cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Electron Acceptor Model for Evaluation of in Situ Bioremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Groundwatera

Mathematical development and model application is provided for a multiple substrate, sequential electron acceptor model, accounting for hydrodynamic transport, adsorption, and sequential oxygen/iron(III)-based biodegradation. Equations for iron(III)-based biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons are developed based on oxygen-inhibited Monod kinetics. The iron(III)-based biodegradation expressions were combined with earlier work by Widdowson and Aelion, to develop the two-dimensional, multiple substrate, oxygen/iron(III) sequential electron acceptor biodegradation model presented here. In addition to mathematical model development, simulations demonstrating the advantages of sequential electron acceptor and multiple substrate biodegradation models are provided. These simulations show that commonly-used single electron acceptor models may underpredict natural, in situ biodegradation potential at sites where indigenous microorganisms are capable of using multiple electron acceptors. Additional simulations show that, for contaminant plumes composed of constituents which biodegrade at different rates and under varying electron acceptor conditions, a multiple substrate model may allow more accurate prediction of both individual contaminant concentrations and the total amount of biodegraded contaminant. Considering that typical contaminant plumes are composed of multiple constituents with varying biodegradation properties and health risks, multiple substrate sequential electron acceptor models have the potential to provide more accurate tracking of individual constituent migration. The model was applied to a leaking UST site in Laurel Bay, South Carolina. Laboratory and monitoring well data presented in Landmeyer et al. have established that the petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants are present in the groundwater and are undergoing sequential oxygen-iron(III)-based biodegradation. Model simulations proved capable of reproducing the trends observed at the Laurel Bay site in that BTX contaminants were removed by sequential biodegradation, occurring first aerobically and subsequently anaerobically, and that iron(III)-reducing organisms biodegrade contaminants only in the absence of oxygen. The BTX compounds were individually but simultaneously modeled, allowing explicit modeling of specific contaminant biodegradation properties (e.g., toluene and xylene are assumed to degrade sequentially and benzene is assumed to degrade aerobically only). Although simulations presented here can reproduce trends observed at the Laurel Bay site, inclusion of additional electron acceptors and additional model calibration to data from this and other sites is necessary to improve and verify the model's capability to predict the efficacy of intrinsic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in groundwater.
Study on generation and sharing of on-demand global seamless data-Taking MODIS NDVI as an example

By applying advanced Geospatial Data Abstraction Library (GDAL) and BigTIFF technology in a Geographical Information System (GIS) with Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), this study has derived global datasets using tile-based input data and implemented Virtual Web Map Service (VWMS) and Virtual Web Coverage Service (VWCS) to provide software tools for visualization and acquisition of global data. Taking MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an example, this study proves the feasibility, efficiency and features of the proposed approach.
Mechanism of the effect of acute ethanol on hexobarbital metabolism

Abstract The effect of acute ethanol treatment on hepatic metabolism of hexobarbital (Hb) was studied in the rat. Oral administration of 3 g/kg of ethanol (15% w/v) inhibited Hb hydroxylase activity 45–50 per cent. A dose-response relationship was found for ethanol inhibition of Hb metabolism. The overall hepatic microsomal protein content was not affected, but the hepatic cytochrome P-450 level was reduced approximately 42 per cent by this ethanol treatment. Corticosterone (12.5 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited Hb hydroxylase activity 43 per cent. The combination of ethanol and corticosterone treatment further inhibited Hb hydroxylase activity. Study in vitro showed that corticosterone inhibited Hb metabolism competitively. Ethanol caused a 3-fold increase in the plasma corticosterone level but had no effect on plasma corticosterone of adrenalectomized rats. Hexobarbital metabolism was not affected by ethanol in adrenalectomized rats. Thus, the inhibition of hepatic Hb metabolism by acute ethanol was caused by the increased release of corticosterone induced by ethanol.
Designs for collaborative learning environments: can specialization encourage knowledge integration?

In this paper, I develop strategies for designing and assessing collaborative learning environments from a knowledge integration perspective. I identify strengths and weaknesses associated with collaborative learning, linking them to the instructional approaches used in an eighth-grade science curriculum where students design a desert house. The house design activity provides a context for connecting instructional goals and technical innovations. Focusing on how students specializing in different areas can share ideas and provide feedback for each other, I show how social and technical supports can work to achieve common goals. I examine two assumptions about how an expanded repertoire of models contributes to knowledge integration. First, I provide evidence that considering more alternatives leads to improved designs only if students have a framework for organizing those alternatives and selecting between them. Then, I provide evidence that encouraging students to iteratively refine their ideas contributes to knowledge integration. Finally, I show how these cognitive goals can be pursued through social and technical innovations which seek to encourage knowledge integration by making thinking visible for students.
Pathophysiology of the Belgrade rat

