cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Outcomes of Surgically Treated Distal Tibia Salter-Harris Type III and IV Fractures.

Current literature suggests that distal tibia Salter-Harris Type III and IV fractures with > 2 mm of displacement should be treated surgically to minimize growth arrest. The objective of the current study is to determine, in Salter-Harris Type III and IV distal tibia fractures, if gap displacements 2 mm post-surgery are associated with osteoarthritis, and to determine how often growth disturbances are observed in surgically-treated patients. A retrospective case series review of fourteen patients with displaced distal tibia Salter-Harris Type III and IV fractures was performed. The patients were evaluated using Karrholm's method of clinical evaluation. The current study demonstrated that surgical reduction to < 2 mm gap displacement results in fracture union in all cases, reduction to < 2 mm does not result in osteoarthritis in any cases, and only 8% of patients demonstrated a growth disturbance with surgical intervention. (Journal of Surgical Orthopaedic Advances 29(4):219-224, 2020).
Symptom Management in Multiple Sclerosis

The treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) is directed toward improving each patient’s quality of life, primarily by impeding illness progression and by promoting wellness. Treatments are distinguished by the time horizon of expected efficacy: disease-modifying therapy aims to minimize disability in the future, and symptom management aims to maximize function in the present. This chapter reviews the management of 11 common or important symptoms: gait dysfunction, spasticity, fatigue, visual impairment, tremor, cognitive impairment, emotional disorders, pain, bowel/bladder dysfunction, sexual dysfunction, and dysphagia/dysarthria.
The Increasing Dominance of Teams in the Production of Knowledge

We have used 19.9 million papers over 5 decades and 2.1 million patents to demonstrate that teams increasingly dominate solo authors in the production of knowledge. Research is increasingly done in teams across virtually all fields. Teams typically produce more highly cited research than individuals do, and this advantage is increasing over time. Teams now also produce the exceptionally high impact research, even where that distinction was once the domain of solo authors. These results are detailed for the sciences and engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, and patents, suggesting that the process of knowledge creation has fundamentally changed.
The role of social structure and dynamics in the maintenance of endemic disease.

Social interactions are required for the direct transmission of infectious diseases. Consequently, the social network structure of populations plays a key role in shaping infectious disease dynamics. A huge research effort has examined how specific social network structures make populations more (or less) vulnerable to damaging epidemics. However, it can be just as important to understand how social networks can contribute to endemic disease dynamics, in which pathogens are maintained at stable levels for prolonged periods of time. Hosts that can maintain endemic disease may serve as keystone hosts for multi-host pathogens within an ecological community, and also have greater potential to act as key wildlife reservoirs of agricultural and zoonotic diseases. Here, we examine combinations of social and demographic processes that can foster endemic disease in hosts. We synthesise theoretical and empirical work to demonstrate the importance of both social structure and social dynamics in maintaining endemic disease. We also highlight the importance of distinguishing between the local and global persistence of infection and reveal how different social processes drive variation in the scale at which infectious diseases appear endemic. Our synthesis provides a framework by which to understand how sociality contributes to the long-term maintenance of infectious disease in wildlife hosts and provides a set of tools to unpick the social and demographic mechanisms involved in any given host–pathogen system.
Plasmid incidence in bacteria from deep subsurface sediments.

Bacteria were isolated from deep terrestrial subsurface sediments underlying the coastal plain of South Carolina. A total of 163 isolates from deep sediments, surface soil, and return drill muds were examined for plasmid DNA content and resistance to the antibiotics penicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and tetracycline. MICs of Cu{sup 2+}, Cr{sup 3+}, and Hg{sup 2+} for each isolate were also determined. The overall frequency of plasmid occurrence in the subsurface bacteria was 33%. Resistance was most frequent to penicillin (70% of all isolates), ampicillin (49%), and carbenicillin (32%) and was concluded to be related to the concentrations of the individual antibiotics in the disks used for assaying resistance and to the production of low levels of {beta}-lactamase. The frequencies of resistance to penicillin and ampicillin were significantly greater for isolates bearing plasmids than for plasmidless isolates; however, resistance was not transferable to penicillin-sensitive Escherichia coli. Hybridization of subsurface bacterial plasmids and chromosomal DNA with a whole-TOL-plasmid (pWWO) probe revealed some homology of subsurface bacterial plasmid and chromosomal DNAs, indicating a potential for those bacterial to harbor catabolic genes on plasmids or chromosomes. The incidences of antibiotic resistance and MICs of metals for subsurface bacteria were significantly different from thosemore » drill mud bacteria, ruling out the possibility that bacteria from sediments were derived from drill muds.« less
Hermite-like reduction method for design of perfect reconstruction multiband linear phase filter banks

