cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Segmenting the Electorate: The Effects of Exposure to Political Extremism Online

The Internet provides people with an opportunity to preselect the ideological perspective of the political content they encounter, allowing them to fragment themselves into narrow interest groups and ultimately polarize along ideological lines. This study seeks to test the extremism portion of the fragmentation thesis: that if individuals sort into cocoons of homogeneous perspectives their attitudes will polarize and greater political extremism will result. A random sample of students was exposed to one of four experimental conditions: ideologically homogeneous and highly conservative media, ideologically homogenous and highly liberal content, moderate content, and a condition that included media from each of the three prior conditions. The results demonstrated that exposure to ideological homogeneity did drive attitude extremism in the conservative condition but not in the liberal condition. The moderate condition reduced extremism and the mixed condition demonstrated no significant attitude change. This...
Mid-infrared lasing in a single lead sulfide subwavelength wire at 180 K

We report mid-infrared lasing around 3 μm from a single PbS subwavelength wire, with a cavity volume less than the wavelength cubed at 0.44 λ3. The maximal lasing temperature is 180 K under pulse operation.
Effects of Raman scattering on the water‐leaving radiance

The contribution of Raman scattering to the water-leaving radiance is examined using Monte Carlo simulations. Exit angle information is retained, allowing a comparison of different satellite viewing directions. Chlorophyll values of 0.0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg Chl/cu m are simulated. Little directional variability is found, with the exception of the direct solar backscatter direction. The wavelength variability is greatest for low chlorophyll concentrations and is negligible for 1.0 mg Chl/cu m. At 550 nm the Raman contribution ranges from approximately 18% of the total water-leaving radiance for pure water to 3% for 1.0 mg Chl/cu m. At 440 nm the range is from 6% to 2%, indicating that Raman scattering will impact radiance ratios for ocean color satellite algorithms.
Proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, and cellular adhesion molecule expression during the acute phase of experimental brain abscess development.

Brain abscess represents the infectious disease sequelae associated with the influx of inflammatory cells and activation of resident parenchymal cells in the central nervous system. However, the immune response leading to the establishment of a brain abscess remains poorly defined. In this study, we have characterized cytokine and chemokine expression in an experimental brain abscess model in the rat during the acute stage of abscess development. RNase protection assay revealed the induction of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α as early as 1 to 6 hours after Staphylococcus aureus exposure. Evaluation of chemokine expression by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated enhanced levels of the CXC chemokine KC 24 hours after bacterial exposure, which correlated with the appearance of neutrophils in the abscess. In addition, two CC chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α were induced within 24 hours after S. aureus exposure and preceded the influx of macrophages and lymphocytes into the brain. Analysis of abscess lesions by in situ hybridization identified CD11b+ cells as the source of IL-1β in response to S. aureus. Both intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression were enhanced on microvessels in S. aureus but not sterile bead-implanted tissues at 24 and 48 hours after treatment. These results characterize proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression during the early response to S. aureus in the brain and provide the foundation to assess the functional significance of these mediators in brain abscess pathogenesis.
Legume presence increases photosynthesis and N concentrations of co-occurring non-fixers but does not modulate their responsiveness to carbon dioxide enrichment.

Legumes, with the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen (N), may help alleviate the N limitations thought to constrain plant community response to elevated concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). To address this issue we assessed: (1) the effects of the presence of the perennial grassland N2 fixer, Lupinus perennis, on biomass accumulation and plant N concentrations of nine-species plots of differing plant composition; (2) leaf-level physiology of co-occurring non-fixing species (Achillea millefolium, Agropyron repens, Koeleria cristata) in these assemblages with and without Lupinus; (3) the effects of elevated CO2 on Lupinus growth and symbiotic N2 fixation in both monoculture and the nine-species assemblages; and (4) whether assemblages containing Lupinus exhibit larger physiological and growth responses to elevated CO2 than those without. This study was part of a long-term grassland field experiment (BioCON) that controls atmospheric CO2 at current ambient and elevated (560 µmol mol−1) concentrations using free-air CO2 enrichment. Nine-species plots with Lupinus had 32% higher whole plot plant N concentrations and 26% higher total plant N pools than those without Lupinus, based on both above and belowground measurements. Co-occurring non-fixer leaf N concentrations increased 22% and mass-based net photosynthetic rates increased 41% in plots containing Lupinus compared to those without. With CO2 enrichment, Lupinus monocultures accumulated 32% more biomass and increased the proportion of N derived from fixation from 44% to 57%. In nine-species assemblages, Lupinus N derived from fixation increased similarly from 43% to 54%. Although Lupinus presence enhanced photosynthetic rates and leaf N concentrations of co-occurring non-fixers, and increased overall plant N pools, Lupinus presence did not facilitate stronger photosynthetic responses of non-fixing species or larger growth responses of overall plant communities to elevated CO2. Non-fixer leaf N concentrations declined similarly in response to elevated CO2 with and without Lupinus present and the relationship between net photosynthesis and leaf N was not affected by Lupinus presence. Regardless of the presence or absence of Lupinus, CO2 enrichment resulted in reduced leaf N concentrations and rates of net photosynthesis.
Correction to Kasibhatla et al. How much radiation is the chemotherapy worth in advanced head and neck cancer? (Int j radiat oncol biol phys 2007;68:1491-1495).

