cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Narrative Development in Young Children: Gesture, Imagery, and Cohesion

As children begin to use language in early childhood, they produce increasingly large units of coherent speech, including narrative descriptions of events. This book examines the process of narrative development in young children, focusing on the development of 'cohesion' - the use of speech and gesture to create coherent perspectives on events. Surveying early narrative development in which gesture plays an integral part, the book explores the development of cohesive, clause-linking devices during the period from age two to three. Illustrated with longitudinal cases studies, the book examines the crib-talk of two-year-old Emily and compares it to the discourse patterns of storybooks and nursery rhymes, and to her father's pre-bedtime routines. In a second case study, the authors trace the changing relationships between speech and gesture in the spontaneous narratives of two-year-old Ella. This book will be invaluable to students and researchers in language acquisition, developmental psychology and gesture studies.
Comprehensive investigation of the biomass derived furfuryl alcohol oligomer formation over tungsten oxide catalysts

Abstract The feasibility of using tungsten oxide catalysts for furfuryl alcohol (FA) oligomerization reaction was investigated in the liquid phase at 100 °C and ambient pressure. Five dimers (2,2′-difurylmethane, 2-(2-furylmethyl)-5-methylfuran, difurfuryl ether, 4-furfuryl-2-pentenoic acid γ-lactone, 5-fufuryl-furfuryl alcohol) and two trimers (2,5-difurfurylfuran and 2,2′-(furylmethylene)bis(5-methylfuran)) were observed in GC and GC/MS, while Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy provided the co-existence of conjugated diene and diketone molecular structures, respectively. It was observed that C9–C15 oligomers' selectivity decreased as the reaction time increased. Ether bridge and terminal alcohol are dominant FA dimers which are very similar to sulfuric acid (homogeneous catalysis) catalyzed dehydration/condensation reaction of FA.
Retaining Engineering Students through a January Term German Immersion Study Tour

Retention of engineering students is a national and international concern, since a globalizing world needs ever more culturally competent and technically adept graduates to fulfi ll the work force demands of companies operating globally. The data on retention of engineering students agrees that the freshman year is of critical importance; we fi nd that only about 40 to 50% of the students graduate with an engineering degree. The International Engineering Program (IEP) organizes a 10 to 14-day German Study Tour during January break, which is an effective retention tool for students enrolled in The University of Rhode Island’s demanding fi ve-year dual degree German IEP program, working toward a BS in an engineering discipline, and a BA in German.
Model Diagnostics for Remote Access Regression Servers

To protect public-use microdata, one approach is not to allow users access to the microdata. Instead, users submit analyses to a remote computer that reports back basic output from the fitted model, such as coefficients and standard errors. To be most useful, this remote server also should provide some way for users to check the fit of their models, without disclosing actual data values. This paper discusses regression diagnostics for remote servers. The proposal is to release synthetic diagnostics—i.e. simulated values of residuals and dependent and independent variables–constructed to mimic the relationships among the real-data residuals and independent variables. Using simulations, it is shown that the proposed synthetic diagnostics can reveal model inadequacies without substantial increase in the risk of disclosures. This approach also can be used to develop remote server diagnostics for generalized linear models.
Terminal I/O for massively parallel systems

To be useful, terminal I/O on massively parallel MIMD machines must be able to differentiate between the I/O streams from different tasks. This is done in the Vulcan terminal I/O facility by providing a special control panel, which allows an independent window to be opened for each task. The controls look like LEDs, being color coded to indicate status (e.g. output is available or the task is waiting for input). Additional LEDs are provided as a new form of output, allowing the application to report status visually rather than by using text output. This is useful during program development and debugging. A derivative of the devices reported has been incorporated in the AIX Parallel Environment on the new IBM SP1 multicomputer. >
Electrocardiographic changes associated with acute cerebrovascular disease: a clinical review

Patients with acute vascular disorders of the CNS demonstrate an abundance of both rhythm and morphologic changes in their ECG. Of these a few will demonstrate myocardial dysfunction and or damage. The value of the ECG in evaluating and predicting which patients will have myocardial dysfunction or damage is questionable. One would assume the echocardiogram would be of more help than the ECG in identifying patients with myocardial damage; however, little data are available. The reason for the poor correlation between ECG findings and clinical correlates has not been explained to date, but it is possible to postulate a theory. There are two mechanisms that might mediate ECG changes in these patients, ie, autonomic neural stimulation from the hypothalamus or elevated circulating catecholamines. Hypothalamic stimulation may cause ECG changes without associated myocardial damage whereas elevated catecholamines may result in myocardial damage. This might explain why so many patients have ECG changes and very few have demonstrable myocardial damage in general, or ischemic damage in particular. That cardiac antiischemic therapy does not change mortality may relate to the fact that treatment has been directed towards patients with ECG changes, which in turn do not correlate with myocardial damage. Better patient selection for such therapy might rest upon demonstration of wall motion abnormalities on echocardiogram. The weakness of this strategy is that many patients with stroke have preexisting coronary disease and wall motion abnormalities and thus echo findings may only document remote infarction rather than acute ischemia.
Automating pressure ulcer risk assessment using documented patient data

