cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological study of rotavirus diarrhea in Beijing area from 2010 to 2012

Objective To investigate the epidemic of diarrhea caused by rotavirus infection among children treated at the Beijing Friendship Hospital in a period of 2 years.Methods Stool samples were collected from 972 diarrheic children from January 2010 to January 2012.The antigen of rotavirus was detected by the gold imunochromatography assay (GICA).Result Among the samples studied,370 out of 972 cases (38.1％) were positive for rotavirus antigen.The ratio of infected boys and girls was 2.14∶ 1.Most infected children (91.4％) were under the age of two.The viral infection takes place all year round but breaks out mainly within a cold season that lasts from October through March,with a peak in November and December.Even in the spring and summer,however,its prevalence rates were quite significant among the children with diarrhea,ranging from 11.1％ to 41.7％.Conclusion In Beijing area,rotavirus is the major etiologic cause of diarrhea in children,especially in those under the age of 2.The peak prevalence occurs at any given time during the late fall and early spring seasons.It is necessary,therefore,to strengthen the surveillance of rotavirus infection in the spring and summer seasons in order not only to predict and prevent a potential outbreak in the end of the year,but also collect and provide more dynamic data for the further epidemiologic research of rotavirus diarrhea in the children. Key words: Child,hospitalized; Diarrhea; Rotavirus; Epidemiology
Modeling Perceived Risk from Coyotes Among Chicago Residents

This article examined the influence of urban homeowners’ general wildlife value orientations (i.e., mutualism, domination) and their specific positive beliefs about coyotes on perceived risk from c...
Spatiotemporal trends in human vulnerability and adaptation to heat across the United States

Abstract Many studies have connected excess heat to increased human mortality, but comparatively few have examined long-term temporal trends in this relationship. This study examined temporal trends in mortality associated with heat waves in 51 metropolitan areas in the United States for the period 1975–2010, using three different definitions of heat wave. Collectively, all three metrics showed a linear decline in human vulnerability to heat over time, while the number of heat events has generally increased. By the final decade of the study period, only six to seven cities were associated with statistically significant increases in mortality during heat waves. This trend, while generally declining, was variable on an individual metropolitan-area level. Contributing factors to this variability include the occurrence of an extreme heat wave affecting the overall relationship in heat wave and human mortality, and the variability in heat events over a given period. The observed broad adaptation in the human population to extreme heat, however, should be viewed in a cautionary sense. Even with decreased rates in overall human vulnerability, a greater number of heat events is expected in the future given anthropogenic climate change. Combined with an increasing population of susceptible individuals as society ages, human vulnerability to heat will remain a critical challenge for the “anthropocene” in the coming decades.
Commercially Available Minikits for Identification of Enterobacteriaceae : A Review.

Most of the research pertaining to evaluation and use of various commercial Enterobacteriaceae test kits has been conducted by clinical microbiologists. This paper reviews more than 50 reports of studies in which a number of these diagnostic kits were compared to conventional biochemical tests for characterization and identification of Enterobacteriaceae . It is hoped that this information will be of value to food and environmental microbiologists who are concerned with identification of Salmonella , Escherichia coli , "coliforms," and other members of this family.
ALL OUR SONS: THE DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROBIOLOGY AND NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY OF BOYS AT RISK

Why are boys at risk? To address this question, I use the perspective of regulation theory to offer a model of the deeper psychoneurobiological mechanisms that underlie the vulnerability of the developing male. The central thesis of this work dictates that significant gender differences are seen between male and female social and emotional functions in the earliest stages of development, and that these result from not only differences in sex hormones and social experiences but also in rates of male and female brain maturation, specifically in the early developing right brain. I present interdisciplinary research which indicates that the stress-regulating circuits of the male brain mature more slowly than those of the female in the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal critical periods, and that this differential structural maturation is reflected in normal gender differences in right-brain attachment functions. Due to this maturational delay, developing males also are more vulnerable over a longer period of time to stressors in the social environment (attachment trauma) and toxins in the physical environment (endocrine disruptors) that negatively impact right-brain development. In terms of differences in gender-related psychopathology, I describe the early developmental neuroendocrinological and neurobiological mechanisms that are involved in the increased vulnerability of males to autism, early onset schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorders as well as the epigenetic mechanisms that can account for the recent widespread increase of these disorders in U.S. culture. I also offer a clinical formulation of early assessments of boys at risk, discuss the impact of early childcare on male psychopathogenesis, and end with a neurobiological model of optimal adult male socioemotional functions.
Immunomodulatory Drugs in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Experience

