cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebral hypoperfusion-assisted intra-arterial deposition of liposomes in normal and glioma-bearing rats.

BACKGROUND Optimizing liposomal vehicles for targeted delivery to the brain has important implications for the treatment of brain tumors. The promise of efficient, brain-specific delivery of chemotherapeutic compounds via liposomal vehicles has yet to be achieved in clinical practice. Intra-arterial injection of specially designed liposomes may facilitate efficient delivery to the brain and to gliomas. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that cationic liposomes may be effectively delivered to both normal and glioma-bearing brain tissue utilizing a strategy of intra-arterial injection during transient cerebral hypoperfusion. METHODS Cationic, anionic, and neutral liposomes were separately injected via the internal carotid artery of healthy rats during transient cerebral hypoperfusion. Rats bearing C6 gliomas were similarly injected with cationic liposomes. Liposomes were loaded with DilC18(5) dye whose concentrations can be measured by light absorbance and fluorescence methods. RESULTS After intra-arterial injection, a robust uptake of cationic in comparison with anionic and neutral liposomes into brain parenchyma was observed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Postmortem multispectral fluorescence imaging revealed that liposomal cationic charge was associated with more efficient delivery to the brain. Cationic liposomes were also readily observed within glioma tissue after intra-arterial injection. However, over time, cationic liposomes were retained longer and at higher concentrations in the surrounding, peritumoral brain than in the tumor core. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of cationic liposome delivery to brain and glioma tissue after intra-arterial injection. Highly cationic liposomes directly delivered to the brain via an intracarotid route may represent an effective method for delivering antiglioma agents.
Spirit as a Property of Matter

It has been traditional to consider spirit and matter as opposed. The opponents of the older materialism argued that matter as understood by the philosophers from Democritus to Feuerbach was too simple and irreducible to support the properties for which the collective term “spirit” had been variously employed. In particular, matter was strongly condemned in the Middle Ages when under the influence of Neo-platonism it was held responsible for everything bad, from evil to non-being. Matter was natural, spirit supernatural; therefore, it was concluded, nothing spiritual could ever issue from matter. In particular, man was said to owe his humanity to the fact that he could rise above the merely material and to the level of the spirit. That nothing spiritual could be actual without a material base was either denied or considered a fact of no importance to the spirit.
Growth and Characteristics of Single Crystals of Lithium Niobate

Lithium niobate single crystal is an excellent material for various optical applications such as frequency conversion, optical switches, optical modulators and others. An automatic diameter control Czochralski crystals growth system has been designed and fabricated. A brief description of the entire system along with software developed has been described. With optimized growth parameters, pure and Fe/Mn doped crystals have been successfully grown using this system. Preliminary characterizations of these crystals have also been presented.
James F. Crow and the Art of Teaching and Mentoring

To honor James F. Crow on the occasion of his 95th birthday, GENETICS has commissioned a series of Perspectives and Reviews. For GENETICS to publish the honorifics is fitting, as from their birth Crow and GENETICS have been paired. Crow was scheduled to be born in January 1916, the same month that the first issue of GENETICS was scheduled to appear, and in the many years that Crow has made major contributions to the conceptual foundations of modern genetics, GENETICS has chronicled his and other major advances in the field. The commissioned Perspectives and Reviews summarize and celebrate Professor Crow’s contributions as a research scientist, administrator, colleague, community supporter, international leader, teacher, and mentor. In science, Professor Crow was the international leader of his generation in the application of genetics to populations of organisms and in uncovering the role of genetics in health and disease. In education, he was a superb undergraduate teacher whose inspiration changed the career paths of many students. His teaching skills are legendary, his lectures urbane and witty, rigorous and clear. He was also an extraordinary mentor to numerous graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom went on to establish successful careers of their own. In public service, Professor Crow served in key administrative positions at the University of Wisconsin, participated as a member of numerous national and international committees, and served as president of both the Genetics Society of America and the American Society for Human Genetics. This Perspective examines Professor Crow as teacher and mentor through the eyes and experiences of one student who was enrolled in his genetics course as an undergraduate and who later studied with him as a graduate student.
Ultrastructure of initial crystal formation in dentin

The present study illustrates a structure of apparent cellular origin in which the first observable mineral crystals of dentin appear. This information supplies a necessary link in the present understanding of the chain of events leading to mineralization of calcified tissues.
Multiple Representations of the Same Reversible Figure: Implications for Cognitive Decisional Interpretations

Observations are reported with the side-by-side presentation of rotating Necker cubes and other well-known reversible (ambiguous) figures. The fact that the two representations can be seen in the opposite direction of rotation, or perspective, at the same time is regarded as a serious difficulty for the cognitive or decisional interpretations of the spontaneous alternations in these figures. It is suggested that separate and fatiguable cortical ‘channels' are a more likely basis for the dual-presentation effect than multiple decisional or attentional processes. The relationship between this proposal and recent research consistent with the visual system as a multichannel processor is noted.
The enigmatic periodicity of the solar oblateness

