cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dissecting the Roles of GABA and Neuropeptides from Rat Central Amygdala CRF Neurons in Anxiety and Fear Learning.

Summary Central amygdala (CeA) neurons that produce corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) regulate anxiety and fear learning. These CeACRF neurons release GABA and several neuropeptides predicted to play important yet opposing roles in these behaviors. We dissected the relative roles of GABA, CRF, dynorphin, and neurotensin in CeACRF neurons in anxiety and fear learning by disrupting their expression using RNAi in male rats. GABA, but not CRF, dynorphin, or neurotensin, regulates baseline anxiety-like behavior. In contrast, chemogenetic stimulation of CeACRF neurons evokes anxiety-like behavior dependent on CRF and dynorphin, but not neurotensin. Finally, knockdown of CRF and dynorphin impairs fear learning, whereas knockdown of neurotensin enhances it. Our results demonstrate distinct behavioral roles for GABA, CRF, dynorphin, and neurotensin in a subpopulation of CeA neurons. These results highlight the importance of considering the repertoire of signaling molecules released from a given neuronal population when studying the circuit basis of behavior.
A Theoretical Explanation of the Evolving Role of Users in Shaping Corporate Information Systems

Among important developments in the evolution of information technology is the changing role of users in shaping the corporate information systems (Nolan, 1979; King and Kraemer 1984; Tafti, 1990). Computer and IS literacy is significantly increasing, the gap between computer professionals and users is vanishing, and the users are demanding more control over the corporate information resources. IS users are the subject of a mounting literature from a number of viewpoints: user participation in IS development (Swanson, 1974; Lucas, 1981; Ives and Olson, 1984; Tafti, 1991), user satisfaction (Bailey and Pearson, 1983; Doll and Torkzadeh, 1988), and end-user computing (Rivard and Huff, 1988; Alavi, Nelson, and Weiss 1987; Huff, Munro, and Martin, 1988). For example, as a surrogate measure of IS success in securing user needs, user satisfaction is convincingly stressed in the literature. According to Cyert and March (1965), user satisfaction is reinforced by the success of a formal system in meeting the user’s need for information. Powers and Dickson (1973) found user satisfaction to be the most critical criterion in measuring the success or failure of computer systems. Therefore, the measurement of user satisfaction as a surrogate major of IS effectiveness in meeting user needs is emphasized (Lucas, 1981; Bailey and Pearson, 1983; Ives, Olson, and Baroudi, 1983; Doll and Torkzadeh, 1988). Why have the IS users become the center of attention by IS policy makers, practitioners, and researchers? How can the increasing influence of users on various ISrelated decisions be explained? Why are the users demanding a higher role in shaping the corporate IS strategy? To what extent are the users responsible for such recent IS practices as end-user computing and downsizing? The purpose of this paper is to present a framework that maps user satisfaction onto Maslow’s need hierarchy in order to shed some light on these questions, and provide a base for further research in this area. The following section provides an overview of Maslow’s need hierarchy. Section III derives three dimensions of IS user satisfaction from review of satisfaction literature.
Preclinical Evidence for the Role of Stem/Stromal Cells in Targeting ARDS

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a high-mortality syndrome that develops following an infection or trauma, leading to a dysregulated inflammatory response in the lung that can cause tissue remodeling, pulmonary dysfunction, and death [1]. ARDS is characterized by acute respiratory failure caused by an increase of fluids in the alveolar space. The breakdown of the immune response increases the permeability of the epithelial–endothelial barrier. This results in an increased filtration of protein-rich fluid from the vascular system into the alveolar spaces, with a subsequent lung edema and a decrease in the ability of gas exchange [2].
Tunable DNA Origami Motors Translocate Ballistically Over μm Distances at nm/s Speeds

Inspired by biological motor proteins, that efficiently convert chemical fuel to unidirectional motion, there has been considerable interest in developing synthetic analogues. Among the synthetic motors created thus far, DNA motors that undertake discrete steps on RNA tracks have shown the greatest promise. Nonetheless, DNA nanomotors lack intrinsic directionality, are low speed and take a limited number of steps prior to stalling or dissociation. Herein, we report the first example of a highly tunable DNA origami motor that moves linearly over micron distances at an average speed of 40 nm/min. Importantly, nanomotors move unidirectionally without intervention through an external force field or a patterned track. Because DNA origami enables precise testing of nanoscale structure-function relationships, we were able to experimentally study the role of motor shape, chassis flexibility, leg distribution, and total number of legs in tuning performance. An anisotropic rigid chassis coupled with a high density of legs maximizes nanomotor speed and endurance.
Analysis of a Residential House for the Design and Implementation of a DC Nanogrid

