cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source–sink balance and carbon allocation below ground in plants exposed to ozone

Contents Summary 213 I. Introduction 213 II. Source–sink model: carbohydrate signaling 214 III. Effect of ozone on above-ground sources and sinks 216 IV. Decreased allocation below ground 218 V. Carbon flux to soils 220 VI. Soil food web 223 VII. Summary, conclusions and future research 223 Acknowledgements 223 References 223 Summary The role of tropospheric ozone in altering plant growth and development has been the subject of thousands of publications over the last several decades. Still, there is limited understanding regarding the possible effects of ozone on soil processes. In this review, the effects of ozone are discussed using the flow of carbon from the atmosphere, through the plant to soils, and back to the atmosphere as a framework. A conceptual model based on carbohydrate signaling is used to illustrate physiological changes in response to ozone, and to discuss possible feedbacks that may occur. Despite past emphasis on above-ground effects, ozone has the potential to alter below-ground processes and hence ecosystem characteristics in ways that are not currently being considered.
The Anatomy of a Continental Tropical Convective Storm

Abstract This study provides a very clear picture of the microphysics and flow field in a convective storm in the Rondonia region of Brazil through a synthesis of observations from two unique radars, measurements of the surface drop size distribution (DSD), and particle types and sizes from an aircraft penetration. The primary findings are 1) the growth of rain by the collision–coalescence–breakup (CCB) process to equilibrium drop size distributions entirely below the 0°C level; 2) the subsequent growth of larger ice particles (graupel and hail) at subfreezing temperatures; 3) the paucity of lightning activity during the former process, and the increased lightning frequency during the latter; 4) the occurrence of strong downdrafts and a downburst during the latter phase of the storm resulting from cooling by melting and evaporation; 5) the occurrence of turbulence along the main streamlines of the storm; and 6) the confirmation of the large drops reached during the CCB growth by polarimetric radar observa...
A General Theory of "Multivariable" Servo-Tracking Control-Design For MIMO Linear Dynamical Systems; Framework for a Unified Theory of Modern Linear Control?

In this paper, the multivariable servo-tracking (linear, continuous-time) control-design problem for a general class of MIMO linear dynamic systems is considered, and a rather complete, general, algebraic design procedure is developed using the theory of "subspace-stabilization". The results include, as special cases, procedures for multivariable stabilization and set-point regulation control-design for MIMO linear systems.
Home Range and Territoriality of Two Hawaiian Honeycreepers, the ‘ĀKohekohe and Maui Parrotbill

Abstract Hawaiian honeycreepers have radiated into a diversity of trophic niches and patterns of space-use. We investigated space-use in two honeycreeper species, the ‘Ākohekohe (Palmeria dolei), an endangered nectarivore, and Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), an endangered wood excavator, by mapping the home ranges and dispersion of color-banded individuals at a study site in relatively undisturbed montane cloud forest on Maui Island, Hawai‘i. With 20% of outlying points excluded, home-range size averaged much smaller for adult male ‘Ākohekohe (0.56 ha) than for male Maui Parrotbill (2.26 ha). In both species, a female's home range mostly overlapped that of her mate. Adult male Maui Parrotbill defended year-round home ranges from which they excluded conspecifics except for their mates and dependent offspring. Although our data suggest that ‘Ākohekohe also maintained all-purpose territories, the evidence is less convincing because these birds were seen feeding in the home ranges of other individ...
The Heart of Computer Science

The active beginnings of modern Computer Science are somewhat diffuse and even controversial but, as we shall show, it is reasonable to consider the major active beginnings of Computer Science as being rooted in the works of one man, Alan M. Turing, starting with his epoch-making 1936 paper, On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceeedings of London Mathematical Society, ser.2, vol. 42. 1936, corrections ibid. vol.43, 1937. This paper has been re-published by Dover Pub. Co. in the 2004 anthology The Undecidable, edited by Martin Davis. Some may not completely accept our opinion that Turing was the single fountainhead of the main ideas of computer science. However, one cannot fail to be impressed by the prescient quality of his wide-ranging research as displayed in his published papers and reports. At the very least, he was a leading thinker of the new discipline of computer science and contributed to both its hardware and software content.
RECO: Representation and Evaluation of Configurable Offers

Up until now, electronic negotiations have primarily focused on the trading of simple goods and services, where products can be described either by price alone or as a set of attributes. There is little support for trading complex, configurable products, such as computer systems, automobiles, insurances and services in general. Companies need to communicate offers including complex rules and business policies, and they need decision support to evaluate these offers. This paper describes RECO, a decision support system for the representation and evaluation of configurable offers. Configurable offers allow multiple values for each attribute and they include rules on how to combine the various attribute values and how to price a desired configuration. From a configurable offer, a user can extract offers for individual configurations. RECO provides a compact representation for configurable offers using prepositional logic, and helps a user in finding the top L configurations based on her preferences. In a multi-sourcing setting, it provides support for identifying the optimal sourcing strategy subject to considerations such as minimum/maximium number of winners and homogeneity of attributes across bids. We draw on mathematical programming, propositional logic and decision analysis.
Metabolism-Induced CaCO3 Biomineralization During Reactive Transport in a Micromodel: Implications for Porosity Alteration.

