cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suicide Risk in Primary Care: Identification and Management in Older Adults

The National Strategy for Suicide Prevention (2012) has set a goal to reduce suicides by 20% within 5 years. Suicide rates are higher in older adults compared to most other age groups, and the majority of suicide completers have visited their primary care physician in the year before suicide. Primary care is an ideal setting to identify suicide risk and initiate mental health care. We review risk factors for late-life suicide; methods to assess for different levels of suicidality; and recent research developments regarding both effective assessment and management of suicide risk among older primary care patients. We highlight that broader scale screening of suicide risk may be considered in light of findings that suicidality can occur even in the absence of major risk factors like depression. We also highlight collaborative care models targeting suicide risk, and recent innovative interventions that aim to prevent the development of suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior.
Potential for14C Dating of Biogenic Carbonate in Hackberry (Celtis) Endocarps

Hackberry endocarp (Celtissp.) contains significant amounts (up to 70 wt%) of biogenic carbonate that is nearly pure aragonite (CaCO3). Because of their high mineral content, hackberry endocarps are found abundantly in Tertiary and Quaternary sediments and are very common in many North American archaeological sites. We analyzed the14C content of different components of modern hackberries including the biogenic carbonate in hackberry endocarps collected at known times over the past century. The14C content of the endocarp carbonate accurately records the14C content of the atmosphere.14C dates of fossil endocarp carbonates compared favorably with dates obtained by other means at archaeological and geological sites ranging in age from the late Pleistocene through the early Holocene. We therefore suggest that hackberry endocarp is a suitable substrate for14C dating provided that its morphological and mineralogical integrity is preserved.
Lrp6 is required for convergent extension during Xenopus gastrulation

Wnt signaling regulates β-catenin-mediated gene transcription and planar cell polarity (PCP). The Wnt co-receptor, Lrp6, is required for signaling along the β-catenin arm. We show that Lrp6 downregulation (by morpholino injection) or overexpression in Xenopus embryos disrupts convergent extension, a hallmark feature of Wnt/PCP components. In embryos with decreased Lrp6 levels, cells of the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ), which undergoes extensive cellular rearrangements during gastrulation, exhibit decreased length:width ratios, decreased migration, and increased numbers of transient cytoplasmic protrusions. We show that Lrp6 opposes Wnt11 activity and localizes to the posterior edge of migrating DMZ cells and that Lrp6 downregulation enhances cortical and nuclear localization of Dsh and phospho-JNK, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that Lrp6 inhibits Wnt/PCP signaling. Finally, we identify the region of the Lrp6 protein with Wnt/PCP activity to a stretch of 36 amino acids, distinct from regions required for Wnt/β-catenin signaling. We propose a model in which Lrp6 plays a critical role in the switch from Wnt/PCP to Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Infrared processed aluminum matrix composites and carbide formation at the interface

Aluminum matrix composites are potential candidates for numerous applications in the automotive and aerospace industries. These composites are commonly fabricated by either solid state vacuum hot pressing or liquid state pressure infiltration. Liquid state processing has several advantages over solid state processing. These include lower cost, near net shape fabricability and the ease to incorporate small fibers. However, the need for high pressures in pressure infiltration processes make them expensive and undesirable. During liquid infiltration, since the liquid is forced into performs, voids often result around fibers that are in contact with each other. Thus, the composite mechanical properties are significantly lowered. It is, thus, desirable to fabricate composites in the liquid state without the application of an y external pressures or vacuum..
A COMPLETE THEORY OF COMPARATIVE STATICS FOR DIFFERENTIABLE OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS

A new comparative statics formalism using generalized compensated derivatives is presented that, in contrast to existing methodologies, directly yields constraint-free semidefiniteness results for any differentiable, constrained optimization problem. The formalism provides a natural and powerful method of constructing comparative statics results, free of constraints and unrestricted in scope. New results on envelope relations, invariance conditions, rank inequalities and non-uniqueness are derived that greatly extend their utility and reach. The methodology is illustrated by deriving the comparative statics of multiple linear constraint utility maximization models and the principal-agent problem with hidden actions, both highly nontrivial and hitherto unsolved problems.
Finite element modeling of a back grinding process for Through Silicon Vias

The optimization of grinding parameters for silicon wafers is necessary in order to maximize the reliability of electronic packages. This paper describes the work performed to simulate a back grinding process for Through Silicon Via (TSV) wafers using the commercial finite element code ABAQUS. The grinding of a TSV silicon wafer with a thickness of 120 μm mounted on a backing tape was simulated. The wafer was thinned to a thickness of 115.5 μm, by simulating the grinding with a diamond particle cutting through successive silicon and copper layers. The computed residual stresses induced in the wafer were compared with experimental values, and the plastic deformation in the simulated ground surface was compared with literature data and showed good correlation. The numerical model developed can be used to better understand the local grinding parameters in the TSV wafers and the effect of the of the copper vias on the wafer properties.
Early flavor experiences : Research update

