cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha induced by oxytocin and endogenous concentrations of estradiol and progesterone at three stages of the bovine estrous cycle.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether differences among cows in the ability of oxytocin to stimulate uterine secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) were related to the endogenous ovarian steroid environment. Sexually mature heifers were treated with oxytocin (.33 IU/kg BW) at three stages of the estrous cycle: early (d 3 to 5; n = 5), middle (d 10 to 11; n = 5) or late (d 16 to 17; n = 5). To assess uterine responsiveness to oxytocin, concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2 alpha (PGFM) were quantified in jugular venous plasma samples collected at 1/2-h intervals for 8 h postinjection. The ovarian steroid environment at the time of injection was estimated by measuring the concentrations of progesterone and estradiol in jugular venous plasma samples collected at 4-h intervals for 12 h immediately prior to injection. Concentrations of PGFM increased immediately following injection of oxytocin either early or late in the estrous cycle. The response was much less during the middle of the estrous cycle. The magnitudes of response, early and late in the estrous cycle, were similar and greater than that observed during the middle of the estrous cycle (P less than .05). There was a positive relationship (R2 greater than .8; P less than .05) between magnitude of the response to oxytocin and ratio of estradiol to progesterone both early and late in the estrous cycle. Thus, individual differences in uterine secretion of PGF2 alpha in response to oxytocin were related to stage of the cycle and to differences in the endogenous ovarian steroid environment within each stage of the estrous cycle.
An Interactionist Approach to Cognition: Formal Concepts

In this chapter my goal is to carry out a formal exposition of the framework that was laid out informally in the last chapter. The key notions in my framework of interactionism are those of ‘concept networks,’ which are finitely generated algebras; ‘structure,’ which refers to how the operators of a concept network connect its object-concepts together; ‘descriptions,’ which refer to the ways in which an object-concept can be decomposed into other object-concepts and sequences of operators; ‘generating set,’ which refers to how certain object-concepts can be used as primitives in terms of which the whole concept network can be described; ‘cognitive models,’ which are relations from the algebras of the concept networks to the algebras of the environments; ‘groupings,’ an effect of the one-to-many cognitive relations on the sensorimotor data sets to group a number of different sensory states into one conceptual unit; and ‘coherency,’ which is the characteristic of those cognitive relations in which the structure of the concept network reflects the autonomous structure of the environment. Besides these notions, there are a few other important features such as the isomorphism in cognitive models, whereby the environment of a cognitive model is experienced by the cognitive agent as isomorphic to its concept network; and the finite representability of coherency, whereby a cognitive agent with a finite brain and without access to the God’s eye view of the world can maintain coherency of its cognitive relations. All these notions are given a formal characterization in this chapter, and their properties are explored.
Fluorescence spectroscopy to probe the structure and cellular dynamics of ion channels.

Ion channels are of universal importance owing to their mediation of several physiological responses such as excitability in nerve and muscle, stimulus-secretion, and cellular motility, to mention only a few. The past several years has seen an active increase in the biochemical and molecular characterization of ion channel structure and function using combined biophysical and biochemical approaches.
The Subject-Object Paradigm and its Debt to Classical Physics

Newton’s mechanics was not just a physical idea; it was an all-embracing philosophy of the natural world. Westfall has reminded us that “Newton’s dynamics was interwoven with his natural philosophy to the extent that the one cannot be understood in isolation from the other.”6 The framework for his mechanics was a theory of particulate matter located in Absolute Space and Time. Historically, the acceptance of his laws of motion and the inverse square law entailed the acceptance of these related theories. I shall attempt to show that these theories reflected an understanding of the nature of physical reality which not only formed the problematic of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, but determined its structure as well; and that this subject-object structure became the prevailing conceptual matrix for epistemology and (pace Kant) of ontology wherever Kant’s influence was felt.
Ellipse, arc of ellipse and elliptic spline

