cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase. II. Formation of aqueous humour.

The role of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the formation of aqueous humour has been investigated in the cat and in man. In addition to the in vitro inhibition of the enzyme by digitalis compounds, it has been shown that ouabain (0.065 mg/kg i.v.) in vivo inhibits the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of the ciliary body and retina of the cat by 41% and 42%, respectively. In the cat, intravenous administration of 0.065 mg/kg ouabain inhibited the aqueous inflow by 70%, as measured by the slope of the pressure recovery curve following aqueous drainage. Associated with this inhibition, there was a drop in the intraocular pressure of 19%. In man, oral administration of digoxin (0.5 mg every 12 hr) decreased the aqueous inflow by 46%, as measured by applanation recovery tonometry following bulbar compression. Calculation of flow from tonographic data showed a decrease of 33%. The intraocular pressure dropped 14%. There was no change in facility of outflow or scleral rigidity. The simultaneous administration in man of digoxin (0.5 mg every 12 hr) and acetazolamide (250 mg every 6 hr) demonstrated a statistically significant additive effect on aqueous inflow, as measured by the bulbar compression-applanation recovery technique. The effects of digoxin, acetazolamide, and their combination were 46%, 50%, and 62%, respectively. It is concluded that the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of the ciliary body functions as an enzymatic mechanism for active sodium transport across the ciliary epithelium and thereby contributes to the formation of the aqueous humour.
Dynamic COQUALMO: Defect Profiling over Development Cycles

Various techniques have been used for managing software quality, including those that predict defect counts over time. This paper introduces a simulation model based on COQUALMO, which can be calibrated to organizational process performance for estimating counts of residual defects. This simulator has the additional benefit of producing a set of estimated defectivity profiles over a software development cycle. Such a set of profiles can be used to support quality management decisions regarding the amount and level of defect removal activities to be applied during a development cycle.
Susan Glaspell Goes to Law School: Adventures in Teaching Trifles to Criminal Practice Students

This short article chronicles the adventures of a criminal law professor and a theater professor collaborating to use a play to frame the guiding principles of a practical skills class.
Color Reaction Streak Test for Catalase-Positive Microorganisms

A stable purple color results when a reagent solution is applied to a smear of catalase-positive organisms streaked on a glass slide.
National Identity and the Geo-Soul: Spiritually Mapping Siam

This paper investigates the re-centring of religious identity within the geo-body in the developing world through the case study of Thailand, formerly Siam. Although by 1932, monarchic rule and colonial powers had demarcated the ‘geo-body’ of Siam, the national soul was not yet fully cultivated. After the fall of the absolute monarchy, Prime Minister Phibunsongkhram sought to mould the religio-national identity of Thailand until the religious community's borders coincided with those of the nation-state. One focus of nationalist leaders' efforts was the adaptation and promotion of Buddhist temples throughout the state. These temples became markers of both geographic and cosmological space, serving to infuse the geographic body with a religio-national soul. Thus, the nationalism that developed embraced the fusion of the religious identity with the national identity.
Insulin-like growth factor I receptor beta-subunit heterogeneity. Evidence for hybrid tetramers composed of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin receptor heterodimers.

Abstract In both NIH3T3 cells and HepG2 cells, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptors possess two beta-subunits that display different electrophoretic mobilities. Increasing concentrations of IGF-I stimulated the phosphorylation of both beta-subunits to a similar extent, whereas insulin stimulated the phosphorylation of both subunits only at elevated concentrations. Both beta-subunits were immunoprecipitated with p5, an insulin receptor-specific anti-peptide antibody, or with A410, a polyclonal anti-insulin receptor antisera. However, if the tetrameric IGF-I receptor was first dissociated into alpha-beta heterodimers with 1 mM dithiothreitol, only the lower molecular weight beta-subunit was immunoprecipitated. These results suggested that p5 and A410 specifically recognized the lower molecular weight beta-subunit but immunoprecipitated the higher molecular weight beta-subunit because it was present in the same disulfide linked tetramer. Similarly, alpha-IR-3, an antibody specific for the alpha-subunit of the IGF-I receptor, immunoprecipitated both types of beta-subunit from the intact tetramer but only the higher molecular weight beta-subunit from the dissociated heterodimers, suggesting that there are two types of alpha-subunits in the same tetramer and that the alpha-subunit recognized by alpha-IR-3 is only associated with the higher molecular weight beta-subunit. Tryptic phosphopeptide maps of the lower molecular weight beta-subunit of IGF-I receptor were different from the higher molecular weight beta-subunit, but were similar to those of the insulin receptor beta-subunit. Thus, by immunochemical cross-reactivity and structural criteria, the lower molecular weight beta-subunit of the IGF-I receptor was similar to the beta-subunit of insulin receptor. These data suggest that there exists a species of IGF-I receptor that is a hybrid composed of an insulin receptor alpha-beta heterodimer and an IGF-I receptor alpha-beta heterodimer. The existence of such a hybrid receptor could have important functional consequences.
Die Gleichrichtung von Strömen

