cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Long-Term Study of Young Children's Rapport, Social Emulation, and Language Learning With a Peer-Like Robot Playmate in Preschool.

Prior research has demonstrated the importance of children's peers for their learning and development. In particular, peer interaction, especially with more advanced peers, can enhance preschool children's language growth. In this paper, we explore one factor that may modulate children's language learning with a peer-like social robot: rapport. We explore connections between preschool children's learning, rapport, and emulation of the robot's language during a storytelling intervention. We performed a long-term field study in a preschool with 17 children aged 4--6 years. Children played a storytelling game with a social robot for 8 sessions over two months. For some children, the robot matched the level of its stories to the children's language ability, acting as a slightly more advanced peer (\textit{Matched} condition); for the others, the robot did not match the story level (\textit{Unmatched} condition). We examined children's use of target vocabulary words and key phrases used by the robot, children's emulation of the robot’s stories during their own storytelling, and children's language style matching (LSM---a measure of overlap in function word use and speaking style associated with rapport and relationship) to see whether they mirrored the robot more over time. We found that not only did children emulate the robot more over time, but also, children who emulated more of the robot's phrases during storytelling scored higher on the vocabulary posttest. Children with higher LSM scores were more likely to emulate the robot's content words in their stories. Furthermore, the robot's personalization in the \textit{Matched} condition led to increases in both children's emulation and their LSM scores. Together, these results suggest first, that interacting with a more advanced peer is beneficial for children, and second, that children's emulation of the robot's language may be related to their rapport and their learning. This is the first study to empirically support that rapport may be a modulating factor in children's peer learning, and furthermore, that a social robot can serve as an effective intervention for language development by leveraging this insight.
Time Variation in the News-Returns Relationship

The well-documented underreaction of stock prices to news exhibits substantial time variation. We show that higher risk-bearing capacity of financial intermediaries and lower passive ownership of stocks increase price responses to lagged news (underreaction), while also increasing price responses to contemporaneous news. Short-sale constraints, serial correlation in news flow, and changing informativeness of news, measured by entropy, account for a portion of our findings. Strategic trading by institutions offers the simplest and most comprehensive account consistent with our empirical results about the news-returns relationship.
Trading Liberties for Security: Groupthink, Gender, and 9/11 Effects on U.S. Appellate Decision-Making:

Does groupthink affect court deference to the government in times of heightened security concerns? We argue that male judges serving in homogeneous panels in federal appellate courts modified their...
Sensitivity of NSCLC cell lines bearing wild type and mutated EGFR to the VEGF/EGFR inhibitor ZD6474

5831 Tumor survival, growth, and metastasis depend on tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. The novel bi-aryl urea, BAY 43-9006, is a dual RAF Kinase and VEGFR inhibitor that also possesses significant activity against several receptor tyrosine kinases involved in neovascularization and tumor progression, including, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, and PDGFR-β. This report describes the in vivo anti-tumor activity of BAY 43-9006 administered orally against subcutaneous (s.c., ectopic) and sub-renal capsule (SRC, orthotopic) models of a murine renal adenocarcinoma (Renca) and explores the mechanism of action for this novel agent. Female athymic mice (NCr-nu/nu) were implanted s.c. with Renca cells or in the SRC with 0.5 to 1 mm3 Renca tumor fragments, respectively. In a separate experiment, tumor fragments of a differing histological type, HCT-116 human colon adenocarcinoma, were also implanted in the SRC to assess the effect of the local micro-environment. At the end of treatment (14 days), kidneys were removed and gross surface photomicrographs taken. To determine the effect of BAY 43-9006 on tumor vasculature, immunohistochemical analyses using anti-murine CD-31 and anti-α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were performed and quantified using histomorphomometery (Soft Image System). Once daily oral dosing of BAY 43-9006 produced a dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition (TGI) against s.c.-implanted Renca tumors ranging from 30% at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg to 84% at a dose of 60 mg/kg. BAY 43-9006-treated tumors implanted in the SRC were noticeably smaller in size, opaque in color and displayed little vasculature relative to control tumors, which were vibrant in color, highly vascularized and grew much larger, virtually overwhelming the kidney. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-CD-31 or anti-αSMA antibodies confirmed the decrease in tumor vasculature following BAY 43-9006 treatment. A decrease in vasculature was observed in both ectopically- and orthopically-implanted Renca tumors. Similar inhibition of tumor neovascularization (CD-31 and αSMA) were observed when fragments of human colon tumor HCT-116 were implanted in the sub-renal capsule. No inhibition of phospho-histone H3, an indicator of tumor cell proliferation, was observed in BAY 43-9006-treated tumors. These results demonstrate that BAY 43-9006 potently inhibits the growth of both ectopically- and orthotopically-implanted Renca tumors and against HCT-116 tumor fragments implanted in the SRC, and indicate that a mechanism of action of BAY 43-9006 in these tumor models is via inhibition of tumor angiogenesis.
Investigation of intersubband phonon-polariton transitions in hBN/GaN heterostructure

