cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reduction of ventriculostomy-associated CSF infection with antibiotic-impregnated catheters in pediatric patients: a single-institution study.

Objective External ventricular drains (EVDs) are commonly used in the neurosurgical population. However, very few pediatric neurosurgery studies are available regarding EVD-associated infection rates with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters. The authors previously published a large pediatric cohort study analyzing nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters and risk factors associated with infections. In this study, they aimed to analyze the EVD-associated infection rate after implementation of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters. Methods A retrospective observational cohort of pediatric patients (younger than 18 years of age) who underwent a burr hole for antibiotic-impregnated EVD placement and who were admitted to a quaternary care ICU between January 2011 and January 2019 were reviewed. The ventriculostomy-associated infection rate in patients with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters was compared to the authors' historical control of patients with nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters. Results Two hundred twenty-nine patients with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters were identified. Neurological diagnostic categories included externalization of an existing shunt (externalized shunt) in 34 patients (14.9%); brain tumor (tumor) in 77 patients (33.6%); intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in 27 patients (11.8%); traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 6 patients (2.6%); and 85 patients (37.1%) were captured in an "other" category. Two of 229 patients (0.9% of all patients) had CSF infections associated with EVD management, totaling an infection rate of 0.99 per 1000 catheter days. This is a significantly lower infection rate than was reported in the authors' previously published analysis of the use of nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters (0.9% vs 6%, p = 0.00128). Conclusions In their large pediatric cohort, the authors demonstrated a significant decline in ventriculostomy-associated CSF infection rate after implementation of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters at their institution.
Elevated incidence of head and neck cancer in solid organ transplant recipients.

Background Solid organ transplant recipients are known to be at an increased risk of cancer development, but research on head and neck cancer in transplant recipients has been limited and prior risk assessments may not be accurate. Methods A retrospective review using a national Veterans Administration database to query outpatient problem lists for ICD codes indicating solid organ transplant and subsequent diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Results In a study of 30 939 656 patients (37 969 solid organ transplants and 113 995 head and neck cancers), history of transplant significantly predicted head and neck cancer, with relative risks ranging from 1.85 (thyroid) to 2.91 (salivary gland). Worse overall survival (OS) was seen for head and neck cancer patients with prior transplants. Conclusions In a large case-control study, prior transplant was a risk factor for head and neck cancer development and worse OS for head and neck cancer patients.
nab-Paclitaxel-based induction chemotherapy followed by cisplatin and radiation therapy for human papillomavirus-unrelated head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma.

In patients with locally advanced human papillomavirus (HPV)-unrelated head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma (HNSCC), cisplatin and radiation therapy (CisRT) resulted in a local–regional recurrence (LRR) rate of 35%, progression-free survival (PFS) of 49%, and overall survival (OS) of 60%. We, and others, showed that nab-paclitaxel is an active agent in metastatic and locally advanced HNSCC. The aim of this report was to assess the efficacy of nab-paclitaxel-based induction chemotherapy and CisRT in HPV-unrelated HNSCC. We performed a retrospective single-institution analysis of patients treated with nab-paclitaxel-based chemotherapy and CisRT. Key inclusion criteria included stage III–IV HPV-unrelated HNSCC. Induction chemotherapy included nab-paclitaxel and cisplatin (AP), AP + 5-fluorouracil (APF), or APF + Cetuximab (APF-C). Endpoints included LRR, overall relapse, PFS, and OS. Thirty-eight patients were the subject of this analysis. Patient characteristics included median age 59 years (IQR: 54–64) and smoking history in 36 patients (95%). Primary tumor sites included larynx/hypopharynx (27), p16 negative oropharynx (10), and oral cavity (1). Most patients had bulky disease: 82% T3–4 (n = 31) and 74% N2b–3 (n = 28). Median follow-up was 44 months (IQR: 23–59). The three-year LRR rate was 16% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7–34) and the overall relapse rate was 22% (95% CI 11–41). The three-year PFS was 64% (95% CI 46–77) and OS was 72% (95% CI 54–84). Among patients with HPV-unrelated HNSCC, nab-paclitaxel-based induction chemotherapy and CisRT resulted in a lower-than-expected rate of LRR and more favorable PFS and OS compared to historical results with CisRT.
Multidisciplinary Simulation Training Improves Surgical Resident Comfort With Airway Management.

