cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An endocrinologist's view on the practical use of insulin

The use of sliding-scale SC insulin for glycemic control in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus can produce clinically important fluctuations in blood glucose concentrations over time. Although the plasma concentration of insulin peaks after ∼2 hours, the stimulation of glucose utilization by insulin does not peak until 3 to 4 hours after SC administration. Thus, the repeated administration of sliding-scale SC insulin every 4 hours can create a large cumulative effect on glucose utilization and a precipitous decline in blood glucose concentration in a relatively short period of time. Even rapid-acting insulin analogues reach their peak effects on glucose utilization after ∼2 hours. At the University of Washington Medical Center in Seattle, Washington, a hospital-wide protocol has been developed for the use of IV insulin for hospitalized diabetic patients who are not eating or eating very little. An initial IV insulin dose is selected on the basis of the patient's insulin sensitivity, and subsequent doses are adjusted in response to changes in blood glucose values over time. The use of IV insulin reduces the likelihood that patients will develop hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in both critical and noncritical care settings. Standardized methods, which are valuable for patient care and for educating clinicians about insulin use, have also been developed to transition patients to SC insulin.
An experimental study of methods for parallel preconditioned Krylov methods

High performance multiprocessor architectures differ both in the number of processors, and in the delay costs for synchronization and communication. In order to obtain good performance on a given architecture for a given problem, adequate parallelization, good balance of load and an appropriate choice of granularity are essential.We discuss the implementation of parallel version of PCGPAK for both shared memory architectures and hypercubes. Our parallel implementation is sufficiently efficient to allow us to complete the solution of our test problems on 16 processors of the Encore Multimax/320 in an amount of time that is a small multiple of that required by a single head of a Cray X/MP, despite the fact that the peak performance of the Multimax processors is not even close to the supercomputer range. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach on a number of model problems from reservoir engineering and mathematics.
NUMERICAL STUDY OF LOW-FREQUENCY VIBRATIONS IN AMORPHOUS SILICON

Exact numerical vibrational eigenvectors and eigenvalues are studied for atomistic models of amorphous silicon (a-Si) with 216, 1000, and 4096 atoms in the periodic repeat unit. At the lowest frequencies, eigenvalues are sparse and eigenvectors are fairly plane-wave-like. However, some eigenvectors are {open_quotes}quasilocalized{close_quotes} or {open_quotes}resonant.{close_quotes} They are temporarily trapped in local regions of undercoordination. The present paper finds the following. (1) The {open_quotes}quasilocalized{close_quotes} modes are to a large extent artifacts of the finite size of the model systems. (2) The lower energy modes of realistic models in the harmonic approximation are broadened versions of the corresponding crystalline acoustic vibrations, with fairly well-defined wave vectors {ital Q}. The intrinsic broadening due to glassy disorder increases rapidly with {ital Q}, until at intermediate frequencies a meaningful {ital Q} can no longer be assigned. (3) The intrinsic broadening due to disorder is strong enough to suppress thermal conductivity to the level seen experimentally, with no need for special anharmonic effects or localization, except for the influence of two-level systems on the modes at very low frequencies. (4) There is no inconsistency between the broadened propagating-wave description of low-energy modes and the occurrence of {open_quotes}excess modes{close_quotes} in specific heat or in spectra. However, amorphousmore » silicon seems to have very few such excess modes. (5) {open_quotes}Excess modes{close_quotes} and the plateau in {kappa}(T) are not closely related, since the former is absent and the latter present in both experiment and in our calculations for {ital a}-Si. Our analysis agrees closely with the recent study of amorphous SiO{sub 2} by Dell{close_quote}Anna {ital et al.} {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Analysis of Dynamic Atrial Dimension and Function during Early Cardiac Development in the Chick Embryo

ABSTRACT: Although atrial morphologic changes are well documented, the description of early atrial function is limited. We used videomicroscopic methods to define the function of the contracting atrium in stage 16 to 24 white Leghorn chick embryos. We exposed the embryo in ovo (right side up) and imaged the ventricle, then repositioned the embryo (left side up) and imaged the atrium (n ≥ 8 per stage). We traced the atrial endocardial border and then measured atrial perimeter (mm) and cross-sectional area (mm2). A 20-MHz pulsed Doppler velocity meter was used to measure atrioventricular blood velocity during atrial imaging in an additional six stage 21 embryos. Data were tested by analysis of variance and regression analysis. Mean heart rate change after repositioning was −4 ± 1%. Atrial maximum and minimum area increased linearly versus embryo stage (y = 0.10x − 1.41, r = 0.89, p < 0.05 and y = 0.05x − 0.67, r = 0.82, p < 0.05, respectively). Shortening fraction (percentage of reduction) of atrial perimeter and area decreased from 32.3 ± 2.0% to 27.5 ± 1.8% (p < 0.05) and 56.2 ± 3.0% to 47.7 ± 2.0% (p < 0.05), respectively, from stage 16 to 24. During atrial contraction, the velocity of circumferential wall shortening increased linearly with stage (y = 0.22x − 2.08, r = 0.81, p < 0.01); however, the velocity of lengthening was similar between stages (p = 0.45). Simultaneous atrial imaging and pulsed Doppler velocity measurement showed that passive atrioventricular flow occurred late in atrial lengthening and active atrioventricular flow occurred during atrial contraction. Thus, atrial function increases in parallel with morphogenesis during early cardiac development, and measures of atrial function can now be incorporated into a physiologic model of the developing cardiovascular system.
Resting Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Status in Children with Sickle Cell Disease after Glutamine Supplementation

