralize any leadership effects of highly risk-prone persons, group discussion to consensus stil produced decisions which were riskier than the mean of the individual decisions of group members. The hypothesis that the risky effect of group interaction is due to the leadership of particular risk-prone persons must be rejected as an explanation of the risky shifts obtained in the present study and appears to be an untenable hypothesis for explaining the results obtained in earlier studies. Significant relationships were found between dispersion of individual preferences on an item and magnitude of group shift, and between the mean of individual prior preferences within the group and the amount of group shift.
Crystal structure at 1.8 A resolution of CDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.

CDP-D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase catalyzes the conversion of CDP-D-glucose to CDP-4-keto- 6-deoxyglucose in an NAD + -dependent manner. The product of this conversion is a building block for a variety of primary antigenic determinants in bacteria, possibly implicated directly in reactive arthritis. Here, we describe the solution of the high-resolution crystal structure of CDP- D-glucose 4,6-dehydratase from Yersinia pseudotuberculosisin the resting state. This structure represents the first CDP nucleotide utilizing dehydratase of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) family to be determined, as well as the first tetrameric structure of the subfamily of SDR enzymes in which NAD + undergoes a full reaction cycle. On the basis of a comparison of this structure with structures of homologous enzymes, a chemical mechanism is proposed in which Tyr157 acts as the catalytic base, initiating hydride transfer by abstraction of the proton from the sugar 4'-hydroxyl. Concomitant with the removal of the proton from the 4'-hydroxyl oxygen, the sugar 4'-hydride is transferred to the B face of the NAD + cofactor, forming the reduced cofactor and a CDP-4-keto-D-glucose intermediate. A conserved Lys161 most likely acts to position the NAD + cofactor so that hydride transfer is favorable and/or to reduce the p Ka of Tyr157. Following substrate oxidation, we propose that Lys134, acting as a base, would abstract the 5'-hydrogen of CDP-4-keto-D- glucose, priming the intermediate for the spontaneous loss of water. Finally, the resulting ¢ 5,6 -glucoseen intermediate would be reduced suprafacially by the cofactor, and reprotonation at C-5' is likely mediated by Lys134.
The stimulation of the cardiac differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in tissue constructs that mimic myocardium structure and biomechanics.

We investigated whether tissue constructs resembling structural and mechanical properties of the myocardium would induce mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to differentiate into a cardiac lineage, and whether further mimicking the 3-D cell alignment of myocardium would enhance cardiac differentiation. The tissue constructs were generated by integrating MSCs with elastic polyurethane nanofibers in an electrical field. Control of processing parameters resulted in tissue constructs recapitulating the fibrous and anisotropic structure, and typical stress-strain response of native porcine myocardium. MSCs proliferated in the tissue constructs when cultured dynamically, but retained a round morphology. mRNA expression demonstrated that cardiac differentiation was significantly stimulated. Enhanced cardiac differentiation was achieved by 3-D alignment of MSCs within the tissue constructs. Cell alignment was attained by statically stretching tissue constructs during culture. Increasing stretching strain from 25% to 75% increased the degree of 3-D cell alignment. Real time RT-PCR results showed that when cells assuming a high degree of alignment (with application of 75% strain), their expression of cardiac markers (GATA4, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C) remarkably increased. The differentiated cells also developed calcium channels, which are required to have electrophysiological properties. This report to some extent explains the outcome of many in vivo studies, where only a limited amount of the injected MSCs differentiated into cardiomyocytes. It is possible that the strain of the heartbeat (∼20%) cannot allow the MSCs to have an alignment high enough for a remarkable cardiac differentiation. This work suggests that pre-differentiation of MSCs into cardiomyocytes prior to injection may result in a greater degree of cardiac regeneration than simply injecting un-differentiated MSCs into heart.
Group Processes and Performance in a Complex Business Simulation.

This article reports on the effects of different groupprocesses on team performance, using a simulation as experimental laboratory. In contrast to prior research that attempted to validate terminal results of gaming experiences, this study is concerned with appraising what transpires throughout the course ofplay. Only such aformative evaluation can test whether or not appropriate behaviors are rewarded and reinforced and lead to successful group performance. A taxonomy of six different decision-making and leadership styles is developed through the use of multiple research methods. Cohesion was found to be a significant factor in explaining high performance. It is proposed that high-performance teams develop as a highly cohesive group with high-performance norms.
The Functional Data Model and its Uses for Interaction with Databases

During the last decade, much research has been done in the field of data abstraction techniques in programming languages (see the chapter by Shaw), and higher-level data models for databases [CODD70] [CHEN76] [SS77b]. It is thus not surprising that researchers have begun to attempt to integrate databases and programming languages (i.e., by providing definitional and manipulative primitives for databases in the programming language that is consistent in philosophy with its existing data and control structures). The work in PASCAL/R (see the chapter by Mall, Reimer, and Schmidt) and PS-ALGOL [ACC82] are examples of such attempts made in the context of compiled, imperative (ALGOL-like) languages. This chapter describes our ideas on integrating databases into an interactive, applicative (Lisp-like) programming system.
Endomyocardial biopsy-integrating electrode at the bioptome tip.

