cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preeclampsia: An Obstetrician's Perspective

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that usually develops after 20 weeks gestation. The exact pathogenic mechanisms remain uncertain and are likely multifactorial. Preeclampsia is a heterogeneous condition with potentially maternal and fetal consequences. As part of the spectrum of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, preeclampsia may progress rapidly and is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. In the United States, the incidence of preeclampsia has increased. Clinical manifestations are highly variable and may occur antepartum, intrapartum, or postpartum. Hypertension and proteinuria are the traditional hallmarks for the diagnosis of preeclampsia. These signs may occur with or without multisystem dysfunction and fetal involvement. Risk factors have been identified for the development of preeclampsia; however, ideal methods for prevention, screening, and treatment remain elusive. Preeclampsia resolves after delivery of the fetus, but patients may still have hypertension postpartum. Women and fetuses affected by preeclampsia are at higher risk of developing long-term health issues. There appear to be risk factors common to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and cardiovascular disease seen later in adulthood. Physicians providing healthcare to women are urged to recognize potential risk factors that arise from patient obstetric histories so that optimal long-term health surveillance is provided.
How “Catholic” Was the Early Nazi Movement? Religion, Race, and Culture in Munich, 1919–1924

Among the more durable tenets of postwar West German historiography was the widespread conviction that Catholicism and Nazism were, at some most basic level, mutually exclusive entities. While a flood of critical studies in the 1960s began to erode this conviction at least around the edges — as scholars subjected to greater scrutiny the actual responses of Catholic opinion leaders, the German episcopate, and the Vatican to the Nazi regime — the image of a fundamental, albeit not quite perfect, incompatibility between Catholicism and Nazism has remained essentially intact to the present day. The durability of this image has been due to some degree to the steady stream of primarily apologetic monographs produced by a large and energetic Catholic scholarly community in Germany, whose works have stressed the heroic oppositional stance and victimhood of the Catholic Church during the Third Reich.
Serum inhibin levels during the periovulatory interval in normal women: relationships with sex steroid and gonadotrophin levels.

SUMMARY Inhibin is a gonadal glycoprotein believed to be important in the regulation of pituitary FSH secretion and/or to function as a paracrine factor within the ovary and testis. We studied serum levels of inhibin, oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P), FSH and LH during the periovulatory interval in order to determine whether there is differential control of sex steroid and inhibin secretion by the mature follicle and the emerging corpus luteum. Seven normal cyclic women were admitted 3–4 days prior to midcycle and blood samples drawn every 3 h for 5–7 days. Serum E2, P, FSH, LH and inhibin were measured by radioimmunoassay. Data were normalized around the peak LH value (0 h). Serum E2 and inhibin rose in parallel (r = 0.92, P < 0.001) between – 69 and – 18 h, E2 reached a peak of 1296 ± 154 (mean±SEM) pmol/1 at −18 h, then fell to 1050± 139 pmol/1 at 0 h. Serum inhibin, on the other hand, continued to rise to a peak of 837±95U/lat – 6 h, fell to 455±48 U/lat +45 h, then rose again. On average, the peak inhibin level occurred 10.4± 5.1 h after the peak E2 (P < 0.05). Inhibin levels were positively correlated with both serum LH and FSH between – 24 and +24 h (P<0.01). Serum E2 was negatively correlated with LH, FSH and inhibin between – 24 and 0 h (P < 0.01). Serum P levels increased from 1.8 ± 0.3 nmol/1 at – 24 h to 14.3 ± 1.0 nmol/1 at +60 h. Serum inhibin was positively correlated with serum P from −24 to 0 h (P<0.01) and +45 to +60 h (P < 0.01), but was inversely correlated from 0 to +45 h(P< 0.01). We conclude that the maturing follicle secretes both E2 and inhibin in parallel until – 18 h, at which time the process of luteinization is initiated by the onset of the midcycle LH surge, as evidenced by the rise in P. E2 secretion then falls while inhibin secretion rises, indicating different regulation of secretion of these two hormones by the maturing follicle. Furthermore, the close positive correlation between inhibin and gonadotrophin levels around midcycle suggests that FSH and/or LH stimulate inhibin secretion and that the presumed negative feedback effect of inhibin on FSH secretion is overcome at this time. After midcycle, inhibin secretion initially falls, then rises, while P rises progressively. This transient divergence of P and inhibin secretion may occur during the transformation of the preovulatory follicle into the corpus luteum.
Leaf production, growth rate, and age of the palm Prestoea montana in the luquillo experimental forest, Puerto Rico