Recent advances in quantum circuits and hybrid quantum well systems have been enabled by leveraging the strong coupling regime in hybrid material heterostructures. Quanta of light-matter interactions are polaritons, the coupled modes of photons and a material excitation, such as plasmons, excitons, or phonons. Due to their short wavelength, polariton lasers operating via intersubband polariton transitions in cascaded quantum wells have shown great promise as terahertz and mid-infrared sources with low threshold energies, with phonon-polariton lasers having applications in nanostructure fabrication and inspection. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has come to the forefront of metamaterial research due to its polar van der Waals crystal structure and two infrared active phonon modes exhibiting hyperbolicity. Because of the small lattice mismatch (less the 22% of the GaN lattice constant) between [0001] oriented wurtzite GaN and hBN, hBN has been used as a substrate and mechanical release layer for GaN and AlGaN with minimal damage to the crystalline quality. Intersubband phonon-polaritons have already been detected in GaN/graphene heterostructures and intersubband excitonpolaritons have been detected in GaN/AlN heterostructures; due to the similar nature of these materials, we believe hBN will be a suitable barrier material for gallium nitride wells. In this study, the conduction band structure of the aforementioned heterostructure will be calculated using a self-consistent Schrodinger-Poisson solver. Intersubband phonon-polariton transitions in a layered hBN/GaN lattice via and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of the reflectivity and polaritonic dispersion will be evaluated.
Working Memory Load Selectively Influences Response Inhibition in a Stop Signal Task

Inhibitory control is a key executive function and has been studied extensively using the stop signal task. By applying a simple race model that posits an independent race between a GO process responsible for initiation of responses and a STOP process responsible for inhibition of responses, one can estimate how long it takes an individual to inhibit an ongoing response, the stop signal reaction time. Here, we examined how stop signal reaction time can be affected by working memory. Participants engaged in a dual task; they completed a stop signal task under low and high working memory load conditions. Working memory capacity was also measured. We found that the STOP process was lengthened in the high, compared to the low, working memory load condition, as evidenced by differences in stop signal reaction time. The GO process was unaffected and working memory capacity could not account for differences across the load conditions. These results indicate that inhibitory control can be influenced by placing demands on working memory.
Scavenging right atrial Bretschneider histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate cardioplegia: Impact on hyponatremia and seizures in pediatric cardiac surgery patients.

Abstract Objective Custodiol-HTK cardioplegia (Custodiol-HTK Koheler Chemie, GmbH, Bensheim, Germany) causes fluctuations in serum sodium levels, hyponatremia, and is associated with postoperative seizures. We investigated the influence of scavenging right atrial effluent during delivery on intraoperative serum sodium levels and postoperative seizure incidence in pediatric cardiac surgery patients. Methods A total of 204 patients younger than age 18 years undergoing congenital heart surgery between January 2016 and March 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. Serum sodium levels after administration of Custodiol-HTK cardioplegia were compared between the scavenge and nonscavenge groups and then in the propensity score-matched cohort (n = 96). Postoperative seizures were documented clinically and with electroencephalogram findings. Logistic regression models were used to identify the independent predictors of serum sodium level after aortic crossclamp. Results Of 204 patients, 156 (76.5%) were in the nonscavenge, and 48 (23.5%) in the scavenge groups. A serum sodium level Conclusions Right atrial effluent scavenging was protective against fluctuations in serum sodium levels after crossclamp and Custodiol-HTK cardioplegia administration independently in both entire and matched cohort, and was also associated with decreased incidence of postoperative seizures.
Punctate Midline Myelotomy: A Historical Overview and Case Series with Detailed Efficacy and Side Effect Profiles

Objective To review our experience with punctate midline myelotomy (PMM) for malignant and benign visceral pain with an emphasis on detailed side-effect profiles and efficacy. Methods Thirteen adults (5 men) underwent microsurgical transverse-crush PMM. Results Median follow-up for the benign pain group (n = 6) was 17.5 months (10–72) and for the malignant group (n = 7) was 8 months (0.5–31). Five of seven patients in the malignant pain group obtained excellent, lasting relief. Two had initial relief followed by worsening pain with disease progression. In the benign pain group, two patients with endodermal-origin pain (gastrointestinal tract, bladder) had complete, long-lasting relief. Three patients with mesodermal-origin pain (ureter) had excellent relief for 2–3 months, followed by recurrence in two and partial (40%) recurrence in the third. One man with pre-existing cervical myelopathy underwent PMM for benign testicular-region pain from which he had long-term relief but only transient relief of coexisting low-back and leg pain. There were no motor deficits in either group, and all patients remained ambulatory and continent. The most common side effect was transient numbness of the medial leg and foot. Two patients (both with pre-existing spinal pathology) reported persistent moderate reduction of bowel, bladder, and sexual sensation. Conclusions PMM offers substantial pain relief for carefully selected patients with intractable visceral pain. Relief from primarily endoderm-derived structures was most complete and long-lasting. Relief from mesoderm-derived structures was typically transient or incomplete. There was essentially no relief from pain of ectoderm-derived structures. Detailed preoperative counseling is important, especially for those with pre-existing neurologic deficits.
Nested case-control study of feline calicivirus viruria, oral carriage, and serum neutralizing antibodies in cats with idiopathic cystitis.

