cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmission of Electrons through Potential Barriers

It is shown that the application of the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximate solution of the wave equation to problems of the transmission of electrons through potential barriers leads to simple derivations of formulas for the transmission coefficient. This method may be applied systematically to potential barriers of arbitrary form.
Influence of Fusarium solani on chemotaxis of zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica and Phytophthora citrophthora and on distribution of 14C in citrus tissues and root exudate

Abstract Chemotaxis of zoospores of Phytophthora parasitica and P. citrophthora was reduced when sweet orange or Troyer citrange roots were colonized by Fusarium solani as compared to non-colonized roots. The proportions of 14 C in the leaves and stems of plants inoculated with P. citrophthora were greater than either the controls or plants inoculated with F. solani . Whereas, the proportions of 14 C in roots and root exudates of plants infected with P. citrophthora were less than those of the controls or plants inoculated with F. solani alone. When plants were inoculated with P. parasitica either alone or with F. solani , the proportion of 14 C in the root exudate fraction was less than the controls. There was no difference in partitioning of 14 C among leaf, stem or roots of infected plants as compared to the controls
Structural factors determining the selective character of the adsorption-induced reduction in strength

The author formulated the following conditions which must be fulfilled for the adsorption-induced reduction in strength to take place: The presence of geometrically similar atom complexes in the structures of the two substances; a definite dimensional conformity between the parameters of these complexes; the interaction of the fields of forces of atoms of the two substances ensuring a sufficiently strong attraction.
Quality Education for African Americans After Parents Involved Introduction

This introduction discusses the possible impact of the 2007 Supreme Court decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, which dismantled the ability of school boards to act affirmatively to desegregate their schools by assigning students to schools beyond their neighborhoods as sanctioned in the Court's 1971 decision in Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg Board of Education. In addition, because this action will lead to de facto segregated schools by race and ethnicity, what are the possible implications for quality education for all students? Finally, the role of economic globalization on the need for the highest quality of education for racially isolated schools is discussed.
Correlation‐consistent configuration interaction: Accurate bond dissociation energies from simple wave functions

We have developed a general method employing relatively small but well‐defined CI expansions for calculating accurate bond energies [e.g., errors of 1.4 kcal/mol (1.3%) for the C–H bond energy in CH4 and 4.9 kcal/mol (2.7%) for the C=C bond energy in ethylene]. The approach includes in a systematic way all correlations involving orbitals that change significantly during bond breakage. The CI expansion truncates rapidly, enabling the application of this technique to polyatomic molecules for which normal correlation approaches would be prohibitively expensive. Thus the bond energy for BH is calculated to within 0.3 kcal/mol of the full CI value but incorporating less than 0.1% of the spin eigenfunctions. Smooth dissociaton to the correct adiabatic limit by the CCCI method is demonstrated for the C=C bond of ethylene. The advantage of CCCI is illustrated for C2F4, where a full CI would involve ∼7×1022 spatial configurations, but only 1719 are used in CCCI. Here we predict a C=C bond energy for C2F4 of De (F2...
Polarons and Triplet Excitons in C60: An Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) and Light-Induced ESR (LESR) Study

The photoluminescence (PL), X-band ODMR, and LESR of C60 films and C60 isolated in a toluene/polystyrene glass matrix (C60:T/PS) is described. The delocalized triplet LESR and ODMR of C60:T/PS are similar to previously reported LESR. In films, however, the ODMR indicates that the delocalized triplet is larger and distorted by neighboring molecules. In addition, another, localized triplet, and a narrow PL-enhancing line at g = 2.0017 ± 0.0005 are observed. These features are similar to those observed in several π-conjugated polymers. The former is attributed to a localized triplet of size similar to a 5- or 6-membered ring, tentatively on a face adjacent to another C60 molecule; the latter is believed to result from intermolecular polaron recombination.
Magnetoencephalography as a Noninvasive Probe of Brain Activity: The State of the Art:

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a technique for visualizing brain electrical activity by noninvasive recording of associated magnetic fields. MEG has been used to study so matosensory mapping of the human cortex, waves of thalamocortical activation during wakefulness and sleep, and the localization of seizure foci in epilepsy patients. MEG tech niques are still in development, and its use as a tool for real-time imaging of brain electrical activity will depend on advances in the underlying technology. The Neuroscientist 1:127- 129, 1995
An applied computer science/systems programming approach to teaching data structures

This paper describes and analyzes Math 464, a course in data structures at Northern Illinois University. The course is taught in keeping with the underlying philosophy of the university's computer science curriculum: it is an applications course of pragmatic nature.
AGE DEPENDENT DIFFERECES IN SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION BY STIMULATED RAT KUPFFER CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF UNINHIBITED TRYPSIN

