cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acyl Carrier Protein Is a Cellular Target for the Antibacterial Action of the Pantothenamide Class of Pantothenate Antimetabolites

Pantothenate is the precursor of the essential cofactor coenzyme A (CoA). Pantothenate kinase (CoaA) catalyzes the first and regulatory step in the CoA biosynthetic pathway. The pantothenate analogs N-pentylpantothenamide and N-heptylpantothenamide possess antibiotic activity against Escherichia coli. Both compounds are substrates for E. coli CoaA and competitively inhibit the phosphorylation of pantothenate. The phosphorylated pantothenamides are further converted to CoA analogs, which were previously predicted to act as inhibitors of CoA-dependent enzymes. Here we show that the mechanism for the toxicity of the pantothenamides is due to the inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis through the formation and accumulation of the inactive acyl carrier protein (ACP), which was easily observed as a faster migrating protein using conformationally sensitive gel electrophoresis. E. coli treated with the pantothenamides lost the ability to incorporate [1-14C]acetate to its membrane lipids, indicative of the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Cellular CoA was maintained at the level sufficient for bacterial protein synthesis. Electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry confirmed that the inactive ACP was the product of the transfer of the inactive phosphopantothenamide moiety of the CoA analog to apo-ACP, forming the ACP analog that lacks the sulfhydryl group for the attachment of acyl chains for fatty acid synthesis. Inactive ACP accumulated in pantothenamide-treated cells because of the active hydrolysis of regular ACP and the slow turnover of the inactive prosthetic group. Thus, the pantothenamides are pro-antibiotics that inhibit fatty acid synthesis and bacterial growth because of the covalent modification of ACP.
Reactivity of [Au25(SCH2CH2Ph)18]1− Nanoparticles with Metal Ions†

We report reactivity of the gold nanoparticle [TOA+] [Au25(SC2Ph)18]1− (TOA+ = tetraoctylammonium; SC2Ph = phenylethanethiolate = L; [Au25(SC2Ph)18]1− = Au25L181−) with Ag+, Cu2+, and Pb2+ ions. Titration of solutions of Au25L181− in CH2Cl2 with one and two equivalents of Ag+ produces changes in absorbance spectra with isosbestic points, and a titration curve break at 1:1 mol ratio, indicating a stoichiometric interaction. Similar effects are seen with Cu2+ and Pb2+ additions, but the break occurs at 0.5:1 mol ratio metal/nanoparticle. Changes in Au25L181− absorbance and fluorescence spectra are qualitatively similar to those accompanying oxidation of the Au25L181− nanoparticle anion, but the spectra of the stoichiometric products differ slightly according to the metal ion. Addition of higher excess of Ag+ or Cu2+ causes loss of characteristic [Au25(SC2Ph)18]1− UV−vis spectral fine structure and apparent irreversible refining into larger nanoparticles. Voltammetric currents for nanoparticle 0/-1 and +1/0 ...
Modeling the F2 topside and plasmasphere for IRI using IMAGE/RPI and ISIS data

Abstract Empirical models are an important tool for the study of the different geospace regions from Earth to Sun, providing the user with easy access to a synthesis of reliable measurements from ground and space for specific parameters and regions. This paper describes a new effort to develop a coherent model of the topside F2 layer and the plasmasphere with the goal to improve the representation of the topside electron density in the IRI model and to extend the IRI description into the plasmasphere. An α-Chapman function with a continuously varying scale height, dubbed a vary-Chap function, is used to describe the topside F2 vertical electron density profile N ( h ) that seamlessly connects the ionosphere with the plasmasphere. The Chapman scale height H ( h ) varies only slowly with height near hmF2 and increases rapidly at the O + to light–ion transition height. A hyperbolic tangent function suitably represents this variation. New plasmasphere density profile data from the IMAGE/RPI measurements and topside profiles from the ISIS topside sounders are used to construct a continuous profile from hmF2 to several R E altitude.
Molecular organization of the COG vesicle tethering complex

Multisubunit tethering complexes of the CATCHR (Complexes Associated with Tethering Containing Helical Rods) family are proposed to mediate the initial contact between an intracellular trafficking vesicle and its membrane target. To begin elucidating the molecular architecture of one well-studied example, the COG (conserved oligomeric Golgi) complex, we reconstituted its essential subunits (Cog1, Cog2, Cog3, and Cog4) and used single-particle electron microscopy to reveal a y-shaped structure with three flexible, highly extended legs. Labeling experiments established that the N-termini of all four subunits interact along the proximal segment of one leg, whereas three of the four C-termini are located at the tips of the legs. Our results suggest that the central region of the Cog1-4 complex, as well as the distal regions of at least two legs, all participate in interactions with other components of the intracellular trafficking machinery.
Blunted Affect is Associated With Hypothalamic—Pituitary—Adrenal Axis (HPA) Hypoactivity and Elevated CSF-Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β) in Response to Lumbar Puncture