Abstract Objective: To determine whether glutamine supplementation has an effect on resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutritional status in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Design Subjects were supplemented orally with glutamine (600 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Nutritional parameters, which included REE, weight, height, albumin, and calorie and protein intakes, were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks of glutamine supplementation. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry under standard conditions. The Harris-Benedict equations were used to calculate predicted energy needs. Subjects Five children with SCD (HbSS) (4 boys and I girl), aged 5 to 15 years, participated in the study. Statistical analysis performed Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study population. Dependent samples t-test was performed to determine whether pre-treatment and post-treatment measurements differed. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between variables. Results No significant difference was found between pre-treatment and post-treatment REE measurements. At baseline, the mean REE was 18% higher than the predicted formula. The mean albumin level after the supplemental period was significantly lower than the baseline level; however, albumin levels remained within normal limits. A significant negative correlation was found between baseline protein intake and baseline albumin level. Application/conclusion These data support findings that children with SCD may be hypermetabolic and have enhanced energy requirements. A larger study is needed to determine the effect glutamine supplementation has on REE and nutritional status in children with SCD.
Spacecraft electronics design for radiation tolerance

Current design practices are described and future trends in spacecraft electronics which are likely to alter traditional approaches are discussed. A summary of radiation effects and radiation tolerance requirements typically levied on spacecraft designs is provided. Methods of dealing with radiation and testability issues are considered. >
Adventures with the “Plastic Man”: Sex Toys, Compulsory Heterosexuality, and the Politics of Women’s Sexual Pleasure

While previous studies have addressed symbolic implications of lesbian dildo usage and quantitative findings about women’s vibrator use, little research has assessed women’s subjective feelings about using sex toys. This study draws upon qualitative interviews with twenty women from diverse ages and backgrounds to illuminate six themes in women’s narratives about sex toys: (1) emphasis on non-penetrative use of phallic sex toys; (2) embarrassment about disclosing use to partner(s); (3) personifying vibrators and dildos as male; (4) coercion and lack of power when using sex toys; (5) embracing sex toys as campy, fun, and subversive; and (6) resistance to sex toys as impersonal or artificial. Emerging patterns revealed that queer women more often constructed sex toys as subversive, fun, and free of shame while heterosexual women more often believed most women self-penetrate with sex toys, that sex toys threatened male partners, and they described more coercion involving sex toys. This article explores implications for sexual identity and sex toys, along with women’s negotiation of the “masculine” presence of sex toys in their narratives about using sex toys.
On the product of two topological spaces

Abstract The thrust of the paper is toward answering “What conditions on X and Y are sufficient to insure that X × Y has property Q?” Important results by section are 3. Suppose X is subcompact (has a σ-discrete closed cover of compact subsets). If X is collectionwise normal and Y is paracompact (metacompact, screenable), then X × Y is paracompact (metacompact, screenable). If X is T 2 and Y is subparacompact, then X × Y is subparacompact. 4. Let X be metrizable and Y have the G δ -property. If Y is screenable (metacompact, subparacompact), then X × Y is screenable (metacompact, subparacompact). 5. The product of a T 2 , paracompact, sequential space with a countably compact, normal space is collectionwise normal. 6. X × Y is an F-product if X is T 2 , paracompact, and sequential while Y is countably compact and normal, or if X is collectionwise normal and subcompact while Y is paracompact and normal.
SRI: description of the JV-FASTUS system used for MUC-5

SRI International developed an information extraction system called FASTUS, a permuted acronym standing for "Finite State Automata-based Text Understanding System. The choice of acronym is some-what misleading, however, because FASTUS is a system for information extraction, not text understanding. The former problem is much simpler and more tractable, characterized by a relatively straightforward specification of information to be extracted from the text, only a fraction of which is relevant to the extraction task, and with the author's underlying goals and nuances of meaning of little interest. In contrast, a text understanding task is to recover all of the information in a text, including that which is only implicit in what is actually written. All the richness of natural language becomes fair game, including metaphor, metonymy, discourse structure, and the recognition of the author's underlying intentions, and the full interplay between language and world knowledge becomes central to the task.
The analysis of uranium-232: comparison of radiochemical techniques and an improved method by alpha spectrometry