Ein Gleichrichter bedeutet einen elektrischen Leiter, der einem gewissen Strom weniger Widerstand in einer als in der anderen Richtung entgegenstellt. Das Ohmsche Gesetz gilt im allgemeinen nicht oder nur fur einen bestimmten Strombereich.
Instrumental, Integrative, and Intrinsic Orientations Towards Language: Deconstructing the Dichotomy in a Puerto Rican Community

Using a critical discourse analytical approach, this paper applies self-determination theory to the analysis of orientations towards language acquisition in data collected through interviews with 26 participants from Puerto Rico. In light of significant Spanish-English contact on the island, the paper considers how the participants’ discourses construct overlapping instrumental, integrative, and intrinsic orientations towards the presence of English in their community and, more broadly, towards language acquisition. The data suggest that both instrumental and integrative orientations are present, and that specific factors in this community’s history and experience do not predispose the participants towards a clear distinction between these two but rather contribute to a melding of both with a third way, that of intrinsic motivation, which validates and promotes bi- or even multilingualism on a broader scale without being focused on any one particular language or group of speakers.
Is Quantum Bit Commitment Really Possible

We show that all proposed quantum bit commitment schemes are insecure because the sender, Alice, can almost always cheat successfully by using an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen--type of attack and delaying her measurement until she opens her commitment.
Second-year medical students' motivational beliefs, emotions, and achievement.

Medical Education 2010: 44: 1203–1212 Context A challenge for medical educators is to better understand the personal factors that lead to individual success in medical school and beyond. Recently, educational researchers in fields outside medicine have acknowledged the importance of motivation and emotion in students’ learning and performance. These affective factors have received less emphasis in the medical education literature. Objectives This longitudinal study examined the relations between medical students’ motivational beliefs (task value and self-efficacy), achievement emotions (enjoyment, anxiety and boredom) and academic achievement. Methods Second-year medical students (n = 136) completed motivational beliefs and achievement emotions surveys following their first and second trimesters, respectively. Academic achievement was operationalised as students’ average course examination grades and national board shelf examination scores. Results The results largely confirmed the hypothesised relations between beliefs, emotions and achievement. Structural equation modelling revealed that task value beliefs were positively associated with course-related enjoyment (standardised regression coefficient [β] = 0.59) and were negatively related to boredom (β = − 0.25), whereas self-efficacy beliefs were negatively associated with course-related anxiety only (β = − 0.47). Furthermore, student enjoyment was positively associated with national board shelf examination score (β = 0.31), whereas anxiety and boredom were both negatively related to course examination grade (β = − 0.36 and − 0.27, respectively). The overall structural model accounted for considerable variance in each of the achievement outcomes: R2 = 0.20 and 0.14 for the course examination grade and national board shelf examination score, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that medical students’ motivational beliefs and achievement emotions are important contributors to their academic achievement. These results have implications for medical educators striving to understand the personal factors that influence learning and performance in medical training.
Whither poultry genetics

(1965). Whither Poultry Genetics? World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 53-61.
STUDIES OF AN INJURY-INDUCED GROWTH IN THE FROG LENS.

A tumor-like growth in the lens of Rana pipiens occurs following mechanical injury to the lens. The frequency of occurrence and size of the growth are roughly dependent on the extent of the injury inflicted. The growth first appears four days after wounding, grows actively for three weeks and usually begins to regress after a month. The cells of the growth appear to originate by proliferation of the lens epithelialcells surrounding the wound which grow into and actively invade the lens fibers. The lens growth was not transplantable either homologously into the anterior eye chamber after dissociation, nor isologously in a subcutaneous site. Protein, LDH, MDH, and G-6-PD patterns obtained after electrophoretic separation in starch gels were similar for normal and the abnormal lenses. Whether a true tumor or hyperplasia, the froglens exhibits an unique reaction to the injury stimulus which is not found in mammals (man, rabbit, mouse). The controversial tumor immunity of the mammalian lens appears to the related to an innate resistance of the epithelium to proliferation which is illustrated in part by the species difference in the reactivity of the mammalian lensand the amphibian lens to injury.
Bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN)-supported palladium(II) carbene complexes as effective C–C coupling catalysts and solvent effects in organic and aqueous media