Objective Proinflammatory activity has been suggested as one of the psychophysiological mechanisms responsible for the health risks associated with stress and mood disorders. There have been limited studies evaluating central immune and hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to experimental stress in healthy women. The current study compared, under a controlled condition, the baseline measures and biological and psychological responses to a physical stressor (lumbar puncture [LP]) of healthy women who exhibited an abnormal serum cortisol response (nonresponders [NRs]) to the LP to those of normal controls (responders [Rs]), allowing assessment of stress responsivity and the functional integrity of the feedback system of the HPA axis, sympathetic nervous system (SNS), and neuroimmune axis. Method Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1sR, and central IL-1β, IL-6, norepineprhine (NE), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and affective states (using the Stress Symptom Rating Questionnaire) were measured in five NRs and seven Rs. Results Compared with NR subjects, Rs had significantly higher levels of ACTH and central IL-1β, higher ratings of attention, and lower perceived stress and anxiety. There were no differences between the groups in serum cortisol, IL-6, or IL-1sR or in central IL-6, NE, and CRF. Conclusions Women with significantly elevated IL-1β (NRs) responded to an extreme physical stressor with an attenuated HPA system and abnormal subjective ratings compared to healthy women with lower values of central IL-1β. These findings support the suppression of the effects of HPA-axis cortisol on proinflammatory cytokine production. It is possible that these differences in the psychoneuroimmunological profiles of NRs will lead to increased psychobiological vulnerability and predict future health risk.
WAGR syndrome: a clinical review of 54 cases.

WAGR syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a de novo deletion of 11p13 and is clinically associated with Wilms’ tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (W-A-G-R). Although the genotypic defects in WAGR syndrome have been well established, the large variety of phenotypic manifestations of the syndrome has never been reported. We report on 54 cases of WAGR syndrome to demonstrate both the classical clinical signs and nonclassical manifestations found in a large population of individuals with this disorder. An understanding of WAGR syndrome and its clinical findings can provide important insight regarding the functions of the involved genetic region. Recommendations for diagnosis, evaluation, and surveillance of patients with WAGR syndrome are also presented.
Plain member and citizen: Aldo Leopold and environmental citizenship

Land, to the average citizen, is still something to be tamed, rather than something to be understood, loved, and lived with. Resources are still regarded as separate entities, indeed, as commoditie...
Factors Affecting Characteristics, Composition, and Quality of Skimmilk Cheese

Abstract Results of a comprehensive study of factors affecting development of a skimmilk cheese are described. The study included variables relating to milk processing, cheese-making procedures, use of supplemental starters, milk treatment with animal and microbial enzymes, and the use of food additives, stabilizers, condiments, and flavor-enhancing substances. Flavor and texture of experimental cheeses were markedly affected by the amount of milk fat, moisture content, the activation of intrinsic milk lipases, and the rate and extent of acid development. The manufacturing procedures most directly related to control of moisture, acidity, and flavor were homogenization of milk fat, fortification of cheese milk with skimmilk solids, type and amount of starter, curd size, rate and extent of curd cooling, and the temperature and type of cheese pressing. The results show interrelated and compensating effects from simultaneous variations in two or more individual steps or procedures. Results of this study served as a basis for the previously described manufacturing procedure. Influences of supplemental starters, condiments, and flavor additives on the basic procedure are discussed.
Toward a neurology of grammar

of the original article: During the first two years of human life a common neural substrate (roughly Broca's area) underlies the hierarchical organization of elements in the development of speech as well as the capacity to combine objects manually, including tool use. Subsequent cortical differentiation, beginning at age two, creates distinct, relatively modularized capacities for linguistic grammar and more complex combination of objects. An evolutionary homologue of the neural substrate for language production and manual action is hypothesized to have provided a foundation for the evolution of language before the divergence of the hominids and the great apes. Support comes from the discovery of a Broca's area homologue and related neural circuits in contemporary primates. In addition, chimpanzees have an identical constraint on hierarchical complexity in both tool use and symbol combination. Their performance matches that of the two-year-old child who has not yet developed the neural circuits for complex grammar and complex manual combination of objects. Abstract: This commentary makes a case for a connection between the hierarchically organized skills emphasized in Greenfield's (1991t) target article and rhythmic skills utilized in music. It also links hierarchical organization with automated processing. Implicit is the notion that lower levels of a hierarchy become automatic, as they go under control of higher levels of organization. Preamble. Greenfield's (1991t) paper is an important contribu- tion to our understanding of two related aspects of the evolution of human language via some nonlinguistic (or prelinguistic) preadap- tation: (a) Ontogenetic: the early existence in the human child of prelinguistic brain-structures and cognitive-behavioral patterns that may serve as such preadaptations in the ontogenesis of human language. (b) Phylogenetic: the possible existence of the same preadapta- tions in the direct ancestors of Homo sapiens, thus in the phy- logenesis of human language. I think Greenfield makes a very good case, in her survey of both the neurological and developmental literature, for Broca's area being of a crucial brain location for the ontogenetic development of complex rhythmic-hierarchic behavioral skills, skills that either pre-date language or are independent of it. The comparative primatology literature she cites, while less extensive, points in the direction of a similar phylogenetic development. If both develop- mental aspects hold up, one may have here another significant instance of recapitulation. The remarks I make below are meant to amplify and perhaps extend the import of Greenfield's (1991t) contribution.
Exposure to violence predicting cortisol response during adolescence and early adulthood: Understanding moderating factors

