cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The development of standard stimulus animals for mouse (Mus musculus) aggression testing by means of olfactory bulbectomy

Abstract The usual round-robin technique employed in aggression testing with mice has several major deficiencies. A set of specifications is given for the ideal standard stimulus mouse, which would overcome these deficiencies. In a series of seven experiments, we found that the technique of bilateral olfactory bulbectomy yielded stimulus animals which very closely approximated our ideal. Bulbectomized mice would elicit attack behaviour from normal males, would almost never initiate an attack themselves, rarely fought back when attacked, and were very homogeneous in their capability to release attack behaviour. These findings were obtained whether the mice were tested within a few days after bulbectomy or 40 days afterwards.
Chronology of patulin-induced alterations in membrane function of cultured renal cells, LLC-PK1

In a previous study we compared the effects of patulin (PAT) and ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na(+)-K+ ATPase, and found significant differences with regard to the kinetics of Na+ influx and K+ efflux, and sulfhydryl reactivity in LLC-PK1 cells. The purpose of the present study was to determine the relationship between Na+ influx, K+ efflux, membrane potential ([3H]tetraphenylphosphonium accumulation), cellular viability [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release], and changes in cell morphology (blebs). The effects of PAT are concentration and time dependent. At concentrations of PAT above 10 microM there is a transient increase in intracellular electronegativity (less than 1 hr) followed by a sustained depolarization (greater than 1 hr) which is correlated with complete Na+ influx, K+ efflux, total LDH release, and bleb formation. However, at PAT concentrations of 5-10 microM there is a sustained increased intracellular electronegativity (4-8 hr) which is associated with partial Na+ influx and K+ efflux, no significant LDH release, and relatively few blebs. The hyperpolarizing effect may be a result of increased permeability to K+ relative to Na+. At times and concentrations which result in increased intracellular electronegativity, PAT has no effect on [3H]ouabain binding and thus increased Na+/K+ pump turnover does not seem to be the cause of the transient hyperpolarizing effect of PAT. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that PAT causes alterations in plasma membrane permeability which favor K+ efflux relative to Na+ influx. The toxic effects of PAT are irreversible in LLC-PK1 cells after even short pretreatment with PAT. The primary toxic lesion appears to be at some level other than that involving inhibition of macromolecular synthesis, perhaps the plasma membrane itself.
Measurement of local mass transfer on a surface in the region of the base of a protruding cylinder with a computer-controlled data acquisition system

Abstract A computer-controlled, automated data-acquisition system is employed to investigate the mass transfer characteristics of a subliming flat naphthalene surface on which a protruding cylinder is mounted with its axis perpendicular to the surface. Two cylinders with different height to diameter ratios (1 and 12) are studied. The experiments indicate that cylinder height influences the local mass transfer distribution in the region downstream of cylinder while it has little effect upstream. The average mass transfer rate over the entire measurement domain is about 8% higher with the shorter cylinder as compared to the taller one. The measurements demonstrate the automated system can provide good experimental accuracy and operating convenience.
Cognitive-affective and somatic side effects of morphine and pentazocine: side-effect profiles in healthy adults.

Objective. The side effects of opioids have been widely investigated, but it is unknown whether the subjective effects of mu agonists and mixed action opioids produce similar symptom profiles. This study examined the structure and predictive validity of somatic and cognitive/affective side-effect profiles of morphine and pentazocine using the Somatic Side Effects Questionnaire and the Cognitive and Affective Side Effects Questionnaire. Design. The subjects were 122 female and 90 male healthy volunteers that received an intravenous bolus administration of either 0.08 mg/kg of morphine or 0.5 mg/kg pentazocine. Pre- and post-drug experimental pain testing was also performed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis resulted in similar factor structures for both drugs. Results. The most frequently reported side effects across both drugs involved feeling relaxed, sedation, and feeling in control. At equianalgesic doses, pentazocine had greater aversive side effects than morphine, whereas morphine was more associated with feelings of control and euphoria. For both drugs, females reported greater frequency of negative side effects than males. Using cluster analysis, we identified similar symptom profiles for each drug. These drug-related side-effect profiles were linked with analgesic responses. Specifically, groups that had a more positive side-effect profile experienced the greatest analgesic effect based on changes in ischemic pain sensitivity. Conclusions. These findings have implications for decisions regarding opioid management of acute, chronic, and malignant pain conditions.
A FORTRAN microcomputer program for heat and mass transfer in frozen soils

