cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiment and non-local crystal plasticity finite element study of nanoindentation on Al-8Ce-10Mg alloy

Abstract Cerium and magnesium strengthened aluminum alloys, or Al-Ce-Mg, is a recently developed alloy family that exhibits good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures (~300 °C). To examine the single-crystal properties of Al-Ce-Mg alloys, nanoindentation experiments are conducted in this study. A crystal plasticity finite element model (CPFEM) with the evolution of geometrically necessary dislocations (GNDs) is applied to simulate the indentation in individual grains. A parametric study is carried out to investigate the sensitivity of each crystal plasticity model parameter to the indentation behavior. The highly sensitive parameters are calibrated by matching the indentation load-depth curves, while the rest parameters are obtained from bulk polycrystal uniaxial tension tests. Overall, satisfactory matching between experiment and simulation is obtained for each individual grain. The calculated hardness, as determined from the experiment, shows the dependence on indent depth, which is captured by the GND model. Furthermore, the effect of grain orientation and neighboring grains to nanoindentation behavior have been discussed with the comparison between the simulation and experiments.
Nominal Share Price Puzzle

The average nominal share prices of common stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange have remained constant at approximately $35 per share since the Great Depression as a result of stock splits. It is surprising that U.S. firms actively maintained constant nominal prices for their shares while general prices in the economy went up more than tenfold. This is especially puzzling given that commissions paid by investors on trading ten $35 shares are about ten times those paid on a single $350 share. We review potential explanations including signaling and optimal trading ranges and find that none of the existing theories are able to explain the observed constant nominal prices. We suggest that the evidence is consistent with the idea that customs and norms can explain the nominal price puzzle.
Expression array analysis of the hepatocyte growth factor invasive program

Signaling by human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) via its cell surface receptor (MET) drives mitogenesis, motogenesis and morphogenesis in a wide spectrum of target cell types and embryologic, developmental and homeostatic contexts. Oncogenic pathway activation also contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer progression, including tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, in several prevalent malignancies. The HGF gene encodes full-length hHGF and two truncated isoforms known as NK1 and NK2. NK1 induces all three HGF activities at modestly reduced potency, whereas NK2 stimulates only motogenesis and enhances HGF-driven tumor metastasis in transgenic mice. Prior studies have shown that mouse HGF (mHGF) also binds with high affinity to human MET. Here we show that, like NK2, mHGF stimulates cell motility, invasion and spontaneous metastasis of PC3M human prostate adenocarcinoma cells in mice through human MET. To identify target genes and signaling pathways associated with motogenic and metastatic HGF signaling, i.e., the HGF invasive program, gene expression profiling was performed using PC3M cells treated with hHGF, NK2 or mHGF. Results obtained using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software showed significant overlap with networks and pathways involved in cell movement and metastasis. Interrogating The Cancer Genome Atlas project also identified a subset of 23 gene expression changes in PC3M with a strong tendency for co-occurrence in prostate cancer patients that were associated with significantly decreased disease-free survival.
Imprecision and Structure in Modelling Subjective Similarity

Similarity measures based on feature matching have been designed for modelling subjective similarity judgements. In this paper, the taxonomic presence-absence feature representation is extended to assess the similarity of objects whose attributes are described by partial satisfaction of predicates or by fuzzy sets. The principle of minimum specificity is used to obtain possibilistic bounds on the combination of similarity assessments. A priority hierarchy and bipolarity are incorporated into similarity measurement to utilize inter-attribute relationships in modelling similarity judgements.
The challenge of revising an impure theory

Abstract A pure rule-based program will return a set of answers to each query; and will return the same answer set even if its rules are re-ordered. However, an impure program, which includes the Prolog cut “!” and not (.) operators, can return different answers if the rules are re-ordered. There are also many reasoning systems that return only the first answer found for each query; these first answers, too, depend on the rule order, even in pure rule-based systems. A theory revision algorithm, seeking a revised rule-base whose expected accuracy , over the distribution of queries, is optimal, should therefore consider modifying the order of the rules. This paper first shows that a polynomial number of training “labeled queries” (each a query coupled with its correct answer) provides the distribution information necessary to identify the optimal ordering. It then proves, however, that the task of determining which ordering is optimal, once given this information, is intractable even in trivial situations; e.g., even if each query is an atomic literal, we are seeking only a “perfect” theory, and the rule base is propositional. We also prove that this task is not even approximable: Unless P = NP , no polynomial time algorithm can produce an ordering of an n -rule theory whose accuracy is within n γ of optimal, for some γ > 0. We also prove similar hardness, and non-approximatability, results for the related tasks of determining, in these impure contexts, (1) the optimal ordering of the antecedents; (2) the optimal set of rules to add or (3) to delete ; and (4) the optimal priority values for a set of defaults.
On the behavior of return stroke current and the remotely detected electric field change waveform