Previous research on the association between violence and biological stress regulation has been largely cross-sectional, and has also focused on childhood. Using longitudinal data from a low-income, high-risk, predominantly African-American sample (n = 266; 57 % female), we tested hypotheses about the influence of cumulative exposure to violence during adolescence and early adulthood on cortisol responses in early adulthood. We found that cumulative exposure to violence predicted an attenuated cortisol response. Further, we tested whether sex, mothers’ support, or fathers’ support moderated the effect of exposure to violence on cortisol responses. We found that the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on cortisol was modified by sex; specifically, males exposed to violence exhibited a more attenuated response pattern. In addition, the effect of cumulative exposure to violence on cortisol was moderated by the presence of fathers’ support during adolescence. The findings contribute to a better understanding of how cumulative exposure to violence influences biological outcomes, emphasizing the need to understand sex and parental support as moderators of risk.
The Archaeology of Medieval Europe

Modern medieval archaeology developed in the aftermath of World War II. It began as a hybrid discipline, since archaeologists working in the later Middle Ages were often trained in history and architectural history, while those working in the early medieval period were often trained as prehistorians. A major challenge for medieval archaeologists is the integration of material remains (artifacts and features) and historical evidence. Archaeology is not just a handmaiden to history; critical interpretation of both material remains and written texts can shed new light on the so-called Dark Ages. After reviewing the development of modern medieval archaeology, this article examines a number of contemporary issues in the field including the study of urban development, medieval landscapes and settlement patterns, ethnic origins, and gender.
Enhanced chemiluminescence of phagocytic cells from rats treated with chlorphentermine

Abstract The chronic administration of chlorphentermine to rats resulted in the appearance of enlarged, foamy alveolar macrophages (AMs) m the alveoli of the lungs. Circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) from treated rats did not show a change in size. When challenged with unopsonized zymosan, the chemiluminescence (CL) of AMs from treated rats was enhanced with the peak response occurring later than with control AMs. Opsonization of the zymosan led to a further increase in CL from the foamy AMs while having no effect with control AMs. PMNs from treated rats also gave an enhanced CL response when compared to PMNs from control rats.
Valganciclovir prophylaxis in patients at high risk for the development of cytomegalovirus disease.

: Background. Despite advances in antiviral therapies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) remains the leading opportunistic infection in the transplant population. Valganciclovir (VGC), the l-valyl ester prodrug of ganciclovir (GCV), provides an excellent oral alternative to GCV for the prevention of CMV in transplant recipients. We investigated the use of VGC for CMV prevention in high-risk renal and pancreas transplant recipients. Methods. Patients at high risk for development of CMV disease were defined as either those who had donor positive, recipient-negative serostatus (D+/R−), or those who received antilymphocyte antibody (ALA) therapy for either rejection treatment or induction. A retrospective review was conducted of all kidney and pancreas transplants performed between August 2001 and December 2003. A total of 341 transplants were performed, of which 109 received VGC, and 88 were included in this analysis. Results. The overall incidence of CMV disease was 5.7% (5/88). All of the CMV episodes were in patients who were D+/R− (17.2% [5/29] versus 0% [0/59], P<0.001). Of these patients, all the episodes of CMV were in patients who received VGC prophylaxis for<100 days post transplant (29% [5/17] versus 0% [0/12], P=0.06). The overall incidence of leukopenia was 11% and thrombocytopenia was 7%, with the incidence between the D+/R− group and the ALA group being similar. Conclusion. VGC is an effective agent in preventing CMV disease in kidney and pancreas transplant recipients who are at high risk for developing the disease. The optimal length of prophylaxis in D+/R− patients is still undefined, while 3 months of prophylaxis appears to be sufficient in patients who received ALA therapy.
On a conjecture of R.F. Scott (1881)

Abstract A formula is given for the permanent of a general Cauchy matrix (( x i − y j ) −1 ). In a special case, where the x i and the y j are the distinct n th roots of 1 and −1 respectively, a formula for the permanent, conjectured by R. F. Scott, is proved by computing the eigenvalues of related circulants.
Solubility in Binary Solvent Mixtures: Anthracene Dissolved in Alcohol + 2-Methyl-1-butanol Mixtures at 298.2 K

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in seven binary alcohol + 2-methyl-1-butanol solvent mixtures at 25 °C. The alcohol cosolvents studied were 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-pentanol. Results of these measurements are used to test a mathematical representation based upon the combined nearly ideal binary solvent (NIBS)/Redlich−Kister equation. For the seven systems studied, the combined NIBS/Redlich−Kister equation was found to mathematically describe the experimental data to within an overall average absolute deviation of approximately ±0.4%.
Zero resource spoken audio corpus analysis