The ability of Pseudomonas stutzeri strain DCP-Ps1 to drive CaCO3 biomineralization has been investigated in a microfluidic flowcell (i.e., micromodel) that simulates subsurface porous media. Results indicate that CaCO3 precipitation occurs during NO3– reduction with a maximum saturation index (SIcalcite) of ∼1.56, but not when NO3– was removed, inactive biomass remained, and pH and alkalinity were adjusted to SIcalcite ∼ 1.56. CaCO3 precipitation was promoted by metabolically active cultures of strain DCP-Ps1, which at similar values of SIcalcite, have a more negative surface charge than inactive strain DCP-Ps1. A two-stage NO3– reduction (NO3– → NO2– → N2) pore-scale reactive transport model was used to evaluate denitrification kinetics, which was observed in the micromodel as upper (NO3– reduction) and lower (NO2– reduction) horizontal zones of biomass growth with CaCO3 precipitation exclusively in the lower zone. Model results are consistent with two biomass growth regions and indicate that precipitat...
Aberrant Epigenetic Regulation in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of malignancy in women in the Western world. Inactivating mutations in tumor suppressor genes, gain-of-function mutations in oncogenes, and changes in DNA copy number result in the initiation, abnormal growth, resistance to drug treatment, and spread of breast tumors. In addition, epigenetic alterations across the genome play a critical role in carcinogenesis of the breast. Here we discuss key epigenetic events including hyper- and hypomethylation of CpG islands, chromatin remodeling, nuclear localization of genes, chromatin loops, and differential expression of small noncoding RNAs as they relate to the normal development of the breast and how their abnormal regulation leads to initiation, progression, and metastasis. This chapter not only highlights the role of epigenetics during normal breast development but also outlines basic epigenetic processes which are perturbed during the development of breast cancer. In addition, the role of epigenetics in classifying breast cancers, in determining prognosis, and as potential therapeutic targets will be discussed. As technologies for interrogating the entire genome improve, the importance of epigenetic dysregulation in breast cancer carcinogenesis is becoming more evident.
Nutrient Enrichment and Estuarine Health

Ecosystem health may be defined in terms of system norms or in terms of human utility. It is here defined as that state in which the components and processes remain well within specified limits of system integrity selected to assure that there is no diminution in the capacity of the system to render its basic services to society throughout the indefinite future. Knowledge of nutrient enrichment in freshwater systems is reviewed as a point of departure for understanding the response of estuaries to enrichment. Mixed and stratified estuaries respond in somewhat different fashions. Major changes associated with enrichment are changes in species succession and oxygen depletion in areas of organic accumulation, low mixing, and poor flushing. If of temporary and local occurrence, these symptoms are reversible and of minor importance. If of chronic nature or of widespread occurrence, they could lead to irreversible loss of species and genetic stocks. Measures of ecosystem health are discussed, and pertinent management recommendations are put forth. Of especial importance are the needs to establish local species reserves, to manage for total system integrity, and to develop better lines of communication between scientists and managers.
Characterization of interface defects in ALD Al2O3/p-GaSb MOS capacitors using admittance measurements in range from kHz to GHz ☆

Abstract Atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3/p-type GaSb Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (MOS) capacitors are studied with capacitance–voltage (C–V) and conductance–voltage (G–V) measurements using AC signal frequencies covering the range from kHz to GHz. The potential and limitations of the measurements at GHz frequencies for oxide and interface defect characterization are described. The effect of bulk oxide traps in communication with the GaSb valence band via hole tunneling is highlighted. Modeling indicates that the C–V and G–V frequency dispersions observed in the accumulation, flat-band and depletion regions of the Al2O3/p-GaSb MOS capacitors are due to combined contributions of bulk-oxide traps and interface traps.
Discussion: New Approaches in Organizing for Land and Water Use

thought in the "planners'" planning literature. They refer to the "art of planning." Hoover even calls it a "spiritual" quality17 while Dyckman, as many others, notes the holistic and comprehensive requirements.18 These aspects of planning come together in the areal context. The essential point is that the organization of areal planning-which is holistic-should allow man's creativity to find expression in the same sense that Frank Lloyd Wright worked with buildings and others with landscapes. These distinctions of quality in land and water planning will become more important as man lives closer to his fellow man even while taking into account his ability to adapt.
In Defense of Hierarchy: The Hypermodern Structure in U.S. Military and Multinational Corporations

Multinational corporations (MNCs) have had difficulty implementing the heterarchical organizational form defined by Hedlund (1986, 1993). Unlike hierarchical organizations, heterarchical organizations possess the following attributes: (1) a multidimensional structure with respect to knowledge, action, and position of authority, (2) asymmetric ordering of the dimensions, (3) temporary subordination and simultaneous sub- and superordination, (4) nontransitivity and circularity, (5) horizontality, and (6) normative, goal-oriented direction. Although unadulterated heterarchy is not an achievable state, examples from the U.S. military demonstrate how heterarchical principles may be applied in practice. This paper contributes to the extant literature by demonstrating that the heterarchical principles employed by the U.S. military are applicable within MNCs. We posit that a heterarchical structure permits the intentional creation of organized chaos, which in turn allows an MNC to deal with a complex environment ...
Effect of Total Sympathectomy on Experimental Renal Hypertension in Dogs.