The Belgrade rat is an animal model of Divalent Metal Transporter-1 (DMT1) deficiency. This strain originates from an X-irradiation experiment first reported in 1966. Since then, the Belgrade rat’s pathophysiology has helped to reveal the importance of iron balance and the role of DMT1. This review discusses our current understanding of iron transport homeostasis and summarizes molecular details of DMT1 function. We describe how studies of the Belgrade rat have revealed key roles for DMT1 in iron distribution to red blood cells as well as duodenal iron absorption. The Belgrade rat’s pathology has extended our knowledge of hepatic iron handling, pulmonary and olfactory iron transport as well as brain iron uptake and renal iron handling. For example, relationships between iron and manganese metabolism have been discerned since both are essential metals transported by DMT1. Pathophysiologic features of the Belgrade rat provide us with a unique and interesting animal model to understand iron homeostasis.
Analysis of epileptic neural networks based on the temporal distribution of interictal spikes

The widespread availability of digital EEG equipment and inexpensive computational resources make feasible the extraction of quantitative new information from the EEG such as the temporal distribution of interictal spikes in patients with epilepsy. Unfortunately, there is no theoretical basis for analyzing the detected spikes to determine long-term seizure risk in this population. We have developed potentially useful algorithms for spike detection as well as analyses that are based on in vitro studies of the interaction between synapses and network function. These tools may provide new insights into the nature of epileptic networks and their evolution over time.
NON‐NORMAL INCIDENCE STATE‐SPACE MODEL AND LINE SOURCE REFLECTION SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM*

This paper is directed at modeling layered media. We extend the plane-wave normal-incidence state-space model developed by Mendel, Nahi and Chan in 1979, to the non-normal incidence case. To do this we introduce a shifting principle, a zero-offset wavefront, and zero-offset travel times for different layers. We also develop an algorithm for obtaining a synthetic line source reflection seismogram. In this algorithm non-normal incidence plane-wave seismograms are summed over a range of incident angles. The algorithm is based on a modified version of Sommerfield's (1896) theorem. Simulations of acoustic and elastic media are included which illustrate the applicability of our plane-wave and line source seismograms for both elastic and acoustic cases.
Effect of β-Blocker Cessation on Chronotropic Incompetence and Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure

Background—Chronotropic incompetence is defined as the inability to reach 80% of heart rate (HR) reserve or 80% of the maximally predicted HR during exercise. The presence of chronotropic incompetence is associated with reduced peak oxygen consumption, and rate–responsive pacing therapy is under investigation to improve exercise capacity in heart failure (HF). However, uncertainty exists about whether chronotropic incompetence and reduced exercise tolerance in HF are attributable to β-blockade. Methods and Results—Subjects with HF and receiving long-term β-blocker therapy underwent cardiopulmonary exercise tolerance testing under 2 conditions in random sequence: (1) after a 27-hour washout period (Off-BB) and (2) 3 hours after β-blocker ingestion (On-BB). Norepinephrine levels were drawn at rest and at peak exercise. β1-response to norepinephrine was assessed using the chronotropic responsiveness index: ΔHR/Δlog norepinephrine. Nineteen patients with systolic HF (left ventricular ejection fraction, 22.8±7...
A Mathematical Model for Crater Defect Formation in a Drying Paint Layer

Certain deep indentations observed in dry coatings are referred to as "craters". They are believed to arise from gradients in the coating surface tension. A mathematical model of surface-tension-gradient-driven flow, using the lubrication approximation for thin layers, is developed to study the formation of craters. The paint is modeled as consisting of an evaporating "solvent" part and a nonvolatile "resin" part. Surface tension gradients on the coating surface arise due to a nonuniform distribution of surfactant. Axisymmetric numerical simulations using the model are performed to explore two candidate crater production mechanisms: an initial release of concentrated surfactant and a steady surfactant source. The effects of changes in various properties, such as the paint drying rate, the surfactant diffusivity, and the viscosity increase during drying, are examined. The model produces craters with large diameters, pronounced rims, and central peaks, similar to those seen in practice. Drying rate has a large influence on crater diameter and depth, by limiting flow due to surface tension gradients within a given time. Reduction of the paint viscosity increase during drying causes increased flow rates, leading to larger craters. A preexisting layer of surfactant on the paint surface sharply reduces the extent of cratering. Surfactant diffusion also tends to reduce the severity of cratering by alleviating surface tension gradients. In some cases, a simplified form of the drying model may be used to quickly approximate the results of the full model. The model provides useful insights into the craters seen in industrial coating applications. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
Differential effects of cAMP and cGMP on in vitro epidermal cell growth

