cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Diffuse Interface Model for Incompressible Two-Phase Flow with Large Density Ratios

In this chapter, we explore numerical simulations of incompressible and immiscible two-phase flows. The description of the fluid–fluid interface is introduced via a diffuse interface approach. The two-phase fluid system is represented by a coupled Cahn–Hilliard Navier–Stokes set of equations. We discuss challenges and approaches to solving this coupled set of equations using a stabilized finite element formulation, especially in the case of a large density ratio between the two fluids. Specific features that enabled efficient solution of the equations include: (i) a conservative form of the convective term in the Cahn–Hilliard equation which ensures mass conservation of both fluid components; (ii) a continuous formula to compute the interfacial surface tension which results in lower requirement on the spatial resolution of the interface; and (iii) a four-step fractional scheme to decouple pressure from velocity in the Navier–Stokes equation. These are integrated with standard streamline-upwind Petrov–Galerkin stabilization to avoid spurious oscillations. We perform numerical tests to determine the minimal resolution of spatial discretization. Finally, we illustrate the accuracy of the framework using the analytical results of Prosperetti for a damped oscillating interface between two fluids with a density contrast.
Abstract 776: Pre-clinical evaluation of ceritinib in anaplastic large cell lymphoma

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive CD30+ T-Cell lymphoma that accounts for 2-8% and 10-15% non-Hodgkin lymphomas in adults and children, respectively. The currently used standard therapy for anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK, a member of insulin receptor superfamily) positive ALCL has limited effectiveness, resulting in a substantial percentage of cases with poor outcome, either failing to enter remission or relapsing within a few months after starting the treatment. Thus, there is a clear unmet clinical need for developing novel, effective and safer therapeutic strategies for ALCL. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) is a nucleolar phosphoprotein, which functions as a molecular chaperone for proteins and nucleic acids. Approximately 50% of ALCL cases are positive for the NPM-ALK fusion chimera generated by the t(2;5) chromosomal translocation. The oligomerization domain of NPM1 in the fusion protein NPM-ALK, mediates the ligand-independent dimerization of chimeric protein, which results in constitutive activation of the chimeric tyrosine kinase activity leading to downstream signaling pathways responsible for the oncogenicity. Ceritinib is a second generation FDA approved ALK inhibitor for the treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Here we report the first preclinical evaluation of ceritinib growth inhibitory effects on ALK-positive ALCL cells. The NPM-ALK expressing ALCL model cell line SUDHL-1 used in our studies. Treatment with ceritinib significantly induced apoptosis dose dependently (10-50nM) in ALCL cells associated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. Mechanistically, ceritinib blocked phosphorylation of ALK and its downstream signaling effectors STAT3, AKT and ERK1/2. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry showed that ceritinib induced G0/G1 arrest with concomitant decrease in the percentage of cells in S and G2/M phases which was associated with decreased cyclin D1 and increased p21 expression. ALCL is also characterized by strong expression of the cytokine receptor CD30 (a member of the TNF receptor family). CD30 stimulation leads to NF-kB activation and the induction of anti-apoptotic mechanisms. In response to ceritinib treatment, flow cytometry data showed that reduced CD30 expression in a dose dependent manner. Altogether, these pre-clinical results demonstrate that ceritinib induces apoptosis in ALCL cells by inhibiting ALK downstream signaling cascade and support the rational for in vivo testing of ceritinib for the treatment of ALK positive lymphomas. Citation Format: Siddhartha Ganguly, Sudhakiranmayi Kuravi, Satyanarayana Alleboina, Brandon Weckbaugh, Deepti Satelli, Jensen Roy, Scott Weir, Joseph McGuirk, Ramesh Balusu. Pre-clinical evaluation of ceritinib in anaplastic large cell lymphoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 776. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-776
Robust semiconductor production planning under yield uncertainty

Uncertainty throughout the semiconductor manufacturing process is both dependable yet inevitable. We present a robust optimization approach to production planning under uncertainty in semiconductor manufacturing. A sensitivity analysis was completed with a representative industrial dataset to verify those uncertain aspects that most affect our model: process yield out of wafer fabrication and test vendors. As the manufacturer can utilize multiple vendors for these steps, a case study was performed using actual industry data in which the number of vendors experiencing yield uncertainty was varied. Based on results, uncertainty in yield resulted in both higher first month costs and higher costs over the planning horizon; uncertainty at test results in greater cost increases than uncertainty at wafer fabrication, due to uncertainty occurring later in the supply chain. However, specific to our data, the cost of a robust solution is minimal when compared to demand lost under a deterministic solution.
Candidate gene association with summer dormancy in tall fescue

