cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MESENTERIC VASCULAR RESPONSE TO HYPOTHERMIA.

Summary o 1. Total and segmental resistances were studied in the mesenteries of 37 dogs, and the effects of hypothermia, changes in blood viscosity and epinephrine on these resistances were compared. 2. Cooling to 15°C. caused an increased mesenteric resistance in 94 per cent of animals with approximately 90 per cent of the resistance rise contributed by the arterial segment. Small vessel resistance increased in 52 per cent. There was no evidence of venous constriction. 3. Blood viscosity appeared to play a minor role. 4. It is suggested that hemorrhagic necrosis of the bowel wall is due to intense vasoconstriction in the precapillary vessels with subsequent distal anoxia and cellular damage.
A branch-and-bound approach to knowledge-based protein structure assembly

With the unprecedented growth in the size of sequence and structure databases, knowledge-based methods have become increasingly feasible for protein structure prediction. We developed a branch-and-bound method for structlets-based protein structure assembly. We explore the effectiveness of this approach by examining its capability to reconstruct the 3D structure of some proteins with known 3D structures. Although our algorithm involves exhaustive search, our BestFirst implementation of a branch-and bound strategy is able to eliminate around 2/3 of the total search space in order to find the optimal 3D assembly for a protein of interest.
Inhibitors of Tyrosine Phosphatases and Apoptosis Reprogram Lineage-Marked Differentiated Muscle to Myogenic Progenitor Cells

Muscle regeneration declines with aging and myopathies, and reprogramming of differentiated muscle cells to their progenitors can serve as a robust source of therapeutic cells. Here, we used the Cre-Lox method to specifically label postmitotic primary multinucleated myotubes and then utilized small molecule inhibitors of tyrosine phosphatases and apoptosis to dedifferentiate these myotubes into proliferating myogenic cells, without gene overexpression. The reprogrammed, fusion competent, muscle precursor cells contributed to muscle regeneration in vitro and in vivo and were unequivocally distinguished from reactivated reserve cells because of the lineage marking method. The small molecule inhibitors downregulated cell cycle inhibitors and chromatin remodeling factors known to promote and maintain the cell fate of myotubes, facilitating cell fate reversal. Our findings enhance understanding of cell-fate determination and create novel therapeutic approaches for improved muscle repair.
A classifier neural net with complex-valued weights and square-law nonlinearities

Abstract A new pattern recognition classifier neural net (NN) is described that uses complex-valued weights and square-law nonlinearities. We show that these weights and nonlinearities inherently produce higher-order decision surfaces and thus we expect better classification performance (Pc). We refer to this as the piecewise hyperquadratic neural net (PQNN) because each hidden layer neuron inherently provides a hyperquadratic decision surface and the combination of neurons provides piecewise hyperquadratic decision surfaces. We detail the learning algorithm for this NN and provide initial results on synthetic data showing its advantages over the back propagation and other NNs. We also note a new technique to provide improved classification results when there are significantly different numbers of samples per class.
Talk-time in the emergency department: duration of patient-provider conversations during an emergency department visit.

Abstract Background Analyses of patient flow through the emergency department (ED) typically focus on metrics such as wait time, total length of stay (LOS), or boarding time. Less is known about how much interaction a patient has with clinicians after being placed in a room, or what proportion of their in-room visit is also spent waiting. Objective Our aim was to assess the proportion of time that a patient spent in conversation with providers during an ED visit. Methods Seventy-four audio-taped encounters of patients with low-acuity diagnoses were analyzed. Recorded ED visits were edited to remove downtime. The proportion of time the patient spent in conversation with providers (talk-time) was calculated as follows: (talk-time = [edited audio time/{LOS − door-to-doctor time}]). Results Participants were 46% male; mean age was 41 years (standard deviation 15.7 years). Median LOS was 126 min (interquartile range [IQR] 96 to 163 min), median time in a patient care area was 76 min (IQR 55 to 122 min). Median time in conversation with providers was 19 min (IQR 14 to 27 min), corresponding to a talk-time percentage of 24.9% (IQR 17.8%–35%). Multivariable regression analysis revealed that patients with older age, longer visits, and those requiring a procedure had more talk-time: total talk-time = 13 s + 9 s × (total time in room in minutes) + 8 s × (years in age of patient) + 482 s × (procedural diagnosis). Conclusions Approximately 75% of a patient's time in a care area is spent not interacting with providers. Although some of the time waiting is out of the providers' control (eg, awaiting imaging studies), this significant downtime represents an opportunity for both process improvement efforts and innovative patient-education efforts to make use of remaining downtime.
The hypothesis generating machine.

"The notion that mice can be generated spontaneously from bundles of old clothes is so delightfully whimsical that it is easy to see why men were loath to abandon it. One could accept such accidents in a topsy-turvy universe without trying to decide what transformation of buckles into bones and shoe buttons into eyes had taken place. One could take life as a kind of.. .magic. . .when it appeared, beady-eyed and bustling, under the laundry in the back room."1
Developmental changes in chickens' masked thresholds.