Over the last two decades, the outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma, a plasma cell malignancy, have dramatically improved. The development of the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), which include thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide, has contributed significantly to these improved outcomes. While thalidomide is now less commonly prescribed, lenalidomide is widely used in the treatment of newly diagnosed transplant-eligible and transplant-ineligible patients, in the maintenance setting post-transplant and in the relapsed/refractory setting, while pomalidomide is currently utilized in the relapsed/refractory setting. The IMiDs have been reported to have a multitude of activities, including anti-angiogenic, cytotoxic, and immunomodulatory. However, the more recent discoveries that the IMiDs bind to cereblon and thus regulate the ubiquitination of key transcription factors including IKZF1 and IKZF3 have provided greater insight into their mechanism of action. Here, the clinical efficacy of these agents in myeloma is reviewed and the structure-function relationship, the molecular mechanisms of action, and the association of IMiDs with second primary malignancies and thrombosis are discussed.
Trade, Growth and Economic Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region: Lessons for Policymakers

Abstract. This policy brief is intended to provide policymakers with a summary of the results of our research project entitled “Trade, Growth and Economic Inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region”, which explores and documents the linkages between international trade and inequality in the Asia-Pacific Region (APR).The project’s eleven research papers appeared in a special issue of the Journal of Asian Economics in February 2017. Overall, we conclude that the relationships between international trade, foreign direct investment (FDI), economic growth and inequality are extremely complicated, so no single theory should be relied upon for policy guidance across all APR countries with their varying stages of development and unique characteristics. Our studies find some evidence that trade or FDI contribute to inequality, some evidence that it reduces inequality and some evidence of no causal relationship. These seemingly conflicting results are not at all surprising given the complex relationships involved and the different countries, time periods, and means of measuring inequality, trade and FDI our authors adopted. Our main takeaway for policymakers is to be wary of both anti-trade and pro-trade advocates who provide “one size fits all” advice related to trade, FDI and inequality; these economic relationships are much too complex for that. Keywords. International trade, Foreign direct investment, Economic growth, Economic inequality. JEL. F13, F14, F16, F21, F23, J31.
Principal S 1 -bundles

A very important theorem in the geometry of contact manifolds, and the start of the modern theory, is the Boothby–Wang theorem, which states that a compact regular contact manifold is a principal circle bundle over a symplectic manifold of integral class. We will prove this result in Section 3.3. In preparation for this we review principal circle bundles in this chapter.
An inducible amphipathic helix within the intrinsically disordered C terminus can participate in membrane curvature generation by peripherin-2/rds.

Peripherin-2/rds is required for biogenesis of vertebrate photoreceptor outer segment organelles. Its localization at the high-curvature rim domains of outer segment disk membranes suggests that it may act to shape these structures; however, the molecular function of this protein is not yet resolved. Here, we apply biochemical, biophysical, and imaging techniques to elucidate the role(s) played by the protein's intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain and an incipient amphipathic α-helix contained within it. We investigated a deletion mutant lacking only this α-helix in stable cell lines and Xenopus laevis photoreceptors. We also studied a soluble form of the full-length ˜7-kDa cytoplasmic C terminus in cultured cells and purified from Escherichia coli. The α-helical motif was not required for protein biosynthesis, tetrameric subunit assembly, tetramer polymerization, localization at disk rims, interaction with GARP2, or the generation of membrane curvature. Interestingly, however, loss of the helical motif up-regulated membrane curvature generation in cellulo, introducing the possibility that it may regulate this activity in photoreceptors. Furthermore, the incipient α-helix (within the purified soluble C terminus) partitioned into membranes only when its acidic residues were neutralized by protonation. This suggests that within the context of full-length peripherin-2/rds, partitioning would most likely occur at a bilayer interfacial region, potentially adjacent to the protein's transmembrane domains. In sum, this study significantly strengthens the evidence that peripherin-2/rds functions directly to shape the high-curvature rim domains of the outer segment disk and suggests that the protein's C terminus may modulate membrane curvature-generating activity present in other protein domains.
Pathways of confinement: the legal constitution of carceral spaces in France’s social housing estates

AbstractThis paper analyzes the enactment and evolution of article L.126 of the Code of Construction and Housing (CCH) in France and demonstrates the careful ways lawmakers have redefined ‘common areas’ in social housing estates as carceral spaces. It argues that such transformation has inserted these areas into a ‘carceral continuum’ that facilitates the arrest, prosecution and confinement of young people ‘hanging out’ in ‘common areas’. Drawing on the work of legal geographers on the co-constitutive relationship of law and space, and urban and carceral geographers exploring the criminalization of urban space and the extension of the carceral state, the paper illustrates how the pathways of confinement are legally constituted. The legal process documented here seeks to highlight the law’s meaning-making capacity and the complex legal practices – by actors and institutions located at multiple scales – which significantly condition urban practices and relationships. The analysis suggests, finally, that law...
Does information about abortion safety affect Texas voters' opinions about restrictive laws? A randomized study.