Two main types of summer dormancy in tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort] are recognized, eco-dormancy and endo-dormancy. Endo-dormancy is a physiological response to environmental signals leading to slowing of metabolic activity in meristematic tissues and most likely controlled by circadian clock genes. Therefore, it is genetically inherited and allelic variation among and between summer-dormant and non-dormant varieties is expected. The main objective of this study was to explore the association between dormancy and various candidate genes. Twenty-three genes were amplified and sequenced in two dormant and two non-dormant checks. Nucleotide variants unique to each group were converted to kompetitive allele specific PCR markers and were tested on 52 dormant and non-dormant accessions. Five markers, from the genes CONSTANS and TERMINAL FLOWER showed significant associations (R2 = 0.10 to 0.13, p < 0.05) with field phenotypic scores. These two genes are known to modulate meristem determinacy and growth, suggesting that meristem determinacy is probably one of the mechanisms involved in summer dormancy in tall fescue. Another five markers showed significant associations with the surrogate germination phenotype (R2 = 0.13 to 0.20, p < 0.05). One marker originated from dormancy-associated MADS-box gene sequence, three markers originated from auxin response factors sequences, and one marker was derived from heat shock proteins sequences. These results confirm the implication of photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of summer dormancy. A selection index combining these markers may be valuable for the differentiation between dormant and non-dormant tall fescue genotypes.
A simulation model of a chassis dynamometer: model development and cycles application

An appropriate chassis dynamometer simulation of an actual vehicle road load is essential if a realistic emissions assessment is to be obtained. This requires a full understanding of the effects of actual road load parameters and the factors associated with their determination, as well as an accurate model to predict the dynamometer dissipated power at each vehicle speed of the testing cycle. In this study, details of the model which predicts the performance of an emissions testing facility are described. The model, based on a combination of fundamental energy balance relations and calibration data, includes predictions of the dissipated energy of the system's main components. This energy is mainly attributed to friction rubbing between mating parts and pumping losses. A quadratic least square fit for dissipated torque measured at different steady–speed calibration tests is provided, and the physical meaning of each term is discussed. Employing the lumped thermal capacitance method, the subsystems' temperature profiles are predicted. The developed model is made to simulate the dynamometer's performance during selected driving test cycles. Cycles are categorised as either being actual or synthesised after an evaluation of their events. A scale of fourteen parameters has been used to characterise each of the selected test cycles. Results of the simulation are pesented, which include the total energy consumed, flywheel wall shear losses, power absorber blower pumping work, the rubbing losses of the dynamometer main components, and predictions of the temperature history for each subsystem. The effect of the tested vehicle weight on the dynamometer's performance is also investigated.
Optimal Lymphadenectomy in Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors: Analysis of the NCDB

Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for resectable small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) recommend regional lymphadenectomy. However, no consensus exists on the optimal nodal harvest. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with resectable small bowel NETs (1998–2013). Patients with metastatic disease and missing lymph node harvest data were excluded. We performed logistic regression of factors determining nodal positivity and multivariable survival analyses. Of 11,852 patients, 81.8% underwent lymphadenectomy. 79.3% were node positive (N+) and 46.9% of patients had tumors < 1 cm. Independent predictors of N+ were large tumor size, ileal location, and neuroendocrine carcinoma histology. Logistic regression found no difference between observed and expected proportions of N+ patients with lymphadenectomy greater than or equal to eight nodes. Lower metastatic node ratio predicted improved survival on multivariable analysis and is associated with high-volume institutions. Small bowel NETs have high rates of nodal metastasis, even in patients with small tumors, and many patients do not undergo lymphadenectomy despite the clear benefit. Lymphadenectomy of eight nodes is optimal to identify N+ patients. Additionally, minimizing metastatic node ratio with complete regional lymphadenectomy is associated with improved survival in these patients.
Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF-II) Radiometric Instrumentation Calibration Facility

Spectrometer calibrations have been performed at the National Bureau of Standards, recently renamed the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for over 10 years using the calculable synchrotron radiation from the SURF-II electron storage ring. SURF is now a high performance storage ring which can operate at 300 MeV with over 250 mA of stored current. One beam line is dedicated for use as a calibration facility for outside users.
Computer-assisted specification of asynchronous interfaces with non-deterministic behavior

The Android Framework is designed around components with asynchronous interfaces, in which inputs and outputs are not directly coupled. Precisely specifying behavior of this sort is a slow, error-prone process, and thus documentation and testing for such components is usually incomplete. I have participated over the last year in a collaborative research project seeking to solve this problem by automating the generation and verification of these specifications via active learning on a live Android system. Part of my work has been the extension of our automation technique to Android Framework components with non-deterministic behavior that prevents direct application of active learning algorithms. To this end, I have applied our learning engine in the form of a specification assistant which mixes automation and manual guidance to learn non-deterministic interfaces with as little user intervention as possible.
Dynamically engaged smiling predicts cooperation above and beyond average smiling levels

