cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in mediated mutagenesis and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism in mammary cells from pregnant and virgin rats.

The physiological state of pregnancy confers significant resistance to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced mammary tumorigenesis. We have tested the abilities of primary mammary cells from pregnant and virgin rats cultured on collagen-coated plates to metabolize PAHs and convert these carcinogens to mutagenic derivatives. Using a cell-mediated mutagenesis assay, we found that mammary epithelial cells from pregnant rats produced half the levels of mutagenic 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) metabolites formed by cells from virgin rats. Pregnant-derived mammary cells also showed consistently lower levels of metabolism of DMBA and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) than cells from virgin rats. H.p.l.c. analysis of B[a]P metabolism by these cell populations indicated no significant qualitative differences in the extracellular and intracellular metabolites formed. We have previously shown that mammary cells from rat strains exhibiting significant differences in susceptibility to PAH-induced tumors have equivalent qualitative and quantitative abilities to metabolize PAH carcinogens. Our current data suggest that modifications in mammary tumor susceptibility found in various physiological states, unlike genetically determined differences, may be related in part to an altered ability to activate chemical carcinogens within the mammary gland.
A NEW LOOK AT THE STRESS INDEX FOR LUNG INJURY

Ranieri and colleagues1,2 have proposed a simple mathematical equation (Paw(t) ≈ atb+c) where a, b, and c are constants that relates airway pressure, Paw(t), over inspiration (0 ≤ t ≤ ti) in constant flow mechanical ventilation to ventilator-induced lung injury. They have correlated b with low-volume stress (b ≤ 0.9), high-volume stress (b ≥ 1.1), and minimal stress (0.9 ≤ b ≤ 1.1) in the lungs. In this paper we examine the theoretical underpinnings of this empirical equation and show that it has a relationship to the upper and lower inflection points of the Pelastic - V curve during inspiration. An alternative equation that comes from the theoretical analysis of this type of mechanical ventilation is presented. Both equations are compared using experimental data.
Estimating surface soil moisture from SIR-C measurements over the Little Washita watershed

For more than two decades radar backscattering signals at a frequency range of 1-10 GHz have been demonstrated by a number of investigators to depend on surface soil moisture. Most of these past studies were limited to the forward problem in that the measured backscatter was directly correlated to the ground-measured soil moisture. Attempts to invert the experimentally measured radar backscattering signals to soil moisture values occurred only recently. The authors examined three out of these four attempts with respect to the SIR-C observations over a test site some 60 km southwest of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The results showed some promise, but also suggested the need of a close scrutiny of these inversion algorithms.
Control of Flame Oscillations with Equivalence Ratio Modulation

A novel technique for controlling oscillating combustion is proposed and demonstrated. For oscillations that exist over a limited range of equivalence ratios, we suggest that periodic modulation around the unstable condition can effectively avoid the oscillating condition, but otherwise produces the desired timeaverage equivalence ratio. Tests of this concept were carried out in an atmospheric-pressure, swirl-stabilized combustor with a nominal heat input of 30 kW. The fuel was natural gas. We show that it was possible to control a 300-Hz oscillation by modulating the fuel flow at frequencies less than 20 Hz, reducing the observed rms pressure from 2.7 to 0.8 kPa. Limitations on when this technique may produce successful control are also discussed.
Designing case libraries to encourage creative design

Youngsters engaging in designing meaningful artifacts while browsing a case library produced creative artifacts. Our pilot study highlighted three factors that seem to promote creative designs: (1) making the design ideas and struggles of others available as designers are attempting to achieve personal design goals, (2) promoting exploration of these ideas, and (3) attaching to the case library resources to promote understanding of the scientific and technological concepts behind these ideas.
Evaluation of VAR control and voltage regulation functionalities in a single-phase utility-connected inverter for distributed energy applications

With the increased penetration of distributed energy (DE) systems on the electrical distribution network and with the evolving concept of smart grid control and communications, these energy systems can be equipped with their own power electronics, not only for power conversion but also to supply VAR and regulate voltage. Though IEEE 1547 presently does not allow active voltage control by DE sources, the simulation and experimental results presented in this paper confirm that with simple control modification, a single-phase DE inverter can be designed to supply reactive power and regulate voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC), thus such an inverter can be beneficial to the utilities for reducing investment in voltage regulation devices. The implementation of fast prototyping techniques together with modular power electronic devices were utilized to achieve easier, low-cost implementation and prototyping of the DE interface for the experimental evaluation of the control algorithms.
Properties of Frankfurters Made From Electrically Stimulated Beef