Purpose To correct several elementary radiobiologic errors in the otherwise admirable article by Kasibhatla, Kirkpatrick, and Brizel (2007) on estimating the equivalent radiation effect of the concomitant chemotherapy in head-and-neck chemoradiotherapy. Methods and Materials ( 1 ) Their equation was wrong because it omitted the lag or onset time of repopulation in tumors, Tk. Instead of zero days this should be 18–35 days. ( 2 ) Instead of a doubling time of 5 days, at most 3 days should be used for head-and-neck tumors. ( 3 ) Their slope "S" (the γ-50 slope) for head-and-neck tumors should be 1.7, not 1.1. The same percentages of increased locoregional control as quoted by Kasibhatla et al. are used. Results The average time-corrected biologically effective dose for the 16 schedules listed should be 72.4 instead of 63.1 Gy 10 . The average gains in locoregional tumor control are the equivalent of 8.8 Gy 10 , not 10.6 Gy 10 ( p = 0.05). Conclusions The equivalent number of 2-Gy fractions of concomitant chemotherapy as used in the 16 listed schedules is 3.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.7–4.1), not 5 as claimed by Kasibhatla et al. The difference is statistically significant ( p
Evaluation of cilazapril versus captopril in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.

Objective: Cilazapril, a long-acting angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, was evaluated against captopril for safety and efficacy in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension.Methods: One hundred thirty-two patients were randomly assigned to receive cilazapril, 2.5 mg once daily; 62 patients were randomly assigned to receive captopril, 25 mg twice daily. If necessary, dosage was increased to 5.0 mg cilazapril, once daily or 50 mg captopril, twice daily. Adjunctive hydrochlorothiazide (12.5 mg once daily) was later added to this higher dosage, if required.Results: After eight weeks of monotherapy, sitting diastolic blood pressure (SDBP) had decreased 7.5 mm Hg from baseline for cilazapril-treated patients, versus 5.6 mm Hg for captopril-treated patients. These decreases were 7.6 mm Hg and 6.8 mm Hg for cilazapril and captopril, respectively, at Week 12. At Week 8, 36.5% of patients receiving cilazapril had achieved a SDBP of 90 mm Hg or less, versus 26.0% of captopril-treated patie...
A structural approach to address the healthy-worker survivor effect in occupational cohorts: an application in the trucking industry cohort

Background Occupational cohort studies are often challenged by the Healthy Worker Survivor Effect, which may bias standard methods of analysis. G-estimation of structural failure time models is an approach for reducing this type of bias. Accelerated failure time models have recently been applied in an occupational cohort but cumulative failure time models have not. Methods We used g-estimation of a cumulative failure time model to assess the effect of working as a long-haul driver on ischaemic heart disease mortality in a cohort of 30 448 men employed in the unionised US trucking industry in 1985. Exposure was defined by job title and based on work records. We also applied g-estimation of an accelerated failure time model as a sensitivity analysis and approximated HRs from both models to compare them. Results The risk ratio (RR) obtained from the cumulative failure time model, comparing the observed risk under no intervention to the risk had nobody ever been exposed as a long-haul driver, was 1.09 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.16). The RR comparing the risk had everyone been exposed as long-haul driver for 8 years to the risk had nobody ever been exposed was 1.20 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.46). After HR approximations, accelerated failure time model results were similar. Conclusions The cumulative failure time model can effectively control time-varying confounding by Healthy Worker Survivor Effect, and provides an easily interpretable effect estimate. RRs estimated from the cumulative failure time model indicate an elevated ischaemic heart disease mortality risk for long-haul drivers in the US trucking industry.
Design and implementation of the TFDM information management architecture

• Event-driven - Receipt of information, timer expiration, external system change • Information oriented - Flexible communication mechanism and service interface • Distributed - Deployment topology is transparent to applications • Built on open-source tooling and open standards - SWIM-compliant • Designed to integrate with simulation systems
Türme und Maste aus Stahl

