cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How income and food prices influence global dietary intakes by age and sex: evidence from 164 countries.

Background While income and prices are key drivers of dietary choices, how their influence varies by food category, nation, and demographics is not well established. Based on intake data for 164 countries and 11 food categories, we examined how income and food prices relate to food intake globally, including by world region, age, and sex. Methods We used 2010 intake data from the Global Dietary Database, the first database of consumption estimates for major food categories by country, age, and sex. We combined these data with national per capita GDP and food price data. We estimated intake responsiveness to income and prices for each food category, accounting for differences by national income, world region, age, and sex. Results We identified several differences in intake responsiveness. For example, rising income was estimated to increase milk intake most strongly in Sub-Saharan Africa and fruit intake most strongly among older women globally. Comparing our intake results to previous findings based on expenditure data, we found more goods that exhibited declining intake in response to rising incomes, fewer significant relationships for a number of food categories, particularly for higher income regions, and whereas in prior studies, elasticities mostly decrease with national income, we identified food categories where this was not the case. Conclusion The results of this study show heterogeneous associations among income, prices, and food intakes. Policymakers should consider the price and income elasticities of certain foods, as well as the role of demographics within and across countries, as they address global nutrition and health challenges.
Definition of Terms for Numerical Methods

This chapter examines the definition of terms for numerical methods. A linear multistep method is A-stable if all solutions of the difference equation generated by the application of this method to the scalar test equation, y′ = λy, tend to zero as x →∞ for all complex λ with Re λ h with h > 0. It is noted that an explicit multistep method cannot be A-stable. A computational molecule is a pictorial representation of a finite difference scheme for a partial differential equation in two independent variables. The circles indicate which points are related by a difference scheme; the value being determined by the difference scheme is often shown shaded. The computational molecule for the so-called five-point star approximation to the Laplacian is described.
Slurm Simulator: Improving Slurm Scheduler Performance on Large HPC systems by Utilization of Multiple Controllers and Node Sharing

A Slurm simulator was used to study the potential benefits of using multiple Slurm controllers and node-sharing on the TACC Stampede 2 system. Splitting a large cluster into smaller sub-clusters with separate Slurm controllers can offer better scheduling performance and better responsiveness due to an increased computational capability which increases the backfill scheduler efficiency. The disadvantage is additional hardware, more maintenance and an incapability to run jobs across the sub-clusters. Node sharing can increase system throughput by allowing several sub-node jobs to be executed on the same node. However, node sharing is more computationally demanding and might not be advantageous on larger systems. The Slurm simulator allows an estimation of the potential benefits from these configurations and provides information on the advantages to be expected from such a configuration deployment. In this work, multiple Slurm controllers and node-sharing were tested on a TACC Stampede 2 system consisting of two distinct node types: 4,200 Intel Xeon Phi Knights Landing (KNL) nodes and 1,736 Intel Xeon Skylake-X (SLX) nodes. For this system utilization of separate controllers for KNL and SLX nodes with node sharing allowed on SLX nodes resulted in a 40% reduction in waiting times for jobs executed on the SLX nodes. This improvement can be attributed to the better performance of the backfill scheduler. It scheduled 30% more SLX jobs, has a 30% reduction in the fraction of cycles that hit the time-limit and nearly doubles the jobs scheduling attempts.
Dual-Modality Imaging: More Than the Sum of its Components

The field of diagnostic radiology encompasses a wealth of imaging techniques that now are essential for evaluating andmanaging patients who needmedical care. Traditional imaging methods such as plain film radiography and more recent techniques such as x-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to evaluate a patient’s anatomy with submillimeter spatial resolution to discern structural abnormalities and to evaluate the location and extent of disease. Thesemethods also offer relatively fast scan times, precise statistical characteristics, and good tissue contrast especially when contrast media are administered to the patient. In addition, x-ray fluoroscopy and angiography can be used to evaluate the patency of blood vessels, the mechanical performance of the cardiovascular system, and structural abnormalities in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems. Similarly,CTandMRIcanbeperformedwithcardiacgatingtotheheartatdifferent phases of the cardiac cycle. Computed tomography recently has experienced a significant increase in utilization with the advent of multislice helical scanning techniques that cover a large region of the patient’s anatomy within a single breath-hold, with scan speeds that can capture both the arterial and venous phases of the contrast bolus. These increased scan speeds also enhance patient comfort, and contribute to patient throughput and cost effectiveness. X-ray projection imaging, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging differentiate disease from normal tissue by revealing structural differences or differences in regional perfusion of the administered contrast media. The interpretation of the images can be complicated when normal perfusion patterns are disrupted by prior surgery or radiation therapy, which can lead to tissue damage or necrosis where contrast patterns can mimic
Enhancer Histone Acetylation Modulates Transcriptional Bursting Dynamics of Neuronal Activity-Inducible Genes.

