cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extra-adrenal myelolipoma and extramedullary hematopoiesis: Imaging features of two similar benign fat-containing presacral masses that may mimic liposarcoma☆

Abstract Objective To describe the imaging characteristics of extra-adrenal myelolipoma and mass-forming extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) occurring in the presacral region. Materials and Methods Retrospective review between 1980 and 2015 revealed 11 patients with biopsy-proven presacral extra-adrenal myelolipoma and 11 patients with presacral EMH and radiologic imaging studies. Results All cases of both myelolipoma and EMH directly abutted the anterior sacrum and were centered on the midline. Myelolipomas were round or bilobed (8/11), or were multilobulated in appearance (3/11). On CT, margins could be smooth or ill defined. On MRI, all masses were well-marginated with evidence of a “capsule”. All myelolipomas showed evidence of macroscopic fat on both CT and MRI with scattered hazy and nodular soft tissue components. On MRI, all cases showed areas of high T1 signal intermixed with areas of intermediate T1 signal. On T2, all cases showed areas of low and high T2 signal. Enhancement was usually minimal or mild. Most EMH cases had a well-defined round, bilobed or macro-lobulated presacral mass (9/11); 2/11 cases were ill-defined. On CT, when a dominant fatty component was present, the soft tissue components had hazy and nodular features, similar to myelolipoma. On MRI, the masses demonstrated intermediate T1 signal, isointense to skeletal muscle with varying amounts of hyperintense T1 signal. On T2-weighted images, 3 of 4 cases showed areas of mildly hyperintense T2 signal with varying amounts of dark signal. All patients with clinically or biopsy-proven EMH had a hematologic or myeloid disorder. Conclusion Presacral myelolipoma and presacral EMH are two benign fat-containing masses that can present as discrete, often encapsulated, lipomatous masses with varying amounts of non-lipomatous soft tissue components and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a well-defined fat-containing presacral mass.
Leaky Pipeline Myths: In Search of Gender Effects on the Job Market and Early Career Publishing in Philosophy

That philosophy is an outlier in the humanities when it comes to the underrepresentation of women has been the occasion for much discussion about possible effects of subtle forms of prejudice, including implicit bias and stereotype threat. While these ideas have become familiar to the philosophical community, there has only recently been a surge of interest in acquiring field-specific data. This paper adds to quantitative findings bearing on hypotheses about the effects of unconscious prejudice on two important stages along career pathways: tenure-track hiring and early career publishing.
Left ventricular systolic dysfunction predicts long-term major microvascular complication outcomes in type 1 diabetes. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) study of childhood onset diabetes.

Abstract Objectives We aimed to assess association between abnormal LVEF, in the absence of coronary artery disease (CAD), and 25-year incidence of major outcomes of diabetes (MOD) in a cardiology substudy of the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications cohort of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes. Methods 115 normotensive type 1 diabetes individuals without known CAD, underwent a baseline exercise radionuclide ventriculography. Abnormal LVEF was defined as a resting ejection fraction 5% (men) or a fall in ejection fraction with exercise (women). Cox proportional hazards models were used to predict the composite endpoint of MOD (first instance of major CAD, stroke, end-stage renal disease, blindness, amputation or diabetes-related death). Results Mean baseline age was 28 and diabetes duration 19 years. In a mean follow-up of 19 years, 50 MOD events were identified. Allowing for established risk factors at baseline, abnormal LVEF ( n = 22) independently predicted MOD incidence (HR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.12–4.00, p = 0.022) but not major CAD (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 0.53–3.33, p = 0.539). Conclusions An abnormal LVEF may identify diabetic cardiomyopathy and predict long term risk of MOD (but not CAD alone) in type 1 diabetes individuals, consistent with it reflecting microvascular disease.
U.S. Adolescent Street Racing and Other Risky Driving Behaviors.

Abstract Purpose We examined demographic characteristics and risky driving behaviors associated with street racing among adolescents in the NEXT Generation Health Study (N = 2,395). Method Binomial logistic regression tested associations between demographics and driving in a street race (DSR) or being a passenger in a street race (PSR). Sequential logistic regression tested the robustness of the association between DSR and crashes. Results Hispanic/Latino, non-Hispanic Black/African-American, and mixed-race participants were more likely to engage in DSR. Males were more likely and teens with moderate socioeconomic status were less likely to engage in DSR and PSR. DSR was associated with other risky driving behaviors in bivariate models but was not independently associated with crashes after sequential modeling. Conclusions Among adolescents, those who are male, racial/ethnic minorities, or low socioeconomic status may be at higher risk of DSR. However, overall driving risk might explain the association between DSR engagement and higher crash risk.
Facilitating Social Media and Offline Political Engagement During Electoral Cycles: Using Social Cognitive Theory to Explain Political Action Among Hispanics and Latinos

Two interacting forces are subtly shifting the nature of American democracy—the public’s increased use of social media for political information and meaningful changes in the demographic characteri...
Cognitive heuristics and biases in personality assessment.

