cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for Global Analysis of Complex Proteomes Using Sample Prefractionation by Solution Isoelectrofocusing Prior to Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional electrophoresis is a critical technique for proteome research, but currently available methods are not capable of resolving the >10,000 protein components in most eukaryotic proteomes. We have developed and demonstrated the utility of a novel solution isoelectrofocusing device and method that can reproducibly prefractionate cell extracts into well-defined pools prior to 2D PAGE on a scale directly compatible with the high sensitivity of proteome studies. A prototype device was used to separate metabolically radiolabeled Escherichia coli extracts in method optimization and proof-of-principle experiments. Samples were loaded into separation chambers divided by thin polyacrylamide gels containing immobilines at specific pH values and isoelectrically focused for several hours, which resulted in well-resolved fractions. Total recoveries in the fractionated samples were greater than 80% and most protein spots in the original sample were recovered after this prefractionation step. Nonideal behavior (precipitation/aggregation), typically encountered when unfractionated samples at high protein loads were applied directly to either narrow- or broad-range IPG gels, was dramatically reduced. Hence this approach allows increases in overall protein loads, resolution, and dynamic detection range compared with either alternative prefractionation methods or direct use of parallel narrow pH range gels without sample prefractionation. The pH ranges and number of fractions can be readily adapted to the requirements of specific types of samples and projects. This method should allow quantitative comparisons of at least 10,000 protein components on a series of narrow pH range gels, and protein detection limits are estimated to be 1000 molecules per cell when mammalian proteomes are fractionated into five or more pools.
Threshold extension based on a new paradigm for MUSIC-type estimation

Certain functionals of two vectors are proposed as models for the formulation of MUSIC-type parameter estimators. The two vectors are the projections of the steering vector onto (1) the subspace spanned by the noise and the least significant signal eigenvector and (2) the least significant signal eigenvector. It is shown that both MUSIC and minimum-norm estimators are based on special cases of these functionals. It is further shown that the choice of the functional significantly affects estimator performance, with some providing resolution and mean-squared error thresholds similar to rooting techniques which are, only applicable to linear uniform arrays. >
Modeling the microwave single‐scattering properties of aggregate snowflakes

[1] A new snowflake aggregation model is developed to study single-scattering properties of aggregate snowflakes. Snowflakes are generated by random aggregation of six-bullet rosettes constrained by size-density relationships derived from previous field observations. Due to random generation, aggregates may have the same size or mass, yet different morphology allowing for a study into how shape influences their scattering. Single-scattering properties of the aggregates were investigated using discrete dipole approximation (DDA) at 10 frequencies. Results were compared to those of Mie theory for solid and soft spheres (density 10% that of solid ice) and to T-matrix results for solid and soft spheroidal cases with aspect ratios of 0.8. Above size parameter 0.75, neither the solid nor the soft sphere and spheroidal approximations accurately represented the DDA results for aggregates. Asymmetry and the normalized scattering and backscattering cross sections of the aggregates fell between the soft and solid spherical and spheroidal approximations. This implies that evaluating snow scattering properties using realistic shapes, such as the aggregates created in this study, is of paramount importance. Concerning the morphology of the aggregate snowflakes created in this study, the dependence of their single-scattering properties on each aggregate's detailed structure seemed of secondary importance. Using normalized standard deviation as a measure of relative uncertainty, it is found that the relative uncertainty in backscattering arising from the different morphologies caused by random aggregation is typically ~15% for individual particles and ~18% when integrated over size distributions. Relative uncertainties for other single-scattering parameters are less.
PHRASAL VERBS AND THE CATEGORIES OF POSTPONEMENT

It was the existence of sentences like (1), containing phrasal verbs, or verb-particle constructions, which led Bar-Hillel et al. (1960) to conclude that categorial grammars were inadequate to analyze natural language (“so long, at least, as the category assignments are natural”):
Implementation of feedforward artificial neural nets with learning using standard CMOS VLSI technology

A prototype two-layer feedforward artificial neural network (FANN) is implemented using standard CMOS VLSI technology. A simple tunable analog scalar/vector multiplier is designed and used to implement FANNs with learning. A modified learning rule is used as a circuit-implementable learning rule for FANNs. Two sequential learning circuits are designed and extensively simulated using the PSPICE circuits simulator. A modular design is proposed for a large-scale implementation of FANNs with learning. A 4*1 module is designed using the MAGIC VLSI editor and has been fabricated via MOSIS on Tinychips. The module chips can be connected vertically and horizontally to realize a large-scale FANNs with optionally using on-chip learning circuit or off-chip learning capability. >
A REVIEW OF SOFT BODY IMPACT ON COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