Long-term growth rates of 32 palms (Prestoea montana) were studied using height and diameter measurements taken four times between 1946 and 1982. All leaf scars were counted to estimate leaf production rate, and the distance between scars was measured to establish relationships between leaf production and height growth. Height and diameter growth and leaf production of these palms were not constant during this 36-year period. A greater distance between leaf scars was indicative of rapid height growth but not of high leaf production rate. Dominant palms always grew fast (> 20 cm/yr) in height when they were small, but height growth slowed down when they reached the canopy. Small palms with slow height growth remained suppressed and lost the capacity to grow rapidly in height as adults. Diameter growth decreased with age from 0.07 cm/yr (SE = 0.02) between 1946–51 to 0.01 cm/yr (SE = 0.003) between 1951–82. Annual leaf production averaged 4 leaves/yr over the 36 years of study, was significantly different (P = 0.001) between 1946–51 (5.6 leaves/yr) and 1951–82 (3.8 leaves/yr), and was 4.6 leaves/yr for palms that grew >5 m since 1946 and 3.7 leaves/yr for those that remained suppressed. The best estimate for the mean age of all palms was 61.1 yr (SE = 2.4), obtained from long-term population leaf production rates.
Against Growth Market Pessimism

The great story of the last decade has been the “rise of the rest”—emerging economies such as China, Brazil, Turkey and India—to a position rivaling that of the established, advanced economies. As the aftershocks of the financial crisis of 2008–2009 continue to ripple through the global system, will the rising rest stay or track or be derailed? Some of the world's top economists examine this question in the following section.
Examining health-care volunteerism in a food- and financially- insecure world

The problem of severe shortages in global health workforces is addressed in many places by using community volunteers. Whether it is unjust and/or unsustainable to rely on volunteerism in low-income set-tings, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, has become a major concern for a widen-ing group of researchers and community health practitioners, particularly in the wake of the 2008 food and financial crises.The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that “essential health services cannot be provided by people working on a voluntary basis if they are to be sustainable. While volun-teers can make a valuable contribution on a short-term or part-time basis, trained health workers…should receive adequate wages and/or other appropriate and com-mensurate incentives”.
Using the Madeline Hunter Direct Instruction Model to Improve Outcomes Assessments in Marketing Programs

This study introduces marketing educators to the Madeline Hunter Direct Instruction Model (HDIM) as an approach to significantly and substantially improve student learning through course-embedded assessment.The effectiveness of the method is illustrated in three different marketing courses taught by three different marketing professors. The results demonstrate double-digit improvement in student achievement. Examples of application exercises are provided. The HDIM offers a viable tool for use in an environment in which marketing faculties are increasingly required to demonstrate course-embedded assessment as part of annual review, promotion, and tenure processes.
Models for space–time random functions

Abstract Models are developed for random functions Q ( x , t ) of space x ∈ D and time t ∈ [ 0 , τ ] from samples of these functions and any other information when available. Most of the models in the paper can be viewed as extensions of Karhunen–Loeve (KL) representations for random fields. Their samples are linear forms of basis functions with random coefficients which are extracted from samples of Q ( x , t ) by singular value decomposition. The coefficients of these forms are stochastic processes rather than random variables. The proposed models can be used to generate large sets of samples whose statistics are similar to those of target random functions. Theoretical arguments and numerical examples are presented to establish properties of the proposed models, assess their accuracy, and illustrate their implementation.
Inaccurate Assessment of Drug-Induced Thrombocytopenia: Reason for Concern

OBJECTIVE:To report two cases in which patients were reputed to have exhibited thrombocytopenia secondary to the histamine-receptor blocking agent ranitidine. Evaluation and the associated time frame of events failed to confirm these observations.DESIGN:Two case studies.RESULTS:Ranitidine was ordered as part of the therapeutic course of two patients admitted to the medicine service. The development of thrombocytopenia in both patients was attributed to this agent and it was discontinued. In addition to ranitidine, both patients received several other agents with greater potential to cause thrombocytopenia, and had a time course of development of the adverse effect that would not support ranitidine as the offending agent. Both patients required histamine-receptor antagonists at some point following their discontinuation and, based on the available evidence, the pharmacy suggested that these agents be restarted. In neither case did restarting the histamine-receptor antagonist lead to recurrence of thrombocy...
Role of reactive oxygen species and TRP channels in the cough reflex

The cough reflex is evoked by noxious stimuli in the airways. Although this reflex is essential for health, it can be triggered chronically in inflammatory and infectious airway disease. Neuronal transient receptor potential (TRP) channels such as ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are polymodal receptors expressed on airway nociceptive afferent nerves. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other reactive compounds are associated with inflammation, from either NADPH oxidase or mitochondria. These reactive compounds cause activation and hyperexcitability of nociceptive afferents innervating the airways, and evidence suggests key contributions of TRPA1 and TRPV1.
Bioelectrical Aspects of the All or None Law.

