cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implicit and Explicit Measures of Memory for Perceptual Information in Young Adults, Healthy Older Adults, and Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

In this study, we examined how implicit and explicit memory for perceptual information (modality and voice) and lexical information varied across three subject groups: healthy young adults, healthy older adults, and age-matched older adults with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT). These groups exhibited cross-modality (abstract) priming of the same magnitude. However, young adults produced greater modality-and voice-specific priming than the other two groups, whose performance was equivalent, suggesting that aging, but not DAT, reduced form-specific priming. Young adults demonstrated better recognition memory than healthy older adults, who in turn exhibited better recognition memory than older adults with DAT. In young adults, recognition memory was also sensitive to perceptual information. These findings indicate that aging can affect implicit memory for perceptual information, whereas DAT magnifies the effect of aging on explicit memory.
Predicting regional emissions and near-field air concentrations of soil fumigants using modest numerical algorithms: a case study using 1,3-dichloropropene.

Soil fumigants, used to control nematodes and crop disease, can volatilize from the soil application zone and into the atmosphere to create the potential for human inhalation exposure. An objective for this work is to illustrate the ability of simple numerical models to correctly predict pesticide volatilization rates from agricultural fields and to expand emission predictions to nearby air concentrations for use in the exposure component of a risk assessment. This work focuses on a numerical system using two U.S. EPA models (PRZM3 and ISCST3) to predict regional volatilization and nearby air concentrations for the soil fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene. New approaches deal with links to regional databases, seamless coupling of emission and dispersion models, incorporation of Monte Carlo sampling techniques to account for parametric uncertainty, and model input sensitivity analysis. Predicted volatility flux profiles of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from soil for tarped and untarped fields were compared against field data and used as source terms for ISCST3. PRZM3 can successfully estimate correct order of magnitude regional soil volatilization losses of 1,3-D when representative regional input parameters are used (soil, weather, chemical, and management practices). Estimated 1,3-D emission losses and resulting air concentrations were investigated for five geographically diverse regions. Air concentrations (15-day averages) are compared with the current U.S. EPA's criteria for human exposure and risk assessment to determine appropriate setback distances from treated fields. Sensitive input parameters for volatility losses were functions of the region being simulated.
Simulation Enhances Self-Efficacy in the Management of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia in Obstetrical Staff Nurses

Abstract Background Preeclampsia and eclampsia are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates, which can be greatly influenced by proactive and competent nursing care. The infrequent occurrence of these emergencies provides limited exposure for nurses to remain highly skilled and effective. Method This prospective cohort study investigated the impact of high-fidelity human simulation on the self-efficacy of nurses in the management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Bandura's theory of self-efficacy and NLN/Jeffries' Simulation Framework provided the foundation for this project. Pretest, immediate posttest, and 8-week posttest single-group design was used to compare preintervention data with postintervention data for family birth place staff nurses ( N = 49) attending the simulation training. Results, Conclusions Obstetric nurses' overall self-efficacy with preeclampsia and eclampsia management significantly increased with high-fidelity human simulation training. More important, the level of self-efficacy was sustained over time. Staff nurse satisfaction responses were also overwhelmingly positive regarding the training experience. This study supports the use of high-fidelity human patient simulation as an effective training approach and suggests that other high-risk, low-incidence obstetric emergencies may also be suitable topics for simulation training.
Social Rights Advocacy and State Building: T. H. Marshall in the Hands of Social Reformers

This article argues that it is a fallacy to regard “social citizenship” as granting social rights equivalent to civil rights and suffrage. The argument is based partly upon a textual analysis showing that in formulating his influential “trinity” of citizenship, T. H. Marshall obfuscated differences between the distributional logic of redistributive policy and political and civil rights. The second part of the argument is based upon an empirical discussion of how social citizenship arguments have been applied to create comprehensive social reform.The Scandinavian welfare states play a central role in the discussion as examples of the inclu-sionary benefits of social citizenship. Three instances of welfare state expansion are discussed: the passage of legislation establishing flat-rate retirement benefits, the institution of supplementary earnings-related retirement benefits, and feminist mobilization in the 1980s for a “woman-friendly” welfare state. It is shown that claims to social citizenship are used by out-groups to demand inclusion in electoral coalitions aiming at welfare state expansion.The article concludes that social citizenship is inextricably linked to redistributive political conflict between in-groups and out-groups and depends upon state capacity to raise revenues and to police entitlement. A key difference between social rights and political and civil rights is that consumption of the former hinges on both the consent of the community and the willingness of others to pay for such consumption, while consumption of the latter does not impose direct costs upon others.
The inappropriateness of conventional use of the correlation coefficient in assessing validity and reliability of dietary assessment methods

