cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multivariate ‘analysis of dispersion’ in the presence of intra-class correlation

Subsequent to a review of the effects of familial or intra-class correlation (=ϱ) on the univariateF, or analysis of variance tests, and of methods for obtaining confidence limits for ϱ, results are presented on the effects of familial correlations in tests in multivariate ‘analysis of dispersion’. Methods for obtaining confidence limits are given in the case where a common variance-covariance matrix may be assumed for the successive multivariate samples.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Visual Cortex in Children 121

Background: fMRI can be used to non-invasively visualise human brain activity. Considering the importance of estimating the extent of functional disturbances in children with focal brain lesions, the purpose of this study was to investigate the visual processing in sedated children (a) during normal brain development and (b) in selected children with focal brain lesions. Subjects and Intervention: 9 children with normal visual function (15mo-6y) and 3 children with visual disturbances (1 suspected hemianopia, 1 suspected cortical blindness, 1 ophthalmoplegia with ptosis) were examined during pentobarbital sedation. A Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD)-contrast sensitive MRI sequence was used. Visual stimulation was done by red LED flashing goggles (8Hz). Results: In 8 of the 9 children without visual problems a stimulus related inverse BOLD-signal was detected in the visual cortex. The child with ophthalmoplegia also showed activity, whereas no activity was seen in the child with cortical blindness. Conclusion: fMRI permits investigations of visual processing in sedated children. Results from a parallel study in adults indicate that the inverse BOLD-effect is related to pentobarbital sedation, rather than to brain maturation.
Projections from the pontine reticular formation to the lateral geniculate body: Autoradiographic demonstration of a pathway that could mediate pontine-geniculate-occipital waves

Abstract Autoradiographic studies have revealed a pathway that may mediate pontinegeniculate-occipital waves. The projection originates in the rostral pontine tegmentum. Axons course rostrally through the midbrain and zona incerta, and turn ventrally at the level of the optic chiasm. Some axons cross the midline through the supraoptic commissure. The axons then travel caudally, just dorsal-medial to the optic tract, and appear to terminate bilaterally in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus.
Design of a soil sampling study to determine the habitability of the emergency declaration area, Love Canal, New York

Love Canal is a 6.4 hectare tract, originally an uncompleted power canal, which was used for disposal of industrial chemicals in the 1940's and 1950's. The canal was later filled, and a school and residences were built on the site. Following a highly publicized discovery of contaminant migration from the canal in the 1970's, the school and nearby homes were demolished. Determination of the habitability of about 800 homes evacuated by Presidential order in 1980 in the surrounding Love Canal Emergency Declaration Area (EDA), was a highly visible environmental policy decision. The soil habitability study for the EDA was based on two-sample comparisons of concentrations of eight trace organic indicators (Love Canal Indicator ChemicalsMdashLCICs) in EDA neighborhoods with selected comparison areas (CAs). The power of the statistical procedure (s) was an explicit criterion in the design of the study on which the habitability decision was based. Monte Carlo experiments were used to evaluate the relative performance of candidate statistical tests. The Monte Carlo simulations led to a recommendation for a pilot study to better identify the statistical characteristics of the soil chemical data. Analysis of the pilot study data, collected in the spring of 1986, suggested 1) that Monte Carlo experiments should be focused on univariate and multivariate Wilcoxon tests, 2) that a log normal mixture distribution provided reasonable fits to the observed data and could be used to evaluate a wide range of alternative hypotheses, and 3) that between-laboratory variation would have to be explicitly addressed by the statistical test(s) and in experimental design. The test that was finally selected was a generalization of the Wilcoxon rank sum test for blocking by laboratory. The univariate (single chemical) and multivariate (multiple chemical) blocked Wilcoxon tests were applied to all combinations of EDA sampling areas and comparison areas using field data collected in the fall of 1987. For most comparisons and chemicals, the EDA sampling areas were found not to have significantly higher soil LCIC concentrations than the comparison areas. However, a few EDA sampling areas showed consistently higher concentrations for several LCICs. The multivariate test was particularly useful in avoiding the multiple comparison problem with respect to soil chemicals. Based in part on the results of the soil sampling study, the New York State Commissioner of Health, in September 1988, identified EDA neighborhoods that were suitable for rehabitation. Although the decision was made in a policy framework, the specific recommendations were consistent with the results of the statistical analyses.
Learning in a multilateral bargaining experiment

Abstract This paper analyzes data from an investigation of a majoritarian bargaining experiment. A learning model is proposed to account for the evolution of play in this experiment. It is also suggested that an adjustment must be made to account for the panel structure of the data. Such adjustments have been used in other fields and are known to be important as unadjusted standard errors may be severely biased downward. These results indicate that this adjustment also has an important effect in this application. Furthermore, an efficient estimator that takes into account heterogeneity across players is proposed. A unique learning model to account for the paths of play under two different amendment rules cannot be rejected with the standard estimator with adjusted standard errors, however it can be rejected using the efficient estimator. The data and the estimated learning model suggest that after proposing “fair” divisions, subjects adapt and their proposals change rapidly in the treatment where uneven proposals are almost always accepted. Their beliefs in the estimated learning model are influenced by more than just the most recent outcomes.
Selected Issues Concerning Monetary Policy and Institutional Design for Central BanksA Review of Theories