Neuronal activity-inducible gene transcription correlates with rapid and transient increases in histone acetylation at promoters and enhancers of activity-regulated genes. Exactly how histone acetylation modulates transcription of these genes has remained unknown. We used single-cell in situ transcriptional analysis to show that Fos and Npas4 are transcribed in stochastic bursts in mouse neurons and that membrane depolarization increases mRNA expression by increasing burst frequency. We then expressed dCas9-p300 or dCas9-HDAC8 fusion proteins to mimic or block activity-induced histone acetylation locally at enhancers. Adding histone acetylation increased Fos transcription by prolonging burst duration and resulted in higher Fos protein levels and an elevation of resting membrane potential. Inhibiting histone acetylation reduced Fos transcription by reducing burst frequency and impaired experience-dependent Fos protein induction in the hippocampus in vivo. Thus, activity-inducible histone acetylation tunes the transcriptional dynamics of experience-regulated genes to affect selective changes in neuronal gene expression and cellular function.
Intravenous Hydration Therapy

Intravenous hydration (IVH) as a sole therapy for pain has been frequently used in the treatment of a variety of headache syndromes, including severe migraine, postdural puncture headache, and those due to dehydration, despite limited evidence of efficacy. Additionally, IVH is an integral component of many continuous infusion therapies given the need for both a diluent and carrier for the desired agent. As a therapy or adjunct, IVH should be administered with the same caution as with any intravenous medication, given its own physiological interactions and potential for adverse effects. A thorough understanding of these medical considerations, whether IVH is used as a primary or secondary therapy, is important to ensure maximum patient safety and comfort.
Local versus Radical Excision of Early Distal Rectal Cancers: A National Cancer Database Analysis

Local excision (LE) has been proposed as an alternative to radical resection for early distal rectal cancer, for which the optimal oncologic treatment remains unclear. The goal of this study was to compare the overall survival of rectal cancer patients with early distal tumors who underwent LE versus abdominoperineal resection (APR) using a large contemporary database. The National Cancer Database (2004–2013) was used to identify patients with early T-stage rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent LE or APR. Patients were split into groups based on T stage and type of surgery (LE vs. APR). The primary outcome measure was overall survival. An adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of treatment strategy on survival. Overall, there were 2084 patients with T1 tumors and 912 patients with T2 tumors. For patients with T1 disease, after adjusting for age, sex, income level, race, Charlson score, insurance payor, and tumor size, there was no significant difference in survival between the LE and APR groups (hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65–1.22; P = 0.49). For patients with T2 disease, after adjusting for age, Charlson score, and tumor size, there was no significant difference in survival between patients undergoing LE + chemoradiation therapy (CRT) and APR (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.84–1.45; P = 0.47). Patients with early distal rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent LE had similar survival to patients who underwent APR. LE is an acceptable oncologic treatment strategy for patients with T1 rectal cancers, and LE with CRT is an acceptable oncologic treatment for patients with T2 distal rectal cancers.
Fever Without a Source in an Infant Due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2

A 5-week-old infant admitted for fever without a source subsequently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. She had a mild hospital course without respiratory distress. This unexpected presentation changed regional hospital screening for COVID-19 and personal protective equipment use by medical providers evaluating infants with fever without a source.
Resurfacing Specters in the House of Media: The Ghosts of Columbine in American Horror Story: Murder House

This article explores an aspect of haunting and terror that surfaced after the Columbine schoolshooting, a specter crafted and refined through the journalistic practice of framing. This ghostinhabits the house of media, where it still continues to surface. American Horror Story: Murder House presents an incarnation of this ghost, opening a new way of thinking about bothjournalistic framing and the specter of mass violence.
Multipronged intervention for reducing burnout and increasing resiliency in an interdisciplinary care team.

The WHO classifies burnout as a syndrome ‘resulting from chronic workplace stress that has not been successfully managed’ and characterised by ‘feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion; increased mental distance from one’s job, or feelings of negativism or cynicism related to one’s job; and reduced professional efficacy’.1 Burnout is a significant factor in healthcare; it is estimated over half of the physicians experience burnout and the US health system loses US$4.6 billion a year in burnout-related turnover and loss of clinical hours.2 3 Resilience, ‘the ability to achieve an adequate and positive adjustment to adversity’,(p111)4 5 has been shown to be a protective factor against burnout and assist employees in continuing to work.4 6 Therefore, effective approaches to reducing burnout and increasing resilience can be of value to healthcare professionals and ultimately healthcare systems. Interventions found to be effective include meditation,7–9 mindfulness training,7 10–12 gratitude13 14 and increasing workflow efficiency.15 This programme evaluated the implementation of three interventions designed to reduce burnout and increase resilience among members of an interdisciplinary healthcare team. This team experienced substantial turnover over a year’s time, losing 5 of 10 members. There was a need for resiliency strategies for team members in an effort to reduce turnover and enhance professional fulfilment. This report summarises the results of these interventions. ### Interventions Three distinct interventions were administered to an eight-member interdisciplinary adult cystic fibrosis care team at an academic medical centre during weekly team meetings for 3 months. The first …
Self-Assembly of Antiferromagnetically-Coupled Copper(II) Supramolecular Architectures with Diverse Structural Complexities.