Recent progress in material modeling and numerical analysis related to soft body impact on fiber reinforced composite structure is presented. Material modeling of the composite includes continuum damage mechanics for intra-ply progressive failure and cohesive zone models for interface fracture. Soft body projectiles exhibit significant deformation on impact and flow over the structure spreading the load. A numerical model of the soft body that has been correlated to the test data is the smooth particle hydrodynamics method in conjunction with an equation of state. The composite material model and the soft body projectile model are implemented in explicit finite element software packages, which also contain contact algorithms and non-linear transient analysis capabilities.
Laser-mode beating used for detector frequency-response measurements

Low-power He–Ne lasers generally oscillate in two spectral cavity modes. We have found that the amplitude of the beat note between the two modes is nearly constant, even though the powers of the two modes may be changing considerably with time. We use this fact to measure the frequency response of an optical detector at the intermode-beat frequency. Many photodetectors have impulse responses that decay approximately exponentially with time. Therefore, we can further show that it is possible to estimate the frequency response of such detectors at all frequencies from the result of a simple measurement at a single frequency.
Multi-armed bandit formulation for autonomous mobile acoustic relay adaptive positioning

We apply the stationary multi-armed bandit (MAB) formalism to the problem of maximizing underwater acoustic data transmission through adaptive positioning of a mobile relay. Shallow-water environments, in particular, show complex and variable performance across physical space. This is a classic exploration vs. exploitation scenario, since choosing to visit new sites to learn their properties may be disadvantageous for cumulative data transmission if a better-performing site is already known with high confidence. Normal Gittins indices define a rule by which an optimal relay position can be chosen at each decision epoch, without assuming prior information and while pursuing the overall goal of maximizing total data transmission. We present results from shallow-water field experiments conducted with autonomous surface vehicles and acoustic modems transmitting data through a one-way, two-hop network in the Charles River Basin, Boston.
Second molar periodontal inflammatory disease after third molar removal in young adults

Purpose To assess the prevalence of periodontal inflammatory disease on the distal side of second molars after third molar removal and the association between presurgical and surgical variables and postsurgical periodontal outcomes. Patients and Methods Data before and after surgery from 2 studies approved by an institutional review board were used. In 1 study, 26 subjects had 4 asymptomatic third molars and in the other 49 subjects had at least 1 mandibular third molar with symptoms of pericoronitis. Full-mouth periodontal probing data, 6 sites per tooth, were obtained as a measurement of periodontal status before and after surgery. A probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm on either of the 2 possible probing sites on the distal side of any second molar (D2M) served as an indicator of periodontal inflammatory disease; periodontal health was defined as all D2M PD <4 mm. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel row mean score tests compared the subjects' postsurgical periodontal status (all D2M PD <4 mm and at least 1 D2M PD ≥4 mm) with respect to age and time intervals, and the Fisher exact test was used to compare ethnicity, gender, and clinical data at surgery. The McNemar test was used to assess the discordance between subjects' pre- and postsurgical periodontal status. The level of significance was set at .05. Results Of the 75 subjects, 52% were women and 65% were white. The median age at surgery was 23.6 years (interquartile range, 20.9 to 26.6 years). At enrollment, 53 of 75 subjects (71%) had at least 1 D2M PD ≥4 mm. Subjects were significantly more likely to have an improved D2M periodontal status after surgery than a deteriorated status (P < .01). Fewer subjects, 17 of 75 (24%), had at least 1 D2M PD ≥4 mm after surgery. D2M PD ≥4 mm was more likely after surgery if presurgical D2M was PD ≥4 mm (P < .01). Gender, ethnicity, age, presurgical symptoms, and data estimating the extensiveness of surgery were not significantly associated with postsurgical D2M periodontal outcomes. Conclusions After third molar removal, periodontal inflammatory disease on the distal of D2Ms was detected significantly less often. None of the variables examined except for presurgical presence of D2M PD ≥4 mm were significantly associated with postsurgical D2M periodontal inflammatory disease.
Structure of Plasmodium falciparum orotate phosphoribosyltransferase with autologous inhibitory protein–protein interactions

The most severe form of malaria is caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRTase) is the fifth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine-synthesis pathway in the parasite, which lacks salvage pathways. Among all of the malaria de novo pyrimidine-biosynthesis enzymes, the structure of P. falciparum OPRTase (PfOPRTase) was the only one unavailable until now. PfOPRTase that could be crystallized was obtained after some low-complexity sequences were removed. Four catalytic dimers were seen in the asymmetic unit (a total of eight polypeptides). In addition to revealing unique amino acids in the PfOPRTase active sites, asymmetric dimers in the larger structure pointed to novel parasite-specific protein–protein interactions that occlude the catalytic active sites. The latter could potentially modulate PfOPRTase activity in parasites and possibly provide new insights for blocking PfOPRTase functions.
Traumatic brain injury in Spanish-speaking individuals: research findings and clinical implications.