Background: The epidemiology of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection in cats with idiopathic cystitis (FIC) has not been investigated by contemporary molecular biologic methods. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of and evaluate risk factors for FCV viruria, oral carriage, and virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies in cats with and without FIC. Animals: Cats with nonobstructive FIC (n = 47), obstructive FIC (n = 22), and FCV upper respiratory tract infection (URI; n = 25), and healthy client-owned (n = 18) and colony-housed (n = 24) cats. Methods: Oropharyngeal secretions and urine were evaluated with a FCV p30 gene-based real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Serum VN antibody titers were determined by a modified microtiter assay. Associations of risk factors with log-transformed antibody titers were determined by multivariable generalized linear regression. Results: FCV viruria was detected in 4 (6%) and 3 (12%) cats with FIC and URI, respectively. In 3 FIC cats, viruria was unassociated with detectable oral virus carriage. Oral FCV carriage was detected in 7 (10%) FIC cats. Median antibody titers were significantly higher in cats with obstructive FIC (1 : 256), nonobstructive FIC (1 : 128), and URI (1 : 512) compared with healthy client-owned (1 : 16) and colony-housed (1 : 4) cats (P < .001). Other than disease, multivariate analysis did not identify any other explanatory variables for increased titers in cats with FIC or URI. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: FCV viruria was detected in cats with FIC and URI, however, its etiologic significance is uncertain. Serologic results suggest increased FCV exposure in FIC cats compared with controls. Further investigations are needed to clarify the potential role of FCV in FIC.
Fertility of unfrozen and frozen stallion spermatozoa extended in EDTA-lactose-egg yolk and packaged in straws.

The fertility of frozen-thawed semen was compared with that obtained using fresh semen extended in skim milk. Semen for freezing was obtained in June from four stallions of unknown fertility; two ejaculates were collected 1 to 2 h apart every 3 or 4 d. The gel-free fraction of the ejaculate was mixed 1:1 with a glucose-EDTA solution (disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and centrifuged at 650 x g for 15 min. The spermatozoa were resuspended in an EDTA-lactose-egg yolk extender containing 5% glycerol. Semen was frozen in .5-ml French straws containing 250 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa before freezing. Only for 31% of the 54 ejaculates frozen was post-thaw spermatozoal motility greater than or equal to 50% of the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa observed during evaluation of the neat semen. Spermatozoa in second ejaculates apparently were more susceptible to the adverse effects of dilution and centrifugation than spermatozoa in first ejaculates. Only samples containing greater than 30% progressively motile spermatozoa after freezing and thawing (at 38 C) were used for insemination. In June and July, 101 mares were inseminated daily with semen from one of three stallions beginning on d 2 and continuing through the end of estrus for one cycle. Mares were inseminated with semen in one straw or with 250 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa extended in 10 ml of skim milk. Because of the poor survival of spermatozoa that had been frozen and thawed, mares inseminated with frozen-thawed semen received 100 to 130 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa as compared with 250 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa for mares inseminated with fresh semen. One cycle pregnancy rates, based on rectal palpation 50 to 60 d after ovulation, were 29% using frozen-thawed semen and 66% using fresh semen (P less than .05). Values for individual stallions were 19, 24 and 47% with frozen semen and 47, 61 and 67% with fresh semen. Routine use of frozen stallion semen is not recommended at this time.
Mining Large-Scale Knowledge Sources for Case Adaptation Knowledge

Making case adaptation practical is a longstanding challenge for case-based reasoning. One of the impediments to widespread use of automated case adaptation is the adaptation knowledge bottleneck: the adaptation process may require extensive domain knowledge, which may be difficult or expensive for system developers to provide. This paper advances a new approach to addressing this problem, proposing that systems mine their adaptation knowledge as needed from pre-existing large-scale knowledge sources available on the World Wide Web. The paper begins by discussing the case adaptation problem, opportunities for adaptation knowledge mining, and issues for applying the approach. It then presents an initial illustration of the method in a case study of the testbed system WebAdapt. WebAdapt applies the approach in the travel planning domain, using OpenCyc, Wikipedia, and the Geonames GIS database as knowledge sources for generating substitutions. Experimental results suggest the promise of the approach, especially when information from multiple sources is combined.
In Opposition to the Mandatory Registration of Juvenile Sexual Offenders

The mandatory registration of juvenile sex offenders incorrectly assumes that the same dynamics of adult sex offenders apply to juveniles. In doing so, this group of juveniles is labeled and placed in a category that will ultimately hinder their development, rather than contribute to their rehabilitation. Accordingly, this mandated registration will have a negative effect on these individuals along with society as a whole based upon how they are perceived by others in the community and their lack of ability to contribute to the greater good.
Improved Outdoor Oil Circuit Breakers for Medium Voltages [includes discussion]