SummaryThat the fibres of muscle or nerve, despite their parallel arrangement, act electrically as though in series may be explained by assuming that the inactive or uncut fibres act as shunts to t...
Coronary Artery Disease in the Diabetic

More than half of the deaths in the United States today are due to cardiovascular renal diseases, and chief among these is coronary heart disease. Among diabetics this complication is particularly common. Of 3,499 deaths among patients of the Joslin Clinic between Jan. I, 1944, and Apr. 27, 1951, 2,456, or 70.2 per cent, were considered by the attending physician to be due to arteriosclerotic cardiovascular-renal disease. Of the total deaths 1,627, or 46.5 Per cent, were ascribed to arteriosclerotic heart disease. Of 656 deaths during the period 1950 to 1952, 496, or 75.6 per cent, were due to arteriosclerotic cardiovascular-renal disease; 312 or 47.6 per cent, were of cardiac origin.
Hatching of Eggs of Snow-Melt Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae)

Eggs of 13 species of snow-melt Aedes hatched in response to a reduction in the level of dissolved oxygen. They were hatched at temperatures from 4° to 21°C after storage for 90 and 400 days at 4°C. The hatching response varied by species, duration of conditioning, hatching temperature, and degree of reduction in the level of dissolved oxygen.
Clinical Reasoning: A 76-year-old man with acute-onset left-sided weakness and numbness

A 76-year-old right-handed man with no known medical problems presented 2 hours after falling at work due to the acute onset of left-sided weakness and numbness. He had experienced left knee pain the previous day, but denied vertigo, headache, neck pain, chest pain, abdominal pain, or back pain. On examination, his blood pressure was 230/118 mm Hg; pulse and respiratory rate were normal. He was anxious with normal mentation, no carotid bruits, normal cardiac rate and rhythm, clear lung fields, normal cranial nerves including facial strength, weakness in his left leg (2/5 power) and arm (4/5 power), sensory loss to painful stimuli in his left face, arm, and leg, and normal deep tendon reflexes with plantar responses bilaterally.
Memoirs: Studies on Insect Spermatogenesis:. V. On the Formation of the Sperm in Lepidoptera

1. The lepidopteran nebenkern passes through a series of condensation phenomena which are essentially similar to those previously described in Hemiptera. 2. The structure of the chromophilic material is probably that of a plate-work rather than a spireme. 3. The central substance is developed in the nebenkern exactly as in other insects. 4. The Golgi bodies in all probability give rise each to a small vesicle, these vesicles fusing gradually to form the acrosome. 5. As in other insects, the Golgi bodies are not directly transformed in the building up of the acrosome, but, after giving rise each to its miniature acrosomal vesicle, they pass back along the tail and are probably cast out of the sperm along with other detritus in the concluding stages of spermiogenesis. 6. The essential parallelism existing between the formation of the sperm in Lepidoptera and in other insects, especially the Hemiptera, is particularly emphasized.
Black–Latino/a relations in Boston: Two trends of collective identification

This study compares and contrasts two ongoing and yet opposed socio-political trends that are symptomatic of today's situation in Boston in the area of Latino/a – Black relations. On the one hand we find the New Majority, a top-down movement that emerged shortly after Boston joined the growing number of American cities in which the non-White minority population has surpassed in numbers the aggregate population of all the White communities, and having the principal objective of building inter-minority-group consensus at the leadership level by issuing calls for the creation of a working coalition among the city's growing number of minority communities, and hoping ultimately to see a unified agenda for all of the city's people of color. On the other, the search for unifying plans of common action is being undercut by drastic and ongoing changes in demographics – particularly due to high levels of immigration in the past two decades – that have provided the background for the collision of interests in minority groups competing for greater access to the scarce federal, state and local resources assigned to Boston's impoverished urban areas. The example of this trend in this study is an English-only workplace policy at Boston's Whittier Street Health Center, implemented in 2003, that went on to have a divisive effect on relations between the city's Blacks and Latinos/as.
The Balance of Terror

Ever since The Bomb, “Little Boy”, destroyed Hiroshima at 8.16 am on 6 August 1945, we have lived under the threat of apocalypse. Only the balance of terror has saved us from a third world war. We now have enough nuclear weapons to destroy the world’s population many times over. In 1987 the United States alone turned out five new nuclear weapons a day. It has produced 11,000 nuclear warheads and bombs since 1981 — some 60,000 since 1945. The nuclear arms industry in the United States in 1987 was a $7.5 billion a year industry employing 90,000 people.217 For the first time in history we have the means of destroying the entire planet. In 1986, the year declared by the United Nations to be the Year of Peace, the world spent $900 billion on arms, six per cent of the world’s gross national product. The United States’ share was $268 billion, the Soviet Union’s $237 billion. The total in 1989 was in the region of $1,000 billion. Probably the most important capital product of both superpowers is weaponry. Without economic collapse, there is no way that either great power can suddenly stop producing arms on this scale.
Incidence of Motile Aeromonads From United States West Coast Shellfish Growing Estuaries

The distribution of motile Aeromonas species in marine and tributary waters, sediment, and shellfish from 12 major estuarine areas in Washington, Oregon, and California with commercial or sport shellfish harvest was determined during the summer months. Aeromonas spp. were found in half of the total of 400 samples analyzed. Two enrichment broths, tryptic soy ampicillin broth (TSBA) and alkaline peptone water (APW), were compared for recovery of Aeromonas from Washington and Oregon samples. More Aeromonas were isolated using TSBA. For Washington and Oregon samples, recoveries using TSBA were 82 and 77% respectively compared to 31 and 50% using APW. For California samples, only APW was used with 28% samples positive. Of 767 isolates tested, 93.5% were positive for hemolysis, a trait reported to correlate with enterotoxin production and pathogenicity. Of the hemolysis positive strains, 59.5% were toxic to Y-1 adrenal cells.
QOL-26DESCRIBING SYMPTOM BURDEN IN PATIENTS WITH LEPTOMENINGEAL METASTASES: SELECTING AN INSTRUMENT