AGE DEPENDENT DIFFERECES IN SUPEROXIDE PRODUCTION BY STIMULATED RAT KUPFFER CELLS IN THE PRESENCE OF UNINHIBITED TRYPSIN
The interaction of a gravity current with a circular cylinder mounted above a wall: Effect of the gap size

Abstract The flow of a gravity current past a circular cylinder mounted above a bottom wall is studied by means of two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations. The investigation focuses on the effects of the gap size on the forces acting on the cylinder. The interaction of the current with the cylinder can be divided into an impact, a transient, and a quasisteady stage. During the impact stage, the gravity current meets the cylinder, and the drag increases towards a maximum, while the lift undergoes a drastic fluctuation which increases noticeably with the gap size. During the quasisteady stage, the flow past the cylinder resembles that observed in constant-density boundary layer flows past cylinders: Karman vortex shedding is observed for sufficiently large gap sizes, while a vorticity cancellation mechanism is responsible for the suppression of vortex shedding at small gap sizes. On the other hand, interesting differences that distinguish the gravity current case from the constant-density case are the presence in the gravity current flow of a component of the mean quasisteady lift due to buoyancy, and another component from the deflection of the wake towards the wall by the constriction of the dense fluid flow downstream of the cylinder, as well as the cancellation of vortex shedding for all gap sizes when the ratio of the channel depth to lock height is decreased from 5 to 1.
A stacked 6.5-GHz 29.6-dBm power amplifier in standard 65-nm CMOS

A stacked amplifier architecture has been used to achieve high RF output power levels in sub-100nm CMOS. The stacking makes it possible to both operate the power amplifier (PA) from a large supply voltage and implement RF power combining. As a proof of concept, a 6.5-GHz PA has been integrated in a 65-nm standard CMOS technology. The amplifier achieves 27.4-dBm output power with an efficiency of 19.2% at 6.5 GHz when driven from a 3.6-V supply voltage and 29.6-dBm output power with an efficiency of 20.3%, when driven from a 4.6-V supply voltage.
Dog Bites: Bacteriology, Management, and Prevention.

Dog bites are among the most frequent causes of nonfatal injuries in the United States. Most dog bites involve children and young adults. Infected wounds are polymicrobial in nature; the most prevalent organisms are Pasteurella, streptococci, staphylococci, and Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, and Porphyromonas species. Musculoskeletal and neurovascular injuries, as well as systemic infections, can be complications of dog-bite wounds. Treatment includes thorough cleansing of the wound, with copious irrigation. Abscesses, when present, should undergo incision and drainage. Suitable antibiotics for the initial empiric and expectant therapy include amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate, a penicillin with a first generation cephalosporin, or clindamycin and a fluoroquinolone (eg, for patients allergic to penicillins). Preventive strategies should be aimed at public awareness of basic animal safety and responsible pet ownership.
Time-Dependent Foam Flotation Stripping Column Operation

Abstract A mathematical model for the time-dependent operation of a foam flotation stripping column is presented. Solute and solvent balances are developed for the stripping and foam drainage sections of the column, and a Langmuir isotherm is assumed for the surface-active solute. Results of computations with the model illustrate the dependence of column performance on influent and air flow rates, pulse hydraulic and solute concentrations, bubble size, and column geometry. Boundary layer theory is used to calculate the efficiency of foam flotation from a pool of liquid as a function of bubble size.
Small-Amplitude Oscillations of Electrostatically Levitated Drops

The nature of axisymmetric oscillations of electrostatically levitated drops is examined using an analytical method of multiple-parameter perturbations. The solution for the quiescent equilibrium shape exhibits both stretching of the drop surface along the direction of the externally applied electric field and asymmetry about the drop’s equatorial plane. In the presence of electric and gravitational fields, small-amplitude oscillations of charged drops differ from the linear modes first analysed by Rayleigh. The oscillatory response at each frequency consists of several Legendre polynomials rather than just one, and the characteristic frequency for each axisymmetric mode decreases from that calculated by Rayleigh as the electric field strength increases. This lowering of the characteristic frequencies is enhanced by the net electric charge required for levitation against gravity. Since the contributions of the various forces appear explicitly in the analytic solutions, physical insight is readily gained into their causative role in drop behaviour.
On the application of Mori-Tanaka's theory involving transversely isotropic spheroidal inclusions