In the past decades, much work has been geared toward solving the problem of time inconsistency in monetary policy and analyzing the coordination problem between fiscal and monetary policy. This paper provides a review of the theoretical background to these theories, while also focusing on their inherent problems. It concludes that while the literature makes a strong case for central bank independence, more work should be done in the area of determining the desirable degree of independence with a view to the interplay between fiscal and monetary policy.
Response to “Dthical dimensions of informed consent”

I n this ambitious statement, the Committee on Ethics proposes to review the ethical doctrine of informed consent in its "meaning, basis, and application." That is a tall order in a relatively brief document, and some matters are bound to receive less attention than they should, as will also be the case in a short response. In this commentary I will concentrate on three aspects of the statement that especially concern me" some infelicitous use of language in propositions 1 and 7; some confusion about justifiable limits of informed consent; and some omissions from the discussion of communication problems. In general, although the statement is presented as a review of the "ethical dimension" of informed consent, there are nuances that I find puzzling, even disturbing. Further, in light of the massive literature already available on this subject, I wonder about the usefulness of yet another rather theoretical "review" without some specific call for action by the organization. I will return to this point at the end. Although I appreciate that the ethical statements of professional societies have a quasi-legal force, I am bothered by what strikes me as a legalistic orientation in the very first statement, which characterizes informed consent as an "ethical requirement." The standards of morality are normally thought to impose "obligations." By contrast, "requirements" are imposed on persons by organized groups, and they thus have an origin external to the individual. Unlike the way we talk about requirements, we talk in terms of recognizing one's obligations, for they are understood as having an "internal" origin, in the sense that they are the result of the self-discovery that can emerge from moral deliberation. Thus, whereas requirements may be enforced by sanctions (ranging from active punishment to the mere inducement of guilt or shame), only reason and a sense of duty can warrant meeting one's obligations. Finally, unlike obligations, which are expressions of our moral identity in relation to others, requirements may be satisfied by performing the minimum that is expected. At the risk of seeming even more pedantic, a related confusion infects proposition 7, which alludes to "physicians' overall ethical obligation to a © 1993 by The Jacobs Institute of Women's Health 1049-3867/93/$6.00
SUBCELLULAR STORAGE ORGANELLES FOR 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS OF THE THYROID GLAND The Effect of Drugs which Deplete the Amine

A study was made of the effect of the administration of reserpine and parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin; 5-HT), on the capacity of thyroid parafollicular cells to synthesize and store 5-HT. The two drugs were given to nonhibernating bats in doses which produced an equivalent degree of depletion of 5-HT from the thyroid. Tritiated 5-hydroxytryptophan, the precursor of 5-HT, was then given intravenously to assess the ability of parafollicular cell granules to take up and retain newly synthesized 5-HT. Reserpine, but not parachlorophenylalanine, decreased the amount of labeled 5-HT found in the thyroid and prevented autoradiographic labeling of parafollicular cell granules. Quantitative ultrastructural and stereological analysis demonstrated that the granules in untreated animals appeared to be nearly spherical prolate ellipsoids, with a uniformly electron-opaque inner matrix. In animals given reserpine, the axial ratio of the ellipsoidal granules increased greatly and a faint internal striation parallel to the long axis of the granules became apparent. Similar changes were not induced by parachlorophenylalanine. No other morphological changes in the thyroid epithelium were detected after administration of reserpine. This study confirms the association of 5-HT with the mature small secretory granules of thyroid parafollicular cells.
Influence of data resolution and interpolation method on assessment of secondary brain insults in neurocritical care.

Continuous monitoring of physiologic vital signs is routine in neurocritical care. However, this patient information is usually only recorded intermittently (most often hourly) in the medical record. It is unclear whether this is sufficient to represent the occurrence of secondary brain insults (SBIs) or whether more frequent data collection will provide more comprehensive information for patient care. In 16 patients, physiologic data were acquired concurrently via two methods: per clinical routine, usually hourly, in the medical record (MR) and every minute via a custom data acquisition system (DA). SBIs were defined as a mean arterial pressure 20 mmHg or a temperature >37.5 °C. Number of events, cumulative duration of events and area under the curve (AUC) were compared between the two methods and 95% limits of agreement were assessed for various methods of MR data interpolation. For all three parameters, analysis of the DA and MR data frequently differed with regard to number of events, total duration of events and AUC. MR data tended to underestimate the number of total events. 95% limits of agreement were most narrow for trapezoidal interpolation of MR data, but even these limits were fairly broad. Assessment of secondary brain insults is highly dependent on (1) the temporal resolution of the method used to acquire patient data and on (2) the interpolation method if data are acquired intermittently. High frequency data acquisition may be necessary for more precise evaluation of secondary brain injury in neurocritical care.
Parent–child conversations about letters and pictures