Today over 300 million people around the world speak Spanish as a first language [1]. Although most Spanish speakers live in Spain and Latin America, increasing numbers continue to immigrate to cou...
Prevalence and nature of excluded findings at reduced scan length CT angiography for pulmonary embolism.

Background Scan length reduction effectively decreases radiation dose at CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for pulmonary embolism (PE) but may exclude important incidental scan findings. Objective We aimed to determine the prevalence and nature of excluded findings with the use of reduced scan length CTPA. Methods We reviewed 335 consecutive emergency department CTPA studies performed on 16- or 64-detector row scanners with the use of a standard scan range. A scan length of 14.2 cm that was centered 4.1 cm below the carina has been shown to be adequate for PE diagnosis. Boundary slices for this scan range were determined. All pertinent and incidental findings within and outside the reduced scan range were noted. To determine the significance of newly detected excluded findings, we reviewed medical records and all relevant imaging studies before and 9–11 months after the reference CTPA. Results We found 374 pertinent findings in 192 patients, including 28 (8%) cases of PE. All except 3 (0.8%) were adequately seen with the reduced scan range, among which only one finding altered clinical management. There were a total of 230 incidental findings in 165 patients, 60 (26%) of which were excluded; 23 (10%) of the 60 were newly detected, including 10 thyroid nodules, 6 liver lesions, and an 8-mm pulmonary nodule. The reduced scan length decreased z-axis coverage by 49% ± 6%. Conclusion Substantial scan length reduction at CTPA may not compromise the diagnostic yield for pertinent alternative diagnoses.
Intermodulation distortion in a photonic time-stretch ADC

Understanding intermodulation distortion in time-stretch ADC technology is critical to digitization of wideband RF signals. We experimentally and theoretically show the chromatic-dispersion induced power penalty for intermodulation components exhibits a unique frequency dependence.
Mitochondrial Oxygen Radical Formation during Reductive and Oxidative Stress to Intact Hepatocytes

After simple respiratory inhibition, glycolytic substrates prevent cell death by providing an alternate source of cellular ATP. When mitochondrial uncoupling ensues, the uncoupler-stimulated mitochondrial ATPase hydrolyzes ATP formed by glycolysis and protection is lost. Electron transfer components abnormally reduced by respiratory inhibition, especially ubisemiquinone, react directly with oxygen to form toxic radicals. Mitochondria also generate reactive oxygen species after exposure to oxidant chemicals. A consequence is onset of the mitochondrial permeability transition, which leads to uncoupling, cellular ATP depletion and loss of viability. Thus, mitochondria are both a source and a target of toxic oxygen radicals in cell injury.
Allocation of Female Talent and Cross-Country Productivity Differences

The disparities in cross-country labor productivity are greater in agriculture than in other industries. I propose that the misallocation of female talent across sectors distorts productivity. I formalize the theory by using a general equilibrium Roy model with gender-specific frictions. If female workers experience higher frictions in non-agricultural sectors, then unproductive female workers will select into agricultural sector. From a sample of 69 countries, I find that low-income countries have higher frictions in non-agricultural industries. By setting frictions to US levels, agricultural labor productivity increases by 20.6 percent and GDP per capita increases by 6.0 percent, primarily in low-income countries.
Inter-Tribal and International Treaties for American Indian Economic Development

American Indian Tribes and Indigenous peoples around the world are among the poorest groups in their countries. Economic development is an absolutely crucial issue for these governments and their people. Recently, two different efforts have been undertaken to create beneficial development based on treaties between Indigenous groups. In August 2007, eleven American Indian Nations, Canadian First Nations, New Zealand Maori Iwis, and Australian Aborigine groups signed a treaty to engage in international economic activities. Dozens of other American Tribes and New Zealand Iwis have also signed this treaty or will do so in the next few months. In addition, Pacific Northwest Indian Tribes have drafted an inter-tribal treaty to facilitate the conduct of business on reservations. This Article dissects these two treaties and addresses some of the unique legal issues that these treaties raise.
From Violence in the Home to Physical Dating Violence Victimization: The Mediating Role of Psychological Distress in a Prospective Study of Female Adolescents

Symptoms of psychological distress may be one pathway through which child maltreatment and witnessing violence in the home relate to dating violence victimization. This study examined whether psychological distress in mid-adolescence mediated the link between child maltreatment and witnessing violence in early adolescence and dating violence victimization in young adulthood. The sample included female participants (N = 532) from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well Being who were 18 years or older in the fifth and final wave of data collection. At the time of entry into the study, participants were 12.81 (SD = 1.23) years old. Sixteen percent of participants identified as Hispanic; 53 % identified their race as White, 33 % as Black, and 11 % as American Indian. Results showed that psychological distress may play a causal role in the relationship of violence in the home to dating violence victimization. Interventions targeting psychological distress, particularly in samples at risk for child maltreatment, may reduce the risk of dating violence victimization.
Third-Party Litigation Funding and the Dodd-Frank Act

