cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selecting, scaling, and orienting three components of ground motions for intensity-based assessments at far-field sites:

This article develops a methodology for selecting, scaling, and orienting three orthogonal components of ground motion (GM) when conducting intensity-based assessments of structures. Target spectra...
Proanthocyanidin-Rich Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Restores Tight Junction Barrier Function in Caco-2 Colon Cells

Grape polyphenols have previously been shown to improve gut health and attenuate the symptoms of metabolic syndrome; however, the mechanism of these beneficial effects is still debated. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE) on bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier integrity of human Caco-2 colon cells. GSE significantly reduced the LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial superoxide production, and upregulated the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes. GSE also restored the LPS-damaged mitochondrial function by increasing mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, GSE increased the expression of tight junction proteins in the LPS-treated Caco-2 cells, increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. Our findings suggest that GSE exerts its beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome by scavenging intestinal ROS, thus reducing oxidative stress, increasing epithelial barrier integrity, and decreasing intestinal inflammation.
Mild deprotection of the N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl (N-Boc) group using oxalyl chloride.

We report a mild method for the selective deprotection of the N-Boc group from a structurally diverse set of compounds, encompassing aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic substrates by using oxalyl chloride in methanol. The reactions take place under room temperature conditions for 1–4 h with yields up to 90%. This mild procedure was applied to a hybrid, medicinally active compound FC1, which is a novel dual inhibitor of IDO1 and DNA Pol gamma. A broader mechanism involving the electrophilic character of oxalyl chloride is postulated for this deprotection strategy.
Optimal Schedule Strategy of Integrated Energy System Considering Static Voltage Stability

The optimization operation of integrated energy system is to achieve coordination between different energy systems such as electricity, heating, cooling, gas, etc. The purpose is to achieve the goals of improving energy efficiency and reduce energy costs and environmental pollution. At present, most relevant studies only consider the operational constraints of various types of equipment, and do not consider network constraints. In this paper, the static voltage stability in the power system is taken into consideration. An optimized scheduling method for integrated energy system operation considering the constraints of the power network is proposed. Simulation examples of the integrated energy system based on the IEEE 13 standard node expansion are verified by simulation. The results show that the proposed method can further promote the global optimization of the integrated energy system.
Asian American mental health during COVID-19: A call for task-sharing interventions

In the age of COVID-19, the Asian American community is facing a number of unique risks and barriers to mental health care. Mounting challenges-including language barriers, unemployment, racialized trauma, and anti-Asian violence-threaten the health and wellness of these communities. Yet, structural obstacles prevent Asian Americans from accessing care within the professionalized behavioral health workforce. Leveraging the resources of Asian American peer networks, collectives, and community-based organizations through a task-sharing program presents an attractive alternative for mental health care provision. Investing in task-sharing approaches to care would both address access barriers and build capacity within the Asian American community.
Amicus Curiea Brief: Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky

The following amicus curiae brief was prepared by Sara L. Ainsworth,* and submitted on behalf of organizations and experts in domestic and sexual violence, to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington, Case No. 07-CV-05374-RBL (Hon. Ronald B. Leighton). The appeal was filed from a district court decision finding unconstitutional a Washington State Board of Pharmacy rule that requires pharmacies to fill all lawful prescriptions on site and in a timely manner, and enjoining its enforcement against the plaintiffs, two pharmacists and a pharmacy who object to dispensing emergency contraception. See Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 844 F. Supp. 2d 1172 (W.D. Wash. 2012). In November 2007 the Washington District Court issued its initial ruling in this case. See Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 524 F. Supp. 2d 1245 (W.D.Wash. 2007). That ruling was appealed to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which vacated the order and remanded the case in October 2009. See Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 526 F. 3d 406 (9th Cir. 2008), vacated and remanded, Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 571 F. 3d 960 (9th Cir. 2009), opinion vacated and superseded on reh’g, 586 F. 3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2009); Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 571 F. 3d 960 (9th Cir. 2009), vacated and superseded on reh’g, 586 F. 3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2009). The Ninth Circuit has not yet scheduled oral argument on the present appeal. The brief is reprinted here in full with some technical formatting changes. Hastings Women’s Law Journal staff transposed those citations in the text of the brief into footnotes for the convenience of our readers.
Science Graduate Students’ Reports of Discrimination Due to Gender, Race, and Religion: Identifying Shared and Unique Predictors:

Students from underrepresented groups face numerous challenges during their scientific education and training, including discrimination. Research tends to investigate student experiences with discr...
Modus Tonens

Restating an interlocutor’s position in an incredulous tone of voice can sometimes serve legitimate dialectical ends. However, there are cases in which incredulous restatement is out of bounds. This article provides an analysis of one common instance of the inappropriate use of incredulous restatement, which the authors call “modus tonens.” The authors argue that modus tonens is vicious because it pragmatically implicates the view that one’s interlocutor is one’s cognitive subordinate and provides a cue to like-minded onlookers that dialectical opponents are not to be treated as epistemic peers.
Subacute Polymicrobial Bacterial Pericarditis Mimicking Tuberculous Pericarditis: A Case Report