The complex wave-form of the 25 2/3 day periodicity of the solar oblateness is exhibited. The statistical significance and strength of the fluctuation is examined. Using several lines of evidence the periodic fluctuation is shown to be a fluctuation in shape, not brightness. The fluctuation does not correlate with indicators of sunspots, faculae, prominences or magnetic fields. The detailed results of the analysis of the correlation with faculae are given. A possible explanation for the absence of the negative-correlated fluctuation delayed by 1/2 the period is examined.
Global Transport Program

The aim of the NATO Science Committee's Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geosciences program is to stimulate and facilitate international collaboration among scientists of the member countries in the study of selected global transport mechanisms. The program organizers intend to sponsor advanced research workshops, advanced study institutes, conferences, collaborative research, research study, and lecture visits. NATO grants are available, but they are intended to cover only part of the expenses involved in the international aspects of the sponsored activities. Citizens or permanent residents of one of the member countries of NATO who possess qualifications appropriate to the proposed activity are eligible to apply.
Quality Characteristics and Consumer Acceptance of a Peanut‐Based Imitation Cheese Spread

low moisture, llght colored, bland flavored peanut paste have SIX formulations of an imitation cheese spread were prepared by mvr been studied (Santos, 1987) The use of such a paste as the ing cheese flavonng coloring, salt and buttermilk powder Into a bland basic Ingredient the Inanufacture an imitation cheese llght colored peanut paste Three levels of flavonng (4, 6, and 8%) Presents several advantages First, the paste, which contains and two levels of salt (0 5 and 1 0%) were used Hedonlc resDonses about 25% protein and 45% 011, would make an ideal food of 200 Flllpino consum'ers to the fo&ulatlons were obtained ~esults supplement in parts of the world where proteln calorle ma1 lndlcated that of the SIX formulations two (4% flavoring/l% salt and nutrltlon IS prevalent Second, the use of locally grown peanuts 6% flavorlng/0 5% salt) were prefened Composltlonal anal~sls, in would make the product less expensive to produce than cheese strumental texture and color of the forrnulatlons and three commercial made from Imported dairy ingredients ~~~t]~, the cheese 'Fads were determined 'Ompared commerclal cheese low mo~sture content contr~butes shelf stability to the product, spreads, the peanut based samples had higher proteln and 011 contents and lower moisture indicating a more nutrltlous potent~ally shelf an important consideration in countries like the Ph~llppines, stable product
Effect of chelating agents on movement of trace metals into cut stems of bush bean plants

Abstract The ability of the chelating agents EDTA and DTPA to facilitate transport from nutrient solutions at pH 5 of trace metals to leaves of bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Improved Tendergreen) through cut stems was measured. Both chelating agents resulted in increased transfer of Cu, Co and Ni to primary leaves and in Cu, Co, Ni to a lesser extent, to trifoliate leaves. Potassium in leaves decreased as result of the cutting.
Wild agency: nested intentionalities in cognitive neuroscience and archaeology

The present paper addresses the tensions between internalist and radical-interactionist approaches to cognitive neuroscience, and the conflicting conclusions these positions lead to as regards the issue of whether archaeological artefacts constitute ‘results’ or ‘components’ of cognition. Wild systems theory (WST) and the notion of wild agency are presented as a potential resolution. Specifically, WST conceptualizes organisms (i.e. wild agents) as open, multi-scale self-sustaining systems. It is thus able to address the causal properties of wild systems in a manner that is consistent with radical-interactionist concerns regarding multi-scale contingent interactions. Furthermore, by conceptualizing wild agents as self-sustaining embodiments of the persistent, multi-scale contexts that afforded their emergence and in which they sustain themselves, WST is able to address the semantic properties of wild agents in a way that acknowledges the internalist concerns regarding meaningful (i.e. semantic) internal states (i.e. causal content ). In conclusion, WST agrees with radical interactionism and asserts that archaeological artefacts constitute components of cognition. In addition, given its ability to resolve tensions between the internalist and the radical interactionist approaches to cognition, WST is presented as potentially integrative for cognitive science in general.
Changes in nuclear envelope invaginations in axotomized immature and mature hamster facial motoneurons

Abstract In this study, changes in the amount of nuclear envelope invaginations (NEI) were quantitatively assessed after axotomy during the late nuclear maturation stages (15, 20 and 25 days postnatal age) and in the adult (100-day-old) hamster facial motoneurons. These changes were expressed as boundary density or BA (length of nuclear envelope per unit area of nucleus). Absolute nuclear areas and perimeters were also estimated after axotomy at these ages. At 1 2 and 1 day after axotomy, no differences in the above parameters were noted at any of the operative ages. At 4 days postoperative, the peak of chromatolysis for all these ages, axotomy resulted in significant decreases in BA and nuclear perimeter in the immature neurons and no changes in BA and nuclear perimeter in the adult neurons. In addition, 4 days after axotomy at 20 days postnatal and later ages, pronounced increases in nuclear area occurred. These quantitative results are interpreted as evidence that the accelerated loss of NEI after axotomy during the final stages of nuclear maturation in these neurons is related to the formation of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or Nissl substance. The hypothesis that an ‘excess’ of RER is accumulated during the late maturation stages and may account for the lack of NEI in the adult axotomized facial motoneuron is presented.
Theoretical description of the graphite, diamond, and liquid phases of carbon