Masked thresholds were estimated at four frequencies (.25, .5, 1, and 2 kHz) in three levels of broadband noise (approximately 0, 10, and 20 dB/Hz) in over 100 chickens at 0 and 4 days of age. An adaptive procedure was based on delays in ongoing peeps that occurred when chicks heard the tones over the background noise. Masked thresholds decreased an average of 1 dB per day immediately after birth. This increasing sensitivity is more likely due to nonsensory factors, similar to distraction masking reported in human neonates, than to improving frequency resolution. Masked thresholds in these neonates are otherwise affected by spectrum level and frequency in the same way as the responses of mature subjects: thresholds increase by nearly 1 dB for each dB of increase in the spectrum level of the masker, and by approximately 3 dB for each octave of frequency. Thus, although elevated by some nonsensory effect, masked thresholds in newborn chicks are similar to those in humans.
The significance of colonic mucosa (intestinal metaplasia) involving the urinary tract

Although colonic type goblet cells are a relatively common component of reactive urothelial lesions and well-differentiated adenocarcinomas, complete replacement of areas of urothelium by benign appearing intestinal mucosa is a rare condition. All of the 11 documented cases occurred in association with abnormalities leading to chronic irritation and/or infection. In the three cases where the reported period of observation exceeded 2 years, all patients developed carcinoma. Despite its innocuous histology, widespread intestinal metaplasia apparently identifies a disturbed urothelium at high risk for cancer.
Directed monitoring using Cuscore charts for seasonal time series

The most commonly used statistical process control charts to detect special causes are Shewhart and Cusum charts. However, the Cuscore chart is a contemporary alternative that is especially well suited for detecting special causes that can be modeled in advance based on their characteristic effect on the system. In this paper, we develop the appropriate Cuscore statistic and the required control limits to detect a mean shift in a seasonal time series process. The work is motivated by an application involving blood platelet orders placed with the Red Cross. We also compare the performance of the Cuscore chart to the Cusum chart in this application and find that the performance of the Cuscore, in terms of time to signal the special cause, is better than the Cusum chart. We find that this result holds even when faced with the mismatch problem, which pertains to the compatibility between the actual and expected information that the Cuscore statistic is predicated on. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuroscience: Scent and sensibility

Chris Loss savours a wide-ranging exploration of flavour that takes in evolution and physiology — and suggests it could be key to a healthier future.
Social Landscapes of the Late Palaeolithic: Marking Meaning in the Magdalenian

Landscape archaeologies that pay attention to cultural importance of place have become increasingly common in recent years in many parts of the world. However, these approaches have largely failed to make inroads into Pleistocene European hunter–gatherer archaeology. This is partly due to a focus on economics, survival, and neo-liberal assumptions of ‘efficiency’ in early modern human behaviour. With evidence of lithic use drawn from cave sites, survey, and open-air excavation, I argue that Upper Paleolithic hunter–gatherers left clues to the importance of certain places in the landscape. Lithic tools in particular have been undervalued for their symbolic meaning, which goes well beyond style and ethnicity models. Raw material has been seen as evidence of mobility and trade, but possible cultural motives behind material choices have been downplayed or ignored.
From building to poem and back: the Danteum as a study in the projection of meaning across symbolic forms

Thus, as you direct your gaze towards the eastern arches, you behold a never-ceasing wonder. And upon all of them, above this covering of many curves, there rises, as it were, another arch borne on...
Abstract 3175: The splice variant of the human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein, E6*, displays anti-tumor propertiesin vivo

High-risk types of the human papillomavirus (HPV) are the causative agents of nearly all cases of cervical cancer, as well as a significant number of head, neck, penile, vulvar, and anal cancers. Like many other viruses with small genomes, HPV (∼8 kb) utilizes numerous mechanisms to increase the capacity of its genome to encode the proteins necessary for successful completion of its infectious life cycle, including alternative splicing. Studies over the past few decades have focused intensively on the activities and roles of E6 proteins from high-risk types of HPV during the process of cellular transformation, clearly implicating E6 as a major transforming agent. In contrast, the role of the smaller splice isoform, E6*, in the carcinogenic process (if any) has not yet been established. In the present study, we examined the behavior of the E6* protein during tumor growth in an in vivo nude mouse xenograft model. We created E6*-expressing SiHa (HPV+) and C33A (HPV-) cells, then examined the ability of both the parental and E6*-expressing cells to form tumors in nude mice. The difference in tumor size observed in the presence and absence of E6*, when expressed in both HPV+ (SiHa) and HPV- (C33A) cells, was dramatic and consistent, strongly indicating an anti-oncogenic role for E6* in this context. Interestingly, we found that tumor growth inhibition by E6* was greater in tumors derived from SiHa cells, which are HPV16-positive, than in tumors produced by C33A, which are HPV-negative. This difference implies that E6* acts by interfering with the oncogenic activity of the full-length protein as well as through one or more HPV-independent mechanisms. Consistent with this idea, we found that E6* does indeed bind to the full-sized isoform and inhibits its ability to accelerate degradation of p53 and procaspase 8. These data represent the first demonstration of biologically-relevant E6* activities distinct from those of the full-length isoform in vivo. The significance of these findings in the context of human cancers is in the possibility of mimicking or replicating the anti-oncogenic activity of E6* in such a way as to provide therapeutic benefit. Citation Format: Whitney Evans, Maria Filippova, Robert Aragon, Valeri Filippov, Mark Reeves, Penelope Duerksen-Hughes. The splice variant of the human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein, E6*, displays anti-tumor properties in vivo . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3175. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3175
Improved real-time PCR assays for the detection of fecal indicator bacteria in surface waters with different instrument and reagent systems