BACKGROUND Bacterial pericarditis can present a diagnostic challenge due to the difficulty of obtaining tissue for bacterial identification. This report is of a 34-year-old man who presented with fever and cough. Diagnosis was initially delayed without a tissue sample, but the patient was later found to have polymicrobial bacterial pericarditis. CASE REPORT A 34-year-old man from the Democratic Republic of Congo presented to the emergency room with cough, fever, and night sweats. He was admitted and found to have pericardial thickening and fluid collection with calcifications. A tissue sample was not obtained for diagnosis, and he was discharged on RIPE (rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) and steroids for presumed tuberculosis pericarditis. He worsened clinically and was readmitted to the hospital with evolving pericardial effusion with air present, in addition to new pleural effusion and parenchymal consolidation. He subsequently underwent thoracotomy and pericardial biopsy. Tissue cultures and sequence-based bacterial analysis eventually revealed the presence of Prevotella oris and Fusobacterium nucleatum. He improved dramatically with appropriate antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates the importance of undergoing further diagnostic work-up for bacterial pericarditis, especially in resource-rich settings. Although tuberculosis pericarditis should remain high on the differential, it is imperative not to anchor on that diagnosis. Instead, when feasible and safe, tissue biopsy should be obtained and sent for organism identification. AFB smears and cultures, Xpert MTB/RIF, and sequence-based bacterial analysis have all been used for identification. Delay in diagnosis can lead to progression of disease and unnecessary incorrect therapies.
GnRH in Humans

The physiology, anatomy, and molecular biology of the nRH system in humans are quite similar to those of all other mammals studi d to date. This is not surprising, as the GnRH molecule and the GnRH neurosecretory system as the whole are highly conserved across evolution. Therefore, the experimental studies on humans can be used together with bas c research from animal models to develop clinical therapies for mitigating GnRH deficiencies and in treating infertility and disorders of puberty. In this chapter, the properties of human GnRH-1 neurons will be presented, and clinical disorders and therapies will be discussed.
Physical Properties Under Elastic-Plastic Compression

In this chapter: piezoelectric crystals and polymers; ferroelectric and ferromagnetic solids; resistance of metals; shock-induced electrical polarization; electrochemistry; elastic-plastic physical properties.
Src: c-Src protein-tyrosine kinase (vertebrates)

The viral SRC [v-SRC] gene was identified as the oncogene of Rous sarcoma virus. The c-SRC genes in chicken, human, and mouse genomes were identified and cloned as homologues of v-SRC. The function of c-Src in normal cells is not known. In domain structure, the N-terminus of c-Src is myristoylated. Immediately after translation, M1 is removed and G2 is myristoylated. The region from residues 10 to 80 is the most variable among Src family proteins and is considered to contribute to their biological specificities. Two regions known as Src homology 3 and 2 (SH3/SH2) are located centrally. Related regions are found in numerous other proteins, and they play roles in interaction with other cellular proteins. c-Src is primarily localized at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane, but a significant fraction is detectable in the perinuclear region, which may correspond to association with endosomes. Some fraction of c-Src and v-Src is present in focal adhesions and regions of cell–cell contact. Myristoylation of the N-terminus is required for the association of c-Src with plasma membranes. It is expressed in all cells at low levels, but higher expression can be seen in neural tissues, platelets, and macrophages.
Zen of Cloud: Learning Cloud Computing by Examples on Microsoft Azure

Zen of Cloud: Learning Cloud Computing by Examples on Microsoft Azure provides comprehensive coverage of the essential theories behind cloud computing and the Windows Azure cloud platform. Sharing the authors insights gained while working at Microsofts headquarters, it presents nearly 70 end-to-end examples with step-by-step guidance on implementing typical cloud-based scenarios.The book is organized into four sections: cloud service fundamentals, cloud solutions, devices and cloud, and system integration and project management. Each chapter contains detailed exercises that provide readers with the opportunity to develop valuable hands-on skills in cloud service development. Explains how to prepare for Microsoft Azure development and how to use Microsoft Azure Management Portal Provides best practices for designing cloud-based applications Includes online access to updated examples and answers to the exercises Beginners can use this book as a guide in their journey through cloud computing. Experienced cloud developers will benefit from the specific examples and detailed guidance on implementing typical cloud-based scenarios. The examples cover a range of application types and technologies with varying levels of difficulties.Supplying comprehensive coverage of the Windows Azure cloud platform, the book provides a practical understanding and powerful tips that readers can immediately apply to their own workmaking it ideal for cloud system developers, architects, and IT professionals. Organized into easily digestible sessions, it is also ideal for use in instructional settings.
Data Mining and Genetic Algorithms: Finding Hidden Meaning in Biological and Biomedical Data