Abstract A general method for generating ellipses by using conjugate radii is presented. Elliptical arcs are then defined based on this method for generating ellipses. A 90° arc of ellipse is then used to generate a number of curves with slope constraints. Other arc of ellipse interpolations are then discussed. Three of these interpolations are used to define local elliptic splines with first order derivative continuity.
Atypical transfer RNA's and their origin in neoplastic cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the structure and synthesis of transfer RNA (tRNA) and discusses the biochemistry of tRNA methylases. Translation is the most complex molecular mechanism known in the living cell. It requires messenger RNA, which is the simplest of the structures involved, even though it is laden with information. The ribosomes are complex structures composed of RNA and at least a score of different proteins. Transfer RNA is the most complex biomacromolecule known. In addition to these major components, there are ancillary ones— enzymes that transfer amino acids to the transfer RNA. Moreover, there are at least 8 soluble protein factors needed for the completion of the synthesis of a protein. Any or all of these numerous components could be a regulatory factor in protein synthesis. There are three different lines of biological evidence that point to transfer RNA as a regulatory factor. Transfer RNA is a pivotal molecule in protein synthesis. It is the link between the amino acids and the message-bearing nucleic acids. The tRNA methylases are a complex family of enzymes that modify the structure of preformed tRNA by the insertion of methyl groups into specific positions in the four main bases of tRNA. The enzymes are species-specific, organ-specific, base-specific, and even site-specific for particular bases.
Association Between Echocardiography Laboratory Accreditation and the Quality of Imaging and Reporting for Valvular Heart Disease.

Background It is presumed that echocardiographic laboratory accreditation leads to improved quality, but there are few data. We sought to compare the quality of echocardiographic examinations performed at accredited versus nonaccredited laboratories for the evaluation of valvular heart disease. Methods and results We enrolled 335 consecutive valvular heart disease subjects who underwent echocardiography at our institution and an external accredited or nonaccredited institution within 6 months. Completeness and quality of echocardiographic reports and images were assessed by investigators blinded to the external laboratory accreditation status and echocardiographic results. Compared with nonaccredited laboratories, accredited sites more frequently reported patient sex (94% versus 78%; P Conclusions Accredited echocardiographic laboratories had more complete reporting and better image quality, while echocardiographic quantification and color Doppler image quality were associated with improved concordance in grading valvular heart disease. Future quality improvement initiatives should highlight the importance of high-quality color Doppler imaging and echocardiographic quantification to improve the accuracy, reproducibility, and quality of echocardiographic studies for valvular heart disease.
NLRP1 - One NLR to guard them all.

Microbial pathogens can be detected by inflammasomes that induce inflammation and programmed cell death. Inflammasomes are sensors that survey cells for signs of compromise. One of these sensors, NLRP1, detects anthrax lethal toxin; however, the mechanism of NLRP1 activation has remained unknown. Here, Xu et al discover NLRP1 cleavage by lethal toxin induces the N-end rule, which targets NLRP1 for degradation. Surprisingly, the active inflammasome fragment escapes the proteasome and becomes an activate inflammasome itself.
The Shrinking Grey Zone of Postoperative Narcotics in the Midst of the Opioid Crisis: The No-opioid Urologist.

In urology, whether a surgeon needs to prescribe narcotics after minimally invasive surgery used to be a grey zone. We no longer believe that it is necessary to give opioids to opioid-naive patients undergoing minimally invasive urologic surgery, with few exceptions.
Exploratory analysis of automated vehicle crashes in California: A text analytics & hierarchical Bayesian heterogeneity-based approach.

Abstract Automated vehicles (AVs) represent an opportunity to reduce crash frequency by eliminating driver error, as safety studies reveal human error contributes to the majority of crashes. To provide insights into the contributing factors of AV crashes, this study created a unique database from the California Department of Motor Vehicles 124 manufacturer-reported Traffic Collision Reports and was linked with detailed data on roadway and built-environment attributes. A novel text analysis was first conducted to extract useful information from crash report narratives. Of the crashes that could be geocoded (N = 113), results indicate the most frequent AV crash type was rear-end collisions (61.1%; N = 69) and 13.3% (N = 15) were injury crashes. These noteworthy outcomes and a small sample size motivated us to rigorously analyze rear-end and injury crashes in a Full Bayesian empirical setup. Owing to the potential issue of unobserved heterogeneity, hierarchical-Bayes fixed and random parameter logit models are estimated. Results reveal that when the automated driving system is engaged and remains engaged, the likelihood of an AV-involved rear-end crash is substantially higher compared to a conventionally-driven AV or when the driver disengages the automated driving system prior to a crash. Given the AV-involved crashes, the likelihood of an AV-involved rear-end crash was significantly higher in mixed land-use settings compared to other land-use types, and was significantly lower near public/private schools. Correlations of other roadway attributes and environmental factors with AV-involved rear-end and injury crash propensities are discussed. This study aids in understanding the interactions of AVs and human-driven conventional vehicles in complex urban environments.
Minimization of Functionals: Uniformly Convex Spaces

We want to prove an analogy of Theorem 4.27 for these (Sobolev) gradients in so-called uniformly convex spaces.
Noise over signal: Phonography culture as participatory

