cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex and Equality

This essay, to be published in Boston University Law Review’s symposium on Hanna Rosin’s book, The End of Men, challenges Rosin’s suggestion that contemporary sexual norms on college campuses serve women’s interests well. Unpacking the same data that Rosin uses to defend hook-up culture on women’s behalf, the essay argues that hook-up norms facilitate rape and may help explain the high rate of sexual assault on college campuses. Hook-up norms also perpetuate the sexual double standard, disproportionately hurt lower income women who cannot compete in hook-up status games, and valorize boorish, selfish male sexual behavior. In doing so, hook-up norms likely hurt young women’s ability to secure what they say they eventually want, which is sexual relationships rooted in equality.
The Evolution of Intelligence

In this chapter we briefly introduce the concept of intelligence from an evolutionary perspective tracing what is known about early human development, behavior and the brain. We review the vocabulary of intelligence, provide a brief framework outlining intellectual theory and introduce and provide an overview of this volume.
The application of RBE values to clinical trials of high-LET radiations

Abstract RBE n/x values for tumor control and normal tissue injury vary (Barendsen, these proceedings; Field and Hornsey, these proceedings). This variation is determined in part by the inherent radiosensitivity of the component cells, as well as by their proliferative status and/or oxygenation. A therapeutic gain would be expected from treating tumors with neutrons or other high-LET beams if tumor cells were characterized by an X-ray survival curve with an initial slope which was shallower and/or a shoulder which was broader than those characteristic of the cells of dose-limiting normal tissues. The presence of hypoxic tumor cells increases the RBE for tumor control, especially if the X-ray treatment is given as a few large doses. However, reoxygenation must be relatively inefficient if there is to be a significant therapeutic advantage over conventional treatment which uses a large number of small dose fractions. The survival of a cell as a function of its position within the division cycle is less variable with high-LET irradiation than it is with X-irradiation: hence, changes in the age distribution of critical tumor and normal tissue cells may lead to large variations in RBE, especially when small dose fractions are used. If surviving tumor cells do not progress through the division cycle during a course of fractionated radiotherapy, their resulting parasynchronization into resistant phases would lead to a therapeutic gain from the use of high-LET radiations. Also, since potentially lethal injury is repaired in slowly proliferating cells after X-, but not after neutron irradiation, the RBE n/x may be further increased for an inadequately redistributing population of tumor clonogenic cells. Conversely, if tumor cells redistribute efficiently, or if G1,S or G2 delay induces parasynchrony in relatively sensitive phases of the division cycle, there could be a therapeutic disadvantage from using high-LET radiations. At present, there are no human data permitting the correlation of a poor response to conventional fractionated X-ray therapy with intrinsic radioresistance, inefficient reoxygenation or poor cell cycle redistribution. Such data are needed for proper selection of the subpopulations of patients most likely to benefit from high-LET radiotherapy.
Projective visualization: acting from experience

This paper describes Projective Visualization which uses previous observation of a process or activity to project the results of an agent's actions into the future. Actions which seem likely to sueceed are selected and applied. Actions which seem likely to fail are rejected, and other actions can be generated and evaluated. This paper presents a description of the architecture for Projective Visualization, preliminary results on learning to act from observations of a reactive system, and a comparison of two types of Case Projection (how situations are projected into the future).
Physical and Sexual Violence Experienced by Male War-Affected Youth: Implications for Post-Conflict Functioning and Intimate Relationships.

This study explored the association between war violence exposure during armed conflict and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, and the impact of positive community and family reintegrat...
Triggers, Protectors, and Predictors in Episodic Migraine.

A wide variety of triggers prompt attacks in episodic migraine. Although experimental triggers such as glyceryl trinitrate reliably produce migraine, natural triggers are much less predictable and vary in importance between individuals. This review describes the most common triggers in episodic migraine and provides strategies for managing them in clinical practice. Multiple migraine attack triggers have been established based on patient surveys, diary studies, and clinical trials. Stress, menstrual cycle changes, weather changes, sleep disturbances, alcohol, and other foods are among the most common factors mentioned. Clinical studies have verified that fasting, premenstrual periods in women, “letdown” after stress, and most likely low barometric pressures are migraine triggers. Premonitory symptoms such as neck pain, fatigue, and sensitivity to lights, sounds, or odors may mimic triggers. Multiple studies clearly demonstrate triggers in episodic migraine, often related to change in homeostasis or environment. Many common migraine triggers are not easily modifiable, and avoiding triggers may not be realistic. Healthy lifestyle choices such as exercise, adequate sleep, stress management, and eating regularly may prevent triggers and transformation to chronic migraine over time.
"We're in This Together": Principals and Teachers as Partners and Learners in Lesson Study.