The amount of biological and biomedical data being accumulated continues to grow at incredible rates. Having tools that can search through these enormous databases is of critical importance to the advancement of research. Data mining is a field of research in Computer Science that specializes in examining large collections of data and extracting patterns that occur within the data. One useful technique for performing data mining is through a genetic algorithm, a process that mimics evolution. This chapter highlights data mining and the genetic algorithm technique, and it also lists many applications where data mining tools have been beneficial to biological and biomedical researchers, and lists some of the available data mining tools.
Antibiotics promote inflammation through the translocation of native commensal colonic bacteria

Objective Antibiotic use is associated with an increased risk of developing multiple inflammatory disorders, which in turn are linked to alterations in the intestinal microbiota. How these alterations in the intestinal microbiota translate into an increased risk for inflammatory responses is largely unknown. Here we investigated whether and how antibiotics promote inflammation via the translocation of live native gut commensal bacteria. Design Oral antibiotics were given to wildtype and induced mutant mouse strains, and the effects on bacterial translocation, inflammatory responses and the susceptibility to colitis were evaluated. The sources of the bacteria and the pathways required for bacterial translocation were evaluated using induced mutant mouse strains, 16s rRNA sequencing to characterise the microbial communities, and in vivo and ex vivo imaging techniques. Results Oral antibiotics induced the translocation of live native commensal bacteria across the colonic epithelium, promoting inflammatory responses, and predisposing to increased disease in response to coincident injury. Bacterial translocation resulted from decreased microbial signals delivered to colonic goblet cells (GCs), was associated with the formation of colonic GC-associated antigen passages, was abolished when GCs were depleted and required CX 3 CR1 + dendritic cells. Bacterial translocation occurred following a single dose of most antibiotics tested, and the predisposition for increased inflammation was only associated with antibiotics inducing bacterial translocation. Conclusions These findings reveal an unexpected outcome of antibiotic therapy and suggest that bacterial translocation as a result of alterations in the intestinal microflora may provide a link between increasing antibiotic use and the increased incidence of inflammatory disorders.
Recommendations for a cryogenic system for ITER

A conceptual design for a cryogenic system that meets the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) requirements is presented. The system has the following features: (a) only time-proven components are used, (b) a high efficiency is obtained without using cold pumps or other developmental components, (c) high reliability is achieved by paralleling compressors and expandors and by using adequate valving, (d) the problem of load fluctuations is solved by a simple load-leveling device and (e) the system can be housed in a separate building located at a considerable distance from the ITER core, if desired. The physical plant size, cost estimates, and means of handling vented helium during a magnet quench are summarized. >
Forced vibration of a steel cantilever beam with thick viscoelastic damping layer

This paper considers the vibration of a cantilever beam with a thick layer of viscoelastic damping material bonded to one surface. The measured forced response is compared to numerical results obtained using the VAST direct frequency response method in conjunction with measured dynamic mechanical properties for the damping material. Predictions of the composite system loss factor, made using VAST and independently using a code PREDC, are also compared to the experimental data. PREDC is a computer program obtained from University of Dayton, Ohio which employs analytical equations for free and constrained damping treatments of beams and rectangular plates
"Love ya, jerkface": Using Sparse Log-Linear Models to Build Positive and Impolite Relationships with Teens

One challenge of implementing spoken dialogue systems for long-term interaction is how to adapt the dialogue as user and system become more familiar. We believe this challenge includes evoking and signaling aspects of long-term relationships such as rapport. For tutoring systems, this may additionally require knowing how relationships are signaled among non-adult users. We therefore investigate conversational strategies used by teenagers in peer tutoring dialogues, and how these strategies function differently among friends or strangers. In particular, we use annotated and automatically extracted linguistic devices to predict impoliteness and positivity in the next turn. To take into account the sparse nature of these features in real data we use models including Lasso, ridge estimator, and elastic net. We evaluate the predictive power of our models under various settings, and compare our sparse models with standard non-sparse solutions. Our experiments demonstrate that our models are more accurate than non-sparse models quantitatively, and that teens use unexpected kinds of language to do relationship work such as signaling rapport, but friends and strangers, tutors and tutees, carry out this work in quite different ways from one another.
Minimum variability time-scales of long and short GRBs