The synthesis and catalytic properties of two new 1,2-acenaphthenyl N-heterocyclic carbene-supported palladium(II) catalysts are presented. The acenaphthenyl carbene has been prepared with mesityl or 1,5-diisopropyl N-aryl substituents. Comprehensive catalytic studies for the Suzuki coupling of aryl halides with aryl boronic acids have been conducted. In general, the diisopropyl-functionalised catalyst showed superior selectivity and reactivity. A comparison of the catalytic performances in dichloromethane, toluene and water at low temperatures (30–40 °C) is also presented. Both catalysts were proficient in the homogeneous Suzuki coupling of aryl iodides, bromides and chlorides with boronic acids in dichloromethane. Similar reactions in water led to the formation of insoluble colloidal catalytic species that still exhibited high activity in the Suzuki reaction with aryl chlorides. Reactions performed in toluene showed intermediate results; partial catalyst decomposition led to concomitant homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The heterogeneous palladium precipitates could be easily recovered by filtration and reactivated for subsequent use. Activation energies determined for aryl bromide-based Suzuki reactions were found to be in the range of 159–171 kJ mol−1 in organic solvents and 111–116 kJ mol−1 in water. The corresponding activation energy for the aryl chloride was found to be 322 kJ mol−1 in water.
Rvb1p and Rvb2p are essential components of a chromatin remodeling complex that regulates transcription of over 5% of yeast genes.

Eukaryotic Rvb1p and Rvb2p are two highly conserved proteins related to the helicase subset of the AAA+ family of ATPases. Conditional mutants in both genes show rapid changes in the transcription of over 5% of yeast genes, with a similar number of genes being repressed and activated. Both Rvb1p and Rvb2p are required for maintaining the induced state of many inducible promoters. ATP binding and hydrolysis by Rvb1p and Rvb2p is individually essentialin vivo, and the two proteins are associated with each other in a high molecular weight complex that shows ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling activity in vitro. Our findings show that Rvb1p and Rvb2p are essential components of a chromatin remodeling complex and determine genes regulated by the complex.
Temporal and Concentration-Dependent Effects of Oestradiol on Neural Pathways Mediating Sexual Receptivity

The acceptance of oestradiol signalling through receptors found in the cell membrane, as well as, the nucleus, has provided for a re-examination of the timing and location of the actions of oestradiol on neural circuits mediating sexual receptivity (lordosis). Oestradiol membrane signalling involves the transactivation of metabotrophic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) that transduce steroid information through protein kinase C signalling cascades producing rapid activation of lordosis-regulating circuits. It has been known for some time that oestradiol initially produces an inhibition of the medial preoptic nucleus. We have demonstrated that underlying this inhibition is oestradiol acting in the arcuate nucleus to induce β-endorphin release, which inhibits the medial preoptic nucleus through a μ-opioid receptor mechanism. This transient inhibition is relieved by either subsequent progesterone treatment or longer exposure to higher doses of oestradiol to facilitate lordosis behaviour. We review recent findings about oestradiol membrane signalling inducing dendritic spine formation in the arcuate nucleus that is critical for oestradiol induction of sexual receptivity. Moreover, we discuss the evidence that, in addition to oestrogen receptor α, several other putative membrane oestrogen receptors facilitate lordosis behaviour through regulation of the arcuate nucleus. These include the GRP30 and the STX activated Gq-mER. Finally, we report on the importance of GABA acting at GABAB receptors for oestradiol membrane signalling that regulates lordosis circuit activation and sexual receptivity.
Baryon asymmetry from Planck-scale physics

Abstract It has been noted that Planck-scale physics may induce the explicit breaking of global symmetries. We point out that in models with a global lepton number symmetry, these explicit breakings, combined with sphaleron induced violation of B + L can give rise to the baryon asymmetry of the Universe.
Scope of the Inverse Electron Demand Diels-Alder Reactions of 1,2,3-Triazine

An examination of the scope of the inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reactions of the parent unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazine is described including the first report of its unique capabilities for participating in previously unexplored [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with heterodienophiles.
Stability Evaluation of Simulated Plant and Animal Composts Utilizing Respiration Rates and VOC Emissions

Composting livestock carcasses is an economically and biologically safe method to convert carcasses into odorless, humus like material useful as a soil amendment. One of the key factors to determine the quality of the end product is stability. In this study, mortality composting is simulated using a laboratory set-up operating under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 85 µm Carboxen/PDMS SPME fiber coating and 10 minutes sampling time are used to sample headspace of decaying plant (corn silage) and animal (shredded whole pig body) tissues. Compounds are separated and identified on a multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (MDGC-MS-O) system. Sulfur containing compounds (methyl mercaptan, carbondisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, 1,4-dimethyl tetra sulfide) and 1-H-indole and 3-methyl-1H-indole are found as indicators of decaying animal tissue. Peak area counts of these compounds show a decrease after eight week composting time. This trend in VOC emissions can be explained by decrease in the microbial activity and stabilization of the composts. These results are also supported with respirometric measurements. The measured respiration rates of aerobically composted animal tissues during 60 days are half of the respiration rates of fresh animal tissues. Also, a significant difference is observed in VOC emissions from plant and animal materials composted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The number of detected compounds during anaerobic decomposition is twice as much as the ones detected under aerobic decomposition. It can be concluded that monitoring VOC emissions can be a useful tool to estimate aeration status and completion of real life mortality composts.
Convective transport of solutes by steady flows I. General theory