Several investigators (e.g., Dawes, 1986; Leary & Miller, 1986; Turk & Salovey, 1986) have argued that the cognitive heuristics and biases formulated by Kahneman, Tversky, and others (Kahneman, Slovic, & Tversky, 1982; Nisbett & Ross, 1980) are descriptive of how psychologists and psychiatrists make judgments and decisions. Research on whether these heuristics and biases are descriptive of clinicians will be reviewed, comments will be made about how clinicians learn from experience, and implications for training and clinical practice will be discussed.
States of Pituitary Hypofunction

Abstract Hypopituitarism is defined as the deficiency of one or more of the anterior pituitary hormones: growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. The deficiency of posterior pituitary hormones, specifically antidiuretic hormone, may also be present. Hypopituitarism is often a sequela of a previous neurological insult; however, many cases are considered idiopathic. The development of the pituitary gland has been shown to be a balanced and orchestrated sequence of events dependent on the temporal and spatial appearance of multiple developmental factors that will eventually produce specific pituitary cell types. A disruption in this cascade that leads to the decreased expression of one or more of these factors results in idiopathic hypopituitarism. The identification of proteins responsible for the development of the anterior pituitary gland and their genetic alterations has provided novel insights into the mechanisms responsible for hypopituitarism. Murine models, as well as patients with hypopituitarism due to specific mutations in these developmental proteins, have assisted in the elucidation of mechanisms leading to decreased pituitary gene expression and hormone production. Furthermore, the development of more sophisticated and efficient methods for genome sequencing offers greater promise in delineating the pathogenic mechanisms in patients with idiopathic hypopituitarism.
The Lagrange Equations

Let \(\{\mathcal{M};d\mu \}\)be a material system whose mechanical state is described by N Lagrangian coordinates \(q = ({q}_{1},\ldots, {q}_{N})\). Since every point \(P \in \{\mathcal{M};d\mu \}\)is identified along its motion by the map (q, t) → P(q, t), the configuration of the system is determined, instant by instant, by the map \(t \rightarrow q(t) : \mathbb{R} \rightarrow {\mathbb{R}}^{N}\). The latter can be regarded as the motion of some abstract point in some N-dimensional space, called configuration space. Since N is the least numberof parameters needed to identify uniquely the position of each point P of the system, each of the maps \(\{\mathcal{M};d\mu \} \ni P \rightarrow \| \partial P/\partial {q}_{h}\|\), \(h = 1,\ldots, N\), is not identically zero. Equivalently, we have the following lemma.
An Approximate Message Passing Framework for Side Information

Approximate message passing (AMP) methods have gained recent traction in sparse signal recovery. Additional information about the signal, or side information (SI), is commonly available and can aid in efficient signal recovery. This paper presents an AMP-based framework that exploits SI and can be readily implemented in various settings for which the SI results in separable distributions. To illustrate the simplicity and applicability of our approach, this framework is applied to a Bernoulli–Gaussian (BG) model and a time-varying birth-death-drift (BDD) signal model, motivated by applications in channel estimation. We develop a suite of algorithms, called AMP-SI, and derive denoisers for the BDD and BG models. Numerical evidence demonstrating the advantages of our approach are presented alongside empirical evidence of the accuracy of a proposed state evolution.
Neurohype and the law: A cautionary tale

Abstract This chapter suggests that for conceptual, empirical, and practical reasons, neuroscience in general and non-invasive brain imaging in particular are not likely to revolutionize the law and our conception of ourselves, but may make modest contributions to legal policy and case adjudication if the legal relevance of the science is properly understood.
Signal Processing Algorithms for Communication and Radar Systems

Based on time-tested course material, this authoritative text examines the key topics, advanced mathematical concepts, and novel analytical tools needed to understand modern communication and radar systems. It covers computational linear algebra theory, VLSI systolic algorithms and designs, practical aspects of chaos theory, and applications in beamforming and array processing, and uses a variety of CDMA codes, as well as acoustic sensing and beamforming algorithms to illustrate key concepts. Classical topics such as spectral analysis are also covered, and each chapter includes a wealth of homework problems. This is an invaluable text for graduate students in electrical and computer engineering, and an essential reference for practitioners in communications and radar engineering.
Quantifying evidential value and selective reporting in recent and 10-year past psychophysiological literature: A pre-registered P-curve analysis.