Zero-resource speech processing involves the automatic analysis of a collection of speech data in a completely unsupervised fashion without the benefit of any transcriptions or annotations of the data. In this paper, our zero-resource system seeks to automatically discover important words, phrases and topical themes present in an audio corpus. This system employs a segmental dynamic time warping (S-DTW) algorithm for acoustic pattern discovery in conjunction with a probabilistic model which treats the topic and pseudo-word identity of each discovered pattern as hidden variables. By applying an Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, our system estimates the latent probability distributions over the pseudo-words and topics associated with the discovered patterns. Using this information, we produce acoustic summaries of the dominant topical themes of the audio document collection.
Imaging of Asteroid 4179 Toutatis with the Hubble Space Telescope

Abstract We obtained four images of the asteroid 4179 Toutatis during its close approach to the Earth on 10 December 1992 with the planetary camera of the Hubble Space Telescope. The distance between the Earth and Toutatis at the time of our observations was 0.0291 AU (4.35 × 10 6 km); a single planetary camera pixel width subtends a distance of 926 meters at this distance. The solar phase angle was 91.3°. Analysis of both raw and deconvolved images indicate that Toutatis was marginally resolved by the HST. There is evidence for an extended object with a projected illuminated dimension less than 2.8 km while the best fit symmetric model has a maximum illuminated size of 2.0 km and deconvolutions suggest an irregular object with a maximum dimension of 1.7 km. Our size determination is in good agreement with groundbased infrared radiometric size estimates. Our observations occurred near a local peak in the lightcurve and photometric points extracted from our images show that there were no rapid changes in brightness during the time we observed. The combination of a local peak in the lightcurve and our derived upper limit on the size places some constraints on possible shape models of Toutatis.
An automatic data processing system for storage and manipulation of life history, catch, and angler effort data

Responding to a need created by voluminous collections of fish life history, catch and angler effort information, a computerized information management system was developed at the National Marine Fisheries Service laboratory in Beaufort, N.C. for use on an IBM Model 360/65 Computing System. The management system incorporates sequential data storage on disks, analytic programs written in IBM FORTRAN IV, and editing/updating programs written in American National Standard COBOL. The file creation procedure utilizes single or multiple card entry records to generate a single master record. Analytic programs generate arrays displaying fish weights and simple statistics, length-frequency distributions, catch curves, back-calculated fish lengths per annulus, back-calculated length frequency distributions, percentages sexually mature, reproductive condition, age at sexual maturity (using gonad index), occurrence and abundance.
Many Globally Isolated AD Hybrid Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans Originated in Africa

Interspecific and intervarietal hybridization may contribute to the biological diversity of fungal populations. Cryptococcus neoformans is a pathogenic yeast and the most common fungal cause of meningitis in patients with AIDS. Most patients are infected with either of the two varieties of C. neoformans, designated as serotype A (C. neoformans var. grubii) or serotype D (C. neoformans var. neoformans). In addition, serotype AD strains, which are hybrids of these two varieties, are commonly isolated from clinical and environmental samples. While most isolates of serotype A and serotype D are haploid, AD strains are diploid or aneuploid, and contain two sets of chromosomes and two mating type alleles, MATa and MATα, one from each of the serotypes. The global population of serotype A is dominated by isolates with the MATα mating type (Aα); however, about half of the globally analyzed AD strains possess the extremely rare serotype A MATa allele (Aa). We previously described an unusual population of serotype A in Botswana, in which 25% of the strains contain the rare MATa allele. Here we utilized two methods, phylogenetic analysis of three genes and genotyping by scoring amplified fragment length polymorphisms, and discovered that AD hybrid strains possessing the rare serotype A MATa allele (genotype AaDα) cluster with isolates of serotype A from Botswana, whereas AD hybrids that possess the MATα serotype A allele (AαDa and AαDα) cluster with cosmopolitan isolates of serotype A. We also determined that AD hybrid strains are more resistant to UV irradiation than haploid serotype A strains from Botswana. These findings support two hypotheses: (i) AaDα strains originated in sub-Saharan Africa from a cross between strains of serotypes A and D; and (ii) this fusion produced hybrid strains with increased fitness, enabling the Botswanan serotype A MATa genome, which is otherwise geographically restricted, to survive, emigrate, and propagate throughout the world.
Effects of oxygen, temperature and age on the metabolic rate of the embryos and early larval stages of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana

Abstract During their developmental descent and ascent, the embryos and early larvae of the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba Dana encounter a range of temperatures and partial pressures of oxygen. Oxygen consumption rates of known age embryos and early larvae were measured at 0 ° C and at partial pressures ranging from 90 to 0% of air saturation. Four of the five stages of embryos (single cell, multiple cell, gastrula, and limb bud) and the larval stages (Nauplius I, Nauplius II, Metanauplius, and Calyptopis 1, the first feeding stage) regulated their oxygen uptake down to 7.3 kPa. Younger stages of embryos and larvae were able to regulate oxygen uptake at lower partial pressures of oxygen than older stages. Embryos close to hatching (twitch) were not good regulators. The oxygen consumption rates of the developing embryos and larvae usually will be independent of the partial pressure of oxygen in the environment. The pattern of oxygen consumption with age was similar to that of many fish: a low respiration rate at fertilization, increasing slowly until the embryos hatch, then a sharp increase at hatching when the larvae begin to swim, with a two-fold variability between the oxygen consumption rates of larvae of the same stage and age determined in different experiments. Embryo metabolism was only 3.45% of the total metabolic demand of all the non-feeding stages. Thus, most of the lipid reserves can be passed on to the larvae for use during development to the first feeding stage. Only the larvae were used in experiments to determine the effect of temperature on oxygen consumption rates. Experimental temperatures were −1,0, and 2 ° C, spanning nearly the full range of temperatures that the larvae encounter in the environment during early development. The effect of temperature on oxygen consumption was not linear. Oxygen consumption rates for the same age or stage larvae at 0 and 2 ° C were the same, and much higher than those at −1 ° C. The metabolism-temperature response suggests that oxygen consumption rates are temperature independent for the Calyptopis 1 larvae in the surface waters, where temperatures are usually > 0 ° C during the summer when these larvae appear.
Alterations in ventricular structure and function in obese adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Objective To determine the association among nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), metabolic function, and cardiac function in obese adolescents. Study design Intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) content (magnetic resonance spectroscopy), insulin sensitivity and β-cell function (5-hour oral glucose tolerance test with mathematical modeling), and left ventricular function (speckle tracking echocardiography) were determined in 3 groups of age, sex, and Tanner matched adolescents: (1) lean (n = 14, body mass index [BMI] = 20 ± 2 kg/m 2 ); (2) obese with normal (2.5%) IHTG content (n = 15, BMI=35 ± 3 kg/m 2 ); and (3) obese with increased (8.7%) IHTG content (n = 15, BMI=37 ± 6 kg/m 2 ). Results The disposition index (β-cell function) and insulin sensitivity index were ∼45% and ∼70% lower, respectively, and whole body insulin resistance, calculated by homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), was ∼60% greater, in obese than in lean subjects, and ∼30% and ∼50% lower and ∼150% greater, respectively, in obese subjects with NAFLD than those without NAFLD ( P P Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the presence of NAFLD in otherwise asymptomatic obese adolescents is an early marker of cardiac dysfunction.
Implementation and modification of a three-dimensional radiation stress formulation for surf zone and rip-current applications

Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS v 3.0), a three-dimensional numerical ocean model, was previously enhanced for shallow water applications by including wave-induced radiation stress forcing provided through coupling to wave propagation models (SWAN, REF/DIF). This enhancement made it suitable for surf zone applications as demonstrated using examples of obliquely incident waves on a planar beach and rip current formation in longshore bar trough morphology (Haas and Warner, 2009). In this contribution, we present an update to the coupled model which implements a wave roller model and also a modified method of the radiation stress term based on Mellor (2008, 2011a,b,in press) that includes a vertical distribution which better simulates non-conservative (i.e., wave breaking) processes and appears to be more appropriate for sigma coordinates in very shallow waters where wave breaking conditions dominate. The improvements of the modified model are shown through simulations of several cases that include: (a) obliquely incident spectral waves on a planar beach; (b) obliquely incident spectral waves on a natural barred beach (DUCK'94 experiment); (c) alongshore variable offshore wave forcing on a planar beach; (d) alongshore varying bathymetry with constant offshore wave forcing; and (e) nearshore barred morphology with rip-channels. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons to previous analytical, numerical, laboratory studies and field measurements show that the modified model replicates surf zone recirculation patterns (onshore drift at the surface and undertow at the bottom) more accurately than previous formulations based on radiation stress (Haas and Warner, 2009). The results of the model and test cases are further explored for identifying the forces operating in rip current development and the potential implication for sediment transport and rip channel development. Also, model analysis showed that rip current strength is higher when waves approach at angles of 5° to 10° in comparison to normally incident waves.
Reprint of: The myth of conformity: adolescents and abstention from unhealthy drinking behaviors.

Adolescent peer groups with pro-drinking group norms are a well-established source of influence for alcohol initiation and use. However, classic experimental studies of social influence, namely 'minority influence', clearly indicate social situations in which an individual can resist conforming to the group norm. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health ("Add Health"), a nationally representative sample of adolescents, we find evidence that being a non-drinking adolescent does not unilaterally put youth at risk for drinking onset when faced with a friendship network where the majority of friends drink. Our results also show that a non-drinking adolescent with a majority of drinking friends is significantly less likely to initiate alcohol abuse if he or she has a minority of non-drinking friend(s). Furthermore, a drinking adolescent with a majority of friends who drink has a decreased probability of continuing to drink and has overall lower levels of consumption if he or she has a minority of friends who do not drink. Our findings recognize that adolescent in-group friendships are a mix of behavioral profiles and can perhaps help adolescents continue or begin to abstain alcohol use even when in a friendship group supportive of alcohol use. Language: en
Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation in vitro: negative evidence from a study of thymidine uptake.