With the advent of increasing amounts of renewable energy resources coming online, power grids relying on the outmoded AC-based infrastructure are moving ever closer to the limits of their capabilities. One potential topological solution to this problem, the concept of the microgrid and nanogrid, seek to rebuild the grid from the bottom up using DC power for distribution. Multiple studies have been performed on the implementation of such DC configurations in commercial buildings and industrial facilities, but the residential space remains largely devoid of experimental research. This effort encompasses a residential home in West Lafayette, IN, USA, serving as a living laboratory and housing three students living and working in the home. Each circuit in the home is instrumented with electrical monitoring devices, and studied to establish a baseline reference for energy consumption. Using this data, a nanogrid is designed with renewable energy generation and battery storage, capable of supporting the existing AC appliances and devices in the home, and also powering new DC retrofitted versions coming online.
Enforcing the Intent of the Constitution's Foreign and Domestic Emoluments Clauses

The Constitution’s Foreign and Domestic Emoluments Clauses are meant to prevent corruption and conflicts of interest. The Foreign Emoluments Clause prohibits some federal officials, including the president, from receiving payments or other benefits from foreign governments, while the Domestic Emoluments Clause bans the president from receiving payments other than the office’s salary from the federal and state governments. To enforce the clauses, this report by Fordham Law School's Democracy Clinic recommends requiring the president to divest from business interests and increasing powers to investigate and punish violations of the clauses.
More frequent olive oil intake is associated with reduced platelet activation in obesity

Abstract Background and aims Obesity is an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD), and platelet hyperactivation in obesity may contribute to this association. Olive oil consumption is associated with lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in the general population. However, little is known for individuals with obesity. We investigated whether olive oil intake is associated with platelet activation in obesity. Methods and results We assessed platelet activation (surface P-selectin expression) with and without thrombin exposure and diet composition in 63 patients with severe obesity. Among 63 subjects with obesity, the mean age was 32.2 ± 8.0 years and BMI 44.1 ± 8.5 kg/m2. Olive oil intake was stratified into Conclusions More frequent olive oil intake is associated with reduced thrombin-induced platelet activation in obesity.
Generating Neural Networks Through the Induction of Threshold Logic Unit Trees (Extended Abstract)

We investigate the generation of neural networks through the induction of binary trees of threshold logic units (TLUs). Initially, we describe the framework for our tree construction algorithm and how such trees can be transformed into an isomorphic neural network topology. Several methods for learning the linear discriminant functions at each node of the tree structure are examined and shown to produce accuracy results that are comparable to classical information theoretic methods for constructing decision trees (which use single feature tests at each node). Our TLU trees, however, are smaller and thus easier to understand. Moreover, we show that it is possible to simultaneously learn both the topology and weight settings of a neural network simply using the training data set that we are given.
AN INITIAL INVESTIGATION OF WEB SERVICES IN HEALTHCARE

The architectural landscape of healthcare information systems is extremely diverse representing a collection of many different hardware and operating platforms as well as applications developed in a multitude of development environments and programming languages. The real struggle in healthcare information technology is the need to find means to expand the effective use of these existing systems while at the same time increasing their functional capabilities. One answer to this dilemma is the Web Services model. Web services are application modules that provide the underlying technologies necessary to exchange data and other services between applications residing on the Internet. Standards used to support the Web services model include the XML based specifications of UDDI for discovery of Web services, WSDL for describing Web services and SOAP for transporting messages and exchanging data. Given all the interest in this technology and the projected benefits Web services will bring to healthcare technology, it would be expected that healthcare organizations are embracing the Web services model. The purpose of this research project is to assess what is happening in the healthcare arena in relation to Web services. The first part of this project, which is presented in this paper, is to investigate the availability of published healthcare related Web services. The next phase of the research will be to identify specific healthcare organizations that are developing Web services and assessing how those Web services are being implemented.
Pulmonic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); report of five cases.

Abstract 1. 1. The pulmonic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) can be the predominant clinical symptoms at any stage of the disease. 2. 2. The pulmonary findings can be bizarre and can simulate a variety of respiratory lesions. Unexplained, chronic, pulmonary involvement should make the clinician suspect that systemic lupus erythematosus is the basic disease. 3. 3. The most beneficial treatment of the pulmonary parenchymal lesion of SLE appears to be steroid therapy. Antibiotics used solely in two cases failed to alleviate the pulmonary pathologic process, but both patients improved after steroid treatment had been instituted. 4. 4. The significance of fungi in the pulmonary parenchymal tissue at necropsy is not understood at present, because they are found under widely differing circumstances. Fungi were found in the pulmonary parenchymal tissue of one patient who died before steroids were available for therapy and in that of another patient who had received both steroids and antibiotics over a relatively long period of time.
Pierre Robin Sequence

