cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Catalytic oxidative carbonylation of primary and secondary diamines to cyclic ureas. Optimization and substituent studies

W(CO)6-catalyzed oxidative carbonylation of 1,3-propanediamine to the corresponding urea has been examined under a variety of conditions. Following optimization, the Thorpe−Ingold effect on ring closure was studied using 2,2-dialkyl-1,3-propanediamines. For the 2,2-dimethyl- and 2,2-dibutyl-1,3-propanediamines, the yields were increased significantly as compared to that of the unsubstituted case. The eight-membered cyclic urea 5-butyl-5-ethyl-1,3-diazepan-2-one (5f) was formed in 38% yield, while only trace amounts of the cyclic urea were produced from the parent 1,5-pentanediamine. In a study of secondary diamines, yields from the carbonylation of N,N‘-dialkyl-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamines were lower than those obtained from the primary diamines. The main byproducts from secondary diamines were tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives formed from a competitive reaction of the substrate with the oxidant and base.
Not in My Backyard: Personal Politics and Resident Attitudes toward Tourism:

This research looks at the relationship between political libertarianism and personal self-interest, as informed by the concept of NIMBYism (not-in-my-backyard) that underlies much of the resident ...
Engineering Interfaces at the Nanoscale

From heat dissipation in electronic devices to the heating of our homes, thermal transport is ubiquitous in today’s technology. In the past few decades, a drive to miniaturize devices, in some cases to length scales smaller than the intrinsic mean free paths of the energy carriers, while concurrently increasing efficiency, has pushed thermal management to a primary consideration in the design and implementation of technological devices. Solid-solid interfaces serve as primary scattering sites for thermal carriers and can contribute significantly to the overall thermal resistance of the device. Controlling the interfacial resistance remains a top priority for thermal engineers, but this requires an understanding of the fundamental physics behind thermal carriers and mechanisms which can influence interfacial transport.
Regulations Required for Revival: Social Media and Search Engines Should Be Regulated as Commercial Speech to Protect the Public’s Free Flow of Information

This paper argues the U.S. can and should regulate social media and search engines as commercial speech of the corporation instead of non-commercial individual speech. This is because the American individual’s speech on these platforms has been modified, edited, and transformed into the corporation's own commercial speech to advance the corporation’s economic interests. This paper proposes that social media and search engines should be required to either: (1) stop filtering of an individual's speech based on a corporation's economic viewpoints, in order to advance the interests of individual Americans and the political interests of the United States; or at the very least be required to, (2) take a balance approach to their filtering making it actually content neutral, and censor both sides of the spectrum equally, resulting in a fact-based social media. Such regulations comply with the First Amendment in view of the background of the Supreme Court’s rulings on types of speech, including commercial versus non-commercial. This paper additionally addresses the rise of foreign actors, such as China, influencing companies' speech through money at the expense of normal American citizens. These citizen's voices are stripped from them, by a foreign government using a U.S. company as a proxy, and is currently allowed under U.S. law. The paper additionally addresses how during a pandemic, such as COVID, people are confined to home by the government and unable to communicate, except almost exclusively through social media, which effectively strips them of their freedom of speech when it is censored.
Synthesis and corrosion behavior of cold sprayed dual nanoparticle reinforced Al coatings

Abstract This study investigates the synergistic and individual effects of nano boron carbide (nB4C) and boron nitride nanoplatelets (BNNP) on the corrosion behavior of cold spray aluminum matrix composite (MMC) coatings. Cryomilling and cold spraying were used to synthesize four novel Al MMC coatings with reinforcements consisting of either 2 vol.% nB4C, 2 vol.% BNNP, or dual nanoparticle reinforcement consisting of 1 vol.% nB4C plus 1 vol.% BNNP. Cold sprayed coatings were evaluated using microhardness testing which revealed an 11.7% increase in hardness in the dual nanoparticle reinforced composite coating. Coatings were subjected to 500 h and 2000 h corrosion tests in a salt fog chamber consisting of 3.5% NaCl to simulate an aggressive marine environment. Coatings were evaluated post-salt fog chamber by mass and thickness change measurements, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Following 500 h corrosion testing, each composite coating experienced mild to severe pitting throughout a significant portion of the coating. Following 2000 h exposure, in addition to severe pitting, all coatings experienced galvanic corrosion at the coating/substrate interface.
Case ReportsExtraintestinal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma presenting as obstructive jaundice in a patient with Crohn’s disease