Turme und Maste sind nach Brucken das zweitwichtigste Ingenieurbauwerk der Gegenwart. Dieses Pradikat resultiert aus ihrer Prasenz und ihrer Vielfaltigkeit hinsichtlich Alter, Nutzung, Konstruktion und Materialien. Fortschreitende technische Neuerungen, zum Beispiel die Offshore-Windindustrie und die LTE-Mobilfunktechnologie, erfordern auch in Zukunft die Weiternutzung vorhandener und die Errichtung neuer Bauwerke. Stahlmaste und -turme sind vielseitig einsetzbar, leicht zu warten und kostengunstig zu ersetzen. Dank der Verzinkung sind konkurrenzfahige Standzeiten auch ohne zusatzlichen Korrosionsschutz erreichbar. Stahlanwendungen im Bereich der Maste und Turme sind wegen ihrer vergleichsweise leichten Bauweise gut zu modularisieren und typisieren. Auch die Eigenschaften heutiger Stahlsorten bezuglich Schweisbarkeit, Festigkeit und Zahigkeit haben zum Erfolg der Bauweise beigetragen. Die Inspektionszyklen dieser Ingenieurbauwerke sind sehr von ihrer Nutzung abhangig und in den entsprechenden Normen und Vorschriften festgelegt. Towers and masts made of steel – Examples of their range of use and construction. Towers and masts constitute nowadays after bridges the second most important engineering structure. This claim is reasoned by presence and the diversity in terms of age, use, construction and materials. Technical innovations (e. g. offshore wind industry and LTE mobile technology) will continue to require the use of the existing and construction of new buildings. Steel masts and towers are versatile, easy to maintain and their replacement is inexpensive. Thanks galvanizing competitive life expectations can also be reached without additional corrosion protection. Steel masts and towers can easily modularized and standardized due to light design. Moreover the modern steel grades with respect to their weldability, strength and ductility have contributed to the success of this type of structure. The needed inspection cycles given in the pertinent standards and regulations depend highly on the kind-of-use oft he considered structures.
Consumer Preferences for Potted Orchids in the Hawaiian Market

The wholesale value of potted orchids (Orchidaceae) in the United States has risen 80% in the last decade to $126 million in 2007. However, market-related information concerning consumer demand is still very limited. The objective of this study was to identify consumer preferences affecting orchid purchases and the relative importance of different orchid attributes, including species, price, size, and color. A survey to assess orchid market preferences was conducted in Akatsuka Orchid Gardens, headquartered on the Island of Hawaii during the Spring 2008. A conjoint analysis was developed to analyze consumer preferences for orchid attributes. Hawaii is the third largest orchid-consuming state in terms of sales, with $16.8 million in 2007. Most respondents (57.8%) were able to identify the specific orchid species they bought, but a large portion (42.2%) was not able to identify any orchid species. The conjoint analysis results revealed that price was the most important factor affecting the purchasing decision, representing 30.90% of influence, followed by size (26.28%) and species (25.58%), while color (17.23%) was the least important orchid attribute.
Microsurgery for Potential Radiosurgical Skull Base Lesions: A Retrospective Analysis and Comparison of Results.

The outcomes of 26 complex skull base tumors treated with microsurgery were compared with the outcomes of similar tumors treated with radiosurgery as reported in the literature. The University neurosurgery database was searched for patients who underwent microsurgery for the treatment of skull base tumors between 1990 and 2001 at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Louisiana. Twenty–six skull base meningiomas treated by microsurgery by the senior author (AN) were identified retrospectively. On imaging, the tumors were well defined and less than 3 cm in the greatest diameter, making them ideal candidates for a radiosurgical procedure had this modality been available. The follow–up and outcomes of these 26 patients were compared with the published outcomes of similar tumors treated with radiosurgery. Total excision was achieved in 17 (65.3 %) patients. Excision was subtotal in 9 (34.6 %) patients due to the critical locations of their tumors. The median hospital stay for these patients was 4 days (range, 3 to 12 days). Two patients (7.6 %) had transient cerebrospinal fluid leaks from the wound, and 2 (7.6 %) had transient facial paresis. Overall, preoperative symptoms improved in 23 (88.4 %) patients. The median follow–up was 56 months (range, 3 to 120 months). The overall survival rate for all was 87.2 ± 3.7 % at 50 months. Two patients (7.6 %) subsequently underwent repeat surgery for a recurrent or progressive disease. The actuarial 8–year tumor control rate was 86.4 ± 4.4 % using the Kaplan–Meier method. For small skull base tumors with benign histology, microsurgery is as safe and effective a treatment option as stereotactic radiosurgery. The symptomatic improvement in patients is better with microsurgery than with radiosurgery because the volume of the tumor is reduced immediately. A combined approach using both modalities is usually needed for larger tumors when attempts at total resection would jeopardize the neurologic function of the patient.
The crystal structure of bisphenoxatelluronium dinitrate, C24H16O9N2Te2

Bisphenoxatelluronium dinitrate is monoelinie, P21/c: a = 11.638(4), b = 28.266(8), c = 8.546(3) a, β = 119.73(2)°, z = 4 at t = 22°. All atoms including hydrogen were located. The two ring systems, I and II, are folded along their Te-O axes, 147° and 163°, respectively. The average ring bond distances are: Te-C = 2.091, C-C = 1.377, C-O = 1.370 A. Each Te is bonded to one NO3 group, Te1-ON1 = 2.485(5), Te2-ON4 = 2.393(4) A, and an oxygen bridge connects the ring systems, Te1-OB = 1.966(4), Te2-OB = 2.001(4) A, Te1-OB-Te2 = 125.0(2)°. The bond distances and angles of the structure are compared to those of related compounds.
Motor deficits in fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 null mutant mice

Fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3) regulates aspects of bone development. Mutations in the FGFR-3 gene (Fgfr3) in humans and mice produce vertebral abnormalities and bone deformities. The present study evaluated the behavioural concomitants of the Fgfr3-/- mutation. Fgfr3-/- null mutant mice displayed severe impairments of motor abilities as detected on the rotarod, wire hang and open field tests. Absence of prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle was seen at prepulse levels from 74 to 86 dB. The motor deficits appear to be a direct and predicted consequence of the skeletal kyphosis, scoliosis and long bone overgrowth previously reported in Fgfr3 null mutant mice. The behavioural phenotype displayed by these mutant mice complements their anatomical, physiological and biochemical phenotypes, to complete the characterization of the functional outcome of a single gene mutation. Simple, robust behavioural symptoms, such as poor rotorod performance in Fgfr3 knockout mice, can provide useful surrogate markers to evaluate pharmacological treatments and gene therapies for human genetic diseases.
Utilization of mathematical models to manage risk of holding cold food without temperature control.

This document describes the development of a tool to manage the risk of the transportation of cold food without temperature control. The tool uses predictions from ComBase predictor and builds on the 2009 U.S. Food and Drug Administration Model Food Code and supporting scientific data in the Food Code annex. I selected Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes as the organisms for risk management. Salmonella spp. were selected because they are associated with a wide variety of foods and grow rapidly at temperatures >17°C. L. monocytogenes was selected because it is frequently present in the food processing environment, it was used in the original analysis contained in the Food Code Annex, and it grows relatively rapidly at temperatures <17°C. The suitability of a variety of growth models under changing temperature conditions is largely supported by the published literature. The ComBase predictions under static temperature conditions were validated using 148 ComBase database observations for Salmonella sp...
Connected sensor cover and related problems

Given a target region Ω and a set of n homogeneous sensors, we study the problem of finding a minimum subset of sensors such that they induce a connected graph and cover Ω. We present a new method to replace the target region Ω by a set of target points, $\mathcal {P}$ . In addition, we will give a new analysis for some existing approximation algorithms of the above minimum connected sensor cover problem. The new analysis will give better approximation performance ratios.
Design and implement of spatial statistical analysis based on web service

According to the characteristics of massive POI data,a service mechanism of spatial statistical method is studied based on the open geospatial consortium Web Process Service(OGC WPS)specification.Meanwhile,one of the point pattern analysis algorithms,the K function,is optimized as an example during the environment of web service.At last,some major services of spatial statistical analysis are published under Microsoft's Internet Information Services(IIS)platform.
Information flow management——the key factorof supply chain management

Supply chain management is an entirely new management mode. This paper discusses the basal status of information flow and the existed risk. Through the analysis of shareable information, it introduces an effective method to avoid risk-information sharing-and the system modes to carry it out as well.
Analysis of disinfection quality of medical institutions in Napo county from 2006 to 2011

Objective:To investigate disinfection quality in medical institutions of Napo county,and to provide a scientific basis for improving the quality of disinfection and strengthening the supervision.Methods:According to the "Technical standard for disinfection" and "Hospital disinfection technical specifications",in-use disinfectan,sterilized materials,the radiation intensity of ultraviolet lamps,sterilizer,object surface,hand-hygiene of medical staff and indoor air were sampled for detection.Results:A total of 2292 samples were detected during the period from 2006 to 2011,and the total eligible rate of disinfection was 81.02%.The eligible rate of in-use disinfectants,sterilized materials,the radiation intensity of ultraviolet lamps,sterilizer,object surface,hand-hygiene of medical staff and indoor air were 97.21%,96.11%,92.70%,81.22%,77.39%,71.33% and 55.08% respectively.Conclusion:The quality of disinfection in Napo was lower.Although it is increasing year by year,the supervision and management on it still need to strengthen.
The Indescribable Sophia and the Semiotics of Gender: A Brief Excursion

The mysterious figure of Sophia the Wisdom of God has long been the subject of speculation, lapsing occasionally into heterodoxy, in the Eastern Orthodox world. As late as 1935 Father Sergius Bulgakov, one of the leading Russian theologians of the twentieth century was accused of heresy for his writings on Divine Wisdom. Down to the present it remains a source of inspiration for new ideas and images, carrying a special attraction for those with an antipathy towards binary ontologies. This article explores some aspects of the topic, focusing on its mystical, artistic but also its political dimension.
Use of Reporter Genes to Analyze Estrogen Response: The Transgenic Zebrafish Model

