cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new strategy for uncontrollable bleeding after treatment with rivaroxaban or apixaban: Q&A.

Anticoagulants are used in several settings to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events, but they can be associated with severe complications, such as potentially fatal bleeding. Two of the most widely used direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), rivaroxaban and apixaban, are factor Xa inhibitors. If a patient receiving treatment with a factor Xa inhibitor presents with a major bleeding event, the physician must determine whether reversal of anticoagulation is needed. Rivaroxaban and apixaban have relatively short half-lives. In some cases, it may be sufficient to provide supportive care while the agent is metabolized. The administration of a specific agent to reverse factor Xa inhibition may be clinically indicated in certain settings, such as when rivaroxaban and apixaban were given less than 12 hours earlier (assuming normal renal function), when the timing of the previous dose is unknown, or in the event of a catastrophic bleed. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently granted accelerated approval to andexanet alfa, a recombinant protein analogue of factor Xa, for patients treated with rivaroxaban or apixaban who require reversal of anticoagulation owing to life-threatening or uncontrolled bleeding. Off-label treatments used in this setting include prothrombin complex concentrates.
Nonfreezing Cold Injury (Trench Foot).

Nonfreezing cold injury (NFCI) is a modern term for trench foot or immersion foot. Moisture is required to produce a NFCI. NFCI seldom, if ever, results in loss of tissue unless there is also pressure necrosis or infection. Much of the published material regarding management of NFCIs has been erroneously borrowed from the literature on warm water immersion injuries. NFCI is a clinical diagnosis. Most patients with NFCI have a history of losing feeling for at least 30 min and having pain or abnormal sensation on rewarming. Limbs with NFCI usually pass through four ‘stages.’ cold exposure, post-exposure (prehyperaemic), hyperaemic, and posthyperaemic. Limbs with NFCI should be cooled gradually and kept cool. Amitriptyline is likely the most effective medication for pain relief. If prolonged exposure to wet, cold conditions cannot be avoided, the most effective measures to prevent NFCI are to stay active, wear adequate clothing, stay well-nourished, and change into dry socks at least daily.
The VEGF quadruplex-forming sequence inhibits lung cancer cell growth

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a commonly overexpressed oncogene in a variety of malignancies including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is a key regulator of angiogenesis promoting tumor survival, growth, and metastasis. The promoters of several cancer-related genes, including VEGF, contain disproportionate sequences within nuclease hypersensitivity regions capable of forming quadruplex (fourstranded) DNA. The specific quadruplex forming sequence of interest is the 20 base pair polyG/polyC tract that codes for the VEGF promoter (VEGFq), which is located in the proximal promoter region upstream of the transcription initiation site. This oligonucleotide has been shown to have significant growth hindering effects when introduced in the NSCLC cell line, A549. To determine the biological role of VEGFq on non-small cell lung cancer in vitro, cells were treated with either VEGFq or the corresponding mutant sequence (MutVEGF), which lacks the runs of guanines necessary for quadruplex formation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed that VEGFq formed a parallel quadruplex, while the MutVEGF sequence did not form a quadruplex structure. It is hypothesized that the considerable growth inhibition is caused by hindering the VEGF signaling pathway. The VEGF signaling cascade, which is normally triggered by VEGF binding to FLK1 (VEGF Receptor 2), is unable to function adequately due to decreased VEGF protein levels. This causes a disruption in the phosphorylation of target proteins including ERK1/2 and AKT/PKB, which in turn decreases overall cell proliferation. This observed decline in overall cell proliferation corresponded to decreased levels of VEGF protein expression, indicating that there is a direct correlation between the treatment and the changes in proliferation. A single treatment of A549 NSCLC cells with VEGFq caused a significant dose and time-dependent decrease in cell viability after 3 and 6 days as determined by MTT assay. Parallel treatment of nontransformed human fibroblast cells with VEGFq showed no changes in growth, demonstrating the cancer specificity of VEGFq. Cell cycle analysis showed no changes in cell phases at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, indicating that VEGFq's effects due to a mechanism other than cell cycle arrest. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry after 72 hours showed significant uptake and nuclear localization of VEGFq, but not MutVEGF. Boyden chamber invasion/migration measurement shows that the VEGFq treated cells have decreased cell movement, indicative of possible antiangiogenic effects as well. To determine the biological role of VEGFq on non-small cell lung cancer in vivo, A549 cells were injected into nude mice and grown for 10 days prior to daily IP injections of 10 mg/kg VEGFq or the control vehicle for 14 days. Tumor progression was physically measured using calipers three times a week. Fluorescent imaging was used to detect the presence, stability, and distribution of Alexa Fluor 750-labeled VEGFq after injection into the mouse to ensure localization in the targeted…
Multitrait-multimethod Analysis

