cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cross-over of RNA 3'-phosphate ligase into the DNA world.

The central dogma of DNA enzymology has long held that for two pieces of DNA to be ligated, the respective DNA pieces must bear a hydroxyl on the 3′-end and a phosphate on the 5′-end. All of the other types of DNA ends are considered incorrect or “dirty,” as they cannot be joined by classic DNA ligases. However, intrinsic and extrinsic DNA damage often results in broken DNA with dirty ends. Thus, there are a variety of DNA repair enzymes that function to “clean up” or “heal” such dirty ends to promote the restoration of a continuous DNA phosphodiester backbone. Until now, DNA breaks with phosphate at the 3′-end and hydroxyl at the 5′-end also fell into the category of dirty ends. The study in PNAS by Das et al. (1) demonstrates that a recently identified RNA-processing enzyme, RtcB, can directly ligate a DNA 3′-phosphate end with a DNA 5′-OH end (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. Comparison of the end-joining mechanisms between classic ligases ( A ) and RtcB ( B ). ( A ) First, the catalytic lysine residues of classic DNA and RNA ligases are charged by adenylylation. Second, the transfer of adenylate to the 5′-phosphate end of DNA or RNA activates the 5′-end with a pyrophosphate linkage. Third, the attack by the 3′-OH on the 5′-phosphoanhydride generates the 3′-5′ phosphodiester bond, releasing AMP. ( B ) In a GTP-dependent step, RtcB first becomes charged by guanylylation at a conserved histidine residue located at the catalytic site. Next, the transfer of guanylate from the histidine residue to the RNA or DNA 3′-phosphate end generates … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: pommier{at}nih.gov. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Wireless control of reconfigurable antenna arrays

We developed a system that allows a user to wirelessly control reconfigurable antenna arrays using software. The array consists of four coplanar folded slot antenna elements and its different states can be activated or deactivated remotely on-demand to alter the entire array's resonant frequency. The array alters its operating frequency by changing the status of eight couples of p-i-n diodes simultaneously (four diodes per antenna element). The control system is described and the performance of the reconfigurable array was measured and discussed.
Bounds on the Spectrum of a CHIRP Pulse

A simple method is described for calculating and plotting strong bounds on the frequency spectra of linear frequency modulated (LFM) pulses used in CHIRP radar transmitters. Bounds on the voltage density (amplitude), energy density, power density, or power spectrum can be hand calculated and plotted in 10 to 20 minutes with a computational accuracy that is adequate for most electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analyses. The bounds obtained are within one dB of the peaks of the central lobe and major sidelobes. The method is based on the fact that the bounds on the far sidelobes are essentially the same whether or not the pulse is LFM. Several numerical examples are given for Hamming-weighted and trapezoidal pulses. The method is a convenient mathematical tool for engineers involved in compatibility analysis or concerned with radar transmitters complying with military standards pertaining to EMC.
Neurobehavioral deficits in neonatal rhesus monkeys exposed to cocaine in utero.

Abstract In spite of significant efforts, the neurobehavioral deficits in infants born from cocaine-abusing mothers have not been clearly defined. In the present study, we examined the presence of these abnormalities in a rhesus monkey model of prenatal cocaine exposure using a nonhuman primate adaptation of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Pregnant monkeys ( n =14) received 10 mg/kg cocaine twice a day orally (in fruit treats) from the 40th through 102nd postconception days (PCD40–PCD102), which is the period of cerebral cortical neuronogenesis (∼second trimester). The control consisted of pregnant monkeys ( n =14) receiving fruit treats only. The animals were allowed to deliver vaginally at term (∼PCD165). The first testing session was conducted on PCD171 (within the first week after birth); the second testing session was conducted on PCD177 (within the second week after birth); the third test was conducted on PCD183 (within the third week after birth); and the fourth testing session was conducted on PCD189 (within the fourth week after birth). The prenatally cocaine-exposed infants showed deficits in orientation, state control, and motor maturity, which were detectable during the second, third, and fourth testing sessions. The same testing sessions also revealed a significant reduction in the time devoted to toy manipulation, which points to impaired attention. None of these abnormalities were seen during the first testing session. The first session, however, revealed increased tremulousness (one of the indicators of autonomic stability) in the prenatally cocaine-exposed infants. This impairment disappeared by the third testing session. The present findings demonstrate the potential of prenatal cocaine exposure to induce neurobehavioral deficits detectable by NBAS-like testing in primate infants.
Experiences from continuing education training in desalinaiton

Abstract Accumulated experience from eight years offering of extension education courses in the desalination field.
What Remaining Questions Regarding Helicobacter pylori and Associated Diseases Should Be Addressed by Future Research?: View From North America