A three-phase equation-of-state model, to be used in high-pressure high-density simulations of systems containing carbon, is described for the system graphite-diamond-liquid. The solid phases are represented by cold lattice and thermal energy terms. Simple additivity of the energy terms is assumed and the cold curve is a modified Birch form. Liquid states for diamond and graphite are obtained by a previously described scaling model. The actual Gibbs free energy of the liquid state uses the free energy of these liquids in a mixture model that includes an entropy of mixing and a pressure-dependent strain term. It is noted that the thermal expansion coefficient and the Gruneisen gamma increase faster above 3000 K than the usual approximation for the volume dependence would predict. The result is a phase diagram that fits all available data.
Two-dimensional ultrasound phased array design for tissue ablation for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

This paper describes the design, construction and evaluation of a two-dimensional ultrasound phased array to be used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. With two-dimensional phased arrays, the focal point position can be controlled by changing the electrical power and phase to the individual elements for focusing and electronically steering in a three-dimensional volume. The array was designed with a steering angle of ±14° in both transverse and longitudinal directions. A piezoelectric ceramic (PZT-8) was used as the material of the transducer, since it can handle the high power needed for tissue ablation and a matching layer was used for maximum acoustic power transmission to tissue. Analysis of the transducer ceramic and cable impedance has been designed for high power transfer with minimal capacitance and diameter. For this initial prototype, the final construction used magnet compatible housing and cabling for future application in a clinical magnetic resonance imaging system for tempera...
Understanding the role of phase function in translucent appearance

Multiple scattering contributes critically to the characteristic translucent appearance of food, liquids, skin, and crystals; but little is known about how it is perceived by human observers. This article explores the perception of translucency by studying the image effects of variations in one factor of multiple scattering: the phase function. We consider an expanded space of phase functions created by linear combinations of Henyey-Greenstein and von Mises-Fisher lobes, and we study this physical parameter space using computational data analysis and psychophysics.Our study identifies a two-dimensional embedding of the physical scattering parameters in a perceptually meaningful appearance space. Through our analysis of this space, we find uniform parameterizations of its two axes by analytical expressions of moments of the phase function, and provide an intuitive characterization of the visual effects that can be achieved at different parts of it. We show that our expansion of the space of phase functions enlarges the range of achievable translucent appearance compared to traditional single-parameter phase function models. Our findings highlight the important role phase function can have in controlling translucent appearance, and provide tools for manipulating its effect in material design applications.
Environmental change across a terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary section in eastern Montana, USA, constrained by carbonate clumped isotope paleothermometry

The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction has been attributed to the impact of a large bolide at the end of the Cretaceous Period, although other potential causes have also been proposed, most notably climate change caused by Deccan Traps (India) flood volcanism. Reconstructing paleoclimate, particularly in terrestrial settings, has been hindered by a lack of reliable proxies. The recent development of carbonate clumped isotope paleothermometry has contributed to temperature reconstructions using geochemical proxies in terrestrial settings. We employ this method, along with new stratigraphic constraints, in the Hell Creek (Cretaceous) and overlying Fort Union (Paleogene) Formations (Montana, USA) to examine changes in temperature leading to and across the K-Pg boundary. We demonstrate that well-preserved ca. 66 Ma aragonitic bivalves serve as suitable paleoclimate archives. Although there are limitations in the stratigraphic availability of fossil bivalves for clumped isotope analysis, we record an apparent 8 °C decrease in summer temperatures over the last 300 k.y. of the Cretaceous that corresponds broadly with patterns observed in other paleotemperature proxies. This observed decrease plausibly could be explained by an absolute temperature decrease or by other environmental stresses on the organisms, but in either case suggests changing living conditions over the interval. Previously documented declines in vertebrate and invertebrate biodiversity occur over the same stratigraphic interval at this study location. These results are consistent with published models of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction in which destabilized ecosystems become more susceptible to an abrupt event like a bolide impact.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate and Lysophosphatidic Acid Stimulate Endothelial Cell Migration