This research proposes Lesson Study as a professional development structure that allows principals and teachers in secondary schools to meet the demands of English and disciplinary literacy standar...
Simulation of carbon dioxide absorption by amino acids in two-phase batch and bubble column reactors

The absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important process in many practical applications. The use of amino acid solutions as absorption solvents has the potential to reduce the amount of energ...
Operationalizing artificial intelligence for multi-domain operations: a first look

Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI/ML) is a foundational requirement for Multi-Domain Operations (MDO). To solve some of MDO’s most critical problems, for example, penetrating and dis-integrating an adversary’s antiaccess/area denial (A2/AD) systems, the future force requires the ability to converge capabilities from across multiple domains at speeds and scales beyond human cognitive abilities. This requires robust, interoperable AI/ML that operates across multiple layers: from optimizing technologies and platforms, to fusing data from multiple sources, to transferring knowledge across joint functions to accomplish critical MDO tactical tasks. This paper provides an overview of ongoing work from the Unified Quest Future Study Plan and other events with the Army’s Futures and Concepts Center to operationalize AI/ML to address MDO problems with this layered approach. It includes insights and required AI/ML capabilities determined with subject matter experts from various organizations at these learning events over the past two years, as well as vignettes that illustrate how AI/ML can be operationalized to enable successful Multi-Domain Operations against a near peer adversary.
Arab Women’s Emancipation in Israel (1982)

In the 1970s, as well as later, female members of Israel’s Arab population joined male members of their community in seeking and working for greater political, economic, and social equality. But many Arab-Israeli women also sought greater equality for themselves as women. Against the background of these two sets of goals, and of the possibility of tension between them, this chapter assesses the nature and distribution of the social and cultural orientations held by Arab-Israeli women and then considers the extent to which, in the 1970s, various experiences were modifying these orientations. Seeking to account for variation in the normative orientations of this female population, particular attention is given to assessing the explanatory power of Israeli government actions and of interpersonal interactions with Jewish Israelis. Also considered is the response of these women to the possibility of tension between their goals as Israeli Arabs, that is to say their nationalist agenda, and their goals as Arab women, that is to say their feminist agenda. One of these agendas pushes toward solidarity with the male members of their own community, while the other agenda pushes away from solidarity with Arab men and toward greater cooperation with Jewish Israeli women. This chapter illustrates the importance of disaggregation, which means looking at subsets of a population as well as the population as a whole. It also shows the value of working to develop causal stories that account for within-group variation, possibly identifying explanatory relationships that may be generalizable to women in other types of minority group situations.
Mechanistic Studies of Single-Step Styrene Production Catalyzed by Rh Complexes with Diimine Ligands: An Evaluation of the Role of Ligands and Induction Period

Studies of catalytic benzene alkenylation using different diimine ligated Rh(I) acetate complexes and Cu(OAc)2 as the oxidant revealed statistically identical results in terms of activity and product selectivity. Under ethylene pressure, two representative diimine ligated rhodium(I) acetate complexes were demonstrated to exchange the diimine ligand with ethylene rapidly to form [Rh(μ-OAc)(η2-C2H4)2]2 and free diimine. Thus, it was concluded that diimine ligands are not likely coordinated to the active Rh catalysts under catalytic conditions. At 150 °C under catalytic conditions using commercial Cu(OAc)2 as the oxidant, [Rh(μ-OAc)(η2-C2H4)2]2 undergoes rapid decomposition to form catalytically inactive and insoluble Rh species, followed by gradual dissolution of the insoluble Rh to form the soluble Rh, which is active for styrene production. Thus, the observed induction period under some conditions is likely due to the formation of insoluble Rh (rapid), followed by redissolution of the Rh (slow). The Rh de...
Two Takes on the Russian Revolution of 1905: Lenin versus Weber

After the Bolshevik-led Russian Revolution of October 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, its leading protagonists, would often say that the Revolution of 1905 served as a “dress rehearsal.” On the twelfth anniversary of the beginning of the latter, January 9 (22), 1917, the original “Bloody Sunday,” Lenin addressed a meeting of young workers in Zurich, Switzerland, to commemorate that momentous event. He had no idea as he spoke that within weeks Russia’s toilers would be making history again. His focus was on the lessons of 1905, to ensure that his audience was politically equipped for whatever lay ahead. Toward the end of the talk, he mentioned another balance sheet on the upheaval. “The bourgeoisie likes to describe the Moscow uprising [December 1905] as something artificial, and to treat it with ridicule. For instance, in German so-called scientific literature, Herr Professor Max Weber, in his lengthy survey of Russia’s political development, refers to the Moscow uprising as a “putsch.”
Event-triggered adaptive optimal control using output feedback: An adaptive dynamic programming approach

