cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reuther the Red

Victor g. devinatz, author of "Reassessing the Historical UAW," has a good grasp ofthe historiography, such as it is, on the perennial question: "When, if, and why was Walter Reuther a Communist?"1 There is indeed much evidence, both direct and circumstantial, which might lead a historian to assert that this key figure in la bour history and midcentury political liberalism held membership in the US Com munist Party (CPUSA) during the months that followed his return from the Soviet Union late in 1935. This would put him in the CPUSA from November or December 1935 until sometime in the second half of 1936, or even the early months of 1937 when Reuther played important roles in the effort to organize General Motors, Ford, and the Detroit West Side shops. My own research leads me to believe that Reuther worked very closely with the Communists during this period, but he did not actually join the party. In build ing the Detroit auto locals he was friendly, even intimate, with key Communists like Bill McKie, Maurice Sugar, and Wyndham Mortimer. He attended Commu nist-sponsored events, made a point of listening to Earl Browder on the radio, and spoke for Communist groups like Friends ofthe Soviet Union. In 1973 the late Mar tin Glaberman first published the crucial evidence linking Reuther to "at large"
Grandmothers, Earth, and Corn: The Maya Woman in the Work of Calixta Gabriel Xiquín

Calixta Gabriel Xiquin, writer/poet and Kaqchikel Maya spiritual guide, desires to bring to our awareness the history of the Maya of Guatemala, the cultural identity of the Maya, and the role of women in Maya culture, history, and worldview. In her books, Tejiendo los sucesos en el tiempo/Weaving Events in Time (2002) and La cosmovision maya y las mujeres: aportes desde el punto de vista de una ajq'ij (guia espiritual) kaqchikel (2008), Gabriel Xiquin tells us that “being a woman, indigenous, and poor condemns one to exclusion” (La cosmovision…), but at the same time she says, “Native woman, in your hands rests Mother Earth and in you resides hope” (Tejiendo…). She boldly faces the powers of ethnic and gender discrimination and oppression, while at the same time celebrating her community's heritage and the role of women in both the spiritual and material realms. Gabriel Xiquin demands that the world pay attention to the needs and contributions of Maya women and their right to be recognized.
Getting Played: Gamification and the Rise of Algorithmic Surveillance

Gamification, the idea that game mechanics can be integrated into assumed "non-game" circumstances has gained ascendance amongst champions of marketing, behavior change and efficiency. Ironically, some of the most heated critique to gamification has been the broader community of "traditional" videogame developers. Connecting broadly to projects surrounding "big data" and algorithmic surveillance, the project of gamification continues to expand and intensify. This paper examines the complex relationship between game designers and the rise of arguments in support of gamification. The essay presents an analysis of the various actors and interests mobilizing arguments, deconstructing their underlying assumptions about the relationship between games and social phenomena. Turning to an analytic framework rooted in Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 1999) and work in Game Studies on the Assemblage of Play (Taylor, 2009) and emergent forms of (played) control (Taylor, 2006) the essay critiques assumptions on either side of the debate on the role of games and play. The strained connections between debates on gamification and broader interest in serious games offers an important moment to explore algorithmic surveillance.
The Legal Universe After Robert Cover

The attempt to reconstruct Robert Cover's metaphor of the legal universe as a viable paradigm of law is discussed. Cover has helped to see that norms are created through simultaneous commitment and objectification, engagement and disengagement.
Effect of the irradiated microenvironment on the expression and retrotransposition of intracisternal type A particles in hematopoietic cells.

Abstract Objective We have previously demonstrated that the frequency of transformation of the factor-dependent hematopoietic cell line FDCP-1JL26 was dramatically increased when cells were cocultured with the irradiated bone marrow cell line D2XRII. In many of our factor-independent subclonal cell lines that we examined, transformation to factor independence appeared to be due to the retrotransposition of intracisternal type A particles (IAP) into the growth factor genes that are normally required for survival and growth of FDCP-1JL26 cells. To determine the role of the irradiated microenvironment in the evolution of factor-independent cells, we have examined the expression and retrotransposition of IAPs after exposure to the irradiated bone marrow stromal cell line D2XRII. Methods and Results Differential display and Northern blot analysis demonstrated that IAPs were overexpressed in a nonautocrine factor-independent subclonal cell line, FI7CL2. The frequency of retrotransposition was determined by the introduction of the IAP-neoRT plasmid into FDCP-1JL26 cells. The IAP-neoRT contains a neomycin resistance gene (neo) that only becomes active after retrotransposition, and thus the frequency of retrotransposition in FDCP-1JL26 cells was quantified by determining the frequency of neo-resistant cells. Conclusions No significant increases in the expression of IAPs were observed after the cells were exposed to the irradiated stromal cells. This observation is in agreement with the observation that no increase in the frequency of retrotransposition could be detected. These results suggest that the irradiated bone marrow may have a passive role in the selection of factor-independent cells. During cocultivation, bone marrow stromal cells may provide a factor(s) to hematopoietic cells that allow it to survive in medium lacking IL-3. At random, a retrotransposition may occur that provides a selective advantage to the hematopoietic cells. In the absence of the irradiated stromal cells, the hematopoietic cells are perhaps more likely to die and therefore are not available for a random retrotransposition event to occur. This model is to be distinguished from an active role in which the irradiated microenvironment would synthesize or activate a factor(s) that promotes retrotransposition.
Polarization and Issue Consistency Over Time