This article questions whether the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”) should apply to the growing phenomenon of third-party litigation funding, in which outside entities invest in litigation or arbitration for profit. Currently, the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom lightly regulate third-party litigation funding, but the majority of the day-to-day oversight comes through voluntary funder self-regulation. Most third-party funders of commercial disputes are private hedge funds that are subject to the securities regulations of the jurisdictions in which they operate. The Dodd-Frank Act is a relatively new statute in the United States that regulates derivatives, among other financial products. This article begins to explore whether a third-party litigation funding contract is a derivative by examining an Australian High Court decision. If so, then third-party litigation funders may fall within the purview of the Dodd-Frank Act in the future, if their litigation portfolios or assets under management grow large enough.
On the Impact of Granularity in Extracting Knowledge from Bioinformatics Data

With the rapidly increasing amount of various types of biological data currently available to researchers, the focus of the biomedical research community has been shifting from pure data generation towards the development of new methodologies for data analytics. Although many researchers continue to focus on approaches developed for analyzing single types of biological data, recent attempts have been made to utilize the availability of heterogeneous data sets that contain various types of data and try to establish tools for data integration and analysis in many bioinformatics applications. Such attempts are expected to increase significantly in this coming decade. While this can be viewed as a positive step towards advancing big data analytics in bioinformatics, it is critical that these integration methodologies are meticulously studied to ensure high quality of the knowledge extracted from the integrated data. In this work, we employ data integration methods to analyze biological data obtained from protein interaction networks and gene expression data. We conduct a study to show that potential problems can arise from integrating or fusing data obtained at different granularity levels and highlight the importance of developing advanced data fusing techniques to integrate various types of biological data for analytical purposes. Further, we explore the impact of granularity from a more formulized approach and the granularity levels significantly impact the quality of knowledge extracted from the integrated data.
Theory and practice of courseware development of basic chemistry experiment

The theory of combination of modern educational technology and thought and courseware development of basic chemistry experiment was discussed in this paper.Advanced multimedia software was used to develop courseware of basic chemistry experiment,in order to change the educational mode.The results show that: the design of courseware of basic chemistry experiment must be guided by the thought of modern education and methods of education and research,based on the theory of basic chemistry experiment.The study will provide theory and reference for more courseware development of basic chemistry experiment.
Increased sciatic nerve blood flow in diabetic rats: assessment by "molecular" vs. particulate microspheres

Sciatic nerve blood flow in diabetic rats in typically increased or unchanged when assessed by the reference sample microsphere method in our laboratory. In contrast, blood flow is generally reported to be decreased approximately 50% when assessed with laser Doppler flowmetry or hydrogen clearance polarography. To address concerns that increased blood flow observed with microspheres might be anomalous because of their particulate nature and/or because insufficient numbers of microspheres are captured in the nerve, a plasma-soluble "molecular microsphere" ([3H]desmethylimipramine, mol wt = 266) and 11.3-micron 153Gd-labeled microspheres were injected sequentially to assess blood flow in rats with streptozotocin diabetes of 2-4 wk duration. Nerve blood flows in diabetic rats were increased 1.5- to 2-fold (vs. control rats) with both tracers; these increases were prevented by tolrestat, an inhibitor of aldose reductase. These observations indicate that blood flow in sciatic nerve (like that in retina and kidney) is increased early after the onset of diabetes and is 1) demonstrable with a plasma-soluble tracer as well as with particulate microspheres and 2) linked to increased metabolism of glucose via the sorbitol pathway.
Dreaming in the Middle Ages: Dreambooks and their audiences

DREAM DIVINATION Writers of the high and late Middle Ages treated the experience of dreaming with simultaneous anxiety and fascination. On the one hand, they saw dreams as dangerous, associated with pagan practices and demonic seduction. On the other, they claimed that dreams could be divinely inspired and foretell the future. After all, saints' lives were filled with revelatory dreams, and the Fathers of the church recounted veridical dreams that they themselves experienced. The Bible itself – in the Old Testament stories of Joseph and Daniel (Genesis, chapters 37, 40, 41; Daniel, chapters 2, 4, 7–8, 10–12) and in the appearances of God's angel to the New Testament Joseph (Matthew 1:20–24, 2:13, 2:19–22) – validates the use of dreams as predictive tools. But the Bible also lends its authority to a distrust of the dream, at certain points strongly condemning the practice of dream divination: Quando ingressus fueris terram quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi cave ne imitari velis abominationes illarum gentium / nec inveniatur in te … qui arioles sciscitetur et observet somnia atque auguria ne sit maleficus / ne incantator ne pythones consulat ne divinos et quaerat a mortuis veritatem / omnia enim haec abominatur Dominus. (Deuteronomy 18:9–12; my emphasis) When thou art come into the land which the Lord thy God shall give thee, beware lest thou have a mind to imitate the abominations of those nations.
Invisible hand and visible management