We device a novel algorithm for the design of multiband perfect reconstruction (PR) linear phase FIR filter banks based on a technique akin to the Hermite reduction algorithm in system theory. The essential idea behind the algorithm stems from the fact that there is a large degree of freedom available in the multiband PR filter bank design. As a result, in an m-band problem it is almost always possible to specify n (n<m) of the m analysis filters arbitarily and the remaining m-n filters can be used to satisfy the PR property and desirable frequency characteristics as well.
Dynamical model parameter adjustments in model predictive filtering MR thermometry

In magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) brain applications the fully insonified field-of-view (FOV) is ideally monitored. This can be achieved by k-space subsampling and using a dedicated reconstruction method, such as the previously described model predictive filtering (MPF) method.[1] MPF utilizes the Pennes Bioheat transfer equation (PBTE) and tissue thermal and acoustic properties determined from a low-power pre-treatment heating (which ideally does not deliver any thermal dose, i.e. ΔT<2°C). The accuracy of the determined tissue parameters, and hence of the MPF reconstruction, depends on the low power heating. In this work we investigate dynamical adjustment of model parameters during heating for improved MPF temperature measurement accuracy.
Most efficient chunk sizes

Abstract A mathematical analysis of hierarchical organizations suggests that the most efficient hierarchy for variable order searches has either 4 or 3 items per chunk. Efficiency is defined in terms of either the average number of items that must be scanned in order to locate a particular item in a series, or in terms of the maximum number that will ever have to be scanned. These results are discussed in terms of empirical studies of chunk size.
Determining a relationship between a newly forming sinkhole and a former dry stream using electric resistivity tomography and very low-frequency electromagnetics in an urban karst setting

AbstractSinkhole formation is an ongoing hazard for urban karst settings, compromising construction foundations, and accelerating groundwater pollution. In Springfield, Missouri, the uppermost exposed unit is the Burlington limestone, a carbonate bedrock which is susceptible to karst formation, including caves and sinkholes. This study site concerns a detention basin near a major highway interchange, in which a new sinkhole is forming. Electric resistivity, very low-frequency electromagnetics, and dye-tracing surveys were performed at this sinkhole to determine its subsurface extent and any relation to surface features. The low resistivity associated with the sinkhole and thin soil contrasts with the high resistivity of the underlying Burlington limestone. This contrast highlights a curvilinear trough of thicker soil, which correlates with a former intermittent stream and represents a stream channel, which was graded and filled during construction of the highway and basin. The newly formed sinkhole lies e...
Technology games/battlefield 2000

The pervasive impact of power generation on electronic battlefield technologies and the critical need for compact, highly efficient power sources are discussed. Areas that require new and innovative solutions are prime power, batteries, capacitors, switches, and pulser integration. It is concluded that orders of magnitude improvements are needed; technical barriers exist that require invention; power technology needs to be given a high priority in the tech base strategy; and resources must be rejuvenated and expanded to accomplish the required objectives. >
The testing and sorting functions of higher education

Abstract The purpose of the study is to discuss some issues raised by K.J. Arrow in a recent study in this journal, ‘Higher education as a filter’. It is shown that the higher education system specified by Arrow utilizes known information to sort students according to their abilities. An alternative higher education system is developed which creates new information about the abilities of students by testing them. These two approaches are then compared and evaluated.
Control strategies for space boosters using air collection systems

A simple and efficient performance analysis method is developed for evaluating vehicle pitch and engine throttle controls to minimize booster fuel required to fill second-stage liquid oxygen (LOX) tanks and deliver the vehicle to the staging point. An optimization methodology finds a throttle schedule that controls both the air-breathing engine and the LOX collection rate. The altitude-velocity profile is derived from a variational calculus/energy management contouring method. Automatic adaptive-gain pitch-rate and throttle controls are developed. Results from a parametric study show that collecting on the run for an optimum schedule results in a 17% fuel savings over collection at a constant Mach number.
Synthesis of a potent and selective 18F-labeled δ-opioid receptor antagonist derived from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore for positron emission tomography imaging

Identification and pharmacological characterization of two new selective δ-opioid receptor antagonists, derived from the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore, of potential utility in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging are described. On the basis of its high δ selectivity, H-Dmt-Tic-ϵ-Lys(Z)-OH (reference compound 1) is a useful starting point for the synthesis of 18F-labeled compounds prepared by the coupling of N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) with Boc-Dmt-Tic-ϵ-Lys(Z)-OH under slightly basic conditions at 37 °C for 15 min, deprotection with TFA, and HPLC purification. The total synthesis time was 120 min, and the decay-corrected radiochemical yield of [18F]-1 was about 25–30% (n = 5) starting from [18F]SFB (n = 5) with an effective specific activity about 46 GBq/µmol. In vitro autoradiography studies showed prominent uptake of [18F]-1 in the striatum and cortex with significant blocking by 1 and UFP-501 (selective δ-opioid receptor antagonist), suggesting high specific binding of [18F]-1 to δ-op...
Implementing colorectal cancer screening in community health centers: addressing cancer health disparities through a regional cancer collaborative.

