cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Torso-based tactile feedback system for patients with balance disorders

A tactile feedback vest was developed to provide sensory information to patients with balance disorders. The system was designed to detect levels of imbalance that are imperceptible to patients with balance deficit, and to provide intuitive and appreciable sensory feedback that allows for rapid balance correction. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based pneumatic actuators were clustered on the ventral, dorsal, left and right surfaces of the tactile vest to provide multi-directional sensory feedback. Two biaxial accelerometers were mounted near the shoulder to measure linear and angular acceleration of the upper torso, and a system controller that regulates communication between the sensors and actuators was developed. Actuator deflection was characterized to optimize tactile feedback. Average deflections of 2.6 mm and 7.1 mm were recorded with input pressures of 1.6 psi and 4.0 psi, respectively. In future studies, human perceptual testing will be performed to optimize the system for clinical use.
How much of it is real? Analysis of paid placement in Web search engine results

Most Web search tools integrate sponsored results with results from their internal editorial database in providing results to users. The goal of this research is to get a better idea of how much of the screen real estate displays “real” editorial results as compared to sponsored results. The overall average results are that 40p of all results presented on the first screen are “real” results, and when the entire first Web page is considered, 67p of the results are nonsponsored results. For general search tools such as Google, 56p of the first screen and 82p of the first Web page contain nonsponsored results. Other results include that query structure makes a significant difference in the percentage of nonsponsored results returned by a search. Similarly, the topic of the query also can have a significant effect on the percentage of sponsored results displayed by most Web search tools. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On Predicting Patent Litigation

The patent system - and information about the patent system - is becoming more available and more digitalized. One area of interest involves using newly available information to predict patent litigation - to identify patents that will in the future be litigated. If patents that will be litigated can be identified ahead of time, such identification might offer an advantage to investors and innovators that need to transact around patents. In addition, such identification might help patentees because it might make it more likely that they get paid something for their innovation, and thus might make it more likely that they recoup some of the investment made in an innovation. This short essay raises and discusses several fundamental problems with predicting patent litigation. It may therefore be a useful source to anyone who is considering using patent document and patent file data to identify patents that will be litigated and patents that will not. Perhaps the most surprising message from the analysis is just how difficult it might be to predict patent litigation to a level sufficient to provide any real practical utility to innovators. The form of the essay is a Response.
Microbiologic effectiveness of time- or concentration-based dosing strategies in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Abstract This in vitro study evaluated the pharmacodynamic performance of levofloxacin using different dosing strategies against both a levofloxacin-sensitive (MIC = 1 mg/liter) and -resistant (MIC = 16 mg/liter) strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae . The strain was genotypically characterized by a mutation in gyrA and two mutations in parE ; resistance was shown not to be efflux-mediated. The purpose of this study was to determine if simulated levofloxacin dosing strategies focused either on time or concentration would affect microbiologic outcome. Differing peak concentration/MIC ratios (1,2, and 10), T>MIC (3.6,9.6,15.6, and 24 h corresponding to 15, 40, 65, and 100% of the 24-h dosing interval), and AUC/MIC ratios (13–180) were generated by varying dosing strategies. Initial bacterial inocula were decreased by 99.9% in each experiment conducted. Despite the wide variation in exposure levels, in terms of AUC/MIC, Cp-max/MIC, and T>MIC, the kill portions of the bacterial density curves were super-imposable between all permutations of antibiotic exposure. However, there appeared to be an AUC/MIC breakpoint (35–40) defining bacterial regrowth. Over a 10-fold concentration range, levofloxacin appeared to kill S. pneumoniae in a concentration-independent fashion. When given in concentrations suitable to achieve specified pharmacodynamic endpoints (AUC/MIC ≥35), levofloxacin demonstrated the ability to eradicate both a levofloxacin-resistant and levofloxacin-sensitive strain of S. pneumoniae in the in vitro model.
Comment on: Retrograde cardioplegia revisited: open technique for long aortic cross clamping.

e read with interest Ito and colleagues’ article ontheir technique for delivery of retrograde cardio-plegia [1]. The authors use a conventional retrogradecannula and deliver half of the initial dose of cardiople-gia beforedirectlycannulatingthecoronarysinusthrougha purse-string and manually inﬂating the balloon. Theauthors emphasise improved right ventricle (RV) protec-tion in cases requiring prolonged aortic clamping. RVprotection is increasingly important as aortic clamp timesbecome longer,particularlyiftheRV isdilatedordysfunc-tional.Criticism of conventional retrograde cardioplegiaincludes risk of coronary sinus perforation or rupture,inadequate perfusion of the proximal veins draining intothe coronary sinus, leading to worse RV protection, andleak
Attenuated Change Blindness for Exogenously Attended Items in a Flicker Paradigm