The self-assembly of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol (DFMP) and 1-amino-2-propanol (AP)/2-amino-1,3-propanediol (APD) in the presence of copper(II) ions results in the formation of six new supramolecular architectures containing two versatile double Schiff base ligands (H3L and H5L1) with one-, two-, or three-dimensional structures involving diverse nuclearities: tetranuclear [Cu4(HL2-)2(N3)4]·4CH3OH·56H2O (1) and [Cu4(L3-)2(OH)2(H2O)2] (2), dinuclear [Cu2(H3L12-)(N3)(H2O)(NO3)] (3), polynuclear {[Cu2(H3L12-)(H2O)(BF4)(N3)]·H2O}n (4), heptanuclear [Cu7(H3L12-)2(O)2(C6H5CO2)6]·6CH3OH·44H2O (5), and decanuclear [Cu10(H3L12-)4(O)2(OH)2(C6H5CO2)4] (C6H5CO2)2·20H2O (6). X-ray studies have revealed that the basic building block in 1, 3, and 4 is comprised of two copper centers bridged through one μ-phenolate oxygen atom from HL2- or H3L12-, and one μ-1,1-azido (N3-) ion and in 2, 5, and 6 by μ-phenoxide oxygen of L3- or H3L12- and μ-O2- or μ3-O2- ions. H-bonding involving coordinated/uncoordinated hydroxy groups of the ligands generates fascinating supramolecular architectures with 1D-single chains (1 and 6), 2D-sheets (3), and 3D-structures (4). In 5, benzoate ions display four different coordination modes, which, in our opinion, is unprecedented and constitutes a new discovery. In 1, 3, and 5, Cu(II) ions in [Cu2] units are antiferromagnetically coupled, with J ranging from -177 to -278 cm-1.
Clovis Mammoth Butchery: The Lange/Ferguson Site and Associated Bone Tool Technology: Ed By Adrien Hannus. xi + 247 pp. Texas A&M Press, College Station. 2018. $60.00 (US). figures, tables, bibliography, index. ISBN: 9781623495923

Since its excavation almost four decades ago, the Lange/Ferguson site in western South Dakota has been considered a classic example of Clovis mammoth utilization. Over the years the site’s principa...
Self-indicating and high-capacity mesoporous aerogel-based biosorbent fabricated from cellulose and chitosan via co-dissolution and regeneration for removing formaldehyde from indoor air

The present study demonstrated a novel method to fabricate composite aerogels from the two most abundant, natural, and renewable materials on earth (cellulose and chitosan) as a self-indicating biosorbent to remove formaldehyde from indoor air. The aerogel was prepared via a process of co-dissolution and regeneration of cellulose and chitosan in an inorganic ionic liquid (a concentrated aqueous solution of lithium bromide), in which cellulose contributes to the porous structure and the physical strength of the aerogel, and chitosan provides the reactive sites (amino groups) to chemically bind formaldehyde. The cellulose–chitosan composite aerogel had a highly porous structure and a large surface area (245 m2 g−1), which are favorable properties for a sorbent. The results indicated that a composite aerogel (chitosan to cellulose mass ratio 1 : 2) could quickly and irreversibly adsorb formaldehyde with an observed adsorption capacity of up to 7.5 mmol g−1 (224 mg g−1) when exposed to excessive formaldehyde. The high adsorption capacity of the composite aerogel was primarily attributed to the chemical adsorption via the instantaneous chemical reaction between the amino groups of chitosan and formaldehyde. The physical adsorption of formaldehyde on the aerogel had an insignificant contribution to the overall adsorption capacity. The incorporation of ninhydrin into the composite aerogel provided a real-time color change mechanism to indicate the saturation or expiration of the cellulose–chitosan biosorbent for remediating formaldehyde from indoor air.
Characterizing nicotine exposure among a community sample of non-daily smokers in the United States.