Anyone who has observed infants for any period of time can testify to the intense activity occurring in and around their mouths—the primary site for learning in the first few months of life. Before they are even able to crawl, infants have learned much about their new sensory world. Through recent research we have begun to explore the impact of these early experiences on infants' acceptance of solid foods and how they explore objects in their environment. We have also begun to focus on the sensory experiences of the formula-fed infant, in particular, how their responses to particular formulas, which are extremely unpalatable to older children and adults, change during infancy. This is a relatively new and exciting area of study, with much research yet to be done. It is clear, however, that infants are not passive receptacles for flavored foods. Parents who offer a variety of foods will provide both a nutritious, well-balanced diet, as well as an opportunity for their children's own personal preferences to develop.
Biphasic responses of human vascular smooth muscle cells to magnesium ion

Magnesium-based alloys are promising in biodegradable cardiovascular stent applications. The degradation products of magnesium stents may have significant impacts on the surrounding vascular cells. However, knowledge on the interactions between magnesium ion and vascular cells at the molecular and cellular levels is still largely missing. Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of restenosis and wound healing after stent implantation. This study evaluated the short-term effects of extracellular magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) on the cellular behaviors of SMCs. Cellular responses to Mg(2+) were biphasic and in a concentration-dependent manner. Low concentrations (10 mM) of Mg(2+) increased cell viability, cell proliferation rate, cell adhesion, cell spreading, cell migration rate, and actin expression. In contrast, higher concentrations (40-60 mM) of Mg(2+) had deleterious effects on cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that Mg(2+) altered the expressions of genes mostly related to cell adhesion, cell injury, angiogenesis, inflammation, coagulation, and cell growth. Finding from this study provides some valuable information on SMC responses toward magnesium ions at the cellular and molecular levels, and guidance for future controlled release of magnesium from the stent material.
Single event transient mitigation in cache memory using transient error checking circuits

Protecting a high performance radiation hardened by design (RHBD) cache from single-event transient (SET) induced peripheral circuit errors is presented. Cache memory holds processor architectural state and peripheral errors can cause incorrect operations that affect entire data words, including parity. Thus, a periphery circuit, e.g., word-line, error can be induced that results in silent data corruption, for instance by writing two locations at once. The design presented here includes checking circuits to detect potential SET induced errors, allowing mitigation by invalidation of the write-through cache blocks. A 16 kB cache and test engine, fabricated on an IBM 90 nm bulk CMOS process, irradiated with heavy ions, is used to provide experimental validation of the design.
An in-silico Neural Model of Dynamic Routing through Neuronal Coherence

We describe a neurobiologically plausible model to implement dynamic routing using the concept of neuronal communication through neuronal coherence. The model has a three-tier architecture: a raw input tier, a routing control tier, and an invariant output tier. The correct mapping between input and output tiers is realized by an appropriate alignment of the phases of their respective background oscillations by the routing control units. We present an example architecture, implemented on a neuromorphic chip, that is able to achieve circular-shift invariance. A simple extension to our model can accomplish circular-shift dynamic routing with only O(N) connections, compared to O(N2) connections required by traditional models.
A static power model for architects

Static power dissipation due to transistor leakage constitutes an increasing fraction of the total power in modern semiconductor technologies. Current technology trends indicate that the contribution will increase rapidly, reaching one half of total power dissipation within three process generations. Developing power efficient products will require consideration of static power in the earliest phases of design, including architecture and microarchitecture definition. We propose a simple equation for estimating static power consumption at the architectural level: P/sub static/=V/sub CC//spl middot/N/spl middot/k/sub design//spl middot/I/spl circ//sub leak/, where V/sub CC/ is the supply voltage, N is the number of transistors, k/sub design/ is a design dependent parameter, and I/spl circ//sub leak/ is a technology dependent parameter. This model enables high-level reasoning about the likely static power demands of alternative microarchitectures. Reasonably accurate values for the factors within the equation may be obtained directly from the high-level designs or by straightforward scaling arguments. The factors within the equation also suggest opportunities for static power optimization, including reducing the total number of devices, partitioning the design to allow for lower supply voltages or slower, less leaky transistors, turning off unused devices, favoring certain design styles, and favoring high bandwidth over low latency. Speculation is also examined as a means to employ slower transistors without a significant performance penalty.
Genericity, generosity, and tori

While the classification project for the simple groups of finite Morley rank is unlikely to produce a classification of the simple groups of finite Morley rank, the enterprise has already arrived at a considerably closer approximation to that ideal goal than could have been realistically anticipated, with a mix of results of several flavors, some classificatory and others more structural, which can be combined when the stars are suitably aligned to produce results at a level of generality which, in parallel areas of group theory, would normally require either some additional geometric structure, or an explicit classification. And Bruno Poizat is generally awesome, though sometimes he goes too far.
Gastric phytobezoar dissolution with ingestion of diet coke and cellulase.