Endothelial cell migration is necessary for the formation of new blood vessels. We investigated the effects of 2 lysophospholipid mediators, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), on endothelial cell migration. S1P and LPA stimulated migration of fetal bovine heart endothelial cells (FBHEs) in a 3D-modified Boyden chamber assay with concentrations as low as 15 nmol/L stimulating a 2-fold change and concentrations in the 1- to 2-micromol/L range stimulating 14- to 20-fold changes. S1P specifically stimulated the migration of several endothelial cell strains but did not stimulate the migration of tumor cells or smooth muscle cells. LPA stimulated some endothelial and nonendothelial cell types to migrate. For FBHEs, S1P and LPA were mostly chemokinetic in checkerboard assays. S1P and LPA stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and enhanced paxillin localization to focal contacts, with no discernible change in the actin cytoskeleton in FBHEs. To characterize responsible receptor-dependent signaling pathways, we investigated the involvement of G(i), Rho, and phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase in S1P- and LPA-stimulated migration. Although perturbation of all 3 signaling molecules resulted in decreased migration, the mechanisms underlying the decreased migration were different. Pertussis toxin treatment, to target G(i), caused endothelial cells to develop dense bundles of F-actin and distribute paxillin staining to the cell periphery in response to S1P or LPA. Modification of Rho with C3 toxin disrupted the actin cytoskeleton. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase decreased S1P- or LPA-induced endothelial cell migration with only minor disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase with PD98059 caused a loss of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, similar to pertussis toxin, but only a minimal decrease in migration. These results indicate that S1P and, for some cells, LPA stimulate migration of endothelial cells through a mechanism that likely requires a balance between G(i) and Rho signaling to achieve the cytoskeletal remodeling necessary for cell migration.
Vitamins and hormones in nutrition; endocrine dyscrasia.

1. The effect of endocrine dyscrasia on vitamin absorption, and the resultant interference in the synergistic action of vitamins and hormones has been demonstrated.
Disentangling the Effects of Current Age, Onset Age, and Disease Duration: Parent and Child Attitudes Toward Diabetes as an Exemplar

Objective: To develop a methodology for use with cross-sectional data to disentangle the effects of current age, disease onset age, and disease duration in chronically ill children. Methods: We used a questionnaire data set from a large cross-sectional sample of mothers and children with Type 1 diabetes. The interdependence of current age, onset age, and disease duration precluded use of all three in the same regression model. Consequently, pairs of models were run, looking for a pattern in the results. Results: The approach successfully disentangled the differential effects of the child's current age, disease onset age, and disease duration. Child current age predicted child attitudes about diabetes management rules, child sick-role identification, and maternal attitudes toward medical staff. Onset age predicted child-perceived family disruption and mothers' confidence in detecting a hypoglycemic reaction. Disease duration predicted maternal religious beliefs about diabetes and maternal attitudes toward medical staff. Conclusions: This study illustrates a methodology for disentangling the effects of child current age, disease onset age, and disease duration in cross-sectional data that may be useful for any childhood chronically ill population that varies in child onset age.
Driving Drug Discovery: The Fundamental Role of Academic Labs

Academic labs have been responsible for virtually all of the basic science discoveries that translate into the discovery and development of innovative new medicines. There is a growing concern that large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are not able to sustain research pipelines that bring new compounds into drug development that translate into innovative new medicines, especially in areas with high unmet medical need. To address the needs of patients, caregivers, and society, academic labs have played and can continue to play an important role at one or more stages in the development of innovative medicines, both directly and through collaborations with researchers in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Collaboration is in the best interests of patients and society if it accelerates the translation of basic science discoveries to new medicines that address unmet medical needs.
Finding genes underlying human disease

With the surge in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), many have asked the question ‘Are linkage studies dead?’ In this article, we survey the approaches used in mapping human disease genes, reviewing the analysis strategies that preceded and laid the groundwork for GWAS. We note that earlier approaches are still useful and the development of new methodology is warranted.
The Effect of Surface Tension on the Phase Equilibrium of DPPC/DOPC/Cholesterol Model Lipid Bilayers

Experimental observations of liquid-ordered (lo) liquid-disordered (ld) phases in living cells have been elusive. However, recent experiments on giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) that were isolated directly from living cells showed that these GPMVs contain two macroscopic liquid phases, lo and ld, at low temperatures and one liquid phase at high temperatures and exhibit transition temperatures in the range of 15 to 25 °C [Veatch, S. L., et. al., Chem. Bio. Lett., 3, p. 287 (2008)]. The GPMVs are particularly interesting since they retain most of the compositional complexity of living cell membranes. One of the major differences between the lipid bilayer in the GPMVs and the lipid bilayer in the living cell membrane is that the GPMVs are free from the actin cytoskeleton network. It has been shown in renal epithelial cells that tether forces, and therefore the apparent membrane tension, are significantly lower on blebs than on membranes that are supported by the cytoskeleton [Dai, J. and Sheetz, M. P., Biophysical Journal, 77, p. 3363 (1999)].Using a theoretical model of a bilayer membrane containing cholesterol, dipalmitoyl-phophatidylcholine (DPPC), and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) that qualitatively reproduces phase diagrams of tensionless GUVs of the same three components [R. Elliott, I. Szleifer, and M. Schick., Phys. Rev. Lett., 96, p.098101 (2006)], we show that increasing the tension on the lipid bilayer changes the phase diagram dramatically. Increasing the tension on the bilayer changes the location of the lo-ld transition until at a high enough tension the liquid-liquid phase equilibrium disappears. This leads us to speculate that the lipid bilayers connected to the actin cytoskeleton in living cells are not separated into two liquid phases due to the enhanced tension provided by the cytoskeleton.
Unsteady Transonic Flow: Flow About a Suddenly Deflected Wedge