SUMMARY Primary keratinocyte cultures free of dermal fibroblasts were used to investigate the effect of varying cyclic AMP (CAMP) concentrations on epidermal cell function. Addition of lo-‘, lo-’ or 10m5 M dibutyryl CAMP to plated cells (day I) results by day 5 in a dose dependent increase of [3H]TdR incorporation into DNA as determined by increases in both the labeling index and incorporation of “H label into an isolated DNA fraction. S-Bromo CAMP, another CAMP analogue, likewise induced keratinocyte proliferation. The proliferative response was dose and time dependent, and 5- to 6-fold increases in “H label incorporated into DNA were seen at day 6,8 and up until day 15 of culture. Moreover, elevation of cellular CAMP by addition of cholera toxin, an irreversible stimulator of adenylate cyclase, also demonstrated a time dependent stimulation of [3H]TdR uptake into DNA and increased the labeling index. Specific histochemical staining for keratinaceous protein (Kreyberg technique) demonstrated that elevated CAMP levels also enhance the production of specialized (differentiated) epidermal cells. Determination of the level of CAMP and cyclic GMP (cGMP) by RIA of partially purified fractions of the cultures revealed that addition of 8-bromo CAMP or cholera toxin to the cultures increased the levels of CAMP but not of cGMP. Addition of 8-bromo cGMP to the keratinocytes on day 1 at concentrations of 10mfi, 10-r or lo-# M had no effect on culture proliferation on days 4, 6 and 8, although qualitative changes in the electron microscopic pattern of the culture stratification and specialization were observed. The results indicate (1) both large and moderate increases in cellular CAMP levels induce keratinocyte culture proliferation and specialization in the absence of tibroblasts or dermal influences, (2) the quantitative enhancement of keratinocyte growth and specialization occurs without apparent participation of cGMP, (3) cGMP may be a qualitative effector of epidermal cell differentiation.
Infant and parent factors associated with early maternal sensitivity: A caregiver-attachment systems approach

We examined variations in maternal sensitivity at 6 months of child age as a function of child negativity and maternal physiology. We expected maternal vagal withdrawal in response to infant negative affect to facilitate the maintenance of sensitivity, but only for mothers of securely attached children. One hundred and forty-eight infant-mother dyads were observed in multiple contexts at 6 months of child age, and associations among maternal and child variables were examined with respect to 12-month attachment quality. Mothers of later securely attached children were more sensitive than mothers of avoidant children. However, sensitivity decreased for all mothers at high levels of infant negative affect. Furthermore, for mothers of avoidant children, vagal withdrawal was associated with sensitivity to child distress. No association was found between vagal withdrawal and sensitivity for mothers of securely attached children. This suggests that mothers of avoidant children may be uniquely challenged by the affective demands of their infants.
Inclusive community in a diverse world: Pursuing an elusive goal through narrative‐based dialogue

How can we create spaces for building relationships where people restore integrity and justice and create sustainable communities in the century ahead? This article explores the theoretical aspects of using narrative and dialogue in the process of community building and presents the results of a local experiment. Findings demonstrate the viability of this model, while experience in planning and conducting these dialogues reveals forces that emerge to shape the concept and practice and to take the effort in sometimes diverging directions. We explore two major tensions foreshadowed in theory and evident in our case. The first tension lies between a search for coherence in contemporary discourse and a postmodern distrust for the silencing of marginal voices when such coherence emerges. The second tension lies between viewing talk and action as integrally related in community building versus viewing talk and action in opposition: one promoting inclusion of diverse views, the other promoting cohesion and commitment. We conclude by highlighting the strengths of this model while acknowledging both limitations and alternative directions that may emerge. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Notes on Loud Speaker Response Measurements and Some Typical Response Curves

The difficulties encountered in loud speaker measurements are briefly reviewed and a description of the acoustic features of a particular indoor measuring system is given. Outdoor testing arrangements are described whereby double as well as single radiating loud speakers are measured with negligible ground reflection error. It is pointed out that the over-all electrical fidelity curve of a radio receiver is an inadequate performance index; the electro-acoustic fidelity embracing the frequency response of the loud speaker is suggested as more informative. The interpretation of loud speaker response curves in terms of what one may expect to hear is discussed. Reponse curves shown and discussed include the following: (1) Effect of type of cone corrugation. (2) Comparison of radio receiver cabinet with fiat baffle. (3) Curves showing that the face dimensions of a box baffle are of equal importance with the path length from front to rear of cone in determining low-frequency response. (4) The effect of extreme length in a box baffle. (5) Measurements of the same loud speaker in cabinets of different size. (6) Over-all electro-acoustic response curves of radio receivers. (7) Loud speakers with improved high-frequency response. (8) Some examples of outdoor measurements.
The Effect of Hormonization on Juiciness and Tenderness of Chicken Meat

ABSTRACT HORMONIZATION of meaty-type poultry is an increasing practice in the poultry industry. The effects of hormonization as related to feed conversion and additional weight gains have been widely reported. However, hormonization also appears to have various effects on the product acceptability to the consumer. Lorenz (1943, 1945, 1954) lists tenderness as one of the principal advantages gained by estrogen treatment. In one of his early experiments (1945) this investigator found that diethylstilbestrol treated birds produced more tender meat, especially in 14-month old cocks, than in untreated birds. Herrick and Brown (1951) found that diethylstilbestrol injections decreased the tensile strength of the muscle as well as the skin of old males. Laboratory tests showed a reduction of collagen in the birds along with increased tenderness. Stadelman, McCartan, Baum and McLaren (1951) reported tenderness tests on diethylstilbestrol treated birds using the Warner-Bratzler shear press. They found a statistically significant difference with the . . .
Myelolipoma of the Adrenal Gland: Case Report