Abstract Background Airway management is an essential element of surgical training, but with fewer procedures performed during residency, simulation is crucial to fill educational gaps. We evaluated the effect of a multidisciplinary airway simulation on the comfort of general surgery residents in managing airways. Materials and methods All residents PGY 2-5 at a large academic general surgery residency program participated in a multidisciplinary airway management simulation. Precourse surveys evaluated self-perception of skills in three areas of airway management: surgical airway, basic ventilator strategies, and endotracheal intubation. Simulation consisted of didactic and procedural components and used high- and low-fidelity models including silicon airways, ventilators, porcine trachea, and airway adjuncts. Instruction was provided by anesthesia and otolaryngology faculty. Postcourse assessment was performed with a four-level Likert questionnaire. Results were analyzed using paired t-tests. Results Of the 19 residents surveyed, 37% of residents had 1-5 h and 32% had 5-10 h of prior airway instruction. Significant increases in mean comfort were observed across all three studied areas. Residents reported increased comfort performing a surgical airway (1.16 versus 1.95), P Conclusions Multidisciplinary airway simulation can be effectively implemented in a general surgery training program and positively affect trainee comfort with these techniques, particularly among junior residents.
Lymphoma Mimicking Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus: A Case Report

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the main cause of infectious mononucleosis (IM), a self-limiting infection among immunocompetent patients. EBV is also implicated in the development of several malignancies. We describe a case of a previously healthy 34-year-old man who presented with non-tender, enlarging, right cervical lymphadenopathy for over a year that was associated with significant weight loss, fevers, and night sweats. Two fine needle core biopsies showed inconclusive then reactive tissue, respectively. A third excisional biopsy demonstrated a reactive lymph node with EBV-positive IM. There was no evidence of lymphoma by histologic examination or flow cytometry. A diagnosis of chronic active EBV (CAEBV) was rendered. Subsequent lymph node debulking six months later showed classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) positive for EBV. The patient underwent chemotherapy with full treatment response. This is an unusual presentation of EBV infection that led to either a delayed onset or delayed diagnosis of CHL.
Emergency department-based 3D echocardiogram use: a case series

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) with real-time volumetric imaging can be a vital modality in clinical practice. Despite its potential, it remains underutilized in the acute care setting. We present two cases describing the use of 3DE in the emergency department (ED) for acute heart failure (AHF) and discuss the potential benefits of routine use in acute care settings. Three-dimensional echocardiography offers unique information as it relates to cardiac structure and function, and can be valuable for diagnosis and clinical decision-making in the ED.
Addition of vaginal isosorbide mononitrate for labor induction in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive diseases of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disease of pregnancy often require labor induction. Rates of cesarean delivery range from 15% to 60% in this population. Nitric oxide deficiency has been shown to underlay the pathophysiology of preeclampsia, and nitric oxide promotes cervical ripening. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that addition of vaginal isosorbide mononitrate for labor induction could decrease the rate of cesarean delivery in pregnancies with hypertensive disease of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN This study was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of patients with singleton pregnancy at ≥24 weeks' gestation undergoing labor induction for hypertensive diseases of pregnancy between November 2017 and February 2020. Participants were eligible if their Bishop score was <6 and if their cervical dilation was ≤2 cm. In addition, participants received up to 3 doses of 40 mg isosorbide mononitrate in addition to misoprostol for labor induction. Labor management was per healthcare provider preference. The primary outcome was rate of cesarean delivery. Secondary outcomes included the length of labor and frequency of intrapartum adverse events, including the use of intrapartum antihypertensive agents. RESULTS 89 women were randomized to the isosorbide mononitrate group, and 87 women were randomized to the placebo group. Cesarean delivery rates were similar in both groups (32.6% vs 25.3%; relative risk, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-2.06; P=.39). Maternal headache was increased in patients exposed to isosorbide mononitrate (42.7% vs 31%; relative risk, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.23; P=.04). Clinical chorioamnionitis was increased in the placebo group (0% vs 8%; P=.02). Secondary outcomes were similar between groups. CONCLUSION The addition of vaginal isosorbide mononitrate for labor induction in pregnancies complicated by hypertensive disease of pregnancy did not result in fewer cesarean deliveries.
Dynamic LVAD Inflow Cannula Obstruction Due to Mobile Thrombi

Introduction While LVAD outflow cannula obstructions are commonly described, we present a rare case of fulminant heart failure secondary to dynamic inflow cannula obstruction due to mobile thrombi within the left ventricular cavity. Case Report A 65 year old man with a history of ischemic cardiomyopathy and chronic kidney disease (CKD) underwent implantation of a continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD; HeartWare™ HVAD™, Medtronic plc) as a bridge to transplantation. Three years following implantation, he presented with progressive fulminant right heart failure (RHF) followed by a sudden decrease in LVAD flow from 3.5 to 1.5 liters/min (Figure 1A). INR was 2.6, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was normal and transthoracic echocardiogram showed a midline septum and the aortic valve opening with every beat. On admission, flows did not improve despite inotropic support. Outflow graft obstruction was suspected, however imaging was not pursued due to the risk of further renal injury with intravenous contrast, and that ultimately definitive treatment strategy remained heart transplantation. His UNOS listing status was upgraded from 4 to 2E. Anticoagulation was not escalated beyond aspirin and warfarin due to recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding. He continued to experience recurrent abrupt changes in LVAD flows (Figure 1B) without additional evidence to support pump thrombosis. Five weeks later, at the time of heart-kidney transplant, a partially obstructive thrombus within the inflow cannula as well as a mobile thrombus attached to the endocardium, prolapsing intermittently into the inflow cannula were visualized (Figure 1C-1D). Summary Dynamic inflow cannula obstruction should be suspected in the setting of heart failure and sudden changes in LVAD pump power consumption even when a lack corroborating imaging and laboratory evidence exists.
Technology-Aided Instruction and Intervention in Teaching Students with Autism to Make Inferences.

