cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Creative Teaching: Why it Matters and Where to Begin

Abstract Current research indicates that creativity in teaching can and should be enhanced in order to promote student learning. This article begins by stressing the importance of creativity in education and the ways in which creative teaching benefits students. Next, it addresses key points for better understanding classroom creativity by identifying common barriers that counteract or hinder teacher creativity. After identifying the characteristics of teachers who are considered creative educators, this article concludes with general recommendations, as well as specific strategies, for increasing the level of creative teaching in today's classrooms.
Direct-drive fuel-assembly experiments with gas-filled, cone-in-shell, fast-ignitor targets on the OMEGA Laser

The fuel assembly of gas-filled, cone-in-shell, fast-ignitor targets is being studied experimentally at the OMEGA Laser Facility. The spherical plastic (CH) shells with a ∼24 μm wall thickness had a 70° or 35° opening-angle gold cone inserted. The targets, filled with ∼10 atm of D 3 He or D 2 , were imploded by direct illumination with up to 21 kJ of 351 nm laser light. Some experiments used a backlighter to study the fuel assembly and mixing of cone material into the dense core. No significant mixing of the cone and core material was observed. Using both fusion products and backlit images, an areal density of ∼60 to 70 mg cm -2 was inferred for the dense core assembly. The filling of the inside of the cone, where the ultrafast laser propagates in integrated fast-ignitor experiments, was studied using a streaked optical pyrometer. No plasma was seen inside the cone before the assembled core reached peak compression. These results are promising for successful integrated fast-ignitor experiments on the OMEGA EP Facility, scheduled to be completed in 2007.
Gain-of-function signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) mutation-related primary immunodeficiency is associated with disseminated mucormycosis

We identified a novel gain of function mutation in STAT1 in a patient with disseminated Apophysomyces trapeziformis infection who had never had mucocutaneous candidiasis or autoimmunity. To our knowledge this is the first report of a genetic predisposition associated with mucormycosis.
A high-current pseudomorphic AlGaAs/InGaAs double quantum-well MODFET

Double quantum-well modulation-doped field-effect transistors (MODFETs) with planar-doped lattice-strained AlGaAs/InGaAs structure have been fabricated and characterized at DC and microwave frequencies. At 300 K the 0.3- mu m gate devices show a full channel current of 1100 mA/mm with a constant extrinsic transconductance of 350 mS/mm over a broad gate voltage range of 1.6 V. Excellent microwave performance is also achieved with a maximum available gain cutoff frequency f/sub mag/ of 110 GHz and a current gain cutoff frequency f/sub r/ of 52 GHz. A maximum output power of 0.7 W/mm with 30% efficiency is obtained at 18 GHz. >
Crossability ofSolanum tuberosum Gp. Andigena haploids

The crossability of Group Andigena haploids was investigated in this study. Groups Phureja, Stenotomum and Tuberosum haploids were crossed to Gp. Andigena haploids reciprocally to estimate the female and male fertility of the latter. The male fertility of Gp. Andigena haploids was reflected by the average seed set from crosses to Gps. Phureja Stenotomum and Tuberosum haploids (69, 43 and 21 seeds per fruit, respectively); female fertility was expressed when Gps. Phureja or Stenotomum served as the male, yielding 48 and 38 seeds per fruit, respectively. To contrast Gp. Andigena and Gp. Tuberosum haploid male fertility, they were crossed among and between themselves. As males, Gp. Andigena haploids gave three to four times the seed set of Gp. Tuberosum haploids. Pollen tube growth was analyzed in various Gp. Andigena haploid crosses to determine the site of cross failure. The results presented provide the basis for the first step in determining the potential of Gp. Andigena haploids in the development of diploid breeding stocks and the 2n gamete approach to potato improvement.
Spatial and temporal patterns of iceberg rafting (IRD) along the East Greenland margin, ca. 68°N, over the last 14 cal.ka

Twelve 1–2 m, 10-cm-diameter gravity cores collected in 1988 and 1991, from the continental shelf and fjords of East Greenland near Kangerlussuaq Fjord/Trough (ca. 68°N, 32°W), have distinct changes in lithofacies and in the quantity of iceberg rafted (IRD) sediments. These changes are readily observed in X-radiographs of the split cores. We quantify the IRD contribution through grain-size analyses and counting the number of clasts >2 mm from the X-radiographs. Chronological control is provided by acclerated mass spectroscopy 14C dates on foraminifera. During deglaciation, after 14 cal.ka there was one interval of IRD accumulation ca. 12–13 cal.ka, followed by a brief return to IRD conditions centred at 9 cal.ka. Thereafter, a prominent feature of most cores on the shelf is an increase in IRD accumulation that started ca. 5–6 cal.ka, and which has increased toward the present. Indicators of iceberg rafting, such as the net sand flux and numbers of clasts >2 mm ka−1, follow a power law distribution when graphed against distance from the present East Greenland coast, a measure of the position of the glacier margins. The form of the relationship indicates that there is a dramatic decrease in the supply of sediment from the fjords to the shelf. These relationships are used to estimate changes in the location of the ice margin during the late Quaternary based on a site on the East Greenland slope, Denmark Strait, and to discuss factors that can negate such a simple transfer function. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Rotational diffusion of membrane proteins in aligned phospholipid bilayers by solid-state NMR spectroscopy.