Abstract Selective reporting (i.e., only reporting significant findings as opposed to all analyses or results) is a questionable research practice that undermines the integrity of published research. Psychophysiology research may be susceptible to selective reporting, given the high number of decision points and methodological complexity in analyses of psychophysiology data. We aimed to assess the presence of selective reporting and evidential value (i.e., that significant results are due to true underlying effects) in recent and past psychophysiological research by utilizing p-curve analyses. Study protocols and methods were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (OSF). P-values and the associated test statistics were extracted from articles in the most recent issue (as of January 2018) and 10-year previous counterpart issue of three major psychophysiology journals: Psychophysiology, International Journal of Psychophysiology, and Journal of Psychophysiology. Using the p-curve application, 10 primary p-curves were conducted: all recent articles, all past articles, recent articles split by journal, past articles split by journal, recent cognitive electrophysiology articles, and past cognitive electrophysiology articles. Evidential value and generally adequate average power (≥78% average power) were present in all p-curves, except those that only included articles from the Journal of Psychophysiology because of the small number of articles published in the journal. Findings provide some positive news and indicate that, generally, results were not selectively reported, and selective reporting may not be a primary issue for this sample of psychophysiological research. Future p-curve analyses examining sub-disciplines of psychophysiology are recommended.
Conducted EMC testing reveals malfunctions in automated external defibrillators with patient leads connected

Previously we performed radiated electro-magnetic compatibility tests of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) for radiated immunity per the IEC 60601-1-2 and ANSI/AAMI/IEC 60601-2-4 standards, in the prescribed 80–2500 MHz radiofrequency range, with the patient leads connected. We observed malfunctions for several AEDs in the 30 to 45 MHz range. Our present study involves conducted (injected current) testing from 10 to 80 MHz using prescribed IEC methods. We now tested the same AEDs plus one. We injected 3 Vrms on the patient leads from 10 MHz–80 MHz and 6 Vrms at Industrial Scientific and Medical frequencies in this range. Ventricular fibrillation (V-Fib) signals and normal sinus rhythm (NSR) signals were delivered to the patient leads from an AED tester. We also performed radiated testing in the 70–90 MHz band with 10V/m and 20V/m to compare with conducted testing. For conducted tests three AEDs gave false diagnoses (failed to identify V-Fib signals) at some frequencies. For the radiated testing, only one AED gave a false diagnosis. Two of these AEDs are no longer produced but are still in use. Discrepancies between the radiated and conducted test results are due to basic differences in the test methods and mechanisms of interaction.
Bias Stability Limit in Resonant Gyroscopes

The current prototype resonant MEMS gyroscopes demonstrate promising performance for short-term or GPS-aided inertial navigation applications. Studying the source of errors and limiting factors in current designs can provide insight into how to further improve the performance and turn the prototypes into products that are feasible for applications with higher performance requirements. Experiments and numerical studies of current prototypes are presented in this chapter to establish an understanding of the limiting phenomena responsible for BI in high-frequency resonant gyroscopes and provide strategies for future improvements toward long-range on-chip inertial navigation.
Eugene Atget’s Sacred Spaces: Uncanny Capitalism

After the advent of photography in the late 1830s, the idea that a photograph could be a work of art was far from universally agreed upon. As the twentieth-century approached, a conflicted conceptualization of photography remained in place: could the photograph be a work of art on par with painting, sculpture, and other visual media? Photographer Eugene Atget (French, 1857–1927) did not see himself as an artist. He saw himself as a support for artists, selling his glass-plate photographs to painters for use as templates from which to create art. And yet, Atget extensively photographed a rapidly modernizing Paris, creating a body of images that singularly presents the uncannily stripped city as it leaves behind its medieval origins and becomes modern. In this chapter, I focus on his images of statues at Versailles, Parisian shop windows, and medieval alleys and hotels in Paris, on the verge of destruction, arguing that Atget’s photography is exemplary of the uncanny, that is, photography’s intersection with the erosion of older forms of time and habitation, older concepts of home. I further discuss Atget’s work in relation to F. W. J. Schelling’s mid-nineteenth-century writing on the uncanny.
Molecular Insight into TdfH-Mediated Zinc Piracy from Human Calprotectin by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

