cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occupation of submerged aquatic vegetation by fishes: testing the roles of food and refuge

We conducted a series of field experiments to examine the roles of refuge and food availability in explaining the distribution and abundance of fish in tidal freshwater marsh creeks. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) relative predation pressure is less in SAV than in unvegetated areas and (2) fish food availability is greater in SAV than in nearby unvegetated areas. Tethering experiments using mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) in vegetated and unvegetated areas revealed that relative predation pressure was significantly less in areas with SAV. Banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus) maintained in vegetated enclosures consumed prey associated with SAV, whereas those held in unvegetated pens had empty stomachs. No differences were found in the number of prey eaten by bluespotted sunfish (Enneacanthus gloriosus) or mummichogs when confined in vegetated or unvegetated enclosures. However, larger prey were consumed by bluespotted sunfish and mummichogs maintained in vegetated enclosures. These data suggest that foraging profitability is significantly enhanced by feeding in the SAV. Submerged plant beds in tidal freshwater marsh creeks not only afford protection from predators, but also provide a rich foraging habitat. By foraging in SAV, fish consume larger prey and may have higher growth rates, lower mortality, and higher fecundity.
Phenology and impact of natural enemies associated with the hop looper (Hypena humuli) in Washington State, USA

The hop looper, Hypena humuli Harris (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is becoming an increasingly important pest of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) (Rosales: Cannabaceae) in western USA. Currently, control of this pest usually involves broad-spectrum pesticides that kill natural enemies and disrupt biological control of other hop pests. In order to develop better management strategies for H. humuli, field and laboratory studies were conducted over a four-year period to identify the pest's natural enemies and to investigate their phenologies and to assess their impact. Nine parasitoid species and assorted species of invertebrate predator were found to attack different life-stages of H. humuli. Levels of parasitism were consistently low throughout the study period and none of the parasitoids found was a specialist natural enemy of the pests. Exclusion cage studies showed, however, that the complex of natural enemies as a whole can significantly reduce larval densities of the pest, and laboratory studies confirmed succes...
On automated message processing in electronic commerce and work support systems: speech act theory and expressive felicity

Electronic messaging, whether in an office environment or for electronic commerce, is normally carried out in natural language, even when supported by information systems. For a variety of reasons, it would be useful if electronic messaging systems could have semantic access to, that is, access to the meanings and contents of, the messages they process. Given that natural language understanding is not a practicable alternative, there remain three approaches to delivering systems with semantic access: electronic data interchange (EDI), tagged messages, and the development of a formal language for business communication (FLBC). We favor the latter approach. In this article we compare and contrast these three approaches, present a theoretical basis for an FLBC (using speech act theory), and describe a prototype implementation.
Management of Infrapopliteal Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease

The management of infrapopliteal peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) is challenging. For patients with asymptomatic disease or claudication, exercise and optimal medical management, including antiplatelet agents, blood pressure control, statin therapy and tight glucose control for patients with diabetes mellitus, are the mainstays of therapy. However, patients with isolated tibial artery occlusive disease often have diabetes mellitus or renal insufficiency and present with critical limb ischemia (CLI). CLI is advanced occlusive disease marked by the development of rest pain, ischemic ulceration, or gangrene and is associated with a high mortality rate. Limb salvage requires an intervention in cases of CLI, but careful operative planning is required as patients often have multilevel disease and limited options for revascularization. A surgical bypass with a vein graft remains the best treatment for infrapopliteal PAD, especially in patients with a life expectancy of over 2 years. Balloon angioplasty can play an important role in limb salvage, especially for patients lacking adequate vein for bypass, at high operative risk, or with a life expectancy of less than 2 years. However, a lack of rigorous trials has left unanswered questions as to the efficacy of infrapopliteal angioplasty with or without stents compared to bypass surgery. As such, endovascular therapy is currently not a proven treatment for intermittent claudication. Patients who are unable to undergo a revascularization procedure for infrapopliteal CLI have few options besides amputation or palliation. New therapies, such as drug-eluting stents, drug-coated balloons, and stem cell therapy are under development, but their efficacy and effectiveness remain unproven.
Roles and Characteristics of Department Chairmen in State Universities as Related to Level of Decision-Making.

Academic departments and their chairmen have long been a part of colleges and universities. A tendency toward more centralization as a result of state and federal requirements could threaten the status and loci of power within departments. The present study seeks information on the outlook of departmental chairmen in order to provide background information on what motivates chairmen and their outlook on roles required to be played.
Mean rotor wake characteristics of an aerodynamically loaded 0.5 m diameter fan

Mean rotor wake properties at several downstream distances behind the rotor of a loaded 1.2 pressure ratio fan were measured with a cross film anemometer in an anechoic wind tunnel. Mean wake characteristics in the midspan and near tip region were determined utilizing an ensemble averaging technique. The upwash and streamwise components of the velocity behind the rotor indicate a complex structure superimposed on the major velocity defects at a down stream spacing of 0.5 rotor chords. Spectral analysis indicates high levels of the second and fourth harmonics of the blade passage frequency in the midspan region while the blade passage frequency and its second and third harmonic are predominant in the tip region.
Defining terms for proactive management of resistance to Bt crops and pesticides.