A new line of improved outdoor oil circuit breakers for 14.4-, 23-, and 34.5-kv service, integrating many years of operating experience into designs stressing reduced maintenance, is now available. Cognizance of the rising costs of power-system maintenance has resulted in the development of a circuit-breaker line not only designed to incorporate performance improvements but also designed to provide low maintenance costs. This paper outlines the objectives established to guide the design program and describes the improved line of oil circuit breakers. Low oil carbonization and decreased contact erosion have been effected by the reduced arcing times of the new interrupters. Inspection and adjustment time have been minimized on interrupter and mechanism assemblies. Accessibility has been increased by simplification of the circuit-breaker framework and linkages. Improved insulation features are provided in bushings and in current transformers. The performance of all ratings has been proved by an extensive test program.
Octacalcium phosphate as a precursor in biomineral formation.

What are biominerals and how are they formed? It is usually assumed: (i) that the prototype for most apatitic biominerals is hydroxyapatite (OHAp), Ca5(PO4) 3OH; and (ii) that the OHAp structure has been modified by the presence of impurity ions and vacancy defects in specific OHAp lattice sites. The usual answer, at least implicitly, to the second question is that the apatitic mineral is formed directly by the precipitation of ions from the surrounding solution. Our answers are: (i) that apatitic biominerals are formed through a precursor mechanism in which octacalcium phosphate (OCP), Ca8H 2(PO4)6·5H2O, precipitates first and then hydrolyzes ireversibly in situ to a transition product intermediate to OCP and OHAp; and (ii) that this product, "octacalcium phosphate hydrolyzate" (OCPH), may contain (a) OHAp-like and OCP-like domains in varying amounts, (b) vacancy defects and impurity ions in lattice sites in these domains, and (c) various kinds of one-, two-, and three-dimensional defects which are not p...
Unconventional temperature enhanced magnetism in Fe1.1Te.

Discoveries of copper and iron-based high-temperature superconductors (HTSC)1-2 have challenged our views of superconductivity and magnetism. Contrary to the pre-existing view that magnetism, which typically involves localized electrons, and superconductivity, which requires freely-propagating itinerant electrons, are mutually exclusive, antiferromagnetic phases were found in all HTSC parent materials3,4. Moreover, highly energetic magnetic fluctuations, discovered in HTSC by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) 5,6, are now widely believed to be vital for the superconductivity 7-10. In two competing scenarios, they either originate from local atomic spins11, or are a property of cooperative spin-density-wave (SDW) behavior of conduction electrons 12,13. Both assume clear partition into localized electrons, giving rise to local spins, and itinerant ones, occupying well-defined, rigid conduction bands. Here, by performing an INS study of spin dynamics in iron telluride, a parent material of one of the iron-based HTSC families, we have discovered that this very assumption fails, and that conduction and localized electrons are fundamentally entangled. In the temperature range relevant for the superconductivity we observe a remarkable redistribution of magnetism between the two groups of electrons. The effective spin per Fe at T 10 K, in the2 antiferromagnetic phase, corresponds to S 1, consistent with the recent analyses that emphasizemore » importance of Hund s intra-atomic exchange15-16. However, it grows to S 3/2 in the disordered phase, a result that profoundly challenges the picture of rigid bands, broadly accepted for HTSC.« less
Prospective evaluation of growth, nutritional status, and body composition in children with cystic fibrosis.

Background: Several cross-sectional studies have shown improvement in the growth of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) because of increased awareness of and more comprehensive care of their special nutritional needs. However, longitudinal data on the nutritional status of these children are rare. Objective: The objective was to compare changes in growth, body composition, and nutritional status between children with and without CF. Design: This was a prospective 3-y cohort study of 25 children aged 5-10 y with CF, mild pulmonary disease, and pancreatic insufficiency and of 26 healthy control children. Three methods were used to assess body composition: measurements of skinfold thickness, total body water by deuterium oxide, and total-body electrical conductivity. Growth and body-composition changes over time were analyzed by a longitudinal mixed-effects model. Results: Over the 3 y of the study, the statural growth of the boys with CF was slower than that of the control subjects (P = 0.004). The same divergence over time between the boys with and without CF was observed for fat-free mass assessed by skinfold-thickness measurements and total body water (P = 0.008 and 0.02, respectively) and for fat mass assessed by skinfold-thickness measurements and total-body electrical conductivity (P = 0.009 and 0.001, respectively). The differences in the pattern of changes in growth and body composition were less striking for girls. Conclusions: Despite comprehensive care, the growth of boys with CF was impaired on the basis of height, fat-free mass, and fat mass, when observed longitudinally. Caution should be used when interpreting cross-sectional measurements because they often do not detect suboptimal growth.
Nutrition for the Critically Ill Pediatric Patient with Renal Dysfunction

