cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generalized perfect graphs: characterizations and inversion

Abstract Given a hereditary family of graphs P one defines the P -chromatic number of a graph G (denoted χ P (G)) to be the manimum size of a partition V ( G ) = V 1 ∪ 3· ∪ V k such that each V i induces in G a member of P . Define ω P (G) to equal max {χ P (K)} where the maximum is taken over all cliques K in G . We say that G is χ P - perfect provided χ P (H) = ω P (H) for all induced subgraphs H of G and we denote the set of χ P - perfect graphs by P ∗ . In this paper we discuss the following results: 1. (1) We give analogs of the Strong Perfect Graph Conjecture, that is, we find forbidden subgraph characterizations of P ∗ for various families P . 2. (2) We show the central role played by the classes Free( K n ) = { G : ω ( G ) n } in finding P ∗ for all hereditary P , and give a partial characterization of ( Free (K n )) ∗ for n ⩾ 3 . 3. (3) We consider the problem of inverting perfection: given a hereditary family Q , find all hereditary P such that P ∗ = Q . We find conditions on P that are necessary and sufficient for P ∗ = Q . We then apply this “inverting perfection theorem” to a number of families Q .
Free Will Skepticism: Current Arguments and Future Directions

Offered here is a review of Gregg D. Caruso’s edited volume, Exploring the Illusion of Free will and Moral Responsibility [1]. Assembled here are essays by nearly all the major contributors to the philosophical free will debate on the denial and skeptical side. The volume tells us where the field currently is and also gives us a sense of how the free will debate is actually advancing toward greater understanding. Perhaps we can even discern some glimmer of hope for a resolution or a degree of consensus that could, in the near future, underlie or give rise to practical engagements to bring about significant social transformations and innovations toward a more humane society.
The Art of Teaching Social Studies with Film

Abstract Teaching with film is a powerful and meaningful instructional strategy. This article discusses five classroom-tested methods for teaching with film: (1) film as a visual textbook, (2) film as a depicter of atmosphere, (3) film as an analogy, (4) film as a historiography, and (5) film as a springboard. Each of the methods discussed includes examples of a variety of films that could be used, along with suggested focus questions and conversation topics. Furthermore, this article discusses relevant legal issues surrounding the use of film in the classroom.
3'-terminal labelling of RNA with T4 RNA ligase.

T4 RNA LIGASE catalyses the formation of an internucleotide phosphodiester bond between an oligonucleotide donor molecule with a 5′-terminal phosphate and an oligonucleotide acceptor molecule with a 3′-terminal hydroxyl1–3. Although the minimal acceptor must be a trinucleoside diphosphate, dinucleoside pyrophosphates and mononucleoside 3′,5′-bisphosphates (pNps) are effective donors in the intermolecular reaction4–6. We demonstrate here that various high molecular weight RNA molecules are acceptors in the RNA ligase reaction even when present in very low concentrations in the reaction mixture. One immediate consequence of this observation is that a convenient method for labelling the 3′ end of RNA molecules in vitro becomes available. By using a [5′-32P]pNp as a donor and RNA as an acceptor, the product of the reaction is an RNA molecule one nucleotide longer, with a 3′-terminal phosphate and a 32P-phosphate in the last internucleotide linkage. This reaction is therefore analogous to the in vitro labelling of the 5′ termini of RNA chains with polynucleotide kinase and [γ-32P]ATP and can be used in situations where 5′ labelling is not possible. In addition, the ability to add various donors to an RNA molecule should allow the function of the 3′ terminus of the molecule to be investigated.
Sustainable development: A co-evolutionary view

Abstract The challenges of sustainable development can be organized around three themes. First, modernization has been unsustainable because it has been supported by the use of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals which are limited in availability and damaging to the atmosphere and terrestrial and aquatic systems. Sustainable development will require that the use of energy and chemicals be subservient to ecosystem maintenance. Second, political consensus and bureaucratic mobilization will be more difficult because we no longer believe that development is almost inevitable through the application of Western science. On the other hand, we may be less prone to make mistakes. The decline in belief in progress has also increased the opportunities for non-Western cultures to define development for themselves. Third, we are shifting from a mechanical to a co-evolutionary understanding of systems which helps explain why development has been unsustainable and what we must do to attain sustainability.
The binding of 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) to fish myosin and the effect of salts on the thermal transitions of fish myosin-ANS complex.