Evolution of pest resistance to pesticides is an urgent global problem with resistance recorded in at least 954 species of pests, including 546 arthropods, 218 weeds, and 190 plant pathogens. To facilitate understanding and management of resistance, we provide definitions of 50 key terms related to resistance. We confirm the broad, long-standing definition of resistance, which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide, and the definition of “field-evolved resistance,” which is a genetically based decrease in susceptibility to a pesticide in a population caused by exposure to the pesticide in the field. The impact of field-evolved resistance on pest control can vary from none to severe. We define “practical resistance” as field-evolved resistance that reduces pesticide efficacy and has practical consequences for pest control. Recognizing that resistance is not “all or none” and that intermediate levels of resistance can have a continuum of effects on pest control, we describe five categories of field-evolved resistance and use them to classify 13 cases of field-evolved resistance to five Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in transgenic corn and cotton based on monitoring data from five continents for nine major pest species. We urge researchers to publish and analyze their resistance monitoring data in conjunction with data on management practices to accelerate progress in determining which actions will be most useful in response to specific data on the magnitude, distribution, and impact of resistance.
Comparative study of the viscoelastic mechanical behavior of agarose and poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels

This study presents a comparative investigation into differences in the mechanical properties between two hydrogels commonly used in cartilage tissue engineering [agarose vs. poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)], but which are formed through distinctly different crosslinking mechanisms (physical vs. covalent, respectively). The effects of hydrogel chemistry, precursor concentration, platen type (nonporous vs. porous) used in compression bioreactors, and degradation (for PEG) on the swelling properties and static and dynamic mechanical properties were examined. An increase in precursor concentration resulted in decreased equilibrium mass swelling ratios but increased equilibrium moduli and storage moduli for both hydrogels (p < 0.05). Agarose displayed large stress relaxations and a frequency dependence indicating its viscoelastic properties. Contrarily, PEG hydrogels displayed largely elastic behavior with minimal stress relaxation and frequency dependence. In biodegradable PEG hydrogels, the largely elastic behavior was retained during degradation. The type of platen did not affect static mechanical properties, but porous platens led to a reduced storage modulus for both hydrogels implicating fluid flow. In summary, agarose and PEG exhibit vastly different mechanical behaviors; a finding largely attributed to differences in their chemistries and fluid movement. Taken together, these design choices (hydrogel chemistry/structure, loading conditions) will likely have a profound effect on the tissue engineering outcome. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
The Making of the Black Middle Class

Race no longer appears to be a barrier to the quest of some U.S. blacks for middle-class position. However, is black middle-class advancement as stable as it appears? This paper looks at several factors creating job opportunities for blacks since 1960. I find that black mobility does not reflect a decrease in racial discrimination. On the contrary, black progress in the 1960s and 1970s marks the onset of a new system of segregation. Racial discrimination has softened within income and occupational distributions and recongealed in the structure of job opportunities. I argue, therefore, that the black middle class occupies a fragile market position.
Defect printability analysis in negative tone development lithography

In general, contact hole patterning has various challenges such as narrow process window, large mask error enhancement factor (MEEF), poor circularity, and low image contrast compared to line & space patterning. For that reason, it is difficult to make sub-50nm size contact hole with 193nm ArF immersion single exposure. In order to achieve sub-40nm contact hole patterning, we have need of shrink bias over 20nm. However, conventional pattern shrink technology such as resist reflow process is difficult to get shrink bias over 20nm because the shrink volume gets smaller as the pitch gets narrower. Recently several authors have specifically noted the advantages of using negative tone development for patterning narrow trenches. A new negative tone imaging with application of new developer to conventional ArF immersion resist materials is proposed for small contact hole pattern formation. Significantly better LWR and resolution on small contact hole pattern were observed with this negative tone development compared with positive tone development. In this paper, we will introduce the experimental results of sub-40nm contact hole patterning using negative tone systems for contact hole patterning. We will report the results of comprehensive studies of defects originating in negative tone photolithography and reveal the defect generation mechanism of each negative tone imaging-specific defect types.
Breakpoint Identification, Detection and Frequency of the 65-kb Deletion in the Cystinosis Gene, CTNS

