cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of alternate pictorial pathway displays and stereo 3-D presentation on simulated transport landing approach performance

`Pathway-in-the-sky'' flight display formats appear to offer exceptional path-control precision for future transport operational environments requiring complex-path approaches. With the conversion from the present instrument landing system (ILS) to the microwave landing system (MLS) within the National Airspace System, complex-path approaches could be used for commercial transport operations to address airport capacity issues. Therefore, the application of `pathway-in-the-sky'' formats to commercial transport operations is being evaluated at various flight display research laboratories. The introduction of true depth cues via stereopsis techniques offers a means of further enhancing these displays. The paper describes research conducted to determine the effectiveness of two candidate pathway formats for landing approach and to investigate the effect of their presentation in stereo versus nonstereo display environments. A real-time piloted simulation experiment comparing performance across these factors in a transport landing-approach task is discussed.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ground and excited state properties of photoactive platinum(IV) diazido complexes: Theoretical considerations

Recently synthesized by the group of Sadler, the platinum(IV) diazido complexes [Pt(N3)2(OH)2(L′)(L′′)] (L′ and L′′ are N-donor ligands) have potential to be used as photoactivatable metallodrugs in cancer chemotherapy. In the present study optimized structures and UV-Vis electronic spectra of trans,trans,trans- and cis,trans,cis-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(NH3)2] (1t and 1c, respectively) as well as cis,trans,cis-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(L)2] (L = NH3, NH2CH3, NF3, PH3, PF3, H2O, CO, OH−, CN−, py, imid; 2c–11c) and cis,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(bpy)] (12c) complexes were predicted using density functional theory (DFT). The ground state electronic structures of all complexes were analyzed with the help of the natural bond orbital analysis (NBO). The electronic spectra of 1c and 1t were computed using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) with five different density functionals and the ab initioCASSCF/CASPT2 method (for the five lowest energy transitions). The best agreement with available experiments was found in the case of the long-range corrected ωB97X functional. The electronic transitions were characterized by the analysis of the natural transition orbitals (NTO). The low-lying excited singlet states of 1t and 1c have significant azide-to-platinum(IV) charge-transfer character (LMCT). Geometry optimization of the three lowest singlet excited states performed using TDDFT results in the simultaneous dissociation of two azide ligands with the formation of the azidyl radicals N3˙ and photoreduction of PtIV to PtII. Variation of the ligand L does not strongly affect the nature and the relative energies of the low-lying states. It is shown that the replacement of the OH−groups in 1c by OPh− ligands results in the red shift of the intense N3−→Pt LMCT band and the appearance of transitions with significant intensity in the visible region of the spectrum. The dissociative nature of the low-lying unoccupied orbitals remains unaffected. These theoretical results may suggest new experimental routes for the improvement of the photochemical activity of PtIV diazido complexes.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) growth response to water and temperature

Four cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L cv. Vangard, Cody, Zia, and Dawson) were grown under a gradient irrigation system on a Pullman clay loam soil (fine, mixed, thermic, Torrertic Paleustoll) at Bushland, Texas. Twelve harvests were taken during 1983, 1984 and 1985 over a wide range of irrigation levels. Alfalfa was harvested at 10% bloom and subsamples were oven dried and ashed. Irrigation water and rainfall were determined by catchment collections and soil moisture content was determined with a neutron soil moisture probe. Potential evaporation was determined by pan evaporation and by modified Penman, Priestley and Taylor, and Jensen and Haise prediction equations from climatic data. No varietal differences in the relationship of yield to water or water use efficiency occurred. Yield within each harvest correlated well with evapotranspiration (ET). The regression of yield with ET over all twelve harvests had a low coefficient of determination. Relative yield had a high correlation with relative ET when maximum ET was measured but the correlation was lower when maximum ET was calculated from a prediction equation or pan evaporation. The correlation increased when the maximum yield for each harvest was used rather than a constant value. Including a high temperature factor in the equation greatly improved the correlation between yield and ET but the correlation was not as high as when relative yield was correlated with relative measured ET. Water use efficiency was highest with the highest yields.
The behaviour of microsomal mono-electron carriers in adult and fetal liver and in placenta throughout pregnancy.