Abstract Based on the new structure recently established by Weng for the Mori-Tanaka theory, the effective elastic moduli of three types of composite containing transversely isotropic spheroidal inclusions are explicitly derived. For a multiphase composites with aligned, identically shaped inclusions, the derived moduli are believed to be generally reliable, where the three extreme cases involving circular fibers, spheres, and thin discs all lie on or within the respective Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole bounds. For a multiphase aligned composite whose inclusion phases differ in shape, the M-T moduli tensor can lose its diagonal symmetry, which, for a hybrid composite containing fibers and another aligned spheroids, is found to be severest when the spheroids take the shape of thin discs, and tends to decrease as their aspect ratio increases. When the transversely isotropic spheroidal inclusions are randomly oriented in an isotropic matrix, the M-T moduli with spherical inclusions are shown to always lie on or within the isotropic Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole bounds. Such a desired property however is not always assured with other inclusion shapes, where the needle and disc-like inclusions may cause the M-T moduli and Walpole's self-consistent estimates to lie outside the H-S-W bounds.
All in a Day's Work: John Williams's BUTCHER’S CROSSING and Work's Dissatisfaction

In her thoughtful study West of Everything: The Inner Life of Westerns, author Jane Tompkins explains the appeal of the western genre and the honorable work ethic and awesome tasks present in many ...
Body mass index is associated with reduced exhaled nitric oxide and higher exhaled 8-isoprostanes in asthmatics

Recently, it has been shown that increasing body mass index (BMI) in asthma is associated with reduced exhaled NO. Our objective in this study was to determine if the BMI-related changes in exhaled NO differ across asthmatics and controls, and to determine if these changes are related to increased airway oxidative stress and systemic levels of leptin and adiponectin. Observational study of the association of BMI, leptin, and adiponectin with exhaled nitric oxide (NO) and exhaled 8-isoprostanes in 67 non-smoking patients with moderate to severe persistent asthma during baseline conditions and 47 controls. Measurements included plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin, exhaled breath condensates for 8-isoprostanes, exhaled NO, pulmonary function tests, and questionnaires regarding asthma severity and control. In asthmatics, BMI and the ratio of leptin to adiponectin were respectively associated with reduced levels of exhaled NO (β = -0.04 [95% C.I. -0.07, -0.1], p < 0.003) and (β = -0.0018 [95% C.I. -0.003, -0.00034], p = 0.01) after adjusting for confounders. Also, BMI was associated with increased levels of exhaled 8-isoprostanes (β = 0.30 [95% C.I. 0.003, 0.6], p = 0.03) after adjusting for confounders. In contrast, we did not observe these associations in the control group of healthy non-asthmatics with a similar weight distribution. In adults with stable moderate to severe persistent asthma, but not in controls, BMI and the plasma ratio of leptin/adiponectin is associated with reduced exhaled NO. Also, BMI is associated with increased exhaled 8-isoprostanes. These results suggest that BMI in asthmatics may increase airway oxidative stress and could explain the BMI-related reductions in exhaled NO.
The Association of Ambient Air Pollution and Physical Inactivity in the United States

Background Physical inactivity, ambient air pollution and obesity are modifiable risk factors for non-communicable diseases, with the first accounting for 10% of premature deaths worldwide. Although community level interventions may target each simultaneously, research on the relationship between these risk factors is lacking.
Thermal Rate Constant for CN + H2/D2 → HCN/DCN + H/D Reaction from T = 293 to 380 K

The reaction rate constant for the cyano (CN) radical with hydrogen and deuterium has been determined over the temperature range 293-380 K. The CN radical was detected by time-resolved near-infrared absorption using the CN red system (A{sup 2}{Pi} {l_arrow} X{sup 2}{Sigma}) (2,0) band near 790 nm. These measurements were carried out at low pressures of Ar or He as carrier gas. The diffusion rate of CN in these mixtures was inferred from the diffusion rate of HCN(000) determined using time-resolved infrared absorption of HCN(000) around 3.0 {micro}m, simultaneously with the detection of CN. These measurements provide accurate thermal rate constant data that will enable a detailed comparison to be made between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements for this prototypical reaction system.
Are striatal tyrosine hydroxylase interneurons dopaminergic

Striatal GABAergic interneurons that express the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) have been identified previously by several methods. Although generally assumed to be dopaminergic, possibly serving as a compensatory source of dopamine (DA) in Parkinson's disease, this assumption has never been tested directly. In TH–Cre mice whose nigrostriatal pathway had been eliminated unilaterally with 6-hydroxydopamine, we injected a Cre-dependent virus coding for channelrhodopsin-2 and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein unilaterally into the unlesioned midbrain or bilaterally into the striatum. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in striatal slices revealed that both optical and electrical stimulation readily elicited DA release in control striata but not from contralateral striata when nigrostriatal neurons were transduced. In contrast, neither optical nor electrical stimulation could elicit striatal DA release in either the control or lesioned striata when the virus was injected directly into the striatum transducing only striatal TH interneurons. This demonstrates that striatal TH interneurons do not release DA. Fluorescence immunocytochemistry in enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)–TH mice revealed colocalization of DA, l-amino acid decarboxylase, the DA transporter, and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 with EGFP in midbrain dopaminergic neurons but not in any of the striatal EGFP–TH interneurons. Optogenetic activation of striatal EGFP–TH interneurons produced strong GABAergic inhibition in all spiny neurons tested. These results indicate that striatal TH interneurons are not dopaminergic but rather are a type of GABAergic interneuron that expresses TH but none of the other enzymes or transporters necessary to operate as dopaminergic neurons and exert widespread GABAergic inhibition onto direct and indirect spiny neurons.
Media Branding in a Changing World: Challenges and Opportunities 2.0