Abstract Solid-state NMR experiments on mechanically aligned bilayer and magnetically aligned bicelle samples demonstrate that membrane proteins undergo rapid rotational diffusion about the normal in phospholipid bilayers. Narrow single-line resonances are observed from 15 N labeled sites in the trans-membrane helix of the channel-forming domain of the protein Vpu from HIV-1 in phospholipid bilayers with their normals at angles of 0°, 20°, 40°, and 90°, and bicelles with their normals at angles of 0° and 90° with respect to the direction of the applied magnetic field. This could only occur if the entire polypeptide undergoes rotational diffusion about the bilayer normal. Comparisons between experimental and simulated spectra are consistent with a rotational diffusion coefficient ( D R ) of approximately 10 5 s −1 .
Simulation of Three-Dimensional Incompressible Flows with a Vortex-in- Cell Method,

A new method for the numerical simulation of three-dimensional incompressible flows is described. The vortex-in-cell (VIC) method presented traces the motion of the vortex filaments in the velocity field which these filaments create. The velocity field is not calculated directly by the Biot-Savart law of interaction but by creating a mesh-record of the vorticity field, then integrating a Poisson's equation via the fast Fourier transform to generate a mesh-record of the velocity field. The computed scales of motion are assumed to be essentially inviscid. Viscous of subgrid-scale effects are incorporated into a filtering procedure in wave vector space. Results of tracing a periodic array of single vortex rings are compared with a Green's function calculation. The agreement is very good.
Interaction of Energy and Food Prices in Less Developed Countries: Comment

Timmer, in a recent article in this Journal, examined the interaction between energy and food prices in less developed countries (1975). (This also applies to a previous article by Timmer in 1974.) His analysis was based on a simple macromodel consisting of an aggregate production and an aggregate consumption function for one of the major food grains. While this analysis reveals some interesting insights and suggests some important policy recommendations for developed and less developed countries alike, these conclusions are conditional on the magnitudes of price elasticity of demand (a) and energy elasticity of supply (y), as we will show. Timmer failed to examine the conditions under which a new food-grain price equilibrium (called long-run equilibrium) is reached as a result of an exogenous change in the price of energy. A new equilibrium might not exist. In fact, it does not exist for most of the values of a and y provided by Timmer. The purpose of this note is to clarify this issue within the framework of a dynamic model with lagged adjustment in two interrelated markets. The simplified model used by Timmer with the time dimension introduced is
The accomplishment of intimacy in the jail visiting room

An essential feature, and perhaps the harshest reality, of incarceration is the physical separation of the prisoner from those with whom he or she would ordinarily interact—a separation which often puts familial and friendship ties in jeopardy. In light of this, prison administrators, citizens' advisory commissions and government agencies have become aware of the rehabilitative benefits of prisoner contact with outsiders. Despite such thinking and the institution of various forms of visitation, effective procedures are difficult to attain in large metropolitan jails. This paper, based on observations in a county jail located in a large, western city, argues that the desired level of intimacy exhibited during a visitor-prisoner conversation is directly related to the importance of the visitor-prisoner relationship as a topic of conversation. Furthermore, the conversation itself becomes an effective experience for those visitors and prisoners for whom their sexual relationship becomes a topic of high priority.
Pre-Resonance Raman Characterization of Metal-Organic Films from Titanium Alkoxide Carboxylate Complexes

Metal-organic films were produced at ambient temperatures and pressures by the controlled hydrolysis of carboxylic acid and titanium isopropoxide mixtures. Pre-resonance Raman spectroscopy was used to study the effect of the organic acid chain length upon the nature of the resulting film. Propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic, and octanoic acids were studied, resulting in a proposed correlation between film quality and certain spectroscopic features of the alkoxide carboxylates. The choice of the carboxylic acid and the presence of an appropriate amount of water were shown to be critical in the development of a good film.
Loss of Activator Protein-2α Results in Overexpression of Protease-activated Receptor-1 and Correlates with the Malignant Phenotype of Human Melanoma