Abstract Myosin prepared from tilapia (Serotherodon aureus) was complexed with 8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) and continuously heated at 1 °C/min. A large increase in fluorescence was observed with a transition temperature of 34 °C. The effect of several salts on the transition temperature was tested. A plot based on the equation of E. E. Schrier and E. B. Schrier [(1967) J. Phys. Chem.71, 1851–1860] gave a value of m −1 and at least 200 low affinity sites with an average value of 1 × 105 m −1. The parameters did not change significantly with temperature. We propose that the increase in ANS fluorescence reflects changes in conformation of myosin as monitored by these low affinity sites, resulting in an increase in surface hydrophobicity and representing a small enthalpic change in the conformation of the myosin molecule. As a consequence, the change in conformation accelerates polymerization of myosin oligomers.
High Temperature Solid Lubrication by Catalytically Generated Carbon

The wear process in bearings generates a clean active surface. Carbon is known to form readily on catalytic surfaces through the reduction of carbon oxides or hydrocarbon. Carbon, through the adsorption of hydrocarbons, water vapor, or oxygen, becomes an effective lubricant. If these three phenomena can be made to work together, a new concept of high temperature lubrication would be available. This paper presents laboratory investigations towards the development of this concept. Carbon has been successfully produced through catalytic reduction of ethylene on a variety of metallic and ceramic surfaces containing nickel. This carbon has been shown to reduce friction at a sliding interface at elevated temperatures.
Characterizing sparse preconditioner performance for the support vector machine kernel

Abstract A two-class Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier finds a hyperplane that separates two classes of data with the maximum margin. In a first learning phase, SVM involves the construction and solution of a primal-dual interiorpoint optimization problem. Each iteration of the interior-point method (IPM) requires a sparse linear system solution, which dominates the execution time of SVM learning. Solving this linear system can often be computationally expensive depending on the conditioning of the matrix. Consequently, preconditioned linear systems can lead to improved SVM performance while maintaining the classification accuracy. In this paper, we seek to characterize the role of preconditioning schemes for enhancing the SVM classifier performance. We compare and report on the solution time, convergence, and number of Newton iterations of the iterior-point method and classification accuracy of the SVM for 6 well-accepted preconditioning schemes and datasets chosen from well-known machine learning repositories. In particular, we introduce Δ -IPM that sparsifies the linear system at each iteration of the IPM. Our results indicate that on average the Jacobi and SSOR preconditioners perform 10.01 times better than other preconditioning schemes for IPM and 8.83 times better for Δ -IPM. Also, across all datasets Jacobi and SSOR perform between 2 to 30 times better than other schemes in both IPM and Δ -IPM. Moreover, Δ -IPM obtains a speedup over IPM performance on average by 1.25 and as much as 2 times speedup in the best case.
Trace metals may decrease hypercholesterolemia in crowded cholesterol-fed roosters

Abstract The observed negative correlation between hardness of the municipal drinking water and mortality from atherosclerotic heart disease (ADH) in Whites may be explained statistically by the concomitant levels of lithium and strontium in the water. Lithium in high dosage breaks the manic phase in manic depressive disease. Hypomanic-like so-called “Type A” behavior is a risk factor of AHD. To study lithium and strontium in low dosage, 120 Plymouth Rock cockerels were raised in small pens of 10 each and fed standard corn-and-soybean mash with 2% cholesterol and 5% cottonseed oil added. Six pens, used as controls, received deionized drinking water. The six remaining pens received deionized water with 0.5 m m lithium and 1.5 m m strontium salt resulting in ionic doses of 0.5 and 19 mg per kg body weight, respectively. The cockerels were bled periodically (for serum cholesterol determination), killed at 3 months of age and grossly assessed for the amount of lipid deposited on the aortic intima, using Sudan IV stain. It was found that the lithium-strontium-treated cockerels had lower serum cholesterol levels but not significantly lower ratings for intimal lipid deposits in the aorta. These results confirm earlier unpublished studies on lithium. They do not contradict the contention that long-term, low-dose lithium may act protectively against hypercholesterolemia, probably through inhibition of the adrenergic stimulus.
Observations and Perceptions of Academic Administrator Influence on Open Access Initiatives

Abstract Existing literature frequently covers the topic of open access from the perspectives of authors, librarians, or publishers. Investigations into the role of academic administrators, however, remain limited. Because librarians are uniquely positioned in the center of the scholarly communication ecosystem a survey of library directors was conducted to investigate the nature of any relationship between the actions of academic administrators and an institution's commitment to open access, as observed by librarians. Results indicate that, according to the perspective of librarians, as academic administrator attention to open access increases, open access activities of faculty and librarians also increase. Open access advocates should reflect upon the role of academic administrators and consider increasing efforts to gain the support of these individuals.
A method for selecting detector apertures for use in SRIXE

Abstract A method is presented that will help in selecting the most appropriate detector aperture size for use in SRIXE (synchrotron radiation induced X-ray emission) measurements. The criterion for selection involves maximizing the fluorescence yield while minimizing background from scattered radiation. The method uses previously published expansions of the scattering cross sections, integrated over solid angle (into 90°), and solving for the value of the aperture aspect ratio where the crossover occurs between terms of the cross section that are proportional to solid angle and terms that change faster than the solid angle.
“Traveling Affectively Alone”: a Personal Derailment in Analytic Listening

Questioning whether or not we have entered a new “two-person” paradigm, the author shares a traumatic personal experience, considers its impact on her work with a patient, and discusses some clinical and epistemological dilemmas in self-disclosure.
The accessory olfactory bulbs and the lateral telencephalic wall of the rat‐fish, Chimaera

