cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bike Lust: Harleys, Women and American Society.

Bike Lust: Harleys, Women and American Society. Barbara Joans. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001. 264 pp.
Accurate yield estimation of circuits with redundancy

Yield concerns owing to increasing die sizes have prompted designers to include redundant elements in the design. In this paper we present a technique for accurately estimating the yield of designs that employ redundancy. We show that conventional techniques that do not take into account the actual chip layout and defect statistics could result in substantial error in the yield estimate. We show that the optimum amount and nature of redundancy depends heavily on the nature of the the circuit, the chip layout and defect statistics.
A MULTISTAGE APPROACH TO THE COHORT ANALYSIS OF LIFETIME LUNG CANCER RISK AMONG STEELWORKERS EXPOSED TO COKE OVEN EMISSIONS

A cohort analysis was performed to predict the lifetime lung cancer risk to a US or Canadian nonwhite male steelworker exposed to coke oven emissions. The procedure employed required that the lung cancer mortality (used for risk assessment) be estimated by addition of the excess to the background rates. The age-specific excess rates were obtained following selection of the proper excess risk function as implied by the multistage theory of carcinogenesis. A quantitative approach based on model fitting was used for selection of the excess risk function. The results show no evidence that coke oven emissions have a late stage carcinogenic effect. The indication that the agent acts as an initiator is moderate to weak. The number of carcinogenic stages involved was estimated to be four. Based on the assumption that exposure was set at a high concentration for 40 years with a starting age of 20 years, it was estimated that the lifetime risk through age 85+ years for a hypothetical US or Canadian nonwhite male oven worker could be as high as 0.40. This represents a 15-fold increase of the baseline risk.
Protective effect of high protein and calcium intake on the risk of hip fracture in the framingham offspring cohort

The effect of protein on bone is controversial, and calcium intake may modify protein's effect on bone. We evaluated associations of energy-adjusted tertiles of protein intake (ie, total, animal, plant, animal/plant ratio) with incident hip fracture and whether total calcium intake modified these associations in the Framingham Offspring Study. A total of 1752 men and 1972 women completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire (1991–1995 or 1995–1998) and were followed for hip fracture until 2005. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusting for confounders. Baseline mean age was 55 years (SD 9.9 years, range 26 to 86 years). Forty-four hip fractures occurred over 12 years of follow-up. Owing to significant interaction between protein (total, animal, animal/plant ratio) and calcium intake (p interaction range = .03 to .04), stratified results are presented. Among those with calcium intakes less than 800 mg/day, the highest tertile (T3) of animal protein intake had 2.8 times the risk of hip fracture [HR = 2.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–6.74, p = .02] versus the lowest tertile (T1, p trend = .02). In the 800 mg/day or more group, T3 of animal protein had an 85% reduced hip fracture risk (HR = 0.15, 95% CI 0.02–0.92, p = .04) versus T1 (p trend = .04). Total protein intake and the animal/plant ratio were not significantly associated with hip fracture (p range = .12 to .65). Our results from middle-aged men and women show that higher animal protein intake coupled with calcium intake of 800 mg/day or more may protect against hip fracture, whereas the effect appears reversed for those with lower calcium intake. Calcium intake modifies the association of protein intake and the risk of hip fracture in this cohort and may explain the lack of concordance seen in previous studies. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adaptations for scotopic vision in the lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris)

The visual pigments of teleost fishes are based upon either vitamin A1 or vitamin A2. The absorption spectra of these pigments provide a great enough range for fish to successfully inhabit a variety of photic environments. Elasmobranchs on the other hand, live in the same photic habitats as teleost fish, but have been found to possess visual pigments based only upon vitamin A1. The action spectrum for the dark adapted juvenile lemon shark has absorption maxima around 520 nm. This does not match the absorption spectra for the visual pigment extracted from the adult lemon shark, which is a rhodopsin, vitamin A1-based visual pigment with peak absorption at 501 nm. This mismatch has been resolved with the finding that the visual pigment of the juvenile lemon shark is a porphyropsin, vitamin A2-based visual pigment with maximum absorption at 522 nm. There thus seems to be a developmental change from a porphyropsin to a rhodopsin system with an accompanying change in the point of maximum absorption. This can be explained by the differences in the habitats of the juvenile vs. adult animals. This also suggests that other elasmobranchs may possess vitamin A2-based visual pigments.
Si/a-Si core/shell nanowires as nonvolatile crossbar switches.

Radial core/shell nanowires (NWs) represent an important class of nanoscale building blocks with substantial potential for exploring fundamental electronic properties and realizing novel device app...
Infrared spectra of the WH4(H2)4 complex in solid hydrogen.