Abstract A comprehensive theory describing convective transport of solutes is presented. The time required for a parcel of water to move from one point to another along a streamline is determined, and this basic information is then used to describe collections of parcels of water forming a surface. Input/output relationships are determined in terms of the distribution of the solute over the inflow and outflow surfaces. A simple geometric transformation is used to extend the theory to anisotropic media. Applications to specific flow problems will be treated in Part II.
Sampling and analysis of individual particles by aerosol mass spectrometry

Over the past decade, aerosol mass spectrometry has developed into a powerful method for characterizing individual particles in air. Recent advances in the design of inlets and mass spectrometers have extended the size range of particles that can be analyzed. In this tutorial, fundamental aspects of particle motion in sampling inlets are introduced. Basic experimental configurations for achieving a high analysis rate and the ability of laser ablation to provide chemical composition information are reviewed. An example of the use of this technology to study atmospheric phenomena is also presented. Significant opportunity exists for designing new experiments at the interface of aerosol mass spectrometry and conventional molecular mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high-order implicit procedure for the 3-D electric field in complex magnetogasdynamic simulations

Abstract An approximately factored compact-difference-based method, up to sixth-order accurate in space, is developed to obtain the electric field in magnetogasdynamic (MGD) interactions. The three-dimensional current continuity equation is solved on curvilinear meshes for the general case where electrical conductivity is a spatially varying tensor due to the presence of Hall and ion-slip effects. Compatible high-order boundary conditions are described for electrodes and insulators. Several computations verify the formulation, including a test case with an analytic solution and several cases for the potential arising between continuous and segmented electrodes with variable conductivity and velocity profiles. Issues related to the computation of the electric field in the high-speed regime are addressed by computing the initial induced field in a Type IV shock-on-shock interaction under a frozen velocity field assumption.
Thermal Shock Behavior of Two-Dimensional Woven Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Composites

The thermal shock behavior of three types of two-dimensional woven, continuous fiber-reinforced (Nextel{trademark} 312 (3M Co., St. Paul, MN) or Nicalon{trademark} (Nippon Carbon, Tokyo, Japan)) ceramic matrix (silicon carbide matrix that had been processed by chemical vapor infiltration or polymer impregnation and pyrolysis) composites was studied using the water-quench technique. Thermal-shock-induced damage was characterized by a destructive technique of four-point flexure and a nondestructive technique of Young`s modulus measurement by the dynamic resonance method. Compared with monolithic ceramics, the continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites were capable of preventing catastrophic failure that was caused by thermal shock. Analysis of the results that were based on the stresses that were generated by thermal shock and the mismatch of thermal expansion between fibers and matrices suggested possible mechanisms of the thermal shock damage. Preliminary results showed evidence of matrix cracking and delamination because of the thermal shock damage. The feasibility of using the nondestructive technique to detect thermal shock damage also was demonstrated.
Estimation of parameters in a sorption-diffusion model of pervaporation

Abstract In previous papers, several groups have developed and presented pervaporation models based on a sorption-diffusion mechanism. The most realistic versions of these models have several empirical parameters, most of which arise from the concentration dependence of the diffusivities. All of the parameters can be simply fit to pure component and mixture pervaporation data, but this paper shows that such a practice renders the model useless for interpreting the sorption-diffusion behavior on a fundamental level. Suitable fits can be obtained to a given set of data using many different sets of parameters, leading to totally different physical interpretations of the thermodynamic and transport behavior. However, calculations show that much of the uncertainty in the diffusion parameters can be removed by making independent sorption measurements on the membrane material. This procedure is illustrated using pervaporation data obtained with ethanol-water solutions and a thin-film composite polyether urea membrane, and sorption data determined independently by liquid chromatography.
In vitro synthesis of glutathione peroxidase from selenite Translational incorporation of selenocysteine

The synthesis of glutathione peroxidase from [75Se]selenite was studied in slices and cell-free extracts from rat liver. The incorporation of [75Se]selenocysteine at the active site was detected by carboxymethylation and hydrolysis of partially purified glutathione peroxidase (glutathione:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.9) in the presence of [3H]selenocysteine and subsequent amino acid analysis. The synthesis of glutathione peroxidase in slices was inhibited by cycloheximide or puromycin and 75Se was incorporated from [75Se]selenite into free selenocysteine and selenocysteyl tRNA. Increasing concentrations of selenocystine caused a progressive dilution of the 75Se and a corresponding decrease in glutathione peroxidase labeling. In cell-free systems, [75Se]selenocysteyl tRNA was the best substrate for glutathione peroxidase synthesis. These results indicate the existence in rat liver of the de novo synthesis of free selenocysteine and a translational pathway of selenocysteine incorporation into glutathione peroxidase
Modeling of spiral-wound permeators for multicomponent gas separations