Several areas regarding Helicobacter pylori that need improvement or clarification in the United States include treatment of dyspepsia, physician education on disease associations with H. pylori, and evidence from U.S. studies that 7-day H. pylori eradication regimens are more effective than current regimens. Dyspepsia, a ubiquitous condition in the United States, is routinely managed on the basis of a positive H. pylori serology without other investigations. This approach has been fostered by cost-effectiveness studies of various approaches to duodenal ulcer and dyspeptic patients. Serology-directed therapy was the most cost-effective option vs. endoscopy-directed management. The option of not obtaining endoscopy had broad appeal to primary care physicians. In addition, a recent survey suggests that even gastroenterologists routinely attempt H. pylori eradication in infected patients with nonulcer dyspepsia, despite a number of negative efficacy studies. Finally, the option of not eradicating a World Health Organization-defined carcinogen in the litigious United States is unappealing to clinicians. Eradication of H. pylori in patients with dyspepsia despite more negative trials is likely to continue. There is evidence that U.S. physician awareness of the H. pylori-disease associations and the best therapies are improving rapidly, but further improvement is needed. Discrepancy of awareness of H. pylori between gastroenterologists and family physicians exists. In a recent survey, 94% and 72% of gastroenterologists regarded H. pylori as a causative agent in duodenal and gastric ulcer, respectively, vs. 68% and 68% of family physicians, and only 9% of family physicians believed there was a definite relationship between H. pylori infection and gastric cancer vs. 21% of gastroenterologists. One hundred three different H. pylori regimens were being used; 31% of family physicians and 11% of gastroenterologists used ineffective regimens or regimens of unknown effectiveness. Although 1-week proton pump inhibitor triple therapy is promising, there is skepticism that U.S. studies will yield the optimistic results that have characterized the European studies. Unlike in Europe, the U.S. standard is to use double diagnostics to prove eradication rather than just the urea breath test and to use intent-to-treat rather than assessable patient analyses. Both approaches reduce apparent eradication rates.
Shubnikov—de Haas measurements in alkali-metal—graphite intercalation compounds

Shubnikov\char22{}de Haas (SdH) oscillations are reported for well-characterized (single stage) encapsulated potassium (stages $n=4,5,8$) and rubidium ($n=2,3,5,8$) graphite intercalation compounds. Shapes of the Fermi surface (FS) are deduced from the dependence of the FS cross sections on the angle between the $c$-axis of the sample and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{H}$. The temperature dependence ($1.4lT\ensuremath{\le}25$ K) of the amplitudes of the SdH oscillations has been studied to find cyclotron effective masses for specific FS cross sections. A simple phenomenological energy-band model, based on the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ bands of pristine graphite and $c$-axis zone folding, is used to calculate SdH frequencies as a function of Fermi energy and is applied to interpret the stage- and intercalant-dependent experimental SdH frequencies and effective masses. The good agreement between the observed and predicted effective masses and the FS cross sections confirms the general validity of this model.
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells offer new insights into the relationship between lipid metabolism and angiogenesis.

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have played a major role as a model system for the study of the regulation of endothelial cell function and the role of the endothelium in the response of the blood vessel wall to stretch, shear forces, and the development of atherosclerotic plaques and angiogenesis. Here, we use HUVECs and human microvascular endothelial cells to study the role of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, simvastatin, and the small GTP-binding protein Rho in the regulation of angiogenesis. Simvastatin inhibited angiogenesis in response to FGF-2 in the corneal pocket assay of the mouse and in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated angiogenesis in the chick chorioallontoic membrane. Furthermore, simvastatin inhibited VEGF-stimulated tube formation by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and the formation of honeycomb-like structures by HUVECs. The effect was dose-dependent and was not secondary to apoptosis. Geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate (GGPP), a product of the cholesterol metabolic pathway that serves as a substrate for the posttranslational lipidation of RhoA, was required for membrane localization, but not farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP), the substrate for the lipidation of Ras. Furthermore, GGTI, a specific inhibitor of GGPP, mimicked the effect of simvastatin of tube formation and the formation of honeycombs whereas FTI, a specific inhibitor of the farnesylation of Ras, had no effect. Adenoviral expression of a DN-RhoA mutant mimicked the effect of simvastatin on tube formation and the formation of honeycombs, whereas a dominant activating mutant of RhoA reversed the effect of simvastatin on tube formation. Finally, simvastatin interfered with the membrane localization of RhoA with a dose-dependence similar to that for the inhibition of tube formation. Simvastatin also inhibited the VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of the VEGF receptor KDR, and the tyrosine kinase FAK, which plays a role in cell migration. These data demonstrate that simvastatin interfered with angiogenesis via the inhibition of RhoA. Data supporting a role for angiogenesis in the development and growth of atherosclerotic plaques suggest that this antiangiogenic effect of Statins might prevent the progression of atherosclerosis via the inhibition of plaque angiogenesis.
Inhibition of PKR Protects Against Tunicamycin-Induced Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma Cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) dysfunction is thought to play a significant role in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, and the prion diseases. ER dysfunction can be mimicked by cellular stress signals such as disruption of calcium homeostasis, inhibition of protein glycosylation, and reduction of disulfide bonds, which results in accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER and leads to cell death by apoptosis. Tunicamycin, which is an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, induces ER stress and apoptosis. In this study, we examined the involvement of double stranded (ds) RNA-activated protein kinase PKR in tunicamycin-induced apoptosis. We used overexpression of the trans-dominant negative, catalytically inactive mutant K296R to inhibit PKR activity in neuroblastoma cells. We demonstrate that inhibition of PKR activation in response to tunicamycin protects neuronal cells from undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, K296R overexpressing cells show defective PKR activation, delayed eIF2α phosphorylation, dramatically delayed ATF4 expression. In addition, both caspase-3 activation and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP, also known as GADD153) induction, which are markers of apoptotic cells, are absent from K296R overexpression cells in response to tunicamycin. These results establish that PKR activation plays a major regulatory role in induction of apoptosis in response to ER stress and indicates the potential of PKR as possible target for neuroprotective therapeutics.
Assessing the Role of Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Vascular Disease