Over one-quarter of all smokers in the United States identify as non-daily smokers and this number is projected to rise. Unlike daily smokers who typically maintain consistent levels of nicotine exposure with regular smoking, non-daily smokers have variable patterns of smoking that likely result in high intraindividual variability in nicotine intake. The current study aimed to characterize the weekly intraindividual variability in cotinine and identify smoking-related predictors in nondaily smokers. An ecological momentary assessment of 60 non-daily smokers ages 24–57 years was conducted over a consecutive 7-day at-home protocol to log each smoking session, assessments of mood and social activity during smoking, and collection of daily saliva samples in a convenience sample from Pennsylvania, USA. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted to determine the effects of smoking characteristics on total cotinine exposure measured by pharmacokinetic area under the curve and the range, maximum, and minimum cotinine values during the week controlling for demographic variables. The mean daily cotinine level was 119.2 ng/ml (SD = 168.9) with individual values that ranged from nondetectable to 949.6 ng/ml. Menthol predicted increased total cotinine levels (P < 0.05). Shorter time to the first cigarette of the day predicted significantly higher minimum (P < 0.05), maximum (P < 0.05), and total cotinine values (P < 0.05) after controlling for covariates. Negative emotions and social interactions with others were also significantly associated with higher cotinine metrics. There was no significant effect of the nicotine metabolite ratio. Our findings highlight the variability in nicotine exposure across days among non-daily smokers and point to the role of smoking context in nicotine exposure. The findings suggest the need to develop better assessment methods to determine health and dependence risk and personalized cessation interventions for this heterogeneous and growing group of smokers.
Fan Works and the Environmental Law of Copyright

Ideas and expression of those ideas are natural resources, and copyright law should take that into account more fully than it does. As copyright law struggles for balance in the newly realigned discourse in which everyone is a potentially equal participant, it may be useful to apply resource management law concepts from resources in the physical world to their noospheric equivalents. The connection between property in the physical environment and property in the noospheric environment has been explored as metaphor, but rarely as an underlying legal reality. The most commonly applied of these is the idea of the information commons; the increasingly outdated concept of the “tragedy of the commons” has been used to provide a theoretical underpinning for the economic approach to international environmental law while at the same time providing a useful rhetorical device – “the closing of the information commons” – in intellectual property law, and especially in copyright law. As environmental law moves away from the idea that shared use of a commons is a tragedy, perhaps intellectual property law should follow suit. The physical environment falls into the realm of, or is at least apportioned by humans as, real and personal property, while the noosphere falls into the realm of intellectual property. The allocation of property interests in the products of human creativity involves, as with other forms of property, a bundle of rights. Historically this allocation has been structured in ways that undervalue the creative efforts of women and people of color, a characteristic it unfortunately shares with the law of real property and other areas of property law. This article examines copyright law as a problem in natural resource allocation by focusing on the preparation of derivative works, and in particular outsider works such as fan works. Everyone has the potential to create original works, and nearly everyone has access to an online platform on which to publish those works. The potential for injustice comes from the raw material we have to work with. The ownership of the original works on which derivative works are based is increasingly concentrated, while the public domain, much like the high seas, has been diminished by the legal allocation of greater rights to formerly unowned property. This article looks at some theoretical approaches to natural resource allocation problems and considers how they might apply to copyright and derivative works. It accepts that fan works have value both as discourse regarding the original work and as creative works in their own right, and ultimately reaches an optimistic conclusion: Fan works may be a way for the audience – and especially for historically marginalized subsets of the audience, including trans people and people of color – to reclaim and redeem works otherwise flawed either internally or by association with the original author.
Dual Pair Theory Applied to [Σ, a]-Domains

In this chapter we return to the study of general [Σ, a]-domains using the results for dual pairs obtained in the preceding two chapters. It is desirable to review briefly the setting in which the theory of dual pairs may be brought to bear on the study of an arbitrary system [Σ, a]. In the first place, the algebra a, as a linear space with the compact-open topology, is a locally convex topological space (CLTS). Therefore its dual space a', consisting of all continuous linear functional, Open image in new window together with a is a dual pair <a', a. Since point evaluations are continuous linear functionals on a and [Σ, a] is assumed to be a system the mapping Open image in new window where = a(σ) for all a ∈ a, is a homeomorphism of Σ into a', provided a' is given the σ(a', a-topology. Moreover we have the following proposition.
The periodontal status of autografted teeth: A pilot study of thirty-one cases

Abstract Periodontal examinations were performed on twenty-five patients with thirty-one autografted teeth. The transplantation operations had been performed over a 10-year period at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry. The authograft, the corresponding tooth on the opposite side of the arch, and the teeth immediately adjacent to the autograft were tested for (1) pocket depth, (2) gingival inflammation, (3) calculus, (4) contacts, (5) presence or absence of contact in centric occlusion, (6) response to electrical stimulus, and (7) mobility. Roentgenograms were taken of the autografts and their adjacent teeth, from which values were obtained for crown-root ratio and root length. It was found that the transplants did not differ significantly from the other examined teeth in (1) pocket depth, (2) gingival inflammation, (3) calculus, and (4) response to electrical stimulus. The greatest differences between the autografts and the other examined teeth were in (1) mobility, (2) crown-root ratio, and (3) root length. The presence of at least one open contact was found in ten of the thirty-one transplanted teeth. Of the thirty-one transplants, five had no contact with the opposing teeth in centric occlusion.
Improvement in mortality risk prediction after percutaneous coronary intervention through the addition of a "compassionate use" variable to the National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI dataset: a study from the Massachusetts Angioplasty Registry.