Previously reported and redesigned primer and probe assays were evaluated for the quantitative analysis of the fecal indicator bacterial groups, Enterococcus and Bacteroidetes with three real-time PCR instrument and reagent systems. The efficiency and sensitivity of the original assays varied between systems in analyses of DNA extracts from pure cultures of Enterococcus faecalis and Bacteroides fragilis, whereas the modified assays gave more consistent results. Distinctions between original and modified assays also occurred in analyses of known spike levels of E. faecalis and B. fragilis cells on filters with diverse surface water retentates. Percentages of samples causing PCR failures due to inhibition were lower using the modified assays. The accuracy and precision of spiked bacteria measurements were also generally higher, although mean measurements of both target organisms were still significantly different between systems (p < 0.05). The accuracy and precision of spiked bacteria measurements by both modified assays were further improved using a new sample matrix control spike consisting of cultured Lactococcus lactis cells and a reference assay for this organism. Corrections provided by the L. lactis assay eliminated significant differences in E. faecalis measurements between all three systems and between two of the three systems in B. fragilis measurements.
Managing the Meaning of Leadership: Leadership as 'Communicating Intent' in Wildland Firefighting:

Leadership studies and communication studies increasingly overlap in the emergence of the post-industrial leadership paradigm. This study calls attention to how different underlying models of communication in leadership theorizing and program implementation in organizations may cause otherwise progressive theories to be falsely rejected before realizing their emancipatory potential. We analyze a leadership initiative in wildland firefighting, inspired by the German military philosophy of Auftragstaktik, which recommends communicating `leader's intent'. We show how talk about communication in the organization and talk about the theory may diverge. Adapting the language of metadiscourse theory, we explore alternate communication models to expand the practical metadiscourse of communication to better align it with the theoretical metadiscourse of leadership it purports to actualize.
TEMPERATURE AND ELECTRON DENSITY DIAGNOSTICS OF A CANDLE-FLAME-SHAPED FLARE

Candle-flame-shaped flares are archetypical structures that provide indirect evidence of magnetic reconnection. A flare resembling Tsuneta's famous 1992 candle-flame flare occurred on 2011 January 28; we present its temperature and electron density diagnostics. This flare was observed with Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO/AIA), Hinode/X-Ray Telescope (XRT), and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory Ahead (STEREO-A)/Extreme Ultraviolet Imager, resulting in high-resolution, broad temperature coverage, and stereoscopic views of this iconic structure. The high-temperature images reveal a brightening that grows in size to form a tower-like structure at the top of the posteruption flare arcade, a feature that has been observed in other long-duration events. Despite the extensive work on the standard reconnection scenario, there is no complete agreement among models regarding the nature of this high-intensity elongated structure. Electron density maps reveal that reconnected loops that are successively connected at their tops to the tower develop a density asymmetry of about a factor of two between the two legs, giving the appearance of half-loops. We calculate average temperatures with a new fast differential emission measure (DEM) method that uses SDO/AIA data and analyze the heating and cooling of salient features of the flare. Using STEREO observations, we show that the tower and the half-loop brightenings are not a line-of-sight projection effect of the type studied by Forbes & Acton. This conclusion opens the door for physics-based explanations of these puzzling, recurrent solar flare features, previously attributed to projection effects. We corroborate the results of our DEM analysis by comparing them with temperature analyses from Hinode/XRT.
Acquiring and Developing Human Capital in Service Contexts: The Interconnectedness of Human Capital Resources

Past research has not adequately considered the importance of interconnected human capital resources. Drawing on the resource-based view, we propose a dynamic model in which changes in generic huma...
Circulation Regimes of Rainfall Anomalies in the African-South Asian Monsoon Belt