While participatory culture has been of special interest to scholars for nearly three decades, much of the focus has centered on digitally networked contexts. The digital age has indeed transformed our approaches to listening to music and how we operate as fans of music; these approaches can weave together the new and the old, and are enacted among a variety of spaces, objects, and relationships. We explore how the re-emergence of one such object in the digital age — the LP — has produced social arrangements that perhaps excavate older listening practices but do so in ways that have been affected by the mediascape more generally. We offer the concept of phonography culture: a term that emphasizes the social practices of those who not only curate and collect vinyl records but communicate through them in participatory activities including listening parties, vinyl nights at local bars, Facebook groups, and sites of e-commerce. We share the case study of Record Nite, a semi-regular gathering of phonography culture participants, who take turns playing one side of an LP on a given theme, revealing in their fandom and reveling in and encouraging that of others. Over the course of an evening, ten to twenty friends connect over their own “noise” — their experiences, histories, and knowledge of artists, albums, and genres—while simultaneously listening to LPs together. These phonographic, cultural interactions are revelatory because they draw our attention away from individualized and digital listening, which isolate signal, and make space for social and aural noise. That noise is infused with fandom and participation, as well as elements of memory, meaning making, and nostalgia. NB: The article contains sound examples. In order to listen to embedded audio files, you must first download the pdf file and then open it with Adobe Acrobat.
First-principles modeling of native point defects in zinc gallate (Conference Presentation)

Following demonstrations of bulk and epitaxial growth, zinc gallate ZnGa2O4 has been receiving increased attention for power electronics applications due to bandgap and high and high carrier concentration mobility comparable to those of beta-Ga2O3. Here we use first principles calculations to study stability of the direct and inverted spinel structures of ZnGa2O4 as a function of temperature and the formation energies of native defects: Zn, Ga, and O vacancies, the Zn/Ga, Ga/Zn antisites that provide insights into the nature of shallow donors from high temperature growth, and the higher-energy cation-anion antisites. In addition, we discuss aspects of the electronic structure in the presence of aluminum incorporation.
Incorporating Blockchain into Role Engineering: A Reference Architecture Using ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 Notation

Blockchain technology is taking the world by storm. With its transparent, secure and decentralized nature, it has emerged as a disruptive technology for numerous industrial applications. One of them is Role Engineering: the Role-based Security (RBS), which is a requirement of all organizations and its secure and efficient enforcement, reduces the risk of entities having unauthorized access privileges. This paper presents a review on Role Engineering to provide general readers with its overview, including an early theoretical paper which leads to standard, background knowledge, and motivation. The paper expands on the role of Blockchain in role-based security by presenting the challenges in traditional models and their potential solutions by Blockchain incorporation. Finally, integrated reference architecture of Blockchain and Role-based Security is presented which used the ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010 guidelines and Notation.
Prevention of Colon Cancer Recurrence From Minimal Residual Disease: Computer Optimized Dose Schedules of Intermittent Apoptotic Adjuvant Therapy.

PURPOSEAdjuvant chemotherapy is used after surgery for stages II and III colorectal cancer to reduce recurrence. Nevertheless, recurrence may occur years later with the emergence of initially undet...
Feedback-driven side-channel analysis for networked applications

Information leakage in software systems is a problem of growing importance. Networked applications can leak sensitive information even when they use encryption. For example, some characteristics of network packets, such as their size, timing and direction, are visible even for encrypted traffic. Patterns in these characteristics can be leveraged as side channels to extract information about secret values accessed by the application. In this paper, we present a new tool called AutoFeed for detecting and quantifying information leakage due to side channels in networked software applications. AutoFeed profiles the target system and automatically explores the input space, explores the space of output features that may leak information, quantifies the information leakage, and identifies the top-leaking features. Given a set of input mutators and a small number of initial inputs provided by the user, AutoFeed iteratively mutates inputs and periodically updates its leakage estimations to identify the features that leak the greatest amount of information about the secret of interest. AutoFeed uses a feedback loop for incremental profiling, and a stopping criterion that terminates the analysis when the leakage estimation for the top-leaking features converges. AutoFeed also automatically assigns weights to mutators in order to focus the search of the input space on exploring dimensions that are relevant to the leakage quantification. Our experimental evaluation on the benchmarks shows that AutoFeed is effective in detecting and quantifying information leaks in networked applications.
A comparison of the local behavior of spline L2-projections, fourier series and legendre series