Objectives This study investigated the impact of adding novel elements to models predicting in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs). Background Massachusetts mandated public reporting of hospital-specific PCI mortality in 2003. In 2006, a physician advisory group recommended adding to the prediction models 3 attributes not collected by the National Cardiovascular Data Registry instrument. These “compassionate use” (CU) features included coma on presentation, active hemodynamic support during PCI, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation at PCI initiation. Methods From October 2005 through September 2007, PCI was performed during 29,784 admissions in Massachusetts nonfederal hospitals. Of these, 5,588 involved patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction or cardiogenic shock. Cases with CU criteria identified were adjudicated by trained physician reviewers. Regression models with and without the CU composite variable (presence of any of the 3 features) were compared using areas under the receiver-operator characteristic curves. Results Unadjusted mortality in this high-risk subset was 5.7%. Among these admissions, 96 (1.7%) had at least 1 CU feature, with 69.8% mortality. The adjusted odds ratio for in-hospital death for CU PCIs (vs. no CU criteria) was 27.3 (95% confidence interval: 14.5 to 47.6). Discrimination of the model improved after including CU, with areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curves increasing from 0.87 to 0.90 (p Conclusions A small proportion of patients at extreme risk of post-PCI mortality can be identified using pre-procedural factors not routinely collected, but that heighten predictive accuracy. Such improvements in model performance may result in greater confidence in reporting of risk-adjusted PCI outcomes.
The Voyager-2 Neptune encounter

Aspects of the encounter of Voyager 2 with Neptune which will occur during the summer of 1989 are discussed. The major scientific objectives and the resulting trajectory characteristics are reviewed. The technological requirements for transmitting the scientific data to earth are addressed, and the hardware and software aboard the satellite which will accomplish the transmission are described.
Metrics and critical success factors for managing organizations by projects

Rapid and pervasive environmental change has challenged the survival of firms and their ability to sustain competitive advantage. Firms in such a rapid change environment develop strategic plans that typically identify numerous specific change requirements (i.e., projects). The strategic plan is expected to establish a sustainable competitive advantage for the firm. Yet a perfect strategic plan is meaningless without its effective implementation.
VOICES OF KOREAN “COMFORT WO/MEN” IN THE WO/MEN’S HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENT: A PASTORAL CARE ANALYSIS

The Korean “comfort wo/men” issue has emerged as a topic of extreme interest in the past two decades, both in academia and in public discourse. The wo/men are almost always depicted as having a life filled with han . In other words, the han of the Korean “comfort wo/men” is an unquestionable label in Korean post-colonial the*logical and public discourse, thereby essentializing Korean “comfort wo/men,” stigmatizing and victimizing them. A paradox of the human rights framework is that in employing the VAW strategy to assert wo/men’s rights as human rights, the wo/men’s rights movement has used the campaign of woman-as-poor-suffering-victim to assert wo/men’s susceptibility to violence by men. In the article, I show how the method of pastoral care, along with a vulnerability analysis, can contribute to a more complex understanding of the person and recognize her multiple subjectivities. I argue that intercultural pastoral care can help transform the current wo/men’s human rights discourse.
A posteriori error estimation and basis adaptivity for reduced-basis approximation of nonaffine-parametrized linear elliptic partial differential equations

In this paper, we extend the earlier work [M. Barrault, Y. Maday, N. C. Nguyen, A.T. Patera, An ''empirical interpolation'' method: application to efficient reduced-basis discretization of partial differential equations, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Serie I 339 (2004) 667-672; M.A. Grepl, Y. Maday, N.C. Nguyen, A.T. Patera, Efficient reduced-basis treatment of nonaffine and nonlinear partial differential equations, M2AN Math. Model. Numer. Anal. 41 (3) (2007) 575-605.] to provide a posteriori error estimation and basis adaptivity for reduced-basis approximation of linear elliptic partial differential equations with nonaffine parameter dependence. The essential components are (i) rapidly convergent reduced-basis approximations - (Galerkin) projection onto a space W"N^u spanned by N global hierarchical basis functions which are constructed from solutions of the governing partial differential equation at judiciously selected points in parameter space; (ii) stable and inexpensive interpolation procedures - methods which allow us to replace nonaffine parameter functions with a coefficient-function expansion as a sum of M products of parameter-dependent coefficients and parameter-independent functions; (iii) a posteriori error estimation - relaxations of the error-residual equation that provide inexpensive yet sharp error bounds for the error in the outputs of interest; (iv) optimal basis construction - processes which make use of the error bounds as an inexpensive surrogate for the expensive true error to explore the parameter space in the quest for an optimal sampling set; and (v) offline/online computational procedures - methods which decouple the generation and projection stages of the approximation process. The operation count for the online stage - in which, given a new parameter value, we calculate the output of interest and associated error bounds - depends only on N, M, and the affine parametric complexity of the problem; the method is thus ideally suited for repeated and reliable evaluation of input-output relationships in the many-query or real-time contexts.
Isopiestic Investigation of the Osmotic and Activity Coefficients of Aqueous MgSO4 and the Solubility of MgSO4·7H2O(cr) at 298.15 K: Thermodynamic Properties of the MgSO4 + H2O System to 440 K