Abstract Objective A rule-based prototype decision support tool; Braden-scale based Automated Risk-assessment Tool (BART) was developed to test whether pressure ulcer risk scores can be determined automatically based on the documented patient data. Methods The data items required for assessing pressure ulcer risk were identified by analyzing the parameter definitions of the Braden scale and by consulting the nurses specialized in pressure ulcer prevention and care. Documentation coverage and formats of the required data was evaluated. The decision rules were developed based on the inputs from the expert nurses, and were implemented as a web-based prototype tool, BART. The agreement rates between nurses and BART on assigning scores to the six Braden-scale parameters were calculated with 39 convenience samples of patient data. Results Although several items required for the automated decision were not found from the documentation, the majority of the required data items were documented with feasible formats (i.e., coded lists or free text with nominal or numeric values) for algorithmic processing. When evaluated with 39 test cases, BART and the nurses showed varying levels of agreement (from “slight” to “substantial”) on assigning scores for the six parameters of the Braden scale. They showed “fair” level of agreement with an “at risk” decision. Conclusion BART has limitations that need to be addressed through future enhancements. However, it demonstrates potential for reuse of documented patient data to automatically populate pressure ulcer risk using the Braden scale.
The current state of child and adolescent mental health services

Child and adolescent treatment services is an area of mental health that has undergone marked changes in recent years. These changes are a function of competing forces in the mental health system, forces that include a relatively young but rapidly expanding research data base and a complicated and, at times, obstructive service delivery system suffering from increasing demands on already insufficient resources. Clinicians, researchers, parents, and administrators frequently experience ramifications from the fact that child mental health offers challenges that are qualitatively distinct from those encountered with adults. This issue of Clinical Psychology Review presents a snapshot view of the current state of mental health services for children and adolescents. It begins with a broad conceptual article by Kazdin that summarizes a model of dysfunctional behavior in children and sets the stage for a focus on service delivery systems that is dealt with in the remainder of the issue. Kazdin presents an overview of child psychopathology, paying particular attention to the developmental features of disturbed and disturbing behavior. In the discussion of atrisk behavior that follows, he reviews the data on child and adolescent antisocial behavior, sexual activity, substance abuse, and the environmental conditions that place children at risk for negative outcomes, including abuse and neglect, changes in family constellations, and homelessness. Finally, the author outlines several areas of research that will help guide future child mental health treatment services. This leads to a description of the service systems involved in the provision of mental health care for children. In the next article, Cohen, Singh, Hosick, and Tremaine suggest that the current configuration of mental health services is markedly deficient, in part due to the absence of effective collaboration and coordination by professionals and advocates. At the same time, the authors note a handful of developments that show promise and that point the way toward more responsive mental health services for children and adolescents. They briefly present the features of an ideal system and the barriers that have impeded
Mood and carbohydrate cravings

The relationship between mood and carbohydrate cravings, and the possible role of gender in these associations, was investigated in a sample of 113 males and 138 female college students. Participants completed a Cravings Questionnaire and several mood inventories (profile of mood states, Beck Depression Inventory, and the Vitality Inventory) in groups of 25. Individuals classifying themselves as "carbohydrate cravers" reported foods rich in carbohydrates, and "protein cravers" reported protein-rich foods as being the ones they most strongly craved. Carbohydrate cravers reported feeling distressed prior to their cravings and satisfied, happy/good and relaxed following carbohydrate consumption. Protein cravers reported feeling anxious or hungry prior to their cravings and happy, normal, bored, and energetic following protein-rich food consumption. A non-significant correlation existed between "protein" cravers' ratings of craving intensity and mood, but a significant positive correlation existed between "carbohydrate" cravers' ratings of craving intensity and almost all mood scales assessed for both male and female "carbohydrate" cravers. The correlation between craving intensity and mood existed predominately with individuals who craved sweet carbohydrate-rich foods.
THE POLITICS OF HERBERT BLUMER'S SOCIOLOGICAL METHOD

Prevailing wisdom among sociologists is that Herbert Blumer's sociology is not useful in modern contexts because he did not provide a method for researching his ideas. This article contends that Blumer's appreciative view of the actor's perspective is a methodological contribution; and that his methodological perspective is political in two respects: it is anti-elitist and democratic.
Issues in minor head injury: to CT or not to CT, that is the question

Each year, approximately five million patients present to US Emergency Departments (EDs) with minor head injuries (MHI). Most of these patients have insignificant injuries that require no specific therapy. However, a small fraction have serious injuries that are amenable to treatment. Neuroimaging can reliably detect clinically significant injuries, but making a logical decision about the need for neuroimaging in a given patient is a complex process that involves multiple clinical variables. To date, no one has identified exactly which characteristics are reliable in predicting (or excluding) the need for emergent radiographic imaging. This review highlights the issues surrounding the decision to perform neuroimaging in MHI, including modality of choice, consequences of “missed injuries,” and current data on risk stratification and attempts to identify “low-risk” patients.
My Year as a Jefferson Science Fellow