Breakpoint Identification, Detection and Frequency of the 65-kb Deletion in the Cystinosis Gene, CTNS
Containerless growth of large single crystals of TiAl

Titanium aluminides based upon TiAl are potential high temperature materials having low density, high modulus, good oxidation resistance, and do not disorder with increasing temperature. Because of the lack of ambient temperature ductility their utilization is limited. Some investigations have been carried out to further understand the mechanical behavior of these intermetallics. Other research indicates that the mechanical properties of single crystal compounds, as well as alloyed single crystal compounds can have superior properties. In order to begin studies of the basic mechanical properties of these aluminides, an investigation to grow relatively large single crystals of TiAl was undertaken. Mechanical property investigation of the pure compound as well as alloyed single crystal material are objectives of the program. Alloying has the potential or improving the properties of this L1/sub o/ intermetallic.
Hyperglycemia in normotriglyceridemic, hypercholesterolemic insulin-treated diabetic rabbits does not accelerate atherogenesis

Abstract Severely hyperlipidemic alloxan-diabetic cholesterol-fed rabbits were treated with different daily doses of insulin in order to study the effect of insulin on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and postheparin lipoprotein lipase activity. At plasma triglyceride levels of 15 000 mg/dl, untreated diabetic rabbits carried 73% (1950 mg/dl) of plasma total cholesterol in lipoproteins with a diameter larger than 75 nm (S f > 400), 25% in smaller very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and 1% in both low and high density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL). Insulin treatment greatly reduced plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The decrease of plasma total cholesterol concentration was paralleled by a decrease in the cholesterol of the largest lipoproteins (S f > 400) and an increase in cholesterol of both smaller very low density lipoproteins and low density lipoproteins. At the same time, postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase activity increased 2–8-fold. When plasma triglyceride levels were normalized by insulin treatment, the lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in diabetic cholesterol-fed rabbits was similar to that of normal cholesterol-fed rabbits. To study development of atherosclerosis, diabetic rabbits were cholesterol-fed and treated with insulin for eight weeks such that the triglyceride levels were normalized, but plasma glucose levels were still greatly elevated. Nondiabetic rabbits were cholesterol-fed simultaneously. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels were similar in the two groups of rabbits, as well as cholesterol in S f > 400 or smaller VLDL and cholesterol in HDL. However, LDL-cholesterol concentration in the insulin-treated diabetic rabbits was 1.5–2 times that in the nondiabetic rabbits. The two groups of rabbits developed similar degrees of atherosclerosis, as judged by aortic cholesterol content. Apparently, partially controlled diabetes in cholesterol-fed rabbits does not accelerate atherogenesis beyond that observed in nondiabetic cholesterol-fed rabbits.
The role of ziprasidone in adjunctive use with lithium or valproate in maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder.

Objectives: This article addresses the clinical role for ziprasidone used adjunctively with a mood stabilizer in maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. This review also addresses the strengths and limitations of design features in adjunctive studies of second-generation antipsychotic drugs added to mood stabilizers.
Dynamic tensile strength of lunar rock types

The dynamic tensile strengths of four rocks have been determined. A flat plate impact experiment is used to generate ∼1-μs-duration tensile stress pulses in rock samples by superposing rarefaction waves to induce fracture. A gabbroic anorthosite and a basalt were selected because they are the same rock types as occur on the lunar highlands and mare, respectively. Although these have dynamic tensile strengths which lie within the ranges 153–174 MPa and 157–179 –MPa, whereas Arkansas novaculite and Westerly granite exhibit dynamic tensile strengths of 67–88 MPa and 95–116 MPa, respectively, the effect of chemical weathering and other factors, which may affect application of the present results to the moon, have not been explicitly studied. The reported tensile strengths are based on a series of experiments on each rock where determination of incipient spallation is made by terminal microscopic examination. These data are generally consistent with previous determinations, at least one of which was for a significantly chemically altered (hydroxylated) but physically coherent rock. The tensile failure data do not bear a simple relation to compressive results and imply that any modeling involving rock fracture consider the tensile strength of igneous rocks under impulse loads distinct from the values for static tensile strength. Generally, the dynamic tensile strengths of nonporous igneous rocks range from ∼ 100 to 180 MPa, with the more basic, and even amphibole-bearing samples, yielding the higher values.
On the nature of three-dimensional encoding in the cognitive map: Commentary on Hayman, Verriotis, Jovalekic, Fenton, and Jeffery.