Abstract Smiling has been conceptualized as a signal of cooperative intent, yet smiles are easy to fake. We suggest that contextually appropriate, dynamically engaged smiling imposes an attentional cost, thereby making engaged smiling a plausible "honest signal" of cooperative intent. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed data from 123 pairs of same-sex strangers having "getting-to-know-you" conversations who subsequently played a one-shot prisoner's dilemma together. We calculated the strength of engagement in smiling using a cross-lagged auto-regressive model for dyadic data. We found that when an individual's partner (the signaler) tended to smile in a more responsive way, that individual (the receiver) was more likely to cooperate. Conversely, when a signaler tended to smile in a less responsive way, the receiver was less likely to cooperate. These effects were present over-and-above the effects of average levels of smiling and self-reported liking, which also predicted likelihood of cooperation. However, dynamically engaged smiling did not predict cooperation on the part of the signaler, suggesting that receivers weight the importance of engagement more highly than they should, or even that engaged smiling might be a manipulative display. These results illustrate how conversational dynamics can influence evolutionary signaling.
Epigenetics in Neurobehavioral Disease

Abstract This chapter elaborates on the role of epigenetic mechanisms in the expression of neurobehavioral outcomes in psychiatric disease, including mood and psychotic disorders, addiction, and aberrant responses to stress, fear, and anxiety. These disorders provide resourceful models to uncover pathways that network core central nervous system functions with emergent human behaviors. This chapter discusses how current epigenetic paradigms for noncoding RNAs, DNA methylation, and histone modifications significantly influence development and progression of symptoms in afflicted patients.
Mixed symbolic–numerical computations with general DAEs II: An applications case study

A variety of theorems and properties of nonlinear DAEs were discussed in part I. This paper illustrates many of these ideas within the context of analyzing a specific nonlinear system that exhibits a variety of interesting features.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required for insulin-stimulated sodium transport in A6 cells

Insulin stimulates amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in models of the distal nephron. Here we demonstrate that, in the A6 cell line, this action is mediated by the insulin receptor tyrosine kina...
Better-than-the-best fusion algorithm with application in human activity recognition

This paper introduces the Better-than-the-Best Fusion (BB-Fus) algorithm. The BB-Fus algorithm is a simple and effective information fusion algorithm that combines the information from different sources (be it sensors, features or classifiers) to improve the Correct Classification Rate (CCR). It can be observed that in most classification problems, different sensors or features might have different classification accuracies in separating different classes. Therefore, this paper constructs an optimal decision tree that isolates one class at a time with the best sensor to separate that particular class. The paper shows that the decision tree improves the overall CCR as compared to the use of any single sensor or feature for any 3-class classification problem. The efficiency of the BB-Fus algorithm is validated on the Opportunity data set to solve the human activity recognition problem where a set of 56 sensors (including a localization system, accelerometers, inertial measurement units and magnetic sensors mounted on various body parts; besides, accelerometers and gyroscopes mounted on different objects) are used. The CCR resulting from the BB-Fus algorithm is 96% while the best sensor achieved 94% CCR.
Comparison of Greenhouse-Based Inoculation Methods to Study Aggressiveness of Diaporthe helianthi Isolates Causing Phomopsis Stem Canker of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Phomopsis stem canker is an economically important disease of sunflower (Helianthus annuus), and Diaporthe helianthi is one of the primary causal agents of the disease in the United States. The obj...
Pediatric Electroconvulsive Therapy: An Anesthesiologist’s Perspective

Proper planning and communication between psychiatry and anesthesiology teams is vital to conferring the greatest therapeutic benefit to children presenting for electroconvulsive therapy while minimizing risk. Anesthesia for the child undergoing electroconvulsive therapy should ideally provide deep hypnosis, ensure muscle relaxation to reduce injury, have minimal effect on seizure dynamics, and allow for rapid recovery to baseline neurologic and cardiopulmonary status. Unique factors for pediatric electroconvulsive therapy include the potential need for preoperative anxiolytic and inhalational induction of anesthesia, which must be weighed against the detrimental effects of anesthetic agents on the evoked seizure quality required for a successful treatment.
Phononic Frequency Combs in Stand-Alone Piezoelectric Resonators

This work reports on the generation and frequency tuning mechanisms of resonant-based phononic frequency combs. The reported mechanical frequency combs are realized in an integrated standalone piezoelectric platform and are excited via non-degenerate parametric pumping. Two flexural resonance modes of a thin Aluminum Nitride (AlN)-on-silicon circular membrane are targeted due to their low onset of nonlinearity and excited simultaneously. When the resonator is pumped with a single tone at a frequency close to the sum of the two mechanical modes, phononic frequency combs are generated close to each mechanical mode, under certain and repeatable pump frequency and power conditions. The phononic combs consist of a set of equally-distanced phase-coherent spectral lines; we demonstrate such combs centered around 6 MHz, with a tunable spacing of around 55 kHz, corresponding to the $u_{11}$ resonance mode of the circular membrane. The center frequency and frequency spacing of the comb can be tuned by tuning the pump frequency and amplitude. We take advantage of the mode coupling between two high- $Q$ resonance modes in the same acoustic cavity, and demonstrate the smallest piezoelectric frequency comb, with a 30 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ diameter circular footprint, which requires a very low threshold power of only −4 dBm to excite a fine-tooth comb.
High-integrity navigation for sensor-based 3D world modeling

