cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ecological nanotoxicology: integrating nanomaterial hazard considerations across the subcellular, population, community, and ecosystems levels.

Research into the health and environmental safety of nanotechnology has seriouslylagged behind its emergence in industry. While humans have often adopted synthetic chemicals without considering ancillary consequences, the lessons learned from worldwide pollution should motivate making nanotechnology compatible with environmental concerns. Researchers and policymakers need to understand exposure and harm of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), currently nanotechnology’s main products, to influence the ENM industry toward sustainable growth. Yet, how should research proceed? Standard toxicity testing anchored in single-organism, dose-response characterizations does not adequately represent real-world exposure and receptor scenarios and their complexities. Our approach is different: it derives from ecology, the study of organisms’ interactions with each other and their environments. Our approach involves the characterization of ENMs and the mechanistic assessment of their property-based effects. Using high throu...
Raman Scattering from InSb Surfaces at Photon Energies Near the E 1 Energy Gap

We have observed surface electric-field-induced and resonance-enhanced Raman scattering by $q\ensuremath{\approx}0$ LO phonons in the spectra obtained from InSb surfaces. The data indicate that excitons are responsible for the resonance enhancement. The effects of temperature and externally applied electric fields are discussed. The results suggest the possibility of studying the surface electronic properties by Raman spectroscopy.
Developing a Profile of Consumer Intention to Seek Out Health Information Beyond the Doctor

The health care consumer of the new millennium is becoming increasingly involved in his/her health choices. The explosion in the number of media outlets offering health-specific information has fur...
Susceptibility of Salmonids to Furunculosis: Differences between Serum and Mucus Responses against Aeromonas salmonicida

Abstract At the Reeds Creek (West Virginia) state hatchery, mortality from enzootic furunculosis is most severe among brown trout Salmo trutta, intermediate in brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and virtually nonexistent in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. In each species, survivors of epizootics had developed similar levels of protective antibodies in their sera as demonstrated by microtiter agglutination and passive immunization experiments. We concluded that serum antibodies were not related to graded differences in resistance to furunculosis. These same fishes, however, produced a mucus precipitin that reacted with cell-free bacterial extracts in single-radial immunodiffusion assays. The mucus precipitin activity correlated with the resistance of the three species to furunculosis. Breeding studies with brown trout also showed that fish selected for a high level of mucus precipitin activity against Aeromonas salmonicida, the cause of fish furunculosis, produced progeny that were more resistant to furuncu...
Behavioral and educational modalities

General agreement has emerged in the scientific literature that behavioral and educational modalities are useful and effective in the management of chronic pain conditions. Behavioral and educational treatment modalities constitute a component of virtually every established chronic pain treatment program. It has been demonstrated that management of temporomandibular disorders has benefited from such behavioral interventions as well. The label "biobehavioral" refers to proven, safe methods that emphasize self-management and acquisition of self-control over not only pain symptoms but also their cognitive attributions or meanings and maintaining a productive level of psychosocial function, even if pain is not totally absent. A large collection of treatment modalities is subsumed under the label of biobehavioral treatments; the most commonly studied of these include biofeedback, stress management, relaxation, hypnosis, and education. An NIH Technology and Assessment Conference held in 1995 comprises the best available summary of the state of the art concerning the suitability of biobehavioral methods as useful approaches to ameliorate chronic pain, including TMD. Educational methods have also been demonstrated to be efficacious in the self-management of headache and back pain, but only limited data are available for TMD. By and large, when biobehavioral treatments are used in the management of TMD, effects are virtually always positive and in the hypothesized beneficial direction. While effects are often moderate in size, these methods show the potential for producing long-lasting benefits when compared with usual clinical treatment for TMD. Research has as yet failed to establish one biobehavioral modality as superior to another. It is important to note that much the same situation is present with regard to the scientifically established validity of many biomedically based TMD treatments.
A measurement of the 3P1 metastable state in Ca

Abstract A dye-laser excitation technique has been used to measure the lifetime of the 3P1 metastable state in Ca. The lifetime is 0.39±0.04 msec.
Chemical And Physical Aspects Of Multilayer Resist Processing

A multilayer resist structure is typically composed of at least two materials, an oxygen plasma resistant layer and a planarising layer which is eroded in an oxygen based plasma. This structure is then subjected to a variety of excited and ground state species generated in the plasma. To understand the final etched profile produced by such a system, it is necessary to characterise both the chemical nature of the plasma, and its impact upon the structure subjected to the etching process. This paper will discuss the effect of the intrinsic plasma properties such as composition, density, potential and electron energy distribution upon the processes which produce etching of both the planarising and etch resistant layers. The effect of the chemical composition of organometallic etch barriers based on silicon, germanium and iron and the process by which they resist these plasmas will also be presented and compared with the properties of the planarising layers. The etching properties of the planarising layer will be shown to depend strongly upon the plasma excitation frequency.
Radiation Process as an Adiabatic Process