The codeposition of laser-ablated tungsten atoms with neat hydrogen at 4 K forms a single major product with a broad 2500 cm-1 and sharp 1860, 1830, 1782, 1008, 551, and 437 cm-1 absorptions, which are assigned to the WH4(H2)4 complex on the basis of isotopic shifts and agreement with isotopic frequencies calculated by density functional theory. This D2d structured complex was computed earlier to form exothermically from W atoms and hydrogen molecules. Annealing the matrix allows hydrogen to evaporate and the complex to aggregate and ultimately to decompose. Comparison of the H−H stretching mode at 2500 cm-1 and the W−H2 stretching mode at 1782 cm-1 with 2690 and 1570 cm-1 values for the Kubas complex W(CO)3(PR3)2(H2) suggests that the present physically stable WH4(H2)4 complex has more strongly bound dihydrogen ligands. Our CASPT2 calculations suggest a 15 kcal/mol average binding energy per dihydrogen molecule in the WH4(H2)4 complex.
Combination of a Nonlinear Static and a Linear Dynamic Model of the NETL HyPer System

A nonlinear steady-state thermodynamic model was coupled with linearized dynamic transfer functions to achieve a dynamic description of the NETL HyPer Fuel Cell Gas Turbine (FC/GT) power plant. Nonlinear dynamic models insure accuracy in modeling steady-state behavior over a wide range of operation, but such models are often complex and difficult to implement in real-time using conventional control systems equipment. Conversely, the linearized models provide the ability to predict transient behavior upon which dynamic control systems can be constructed, but are valid only about a narrow operating point. In systems with one or two state variables, it is relatively straightforward to construct controllers that use gain scheduling schemes. But the HyPer system contains many coupled state variables and high degrees of nonlinearity. A method called Real-Time Piecewise Linear Dynamic Modeling (RPLDM) has been implemented to provide both modeling accuracy and real-time performance for the HyPer system over a multi-dimensional hypersurface. Both the nonlinear and the linear constituent models were constructed based on experimental data collected in tests performed on the HyPer system. The models presently consider only the cathode circuit of the fuel cell and contain a recuperated gas turbine system equipped with an electric generator, a simulated fuel cell cathode and various bypass valves for thermal management and system control. The key variables of air temperature, air pressure and mass flow to the cathode of the fuel cell and the turbomachinery have been predicted to within 2% of measured values. This paper presents the modeling technique and comparisons of the model output with experimental data.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Inflammation, Adiposity, and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Is There a Paradoxical Relationship?

Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and appears to be present very early in the RA disease process, in some studies even before a diagnosis of clinical RA has been made. The association between lipid measures and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in RA appears to be paradoxical, whereby lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and atherogenic ratios are associated with higher CVD risk. This may be due to the lipid-lowering effects of RA-related systemic inflammation. Therefore, standard CVD risk calculators have been shown to underperform in RA. Data also suggest that lipoprotein particle sizes and the apolipoprotein cargo of lipoproteins skew toward atherogenic dyslipidemia in RA and may contribute to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Inflammatory burden in RA may also alter the anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective roles associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Adipose tissue is quantitatively increased in RA patients compared with matched non-RA controls and may be more inflamed and metabolically dysfunctional compared with an otherwise similar non-RA patient. In vitro, animal, and a handful of non-RA human, studies suggest that inflamed, metabolically dysfunctional adipose tissue contributes directly to lower HDL-C levels. In turn, lower HDL-C that has been altered functionally by inflammation may lead to expanded adipose mass and further adipose dysfunction and inflammation. In the last part of this review, we speculate how the RA disease state may recapitulate these processes.
Evolutionary biology: A flourishing of fish forms.

According to an innovative exercise in 'morphospace analysis', modern fish owe their stunning diversity in part to an ecological cleaning of the slate by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous.
Relaxation of polymers in 2 nm slit-pores: confinement induced segmental dynamics and suppression of the glass transition

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are used to explore the structure and dynamics of polystyrene confined in 2 nm slit pores, between parallel, crystalline, mica-type surfaces. The systems simulated resemble experimentally studied intercalated nanocomposites, where polystyrene is inserted between layered-silicate layers. The molecular modeling perspective complements the experimental findings and provides insight into the nature of polymers in nanoscopic confinements, especially into the molecular origins of their macroscopic behavior. Namely, a comparison between simulation and NMR studies shows a coexistence of extremely faster and much slower segmental motions than the ones found in the corresponding bulk polymer at the same temperature. The origins of these dynamical inhomogeneities are traced to the confinement induced density modulations inside the 2 nm slits. Fast relaxing phenyl and backbone moieties are found in low density regions across the film, and preferentially in the center, whereas slow relaxing moieties are concentrated in denser regions in the immediate vicinity of the confining surfaces. At the same time, the temperature dependence of the segmental relaxations suggests that the glass transition is suppressed inside the confined films, an observation confirmed by scanning calorimetry. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Does Deference Depend on Distinction? Issue Salience and Judicial Decision-Making in Administrative Law Cases