A recent article by Hayman, Verriotis, Jovalekic, Fenton, and Jeffery titled Anisotropic encoding of three-dimensional space by place cells and grid cells (2011) explored how place and grid cells respond when rats locomote vertically above the ground. From their results the authors concluded a number of points about rats' abilities to orient and navigate in three dimensions. Here, we review evidence revolving around several issues including: (1) what reference frame rats use when locomoting vertically, (2) whether rats can perceive their height above the ground, (3) whether rats can estimate vertical distance and have a cognitive map in the vertical domain, (4) whether rats can path integrate in the vertical domain, and (5) does processing 3-dimen- sional representations require a large number of neurons. We argue that the Hayman et al. results can be accounted for by considering the reference frame the animals used in the tasks. Had the rats been facing inward with their limbs in contact with the vertical surface when moving, it is possible that different patterns of place and grid cell activity would have been observed. Further, there is good evidence to indicate that rats can orient and navigate effectively in the vertical do- main. V C 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discrimination learning and stimulus generalization by impulsive and reflective children

Abstract The proposition that impulsive children inhibit expressive behavior less than reflective children was investigated by providing third grade impulsive and reflective boys with either differential or nondifferential forms or successive discrimination training prior to tests for stimulus generalization. Consistent with specific predictions derived from Spence's theory on the roles of excitation and inhibition, it was found that: (a) Reflectives acquired the discrimination more rapidly, (b) reflectives achieved a higher level of discriminative performance, (c) impulsives exhibited more variable response reates during the nonreinforced stimulus, and (d) the type of training interacted with the child's conceptual tempo to determine the elevation and shape of the post-discrimination generalization gradients. The results provide support for the construct validity of the Matching Familiar Figures Test of reflectivity-impulsivity.
Facial asymmetry and abnormalties of palms and ears: A dominantly inherited developmental syndrome

Case 1. The propositus was first seen at 9 months of age because of facial asymmetry (Fig. 1). He was born after a normal full-term pregnancy to a 22-year-old mother and 25-yearold father. Birth weight was 7 pounds 4 ounces and length was 2I~2 inches. Asymmetry of the face and skull was noted at birth. A diagnosis of left lacrymal duct atresia was made at age 6 months, following recurrent dacrocystitis. Otherwise, his general health and developmental progress had been normal. Physical examination at 9 months of age revealed an active, well-developed male infant. There was hypoplasia of the left side of the face and forehead with parietal bossing; the nose was deviated to the right, and the ears were small with unusual prominence of the crus and antihelix (Fig. 2). Analysis of the dermatoglyphics showed a distal axial palmar triradius on the right, a radial loop pattern on the right thumb, and bilateral simian creases. Hypoplasia of the left maxilla and mandible were confirmed by roentgenograms.
Hybrid Models and Biological Model Reduction with PyDSTool

The PyDSTool software environment is designed to develop, simulate, and analyze dynamical systems models, particularly for biological applications. Unlike the engineering application focus and graphical specification environments of most general purpose simulation tools, PyDSTool provides a programmatic environment well suited to exploratory data- and hypothesis-driven biological modeling problems. In this work, we show how the environment facilitates the application of hybrid dynamical modeling to the reverse engineering of complex biophysical dynamics; in this case, of an excitable membrane. The example demonstrates how the software provides novel tools that support the inference and validation of mechanistic hypotheses and the inclusion of data constraints in both quantitative and qualitative ways. The biophysical application is broadly relevant to models in the biosciences. The open source and platform-independent PyDSTool package is freely available under the BSD license from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pydstool/. The hosting service provides links to documentation and online forums for user support.
An example of a dominance approach to rational expectations

Abstract Dominance and independence produce an alternative approach to rational expectations in a simple stationary overlapping-generations model. Dominance and independence delimit rational behaviour, but predict a range of rational choice rather than a single rational choice. In particular, a coherent interpretation of multiple rational expectations equilibria is provided.
Attitudes of Taiwanese scholars toward English and Chinese as languages of publication

Under the influence of globalization, English has almost become the default language in scientific academia. While the culture-independent nature of scientific research may result in scholars' preference for using one common language, over-reliance on English may shape non-English-speaking scholars' negative attitudes toward their national languages and may constrain their use of these languages in the domain of scientific publication. Therefore, this study investigated the attitudes of Taiwanese science scholars toward English and Chinese as languages of publication. The findings indicated that it is not “English” itself but its “pragmatic value” (which is accrued through publishing in international indexed journals) that drives the choice of English over Chinese. However, this choice has led to an early sign of diglossia and the minimal use of Chinese in scientific publication. To mitigate this problem, it is believed that stakeholders in both international indexed journals and local universities should...
Persistence of phosphor glow in microchannel plate image intensifiers.

Image intensifier tubes using microchannel plate amplification stages and phosphor output stages are being increasingly used in various detection applications. In this paper, measurements of the decay times of what are attributed to be the P20 phosphors in various image intensifiers are reported. It is found that the long tail on the decay curve of the phosphor following illumination can be a limitation for certain observations. In addition, the background level of phosphor glow (which is seen by the subsequent detection system as a light signal) continues to build with continuing illumination.
Control of secondary hyperparathyroidism during long-term hemodialysis.