Learning about letters, and how they differ from pictures, is one important aspect of a young child’s print awareness. To test the hypothesis that parent speech provides children with information about these differences, we studied parent–child conversations in CHILDES (MacWhinney, 2000). We found that parents talk to their young children about letters, differentiating them from pictures, by 1–2 years of age and that some of these conversational patterns change across the preschool years in ways that emphasize important features of letters, such as their shape. We also found that children talk about letters and pictures in distinct ways, suggesting an implicit understanding of some of the differences between letters and pictures at an early age. Some differences in parent–child conversations about letters were found as a function of socioeconomic status: Lower SES families appeared to focus more on alphabetic order than higher SES families. The general letter knowledge expressed in these conversations suggests that everyday interactions are an important component of the home literacy environment and that they differ, in some respects, as a function of child age and family background.
Effect of Intake Air Filter Condition on Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles

Proper maintenance can help vehicles perform as designed, positively affecting fuel economy, emissions, and the overall drivability. This effort investigates the effect of one maintenance factor, intake air filter replacement, with primary focus on vehicle fuel economy, but also examining emissions and performance. Older studies, dealing with carbureted gasoline vehicles, have indicated that replacing a clogged or dirty air filter can improve vehicle fuel economy and conversely that a dirty air filter can be significantly detrimental to fuel economy. The effect of clogged air filters on the fuel economy, acceleration and emissions of five gasoline fueled vehicles is examined. Four of these were modern vehicles, featuring closed-loop control and ranging in model year from 2003 to 2007. Three vehicles were powered by naturally aspirated, port fuel injection (PFI) engines of differing size and cylinder configuration: an inline 4, a V6 and a V8. A turbocharged inline 4-cylinder gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine powered vehicle was the fourth modern gasoline vehicle tested. A vintage 1972 vehicle equipped with a carburetor (open-loop control) was also examined. Results reveal insignificant fuel economy and emissions sensitivity of modern vehicles to air filter condition, but measureable effects on the 1972 vehicle. All vehicles experienced amore » measured acceleration performance penalty with clogged intake air filters.« less
Exact results for the ionization of a model quantum system

We prove that a model atom having one bound state will be fully ionized by a time periodic potential of arbitrary strength r and frequency ω. Starting with the system in the bound state, the survival probability is for small r given by e-Γt for times of order Γ-1 ~r-2n, where n is the minimum number of `photons' required for ionization (with large modifications at resonances). For late times the decay is as t-3 with the power law modulated by oscillations. As r increases, the time over which there is exponential decay becomes shorter and the power law behaviour starts earlier. Results are for a parametrically excited one-dimensional system with zero-range potential but comparison with analytical works and with experiments indicates that many features are general.
Recent advances in reproductive genetic technologies

New possibilities for the diagnosis and treatment of reproductive and genetic disorders are becoming available as a result of a series of recent technical advances. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) allows treatment of numerous infertile men whose sperm cannot penetrate the egg to initiate fertilization. Molecular genetic testing provides clients of reproductive age with additional information that permits prevention of genetic diseases such as fragile X syndrome, the leading cause of inherited mental retardation. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) offers couples who carry genetic disorders the prospect of having children with a greatly decreased risk of initiating a pregnancy involving an affected individual. Flow-cytometric sperm separation offers a new, effective approach for prevention of X-linked genetic disorders. Two major causes of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) involve recurrent trisomies and immunological disorders. Of the latter, 70% of studied populations of patients can attain live births with simple treatment protocols. Maternal serum assays involving multiple markers reduce both false positives and false negatives in detection of trisomies. Despite these advances in research, many safe and effective methods of diagnosis and treatment remain under-utilized in the clinical arena.
Cell transport and the bursa of Fabricius.

THE use of grafts and parabionts with marked chromosomes in investigations on the mammalian thymus has shown that there is substantial cellular traffic in this organ1,2. Using chick parabionts, it should be possible to make an assessment of the role of cellular immigration in the development of the lymphoid organs of this species.
Rolling-contact deformation of MgO single crystals

Magnesium oxide single crystals were used as a model bearing material and deformed by rolling contact with a steel ball 0.64 cm in diameter. A dependence of depth of slip on rolling velocity which persisted with increasing numbers of rolling-contact cycles was discovered. The track width, track hardness and dislocation interactions as observed by transmission electron microscopy all increased in a consistent manner with increasing cycles. The rolling-contact state of stress produces a high density of dislocations in a localized zone. Dislocation interaction in this zone produces cleavage-type cracks after a large number of rolling-contact cycles. The orientation of the crystal influences the character of dislocation accumulation.
Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II: emerging roles in metazoans