SummaryIn one dog with sustained hypertension established by application of Goldblatt clamps to both renal arteries, total sympathectomy produced a moderate drop in the blood pressure, which, however, has remained well above the control level. In another dog, previously sympathectomized, hypertension could be produced by bilateral application of Goldblatt clamps.
Luminescent trimethoprim-polyaminocarboxylate lanthanide complex conjugates for selective protein labeling and time-resolved bioassays

Labeling proteins with long-lifetime emitting lanthanide (III) chelate reporters enables sensitive, time-resolved luminescence bioaffinity assays. Heterodimers of trimethoprim (TMP) covalently linked to various cs124-sensitized, polyaminocarboxylate chelates stably retain lanthanide ions and exhibit quantum yields of europium emission up to 20% in water. A time-resolved, luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) assay showed that TMP-polyaminocarboxylates bind to Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) fusion proteins with nanomolar affinity in purified solutions and in bacterial lysates. The ability to selectively impart terbium or europium luminescence to fusion proteins in complex physiological mixtures bypasses the need for specific antibodies and simplifies sample preparation.
Low Temperature CVD of TiN from Ti(NR2)4 and NH3: FTIR Studies of the Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions

The gas-phase chemical reaction between Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 and NH 3 is a critical step in the Metallorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (MOCVD) of TiN at low temperatures. We have examined this reaction using a flow-tube reactor coupled to an FTIR spectrometer. A sliding injector provides control over the reaction time and the kinetics of reactive species can be measured as a function of the partial pressure of an added reagent. The disappearance of Ti(NMe 2 ) 4 was measured as a function of reaction time and NH 3 pressure at 26°C. The resulting bimolecular rate constant is (1.1±0. 1) x 10 -16 cm 3 molecules −1 s −1 Dimethylamine is observed as a direct product from this reaction consistent with other studies. We have also measured the rate constant using ND 3 and find a substantial isotope effect, k h /k d ≈2.4± 0.4. This indicates that H-atom transfer is involved in the rate limiting step. We show that these results can be explained by a mechanism comprised of transamination reactions with NH 3 .
Upscaling of U(VI) Desorption and Transport Using Decimeter-Scale Tanks

Experimental work was used to validate modeling studies and develop multicontinuum models of U(VI) transport in a contaminated aquifer. At the bench scale, it has been shown that U(VI) desorption is rate-limited and that rates are dependent on the bicarbonate concentration. Two decimeter-scale experiments were conducted in order to help establish rigorous upscaling approaches that could be tested at the tracer test and plume scales.
Transition Metal Cation Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Esterase Rv0045c

The survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within its human host is highly dependent upon the lipid metabolism performed by the numerous serine hydrolase enzymes at the bacterium’s disposal. Among ...
Separation of Antioxidative Ferruginol from Japanese Cedar Bark by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Extraction and separation of ferruginol as an antioxidant from Japanese cedar bark using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was studied. After being ground, the cedar bark was extracted with SCCO2 and the ferruginol was then fractionated from the extracts using preparative-scale-supercritical fluid chromatography (P-SFC) with a 50mm i.d. column (TMS, 15µm). Ferruginol, 0.4% in content in the cedar bark, was concentrated to 16% by SCCO2 extraction and to 66% by P-SFC. 50-70% of ferruginol in the cedar bark was recovered as ferruginol fractions by a composite procedure of SCCO2 extraction and P-SFC.
Practical Guide to Anaerobic Bacteriology

Category Al continuing education credit is available to anyone who studies a C/E Update series and completes a written exam (prepared and distributed by the ASCP).
Cosby, William H. (Bill)

Born: July 12, 1937, Philadelphia, PA Education: Temple University, 1961–62, B.A., 1971; University of Massachusetts, M. Ed., 1972, Ed. D., 1976 Cosby rose from humble conditions, joined the navy, and found a niche in comedy. His talent, egalitarian vision, and business savvy catapulted him to fame. The Cosby Show , which attracted and retained a racially diverse audience, was an important contribution. It portrayed Cliff Huxtable, a physician; Mrs. Huxtable, an attorney; and their five intelligent children. Dialogue involved humor but dealt with normal familial relations and crises. Critics applauded the show's positive images of the black family. Some said it idealized middle-class blacks while ignoring the poor. As the show thrived, Cosby battled racial bias in television. He demanded and won major input into production, from hiring writers and directors to selecting performers and professionals for guest appearances. A black psychiatrist advised the cast and Cosby displayed black art on the set. This, plus Cosby's educational programs for inner-city children and philanthropy, made him an icon. But his criticisms of low-income blacks in comments marking the fiftieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education clearly backfired. Challenging them to embrace Brown 's legacy of learning, he criticized “their spending habits, speech patterns, and parenting.” Public opinion divided over whether he was unfair. Also divided is public response to Cosby's 2005–2006 court-released deposition, excerpted by The New York Times (July 20, 2015), in which he admitted to drugging and having sex with a number of women without their knowledge and consent.
CSF Dynamics and Cerebral Hemodynamics in ATP-Induced Hypotension