Abstract The hyperparathyroidism which occurs during long-term hemodialysis of patients with chronic renal failure has been successfully controlled without the need for subtotal parathyroidectomy. Utilizing a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay for plasma parathyroid hormone (iPTH), it was found that iPTH was correlated negatively with dialysate calcium concentration and positively with plasma phosphate concentration. Manipulation of these factors separately demonstrated that iPTH could be significantly decreased in two to three weeks by simultaneously decreasing plasma phosphate and increasing dialysate calcium. On the basis of calcium flux studies across the dialyzer, it was determined that the optimal calcium concentration in the dialysate was 8 mg/100 ml. Ten patients were treated by initially decreasing their plasma phosphate to less than 6 mg/100 ml (by giving them oral aluminum hydroxide) and using dialysis against a calcium concentration of 8 mg/100 ml. All patients have manifested a substantial and progressive decrease in plasma iPTH toward normal, with alleviation of bone pain and absence of complications, during use of this regimen.
First Place — Resident Basic Science Award 1995: Reinnervation of the Allograft Larynx in the Rat Laryngeal Transplant Model

The rat model for a vascularized laryngeal allograft is duplicated with significant technical modifications. We report the addition of unilateral host-to-allograft recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis to this model. Long-term survival experiments determine the feasibility of reinnervation studies of the allograft larynx with this new model. A total of 59 transplants have been performed on histocompatible Munich Wistar rats, 36 with attempted unilateral allograft reinnervation. Because of the initially high operative mortality rates, additions and modifications of the original technique resulting in reproducibly enhanced survival are detailed. Factors critical to the functional study of this model with regard to reinnervation are elucidated. Preliminary data on allograft reinnervation are reported as confirmed by videodocumentation of vocal fold mobility, evoked and spontaneous electromyography, and glycogen-depletion Studies.
Evidence against implant-derived cobalt toxicity: case report and retrospective study of serum cobalt concentrations in an orthopedic implant population.

Abstract Objectives Cobalt (Co) exposure has been documented to result in increased erythropoiesis. To evaluate the potential for implant-derived Co toxicity, we examined the relationship between serum Co (sCo) and erythrocyte counts (ERY) in a metal-containing total-hip arthroplasty implant population. Methods Retrospective review of sCo concentrations identified 77 patients with concomitant ERY. Statistical analysis was performed to determine if there was a significant difference in ERY for patients divided into clinically relevant sCo ranges. A single detailed case review of a patient with a loose mal-positioned acetabular component and significantly elevated sCo was also performed for symptoms thought to arise from Co toxicity. Results Statistical difference in ERY was not observed between patients with significantly elevated (> 10 ng/mL), elevated (4–10 ng/mL), modestly elevated (1.0–3.9 ng/mL), or normal ( Conclusions Increased erythropoiesis was not observed in patients with implant-derived increased sCo. Even with a sCo 100× the upper-limit of normal, the patient presented did not have increased ERY nor exhibit any symptoms ascribed with Co toxicity.
Science or Propaganda? An Examination of Rind, Tromovitch and Bauserman (1998)

An article, A Meta-analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples, published in the July 1998 edition of the Psychological Bulletin resulted in an unprecedented amount of media attention and became the first scientific article to be formally denounced by the United States House of Representatives. The study's authors analyzed the findings of 59 earlier studies on child sexual abuse (CSA) and concluded that mental health researchers have greatly overstated CSA's harmful potential. They recommended that a willing encounter with positive reactions would no longer be considered to be sexual abuse; instead, it would simply be labeled adult-child sex. The study's conclusions and recommendations spawned a debate in both the popular and scholarly press. A number of commentators suggested that the study is pedophile propaganda masquerading as science. Others claimed that the authors are victims of a moralistic witch-hunt and that scientific freedom is being threatened. After a careful examination of the evidence, it is concluded that Rind et al. can best be described as an advocacy article that inappropriately uses science in an attempt to legitimize its findings.
Concepts of the Strong Ion Difference Applied to Large Volume Resuscitation

The occurrence of acidosis following trauma or other clinical conditions that require large volumes of resuscitation fluid may be modified by manipulation of the physical chemistry properties of substances within plasma. These include the strong ion difference, modification of hydrogen ion production through control of alveolar ventilation, and protection/provision of protein and phosphate-based weak acids. An understanding of these principles as an alternative method to analyze/anticipate acid-base abnormalities is important during resuscitation. Loss of protein-based weak acids may often occur after trauma or other conditions requiring large-volume resuscitation. These losses may potentially be replaced with albumin-based colloid solutions. Large quantities of normal saline should be avoided so as to avoid hyperchloremia-induced metabolic acidosis. Ringer's lactate solution is preferred. Alveolar ventilation must be adjusted so as to eliminate further hydrogen ion production caused by hypercarbia. The s...
An Association Between Paying Physician-teachers for their Teaching Efforts and an Improved Educational Experience for Learners