Accuracy and precision of nutritional data are crucial in estimating effects in nutritional epidemiology. Because it is known that such data are usually flawed, studies have been designed to estimate both the validity of diet assessment methods in measuring “true” diet and the reliability of these methods in providing nutrient data that are at least reproducible. In these studies, validity and reliability have often been gauged by computing correlation coefficients between two or more estimates of diet and testing the coefficeint's departure from 0. We propose that the correlation coefficient may be inappropriate in these studies as a measure of association. If correlation coefficients are presented, we suggest that one should also present confidence intervals and test the departure of the coefficient from approximately 1 rather than 0. We have examined this approach using dietary data from various studies. We have computed 95% confidence intervals of the correlation coefficients and have tested Ho:rho=0.95 as an approximation of rho=1.00. In all of the studies selected, comparisons produced correlation coefficients statistically significantly different from both 0.95 and 0. Due to the dependence of the correlation coefficient on factors unique to individual studies, it is recommended that other techniques be used to assess agreement between nutrient scores derived in reliability or validation studies. Viable options include linear regression, analyses of the standard deviations of the differences between scores, and examinations of the intraclass correlation coefficient.
Interorganizational Network Structures and Diffusion of Information Through a Health System

Objectives. I used computational models to test the relationship between interorganizational network structures and diffusion of moderate- to high-priority health information throughout a system. I examined diffusion effects of mean and variance in organizational partnering tendencies, arrangement of ties among subgroups of the system, and the diffusing organization’s effective network size.Methods. I used agent-based models to simulate local information-sharing processes and observe the outcomes of system-level diffusion. Graphs of diffusion curves demonstrated differences among intergroup structures, and regression models were used to test effects of parameterized and emergent network variables on diffusion.Results. The average tendency of participating organizations to engage in partnerships with other network members influenced diffusion of information, but variance in partnering tendencies had little effect. Fully connected subgroup structures outperformed hierarchical connections among subgroups, an...
Nonlinear least squares via automatic derivative evaluation

This paper further develops the ''table algorithm'' (Kalaba et al., 1981) for exact evaluation of higher-order partial derivatives of functions of many variables. We present and apply the table algorithm in the least-squares estimation of the parameters of a CES production function. The actual use of the algorithm proved to be easy and accurate.
X-rays induce distinct patterns of somatic mutation in fetal versus adult hematopoietic cells

Abstract There are a variety of mechanisms and pathways whereby cells safeguard their genomes in the face of environmental insults that damage DNA. Whether each of these pathways is equally robust at specific developmental stages in mammals and whether they are also modulated in a tissue-specific manner, however, are unclear. Here, we report that ionizing radiation (IR) produces different types of somatic mutations in fetal cells compared with adult cells of the same lineage. While 1 Gy of X-ray significantly induced intragenic point mutations in T cells of adult mice, no point mutational effect was observed when applied to fetuses. Fetal exposure to IR, on the other hand, led to a significant elevation of mitotic recombination in T cells, which was not observed in adults. Base excision repair (BER) activity was significantly lower in fetal hematopoietic cells than in adult cells, due to a low level of DNA polymerase β, the rate-limiting enzyme in BER. In fetal hematopoietic cells, this low BER activity, together with a high rate of proliferation, causes X-ray-induced DNA lesions, such as base damage, single strand breaks and double strand breaks, to be repaired by homologous recombination, which we observe as mitotic recombination. Higher BER activity and a relatively lower rate of cell proliferation likely contribute to the significant induction of DNA point mutations in adults. Thus, the mutational response to IR is at least partly determined by the availability of specific repair pathways and other developmentally regulated phenotypes, such as mitotic index.
Factor VIIa binding to endothelial cell protein C receptor protects vascular barrier integrity in vivo

Summary Background Recent studies have shown that factor VIIa binds to endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR), a cellular receptor for protein C and activated protein C. At present, the physiologic significance of FVIIa interaction with EPCR in vivo remains unclear. Objective To investigate whether exogenously administered FVIIa, by binding to EPCR, induces a barrier protective effect in vivo. Methods Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular leakage in the lung and kidney, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced vascular leakage in the skin, were used to evaluate the FVIIa-induced barrier protective effect. Wild-type, EPCR-deficient, EPCR-overexpressing and hemophilia A mice were used in the studies. Results Administration of FVIIa reduced LPS-induced vascular leakage in the lung and kidney; the FVIIa-induced barrier protective effect was attenuated in EPCR-deficient mice. The extent of VEGF-induced vascular leakage in the skin was highly dependent on EPCR expression levels. Therapeutic concentrations of FVIIa attenuated VEGF-induced vascular leakage in control mice but not in EPCR-deficient mice. Blockade of FVIIa binding to EPCR with a blocking mAb completely attenuated the FVIIa-induced barrier protective effect. Similarly, administration of protease-activated receptor 1 antagonist blocked the FVIIa-induced barrier protective effect. Hemophilic mice showed increased vascular permeability, and administration of therapeutic concentrations of FVIIa improved barrier integrity in these mice. Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that FVIIa binding to EPCR leads to a barrier protective effect in vivo. This finding may have clinical relevance, as it indicates additional advantages of using FVIIa in treating hemophilic patients.
The Huancayo Seismograph‐Station in Peru