SUMMARY Studies of the uptake of tritiated thymidine by human peripheral lymphocytes cultured in autologous plasma or, after washing, in foetal calf serum have failed to provide evidence for the occurrence of spontaneous blastoid transformation during 1–7 days in vitro. Repeated washing of peripheral lymphocytes caused an inconstant reduction in their ability to respond to stimulation with PHA. The accuracy and sensitivity of the technique of measuring the degree of in vitro transformation activity of lymphocyte cultures by their uptake of radioactively labelled thymidine is increased by partially removing polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the leucocyte suspensions and by restricting exposure of the cultures to the radioactive thymidine to the final 1 hour of culture.
Embedding Yang-Mills theory into universal Yang-Mills theory.

We describe a generalization of Yang-Mills theory based on Connes's notion of a cycle in noncommutative geometry. An exactly soluble example is universal Yang-Mills theory. We describe how the configuration space of usual Yang-Mills theory can be embedded into that of universal Yang-Mills theory. It is shown that the energy of Yang-Mills theory can be approximated by that of universal Yang-Mills theory in a systematic expansion.
Nonteratogenicity of a structural analog of thalidomide in pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

Teratologic evaluation of a mild tranquilizer being developed for human therapeutic use involved daily oral administration to 29 baboons (P. cynocephalus) during organogenesis according to three treatment regimens. In Phase I, 9 animals (3 groups of 3) received 2, 6, or 20 mg/kg CG 3033 per day for 28 consecutive days between 18 and 45 days gestation; in Phase II, 14 animals (7 groups of 2) were given 20 mg/kg CG 3033 for four consecutive days: 18-21, 22-25, 26-29, 30-33, 34-37, 38-41, or 42-45; and in Phase III, 6 animals (2 groups of 3) were administered 40 mg/kg daily between days 18-21 or 22-25 of gestation. No teratologic changes attributable to drug treatment were observed, and the abortion rate was within the range for controls.
Dynamics of the two-state system with ohmic dissipation

The authors study a symmetric two-state system with "bare" tunneling frequency ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$, dimensionless Ohmic dissipation coefficient $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and heat-bath cutoff ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$. Defining ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{r}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}{(\frac{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}})}^{\frac{\ensuremath{\alpha}}{(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha})}}$ for $\ensuremath{\alpha}l1$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{r}\ensuremath{\equiv}0$ for $\ensuremath{\alpha}g1$, they find to lowest order in $\frac{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{r}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}$, $\frac{\mathrm{kT}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}$ (a) for all $\ensuremath{\alpha}\mathrm{kT}\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{r}$, incoherent relaxation at a rate $(\frac{{{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}}^{2}}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}})(\frac{\sqrt{\ensuremath{\pi}}}{2})[\frac{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\alpha})}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\alpha}+\frac{1}{2})}]\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}\mathrm{kT}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}})}^{2\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}$; (b) for $T=0$, $\frac{1}{2}l\ensuremath{\alpha}l1$, incoherent relaxation at a rate $\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{r}$; and (c) for $T=0$, $0l\ensuremath{\alpha}l\frac{1}{2}$, damped oscillations with frequency $\ensuremath{\sim} {\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{r}$ and $Q$ factor $\frac{1}{2}cot[\frac{(\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2})\ensuremath{\alpha}}{(1\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha})}]$ plus a power-law background.
Challenging Civil Contempt: The Limits of Judicial Power in Cases Involving Journalists