Abstract This study explores the spatial differentiation of climate anomalies and associated circulation mechanisms across the African-South Asian monsoon belt through empirical analyses mainly for the period 1948–83. Observations include surface ship observations in the tropical Atlantic, eastern Pacific, and Indian oceans, and various hydrometeorological and circulation index series, representing the water discharge of the Senegal River (SENEGAL), the rainfall in the West African Sahel (SAHEL), the discharge of rivers in the Nile basin (ROSEIRES, ATBARA), India monsoon rainfall (NIR), and the Southern Oscillation (SO). The field significance of correlation patterns is ascertained through Monte Carlo experiments. There is a strong correlation of hydrometeorological conditions from Senegal to the Sahel, a decrease from each of these domains eastward to the Nile catchment, and even more so to India. Conversely, correlations are remarkably high between the water discharge of the Nile basin (ROSEIRES, ATBARA...
Thrombophlebitic retroperitoneal collateral veins mimicking lymphadenopathy : MR and CT appearance

The authors report the magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) features of what is believed to be thrombophlebitis of the left cava of a duplicated IVC, which mimicked lymphadenopathy, and prompted both a CT-guided needle aspiration biopsy and surgical exploration. Knowledge that retroperitoneal vascular anomalies can mimick lymphadenopathy, both clinically and radiographically, may help obviate further testing and intervention.
Mechanism for the catalytic exchange of methane with deuterium on Pt(111) surfaces

The reaction of methane with deuterium on Pt(111) single crystals was studied using thermal programmed desorption (TPD) under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Methyl groups, believed to result from the dissociative adsorption of methane under catalytic conditions, were deposited directly by thermal decomposition of methyl iodide. TPD experiments after coadsorption with deuterium show that methane formation occurs in very high yields. Furthermore, the desorbing molecules display a bimodal distribution very similar to that obtained under atmospheric pressures, with maxima for CH3D and CD4. This distribution can be explained by a competition between two surface reactions, namely, direct incorporation of hydrogen in methyl groups and methylene formation followed by rapid interconversion to methylidyne before final hydrogenation to methane. We found that the rates for both reactions depend linearly on the coverage of methyl groups, but while the hydrogenation rate is also proportional to the coverage of deuterium, in the case of multiple H-D exchange an almost zero order dependence at low temperatures slowly becomes first order as the reaction temperature is increased. The activation energies for CH3D and CD4 formation were estimated to be 17.0 and 6.5 kcal/mol respectively even though the reaction rates displayed comparable values because of a compensation effect in the preexponential factors. Finally, the relative yields for CH2D2, CHD3 and CD4 are close to the equilibrium values, a result that is consistent with the proposed methylene-methylidyne interconversion step in our mechanism.
Physical identification of a virus in a crude leaf extract by its ferguson plot in agarose gel electrophoresis

Crude extracts of turnip crinkle virus upon agarose gel electrophoresis yield (i) virus patterns unperturbed by contaminants; (ii) plots of mobility vs. gel concentration (Ferguson plots) parallel with those of the purified virus. The parallelism suggests similarity in size and shape but a lower net charge for the crude virus. This result is obtained when gel electrophoresis is carried out either in a continuous buffer or in a discontinuous (moving boundary electrophoresis) buffer system. The latter mode has the substantial benefit of electrophoretic (auto-)concentration of dilute virus sample prior to resolution. Thus, the Ferguson plot analysis in a discontinuous buffer system of turnip crinkle virus can be viewed as a model procedure for the physical identification of other viruses contained in dilute extracts, feasible even in the absence of a prior knowledge as to the nature of, or isolation of, the virus.
Herpes simplex virus 1 microRNAs expressed abundantly during latent infection are not essential for latency in mouse trigeminal ganglia

Several herpes simplex virus 1 microRNAs are encoded within or near the latency associated transcript (LAT) locus, and are expressed abundantly during latency. Some of these microRNAs can repress the expression of important viral proteins and are hypothesized to play important roles in establishing and/or maintaining latent infections. We found that in lytically infected cells and in acutely infected mouse ganglia, expression of LAT-encoded microRNAs was weak and unaffected by a deletion that includes the LAT promoter. In mouse ganglia latently infected with wild type virus, the microRNAs accumulated to high levels, but deletions of the LAT promoter markedly reduced expression of LAT-encoded microRNAs and also miR-H6, which is encoded upstream of LAT and can repress expression of ICP4. Because these LAT deletion mutants establish and maintain latent infections, these microRNAs are not essential for latency, at least in mouse trigeminal ganglia, but may help promote it.
Progress in the production and application of light

For at least three decades, light sources and their application continuously have undergone rapid changes. To provide the Institute membership with a record of these developments, it has been the policy of the AIEE committee on the production and application of light to prepare at periodic intervals reports reviewing the progress achieved during those intervals. The 1939–40 committee∗ presents in this report a summary of the epoch-making advancements since 1936, when the last previous report was published,1 prepared by a member and former chairman of the committee.
Planet Women: The Image of Women in Planet Comics, 1940–1953

(1997). Planet Women: The Image of Women in Planet Comics, 1940–1953. The Historian: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 591-612.
The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate in the TNF-α induction of IL-8 gene expression in lung epithelial cells