Isopiestic determinations of the osmotic coefficient of MgSO4(aq) against NaCl(aq) and KCl(aq) reference standards were performed with long equilibration times ranging to 98 days. A value of the 298.15 K solubility of epsomite, MgSO4·7H2O(cr), was also determined. The new measurements were combined with previous thermodynamic measurements to determine the thermodynamic properties of the MgSO4 + H2O system from the ice-freezing line to 440 K. The thermodynamic measurements were fitted with two different models, an ion-interaction model and a chemical-equilibrium model. The ability of the two models to represent this system was examined.
The use of 51Cr-labelled Trypanosoma cruzi in agglutination titrations.

Abstract 61Cr-labelled culture forms of Trypanosoma cruzi were used in antibody titrations of normal and immune rabbit sera. Instead of visually estimating the degree of agglutination of parasites in the post-incubation pellet, the amount of 51Cr-label in unagglutinated trypanosomes in the supernatant was measured. In timed studies it was determined that sedimentation rates of antibody agglutinated and autoagglutinated parasites were sufficiently different to allow measurement of the activity of antibody even in low concentrations. Although the normal rabbit serum contained significant ‘natural’ antibody activity, measurement of labelled, unagglutinated parasites allowed a clear discrimination between the normal and immune serum. It is suggested that the assay may be adaptable to other protozoan parasites and that the procedure offers several advantages over visual estimations of degree of agglutination for end-point titrations.
Elevated Cystatin expression in metastatic oral cancer cells confers greater resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis

Background TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand) preferentially induces apoptosis of cancer cells without toxicity in normal cells. TRAIL plays an important role in host immunosurveillance against tumor metastasis. Cathepsin B (CB) is a mediator of apoptosis whose activity is regulated by inhibitors known as cystatins (CY). Objective To relate the TRAIL sensitivity of clonally related primary and metastatic oral cancer (OC) cells with their CB and CY levels. Study design Two pairs of primary (686Tu and 101Tu) and metastatic (686Ln and 101Ln) OC cell lines were treated with various concentrations (10-1000 ng/mL) recombinant human TRAIL protein for 14 hours. Cell viability was quantified by MTT assay. Apoptosis rate among TRAIL-treated cells was measured using the TUNEL and M30 CytoDEATH immunodetection assays. CB and CY (A, B, C, and M) levels in these cells lines were analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blots. Results Primary cells revealed greater susceptibility to TRAIL-induced killing (ED 50 of 50 and 250 ng/mL for 686Tu and 101Tu, respectively) than their metastatic clones (ED 50 of 250 and 1000 ng/mL for 686Ln and 101Ln, respectively). Primary cells in the presence of CB-specific chemical inhibitor CA074 revealed markedly increased resistance to TRAIL (ED 50 > 1000 ng/mL). Expression levels of CY were markedly higher in metastatic OC cells than in their respective primary cells whereas CB levels remain unchanged. Conclusion CB is a mediator of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in OC cells. Elevated levels of cystatins in metastatic OC cells correlate with their greater resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that overexpression of CY in OC cells may confer a metastatic phenotype by enhancing their resistance to TRAIL.
A consideration of reliability in economic distribution quantity for a warehouse

Abstract In a previous paper by the author, the effect of failure probability on economic order quantity (EDQ) was investigated. This paper is an extension to a case where management has a specification on the reliability in which the system should operate. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem.
The oxygen content of coronary venous blood as affected by anoxia and cytochrome c.

Abstract 1. 1. By means of the bubble flowmeter and the coronary sinus catheterization methods of investigating the coronary circulation of the dog, the “normal” values for the coronary venous oxygen content have been found to be 3 to 6 volumes per cent. 2. 2. When 8 to 10 per cent oxygen mixtures were breathed, the oxygen content of coronary venous blood was reduced to 2 volumes per cent or less. 3. 3. Increases in oxygen uptake by the heart were accomplished primarily by increases in the volume of coronary blood flow. 4. 4. Cytochrome C, when injected intravenously in amounts varying from 3.8 to 12.5 mg. per kilogram of body weight, did not increase the coronary arteriovenous oxygen difference or the oxygen uptake of the heart.
A method for locating dowel pins in artificial stone casts

The technique described in this article produces a removable die that can be reseated in the artificial stone cast with great accuracy and with little or no movement of the die during fabrication procedures. It provides an easy way to locate dowel pins after the artificial stone cast has hardened.
Successful treatment of concomitant pulmonary zygomycosis and aspergillosis with a combination of amphotericin B lipid complex, caspofungin, and voriconazole in a patient on immunosuppression for chronic graft-versus-host disease.