There is emerging demand for multi-ship sensor-based 3D world modeling (3DWM) for providing safe flight guidance in degraded visual environments (DVE). For illustration, we consider the leader-follower scenario, where the leader platform has the perception sensor suite (e.g., LIDAR, RADAR, Optical Structure from Motion (SfM)) used to create a dynamic 3DWM, depicting objects in the environment. The 3DWM is then distributed to the follower platform, for use in pilot cueing in DVE to avoid obstacles or for pilot workload reduction. Leader navigation state errors can cause inaccurate placement of free/occupied space in the common mapping frame, which can lead to a safety-critical failure to avoid obstacles. To ensure safe obstacle avoidance, an overbound on the leader’s navigation errors relative to the common mapping frame must be known with high confidence. A similar overbound must also be established for the follower vehicle. To support this need for high-integrity navigation, this paper adapts existing high-integrity navigation standards as a framework for this scenario. Based on this framework, a sample error decomposition is performed. Potential navigation solutions that meet these example requirements are defined. Finally, modifications needed to the 3DWM measurement update process to accurately represent navigation uncertainty in the 3DWM are highlighted.
Recapturing the soul of medicine

Doctors need to reclaim meaning in their working lives. In the past 10 years, the culture of medicine has changed radically. For example, in California, a study of 454 clinicians by the Sacramento Medical Society indicated that most had felt the effects of these changes deeply 1 Forty per cent of those interviewed were clinically depressed. Most reported that they had thought about leaving the profession at least once in the past 12 months. Even more surprising, many would not want their children to go into medicine nor would they choose medicine as a career again. The ba, a human headed bird, represented the soul in Egyptian mythology This is not a California phenomenon. An unprecedented number of doctors worldwide, many of them young, are dropping out or seeking early retirement. Something unusual is happening among doctors, and those who care about doctors' wellbeing may need to broaden their concern from the care of impaired doctors to the care of all doctors. The future of our profession may be at stake. There is reason to believe that our professionalismour traditional professional stance, our attitudes, self expectations, and indeed our training-has made us par. ticularly vulnerable to the kind of stress we currently experience. Year after year in medical schools across the country, the first year class enters filled with a sense of privilege and excitement about becoming doctors. Four years later, this excitement has given way to cynicism and numbness. By graduation, students seem to have learnt what they have come to do but forgotten why. In these times, …
Dialogic reflective e-journaling: providing extra field-based support to special education preservice teachers by enhancing their critical reflection skills and transformative learning

In light of the continual problem of attrition in the field of special education and the need for well-prepared new special education teachers, the purpose of this study was to examine how dialogic...
A Vision for Advancing American Kidney Health: View from the US Department of Health and Human Services.

The time has come for dialysis to take its place in a museum among the most revolutionary, lifesaving, and soon to be historical medical devices. For most of humanity’s history, the failure of critical organs, such as kidneys, resulted in immediate death. That began to change when, in 1928,
Exogenous Auxin Induces Transverse Microtubule Arrays Through TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE1/AUXIN SIGNALING F-BOX Receptors

Auxin plays a central role in controlling plant cell growth and morphogenesis. Application of auxin to light-grown seedlings elicits both axial growth and transverse patterning of the cortical microtubule cytoskeleton in hypocotyl cells. Microtubules respond to exogenous auxin within 5 min, although repatterning of the array does not initiate until 30 min after application and is complete by 2 h. To examine the requirements for auxin-induced microtubule array patterning, we used an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) double auxin f-box (afb) receptor mutant, afb4-8 afb5-5, that responds to conventional auxin (indole-3-acetic acid) but has a strongly diminished response to the auxin analog, picloram. We show that 5 µm picloram induces immediate changes to microtubule density and later transverse microtubule patterning in wild-type plants, but does not cause microtubule array reorganization in the afb4-8 afb5-5 mutant. Additionally, a dominant mutant (axr2-1) for the auxin coreceptor AUXIN RESPONSIVE2 (AXR2) was strongly suppressed for auxin-induced microtubule array reorganization, providing additional evidence that auxin functions through a transcriptional pathway for transverse patterning. We observed that brassinosteroid application mimicked the auxin response, showing both early and late microtubule array effects, and induced transverse patterning in the axr2-1 mutant. Application of auxin to the brassinosteroid synthesis mutant, diminuto1, induced transverse array patterning but did not produce significant axial growth. Thus, exogenous auxin induces transverse microtubule patterning through the TRANSPORT INHIBITOR 1/AUXIN F-BOX (TIR1/AFB) transcriptional pathway and can act independently of brassinosteroids.
Solid-state properties of pharmaceutical materials: by Stephen R. Byrn, George Zografi, Xiaoming (Sean) Chen, Hoboken, NJ, USA, Wiley, 2017,432 pp., $202.75 (hardcover), ISBN 9781118145302

This book offers an exhaustive analysis of the relationships between solid-state chemistry and the processes of drug design and development. The aim of clarifying how fundamental the knowledge is o...
Determination of secretory granule maturation times in pancreatic islet β-cells by serial block-face electron microscopy.