In vivo models to detect estrogenic compounds are very valuable for screening for endocrine disruptors. Here we describe the use of transgenic estrogen reporter zebrafish as an in vivo model for identification of estrogenic properties of compounds. Live imaging of these transgenic fish provides knowledge of estrogen receptor specificity of different ligands as well as dynamics of estrogen signaling. Coupled to image analysis, the model can provide quantitative dose-response information on estrogenic activity of chemical compounds.
Breast Cancer in Africa: Limitations and Opportunities for Application of Genomic Medicine

As genomic medicine gains clinical applicability across a spectrum of diseases, insufficient application in low-income settings stands to increase health disparity. Breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment have benefited greatly from genomic medicine in high-income settings. As breast cancer is a leading cause of both cancer incidence and mortality in Africa, attention and resources must be applied to research and clinical initiatives to integrate genomic medicine into breast cancer care. In terms of research, there is a paucity of investigations into genetic determinants of breast cancer specific to African populations, despite consensus in the literature that predisposition and susceptibility genes vary between populations. Therefore, we need targeted strengthening of existing research efforts and support of new initiatives. Results will improve clinical care through screening and diagnosis with genetic testing specific to breast cancer in African populations. Clinically, genomic medicine can provide information capable of improving resource allocation to the population which most stands to benefit from increased screening or tailored treatment modalities. In situations where mammography or chemotherapy options are limited, this information will allow for the greatest impact. Implementation of genomic medicine will face numerous systemic barriers but is essential to improve breast cancer outcomes and survival.
Lossless Ethernet for the Data Center

While the modern data center still contains a mixture of different application-specific networks and protocols, various types of Ethernet have emerged as the preferred approach for many data networking problems. With the addition of new industry standard extensions that permit lossless transmission, converged enhanced Ethernet (also known as lossless Ethernet) is now widely available. New applications have emerged, such as the convergence of networking and storage through Fibre Channel over Ethernet, remote direct memory access over Ethernet (iWarp), and the use of Ethernet to supplement or replace conventional interconnects between data centers (metro Ethernet and related efforts). This chapter will provide an overview of Ethernet protocols, including both classic versions and more recent updates targeted for data center applications.
Microwave Versus Conventional Cooking Methods: Effects on Food Quality Attributes

Rapidly increasing ownership of domestic microwave ovens increases the importance of information on how these ovens are used, and the effects of microwave cookery on food quality. Microwave ovens are used primarily to cook or reheat side dishes and hot sandwiches. Many factors that affect microwave heating of food must be considered when adapting conventional cooking techniques to microwave cookery. Early research indicated that generally meat cooked by microwaves was rated lower in eating quality than meat cooked by conventional methods. Recent studies with meat that were designed for a volume heating process indicate that microwave cookery of meat has potential in the home and as a research tool.
Maximum entropy modeling for mining patient medication status from free text.

Abstract Using a classification scheme of patient medication status we sought to recognize and categorize medications mentioned in the unrestricted text of clinical documents generated in clinical practice. The categories refer to the patient's status with respect to the medication such as discontinuation, start or initiation, and continuation of a given medication. This categorization is performed with a machine learning technique, Maximum Entropy (ME), that is well suited to incorporating heterogeneous sources of information necessary for classifying patient's medication status. We use hand labeled training data to generate ME models and test 5 different training feature sets. Our results show that the most optimal feature set includes a combination of the following: two words preceding and following the mention of the drug, the subject of the sentence in which the drug mention occurs, the 2 words following the subject, and a binary feature vector of lexicalized semantic cues indicative of medication status or its change. The average predictive power of a model trained on these features is approximately 89%.
Overlapping but distinct TDP-43 and tau pathologic patterns in aged hippocampi.

Intracellular proteinaceous aggregates (inclusion bodies) are almost always detectable at autopsy in brains of elderly individuals. Inclusion bodies composed of TDP-43 and tau proteins often coexist in the same brain, and each of these pathologic biomarkers is associated independently with cognitive impairment. However, uncertainties remain about how the presence and neuroanatomical distribution of inclusion bodies correlate with underlying diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed data from the University of Kentucky AD Center autopsy series (n = 247); none of the brains had frontotemporal lobar degeneration. A specific question for this study was whether neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) pathology outside of the Braak NFT staging scheme is characteristic of brains with TDP-43 pathology but lacking AD, that is those with cerebral age-related TDP-43 with sclerosis (CARTS). We also tested whether TDP-43 pathology is associated with comorbid AD pathology, and whether argyrophilic grains are relatively likely to be present in cases with, vs. without, TDP-43 pathology. Consistent with prior studies, hippocampal TDP-43 pathology was associated with advanced AD - Braak NFT stages V/VI. However, argyrophilic grain pathology was not more common in cases with TDP-43 pathology in this data set. In brains with CARTS (TDP-43[+]/AD[-] cases), there were more NFTs in dentate granule neurons than were seen in TDP-43[-]/AD[-] cases. These dentate granule cell NFTs could provide a proxy indicator of CARTS pathology in cases lacking substantial AD pathology. Immunofluorescent experiments in a subsample of cases found that, in both advanced AD and CARTS, approximately 1% of dentate granule neurons were PHF-1 immunopositive, whereas ∼25% of TDP-43 positive cells showed colocalized PHF-1 immunoreactivity. We conclude that NFTs in hippocampal dentate granule neurons are often present in CARTS, and TDP-43 pathology may be secondary to or occurring in parallel with tauopathy.
Combination volumetric and gravimetric sorption instrument for high accuracy measurements of methane adsorption