Publisher Summary The multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis procedure is a powerful measurement design in construct validation research. It offers an uncompromising perspective on the meaning of theoretical variables that require indirect measurement. The MTMM is a fully crossed measurement model whereby multiple procedures are used to measure multiple theoretical constructs in a large number of persons. The objectives of MTMM analysis are to determine whether the measurements of each trait derived by multiple methods are concordant, to show that measurements of different traits obtained using the same method are discordant, and to estimate the influence of different methods on the measurement of traits. Traits are universal, and their existence should not depend on the choice of a method to measure them. Therefore, convergent validity requires empirical evidence that different methods can be used to measure a trait. Furthermore, all MTMM analysis procedures provide evidence pertaining to three types of construct validity: convergent validity, discriminant validity, and method effect. However, there are no universally accepted formal tests for construct validity. The analytic definitions of different validity types vary across different MTMM analytic procedures. Therefore, construct validity evidence should be interpreted under the framework of a particular MTMM procedure used in the analysis.
Transumbilical Single-Site Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Inversion and Ligation in Girls.

Abstract Objectives: The combination of transumbilical single-site laparoscopic inguinal hernia inversion and ligation is a new approach for girls. We have done 13 cases in our hospital since May 2013. Materials and Methods: Thirteen girls with inguinal hernia, from 6 months to 10 years of age, were treated with transumbilical single-site laparoscopy. Results: None of the patients underwent conversion from single-site laparoscopy to the open approach or conventional laparoscopic surgery. The average operation time was 35.15±6.68 minutes. Four cases were found to have a contralateral inguinal hernia. The patients were discharged the day after operation. Follow-up of 7 months to a year with all cases showed no recurrence and no incision complication. Conclusions: The combination of transumbilical single-site laparoscopic inguinal hernia inversion and ligation is a reliable, safe, and cosmetic herniorrhaphy for girls with inguinal hernia.
On Closed Systems and the Language of Economic Discourse

This article addresses a few of the major points identified by Tony Lawson in his book Reality and Economics(Routledge 1997). Traditional economic models are profoundly closed, emanating from reasoning processes that are both deductivist and positivist by nature. Here, individuals are prescribed to behave according to mechanical, socially abstracted fashions that, in fact, belie any semblance of real human choice. Moreover, as Lawson observes, relationality in these models is strictly external, in that the natures of individuals are not affected by their participation in market activity. Under these conditions, models can be easily constructed by which markets yield unique equilibrium outcomes, whereby the constancy of the conjunctions of events yield law-like economic assertions. Instead, Lawson embraces a critical realist perspective that posits human behavior to be both structured and internallyrelational, i.e., where interactions with others can affect the very natures of those individuals. As such, h...
Mining the Plasmodium genome database to define organellar function: what does the apicoplast do?

Apicomplexan species constitute a diverse group of parasitic protozoa, which are responsible for a wide range of diseases in many organisms. Despite differences in the diseases they cause, these parasites share an underlying biology, from the genetic controls used to differentiate through the complex parasite life cycle, to the basic biochemical pathways employed for intracellular survival, to the distinctive cell biology necessary for host cell attachment and invasion. Different parasites lend themselves to the study of different aspects of parasite biology: Eimeria for biochemical studies, Toxoplasma for molecular genetic and cell biological investigation, etc. The Plasmodium falciparum Genome Project contributes the first large-scale genomic sequence for an apicomplexan parasite. The Plasmodium Genome Database (http://PlasmoDB.org) has been designed to permit individual investigators to ask their own questions, even prior to formal release of the reference P. falciparum genome sequence. As a case in point, PlasmoDB has been exploited to identify metabolic pathways associated with the apicomplexan plastid, or 'apicoplast' - an essential organelle derived by secondary endosymbiosis of an alga, and retention of the algal plastid.
Modernity Enchanted and Contested

two explanations, but given the few pages dedicated to the possibility that it was a real leopard that did it, his implicit choice is clear. That this issue is not discussed explicitly is one of the few weak points of the book. What do we know about real leopards—the author calls them “bush” or “wild” leopards for unexplained reasons—in Nigeria during this period? Is it likely that one man-eater killed about 200 people in a few years’ time? Individual leopards did kill large numbers of people in India around 1900, but there is no reliable evidence that leopards ever killed people in Java, something that was probably related to differences in size. Elsewhere (p. 315) it is mentioned that only children were killed in a number of leopard attacks in the same region in the late 1940s. If that can be generalized, obviously real leopards cannot have been responsible for the deaths of all the adults among the 200 victims. As government was paying out rewards for leopards killed, there are probably statistics somewhere showing how many leopards were killed annually and how many humans were killed by leopards. Another weak point of the book is that the author is not always able to prove that all the political, economic, and social changes that he deals with at length really played a role in the killings, assuming for the moment that almost all murders had been committed by men thinly disguised as leopards. For instance, much is made of the manilla-shilling rate of exchange, but the author does have to admit that he does not know how exactly these pressures affected the man-leopard murders (p. 260). Something similar applies to the changing rules regarding bride-price refunds; the author states that the courts favored wife-takers over wife-givers, but he gives various examples of the opposite (pp. 246–251). However, these are really minor points given how much this well-researched and well-written book, a felicitous combination of historical and anthropological research, has to offer.
SLAC synchronous condenser

