cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
[Engineering Paper] A Tool for Optimizing Java 8 Stream Software via Automated Refactoring

Streaming APIs are pervasive in mainstream Object-Oriented languages and platforms. For example, the Java 8 Stream API allows for functional-like, MapReduce-style operations in processing both finite, e.g., collections, and infinite data structures. However, using this API efficiently involves subtle considerations like determining when it is best for stream operations to run in parallel, when running operations in parallel can be less efficient, and when it is safe to run in parallel due to possible lambda expression side-effects. In this paper, we describe the engineering aspects of an open source automated refactoring tool called Optimize Streams that assists developers in writing optimal stream software in a semantics-preserving fashion. Based on a novel ordering and typestate analysis, the tool is implemented as a plug-in to the popular Eclipse IDE, using both the WALA and SAFE frameworks. The tool was evaluated on 11 Java projects consisting of ~642 thousand lines of code, where we found that 36.31% of candidate streams were refactorable, and an average speedup of 1.55 on a performance suite was observed. We also describe experiences gained from integrating three very different static analysis frameworks to provide developers with an easy-to-use interface for optimizing their stream code to its full potential.
Amyloid deposition is associated with different patterns of hippocampal connectivity in men versus women

Abstract Compared to men, women are disproportionally affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD) and have an accelerated trajectory of cognitive decline and disease progression. Neurobiological factors underlying gender differences in AD remain unclear. This study investigated brain beta-amyloid (Aβ)-related neural system differences in cognitively normal older men and women (N = 61; 41 females, 65–93 years old). We found that men and women showed different associations between Aβ load and hippocampal functional connectivity. During associative memory encoding, in men greater Aβ burden was accompanied by greater hippocampus-prefrontal connectivity (i.e., more synchronized activities), whereas in women hippocampal connectivity did not vary by Aβ burden. For resting-state data, the interaction of gender × Aβ on hippocampal connectivity did not survive multiple comparison in the whole-brain analyses. In the region of interest–based analyses, resting-state hippocampal-prefrontal connectivity was positively correlated with Aβ load in men and was negatively correlated with Aβ load in women. The observed Aβ-related neural differences may explain the accelerated trajectory of cognitive decline and AD progression in women.
Transcriptomic analysis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells identifies new potential therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension

Background and purpose Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, type 1 pulmonary hypertension) has a 3-year survival of ~50% and is in need of new, effective therapies. In PAH, remodelling of the pulmonary artery (PA) increases pulmonary vascular resistance and can result in right heart dysfunction and failure. Genetic mutations can cause PAH but it can also be idiopathic (IPAH). Enhanced contractility and proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are key contributors to the pathophysiology of PAH, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Experimental approach We utilized RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) of IPAH and control patient-derived PASMCs as an unbiased approach to define differentially expressed (DE) genes that may identify new biology and potential therapeutic targets. Key results Analysis of DE genes for shared gene pathways revealed increases in genes involved in cell proliferation and mitosis and decreases in a variety of gene sets, including response to cytokine signalling. ADGRG6/GPR126, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), was increased in IPAH-PASMCs compared to control-PASMCs. Increased expression of this GPCR in control-PASMCs decreased their proliferation; siRNA knockdown of ADGRG6/GPR126 in IPAH-PASMCs tended to increase proliferation. Conclusion and implications These data provide insights regarding the expression of current and experimental PAH drug targets, GPCRs and GPCR-related genes as potentially new therapeutic targets in PAH-PASMCs. Overall, the findings identify genes and pathways that may contribute to IPAH-PASMC function and suggest that ADGRG6/GPR126 is a novel therapeutic target for IPAH.
Theories and Conjectures on Membrane-Supported Waves and Patterns

The work reported on in this symposium “by Deem and Kernevez (see also [2,3,15] and references therein) suggests an analogy between some biological membrane processes and packed bad catalytic reactors, well known and well studied in chemical engineering. The analogy is quite clear if one envisions the membrane as having imbedded within it an immobilized enzyme catalyst, and as allowing other reacting molecules and ions to migrate through it from one side to the other, or longitudinally.
Notational equivalence in tonal geometry

This paper employs a computational framework to demonstrate that two competing feature-geometric models of tonal representation are notationally equivalent. A model-theoretic analysis of these structures using a low-complexity logic yields two main results. First, the current study demonstrates that the models do not differ in their empirical coverage of assimilatory tone-sandhi processes in Chinese dialects, contrary to previous claims. Second, the models are shown to be bi-interpretable (using a more restrictive definition of bi-interpretability than earlier studies), thus providing a formally rigorous demonstration that the differences between the structures of the models are superficial, rather than substantive. The computational characterisation pursued here is well suited to questions of notational equivalence, because it allows for a principled comparison of the empirical coverage and structural content of two models using a single formalism.
Effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation from mid-to-late gestation on maternal and fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities in sheep