[1] After accumulating a large number of remotely recorded negative return stroke electric field change waveforms, a subtle but persistent kink was found following the main return stroke peak by several microseconds. To understand the corresponding return stroke current properties behind the kink and the general return stroke radiation waveform, we analyze strokes occurring in triggered lightning flashes for which have been measured both the channel base current and simultaneous remote electric radiation field. In this study, the channel base current is assumed to propagate along the return stroke channel in a dispersive and lossy manner. The measured channel base current is band-pass filtered, and the higher-frequency component is assumed to attenuate faster than the lower-frequency component. The radiation electric field is computed for such a current behavior and is then propagated to distant sensors. It is found that such a return stroke model is capable of very closely reproducing the measured electric waveforms at multiple stations for the triggered return strokes, and such a model is considered applicable to the common behavior of the natural return stroke as well. On the basis of the analysis, a number of other observables are derived. The time-evolving current dispersion and attenuation compare well with previously reported optical observations. The observable speed tends to agree with optical and VHF observations. Line charge density that is removed or deposited by the return stroke is derived, and the implication of the charge density distribution on leader channel decay is discussed.
Taming electrical solitons - a new direction in picosecond electronics

The authors recently introduced the first electrical soliton oscillator that self-generates a periodic, stable train of electrical soliton pulses. The soliton oscillator, which has been historically difficult to realize due to the soliton's instability-prone dynamics, was made possible by combining the well-known nonlinear transmission line supporting electrical soliton propagation with an amplifier that "tames" the instability-prone soliton dynamics on the nonlinear line. The ability to self-generate well-controlled solitons demonstrated in this work offers a new direction in picosecond electronics. This paper reviews this recent work and discusses future extensions.
Child Sexual Abuse: An Interdisciplinary Manual for Diagnosis, Case Management and Treatment

Part 1: The characteristics of child sexual abuse: the parameters of the problem for professionals the sample - 190 victim-perpetrator dyads. Part 2 Understanding child sexual abuse: differential diagnosis of sexual abuse the causes of sexual abuse. Part 3 Evaluation of sexual abuse: an overview of the assessment process interviewing the child interviewing the perpetrator interviewing the mother behavioural characteristics and physical findings - a medical perspective, Mary Steinberg and Mary Westhoff. Part 4 Intervention in child sexual abuse: case management treatment of the victim an overview of treatment and individual treatment issues treating dyadic relationships family treatment and the use of groups legal interventions, Donald N.Duquette.
Models for the dependence of switching time on electric field in ferroelectric polymers

The change in macroscopic polarization of ferroelectric polymers, when the applied field E is increased, is considered to be due to the growth of certain saturated domains at the expense of less favored adjacent domains with different directions of polarization. The rate of switching from one state of polarization to another can be viewed as a thermally activated process where the activation energy depends approximately linearly, with a negative slope, on E. Some data for PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) are analyzed to demonstrate this fact. Molecular models, based on statistical thermodynamical considerations of polarization domains of cylindrical shape, are discussed. >
The Use of Neomycin in the Treatment of Methylmalonic Aciduria

Two trials of oral neomycin therapy resulted in the reduction of the urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid and a fall in the plasma level of this metabolite in a child suffering from methylmalonic aciduria. It is quite probable that the antibiotic effect on the gastrointestinal bacteria resulted in decreased propionate production; propionate is the immediate precursor of methylmalonic acid. This therapy might be of special benefit during periods of acute acidosis in this disease.
Amorphous IGZO Thin-Film Transistors With Ultrathin Channel Layers

The impact of decreasing channel layer thickness on the electrical performance of RF-sputtered amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) is investigated through the evaluation of drain current versus gate voltage ( $I_{D}$ – $V_{G}$ ) transfer curves. For a fixed set of process parameters, it is found that the turn-on voltage, $V_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ (off-drain current, $I_{D}^{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}$ ) increases (decreases) with decreasing a-IGZO channel layer thickness ( $h$ ) for $h nm. The $V_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}-h$ trend is attributed to a large density $(3.5 \times 10^{12}~\textrm {cm}^{-2})$ of backside surface acceptorlike traps and an enhanced density $(3 \times 10^{18}~\textrm {cm}^{-3})$ of donorlike trap states within the upper 11 nm from the backside surface. The precipitous decrease observed in $I_{D}^{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}}-h$ when $h nm is ascribed to backside surface acceptorlike traps and the closer physical proximity of the backside surface when the channel layer is ultrathin. An alteration of the sputtering process gas ratio of Ar/O2 from 9/1 to 10/0 and a reduction of the annealing temperature from 400 °C to 150 °C result in improved transistor performance for a $h \approx 5$ nm a-IGZO TFT, characterized by $V_{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}} \approx 0$ V, field-effect mobility of $\mu _{\textrm {FE}} = 9~\textrm {cm}^{2} \textrm {V}^{-1} \textrm {s}^{-1}$ , subthreshold swing of $S=90$ mV/decade, and drain current on-to-off ratio of $I_{D}^{\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}-\mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle OFF}} = 2 \times 10^{5}$ .
Anxiety in Adolescence: The Integration of Attachment and Neurobiological Research into Clinical Practice