Since the report (J. A. Fleming, Bull. Seis. Soc. Amer., v. 22, 263–269, 1932) presented at the meeting of the Eastern Section of the Seismological Society of America May 2, 1932, on the seismological station at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, its site, building, and equipment, the instrumental equipment has been installed and the station is now in full operation. The Observatory is in latitude 12° 02.′7 south and longitude 75° 20.′4 west in the valley of the Montaro River at an altitude of 11,000 feet above sea-level about 120 miles due east of Lima, Peru. Reference may be made to the previous report for a complete description of the Observatory's site, of the seismological building, and of the equipment.
POSSIBLE MIGRATIONS AND SHIFTING IDENTITIES IN THE CENTRAL MEXICAN EPICLASSIC

After a century or so of slow decline, major civic-ceremonial structures in the city of Teotihuacan were burned and desecrated, probably around a.d. 600/650, at least some residential structures were abandoned, and the Teotihuacan state collapsed. Few features of Teotihuacan material culture survive in the Basin of Mexico in the ensuing Epiclassic period, which lasted from approximately a.d. 600/650––800/850. Ceramic and other lines of evidence suggest a sizable in-migration of peoples from western Mexico. These newcomers may have arrived in time to add to internal stresses responsible for bringing about Teotihuacan's collapse, arrived later to take advantage of that collapse, or both. Whatever the case, interactions with Teotihuacan survivors were complex and still poorly understood. Descendants of Teotihuacanos probably soon adopted new cultural identities, making them untraceable in the archaeological record, except possibly by biological markers.
Isidor I. Rabi and CERN

Isidor I. Rabi (1898–1988) is the acknowledged “father of CERN,” today one of the most important particle-physics laboratories in the world. I explore his motives for promoting the idea in 1950 that Western Europe should build a “Brookhaven” with national governments replacing universities. I unravel the many ways in which a major accelerator facility in Geneva, Switzerland, could both stimulate European science and serve the interests of the American scientific community. Rabi was careful to avoid giving any official support to steps then under way in Europe to build a research reactor, even though Brookhaven National Laboratory on Long Island, New York, had one from the outset. I suggest that his main motive for doing so was that he wanted West Germany to be part of the collaborative venture. Rabi was well aware of the foreign-policy objectives of the U.S. State Department in the European theater in 1950, and he wanted to situate politically the new research center in the framework of the Marshall Plan for the postwar reconstruction of the continent, “remaking the Old World in the image of the New.”
Liquid sampling–atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) ionization source for elemental mass spectrometry: preliminary parametric evaluation and figures of merit

A new, low-power ionization source for the elemental analysis of aqueous solutions has recently been described. The liquid sampling–atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) source operates at relatively low currents (<20 mA) and solution flow rates (<50 μL min−1), yielding a relatively simple alternative for atomic mass spectrometry applications. The LS-APGD has been interfaced to what is otherwise an organic, LC-MS mass analyzer, the Thermo Scientific Exactive Orbitrap without any modifications, other than removing the electrospray ionization source supplied with that instrument. A glow discharge is initiated between the surface of the test solution exiting a glass capillary and a metallic counter electrode mounted at a 90° angle and separated by a distance of ~5 mm. As with any plasma-based ionization source, there are key discharge operation and ion sampling parameters that affect the intensity and composition of the derived mass spectra, including signal-to-background ratios. We describe here a preliminary parametric evaluation of the roles of discharge current, solution flow rate, argon sheath gas flow rate, and ion sampling distance as they apply on this mass analyzer system. A cursive evaluation of potential matrix effects due to the presence of easily ionized elements indicate that sodium concentrations of up to 50 μg mL−1 generally cause suppressions of less than 50%, dependant upon the analyte species. Based on the results of this series of studies, preliminary limits of detection (LOD) have been established through the generation of calibration functions. While solution-based concentration LOD levels of 0.02–2 μg mL−1 are not impressive on the surface, the fact that they are determined via discrete 5 μL injections leads to mass-based detection limits at picogram to single-nanogram levels. The overhead costs associated with source operation (10 W d.c. power, solution flow rates of <50 μL min−1, and gas flow rates <10 mL min−1) are very attractive. While further optimization in the source design is suggested here, it is believed that the LS-APGD ion source may present a practical alternative to inductively coupled plasma sources typically employed in elemental mass spectrometry.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Which Hospitals Have Significantly Better or Worse Than Expected Mortality Rates for Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients? Improved Risk Adjustment With Present-at-Admission Diagnoses”

We thank Drs Gale, Manda, and Birkhead for their comments and questions regarding our study.1 The variables in our model were derived from California hospital data similar to most US hospital administrative data, except for one difference: California hospitals report which secondary diagnoses were present at admission. The California data included up to 20 ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes for each patient. We grouped the codes into 233 mutually exclusive categories of comorbid …
Dimethyl- and diethyldithiocyanatotin(IV).

