cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted Genome Mining Discovery of the Ramoplanin Congener Chersinamycin from the Dynemicin-Producer Micromonospora chersina DSM 44154

ABSTRACT The availability of genome sequence data combined with bioinformatic genome mining has accelerated the identification of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). Ramoplanins and enduracidins are lipodepsipeptides produced by Actinoplanes ramoplaninifer ATCC 33076 and Streptomyces fungicidicus B-5477, respectively, that exhibit excellent in vitro activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive pathogens. To explore if ramoplanin/enduracidin-like BGCs exist within genomes of organisms sequenced to date, we devised a targeted genome mining strategy that employed structure-activity relationships to identify conserved, essential biosynthesis genes from the ramoplanin and enduracidin BGCs. Five microorganisms were found to contain ramoplanin-like BGCs: the enediyne antibiotic producer Micromonospora chersina strain DSM 44151(dynemycin); the glycopeptide antibiotic producers Amycolatopsis orientalis strain B-37 (norvancomycin), Amycolatopsis orientalis strain DSM 40040 (vancomycin), and Amycolatopsis balhimycina FH1894 strain DSM 44591 (balhimycin); and Streptomyces sp. TLI_053. A single compound from fermentation of M. chersina was purified to homogeneity and found to possess good antibiotic activity against several Gram-positive bacterial test strains (1-2 μg/mL), comparing favorably to ramoplanin family members. We named this compound chersinamycin and elucidated its covalent structure, which differs distinctly from ramoplanins and enduracidins. Further, the chersinamycin BGC was validated through insertional gene inactivation using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. In addition to the information gained by comparing and contrasting the sequence and organization of these five new BGCs, the amenability of M. chersina to genetic manipulation provides a much-needed tool to investigate the fundamental aspects of lipodepsipeptide biosynthesis and to facilitate metabolic engineering efforts for the production of novel antibiotics capable of combating antibiotic-resistant infections.
Making the Market Work: Enhancing Consumer Sovereignty Through the Telemarketing Sales Rule and the Distance Selling Directive

This article analyzes the provisions of the Telemarketing Sales Rule, which the Federal Trade Commission promulgated in 1995 pursuant to the 1994 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act. The author proposes a framework through which the Rule may be understood as embodying a regulatory strategy of controlling abusive telemarketing by enhancing the effectiveness of market forces. In particular, the Rule works by improving the quantity and quality of information flowing to consumers, preventing the occurrence of transactions that the consumer does not truly intend, preventing telemarketers from evading the effects of market forces governing availability of payment mechanisms, and enhancing the effectiveness of the contract regime. The article then applies the same framework to the 1997 Distance Selling Directive of the European Union, yielding several recommendations that EU member countries may find useful when transposing the Directive into national law. The author also discusses some of the special considerations that EU member countries should take account of when transposing the Directive's requirements in the context of electronic commerce.
Understanding the Extent to which Summarization Evaluation Metrics Measure the Information Quality of Summaries.

Reference-based metrics such as ROUGE or BERTScore evaluate the content quality of a summary by comparing the summary to a reference. Ideally, this comparison should measure the summary's information quality by calculating how much information the summaries have in common. In this work, we analyze the token alignments used by ROUGE and BERTScore to compare summaries and argue that their scores largely cannot be interpreted as measuring information overlap, but rather the extent to which they discuss the same topics. Further, we provide evidence that this result holds true for many other summarization evaluation metrics. The consequence of this result is that it means the summarization community has not yet found a reliable automatic metric that aligns with its research goal, to generate summaries with high-quality information. Then, we propose a simple and interpretable method of evaluating summaries which does directly measure information overlap and demonstrate how it can be used to gain insights into model behavior that could not be provided by other methods alone.
Content analysis of Journal of Genetic Counseling research articles: A multi-year perspective.

Content analyses of published papers in journals inform readers, editors, and members of the profession about historical publication patterns and how the journal has represented the field. This study is a content analysis of original research papers published in the Journal of Genetic Counseling from January 2011 through December 2017. This is the first study of its kind for the flagship journal of the National Society of Genetic Counseling. Of 794 papers published in the 7-year period, 428 were original research included in the analysis. Content analysis yielded categories reflecting the types of data analyses, genetic counseling practice specialties, characteristics of the study sample, and major topics/issues investigated in each study. There was an overall positive linear trend in the number of articles published during this period (p = .002). Approximately equal percentages of studies used qualitative (34%), quantitative (31%), and mixed (35%) analyses, and these proportions did not vary significantly across volumes (p = .73). Cancer (27%), prenatal (13.3%), and general genetics (12.6%) were the most prevalent specialties represented. The number of studies about prenatal and pediatrics was less, and the number of studies about neurogenetics was greater than would be expected based on the clinical workforce (p<.001). Patients were the most common sample (55.6%). While there was a significant increase in the number of articles with diverse samples (p = .001), the proportion of such articles did not increase over time (p = .86). The most common content areas were genetic counseling practice (16.8%); attitudes, perceptions, and beliefs about genetics services (16.1%); and decision-making (14.5%). In contrast, relatively few studies focused on laboratory genetic counselor, male, gender non-conforming, and adoptee populations. The trends and gaps highlighted in this content analysis can inform future research endeavors.
Mutant rice and agricultural modernization in Asia