ABSTRACT We have investigated the variability of a sample of long and short Fermi/GBM Gammaray bursts (GRBs) using a fast wavelet technique to determine the smallest timescales. The results indicate diﬀerent variability time scales for long and short burstsin the source frame and that variabilities on the order of a few milliseconds are notuncommon. The data also indicate an intriguing relation between the variability scaleand the burst duration.Key words: Gamma-ray bursts 1 INTRODUCTIONThe prompt emission from Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs)shows very complicated time proﬁles that hitherto elude asatisfactory explanation. Fenimore & Ramirez-Ruiz (2000)reported a correlation between variability of GRBs and thepeak isotropic luminosity. The existence of the variability-luminosity correlation suggests that the prompt emissionlight curve is embedded with temporal information relatedto the microphysics of GRBs. Several models have been pro-posed to explain the observed temporal variability of GRBlightcurves. Leading models such as the internal shock model(reference) and the photospheric model (reference) link therapid variability directly to the activity of the central en-gine. Others invoke relativistic outﬂow mechanisms to sug-gest that local turbulence ampliﬁed through Lorentz boost-ing leads to causally disconnected regions which in turnact as independent centers for the observed prompt emis-sion. In more recent models, both Morsony et al. (2010)and Zhang & Yan (2011) argue that the temporal variabil-ity may show two diﬀerent scales depending on the physicalmechanisms generating the prompt emission.In order to further our understanding of the promptemission phase of GRBs and to explicitly test some of thekey ingredients in the various models it is clearly importantto extract the variability for both short and long gamma-ray bursts in a robust and unbiased manner. It is also clear
Description of phase and emulsion inversion behavior for the ethanol/benzene/water system by the Bancroft-Hand transformation and critical-scaling theory

The emulsion morphology diagram for the ethanol/benzene/water system is analyzed by a coordinate transformation of emulsion inversion data and by critical-scaling equations in the transformed coordinates. The transformation, which may be called the “Bancroft−Hand” transformation, converts the phase and inversion volume fractions into a new concentration variable. When this new concentration variable is used, the tie lines become parallel with each other. The parallel tie lines extend the validity of the critical-scaling theory to a large fraction of the binodal. The phase and emulsion inversion compositions obtained with these transformed concentration variables are compared to the corresponding phase and inversion compositions in polar coordinates (another coordinate transform for obtaining parallel tie lines). The interpretation of the behavior of this system in the Bancroft−Hand transformation also is compared to the behavior of the binary 2-butoxyethanol/water-temperature system (where the tie lines a...
Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism spectra of some non-resolvable dissymmetric metal complexes

Abstract Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism spectra are obtained for certain racemic mixtures of tris complexes of oxalate ion, o-phenanthroline and 2,2′-bipyridyl ligands with metal ions in the presence of optically active organic compounds. These metal complexes have never been resolved (i.e. are non- resolvable by conventional methods) and show the Pfeiffer effect. The CD spectra of tris(o-phenanthroline)cobalt(II) chloride is obtained in the presence of six different optically active organic compounds and compared amongest themselves. These studies provide strong support for the authenticity of the spectra observed for other similar systems. The observed CD bands are compared with the absorption bands and assigned to the electronic transitions in certain cases. On the basis of these spectra (+)D-[Cr(C2O4)3]3−, (−)D-[Co(C2O4)3]3−, (−)D-[Al(C2O4)3]3−, (−)D-[(C2O4)3]3− and (−)D-[Fe(C2O4)3]3− ions are considered to have the same absolute configuration around the metal ions as (+)D- [Co(en)3]3+ ion.
Effect of hydropower peaking flow fluctuations on community structure and feeding guilds of invertebrates colonizing artificial substrates in a large impounded river

Artificial substrates were used to monitor the invertebrate communities below a power peaking impoundment and a flow re-regulating impoundment on the Missouri River on northeastern Nebraska, USA. Invertebrate communities on shallow samplers subjected to exposure from diel fluctuations in flow averaged 3 taxa per sampler and 91 organisms per square meter. In the absence of diel fluctuations, number of taxa per sampler increased to 12 and mean densities increased to 743 per square meter. Fluctuating discharges had no significant effect on numbers of taxa or densities on continually submerged artificial substrates. However, greater numbers of taxa and total densities were observed on deep (107 cm) versus shallow (30 cm) samplers below both impoundments. Polycentropodidae (Trichoptera), Chironomidae (Diptera) and Oligochaeta were observed to tolerate diel fluctuations and exposure below Fort Randall Dam while Hydropsychidae (Trichoptera) and Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) were extremely intolerant. Collector-gatherers and predator-engulfers were the predominant functional groups colonizing samplers below both impoundments. Higher numbers of collector-gatherers, collector-filterers and scrapers were observed from samplers in the absence of diel flow fluctuations. This study corroborates results from a number of other investigations, separated in space and time. Examined collectively, these studies provide the framework for understanding power peaking as a stress to benthic stream communities.
THIAMINE IN NEURAL MEMBRANES ENZYMIC HYDROLYSIS OF THIAMINE DIPHBSPHATE