BACKGROUND: Patients with leptomeningeal metastases (LM) have disease burden involving the membranes surrounding the brain, spinal cord or both, and a short disease trajectory. Limited studies have explored presenting symptoms and the relationship to functional status. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the utility of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory-brain tumor (MDASI-BT) and the MDASI-spine tumor (MDASI-SP) symptom report instruments in capturing presenting symptoms in this population, and to describe functional status (Karnofsky Performance Score [KPS]) in relation to endorsed symptoms and tumor location. METHODS: Clinical records of 45 patients with LM were reviewed for presenting symptoms. Endorsed symptoms were recorded using the MDASI-BT and MDASI-SP. Both instruments were modified to capture dichotomous data (present/not present). Additional demographic and clinical data were collected (age, gender, tumor location, and KPS). Frequency analysis was used to describe symptom occurrence and KPS. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to explore differences in KPS for tumor location, and endorsed symptoms. RESULTS: The subjects were primarily female (80%), with a median age of 51 years. The most common location of LM was the brain (42.2%) followed by both brain and spine involvement (37.8%). Twenty-one (46.7%) endorsed symptoms corresponding to both the MDASI-BT and the MDASI-SP. Of those endorsing symptoms corresponding with only one instrument, a greater number of patients reported symptoms corresponding with the MDASI-BT (31%). Pain was the most frequently reported presenting symptom (33%), followed by numbness/tingling (31%). KPS at diagnosis ranged from 50% to 100% (median = 80%). Using ANOVA there was no significant difference in KPS for tumor location and endorsed symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that, based on frequency analysis, the MDASI-BT shows slightly greater utility in capturing symptoms in LM patients at presentation. KPS was not associated with endorsed symptoms or tumor location at presentation of LM.
Radionuclides in U.S. Coals and Their Implications with Respect to Energy Development

Abstract The current state of knowledge regarding radionuclide concentrations in U.S. coals is discussed. Emphasis is on the levels of uranium in coal (and lignite) which may represent a concern resulting from coal combustion; areas of the U.S. where such levels have been found; and implications of high radionuclide levels in coal to energy technologies (e.g., new vs. existing coal-fired power plants and coal-based synthetic fuel facilities). The paper reviews relevant studies and also presents new data derived from a computerized search of radionuclide content in about 3800 coal samples collected throughout the conterminous U.S.
Contravariant Adaptation on the Manifold of Invertible Matrix Transfer Functions

Adaptation using contravariant, sometimes called the natural gradient, provides true steepest descent learning on a manifold such as the manifold of invertible matrices or the manifold of invertible matrix transfer functions. In this letter, the contravariant gradient on the manifold of invertible matrix transfer functions is presented using the language of differential geometry. The covariant gradient (the usual gradient) is converted to the contravariant or natural gradient using the inverse of a Riemannian metric tensor, which is derived for the manifold of invertible matrix transfer functions. This has not been previously done using the language of differential geometry.
Battle on the Wrong Field? Entrant Type, Dominant Designs, and Technology Exit

Research summary Startups often compete with diversifying entrants in the technology race to define dominant designs, which can be platform technology-based or non-platform technology-based. However, little research has examined the relative risk of technological exits for startups vs. diversifying entrants in such ‘dominance battles.’ We develop a contingency framework that links a firm's technology exit to its pre-entry experience and the characteristics of the dominance battle. With a sample of 134 technologies involved in 31 dominance battles in the information technology industry from 1979 to 2007, we show that technologies of startups were more likely than those of diversifying entrants to exit from platform technology-based dominance battles; however, this relationship did not exist in non-platform technology-based dominance battles, or after the emergence of dominant designs. Managerial summary How can a startup that tries to create a dominant design strategize to survive the fierce technology race? This study demonstrates that choosing the right battlefield is of paramount importance. Two aspects of a battlefield are shown as relevant: the type of technology and the stage of industrial evolution. Our results show that technologies sponsored by startups tend to have higher exit rates than those sponsored by diversifying entrants in dominance battles characterized by platform technologies, but this penalty is not evident in dominance battles characterized by non-platform technologies or after the emergence of dominant designs. Furthermore, our study suggests that lack of organizational legitimacy, complementary assets, and integrative capabilities may explain why startups have a higher risk of technology exit than diversifying entrants.
Drugs of Abuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances at Outdoor Music Festivals in Colorado.

Background: Drugs of abuse (DOA) are widely used in the United States and are ubiquitous at outdoor music festivals. Attendees at music festivals are at high-risk for novel psychoactive substance (...
Managing active cultural differences in U.S. construction workplaces: Perspectives from non-Hispanic workers.