By using the genealogy of hybrid rice, Mahsuri, developed in Malaysia by Japanese agronomists in the 1960s, this article tells a story of agricultural modernization in Asia that challenges the US-c...
Science and Innovations in Russia in 2018

The past year marked the start of drawing up new integrated technological development plans for the Russian science and technology. The plans were originally presented by an Executive Order of the Russian President and then evolved into a nationwide project called “The ‘Science’ National Project” which is in turn linked to the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation adopted in 2016 as well as a national program called “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation.”
Tactile-based wearable system for improved hazard perception of worker and equipment collision

Abstract Although past studies investigated automated hazard-identification methods, few explored workers' awareness capabilities for detected hazards. Recent research identified that workers have difficulty becoming aware of potential risks in harsh construction environments (limited vision and hearing). In response, this study investigated a new communication method with a wearable tactile-based system to improve worker's hazard perception. Built on past research, we identified key informational details to represent detected safety hazards, developed a tactile-based communication mechanism, and conducted a series of field trials. Results were assessed to determine the system's reliability with respect to several scenarios, conducted in a controlled environment for safety reasons. Test results demonstrated that the system is capable of alerting workers of pre-identified collision hazards without relying on their innate sensing (hearing and vision). Findings could help workers to become aware of detected hazards in harsh environments, where it is difficult to hear alerts or spot potential hazards.
The intricacies of NRF2 regulation in cancer

The complex role of NRF2 in the context of cancer continues to evolve. As a transcription factor, NRF2 regulates various genes involved in redox homeostasis, protein degradation, DNA repair, and xenobiotic metabolism. As such, NRF2 is critical in preserving cell function and viability, particularly during stress. Importantly, NRF2 itself is regulated via a variety of mechanisms, and the mode of NRF2 activation often dictates the duration of NRF2 signaling and its role in either preventing cancer initiation or promoting cancer progression. Herein, different modes of NRF2 regulation, including oxidative stress, autophagy dysfunction, protein-protein interactions, and epigenetics, as well as pharmacological modulators targeting this cascade in cancer, are explored. Specifically, how the timing and duration of these different mechanisms of NRF2 induction affect tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis are discussed. Additionally, progress in the discovery and development of NRF2 inhibitors for the treatment of NRF2-addicted cancers is highlighted, including modulators that inhibit specific NRF2 downstream targets. Overall, a better understanding of the intricate nature of NRF2 regulation in specific cancer contexts should facilitate the generation of novel therapeutics designed to not only prevent tumor initiation, but also halt progression and ultimately improve patient wellbeing and survival.
A descriptive analysis of dengue in Peace Corps Volunteers, 2000-2019.

Abstract Background Peace Corps Volunteers (PCVs) are a unique expatriate population at risk for dengue. Previous studies examined travelers or lacked demographic information about expatriates. We examined dengue incidence among PCVs before and after deployment of an electronic medical record (EMR) to assess temporal and demographic factors. Methods Dengue cases within Peace Corps’ Epidemiologic Surveillance System from 2000 to 2019 were identified using a standard case definition, and two timeframes were compared: pre-EMR 2000–2015 and post-EMR 2016–2019. Results Annual infections occurred in a roughly 3-year cyclic pattern from 2007 to 2019. Incidence rate decreased from 1.35 cases per 100 dengue Volunteer-years (95% CI 1.28–1.41) in 2000–2015 to 1.25 cases (95% CI 1.10–1.41) in 2016–2019. Among PCVs who served from 2016 to 2019, the majority of infections occurred in females and 20–29 year olds, and 7% were medically evacuated. Among PCVs who served from 2015 to 2019, 21% were hospitalized in-country. Conclusions Among PCVs, a non-significant decrease in dengue incidence occurred from 2000–2015 to 2016–2019. Annual infection rates peaked every three years, offering opportunities for targeted prevention efforts. Dengue infection in PCVs appears to mimic the overall demographic of Peace Corps. Expatriates like PCVs are at an increased risk for dengue infection compared to short-term travelers.
Statin therapy in midlife women.