The activities and contents of microsomal mono-electron carriers (N ADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5) in the liver of 160 pregnant rabbits and their response to phenobarbital (PB) administration were found to be different to that of non pregnant animals and to vary depending on the period of gestation. In fetal liver and in placenta the activities and contents of mixed function oxidase system enzymes are very low and increase from the mid-gestation up to the term of pregnancy. PB has either no effect or decreases the enzyme levels. The variations of enzyme content and activity in maternal liver and the different response to PB are related to the hormonal modifications of pregnancy. The behaviour of mono-electron carriers in fetal liver can be related to the process of maturation of this organ. The effect of PB can be due to the interference of the drug with steroid metabolism. The behaviour of mixed function oxidase system enzymes in placenta ca...
Taboo dating in the 21st century at Payton High School

This case is about the clash between traditional community values and multicultural values in the context of same-sex couples at a high school prom. Within this context, a new principal must deal with competing personal and professional values, as well as the competing divergent views of district level administrators, school board members, teachers, staff members, parents, and students. This case addresses issues of First Amendment freedom of expression and association, Fourteenth Amendment due process and equal protection law, harassment, violence, legal liability, institutional policymaking, and ethical leadership.
An automatic framework for example-based virtual makeup

Cosmetic makeup is a general event in our daily life, which improves women's beauties and attractions. But, it is difficult for ordinary users to make a wonderful makeup as the cover girls. Moreover, when you are in nude look and want to share better look with your friends, the fastest and easiest way is virtual makeup. However, current existing makeup software needs many user inputs to adjust face landmarks, which influence the user experience. And, it cannot remove the flaws on skin as good as the real cosmetic makeup. In this paper, we describe an automatic framework to apply a cosmetic makeup and skin beautification to your face, which can be selected from many example make-up face images. Our method detects the face landmarks with existing algorithm and adjusts the landmark with skin color Gaussian Mixture model based segmentation. Then, the skin color area is separated into three layers, and makeup is transferred with different method to different layers. The results look pretty good for some natural input face images.
On the local stability of the stationary solution to variational problems

Abstract This paper presents a sufficient condition for the local stability of the steady-state solution to dynamic optimization problems with several state variables. The result is applied to a multi-sector growth model.
Numbers do count: The question of quality versus quantity

(1981). Numbers do count: The question of quality versus quantity. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 225-260.
The flanking regions of two Petunia inflata S alleles are heterogeneous and contain repetitive sequences.

Genomic clones representingS1 andS3 alleles of the self-incompatibility locus (S locus) inPetunia inflata have been isolated and characterized. Extensive lengths of the flanking regions as well as the coding regions contained in both clones have been sequenced. Both alleles have a single, relatively short intron located within a region of high interallelic variability. Transcription start sites of both alleles have been determined by S1 nuclease mapping, and putative TATA boxes have been identified. Nucleotide sequence comparison of the two alleles shows a high level of diversity in the regions immediately flanking the coding region. Southern analysis demonstrates that this sequence diversity extends beyond the regions which have been sequenced, such that the two clones appear to be completely heterogeneous except for conserved sites within the coding regions of the two alleles. These analyses also reveal the presence of repetitive sequences which are very closely associated with the coding regions of both alleles. The influence of these characteristics on genetic recombination and the maintenance of allelic independence, as well as the organization of theS locus, are discussed.
Primordial black holes in globular clusters

It has recently been recognized that significant numbers of medium-mass back holes (of order 10 solar masses) should form in globular clusters during the early stages of their evolution. Here we explore the dynamical and observational consequences of the presence of such a primordial black-hole population in a globular cluster. The holes initially segregate to the cluster cores, where they form binary and multiple black-hole systems. The subsequent dynamical evolution of the black-hole population ejects most of the holes on a relatively short timescale: a typical cluster will retain between zero and four black holes in its core, and possibly a few black holes in its halo. The presence of binary, triple, and quadruple black-hole systems in cluster cores will disrupt main-sequence and giant stellar binaries; this may account for the observed anomalies in the distribution of binaries in globular clusters. Furthermore, tidal interactions between a multiple black-hole system and a red giant star can remove much of the red giant's stellar envelope, which may explain the puzzling absence of larger red giants in the cores of some very dense clusters.
Stabilization of alumina slurry for chemical-mechanical polishing of copper

Stabilization of alumina slurries containing Fe(NO3)3 and benzotriazole (BTA) for chemical−mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper in acidic media was investigated. Slurry stability was evaluated from the initial settling rate of alumina particles in well-dispersed slurries. ζ potential and FTIR spectroscopy were employed to elucidate the observed effects. Fe3+, used as an etchant for copper, did not affect the slurry stability significantly, especially at low concentrations (<0.05 M). However, BTA worsened the stability, especially at higher concentrations, by reducing the electrostatic repulsion between alumina particles. This was confirmed by a drop in the measured ζ potential. FTIR spectra showed that BTA is chemisorbed onto alumina particle surfaces. Finally, the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (MW = 1 000 000) improved the slurry stability significantly and a stable alumina slurry for the CMP of copper was obtained. Preliminary data on the removal rates of copper and the selectivities of removal betw...
Development of Visitor Identity through Study Abroad in Ghana