The accurate measurement of adsorbed gas up to high pressures (∼100 bars) is critical for the development of new materials for adsorbed gas storage. The typical Sievert-type volumetric method introduces accumulating errors that can become large at maximum pressures. Alternatively, gravimetric methods employing microbalances require careful buoyancy corrections. In this paper, we present a combination gravimetric and volumetric system for methane sorption measurements on samples between ∼0.5 and 1 g. The gravimetric method described requires no buoyancy corrections. The tandem use of the gravimetric method allows for a check on the highest uncertainty volumetric measurements. The sources and proper calculation of uncertainties are discussed. Results from methane measurements on activated carbon MSC-30 and metal-organic framework HKUST-1 are compared across methods and within the literature.
A License to Kill: State Sponsored Death in the Oldest Colony in the World

The article discusses the death penalty in Puerto Rico as a means of state violence by the United States over Puerto Rico. In light of this, the author recounts the Puerto Rican colonial experience through a legal lens, beginning with the first organic law of Puerto Rico and the Insular Cases. Afterwards, the author examines the imposition of the death penalty on Puerto Rico and the challenges it has faced based on the due process of the fourteenth amendment. The article concludes with the stating how the death penalty is as another expression of the U.S. Congress plenary powers over the Island, given that it is expressly rejected in Puerto Rico’s Constitution.
Initial Classification of Lie Algebras

In this lecture we define various subclasses of Lie algebras: nilpotent, solvable, semi-simple, etc., and prove basic facts about their representations. The discussion is entirely elementary (largely because the hard theorems are stated without proof for now); there are no prerequisites beyond linear algebra. Apart from giving these basic definitions, the purpose of the lecture is largely to motivate the narrowing of our focus to semisimple algebras that will take place in the sequel. In particular, the first part of §9.3 is logically the most important for what follows.
Substance P as a putative efferent transmitter mediates GABAergic inhibition in mouse taste buds

Background and purpose Capsaicin-mediated modulation of taste nerve responses is thought to be produced indirectly by the actions of neuropeptides, for example, CGRP and substance P (SP), on taste cells implying they play a role in taste sensitivity. During the processing of gustatory information in taste buds, CGRP shapes peripheral taste signals via serotonergic signalling. The underlying assumption has been that SP exerts its effects on taste transmitter secretion in taste buds of mice. Experimental approach To test this assumption, we investigated the net effect of SP on taste-evoked ATP secretion from mouse taste buds, using functional calcium imaging with CHO cells expressing high-affinity transmitter receptors as cellular biosensors. Key results Our results showed that SP elicited PLC activation-dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients in taste cells via neurokinin 1 receptors, most likely on glutamate-aspartate transporter-expressing Type I cells. Furthermore, SP caused Type I cells to secrete GABA. Conclusion and implications Combined with the recent findings that GABA depresses taste-evoked ATP secretion, the current results indicate that SP elicited secretion of GABA, which provided negative feedback onto Type II (receptor) cells to reduce taste-evoked ATP secretion. These findings are consistent with a role for SP as an inhibitory transmitter that shapes the peripheral taste signals, via GABAergic signalling, during the processing of gustatory information in taste buds. Notably, the results suggest that SP is intimately associated with GABA in mammalian taste signal processing and demonstrate an unanticipated route for sensory information flow within the taste bud.
Leveller Successors of the 1680s

The sectarian communities in London and nearby localities in which the Levellers originated remained catalysts of radical opposition in 1678–1683 and of support for toleration in 1687–1688. Prosopographic analysis focuses on London clubs and neighbourhoods and on the Rye House plotters. The late Restoration politics of sectarian communities in the counties that had once produced Leveller followings also show traces of surviving Leveller and popular republican perspectives. Considering their social backgrounds and their ideas, the Rye House plotters and the urban advocates of James II’s toleration are appropriately considered Leveller successors. Ironically, some of those with strong intellectual connections to the revolutionary Levellers of the 1640s were allied with a king whose ‘popery and arbitrary government’ provoked the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689.
The two sides of the C-factor.