Abstract Governing partial differential equations modeling the thaw of frozen permafrost soils are discretized using the Crank-Nicolson scheme for a numerical solution on a microcomputer. An extremely modular program is developed in FORTRAN, which predicts the pore-pressure, temperature, ice content, and saturation profiles, and the settlements incurred in a vertical one-dimensional, thawing partially saturated frozen soil column. An iterative scheme is employed to update the nonlinear coefficients of the parabolic equations within each time step. Simulations were conducted on a 1-m frozen soil column. Comparison with experimental values obtained at CRREL showed an excellent match. A sensitivity analysis showed the consolidation to be most sensitive to the thaw settlement parameter. Pore pressure, temperature, and settlement variations also are sensitive to the heat capacity values of ice and soil grains. The algorithm for the problem is provided.
THE ROLE OF SECURITY IN THE FOOD SUPPLIER SELECTION DECISION

This research assesses whether, and under what conditions, firms are willing to trade off price and delivery reliability for greater supplier security. Specifically, international sourcing and concern over security incidents occurring at the respondent's firm are proposed as conditions that may increase demand for supplier security. This research suggests to managers the trade offs their customers may be willing to accept for increased security. The results are useful for firms evaluating whether they should invest in supply chain security measures. Results provide academic insight into the relative importance of security as a supplier selection criterion.
High-speed holographic 'cinematography' with frame rates approaching 25 nanoseconds

A holographic recording system has been developed in which a single pulse from a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser is repeatedly split and delayed to provide up to 10 pulses which are separated both in time and in space. A custom graded beam splitter is used to help insure near equal amplitude of all ten pulses. A White cell provides adjustable delay between the sequential outputs of the system over a range from 28 to 170 nanoseconds. By appropriate design of the holographic recording geometry, up to ten distinct holographic frames may be recorded in sequence on a single 4' X 5' film plate. Using the system, studies have been performed on the dynamics of detonation of 100 micron explosive particles and on the acceleration and growth of cracks in brittle materials. CW reconstruction of each holographic frame permits microscopic examination of the reconstructed image so that precise measurements of shock front or crack length may be made as a function of time.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Rethinking Households: An Atomistic Perspective on European Living Arrangements

Rethinking Households: An Atomistic Perspective on European Living Arrangements. Michel Verdon. London: Routledge, 1998. + 220 pp., tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Impact of age of transfused blood in the trauma patient.

To the Editor:Impact of Age of Transfused Blood in the Trauma PatientApproximately 40% of 11 million units of blood transfused in the United States each year are utilized for emergency resuscitation, and two thirds of all transfusions occur perioperatively. The FDA requires that a unit of packed red
Recent improvements to a multiplier-free reduced Hessian successive quadratic programming algorithm

Abstract Nonlinear programming (NLP) algorithms form the core of many optimization tools in process systems engineering. Over the past 15 years, the successive quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm has been especially useful for a wide variety of processing applications. In particular, the reduced space SQP algorithm has seen many applications to large-scale engineering models. Designed for large NLP problems with few degrees of freedom, this approach has been implemented and applied to engineering problems ranging from flowsheet optimization, on-line process optimization, dynamic systems and even applications with PDE models. This paper describes recent advances in the development of reduced space SQP algorithms. In particular, we investigate several enhancements that improve the efficiency, performance and reliability of these algorithms. Moreover, all of these enhancements preserve the desirable convergence properties shown in our earlier studies. These enhancements are demonstrated on a wide variety of test problems, including scalable mathematical problems, a library of equation-based NLPs and realistic problems in real-time optimization. Results indicate significant performance improvements due to these enhancements.
Chinese students’ perceptions of women in management: will it be easier?

An attitude survey was conducted with 72 management majors attending a prestigious business university in Beijing, China. The results indicate that there is still a significant “glass ceiling” effect to accepting women as they climb up the management hierarchy. The group estimated that it would take at least 32 years before equality would be reached. Women were less likely to prefer to work for a woman than for male subjects. Women were described as more incompetent, slower, weaker, more a follower‐than‐a‐leader, more lenient, more democratic, less active, and more friendly than male managers. Women were significantly more in agreement with the idea of being both a professional and a wife. The results reflect a similar attitudinal position to US women. The conclusion is that it will not be easier for Chinese women to succeed than it is for women in theUSA.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN ON RABBIT PLATELETS I. PLATELET AGGREGATION AND RELEASE OF PLATELET FACTORS IN VITRO

Incubation of platelet-rich rabbit plasma with E. coli endotoxin at 37°C results in platelet aggregation and transfer of platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine to plasma. Release of 5HT is influenced by dose of endotoxin, type of anticoagulant, and temperature of incubation. A heat-labile plasma factor is necessary for the platelet-endotoxin interaction. Additional studies have shown that incubation of endotoxin with platelet-rich rabbit plasma also results in release of platelet phospholipid and bactericidins active against B. subtilis.
Discrete observability and numerical quadrature