Recently, it was suggested that the United States cable industry, a sector populated by established media brands such as MTV and ESPN, is engaging in a new wave of branding endeavors. It seems that...
Puppeteers, hypnotists, and neurosurgeons

The objection to R-S accounts that was raised by the possibility of external agents requires the acceptance of two premises, viz., that all R-S accounts allow for puppeteers and that puppeteers necessarily make us unfree. The Metaphilosophical reply shows that to the extent that puppeteers are more problematic than determinism per se, pup-peteers may be explicitly excluded since they violate our paradigm of free will. The Metaphilosophical reply also suggests that we should not expect our mature R-S account to supply logically necessary and sufficient conditions for free will, but rather give us answers that agree with our intuitions regarding paradigms of free and unfree decisions. The Irrelevancy reply completed our reply to incompatibilists who continue to object that determinism per se destroys the R-S program. It may be debated whether my autonomy variable account is a satisfactory way to spell out the Irrelevancy reply, but I think that this type of approach suggests the way to vindicating the R-S view from an important type of objection.
World Social Forum 2009: Time to Bring the WSF to the USA

I had the opportunity to both attend the Inauguration of the 44th President of the United States and to participate in the World Social Forum hosted in Belem, Brazil. The Inaugural was attended by 1.8 million citizens, which included a notably large percentage of African-Americans, from all over the country. The World Social Forum had over 133,000 participants from around the world with a substantial number of Pan-Amazonic social movements. In both cases I witnessed a mobilized, dynamic civil sphere aspiring to a new, better society. The key to achieving another world is to bring these spheres together.
Individual MRI features of the temporomandibular joint are not predictive of TMJ pain

Abstract Original Article Emshoff R, Brandlmaier I, Bertram S, Rudisch A. Relative odds of temporomandibular joint pain as a function of magnetic resonance imaging findings of internal derangement, osteoarthrosis, effusion, and bone marrow edema. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;95(4):437–45. Level of Evidence 4 Purpose Do MRI variables such as disc displacement, osteoarthritis, effusion, and/or bone marrow edema predict the presence of TMJ pain? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cross-sectional
Social adaptation in the blind

Abstract This paper reviews the psychological, rehabilitation, and vision literatures on social functioning in persons with severe vision impairments. Research and clinical case reports reveal a relatively consistent pattern of problems in social adaptation in visually handicapped children, adolescents, and adults. Moreover, there are some indications that later impairment in socialization may be associated with inadequately formed “attachments” between the blind infant and mother. Studies which have attempted to assess and/or remediate social skill deficiencies in visually impaired individuals are discussed. Many treatment programs appear to successfully increase interpersonal effectiveness in this population. However, several methodological problems in this area prevent any definitive conclusions from being drawn at this time. Some of these include inadequate behavioral assessment and lack of controlled investigations. It is concluded that future research might focus on: 1) expanding the range of social skills targeted in current programs, 2) prevention of social dysfunction in adult life by increased application of skills interventions to visually impaired children, and 3) further examining the role of attitudes of the sighted toward the blind in the latter's socialization.
Evaluation and comparison of alternative fleet-level selective maintenance models

Abstract Fleet-level selective maintenance refers to the process of identifying the subset of maintenance actions to perform on a fleet of repairable systems when the maintenance resources allocated to the fleet are insufficient for performing all desirable maintenance actions. The original fleet-level selective maintenance model is designed to maximize the probability that all missions in a future set are completed successfully. We extend this model in several ways. First, we consider a cost-based optimization model and show that a special case of this model maximizes the expected value of the number of successful missions in the future set. We also consider the situation in which one or more of the future missions may be canceled. These models and the original fleet-level selective maintenance optimization models are nonlinear. Therefore, we also consider an alternative model in which the objective function can be linearized. We show that the alternative model is a good approximation to the other models.
Tribological properties and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies of ion-plated gold on nickel and iron☆