ABSTRACT Neisseria gonorrhoeae, responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, is an obligate human pathogen exquisitely adapted for survival on mucosal surfaces of humans. This host-pathogen relationship has resulted in evolution by N. gonorrhoeae of pathways that enable the use of host metalloproteins as required nutrients through the deployment of outer membrane-bound TonB-dependent transporters (TdTs). Recently, a TdT called TdfH was implicated in binding to calprotectin (CP) and in removal of the bound zinc (Zn), enabling gonococcal growth. TdfH is highly conserved among the pathogenic Neisseria species, making it a potentially promising candidate for inclusion into a gonococcal vaccine. Currently, the nature and specificity of the TdfH-CP interaction have not been determined. In this study, we found that TdfH specifically interacted with human calprotectin (hCP) and that growth of the gonococcus was supported in a TdfH-dependent manner only when hCP was available as a sole zinc source and not when mouse CP was provided. The binding interactions between TdfH and hCP were assessed using isothermal titration calorimetry where we observed a multistate model having both high-affinity and low-affinity sites of interaction. hCP has two Zn binding sites, and gonococcal growth assays using hCP mutants deficient in one or both of the Zn binding sites revealed that TdfH exhibited a site preference during Zn piracy and utilization. This report provides the first insights into the molecular mechanism of Zn piracy by neisserial TdfH and further highlights the obligate human nature of N. gonorrhoeae and the high-affinity interactions occurring between TdTs and their human ligands during pathogenesis. IMPORTANCE The dramatic rise in antimicrobial resistance among Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates over the last few decades, paired with dwindling treatment options and the lack of a protective vaccine, has prompted increased interest in identifying new bacterial targets for the treatment and, ideally, prevention of gonococcal disease. TonB-dependent transporters are a conserved set of proteins that serve crucial functions for bacterial survival within the host. In this study, binding between the gonococcal transporter, TdfH, and calprotectin was determined to be of high affinity and host restricted. The current study identified a preferential TdfH interaction at the calprotectin dimer interface. An antigonococcal therapeutic could potentially block this site on calprotectin, interrupting Zn uptake by N. gonorrhoeae and thereby prohibiting continued bacterial growth. We describe protein-protein interactions between TdfH and calprotectin, and our findings provide the building blocks for future therapeutic or prophylactic targets.
Smart Greenhouse Project: A Sustainability-Focused Learning Experience for Undergraduates.

In this paper, a smart greenhouse project has been presented as an example of a sustainability-focused learning experience for undergraduates. While project-based instruction and learning experience has already gained enough momentum in several fields of education, the inclusion of sustainability perspectives from the science and engineering fields of studies is yet to make its room in the current course curricula as well as in the mindset of new generations of engineering undergraduates. This smart greenhouse project is an example of how sustainability can be brought into a classroom setting of engineering and technology programs as a project-based learning experience. The objective of this smart greenhouse project is to create an automated system capable of growing vegetation with little human input by utilizing electricity, computer programming, and a microcontroller operation. While this project was implemented by a group of two students with electrical engineering technology (EET) major as parts of their Introduction to Programming (ET 142) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (ET 342) courses requirements at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, USA, a similar sustainability-focused learning approach can also be applied successfully in other courses at different levels of engineering and technology programs at other academic institutions.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles for Toxicology

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between drugs and the body play a vital role in the therapeutic effects of drugs as well as their toxicity. Toxic effects may evolve from high doses of drugs or from alterations in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of those drugs. The effective dose of a drug is influenced by the initial dose, route of administration, drug formulation, and bioavailability. This effective dose, in conjunction with the frequency of dosing, duration of exposure, and pharmacodynamic variability, directly affects the toxicity experienced in the body.
Circularity, indispensability, and mathematical explanation in science.

Abstract In this paper I consider the objection that the Enhanced Indispensability Argument (EIA) is circular and hence fails to support mathematical platonism. The objection is that the explanandum in any mathematical explanation of a physical phenomenon is itself identified using mathematical concepts. Hence the explanandum is only genuine if the truth of some mathematical theory is already presupposed. I argue that this objection deserves to be taken seriously, that it does sometimes undermine support for EIA, but that there is no reason to think that circularity is an unavoidable feature of mathematical explanation in science.
Value Freedom, Laissez Faire, Mises and Rothbard: A Comment on Professor Jones

Although there are elements of this paper with which I shall take issue, I want to begin by enthusiastically welcoming its publication. Rothbard and Mises are giants in the field of laissez faire studies; any focus on their vastly underappreciated work is thus presumptively an important contribution to the literature. Second, it is very important to reconcile advocacy of the system of economic freedom, or laissez faire capitalism, with value freedom, or vertfreiheit, a necessary dimension of economics as a discipline. Is it possible to both favor the market system, and be a value free economist? Is the vitally important question to which Jones addresses himself, and he is to be congratulated for bringing it to our attention. Third, this paper is welcome on the ground that Mises and Rothbard agreed with each other on virtually all areas of political economy – except for this one. Prof. Jones has unearthed a man-bites-dog story wherein these two Castor and Pollux economists strongly diverge in their perspectives. His bringing of this situation to our attention is therefore alone worth the price of admission.
A computational comparison of PTDF-based and phase-angle-based formulations of network constraints in distributed unit commitment