Abstract Objective The objective was to assess whether information about abortion safety and awareness of abortion laws affect voters' opinions about medically unnecessary abortion regulations. Study design Between May and June 2016, we randomized 1200 Texas voters to receive or not receive information describing the safety of office-based abortion care during an online survey about abortion laws using simple random assignment. We compared the association between receiving safety information and awareness of recent restrictions and beliefs that ambulatory surgical center (ASC) requirements for abortion facilities and hospital admitting privileges requirements for physicians would make abortion safer. We used Poisson regression, adjusting for political affiliation and views on abortion. Results Of 1200 surveyed participants, 1183 had complete data for analysis: 612 in the information group and 571 in the comparison group. Overall, 259 (46%) in the information group and 298 (56%) in the comparison group believed that the ASC requirement would improve abortion safety (p=.008); 230 (41%) in the information group and 285 (54%) in the comparison group believed that admitting privileges would make abortion safer (p Conclusions Informational statements reduced perceptions that restrictive laws make abortion safer. Voters' prior awareness of the requirements also was associated with their beliefs. Implications Informational messages can shift scientifically unfounded views about abortion safety and could reduce support for restrictive laws. Because prior awareness of abortion laws does not ensure accurate knowledge about their effects on safety, it is important to reach a broad audience through early dissemination of information about new regulations.
Endovascular treatment of middle cerebral artery aneurysms: A single center experience with a focus on thromboembolic complications

Background Endovascular treatment of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms has traditionally been considered difficult due to complex branching patterns, frequent involvement of parent vessels within the aneurysm neck, and a high incidence of thromboembolic complications. Methods The cases of 93 MCA aneurysms treated with endovascular intervention at our institution between 2003 and 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic variables were recorded and analyzed. Results Immediate complete or near-complete occlusion was achieved in 81 (90%) cases. At the longest follow up of 6 months or greater, 83.3% of the aneurysms were stable-to-improved in the Raymond occlusion classification, 8.3% were found to have minor recanalization not requiring retreatment, and 8.3% required retreatment due to significant recanalization. Thromboembolic events occurred in 18 (19.3%) of cases, but only 1 resulted in permanent vessel occlusion and only 1 resulted in permanent neurologic impairment. Thrombus was resolved with intra-arterial thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy in 17 of the 18 cases. There were only two cases resulting in morbidity (2.15%). There was no statistically significant correlation between aneurysm location, size, morphology, or use of adjuvant device with radiographic outcome or thromboembolic event. Conclusions While the rate of thromboembolic events in our series was 19%, the overall morbidity was only 2%. This highlights the fact that even complex MCA aneurysms can safely and effectively be treated by endovascular means with or without the use of balloon or stent assistance, as long as the interventionalist is astutely aware of the possibility of thrombus formation and acts accordingly with thrombolytic therapy when necessary.
Interpretation of Design Drawings by Analogy

Visual analogical mapping and transfer can be used to derive a structural model of a drawing by analogy, and, moreover, the problem of analogical mapping can be guided by using functional knowledge. We view the interpretation drawings of designs as deriving a structural model of the components and connections of the depicted device. This problem is not deductive in nature but, rather, it is abductive, as there is no a priori reason a shape must represent one object and not another; only with significant help from the design context can a model be derived, and in particular we propose to do it by deriving the model by analogy to a similar drawing with a known structural and teleological model. This requires (1) an analogical mapping from the source (known) drawing to the target drawing that is derived on the basis of shapes and spatial relations, and (2) a transfer and adaptation process by which the old model is transferred to the new drawing and adapted to it. In this paper we are focusing, in particular, on the first task, that of analogical mapping. Analogical mapping is known to be hard. Computing an analogical mapping from a source to a target or query with no further information to guide the search, to determine what ought to correspond to what, is very difficult. We propose to focus the search for a mapping by employing the functional knowledge represented in the teleological model. Let us consider, for example, the task of mapping the source drawing illustrated in figure 1(a) to the target drawing illustrated in figure 1(b), both drawings of a piston and crankshaft. If an agent has a low-level geometric reasoner to recognize the shapes and spatial relations between them, then the agent can treat this shape representation as a set of (mostly binary) relations—A contains B, C is parallel to D, and so on. This is, then, a labelled graph. Analogical mapping must then find a projection of the one graph onto the other that preserves some but not necessarily all of the relations. This is the well-known NP-Hard problem ofmaximum common subgraph. We begin with a teleological model of the source case, based on structure-behavior-function (SBF) model of physical devices. SBF models treat functional models as consisting of three pieces: (1) the structural model of the components and connections and their functionally relevant proper
Family Dynamics and Caregiving for People with Disabilities