Abstract During the summers of 2006–2009, groups of U.S. college students completed a cross-disciplinary study abroad experience in Ghana, West Africa, entitled ‘Landscapes in Ecotourism.’ Beyond topical issues of community landscape design and sustainable tourism development, broad themes were explored including (a) cultural awareness of Ghana and Africa, (b) the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade (TAST), and (c) the concept of African Diaspora. This study sought to understand how the students’ sense of their own identity was impacted by being in Ghana, as a result of the activities undertaken in the study abroad course. Specifically, the students provided reflections on their ideas about race and heritage, their understanding of the TAST, and their perception of the African Diaspora. In most cases, the students noted an increased knowledge on these subjects through studying these topics in a Ghanaian spatial and cultural context. Additionally, they offered thoughtful reflection on issues of gender, race, class,...
Scanning force microscopy of nucleic acids and nucleoprotein assemblies

The scanning force microscope uses a sharp tip mounted on a flexible cantilever to touch and create images of a surface. During the past year, great progress has been made in the applications of SFM to imaging biological specimens. This progress has been made possible by advances in three areas: improved tip fabrication, development of better deposition methods; and control of sample environment. At present, SFM can reliably image most types of biological molecules at ~ 50–100 A resolution, depending on the system studied. The main technical advances of the past year, which often took place in connection with the imaging of nucleic acids and nucleoprotein assemblies, are reviewed. Potential solutions to present technical limitations and promising new developments now underway are also discussed.
Magnetotelluric and Very Low Frequency Signatures from Small High-Altitude Nuclear Explosions

THIS communication presents a preliminary account of the magnetotelluric and very low frequency signatures associated with the U.S. high-altitude nuclear detonations of October 20 (0830 : 00 G.M.T.), October 26 (0959 : 49 G.M.T.), November 1 (1210 : 06 G.M.T.), and November 4 (0730 : 00 G.M.T.) 1962, observed at our field station near Rochester, New York. Three orthogonal components of dB/dt in the band 0.001 to 3 c/s were sensed with cored loop antennae of sensitivity 0.07 mV-sec/γ. A pair of electrodes spaced 225 ft. apart sensed the north–south component of the telluric-current field in the same band. A whistler-recording apparatus furnished a broadband very low frequency noise record.
Transcription of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe U2 gene in vivo and in vitro is directed by two essential promoter elements

As compared to the metazoan small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), relatively little is known about snRNA synthesis in unicellular organisms. We have analyzed the transcription of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe U2 snRNA gene in vivo and in the homologous in vitro system. Deletion and linker-scanning analyses show that the S.pombe U2 promoter contains at least two elements: the spUSE centered at -55, which functions as an activator, and a TATA box at -26, which is essential for basal transcription. These data point to a similar architecture among S.pombe, plant and invertebrate snRNA promoters. Factors recognizing the spUSE can be detected in whole cell extracts by DNase I footprinting and competition studies show that the binding of these factors correlates with transcriptional activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and gel-filtration chromatography revealed a native molecular mass of approximately 200 kDa for the spUSE binding activity. Two polypeptides of molecular masses 25 and 65 kDa were purified by virtue of their ability to specifically bind the spUSE.
On the Introduction of an Edible Oriental Shrimp (Caridea, Palaemonidae) To San Francisco Bay1)

[Une crevette orientale comestible, Palaemon macrodactylu,r Rathbun, est apparue recemment dans la baie de San Francisco, Californie. L'epoque et la maniere de son introduction ont ete considerees. Depuis son apparition, cette espece s'est largement repandue et est devenue abondante. Bien qu'on la trouve parfois dans des situations a dominance marine, elle semble etre plus typiquement une forme d'estuaire, tendant a occuper des habitats inexploites auparavant par des especes de crevettes indigenes. Son succes considerable laisse supposer que non seulement elle continuera d'etre un element important de la faune du systeme d'estuaire de la baie de San Francisco, mais qu'elle se repandra probablement plus largement encore en Californie et ailleurs. Les larves ainsi que les adultes de Palaemon naacrodactylu.r sont extremement robustes et se soumettent aisement a la culture de laboratoire quand on leur fournit exclusivement des Artemia comme nourriture; elles seront sans doute tres utiles pour les investigations physiologiques et ontogeniques., Une crevette orientale comestible, Palaemon macrodactylu,r Rathbun, est apparue recemment dans la baie de San Francisco, Californie. L'epoque et la maniere de son introduction ont ete considerees. Depuis son apparition, cette espece s'est largement repandue et est devenue abondante. Bien qu'on la trouve parfois dans des situations a dominance marine, elle semble etre plus typiquement une forme d'estuaire, tendant a occuper des habitats inexploites auparavant par des especes de crevettes indigenes. Son succes considerable laisse supposer que non seulement elle continuera d'etre un element important de la faune du systeme d'estuaire de la baie de San Francisco, mais qu'elle se repandra probablement plus largement encore en Californie et ailleurs. Les larves ainsi que les adultes de Palaemon naacrodactylu.r sont extremement robustes et se soumettent aisement a la culture de laboratoire quand on leur fournit exclusivement des Artemia comme nourriture; elles seront sans doute tres utiles pour les investigations physiologiques et ontogeniques.]
An introduction to the Fastbus