Attachment theory illuminates aspects of adolescent development and points to critical treatment directions for adolescents. Recent neurobiological research illustrates the importance of integrating physiological understanding into clinical work. The application of attachment theory and neurobiology to treatment is illustrated best through the case example of one adolescent with panic disorder treated in an outpatient setting.
Reversal of experimental renovascular hypertension restores coronary microvascular function and architecture.

Hypertension (HTN) is a fast growing epidemic disease. The latest report on the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006 shows that one of three adult Americans has HTN. Moreover, HTN is a known risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease, which include stroke, coronary and peripheral artery disease, and heart failure.1 In particular, development of left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy in HTN predicts poor cardiovascular prognosis.2,3 Growing evidence demonstrates that regression of LV hypertrophy results in improved prognosis,4,5 and can be achieved with medical therapy such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, which can prevent progression and induce regression of LV hypertrophy. In addition to a decrease in blood pressure, such drugs may attenuate LV hypertrophy by direct mechanisms, such as neurohumoral mechanisms,4 direct antihypertrophic,6,7 and antifibrotic8,9 effects on the myocardium, and an antiproliferative effect on vascular smooth muscle.10 In addition to LV hypertrophy, HTN also affects microvascular structure and function.11 Our previous studies demonstrated that HTN altered coronary microvascular permeability (MP) and fractional vascular volume (FVV), important indices of microvascular structure and function,12,13 blunted myocardial perfusion responses to challenge,11,13 and induced coronary microvascular proliferation.14 Coronary microvascular dysfunction can modulate coronary artery resistance and myocardial blood flow,15 which may lead to episodes of myocardial ischemia. This in turn can lead to compensatory neovascularization by modifying the expression of tissue oxygen sensors like prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHD), hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein. Interestingly, early HTN is associated with increased expression of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),14 which promote new vessel formation.16 However, these new microvessels are frequently abnormal, thin-walled, and have increased permeability17 which could eventually lead to tissue damage. Indeed, microvascular dysfunction is associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),16 decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression,18 and increased myocardial fibrosis.16,19 We have recently shown in an experimental model of renovascular HTN that percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) can restore normal blood pressure.20 However, the potential of a selective decrease in blood pressure alone, devoid of myocardial and vascular pleiotropic effects, to reverse cardiac dysfunction remains unclear. This study tested the hypothesis that decreased blood pressure by PTRA would improve the function and architecture of coronary microvessels, in association with decreased inflammation and fibrosis.
Performance evaluation of TCP implementations in wireless networks

The performance of TCP has been well tuned for traditional networks made up of wired links and stationary hosts. Mobile networks, however, differs from conventional wired computer networks and usually suffer from high bit error rates and frequent disconnections due to handoffs. In this paper, we present simulation results for the performance of various TCP implementations in the presence of a wireless link. To concentrate on the mobility and reliability aspects of the wireless connection, our simulation tests used sufficiently large buffer sizes in the fixed host and the base station of the TCP connection. The results show that throughput of the TCP connection is largely influenced by the link-up period of the wireless link. By varying the link-up and the link- down periods, it is possible to obtain better throughput at higher disconnection probability. For example, the throughput of TCP Reno with disconnection probability of 28.6% and a link-up period of 5 is better than the throughput with disconnection probability of 9% and a link- up period of less than 3. The paper presents timing graphs tracing the movement of packets and acknowledgements between the fixed and mobile hosts. Dropped packets or acknowledgements shown in these graphs are the result of mobile disconnection or wireless bit errors and not because of buffer congestion. Unlike wired networks, Reno TCP was found to perform better than Sack in the wireless mobile environment.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Speech perception by four single-channel cochlear implant users.