Caregiving is at the heart of family life. Parents care for children, spouses care for each other, and, when illness or disability occurs, family members care for each other. At least 80 % of primary caregivers for individuals with severe disabilities are family members. Families affected by a disability experience a host of relational opportunities and challenges. In this chapter, we will discuss factors that shape family dynamics in caregiving for individuals with disabilities related to chronic illness, trauma, or congenital conditions and how clinicians, educators, researchers, and policymakers can promote health family dynamics.
The Third Life of Subjectivity: Towards a Phenomenology of Dreaming

In this exploratory paper, I would like to address, or at least begin to address, a phenomenon that has seldom been a central or sustained topic of discussion among philosophers, despite its ubiquity in human experience. In those rare instances in the history of philosophy when the phenomenon in question has indeed occasioned reflection and debate, the results have been less than compelling on account of its piecemeal and periphery treatment, even in light of this phenomenon’s arguably central, albeit opaque, significance for our lives.
Lattice-ordered Rings

Lattice-ordered rings occur as polynomial rings, power series rings, and semigroup rings, as do the perhaps more familiar totally ordered rings, but they also occur as matrix rings and endomorphism rings. We are concerned with the theory and structure of lattice-ordered rings and lattice-ordered modules and consequently a diverse number of topics appears. After initially supplying examples and identifying interesting classes of these objects we present the theory of radicals in the variety of lattice-ordered rings. Additional examples are provided when generalized power series rings are studied.
Current Practice Preferences and Safety Protocols for Intravitreal Injection of Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents

Purpose To assess current practice preferences and safety measures used for intravitreal injection (IVI) of anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) medications and to assess the variability of practice patterns between academic and nonacademic and between early- and later-career ophthalmologists. Design Cross-sectional survey. Participants Practicing retina specialists who administer intravitreal anti-VEGF injections from the membership pool of the American Society of Retina Specialists. Methods Participants were contacted by e-mail to participate in an anonymous 31-question survey on a common online platform, SurveyMonkey. Main Outcome Measures Preferred practices for various aspects of administering IVIs and adherence to the most recently published guidelines on IVI techniques. Results Preinjection antibiotic drops were used always or often by 10.9% (43/396) of participants. Antibiotics after injection were used always or often by 16.6% (66/398) of participants. Longer (>15 years) compared with shorter (0–15 years) duration of practice was associated with always or often instilling preinjection antibiotics (13.7% vs. 6.7%; P = 0.028), scrubbing eyelids or lashes with antiseptic (43.6% vs. 30.5%; P = 0.008), and being less likely to instill antiseptic immediately before injection (89.7% vs. 95.7%; P = 0.029). Practicing for more than 25 years was associated with always or often instilling antibiotics after injection (22.5% vs. 13.3%; P = 0.017). Academic compared with nonacademic providers were more likely to wear a cap (16.3% vs. 6.8%; P = 0.006), mask (43.0% vs. 29.9%; P = 0.022), and gloves (64.0% vs. 52.1%; P = 0.050) and to drape the patient (17.4% vs. 9.1%; P = 0.027). Conclusions Techniques for IVIs vary widely. Use of periprocedure antibiotics has declined, consistent with new evidence demonstrating lack of efficacy in endophthalmitis prevention as well as their potential harm. However, later-career physicians were more likely to continue to use antibiotics and other techniques advised against in the most recent recommendations of expert consensus groups in the United States and Europe. Academic practitioners were more likely to use protective wear during the procedure.
Timing and Amount of Gestational Weight Gain in Association with Adverse Birth Outcomes.

Background Most existing research on gestational weight gain and pregnancy outcomes has not accounted for timing of weight gain. The area under the weight gain curve (AUC) provides a single measure that incorporates both timing of weight gain and total amount gained. This study evaluated predictors and outcomes associated with second- and third-trimester weight gain AUC from the second and third trimester using time-to-event analysis to account for the correlation between gestational weight gain and gestational duration. Methods Our prospective cohort study used data from the LifeCodes study at Brigham and Women's Hospital. Maternal weights were available from all prenatal and study visits. We used log-Poisson models with empirical variance estimation to identify predictors of total AUC from 14 weeks to delivery and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between AUC quintile and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results Compared to the middle quintile, the highest quintile of accumulated pound-days was associated with a decreased hazard of spontaneous preterm birth among multigravid women (HR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.23, 0.84), a decreased hazard of small-for-gestational-age births (HR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.92) overall and an increased hazard of large-for-gestational-age births among normal and underweight women (HR = 3.21; 95% CI = 1.50, 6.89) CONCLUSIONS:: In our study, a pattern of gestational weight gain characterized by more rapid gains earlier in pregnancy was associated with improved pregnancy outcomes in some subgroups of pregnant women.
Effects of extracellular sodium on μ-opioid receptors coupled to potassium channels coexpressed in Xenopus oocytes