Recent years have witnessed a sea change in our understanding of transcription regulation: whereas traditional models focused solely on the events that brought RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to a gene promoter to initiate RNA synthesis, emerging evidence points to the pausing of Pol II during early elongation as a widespread regulatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes. Current data indicate that pausing is particularly enriched at genes in signal-responsive pathways. Here the evidence for pausing of Pol II from recent high-throughput studies will be discussed, as well as the potential interconnected functions of promoter-proximally paused Pol II.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE NORTH AMERICAN TIGER BEETLE, CICINDELA H1RTICOLLIS SAY, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF FIVE NEW SUBSPECIES (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)

Cicindela hirticollis Say 1817 is associated with shoreline and riverine sand deposits and is widely distributed in North America. Geographic variation in this species was analyzed by multivariate analysis of size, elytral markings, and color data obtained from some 4000 specimens from 75 sites throughout the species distribution. Eleven subspecies are recognized and discussed: C.h. hirticollis Say, gravida LeC., ponderosa Thorns., abrupta Csy., rhodensis Calder, corpuscula Rumpp, shelfordi, athabascensis, coloradula, couleensis, and siuslawensis Graves. Possible Pleistocene refugia, and redistribution of the species following continental glaciation are discussed. Theoretical advantages of certain variants in particular climates or on certain substrates, are considered. Cicindela hirticollis has been eliminated or is endangered in many of its former habitats due to human activities.Five new subspecies are described: C. h. shelfordi (type locality: Guthrie, OK) which inhabits the Great Plains region; C. h. athabascensis from the Lake Athabasca Sand Dunes of Saskatchewan and Alberta; C. h. coloradula from the Little Colorado River, AZ; C. h. couleensis (type locality: Vantage, WA) which is distributed in the Columbia–Snake river system of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; and C. h. siuslawensis (type locality: Florence, OR) which inhabits the Pacific coast of Oregon and Washington.
Making the Case for Molecular Staging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy for which surgical treatment is an option for a subset of patients. A gene ratio test based on the relative expression levels of four genes has been validated in clinical trials to predict which patients will benefit from surgical therapy. A description of the test properties and the independent predictors for outcome are provided.
Lasker∼Koshland to Genetics Pioneer

The 2014 Lasker∼Koshland Special Achievement Award will be presented to Mary-Claire King, a pioneer and visionary who revolutionized the use of genetics to identify disease genes, provide insights into human evolution, and champion human rights causes.
Erycristin, a new antimicrobial petrocarpan from Erythrina crista-galli

Abstract Bioassay-directed fractionation of ethanolic extracts of the stern bark of Erythrina crista-galli resulted in the isolation of a new pterocarpan, erycristin, and two previously known pterocarpans, sandwicensin and erythrabyssin-II. The structure of erycristin was determined by spectroscopic examination and by chemical transformation of sandwicensin. The absolute stereochemistry of erycristin was established by circular dichroism measurements. Erythrabyssin-II diacetate was converted to erycristagallin diacetate, supporting the previous proposed structure of erycristagallin.
Effect of sidewall boundary layer on transonic flow over a wing

an upstream modification. The reflections ensure that a subtle modification has an affect over a large portion of the plume. Therefore, when effecting thrust vectoring in this manner, a designer needs to make full use of wave reflections to achieve the design goal. This study has certainly suggested areas for further investigation. First, there is the optimization issue. No attempt was made to find the optimum contour necessary to produce a required thrust vector angle. Obviously, the most efficient implementation of this technique would insure the largest thrust vector angle for the smallest wall contour modification. A study needs to be conducted into optimizing nozzle contours, initially for specified force angles, and then subsequently for entire force angle envelopes. A second area where further investigation is needed is based on the fact that only a two-dimensional analysis was performed. A three-dimensional study must be performed to identify any side wall affects on pitch vectoring. Also, yaw vectoring could be accomplished in a very similar manner by flexing the side walls. A very high performance nozzle with both pitch and yaw vectoring could possibly be designed.
Practice and place in twentieth-century field biology: a comment.

The day is long past when it was necessary to justify place as an analytical category in history of science. Sessions on place are now common in meetings of professional societies; so are thematic groups of papers, like this one, in historical journals. Place is routinely used to enrich historical accounts of varied topics. We routinely borrow concepts of place from disciplines that had developed them earlier and more elaborately: landscape history, historical geography, and, most recently, environmental history. In the thirty-plus years since historians and sociologists of science first deployed the concept – for the particular purpose of demonstrating the local and socially constructed character of all scientific knowledge – it has developed into a diverse, extended family of analytic and narrative practices.
Regulation of Deinococcus radiodurans RecA protein function via modulation of active and inactive nucleoprotein filament states.