Abstract It is shown how serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) of insulin-secreting β-cells in wild-type mouse pancreatic islets of Langerhans can be used to determine maturation times of secretory granules. Although SBEM captures the β-cell structure at a snapshot in time, the observed ultrastructure can be considered representative of a dynamic equilibrium state of the cells since the pancreatic islets are maintained in culture in approximate homeostasis. It was found that 7.2 ± 1.2% (±st. dev.) of the β-cell volume is composed of secretory granule dense-cores exhibiting angular shapes surrounded by wide (typically ≳100 nm) electron-lucent halos. These organelles are identified as mature granules that store insulin for regulated release through the plasma membrane, with a release time of 96 ± 12 h, as previously obtained from pulsed 35S-radiolabeling of cysteine and methionine. Analysis of β-cell 3D volumes reveals a subpopulation of secretory organelles without electron-lucent halos, identified as immature secretory granules. Another subpopulation of secretory granules is found with thin (typically ≲30 nm) electron-lucent halos, which are attributed to immature granules that are transforming from proinsulin to insulin by action of prohormone convertases. From the volume ratio of proinsulin in the immature granules to insulin in the mature granules, we estimate that the newly formed immature granules remain in morphologically-defined immature states for an average time of 135 ± 14 min, and the immature transforming granules for an average time of 130 ± 17 min.
Towards Federal Standard 209E: Partial Versus Complete Inspection of Clean Air Zones

Federal Standard 209D (FED-STD-209D) for certifying the cleanliness of air in cleanrooms requires sampling at a minimum number of locations as determined by the Class Limit and the area of the flow. Gas sampling particle counters are used to sample only part of the area through which gas is flowing. When used in this way, they are carrying out a partial inspection sample, rather than a complete inspection. It is difficult to determine the area of flow to be associated with this point sample. Given the partial, rather than complete nature of the sample, the statistics of partial inspection sampling should be used. This approach can reduce the number of samples needed to ensure adequate gas cleanliness, especially when used to supplement more complete inspection.
A Systematic Study of Elastic Objects in Kernel Exploitation

Recent research has proposed various methods to perform kernel exploitation and bypass kernel protection. For example, security researchers have demonstrated an exploitation method that utilizes the characteristic of elastic kernel objects to bypass KASLR, disclose stack/heap cookies, and even perform arbitrary read in the kernel. While this exploitation method is considered a commonly adopted approach to disclosing critical kernel information, there is no evidence indicating a strong need for developing a new defense mechanism to limit this exploitation method. It is because the effectiveness of this exploitation method is demonstrated only on anecdotal kernel vulnerabilities. It is unclear whether such a method is useful for a majority of kernel vulnerabilities. To answer this question, we propose a systematic approach. It utilizes static/dynamic analysis methods to pinpoint elastic kernel objects and then employs constraint solving to pair them to corresponding kernel vulnerabilities. In this work, we implement our proposed method as a tool - ELOISE. Using this tool on three popular OSes (Linux, FreeBSD, and XNU), we discover that elastic objects are pervasive in general caches. Evaluating the effectiveness of these elastic objects on 40 kernel vulnerabilities across three OSes, we observe that they can enable most of the vulnerabilities to bypass KASLR and heap cookie protector. Besides, we also observe that these elastic objects can even escalate the exploitability of some vulnerabilities allowing them to perform arbitrary read in the kernel. Motivated by these observations, we further introduce a new defense mechanism to mitigate the threat of elastic kernel objects. We prototype our defense mechanism on Linux, showing this mechanism introduces negligible overhead.
Predicting molecular mechanisms, pathways, and health outcomes induced by Juul e-cigarette aerosol chemicals using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database.

Abstract There is a critical need to understand the health risks associated with vaping e-cigarettes, which has reached epidemic levels among teens. Juul is currently the most popular type of e-cigarette on the market. Using the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD; http://ctdbase.org ), a public resource that integrates chemical, gene, phenotype and disease data, we aimed to analyze the potential molecular mechanisms of eight chemicals detected in the aerosols generated by heating Juul e-cigarette pods: nicotine, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, free radicals, crotonaldehyde, acetone, pyruvaldehyde, and particulate matter. Curated content in CTD, including chemical-gene, chemical-phenotype, and chemical-disease interactions, as well as associated phenotypes and pathway enrichment, were analyzed to help identify potential molecular mechanisms and diseases associated with vaping. Nicotine shows the most direct disease associations of these chemicals, followed by particulate matter and formaldehyde. Together, these chemicals show a direct marker or mechanistic relationship with 400 unique diseases in CTD, particularly in the categories of cardiovascular diseases, nervous system diseases, respiratory tract diseases, cancers, and mental disorders. We chose three respiratory tract diseases to investigate further, and found that in addition to cellular processes of apoptosis and cell proliferation, prioritized phenotypes underlying Juul-associated respiratory tract disease outcomes include response to oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and several cell signaling pathways (p38MAPK, NIK/NFkappaB, calcium-mediated).
Security Injections 2.0: Increasing Engagement and Faculty Adoption Using Enhanced Secure Coding Modules for Lower-Level Programming Courses

