cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen ion impact desorption of sulfur from stainless steel

Desorption cross-sections are reported for low-energy hydrogen ion impact on sulfur covered stainless steel surfaces. Using secondary ion mass spectrometry, the production rate of S− was observed to decrease exponentially as a function of hydrogen ion fluence and provided a reliable means for determining desorption cross-sections in the absence of residual gas adsorption. The cross-section for sulfur desorption by hydrogen increased slightly as the incident ion energy decreased from 1.5 to 0.3 keV/atom. Similar results were obtained when H2+ or H3+ ion species were used in place of H+. Impurity release in fusion devices from hydrogen ion impact is discussed briefly.
Induction of transforming growth factor‐β autocrine activity by all‐trans‐retinoic acid and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in NRP‐152 rat prostatic epithelial cells

Retinoids and vitamin D analogues are known to inhibit the proliferation of a variety of cells in culture and prevent the formation of certain tumors in mammals. Although it is well established that these hormones control the transcription of many genes upon binding to and activating specific nuclear receptors, the mechanisms by which they prevent cancer are as yet poorly understood. In this study the role of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) growth inhibitors, in promoting the biological activities of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA) and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) was studied in NRP-152 cells, a nontumorigenic epithelial line derived from rat dorsal-lateral prostate. Inhibition of growth by nanomolar concentrations of RA was associated with an increase in both mRNA and protein for all three TGF-beta isoforms, with greater and much earlier increases for TGF-beta s 2 and 3 (5.5 h) than for TGF-beta 1 (24 h). A monoclonal antibody against TGF-beta and TGF-beta 1 latency associated peptide (LAP), both of which neutralize all three TGF-beta isoforms, each block the ability of RA to inhibit growth of NRP-152 cells by > 95%. Neutralization of growth inhibition by isoform-specific antibodies suggested that all three TGF-beta s are involved in this effect. The ability of RA to upregulate fibronectin and thrombospondin expression in NRP-152 cells was also blocked by the monoclonal antibody. 1,25-(OH)2D3, which also induced TGF-beta s 2 and 3 but not TGF-beta 1, and their respective mRNAs, also induced fibronectin and thrombospondin through induction of TGF-beta. Thus, autocrine production of TGF-beta s may be a significant part of the mechanisms by which RA and 1,25-(OH)2D3 promote cellular differentiation.
Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Human Posterior Tibial Tendon: A Cadaveric Study

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a common degenerative condition leading to a severe impairment of gait. There is currently no effective method to determine whether a patient with advanced PTTD would benefit from several months of bracing and physical therapy or ultimately require surgery. Tendon degeneration is closely associated with irreversible degradation of its collagen structure, leading to changes to its mechanical properties. If these properties could be monitored in vivo , they could be used to quantify the severity of tendonosis and help determine the appropriate treatment. The goal of this cadaveric study was, therefore, to develop and validate ultrasound elasticity imaging (UEI) as a potentially noninvasive technique for quantifying tendon mechanical properties. Five human cadaver feet were mounted in a materials testing system (MTS), while the posterior tibial tendon (PTT) was attached to a force actuator. A portable ultrasound scanner collected 2-D data during loading cycles. Young's modulus was calculated from the strain, loading force, and cross-sectional area of the PTT. Average Young's modulus for the five tendons was (0.45 ± 0.16 GPa) using UEI, which was consistent with simultaneous measurements made by the MTS across the whole tendon (0.52 ± 0.18 GPa). We also calculated the scaling factor (0.12 ± 0.01) between the load on the PTT and the inversion force at the forefoot, a measurable quantity in vivo . This study suggests that UEI could be a reliable in vivo technique for estimating the mechanical properties of the PTT, and as a clinical tool, help guide treatment decisions for advanced PTTD and other tendinopathies.
A multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of intestinal failure.

Intestinal failure is most commonly treated by the administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). In some patients, however, surgical therapy may increase the ability to use the intestine for nutrition and thereby decrease the complications of TPN therapy. A multidisciplinary comprehensive intestinal failure program was initiated at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in October 2000. Here we describe the surgical approaches to patients with short bowel syndrome and the subsequent impact on the need for TPN and on survival. Fifty patients (children = 30, adults = 20) underwent surgical procedures to restore intestinal continuity (n = 5), repair enterocutaneous fistulas (n = 5), resect dysmotile or strictured/obstructed bowel segments or mesenteric desmoid tumors (n = 7), stricturoplasty (n = 2), Bianchi tapering and lengthening (n = 20), serial transverse enteroplasty (n = 8), and other operations (n = 8). Of these 50 patients, three patients did not require TPN after surgical intervention and seven had remnant small bowel anatomy that precluded TPN weaning (e.g., end duodenostomy) and were listed for transplantation or continued on full TPN support. Of the 40 remaining patients, most received the majority of calories fromTPNat the time of referral, i.e., mean calories fromTPN _ 90%. Subsequent to the surgical and medical therapy, 26 (65%) have been completely weaned off TPN. In addition, 10 had substantial decreases in their TPN requirements (i.e., from 85% of calories from TPN at onset decreased to a median 35% of required calories at most recent follow-up). Four patients remained on the same amount of TPN support. Four of the seven patients listed for transplantation underwent successful transplantation. Despite the complications of short bowel syndrome, 86% (n = 43) of the patients are alive and well at a mean follow-up of 2 years. Patient deaths occurred primarily in those listed or eligible for transplantation and were related to advanced liver disease (n = 3), gastrointestinal hemorrhage (n = 1), or line sepsis (n = 1). Two other patients died, one from influenza A infection and one from unknown cause at home, months after complete discontinuation of TPN. In this series of patients with short bowel syndrome, surgical intervention led to weaning or discontinuation of TPN support in 85% of patients. An organized multidisciplinary approach to the patient with short bowel syndrome is recommended.
Notes on the current quest for gender identity.