The author consider the problem of approximate observability of a one-dimensional diffusion equation on a finite spatial domain with spatial point measurements. The problem of the optimal selection of the measurement points is considered under three conditions: (1) no preassigned measurement nodes; (2) one preassigned node and; (3) two preassigned nodes. The main observation is that the optimal choice is related to three classical procedures in numerical analysis: (1) Gaussian quadrature; (2) Radau quadrature and; (3) Lobatto quadrature. It is shown that the existence of the Radau and Lobatto quadrature is closely related to classical root locus theory. >
Integrated silicon wavelength division demultiplexer with 40 GHz germanium photodetectors

We demonstrate a fast integrated germanium photodetector above 40 GHz and its integration with a silicon microring resonator-based wavelength division demultiplexer.
Arabic Diacritization through Full Morphological Tagging

We present a diacritization system for written Arabic which is based on a lexical resource. It combines a tagger and a lexeme language model. It improves on the best results reported in the literature.
The flickering candle: transition to a global oscillation in a thermal plume

A number of experiments have been performed on the properties of propane diffusion flames at relatively low fuel flow rates and using a variety of burner types. Optical methods were used to observe the flame and plume above it. We have studied the transition from a steady flame, with a plume exhibiting a helical instability at low flow rates, to an axisymmetric instability of the whole flame/plume, that grows from the base of the flame and oscillates at a well-defined and robust frequency, at higher flow rates. These results and the observation of the effects of various external modifications, e.g. the generation of an annular counter flow, a pressure perturbation, etc. are consistent with the view that the transition to the axisymmetric state, at which the flame flickers, is one to a globally excited oscillation forced by a region of absolutely unstable flow at or near the base of the burners used in this study.
A gradient approach to localization of deformation. I. Hyperelastic materials

By utilizing methods recently developed in the theory of fluid interfaces, we provide a new framework for considering the localization of deformation and illustrate it for the case of hyperelastic materials. The approach overcomes one of the major shortcomings in constitutive equations for solids admitting localization of deformation at finite strains, i.e. their inability to provide physically acceptable solutions to boundary value problems in the post-localization range due to loss of ellipticity of the governing equations. Specifically, strain-induced localized deformation patterns are accounted for by adding a second deformation gradient-dependent term to the expression for the strain energy density. The modified strain energy function leads to equilibrium equations which remain always elliptic. Explicit solutions of these equations can be found for certain classes of deformations. They suggest not only the direction but also the width of the deformation bands providing for the first time a predictive unifying method for the study of pre- and post-localization behavior. The results derived here are a three-dimensional extension of certain one-dimensional findings reported earlier by the second author for the problem of simple shear.
II-DFT: a hybrid dft architecture for low-cost high quality structural testing

This paper describes a Hybrid DFT (H-DFT) architecture for low-cost, high quality structural testing in the high volume manufacturing (HVM) environment. This structure efficiently combines several testing and test data compression approaches to enable application of a huge amount of ATPG and Weighed Random-BIST (WR-BIST) patterns. Results obtained from the application of the H-DFT technique to industrial designs demonstrate significant savings in test cost in terms of test data volume and test application time without compromising test quality. Implementation of the HDFT architecture on Intel ASIC and microprocessor designs are described.
CD28 Expressed on Malignant Plasma Cells Induces a Prosurvival and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment

Interactions between the malignant plasma cells of multiple myeloma and stromal cells within the bone marrow microenvironment are essential for myeloma cell survival, mirroring the same dependence of normal bone marrow-resident long-lived plasma cells on specific marrow niches. These interactions directly transduce prosurvival signals to the myeloma cells and also induce niche production of supportive soluble factors. However, despite their central importance, the specific molecular and cellular components involved remain poorly characterized. We now report that the prototypic T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is overexpressed on myeloma cells during disease progression and in the poor-prognosis subgroups and plays a previously unrecognized role as a two-way molecular bridge to support myeloid stromal cells in the microenvironment. Engagement by CD28 to its ligand CD80/CD86 on stromal dendritic cell directly transduces a prosurvival signal to myeloma cell, protecting it against chemotherapy and growth factor withdrawal-induced death. Simultaneously, CD28-mediated ligation of CD80/CD86 induces the stromal dendritic cell to produce the prosurvival cytokine IL-6 (involving novel cross-talk with the Notch pathway) and the immunosuppressive enzyme IDO. These findings identify CD28 and CD80/CD86 as important molecular components of the interaction between myeloma cells and the bone marrow microenvironment, point to similar interaction for normal plasma cells, and suggest novel therapeutic strategies to target malignant and pathogenic (e.g., in allergy and autoimmunity) plasma cells.
OBTAINING FRACTURE INFORMATION FOR LOW-PERMEABILITY (TIGHT) GAS SANDSTONES FROM SIDEWALL CORES