For 12 months in 2011–2012, I had the honor of serving as a Jefferson Science Fellow (JSF) in the U.S. Department of State. In a partnership with U.S. universities, 78 senior scientists, engineers, and professionals have now served as JSFs in the State Department and U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); 13 new fellows arrived in Washington, D. C., in August for the 2013–2014 term.
Trends in GIS and comments

Abstract This paper reviews Geographic Information System (GIS) trends and developments, from the point of view of building technology for real applications. Among the trends identified and discussed are better data and system integration, organizational strategies that make GIS work, more and better databases, the beginning of modeling, and spatial analysis, and more sophisticated hardware.
A Note on the Kunze-Stein Phenomenon

The authors show that convolution with an Lp function k is a bounded operator on L2(G), 1 ⩽ p < 2, for G noncompact semisimple and k having invariance properties.
Modeling the performance of an aluminum-air cell

Abstract A mathematical model for analysis and prediction of the performance of the aluminum–air cell has been developed. The model takes into account the kinetics of the anode, cathode, and parasitic reactions. Ohmic losses in the electrolyte and mass transfer are also taken into account. The model prediction of cell performance shows good agreement with experimental data. The mathematical model provides detailed information about cell performance for a wide range of operating and design parameters. For better cell performance, our model studies suggest the use of higher electrolyte flow rates, smaller cell gaps, higher conductivities, lower parasitic current densities and operation at moderate current density. From our analysis, we have determined that, in an aluminum air cell, only the activation and ohmic overpotential are important.
Enhanced Detection of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Other Fish Viruses by Pretreatment of Cell Monolayers with Polyethylene Glycol

Abstract To improve quantification of very low levels of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in samples of tissue, ovarian fluid, or natural water supplies, we tested the ability of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance the sensitivity and speed of the plaque assay system. We compared 4, 7, and 10% solutions of PEG of molecular weight 6,000, 8,000, or 20,000 applied at selected volumes and for various durations. When cell monolayers of epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC), fathead minnow (FHM), chinook salmon embryo (CHSE-214), and bluegill fry (BF2) were pretreated with 7% PEG-20,000, they produced 4-17-fold increases in plaque assay titers of IHNV. The plaque assay titers of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, chum salmon reovirus, and chinook salmon paramyxovirus were also enhanced by exposure of CHSE-214 cells to PEG, but the titers of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and Oncorhynchus masou virus were not substantially changed. Plaques formed by IHNV on PEG-treated EPC cells incubated at ...
Ameloblastic Fibro-Odontoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 12 Cases

The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Air Force or the Department of Defense.Objective: The ameloblastic fibro-odontoma (AFO) is an uncommon odontogenic tumor occurring in childhood with limited reported data on recurrence. The purpose of this AFO study was to review its clinicopathologic features, investigate treatment modalities and establish a recurrence rate. Study Design: The clinicopathologic features of 12 new cases of AFO were analyzed and compared with those of 208 cases from the literature, with special emphasis on the clinical behavior, treatment, and recurrence rate. Results: The average age was 9.4 (±6.7) years with a male-to-female ratio of 1.6:1. The mandible was the site of occurrence in 59.5%. The tumor most often presented radiographically as a unilocular mixed density lesion associated with the crown of an impacted tooth. Displacement of teeth, delayed eruption and...
Radiation dosimetry through spectral definition

Abstract We have developed a fieldable instrumentation system for determining from measured flux spectra, both the neutron and gamma ray dose rate distributions associated with radioactive sources. This system includes the sensors, the computer-based data acquisition and analysis hardware, and the requisite software for unfolding the sensor response functions to obtain the flux spectra, and for folding the resultant flux spectra with appropriate flux spectrum-to-dose conversion factors. We use bismuth germanate scintillators that have experimentally measured and analytically interpolated response functions to determine the gamma ray flux spectra, and a suite of neutron sensors, based on proton recoil and 3 He capture, to determine the neutron flux spectra. In addition, gamma ray peak identification is done using HPGe sensors. We describe the equipment and procedures and present some recent results.
FCC-NG: The AREVA Safe Fresh Fuel Shipping Cask to Deliver the Future EPR™ Reactors

AREVA as a worldwide PWR fuel provider has to have a fleet of fresh UO2 shipping casks being agreed within a lot of countries and to accommodate foreseen EPR™ Nuclear Power Plants fuel buildings. To reach this target the AREVA NP Fuel Sector together with TN International (a subsidiary of AREVA NC) decided to develop an up to date shipping cask gathering experience feedback of the today fleet and an improved safety allowing the design to comply with international regulations (NRC and IAEA) and other local foreign Safety Authorities requirements. Based on pre design features a safety case was set up to highlight safety margins. Criticality hypothetical accidental assumptions were defined: • Preferential flooding, • Fuel rod array expansion (so called “bird caging” effect), • Fuel sliding, • Neutron absorber penalty, • [[ellipsis]]. The French criticality code package CRISTAL is used to check several configurations reactivity and derived safety margins. The CRISTAL code package relies on a wide validation process helping defining uncertainties as required by regulations in force. The shipping cask, containing two fuel assemblies, is designed to maximize fuel isolation inside the cask and with neighboring ones even for large array configuration cases. Few and proven industrial products are used: • Stainless steel for the structural frame, • Balsa wood for impact limiters, • BORA® resin as neutron absorber. The cask is designed to handle mainly the EPR™ fuel assembly type and may be extended to other contents such as APWR fuel assembly type. After a brief presentation of the computer codes and the description of the shipping cask, the CRISTAL calculation results as well as the applied uncertainties will be discussed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Determination of migrants in and migration from nylon food packaging