When two scenes are alternately displayed, separated by a mask, even large, repeated changes between the scenes often go unnoticed for surprisingly long durations. Change blindness of this sort is attenuated at “centres of interest” in the scenes, however, supporting a theory of change blindness in which attention is necessary to perceive such changes (Rensink, O'Regan, & Clark, 1997). Problems with this measure of attentional selection - via verbally described “centres of interest” - are discussed, including worries about describability and explanatory impotence. Other forms of attentional selection, not subject to these problems, are employed in a “flicker” experiment to test the attention-based theory of change detection. Attenuated change blindness is observed at attended items when attentional selection is realized via involuntary exogenous capture of visual attention - to late-onset items and colour singletons - even when these manipulations are uncorrelated with the loci of the changes, and are thu...
Bounding Optimal Expected Revenues for Assortment Optimization under Mixtures of Multinomial Logits

We consider assortment problems under a mixture of multinomial logit models. There is a fixed revenue associated with each product. There are multiple customer types. Customers of different types choose according to different multinomial logit models whose parameters depend on the type of the customer. The goal is to find a set of products to offer so as to maximize the expected revenue obtained over all customer types. This assortment problem under the multinomial logit model with multiple customer types is NP-complete. Although there are heuristics to find good assortments, it is difficult to verify the optimality gap of the heuristics. In this study, motivated by the difficulty of finding optimal solutions and verifying the optimality gap of heuristics, we develop an approach to construct an upper bound on the optimal expected revenue. Our approach can quickly provide upper bounds and these upper bounds can be quite tight. In our computational experiments, over a large set of randomly generated problem instances, the upper bounds provided by our approach deviate from the optimal expected revenues by 0.15% on average and by less than one percent in the worst case. By using our upper bounds, we are able to verify the optimality gaps of a greedy heuristic accurately, even when optimal solutions are not available
Acoustooptic modulators for single-mode fibers

The design of in-line acoustooptic modulators for single-mode fibers is discussed. The basic configuration consists of a cylindrically symmetric piezoelectric transducer fabricated on the fiber surface, so that the fiber itself acts as a cylindrical acoustic resonator. Depending on the fiber design, the acoustic wave can induce phase, birefringence, or polarization modulation of the light in the fiber. Pairs of the polarization modulators in series can be used to shift the optical frequency. Factors affecting the performance of all of these devices are discussed.
Paying for prevention: Standardizing the measurement of the value of health care interventions

It is not clear if spending more on tests that enhance the accuracy of Pap smears would lead to a greater reduction in cancer incidence than if the money were spent to include a greater proportion of women in primary screening. The cost effectiveness of tests beyond the Pap smear has not been clearly demonstrated. There is the question of whether cervical cancer incidence can be decreased more by improving the tests for patients who are already screened or by improving access to the unscreened population. Cervical cancer screening represents only one of many public health issues competing for resources. Given that there are choices to be made, the optimal yardstick against which all resource-competing programs are measured should be marginal benefit versus marginal cost.
Pomegranate as a Functional Food and Nutraceutical Source

Pomegranate, a fruit native to the Middle East, has gained widespread popularity as a functional food and nutraceutical source. The health effects of the whole fruit, as well as its juices and extracts, have been studied in relation to a variety of chronic diseases. Promising results against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and prostate cancer have been reported from human clinical trials. The in vitro antioxidant activity of pomegranate has been attributed to its high polyphenolic content, specifically punicalagins, punicalins, gallagic acid, and ellagic acid. These compounds are metabolized during digestion to ellagic acid and urolithins, suggesting that the bioactive compounds that provide in vivo antioxidant activity may not be the same as those present in the whole food. Anthocyanins and the unique fatty acid profile of the seed oil may also play a role in pomegranate's health effects. A more complete characterization of pomegranate components and their physiological fate may provide mechanistic insight into the potential health benefits observed in clinical trials.
On advection and diffusion of plankton in coarse resolution ocean models