Abezoar is an indigestible mass of material—such as hair, food, seeds, or another ingested substance—found in the gastrointestinal tract.1 A phytobezoar, the most common type of bezoar, is composed of indigestible fruit and vegetable fibers, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, or tannins. Most phytobezoars occur in patients who have impaired gastric motility or digestion, usually following gastric surgery (such as a Billroth I or II gastrectomy) or as a consequence of impaired motility in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, mixed connective tissue disease, or hypothyroidism.2,3 Impaired gastric peristalsis, low gastric acidity, and loss of normal pyloric function can all contribute to phytobezoar formation.4 Patients with phytobezoars may experience epigastric pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, early satiety, weight loss, diarrhea, dysphagia, or upper gastrointestinal ulcerations and hemorrhage.1,2 Prior to the 1960s, phytobezoars were often treated with surgery; however, a wide variety of therapeutic options have since been reported, including medical treatment with cellulase, papain, metoclopramide, or N-acetylcysteine.1,2,4-6 Surgical intervention is still sometimes necessary, and endoscopic removal has also been used.7-9 Recently, the carbonated beverage Coca-Cola (The Coca-Cola Company) has been successfully used to dissolve bezoars.3 We report 3 patients with gastric phytobezoars who were successfully treated with a combination of Diet Coke (The Coca-Cola Company) and cellulase.
The Origins of Native Americans: Origins of New World populations

INTRODUCTION To the best of our knowledge, the aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas were initially contacted by Europeans in the eleventh century AD during Viking voyages of exploration. It is well documented historically that Norsemen had charted lands located to the west of Greenland, and that they referred to the landmass as Vinland. Apparently, the Vikings visited Vinland to collect lumber and established a settlement. Archeological evidence locates a Viking settlement at the L'Anse au Meadow site in Newfoundland. However, these first European settlers failed to permanently colonize this region of North America and either returned to Iceland or were massacred by hostile local inhabitants. On 12 October 1492, Columbus, while searching for a route to the East Indies, set foot on the so-called New World (San Salvador, in what is now the Bahamas). He paraded the captive ‘Indians’ before the Spanish court and with the support of the Spanish Crown and Papal blessing brought Europeans to the New World in search of gold and spices. These European adventurers encountered a large native population that was distributed over a massive geographical expanse from the Arctic regions of North America through the Amazonian forests of Brazil to the bleak landscape of Tierra del Fuego, South America. These aboriginal populations practiced a wide variety of subsistence patterns, ranging from hunting and gathering, to fishing, to intensive agriculture. In some regions, such as the highlands of Mexico and Peru, their agricultural technology was highly sophisticated and sustained dense populations that developed civilizations rivaling those of Europe at that time. The origins of these ‘mysterious’ peoples of the New World perplexed the intelligentsia of Europe for many centuries.
Dynamic Organization of Endocytic Pathways in Axons of Cultured Sympathetic Neurons

Despite the wealth of information about endocytic pathways in non-neuronal cells, little is known about these crucial sorting, recycling, and degradative pathways in neurons. In this report, we analyzed in detail the dynamic steady-state organization of endocytically derived organelles as they progress through the endosomal–lysosomal pathway in axons of live cultured sympathetic neurons. By ratiometric imaging of neurons endocytically labeled with the pH indicator 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS), we demonstrate a trimodal frequency distribution of endocytic organelle pH in axon shafts, indicating two rapid acidification steps in the progression from endocytosis to the lysosome. Axonal branch points display a unimodal organelle pH distribution (mean 6.4), implicating them as meeting places for endocytic organelles and Golgi-derived vesicles or as sorting sites. By following endocytic organelle traffic retrogradely from growth cone to soma, we identified significant transition points in the pathway. Growth cones exhibit a unimodal pH distribution comprised mainly of acidified recycling/sorting endosomes (mean 6.3). However, organelles in the axon shaft immediately adjacent to the growth cone display the distinct trimodal pH distribution of the axon, suggesting that important sorting events occur between these domains. An abrupt increase in organelle acidification occurs in the distal axon 50–150 μm from the growth cone, demonstrating a discontinuous spatial gradient of acidification along axons. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the lysosomal glycoprotein LEP100 is present in axons and is concentrated in two important regions: the proximal axon where the endocytic organelle population is largely acidified, and the same region of the distal axon where substantial acidification occurs.
Multiplicity Distributions in Regge-Pole-Dominated Inclusive Reactions

Multiplicity distributions, the dependence on $n$ of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n}=\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$, are discussed. Within the framework of the Amati-Fubini-Stanghellini model, a cluster expansion for the moments of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n}$ is derived. This same expansion is then derived as a consequence of asymptotic dominance of inclusive reactions by an isolated, factorizable Regge pole. Such an expansion furnishes a systematic way of describing the shape of ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{n}$. It is argued that a Poisson distribution for multiple particle production can not be expected to occur, even for very high energies.
Wolf Volcano, Galápagos Archipelago: Melting and Magmatic Evolution at the Margins of a Mantle Plume