A method was developed to determine the amount of residual oligomers in nylon food packaging. In addition, a method was developed to measure oligomers that migrate to a food‐simulating liquid (oil) during oven cooking conditions. It was found that the total amount of nylon 6/66 oligomers that migrated from an oven baking bag to oil after heating for 30 min at 176°C was 15.5 μg/g (ppm) or 11.9 μg/cm2, which represented 43% of the total amount of oligomers present in the packaging material.
Initial structure modification of tetrahedral to planar nickel(II) in a nickel-iron-sulfur cluster related to the C-cluster of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase.

A method has been devised that creates a planar Ni(II) site from a tetrahedral site in a NiFe(3)S(4) cubane-type cluster. Reaction of [(Ph(3)P)NiFe(3)S(4)(LS(3))](2)(-) (2) with 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane affords [(dmpe)NiFe(3)S(4)(LS(3))](2)(-) (3), isolated in ca. 45% yield as (Et(4)N)(2)[3a].2.5MeCN and (Et(4)N)(2)[3b].0.25MeCN, both of which occur in triclinic space group P. Each crystalline form contains two crystallographically inequivalent clusters with the same overall structure but slightly different dimensions. The cluster is bound by three thiolate terminal ligands to semirigid cavitand ligand LS(3). The NiFe(3)S(4) core contains three tetrahedral sites, one Fe(micro(3)-S)(3)(SR) and two Fe(micro(3)-S)(2)(micro(2)-S)(SR) with normal metric features, and one distorted square planar Ni(micro(3)-S)(2)P(2) site in a Ni(micro(3)-S)(2)Fe face with mean bond lengths Ni-P = 2.147(9) A and Ni-S = 2.29(2) A. The opposite Fe(2)(micro(3)-S)(micro(2)-S) face places the micro(2)-S atom at nonbonding and variable distances (2.60-2.90 A) above the nickel atom. Binding of the strong-field ligand dmpe results in a planar Ni(II) site and deconstruction of the full cubane geometry. The structure approximates that established crystallographically in the C-cluster of C. hydrogenoformans carbon monoxide dehydrogenase whose NiFe(4)S(4) core contains a planar NiS(4) site and three tetrahedral FeS(4) sites in a fragment that is bridged by sulfide atoms to an exo iron atom. Mossbauer studies of polycrystalline samples containing both clusters 3a and 3b reveal the presence of at least two cluster types. The spectroscopically best defined cluster accounts for ca. 54% of total iron and exhibits hyperfine interactions quite similar to those reported for the S = (5)/(2) state of the protein-bound cubane-type cluster [ZnFe(3)S(4)](1+), whose Mossbauer spectrum revealed the presence of a high-spin Fe(2+) site and a delocalized Fe(2.5+)Fe(2.5+) pair. Development of reactions leading to a planar nickel and a sulfide-bridged iron atom is requisite to attainment of a synthetic analogue of this complex protein-bound cluster. This work demonstrates a tetrahedral (2) --> planar (3) Ni(II) stereochemical conversion can be effected by binding of ligands that generate a sufficiently strong in-plane ligand field (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane, LS(3) = 1,3,5-tris((4,6-dimethyl-3-mercaptophenyl)thio)-2,4,6-tris(p-tolylthio)benzene(3-)).
Anodic ethylation of lead by cathodically produced diethylcadmium

Summary Tetraethyllead was prepared by electrolysing DMF or DMSO solutions of ethyl iodide and ethyl bromide in an undivided cell equipped with a cadmium cathode and a lead anode. Ethylcadmium intermediates are produced at the cathode, and react with the anode to form the product. The yield of tetraethyllead synthesized this way is mainly determined by the cathodic formation of the ethylcadmium intermediates: when this reaction is favoured by either a high concentration of the ethyl halide or by use of a temperature of ca. 50°C, the yield of tetraethyllead is greatly increased.
Two new species of Couchia parasitic in midge eggs.