Mechanisms are given which explain, in a quantitative fashion, "pollution" from nonsmooth regions of a function approximated into smooth regions. In spline L2-projection pollution is negligible. In Fourier series it is governed by a global modulus of continuity in L1 and in Legendre series by a weighted L1 global modulus of continuity which accounts for certain boundary effects.
Jacobson 2.0: Police Power in the Time of COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a legal, as well as a public health, crisis. In response to the pandemic, state and municipal governments have imposed unprecedented constraints on Americans’ daily activities. These restrictions provoked a wave of constitutional challenges that have revealed the antiquated doctrinal foundations of states’ police power in the area of public health. It has been over a century since the Supreme Court, in Jacobson v. Massachusetts, articulated a broadly deferential approach to constitutional review of state orders issued in response to a public health emergency. The constitutional order has changed since Jacobson was decided; many provisions of the Bill of Rights have been incorporated against the states, the Court has developed tiers of constitutional scrutiny, and constitutional doctrine has evolved a deeper regard for the rights of privacy and bodily autonomy. The Jacobson doctrine must be updated to incorporate contemporary constitutional norms. This Article surveys cases evaluating constitutional challenges to states’ COVID-19 orders, finding substantial variation in courts’ efforts to reconcile Jacobson with the subsequent 115 years of constitutional development. It describes three distinct approaches to applying Jacobson that courts in the COVID-19 era have taken, and then offers a new doctrinal model—“Jacobson 2.0”—by which to evaluate the scope of state police power during a public health crisis. The Jacobson 2.0 model preserves Jacobson’s fundamental insight that courts should grant states a measure of deference and discretion in their efforts to mitigate a public health emergency that would not apply in ordinary times, while explicitly preserving a meaningful role for judicial review in preventing pretextual or disproportionate abridgement of constitutional rights and liberties. Only by updating the Jacobson doctrine to incorporate contemporary constitutional norms can the constitutional law of public health effectively resolve the tension between individual rights and communal health presented in these cases.
COVID-19 and Neurosurgery Consultation Call Volume at a Single Large Tertiary Center With a Propensity-Adjusted Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected patient care across specialties. Ramifications for neurosurgery include substantial disruptions to surgical training and changes in nonurgent patient presentations to the emergency department. This study quantifies the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of emergency department patients who were referred to the neurosurgery department for further consultation and treatment and identifies and describes trends in the characteristics of these visits. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of neurosurgical consultations at a single high-volume institution for 28 call-day periods before and after the official announcement of the pandemic. Primary outcomes included consultations per call-day, patient presentation category, and patient admission. RESULTS: The neurosurgical service was consulted regarding 629 patients (367 male patients) during the study period, with 471 (75%) and 158 (25%) patients presenting before and after the announcement of the COVID-19 pandemic, respectively. The mean number of neurosurgical consultations per call-day was significantly lower in the COVID-19 period (5.6 consultations) compared with the pre-COVID-19 period (16.8 consultations) (P < 0.001). After adjusting for patient demographics, the rate of presentation for general nonurgent concerns, such as back pain, headaches, and other general weaknesses, significantly decreased (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.60 [0.47-0.77], P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgical consultations significantly decreased after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a substantially lower overall number of consultations necessitating operative interventions. Furthermore, the relative number of patients with nonemergent neurological conditions significantly decreased during the pandemic.
Wrist - Midline Dorsal

Position of probe: Place the probe in longitudinal orientation on the dorsal aspect of the wrist. The distal radius should be seen on the left side of the screen and the distal capitate on the right side. The lunate should be clearly visible, in line with the radius and capitate. Longitudinal view of common extensor tendon compartment IV should be seen extending across the length of the screen, superficial to the bony landmarks. Ideally, a thin layer of gel should be seen between the probe and skin surface (to confirm that no pressure is being applied to the joint).
The Uncertain Foundation of Work Product

Work product is heavily litigated, extensively studied, and sorely misunderstood. Most blissfully accept it as a combination of codified rules and the seminal case of Hickman v. Taylor. This view settles for a superficial understanding that neither recognizes nor questions underlining assumptions. The codified rules are legislative mandates, Hickman is Supreme Court common law, and they define the doctrine differently. To understand its proper scope of work product, we must know the basis of Hickman v. Taylor, whether it can coexist with codified rules, and what happens when they conflict. This Article takes the novel view that work product is not one doctrine, but two. One branch consists of rules and statutes. The other branch is Hickman and its progeny. This Article concludes Hickman is the product of a well-recognized, if profoundly mysterious, strain in federal jurisprudence known as the inherent powers of courts. Even after the later adoption of codified work product rules, the Hickman branch survives but only in piecemeal fashion. When these branches conflict, the separation of powers requires that the rules and statutes preempt Hickman. To defend this claim, this Article takes us on a journey through the unexplored and striking origins of work product. From its unusual birth, to how courts struggled to make sense of it, to failed drafting attempts, an undercurrent emerges: there is an ongoing struggle between federal courts’ power to step in without any guidance to protect a policy of intrinsic importance to the justice system, and the need for deference to rules and statutes with a democratic pedigree. Ultimately, the near plenary power of the legislature to control federal courts resolves the conflict. This Article concludes Hickman is good law but is not absolute, Congress has more control over the attorney-client relationship than previously thought, and more material is discoverable than most attorneys or courts recognize.
Race, insurance status and treating facility type associated with completeness of medical record in patients with breast cancer.