It is shown that Zener's theory of adiabaticity is applicable to find the probability of photon absorption (or emission) by molecules. In contrast to the conventional approach based on Dirac's time dependent perturbation theory, in which the broadening of spectral lines is of secondary importance, the present theory shows that spatial inhomogeneity produced by intermolecular potentials is vitally important in the radiation processes. Our results agree with the established parts of the conventional theories, but some new effects are also predicted.
Pathogenesis of amebiasis

It is an exciting time in the study of Entamoeba histolytica. Over the past two years, the natural history and burden of disease in humans has been redefined, mucosal immune responses associated with protection identified, and the developmental regulation of encystation outlined. The number of genes sequenced has increased from a few hundred to a few thousand, and study of the genome structure is revealing unusual repetitive elements and plasticity. DNA microarrays promise the first ability to examine global patterns of mRNA abundance. The mechanism of transcriptional control via histone modifications and sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins are to be delineated. Advances in cell biology are providing new insights into invasion through the intestinal epithelium.
Nitridation of silicon in a multiwafer plasma system

Silicon wafers were nitrided in a multiwafer plasma system at low temperatures (< 850°C). An argon plasma (400 kHz rf plasma) was used to which small quantities (approximately 2–8 %) of NH3, N2 or mixtures of N2 and H2 were added. As the rf power was increased, the film thickness as well as the etch rate (in buffered HF) increased. The rate of film growth was found to be slower than that for oxidation in a similar type of plasma system. The effects of variation of power and gas composition on film composition and etch rate are discussed.
A reexamination of the spin-rotation constant for 2Π states: The A-X band system of HCl+

Abstract Using the line positions measured by Sheasley and Mathews, we have reanalyzed the A 2 Σ + -X 2 Π emission spectrum of H 35 Cl + , H 37 Cl + , D 35 Cl + , and D 35 Cl + employing the Hamiltonians and “direct approach” described by Zare, Schmeltekopf, Harrop, and Albritton. The new values for the molecular constants now show the expected isotope relations. Attention is concentrated on the centrifugal distortion correction to the spin-orbit splitting, A D , and the spin-rotation constant, γ, of the 2 Π state. Fixing A D to values calculated using an algorithm by Coxon, a value for γ is derived. This compares poorly to the value of γ expected from an approximation suggested by Van Vleck. The source for this discrepancy is suggested to be the inadequacy of the Van Vleck approximation for the spin-rotation constant and/or the fact that the experimentally derived value is, in general, only an effective parameter containing both the “true” spin-rotation interaction and pseudo-spin-rotation interactions caused by electronic perturbations, such as simultaneous interaction with 2 Σ + and 2 Σ − states or interactions with 2 Δ or other Λ ≠ 0 states with different multiplicity.
Chronic snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children

Increased upper airway resistance during sleep may lead to heavy snoring and/or obstructive sleep apnea in infants and children. Clinical symptoms will be seen with increased upper airway resistance during sleep, even without obstructive sleep apnea or significant oxygen saturation drop. It may be responsible for apparent life threatening events (ALTE). Mild cranio-facial morphometric changes are often associated with increased upper airway resistance during sleep, and there is a continuous interaction between airway patency during sleep and maxillo-mandibular growth. Nasal CPAP can be as much a diagnostic tool as a treatment procedure. Orthodontic and surgical approaches may also be combined in the treatment of this significant health problem.
Technological Applications of Zeolites in Catalysis

Abstract Zeolites have been used as catalysts in industry since the early 1960s. The great majority of commercial applications employ one of three zeolite types: zeolite Y (faujasite); mordenite; ZSM-5. By far the largest use of zeolites is in catalytic cracking, and to a lesser extent in hydrocracking. Table 1 presents some data showing the commercial importance of this field [1]. The data are for United States refineries only and must be multiplied by a factor to arrive at worldwide use. Better than 90% of free-world cracking units now use zeolite catalysts. For many years it had been assumed that crystalline aluminosilicates with their uniform pore structure would make inferior catalysts to amorphous silica-slumina with a rather wide pore size distribution. The tremendous acid activity of hydrogen zeolites also was not recognized. Rabo and co-workers [2] showed at the 2nd International Congress on Catalysis that hydrogen exchanged faujasites possessed good isomerization ability, but commercial applicat...
Automated adaptation for ATR algorithms

For an automatic target recognition (ATR) technology contract, sponsored by the US Marine Corps Systems Command, and by Coastal Systems Station, Honeywell designed, mapped to Khoros, and evaluated state-of-the-art algorithms for target discrimination from an airborne platform. Honeywell's baseline approach to improve traditional algorithm robustness is to use a functional maximization approach for representations of algorithm performance as a function of image metrics and algorithm parameters. Revised ATR parameter values are established by a hillclimbing algorithm that revises the ATR algorithm parameter values in the direction of the largest gradient of the function, thus attaining improved performance for a greater variety of scenarios than those for which the system was trained. The baseline ATR algorithms implemented for this program are designed to effectively exploit spectral features to enhance target cueing reliability. An innovative approach for the mapping of three of the individual waveband images from an array of multispectral images into a feature map which obtains high target versus background contrast is discussed. Experimental results are shown for flight test imagery.
USGS Streamflow Data and Modeling Sand-Bed Rivers