Myelolipoma is a rare, benign, endocrinologically nonfunctioning adrenal tumor composed of fatty tissue with foci of hematopoietic cells. Clinical diagnosis and surgical removal are extremely rare. We report a case of large myelolipoma (10×6×6 cm) that was removed surgically in a 54-year-old man in whom the mass was studied preoperatively by sonogram, CT and angiography.
Absorption enhancement in ultra-thin textured AlGaAs films

We have studied light randomization and the absorption enhancement in textured ultra-thin AlxGa1−xAs films, with a thickness corresponding to a few optical wavelengths. A correlation between the degree of light randomization and trapping, with the scale length of the texturization geometry was found. The observed absorption enhancement corresponds to 90% of the best possible theoretical value, or 90% light randomization. A modified photon gas model is proposed to calculate the light trapping and absorption at the band edge in the textured thin films.
Forest Growth and Yield Models for Intensively Managed Plantations

Forest growth and yield models are tools designed to provide forest managers with quantitative information on plantation development dynamics, the influence of various silvicultural manipulations like vegetation control, thinning, and fertilization, and the potential quantity and quality of forest products. Growth and yield models have a long history of development and use with increasing attention on modeling intensively managed plantations. Based on their construction and assumptions, growth models are of three primary types, namely (1) statistical; (2) mechanistic; and (3) hybrid. Both spatially-dependent and spatially-independent versions of these different model types have been used to model intensively management plantations. This chapter will explore these different modeling approaches, their ability to represent key silvicultural activities, and provide suggestions on the development and use of growth models for forest plantation management.
The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in the differentiation of the ventral optic cup

The ventral region of the chick embryo optic cup undergoes a complex process of differentiation leading to the formation of four different structures: the neural retina, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the optic disk/optic stalk, and the pecten oculi. Signaling molecules such as retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog have been implicated in the regulation of these phenomena. We have now investigated whether the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) also regulate ventral optic cup development. Loss-of-function experiments were carried out in chick embryos in ovo, by intraocular overexpression of noggin, a protein that binds several BMPs and prevents their interactions with their cognate cell surface receptors. At optic vesicle stages of development, this treatment resulted in microphthalmia with concomitant disruption of the developing neural retina, RPE and lens. At optic cup stages, however, noggin overexpression caused colobomas, pecten agenesis, replacement of the ventral RPE by neuroepithelium-like tissue, and ectopic expression of optic stalk markers in the region of the ventral retina and RPE. This was frequently accompanied by abnormal growth of ganglion cell axons, which failed to enter the optic nerve. The data suggest that endogenous BMPs have significant effects on the development of ventral optic cup structures.
A method to assess sodium intake in populations.

Dietary sodium measurement in populations has severe limitations whether assessment is based on urinary excretion or on food intake methods. We have validated a simple instrument to determine total dietary sodium intake of populations in a pilot study of 10 women, 20 to 36 years old. Sodium intake determined by means of the sodium measurement instrument was correlated with sodium intake from food analysis, sodium intake calculated from food composition tables, and measurement of 24-hour urinary sodium excretion. Sodium values obtained with the instrument are based on regression equations, which incorporate information as follows: (a) an average measure of 7 days' actual table salt use, (b) the average sodium contribution of 17 high-sodium foods from a food frequency checklist maintained for 7 days, (c) a calculation of drinking water sodium, and (d) measurements of height and weight to establish 24-hour energy needs, a surrogate estimate of sodium found in all foods not included in the food frequency checklist. Participants were studied for 16 days: 7 consecutive days on either a 2,000-mg or a 3,500-mg sodium diet, 2 days' adjustment, and 7 days' crossover. Participants were allowed to select foods from a diverse menu, eat at fast-food restaurants, and consume alcohol if desired. Mean of 7-day sodium intake obtained with the instrument was significantly correlated with mean of 7-day sodium intake determined by food analysis (r = .80), from food composition tables (r = .62), and from urinary excretion (r = .56).
Transvaginal recanalization of occluded fallopian tubes

SummaryTranscervical selective salpingography and transcervical recanalization of obstructed tubes by bougie dilatation are advocated for diagnostic assessment and therapeutic correction of obstructive lesions of the fallopian tubes. Premedication with aspirin (a prostaglandin antagonist) proved normal patent tubes in 82 of 400 patients, referred with the diagnosis of obstruction of both fallopian tubes on hysterosalpingograms. In another 131 patients, selective salpingograms proved one (n = 93) or both (n = 38) tubes to be patent. Premedication with a prostaglandin antagonist and selected salpingography proved the obstruction to be functional in nature in more than one-half (213/400) of the patients. In 133 of the remaining 187 patients, recanalization via the transcervical approach was possible. Forty-two of these patients became pregnant. Selected salpingography is recommended as a highly effective procedure to diagnose functional obstruction and allow assessment of the distal tubes not previously demo...
Ways of Knowing, Feeling, Being, and Doing: Toward an Asian American and Pacific Islander Feminist Epistemology