Inferential readings skills are necessary in ensuring that students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are successful in the general education curriculum. These skills provide a foundation for re...
Color Desktop Printer Technology

FUNDAMENTALS Introduction to Printing T. Amari and K. Kozeki Introduction Relief Printing Planographic Printing Recess Printing Recess Printing Image Quality of Printed Text and Images J.S. Arney The Meanings of Image Quality The Printing of Text Color Inks and Color Mixing The Printing of Pictorial Images The Printing of Text Making Halftone Images Image Quality and the Noise Power Spectrum The Business and Market for Desktop Printers F. Romano Historical Computer Printing Evolves The Printer Market PLATFORMS Inkjet R.R. Allen, G. Dispoto, E.G. Hanson, J.D. Meyer, and N. Moroney History and Introduction Inkjet Printing Technologies Ink Storage and Delivery Printhead Service and Maintenance Inkjet Inks Inkjet Media Print Modes High-Fidelity Color Closure References Laser Printer F. Nakaya and Y. Fukase History Marking Technology Toner Media and Consumables References Dye Thermal-Transfer Printer N. Matsushiro Introduction Driving Mechanism Details of Dye Sublimation Printer Details of Wax Melt Printers Thermal Head Various Improved Printer Engines Other Printers Based on Thermal Transfer Controller Aspect User Aspects Stability Issues Conclusions References Film-Based Printers T. Kimura, T. Kojima, M. Kubo, A. Igarashi and A. Doi History Photo Printers Emerging Technology References THE MANAGEMENT OF COLOR Color Management M.R. Rosen Introduction ICC Color Management General Approach ICC Color Management History of ICC References Desktop Spectral-Based Printing M.R. Rosen, F.H. Imai, Y. Chen, L.A. Taplin, and R.S. Berns Current Metameric Systems Traditional vs. Spectral-Based Systems Spectral Image Acquisition System Spectral Color Management Spectral Model for Printers References INDEX
Drug interaction in the field of analgesic drugs.

The evidence for believing that mixtures of aspirin, phenacetin, and caffeine provide advantages over the individual components of these mixtures is reviewed, and doubt expressed as to the rationale for the use of these mixtures in ordinary medical practice. The syndrome of ;analgesic nephropathy' is also reviewed, and on the basis of experiments in healthy volunteers it is suggested that individual ingredients of analgesic mixtures be scrutinized more carefully in an attempt to track down the agents responsible for toxic effects.The use of phenothiazine compounds, alone or in mixture with narcotics, is reviewed, and the opinion expressed that methotrimeprazine has special analgesic attributes.The narcotic antagonists represent an extremely interesting group of drugs which possess analgesic activity as well as the ability to antagonize certain effects of morphine and other narcotic agents. The patterns of respiratory effect, psychotomimesis, and abstinence phenomena seen with these antagonists illustrate the possibility of dissociating certain effects usually assumed to be linked inseparably in drugs possessing the analgesic power of morphine.
On the impact of academic distributed systems research on industrial practice

This article is based on the remarks Iwas invited to make at the 2002Workshop on Future Directions in Distributed Computing on the impact of academic distributed systems research on the real world. In this short piece I document the gist of the presentation.
The Global Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Epidemic: What a Radiologist Needs to Know

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disorders from a benign steatosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Metabolic syndrome, mainly obesity, plays an important role, both as an independent risk factor and in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. With the progressive epidemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of NAFLD and its associated complications is expected to increase dramatically. Therapeutic strategies for treating NAFLD and metabolic syndrome, particularly obesity, are continuously being refined. Their goal is the prevention of NAFLD by the management of risk factors, prevention of progression of the disease, as well as management of complications, ultimately preventing morbidity and mortality. Optimal management of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome requires a multidisciplinary collaboration between the government as well as the health system including the nutritionist, primary care physician, radiologist, hepatologist, oncologist, and transplant surgeon. An awareness of the clinical presentation, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management is of paramount importance to a radiologist, both from the clinical perspective as well as from the imaging standpoint. With expertise in imaging modalities as well as minimally invasive percutaneous endovascular therapies, radiologists play an essential role in the comprehensive management, which is highlighted in this article, with cases from our practice. We also briefly discuss transarterial embolization of the left gastric artery (LGA), a novel method that promises to have an enormous potential in the minimally invasive management of obesity, with details of a case from our practice.
Standardized Observational Assessment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Combined and Predominantly Inattentive Subtypes. I. Test Session Observations