Judicial deference to administrative agencies is often viewed as a dichotomous choice between full deference and no deference, ignoring considerations of institutional and political context. I argue that a court's decision on whether to defer to an administrative agency is more complex and is conditional on the political salience of the substantive issue in the case. I test this theory in the context of the U.S. Courts of Appeals using a sample of cases decided between 1961 and 2002. The results show that when dealing with non-salient cases, the level of deference to agencies is static, but in salient cases the level of deference is strongly related to the ideological congruence between the court and the agency.
Understanding the microscopic moisture migration in pore space using DEM simulation

Abstract The deformation of soil skeleton and migration of pore fluid are the major factors relevant to the triggering of and damages by liquefaction. The influence of pore fluid migration during earthquake has been demonstrated from recent model experiments and field case studies. Most of the current liquefaction assessment models are based on testing of isotropic liquefiable materials. However the recent New Zealand earthquake shows much severer damages than those predicted by existing models. A fundamental cause has been contributed to the embedded layers of low permeability silts. The existence of these silt layers inhibits water migration under seismic loads, which accelerated liquefaction and caused a much larger settlement than that predicted by existing theories. This study intends to understand the process of moisture migration in the pore space of sand using discrete element method (DEM) simulation. Simulations were conducted on consolidated undrained triaxial testing of sand where a cylinder sample of sand was built and subjected to a constant confining pressure and axial loading. The porosity distribution was monitored during the axial loading process. The spatial distribution of porosity change was determined, which had a direct relationship with the distribution of excess pore water pressure. The non-uniform distribution of excess pore water pressure causes moisture migration. From this, the migration of pore water during the loading process can be estimated. The results of DEM simulation show a few important observations: (1) External forces are mainly carried and transmitted by the particle chains of the soil sample; (2) Porosity distribution during loading is not uniform due to non-homogeneous soil fabric (i.e. the initial particle arrangement and existence of particle chains); (3) Excess pore water pressure develops differently at different loading stages. At the early stage of loading, zones with a high initial porosity feature higher porosity changes under the influence of external loading, which leads to a larger pore pressure variation (increase or decrease) in such zones. As the axial strain increases, particle rearrangement occurs and final porosity distribution has minor relationship with the initial condition, and the pore pressure distribution becomes irregular. The differences in the pore pressure development imply that water will migrate in the pore space in order to balance the pore water pressure distribution. The results of this simulation offer an insight on the microscale water migration in the soil pore space, which is important for holistic description of the triggering of soil liquefaction in light of its microstructure.
Laser interferometry experiments on light-speed anisotropy

Abstract Although gas lasers provide highly coherent light sources useful in interferometer experiments, their application to the measurement of light-speed anisotropy can produce inconclusive results unless reflection effects at mirror surfaces are taken fully into account. A recent experiment by Brillet and Hall is discussed and shown to indicate a local anisotropy due solely to earth rotation.
Computerized clinical simulations

Abstract The technique involved in designing a clinical simulation problem for the allied health field of Respiratory Therapy is described. The structure, content and scoring categories are discussed. A sample program is provided illustrating a programming technique in BASIC (Beginners' All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) which includes a sample flowchart.
Inhibition of Müllerian inhibiting substance secretion by FSH.

Summary: To evaluate the role of gonadotropins in the control of Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS) secretion, pregnant rats were injected with rabbit antiserum against luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH), and their pups replaced with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The LHRH antiserum (LHRH-AS) was given at 13 and 20 days of gestation. Control dams were injected with an equal volume of normal rabbit serum. The male pups from mothers treated with LHRH antiserum were given 5 daily s.c. injections of the FSH, hCG, or vehicle. The male pups from mothers treated with normal rabbit serum were given vehicle s.c. Testicular fragments of 6 day old pups born to mothers treated with LHRH antiserum during pregnancy showed an increase relative to controls in MIS activity in a graded organ culture bioassay system (grade 3.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.3 ± 0.2) (P < 0.01). FSH given to pups from mothers treated with LHRH antiserum reduced testicular MIS secretion compared to vehicle treated pups from the same mothers (grade 2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 3.4 ± 0.3) (P < 0.01). Thus, postnatal injections of FSH after immunologic blockade of gonadotropins in utero reduced MIS activity of the testes to the same level found in testes of 6 day control pups (grade 2.3 ± 0.2 vs. 2.3 ± 0.2). In contrast, MIS activity remained high despite postnatal hCG injection in pups born to mothers given LHRH-AS (grade 3.4 ± 0.4 vs. 3.4 ± 0.3). These studies suggest that secretion of MIS is dependent on normal hypothalamic secretion of LHRH and may be inhibited by FSH.
Increased risk of hip fracture among men with CKD.