Induced hypotension is frequently used in neurosurgery, particularly in operations involving cerebral aneurysms and vascular tumors. The hypotensive agent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) has been shown to produce controllable decreases in systemic arterial pressure (MAP) [4, 10]. ATP is converted to adenosine on the venous side of systemic circulation, and thus, its mode of action as a hypotensive agent is identical to adenosine.
Multiplexed Mechanochemistry Assay - A Tool for Multiplexed Single Molecule Bond Rupture Force Studies

Studies in mechanochemistry have greatly benefited from advances in single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) techniques. Despite success, conventional SMFS techniques are inherently low throughput. For example, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and optical tweezers are serial techniques. In recent years, considerable effort has been made to develop massively parallel force spectroscopy methods such as the centrifugal force microscope (CFM), which applies centrifugal force to tethered beads. The capability to apply centrifugal force on a large number of beads opens new multiplexing possibilities.Here, we report the development of a novel technique — Multiplexed Mechanochemistry Assay (MMA) — enabling large-scale study of single molecule chemical bond rupture events. Briefly, in a bead surface assay configuration, we designed a centrifugal system for the application of pre-calibrated forces on up to 320 samples simultaneously. Our system enables two-dimensional multiplexing, (1) number of beads being studied simultaneously, and (2) number of experimental conditions being probed. The force range afforded by our equipment ranges from a fraction of a pN to ∼30 nN. This unprecedented level of ultraplexing afforded by our approach, hundreds of experimental conditions tested against orders of magnitude variation in force, provides a dramatic improvement in throughput of individual experiments over conventional SMFS techniques. As system validation, we report a case study on studying bond rupture of covalent bonds. We believe this simple tool will greatly increase the rate of progress in probing the relation between force-lifetime and chemistry in single molecular bonds.
From Democracy to Anarchy

Anarchy may be desirable in theory, but is it attainable? In this chapter, I argue that the eventual development of an anarcho-capitalist order, while not inevitable, is neither impossible nor exceedingly improbable.
Rethinking Raskolnikov: Exploring Contemporary Ethical Challenges in the Films of Woody Allen

Antonioni’s and Bergman’s films demonstrate the power of imagery to convey insights pertinent to our existentialist analyses, but in Chapter 2 I explained that a film’s narrative is the other important way in which films contribute to our understanding. That is, often (perhaps usually) a film’s insights into the human condition is conveyed primarily through the story. While Antonioni’s cinema is an example of how narratives can be relatively insignificant compared to the power of imagery, Woody Allen’s work demonstrates how much insight a good narrative can deliver. Even here, however, one must acknowledge the force of the visual presentation of that story in its ability to give realistic depictions of how persons think and act.
Microcomputers: Attitudes and Implementation

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which participation in a college course consisting of microcomputer instruction was associated to change in attitudes toward the use of microcomputers, curriculum changes in business education to include microcomputers, implementation of microcomputers into existing courses in business education, and demographic characteristics.The data were gathered from two groups of business education teachers, which represents eighty-seven percent of the secondary vocational business education teachers in Mississippi.Based on the results of the data, business teachers possess positive attitudes toward the use of microcomputers in the business education curriculum, have updated the business education curriculum to include microcomputers, and are using microcomputers in existing courses.Four personal variables differentiated significantly between business teachers who attended the course and those who did not. In order of importance as to loading on the significan...
Cane Technique: Modifying the Touch Technique for Full Path Coverage.

Measurements of height of cane hand, cane length, step size, and forearm length of 17 cane, using blind subjects were taken for the purpose of testing the hypothesis that the touch technique does n...
Highly Directional Radiation from Photonic Crystal Slabs

We develop a general temporal coupled-mode theory formalism to derive bounds on the asymmetric radiation from a photonic crystal slab for arbitrary geometries and wavevectors, and present designs with asymmetry ratios exceeding 104.
New Insights into the Regulation of Complement Activation by Decay Accelerating Factor

Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), a ubiquitously expressed GPI-anchored protein, is an intrinsic regulator of complement activation that acts to dissociate autologous C3 and C5 convertases that assemble on self cells. DAF contains four ~60 amino acid long repeats termed short consensus repeats (SCRs) or complement control protein repeats (CCPs), followed by a serine/threonine (S/T)-rich region which in turn is attached to a posttranslationally-added glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor. Studies with CCP deletion mutants showed that CCPs 2 and 3 are required for classical pathway (CP) function while CCP4 is additionally required for alternative pathway (AP) function. Mutagenesis studies based on a model built from the NMR structure of homologous CCPs indicated that positively charged amino acids (R69, R96, and R100 in CCP2, and K127 in the CCP2-CCP3 linker) and hydrophobic residues primarily in CCP3 (F148, F169, and L171) are important for DAF’s function in one or both pathways. A recent NMR solution structure of CCPs 2–3, the crystal structure of CCPs 3–4, and the crystal structure of all four CCPs have allowed mapping of the mutagenesis data on DAF’s 3D structure but have raised a controversy over the flexibility of its junctions, particularly CCPs 2–3, and the roles in function of certain amino acids, particularly the positively charged residues between CCPs 2 and 3. Work on DAF’s ligands indicates that DAF interacts with Y338A and Y327A residues in the von Willibrand factor type A (vWFA) domains of factor B and C2, respectively. Current work is proceeding toward understanding DAF’s role as a receptor for E. coli expressing AFA and Dr adhesions and certain picorna viruses. The recent availability of Daf1 knock-out mice has allowed studies of its in vivo function in diseases such as myasthenia gravis and autoimmune renal disease.
Until death do us part: Matrimony, Casti Connubii, and the Catholic Church in Federico García Lorca's Yerma

Yerma, one of Spaniard Federico Garcia Lorca's (1898–1936) best-known plays, is about a married woman referred to as Yerma who, because of her inability to conceive a child, becomes obsessed with h...
Analytical computation of end-winding leakage inductance for multi-phase AC machines

An analytical method that considers both fringing and leakage fluxes in the winding end region is proposed to compute the end-winding leakage inductance. The fringing effects are considered by a small equivalent core extension which produces the same flux linkages in the coils. To compute the leakage inductance related to the leakage fluxes, the end coils are modeled by serially connected helical filaments. The Neumann's integrals for the computation of the mutual inductance between any two filaments are performed by the algorithm of 2D 5-point Gaussian quadrature.
The declining use of internal service funds: how local governments are changing the allocation of indirect costs

Studies involving the allocation of funds among local governments usually are broad in nature with foci based on a variety of factors ranging from service demand to performance outcomes. The conundrum of indirect costs allocation associated with service demand continues to confront local governments. The internal service fund (ISF) has been the primary device used in this endeavor, but over the past two decades, its utilization has decreased. County finance officers in the southeastern United States were surveyed to determine why the ISF is not as prevalently used as in previous years and what has happened to indirect costs as a result of these changes. Findings suggest many reasons for ISF's usage decline including limited usefulness and reallocation of indirect costs to departments. In addition, county governments with a cost allocation plan and larger budget sizes continue to use the ISF as an accounting device
FRAPCON analysis of cladding performance during dry storage operations

Abstract There is an increasing need in the United States and around the world to move used nuclear fuel from wet storage in fuel pools to dry storage in casks stored at independent spent fuel storage installations or interim storage sites. Under normal conditions, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission limits cladding temperature to 400°C for high-burnup (>45 GWd/mtU) fuel, with higher temperatures allowed for low-burnup fuel. An analysis was conducted with FRAPCON-4.0 on three modern fuel designs with three representative used nuclear fuel storage temperature profiles that peaked at 400°C. Results were representative of the majority of US light water reactor fuel. They conservatively showed that hoop stress remains below 90 MPa at the licensing temperature limit. Results also show that the limiting case for hoop stress may not be at the highest rod internal pressure in all cases but will be related to the axial temperature and oxidation profiles of the rods at the end of life and in storage.
Age: Heterogeneity—Individuality

This chapter focuses on different aspects of the heterogeneity of aging populations. Careful analysis of demographic data demonstrates that beyond the increasing number of adults around the world who are aged 60 and over, health inequalities exist everywhere: between high- and low-resource countries, between already-old and growing-old countries, and between life expectancy and disability-free life expectancy. This large population heterogeneity is mainly explained by various life-course trajectories, with differential accumulation of risks from conception through childhood and midlife, explaining why it is nonsensical to consider old age separately. Moreover, aging individuals live in a range of multiple cultures that exacerbate the initial existing heterogeneity, and even worsen it when age discrimination negatively intervenes. One excellent means to challenge these multiple aspects of aging is better education in gerontology and geriatrics for all categories of healthcare professionals.
Recent Advances in Giant Cell Arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common systemic vasculitis. GCA is categorized as a granulomatous vasculitis of large and medium size vessels. Majority of the symptoms and signs of GCA result from involvement of the aorta and its branches intra- and extracranial. Temporal artery biopsy continues to be the cardinal diagnostic procedure despite new imaging modalities for diagnosing GCA with cranial involvement. Great advances in awareness have led to improvement in preventing irreversible vision loss due to early diagnosis. The cause of GCA has not been elucidated but major progress has been made in the knowledge of its pathogenesis leading to new therapeutic targets, particularly inhibition of interleukin 6. IL 6 plays a key role in the regulation of TH17/Tregs imbalance in GCA and appears to correlate with clinical disease activity in GCA. All of this has led to the first FDA (food and drug administration) approved treatment for GCA, Tocilizumab. Abatacept and Ustekinumab are promising targets for therapy in LVV but still need further research. This paper is a review of the recent progress in the understanding of GCA pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
Superconducting Gap in CeCoIn5