Abstract The Fastbus is a modular data bus system for data acquisition and data processing. It is a multiprocessor system with multiple bus segments which operate independently but link together for passing data. It operates asynchronously to accommodate very high and very low speed devices over long or short paths, using handshake protocols for reliability. It can also operate synchronously without handshakes for transfer of data blocks at maximum speed. The goals, history and motivation for the Fastbus are summarized briefly. The structure of the Fastbus system is described in general and some details of its operation are introduced.
Functional characterization of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in rabbit right atria

Abstract The advent of radioligand binding studies has allowed the classification of receptor subtypes in various tissues. However, the presence of a receptor subtype in a heterogenous tissue does not insure that the receptor has a significant physiological role. β1- and β2-Adrenoceptors have been reported to coexist in the rabbit right atria. The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the physiological role of β-adrenoceptor subtypes in catecholamine-induced chronotropic responses in the rabbit right atria through comparison of data from functional and radioligand binding studies. Rank order of potency was determined using isoproterenol, epinephrine and norepinephrine for both chronotropic and inotropic responses in the rabbit right atria and right ventricular papillary muscles, respectively. These studies indicated that the β1-adrenoceptor was primarily responsible for catecholamine-induced responses. Next, the β1-selective antagonist, atenolol, was found to inhibit the chronotropic responses of the nonselective β-agonist, isoproterenol, and the β2-selective agonist, terbutaline, to the same extent. These data indicate that terbutaline produces its chronotropic effects in the rabbit right atria through stimulation of β1-, not β2-adrenoceptors. Finally, competition studies for [125I] iodocyanopindolol and the relatively selective β1- and β2-adrenoceptor antagonists (ICI 89406 and ICI 118551, respectively) indicated that the ratio of β1- to β2-adrenoceptor subtypes is 6:1. It is concluded that while both receptors may be present in the rabbit right atria, the β1-adrenoceptor is the predominant subtype both in density and physiological significance, while the β2-adrenoceptor plays little, if any role, in the chronotropic responses induced by catecholamines.
The Effect of Community Colleges on Changing Students' Educational Aspirations.

Abstract The education literature provides numerous estimates of community college diversion and democratization effects measured in terms of educational attainment. Kane and Rouse [J Econ Pers 13 (1999) 64] suggest testing for diversion by comparing the impacts of two-year and four-year colleges on the changes in educational aspirations that underlie actual years of schooling completed. Using NLSY data, we obtain community college “differential aspirations effect” estimates that range from as high as −0.68 of a year to as low as our preferred estimate of −0.43 of a year. We put these estimates in perspective by showing that they are less than half of the conventionally measured diversion effect estimated for our sample. Regarding democratization, we find that attending a community college results in a substantial expansion in the educational aspirations of students (our “incremental aspirations effect”), regardless of their family backgrounds and race and ethnicity.
The evolution of teratological testing

The beginnings of mammalian experimental teratology in this century are briefly reviewed and it is noted that prior to 1960 a degree of sophistication in concept and technology had already been achieved. Thus, contrary to claims that teratology had its beginning with the thalidomide catastrophe, a modest but expanding activity and body of knowledge already existed before this unfortunate event. This activity and this knowledge, however, were largely confined to academic and research institute laboratories and made little impact on the agencies in medicine, government and industry which oversaw public health and safety and set policies intended to preserve them. No individual, group, or agency can rightly be blamed for not having sooner brought together the concepts and methodology needed for meaningful animal testing and the regulatory insignt and experience needed intelligently to apply test data to human safety evaluation and experience needed intelligently to apply test data to human safety evaluation. To accomplish this liaison seems to have required the largest toxicological catastrophe yet recorded in human history. The major events leading to formulation of the first standardized guidelines are reviewed, but it is emphasized that even today the best animal testing can only provide a limited statement of probability regarding human risk vis-a-vis safety.
α-Amanitin Tolerance in Mycophagous Drosophila

Six species of Drosophila were tested for tolerance to the mushroom toxin α-amanitin, a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Three nonmycophagous species—D. melanogaster, D. immigrans, and D. pseudoobscura—showed very low survival and long development times in the presence of amanitin. Three mycophagous species—D. putrida, D. recens, and D. tripunctata—showed little or no sensitivity. Analysis in vitro indicated that this tolerance is not based on alteration of the molecular structure of RNA polymerase II .
Iron protein content of Thiocapsa pfennigii, a purple sulfur bacterium of atypical chlorophyll composition

Four out of five soluble electron transport iron proteins of Thiocapsa pfennigii plus the particulate cytochromes have been found to be analogous to those of Chromatium vinosum strain D. In addition to ferredoxin, high potential iron-sulfur protein. cytochrome c′, and cytochrome c-552(550), T. pfennigii contains a cytochrome c-552(545) not previously isolated from photosynthetic bacteria. It is concluded that T. pfennigii is more closely related to C. vinosum than to Rhodopseudomonas viridis, the only other known bacterial species having bacteriochlorophyll b.
The Choosing Wisely initiative: does it have your back?