ABSTRACT The menopause transition is associated with adverse changes to the lipid profile. Although there are no specific treatment guidelines for women, current evidence supports the use of statin therapy in women with 1) established clinical atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD); 2) primary hypercholesterolemia, with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 190 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L) or higher; 3) diabetes mellitus regardless of ASCVD risk category (ages 40-75 y); and 4) for primary prevention of ASCVD in women at high risk (10-y risk, ≥20%) or intermediate risk (10-y risk, ≥7.5-20%) with the presence of guideline-derived risk enhancers (age 40-75 y) such as premature menopause or a history of preeclampsia.
Effect of humidity on curing of alkoxysilane-functionalized alkyd coatings

The effect of relative humidity on the curing of alkoxysilane functional alkyds and reactive diluents was evaluated. Alkoxysilane functional alkyds and tung oil-based reactive diluents were synthesized and used as additives in varying amounts in alkyd coatings. Looking at modified alkyd versus modified reactive diluent allows for the comparison of the humidity effect on high and low molecular weight alkoxysilane functional additives. The coatings were cured at 25 and 75% relative humidity and evaluated for drying time, coating and tensile properties, and gel content. It was found that at higher humidity, the alkoxysilane-containing samples improved properties significantly when compared to the control alkyd.
Let’s Argue: Developing Argumentative Writing Skills for Students with Learning Disabilities

We used the POW + TREE strategy within the self-regulated strategy development (SRSD) framework to teach six 6th graders with learning disabilities to write argumentative essays. A special educatio...
Is There a Histone Code for Cellular Quiescence

Many of the cells in our bodies are quiescent, that is, temporarily not dividing. Under certain physiological conditions such as during tissue repair and maintenance, quiescent cells receive the appropriate stimulus and are induced to enter the cell cycle. The ability of cells to successfully transition into and out of a quiescent state is crucial for many biological processes including wound healing, stem cell maintenance, and immunological responses. Across species and tissues, transcriptional, epigenetic, and chromosomal changes associated with the transition between proliferation and quiescence have been analyzed, and some consistent changes associated with quiescence have been identified. Histone modifications have been shown to play a role in chromatin packing and accessibility, nucleosome mobility, gene expression, and chromosome arrangement. In this review, we critically evaluate the role of different histone marks in these processes during quiescence entry and exit. We consider different model systems for quiescence, each of the most frequently monitored candidate histone marks, and the role of their writers, erasers and readers. We highlight data that support these marks contributing to the changes observed with quiescence. We specifically ask whether there is a quiescence histone "code," a mechanism whereby the language encoded by specific combinations of histone marks is read and relayed downstream to modulate cell state and function. We conclude by highlighting emerging technologies that can be applied to gain greater insight into the role of a histone code for quiescence.
Characteristics of low light level television cameras.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the characteristics of low light level television cameras. There are two approaches to the production of a video camera with sufficient sensitivity for low light level work. The approaches include employment of a device with high quantum efficiency such as a charged coupled device (CCD) and use of a photoemissive device such as an image intensifier. Both approaches have been used with success for video imaging of living preparations. The noise of the ideal low light level video camera is solely due to that associated with emission from the photocathode. As with photomultiplier tubes, signal to noise may be increased by image averaging with the resultant reduction in temporal resolution. The tradeoff between spatial and temporal resolution is of prime consideration in the selection and use of low light level video systems. The best photocathodes for image tube applications in video microscopy are the S-20 or multialkali. Quantum efficiency of these photosensors is in the 20–30% range and the S-25 photocathode is about 10 to 15% quantum efficient. It is found that the speed of response of low light level cameras depends on photoconductive and capacitative effects at the photocathode.
Determination of subcellular elemental concentration through ultrahigh resolution electron microprobe analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the determination of subcellular elemental concentration through ultrahigh-resolution electron-microprobe analysis. Examples of mediation of cell function by elemental concentration gradients on a subcellular level are numerous; one which readily comes to mind is the influence of Ca translocation within muscle cells on the contractile process. Ultrahigh-resolution elemental microanalysis of biological tissue is in a state of infancy as regards full quantification of concentrations within cells and tissues. Microelectrodes are selective for only one element per electrode, and the diameter of the region probed is in excess of several micrometers, and the microelectrode technique is thus limited in spatial localization. The limit of sensitivity is in general greater than desirable because of the small size of the region probed. One of the most important relationships in biology is that between the distribution and migration of ions in living systems and subsequent cell function. The technique of cell fractionation, however, yields sufficient quantities of individual components and allows rather precise quantitative chemical analysis, but does not permit analysis of the cell in any form resembling the living state.
Positive Psychological Tests and Measures

Many self-report measures are available to assist practitioners in the identification of client strengths and symptoms of well-being. Most of the measures are available free of charge, are quick to administer and score, and many are available on-line. The instruments available are related to the measure of character strengths, personal talents, life satisfaction, positive emotions, positive coping, and a host of other positive psychology constructs such as gratitude, forgiveness, empathy, hope, optimism, creativity, and more. Some of the most popular measures in positive psychology are described in this section and where possible, full versions of the scales are provided. For those scales that could not be reproduced, information on where to obtain such measures is provided.
The When and How of Evaluative Readiness: A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective

In this article we consider the phenomenon of evaluative readiness, whereby the activation in memory of a goal leads to an unintentional increase in positivity toward stimuli that can facilitate the goal. We review four lines of work that together address the question of when goals lead to this kind of automatic shift in people’s attitudes. We then consider how contemporary models of cognition might explain this effect. We review whether dual systems models and single interacting system models can explain the phenomenon of evaluative readiness. Based on recent work in cognitive psychology and computational neuroscience, we then argue for the potential explanatory value of turning to a multiple interacting systems framework for explaining the phenomenon of evaluative readiness.
A service-oriented approach for integrating multiagent system designs

As agent technology acceptance grows, there is a need for software engineering approaches to deal with the design of large, complex multiagent applications. Currently, existing approaches work well for small systems but are not well suited for large, complex applications. Thus, we propose extending multiagent approaches with service-oriented principles to simplify the design of such systems. Our approach composes small multiagent-based services to build larger, more complex applications. This paper introduces the key concepts required to design reusable multiagent services and shows how the services can be composed to create complex multiagent applications.
Skin reactions: V. A contour gauge for measurement of height and breadth of allergic wheals

Abstract 1. 1. A method for the construction and operation of a simple contour gauge is described. 2. 2. By means of the gauge the rate of growth of the height and cross section of allergic wheals may be measured and recorded. 3. 3. Typical results are presented which indicate that wheals produced by histamine iontophoresis, by stroking, and by light usually reach a maximum height within twenty minutes. This maximum height may not decrease during the next forty minutes if the intensity of stimulation is sufficient. 4. 4. The permanence of the wheal height and cross section, correlated with previous data on dye dilution and absorption during this period, indicates that a steady state is approximately maintained between the volume of plasma entering and leaving the wheal when the wheal height remains constant. With weaker stimuli the wheal height may decrease more rapidly.
The network diameter and its impact on company performance

This study shows how the impact of network evolution on the network's overall performance is mediated by the network's diameter. Our principle argument in this paper is that the diameter serves as a criterion to measure the performance of a network structure. A small or reduced diameter indicates tight relationships between the vertices comprising the network. This facilitates higher network capacity and flow between the vertices, which, in turn, leads to better overall performance of the network. On the other hand, a larger diameter leads to performance degradation due to a loosely connected network.
Practical passive lossy link inference

We propose a practical technique for the identification of lossy network links. Our scheme is based on a function that computes the likelihood of each link to be lossy. This function mainly depends on the number of times a link appears in lossy paths and on the relative loss rates of these paths. Preliminary simulation results show that our solution achieves accuracy comparable to statistical methods (e.g. Bayesian) at significantly lower running time.
THE SKULL OF RAPETOSAURUS KRAUSEI (SAUROPODA: TITANOSAURIA) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MADAGASCAR

Abstract Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar is the best-preserved and most complete titanosaur yet described. The skull of Rapetosaurus is particularly significant because most titanosaurs are diagnosed solely on the basis of fragmentary postcranial material, and knowledge of the titanosaur skull has remained incomplete. Material referred to Rapetosaurus includes the type skull from an adult that preserves the basicranium, rostrum, mandible, and palate. A second, juvenile skull preserves most of the braincase and cranial vault, as well as some of the palate and lower jaw. Here we provide a detailed description of Rapetosaurus cranial anatomy and highlight comparative relationships among known titanosaur and other neosauropod skulls. The Rapetosaurus skull is similar to those of diplodocoids in its overall shape, with retracted external nares and an elongated snout. However, extensive tooth distribution and bone articulations surroundi...
Degenerate Fermi Gas

Even at absolute zero, the Pauli exclusion principle forces fermions into high energy states, a degenerate gas. States fill to the Fermi energy, equivalent to about 50,000 K for a free electron gas. At laboratory temperatures, small excitation into higher energy states is calculated by using an asymptotic Sommerfeld expansion. Heat capacity is linear in temperature and typically 100 times smaller than for a classical gas. A magnetic field can split spin states, resulting in weak Pauli paramagnetism; its effect on orbits causes Landau diamagnetism. Heating enables electron escape by thermionic emission, also affected by electric fields and radiation. Semiconductors have densities of states with a forbidden energy band. Electrons in intrinsic semiconductors can be thermally excited to a conduction band above a band gap leaving empty states called holes in the valence band. This results in electrical conductivity that can be enhanced by dopants called donors and acceptors that provide states that are easier to excite.
Evaporating menisci of wetting fluids

Abstract We model the transport processes occurring in a horizontal evaporating meniscus which is affected by both capillarity and by multilayer adsorption. Perturbation theory is used to describe the profile change relative to the static isothermal profile. We solve for this deviation profile, as well as for the evaporative flux from the interface, for a range of values appropriate to the nondimensional parameters in the model. The results clearly demonstrate that large heat fluxes can occur in the transition region between the capillary meniscus and the adsorbed layer. Moreover, the deviation profile predicts a thinning in the meniscus region with a shift in the apparent zero toward the gap, a much thinner nonevaporating adsorbed film, and an increase in apparent contact angle.
Hemagglutinins in mosquitoes and their role in the immune response to Brugia malayi (Filarioidea:Nematoda) larvae.