143Background: The National Cancer Database (NCDB) is a large registry that collates real-world medical record data from millions of patients in the United States. A previous published study using ...
Properties of unified Bayesian-frequentist tests

The modified Bayesian-Frequentist test of Berger, Brown and Wolpert (1994) is considered here in the context of normal hypothesis testing. We focus attention on the testing of a precise null hypothesis versus a composite alternative, either the one-sided or the two-sided type. We study the properties of the corresponding modified Bayesian-Frequentist test and in particular the large-sample behavior of its no decision region under two different classes of prior distributions, viz., the shifted conjugate class and a domain-restricted noninformative class. It is shown that under these prior classes, the size of the no-decision region of the test is rather small, compared to the relevant sample size. A lower bound on the conditional probability of the type I error is also provided.
A framework for global communication analysis of optimizations

Distributed memory architectures have become popular as a viable and cost-effective method of building scalable parallel computers. However, the absence of global address space, and consequently, the need for explicit message passing among processes makes these machines very difficult to program. This has motivated the design of languages like High Performance Fortran [14], which allow the programmer to write sequential or shared-memory parallel programs that are annotated with directives specifying data decomposition. The compilers for these languages are responsible for partitioning the computation, and generating the communication necessary to fetch values of nonlocal data referenced by a processor. A number of such prototype compilers have been developed [3, 6, 19, 23, 29, 30, 33, 34, 43].
Demonstration of Passive Fuel Cell Thermal Management Technology

The NASA Glenn Research Center is developing advanced passive thermal management technology to reduce the mass and improve the reliability of space fuel cell systems for the NASA Exploration program. The passive thermal management system relies on heat conduction within highly thermally conductive cooling plates to move the heat from the central portion of the cell stack out to the edges of the fuel cell stack. Using the passive approach eliminates the need for a coolant pump and other cooling loop components within the fuel cell system which reduces mass and improves overall system reliability. Previous development demonstrated the performance of suitable highly thermally conductive cooling plates and integrated heat exchanger technology to collect the heat from the cooling plates (Ref. 1). The next step in the development of this passive thermal approach was the demonstration of the control of the heat removal process and the demonstration of the passive thermal control technology in actual fuel cell stacks. Tests were run with a simulated fuel cell stack passive thermal management system outfitted with passive cooling plates, an integrated heat exchanger and two types of cooling flow control valves. The tests were run to demonstrate the controllability of the passive thermal control approach. Finally, successful demonstrations of passive thermal control technology were conducted with fuel cell stacks from two fuel cell stack vendors.
Distributed utility-optimal scheduling with finite buffers

In this paper, we propose a distributed cross-layer scheduling algorithm for networks with single-hop transmissions that can guarantee finite buffer sizes and meet minimum utility requirements. The algorithm can achieve a utility arbitrarily close to the optimal value with a tradeoff in the buffer sizes. The finite buffer property is not only important from an implementation perspective, but, along with the algorithm, also yields superior delay performance. A novel structure of Lyapunov function is employed to prove the utility optimality of the algorithm with the introduction of novel virtual queue structures. Unlike traditional back-pressure-based optimal algorithms, our proposed algorithm does not need centralized computation and achieves fully local implementation without global message passing. Compared to other recent throughput/utility-optimal CSMA distributed algorithms, we illustrate through rigorous numerical and implementation results that our proposed algorithm achieves far better delay performance for comparable throughput/utility levels.
Atomic-level modelling of the HIV capsid

