cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Choosing point-to-point versus hub-and-spoke flights: a genetic algorithmic approach

The overcrowded airline hubs, an increase in time-conscious business travelers, and increase in fuel prices, have once again sparked the debate about the merits of current hub-and-spoke mode of airline routing versus direct point-to-point routing. In addition, there is now a need to consider two types of passengers---time conscious and cost conscious. In this paper, we present a detailed model for the passengers and the airlines. We propose a two-step heuristic approach to evaluate the viability of the choices, primarily keeping the passengers' interest in mind. In the first step, a genetic algorithm is employed to determine the hubs. The second step employs a deterministic algorithm to compare the costs under the two routing modes. We conclude that the passenger value of time and ticket cost, the waiting times at the intermediate hubs, and a discount cost factor for hub-to-hub and non-hub to hub travel are the critical factors for passengers to choose between hub-and-spoke and direct point-to-point flights.
O Espírito do Império: As Grandes Certezas do Estado Novo em Chaimite

Dada a relevância do espirito nos discursos de definicao e legitimacao do Estado Novo, torna-se premente proceder a identificacao do nucleo semântico deste termo e a delimitacao dos seus contornos socio-politicos. O que entende Salazar por “espirito”?
Combinatorial Problems in Communication Networks

This paper presents some problems in communication networks which can be addressed by combinatorial methods. Of particular interest are discrimination problems in radar networks, partitioning of core storage, and data inconsistency.
Nonreciprocal acoustoelectric interaction of surface waves and fluorine plasma-treated AlGan/GaN 2DEG

This paper demonstrates acoustoelectric (AE) effects for surface acoustic waves (SAWs) propagating in an AlGaN/GaN 2DEG, where a fluorine based plasma has been used to tune the carrier concentration. Incorporation of fluorine ions in the AlGaN barrier is shown to reduce sheet carrier density in the 2D layer, which is required to prevent screening of piezoelectric fields. Tuning of the 2DEG channel is also observed with a progressive shift of the threshold voltage for co-fabricated HEMT structures. The monolithic gain devices exhibit nonreciprocal insertion losses under applied DC bias for higher-order Rayleigh modes in GaN on sapphire at 728 MHz and 1.48 GHz. This constitutes a first step in implementing the carrier control required for AE gain in 2D semiconductors with intrinsically high sheet density.
Factors Affecting Efficacy of Prescribed Fire for Western Juniper Control

Abstract Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis Hook.) is a tree species occurring on 3.6 million ha in the northern Great Basin. This native species can be quite invasive, encroaching into sagebrush-grassland vegetation, forming woodlands, and dominating extensive landscapes. Control of encroaching juniper is often necessary and important. Efficacy of prescribed fire for western juniper control depends on many factors for which our understanding is still quite incomplete. This knowledge gap makes fire management planning for western juniper control more difficult and imprecise. Natural resource managers require a fire efficacy model that accurately predicts juniper mortality rates and is based entirely on predictors that are measurable prefire. We evaluated efficacy models using data from a fall prescribed fire conducted during 2002 in southwestern Idaho on mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) rangelands with early to midsuccessional juniper encroachment. A logistic regression model, which included vegetation cover type, tree height, fire type, and bare ground as predictors, accurately predicted (area under the receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve [AUC] = 0.881 ± 0.128 standard deviation [SD]) the mortality rate for a random sample of western juniper trees marked and assessed prefire and 5 yr post fire. Trees occurring in an antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC.) type, which had a heavy fuel load, were 8 times more likely to be killed by fire than trees in a mountain big sagebrush type, where loading was typically lighter. Probability of mortality decreased by 28.8% for each 1-meter increase in tree height. Trees exposed to head fire were 3 times as likely to be killed as those exposed to backing fire. Findings from this case study suggest that with just four factors which are readily quantifiable prefire, managers can accurately predict juniper mortality rate and thus make better informed decisions when planning prescribed fire treatments.
Associations between Pain-Related Anxiety, Gender, and Prescription Opioid Misuse among Tobacco Smokers Living with HIV/AIDS.

Background: People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) who smoke cigarettes are vulnerable to greater pain and aberrant use of prescription pain medications. Prescription opioid misuse is highly prevalent...
Ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography : XVI. Techniques for preparation and analysis of oligonucleotides

Abstract The present paper reports the separation, isolation, and analysis of oligonucleotides on anion-exchange (PEI-cellulose) thin layers. Detailed procedures are presented for separation, preparative isolation, and further chemical and enzymatic characterization of trinucleotides obtained by digestion of RNA with pancreatic ribonuclease.
The American Farmer in the Eighteenth Century: A Social and Cultural History. By Richard Lyman Bushman. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018. Pp. xiii, 376. $40.00.)

Richard Bushman has spent two decades, often working with his wife, Claudia Bushman, researching and writing about colonial farmers. American Farmer addresses the questions which have been central ...
Cyclic AMP and adaptive supersensitivity in guinea pig atria.