One of the central questions that can be asked about any bulk superconductor is the symmetry of its superconducting gap, Δ(k).
Ottilie’s Education Goethe’s Die Wahlverwandtschaften and the Pedagogical Discourse around 1800

Der Aufsatz versucht eine neue Bewertung der Gestalt Ottilies im Zusammenhang mit dem padagogischen Diskurs um 1800. Dabei steht die Differenz zwischen mannlicher und weiblicher Erziehung im Mittelpunkt, wie sie von Padagogen wie Campe und Ewald mit verschiedener Akzentuierung hervorgehoben wurde. Goethes Roman wird im Vergleich mit Friederike Ungers Erfolgsroman Julchen Grunthal gedeutet, der die Erziehung der Hauptfigur in den Mittelpunkt ruckt.
Classical heart-rate conditioning in the rat: The influence of curare and various setting operations

Conflicting reports concerning the success of classical conditioning of heart rate (HR) in curarized animals led to an experiment using a transfer design in which rats were classically conditioned either under curarized or restrained conditions. These conditions were then reversed for each group, giving a Curarized-Restrained (C-R) and a Restrained-Curarized (R-C) group. Results indicated that curare inhibits the conditional and unconditional HR response both during initial acquisition and after asymptotic levels of a HR CR have been attained. In addition, the C-R group did not acquire a CR during their later non-curarized restrained conditioning sessions, implying an inhibitory transfer from their earlier conditioning under curare. The UCRs during this period were normal for restrained rats.
Implementation of oral chemotherapy management program in the large integrated health care system and its impact on patient safety.

279Background: Oral chemotherapy is a progressively growing portion of antineoplastic agents. Although convenient for the patient, it creates a unique challenges for the drug complacency and safety...
Bioconversion of cheese whey permeate into fungal oil by Mucor circinelloides

Oleaginous fungi are efficient tools to convert agricultural waste streams into valuable components. The filamentous fungus Mucor circinelloides was cultivated in whey permeate, a byproduct from cheese production, to produce an oil-rich fungal biomass. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the fermentation conditions such as pH and temperature for increased biomass yield and lipid accumulation. Quantification and characterization of the fungal biomass oil was conducted. Upstream lactose hydrolysis of the whey permeate increased the biomass yield from 2.4 to 7.8 (g dry biomass/L) compared to that of non-hydrolyzed whey permeate. The combination of low pH (4.5) and pasteurization minimized microbial competition, thus favoring fungal growth. A central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of temperature (22.4–33.6 °C) and a lower pH range (3.6–4.7) on biomass yield and composition. The highest biomass yield and oil content was observed at high temperature (33.6 °C), while the pH range evaluated had a less pronounced effect. The predictive model was validated at the optimal conditions of 33.6 °C and pH 4.5. The fungal biomass yield plateaued at 9 g dry cell weight per liter, while the oil content and lipid yield reached a maximum of 24% dry biomass and 2.20 g/L, respectively, at 168 h. Triacylglycerides were the major lipid class (92%), which contained predominantly oleic (41%), palmitic (23%), linoleic (11%), and γ-linolenic acid (9%). This study provided an alternative way of valorization of cheese whey permeate by using it as a substrate for the production of value-added compounds by fungal fermentation. The fatty acid profile indicates the suitability of M. circinelloides oil as a potential feedstock for biofuel production and nutraceutical applications.
Organic Fluorophore Coated Polycrystalline Ceramic LSO:Ce Scintillators for X-ray Bioimaging.

The current effort demonstrates that lutetium oxyorthosilicate doped with 1–10% cerium (Lu2SiO5:Ce, LSO:Ce) radioluminescent particles can be coated with a single dye or multiple dyes and generate an effective energy transfer between the core and dye(s) when excited via X-rays. LSO:Ce particles were surface modified with an alkyne modified naphthalimide (6-piperidin-1-yl-2-prop-2-yn-1-yl-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3-(2H)-dione, AlNap) and alkyne modified rhodamine B (N-(6-diethylamino)-9-{2-[(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)carbonyl]phenyl}-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene)-N-ethylethanaminium, AlRhod) derivatives to tune the X-ray excited optical luminescence from blue to green to red using Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). As X-rays penetrate tissue much more effectively than UV/visible light, the fluorophore modified phosphors may have applications as bioimaging agents. To that end, the phosphors were incubated with rat cortical neurons and imaged after 24 h. The LSO:Ce surface modified with AlNap was able to be success...
Use of the Binaural Sensory Aid by Young Children

Four blind children aged 10-30 months received training in the use of the Binaural Sensory Aid, adapted for use by children. The youngest child learned to respond to the presence of objects at 13 m...
Ultrafast dynamics of acetone photooxidation on TiO2(110).