Abstract Objective The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects on shrinkage strain/stress development of the lateral constraints at the bonded surfaces of resin composite specimens used in laboratory measurement. Methods Using three-dimensional (3D) Hooke’s law, a recently developed shrinkage stress theory is extended to 3D to include the additional out-of-plane strain/stress induced by the lateral constraints at the bonded surfaces through the Poisson’s ratio effect. The model contains a parameter that defines the relative thickness of the boundary layers, adjacent to the bonded surfaces, that are under such multiaxial stresses. The resulting differential equation is solved for the shrinkage stress under different boundary conditions. The accuracy of the model is assessed by comparing the numerical solutions with a wide range of experimental data, which include those from both shrinkage strain and shrinkage stress measurements. Results There is good agreement between theory and experiments. The model correctly predicts the different instrument-dependent effects that a specimen’s configuration factor (C-factor) has on shrinkage stress. That is, for noncompliant stress-measuring instruments, shrinkage stress increases with the C-factor of the cylindrical specimen; while the opposite is true for compliant instruments. The model also provides a correction factor, which is a function of the C-factor, Poisson’s ratio and boundary layer thickness of the specimen, for shrinkage strain measured using the bonded-disc method. For the resin composite examined, the boundary layers have a combined thickness that is ∼11.5% of the specimen’s diameter. Significance The theory provides a physical and mechanical basis for the C-factor using principles of engineering mechanics. The correction factor it provides allows the linear shrinkage strain of a resin composite to be obtained more accurately from the bonded-disc method.
Therapeutic Milieu: Utilizing the Environment to Promote Mental Wellness

This chapter is concerned with exploring and explaining the concept of the therapeutic milieu and discussing how psychiatric/mental (P/MH) health professionals can utilize this to help foster the most therapeutic environment possible. Accordingly, the author examines both the historical and present functions of the therapeutic milieu in the occidental world. The purpose and function of managing the therapeutic milieu are discussed before the roles of P/MH professionals are considered; particular emphasis is paid to the role of P/MH nurses and the interventions that can be incorporated to employ the milieu in promoting client wellness. This chapter then examines Gunderson’s (Psychiatry 41(4): 327–335, 1978) five processes of a therapeutic milieu and medication’s overemphasized role in mental health care. Finally, the author offers his own observations on the discrepancies between education, policy, and practice affecting the contemporary treatment of those with mental health problems.
Neural and behavioral correlates of negative self‐focused thought associated with depression

A central feature of major depression (MDD) is heightened negative self-focused thought (negative-SFT). Neuroscientific research has identified abnormalities in a network of brain regions in MDD, including brain areas associated with SFT such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). To our knowledge no studies have investigated the behavioral and neural correlates of negative-SFT using a sentence completion task in a sample of individuals with varying depression histories and severities. We test the following hypotheses: (1) negative-SFT will be associated with depression; and (2) depression and negative-SFT will be related to resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) for brain regions implicated in SFT. Seventy-nine women with varying depression histories and severities completed a sentence completion task and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). Standard seed-based voxelwise rsFC was conducted for self-network regions of interest: dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) and pregenual ACC (pgACC). We performed linear regression analyses to examine the relationships among depression, negative-SFT, and rsFC for the dmPFC and pgACC. Greater negative-SFT was associated with depression history and severity. Greater negative-SFT predicted increased rsFC between dmPFC and pgACC seeds and dorsolateral prefrontal (dlPFC) and parietal regions; depression group was also associated with increased pgACC-dlPFC connectivity. These findings are consistent with previous literature reporting elevated negative-SFT thought in MDD. Our rs-fMRI results provide novel support linking negative-SFT with increased rsFC between self-network and frontoparietal network regions across different levels of depression. Broadly, these findings highlight a dimension of social-affective functioning that may underlie MDD and other psychiatric conditions.
Parallel SIMD CPU and GPU Implementations of Berlekamp–Massey Algorithm and Its Error Correction Application

The Berlekamp–Massey algorithm finds the shortest linear feedback shift register for a binary input sequence. A wide range of applications like cryptography and digital signal processing use this algorithm. This research proposes novel parallel mechanisms offered by heterogeneous CPU and GPU hardwares in order to achieve the best possible performance for BMA. The proposed bitwise implementation of the BMA algorithm is almost 35 times faster than state of the art implementations. This further improvement is achieved by using SIMD instructions which provides data level parallelism. This new approach can be 4.6 and 35 times faster than a bitwise CPU and state of the art implementations, respectively. In order to achieve the highest possible speedup over a multi-core structure, a multi-threading implementation is introduced in this research. By leveraging on OpenMP we were able to obtain a speedup of 10 times over 12 cores server. The GPU device with thousands of processing cores can bring great speedup over the best CPU implementation. Two other parallel mechanisms offered by GPU are concurrent kernel execution and streaming. They achieve 14.5 and 2.2 times of speedup compared to CPU serial and typical CUDA implementations, respectively. Also, the performance of the openMP code with SIMD instructions is compared with GPU stream implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated in a real world error correction application and it achieves 6.8 times of speedup.
Defiance and Surrender