United States Geological Survey streamflow data are commonly used for hydraulic model calibration and boundary conditions. The transitory nature of sand-bed rivers’ bathymetry is problematic for the traditional automated stream gauging methods used by the USGS. This note seeks to assess the limitations of streamflow measurements for use in hydraulic models. An overview of USGS rating-curve development and use is presented with a focus on the specific challenges of sand-bed rivers. Measurements from three consecutive USGS gauges for a storm event on the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, illustrate the outlined problems with rating curves. These gauges are utilized to study the impact of uncertainty in rating-curve discharges on hydraulic model results. A one dimensional hydraulic model of the study reach indicates up to 25% reduction in the calculated flow depth if questionable rating-curve discharges are used as model input. Recommendations for using USGS streamflow data in hydraulic models are outlined.
Onchocerca lienalis: rapid clearance of microfilariae within the black fly, Simulium vittatum.

Abstract A rapid decrease of about a third of the number of Onchocerca lienalis microfilariae (mf) parenterally inoculated into Simulium vittatum black flies occurred within 5 hr postinoculation (pi). The change of mf counts over time was modeled by a segmented linear regression. During 2 hr pi the slope was −3.5 mf/hr (P ≤ 0.001) and between 2 and 24 hr pi the slope was −0.1 mf/hr. Although significantly different from the former slope (P 0.2). The decrease could not be attributed to excretion of mf. Microfilariae (especially those heat-killed prior to inoculation) in intermediate stages of destruction were observed in flies dissected 5 hr pi but not immediately after injection. No short- or long-term (24 hr pi) effects of the injection procedure alone on mf survival were evident. A constant proportion of mf was eliminated regardless of dose within a range of 5 to 100 mf/fly during 24 hr pi. However, a second injection of 50 mf/fly 2.5 hr following an injection of the same dose resulted in a significantly lower proportion of mf eliminated. These results suggest that the availability of an active factor(s) in the fly was reduced 2.5 hr after the first inoculation. The change in the availability of this factor(s) may partly explain the change in clearance rate occurring 2 hr pi. Soluble factor(s), rather than a sequence of cellular responses, seems to be involved in the rapid clearance because it occurred in freshly killed flies at a similar rate to that observed in live flies. The hypothesis that mf differ in their innate susceptibility to rapid clearance was rejected as mf that were recovered 2 hr pi and reinoculated into other flies were eliminated faster than unexposed controls. It is concluded that the rapid clearance of mf represents an as yet undescribed immune response to macroparasites of the fly host.
Acculturation Style and Alcohol Use Among African American College Students: An Exploration of Potential Moderators

This study examined whether a relationship exists between acculturation and alcohol use among African American college students and if the relationship varies by religiosity and gender. Most researchers use unidimensional African American acculturation measures that cannot capture the construct’s complexity; this study is the first to use a bidimensional measure. Results revealed a relationship between acculturation and alcohol use. Less frequent drinking occurred among marginalists (those who reject both African and Eurocentric U.S. culture), while assimilationists (those who reject African culture in favor of Eurocentric U.S. culture) drank more frequently. Religiosity and gender also significantly influenced the nature of the relationship.
Deficiency of cardiac Acyl-CoA synthetase-1 induces diastolic dysfunction, but pathologic hypertrophy is reversed by rapamycin.

Abstract In mice with temporally-induced cardiac-specific deficiency of acyl-CoA synthetase-1 (Acsl1H −/−), the heart is unable to oxidize long-chain fatty acids and relies primarily on glucose for energy. These metabolic changes result in the development of both a spontaneous cardiac hypertrophy and increased phosphorylated S6 kinase (S6K), a substrate of the mechanistic target of rapamycin, mTOR. Doppler echocardiography revealed evidence of significant diastolic dysfunction, indicated by a reduced E/A ratio and increased mean performance index, although the deceleration time and the expression of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and phospholamban showed no difference between genotypes. To determine the role of mTOR in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, we treated Acsl1H −/− mice with rapamycin. Six to eight week old Acsl1H −/− mice and their littermate controls were given i.p. tamoxifen to eliminate cardiac Acsl1, then concomitantly treated for 10 weeks with i.p. rapamycin or vehicle alone. Rapamycin completely blocked the enhanced ventricular S6K phosphorylation and cardiac hypertrophy and attenuated the expression of hypertrophy-associated fetal genes, including α-skeletal actin and B-type natriuretic peptide. mTOR activation of the related Acsl3 gene, usually associated with pathologic hypertrophy, was also attenuated in the Acsl1H −/− hearts, indicating that alternative pathways of fatty acid activation did not compensate for the loss of Acsl1. Compared to controls, Acsl1H −/− hearts exhibited an 8-fold higher uptake of 2-deoxy[1-14C]glucose and a 35% lower uptake of the fatty acid analog 2-bromo[1-14C]palmitate. These data indicate that Acsl1-deficiency causes diastolic dysfunction and that mTOR activation is linked to the development of cardiac hypertrophy in Acsl1H −/− mice.
Plasmon response of a metal-semiconductor multilayer 4π-spiral as a negative-index metamaterial