The lateral telencephalon of Chimaera possesses several unique features but also has nuclei and fiber systems homologous with those of other sub-mammalian vertebrates. Ventricular ridges, similar to those of reptiles, are quite evident. Accessory olfactory bulbs are associated with the dorsal and ventral parts of each olfactory bulb. These contribute to the lateral olfactory tract. The internal granular layer caudal to the olfactory and the accessory bulbs blends with the anterior olfactory nucleus. Caudal to this nuclear area, the nuclei of the rostral telencephalon are well differentiated. Nuclear areas distinguishable in the lateral hemisphere include: the primordial dorsal pallium, the primordial piriform cortex, the primordial striatal and amygdaloid nuclei, and the lateral zone of the olfactory tubercle. These areas replace dorsal, dorsolateral, ventrolateral and ventral parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus, respectively. The primordial striatum is subdivided into hyperstriatum, neostriatum, paleostriatum augmentatum and paleostriatum primitivum. The amygdaloid area has anterior, corticomedial and basolateral nuclear groups. The basolateral area is best differentiated. The hyperstriatum forms a rostral ventricular eminence; the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus is present in a larger caudal ventricular ridge. Fiber tracts of the lateral wall include the lateral olfactory tract, the lateral corticohabenular tract, the lateral forebrain bundle and the stria terminalis. Nuclei of medial and lateral walls are interrelated through the hippocampal and the anterior commissures.
Phase change memory architecture and the quest for scalability

Memory scaling is in jeopardy as charge storage and sensing mechanisms become less reliable for prevalent memory technologies, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In contrast, phase change memory (PCM) relies on programmable resistances, as well as scalable current and thermal mechanisms. To deploy PCM as a DRAM alternative and to exploit its scalability, PCM must be architected to address relatively long latencies, high energy writes, and finite endurance.We propose architectural enhancements that address these limitations and make PCM competitive with DRAM. A baseline PCM system is 1.6× slower and requires 2.2× more energy than a DRAM system. Buffer reorganizations reduce this delay and energy gap to 1.2× and 1.0×, using narrow rows to mitigate write energy as well as multiple rows to improve locality and write coalescing. Partial writes mitigate limited memory endurance to provide more than 10 years of lifetime. Process scaling will further reduce PCM energy costs and improve endurance.
Some theoretical considerations for magnetic vibrational circular dichroism spectra

Expressions are derived for the A terms, B terms, and associated partial anisotropy factors relevant for the magnetic vibrational circular dichroism (MVCD) spectra of molecules with nondegenerated ground states. These expressions are derived subject to the approximations of the harmonic fixed partial charge model and the condition of magnetic coupling among only the ground electronic state vibrational levels. Numerical values for partial anisotropy factors calculated from these expressions, when taken in conjunction with the recent MVCD data of Keiderling, suggest the importance of magnetic coupling of the ground electronic state with higher electronic states in the case of B terms. Symmetry constraints on the nonvanishing of such coupling terms also suggest the possible utility of MVCD data for providing spectroscopic and molecular structural information.
Exploring romantic relationships on social networking sites using the self-expansion model

Several hypotheses were derived from the self-expansion model (Aron & Aron, 1986) concerning romantic relationships and social networking sites (SNSs). A sample of 276 participants responded to questions about their relationship history and SNS uses and a subset of those (N=149) responded to additional questions about a current romantic partner. Results suggest that past self-expansion leaves a residue shown by more interests. This finding was moderated by overall Facebook use. Particular Facebook behaviors such as tagging one's partner in status updates, appearing together in photographs, and listing similar interests on profiles are indicative of self-expansion processes typically found in romantic relationships.
Studies of aging in ames dwarf mice: Effects of caloric restriction.

Ames dwarf mice, which are small and deficient in growth homone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) live much longer (1–1.25 years) than their normal siblings. It was of interest to examine the response of these animals to caloric restriction (CR) because of the possibility that dwarf mice are voluntarily caloric restricted. We are testing the hypothesis that this possible natural caloric restriction will negate any benefits of an imposed CR on lifespan. Male and female Ames dwarf mice and their normal counterparts have been fed ad libitum (AL) or a 30% CR diet for 25–29 months. Animals were monitored daily and weighed weekly. At 12–15 months of age, CR mice weighed significantly less than their AL fed counterparts (normal females: −42%, normal males: −23%, dwarf females: −18.8%, and dwarf males: −22.2%). Only in dwarf females has this significant difference disappeared with age. At one year of age, a comparison of daily food consumption revealed that female dwarf mice consume significantly more food per gram body weight than normal females and a similar tendency is evident for males. Although they received 30% less food, CR mice ate the same amount as AL mice per gram body weight. On measures of total locomotor activity, CR mice were significantly more active than their AL-fed counterparts. On an inhibitory avoidance learning task, 18–21 month old dwarf mice exhibited significantly better retention than their age-and diet-matched normal counterparts. Histopathological analysis in aging dwarf versus normal mice suggested that the incidence of tumors does not differ between the two groups but tumors appear to develop later in dwarf than in normal mice. After 2.25 years on the study 27% of AL normals, 52% of CR normals, 74% of AL dwarfs, and 87% of CR dwarfs are still alive. We conclude that Ames dwarfs are not CR mimetics although they share many characteristics. It remains to be determined whether CR will delay aging and cause a further life extension in Ames dwarf mice.
Reference, modality, and relational time