Supersensitivity was induced by injection of guinea pigs with reserpine, 0.1mg/kg/day for 7 days. This treatment induced chronotropic supersensitivity of isolated right atria to isoproterenol but not to forskolin. The pretreatment induced supersensitivity to the cyclic AMP-generating effects of isoproterenol or forskolin in left, but not right, atria. These results are dis-cussed in reference to the extensive literature describing supersensitivity in the guinea-pig heart, including the possible role of the adenylyl cyclase system.
Alcohol Modulates the Biogenesis and Composition of Microglia-Derived Exosomes

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have emerged as an important tool for intercellular communication. In the central nervous system, exosomes can mediate glia and neuronal communication. Once released from the donor cell, exosomes can act as discrete vesicles and travel to distant and proximal recipient cells to alter cellular function. Microglia cells secrete exosomes due to stress stimuli of alcohol abuse. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol exposure on the biogenesis and composition of exosomes derived from microglia cell line BV-2. The BV-2 cells were cultured in exosome-free media and were either mock treated (control) or treated with 50 mM or 100 mM of alcohol for 48 and 72 h. Our results demonstrated that alcohol significantly impacted BV-2 cell morphology, viability, and protein content. Most importantly, our studies revealed that exosome biogenesis and composition was affected by alcohol treatment.
The nomenclature of chromatography

Abstract The nomenclature of gas chromatography is reviewed with special emphasis on its evolution and recommendations by early ad-hoc committees which represented the basis of the very detailed nomenclatures developed and published by the British Standards Institute, the American Society for Testing and Materials, and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The terms and symbols included in the existing four standards (BS 3282; ASTM E 355-77; IUPAC GC and general chromatography nomenclatures) are compared and some additional existing rules outlined. Finally, other existing standards related to gas chromatography as a technique are also discussed.
Peripheral visual localization is degraded by globally incongruent auditory-spatial attention cues

Global auditory-spatial orienting cues help the detection of weak visual stimuli, but it is not clear whether crossmodal attention cues also enhance the resolution of visuospatial discrimination. Here, we hypothesized that if anywhere, crossmodal modulations of visual localization should emerge in the periphery where the receptive fields are large. Subjects were presented with trials where a Visual Target, defined by a cluster of low-luminance dots, was shown for 220 ms at 25°–35° eccentricity in either the left or right hemifield. The Visual Target was either Uncued or it was presented 250 ms after a crossmodal Auditory Cue that was simulated either from the same or the opposite hemifield than the Visual Target location. After a whole-screen visual mask displayed for 800 ms, a pair of vertical Reference Bars was presented ipsilateral to the Visual Target. In a two-alternative forced choice task, subjects were asked to determine which of these two bars was closer to the center of the Visual Target. When the Auditory Cue and Visual Target were hemispatially incongruent, the speed and accuracy of visual localization performance was significantly impaired. However, hemispatially congruent Auditory Cues did not improve the localization of Visual Targets when compared to the Uncued condition. Further analyses suggested that the crossmodal Auditory Cues decreased the sensitivity (d′) of the Visual Target localization without affecting post-perceptual decision biases. Our results suggest that in the visual periphery, the detrimental effect of hemispatially incongruent Auditory Cues is far greater than the benefit produced by hemispatially congruent cues. Our working hypothesis for future studies is that auditory-spatial attention cues suppress irrelevant visual locations in a global fashion, without modulating the local visual precision at relevant sites.
Epigenetic silencing of a multifunctional plant stress regulator

The central regulator of the ethylene (ET) signaling pathway, which controls a plethora of developmental programs and responses to environmental cues in plants, is ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 (EIN2). Here we identify a chromatin-dependent regulatory mechanism at EIN2 requiring two genes: ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE6 (EIN6), which is a H3K27me3 demethylase also known as RELATIVE OF EARLY FLOWERING6 (REF6), and EIN6 ENHANCER (EEN), the Arabidopsis homolog of the yeast INO80 chromatin remodeling complex subunit IES6 (INO EIGHTY SUBUNIT). Strikingly, EIN6 (REF6) and the INO80 complex redundantly control the level and the localization of the repressive histone modification H3K27me3 and the histone variant H2A.Z at the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) intron of EIN2. Concomitant loss of EIN6 (REF6) and the INO80 complex shifts the chromatin landscape at EIN2 to a repressive state causing a dramatic reduction of EIN2 expression. These results uncover a unique type of chromatin regulation which safeguards the expression of an essential multifunctional plant stress regulator.
Understanding dynamic data interaction between civil integrated management technologies: a review of use cases and enabling techniques

Civil integrated management (CIM) has emerged as an advanced paradigm to transform transportation project delivery and asset management from a paper-based to a digital data-based approach. CIM is a...
Determining Maximum Hosting Capacity of Electric Distribution Systems to Electric Vehicles