Abstract Introduction Current census reports indicate a growing shift toward workforce diversity in the U.S. construction industry, which is largely the result of increasing participation from the Hispanic community. The data also suggest that the Hispanic workforce suffers a higher rate of fatal injuries compared to their non-Hispanic counterparts. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop and utilize new management tools and strategies to accommodate the differences in language and culture of this incoming labor force. Method The absence of these tools and strategies poses several challenges including cost overrun, schedule delay, and more importantly, higher workplace injury rates. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the contribution of cultural diversity as a factor that may influence the overall site safety. Results As a result, this study provides further evidence that indicate that the current findings regarding the influence of active cultural differences are reliable, valid, and needs attention. Furthermore, the study provides sub-analysis results of cultural values among Hispanic workers, which suggest that workers from Mexico are less likely to speak up on safety issues when compared to other Hispanic workers. Therefore, this study has both practical and theoretical implications for managing workforce diversity and related safety performance in the U.S. construction industry. The results of the study can be used by employers and managers to adopt responsive strategies and tools to reduce the likelihood of fatal and nonfatal injuries among Hispanic workers.
Mutations of the Cystic Fibrosis Gene and Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens

It is estimated that about 30 to 40% of couples seeking fertility treatments are diagnosed with male factor infertility. These males have a range of gonadal dysfunctions which include azoospermia (i.e., no sperm in the ejaculate); oligozoospermia (i.e. sperm count less than 20 million/ml), asthenozoospermia (i.e.sperm motility less than 50%) and teratozoospermia (i.e. sperm with normal morphology less than 30%). The group of patients with azoospermia represent about 25% of the total and, of these, about 30% have an obstructive process (obstructive azoospermia) while the remaining have a primary testicular failure (non-obstructive azoospermia). In the obstructive azoospermia group, 25% of males have congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), while the incidence among all infertile males is about 2%. In the USA, it is estimated that approximately 16000 males are affected by CBAVD. Anatomically, CBAVD is a disorder characterized by regression bilaterally of variable portions of the epididymis, vas deferens, and, in about 80% of cases, absence of the seminal vesicles. In about 10 to 20% of the patients, a renal anomaly is also present. These anatomical hallmarks are so strikingly similar to those observed in men with cystic fibrosis (CF) that, as early as 1971 (Holsclaw et al. 1971), these two apparently unrelated disorders were hypothesized to have the same genetic origin. The hypothesis was proven when mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene (Kerem et al. 1989; Riordan et al. 1989;Rommens et al. 1989) were found in patients with CF as well patients with isolated CBAVD (Dumur et al. 1990; Anguiano et al. 1992; Patrizio et al. 1993).
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ASSOCIATED WITH A FIELD RELEASE OF PLUTONIUM

Three hundred dogs, sheep and burros were exposed to the plutonium aerosol generated by a high-explosive detonation. Initial lung burden for the three species were 22×6, 10×6 and 17×7% of the respirable (<10 μ) particles, respectively, and of these burdens 67, 5×1 and 22% was cleared slowly. Early clearance showed half-times of 4, 5 and 10 days, but the data were inadequate to establish a slow clearance half-time different from the usually accepted 365 days. Ten dogs and ten sheep were exposed to a similar aerosol in concert with a large amount of inert dust, and these animals showed 4-5 times greater clearance in the first 7 days. No data are available for extrapolation beyond 7 days.
The Child with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Family Contexts

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD-HD) is a family affair. There is robust evidence of the family’s role in both nature and nurture. Twin and family pedigree studies provide compelling evidence of high heritability of the syndrome itself as well as of more specific behavioral domains such as impulsivity and inattentiveness (Edelbrock, Rende, Plomin, & Thompson, 1995; Gillis, Gilger, Pennington, & DeFries, 1992; Gjone, Stevenson, & Sundet, 1996; Goodman & Stevenson, 1989; Zahn-Waxier, Schmitz, Fulker, Robinson, & Emde, 1996; see also Chapter 9, this volume). Psychosocial studies demonstrate that ADHD is also a transactional disorder. Family factors function as causes, correlates, and consequences, as children with ADHD influence and react to their social and physical environments. Although such bidirectional processes of influence define any parent—child relationship, ADHD can be considered a special case in that this disorder imposes more than the usual slate of challenges and demands on caregivers. Moreover, children with ADHD may be particularly vulnerable to adverse or even less than optimal environmental influences. The challenges presented by a child with ADHD can easily overwhelm the family system, especially when (1) available resources are limited, perhaps by family adversity, single parenthood, or parental psychopathology; (2) the child’s deficits and problems are so severe that even skillful and persistent attempts at accommodation and amelioration are ineffective; or (3) there is a poor fit between the personalities and behavioral styles of parent and child. In this chapter we discuss current thinking and research on the family contexts, cognitions, and interpersonal exchanges that characterize ADHD. But first, as an aid to interpretation and integration, we highlight some methodological issues fundamental to research on ADHD families.
Micromechanics of Single Supercoiled DNA Molecules