In centralized approaches for the network-constrained unit commitment problem, the dominant way to formulate the linearized power flow problem is based on sensitivity factors such as power transfer distribution factors (PTDF formulation), instead of using phase-angle variables (b-theta formulation). The PTDF formulation enables various exploits of the problem structure, and those exploits grow in importance with the problem size. While these exploits exist for centralized approaches, new challenges arise for distributed approaches that are based on regional decomposition. In distributed approaches, additional constraints for tie lines need to be added to the PTDF formulation. At the same time, the advantages of the PTDF formulation diminish, since a distributed approach often solves smaller-sized unit commitment (UC) problems for each region in an iterative manner until convergence is achieved. This paper explores the performance of distributed algorithms for network-constrained UC problems based on two ways of formulating the linearized power flow problem for the power grid: PTDF-based and phase-angle-based. The performance of the two mathematical models is analyzed at different degrees of decomposition. Numerical simulations are performed to solve 24-h unit commitment problems for a Polish 3012-bus system. The results show that when the number of buses in each subproblem is large and binary constraints are enforced, the PTDF formulation performs better. The results also show that partitioning into more regions may take more iterations to reach desired solution quality, although each iteration takes less time. This trade-off need to be considered in the application of distributed unit commitment algorithms.
Quantum Theory from Non-Quantal Postulates

Theoretical physics aims at deducing formal relations between observed data by the combination of simple and general empirical propositions which, if true, will ‘explain’ the variety of phenomena. In the process of constructing a physical theory on a postulational basis one may distinguish between three steps. First, by critical evaluation of experience one arrives at ideological pictures for the connection of individual data (e.g. for the ‘path’ of a firefly, Margenau) and at general notions expressed in everyday language which takes much for granted and may involve circularity in the definition of terms. Second, the resulting picture is formalized and condensed into general laws. Third, the formal laws are now put in correspondence with a physical ‘model’ which gives an operational definition of each symbol, resulting in a self-consistent physical theory. In spite of its vagueness, step 1 is of importance to the physicist since it furnishes a legitimate basis for his selection of one formalism among many possible ones as the formal substructure of his laws.
New classification of congenital vascular malformations (CVMs)

Abstract The congenital vascular malformation (CVM) remains a most difficult and confusing diagnostic and therapeutic clinical entity due to the wide range of clinical presentations, degree of severity, location, unpredictable clinical course and erratic response to treatment with high recurrence by its nature/pathogenesis. Despite tremendous efforts to control the CVMs through centuries, it has remained a significant challenge to clinicians and the CVM is often viewed as an enigma among the vascular disorders. Besides, old definition of the CVMs based on only the clinical findings and also the classification with name-based eponyms through the last century added more confusion and failed to provide proper information necessary for its advanced management. Through last two decades new classifications have been established to meet its mandate for the contemporary management: Hamburg Classification and ISSVA Classification. Both classifications were established based on new advanced knowledge of the anatomy, embryology and pathophysiology involved to the CVM pathogenesis as birth defects affecting entire vascular system: artery, vein, and lymphatics. The role of old classification became obsolete, no longer needed for contemporary management of the CVMs. Hamburg Classification is now able to provide safer clinical guide based on embryological characteristics of the CVM lesions depending upon the stage of embryogenesis when the developmental arrest occurs: ‘extratruncular’ type for the lesions originated from the ‘early’ classified with the potential for growth and proliferation to cause the recurrence and subsequent morbidity while ‘truncular’ type for the lesion from the’‘late’ stage with more serious hemodynamic impacts. ISSVA Classification also provides a clear guideline for the differentiation between the vascular tumor, known as hemangioma, and vascular malformation which was further subgrouped based on the flow characteristics. Therefore, correct understanding on these two new classifications are the prerequisite for proper management of every CVM lesion and correct identification and confirmation of each CVM lesion on this embryological subtype is extremely crucial for contemporary management.
The Importance of Small Telescopes to Cosmological Research

Over the last several decades, research with small telescopes has contributed significantly to cosmology. We tell the story of one continuing endeavor, the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe. In the 20th century, LSS studies started with 2D surveys done on patrol cameras, moved to large Schmidt telescopes and then on to 3D redshift surveys on telescopes of all sizes. Modern LSS programs such as the 2dF, Sloan and 2MASS redshift surveys are still based on catalogs made on “small” telescopes, 1.2- to 2.5-m in diameter. The definition of small is changing, however, but 1- to 2-m class telescopes still fill a niche for innovative and important projects, even in cosmology, and thus have a place in the national infrastructure for astronomy.
Implications of the Bush Commission Reforms for Married Couples

In December 2001 the President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security published a report describing plans to reform Social Security through the introduction of new, privately managed, defined-contribution pension accounts. The new accounts are to be financed by diverting a portion of payroll taxes that are now used to finance pensions under the existing defined-benefit public pension system. This paper evaluates the overall impact of the Commission's second plan on the distribution of retirement income and rates of return on pension contributions within and among future generations of married couples.
Learning basic surgical skills with mental imagery: using the simulation centre in the mind.