Background:The addition of electroanatomic mapping to a standard echo-guided endomyocardial biopsy could identify areas of abnormal pathology and increase the diagnostic yield of the procedure.Meth...
High-resolution line-shape analyses of the pulsed cuprous chloride-laser oscillator and amplifier

Time-averaged spectral line shapes of the a hyperfine component of the Cul 5782-A line (2D3/2 ← 2P1/2) from a pulsed high-gain cuprous chloride (CuCl) laser are measured with a high-resolution (±1 mK) Fabry-Perot interferometer. Four operational modes are studied: (1) high-power oscillator; (2) low-power oscillator; (3) oscillator–amplifier combination; and (4) spontaneous-emission source. Two models are used for the oscillator and amplifier: a quasi-steady-state approximation and a gain-switched pulsed model, respectively. The corresponding computed interferograms are fitted to the experimental ones by varying the unsaturated gain g0, saturation and spontaneous-emission parameters, and the temperature and homogeneous FWHM. Use of a common discharge tube enables us to achieve a one–one correspondence between experimental data and laser parameters, whose resulting values agree with those obtained by other methods. Typically, the total average spectral output of the high-power oscillator is ~6.7 W and its g0 value is 0.15 cm−1.
Tympanoplasty for Blast-Induced Perforations: The Walter Reed Experience

ObjectiveTo review our tympanoplasty results for blast-induced tympanic membrane perforations and evaluate the association of various clinical factors with surgical success.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTwo tertiary military healthcare institutions.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of all patients who had nonrevision tympanoplasty during a 1-year period for blast-induced perforations by the 2 neurotologists at Walter Reed Army Medical Center and National Naval Medical Center. Various perioperative clinical factors were analyzed for relations to successful perforation closure, the need for a second operation, and postoperative hearing.ResultsThirty-four patients met inclusion criteria. All were male, and the average age was 24.0 years. Twenty-two (65%) were total or near-total perforations, of which 12 (35%) were repaired using lateral graft technique. The remainder had various medial graft procedures. Ossicular abnormalities were found in 6 (18%) patients. Cholesteatoma was discover...
OntoCrawler: A focused crawler with ontology-supported website models for information agents

This paper proposed the use of ontology-supported website models to provide a semantic level solution for an information agent so that it can provide fast, precise, and stable query results. We have based on the technique to develop a focused crawler, namely, OntoCrawler which can benefit both user requests and domain semantics. The technique in this research has practically applied on Google and Yahoo searching engines to actively search for webpages of related information, and the experiment outcomes indicated that this technique could definitely up-rise precision rate and recall rate of webpage query. Equipped with this technique, we have developed an ontology-supported information agent shell in Scholar domain which manifests the following interesting features: ontology-supported construction of website models, website models-supported website model expansion, website models-supported webpage retrieval, high-level outcomes of information recommendation, and accordingly proved the feasibility of the related techniques proposed in this paper.
Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women

Background: No published studies have directly examined the effect of soy protein with isoflavones on bone or bone turnover in perimenopausal women. Objective: Our objective was to determine the effects of 24 wk of consumption of soy protein isolate with isoflavones (80.4 mg/d) in attenuating bone loss during the menopausal transition. Design: Perimenopausal subjects were randomly assigned, double blind, to treatment: isoflavone-rich soy (SPI+; n = 24), isoflavone-poor soy (SPI-; n = 24), or whey (control; n = 21) protein. At baseline and posttreatment, lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, midtreatment, and posttreatment, urinary N-telopeptides and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) were measured. Results: The percentage change in lumbar spine BMD and BMC, respectively, did not differ from zero in the SPI+ or SPI-groups, but loss occurred in the control group (-1.28%, P = 0.0041; -1.73%, P = 0.0037). By regression analysis, SPI+ treatment had a positive effect on change in BMD (5.6%; P = 0.023) and BMC (10.1%; P = 0.0032). Baseline BMD and BMC (P ≤ 0.0001) negatively affected the percentage change in their respective models; baseline body weight (P = 0.0036) and bone-free lean weight (P = 0.016) contributed positively to percentage change in BMD and BMC, respectively. Serum BAP posttreatment was negatively related to percentage change in BMD (P = 0.0016) and BMC (P = 0.019). Contrast coding using analyses of covariance with BMD or BMC as the outcome showed that isoflavones, not soy protein, exerted the effect. Conclusion: Soy isoflavones attenuated bone loss from the lumbar spine in perimenopausal women.
Intoxication and sobriety. Implications for the understanding of multiple personality.