This paper proposes an event-triggered adaptive optimal output-feedback control method for continuous-time linear systems. With the proposed design, the unmeasurable states are reconstructed by using the measurable input and output data, and the discrete-time algebraic Riccati equation is iteratively solved through adaptive dynamic programming. Then, an event-based feedback strategy is introduced to the closed-loop system to reduce the communication between the controller and the plant. Convergence to the optimal solution and the closed-loop stability analysis are carried out by using Lyapunov method. Two numerical examples are employed to verify the effectiveness of the design.
Mice expressing the variant rs1143679 allele of ITGAM (CD11b) show impaired DC-mediated T cell proliferation

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and functional genomic analyses have implicated several ITGAM (CD11b) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of SLE and other disorders. ITGAM encodes the αM chain of the β2 integrin Mac-1, a receptor that plays important roles in myeloid cell functions. The ITGAM SNP rs1143679, which results in an arginine to histidine change at amino acid position 77 of the CD11b protein, has been shown to reduce binding to several ligands and to alter Mac-1-mediated cellular response in vitro. Importantly, however, the potential contribution of this SNP variant to the initiation and/or progression of immune and inflammatory processes in vivo remains unexplored. Herein, we describe for the first time the generation and characterization of a mouse line expressing the 77His variant of CD11b. Surprisingly, we found that 77His did not significantly affect Mac-1-mediated leukocyte migration and activation as assessed using thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and LPS/TNF-α-induced dermal inflammation models. In contrast, expression of this variant did alter T cell immunity, as evidenced by significantly reduced proliferation of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific transgenic T cells in 77His mice immunized with OVA. Reduced antigen-specific T cell proliferation was also observed when either 77His splenic dendritic cells (DCs) or bone marrow-derived DCs were used as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Although more work is necessary to determine how this alteration might influence the development of SLE or other diseases, these in vivo findings suggest that the 77His variant of CD11b can compromise the ability of DCs to induce antigen-driven T cell proliferation.
Into the fray: Adaptive approaches to studying novel teamwork forms:

Novel forms of teamwork—created by rapid change and growing diversity among collaborators—are increasingly common, and they present substantial methodological challenges for research. We highlight ...
Bifurcated lobbying in America: group benefits and lobbyist selection

The kinds of benefits that groups seek from government predict the kinds of lobbyists they hire. Group benefits are linked to lobbyist selection for three reasons: groups attempt to maximize economic efficiency and preserve political agency, but have different levels of a priori influence with elected legislators. These motivations, which are not disentangled here, imply that private interests seeking selective benefits are more likely to hire multi-client lobbyists than public interests seeking collective benefits. I find strong support for this expectation by exploring the lobbyist hiring decisions of more than 80,000 groups. I then show that public interest groups prefer single-client agents when one controls for lobbyist pay levels, numbers of former legislators hired, and 501(c)(3) status. This last test suggests that private and public interests engage in genuinely different forms of advocacy, independent of material resources or restrictions on nonprofit lobbying.
Simulated vehicle exhaust exposure (SVEE) in rats impairs renal mitochondrial function.

Vehicle exhaust emissions primarily comprise of nitrogen, oxygen, water, CO2, NO2, CO, hydrocarbons and particulate matter. While adverse effects of hydrocarbon and particulate matter on cardiovas...
A Comprehensive Self-Management Program With Diet Education Does Not Alter Microbiome Characteristics in Women With Irritable Bowel Syndrome:

Background and Purpose:Changes in diet and lifestyle factors are frequently recommended for persons with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It is unknown whether these recommendations alter the gut mi...
Enabling Magnetic Beamforming in MIMO Wireless Power Transfer Using Reconfigurable Metasurface

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has been widely used in IoT applications, such as mobile device charging, biomedical implants communication, and RFID field. Maximizing the power transfer efficiency (PTE) becomes one of the most crucial problems for designing the WPT systems. Magnetic induction (MI) beamforming has been proposed recently to maximize the PTE for the near field MIMO WPT systems. However, conventional magnetic beamforming in WPT systems usually requires accurate magnetic channel estimation, both amplitude and phase control of the charging source, which can not be achieved in an extreme environment. In this paper, we propose a novel magnetic induction beamforming scheme in MIMO WPT system using a reconfigurable metasurface. Instead of controlling the source currents or voltages, the reconfigurable metasurface can achieve near field beamforming only by varying the capacitor and resistance in specific coil array units. The beamforming is modeled as a discrete optimization problem and solved by using the Simulate Anneal (SA) method. Through the analytical and COMSOL simulation results, our proposed beamforming scheme can achieve approximately two times PTE of the conventional beamforming method in a 40 cm charging distance.
Importance of Extra-Renal CYP24A1 Expression for Maintaining Mineral Homeostasis