The structures of dimethyl­dithio­cyanato­tin(IV), [Sn(CH3)2(NCS)2], and diethyl­dithio­cyanato­tin(IV), [Sn(C2H5)2(NCS)2], have been determined. The dimethyl derivative has 2mm crystallographic symmetry and the diethyl derivative has twofold crystallographic symmetry. The experimental differences in the distances and angles around the Sn atom between the two structures agree reasonably well with the differences expected from the reaction path mapped previously [Britton & Dunitz (1981). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 2971–2979].
Microstructure and electrical properties of SbSnO thin films

Abstract Transmission electron microscopic observations have confirmed that black SbSnO films deposited by spray pyrolysis at 500°C are polycrystalline while transparent SbSnO films deposited at 350°C are amorphous. These results are discussed in terms of the energyband theory on the basis of experimental results of the electrical properties of these films.
Renormalizability properties of spontaneously broken N = 8 supergravity

Abstract After dimensional reduction of the massless N = 8 model in 5 dimensions to the massive N = 8 model in 4 dimensions, the theory is quantized and Feynman rules are obtained. Various tadpole and self-energy calculations show that unrenormalizable divergences cancel.
Neutrino Masses with Dynamical Electroweak Symmetry Breaking

In this talk I discuss the problem of accounting for light neutrino masses in theories with dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking. I will first describe this problem generally in a class of extended technicolor (ETC) models, describing the full set of Dirac and Majorana masses that arise in such theories. I will then present an explicit model exhibiting a combination of suppressed Dirac masses and a seesaw involving dynamically generated condensates of standard-model singlet, ETC-nonsinglet fermions. Because of the suppression of the Dirac neutrino mass terms, a seesaw yielding realistic neutrino masses does not require superheavy Majorana masses; indeed, the Majorana masses are typically much smaller than the largest ETC scale.
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced alterations in N1-acetylspermidine levels in rat distal colonic mucosa: effects of 2-difluoromethylornithine

Abstract Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that N1-acetylspermidine levels were increased in the distal colonic mucosa of rats administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine for 15 and 26 weeks. In order to further explore the possible role of this acetylated polyamine in the malignant transformation process induced by this carcinogen, groups of rats were subcutaneously injected weekly with dimethylhydrazine (20 mg/kg body wt.) or diluent for 5, 10, 15 and 26 weeks ±1% 2-difluoromethylornithine in the drinking water. The latter agent, an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, has previously been shown to inhibit colonic tumor formation in this experimental model. At each of these time periods, rats from each group were killed, their proximal and distal colonic mucosa harvested and examined, and compared with respect to polyamine levels, including N1-acetylspermidine, as well as the activities of ornithine decarboxylase, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine N1-acetyltransferase and polyamine oxidase. The results of these experiments demonstrated that: (1) N1-acetylspermidine levels in the proximal colonic segment of all animals were similar at each time point; (2) N1-acetylspermidine levels were also similar in the distal colons of all animals at 5 and 10 weeks. At 15 weeks, however, the level of N1-acetylspermidine was increased in the dimethylhydrazine-treated distal colonic segment secondary to increases in the activity of spermidine N1-acetyltransferase; and (3) at 26 weeks, the level of this acetylated polyamine remained higher in dimethylhydrazine-treated distal ‘uninvolved’ colonic mucosa and was markedly elevated in colonic tumors; (4) co-administration of difluoromethylornithine decreased the elevated levels of N1-acetylspermidine to control values in the distal colons of animals treated with carcinogen for 15 and 26 weeks; and (5) difluoromethylornithine markedly reduced the number of tumors induced by dimethylhydrazine in the distal but not proximal colonic mucosa at 26 weeks.
Structure of a dehydratase-isomerase from the bacterial pathway for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids: two catalytic activities in one active site.