Analysis of unsteady transonicows is important in the understanding of maneuvering and acceleratingight near the speed of sound. Theow about a suddenly deected two-dimensional wedge is investigated. Asymptotic methods are used to develop the appropriate unsteady transonic small-disturbance formulation. Numerical calcu- lations are presented and discussed that show the development of shock patterns and the approach to steady state forows with Mach numbers in the neighborhood of 1. N this paper, theow about a suddenly deected wedge in a uni- form stream with upstream Mach number M 1 near 1 is studied. Asymptotic methods are used to develop the appropriate unsteady transonic small disturbance formulation of the problem on which numerical computation is then carried out. The development of the shock patterns and the approach to steady state is shown in cases where M 1 1 (super- sonic), where M 1 = U/a 1 is the upstream Mach number for the ¯ ow and a 1 is the speed of sound in the undisturbed gas. Considera uniformsteadyowin the xdirection for t¤ 0 at upstream in® nity) with speed U o a 1 . At t¤ = 0, a wedge, originally the line x¤ > 0, y¤ = 0, opens to an angle d ? 1 so that for t¤ > 0 the wedge is located at y¤ = § d x¤ , x¤ > 0. Because the problem is symmetric about y¤ = 0, we consider only y¤ ¸ 0 henceforth, and the vertical velocity at y¤ = 0 is zero for x¤ < 0. To studythis problem, wenote that,because the shocks areweak, theow is isentropic with small corrections so that a potential, U (x¤ , y¤ , t¤ ), describes the primaryow. The full two-dimensional potential formulation is 1
In Defense of Dwelling in Great Minds

It seems like a small and perhaps shrinking minority of economists know reverence of individual figures. Most economists seem to be without heroes, and sometimes disparage reverence as cultish idolatry. Here I collect from Michael Polanyi’s The Study of Man (1959) a few passages that eloquently suggest that “we need reverence to perceive greatness, even as we need a telescope to observe spiral nebulae.” The selection is made in the defense of seeking out and communing with great minds.
Effects of the Tumor-Leukocyte Microenvironment on Melanoma–Neutrophil Adhesion to the Endothelium in a Shear Flow

The primary cause of cancer mortality is not attributed to primary tumor formation, but rather to the growth of metastases at distant organ sites. Tumor cell adhesion to blood vessel endothelium (EC) and subsequent transendothelial migration within the circulation are critical components of the metastasis cascade. Previous studies have shown polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) may facilitate melanoma cell adhesion to the EC and subsequent extravasation under flow conditions. The melanoma cell–PMN interactions are found to be mediated by the binding between intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on melanoma cells and β2 integrin on PMNs and by endogenously secreted interleukin 8 (IL-8) within the tumor-leukocyte microenvironment. In this study, the effects of fluid convection on the IL-8-mediated activation of PMNs and the binding kinetics between PMNs and melanoma cells were investigated. Results indicate that the shear rate dependence of PMN–melanoma cell adhesion and melanoma cell extravasation is due, at least partly, to the convection of tumor-secreted proinflammatory cytokine IL-8.
5-HT1A-like receptor activation inhibits abstinence-induced methamphetamine withdrawal in planarians

No pharmacological therapy is approved to treat methamphetamine physical dependence, but it has been hypothesized that serotonin (5-HT)-enhancing drugs might limit the severity of withdrawal symptoms. To test this hypothesis, we used a planarian model of physical dependence that quantifies withdrawal as a reduction in planarian movement. Planarians exposed to methamphetamine (10 μM) for 60 min, and then placed (tested) into drug-free water for 5 min, displayed less movement (i.e., withdrawal) than either methamphetamine-naive planarians tested in water or methamphetamine-exposed planarians tested in methamphetamine. A concentration-related inhibition of withdrawal was observed when methamphetamine-exposed planarians were placed into a solution containing either methamphetamine and 5-HT (0.1-100 μM) or methamphetamine and the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyl-2-aminotetralin (8-OH-DPAT) (10, 20 μM). Planarians with prior methamphetamine exposure displayed enhanced withdrawal when tested in a solution of the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist N-[2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-(2-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (WAY 100635) (1 μM). Methamphetamine-induced withdrawal was not affected by the 5-HT(2B/2C) receptor agonist meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPZ) (0.1-20 μM). These results provide pharmacological evidence that serotonin-enhancing drugs inhibit expression of methamphetamine physical dependence in an invertebrate model of withdrawal, possibly through a 5-HT(1A)-like receptor-dependent mechanism.
Parallel Imaging Problem