Two new species of Couchia are described as parasites in the eggs of midges. Couchia amphora sp. nov. typically produces terminal flask-shaped zoo- sporangia with occasional secondary zoosporangia arising by basipetalous succession. Oogonia contain oospores, which usually fill the oogonium. Couchia limnophila sp. nov. typically produces broadly ellip- soidal zoosporangia which are single and terminal, but sympodial renewal may rarely occur. Oospores of C. limnophila do not usually fill the oogonium. The new species are contrasted with the previously de- scribed C. circumplexa which, like C. limnophila, typ- ically produces broadly ellipsoidal zoosporangia and which, like C. amphora, usually produces oogonia whose oospores fill the oogonium. Couchia circum- plexa differs from both new species in renewing its zoosporangia by internal proliferation. Typical mor- phological forms and configurations of appressorial complexes produced by each of the three species are useful in species determination, however such use- fulness is limited by the intergradation of forms among the three species. Drawings and full descrip- tions are included to aid in identification of the new species.
Androgen deprivation in prostate cancer--step by step.

Clinicians and researchers have debated the relative efficacy and timing of androgen deprivation since 1941, when Charles B. Huggins and Clarence V. Hodges reported that androgen deprivation reduced testosterone levels and produced dramatic positive therapeutic responses in patients with advanced prostate cancer.1 By 1966, when Huggins won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this work, many clinicians assumed that castration or treatment with diethylstilbestrol prolonged life and in some instances was curative. The Veterans Administration Cooperative Urological Research Group (VACURG) trials conducted in the 1960s tested this hypothesis.2 The group found that androgen deprivation dramatically relieved the obstructive . . .
Efficient DDD-based term generation algorithm for analog circuit behavioral modeling

An efficient approach to generating symbolic product terms for behavioral modeling of large linear analog circuits is presented. The approach is based on a compact determinant decision diagram (DDD) representation of transfer functions and characteristics of analog circuits. The new algorithm is based on the concept that a dominant term in a DDD graph can be found by searching the shortest path in the graph. But instead of traversing a whole DDD graph each time, we show that a shortest path can be found by just updating a small number of the newly added vertices after the first shortest path is found. Experimental results indicate that the new symbolic term generation algorithm outperforms both pure shortest path based algorithm and dynamic programming based algorithm, which is the fastest symbolic term generation algorithm published so far.
Chronic post-traumatic stress disorder: implications of recent epidemiological and neuropsychological studies.

It is made abundantly clear by a number of recent epidemiological studies that chronic Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) exacts a heavy toll in psychosocial disability. Of particular interest is the unusual epidemiological analysis of mortality rates among young men chosen by the draft for military service during the Vietnam war era compared with those who were not chosen
Three-Dimensional Finite Volume Method of Triphasic Theory in Generalized Coordinates: Application to Human Intervertebral Disc During Compressive Stress Relaxation

The intervertebral disc is an avascular cartilaginous structure that plays an important role in supporting loads through the spine and providing flexibility to the spinal column. The triphasic theory [1,2] has been used successfully to describe many of the mechanical, chemical and electrical behaviors of cartilaginous tissues. As an example of applying the triphasic theory, Yao and Gu [3] conducted a finite element simulation of human intervertebral disc during compressive stress relaxation using commercial software (FEMLAB). Due to the limitation of the commercial software, in the simulation reported in [3], the computational grid (mesh) is fixed throughout the simulation and the mesh size was not optimized for the specific geometry of the disc.© 2010 ASME
Li Ion Conducting Polymer Gel Electrolytes Based on Ionic Liquid/PVDF-HFP Blends

Ionic liquids thermodynamically compatible with Li metal are very promising for applications to rechargeable lithium batteries. 1-methyl-3-propylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (P(13)TFSI) is screened out as a particularly promising ionic liquid in this study. Dimensionally stable, elastic, flexible, nonvolatile polymer gel electrolytes (PGEs) with high electrochemical stabilities, high ionic conductivities and other desirable properties have been synthesized by dissolving Li imide salt (LiTFSI) in P(13)TFSI ionic liquid and then mixing the electrolyte solution with poly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) copolymer. Adding small amounts of ethylene carbonate to the polymer gel electrolytes dramatically improves the ionic conductivity, net Li ion transport concentration, and Li ion transport kinetics of these electrolytes. They are thus favorable and offer good prospects in the application to rechargeable Li batteries including open systems like Li/air batteries, as well as more "conventional" rechargeable lithium and lithium ion batteries.
The importance of heterogeneous bromine chemistry in the lower stratosphere

Heterogeneous conversion of bromine reservoirs (BrONO2, HOBr) on the surface of aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere has limited effect on the concentrations of reactive bromine radicals (Br, BrO). However, the heterogeneous hydrolysis of BrONO2 on sulfate aerosol particles, which produces HOBr, leads to the enhancement of the abundance of hydroxyl radicals, and consequently modifies the partitioning between inorganic chlorine compounds. Further, because of the enhanced abundance of HOBr, the heterogeneous reaction between HOBr and HCl(s) converts significant amounts of inactive chlorine (HCl) into reactive chlorine (ClO), especially during post-volcanic periods. These processes could partially explain the unexpected high ClO/HCl and ClONO2/HCl concentration ratios at 20 km reported after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991), and could have contributed to the substantial ozone depletion observed after the large volcanic eruptions of the 1980's and 1990's. Our model simulations suggest that, owing to the heterogeneous hydrolysis of BrONO2 and the reaction HOBr+HCl(s) on sulfate aerosols, the increase in total bromine loading from 1960 (12 pptv) to 1990 (21 pptv) has led to enhanced concentrations of ClO, and consequently to an ozone depletion of 2–3% in the lower stratosphere at mid and high latitudes under post-volcanic conditions.
Ultra-high throughput data vortex network with redundant routing and control paths