The Pierre Robin sequence will show hypoplasia of the mandible (micrognathia cleft palate/glossoptosis) causing retraction of the sternum synopsis and malnutrition. This study will show cephalometric changes that can occur over time. There are a number of surgical or nonsurgical procedures that can be utilized during the early neonatal period that can be beneficial. This chapter will show the superimposed palatal tracings that reveal the progressive growth of the cranial vault, the maxilla of the middle face, as well as the increasing mandibular length. This chapter shows the longitudinal outcome studies using records from birth to adolescence and demonstrates how there are extensive variations in osteogenetic deficiency and facial growth patterns even within the same cleft type.
MicroRNAs and Human Disease

Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a group of small, noncoding RNA molecules 20–22 nucleotides (nt) in length that are predicted to control the activity of approximately 30% of all protein-coding genes in mammals. Their importance in fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression is evident in the fact that miRNA dysregulation plays important roles in many diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, mental disorders and viral infection. As our understanding of the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of miRNAs has grown over the past decade, so has the promise that miRNAs can serve as valuable therapeutic targets for a large number of diseases. Thus, using miRNAs as therapeutics is the next frontier for the study of these molecules in human disease. Key Concepts: The first miRNA (lin-4) was identified in nematodes in 1993. miRNAs are now predicted to control the activity of approximately 30% of all protein-coding genes in mammals. miRNAs regulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. miRNAs function by targeting a specific region of a target mRNA typically located in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR). miRNAs can function indirectly as either tumour suppressors or oncogenes. miR-1 was observed to play a key role in cardiomyocyte differentiation. miR-375 regulates insulin secretion by targeting myotrophin. Expression of miR-107 decreases early in Alzheimer disease. miR-122 is essential for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication in the liver. Keywords: microRNA; cancer; cardiovascular; Alzheimer; noncoding; diabetes; virus; disease; RNAi
Kinetic and Genetic Analyses of d-Cycloserine Inhibition and Resistance in Escherichia coli

Curtiss, Roy, III (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.), Leigh J. Charamella, Claire M. Berg, and Paula E. Harris. Kinetic and genetic analyses of d-cycloserine inhibition and resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 90:1238-1250.1965.-Wild-type cells of Escherichia coli growing at 37 C in mineral salts-glucose medium with vigorous aeration were lysed at maximal exponential rates by 10(-4) to 10(-2)md-cycloserine. At concentrations above 2 x 10(-2)m, d-cycloserine was bacteriostatic. Low levels of d-cycloserine (10(-5)m) and pencillin G (10 units per ml) interacted synergistically to cause a rapid exponential rate of lysis. Spontaneous mutations to d-cycloserine resistance occurred in discrete steps at frequencies of 10(-6) to 10(-7) for each step. First-, second-, and third-step d-cycloserine-resistant mutants were lysed at maximal exponential rates by d-cycloserine concentrations of 10(-3), 3 x 10(-3), and 5 x 10(-3)m, respectively. d-Alanine, l-alanine, and dl-alanyl-dl-alanine reversed d-cycloserine-induced lysis, in that order of effectiveness. On the basis of these observations, a d-cycloserine-enrichment cycling technique was developed for isolation of auxotrophic mutants. d-Cycloserine at 2 x 10(-3)m was as efficient as penicillin G (1,000 units per ml) for mutant enrichment in E. coli and should be useful for isolation of mutants in penicillin-resistant microorganisms. Bacterial conjugation experiments indicated that all three mutations conferring d-cycloserine resistance were linked to the met(1) locus. Transduction experiments showed that the mutation conferring first-step resistance was at least 0.5 min away from the mutations conferring second- and third-step resistance. The latter two mutations possibly occurred in the same gene, since they were sometimes carried in the same transducing phage. Studies on expression of d-cycloserine resistance indicated that these mutations were neither dominant nor recessive to each other nor to the d-cycloserine-sensitivity allele. Each allelic state exerted its influence on the phenotype independently of the others. These results are discussed in terms of the known inhibition of alanine racemase and d-alanyl-d-alanine synthetase by d-cycloserine.
Linkage analysis of low-density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and the apolipoprotein B gene.

A common heritable phenotype has recently been identified which is characterized by a relative abundance of small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and mild elevations of plasma triglycerides and reductions in plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol. This phenotype, designated LDL subclass phenotype B, has been associated with up to a three-fold increase in coronary disease risk. Complex segregation analysis in two large family studies has demonstrated that LDL subclass phenotype B is influenced by an allele at a single genetic locus with a population frequency of 0.25–0.3, and autosomal dominant inheritance, but with full penetrance only in males age 20 and over and in postmenopausal women. Since apolipoprotein B (apoB) is the principal protein component of LDL, linkage analysis was used to investigate possible linkage between the phenotyope B phenotype and the apoB gene, using a variable number of tandem repeats site located 0.5 kb from the 3′ end of the apoB gene. In 6 informative families including only family members in the penetrant classes, a total LOD score of −7.49 was found at a recombination fraction of 0.001. Thus, under the assumptions of the single gene model, it is unlikely that the apoB locus controls LDL subclass phenotype B.
Hodgkin's disease and thymic alymphoplasia in a 5-month-old infant.