Four profoundly deaf adults, each a recent recipient of a scala tympani implant, underwent auditory and auditory-visual speech comprehension evaluations. Two subjects had multiple-electrode auditor...
IMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA AFTER BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION FOR SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has occasionally been complicated by the development of hemolytic anemia from specific alloantibodies to either ABO or Rh antigens. We report a case of post-BMT hemolytic anemia in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) due to IgG antibodies that agglutinate all red blood cells (RBC) in a broad panel of allotypes. A 15 month old female with recurrent respiratory distress and oral candidiasis had panhypogammaglobulinemia, decreased T-lymphooytes (312/mm3) and mitogen responsiveness. A diagnosis of SCID prompted transplantation of unfractionated bone marrow from her HLA identical, MLC non-reactive mother without prior ablative therapy or post-transplant graft-vs-host disease (GvHD) prophylaxis. Bone marrow engraftment proceeded rapidly without evidence of GvHD. Eight weeks after BMT her hemoglobin acutely fell to 3.4g/dl with 42% reticulocytes. Direct and indirect antiglobulin tests were positive. Although the donor (A−) and recipient (A+) differed at two Rh loci, the antibody specificity was not restricted to the Rh allotypes. This appears to be the first report of post-BMT immune hemolytic anemia in SCID due to an antibody of broad rather than allospecificity. Ongoing studies may provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of autoantibody production in immune hemolytic anemia.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of aminogallanes, [Me2GaR]2 The crystal structures of [Me2GaN(CH2Ph)2]2 and [Me2GaN(CH2CH2)2NMe]2

Abstract Me3Ga was allowed to react with a series of ten amines at 110°C in toluene to give 75 to 90% yields of the corresponding aminogallanes, [Me2GaR]2 [R  NMe2, NEt2, NPr2n, NBu2n, NBu2i, N(c-C6H11)2, NC4H8, NC5H10, NC6H12, and N(CH2CH2)2 NMe], via a 1,2-elimination of CH4. Similarly, [Me2AlNBu2s]2 and [Me2AlN(c-C6H11)2]2 were prepared by an analogous thermolysis reaction. On the other hand, synthesis of [Me2GaNPr2i]2, [Me2GaNBu2s]2, and [Me2GaN9CH2Ph2]2 was achieved by the reaction of Me2GaCl with the respective lithium amide. A comparison of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for the aminogallanes with those previously obtained for the analogous series of aminoalanes indicates a similar sensitivity to the influence of the amide moiety. X-ray crystal structures were determined for [Me2GaN(CH2Ph)2]2, which has a slightly puckered four-membered Ga2N2 core, and [Me2GaN(CH2CH2)2NMe]2, which has a planar four-membered Ga2N2 core.
Accretion of Asian dust to Hawaiian soils: isotopic, elemental, and mineral mass balances

Hawaiian soils contain a mixture of material derived from in situ weathering of parent material plus atmospheric inputs, including sea salt aerosols and Asian dust. We use soil mineralogy and radiogenic isotope geochemistry (Sr and Nd) to evaluate the impact of Asian dust on a chronosequence of Hawaiian soils. Dust becomes an important constituent of soils 20 ky and older. Near-surface (<50-cm depth) horizons contain as much as 30% quartz, a mineral absent from local parent material. Basaltic Sr and Nd isotope signatures in these horizons have been completely overprinted by Asian dust signatures, with 87Sr/86Sr ratios as high as 0.723 and eNd values as low as −7. REE patterns in these soils are indistinguishable from that of average upper continental crust. Quartz abundance and Nd isotopes provide two independent tracers of long-term dust additions to the chronosequence soils. The two tracers indicate a minimum long-term average dust accretion rate of 125 mg cm−2 ky−1 at the 150 ka chronosequence site, roughly a factor of three higher than Holocene dust accumulation rates estimated from North Pacific sediment cores. We find that the mass of dust preserved in these soil profiles does not increase with age in soils 150 ka and older, requiring a loss mechanism for accreted dust. On the basis of the geomorphic stability of these sites, observed preferential loss of dust-derived mica relative to quartz, and estimates of soil Si leaching rates we argue that chemical weathering is the dominant loss mechanism for dust from these soils. Dust has a profound effect on the budgets of elements that are susceptible to leaching losses. Dust becomes the dominant source of soil nutrients Si and P in the oldest, most intensely weathered soils. We calculate a dust-derived P input flux of 0.8 mg cm−2 ky−1, and a dust-derived Si input flux of 35 mg cm−2 ky−1. Si leaching fluxes are high (1400 mg cm−2 ky−1) in the youngest (2 ka) soils and drop systematically with soil age to a value that closely balances the dust-derived Si input flux by 4100 ka. Extremely refractory elements such as Nb, which are concentrated in soils by residual enrichment processes, are much less readily impacted by dust addition. Although dust has had a pronounced impact on Sr and Nd isotopic budgets and on soil mineral composition at the 150 ka site, dust cannot have contributed >4% of the total Nb contained in this soil profile.
Measurement of the average total decay power of two plutonium heat sources in a Bunsen ice calorimeter