CONTEXT Although surgeons and athletes frequently use mental imagery in preparing to perform, mental imagery has not been extensively researched as a learning technique in medical education. OBJECTIVE A mental imagery rehearsal technique was experimentally compared with textbook study to determine the effects of each on the learning of basic surgical skills. METHODS Sixty-four Year 2 medical students were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups in which they undertook either mental imagery or textbook study. Both groups received the usual skills course of didactic lectures, demonstrations, physical practice with pigs' feet and a live animal laboratory. One group received additional training in mental imagery and the other group was given textbook study. Performance was assessed at 3 different time-points using a reliable rating scale. RESULTS Analysis of variance on student performance in live rabbit surgery revealed a significant interaction favouring the imagery group over the textbook study group. CONCLUSIONS The mental imagery technique appeared to transfer learning from practice to actual surgery better than textbook study.
Regulation of Membrane Protein Degradation by Starvation‐Response Pathways

The multivesicular body (MVB) pathway delivers membrane proteins to the lumen of the vacuole/lysosome for degradation. The resulting amino acids are transported to the cytoplasm for reuse in protein synthesis. Our study shows that this amino acid recycling system plays an essential role in the adaptation of cells to starvation conditions. Cells respond to amino acid starvation by upregulating both endocytosis and the MVB pathway, thereby providing amino acids through increased protein turnover. Our data suggest that increased Rsp5-dependent ubiquitination of membrane proteins and a drop in Ist1 levels, a negative regulator of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) activity, cause this response. Furthermore, we found that target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and a second, unknown nutrient-sensing system are responsible for the starvation-induced protein turnover. Together, the data indicate that protein synthesis and turnover are linked by a common regulatory system that ensures adaptation and survival under nutrient-stress conditions.
Three Days in the Shenandoah: Stonewall Jackson at Front Royal and Winchester – By Gary Ecelbarger

The author of this work provides a detailed look at the Shenandoah Campaign of 1862 but also gives a different picture of the legendary Stonewall Jackson. Instead of being the infallible genius gen...
The electra laser: hibachi development and electron beam deposition

Summary form only given, as follows. Electra is a repetitively pulsed, electron beam pumped krypton fluoride (KrF) laser that will be used to develop the technology required for internal fusion energy (IFE). The hibachi structure supports a thin foil that isolates the laser gas at 1.3 to 2 atmospheres from the vacuum of the electron beam diode. Several hibachi designs have been evaluated. The 30 cm deep laser cell is pumped by a 30 cm/spl times/100 cm electron beam. Faraday cups measure the transmission efficiency of the 500 keV, 100 kA, 100 nsec electron beam into the laser gas and radiachromic film detects the spatial uniformity of the e-beam. The energy deposition profile inside the laser cell is measured with Faraday cups and simulated with 1-D and 3-D codes. In addition, computational fluid dynamics analysis is performed to simulate the heat loading of the hibachi foil and ribs.
Children's Judgments of Inequitable Distributions That Conform to Gender Norms

To evaluate whether distributions by sex are judged to be unfair, children at ages 6, 8, and 10, and adults ( N = 96), judged an authority distributing items to children by using different methods (i.e., randomly or by sex), types of items (i.e., related or unrelated to gender norms), and differences in the equivalency of the items (i.e., equivalent or unequal). Children often approved of equivalent distributions by sex and unequal distributions by sex when items were related to gender norms. The 6- and 8-year-olds, but not 10-year-olds and adults, perceived that everyone would agree to the method of distribution. Only adults were more critical of distributions by sex than random distributions.
Treatment of metastatic breast cancer

Many newer agents in combination are being studied in the front-line treatment of women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC), but the story in the endocrine arena is more about the wise use of new strategies to overcome endocrine resistance, because no new antihormonal agents have been approved in the past decade. During his presentation at the NCCN 19th Annual Conference, Dr. William Gradishar explored what's new in the treatment of MBC, focusing primarily on enhancing the effect of endocrine therapy to overcome resistance with newer targeted agents such as everolimus, reevaluating the role of rebiopsy on disease progression and measuring circulating tumor cells as a surrogate of response to treatment, and reviewing the effective treatment regimens for HER2-positive disease.
Action (verb naming) fluency as an executive function measure: convergent and divergent evidence of validity.