An infant with Hodgkin9s disease and thymic alymphoplasia is described. The infant died at 5 months of age after an illness clinically characterized by frequent respiratory infections, erythematous rash, oral thrush, and hepatosplenomegaly. The peripheral blood showed severe anemia and lymphopenia; IgG level was very low, and there was no mitosis of peripheral lymphocytes after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. Autopsy revealed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, thymic alymphoplasia, and Hodgkin9s lymphoma in lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and lungs. A reovirus type 3 was isolated from the lungs. The association of diseases as rare as Hodgkin9s disease and thymic alymphoplasia suggests a relationship between them. This may consist of either an abnormal susceptibility to oncogenic virus or an inability to destroy mutant cells in an infant with congenital immunologic-deficiency syndrome.
Evaluation of in situ stress changes with gas depletion of coalbed methane reservoirs

A sound knowledge of the stress path for coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs is critical for a variety of applications, including dynamic formation stability evaluation, long-term gas production management, and carbon sequestration in coals. Although this problem has been extensively studied for traditional oil and gas reservoirs, it is somewhat unclear for CBM reservoirs. The difference between the stress paths followed in the two reservoir types is expected to be significant given the unique sorption-induced deformation phenomenon associated with gas production from coal. This results in an additional reservoir volumetric strain, which induces a rather “abnormal” loss of horizontal stress with depletion, leading to continuous changes in the subsurface formation stresses, both effective as well as total. It is suspected that stress changes within the reservoir triggers formation failure after significant depletion. This paper describes an experimental study, carried out to measure the horizontal stress under in situ depletion conditions. The results show that the horizontal stress decreases linearly with depletion under in situ conditions. The dynamic stress evolution is theoretically analyzed, based on modified poroelasticity associated with sorption-induced strain effect. Additionally, the failure tendency of the reservoir under in situ conditions is analyzed using the traditional Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The results indicate that depletion may lead to coal failure, particularly in deeper coalbeds and ones exhibiting large matrix shrinkage.
Nursing Interventions Related to Peritonitis

Effective management of peritonitis in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. Nursing's role begins with the prevention of peritonitis by the development of sound program policies and procedures and effective patient education. Nursing activities at the time of infection focus on assessment and patient education. Nurses are also responsible for maintaining peritonitis data as well as directing or participating in related quality improvement activities.
Depressive symptoms in rape victims: A revisit

Ninety recent victims of sexual assault were assessed within 4 weeks of the assault for evidence of depressive symptomatology and major depressive disorder. The results suggested 43% of the subjects met Research Diagnostic Criteria for major depressive disorder, with sleep disturbance and dysphoria being the most frequently endorsed symptoms. Older subjects and subjects who had been sexually victimized prior to the current assault were at significantly higher risk for developing major depressive disorder post-assault. Follow-up assessments revealed a diminution of depressive symptoms by 3 months after initial assessment and a continuing stabilization of mood at 6 and 12 months.
Diabetes associated with increased surgical site infections in spinal arthrodesis.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for surgical site infection (SSI). Spinal surgeries are also associated with an increased risk of SSI. To confirm previous reports we evaluated the association of DM with spine infection in 195 patients who underwent elective posterior instrumented lumbar arthrodesis over a 5-year period: 30 with DM and 165 without. Other known risk factors for SSI in spinal surgery were examined: age, gender, tobacco use, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class, intraoperative antibiotic redosing, surgical time, bone allograft use, estimated blood loss (EBL), and drain use. The adjusted relative risk of having DM for developing SSI was 4.10 (95% C.I. = 1.37–12.32). Other factors did not appear as risk factors for SSI. The data confirm DM is a risk factor for surgical site infections in spinal arthrodesis surgery.
Genetics and the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: true signals and original din

Diagnosis is a central problem in Alzheimer's research, including linkage studies in particular. The magnitude of expected diagnostic error, its likely effect on research, and way to minimize it, provides the focus of this commentary.
Axisymmetric vibrations of closed spherical shells: equations of motion and bifurcation analysis

We investigate the torsionless axisymmetric dynamics of a forced closed spherical shell. The non-linear equations of motion are formulated using a variational approach and surface analysis. First, we revisit the linear eigenvalue problem. Then, using the method of multiple scales, we assess the possibility of the activation of two-to-one internal resonances between the different types of modes. Lastly, we examine the shell's non-linear responses to an axisymmetric primary-resonance excitation and analyse their bifurcations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is free speech free in the nursing profession