This paper proposes a voltage constrained-based approach to determine the maximum hosting capacity of electric distribution systems (DSs) to electric vehicles (EVs). The continuous growth in penetration level of EVs in DSs increases the challenges to allocate power system resources. Determining the maximum hosting capacity of EVs in DSs without violating voltage constraints has a potential to handle these challenges. In this work, the maximum hosting capacity of DSs to EVs is determined-under both uncontrolled (actual) and controlled charging scenarios-ensuring that voltage requirements are not violated. The maximum hosting capacity of EVs under the uncontrolled charging scenario is estimated based on load profile of EVs and hourly extra available power (HEAP). EV load profiles are constructed using probability distribution functions of daily travel distance, departure time, and arrival time. These distribution functions are constructed using survey data collected from several technical reports. The HEAP is calculated by taking the differences between the maximum hourly loading capacities and hourly loads at each node. For the fully controlled charging scenario, daily extra available energy (DEAE) of DSs and daily required energy to charge EVs are used to estimate the maximum hosting capacity of DSs. The DEAE of a distribution system is estimated using the HEAP. The proposed approach is demonstrated on the IEEE 123 test feeder through several case studies. OpnDSS is used to calculate the HEAP and to check the voltage constraints. Monte Carlo simulations are used to calculate the expected maximum hosting capacity. The results show that the maximum hosting capacities under uncontrolled and controlled charging scenarios are 438 and 1510 cars respectively.
Electrophoresis in dilute polymer solutions

We analyse the electrophoresis of a weakly charged particle with a thin double layer in a dilute polymer solution. The particle velocity in polymer solutions modelled with different constitutive equations is calculated using a regular perturbation in the polymer concentration and the generalized reciprocal theorem. The analysis shows that the polymer is strongly stretched in two regions, the birefringent strand and the high-shear region inside the double layer. The electrophoretic velocity of the particle always decreases with the addition of polymers due to both increased viscosity and fluid elasticity. At a small Weissenberg number (, the strong extensional stress inside the birefringent strand downstream of the particle dominates the velocity reduction. The scaling of the birefringent strand is used to estimate the particle velocity.
An effective spin Hamiltonian approach to heavy electron metamagnetism

We describe a minimal model for metamagnetism, based on a quantum spin Hamiltonian with a single energy scale. Within this model, the metamagnetic critical field is proportional to the temperature ...
Analysis of Gene Expression in Biofilm Bacteria

Microbial processes that are of economic, medical, dental or environmental consequence occur with the organisms immobilized on a surface. Early studies with in vitro grown biofilms demonstrated that the phenotypic properties of adherent organisms differed from their planktonic counterparts.7 These results are now being reinforced by new studies that are using a wide variety of bacterial species and novel methods. It is also becoming apparent that the phenotypic changes seen with adherent organisms, as with suspended populations, are due to sensing by the organisms of environmental stimuli which signal changes in the patterns of expression of particular genes. In some cases, the organisms appear to sense binding to the surface, as in the case of Escherichia coli or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.8,14 More commonly, local environmental conditions arising as a result of mass transport limitations, synergistic and antagonistic activities of biofilm bacteria, intercellular signaling and so forth, may induce bacteria to modulate expression of genes differently than suspended populations growing under very similar conditions.2 Clearly, if a comprehensive view of the characteristics of adherent populations is to be developed, it will be essential to incorporate a thorough understanding of 1) how gene expression differs between suspended and sessile organisms, 2) what, if any, genetic control circuits are peculiar to biofilm growth, and 3) how global and/or biofilm specific genetic circuits crosstalk with one another in adherent bacteria.
Abstract 2049: Cytokines associated with prolonged Cytopenia after axicabtagene ciloleucel in patients with refractory large B-cell lymphoma

Introduction. Prolonged grade 3-4 (G3-4) cytopenias lasting beyond day 30 have been observed with various chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell products, suggesting a class effect. However, the mechanism(s) of prolonged cytopenias remains largely unknown, being unclear whether it is related to the effects of the conditioning regimen or due to CAR T-cell activity. Methods. To investigate whether CAR T-cell activity is associated with prolonged cytopenia, we measured 29 analytes associated with CAR-T cell activity by multiplex assays (V-Plex, Meso Scale Diagnostics) in serial plasma samples at baseline and days 7, 14 and 30 (D30) after standard of care axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) therapy in patients with refractory large B-cell lymphoma treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center between March and August 2018. Patients with G3-4 cytopenia before conditioning, defined according to CTCAE v5, and those who progressed and/or died before D30 were excluded from the analysis. Unpaired t-test was used for area under the curve (AUC) comparison, independent sample t-test for mean peak comparison, and the Benjamini-Hochberg method for adjustment of false discovery rate (FDR). Results. Of 19 patients included in the analysis, 9 (47%) had ongoing G3-4 cytopenia at D30. Baseline clinical characteristics were not significantly different between the 2 groups. Patients with D30 G3-4 cytopenia had a significantly higher AUC for the following cytokine levels: IFN-γ, FLT3-L, G-CSF, GM-CSF, CXCL1, IL-1Rα, IL-3, IL-8, IL-10, M-CSF, CCL2 (p≤0.05); IL-1β, IL-2Rα, IL-6, IL-15, TNF-α (p Conclusions. Development of prolonged cytopenia after axi-cel in patients with large B-cell lymphoma is associated with significant increase in the levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines early after CAR T infusion, suggesting this may be due to CAR T-cell activity rather than to the myelosuppressive effect of conditioning regimen. The majority of these cytokines appear to be derived from myeloid cells and peak at day 7, providing potential targets for prophylactic intervention in these patients. Analysis of CAR-T expansion is ongoing and will be presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Paolo Strati, Nahum Puebla-Osorio, Guangchun Han, Jason Westin, Loretta Nastoupil, Felipe Samaniego, Nathan Fowler, Luis Fayad, Hun Ju Lee, Christopher Flowers, Samer Srour, Grace Watson, Linghua Wang, Michael Green, Sattva Neelapu. Cytokines associated with prolonged Cytopenia after axicabtagene ciloleucel in patients with refractory large B-cell lymphoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 2049.
Reproduction and Control of the Invasive Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer, Euwallacea nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in Three Species of Hardwoods: Effective Sanitation Through Felling and Chipping