This paper explores the relevance of Adam Smith’s invisible hand and the remainder of his legacy for public management. The paper’s central claim is that, by approaching Adam Smith and his legacy, public managers can assist themselves to do what they should do - examine their latent assumptions. The first of three challenges in approaching Adam Smith’s ideas is to get Smith right, because he has been widely misunderstood. The second is to question Smith’s account of conceptual space; it is desirable to go beyond him. The third challenge is to explore in specific terms the potential for public management of an understanding of Smith and his legacy
Additional evidence on transparency and bank financial performance

Abstract Transparency expands the market for a firm's stock and lowers the cost of capital. Previous research measures bank transparency by analyst following and the standard deviation of analyst earnings per share forecasts and finds that transparency has a positive effect on bank financial performance. An earlier theoretical study in the market micro structure literature suggests that return volatility and trading volume are important measures of transparency. We examine the relation between transparency and bank holding company (BHC) profit efficiency using these four measures of transparency for 1996 through 2014. Our two stage least squares regression analysis indicates that transparency has a positive effect on bank financial performance. This is not a size effect as the result holds in each of three size categories. This is an important finding given that the recent financial crisis was characterized by a lack of transparency at a number of banking institutions.
Suppression of Kasha's rule as a mechanism for fluorescent molecular rotors and aggregation-induced emission

Although there are some proposed explanations for aggregation-induced emission, a phenomenon with applications that range from biosensors to organic light-emitting diodes, current understanding of the quantum-mechanical origin of this photophysical behaviour is limited. To address this issue, we assessed the emission properties of a series of BF2-hydrazone-based dyes as a function of solvent viscosity. These molecules turned out to be highly efficient fluorescent molecular rotors. This property, in addition to them being aggregation-induced emission luminogens, enabled us to probe deeper into their emission mechanism. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations and experimental results showed that the emission is not from the S1 state, as predicted from Kasha's rule, but from a higher energy (>S1) state. Furthermore, we found that suppression of internal conversion to the dark S1 state by restricting the rotor rotation enhances fluorescence, which leads to the proposal that suppression of Kasha's rule is the photophysical mechanism responsible for emission in both viscous solution and the solid state.
Whole word phonetic displays for speech articulation training

The main objective of this dissertation is to investigate and develop speech recognition technologies for speech training for people with hearing impairments. During the course of this work, a computer aided speech training system for articulation speech training was also designed and implemented. The speech training system places emphasis on displays to improve children's pronunciation of isolated Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (CVC) words, with displays at both the phonetic level and whole word level. This dissertation presents two hybrid methods for combining Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) and Neural Networks (NNs) for speech recognition. The first method uses NN outputs as posterior probability estimators for HMMs. The second method uses NNs to transform the original speech features to normalized features with reduced correlation. Based on experimental testing, both of the hybrid methods give higher accuracy than standard HMM methods. The second method, using the NN to create normalized features, outperforms the first method in terms of accuracy. Several graphical displays were developed to provide real time visual feedback to users, to help them to improve and correct their pronunciations.
Probing the effects of surface hydrophobicity and tether orientation on antibody-antigen binding.

Antibody microarrays have the potential to revolutionize molecular detection for many applications, but their current use is limited by poor reliability, and efforts to change this have not yielded fruitful results. One difficulty which limits the rational engineering of next-generation devices is that little is known, at the molecular level, about the antibody-antigen binding process near solid surfaces. Atomic-level structural information is scant because typical experimental techniques (X-ray crystallography and NMR) cannot be used to image proteins bound to surfaces. To overcome this limitation, this study uses molecular simulation and an advanced, experimentally validated, coarse-grain, protein-surface model to compare fab-lysozyme binding in bulk solution and when the fab is tethered to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. The results show that the tether site in the fab, as well as the surface hydrophobicity, significantly impacts the binding process and suggests that the optimal design involves t...
Assessing Teacher Wellness: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Measurement Invariance of the Teacher Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire:

Previous research demonstrates that there is an association between effective teaching and teachers’ positive psychological functioning at work. The current study explores the factor structure of the Teacher Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (TSWQ), which is a brief measure of two key dimensions of teachers’ positive psychological functioning: school connectedness and teaching efficacy. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on TSWQ responses from a sample of 1,883 teachers across eight states, with results suggesting that the TSWQ is a structurally valid measure of its two purported teacher well-being constructs. Furthermore, measurement invariance analyses reveal that the factor structure of the TSWQ stays consistent across elementary, middle, and high school teachers. Taken together, findings from the current study further support the technical adequacy and, by extension, the applied use of the TSWQ in schools to screen for intervention, measure outcomes, and monitor progress.
Automated mobile sensing: Towards high-granularity agile indoor environmental quality monitoring

Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is a critical aspect of the built environment to ensure occupant health, comfort, well-being and productivity. Existing IEQ monitoring approaches rely on sensor networks deployed at selected locations to collect environmental measurements, and are limited in scale and adaptability due to infrastructure cost and maintenance requirement. To enable high-granularity IEQ monitoring with agile adaption to the dynamic indoor environment, we propose an “automated mobile sensing” system that dispatches a sensor-rich navigation-capable robot to actively survey the indoor space. Data collected in this fashion is sparse in the joint temporal and spatial domain, and cannot be used directly for IEQ evaluation. To deal with this special characteristics, we developed a spatio-temporal interpolation algorithm to capture the global trend and local variation in order to use the data efficiently to reconstruct the IEQ dynamics. We compared the performance of the automated mobile sensing with a dense sensor network in a laboratory where we measured the air-change effectiveness (ASHRAE standard 129) for four different conditions. Results indicate that automated mobile sensing is able to accurately estimate the parameters with a minimal sensor cost and calibration effort. Potential applications of this system include indoor thermal comfort, lighting, indoor air quality and acoustic monitoring, pollutant source identification, and building commissioning. We shared publicly the source codes for robot control, sensor setup, and interpolation algorithm to encourage comparison study and further development.
Nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences encoded by α and β tubulin mRNAs

Most of the mRNA sequences coding for α and β tubulin in embryonic chick brain have been determined by sequencing of cloned cDNA copies of these mRNAs. From a 1,682-base pair cDNA sequence we have deduced the entire protein sequence for β tubulin. For α tubulin, all but about 38 N-terminal amino acids have been deduced from the cDNA sequence. Although tyrosine has previously been shown to be post-translationally added to the C-terminus of α tubulin by a specific ligase, we conclude that the primary post-translational event must be the removal, not the addition, of tyrosine because a terminal tyrosine is encoded by the mRNA.
Student and professor use of publisher test banks and implications for fair play

Abstract This study examines whether student access to publisher test banks (PTBs) impairs the ability of PTB multiple-choice questions to distinguish between students who understand the material being tested and those who do not. We develop and validate a detection technique that can be used to detect students who use PTBs to memorize question-specific cues and correct answers. Results indicate that a significant number of students (48 percent) use PTBs and that use results in a performance advantage (approximately 30 percent) on exams. Results indicate that student use of PTBs may significantly impair the ability of a professor, who uses PTBs to create in-class exams, to distinguish between students who understand the material and students who do not understand the material. Results serve to inform professors who were either unaware of student access to PTBs, or who were unaware of the extent with which student access to PTBs can impair fair play in the classroom. We discuss the pedagogical implications that arise from our findings and provide some insight about how fair play may be restored in the short- and long-run.
Promoting Creativity and Critical Thinking Through Digital Storytelling: Perceptions of Undergraduate Students

Creativity and critical thinking are important parts of the college experience. Colleges offer courses that aim at helping students to develop creative and critical thinking skills. The current generation of students belongs to the millennial generation. The millennial generation refers to those born between 1981 and 1999. This generation has grown up immersed in technology. The millennials are growing up with the World Wide Web and digital technologies including laptops, cell phones, text messaging, and video games, but do not necessarily develop creative and thinking skills just because of this. To develop creative and critical thinking skills, a digital storytelling course was designed for freshmen in a Midwestern university in the United States. Digital storytelling is the art of combining images, audio, and sometimes video to tell a story (Frazel, Digital storytelling guide for educators, International Society for Technology in Education, Washington, DC, 2010). Research shows digital storytelling improves engagement, critical thinking, and creativity. This research reports on experiences in a transition course designed to help freshmen develop critical and creative thinking skills, transition to college life, and understand college-level work ethics.
Second harmonic passive thermography generated by cyclic loading in composites

Past analysis of the heat generated during cyclic loading of composites has been primarily focused on the thermal response that occurs at the same frequency as the cyclic load. However, it has been observed that a smaller amplitude signal occurs at twice the frequency of the cyclic load. A physics-based model is presented that describes how this signal is expected as a result of the heat generated by friction at a delamination. The second harmonic source is incorporated into a quadrupole two-dimensional simulation of heat diffusion, which allows for rapid simulation of a temperature profile at the surface from a friction source.
NMR spin-lattice relaxation time in 205 Tl

The nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) spin-lattice relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ of $^{205}\mathrm{Tl}$ in Tl metal was measured from 1.5 to 4.2 K and at 77 K and is ${T}_{1}T=(2.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ sec K. The Korringa product is $\frac{{K}^{2}{T}_{1}T}{S}=0.75$, indicating non-$s$-electron contributions to the isotropic Knight shift.
An Analog Investigation of the Relationship Between Treatment Acceptability and Treatment Integrity