The nursing profession is a helping one. However, a desire to "help" by speaking on an issue of concern may result in a lawsuit. In many such cases, the "helper" invokes free speech protection through the Constitution. Nurse administrators have been involved both as plaintiffs and defendants. An understanding of First Amendment free speech protection is vital to nurse administrators in determining whether their own speech is protected and in handling situations in which the nurses they supervise have spoken. The author discusses relevant cases and suggests ways in which nurse administrators can evaluate situations in which they become involved.
Restoration of SMN Function: Delivery of a Trans-splicing RNA Re-directs SMN2 Pre-mRNA Splicing

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by loss of survival motor neuron-1 (SMN1). A nearly identical copy gene called SMN2 is present in all SMA patients; however SMN2 produces low levels of functional protein due to alternative splicing. Recently a therapeutic approach has been developed referred to as trans-splicing. Conceptually, this strategy relies upon pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing occurring between two separate molecules: (i) the endogenous target RNA and (ii) the therapeutic RNA that provides the correct RNA sequence via a trans-splicing event. SMN trans-splicing RNAs were initially examined and expressed from a plasmid-backbone and shown to re-direct splicing from a SMN2 mini-gene as well as from endogenous transcripts. Subsequently, recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors were developed that expressed and delivered trans-splicing RNAs to SMA patient fibroblasts. In the severe SMA patient fibroblasts, SMN2 splicing was redirected via trans-splicing to produce increased levels of full-length SMN mRNA and total SMN protein levels. Finally, small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) assembly, a critical function of SMN, was restored to SMN-deficient SMA fibroblasts following treatment with the trans-splicing vector. Together these results demonstrate that the alternatively spliced SMN2 exon 7 is a tractable target for replacement by trans-splicing.
Time course of ciliary neurotrophic factor mRNA expression is coincident with the presence of protoplasmic astrocytes in traumatized rat striatum.

Adrenal grafting for Parkinson's disease has led to modest functional improvement despite poor graft survival. One explanation is a neurotrophic response within the traumatized striatum. This study was undertaken to investigate the time course of the astrocytic response in vivo and in vitro, and the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) mRNA following striatal injury. Unilateral stereotaxic biopsy of the rat striatum was performed and gelatin sponge (gelfoam) was immediately placed into the biopsy cavity. Rats were sacrificed on days 1,3,5,7,14, and 28 post biopsy. Immunohistochemical staining of the traumatized striatum with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was carried out. The reactive astrocytes which appeared within 7 days after trauma were mostly protoplasmic on the basis of morphology, and maximal on day 7, being 30 times the level in the normal striatum. After day 7, fibrous astrocytes appeared and increased up to day 28, while protoplasmic astrocytes decreased. In addition, immunocytochemical double staining of short term cultured astrocytes from the traumatized striatum with anti-A2B5 and anti-GFAP antibodies revealed that 84% and 90% of astrocytes were type 1 astrocytes on days 3 and 7, respectively; however, by day 28 47% of astrocytes were type 2. Northern blot analysis revealed that CNTF mRNA expression was up-regulated and peaked on day 7, coincident with a predominance of protoplasmic astrocytes in vivo and type 1 astrocytes in vitro, respectively. These finding suggest that the expression of CNTF mRNA is part of the early astrocytic response to trauma, particularly associated with protoplasmic astrocytes in vivo and type 1 astrocytes in vitro. We conclude that reactive astrocytes are likely candidates to produce the neurite promoting activity seen in previous studies after trauma in the striatum. CNTF may represent an early signal in the astrocyte-mediated neurotrophic and neurite promoting responses. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Beta-blocking drugs and psoriasis: A review of cutaneous side effects and retrospective analysis of their effects on psoriasis

β-Adrenergic receptor blockers have been prescribed widely since their introduction 20 years ago. Noncardiac indications for β-blockers have been expanded. Dermatologie manifestations of β-blockers are reviewed in conjunction with their more liberal use. A retrospective analysis of our experience with β-blockers in patients with psoriasis is presented. A 1-year study of 588 psoriatic patients who received treatment revealed that 26 patients were taking β-blockers. Exacerbations of psoriasis were noted in 72,4% of these patients. β-Blockers may worsen psoriasis and should be carefully evaluated in the management of these patients.
HYPO/HYPERCARBIA AND EARLY NEUROLOGIC (NEURO) OUTCOME FOLLOWING PERINATAL ASPHYXIA (PA) IN THE TERM INFANT. ▴ 2226

HYPO/HYPERCARBIA AND EARLY NEUROLOGIC (NEURO) OUTCOME FOLLOWING PERINATAL ASPHYXIA (PA) IN THE TERM INFANT. ▴ 2226
Cognitive neuroscience of autism.