The polarization of the political and social environment over the past four decades has provided citizens with clearer cues about how their core political predispositions (e.g., group interests, core values, and party identification) relate to their issue opinions. A robust and ongoing scholarly debate has involved the different ways in which the more polarized environment affects mass opinion. Using heteroskedastic regression, this paper examines the effect of the increasingly polarized environment on the variability of citizens’ policy opinions. We find that citizens today base their policy preferences more closely upon their core political predispositions than in the past. In addition, the predicted error variances also allow us to directly compare two types of mass polarization—issue distance versus issue consistency—to determine the independent effects each has on changes in the distribution of mass opinion.
Viscosity estimates of liquid metals and warm dense matter using the Yukawa reference system

Abstract A practical method of computing the viscosity of liquid metals and warm dense matter over wide ranges in parameters is proposed. The method is based on mapping the system of interest onto the Yukawa model, for which the viscosity is well known and can be written in a quasiuniversal form. Comparisons are made with quantum molecular dynamics results for compressed iron relevant to the Earth's core, experimental data for many liquid metals, and simulation results for dense deuterium relevant to inertial confinement fusion experiments. Finally, the dispersion and damping of ion-acoustic waves in warm dense matter are considered in this context.
GENETICS AND DERMATOLOGY: A REVIEW

The development of genetic studies over the last hundred years, in particular as they have affected dermatology, has been reviewed. The clinical application of knowledge derived from other fields has been emphasized, areas of future research have been indicated, and suggestions for cooperation with other disciplines have been offered.
The Assessment and Enhancement of Development of a Child Being Raised in Reverse Isolation

Abstract This study examines the cognitive and emotional growth during the first 28 months of life of a boy who is being raised in reverse isolation because of Severe Combined Immune Disease. (SCID). Observational and test data pertaining to his development are compared with data collected after an intervention program was implemented. The findings suggest that motor, cognitive, and speech development may proceed normally with appropriate management. Difficulties with emotional development may be modified although attachment behaviors remains tenuous.
Prenatally diagnosed fetal conditions in the age of fetal care: does who counsels matter?

Objective We sought to characterize practices and attitudes of maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) and fetal care pediatric (FCP) specialists regarding fetal abnormalities. Study Design This was a self-administered survey of 434 MFMs and FCPs (response rate: MFM 60.9%; FCP 54.2%). Results For Down syndrome (DS), congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), spina bifida: MFMs were more likely than FCPs to support termination (DS 52% vs 35%, P P P P P P prior to a decision regarding termination (54% vs 75%, P P Conclusion MFM and FCP specialists' counseling attitudes differ for fetal abnormalities.
Local maxima of the sample functions of the N-parameter Bessel process

Abstract In this paper we show that almost every sample function of the N-parameter Bessel process associated with the N-parameter Wiener process has a local maximum. In addition some properties related to the local maxima are investigated.
Internet Courses, Mature Learners: Two Undervalued Market Segments

Use of the World Wide Web (WWW) for instruction has grown dramatically in the last two years. Almost every major university in the US has some distance education offering. Increasing competition and shrinking resources within public institutions have accelerated the growth of this technological innovation. Recent press on the subject suggests, however, that “education at a distance” is meeting tremendous resistance in some corners.
Technique, utility, and safety of awake tracheoplasty using combined laser and balloon dilation.

Objectives: Laryngotracheostenosis (LTS) is a condition in which the airway is narrowed between the vocal cords and the carina. We seek to examine whether flexible bronchoscopy with neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser incision and balloon dilation tracheoplasty is a practical choice in the management of patients with subglottic or tracheal stenosis. Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed at a tertiary care hospital. All subjects with laryngotracheostenosis treated between January 1, 2000, and April 2005 who underwent endoscopic Nd:YAG laser incision and balloon dilation tracheoplasty performed using topical anesthesia and intravenous sedation were included. Results: A total of 18 patients comprised the study and 36 procedures were performed without complication. Only one procedure was required by eight subjects, while five subjects required two procedures, three subjects had three procedures, one subject had four procedures, and one subject had five procedures until an adequate stable airway was obtained. The average follow-up was 22 months (range 3–55 months). The average body mass index (BMI) was 32.0 kg/m2 (range = 20.8–42.2 kg/m2) and 11 of the 18 subjects (61.1%) were categorized as obese or morbidly obese by BMI criteria. Conclusion: Combined Nd:YAG laser incision and balloon dilation in an awake, spontaneously breathing patient is a safe and effective management tool in the treatment of laryngotracheostenosis. This technique may be particularly beneficial in patients who are at increased risk for general anesthesia such as those with morbid obesity or who have had a history of airway problems during anesthesia.
Barriers to care-seeking for depressed African Americans.