Gene therapy is an evolving field of study that seeks to treat disease by introducing recombinant genetic material into the cells of the patient. The genetic material is transferred into the somatic host cells using a variety of mechanisms, or vectors, in an effort to alter the gene and protein expression of those cells and thus change the underlying pathological processes that cause the disease.' Advances in molecular biology have improved the technology of gene transfer and have enabled the field of gene therapy to progress to the level of initial clinical trials. These initial trials are designed to assess the safety of the gene transfer techniques, the ability of the patients to tolerate the procedures, the success of genetic transfer, and the clinical response of the disease process.
Integrated Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording Head: Design and Recording Demonstration

Scaling the areal density, while maintaining a proper balance between media signal-to-noise ratio, thermal stability, and writability, will soon require an alternative recording technology. Heat assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) can achieve this balance by allowing high anisotropy media to be written by heating the media during the writing process (e.g., by laser light) to temporarily lower the anisotropy. Three major challenges of designing a HAMR head that tightly focuses light and collocates it with the magnetic field are discussed: 1) magnetic field delivery; 2) optical delivery; and 3) magnetic and optical field delivery integration. Thousands of these HAMR heads were built into sliders and head-gimbal assemblies, and optical and scanning electron micrograph images are shown. Scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) characterization of the HAMR head shows that the predicted ~ lambda/4 full-width half-maximum (FWHM) spot size can be achieved using 488 nm light (124 nm was achieved). SNOM images also show that wafer level fabricated apertures were able to effectively eliminate sidelobes from the focused spot intensity profile. A magnetic force microscopy image of HAMR media shows that non-HAMR (laser power off) was not able to write transitions in the HAMR specific media even at very high write currents, but transitions could be written using HAMR (laser power on), even at lower write currents. A cross-track profile is shown for a fully integrated HAMR head where the magnetic pole physical width is ~350 nm, but the written track is ~200 nm, which demonstrates HAMR. A HAMR optimization contour shows that there is an optimum write current and laser power and that simply going to the highest write current and laser power does not lead to the best recording. Lastly, some prospects for advancing HAMR are given and a few key problems to be solved are mentioned.
Thesaurus structure, descriptive parameters, and scale

A thesaurus contains a set of terms or features that may be used to represent recorded information, including prose documents or scientific data sets. The focus of this work is on the basic structural nature of a thesaurus itself, not on how people develop a thesaurus or how a thesaurus effects retrieval performance. Thesauri in this research are automatically developed in a simulation from sets of randomly or exhaustively generated documents. Each thesaurus is generated by the Thesaurus Generator software from a set of several hundred documents, and thousands of different document sets are used as input to the Thesaurus Generator, producing thousands of thesauri. Thus, thousands of thesauri are generated for each data point in accompanying graphs. The characteristics of this large number of thesauri are studied so that the relationships between thesaurus parameters can be determined. Some rules governing these relationships are suggested, addressing factors such as tree height and width, number of tree roots in thesauri, and number of terms available for the vocabulary. How these parameters scale as vocabularies grow is addressed. These results apply to various information systems that contain features with hierarchical relationships, including many thesauri and ontologies.
Detecting glaucomatous change in visual fields