Increasing evidence implicates the protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) as a contributor to tumor invasion and metastasis of human melanoma. Here we demonstrate that the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells correlates with overexpression of PAR-1. We also provide evidence that an inverse correlation exists between the expression of activator protein-2alpha (AP-2) and the expression of PAR-1 in human melanoma cells. Reexpression of AP-2 in WM266-4 melanoma cells, which are AP-2-negative, resulted in decreased mRNA and protein expression of PAR-1. The promoter of the PAR-1 gene contains multiple putative consensus elements for the transcription factors AP-2 and specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the PAR-1 promoter regions bp -365 to -329 (complex 1) and bp -206 to -180 (complex 2) demonstrated that Sp1 was predominantly bound to the PAR-1 promoter in metastatic cells, whereas AP-2 was bound to the PAR-1 promoter in nonmetastatic cells. In vitro analysis of complex 1 demonstrated that AP-2 and Sp1 bound to this region in a mutually exclusive manner. Transfection experiments with full-length and progressive deletions of the PAR-1 promoter luciferase constructs demonstrated that metastatic melanoma cells had increased PAR-1 promoter activity compared with low and nonmetastatic melanoma cells. Our data show that exogenous AP-2 expression decreased promoter activity, whereas transient expression of Sp1 further increased expression of the reporter gene. Mutational analysis of complex 1 within PAR-1 luciferase constructs further demonstrated that the regulation of PAR-1 was mediated through interactions with AP-2 and Sp1. Our data suggest that loss of AP-2 in metastatic cells alters the AP-2/Sp1 ratio, resulting in overexpression of PAR-1. Taken together, our results provide strong evidence that loss of AP-2 correlates with overexpression of PAR-1, which in turn contributes to the acquisition of the malignant phenotype of human melanoma.
Repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis by amino-acids in thymine-starved Escherichia coli.

THE ability to synthesize β-galactosidase of thymine-less mutants of Escherichia coli has been shown to be retained for a prolonged period of thymine starvation even when most of the starved bacteria have lost the viability1,2. These observations were obtained by inducing the thymine-starved bacteria in energy-deprived media. When the induction was carried out in the presence of an energy source, such as glycerol, the ability to synthesize β-galactosidase of the thymine-starved cells declined proportionally as the decline in the viability2. During the prolonged thymine starvation catabolites derived from the carbon source should have accumulated within the cells. On the subsequent induction with glycerol, these accumulated catabolites should exert ‘catabolite repression’3 on the synthesis of β-galactosidase, which is a catabolic enzyme.
Newton-like Schemes via the Method of Generalized Quasilinearization for Volterra Integral Equations of the Second Kind

In this paper we use the Method of Generalized Quasilinearization to obtain Newton-like comparative schemes to solve the Volterra Integral equation of the Second Kind: $0=f(t,x)+\int_{t_0}^t K(t,s,x(s))ds$, which has an isolated zero, $x(t)=r(t)$ in ~$\Omega$ with ~$\Omega=\{(x,t)|\a_0(t)\leq x\leq\b_0(t),t\in J\}$, $J=[t_0,t_0 +T],~ T>0$,~where $f(t,x) \in C^{0,2}[J \times \Omega,\mathbb{R}]$, $K(t,s,x) \in C^{0,2}[J\times J\times\Omega,\mathbb{R}]$. Several cases where $f$ and $K$ are convex or concave functions are presented.
On Pattern Recognition and Quality Control

The application of pattern recognition to quality control is shown. The well-known methodology of conventional quality control is described briefly to illustrate the philosophy of quality measurement. The advantages of adopting the pattern classification approach in quality control (or quality assurance) include on-line quality monitoring without much alteration of existing conventional systems, instant diagnosis of the production process, and ultimately, automatic feedback control of the overall manufacturing process through the development of a corrective control policy.
Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 25 Regulates TLR4-Dependent Innate Immune Responses Through Deubiquitination of the Adaptor Protein TRAF3

Protein ubiquitination plays a critical role in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and innate immunity. Although several E3 ubiquitin ligases have been identified downstream of TLRs, the regulation of protein deubiquitination in TLR-triggered innate immune responses is poorly understood. We identified ubiquitin-specific protease 25 (USP25) as a regulator of TLR signaling. USP25 was recruited to the TLR4 signaling complex, and it associated with the adaptor proteins tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) and TRAF6 after stimulation of TLR4 with its ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS). USP25 specifically reversed the Lys(48)-linked ubiquitination of TRAF3 that was mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase cIAP2 (cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2). Deficiency in USP25 enhanced the extent of ubiquitination of TRAF3 and accelerated its degradation after TLR4 activation, which potentiated TLR4-induced activation of NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling, but inhibited activation of the transcription factor IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3). USP25-deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to LPS-induced septic shock compared to their wild-type counterparts, which was associated with enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased production of interferon-α. Thus, by inhibiting the degradation of TRAF3 during TLR4 activation, USP25 enables a balanced innate immune response.
Clinical correlates of the molecular and cellular actions of magnesium on the cardiovascular system

Abstract Magnesium is a ubiquitous element that participates in metabolic processes essential for life. Magnesium acts as a metalic cofactor in more than 300 enzymatic reactions; notably it is essential for all reactions requiring ATP. Magnesium also functions as a transmembrane and intracellular modulator of other ions. Altered magnesium homeostatis, particularly a deficiency, can cause alterations in metabolic functions that result in clinically recognizable events. Recognition of magnesium deficiency is problematic, since there is no test that will reliably and consistently detect this condition. A high index of suspicion for magnesium deficiency is necessary and treatment should be given when indicated. This article reviews the molecular and cellular actions of magnesium and correlates these basic scientific findings with clinically recognized cardiovascular events in humans. In addition, management guidelines are delineated.
Charcot's Women: Bodies of Knowledge at the Interface of Aging Studies and Women's Studies