Despite their assertion of a First Amendment or common law reporter's privilege in federal courts, journalists continue to face jail sentences and exorbitant fines for refusing to divulge their confidential sources when subpoenaed. Efforts to pass even a limited federal shield law have failed so far. This article offers another avenue to protect journalists—examining the roots of contempt law and policy to highlight limits on the contempt power of judges. It argues that because journalists are part of a group resting on steadfast moral and professional convictions, they may validly argue that confinement and excessive fines are improper sanctions. The article also suggests refinements in shield law proposals and other legislation to clarify the extent of judicial contempt power.
Initial kinetics of lysosomal enzyme secretion and superoxide anion generation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) exposed to particulate and soluble stimuli secrete lysosomal enzymes. These stimuli cause prompt (< 10 sec) changes in membrane potential followed 30–45 sec later by superoxide anion (O 2 − ) production. We describe a new technique utilizing flow dialysis apparatus which monitors the first stages of lysosomal enzyme release with a resolution of approximately 6 sec. Secretion ofβ-glucuronidase from cytochalasin B-treated PMN could be detected 19±5 sec after exposure to the chemotactic peptideN-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP). The “lag” times for release of this enzyme were different for other stimuli: 35±8 sec (BSA/anti-BSA immune complex); 48±8 sec (serum-treated zymosan, “STZ”); 60±25 sec (calcium ionophore A23187). The lag times for lysozyme release were less dependent upon the stimulus presented (28±16 sec for FMLP, 28±8 sec for BSA/antiBSA, 32±10 sec for STZ, and 38±8 seconds for Con A); only A23187 had a long lag period: 74±27 sec. Lag periods for the onset of O 2 − production (measured by the same mathematical criteria) were comparable to those forβ-glucuronidase release: 21±4 sec for FMLP, 43±14 sec for BSA/anti-BSA, 61±7 sec for Con A, and 50±13 sec for A23187. Changes in FMLP dose up to 100-fold affected the magnitudes of O 2 − generation andβ-glucuronidase release, but did not alter the time required for the onset of these processes. A variety of agents, such as corticosteroids, colchicine, 2-deoxyglucose, andN-ethyl maleimide, also affected the magnitudes of the responses, but not the lag periods when FMLP was used as the stimulus. When BSA/anti-BSA immune complex was used as the stimulus, 2-deoxyglucose andN-ethyl maleimide increased the lag period for superoxide anion generation, but not for lysosomal enzyme release. This new flow dialysis technique has permitted us to demonstrate that O 2 - production and lysosomal enzyme secretion are concurrent but dissociable processes which are subsequent to earlier responses of the granulocyte to ligandreceptor interactions as reflected by changes in membrane potential.
Atomic scale observations of the chemistry at the metal-oxide interface in heterogeneous catalysts

Abstract Here we present a preliminary analysis of the atomic scale interface chemistry in a model heterogeneous catalyst system, Pt/SiO2. We show that the combination of Z-contrast imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) exhibits a sensitivity to surface oxidation and changes in the interfacial chemistry that is higher than that of conventional analytical methods such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), chemisorption, and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis (XANES). In particular, the presence of a few monolayers of platinum oxide can be clearly seen, and changes in the chemistry of the SiO2 support within ∼1 nm of the metal–oxide interface can be characterized as a function of the catalyst preparation conditions. These results demonstrate that this combination of novel techniques can provide unparalleled information that is potentially the key to understanding the activity and selectivity of heterogeneous catalyst systems.
An Audiocassette Accommodation for the Tests of Adult Basic Education: Initial Validity Evidence

The validity of an audiocassette accommodation for the Test of Adult Basic Education was assessed with 500 adult education students. Students completed Survey Edition Forms 7 and 8 with and without the audiocassette. Equivalence coefficients range from .71 to .83 (ps < .001) across the tests. The best predictor of the supplement's benefit across the tests is improved performance on the Test of Adult Basic Education Reading test (r = .57, p < .01). Differences between Reading test scores with and without the audiocassette are used to determine students for whom the audiocassette might be a valid accommodation.
Diffusion of water in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide: An NMR study

Tracer diffusion coefficients have been measured for water in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) from 10 to 35 °C in the pressure range from 130 to 300 bar. The measurements were performed by means of pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG-NMR) methods incorporating compensation for electrical eddy currents and mass convection. In the NMR active volume, the sample was contained in a 1.4 mm i.d. PEEK tube with provisions for recirculation and external sample loading. The diffusion coefficients are consistent with the Stokes−Einstein equation with “slip” boundary conditions and a hydrodynamic radius of 1.7 A for water in the high temperature and low density region. In the low temperature and high density region, the diffusion coefficients indicate either a trend toward “stick” boundary conditions or the dynamic clustering of water molecules.
Dual diagnosis among older adults: a new array of policy and planning problems.

Case finding and successfully engaging and treating older adults with substance abuse disorders continue to be enigmatic processes. Because of the adverse consequences on health of substance abuse among the elderly, substance abuse has serious implications not only for the well-being of the elderly but also for the future costs and resources of the mental health and health care systems for older adults. However, older adults with concurrent mental and substance abuse disorders are appearing in the public gerontogical mental health system. This system is both unprepared and ill-equipped to manage and treat these often difficult clients. Further complicating the situation is the seeming lack of knowledge about “dual diagnosis” among the elderly. Policy and planning issues necessary to address this newly discovered array of problems are discussed.
Rapid micro Kjeldahl digestion of cereal grains and other biological materials.

Abstract To accomplish the micro Kjeldahl digestion of cereal grains and other biological materials in approximately 10 minutes, two techniques were developed: (1) digestion in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, K 2 SO 4 HgOH 2 SO 4 mixture, with lauric acid as anti-foaming agent, and (2) precarbonization of sample in K 2 SO 4 HgOH 2 SO 4 mixture to produce foam-forming materials which are immediately destroyed by H 2 O 2 . Oxidation of the sample is enhanced by H 2 O 2 and high digestion temperature resulting from increased salt-acid ratio.
High power narrow beam singlemode ARROW-type InGaAs/InGaAsP/InGaP diode lasers

The authors have obtained, from 20 µm aperture 0.98 µm wavelength three-core ARROW-type InGaAs/InGaAsP/InGaP diode lasers, a diffraction-limited beam pattern up to 0.55 W peak-pulsed power with 78% of the light in the central lobe; and near diffraction-limited-beam operation to 0.7 W. Interelement optical absorption loss is found to be important for improved beam quality at high drive levels, in good agreement with theory.
Erythropoiesis in diffusion chambers during hypoxia.