Abstract A Bunsen ice calorimeter has been specially adapted for high-precision power measurements on radioactive heat sources. The construction of the apparatus, the principles underlying its operation and the interpretation of the heat data obtained in both static and dynamic experiments are thoroughly described. Dynamic electrical calibration experiments yielded a calibration constant for this calorimeter of 270.56J/g mercury, with an estimated overall inaccuracy of 0.04%. This agreed with the present static calibration constant of 270.59 J/g mercury, with an estimated overall inaccuracy of 0.01%, well within the combined estimated limits of overall inaccuracy. The average total decay powers of the radioactive heat sources “1.5 WB” and “0.23 WB,” supplied by the Mound Laboratory, have been measured. These powers, referred to 27 November 1974, are, respectively, 1.44936 W with an estimated overall inaccuracy of 0.050% and 0.22517 W with an estimated overall inaccuracy of 0.144%. These limits represent a linear sum of random error calculated at a 99% confidence level and estimated maximum systematic error. The decay powers predicted on the basis of heat-flow calorimetry carried out at the Mound Laboratory both before and after the present investigation are 0.004% and 0.12% above the present results for the sources “1.5 WB” and “0.23 WB,” respectively.
Extreme Diversity among Amacrine Cells: Implications for Function

We report a quantitative survey of the population of amacrine cells present in the retina of the rabbit. The cells' dendritic shape and level of stratification were visualized by a photochemical method in which a fluorescent product was created within an individual cell by focal irradiation of that cell's nucleus. A systematically random sample of 261 amacrine cells was examined. Four previously known amacrine cells were revealed at their correct frequencies. Our central finding is that the heterogeneous collection of other amacrine cells is broadly distributed among at least 22 types: only one type of amacrine cell makes up more than 5% of the total amacrine cell population. With these results, the program of identification and classification of retinal neurons begun by Cajal is nearing completion. The complexity encountered has implications both for the retina and for the many regions of the central nervous system where less is known.
Water content of isolated fat cells.

Abstract 1. 1. A technique has been developed for estimation of adipocyte water content which is more reproducible than previously reported techniques. 2. 2. The cell pellet separated from aqueous medium by this technique has a ration of extracellular to total water of less than 1 2 . 3. 3. Water content of cells incubated 90 min in glucose-free Krebs-Ringer-bicarbonate medium of [K+] 4.8 mM is 35 ± 6 ml/mole triglyceride (mean ± S.D.).
X-inner automorphisms of crossed products and semi-invariants of Hopf algebras

LetR*G be a crossed product of the groupG over the prime ringR and assume thatR*G is also prime. In this paper we study unitsq in the Martindale ring of quotientsQ0(R*G) which normalize bothR and the group of trivial units ofR*G. We obtain quite detailed information on their structure. We then study the group ofX-inner automorphisms ofR*G induced by such elements. We show in fact that this group is fairly close to the group of automorphisms ofR*G induced by certain trivial units inQ0(R)*G. As an application we specialize to the case whereR=U(L) is the enveloping algebra of a Lie algebraL. Here we study the semi-invariants forL andG which are contained inQ0(R*G) and we obtain results which extend known properties ofU(L). Finally, every cocommutative Hopf algebraH over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0 is of the formH=U(L)*G. Thus we also obtain information on the semi-invariants forH contained inQ0(H).
Isolation and characterization of the versicolorin B synthase gene from Aspergillus parasiticus. Expansion of the aflatoxin b1 biosynthetic gene cluster.

Abstract Versicolorin B synthase catalyzes the side chain cyclization of racemic versiconal hemiacetal (7) to the bisfuran ring system of (−)-versicolorin B (8), an essential transformation in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway of Aspergillus parasiticus. The dihydrobisfuran is key to the mutagenic nature of aflatoxin B1 (1). The protein, which shows 58% similarity and 38% identity with glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger, possesses an amino-terminal sequence homologous to the ADP-binding region of other flavoenzymes. However, this enzyme does not require flavin or nicotinamide cofactors for its cyclase activity. The 643-amino acid native enzyme contains three potential sites for N-linked glycosylation, Asn-Xaa-Thr or Asn-Xaa-Ser. The cDNA and genomic clones of versicolorin B synthase were isolated by screening the respective libraries with random-primed DNA probes generated from an exact copy of an internal vbs sequence. This probe was created through polymerase chain reaction by using nondegenerate polymerase chain reaction primers derived from the amino acid sequences of peptide fragments of the enzyme. The 1985-base genomic vbs DNA sequence is interrupted by one intron of 53 nucleotides. Southern blotting, nucleotide sequencing, and detailed restriction mapping of the vbs-containing genomic clones revealed the presence of omtA, a methyltransferase active in the biosynthesis, 3.3 kilobases upstream of vbs and oriented in the opposite direction from vbs. The presence of omtA in close proximity to vbs supports the theory that the genes encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic enzymes in A. parasiticus are clustered.
Concepts About the Causes of Development: Travel, Visual Experience, and the Development of Dynamic Spatial Orientation