Frankfurters (3 replications of 4.54 kg meat batches) were conventionally made. Paired sides from beef were used for control (NES) and electrically stimulated (ES) meats (clods, flanks and plates). All-beef frankfurters (100% ES beef or 100% NES beef) and beef-pork frankfurters (80% ES beef-20% pork or 80% NES beef-20% pork) were made. The pork was not electrically stimulated. Proximate composition within cut of beef (plate, flank, clod) was not affected (P > 0.05) by ES. However, ES clods had (numerically) greater percentages of expressible juice loss, greater percentages of salt-soluble protein and lower percentages of juice loss during cooking than did NES clods (not statistically different). Use of ES beef alone or in combination with 20% pork did not affect external visual color, off-flavor, overall desirability or processing shrinkage of frankfurters. ES may affect certain properties (raw and cooked muscles) as measured in the laboratory, but when these ES muscles are used to make frankfurters, no real advantages or disadvantages were suggested by this study.
Differential Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity Components in the Relation Between Emotional Non-Acceptance and Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Trauma-Exposed Treatment-Seeking Smokers

Anxiety sensitivity (AS), defined as the extent to which individuals believe anxiety and anxiety-related sensations have harmful consequences, may play an important explanatory role in the relation between emotional non-acceptance and the expression of traumatic stress symptoms among trauma-exposed smokers. This investigation examined whether lower-order dimensions of AS (cognitive, physical, and social concerns) differentially explain the relation between emotional non-acceptance and post-traumatic stress (PTS) symptom clusters (re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal) among trauma-exposed daily smokers (N = 169, 46% female; Mage = 41, SD = 12.3). AS and its lower-order facets of cognitive and social concerns were found to mediate the relations between emotional non-acceptance and avoidance and hyperarousal PTS symptoms. Using a multiple mediation model, the mediational effect of AS cognitive concerns for the relation between emotional non-acceptance and post-traumatic avoidance symptoms was found to be...
Physical activity and function in older, long-term colorectal cancer survivors.

Objective Increasing age and cancer history are related to impaired physical function. Since physical activity has been shown to ameliorate age-related functional declines, we evaluated the association between physical activity and function in older, long-term colorectal cancer survivors.
KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION AND APPLICATION: BRIEF COMMENTS ON PAPERS IN THE SESSION

Brackman describes a l a t t i ce l i ke structured inheritance network (KLONE) as a language for exp l i c i t representation of natural language conceptual information. Multiple descriptions can be represented. How does the f a c i l i t y d i f fe r from a similar one in KRL? Belief representations appear to be only impl ic i t . Quantification is handled through a set of "structural descriptions." I t is not clear how negation is handled. The main application is for the command and control of advanced graphics manioulators through natural language. Is there an impl ic i t claim here that the KLONE representations are suitable for both natural language concepts as well as for those in the visual domain?
A Model for Assessing Cultural Impacts on International Buyer-Seller Relationships for Key Accounts of Hotel Companies

An understanding of the role of relationship building and the constructs that are important to developing business-to-business relationships can assist salespersons in developing successful strateg...
MEMS packaging efforts at Sandia National Laboratories

Sandia National Laboratories has programs covering a broad range of MEMS technologies from LIGA to bulk to surface micromachining. These MEMS technologies are being considered for an equally broad range of applications, including sensors, actuators, optics, and microfluidics. As these technologies have moved from the research to the prototype product stage, packaging has been required to develop new capabilities to integrated MEMS and other technologies into functional microsystems. This paper discusses several of Sandia’s MEMS packaging efforts, focusing mainly on inserting Sandia’s SUMMiT V (5-level polysilicon) surface micromachining technology into fieldable microsystems.
Lipid Trafficking between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Plastid in Arabidopsis Requires the Extraplastidic TGD4 Protein