The invasive ambrosia beetle polyphagous shot hole borer is one member of the cryptic species, Euwallacea nr. fornicatus (Eichhoff), and poses a great ecological and environmental threat to ornamental and native hardwood trees and agriculturally important tree crops in southern California, United States. We monitored the emergence of polyphagous shot hole borer adults from chipped and unchipped cut logs of infested boxelder, Acer negundo L. (Sapindales: Sapindaceae), California sycamore, Platanus racemosa Nutt. (Proteales: Platanaceae), coast live oak, Quercus agrifolia Nee (Fagales: Fagaceae), and red willow, Salix laevigata Bebb (Malpighiales: Salicaceae), every week for 4 to 5 mo. No polyphagous shot hole borer adults emerged from chipped or unchipped coast live oak logs, suggesting this species is not a preferred reproductive host. However, following chipping, a small number of polyphagous shot hole borer adults emerged from boxelder (up to 7 wk) and from California sycamore and red willow (both up to 9 wk). A significantly greater number of polyphagous shot hole borer adults emerged from unchipped logs of boxelder (up to 14 wk) and California sycamore and red willow (both up to 5 mo). Chipping of boxelder, California sycamore, and red willow by using common commercially available chippers reduced polyphagous shot hole borer emergence by over 97%. Emerged polyphagous shot hole borer adults were strongly female-biased, regardless of host. Chipping treatments were highly effective, but for the complete elimination of polyphagous shot hole borer from woody material, other sanitation measures such as solarization in conjunction with chipping are recommended. Environmental and ecological impact of polyphagous shot hole borer is reviewed and discussed.
Heartbeat optical coherence elastography: using heartbeat to measure corneal biomechanical properties

Corneal biomechanical properties are useful for the diagnosis of ocular diseases and monitoring of therapeutic interventions. Elastography is one method of assessing corneal biomechanical properties but typically relies on an active source of displacement. Here, we present a passive elastography technique known as heartbeat optical coherence elastography (Hb-OCE), where corneal stiffness is quantified by measuring its response to the ocular pulse. The technique was performed before and after crosslinking, which stiffens the cornea. First, Hb-OCE was performed in situ to assess the feasibility of the technique. Next, the technique was performed in vivo, suggesting that Hb-OCE may be feasible for clinical assessment of corneal stiffness without the need for any contact or external excitation.
Building-level adaptation analysis under uncertain sea-level rise

Abstract Recent studies show climate-induced sea-level rise (SLR) will accelerate storm surge impacts in many coastal areas around the world. The decision-making of building-level adaptation strategies is a challenging task due to uncertain climate impacts. This study evaluates building-level adaptation strategies through a dynamic programming-based cost-benefit analysis approach to incorporate the latest information of SLR in adaptation decision-making. The adaptation outcomes are estimated by applying a Monte-Carlo method with stochastic flood damage of buildings under four SLR projections. Based on a case study in Bay County, Florida (USA), results indicate that single-family and multi-family buildings are the most vulnerable buildings in Bay County. Mobile homes have a lower flood risk, while they are more sensitive to SLR. The long-term flood damage shows SLR could exponentially increase the average annual flood damage in the community from $ 17.7 million to $ 204 million. Investing in adaptive measures can substantially mitigate building-level flood risk, where the adapted average annual damage ranges from $ 9.57 million to $ 38.2 million in the county. The proposed adaptation method could facilitate more effective risk communications between the public and private sectors and improvise community adaptation planning under uncertain SLR.
Compositional effects on stacking fault energies in Ni-based alloys using first-principles and atomistic simulations