Calcium homeostasis involves a complex interplay between kidneys, parathyroid glands, intestine and bone. Specifically, 1,25(OH)2D3 is a key calciotropic hormone which stimulates intestinal calcium absorption. A growing body of evidence suggests that circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 depend not only on its synthesis under the action of PTH in the kidneys, but also its catabolism by 24-hydroxylase, herein referred to as CYP24A1. The clinical importance of CYP24A1 has been demonstrated by human loss-of-function mutations, which lead to severe hypercalcemia due to exaggerated levels of 1,25(OH)2D3. Despite its growing importance, little is known about its tissue-specific contributions to normal vitamin D metabolism. To explore the physiology of CYP24A1 and delineate renal-specific effects of CYP24A1 in calcium metabolism, we generated a mouse with constitutive kidney-specific deletion of Cyp24a1 (Six2Cre-Cyp24flox). Six2 marks the nephron progenitor population throughout nephrogenesis. We hypothesized that hypercalcemia as seen in CYP24A1 inactivating mutations is related to lack of both renal and extrarenal expression, and that renal deletion does not lead to severe hypercalcemia. To confirm Cyp24a1 deletion, we measured mRNA expression in the kidney using qPCR and RNA in situ hybridization. All mice were fed a standard commercial rodent diet and followed longitudinally for five months with interval calcium measurements. At time of termination, serum PTH levels were measured along with vitamin D-dependent calcium transporters as a functional measure of 1,25(OH)2D3 action. Cyp24a1 expression was significantly knocked down in total kidneys from Six2Cre-Cyp24flox mice as compared to intestinal expression suggesting successful gene deletion. Compared to age-matched wildtype controls, Six2Cre-Cyp24flox mice were mildly but persistently hypercalcemic (diff between means= 0.46 mg/dL, p-value: 0.03, n=8 per group). As expected, 1,25D-dependent calcium transporters in the kidney (Calb1, Trpv5, Slc8a1, Atp2b1) and intestine (Trpv6, s100g) were all increased, consistent with increased systemic 1,25(OH)2D3 activity. PTH levels were appropriately suppressed in the Six2Cre-Cyp24flox mice (diff between means=83 pg/mL, p-value 0.2, n=9 control, n=3 exp) as were renal cyp27b1 mRNA expression. These data suggest that renal CYP24A1 is important for systemic 1,25(OH)2D3 regulation, but the lack of severe hypercalcemia supports critical contributions of extra-renal CYP24A1.
Effect of a Monensin Slow-release Capsule at Dry-off on Ketolactia and Milk Yield in Holstein Cows

This study evaluated the effect of a monensin slow-release capsule (Rumensin®) given at dry-off on levels of b-hydroxy butyrate in milk at 14 days post-partum and daily milk yield up to 20 days post-partum on Holstein dairy cows.
Reviewing the underlying assumptions in waste LCA models to identify impacts on waste management decision making

Abstract Many waste LCA models are available for waste management decision and policy makers to better manage their waste streams. These models contain inherent differences in their functionality (e.g., LCI, LCIA, technical assumptions), which creates complications for non-expert LCA users to interpret results. Here, we present a unique approach to identify crucial model similarities and differences by conducting scenario runs and comparing the results in the context of waste management decision making. Five waste LCA models were evaluated, the model defaults for the LCI, LCIA, and technical assumptions related to recycling, landfilling, and combustion were used. The recycling/combustion default assumptions were relatively similar amongst models compared to their landfill defaults. For recycling, the assumption of a forest carbon credit for paper products (applied in WARM) resulted in an environmental offset and in different outcomes than other models. The major differences for landfilling resulted from landfill gas management and energy recovery defaults, with MSW-DST associated with the most conservative collection efficiencies and no energy conversion which resulted in the greatest environmental footprints compared to other models, especially SWOLF and EASETECH. While for combustion the major difference amongst models was the inclusion of non-ferrous metal ash recovery. Overall, the models agreed the most environmental favorable results were to combust paper and organic materials and recycle plastics, glass, and metals. The results here assist waste management decision makers, who are typically non-expert LCA users, to gain a greater understanding of the major differences/similarities in their LCA study when using multiple models and better decide which model's functionality aligns best with their goals and scope. Expert LCA practitioners can use the study results to identify areas needing data collection, and to facilitate discussion about the acceptance of, or lack of, important technical assumptions.
Annexin A1 Tripeptide Mimetic Increases Sirtuin-3 and Augments Mitochondrial Function to Limit Ischemic Kidney Injury