Test examiners used the Test Observation Form (McConaughy & Achenbach, 2004) to rate test session behavior of 177 6- to 11-year-old children during administration of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and Wechsler Individual Achievement Tests-Second Edition (WIAT-II). Participants were assigned to four groups based on a parent diagnostic interview and parent and teacher rating scales: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-Combined type (n = 74); ADHD-Inattentive type (n = 25); clinically referred without ADHD (n = 52); and controls (n = 26). The ADHD-Combined type group scored significantly higher than the other three groups on six Test Observation Form scales: (1) Attention Problems; (2) Oppositional; (3) Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Problems scale; (4) Inattention sub-scale; (5) Hyperactivity-Impulsivity subscale; and (6) Externalizing. The two ADHD groups also scored significantly lower than controls on all WISC-IV and WIAT-II composites and lower than those clinically referred without ADHD on WISC-IV Working Memory Index and Full Scale Intelligence Quotient. Implications are discussed regarding the discriminative validity of standardized test session observations for identifying children with ADHD and differentiating between the two ADHD subtypes.
Provenance Support for Content Management Systems: A Drupal Example

Provenance helps with understanding data but without proper tools to share and access content, its reusability is limited. This paper describes the CI-Server framework currently being used to help scientific teams seamlessly share data and provenance about scientific research. CI-Server has been built using Drupal, a content management server workbench, with a focus on publishing and understanding the semantic content that is now available over the Web. By focusing on an open framework, scientists publish provenance related to their scientific research then leverage the semantic knowledge to understand and visualize the information.
Social Aspects of Memory

No one doubts that memories are shaped by the social context in which they are formed or later remembered. In this essay we focus on how the social context of remembering and memorizing with others shapes the way both the speaker and listener remember the past, what we refer to as collaborative remembering. In addressing the mnemonic consequences of collaborative remembering, we discuss 1) how it shapes what is occurrently remembered in the group and 2) how it affects both what the speaker and listener subsequently remember. In terms of the former, we discuss the robust collaborative inhibition literature; in terms of the latter, we discuss the social contagion, retrieval induced-forgetting and socially shared retrieval-induced forgetting literature. In conclusion, we highlight areas in need of future research within the area of “social aspects of memory”: 1) whether the mnemonic effects of collaborative remember propagate across a group, that is, to move beyond dyadic interactions and examine larger groups; 2) examining the evolutionary advantages of human memory being susceptible to the influence of others; and, in turn, 3) how this mnemonic susceptibility may help foster social bonds. Keywords: collaborative inhibition; memory; retrieval-induced forgetting; social contagion; socially shared memories
Cutting Edge: Memory Regulatory T Cells Require IL-7 and Not IL-2 for Their Maintenance in Peripheral Tissues

Thymic Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells are activated by peripheral self-antigen to increase their suppressive function, and a fraction of these cells survive as memory regulatory T cells (mTregs). mTregs persist in nonlymphoid tissue after cessation of Ag expression and have enhanced capacity to suppress tissue-specific autoimmunity. In this study, we show that murine mTregs express specific effector memory T cell markers and localize preferentially to hair follicles in skin. Memory Tregs express high levels of both IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα. Using a genetic-deletion approach, we show that IL-2 is required to generate mTregs from naive CD4+ T cell precursors in vivo. However, IL-2 is not required to maintain these cells in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes. Conversely, IL-7 is essential for maintaining mTregs in skin in the steady state. These results elucidate the fundamental biology of mTregs and show that IL-7 plays an important role in their survival in skin.
Capital Allocation under Regret and Kataoka Criteria

The paper analyzes the allocation of a given initial capital between a risk-free and a risky alternative. Typically, the risky alternative is the investment into the stock market or into a stock market index. Under expected utility the optimal fraction a * to invest into the stock market depends on the initial capital, on the distribution of stock returns, on the planning horizon, and of course on the von Neumann/Morgenstern utility function. Moreover, the optimal a * can only be evaluated by numerical integration. In order to get explicit formulas and to avoid the problematic assessment of the utility function NEU (non expected utility) approaches are discussed. The maxmin and the minmax regret criterion select only corner solutions (i.e. a * = 0 or a * = 1). The following Kataoka variant of these criteria is considered: Fix a (small) probability α and discard all the extremal events (which have althogether the probability α) from the planning procedure; i.e. define the worst case by exclusion of these extremal events. Obviously, this idea is also the basis of the well-known value-at-risk approach. The optimal fraction a * is no longer a corner solution. Moreover, it allows explicit formulas. These are studied in the Black/Scholes world (i.e. normally distributed log returns). Under realistic parameter values a * increases with the length of the planning horizon.
In Vivo Manipulation of Dendritic Cells Overcomes Tolerance to Unmodified Tumor-Associated Self Antigens and Induces Potent Antitumor Immunity