Wild-type or mutant H297N or H297Q of the mu-opioid receptor were co-expressed with the inwardly rectifying potassium channel GIRK1 in oocytes from Xenopus laevis. Under voltage clamp, pairs of concentration response curves were generated using the agonist normorphine in a bathing medium containing 38.5 mM sodium or an identical medium in which the sodium was replaced by an equimolar concentration of choline. The maximum currents were greater in the presence of sodium by about 30% at wild-type receptors and by about 100% at the mutant receptors. The EC(50) values tended to increase somewhat as well, though these differences reached statistical significance only for the mutant H297Q. Flame photometry detected no change in the intracellular sodium or potassium concentrations of oocytes, suggesting that the effect of sodium was solely extracellular. Thus sodium, long known for its effects on in vitro ligand binding at mu-opioid receptors, also affects overall transduction as revealed in the Xenopus oocyte model of a complete, living cell system.
Advances in PET Diagnostics for Guiding Targeted Cancer Therapy and Studying In Vivo Cancer Biology

We present an overview of recent advances in positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostics as applied to the study of cancer, specifically as a tool to study in vivo cancer biology and to direct targeted cancer therapy. The review is directed to translational and clinical cancer investigators who may not be familiar with these applications of PET cancer diagnostics, but whose research might benefit from these advancing tools. We highlight recent advances in 3 areas: (1) the translation of PET imaging cancer biomarkers to clinical trials; (2) methods for measuring cancer metabolism in vivo in patients; and (3) advances in PET instrumentation, including total-body PET, that enable new methodologies. We emphasize approaches that have been translated to human studies. PET imaging methodology enables unique in vivo cancer diagnostics that go beyond cancer detection and staging, providing an improved ability to guide cancer treatment and an increased understanding of in vivo human cancer biology.
Carbon nanomaterials for thermoelectric applications

Abstract This chapter discusses recent progress towards the development of carbon-based materials for thermoelectric applications. Various experimental and computational studies on carbon allotropes are covered. Specifically, we discuss the strategies for engineering graphene, graphene nanoribbon, graphene nanomesh, graphene nanowiggle, carbon nanotube, fullerene, graphyne, and carbon quantum dot for better thermoelectric performance. We also highlight the important charge and heat transfer mechanisms in carbon-based materials and state-of-the-art strategies for enhancing thermoelectric performance.
Examining Mid-Upper Arm Circumference Malnutrition z-Score Thresholds.

Background Anthropometric z-scores used commonly for diagnosis and determining degree of malnutrition, specifically body mass index (BMIz), weight-for-length (WLz), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUACz), are not wholly concordant, yet the proposed thresholds for classification are identical. This study was designed to critically examine MUACz thresholds and their ability to correctly classify nutrition status. Methods This was a 2-year, prospective single-center study of children ≤18 years seen by registered dietitians within a large pediatric institution. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive performance of the malnutrition classification thresholds were estimated against clinician-based classification. Results Sixty-one dietitians enrolled 10,401 patients with distributions of z-scores for weight (-0.5 ± 1.9), length (-0.8 ± 1.6), BMI or WL (-0.1 ± 1.8), and MUAC (-0.4 ± 1.5), suggesting participants were smaller and shorter than the reference U.S. Population Distributions of MUACz were broad and overlapped between nutrition classification groups, an observation that extended to BMIz and WLz as well. Consequently, existing thresholds do not accurately classify 100% of children. Misclassification rates increase, with increasing severity ranging from 8% in children with no malnutrition to 71% in children with severe malnutrition. Algorithm- and manually-based refinement of thresholds result in mixed improvements and can be explored by the reader with the associated supplement. Conclusion The sensitivity of proposed MUACz thresholds systematically decreases with increasing severity of malnutrition and will require optimization if we aim to limit the number of children at risk of misclassification. Indicators for overnutrition remain to be addressed but are explored herein.
Government data v. ground observation for food-environment assessment: businesses missed and misreported by city and state inspection records.