Using light energy to drive chemical reactions on semiconductor surfaces is the basis for technological applications ranging from the removal of organic pollutants to the generation of renewable solar fuels, yet our understanding of the mechanisms has been hindered by the multistep nature of the process and the wide range of time scales over which it occurs (femtoseconds to seconds). In this work, we use ultrafast laser pump-probe techniques to follow the time evolution of substrate-induced photooxidation of acetone on a titania surface. A UV light at 260 nm initiates carrier-induced fragmentation of adsorbed acetone on a TiO2(110) surface that was pretreated with oxygen. The photoreaction results in the ejection of methyl radicals into the gas-phase that are detected by the probe pulse via resonant multiphoton ionization. The time evolution of the methyl radicals leaving the surface exhibits ultrafast rise times, 300–700 fs, followed by a more gradual rise that plateaus by 10 ps, with faster rates at a low acetone coverage. These results are interpreted in terms of a time-dependent rate expression and a mechanism in which the fragmentation of the acetone surface species is driven by interactions with nonequilibrium, “hot” holes.
A multiyear comparison of flipped- vs. lecture-based teaching on student success in a pharmaceutical science class.

Abstract Background and purpose To gauge the potential effect of mode of content delivery on overall student success in a pharmaceutical sciences course in a doctor of pharmacy program. Educational activity and setting Principles of Drug Action I (PDAI) is a first-year pharmaceutical science course typically taught by multiple faculty, and each utilizes their own approach to deliver course content. Over a seven year period, the course naturally separated into blocks. Block-1 was taught using a traditional lecture-based approach while Block-2 varied between either a lecture-based or a flipped-classroom format. Student success was evaluated by exam at the end of each block. Findings For the four years in which Block-2 was taught by lecture, the number of exam failures was similar to Block-1. For each of the three years Block-2 was taught via the flipped-classroom format, the number of exam failures was approximately half that of Block-1. While grades for the lecture-based Block-1 trended downward over the seven-year evaluation period, average exam grades overall were similar between Block-1 and Block-2 each year regardless of teaching modality. Summary Retrospective analysis of this novel blocked approach within PDAI provided a means of internally evaluating the potential effect of teaching format on overall student performance. The results described here support previous studies that indicate that the flipped-classroom approach can reduce course failures. These findings also show that flipped-classroom teaching may have a greater impact on improving learning in lower-performing students.
Mixed method study of quality of life for children with trisomy 18 and 13 after cardiac surgery.

Background and objectives Cardiac surgical interventions for children with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 remain controversial, despite growing evidence that definitive cardiac repair prolongs survival. Understanding quality of life for survivors and their families therefore becomes crucial. Study objective was to generate a descriptive summary of parental perspectives on quality of life, family impact, functional status, and hopes for children with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 who have undergone heart surgery. Methods A concurrent mixed method approach utilising PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Parent Report for Toddlers or the PedsQL™ Infant Scale, PedsQL™ 2.0 Family Impact Module, Functional Status Scale, quality of life visual analogue scale, and narrative responses for 10 children whose families travelled out of state to access cardiac surgery denied to them in their home state due to genetic diagnoses. Results Parents rated their child's quality of life as 80/100, and their own quality of life as 78/100 using validated scales. Functional status was rated 11 by parents and 11.6 by providers (correlation 0.89). On quality of life visual analogue scale, all parents rated their child's quality of life as "high" with mean response 92.7/100. Parental hopes were informed by realistic perspective on prognosis while striving to ensure their children had access to reaching their full potential. Qualitative analysis revealed a profound sense of the child's relationality and valued life meaning. Conclusion Understanding parental motivations and perceptions on the child's quality of life has potential to inform care teams in considering cardiac interventions for children with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13.
The associations between African American emerging adults' racial discrimination and civic engagement via emotion regulation.

OBJECTIVE The current study tested direct and indirect associations between racial discrimination and civic engagement via emotion regulation strategies. Differences between males and females were also explored. METHOD African American college students (76% female; Mage = 18.42) participating in a university-wide research study provided self-reports of their racial discrimination experiences, use of emotion regulation strategies, and civic engagement attitudes and beliefs. RESULTS Greater racial discrimination was associated with less use of reappraisal (i.e., thinking about emotions in a different way) and, in turn, use of reappraisal was associated with greater civic engagement attitudes. The same association was found for civic engagement behaviors. However, reappraisal was associated with greater civic engagement behaviors for females and less civic engagement behaviors for males. CONCLUSION The current study highlights the need to consider the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on college students' sociopolitical development and civic engagement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Classifying Upper Extremity Exercises Using Inertial Measurement Unit-Based Kinematic Data