Most tumor-associated Ags are self proteins that fail to elicit a T cell response as a consequence of immune tolerance. Dendritic cells (DCs) generated ex vivo have been used to break tolerance against such self Ags; however, in vitro manipulation of DCs is cumbersome and difficult to control, resulting in vaccines of variable potency. To address this problem we developed a method for loading and activating DCs, in situ, by first directing sufficient numbers of DCs to peripheral tissues using Flt3 ligand and then delivering a tumor-associated Ag and oligonucleotide containing unmethylated CG motifs to these tissues. In this study, we show in three different tumor models that this method can overcome tolerance and induce effective antitumor immunity. Vaccination resulted in the generation of CD8 + T and NK cell effectors that mediated durable tumor responses without attacking normal tissues. These findings demonstrate that unmodified tumor-associated self Ags can be targeted to DCs in vivo to induce potent systemic antitumor immunity.
Potassium-Induced Changes in Muscle Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Chicks

Two experiments with purified crystalline amino acid diets were conducted to determine the effect of dietary potassium level on chick breast muscle free amino acid concentrations. In both experiments, concentrations of muscle free glutamine, lysine and arginine increased as dietary potassium increased from 0.12 to 0.18% and decreased as dietary potassium exceeded 0.18%. As dietary potassium increased, muscle potassium concentration increased linearly with an equivalent linear decrease in muscle sodium concentration. Peak concentration of muscle free glutamine, lysine and arginine occurred in muscle with a K+:Na+ ratio of approximately 1:4. Concentrations of the three amino acids were less in muscle with K4:Na+ ratios either less than or greater than 1.4. Breast muscle concentrations of free histidine decreased slightly, while muscle free carnosine increased substantially when dietary potassium exceeded 0.18%.
Effect of skew angle on main precursor of frictional ignition in bench-scale simulation of excavation processes

•Temperature changes (ΔT) of cutting tool driven against a rock wheel were examined.•Long-duration tests increased ΔT at non-zero skew angles.•Heavier bits with larger tip surface area are more sensitive to ΔT increase due to skew angle.•ΔT at a zero skew angle was higher for lighter bits.•The results suggest how bits and bit tips should be designed for safer excavation.
Dynamic Model-Driven Parallel I/O Performance Tuning

Parallel I/O performance depends highly on the interactions among multiple layers of the parallel I/O stack. The most common layers include high-level I/O libraries, MPI-IO middleware, and parallel file system. Each of these layers offers various tunable parameters to control intermediary data transfer points and the final data layout. Due to the interdependencies and the number of combinations of parameters, finding a good set of parameter values for a specific application's I/O pattern is challenging. Recent efforts, such as autotuning with genetic algorithms (GAs) and analytical models, have several limitations. For instance, analytical models fail to capture the dynamic nature of shared supercomputing systems and are application-specific. GA-based tuning requires running many time-consuming experiments for each input size. In this paper, we present a strategy to generate automatically an empirical model for a given application pattern. Using a set of real measurements from running an I/O kernel as training set, we generate a nonlinear regression model. We use this model to predict the top-20 tunable parameter values that give efficient I/O performance and rerun the I/O kernel to select the best set of parameter under the current conditions as tunable parameters for future runs of the same I/O kernel. Using this approach, we demonstrate 6X - 94X speedup over default I/O time for different I/O kernels running on multiple HPC systems. We also evaluate performance by identifying interdependencies among different sets of tunable parameters.
Rapid characterization of lipids by MALDI MS. Part 1: Bacterial taxonomy and analysis of food oils

Several new methods have been developed recently that allow the direct detection of lipids without resorting to derivatization or chromatographic separation. The simplest of these is direct MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) mass spectrometry. This approach is most useful for mixtures that contain minimal amounts of ion-suppressing interfering components. However, even when such components are present, their effects can often be minimized by using simple separation techniques beforehand, such as solid phase extraction or thin layer chromatography. For example, direct MALDI has been used for rapid screening of lipids and for taxonomic identification of the source organisms with no sample pretreatment. Fractions collected from solid phase extraction cartridges have also been used to avoid the most extreme effects of ion suppression from more complex lipid mixtures. More recently, direct MALDI has been applied to the analysis of TLC plates allowing the detection of TLC-separated lipids from the complex lipidome. Herein, we briefly describe the application of rapid MALDI MS to some typical research problems involving the characterization of lipids. In Part 1 these include bacterial taxonomy by direct analysis of intact lipids in simple extracts rather than by conversion to fatty acid methyl esters. Food oils such as triacylglycerols can be characterized simply and easily by direct MALDI MS without resort to any sort of separation. Part 2 (in the next issue of Lipid Technology) will cover the spontaneous fragmentation of protonated lipids, ion suppression and the use of solid phase extraction and thin layer chromatography with MALDI MS to characterize complex biological samples.
The Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR): Radiometric calibration algorithm development and performance