In this study, we investigate the optical response and plasmonic features of a multilayer 4π-spiral composed of metal-semiconductor arms, numerically, by employing a finite-difference time-domain method. We verified that the proposed structure is able to support strong plasmon and Fano resonances in the circular arms. We showed that the negative polarizability of the spiral provides an opportunity to consider the examined 4π-spiral structure as a meta-atom. Quantifying the effective refractive index of the structure for the presence of various semiconductor substances such as Si, GaP, and InP, we obtained the highest possible value for the associated figure of merit (FOM). Ultimately, for a finite spiral structure with a compositional and multilayer arrangement of Au and GaP arms, the FOM is determined as approximately ~62.3.
Laser-written polymer waveguides for embedded printed circuit board computing applications

Integrating polymer optical waveguides (WGs) for board-to-board high speed data communications require prototyping samples for proof-of-concept studies before moving to large scale production. A laser direct writing (LDW) method is shown as a cost savings alternative to photolithographic prototyping large substrate samples. The LDW setup consists of a 3-axis high-precision motion platform with a commercially available UV laser diode coupled to a lens-capped single mode fiber. The correlation between writing parameters and the resulting waveguide dimensions is discussed theoretically and confirmed experimentally with Dow Corning® OE-4140 UV-Cured Optical Elastomer Core and Dow Corning® OE-4141 UV-Cured Optical Elastomer Cladding for both multimode and single-mode feasibility. Laser written waveguide radial bends and crossings are also evaluated to show manufacturing capabilities for advanced prototyping designs. Polymer waveguides fabricated with the LDW method are experimentally validated with losses comparable to polymer waveguides manufactured with the photolithographic process (< 0.05 dB/cm).
Practice What We Preach: Differentiating Instruction and Assessment in a Higher Education Classroom as a Model of Effective Pedagogy for Early Childhood Teacher Education Candidates

Teacher education faculty are experiencing increasingly diverse higher education classrooms. In many ways, the diversities present in collegiate classrooms mirror the differences in classrooms of young children. The diversity may be a result of a range of ethnic, socioeconomic, and linguistic differences. Or it may be differences resulting from previous experiences, background knowledge, learning style, needs, or interests. In this article, two university colleagues present challenges related to meeting a plethora of learner needs in a course with participants from three different programs of study. The authors describe the challenges faced, steps taken to use the challenges as opportunities for growth, and the outcomes of their efforts. The authors candidly describe how they used the principles of Differentiated Instruction to model effective pedagogy for their early childhood teacher educator candidates.
Retinal bipolar cell input mechanisms in giant danio. III. ON-OFF bipolar cells and their color-opponent mechanisms.

Whole cell patch recording was performed from morphologically identified cone-driven on-off bipolar cells (Cabs) in giant danio retinal slices to study their glutamate receptors and light-evoked re...
GLYCOSYLATION OF HEART MYOGLOBIN IN DIABETIC RATS

We have reported cardiopathy in juvenile diabetics in poor control which improves with good glycemic control (Ped Res 16: 97A, 1982). Glycosylation of heart myoglobin may play a role in this type of reversible diabetic cardiopathy. Myoglobin is similar to the B-chain of hemoglobin (Hgb) and has a sufficient number of lysine residues and amino terminus to be glycosylated like Hgb. Twelve rats, 2m old, were injected with 60mg/kg streptozotocin by the penial vein and 12 control (C) rats were injected with saline. Glycosuria and hyperglycemia (blood sugar greater than 400mg/dl) were present in the diabetic (D) rats. After 12 wks the rats were killed. Hearts were perfused through coronary arteries with 0.85% NaCl until clear. D had heart wts of 1.11±0.07 gm vs C 0.98±0.18 gm. Hearts were minced in a mortar, leached with 10 times its volume 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, with 5mM EDTA and centrfigued at 20,000 g for 10 min. The clear supernatant containing myoglobin was filtered through a 1.6 × 40cm column of Sephadex G-100 superfine gel and diluted in 2.1ml fractions with the phosphate buffer. Protein was measured by Lowry and glycosylation by the modified TBA method of Ney et al (Anal. Biochem 118:294, 1981). D rats had 8.26±2.50 (m±SE) OD443 per mg protein and control 2.19±0.32, P<0.005. Markedly increased glycosylation of heart myoglobin may change the oxygen affinity and subsequently the contractibility of cardiac muscle and contribute to the cardiopathy of juvenile diabetics in poor control.
False determinations of chaos in short noisy time series