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation during mid-to-late gestation on maternal and fetal small intestinal carbohydrase activities in sheep. Ewes were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Ewes were fed to provide 100% (adequate; ADQ) or 60% (restricted; RES) of nutrient recommendations, and diets were supplemented with either no melatonin (control; CON) or 5 mg melatonin/d (melatonin; MEL). This resulted in 4 treatment groups: CON-ADQ (n = 7), CON-RES (n = 8), MEL-ADQ (n = 8), MEL-RES (n = 8). Treatments began on day 50 of gestation, and ewes were euthanized on day 130 for tissue collection. The maternal and fetal small intestine were collected and assayed for small intestinal carbohydrase activities. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with fetal sex, melatonin, nutrition, and the melatonin by nutrition interaction included in the model statement. There were no melatonin by nutrition interactions for maternal or fetal small intestinal protein concentration or carbohydrase activities (P ≥ 0.11). Dietary melatonin supplementation decreased (P = 0.03) maternal small intestinal protein concentration by 22.7% and increased (P = 0.03) maternal small intestinal glucoamylase, isomaltase, and maltase activity per gram protein by 45.5%, 41.3%, and 40.6%, respectively. Nutrient restriction from mid-to-late gestation did not influence (P ≥ 0.46) maternal small intestinal protein concentration, or maltase, isomaltase, and lactase activity. Maternal glucoamylase activity per gram intestine increased (P = 0.05) with nutrient restriction by 49.1%. Melatonin supplementation and maternal nutrient restriction did not influence (P ≥ 0.15) fetal small intestinal protein concentration, or glucoamylase, isomaltase, and lactase activity. Maternal nutrient restriction from mid-to-late gestation decreased (P = 0.05) fetal maltase activity per gram intestine by 20.5% but did not influence fetal maltase activity per gram protein. These data indicate that some maternal and fetal carbohydrases are influenced by nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation in sheep. More information is needed to understand how nutritional and hormonal factors regulate digestive enzyme activity in ruminants to design improved maternal nutrition programs to optimize fetal growth and development while maintaining maternal productivity.
Overview of ethical concerns raised by kidney organoids

Abstract Regenerative nephrology offers new possibilities and hope for curing chronic kidney disease. Despite those extraordinary benefits, however, regenerative nephrology may raise some ethical concerns in relation to (1) the use of human pluripotent stem cells, (2) animal experiments, in particular with respect to using host chimera, and finally (3) with regard to patient consent and therapeutic misconception. This chapter will address these concerns.
Association between physiological stress load and diet quality patterns differs between male and female adults.

Abstract A promising, yet relatively unexplored factor that may influence a person's stress response, is diet. Diet can affect the physiological response to stress, but relationships between diet quality and the chronic stress marker allostatic load (AL) are insufficiently studied. Furthermore, sex, age, and BMI may interact with diet quality to influence AL. 358 adults were recruited across predetermined sex, age, and BMI ranges. Cluster analysis of 13 Healthy Eating Index (HEI) sub-scores across all participants revealed six distinct diet quality patterns (HEI-P). We found sex and HEI-P interacted (PHEIxSex = 0.0232) to affect AL, reflecting a significantly different AL between women and men consuming a diet more closely aligned with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for dairy, refined grains, and sodium consumption, but less aligned for added sugar, saturated fat, and fruits/vegetables intake. Sex and HEI-P also interacted to affect cholesterol (PHEIxSex = 0.0157), norepinephrine (PHEIxSex = 0.0315), epinephrine (PHEIxSex = 0.0204), and systolic blood pressure (PHEIxSex = 0.0457) but, compared to total allostatic load, no individual component of this biomarker explained the entire array of sex by HEI-P interactions. Our results suggest that differences in HEI-P and sex interact to influence physiological stress load which, in turn, may help resolve discrepancies in diet and sex-related disease risk.
Perspectives on the treatment experience of intrafamily child sexual abusers

The purpose of this study was to develop an initial ethnographic account of the treatment experience of intrafamily child sexual abusers from the perspective of the perpetrator, a significant other of the perpetrator, and the perpetrator's individual therapist at Broadlawns Medical Center in Des Moines, Iowa. The ethnographer interviewed six sex offenders, six significant others, and four individual therapists. The interviews were analyzed using domain analysis outlined in Spradley's (1979) Developmental Research Seguence. Six domains of meaning were discussed. The four imposed domains were: 1) Changes In The Perpetrator, 2) Helpful Aspects Of The Broadlawns Treatment Program, 3) Unhelpful Aspects Of Broadlawns, and 4) Suggestions Regarding What Could Be More Helpful In The Treatment Program. Two emergent domains were: 1) Factors That Contributed To The Offenders' Choices To Abuse Sexually, and 2) Impact Of Sexual Perpetration On Significant Others. Results also included similarities and differences in the responses of each offender, his individual therapist and his significant other. Findings in this study were compared with those of other researchers of sex offender treatment programs and with vi prevailing theories of sex offender dynamics. Clinical implications and theoretical notions are presented.
β‐Methyl‐δ‐valerolactone