Objective:We explored perceived barriers to mental health care-seeking for depressed, low-income African Americans who are already engaged in psychotherapy.Methods:During a trial to improve psychot...
Functional Analysis of Two Promoters for the Human Mitochondrial Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene

Abstract Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (mGPD) is abundant in the normal pancreatic insulin cell, but its level is lowered 50% by diabetes. To evaluate mGPD expression, we cloned and characterized the 5′-flanking region of the human mGPD gene. The gene has two alternative first exons and two promoters. The downstream promoter (B) is 10 times more active than the upstream promoter (A) in insulin-secreting cells (INS-1) and HeLa cells. Promoter B has higher activity in INS-1 than in non-β cells. Deletion and mutation analysis suggested that a NRF-2 binding site at −94 to −101 and an E2F binding site at −208 to −215 are important regulatory cis elements in promoter B. Gel mobility shift assays indicated that the −94 to −101 region binds the NRF-2 protein. When INS-1 cells were maintained in the presence of high glucose (25 mm) for 7 days, mGPD was the only 1 of 6 enzyme activities lowered (53%). mGPD promoter B activity was reduced by 60% in INS-1 cells by the high glucose, but in HepG2 cells and HeLa cells, promoter B activity was unchanged or slightly increased. Deletion analysis indicated the glucose responsiveness was distributed across the region from −340 to −260 in promoter B. The results indicate that mGPD gene transcription in the beta cell is regulated differently from other cells and that decreased mGPD promoter B transcription is at least in part the cause of the decreased beta cell mGPD levels in diabetes.
Structural and electronic promotion with alkali cations of silica-supported Fe(III) sites for alkane oxidation

Abstract Promoters and precursors can control oxide phase, dispersion, and per-site reactivity of supported oxide catalysts. Previously, dispersed FeOx–SiO 2 resulted from Fe 3+ ethylenediaminetetraacetate (FeEDTA − ) precursors, with NaFeEDTA giving enhanced dispersion and oxidation rates vs. NH 4 FeEDTA. Here, catalysts were synthesized by sequential alkali deposition and Fe 3+ impregnation. At up to 0.9 Fe nm −2 from NH 4 FeEDTA and equimolar alkali, UV–visible and H 2 TPR were consistent with isolated Fe 3+ and small FeOx clusters. Omitting alkali, using Fe(NO 3 ) 3 , or using Fe/alkali >1 gave evidence of larger agglomerates. For Fe/alkali ≤1 on non-porous SiO 2 , initial turnover frequencies in adamantane oxidation using H 2 O 2 were independent of surface density. TOF increased as 6.3, 8.8, 15.4, and 20.9 (±0.3) ks −1 for Li + , Na + , K + , and Cs + , respectively, increasingly linearly with decreasing electronegativity. These results give a synthesis–structure–function taxonomy with alkali as an electronic and structural promoter of dispersed FeOx species for alkane selective oxidation.
An Innovative Procedure Using a Sublimable Solid to Align Lipid Bilayers for Solid-State NMR Studies

Uniaxially aligned phospholipid bilayers are often used as model membranes to obtain structural details of membrane-associated molecules, such as peptides, proteins, drugs, and cholesterol. Well-aligned bilayer samples can be difficult to prepare and no universal procedure has been reported that orients all combinations of membrane-embedded components. In this study, a new method for producing mechanically aligned phospholipid bilayer samples using naphthalene, a sublimable solid, was developed. Using (31)P-NMR spectroscopy, comparison of a conventional method of preparing mechanically aligned samples with the new naphthalene procedure found that the use of naphthalene significantly enhanced the alignment of 3:1 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine to 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol. The utility of the naphthalene procedure is also demonstrated on bilayers of many different compositions, including bilayers containing peptides such as pardaxin and gramicidin. These results show that the naphthalene procedure is a generally applicable method for producing mechanically aligned samples for use in NMR spectroscopy. The increase in bilayer alignment implies that this procedure will improve the sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments, in particular those techniques that detect low-sensitivity nuclei, such as 15N and 13C.
Ring block for neonatal circumcision.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether a difference in the behavioral and physiologic response to circumcision can be demonstrated between neonates undergoing the procedure with ring block and those receiving no anesthesia. Methods: Forty healthy male newborns were assigned randomly to receive either ring block or no anesthesia. Indices of perceived pain including crying time, behavioral state, oxygen saturation, and heart and respiratory rates were recorded at baseline and at intervals during the circumcision. Infants were reassessed 2 minutes and 2 hours postoperatively. Results: Infants receiving ring block cried less than did controls (P Conclusion: Neonatal circumcision causes behavioral and physiologic changes consistent with the perception of pain. Ring block is an effective method of anesthesia for this procedure.
Factors shaping women's sexual satisfaction: a comparison of medical and social models