The development of chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana requires extensive lipid trafficking between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the plastid. The biosynthetic enzymes for the final steps of chloroplast lipid assembly are associated with the plastid envelope membranes. For example, during biosynthesis of the galactoglycerolipids predominant in photosynthetic membranes, galactosyltransferases associated with these membranes transfer galactosyl residues from UDP-Gal to diacylglycerol. In Arabidopsis, diacylglycerol can be derived from the ER or the plastid. Here, we describe a mutant of Arabidopsis, trigalactosyldiacylglycerol4 (tgd4), in which ER-derived diacylglycerol is not available for galactoglycerolipid biosynthesis. This mutant accumulates diagnostic oligogalactoglycerolipids, hence its name, and triacylglycerol in its tissues. The TGD4 gene encodes a protein that appears to be associated with the ER membranes. Mutant ER microsomes show a decreased transfer of lipids to isolated plastids consistent with in vivo labeling data, indicating a disruption of ER-to-plastid lipid transfer. The complex lipid phenotype of the mutant is similar to that of the tgd1,2,3 mutants disrupted in components of a lipid transporter of the inner plastid envelope membrane. However, unlike the TGD1,2,3 complex, which is proposed to transfer phosphatidic acid through the inner envelope membrane, TGD4 appears to be part of the machinery mediating lipid transfer between the ER and the outer plastid envelope membrane. The extent of direct ER-to-plastid envelope contact sites is not altered in the tgd4 mutant. However, this does not preclude a possible function of TGD4 in those contact sites as a conduit for lipid transfer between the ER and the plastid.
Statistical analysis of diagnostic accuracy with applications to cricket

In the sport of cricket, as with any other sport, spectators and officials would like the games to be as fair as possible. To this end, we evaluate methods used to determine the winner of interrupted games using statistical accuracy. In the traditional One Day International cricket matches, the current Duckworth‐Lewis (DL) method and the discounted most productive overs (DMPO) method are each used for predicting the winner. However, with the growing popularity of shorter Twenty20 matches, a new Bhattacharya‐Gill‐Swartz (BGS) method has also been introduced. We created both classical and Bayesian intervals to estimate the true accuracy of each. Using past game data from 2005‐2010, we compared the DL, DMPO and BGS methods using the new accuracy intervals and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
Hospital-Physicians Relations: Cooperation, Competition, Or Separation?

Because many services performed in hospitals can safely and conveniently be performed in ambulatory settings, physicians have become owners of entities directly competing with hospitals for patients in a new medical arms race. Hospitals and medical staff physicians face growing tensions as a result of physicians' growing reluctance to take emergency department call and the consequences of hospitalists replacing physicians in the care of inpatients. Although there are increasing expectations that health system challenges will lead hospitals and physicians to collaborate, in many markets the willingness and ability for hospitals and physicians to work together is actually eroding.
Harmonic mean and end-to-end performance of transmission systems with relays

Closed-form expressions for the statistics of the harmonic mean of two independent and identically distributed gamma variates are presented. The probability density function of the harmonic mean of two F variates is also derived. These statistical results are then applied to study the performance of wireless communication systems with nonregenerative relays over flat Nakagami fading channels. More specifically, outage probability formulas for noise-limited systems as well as systems affected by interference are obtained. Furthermore, general expressions for average bit-error rates are also derived. Finally, comparisons between regenerative and nonregenerative systems are presented. Numerical results show that the former systems clearly outperform the latter ones for low average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). They also show that the two systems have similar performance at high average SNRs.
Folate receptor autoantibodies in pregnancy related complications

Background Folate receptor autoantibodies in women have been associated with neural tube pregnancy and in children with cerebral folate deficiency syndrome and autism. These autoantibodies have been implicated in blocking folate transport to the fetus and to the brain in infants. Methods We report a woman with multiple pregnancy related complications who was diagnosed with autoantibodies to the folate receptor alpha. Results A treatment strategy with folate supplementation and reducing the antibody titer proved effective in normal pregnancy outcome. Conclusion This long-term follow up of a subject with folate receptor autoantibodies is a first report of its kind and describes treatment strategy to prevent pregnancy related complications due to folate receptor autoantibodies. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:1028–1030, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design Optimization for Structural-Acoustic Problems Using FEM-BEM

A design optimization procedure of a noise-vibrationharshness (NVH) problem of a complicated vehicle structure is presented by assuming the acoustic pressure does not affect the structural vibration. The steady-state dynamic behavior of the vehicle is calculated from the frequency response finite element analysis, while the sound pressure level within the acoustic cavity is calculated from the boundary element analysis. A reverse solution process is employed for the design sensitivity calculation using the adjoint variable method. The adjoint load is obtained from the acoustic boundary element re-analysis, while the adjoint solution is calculated from the structural dynamic re-analysis. The evaluation of pressure sensitivity only involves a numerical integration process over the structural part where the design variable is defined. A design optimization problem is formulated and solved, where the structural weight is reduced while the noise level in the passenger compartment is lowered.
On Computing the Canonical Features of Software Systems