Display Omitted We propose an optimization framework to detect glaucomatous change over time.We present the rate of glaucomatous progression over time graphically.Similar accuracy while less complex and faster algorithm than other methods. Detecting glaucomatous progression is an important aspect of glaucoma management. The assessment of longitudinal series of visual fields, measured using Standard Automated Perimetry (SAP), is considered the reference standard for this effort. We seek efficient techniques for determining progression from longitudinal visual fields by formulating the problem as an optimization framework, learned from a population of glaucoma data. The longitudinal data from each patients eye were used in a convex optimization framework to find a vector that is representative of the progression direction of the sample population, as a whole. Post-hoc analysis of longitudinal visual fields across the derived vector led to optimal progression (change) detection. The proposed method was compared to recently described progression detection methods and to linear regression of instrument-defined global indices, and showed slightly higher sensitivities at the highest specificities than other methods (a clinically desirable result). The proposed approach is simpler, faster, and more efficient for detecting glaucomatous changes, compared to our previously proposed machine learning-based methods, although it provides somewhat less information. This approach has potential application in glaucoma clinics for patient monitoring and in research centers for classification of study participants.
Neoproterozoic crustal growth: The solid Earth system during a critical episode of Earth history

Abstract The behavior of the solid Earth system is often overlooked when the causes of major Neoproteozoic (1000–542 Ma) climate and biosphere events are discussed although ∼ 20% of the present continental crust formed or was remobilized during this time. Processes responsible for forming and deforming the continental crust during Neoproterozoic time were similar to those of the modern Earth and took place mostly but not entirely at convergent margin settings. Crustal growth and reworking occurred within the context of a supercontinent cycle, from breakup of Rodinia beginning ∼ 830 Ma to formation of a new supercontinent Greater Gondwana or Pannotia, ∼ 600 Ma. Neoproterozoic crust formation and deformation was heterogeneous in space and time, and was concentrated in Africa, Eurasia, and South America during the last 300 million years of Neoproterozoic time. In contrast, the solid Earth system was relatively quiescent during the Tonian period (1000–850 Ma). The vigor of Cryogenian and Ediacaran tectonic and magmatic processes and the similar timing of these events and development of Neoproterozoic glaciations and metazoa suggest that climate change and perhaps increasing biological complexity was strongly affected by the solid Earth system.
QCD corrections to associated Higgs boson heavy quark production

We compute the O({alpha}{sub s}) QCD corrections to the inclusive process e{sup +}e{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}t{bar t}h. Although the total rate is small, it has a distinctive experimental signature and can potentially be used to measure the top-quark{endash}Higgs-boson Yukawa coupling. The QCD corrections increase the rate by a factor of roughly 1.5 for e{sup +}e{sup {minus}}{r_arrow}t{bar t}h at {radical} (s) =500 GeV and M{sub h}=100 GeV. At {radical} (s) =1 TeV, the corrections are small. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
CAD issues for CMOS VLSI design in SOI

This paper reviews recent progress in making circuit-level CAD tools for the design of digital integrated circuits SOI-aware, specifically transistor-level static timing and static noise analysis tools. This involves abstracting the SOI device physics of the floating body, allowing estimates of the body voltage variation under various switching activity assumptions. These body voltage estimates are then applied as "initial conditions" in the constituent simulations of the static analyses. Results are presented for a prototype static timing analysis tool and a commercial static noise analysis tool.
Self-Rated Health Across Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Status for US Adolescents and Young Adults.

Abstract Purpose Health disparities research seeks to understand and eliminate differences in health based on social status. Self-rated health is often used to document health disparities across racial/ethnic and immigrant groups, yet its validity for such comparative research has not been established. To be useful in disparities research, self-rated health must measure the same construct in all groups, that is, a given level of self-rated health should reflect the same level of mental and physical health in each group. This study asks, Is the relationship between self-rated health and four indicators of health status—body mass index, chronic conditions, functional limitations, and depressive symptoms—similar for adolescents and young adults of different races/ethnicities and immigrant generations? Methods Ordinary least squares regression was used to examine associations of self-rated health with the four indicators of health status both cross-sectionally and longitudinally using four waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. Results Health indicators explained similar amounts of variance in self-rated health for all racial/ethnic and immigrant generation groups. The cross-sectional association between the health indicators and self-rated health did not vary across groups. The longitudinal association between depressive symptoms and chronic conditions and self-rated health also did not differ across groups. However, an increase in body mass index was associated more negatively with later self-rated health for Asians than for whites or blacks. Conclusions Self-rated health is valid for disparities research in large, population-based surveys of US adolescents and young adults. In many of these surveys self-rated health is the only measure of health.
Better Understanding Live Donor Risk through Big Data

In the context of the organ shortage, kidney transplantation from living donors has increased markedly over the last several decades. This growth in living donation has been accompanied by changes in donor characteristics, including greater racial and ethnic diversity and more unrelated donors ([1][
Donald Allan Ramsay CM. 11 July 1922 — 25 October 2007