Abstract Background: Escherichia coli β -hydroxydecanoyl thiol ester dehydrase (dehydrase) is essential to the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, by shunting a 10-carbon intermediate from the saturated fatty acid pathway into the unsaturated fatty acid pathway. Dehydrase catalyzes reactions of dehydration and of double-bond isomerization on 10-carbon thiol esters of acyl carrier protein (ACP). The aim of this work is to elucidate mechanisms for the two enzymatic reactions, which occur in an unusual bifunctional active site, and to understand the specificity of the enzyme for substrates with 10-carbon fatty acyl chains. Results Crystal structures at 2.0 a resolution for free dehydrase and for the enzyme modified by its classic, mechanism-based inactivator, 3-decynoyl- N -acetylcysteamine, have been determined. Dehydrase is a symmetric dimer with an unusual α + β ‘hot dog' fold. Each of the two independent active sites is located between the two subunits of the enzyme, and is a tunnel-shaped pocket completely isolated from the general solvent. Side chains of histidine from one subunit and aspartic acid from the other are the only potentially reactive protein groups in the active site. Conclusion A two-base mechanism by which the histidine and aspartic acid together catalyze dehydration and isomerization reactions is consistent with the active-site structure. The unique topology of the protein fold and the identification of the active-site components reveal features of predictive value for another enzyme, FabZ, which may be the non-specific dehydratase involved in elongation of fatty acyl chains. A positively charged area surrounding the entrance to the active site, which could interact with the negatively charged ACP, was also found.
Using Dummy Variables to Estimate Economic Base Multipliers

Economic base analysis is a cost-effective and accurate means of predicting employment impacts in relatively small and uncomplicated regional (community) economies. Extending previous research using the Arizona Community Data Set, this paper estimates economic base multipliers in different types of communities by introducing dummy variables into regression equations. Total employment, transfer payments, and population potential are used as explanatory variables. Manufacturing centers are shown to have larger multipliers than diversified places, mining settlements, service and trade communities, and utility towns.
Aflatoxin and its control.

Existence of eight different mold metabolites designated aflatoxins is now recognized. All are of known chemical structure and one has been synthesized. Molds in foods and feeds have been a problem for many years but aflatoxin focused attention on the problem of mold toxins and gave a tremendous impetus to research in this area. Aflatoxin is important because of the potential threat it poses. of prime importance is the recognition and awareness that the threat exists. The first and best approach is prevention. Much knowledge as to how to reduce molds sharply is available and this should be applied at all stages of culture, harvest, transportation, and processing. Physical separation, by removal of contaminated seed, has proved feasible in some instances. Effective removal of aflatoxins by extraction, e.g., with polar solvents, has been accomplished. Several chemicals including ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide and ozone have been used with success to reduce substantially, inactivate or destroy aflatoxins in contaminated oilseed meals but there appears to be some reduction in protein quality during most of the treatments.
Extended Application of a Cobalt Glass Dosimeter

Cobalt glass dosimeters, normally used to measure gamma ray and electron fields, have been used to measure gamma ray and coexistent thermal neutron fields in the presence of a fast neutron field. The dosimeter is darkened in proportion to the energy deposited and this darkening is calibrated in known gamma ray and thermal neutron fields. A three-glass sandwich was used to distinguish the effects of gamma rays and thermal neutrons. The sensitivity of the glass to various energy gamma and x-rays is presented. A simple spectrophotometer is used to measure the transmission of light through the glass dosimeter.
Research Spotlight: Mapping U.S. West Coast surface circulation

[1] A network of high-frequency radar systems designed for mapping ocean surface currents now provides unprecedented detail of coastal ocean dynamics along the U.S. West Coast, according to Kim et al. The network has grown over the past decade from a few radars to what is now considered the largest network of its kind in the world, providing nearly complete coverage of currents along approximately 2500 kilometers of shoreline. With an ability to resolve kilometer-scale currents out to approximately 150 kilometers offshore, the technology has been used for local oceanographic studies in addition to applied applications for supporting oil spill response, search and rescue, fisheries, and coastal discharge assessment. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, doi:10.1029/2010JC006669, 2011)
Microwave double resonance line intensities for pump frequencies far from resonance

Abstract The intensity of a microwave absorption line in a double resonance modulated microwave spectrometer is considered for the case where the pump frequency is 10–500 MHz off the resonance frequency of the pump transition. In typical cases the line intensity for the pump 500 MHz off resonance is 0.1% of the line intensity for the pump directly on resonance. This effect can lead to difficulty in identifying two transitions with a common rotational level.
A retrospective review of isoimmunized pregnancies managed by middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical outcome of isoimmunized pregnancies managed primarily by middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity. Study design A retrospective chart review was conducted of isoimmunized pregnancies that underwent ultrasound examinations from January 1, 2001, through May 1, 2003. Ultrasound reports, laboratory tests, and maternal and neonatal charts were reviewed. Results Women with a clinically significant red blood cell antibody and titer value were included. The study population consisted of 39 women (40 pregnancies, 42 fetuses). Patients with a middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity of ≥1.5 MoM were offered amniocentesis. Seven pregnancies had an abnormal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity. Three of these infants had significant anemia. Six of the 7 pregnancies required an exchange transfusion. None of the 33 pregnancies (35 neonates) with normal middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity measurements resulted in a neonate with significant anemia or severe hyperbilirubinemia. Conclusion The clinical outcome of these pregnancies supports the use of middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity measurements in the management of isoimmunized pregnancies.
Active vibration suppression for the mast flight system