Additional routing and control paths are proposed to improve throughput performance in data vortex switch networks. The simulation study confirms that ultra-low injection blocking rate can be achieved with the modified routing and control scheme.
Reasoning about Change and Persistence: A Solution to the Frame Problem

Etude du probleme du cadre qui se pose dans le contexte d'une analyse deductive du changement et de la permanence, d'une part, et dans le contexte ded fondements de l'intelligence artificielle, d'autre part. Examinant le probleme de la perception qui consiste pour un agent rationnel a former des croyances justifies a partir de son environnement immediat, l'A. definit les principes de la fiabilite de la perception, de la projection temporelle et de l'implication causale concernant l'acquisition d'informations sur les indexicaux et les observations temporels
Reconsidering the role of temporal order in spoken word recognition

Models of spoken word recognition assume that words are represented as sequences of phonemes. We evaluated this assumption by examining phonemic anadromes, words that share the same phonemes but differ in their order (e.g., sub and bus). Using the visual-world paradigm, we found that listeners show more fixations to anadromes (e.g., sub when bus is the target) than to unrelated words (well) and to words that share the same vowel but not the same set of phonemes (sun). This contrasts with the predictions of existing models and suggests that words are not defined as strict sequences of phonemes.
PREDICTING THE BIAXIAL TENSILE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF SPUNBONDED NONWOVENS

An analysis is presented to predict the biaxial tensile behavior of spun-bonded non woven fabrics using knowledge of the stress-strain behavior of their constituent fibers and their orientation angle distribution. Nonlinearity in fiber stress-strain behavior is considered in order to predict fabric stresses in the longitudinal and transverse direc tions under biaxial loading conditions. Only a special case of biaxial loading is con sidered in which the transverse strain is forced to be zero, i.e., strip biaxial loading conditions. Experimental results are obtained by evaluating four spunbonded fabrics on a Kawabata strip biaxial tester KES-G2 and are compared with the theoretical results.
Enhanced stability of curcumin in colloidosomes stabilized by silica aggregates

Abstract A novel approach to develop colloidosomes with enhanced barrier properties that can reduce the oxidation of encapsulated bioactive compound is described. These novel colloidosomes were stabilized using silica aggregates. Silica aggregates were prepared based on electrostatic complexation between anionic and cationic silica nanoparticles and were subsequently used to stabilize sub-micron scale oil-in-water colloidosomes. Control colloidosomes stabilized using negative charged silica nanoparticles were also prepared. Particle size and ζ-potential results confirmed the formation of silica aggregates. Curcumin was used as a model encapsulant. Fluorescence microscopy results showed that curcumin was encapsulated within the lipid core of the colloidosomes. Curcumin showed significantly higher stability in colloidosomes stabilized by silica aggregates as compared to those stabilized by negative charged silica nanoparticles ( p
The marketing of services: Applications in the urban realm

Abstract This paper suggests that services as compared to products possess the following four unique characteristics: 1. 1. Services are intangible. 2. 2. Because services are intangible, they cannot be stored. 3. 3. Because services are intangible, they cannot be separated. 4. 4. Because services are intangible and cannot be stored or transported, there are limits on mass producing and mass marketing them. The marketing implications of each of these characteristics for urban service systems are outlined in the form of propositions.
Anterior shoulder instability: a review of pathoanatomy, diagnosis and treatment

The glenohumeral joint is inherently predisposed to instability by its bony architecture. The incidence of traumatic shoulder instability is 1.7% in the general population. Associated injuries to the capsulolabral structures of the glenohumeral joint have been described and may play a role in predicting recurrent instability. Advanced imaging, computed tomography or MRI may be necessary to adequately evaluate for associated glenohumeral pathology. Treatment algorithms have traditionally included a period of non-operative management in all patients, however young athletic patients may often benefit from early operative treatment. Various open and arthroscopic surgical options exist to address anterior glenohumeral instability. Bony injuries including bony Bankart lesions and Hills Sachs lesion have been implicated in failed surgical management using techniques that address only the soft tissues. An individualized treatment approach, based upon the patient’s injury pattern and expectations, will likely lead to the most successful outcome.
Dynamics of Chain Molecules and Transport in Dilute Solution

Several aspects of the dynamics of dilute polymer solutions and the related transport processes are discussed. These include: basis of the polymer diffusion equation, present status of normal mode theory, and current interpretations of internal viscosity. Es werden einige Probleme der Dynamik von verdunnten Polymerlosungen diskutiert, darunter die Grundlagen der Polymerdiffusionsgleichung, sowie der heutige Stand der Normal-Modenbewegungstheorie und die Deutung der inneren Viskositat.
Far-IR Fabry-Perot spectrometer for OH measurements