Software applications typically have many features that vary in their similarity. We define a measurement of similarity between pairs of features based on their underlying implementations and use this measurement to compute a set of canonical features. The Canonical Features Set (CFS) consists of a small number of features that are as dissimilar as possible to each other, yet are most representative of the features that are not in the CFS. The members of the CFS are distinguishing features and understanding their implementation provides the engineer with an overview of the system undergoing scrutiny. The members of the CFS can also be used as cluster centroids to partition the entire set of features. Partitioning the set of features can simplify the understanding of large and complex software systems. Additionally, when a specific feature must undergo maintenance, it is helpful to know which features are most closely related to it. We demonstrate the utility of our method through the analysis of the Jext, Firefox, and Gaim software systems.
PV system reliability program at Sandia National Labs: From material-level to system-level analysis (Presentation Recording)

PV System Reliability Program at Sandia National Labs: From Material-Level to System-Level Analysis
Sex differences in influenza virus infection, vaccination, and therapies

Males and females differ in the likely outcome of influenza virus infection and vaccination. Following infection with pandemic and outbreak strains of influenza viruses, females of reproductive ages (15–49 years of age) experience a worse outcome than their male counterparts. Among females of reproductive ages, pregnancy is one factor linked to an increased risk of severe outcome of influenza, although it is not the sole factor explaining the female preponderance of severe disease. The sex bias in disease outcome is reversed in children under the age of 10 years and adults over the age of 65 years, where males appear to be more likely to be hospitalized or die from influenza. Small animal models of influenza virus infection illustrate that inflammatory immune responses also differ between the sexes and impact the outcome of infection. Males and females also generally respond differently to influenza vaccines and antiviral treatments, with females on average initiating higher humoral immune responses following vaccination and experiencing more adverse reactions to vaccines and drug treatments than males. Small animal models further show that elevated immunity following vaccination in females compared with males leads to greater cross protection against novel influenza viruses. We hypothesize that sex steroid hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and androgens, as well as genetic differences between the sexes, may play roles in modulating sex differences in immune responses to influenza virus infection and vaccination.
The Effect of Graphs and Computers on Students' Achievement in College Introductory Economics Courses

This study investigates the effect of the use of computers per se and the use of graphs on students' achievement in learning college level introductory economics. The study is based on an experiment in which students could engage in equivalent learning activities either using a workbook or using a computer, and in which students were encouraged to learn graphs and use them in taking examinations. The results of the study show that while the effect of computers is marginal and almost negligible, the effect of graphs is positive and substantial.
The effect of coal rank on the physicochemical interactions between coal and CO2-implications for CO2 storage in coal beds

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the interactions between gaseous and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) with coal, which were examined on 8 samples ranging in rank from lignite through anthracite. Gas sorption isotherms were measured on moisture-equilibrated, ground coal samples. Carbon dioxide sorption capacities measured on moisture-equilibrated coal samples were positively correlated with fixed carbon content. The other major constituents including coal-mineral matter, bitumen, and water exhibited little or no relation with CO2 sorption capacity. Supercritical CO2 injected into coal beds may mobilize aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs. The lack of discernible influence of bitumen content on either gas sorption or hydrocarbon mobilization may be an artifact of the procedure used to determine bitumen content. These preliminary findings indicate that the fixed carbon content of coal, on an eqm or as-received basis, may be a useful parameter in developing a framework to assess CO2 storage capacity and the environmental ramifications associated with storing CO2 in coal beds.
Ultrastructure of the Infection and Early Colonization of Pinus Taeda by Cronartium Quercuum Formae Speciales Fusiforme

Basidiospore germlings of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme grew randomly on the surface of Pinus taeda hypocotyls. Polymorphic appressoria developed from germ tube apices and were the first-formed components of the intracellular infection structure apparatus. A narrowed infection peg developed from each appressorium and penetrated directly into an epidermal cell giving rise to a narrowed intracellular neck region and an expanded body which produced an infection hypha. Therefore, the intracellular infection structure apparatus consisted of an extracellular component, the appressorium, as well as the intracellular neck region, body, and infection hypha. The intracellular portions of the infection structure were bounded by a sheath and the invaginated host plasmalemma, possessed a simple perforate septum in the neck region, and a non-septate to variously septate body. The infection hypha exited the infected epidermal cell to colonize adjacent cells and tissues by either of two mechanisms: 1) intracellular hyphae from the infection hypha grew directly into adjacent cells without the formation of an intercellular phase, or 2) the infection hypha produced an extensive intercellular hyphal network. These intercellular hyphae ramified into the cortex and
Surgical Trends in Treatment of Meniscus Tears: Analysis of Data from the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery Certification Examination Database