A method (NEMG) proposed in 1992 for diagnosing chaos in noisy time series with 50 or fewer observations entails fitting the time series with an empirical function which predicts an observation in the series from previous observations, and then estimating the rate of divergence or convergence of two nearby trajectories of the function (sensitive dependence on initial conditions). Workers applying NEMG have concluded that chaos exists in some natural biological populations. However, there are insufficient published tests of the reliability of NEMG using time series from biologically realistic models with numerous (>4) state variables. Also, there are unresolved technical issues for NEMG: whether or not the data should be detrended (removal of linear or quadratic trends) before analysis, and how long a sampling interval should be used to define the time series. We addressed these issues by applying NEMG to time series of 50 observations generated by four different chaotic models, ranging from simple models of physical systems to a complex ecosystem model. We also analyzed output from non-chaotic versions of each model. Previously recommended guidelines for specifying parameters affecting NEMG diagnoses of chaos were often ineffective. For the models we examined, NEMG produced high incidences of false determinations of chaos in non-chaotic time series, and of the absence of chaos in chaotic time series. Thus the method appears to be unreliable for the circumstances we examined.
The Canada–US Border and Indigenous Peoples in the Nineteenth Century

A comparative analysis of indigenous people's experiences in Canada and the United States during the nineteenth century demonstrates broad similarities. Despite shared long-term efforts in both nations to erase Indians' presence, often each government had different motivations and policies. On the other hand, implementing the procedures in each society showed little variety. Canadian actions evolved from British motivations to local ones. Then they varied according to relations with the United States. In 1800 American authorities viewed the tribes as enemies, while north of the border leaders saw them as economic and military allies. Both governments worked through treaties that became more one-sided as the decades passed. Despite the repeated violence in the United States, as the century progressed the differences faded, and at its end the two countries shared ideas and goals as well as dismal results.
This is What a Feminist (Space) Looks Like: (Re)conceptualizing Women's Centers as Feminist Spaces in Higher Education:

By sharing an honest, thoughtful dialogue about how their different identities affect their experience of feminism and feminist spaces, Z Nicolazzo and Crystal Harris model duoethnographic dialogue—a type of dialogue across difference that has the potential to be a catalyst for transformative student learning.
Agonist-induced desensitization of an octopamine receptor.

The octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase associated with haemocytes of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been used as a model system with which to study desensitization of the octopamine receptor. Preincubation of the haemocytes with octopamine results in a large decrease in subsequent maximal stimulation of cyclic AMP production by octopamine with little change in affinity of the receptor for the agonist. This effect of preincubation is dependent upon the concentration of octopamine in the preincubation media and on the duration of exposure. The attenuation appears to be a receptor-mediated event rather than an artifact of the preincubation. Octopamine receptor agonists (octopamine, synephrine, N-demethylchlordimeform) induce desensitization while biogenic amines with poor octopamine receptor affinity (dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine) are without affect. In contrast, the octopamine receptor antagonist, phentolamine, appears to enhance subsequent stimulation by octopamine. The attenuation of octopamine stimulation of adenylate cyclase is conserved in broken-cell preparations with no alteration of responses to NaF or forskolin. Incubation of the cells with dibutyryl cyclic AMP or forskolin does not induce desensitization. The data indicate that the OA receptors coupled to AC in cockroach haemocytes undergo an homologous desensitization in response to exposure to agonists.
Gender differences in mathematics achievement: Exploring the early grades and the extremes

Abstract Gender differences in mathematics achievement have important implications for the underrepresentation of women in science. Typically, gender differences in mathematics achievement are thought to emerge at the end of middle school and beginning of high school, yet some studies find differences among younger children. This paper utilizes data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998–99 to analyze differences in a nationally representative sample of kindergartners as they progress from kindergarten to fifth grade. Using quantile regression models to examine gender differences across the distribution, differences are found among students as early as kindergarten. Initially boys are found to do better at the top of the distribution and worse at the bottom, but by third grade boys do as well or better than girls throughout the distribution. The male advantage at the top of the distribution among entering kindergartners is largest among families with high parental education, suggesting that gender dynamics in middle and upper class families have important implications for continuing gender segregation in science occupations. Gender differences for entering kindergartners also vary across race, with Asians exhibiting the largest male advantage at the top of the distribution. In contrast to the overall pattern, among Latino kindergartners girls have an advantage over boys at the top of the distribution.
Striatal connections of the parietal association cortices in rhesus monkeys