“Travel broadens the mind” is a good concept for developmental psychology. Travel is a metaphor for human experience as we explore the paths that life provides and theorize about the roles the paths play in development. The idea is one that I first learned about over dinner conversations as a child. The idea comes up over and over in literature and shaped many of us, reading Heyerdal’s (1948) The Kon Tiki Expedition and Steinbeck’s (1962) Travels With Charley in middle school, Dana’s (1840) Two Years Before the Mastand Darwin’s (1909) Voyage of the Beagle in high school, Henry James’s (1885) A Little Tour of Franceand Orwell’s (1933) Down and Out in Paris and Londonin college. For Campos et al. (this issue), travel is not a metaphor, but instead a summary label for the host of specific experiences that typically occur together with indeendent locomotion. Their article is about what we accept as explanation in psy chological development. They spell out some of the specific experiences that are associated with locomotion and point out processes by which these experiences might be linked together in a causal chain relating those specific experiences to development of depth perception, dynamic spatial orientation, emotion, and social relations. What makes this article important is the concept of psychological explanation that it provides. The rest of this article consists of two sections. The first is focused on
Corporate Ownership, Profitability, and Bank-Firm Ties: Evidence from the American Occupation Reforms in Japan

Abstract This paper uses data from a report submitted to General MacArthur in order to examine the effects of a large scale reform in corporate control in Japan following World War II. The analysis indicates that reformed firms tended to perform worse than their industry peers due to diffuse postreform ownership structure and limited monitoring of managers. Evidence on the reappearance of corporate groups in Japan a few years after the end of the American reforms suggests that the keiretsu and their Main Banks are economically rational institutions. Furthermore, Main Banks may have served as a mechanism through which new, postreform, ownership-monitoring was created. J. Japan. Int. Econ., March 1995, 9 (1), pp. 154–173. Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138.
“Hot Electron” Photo-Charging and Electrochemical Discharge Kinetics of Silver Nanocrystals

Chronopotentiometry and chronoammperometry methods are used to study the photocharging and electrochemical discharging of Ag nanocrystals on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The photocharging is initiated by Ag plasmon electronic excitation, which causes the oxidation of surface-bound citrate ions. In aqueous citrate solution, the particles discharge by reducing hydrogen. When silver ions are introduced, silver reduction increases the rate of discharge. The electrochemical kinetics is modeled quantitatively using the Butler−Volmer equation. The capacitance of the particle electrode is experimentally determined to be ∼2.22 × 10-4 C/V. We conclude that high-quantum-yield surface photochemistry and photocharging is possible for well-formed nanocrystals.
The emergency center as a site for major surgery

The university emergency department serves as an entrance into the health care delivery system, a treatment facility for minor surgical procedures, an outpatient orthopedic clinic, and frequently as an off hours general medicine clinic. In addition, comprehensive Emergency Center personnel may be required to perform major surgical procedures on patients with marginal signs of life. Between January 1970 and December 1973 over 300,000 patients were seen at the Ben Taub General Hospital Emergency Center. Among the more than 6,500 patients requiring emergency surgery, 166 patients had major operations in the Emergency Center as an integral part of resuscitation. Thoracotomy was required for all 166 patients, laparotomy for 10 patients and emergency cardiopulmonary bypass for 8 patients. Patients arriving with preterminal respiratory and cerebral activity whose injuries were limited to intrathoracic organs had a 67% survival rate. Cardiac injuries were successfully controlled in 25 patients. Laparotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass were less successful in controlling extensive multiple organ injuries. Major surgery in the emergency center environment may be required in the traumatized patient in too critical a condition to be transported to the operating room. Autotransfusion, fine screen filtration of transfused blood and radiography intrinsic to the resuscitation room have served as adjuncts to emergency major surgery.
Distress and Resilience After Cancer in Veterans

Combat exposure and posttraumatic stress have the potential to affect distress in response to cancer, a common late-life stressor. Models of posttraumatic growth suggest that distress can produce varying avenues for resilience. A primarily male, veteran sample completed interviews regarding how combat exposure and posttraumatic stress relate to distress and growth in cancer survivors. While combat alone did not predict greater distress, combat veterans with current combat-related posttraumatic stress symptoms reported the greatest distress following cancer. These same veterans showed cancer-related growth. This is the first large-scale study examining the relationships among combat, posttraumatic stress, and emotional health following cancer. This article not subject to U.S. copyright law.
Particle Formation in the Upper Tropical Troposphere: A Source of Nuclei for the Stratospheric Aerosol

Atmospheric measurements and numerical calculations described here indicate that binary homogeneous nucleation of H2SO4-H2O particles occurs in the upper tropical troposphere. Particle concentrations decrease with increasing altitude above the tropical tropopause as a result of coagulation during the upward air transport produced by stratospheric circulations. During the extended periods of time that volcanic eruptions do not strongly influence stratospheric particle number concentrations, particles formed in the upper tropical troposphere provide nuclei upon which oxidized sulfur gases condense in the stratosphere. This particle source, coupled with aerosol microphysical properties and atmospheric transport, governs the number concentration of particles in the lower tropical and mid-latitude stratosphere.
Biometric keypads: Improving accuracy through optimal PIN selection