Abstract Tribological studies and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis were conducted with ion-plated gold films on nickel and iron substrates in sliding contact with metals and non-metals in a vacuum of 30 nPa and in an argon atmosphere. The results obtained when gold is ion plated onto nickel and iron indicate a deeper graded interface for nickel than that for iron. The deep graded interface between gold and nickel may be due to the solubility of material pairs. The gold and nickel in the graded interface can form an alloy. The gold in the graded interface with iron is atomically dispersed in the iron and thys a physically bonded interface is formed. This is believed to be due primarily to implantation effects. The coefficient of friction, wear and transfer of gold in contact with a metal or a non-metal were greater in a vacuum of 30 nPa than in argon. Gold films in contact with metals had a higher coefficient of friction, wear and transfer of gold than those in contact with the non-metals. These observations result from the greater adhesion of gold to metals than to non-metals.
Comparison of intradermal dilutional testing, skin prick testing, and modified quantitative testing for common allergens

Objectives To compare and correlate wheal size using the Multi-Test II applicator with the endpoint obtained by intradermal dilutional testing (IDT) for 5 common allergens. To examine the safety of modified quantitative testing (MQT) for determining immunotherapy starting doses. Study Design Prospective comparative clinical study. Subjects and Methods A total of 134 subjects were simultaneously skin tested for immediate hypersensitivity using the Multi-Test II device and IDT. Results There was a 77% concordance between results from IDT and results from MQT. When there was a difference, MQT predicted a safer endpoint for starting immunotherapy in all but 2 cases. Conclusion Wheal size by SPT is predictive of endpoint by IDT. MQT is nearly as effective as formal IDT in determining endpoint. Significance Modified quantitative testing appears to be a safe alternative to IDT for determining starting doses for immunotherapy.
High Resolution Forensic Analysis Of Surface Sheens Helps Pinpoint Source Of Oil Leakage From The Deepwater Horizon

Alkenes commonly found in synthetic drilling-fluids were used to identify sources of oil sheens that were first observed in September 2012 close to the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster site more th...
Effects of adaptation and amount of reward on air drinking behavior

Two experiments concerning procedural influences on air drinking indicated that (1) an hour or more of prior exposure to an air stream enhanced later responding for air puffs, and (2) both air and water yielded similar bar press response rates. Additionally, while the provision of a very small amount of air per response (.05 sec) yielded relatively low bar press rates, no differences were observed with puff durations between .1 and 4 sec. Similarly, the use of water reinforcers in amounts ranging from .01 to .1 cc yielded no rate differences. Neither qualitative nor quantitative variables influenced subsequent responding in extinction.
Report of the committee on land erosion, 1951–1952

Whether by design or otherwise, the chief activity in the field of land erosion during the past year appears to have been directed toward obtaining measurements of the rate of sediment movement, and an attempt to relate this rate to the characteristics of the contributing drainage area. The trend in this direction appears to be completely logical since, in the treatment of land erosion, criteria must be developed for selecting the most critically eroding areas and for establishing priorities for treatment among such areas. The measurement of total sediment movement from a given area possibly comes nearer to defining these conditions than any other factor. Likewise, establishment of a relationship between the physical characteristics of a drainage basin and their respective effects on sediment movement constitutes a sound approach to the complex problem of discriminating between the so-called "geologic erosion" on which it is assumed that only minor abatement, if any, can be obtained and “accelerated erosion” resulting from land misuse for which man may be considered responsible.
Fluctuating Parkinson's Disease: Treatment With the Eong-Acting Dopamine Agonist Cabergoline

Objective: Assessment of the very long-acting dopamine agonist medication cabergoline in the control of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Design: Open-label trial (13 weeks). Setting: Referral centers (Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn, and Scottsdale, Ariz). Patients: Volunteer sample of 41 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease who were experiencing motor fluctuations while receiving stable doses of carbidopa and levodopa. Intervention: Adjunctive oral cabergoline was incrementally administered once daily with the maintenance dose determined by the clinical response (maximum dose, 5 mg/d). Main Outcome Measures: Standardized serial motor examinations were performed, beginning anywhere from 30 minutes before and continuing to 6 hours after test doses of medications were administered. Scores during adjunctive cabergoline therapy were compared with the prestudy baseline scores during therapy with carbidopa and levodopa without cabergoline. Results: Adjunctive cabergoline therapy significantly improved mean motor scores at the time of each standardized serial examination, from 30 minutes to 6 hours after the administration of test doses of medications. Significant motor score improvement was also measured 24 hours after the last cabergoline dose was administered, suggesting a very long-acting antiparkinsonian effect. Mean dyskinesia scores were slightly but nonsignificantly elevated. Diary card "off-time" was improved by 42%, whereas the levodopa dosage was reduced by 18%. Only three patients dropped out (7% of the total), which contrasts with much higher dropout rates owing to adverse events in previous clinical trials of other antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists. Conclusions: Cabergoline improved motor control in patients with Parkinson's disease who were experiencing clinical fluctuations. Possible advantages of this medication include an extended clinical response (persisting to 24 hours), tolerability, and ease of use (once per day administration).
On the pharmaceuticalization of marijuana