The corticostriatal connections of the parietal association cortices were examined by the autoradiographic technique in rhesus monkeys. The results show that the rostral portion of the superior parietal lobule projects predominantly to the dorsal portion of the putamen, whereas the caudal portion of the superior parietal lobule and the cortex of the upper bank of the intraparietal sulcus have connections with the caudate nucleus as well as with the dorsal portion of the putamen. The medial parietal convexity cortex projects strongly to the caudate nucleus, and has less extensive projections to the putamen. In contrast, the medial parietal cortex within the caudal portion of the cingulate sulcus projects predominantly to the dorsal portion of the putamen, and has only minor connections with the caudate nucleus. The rostral portion of the inferior parietal lobule projects mainly to the ventral sector of the putamen, and has only minor connections with the caudate nucleus. The middle portion of the inferior parietal lobule has sizable projections to both the putamen and the caudate nucleus. The caudal portion of the inferior parietal lobule as well as the lower bank of the intraparietal sulcus project predominantly to the caudate nucleus, and have relatively minor connections with the putamen. The cortex of the parietal opercular region also shows a specific pattern of corticostriatal projections. Whereas the rostral portion projects exclusively to the ventral sector of the putamen, the caudal portion has connections to the caudate nucleus as well. Thus, it seems that parietostriatal projections show a differential topographic distribution; within both the superior and the inferior parietal region, as one progresses from rostral to caudal, there is a corresponding shift in the predominance of projections from the putamen to the caudate nucleus. In addition, with regard to the projections to the putamen, the superior parietal lobule is related mainly to the dorsal portion, and the inferior parietal lobule to the ventral portion. The striatal projections of the cortex of the caudal portion of the cingulate gyrus (corresponding in part to the supplementary sensory area) and of the rostral parietal opercular region (corresponding in part to the second somatosensory area) are directed almost exclusively to the dorsal and ventral sectors of the putamen, respectively. This pattern resembles that of the primary somatosensory cortex. The results are discussed with regard to the overall architectonic organization of the posterior parietal region. Possible functional aspects of parietostriatal connectivity are considered in the light of physiological and behavioral studies.
Evaluation of peak skeletal muscle perfusion in the lower extremities of athletes using arterial spin labeling

Background Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for evaluation of skeletal muscle perfusion and provides a non-invasive index of vascular function. Previous studies have investigated ASL responses during reactive hyperemia in healthy subjects and patients with peripheral vascular disease; however, ASL has not been applied for assessment of tissue perfusion in athletes. This study evaluated regional differences in peak tissue perfusion among calf muscle groups during reactive hyperemia in college football athletes and compared ASL responses to lower body strength and functional test results. Methods ASL MRI was performed on the mid-calf of 19 male athletes (19.8 ± 1.0 yrs) with a 3T magnet to evaluate peak hyperemic tissue perfusion among individual muscle groups during reactive hyperemia induced by proximal cuff occlusion. Athletes were separated by position (larger linemen vs. smaller position players) for comparison purposes. Athletes’ lower body strength and jumping ability were evaluated and compared to peak skeletal muscle perfusion responses. Results Linemen presented with higher body mass, body fat, and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). Athletes did not significantly differ in maximal lower body strength; however, position players had greater vertical and broad jump performance (p < 0.0001). In analysis of all athletes, the soleus muscle, a muscle with traditionally high capillary density, exhibited significantly higher peak perfusion during reactive hyperemia when compared to all other muscle groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, peak perfusion in the 4 calf muscles of interest was significantly greater in position players when compared to linemen and was associated with greater jumping performance. Conclusions ASL MRI offers a non-invasive technique for quantifying regional differences in lower extremity tissue perfusion
Holographic recording using two-photon-induced photopolymerization

Molecular excitation via the simultaneous absorption of two photons can lead to improved three-dimensional control of photochemical or photophysical processes due to the quadratic dependence of the absorption probability on the incident radiation intensity. This has lead to the development of improved three-dimensional fluorescence imaging, optical data storage, and microfabrication. The latter of these involves the fabrication of three-dimensional structures using a spatial variation in the incident intensity within a photopolymerizable resin. In the past, the translation of the focal plane of a tightly focused laser beam was used to induce localized photopolymerization and fabrication of three-dimensional structures. Here we report the first successful demonstration of large-area patterning via ultrafast holography-based two-photon polymerization of a commercially available optical resin and a large two-photon cross-section dye (AF380). This opens tremendous possibilities for the wide-spread use of two-photon absorption for the three-dimensional control of photoinduced processes.
The work of examples in classroom instruction

Abstract Providing examples is part of the daily routine that classroom teachers carry out in the course of their lessons, and yet we rarely examine how examples are produced and what kinds of work they do in the lively context of classroom interaction. The present study inquires into how instructional examples are portrayed in prior literature by educational psychologists and brings out what can not be seen through their cognitively oriented research. Following ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, this paper proposes that providing examples is a practical and interactional task enacted within witnessable details of classroom interaction. The second part of the paper provides analyses of talk exchanges taken from college ESL classrooms to demonstrate how instructional examples are part of developing sequences of discourse-in-interaction and how they pull into view an array of competent practices of teaching in and as the teachers’ communicative actions.
The relevance of ester exchange in oxalacetic esters to the decarbonmonoxylation reaction

Abstract Oxalacetic esters undergo ester exchange at 120°C, at which temperature loss of CO does not occur. A new mechanism is proposed for the decarbonmonoxylation reaction.
Favored and disfavored pathways of protein crosslinking by glucose: glucose lysine dimer (GLUCOLD) and crossline versus glucosepane.