β-Methyl-δ-valerolactone product: β-methyl-δ-valerolactone Keywords: annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, miscellaneous; elimination, dehydrogenation; catalysts, metal, copper chromite
Memory-aware optimization of FPGA-based space systems

Designing FPGA-based space systems that meet mission goals of high performance, low power, and high dependability is challenging. Our previous work established a framework to help designers of FPGA-based space systems to consider a wide range of designs, evaluate the power and dependability of those designs, and narrow the large design search space down to a significantly reduced Pareto-optimal set. To further improve and extend our framework's ability to evaluate and optimize increasingly complex aerospace systems, this paper details our framework's memory extension, which enables memory-aware analysis by refinements to our framework's original analysis. The memory-aware analysis more accurately predicts a system's power and dependability by modeling three memory resources: internal-memory capacity, internal-memory bandwidth, and external-memory bandwidth. We demonstrate the importance of our framework's memory extension by investigating a case study based on an enhanced version of a hyperspectral-imaging satellite mission. After analyzing 22 unique Virtex FPGA devices and optimizing each for power and then dependability, the framework selects four Pareto-optimal designs, ranging from very-low power to high dependability. Results of the framework's memory extension show that memory resources may limit the performance of an FPGA-based space-system design and contribute significantly towards power and dependability results.
Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in NZM 2328 Mice in the Absence of any Single BAFF Receptor

Objective To determine the necessity for any individual BAFF receptor in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods Bcma-, Taci-, and Br3-null mutations were introgressed into NZM 2328 mice. NZM.Bcma−/−, NZM.Taci−/−, and NZM.Br3−/− mice were evaluated for lymphocyte phenotype and BAFF receptor expression by flow cytometry; for B cell responsiveness to BAFF by in vitro culture; for serum levels of BAFF and total IgG and IgG anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; for renal immunopathology by immunofluorescence and histopathology; and for clinical disease. Results BCMA, TACI, and B lymphocyte stimulator receptor 3 (BR3) were not surface-expressed in NZM.Bcma−/−, NZM.Taci−/−, and NZM.Br3−/− mice, respectively. Transitional and follicular B cells from NZM.Br3−/− mice were much less responsive to BAFF than were the corresponding cells from wild-type, NZM.Bcma−/−, or NZM.Taci−/− mice. In comparison with wild-type mice, NZM.Bcma−/− and NZM.Taci−/− mice harbored an increased number of spleen B cells, T cells, and plasma cells, whereas serum levels of total IgG and IgG anti-dsDNA were similar to those in wild-type mice. Despite their paucity of B cells, NZM.Br3−/− mice had an increased number of T cells, and the numbers of plasma cells and levels of IgG anti-dsDNA were similar to those in wild-type mice. Serum levels of BAFF were increased in NZM.Taci−/− and NZM.Br3−/− mice but were decreased in NZM.Bcma−/− mice. Despite their phenotypic differences, NZM.Bcma−/−, NZM.Taci−/−, and NZM.Br3−/− mice had renal immunopathology and clinical disease that were at least as severe as that in wild-type mice. Conclusion Any single BAFF receptor, including BR3, is dispensable for the development of SLE in NZM mice. Development of disease in NZM.Br3−/− mice demonstrates that BAFF–BCMA and/or BAFF–TACI interactions contribute to SLE, and that a profound, life-long reduction in the numbers of B cells does not guarantee protection against SLE.
Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea.

Endothelial activation and inflammation are important mediators of accelerated atherogenesis and consequent increased cardiovascular morbidity in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Repetitive episodes of hypoxia/reoxygenation associated with transient cessation of breathing during sleep in OSA resemble ischemia/reperfusion injury and may be the main culprit underlying endothelial dysfunction in OSA. Additional factors such as repetitive arousals resulting in sleep fragmentation and deprivation and individual genetic suseptibility to vascular manifestations of OSA contribute to impaired endothelial function in OSA. The present review focuses on possible mechanisms that underlie endothelial activation and inflammation in OSA.
Temperature and Time Effects on the “Adhesion Dynamics” of Poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) Surfaces

The authors present a surface force apparatus (SFA) study of the effects of time and loading-unloading rates on the adhesion of solid polymeric surfaces of poly(butylmethacrylate). They used the equilibrium JKR theory of adhesion or contact mechanics as a framework for analyzing the adhesion dynamics of two surfaces during nonequilibrium (viscoelastic, plastic) adhesion and separation. PBMA films of thickness {approximately}2 {micro}m were prepared on curved mica surfaces by casting from a solution of methyl ethyl ketone. Pull-off forces from adhesive contact were measured at different temperatures around the glass-rubber transition temperature (T{sub g} {approx} 25 C) at different loads and contact times, and hysteretic loading-unloading cycles were measured at different rates. On entering the rubber regime, the effective surface energies deduced from the pull-off forces increase dramatically, by up to 3 orders of magnitude above the equilibrium value, with increasing contact time and load. Strong entanglements across the interface, probably through reptation, increase the effective area of contact with time, giving rise to the high pull-off forces observed. Bulk viscoelastic deformations of the surface profiles accompany the time-dependent adhesion processes. The existence of at least two different relaxation (energy dissipating) processes, one at the molecular level and the other atmore » the microscopic to macroscopic level, can be inferred from these experiments. The implications of the results for understanding the adhesion, fracture strength, and crack-propagation of elastic versus viscoelastic materials are discussed.« less
Short- and long-term effects of ciliary neurotrophic factor on androgen-sensitive motoneurons in the lumbar spinal cord