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in assessing treatment integrity. Although several studies have examined methods for improving integrity, there is little empirical research on the multiple factors presumed to influence integrity. One of the often cited variables thought to be related to integrity is treatment acceptability. Despite an abundance of literature on the topic of treatment acceptability there are few, if any, studies that have directly examined the relationship between treatment acceptability and treatment integrity. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between treatment acceptability and treatment integrity within an experimental, analog situation using undergraduate students as participants. Participants first read a case description and intervention plan for a client (confederate) exhibiting a facial tic. Participants then rated the acceptability of the treatment plan, were trained to implement the treatment protocol, and conducted a treatment session with the client. Treatment sessions were coded for accuracy of implementation (integrity). Spearman rank order correlations between pre- and posttreatment acceptability and treatment integrity were not significant. Implications of the results for treatment planning and the potential ramifications for consultants working in the schools are discussed.
Heat transfer in two-component internal mist cooling: Part I. Experimental investigation

Abstract An experimental investigation was conducted to examine steady, internal, nozzle-generated, gas/liquid mist cooling in vertical channels. The ideal primary cooling mechanism in this situation is surface evaporation of an ultra-thin, subcooled liquid film that forms on the heated surface. The aim was to quantify the effects of various operating and design parameters on the cooling effectiveness. Parameters tested included the liquid atomization nozzle design, inlet flow condition (liquid mass fraction; carrier gas velocity, temperature and humidity; liquid temperature; liquid droplet size distribution; and gas/liquid combination), channel characteristics (cross-section geometry, length and surface wettability), and flow direction. Interest in this research has been motivated by the need for a highly efficient cooling mechanism in high-power lasers for inertial fusion reactor applications. A fully instrumented experimental test facility that included three cylindrical and two rectangular electrically heated test sections with different cross-sections and unheated entry lengths was used. The channel hydraulic diameters covered the range 16–26.7 mm, and the heated length-to-hydraulic-diameter ratio varied in the range from 23.3 to 51. Water was used as the mist liquid, with air or helium as the carrier gas. Three types of mist generating nozzles with significantly different spray characteristics were used. Local heat transfer coefficients, defined based on the temperature difference between the heated surface and the bulk gas, were obtained along the channels for a wide range of operating conditions. The data indicate that mist cooling can increase the heat transfer coefficient by more than an order of magnitude compared to forced convection using only the carrier gas.
Correction to: Synergy of Paracrine Signaling During Early-Stage Mouse Ovarian Follicle Development In Vitro.

Claire E. Tomaszewski’s appeared incorrectly on the original version of this article. It is corrected here.
Dry Catheter Technique in Shoulder Arthroplasty

IntroductionInterscalene regional anesthesia is effective for pain management but is not without complications. To determine whether postoperative neurologic findings were related to the surgery ve...
Protective role of manganese porphyrin against radiation-induced damage in a diabetic environment

Radiation therapy (RT) is one of the major treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) and diabetics develop more side effects associated with RT and higher mortality compared to non-diabetics. It is well established that diabetics are under systemic oxidative stress. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are induced by hyperglycemia mainly through mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes, and NADPH oxidases (NOX enzymes). Our lab has shown that a manganese porphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP (MnP), prevents radiation-mediated fibrosis by scavenging ROS. Thus, we hypothesize that diabetics are more prone to irradiation damage due to elevated levels of ROS following radiation and that preventing ROS production through the addition of MnP would greatly protect diabetics undergoing RT. In agreement with this hypothesis, the addition of high glucose (20 mM, HG) and radiation (3 Gy, RAD,) significantly enhanced human prostate fibroblast cell death as compared to controls (2.6 fold, p
Authentication Capacity of Adversarial Channels

Keyless authentication is considered in an adversarial point-to-point channel. Namely, a legitimate transmitter and receiver aim to communicate over a noisy channel that may or may not also contain an active adversary, capable of transmitting an arbitrary signal into the channel. If the adversary is not present, then the receiver must successfully decode the message with high probability; if it is present, then the receiver must either decode the message or detect the adversary’s presence. Thus, whenever the receiver decodes, it can be certain that the decoded message is authentic. The exact authentication capacity is characterized for discrete-memoryless adversary channels, where the adversary is assumed to know the code but not the message. The authentication capacity is shown to be either zero or equal to the no-adversary capacity, depending on whether the channel satisfies a condition termed overwritability.
Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Outcomes of Patients with Sickle Cell Disease: a Nationwide Inpatient Sample Analysis, 2004–2014