During critical illness, total energy expenditure will be increased proportionate to the severity of the underlying illness. The aim of nutritional support is to blunt the negative nitrogen balance that may accompany a hypermetabolic or catabolic state. Careful assessment of energy requirements in critically ill children with acute kidney injury (AKI) is essential to optimize the nutritional plan. Inadequate nutritional support will result in poor protein retention and excessive support may predispose to metabolic derangements and fluid excess. In addition to the increased protein catabolism associated with critical illness, patients supported with dialysis will have additional nitrogen losses. These losses should be accounted for when protein intake is prescribed. Water-soluble vitamins will be removed with dialysis and should be supplemented accordingly to avoid deficits. If nutritional support is indicated due to inadequate oral intake, enteral nutrition is the preferred method of support. If volume restriction is necessary, feeds can be fortified to increase energy density. To optimize digestibility, similar proportions of fat, protein, and carbohydrate as the base formula should be provided.
Determinants of arterial and central venous blood pressure variation in ventilated critically ill children.

Ventilation-induced arterial pressure variation predicts volume responsiveness in adults. Several factors are known to influence the interpretability of these variations. We analysed ventilation-induced variations in critically ill children with reference to ventilatory and circulatory parameters. We prospectively included 20 paediatric patients. Variation of systolic pressure (SPV), pulse pressure (PPV) and central venous pressure (CVP) were assessed during pressure-controlled ventilation with inspiratory pressures (P insp) of 20 and 28 cmH2O. Blood gases were analysed and echocardiography was performed. SPV, PPV and CVP variation significantly increased with elevated P insp (p < 0.001, p = 0.008 and p = 0.003). Baseline CVP and shortening fraction were significant negative predictors of PPV and SPV. This preliminary study identified P insp as a determinant of SPV, PPV and CVP variation in children. Further independent determinants of SPV and PPV were baseline CVP and ventricular performance, both of which must be considered when interpreting pressure variations.
Interactions between NO and O2 in the microcirculation: a mathematical analysis

Biotransport of nitric oxide (NO) and of oxygen (O(2)) in the microcirculation are inherently interdependent, since all nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms (eNOS, nNOS, and iNOS) require O(2) to produce NO. Furthermore, tissue O(2) consumption is reversibly inhibited by NO. To investigate these complex interactions, a mathematical model was developed for coupled mass transport of NO and O(2) around a cylindrical arteriole using finite element computational methods. Steady-state radial NO and O(2) gradients in the bloodstream, plasma layer, endothelium, vascular wall, and surrounding tissue were simulated for different conditions. Special cases of the model were solved, including O(2)-dependent NO production from eNOS alone, and with additional NO production from either nNOS or iNOS at specified locations. The model predicts that (a) concentration changes in one species can have significant effects on transport of the other species with the degree of interaction dependent on spatial gradients; (b) eNOS NO production rates required to maintain the concentration of NO in the vascular wall are more dependent on NO scavenging in blood than in tissue; (c) relatively low rates of NO production in tissue from either nNOS or iNOS can elevate vascular wall NO, compensating for possible reductions in NO production from eNOS; (d) depending on their physical location, nNOS and iNOS can be very sensitive to O(2); and (e) increased tissue NO can increase O(2) delivery to more distal regions by inhibiting O(2) consumption in other regions.
Aldosterone receptors in rabbit renal cortex and red medulla.

[3H]Aldosterone-specific binding sites were assessed in rabbit renal cortex, red medulla, and papilla slices using Scatchard analyses. Only cortex and red medulla contained high affinity sites for aldosterone (Kd = 3.0–3.7 × 10-9 M; 37 C). The regression slopes determined for these sites were not statistically different from each other. In contrast, papilla slices contained a low affinity site (Kd = ∼2.8 × 10-8 m) whose regression slope was not statistically different from a low affinity site seen in both cortex and red medulla. The maximum number of high affinity sites in cortex and red medulla was computed to be 1.5 and 0.9 × 10-14 mol [3H]aldosterone/mg protein, respectively. Competition analyses indicated that the rank order of inhibition of [3H]aldosterone-bound cortical and red medulla sites by various corticoids was aldosterone > corticosterone > dexamethasone. DE-52-Cellulose chromatography of [3H]aldosterone-labeled renal complexes revealed that both cortex and red medulla aldosterone-specific bi...
Inhibition of the transport of adenosine, other nucleosides and hypoxanthine in novikoff rat hepatoma cells by methylxanthines, papaverine, N6-cyclohexyladenosine and N6-phenylisopropyladenosine