A synchronous condenser is a synchronous machine that generates reactive power that leads real power by 90 degrees in phase. The leading reactive power generated by the condenser offsets or cancels the normal lagging reactive power consumed by inductive and nonlinear loads at the accelerator complex. The quality of SLAC's utility power is improved with the addition of the condenser. The inertia of the condenser's 35,000 pound rotor damps and smoothes voltage excursions on two 12 kilovolt master substation buses, improving voltage regulation site wide. The condenser absorbs high frequency transients and noise in effect "scrubbing" the electric system power at its primary distribution source. In addition, the condenser produces a substantial savings in power costs. Federal and investor owned utilities that supply electric power to SLAC levy a monthly penalty for lagging reactive power delivered to the site. For the 1993 fiscal year this totaled over $285,000 in added costs for the year. By generating leading reactive power on site, thereby reducing total lagging reactive power requirements, a substantial savings in electric utility bills is achieved. Actual savings of $150,000 or more a year are possible depending on experimental operations.
Applying a Multi- Analytical Approach to the Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Influence in Nubian Communities: The Socio- Cultural Implications of Chemical Variation in Ceramic Styles

This article reviews published archaeological research that explores the potential of combined chemical and petrographic analyses to distinguish manufacturing methods of ceramics made From Nile river silt. The methodology was initially applied to distinguish the production methods of Egyptian and Nubian- style vessels found in New Kingdom and Napatan Period Egyptian colonial centers in Upper Nubia. Conducted in the context of ongoing excavations and surveys at the third cataract, ceramic characterization can be used to explore the dynamic role pottery production may have played in Egyptian efforts to integrate with or alter native Nubian culture. Results reveal that, despite overall similar geochemistry, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and petrography can distinguish Egyptian and Nubian- style ceramic traditions based on the relative degree of compositional homogeneity and subtle differences in paste recipes. This in turn indicates that cultural differences in craft production were sustained over time within the ethnically mixed communities of Upper Nubia. Based on these positive results, the methodology shows potential for addressing additional research questions in the Nile Valley, and a current research plan by the authors applies these same techniques to an evaluation of the role of ceramic craft centralization in the rise of the native Nubian Kerma state. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v01i3_carrano
Sub-0.25 /spl mu/m single N/sup +/-polycide gate CMOS technology for 2.5 V applications

Sub-0.25 /spl mu/m gate length CMOS devices with N/sup +/ gate show excellent subthreshold characteristics and good suppression of short-channel effects such as punchthrough, V/sub T/ roll-off, DIBL and high-field effects. The CMOS devices are optimized by a trade-off between device driving capability and reliability. It should be pointed out that this 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology using relatively thicker gate oxide (80 /spl Aring/) can be used in 3.3 V applications by further optimizing the device design and processes.
Outcomes of Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Previous Solid Organ Transplantation (Kidney, Liver, and Pancreas).

A growing number of solid organ transplant survivors require surgery for cardiac disease. We examined the effect of having a previous transplant on outcomes after cardiac surgery in these patients from a population-based perspective. Of 1,709,735 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, valve, or thoracic aorta surgery from 2004 to 2008 in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, 3,535 patients (0.21%) had a previous organ transplant (2,712 kidney, 738 liver, 300 pancreas). Multivariate logistic regression analysis and propensity score matching were used to determine the effect of a previous solid organ transplant on outcomes. In-hospital mortality rate was 7% for patients who underwent transplantation versus 4% for patients who did not undergo transplantation (odds ratio [OR] 1.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16 to 2.38). Patients who underwent transplantation were at an increased risk for acute renal failure (OR 1.62, CI 1.36 to 1.94) and blood transfusions (OR 1.63, CI 1.36 to 1.95). Median length of stay was longer (10 vs 9 days), with greater median total charges ($111,362 vs $102,221; both p
Esophagotomy during laparoscopic Heller myotomy cannot be predicted by preoperative therapies and does not influence long-term outcome.

The conventional wisdom is that inadvertent esophagotomy complicates laparoscopic Heller myotomy. This study was undertaken to determine if esophagotomy at myotomy can be predicted by preoperative therapy, and if esophagotomy and/or its repair jeopardizes outcomes. Of 222 laparoscopic Heller myotomies undertaken since 1992, inadvertent esophagotomy occurred in 16 patients (7%); 60 patients who underwent myotomy without esophagotomy were utilized for comparison. Dysphagia and reflux before/ after myotomy were scored by patients on a Likert scale (0-5). The median (mean _ SD) follow-up after myotomy with esophagotomy was 38.8 months (31.6 ± 21.9 months) versus 46.3 months (51.0 ± 21.2 months) after myotomy alone. All esophagotomies were immediately recognized and repaired. Patients who experienced esophagotomy were similar to those who did not in application of Botox (56% vs. 77%) or dilation (44% vs. 65%), years of dysphagia (7.3 ± 5.4 vs. 7.4 ± 6.0), and mean preoperative dysphagia score (4.9 ± 0.4 vs. 4.8 ± 0.4). Esophagotomy led to longer hospitalizations (5.2 days ± 2.5 days vs. 1.5 days ± 0.7 days, P < 0.05) but not different postoperative dysphagia scores (1.5 ± 1.7 vs. 2.1 ± 1.4), reflux scores (1.4 ± 1.7 vs. 2.3 ± 1.3), or good or excellent outcomes (86% vs 84%). Esophagotomy during laparoscopic Heller myotomy is infrequent and cannot be predicted by preoperative therapy or duration or severity of dysphagia. Furthermore, complications after esophagotomy are infrequent and outcomes are indistinguishable from those of patients undergoing uneventful myotomy.
On Building a Unified System of Accreditation in Teacher Education