This paper addresses the increasing perplexity about being men and women, or neither, or both, in a cultural context where the meaning of man and woman seems at times either simple or complex, obvious or obscure, reassuring or stifling, important or trivial. We have women's lib and men's lib. We have unisex, no-sex, heterosex, homosex, and third sex. Although there has been voluminous research on sex, gender, and identity, a great deal of it has not been accurately transmitted to the general public. In fact, this attempt to summarize our extant concepts on human gender identity grew out of a number of invitations to address classes, professional groups, and lay audiences on women's liberation, the homosexual liberation, and human sexuality. In most instances I have found that there is rudimentary knowledge of the fundamental propositions involved in the development of human identity, which is profoundly a sexual identity. In particular, I should like to address a relatively religious audience. In my somewhat random but relatively frequent association with religious personnel, it appears that two rather polar religious responses occur in reaction to the current confusions about sexuality, gender, and identity. The conservative religious response is to appeal to biblical authority to define the meaning of man and woman, and thus to retain traditional views of sexual identity, whereas the liberal religious response has been to embrace indiscriminately every new formulation of sexual identity. To my mind, both types of response seem to reflect a religious ideological bias rather than a response to new data on sexual identity. To state my own interpretation of sexual identity, I find the available data persuasive that clearly defined male and female sexual identity is critical to self-id entity. We cannot and should not attempt to eradicate a definite sense of maleness and femaleness. However, what constitutes maleness and
On the Hg(II)-induced demethylation of methylcobalamin.

Abstract Using conventional and stopped-flow kinetic techniques, the Hg(II)-induced dealkylation of methylcobalamin was studied in the three solvents (a) chloride, unbuffered, (b) acetate, buffered, and (c) water, unbuffered, in an attempt to gather information as far as the participation of the 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazolyl (DMBz) moiety of the coenzyme in the reaction is concerned and also to gain insights into the chemical nature of the Hg(II) entity attacking CH 3 B 12 . In solvents (a) and (b), the transfer of the methyl group from the central cobalt atom to Hg(II) was found to occur without cleavage of the DMBz-cobalt coordinate bond thereby dispelling the notion, maintained by some, that (in acetate) displacement of DMBz from methylcobalamin occurs as a prerequisite to methyl transfer. The rate constants, pertaining to the group transfer in the two solvents, were evaluated. Demethylation proceeds rapidly in acetate but slowly in chloride. In water, appropriate concentrations of cationic mercury, Hg * (II)  Hg 2+ + Hg(OH) + , will displace DMBz from the central cobalt atom. Group transfer, therefore, involves here methylcobalamin which is primarily in the so-called “base-off” form. Its rate of dealkylation was determined. Also determined were the rates of the interconversion reaction CH 3 B 12 + Hg * (II) ⇌ CH 3 B 12 Hg, where CH 3 B 12 denotes methylcobalamin with DMBz coordinated to cobalt and where CH 3 B 12 Hg is the configuration in which DMBz is removed from coordination as a result of complexing with Hg * (II). The experimental findings pertaining to acetate as a solvent are discussed in relation to what is known from the literature and agreements as well as discrepancies are noted.
Lysosomal hydrolases in the trigeminal ganglion of mice afflicted with an hereditary sensory neuropathy (dystonia musculorum).

Selected lysosomal hydrolases have been investigated in the trigeminal ganglion of mice afflicted with an hereditary sensory neuropathy (dystonia musculorum). This was done using direct enzyme histochemistry. Correlative electron microscopy was also used to further elucidate perikaryal changes. The earliest observed lesion in the trigeminal ganglion of afflicted mice was numerous axon swellings containing intense lysosomal hydrolase activity. Subsequent to this observation, numerous neurones showed central chromatolysis, eccentric nucleus and increased lysosomal hydrolase activity. As various neurones throughout the ganglion underwent the classical chromatolytic reaction, the Golgi apparatus moved to a juxtanuclear location, and there was a focal juxtanuclear accumulation of lysosomes. During the later stages of the disease, a striking decrease in neuronal hydrolase activity characteristic of neuronal atrophy was observed. These results are consistent with earlier suggestions that loss of sensation in the disease could be due to an interruption of axonal transport in primary sensory neurones.
Immunophenotypic subclassification of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)