This speculative article compares the switch from drunkenness to sobriety with what transpires in the switch from one personality to another in multiple personality disorder. State-dependent learning is discussed as a particularly fruitful area of investigation into the understanding and interpretation of diverse manifestations of multipie personality disorder as well as alcoholism.
The Environment - Organization Interface: The Impact of Operating Environment on Distribution Arrangement of Firms in Developing Economies

It has been suggested that an effective marketing strategy is one in which organizational arrangements and practices are matched with environmental opportunities. Despite the importance of marketing in the third world nations’ quest for development, few researchers have investigated empirically the appropriateness of existing marketing strategies. Furthermore, previous research has failed to establish the nature of relationship between the environment and the design of the channel for distribution of most products in developing countries. This paper examines the channel of distribution for household appliances in Nigeria, and assesses the extent to which the organizational structure of the firms is influenced by the environment in which they operate.
Hegemonic Views of Masculinity and Bullying: Clinical Work with Men Who were Bullied as Children

Bullying behavior and the impact of bullying behavior on children and adolescents has received considerable attention in empirical and clinical literature over the last two decades. Increasingly, empirical research is demonstrating that the psychological effects of being bullied persist into adulthood. There is less literature available that describes clinical processes with adults who were bullied as children. After reviewing the literature that discusses the long-term effects on adults of being victimized by bullies, and the literature that describes hegemonic views of masculinity, this paper gives a detailed clinical illustration in which the victimization of the client as a child becomes a core feature of the psychotherapy. Of importance, the client needed to reshape his view of masculinity as he worked through the trauma of having been bullied as a child. Recommendations for further work are given.
Stress Induced Increased Low Level Leakage in Thin Oxides

It has been observed that the low-level, pre-tunneling currents through thin gate oxides increased after the oxides had been stressed at high voltages. The number of traps inside of the oxide generated by the stress has been shown to increase as the 1/3 power of the fluence that had passed through the oxide during the stress. The increases in the low-level, pre-tunneling currents have been shown to be proportional to the number of stress generated traps in the oxide and not to the fluence during the stress. The voltage dependences of the excess low-level leakage currents were stress and measurement polarity dependent. Attempts have been made to fit the voltage dependences of the excess low-level currents to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, Frenkel-Poole conduction or Schottky barrier lowering. The increase in the portion of the low-level, pre-tunneling current that was not dependent on stress/measurement polarity sequence was best fit using Schottky emission currents. The model that has been developed to describe the increases in the low-level currents has centered on trap-assisted currents through the oxides.
Extremes of eating are associated with reduced neural taste discrimination.

Objective Eating disorders are severe psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology. Understanding how neuronal function affects food choices could help personalize treatment based on brain function. Here we wanted to determine whether disordered eating behavior is associated with alterations in the primary taste cortex's ability to classify taste stimuli, which could interfere with taste reward processing. Method One-hundred and six women, 27 healthy comparison (age 26.15 ± 6.95 years), 21 with restricting-type anorexia nervosa (AN; age 23.10 ± 6.14 years), 19 recovered from restricting-type AN (recovered AN; age 26.95 ± 5.31 years), 20 with bulimia nervosa (BN; age 25.15 ± 5.31 years), and 19 with obesity (age 28.16 ± 8.13 years), received sucrose, control solution or no taste stimulation during functional magnetic resonance brain imaging. Multivariate Bayesian pattern analysis (decoding) and cross-validation tested taste classification accuracy (adjusted for comorbidity, medication use, taste perception, interoception, and brain activation volume). Results For sucrose versus control solution, classification accuracy differed (F = 2.53, P < 0.041). Post hoc tests indicated higher classification accuracy in healthy comparison compared to women with AN (P < 0.016) or obesity (P < 0.027), and in recovered AN as compared to AN (P < 0.016) or obesity (P < 0.047) groups. Taste stimulation resulted in sparse insula voxel activation across all groups. Discussion Reduced classification accuracy across stimuli in women with AN or obesity could indicate low brain encoding discrimination of stimulus quality, which could contribute to altered reward activation and eating drive that is not adjusted to nutritional needs. This deficit appears to normalize with recovery from AN, but adjusting food flavor intensity could aid in the treatment of individuals with AN or obesity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:603–612)