Two multicomponent models for spiral-wound gas permeators are proposed. The basic transport model is derived from fundamental material balances and permeation relations that account for permeate-side pressure variations. The resulting model consists of a set of nonlinear differential-algebraic-integral equations with mixed boundary conditions, as well as an implicit expression for the local feed-side flow rate. The approximate model is derived from the basic model by assuming the residue flow rate is constant in the direction of bulk permeate flow. This assumption yields a set of nonlinear algebraic equations which can be solved very efficiently and reliably. The two models are compared for the separation of CO2 from hydrocarbons in a four-component mixture, as well as the separation of an eight-component mixture. The models show close agreement for a wide range of operating conditions. An estimation technique for determining uncertain/unknown model parameters from experimental data also is proposed. The technique is successfully applied to data for a multicomponent mixture containing CO2 and CH4.
Religious Involvement, Spirituality, and Medicine: Implications for Clinical Practice

Surveys suggest that most patients have a spiritual life and regard their spiritual health and physical health as equally important. Furthermore, people may have greater spiritual needs during illness. We reviewed published studies, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and subject reviews that examined the association between religious involvement and spirituality and physical health, mental health, health-related quality of life, and other health outcomes. We also reviewed articles that provided suggestions on how clinicians might assess and support the spiritual needs of patients. Most studies have shown that religious involvement and spirituality are associated with better health outcomes, including greater longevity, coping skills, and health-related quality of life (even during terminal illness) and less anxiety, depression, and suicide. Several studies have shown that addressing the spiritual needs of the patient may enhance recovery from illness. Discerning, acknowledging, and supporting the spiritual needs of patients can be done in a straightforward and noncontroversial manner. Furthermore, many sources of spiritual care (eg, chaplains) are available to clinicians to address the spiritual needs of patients.
An Examination of Statistical Power in Multigroup Dynamic Structural Equation Models

This study used statistical simulation to calculate differential statistical power in dynamic structural equation models with groups (as in McArdle & Prindle, 2008). Patterns of between-group differences were simulated to provide insight into how model parameters influence power approximations. Chi-square and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) power approximation procedures were used to compare the effects of parameter manipulations and how researchers should interpret findings. The chi-square power of perfect fit calls for at least 270 individuals to detect moderate differences, whereas the RMSEA procedure of close fit seems to require as many as 1,450 participants. It is shown that parameters that provide input into the change score that the transfer leads to affect power versus indirect pathways. A discussion of differences in approximation values and future research directions follows.
Structure-activity-stability relationships of Pt-Co alloy electrocatalysts in gas-diffusion electrode layers

We establish relationships between the atomic structure, composition, electrocatalytic activity, and electrochemical corrosion stability of carbon-supported Pt−Co alloy nanoparticles in electrode catalyst layers. These Pt−Co catalysts have received much attention for use as cathode layers in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) because of their favorable oxygen-reduction-reaction (ORR) activity and suspected corrosion stability. We reported an enhancement of activity of low-temperature Pt50Co50 of 3 times that of pure carbon supported Pt catalysts. The use of synchrotron X-ray diffraction has enabled structural characterization of the alloy nanoparticles both before and, importantly, after electrocatalysis under fuel cell like conditions. From this, a detailed picture of the relative activity and stability of Pt−Co alloy phases as a function of synthesis conditions has emerged. We have investigated the structure, composition, chemical ordering, and concentration of Pt−Co alloy phases in (i) a ...
HIV-1 envelope is a neutral antagonist to CXCR4 in T-cells.

Abstract The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is the principal coreceptor for X4 strains of HIV-1. We show that gp120 is unable to induce interactions between CXCR4 and G-protein in T-cells, but antagonized the agonist effect of SDF-1α, the natural ligand for CXCR4. Gp120 had ten times lower affinity for CXCR4 than CD4, implying that a substantial role for cellular CD4 may be to facilitate binding of the viral envelope to CXCR4. Binding of gp120 to CXCR4 was neither regulated by guanine nucleotides, nor affected by divalent cations, was temperature independent and bound to a homogenous population of CXCR4, which is characteristic for an antagonist to a G-protein coupled receptor. In contrast, SDF-1α binds to two affinity states of CXCR4 in T-cell membranes, which are modulated by guanine nucleotides. Binding of SDF-1α to CXCR4 was highly temperature dependent. Thus, the interaction of CXCR4 with HIV-1 viral envelope and chemokine exhibits fundamental differences.
Convergent vasopressinergic and hippocampal input onto somatospiny neurons of the rat lateral septal area.