The RecA protein of Deinococcus radiodurans (DrRecA) has a central role in genome reconstitution after exposure to extreme levels of ionizing radiation. When bound to DNA, filaments of DrRecA protein exhibit active and inactive states that are readily interconverted in response to several sets of stimuli and conditions. At 30 °C, the optimal growth temperature, and at physiological pH 7.5, DrRecA protein binds to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and forms extended helical filaments in the presence of ATP. However, the ATP is not hydrolyzed. ATP hydrolysis of the DrRecA-dsDNA filament is activated by addition of single-stranded DNA, with or without the single-stranded DNA-binding protein. The ATPase function of DrRecA nucleoprotein filaments thus exists in an inactive default state under some conditions. ATPase activity is thus not a reliable indicator of DNA binding for all bacterial RecA proteins. Activation is effected by situations in which the DNA substrates needed to initiate recombinational DNA repair are present. The inactive state can also be activated by decreasing the pH (protonation of multiple ionizable groups is required) or by addition of volume exclusion agents. Single-stranded DNA-binding protein plays a much more central role in DNA pairing and strand exchange catalyzed by DrRecA than is the case for the cognate proteins in Escherichia coli. The data suggest a mechanism to enhance the efficiency of recombinational DNA repair in the context of severe genomic degradation in D. radiodurans. Background: The RecA protein of Deinococcus radiodurans is essential for extreme radiation resistance. Results: A nucleoprotein state of the DrRecA protein exists that is inactive with respect to ATP hydrolysis. SSB is essential for DrRecA-mediated DNA strand exchange. Conclusion: There are at least two functional states of DrRecA filaments bound to DNA. Significance: A potential new mode of regulation is revealed for DrRecA.
Heliobacillus mobilis, a peritrichously flagellated anoxyphototroph containing bacteriochlorophyll g

The unique characteristics of Heliobacterium chlorum, first described in 1983, indicated the possible existence of a previously unknown family of anoxyphototrophs. This communication details the isolation and major properties of Heliobacillus mobilis, a peritrichously flagellated green photosynthetic bacterium closely related to H. chlorum. These and other findings establish the family Heliobacteriaceae. Adherent organisms are strictly anaerobic phototrophs that contain bacteriochlorophyll g (Bchl g) as the principal photopigment, fix N2 readily, and lack chlorosomes as well as extensively developed intracytoplasmic membrane systems.
Flow Computations in Inlets at Incidence Using a Shock Fitting Bicharacteristic Method

An analysis is presented for calculating the flowfield in supersonic mixed-compression aircraft inlets operating at angle of attack. The flowfield is computed by a steady three-dimensional bicharacterist ic method. The bow shock wave and the reflected internal shock wave system are computed by a three-dimensional, discrete shock wave fitting procedure. Viscous and thermal diffusion may be included as source terms in the bicharacteristic method. A production type of computer program capable of determining the flowfield in a variety of axisymmetric mixed-compression supersonic inlets is available. The results of the present analysis agree well with those produced by the two-dimensional method of characteristi cs when axisymmetric flowfields are computed. For three-dimensional flowfields, the results of the present analysis agree well with experimental data except in regions of high viscous interaction and boundary-layer removal. The present analysis does not compute the boundary layer, nor does it account for boundary-layer bleed.
An inexpensive sea-floor precision pressure recorder

Abstract Sea-floor pressure and temperature fluctuations are recorded for periods up to a year with a self-contained instrument ‘piggy-backed’ on the base anchor of a current meter mooring.
The effect of nanopore shape on the structure and isotherms of adsorbed fluids

A Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulation method is used to determine the adsorption isotherms, interaction energies, entropies, and density distribution of a Lennard-Jones fluid adsorbed in smooth-walled nanopores of varying size and shape. We specifically include very crowded pores, where packing effects are important. Differences in the isotherms of slit, cylindrical, and spherical nanopores of varying sizes can be explained in terms of the adsorbate-adsorbate interaction energy, the adsorbate-pore interaction energy, and the density profiles, which influence the balance between the former and the latter energy contributions. The expectation from low loading studies that the most energetically favorable adsorbate-pore interactions maximize adsorption is not borne out at intermediate and higher loadings. Instead, the relationships between adsorbed amounts and pore size and shape are found to be strong functions of the depth and steepness of the external potential, the extent to which adsorbate-adsorbate repulsion establishes short range fluid order, and the accessible pore volume. This study has implications for high pore density processes in nanoporous materials, such as zeolite catalysis, separations, and templating in zeolite synthesis.
World Agriculture, Commodity Policy, and Price Variability

The primary emphasis in this paper will be upon governmental agricultural commodity policies and their effects upon price variability. It is the commodity policies of the governments of the world and in the rest of the world's food and agricultural systems.
Two Genes Encoding New Carotenoid-Modifying Enzymes in the Green Sulfur Bacterium Chlorobium tepidum