To determine the significance of the immunophenotypic heterogeneity of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), surface immunoglobulins (SIgs), mouse rosette assays (MR), and a panel of monoclonal antibodies for B cells, T cells and myeloid cells were performed on peripheral blood samples from 61 newly diagnosed cases. Four groups were observed: group I (SIg+, MR+, CD19/20+, CD5+, T antigen (Ag)-; 27 cases); group II (SIg+, MR+, CD19/20+, CD5+, T Ag+; 17 cases); group III (SIg+, MR+ CD19/20+, CD5-, T AG-; 12 cases); and group IV (SIg-, MR+, CD19/20+, Cd5+, T Ag-; 5 cases). Groups were compared according to French–American–British Cooperative Group subtypes, clinical and laboratory features, Rai staging, and survival. Typical CLL morphology (>90% small lymphocytes) was present in 20/20 (100%) of group I cases and 23/27 (85%) group II, III and IV cases (P=0·09). Expression of a myeloid antigen was seen in 5/27 group I cases (18%) and 1/16 group II cases (6%), but was not predictive of survival (P=0·36). The CD5- group III had a lower haemoglobin level (P<0·0001), higher Rai stage (P<0·002), and poorer survival at 5 years (P<0·02) than the other groups. We conclude that at least four distinct immunophenotypic subgroups of B-cell CLL can be determined. Expression of myeloid or T-cell antigens does not appear to predict for patient survival: however, lack of CD5 antigen may be associated with more advanced stage of disease and poor patient survival.
Elaboration in Text as Breadth and Depth.

This study compares two community newspapers, through content analysis, for indices of elaboration identified through various theoretical sources. The object of the study is to trace the relationship of economic development and technological growth to use of elaborative elements in text describing science and technology. One community was ascertained by census and other data to be developing; the other community was determined to be stagnant; indices for depth and breadth in coverage, use of visualization in figures of speech, and other indices were compared. Copy from the developing area showed strong correlations of all indices for breadth and depth; coverage from the other area, while containing elements of visualization, showed fewer correlations.
Fetal experience revealed by rats: psychobiological insights

Abstract Psychobiological studies of fetal ontogenesis in non-human species, particularly in laboratory rat, now have much to offer students of human development. Psychobiological approaches are ‘ecologically’ oriented which, for fetal research, implies consideration of the adaptive significance of behavior within the uterine habitat. Consistent with this orientation is a concern for the sensory capabilities of the fetus, especially in relation to the specific forms and levels of stimulation that occur within the uterine milieu. We describe recent advances in these areas, and the impressive range of fetal responses to naturally-occurring (often mother-induced) forms of sensory stimulation. To the psychobiologist, sensory-evoked responses of all kinds constitute the fetus' experience and much has been learned about the roles of such experience in regulating the rate, direction, and form of development. Indeed, experience can be considered a significant, if not neglected, mechanism of development. Finally, we briefly survey some contemporary analyses of the interrelations between developmental and evolutionary processes. We use onset of sensory function (which occurs in a stereotyped sequence in every vertebrate species for which there are data) as a developmental phenotype. Phylogenetic considerations of sensory development are discussed. By identifying and clarifying some of the intellectual questions that guide perinatal research with non-human species, we hope to improve the appreciation of novel insights and interpretive strategies that derive from different approaches. This is bound to enhance the study of human development and to improve the design and use of animal models.
Nonsurgical management of a rectovaginal fistula caused by a Gellhorn pessary.

BACKGROUND:Pessaries are generally thought to be a safe, well-tolerated treatment for pelvic organ prolapse.CASE:An 85-year-old woman had a Gellhorn pessary placed for pelvic organ prolapse. Although she was seen regularly for care, the pessary had not been removed for several years. She presented s
Surface photochemistry—13. UV-photochemistry of adsorbed O2 on Pt(111)

The photodesorption and photodissociation of molecular oxygen, adsorbed on Pt(111) has been studied as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence.
Thermodynamics of alkali alkanoates X. Heat capacities and thermodynamic properties of lithium methanoate and lithium ethanoate at temperatures from ≈ 5 K to 580 K

Abstract Heat capacities of lithium methanoate and ethanoate (CA Registry numbers [556-63-8] and [546-89-4]) have been measured by adiabatic intermittent-heating equilibrium calorimetry from temperatures T near 5 K to 350 K and by differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.) from 330 K through melting (solid to isotropic liquid) to 580 K. Smoothed values of Cp,m, ΔT0Som, ΔT0Hom, and Φom were calculated at selected temperatures, At T = 298.15 K the values are: 8.768·R, 9.873·R, 1528.6·R·K, and 4.746·R for HCOOLi, and 11.607·R, 14.412·R, 2065.4·R·K, and 7.484·R for CH3COOLi (R = 8.31451 J·K-1·mol-1). No transition was observed in the heat-capacity curves of either salt at T
Examining intention in simulated actions: are children and young adults different?