Background Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have disturbances in mineral metabolism. Those requiring dialysis therapy are at substantially increased risk of fracture. However, fracture risk in patients with CKD not requiring dialysis has not been well studied. Study Design Retrospective cohort. Setting & Participants We identified men who sought care at 8 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers located in the Northwest from July 1999 to March 2006 who had a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Patients who received long-term dialysis therapy or had a previous organ transplant, diagnosis of cancer, or history of hip fracture were excluded. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate the association of GFR stage with relative risk of hip fracture. Predictor GFR estimated on the basis of 2 or more consecutively abnormal outpatient serum creatinine measurements during a 6-month period. Outcome Hip fracture ascertained from patient medical records. Results In 33,091 veterans, 176 hip fractures were identified. After adjustment for age, body mass index, diabetes, and use of selected medications, relative risks of hip fracture for men with a GFR of 30 to 59 and 15 to 29 mL/min/1.73 m 2 were 1.28 (95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.66) and 3.98 (95% confidence interval, 2.25 to 7.74), respectively. Limitations Retrospective study of men only. Conclusions These results suggest that the risk of hip fracture in men with CKD stage 4 is increased to a degree similar to that of dialysis patients.
Industrial district or subordinated production: A case study of small-scale carpentry industries in Accra, Ghana

This article aims at gaining greater insight into the functioning of small-scale industries in an African context. The findings are based on predominately qualitative fieldwork conducted on small-scale carpentry industries in Accra, Ghana. A special concern is whether the small-scale carpenters are capable of acquiring the technological capabilities conducive to a positive industrial development. Two opposing frameworks, one neo-Marxist and one centred on the conceptualisation of industrial districts, are used to discern the nature of locally embedded production and supply linkages, and whether these are conducive to the technological capabilities needed for innovative growth. Despite facing similar structural constraints there are a few small-scale enterprises that remove themselves from the characteristics of informal production by making the greatest use of the services entailed in the carpentry production network. These linkages, however, are still not extensive enough, nor advanced enough, to bring about the technological innovations associated with a true industrial district. The benefits gained through interlinked production are thus better understood as a means of securing domestic resilience, rather than international competitiveness. Furthermore, an explanation for the limitations of these linkages must be sought beyond the meso-level analysis typical of an industrial district approach.
Reaction kinetics between CO2 and oil-shale residual carbon. 1. Effect of heating rate on reactivity☆

Abstract The reaction kinetics between CO2 and residual carbon from Colorado oil shale (Mahogany Zone) have been investigated using both isothermal and nonisothermal methods. It was found that oil-shale residual carbon is approximately an order of magnitude more reactive than subbituminous-coal char although the surface areas are similar. The reactivity of the residual carbon was found to vary by a factor of two for samples prepared by retorting the shale at heating rates between 0.033 and 12 °C/ min. Since the surface area of the residual carbon is approximately independent of the amount of oil coking, the heating-rate effect cannot be explained by pore filling. Surface areas of the residual organic carbon in shale were estimated by comparing the surface area of retorted shale (about 3% carbon) with that of retorted shale which had been decharred by oxidation at 400 °C. Surface areas of 250–400 m2/g and 100–200 m2/g were obtained using CO2 and N2 respectively as the adsorbed gases. Mercury porosimetry results are also presented.
Forces acting on the Sierra Nevada block and implications for the strength of the San Andreas fault system and the dynamics of continental deformation in the western United States

[1] We present an analysis of the forces acting on the Sierra Nevada block in the western United States. Vertically integrated loads acting on the block are quantified through numerical modeling of the state of stress in the interior of the block constrained by stress observations. The Sierra Nevada block is located adjacent to the Pacific–North American plate boundary allowing determination of (1) the vertical distribution of shear stress at the plate boundary and the strength of the San Andreas fault system, (2) the horizontal distribution of shear stress coupling the Pacific and North American plates, and (3) the magnitude of stresses transmitted between rigid crustal blocks. We find that the San Andreas fault system supports a relatively large vertically integrated shear stress of ∼2.4 ± 0.4 TN/m to the northwest of San Francisco and only ∼0.3 TN/m to the southeast. The majority of this load is likely supported in the frictional portion of the crust, and therefore, the San Andreas fault system is both frictionally “strong” and “weak.” Shear stress coupling the Pacific and North American plates diminishes away from the plate boundary from ∼1.5 TN/m on the western margin of the Sierra Nevada block to ∼1.1 TN/m on the eastern side. A south directed load of ∼2.4 TN/m on the northern end of the block balances this reduction in shear stress across the Sierra Nevada block and indicates that the Sierra Nevada block is compressing the rigid Cascade fore arc from the south, contributing to the forces causing N–S compression of the Pacific Northwest.
Emergency Medical Support Units to Critical Care Transport Teams in Iraq

Early in the author's deployment in the United States Air Force to southern Iraq, his unit was exposed to the first of many mass casualties sent to his Expeditionary Medical Support System unit. Within minutes of the injured military members' arrival, the four-bed evaluation station was transformed into an open bay trauma room where patients were treated and supported until they could be evacuated to more definitive care. Patients were transitioned with awe-inspiring speed and professionalism to Critical Care Air Transport teams for care during aeromedical evacuation. The lessons learned from the frequency of these events are valuable to any similar transport case with critically ill and injured patients.
Real-time estimation of wireless ground-to-air communication parameters