Learning interventions based on modules are common in computer science education. Traditional learning modules that present a large amount of content in a linear format can lead to students skimming and skipping content resulting in lower student engagement and effectiveness. In this paper, we present theoretical support for increasing engagement and effectiveness of learning modules, describe a system that implements these principles, and discuss the results of a study across four sections of CS0. Using the Security Injections @Towson cybersecurity modules, we enhanced select modules by incorporating the e-learning design principles of segmentation and interactivity. The study compares student engagement between the current (1.0) modules and the enhanced (2.0) modules. The use of the enhanced (2.0) modules significantly increased student engagement and these results persisted across gender and race. Feedback from instructors indicates higher student and instructor interest in the enhanced modules; in spring 2015, more than 20 instructors are using the enhanced (2.0) modules.
Left atrial rhythm. Analysis by intra-atrial electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram.

Abstract An analysis of the intra-atrial electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram was undertaken in 4 patients whose 12 lead scalar electrocardiograms suggested a so-called left atrial rhythm. In all cases the direction of the P loop by vectorcardiographic analysis differed from the postulated direction obtained by analysis of the scalar electrocardiogram. In all cases a nodal (A-V junctional) site for pacemaker activity appeared more likely than a left atrial site. The intra-atrial electrocardiogram did not appear to be helpful in differentiating a nodal (A-V junctional) rhythm from a left atrial rhythm. We strongly suspect, therefore, that the diagnosis of left atrial rhythm by the electrocardiogram is still a troublesome one, and deserves further confirmation utilizing the intra-atrial electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram.
Childhood anxiety disorders:: A review of the possible relationship to adult panic disorder and agoraphobia

Abstract The DSM-III-R defines Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) in the section among disorders arising in childhood. The current state of knowledge, including existing studies of the possible relationship of SAD to adult panic disorder with agoraphobia, is reviewed. Evidence is tentative, but is suggestive of a link between SAD and later emergence of panic disorder and agoraphobia in adulthood among a subgroup of subjects. This relationship may be stronger among females.
The risks and benefits of switching patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder from two to one antipsychotic medication: a randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Background : Despite little evidence to support its use and practice guidelines discouraging the practice, antipsychotic polypharmacy is widely prevalent in schizophrenia. This randomized controlled trial studied the effects of switching patients stable on two antipsychotic medications to one antipsychotic medication. Method : 104 adult outpatients with schizophrenia from 7 community mental health centers clinically stable on concurrent treatment with 2 antipsychotics were randomly assigned to stay on polypharmacy or to switch to antipsychotic monotherapy. Participants were followed for 1-year with assessments of symptoms and side effects occurring every 60 days (7 total assessments). We examined differences in time trajectories in symptoms (PANSS, CGI) and side effects (EPS, metabolic, other) as a function of group assignment (switch vs. stay) and time, using intention-to-treat analysis. Results : Participants who switched to antipsychotic monotherapy experienced greater increases in symptoms than stay patients. These differences emerged in the second 6 months of the trial. All-cause discontinuation rates over the 1-year trial were higher in the switch-to-monotherapy group than in the stay-on-polypharmacy group (42% vs. 13%; p Conclusion : Clinicians should be cautious in switching patients with chronic schizophrenia who are stable on 2 antipsychotics to one antipsychotic. Given the challenges in discontinuing antipsychotic polypharmacy, adequate trials of evidence-based treatments such as clozapine and long-acting injectable antipsychotics should be undertaken in inadequately responsive schizophrenia patients before moving to antipsychotic polypharmacy.
Performance Investigation of Process Controls Implemented by Computers

This paper deals with the investigation of various advanced controls implementable by computers. The control algorithms involved were: set point tuning, disturbance tuning, adaptive tuning, feedforward, decoupling. Various combinations of these controls are implemented on a multivariable process, namely a heat exchanger. The computer simulation was performed for the investigation. The results suggested that the advanced process controls can further be improved if used on a selective manner based on operational condition. A supervisory computer algorithm can be used to direct the mode of control and tuning parameter values.
Redefining Qualitative Methods: Believability in the Fifth Moment

In this article the author addresses the history of reliability and validity in qualitative research as this method of inquiry has progressed through various paradigms. The importance of the concepts of reliability and validity in research findings is traced from the traditional era, where there was only a modest distinction between qualitative and quantitative researchers involving their definitions of research reliability and validity, through the current era, where some researchers question the need to be restricted in their research by attempting to control for or account for the reliability and validity of their research findings. The author rejects a strict need for reliability and validity as traditionally defined in quantitative research and outlines a less restrictive approach to ensuring reliability and validity in qualitative research.
The single transmembrane segment of gp210 is sufficient for sorting to the pore membrane domain of the nuclear envelope