We describe the isolation and molecular characterization of a novel glucose-lysine dimer crosslink 1,3-bis-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-4-(1′,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybutyl)-3H-imidazolium salt, named GLUCOLD. GLUCOLD was easily formed from the Amadori product (fructose–lysine). However, when BSA was incubated with 100 mM glucose for 25 days, the levels of the lysine-lysine glucose crosslinks GLUCOLD and CROSSLINE were only 21 and <1 pmol/mg, respectively, compared to 611 pmol/mg protein for the lysine-arginine GLUCOSEPANE crosslink, in spite of more than 20 potential lysine-lysine crosslinking sites in the protein. Mechanistic investigation revealed that metal-free phosphate ions catalyzed formation of fructose–lysine and all three crosslinks from amino acids, while cationic MOPS buffer had an opposite effect. This together with the rapid formation of N6-1,4-dideoxy-5,6-dioxoglucosone derivatives by dicarbonyl trapping agents, such as 1,2-diaminobenzene or γ-guanidinobutyric acid, strongly suggests that enolization of the Amadori product and trapping of the 5,6-dioxo derivative by arginine residues constitutes the major pathway for glucose-mediated crosslinking in proteins.
CRYOTHERAPY, ELECTROCAUTERY, AND BRACHYTHERAPY

Benign or malignant tracheobronchial obstruction may cause major respiratory difficulties that may sometimes lead to acute respiratory distress or asphyxia and death. In patients, when curative resection is not possible, there is a need for an effective method for palliation. Many endoscopic strategies are now available such as Nd:YAG laser photo-coagulation, which remains the standard procedure particularly in respiratory distress. Other procedures that are essentially palliative in nature include cryotherapy, electrocautery, brachytherapy, stent placement, external beam radiation, and bronchoscopic or balloon dilatation. Patients with a tracheobronchial lesion often present with one or more symptoms and one or more physical signs; they are, dyspnea, cough, chest discomfort, hemoptysis, stridor, or localized wheeze. The patient's history may reveal known cancer, aspiration of a foreign body, prior airway surgery or intubation, recurrent pneumonia, or other underlying illnesses that may involve the airways, such as sarcoid or tuberculosis. Chest radiography or CT scan may highlight the lesion; however, direct airway visualization with bronchoscopy is often needed to define the problem, and when appropriate, to carry out treatment. At times this may be at the same session; for instance, removing a foreign body or using laser to resect a tracheal tumor, relieves impending respiratory failure. When treatment is nonemergent then therapeutic considerations are based on histology, appropriate curative therapy, properties of the lesion (airway location, endobronchial mass with complete or partial obstruction, extrinsic compression, stenosis, malacia, etc.), patient tolerance and acceptance, and equipment and a skilled operator that are locally available. This article concentrates on cryotherapy, electrocautery, and brachytherapy as local treatment options for tracheobronchial lesions, using rigid or flexible bronchoscopy (FB) as the means to deliver the therapy. For each therapy a review of its history, theoretical and scientific basis, indications and patient selection, equipment and technique, results, and complications are undertaken, followed by a brief summary.
Inventory Service Levels — Comparison of Measures

Inventory service levels are a concern of every inventory system. Poor service levels may result in loss of customers and sales, whereas excessive service levels result in loss of money due to large inventories. Although inventory service levels have been discussed widely in the professional literature, the emphasis has been on service levels during replenishment lead times. Overall service levels, which are much more relevant to customers, have received little attention, and the results presented are often mistaken. This article reviews measures of inventory service levels both for single and multiple items, relates single item measures during lead times to their overall counterparts, and shows that overall measures are not only more relevant to customers, but also require lower safety stock from the provider of the goods.
Excuse inference modification in children and adults

Abstract The ability of first- and third-grade children and college adults to make excuse inferences about a speaker's use of an utterance and to modify those inferences appropriately upon receiving later information was examined in four experiments. Short stories containing an utterance by a speaker were read aloud. Utterances in the story were preceded by contextual information that suggested either that the speaker was truthful or making an excuse. Utterances were followed by information that confirmed or disconfirmed the excuse interpretation. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that even first and third graders can make excuse inferences, but these children rarely modify these interpretations upon receiving disconfirming information. In Experiments 2–4 possible reasons for the children's interpretive inflexibility were examined by varying the difficulty of relating the excuse interpretation and succeeding information. Results suggested processing difficulty, as well as an interpretive “set,” contributed to the children's inflexibility.
Infinite-Dimensional Pole-Optimization Control Design for Flexible Structures Using the Transfer Matrix Method