Abstract Theophylline, caffeine, isobutylmethylxanthine, papaverine, N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine, N 6 -allyl- N 6 -cyclohexyladenosine (ACHA) and N 6 - l -phenylisopropyladenosine ( l -PIA) inhibited the transport of adenosine, uridine and hypoxanthine in Novikoff rat hepatoma cells. The ic 50 values for the inhibition of uridine transport ranged from 5 μM for ACHA to 3200 μM for caffeine and were inversely proportional to the lipid solubility of the inhibitors. l -PIA and papaverine inhibited uridine influx in a non-competitive manner, having a greater influence on the Michaelis-Menten constant than on maximum velocity, just as observed previously for the inhibition of nucleoside transport by dipyridamole and hypoxanthine. [ 3 H] l -PIA rapidly accumulated in Novikoff cells at 25° to about five times higher levels than present extracellularly. The initial rates of l -PIA uptake were directly proportional to its extracellular concentration between 0.01 and 240 μM and not affected by structurally related analogs, methylxanthines, papaverine, dipyridamole, or 2 mM uridine, but were dependent on temperature. We conclude that l -PIA inhibits nucleoside transport in these cells without being significantly transported by the carrier, that it equilibrates rapidly across the plasma membrane without carrier mediation consistent with its lipophilicity, and that it accumulates concentratively in cells due to partitioning into membrane lipids and binding to intracellular components.
Some remarks on acoustic emission measurements and the single-fiber-composite test

We compare two methods for carrying out single-fiber-composite tests in which acoustic emission (AE) data are used to monitor the progression of fiber fracture. The AE measurements include event count or arrival-time data. While the former is more easily instrumented, the latter provides additional information related to the location of fiber flaws and the progression of the fiber fracture process.
Src and Cas Mediate JNK Activation but Not ERK1/2 and p38 Kinases by Reactive Oxygen Species

c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated by a number of cellular stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines and environmental stresses. Reactive oxygen species also cause activation of JNK; however, the signaling cascade that leads to JNK activation remains to be elucidated. Because recent reports showed that expression of Cas, a putative Src substrate, stimulates JNK activation, we hypothesized that the Src kinase family and Cas would be involved in JNK activation by reactive oxygen species. An essential role for both Src and Cas was demonstrated. First, the specific Src family tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PP2, inhibited JNK activation by H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner but had no effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and p38 activation. Second, JNK activation in response to H2O2 was completely inhibited in cells derived from transgenic mice deficient in Src but not Fyn. Third, expression of a dominant negative mutant of Cas prevented H2O2-mediated JNK activation but had no effect on extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 and p38 activation. Finally, the importance of Src was further supported by the inhibition of both H2O2-mediated Cas tyrosine phosphorylation and Cas·Crk complex formation in Src−/− but not Fyn−/− cells. These results demonstrate an essential role for Src and Cas in H2O2-mediated activation of JNK and suggest a new redox-sensitive pathway for JNK activation mediated by Src.
Desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma of the head and neck: the role of radiation therapy.

Background Desmoplastic neurotropic melanoma (DNM) is an uncommon cutaneous melanoma variant with pronounced neurotropism. In contrast to ordinary melanomas, locoregional recurrences are common and distant metastasis are uncommon in patients with DNM. Local control with surgery and radiation therapy may assume a more important role in this variant of melanoma. We present a case of an unresectable skull base recurrence of DNM that was controlled using radiation therapy alone and review the literature. Methods Case report with 36-month follow-up. Results The patient is a 68-year-old with multiple recurrences of a DNM that originated on the forehead. After extensive surgery, including total parotidectomy and temporal bone resection, the patient had an unresectable recurrence of the skull base develop. This was treated with definitive radiation therapy, resulting in a complete response. The patient has had no evidence of recurrence at 3 years. Conclusions DNM is a locally aggressive type of melanoma with a high risk of local recurrence that can be radioresponsive. The incidence of distant metastasis is low, so aggressive treatment to control local disease is warranted. This may include surgery plus adjuvant radiation therapy or definitive radiotherapy for unresectable recurrences. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuron clustering for mitigating catastrophic forgetting in feedforward neural networks

Catastrophic forgetting is a fundamental problem with artificial neural networks (ANNs) in which learned representations are lost as new representations are acquired. This significantly limits the usefulness of ANNs in dynamic or non-stationary settings, as well as when applied to very large datasets. In this paper, we examine a novel neural network architecture which utilizes online clustering for the selection of a subset of hidden neurons to be activated in the feedforward and back propagation passes. It is shown that such networks are able to effectively mitigate catastrophic forgetting. Simulation results illustrate the advantages of the proposed network with respect to other schemes for addressing the memory loss phenomenon.
Some moments of an estimate of shannon's measure of information

An underlying multinomial distribution is assumed and from this the first two moments of an estimate of Shannon's measure of information are derived in closed form. A table of the first two moments for varying sample size is given for a trinomial
Natural killer cell activity in a rat model of amiodarone-induced interstitial lung disease.