Abstract Stacking fault energy (SFE) in fcc materials is a fundamental property that is closely related to Shockley partial dislocations and deformation twinning, the latter of which is potentially responsible for some of the exceptional mechanical properties observed in Ni-based high/medium-entropy alloys. In this study, the SFEs and twinning energies over a wide range of compositions are systematically determined in model Ni-based binary alloys using both first-principles density functional theory (DFT) and atomistic simulations with interatomic potentials. Particularly, different compositional dependences of SFEs are observed in the selected binary alloys (Ni-Cu, Ni-Co, and Ni-Fe) from DFT calculations. We find that SFEs of Ni-Co follow a linear-mixing rule while Ni-Cu and Ni-Fe systems exhibit non-linear compositional dependences, especially in the concentrated region towards the center of the phase diagram. Analyses of the magnetic structures help clarify the origins of the non-linear dependences. The fidelity of existing interatomic potentials for these alloys is evaluated against DFT. Using the interatomic potentials with the overall highest fidelity, the SFE calculations are extended to Cantor-related ternary alloys (Ni-Co-Cr and Ni-Co-Fe) and the spatial features of the fault energies in atomistic simulations are also discussed. These results provide the basis for a systematic understanding of the compositional effects on the SFEs and twinning energies, which could be useful for a systematic tuning of mechanical properties in non-equimolar alloys, thus leading to a broad field in alloy design.
Optical Properties of Rare Earth Ion Arrays Embedded into Lithium Niobate Micro-ring Resonators

We investigate the optical properties of an array of thulium ions implanted into a lithium niobate ring resonator. We present the data showing that the ions' emission rate increases at 4K due to both cavity-induced Purcell enhancement and also array-induced cooperative coupling.
Common urban birds continue to perceive predator calls that are overlapped by road noise

Recent studies suggest that songbird communication is negatively affected by anthropogenic noise. However, much of the current literature focuses on inter- and intra-sexual communication. Songbirds also use acoustic cues for many other functional behaviors. One example associated with fitness consequences is the identification of predatory threats through acoustic cues. To test the effect of anthropogenic noise on detection of acoustic cues, we compared the rates of seven anti-predator behavioral responses in urban dwelling songbirds foraging at bird feeders when exposed to playback of calls from predatory Cooper’s hawks under quiet conditions, and when overlapped with road noise. Only a single behavior, freeze response, decreased significantly when calls were overlapped with noise. However, freeze responses occurred in only a small percentage of playback trials, raising some question regarding the biological relevance of this observed difference. Overall, our results suggest that common urban songbirds are relatively successful at perceiving acoustic signals associated with predator presence. Whether this ability is commonplace amongst songbird species is unknown and warrants additional study. However, if this trait is not widespread, it may be an additional characteristic determining which bird species can inhabit noisy areas.
13C and 15N depletion in components of a foodweb from an ephemeral boreal wetland compared to boreal lakes : putative evidence for microbial processes

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were used to posit the relative importance of microbial processes on energy pathways in an ephemeral, humic boreal wetland compared to four clearwater lakes in northwestern Ontario, Canada. In addition to algae and dipteran larvae, odonate larvae were sampled as these latter organisms are known to predate indiscriminately on smaller invertebrates and are thus likely to have average isotope ratios reflective of their habitats. Similarities in δ13C and δ15N values between lake insect larvae and emerged adults suggested that littoral foodwebs in these oligotrophic lakes may rely to a considerable degree upon terrestrial carbon. Wetland insect larvae and algae were depleted in both 13C and 15N compared to biota in lakes. Carbon isotope analysis implied a substantial presence of microbial respiration from decomposition in the humic wetland, whereas nitrogen isotope analysis suggested the prevalence of microbially modified nitrogen dynamics, including the possibilty of N-fixation.
Martingales, Stopping Times, and Filtrations

A stochastic process is a mathematical model for the occurrence, at each moment after the initial time, of a random phenomenon. The randomness is captured by the introduction of a measurable space (Ω, ℱ), called the sample space, on which probability measures can be placed. Thus, a stochastic process is a collection of random variables X = {Xt; 0≤t<∞} on (Ω, ℱ), which take values in a second measurable space (S, S ) called the state space. For our purposes, the state space (SS) will be the d-dimensional Euclidean space equipped with the σ-field of Borel sets, i.e., S= ℝd, S= ℬ (ℝd), where ℬ(U) will always be used to denote the smallest a-field containing all open sets of a topological space U. The index t ∈ [O, ∞) of the random variables X, admits a convenient interpretation as time.
PILOT-SCALE EVALUATION OF ENGINEERED BARIER SYSTEMS FOR THE YUCCA MOUNTAIN PROJECT

This paper describes two quarter-scale experiments (1.4 m diameter) and associated numerical analyses on granular backfill engineered barrier systems in support of the Yucca Mountain Project for the potential repository. The two configurations include a sloped capillary barrier and a plain backfill. The tests involve application of dyed water as a constant line infiltration source along the top of the test set-up, monitoring water movement through the test, and measuring water exiting the experiments. A complete water balance estimate is made for each test, and observed water movement is compared with (1) detailed numerical analyses conducted using the TOUGH2 code for unsaturated flow in porous media and (2) posttest observations. The results of the testing and analyses show that for the injection rates and configuration applied, the capillary barrier design diverts a significant amount of all injected water and the TOUGH2 pretest predictions show qualitative and quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
Studying the mechanisms of language learning by varying the learning environment and the learner