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common organ failures following surgery. We have developed a tripeptide mimetic (ANXA1sp) of the parent annexin A1 molecule that shows promise as an organ protectant limiting cellular stress; however, its potential as a kidney protective agent remains unexplored, and its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Our hypothesis was that ANXA1sp would limit kidney injury following surgical ischemic kidney injury. Methods: In a blinded fashion, wildtype mice were assigned to receive vehicle control or ANXA1sp one hour prior to and one hour after kidney vascular clamping. Our primary outcomes were markers of kidney injury and function as measured by serum creatinine and histologic injury scoring of kidney tissue sections. Immunofluorescence microscopy, real-time PCR, and Western blot were used to assess cell death, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial biomarkers. An in vitro model of oxygen-glucose deprivation in immortalized kidney tubule cells was used. Results: ANXA1sp given prior to and after ischemic kidney injury abrogated ischemic kidney injury. ANXA1sp limited cell death both in vivo and in vitro and abrogated oxidative stress following ischemia. ANXA1sp significantly increased the expression of markers associated with protective mitophagy and limited the expression of markers associated with detrimental mitochondrial fission. ANXA1sp upregulated the expression of the mitochondrial protectant sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) in the mitochondria of kidney tubular cells. Silencing of SIRT3 reversed ANXA1sp-mediated protection against hypoxic cell death. Conclusions: ANXA1sp limits kidney injury, upregulates SIRT3, and preserves mitochondrial integrity following ischemic kidney injury. ANXA1sp holds considerable promise as a perioperative kidney protectant prior to ischemia inducing surgery and kidney transplantation.
Perspectives on extended-release naltrexone induction among patients living with HIV and opioid use disorder: a qualitative analysis.

Background The CHOICES study randomized participants with HIV and opioid use disorder (OUD) to HIV clinic-based extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX), which requires complete cessation of opioid use, versus treatment-as-usual (i.e., buprenorphine, methadone). Study participants randomized to XR-NTX were interviewed to assess their experiences with successful and unsuccessful XR-NTX induction. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were completed with a convenience sample of study participants with HIV and OUD (n = 37) randomized to XR-NTX in five HIV clinics between 2018 and 2019. All participants approached agreed to be interviewed. Interviews were digitally recorded, professionally transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Participants included women (43%), African Americans (62%) and Hispanics (16%), between 27 to 69 years of age. Individuals who completed XR-NTX induction (n = 20) reported experiencing (1) readiness for change, (2) a supportive environment during withdrawal including comfort medications, and (3) caring interactions with staff. Four contrasting themes emerged among participants (n = 17) who did not complete induction: (1) concern and anxiety about withdrawal including past negative experiences, (2) ambivalence about or reluctance to stop opioids, (3) concerns about XR-NTX effects, and (4) preferences for other medications. Conclusions The results highlight opportunities to improve initiation of XR-NTX in high-need groups. Addressing expectations regarding induction may enhance XR-NTX initiation rates. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03275350. Registered September 7, 2017. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03275350?term=extended+release+naltrexone&cond=Opioid+Use .
Internet of connected ServGoods: Considerations, consequences and concerns

In an earlier paper (Tien 2012), the author augurs that, in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods, the next – or third – industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods; it began in this second decade of the 21st Century. The Third Industrial Revolution (TIR) is underpinned by the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods. The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced as “ServGoods”, resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers. Adding sensors to these ServGoods and letting them connect or communicate among themselves or with other ServGoods can result in an Internet of Things (i.e., connected ServGoods). A number of considerations, consequences and concerns relating to such an Internet of Connected ServGoods are discussed herein.
Does continuity of care improve patient outcomes

Objective Continuity of care is a cornerstone of primary care that has been promoted by recent trends in medical education and in the way health care delivery is organized. We sought to determine the effect of sustained continuity of care (SCOC) on the quality of patient care. Data sources We conducted a systematic review of all articles in Medline (January 1966 to January 2002), Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PSYCH INFO using the terms "continuity of care" or "continuity of patient care." We identified additional titles of candidate articles by reviewing the bibliographies of articles from our original MEDLINE search, contacting experts in primary care, health care management, and health services research, and by reviewing bibliographies of textbooks of primary care and public health. Study selection and data extraction Two investigators (MDC, SHJ) independently reviewed the full text to exclude articles that did not fulfill search criteria. Articles excluded were those that focused on physicians-in-training, on SCOC in a non-primary care setting, such as an inpatient ward, or on transitions from inpatient to the outpatient setting. We also excluded articles that did not correlate SCOC to a quality of care measure. Data synthesis From 5070 candidate titles, we examined the full text of 260 articles and found 18 (12 cross-sectional studies, 5 cohort studies and 1 randomized controlled trial) that fulfilled our criteria. Five studies focused on patients with chronic illness (eg, asthma, diabetes). Results No studies documented negative effects of increased SCOC on quality of care. SCOC is associated with patient satisfaction (4 studies), decreased hospitalizations and emergency department visits (7 studies), and improved receipt of preventive services (5 studies). Conclusions SCOC improves quality of care, and this association is consistently documented for patients with chronic conditions. Programs to promote SCOC may best maximize impact by focusing on populations with chronic conditions.
Case‐based instruction: Improving students' conceptual understanding through cases in a mechanical engineering course