Donald Allan Ramsay made significant contributions to the study of molecular spectra and molecular structure during a 60-year career at the Sussex Drive Laboratories of the National Research Council of Canada. He was an early pioneer in the technique of flash photolysis, or kinetic spectroscopy, opening new vistas in generating the spectra of unstable free radical molecules and probing their dynamics. His work on the amidogen radical, NH 2 , provided the first example of the Renner–Teller effect in molecular spectroscopy, resulting from interactions between electronic and vibration–rotational motions. He was one of the best-known figures in the field of molecular spectroscopy. Travelling widely, he had abundant and productive collaborations with scientists from all around the world. His seminal publications are a true indication of the energy, insight and originality that he applied to his scientific work.
Pseudo-continuous resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation: application to the determination of the hyperfine constants of 208Pb19F

A highly efficient pseudo continuous resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation detection scheme is presented that combines the sensitivity of resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) with high resolution. This detection scheme is employed to obtain the A(v′ = 1) ← X 1(v = 0) spectra of 208Pb19F with a resolution of 90 MHz. The observed 19F hyperfine splittings are analysed in terms of effective hyperfine parameters that describe the interaction between the fluorine nuclear spin and that of the unpaired electron in the A and X 1 states of the molecule.
Friends In High Places: The Effects Of Social Networks On Discrimination In Salary Negotiations

This article tests hypotheses about the effects of social networks on inequitable salary negotiation outcomes using a U.S. high-technology company's salary negotiation data for 1985–1995. Analyzing results of 3,062 actual salary negotiations, we found that members of racial minority groups negotiated significantly lower salary increases than majority members, but this effect was dramatically reduced when we controlled for social ties to the organization. Having a social tie to the organization significantly increased salary negotiation outcomes, and minorities were less likely than majority members to have such a social tie.
Interaction effects analysis of platelet transfusion data.

A statistical method is described for determining which recipient factors influence the efficacy of platelet transfusions in the treatment of thrombocytopenia caused by bone marrow depression. The method, known as interaction effects detection, is useful because it will relate a dependent variable 12-hour posttransfusion in vivo platelet increment which is numerical to independent variables (recipient factors), which are not necessarily numerical or even rank ordered, in such a manner as to reveal the interactions among the independent variables. The results of the analysis suggest that seven of the 23 independent variables could be key ones in determining the efficacy of a transfusion, as measured by the dependent variable.
Role of Echocardiography in the Emergency Department for Identifying Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia

Echocardiography is a valuable, noninvasive diagnostic tool that can provide information on systolic function and valvular abnormalities and can provide alternative explanations for causes of chest pain. Experimental as well as clinical studies have shown that wall motion abnormalities have a high sensitivity for predicting myocardial infarction. More recent studies, performed in the emergency department on patients evaluated for myocardial ischemia, have reported similar results. An important aspect is that necrosis is not necessary to cause wall motion abnormalities; therefore, echocardiography can also be used to identify patients with ischemia without infarction. Importantly, sensitivity is significantly higher than that for electrocardiography and is comparable to that for myocardial perfusion imaging. Newer developments, such as digital transmission over telephone lines, may lead to more widespread routine use in the emergency department. Acute emergency department echocardiography appears to be a promising tool when used in the evaluation of patients with chest pain.
Model of transient aerosol particle deposition in fibrous media with dendritic pattern

When a suspension of fine solid particles in a gaseous medium flows through a fibrous filter, particles deposit on the fibers forming chainlike agglomerates known as dendrites. This deposition pattern is responsible for the intrinsically transient behavior of the filter, leading to drastic increases of the filtration efficiency and of the pressure drop. Related phenomena are observed when aerosols flow through other types of porous media (for example, granular beds), or next to duct walls, around immersed objects, etc. A theoretical model of the particle dendrite growth was proposed recently by Payatakes and Tien. Here a revised and generalized version of that model is developed. The following major revisions are made: allowance is made for collisions with a particle in a given dendrite layer that lead to retension in the same layer, radial as well as angular contributions to deposition are considered, and the dendrite layer adjacent to the collector is allowed to contain more than one particle. These changes lead to a substantially more realistic theoretical model. Expressions for the transient behavior of a filter of differential thickness are obtained, based entirely on first principles. These, as it has been shown in a previous publication, can be used to predict the dynamic behavior of a macroscopic fibrous filter. The use and behavior of this model is demonstrated in the simple case of deposition by pure interception. The present treatment of deposition by pure interception is more rigorous than and supersedes that adopted in previous works.
Was Paul out of his mind : Re-reading 2 Corinthians 5.13