Uranium-232 is an isotope of interest for nuclear forensic studies because it can provide information on the irradiation history of a sample of uranium. The isotope is formed in uranium materials through several pathways and is typically found at ultra-trace levels (usually ng/g or smaller) in typical uranium materials. The low abundance of this isotope in irradiated materials makes it very difficult to measure accurately and precisely. Many different methods have been proposed for the analysis of 232U using radiochemical methods including alpha and gamma spectrometry. In this paper, literature methods will be discussed and an improved method using alpha spectrometry will be presented. Alpha spectrometry offers a direct analysis technique for measuring 232U, with few interferences that can be removed via separations. Results from our improved method will be presented and compared to results obtained from a non-destructive gamma spectrometry method that utilizes an indirect measurement. LA-UR-12-20186.
Individual and Sex Differences in Habituation and Neophobia in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus)

Heterogeneity in the environment favours foragers that are flexible (phenotypically plastic). However, consistent individual differences in behaviour (personality), such as in risk-taking, might affect an individual's ability to find food, avoid predators and adjust to new conditions. It is now well known that personalities exist in many taxa, but much less is known about individual variation in plasticity. We measured the tendency to begin foraging across different levels of risk in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), using a behavioural reaction norm framework to simultaneously assess personality and plasticity. We asked whether individuals were consistently different across risk levels, and whether they differed in habituation and neophobia, both of which were treated as cases of plasticity. We found that males habituated more than females by beginning to feed sooner after repeated instances of a human disturbance in the presence of an initially unfamiliar object. Individuals of both sexes also exhibited consistent differences across trials, but did not differ in the rate of habituation beyond the difference between the sexes. When a novel object was placed in the foraging area, both sexes exhibited similar degrees of neophobia by delaying feeding. The magnitude of this change varied among birds, indicating individual differences in neophobia. Our results indicate that both personality and individual variation in plasticity exist but should be treated as independent phenomena. The presence of variation in plasticity implies that the raw material necessary for selection on neophobia exists, and that if heritable, plasticity in risk-taking across contexts could evolve.
Biochemical characterization of panicum species which are intermediate between C3 and C4 photosynthesis plants

Abstract Panicum milioides, P. hians and P. laxum have photosynthetic characteristics which are intermediate between C 3 and C 4 plants. They show chlorophyll a / b ratios and levels of the decarboxylases, NADP + and NAD + malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase, which are similar to those found in C 3 plants. 14 CO 2 pulse— 12 CO 2 chase studies show 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA) as the primary product of photosynthesis in agreement with a high level of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase (RuDPC) and a low level of PEPC; again C 3 is indicated. However, ratios of 3-PGA phosphatase to phosphoglycolate phosphatase were typical of C 4 plants. Ratios of RuDPC or RuDPO to PEPC were intermediate between similar ratios calculated for C 3 and C 4 species. The major photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation pathway is C 3 in these C 3 -C 4 intermediate Panicum species.
Perilymph Kinetics of FITC-Dextran Reveals Homeostasis Dominated by the Cochlear Aqueduct and Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Understanding how drugs are distributed in perilymph following local applications is important as local drug therapies are increasingly used to treat disorders of the inner ear. The potential contribution of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) entry to perilymph homeostasis has been controversial for over half a century, largely due to artifactual contamination of collected perilymph samples with CSF. Measures of perilymph flow and of drug distribution following round window niche applications have both suggested a slow, apically directed flow occurs along scala tympani (ST) in the normal, sealed cochlea. In the present study, we have used fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran as a marker to study perilymph kinetics in guinea pigs. Dextran is lost from perilymph more slowly than other substances so far quantified. Dextran solutions were injected from pipettes sealed into the lateral semicircular canal (SCC), the cochlear apex, or the basal turn of ST. After varying delays, sequential perilymph samples were taken from the cochlear apex or lateral SCC, allowing dextran distribution along the perilymphatic spaces to be quantified. Variability was low and findings were consistent with the injection procedure driving volume flow towards the cochlear aqueduct, and with volume flow during perilymph sampling driven by CSF entry at the aqueduct. The decline of dextran with time in the period between injection and sampling was consistent with both a slow volume influx of CSF (∼30 nL/min) entering the basal turn of ST at the cochlear aqueduct and a CSF-perilymph exchange driven by pressure-driven fluid oscillation across the cochlear aqueduct. Sample data also allowed contributions of other processes, such as communications with adjacent compartments, to be quantified. The study demonstrates that drug kinetics in the basal turn of ST is complex and is influenced by a considerable number of interacting processes.
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in heart-lung transplant recipients: Primary presentation in the allograft