Abstract Bone marrow suspensions were cultured in diffusion chambers implanted in animals kept for six days under hypoxic conditions. It was shown that under hypoxic stimulation the bone marrow cultures show significant erythropoietic activity based on uptake studies of Fe-59. This study indicates that in vivo culture in diffusion chambers provides a possible system for analysis of differentiation control factors present under hypoxic stimulation.
Bispectral-based optimization algorithms for speckle imaging

We present results of a horizontal path imaging experiment using a 0.5-m telescope focused on a target 1.2 km away. We consider an extended representation of a satellite with grey scale and size variations. We imaged at 0.7 µm and found an average atmospheric degradation factor of D/ro = 17. We used a slow read-rate, bare CCD detector; thus, we had to deal with additive measurement noise. Our image reconstruction algorithms are based on the complex bispectrum, and we have demonstrated diffraction-limited imaging down to light levels approaching a few photons per speckle per resolution area. We have paid careful attention to the effects of additive noise on the reconstruction process and have shown that they can be adequately overcome. We present some new algorithms based on conjugate gradients and least squares. We demonstrate that these algorithms can improve image quality.
Reduced amide bond neurotensin 8-13 mimetics with potent in vivo activity

Abstract Appropriately substituted 8–9 (ΨCH2NH) isosteres of neurotensin (NT) 8–13 have been found which are active as NT agonists in vitro and in vivo. SAR studies suggest that preventing amide bond hydrolysis at the 8–9 and 11–12 positions of NT(8–13) mimetics is important for producing compounds with potent activity in vivo. Other simplified replacements for the Arg-Arg portion of NT(8–13) are reported.
Evaluation of Tropical Grasses for Milk Production by Dual-Purpose Cows in Tropical Mexico

Two experiments using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System were conducted to characterize the carbohydrate and protein fractions and corresponding rates of digestion of 15 tropical pasture grasses and to evaluate their ability to support milk production by dual-purpose cows. In the first experiment, ranges in carbohydrate and protein fractions of 15 grasses at 35 to 42 d of regrowth were: neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 63.5 to 74.9% of DM; permanganate lignin 4.7 to 7.8% of NDF; CP 5.5 to 11.9% of DM; and soluble protein 15.1 to 44.1% of crude protein (CP). The ranges of rates of digestion expressed as percent per hour were neutral detergent solubles (7.5 to 27.4); NDF (3.8 to 8.4); and neutral detergent insoluble protein (2.9 to 9.5). Predictions of the amount of milk that could be produced based on the amount of metabolizable energy supplied by the diet decreased 35% when NDF increased from 60 to 80%, and increased 88% when the rate of digestion of NDF increased from 3 to 6%/h. The milk production that could be sustained based on metabolizable protein in the diet doubled as CP increased from 4 to 12%. In the second experiment, nitrogen fertilization reduced NDF 7.3% and increased CP 84% without changing protein solubility, resulting in increased rumen nitrogen and metabolizable protein balances. With all forages, the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System predicted that availability of metabolizable protein would limit milk production. Predicted microbial growth was limited by ruminally available protein rather than by available carbohydrate.
New and composite point sampling estimates

A new estimator for basal area is introduced that is based on the concepts of angle count and angle summation sampling. Using the ratio of the angle count basal area factor and the angle summation ...
A Non-asymptotic Effective Medium Theory for Metamaterials

In the proposed non-asymptotic homogenization theory the coarse-grained fields are defined to satisfy Maxwell’s equations and boundary conditions exactly. The end result is an extended material tensor with 36 local and additional nonlocal parameters.
Nest cell lining of the solitary bee Hylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

The nest cell lining ofHylaeus bisinuatus (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) was shown by high-resolution solidstate [13C]NMR to be composed of lipid polymer and protein. The lipid polymer was shown by reduction and subsequent GC/MS analysis to be comprised of ω-hydroxy fatty acids (C20, C22, C24 and C26) and fatty alcohols (C16 to C30). The protein portion of the lining had a silk-like amino acid composition.
Effects of status resources and gender on role expectations of African American couples

Abstract This study examined the effects of gender, income, educational and occupational resources on the role expectations (male dominance ideologies) of a purposive sample of 80 African American married couples obtained via a snowball sampling technique. Findings indicated that within a generally egalitarian context, resources lowered the male dominance ideologies of wives while having no effect on husbands’ ideologies. Gender predicted stronger male dominance ideologies for husbands than wives. Cultural norms were a better predictor of actual role performance than resources. These analyses underscore the need for simultaneously controlling for several demographic variables in research on dynamics within African American couples.