ABSTRACT Jean-Martin Charcot's Clinical Lectures on the Diseases of Old Age is recognized as a pioneering, nineteenth-century scientific text on old age. Less acknowledged in gerontology are the elderly women of Paris's Salpetriere Hospital who were Charcot's research subjects. Looking at the feminist research on Charcot, hysteria, and the history of the Salpetriere, and critically examining Charcot's text in light of this research, leads to the conclusion that the study of Charcot's women can strengthen the growing connection between aging studies and women's studies.
Direct Waste Heat Utilization From Liquid-Cooled Supercomputers

Chip microscale liquid-cooling reduces conductive and convective resistance thereby improving the efficiency of datacenters by allowing coolant temperatures above the free cooling limit in all climates. This eliminates the need for chillers and allows the thermal energy to be re-used in cold climates. Replacing the combustion processes for secondary users with recycled heat from the datacenter effectively eliminates carbon dioxide emission during the winter season and reduces operating cost throughout the year. The energy balance of emission-reduced datacenters is compared with a classical air cooled datacenter, a datacenter with free cooling in a cold climate zone, and a datacenter with chiller-mediated energy re-use. Hot water cooled datacenters reduce the effective energy cost by almost a factor of two compared to a current datacenter and reduce the carbon footprint by an even larger factor. Our energy re-use concept has been demonstrated in terms of cost and energy savings in a 60°C liquid cooled supercomputer. Additional alternative energy re-use schemes in hot climates for desalination and adsorption cooling allow close to full use of datacenter heat in all climates and all seasons. Output temperatures for these applications compared to space heating need to be 10–20°C higher which becomes possible through hotspot adapted cooling that eliminates mixing of fluids with different temperatures. In addition, interlayer cooled chip stacks allow double sided hotspot optimized cooling even closer to the heat source with low flow rates and low pumping power. This improves the large efficiency gain that becomes possible through 3D chip stacking.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Hydrogen Diffusion in Undoped a-Si:H

We measured the diffusion coefficient of H in a-Si:H between 36°C and 690°C via H2-evolution and the pressure rise in a closed ampoule. Our measurement temperatures reached ∼110°C above the highest T reported to date. The diffusion coefficient for unalloyed a-Si:H, DH=1.66×10−3 exp [−1.45 eV/kT] cm2 s−1, agrees with the earlier, lower-T, measurements. Between 250°C and 690°C the H-diffusion mechanism in a-Si:H appears to remain the same, with DH ranging from 10−17 cm2s−1 to 10−10cm 2s−1.
Serum S-100β as a possible marker of blood–brain barrier disruption

Two brain-specific proteins, S-100beta and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), are released systemically after cerebral lesions, but S-100beta levels sometimes rise in the absence of neuronal damage. We hypothesized that S-100beta is a marker of blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage rather than of neuronal damage. We measured both proteins in the plasma of patients undergoing iatrogenic BBB disruption with mannitol, followed by chemotherapy. Serum S-100beta increased significantly after mannitol infusion (P<0.05) while NSE did not. This suggests that S-100beta is an early marker of BBB opening that is not necessarily related to neuronal damage.
Expeditious Reconciliation for Practical Quantum Key Distribution

The paper proposes algorithmic and environmental modifications to the extant reconciliation algorithms within the BB84 protocol so as to speed up reconciliation and privacy amplification. These algorithms have been known to be a performance bottleneck 1 and can process data at rates that are six times slower than the quantum channel they serve2. As improvements in single-photon sources and detectors are expected to improve the quantum channel throughput by two or three orders of magnitude, it becomes imperative to improve the performance of the classical software. We developed a Cascade-like algorithm that relies on a symmetric formulation of the problem, error estimation through the segmentation process, outright elimination of segments with many errors, Forward Error Correction, recognition of the distinct data subpopulations that emerge as the algorithm runs, ability to operate on massive amounts of data (of the order of 1 Mbit), and a few other minor improvements. The data from the experimental algorithm we developed show that by operating on massive arrays of data we can improve software performance by better than three orders of magnitude while retaining nearly as many bits (typically more than 90%) as the algorithms that were designed for optimal bit retention.
Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor treatment of a patient in myasthenic crisis: Effects on regulatory T cells