L'A. presente des arguments contre la conclusion que la Nouvelle Theorie de Reference (NTR) comporte l'idee d'absolutisme du temps. Selon lui les liens entre les theories du langage et du temps ne sont pas si forts.
Hydrolysis of juvenile hormone in diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella

The role of juvenile hormone (JH) esterases in relation to the diapause state of the southwestern corn borer,Diatraea grandiosella, was examined. The facultative larval diapause of this insect is dependent upon the presence of JH. Plasma, fat body, midgut, and body wall extracts metabolized [3H]JH I and [3H]JH III to JH-acid in vitro. JH-diol, JH-acid-diol, or conjugated polar metabolites were not detected. A longer half life of [3H]JH I was found in vitro in the plasma of diapausing larvae than in that of non-diapausing larvae. Although JH hydrolytic activity was relatively low in the plasma of pre-diapausing and diapausing larvae, systematic changes were observed suggesting that JH esterases may be involved in regulating the JH titer during this period. The JH hydrolytic activity found in the plasma of diapausing larvae was 3 to 5 times lower than that found in the plasma of mid-last instar non-diapausing larvae. Gel filtration profiles obtained from the plasma of diapausing and non-diapausing larvae suggested that JH esterases and α-naphthyl-acetate esterases are different enzymes. Multiple overlapping peaks of JH hydrolytic activity with an apparent molecular weight range of 43,000 to 75,000 were detected, whereas 2 separate peaks of α-naphthyl-acetate hydrolytic activity (apparent mol. wt. ca. 54,000, and 120,000) were detected. Gel filtration of supernatants of fat body indicated that JH was hydrolyzed at a lower rate by the fat body of pre-diapausing larvae than by that of non-diapausing larvae.
Flt3 ligand augmentation of T cell mitogenesis and expansion of type 1 effector/memory T cells

Herein we report mechanisms whereby Flt3 ligand (FL) augments steady state T cell activity in addition to the expansion of dendritic cells (DCs). We demonstrate that in vivo administration of FL increases the frequency and absolute number of effector/memory T cells and preferentially expands T cells that express a type-1 cytokine phenotype. In addition, FL enhances T cell proliferative responses to Concanavalin A that directly correlated with increased frequencies in effector/memory T cells and expansion of lymphoid-derived (type 1) DCs (DC1s). Together, these data demonstrate that mechanisms of FL-induced T cell regulation include not only the expansion of DC subsets, but also the preferential expansion of type 1-effector/memory T cell populations, and suggest multiple mechanisms of action for FL as a vaccine adjuvant and as a therapeutic modality.
Environmentally Friendly Stabilization of Unpaved Shoulders

Researchers at Iowa State University have investigated several alternatives for the stabilization of granular shoulder materials. Soybean oil soap-stock (SOS) appears to be an effective and environmentally friendly treatment. The stabilizer used in field studies is a proprietary formulation of SOS called "DUSTLOCK." SOS is a by-product of the refining process of soybean oil. Being a by-product, it is relatively inexpensive, though several other uses exist. It is also attractive because it can be applied at ambient temperatures with distributor trucks and fits the equipment and labor skill set that is available in many state Department of Transportation (DOT) shops and local jurisdictions. SOS shows promise in certain cases. In previous testing, some sections performed very well. Continuing research is investigating the traffic levels and materials where SOS stabilization can be both successful and cost-effective. Iowa State University researchers are working with Iowa Department of Transportation (IDOT) personnel to investigate application techniques and alternative equipment configurations so that SOS might be used in as many situations as possible. In the summer and fall of 2011, ISU researchers worked with IDOT to test application procedures in locations with differing traffic levels and using various application techniques. Ongoing research is monitoring the performance of the stabilized shoulders over time.
A framework for specifying and designing pipelines

We present a framework for designing control circuitry for pipelined circuits. Our framework supports any mixture of data-dependent, data-stationary and time-stationary control for pipelines with out-of-order execution. There are four parameters to the framework: (1) Protocol schemes describe how transactions are transferred between stages in the pipeline. (2) Arbitration schemes specify how to prevent and/or handle structural hazards in the pipeline. (3) Control schemes determine how transactions are routed through the pipeline and how stages know what operation to perform. (4) Ordering schemes describe a method for matching up transactions as they leave the pipeline with transactions that entered the pipeline. Based on our framework we have developed an algorithm for compiling the control circuitry for a wide class of pipelines from a high-level description of the schedule for the pipeline. >
Designing a custom VLSI moment invariant data signal processor