Wolf volcano, an active shield volcano on northern Isabela Island in the Galapagos Archipelago, has undergone two major stages of caldera collapse, with a phase of partial caldera refilling between. Wolf is a typical Galapagos shield volcano, with circumferential vents on the steep upper carapace and radial vents distributed in diffuse rift zones on the shallower-sloping lower flanks. The radial fissures continue into the submarine environment, where they form more tightly focused rift zones. Wolf ’s magmas are strikingly monotonous: estimated eruptive temperatures of the majority of lavas span a total of only 22 C. This homogeneity is attributed to buffering of magmas as they ascend through a thick column of olivine gabbroic mush that has been deposited from a thin, shallow (<2 km deep) subcaldera sill that is in a thermochemical steady state. Wolf ’s lavas have the most depleted isotopic compositions of any historically active intraplate ocean island volcano on the planet and have isotopic compositions (except for He/He) indistinguishable from midocean ridge basalt erupted from the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC) 250–410 km away from the peak of influence of the Galapagos plume. Wolf ’s lavas are enriched in incompatible trace elements and have systematic major element differences relative to GSC lavas, however. Wolf ’s magmas result from lower extents of melting, deeper melt extraction, and a greater influence of garnet compared with GSC magmas, but Wolf and the GSC share the same sources. These melt generation conditions are attributed to melting in a thermal and mechanical boundary layer of depleted asthenosphere at the margins of the Galapagos plume. The lower degrees of melting and extraction from deeper levels result from a thicker lithospheric cap at Wolf than exists at the GSC.
Performance Assessment of Suture Type, Water Temperature, and Surgeon Skill in Juvenile Chinook Salmon Surgically Implanted with Acoustic Transmitters

Abstract This study assessed performance of seven suture types in subyearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha implanted with acoustic microtransmitters and held at two water temperatures (12°C and 17°C). Nonabsorbable (Ethilon) and absorbable (Monocryl) monofilament sutures and nonabsorbable (Nurolon and silk) and absorbable (Vicryl, Vicryl Plus, and Vicryl Rapide) braided sutures were used to close incisions in Chinook salmon. When differences existed among suture types, tag and suture retention were generally highest for monofilament sutures. Wound inflammation and ulceration were generally lower for Ethilon and Monocryl than for most of the braided sutures. In this study, Nurolon (braided) often resulted in low wound inflammation and ulceration, although suture retention was poor. Generally, fish held in 12°C water had more desirable postsurgery healing characteristics (i.e., higher tag and suture retention; lower incision openness, wound inflammation, and ulceration) at 7 and 14 d postsurgery ...
Reconstructing homicide events: The role of witnesses in fatal encounters

Abstract Examinations of homicide have used both micro and macro level data to account for the interaction between victims and offenders. Missing from such analyses, however, is an examination of the role of witnesses or third parties present at homicide events. These individuals may play a variety of roles in homicide events including instigating, mediating, escalating, or facilitating fatal violence. Using St. Louis homicides for the years 1985–1989, this study provides a classification scheme for the roles of witnesses in homicide events.
Proposal and evaluation of system diversity for software defined radio

This paper proposes the concept of system diversity on software defined radio (SDR) and investigates the effectiveness of system diversity by using a concrete simulation model. System diversity allows the wireless communication system to be dynamically changed in addition to the signal processing algorithm or modulation/coding scheme being used. To clarify the validity of system diversity, we examine a system simulation model consisting of three wireless communication systems; algorithms are introduced to show how system diversity can be controlled using the QoS parameters of the received signal level, the data transmission rate and the channel capacity. The process by which system diversity switching is triggered is elucidated and a practical example is introduced. Simulation results confirm that system diversity offers higher performance in terms of data throughput and system channel capacity than existing wireless communication systems.
Age‐specific Chaoborus predation on rotifer prey