Heart-lung transplant recipients are predisposed to acute rejection episodes, bronchiolitis obliterans, and opportunistic infections. In 9.4% of recipients at the University of Pittsburgh, a posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) developed, and in 60% of cases, it presented in the allografted lungs and was associated with primary infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The PTLD is histologically indistinguishable from a primary pulmonary lymphoma and consists of a mixed population of large lymphoid cells, immunoblasts, and plasma cells. Two cases of PTLD were monoclonal with immunohistochemical and Southern blot analysis. Despite this, there was clinical recovery with reduced immunosuppression and acyclovir. We discuss the role of EBV in the development of PTLD and the pathogenesis of primary presentation in the allograft.
Isolation of a New Terpene Glucoside, 3-Hydroxy-5, 6-epoxy-β-ionyl-β-d-glucopyranoside from Flue-cured Tobacco

A C13-nor-carotenoid glucoside isolated from flue-cured tobacco was identified as 3-hydroxy-5, 6-epoxy-β -ionyl-β -D-glucopyranoside. 3-Hydroxy-5, 6-epoxy-β -ionol obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucoside had the same relative structure as the naturally occurring trans -epoxide.
Tritiated norepinephrine: release from brain slices by electrical stimulation.

Slices of rat brain and heart that had concentrated H3-norepinephrine were superfused and electrically stimulated. Stimulation induced a marked release of H3-norepinephrine with a threshold and a maximum repsonse. Release also occurred with increased concentrations of potassium, presumably due to neuronal depolarization. Inhibition of electrically induced release occurred with low calcium and with chlorpromazine and pentobarbital.
Folding kinematics expressed in fracture patterns: An example from the Anti-Atlas fold belt, Morocco

Abstract The Anti-Atlas fold belt, Morocco, formed during the same Variscan collisional event that produced the Valley-and-Ridge fold-thrust belt of the Appalachian mountains. Both are external belts of the Appalachian–Ouachita–Mauritanides chain and at the map scale have very similar topographic expressions. The Anti-Atlas, however, consists of map-scale folds that are buckle-related, detachment folds, whereas the Valley-and-Ridge folds developed in response to imbricate thrusting. For this reason, the Anti-Atlas is referred to as a fold belt rather than a fold-thrust belt. This paper examines Variscan folding processes in the Anti-Atlas Mountains. Folding in some layers occurred by sliding along a penetrative network of mesoscale fractures, i.e. cataclastic flow, during buckling. Layer-parallel shortening fractures were reactivated in the later stages of folding to accommodate limb rotation. Although ‘boutonnieres’, i.e. basement uplifts, punctuate the fold belt, the fracture patterns indicate that the uplifts failed to provide any ‘bending’ component. Folding is also interpreted to occur under low to moderate confining pressures because the fracture network includes conjugate shear fractures with very small (∼20°) dihedral angles.
DOC: a practical approach to source-level debugging of globally optimized code

As optimizing compilers become more sophisticated, the problem of debugging the source code of an application becomes more difficult. In order to investigate this problem, we implemented DOC, a prototype solution for Debugging Optimized Code. DOC is a modification of the existing C compiler and source-level symbolic debugger for the HP9000 Series 800. This paper describes our experiences in this effort. We show in an actual implementation that source-level debugging of globally optimized code is viable.
Behavior of thick magnetorheological elastomers

In this study, the behavior of thick magnetorheological elastomers is experimentally investigated. Two types of magnetorheological elastomer specimens of varying concentrations, with circular and rectangular shapes having thicknesses from 6.35 mm to a maximum of 25.4 mm, are prepared. The magnetorheological elastomer samples are studied under quasi-static compression and double lap-shear tests. The shear and the Young’s moduli of the magnetorheological elastomers are obtained under different applied magnetic fields. It is observed that the field-induced change in the modulus is independent of the thickness of the magnetorheological elastomer and is only dependent on the iron particle concentration and the magnetic field strength. With the increase in the applied magnetic field, it is observed that the change in modulus varies from a linear behavior at lower applied magnetic fields to a nonlinear one at higher magnetic fields. It is found that compressive and shear moduli only depend on the applied magneti...
Electrical bistability and spin valve effect in a ferromagnet/organic semiconductor/ferromagnet heterojunction

We report a study of the electrical bistability and bias-controlled spin valve effect in an organic device using rubrene (C42H28) as an organic semiconductor channel. The halfmetallic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) and Fe are used as the two ferromagnetic electrodes. The device displays reproducible switching between a low-impedance (ON) state and a highimpedance (OFF) state by applying different polarities of high biases. In the ON state, the device shows a spin valve effect with magnetoresistance values up to 3.75%. The observed spin valve effect disappears when the device recovers to the initial OFF state.
Thrust fault mechanics and dynamics during a developmental stage of a foreland belt