Metric Labeling problems have been introduced as a model for understanding noisy data with pair-wise relations between the data points. One application of labeling problems with pair-wise relations is image understanding, where the underlying assumption is that physically close pixels are likely to belong to the same object. In this paper we consider a variant of this problem, we will call Parallel Imaging, where instead of directly observing the noisy data, the data undergoes a simple linear transformation first, such as adding different images. This class of problems arises in a wide range of imaging problems. Our study has been motivated by the Parallel Imaging problem in Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) reconstruction. We give a constant factor approximation algorithm for the case of speedup of two with the truncated linear metric, motivated by the MRI reconstruction problem. Our method uses local search and graph cut techniques.
Mass Migration and the Mass Society: Fordism, Immigration Policy and the Post‐war Long Boom in Canada and Australia, 1947–1970

The immediate post-war period was defined by shifts in capitalism's socioeconomic and institutional underpinnings. Commonly known as Fordism, until the early-1970s models of standardized industrial mass-production and robust state planning and intervention were relatively successful in maintaining secular growth in employment, productivity and demand as well as establishing the national economy and society as unified, governable fields. This paper considers how migra- tion controls in Canada and Australia enhanced and extended such arrangements. In simultaneously boosting production and demand, diversifying and integrating industrial activities and assimilating European migrants into a mass consumer culture while excluding non-Europeans perceived as disruptive of material and sociocultural homogeneity, such policies provided central vectors of economic and cultural nationalism that complemented other monopolistic and redistributive interventions.
Using combinations of oxidants and bases as PCET reactants: thermochemical and practical considerations

Studies in proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) often require the combination of an outer-sphere oxidant and a base, to remove an electron and a proton. A common problem is the incompatibility of the oxidant and the base, because the former is electron deficient and the latter electron rich. We have tested a variety of reagents and report a number of oxidant/base combinations that are compatible and therefore potentially useful as PCET reagents. A formal bond dissociation free energy (BDFE) for a reagent combination is defined by the redox potential of the oxidant and pKa of the base. This is a formal BDFE because no X–H bond is homolytically cleaved, but it is a very useful way to categorize the H• accepting ability of an oxidant/base PCET pair. Formal BDFEs of stable oxidant/base combinations range from 71 to at least 98 kcal mol−1. Effects of solvent, concentration, temperature, and counterions on the stability of the oxidant/base combinations are discussed. Extensions to catalysis and related reductant/acid combinations are mentioned.
Energy-Aware Post Settings: A Study on Performance Gain by Adding Relaying Nodes in Wireless Ad-Hoc Networks

We explore the effect of certain network properties for energy balancing in wireless ad-hoc networks. We report the extent to which the improvement on energy balancing can be achieved by strategic placements of an additional relaying node in networks running energy-efficient routing protocols.
A reliable architecture for networks under stress

In this paper, we consider Harary graphs as candidate solutions for the design of a physical network topology that achieves a high level of reliability using unreliable network elements. Our network model, which is motivated by the use of all-optical networks for high-reliability applications, is one in which nodes are invulnerable and links are subject to failure in a statistically independent fashion. Our reliability metrics are the all-terminal connectedness measure and the less commonly considered two-terminal connectedness measure. We compare in the low and high stress regimes common commercial architectures designed for all-terminal reliability in the low stress regime with the Harary graph architecture. We focus on Harary graphs as candidate topologies, as they have been shown to possess attractive reliability properties, and we derive new results for this family of graphs.
Insights into branch nucleophile positioning and activation from an orthogonal pre-mRNA splicing system in yeast

Summary The duplex formed between the branch site (BS) of a spliceosomal intron and its cognate sequence in U2 snRNA is important for spliceosome assembly and the first catalytic step of splicing. We describe the development of an orthogonal BS-U2 system in S. cerevisiae in which spliceosomes containing a grossly substituted second-copy U2 snRNA mediate the in vivo splicing of a single reporter transcript carrying a cognate substitution. Systematic use of this approach to investigate requirements for branching catalysis reveals considerable flexibility in the sequence of the BS-U2 duplex and its positioning relative to the catalytic center. Branching efficiency depends on the identity of the branch nucleotide, its position within the BS-U2 duplex, and its distance from U2/U6 helix Ia. These results provide insights into substrate selection during spliceosomal branching catalysis; additionally, this system provides a foundation and tool for future mechanistic splicing research.
Mass Murder and the Individual: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Perpetrators and Their Victims