While online applications can provide convenience to individuals and organizations, they can pose significant remote user authentication challenges. One possible solution to these challenges is to utilize behavioral typing patterns to provide an additional layer of authentication. Such behavioral biometrics have the advantage of being revocable if compromised, unlike physical biometrics such as fingerprints. This study investigates the viability of biometric keypads. Results indicate that biometric keypads can differentiate authentic users from impostors even when a secure PIN has been compromised. Furthermore, it is shown that authentication accuracy can be improved through optimal PIN selection by avoiding correlated key combinations.
Cerebral cortical representation of external anal sphincter contraction: effect of effort.

The external anal sphincter (EAS) plays a critical role in maintaining fecal continence; however, cerebral cortical control of voluntary EAS contraction is not completely understood. Our aims were ...
Cerebral embolism resulting from an intracardiac tumor in tuberous sclerosis

Tuberous sclerosis was diagnosed in an infant girl during the first 3 days of life on the basis of electrocardiographic and cranial computed tomographic abnormalities. At 19 months of age, neurologic deterioration occurred and repeat computed tomography documented several new cortical lesions while the subaortic mass was markedly reduced in size. The sequence of events suggested cerebral embolization by the cardiac tumor.
Studies on the mechanism of the human natural killer cell lethal hit: a new method for rapid physical isolation of lethally hit K562 targets and inhibition of cytolysis by reduced temperature or trypsin.

Abstract A new method was developed which allows for rapid (2 min) physical isolation of viable K562 target cells after being programmed to lyse (lethally hit) by purified human natural killer (NK) cells (LGL). To achieve this K562 cells which were obtained from the 34–36% interface of discontinuous Percoll gradients and purified human NK cells (LGL) which were obtained from the (43–45% Percoll) interface were employed. Using a Ca2+ pulse method and the separation of NK-K562 conjugates with EDTA and rapid centrifugation on Percoll gradients at 4 °C we could physically isolate the lethally hit K562 cells from the LGL allowing the study of the events leading to their subsequent lysis. Lysis of “purified” lethally hit K562 cells occurred in the absence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ and was blocked by reduced temperature (4 °C), or by the protease enzyme trypsin. When lethally hit targets were held at 4 °C (to block lysis) then rewarmed to 37 °C lysis ensued but with a rate slower than that of control cells not held at 4 °C. These data support the concept that transfer of protease-sensitive and possibly temperature-dependent structures from the NK cell to the target is a requisite step in NK cytolysis.
Autonomic neuropathy associated with sicca complex

We retrospectively studied 52 patients with sicca complex who presented primarily with peripheral neuropathic symptoms to assess the degree of autonomic involvement and its relationship to somatic neuropathy, serological tests and extraglandular disease. One patient presented with severe panautonomic dysfunction, with another six patients reporting prominent autonomic symptoms, and a further 40 patients having mild or asymptomatic disease. Eighty-seven percent of patients showed abnormalities on an autonomic reflex screen (ARS). Fifty-eight percent of patients showed a mixed pattern of autonomic dysfunction with abnormalities in two or more ARS subgroups of sudomotor, cardiovagal and adrenergic function. Three patients had a cholinergic autonomic neuropathy with sparing of adrenergic function. Tonic pupils were present in 13 patients. Autonomic neuropathy occurred in patients with a variety of somatic neuropathy subtypes, without a clear relationship between the type of autonomic neuropathy and the type of somatic peripheral neuropathy. Extraglandular disease was uncommon, occurring in only four patients. Serological abnormalities (extractable nuclear antigen [ENA], SS-A, SS-B) occurred in 20% of patients. We conclude that: (1) A wide spectrum of autonomic dysfunction is seen in sicca complex. (2) Severe autonomic involvement is uncommon, with most patients showing mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic disease. (3) Overall, characteristic patterns of autonomic dysfunction did not predominate, and there were no clear relationships with the different types of somatic peripheral neuropathy. (4) Clinical and serological evidence of non-neurological extraglandular disease is uncommon in this group of patients.
A case study of nonmesocyclone Tornado development in northeast Colorado: similarities to waterspout formation

Abstract The evolution of the 26 July 1985 Erie, Colorado tornado is described using data from NCAR's CP-2 Doppler radar. This tornado develops within 20 km of the radar site under weakly forced synoptic conditions and weak tropospheric flow, and is not accompanied by a mesocyclone. The initial circulation forms near the surface at the intersection of two mesoscale boundaries and develops vertically, intensifying into an Fl tornado when it becomes collocated with the intense updrafts of a rapidly developing cumulonimbus. This tornado appears to be the land equivalent of a waterspout, and comparisons between the two vortices are made. It is speculated that Florida and portions of the western High Plains may be prone to nonmesocyclone tornado development, and that vortex-intensification processes associated with nonmesoscyclone tornadoes may be important in mesocyclone tornadogenesis. Suggestions on how to better forecast these tornadoes are also presented.
Distorted Character Recognition Via An Associative Neural Network