Previous work with adults provides evidence that ‘intention’ used in processing simulated actions is similar to that used in planning and processing overt movements. The present study compared young adults and children on their ability to estimate distance reachability using a NOGO/GO paradigm in conditions of imagery only (IO) and imagery with actual execution (IE). Our initial thoughts were that whereas intention is associated with motivation and commitment to act, age-related differences could impact planning. Results indicated no difference in overall accuracy by condition within groups, and as expected adults were more accurate. These findings support an increasing body of evidence suggesting that the neurocognitive processes (in this case, intention) driving motor imagery and overt actions are similar, and as evidenced here, functioning by age 7.
Limb morphology, bipedal gait, and the energetics of hominid locomotion

How viable is the argument that increased locomotor efficiency was an important agent in the origin of hominid bipedalism? This study reviews data from the literature on the cost of human bipedal walking and running and compares it to data on quadrupedal mammals including several non-human primate species. Literature data comparing the cost of bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in trained capuchin monkeys and chimpanzees are also considered. It is concluded that increased energetic efficiency would not have accrued to early bipeds. Presumably, however, selection for improved efficiency in the bipedal stance would have occurred once the transition was made. Would such a process have included selection for increased limb length? Data on the cost of locomotion vs. limb length reveal no significant relationship between these variables in 21 species of mammals or in human walking or running.
The wireless abyss: Deconstructing the U.S. National Broadband Map

Abstract The U.S. National Broadband Map (NBM) is arguably the most complex articulation and synthesis of telecommunications data ever generated by the federal government. Drawing upon information collected by fifty U.S. states, five territories and the District of Columbia, broadband provision is tabulated at the Census block level and made available to the general public in a variety of formats (e.g., maps, tabular databases, and geographic coverages). One major policy challenge associated with deepening our understanding of wireless broadband provision in the United States is developing a methodological process for accurately rearticulating NBM wireless data collected at the block level to more meaningful economic units (e.g., Census block groups or tracts). Without this ability, policy analysis and an objective evaluation of the goals set forth in the National Broadband Plan are compromised. The purpose of this paper is to outline such a methodology, while simultaneously highlighting several consistency checks for ensuring completeness and data aggregation integrity.
Controlled manipulation of elastomers with radiation: Insights from multiquantum nuclear-magnetic-resonance data and mechanical measurements

Filled and cross-linked elastomeric rubbers are versatile network materials with a multitude of applications ranging from artificial organs and biomedical devices to cushions, coatings, adhesives, interconnects, and seismic-isolation, thermal, and electrical barriers. External factors such as mechanical stress, temperature fluctuations, or radiation are known to create chemical changes in such materials that can directly affect the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the polymer between cross-links and alter the structural and mechanical properties. From a materials science point of view it is highly desirable to understand, affect, and manipulate such property changes in a controlled manner. Unfortunately, that has not yet been possible due to the lack of experimental characterization of such networks under controlled environments. In this work we expose a known rubber material to controlled dosages of γ radiation and utilize a newly developed multiquantum nuclear-magnetic-resonance technique to characterize the MWD as a function of radiation. We show that such data along with mechanical stress-strain measurements are amenable to accurate analysis by simple network models and yield important insights into radiation-induced molecular-level processes.
Lady Caroline Lamb Beyond Byron: Graham Hamilton, Female Authorship, and the Politics of Public Reputation

This article troubles the terms by which scholars have typically understood Lady Caroline Lamb's authorial career. I pay particular attention to the publicity that Lady Caroline received throughout her lifetime, her unpublished correspondence, and her second novel Graham Hamilton (1822). Graham Hamilton and the extensive archival record surrounding it challenge longstanding assumptions about Lady Caroline as little more than Byron's jilted lover turned scandalous author. I relocate Lady Caroline's authorial career and Graham Hamilton in particular alongside now-canonical work by Frances Burney as well as Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen, and in doing so I argue Lady Caroline's important place alongside them. Ultimately this article suggests that Lady Caroline's engagement with the politics of authorship and public identity demonstrate that her contributions to Romanticism extend beyond her well-known affair with Byron.
Altered neutrophils in mice immune to experimental Naegleria amoebic meningoencephalitis.