Hemagglutinins were determined in six species of mosquitoes that are susceptible and refractory to Brugia malayi (Filarioidea: Nematoda). High titers of hemagglutinins were found in the salivary gland extract and in the body fluid of a completely refractory species, Aedes taeniorhynchus, and in partially refractory species, Anopheles quadrimculatus; but low levels of hemagglutinins were also present in the body fluid of Aedes aegypti (Black-eye, Liverpool strain), a susceptible species. Hemagglutinating activity was not found in the other three completely refractory species of mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex nigripalpus, and Aedes albopictus in which blood coagulated rapidly after ingestion. High titers of hemagglutinins in the salivary glands of Ae. taeniorhynchus and An. quadrimaculatus facilitated rapid movement of sheathed microfilariae from the midgut to the hemocoel. It is suggested that high titers of hemagglutinins present in the hemocoel bound to the glycoconjugates with exposed carbohydrate moieties present on the microfilarial sheaths and developing abnormal larvae (L1) in the thoracic muscle cells. These hemagglutinin-bound glycoconjugates formed capsules that subsequently stimulated the immune response and resulted in melanization of microfilarial sheaths and sheathed microfilariae in the hemocoel and intracellularly developing abnormal L1 in the thoracic muscles. Only minimal encapsulation and melanization of B. malayi microfilariae was observed in the hemocoel of the other four species of mosquitoes that lacked hemagglutinins in the salivary glands. The results suggest that tissue specific hemagglutinins are one of several factors of vector susceptibility/refractoriness through immune reactions (encapsulation, activation of prophenoloxidases).
Growth of InAsSb alloys on GaAs and Si substrates for uncooled infrared photodetector applications

In this paper, we report on the growth and characterization of InAsSb alloys on GaAs and Si substrates for uncooled infrared photodetector applications. The fabrication and characterization of photodetectors from the grown layers are also reported. The photovoltaic and photoconductive devices were grown on (100) GaAs and Si substrates, respectively, using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). The composition of InAs1-xSbx layers was 0.95 in both cases and cut-off wavelength of 7 - 8 micrometer has been obtained. At 300 K, the photovoltaic detectors on GaAs substrates resulted in a sharp cut-off wavelength of 7.5 micrometer with a peak responsivity as high as 0.32 V/W at 6.5 micrometer. For the photoconductive detectors on Si substrates, cut-off wavelength of 8 micrometer has been observed with a responsivity of 6.3 X 10-2 V/W at 7 micrometer under an electric field of 420 V/m.
The Spectrum of X-Rays from Comet Hyakutake

Abstract A previous paper (1997. T. G. Northrop, C. M. Lisse, M. J. Mumma, and M. D. Desch. Icarus 127, 246–250.) established that the total X-ray radiation intensity from Comet Hyakutake can be attributed to electron-neutral bremsstrahlung by using an electron energy spectrum of the shape seen by Vega 2 at Halley, but otherwise using solar wind and cometary parameters characteristic of Hyakutake. In this paper we find that the predicted photon spectrum also agrees with Hyakutake observations, insofar as they are known, in both shape and intensity.
Polarization energy gradients in combined quantum mechanics, effective fragment potential, and polarizable continuum model calculations

A method that combines quantum mechanics (QM), typically a solute, the effective fragment potential (EFP) discrete solvent model, and the polarizable continuum model is described. The EFP induced dipoles and polarizable continuum model (PCM) induced surface charges are determined in a self-consistent fashion. The gradients of these two energies with respect to molecular coordinate changes are derived and implemented. In general, the gradients can be formulated as simple electrostatic forces and torques among the QM nuclei, electrons, EFP static multipoles, induced dipoles, and PCM induced charges. Molecular geometry optimizations can be performed efficiently with these gradients. The formulas derived for EFP∕PCM can be generally applied to other combined molecular mechanics and continuum methods that employ induced dipoles and charges.
Anticonvulsant effect of anterior thalamic high frequency electrical stimulation in the rat