The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum produces chlorobactene as its primary carotenoid. Small amounts of chlorobactene are hydroxylated by the enzyme CrtC and then glucosylated and acylated to produce chlorobactene glucoside laurate. The genes encoding the enzymes responsible for these modifications of chlorobactene, CT1987, and CT0967, have been identified by comparative genomics, and these genes were insertionally inactivated in C. tepidum to verify their predicted function. The gene encoding chlorobactene glucosyltransferase (CT1987) has been named cruC, and the gene encoding chlorobactene lauroyltransferase (CT0967) has been named cruD. Homologs of these genes are found in the genomes of all sequenced green sulfur bacteria and filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs as well as in the genomes of several nonphotosynthetic bacteria that produce similarly modified carotenoids. The other bacteria in which these genes are found are not closely related to green sulfur bacteria or to one another. This suggests that the ability to synthesize modified carotenoids has been a frequently transferred trait.
The Development of Polysemy and Frequency Use in English Second Language Speakers

Spoken language data were collected from six adult second language (L2) English learners over a year-long period in order to explore the development of word polysemy and frequency use. The data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. In the first analysis, the growth of WordNet polysemy values and CELEX word frequency values were examined. For both indexes, significant growth was demonstrated from the 2nd to the 16th week of observation, after which values remained stable. Growth in word polysemy values also correlated with changes in word frequency, supporting the notion that frequency and polysemy effects in word use are related. A second analysis used the WordNet dictionary to explore qualitative changes in word sense use concerning six frequent lexical items in the learner corpus (think, know, place, work, play, and name). A qualitative analysis compared normalized frequencies for each word sense in the first trimester of the study to the later trimesters. Differences in the number of word senses used across trimesters were found for all six words. Analyses 1 and 2, taken together, support the notion that L2 learners begin to use words that have the potential for more senses during the first 4 months; learners then begin to extend the core meanings of these polysemous words. These findings provide further insights into the development of lexical proficiency in L2 learners and the growth of lexical networks.
Concurrent on-line testing of identical circuits through output comparison using non-identical input vectors

Current designs may contain several identical copies of the same circuit (or functional unit). Such circuits can be tested by comparing the output vectors they produce under identical input vectors. This alleviates the need to observe the output response, and facilitates on-line testing. We show that testing of identical circuits by output comparison can be done effectively even when the input vectors applied to the circuits are not identical. This allows concurrent on-line testing even when the circuits are not driven front the same source during functional operation. We present experimental results to support the use of nonidentical input vectors for concurrent on-line testing of identical circuits.
Resocializing Suffering Neoliberalism, Accusation, and the Sociopolitical Context of Guatemala's New Violence

An ethnographic account of the putative shift away from state-sponsored violence and the emergence of new patterns of violence in postwar Guatemala challenges liberal political and moral models tha...
Genotype by Environment Interactions for Milk and Fat Production Across Regions of the United States

Abstract (Co)variance components for regional production of milk, fat, and fat percentage were estimated via multiple-trait REML using DHIA data from California, New York, and Wisconsin. Data consisted of registered and grade first lactation yields of Holstein cattle from 1970 through 1984. Records were limited to daughters from sires common to the pairs of states analyzed. Averaged numbers of records from California, New York, and Wisconsin were 419,185, 460,296, and 449,866. Genetic correlations between New York and Wisconsin for milk, fat, and fat percentage (.99, .98, and .99) were larger than those between California and New York (.95, .95, and .98) and those between California and Wisconsin (.94, .93, and .98). Heritabilities in New York for milk, fat, and fat percentage (approximately .27, .26, and .48) were larger than those of Wisconsin (approximately .23, .22, and .43) and California (approximately .22, .21, and .34). Grade records were also investigated; numbers of records in California were reduced by about 25%, whereas records in both New York and Wisconsin were reduced by about 66%. Genetic correlations were virtually unchanged, but heritabilities for milk and fat in the three states were similar (approximately .17) and significantly smaller than those from combined registered and grade daughters. In conclusion, there appeared to be no sire by region interaction.
Robust clustering methods: a unified view

Clustering methods need to be robust if they are to be useful in practice. In this paper, we analyze several popular robust clustering methods and show that they have much in common. We also establish a connection between fuzzy set theory and robust statistics, and point out the similarities between robust clustering methods and statistical methods such as the weighted least-squares technique, the M estimator, the minimum volume ellipsoid algorithm, cooperative robust estimation, minimization of probability of randomness, and the epsilon contamination model. By gleaning the common principles upon which the methods proposed in the literature are based, we arrive at a unified view of robust clustering methods. We define several general concepts that are useful in robust clustering, state the robust clustering problem in terms of the defined concepts, and propose generic algorithms and guidelines for clustering noisy data. We also discuss why the generalized Hough transform is a suboptimal solution to the robust clustering problem.
Phytogeography and Floristics of Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands in Northern Arizona