Motoneuron death in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and the dorsolateral nucleus (DLN) of the lumbar spinal cord is androgen regulated. As a result, many more SNB and DLN motoneurons die in perinatal female rats than in males, whereas treatment of newborn females with androgen results in a permanent sparing of the motoneurons and their target muscles. We previously observed that a neurotrophic molecule, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), also arrests the death of SNB motoneurons and their target musculature, at least in the short term. The present study compares the short- and long-term consequences of perinatal CNTF treatment on motoneuron number in the SNB, the DLN, and the retrodorsolateral nucleus (RDLN), a motor pool in the lower lumbar cord that does not exhibit hormone-regulated cell death. Female pups were treated with CNTF or vehicle alone from embryonic day 22 through postnatal day 6 (P6). Motoneuron number in the each nucleus was then determined immediately after treatment on P7, or 10 weeks later (P77). CNTF treatment significantly elevated motoneuron number in the SNB and DLN on P7; the volume of SNB target muscles on P7 was also greater in the CNTF-treated group. These effects were transient, however, as motoneuron number and ratings of muscle size were not different in CNTF-and vehicle-treated females on P77. Perinatal CNTF treatment did not alter cell number in the RDLN at either age. The finding that effects of CNTF on SNB and DLN motoneuron number are short lived contrasts with the permanent effects of early androgen treatment, and has implications for molecular models of the actions of androgen and neurotrophic factors on the developing spinal cord.
Azorín y Cervantes1

Resumen del autor.— Establecese la apreciacion que de Cervantes hace Azorin. Relacionase a uno y otro por la psicologia de su estilo que pinta con toques graduados y exactos, sin someterse a las normas literarias tradicionales en sus respectivas epocas. Y se asemejan por el sentido de justicia con que enmiendan sus juicios.
The Laboratory's Role in Evaluating Sexually Transmitted Diseases as a Result of Sexual Abuse

Abstract The microbiology laboratory is involved in the evaluation of patients for presumed sexual abuse when children are examined for the presence of a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are currently used as the forensic standard when sexual abuse is suspected. Culture methods for both of these agents are insensitive in this patient population and may require invasive sampling for adequate specimen collection. Until recently, the utility of nucleic acid amplification tests in the evaluation of children who might have been sexually abused has not been adequately evaluated. The sensitivity of these assays also allows them to be performed with non-invasive sample types, such as urine and vaginal specimens. This article reviews the performance of molecular assays for the diagnosis of common sexually transmitted infections associated with child abuse.
Formation of the delayed relativistic solar electrons

The existence of non-thermal electrons in the solar atmosphere and along the heliospheric field lines is deduced through emission of electromagnetic waves and via direct in situ measurements at 1 AU. The relation between the in situ electrons, their spectral shapes and the relative timing with respect to imaging and spectrographic observations are important in identifying potential acceleration sites and in understanding of the processes which control the formation of the delayed, (mildly) relativistic electrons which are observed in conjunction with flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In contrast to previously suggested paradigms of acceleration of relativistic electrons around the CME shocks or at the flare site, it is suggested here that the delayed acceleration occurs along the stretched, closed coronal field lines, when an anisotropic seed population of low-energy electrons is injected in conjunction with the high frequency coronal radio bursts behind the large CME, as recorded by radioheliographs. The energization proceeds as a bootstrap process due to interaction with oblique whistler waves. The flare serves mainly as a time reference for the electromagnetic emissions, while the propagating CME subsequently opens an access for the relativistic electrons to the interplanetary medium.
Beneficial effect of diazoxide in obese hyperinsulinemic adults.

Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and increased adipose tissue are hallmarks of the obesity state in both humans and experimental animals. The role of hyperinsulinemia as a possible preceding event in the development of obesity has been proposed. We previously demonstrated that administration of diazoxide (DZ), an inhibitor of insulin secretion, to obese hyperinsulinemic Zucker rats resulted in less weight gain, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and improved glucose tolerance. Assuming that hyperinsulinemia plays a major role in the development of human obesity, then its reversal should have therapeutic potential. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial in 24 hyperinsulinemic adults [body mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m2]. All subjects were placed on a low-calorie (1260 for females and 1570 for males) Optifast (Sandoz, Minneapolis, MN) diet. After an initial 1-week lead-in period, 12 subjects (mean ± se for age and BMI, 31 ± 1 and 40 ± 2, respectively) received DZ (2 mg/kg B...
Graphene-based quantum hall effect infrared photodetectors

Graphene is a promising material for optoelectronics and photonics. Recent experiments demonstrated graphene photodectectors based on interband transitions working at Mid and Near-IR/Visible regions. Extension of spectral range to longer wavelengths requires alternative photoresponse mechanisms. One of the mechanisms which has been proven to be efficient for THz detection in "classical" semiconductor materials is the optically-induced breakdown of quantum Hall effect. In our work we successfully demonstrated a graphene-based QHE photodetector. Our result demonstrates the potential of graphene as a material for Far-IR photodetectors. Further improvement in device design and use of more efficient radiation coupling solutions should enable graphene photodetectors with broader spectral range, higher sensitivity, and elevated operating temperatures for a variety of applications.
Freezing injury in tissue cultured cells as visualized by freeze-etching

Abstract The percentage of cells that survive freezing and thawing is maximal at a specific cooling rate and lower at rates above or below this critical value. The existence of a survival optimum implies that at least two different factors can cause cell death. To seek a morphological basis of such injury we cooled Chinese hamster tissue-cultured cells at rates that were suboptimal, optimal, and supraoptimal with respect to survival, and then freeze-etched and replicated the cells. Replicas of the cells were examined for structural alterations caused by freezing. Cells cooled at rates at or exceeding the survival optimum showed structural inclusions caused by intracellular ice, while cells cooled at rates far exceeding the survival optimum often show no morphological evidence of freezing damage. Cells cooled at rates somewhat suboptimal with respect to survival appeared dehydrated and showed no direct evidence of intracellular ice, although many of these cells were able to form some ice if they were briefly warmed to high subzero temperatures and then recooled prior to freeze-etching. These results suggest that the presence of intracellular ice is not incompatible with survival and that one cannot necessarily equate good ultrastructural preservation with cell survival.
A Cautionary Note Concerning the Cox and Stuart Test

A homework assignment led to the observation that the Cox and Stuart test is not symmetric under the transposition of the two variables. Examples of this feature are presented.
Freiman's theorem answers a question of Erdös

Abstract Let A be a set of positive integers. Let A(x) = |A ⋔ {1, 2,…, x}| and let A 2 (x) = |{a 1 + a 2 |a i ∈ A} ⋔ {1, 2,…, x}| . If A is a basis and A ( x ) = o ( x ), it is shown that lim x→infin; A 2 (x) A(x) = ∞ .
Capillary Electrophoretic Screening for the Inhibition of Homocysteine Thiolactone-Induced Protein Oligomerization

We report the first demonstration of rapid electrophoretic monitoring of homocysteine thiolactone-induced protein oligomerization (HTPO), a unique type of post-translational protein modification that may have clinical significance as an indicator of cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. HTPO of the model protein bovine cytochrome c was initiated in vitro. The relative monomer and aggregate levels of the resultant protein mixtures were determined following separation using capillaries coated with the cationic polymer, poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). UV detection provided adequate sensitivity for the monitoring of higher order species, which exist at relatively low concentrations in the protein reaction mixture as compared to the monomeric species. Separations performed under standard injection conditions were optimized on the basis of applied voltage and sample denaturation conditions. Separations performed using short-end injection allowed for more rapid analyses, typically in less than 70 s. Relative errors for run-to-run migration times were less than 0.5%. This novel oligomeric system provides a rapid and straightforward in vitro method to screen therapeutic agents for their ability to inhibit HTPO. Changes in peak area for monomer and aggregate species were used to assess HTPO inhibition as a function of pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP) concentration. PLP was shown to effectively inhibit HTPO in vitro. Rapid analysis times of approximately 1.5 min were achieved for inhibition screening.
Surgical Outcome After Prism Adaptation for Esotropia with a Distance-Near Disparity

Introduction: Prism adaptation for patients with esotropia and a distance-near disparity is controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcome for patients who underwent prism adaptation for esotropia with a distance-near disparity and determine whether both preoperative sensory and motor fusion are necessary to determine surgical success. Methods: The medical records of 65 prism-adapted patients with a distance-near disparity of 9 PD or more were reviewed. Prism responders had a fusion response to near Worth 4-dot test and a deviation with prisms of 8 PD or less of esotropia at near, and 5 PD or less of exotropia at distance, or both. The same criteria were used postoperatively to assess a successful surgical outcome. Patients were operated for the near angle or greater than the near angle. Results: Fifty-eight of 65 patients (89%) demonstrated fusion with prisms. Twenty of 65 patients (31%) had increased deviations that were greater than their original near angle (prism builders). Eleven percent (7 of 65) had no fusion. Postoperatively, 88% (51 of 58) of all fusers, 95% (18 of 19) of prism builders, and 71% (5 of 7) of nonfusers had a good surgical outcome of 8 PD or less of esotropia at near, 5 PD or less of exotropia at distance, or both. Conclusions: Prism response for distance-near disparity esotropia is a good indicator of postoperative outcome. Responders to prism adaptation had a better surgical outcome compared with nonresponders. In particular, prism adaptation aids in detecting those patients who will benefit from larger amounts of surgical correction. (J AAPOS 2001;5:189-92)
Voltammetric behavior of zeolite-modified electrodes fabricated by electrophoretic deposition