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is an important cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the lung. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a C-X-C chemokine, is induced by TNF-alpha and initiates injury by acting as a chemoattractant for neutrophils and other immune cells. Although sphingolipids such as ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1-P) have been shown to serve as signaling molecules in the TNF-alpha inflammatory response, their role in the TNF-alpha induction of IL-8 gene expression in lung epithelial cells is not known. We investigated the role of sphingolipids in the TNF-alpha induction of IL-8 gene expression in H441 lung epithelial cells. We found that TNF-alpha induced IL-8 mRNA levels by increasing gene transcription, and the stability of IL-8 mRNA was not affected. Exogenous S1-P but not ceramide or sphingosine increased IL-8 mRNA levels and IL-8 secretion. Dimethylsphingosine, an inhibitor of sphingosine kinase, partially inhibited TNF-alpha induction of IL-8 mRNA levels indicating the importance of intracellular increases in S1-P in the IL-8 induction. S1-P induction of IL-8 mRNA was due to an increase in gene transcription, and the stability of IL-8 mRNA was not affected. S1-P induction of IL-8 mRNA was associated with an increase in the binding activity of AP-1 but the activities of NF-kappaB and NF IL-6 were unchanged. S1-P induced the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK MAPKs. Pharmacological inhibitors of ERK and p38 but not JNK partly inhibited S1-P induction of IL-8 mRNA levels. These data show that increases in the intracellular S1-P partly mediate TNF-alpha induction of IL-8 gene expression in H441 lung epithelial cells via ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and increased AP-1 DNA binding.
Absorption spectra of solutions of cyanuric acid and its chlorinated derivatives

Abstract The pH dependence of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of aqueous solutions of cyanuric acid and its chlorinated derivatives is attributed to dissociation leading to four species containing the cyanuric nucleus with net charge 0, 1−, 2−, and 3−. Chlorination of cyanuric acid results in more diffuse spectra because several species of a given net charge may exist. At pH 14 the spectra of these solutions are essentially identical regardless of degree of chlorination and the principal organic ion present presumably is the triply charged cyanurate. The value of pK3 of cyanuric acid is estimated from spectral changes to be about 13. The assignments of electronic transitions and molecular structure are discussed.
The prevalence of NAFLD and NASH among patients with psoriasis in a tertiary care dermatology and rheumatology clinic.

SummaryBackground Psoriasis has been linked to metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Data suggest that the prevalence of NAFLD is increased in patients with psoriasis. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of NAFLD in this patient population. Aim To determine the prevalence of both NAFLD and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients with psoriasis. Methods Patients between the ages of 18 and 70 years with a diagnosis of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis and followed by either the Dermatology or Rheumatology Division within the Department of Medicine at San Antonio Military Medical Center were considered for enrollment. Each patient completed a questionnaire, underwent a thorough skin evaluation, and had a right upper quadrant ultrasound and fasting blood work. If the liver enzymes were elevated or fatty liver detected on imaging, percutaneous liver biopsy was recommended. Results One hundred and twenty-nine patients were enrolled and 103 completed all necessary studies. The participants were predominantly middle aged (52.7 ± 12) and overweight or obese (average BMI 30.1 ± 5.9, range: 19.8–52.5 kg/m2). 53% (n = 54) were male while 15% (n = 15) of participants identified themselves as being a diabetic. The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 47%. The overall prevalence of NASH was 22% in those who underwent biopsy. Conclusions Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is very common among our cohort of patients with psoriasis, occurring in roughly 47% of patients. The more progressive form of the disease, NASH, is found in approximately one in five patients. Health care providers should be mindful of this association given the high prevalence of both NAFLD and NASH in this cohort of patients.
Rewriting of Tragedy and Women's Agency In Marina Carr's By The Bog of Cats …, Ariel, and Woman and Scarecrow

Women's feminist adaptations of Greek myths have been abundant in contemporary literature since the second half of the twentieth century. 1 Most such adaptations by women writers focus on victimize...
Accurate High-Throughput Structure Mapping and Prediction with Transition Metal Ion FRET

Summary Mapping the landscape of a protein's conformational space is essential to understanding its functions and regulation. The limitations of many structural methods have made this process challenging for most proteins. Here, we report that transition metal ion FRET (tmFRET) can be used in a rapid, highly parallel screen, to determine distances from multiple locations within a protein at extremely low concentrations. The distances generated through this screen for the protein maltose binding protein (MBP) match distances from the crystal structure to within a few angstroms. Furthermore, energy transfer accurately detects structural changes during ligand binding. Finally, fluorescence-derived distances can be used to guide molecular simulations to find low energy states. Our results open the door to rapid, accurate mapping and prediction of protein structures at low concentrations, in large complex systems, and in living cells.
Measurement of oxidative interactions of cholesterol

A simple analytical technique, using a silicic acid minicolumn and capillary gas chromatography, was used for measuring the oxidative interactions of cholesterol with other compounds. When triacylglycerols were added to cholesterol before heating at 180°C, the latter oxidized faster than cholesterol heated alone, and a relatively high amount of epoxides was found. Dipahnitoylphosphatidylethanolamine and all the amino acids tested showed a protective effect, with cysteine and alanine being the most effective. The results of this study indicate that the varius compounds added not only influenced the rate of cholesterol oxidation, but also exerted different influences on its oxidative pathway.
Cleavage at both Arg306 and Arg506 is required and sufficient for timely and efficient inactivation of factor Va by activated protein C.