Background:The indications and criteria for meniscal repair are expanding in parallel with new understanding in biomechanics, joint pathophysiology, and increased physician education.Purpose:To describe the practice patterns of arthroscopic meniscal treatment in recent years, compare the trends of arthroscopic meniscal repair versus arthroscopic meniscectomy, and compare sports fellowship–trained versus non–sports fellowship–trained surgeons in terms of arthroscopic meniscal treatment techniques among American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery (ABOS) candidates from 2004 to 2012.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:The ABOS database was used to identify cases of meniscal repair, partial meniscectomy, and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction from 2004 to 2012. The number of surgeons contributing cases for each calendar year was also recorded, along with the number who had sports fellowship training. Rates were calculated as the number of procedures per surgeon per year. Trends were ana...
The Pen and the Barn

A standard differential calculus problem involves showing that the rectangle with fixed perimeter and maximal area is a square. Textbooks often present this in terms of a farmer who wishes to build the most efficient rectangular pen with a fixed length of fencing. A variant uses one wall of a barn for all or part of one side of the pen (Figure 1). Let's take a new look at this latter class of problems, because there is an attractive way to show how the lengths of the fence and the barn wall affect the shape of the optimal pen.
Cornicles of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum;Their Structure and Function. a Light and Electron Microscope Study

Cornicles of A. pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) are the conduits from the hemoco–le to the exterior for cornicle cells which are homologous to the fat body. Five types of vacuoles, and acicular crystals were found in electronmicrographs of these cells. The valve, musculature, and tracheation of the cornicle are described.
Why and How to Use Phonelab

While smartphone app marketplaces have enabled large-scale app-level experimentation, medium-scale experimentation with the platform code implementing the app interface and providing core device services remains difficult for academic researchers. But this is where many of the ideas currently being explored by the mobile systems community must be evaluated---including new networking protocols, security and privacy mechanisms, storage abstractions, and energy management strategies. To enable these experiments, we built and are operating PhoneLab, a 175-smartphone testbed where real users run experimental Android platform builds on their primary devices. We are eager to make PhoneLab useful to the mobile systems community. To aid in this effort, this article discusses why PhoneLab might be useful for your research and provides an overview of how to use the testbed, including examples drawn from our group's current projects.
Informativeness of wind data in linear Madden–Julian oscillation prediction

Linear inverse models (LIMs) are used to explore predictability and information content of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). Hindcast skill for outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) related to the MJO on intraseasonal timescales in the tropics has been examined for a variety of LIMs using OLR and optionally 200 and 850 hPa zonal wind information channels. The dependence of OLR hindcast skill on wind channels was evaluated by randomizing in time, averaging in space, or omitting data entirely. Results show positive prediction skill (relative to climatology) up to 3 weeks and wind information, mostly at the largest scales, adds 1–2 days of skill.
A survey of the awareness of AIDS-Related knowledge and sexual behavior among people living with HIV/AIDS

Objective To identify the awareness of the AIDS-related knowledge and the sexual behaviors among people who are living with HIV and AIDS ( PLWHA ) in Chaoyang district , Beijing , To collect evidences for providing behavior intervention in PLWHA. Methods A questionnaire survey is poformed in 63 PLWHA and 419 community residents living in Chaoyang district.The awareness rates of AIDS-related knowledge in PLWHA were compared with that in community residents.The sexual behaviors and the frequency of use of condoms were analyzed. Results The awareness rates on " HIV was not transmitted by mosquito bite ", " HIV was not transmitted by having meals together " and " those who used condom in the correct way can reduce the transmission of the AIDS " were significantly higher in the PLWHA than in the community residents ( P0.05 ) .Considering the responses to all 8 questions addressed , the general awareness rate of HIV-related knowledge rate was also significantly higher in the PLWHA than in the community residents , too ( P0.05 ) .The frequency of the sexual activity was reduced and that of condom use was increased after the PLWHA knew that they had infected with HIV. Conclusions Awareness rate of AIDS-related knowledge in the PL-WHA was higher than that in the community residents.The high-risk sexual behavior of the PLWHA decreased to some extent after they were acknowledged to be a HIV infector.However the rate of safe sexual behavior is still very low ( only 63.5% ) .There is still necessary to strengthen propaganda of AIDS-related knowledge and explore effective behavior intervention method in the PLWHA to reduce the secondary transmission of HIV.
Roadmap for antibiotic discovery.