Abstract Given the very limited toxicity of marijuana and the growing appreciation of its therapeutic value, it will undoubtedly find increasing application as a medicine in the coming years. But there is uncertainty about the forms in which it will be made available. Governments are hesitant to approve it because of concern about its use for nonmedical purposes and the difficulties of distributing as a medicine a substance that is already easily available. An alternative is the development of commercial cannabis pharmaceuticals that can be regulated and controlled. But pharmaceutical firms will be reluctant to invest the necessary money if they believe they cannot compete successfully with marijuana. Some of these products may have advantages over whole smoked or ingested marijuana, but most will not, and they will all be quite expensive. Ultimately, we can anticipate two medical distribution networks, a legal one for cannabinoid pharmaceuticals and an illegal one for street or homegrown marijuana.
Correlation of defect centers with a wavelength-dependent photosensitive response in germania-doped silica optical fibers.

We demonstrate a similar wavelength-dependent response for both the generation of Ge E′ centers and the formation of photosensitive gratings in germania-doped silica fibers. This supports a model for the grating formation whereby two-photon absorption of laser radiation into the UV bleachable absorption band of an oxygen-deficient germania site creates hole traps, modeled as Ge E′ centers, which are detectable with electron spin reasonance spectroscopy.
Poor 1-Year Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Report From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry

Background— Women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have premature and accelerated atherosclerosis. Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is used frequently to treat coronary artery disease in SLE, little is known regarding PCI outcomes immediately after PCI and after discharge. Methods and Results— Baseline demographic, procedure-related, and adverse outcome data on consecutive patients undergoing PCI during 5 recruitment “waves” of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Dynamic Registry across 23 clinical centers were collected. SLE patients (n=28) were compared with non-SLE patients (n=3385). SLE patients were younger and more often female in comparison with non-SLE patients undergoing PCI. SLE patients were less likely than non-SLE patients to have hyperlipidemia but had a similar prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco use. The prevalence of multivessel disease was similar between groups. Initial intervention success (by angiographic definition) was not significantly different between groups. At 1 year, SLE patients were more likely to experience a myocardial infarction (15.6% versus 4.8%, P =0.01) and more often required repeat PCI (31.3% versus 11.8%, P =0.009) than non-SLE patients, even after adjustment for important covariates. Conclusions— SLE patients had significantly worse cardiovascular outcomes at 1 year than non-SLE patients. Even considering the small number of SLE patients, these differences were striking. Further study is warranted to explore other factors potentially accounting for this disparity, including SLE disease activity and duration, presence of hypercoagulable state, and immunosuppressive therapy. Received April 29, 2008; accepted October 15, 2008.
Abstract 4244: Dysadherin can enhance tumorigenesis through conferring properties of stem-like cells to hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a high potential for metastasis and disease recurrence, even after surgical resection. The cancer stem cell (CSC) hypothesis proposes that CSCs are responsible for chemo-resistance, recurrence and metastasis. Dysadherin is a prognostic indicator of metastasis and poor survival in many different cancer types. In this study, we investigated the possible link between dysadherin and CSC in HCC. The transfection of dysadherin cDNA into the liver cancer cell line PLC/PRF/5 enhanced the properties of CSC, including anti-apoptosis, sphere-forming ability, side population (SP) phenotype and tumor initiation ability in vivo. Furthermore, knockdown of dysadherin in the liver cancer cell line SK-Hep1 suppressed its stem cell-like properties. In particular, SP phenotype is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins which are responsible for multidrug resistance (MDR) that is a major obstacle in cancer chemotherapy. Dysadherin was also shown to regulate ABCB1 expression. Taken together, these results show that new roles for the dysadherin in cancer progression that was in part dependent on CSC dynamics. Therefore, these findings suggest that dysadherin may be a potential molecular prognostic marker of HCC and may aid in the development of more effective therapies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4244.
Effects of manipulatable objects on the activity of captive capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

The aim of this study was to evaluate simple behavioral enrichment procedures for a captive group of tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). We examined the effects of providing a manipulatable substrate (straw) and a variety of portable objects in the monkeys' home cage. The animals were observed across three conditions in two replications: 1) No portable objects were present; 2) a set of six identical portable objects was present; and 3) a set of six varied portable objects was present. The cage floor was bare in the first replication; straw was uniformly spread on the cage floor in the second replication. An 18-month period of qualitative note taking followed completion of the initial data collection phase. The presence of straw and portable objects affected patterns of affiliation by decreasing quiet contact and close proximity. Providing additional manipulative opportunities affected both the form and frequency of object-directed activities. Object contacts were directed toward a greater variety of targets, and some objects were spontaneously used as tools. Manipulation of provided objects and use of objects as tools have become routine activities in this group of monkeys. We conclude that providing straw and portable objects in an already well equipped cage is an effective means of long-term behavioral enrichment for captive capuchin monkeys. Enabling captive capuchins to express species-typical manipulative tendencies is apparently conducive to the monkeys' optimal physical and psychological well-being as well as interesting to the human observer.
Assessment of Sediment Yields for a Mixed-landuse Great Lakes Watershed: Lessons from Field Measurements and Modeling