During the twentieth century and into the twenty-first, we have been witnessing a steady increase in violence caused by global terrorism and an increasing number of genocides. Descriptions of these major historical events that have cost millions in human lives are offered by historians, political scientists, and writers of literary non-fiction as well as by psychologists and psychoanalysts. While the historical and political circumstances under which wars, terrorist acts, and genocide may emerge can readily be identified, describing the psychological profiles of individual participants in mass murder has been an elusive task. The examination of unconscious motivations that may move large groups to act destructively is complicated by the fact that historical events, especially if these have been traumatic, find their way across generations through myths and traditions into the fabric of social, cultural, and political lives of people.
Imagining the City: The Cultural Dimensions of Urban Computing

Much urban computing research focuses on cities as generic settings and containers of action. However, cities can also be viewed as products of historically and culturally situated practices and flows. When we view urban areas in this context, rather than as collections of people and buildings, infrastructure and practice are closely entwined. The emergence of urban computing as a topic within pervasive computing research is fascinating and important. Cities are complex social ecosystems, and this complexity makes them a rich site for understanding how pervasive computing technologies can be put to use and brought to life
Temperature-dependent surface porosity of Nb 2 O 5 under high-flux, low-energy He + ion irradiation

Abstract The present study reports on high-flux, low-energy He + ion irradiation as a novel method of enhancing the surface porosity and surface area of naturally oxidized niobium (Nb). Our study shows that ion-irradiation-induced Nb surface micro- and nano-structures are highly tunable by varying the target temperature during ion bombardment. Mirror-polished Nb samples were irradiated with 100 eV He + ions at a flux of 1.2 × 10 21 ions m −2 s −1 to a total fluence of 4.3 × 10 24 ions m −2 with simultaneous sample annealing in the temperature range of 773–1223 K to demonstrate the influence of sample temperature on the resulting Nb surface morphology. This surface morphology was primarily characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Below 923 K, Nb surfaces form nano-scale tendrils and exhibit significant increases in surface porosity. Above 923 K, homogeneously populated nano-pores with an average diameter of ∼60 nm are observed in addition to a smaller population of sub-micron sized pores (up to ∼230 nm in diameter). Our analysis shows a significant reduction in surface pore number density and surface porosity with increasing sample temperature. High-resolution ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows Nb 2 O 5 phase in all of the ion-irradiated samples. To further demonstrate the length scales in which radiation-induced surface roughening occurs, optical reflectivity was performed over a spectrum of light between 200 and 1100 nm, showing a recovery of nano-scale surface damage at high sample temperatures.
Attributes of Quiet Stance in the Chronic Spinal Cat

Standing is a dynamic task that requires antigravity support of the body mass and active regulation of the position of the body center of mass. This study examined the extent to which the chronic s...
Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica, and Closely Adjacent Waters

Snailfishes (Family Liparidae) of the Ross Sea are reviewed, keys are provided to their identification, and the utility ofseveral taxonomic characters, including the pectoral fin and girdle and length and shape of the abdominal cavity, is dis-cussed. New and previously unstudied specimens show that there are more than 34 Ross Sea liparid species in three gen-era; 18 of them are new to science and are described below. Ross Sea snailfishes include at least six Careproctus, 27 Paraliparis, and one Genioliparis species. The new species are Paraliparis alius from off Iselin Seamount at 1225–1332m, P. amerismos from off Hillary Canyon (near Pennell Bank) at 1149–1358 m, P. camilarus from the northwest edge ofMawson Bank at 1431–1658 m, P. ekaporus from off Mawson Bank at 1431–1658 m, P. epacrognathus from off MawsonBank at 1431–1658 m, P. haploporus from off Mawson Bank at 1954–1990 m, P. longicaecus from the NW edge of Maw-son Bank at 1431–1658 m, P. macropterus from off Iselin and Mawson Banks at 1133–1990 m, P. magnoculus from offIselin and Scott Canyon at 950–1368 m, P. mentikoilon from off Mawson Bank at 1954–1990 m, P. nigrolineatus from offMawson Bank at 1954–1990 m, P. nullansa from off Mawson Bank at 1954–1990 m , P. orbitalis from off Cape Adare at 1110–1210 m, P. parviradialis from off Mawson Bank at 1954–1990 m, P. plicatus from off Mawson Bank at 1431–1990m, P. posteroporus from off Mawson Bank at 1400–1600 m, P. tangaroa from Iselin Seamount at 966–1153 m, and P. voroninorum from off Mawson Bank at 1954–1990 m. In addition, one unknown Paraliparis is partially described but notnamed owing to its poor condition. Range extensions for P. neelovi and P. stehmanni are reported, and two more individ-uals of P. andriashevi, previously known from two specimens, were collected. Other species included are Careproctus am- pliceps, C. catherinae, C. inflexidens, C. polarsterni, C. pseudoprofundicola, C. vladibeckeri, Genioliparis kafanovi, Paraliparis antarcticus, P. devriesi, P. fuscolingua, P. macrocephalus, P. rossi, and P. terraenovae. History and character-istics of the Ross Sea that probably led to isolation and speciation are described and discussed. The new discoveries increase the number of known Southern Hemisphere snailfish species to about 200.
Conflict Resolution and Organizational Influence