Since the introduction of Viagra in 1998, pharmaceutical giants have been scrambling to develop a similar drug to treat ‘sexual dysfunction’ in women. In 1999, female sexual dysfunction (FSD), an umbrella term for a variety of different sexual ‘dysfunctions’, became an official disorder. FSD is one example of the medicalization of female sexuality whereby problems are defined, conceptualized, and solved in medical terms while ignoring the social, cultural, and psychological factors that shape women's sexual health. Based on a sample of 311 sexually active women, this work explores the influence of both social factors and sexual dysfunction on sexual satisfaction. Results show that social factors explain more of the variation in sexual satisfaction than sexual dysfunction alone.
Cloning and characterization of the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase γ

Abstract The nuclear-encoded DNA polymerase γ (DNA POLγ) is the sole DNA polymerase required for the replication of the mitochondrial DNA. We have cloned the cDNA for human DNA POLγ and have mapped the gene to the chromosomal location 15q24. Additionally, the DNA POLγ gene from Drosophila melanogaster and a partial cDNA for DNA POLγ from Gallus gallus have been cloned. The predicted human DNA POLγ polypeptide is 1239 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 139.5 kDa. The human amino acid sequence is 41.6, 43.0, 48.7, and 77.6% identical to those of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Drosophila melanogaster, and the C-terminal half of G. gallus, respectively. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the polymerase portion of the protein reacted specifically with a 140-kDa protein in mitochondrial extracts and immunoprecipitated a protein with DNA POLγ like activity from mitochondrial extracts. The human DNA POLγ is unique in that the first exon of the gene contains a CAG 10 trinucleotide repeat.
Mechanisms of Abnormal Calcium Homeostasis in Mutations Responsible for Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia is a heritable arrhythmia unmasked by exertion or stress and is characterized by triggered activity and sudden cardiac death. In this study, we simulated mutations in 2 genes linked to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, the first located in calsequestrin (CSQN2) and the second in the ryanodine receptor (RyR2). The aim of the study was to investigate the mechanistic basis for spontaneous Ca2+ release events that lead to delayed afterdepolarizations in affected patients. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) luminal Ca2+ sensing was incorporated into a model of the human ventricular myocyte, and CSQN2 mutations were modeled by simulating disrupted RyR2 luminal Ca2+ sensing. In voltage-clamp mode, the mutant CSQN2 model recapitulated the smaller calcium transients, smaller time to peak calcium transient, and accelerated recovery from inactivation seen in experiments. In current clamp mode, in the presence of beta stimulation, we observed delayed afterdepolarizations, suggesting that accelerated recovery of RyR2 induced by impaired luminal Ca2+ sensing underlies the triggered activity observed in mutant CSQN2-expressing myocytes. In current-clamp mode, in a model of mutant RyR2 that is characterized by reduced FKBP12.6 binding to the RyR2 on beta stimulation, the impaired coupled gating characteristic of these mutations was modeled by reducing cooperativity of RyR2 activation. In current-clamp mode, the mutant RyR2 model exhibited increased diastolic RyR2 open probability that resulted in formation of delayed afterdepolarizations. In conclusion, these minimal order models of mutant CSQN2 and RyR2 provide plausible mechanisms by which defects in RyR2 gating may lead to the cellular triggers for arrhythmia, with implications for the development of targeted therapy.
Comparative effects of dietary corn oil, safflower oil, fish oil and palm oil on metabolism of ethanol and carnitine in the rat.

Objective: This study was launched to determine comparative effects of corn oil (CO), safflower oil (SO), fish oil (FO) and palm oil (PO) on carnitine status and ethanol metabolism in rats.Methods: Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (300 g bw) were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6) and fed a semisynthetic diets containing fat as oils listed above. Blood and 24 hour urine samples were collected before and after dietary treatment and acute ethanol administration. Samples were analyzed for blood-ethanol concentration (BEC) and carnitine species.Results: The diets containing FO and PO retarded ethanol metabolism compared to the diets containing CO and SO. The effect of these dietary fats on carnitine species in plasma and urine was varied before and after dietary treatment and following a single oral ethanol dose. The liver carnitine content was higher in the PO group after dietary and ethanol treatment.Conclusion: It is concluded that attenuation of ethanol clearance was related to unique fatty aci...
Lagenidium giganteumZoospores: Effects of Concentration, Movement, Light, and Temperature on Infection of Mosquito Larvae

Assays conducted with a California isolate ofLagenidium giganteumrevealed that the LC50against second-instarCulex quinquefasciatuslarvae in pond water was 26 zoospores/ml. The maximum distance that zoospores swam horizontally and infected second-instar larvae was 60 cm. The maximum depth from which zoospores moved upward in a column of water and infected larvae was between 30 and 40 cm. The release depth of zoospores in a column of water at which 50% larval mortality occurred was 19.6 cm. Free-swimming zoospores did not exhibit positive or negative attraction to incandescent light as evidenced by larval mortality. Survival of zoospores as indicated by mosquito larval mortality was greatest at 25°C and was similar at 30, 33, and 35°C. No infection occurred at 17°C and <20% larval mortality occurred at 19°C for any age of zoospores.
Development of an 241Am applicator for continuous low-dose-rate irradiation of the rat sarcoma BA1112.