— The membrane-associated diphosphatase from rat brain which catalyses the hydrolysis of thiamine diphosphate and nucleoside diphosphate is described. The parallel sub-cellular distribution of thiamine diphosphatase and nucleoside diphosphatase activity and the equal inhibition of both activities by adenosine methylenediphosphonate, a non-hydrolysable structural analogue of ADP, suggests that a single enzyme is involved. The divalent cation requirement and basic kinetic properties of this enzyme have been determined. This nucleoside diphosphatase is not activated by ATP.
An examination of the priming effect as it pertains to the leader behavior description questionnaire form XII

The Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire Form XII is frequently used in leadership research. In this laboratory study 126 college students were assigned to two groups. The task involved describing an ideal leader using the questionnaire and an open-ended response form. One group completed the questionnaire first, the other group used the open-response form first. Analysis indicated that the questionnaire shows the priming effect, i.e., an increasing salience of an item used on a survey.
Digital Circuit Redundancy

While some original work is presented, this paper is mainly of the nature of a survey of redundancy techniques to date. Several redundancy techniques are described in detail with mathematical models for estimating reliability improvement. The methods are compared on the basis of reliability improvement and general comments are made about applications. The reliability equations for Moore-Shannon, majority, gate connector, and other redundancies, show that Moore-Shannon type of redundancy provides the best reliability improvement An example of a Moore-Shannon redundant flip-flop shows that large reliability improvements are obtained applying redundancy to only the less reliable components, thus keeping the amount of redundancy to a minimum.
Essential duration of parabiosis and development of tolerance to skin homografts in mice

Summary1. Parabiosis between Z animals and AZ F1 hybrid animals results in immunological tolerance of the former strain to the latter.2. When parabiotic union between Z and AZ F1 animals is maintained less than 30 days a tolerant state is not regularly produced, but when maintained 30 days or more, tolerance of Z for AZ F1 hybrid skin grafts is the rule.3. Tolerance between Z and Ce strain mice may be produced in adult life by maintenance of a parabiotic union between members of these 2 strains.4. Under these circumstances Z mice more readily become tolerant to the strain of the parabiotic partner than do Ce strain mice.5. Implications of these findings to the theory of immunological tolerance are discussed.
The job satisfaction of higher level employees in large certified public accounting firms

Abstract This research study is divided into two parts. In the first part differences between audit, tax and management services (MS) specialists holding positions of Senior or higher and employed by large CPA firms are examined on three dimensions: (1) job satisfaction, (2) personal characteristics and (3) job features. Using multivariate analysis several differences between MS specialists and audit tax specialists as a combined group are detected. However, no statistically significant differences were found on the three dimensions between audit and tax specialists. The second part of the study concerned predicting the job satisfaction of audit, tax and MS specialists using personal characteristics and job features as independent variables in multiple regression. Moderate success was achieved in predicting the job satisfaction of audit and tax specialists, but predicting the level of job satisfaction of MS specialists was unsuccessful. The results of this study have policy implications for large CPA firms as well as research implications for job satisfaction researchers.
Resection of foregut-derived duplications by minimal-access surgery.

Eight children underwent minimal-access surgery (MAS) for duplications of foregut derivatives. The efficacy and safety of this approach are reviewed. The seven patients with mediastinal lesions had video-assisted thoracoscopic resection. One lesion presented as a subdiaphragmatic esophageal diverticulum, which was excised laparoscopically. Between March 1991 and October 1997, eight children were treated. Mean age was 27 months and mean weight was 11.4 kg. Mean operating time was 106 min, and mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.5 days (median = 2 days). Persistent air leaks occurred in two patients who had centrally-located bronchogenic cysts. One of these, who had undergone subtotal excision with laser photoablation of the remaining cyst mucosa, developed a recurrence that was excised at thoracotomy. We conclude that esophageal and bronchogenic cysts and duplications may be safely excised by MAS in children, with excellent cosmetic and functional outcome. Two technical points are noted: (1) a thoracostomy tube is required for central mediastinal lesions; and (2) complete excision is required to prevent recurrence.
Manganese carboxylate clusters: from structuralaesthetics to single-molecule magnets

Abstract An overview is provided of some recent developments in manganese carboxylatecluster chemistry. A variety of synthetic methodologies are described together with the structuresof the resultant products, which span metal nuclearities of 4 to 18 and oxidation states of II to IV,including mixed-valency. The spins of the ground states of these products are often large andsometimes abnormally large, and in certain cases when this is coupled to a sufficiently largemagnetoanisotropy, the clusters function as single-molecule magnets i.e., they can be magnetizedby an external magnetic field below a critical temperature. These complexes display hysteresis inmagnetization vs . magnetic field studies, and clear evidence for quantum tunnelling ofmagnetization. Such results establish single-molecule magnetism as a new magnetic phenomenon,and one that holds great promise for next-century technological applications. © 1998 ElsevierScience Ltd. All rights reserved—
Hypoxic changes in brain β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio: Phylogenetic and developmental considerations