BACKGROUND The population served by Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) has lower levels of cancer screening compared with the general population and suffers a disproportionate cancer burden. To address these disparities, 3 federal agencies and a primary care association established and tested the feasibility of a Regional Cancer Collaborative (RCC) in 2005. METHODS RCC faculty implemented a learning model to improve cancer screening across 4 FQHCs that met explicit organizational readiness criteria. Regional faculty trained "care process leaders," who worked with primary care teams to plan and implement practice changes. FQHCs monitored progress across the following measures of screening implementation: self-management goal-setting; number and percent screened for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer; percent timely results notification; and percent abnormal screens evaluated within 90 days. Progress and plans were reviewed in regular teleconferences. FQHCs were encouraged to create local communities of practice (LCOP) involving community resources to support cancer screening and to participate in a monthly teleconference that linked the LCOPs into a regional community of practice. Summary reports and administrative data facilitated a process evaluation of the RCC. chi test and test of trends compared baseline and follow-up screening rates. RESULTS The RCC taught the collaborative process using process leader training, teleconferences, 2 regional meetings, and local process improvement efforts. All organizations created clinical tracking capabilities and 3 of the 4 established LCOPs, which met monthly in an regional community of practice. Screening documentation increased for all 3 cancers from 2005 to 2007. Colorectal cancer screening increased from 8.6% to 21.2%. CONCLUSIONS A regional plan to enable collaborative learning for cancer screening implementation is feasible, and improvements in screening rates can occur among carefully selected organizations.
Determinants of Exon 7 Splicing in the Spinal Muscular Atrophy Genes, SMN1 and SMN2

Spinal muscular atrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the deletion or mutation of the survival-of-motor-neuron gene, SMN1. An SMN1 paralog, SMN2, differs by a C→T transition in exon 7 that causes substantial skipping of this exon, such that SMN2 expresses only low levels of functional protein. A better understanding of SMN splicing mechanisms should facilitate the development of drugs that increase survival motor neuron (SMN) protein levels by improving SMN2 exon 7 inclusion. In addition, exonic mutations that cause defective splicing give rise to many genetic diseases, and the SMN1/2 system is a useful paradigm for understanding exon-identity determinants and alternative-splicing mechanisms. Skipping of SMN2 exon 7 was previously attributed either to the loss of an SF2/ASF–dependent exonic splicing enhancer or to the creation of an hnRNP A/B–dependent exonic splicing silencer, as a result of the C→T transition. We report the extensive testing of the enhancer-loss and silencer-gain models by mutagenesis, RNA interference, overexpression, RNA splicing, and RNA-protein interaction experiments. Our results support the enhancer-loss model but also demonstrate that hnRNP A/B proteins antagonize SF2/ASF–dependent ESE activity and promote exon 7 skipping by a mechanism that is independent of the C→T transition and is, therefore, common to both SMN1 and SMN2. Our findings explain the basis of defective SMN2 splicing, illustrate the fine balance between positive and negative determinants of exon identity and alternative splicing, and underscore the importance of antagonistic splicing factors and exonic elements in a disease context.
Rapid modulation of the apoptosis regulatory genes, bcl-2 and bax by prolactin in rat Nb2 lymphoma cells

The Nb2 rat lymphoma represents a useful model for investigation of molecular events coupled to PRL-induced proliferation. Moreover, recent evidence has also demonstrated the utility of this system to study mechanisms linked to programmed cell death (apoptosis). Thus, glucocorticosteroids activate apoptosis in lactogen-dependent Nb2 cells, whereas the addition of PRL abrogates this effect. The present study was conducted to determine whether PRL stimulation in lactogen-dependent Nb2-11 or autonomous Nb2-SFJCD1 cultures alters expression of bcl-2 or bax, genes that suppress or facilitate apoptosis, respectively. We demonstrate that PRL stimulation in stationary Nb2-11 cultures significantly increased the level of bcl-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) within 3 h (15-fold) and its protein product by 6 h, time points previously shown to correspond with G1 cell cycle progression. In Nb2-SFJCD1 cells, bcl-2 mRNA was found to be constitutively present. Addition of PRL to these lactogen-independent cultures further enhanced...
Absorption of Infrared Radiant Energy by CO_2 and H_2O IV Shapes of Collision-Broadened CO_2 Lines*

The shapes of the extreme wings of self-broadened CO2 lines have been investigated in three spectral regions near 7000, 3800, and 2400 cm−1. Absorption measurements have been made on the high-wavenumber sides of band heads where much of the absorption by samples at a few atm is due to the extreme wings of strong lines whose centers occur below the band heads. New information has been obtained about the shapes of self-broadened CO2 lines as well as CO2 lines broadened by N2, O2, Ar, He, and H2. Beyond a few cm−1 from the line centers, all of the lines absorb less than Lorentz-shaped lines having the same half-widths. The deviation from the Lorentz shape decreases with increasing wavenumber, from one of the three spectral regions to the next. The absorption by the wings of H2- and He-broadened lines is particularly low, and the absorption decreases with increasing temperature at a rate faster than predicted by existing theories.
Potentiation of platelet aggregation by heat-precipitated plasma proteins.