There are no antibiotic candidates simply waiting to be brought to market. Overcoming the scientific barriers to innovation will require research and coordination beyond anything that exists in academia, industry or government. We discuss a plan to accelerate the discovery of antibiotics and their transition into the clinic.
THE APPLICATION OF SCENARIO BASED RECURRENT TRAINING TO TEACH SINGLE PILOT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (SRM) UNDER THE FAA INDUSTRY TRAINING STANDARDS (FITS) PROGRAM

Research indicates that improving a pilot's capability to exercise sound judgment and make informed and timely decisions may significantly improve flight safety. One approach to this problem is the introduction of scenario-based training (SBT) into flight training curriculums. At the request of the Cirrus Owner's and Pilots Association (COPA), the author developed and conducted four 3-hour scenario based seminars embodying these concepts and collected initial data from the 54 participants. A longitudinal study of this initial group will form the basis for additional
Effects of inhibition of lipoxygenase and guanylate cyclase on human neutrophil responses to formyl peptide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Human neutrophils were activated by the bacterial chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) to produce superoxide (O2-) and to release the primary granule enzyme beta-glucuronidase and the predominantly secondary granule enzyme lysozyme. Pretreatment with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increased the secretion of all three substances upon addition of fMLP. The augmentation by GM-CSF was significantly attenuated by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor AA861 and by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor LY83583. The secretion induced by fMLP alone was much less affected by either of the two inhibitors. AA861 inhibited leukotriene B4 production in neutrophils primed with GM-CSF and stimulated with fMLP, and LY83583 inhibited GM-CSF-evoked increases of 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate. The data suggest that activation of lipoxygenase and guanylate cyclase is not critical to the fMLP stimulation pathway, but they may be important components of the pathway by which GM-CSF augments neutrophil responses to fMLP. However, AA861 and LY83583 may have important actions in addition to inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and guanylate cyclase.
Potential Automation of Bone Machining

The ultimate aim of research related to surgery is to reduce human dependency during operational procedures. The current chapter focuses on such automation efforts undertaken in the field of bone machining. State of the art in the field has been presented. The need for such efforts arises from the fact that involvement of human being in the surgery as an operator requires a lot of experience to develop the precise skills and it always involves a risk of human error. Another important aspect is the constraint on geometry which can be machined in manual operation. With this background, the efforts related to automation and robotics in the field of bone machining are described.
The N-body Problem

This chapter focuses on the N-body problem. It also reviews the three-body problem, that is, the prototype, nontrivial problem, and discusses important properties of three-body systems. Given the masses, position, and velocity of three particles, the three-body problem is to determine their motion if each is under the gravitational influence of the other two. The properties of three-body systems are not possessed by each individual particle but are possessed by the system as a whole. The total energy of a three-body system is conserved. But no individual particle's energy need be conserved. The chapter explains the concept of the center of gravity. In studying the motion of an object, it is convenient to have a measure of how much force it takes to stop the object from its motion. The measure is called the object's linear momentum. If particle (P) has mass (m) and velocity (v), then its linear momentum is defined as mv. If, instead of one particle, there are more particles, for example, three particles, then the linear momentum of the system is defined as the sum of the linear momenta of the three particles. The motion of the system, however complex it may be, always conserves the sum of the linear momenta of its particles. This result is the second basic conservation law and is called the law of conservation of linear momentum. The chapter explains the conservation of angular momentum as well. All the conservation laws established for the three-body problem are those of classical continuum mechanics. Moreover, in a fashion that is entirely analogous to that for the three-body problem, these laws can also be established for the interaction of N bodies in both the cases of long-range- and short-range forces. An arithmetic formulation of the general N-body problem is presented in the chapter.
Methylene Blue Causing Serotonin Syndrome Following Cystocele Repair

Methylene blue is an intravenously administered agent that may potentiate serotonin syndrome. The usage of methylene blue to evaluate ureters for injuries and patency during urological surgeries is recognized as common practice. However, there is no mention of serotonin syndrome caused by methylene blue in urological literature or for urological surgery. We report the first urological case in order to raise awareness of the risk for serotonin toxicity with utilizing methylene blue.
Self-assembly of virus capsids decorated with block copolymers: a simulation study

Self-assembly of biocompatible nanoparticles is part of a promising field in drug delivery and biomaterials. Virus capsids are an example of nanoparticles capable of being tethered with functional groups for specific targeting. There have been experimental efforts on grafting polymers to virus capsids to synthesize tailored nanostructures. To provide insight at the nanoscale, we perform a highly coarse-grained molecular dynamics study, simulating the self-aggregation of cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) capsids decorated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and PEG polylactic acid (PLA) block polymers. We examined the effects of grafting architecture and volume fraction on equilibrated clusters. Characterization of the aggregation dynamics are summarized by the radius of gyration of the clusters, coordination number distributions, and average cluster size. When the system and methods are parameterized with respect to atomistic models or empirical results, the results can serve as the basis in broadly mapping the theoretical design space for controlled self-assembly of polymer-decorated virus capsids.
Integrating Behavior and Microsimulation Models