SUMMARY. 1. This is the first study to examine predator-prey interactions between Chaoborm instars and rotifer prey. The predatory behaviour of instars I–III of Chaoborus pimctipennis and the diet selectivity of instars I—IV feeding on rotifers were examined in the laboratory. Prey used in direct observations of predatory behaviour included a variety of rotifers (Symhacta pectlnata, S. ohUmga, Polyarthra remata, Asplanchna girodi, Keratella crassa, spined and unspined forms of Keratella cochlearis) and two crustaceans (Bosmitia longirostris, Mesocyclops edax nauplii. 2. In general, strike efficiencies (percentage of strikes resulting in inges- tion) increased in successive instars I—III. Early instar (I and II) strike efficiencies were low when compared with other invertebrate predators. For a given instar. mean prey handling times varied among prey species more than strike efficiencies. Mean handling times for small, soft-bodied rotifers were lowest and those for wide, hard-bodied prey were highest. 3. Instar I exhibited significantly greater selectivity for the small, soft- bodied S. obUmga than for the larger S. pectinata, hard-bodied K. crassa, and spined and unspined forms of K. cochlearis. Instars II—IV positively selected both the large and small Symhaeta species over all Keratella species. The relationship between Chaobortts selectivity and prey value (weight of prey per unit handling time) can be described by a power function. Ingestion rates of rotifers by older instars (III and IV) are among the highest reported for invertebrate predators. 4. Rotifer vulnerability to Chaoborus predation probably depended on rotifer cuticle texture, body width, and hydrodynamic disturbances. Spined rotifers were not necessarily protected from Chaoborus predation because Chaohorus can manipulate and swallow them. Giguere et al.'s 1982) encounter rate model must be modified to predict encounter rates of slow-moving rotifer prey with Chaohorus.
Loeffler's Syndrome (Transient Pulmonary Infiltrations with Eosinophilia): Report of a Case and a Review of the Available Literature

HISTORICAL In 1932, William Loeffler, Professor of Medicine at the University of Zurich, described the syndrome that bears his name. Briefly described, the syndrome is characterized by a mild group of symptoms, a scarcity of physical signs, a blood eosinophilia varying from less than 10 per cent to more than 60 per cent, a benign course and spontaneous healing usually within a period of two to three weeks. Since his description, there have been relatively frequent reports of cases almost all of which have shown so striking a similarity in symptomatology, physical, x-ray and blood findings, that a definite entity has been recognized to which the name Loeffler''s Syndrome has been given. By 1936, Loeffler alone reported 51 cases, all from Switzerland. To date, case reports have appeared in the medical literature of the Scandinavian countries, France, Holland, Palestine, Canada, Spain, Germany, Italy, Britain, China, Japan, Hawaii, and from many of the South American countries. In this country, cases were reported by Soderling, Smith and Alexander in 1939, Stuart, Freund and Samuelson in 1940, Baer in 1941, Hoff and Hicks and Karan and Singer in 1942, Smith in 1943, Pirkle and Davin, Slowey, Peabody, Ryan, Jones and Sauders, Hansen, Pruss and Goodman in 1944, Miller, and Hennel and Sussman in 1945.
Environmental Threats and Political Opportunities: Citizen Activism in the North Bohemian Coal Basin

Extant research has established important linkages between threats and social movement mobilization in a variety of political and economic settings. Yet, comparatively little attention has been paid to the relationship between environmental threats and activism. Drawing from literatures in environmental sociology and social movements, we examine the coal industry and its resultant environmental devastation in Czechoslovakia to investigate the intersection of political and environmental threats in provoking activism in highly repressive settings. Using a range of data sources, we illustrate how the externalities of extreme production coupled with developing weaknesses in the state ultimately incited public protest against the regime. Our analysis of protest in North Bohemia provides insight into broader patterns of elite legitimacy and resistance. Our findings show that the environmental externalities stemming from state-mandated production in the North Bohemian region posed an imminent threat that spurred residents to protest despite harsh state repression. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for future research on environmental and political threats, elite legitimation, and citizen activism.
Using phage as a platform to select cancer cell-targeting peptides

One challenge in the development of cancer therapies is the availability of cancer-specific ligands. Recently, phage-displayed peptide libraries have been used for the selection of peptide-based cell-targeting ligands, especially cancer cell ligands. Here we describe the methods to identify SKBR-3 breast cancer cell-specific peptides from a phage-displayed random peptide library. It is possible to select both cell-surface-binding and cell-internalizing peptides using this method. This method can also be applied to the selection of targeting peptides for other adherent cancer cells. The identified short peptides can be potentially incorporated into a variety of early diagnostic and targeted therapeutic systems against breast cancer.
Avoiding Laparoscopy Complications

Some suggestions for preventing complications of laparoscopy are provided. While comparatively simple laparoscopy is a surgical procedure and must be treated as such. Proper adequate training and careful case selection are imperative. Adequate equipment thorough knowledge of its capabilities and limitations thorough understanding of the underlying principles and awareness of the requirements for proper care of the equipment will promote patient safety. Adequate knowledgeably administered anesthesia procedure will eliminate many traps and pitfalls. Respect knowledge humility and unyielding attention to detail will minimize the number of laparoscopy complications and will continue to expand the uses of this valuable versatile procedure in the gynecologists diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium.
Dosimetric comparison of brachytherapy sources for high-dose-rate treatment of endometrial cancer: (192)Ir, (60)Co and an electronic brachytherapy source.