OBJECTIVE To assess the accuracy of government inspection records, relative to ground observation, for identifying businesses offering foods/drinks. DESIGN Agreement between city and state inspection records v. ground observations at two levels: businesses and street segments. Agreement could be 'strict' (by business name, e.g. 'Rizzo's') or 'lenient' (by business type, e.g. 'pizzeria'); using sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) for businesses and using sensitivity, PPV, specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) for street segments. SETTING The Bronx and the Upper East Side (UES), New York City, USA. PARTICIPANTS All food/drink-offering businesses on sampled street segments (n 154 in the Bronx, n 51 in the UES). RESULTS By 'strict' criteria, sensitivity and PPV of government records for food/drink-offering businesses were 0·37 and 0·57 in the Bronx; 0·58 and 0·60 in the UES. 'Lenient' values were 0·40 and 0·62 in the Bronx; 0·60 and 0·62 in the UES. Sensitivity, PPV, specificity and NPV of government records for street segments having food/drink-offering businesses were 0·66, 0·73, 0·84 and 0·79 in the Bronx; 0·79, 0·92, 0·67, and 0·40 in the UES. In both areas, agreement varied by business category: restaurants; 'food stores'; and government-recognized other storefront businesses ('gov. OSB', i.e. dollar stores, gas stations, pharmacies). Additional business categories - 'other OSB' (barbers, laundromats, newsstands, etc.) and street vendors - were absent from government records; together, they represented 28·4 % of all food/drink-offering businesses in the Bronx, 22·2 % in the UES ('other OSB' and street vendors were sources of both healthful and less-healthful foods/drinks in both areas). CONCLUSIONS Government records frequently miss or misrepresent businesses offering foods/drinks, suggesting caveats for food-environment assessments using such records.
Acoustic cues for a fricative-affricate contrast in word-final position

Abstract The experiments reported here were designed to identify some of the acoustic cues to the fricative-affricate contrast in word-final position (as in “dish” vs. “ditch”). Listening tests prepared from computer-edited natural speech tokens of “dish” and “ditch” reveal that each of the following variables can influence the identification of fricatives and affricates: the temporal and/or spectral characteristics of the vocalic interval; duration of a silent interval; presence or absence of a release burst; rise-time of the fricative noise and the duration of the fricative noise. These results indicate that aspects of qualitatively different acoustic information are integrated over a relatively long period of time when listeners identify fricatives and affricates in word-final position. This outcome suggests that neither a single acoustic property detector nor a single natural category can satisfactorily account for the perception of fricatives and affricates.
Tobacco Retail Density and Initiation of Alternative Tobacco Product Use Among Teens

Abstract Purpose The rise of noncigarette, alternative tobacco product (ATP) use among adolescents may be due in part to an increase in retail availability of ATPs. We examined whether proximity and density of tobacco retailers near students’ homes are associated with a higher likelihood of initiating ATP use over time. Methods Using data from 728 adolescents (aged 13–19 years at baseline) residing in 191 different neighborhoods and attending 10 different California high schools, longitudinal multilevel and cross-classified random effect models evaluated individual-level, neighborhood-level, and school-level risk factors for ATP initiation after 1 year. Covariates were obtained from the American Community Survey and the California Department of Education. Results The sample was predominantly female (63.5%) and was racially and ethnically diverse. Approximately one third of participants (32.5%) reported ever ATP use at baseline, with 106 (14.5%) initiating ATP use within 1 year. The mean number of tobacco retailers per square mile within a tract was 5.66 (standard deviation = 6.3), and the average distance from each participant's residence to the nearest tobacco retailer was .61 miles (standard deviation = .4). Living in neighborhoods with greater tobacco retailer density at baseline was associated with higher odds of ATP initiation (odds ratio = 1.22, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–2.12), controlling for individual and school factors. Conclusions Tobacco retailers clustered in students’ home neighborhood may be an environmental influence on adolescents’ ATP use. Policy efforts to reduce adolescent ATP use should aim to reduce the density of tobacco retailers and limit the proximity of tobacco retailers near adolescents’ homes and schools.
Association of Immunosuppression With Outcomes of Patients With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

Importance Patients with immunosuppression have a higher incidence of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and often present with more aggressive, multifocal disease. Objectives To determine the risks for mortality in patients with cSCC and immunosuppression compared with nonimmunosuppression and to compare the difference in mortality risk based on the cause of immunocompromise. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study of patients with cSCC of the head and neck recruited participants from a tertiary cancer care center. Patients who underwent no treatment, wide local excision, or biopsy of the lesions were eligible for inclusion from January 1, 1995, to September 30, 2015. Data were analyzed from March 21, 2018, to April 4, 2019. Exposures Immunocompromise, defined as having solid organ transplant, stem cell transplant, hematopoetic malignant disease, autoimmune disease requiring treatment with immunosuppressive therapy, type 1 or 2 diabetes treated with insulin, HIV or AIDS, or other hematoproliferative disorder. Main Outcomes and Measures Patients were divided into 2 groups according to their immune status (immunosuppression vs no immunosuppression). The primary outcome measure was disease-specific survival. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine the association of immune status with disease outcome. Results A total of 796 patients (680 men [85.4%]; median age, 69 [range, 27-98] years), including 147 with and 649 without immunosuppression (IS and non-IS groups, respectively), constituted the final cohort. In the IS group, 77 (52.4%) had diabetes, 39 (26.5%) had lymphoma or leukemia, 25 (17.0%) had an organ or stem cell transplant, and 3 (2.0%) had HIV. Five-year disease-specific survival was 68.2% in the IS group compared with 84.1% in the non-IS group (difference, 15.9%; 95% CI, 3.5%-27.4%). Immunosuppression was independently associated with worse disease-specific survival (hazard ratio, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.53-3.50). Conclusions and Relevance This study’s findings suggest that immunosuppression is independently associated with a worse outcome in cSCC, with a 2.32 times increased risk of disease-specific death after adjusting for age, history of skin cancer, recurrent or persistent disease status, disease stage, and treatment.
DeepSparse: A Task-Parallel Framework for SparseSolvers on Deep Memory Architectures