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of hypoxia on the ratio of β-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate in the brain was determined in fresh-water turtles, immature and mature rats and immature and mature chickens. 2. 2. This ratio (assumed to reflect the redox state of the mitochondria) was increased in hypoxia in the turtles, the immature rats and the immature chickens. It remained unchanged in the mature rats and chickens. 3. 3. The results are interpreted in terms of the increasing metabolic complexity of the brain in older and less primitive organisms, with possible diversion of β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate to metabolic pathways other than those involved in oxygen-dependent energy production.
Phosphate Levels and Blood Pressure in Incident Hemodialysis Patients: A Longitudinal Study

An elevated serum phosphate level in hemodialysis patients has been associated with mineral deposition in blood vessels. We studied a possible physiologic consequence of hyperphosphatemia by examining the relation between serum phosphate levels and blood pressure in 707 incident hemodialysis patients from 75 clinics who were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. We conducted cross-sectional and longitudinal multiple linear regression analyses, adjusting for demographics, medical history, and laboratory factors. In cross-sectional analyses at baseline, elevated serum phosphate was associated with higher predialysis systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP) at the start of dialysis; each 1 mg/dL higher phosphate level was associated with 1.77 mm Hg higher SBP. In multivariable adjusted longitudinal analyses, for each 1 mg/dL higher serum phosphate at baseline, SBP was higher at 3 months, 1.36 mm Hg (P = .005); 6 months, 1.13 mm Hg (P = .035); 12 months, 1.65 mm Hg (P = .008); 18 months, 1.44 mm Hg (P = .031); and 27 months, 2.54 mm Hg (P = .002). PP was higher at 3 months, 0.80 mm Hg (P = .027); 6 months, 0.91 mm Hg (P = .022); 12 months, 1.45 mm Hg (P
A Bioactive Substance in the Caecum of Germ-Free Animals: Reduced Levels of a Bioactive Substance in the Caecal Content of Gnotobiotic Rats Mono-associated with Salmonella typhimurium

A Bioactive Substance in the Caecum of Germ-Free Animals: Reduced Levels of a Bioactive Substance in the Caecal Content of Gnotobiotic Rats Mono-associated with Salmonella typhimurium
Should We Assess Tumorigenicity With the Peto or Poly-k Test?

The IARC guidance document on testing for tumorigenicity in long-term animal experiments (Peto et al. 1980) recommended a statistical test for dose-related trend that stratifies animals dying with tumors of a specific type according to whether the tumor was observed because it killed the animal (fatal context) or because of a competing cause of death (incidental context). The test has become known as Peto’s cause-of-death (COD) test or, simply, the Peto test, in recognition of Richard Peto’s lead authorship of the 1980 IARC document. In 1988 John Bailer and Chris Portier developed the Poly-k test for tumorigenicity which does not require a COD determination (Bailer and Portier 1988). Instead it relies on the assumption that the distribution of time to tumor onset can be expressed as a function of the kth power of time. Animals dying without tumors during the course of an experiment contribute to the test statistic according to weights determined by this kth power. Bailer and Portier recommended using k=3 ...
Vaccines against enterotoxigenic bacterial pathogens based on hybrid Salmonella that express heterologous antigens.

Abstract In this report, we examine two aspects in the development of a vaccine against enterotoxigenic bacterial pathogens based on hybrid Salmonella that express heterologous antigens. First, we describe the construction of a non-toxic fusion peptide for immunization against Escherichia coli that produce heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) enterotoxins. For that construction, the 5′ terminus of the gene coding for ST was fused to the 3′ terminus of the gene coding for the binding subunit of LT(LT-B). The ST gene was constructed synthetically with appropriate restriction sites to permit in-frame, downstream insertion. Maximum expression of ST antigenicity was obtained when a seven-amino-acid proline-containing linker was included between the LT-B and ST moieties. The purified LT-B/ST fusion peptide consisted of a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 18, 000. The LT-B/ST fusion peptide was non-toxic and immunologic determinants of both LT and ST were recognized by antibodies directed against the native toxins. Animals immunized with either crude or purified preparations containing the hybrid molecule produced antibodies that were able to recognize native toxin in vitro . Significantly, these antibodies were able to neutralize the biological activity of native ST. The second aspect reported here examines a mechanism for stabilizing expression of heterologous antigens in attenuated Salmonella mutants by integration of the heterologous gene (LT-B) into the chromosome of the carrier. A comparative in vitro study of the levels of expression of LT-B between the cointegrate strain and an isogenic strain carrying the LT-B gene on a multicopy plasmid demonstrated that the initial levels of expression of both strains is similar, that the plasmid-carrying strain loses the ability to express the heterologous antigen very quickly and that the cointegrate continues to maintain and express the antigen without the requirement for a stabilizing antibiotic.
Protein synthesis in isolated etioplasts after light stimulation