The selectivity behavior of zeolite-modified electrodes (ZMEs) fabricated by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry in an aqueous KCl solution containing Pb and Cd as probe ions. The ZME of zeolite Y coated with Nafion was found to exhibit a high level of selectivity for Pb over Cd, with a selectivity coefficient of 0.068. The Pb/Cd selectivity of the EPD-ZME was then studied as a function of type of zeolite, cation of the supporting electrolyte, anion of the supporting electrolyte and metallic salts, and thickness of the zeolite and Nafion layers. All of the factors, except layer thickness, was found to have a significant effect on the selectivity behavior of the ZME.
Drugs, Dreams, and Nightmares

Medications affect sleep in at least three general ways: (1) altering cognitive levels of sleepiness/ alertness, (2) altering cognitive activity during sleep—generally reported as dreaming, or (3) affecting the symptoms of sleep, medical and psychiatric diagnoses known to alter sleep. Although this article addresses how medications affect dreaming and nightmares, the effects that medications have on cognitive activity in sleep are closely associated with medication effects on sleepiness/alertness and on associated diagnoses known to alter sleep. Until recently, neurochemists interested in dreaming focused their studies on the effects of various neurochemicals on rapid eye movement (REM) sleep based on the belief that medications affecting dreaming would be the same ones known to affect REM sleep. Agents that suppress REM sleep, such as ethanol, and benzodiazepines, such as valium, induce episodes of REM sleep rebound on withdrawal. These REM sleep rebound episodes have been associated with reports of nightmares and disturbed dreaming and were considered the primary mechanism resulting in drug-induced disordered dreaming and nightmares. This approach to studying REM sleep as dreaming had significant research advantages because the specific neurochemical effects of phamachologic agents on REM sleep could be studied in animal models with no dream report required. Over the past 50 years, this theoretic definition of dreaming as REM sleep became the routine approach used in studying dreaming in animal and human central nervous system (CNS) scanning studies. There is little question, however, that dreaming occurs without REM sleep and that
The use of V concept in structural geology

A generalized V concept is briefly defined for faults and formations which can be represented as idealized planes. Formulas are derived for mathematical, graphical, and net of vector curves solutions by using a generalized V pattern concept. The separation of idealized plane surfaces from curved ones is indicated. Finally, a few examples for the evaluation of the true dip and strike of a formation are given.
Effects of environmental O2 on blood flow and diffusing capacity in amphibian skin.

Abstract The effects of local environmental P o2 on cutaneous blood flow (Qdot) and the membrane diffusing capacity of the skin (D) were investigated in the leopard frog,Rana pipiens, and the lungless salamander,Desmognathus quadramaculatus. Halothane anesthetized animals were equilibrated with Freon-22 (Fr) and acetylene (Ac) in a ☐. A gas mixture containing either 0, 20 or 40% O 2 , respectively, in N 2 and initially free of Fr and Ac was drawn through a small sample chamber on the abdomen. The excretion of Fr and Ac into the chamber was analyzed with a mass spectrometer. These conditions allowed the determination of the cutaneous conductance to Fr(G Fr ) and Ac(G Ac ) at the 3 levels of local environmental O 2 . G Fr and G Ac of the isolated skin and the blood solubilities of the 2 gases were also determined. To estimateQdot, D Ac and D Fr , the data were analyzed with a homogeneous single capillary model. In the frog,Qdotvaried directly with sample chamber [O 2 ], but chamber [O 2 ] had no effect on D. In the salamander, O 2 had no effect on eitherQdotor D. The results indicate that regulation of cutaneous gas exchange in the frog by local environmental O 2 only involves alterations inQdot. Similar control of cutaneous gas exchange is absent in the lungless salamander.
Form Invariance and Implicit Parallelism

Holland's schema theorem (an inequality) may be viewed as an attempt to understand genetic search in terms of a coarse graining of the state space. Stephens and Waelbroeck developed that perspective, sharpening the schema theorem to an equality. Of particular interest is a "form invariance" of their equations; the form is unchanged by the degree of coarse graining. This paper establishes a similar form invariance for the more general model of Vose et al. and uses the attendant machinery as a springboard for an interpretation and discussion of implicit parallelism.
Complete Monotonicity of Flow and Cross-Sectional Impulse Response Functions for Rigid Right Circular Tubes