This paper presents an approach to control design for flexible structures based on the transfer matrix method (TMM). The approach optimizes the closed-loop pole locations while working directly on the infinite-dimensional TMM model. The approach avoids spatial discretization, eliminating the possibility of modal spillover. The design strategy is based on an iterative process of optimizing the closed-loop pole locations using a Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm and then performing hardware-in-the-loop experiments to see how the pole locations are affecting the closed-loop step response. The evolution of the cost function used to optimized the pole locations is discussed. Contour plots (three dimensional Bode plots) in the complex s-plane are used to visualize the pole locations. A computationally efficient methodology for finding the closed-loop pole locations during the optimization is presented. The technique is applied to a single-flexible-link robot and experimental results show that the optimization procedure improves upon an initial, Bode-based compensator design, leading to a lower settling time.
Freestanding Psychology: The Only Way in Academic Health Centers

Psychology must assure that its programs, faculty and staff, clinical services, research enterprises, and training programs must be freestanding in Academic Health Science Centers and not organized within any other department except a freestanding Department of Psychology. Without this autonomy, it is argued, Psychology can never reach its full potential as a health care science and profession in hospital and academic health care center settings. This thesis is argued on the basis of issues of finances, credentialing and privileging, role modeling for psychologist trainees, the importance of Psychology's persona within the health science center and in the eyes of the public, and finally, academic freedom.
"SEEING THROUGH" SELF-DECEPTION IN NARRATIVE REPORTS: FINDING PSYCHOLOGICAL TRUTH IN PROBLEMATIC DATA

The problem of narrative validity is discussed in reference to psychologists' criticisms of verbal report data and in dialogue with Jean-Paul Sartre's understanding of self-knowledge in general and of self-deception in particular. Sartre's notion of "purifying reflection" is invoked as a way of seeing through the distortions and deceptions inherent in narrative accounts of lived experience. Excerpts from empirically-based phenomenological investigations of desire and sexual compliance will be used as illustrations of both the content and process of phenomenologically-based narrative research.
Comparison of Blood Flow Measured by Plethysmograph and Flowmeter During Steady State Forearm Exercise

Forearm blood flow was determined at rest and during steady state grip exercise by the venous occlusion technique with a single strand mercury-in-rubber strain gauge plethysmograph and was compared with blood flow simultaneously determined by an electromagnetic flowmneter around the brachial artery before, during, and after intermittent isotonic grip exercise in eight subjects. The comparison of plethysmographic flow (y axis) with simultaneously measured flowmeter flow (x axis) yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.797, a slope of 1.15 and a y intercept of 9.62. When flow was normalized per 100 cc of forearm, the correlation coefficient was 0.823, the slope 1.21, and the y intercept 0.871. The overestimation of the flowmeter blood flow by the plethysmograph could be explained by flow through skin vessels which bypassed the flowmeter. When averaged plethysmographic flow was compared to total planimetered flowmeter flow during exercise, there was a 1.7 times overestimation by the former technique, which wa...
CLH-3, a ClC-2 anion channel ortholog activated during meiotic maturation in C. elegans oocytes

Abstract Background: ClC anion channels are ubiquitous and have been identified in organisms as diverse as bacteria and humans. Despite their widespread expression and likely physiological importance, the function and regulation of most ClCs are obscure. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers significant experimental advantages for defining ClC biology. These advantages include a fully sequenced genome, cellular and molecular manipulability, and genetic tractability. Results: We show by patch clamp electrophysiology that C. elegans oocytes express a hyperpolarization- and swelling-activated Cl − current with biophysical characteristics strongly resembling those of mammalian ClC-2. Double-stranded RNA–mediated gene interference (RNAi) and single-oocyte RT-PCR demonstrated that the channel is encoded by clh-3 , one of six C. elegans ClC genes. CLH-3 is inactive in immature oocytes but can be triggered by cell swelling. However, CLH-3 plays no apparent role in oocyte volume homeostasis. The physiological signal for channel activation is the induction of oocyte meiotic maturation. During meiotic maturation, the contractile activity of gonadal sheath cells, which surround oocytes and are coupled to them via gap junctions, increases dramatically. These ovulatory sheath cell contractions are initiated prematurely in animals in which CLH-3 expression is disrupted by RNAi. Conclusions: The inwardly rectifying Cl − current in C. elegans oocytes is due to the activity of a ClC channel encoded by clh-3 . Functional and structural similarities suggest that CLH-3 and mammalian ClC-2 are orthologs. CLH-3 is activated during oocyte meiotic maturation and functions in part to modulate ovulatory contractions of gap junction–coupled gonadal sheath cells.