Abstract Grains of Zea mays were germinated in the dark for 5 days. Etioplasts were then isolated in the dark and exposed to light in the presence of labelled amino acids and various inhibitors. After periods of incorporation, either in the dark or light, proteins were isolated and then examined with the aid of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The highest specific activity of incorporation was found in the lamellar protein fraction. The use of inhibitors enabled the specific products of etioplast incorporation to be identified on the gels. Analyses of radioactivity in protein bands indicate that the plastid is capable of responding to light in vitro in at least two ways: (1) by an increase in the rate of protein synthesis; and (2) by a reproducible control of the various proteins synthesized either in the dark or light, which resulted in the ‘turning off’ of some proteins synthesized in the dark, and the subsequent initiation of the synthesis of others, in response to light. The results presented inthis study indicate that the plastid in vitro is capable of a rather complex response mechanism when subjected to environmental change, such as light stimulation. This suggests that the plastid is capable of a great degree of autonomy, at least when necessary, and is possibly more independent of nuclear control than heretofore suggested in the literature.
Fertility decline and social service access: reconciling behavioral and medical models.

In this summary of fertility literature the author attempts to differentiate between the effects of behavioral and medical models of family planning programs on the fertility rate. This is done by determining the effects of access to social welfare services by assessment of: the function of children within the family life survey conducted in the Cameroons are also used. It was found that 7 interdependent elements of social service are involved: 1) general health care; 2) social security for sick and aged; 3) employment training and opportunities for adults; 4) literacy and education; 5) communication and transportation systems; 6) housing and infrastructure; 7) child care and welfare. The presence of these elements is shown to accompany low fertility while their absence is expressed in high rates of child bearing. These elements are major variables in both the nomological and public policy senses. 2 additional components are knowledge of and favorable attitudes towards effective means of fertility control plus effective mechanical chemical or natural means of limiting fertility. The concept of fertility norm and its impact on the fertility rate is explained as being the result of the collective force which social affiliations exert on people to reproduce in a certain way. The "stopping rule" is that which will fulfill the fertility norm. An example of this is a culture which continues child bearing until a son has been born and then controls reproduction after this has happened. Such factors must be considered for family planning programs to succeed in these cultures. Therefore fertility levels are found to be the product of prevailing norms and technical ability to achieve these norms. Improvement in levels of access to social services can bring about the lowering of these norms.
Latitudinal influences on the quiet daytime D-region

Abstract Four versions of a steady-state quiet D-region model are presented. They differ from each other as a result of latitudinal differences in total neutral particle concentrations, nitric oxide concentrations and cosmic ray ionization rates. The total ion concentration profiles of all four versions have minima near 70 km which range from about 10 8 m −3 at high latitudes to 3.5 × 10 7 m −3 at equatorial latitudes for a solar zenith angle of 60°. Neutral density differences among the four cases result in important vertical shifts for the respective D-region profiles relative to one another. A “C-layer” is evident for the high and mild-latitude models at large solar zenith angles. The altitude where the negative ion/electron concentrations ratio is unity varies from about 63 to 67 km. The computed results are compared briefly with the extensive data base in the literature.
Graft failure IV. Immunologic mechanisms of corneal transplant rejection

Corneal transplantation is the oldest and the most common form of solid tissue transplantation in humans. Immunologic graft rejection is one of the main causes of short and long-term graft failure. Rejection involves donor tissue recognition and destruction by allo-specific immune cells of the recipient. This review outlines (1) the immunobiology of transplantation, with reference to ocular immune privilege, (2) factors that confer “high-risk” status to a graft and (3) the pathophysiologic mechanisms of corneal transplant rejection.
Non-planar minimizers and rotational symmetry in the N-body problem

Abstract The Newtonian N -body problem admits uniformly rotating relative equilibrium solutions in the plane, but not in R 3 . When the bodies are allowed to interact in R 3 , is it preferable, in terms of action, to leave the plane and follow a non-planar trajectory? We use the variational techniques of Chenciner and Venturelli (Celestial Mech. Dyn. Astro. 77 (2000) 139) to show that for an open set of masses, there is a class of collision-free, action-minimizing orbits of certain rotational symmetry in the four-body problem which are non-coplanar, i.e. the planar relative equilibrium is not the least-action solution among orbits in R 3 . Both periodic and quasi-periodic solutions are constructed in this way. We also discuss constructing collision-free action-minimizing solutions possessing d -rotational symmetry along with various other symmetry constraints.
Developing a Structured Forecasting and Policy Analysis System to Support Inflation-Forecast Targeting (IFT)