As of September 2003, there are officially two recognized accreditors for teacher education programs in the United States, each with a distinctly different approach to accreditation. The Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC), the more recently developed accreditor, has been criticized for promoting “accreditation shopping,” lacking standards, illegitimacy, insensitivity to diversity, and divisiveness. TEAC’s position on each of these issues is explicated along with an analysis of other issues that in contrast to the foregoing, are genuine and truly distinguish the two accreditors. An exploration of the differences and similarities between TEAC and the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education suggests the ingredients of a unified accreditation system.
The Essence of Strategic Leadership: Managing Human and Social Capital

A new type of strategic leadership is required to help firms successfully navigate the dynamic and uncertain environment in which they compete today. The strategic leadership needed in 21st century firms is involved with building company resources and capabilities with an emphasis on intangible human capital and social capital. Human capital is the firm's repository of valuable knowledge and skills; social capital provides access to critical resources. Both are significant contributors to achievement of a competitive advantage. Leaders must effectively manage these important resources for the firm. Management of these resources involves evaluating current resource stocks and making changes such as adding (e.g., developing or acquiring externally) and deleting (e.g., layoffs) human resources and external relationships. To create value, the resources must be configured to develop capabilities that can be leveraged in ways to create competitive advantages. The dimension of strategic leadership we describe he...
Endometrial carcinoma diagnosed by scapular biopsy: A case report

► Endometrial cancer diagnosed by scapular biopsy. ► Advanced cancer may present with metastatic disease to the bone.
Spinal cord potentials produced by ventral cord volleys in the cat.

Abstract Electrical field potentials produced by volleys in the ventral white matter were recorded along the dorsal surface and in the depth of the cat lumbosacral spinal cord. The cord dorsum potential was positive in sign and composed of three phases. Potentials in the depth of the cord were located with reference to the histology of the cord using a contour mapping technique. A current sink was found in the medial ventral horn at the time of phase III. It was attributed to the excitation of neurons in laminae VII and VIII. Sources were found in the dorsal horn. They were probably distributed along the dorsally projecting axons of many ventral horn interneurons.
HDR Brachytherapy for Resected Retroperitoneal Sarcoma in the Primary and Recurrent Setting

Conclusions: Early toxicity outcomes of HDR-EBT for non-melanomatous skin cancers are encouraging with <10% acute grade 4 toxicities. However, lower extremity lesions should be treated with caution as suboptimal vascular perfusion at these sites may impede desquamated skin from healing, resulting in greater risk for ulceration. Author Disclosure: M.K. Cheung: None. Y. Kim: None. S.E. Sckolnik: None. J.L. Grow: None. B.G. Slane: None. J.D. Gordon: None. B. Stea: None.
SPINOZA AND THE BIOPOLITICAL ROOTS OF MODERNITY

AbstractMuch has been written about biopolitical sovereignty in the wake of Agamben's work, which relies, at least in the first volume of Homo Sacer, on Carl Schmitt's transcendental account of sovereignty. This article argues, however, that Foucault and Arendt rightly identify what Derrida once called the “changing shape and place of sovereignty” in modernity, which for them is horizontal and disseminated within a presupposed nation. For this reason, we will look to the source of modern philosophical immanentism, Spinoza, to show that he is not extrinsic to this modern biopolitics, and demonstrates how the sovereign exception and its nationalized version work hand-in-glove in the era of which he was a part – and thus is part of all thinking that would take this to form a new communitas. In this way, we argue that it is Spinoza's political theology, not Schmitt's, that is the better pass-key to what Foucault and Arendt identify as biopolitical. By doing so, we put in tension two trends in recent Continent...
Promoting Healthy Organizational Partnerships and Collaboration Between Consumer-run and Community Mental Health Agencies

Community mental health agencies (CMHAs) and consumer-run agencies (CRAs) both provide critically important services to persons with severe psychiatric disabilities. Emerging research has begun to support the effectiveness of the CRA approach, a newer service delivery mechanism. However, collaboration between the two service systems, when it occurs, is often problematic. This article briefly identifies the core features of CRAs, discusses their potential for collaboration with CMHAs, and suggests ways to promote healthy organizational partnerships between the two based upon the model proposed by Gidron and Hasenfeld [(1994) Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 5(2), 159–172]. Salient collaboration theories are reviewed and barriers to collaboration are discussed. Finally, implications for mental health practice and future research directions are identified.
Deep venous thrombosis with pulmonary embolus after selective embolization of an internal iliac artery aneurysm