We illustrate a fracture characterization technique applicable to all tight gas sandstones. The technique uses microfractures and cements in the rock mass identified using SEM-based cathodoluminescence imaging to provide information on unsampled large fractures, including strike and cross-cutting relationships, intensity, and likelihood of preserved open fractures. We applied the technique in two tight gas sandstone wells in the Pennsylvanian Pottsville Formation, Black Warrior Basin, Alabama, USA. In one well, data was obtained entirely from drilled 1–inch diameter sidewall cores that were oriented using image logs and features visible in cores. We predicted fracture porosity preservation in large fractures using late cements in the rock mass as a proxy for fracture observation. Results from the technique are consistent with what is known of large fractures in this area. Where we predicted open, high intensity fractures, substantial gas flares were observed during drilling. By combining microstructural and diagenetic observations, it is possible to overcome the inadequate fracture sampling that plagues evaluation of natural fractures and that relies solely on observations of macroscopically visible fractures.
Structure of P401 (mast cell degranulating peptide) in solution.

P401 (also known as mast cell degranulating protein, MCD) is a minor component of honeybee venom. Its primary structure is related to that of apamin. We have studied the structure of P401 in solution by high-resolution two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Almost all the backbone proton resonances have been assigned by sequential assignment strategy. Analysis of NOEs shows that P401 has a conformation very similar to that of apamin. N-terminal residues Ile-1—Cys-5 are in an extended conformation and residues His-13—Asn-22 on the C-terminus are in an α-helical structure. These two secondary structural elements are connected by two tight turns.
Data integrity attack and its impacts on voltage control loop in power grid

A modern power system consists of several control and monitoring loops, both automated and manually operated, to ensure that the system remains within safe operating bounds at all times. The focus of this paper is on data integrity attacks on messages exchanged between the control center and actuators in the voltage control loop. Devices such as the ones belonging to the FACTS family (STATCOM, SVC, TCR, etc.), are connected to the system at designated points for voltage control purposes. An attacker could cause a detrimental impact on the system by performing an attack on the control messages sent to these devices which would manipulate its settings. The aim of this paper is to highlight the impact of an attack targeted at such voltage control deices in the system. This paper presents a template that might be used by an attacker with knowledge of system functionality. The paper also explains the sensitivity analysis technique which will help the attacker identify the device to be compromised. A successful attack would result in abnormal voltage conditions in the system, thus violating NERC reliability standards.
Same trait, different receiver response: unlike females, male American goldfinches do not signal status with bill colour

In species in which both sexes have similar ornamentation, the ornaments often function as sexual or social signals in both sexes. However, males and females may use ornaments in different signalling contexts. We previously demonstrated that carotenoid-based bill colour of female American goldfinches, Spinus tristis, functions as a signal of status during intrasexual, but not intersexual, competition. Here we test whether male bill colour functions as a competitive status signal during both intra- and intersexual contests. We tested whether focal males and females avoided feeding adjacent to taxidermic male models as a function of the models’ experimentally altered bill colour. We additionally tested whether male bill colour functions as a mate choice signal by presenting females with a choice of two live males with experimentally altered bill colour. In the status signal experiment, neither focal males nor females avoided male models with more colourful bills, as was predicted by the status-signalling hypothesis. These results indicate that male bill coloration does not function as a signal of competitive status and that the signal function of male bill colour does not parallel that of female bill colour. In our mate choice experiment, females showed no preference for male bill colour, suggesting that male bill colour may have some yet untested signalling function or that male bill colour may no longer be under selection. Our findings suggest that selection can lead to different signalling strategies in males and females, even in species that express mutual ornamentation.
Hepatitis B Virus Reverse Transcriptase and ε RNA Sequences Required for Specific Interaction In Vitro

Initiation of reverse transcription and nucleocapsid assembly in hepatitis B virus (HBV) depends on the specific recognition of an RNA signal (the packaging signal, e) on the pregenomic RNA by the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). Using an in vitro reconstitution system whereby the cellular heat shock protein 90 chaperone system activates recombinant HBV RT for specific e binding, we have defined the protein and RNA sequences required for specific HBV RT-e interaction in vitro. Our results indicated that approximately 150 amino acid residues from the terminal protein domain and 230 from the RT domain were necessary and sufficient for e binding. With respect to the e RNA sequence, its internal bulge and, in particular, the first nucleotide (C) of the bulge were specifically required for RT binding. Sequences from the upper portion of the lower stem and the lower portion of the upper stem also contributed to RT binding, as did the base pairing of the upper portion and the single unpaired U residue of the upper stem. Surprisingly, the apical loop of e, known to be required for RNA packaging, was entirely dispensable for RT binding. A comparison of the requirements for in vitro RT-e interaction with those for in vivo pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) packaging clearly indicated that RT-e interaction was necessary but not sufficient for pgRNA packaging. In addition, our results suggest that recognition of some e sequences by the RT may be required specifically for viral DNA synthesis.
Neurocognitive Interventions for Childhood and Adolescent Disorders: A Transactional Model