Abstract Evidence suggests that a specific subcortical pathway synaptically linking the anterior thalamic nuclear complex (AN) to the hypothalamus and midbrain is important in the expression of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures. Perturbation of neuronal activity along this path via focal disruption or chemical inhibition significantly raises seizure threshold. Recent data has demonstrated that focal electrical stimulation within the hypothalamic component of this pathway inhibited seizure expression in a current and frequency dependent fashion. Similar experiments were conducted in the AN to investigate the hypothesis that stimulation of this thalamic nuclear region can prevent the propagation of PTZ seizures between cortical and subcortical regions. Our results indicate that high frequency (100 Hz) stimulation of AN did not alter the expression of low dose PTZ induced cortical bursting but did raise the clonic seizure threshold compared to naive animals or those stimulated at sites near, but not in AN ( P
Managing Diversity in Organizations: An Exercise Based on Racial Awareness Training

Racial relations is one of the most difficult topics to cover in a course on managing diversity. This article describes an exercise, based on racial awareness training, designed to develop students' awareness of their own (and others') racial identities. The exercise includes discussion questions designed as a bridge between students' psychological experiences during the exercise and larger issues about racial relations.
Double-electron loss of 0.5-MeV H-

We have measured a secondary electron spectrum at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{L}=0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ produced in ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-He collisions in which the detected electrons are time correlated with the detection of protons. This electron energy spectrum does not show the double-peaked structure usually seen in ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-He collisions and associated with the dominant single-electron-loss process which produces neutral hydrogen rather than protons. The measured electron energy spectrum is asymmetric and implies a nonisotropic angular distribution in the projectile frame. A possible source of this asymmetry is discussed.
Relationships between early acute pain scores, autonomic nervous system function, and injury severity in wounded soldiers.

BACKGROUND: : Acute pain after injury affects the comfort and function of the wounded soldier and the physiology of multiple body systems. In the civilian population, pain alters the function of the autonomic nervous system, causing increased heart rate and blood pressure. However, there are no data regarding the impact of combat-related pain on physiologic responses. This study is a retrospective analysis that examined the relationship of pain and physiologic parameters in injured soldiers. METHODS: : After Institutional Review Board approval, the Joint Trauma Theater Registry (JTTR) was queried to identify soldiers who had pain scores recorded in the Emergency Department (ED) in theater. Subject data collected from the JTTR included the following: pain score, Injury Severity Score (ISS), blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate. RESULTS: : We identified 2,646 soldiers with pain scores recorded in the ED. The pain score was not related to most physiologic parameters measured in the ED. Pain intensity had no correlation with blood pressure or heart rate. However, there were relationships between the pain score and respiratory rate, with patients reporting a pain score of 10 having a slightly higher respiratory rate. Increasing pain scores were also associated with increased ISS (p Language: en
Everything you need to know about technology

Technological change in publishing comes in three forms: (1) software applications intended to increase efficiency of existing processes; (2) entirely new publishing opportunities, and (3) pressures exerted on the system of publishing. For educators and publishers, this poses a challenge. Teaching computer applications is often indistinguishable from mere skills-training, and may be inappropriate for most professional publishing education programs. The study of possible business opportunities may be impractically abstract, and consequently may be viewed with indifference by professional publishers. The study of systemic change requires a more inclusive definition of scope than is enjoyed by most academic and in-house education programs. In every case, fostering an understanding of the context and process of change itself is crucial for meaningful education. The author uses examples based in traditional scholarly publishing as illustrations.
Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States

This article presents a review of the book “Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States,” by Alice Kessler-Harris.
Rapid Response to Psychosocial Treatment for Adolescent Depression: A Two-Year Follow-up

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the differential course and treatment outcome of patients who participated in a randomized clinical trial, comparing cognitive, family, and supportive psychotherapies for adolescent major depressive disorder. Method In a sample of 100 depressed adolescents, remission, clinical recovery, recurrence, and functional improvement were examined at the end of acute treatment and at 1- and 2-year follow-up, according to their type of response to treatment. Rapid response was defined as a decline of 50° in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score from pretreatment until the beginning of the second session of psychotherapy, intermediate as a decline of 0°. and initial nonresponse as a BDI score that stayed the same or increased. Results Rapid responders showed a better outcome at acute treatment, 1-year, and in some measures, 2-year follow-up. For those who had recurrences over time, rapid responders showed a longer period before recurrence. Subjects were most likely to respond rapidly, or not at all, in the supportive cell. Conclusions These findings suggest that milder forms of depression may benefit from initial supportive therapy or short trials of more specialized types of psychotherapy. The use of a placebo run-in period might help to “wash out” nonspecific responders.
An improved power duster for mass delousing of humans.

An improved power duster capable of mechanically controlling pediculicide output was developed for delousing humans. A comparison of operating characteristics for the old and new dusters is presented. Testing demonstrated that the new duster delivered 1.80 ± 0.23 g and 3.45 ± 0.14 g at two designated settings of 1.8 and 4.0, respectively.
MDMA and fenfluramine reduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia via indirect 5-HT1A receptor stimulation.