Introduction: In this study we describe a patient with a prolonged myasthenic crisis refractory to conventional immunomodulatory therapy who was treated with GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, sargramostim). Methods: T-regulatory cell (Treg) suppressive function and Foxp3 expression were evaluated before and after treatment with GM-CSF. Results: Treatment with GM-CSF was associated with clinical improvement, expansion in the circulating numbers of Foxp3+ cells, increase in Foxp3 expression levels in Tregs, early improvement in Treg suppressive capacity for AChR-α–induced T-cell proliferation, and subsequent enhancement in Treg suppression of polyclonal T-cell proliferation. Conclusion: Although definitive conclusions cannot be drawn from a single case, the correlation with similar findings in GM-CSF–treated animals with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis suggests further exploration of the effects of GM-CSF in myasthenia gravis should be studied in a clinical trial setting. Muscle Nerve 46: 449–453, 2012
Pragmatics and Singular Reference

: :I present arguments in favour of the view that the propositions expressed by utterances containing singularly referring terms have modes of presentation of the objects referred to by those terms as constituents. I rely on recent work by Sperber and Wilson, Recanati and other pragmatists, and claim that a Fregean account of singular reference is supported by this work. This is in opposition to Recanati himself, who in his book Direct Reference has argued for a view which is closer to that of some neo-Russellians. In particular, I argue contra Recanati for the truth-conditional relevance of the modes of presentation associated with demonstratives and other referential terms. That is, 1 argue that these modes of presentation must be seen as part of the truth-conditional content of utterance-tokens containing such terms.
Three-dimensional Landau theory for multivariant stress-induced martensitic phase transformations. III. Alternative potentials, critical nuclei, kink solutions, and dislocation theory

In part III of this paper, alternative Landau potentials for the description of stress-and temperature-induced martensitic phase transformations under arbitrary three-dimensional loading are obtained. These alternative potentials include a sixth-degree (2-4-6) polynomial in Cartesian order parameters and a potential in hyperspherical order parameters. Each satisfies all conditions for the correct description of experiments. The unique features of the potentials are pointed out and a detailed comparison of the potentials is made for NiAl alloy. Analytic solutions of the one-dimensional time-independent Ginzburg-Landau equations for the 2-3-4 and 2-4-6 potentials for a constant-stress tensor and invariant-plane strain are obtained and compared. Solutions include martensitic and austenitic critical nuclei and diffuse martensite-austenite and martensite-martensite interfaces. The widths and energies of the nuclei and interfaces are functions of the thermodynamic driving force, the gradient energy coefficient, and a parameter that characterizes the stability of austenite. The splitting of a martensite-martensite interface into two austenite-martensite interfaces is interpreted as a potentially new mechanism---namely, barrierless austenite nucleation---which might be observed experimentally at the interface between two invariant-plane-strain variants. The widths, energies, and gradient energy coefficients of the martensite-martensite and austenite-martensite interfaces are estimated for NiAl. Finally, we outline a version of phase field theory for dislocations based on our theoretical framework for phase transformations.
Messagespace: A messaging system for health research

Mobile Health (mHealth) has emerged as a promising direction for delivery of healthcare services via mobile communication devices such as cell phones. Examples include texting-based interventions for chronic disease monitoring, diabetes management, control of hypertension, smoking cessation, monitoring medication adherence, appointment keeping and medical test result delivery; as well as improving patient-provider communication, health information communication, data collection and access to health records. While existing messaging systems very well support bulk messaging and some polling applications, they are not designed for data collection and processing of health research oriented studies. For that reason known studies based on text-messaging campaigns have been constrained in participant numbers. In order to empower healthcare promotion and education research, this paper presents a system dedicated for healthcare research. It is designed for convenient communication with various study groups, feedback collection and automated processing.
Chronology of Computing Devices

A chronology of computing devices is given. It begins with the abacus and counting tables, and traces the development through desk calculators, analog computers, and finally stored program automatic digital computers. Significant dates relative to the development of the IEEE Computer Society are also given.
Improving Communication of Uncertainty in the Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses information relevant to the understanding of climate change and explores options for adaptation and mitigation. The IPCC reports communicate uncertainty by using a set of probability terms accompanied by global interpretational guidelines. The judgment literature indicates that there are large differences in the way people understand such phrases, and that their use may lead to confusion and errors in communication. We conducted an experiment in which subjects read sentences from the 2007 IPCC report and assigned numerical values to the probability terms. The respondents' judgments deviated significantly from the IPCC guidelines, even when the respondents had access to these guidelines. These results suggest that the method used by the IPCC is likely to convey levels of imprecision that are too high. We propose an alternative form of communicating uncertainty, illustrate its effectiveness, and suggest several additional ways to improve the communication of uncertainty.
'Get with the Program!': pharmaceutical marketing, symptom checklists and self-diagnosis.