SummaryAggregation of human PRP by low concentrations of ADP, epinephrine or collagen, and of human WPS by collagen, was markedly potentiated if the PRP or WPS was premixed with small amounts of heated (56°, 30 min) normal plasma, thrombin-clotted plasma, hemophilic or von Willebrand plasma. Heated plasma samples by themselves did not induce platelet aggregation. The platelet aggregation potentiating activity of these samples resides with the heat-precipitated proteins. Neither serum nor a saline solution of fibrinogen was effective. However, the serum solution of fibrinogen was effective after heating. The inhibitory effect of aspirin was completely counteracted by small quantities of heated plasma in the reaction mixture. The effect of heat-precipitated plasma proteins appears to be on the platelet release mechanism, making it highly sensitive to minute amounts of aggregants.
Initial combination therapy with YAG laser photoresection and irradiation for inoperable non-small cell carcinoma of the lung. A preliminary report.

Patients presenting with inoperable non-small cell carcinoma of the lung and major symptomatic bronchial obstruction were treated initially with debulking of the airways by YAG laser, followed by conventional externalbeam radiotherapy. The former method was used to minimize postobstructive pneumonitis or respiratory failure (or both) that often complicates major bronchial obstruction and also to lessen the burden of tumor to be treated by radiotherapy. The preliminary results of 19 patients treated in this manner are reported, emphasizing the impact of this combined method on morbidity and mortality.
An Improved Stochastic Upscaling Method for Multiscale Engineering Systems

A stochastic multiscale modeling technique is proposed to construct coarse scale representation of a fine scale model for use in engineering design problems. The complexity of the fine scale heterogeneity under uncertainty is replaced with the homogenized coarse scale parameters by seeking agreement between the responses at both scales. Generalized polynomial chaos expansion is implemented to reduce the dimensionality of propagating uncertainty through scales and the computational costs of the upscaling method. It is integrated into a hybrid optimization procedure with the genetic algorithm and sequential quadratic programming. Two structural engineering problems that involve uncertainties in elastic material properties and geometric properties at fine scales are presented to demonstrate the applicability and merit of the proposed technique.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
On inverse limit stability for maps

On considere une theorie de stabilite structurelle pour des applications de varietes de Banach
Generic Questioning Strategies for Linking Teaching and Testing.

Modern instructional theory and research suggest that the content of instruction should be closely linked with testing. The content of an instructional program should not focus solely on memorization of facts but should also include higher level thinking. Three uses of tests within any instructional program are: (1) practice on objectives, (2) feedback about mastery of those objectives, and (3) summative evaluation. The context-dependent item set is proposed as a useful tool for measuring many higher level objectives. A generic method for developing context-dependent test item sets is proposed, and several examples are provided. The procedure is useful for developing a larger number of test items that can be used for any of the three uses of tests. The procedure also seems to apply to a wide variety of subject matter.
On the effects of ampoule tilting during vertical Bridgman growth: three-dimensional computations via a massively parallel, finite element method

Three-dimensional convection and asymmetric radial segregation, caused by ampoule tilting during the vertical Bridgman growth, are analyzed using a novel, massively parallel, finite element model. The growth of cadmium telluride with a dilute dopant is considered and found to be surprisingly sensitive to the amount of tilt - as little as one degree of misalignment of the ampoule axis from the gravitational vector produces a significant three-dimensional flow and a concomitant skewing of the dopant distribution along the surface of the growing solid. This indicates the need for precise ampoule axis alignment to ensure process reproducibility. Analysis of the dopant distribution along the solid-liquid interface of the tilted system reveals a surface region more uniform in dopant concentration than any corresponding region of the interface of the perfectly aligned system. For systems in which low radial segregation is very important, growth with an intentional axis offset may be beneficial.
Effects of plant growth regulators and fungicides on Rhizoctonia blight of tall fescue