Background Medical schools often rely on faculty volunteerism to address clinical teaching needs for students. Increasing time pressures on physicians has made it difficult to secure commitments for clinical instruction. In the 2005–2006 academic year, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM) launched the Colleges Program, recruiting 24 salary-supported physician-faculty to serve as advisors to students as well as teachers of the second year course, ‘clinical skills’. We hypothesized that compensating physician educators would have a measurable positive impact on the students’ experiences in this course.
The energy output of the left ventricle and the mechanism of congestive heart failure

The average velocity of the blood in the aortic system is approximated by means of a mathematical model. An expression is then derived for the average kinetic energy of the column of blood in an equivalent aorta of pragmatically determined length, which represents the useful energy output of the heart. The theory yields a physiologically reasonable value for the maximal myocardial efficiency with the body at rest of about 0.06 percent. The expression for the kinetic energy clarifies cardiac behavior in health and in such abnormal states as orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. The great increase in cardiac work which results from mobilization of edema fluid in dependent legs into the circulation in the supine position exceeds the limited reserve capacity of the failing heart. A cause of chronic congestive heart failure is also suggested.
Forward-backward stochastic differential equations with mixed initial-terminal conditions

Well-posedness of forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs, for short) in L P spaces with mixed initial-terminal conditions is studied. A notion of Lyapunov operator is introduced, whose existence leads to a priori estimates of the adapted solutions sufficient for the well-posedness of the corresponding FBSDEs, via the method of continuation. Various situations are discussed under which Lyapunov operators do exist.
Evidence for the formation of apparent five-coordinated tin(IV) β-diketonate complexes: The synthesis and characterisation of the pyridine adduct of n-butyldichloro(2,4-pentanedionato)tin(IV)

Abstract Reaction of n-butyltrichlorostannane with 2,4-pentanedione in the presence of pyridine leads to the isolation of a complex which can be described as the pyridine adduct of n-butyldichloro(2,4-pentanedionato)tin(IV).
Minimal stereoscopic analysis for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays

Abstract The trajectory of a primary γ-ray detected with an array of at least four atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescopes can be reconstructed from the shower image centroid positions and geometrical considerations independent of the primary energy. Using only the image centroid positions some cosmic-ray discrimination is also possible. This minimal approach opens the possibility of pushing the analysis threshold to lower values, close to the hardware threshold.
Electron transmission spectroscopy of triptycene: An investigation of the intramolecular orbital interactions

Abstract Electron transmission spectroscopy is used to determine the electron affinities of triptycene. Comparison of the electron affinities and ionization potentials of triptycene with those of benzene reveals important differences in the nature of the interactions between the three benzene rings of triptycene in its anion and cation states.
Heat and freshwater budgets in the Red Sea from direct observations at Bab el Mandeb

Abstract Direct oceanographic observations at the strait of Bab el Mandeb, which connects the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean, are used to estimate the heat and freshwater budgets of the Red Sea. The observations consist of 18-month records from transport resolving current-meter arrays and temperature–salinity chain moorings that allow accurate heat and salt fluxes through the strait to be determined. The new measurements account for the seasonally reversing surface-layer flow in the strait and the summertime intrusion of low-salinity thermocline water from the Gulf of Aden. The annual mean freshwater loss to the atmosphere over the Red Sea is estimated to be 2.06±0.22 m yr −1 , while the annual mean heat loss is 11±5 W m −2 . These results are compared with previous estimates of the Red Sea heat and freshwater budgets derived from both direct and indirect methods, which show large differences between each other and much larger uncertainties than the present estimates.
The most representative shape of a family of curves

Suppose that we are given a family of curves, either continuous or discrete, and we wish to determine a curve that is most representative of the family. Using least squares theory, we find that in both cases we seek the dominant eigenvalue and eigenvector of a symmetric matrix. Numerical approaches to the eigenvalue problem are then given. One involves the standard inverse power method, and the other involves a new differential equation approach. Faddeev's method for obtaining the characteristic polynomial is also employed. Two illustrative examples, one for a family of continuous curves and one for a family of discrete curves, are presented.
Pre-positioning and dynamic delivery planning for short-term response following a natural disaster