Numerous studies have demonstrated dissociable neuroanatomic underpinnings for the retrieval of grammatical classes of words such as nouns and verbs. Whereas retrieval of common and proper nouns is primarily mediated by posterior and anterior temporal regions, respectively, verb retrieval is primarily mediated by frontal regions. The majority of studies evaluating verb production have utilized tasks requiring subjects to name a graphically depicted action (i.e. action naming), leaving tests of verb generation in the absence of prompting stimuli (i.e. action fluency) largely unexamined. In a recent study, Piatt, Fields, Paolo, Koller and Troster (in press) found that an action fluency task discriminated demented Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from non-demented PD patients and healthy control subjects, whereas lexical and categorical fluency tasks did not. These authors suggested that action fluency was sensitive to the fronto-striatal pathophysiology associated with PD dementia, and thus, that action fluency might serve as an indicator of executive functioning. This study was undertaken to evaluate the construct validity of action fluency as an executive function measure in a group of healthy elderly control subjects. Findings revealed modest to moderate relationships between action fluency and several putative executive measures. Action fluency was unrelated to indices of semantic and episodic memory. Results support the construct validity of action fluency as an executive function measure and suggest that this task may provide some unique information not tapped by traditional executive function tasks.
Exposures to 1,3-dimethylamylamine-containing products reported to Texas poison centers

1,3-Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is an ingredient in a number of weight loss and exercise performance enhancing products. However, information on the safety of DMAA-containing products is limited. Exposures to DMAA-containing products reported to Texas poison centers during 2010-2011 were identified and selected factors were examined. A total of 56 exposures were found, of which 75.0% were reported during 2011. OxyElite Pro™ was the reported product in 80.4% of the exposures. The patients were 51.8% male and 55.4% age ≤5 years. The patient was managed on site (such as at home) in 57.1% of the cases, and the exposure was known or expected to result in an outcome that was classified as not serious in 80.4%. The most frequently reported clinical effects were tachycardia (28.6%), nausea (16.1%), and vomiting (12.5%). The most common treatments were dilution (41.1%), food (19.6%), and activated charcoal (14.3%). It should be noted that the adverse clinical effects may be due to other ingredients in the DMAA-containing products, such as caffeine.
Hypocretin-1 receptors regulate the reinforcing and reward-enhancing effects of cocaine: pharmacological and behavioral genetics evidence.

Considerable evidence suggests that transmission at hypocretin-1 (orexin-1) receptors (Hcrt-R1) plays an important role in the reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behaviors in rodents. However, far less is known about the role for hypocretin transmission in regulating ongoing cocaine-taking behavior. Here, we investigated the effects of the selective Hcrt-R1 antagonist SB-334867 on cocaine intake, as measured by intravenous (IV) cocaine self-administration in rats. The stimulatory effects of cocaine on brain reward systems contribute to the establishment and maintenance of cocaine-taking behaviors. Therefore, we also assessed the effects of SB-334867 on the reward-enhancing properties of cocaine, as measured by cocaine-induced lowering of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds. Finally, to definitively establish a role for Hcrt-R1 in regulating cocaine intake, we assessed IV cocaine self-administration in Hcrt-R1 knockout mice. We found that SB-334867 (1-4 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) self-administration in rats but did not alter responding for food rewards under the same schedule of reinforcement. This suggests that SB-334867 decreased cocaine reinforcement without negatively impacting operant performance. SB-334867 (1-4 mg/kg) also dose-dependently attenuated the stimulatory effects of cocaine (10 mg/kg) on brain reward systems, as measured by reversal of cocaine-induced lowering of ICSS thresholds in rats. Finally, we found that Hcrt-R1 knockout mice self-administered far less cocaine than wildtype mice across the entire dose-response function. These data demonstrate that Hcrt-R1 play an important role in regulating the reinforcing and reward-enhancing properties of cocaine, and suggest that hypocretin transmission is likely essential for establishing and maintaining the cocaine habit in human addicts.
Delineating a wetland boundary using vegetative, soil and hydrologic characteristics: A Florida cypress dome example

Vegetation indices have historically and conveniently been used to delineate wetland boundaries. This delineation method is often successful where abrupt or obvious changes in ecosystem structure occur. More obscure vegetation patterns however, may require a multiple parameter approach in order to delineate such a boundary. This study was designed to integrate soil and hydrologic parameters together with vegetation to enhance the poorly defined wetland boundary in north Florida. Edaphic factors found to be useful indicators of hydric conditions included percent organic matter in the A horizon and degree of mottling in the argillic horizon. Tree buttressing and lichen line formation also served as reliable indicators of inundation. The wetland boundary delineated by the above mentioned soil factors closely corresponded with the vegetation boundary determined both visually and by vegetation analysis.
Combustion synthesis and mechanical properties of dense NiTi-TiC intermetallic-ceramic composites