In this review, Susan Goldin-Meadow describes the broad scope of her research career and its relevance to theories of language development. In this commentary, I focus on potential clinical applications of the work, with particular emphasis on the importance of gesture input to children at risk for delays in the development of language.
Linking Students’ Emotions and Academic Achievement: When and Why Emotions Matter

Few studies include associations of emotions, or of individual differences in emotionality, to academic competence, and there are virtually no empirical data on when or why relations exist (or do not exist). The few studies of emotion and achievement have largely focused on anxiety, but there has been scant theoretical and empirical attention devoted to the treatment of other emotions. It is suggested that considering the moderated and indirect effects of students' emotions on their academic functioning may provide an understanding of whether and under what circumstances emotions are related to achievement. This article briefly reviews findings linking situational and dispositional negative or positive emotions to academic achievement and suggests that researchers can learn much about relations between emotions and achievement by considering the potential moderating role of effortful control, as well as considering the mediating roles that cognitive processes, motivational mechanisms, and classroom relationships play in linking emotions and achievement.
High-performance broadband plasmonic absorber in visible fabricated by nanoimprint lithography

We demonstrate a nanostructured broadband absorber in visible range. Two kinds of structures with different absorption ranges are designed and fabricated using nanoimprint lithography. Experiments show a flat absorption spectra with an average absorption of 85% from 400 nm to 700 nm. The proposed structures could be used in the applications of thin-film thermal emitters and photovoltaic devices.
Reactions and reaction intermediates on iron surfaces: I. Methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol on Fe(100)

The reactions of methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol on an Fe(100) surface were studied using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Methanol and ethanol readily formed alkoxy intermediates at or below room temperature by loss of the hydroxyl hydrogens. These alkoxys reacted above 400 K in three ways: (i) complete decomposition to CO and hydrogen, (ii) rehydrogenation to the alcohol, and (iii) scission of the C C or CO bonds with hydrogenation of the hydrocarbon fragment. All these reactions appeared to occur simultaneously and proceeded with first-order kinetics. The first-order rate constants for reactions of the methoxy and ethoxy species were determined to be kCH3O = (4 × 1012) exp(−105 kJ/mole/RT)s−1kCH3CH2O = (8 × 1013) exp(−111 kJ/mole/RT)s−1, respectively. Isopropanol reacted differently from either methanol or ethanol; it did not readily form a stable alkoxy intermediate. The difference in the reactions of primary and secondary alcohols was suggested to arise from steric interference of the methyl groups with the surface. These results were consistent with the results of Kummer and Emmett, which showed alcohol-related intermediates were important in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. These observations also showed that alkoxy intermediates must be considered as possible routes in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
A Self-Powered System for Large-Scale Strain Sensing by Combining CMOS ICs With Large-Area Electronics

We present a 2nd-generation system for high-resolution structural-health monitoring of bridges and buildings. The system combines large-area electronics (LAE) and CMOS ICs via scalable interfaces based on inductive and capacitive coupling. This enables architectures where the functional strengths of both technologies can be leveraged to enable large-scale strain sensing scalable to cm resolution yet over large-area sheets. The system consists of three subsystems: (1) a power-management subsystem, where LAE is leveraged for solar-power harvesting, and CMOS is leveraged for power conversion and regulation; (2) a sensing subsystem, where LAE is leveraged for dense strain sensing, and CMOS is leveraged for multi-sensor acquisition; and (3) a communication subsystem, where LAE is leveraged for long-range interconnects, and CMOS is leveraged for low-power transceivers. The power-management subsystem achieves 30% efficiency for DC-AC power inversion and inductive power delivery to the CMOS IC and 80.5% overall efficiency for generating three voltages via DC-DC converters. The sensing subsystem has a readout noise level of 23 μStrainRMS (141 μStrainRMS including sensor noise), at an energy/meas. of 148 nJ and 286 nJ for readout and sensor-accessing control, respectively. The communication subsystem achieves an energy/bit of 14.6 pJ/4.3 pJ (Tx/Rx) at a distance of 7.5 m and a data rate of 2 Mb/s.
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY AND INTIMATE VIOLENCE AMONG MEN PARTICIPATING IN A FAMILY VIOLENCE INTERVENTION PROGRAM

ABSTRACT Akers’ social learning theory is a general framework explaining both conforming and non-conforming behavior. This rubric has become one of the most influential theories in examining deviance. Tests of learning theory as an explanation for domestic violence, however, have been limited in number and with regard to the populations and outcomes examined. The present study tests the ability of Akers’ social learning theory to explain self-reported intimate partner violence among 204 male domestic batterers attending a court-mandated family violence program. Consistent with the theory, the findings indicated that differential association was the strongest predictor of intimate partner violence. Contrary to the theory, differential reinforcement and imitation were significantly and negatively related to intimate partner violence. Overall, the results provided weak and mixed support for social learning theory. Implications and directions for future research based on the findings are discussed.
Identification of interaction sites of protein kinase Cα on phospholipase D1