Abstract Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry was combined with acute anterograde axon degeneration, following transection of the fimbria-fornix, to describe the innervation of somatospiny neurons by vasopressin-immunoreactive and degenerated hippocamposeptal axon terminals in the rat lateral septal area. Vasopressin-immunopositive boutons characterized by symmetric synaptic membrane specializations, and the degenerated hippocamposeptal axon terminals which form asymmetric synaptic contacts, frequently terminate on the same dendritic and somatic profiles, and particularly on the somata of somatospiny neurons. Although hippocamposeptal fibers predominantly form axospinous synapses in the lateral septal area, they terminate mainly on the dendritic shafts and soma of the vasopressin-receptive neurons. Of 720 vasopressin-immunoreactive terminals in the mediolateral part of the lateral septal area, 80% form synaptic contacts with dendritic shafts: 50% on small (distal) dendritic profiles and 30% on large (proximal) dendrites. Synaptic contacts between vasopressin-immunoreactive terminals and dendritic spines were not observed. The remaining 20% of immunoreactive boutons formed axosomatic synaptic contacts with a total of 58 neurons; 31% of these neurons exhibited somatic spines in the plane of the section analysed. Previous studies have demonstrated that in the lateral septal area vasopressin modulates the action of the excitatory amino acid-containing hippocamposeptal fibers, and also plays a role in the maintenance of long term potentiation evoked by fimbria-fornix stimulation. The convergent vasopressinergic and hippocampal input onto the same somatospiny neurons of the lateral septal area suggests that these neurons are targets of these physiological actions.
Principals Responding to Constant Pressure: Finding a Source of Stress Management.

This conceptual article presents a review of the research concerning the stress level of principals over the past three decades, with emphasis on the occupational stress that principals encounter because of heightened accountability and expectations for student achievement. Mindfulness meditation, as a stress management intervention, provides the theoretical background for this article; the scientific evidence concerning benefits of mindfulness meditations are reviewed. Finally, the author presents suggestions for the prevention and reduction of stress for principals.
Evaluation of the toxicity and efficacy of hydrogen peroxide treatments on eggs of warm- and coolwater fishes

Abstract The use of hydrogen peroxide in aquaculture is growing and there is a need to develop fundamental guidelines to effectively treat diseased fish. The safety (toxicity) of hydrogen peroxide treatments was determined on eggs of representative warm- and coolwater fish species. Eggs of northern pike ( Esox lucius ), walleye ( Stizostedion vitreum ), yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ), white sucker ( Catostomus commersoni ), lake sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ), paddlefish ( Polyodon spathula ), common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ), and channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) were cultured in egg jars or aquaria. Treatments were initiated with non-eyed eggs and continued until all viable eggs had hatched. Eggs were treated daily for 15 min Monday through Friday with either 0, 500, 1000, 3000, or 6000 μ l l −1 of hydrogen peroxide. For all species, the mean percent hatch was greater in eggs treated with 1000 μ l l −1 hydrogen peroxide for 15 min than in the untreated controls. Common carp, lake sturgeon, and paddlefish were the least sensitive to hydrogen peroxide with percent hatch ranging from 40 to 48% in the 6000 μ l l −1 hydrogen peroxide treatment. Fungal infections reduced or eliminated the hatch in most controls whereas nearly all treated eggs remained free of infection; hydrogen peroxide inhibited fungal infections on fish eggs.
Surface volumes of rounding polytopes

The paper determines the vertices and surface volumes of all rounding polytopes for commonly used rounding methods: the quota method of greatest remainders, and the divisor methods. These methods are used to round continuous non-negative weights summing to one to non-negative integers summing to a predetermined accuracy, e.g. to 100 when rounding to percentages. Our results are of interest when average properties of rounding methods are investigated, and an example from political science is included.
Autologous inferior dermal sling (autoderm) with concomitant skin-envelope reduction mastectomy: an excellent surgical choice for women with macromastia and clinically significant ptosis.

Skin-sparing mastectomy and prosthetic reconstruction can be complicated by poor surgical outcomes in large-breasted, obese women. This article describes a single surgeon’s experience comparing conventional skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and skin-reduction mastectomy using an autologous vascularized inferior dermal/cutaneous sling (autoderm). From July 2007 to May 2012, patients undergoing skin-sparing mastectomy were evaluated for surgical outcomes. After July 2009, the surgeon performed skin-reduction mastectomies with autoderm (SRM-AD) on all patients with macromastia or grade 3–4 ptosis. Remaining patients in this time period (SSM-cont) underwent conventional skin-sparing mastectomies while all previous patients (historical) also underwent skin-sparing mastectomies (SSM-hist). A predictive model was used to compare the large historical patients (who would have had reduction mastectomy if available) with the smaller historical patients to evaluate the effect of the procedure. Body mass index (BMI) and specimen weight were higher in both the SRM group and large historical group. The hazard ratio for having skin-reduction mastectomy was 0.53 (P = 0.51) compared with the historical group. There was a total of 16 complications for the whole study. Smoking was the only significant risk factor. This study shows that mastectomy with prosthetic reconstruction using a skin-reduction technique with autoderm can be done safely with a low complication rate and improved cosmetic outcomes in the traditionally “at-risk” group of women with high BMI and large ptotic breasts.
Feasibility of Recording 1 ${\hbox{Tb/in}}^{2}$ Areal Density