Combustion synthesis (SHS) coupled with a quasi-isostatic densification step was employed to produce dense NiTi-TiC composites. The synthesis and characterization of five composites are presented, including ceramic-intermetallic (≥50 pct ceramic) composites and intermetallic-ceramic (≥50 pct intermetallic) composites. Particle size, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted to characterize the microstructure of the composites. Refractory TiC and NiTi intermetallic phases become more stoichiometric and the TiC particle size decreases with increasing intermetallic content. Micro- and nanoindentation and quasi-static compression tests were performed, to determine mechanical and material properties. The Vickers hardness decreases as the matrix shifts from ceramic to intermetallic. Modulus and compressive strength decreases with increasing amounts of Ni-Ti intermetallic. The SEM photomicrographs of fractured surfaces are included.
Simultaneous separation and identification of limonoids from citrus using liquid chromatography‐collision‐induced dissociation mass spectra

Limonoids are considered as potential cancer chemopreventive agents and are widely distributed in the Citrus genus as aglycones and glucosides. In the present study, reversed-phase HPLC coupled with CID mass spectra was developed for the simultaneous separation and identification of aglycones and glucosides of limonoids from citrus. Five aglycones such as limonin, deacetyl nomilin, ichangin, isolimonoic acid and nomilin were identified by positive ion CID MS/MS, whereas five glucosides, viz. limonin glucoside, isoobacunoic acid glucoside, obacunone glucoside, deacetyl nomilinic acid glucoside and nomilinic acid glucoside were analyzed by negative ion CID mass spectra. The developed method was successfully applied to complex citrus samples for the separation and identification of aglycones and glucosides. Citrus seeds were extracted with methanol and partially purified and analyzed by LC-CID mass spectra. The separation was achieved by C-18 column; eight limonoids were identified by comparing the retention times and mass spectral fragmentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the identification of citrus limonoids using CID technique.
Subretinal Bone Formation in a Patient with Giant Cell Tumor of the Sphenoid

Background/Aims: To report a case of subretinal bone formation after the treatment with denosumab for a giant cell tumor of the sphenoid, which had recurred after surgical resection. Methods: The clinical history and fundus findings including imaging, histologic and immunohistochemical features of the primary tumor and subretinal lesion were reviewed. Results: A 14-year-old boy was evaluated for a suprasellar mass. Resection of the lesion showed giant cell tumor of bone (GCT). An MRI study at the 1-month follow-up appointment showed tumor progression, and denosumab was initiated. Two months after the initial presentation, the patient developed a worsening scotoma of the right eye. Dilated fundus examination showed a yellow-tan-colored subretinal mass temporal to the fovea. The subretinal lesion was removed and showed lamellar bone with associated fibrocellular tissue. Conclusion: Denosumab therapy for GCT of the sphenoid may be associated with subretinal bone formation.
Discussion on “Optimal Sequential Surveillance for Finance, Public Health, and Other Areas” by Marianne Frisén

Abstract Dr. Frisen gives an overview of the quickest change-point detection methods for on-line surveillance and a number of applications in economics, medicine, and environmental monitoring. In this discussion, we address optimality criteria in change-point detection problems as well as the issue of comparison of various change-point detection procedures.
Abstract 4620: Development of honokiol for the prevention of UVB-induced skin tumor development

Skin cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers and its incidence is expected to increase substantially. UVB is major etiologic factor in the skin cancer development. Honokiol, a plant ligan isolated from bark and seed cones of Magnolia officinalis, has been shown to have chemopreventive effects on UVB-induced skin cancer development in our laboratory. The objectives of this investigation are to study chemopreventive effects of dose response of honokiol on UVB-induced skin tumor development in SKH-1mice and to prepare topical formulations of honokiol that deliver effective concentration of drug locally. Female SKH-1 mice were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 received acetone one hour before UVB treatment; Group 2, 3 and 4 received honokiol (0.2 ml of 30, 45 and 60 μg in acetone, topical) before each UVB treatment. Mice were treated with UVB dose of 30 mJ/cm2/day for 25 weeks. Tumor counts and group weights were taken weekly. Honokiol pretreated groups resulted in 36-78% reduction in tumor multiplicity compared to control. Honokiol pretreatment (60 μg) decreased tumor incidence by 40 %. Topical formulation of honokiol gel was prepared by using carbomer 940 as base and propylene glycol as penetration enhancer. Drug content and content uniformity were determined. Release studies and permeation studies were studied in detail. This study is supported by Translational Cancer Research Center funded as 2010 Research Initiative Center by the State of South Dakota Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4620. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4620