Abstract An 241 Am applicator for continuous low-dose-rate irradiation of the rat sarcoma BA 1112 has been developed. The irradiator consists of two disc sources, each containing 800 mCi of 241 Am, an isotope which emits primarily 60 keV photons. The disc sources are held in a specially-designed light-weight helmet which surrounds the tumor on the head of the rat. Dose distributions produced by these sources have been measured using an ionization chamber, thermoluminescent dosimeters and Fricke dosimeter. A computerized treatment planning system has been modified to compute dose distributions from 241 Am sources, to optimize the design of this applicator. Computed and measured dose distributions for several values of separation between the 241 Am discs are presented. A survival curve for cells from tumors irradiated in vivo with this applicator has been determined by an in vitro colony formation technique. The mean lethal dose D 0 was found to be 720 cGy for an average tumor dose rate of 95 ± 7 cGy/hr. The major advantages of the 241 Am applicator in comparison with the 192 Ir applicator used previously for continuous low-dose-rate studies are: a considerably smaller half value layer thickness and the longer half life of the radionuclide. These features make it more suitable for long-term tumor cure studies because of the lower whole body dose to the animal, the availability of relatively constant dose-rate irradiators for many years, the decreased shielding requirements for the animal care facility and the diminished exposure to laboratory personnel involved with the implants on the animals.
Supporting Science Careers

AGU is a diverse community of scientists from numerous countries. Our members focus on various research areas and are at different career stages. Supporting career scientists—those actively in the field, shaping policy, teaching, researching, and managing—is critical to ensuring future excellence in geoscience. This excellence, in turn, serves to better humanity.
On Being ‘Hen's Teeth’: Interdisciplinary practices for women of color in Geography

This paper examines the position of women of color in the discipline of geography in terms of our relatively small numbers, or what one geography professor described as being ‘as rare as hen's teeth’. Using pedagogical examples, the paper analyzes institutionalized racism and sexism at the level of the educational institution, both in geography and also in interdisciplinary locations such as gender studies. Drawing from collective analysis and interdisciplinary research, I propose interdisciplinary strategies of mentorship and support, intellectual exchange, and political engagement outside the academic context as ways to address disciplinary isolation for women of color in the field. I argue that these strategies can offer crucial alternative entry points into intellectual and political projects and can open up the discipline itself by destabilizing its structural and intellectual hierarchies and expanding the scope and relevance of geographic research. ‘Asian American women in human geography are as rar...
Anisotropy of electron relaxation time and phonon-drag thermopower

Abstract Recent experiments on the thermopower of metals indicate an increase in the phonon-drag contribution to the thermopower on alloying. This can be explained by the anisotropy of the relaxation times for electron scattering by impurities and by phonons.
The Mountains Burnt: Forest Fires and Site Formation Processes:

The purpose of this article is to explore the effect of forest fires on the archaeological context in a mountainous environment. As Schiffer (1987) has pointed out, understanding environmental formation processes is integral to understanding site formation. Regional-scale processes, such as forest fires, have important site-level effects. By examining these effects in areas burned during the 1988 Yellowstone fires and by concurrently excavating nearby sites, site formation processes related to forest fires were examined. Important effects of fire which may be noted at the site-level include: 1) the mosaic burn pattern, where sharp boundaries are present between burned and unburned areas, 2) morphological changes to stone or bone should be limited to the charred layer representing the burn or within several centimeters below it, 3) specific oxidized soil features, and 4) ash pockets.
Managing the Underwater Cultural Resources of the China Seas: A Comparison of Public Policies in Mainland China and Taiwan

This paper focuses on managing the underwater cultural resources of the China Seas. It presents a comparative analysis of the public policies in Mainland China and Taiwan in connection with a recent draft convention of UNESCO pertaining to underwater cultural resources. In recognition of the problem of underwater archaeological resources being discovered in ocean areas of arguable jurisdiction, potential areas of conflict between the two regimes are analysed through a comparison of provisions between the draft UNESCO convention and the corresponding laws of China and Taiwan. In addition a trend towards commercialization in this area and the implications of this trend are discussed.
Revitalizing Psychiatric Therapeutics

Despite high prevalence and enormous unmet medical need, the pharmaceutical industry has recently de-emphasized neuropsychiatric disorders as ‘too difficult' a challenge to warrant major investment. Here I describe major obstacles to drug discovery and development including a lack of new molecular targets, shortcomings of current animal models, and the lack of biomarkers for clinical trials. My major focus, however, is on new technologies and scientific approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders that give promise for revitalizing therapeutics and may thus answer industry's concerns.
Data Handling, Computers and Diagnosis

As quantitative bio-medical science develops, the amount of data to be handled will increase. Already the investigator frequently finds that the analysis of the data he has collected is beyond his computational ability and he is forced to turn to automatic data processing. The bio-medical investigator must have access to a variety of both analog and digital computing equipment if progress is to be made in biomedical research. Automatic data-processing techniques and equipment need to be introduced to the areas of public health and patient care. Projects dealing with medical records, medical literature retrieval, automatic chemical analysis, the recording of signs, symptoms, nurses' notes, etc., must all be tied together in regional medical computing systems as soon as possible. Particular attention must be given to this systematic collection and analysis of medical data before regional computing systems can help physicians with diagnosis and treatment.
The Contribution of Private Industry to Agricultural Innovation