The Far Infrared Limb Observing Spectrometer (FILOS) is an instrument designed to measure chemical species in the upper atmosphere using limb emission in the FIR region of the spectrum. FILOS uses three Fabry-Perot etalons in series to obtain a resolution of 0.0017/cm near 100/cm (100 microns). It is compact and has low power and low data rate requirements so that it may be flown as an auxiliary balloon payload with larger instruments. FILOS has two 0.05/cm bandwidth channels which are currently tuned to a HCl line at 104.2/cm and a pair of OH lines at 101.3/cm. The instrument is described in further detail and results are presented from two recent balloon flights in which OH was measured as a function of time on one hour centers from sunrise to sunset.
Acrylic resin tooth implants in rhesus monkeys: a preliminary report.

Abstract A preliminary study of nine acrylic resin tooth implants has been reported. Three implants have remained in place several months. Since the other implants were forcibly removed by the animals, we view the results as encouraging and as indicating a need for further investigation.
Degradation of Chlorpyrifos in Aqueous Chlorine Solutions: Pathways, Kinetics, and Modeling

Chlorpyrifos (CP) was used as a model compound to develop experimental methods and prototype modeling tools to forecast the fate of organophosphate (OP) pesticides under drinking water treatment conditions. CP was found to rapidly oxidize to chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) in the presence of free chlorine. The primary oxidant is hypochlorous acid (HOCl), kr = 1.72 (±0.68) × 106 M-1h-1. Thus, oxidation is more rapid at lower pH (i.e., below the pKa of HOCl at 7.5). At elevated pH, both CP and CPO are susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis and degrade to 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP), a stable end product. Furthermore, hydrolysis of both CP and CPO to TCP was shown to be accelerated in the presence of free chlorine by OCl-, kOCl,CP = 990 (±200) M-1h-1 and kOCl,CPO = 1340 (±110) M-1h-1. These observations regarding oxidation and hydrolysis are relevant to common drinking water disinfection processes. In this work, intrinsic rate coefficients for these processes were determined, and a simple mechanistic model was dev...
Photodetection with Active Optical Antennas

Nanoantennas are key optical components for light harvesting; photodiodes convert light into a current of electrons for photodetection. We show that these two distinct, independent functions can be combined into the same structure. Photons coupled into a metallic nanoantenna excite resonant plasmons, which decay into energetic, "hot" electrons injected over a potential barrier at the nanoantenna-semiconductor interface, resulting in a photocurrent. This dual-function structure is a highly compact, wavelength-resonant, and polarization-specific light detector, with a spectral response extending to energies well below the semiconductor band edge.
Correlations of decision weights and cognitive function for the masked discrimination of vowels by young and old adults.

Older adults are often reported in the literature to have greater difficulty than younger adults understanding speech in noise [Helfer and Wilber (1988). J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 859–893]. The poorer performance of older adults has been attributed to a general deterioration of cognitive processing, deterioration of cochlear anatomy, and/or greater difficulty segregating speech from noise. The current work used perturbation analysis [Berg (1990). J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 149–158] to provide a more specific assessment of the effect of cognitive factors on speech perception in noise. Sixteen older (age 56–79 years) and seventeen younger (age 19–30 years) adults discriminated a target vowel masked by randomly selected masker vowels immediately preceding and following the target. Relative decision weights on target and maskers resulting from the analysis revealed large individual differences across participants despite similar performance scores in many cases. On the most difficult vowel discriminations, the older adult decision weights were significantly correlated with inhibitory control (Color Word Interference test) and pure-tone threshold averages (PTA). Young adult decision weights were not correlated with any measures of peripheral (PTA) or central function (inhibition or working memory).
Clark Receives Ocean Sciences Award

H. Lawrence Clark received the 2008 Ocean Sciences Award at the 2008 Ocean Sciences Meeting, held 2–7 March 2008 in Orlando, Fla. The award is given in recognition of outstanding and long-standing service to the ocean sciences.
Antibiotic therapy and 48-hour mortality for patients with pneumonia.

Abstract Purpose Although numerous articles have demonstrated that recommended empiric antimicrobial regimens are associated with decreased mortality at 30 days, there is controversy over whether appropriate antibiotic selection has a beneficial impact on mortality within the first 48 to 96 hours after admission. Our aim was to determine whether the use of guideline-concordant antibiotic therapy is associated with decreased mortality within the first 48 hours after admission for patients with pneumonia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two tertiary teaching hospitals in San Antonio, Texas. A propensity score was used to balance the covariates associated with the use of guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to assess the association between mortality within 48 hours and the use of guideline-concordant antibiotic therapy, after adjusting for potential confounders including the propensity score. Results Information was obtained on 787 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. The median age was 60 years, 79% were male, and 20% were initially admitted to the intensive care unit. At presentation 52% of subjects were low risk, 34% were moderate risk, and 14% were high risk. Within the first 48 hours, 20 patients died. After adjustment for potential confounders, the use of guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy (odds ratio 0.37, 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.95) was significantly associated with decreased mortality at 48 hours after admission. Conclusion Using initial empiric guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy is associated with decreased mortality at 48 hours. Further research needs to investigate methods to ensure that patients with community-acquired pneumonia are treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapies.
Taylor rules and the Great Inflation