Abstract Naegleria fowleri is the cause of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in man. The mouse is considered to be a suitable experimental model for this disease. The data presented shows that blood neutrophils from N. fowleri immune mice (immunised) that had received a ‘recall’ amoeba antigen had altered responses compared with those from similarly treated normal mice. The neutrophils from immune animals showed increased basal levels of oxygen-dependent respiratory activity, measured by the chemiluminescence response. These neutrophils also showed increased responses to formyl- L -methionyl- L -leucyl- L -phenylalanine (fMLP), phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and opsonized N. fowleri. The results are consistent with previous data suggesting that the neutrophil (and its activation) is important in defence against N. fowleri.
A CORRELATION FOR PREDICTING PARTITION COEFFICIENTS IN AQUEOUS TWO-PHASE SYSTEMS

Abstract Partition coefficients of amino acids and peptides are examined in poly(ethylene glycol)/magnesium sulfate systems. A correlation is proposed which relates the logarithm of the partition coefficient to the solute hydrophobicity and to the concentration difference between the phases of one of the phase-forming components. Partitioning data for several neutral amino acids were used to calculate individual amino acid residue hydrophobicities. These hydrophobicities were then used successfully to predict the partition coefficients of peptides in the same phase systems. The predicted and observed partition coefficients are compared for several peptides composed of two to four amino acid residues.
‘Breaking bread’: Metaphor and ritual in Odawa religious practice

The Odawa (Ottawa) Indians of the Great Lakes region metaphorically interpret the meaning of ritual feasts as one focus of social activism and self-determination. The contemporary Gi-Be Feast (‘Ghost Supper’, or Gi-Be Wiikonge) is historically derived from the 17th-century Feast of the Dead and communicates underlying traditional religious values metaphorically. Metaphors that can be delineated within contemporary Gi-Be Feasts include: Time Is A Changer, Life Is Fluid, Purposes Are Destinations, and Events Are Actions. Sharing creates solidarity because such actions voice the traditional value placed on establishing proper relationships to mediate interpersonal distance and overcome a sense of dangerous otherness. By attributing metaphorical meaning to ritual, the Odawa adapt to changing circumstances by reinforcing ethnic cohesion. The Odawa retain, reinforce, and revitalize culture by metaphorically interpreting and applying traditional values to current needs.
Pushing Nanocrystal Synthesis toward Nanomanufacturing

The potential of using nanocrystals in applications within the fields of catalysis, electronics, medicine, and others has fueled research into the preparation and assembly of these materials. For most applications, it is necessary to have nanocrystal samples in which the size, shape, composition, and structure are tightly controlled within a narrow distribution. This need has motivated researchers to explore different synthesis protocols, including a method featured in this issue of ACS Nano by Kitaev and co-workers, where decahedral silver nanoparticles were used as seed particles for the growth of faceted silver rods. In this Perspective, we describe recent advances in seeded growth as the ultimate approach to producing metal nanocrystals with precisely controlled sizes, shapes, and compositions—the necessary first step toward their use and assembly for large-scale applications.
Edge dislocations emitted along inclined planes from a mode I crack

Abstract The stress field around the tip of a semi-infinite crack with an edge dislocation parallel to the tip but located in any nearby position has been obtained in closed form. Using this, the equilibrium positions under mode I loading of an array of edge dislocations emitted from the crack tip on a slip plane oriented at an angle to the crack plane were obtained numerically. A dislocation-free zone (DFZ) was found to exist if the slip plane was not saturated with dislocations. The DFZ disappeared at saturation. The case of two arrays emitted on two symmetrically oriented slip planes was studied also. The effects of the applied stress, the angle of inclination of the slip plane, the lattice friction for dislocation motion and the number of dislocations in the plastic zone are presented.
Treatment of acute type a aortic dissection with intraluminal sutureless prosthesis

Abstract Sutureless intraluminal aortic graft has been used for substitution of aorta, with the advantages of decreasing the aortic cross-clamp time and decreased blood loss. From January 1991 to December 1992, 10 consecutive patients underwent emergency operations to repair acute type A aortic dissection in which sutureless intraluminal grafts were used for replacement of ascending aorta. There were 5 men and 5 women, with ages that ranged from 40 to 74 years (mean, 51 years). The inclusion method was used in all patients. Modified Cabrol shunts were created in 7 patients. Dacron graft (Meadox Medicals, Inc, Oakland, NJ) was used to wrap the ascending aorta in 7 patients. The circulatory arrest time was 33 ± 13 (mean ± standard deviation) minutes, and the cardiac ischemic time was 64 ± 17 minutes. Retrograde superior vena cava cerebral perfusion during circulatory arrest was performed on 4 patients. All patients survived. One patient had a minor stroke and pneumonia with complete recovery. There was no evidence of pseudoaneurysm formation, graft erosion, graft migration, or aortic bleeding in the postoperative period. No patients had permanent renal deficit. Follow-up (1 to 22 months; mean, 9.6 months) of all patiente revealed satisfactory graft function, with no device-related deaths and no known complications attributable to the prosthesis, such as thrombosis, erosion, pseudoaneurysm formation, or hemorrhage. Our experience suggests that grafting of the ascending aorta is less hazardous with the sutureless grafts than with the conventional sutured anastomosis technique. We are now using this method whenever possible in all substitutions of the aorta.
Enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection following phosgene inhalation.