While my subsequent search for literature specifically on AAPI feminist epistemology yielded few pieces, writings by African American, Chicana, Native American, White, and other feminists were numerous and diverse. Thus, in response to this gap in "knowing" and the lack of literature, I attempt through this essay to open up a conversation about AAPI feminist epistemology. Opening this conversation will allow for a far richer understanding of the assumptions, values and beliefs that serve as the foundation for personal lives, family and community health, faculty members' conscious pedagogy, and the origins of scholarly thought and research. I begin with questions: How do we know it exists? If so, what shape does it take? How does it emerge? What accurate and authentic terms can we use to describe this phenomenon?
Laboratory Diagnosis of Herpes Viruses in the Immunocompromised Host

Accurate diagnosis of infections caused by Herpes family viruses has become increasingly important in recent years. In part, this is because effective antiviral chemotherapy is now available for some herpes viruses, but equally important is the impact accurate diagnosis has on reducing dosages of immunosuppressive drugs and on implementing appropriate infection control procedures to prevent nosocomial spread of viral diseases.
The pH of Piperazine Derivative Solutions Predicts Their Utility as Transepithelial Permeation Enhancers

The oral delivery of macromolecular drugs, including proteins and nucleic acids, is one of the greatest unmet needs in modern biomedicine. Although engineering solutions have been used to overcome enzymatic degradation and the low pH in the stomach, poor absorption across the intestinal epithelium into the bloodstream continues to pose the most significant challenge to clinical translation. One common approach to increase the flux of macromolecules across the intestinal epithelium is the use of chemical permeation enhancers. Unfortunately, the vast majority of effective enhancers have been thwarted by toxicity, and the structural and molecular parameters that contribute to this behavior are poorly understood. Previous work has shown that select piperazine-derived molecules favorably affect transepithelial and intracellular delivery outcomes, suggesting that piperazine-derived molecules interface uniquely with cellular barriers. To gain a better understanding of piperazine-mediated permeation enhancement, ...
Conserved roles for cytoskeletal components in determining laterality

Consistently-biased left–right (LR) patterning is required for the proper placement of organs including the heart and viscera. The LR axis is especially fascinating as an example of multi-scale pattern formation, since here chiral events at the subcellular level are integrated and amplified into asymmetric transcriptional cascades and ultimately into the anatomical patterning of the entire body. In contrast to the other two body axes, there is considerable controversy about the earliest mechanisms of embryonic laterality. Many molecular components of asymmetry have not been widely tested among phyla with diverse bodyplans, and it is unknown whether parallel (redundant) pathways may exist that could reverse abnormal asymmetry states at specific checkpoints in development. To address conservation of the early steps of LR patterning, we used the Xenopus laevis (frog) embryo to functionally test a number of protein targets known to direct asymmetry in plants, fruit fly, and rodent. Using the same reagents that randomize asymmetry in Arabidopsis, Drosophila, and mouse embryos, we show that manipulation of the microtubule and actin cytoskeleton immediately post-fertilization, but not later, results in laterality defects in Xenopus embryos. Moreover, we observed organ-specific randomization effects and a striking dissociation of organ situs from effects on the expression of left side control genes, which parallel data from Drosophila and mouse. Remarkably, some early manipulations that disrupt laterality of transcriptional asymmetry determinants can be subsequently “rescued” by the embryo, resulting in normal organ situs. These data reveal the existence of novel corrective mechanisms, demonstrate that asymmetric expression of Nodal is not a definitive marker of laterality, and suggest the existence of amplification pathways that connect early cytoskeletal processes to control of organ situs bypassing Nodal. Counter to alternative models of symmetry breaking during neurulation (via ciliary structures absent in many phyla), our data suggest a widely-conserved role for the cytoskeleton in regulating left–right axis formation immediately after fertilization of the egg. The novel mechanisms that rescue organ situs, even after incorrect expression of genes previously considered to be left-side master regulators, suggest LR patterning as a new context in which to explore multi-scale redundancy and integration of patterning from the subcellular structure to the entire bodyplan.
The Voices of Parents Post–High School Expectations, Priorities, and Concerns for Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

The expectations of parents can shape the post-school pathways of young people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Yet little is known about how parents view the employment prospects and priorities of their sons and daughters after high school. We examined expectations, preferences, and concerns of 1,065 parents of children and youth with IDD (below age 22) related to outcomes after leaving high school. We found parents prioritized paid community employment over sheltered options, valued qualitative aspects of the workplace (e.g., personal fit and interaction opportunities) over common employment outcome metrics (e.g., pay and hours), and held substantial concerns about their child’s future employment success. We found that multiple factors shaped parental expectations and the extent to which their daughters or sons accessed early career development experiences. We offer recommendations for research and practice aimed at raising expectations for and access to community employment for y...
Innovation, Creativity, and Entrepreneurship