Abstract There is a widespread use of general circulation models (GCMs) to study the importance of various physical and biological processes for the primary production, and to understand the structure of the oceanic food web. However, it is shown that low-resolution GCMs may produce too high advection speeds for a plankton bloom that invade an area with potentially high plankton growth rates. Under the prescribed situation, the advection and diffusion act to initiate an exponential growth of plankton in a large grid cell implying that the plankton signal is quickly carried over the entire grid cell. When a certain concentration is reached, it may seed the surrounding grid cells with phytoplankton, and the procedure is repeated. Accordingly, the phytoplankton bloom can travel faster in the low-resolution model than the ocean currents that carry them. Some numerical experiments show that the resolution of the model needs to be at least on the order of Δx∼U/γP or D/γ P —whichever is largest—to describe the plankton dynamics in an adequate way. Here, U is the typical horizontal advection velocity, D is the horizontal diffusivity for plankton, and γP represents the growth rate of phytoplankton. With U=0.1 m/s and γP=1 day−1, it follows that the resolution needs to be at least 8 km to describe the phytoplankton dynamics in a reasonably correct way. Most GCM experiments use coarser resolution; accordingly, the results regarding the advection of plankton in these models should thus be viewed with some caution.
A General QoS Error Detection and Diagnosis Framework for Accountable SOA

Accountability is a composite measure for different but related quality aspects. To be able to ensure accountability in practice, it is required to define specific quality attributes of accountability, and metrics for each quality attribute. In this paper, we propose a quality detection and diagnosis framework for the service accountability. We first identify types of quality attributes which are essential to manage QoS in accountability framework. We then present a detection and diagnosis model for problematic situations in services system. In this model, we design situation link representing dependencies among quality attributes, and provide information to detect and diagnose problems and their root causes. Based on the model, we propose an integrated model-based and case-based diagnosis method using the situation link.
Genotypic heterogeneity and phenotypic mimicry among unrelated patients referred for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia genetic testing

Background Mutations in the RyR2-encoded cardiac ryanodine receptor/calcium release channel and in CASQ2-encoded calsequestrin cause catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT1 and CPVT2, respectively). Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity among referrals for CPVT genetic testing. Methods Using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and DNA sequencing, mutational analysis of 23 RyR2 exons previously implicated in CPVT1, comprehensive analysis of all translated exons in CASQ2 (CPVT2), KCNQ1 (LQT1), KCNH2 (LQT2), SCN5A (LQT3), KCNE1 (LQT5), KCNE2 (LQT6), and KCNJ2 (Andersen-Tawil syndrome [ATS1], also annotated LQT7), and analysis of 10 ANK2 exons implicated in LQT4 were performed on genomic DNA from 11 unrelated patients (8 females) referred to Mayo Clinic's Sudden Death Genomics Laboratory explicitly for CPVT genetic testing. Results Overall, putative disease causing mutations were identified in 8 patients (72%). Only 4 patients (3 males) hosted CPVT1-associated RyR2 mutations: P164S, V186M, S3938R, and T4196A. Interestingly, 4 females instead possessed either ATS1- or LQT5-associated mutations. Mutations were absent in >400 reference alleles. Conclusion Putative CPVT1-causing mutations in RyR2 were seen in
Genetic validation of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases as drug targets in Trypanosoma brucei.

ABSTRACT Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is an important public health threat in sub-Saharan Africa. Current drugs are unsatisfactory, and new drugs are being sought. Few validated enzyme targets are available to support drug discovery efforts, so our goal was to obtain essentiality data on genes with proven utility as drug targets. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are known drug targets for bacterial and fungal pathogens and are required for protein synthesis. Here we survey the essentiality of eight Trypanosoma brucei aaRSs by RNA interference (RNAi) gene expression knockdown, covering an enzyme from each major aaRS class: valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) (class Ia), tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS-1) (class Ib), arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) (class Ic), glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) (class 1c), threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) (class IIa), asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (AsnRS) (class IIb), and phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase (α and β) (PheRS) (class IIc). Knockdown of mRNA encoding these enzymes in T. brucei mammalian stage parasites showed that all were essential for parasite growth and survival in vitro . The reduced expression resulted in growth, morphological, cell cycle, and DNA content abnormalities. ThrRS was characterized in greater detail, showing that the purified recombinant enzyme displayed ThrRS activity and that the protein localized to both the cytosol and mitochondrion. Borrelidin, a known inhibitor of ThrRS, was an inhibitor of T. brucei ThrRS and showed antitrypanosomal activity. The data show that aaRSs are essential for T. brucei survival and are likely to be excellent targets for drug discovery efforts.
Palliative radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: which dose?