To enable effective communication-based mission planning, a Scaled Unscented Kalman Filter (SUKF) is implemented on an unmanned aircraft to estimate the communication performance of ground nodes in real time, based solely on signal strength measurements. Our communication model extends Rappaport's log-distance model to account for directional antenna patterns. The filter is tuned on simulated data for fast convergence, and then tested through 12 flight experiments where the aircraft communicates with several types of ground nodes over IEEE 802.11b channels. State estimates settle within 15 minutes of a 45-minute flight, with the final eistmate's RMS deviation from the observed signal achieving between 4 and 9 dB. This represents a 20 to 80% improvement over a tuned filter based on the traditional log-distance model that ignores directional effects.
Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Long-Term Maintenance Study of Aripiprazole in Children With Bipolar Disorder

BACKGROUND This study evaluates the long-term efficacy of aripiprazole compared to placebo in children with bipolar disorders. METHOD Outpatients aged 4 to 9 years meeting DSM-IV criteria for a bipolar disorder (I, II, not otherwise specified, cyclothymia) were eligible to receive up to 16 weeks of open-label treatment with aripiprazole (phase 1). Patients were randomized into the 72-week double-blind phase of the study once they met a priori response criteria for stabilization (phase 2). During phase 2, patients either remained on their current aripiprazole regimen or began a double-blind taper with aripiprazole discontinued and switched to placebo. The primary outcome measure for phase 2 was time to discontinuation due to a mood event. RESULTS Patients were recruited between May 2004 and November 2008. Following phase 1, in which 96 patients received aripiprazole, 30 patients (mean age = 7.1 years) were randomly assigned to continue aripiprazole and 30 patients (mean age = 6.7 years) were randomly assigned to placebo. The mean (SD) dose of aripiprazole prior to randomization for these patients was 6.4 (2.1) mg/d. Patients randomly assigned to aripiprazole were enrolled significantly longer until time to study discontinuation due to a mood event (6.14 median weeks, SE ± 11.88 weeks; P = .005) and discontinuation for any reason (including mood events) (4.00 median weeks, SE ± 3.91 weeks; P = .003) than those randomly assigned to placebo (mood event, 2.29 median weeks, SE ± 0.38 weeks; any reason, 2.00 median weeks, SE ± 0.31 weeks). Regardless of random assignment, both the aripiprazole and placebo groups showed substantial rates of withdrawal from maintenance treatment over the initial 4 weeks (15/30 [50%] for aripiprazole; 27/30 [90%] for placebo), suggesting a possible nocebo effect (ie, knowledge of possibly switching from active medication to placebo increasing concern about relapse). The most frequently reported adverse events during double-blind aripiprazole therapy included stomach pain (n = 10, 33%), increased appetite (n = 9, 30%), and headaches (n = 9, 30%). CONCLUSIONS Despite the possibility of a nocebo effect, these results suggest that aripiprazole may be superior to placebo in the long-term treatment of pediatric patients following stabilization with open-label aripiprazole. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00194077.
The Effects of Cross-species Rearing on the Social and Sexual Preferences of Guinea Pigs1

Zusammenfassung Innerhalb der ersten 16 Stunden nach der Geburt wurden Meerschweinchen von der Mutter genommen. Elf (6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, als CR bezeichnet) wurden einzeln mit einem kleinen Huhnchen, funf (2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, als GPR bezeichnet) einzeln mit einem erwachsenen, nicht saugenden Meerschweinchen-♀ aufgezogen. In einer Zuchtgruppe wurden 4 andere neugeborene ♂♂ (als GPR' bezeichnet) von ihren Muttern aufgezogen. Wahrend der ersten 5 Wochen nach der Geburt und im Alter von 7 Wochen bekamen alle Meerschweinchen (auser 2 CR und einem GPR'-♂) einmal wochentlich Gelegenheit, zwischen einem Meerschweinchen und einem Huhnchen zu wahlen. In den ersten 3 Wochen zogen die meisten die Art vor, mit der sie aufgezogen waren. Im Alter von 5 und 7 Wochen wahlten ♂♂ immer den Artgenossen, ♀ scheinbar aufs Geratewohl. Die 2 CR-♂♂, die nur im Alter von 2 und 7 Wochen gepruft wurden, zogen beim ersten Mal das Huhnchen, beim zweiten Mal das Meerschweinchen vor. Im Alter von 10 bis 17 Wochen richteten alle ♂♂ sexuelles Verhalten mehr an ein nicht-brunstiges Meerschweinchen-♀ als an ein Huhnchen oder ein Kaninchen. CR-♂♂ richteten sexuelles Verhalten manchmal auf das Kaninchen oder das Huhnchen. GPR-♂♂ richteten sexuelles Verhalten an das Kaninchen, aber niemals an das Huhnchen, GPR'-♂♂ nur an das Meerschweinchen-♀.
Subject-Verb Concord in a Postinsular Dialect The Gradual Persistence of Dialect Patterning