The Constitution’s Foreign Emoluments Clause provides that “no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under [the United States], shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.” If the President is bound by this provision, he cannot accept foreign presents without the “Consent of the Congress.” If the President is not bound by this provision, he can accept foreign presents without violating this clause. The pivotal question to decide if consent is needed, is whether the President holds an “Office of Profit or Trust under” the United States. President Washington and other Founders who were his successors during the Early Republic openly received, accepted, and kept diplomatic gifts and other gifts from foreign governments and their officials without seeking or receiving congressional consent. These early presidents acted as if they were not bound by the Foreign Emoluments Clause. However, Presidents Jackson, Tyler, Van Buren, and Lincoln declined to personally accept foreign gifts. These later presidents, other scholars contend, acted as if they were bound the Foreign Emoluments Clause. Courts might take the intuitive position that because all presidents have equal authority, the latter presidents ought to be preferred. The Supreme Court has taught a different lesson: modern practice does not automatically overcome earlier precedents. There is an additional principle that informs this inquiry. When considering competing streams of historical practice by the three branches, courts favor purported defiance over voluntary surrender. Disputed assertions of power by Washington and his successors in the Early Republic are more probative about the scope of the Foreign Emoluments Clause than voluntary acquiescence by Jackson and post-Jackson presidencies.
Analysis of Kill-Butchery Bonebeds and Interpretation of Paleoindian Hunting

Unlike remote time periods where the degree of large animal predation is a key research question (Binford 1985; Bunn and Kroll 1986; Isaac and Crader 1981), hunting has long been considered a key component in the adaptation of many anatomically modern Homo sapiens and, in particular, the earliest Paleoindian inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere. While there is little question that hunting of large body-sized animals occurred, the organizational role of predation to Paleoindian survival has received limited attention. Use of large herd mammals by Paleoindians on the North American Plains has often led to characterization of these groups as specialized “Big Game Hunters.” Since the first well-documented and accepted association between human artifacts and fossils of bison at the Folsom site in the late 1920s (Cook 1927; Figgins 1927), interpretations of Paleoindian subsistence strategies have frequently been based on evidence from these multianimal bonebeds.
Influence of Stress State on the Ductile Fracture of Ti-6Al-4V

The ductile fracture behavior of Ti-6Al-4V is investigated experimentally. The objective of the test program is to generate experimental data that can be used to calibrate a failure model for numerical simulations. Various stress states are achieved by conducting mechanical tests on multiple sample geometries subjected to several different loading conditions. Tension tests are conducted on thin flat specimens, thick flat specimens and axisymmetric specimens with varying notch radii. In addition, thin walled tube specimens are subjected to combined axial-torsional loading. Digital image correlation is used to measure specimen surface strain for all experiments. Parallel LS-DYNA simulations are used to determine the stress states and fracture strains for tension tests. A fracture locus for Ti-6Al-4V is created in the stress triaxiality and Lode parameter stress space. The results show that the stress triaxiality alone is unable to properly capture the failure characteristics Ti-6Al-4V.
A church-based cholesterol education program

The leading cause of death among black people in the United States is coronary heart disease, accounting for about 25 percent of the deaths. The Task Force on Black and Minority Health formed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1985 subsequently recommended increased efforts to reduce risk factors for coronary heart disease in the black population. A stated focus of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's National Cholesterol Education Program has been that of reaching minority groups. This report describes a pilot cholesterol education program conducted in black churches by trained members of those churches. Cholesterol screening, using a Reflotron, and other coronary heart disease risk factor screening was conducted in six churches with predominantly black members and at a neighborhood library. A total of 348 persons with cholesterol levels of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg per dl) or higher were identified. At the time of screening, all were provided brief counseling on lowering their cholesterol and were given a copy of the screening results. Half of those identified, all members of one church, were invited to attend a 6-week nutrition education class of 1 hour each week about techniques to lower blood cholesterol. Information about cholesterol was also mailed to them. They were designated as the education group. Persons in the church were trained to teach the classes. A report of the screening results was sent to the personal physicians of the remaining 174 people in other churches who had cholesterol levels of 200 mg per dl or higher. This group served as a usual care comparison group.Six months after the initial screening, members of both groups were invited for followup screening.Among the 75 percent of the education group who returned for followup screening there was a 23.4 mg per dl (10 percent) decrease in the mean cholesterol level. Thirty-six percent of the usual care group returned for followup screening; their mean cholesterol level had decreased 38.7 mg per dl (16 percent).In this study, the support of churches provided access to large numbers of people. The mean serum cholesterol reductions occurring with both screening and referral and screening and education were statistically significant and large enough to be of clinical importance.The authors recommend that the approach taken in this study be investigated further by the National Cholesterol Education Program as a model for reaching the black population with coronary heart disease risk reduction programs.
Biological Significance of Tumor Gangliosides: Shedding, Transfer, and Immunosuppression

Tumor formation is a complex, multiple-step process influenced by many factors. Local interactions between the tumor cell and the host are critical to tumor formation, and it is becoming recognized that the release of soluble factors by tumor cells, into the local tumor microenvironment, may dramatically alter the functions of host cells (1).