Radiotherapy continues to play a major role in the management of inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. People eligible for treatment can be divided into three groups: those with good performance status and localised tumour, for whom radical treatment should be considered; those with poor performance status, advanced or metastatic tumour, for whom simple palliative measures only are appropriate; and a middle group who, numerically, are the majority, who have good performance status but locally advanced or metastatic disease. Treatment options for the first group may range from the use of continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiation treatment [1] to chemoradiation [2]; however, the issue of whether such patients require high-dose radical radiation therapy, with or without concomitant chemotherapy, has not been debated. Similarly, pivotal work undertaken by the Medical Research Council (MRC) in the early 1990s in patients with poor performance status clearly justified the use of single doses of 10 Gy by demonstrating the equivalence of 17 Gy in 2 fractions to 30 Gy in 10 fractions [3], and
13C discrimination in corn grain can be used to separate and quantify yield losses due to water and nitrogen stresses

Abstract It is difficult to quantify the mechanism(s) responsible for competition-induced yield loss using traditional experimental techniques. A technique using yield and 13C discrimination (Δ) for wheat, a C3 plant, has been developed to separate total yield loss (TYL) into yield loss due to N (YLNS) and water (YLWS) stresses. The objective of this research was to determine whether the Δ approach could be used in corn, a C4 plant, to separate TYL into YLNS and yield loss due to a combination of water and light stresses (YLWLS). The field study had a factorial design using five corn densities and five N rates and was conducted in western Nebraska in 1999 and 2000. Relationships for YLNS and YLWLS with TYL were derived from only a portion of the yield and Δ data collected in 1999 and validated based on the remaining data collected in 1999 and 2000. In 1999, 20 to 40% of TYL was due to YLWLS, whereas in 2000, a dry year, YLWLS accounted for 60 to 80% of the TYL. Results from using the Δ-based approach were...
Failure to Thrive and Maternal Deprivation

A children’s hospital in a large metropolitan center offers a child psychiatrist unlimited opportunities for research. Depending on his interests, he can study infant and child development, psychosomatic illnesses, reactions to illness, hospitalization and surgical procedures, the effects of chronic illness in children and families, learning disabilities, disturbances in gender identity, congenital amputations and body image, death and dying, child abuse, suicide, family organization and disorganization, and social and environmental deprivation. The preceding list is not exhaustive and in fact is small when contrasted with the opportunities for research in a setting such as the Children’s Hospital of Michigan with 320 inpatient beds and approximately 140,000 outpatient visits per year. The limitations in research activities are limitations common to other settings: teaching and service obligations, financing, space and personnel requirements, and last but not least the child psychiatrist’s personal inclination and interests. Notwithstanding these factors, the opportunities for individual or interdisciplinary clinical research are great. In addition, laboratory studies are readily available as is the expertise of investigators in the basic sciences.
Viscosity of Liquid – Organic Compounds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the values of viscosity of liquid (organic compounds) in tabular form. For the tabulation, an equation is selected for liquid viscosity as a function of temperature. The tabulation is arranged by carbon number such as C, C2, and C3 to provide ease of use in quickly locating the data by using the chemical formula. The compound name and chemical abstracts registry number (CAS No) are also provided in tabular form. Values for regression coefficients are given in the adjacent columns. The temperature range for use is also given in the columns (TMIN and TMAX). The equation should not be used for temperatures outside this range. The next column provides the code for the tabulation. The last three columns provide values for liquid viscosity at representative temperatures. Very limited experimental data for liquid viscosities are available at temperatures in the region of the melting and critical point temperatures. Thus, the values in the regions of melting and critical point temperatures should be considered rough approximations. The values in the intermediate region (above melting and below critical point) are more accurate. A comparison of calculated and data values is also shown for a representative compound. The graph shows favorable agreement of equation and data.
Implicitly solving phase appearance and disappearance problems using two-fluid six-equation model

Abstract Phase appearance and disappearance issue presents serious numerical challenges in two-phase flow simulations using the two-fluid six-equation model. Numerical challenges arise from the singular equation system when one phase is absent, as well as from the discontinuity in the solution space when one phase appears or disappears. In this work, a high-resolution spatial discretization scheme on staggered grids and fully implicit methods were applied for the simulation of two-phase flow problems using the two-fluid six-equation model. A Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method was used to solve the discretized nonlinear problem. An improved numerical treatment was proposed and proved to be effective to handle the numerical challenges. The treatment scheme is conceptually simple, easy to implement, and does not require explicit truncations on solutions, which is essential to conserve mass and energy. Various types of phase appearance and disappearance problems relevant to thermal-hydraulics analysis have been investigated, including a sedimentation problem, an oscillating manometer problem, a non-condensable gas injection problem, a single-phase flow with heat addition problem and a subcooled flow boiling problem. Successful simulations of these problems demonstrate the capability and robustness of the proposed numerical methods and numerical treatments. Volume fraction of the absent phase can be calculated effectively as zero.
Exposure to Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Is Associated With Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases Signaling and Apoptosis in Rat Lungs