The past decade has witnessed an exponential growth in research on autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting social, language, communication, and behavioral development. This growth is fuelled by many factors, including rising prevalence rates; increased media attention and public awareness; the creation of new parent-based research foundations; and targeted federal funding opportunities. Researchers have taken advantage of new theoretical frameworks and exciting scientific technologies that are now being employed to address key questions about the underlying causes and pathophysiology of autism. Advances in developmental neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience, including the application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods, have had a particularly significant impact in providing insights into the neurobiology of autism. Several of these key advances, which are closely tied to changes in the way the developmental phenotype of autism has been conceptualized, are highlighted in the papers comprising this Symposium issue.
The controversy of core decompression of the femoral head for osteonecrosis.

Results of 40 core decompression performed between 1981 and 1985. The other surgical techniques are compared
Inventory of Canada’s Offshore Wave Energy Resources

Global warming, the depletion of conventional energy reserves and the rising cost of electricity generation have sparked renewed interest in renewable wave energy within Canada and internationally. Significant advances in wave energy converters have been made in recent years, and there is a growing realization in many countries, particularly those in Europe, that these technologies will be ready for large scale deployments within the next five to ten years (ABP, 2004). Despite these recent developments, very little effort has been directed to quantifying and mapping wave energy resources in Canada in the past. This paper presents results from a recent study in which the wave energy resource in Canada’s Pacific and Atlantic waters is quantified by analysing a large quantity of data obtained from four sources: direct wave measurements; two wind-wave hindcasts of the North Atlantic; and a single hindcast of the Northeast Pacific. Each data source is described and the methods used to analyse the data sets are explained in detail. The derived wave power estimates, including their seasonal and spatial variability, are presented and discussed. Results obtained from the direct measurements and the wind-wave hindcasts are also compared. The paper also includes a review of the theoretical background required to estimate wave energy. The waters off Canada’s Pacific and Atlantic coasts are endowed with rich wave energy resources. The results presented here define the scale of these resources, as well as their significant spatial and seasonal variations.Copyright © 2006 by National Research Council of Canada
Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America

Women of the Republic views the American Revolution through women's eyes. Previous histories have rarely recognized that the battle for independence was also a woman's war. The "women of the army" toiled in army hospitals, kitchens, and laundries. Civilian women were spies, fund raisers, innkeepers, suppliers of food and clothing. Recruiters, whether patriot or tory, found men more willing to join the army when their wives and daughters could be counted on to keep the farms in operation and to resist enchroachment from squatters. "I have Don as much to Carrey on the warr as maney that Sett Now at the healm of government," wrote one impoverished woman, and she was right. Women of the Republic is the result of a seven-year search for women's diaries, letters, and legal records. Achieving a remarkable comprehensiveness, it describes women's participation in the war, evaluates changes in their education in the late eighteenth century, describes the novels and histories women read and wrote, and analyzes their status in law and society. The rhetoric of the Revolution, full of insistence on rights and freedom in opposition to dictatorial masters, posed questions about the position of women in marriage as well as in the polity, but few of the implications of this rhetoric were recognized. How much liberty and equality for women? How much pursuit of happiness? How much justice? When American political theory failed to define a program for the participation of women in the public arena, women themselves had to develop an ideology of female patriotism. They promoted the notion that women could guarantee the continuing health of the republic by nurturing public-spirited sons and husbands. This limited ideology of "Republican Motherhood" is a measure of the political and social conservatism of the Revolution. The subsequent history of women in America is the story of women's efforts to accomplish for themselves what the Revolution did not.
Simplified hot rolling load calculations incorporating material strain rates

Abstract Hot rolling theory is briefly reviewed, and the use of a simplified method for calculating roll separating forces, which incorporates an approximation for the variation of flow stress as a function of strain rate, is discussed. Calculations of rolling loads for different samples and different conditions of strip inlet temperature, roll surface temperature, and strip reduction are included in an attempt to reproduce measured values. Agreement between these calculations and measured values for these different samples and conditions ranged from 12 to 33%.
Long-term Intraocular Pressure Fluctuations and Risk of Conversion from Ocular Hypertension to Glaucoma