Chronic l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) pharmacotherapy in Parkinson’s disease is often accompanied by the development of abnormal and excessive movements known as dyskinesia. Clinical and experimental studies indicate that indirect serotonin agonists can suppress dyskinesia without affecting the efficacy of L-DOPA. While the mechanism by which these effects occur is not clear, recent research suggests that serotonin 5-HT1A receptors may play a pivotal role. To test this, male Sprague‐Dawley rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine medial forebrain bundle lesions received 1 week of daily treatment with L-DOPA (12 mg ⁄kg, i.p.) plus benserazide (15 mg ⁄kg, i.p.). Beginning on the 8th day of treatment and every 3rd or 4th day thereafter, rats were pretreated with vehicle (0.9% NaCl), the serotonin and dopamine releaser 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 0.25 or 2.5 mg ⁄kg, i.p.) or the serotonin releaser fenfluramine (FEN; 0.25 or 2.5 mg ⁄kg, i.p.) 5 min prior to L-DOPA, after which abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and rotations were quantified every 20th minute for 2 h. Pretreatment with 2.5 mg ⁄kg of either MDMA or FEN reduced AIMs. To determine the contribution of the 5-HT1A receptor to these effects, another group of L-DOPA-primed 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats were pretreated with the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635 (0.5 mg ⁄kg, i.p.), MDMA + WAY100635 (2.5 + 0.5 mg ⁄kg, i.p.) or FEN + WAY100635 (2.5 + 0.5 mg ⁄kg, i.p.) 5 min prior to L-DOPA and subsequent AIMs and rotation tests. The antidyskinetic effects of MDMA and FEN were reversed by cotreatment with WAY100635. These results suggest that 5-HTaugmenting compounds such as MDMA and FEN probably convey antidyskinetic properties in part via stimulation of 5-HT1A receptors.
COLLEGE ∼ What Is It?

A college is leaving home And making a new home; Perhaps that first going away, Parting from long-loved persons and places ; Some bewilderment on the campus Some fun in getting acquainted with the town ; Awe of the seniors and juniors, Fear of the sophomores ; Registration, and a maze of details ; Swallowing strange food And longing for mother's home made pies ; Learning the college songs, And gradually, imperceptibly, Taking on the devotion and pride In being a full-fledged college man.
Hough transformation for the detection of seismic patterns

Hough transformation is used to detect seismic patterns on seismograms. In one-shot seismograms, the direct wave pattern and refracted wave pattern are straight lines and the reflected wave pattern is hyperbola, so it is applicable to use the Hough transformation to detect the seismic patterns. The algorithm for the detection of hyperbola or reflected pattern is proposed, In a stacked seismogram, the diffraction pattern can also be detected by the Hough transformation technique.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF ANDROGENIC SUBSTANCE AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE TO THE IMMATURE MONKEY11

Two immature male and 2 immature female Macacus mulatta monkeys were chosen as test animals. The males weighed 2.0 and 2.1 kg. respectively, the females 1.6 and 1.8 kg. One male and one female monkey, animals 1 and 4, each received single injections of 20 mg. of testosterone propionate on 2 occasions; after 22 days with no further treatment, a course of 17 injections of 20 mg. each, was given on alternate days over a period of 35 days. The other male and female monkeys, animals 2 and 3 received single injections of smaller amounts of hormone, 5 mg. of testosterone pro'pionate, on each of 2 occasions and, after 22 days without treatment, a series of 14 injections of 5 mg. which were given on alternate days over a period of 30 days. During the long period of continued injections the monkeys responded.
Material Availability and the Supply Chain: Risks, Effects, and Responses

Many authors suggest that market forces are inadequate to successfully manage the problems of resource availability and use. The fundamental question is whether these inadequacies are intrinsic to the market or if they arise from a failure of firms to detect and respond to subtle market signals. This paper explores the latter by describing (1) mechanisms that can limit materials availability, (2) effects of such limits on the firm, (3) preliminary metrics to diagnose these risks, and (4) strategies to reduce a firm's risk exposure. Case analyses of two materials systems are used to suggestthat private firm interests, when properly informed, can motivate strategies that drive toward sustainable materials use. These strategies include (1) improving production efficiency, (2) developing technology to use more sustainable substitute materials, and (3) facilitating a more effective materials recycling infrastructure.
A brief review of the role of lattices in rank order statistics

Abstract Partial ordering of the rank order probabilities arising in one-sample, two-sample and c -sample cases is essential in constructing most powerful rank order statistics. Savage (1956, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1964), Narayana (1978) and Narayana et al. (1978) spent considerable time in exploring such partial orderings by applying lattice theory methods. In this article we review some of these results and also indicate how certain recursive schemes are essential in computing the distribution of rank tests.
Wnt16 Attenuates TGFβ-Induced Chondrogenic Transformation in Vascular Smooth Muscle