The amount of home-based exercise prescribed by a physical therapist is difficult to monitor. However, the integration of wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) devices can aid in monitoring home exercise by analyzing exercise biomechanics. The objective of this study is to evaluate machine learning models for classifying nine different upper extremity exercises, based upon kinematic data captured from an IMU-based device. Fifty participants performed one compound and eight isolation exercises with their right arm. Each exercise was performed ten times for a total of 4500 trials. Joint angles were calculated using IMUs that were placed on the hand, forearm, upper arm, and torso. Various machine learning models were developed with different algorithms and train-test splits. Random forest models with flattened kinematic data as a feature had the greatest accuracy (98.6%). Using triaxial joint range of motion as the feature set resulted in decreased accuracy (91.9%) with faster speeds. Accuracy did not decrease below 90% until training size was decreased to 5% from 50%. Accuracy decreased (88.7%) when splitting data by participant. Upper extremity exercises can be classified accurately using kinematic data from a wearable IMU device. A random forest classification model was developed that quickly and accurately classified exercises. Sampling frequency and lower training splits had a modest effect on performance. When the data were split by subject stratification, larger training sizes were required for acceptable algorithm performance. These findings set the basis for more objective and accurate measurements of home-based exercise using emerging healthcare technologies.
Secret sauce in collaborative tumor boards: Team-based characteristics that optimize tumor board functionality.

e23015Background: Interdisciplinary teams are an indispensable characteristic of modern organizations, particularly in healthcare settings that require specialists to work together to solve multifa...
Clinical effectiveness of and family experience with telephone consultation in a regional pediatric neurosurgery center in the United Kingdom.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric neurosurgery outpatient consultation is conducted face-to-face (FTF) conventionally. Reasons for not using telemedicine include the perceived difficulty with obtaining a reliable history and an inability to perform a physical examination. However, FTF consultation can cause distress and inconvenience to the child and family. In 2018, the authors' department piloted a clinical nurse specialist-led telephone consultation (TC) for follow-up appointments. This was extended to the routine neurosurgery clinics in 2020. In this study, the authors evaluate 1) the effectiveness of TC, 2) families' experience with TC compared with traditional FTF appointments, and 3) the factors associated with their preferences. METHODS: In this prospective study using a survey methodology, TCs carried out by 2 consultant neurosurgeons and 1 nurse specialist over 8 weeks were evaluated. Based on clinical background, each patient was assigned to a TC or FTF appointment. Clinical and surgical details and home postal code were recorded. At the end of each TC, the clinician recorded whether the child required an FTF appointment within 3 months. In addition, patients/families answered 1) how the current TC compared with FTF consultation, and 2) their preference of TC or FTF for the next consultation. RESULTS: A total of 114 TCs were included. No child required an FTF appointment within 3 months. Overall, compared with an FTF appointment, the TC was the "same/better/much better" for 101 families (89%), and "worse/much worse" for 13 (11%). Two-thirds of families preferred the next appointment to be a TC. Families attending a TC for new appointments preferred the next appointment to be FTF compared with those attending a follow-up TC (6/8 [75%] vs 31/106 [29%], p = 0.006). A high rating of the current TC was associated with a preference for a TC as the next appointment (p < 0.0001). Families preferring TC over FTF lived farther from the hospital (mean 38 vs 27 km) (p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: From the clinicians' perspective, TC is adequate in appropriately selected patients as either the primary mode of consultation or as a triage system. From a service users' perspective, the majority of families felt that the appointment was the same/better than traditional FTF appointments. The findings suggested that 1) new patients should be offered FTF appointments; 2) follow-up TCs should be offered to families when possible; and 3) clinicians should develop their skills in conducting TCs. The authors' results have led to a modification of our algorithm in delivering traditional outpatient service and telemedicine with telephone.
Neuropeptides and Adrenal Steroidogenesis

There has been a great deal of attention directed toward the source, regulation, and function of the peptides derived from the 31 -kD proadrenocorticotropin-endorphin precursor in the pituitary (Barker, 1977; Krieger, 1980; Numa and Nakanishi, 1980). The parent molecule is metabolized to an amino-terminal segment, referred to as the 16K fragment, the 39-amino-acid hormone ACTH, and a 91-amino-acid peptide, β-lipotropin (β-LPH). In turn, ACTH and β-LPH may be metabolized to the smaller peptides, including α-melanotropin (α-MSH) from ACTH and β-MSH and βendorphin from β-lipotropin.
VLSI Physical Design Automation

Integrated Circuit (IC) has transformed our society into an information society. It impacts all walks of life and promises to be even more dominating with the arrival of information superhighway. This revolutionary development and widespread use of ICs has been one of the greatest achievements of the humankind. Since its inception in 1960’s, IC technology has evolved from in-tegration of a few transistors in Small Scale Integration (SSI) to integration of millions of transistors in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chips currently in use. Early IC’s only had a couple of gates or a flip-flop. Some IC’s were simply a single transistor along with a resistor network to perform a logic function. In a period of three and a half decades, there have been four generations of IC’s with the number of transistors on a single chip growing from a few to over 10 million. This rapid growth in integration technology has been made possible by automation of various steps involved in design and fabrication of VLSI chips.