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) virion has a cone-shaped core composed of capsid proteins, which take either pentameric or hexameric form. Mark Yeager and colleagues had previously solved the crystal structure of the capsid hexamer. Now they provide the structure of the pentamer, which allows them to propose the first atomic-level model of the mature HIV capsid. The HIV virion has a cone-shaped core composed of capsid proteins, which take either pentameric or hexameric form. The crystal structure of the capsid hexamer had been solved previously. Now the structure of the pentamer is provided, which allows the proposal of the first atomic-level model of the mature HIV capsid. The mature capsids of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses are fullerene shells, composed of the viral CA protein, that enclose the viral genome and facilitate its delivery into new host cells1. Retroviral CA proteins contain independently folded amino (N)- and carboxy (C)-terminal domains (NTD and CTD) that are connected by a flexible linker2,3,4. The NTD forms either hexameric or pentameric rings, whereas the CTD forms symmetric homodimers that connect the rings into a hexagonal lattice3,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13. We previously used a disulphide crosslinking strategy to enable isolation and crystallization of soluble HIV-1 CA hexamers11,14. Here we use the same approach to solve the X-ray structure of the HIV-1 CA pentamer at 2.5 A resolution. Two mutant CA proteins with engineered disulphides at different positions (P17C/T19C and N21C/A22C) converged onto the same quaternary structure, indicating that the disulphide-crosslinked proteins recapitulate the structure of the native pentamer. Assembly of the quasi-equivalent hexamers and pentamers requires remarkably subtle rearrangements in subunit interactions, and appears to be controlled by an electrostatic switch that favours hexamers over pentamers. This study completes the gallery of substructures describing the components of the HIV-1 capsid and enables atomic-level modelling of the complete capsid. Rigid-body rotations around two assembly interfaces appear sufficient to generate the full range of continuously varying lattice curvature in the fullerene cone.
Nodular pattern of bone marrow infiltration: frequent finding in immunosuppression-related EBV-associated large B-cell lymphomas

Different patterns of bone marrow (BM) infiltration by diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) have been described. A pure nodular pattern is uncommon, and the pathologic features, as well as the clinical correlates of DLBCL manifesting this pattern in the BM have not been well characterized. We evaluated BM biopsies involved by large B cell lymphomas diagnosed at our institute over an 11-year period to assess the morphology, phenotype, cytogenetic abnormalities, and clinical features of cases associated with a nodular pattern. A distinct nodular pattern of BM involvement was noted in 14 out of 55 (25%) cases. Although both EBV+ and EBV− DLBCL with this pattern were identified, a pure nodular pattern was significantly more common in EBV+ DLBCL compared to EBV− DLBCL (8/9, 89% versus 6/46, 13%; P = 0.00002). The majority of EBV+ DLBCL associated with a nodular pattern had distinctive morphologic features (polymorphic cellular infiltrate and pleomorphic cytology), and CD30 expression was more commonly observed in this group (P = 0.0163). All EBV+ DLBCL and two out of six (33%) EBV− DLBCL had nongerminal center phenotypes. No recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities were detected in either group. Importantly, all EBV+ DLBCL occurred in individuals with immune dysfunction (organ transplant recipients, HIV infection) or in those >50 years of age. Our study indicates a much higher predilection for EBV+ DLBCL to involve the marrow in a nodular pattern compared to EBV− cases and highlights similarities in the morphologic pattern of BM involvement by previously recognized subsets of immunodeficiency-related EBV + lymphomas and the newer entity of “EBV+ DLBCL of the elderly.”
Cyclooxygenase and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease: Experimental approaches and clinical interventions

Many epidemiological studies suggest that use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) delay or slow the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While it has been demonstrated that neurodegeneration in AD is accompanied by specific inflammatory mechanisms, including activation of the complement cascade and the accumulation and activation of microglia, the mechanism by which NSAIDs might affect these or other pathophysiological processes relevant to AD has been unclear. New evidence that cyclooxygenase (COX) is involved in neurodegeneration along with the development of selective COX inhibitors has led to renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of NSAIDs in AD.
Translational energy dependence of O+(4S) + H2(D2, HD) → OH+(OD+) + H(D) from thermal energies to 30 eV c.m.

Abstract Guided ion beam mass spectrometry is used to examine the kinetic energy dependences of the reactions of ground-state atomic oxygen ion with molecular hydrogen and its isotopic variants. At interaction energies below 0.3 eV, the total reaction cross-sections for all three systems are in excellent agreement with those predicted by the Langevin-Gioumousis-Stevenson model for exothermic ion/molecule reactions. At energies above 0.3 eV, the reaction efficiency declines. Phase space theory calculations are used to show that this behavior is due partly to angular momentum constraints. Above 6 eV, dissociation of the product ion is evident. For reaction with HD, the intramolecular isotope branching ratio oscillates several times over the energy range examined. This result is explained by comparison with phase space theory calculations and with several dynamical models.
Problem Structure Perceived: Dance Practicewear Needs of Adult Female Dance Students

DeJonge's (1984) functional design process framed an investigation of dance practicewear expectations, importance of dance practicewear attributes, and satisfaction with dance practicewear garments...
Pedagogical justification for a theory‐method distinction in rhetorical criticism