As a subspecialty, rheumatology demands knowledge, intuition, and judgment to go along with a broad appreciation of the nuances and mysteries of internal medicine. Creativity is also part of the practice since many conditions in the purview of rheumatology lack established therapies that have received US Food and Drug Administration approval or testing in a controlled trial. Th erefore, rheumatologists must create treatment plans, often on the fl y (or by the seat of their pants), producing a succession of n-of-1 trials in their practices. As if their current attributes were not enough, rheumatologists, like other providers, must now have wisdom and practice not only smartly but wisely. Such is the direction of Choosing Wisely. For those of you who are not familiar with Choosing Wisely, this initiative of the American Board of Internal Medicine Foundation is a very timely and important eff ort to help reduce the cost of health care by en couraging providers to adopt more judicious and evidencebased ways to diagnose and treat illness. To meet this goal, professional medical organizations and societies are identifying situations in which cost reduction can be achieved by avoiding the overuse of low-yield (but expensive) diagnostic tests or prescription of therapies of marginal or questionable effi cacy.
The Long Range Effect of Low Level Methionine Supplementation in Growing Turkey Rations

Abstract THERE is rather general agreement that low level synthetic methionine supplementation to the diets of poults is beneficial with respect to feed efficiency and body weight in the early stages of growth. Bird, Marsden and Kellogg (1948), using a ration containing only vegetable protein, demonstrated that the addition of 0.05 and 0.2 percent dl -methionine improved turkey growth up to six weeks of age. Atkinson, Reid, Quisenberry and Couch (1953) reported that the addition of supplementary methionine at the 0.05 percent level consistently increased poult growth up to eight weeks on an all-vegetable protein diet. The growth response was shown to be additive to that due to the unidentified factor present in distiller’s dried solubles. An improved feed efficiency, which was obtained with antibiotic-supplemented diets, did not appear to be enhanced by the addition of methionine at the 0.05 percent level. No increase in poult weight to six weeks of age, …
High yield production of levulinic acid by catalytic partial oxidation of cellulose in aqueous media

A high yield of levulinic acid was produced by directly converting cellulose over a ZrO2 catalyst by a one-pot catalytic aqueous phase partial oxidation (APPO) process. Compared to conventional acid hydrolysis, APPO is a highly selective and environmentally benign process with merits of easy recovery and re-use of heterogeneous catalysts.
Barrier destruction and Lagrangian predictability at depth in a meandering jet

Numerical simulations of a jet with large amplitude meanders are used to explore chaotic advection processes and underlying geometry changes as functions of the ambient potential vorticity gradient β. Variations in β in the 2D model qualitatively simulate changes in depth in 3D, surface-intensified jets such as the Gulf Stream. As β is reduced, corresponding to motion on increasingly deep isopycnal surfaces, a number of geometrical transitions take place in the flanges and across the core of the jet. The most important is a joining (or separatrix reconnection) of heteroclinic cat’s eyes structures lying to the north and south of the jet core. The jet core acts as a barrier to transport, but this barrier is breached when the cat’s eyes merge. The subsequent chaotic transport across the jet is demonstrated by calculations of effective invariant manifolds (EIMs) originating in hyperbolic regions to the north and south of the core. Destruction of the central barrier occurs as β is lowered through a narrow window W about β = 0 and is marked by transitions form a meandering jet through a vortex street with no central meandering flow to a vortex street with a retrograde meander. Such small values of β are deemed reasonable in view of measurements of low potential vorticity gradients in the deep Gulf Stream. The strength of the central barrier for β outside W is tested by varying β about a mean value β0 and detecting the minimum amplitude of fluctuation necessary for destruction of the barrier. It is found that the barrier is stronger for β0 > 0, at least by this measure. A striking difference is that, for β 0, destruction of the barrier may only occur when β passes through W . Changes in underlying geometry also occur in the flanges of the jet and these changes alter the locations in which fluid is preferentially stirred and mixed.
S-parameters of microwave components computed with the 3D condensed symmetrical TLM node

The symmetrical condensed node TLM (transmission line matrix) method is used for S-matrix computation of microwave circuits. An edge coupled microstrip bandpass filter and a discontinuous ridge waveguide are analyzed as typical examples. The conditions which must be satisfied in S-parameter computation of such circuits are defined. The validity of the method is verified by comparison with results obtained by other numerical methods. >
Persistence of Yersinia pestis in Soil Under Natural Conditions

As part of a fatal human plague case investigation, we showed that the plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, can survive for at least 24 days in contaminated soil under natural conditions. These results have implications for defining plague foci, persistence, transmission, and bioremediation after a natural or intentional exposure to Y. pestis.
Hopping and Ionic Conduction in Tin Oxide-Based Thick-Film Resistor Compositions