Paul's use of the words έξίστηιμ and σωϕρoνέω in 2 Cor. 5.13 has proven ex tremely difficult for interpreters. Some believe Paul is making reference to a charge of eccentric behavior, while others think he is alluding to his own ecstatic expe rience. This article argues that the complaint of 2 Cor. 5.13 should be read in light of the central complaint leveled against Paul in Corinth: his poor rhetorical skills (10.10; 11.6; 12.19; 13.3). After demonstrating the prominence of this issue in 2 Cor. 10-12, 1 Cor. 1-4 and 2 Cor. 2-5, this article allows Paul's detractors to explain their terminology. Understood as a complaint against Paul from those whose rhetorical tastes were more refined, the language of 2 Cor. 5.13 is consid erably illuminated. Both έξίστημτ and σωϕρoνέω were used in rhetorical hand books in relation to proper oratorical style. This reading anchors this text firmly within the literary context, while also reflecting issues prominent in the Greco- Roman world of first-century Corinth.
A proteomic approach for the identification of novel lysine methyltransferase substrates

Background: Signaling via protein lysine methylation has been proposed to play a central role in the regulation of many physiologic and pathologic programs. In contrast to other post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, proteome-wide approaches to investigate lysine methylation networks do not exist. Results: In the current study, we used the ProtoArray ® platform, containing over 9,500 human proteins, and developed and optimized a system for proteome-wide identification of novel methylation events catalyzed by the protein lysine methyltransferase (PKMT) SETD6. This enzyme had previously been shown to methylate the transcription factor RelA, but it was not known whether SETD6 had other substrates. By using two independent detection approaches, we identified novel candidate substrates for SETD6, and verified that all targets tested in vitro and in cells were genuine substrates. Conclusions: We describe a novel proteome-wide methodology for the identification of new PKMT substrates. This technological advance may lead to a better understanding of the enzymatic activity and substrate specificity of the large number (more than 50) PKMTs present in the human proteome, most of which are uncharacterized.
A generalized birth and death process for modeling the fates of gene duplication

Accurately estimating the timing and mode of gene duplications along the evolutionary history of species can provide invaluable information about underlying mechanisms by which the genomes of organisms evolved and the genes with novel functions arose. Mechanistic models have previously been introduced that allow for probabilistic inference of the evolutionary mechanism for duplicate gene retention based upon the average rate of loss over time of the duplicate. However, there is currently no probabilistic model embedded in a birth-death modeling framework that can take into account the effects of different evolutionary mechanisms of gene retention when analyzing gene family data. In this study, we describe a generalized birth-death process for modeling the fates of gene duplication. Use of mechanistic models in a phylogenetic framework requires an age-dependent birth-death process. Starting with a single population corresponding to the lineage of a phylogenetic tree and with an assumption of a clock that starts ticking for each duplicate at its birth, an age-dependent birth-death process is developed by extending the results from the time-dependent birth-death process. The implementation of such models in a full phylogenetic framework is expected to enable large scale probabilistic analysis of duplicates in comparative genomic studies. We develop an age-dependent birth-death model for understanding the mechanisms of gene retention, which allows a gene loss rate dependent on each duplication event. Simulation results indicate that different mechanisms of gene retentions produce distinct likelihood functions, which can be used with genomic data to quantitatively distinguish those mechanisms.
Pneumococcal Infections: Therapeutic Strategies and Pitfalls

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the most important bacterial causes of respiratory infection and invasive disease in children and adults. This chapter reviews how increased rates of antibiotic-resistant S. pneumoniae have influenced the morbidity and mortality associated with pneumococcal disease and to present optimal therapeutic approaches for management of these infections in children and adults. In an eight-center children’s hospital surveillance study of pneumococcal infections, Kaplan et al. reported the outcome of 100 children with S. pneumoniae bacteremia secondary to penicillin- and cephalosporin-nonsusceptible infections. Informative studies suggest that an immunocompetent child between the ages of 3 and 36 months with culture-proven pneumococcal bacteremia, without meningitis, due to a nonsusceptible isolate can be effectively treated with a parenteral broad-spectrum cephalosporin as an appropriate initial therapy. Prior to beginning this therapy, repeat blood cultures should be obtained to document persistent bacteremia. Clinical presentation, cerebrospinal fluid indices on admission, hospital course, morbidity rates, and mortality rates were similar for patients infected with penicillin- or ceftriaxone-susceptible versus -nonsusceptible organisms. The relatively small numbers of nonsusceptible isolates and the inclusion of vancomycin in the treatment regimen for the majority of the patients limited the power of this study to detect significant differences between the groups. Pneumococcal isolates tolerant to vancomycin have been reported in cases of meningitis associated with poor therapeutic responses. Whether the increased use of conjugate vaccines and the reduced rates of inappropriate antibiotic use will lead to decreased antibiotic resistance to the pneumococcus in the future remains to be determined.
Universal Design: Moving the Americans With Disabilities Act From Access to Inclusion