Purpose To investigate whether long-term intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations are a risk factor for conversion from ocular hypertension to glaucoma. Design Observational cohort study. Participants The study included 252 eyes of 126 patients with ocular hypertension observed untreated as part of the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. At baseline, ocular hypertensive eyes had elevated IOP, normal visual fields (VFs) on standard automated perimetry, and normal optic discs as evaluated by stereophotograph assessment. Methods Glaucoma conversion was defined as development of reproducible VF loss or optic disc damage. Analyses included all IOP measurements from the baseline visit to time of progression (for converters) and last follow-up (for nonconverters). Mean IOP and IOP fluctuation were calculated as the arithmetic mean and standard deviation (SD), respectively, of all available IOP measurements per eye. Main Outcome Measures Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between IOP fluctuation and time to progression. Multivariable models adjusted for age, mean IOP, central corneal thickness, vertical cup-to-disc ratio, and pattern SD. Results Forty eyes of 31 subjects developed glaucoma during follow-up. Mean IOPs during follow-up were 25.4±4.2 mmHg for the eyes that converted to glaucoma and 24.1±3.5 mmHg for the eyes that did not. Corresponding values for IOP fluctuation were 3.16±1.35 mmHg and 2.77±1.11 mmHg, respectively. Intraocular pressure fluctuation was not a risk factor for conversion to glaucoma both in univariable analysis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.30 per 1 mmHg higher; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–1.96; P = 0.092) and in multivariable analysis (adjusted HR, 1.08 per 1 mmHg higher; 95% CI, 0.79–1.48; P = 0.620). Mean IOP during follow-up was a significant risk factor for progression both in univariable analysis (HR = 1.16 per 1 mmHg higher; 95% CI, 1.04–1.31; P = 0.010) and in multivariable analysis (adjusted HR, 1.20 per 1 mmHg higher; 95% CI, 1.06–1.36; P = 0.005). Conclusion Long-term IOP fluctuations do not appear to be significantly associated with the risk of developing glaucoma in untreated ocular hypertensive subjects.
Renal excretion of hydrogen ion in children with idiopathic growth retardation

Mild, compensated metabolic acidosis was demonstrated in a group of children with growth retardation of undetermined etiology. In response to administration of a single large dose of ammonium chloride, urinary acidification was normal, but there was a limitation in the rate of excretion of hydrogen ion as titratable acid and as ammonium. Since these children had no other evidence of renal impairment, it is postulated that growth retardation per se modifies renal regulation of acid-base balance through effects on both phosphorus and ammonia metabolism.
Florivores prefer white versus pink petal color morphs in wild radish, Raphanus sativus

Many hypotheses suggest that pollinators act to maintain or change floral color morph frequencies in nature, although pollinator preferences do not always match color morph frequencies in the field. Therefore, non-pollinating agents may also be responsible for color morph frequencies. To test this hypothesis, we examined whether Raphanus sativus plants with white flowers received different amounts of florivory than plants with pink flowers, and whether florivores preferred one floral color over the other. We found that white-flowered plants received significantly more floral damage than pink-flowered plants in eight populations over 4 years in northern California. Both generalists and specialists on Brassicaceae preferred white petals in choice and short-term no choice tests. In performance tests, generalists gained more weight on white versus pink petals whereas specialists gained similar amounts of weight on pink and white morphs. Because our results suggest that florivores prefer and perform better on white versus pink flowers, these insects may have the opportunity to affect the frequency of color morphs in the field.
End-to-end models for marine ecosystems: Are we on the precipice of a significant advance or just putting lipstick on a pig?

There has been a rapid rise in the development of end-to-end models for marine ecosystems over the past decade. Some reasons for this rise include need for predicting effects of climate change on biota and dissatisfaction with existing models. While the benefits of a well-implemented end-to-end model are straightforward, there are many challenges. In the short term, my view is that the major role of end-to-end models is to push the modelling community forward, and to identify critical data so that these data can be collected now and thus be available for the next generation of end-to-end models. I think we should emulate physicists and build theoretically-oriented models first, and then collect the data. In the long-term, end-to-end models will increase their skill, data collection will catch up, and end-to-end models will move towards site-specific applications with forecasting and management capabilities. One pathway into the future is individual efforts, over-promise, and repackaging of poorly performing component submodels (“lipstick on a pig”). The other pathway is a community-based collaborative effort, with appropriate caution and thoughtfulness, so that the needed improvements are achieved (“significant advance”). The promise of end-to-end modelling is great. We should act now to avoid missing a great opportunity.
Cognitive functions affected by scopolamine in alzheimer's disease and normal aging

Huff, F.J., S.F. Mickel, S. Corkin, and J.H. Growdon: Cognitive functions affected by scopolamine in Alzheimer’s disease and normal aging. Drug Dev. Res. 12:271-278, 1988. We gave scopolamine to patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and age-matched control subjects in order to identify which cognitive functions are affected by blocking muscarinic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh). Both subject groups showed dose-related impairments in verbal learning, and patients with AD exhibited enhanced vulnerability to effects of scopolamine on attentional vigilance. In the same dose range, scopolamine did not alter retrieval from long-term lexical-semantic memory or performance on a test of visual discrimination, suggesting that cholinergic neurotransmission is not critical for these cognitive functions. The importance of cholinergic transmission in learning and attention is confirmed by this study, and the results indicate that both these abilities should be measured in investigations of potential cholinergic treatments for AD.
Advances in polymeric integrated optical componentry

We review advances in polymer integrated optic technologies developed globally for the communication market. We describe components produced to date that achieve coupling, routing, filtering, attenuation, switching, polarization control, dispersion compensation, modulation, and amplification.
Two lives in transition: Agency and context for assisted living residents