Conduction mechanisms in tin oxide-based thick-film resistors have been investigated using impedance spectroscopic measurements. The sheet resistance, obtained by analyzing these impedance spectra, exhibits two regions of temperature dependence. The behavior in region I (room temperature to } 200°C) can be explained satisfactorily in terms of variable-range hopping conduction and in region II (200° to }350C) by a diffusion model. It is assumed that ionic tin dissolved in glass serves as the hopping sites in region I. At higher temperatures, these tin ions may participate in an ion-exchange-type diffusion that results in region II behavior.
Information Technology and the Integration of Change: Sociotechnical System Approach

The integration of change over time is one of the ongoing challenges in a firm's life. Organizations seem to develop unique mechanisms that help them facilitate the integration of changes throughout and across organizational units. Information technologies based on electronic data processing are having a widespread impact on information flow within and between firms, on the structural configurations of the firm, and on management's ability to integrate change. This article proposes sociotechnical systems as a framework for examining the organizational implications of new information technology systems and as a tool for guiding the integration of change. The implications of the implementation of a local area network and its concomitant impact in a software development firm are examined over a 4-year period. The sociotechnical systems approach suggests that the same new information technology is likely to have different implications in various companies in terms of system integration, work design, and organ...
Analysis of decorrelator-based receivers for multirate DS/CDMA communications

Decorrelator-based receivers have been investigated for demodulating data in a dual-rate synchronous direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) system. The proposed receivers were a high-rate decorrelator (HRD) matched to the data rate of the high-rate users and a low-rate decorrelator (LRD) matched to the data rate of the low-rate users. In this paper, the probabilities of error attainable for high-rate and low-rate users with the use of the HRD and the LRD are analyzed. It is proven that the LRD offers superior performance to that of the HRD for all users. Asymptotic analysis provides bounds for the performance difference for high-rate users. The results are generalized to multirate systems. To increase fidelity, a sliding-window decorrelator (SWD) is proposed which demodulates a high-rate user's data by a soft-decoding rule from the outputs of several decorrelators sliding along the received signal sequence. The results show that it performs better than the HRD while maintaining smaller demodulation delay and computational complexity than the LRD. To further exploit the characteristics of multirate systems, a decorrelating decision-feedback detector is proposed and its asymptotic multiuser efficiency is analyzed. It is shown that this detector incurs little demodulation delay for high-rate users and provides better performance for low-rate users than that of the LRD when the energies of the interfering users are comparable to that of the desired user.
Control optimization for a power-split hybrid vehicle

Toyota hybrid system (THS) is used in the current best-selling hybrid vehicle on the market - the Toyota Prius. This hybrid system contains a power split planetary gear system which combines the benefits of series and parallel hybrid vehicles. This paper first develops a dynamic model to investigate the control strategy of the THS power train. An equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) is developed which is based on instantaneous optimization concept. The dynamic programming (DP) technique is then utilized to obtain a performance benchmark and insight toward fine-tuning of the ECMS algorithm for better performance.
Novelty detection using growing neural gas for visuo-spatial memory

Detecting visual changes in environments is an important computation with many applications in robotics and computer vision. Security cameras, remotely operated vehicles, and sentry robots could all benefit from robust change detection capability. We conjecture that if one has a mobile camera system the number of visual scenes that are experienced is limited (compared to the space of all possible scenes) and that the scenes do not frequently undergo major changes between observations. These assumptions can be exploited to ease the task of change detection and reduce the computational complexity of processing visual information by utilizing memory to store previous computations.
Concept Tests for a New Wire Flying Vehicle Designed to Achieve High Horizontal Resolution Profiling in Deep Water

Efficiently profilingthe water column to achieve both high vertical andhorizontalresolutionfrom a moving vessel in deep water is difficult. Current solutions, such as CTD tow-yos, moving vessel profilers, and undulating tow bodies, are limited by ship speed or water depth. As a consequence, it is difficult to obtain oceanographic sections with sufficient resolution to identify many relevant scales over the deeper sections of the water column. This paper presents a new concept for a profiling vehicle that slides up and down a towed wire in a controlled manner using the lift created by wing foils. The wings provide a novel low-power method of propulsion along the cable by using the free stream velocity of the wire moving through the water in similar fashion to a sailboat sailing up wind. Scale model tests show a wide range of achievable profiling glide slopes for tow cable angles between vertical and 458, and effective isolation of cable strum vibration from the towed vehiclebody.Theconceptisnotdepthlimitedandwilloffertwo-dimensionalresolutionthatmeetsorexceeds current undulating tow bodies over the full water column. Additionally, this system could be used simultaneously with many other deep towed instrument packages to produce complementary datasets.
Wilderness and Adventure Travel With Underlying Asthma