The theory of the mechanical response of single DNA molecules under stretching and twisting stresses is reviewed. Using established results for the the semiflexible polymer including the effect of torsional stress, and for the free energy of plectonemic supercoils, a theory of coexisting plectonemic and extended DNA is constructed and shown to produce phenomena observed experimentally. Analytical results for DNA extension and torque are presented, and effects of anharmonicities in the plectonemic free energy are described. An application of the theory to the problem of torsional-stress-induced cruciform extrusion is also discussed.
Simulation of projectile impact on the composite armored vehicle

Publisher Summary This chapter presents simulation of projectile impact on the composite armored vehicle. Modem armored vehicles are equipped with a variety of sensitive electronic components. Potential failure of these sensitive electronic components is because of the high-frequency shockwave transmitted through the structure because of impact loads. Failure or malfunction of electronic equipment can severely damage the combat capability of armored vehicles, even though the crew survives and the vehicle retains its structural integrity after the impact. Impact loads from projectile penetration and impact are considered in this study in an effort to numerically replicate experimental data. The chapter numerically models the response of the Quarter Section 1 of the composite armored vehicle (CAV). The CAV is an advanced technology demonstrator of an all-composite combat vehicle. It incorporated the efficient use of composite materials that include a lightweight S2 glass-epoxy laminate with embedded ceramic tiles for its armor.
Agnosia: Philosophy Before Faith

Hamann distinguishes among a philosophy which is leading men away from Christ, a philosophy which is in Christ and a philosophy which is on the way to Christ. The symbol of the last is Socrates. Failure to see these distinctions in Hamann is a source of endless confusion.
Nutrition practices and mealtime environments of North Carolina child care centers.

Background The majority of children in the United States attend out-of-home child care. However, little is known about the nutritional quality of foods served and the mealtime environments. Methods We assessed 96 child care centers over one full day using a researcher-administered structured observation and document review. We focused on eight nutrition domains: (1) fruits and vegetables, (2) whole grains, (3) high-sugar, high-salt, and high-fat foods, (4) beverages, (5) food availability and service, (6) staff behaviors, (7) training and education, and (8) policies. We computed daily means and frequencies for each domain. Results Seventy-five percent of centers participated in the Child and Adult Care Food Program, indicating they served low-income children. Centers enrolled 66 children on average; 60% were white, 28% were black, 4% were Native American, and 8% identified as mixed race. On the day of observation, seven centers did not serve a fruit and 15 did not serve a vegetable. Eighty centers served a high-sugar or high-salt food and 84 did not serve any whole grains. Five centers did not provide water indoors to children, 22 served juice twice, and 50 served whole milk. Seventeen centers had a vending machine on site visible to parents and children. Overall, children were served excessive juice, high-sugar and high-salt snack foods, and too much whole milk. Conclusions Centers had room for improvement and could strive to serve more nutritious foods and create healthier mealtime environments for children.
The Detergent System of Fiber Analysis

Hill (31) has postulated that the microflora of the gut produce carcinogens from, most probably, bile acids, and Visek (74) has suggested that ammonia, produced from microbial degradation of dietary protein in the lower gut, is a possible carcinogen. Both hypotheses are probably secondary to what seems to be the primary cause, a deficiency of dietary fiber which has been implicated in diverticular disease of the large bowel, carcinoma of the colon, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and gallstone formation (9, 10, 14, 16, 27, 55, 58). Although by definition fiber is indigestible by the secretions of the gastrointestinal tract, there is sufficient evidence to show that the monogastric animal, in addition to the ruminant and nonruminant herbivore, has a microbial population (23) in the tract capable of utilizing plant structural carbohydrates as a source of energy (Table 1). However, no cellulolytic organisms have yet been isolated from human feces (35), although Bryant (8) has characterized strains of Rumunococcus and Bacteroides fragilis, many of which can ferment pentoses and possibly hemicelluloses.
Experimental study on RC beams strengthened with CFRP rod panels

Abstract Externally bonded (EB) fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates and fabrics have become a mainstream method for retrofitting and upgrading concrete structures. Nevertheless, when strengthening long-span members or members with limited access, labor, traffic, and equipment demands may hinder the use of continuous EB FRP. The use of carbon FRP (CFRP) rod panels is a recent application of FRP material intended to overcome the above limitations. CFRP rod panels are developed from small diameter rods and are made continuous by means of a finger joint. This study leveraged four-point bending tests to determine whether spliced CFRP rod panels can effectively serve as flexural reinforcement for concrete members. Testing included a control beam and beams strengthened with the following FRP reinforcement layouts: (1) continuous rod panel, (2) spliced panel (two half-length panels with a 150 mm finger joint), (3) spliced panel anchored at ends with CFRP fabric, (4) continuous CFRP laminate, and (5) lap-spliced CFRP laminate system. Beams bonded with either continuous or spliced rod panels failed by concrete cover separation. The beam with spliced and anchored rod panel failed by intermediate crack-induced debonding of the panel. No local debonding or other signs of distress were observed at the finger joint for the two beams strengthened by spliced rod panels. For beams bonded with continuous and lap-spliced CFRP laminates, the failure was by laminate debonding. Compared to a control specimen, the maximum load increase of the strengthened beams was as follows: 112% for the continuous rod panel; 106% for spliced rod panel; 158% for the spliced/anchored rod panel; 49% for continuous laminate; and 31.8% for lap-spliced laminate.
Collecting the Revolution: New Directions in Research