Active vibration suppression of a large flexible space structure is addressed. The system (experimental test bed), performance requirements, and system simulations and models are described. The structures is a 60-m truss beam attached to the Shuttle orbiter. A baseline control system is required to provide 5% structural damping for the first ten structural (flexible) modes of the truss beam. The control design approach used to achieve the damping is a decentralized velocity feedback type. Collocated actuator and sensor locations are given, with details of the model for the proof-mass actuating device, the linear DC motor. >
Successful movies: A preliminary empirical analysis

Summary Our findings lend further support to existing, informal evidence that the characteristics of successful films have changed over the past forty years. Moreover, they also suggest that it may well be possible to develop empirical models relating a film's attributes to the likelihood of consumer demand. Unfortunately, such analysis cannot be undertaken without access to more detailed information on the performance and features of individual movies. Given the interesting characteristics of movies as ideal examples of differentiated products and of the institutional arrangements governing their production and distribution, such increased data availability would make this an exceptionally attractive area for applied micro‐economic research.
Piperazinyl-glutamate-pyrimidines as potent P2Y12 antagonists for inhibition of platelet aggregation.

Piperazinyl-glutamate-pyrimidines were prepared with oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur substitution at the 4-position of the pyrimidine leading to highly potent P2Y 12 antagonists. In particular, 4-substituted piperidine-4-pyrimidines provided compounds with exceptional potency. Pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties were fine-tuned through modifications at the 4-position of the piperidine ring leading to compounds with good human PRP potency, selectivity, clearance and oral bioavailability.
Dynamics of wormlike micelles in elongational flows

Wormlike micelles provide an opportunity to study the behavior of semiflexible macromolecules in elongational flows. We constructed a microfluidic cross-flow device coupled with fluorescence microscopy to image individual wormlike micelles and measure their dynamics in planar elongational flow. These polymer micelles prove stable in elongational flow and exhibit a sharp transition between regimes where Brownian motion dominates the micellar dynamics and where the micelles stretch with the flow. The coil−stretch transition and micellar relaxation time were identified by examining a distribution of micelle lengths at various flow rates. The relationship between micellar relaxation time and length is consistent with hydrodynamic theory. At higher Weissenberg number, micelle stretching is nearly as rapid as the rate of stretching of the surrounding fluid, yet also results more frequently in sharply folded conformations. In contrast to DNA in extensional flow, these relatively more stiff macromolecules exhibit...
Random Insertion of Mu-1 DNA within a Single Gene

THE temperate bacteriophage Mu-1 can induce mutations at many different loci in the genome of its host bacterium Escherichia coli K12 (see ref. 1). The mutations are assumed to arise by the insertion of Mu-1 DNA within the affected genes, as the sites of mutations are inseparable from the prophage sites by genetic criteria2, 3. It has been inferred therefore that Mu-1 can integrate at a very large number of chromosomal sites. This attribute of Mu-1 makes it distinct from other known temperate coliphages; the lambdoid phages attach at a particular site4, P2 phage attaches at a limited number of sites5 and P1 resides in the cell as a plasmid6.
Sensor-Based Exploration: The Hierarchical Generalized Voronoi Graph

The hierarchical generalized Voronoi graph (HGVG) is a new roadmap developed for sensor-based exploration in unknown environments. This paper defines the HGVG structure: a robot can plan a path between two locations in its work space or configuration space by simply planning a path onto the HGVG, then along the HGVG, and finally from the HGVG to the goal. Since the bulk of the path planning occurs on the one-dimensional HGVG, motion planning in arbitrary dimensioned spaces is virtually reduced to a one-dimensional search problem. A bulk of this paper is dedicated to ensuring the HGVG is sufficient for motion planning by demonstrating the HGVG (with its links) is an arc-wise connected structure. All of the proofs in this paper that lead toward the connectivity result focus on a large subset of spaces in R3, but wherever possible, results are derived in Rm. In fact, under a strict set of conditions, the HGVG (the GVG by itself) is indeed connected, and hence sufficient for motion planning. The chief advanta...
'Siberian Snake' solenoid for the AGS

Retrofitting full snakes into accelerators, such as the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS), is almost impossible due to space limitations. But a partial snake that can correct depolarization due to imperfection resonances with 1/20 to 1/30 of a full strength snake seems to present a viable option. Such a device for the AGS is described, and design criteria are given in terms of simplicity of accelerator operation and level of achievable polarization. >
Delocalized electronic excitations of pentacene dimers in a p-terphenyl host: picosecond photon echo experiments