Most of the increase in global agricultural production over the past half-century has come from raising crop and livestock yields rather than through area expansion. This growth in productivity is attributed largely to investments in research and innovation ( 1 ). Since around 1990, there has been a decline in the rate of growth in yield per area harvested for several important crops ( 2 ). In parallel, the rate of growth in public spending on agricultural research and development (R&D) has also fallen, which may account for declining crop yield growth and may be contributing to rising food prices ( 3 ).
Alterations in specificity of the glucocorticoid receptor with temperature in rat splenic lymphocytes

Abstract Rat splenic lymphocytes contain specific, saturable glucocorticoid receptors. When suspensions of these cells are incubated at 0°C in the presence of [ 3 H]-triamcinolone acetonide ([ 3 H]-TA). 80% of receptor-bound steroid is found associated with the cytoplasm, whereas at 37°C, 80% of [ 3 H]-TA binding is associated with the nucleus. The equilibrium dissociation constant for interaction of [ 3 H]-TA with the cytoplasmic receptor at 0°C is 5.6 nM while that for nuclear binding at 37°C is 0.85 nM, suggesting an increase in receptor affinity for [ 3 H]-TA at physiological temperatures. Specificity studies show a high degree of glucocorticoid specificity at 37°C both in cytoplasm and nucleus, with little competition observed for either progesterone (P) or cortexolone (S). At 0°C, however, P and S compete with [ 3 H]-TA for receptor binding as effectively as dexamethasone. Estradiol-17β, testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone and cortisone do not compete under any of these conditions. When cells are incubated at 0°C in the presence of 0.02 μM [ 3 H]-TA and concentrations of P and S ranging from 0.04 to 2.56 μM, [ 3 H]-TA binding is inhibited at steroid concentrations as low as 0.1 μM. If these same cells are then warmed to 37°C [ 3 H]-TA binding in cytoplasm and nucleus is inhibited only at P and S concentrations ≥ 1 μM. Thus, there is, concomitant with increasing temperature, an increase in affinity and specificity of the receptor for active glucocorticoids. This specificity change is regarded as evidence for a conformational change in the hormone-receptor complex coincident with activation.
Spatial frequency channels in human vision as asymmetric (edge) mechanisms.

The detectability of a 9·0 c/deg sinusoidal grating was measured against various backgrounds: A blank field, a 3·0 c/deg grating and a 1·8 c/deg grating. Detection of the 9·0 c/deg grating was facilitated by suprathreshold 3·0 c/deg grating backgrounds (3·0 and 9·0 c/deg are first and third harmonics), but was not facilitated by 1·8 c/deg grating backgrounds (first and fifth harmonics). The results can be explained by channels whose sensitivity to spatial frequencies has an-octave bandwidth. The channels respond to both gratings which are separated by a 1:3 ratio, but they do not respond significantly to both gratings which are separated by a 1:5 ratio. The results suggest that the channels used in thedetection of gratings have a bandwidth similar to the channels revealed by adaptation and masking studies. Analysis of phase sensitivity suggests that the mechanisms have an asymmetric receptive field (edge mechanisms).
Asset Management Framework for Geotechnical Infrastructure

A significant limitation of current asset management systems is lack of consideration of geotechnical issues. This paper presents a simple framework for managing geotechnical facilities using asset management principles. The framework is based on mapping a previously developed generic framework proposed by the Federal Highway Administration with consideration given to several unique aspects of geotechnical structures, the roles these assets play in the transportation infrastructure, and the interaction among “geotechnical assets” and other types of assets such as pavements and bridges. The paper discusses several unique issues that arise when applying asset management principles to geotechnical facilities and presents recommendations for future work to facilitate and improve implementation of such a system. Examples for specific application to maintenance of highway embankments and slopes are provided throughout the paper to illustrate implementation.
Curing of non-pigmented alkyd coatings detected by in-situ photoacoustic fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA FT-IR)

Photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (PA FT-IR) has been utilized for in-situ measurements of the curing processes in alkyd coatings. The spectroscopic data have been correlated to the weight loss measurements and indicate that ca. 33% w/w (solvent-based) highly volatile solvent molecules remain in the coating and may be involved in the curing process. Analysis of infrared spectra indicates that both film formation and degradation of the coating occur almost simultaneously. Alternative mechanisms for network formation are proposed.
Characteristics of Directional Coupler Beam Position Monitors

The purpose of this paper is to review some of the properties of directional coupler (stripline) beam position monitors. These devices are used extensively as non-intercepting beam position monitors (BPM's) around accelerators, and offer certain advantages over the more conventional electrostatic (split plate) type pickups. The general approach will be from the engineering rather than the physics point of view. Although starting from Maxwell's equations would be more precise, it is also more pedantic, and obscures some of the more important engineering features. Due to lack of space, detailed derivations are not included, but references are given where relevant. The discussion here will be limited to cylindrical geometry couplers, primarily because the expressions are usually simpler than rectangular geometry couplers. In many cases, rectangular geometry would be preferred over cylindrical, but the basic engineering features remain the same.
Alcohol use and high-risk sexual behavior among collegiate women: a review of research on alcohol myopia theory.