Abstract Studies of continental seismogenic zones indicate that deformation during an orogenic stage is episodic and spasmodic down to mid-crustal depths, and that seismic as well as aseismic modes of deformation need to be incorporated in quantitative theories of foreland belts. Such a theory is developed here. It includes a method to help decipher the development of structures such as imbricate fans, frontal ramps and ramp anticlines, as illustrated for the Hogsback frontal ramp and its ramp anticline in the Kemmerer region of the Wyoming Salient. The structure of the Hogsback ramp is consistent with a shear-fracture origin. Limit equilibrium mechanics indicate that shear failure would have proceeded incrementally, possibly in response to recurring fault slip on the basal decollement. Contrasts in elastic constants and rock strength are critical, e.g. current data indicate that shear-failure development of the ramp would have begun (1) fourth-fifth's distance down the ramp in competent Madison carbonates if they compared in strength with the Marianna limestone, or (2) higher in the section if the Madison compared in strength with the Hasmark or Blair dolostones. Whether the initial development of the ramp anticline involved seismic modes is not clear yet, but elastic stiffness data indicate that subsequent imbrication of the anticline did involve seismic as well as aseismic modes of deformation.
Writing Experiences of Community College Students with Self-Reported Writing Anxieties and Linguistic Insecurity: A Perspective for College Counselors

This explanatory case study researched the writing experiences of 11 community college students who differed subculturally and who were all part of the African diasporic community. The theoretical perspectives used for this study were Arthur Chickering's (1969) classical concept of academic competence and community dialect theory (Baxter & Holland, 2007). Academic competence is a stage in college that explores how students learn acquired skills for educational attainment. Community dialect theory argues that African American dialect writers have a low-to-some awareness of how their dialect differs from standard English in the area of subject-verb agreement. Two research questions guided this inquiry: (a) How does Black English influence writing anxiety in academic settings? (b) Why should college counselors have a strategy to assist students who express fears of enrolling in remedial English? A mixed method strategy was used to gather the data. This strategy consisted of a qualitative interview, and two e...
Pair housing of juvenile male rhesus macaques: A pilot study

s / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 140 (2014) e2–e85 e13 Alcohol demand indices predict outcomes among heavy-drinking young adults receiving a brief intervention Michael Bernstein2,1, J. Murphy3, J. MacKillop4, S. Colby1 1 Brown University, Providence, RI, United States 2 University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States 3 University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States 4 University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States Aims: This study looked at the impact of baseline alcohol demand indices on alcohol consumption following a brief alcohol intervention. Methods: Participants (N=150, 43% female, 65% White, ages 17–20)were non-college-attending heavy episodic drinkers proactively enrolled in an intervention study that compared the efficacy of a motivational interview (MI) and relaxation training control (REL) on reducing alcohol use. Using self-reported data, we calculated participants’ average number of drinks per week and frequency of heavy drinking (HD, 5+ drinks) at baseline, a 6 week follow up (W6), and a three month (M3) follow up. At baseline, participants also completed a hypothetical alcohol purchase task, by indicating howmany alcoholic drinks they would purchase and consume across a range of prices ($0 to $20). From this task, five demand indices were calculated: Breakpoint (first price that completely suppresses consumption), Omax (maximum expenditure), Pmax (price atwhichdemandbecomeelastic), Intensity (consumption when drinks are free), and elasticity (slope of the demand curve, or sensitivity to price). Results: Hierarchical regressions controlling for gender and baselinedrinking showed that several demand indiceswerepredictive of drinking outcomes. Specifically, greater baseline Omax and intensity, and less elasticity predictedmoreW6 drinks/week in the MI condition. At M3, greater baseline breakpoint, Omax, intensity, and less elasticity predicted more drinks/week in the REL condition. Demand indices were predictive of W6 HD frequency in the MI condition and M3 HD frequency in the REL condition. Conclusions: The results suggest that elevated demand indices (except elasticity, which negatively predicted consumption) may be a risk factor of poor intervention response. However, there were differences according to condition, assessment period, and alcohol use measures. Financial support: The first author plans to complete the early career travel award application. Otherwise, there is currently no support. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.056 Pair housing of juvenile male rhesus macaques: A pilot study Megan L. Bertholomey, Stephen Kohut, P. Fivel, Nancy K. Mello Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,
Emory angioplasty versus surgery trial (EAST): Design, recruitment, and baseline description of patients