Abstract Photon echo experiments are performed on delocalized electronic excitations of optical dimer states. The delocalized dimer states are found to have very long coherence times, close to the coherent limit The dimer dephasing is qualitatively similar to dephasing of pentacene monomers.
The troubled passage from ‘village communities’ to planned new town developments in mid-twentieth-century South Asia

This article begins with an examination of how rural and urban society in India were conceptualized in relation to one another at different moments during the twentieth century, arguing that rapid urbanization during the middle decades forced important changes in those conceptualizations. If in an earlier period analysts saw the world of the village dweller as radically separate from that of the urban dweller, then rapid urbanization destabilized this idea and forced analysts to entertain the implications of there being a kind of ‘sliding scale’ between the two. This discursive shift helped produce a new object of concern in mid-century urban sociology – that of the ‘villager in the city’. While this sociological object formed the core of numerous mid-century (and later) studies of existing large cities, it played a more determinate role as a priori grounds for planned new towns than it did for perhaps any other model of urban growth. The article argues that proponents of planned new towns favoured their conservative potential: namely, the new town promised to nurture ‘inherited tendencies and habits’ in first-generation urban migrants, rather than produce wholly new modes of urban subjectivity.
Colonoscopic diagnosis of grumbling appendicitis

2A timely diagnosis is often clouded by atypical presentation leading to other diagnoses, particularly Crohn’s disease or, in women, gynaecological disease. Patients with chronic appendicitis should be distinguished from the 6·5–10% of patients who have a short history of episodic acute abdominal pain, a pattern termed recurrent appendicitis. 1,3 We describe two patients in whom colonoscopy illuminated a long history of appendicitis and could have led to an earlier diagnosis. We also found one case report where colonoscopy was useful in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. 4
Fuzziness, uncertainty, vagueness, possibility, and probability in natural language

The paper reviews the status of fuzziness, vagueness, uncertainty, and probability in natural language with an emphasis on: aspects of natural language that pertain to each of the four phenomena; methods of their modeling and representation; computational treatment of these phenomena in natural language and information processing. The main thrust of the paper is the procedure for calculating the predominant type of uncertainty for a NL sentence.
Latex allergy in spina bifida patients--prevention by primary prophylaxis.

Background The effect of latex prophylaxis has not been investigated in spina bifida children, a high-risk group for latex allergy. As repeated operations have been identified as a major cause of latex sensitization, we wanted to find out whether primary latex prophylaxis during surgery could prevent latex allergy in children with spina bifida. Methods In December 1995, we established latex-free surgery and anesthesia for all patients with spina bifida regardless of their sensitization to latex. Twelve children born after that date (mean age 1.2 years, mean ntmiber of operations 3.3, range 1 -7) were tested for specific IgE against latex until December 1997 (ImmunoCap, Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) and compared with eight children born before December 1995 (mean age 1.3 years, mean number of operations 3.6, range 1–8), in whom a test for latex IgE had been done before the age of 2 years. Results Before we established primary prophylaxis, three of seven children with spina bifida (38%) were sensitized to latex until the age of 2 years. After the establishment of a latex-free operating theater for spina bifida patients, none of the 12 patients were sensitized to latex despite up to seven operations in each child. Conclusions Primary latex prophylaxis during surgery can prevent latex sensitization in young spina bifida patients.
Force spectroscopy of bonds that form between a Staphylococcus bacterium and silica or polystyrene substrates

Abstract Inter- and intra-molecular forces are the driving forces responsible for the creation of an interface between a microorganism and a naturally occurring mineral or man-made material. We have used atomic force microscopy to directly measure forces between a Staphylococcus aureus bacterium and each of two materials (silica and polystyrene) in an electrolyte solution. Force “spectra” were collected by placing a glass or polystyrene bead (∼10 μm diameter) in contact with a living cell and then pulling the two surfaces apart. An attractive, adhesion force was observed in approximately 40 and 50% of the measurements for silica and polystyrene, respectively. The strength of the adhesion bond was 38 ± 4 pN (10 −12 N) and 52 ± 9 pN for glass and polystyrene, respectively. The origin of the attractive interaction appears to be non-specific (e.g., van der Waals force) although a small number (2–3%) of force spectra contained distinct sawtooth like profiles indicative of a protein bond between S. aureus and glass or polystyrene.
Balancing Demands: The World Economy and the Composition of Policy Preferences