Objectives: With recent advances in nanoparticle manufacturing and applications, potential exposure to nanoparticles in various settings is becoming increasing likely. No investigation has yet been performed to assess whether respiratory tract exposure to cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles is associated with alterations in protein signaling, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat lungs. Methods: Specific-pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were instilled with either vehicle (saline) or CeO 2 nanoparticles at a dosage of 7.0 mg/kg and euthanized 1, 3, 14, 28, 56, or 90 days after exposure. Lung tissues were collected and evaluated for the expression of proteins associated with inflammation and cellular apoptosis. Results: No change in lung weight was detected over the course of the study; however, cerium accumulation in the lungs, gross histological changes, an increased Bax to Bcl-2 ratio, elevated cleaved caspase-3 protein levels, increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, and diminished phosphorylation of ERK-1/2-MAPK were detected after CeO2 instillation (p< 0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that high-dose respiratory exposure to CeO2 nanoparticles is associated with lung inflammation, the activation of signaling protein kinases, and cellular apoptosis, which may be indicative of a long-term localized in flammatory response.
Erie and the federal rules: A review and reappraisal after Burlington Northern Railroad v. Woods

This article discusses the implications of the Supreme Court’s decision in Burlington Northern Railroad for future conflicts between state law and Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The article reviews and critiques the Supreme Court’s treatment of conflicts between federal rules and state law before the Burlington case and examines the Court’s treatment after the Burlington case. The article concludes with an analysis of the implications of the Court’s opinion for future challenges to the Federal Rules.
Thermoanaerobacterales ord. nov

Ther.mo.an.ae.ro.bac.ter.a'les. N.L. masc. n. Thermoanaerobacter type genus of the order; -ales ending to denote an order; N.L. fem. n. Thermoanaerobacterales the order Thermoanaerobacter. Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Thermoanaerobacterales Keywords: Thermoanaerobacterales ord. nov; Thermoanaerobacter; Clostridia class. nov.
Potential of Dietary Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetic Microvascular Complications

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that affects a substantial part of the population around the world. Whether type I or type II, this disease has serious macro- and microvascular complications that constitute the primary cause of death in diabetic patients. Microvascular complications include diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Although these complications are clinically and etiologically diverse, they share a common factor: glucose-induced damage. In the progression of diabetic complications, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the formation of glycation end products play an important role. Previous studies have shown that a healthy diet is vital in preventing these complications; in particular, the intake of antioxidants has been studied for their potential effect in ameliorating hyperglycemic injuries. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments synthesized by plants, bacteria, and some kinds of algae that are responsible for the yellow, red, and orange colors in food. These compounds are part of the antioxidant machinery in plants and have also shown their efficacy in quenching free radicals, scavenging reactive oxygen species, modulating gene expression, and reducing inflammation in vitro and in vivo, showing that they can potentially be used as part of a preventive strategy for metabolic disorders, including diabetes and its related complications. This review highlights the potential protective effects of 4 non-provitamin A carotenoids--lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, and astaxanthin--in the development and progression of diabetic microvascular complications.
Trusting U.: Examining University Endowment Management

In the 21st Century, university endowment funds — the sum of a university’s endowment asset portfolio — have become robust and position universities as major economic market participants; universities now occupy a deeply integrated role within national and international economic markets as both creators of and reactors to extra- and intra-market forces. Thus, managing a university’s endowment is both a big business and an increasingly competitive and complex endeavor.The volatile economic climate of the last decade disrupted the long-held principles that guided endowment management for over fifty years. As a result of the Great Recession, the endowments at the top American schools, posting seemingly limitless gains from the 1990s to the mid-2000s, faced significant losses across a variety of investments. The lasting impact of the effects of the Great Recession on educational endowments that is still being felt today demands real and practical change in development, investing, and endowment management practices. Now, more than ever, as university endowments approach recovery, universities and their endowment managers should model investor responsibility, transparency, and accountability. To the extent that a measured model for university endowment growth can realize steady appreciation in market value and remain more stable in the face of adverse economic factors like those pervasive during the Great Recession, at the very least, it should be considered as a viable alternative to the total-return approach.This article aims to illuminate the endowment management practices that resulted in this unprecedented growth and loss to endowment value on a national scale. Part I of this article examines the history of university endowments in America and provides a primer on the function of university endowments. In Part II, this article introduces the legal requirements of universities and their endowment managers that have sprung up as a result of the historical economic crises that university endowments have weathered. Part III furnishes data on the effect of the recent economic recession on university endowments, examining returns under a hypothetical alternative investment strategy that would have resulted in greater appreciation in market value and increased market stability between FY2004 and 2014 for half of the universities in the study sample, and also discusses the prevailing, though useless, cause of action by means of which donors may challenge a university’s endowment spending, establishing a correlation between economic recessions and challenged gifts to universities in the American courts. Finally, Part IV offers recommendations for universities and their endowment managers to navigate uncertain waters in the modern context and articulates a sensible, sustainable university endowment management standard.
Cellular Heterogeneity: Benefits Besides Bet-Hedging