The role of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of amiodarone-induced lung disease is controversial. Increases in the percentages of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar fluid of both patients and animals with amiodarone pulmonary toxicity have been reported. To assess whether these lymphocytes are functionally activated, we measured natural killer cell activity in the lungs and blood of rats with amiodarone-induced pulmonary toxicity. Amiodarone treated rats exhibited pathologic evidence of amiodarone-induced lung disease after one week of treatment and this injury was sustained and more extensive during the remainder of the study period. Control rats had histologically normal lungs. Blood NK activity was equally present in both amiodarone-treated and control groups and was not significantly different over the course of the study (16 ±3 percent and 13 ±2 percent, respectively; p>0.05). Thus, NK cells were activated only in the lungs of rats treated with amiodarone, suggesting a local immune response in the lung. These data support the concept that lymphocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of amiodarone-induced lung disease. (Chest 1991; 99:230–34)
Possible case of rheumatoid arthritis from Sudanese Nubia.

Due to its apparent absence in archaeologically derived skeletons, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has generally been believed to be of fairly recent origin. A growing body of evidence now demonstrates that erosive lesions typical of RA are present in archaeological populations and that the antiquity of RA may be greater than previously expected. In support of this argument, a case of erosive arthritis is reported in a skeleton from Kulubnarti, Republic of the Sudan (c. 700-1450 A.D.). Lytic, erosive lesions and subchondral cysts are present bilaterally in the carpal and metacarpal joints of a female skeleton with an estimated age at death of 50+ years. These lesions are typical of those seen in clinically diagnosed rheumatoid patients. While their expression and distribution are highly suggestive of RA, interpretation must be made with due consideration for problems of differential diagnosis of this disease in archaeological material.
Patterns of genetic variation in native grape phylloxera on two sympatric host species

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to examine population genetic structure in populations of native grape phylloxera. This research asked: (i) do RAPD markers distinguish two groups corresponding to the two host plant species; and (ii) do RAPD markers distinguish groups according to spatial location, independent of host plant association? Forty-nine phylloxera clones were collected from five pairs of adjacent individuals of two sympatric grape species in five sites along a 145 km transect in Missouri, USA. A high level of polymorphism was observed, with some evidence for structuring between host plant species and no evidence for spatial structuring. An analysis of molecular variance (amova) found that 6.52% of the variance in RAPD banding patterns was attributable to host species and 7.96% of the variance was attributable to spatial location. A cluster analysis did not result in two groups corresponding to the two hosts, or to five groups corresponding to the geographical sites sampled. A Mantel test showed a low correlation between genetic similarity and spatial location. Two of the 93 RAPD markers were nonrandomly associated between the hosts. It is suggested that there may be a small host-mediated effect on genetic variation but stochastic dispersal and a highly heterogeneous environment may be the primary influences on the observed polymorphism.
The Development of Efficient Inhibition: Evidence from Directed-Forgetting Tasks.

Abstract The purposes of this paper are (1) to end the confusion over the mechanisms producing directed-forgetting effects in the three methods of cuing items in directed-forgetting tasks, (2) to highlight the role of inhibition in blocked and “only” cued directed-forgetting tasks, and (3) to review and reinterpret the developmental directed-forgetting literature within an inhibition framework. We argue that item-by-item cued directed-forgetting tasks manipulate selective rehearsal to produce greater recall of to-be-remembered (TBR) than to-be-forgotten (TBF) items. In contrast, both blocked and “only” cued directed-forgetting tasks manipulate retrieval inhibition, a form of cognitive inhibition, to produce the suppression of TBF items. The current developmental directed-forgetting literature is reviewed and reinterpreted in light of this framework. It is concluded that in item-by-item tasks children can produce directed-forgetting effects using selective rehearsal by second grade. In blocked and “only” cued directed-forgetting tasks children can produce directed-forgetting effects as early as third grade in some instances, but usually not until fifth grade. Future directions for research on cognitive inhibition, especially its role in the investigation of repressed memories, are also discussed.
Neural formulation of the effects of target size and shape upon visual detection.

A hypothesis is presented, the chief assumptions of which are that neural impulses originating in retinal receptors converge upon neurons in a central area, and that the excitation of the most excited neuron in that area determines the response. The relation of this hypothesis to earlier ideas along similar lines is discussed. It is shown that the hypothesis leads to testable relationships between thresholds for circular targets and for targets of other shapes. Evidence is presented that diffuse neural connections are relatively more important at low background levels, and an interpretation is suggested.
A Procedure-Oriented Machine Language

A study of the general area of problem solving with a digital computer has revealed characteristics of data that are essentially ignored or suppressed in conventional systems. In an attempt to increase the capability and flexibility of a digital system, a new, high-level language, which utilizes these data characteristics has been defined. A machine organization, which implements this language as a machine language and yet imposes no restrictions on the use of the language has been proposed. This paper presents a general description of the philosophy and structure of the language.
Evaluation of Factors Affecting Bonding Rate of Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Coatings for In Vivo Strain Gauge Attachment