A 69-year-old man with an isolated right internal iliac artery aneurysm measuring 5.6 cm in diameter was treated with percutaneous embolization inducing thrombosis of the aneurysm. Four months later, he was seen with thrombosis of the right common iliac vein and pulmonary embolus. He subsequently underwent ligation of the aneurysm and repair of the right common iliac artery. Computed tomographic and operative findings suggested that the iliac vein thrombosis was the result of direct compression by the aneurysm itself, as well as perianeurysmal inflammation that encased the right common iliac vein. This report summarizes this case and presents a new potential long-term complication after successful selective embolization of an internal iliac artery aneurysm.
Enhanced GUS gene expression in cereal/grass cell suspensions and immature embryos using the maize uhiquitin-based plasmid pAHC25.

Transient GUS (β-glucuronidase) expression was visualized in cell suspensions of Triticum aestivum, Zea mays, Pennisetum glaucum, Saccharum officinarum, Pennisetum purpureum and Panicum maximum after microprojectile bombardment with pBARGUS and pAHC25 plasmid DNAs. pBARGUS contains the GUS (UidA) gene coding region driven by the Adh1 promoter and the Adh1 intron 1, as well as the BAR gene coding region driven by the CaMV 35S promoter and the Adh1 intron 1. pAHC25 contains the GUS and BAR gene coding regions driven by the maize ubiquitin promoter, first exon and first intron (Ubi1). The effectiveness of the constructs was first compared in cell suspension cultures by counting blue expression units (b.e.u.). The expression of construct pAHC25 ranged from 3 to 50 fold greater than pBARGUS in different species. In addition, the two plasmids were quantitatively compared in Triticum aestivum and Zea mays by using the more sensitive GUS fluorometric assay to determine the amount of methylumbellyferride (MU) produced. There was more than a 30 fold increase in MU production with pAHC25 than with pBARGUS in the wheat suspension, while the maize suspension showed only a 2.5 fold increase with the pAHC25 construct. Transient GUS expression was also visualized in immature embryos of Pennisetum glaucum following bombardment with pBARGUS and pAHC25 DNA. Expression of plasmid pAHC25 was twice as high as pBARGUS. A comparison of two DNA/gold preparation methods, as well as repeated sonications of the DNA/gold mixture, had no effect on the number of b.e.u.
On a conjecture of Meyniel

Abstract A graph G is said to be very strongly perfect if for each induced subgraph H of G , each vertex of H belongs to a stable set that meets all maximal cliques of H . Meyniel proved that a graph is perfect if each of its odd cycles with at least five vertices contains at least two chords. Nowadays, such a graph is called a Meyniel graph. We prove that, as conjectured by Meyniel, a graph is very strongly perfect if and only if it is a Meyniel graph. We also design a polynomial-time algorithm which, given a Meyniel graph G and a vertex x of G , finds a stable set that contains x and meets all maximal cliques of G . We shall convert this algorithm into another polynomial-time algorithm which, given a Meyniel graph G , finds an optimal coloring of G , and a largest clique of G . Finally, we shall establish another property, related to perfection, of Meyniel graphs.
Multiple Dimensions of Racial Group Identification Among Adult Black Americans

Although increasing attention has been brought to examining group identity among Black adults, we know little about reference groups within the overall racial group category. Using National Study of Black America data for 2,107 respondents, the present study highlighted various components of group identification among adult Black Americans. Structural equation modeling revealed three dimensions to identity (masses, elites, and rebels) variously associated with a set of sociodemographic and residential variables. Respondents who were older, married, less educated, and living in the South and in rural areas were most likely to identify with the masses. Olde, rural, less educated, and married people also felt close to elites, as did those with low incomes. Finally, the young, males, those with low incomes, and not from the South felt close to rebels. The results support describing at least three reference groups within what is typically called Black group identity.
A Numerical Study of the Air Flow Over Mountains Using the Two-Dimensional Version of the University of Virginia Mesoscale Model

Abstract The two-dimensional version of the University of Virginia mesoscale model has been adopted to study the air flow over a mountain using a terrain-following coordinate system. Some improvements in the boundary layer parameterization have been incorporated into the model according to a technique suggested by Dear-dorff. Two sets of experiments are studied. In the first one, the model is integrated to a steady-state solution under different initial velocity fields. In the second experiment, a diurnal temperature wave is imposed on the surface so that a pressure gradient is developed between the sloping terrain and the surrounding atmosphere. Results are compared against other mountain numerical models and against existing observations.
Volatile pheromone signalling in Drosophila.