Abstract A review of current English literature in the areas of high-risk alcohol use and sexual behavior was conducted from September 2007 to December 2008. Objective: The purpose was to specifically review studies that used alcohol myopia theory (AMT) as the theoretical perspective from which they were evaluated and analyzed. Participants: Collegiate women were the population of interest in the review. Methods: Literature was acquired through searches within the Academic Search Premier and PubMed databases using the keywords “college,” “women,” “risk,” “alcohol,” “sex,” and “alcohol myopia.” Results: Results articulate the high prevalence of negative sexual consequences related to alcohol use among college-aged women and the utility of AMT. Conclusions: Future interventions aimed at decreasing high-risk alcohol and sexual behaviors among college women should incorporate AMT. Continued theory-based research examining the relationship between alcohol use and sexual behavior is needed to inform future inte...
Scientists Engage With the Public During Lava Flow Threat

On 27 June, lava from Kīlauea, an active volcano on the island of Hawai`i, began flowing to the northeast, threatening the residents in Pāhoa, a community in the District of Puna, as well as the only highway accessible to this area. Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey's Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) and the Hawai`i County Civil Defense have been monitoring the volcano's lava flow and communicating with affected residents through public meetings since 24 August. Eos recently spoke with Michael Poland, a geophysicist at HVO and a member of the Eos Editorial Advisory Board, to discuss how he and his colleagues communicated this threat to the public.
Predicting Intentions to Use a Condom From Perceptions of Normative Pressure and Confidence in Those Perceptions1

Two experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that confidence in the correctness of one's perceptions of normative pressure to use a condom influences the correspondence between those perceptions and intentions to actually perform the behavior. In Study 1, confidence in perceptions of normative influence was manipulated in an experimental paradigm using hypothetical scenarios. In Study 2, confidence in subjects' a]ctual perceptions was measured. Results from both experiments indicate that the correspondence between perceptions of normative influence and intentions was greatest when subjects were confident that their perceptions of normative influence were correct.
Spectrum Allocation in Wireless Networks with Duplexing Constraints

A new spectrum allocation scheme is developed to satisfy the fundamental duplexing constraint in wireless networks. A feasible spectrum allocation is achieved through dividing the whole spectrum into multiple sub-bands and activating conflict-free links on each sub-band. It is found that the minimum number of sub-bands needed to yield a feasible spectrum allocation grows asymptotically at a logarithmic rate with the chromatic number. We design a simple distributed and asynchronous algorithm which yields a feasible spectrum allocation given enough sub-bands.
Functional domains of rhodopsin.

Abstract The energetic coupling between the retinal binding site domain and the hydrophilic surface domain of rhodopsin has been studied by measuring the effect of papain proteolysis on the Meta I -Meta II transition kinetics and the ability of rhodopsin to participate in the light activation of the ROS phosphodiesterase. While proteolysis had little effect on the Meta I -Meta II transition kinetics, it had appreciable effects on the level of phosphodiesterase activity. These results support the idea that the hydrophobic retinal binding and hydrophilic surface domains are functionally distinct. It is suggested that light driven conformation changes in the retinal binding site generate the formation of the enzyme interaction site in the hydrophilic domain.
Novel Renin Inhibitors Containing (2S,3S,5S)-2-Amino-1-cyclohexyl-6-methyl-3,5-heptanediol Fragment as a Transition-state Mimic at the P1-P1' Cleavage Site.

A series of renin inhibitors containing the (2S, 3S, 5S)-2-amino-1-cyclohexyl-6-methyl-3, 5-heptanediol (2-amino-3, 5-anti-diol) fragment as a novel transition-state mimic was synthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated. All of the synthesized compounds containing the 2-amino-3, 5-anti-diol fragment at the P1-P1' position showed high in vitro renin-inhibitory activity with IC50 values in the 10-8-10-10M range, and most of them caused a reduction of blood pressure when administered orally to salt-depleted, conscious marmosets. The inhibitor (29) with the 4-hydroxypiperidine residue at the P4 position showed the highest activity in terms of both potency and duration of the blood pressure-lowering effect.
Bessel functions and Kepler's equation

2. KEPLER'S EQUATION. After years of work, Johannes Kepler announced three laws of planetary motion early in the seventeenth century. Kepler's three laws state that the planets move in elliptical orbits in a common plane with the sun at one focus, that for each planet the line connecting the sun with the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal times and that the ratio of the square of the period of revolution of each planet to the cube of the semimajor axis of its orbit is the same for all planets. Kepler stated the first two laws in 1609 in the Astronomia Nova and the third in 1619 in The Harmony of the World. As we know now, these laws are only approximations, but for the six planets known at the time and to the limits of observation then they were essentially exact. Kepler's Equation is a consequence of the first two laws only. Suppose a planet moves in the counterclockwise direction in an elliptical orbit with the sun at one focus which has eccentricity e, 0 < e < 1, has semimajor axis a, and is traveled once in time T. In the figure, A denotes perihelion, C center of the orbit, and S the position of the sun. If, having passed through A, the planet after elapsed time t is at position P, we wish to express the polar coordinates of P, (r, v), relative to S at time t. The quantity v = angle PSA is called the true anomaly of the planet at time t. The circle centered at C with radius a is called the eccentric circle. If we draw the line P perpendicular to radius CA and mark R, its intersection with CA, and Q, its intersection with the eccentric circle, the quantity E = angle QCA is called the eccentric anomaly of the planet at time t.
Evidence that obesity does not influence the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks.