Interest in the neuropsychological basis of childhood and adolescent disorders continues to grow (Gaddes & Edgell, 1994; Obrzut & Hynd, 1991; Rourke, 1991), and neurocognitive models for designing effective interventions for treating various disorders show promise (Teeter Ellison & Semrud-Clikeman, 2007). Technological innovations in computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) (Yudofsky & Hales, 1992), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) (Binder, personal communication) have transformed our understanding of numerous neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) and learning disabilities (e.g., dyslexia). Recent technological advances have had a profound impact on our understanding of childhood disorders. Lewis Judd, M.D., director of the National Institute of Mental Health, stated that ‘‘95% of what we know about the brain as it relates to behavior has been discovered in the past 5 years’’ (Yudofsky & Hales, 1992, p. xxii). The fact that this statement was made in 1988 serves to highlight the dramatic scientific advances that have beenmade in our understanding of brain-related disorders. Further, study of recombinant DNA and complex genetic models of ‘‘at-risk’’ populations has also been important in this effort, stimulating a focus on the biochemistry of neuropsychological functioning (Rourke, 1991). Neurochemical models of human behavior may even begin to overshadow structural, neuroanatomical paradigms in the future (Rourke, 1991). The extent to which these findings advance the science of childhood psychopathology and learning disorders and improve intervention planning is under investigation. Some argue that advances in neuropsychology have not furthered our knowledge about remedial and treatment programs for brainrelated disorders, whereas others indicate that this information can be used as a basis for developing paradigms or models for intervention for childhood disorders (Gaddes & Edgell, 1994; Rourke, 1991, 1994; Teeter Ellison & SemrudClikeman, 2007). Several paradigms have been designed incorporating information about the neuropsychological functioning of children into intervention programs. This chapter Portions of this chapter are adapted from Teeter, P.A., & Semrud-Clikeman, M. (2007). Child Clinical Neuropsychology: Assessment and Interventions for Neurodevelopmental Disorders of Childhood, New York. Copyright Springer. Adapted with permission.
Brainstem Aminergic Nuclei and Late-Life Depressive Symptoms

Importance The neurobiologic basis of late-life depressive symptoms is not well understood. Objective To test the hypothesis that neurodegeneration and neuronal density in brainstem aminergic nuclei are related to late-life depressive symptoms. Design, Setting, Participants, and Exposure Longitudinal clinicopathological cohort study at residences of participants in the Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area. Participants included 124 older persons without dementia in the Rush Memory and Aging Project who had annual evaluations for a mean (SD) of 5.7 (2.8) years, died, and underwent a postmortem neuropathological examination that provided estimates of the densities of Lewy bodies, neurofibrillary tangles, and aminergic neurons in the locus ceruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, substantia nigra, and ventral tegmental area. Main Outcomes and Measures The number of depressive symptoms (mean [SD], 1.61 [1.48]; range, 0-6; skewness, 0.94) on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale averaged across annual evaluations. Results Brainstem Lewy bodies were associated with depressive symptoms, and the association was attenuated in those taking antidepressant medication. Brainstem tangles were associated with more depressive symptoms in those without cognitive impairment but with fewer symptoms in those with mild cognitive impairment. Lower density of tyrosine hydroxylase–immunoreactive neurons in the ventral tegmental area was robustly associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms (mean [SE] estimate, −0.014 [0.003]; P R 2 ). The association was not modified by medication use or cognitive impairment. Neither tyrosine hydroxlyase–immunoreactive neurons in the locus ceruleus nor tryptophan hydroxlyase–immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus were related to depressive symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance The results suggest that the mesolimbic dopamine system, especially the ventral tegmental area, has an important role in late-life depressive symptoms.
Towards adaptive test of multi-core RF SoCs

This paper discusses how adaptive test techniques can be applied to multi-core RF SoCs, together with design implementation and test challenges. Various techniques specific to RF circuits covering calibration trims, power management modules, co-existence issues, concurrent testing, and test measurements are explained. Results on different designs are presented. Together, they highlight the need and scope of adaptive test for RF circuits, and share a new dimension in the test of multi-core circuits, under different constraints of design, test and test equipment.
The carcinine transporter CarT is required in Drosophila photoreceptor neurons to sustain histamine recycling