Once captured by the antenna, the male-specific pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA) binds to an extracellular binding protein called LUSH that undergoes a conformational shift upon cVA binding. The stable LUSH–cVA complex is the activating ligand for pheromone receptors present on the dendrites of the aT1 neurones, comprising the only class of neurones that detect volatile cVA pheromone. This mechanism can explain the single molecule sensitivity of pheromone detection. The receptor that recognizes activated LUSH consists of a complex of several proteins, including Or67d, a member of the tuning odourant receptor family, Orco, a co-receptor ion channel, and SNMP, a CD36 homologue that may be an inhibitory subunit. In addition, genetic screens and reconstitution experiments reveal additional factors that are important for pheromone detection. Identification and functional dissection of these factors in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen should permit the identification of homologous factors in pathogenic insects and agricultural pests, which, in turn, may be viable candidates for novel classes of compounds to control populations of target insect species without impacting beneficial species.
Crystallization of the tetramer of histones H3 and H4

Crystals of the histone tetramer (H3-H4)2 from calf thymus have been grown. The crystals yield x-ray diffraction patterns with Bragg spacings as small as 3.5 angstroms. Crystals grown from two types of preparations have the symmetry of the space group P61 (or P65). The best crystals were grown from histones that had the amino terminal arms removed by mild trypsinization.
Brief paper: On influences of global and local cues on the rate of synchronization of oscillator networks

Synchronization of connected oscillator networks under global and local cues is ubiquitous in both science and engineering. Over the last few decades, enormous attention has been paid to study synchronization conditions of connected oscillators in chemistry, physics, mechanics, and particularly in biology. However, the influences of global and local cues on the rate of synchronization have not been fully studied. It is widespread that synchronization is achieved in the simultaneous presence of both global and local cues, such as intercellular coupling signals and external entrainment signals in terms of biological oscillators, and inter-neighbor coupling signals between follower nodes and central guiding signals in terms of groups of mobile autonomous agents. We prove in this paper that the strength of the global cue is the only determinant of the rate of synchronization. More specifically, we prove that a stronger global cue means a faster rate of synchronization whereas a stronger local cue does not necessarily make the synchronization rate faster. Our results not only apply to the noise-free case, but also apply to the case that the oscillator natural frequencies are subject to white noise. The analysis does not require the interplay to be symmetric or balanced. Simulation results are given to illustrate the proposed results.
2D variably saturated flows: Physical scaling and bayesian estimation

A novel dimensionless formulation for water flow in two-dimensional variably saturated media is presented. It shows that scaling physical systems requires conservation of the ratio between capillary forces and gravity forces. A direct result of this finding is that for two physical systems to be hydraulically similar, the soil in the smaller system has to be coarser than the soil in the larger system. The new formulation is implemented in a finite-element model that compared favorably with published numerical results with a minimal mass balance error. Bayesian estimation using prior physical information was used to fit the model to experimental data that simulated tidal action in a laboratory beach. Results show that the model is not sensitive to the residual soil moisture or the parameter n in the van Genuchten model, but is sensitive to variation in the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the parameter α in the van Genuchten model. Nomographs based on the dimensionless formulation were used to scale th...
Refractory neonatal candidemia and high-dose micafungin pharmacotherapy.

Preterm neonates with candidemia frequently have persistently positive blood cultures, despite the use of conventional antifungal therapy. Our institutional treatment protocol for invasive candidiasis incorporates lipid complex amphotericin B as initial therapy with the sequential addition of fluconazole and high-dose micafungin (10 mg kg−1) every 48 to 72 h, if cultures from a sterile site remain positive. Our study objectives were to compare the clinical profiles and outcomes of preterm neonates with candidemia that responded to or were refractory to conventional antifungals. We further evaluate the clinical efficacy of high-dose micafungin pharmacotherapy of refractory candidemia. A chart review was performed on preterm infants (n=29) with invasive candidiasis and demographic, microbiologic and outcome data abstracted. Proportions and continuous variables were compared between the groups using Fisher's exact two-tailed test and t-test. The refractory (n=19) candidemia and early responder (n=10) groups had comparable mean (±s.d.) gestation, 27(±3.1) vs 27.8 (±2.7) weeks. The refractory group was administered antibiotics for a longer duration, 14.5 (±10.3) vs 7.1 (±5) days, had a preponderance of non-albicans infections, 11 (57.9%) vs 1 (10%) and were on enteral feeds > 20 ml kg−1 day−1 significantly less often (21 vs 70%). Mortality was significantly higher (53 vs 20%) and fungal clearance rates lower (63.1 vs 90%), with a longer duration to clearance in the group with refractory candidemia. Mean aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed a statistically significant increase following micafungin treatment, although clinical significance remains unclear. Candidemia refractory to conventional antifungals is associated with prolonged antibiotic use, lack of enteral nutritive feeds and non-albicans infection. Despite high-dose micafungin pharmacotherapy in combination with conventional antifungals, infants with refractory candidemia had high mortality and poor fungal clearance.
Detergent dispersion of adenylate cyclase from partially purified rat liver plasma membranes