In patients with multivessel coronary artery disease who require revascularization there is uncertainty as to the selection of the appropriate patients for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) as opposed to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). To define the relative roles of PTCA and CABG for multivessel disease, 392 patients were randomly assigned to revascularization by PTCA or CABG and followed for 3 years. This is a single-center randomized study in which individual group assignment was known but grouped data remained blinded until a full 3 years of follow-up was complete on all patients. The patients were randomized in 4 strata: (1) 2-vessel disease with 1 lesion per vessel; (2) 2-vessel disease with multiple lesions in at least 1 vessel; (3) 3-vessel disease with 1 lesion per vessel; and (4) 3-vessel disease with multiple lesions in at least 1 vessel. All data were collected on study-specific forms and sent to an independent biostatistical coordinating center for entry into a computerized database. All data will be analyzed by intention-to-treat. The primary endpoint of the trial is the composite of death of any cause, Q-wave myocardial infarction within 3 years, or a large reversible thallium defect at 3 years. Multiple secondary endpoints will include each of the components of the primary endpoint, the need for additional procedures, angiographic status at 1 and 3 years measured by an independent quantitative coronary arteriography laboratory, and measures of quality of life. A total of 5,118 patients were screened, of whom 3,371 were excluded for angiographic reasons, 191 because the angioplasty operators or surgeons believed that the patients were anatomically unsuitable, and 714 for clinical exclusions, leaving 842 eligible patients, of whom 392 were randomized. Of these, 40% had triple-vessel disease and 60% had double-vessel disease. There was no baseline difference between the 2 treatment arms for any clinical or major angiographic variable. This randomized trial will permit an in-depth comparison of coronary angioplasty and coronary surgery in comparable patients suitable for either procedure. Clinical, angiographic, and quality-of-life comparisons will be made and should be helpful in medical decision making between the 2 procedures.
Analysing the Child Development Project using the Moral Work of Teaching Framework

This inquiry applies the Moral Work of Teaching (MWT) Framework to analyse the psychological, moral and educational assumptions, and the contingent factors, that explain the basic features of the Child Development Project's (CDP) approach to moral education. The analysis, it is suggested, not only illuminates the CDP's approach, but the virtues and implications of using an appropriately complex, theoretically descriptive framework, such as the MWT Framework, as a tool for understanding, comparing, developing and applying approaches to moral education.
Improvement of lactose digestion in humans by ingestion of unfermented milk containing Bifidobacterium longum

Fifteen lactose malabsorbers were studied to evaluate the effects of consumption of milk containing different strains of Bifidobacterium longum on lactose digestion. Influences of different growth substrates, bile sensitivity, and lactose transport on lactose digestion by bifidobacteria were also investigated. Lactose malabsorption was determined by measuring breath hydrogen excretion of subjects fed four different test milks (three of which contained 5 x 10(8) cfu/ml of B. longum) on 4 different d using a randomized, double-blinded trial. Test milks included 1) 400 ml of lowfat milk (control), 2) 400 ml of milk containing B. longum B6 that had been grown with lactose, 3) 400 ml of milk containing B. longum B6 grown with lactose plus glucose, or 4) 400 ml of milk containing B. longum ATCC 15708 grown with lactose. beta-Galactosidase activity was highest in milk containing B6 grown with lactose but was extremely low in milk containing B6 grown with lactose and glucose. Consumption of milk containing B6 grown with lactose resulted in significantly less hydrogen production and flatulence than occurring after consumption of control milk or the milk containing B6 grown with both lactose and glucose. Hydrogen production after ingestion of 15708 was also significantly lower than hydrogen production after ingestion of the control milk. We concluded that milks containing B. longum might reduce breath hydrogen response and symptoms from lactose malabsorption when the culture is grown in a medium containing only lactose to induce a higher beta-galactosidase level and increase rate of lactose uptake.
First-principles investigation of the conductive filament configuration in rutile TiO2-x ReRAM

The interactions and ordering of oxygen vacancies in rutile TiO2 were thoroughly investigated by density functional calculations to search for atomic configurations of the conductive filament. As random isolated vacancies could not support the low-resistance state conduction in TiO2 ReRAM, vacancy ordering was introduced in [110] and [001] directions of the lattice to study the electronic structures. The calculation results revealed that a di-vacancy chain in [001] direction makes the electrons delocalized in that direction, which is identified as a possible configuration of the conductive filament. This low-resistance state can be effectively disrupted by moving oxygen vacancies out of the filament to reach high-resistance states.
The diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective study.

Background There has been minimal study of the impact of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in cystic fibrosis (CF) or other chronic illness. Objective To examine patterns of ADHD diagnosis and treatment in CF. Method Retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients in the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) CF Program referred from 8/05–12/08 for outpatient child psychiatric consultation and diagnosed with ADHD. The medication trial resulting in the best improvement in ADHD symptoms with the most tolerable side effects was designated the Best Regimen for each patient. Results Of the 188 patients aged 5–18 followed in the MGH CF Program during this time, 18 (9.6%) were referred to the liaison psychiatrist and diagnosed with ADHD. Eleven (61%) had CF treatment non-adherence as a presenting problem. Psychopharmacologic treatment of ADHD was attempted in 13 of the 18 cases. In eight cases the Best Regimen achieved a Clinical Global Impression improvement rating of much or very much improved. In three cases, the Best Regimen consisted of stimulant monotherapy; two consisted of nonstimulant monotherapy; two used a combination of two nonstimulants; and one used a combination of a stimulant and a nonstimulant. Conclusion ADHD is common and treatable in pediatric patients with CF. Stimulants, nonstimulants, and combination therapies are viable treatment options. The presence of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders should be considered when behavior is interfering with adherence to medical care. Further research is needed into the prevalence and treatment of ADHD in CF and its impact on medical adherence and outcomes.
Cuterebra cutaneous myiasis: case report and world literature review.