Radiometric calibration algorithms for processing Seasat scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) flight data are presented. An equation is derived which accounts for losses and reradiation in the microwave components and nonlinearities in the radiometer. The application of pre-launch calibration data to this derivation is described. A performance evaluation of the post-launch operation of the algorithm is presented, indicating temperature resolution of 0.63 K at 6.6 GHz and 1.39 K at 37 GHz.
Lack of Cage Effects on Liver Tumor Incidence in B6C3F1 Mice

Twenty-three chemicals evaluated as hepatocarcinogens in B6C3F1 mice by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) and nine showing equivocal liver tumor effects were examined to determine if the occurrence of liver neoplasms was associated with caging, i.e., if there were significant differences in tumor incidence among cages. A total of 79 dosed groups showing increased liver tumor incidence were evaluated. The analysis showed that the number of instances in which liver tumors showed significant cage effects agreed closely with chance expectation. Experimental design protocols now utilized by the NTP (including random assignment of columns of cages to dosed and control groups, periodic rotation of cage location, and individual caging of mice) further reduce the likelihood that factors associated with the housing of the animals could influence tumor incidence.
Heat Treatment Optimizations for Wind-and-React Bi-2212 Racetrack Coils

Abstract Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is developing Wind-and-React (W&R) Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) accelerator magnet technology for insert coils, to surpass the intrinsic limitations of Nb-based magnets, and eventually develop hybrid systems that can approach 20 T dipole ﬁelds. The Bi-2212 technology is being developed in close collaboration with industry, and has been partly supported by the US Very High Field Superconducting Magnet Collaboration (VHFSMC). Steady improvements were made over the last several years, with coil HTS-SC08 reaching 2636 A, or about 85% of its witness sample critical current ( I c). Though this is still a factor 3 to 4 too low to be competitive with Nb-based materials, it is expected that the required I c can be achieved through further conductor optimizations. Recent developments include the commissioning of infrastructure for the reaction of coils at LBNL. Earlier coils were fabricated and tested at LBNL, but were reacted at the wire manufacturer. We describe in detail the furnace calibrations and heat treatment optimizations that enable coil reactions at temperatures approaching 890°C with a homogeneity of ±1°C in a pure oxygen ﬂow. We reacted two new coils at LBNL, and tested the performance of coil HTS-SC10 at 4.2 K in self-ﬁeld using a superconducting transformer system. We ﬁnd that its performance is consistent with witness samples, and comparable to coil HTS-SC08, which is an identical coil that was reacted at Oxford Instruments Superconductor Technology (OST), thereby validating the in-house reaction process
Social Marketing Research for Targeted Hispanic 5 A Day Campaign

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To explore socio-cultural issues of a Hispanic 5 A Day Campaign Social marketing research was conducted from July 1995 to September 1995 to formulate a 5 A Day campaign which targets tow-literate, low-to-moderate income Mexican Americans residing in Texas. The research objectives were to explore socio-cultural issues underlying eating and food purchasing habits, identify motivations and barriers to eating fruits and vegetables, and provide recommendations for communication concepts, messages and distribution channels. The research was conducted in three phases; individual interviews, focus groups and a phone survey.
Critical Thinking in Physical Education.

Changes in American education require that teachers are evaluated more often, and expectations increasingly include teaching to develop critical thinking skills. This article uses Bloom's taxonomy in describing ways physical educators can include critical thinking in their lessons, both to enhance their teaching and to meet expectations of teacher assessment.
Opportunities For GaAs-On-Si Technology In Interconnect-Limited Systems

This paper presents an overview of the work on optically interconnected computer systems being conducted at the University of Delaware. It is our belief that the successful implementation of optical interconnect strategies requires not only the development of new technology, but also the development of new models to describe computer behavior. This is necessary because of the strong interactions between the design of the optical interfaces and their placement with the computer hierarchy. An analytical model of computer interconnection delays is presented which will enable the performance of new interconnection strategies to be evaluated and compared with traditional metallic systems. The results of this work are being used to develop an integrated electrical/optical interface circuit based on the selective growth of GaAs-on-Si. The growth process is described and results on device fabrication are presented.
Use of radioisotopes (1–92) made at a steady state neutron facility

Abstract The use of reactor-produced radioisotopes is reviewed, with emphasis on those applications which require high neutron fluxes. Considerable opportunities are noted for new or improved utilization if neutron fluxes in the 10 20 /m 2 s range can be achieved. New uses are seen in medical applications, condensed matter research and in a variety of industrial applications.
The red face: Dermatomyositis

Abstract Dermatomyositis (DM) is a disease that manifests as an inflammatory myopathy typically producing a symmetric proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic cutaneous eruption. 1–3 This disorder is closely related to polymyositis (PM), which has all the clinical features of DM without the presence of skin disease. Both of these disorders are of unknown etiology, but pathogenetic mechanisms are believed to involve immunologically mediated muscle damage. 4 Both DM and PM may occur in the presence of other collagen vascular diseases such as lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and various vasculitides. Dermatomyositis seems to be characterized by an increased frequency of internal malignancy, whereas malignancy association in patients with PM is less clearly established. Recent data suggest that PM, as well as DM, occurs in children. Both DM and PM are associated with morbidity and mortality and, therefore, prompt and aggressive therapy is necessary. In this review we emphasize practical clinical aspects of DM.
Experience with dedicated geriatric surgical consult services: Meeting the need for surgery in the frail elderly