In field experiments conducted in 1996 and 1997, the plant growth regulators (PGRs) flurprimidol, paclobutrazol and trinexapacethyl were applied individually to plots of tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., cv. Rebel II at rates of 0.8, 0.6 and 0.3 kg a.i. ha−1. Twenty-four hours later, the fungicides propiconazole, iprodione, chlorothalonil, flutolanil and azoxystrobin were applied individually to the PGR-treated plots at rates of 1.7, 3.0, 6.0, 6.1, and 0.8kg a.i. ha−1, respectively. Nontreated plots and plots treated with the PGRs or fungicides alone served as controls. Four hours after the fungicide applications, the turfgrass was inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani AG1IA, the cause of Rhizoctonia blight, and disease severity was assessed visually from 5 July to 2 August 1996, and from 27 June to 23 July 1997. In 1996, the PGR treatments had no significant effect on the severity of Rhizoctonia blight when compared to nontreated plots. Results were similar in 1997 with the exception that disease was significantly suppressed (P < 0.05) in plots treated with paclobutrazol 15 and 22 days after treatment. In both years, the propiconazole, flutolanil and azoxystrobin treatments significantly suppressed Rhizoctonia blight (P < 0.05) for at least 28 days when compared to a nontreated check, while iprodione and chlorothalonil resulted in significant disease suppression for at least 21 days. At the rates tested, flutolanil and azoxystrobin were the only fungicides tested that limited disease severity to < 10% for more that 28 days in each year of the study. Severity of Rhizoctonia blight was significantly greater (P < 0.05) on at least one assessment date in each year in plots treated with trinexapacethyl+propiconazole or with any of the PGRs tested+iprodione compared to plots treated with the fungicides alone. However, with the exception of a significant increase in disease in plots treated with paclobutrazol+chlorothalonil late in the 1996 epidemic, the remaining PGR+fungicide treatments had no significant effects on disease severity when compared to the effects of the fungicides alone.
Compressed-liquid dielectric constants and derived excess volumes for simple liquid mixtures: N2 + CH4 and Ar + CH4

Abstract Liquid mixture excess volumes have been determined at 100 to 115 K with pressures up to 20 MPa for nitrogen + methane and argon + methane at five compositions each. The method involved measurement of pure-component and mixture dielectric constants which were combined with previously published pure-component molar volumes. Excess volumes were derived on the assumption of zero excess in the Clausius-Mossotti function. Discrepancies between the present V E results and previously reported values based on volumetric measurements are probably within the uncertainties of the previous studies. Excess isothermal compressibilities can be readily derived from the results. Values of this excess property were shown to be a major contribution to the isothermal compressibility of nitrogen + methane at lower pressures.
Immunolocalization of interleukin-1 alpha in rat mandibular molars and its enhancement after in vivo injection of epidermal growth factor.

Immunolocalization of interleukin-1α in the first mandibular molars of rats from day 0–12 postnatally showed that the protein was localized in the epithelial stellate reticulum adjacent to the dental follicle. Staining of the stellate reticulum was most prominent in the early days postnatally and was absent by postnatal day 11. Injection of epidermal growth factor into rats at day 0 greatly increased the intensity of the staining for interleukin-1α in the stellate reticulum. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhanced the gene expression of interleukin-1α in stellate reticulum cells in vitro, and this study suggests there is enhanced translation of interleukin-1α messenger RNA in the stellate reticulum following EGF injection. In turn, the interleukin-1α may exert its effect on the dental follicle cells adjacent to the stellate reticulum because EGF also enhanced expression of the interleukin-1 receptor type I messenger RNA in cultured dental follicle cells as well as enhancing its expression in vivo. In view of the fact that injection of EGF will stimulate precocious eruption of teeth, its stimulus of interleukin-1α synthesis in the stellate reticulum may be the mechanism by which EGF initiates a cascade of molecular events to signal the onset of tooth eruption.
Unified, improved matrix upper bound on the solution of the continuous coupled algebraic Riccati equation

Abstract We develop a broad framework that leads to a unified, improved matrix upper bound on the positive semidefinite solution of the continuous coupled algebraic Riccati equation (CCARE). Our approach was largely inspired by recent works of Lee and of Davies, Shi, and Wiltshire. Our main result tightens the needed upper bounds on relevant dominant eigenvalues. Besides, it applies to a larger number of situations since a key restriction here is weaker as compared to those in Davies et al. Numerical evidence is also provided to demonstrate the behavior of the new matrix upper bound.
Adolescent Pregnancy's Intergenerational Effects: Does an Adolescent Mother's Education Have Consequences for Her Children's Achievement?

Although substantial work has examined the influence of adolescent pregnancy on mothers’ developmental outcomes, few studies have investigated the influence of adolescent mothers’ educational attainment on their children's achievement. This article examined the reading and math achievement trajectories of children born to adolescent and nonadolescent mothers with various levels of educational attainment. Results demonstrate that higher levels of maternal education predicted children's higher initial achievement at kindergarten and growth in achievement through eighth grade. The achievement of children with adolescent mothers, however, never reaches parity with the achievement of their peers with nonadolescent mothers. Race also predicted achievement differences. Black and Latino children of adolescent mothers were at greater risk for underachievement.
Organizational identification: Extending our understanding of social identities through social networks†