Growth heterogeneity within microbial populations has been thought to increase fitness by allowing some cells to survive an unpredictable change to a harsh environment. A new study demonstrates that heterogeneity can increase fitness even in the absence of environmental changes.
Progress in Research on Characteristics of Bioaerosol Diffused During Livestock Breeding

The bioaerosol generated and emitted from intensive livestock breeding operations is a potential gaseous pollutant that may bring about harm to health of the animals and workers in the operation and pollution of the surroundings at a far distance. A brief introduction is presented to the status quo of the pollution,characteristics of the production and particle size distribution of the bioaerosol and their influencing factors; progresses in the study on bioaerosol carrying antibiotics-fast bacteria and genes are summarized; and an outlook is described on foci and direction of the research in future with an expectation of providing some reference for controlling generation and emission of bioaerosol from intensive livestock breeding.
Anesthesia in military conflicts: towards simpler, safer, and higher standards.

The increasing military activity in the Persian Gulf necessitates that anesthesiologists in the United States should gain familiarity with the use of a draw-over vaporizer attached to a non-rebreathing circuit. Unfortunately, distributors of draw-over vaporizers in the United States do not allow anesthetists to use this equipment on humans in North America when conventional anesthesia equipment is available. Since the standard of anesthesia care in the U.S. is high, the use of a draw-over vaporizer is not allowed in most settings. Hence, this article reviews the function, the advantages, and disadvantages of a draw-over vaporizer attached to a non-rebreathing circuit. The use of an oxygen concentrator is also discussed, which increases the safety of this anesthetic delivery system.
Electron Cryomicroscopy and Computer Image Processing Techniques

Rotavirus (RV), a double-stranded (ds)RNA virus in the family Reoviridae, is a complex, relatively large (diameter, including spikes = 1000 A), nonenveloped icosahedral virus. Once RV was recognized as a major human pathogen, it was extensively studied using modern molecular genetic and biological techniques, as discussed elsewhere in this book. These studies provided basic information about gene-coding assignments, protein processing, genome expression and replication, viral morphogenesis, and pathogenesis (1). In addition, molecular epidemiological studies, coupled with the characterization of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and sequencing of the genes that encode the neutralizing antigens, provided an understanding at the molecular level of the antigenic and genetic variability of the RVs.
History, Huki, and Warfare—Some Random Data on the Lower Pima

AbstractA search through various documentary sources and recent visits to Sonora and Chihuahua have resulted in the recording of information on mountain settlements of the Pima Bajo. Of special interest is a more complete description of the huki than was previously available. The huki is a semi-subterranean structure in which basket weaving is done during the dry months, as it is necessary to keep the fibers damp and pliable. Data on Lower Pima weapons and warfare were gathered from informants. Most of this information dates to the period of struggles with the Apache.
Humanitarian Response to Complex Emergencies and Natural Disasters

Natural disasters and complex emergencies affect large numbers of people annually. Communities affected are extremely vulnerable requiring immediate assistance. Humanitarian action seeks to address the main challenges of these populations focusing on health, food, shelter, water, sanitation, and protection. This article is an overview of the humanitarian response to complex emergencies and natural disasters.
Market Basket Analysis

Knowledge discovery is the effort to find information from data. In contemporary terms, it is the application of tools (from statistics and from artificial intelligence) to extract interesting patterns from data stored in large databases. Here interesting means non-trivial, implicit, previously unknown, and easily understood and described knowledge that can be used ( actionable ).
QoE-Driven Resource Allocation for DASH over OFDMA Networks