Abstract Natural disasters often result in large numbers of evacuees being temporarily housed in schools, churches, and other shelters. The sudden influx of people seeking shelter creates demands for emergency supplies, which must be delivered quickly. A dynamic allocation model is constructed to optimize pre-event planning for meeting short-term demands (over approximately the first 72 h) for emergency supplies under uncertainty about what demands will have to be met and where those demands will occur. The model also includes requirements for reliability in the solutions – i.e., the solution must ensure that all demands are met in scenarios comprising at least 100 α % of all outcomes. A case study application using shelter locations in North Carolina and a set of hurricane threat scenarios is used to illustrate the model and how it supports an emergency relief strategy.
Teaching with technology, setting an example

Providing instructional technology support for faculty requires a range of skills, from knowledge of software and hardware, to an ability to communicate, teach workshops, and relate to faculty. Teaching experience is advantageous for the instructional technology specialist in that it can be used to extend discussions of technology to the meaningful use of the technology in the classroom. For these discussions to have authenticity, the technology specialist needs to have classroom teaching experience using software in a technology-equipped classroom. Unfortunately, for the instructional technology specialist, this experience is usually limited to brief workshops, and increasingly, one on one instruction with faculty.Two Instructional Technology Specialists from Williams College team-taught a four-week long Williams College Winter Study course for college students called "Teaching with Technology." The course focused on creating learning modules using Macromedia Flash and Dreamweaver, Apple iMovie, and Adobe Photoshop. The course also covered copyright, pedagogy, and accessibility, and made use of a course management system. The shift in perspective for the instructors from supporting the use of technology in the classroom to actively teaching with technology helped the instructors realize the pedagogical potential of electronic classroom tools. In addition, the students demonstrated thoughtful use of the software for teaching, and a regard for copyright and accessibility. Together the students and instructors explored a range of topics relating to the use of technology in the classroom.In their roles as Instructional Technology Specialists, the instructors advise faculty on the use of technology in the classroom. By teaching the course, the instructors applied and tested their own advice and set an example of how technology can be integrated into a curriculum. This paper covers some of the insights that the authors gained from teaching the course.
Concordance and synchrony in measures of anxiety and panic reconsidered: A hierarchical model of anxiety and panic

Based on the observation of low to moderate correlations among multiple measures of anxiety or panic, Lang (1968, 1978, 1979) and Rachman (1978a, 1978b, 1990) developed the three-systems model that rejects the notion of anxiety or panic as unitary latent constructs. This model is critically reviewed with an emphasis on discussing its implications for intervention, methodology, and theory. An alternative conceptualization, the hierarchical model of anxiety and panic, is offered in which anxiety and panic are seen as unitary latent constructs at a higher level of a hierarchical structure that coexist with several separable response systems at a lower level of the hierarchy. The hierarchical model retains many of the strengths of the three-systems model while overcoming many of the limitations of the three-systems model.
Rate measurements on N + O2(1Δg) → NO + O and H + O2(1Δg) → OH + O

Abstract Measurements have been made on the rate of decay of N and appearance of O in the presence of excess mixtures of O 2 ( 3 Σ g − ) and O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) at 195°–300°K. The results show that the reported quenching of O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) by N is not the chemical reaction N + O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) → NO + O. Similar conclusions are drawn for the H + O 2 ( 1 Δ g ) case.
Transgenic Mice That Overexpress Metallothionein-I Are Protected from Cadmium Lethality and Hepatotoxicity

The purpose of this study was to determine whether metallothionein-I (MT-I) transgenic female mice (MT-TG) are resistant to cadmium (Cd) hepatotoxicity. Female MT-TG mice have 10- to 20-fold higher MT concentrations in liver than control mice and are more resistant to Cd-induced lethality than control mice. CdCl2 (3.7 mg Cd/kg, iv) was lethal to 73% of control mice, but only to 13% of MT-TG mice. Cd administration (3.1 mg/kg, iv) to control mice produced extensive liver injury as evidenced by 20- and 70-fold increases in serum enzyme activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase, respectively. MT-TG mice are considerably more resistant to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity than control mice, as evidenced by only about one-tenth the elevation in serum enzymes observed in control mice and a lower incidence of hepatocyte necrosis in MT-TG mice. To ascertain the mechanism of this protection, the distribution of Cd to various organs and the subcellular distribution of Cd in liver were determined 2 hr after Cd injection (109CdCl2, 3.5 mg Cd/kg, iv). The hepatic subcellular distribution of Cd was altered markedly in MT-TG mice, with much less Cd distributing to nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes (25, 42, and 24% of controls, respectively), and more Cd to the cytosol (240% of controls). The increased cytosolic Cd was bound primarily to MT, as determined by G-75 gel chromatography. In addition, primary hepatocyte cultures from MT-TG mice maintained higher levels of MT than hepatocytes from control mice and were more resistant to Cd cytotoxicity than control hepatocytes. In conclusion, studies using MT-I transgenic mice demonstrate that MT protects against Cd lethality and hepatotoxicity, and this hepatoprotective effect of MT is also observed in hepatocyte cultures from MT-TG mice.
Intestinal nutrient transport in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and the effects of development, starvation, and seawater adaptation