During more than a decade of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTC) of pharmaceuticals in the United States, several highly controversial and contested disease states have been promoted to affect diagnostic and prescribing outcomes that are favorable to a company’s branded drug. Influencing medical diagnosis is essential to the branding of a disease, which helps to protect pharmaceutical intellectual property and assures higher profits for drug companies. Enormous marketing as well as medical resources are deployed to ensure that new diagnoses of disease states are recognized. While much work has been done investigating the marketing processes necessary to shape and define diagnoses for many of these new disease states, such as Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), the promotion of self-diagnosis within pharmaceutical marketing campaigns garner little sociological attention. This article reviews and analyzes branded disease awareness campaigns sponsored by pharmaceutical companies that employ self-diagnostic “tools”. By using the example of one specific disease state, PMDD, I illustrate how the marketing of self-diagnosis transforms the patient into a consumer in order to achieve the aims of a drug company. This example is contextualized within the larger theoretical framework on the sociology of diagnosis. Consideration is given to how the marketing of self-diagnosis goes beyond Jutel’s (2009) description of diagnosis as being the “classification tool of medicine” and becomes a marketing tool to construct a well-educated consumer who will demand medical diagnoses inline with a drug company’s objectives.
When anaphor resolution fails: Partial encoding of anaphoric inferences

Klin, Weingartner, Guzman, and Levine (2004) Levine, Guzman, and Klin (2000) concluded that readers fail to resolve noun phrase anaphors when the antecedent is difficult to retrieve from memory and the inference is not necessary for comprehension. In four experiments we investigated the hypothesis that these inferences were actually partially encoded. Although the results of a lexical decision task demonstrated that readers did not encode a specific lexical item, the results of a reading time measure indicated that they treated the anaphoric noun phrases as co-referential, having reinstated some features from the antecedent episode. We conclude that readers were satisfied with an underspecified representation (Ferreira, Bailey, & Ferraro, 2002; Sanford, 2002); although they knew that an antecedent was present in the passage, they did not devote the resources to fully reinstate it. Further, readers can quickly evaluate the importance of text inputs to comprehension and adjust their attentional resources accordingly.
Individual and Work Values of Nonprofit, Public, and Business Employees: How Similar or Different Are They?

This study explored differences in individual and work values among employees of nonprofit, public, and business organizations in a sample of 656 organizations. The data used in the present study were extracted from the World Values Survey (WVS) data set. The results of this study showed that while work values were related to the sector of employment, individual values were not. This suggests that work values, and not individual values, might play an important role in determining which sector individuals choose to work in. Additionally, while work values did not differ based on demographic and job variables, interesting differences in individual values were detected based on age, gender, and job position (supervisor/non-supervisor). Based on the results of this study, the author discusses implications for human resource practices and future research.
Postscript on Contribution Societies

For a New Critique of Political Economy by Bernard Stiegler. Translated by Daniel Ross. Cambridge, MA: Polity, 2010. Pp. 154. $14.95 paper. Surveying the landscape of mid century industrial society, Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer ob served the strange role of variety in consumer and cultural goods. The techniques of mass production in the factories and studio system had, oddly enough, managed to produce not a surface of sameness, but a great diversity of things. On the one hand, however, the diver sity of goods that faced consumers was merely apparent, decipherable as false by "any child with a keen interest in variety." On the other hand, the variety of offerings on the market was functional and ef fective at securing the social order. "Something is provided for all," Adorno and Horkheimer gloom ily observed, "so that none may escape."1 If the Frankfurt school theorists could peer into contempo rary culture, they would observe a stunning intensification of variety, as well as a search engine-opti mized system for identifying and catering to niche desires that would make their imagined color-coded advertising maps seem quaint by comparison. The difference be tween the cultural consumption analyzed by Adorno and Hork heimer and today's practices is not the variety, which has only prolifer ated. Rather, it is the unidirectional character of being provided for. The subject of the industrial society is positioned as passive in this regard, whereas the consuming subject today is active and productive: the
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species regulate cellular signaling and dictate biological outcomes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have historically been viewed as toxic metabolic byproducts and causal agents in a myriad of human pathologies. More recent work, however, indicates that ROS are critical intermediates of cellular signaling pathways. Although it is clear that dedicated cellular ROS producers such as NADPH oxidases participate in signaling, evidence suggests that mitochondrial production of ROS is also a tightly controlled process, and plays a role in the maintenance of cellular oxidative homeostasis and propagation of cellular signaling pathways. Production of ROS at mitochondria thus integrates cellular energy state, metabolite concentrations, and other upstream signaling events and has important implications in cellular stress signaling, maintenance of stem cell populations, cellular survival, and oncogenic transformation.
A Commentary on American Plant Ecology, Based on the Textbooks of 1947‐1949

The idols and false notions which are now in possession of the human understanding, and have taken deep root therein, not only so beset men's minds that truth can hardly find entrance; but even after entrance is obtained, they will again in the very instauration of the sciences meet and trouble us, unless men being forewarned of the danger fortify themselves as far as may be against their assaults. FRANCIS BACON, Novum Organum. 1608-1620. Book 1, Aphorism 38.
Comorbid alcohol and cannabis use disorders among high-risk youth at intake into residential care