Summary Although organizational identification is founded on social identity and symbolic interactionist theories, current theories emphasize a social identity whereby organizational members categorize themselves and others based on roles and membership in an organization or work unit. In contrast symbolic interactionism, which resides in interpersonal relationships, is rarely theorized or empirically assessed in studies of organizational identification. We use survey data collected at an academic institution to explore how the strength and structure of an individual’s social network both directly influences organizational identification as well as moderates the relation between social identity, or categorical, antecedents and organizational identification. Our results show that the size of an individual’s network as well as the interaction between relationship strength and prestige better explain organizational identification than do antecedents based solely on categorization and social comparison processes. Thus networks of relationships, which have been a foundational but much neglected premise and process for organizational identification, are brought back into a theory of organizational identification. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semantic interpretation effects on memory for faces

Five experiments investigated the effects of semantically interpreting faces on their recognition. Experiment 1 demonstrated that faces could meaningfully be related to occupational categories. In Experiments 2–5, each of a set of faces was presented with either the label of a congruent occupational category or a noncongruent label. Presenting a face with a congruent occupational label was found to enhance recognition that the face had previously been seen (Experiments 2–4), but congruent labeling also impaired the detection of distractor faces that matched previously seen faces’ categories (Experiments 3 and 4). In a forced-choice recognition test, in which distractors were highly similar to originally seen faces, congruent occupational labeling failed to increase recognition of previously seen faces (Experiment 5). These results indicate that interpreting faces, with respect to stereotyped categories, ratherthan improving a physical codein memory, led to theformation of a semantic code, which increased recognition of old items at the expense of the detection of new items. Another general finding was that faces that were rated more stereotypical were more recognizable, regardless of the accompanying label.
Effect of imipramine and nortriptyline on left ventricular function and blood pressure in patients treated for arrhythmias

The effect of imipramine or nortriptyline on left ventricular function and orthostatic blood pressure was evaluated in 20 nondepressed cardiac patients treated for ventricular premature depolarizations (VPDs). Drug was administered by mouth and dose ranging used, 1 mg/kg/day (imipramine) or 0.5 mg/kg/day (nortriptyline), was increased after four doses (imipramine) or six doses (nortriptyline) until greater than 80% suppression of VPDs or adverse effects occurred or until a maximum dose of 5 mg/kg/day (imipramine) or 3.5 mg/kg/day (nortriptyline) was given. Fourteen (70%) had greater than 80% VPD suppression, five had less than 80% improvement (range 25% to 77%), and one had a VPD frequency increase of 6%. Mean daily imipramine dose was 210 +/- 103 mg and mean nortriptyline dose was 100 +/- 29 mg. Neither drug significantly changed mean ejection fraction or peak systolic pressure end-systolic volume ratio by radionuclide angiogram. Both reduced standing systolic blood pressure: mean change after imipramine was 26 mm Hg (NS), and after nortriptyline, 14 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). Drug was discontinued in two patients because of symptomatic orthostatic blood pressure change greater than 30 mm Hg. There was not a significant relationship between dose, drug concentration, or functional class and orthostatic change in systolic blood pressure but there was for age (p less than 0.05). These observations suggest that even cardiac patients with impaired systolic function may take imipramine or nortriptyline for VPDs; however, frequent blood pressure measurement is advised, particularly in older patients.
Action at a Distance: Lengthening Adhesion Bonds with Poly(ethylene glycol) Spacers Enhances Mechanically Stressed Affinity for Improved Vascular Targeting of Microparticles

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains were used to decorate microparticles with long adhesion ligands to emulate the efficacy of selectin-mediated leukocyte homing mechanisms. Ligands for P-selectin, an endothelial cell inflammatory marker, were coupled to PEG spacers of two sizes (MW 3400 and 10,000 Da) to investigate the effects on adhesion kinetics to P-selectin substrates. Under shear flow 80 nm PEG spacers improved P-selectin-antibody adhesion frequency by up to 4.5-fold and bond lifetimes by 7-fold compared to microparticles bearing chemisorbed antibody. Presentation of the glycosulfopeptide P-selectin ligands (2-GSP-6) and its nonsulfated low affinity form (2-GP-6) by long PEG spacers led to improved lifetimes of stressed bonds formed with P-selectin in shear flow and the rolling fluxes. Thus, structural features far removed from the binding pocket of a receptor that increase molecular contour length may enhance affinity in mechanically stressed environments such as those existing within the confines of the blood vessel. Such features may be useful for improving the performance of vascular-targeted micro- and nanoparticles used for drug, gene, and image contrast delivery. Ligand presentation on molecularly extended stalks may also serve to enhance any particle-surface interaction that takes place in laminar shear flow.
An inexpensive uniform-size aerosol generator

A simple, inexpensive apparatus for generating aerosol particles with uniform size can be built from commonly available inkjet printer technology. The apparatus is capable of producing a continuous stream of liquid droplets at frequencies up to order 104 Hz, or it can produce single droplets on demand. At low frequencies (103 Hz) where coalescence is not important, droplets have a radius of approximately 17 µm and initial velocity of approximately 7 m s−1. The aerosol generator can be used with water, and the aerosol output is steady over hours.
Endocrine disorders in pregnancy: Maternal obesity associated with neonatal death in Africa