As compared to nonobese white men and women, age-matched nonobese black subjects and obese white individuals show alterations in the vitamin D–endocrine system that are characterized by increases in mean serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D], and urinary cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate (cAMP) and by decreases in mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 OHD) and in urinary calcium. Thus, both groups show secondary hyperparathyroidism which is associated with increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and increased renal synthesis of 1,25-(OH)2D. In view of these findings, studies were conducted in 10 obese black subjects (3 men and 7 women) and in 12 nonobese black individuals (7 men and 5 women), ranging in age from 20 to 35 yr, to determine whether obesity influences the vitamin D–endocrine system in blacks. Body weight averaged 99 ± 4 kg in the obese and 73 ± 3 kg in the nonobese subjects (p < .001). All of them were hospitalized on a metabolic ward and were given a constant daily diet containing 400 mg of calcium, 900 mg of phosphorus, 110 meq of sodium, 65 meq of potassium, and 18 meq of magnesium. Whereas mean serum Gla protein was significantly higher in the obese than in the nonobese black subjects (23 ± 4 vs. 14 ± 2 ng/ml, p < .05), mean serum total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, immunoreactive PTH by two different radioimmunoassays (399 ± 23 vs. 312 ± 26 pg/ml and 357 ± 26 vs. 392 ± 27 pg/ml), 25 OHD (5 ± 1 vs. 6 ± 1 ng/ml) and 1,25(OH)2D (43 ± 3 vs. 41 ± 3 pg/ml) were the same in the two groups. Also, mean urinary calcium (105 ± 13 vs. 101 ± 14 mg/d), phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and cAMP (3.12 ± 0.24 vs. 3.11 ± 0.47 nM/dl GF) and creatinine clearance were the same in the obese and nonobese black men and women. The results indicate that obesity does not produce alterations in the vitamin D–endocrine system that are over and above the changes present in nonobese black men and women.
Locomotory activity in the extensor and flexor tibiae of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Abstract Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the metathoracic extensor and flexor tibiae of cockroaches when the animals were: walking on a level surface, walking on a ball, or producing rhythmic leg movements while being restrained ventral surface upward. In the rapidly walking (> 2 steps/s) and restrained animals, there was reciprocity between EMGs from the extensor and flexor tibiae. In slowly walking (
Pharmacological Studies on Some New Azlactone Derivatives

Several members of a new series of azlactone derivatives (substituted acrylic acid amides), which by themselves exhibit convulsant properties, were found to be capable of prolonging the duration of hexobarbital-induced hypnosis in mice. Experiments are described which indicate that this action is secondary to inhibition of the biotransformation of hexobarbital in the liver. One member of the series was found to be a long-acting depressant capable of potentiating the action of strychnine.
Pulsed Laser Excited Photothermal Lens Spectrometry of CdSxSe1—x Doped Silica Glasses:

Experimental results for photothermal lens measurements are compared to finite elemental analysis models for commercial colored glass filters. Finite elemental analysis software is used to model the photothermal effect by simulating the coupling of heat both within the sample and out to the surroundings. Modeling shows that heat transfer between the glass surface and the air coupling fluid has a significant effect on the predicted time-dependent photothermal lens signals. For comparison with experimental signals, a simple equation based on the finite element analysis result is proposed for accounting for the variance of experimental data where this type of heat coupling situation occurs. The colored glass filters are found to have positive thermo-optical coefficients. The net positive dn/dT of CdSxSe(1-x) doped glass filters is considered to be the consequence of counteracting factors: optical nonlinearity, stress-induced birefringence, and the structural network of glass. Finite element analysis modeling results are also used to correlate experimental measurements of different sample geometries. In particular, the glass samples are compared to ethanol solutions of iron (II) dicylopentadiene in a sample cuvette even though heat transfer is different for these two samples.
Update of NIST half-life results corrected for ionization chamber source-holder instability

As reported at the ICRM 2011, it was discovered that the source holder used for calibrations in the NIST 4πγ ionization chamber (IC) was not stable. This has affected a large number of half-life measurement results previously reported and used in compilations of nuclear data. Corrections have been made on all of the half-life data based on the assumption that the changes to the ionization chamber response were gradual. The corrections are energy dependent and therefore radionuclide specific. This presentation will review our results and present the recommended changes in half-life values and/or uncertainties.