Abstract This research uses data on two “focal case” individuals residing in one residential care/assisted living (RC/AL) facility, collected as part of a larger ethnographic study exploring later-life transitions, including those leading to the moves into housing and care settings. In-depth examination of the 10-year transition histories of these two women highlights the major erosion of autonomy with advancing frailty, illness, and relocation into supportive housing. A second major theme is that an understanding of the contemporary events and challenges for these two individuals is substantially enhanced by nesting them within the temporal context of earlier life events, including personal relationships, social events, and preferences. Individual history, elicited from resident, family, staff and professional views, serves to contextualize current choices and reactions to key events. As researchers, adding this temporal context moves our understanding of their identities well beyond a simplistic snapshot view as “resident” in AL.
Scattering of Polarized X-Rays by Ferromagnetic Substances

It is shown that if high frequency polarized x-rays are scattered by some substance, the total intensity of the scattered rays should be altered by anything leading to special orientations of the electron spins of the scattering electrons. Some experiments are described in which attempts were made to detect the effect on intensity due to changes in spin orientations in ferromagnetic substances when these substances are magnetized. No effects were observed. It is shown that an attempt to reconcile the results of these experiments with those of gyromagnetic experiments leads to orientations of the spin giving the spin magnetic quantum numbers +1/2 and -1/2.
Use of ozone to inactivate microorganisms on lettuce

When ozone (1.3 mM) was bubbled for 3 min in a mixture of shredded lettuce and water, counts ofmesophilic andpsychrotrophic bacteria decreased 1.4 and 1.8 log10 cfu/g, respectively. Counts of these microorganisms on lettuce, from a different batch, decreased 3.9 and 4.6 log, respectively, during 5 min of ozone treatment. Shredded lettuce was treated with gaseous ozone, or mixed with aqueous solution of ozone (1:20 w/w) with or without bubbles. For effective delivery of ozone, stirring (low and high speed), sonication or stomaching was applied during the ozonation. Washing the lettuce with water only decreased total count on shredded lettuce by 0.74–1.0 log cfu/g. When lettuce in a treatment chamber was flushed with gaseous ozone, the total count decreased 0.85 log cfu/g, but when vacuum was applied before the ozone flush, the total count decreased 0.96 log cfu/g. Bubbling ozone in water-lettuce mixture while sonicating, high-speed stirring, or before stomaching inactivated 1.4, 1.9 and 1.9 log cfu/g, respectively. In conclusion, bubbling gaseous ozone in water is the most effective ozonation method. Efficient ozone delivery to microorganisms on lettuce requires a combination of ozone bubbling and high-speed stir.
A thermodynamic approach to the affinity optimization of drug candidates

High throughput screening and other techniques commonly used to identify lead candidates for drug development usually yield compounds with binding affinities to their intended targets in the mid-micromolar range. The affinity of these molecules needs to be improved by several orders of magnitude before they become viable drug candidates. Traditionally, this task has been accomplished by establishing structure activity relationships to guide chemical modifications and improve the binding affinity of the compounds. As the binding affinity is a function of two quantities, the binding enthalpy and the binding entropy, it is evident that a more efficient optimization would be accomplished if both quantities were considered and improved simultaneously. Here, an optimization algorithm based upon enthalpic and entropic information generated by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry is presented.
Aesthetic Responses and Earliest Memories: The Differences Between Music and Literature

Aesthetic responses to music involve intense emotions that may be mitigated by musical training. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether early or intense music memory and accessibility differed from literature memories and whether such reactions were differentiated by music training in college students (n = 90). Results showed no statistically significant differences among early or intense music and literature comparisons for analyses of music training or intensity ratings. Subjects used significantly more words to refer to music than to literature memories. Negative anecdotes were more likely for intense, rather than for early, memories. Literary memories were tied to specific books and authors, and music memories were triggered more often by the emotional context than by a specific composition.
Emergent properties: a fundamental postulate of classical systems theory in schematic representation

Simple arithmetic and diagrammatic representations of ‘emergent properties’—a most fundamental postulate of classical systems theory—are offered for their didactic value. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal Function and Oncologic Outcomes of Parenchymal Sparing Ureteral Resection Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Purpose: We compared renal function and oncologic outcomes of parenchymal sparing ureteral resection with radical nephroureterectomy for the treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma confined to the ureter.Materials and Methods: Review of a large institutional database identified 367 patients treated for primary upper tract urothelial carcinoma with radical nephroureterectomy or parenchymal sparing ureteral resection from 1994 to 2009. Patients with known renal pelvis tumors, muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma, prior cystectomy, contralateral upper tract urothelial carcinoma, metastatic disease or chemotherapy were excluded, leaving 120 patients for analysis. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Recurrence-free, cancer specific and overall survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis.Results: Radical nephroureterectomy was performed in 87 patients and parenchymal sparing ureteral resection in 33. Median age at surgery wa...