In this paper, we study the problem of video delivery over Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) networks using the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) framework. The goal is to integrate these two principal technologies to enable effective wireless video delivery. Based on a comprehensive QoE model, we develop a formulation to maximize the user QoE with joint OFDM resource allocation and DASH rate adaptation. The formulated problem is decomposed into a BS resource allocation problem and a user rate adaptation problem, which are then solved with effective algorithms. Our simulation study validates the efficacy of the proposed scheme.
Toward Creative Engagement of Soft Haptic Toys with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Many children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) suffer from over or under sensory development and stimulation. Stuffed toys, weighted blanket, or weighted vest have been used to relax children with ASD. However children with autism are not actively invited to design/create their own relaxation toys. We conducted iterative design explorations for 6 months in collaboration with 22 children and 18 caregivers at a local autism clinic to characterize design elements of soft haptic toys for children with ASD to help sensory regulation and integration. This paper details various design elements of our soft haptic toys focusing on sensory qualities, customizability and affordability that we learned from the design exploration phase of the study. After the design exploration, we invited 5 children with ASD and their caregivers to investigate how making soft haptic toys impacts children's behaviors. The study indicates that children with ASD build a strong personal connection to the soft toy they created, promote pretend play and alleviate their abnormal behaviors in the process of creative engagement.
Hyperspectral Imaging Using Polarization Interferometry

Polarization interferometry was employed to make two kinds of Fourier imaging spectrometers; in one case, by temporal scanning of optical path delay through a liquid-crystal cell, and in the other, with relative motion between scene and detector to spatially scan the optical path delay through a position-dependent wave plate.
The determinants of urban sprawl: theory and estimation

We argue that a well-articulated theory, by which we mean a set of structural equations equal in number to the endogenous variables and from which testable hypotheses may be drawn, should be the ba...
An integrated, direct-write temperature shock recording chip

We have successfully demonstrated an on-chip, passive temperature shock recording chip to memorize temperature events in its electrical resistance with ultrahigh sensitivity — 4 orders of sheet resistance drop within 2 minutes of a temperature shock. Compared with the state-of-art technologies, three distinctive advancements have been achieved: (1) the smallest size (400×450μm2) of its kind with integrated passive temperature sensor and circuitry; (2) passive temperature sensing based on the heating-induced reduction of silver-ions in a polymer film; and (3) the direct-write integration of the sensor strip onto an IC chip by the electrohydrodynamic printing process. As such, the proposed sensing scheme and results could open up a new class of passive temperature sensing to record heating events with wireless readouts.
Locus of control and self-reported psychopathology among Native Americans

For 53 Native American college students positive, moderate Pearson correlation coefficients were found for scores on the Nowicki-Strickland Internal Locus of Control Scale and the anxiety and depression subscales and the Global Severity Index from the Brief Symptom Inventory. These findings, in contrast to previous research with black college men, suggest a relationship between locus of control and self-reported psycho-pathology for a sample of nonwhite participants.
Population connectivity among shallow and mesophotic Montastraea cavernosa corals in the Gulf of Mexico identifies potential for refugia

Successful management of spatially isolated coral reefs is contingent on an understanding of ecological connections across populations. To investigate genetic connectivity of the depth-generalist coral species Montastraea cavernosa, populations from both shallow (15–30 m) and mesophotic coral ecosystems (30–70 m) in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) were analyzed with microsatellite genotyping. A series of upstream and downstream sites were chosen in marine protected areas including Carrie Bow Cay, Belize; Flower Garden Banks and nearby mesophotic bank habitats; Pulley Ridge; and Dry Tortugas. Patterns of genetic diversity within the northwest GOM supported relatively open coral populations with high levels of gene flow between shallow and mesophotic depth zones, consistent with strong oceanographic patterns and hypothesized availability of coral reef habitats in the GOM. Conversely, genetic differentiation within Belize and the southeast GOM indicate relative isolation of shallow and mesophotic M. cavernosa populations in these regions. Structure analysis showed dominant genetic clusters within each region that did not correlate strongly with depth zones, and identified a cluster of unknown origin contributing to high differentiation at Pulley Ridge. Migration modeling predicted historical region-wide panmixia for most regions, with Pulley Ridge appearing to be a potential sink population. The GOM appears to demonstrate stronger evidence of vertical connectivity compared to elsewhere in the Tropical Western Atlantic, which may be the result of oceanographic variability and/or lack of local selection at depth. These findings are consistent with previous studies identifying genetic connectivity of broadcast-spawning corals across broad spatial scales and highlight the potential importance of mesophotic habitats in the GOM as larval sources to geographically distant populations.
The Chemistry of Poetry: Transfer Across Disciplines