Animal infectivity models have been important in the demonstration of enhanced susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection as a result of low‐level toxicant exposure. This study demonstrated an enhanced and prolonged viral infection using an influenza virus infectivity model in the rat following exposure to the toxicant gas phosgene. Fischer‐344 rats exposed to either air or a sublethal concentration of phosgene demonstrated peak pulmonary influenza virus titers 1 d after infection. Virus titers in rats exposed to air declined rapidly falling below detectable levels by 4 d after infection. However, a significantly enhanced and prolonged pulmonary influenza virus infection was observed on d 3 and 4 after infection in rats exposed to phosgene. Virus was cleared below detectable limits on d 5 after infection in animals exposed to phosgene. Thus, inhalation of sublethal concentrations of phosgene resulted in an increased severity of pulmonary influenza virus infection. This study provides a demonstration ...
The concepts and benefits of dementia specific programming within an assisted living setting

This paper focuses on the concepts, specifics and effects of dementia programming within an assisted living setting. The target population consists of 20 people, 60 years of age and older, who reside at Kensington Cottages, Rochester, Minnesota, a residential assisted living facility for people with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. The residents at Kensington Cottages are unable to live independently and require assistance with their daily cares in varying degrees. They also need to be provided with homemaker services and recreational stimulation. This 24-hour assistance is provided by staff caregivers; these residents do not require the degree of skilled nursing supplied in a nursing home.The paper begins with an analysis of the concept of dementia programming. This concept is then applied to the specifics of the program which is presently being used at Kensington Cottages Rochester The effects of dementia specific programming are shown through case studies of two Kensington Cottages resi...
Using inquiry-based instruction to encourage teachers' historical thinking at historic sites

This study explores the use of inquiry-based instruction for constructing historical understanding in historic site-based teacher professional development programs. In an historic site-based professional development workshop, fifteen teachers of grades 5 through 12 engaged in guided inquiry with documents drawn from said historic site. Participants showed significantly increased curiosity about the site and use of problem-solving strategies in interactions with the site and staff, but no improvement in other elements related to historical thinking at historic sites. Improvements correlated to neither length of teaching experience nor testing group characteristics, indicating broad applicability for improving historic site-based professional development programs.
On the measurement of the small-angle scattering of fast neutrons☆

Abstract The measurement of the small-angle scattering of 5–15 MeV neutrons from low-A nuclei requires an experimental technique of high sensitivity. In order to determine the most suitable technique, various scattering geometries are studied and compared. The experimental approach found optimum involves the use of an unusual scattering geometry for which a four-fold collimator-detector array with fixed collimating channels has been especially designed and constructed. The principles of measurements in this geometry are developed and discussed in detail. From performance tests with the collimator-detector array, the acceptances of the collimating channels and the overall experimental sensitivity are determined. Preliminary measurements are presented of the 7.55 MeV elastic cross section of O, Al, Fe, Sn, and Pb for neutron scattering in the angular range 2.5° to 15°.
Malignant hyperthermia: hot stuff!

OU ARE CALLED IN for an emergency apendectomy on a 21-year-old male, TT. TT is in is junior year of nursing school at a large urban niversity in the eastern United States. You omplete the admission nursing database with T and his parents in preparation for his surery. TT has a negative past medical history, akes no medications, and has one hospitalizaion for severe heat stroke after participation in triathlon 18 months earlier. TT has never had nesthesia or surgery. He is 6=2 , weighs 164 lbs 75 kg), and is very muscular in appearance. T’s mother reports that TT has had intermitent abdominal pain for the past week, but she ecame concerned when he was unable to omplete his normal morning run. He has also ad nausea and vomiting today and has not had olid food since dinner the prior evening. His ab work is all within normal limits, with the otable exception of a white blood count of 8,000.
Exploring optimization through hierarchies and ratio scales

Abstract This paper explores the concept of optimization by solely using the AHP and compares outcomes with those obtained in traditional optimization theory without and with constraints. The difference is essentially in the absence of the traditional black box involving complex manipulations in algebra or the calculus on an assumed linear or nonlinear mathematical structure. This paper is an exploratory attempt to use an individual's understanding together with a way to convert his judgments to ratios to deal with optimization. At first sight it may go contrary to the reader's (learned) intuition, but in the end he must face the question of whether the magic of traditional manipulations gives rise to better answers than one's actual and complete understanding in which one does not abdicate judgmental control of the solution, and why. This idea is ripe for deeper and more detailed exploration.
Prognostic Significance of Optic Disk Cupping in Ocular Hypertensive Patients

The stereoscopic photographs of 102 patients with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and normal visual fields were graded for cup:disk ratio. All patients were followed up for a five-year period, during which time 27 patients developed glaucomatous visual field loss and 75 patients did not. The patients who subsequently developed glaucomatous visual field loss had significantly larger cup:disk ratios than did the patients who did not develop glaucomatous visual field loss. Patients with a mean IOP greater than or equal to 28 mm Hg and a vertical contour cup:disk ratio greater than or equal to 0.6 had a 100% incidence of the development of glaucomatous visual field loss as compared to a 2% incidence in those with a mean IOP less than 28 mm Hg and a vertical cup:disk ratio less than 0.6. Disk:cup asymmetry and progressive increase in the area of the disk occupied by the cup was more common in the group that developed glaucomatous visual field loss.
Technology Policy An Urgent Ideological Reality Test for Business Academe