Though most rhetorical critics agree that theoretical illumination should be the primary goal of criticism, disagreement exists as to the proper relationship between theory and method. Some scholars argue that theory and method are merged in rhetorical criticism. Others maintain that theory and method ought to be distinguished. This paper argues that a theory‐method merger benefits criticism, but that a theory‐method distinction is justified on pedagogical grounds. An analysis of Francis Schaeffer's A Christian Manifesto illustrates how a theory‐method distinction can inform rhetorical criticism.
When the coefficient hits the clinic: Effect size and the size of the effect

The usefulness of effect-size differs in utilitarian experiments from its use in theory corroborations. Chow introduces the question of the relationship of effect-size to practical validity and the role of the assessment of “importance” in this. This review develops this question and suggests the actuarial table as a replacement for effect-size in practical decision-making.
Effective Recruitment and Retention Strategies for Older Members of Rural Minorities

Purpose The purpose of this article was to describe effective recruitment and retention strategies used in a community-based intervention study for older, rural African American women with type 2 diabetes. Methods The study's design was a randomized control test using a 3-group experimental design in a sample of 180 older, rural African American women (55 years of age and older), with type 2 diabetes. The study employed a range of strategies to successfully recruit and retain older African American women. These strategies were initially developed based on a review of the literature and the investigators' prior experience. They were modified as the research progressed. Results More than a quarter of the participants were recruited from outpatient clinics. In-person outreach to health care providers was essential to engage and retain their help in recruiting patients. The research team made it easy and rewarding for women to participate in the study by providing a toll-free phone number, culturally appropriate intervention materials, intervention in the home, and incentives. Developing a relationship of trust with participants and the community was critical throughout the study period. Through the use of these strategies, the target enrollment of 180 women was met with 91% retention rate at the completion of the study. Conclusion The use of multiple strategies can enhance recruitment and retention of rural, older African American women into a research study. Strategies are most effective when they build a relationship of trust with participants and the community and make it easy and rewarding for women to participate.
Drug information–seeking intention and behavior after exposure to direct-to-consumer advertisement of prescription drugs

Abstract Background Concerns about direct-to-consumer advertisement's (DTCA's) information quality have raised interest in patients' drug information–seeking after DTCA exposure. Objective To identify predictors of patients' intentions and behaviors to seek drug information from physicians, pharmacists, and the Internet after DTCA exposure, using theories of planned behavior and self-efficacy. Methods One thousand patients were randomly selected from 3,000 nationwide osteoarthritic patients. A self-administered survey examined predictors of intention including measurements of attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, perceived difficulty, self-efficacy, controllability, self-identity, intention, exposure to ads, and control variables. After 6 weeks, another survey measured respondents' information-seeking behavior. For patients exposed to DTCA, 6 multiple regressions were performed for information-seeking intention and behavior for 3 information sources: physicians, pharmacists, and the Internet. Results The response rates were 61.9% and 80.1% for the first survey and the second survey, respectively. Four hundred and fifty-four participants reported exposure to DTCA about arthritis prescription medicines in the previous month. Over 41% of the variance in intention and over 18% of the variance in behavior were explained by the regression procedures. The consistent positive predictors of intention were attitude toward behavior, self-identity, attitude toward DTCAs of arthritis medication, and osteoarthritis pain; while the consistent positive predictors of behavior were intention and osteoarthritis pain. The strongest predictors of intention were self-identity for physicians, subjective norm for pharmacists, and attitude toward behavior for the Internet. Perceived difficulty and self-efficacy did not predict intention, and self-efficacy and controllability did not predict behavior. Conclusions DTCA-prompted drug information–seeking may be under patients' complete volitional control. To promote information searching, efforts could be made to affect factors predicting intention. Interventions could address patients' attitude toward behavior, the influence of their important others, and their role as information seeker, respectively, for information sources like the Internet, pharmacists, and physicians.
Complex Regulation of Urease Formation from the Two Promoters of the ure Operon of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae can use urea as the sole source of nitrogen, thanks to a urease encoded by the ureDABCEFG operon. Expression of this operon is independent of urea and is regulated by the supply of nitrogen in the growth medium. When cells were growth rate limited for nitrogen, the specific activity of urease was about 70 times higher than that in cells grown under conditions of excess nitrogen. Much of this nitrogen regulation of urease formation depended on the nitrogen regulatory system acting through the nitrogen assimilation control protein, NAC. In a strain deleted for the nac gene, nitrogen limitation resulted in only a 7-fold increase in the specific activity of urease, in contrast to the 70-fold increase seen in that of the wild type. The ure operon was transcribed from two promoters. The proximal promoter (P1) had an absolute requirement for NAC; little or no transcription was seen in the absence of NAC. The distal promoter (P2) was independent of NAC, but its activity increased about threefold when the growth rate of the cells was limited by the nitrogen source. Transcriptional regulation of P1 and P2 accounted for most of the changes in urease activity seen under various nitrogen conditions. However, when transcription of ureDABCEFG was less than 20% of its maximum, the amount of active urease formed per transcript of ure decreased almost linearly with decreasing transcription. This may reflect a defect in the assembly of active urease and accounted for as much as a threefold activity difference under the conditions tested here. Thus, the ure operon was transcribed from a NAC-independent promoter (P2) and the most strongly NAC-dependent promoter known (P1). Most of the regulation of urease formation was transcriptional, but when ure transcription was low, assembly of active urease also was defective.
Transactive Memory in the Classroom