Indicator dilution theory is the conceptual base for many flow measurement methods within living organisms; a whole animal, an organ, or an individual vessel. In this manuscript, we provide a characterization of the system impulse response function for flow- and cross-sectionally sampled indicator curves within a rigid right circular tube. The curves are measured downstream from the position of an injector, which labels uniformly the streamlines of a steady, laminar power law fluid flow. The system impulse response function is shown to be the weighted sum of a Dirac delta function and a completely monotonic function. A numerical example employing data from a physical experiment involving a vertically orientated, perfused glass tube is presented, illustrating the characterization of the impulse response function between cross-sectionally sampled upstream and downstream measurement sites.
A FRAMEWORK FOR PERFORMANCE-DRIVEN WEB-BASED MANUFACTURING

The importance of continuous improvement has brought performance measurement system (PMS) into attention. Although widely discussed, PMS often plays a passive role in verifying the effectiveness of critical decisions associated with a manufacturing system. The web-based manufacturing environment provides real-time data collection and cross-platform communication, which enhances the ability of a PMS in data collection, storage, and manipulation. Consequently, the role of PMS should be reevaluated to better assess its impact on the operations of manufacturing systems. This paper proposes a performance-driven web-based manufacturing framework, where performance analysis actively leads the process of making decisions related to manufacturing systems. In this framework, historical data, current state, correlation between measures, and performance predictions constitute the decision support information set. Decisions are made to retain or improve the performance level of all business tasks. Thus continuous improvement is pursued persistently on every action to ensure a company’s continuing competitiveness in the marketplace.
Elevation of Intracellular Cyclic AMP and Stimulation of Adenylate Cyclase Activity by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Glucaeon in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Both vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and glucagon rapidly elevated cyclic AMP levels in embryonic chick retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), in culture as well as in freshly dissected tissue. In cultured cells, the half-maximal activities of VIP and glucagon were 5 X 10(-8) M and 3 X 10(-8) M, respectively. After 3 min of reaction, VIP elevated intracellular cyclic AMP by 100-fold; elevation with glucagon was up to 10-fold. Both neuropeptides stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in RPE membranes. Glucagon showed a half-maximal activity of 1 X 10(-8) M. VIP remained more effective than glucagon in stimulating adenylate cyclase activity, but the dose-response curve was shifted to a higher concentration range when compared to that of the VIP-elevated intracellular cyclic AMP.
Nonviolent Intervention and the Peace Team Idea

Gandhi's Peace Army: The Shanti Sena and Unarmed Peacekeeping, by Thomas Weber Keeping the Peace: Exploring Civilian Alternatives in Conflict Prevention by Lisa Schirch
An investigative study of the Bender‐Gestalt: Clinical validation of its use with a reading disabled population

Investigated usefulness of the Bender-Gestalt in differentiating between primary and secondary reading disability. Research with 50 reading disabled Ss was carried out. The Ss were classified as having a primary or secondary reading disability according to selected criteria; then their Bender protocols were scored. It was hypothesized that developmental scores would differentiate the two diagnostic groups. A second hypothesis was that specific signs would differentiate between primary and secondary reading disabled children. The results supported the latter hypothesis, but not the former. Results also showed that those in the primary group were more reading retarded than secondary reading disability Ss and that Bender-Gestalt scores are not significantly related to reading level in such a group of reading disabled children.
In-Vitro Near-Field Ablation of Biological Samples in the Mid-IR Wavelength Region

As a first step towards the chemical analysis of biological samples with sub-micron resolution, we report our experiments on the sub-cellular ablation of biological samples in their native environment. This has the potential to combine the near-field IR ablation with mass spectrometry, thus facilitating the study of the spatial distribution of proteins in cellular samples, at sub-cellular length scales. We report the ablation of hard and soft materials: cellular acetate cover slips in water and myoblast cell samples in growth media, with spot sizes as small as 1.5um under 3um wavelength radiation. The ablation threshold and fluence in these processes have been measured. We found that there is a dramatic increase in the ablation threshold fluences when we go from far-field to the near-field region. We will also report on the difference in the ablation mechanism in air and water medium. This approach has the potential to identify the protein expressed in cells in a relatively non-destructive manner.
Transcriptional response to mitochondrial NADH kinase deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract Yeast cells lacking the mitochondrial NADH kinase encoded by POS5 display increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, a slow-growth phenotype, reduced mitochondrial function and increased levels of mitochondrial protein oxidation and mtDNA mutations. Here we examined gene expression in pos5 Δ cells, comparing these data to those from cells containing deletions of superoxide dismutase-encoding genes SOD1 or SOD2 . Surprisingly, stress–response genes were down-regulated in pos5 Δ, sod1 Δ and sod2 Δ cells, implying that cells infer stress levels from mitochondrial activity rather than sensing reactive oxygen species directly. Additionally, pos5 Δ, but not sod1 or sod2 , cells displayed an anaerobic expression profile, indicating a defect in oxygen sensing that is specific to pos5 , and is not a general stress–response. Finally, the pos5 Δ expression profile is quite similar to the hap1 Δ expression profile previously reported, which may indicate a shared mechanism.
Band structure, intercalation, and interlayer interactions of transition-metal dichalcogenides: Ti S 2 and LiTi S 2

The layered structure dichalcogenide Ti${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ was studied in thin-film and bulk models, with the use of the self-consistent linearized augmented-plane-wave (LAPW) scheme. Band-structure calculations were performed on the single sandwich (S-Ti-S), the double sandwich ${(\mathrm{S}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S})}_{2}$, and the bulk to reveal the strength and effect of interlayer interactions on the electronic structure. Comparisons are made with existing bulk band models. The fully intercalated LiTi${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ compound was studied by the same LAPW methods. Changes in the electronic density of states and charge density induced by the alkali intercalate are described.
"Congenital" Horner's syndrome and carotid dissection.