Synaptic transmission from Drosophila photoreceptors to lamina neurons requires recycling of histamine neurotransmitter. Synaptic histamine is cleared by uptake into glia and conversion into carcinine, which functions as transport metabolite. How carcinine is transported from glia to photoreceptor neurons remains unclear. In a targeted RNAi screen for genes involved in this pathway, we identified carT, which encodes a member of the SLC22A transporter family. CarT expression in photoreceptors is necessary and sufficient for fly vision and behavior. Carcinine accumulates in the lamina of carT flies. Wild-type levels are restored by photoreceptor-specific expression of CarT, and endogenous tagging suggests CarT localizes to synaptic endings. Heterologous expression of CarT in S2 cells is sufficient for carcinine uptake, demonstrating the ability of CarT to utilize carcinine as a transport substrate. Together, our results demonstrate that CarT transports the histamine metabolite carcinine into photoreceptor neurons, thus contributing an essential step to the histamine-carcinine cycle.
Efficient map reconstruction and augmentation via topological methods

In recent years, with the rapid growth in the amount of publicly available Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) data, automatic map generation from GPS trajectories has attracted great attention. Maps generated from these data can for example complement commercial maps in less developed areas. Two main challenges in the automatic generation of maps from volunteered GPS data are the handling of noise and of non-homogeneous sampling of road segments (for example, roads in downtown area can receive significantly more GPS traces than roads in residential areas). In this paper, we present a novel framework for map reconstruction based on a topological idea: the Morse theory. In particular, the use of Morse theory and topological simplification allows us to handle the issues of both noise and non-homogeneous sampling in an elegant unified framework. Our algorithm is significantly simpler than previous approaches, both conceptually and implementation speaking. Little pre- and post-processing is required, and yet the algorithm can reconstruct robust road-networks from challenging data sets (such as GPS traces for Berlin or Beijing cities) that are comparable or better than the output of previous state-of-the-art approaches. The new algorithm is also orders of magnitude faster than previous approaches on large data sets (for example, the entire processing of the Berlin city data with about 27189 trajectories takes less than one minute). Furthermore, our framework can be easily extended to handle the map integration problem, where one wishes to integrate multiple maps into a single one. Here, roads in different maps can have different confidence levels, and higher confident roads will have larger influence in the final integrated road. We also present an effective algorithm for a slightly different map augmentation problem, where one wishes to augment a map, say G2, using partial but more trust-worthy map G1, in the sense that in the final map, information in G1 needs to be completely preserved.
Mechanisms involved in natural and experimental neuropathogenicity of influenza viruses: evidence and speculation.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that differences in neuropathogenicity among H1N1 influenza A strains: PR8, WS, and WSN. These are associated with virus strain-specific and cell type-dependent variations in the expression of RNA gene segments 7 and 8. The duration of progeny virion morphogenesis in PR8- and WS-infected mouse brains and mature astrocytes of mouse brain cell cultures extends well beyond a single replication cycle (7 to 9 hr), at rates limited by availability of newly synthesized M1 protein. Such long-term gene expression in the absence of cytopathic effect in differentiated brain cells with strains not experimentally selected for the arbitrarily defined neurovirulent phenotype may indicate a greater neuropathogenic potential in natural infections than is generally assumed. Furthermore, astrocyte differentiation and or maturation is characterized by restricted virion assembly and variations in gene segment 8 expression and in cellular localization of one of its gene products following infection by non-neuroadapted influenza strains. The finding of progressive reduction in WS full-length mRNA8 splicing efficiency in mouse brains between 4 and 48 hr after intracerebral inoculation—from the high levels characteristic of PR8 to the low levels typical of WSN—raises the question whether there is an emergence of a segment 8 genotype characteristic of the neurovirulent phenotype expressed by WSN.
Progression of Symptoms on Blueberry Infected with Blueberry shock virus

ABSTRACT A half acre of blueberries, planted in 1999, was free of virus symptoms until 2004 when Blueberry shock virus (BlShV) was first identified in a single plant. The progression of shock sympt...
Fixed points of the twisted cyclic shift operator

(1989). Fixed Points of the Twisted Cyclic Shift Operator. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 96, No. 8, pp. 713-717.
Management of pediatric intracranial low-grade gliomas: long-term follow-up after radiation therapy.

The treatment of pediatric intracranial low-grade gliomas (LGG) generally begins with maximal safe resection. Radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy are typically reserved for patients with incomplete resection and/or disease progression. We report long-term treatment outcomes and toxicities in a cohort of pediatric patients with LGG after RT. Thirty-four patients <21 years old with intracranial LGG who were treated with RT at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were evaluated for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), recurrence patterns, and treatment toxicities using descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves, and Cox proportional hazard regressions. The mean age at diagnosis was 7.9 years (range 1.2–18.3 years) and mean age at RT was 9.8 years (range 3.0–28.9 years). The median follow-up time was 9.8 years after radiation (range 0.8–33.3 years). The estimated 10-year OS and PFS after RT were 92 and 74 %, respectively. Twelve patients had disease progression after RT, and all recurrences were local. Two patients died due to disease progression 2.3 and 9.1 years after RT. One patient had malignant transformation of LGG to high-grade glioma. No significant predictors of PFS were identified on uni- or multivariate analysis. Late effects of LGG and treatment seen were endocrine deficiencies in 16 patients, visual problems in 10 patients, hearing loss in 4 patients, special education requirements for 5 patients, and a vascular injury/demyelination secondary to RT in 1 patient. Our study suggests that the use of radiation in patients with intracranial LGG results in excellent OS and PFS with acceptable toxicity at long-term follow-up.
Pyrolysis /combustion characteristics and kinetic analysis of Indonesia lignite sludge