Recently, there has been a push within engineering curricula to adopt more learner-centered pedagogies, such as case-based instruction. Case-based instruction has been hypothesized to make the curriculum more relevant and motivating for students by pushing them to integrate the concepts they have learned with other experiences. The current study examined the influence of case-based instruction when compared to traditional lecture-based instruction within a mechanical engineering course on student performance in terms of learning, conceptual understanding, and student perceptions towards the two approaches. Seventy students from one systems course in a mechanical engineering program participated in this study. The study utilized within subjects posttest only experimental research design to assess student learning and engagement from cases. Participants completed posttests and a survey. We found that students' conceptual understanding was significantly higher when learning from case-based instruction as compared to traditional lecture. Additionally, the survey results exhibited that cases allowed for significantly more engagement and connections to the real world. However, students reported that cases were not better in improving their learning. Given limited research on the effectiveness of case-based instruction in engineering, this study provides empirical support for the use of cases in engineering. We also argue that student perceptions are not accurate predictors for their actual learning outcomes. Implications for engineering educators and directions for future research are offered. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 659–677, 2014
Topography of dyskinesias and torticollis evoked by inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulata

GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) and globus pallidus pars interna (GPi) constitute the output pathways of the basal ganglia. In monkeys, choreiform limb dyskinesias have been described after inhibition of the GPi, but not the SNpr. Given the anatomical and functional similarities between these structures, we hypothesized that choreiform dyskinesias could be evoked by inhibition of an appropriate region within the SNpr. The GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, was infused into various sites within the SNpr and the adjacent STN of freely moving macaques. The effect of the GABAA antagonist, bicuculline (BIC), was also examined. Muscimol (MUS) in SNpr evoked the following: (1) choreiform dyskinesias of the contralateral arm and/or leg from central and lateral sites; (2) contralaterally directed torticollis from central and posterior sites; and (3) contraversive quadrupedal rotation from anterior and lateral sites. MUS infusions into the adjacent SN pars compacta or STN were without effect, ruling out a contribution of drug spread to adjacent structures. BIC in SNpr induced ipsiversive postures without choreiform dyskinesia or torticollis, whereas in the STN, it evoked ballistic movements. This is the first report of choreiform dyskinesia evoked by inhibition of the SNpr. This highly site-specific effect was obtained from a restricted region within the SNpr distinct from that responsible for inducing torticollis. These results suggest that overactivity of different SNpr outputs mediates choreiform dyskinesia and torticollis. These abnormalities are symptoms of dystonia, Huntington's disease, and iatrogenic dyskinesias, suggesting that these conditions may result, in part, from a loss of function in SNpr efferent projections. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Genitourinary Tract Infections

Infections of the reproductive system and external genitalia in immunocompromised hosts most commonly result from reactivation of latent viruses, leading to genital lesions and other significant sequelae, as seen with reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in transplant patients. Infections with human papillomavirus (HPV) occur frequently and are often severe in patients with primary and secondary immunodeficiencies or with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This chapter covers major genitourinary tract infections seen in different immunocompromised patient populations but does not address all possible infections of the reproductive system and external genitalia in these patients. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in immunocompromised patients have been most well studied among transplant patients and HIV-infected patients. In chronic granulomatous disease, severe infections of the skin, central nervous system, mouth, and gastrointestinal system are seen, and genitourinary tract infections caused by gram-negative organisms, Staphylococcus spp., and Candida spp. can develop. The major effects of cancer chemotherapy include myelosuppression and disruption of normal anatomic barriers. Diagnostic approaches such as radiographic methods, surgical pathology methods and microbiological methods are discussed in the chapter. The most important microbiological method for diagnosing UTI in immunocompromised patients is quantitative culture of bacteria from urine or biopsy specimens, with susceptibility testing to detect resistant organisms. The major microbiological method for diagnosis of UTI, including cystitis and pyelonephritis, is the quantitative urine culture.
40 Gbit/s return-to-zero transmission over 500 km of standard fiber using chirped fiber Bragg gratings with small group delay ripples

A 40 Gbit/s return-to-zero (RZ) transmission has been successfully achieved over 500 km using standard fibers (non dispersion shifted fiber, SMF) and chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBG). We fabricated CFBGs with small group delay ripples, and achieved error free transmission (BER<1/spl times/10/sup -12/) using these CFBGs for dispersion compensation.
Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/'hoansi

Healing Makes Our Hearts Happy: Spirituality and Cultural Transformation among the Kalahari Ju/'hoansi. Richard Katz. Megan Biesele. and Verna St. Denis. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International, 1997 214 pp
An animal model for chorioamnionitis at term.