Successful treatment of concomitant pulmonary zygomycosis and aspergillosis with a combination of amphotericin B lipid complex, caspofungin, and voriconazole in a patient on immunosuppression for chronic graft-versus-host disease
Successful Aging And Creativity In Later Life

Abstract This study examined the meanings older people attached to successful aging and its relationship to creative activity. Thirty-six contributors to a senior art exhibition participated in this study and ranged in age from 60–93. Interviews with participants explored their understandings of successful aging and creativity, the factors viewed as necessary for each, and the benefits of creative activity and its relationship to successful aging. Qualitative data were coded by two independent reviewers. Content analysis confirmed six features of successful aging: a sense of purpose, interactions with others, personal growth, self-acceptance, autonomy, and health. The findings indicate that creative activity contributes to successful aging by fostering a sense of competence, purpose, and growth. Artistic creativity also facilitates successful aging by encouraging the development of problem-solving skills, motivation, and perceptions that translate into a practical creativity in the way these individuals manage their everyday lives.
The tectonics of Ganymede

Evidence of tectonic activity has been found on the Jupiter moon Ganymede, which is the largest solar system icy object known. The transition of dense ice polymorphs in the deep interior of large icy bodies to either less dense polymorphs or liquid water at shallow depths, as internal differentiation and formation of a silicate core occurs, could increase Ganymede's surface area by as much as 7%. If the tectonic evolution of Ganymede is to be described by a progressive fragmentation of an initially uniform lithosphere in response to planetary expansion, the stress transmitted across different areas of bright terrain must differ significantly. Alternatively, lithospheric thickness variations or such other mechanisms as tidal distortion or convection stresses beneath the lithosphere may have been important.
Effects of prior information and initial attitude on susceptibility to emotional appeals

In order to examine variables that mediate susceptibility to emotional appeals, 80 Ss received a positive or negative appeal concerning a little-known country. In addition, one-half of the Ss also received neutral information about the attitude object prior to the appeal. Results of a 2 by 2 by 2 analysis of variance (Positive Appeal vs Negative Appeal by Prior Information vs No Prior Information by Favorable Initial Attitude vs Unfavorable Initial Attitude) showed two significant interactions. First, negative appeals effected more change among Ss with initially favorable attitudes (p <.01), and second, the presence of prior information increased the effectiveness of negative but decreased the effectiveness of positive appeals (p <.05). The findings suggest that positive and negative appeals may identify separate processes of change, but that communicator credibility should be examined in further studies.
Evolution of carbon based surfaces under bombardment: Examining the steady-state surface properties and the effect of potential

Abstract Bombardment of deuterated amorphous carbon (a-C:D) and graphite systems with 20 eV D atoms has been performed using molecular dynamics simulations and two classical reactive potentials, to examine the effect of initial system choice and potential energy function on the properties of the steady-state surface. While a-C:D structures evolve monotonically towards impact-modified surfaces, the graphite system exhibits layer-by-layer, cyclical modification and evolves towards a steady state different from its amorphous counterpart. Longer-ranged potentials also have a noticeable effect on the interfacial structure and surface modifications under impact.
Structure of incipiently sooting ethylene–nitrogen counterflow diffusion flames at high pressures

Abstract We report on the structure of C2H4/N2/O2 counterflow diffusion flames at pressures up to 2.5 MPa. The concentrations of major species, aliphatics up to decane and aromatics up to indene are measured by GC–MS analysis of samples collected along the flame centerline with a capillary probe. The data are compared with results of a computational model with detailed chemistry and transport. A first set of measurements (Series 1) is performed for a fixed stoichiometric mixture fraction Zst = 0.408, fuel mass fraction YF = 0.122, and global strain rate a = 57/s at pressures in the 0.1–0.8 MPa range. The flames are soot-free and permanently blue at all pressures but for the highest value of 0.8 MPa, when visual observation of a faint yellow luminosity reveals incipient sooting. A second set of flames (Series 2) is chosen by a similar criterion, by decreasing the fuel mass fraction to YF = 0.0975, lowering the global strain rate to 18.4/s, and covering the 0.855–2.5 MPa pressure range, which also in this case yields incipient sooting only at the highest pressure. In all cases, the flames are immune from buoyancy instabilities. Importantly, the temperature-convective time history is maintained constant in the flames in each series, which allows for a systematic exploration of the influence of only pressure, and indirectly diffusion, on the transition to incipient sooting by monitoring critical soot precursors such as the aromatics. A simple scaling based on Damkohler number suggests that just the increase in concentration of species with pressure suffices to explain the increase in sooting density. Agreement between experiments and computations is very good for major species and C2H2, even for the thinnest high-pressure flames. The profiles of these species, methane and temperature collapse for all pressures, once rescaled with a diffusive length δ varying with pressure and strain rate as (p·a)−1/2. The model properly captures the first steps in fuel consumption by hydrogen abstraction by OH and H. As the pressure rises, the preferential decrease of H mole fraction suggests an increasingly dominant role of OH in an exothermic oxidative process. The observed higher sooting tendency at high pressures correlates with the increase in mole fraction of aromatics, but the model significantly overestimates such an increase. The comprehensive experimental database provides a useful test-bed for further refinements and developments of chemistry models.
Age-related decrease in sympathetic sprouting is primarily due to decreased target receptivity: implications for understanding brain aging.