In order to obtain mechanisms of pyrolysis and combustion of Indonesia lignite sludge and provide direction for its industrial reuse,the thermogravimetric( TG) analysis method to study the pyrolysis and combustion process of Indonesian lignite sludge was adopted under different heating rate,and the characteristic parameters were discussed. Kinetic analysis was performed by the Coats-Redfern method. The results show that heating rate has positive effects on characteristic parameters. For pyrolysis process,TG data fit linearly in three different but continuous regions. The weighted mean activity energy is 43. 2,33. 2 and 33. 9 kJ / mol separately under different heating rates. For the same conversion region,the activity energy keeps almost unchanged under different heating rates; while at the same heating rate,the activity energy of pyrolysis increases with conversion rate. For combustion process,the data fit linearly quite well over the whole reaction process. The reaction order for 10,30 and 50 ℃ / min is 2,1. 5 and 1. 5 respectively,while the activity energy is 101. 74,72. 93 and 51. 82 kJ / mol respectively.
A Method for Optimal Path Planning of TT-VGT Manipulators with Redundant Degree of Freedom

The algorithm of resolution for matrix is used to investigate the inverse kinematics of redundant TT VGT manipulators in this paper. A method for trajectory planning of redundant TT VGT manipulators is presented by minimizing the Eulerian norm of joint velocities. Kinematic simulation of a four celled tetrahedron tetrahedron variable geometry truss manipulator is carried out. Results show that our method is better than the pseudo inverse method.
Analysis on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Zhejiang province

Objective To understand the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome(SFTS)and to provide clues for further study.Methods A descriptive epidemiological method combined with individual case investigation was to analyze the data on epidemiology,diagnosis and treatment collected from clinically diagnosed as well as suspicious patients with severe fever and thrombocytopenia syndrome.Results Out of 6 topography,3 were found to be endemic with SFTS.Most cases were 50 and over residing in hilly regions(87.50%)and 65.00% of patients were reported from June to July.They all experienced fever with the body temperature ranging from 37.6℃ to 40.6℃,which was the major onset symptom.Meanwhile,most patients also experienced chill,fatigue,anorexia and other non-specific symptoms.The major clinical symptoms were fever,thrombocytopenia and leucocytopenia which could last 14 or 15 days or even longer for thrombocytopenia.Person to person transmission was not found.Conclusions There are differences in clinical and epidemiological characteristics of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in Zhejiang compared with other provinces.Further study needs to be done.
Severe Liver Disease Years After Car Crash

(1984). Severe Liver Disease Years After Car Crash. Hospital Practice: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 55-65.
Substance P Promotes Peyer’s Patch and Splenic B Cell Differentiation

Current interpretations of immune processes tends to exclude nonhematopoietic cells and their representative mediators as possible contributors to the immune response. One such excluded element is the nervous system. To date, there is considerable evidence that the sympathetic1 and the peptidergic2 nervous systems substantiate neural involvement in immune regulation. This is never more evident than the effects exerted by neuropeptides upon mucosal immune responses. One such neuropeptide is substance P (SP). A member of the tachykinin family, SP is an 11 amino acid peptide3, and outside the brain, it is found in greatest concentrations in the gut.3 SP is a product of sensory ganglion cells, and it is transported to peripheral sites where it is stored and released upon noxious stimulation.3 SP-containing fibers have been localized in the Peyer’s patches (PP)4 suggesting possible influences upon B cell differentiation.
Organizational Coordination and Communication: A Critical Review and Integrative Model

We identify, and then attempt to redress, four problematic issues in the organizational coordination literature. First, we distinguish coordinating as the overarching process, coordinating mechanisms as the structures that are brought to bear, and coordination as the in situ interaction. Second, we explicate and distinguish coordinating mechanism from coordination, and reframe the myriad mechanisms in past research into three levels of consciousness specified by structuration theory. Third, we propose a model relating structures (mechanisms) that affect practices (coordination) to outcomes—all within organizational members’ ongoing streams of activity and interaction. Fourth, we theorize organizational coordination as a distinctly communication phenomenon.
Modeling Dengue Virus-Hepatic Cell Interactions Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocyte-like Cells