Abstract Can US monetary policy in the 1970s be described by a stabilizing Taylor rule when policy is evaluated with real-time inflation and output gap data? Using economic research on the full employment level of unemployment and the natural rate of unemployment published between 1970 and 1977 to construct real-time output gap measures for periods of peak unemployment, we find that the Federal Reserve did not follow a Taylor rule if appropriate measures are used. We estimate Taylor rules and find no evidence that monetary policy stabilized inflation, even allowing for changes in the inflation target. While monetary policy was stabilizing with respect to inflation forecasts, the forecasts systematically under-predicted inflation following the 1970s recessions and this does not constitute evidence of stabilizing policy. We also find that the Federal Reserve responded too strongly to negative output gaps.
Enhancement of storage phosphor plate images: A C-language program

A C-language software program has been developed for emulating the image enhancement processing of a storage phosphor plate system. This software has been implemented on a VAX 3400 computer. There are 2,100 lines of C-language code in the program. There are seven parameters used to specify the degree of enhancement. The software is being implemented on a single accelerator board.
The effect of molecular oxygen on the activated carbon adsorption of natural organic matter in Ohio river water

Abstract Recently published data show that the adsorptive capacity of granular activated carbon for phenols increases significantly in the presence of molecular oxygen (Vidic, Suidan, Traegner and Nakhla, 1990). In this study, the effect of molecular oxygen on the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for the natural organic matter present in Ohio River water was investigated. This source of natural organic matter was selected because it is a natural surface water and represents Cincinnati's main drinking water supply. Isotherm studies using pulverized activated carbon were conducted during the first week of each month of the year 1992. Adsorption isotherms were conducted on water from two stages of treatment (raw water directly pumped from the Ohio River and settled water from the California Drinking Water Treatment Plant, Cincinnati, Ohio). Investigations were conducted in the presence and absence of molecular oxygen. An appreciable increase in the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for natural organic matter was noticed when molecular oxygen was present in the test environment. The adsorption isotherms were further described by fractionating the unknown matrix into a non adsorbable fraction and four fictive components of different adsorbabilities.
Action of Bacteriophage on Mixed Strain Starter Cultures. I. Nature and Characteristics of the “Nascent Phenomenon”

Summary The nascent phenomenon was found to occur with two of 14 strains of bacteriophage. The acid-producing abilities of Streptococcus lactis W2 and Streptococcus cremoris HP were drastically reduced when either was cultured with bacteria-bacteriophage combination 712-F56; further, W2 produced very little acid when cultured with combination HP-F59. In cases where the homologous host bacteria were omitted and in eases where secondary growth cultures of the host bacteria were used, acid production was not reduced, unless very large numbers of bacteriophage were employed. Large numbers of either F56 or F59 definitely retarded the acid production of W2, even in the absence of host bacteria. Particles of bacteriophage F56 were found capable of preventing normal multiplication of W2 cells. However, multiplication of the bacteriophage apparently stopped prior to completion, and bacteriophage capable of complete multiplication on W2 were absent. The homologous host which previously has been found necessary to occurrence of this phenomenon seemed essential only as a means of supplying large numbers of bacteriophage. A definite specificity of the nonhomologous culture was found necessary to occurrence of the nascent phenomenon, and differences were found in the selective abilities of different strains of bacteriophage.
The relationship between luteinizing hormone and estradiol secretion in female precocious puberty: evaluation by sensitive gonadotropin assays and the leuprolide stimulation test.

We used the GnRH agonist (GnRHa) stimulation test (20 micrograms/kg leuprolide sc, followed by 24-h serial sampling) to investigate the relationship between gonadotropin and estradiol (E2) secretion in the early phase of female central precocious puberty (CPP). Girls with CPP and moderately increased (early pubertal) peak E2 concentrations after GnRHa stimulation (136 +/- 11 pmol/L; range, 92-176; group B; n = 7) were compared to girls with CPP and higher (midpubertal) peak E2 responses to GnRHa (mean +/- SE, 590 +/- 63 pmol/L; range, 235-1189; group C; n = 19) and to a group of subjects with no breast development and a prepubertal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (peak E2 response to GnRHa, 39 +/- 7 pM/L; range, 18-62; group A; n = 6). Compared to group A subjects, patients in group B had similar (P > 0.2) peak GnRHa-stimulated LH concentrations (B, 4.8 +/- 1 IU/L; A, 2.3 +/- 0.5 IU/L) and peak nocturnal LH (B, 0.81 +/- 0.2; A, 0.25 +/- 0 IU/L), but higher peak GnRHa-stimulated FSH concentrations (B, ...
Considerations in Sentencing the Drug Offender

(1977). Considerations in Sentencing the Drug Offender. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 301-309.