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has greatly improved the lives of people with disabilities in the United States. Initially thought to primarily require removal of physical barriers, the ADA has consistently been applied broadly to encompass all aspect of entities’ programs, services, and operations. As entities endeavored to comply with the ADA, several useful management strategies have emerged, one of which is this concept of Universal Design (UD). Universal Design guides managers in meeting their legal obligations under the ADA and also creating a more fully inclusive environment for employees and customers. “Universal Design is a framework for the design of places, things, information, communication and policy to be usable by the widest range of people operating in the widest range of situations without special or separate design” (IHCD, 2015b). The authors explain the important relationships between ADA’s legal mandate and Universal Design as a management strategy.
The Future of Corporate Governance in the United States

This paper is an interview in which I am given the privilege of talking about the future of corporate governance without the burden of either documenting the basis for my views or, frankly, fully working out their internal logic. Nonetheless, the interview does express some thoughts about the endogenity of governance structures,and especially about the role of governance in high technology companies.
ACES characterization of damping in micro-beam resonators

This study develops a preliminary model of Q-factor of MEMS resonators by using Analytical, Computational, and Experimental Solutions (ACES) methodology to investigate the effects of various damping mechanisms on the Q-factor of microelectromechanical resonators. Focus was made on the contributions of air damping, thermoelastic damping (TED), and surface damping to the Q-factor. Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) and Michelson Interferometry were used to characterize the damping of tipless atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes through ring down tests. Tests were performed at various levels of vacuum with different beam geometries and coatings. COMSOL was used to model the TED as well as resonance characteristics of the beams and the computational results were compared to analytical and experimental results. It was found that as surface area to volume ratio increases beyond approximately 1 μm−1, surface damping becomes the dominant damping mechanism. Additionally air damping was significant at a vacuum level gr...
Mesoscale Scanning Electron and Tunneling Microscopy Study of the Surface Morphology of Thermally Annealed Copper Foils for Graphene Growth

The evolution of the surface morphology of thermally annealed copper foils utilized for graphene growth by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) has been studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and optical microscopy to determine the effect of pretreatment and preannealing steps that aimed to increase grain size and reduce surface roughness for subsequent graphene growth. The results of the study show that (a) Fe(NO3)3 etch pretreatment leaves residue and etch quarries on the Cu surface even after thermal annealing, (b) certain preannealing processes yield a crust layer on the foil that can peel off, (c) graphene film can preserve an imprint of the Cu film grain structure after being transferred onto SiO2 substrate, and (d) graphene/Cu surface height variations remain much larger than the diameter of the carbon atom over micrometer length scales. Nevertheless, good quality graphene can be grown on the rough Cu surface, and a layer of graphene on top of the copper reduces its appa...
E-Cigarette Marketing Exposure Is Associated With E-Cigarette Use Among US Youth

Abstract Purpose E-cigarettes are currently the most commonly used tobacco product among US youth. However, unlike conventional cigarettes, e-cigarettes are not subject to marketing restrictions. This study investigates the association between exposure to e-cigarette marketing and susceptibility and use of e-cigarettes in youth. Methods Data were obtained from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey. Participants were 22,007 US middle and high school students. Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the relationship between e-cigarette marketing (internet, print, retail, and TV/movies) and current and ever use as well as susceptibility to use e-cigarettes among never e-cigarette users. Results Exposure to each type of e-cigarette marketing was significantly associated with increased likelihood of ever and current use of e-cigarettes among middle and high school students. Exposure was also associated with susceptibility to use of e-cigarettes among current nonusers. In multivariate models, as the number of channels of e-cigarette marketing exposure increased, the likelihood of use and susceptibility also increased. Conclusions Findings highlight the significant associations between e-cigarette marketing and e-cigarette use among youth and the need for longitudinal research on these relationships.
Radiographic study of the maxillary canine tooth in mesaticephalic dogs.

Radiology is the most important diagnostic technique for evaluation of the radicular structure of the tooth and adjacent areas. However, superimposition of other oral or nasal structures often crea...
Epidemiological analysis of measles in a county of Gansu Province from 2010 to 2012

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of measles in a county of Gansu Province from 2010 to 2012, to provide basis for effective control and elimination of measles. Methods Spss and Excel were taken to carry out descriptive epidemiological analysis of the data from 2010 to 2012. Results Totally 99 cases with measles were reported from 2010 to 2012, including 68 cases in 2010 with incidence rate of 78.98/100 000, and the epidemic peak from April to June, without significant difference in incidence rate between cities and towns(χ2=2.63, P0.05); 31 measles cases in 2011with the incidence rate of 34.06/100 000, and the epidemic peak from May to July, without significant difference in incidence rate between cities and towns(χ2=2.06, P0.05). There was statistical difference in incidence rate between 2010 and 2011(χ2=15.98, P0.01). The incidence rate was extremely lower in 2011 than in 2010. No case was reported in 2012. Conclusions The incidence rate of measles in 2010 and in 2011 is extremely higher in the county than in other areas. And there is no case reported in 2012 after the strengthened immunity work of measles. So the incidence of measles in the county is controlled effectively.
The Synthetic Elicitor DPMP (2,4-dichloro-6-{(E)-[(3-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol) Triggers Strong Immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana and Tomato