Objective:To compare high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy systems with 192Ir, 60Co and electronic brachytherapy source (EBS) for treatment of endometrial cancers.Methods:Two additional plans were generated per patient fraction using a 60Co source and Xoft-EBS on 10 selected patients, previously treated with a vaginal cylinder applicator using a 192Ir source. Dose coverage of “PTV_CYLD”, a 5-mm shell surrounding the cylinder, was evaluated. Doses to the following organs at risk (OARs) the rectum, bladder and sigmoid were evaluated in terms of V35% and V50%, the percentage volume receiving 35% and 50% of the prescription dose, respectively, and D2cm3, the highest dose to a 2-cm3 volume of an OAR.Results:Xoft-EBS reduces doses to all OARs in the lower dose range, but it does not always provide better sparing of the rectum in higher dose range as does evaluation using D2cm3. V150% and V200% for PTV_CYLD was up to four times greater for Xoft-EBS plans than for plans generated with 192Ir or 60Co. Surface mucosal ...
Direct fermentation of starch to lactic acid byLactobacillus amylovorus

Fermentation production of lactic acid directly from starch was studied in a batch fermentor usingLactobacillus amylovorus. At an initial concentration of 120 g/L starch, 96.2 g/L of lactic acid was produced from liquefied starch in 20 hours while 92.5 g/L of lactate was produced from the raw starch in 39 hours. High initial glucose levels (100 g/L) in the medium inhibited the organism, unless it had been adapted by growing it in a low-glucose medium. The direct production of lactic acid from starch could reduce overall production costs significantly.
Boiler Feed Water Make-Up Upgrade With Integrated Membrane System: A Case Study

A major Midwest US utility power station upgraded its boiler feed water make-up system by replacing the conventional lime softening and sand/gravel bed filtration with an integrated membrane based system. The conventional system was resulting in the use of large quantities of coagulant, lime, acid and caustic to produce demineralized water. The system, besides being expensive to operate, was unable to cope with the sudden changes in the incoming raw water quality from the nearby lake. The integrated membrane (IM) system, consisting of Microfiltration and Reverse Osmosis sub-systems, significantly improved the run time of the deep bed ion-exchange as well as the pre-coat condensate polishing system. As a result of the upgrade, the plant saw reduction of over 90% in the operating cost of the boiler feed water makeup system along with higher reliability and efficiency of the overall power plant. The paper discusses the experience and the lessons learned during the implementation of the IM system.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Effects of Time and Temperature on Adsorption of Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Cd~(2+) by Activated Carbon and Chestnut Shell

With the acceleration of the process of industrialization and urbanization, heavy metal pollution caused by wastewater discharge has became an increasingly prominent problem, and has proved to be one of the important content of water environment protection. This paper selected activated carbon and chestnut shell as adsorbent, researched their effects on Cu2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+in wastewater at different times and temperatures. Results showed that adsorption quantity maximum of Cu2+happened at 0.5 h, Zn2+happened at 3 h, Pb2+and Cd2+happened at 1h when activated carbon as adsorbent. Cu2+and Pb2+adsorption maximum happened at 1 h, Zn2+happened at 1 h, Cd2+happened at 0.5 h when chestnut shell as adsorbent. Regarding the influence of temperature, adsorbent for activated carbon or chestnut shell, the temperature had little effect on the rate of adsorption of Zn2+; when activated carbon as adsorbent, with temperature rise and the adsorption of Cu2+rate reduced and its effect was greater than chestnut shell. When temperature was 40 ℃,the adsorption rate of Pb2+and Cd2+were higher. The adsorption of chestnut shell was greater than activated carbon and Cd2+Pb2+.
Riemann Maps and Diameter Distance

We use the intrinsic diameter distance to describe when a Riemann map has a continuous extension to the closed unit disk.
The decision method of emergency supplies collection with fuzzy demand constraint under background of sudden disaster

As the stages of emergency response shift, it is an important task in the early stage of emergency response to handle emergency supply (ES) collection with fuzzy demand and multi-hub ES collection network. Taking into consideration the constraints such as no limit to collection time, capacity constraint to single hubs and different demand levels to be met by collection, this paper aims at establishing a mathematic planning model with two objectives, namely the shortest collection time and the optimal collection cost. In terms of algorithm design, the sequential enumeration method (SEM) was employed to solve the model, for higher iteration efficiency and lower difficulty level of the algorithm. The first step was to find the optimal ES collection time, collection route and allocation program in the direct shipment mode, the hub-and-spoke mode and the mixed mode. Then, the three modes were compared in terms of the collection route planning, the shortest collection time, the shortest collection route and the optimal collection cost of the entire ES collection network. The numerical example showed that compared with the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm, the result of SEM is basically the same with that of SA algorithm; however, SEM is simpler, more practical and easier to operate, so that it is of better promotional value.
Complementary p- and n-channel quantum-well MI/sup 3/SFETs