The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was implemented to determine annual sediment yields and critical source areas of erosion for the Buffalo River Watershed. Model calibrations were performed by comparing simulated streamflow discharge and sediment concentrations against measured values. Monte-Carlo simulations were performed to identify the most sensitive parameters and the “best-fit” parameter ranges. This study especially highlighted the importance of snow parameters, which, previously had not been identified as sensitive for model simulations. The cover (C) and practice (P) values for croplands had to be reduced considerably from default model values to constrain simulated sediment yields within the observed data range. The model did not simulate an ice-scour event which generated a substantial amount of sediment. The average annual sediment yield simulated by SWAT for the Buffalo River watershed (108,593 ha) amounted to 0.8 tons/ha/yr. The Cazenovia Creek subwatershed contributed the largest portion (45%) of the total sediment yield from the Buffalo River watershed. We attribute the higher sediment yields from Cazenovia Creek to the greater proportion of steep slopes in this subwatershed. The accuracy and reliability of SWAT sediment predictions at the small watershed (second order or less) and storm-event scales will depend on the accuracy of input information, especially the resolution of the landuse-landcover (LULC) layer, the number of rainfall stations used in simulations, and the number of internal sites against which the model has been calibrated.
Methods for determining burning or gas generation rates of plasma-augmented propellants with applications to electrothermal-chemical (ETC) guns

In this paper, the basic theory and methodology for determining gas generation and/or burn rates for propellants with and without plasma augmentation is presented. Methods discussed include indirect/dynamic approaches which provide information over a wide pressure regime and direct/static approaches which, although possibly more accurate than the dynamic methods, provide information only at discrete pressures. In addition, each of the methods is illustrated with an analysis of appropriate experimental data. >
Role of renal DJ-1 in the pathogenesis of hypertension associated with increased reactive oxygen species production.

The D2 dopamine receptor (D2R) is important in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. We have already reported that systemic deletion of the D2R gene in mice results in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent hypertension, suggesting that the D2R has antioxidant effect. However, the mechanism of this effect is unknown. DJ-1 is a protein which has antioxidant properties. D2R and DJ-1 are expressed in the mouse kidney and colocalize and co-imunoprecipitate in mouse renal proximal tubule cells. We hypothesized that D2Rs regulate renal ROS production in the kidney through regulation of DJ-1 expression or function. Heterozygous D2+/− mice have increased blood pressure, urinary 8-isoprostanes, and renal Nox 4 expression, but decreased renal DJ-1 expression. Silencing D2R expression in mouse renal proximal tubule cells increases ROS production and decreases the expression of DJ-1. Conversely, treatment of these cells with a D2R agonist increases DJ-1 expression and decreases Nox 4 expression and NADPH oxidase activity, effects that are partially blocked by a D2R antagonist. Silencing DJ-1 expression in mouse renal proximal tubule cells increases ROS production and Nox 4 expression. Selective renal DJ-1 silencing by the subcapsular infusion of DJ-1 siRNA in mice increases blood pressure, and renal Nox 4 expression and NADPH oxidase activity. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of D2R on renal ROS production are at least, in part, mediated by a positive regulation of DJ-1 expression/function and that DJ-1 may have a role in the prevention of hypertension associated with increased ROS production.
Being and becoming a psychotherapy supervisor: the crucial triad of learning difficulties.

More than 40 years ago eminent psychiatrist Richard Chessick penned a classic, highly prescient psychotherapy supervision paper (that appeared in this journal) in which he identified for supervisor...
Workplace violence against adolescent workers in the US.

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence is a significant problem yet most research on this topic has focused on adults. Despite facing numerous employment conditions that raise their risk for workplace violence, adolescent workers have received inadequate attention. METHODS: Survey data from 1,171 US students ages 14-17 were analyzed using descriptive statistics to investigate the incidence and perpetrators of physical attacks, verbal threats, and sexual harassment. RESULTS: Nearly one-third of respondents experienced some form of workplace violence: 25% verbally threatened, 10% physically attacked, and 10% sexually harassed. Significant demographic differences were found. The most common perpetrators of physical attacks and verbal threats were customers while sexual harassment most often came from co-workers. CONCLUSIONS: Many working adolescents, most with only a fewyears work experience, have already suffered workplace violence. As youth are likely to be more vulnerable to its effects, developing workplace violence prevention strategies that target adolescent workers should be made a priority. Language: en
Calculation of power density directly from diffraction integrals

Direct intensity characterization from diffraction integrals is a promising technique for evaluating ultra-high field. The energy and momentum conservation for vector diffraction field are discussed to clarify the role of longitudinal field in the calculation.
Bluegill growth as modified by plant density: an exploration of underlying mechanisms.