Abstract Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) of partially purified rat liver plasma membranes was dispersed by a number of nonionic detergents. The presence of F− stabilized adenylate cyclase activity during dispersion by detergent. Both dispersed and intact membrane adenylate cyclase preparations were more active in the presence of Mn2+ than Mg2+. The specific activity of the dispersed enzyme was higher than either the basal or F−-stimulated cyclase activity of intact membranes, but the dispersed enzyme did not respond to glucagon or to further addition of F−.
THE POLICY LEGACY OF RONALD REAGAN

Charles O. Jones, ed. 1988. The Reagan Legacy: Promise and Performance B.B. Kymlicka and Jean V. Matthews, eds. 1988. The Reagan Revolution? J.D. Lees and Michael Turner, eds. 1988. Reagan's First Four Years: A New Beginning?
Multivariate Bayesian analysis of atmosphere-ocean general circulation models

Numerical experiments based on atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) are one of the primary tools in deriving projections for future climate change. Although each AOGCM has the same underlying partial differential equations modeling large scale effects, they have different small scale parameterizations and different discretizations to solve the equations, resulting in different climate projections. This motivates climate projections synthesized from results of several AOGCMs’ output. We combine present day observations, present day and future climate projections in a single highdimensional hierarchical Bayes model. The challenging aspect is the modeling of the spatial processes on the sphere, the number of parameters and the amount of data involved. We pursue a Bayesian hierarchical model that separates the spatial response into a large scale climate change signal and an isotropic process representing small scale variability among AOGCMs. Samples from the posterior distributions are obtained with computer-intensive MCMC simulations. The novelty of our approach is that we use gridded, high resolution data covering the entire sphere within a spatial hierarchical framework. The primary data source is provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) and consists of 9 AOGCMs on a 2.8 by 2.8 degree grid under several different emission scenarios. In this article we consider mean seasonal surface temperature and precipitation as climate variables. Extensions to our model are also discussed.
Examining the robustness of automated aural classification of active sonar echoes

Active sonar systems are used to detect underwater man-made objects of interest (targets) that are too quiet to be reliably detected with passive sonar. Performance of active sonar can be degraded by false alarms caused by echoes returned from geological seabed structures (clutter) in shallow regions. To reduce false alarms, a method of distinguishing target echoes from clutter echoes is required. Research has demonstrated that perceptual-based signal features similar to those employed in the human auditory system can be used to automatically discriminate between target and clutter echoes, thereby reducing the number of false alarms and improving sonar performance. An active sonar experiment on the Malta Plateau in the Mediterranean Sea was conducted during the Clutter07 sea trial and repeated during the Clutter09 sea trial. The dataset consists of more than 95 000 pulse-compressed echoes returned from two targets and many geological clutter objects. These echoes were processed using an automatic classifier that quantifies the timbre of each echo using a number of perceptual signal features. Using echoes from 2007, the aural classifier was trained to establish a boundary between targets and clutter in the feature space. Temporal robustness was then investigated by testing the classifier on echoes from the 2009 experiment.
Internal Wave Observations in the South China Sea: The Role of Rotation and Non-Linearity

Abstract Observations of internal waves travelling across the deep basin of the South China Sea provide an opportunity for exploring the effects of rotation and non‐linearity on their evolution. Time series measurements using inverted echo‐sounders at three locations illustrate the progressive steepening of the internal tide generated in Luzon Strait and the subsequent development of short non‐linear internal wave trains. Potential mechanisms for internal tide generation are discussed in terms of tidal beam interaction with near‐surface stratification and mode 1 response to flow over a ridge. For transformation of an internal tide under the influence of non‐linearity and rotation, we apply Boyd's (2005) criterion for wave stability in a rotating flow to separate waves dominated by non‐linearity, which can be expected to steepen and break, from waves that are inhibited from breaking due to rotational dispersion of energy into internal inertial gravity waves. Wave breaking in this context refers to the poin...
FRANCHISEE PERFORMANCE: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RELATIVELY JOB-SATISFIED AND JOB-DISSATISFIED FRANCHISEES

ABSTRACT The resilience of a franchise system relies on superior performance from all franchisees. This study investigated franchisee performance and the differences in performance between relatively job-satisfied and job-dissatisfied franchisees. Using a survey instrument, data was collected from 307 U.S. franchisees operating in four different industries. Results revealed that the majority of franchisees appears to be highly job-involved but is experiencing few financial rewards as a result of its efforts. Most noteworthy, multiple discriminant analysis revealed significantly higher performance levels in franchisee sclassified as relatively higher in job satisfaction compared to their less satisfied counterparts. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Isolation and Identification of a Receptor Potential from the Pure Cone Fovea of the Monkey Retina