Exchange coupled composite media has a lower switching field compared to conventional perpendicular media at the same level of thermal stability, making it promising for high areal density recording. In this paper, we propose head and media specifications, calculated micromagnetically at a density of 1 Tb/in2, using a composite media with a synthetic antiferromagnet hard layer. We assume realistic constraints such as jitter to bit length ratio, skew, seed layer, and grain boundaries. T50 of the read back pulse is estimated using a current perpendicular to plane (CPP) giant magnetoresistive (GMR) reader and the magnetization noise is calculated. The signal to dc noise ratio is also estimated for the media used.
Innovation and entrepreneurship in engineering education at MUSE

Traditionally, business schools are known to promote entrepreneurship education in their undergraduate and graduate programs. To meet the challenges due to advances in technology in the twenty-first century and entrepreneurial competition from developing nations, such as India and China, entrepreneurship programs in engineering education are being developed through grants from public and private foundations in order to promote entrepreneurial mindsets among all graduating engineers. This article highlights one such entrepreneurship engineering education program established at the Mercer University School of Engineering (MUSE) through Kern family foundation grants in 2007. What is currently being done at MUSE in promoting entrepreneurial mindsets among undergraduate and graduate students is highlighted and presented in terms of curriculum development, entrepreneurship clubs for engineering students, and entrepreneurial design projects with innovation and creativity components? This article presents the ent...
Quantitative MRI study of water distribution during operation of a PEM fuel cell using Teflon® flow fields

Water management remains a leading challenge in the implementation of small polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells for portable electronic applications. At present there are many excellent models for the distribution of water within PEM fuel cells, but little quantitative data on the water distribution that can be compared to models. In this paper magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to examine the water distribution in the flow fields of an operating PEM fuel cell. While previous workers have used MRI to do qualitative measurements of the water distribution, we use MRI to quantitatively measure the water distribution for the first time. We find that even with Teflon® flow fields the GDL is so hydrophobic, that water is drawn away from the cathode GDL and accumulates at the bottom of the flow field. The flow pattern in the flow field seems to be wavy-stratified flow rather than plug flow as previously supposed. Additionally, we find that water is transported from the cathode to the anode. Thus, diffusional forces and hydrophobic capillary pressures appeared to dominate electroosmotic forces, at low current densities.
Rapid conditioning with oxygen oscillation: neuroprotection by intermittent normobaric hyperoxia after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Background and Purpose—Normobaric hyperoxia (NBO) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia and to restore penumbral oxygenation. Inspired by recent reports on postconditioning with intermittent occlusions of cerebral artery, we tested the hypothesis that intermittent NBO (iNBO) may cause oscillation of cerebral oxygenation and thereby elicit repetitive interruptions to reperfusion, leading to attenuated ischemia/reperfusion damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Methods—Rats were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion. During ischemia, animals received air, iNBO (4 cycles of 3 minutes of NBO and 2 minutes of air), continuous NBO (cNBO; 75 minutes), short NBO (18 minutes), or a combination of iNBO and cNBO. Infarct volume and neurological score were evaluated at 24 and 72 hours after ischemia. Production of superoxide was assessed by the hydroethidine method, and the expression of Akt and phosphorylated Akt was examined by Western blot....
Organizational demography and culture: Insights from a formal model and simulation.

The research reported here has been supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Institute of Industrial Relations at the University of California at Berkeley, and the School of Management, University of Texas at Dallas. Charles O'Reilly provided useful advice on an earlier version of this paper. Other helpful suggestions came from James Baron, William Barnett, Christophe Boone, Michael Hannan, Maria Hasenhuttl, James March, Joel Podolny, Woody van Olffen, and Margarethe Wiersema.
Pulse Dispersion and Shaping in Microstrip Lines

A method for determining the modal dispersion of gigahertz-bandwidth pulses on microstrip transmission lines is described. We have investigated the evolution of temporal waveforms propagating on microstrips, with very good agreement noted between experimental pulse shapes and numerical simulations. The resulting pulse distortion contributed to a pulse-shaping application where 100-ps rise times were stretched to the nanosecond durations necessary to control the shape of high-energy optical pulses used in fusion research. The tunability of the shape of the rising edge was investigated through variation of the stripline geometry and the substrate material. Additional effects due to high-frequency attenuation in several dipolar liquid dielectrics were substantiated experimentally, and the relevance of the results has been discussed.
Cutting the bread

Abstract Why the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) will not work - whereas the Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities may.
Interactions of an ovalbumin glycopeptide with concanavalin A.