Teaching poetry and chemistry together reveals how the humanities and sciences require similar analytical and problem-solving skills. While students typically see poetry as more “subjective” and chemistry as more “objective,” close interdisciplinary reading can help them understand that all forms of inquiry include affective and interpretive, as well as evidence-based, elements.
HISA: hardware isolation-based secure architecture for CPU-FPGA embedded systems

Heterogeneous CPU-FPGA systems have been shown to achieve significant performance gains in domain-specific computing. However, contrary to the huge efforts invested on the performance acceleration, the community has not yet investigated the security consequences due to incorporating FPGA into the traditional CPU-based architecture. In fact, the interplay between CPU and FPGA in such a heterogeneous system may introduce brand new attack surfaces if not well controlled. We propose a hardware isolation-based secure architecture, namely HISA, to mitigate the identified new threats. HISA extends the CPU-based hardware isolation primitive to the heterogeneous FPGA components and achieves security guarantees by enforcing two types of security policies in the isolated secure environment, namely the access control policy and the output verification policy. We evaluate HISA using four reference FPGA IP cores together with a variety of reference security policies targeting representative CPU-FPGA attacks. Our implementation and experiments on real hardware prove that HISA is an effective security complement to the existing CPU-only and FPGA-only secure architectures.
Prescription opioid behaviors among adults with and without disabilities - United States, 2015-2016.

Abstract Background Prescription opioid use among people with disabilities has not been well characterized. Objective To examine prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorder, reason and source for last prescription opioid misuse, and receipt of prescription opioid treatment among people with and without disabilities. Method Stratified analysis of prescription opioid use, misuse, and use disorders; primary reason and primary source for last prescription opioid misuse; receipt of prescription opioid treatment; and disability status among civilian, noninstitutionalized adults (ages 18+) using data from the 2015–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Results Adults with disabilities were significantly more likely than adults without disabilities to experience past year prescription opioid use (52.3% for those with disabilities compared to 32.8% of those without), misuse (4.4% compared to 3.4%), and use disorders (1.5% compared to 0.5%). People with disabilities were significantly more likely to misuse opioids for pain (Risk Ratio = 1.5, p Conclusion In the U.S., a substantial population with disabilities using and misusing prescription opioids exists that has not been well characterized. Persons with disabilities experience disparities in reason and source for last opioid misuse. Healthcare and substance abuse prevention, intervention and treatment providers must collaborate to address the needs of this population.
The Antagonism of Folate Receptor by the Integrase Inhibitor Dolutegravir: Developmental Toxicity Reduction by Supplemental Folic Acid

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase inhibitors are increasingly being used for antiretroviral therapy (ART), and dolutegravir (DTG/Tivicay) has emerged as a leading core agent. In 2018, the Tsepamo study reported a 6- to 9-fold increase for neural tube defect (NTD) risk among the offspring of mothers receiving DTG during early gestation. Maternal folate (vitamin B9) status is the largest known modifier of NTD risk, so we evaluated folate-related mechanisms of action and the critical period for DTG developmental toxicity. Folate receptor (FOLR1) binding studies indicate DTG is a non-competitive FOLR1 antagonist at therapeutic concentrations. In vitro testing indicates calcium (2mM) increases FOLR1-folate interactions and alters DTG-FOLR1-folate interactions and cytotoxicity. DTG does not inhibit downstream folate metabolism by dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Early embryonic exposure to DTG is developmentally toxic in zebrafish, and supplemental folic acid can mitigate DTG developmental toxicity. The results from these studies are expected to inform and guide future animal models and clinical studies of DTG-based ART in women of childbearing age.
Improving composite bolted joint efficiency by laminate tailoring

The objective of tailoring the laminate in a composite bolted joint is to uncouple the local bearing capacity from the influence of the laminate axial strain level. This can be accomplished by partitioning the laminate into two distinct regions, each serving a specific purpose. The primary region of the laminate typically contains a fairly high percentage of 0-deg plies and thus carries a high percentage of the overall axial load. The bearing region, in contrast, contains no 0-deg plies and thus carries only a small portion of the overall axial load. As a result, the bearing region is insensitive to the amount of axial load in the joint and can continue to serve the function of introducing the bolt loads into the laminate even at high levels of axial strain. This concept has been validated by static tests of single-fastener coupons, multiple-fastener joints, and full-scale components. Even at the complexity level of the full-scale component, the tailored laminate approach provided a 24 percent increase in weight efficiency and a 62 percent increase in axial strain level compared to a companion component utilizing nontailored laminates.