With advances in disease-specific treatments and improved overall survival, obesity rates are rising among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the role of bariatric surgery on clinical outcomes among hospitalized obese patients with SCD. The United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was queried between 2004 and 2014 for discharges with co-diagnoses of morbid obesity and SCD. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included vaso-occlusive crisis, acute chest syndrome, biliary-pancreatic complications, renal failure, urinary tract infection, malnutrition, sepsis, pneumonia, respiratory failure, thromboembolic events, strictures, wound infection, length of stay, and hospitalization costs. Using Poisson regression, adjusted incidence risk ratios (IRR) were derived for clinical outcomes in patients with prior-bariatric surgery compared to those without bariatric surgery. Among 2549 patients with a discharge diagnosis of SCD and morbid obesity, only 42 patients (1.7%) had bariatric surgery. On multivariable analysis, bariatric surgery did not influence mortality (P = 0.98). Bariatric surgery was not associated with increased risk for acute chest syndrome, sepsis, multi-organ failure, biliary-pancreatic, or surgery-related complications (all P > 0.05). Interestingly, bariatric surgery decreased risk of vaso-occlusive crises (IRR 0.21; 95% CI, 0.07–0.69; P = 0.01) in these patients and was associated with a shorter length of stay (P < 0.001) but higher hospitalization costs (P < 0.001). Bariatric surgery may lower rates of vaso-occlusive crises in morbidly obese sickle cell patients without significantly affecting mortality and other adverse outcomes. In spite of this, these weight loss surgeries are underutilized in this select population.
Documentation of Clinical Reasoning in Admission Notes of Hospitalists: Validation of the CRANAPL Assessment Rubric.

BACKGROUND High-quality documentation of clinical reasoning is a professional responsibility and is essential for patient safety. Accepted standards for assessing the documentation of clinical reasoning do not exist. OBJECTIVE To establish a metric for evaluating hospitalists' documentation of clinical reasoning in admission notes. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Admissions from 2014 to 2017 at three hospitals in Maryland. PARTICIPANTS Hospitalist physicians. MEASUREMENTS A subset of patients admitted with fever, syncope/dizziness, or abdominal pain were randomly selected. The nine-item Clinical Reasoning in Admission Note Assessment & Plan (CRANAPL) tool was developed to assess the comprehensiveness of clinical reasoning documented in the assessment and plans (A&Ps) of admission notes. Two authors scored all A&Ps by using this tool. A&Ps with global clinical reasoning and global readability/clarity measures were also scored. All data were deidentified prior to scoring. RESULTS The 285 admission notes that were evaluated were authored by 120 hospitalists. The mean total CRANAPL score given by both raters was 6.4 (SD 2.2). The intraclass correlation measuring interrater reliability for the total CRANAPL score was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.76-0.87). Associations between the CRANAPL total score and global clinical reasoning score and global readability/clarity measures were statistically significant (P < .001). Notes from academic hospitals had higher CRANAPL scores (7.4 [SD 2.0] and 6.6 [SD 2.1]) than those from the community hospital (5.2 [SD 1.9]), P < .001. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first step to characterizing clinical reasoning documentation in hospital medicine. With some validity evidence established for the CRANAPL tool, it may be possible to assess the documentation of clinical reasoning by hospitalists.
Early-onset gastric cancer is a distinct disease with worrisome trends and oncogenic features

Abstract Background Overall the incidence of gastric cancer is declining in the United States; however, the incidence of early-onset gastric cancer is increasing. We sought to elucidate clinical and genomic characteristics and risk factors for early-onset gastric cancer compared with late-onset gastric cancer. Methods We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1973–2015), the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, and The Cancer Genome Atlas to characterize early-onset gastric cancer. Results The incidence of early-onset gastric cancer increased during the study period and now comprises >30% of all gastric cancer in the United States. Early-onset gastric cancer was associated with higher grade (55.2 vs 46.9%), signet-ring cells (19.0 vs 10.4%), diffuse histology (25.7 vs 15.0%), and metastatic disease (49.5 vs 40.9%, all P Conclusion The incidence of early-onset gastric cancer has been steadily increasing in the United States, comprising >30% of new gastric cancer cases today. Early-onset gastric cancer is genetically and clinically distinct from traditional gastric cancer. Additional investigations are warranted to better understand this alarming phenomenon.
Online and scalable adaptive cyber defense

This chapter introduces cyber security researchers to key concepts in the data streaming and sketching literature that are relevant to Adaptive Cyber Defense (ACD) and Moving Target Defense (MTD). We begin by observing the challenges met in the big data realm. Particular attention is paid to the need for compact representations of large datasets, as well as designing algorithms that are robust to changes in the underlying dataset. We present a summary of the key research and tools developed in the data stream and sketching literature, with a focus on practical applications. Finally, we present several concrete extensions to problems related to ACD applications throughout this book, with a focus on improving scalability.