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it is intended to provide some preliminary results of a character recognition scheme which has foundations in on-going neural network architecture modeling, and secondly, to apply some of the neural network results in a real application area where thirty years of effort has had little effect on providing the machine an ability to recognize distorted objects within the same object class. It is the author's belief that the time is ripe to start applying in ernest the results of over twenty years of effort in neural modeling to some of the more difficult problems which seem so hard to solve by conventional means. The character recognition scheme proposed utilizes a preprocessing stage which performs a 2-dimensional Walsh transform of an input cartesian image field, then sequency filters this spectrum into three feature bands. Various features are then extracted and organized into three sets of feature vectors. These vector patterns that are stored and recalled associatively. Two possible associative neural memory models are proposed for further investigation. The first being an outer-product linear matrix associative memory with a threshold function controlling the strength of the output pattern (similar to Kohonen's crosscorrelation approach [1]). The second approach is based upon a modified version of Grossberg's neural architecture [2] which provides better self-organizing properties due to its adaptive nature. Preliminary results of the sequency filtering and feature extraction preprocessing stage and discussion about the use of the proposed neural architectures is included.
Topologically massive planar universe

Abstract A stationary, radially symmetric vacuum solution to three-dimensional, topologically massive gravity is presented. All four Killing vectors of the space-time are identified and the geodetic equation is solved. An analogy with “Godel's Universe” is discussed.
Distance Perception in Virtual Environments: Effects of Field of View and Surface Texture at Near Distances:

This study investigated the effects of three system related cues on estimates of near distances. Subjects (N=28) viewed a simple VE and used a magnitude estimation procedure to generate distance estimates to a wall at the end of a corridor 1 to 12 feet away. Independent variables included type of wall texture (2 levels), resolution of wall texture (3 levels), display FOV (2 levels), and distance (12 levels). Dependent variables included distance estimates, response latency, and relative error of estimates. Subjects consistently underestimated distances judged using a wide FOV and overestimated distances judged with a narrow FOV. Distance estimates were significantly affected by both FOV and texture type. Significant interactions of distance with FOV, texture type, and texture resolution revealed that these variables had greater effects at the closer distances. The most accurate estimates occurred with a wide FOV and a rich, fine resolution pattern.
Development of a new biochemical mutation test in mice based upon measurement of enzyme activities. II. Test results with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS).

Abstract An experiment with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was conducted to determine the feasibility of detecting chemically induced mutations in mice by quatitative analysis of metabolic characters using the test procedure of Feuers et al. (1982). A test population of 518 F1 mice from matings of untreated C57BL/6J females to C57BL/6J males treated with 0, 100, 175 or 200 mg/kg EMS was evaluated according to a set of multi-level biochemical and genetic screening criteria. The goal of the assay was identification of F1 individuals heterozygous at an unspecified locus for an induced mutant allele which altered the activity of one or more of 19 enzymes in brain and liver tissues of their F2 and F3 progeny. 8 individuals among a population of 345 F1's from the EMS-dosed groups were classified as confirmed mutants having at least 2 of their F2 progeny exhibiting the same enzyme aberrancy and transmitting this aberrancy to the F3 generation. No confirmed mutants were detected in the control population of 173 F1 individuals. These results indicate that this test method can be used to detect chemically induced mutations expressed as quantitative alterations in enzyme activity.
Relationships between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the Great Plains and the Southwest

[1] The relationships between evaporation (E) and summer precipitation (P) over the United States are examined using the observed precipitation data set, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis and the NCEP regional spectral model (RSM) simulations. The composites of P anomalies based on soil moisture and E anomalies indicate that the relationships between E and P are regionally dependent. The E anomalies over the Great Plains are associated with large P anomalies located north of the E anomalies and areas downstream along the path of the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ). The impact of E anomalies on P over the Southwest is small and is only recognized during the strong moisture surge events from the Gulf of California. The vertically integrated meridional moisture fluxes [qv] associated with the GPLLJ are stronger and more persistent than the fluxes associated with the low-level jet from the Gulf of California to the Southwest (GCLLJ). The E anomalies over the Great Plains are stronger and more persistent than the E anomalies over the Southwest. Therefore the E anomalies over the Great Plains have a better chance for the local feedback and for the changes in moisture flux convergence to take effect. The impact of E anomalies on P over the Southwest is small and only recognized during strong moisture surge events from the Gulf of California. Both the surge events and E anomalies over the Southwest persist for less than one week. The time window for the large E anomalies to occur during surge events is narrow. Therefore the net impact is small.