Given the high prevalence of asthma, it is likely that providers working in a pretravel setting will be asked to provide guidance for asthma patients about how to manage their disease before and during wilderness or adventure travel, while providers working in the field setting may need to address asthma-related issues that arise during such excursions. This review aims to provide information to assist providers facing these issues. Relevant literature was identified through the MEDLINE database using a key word search of the English-language literature from 1980 to 2013 using the term "asthma" cross-referenced with "adventure travel," "trekking," "exercise," "exercise-induced bronchoconstriction," "high-altitude," "scuba," and "diving." We review data on the frequency of worsening asthma control during wilderness or adventure travel and discuss the unique aspects of wilderness travel that may affect asthma patients in the field. We then provide a general approach to evaluation and management of asthma before and during a planned sojourn and address 2 particular situations, activities at high altitude and scuba diving, which pose unique risks to asthma patients and warrant additional attention. Although wilderness and adventure travel should be avoided in individuals with poorly controlled disease or worsening control at the time of a planned trip, individuals with well-controlled asthma who undergo appropriate pretravel assessment and planning can safely engage in a wide range of wilderness and adventure-related activities.
The Quality of Discretionary Disclosure Under Litigation Risk

We present a model of managerial discretionary disclosure under litigation risk. In our model, the manager bears a personal cost of litigation in addition to the costs prescribed by the legal system. Investors share litigation damages with their attorneys and therefore are less than fully insured against market losses. We find that the interaction between the manager's level of aversion to litigation and investors' degree of insurance determines the quality of the manager's disclosure. This is a “cheap-talk” model similar to that of Crawford and Sobel [1982]. Like C&S, we find that, in general, the manager's and investors' preferences do not coincide and that there is a partition equilibrium that is consistent with managers providing a range forecast of earnings. In our setting, we are able to extend C&S and determine what condition is necessary for congruence of preferences resulting in full disclosure and informationally efficient security prices, consistent with managers providing point estimates of ea...
Sarcoidosis in Children

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease of unknown etiology that is rarely diagnosed in children. When mass screening is performed, the incidence of the disease in children approaches that of adults with similar demographics. Most childhood cases occur around ages 9 to 15 years, with small clusters of cases occurring in children under age 4 years. The disease in these two age groups has very different clinical features. Children under age 4 have a clinical triad of rash, arthritis, and uveitis. The classic syndrome in older children involves primarily lungs, lymph nodes, and eyes. In older children, constitutional symptoms (fatigue, lethargy, malaise) and pulmonary symptoms (cough, dyspnea) predominate. Mortality in childhood sarcoidosis is about 5%, with long-term sequelae in 10% to 20%. Early recognition may prevent complications such as blindness, pulmonary insufficiency, and renal impairment.
Spatiotemporal variation of methane and other trace hydrocarbon concentrations in the valley of Mexico

Abstract Mexico City is the world’s largest and most polluted urban center. We examine the distribution of methane and other hydrocarbons within the Valley of Mexico, using it as a model for the role developing megacities will play in the next century of geochemical cycling. Seventy-five whole air samples were analyzed with multivariate statistical techniques, including factor analysis using principal components. Methane concentrations are highly variable in space and time, due to air circulations and source distribution. Landfills and open sewage canals are major inputs. Emissions into and out from the valley are modeled to be ∼515 t per day. Per capita emission is 0.01 t per annum per person, consistent with the global average for human related anaerobic generation. Natural gas leaks are small, and likely to be higher in other developing megacities; Mexican natural gas use has been discouraged out of earthquake safety concerns. In contrast, liquefied petroleum gas loss constitutes the major emission of propane and butane estimated at a leak rate of 5–10%. Kyoto and other environmental conventions have ignored methane as a greenhouse gas. Our analysis underscores the need to consider methane and other hydrocarbons, and the urbanization process, in future emission protocols.
Blogger, WordPress.com, and Their Pseudoblog Alternatives: A Comparison of Focus, Features, and Feel

SUMMARY Google has made blogging ubiquitous with Blogger, its freely available and very popular blogging tool. And although there are now literally hundreds of free and premium blogging solutions, many of which do much more than just blogging, librarians and educators will be interested in the most practical blogging solutions. This article will compare the focus, features, and feel (presentation, “themeability,” or layout) of Blogger and another major player in the no-cost blogging arena, WordPress.com. This article will also briefly touch upon some “blogalikes” that perform some specialized pseudoblogging tasks.
The Problem with the ‘Problem of Evil’

Current discussions of the ‘problem of evil’ vary greatly in atleast two ways. First, those involved in such discussions often differ on the exact nature of the problem. Some see it as primarily logical (deductive), some as primarily evidential (inductive), and still others as primarily psychological (personal, pastoral).1 Second, those involved in such discussions differ radically on what is required of the theist in response. Some claim that unless the theist can offer an explanation for evil (a theodicy) that is satisfying to rational individuals in general, theistic belief is rendered unjustified.2 Others agree that the theist must offer a theodicy, but deny that such an explanation must be found convincing by most if theistic belief is to remain justified.3 And still others deny that the theist is required to offer any sort of explanation (theodicy), arguing instead that the theist need only defend the logical consistency of simultaneous belief in the existence of evil and God.4
Generating efficient dynamical models for microelectromechanical systems from a few finite-element simulation runs