This article argues that the increased salience of technology policy in the political agenda of the Clinton administration constitutes a pressing ideological challenge for business academe. Basic assumptions and conceptual foundations need reexamination if the business academe is to understand, interpret, and influence rapidly evolving trends in business/government relations and public policy in the United States. A conceptual and issue-specific teaching and research agenda is offered.
IMPROVED NUMERICAL MODELLING OF COMPETITIVE COUNTERION BINDING IN POLYELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Abstract In a previous study of the system Mg2+/Na+/polyion, polyion = polygalacturonate, the relative suppression of the binding of Na+ by the presence of Mg2+ was found to be nearly linearly related to the ratio P b,Mg P b,Na , where Pb,Mg and Pb,Na are the numbers of counterions per unit charge associated with or bound to the polyion, in the pure magnesium and sodium salts of the polyelectrolyte, as calculated from the relationships based on the mathematical formulation of the Poisson-Boltzmann (PB) model using the method of Peterlin and Dolar. Subsequent numerical studies involved polyions which had smaller interchange distances and the Peterlin and Dolar approach was not able to model these systems. This work describes a shooting method that successfully treats a wider range of polyion systems. The dependence of competitive counterion binding properties on representative polyelectrolyte parameters and concentration predicted by the model are also provided.
Torsades de pointes in two chronic renal failure patients treated with Cisapride and Clarithromycin

Patients with chronic renal failure are often on multiple medications and are at risk for the development of adverse effects from drug interactions. Two cases of torsades de pointes that followed the initiation of clarithromycin therapy in patients receiving long-term cisapride therapy are being reported. Elevated cisapride levels while on this combination with return to therapeutic range while on cisapride only was documented in one of the patients. The role of the inhibition of cytochrome P-4503A4 in the occurrence of the arrhythmia is discussed.
Switching Human Telomerase On and Off with hPOT1 Protein in Vitro

POT1 (protection of telomeres 1) protein binds the G-rich single-stranded telomeric DNA at the ends of chromosomes. In human cells hPOT1 is involved in telomere length regulation, but the mechanism of this regulation remains unknown. Examination of the high-resolution crystal structure of the hPOT1-TTAGGGTTAG complex suggested that it would not be extended by telomerase, a hypothesis that we confirm by in vitro assays with recombinant telomerase. On the other hand, when hPOT1 is bound at a position one telomeric repeat before the 3'-end, leaving an 8-nucleotide 3'-tail, the complex is extended with improved activity and processivity. Thus, depending on its location relative to the DNA 3'-end, hPOT1 can either inhibit telomerase action or form a preferred substrate for telomerase. We propose that another factor catalyzes the interconversion of these states in vivo.
Effects of Resource Constraints on Ideal Plans

Summary.4~ divided a pool of resources among human characteristics in order to describe their ideals. The total resources were varied so that some Ss did not have enough, and others had too many to describe their ideals properly. All resources had to be expended but only a fixed maximum amount could be allocated to any single characteristic. The results provide insight into the way Ss maintain the relative importance of properties with different resource levels. The findings also indicate an optimal quantity of resources necessary to allow expression of an ideal preference ordering. Possible applications of these results include areas of psychology in which Ss indicate the relative importance of some group of interrelated items. In many real-world planning situations there are distinct limits on the allocation of physical and financial resources. The concepts related to town planning, financial management, portfolio evaluation, and political tactics all involve distributing a fixed amount of available resources among several alternatives, each of which is limited by maximum and minimum constraints (Catanese & Steiss, 1970). Yet it is commonplace in behavioral science (especially with questionnaire and interview techniques) to obtain a single preference ordering without regard to possible over-all limitations. This investigation has been directed toward examination of some of the psychological uses and implications of a method which includes such constraints. The major characteristics of the approach have been described previously (Baud, Graf, & Degerman, 1972). In this research Ss expressed multidimensional judgments while constrained by fixed resources. Specifically, they created their ideal hypothetical organisms to function in several physical situations. An ideal was created by distributing a fixed amount of resource units among a set of properties, such as memory, vision, and expressivity. This procedure forced Ss to consider all the properties together, since increasing the amount allocated to one property necessarily meant that a smaller amount remained for the others. The results were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis, where correlations among properties were used to scale the points and the importance of a property (mean allocation) was given in another dimension. A critical element of any fixed resource allocation is the multidimensionality of the plan. In traditional multivariate analysis the data consist of a set of independent judgments in one dimension or in an unknown multidimensional space, and the analysis seeks to discover the latent structure of this space. In fixed
Daptomycin Eluted From Calcium Sulfate Appears Effective Against Staphylococcus