Phospholipase D (PLD) is regulated by many factors, including protein kinase C (PKC) and small G-proteins of the Rho and ADP-ribosylation factor families. Previous studies revealed that the activation of PLD1 by phorbol ester is associated with the binding of PKCalpha to a site in the N-terminus of PLD1. The purpose of the present study was to determine this site more precisely. Immunoprecipitation with a series of four PLD1 deletion mutants confirmed that PKCalpha strongly interacted with the amino acid sequence 1-318 at the N-terminus of PLD1 and weakly with the sequence 841-1036 at the C-terminus. Further immunoprecipitation studies with deletion mutants of the 1-318 and 1-215 PLD1 fragments revealed that there were binding sites in the 1-49 N-terminal sequence and also in the 216-318 sequence containing the PH domain. Studies of N-terminal deletion mutants of full-length PLD1 confirmed the presence of a binding site in the 1-49 sequence and a further site in the 1-318 sequence. Both deletion mutants showed impaired activation by PKCalpha in vivo, but unchanged activation by active V(14)RhoA. These findings identify the 1-49 sequence is a major binding/activation site for PKCalpha on PLD1, but also indicate involvement of the PH domain.
Plasma serine in schizophrenics and controls measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Abstract In several previous studies, we reported significantly higher plasma serine concentrations in psychotic (and schizophrenic) subjects compared with nonpsychotic and control subjects. In those studies, we used a gas chromatopgraphy technique to assay the amino acids. Perry and Hanson (1985), using cation-exchange chromatography to assay plasma amino acids, found no differences in the plasma serine concentrations of controls compared with schizophrenic patients. They criticized our work on technical grounds and suggested that some other substance was co-eluting with the gas chromatographic serine. peaks in our assays. We have now examined the plasma of schizophrenic and control subjects with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), where accurate amino acid quantitation relative to a known internal standard can be achieved. The results show that the plasma serine concentrations of schizophrenic patients are segnificantly higher than those of controls. Also, plasma glycine concentrations are significantly higher in schizophrenic patients compared with controls.
The treatment of scaphoid nonunion. A review of a novel technique using precision bone grafting compared with Herbert screw fixation and bone graft.

We have retrospectively reviewed the results of 40 consecutive patients with nonunion of the scaphoid treated by the senior author (PG) between 1993 and 1996. These comprised two groups of patients. Group 1 comprised 20 patients treated between 1993 and 1994, with a Herbert screw and autograft, and Group 2, which also comprised 20 patients treated with the precision bone grafting technique which we describe. The precision bone grafting technique employs simple instrumentation to harvest bone percutaneously from the iliac crest and then insert it at the scaphoid nonunion site. The evaluation consisted of a clinical and radiological assessment of union and wrist function. Our review demonstrates a higher rate of union with the precision bone grafting technique than by the Herbert screw fixation with bone grafting.
Seismicity at the southern East Pacific Rise from recordings of an ocean bottom seismometer array

[1] Seismic data recorded by ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) at the southern East Pacific Rise (SEPR) were analyzed to characterize seismicity at fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. An automated event detection algorithm based on pattern recognition was developed to identify earthquake-generated T phases. The waveform cross-correlation and least squares method was found to provide more robust estimates of T phase relative travel times than the method of picking T phase maximum amplitude. The OBSs and subsequent equatorial Pacific hydrophones recorded earthquakes near an earthquake swarm in 1992, which was located � 300 km west of the ridge axis at about 18� S and 116� W. The process that generated the 1992 swarm either was reactivated 3 years later during the OBS experiment or has been continuously active in the past decade. This longterm activity suggests renewable stresses, which are consistent with the interpretation that magma injection was the cause of the 1992 swarm. In contrast to the swarm characteristics of earthquakes on the west flank of the ridge axis, earthquakes on the Nazca flank were randomly distributed in time and space. This difference in seismicity may result from the difference in the thermal structure of the Pacific and Nazca plates. The few earthquakes located at or near the ridge axis had very small magnitudes, reflecting the presence of shallow magma chambers and the thin elastic layer of the SEPR. This result suggests that acoustic monitoring of earthquakes associated with dike intrusion is difficult at regional scales at the SEPR. There is no apparent correlation between seismicity and off-axis seamounts. INDEX TERMS: 3025 Marine Geology and Geophysics: Marine seismics (0935); 3035 Marine Geology and Geophysics: Midocean ridge processes; 4259 Oceanography: General: Ocean acoustics; 7230 Seismology: Seismicity and seismotectonics; 9355 Information Related to Geographic Region: Pacific Ocean; KEYWORDS: T phase, ocean bottom seismology, mid-ocean ridges, East Pacific Rise, marine seismics, seismicity Citation: Shen, Y., Seismicity at the southern East Pacific Rise from recordings of an ocean bottom seismometer array, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B12), 2368, doi:10.1029/2001JB001742, 2002.
Single molecule waiting time distribution functions in quantum processes