This study investigated the role of transactive memory systems in classroom group performance. Sixty-three groups, containing a total of 209 students, were studied. Participants were required to complete a four-part group project for an undergraduate course on information systems in organizations. Students were surveyed after handing in the second and fourth segments of the project. These surveys provided information about the students’ demographic characteristics, prior coursework and motivation; the levels of familiarity among group members; and the transactive memory systems of the groups. Past research led us to predict that stronger transactive memory systems would be associated with better group performance. This prediction was confirmed: Transactive memory was a good predictor of group performance, even after other possible predictors were taken into account. Transactive memory itself was best predicted by communication among group members.
Chemical synthesis of air-stable manganese nanoparticles.

Elemental manganese has a complex crystal structure and unusual magnetic properties, making it an intriguing target for exploration in nanocrystalline form. However, because of its oxophilicity and the difficulty in reducing soluble metal salts to elemental Mn using the most common solution-phase reducing agents, it has been challenging to synthesize and stabilize elemental Mn nanoparticles using solution chemistry methods. Here we report the chemical synthesis of α-Mn nanoparticles using n-butyllithium as a reducing agent. The nanoparticles have been characterized by powder XRD, TEM, electron diffraction, infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), XPS, and SQUID magnetometry. An amorphous manganese oxide layer bound by oleate ligands helps to render the nanoparticles air-stable. The oxide-coated α-Mn nanoparticles are paramagnetic.
Simulating heavy quarks

Abstract In this article I review developments pertaining to simulations involving heavy quarks. The emphasis is on the implementations of various simulation techniques, and a comparison of their features. I also review recent strategies for improving the convergence of lattice perturbation theory. New simulation results for ψ's and ϒ's are also discussed.
Young Gay Men's Stories in the States: Scripts, Sex, and Safety in the Time of AIDS:

Surprisingly little is known about how young gay men structure their sexual behavior in the era of AIDS. This research examines the sexual stories told by 30 White and Latino gay men between the ages of 18 and 24 based on data collected from semistructured interviews. Four dominant sexual scripts (romantic love, erotic adventures, safer sex, and sexual coercion) frame their sexual experiences. These stories illustrate how gay male youth use and adapt gendered sexual scripts encountered in particular social, cultural, and situational contexts. The author examines how interpersonal dynamics, social contexts, and masculinities shape and constrain their sexual experiences. The findings suggest new approaches to studying sexualities based on wedding sexual scripts and queer and gender theories, and accounting for agency and constraint. Directions for HIV-prevention policy-making in light of these newly revealed sexualities conclude this article.
Reconfigurable plasmonic and metamaterial devices using liquid metals

We demonstrate an approach for creating reconfigurable plasmonic and metamaterial devices. As an example, this allows for dramatic changes in the transmission properties through subwavelength apertures and split ring resonators. We accomplish this by using a liquid metal that can be injected into or withdrawn from channels in an elastomeric mold.
Small-molecule dynamics and mechanisms underlying the macroscopic mechanical properties of coordinatively cross-linked polymer networks.

Specific metal−ligand coordination between bis-Pd(II) and Pt(II) organometallic cross-linkers and poly(4-vinylpyridine) in DMSO defines a three-dimensional associative polymer network. Frequency-dependent dynamic mechanical moduli of a series of four different bulk materials, measured across several decades of oscillatory strain rates, are found to be quantitatively related through the pyridine exchange rates measured on model Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes. Importantly, the mechanism of ligand exchange in the networks is found to be the same solvent-assisted pathway observed in the model complexes, and so the bulk mechanical properties are determined by relaxations that occur when the cross-links are dissociated from the polymer backbone. It is how often the cross-links dissociate, independently of how long they remain dissociated, that determines the bulk mechanical properties. The quantitative relationship between bulk materials properties and the kinetics and mechanisms observed in model compounds holds ...