Abstract Purpose Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and cannabis use disorder (CUD) are prevalent among high-risk adolescents, such as those referred for residential care. These disorders are often comorbid, and comorbidity is associated with heightened adverse consequences compared with each disorder alone. Little is known about factors that are associated with the development of comorbid AUD and CUD. This study tested individual, family, peer, school, and community variables as common versus specific correlates of singular and comorbid AUDs and CUDs among high-risk youth. Methods Participants were 1,662 youth at entry into a large residential group home program. The average age of participants was 15.2 years, and 63% were male. Routine intake assessments, including standardized questionnaires (e.g., Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children) and structured checklists, provided archival data for the analyses, conducted using multinomial logistic regression (with neither disorder as the reference group). Results Male gender was a specific positive correlate of CUD-only. Several common positive correlates of the disorder groups were identified, including individual (e.g., anxiety/depression), family (e.g., family history of substance use), peer (e.g., hanging around troubled peers), and school (e.g., truancy) variables. Age at intake and troubled peers had stronger positive associations with comorbid AUD and CUD than with either disorder alone. Conclusions Many more common than specific correlates were identified; these variables may be associated with generalized risk for substance use disorders. Two variables were particularly strong positive correlates of comorbid AUD and CUD, and potentially could be targeted in interventions designed to prevent comorbid substance use disorders.
The thermal decomposition of methylphenidate in the gas chromatograph mass spectrometer

Methylphenidate undergoes partial thermal decomposition in the injection port of a gas chromatograph. This decomposition explains inconsistencies in some of the previously published mass spectra of the drug. The decomposition products were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry as methyl phenylacetate and a tetrahydropyridine. The extent of decomposition was found to be a function of the injector temperature and was also influenced by other factors, resulting in considerable variability. The ethyl ester analog behaved similarly. Derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride eliminates the thermal decomposition.
Effect of glucose, pyruvate, and insulin on type 1 angiotensin II receptor expression in SV40-immortalized rabbit proximal tubule epithelial cells

Effect of glucose, pyruvate, and insulin on type 1 angiotensin II receptor expression in SV40-immortalized rabbit proximal tubule epithelial cells. Ambient glucose concentrations alter type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT 1 R) expression in renal tissues. The direction of change in AT 1 R density may depend on the specific cell type and the capacity for that cell type to use glucose as an energy substrate. Given the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) in proximal tubule epithelia, glucose-mediated fluctuations in AT 1 R expression could significantly alter tubular Na + -H + exchange and volume reabsorption. To determine if glucose influenced AT 1 R expression in cultured proximal tubule epithelial cells, SV40-immortalized rabbit proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC) were exposed to 25mmol (hi-glc) or 5mmol glucose-containing serum-free medium (lo-glc) for seven to nine days, with or without an alternative energy substrate, pyruvate. AT 1 R expression, assessed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and specific 125 I-Ang II binding, decreased in lo-glc medium (% reduction AT 1 R mRNA expression: 52 ± 8%; N = 6; P 125 I-Ang II binding: 48 ± 12%; N = 12; P 1 R mRNA expression and specific 125 I-Ang II binding recovered to hi-glc levels following the addition of pyruvate [60 mmol] to lo-glc cells. To ascertain if a growth factor that increases glucose uptake in vivo also altered AT 1 R expression, RPTEC were cultured in hi-glc medium with or without exogenous insulin [100 nM], Insulin addition increased AT 1 R mRNA expression and specific 125 I-Ang II binding in a concentration-dependent manner. However, insulin (100 nM) addition to lo-glc cells did not significantly increase specific 125 I-Ang II binding. These results suggest that AT 1 R expression in SV40-immortalized rabbit proximal tubule cells is significantly affected by the availability of energy substrate. Ultimately, changes in proximal tubule AT 1 R expression, mediated by elevated glucose concentrations and insulin, could contribute to sodium-dependent hypertension in the setting of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia.
Utilizing X-irradiation to selectively eliminate neural stem/progenitor cells from neurogenic regions of the mammalian brain.

Neural stem/progenitor cells residing in the mammalian CNS provide a potential endogenous source for replenishing neurons that are lost due to aging, trauma or disease. However, little is known about their functional potential due to the lack of methodologies that allow for the reproducible alteration of stem cell numbers in vivo. Accordingly, we describe a methodology that utilizes targeted X-irradiation to experimentally generate neural stem/progenitor cell-depleted rat models. We show that, by virtue of their mitotic activity, proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells can be selectively eliminated from either the subventricular zone (SVZ) or dentate gyrus of a rat by treating it to an (unilateral or bilateral) exposure of X-irradiation. Utilizing BrdU incorporation, it was found that a single 15 gray (Gy) exposure to the SVZ resulted in the elimination of 85% of the proliferating cell population for up to 3 months. Immunohistochemistry, ultrastructural analysis and proteomics were employed to confirm that the cells eliminated following X-irradiation were neural stem/progenitor cells. Similar depletions of the stem/progenitor cell population in the dentate gyrus were achieved by targeting the hippocampus with a single 15 Gy exposure. The reproducibility, versatility and ease of generation make these experimental animal models a valuable tool to aid in our understanding of the properties and functions of neural stem/progenitor cells.
21st Century Library Systems