The aim of this study was to compare the bone-bonding rates of eight calcium phosphate ceramic (CPC) coatings attached to strain gauges, alone and in conjunction with an OP1 device (Creative BioMolecules, Hopkinton, MA) and autologous concentrated pericyte cells. These coatings were studied to develop faster bone bonding to long-term in vivo strain sensors. Characterization of the CPC powders using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction showed that they had shapes ranging from spherical to rocklike and properties ranging from highly crystalline to amorphous. CPC coated gauges were placed on the femora of young male dogs during aseptic surgery and were initially held in place using resorbable sutures. Test groups were euthanized after 3, 9, and 12 weeks. Both femora of the dogs were explanted and cantilever loaded. Response of the implanted hydroxyapatite (HA) coated gauges were compared to the response of bench-top glued sets of gauges (controls) attached to the contralateral femur and reported as a percentage of the control values. One CPC coating type showed an average response of 30% of controls after 3 weeks, four showed average responses higher than 75% after 9 weeks, and three showed averages higher than 82% after 12 weeks in vivo. Amorphous CPC coatings bonded more quickly than crystalline ones and particle shape had less effect than crystal structure on bonding rates. When either OP1 or autologous concentrated pericyte cells were placed on selected CPC coated gauge surfaces, the CPC5 coated gauges bonded best after 3 weeks with a response of 59%. After the same time period in vivo, CPC3 and CPC7 provided responses of 40 and 16%, respectively. Comparison of a soluble calcium-coated CPC with an uncoated one that had identical crystal structure and similar particle shape indicated that the calcium coating slowed bone bonding substantially in the young dog model. Optical microscopy of stained undecalcified bone sections and backscattered electron imaging indicated bone formation at all bone-HA interfaces and an increase in the number of areas of bone remodeling adjacent to the gauge at all time periods. Gross bone remodeling due to strain gauge placement was only observed near the distalmost cell-seeded strain gauges. Selection of the type of coating and enhancement system can accelerate bone bonding to strain sensors but must be tailored to the bone of the model in which it is being used. Augmentation of CPC coatings with cells or OP1 resulted in variable enhancement of the bonding rate and depended on the CPC and the enhancement system.
Genetic variance of laboratory outbred Swiss mice

The extent of allelic variation has been estimated at 46 structural gene loci within three major colonies of Swiss mice and between inbred derivative strains. The colonies have retained nearly the same amount and type of variation found in natural murine or human populations despite laboratory propagation for more than 50 years (175 generations). The population genetic structures of the Swiss mouse colonies were comparable to an island population in which random fixation, and not inbreeding or population bottlenecks, is apparently responsible for slight losses in genetic variance.
Topical clindamycin preparations in the treatment of acne vulgaris

Topical clindamycin has been accepted as being effective, safe and well tolerated in the treatment of acne for decades. Topical clindamycin comes in various vehicles, including gel, lotion, solution and foam. Choosing the proper vehicle is dependent on patient preference, tolerability and application site. Widespread usage of topical antibiotics has led to a greater proportion of resistant strains of Propionibacterium acnes. As a result of the increasing resistance, clindamycin monotherapy is no longer considered a first-line acne treatment. Currently, combination treatment with benzoyl peroxide has helped to prevent antibiotic resistance. In addition, novel combinations, such as clindamycin phosphate 1.2% or tretinoin 0.025% gel, have been proven to be superior to clindamycin monotherapy in reducing acne lesion counts.
Intracellular distribution of the 126K/183K and capsid proteins in cells infected by some tobamoviruses.

Leaves of plants infected by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) strain U1, TMV strain M, tomato mosaic virus strain Dahlemense and tobacco mild green mosaic virus strain U2 were examined for the presence and intracellular distribution of their capsid and 126K/183K proteins by immunoblotting and immunogold electron microscopy. The bulk of the capsid protein was found in the virus bundles (crystals), although small amounts were found in the chloroplasts and nuclei of cells infected by some of these tobamo-viruses. The 126K protein of TMV-U1 and -M was localized in the X-bodies, whereas in cells infected by the other two viruses which induce no X-bodies, the 126K protein was found to be associated with virus bundles.
Death as a Way of Life: The Increasing Resort to Homicide in a Maya Indian Community'

The breaking-down of a social-control system based on belief in the guardianship of the spiritual ancestors and their temporal agents, the curers, is reflected in a rising homicide rate as people turn to individual sanctions when threatened. The acts of homicide differ in their social significance according to who is killed, the context, the agency, and the motivation of the killer. Thirty-seven homicides between 1938 and 1965, analyzed in terms of these component variables, reflect the conflicts arising from competition in new economic enterprises, the rising suspicion of curers' abuse of their supernatural power, and the loss of belief in the guardianship of the ancestors.
Entropy and composite particle production

Abstract The application of entropy to composite particle production in nucleus-nucleus collisions is reviewed. More entropy is generated in high energy nuclear collisions than is predicted from bulk dynamics, due to the surfaces which are effectively quite thick. The measured production of deuteronlike clusters agrees with theory based on independent nucleon dynamics. The entropy concept may also be useful at low energies to help characterize the breakup of nuclei. We find the region of instability of nuclear matter as a function of energy and density. We suggest that the unstable region is reached in nuclear reactions by an isentropic expansion of overstressed nuclear matter.