Objective— Phenotypic plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contributes to cardiovascular disease. Chondrocyte-like transformation of VSMCs associates with vascular calcification and underlies the formation of aortic cartilaginous metaplasia induced in mice by genetic loss of matrix Gla protein (MGP). Previous microarray analysis identified a dramatic downregulation of Wnt16 in calcified MGP-null aortae, suggesting an antagonistic role for Wnt16 in the chondrogenic transformation of VSMCs. Approach and Results— Wnt16 is significantly downregulated in MGP-null aortae, before the histological appearance of cartilaginous metaplasia, and in primary MGP-null VSMCs. In contrast, intrinsic TGFβ is activated in MGP-null VSMCs and is necessary for spontaneous chondrogenesis of these cells in high-density micromass cultures. TGFβ3-induced chondrogenic transformation in wild-type VSMCs associates with Smad2/3-dependent Wnt16 downregulation, but Wnt16 does not suppress TGFβ3-induced Smad activation. In addition, TGFβ3 inhibits Notch signaling in wild-type VSMCs, and this pathway is downregulated in MGP-null aortae. Exogenous Wnt16 stimulates Notch activity and attenuates TGFβ3-induced downregulation of Notch in wild-type VSMCs, prevents chondrogenesis in MGP-null and TGFβ3-treated wild-type VSMCs, and stabilizes expression of contractile markers of differentiated VSMCs. Conclusions— We describe a novel TGFβ-Wnt16-Notch signaling conduit in the chondrocyte-like transformation of VSMCs and identify endogenous TGFβ activity in MGP-null VSMCs as a critical mediator of chondrogenesis. Our proposed model suggests that the activated TGFβ pathway inhibits expression of Wnt16, which is a positive regulator of Notch signaling and a stabilizer of VSMC phenotype. These data advance the comprehensive mechanistic understanding of VSMC transformation and may identify a novel potential therapeutic target in vascular calcification.
Polymorphism in fowl serum albumin. VI. Changes in in vitro protein synthesizing activity in developing embryonic fowl liver

Cell-free protein synthesizing systems were prepared from the livers of chick embryos at selected ages and the characteristics of individual fractions were compared. While polysomes showed decreasing size with older embryos, isolated polysomes did not differ significantly in amino acid incorporating activity when assayed with standard cell sap. When assayed with standard polysomes, cell sap activity decreased with increasing developmental age whether incorporation was measured using [3H]lysine, [3H]leucine, or [3H]aminoacyl-tRNA. Free amino acid concentrations in the cell sap showed reproducible independent variation during development which was taken into consideration in calculating net amino acid incorporation. A large increase in ribonuclease activity was observed during development; however, nuclease inhibitor activity was absent before day 15 but increased thereafter. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity did not vary significantly. It is proposed that the observed changes in the rate of cell-free protein synthesis result not only from increasing ribonuclease activity with increasing developmental age but also from changes in the activity of other soluble factors.
Correlations for yield and specific gravity between potato tuberling and second year field generations

Individual hills of one 50-hill plot from each of 24 randomly chosen tuberling families were harvested in 1988 and 1989. Within each 50-hill plot, five hills were selected based on horticultural characteristics, such as shape, size, smoothness, and freedom from defects to form the population selected for horticultural characteristics (HC). From the remaining 45 hills, the five highest specific gravity hills were selected to form the population selected for specific gravity (SG). The HC and SG populations from 1988 and 1989 were planted in a randomized complete block design with two replications of six hills in 1989 and 1990, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation for yield and for specific gravity between the tuberling generation and the second year field generation in both 1988–89 and 1989–90. There was no correlation between yield and specific gravity in the second year field generation in either the SG or HC populations for 1989 and 1990. In selecting within the second year field generation on the basis of horticultural characteristics, a clone from the HC population was 1.9 and 1.7 times more likely to be selected in 1989 and 1990, respectively, than a clone from the SG population.
An Investigation of a Cold Eddy on the Eastern Side of the Gulf Stream Using NOAA 2 and NOAA 3 Satellite Data and Ship Data

Abstract A study of a cold eddy on the eastern side of the Gull Stream was performed combining data from the NOAA 2 and NOAA 3 satellites and from the Cape Fear Technical Institute's R/V Advance II. The satellite data were used initially to identify and locate the eddy in real-time. The location data obtained from the satellite imagery was used to plan an oceanic field program using the Advance II to collect temperature and salinity data in the perturbation. The analysis of satellite data indicated that the cold eddy was elliptic in shape with the major axis varying from 180 to 120 km and a minor axis varying from 120 to 100 km. The analysis also suggested that the circulation of the eddy was entraining warm Gulf Stream water, strengthening the warm ring around the eddy. The subsurface analysis indicated that the cold eddy was characterized by a very pronounced dome of relatively cold, less saline water below 200 m. Above 200 m, the temperature and salinity were uniform, both vertically and horizontally.