Abstract Aging of the nervous system is characterized by reduced anatomical plasticity. The cause of this decreased plasticity is not known because it is usually not possible to distinguish between extrinsic and intrisic factors that affect neuronal growth. One example of age-related reduced neuronal plasticity that is amenable to such analysis is the growth of sympathetic axons into the rat hippocampal formation following septal denervation. This sprouting response can be elicited throughout the lifespan of the rat but is drastically reduced in aged animals. The age-related reduction in ingrowth could theoretically be due to decreased receptivity of the target (reduced trophic support or increased inhibition of growth), decreased responsivity of the sympathetic neurons or a combination of both factors. In order to test the relative contributions of the age of the target tissue and the age of the sympathetic neurons to the reduced growth observed in aged animals, superior cervical ganglia were transplanted from young animals into old animals (y/o) and from old animals into young animals (o/y) as well as autologously within the same animals (y/y and o/o). The extent of sympathetic ingrowth and the survival of transplanted neurons were assessed with fluorescence histochemical methods. The extent of ingrowth was significantly greater in young hosts compared with old hosts regardless of the age of the donor. In addition, the survival of transplanted neurons was greater in younger hosts than in aged hosts regardless of donor age. These results indicate that sympathetic ingrowth is reduced in aging primarily because of decreased receptivity of the hippocampal target tissue.
Developing Drugs for the Developing World: An Economic, Legal, Moral, and Political Dilemma

This paper discusses the economic, legal, moral, and political difficulties in developing drugs for the developing world. It argues that large, global pharmaceutical companies have social responsibilities to the developing world, and that they may exercise these responsibilities by investing in research and development related to diseases that affect developing nations, offering discounts on drug prices, and initiating drug giveaways. However, these social responsibilities are not absolute requirements and may be balanced against other obligations and commitments in light of economic, social, legal, political, and other conditions. How a company decides to exercise its social responsibilities to the developing world depends on (1) the prospects for a reasonable profit and (2) the prospects for a productive business environment. Developing nations can either help or hinder the pharmaceutical industry's efforts to exercise social responsibility through various policies and practices. To insure that companies can make a reasonable profit, developing nations should honor pharmaceutical product patents and adhere to international intellectual property treaties, such as the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement. To insure the companies have a good business environment, developing nations should try to promote the rule of law, ethical business practices, stable currencies, reliable banking systems, free and open markets, democracy, and other conditions conducive to business. Overall, this paper advocates for reciprocity and cooperation between pharmaceutical companies and developing nations to address the problem of developing drugs for the developing world. In pursuing this cooperative approach, developing nations may use a variety of other techniques to encourage pharmaceutical companies to act responsibly, such as subsidizing pharmaceutical research, helping to design and implement research protocols, providing a guaranteed market, and bulk buying.
Beyond massive parallelism : numerical computation using associative tables

Abstract Novel computing devices are exploited for numerical computation. The solution of a numerical problem is sought, which has been solved many times before, but this time with a different set of input data. A table is a classical way to collect the old solutions in order to exploit them to find the new one. This process is extended to more general problems than the usual function value approximation. To do this, a new concept of table is introduced. These tables are addressed associatively. Several problems are treated both theoretically and computationally. These problems include solving linear systems of equations, partial differential equations, nonlinear systems of ordinary differential equations, and Karmarkar's algorithm. Hardware requirements are discussed.
Is the rabbit ear model, in its present state, prophetic of acnegenicity?

The rabbit ear model has been proposed as a useful bioassay to establish the comedogenic and acnegenic qualities of chemical compounds and finished products, pharmaceutical and cosmetic, for topical application. This review highlights the many problems in performance of the test method, the absence of correlation with experience in the human, and, consequently, the serious limitations to the conclusions that can reasonably be drawn, especially for the clinical dermatologist.
Partial pointwise-boundedness and an argument of Pták

A well-known result of Ptak extending the Uniform Boundedness Principle involves a partial substitution of linearity for continuity, and has become a staple argument in automatic continuity. The results of this paper use that argument to extend the Uniform Boundedness Principle by weakening the hypothesis of pointwise-boundedness, and by reducing the continuity requirements on the maps involved. Extensions of the Arzela-Ascoli theorem are also proved, as well as interpretations of the result which may enable them to be extended both to systems theory and automatic continuity.