Microsimulations focus on modeling routine activities of individuals and have been used for modeling and planning urban systems like transportation, energy demand, and epidemiology. On the other hand, planning for emergency situations (e.g., disasters) needs to account for human behavior which is not routine or pre-planned but depends upon the current situation like the amount of physical damage or safety of family. Here, we focus on modeling the aftermath of a hypothetical detonation of an improvised nuclear device in Washington DC. We review various behavior models from the literature and provide motivation for our model which is conceptually based on the formalism of decentralized semi-Markov decision processes with communication, using the framework of options. We describe our approach for integrating behavior and microsimulation models where the behavior model specifies context-dependent behaviors (like looking for family members, sheltering, evacuation, and search and rescue) and the synthetic population provides information about demographics and infrastructures. We present results from a number of simulation runs.
A Taxonomy of Part and Attribute Discovery Techniques

This chapter surveys recent techniques for discovering a set of Parts and Attributes (PnAs) in order to enable fine-grained visual discrimination between its instances. Part and Attribute (PnA)-based representations are popular in computer vision as they allow modeling of appearance in a compositional manner, and provide a basis for communication between a human and a machine for various interactive applications. Based on two main properties of these techniques a unified taxonomy of PnA discovery methods is presented. The first distinction between the techniques is whether the PnAs are semantically aligned, i.e., if they are human interpretable or not. In order to achieve the semantic alignment these techniques rely on additional supervision in the form of annotations. Techniques within this category can be further categorized based on if the annotations are language-based, such as nameable labels, or if they are language-free, such as relative similarity comparisons. After a brief introduction motivating the need for PnA based representations, the bulk of the chapter will be dedicated to techniques for PnA discovery categorized into non-semantic, semantic language-based, and semantic language-free methods. Throughout the chapter we will illustrate the trade-offs among various approaches though examples from the existing literature.
Structure–function studies of acinetobactin analogs

Pathogenic Acinetobacter baumannii excrete the siderophore pre-acinetobactin as an iron-scavenging virulence factor. Pre-acinetobactin is a 2,3-dihydroxy-phenyl oxazoline that undergoes pH-dependent isomerization to the isooxazolidinone form acinetobactin in order to expand the pH range for iron acquisition by A. baumannii. In this study we establish important structure-function relationships for the kinetics of isomerization, iron(iii) binding, and siderophore utilization by A. baumannii. We showed that electronic properties of the phenyl oxazoline influence isomerization kinetics and iron(iii) binding. We found that iron(iii) chelation was directly correlated with A. baumannii utilization. Our studies provide important structural and mechanistic insight for understanding how pathogenic A. baumannii uses pre-acinetobactin as a 2-for-1 iron-scavenging siderophore virulence factor.
Motivational Interviewing for LGBT Patients

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling approach that facilitates and augments a patient’s internal motivations to change a health behavior in the context of their overarching goals. The MI process enhances the patient’s understanding of their uncertainty surrounding behavior change, guides the patient to resolve their ambivalence by weighing pros and cons, and motivates the patient to accomplish feasible and sustained goals. The patient-centric, nonjudgmental, and nonconfrontational nature of MI is a flexible and empathetic approach to working with LGBT-identified patients. When used correctly, MI is particularly helpful in promoting resilience within members of populations who have historically been told how to behave by shifting the locus of control within the individual. This chapter presents the basic principles of MI and provides examples for providers on how to effectively integrate this approach into everyday interactions with LGBT patients.
Extension of MBSE for project programmatics management on the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission

Model-based Systems Engineering can be employed beyond management of the technical architecture development of a system to also manage the programmatics associated with Systems Engineering activities of a project. On NASA's Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission, MBSE has been successfully employed to manage, generate, and interact with the documentation-based deliverables associated with System Engineering activities. This has been involved in defining and tracking project document, milestone, and personnel metadata via the same modeling framework used for the technical architecture management. Additionally, it has focused on improving overall user experiences through linkage of documentation to technical content in the system model, automation of manually intensive tasks, and others stakeholder-oriented features.
Creation and interaction with large-scale domain-specific knowledge bases