The emergence of resistant strains of Gram-positive organisms in osteomyelitis creates treatment challenges. Daptomycin is an antibiotic that shows promise for treating some resistant strains of Gram-positive infections; however, it has not been widely used clinically for the treatment of osteomyelitis. We determined whether daptomycin eluted from calcium sulfate—a local delivery vehicle used for the treatment of osteomyelitis—retained activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Daptomycin was mixed with calcium sulfate hemihydrate, with both laboratory powder and a commercial kit, to form a hardened pellet. Daptomycin was eluted from calcium sulfate and retained its ability to inhibit bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis for eluates gathered up to 28 days. Our preliminary data demonstrates sterilized pellets with daptomycin retained their ability to inhibit bacterial growth of certain strains of Gram-positive organisms.
Strategies for Megaregion Governance

Problem: Metropolitan areas in the United States are increasingly growing together into megaregions with many linkages and interdependencies in their economies, infrastructure, and natural resources, but they are not linked well in terms of governance. Hundreds of jurisdictions, federal and state sectoral agencies, and regulatory bodies make independent and conflicting decisions with no entity focusing on the region's overall welfare. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to investigate potential governance strategies for such megaregions. Collaborative and networked processes can do many of the needed tasks for regional governance, as they fill gaps where government fails to operate, cross jurisdictional and functional boundaries, engage public and private sector actors on common tasks, and focus on the collective welfare of a region. Our goal is to identify strategies that allow such processes to have some success in planning and managing resources, adapting to unique conditions, and mobilizing key pl...
Experimental limits on monojet production in e+e− annihilation at 29 GeV

Abstract A search was made for e + e − →X 1 X 2 where X 1 consists of one or more light unobservable particles and X 2 decays promptly to a visible jet of particles. One event was found for an integrated luminosity of 176 pb −1 , a rate consistent with known backgrounds. This result places a significant constraint on a number of theoretical models.
Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 Using Multivalent Antigens and Magnetic Immunochromatography Testing

A simplified lateral-flow assay for the detection of antibodies to HIV using magnetic-bead conjugates and multibranched peptides from both HIV-1 and HIV-2 was developed. Magnetic immunochromatography testing (MICT) uses a standard lateral-flow platform that incorporates magnetic-bead conjugates for quantitative measurement of the magnetic field distortion associated with the bound magnetic conjugate (reported as adjusted relative magnetic units [MAR]). The results of the optimized MICT assay were compared to standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blotting (WB) results using a blinded 649-member panel of specimens from the United States, Cameroon, and West Africa. The panel was comprised of samples from individuals infected with various HIV-1 subtypes (n = 234) or HIV-2 (n = 65) and HIV-seronegative specimens (n = 350). Additionally, 13 HIV-1 seroconversion panels (total specimens = 85), a worldwide panel containing seven of the major circulating HIV-1 subtypes (n = 18), an HIV-2 panel, an HIV-1/HIV-2 mixed panel, and 100 prospective specimens were tested with completely concordant results. Assay reproducibility (observed MAR) for both intra- and interrun testing was excellent, with coefficients of variation of <12%. MICT can provide a rapid, low-cost method of determining HIV antibody status requiring no subjective interpretations.
Using Register Lifetime Predictions to Protect Register Files against Soft Errors

To increase the resistance of register files to soft errors, this paper presents the ParShield architecture. ParShield is based on two observations: (i) the data in a register is only useful for a small fraction of the register's lifetime, and (ii) not all registers are equally vulnerable. ParShield selectively protects registers by generating, storing, and checking the ECCs of only the most vulnerable registers while they contain useful data. In addition, it stores a parity bit for all the registers, re-using the ECC circuitry for parity generation and checking. ParShield has no SDC AVF and a small average DUE AVF of 0.040 and 0.010 for the integer and floating-point register files, respectively. ParShield consumes on average only 81% and 78% of the power of a design with full ECC for the SPECint and SPECfp applications, respectively. Finally, ParShield has no performance impact and little area requirements.
Rorty and the Philosophical Tradition: A Comment on Professor Szubka

I agree with Tadusz Szubka's thesis that there is a "partial" continuity between Rorty's work in the 1960s (esp. The Linguistic Turn) and his later pragmatic philosophy in which he repudiated "analytic" philosophy. I suggest additional support for the thesis of continuity comes from an examination of Rorty's undergraduate and graduate education. I then argue that the real puzzle about Rorty's intellectual development is not why he gave up on "analytic" philosophy - he had never been much committed to that research agenda, even before it became moribund--but why, beginning with Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (PMN), he gave up on the central concerns of philosophy going back to antiquity. Many contemporary philosophers influenced by Quine's attack on the analytic-synthetic distinction and Sellars' attack on "the Myth of the Given" (the two argumentative linchpins of PMN) didn't abandon philosophical questions about truth, knowledge, and mind, they just concluded those questions needed to be naturalized, to be answered in conjunction with the empirical sciences. Why didn't Rorty go this route? The paper concludes with some interesting anecdotes about Rorty that invite speculative explanations.