ABSTRACTThis essay reports on the latest efforts to assess the collections of materials relating to the Russian Revolution held in the Hoover Institution and the New York Public Library (NYPL). The...
Conditional Prediction of RNA Secondary Structure Using NMR Chemical Shifts

Inspired by methods that utilize chemical-mapping data to guide secondary structure prediction, we sought to develop a framework for using assigned chemical shift data to guide RNA secondary structure prediction. We first used machine learning to develop classifiers which predict the base-pairing status of individual residues in an RNA based on their assigned chemical shifts. Then, we used these base-pairing status predictions as restraints to guide RNA folding algorithms. Our results showed that we could recover the correct secondary folds for nearly all of the 108 RNAs in our dataset with remarkable accuracy. Finally, we assessed whether we could conditionally predict the structure of the model RNA, microRNA-20b (miR-20b), by folding it using folding restraints derived from chemical shifts associated with two distinct conformational states, one a free (apo) state and the other a protein-bound (holo) state. For this test, we found that by using folding restraints derived from chemical shifts, we could recover the two distinct structures of the miR-20b, confirming our ability to conditionally predict its secondary structure. A command-line tool for Chemical Shifts to Base-Pairing Status (CS2BPS) predictions in RNA has been incorporated into our CS2Structure Git repository and can be accessed via: https://github.com/atfrank/CS2Structure.
Sources of atmospheric pollution in the rust belt, Ohio, USA

Industrial regions in the rust belt are sites of significant legacy atmospheric pollution, and despite recent regulations, continue to be sites of ongoing atmospheric emissions of toxic metals. Source attribution in such areas is complicated by the presence of multiple potential point sources, including steel production plants and coal fired power plants. This study focuses on a region in Ohio, USA, in the vicinity of a steel manufacturing plant and coke production facility. Scanning electron microscopy of atmospheric particulate matter, combined with major and trace element and Pb and Os isotopic analysis of dust, lichen and tree bark, have been employed to identify the primary contributors to the atmospheric metal load. Our results suggest that steel production, coal burning, and traffic emissions are all significant sources of metals to the local environment.
A novel, point-of-care, whole-blood assay utilizing dielectric spectroscopy is sensitive to coagulation factor replacement therapy in haemophilia A patients.

Background Reliable monitoring of coagulation factor replacement therapy in patients with severe haemophilia, especially those with inhibitors, is an unmet clinical need. While useful, global assays, eg thromboelastography (TEG), rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and thrombin generation assay (TGA), are cumbersome to use and not widely available. Objective To assess the utility of a novel, point-of-care, dielectric microsensor - ClotChip - to monitor coagulation factor replacement therapy in patients with haemophilia A, with and without inhibitors. Methods The ClotChip Tpeak parameter was assessed using whole-blood samples from children with severe haemophilia A, with (n = 6) and without (n = 12) inhibitors, collected pre- and postcoagulation factor replacement therapy. ROTEM, TGA and chromogenic FVIII assays were also performed. Healthy children (n = 50) served as controls. Results ClotChip Tpeak values exhibited a significant decrease for samples collected postcoagulation factor replacement therapy as compared to baseline (pretherapy) samples in patients with and without inhibitors. A difference in Tpeak values was also noted at baseline among severe haemophilia A patients with inhibitors as compared to those without inhibitors. ClotChip Tpeak parameter exhibited a very strong correlation with clotting time (CT) of ROTEM, endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) and peak thrombin of TGA, and FVIII clotting activity. Conclusions ClotChip is sensitive to coagulation factor replacement therapy in patients with severe haemophilia A, with and without inhibitors. ClotChip Tpeak values correlate very well with ROTEM, TGA and FVIII assays, opening up possibilities for its use in personalized coagulation factor replacement therapy in haemophilia.
El castillo de la pureza (1972): A Closed Market Represented by a Closed Home

In this chapter, I analyze Arturo Ripstein’s El Castillo de la pureza (1972). In this film, the state’s economic idealism and repressive nature are embodied in Gabriel’s brutal paternalism. This patriarch imprisons his family and manages his wife and children in order to maximize their efficiency in the family business: the production and sale of rat poison. Through a discussion of the films historical context, I will show how the portrayal of an isolated family, serves as a national allegory to skewer the PRI’s paternalistic grip over Mexican society.
Emerging antiviral resistance.

Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) represents a promising advance in antiviral chemotherapies for influenza infections. Identification of transmissible BXM-resistant strains in Japan may hit pause on widespread adoption of this therapy and could lead to revision of surveillance practices for emerging viruses.
Solution Construction to a Class of Riemann Problems of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media

Fluid displacement in porous media can usually be formulated as a Riemann problem. Finding the solution to such a problem helps shed light on the dynamics of flow and consequently optimize operational parameters such as injected fluid composition. We developed an algorithm to find solutions to a class of Riemann problems of multiphase flow in porous media. In general, the solution to a Riemann problem in state space is a curve connecting the left and right states of the problem. The solution curves studied here are composed of classical wave curves. For a given Riemann problem, our procedure to find the solution consists of three steps: (1) guess the initial lengths of the solution’s constitutive wave curves; (2) construct each wave curve off the last state of its antecedent wave curve; and (3) iterate over the lengths of the constitutive wave curves, using an iterative solver, until the solution curve ends at the right state of the problem. We used benchmark cases from literature to verify the accuracy of the developed algorithm. Using the developed algorithm, we found solutions to some challenging cases where otherwise numerical simulators would be needed to find the type of the involved waves (i.e., rarefaction, shock or composite waves) and the coordinates of the middle states in the state space. Saturation profiles, oil cut and oil recovery for all the studied cases were computed. This information will assist us to: gain insight about the dynamics of flow, interpret core flooding measurements, assess the accuracy of developed models for foam physical properties, and verify the results of numerical simulators.
Autonomic dysfunction and phenoconversion in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder.

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a common finding among patients with synucleinopathies. We aimed to determine the degree of autonomic dysfunction in patients presenting with idiopathic RBD (iRBD), and the predictive value of autonomic dysfunction for phenoconversion to a defined neurodegenerative disease. We searched our electronic medical record for patients diagnosed with iRBD who also underwent standardized autonomic function testing within 6 months of iRBD diagnosis, and who had clinical follow-up of at least 3 years following iRBD diagnosis. The composite autonomic severity score (CASS) was derived and compared between phenoconverters and non-converters using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. We identified 18 patients who fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria. Average age at autonomic testing was 67 ± 6.6 years. Twelve (67%) patients phenoconverted during the follow-up period; six developed Parkinson’s disease (PD), and the other six, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Fifteen (83%) patients had at least mild autonomic dysfunction. There were no significant differences between overall converters and non-converters in total CASS or CASS subscores. However, iRBD patients who developed DLB had significantly higher total and cardiovagal CASS scores compared with those who developed PD (p < 0.05), and a trend for higher adrenergic CASS scores compared to those who developed PD and those who did not phenoconvert. Autonomic dysfunction was seen in 83% of iRBD patients, and more severe baseline cardiovagal autonomic dysfunction in iRBD was associated with phenoconversion to DLB but not PD. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the value of autonomic testing for predicting phenoconversion and disease phenotype in iRBD.
Centriole Number and the Accumulation of Microtubules Modulate the Timing of Apical Insertion during Radial Intercalation.

Summary Centrioles are microtubule (MT)-based structures that provide important functions during cell migration, cell division, and cell signaling [ 1 ]. Modulating centriole number in 3D cell cultures has been shown to influence protrusive behavior [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Here, we address in vivo the role of centrioles and the accumulation of MTs on the protrusive behavior required during the initiation of radial intercalation. Radial intercalation is an important developmental process whereby cells undergo polarized movements and interdigitate into a more superficial layer [ 6 , 7 ]. It is commonly employed during metamorphic events, such as the tissue thinning coupled with expansion or during the introduction of different cell types into an epithelium. During radial intercalation, cells emerge from a basal layer by undergoing a process of apical migration, apical insertion, and expansion [ 8 ]. In Xenopus skin, multiciliated cells (MCCs), which contain ∼150 centrioles, and ionocytes (ICs), which contain two centrioles, differentiate during the same developmental window, but MCCs complete intercalation prior to ICs. Here, we utilize this difference in timing to create a quantifiable assay for insertion and find that the timing of insertion is modulated by changes in centriole number and the accumulation of acetylated MTs. Additionally, centrioles align between the nucleus and the leading edge creating an axis of migration with apically oriented (+) ends. Using the MT (−) end protein CAMSAP1 fused to the apically positioned Par6 protein, we have artificially reversed the orientation of MTs and find that the accumulation of MTs in either orientation is sufficient to promote apical insertion.
A Simple Semi-Supervised Learning Framework for Object Detection.

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has promising potential for improving the predictive performance of machine learning models using unlabeled data. There has been remarkable progress, but the scope of demonstration in SSL has been limited to image classification tasks. In this paper, we propose STAC, a simple yet effective SSL framework for visual object detection along with a data augmentation strategy. STAC deploys highly confident pseudo labels of localized objects from an unlabeled image and updates the model by enforcing consistency via strong augmentations. We propose new experimental protocols to evaluate performance of semi-supervised object detection using MS-COCO and demonstrate the efficacy of STAC on both MS-COCO and VOC07. On VOC07, STAC improves the AP$^{0.5}$ from 76.30 to 79.08; on MS-COCO, STAC demonstrates 2x higher data efficiency by achieving 24.38 mAP using only 5% labeled data than supervised baseline that marks 23.86% using 10% labeled data. The code is available at \url{this https URL}.