Heterostructure design and device fabrication techniques in GaAs/AlGaAs for vertically integrated p- and n-channel quantum-well FETs are described, and the operation of FETs fabricated on a p/n double-quantum-well heterostructure is demonstrated. The dependence of parasitic resistance and gate leakage on heterostructure layer parameters and device geometry is examined in experiments. Contact and n/sup +/ sheet resistances as low as 0.2 Omega -mm and 385 Omega / Square Operator , respectively, and peak transconductance values of 300 mS/mm are achieved in the best 1.5- mu m n-FETs at 77 K. p-FETs fabricated on a double-quantum-well heterostructure by Zn diffusion show contact and p/sup +/ sheet resistances of approximately 0.5 Omega -mm and 200 Omega / Square Operator , respectively, with peak transconductance of 80 mS/mm for 1.5- mu m gates at 77 K. Gate leakage is sufficiently low in both p- and n-FETs to allow high-speed complementary logic and memory at supply voltages of 1.1 V. >
NEW DETECTIONS OF HNC IN PLANETARY NEBULAE: EVOLUTION OF THE [HCN]/[HNC] RATIO

NSF [AST-1515568, AST-1140030]; NASA NExSS program [NNX13ZDA017C]; NSF University Radio Observatories (URO) program [AST-1140030]
Making Space for the Quality Care: Opportunities for Technology in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia

Insomnia can drastically affect individuals' overall well-being and work performance, with substantial costs to society and industry. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) is a psychotherapeutic treatment, which requires patients to track sleep and share the data with CBT-I clinicians. However, the number of specialists who can provide CBT-I limits the number of patients who can receive it. In this paper, we aim to identify opportunities to leverage technology to assist clinicians in delivering quality and effective CBT-I services to broader populations. Toward this goal, we conducted formative studies, including 11 CBT-I clinic observations and 17 semi-structured interviews, to understand the current workflow of CBT-I and associated challenges. We discuss how technology can assist clinicians and patients throughout the various steps of CBT-I workflow while addressing some of the identified challenges, and more broadly, how technology can make space for clinicians and patients to build quality therapeutic relationships.
Review of Model Diplomacy

Model Diplomacy is a new interactive foreign policy simulation offered by the Council on Foreign Relations. The simulation uses hypothetical crises based on real-world challenges facing the United ...
Update on mesenchymal stem cell therapies for cartilage disorders

Cartilage disorders, including focal cartilage lesions, are among the most common clinical problems in orthopedic practice. Left untreated, large focal lesions may result in progression to osteoarthritis, with tremendous impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. Current management strategies have shown only a modest degree of success, while several upcoming interventions signify better outcomes in the future. Among these, stem cell therapies have been suggested as a promising new era for cartilage disorders. Certain characteristics of the stem cells, such as their potential to differentiate but also to support healing made them a fruitful candidate for lesions in cartilage, a tissue with poor healing capacity. The aim of this editorial is to provide an update on the recent advancements in the field of stem cell therapy for the management of focal cartilage defects. Our goal is to present recent basic science advances and to present the potential of the use of stem cells in novel clinical interventions towards enhancement of the treatment armamentarium for cartilage lesions. Furthermore, we highlight some thoughts for the future of cartilage regeneration and repair and to explore future perspectives for the next steps in the field.
Sharing Emergency Alerts on a College Campus: How Gender and Technology Matter

As universities strive to make campuses safer in the face of disasters, both natural and those of human origin, how students respond to emergency alerts ultimately defines the success of these effo...
Exploring Studio Materials: Teaching Creative Art Making to Children

Young people should make art as artists do: through discovery. This is the central premise of Exploring Studio Materials: Teaching Creative Art Making to Children, by Mary Hafeli. As noted contempo...
SSVEP recognition using discriminative score fusion and transformation for portable brain computer interface

Steady State Visual Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) have been widely used in Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems due to their advantages, such as high signal-to-noise ratio, minimal user training, and stable spectrum property. In the last decade, Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and Power Spectral Density Analysis (PSDA) have been utilized in combination with the commonly used methods for reliable SSVEP recognition. Although CCA and PSDA are considered as robust methods for SSVEP recognition, reliable SSVEP recognition is still under ongoing research investigation due to non-stationary and noisy electroencephalogram (EEG) dynamics, subject variability, and the physiological changes in the human body. This paper investigates an SSVEP-based wearable BCI system comprised of a wireless EEG recording device coupled with an Android tablet-based user interface toward daily and portable applications. We propose the fusion of CCA and PSDA at the feature level by partitioning their score spaces into multiple partitions following three different cases, extracting their heterogeneous yet complementary discriminative infor­mation, and combining them to generate a high dimensional fusion space. We also examine transforming the fusion score space to SSVEP class discriminative dimensions to mitigate the effect of redundancy using Support Vector Machine (SVM) discriminative scoring. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed fusion method improves the recognition accuracy from 63% to 90.78% utilizing the information at the target frequency partitions. The results further improved to 94.4% by augmenting the discriminative information in non­target partitions.
INTERFACIAL INSTABILITIES CAUSED BY AIR FLOW OVER A THIN LIQUID LAYER