Abstract This paper describes the design of a very large scale integration (VLSI) application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for use in pattern recognition. The ASIC implements a moment invariant engine for use in real-time pattern recognition. The pattern recognition scheme uses Hu and Maitra's algorithms for moment invariants. A prototype design was generated that resolved the long delay time of the multiplier by custom designing adder cells based on the Manchester carry chain, which effectively incorporated the carry lookahead (CLA) function into the adder cells. The prototype ASIC was fabricated in a 2.0 μm CMOS technology (simulated at 20 MHz) and was tested with 100% success to 16.67 MHz. The prototype consisted of a 4 × 8 multiplier and an 11-bit accumulator stage. The present ASIC design consists of a 9 × 26 multiplier (that has a maximum propagation time of 50 ns) and a 48-bit accumulator stage. The final ASICs will be used in parallel at the board level to achieve the 232.5 megaoperations/s [1024 × 1024 operations/s = 1 megaoperations/s (MOPs)] necessary to perform the moment invariant algorithms in real time on 512 × 512 pixel images with 256 gray scales.
AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIPTION OF GENERAL AUDIO DATA: EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT SEGMENTATION ON PHONETIC RECOGNITION 1

The task of automatically transcribing general audio data is very different from those usually confronted by current automatic speech recognition systems. The general goal of our work is to determine the optimal training strategy for recognizing such data. Specifically, we have studied the effects of different speaking environments on a phonetic recognition task using data collected from a radio news program. We found that if a singlerecognizer is to be used, it is more effective to use a smaller amount of homogeneous, clean data for training. This approach yielded a decrease in phonetic recognition error rate of over 26% over a system trained with an equivalent amount of data which contained a variety of speaking environments. We found that additional gains can be made with a multiple-recognizer system, trained with environment-specific data. Overall, we found that this approach yielded a decrease in error rate of nearly 2%, with some individual speaking environments’ error rate decreasing by over 7%.
Coping with Stress: A Multimodal Approach

hassle, the impact of hassles on phys ical and mental health depends on factors such as the chronically high frequency of hassles, the heightening of hassles during given periods, or the presence of one hassle or more of compelling psychological impor tance. These researchers also specu late that hassles may have their origin in a person's characteristic style or routine environment or in the interac
The intangible benefits and costs of investments: evidence from financial markets

A model is presented of how the financial market valuation of firms can be used to estimate the intangible costs and benefits of computer capital and several new empirical results based on this model are presented. Using eight years of data for over 1,000 firms in the United States, the study finds that an increase of one dollar in the quantity of computer capital installed by a firm is associated with an increase of up to ten dollars in the financial markets’ valuation of the firm. Other forms of capital do not exhibit these high valuations. The model suggests that intangible assets can provide an explanation for the high market valuation found for computers in this study as well as the excess returns found for computer capital in other studies. Costly investments in software, training, and organizational transformations that accompany computer investments can be regarded as creating intangible assets. These intangible assets do not appear on firms’ conventional balance sheets but they can produce both higher market valuations and “excess” returns. The empirical evidence suggests that up to nine-tenths of the costs and benefits of computer capital are embodied in otherwise unobserved intangible assets. “matter itself is only a deposit, a stratum, which yields only to the most meticulous examination what constitutes the real treasure hidden within” —Walter Benjamin, A Berlin Chronicle (1970) “When I was a kid in the bank, the key economic indicator we looked at was freight-car loadings. Who the hell cares about them now? What we need is a way to measure the knowledge we bring to the work we do.” —retired Citicorp chairman Walter Wriston
Integrating word acquisition and referential grounding towards physical world interaction

In language-based interaction between a human and an artificial agent (e.g., robot) in a physical world, because the human and the agent have different knowledge and capabilities in perceiving the shared environment, referential grounding is very difficult. To facilitate such interaction, it is important for the agent to continuously learn and acquire knowledge about the environment through interactions with humans and incorporate the learned knowledge in grounding references from human utterances. To address this issue, this paper presents a graph-based approach for referential grounding and examines how referential grounding and word acquisition influence each other in physical world interaction. Our empirical results have shown that for most words, automated word acquisition through interaction improves referential grounding performance. However, this is not the case for words describing object types, where human supervision is important. Nevertheless, better referential grounding enables more accurate acquisition of word meanings, which in turn further improves grounding performance for references in subsequent utterances.
“Integrated semigroups” and integrated solutions to abstract Cauchy problems

Abstract Concepts which have been developed in the theory of weakly∗ continuous semigroups on dual Banach spaces are extended to “integrated semigroups.” The relation to integrated solutions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous abstract Cauchy problems is established. The results are illustrated for the wave equation in L2(Rm).
FATE OF NITROGEN IN SEWAGE EFFLUENT APPLIED TO SOIL