Objective The purpose of this study was to develop an animal model for intrapartum inflammation at term to investigate the interactions between maternal and fetal inflammatory responses and adverse neurologic outcome. Study Design Lipopolysaccharide (160, 320, or 640 μg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to day 20 term-pregnant Sprague Dawley rat dams 2, 4, and 6 hours before sample collection. Maternal outcomes included dam core temperature and plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6). Fetal outcomes included plasma IL-6, brain IL-6 messenger RNA expression, and brain IL-6 protein expression. Primary cortical cell cultures were prepared to examine neuronal morphologic condition. Neurite counts were obtained with the use of automated Sholl analysis. Results Maternal plasma IL-6 levels peaked 2 hours after lipopolysaccharide stimulus and rapidly resolved, except for an observed low level persistence at 6 hours with 640 μg/kg. Fetal plasma and placental IL-6 expression also peaked rapidly but only persisted in placental samples. Fetal brain IL-6 RNA and protein expression was significantly higher than control litters at 6 hours after the exposure to both 320 μg/kg ( P ≤ .05) and 640 μg/kg ( P ≤ .01). Cortical cells from fetuses that were exposed for 6 hours to maternal systemic inflammation showed reduced neurite number and neurite length ( P Conclusion Our results demonstrate that fetal brain injury follows isolated systemic maternal inflammation and that fetal brain inflammation lags after maternal stimulus, which creates a potential 4-hour clinical window for therapeutic intervention.
The Field Liaison Role in Schools of Social Work

Abstract This paper presents the results of a survey of 69 schools of social work that asked who in each school is performing the role of the field liaison. In addition, the differences in the liaison roles of two large, midwestern schools of social work, one public, one private, are examined. How each approach impacts the partnership between school and agency is explored.
For scientific data discovery: why can't the archive be more like the Web?

The paper addresses the problem of acquiring from scientific data, metadata that is descriptive of the actual content of the data. Scientists can use this content based metadata in subsequent archive searches to find data sets of interest. Such metadata would be especially useful in large scientific archives such as NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS). The paper presents two generic approaches for content based metadata acquisition: target dependent and target independent. Both of these approaches are oriented toward characterizing datasets in terms of the scientific phenomena, such as mesoscale convective systems (severe storms) that they contain. In the target dependent approach, the archived data is mined for particular phenomena of interest and polygons representing the phenomena are stored in a spatial database where they can be used in the data search process. In the target independent approach, data is initially mined for deviations from normal and for trends. This data can then be used for subsequent searches for particular transient phenomena using the deviation data, or for phenomena related to trends. The paper describes results from implementing both of these approaches.
Dispersion of an instantaneous cross-wind line source of tracer released from an urban highway

Abstract Sulfur hexafluoride was used as a gaseous tracer in a quasi-instantaneous line source release by an automobile moving along an urban highway in Los Angeles. Concentrations at various locations from 0.4 to 3.2 km downwind of the highway were recorded at ground level as a function of time. The tracer data were used to test the validity of several theoretical models which can be used in predicting the dispersion from an instantaneous cross-wind line source. The model based upon the semi-empirical turbulent diffusion equation, using a power-law vertical velocity profile and a power-law vertical eddy diffusivity profile, was found to provide the best agreement with the data.
Becoming Vegetarian: The Eating Patterns and Accounts of Newly Practicing Vegetarians

Vegetarianism is a dynamic and fluid lifestyle that can be described as unique for each person who practices. Vegetarianism traditionally falls outside of the accepted eating patterns in Western nations; furthermore, the meat-free lifestyle can be classified as a form of positive deviance. Semistructured interviews were conducted with self-described vegetarians regarding eating patterns and motivations within the initial adoption of the lifestyle. Vegetarian vocabularies of motive were categorized according to established deviance theory referred to as accounts. This newly practicing, or developmental, stage of vegetarianism was more likely to fall on the less strict side of the vegetarian continuum for eating patterns and the motives had a propensity to be monothematic.
Conditional standard errors of measurement for scale scores.

Standard errors of measurement of scale scores by score level (conditional standard errors of measurement) can be valuable to users of test results. In addition, the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (AERA, APA, & NCME, 1985) recommends that conditional standard errors be reported by test developers. Although a variety of procedures are available for estimating conditional standard errors of measurement for raw scores, few procedures exist for estimating conditional standard errors of measurement for scale scores from a single test administration. In this article, a procedure is described for estimating the reliability and conditional standard errors of measurement of scale scores. This method is illustrated using a strong true score model. Practical applications of this methodology are given. These applications include a procedure for constructing score scales that equalize standard errors of measurement along the score scale. Also included are examples of the effects of various nonlinear raw-to-scale score transformations on scale score reliability and conditional standard errors of measurement. These illustrations examine the effects on scale score reliability and conditional standard errors of measurement of (a) the different types of raw-to-scale score transformations (e.g., normalizing scores), (b) the number of scale score points used, and (c) the transformation used to equate alternate forms of a test. All the illustrations use data from the ACT Assessment testing program.
Growth Factors: New ‘Endogenous Drugs’ for Ulcer Healing