ABSTRACT This study assesses the floristic diversity and affinities of pinyon-juniper (PJ) woodlands in northern Arizona at 2 different scales: regionally within the context of North American floristic patterns and locally within the 2500m elevation gradient of the San Francisco Volcanic Field (SFVF). An analysis based upon 245 North American floras indicates that the PJ woodlands of the SFVF share strong affinities with the adjacent Colorado Plateau and Apachian floristic elements but also show high floristic similarity to the Great Plains. Data suggest that mid-elevation woodlands of the Colorado Plateau share floristic affinities with the Great Plains that are as strong as or stronger than those shared with the Great Basin. A geostatisical analysis provides a spatially explicit depiction of these findings. A comparison of species occurrences between 6 adjacent biotic communities in northern Arizona reveals that the PJ woodlands host the most distinctive flora among local life zones. Despite what their ...
Acute Care Physical Therapist Practice: It's Come a Long Way

“Should Physical Therapists Practice in Acute Care Settings?” That was the 2007 topic for the Rothstein Debate, an annual event held at APTA's conference and exhibition and established to honor PTJ 's esteemed Emeritus Editor in Chief Jules M. Rothstein (1945–2005). Dianne Jewell, PT, PhD, FAPTA, was moderator. Anthony Delitto, PT, PhD, FAPTA, and Charles Magistro, PT, FAPTA, argued for and against the need for physical therapists in the acute care setting. On one side, the physical therapist was characterized as a sophisticated decision maker with a breadth of knowledge that spanned medicine and physiology; on the other side, the physical therapist was characterized as just another clinical staffer who “dragged” patients down the hall. The session was filled to capacity with …
Celery Juice Powder Used as Nitrite Substitute in Sliced Vacuum-Packaged Turkey Bologna Stored at 4C for 10 Weeks Under Retail Display Light

Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties of cherry powder (CH) and celery powder containing pre-generated nitrite (celery juice powder, CJP) were evaluated in turkey bologna with 156 ppm modern cure/550 ppm sodium erythorbate (control–T1), 0.20% CJP (T2), 0.20% CJP/0.20% CH (T3), or 156 ppm CJP/469 ppm CH (T4). T4 had “vegetable/woody” aftertaste with lower (P < 0.05) appearance, aroma and overall acceptability than all other treatments. Lactic acid bacteria were similar for T1 and T4 during 4–10 weeks. T4 had lower (P < 0.05) anaerobic counts and L* values, and higher a*, b* and chroma than all other treatments. T2 had greater (P < 0.05) hue angles than TI and T4 during storage. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (except weeks 4 and 5), pH, fat and ash were similar among all treatments. Moisture was higher (P < 0.05) for T4 than all other treatments, which was attributed to CJP content of at least 50% carbohydrate and 8.0% crude protein. T4 had similar antimicrobial properties, but lacked flavor and color of T1, which suggested additional purification of CJP to reduce carbohydrate. Practical Application The healthy perception associated with natural and organic food products has led to a significant increase in their production because of consumer demand. However, it is imperative that natural products are safe, wholesome and of the same quality as their conventional counterparts. This is especially true for ready-to-eat processed vacuum-packaged cured meat products. This research will have major impact on food safety and quality for the food processor as well as the consuming public.
Isolation and properties of the RepA1 protein of the IncFII replicon, RepFIC.

Summary The initiator protein RepA1 of the IncFII replicon RepFIC derived from the enterotoxin plasmid EntP307 has been cloned under the control of the λ Pl promoter. This has enabled us to overproduce this protein and study its properties. Here we show that RepA1 is a soluble basic protein with an experimentally determined molecular weight of 40000. Deletion analysis indicates that the overproduced protein originates from the open reading frame which we previously designated as coding for RepA1. We have also shown that the replication function of the replicon RepFIC depends on the intact RepA1 coding frame.
Evaluating the efficacy of biological and conventional insecticides with the new ‘MCD bottle’ bioassay

Background Control of mosquitoes requires the ability to evaluate new insecticides and to monitor resistance to existing insecticides. Monitoring tools should be flexible and low cost so that they can be deployed in remote, resource poor areas. Ideally, a bioassay should be able to simulate transient contact between mosquitoes and insecticides, and it should allow for excito-repellency and avoidance behaviour in mosquitoes. Presented here is a new bioassay, which has been designed to meet these criteria. This bioassay was developed as part of the Mosquito Contamination Device (MCD) project and, therefore, is referred to as the MCD bottle bioassay.
On Godefroid's state-less search technique for testing concurrent programs