ABSTRACT Less than a decade into the 21st century, perhaps it is more fitting to describe library automation as approaching its 80th birthday, is a time to look back and carefully measure moving forward. Since the introduction of a punch card circulation system at the University of Texas in 1936, through the advent and perseverance of the MARC record, and following the ebb and flow of nearly 75 different library automation vendors, library automation has come a long way. For some, however, it has not come nearly far enough. If one were to stop the history of library automation in the mid-1990s and wish away the dominance of the Internet, libraries and patrons might have been quite content with the state-of–the-art as it existed 15 years ago. But wishing away the Internet is like envisioning a world without electricity and indoor plumbing; as such, that 1990s library automation summit is now a plateau from which many library technologists and futurists can see no launch pad to a next-generation of library ...
Energy-related risk in the U.S.A. in the year 2020

Abstract The present risk to health of energy systems has been the subject of much debate in recent years. This paper extrapolates some present results on energy-related risk to the year 2020. It finds that if today's trends continue, the largest sources of risk will be due to the changeover from large to small cars, radon buildup in better-sealed buildings and the entire coal (and synthetic fuel) cycle. Other sources of risk, such as the larger proportion of nuclear and solar energy three or four decades from now, are about an order of magnitude lower than the aforementioned three. Because of the many uncertainties in the calculations, the results should be viewed as primarily qualitative, although derived quantitatively. However, they can be used as a guide by policymakers and research planners to produce the greatest risk reduction per unit effort.
Fluorinated Polyimide Block Copolymers

Block copolymers based on the poly(amic ester) of poly(4,4′-oxydiphenylenepyromellitide) and perfluorcalkylene aryl ethers were synthesized from preformed amine terminated perfluoroalkylene aryl ether oligorncrs. Fluloropolymer structure, wt% incorporation, and molecular weight were varied. Reduction in the dielectric constant to 2.9–2.9 and reduced moisture sensitivity were observed for block copolymers with 55 wt.% poly(perfluoroalkylene aryl ether) content without significant compromise of mechanical or thermal properties.
Congenital Stenosis of Individual Pulmonary Veins

The case is reported of an infant with congenital stenosis of each of the four individual pulmonary veins near the left atrium. The characteristic features were failure to thrive, increasing cyanosis and dyspnea, and death in congestive cardiac failure at 7 months of age. A precordial systolic murmur and an early systolic ejection click were heard; the sounds over the base of the heart were diminished in intensity. Roentgenograms of the thorax revealed a heart of normal size with fullness of the main pulmonary artery segment and increased pulmonary vascular markings that had the reticulated appearance associated with pulmonary venous engorgement. Electrocardiography showed right axis deviation, right atrial enlargement, and a pattern of right ventricular systolic overload. Cardiac catheterization demonstrated increased right atrial pressure and markedly elevated right ventricular and pulmonary arterial pressures. Angiocardiographic studies revealed a right-to-left shunt at atrial level, enlargement of the...
Failure of intraoperative jugular bulb S-100B and neuron-specific enolase sampling to predict cognitive injury after carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE—Cognitive decline occurs in 25% of patients after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Elevated serum concentrations of S-100B and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) occur after stroke, and serum S-100B levels at 24 hours are associated with clinical outcome after both stroke and CEA. We hypothesized that we could detect acute elevations in serum levels of these markers obtained intraoperatively from the jugular bulb (JB) and that these elevations would predict cognitive dysfunction postoperatively as measured by neuropsychometric test performance. METHODS—Forty-three patients scheduled for elective CEA were assessed with a battery of neuropsychometric tests before and 1 day after surgery. Before the carotid artery was clamped, a 6French Fogarty catheter was inserted into the facial vein and threaded 6 cm rostrally into the JB. Serum samples were withdrawn from this catheter and simultaneously from a radial arterial catheter (A-line) at three time points: before clamping, 15 minutes into clamping, and after unclamping the carotid artery. Concentrations between groups were compared by analysis of variance and paired t tests. RESULTS—Total deficit scores were significantly worse in 13 (30%) of the 43 patients 1 day after surgery. There was a trend toward elevations in JB concentrations of S-100B relative to A-line levels 15 minutes after cross-clamping (11% elevation, P = 0.079, paired t test). In addition, 15 minutes
Proposal for superstructure based high efficiency photovoltaics

A novel class of cascade structures is proposed which features multijunction upper subcells. These will be referred to as superstructure high efficiency photovoltaics (SHEP). The additional junctions enhance spectral response and improve radiation tolerance by reducing bulk recombination losses. This is important because ternary III‐V alloys, which tend to have short minority‐carrier diffusion lengths, are the only viable materials for the high band‐gap upper subcells required for cascade solar cells. Realistic simulations of AlGaAs SHEP’s show that one sun AM0 efficiencies in excess of 26% are possible.