Most natives of Ocracoke, North Carolina, will attribute their roots to the Eng lish who began coming to the island at the start of the eighteenth century. Some Ocracokers will also admit to Scots or Scots-Irish ancestry, and some, especially those bearing Scottish names, are quite proud of it. Almost 300 years removed from the time of the first Anglo-American settlement on Ocracoke, the distinctions between English and Scots origins would seemingly be erased in all but name. To a great extent this is true, but the island of Ocracoke has only been in a postinsular stage of development for 40 years, previously cut off from the mainland except by small boat (Wolfram, Hazen, and Schilling-Estes 1999). This isolation has allowed one aspect of their grammatical system, their subject-verb concord system, to maintain almost the same patterns that existed in Scots English more than 600 years ago. In this quantitative study of the Ocracoke English subject-verb concord system, I present data and statistics from sociolinguistic interviews conducted with ancestral islanders to support the hypothesis that the subject-verb concord pattern of Scots English, although not the predominant pattern, has structurally persisted with only minor adjustments for more than 600 years. The subject-verb concord pattern was transferred from Scotland to Ulster, Ireland, and remained there for more than a century before it was transferred to the United States. The Scots-Irish who came to the United States carried with them the same pattern as their Scots ancestors but at reduced rates (Montgomery and Robinson 1996). The rates of the Ocracoke pattern are lower, but the pattern persists. I also hypothesize that the Ocracoke subject-verb concord system is the result of dialect mixing. The two contributing dialects are the eighteenth-century British system (the superstrate) and the eighteenth-century Scots-Irish system (the sub AUTHOR’S NOTE:I would like to thank Walt Wolfram for his patience with this article and the formative criticism he gave through his many readings. The research for this article was supported by an NSF grant (SBR-93-19577) directed by Walt Wolfram. I would also like to thank Michael Montgomery and the two JEngL reviewers for a number of insightful comments and criticisms on the current version of this article.
Young, Troubled, and Queer: Gay and Lesbian Representation in Edward Roy's The Other Side of the Closet and Sara Graefe's Yellow on Thursdays

This paper considers how a queer ideology can challenge heteronormativity in TYA by comparing two plays that have emerged from Canada in roughly the past decade: The Other Side of the Closet (1997) by Edward Roy and Yellow on Thursdays (2002) by Sara Graefe. The Other Side of the Closet is an anti–gay-bashing play that reinforces heteronormativity by omitting homosexuality in favor of discourses of troubled gay youth, coming out/outing, and homophobia. Yellow on Thursdays similarly employs restrictive discourses but also moves beyond them by incorporating expressions of same-sex desire and attraction, thus providing a starting point from which to theorize the possibility of queer TYA.
Characterization of cisplatin-resistant COLO 316 human ovarian carcinoma cells

The biochemical changes responsible for acquired resistance to cisplatin (DDP) are not fully understood. We have developed DDP-resistant sublines of COLO 316 human ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro and characterized a number of biochemical features of these cells. Following selection with either continuous 50 nM DDP (COLO/DDP50 cells) or intermittent 1 microM DDP (COLO/B, COLO/C, or COLO/D cells) the onset of resistance was rapid. The resistance of the COLO/B cells gradually fell from 14-fold to 5-fold over 6 months in drug-free media. Both selection procedures produced cells exhibiting broad cross-resistance to other platinum analogs, natural products and alkylating agents. There was no significant change in the growth rate (doubling time = 36 h, cloning efficiency (28%), protein content (0.55 mg/10(6) cells), or morphology of these cells. Cell cycle distributions of log-phase cells were similar (60% G0/G1, 35% S, 5% G2/M) as determined by flow cytometry. Glutathione (GSH) levels, while not elevated in COLO-B cells at low levels of resistance (2-3-fold), were 30% elevated at higher levels of resistance (9-fold). However, GSH levels in COLO/DDP50 cells with 13-fold resistance were 2.3-fold elevated. The resistance of both cell types could be partially reversed by extended depletion of GSH with D,L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine. COLO/D cells had a 48% decrease in DDP accumulation at 1 h while COLO/DDP50 cells had no change in DDP accumulation. The cross-resistance profiles, GSH biochemistry and DDP accumulation data indicate that acquired DDP-resistance is a complex, multifactorial response in these cells. The specific combination of mechanisms expressed in these cells appears to depend upon the selection procedure.
Moral Character, Policy Effectiveness, and the Presidency: The Case of JFK

The founding fathers laid down a number of principles for successful governance in the new republic. Among these, in the formal sense, were written constitutions, the division of power among three branches of government, checks and balances to prevent abuse of power, the rule of law, and equality before the law. Most of these ideas were English in origin and had been practiced, in varying degrees, in the colonies. The failure of the colonial polity, the founders believed, had occurred because at times British power in North America had been exercised in opposition to notions of sound governance. In addition, the founders heeded public opinion and accepted, somewhat reluctantly, broad participation by white males in the political process. Having experienced British tyranny, they embraced free speech and a free press. While these various principles, the founders agreed, were ingredients that could produce a republic, such a republic would be viable only if the people and their political leaders possessed virtue.
Comparison of LDH-B4 allozymes of macrourids (Teleostei: Gadiformes) by electrophoresis and peptide mapping