P. Godefroid (1997) developed a state-space exploration technique that does not store states in memory. This stateless search technique is effective for testing concurrent programs. It performs deterministic executions of a concurrent program by automatically controlling the execution of synchronization operations. This technique also uses partial order reduction methods to reduce the chance of executing two or more different totally-ordered paths with the same partial order. In this paper, we propose extensions to Godefroid's technique and compare it with other stateless search techniques for testing concurrent programs. Our empirical results indicate that a combination of stateless searching and a simple cycle prediction method is very cost-effective for detecting deadlocks and violations of assertions.
Precursor and temperature modulation of fatty acid composition and growth of Listeria monocytogenes cold-sensitive mutants with transposon-interrupted branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase

Branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) typically constitute more than 90 % of the fatty acids of Listeria monocytogenes. The authors have previously described two Tn917-induced, cold-sensitive, BCFA-deficient (<40 %) L. monocytogenes mutants (cld-1 and cld-2) with lowered membrane fluidity. Sequence analyses revealed that Tn917 was inserted into different genes of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase cluster (bkd) in these two mutants. The cold-sensitivity and BCFA deficiency of cld-1, in which Tn917 was inserted into bkdB, were complemented in trans by cloned bkdB. The growth and corresponding BCFA content of the mutants at 37 degrees C were stimulated by fatty acid precursors bypassing Bkd, 2-methylbutyrate (precursor for odd-numbered anteiso-fatty acids), isobutyrate (precursor for even-numbered iso-fatty acids) and isovalerate (precursor for odd-numbered iso-fatty acids). In contrast, the corresponding Bkd substrates, alpha-ketomethylvalerate, alpha-ketoisovalerate and alpha-ketoisocaproate, exhibited much poorer activity. At 26 degrees C, 2-methylbutyrate and isovalerate stimulated the growth of the mutants, and at 10 degrees C, only 2-methylbutyrate stimulated growth. Pyruvate depressed the BCFA content of cld-2 from 33 % to 27 %, which may be close to the minimum BCFA requirement for L. monocytogenes. The transcription of bkd was enhanced by Bkd substrates, but not by low temperature. When provided with the BCFA precursors, cld-2 was able to increase its anteiso-C15 : 0 fatty acid content at 10 degrees C compared to 37 degrees C, which is the characteristic response of L. monocytogenes to low temperature. This implies that Bkd is not the major cold-regulation point of BCFA synthesis.
Relaxation of ASTM A325 Bolted Assemblies

AbstractResults from a series of tests intended to study loss of pretension force in bolted assemblies are presented. The test matrix included ASTM A325 assemblies with various direct tension indicators (DTIs), some through-hardened and some not, as well as assemblies without direct tension indicators. Bolt length and diameter and grade of nut were also varied. Load losses were monitored for 42 days (1,000 h). However, load levels generally stabilized after 14 days. Pretension losses were linearly dependent on initial pretension and not affected by DTI or washer configuration. Bolt diameter and length did affect the magnitude of losses over time but not the general linear relationship with initial pretension.
Well-loss function and the skin effect: a review

The well-loss function, CQ/sup 2/, and the effective wellbore radius constitute two very important ideas in Jacob's classic study (1947). Both ideas were accorded extreme importance in the petroleum engineering field. Swift and Kiel published results of their award-winning study on non-Darcy flow in 1962, and the skin-effect concept (related to effective wellbore radius) was presented independently by both Hurst and van Everdingen in 1953. Jacob's well-loss function has been generalized to the form CQ/sup n/ in the current literature, although this form seems to work well only over the range of flow rates used in testing. The petroleum engineering approach suggests that the form should be C(S/sub T/ + DQ)Q, where S/sub T/ is the skin effect, a constant, and D is the non-Darcy flow coefficient, often a constant also. The new form contains CQ/sup n/ as a special case for a limited range of flow; however, n values would lie between 1 and 2. Field experience in water-well testing indicates n values from 2.5 to 2.7. Fetkovich (1973) presented information on oil and gas flow indicating that transmissivity depends upon pressure (thus also upon flow rate) for solution gas-drive oil production. There appears to be an analogy possiblemore » for high-rate production of gas-saturated water. 2 figures.« less
Esophageal substitution with colon — the Waterston operation

Twenty-three interpleural (Waterston) colon replacements of the esophagus are reported, 21 for esophageal atresia and 2 for corrosive strictures. Twenty patients are alive with an intact replacement; 17 are swallowing well and 3 have some dysphagia. Two grafts were converted to reverse gastric tubes, 1 for venous infarction and the other because of difficult vascular anatomy. One child died from disseminated intravascular coagulation following gastroenteritis shortly after successful completion of the interposition. Technical details of the operation are described. The need for replacement has been much less in recent years because of improved surgical techniques for esophageal atresia, particularly elective ventilation and the upper pouch flap operation. Recognition that corrosive and reflux strictures, if a dilatable channel can be maintained, will improve if dilatation is persevered with for 2 years may avoid the need for replacement.