Data movement is an important bottleneck against efficiency and energy consumption in large-scale sparse matrix computations that are commonly used in linear solvers, eigensolvers and graph analytics. We introduce a novel task-parallel sparse solver framework, named DeepSparse, which adopts a fully integrated task-parallel approach. DeepSparse framework differs from existing work in that it adopts a holistic approach that targets all computational steps in a sparse solver rather than narrowing the problem into small kernels (e.g., SpMM, SpMV). We present the implementation details of DeepSparse and demonstrate its merit in two popular eigensolvers, LOBPCG and Lanczos algorithms. We observe that DeepSparse achieves 2× - 16× fewer cache misses across different cache layers (L1, L2 and L3) over implementations of the same solvers based on optimized library function calls. We also achieve 2× - 3.9× improvement in execution time when using DeepSparse over the same library versions.
Correction to: Introduction

The original article has been corrected. The Introduction to the special issue Anticolonialism and Solidarity with Others was based upon an incorrect table of contents. This has been corrected.
X-ray and neutron scattering measurements of ordering in a Cu46Zr54 liquid.

The structural evolution of the equilibrium and supercooled Cu46Zr54 liquids was investigated with a combination of elastic neutron scattering (with isotopic substitution) and synchrotron x-ray scattering studies. The partial pair correlation functions were determined over a wide temperature range (∼270 °C). These show that the Cu–Cu and Zr–Zr ordering increases as the temperature decreases, while the Cu–Zr ordering decreases. This surprising result is in contradiction with the results from molecular dynamics studies.
Welcome to Gab Alt Right Discourses.

Social media has become an important venue for diverse groups to share information, discuss political issues, and organize social movements. Recent scholarship has shown that the social media ecosystem can affect political thinking and expression. Individuals and groups across the political spectrum have engaged in the use of these platforms extensively, even creating their own forums with varying approaches to content moderation in pursuit of freer standards of speech. The Gab social media platform arose in this context. Gab is a social media platform for the so-called alt right, and much of the popular press has opined about the thematic content of discourses on Gab and platforms like it, but little research has examined the content itself. Using a publicly available dataset of all Gab posts from August 2016 until July 2019, the current paper explores a five percent random sample of this dataset to explore thematic content on the platform. We run multiple structural topic models, using standard procedures to arrive at an optimal k number of topics. The final model specifies 85 topics for 403,469 documents. We include as prevalence variables whether the source account has been flagged as a bot and the number of followers for the source account. Results suggest the most nodal topics in the dataset pertain to the authenticity of the Holocaust, the meaning of red pill, and the journalistic merit of mainstream media. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for work in ethical content moderation, online community development, political polarization, and avenues for future research.
Effects of Competing Statistical and Testimonial Evidence in Debates About Science

Communication technologies have expanded the range of actors who participate in public debates about science. When experts communicate with the public, scientifically-derived statistical evidence c...
Controlling detachment residue via magnetic repulsion force

This work demonstrates the possibility of using a magnetic repulsion force to reduce the volume of the residue that remains on a surface after detachment of a ferrofluid droplet. This technique provides a means for controlling the detachment residue by controlling the spatial strength of the magnetic field used for droplet detachment. The experimental technique developed in this work can help us to improve our understanding of the underlying physics of droplet adhesion to a surface and the mechanics of residue formation during droplet detachment.
Prevention of Chromatin Destabilization by FACT Is Crucial for Malignant Transformation

Histone chaperone FACT is commonly expressed and essential for the viability of transformed but not normal cells and its expression levels correlate with poor prognosis in cancer patients. FACT binds several components of nucleosomes and has been viewed as a factor destabilizing nucleosomes to facilitate RNA polymerase passage. To connect FACT’s role in transcription with the viability of tumor cells, we analyzed genome-wide FACT binding to chromatin in conjunction with transcription in mouse and human cells with different degrees of FACT dependence. While genomic distribution and density of FACT correlated with the intensity of transcription, FACT knockout or knockdown was unexpectedly accompanied by the elevation, rather than suppression, of transcription and with the destabilization of chromatin. These data suggest that the real function of FACT is to stabilize and reassemble nucleosomes disturbed by transcription. This function is apparently vital for tumor cells because malignant transformation is accompanied by chromatin destabilization.
The Fluctuation Method. Past, Present, and Future