Abstract The interaction of a highly purified glycopeptide isolated from ovalbumin with Concanavalin A has been investigated by measuring solvent proton relaxation rates over a wide range of magnetic fields. We find that binding of the glycopeptide to Mn-Ca-Concanavalin A uniformly reduces the solvent proton relaxation rates in the same manner as that of simple saccharides such as methyl α-D-mannopyranoside, but that the magnitude of the reduction is not as great. Furthermore, we observe that the glycopeptide is capable of precipitating the lectin, and that the precipitation reaction can be readily reversed by addition of methyl α-D-mannopyranoside. The latter results indicate that the branched chain glycopeptide appears to be bivalent with respect to binding by the lectin.
Comparison of Noise Mechanisms in High and Low Reynolds Number High-Speed Jets

Direct numerical simulation results from a low Reynolds number jet and experimental results from a high Reynolds number jet were analyzed and compared to investigate the influence of the Reynolds number on the mechanisms generating jet noise. The direct numerical simulation results are for a Mach 0.9, low Reynolds number (Re D ∼ 3600) axisynunetric jet, and the experimental results are for an ideally expanded, Mach 1.3, high Reynolds number (Re D ∼ 1.06 x 10 6 ) axisymmetricjet. Previous experimental work on the high Reynolds numberjet usinga a three-dimensional far-field microphone array, located at 30 deg with respect to the downstream jet axis, estimated the source location and the time of generation of each large amplitude sound wave. Simultaneously with the far-field sound measurements, the source region of the flowfield was visualized using a MHz rate imaging system. In the current work, this technique is used with the direct numerical simulation data and the results are compared with the experimental data. There are many similarities between the two results including the far-field acoustic spectrum, coherence, and average waveform as well as the mean noise source location. The few differences can be attributed to the limited range of turbulence scales and the laminar initial shear layer of the low Reynolds number jet. The main conclusion is that the rapid breakdown of the large-scale structures appears to be important, perhaps the main mechanism of jet noise, independent of the Reynolds number. Right before the breakdown, the structures seem to contract in size, tilt, and eventually disintegrate. To offer a possible explanation for the observed noise mechanism, a simple one-dimensional wave packet model is shown to create more noise in the far field when truncated to simulate a breakdown.
Effect of tolterodine on gastrointestinal transit and bowel habits in healthy subjects.

Clinical trials and observations suggest that constipation is an uncommon side effect of treating overactive bladder with the muscarinic receptor antagonist tolterodine. Because muscarinic antago- nism inhibits gastrointestinal motor activity, we evaluated the effects of tolterodine on bowel habits, gastrointestinal and colonic transit in healthy sub- jects. In this double-blind study, 36 healthy subjects were randomized to tolterodine extended release (ER, 4 mg daily) or placebo for 6 days. Gastric emptying (GE), small bowel and colonic transit were assessed on days 4-6 by scintigraphy. Bowel habits were recorded by diaries. Tolterodine did not significantly affect half-time for GE (GE thalf) (116 ± 6 min (mean ± SEM) for placebo vs 126 ± 7 min for tolterodine), small bowel transit measured by colonic filling at 6 h (45 ± 6% for placebo vs 36 ± 6% for tolterodine) or the geometric center of colonic transit at 24 h (2.9 ± 0.2 for placebo vs 2.6 ± 0.3 for tolterodine). Subjects who received tolterodine had slightly fewer bowel move- ments (i.e. 1.34 ± 0.1 stools per day for placebo vs 1.0 ± 0.1 for tolterodine; P = 0.02 for treatment effect). Tolterodine did not significantly affect stool consis- tency or ease of defecation. At the therapeutic dose used to treat overactive bladder, tolterodine did not significantly affect gastrointestinal or colonic transit and had minor effects on bowel habits in healthy subjects. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether these observations are explained by toltero- dine effects at muscarinic receptors which stimulate and inhibit gastrointestinal motility.
Probing Single-Molecule T4 Lysozyme Conformational Dynamics by Intramolecular Fluorescence Energy Transfer

We demonstrate the use of single-molecule spectroscopy to study enzyme conformational motions of T4 lysozyme under hydrolysis reaction of the polysaccharide walls of E. coli B cells. By attaching a donor−acceptor pair of dye molecules site-specifically to noninterfering sites on the enzyme, the hinge-bending motions of the enzyme are measured by monitoring the donor−acceptor emission intensity as a function of time. The overall enzymatic reaction rate constants are found to vary widely from molecule to molecule. The dominant contribution to this static inhomogeneity is attributed to enzyme searching for reactive sites on the substrate. We have also applied molecular dynamics simulation and a random-walk model to analyze the enzyme−substrate complex formation dynamics, revealing multiple intermediate conformational states in the chemical reaction process. This approach provides information about the microscopic conformational change drifting velocity, diffusion coefficient, friction coefficient, energy con...
Microcanonical renormalization group for SU(2)

Abstract The use of microcanonical ensemble to measure coupling flows in Monte Carlo renormalization-group studies is reported on. The microcanonical “demon” method is used to measure the renormalized couplings after two blocking steps of the √3 renormalization transformation. The calculation is carried out for the quenched SU(2) gauge theory on 6 4 blocked lattices. It is found that the technique is a reliable method of tracking couplings over several blocking steps, and estimates for improved actions obtained in previous work on once-blocked lattices are confirmed.