The glycoprotein gp210 is located in the "pore membrane," a specialized domain of the nuclear envelope to which the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is anchored. gp210 contains a large cisternal domain, a single transmembrane segment (TM), and a COOH-terminal, 58-amino acid residue cytoplasmic tail (CT) (Wozniak, R. W., E. Bartnik, and G. Blobel. 1989. J. Cell Biol. 108:2083-2092; Greber, U. F., A. Senior, and L. Gerace. 1990. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 9:1495-1502). To locate determinants for sorting of gp210 to the pore membrane, we constructed various cDNAs coding for wild-type, mutant, and chimeric gp210, and monitored localization of the expressed protein in 3T3 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy using appropriate antibodies. The large cisternal domain of gp210 (95% of its mass) did not reveal any sorting determinants. Surprisingly, the TM of gp210 is sufficient for sorting to the pore membrane. The CT also contains a sorting determinant, but it is weaker than that of the TM. We propose specific lateral association of the transmembrane helices of two proteins to yield either a gp210 homodimer or a heterodimer of gp210 and another protein. The cytoplasmically oriented tails of these dimers may bind cooperatively to the adjacent NPCs. In addition, we demonstrate that gp210 co-localizes with cytoplasmically dispersed nucleoporins, suggesting a cytoplasmic association of these components.
Axle load and tillage effects on crop yields on a Mollic Ochraqualf in Northwest Ohio

Effects of axle load and tillage methods were studied for four crops grown on a clayey soil in the lake-bed region of northwestern Ohio for 7 consecutive years from 1988 to 1994. Three tillage methods were no-till (NT), chisel plough (CP) and mouldboard ploughing (MP). Split-plot axle load treatments were control, 10 Mg axle load and 20 Mg axle laod. Axle laod was created using a single axle grain cart either half full (10 Mg) or full (20 Mg). Maize (Zea mays), soybeans (Glycine max), oats (Avena sativa), and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) were grown in 3-year or 2-year rotation sequences. Axle load treatments had a significant effect on crop yield. Considering average yield for the 3-year rotation over all tillage treatments and 7 seasons, mean maize yield was 7.2 Mg ha−1 for control, 6.0 Mg ha−1 for 10 Mg axle load, and 5.4 Mg ha−1 for 20 Mg axle load. Mean maize yield in 2-year rotation was 7.1 Mg ha−1 for control, 6.1 Mg ha−1 for 10 Mg axle load, and 5.4 Mg ha−1 for 20 Mg axle load. Soybean grain yield in the 3-year rotation was 2.4 Mg ha−1 for control, 2.2 Mg ha−1 for 10 Mg axle load, and 1.9 Mg ha−1 for 20 Mg axle load. Mean soybean grain yield for the 2-year rotation was 2.6 Mg ha−1 for control, 2.0 Mg ha−1 for 10 Mg axle load, and 1.6 Mg ha−1 for 20 Mg axle load. Mean oat grain yield, based on the average of all tillage treatments over the 7 seasons, was 2.6 Mg ha−1 for control, 2.1 Mg ha−1 for 10 Mg axle load, and 1.8 Mg ha−1 for 20 Mg axle load. Crop yield was also affected by the tillage treatments. Mean maize grain yield was 5.8 Mg ha−1 for NT, 6.5 Mg ha−1 for CP, and 6.3 Mg ha−1 for MP in the 3-year rotation compared with 6.4 Mg ha−1 for NT, 6.0 Mg ha−1 for CP, and 6.1 Mg ha−1 for MP method in the 2-year rotation. The average soybean yield in 3-year rotation was 2.1 Mg ha−1 for NT, 2.1 Mg ha−1 for CP, and 2.2 Mg ha−1 for MP methods. Mean oat grain yield was 2.3 Mg ha−1 for NT, 2.3 Mg ha−1 for CP, and 2.0 Mg ha−1 for MP method. Tillage methods had no significant effect on sugarbeet yield, which was 10.8 Mg ha−1 for NT, 16.0 Mg ha−1 for CP, and 14.0 Mg ha−1 for MP methods.
A Novel Approach to Enhance Visualization During Drainage of Peritonsillar Abscess

Routine emergency department care for uncomplicated peritonsillar abscess involves needle aspiration or incision and drainage. Standard technique involves use of a tongue blade and auxiliary light source. We describe the novel use of a disassembled disposable vaginal speculum with fiberoptic light, a device becoming commonplace in many emergency departments. This novel approach to managing peritonsillar abscess greatly enhances visualization and facilitates peritonsillar abscess drainage.
The Effect of the Initial Family Interview on a Pediatric Practice

To examine the effect of initial family interviews by health care providers on patients' use of health services, 177 patients and their families were randomly assigned to an interviewed (I) or a non-interviewed (NI) subgroup.Initial interviews would encourage families to bring their children in for health supervision visits, but discourage families from making after-hour telephone calls, using the emergency room and bringing the children to the clinic frequently for problem visits.The I families had an initial interview, attended by all family members. Both a physician and a nurse elicited patient histories and explained use of the emergency room, when to make after-hour calls, how to schedule appointments and other information about the clinic. If I families failed to have an initial interview, they were deleted from the study. In the NI subgroup, patient histories were elicited during a routine health supervision visit without the entire family in attendance, and information about emergency room visits,...
Impaired chemotaxis and neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte) function in glycogenosis type IB.