Natural chemical and biological reactions will remove nitrogen from sewage effluent applied to soils if the wastewater is applied in a carefully managed treatment system. Only denitrification can remove the tremendous quantities of nitrogen applied in a high-rate land filtration system where nitrogen loads may be 10 to 30 times greater than those applied in irrigation systems. Columns packed in the laboratory with loamy sand removed 80% of the nitrogen applied at infiltration rates below 6 in./day (l5 cm/day). Percent nitrogen removal decreased exponentially as the infiltration rate increased from 6 in./day - 22 in./day (l5 cm to 55 cm/day). Nitrogen was also removed by the soil columns when high-nitrate water was collected, mixed with sewage, and recycled. Nitrogen may be removed by applying sewage to soils of low permeability and allowing it to trickle slowly down grassed slopes. Removal is probably due to a combination of plant uptake, denitrification, and immobilization in microbial tissue.
Neural network based finite horizon stochastic optimal controller design for nonlinear networked control systems

Existing neuro-dynamic programming (NDP) techniques are not applicable for optimizing real-time NNCS with terminal constraints during the finite horizon. Therefore, a novel time-based NDP scheme is developed in this paper to solve finite horizon optimal control of NNCS. First, an online neural network (NN) identifier is introduced to approximate the control coefficient matrix. Then, the critic and action NNs are utilized to determine time-based finite horizon stochastic optimal control for NNCS in a forward-in-time manner. By incorporating novel NN weight update laws, Lyapunov theory is used to show that all closed-loop signals and NN weights are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) with ultimate bounds being a function of initial conditions and final time. Moreover, the approximated control input converges close to target value within finite time. Simulation results are included to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
A new quantitative assessment tool for computer science programs

We have designed a quantitative measure using card sorts that we show is statistically significant in distinguishing beginning students (novices) from those who have acquired competency appropriate to graduates of computer science (CS) programs. Using card sorts and applying this quantitative analysis, CS departments can arm themselves with another measure of the effectiveness of their academic programs in achieving their learning outcomes.
Pharmacotherapy to control behavioral symptoms in children with autism.

Introduction: Autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) are pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) frequently associated with behavioral symptoms that may require pharmacotherapy to manage. Areas covered: Behavioral symptoms in children with autism include interfering repetitive behaviors, irritability, and hyperactivity and inattention, among others. The psychotropic medications examined in this review include: serotonin reuptake inhibitors, typical and atypical antipsychotics, medications used to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, naltrexone, buspirone, divalproex sodium, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, memantine, mirtazapine, riluzole, pioglitazone, and topiramate. Expert opinion: For the treatment of interfering repetitive behaviors, serotonin reuptake inhibitors demonstrate less efficacy and are more poorly tolerated in children with autism compared to adults. Antipsychotics are the most efficacious drugs for the treatmen...
QUASIMODULAR FORMS AND VECTOR BUNDLES

Modular forms for a discrete subgroup Γ of SL(2,ℝ) can be identified with holomorphic sections of line bundles over the modular curve U corresponding to Γ, and quasimodular forms generalize modular forms. We construct vector bundles over U whose sections can be identified with quasimodular forms for Γ.
BMO and Carleson Measures

If the deviation of a function from its averages over all cubes is bounded, then the function is called of bounded mean oscillation (BMO). Bounded functions are of bounded mean oscillation, but there exist unbounded BMO functions. Such functions are slowly growing, and they typically have at most logarithmic blowup. The space BMO shares similar properties with the space L ∞ , and often serves as a substitute for it. For instance, classical singular integrals do not map L ∞ to L ∞ but L ∞ to BMO. And in many instances interpolation between L p and BMO works just as well between L p and L ∞ . But the role of the space BMO is deeper and more far-reaching than that. This space crucially arises in many situations in analysis, such as in the characterization of the L 2 boundedness of nonconvolution singular integral operators with standard kernels.
Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage is a serious neurological disorder that is often complicated by the occurrence of electrocardiographic abnormalities unexplained by preexisting cardiac conditions. These morphological waveform changes and arrhythmias often are unrecognized or misinterpreted, potentially placing patients at risk for inappropriate management. Many previous investigations were retrospective and relied on data collected in an unsystematic manner. More recent studies that included use of serial electrocardiograms and Holter recordings have provided new insight into the high prevalence of electrocardiographic changes in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Research on the prevalence, duration, and clinical significance of these electrocardiographic abnormalities and on associated factors and etiological theories is reviewed.
Differential effects of phorbol ester (PMA) on blocker-sensitive ENaCs of frog skin and A6 epithelia

Activation of protein kinase C with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) caused complex transient perturbations of amiloride-sensitive short-circuit Na+ currents (I Na) in A6 epithelia and frog sk...
Self-Assessment of and for Young Learners’ Foreign Language Learning