Background: Surgeons are increasingly faced with consultation for intervention in residents of geriatric centers or in patients who suffer from end stage medical disease. We review our experience with consult services dedicated to the needs of these frail patients.
Encapsulated Phase Change Material Slurry Flow in Manifold Microchannels

The heat transfer performance of water-based microencapsulated phase change material slurry (particle size 5 μm) flow inside manifold microchannels of hydraulic diameter 170 μm was experimentally and numerically investigated. Slurry performance was poorer compared with pure fluid due to the large size of particles used and lower thermal conductivity of slurry compared with water. A parametric study was performed with nanoencapsulated phase change material slurry flow (particle size of 100 nm) in microchannels of hydraulic diameters 170 and 47 μm. Two different base fluids were considered and the heat transfer enhancement of slurry with various particle mass concentrations compared with its base fluid was presented. For developing flows, the performance of phase change material slurry depends on various parameters such as base-fluid thermal conductivity, channel dimensions, amount of phase change material melted, and particle mass concentration. In the case of manifold microchannel heat sinks, where the microchannel flowpath is much shorter compared with traditional microchannels, using higher-thermal-conductivity phase change material, narrower channels, smaller particles, and optimum parameters will aid in obtaining better thermal performance of phase change material slurry compared with pure fluid.
Lipid Exchange between Borrelia burgdorferi and Host Cells

Borrelia burgdorferi, the agent of Lyme disease, has cholesterol and cholesterol-glycolipids that are essential for bacterial fitness, are antigenic, and could be important in mediating interactions with cells of the eukaryotic host. We show that the spirochetes can acquire cholesterol from plasma membranes of epithelial cells. In addition, through fluorescent and confocal microscopy combined with biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that B. burgdorferi labeled with the fluorescent cholesterol analog BODIPY-cholesterol or 3H-labeled cholesterol transfer both cholesterol and cholesterol-glycolipids to HeLa cells. The transfer occurs through two different mechanisms, by direct contact between the bacteria and eukaryotic cell and/or through release of outer membrane vesicles. Thus, two-way lipid exchange between spirochetes and host cells can occur. This lipid exchange could be an important process that contributes to the pathogenesis of Lyme disease.
Stability of the TE(0) guided wave of a nonlinear waveguide with a self-defocusing bounding medium.

We give an argument that the TE0 guided wave of a thin-film slab waveguide with a nonlinear self-defocusing bounding medium is always stable in spite of the fact that its nonlinear dispersion curve has a negative slope.
Machine assignments in production systems with manufacturing cells

SUMMARY In this paper we investigate flow shop production systems with manufacturing cells. We develop a procedure which enables us to determine the optimal number of machines for each operation, the optimal assignments of operations to manufacturing cells, and the optimal number of robots required in each cell such that the total production cost per unit is minimized.
Singlet oxygen toxicity is cell line-dependent: a study of lipid peroxidation in nine leukemia cell lines.

Singlet oxygen ( 1 O2) can be quenched by water, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other small molecules. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of cells principally quench 1 O 2 by chemical mechanisms, producing lipid hydroperoxides, while proteins physically and chemically quench 1 O 2. Because cell lines can have different PUFA and protein levels, we hypothesized that 1 O2 toxicity will vary between cell lines. We used Photofrint as a source of 1 O2. Exposure of nine different leukemia cell lines (CEM, HEL, HL-60, K-562, KG-1, L1210, Molt-4, THP1 and U-937) to Photofrin and light results in changes in membrane permeability (trypan blue) that vary with cell line. The greater the lipid content of the cell line, the less susceptible they are to membrane damage. When the cell media was supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), the overall unsaturation of cellular lipids
Automated detection and classification of interstitial lung diseases from low-dose CT images

We developed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) scheme to detect and quantitatively assess interstitial lung diseases (ILD) depicted on low-dose and multi-slice helical high-resolution computed tomography (CT) examinations. Eighteen CT cases acquired from patients who underwent routine low-dose whole-lung screening examinations for the detection of lung cancer were used to test the scheme. ILD was identified in all of these cases. The CAD scheme involves multiple steps to segment lung areas, identify suspicious ILD regions depicted on each CT slice, and generate volumetric ILD lesions by grouping and matching ILD regions detected on multiple adjacent slices. The scheme computes five “global” features for each identified ILD region, which include size (or volume), contrast, average local pixel value fluctuation, mean of stochastic fractal dimension, and geometric fractal dimension. Two sets of classification rules are applied to remove false-positive detections. The severity of ILD in each case was rated by one experienced chest radiologist into one of the three categories (mild, moderate, and severe). A distance-weighted k-nearest neighbor algorithm and round-robin validation method was applied to classify each testing case into one of the three categories of severity. In this experiment, the CAD scheme classified 78% (14 out of 18) cases into the same categories as rated by the radiologist.
Micromachined three-dimensional electrode arrays for transcutaneous nerve tracking