Intestinal nutrient transport in yearling coho salmon was characterized and adaptive changes in nutrient transport were described in relation to development, starvation, and environmental salinity. Salmon intestine exhibits a small transepithelial potential difference (TEP: −1.4 to 2.0 mV, mucosa ground) and low resistance (41 to 181 ohms·cm2) that varied with the region along the intestine, with starvation, and with environmental salinity. Addition of glucose or proline to the mucosal side of intestine caused a rapid increase in short-circuit current. Isotopic mucosalto-serosal net fluxes of glucose and proline were achieved across salmon intestine in the absence of transepithelial chemical or electrical gradients. A sleeve technique for measuring proline influx (Karasov and Diamond 1983a) was validated for use in salmon intestine. Comparison of total proline influx in different intestinal regions showed the following order (from highest to lowest rates): pyloric caeca ≫ anterior intestine > posterior intestine. Total proline influx was highest in April during the parr-smolt transformation. The kinetics of Naα-dependent proline influx were altered by starvation and seawater adaptation. Starved fish exhibited a lowerK t but similarJ max in anterior intestine compared with values in fed fish. The effect of seawater adaptation on the kinetics of proline influx varied with the timing of entry into seawater, with length of seawater residence, and with season. Growth-inhibited SW stunts showed a reducedJ max of proline influx compared with that of normal SW smolts.
The Role of the Pharmacist in the Delivery of Family Planning Services to College Students

Abstract A survey was conducted among college students to determine their assessment of the potential of the pharmacist as a family planning counselor. Pharmacists were seen as an appropriate source of contraceptive information for many contraceptive methods, but few respondents had actually consulted a pharmacist. Pharmacists were viewed as competent to provide contraceptive information by a slight majority of the respondents, but only half indicated they would use the pharmacist as a source of this kind of information.
Individual ligation technique for lower lobe lobectomy.

Abstract The classic description of the individual ligation technique for lower lobectomy was published in 1940. Doctor Brian Blades and Dr Edward Kent clearly described the anatomy of the branchus, pulmonary artery, and vein to both the right and left lower lobes based on this dissection of 83 fresh cadaver lungs. They also provided a detailed description of their recommended technique for dissection, transection, and closure of each major structure. This was an important departure from the previously described mass ligation techniques. This cadaver experience was effectively transferred to the operating room. Kent and Blades reported on 18 patients who underwent lower lobectomy without mortality or the dreaded complication of "putrid empyema." They highlighted several basic thoracic surgical principles necessary for successful lower lobectomy that are as valid today as they were then. This landmark report provided the impetus for thoracic surgeons to accept lobectomy as a safe and standard anatomical resection.
The distal end of the ribosomal RNA operon rrnD of Escherichia coli contains a tRNA1thr gene, two 5s rRNA genes and a transcription terminator.

Abstract The distal region of the Escherichia coli ribosomal RNA operon rrnD has been sequenced to identify transfer RNA genes which might be contained within this transcriptional unit, and to define a possible transcription termination site. A nucleotide sequence corresponding to the gene for tRNA1thr is located between two genes for 5S rRNA. The spacer region between the proximal 5S rRNA gene and the tRNA1thr gene is 12 base pairs long, whereas the spacer region between the distal 5S rRNA gene and the tRNA1thr gene is 37 base pairs. Possible sites for RNA processing are discussed, and the sequence of the tRNA1thr gene is found to possess the same anticodon as the tRNA3thr gene. A putative transcription termination site for rrnD was located about 25 base pairs distal to the 3' end of the second 5S rRNA gene. The rrnD and rrnC terminators are compared with each other and with other prokaryotic terminators. Located at exactly the same site on the complementary strand is another putative transcription termination site for a gene being transcribed towards rrnD. The possibility of overlapping terminators is discussed.
Transposition of the great arteries: long-term outcome and current management

There is a large group of young adults who survived atrial baffle repair of transposition of the great arteries. Most survivors are asymptomatic, although nearly all have decreased exercise capacity. Loss of sinus rhythm and atrial arrhythmias are common and increase with age. There is concern about the ability of the right ventricle to function long term as a systemic pump, and recent publications have highlighted right ventricular dysfunction in this patient population. Sudden death and congestive heart failure are the main causes of death, and outcomes beyond 30 years are unknown. Pulmonary artery banding, late arterial switch, and cardiac transplantation are employed when intractable arrhythmias or right ventricular failure threaten survival or quality of life.