We report the case of a 58-yr-old woman, previously diagnosed with Crohn’s disease of the duodenum, who presented with jaundice and an epigastric mass. Diagnostic studies revealed an extraintestinal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma located near the head of the pancreas and causing obstructive jaundice. A review of the literature indicates the rarity of this association. We discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, and management of extraintestinal lymphomas in patients with Crohn’s disease.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: strategies for disease management and emerging therapeutic approaches

Approximately 50% of patients with heart failure (HF) have a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and the incidence of HFpEF is increasing relative to HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Both types of HF are associated with reduced survival and increased risk for hospitalization. However, in contrast to HFrEF, there are no approved treatments specifically indicated for HFpEF, and current therapy is largely focused on management of symptoms and comorbidities. Diagnosis of HFpEF in the outpatient setting also presents unique challenges compared with HFrEF because of factors including a high burden of comorbidities in HFpEF and difficulties in distinguishing HFpEF from normal aging. Primary care providers (PCPs) play a pivotal role in the delivery of holistic, patient-centric care from diagnosis to management and palliative care. As the prevalence of HF continues to rise in an aging population, PCPs will need to play a greater role in HFpEF care. This article will review HFpEF etiology and pathophysiology, diagnostic workup, and management of symptoms and comorbidities, with a focus on the critical role of PCPs throughout the clinical course of HFpEF.
Unveiling the coexistence of cis- and trans-isomers in the hydrolysis of ZrO2: A coupled DFT and high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy study.

High-resolution anion photoelectron spectroscopy of the ZrO3H2− and ZrO3D2− anions and complementary electronic structure calculations are used to investigate the reaction between zirconium dioxide and a single water molecule, ZrO20/− + H2O. Experimental spectra of ZrO3H2− and ZrO3D2− were obtained using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging of cryogenically cooled anions, revealing the presence of two dissociative adduct conformers and yielding insight into the vibronic structure of the corresponding neutral species. Franck–Condon simulations for both the cis- and trans-dihydroxide structures are required to fully reproduce the experimental spectrum. Additionally, it was found that water-splitting is stabilized more by ZrO2 than TiO2, suggesting Zr-based catalysts are more reactive toward hydrolysis.
Examining the Bandwidth Potential of Volume-Constrained, Electrically-Small, Platform-Based Antennas at the HF Band

In this work, two primary bandwidth considerations for electrically-small, platform based antennas in the HF band are analyzed: coupling element (CE) location and CE design. First, we analyze an all-metallic cuboid platform with dimensions of 3.20×2.76×7.54 m3 at 5 MHz. In this analysis, a variety of electrically-small CE designs, each occupying a fixed hemispherical volume with radius 0.5 m, are considered. The bandwidth potential of each element is examined when mounted at different locations on the platform. This analysis is then extended to a more complex platform: the U.S. Marine Corps Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV). The CE type and placement were found to have a significant impact on the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. Though one characteristic mode of the platform is dominant at 5 MHz, contributions of higher-order modes play a significant role in the obtained bandwidth. A scaled model of the cuboid platform and the spherical-cap monopole were fabricated and experimentally characterized. Measurement results were found to be in good agreement with simulations.
Evaluation of Short-term Outcomes of Tracheostomy Procedures in a NICU Population With High Ventilator Settings.

ObjectiveTo investigate whether tracheostomy placement in infants requiring high ventilator pressure is safe and effective.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary children’s hospi...
Harnessing Heterogeneous Big Geospatial Data

The heterogeneity of geospatial datasets is a mixed blessing in that it theoretically enables researchers to gain a more holistic picture by providing different (cultural) perspectives, media formats, resolutions, thematic coverage, and so on, but at the same time practice shows that this heterogeneity may hinder the successful combination of data, e.g., due to differences in data representation and underlying conceptual models. Three different aspects are usually distinguished in processing big geospatial data from heterogeneous sources, namely geospatial data conflation, integration, and enrichment. Each step is a progression on the previous one by taking the result of the last step, extracting useful information, and incorporating additional information to solve specific questions. This chapter introduces and clarifies the scope and goal of each of these aspects, presents existing methods, and outlines current research trends.
Is Microthrombosis the Main Pathology in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Severity?-A Systematic Review of the Postmortem Pathologic Findings