While the concept of entrepreneurship has existed for some time, we are witnessing a resurgence in both research as well as formal degree programs. I think this is triggered by a number of factors. One key factor is that most net new growth in jobs today emanates from small to medium-size businesses. Larger firms are turning to alternative organizational forms to compete in the global economy. This ranges from trimming the various managerial layers to strategic outsourcing as well as joint ventures.
Structural Effects On Incorporated Water In Carbonated Apatites

Confirmation of structural H2O in apatites using 2H solid state NMR spectroscopy has been followed by the determination of the number of molecules of H2O per unit cell (MPUC) using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) in 10 series of carbonated apatites [CMApX; M10(PO4)6X2 = MApX] containing the divalent cations (M) calcium, strontium, barium, and lead, and monovalent anions (X) OH−, F−, and Cl−. For many of the series, the average MPUC ranges from ca. 1.5–2.5 and is independent of the concentration (wt%) of carbonate. For other series, the average MPUC is as low as ca. 0.8 or as high as ca. 4.0. We have found for six of the series, i.e., those in which carbonate predominantly (>90%) substitutes for phosphate that the average MPUC correlates with cation and anion atomic radii, with unit-cell axial lengths, and, especially, with our calculations of the void space available in the c -axis channels. We speculate that the volume of the channels in apatites affects the ability of H2O to occupy channel sites. In most low-temperature apatites of the type M10(PO4)6X2 that have been studied, carbonate prefers to substitute for phosphate (B-type substitution) rather than for monovalent anions in channel sites (A-type substitution), although computer simulations indicate that carbonate is more thermodynamically stable in the channel sites rather than the phosphate sites. In apatites with nearly total B-type carbonate substitution, there is no relationship between the number of molecules of H2O in the channels and the weight percent carbonate in the apatite. This lack of correlation would be expected when there is no competition within the channel between H2O and carbonate occupancy. In apatites with greater channel volumes, however, we infer that increased ease of carbonate incorporation in the channels also increases competition between H2O and carbonate. The originally incorporated amount of H2O is diminished to accommodate the thermodynamically favored carbonate ion substitution in the channels. We further speculate that these scenarios are most easily rationalized by incorporation of H2O early in the formation of nascent crystallites of apatites formed in aqueous solution, with carbonate entering the newly formed channels later and, in some cases, with difficulty.
Processing and characterization of Ti 2 AlC, Ti 2 AlN, and Ti 2 AlC 0.5 N 0.5

In this article, we report on the fabrication and characterization of Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, and Ti2AlC0.5N0.5. Reactive hot isostatic pressing (hipping) at ≈40 MPa of the appropriate mixtures of Ti, Al4C3 graphite, and/or AlN powders for 15 hours at 1300 °C yields predominantly single-phase samples of Ti2AlC0.5N0.5, 30 hours at 1300 °C yields predominantly single-phase samples of Ti2AlC. Despite our best efforts, samples of Ti2AlN (hot isostatic pressed (hipped) at 1400 °C for 48 hours) contain anywhere between 10 and 15 vol pct of ancillary phases. At ≈25 µM, the average grain sizes of Ti2AlC0.5N0.5 and Ti2AlC are comparable and are significantly smaller than those of Ti2AlN, at ≈100 µm. All samples are fully dense and readily machinable. The room-temperature deformation under compression of the end-members is noncatastrophic or graceful. At room temperature, solid-solution strengthening is observed; Ti2AlC0.5N0.5 is stronger in compression, harder, and more brittle than the end-members. Conversely, at temperatures greater than 1200 °C, a solid-solution softening effect is occurring. The thermal-expansion coefficients (CTEs) of Ti2AlC, Ti2AlN, and Ti2AlC0.5N0.5 are, respectively, 8.2 × 10−6, 8.8 × 10−6, and 10.5 × 10−6 °C−1, in the temperature range from 25 °C to 1300 °C. The former two values are in good agreement with the CTEs determined from high-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD). The electrical conductivity of the solid solution (3.1 × 106 (Θ m)−1) is in between those of Ti2AlC and Ti2AlN, which are 2.7 × 106 and 4.0 × 106 Θ −1 m−1, respectively.
Further Investigations and Follow-Up: Pelvic Floor Ultrasound

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the 3D ultrasonography’s utility in the assessment of pelvic floor trauma associated with vaginal delivery. These pathologies are associated with urinary incontinence and cystocele. 3D ultrasonography has been overlooked in favor of MR imaging. However, this technique can be a powerful tool in the hands of the obstetricians who suspect levator ani trauma.
The Representation of Consumers’ Preferences and Market Demand