Background Most cases of myiasis in North America are caused by fly larvae from South America or Africa, as these cases represent travelers returning from endemic regions. The etiology of creeping eruptions and furuncular lesions in North American patients who have no history of recent travel can therefore be a diagnostic problem. Among cases acquired in North America, Cuterebra species are the usual cause. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists should be aware that this unusual infestation may occur without a travel history. Method Here we report a case of Cuterebra cutaneous myiasis acquired in New Jersey. A world literature review of articles on Cuterebra myiasis in humans, without age or year restriction, was performed. The pertinent references of those articles were also searched. Results Most cases occur in the skin, as a furuncle. Sometimes a cutaneous creeping eruption is present. Children account for at least half of the reported cases. The infestations tend to occur in the late summer, and most frequently in the north-eastern and southern states of the United States. An overview of the clinical and histopathologic diagnostic features are presented. Conclusions Though rare, myiasis can occur in North America without a travel history. Awareness of this entity, its epidemiologic patterns and diagnostic characteristics, can prevent lengthy delays in diagnosis and unnecessary treatments.
Dealing With Complexity Differently: From Interaction-Dominant Dynamics to Theoretical Plurality

We describe how the work of Guy Van Orden has been deeply influential in a variety of ways and focus on 2 important features: measurement and context. The centrality of these variables in understanding how psychological regularities emerge in our investigative contexts, and evolve into theories, recommends a different way of dealing with complexity. We argue that the Van Orden approach has, as one possible consequence, a plural approach to psychological phenomena. We end by describing what this means for cognitive science.
Organization design strategies to enhance information resource management

Abstract To optimize their management of information resources, organizations are looking for higher payoff, higher risk systems to support important ill-structured problems. These systems use evolutionary development techniques. The success of such methods are critically constrained by technology, design and programming practices, and the organizational environment. But these constraints are actually variables, and given the fiscal and political realities of the organization, an optimum balance can be made among them.
Modifications to the tetracaine scaffold produce cyclic nucleotide-gated channel blockers with widely varying efficacies.

Five new tetracaine analogues were synthesized and evaluated for potency of blockade of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels relative to a multiply charged tetracaine analogue described previously (4). Increased positive charge at the tertiary amine end of tetracaine results in higher potency and voltage dependence of block. Modifications that reduce the hydrophobic character at the butyl tail are deleterious to block. The tetracaine analogues described here have apparent affinities for CNGA1 channels that vary over nearly 8 orders of magnitude.
Infra-red absorption spectra of cis-trans isomers of co-ordination compounds

Abstract The potassium bromide disk technique has been employed to investigate the infra-red spectra of a series of geometrical isomers of bis-(ethylenediamine) chromium (III) complexes. This study reveals that definite correlations of infra-red spectra with a given cis-trans isomeric pair is limited to cases where the other two co-ordination positions in a bis-(ethylenediamine) complex are occupied by relatively simple ligands.
Actin dynamics in the contractile ring during cytokinesis in fission yeast

Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes requires a contractile ring of actin and myosin that cleaves the cell in two. Little is known about how actin filaments and other components assemble into this ring structure and generate force1,2. Here we show that the contractile ring in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an active site of actin assembly. This actin polymerization activity requires Arp3, the formin Cdc12, profilin and WASP, but not myosin II or IQGAP proteins. Both newly polymerized actin filaments and pre-existing actin cables can contribute to the initial assembly of the ring. Once formed, the ring remains a dynamic structure in which actin and other ring components continuously assemble and disassemble from the ring every minute. The rate of actin polymerization can influence the rate of cleavage. Thus, actin polymerization driven by the Arp2/3 complex and formins is a central process in cytokinesis. Our studies show that cytokinesis is a more dynamic process than previously thought and provide a perspective on the mechanism of cell division.
Adsorption and desorption of cadmium by synthetic and natural organo-clay complexes

Abstract Tracer levels of 109 Cd were used to study the adsorption and desorption of Cd by synthetic and natural organo—clay complexes. Synthetic organo—clay complexes were made by adsorbing humic acid extracted from soil to various forms of μm diameter montmorillonite (Na, Ca, Al, and Fe saturated and Ca-montmorillonite coated with Al or Fe hydroxide). Natural organo—clay complexes were fractionated from the clay fraction of a Captina silt loam by density-gradient centrifugation in a large-scale zonal rotor. To evaluate the influence of humic acid on adsorption of Cd, Cd was adsorbed to the various forms of montmorillonite before and after humic acid adsorption. No appreciable difference in Cd adsorption was noted except in the case where montmorillonite was coated with Al or Fe hydroxides. Cadmium was found to be strongly bonded to clays coated with Al or Fe hydroxides; however, Cd adsorption to these clays after humic acid adsorption was considerably less. Data indicated Cd and humic acid adsorption sites on Al or Fe coated clays were either identical or prior adsorption of humic acid simply covered available Cd sites. Cadmium adsorption to clay density fractions showed that greatest adsorption was to fractions containing high quantities of organic matter or sesquioxides. Desorption of Cd with 0.01 M Ca (NO 3 ) 2 showed that Cd was adsorbed more tenaciously to the sesquioxides than organo—clay fractions.
Free radical pathology in schizophrenia : a review