In this paper, we demonstrate how efficient low-order dynamical models for micromechanical devices can be constructed using data from a few runs of fully meshed but slow numerical models such as those created by the finite-element method (FEM). These reduced-order macromodels are generated by extracting global basis functions from the fully meshed model runs in order to parameterize solutions with far fewer degrees of freedom. The macromodels may be used for subsequent simulations of the time-dependent behavior of nonlinear devices in order to rapidly explore the design space of the device. As an example, the method is used to capture the behavior of a pressure sensor based on the pull-in time of an electrostatically actuated microbeam, including the effects of squeeze-film damping due to ambient air under the beam. Results show that the reduced-order model decreases simulation time by at least a factor of 37 with less than 2% error. More complicated simulation problems show significantly higher speedup factors. The simulations also show good agreement with experimental data.
Protective effects of prepubertal genistein exposure on mammary tumorigenesis are dependent on BRCA1 expression

This study investigated whether prepubertal dietary exposure to genistein reduces mammary tumorigenesis by upregulating Brca1 expression in mice. Heterozygous Brca1(+/-) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates were fed control AIN93G diet or 500 ppm genistein-supplemented AIN93G diet from postnatal day (PND) 15 to PND30 and then switched to AIN93G diet. Prepubertal dietary exposure to genistein reduced 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary incidence (P = 0.029) and aggressiveness of the tumors (P < 0.001) in the WT mice and upregulated the expression of Brca1 in their mammary glands (P = 0.04). In contrast, prepubertal genistein diet neither significantly reduced mammary tumorigenesis or tumor aggressivity nor increased Brca1 mRNA expression in the Brca1(+/-) mice. These results may be related to the opposing effects of prepubertal genistein diet on the expression of Rankl and CK5/CK18 ratio (marker of luminal epithelial cell differentiation) in the mammary gland and estrogen receptor (ER-α) and progesterone receptor (PgR) protein levels in the mammary tumor: these all were reduced in the WT mice or increased in Brca1(+/-) mice. Both the WT and Brca1(+/-) mice exhibited reduced levels of amphiregulin, CK5, and CK18, delayed ductal elongation and a reduction in terminal end bud number in the normal mammary gland, and reduced HER-2 protein levels in the mammary tumors; however, these effects were not sufficient to significantly reduce mammary tumorigenesis in Brca1(+/-) mice. Our results show that upregulation of Brca1 may be required for prepubertal dietary genistein exposure to reduce later mammary tumorigenesis, perhaps because in the absence of this upregulation, mice do not exhibit genistein-induced downregulation of ER-α, PgR, and Rankl.
DELAYED PRESENTATION OF THORACIC ESOPHAGEAL PERFORATION AFTER BLUNT TRAUMA

Thoracic esophageal perforation after blunt trauma is a rare injury with high mortality. Prompt recognition and aggressive treatment are paramount to survival. We report a case of delayed presentation that emphasizes the diagnostic difficulties in this traumatic injury. A review of the prevalence, diagnosis, and management is also discussed.
Incline and peg spacing have interactive effects on the arboreal locomotor performance and kinematics of brown tree snakes ( Boiga irregularis )

Summary Many animals move using lateral undulations, but snakes are noteworthy for using this type of locomotion in an unusual diversity of environments, including trees in which both the spacing and orientation of branches vary considerably. Despite branches providing discrete locations for snakes to generate propulsive forces during lateral undulation, the consequences of branch spacing for the locomotion of snakes are poorly understood. Hence, we determined maximal speeds and kinematics of an arboreal snake ( Boiga irregularis ) crawling on horizontal and vertical cylinders with pegs that simulated different spacing between secondary branches. Peg spacing, perch orientation, and their two-way interaction term had widespread, significant effects on both performance and kinematics. For the horizontal surfaces, maximal locomotor speed occurred with intermediate peg spacing, and it was nearly twice as fast as for both the smallest and largest peg spacings. By contrast, the locomotor speeds of snakes on the vertical surfaces were unaffected by peg spacing, and they were uniformly slower than those for the horizontal surfaces. For both perch orientations, the number of pegs touched by the snake decreased as peg spacing increased, and while touching only one peg the snakes crawled with apparent ease and steady speed. The snakes crawled vertically with only one peg as quickly as they did using 2-10 pegs. Pegs on a horizontal cylinder are probably important both for propulsion of snakes and preventing long-axis rolling, whereas pegs protruding from vertical cylinders and those protruding from horizontal planar surfaces are probably used almost exclusively for propulsion.
Film and Text

Jack R. Rollwagen. ed. Anthropological Filmmaking. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1988. xv. 396 pp. $22.00 (paper).