Background: The pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulceration has been investigated mostly from the point of view of aggressive factors; the therapeutic interventions affected the healing process only indirectly. With the discovery of the potent healing capacity of growth factors, direct treatment of ulcers is now possible regardless of HCl and pepsin secretion. We review our recent data on how growth factors (e.g., bFGF, PDGF in comparison with EGF) can promote ulcer healing. Results: Treatment of rats with bFGF, PDGF accelerated the healing of experimental chronic duodenal and gastric ulcers without suppressing gastric acid secretion and resulted in superior quality of ulcers healed. We also detected additive or synergistic action between bFGF and cimetidine or bFGF and sucralfate in the healing of chemically induced chronic duodenal ulcers and chronic erosive gastritis. Conclusions: We conclude that growth factors such as bFGF, PDGF can promote ulcer healing without the need to neutralize gastric secretion...
An unusually brilliant transient in the galaxy M85

Historically, variable and transient sources have both surprised astronomers and provided new views of the heavens. Here we report the discovery of an optical transient in the outskirts of the lenticular galaxy Messier 85 in the Virgo cluster. With a peak absolute R magnitude of -12, this event is distinctly brighter than novae, but fainter than type Ia supernovae (which are expected in a population of old stars in lenticular galaxies). Archival images of the field do not show a luminous star at that position with an upper limit in the g filter of about -4.1 mag, so it is unlikely to be a giant eruption from a luminous blue variable star. Over a two-month period, the transient source emitted radiation energy of almost 10^47 erg and subsequently faded in the optical sky. It is similar to, but six times more luminous at peak than, an enigmatic transient in the galaxy M31 (ref. 1). A possible origin of M85 OT2006-1 is a stellar merger. If so, searches for similar events in nearby galaxies will not only allow study of the physics of hyper-Eddington sources, but also probe an important phase in the evolution of stellar binary systems.
Incidence and risk factors for mortality in infants awaiting heart transplantation in the USA.

Background Infants awaiting heart transplantation (HT) face the highest wait-list mortality among all children and adults listed for HT in the USA. We sought to determine the risk of death for infants Methods We analyzed outcomes for all infants listed for HT in the USA from January 1999 to July 2006, using data reported to the U.S. Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Results Of the 1,133 listed infants, 61% were Conclusions One in four infants listed for HT in the USA die before a donor heart can be identified. Wait-list mortality is associated with weight
Frazil ice concerns for channels, pump-lines, penstocks, siphons, and tunnels in mountainous regions

This paper discusses frazil ice concerns associated with water-conveyance systems located in mountainous regions. Such systems commonly comprise open-water channels (or reservoirs) linked to pressurized conduits (pump-lines, penstocks, siphons, and tunnels) that pass water down, up, over, or through steep terrain. The discussion addresses fundamental aspects of frazil formation and behavior in flows undergoing substantial pressure changes. An important consideration for such flows is that increased pressure depresses the freezing temperature of water. As flow pressure subsequently decreases (e.g., on passing through a turbine, or rising up a pump-line), water may become supercooled and prone to form frazil. The melting of ice entering a pressurized conduit (e.g., a penstock) can cool water flowing through the conduit. Such cooling may occur even when there is no heat loss through the conduit's wall. It is well known that water-conveyance systems in cold regions are prone to significant frazil-blockage problems at entrance trash-racks. Less well known, however, are that some pressurized conduits also are at risk of accumulating frazil within themselves, and others may disgorge bolus accumulations of frazil, possibly mixed with other ice, that then create blockage problems at a downstream section. Several case-studies are used to illustrate situations where frazil has posed problems for penstocks, siphons, and tunnels in mountainous regions.
Radiation-induced optical absorption in KNO3 crystals*

Abstract The optical density of KNO 3 crystals was increased from 240 through 1000 mμ by exposure to x or γ-irradiation at 77 or 4.2°K. The increase is accounted for by the growth of seven radiation-induced absorption bands, termed, I, II, III, IV, V, VI and VII. The response of the individual bands to selective optical bleaching was determined. Light which reduced optical absorption bands was also observed to selectively reduce signals in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of similarly-irradiated KNO 3 crystals. These EPR signals had previously been assigned to specific nitrogen-oxygen radicals. A tentative identification of bands I and V with NO −2 2 band VI with NO 3 , band VII with NO 2 , and band III with NO 2− 3 , was made on the basis of correlalations between the EPR and optical response. The known extinction coefficients of NO 2 − , NO 2 etc., together with their measured concentrations, were also considered in making this identification scheme. The response of the optical bands to the selective optical bleaching is accounted for on this scheme by electron release from NO 2− 2 and capture by NO 3 and NOa, hole release from NO 2 , and photolysis of NO 2− 3 by 325 mμ light. Molecular orbital descriptions of the species are discussed to deduce approximate positions, E max , and oscillator strengths, f ;, of transitions in the proposed species. The deduced values of E max are in qualitative agreement with the observed positions of maximum absorbance at 510, 355, 325, 290, 270, 246 and 410 mμ for bands I–VII respectively.