Activated protein C (APC) inactivates membrane-bound factor Va following cleavages of the heavy chain at Arg 306 , Arg 506 , and Arg 679 . The objective of this study is to examine which cleavage is most important for inactivation. The recombinant factor V molecules were constructed as follows: factor V 306Q (mutations R 306 →Q), factor V 506Q (mutations R 506 →Q), and factor V 306Q/506Q (mutations R 306 →Q and R 506 →Q). The recombinant molecules were expressed in mammalian cells, purified, and assayed prior and after incubation with APC and lipids for 30 min (factor Vai) in clotting assays and in an assay using purified reagents and saturating concentrations of factor Va. Clotting assays demonstrated that wild-type factor Vai (Vai WT ), factor Vai 306Q , and factor Vai 506Q were devoid of activity, whereas factor Vai 306Q/506Q maintained approximately 70% activity following a 30 min incubation with APC. Prothrombinase assembled with all mutant cofactor molecules before and after treatment with APC had kinetic constant (K m ) values similar to values found with prothrombinase assembled with factor Va WT . Prothrombinase assembled with factor Vai WT demonstrated a 20-fold reduction in k cat , whereas prothrombinase assembled with factor Vai 506Q had a twofold reduction in k cat as compared with prothrombinase assembled with factor Va WT . In contrast, factor Vai 3O6Q and factor Vai 306Q/506Q did not show any loss in k cat under similar experimental conditions. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the activity of an APC-treated factor Va molecule bearing a single mutation at Arg 306 or Arg 506 depends on the assay used; and regardless of the assay employed, in the absence of the APC-cleavage sites at Arg 306 and Arg 506 , the active cofactor is unable to be significantly inactivated by APC in the presence of a membrane surface.
Cyhalofop application timing and adjuvant selection for Echinochloa crus-galli control in rice

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in Stuttgart, Arkansas, in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate cyhalofop application timing and adjuvant selection for Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv. (barnyardgrass) control in drill-seeded rice. In the application timing experiment, cyhalofop was applied at 1 d prior to flooding (PREFL) and at 7, 14, and 21 d post-flood (POSTFL) as single (314 g a.i./ha) or sequential application (first application at 314 g a.i./ha followed by a second application 14 days later at 213 g a.i./ha). In the adjuvant study, the adjuvants evaluated were non-ionic surfactant (NIS) at 0.25% v/v, crop oil concentrate (COC) at 1% v/v, methylated seed oil (MSO) at 1% v/v, 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 2.5% v/v, combination of NIS or COC or MSO with UAN, a proprietary blend of MSO/organosilicone (OSL)/UAN at 2.5% v/v, and MSO/OSL/UAN applied with NIS or COC. All adjuvants applied with cyhalofop (314 g a.i./ha at 14 d after flood establishment) resulted in E . crus-galli control and rice yields comparable to cyhalofop alone. In 2007, a single application of cyhalofop controlled E . crus-galli 98–100% by the end of the season, except in the 14-d POSTFL timing (90%). In 2008, E . crus-galli plants were more robust, and control was inconsistent and less than in 2007 (10–91%). At the PREFL timing, sequential applications were needed to improve end-of-season E . crus-galli control. The 7-d POSTFL timing was one of the best single application timings for increased E . crus-galli control and rice yield. Delaying the cyhalofop application to 21-d POSTFL resulted in unacceptable E . crus-galli control of 10 and 46% with single and sequential programs, respectively. Average rice yield was reduced almost three-fold when the first cyhalofop application was at 21-d POSTFL compared with 7-d POSTFL.
Evaluating models of karst system processes

Karst aquifers are complex hydrological systems with water flow and storage below the surface. Scientists are able to study these systems by observing surface runoff, but this method provides an incomplete picture of the system's hydrological processes. Models can help improve understanding, but evaluating which models are most accurate is difficult.
VENTRICULAR REMODELING FOLLOWING HEART TRANSPLANTATION IN INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN

No previous reports have described the changes in ventricular geometry that occur following heart transplantation (HT) in infants and young children. A retrospective review of all pediatric recipients who were < 4 years of age at HT was performed. Demographics, clinical data and echocardiographic
Herman Paul's Hayden White and the politics of professional historiography

This essay-review of H. Paul's book on the work of Hayden White draws out the interpretations Paul makes of White's seminal work, Metahistory. This essay-review applauds Paul's endeavor to provide a systematic context for White's overall oeuvre. The second section focuses on the politics of professional historiography, or the frequent confusion between politics and profession in matters historical and historiographical.
Real-Time Calibration of the Murchison Widefield Array