The general equilibrium models used for climate policy analysis are stylized representations of the activities of the millions of individuals and organizations that constitute the economy. The models themselves are made up of systems of equations that represent production and consumer demand, and spell out the market conditions that determine the prices and quantities of goods bought and sold. In some cases, key features of the models are determined outside the interactions they describe, or “exogenously.” For example, technological progress (which can be measured as the increase in output that can be obtained from given inputs as time goes on) is often specified as a constant percentage rate of change independent of other variables in the model. Technical progress can also take the form of entirely new products or services. The conditions of general equilibrium determine how the structural and behavioral equations are to be solved to yield the prices and quantities that emerge within the economy. The meaning of “general equilibrium” is that all markets clear in the sense that the plans and intentions of consumers and producers are fulfilled.
Journey: Artist's Statement

The painting presented here is named "Journey" and it tells the story of an emotional journey...
Tool path generation on doubly-curved free-form surfaces

ABSTRACTIn the industries of automobiles and aerospace, the use of carbon fiber has grown exponentially over the years due to its high specific mechanical properties. However, the existing processes for the placement of these fibers within these industries remain either restrictive to the doubly-curved free-formed surfaces required or economically unfeasible in respect to the larger scaled components desired. This paper presents a tool path generation process which will produce non-collisional pathing for the automated placement of uniform fibers on scalable doubly-curved free-formed surfaces. To begin this process, a high detail model of the component part is given and analyzed for optimizing the placement of both the part and the KUKA robot. We account for variable fiber placement angles based on design specifications of the part. The process will begin with a given three-dimensional rendering of the component model which will be transformed into a readable Robotic Scripting Language (RSL) file that the...
From Thomas Mullett to Charles Dickens, Jr: Creating, Sustaining and Expanding a West Country-London Baptist Circle*

Though Baptist historians have placed considerable emphasis upon the lives and careers of prominent ministers, recent archival work has revealed much about the lives, careers, and activities of lay...
Toward a Unified Theory of Materiality in Securities Law

Regulatory efforts in the United States and European Union have recently refocused on materiality, an essential but elusive securities law concept. The renewed focus is due in part to increasing globalization of capital markets, data, and information channels that has highlighted inconsistencies in theory and application. In the United States, the Supreme Court has loosely defined materiality through a line of cases beginning with TSC Industries v. Northway and Basic, Inc. v. Levinson, whose reasonable investor rubric is frequently disregarded by lower courts, prosecutors, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. Meanwhile, in the E.U., courts have only lightly addressed materiality. Scholars in law and behavioral economics have criticized the TSC-Basic rubric for its ambiguity, unpredictability, and disconnection from market psychology. Recognizing these criticisms, this Article conducts an international comparative investigation of materiality in the legislation, regulation, and case law of the United States and European Union, revealing a shared, probabilistic Bayesian infrastructure. The Article then proposes a flexible Bayesian frame-work that harmonizes the substantive evaluation of materiality under existing U.S. and E.U. law. Finally, it models application of the framework using Bayesian network analysis in the context of a hypothetical stock transaction.
Non-Adiabatic Dynamics in the O+H2 Reaction: A Timeindependent Quantum Mechanical Study

A time-independent quantum scattering method has been used to study intersystem crossing (ISC) effects in the bimolecular reaction O + H2. Our studies, involving a four-state one dimensional model, give fully coupled reaction probabilities that indicate significant quantum effects, including enhanced tunneling for the ground state reaction, significant Stuckelberg oscillations at energies well above threshold for certain states, and strong mixing of the product spin-orbit populations that leads to statistical behavior for some initial states and even inverted populations in some cases. Comparison of these results with those from a recently developed trajectory surface hopping (TSH) method which uses a “mixed” representation in full dimensionality are examined, and we conclude that the one-dimensional model overemphasizes coherence and interference effects, although many of the same effects occur.
A Cell-Permeable Stapled Peptide Inhibitor of the Estrogen Receptor/Coactivator Interaction

We and others have proposed that coactivator binding inhibitors, which block the interaction of estrogen receptor and steroid receptor coactivators, may represent a potential class of new breast cancer therapeutics. The development of coactivator binding inhibitors has been limited, however, because many of the current molecules which are active in in vitro and biochemical assays are not active in cell-based assays. Our goal in this work was to prepare a coactivator binding inhibitor active in cellular models of breast cancer. To accomplish this, we used molecular dynamics simulations to convert a high-affinity stapled peptide with poor cell permeability into R4K1, a cell-penetrating stapled peptide. R4K1 displays high binding affinity for estrogen receptor α, inhibits the formation of estrogen receptor/coactivator complexes, and distributes throughout the cell with a high percentage of nuclear localization. R4K1 represses native gene transcription mediated by estrogen receptor α and inhibits proliferatio...
Central Projections of Thermoreceptors