Publisher Summary When air flows concurrently with a thin liquid film in an enclosed channel, a number of different wave forms are generated depending on the velocity of the air and the flow rate of the liquid. This chapter presents the progress that has been made in explaining these transitions. The approach taken is to solve the linear momentum equations to determine whether small amplitude wavelike disturbances at the interface would grow or decay. In carrying out this analysis, it is convenient to consider separately the gas and liquid flows. In this framework, the gas flow is found to affect the stability of the liquid film through the imposition of pressure and shear forces at the interface. The prediction of the pressure and shear stress variation along a wavy surface, over which a turbulent gas is flowing, becomes the central problem in predicting the stability of the liquid film. The analysis of the stability of the liquid film is carried out by imposing a disturbance on the interface of the fully-developed gas-liquid flow.
Neuropsychological and Neurophysiological Assessment of Children with Learning and Behavior Problems

The evaluation of children with learning disabilities and behavior problems has puzzled clinicians for years. In an attempt to improve diagnostic validity, a comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation of medical, psychoeducational, and behavioral factors has been recommended (Goldstein, 1974; Ross & Ross, 1976). This evaluation at times includes neuropsychological and neurophysiological assessment, intended to determine whether some type of brain damage or more “subtle” brain dysfunction may account for the observed learning and behavior difficulties. The use of these procedures may be a result of the popularity during the last decade of the term minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), which was used to describe a variety of learning and behavior problems, including hyperactivity and learning disabilities. The concept of MBD assumes the presence of an underlying central nervous system dysfunc-tion, presumably susceptible to detection by neuropsychological and neurophysiological procedures.
Postscript, 2018: Why Counterinsurgency Is Still Flawed

Both Iraq and Afghanistan continue to suffer from domestic struggles for power. The conflicts represent a mix of civil war, where contenders with some legitimacy vie for power, and insurgency, where one side is preponderant and the other uses guerrilla tactics. When appropriate, outside counterinsurgency must focus on building local government capacity, even at the cost of some inefficiency in delivering services. Current US counterinsurgency strategy theoretically stresses linking people to their government but practically often substitutes for government by directly providing services. Both counterinsurgency strategies and international development strategies need to refocus on local legitimacy and engage local governments, near the people, as their best opportunity.
A mathematical model of aggressive mimicry

We present a mathematical model of aggressive mimicry systems in which predators lure prey by mimicking food items of those prey. We use this model to explore potential dynamics of mimicry systems where a bad outcome results in death. This leads to some counterintuitive expectations not found in earlier models of aggressive mimicry that have not included the potential for dupe death.
Cultural leadership ideals and social entrepreneurship: an international study

Country-level contexts can be important drivers that explain cross-national differences in individuals’ social entrepreneurship decisions. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understa...
PRC1 collaborates with SMCHD1 to fold the X-chromosome and spread Xist RNA between chromosome compartments.

X-chromosome inactivation triggers fusion of A/B compartments to inactive X (Xi)-specific structures known as S1 and S2 compartments. SMCHD1 then merges S1/S2s to form the Xi super-structure. Here, we ask how S1/S2 compartments form and reveal that Xist RNA drives their formation via recruitment of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1). Ablating Smchd1 in post-XCI cells unveils S1/S2 structures. Loss of SMCHD1 leads to trapping Xist in the S1 compartment, impairing RNA spreading into S2. On the other hand, depleting Xist, PRC1, or HNRNPK precludes re-emergence of S1/S2 structures, and loss of S1/S2 compartments paradoxically strengthens the partition between Xi megadomains. Finally, Xi-reactivation in post-XCI cells can be enhanced by depleting both SMCHD1 and DNA methylation. We conclude that Xist, PRC1, and SMCHD1 collaborate in an obligatory, sequential manner to partition, fuse, and direct self-association of Xi compartments required for proper spreading of Xist RNA. The inactive X (Xi)-specific S1/S2 chromosome compartments are merged by SMCHD1, but how the S1/S2 structure is constructed is unclear. The authors find that PRC1 drives the formation of S1/S2s and that the stepwise folding process of the Xi facilitates Xist RNA spreading between Xi compartments.
Specific energy cost for nitrogen fixation as NO x using DC glow discharge in air

We report on factors influencing specific energy cost of producing NOx from pin-to-pin DC glow discharges in air at atmospheric pressure. Discharge current, gap distance, gas flowrate, exterior tube wall temperature and the presence and position of activated Al2O3 catalyst powder were examined. Presence of heated catalyst adjacent to the plasma zone improved energy efficiency by as much as 20% at low flows, but the most energy efficient conditions were found at the highest flowrates that allowed a stable discharge (about 10-15 L/min). Under those conditions, catalyst had no effect on efficiency in the present study. The lowest specific energy cost was observed to be between about 200-250 GJ/tN. Transport of active chemical species and energy are likely key factors controlling the specific energy cost of NOx production in the presence of catalyst. Air plasma device design and operating conditions must ensure that plasma-generated active intermediate chemical species transport is optimally coupled with catalytically active surfaces.