Abstract The heart-type lactate dehydrogenase (LDH- B4 ) homologs of two species of Nezumia and eight species of Coryphaenoides are isomobile on two commonly used electrophoretic buffer systems. To test the hypothesis that the homologs possess the same primary structures, the allozymes from N. bairdii and four species of Coryphaenoides were purified by affinity chromatography on an oxamate aminohexyl Sepharose column and digested with trypsin. The resulting peptide mixtures were then mapped using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The peptide maps of the enzyme homologs indicate that the overall similarity of the homologs is high, but unique peptides in each species indicate that the allozymes are not identical in primary structure.
Abdominal Fat Pad Reduction in Broilers with Thyroactive Iodinated Casein

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of thyroactive iodinated casein (Protamone) in preventing excessive fat deposition in broilers and to determine the most practical level of protamone when considering growth, fat deposition, feed efficiency, and other characteristics. In Experiment 1, 128 commercial broiler chicks (Cobb Color Sex) were fed diets containing each of the following protamone levels: 0, 55, 100, 200, 500, and 1500 mg/kg. Based on the results of Experiment 1, the levels used in Trial 2 were: 0, 100, 200, and 400 mg protamone/kg feed. All birds were processed at 49 or 51 days of age in Experiment 1 and at 49 days in Experiment 2. A protamone level of 100 mg/kg decreased fat deposition without decreasing body weight. Higher levels caused further reductions in fat deposition but with some loss of body weight. Feathering at 2 weeks of age and water pickup during chilling were also improved by protamone. Protamone feeding also resulted in poorer feed conversion, greater shrink and dressing losses, and at the highest levels, increased mortality, lower carcass grade, and lower conformation scores. Protamone fed at low levels appears to have potential as a tool in reducing excess fat in broilers.
The Differential Effects of the Use of Manipulative Aids on the Learning of Geometric Concepts by Elementary School Children

There is considerable support for the use of manipulative aids when teaching geometric concepts (Cheatham, 1969; Dienes & Golding, 1967; Yakimanskaya, 1971). However, the question of what aids to use and how to use them most effectively is unanswered. Wiviott's (1970) study suggests that concepts be presented to younger students in terms of the bases of classification they are able to use, that is, square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, quadrilateral, triangle, circle, and cube. This research attempted to determine which instructional setting is most effective in teaching geometry to students at the third-grade level. The concepts (selected after examining the research by Dowell [1963] and Peck [1970]) included in this research were the following: point, line, line segment, triangle, square, pentagon, ray, angle, congruence of lines, congruence of angles, polygon, cube, tetrahedron, face, vertex, edge, diagonal, side, and endpoint.
Pruning versus clipping in neural networks

The number of interconnections in a neutral network is reduced by eliminating the ``weakest'' bonds. The performance is then improved by reapplying the learning algorithm.
Laser beam shaping via conventional design software

Previous efforts have shown that optimization-based techniques, particularly genetic algorithms, can be used to effectively design beam shaping systems for several classes of problems. These techniques have used external programs to perform the optimization, which allow a great deal of optimization flexibility. However, the external program must be understood and tuned for beam shaping applications. For many problems, the flexibility of an external program is not required. This work shows that the internal optimization routines in a typical lens design program can perform effective optimization of several classes of beam shaping systems. In addition, previous beam shaping merit functions have used a large number of rays, typically 200, to perform the optimization. Several pieces of data must be recorded for each ray. This results in a fairly lengthy merit function evaluation by the lens design program. This work shows that by setting up certain problems using up-front geometrical considerations, reasonable optimizations can be obtained with as few as 20-40 rays being traced. Example problems are presented, including the merit functions used. Guidance is provided for the designer interested in picking appropriate parameters and optimization routines for some typical problems.
A sorption rate hypothesis for the increase in H2 permeability of palladium-silver (Pd–Ag) membranes caused by air oxidation

Abstract Hydrogen permeation measurements were performed at 300 °C for 25-μm cold-rolled Pd–Ag 25 wt% membranes before and after air oxidation at the same temperature as permeation. The air oxidation resulted in enhanced H 2 permeation through the membrane, as well as a roughening of the surface with the formation of surface grains and defects. The protruding grains can be leveled off by exposure to H 2 but the surface defects cannot. These microstructure changes are only on the membrane surfaces and do not create transmembrane defects that would allow permeation for gas species other than H 2 . The H 2 permeability of the oxidized membrane increased by 25–90% compared to that of the as-received film at the same permeation condition, and the membranes retained perfect H 2 selectivity over N 2 . The percent improvement of H 2 permeability decreases with increasing H 2 feed pressure. A new sorption kinetics hypothesis is proposed to elucidate the increase in H 2 permeability of Pd–Ag membranes caused by oxidation. H 2 solubility and sorption rate results were presented to test the new hypothesis. It is found that air oxidation does not change the H 2 solubility in Pd–Ag membranes, but enhances the H 2 sorption kinetics significantly. The extent of kinetics enhancement also decreases with increasing H 2 pressures. The much faster sorption equilibrium implies higher effective H 2 diffusivity at the Pd–Ag membrane surface for the oxidized sample and a higher transfer rate of atomic hydrogen from surface/sub-surface to the membrane bulk that contributes to the increase of H 2 permeability observed in experiments.
Analogical inference over a common sense database