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) func- GSD type IB is characterized by the clinical features of glucose- tion was investigated in two patients with glycogen storage 6-phosphatase deficiency (GSD type IA), including hepatomeg- disease type IB and neutropenia. Glycogen storage disease aly, growth retardation, fasting hypoglycemia, and lactic acidosis, type IB was documented by liver biopsy and a normal but normal latent enzymatic activity in the liver (l,2). Biochem- amount of latent glucose-6-phosphatase activity. Patient A ical studies have demonstrated a defect in the microsomal trans- had stomatitis, skin infections, and septicemia; patient B port system for G6P in GSD type IB (2, 3). Recurrent infection had respiratory infections, periodontitis, and oral candidi- occurs more prominently in type IB, and neutropenia is another asis. Absolute neutrophil counts ranged from 114 to 25801 distinguishing feature of this type (4, 5). Studies of PMN migra- mm3. Diminished and delayed migration of PMN into a tion in a patient with GSD type IB and neutropenia indicated skin "window" occurred in B. Random and directed PMN impaired PMN mobilization in vivo and impaired random and migration under agarose toward f-Met-Leu-Phe, pepstatin directed PMN migration in vivo (I). We have further investigated A, and zymosan-activated serum were severely diminished PMN function in two patients and demonstrated abnormalities in both patients. At lo-' M f-Met-Leu-Phe, mean random in metabolic and bactericidal functions as well as motility. and directed migration were 52 and 23% (A, n = 3) and 48 and 13% (B, n = 4) of controls. These results were inde- CASE REPORTS pendent of incubation time and chemoattractant concentra- tion. patients? PMN had diminished quantitative nitroblue Case A. A 7-yr-old Caucasian female was the only child of tetrazolium reduction compared to controls. B had a sig- healthy parents with no known consanguinity. TYP~ I GSD was ,,ificant defect in PMN bactericidal activity with ~~~h~- diagnosed in infancy with typical clinical and biochemical fea- ,+.hia coli with <0.2 log killing at 2 h. ~h~~~ results tures and open liver biopsy which revealed increased glycogen FMLP, ~-f~~~~~-~~~~~~~ ~~-~~~~~~-~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~ (f-~~~- age 4, and mastoiditis occurred at age 6. Studies of PMN function Leu-Phe)
The Diagnosis and Surgical Correction of Congenital Portosystemic Vascular Anomalies in Two Calves and Two Foals

Two calves and two foals presented with episodic clinical signs of diffuse central nervous system disease. Portosystemic anomalies were tentatively diagnosed based on the history, clinical signs and increased serum concentrations of blood ammonia and total serum bile acids with normal concentrations of liver derived enzymes. one calf died before intraoperative contrast portography, whereas the other calf and both foals had marked clinical improvement after intensive medical therapy. Surgical correction was attempted in these three animals and was successful in one foal. A right paracostal celiotomy was superior to a ventral median approach for exposure to the portal vascular system and shunt access.
Conducting Focus Groups Cross‐Culturally: Experiences with Pacific Northwest Indian People

Many disciplines have used focus groups in research and the use has increased in the past 15 years (Smith, 1995). Procedural concerns have been explored, such as the selection of the participants, the location, and the size of the group, but little attention has been given to the consideration of cultural influences. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the impact of culture in conducting focus groups. Experiences from 15 focus groups conducted in two qualitative research studies with two Washington state Indian tribes over a 5 year period are presented and illustrate the importance of culture in conducting focus groups. Communication patterns, roles, relationships, and traditions were found to be important elements that must be considered in conducting focus groups cross-culturally. While some strategies discovered were found to be helpful, additional research is needed.
Diapiric Flow at Subduction Zones: A Recipe for Rapid Transport

Recent geochemical studies of uranium-thorium series disequilibrium in rocks from subduction zones require magmas to be transported through the mantle from just above the subducting slab to the surface in as little as ∼30,000 years. We present a series of laboratory experiments that investigate the characteristic time scales and flow patterns of the diapiric upwelling model of subduction zone magmatism. Results indicate that the interaction between buoyantly upwelling diapirs and subduction-induced flow in the mantle creates a network of low-density, low-viscosity conduits through which buoyant flow is rapid, yielding transport times commensurate with those indicated by uranium-thorium studies.
Carbon star radial velocities and dark matter in the universe

Optical radial velocities of carbon stars in the Milky Way are compared to center-of-mass velocities derived from CO radio emission produced in their circumstellar envelopes. It seems that there is an intrinsic velocity dispersion in the optically measured radial velocities. If the carbon stars in the dwarf spheroidals behave in a fashion similar to those in the Milky Way, then the use of their optical radial velocities to infer the mass-to-light ratio of dwarf spheroidal galaxies and the nature of the dark matter in the universe is suspect. Measurement of the radial velocities of K giants may possibly avoid these uncertainties associated with atmospheric motions.