Isolation and Identification of a Receptor Potential from the Pure Cone Fovea of the Monkey Retina
Rise of oxyntomodulin in response to oral glucose after gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Context: The mechanisms by which Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (GBP) results in sustained weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes are not fully understood. Objective: We hypothesized that the anorexic hormone oxyntomodulin (OXM) might contribute to the marked weight reduction and the rapid improvement in glucose metabolism observed in morbidly obese diabetic patients after GBP. Methods: Twenty obese women with type 2 diabetes were studied before and 1 month after GBP (n = 10) or after a diet-induced equivalent weight loss (n = 10). Patients from both groups were matched for age, body weight, body mass index, and diabetes duration and control. OXM concentrations were measured during a 50-g oral glucose challenge before and after weight loss. Results: At baseline, OXM levels (fasting and stimulated values) were indistinguishable between the GBP and the diet group. However, OXM levels rose remarkably in response to an oral glucose load more than 2-fold (peak, 5.25 ± 1.31 to13.8 ± 16.2 pmol/liter; P = 0.025) after GBP but not after diet. The peak of OXM after glucose was significantly correlated with glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY3-36. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the observed changes in OXM primarily occur in response to GBP and not as a consequence of weight loss. These changes were observed early after surgery and occurred in parallel with previously reported increases in incretins and peptide YY. We speculate that the combination of gut hormone changes is essential for the improved glucose homeostasis and may partially explain the success of this surgery on diabetes resolution and weight loss.
Small-Mammal Occupancy in Freshwater Marshes of Mandalay National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana

Small mammals are key consumers in the marsh food web and could serve as indicators of a marsh's potential to support higher-level predators. We studied how small- mammal occupancy varied among plant communities in coastal Louisiana freshwater marshes. We sampled small mammals at 36 sites on 4 different occasions during the late spring in freshwater marshes of the Mandalay National Wildlife Refuge, LA. Mammalian diversity was low; we captured only Oryzomys palustris (Marsh Rice Rats). Occupancy modeling revealed a positive association between Marsh Rice Rat site occupancy and Sagit- taria lancifolia (Bulltongue Arrowhead) biomass. Our data suggest that subtle changes in plant-species composition within a marsh may affect the distribution of the most common small mammal in the ecosystem.
A transformation for heteroscedastic error components regression models

Abstract An observation-by-observation data transformation is derived for heteroscedastic error components regression models. The transformation permits generalized least squares (GLS) or feasible GLS estimates to be obtained from an ordinary least squares program.
Vitamin C, Gastritis, and Gastric Disease: A Historical Review and Update

The discovery of Helicobacter pylori as the cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers ushered in the modern era of research into gastritis and into acid-peptic diseases and rekindled interest in the role of ascorbic acid in the pathophysiology and treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Here, we review historic and modern studies on ascorbic acid and gastric diseases with an emphasis on H. pylori gastritis and its sequelae. The relationship of ascorbic acid and gastritis and peptic ulcer and its complications was extensively studied during the 1930s through the 1950s. Much of this extensive literature has been effectively “lost.” Ascorbic acid deficiency was associated with all forms of gastritis (e.g., autoimmune, chemical, and infectious) due in varying degrees to insufficient intake, increased metabolic requirements, and destruction within the GI tract. Importantly, gastritis-associated abnormalities in gastric ascorbic acid metabolism are reversed by H. pylori-eradication and potentially worsened by proton pump inhibitor therapy. Diets rich in naturally occurring ascorbic acid are associated with protection of the gastric corpus from atrophy and a reduction in the incidence of gastric cancer possibly through the ability of ascorbic acid to reduce oxidative damage to the gastric mucosa by scavenging carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds and free radicals and attenuating the H. pylori-induced inflammatory cascade. Ascorbic acid supplementation was possibly associated with a decreased incidence of bleeding from peptic ulcer disease. Pharmacologic doses of ascorbic acid also may improve the effectiveness of H. pylori-eradication therapy. Occasionally, looking back can help plot the way forward.
An Experimental Quadraphonic FM Broadcast System

The two channel FM Stereo Broadcast System1 in use today was extended by General Electric to a 4-channel system; and in October 1971 this proposed General Electric 4-channel FM Stereophonic Broadcast System was successfully field-tested on an experimental basis in the Schenectady, New York area over radio station WGFM2. This system is compatible with present two-channel stereophonic and monophonic broadcast receivers, provides equal noise characteristics at the four audio outputs and allows the use of the Subsidiary Communication Authorization (SCA) channel at a higher 95 KHz subcarrier. The system transmits the full audio frequency range of 50 to 15,000 Hz on each of four audio channels and maintains at least 30 dB audio channel separation between each of them. The measured harmonic distortion and intermodulation distortion falls well within the existing FCC requirements for broadcast equipment.
Transfusion in the Presence of Anti‐Sp1

. Anti-Sp1 was identified in the serum of an elderly woman following hemicolectomy, complicated by peritonitis. She had received 15 transfusions in the previous six weeks, and anti-E and anti-Kell were also present in her serum. The anti-Sp1 had a titer of 32,000 with a marked prozone at 4°C. After several surgical procedures, anemia necessitated transfusion. Two 51Cr red cell survival studies of E negative, Kell negative donors indicated a half-life of 5 and 10 days, which correlated with temporary elevations in hemoglobin following subsequent transfusions given through a warming coil. No unusual clinical symptoms were observed with transfusion of warmed blood.