There is evidence that free radicals are involved in membrane pathology, and may play a role in schizophrenia. Free radicals are reactive chemical species generated during normal metabolic processes, and, in excess, can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. Regions of high oxygen consumption, lipid content, and transition metals are at particular risk. Hence, neuronal membranes are uniquely vulnerable to radical-mediated damage. Elaborate antioxidant defense systems exist to protect against oxidative stress. In schizophrenia there is evidence for dysregulation of free radical metabolism, as detected by abnormal activities of critical antioxidant enzymes and other indices of lipid peroxidation in plasma, red blood cells, and cerebrospinal fluid. Such abnormalities have been associated with tardive dyskinesia, negative symptoms, neurological signs, poor premorbid function, and CT scan abnormalities. Studies to date have generally been exploratory. Further elucidation of the role of free radicals and antioxidants in schizophrenia and its treatment will require systematic investigation.
A trust-region framework for constrained optimization using reduced order modeling

Reduced order models (ROM), such as proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), lead to powerful techniques to address computational challenges in PDE-constrained optimization. However, when incorporated within optimization strategies, ROMs are sufficiently accurate only in a restricted zone around the point in decision variable space where they are constructed. Consequently, the ROM needs to be updated in a systematic manner over the course of the optimization. As an enabling strategy, trust-region methods provide an excellent adaptive framework for ROM-based optimization. They not only restrict the optimization step within the ROM’s validity, but also synchronize ROM updates with information obtained during the course of optimization, thus providing a robust and globally convergent framework. This study extends the trust-region framework to constrained optimization problems, using two approaches. We first develop an exact penalty-based trust-region algorithm with correction schemes to ensure global convergence with ROM-based approximate models. Next, we develop a novel filter trust-region algorithm which utilizes refinement of the ROM, and a feasibility restoration phase. Both algorithms are applied to the optimization of a two-bed four-step isothermal pressure swing adsorption (PSA) system, for CO2 capture. Although both algorithms converge to the same local optimum, the filter approach takes fewer trust-region iterations and requires less computational effort.
Employers as Mediating Institutions for Public Policy: The Case of Commute Options Programs

Scholars have recently noted the role that employers can play as “mediating institutions” for public policy. Mediating institutions connect the private lives of individuals with public policy concerns by communicating societal norms to members and providing social contexts that encourage a commitment to these norms. Despite the potential importance of employers as mediating institutions for public policy, little scholarly attention has been devoted to employer mediation behavior. Accordingly, this study examines two research questions. What factors influence an employer's willingness to mediate policy problems? And how effective are employers as mediating institutions? The mediation behaviors of interest relate to employer efforts to mitigate traffic congestion and air quality problems by enabling employee “commute options,” which are alternatives to single-occupancy vehicle commuting to work. Drawing on theories of organization behavior, the study hypothesizes that self-interest, organizational control, and association membership will affect willingness to provide commute options. The study also hypothesizes that employers providing commute options will have lower percentages of employees that drive to work alone. Both sets of hypotheses are supported by statistical analyses of data from a cross-sectional mail survey of metropolitan Atlanta organizations.
Virus-induced obesity.

the human adenovirus-36 (Ad-36) was first described in 1980, about the time that the prevalence of obesity began to increase ([15][1]). Prevalence of obesity increased by 30% between 1980 and 1990 and by 61% between 1990 and 2000 with no indication that this increase is lessening ([12][2]). The
Solving the Bi-Objective Maximum-Flow Network-Interdiction Problem

We describe a new algorithm for computing the efficient frontier of the “bi-objective maximum-flow network-interdiction problem.” In this problem, an “interdictor” seeks to interdict (destroy) a set of arcs in a capacitated network that are Pareto-optimal with respect to two objectives, minimizing total interdiction cost and minimizing maximum flow. The algorithm identifies these solutions through a sequence of single-objective problems solved using Lagrangian relaxation and a specialized branch-and-bound algorithm. The Lagrangian problems are simply max-flow min-cut problems, while the branch-and-bound procedure partially enumerates s-t cuts. Computational tests reveal the new algorithm to be one to two orders of magnitude faster than an algorithm that replaces the specialized branch-and-bound algorithm with a standard integer-programming solver.