Researchers remain divided on the consequences of market integration. Some argue that openness increases pressures for social protection; others claim that liberalization constrains policy makers. These debates gloss over a key link between globalization and domestic politics: the preferences of the electorate. This article argues that exposure to flows of goods, services, and capital matters for policy attitudes. However, the extent to which signals from the world economy affect preferences depends on issue domain. Voters respond to signals from the world economy by demanding less in areas where constrained governments can no longer deliver but more where they still can. The implication is that while globalization has no consistent influence on general support for government action, it does matter for the composition of policy preferences. A range of data analyses supports these claims. Results shed new light on arguments about the effect of globalization on domestic politics.
Feasible Aggressor-Set Identification Under Constraints for Maximum Coupling Noise

In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying a feasible set of aggressor nets that would induce maximum crosstalk noise or delay pushout on a coupled victim net, under given logical constraints. We present a novel mathematical formulation of this problem and propose a Lagrangian relaxation-based approach for solving it efficiently and optimally. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is run-time efficient by a factor of up to 800 times in comparison to an exhaustive search approach and reduces timing pessimism by up to 36%. We also formulate and solve this problem while considering the noise susceptibility of the victim's receiving gate.
The evolving role of health educators in advancing patient safety: forging partnerships and leading change.

At least 1.5 million preventable injuries because of adverse drug events occur in the United States each year, according to an Institute of Medicine report. IOM and other organizations at the forefront of health care improvement emphasize that stronger partnerships between patients, their families, and health care providers are necessary to make health care safer. Health educators possess a skill set and an ethical framework that effectively equip them to advance patient and family-centered care and contribute in other significant ways to a safer health care system. Health educators in clinical settings are playing varied and significant roles in advancing patient safety. They are removing barriers to clear communication and forging partnerships between patients, their families, and staff. Health educators are leading patient safety culture change within their institutions and contributing to the shift from provider-centric to patient-centric systems. To expand their impact in improving patient safety, he...
Differential nutrient partitioning in pregnant rat dams fed restricted amounts of a balanced diet versus restricted nonprotein calories

Abstract Virgin Charles River female rats weighing 240 ±10 g were assigned sequentially on d of mating (d 0) to individual cages and fed one of five dietary regimens: C (standard control diet), 24 g/d from d 0 to d 20 ( n =5); DR (delayed R (restricted control diet), 12 g/d from d 0 to d 20 ( n =6); DRCal (delayed restricted nonprotein calorie diet), 24 g/d of standard control diet from d 0 to d 7, then 12 g/d of a diet restricted in nonprotein calories from d 8 to d 20 ( n =6); RCal (restricted nonprotein calorie diet), 12 g/d from d 0 to d 20 ( n =5). Litter size was unaffected by diet, but total litter wt and individual fetus wt at 20 d were greater in C than in all other groups (C>DR>R=DRCal=RCal, P DR= ( P DRCal=RCal>DR=R P DR=R, P DR=R>DRCal =RCal, P DR=R=DRCal>RCal, P
A new species of Thuja (Cupressaceae) from the Late Cretaceous of Alaska: implications of being evergreen in a polar environment

A branch bearing a number of seed cones of Thuja L. (Cupressaceae) has been recovered from a Late Cretaceous (Turonian) deposit from the North Slope of Alaska. This reproductive material is the oldest known for the genus and is indistinguishable from the seed cones of most of the extant species of Thuja, indicating that the seed cones of this Alaskan fossil Thuja had attained a modern morphological appearance early in the evolutionary history of the genus. From a physiological standpoint, the ability of modern species of Thuja to tolerate cold to freezing conditions and the ability of fossil representatives of the genus to survive periods of extended darkness during the polar winters supports the contention that the polar winters during the Late Mesozoic and early Cenozoic were cold.
Emergency Department Use by Nursing Home Residents: Effect of Severity of Cognitive Impairment

PURPOSE To examine the 1-year prevalence and risk of emergency department (ED) use and ambulatory care-sensitive (ACS) ED use by nursing home (NH) residents with different levels of severity of cognitive impairment (CI). DESIGN AND METHODS We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate the effect of CI severity on the odds of any ED visit and any ACS ED visit in a 2006 national random sample of NH residents, controlling for predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics. RESULTS Of 132,753 NH residents, 62% had at least one ED visit and approximately 24% had at least one ACS ED visit in 2006. The probability of any ED visit or any ACS ED visit varied with the severity of resident CI. Residents with mild CI had up to 15% higher odds of any ED or any ACS ED visit and those with more moderate CI had 9% higher odds of an ACS ED visit compared with those without CI. The probability of any ED visit was negatively associated with advanced dementia (adjusted odds ratio = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.55-0.65). IMPLICATIONS Earlier identification of persons with mild CI may facilitate patient, family, and staff education, as well as advanced care planning to reduce ACS ED visits. Both ACS ED use and hospitalizations, adjusted for case mix, should be used as quality indicators to help ensure greater accountability for high-quality NH care and more appropriate utilization of ED resources.