Density fluctuation autocorrelation function methods for determining the chemical diffusion coefficients of adsorbates on surfaces are described and discussed, with emphasis on the field emission method. Advantages and disadvantages are pointed out, and literature references to systems studied by fluctuation methods are provided.
The Role of MRI for Diagnosis in Women with Angina and Open Arteries

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used for evaluation of women with angina and open coronary arteries. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique noninvasive molecular imaging tool for characterization of cellular metabolites such as adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine. Multiple studies spanning more than a decade have provided evidence of biochemical changes due to myocardial ischemia in women who have angina without epicardial stenosis. Advances in perfusion imaging allow visualization of the first pass of contrast in the myocardium for detection of perfusion defects provoked by stress testing within the magnet. Having been validated for detection of epicardial coronary artery disease, this technique has also been used in patients with microvascular disease. The combination of rest and stress first pass imaging permits measurement of the myocardial perfusion reserve, calculated from the ratio of the normalized upslope of the time intensity curves during first pass of gadolinium based contrast. Quantitative approaches are likely to be particularly important for non invasive detection of diffuse microvascular coronary dysfunction. This chapter describes these different MRI techniques with examples of studies that have used this imaging method for non invasive evaluation of women with angina and open arteries.
The structure-mapping engine

This paper describes the Structure-Mapping Engine (SME), a cognitive simulation program for studying human analogical processing. SME is based on Gentner's Structure-Mapping theory of analogy, and provides a "tool kit" for constructing matching algorithms consistent with this theory. This flexibility enhances cognitive simulation studies by simplifying experimentation. Furthermore, SME is very efficient, making it a candidate component for machine learning systems as well. We review the Structure-Mapping theory and describe the design of the engine. Next we demonstrate some examples of its operation. Finally, we discuss our plans for using SME in cognitive simulation studies.
Synthetic lessons from quinine

As the oldest, naturally occurring, treatment for malaria, quinine has been a target for synthetic chemistry for 150 years. At last, modern techniques provide full control over the synthetic molecule.
Improved bandwidth microstrip antenna design for airborne phased arrays

A microstrip radiating element design for a 10% bandwidth, wide-scan-angle, phased-array antenna is described. The radiating element consists of a single probe-fed circular patch on a thick substrate. The element match is optimized using a waveguide array simulator. A finite array of 108 elements was fabricated to evaluate the array's scan-angle performance. Mutual coupling data were used to compute the element reflection coefficient as a function of frequency and scan angle. The scan angle performance was compared with that obtained using the theoretically computed mutual coupling coefficients of a similar array. Both analytical and measured results showed high voltage standing-wave ratio (VSWR) at wide scan angles. The array's performance with a dielectric cover on the top has been evaluated both analytically and experimentally. The results show improvement in the scan angle performance over 10% bandwidth. >
Properties of DI particle resistant mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus isolated from persistent infections and from undiluted passages

Abstract We describe an assay procedure to quantitate relative DI resistance of a variety of DI particle resistant (Sdi − ) mutants of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). We show that numerous diverse Sdi − mutants of VSV are selected continuously in a stepwise manner during persistent infections, and also during serial undiluted lytic passages initiated with cloned virus. Concurrently with the successive appearance and disappearance of different Sdi − mutants of infectious VSV, new DI particle types with altered interference properites also appear and disappear, resulting in rapid "coevolution" of virus and DI particle populations. Complementation tests with Sdi − mutants indicate that mutations in at least two different virus factors (presumably associated with replication-encapsidation) can give rise to Sdi − mutants. Interference studies with chimeric DI particles indicate that DI particle template RNA rather than DI particle protein determines the interference properties of DI particles interacting with Sdi − and Sdi + mutants of helper virus.
The evolution, appropriation, and composition of rules

This paper concerns how rule-following behavior might evolve in the context of a variety of Skyrms–Lewis signaling game (Lewis, Convention, 1969; Skyrms, Signals evolution, learning, & information 2010), how such rules might subsequently evolve to be used in new contexts, and how such appropriation allows for the composition of evolved rules. We will also consider how the composition of simpler rules to form more complex rules may be significantly more efficient than evolving the complex rules directly. And we will review an example of rule following by pinyon and scrub jays (Bond et al., Anim Behav 65:476–487, 2003) as an illustration of the appropriation of a rule to a new context (Barrett, Biol Theory 8(2):142–150, 2013a; Barrett, Philos Sci, 2014). The proposal here is that the composition of rules might occur in a way that is precisely analogous to such simple appropriation. Finally, we will briefly consider how any finite truth-functional operation might evolve by the sequential appropriation of simpler rules.