In African countries, just as in developed nations, data now show that maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death. Additional consequences of maternal obesity on child health, such as reduced breastfeeding duration and an increased risk of child obesity, will probably soon become evident.
Prostaglandin Endoperoxide H Synthase-1 THE FUNCTIONS OF CYCLOOXYGENASE ACTIVE SITE RESIDUES IN THE BINDING, POSITIONING, AND OXYGENATION OF ARACHIDONIC ACID

Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (PGHSs) catalyze the committed step in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and thromboxane, the conversion of arachidonic acid, two molecules of O2, and two electrons to prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2). Formation of PGH2 involves an initial oxygenation of arachidonate to yield PGG2 catalyzed by the cyclooxygenase activity of the enzyme and then a reduction of the 15-hydroperoxyl group of PGG2 to form PGH2 catalyzed by the peroxidase activity. The cyclooxygenase active site is a hydrophobic channel that protrudes from the membrane binding domain into the core of the globular domain of PGHS. In the crystal structure of Co3+-heme ovine PGHS-1 complexed with arachidonic acid, 19 cyclooxygenase active site residues are predicted to make a total of 50 contacts with the substrate (Malkowski, M. G, Ginell, S., Smith, W. L., and Garavito, R. M. (2000) Science 289, 1933–1937); two of these are hydrophilic, and 48 involve hydrophobic interactions. We performed mutational analyses to determine the roles of 14 of these residues and 4 other closely neighboring residues in arachidonate binding and oxygenation. Mutants were analyzed for peroxidase and cyclooxygenase activity, and the products formed by various mutants were characterized. Overall, the results indicate that cyclooxygenase active site residues of PGHS-1 fall into five functional categories as follows: (a) residues directly involved in hydrogen abstraction from C-13 of arachidonate (Tyr-385); (b) residues essential for positioning C-13 of arachidonate for hydrogen abstraction (Gly-533 and Tyr-348); (c) residues critical for high affinity arachidonate binding (Arg-120); (d) residues critical for positioning arachidonate in a conformation so that when hydrogen abstraction does occur the molecule is optimally arranged to yield PGG2 versusmonohydroperoxy acid products (Val-349, Trp-387, and Leu-534); and (e) all other active site residues, which individually make less but measurable contributions to optimal catalytic efficiency.
The Value of Considerate Conduct

I remember getting my first full-time job after college, and I of course considered it below my skills and qualifications. However, I was young and had much to learn about careers and workplaces and the habits and experiences of others. As I was describing my job to my father, he proceeded to ask me several questions, a practice he used often and effectively. I will never forget the question, “What is the most important thing to do in your job?” Of course, I proceeded to rattle off what the job entailed. He said “Fine, sure, ok,” but “what is the most important thing?.” With a bit of exasperation, I began to name many important job-related skills such as being on time, working hard, doing quality work, and so on—all of which he readily admitted were important and necessary, but maybe not sufficient. So, after a frustrating pause in the conversation, when his overarching answer eluded me, he shared his belief that “your number one job is ‘to get along’ with other people.” He did not use sociological terms about group behavior or concepts from human relations and communication theory. In straightforward terms, he elaborated on the importance of building good relationships with other people and how these efforts support quality work, job longevity, and satisfaction in the workplace. He opined that no one wants to hire (or keep!) a problem person, a disgruntled and complaining person who sees the “speck in another’s eye, but cannot see the log in his or her own” (New Testament, Matthew 7). My father genuinely liked people, and this number one task was not so hard for him; but he must have seen many people fail because fundamentally they failed in the interpersonal dimension of work, not in ability to do the job. Sounds simple, doesn’t it? Play fair. Say you are sorry when you hurt someone. Look and listen. This advice was captured in a best-selling book some years ago, All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten (Fulghum 1989). Over the years in the academy I have observed some who obviously had not learned those lessons, and their behavior and the responses of others created dysfunctional departments and toxic cultures. From my perspective, a successful career calls for the alignment of two paths: productivity and excellence in job performance and good colleagueship. In my experience, poor performance in the latter makes success in the former an even stiffer uphill climb. Now, I know that Innov High Educ (2009) 34:201–202 DOI 10.1007/s10755-009-9120-5
Adolescents' and Their Mothers' Perceptions of Parental Management of Peer Relationships

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relation of level and discrepancy in mothers' and adolescents' reports of parental management of peer relationships and parent–child conflict about peer relationships to mothers' and adolescent's reports of adolescents' drug use, delinquent behavior, and grade-point-average (GPA). An ethnically diverse sample of 121 seventh and eighth graders and their mothers completed questionnaires assessing the degree to which mothers managed peer relationships, parent–child conflict about peer relationships, and adolescents' drug use, delinquent behavior, and GPA. Differences in mothers' versus adolescents' reports were found for parental management of peers and conflict about peer relationships. Results suggest that both level and discrepancies between mothers' and adolescents' reports of parenting are important in predicting the outcome variables. Furthermore, the direction of the discrepancy was important in determining its relation to the outcome variables.
Competition for Aphid Prey between Different Lady Beetle Species in a Laboratory Arena