Agents need to be motivated to develop ideas and to share information regarding their potential value. When the principal needs to rely on the agents' claims when choosing between the alternatives, she needs to decide how conflict between the alternatives is resolved. This resolution can be either asymmetric, in which case conflict is always resolved in favor of one of the agents, or symmetric, in which case each agent has an equal likelihood of having his alternative implemented. Favoring an agent increases his influence in the final choice, which in turn makes him a more credible source of information and more motivated to generate good ideas, further increasing his influence. As long as incentive contracting is sufficiently flexible, such favoritism is always optimal, supporting the argument that firms are typically better off by focusing their strategy on particular aspects of their business. Conditions under which this may not be the case are also considered.
Evaluation of the capability of the Lombard test in detecting abrupt changes in variance

Summary Hydrologic time series are often characterized by temporal changes that give rise to non-stationarity. When the distribution describing the data changes over time, it is important to detect these changes so that correct inferences can be drawn from the data. The Lombard test, a non-parametric rank-based test to detect change points in the moments of a time series, has been recently used in the hydrologic literature to detect change points in the mean and variance. Little is known, however, about the performance of this test in detecting changes in variance, despite the potentially large impacts that these changes (shifts) could have when dealing with extremes. Here we address this issue in a Monte Carlo simulation framework. We consider a number of different situations that can manifest themselves in hydrologic time series, including the dependence of the results on the magnitude of the shift, significance level, sample size and location of the change point within the series. Analyses are performed considering abrupt changes in variance occurring with and without shifts in the mean. The results show that the power of the test in detecting change points in variance is small when the changes are small. It is large when the change point occurs close to the middle of the time series, and it increases nonlinearly with increasing sample size. Moreover, the power of the test is greatly reduced by the presence of change points in mean. We propose removing the change in the mean before testing for change points in variance. Simulation results demonstrate that this strategy effectively increases the power of the test. Finally, the Lombard test is applied to annual peak discharge records from 3686 U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging stations across the conterminous United States, and the results are discussed in light of the insights from the simulations’ results.
Deleuze's Political Ethics: A Fascism of the New?

The cosmology of Deleuze and Guattari emphasises the new. I raise the question of whether this emphasis cancels out two other political virtues, solidarity and heterogeneity, and thereby amounts to a fascism of the new. I reply that what Deleuze and Guattari say about cosmological unity and difference suggests that they can avoid this negative designation. I support this conclusion by considering their statements on ethics and politics and by translating their cosmological philosophy into the more immediate ethico-political context of the alloplastic stratum. The latter effort is abetted by elaborating the two thinkers’ use of the term ‘voice’, for example, in Deleuze's statement that Being is the ‘single and same voice for the whole thousand-voiced multiple … a single clamour of Being for all beings’ or in the two authors’ notion of a ‘constellation of voices’ that makes up the ‘molecular’ or ‘unconscious’ collective assemblage of enunciation. This elaboration is pertinent because political ethics is ess...
PET hypermetabolism in medically resistant childhood epilepsy: Incidence, associations, and surgical outcome.

Summary Objective We observed several children with medically resistant epilepsy demonstrating focal positron emission tomography (PET) hypermetabolism, a finding rarely reported and of questionable significance. We therefore retrospectively reviewed the incidence of hypermetabolic PET, and its relationship to electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and to the outcome of epilepsy surgery. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 498 PET brain studies in patients with medically resistant childhood epilepsy for evidence of hypermetabolism. In patients with PET hypermetabolism, we correlated metabolic abnormality with the scalp EEG and MRI findings. In a subset of patients who underwent surgical resection, we further correlated the PET findings with histopathologic and surgical outcomes. Results Focal PET hypermetabolism was identified in 33 (6.6%) of 498 studies. The region of hypermetabolism correlated with a spike count of ≥10 per minute in 26 of 32 concomitant scalp EEG studies and 18 of 21 lesions evident on MRI. In 17 patients who underwent surgical resection, PET hypermetabolism further correlated with regions revealing almost continuous epileptiform discharges on the intracranial EEG and with histopathologically malformative tissue. At a minimum follow-up of 1 year postsurgery (median 33 months), 7 (50%) of 14 patients had Engel's class I outcome, 4 patients had class II, and 2 had class III outcome, whereas one patient was unchanged. At last follow-up, seizure freedom was noted in five of seven patients with focal PET hypermetabolism alone versus three of eight patients with PET hypometabolism. Significance Focal PET hypermetabolism is associated with high spike frequency on scalp EEG and can occur in the absence of ictal events during the peri-injection period. Correlation with intracranial EEG usually corroborates the highly epileptogenic pathophysiologic state. Cortical malformations constitute the most common pathologic substrate, and resection of the hypermetabolic PET region may facilitate favorable outcomes. These observations indicate that focal PET hypermetabolism is an important marker of the epileptogenic zone and may represent its epicenter.