This paper shows that by applying analogical inference techniques to a large natural language common sense database, we can generate new, plausible common sense facts. Two systems that do this are described. Being able to generate new facts in this manner allows quick augmentation of the common sense database. The role of analogical inference in common sense reasoning has been discussed before (Carbonell 1983), but only recently have large common sense databases become publicly available. We used the Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS) database, which contains several hundred thousand English common sense statements (Singh 2002). The OMCS database is built by internet users who are prompted to enter common sense facts at a website. The reason we use the OMCS database instead of the CYC common sense database (Lenat and Guha 1994) is because this analogical inference work is concurrently being integrated into OMCS's data collection mechanism. The idea is that an internet user can enter a fact at the OMCS website, then the system uses techniques described by this paper to respond with 30 plausible deductions based off the fact. Then, the user decides whether each deduction is true or false. True deductions become additional database facts, while false ones become negative expertise. Doing this allows for much faster data input by users. To carry out the analogical inference, we first represent the OMCS database as a set of concepts and a set of relations. A concept is a noun phrase or an adjective. A relation looks like “A ? is for playing ?”. Each original sentence becomes a relation after its concepts are replaced by question marks.
Upper extremity surgery after lymph node dissection.

URRENT OPINION atients are often advised to avoid blood pressure meaurements or blood draws after axillary lymph node issection or axillary radiation treatment for breast caner. The idea is that even patients who do not develop ymphedema during the immediate post-treatment peiod are at risk for developing so-called “late onset” ymphedema years and even decades after treatment. here is essentially a taboo against even minor proceures on the arm, and this can be an emotional issue for ome patients. Among hand surgeons, it is generally elieved that elective hand surgery—including tourniuet use—is safe in patients who have had a lymph ode dissection but do not have lymphedema. This is an ntriguing divide that merits examination.
Machine-Learning-based Performance Heuristics for Runtime CPU/GPU Selection

High-level languages such as Java increase both productivity and portability with productive language features such as managed runtime, type safety, and precise exception semantics. Additionally, Java 8 provides parallel stream APIs with lambda expressions to facilitate parallel programming for mainstream users of multi-core CPUs and many-core GPUs. These high-level APIs avoid the complexity of writing natively running parallel programs with OpenMP and CUDA/OpenCL through Java Native Interface (JNI). The adoption of such high-level programming models offers opportunities for enabling compilers to perform parallel-aware optimizations and code generation.While many prior approaches have the ability to generate parallel code for both multi-core CPUs and many-core GPUs from Java and other high-level languages, selection of the preferred computing resource between CPUs and GPUs for individual kernels remains one of the most important challenges since a variety of factors affecting performance such as datasets and feature of programs need to be taken into account.This paper explores the possibility of using machine learning to address this challenge. The key idea is to enable a Java runtime to select a preferable hardware device with performance heuristics constructed by supervised machine-learning techniques. For this purpose, if our JIT compiler detects a parallel stream API, 1) our compiler records features of its computation such as the parallel loop range and the number of instructions and 2) our Java runtime generates these features for constructing training data. For the results reported in this paper, we constructed a prediction model with support vector machines (SVMs) after obtaining 291 samples by running 11 applications with different data sets and optimization levels. Our Java runtime then uses the SVMs to make predictions for unseen programs.Our experimental results on an IBM POWER8 platform with NVIDIA Tesla GPUs show that our prediction model predicts a faster configuration with up to 99.0% accuracy with 5-fold cross validation. Based on these results, we conclude that supervised machine-learning is a promising approach for building performance heuristics for mapping Java applications onto accelerators.
THE EFFECT OF AN AIR GAP ON THE COUPLING BETWEEN TWO PLANAR MICROSTRIP LINES

Abstract The finite difference (FD) technique is used to investigate the air gap effect on the coupling between two planar microstrip lines. The strip lines are embedded between a dielectric substrate and a dielectric overlay. The air gap between the substrate and the overlay is present due to the thickness of the strips and/or the roughness of the planar surfaces. A quasi-static FD technique based on the solution of Laplace's equation is used to solve the potential distribution in the region around the strips. The FD mesh is truncated by an artificial boundary to allow for a numerical solution with the available computer resources. At this artificial boundary an approximate boundary condition is used to truncate the FD mesh. From the potential distribution, the charge and the capacitance and inductance matrices of the stripline system are evaluated. The coupling or cross-talk between the lines is then defined and computed. The effects of the conducting strips thickness and the properties of the materials between the strips on the coupling are illustrated through numerical examples.