Bluegill (Lepomis macrochira) growth varies inconsistently with plant density. In laboratory and field experiments, we explored mechanisms underlying bluegill growth as a function of plant and invertebrate density. In the laboratory, bluegills captured more chironomids (Chironomus riparius) than damselflies (Enallagma spp. and Ischnura spp.), but energy intake per time spent searching did not differ between damselfly and chironomid treatments. From laboratory data, we described prey encounter rates as functions of plant and invertebrate density. In Clark Lake, Ohio, we created 0.05-ha mesocosms of inshore vegetation to generate macrophyte densities of 125, 270, and 385 stems/m2 of Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum and added 46-mm bluegill (1/m2). In these mesocosms, invertebrate density increased as a function of macrophyte density. Combining this function with encounter rate functions derived from laboratory data, we predicted that bluegill growth should peak at a high macrophyte density, greater than 1000 stems/m2, even though growth should change only slightly beyond 100 stems/m2. Consistent with our predictions, bluegills did not grow differentially, nor did their use of different prey taxa differ, across macrophyte densities in the field. Bluegills preferred chironomid pupae, which were relatively few in numbers but vulnerable to predation, whereas more cryptic, chironomid larvae, which were associated with vegetation but were relatively abundant, were eaten as encountered. Bluegills avoided physid snails, which were abundant. Contrary to previous work, vegetation did not influence growth or diet of bluegill beyond relatively low densities owing to the interaction between capture probabilities and macroinvertebrate densities.
Keep PNUTS in Your Heart

Aging is a major factor in many cardiovascular diseases. The molecular factors that regulate age-related changes in cardiac physiology and contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk in the elderly are not fully understood. A study recently published in Nature suggests a specific role for microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating cardiac aging and function, challenging the concept that aging is an inevitable process in the heart. Aging is an evolutionarily conserved yet poorly understood process that leads to deterioration of many physiological functions during the lifespan of an organism.1 Aging increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and leads to worse clinical outcomes.2 Elderly patients have an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and an increase in both in-hospital and postdischarge mortality.3 The capability of the adult mammalian heart to replenish its cardiomyocyte pool both during physiological aging and in response to injury has now been definitively established.4,5 However, cardiomyocyte refreshment occurs at a low rate (≈1%/y) even in youth and seems to slow with advancing age.4 Recent evidence suggests that some of the aging hallmarks, like age-related cardiac hypertrophy, are regulated by hormones and can be reversed.6 The molecular mechanisms that regulate cardiac aging are complex and not yet completely understood. In the March 31, 2013, issue of Nature , Boon et al7 describe a new molecular pathway that regulates cardiac aging. Using a microarray approach, the authors identified several miRNAs, including miR-34a, that change with age. miR-34a increases with age and acts as a regulator of telomere shortening, DNA damage, and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, whereas its inhibition improves functional recovery after acute MI (Figure). miRNAs …
Structural elements in the 5'-untranslated region of giardiavirus transcript essential for internal ribosome entry site-mediated translation initiation.

Translation of uncapped giardiavirus (GLV) mRNA in Giardia lamblia requires the presence of a 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) and a viral capsid coding region. We used dicistronic viral constructs to show that the downstream 253 nucleotides (nt) of the 5′-UTR plus the initial 264-nt capsid coding region constitute an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). Predicted secondary structures in the 253-nt 5′-UTR include stem-loops U3, U4a, U4b, U4c, and U5. Chemical and enzymatic probing analysis confirmed the presence of all predicted stem-loops except U4a. Disruption of stem-loop structures U3 and U5 by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in a drastic reduction in translation of a monocistronic viral transcript, which could be restored by compensatory sequence changes. Mutations disrupting stem-loops U4b and U4c do not exert an appreciable effect on translation, but certain sequences in the U4a region and in U4b do appear to play important roles in the IRES. Structural analysis also suggests that an 8-nt U3 loop sequence (nt 147 to 154) pairs with an 8-nt downstream sequence (nt 168 to 175) to form a pseudoknot. Disruption of this pseudoknot by mutagenesis resulted in a drastic reduction in translation, which could be restored by compensatory sequence changes. This study has defined the secondary structure in the 5′-UTR of the IRES. Together with the previous results, we have now completed analysis of the entire structure of GLV IRES and fully defined the functionally essential structural elements in it.