This paper presents a basic plan for developing a Forecast and Policy Analysis System designed to support an inflation-forecast targeting regime at a central bank. It includes discussion of the development of data management and reporting processes; the creation of a forecast team and the development of human capital; the implementation of a simple model, plus possible extensions; and the management of regular economic projections. We emphasize that it is better to implement simple models earlier and use them well, rather than wait in an attempt to develop an all-encompassing model.
Maximizing Classification Performance for Patient Response Datasets

The ability to predict a patient's response to a treatment has long been a goal in the fields of medicine andpharmacology. This is especially true for cancer treatments, as many of these incur extreme side effects as a consequenceof destroying healthy cells along with cancerous ones. Geneprofiles such as DNA microarrays could potentially containinformation on which treatments are most likely to work withminimal side effects. However, DNA microarray datasets canbe challenging due to the large number of features (genes) per sample, many of which are irrelevant or redundant. Techniques from the domain of data mining may help both identifythe most important features and build classification modelsusing those features. This paper is a comprehensive study onthe relative performance of many different feature selectionapproaches and classification models when applied to fifteenpatient response datasets. We use six classifiers along withtwelve feature subset sizes and twenty-five feature selection techniques. Our results show that the Random Forest classifieris the top performing classifier in terms of both average resultsacross all feature selection techniques and when using thebest-performing feature selection technique, and also had thesmallest range between the best and worst performing featureselection techniques. Additionally, we found that for the averageand best feature selection technique performance, as the featuresubset size increases, the classification performance increases. Finally, we found that different feature selection techniquesdominated performance for different feature subset sizes, andlikewise the worst performers also depended on the chosenfeature subset size. Statistical analysis was conducted to furthervalidate our results. Overall, based on our results we wouldrecommend the use of Random Forest along with a featureselection technique (the choice not being statistically significant)that reduces the feature set to around 1000 features, in orderto both maximize classification performance and remove onestep (choosing an appropriate feature ranking technique) from the process.
Code Switching and Code Mixing in the ESL Classroom: A Study of Pragmatic and Syntactic Features

As the student population of countries such as Australia and the United States continues to become increasingly diverse, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) serving school-age populations repeatedl...
Substitution effects in the heterogeneous catalytic synthesis of flavanones over MgO

Abstract Flavanones were synthesized via a series reaction scheme involving the Claisen–Schmidt condensation of 2′-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehydes to form 2′-hydroxychalcones, and the subsequent isomerization of the 2′-hydroxychalcones to flavanones. Reactions were carried out at 160 °C heterogeneously using MgO as the catalyst. Substitution effects were investigated by conducting reaction studies involving various para-substituted benzaldehydes (i.e., OH, OCH3, H, F, Cl, Br and NO2). Different solvents, including DMSO, nitrobenzene, benzonitrile and tetralin, were used. The results from this work suggest that a negatively charged ketone intermediate, similar to one previously proposed for the homogeneously base-catalyzed reaction, is also involved in the heterogeneous synthesis under these conditions.
Algebraic characterization of the KdV family

Abstract We show that the KdV family is the only infinite nontrivial family satisfying divergence recurrence formula.
Alternative model of dissipation in quantum mechanics.

The model of dissipation studied by Castro Neto and Caldeira [Phys. Rev. Lett. {bold 67}, 1960 (1991)] is reexamined. The main results for transport are derived in a simple manner without the use of Feynman path integrals. By means of a unitary transformation, a connection is made between the model and a model previously studied in the field of quantum dissipation. Lastly, extensions of the model are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Once more unto the breach dear friends…A reconsideration of the literature on symptom substitution

Abstract For over 25 years the question of symptom substitution has been the most heatedly contested theoretical point between the behavioral and psychodynamic schools. The behaviorists have claimed to show empirically that symptom substitution is at worst a negligible phenomenon, while the psychodynamicists have argued that this is a theoretical impossibility. This paper reviews the basic behavioral and psychodynamic positions on this issue. It subsequently argues that the behavioral studies in this area are methodologically and conceptually flawed to the point of neutralizing the claim of “empirical” resolution. Finally, current behavioral and psychodynamic positions on this issue are viewed, as well as their relevance to future research and therapeutic intervention.
Supplementary Modeling Study of a Tropical Convective Band

Abstract A simulation is made for the observed evolution of a mesoscale tropical convective band using a nonhydrostatic cloud model and compared with an earlier Ogura and Kao simulation where a hydrostatic model was used with the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization scheme. Both simulations are made in two dimensions, and identical large-scale forcing that is time-independent but spatially varies is imposed in the form of low-level convergence. No environmental wind is included in the models, aside from the wind representing the imposed large-scale low-level convergence. In Ogura-Kao's simulation, the parameterized convective activity occurs all the time during the simulation period in or near the area of the maximum large-scale forcing. In sharp contrast, our model-resolved convective clouds start developing in the area of the maximum large-scale forcing, but then propagate away like a multicellular (but slowly moving) squall-line from that area, as a result of interactions between the cloud-induced...