We report the development of metal transfer micromolded (MTM) three-dimensional microelectrode arrays (3D MEAs) for a transcutaneous nerve tracking application. The measurements of electrode?skin?electrode impedance (ESEI), electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction utilizing these minimally invasive 3D MEAs are demonstrated in this paper. The 3D MEAs used in these measurements consist of a metalized micro-tower array that can penetrate the outer layers of the skin in a painless fashion and are fabricated using MTM technology. Two techniques, an inclined UV lithography approach and a double-side exposure of thick negative tone resist, have been developed to fabricate the 3D MEA master structure. The MEAs themselves are fabricated from the master structure utilizing micromolding techniques. Metal patterns are transferred during the micromolding process, thereby ensuring reduced process steps compared to traditional silicon-based approaches. These 3D MEAs have been packaged utilizing biocompatible Kapton? substrates. ESEI measurements have been carried out on test human subjects with standard commercial wet electrodes as a reference. The 3D MEAs demonstrate an order of magnitude lower ESEI (normalized to area) compared to wet electrodes for an area that is 12.56 times smaller. This compares well with other demonstrated approaches in literature. For a nerve tracking demonstration, we have chosen EMG and nerve conduction measurements on test human subjects. The 3D MEAs show 100% improvement in signal power and SNR/?area as compared to standard electrodes. They also demonstrate larger amplitude signals and faster rise times during nerve conduction measurements. We believe that this microfabrication and packaging approach scales well to large-area, high-density arrays required for applications like nerve tracking. This development will increase the stimulation and recording fidelity of skin surface electrodes, while increasing their spatial resolution by an order of magnitude or more. Although biopotential electrode systems are not without their challenges, the non-invasive access to neural information, along with the potential for automation with associated electronic and software development, is precisely what makes this technology an excellent candidate for the next generation in diagnostic, therapeutic, and prosthetic devices.
TU-E-220-07: Using Breast Density as an Indicator of Side Effects and Change Induced by Tamoxifen and Radiation Treatment for Ductal Carcinoma in Situ

Purpose: Breast cancer kills more women in the United States than any other cancer except for lungcancer.Treatment is generally surgery followed by radiation therapy,chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy. Many of these patients will have side effects to the treatment, including 80% of patients receiving radiation therapy, where 48% will have long term effects. The purpose of this paper is to identify if tracking breast density through treatment is possible, and if that breast density is indicative of side effects.Methods: Patient data were acquired from patients recruited into ongoing studies in accord with a Karmanos Cancer Institute and Wayne State University approved research protocol. Patients were selected if they exhibited a suspicious mass after mammography and/or follow‐up ultrasound. We tracked the patient volume‐averaged breast density throughout the course of treatment, starting on the first day of treatment. We recorded the volume‐averaged breast density of each breast generally once every week. To analyze this data, we plot the left and right volume‐averaged breast density to determine if and how the breast density is changing. We used excel to determine the slope (the change of volume‐averaged breast density in km/s vs. time in s) and the coefficient of determination (r2) for our data. Results: Our results show that the change in breast density over the course of radiation treatment, Tamoxifen treatment, and a combination of the two, is measureable. Conclusions: We can detect a small change in breast density, in‐vivo, on a weekly basis, throughout the course of treatment. The limitation to this study is the small number of patients, in this study only 5. Future studies are needed to determine the significance of our results. Currently, we believe that edema, and possibly fibrosis would be observable, which will be shown in future studies.
THE GROWTH OF STAPHYLOCOCCI IN CONDENSED SKIMMILK

Summary The following variables were studied from the standpoint of their effect on growth of staphylococci in condensed milk: (a) precondensing heat treatments, (b) milk solids concentrations, and (c) growth temperatures. Growth also was studied under conditions simulating vacuum-condensing operations. Preheat treatment of skimmilk at 165 or 185° F. for 30min. before condensing did not affect the growth of two cultures studied. However, growth of one of these cultures was retarded somewhat when the preheat treatment was 150° F. for 30min.; growth of the other culture was not retarded. Cultures of staphylococci grew optimally, or nearly so, at temperatures ranging from 90 to 113° F. in condensed skimmilks having solids concentrations ranging from approximately 30 to 50%. Three of six cultures grew, although slowly, in 40% milk solids at 116° F. and one grew under similar conditions at 118° F. Under conditions of simulated vacuum condensing, growth was less extensive than under normal atmospheric pressure. However, growth was sufficiently rapid to exclude the possibility that subatmospheric pressures, likely to prevail in a vacuum-condensing operation, would afford sufficient retardation of growth to be of any practical significance in controlling growth of staphylococci.