This systematic review attempts to retrieve and report the findings of postmortem studies including the histopathologic data of deceased coronavirus disease 2019 patients and to review the manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019-associated thrombotic pathologies reported in the recent literature. Data sources PubMed, Excerpta Medica Database, and Cochrane library between December 1, 2019, and August 26, 2020. Study selection Investigators screened 360 unique references, retrieved published autopsy series, and report on the postmortem histopathologic information on patients who had died of coronavirus disease 2019. Data extraction Investigators independently abstracted all available data including study design, participant demographics, key histopathologic findings, disease severity markers, duration of hospital stay, and cause of death. Data synthesis From the 65 eligible studies, 691 total completed autopsies were included in evidence synthesis. Histopathologic evaluation of the lungs revealed presence of diffuse alveolar damage in 323 of 443 patients and pulmonary microthrombi in 242 of 326 patients. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism were found in 41% and ~15%, respectively, of the cadavers examined for thromboembolic events. d-dimer levels were generally higher in patients with severe clinical course of coronavirus disease 2019. Plasma levels of ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein were higher in nonsurvivors when compared with survivors. Overall, microthrombi and extensive angiogenesis of lung vasculature were the most common pathologic findings in the lungs and microthrombi in most of the assessed organ-tissue. Conclusions Diffuse alveolar damage was the most predominant feature in the lungs of coronavirus disease 2019 patients who underwent postmortem assessment. Widespread pulmonary microthrombosis and extensive pulmonary angiogenesis, in addition to frequent pulmonary and extrapulmonary microthrombotic and thromboembolic findings in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, appear to be consistent with the disease-specific hypercoagulability. Further discovery efforts in assessing the link between coronavirus disease 2019, hypercoagulable state, and immunothrombosis are warranted. In the interim, increased attention to anticoagulant treatment approaches in coronavirus disease 2019 patients is needed.
Enhanced coherent amplification and nonlinear effects using tunable THz hyperbolic metamaterials based on active and passive graphene

Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material that is very appealing for terahertz (THz) applications given that its plasma frequency is located exactly in this frequency band, as well as its extremely large third-order nonlinear parameters [1] - [3] . In addition, its linear and nonlinear properties are both highly tunable via electrical bias or chemical doping. As a result, graphene based devices can have a reconfigurable THz performance. Furthermore, optically pumped graphene can lead to coherent amplification and radiation of THz signals, becoming an active material that can be characterized by gain performance [4] . However, graphene suffers from weak light-matter interactions with the incident electromagnetic waves mainly due to its single atom thickness. Interestingly, hyperbolic metamaterials (HMM) with anisotropic and uniaxial properties are widely used to control and enhance the light-matter interactions. In our talk, we will demonstrate that amplification and nonlinear effects can be dramatically enhanced by ultrathin reconfigurable HMM based on graphene [4] .
Nuclear fission reaction simulations in compact stars

Type-Ia supernovae (SN Ia) are powerful stellar explosions that provide important distance indicators in cosmology. Recently, we proposed a new SN Ia mechanism that involves a nuclear fission chain-reaction in an isolated white dwarf [PRL 126, 1311010]. Here we perform novel reaction network simulations of the actinide-rich first solids in a cooling white dwarf. The network includes neutron-capture and fission reactions on a range of U and Th isotopes with various possible values for U-235 enrichment. We find, for modest U-235 enrichments, neutron-capture on U-238 and Th-232 can breed additional fissile nuclei so that a significant fraction of all U and Th nuclei may fission during the chain-reaction. The resulting large energy release could ignite thermonuclear carbon burning and possibly trigger a SN Ia.
Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tAVNS) Delivered During Upper Limb Interactive Robotic Training Demonstrates Novel Antagonist Control for Reaching Movements Following Stroke

Implanted vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) delivered concurrently with upper limb rehabilitation has been shown to improve arm function after stroke. Transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) offers a non-invasive alternative to implanted VNS and may provide similar therapeutic benefit. There is much discussion about the optimal approach for combining VNS and physical therapy, as such we sought to determine whether taVNS administered during robotic training, specifically delivered during the premotor planning stage for arm extension movements, would confer additional motor improvement in patients with chronic stroke. Thirty-six patients with chronic, moderate-severe upper limb hemiparesis (>6 months; mean Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer score= 25  2, range 13-48), were randomized to receive 9 sessions (1 hour in length, 3x/week for 3 weeks) of active (N=18) or sham (N=18) taVNS (500 ms bursts, frequency 30Hz, pulse width 0.3 ms, max intensity 5 mA, ~250 stimulated movements per session) delivered during robotic training. taVNS was triggered by the onset of a visual cue prior to center-out arm extension movements. Clinical assessments and surface electromyography (sEMG) measures of the biceps and triceps brachii were collected during separate test sessions. Significant motor improvements were measured for both the active and sham taVNS groups, and these improvements were robust at 3 month follow-up. Compared to the sham group, the active taVNS group showed a significant reduction in spasticity of the wrist and hand at discharge (Modified Tardieu Scale; taVNS= -8.94% vs. sham= +2.97%, p< 0.05). The EMG results also demonstrated significantly increased variance for the bicep peak sEMG amplitude during extension for the active taVNS group compared to the sham group at discharge (active= 26.29% MVC ± 3.89, sham= 10.63% MVC ± 3.10, mean absolute change admission to discharge, p< 0.01), and at 3-month follow-up, the bicep peak sEMG amplitude was significantly reduced in the active taVNS group (P< 0.05). Thus, robot training improved the motor capacity of both groups, and taVNS, decreased spasticity. taVNS administered during premotor planning of movement may play a role in improving coordinated activation of the agonist-antagonist upper arm muscle groups by mitigating spasticity and increasing motor control following stroke.
Fluorescent labeling of mitochondria.