The development of dengue antivirals and vaccine has been hampered by the incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms of dengue virus (DENV) infection and pathology, partly due to the limited suitable cell culture or animal models that can capture the comprehensive cellular changes induced by DENV. In this study, we differentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into hepatocytes, one of the target cells of DENV, to investigate various aspects of DENV-hepatocyte interaction. hPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) supported persistent and productive DENV infection. The activation of interferon pathways by DENV protected bystander cells from infection and protected the infected cells from massive apoptosis. Furthermore, DENV infection activated the NF-κB pathway, which led to production of proinflammatory cytokines and downregulated many liver-specific genes such as albumin and coagulation factor V. Our study demonstrates the utility of hPSC-derived hepatocytes as an in vitro model for DENV infection and reveals important aspects of DENV-host interactions.
Software crowdsourcing reliability: an empirical study on developers behavior

Crowdsourcing has become an emergent paradigm for software production in recent decades. Its open-call format attracts the participation of hundreds of thousands of developers. To ensure the success of software crowdsourcing, we must accurately measure and monitor the reliability of participating crowd workers, which, surprisingly, has rarely been done. To that end, this paper aims to examine the dependability of crowd workers in selecting tasks for software crowdsourcing. Empirical analysis of worker behaviors will investigate the following: (1) workers’ behavior when registering and carrying out the announced tasks; (2) the relationship between rewards and performance; (3) the effects of development type among different groups; and (4) the evolution of workers’ behavior according to the skills they have adopted. This study’s findings include: (1) On average, most reliable crowdsourcing group responds to a task call within 10% of their allotted time and completes the assigned work in less than 5% of that time. (2) Crowd workers tend to focus on tasks according to specific ranges of rewards and types of challenges, based on their skill levels. (3) Crowd skills spread evenly across the entire range of groups. In summary, our results can guide future research into crowdsourcing service design and can inform ideas for crowdsourcing strategy conception according to time, reward, development type, and other aspects of crowdsourcing.
A New Vision of Jewish History: The Early Historical Writings of Salo Baron

While rejecting the traditional belief that Jewish fate was controlled by God, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century historians of the Jews maintained prior perceptions of post-70 Jewish history as a sequence of unmitigated disasters. Beginning in 1928, the young Salo Baron combatted this perspective on the Jewish past, which he dubbed “the lachrymose conception of Jewish history.” In his well-known 1928 essay “Ghetto and Emancipation” and more substantially in the 1937 edition of his Social and Religious History of the Jews , Baron vigorously rejected this view. In the process, he formulated a new periodization of the Jewish past and moved beyond the ideologically grounded and programmatic reconstruction of Jewish history to a rigorously descriptive portrayal of the multi-faceted Jewish historical experience. In so doing, Baron laid the foundations of the flourishing contemporary Jewish historiographic enterprise.
Rapid prediction of disinfection by-product formation potential by fluorescence

Recent drinking water regulations have lowered the disinfection by-product standards as well as added new disinfection by-products for regulation. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a major role in the formation of undesirable organic by-products following disinfection/ oxidation of drinking water. It is suspected that most precursors to disinfection by-products are humic, although nonhumic substances are also suspected of contributing to these by-products. Many of the disinfection by-products have adverse health effects in humans (i.e., carcinogenic or mutagenic effects). The primary chlorinated disinfection by-products of concern include trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and halo acetonitrile. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used to study humic and fulvic acids. The two fractions of humic substances, humic and fulvic acids, were characterized by a doublepeak phenomena in an overlapping fluorescing region. Disinfection by-product formation potentials of humic and fulvic acids have been correlated with total organic carbon, UV absorbance at 254 nm, specific absorbance and fluorescence. River humic and fulvic acid was found to have the highest reactivity to disinfection by-product formation as compared to soil and peat humic and fulvic acid. Fluorescence spectroscopy has shown to be a rapid and predictive tool for disinfection by-products formation potential of humic and fulvic acids.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Induction of Allograft Tolerance

Abstract The short-term results of organ transplantation have significantly improved in recent years with the advent and availability of potent immunosuppressive medications. However, long-term survival following organ transplantation has been less than satisfactory as a result of chronic rejection and complications associated with the multiple medications necessary to suppress allograft rejection. Patients with suppressed immune function are vulnerable to numerous pathologies, including cardiovascular disease, infection, malignancies, and metabolic derangements, all of which contribute to the high rate of patient mortality, 4.8% during the first year and 7.7% during years 2–5, despite the presence of a well-functioning graft. Thus, a critical goal of organ transplantation is to obviate the need for chronic immunosuppression through the induction of specific allograft tolerance. This chapter reviews the representative basic studies in rodents and preclinical studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) that presaged the development of strategies for clinical tolerance induction, followed by a brief summary of the three major ongoing clinical trials in kidney transplantation.