Descriptions by Zotterman, Hensel and their collaborators of the functional characteristics of sensory nerve fibers from mammalian epithelial tissues that respond to temperature changes (Hensel 1973) were an essential first step in clarifying neural substrates for reactions to environmental temperature. One of these reactions is temperature sense, that is, the mammalian ability to recognize temperature and appreciate thermal changes. The information on the first-order neurons provides a basis for evaluating central neuronal activity related to thermal changes in peripheral tissues and for interpreting central processing of thermally induced signals. On the other hand, unraveling central pathways and mechanisms related to thermally responsive sense organs has had special problems.
On integrating computers into the physics curriculum

In this paper I present a case for using a unifying computational tool in core upper division physics lecture courses to help elucidate the physical principles discussed. I argue that a computer algebra/calculus system such as Maple is the most appropriate software class for such a role, and discuss several guidelines for its use. Some experiences acquired in using Maple V in junior level classical mechanics at the University of New Orleans are used to illustrate the argument. Three problems taken from the course are presented to illustrate the use of Maple.
PW 0458 Injury treatments and outcomes in preschool children with autism spectrum disorder: case-control study

Evidence about injury outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is limited. We compared injury treatments and outcomes in children with ASD versus typically-developing (TD) controls. Children aged 30–68 months were recruited from education and health providers and randomly sampled birth certificates. Cases were determined using established ASD-specific diagnostic instruments. Parent-reported injury treatments and outcomes in ASD cases (n=224) were compared to TD (n=267) controls, overall and stratified by intellectual disability (ID) and attention problems (Child Behavior Checklist score or prior diagnosis), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and maternal psychiatric conditions using logistic regression. Injury nature, region and mechanism were similar between groups. ASD and TD children had comparable receipt of emergency care (EC) and/or hospitalization (82.1 percent vs 81.6 percent, adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=0.88 [95 percent CI: 0.56, 1.39]) and medication (41.5 percent vs 46.1 percent, aOR=0.79 [0.47, 1.31]) but ASD children more often had surgery (14.7 percent vs 5.2 percent, aOR=2.62 [1.49, 4.61]). Results were equivalent in ASD children with and without ID. Compared to TD children, ASD cases with attention problems had similar odds of receiving EC/hospitalization (aOR=1.77 [0.78, 4.02]), whereas those without attention problems were less likely to receive EC/hospitalization (aOR=0.55 [0.37, 0.82]). Parent-reported long-term/significant behavior change post-injury was uncommon (ASD 5.4 percent vs TD 3.4 percent, aOR=1.21 [0.51, 2.86]) and did not vary by ID status or attention problems. Significant differences in injury treatment/management were observed in ASD versus TD children. Attention problems in ASD children might have influenced management: those without attention problems were significantly less likely than TD children to have injury-related EC/hospitalization, a difference not observed for those with attention problems. Injuries rarely resulted in long-term or significant behavior change in children with ASD. Future research could explore differences in injury management in children with developmental delays/disorders, including ASD, and attention problems.
Altered muscle activation patterns (AMAP): an analytical tool to compare muscle activity patterns of hemiparetic gait with a normative profile

Stroke survivors often have lower extremity sensorimotor impairments, resulting in an inability to sufficiently recruit muscle activity at appropriate times in a gait cycle. Currently there is a lack of a standardized method that allows comparison of muscle activation in hemiparetic gait post-stroke to a normative profile. We developed a new tool to quantify altered muscle activation patterns (AMAP). AMAP accounts for spatiotemporal asymmetries in stroke gait by evaluating the deviations of muscle activation specific to each gait sub-phase. It also recognizes the characteristic variability within the healthy population. The inter-individual variability of normal electromyography (EMG) patterns within some sub-phases of the gait cycle is larger compared to others, therefore AMAP penalizes more for deviations in a gait sub-phase with a constant profile (absolute active or inactive) vs variable profile. EMG data were collected during treadmill walking, from eight leg muscles of 34 stroke survivors at self-selected speeds and 20 healthy controls at four different speeds. Stroke survivors’ AMAP scores, for timing and amplitude variations, were computed in comparison to healthy controls walking at speeds matched to the stroke survivors’ self-selected speeds. Altered EMG patterns in the stroke population quantified using AMAP agree with the previously reported EMG alterations in stroke gait that were identified using qualitative methods. We defined scores ranging between ±2.57 as “normal”. Only 9% of healthy controls were outside “normal” window for timing and amplitude. Percentages of stroke subjects outside the “normal” window for each muscle were, Soleus = 79%; 73%, Medial Gastrocnemius = 62%; 79%, Tibialis Anterior = 62%; 59%, and Gluteus Medius = 48%; 51% for amplitude and timing component respectively, alterations were relatively smaller for the other four muscles. Paretic-propulsion was negatively correlated to AMAP scores for the timing component of Soleus. Stroke survivors’ self-selected walking speed was negatively correlated with AMAP scores for amplitude and timing of Soleus but only amplitude of Medial gastrocnemius (p < 0.05). Our results validate the ability of AMAP to identify alterations in the EMG patterns within the stroke population and its potential to be used to identify the gait phases that may require more attention when developing an optimal gait training paradigm. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00712179 , Registered July 3rd 2008