Direct competition for aphid prey (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was evaluated between and among several lady beetle species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The behavior of three native (Coccinella trifasciata, Coleomegilla maculata, and Hippodamia convergens) and four nonnative (Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis, Hippodamia variegata, and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata) lady beetles was observed in laboratory arenas. The beetles were kept alone, paired with conspecifics or paired with heterospecifics, and presented with potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Harmonia axyridis was the most successful aphid predator in our study, being able to find aphids more quickly and consume more of them compared to most other lady beetle species. It was also by far the most aggressive of the tested species. Coccinella septempunctata, C. trifasciata, and C. maculata generally followed H. axyridis in aphid consumption. Prey discovery, consumption, and aggressive behaviors were dependent on which species were present in the arena. Except for the generally superior H. axyridis, there was no obvious dominance hierarchy among the other tested species and no dichotomy between the native and non-native species. Asymmetric interactions between lady beetle species may affect their abilities to coexist in the same habitat.
Abstract 472: Nek3 kinase in breast cancer pathogenesis: The role of paxillin phosphorylation

Breast cancer progression to metastatic disease is responsible for the majority of breast cancer related deaths. The acquisition of a motile and invasive phenotype is a critical step in the metastatic process. The hormone prolactin (PRL) is increasingly recognized as contributing to the development and progression of human breast cancer. In particular, data from our laboratory has shown that PRL serves as a chemoattractant for breast cancer cells and can stimulate the formation of the focal-adhesion complex that is necessary for cell motility. PRL mediates its biological effects through binding to the PRL receptor (PRLr) and initiates several downstream signaling cascades, including activation of the serine/threonine kinase, Nek3. Nek3 regulates breast cancer cell survival, motility and invasion and has been shown to interact with the focal-adhesion adaptor protein, paxillin, in a PRL-dependent manner. Interestingly, we have determined that knockdown of Nek3 by siRNA significantly decreases the phosphorylation of paxillin, which suggests that paxillin may represent a novel substrate of Nek3. Given these findings, we sought to further elucidate the role of Nek3 in the regulation of paxillin phosphorylation and function in breast cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis using mutant truncated proteins demonstrated that Nek3 interacts with the C-terminal region of paxillin, which contains 4 tandem LIM domains. Additionally, to determine the specific site(s) of phosphorylation an in vitro kinase assay was performed and it was determined that Nek3 directly phosphorylates paxillin at T401 located in the LIM2 domain. It is known that LIM2 and LIM3 comprise the focal adhesion targeting motif of paxillin and phosphorylation in this region plays an important role in modulating its activity. Ongoing studies will determine the biological effects of Nek3-mediated phosphorylation at paxillin T401 by examining the effect on breast cancer cell motility and invasion as well as the effect on paxillin localization and function in the focal adhesion complex. These studies will provide novel mechanistic insight into how Nek3-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin contributes to the pathogenesis of breast cancer. We propose that Nek3 is a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 472. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-472
Do we know each other? Bilateral ties and the location of clean development mechanism projects

This paper examines how bilateral ties between developed (home) countries and developing (host) countries influence the location of Clean Development Mechanism projects (CDMs). With the home-host country pair as the unit of analysis (2,058 country-pairs), we employ a logistic regression model to analyze decisions of home countries in selecting the location for their CDMs. We are most interested in examining how home countries’ familiarity with the host country influences CDM location decisions. The familiarity factors are: (1) colonial history; (2) bilateral trade; and (3) bilateral aid. Using a binary logistical model, we find that that bilateral familiarity factors strongly influence CDM location decisions. Further, with respect to host country characteristics, we find that total carbon dioxide emissions and UNFCCC specific domestic institutions influence CDM location decisions, but not general investment institutions or high carbon intensity of host country economies.
Tribology of Unfilled and Filled Polymeric Surfaces in Refrigerant Environment for Compressor Applications

The current study examines the tribological performance of polymer/metal contacts in the presence of refrigerant versus ambient air under conditions simulating refrigeration compressors. Ten different polymers were employed as potential compressor bearing materials; four unfilled polymers and six blended polymers. All polymers were tested against cast iron samples of RMS roughness 0.3--0.5 μm and representative testing was performed against aluminum alloy disks. Experiments conducted in R-134A refrigerant exhibited slightly favorable friction and wear characteristics compared to experiments conducted in ambient air. Moreover, all blended polymers have superior tribological characteristics to unfilled polymers and metals. PEEK and polyimide in both unfilled and blended forms exhibit minimal wear and do not adversely affect the metal disks. This study also shows that although coherent, uniform films were not produced under compressor-like conditions, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, the tested polymers still have favorable tribological properties and are good candidates for tribological contacts in refrigeration compressors.