The ability to create and interact with large-scale domain-specific knowledge bases from unstructured/semi-structured data is the foundation for many industry-focused cognitive systems. We will demonstrate the Content Services system that provides cloud services for creating and querying high-quality domain-specific knowledge bases by analyzing and integrating multiple (un/semi)structured content sources. We will showcase an instantiation of the system for a financial domain. We will also demonstrate both cross-lingual natural language queries and programmatic API calls for interacting with this knowledge base.
Translational Criminology: Using Existing Evidence for Assessing TSA’s Comprehensive Security Strategy at Airports

One of the recent developments in airport security has been the call for a more coordinated security apparatus. In 2009, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) revised and reimplemented its Comprehensive Strategy to Security at Airports, also known as “the Playbook,” to supplement and coordinate additional security at airports. The Playbook reflects the many everyday prevention and deterrence mechanisms to physically secure the airport environment, which are similar to other security measures used to prevent crime. Here, we use translational criminology concepts and tools to examine the Playbook in the context of evidence-based deterrence and prevention mechanisms. Overall, we find that the Playbook is in part supported by evidence-based crime prevention and deterrence principles. However, we also find areas where the Playbook needs further assessment, specifically in the areas of randomization and unpredictability, place-based focus, interagency cooperation, and implementation.
Emotions, Leadership Assessment, and Vote Choice

Chapter 3 introduces the place of emotions across major behavioral decisions and attitudinal judgments. Using a nationally representative survey, Erisen begins with an overall analysis of emotional reactions to Turkey’s current track and to the most important problems defined by the public. The effects of these evaluations are next tested with regard to people’s assessments of leadership charisma and quality. The analysis in this chapter focuses on President Erdogan and the leaders of the four political parties in the parliament as to how emotions raised by these political figures influence political judgments in general. The chapter finishes by investigating the specific influences of anger, anxiety, and enthusiasm on political attitudes, issue preferences, and vote choice.
The Judgment Bias Task: A flexible method for assessing individual differences in social judgment biases

Abstract Many areas of social psychological research investigate how social information may bias judgment. However, most measures of social judgment biases are (1) low in reliability because they use a single response, (2) not indicative of individual differences in bias because they use between-subjects designs, (3) inflexible because they are designed for a particular domain, and (4) ambiguous about magnitude of bias because there is no objectively correct answer. We developed a measure of social judgment bias, the Judgment Bias Task, in which participants judge profiles varying in quality for a certain outcome based on objective criteria. The presence of ostensibly irrelevant social information provides opportunity to assess the extent to which social biases undermine the use of objective criteria in judgment. The JBT facilitates measurement of social judgment biases by (1) using multiple responses, (2) indicating individual differences by using within-subject designs, (3) being adaptable for assessing a variety of judgments, (4) identifying an objective magnitude of bias, and (5) taking 6 min to complete on average. In nine pre-registered studies (N > 9000) we use the JBT to reveal two prominent social judgment biases: favoritism towards more physically attractive people and towards members of one's ingroup. We observe that the JBT can reveal social biases, and that these sometimes occur even when the participant did not intend or believe they showed biased judgment. A flexible, objective, efficient assessment of social judgment biases will accelerate theoretical and empirical progress.
Executive migration: How information cues from departing firms and the labor market affect shareholder value

Research Question/Issue: This study examines the extent to which newly-hired migrating executives affect shareholder reaction at their arriving firms. We draw upon the information economics and upper echelons literatures to explain how (1) deviant behavior and ability information cues from an executive’s “departing” firm contribute to shareholder value at the “arriving” firm and how (2) labor market information cues moderate these relationships. Research Findings/Insights: We use event study methodology to determine investors’ reactions to the hiring announcements. We test our framework with a sample of 268 chief financial officers who migrated between 2002 and 2014. Controlling for sample selection and endogeneity, we find that a financial restatement at the migrating executive’s departing firm adversely affects shareholder reaction at the arriving firm. However, financial restatements at the departing firm adversely affect shareholder reaction at the arriving firm, especially when the migration is recent (i.e., within one-year). An extended analysis reveals an interaction between departing firm financial restatement and departing firm financial performance. Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our study contributes to the literature by theorizing and showing that investors screen by using information cues from migrating executives’ departing firms when signals are not salient in order to determine their contributions to shareholder reaction at arriving firms. Investors react negatively to deviant behavior information cues from the departing firms of newly hired executives. Also, the framework explains the moderating effect of labor market information cues -- investors react unfavorably to deviant behavior information cues when they involve same-year executive migrations. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Our study suggests that investors and hiring firms have divergent views on the value added of deviant behavior, yet convergent views on the value added from executive abilities.