Despite the recent focus on self-assessment (SA) as a tool for enhancing learning, some researchers and practitioners have expressed concerns about its subjectivity and lack of accuracy. Such concerns, however, originated from the traditional, measurement-based notion of assessment (assessment of learning) rather than the learning-based notion of assessment (assessment for learning). In addition, existing research on SA in second/foreign language education has been concentrated on adult learners, leaving us with limited information on SA among young learners. In this chapter, I address both sets of issues: the confusion between the two orientations for assessment and age-related concerns regarding SA. First, I clarify the two orientations of assessment—assessment of learning and assessment for learning—and demonstrate that most of the concerns about subjectivity and accuracy apply primarily to the former orientation. Second, I detail the current findings on SA among young learners and identify the most urgent topics for future research in this area. Finally, to help teachers and researchers examine and develop SA items that are most appropriate for their purposes, I propose five dimensions that characterize existing major SAs for young learners: (a) domain setting; (b) scale setting; (c) goal setting; (d) focus of assessment; and (e) method of assessment.
Vascular Medicine: The Eye Cannot See What the Mind Does Not Know.

Cardiologists possess the requisite skillset to accurately evaluate and treat coronary disease, but few cardiologists may claim they are equally conversant in vascular medicine. Approximately one-third of patients with coronary artery disease have concomitant overt or occult peripheral vascular
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF STATE-OWNED EXPERIMENTAL POND FARMS

Creating a frustrating situation of inherent conflict between the long-range objectives of scientists and the short-term needs of commercial growers, the current system in Hawaii of obtaining data from the prawn farmers' ponds and using the ponds to test management techniques and devices as a return for the subsidy provided in the form of free technical assistance and juveniles for stocking under a three-year period of assistance appears to cause a major bottleneck in industry progress. The authors, taking this into consideration, propose state-owned experimental farm stations for an alternative and provide detailed methods for evaluating their worthwhileness from both the scientists' and the growers' points of view.
On the Error Structure of Impedance Measurements Series Expansions

A framework is presented for characterizing the statistical properties of frequency-domain measurements. The correlation between the variance in the complex impedance and the variances in the complex current and voltage are examined by means of a Taylor series expansion for the impedance. Both sufficient-only and necessary and sufficient conditions for equality of the variances of real and imaginary impedance are identified and verified using stochastic simulations of techniques commonly employed in frequency-domain measurements.
Efficient method to generate time evolution of the Wigner function for open quantum systems

The Wigner function is a useful tool for exploring the transition between quantum and classical dynamics, as well as the behavior of quantum chaotic systems. Evolving the Wigner function for open systems has proved challenging, however; a variety of methods have been devised but suffer from being cumbersome and resource intensive. Here we present an efficient fast-Fourier method for evolving the Wigner function that has a complexity of $O(NlogN)$ where $N$ is the size of the array storing the Wigner function. The efficiency, stability, and simplicity of this method allows us to simulate open-system dynamics previously thought to be prohibitively expensive. As a demonstration we simulate the dynamics of both one-particle and two-particle systems under various environmental interactions. For a single particle we also compare the resulting evolution with that of the classical Fokker--Planck and Koopman--von Neumann equations and show that the environmental interactions induce the quantum-to-classical transition as expected. In the case of two interacting particles we show that an environment interacting with one of the particles leads to the loss of coherence of the other.
Acetaldehyde Toxicity to the Green Peach Aphid on Harvested Head Lettuce in High Carbon Dioxide or Low Oxygen Atmospheres

Fumigation for 4 h with acetaldehyde (Aa) vapor in an atmosphere containing 25–35% carbon dioxide (CO2) increased the mortality of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) ca. 3-fold as compared with Aa fumigation alone. All aphids were killed by treatment with 1% Aa in 50–60% CO2 or 1.5% Aa in 35% CO2 as compared to 32 and 92% mortality, respectively, in treatments without CO2, Fumigation with Aa vapor in a low oxygen (1–2%) atmosphere did not increase the mortality rate of the aphids.
DFT Modeling of the Aldehyde–Water Shift Reaction with a Cationic Cp*Ir Catalyst

Density functional theory calculations were used to assess the viability of an IrIII complex, Cp*IrIII(bpy-(OH)2)(H2O)[OTf]2, as a catalyst for the aldehyde–water shift (AWS) reaction (R–CHO + H2O → R–COOH + H2), a reaction of considerable interest because of its potential implications for bulk hydrogen production and the “green” oxidation of aldehydes. Calculated thermodynamic and kinetic values for the steps in a proposed reaction mechanism with R = Me are reported. Calculations were conducted in both the gas phase and a continuum water solvent, with both sets of data showing similar energy trends. Overall, the data suggest that the IrIII and related complexes are catalyst leads worthy of experimental consideration. The RhIII and RuII variants of the proposed catalyst were also tested, and the following order of catalyst effectiveness was proposed: Rh > Ir > Ru. This order suggests that the Rh variant is also worthy of experimental testing.
The Influence of Ice Accretion on the Aerodynamic Performance of a UAS Airfoil