The statistics of single molecule blinking events often reveal underlying quantum mechanisms. The golden rule rate expression for quantum transitions is shown to be the inverse of the mean waiting time. The distribution function for the waiting time is related to the density of states such that simple power-law distribution functions can be predicted based on the functional form for the density of states. Explicit formulas are derived for waiting time distribution functions in three kinetic processes: Quantum tunneling, intersystem conversion, and nonstationary electron transfer.
A Tukey nonadditivity-type test for time series nonlinearity

The past few years have seen a revived interest in the study of nonlinear stationary time series. The most general form of a nonlinear stationary process is that referred to as a Volterra expansion. This is to a linear process what a higher order polynomial is to a linear function. The so-called bilinear model is a special case which is quite broad and is defined by a small number of parameters. Volterra expansions involve more than secondorder theory and require higher-order cumulant spectra. Various tests for linearity have been proposed although none is totally satisfactory. Because of the similarity of Volterra expansions to polynomials, an analogue of Tukey's (1949) one degree of freedom for nonadditivity test seems quite reasonable as a diagnostic for linearity versus a second-order Volterra expansion. Such a test would be time domain based and computationally less complex than the frequency domain based alternatives, directly generalizable to higher order than second and possibly suggestive of a power transformation toward linearity.
Dried Plum Products as a Substitute for Phosphate in Chicken Marinade

Abstract: In order to address the growing demand for more natural poultry products, alkaline phosphates commonly used in chicken breast meat marinades were replaced with plum ingredients and evaluated. For initial sensory evaluation, 200 consumers of chicken were served a small portion of the chicken breast on a plate and were asked to evaluate the product for overall impression, flavor, and texture on a 9-point hedonic scale with 1 =“dislike extremely” and 9 = "like extremely." Also, a 5-point just-about-right (JAR) scale was used on questions about tenderness, juiciness, overall flavor, and saltiness. Both hedonic and JAR demonstrated that the marinades of plum concentrate and the blend of plum fiber and powder were not distinguishable from the control (P > 0.05). Using two different percentages of fiber/powder blend, two different percentages of concentrate, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and no marinade, measurements were made for marinade per cent pickup, thaw loss, and cook loss. Plum concentrate at 1.1% was most similar to STPP in marinade per cent pickup, thaw loss, drip loss, and cook loss. These results show that plum ingredients can potentially be used as a substitute in standard phosphate marinades. Practical Application: Consumers are increasingly demanding more natural foods with less artificial additives. This research presents the results of experiments using dried plum ingredients as a substitute for phosphates commonly used in marinades for chicken. Results indicate that dried plum ingredients may be a suitable substitute for phosphates in marinades.
Monomeric copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I) alkyne complexes and the coinage metal family group trends.

A series of thermally stable, easily isolable, monomeric, and isoleptic coinage metal alkyne complexes have been reported. Treatment of [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]Li (the lithium salt of the 1,3,5-triazapentadiene [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]H) with AuCl, CF3SO3Ag or CF3SO3Cu in the presence of 3-hexyne led to the corresponding coinage metal alkyne complex [N{(C3F7)C(Dipp)N}2]M(EtC≡CEt) in good yield (M = Au, Ag, Cu; Dipp = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl). X-ray crystal structures of the three coinage metal alkynes are remarkably similar, and show the presence of trigonal-planar metal sites with η2-bonded 3-hexyne. The M−C and M−N bond distances vary in the order Cu < Au < Ag. The bending of the C−C≡C bond angle is largest for the gold, followed by Cu and Ag adducts. The gold adduct also shows the largest decrease in C≡C stretching frequency in Raman, while the Ag adduct shows the smallest change compared to that of the uncoordinated alkyne. DFT calculations on [N{(CF3)C(Ph)N}2]M(EtC≡CEt) and the related ClM(EtC≡CEt) predict tha...
Spin and resonance parameters of the 3.90 eV neutron resonance and magnetic hyperfine constant in 169Tm

Abstract The spin of the 3.9 eV neutron resonance in 169Tm was determined to be J = I+ 1 2 = 1 by measuring the transmission of polarized monoenergetic neutrons through a polarized target. The resonance parameters redetermined from new total cross-section measurements are E0 = 3.90±0.02 eV, Γγ = 0.099±0.003 eV and Γn = 0.0081±0.002 eV. The variation of nuclear polarization with temperature yields the value for the magnetic hyperfine constant A/k = 0.206±0.014° K in the non-saturated ferromagnetic polycrystalline metal.
Absolute line strengths of 74GeH4 near 5 μm

Abstract Line positions and absolute line strengths were measured for 23 Q -branch lines of the ν 3 fundamental of 74 GeH 4 at 295 K, using an infrared tunable diode laser spectrometer. The spectral range covered was from 2109.9658 to 2110.6218 cm −1 . The average standard deviation of the measured line positions was 0.0006 cm −1 and that of the line strengths was 3.4%. Vibrational transition dipoles were computed from the measured line strengths, which gave 1226 ± 172 cm −2 amagat −1 for the ν 3 integrated band intensity.