The interferometric technique known as peeling addresses many of the challenges faced when observing with low-frequency radio arrays, and is a promising tool for the associated calibration systems. We investigate a real-time peeling implementation for next-generation radio interferometers such as the Murchison widefield array (MWA). The MWA is being built in Australia and will observe the radio sky between 80 and 300 MHz. The data rate produced by the correlator is just over 19 GB/s (a few peta-bytes/day). It is impractical to store data generated at this rate, and software is currently being developed to calibrate and form images in real time. The software will run on-site on a high-throughput real-time computing cluster at several tera-flops, and a complete cycle of calibration and imaging will be completed every 8 s. Various properties of the implementation are investigated using simulated data. The algorithm is seen to work in the presence of strong galactic emission and with various ionospheric conditions. It is also shown to scale well as the number of antennas increases, which is essential for many upcoming instruments. Lessons from MWA pipeline development and processing of simulated data may be applied to future low-frequency fixed dipole arrays.
A Report on the PEAK Experiment: Usage and Economic Behavior

Electronic access to scholarly journals has become an important and commonly accepted tool for researchers. The user community has become more familiar with the medium over time and has started to actively bid for alternative forms of access. Technological improvements in the communication networks, paired with the decreasing costs of hardware, create greater incentives for innovation. Consequently, although publishers and libraries face a number of challenges, they also have promising new opportunities.1 Publishers are creating many new electronic-only journals on the Internet, while also developing and deploying electronic access to literature traditionally distributed on paper. They are modifying traditional pricing schemes and content bundles, and creating new schemes to take advantage of the characteristics of digital duplication and distribution.
Angiogenic growth factor mRNA responses to passive and contraction-induced hyperperfusion in skeletal muscle.

It has been proposed that, in skeletal muscle, the angiogenic response to exercise may be signaled by the increase in muscle blood flow, via biomechanical changes in the microcirculation (increased...
Towards explaining the Nd paradox using reversible scavenging in an ocean general circulation model

Abstract The isotopic composition of the rare earth element neodymium (Nd) has the potential to serve as water-mass tracer, because it is naturally tagged by continental sources with distinct ages and lithologies. However, in order to understand the limitations of this approach we need to know more about the physical and biogeochemical processes controlling the distribution of Nd in the modern ocean. For example, Nd isotope ratios behave quasi-conservatively, while concentrations in the water column generally increase with depth, showing a broadly nutrient-like behaviour. We define this decoupling of Nd concentrations and isotopic compositions as the “Nd paradox”. For the first time we model Nd concentrations and isotopic compositions simultaneously and address the hypothesis that the Nd paradox can be explained by a combination of lateral advection and reversible scavenging. We impose a reversible-scavenging model of Nd removal from the ocean on the ocean circulation fields from the MIT general circulation model using the transport matrix method. We conclude that reversible scavenging is an active and important component in the cycling of Nd in the ocean. In the absence of an adequate alternative explanation, reversible scavenging should be considered a necessary component in explaining the Nd paradox.
Structural Analysis of Ascending Auctions: an Application to Wholesale Used-car Auctions

With the availability of a rich data set, we will develop a new method of conducting structural analysis of ascending auctions under the simplest valuation paradigm, the symmetric IPV model. The data set allows us to adopt a nonparametric approach and make strong interpretation of observed bids, including losing bids, while making a few assumptions about bidding behavior of the model. Identi…cation and estimation are based on the recent work by Song (2003) that we extend by using one more order statistics and developing better procedure to control auction heterogeneity. We then implement nonparametric tests by Athey and Haile (2002). � This version is very preliminary and incomplete.
Symbolic Analysis of Nonlinear Analog Circuits

A new method is presented to model symbolically strongly nonlinear circuits, characterized by Piece-Wise Linear (PWL) functions. The method follows the idea of Bokhoven and Leenaerts, and formulates the problem as a linear complementarity problem (LCP). A new graph representation, called complementarity decision diagram, is introduced to represent the explicit LCP solutions. Orders of magnitude improvements in computational efficiency and memory usage have been obtained.
RF/Photonic Link-on-Chip PIC

We present the design and the first experimental results from a new device where an entire RF/photonic link is fabricated as a monolithic photonic integrated circuit (PIC). This novel “link-on-chip” PIC can operate in a linear mode or a mixer mode, depending on its intended application.
Aquaporin 4: a player in cerebral edema and neuroinflammation

Neuroinflammation is a common pathological event observed in many different brain diseases, frequently associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and followed by cerebral edema. Neuroinflammation is characterized with microglia activation and astrogliosis, which is a hypertrophy of the astrocytes. Astrocytes express aquaporin 4, the water channel protein, involved in water homeostasis and edema formation. Aside from its function in water homeostasis, recent studies started to show possible interrelations between aquaporin 4 and neuroinflammation. In this review the roles of aquaporin 4 in neuroinflammation associated with BBB disruption and cerebral edema will be discussed with recent studies in the field.
PUMPING COMPETITION INTO POLITICAL COMMUNICATION