In this paper, we describe the results of numerical prediction of ice accretion and the resulting aerodynamic penalties on an SD7037 airfoil. NRC in-house numerical codes were used to compute the airflow field, drop trajectories, ice accretion and finally aerodynamic characteristics. The analysis was performed for cruise and landing conditions and for a wide range of icing conditions identified in the FAA Appendix C icing envelope, which cover a range of drop sizes, air temperatures and liquid water contents. For selected icing conditions, the resulting decrease in lift, increase in drag and change in pitching moment have been examined.
System-Level Performance Impact of Active Flow Control Vertical Tails on a Commercial Transport Model Family

NASA’s Environmentally Responsible Aviation project is currently pursuing innovative flow control concepts for aircraft drag reduction. One technology application being considered is the use of sweeping jet fluidic actuators on vertical tails for enhancing rudder effectiveness, which will enable reduced vertical tail size. This paper presents an approach for quantifying the performance impact of installing active flow control vertical tails on a commercial transport model family. The approach is implemented for a Boeing 737-type aircraft family, and fuel burn reduction results are quantified for multiple active flow control application scenarios.
Antibodies to DNA

Antibodies to DNA are of interest to a broad spectrum of physicians and other scientists. The presence of large amounts of serum antibodies to double-stranded DNA is specific for systemic lupus erythematosus, and some subgroups of these antibodies are pathogenic. It is likely that people are predisposed to have systemic lupus erythematosus if they can make pathogenic subgroups of antibodies to DNA and if they cannot down-regulate them appropriately. Studies of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and of murine models of the disease have provided information regarding the different types of antibodies to DNA, their role in pathogenesis, and new . . .
NRPquest: Coupling Mass Spectrometry and Genome Mining for Nonribosomal Peptide Discovery.

Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) such as vancomycin and daptomycin are among the most effective antibiotics. While NRPs are biomedically important, the computational techniques for sequencing these peptides are still in their infancy. The recent emergence of mass spectrometry techniques for NRP analysis (capable of sequencing an NRP from small amounts of nonpurified material) revealed an enormous diversity of NRPs. However, as many NRPs have nonlinear structure (e.g., cyclic or branched-cyclic peptides), the standard de novo sequencing tools (developed for linear peptides) are not applicable to NRP analysis. Here, we introduce the first NRP identification algorithm, NRPquest, that performs mutation-tolerant and modification-tolerant searches of spectral data sets against a database of putative NRPs. In contrast to previous studies aimed at NRP discovery (that usually report very few NRPs), NRPquest revealed nearly a hundred NRPs (including unknown variants of previously known peptides) in a single study. This...
The Hermeneutic Dilemma in Thomas More’s Utopia

Thomas More’s Utopia is subject to diverse interpretations on as various levels as the diversity of the literary text. Far from being a simple object, the literary text follows different principles, meanings and connections. The shift from examining the text interpretation to its sign representation reflects the major shift of emphasis in contemporary literary theory and criticism. This paper is structured on these two orientations. The reader of More’s Utopia is left guessing as to which parts of the brilliant jeu d’esprit are seriously intended to raise a hermeneutic ambiguity and which are mere paradox. On the one hand, there is an implicit “heuristic method” of great importance to a better understanding of the book. On the other, the explicit content can be better examined through the “scholastic method” which, “though only implicit in the work, used by More to make his criticism of the world created by an abuse of that method all the more ironical”. [1] The present paper focuses on the hermeneutic dilemma of More’s Utopia. The text interpretations that step outside the structural poetics suggest that, as a humanist, More establishes a distance between him and his own text through the use of irony and satire. Only after a postmodern reading of the text will apparent clarities of statement turn into delightful puzzles or vexatious anxieties of interpretation. This relative plethora of interpretations of Utopia is true and the themes, the dialogues and the language use are symbolic of it. [1] P. Albert Duhamel, « Medievalism of More’s Utopia », Studies in Philology , Volume lII, N° 2, April, 1955, p. 99.
Management of respirator and airway after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease

Objective:To summarize the experience in the application of mechanical ventilation and airway management after the open heart surgery for congenital heart disease.Methods:SIMV and PEEP and PSV model was performed after the operation and SpO 2,ETCO 2、BP and blood gas were monitored.Results:Seventeen cases developed dyspnea after the removal of the mechanical ventilation,and 5 of them had to resume using the mechanical ventilation.And the dyspnea in the other 12 cases was relieved by continuous positive pressure ventilation(CPAP).The intratracheal secretion culture and smear test were carried out in 52 cases were.The results were positive in 19 cases,8 cases had Klebsiella pneumonia and 11 cases fungi.Fifteen cases had pulmonary atelectasis and 3 cases pneumethorax.Conclusions:The mechanical ventilation is essential for the patients with congenital heart disease after the operation,but the mechanical ventilation should be removed as early as possible.To the patients presenting dyspnea after the removal of the mechanical ventilation,CPAP should be restored immediately.Antibiotics should be applied to the patients with pneumonia according to the results of the intratracheal secretion culture and smear test.