Synthetic elicitors are drug-like compounds that are structurally distinct from natural defense elicitors. They can protect plants from diseases by activating host immune responses and can serve as tools for the dissection of the plant immune system as well as leads for the development of environmentally-safe pesticide alternatives. By high-throughput screening, we previously identified 114 synthetic elicitors that activate expression of the pathogen-responsive CaBP22−333::GUS reporter gene in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), 33 of which are [(phenylimino)methyl]phenol (PMP) derivatives or PMP-related compounds. Here we report on the characterization of one of these compounds, 2,4-dichloro-6-{(E)-[(3-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (DPMP). DPMP strongly triggers disease resistance of Arabidopsis against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. By mRNA-seq analysis we found transcriptional profiles triggered by DPMP to resemble typical defense-related responses.
Evaluation of the Design Features of Interactive Sea-Level Rise Viewers for Risk Communication

ABSTRACTInteractive sea-level rise viewers (ISLRVs) are digital tools used to communicate about impacts of sea-level rise (SLR) and support decision-making. This study characterizes how ISLRVs communicate about SLR-related risks and provide decision-making support. It identifies key themes about fostering accurate mental models of SLR processes, informing about inundation likelihood, communicating about related social and ecological risks, and providing features users can apply to specific tasks. We present a framework for understanding this type of communication tool that designers can use to develop robust ISLRVs that can support audiences’ understanding and decision-making needs, and contribute to enhancement of coastal resiliency.
Von »Emilia Galotti« bis »Kabale und Liebe«

In den siebziger Jahren tritt das deutsche bgl. Tr. in ein neues Stadium. Die empfindsame Spielart hat zwar noch mehr als zwanzig Jahre spater ihre Auslaufer, doch erscheint mit Lessings »Emilia Galotti« (1772) ein anderer Typus des bgl. Tr. auf dem Plan, der sich in mancherlei Variationen bis in die achtziger Jahre, bis zu Schillers »Kabale und Liebe« (1784), als der fur diese Zeit charakteristische behauptet und dann ein jahes Ende findet. Wohl bezeugt manches eine gewisse Kontinuitat: die Gegenwartsnahe des Stoffes, die realistische (wenn auch gelegentlich bis zum Karikaturistischen verscharfte) Wiedergabe des Alltags, die Konzentration auf Probleme des Familienlebens, schlieslich der »Mittelstand« (s. o. S. 9) als bevorzugter sozialer Raum der dramatis personae. Wichtiger als das Gemeinsame ist aber das Unterscheidende. Das empfindsame Moment hat in dem neuen Typus so gut wie ausgespielt; kaum das es noch andeutungsweise in einigen der zentralen leidenden Frauen- und Madchengestalten sichtbar bleibt; haufiger wird es ersetzt durch die Leidenschaftlichkeit des subjektivistischen Menschen. Ferner erscheint der Mensch jetzt primar als Vertreter eines genau fixierten, aus der zeitgenossischen gesellschaftlichen Wirklichkeit reflektierten konkreten Standes- und Berufsmilieus, nicht mehr als der moralische bzw. unmoralische Privatmensch in seiner abstrakten Allgemeinheit. Er ist kleinburgerlicher Handwerker oder grosburgerlicher Kaufmann oder Beamter, Landedelmann oder aristokratischer Offizier. Seiner sozialen Lage entspricht jeweils eine kennzeichnende standisch bedingte (und oft standesbewuste) Mentalitat.
Turbocharged molecular discovery of OLED emitters: From high-throughput quantum simulation to highly efficient TADF devices

Discovering new OLED emitters requires many experiments to synthesize candidates and test performance in devices. Large scale computer simulation can greatly speed this search process but the problem remains challenging enough that brute force application of massive computing power is not enough to successfully identify novel structures. We report a successful High Throughput Virtual Screening study that leveraged a range of methods to optimize the search process. The generation of candidate structures was constrained to contain combinatorial explosion. Simulations were tuned to the specific problem and calibrated with experimental results. Experimentalists and theorists actively collaborated such that experimental feedback was regularly utilized to update and shape the computational search. Supervised machine learning methods prioritized candidate structures prior to quantum chemistry simulation to prevent wasting compute on likely poor performers. With this combination of techniques, each multiplying the strength of the search, this effort managed to navigate an area of molecular space and identify hundreds of promising OLED candidate structures. An experimentally validated selection of this set shows emitters with external quantum efficiencies as high as 22%.