American politics at local levels has lost its synchronization among three important elements. First is the boundaries of electoral units, like congressional districts; second is the margins of media markets in which political news circulates; and third is the sources of funding for election campaigns. Threats to citizens' competence in public affairs result from lack of harmony among these three structures. Our study of press coverage of House elections illustrates how fragile the system of local political journalism has become. We propose that tax incentives be developed inviting television news, distributed in nonbroadcast form, to enter the arena of local political information. We seek to increase public involvement by drawing the culture's most popular medium into reporting about competitive politics, within jurisdictions where citizens cast their ballots.
Three-dimensional intra-wall characterization with linear inverse scattering algorithm

In this paper, the three-dimensional (3D) intra-wall inspection is cast as a subsurface imaging problem. The region between the front and back boundaries of the wall is imaged using a novel linear inverse scattering algorithm for 3D subsurface imaging. The imaging algorithm is based on first order Born approximation and exploits the halfspace Green's function. The exploding source model is employed and then the Green's function is expanded in the spectrum domain to formulate the 3D intra-wall imaging algorithm. The linearization of the inversion scheme and the employment of FFT/IFFT in the imaging formula make the imaging algorithm suitable for several applications pertaining to the diagnostics of large probed domain and allow real-time processing. A numerical result is presented to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed linear inverse scattering algorithm for 3D intra-wall characterization.
Surface unit characterization of the Mauna Ulu flow field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai'i, using integrated field and remote sensing analyses

Abstract Investigation of surface units in the Mauna Ulu flow field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawai′i, was conducted through field and remote sensing analyses. Recently acquired Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and MASTER (MODIS/ASTER airborne simulator) datasets, which cover the visible- through thermal-wavelength region, have been analyzed and correlated with a field-based characterization of Mauna Ulu flow-unit surfaces. Field observations were made of unit morphologies (decimeter- to decameter-scale) as well as small-scale (millimeter- to centimeter-scale) surface textures. Estimates were made of the extent of surface crust spallation, as well as the abundance of vesicles and phenocrysts on the surface crust and spallation surfaces. The field-based characteristics were compared with remote sensing data, including visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra, thermal infrared emissivity spectra, and emissivity-derived small-scale roughness. Visible-wavelength characteristics are controlled primarily by color, luster, and decimeter- to meter-scale surface irregularities, whereas thermal-wavelength characteristics are primarily controlled by the abundance of small-scale roughness elements such as vesicles. Although individual data pixels are not of sufficient resolution to identify typical individual lava flow units using point spectra, mean spectra allow characterization of unit surface crusts. Flow-unit morphologies and surface textures are related to differences in emplacement and post-emplacement modification of ′a′a and pahoehoe lobes. Pahoehoe surface properties reflect the flow regime during emplacement and the history of cooling, degassing, and crystal formation/settling. The nature of pahoehoe surface crusts indicates that within the wide range of emplacement conditions expressed within the flow field, two sets of conditions are dominant, producing a bronzy, smooth crust or a dark, rough crust. The former makes up the majority of the pahoehoe surfaces and reflects minimal cooling and degassing prior to emplacement, whereas the latter reflects cooling and crystallization during storage within the flow field. This study provides a detailed characterization of Mauna Ulu surface units, and presents an integrated field and remote sensing approach to mapping and interpreting the emplacement of lava flow fields.
Dynamics of the pole vault

Abstract The nonlinear differential equations of motion of the pole vault are derived using bond graph modeling methods. The model for the pole builds on large deflection theory of a slender rod but incorporates the possibility of a vaulter-applied torque at the top. A pinned rigid body model of the human vaulter is used with internally generated control torques applied at the hip, shoulder and wrist joints. Time simulations of vaults are presented. The complete system model is used to study the effects of different initial conditions and the effect of time variations in the control torques during the vault.
Policing the crisis revisited: The state, masculinity, fear of crime and racism

E. P. Thompson once said, I forget where, that the most difficult part of writing was the opening sentence since that set the tone, or the `voice', for the whole piece. I think of his words almost every time I start a new piece, reminding myself that a morning spent playing with openings is not wasted, although it may feel so at the time. The problem of a starting point seems even more difficult when being asked to revisit something (co)written over 30 years ago, a time that has seen enormous changes in the theoretical landscape, in the state of the world, and, inevitably, in my own personal life. Given all this, I feel that the best I can manage is to tell the story, heavily edited of course and with the broadest of broad brushes, of how it was then and of how (with appropriate nods to serendipity, contingency and chance) I got from there to here. This will entail sticking with those elements of my work — namely, policing, masculinity, fear of crime and racism — that most resonate with the themes of Poli...