The authors describe a child presenting with Horner's syndrome after the repeated application of birthing forceps to the head and neck during vaginal delivery. Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography confirmed that the proximal right internal carotid artery (ICA) showed injury caused by dissection. Carotid duplex and transcranial ultrasonography provided supporting evidence of distal right ICA occlusion with the development of intracranial collaterals. The authors interpret these findings to indicate that the child suffered a traumatic dissection of the distal right ICA to mimic "congenital" Horner's syndrome (CHS). In a review of English medical literature published since 1972, the authors found 70 cases of CHS, none of which was attributed to carotid dissection. This case demonstrates that carotid dissection is an underreported cause of CHS.
Solar cycle variation of large-scale coronal structures

A green line intensity variation is associated with the interplanetary and photospheric magnetic sector structure. This effect depends on the solar cycle and occurs with the same amplitude in the latitude range 60 deg N - 60 deg S. Extended longitudinal coronal structures are suggested, which indicate the existence of closed magnetic field lines over the neutral line, separating adjacent regions of opposite polarities on the photospheric surface.
National policy making in a global economy: The case for U.S. economic planning

Abstract In 1980 the Joint Economic Committee completed the Special Study on Economic Change. This 20 volume, 3-year project, was premised on the fact that: ‘fundamental economic, social, political, international and technical conditions have changed, and are still changing markedly’. This suggests that conventional wisdom and established economic tools may not be equal to meeting the challenge of making sound policies in the economic sphere. The so-called laws of economics have not been repealed, but all guiding principles presuppose a certain environment of conditions, customs and practices—and when these change, the implementation of new policies and the modes of adjustment have to change also. This paper examines the problem of devising policy instruments for economic management, identifying the facts of the changing economic environment and the main difficulties facing world economic development.
Evolution of a Unique Predatory Feeding Apparatus: Functional Anatomy, Development and a Genetic Locus for Jaw Laterality in Lake Tanganyika Scale-Eating Cichlids

While bilaterality is a defining characteristic of triploblastic animals, several assemblages have managed to break this symmetry in order to exploit the adaptive peaks garnered through the lateralization of behaviour or morphology. One striking example of an evolved asymmetry in vertebrates comes from a group of scale-eating cichlid fishes from Lake Tanganyika. Members of the Perissodini tribe of cichlid fishes have evolved dental and craniofacial asymmetries in order to more effectively remove scales from the left or right flanks of prey. Here we examine the evolution and development of craniofacial morphology and laterality among Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids. Using both geometric and traditional morphometric methods we found that the craniofacial evolution in the Perissodini involved discrete shifts in skeletal anatomy that reflect differences in habitat preference and predation strategies. Further, we show that the evolutionary history of the Perissodini is characterized by an accentuation of craniofacial laterality such that certain taxa show elaborate sided differences in craniofacial shape consistent with the sub-partitioning of function between sides of the head during attacks. Craniofacial laterality in the scale-eating specialist Perissodus microlepis was found to be evident early in development and exhibited a unimodal distribution, which is contrary to the adult condition where jaw laterality has been described as a discrete, bimodal antisymmetry. Finally, using linkage and association analyses we identified a conserved locus for jaw handedness that segregates among East African cichlids. We suggest that, during the evolution of the Perissodini, selection has accentuated a latent, genetically determined handedness of the craniofacial skeleton, enabling the evolution of jaw asymmetries in order to increase predation success. Continued work on the developmental genetic basis of laterality in the Perissodini will facilitate a better understanding of the evolution of this unique group of fishes, as well as of left-right axis determination among vertebrates in general.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Studies Of Photo-Induced Reactions

Infrared spectroscopy is an excellent tool for examining the functional group changes occurring during photochemical reactions. Historically, this has been done by monitoring a single infrared wavelength during the irradiation. The development of interferometer hardware and software for rapid scanning and "on the fly" GC-IR have produced equipment equally applicable to the study of any time-dependant phenomenon where the requisite temporal resolution is .5 seconds or longer. We have used FT-IR spectroscopy to study several liquid and solid phase photochemical systems using both transmission and diffuse reflectance techniques. The multiplex nature of the experiment allows the simultaneous monitoring of any number of infrared frequencies related to products, reactants or intermediates.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.