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the fluorescent labeling of mitochondria. Mitochondria are known to have a proton electrochemical gradient generated by proton pumps which in turn are driven by respiratory electron transport chains utilizing NADH and succinate. Mitochondria in living cells are intensely stained against a dark cytoplasmic background by fluorescent lipophilic cations such as rhodamines 123, 3B, and 6G and cyanines. Among all lipophilic, cationic, fluorescent dyes tested thus far, the least toxic has been rhodamine 123. It has a relatively stable yellowish-green fluorescence under blue excitation. Like most fluorescent dyes, rhodamine 123 is susceptible to photobleaching which leads to the formation of free radicals, singlet oxygen, or heat. In the environment of mitochondria where oxygen is abundant, the electron transport chain is imbedded in lipid bilayers, and the electrochemical gradient can be dissipated as heat, light sensitive lipophilic cations have an excellent opportunity to exert photo-induced cytotoxicity. An example of differential uptake-retention of rhodamine 123 between human breast carcinoma cells and human normal breast epithelial cells is demonstrated in a primary mix culture.
Board assessments of managerial performance: An analysis of attribution processes

One of the primary responsibilities of a board of directors is to assess management practices and to make sure that the organization is being run in a fashion that is consistent with the interests of shareholders. This responsibility becomes especially important when the firm is performing suboptimally. The current paper integrates corporate governance theory with attribution theory to examine the processes by which board members attribute poor firm performance to either external or internal causes. A framework is presented that suggests that inside directors and outside directors differ significantly in the constraints they face and in the ultimate attributions they make. Facing primarily social constraints, such as loyalty to the CEO and fear of retaliation, inside directors are more likely to consistently attribute poor performance to industry or environmental factors, as opposed to top management. Facing primarily cognitive constraints, outside directors will use specific informational cues to attribute poor performance either to industry/environmental factors or to top management. Implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Role of ABC transporters in CNS penetration of topotecan in mice

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 610 Introduction: Topotecan (TPT) has excellent CNS penetration, suggesting its promising role in treating CNS malignancies. To understand the potential mechanism of high TPT CNS penetration, we studied the TPT distribution into either brain extracellular fluid (ECF) or ventricular CSF (vCSF) in a mouse model. Since TPT is a substrate for many ABC transporters (e.g., ABCG2, ABCC1) expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) as well as the blood-CSF barrier (BCB), the role of active transporters in TPT CNS penetration was explored alone and in combination with a putative ABC transport modulator gefitinib. Methods: TPT distribution into brain ECF and vCSF was studied in FVB mice using microdialysis coupled with an on-line microbore HPLC system after 4 and 8 mg/kg i.v. injection. In vivo recovery was estimated for each individual mouse. A limited sampling model for unbound TPT lactone plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) was developed based on unbound TPT lactone population PK after 4 and 8 mg/kg i.v. injection. Unbound TPT lactone in plasma was obtained after correcting for protein binding. To study the effect of gefitinib on brain ECF and vCSF penetration of TPT lactone, 200mg/kg gefitinib was given orally one hour before 4mg/kg TPT i.v. injection as suggested by the gefitinib PK profile. The area under the curve (AUC) for TPT lactone in brain was estimated by the linear trapezoidal rule and addition of a residual area. Unbound TPT AUC in plasma was estimated using PK parameters obtained using a MAP-Bayesian approach. The vCSF: plasma and brain ECF: plasma AUC ratios were calculated and used as a measurement of TPT CNS penetration. Abcg2 expression at the BCB was studied by immunohistochemistry using the monoclonal antibody BXP-53. Results: After 4 and 8 mg/kg TPT i.v. injection, the unbound TPT lactone brain ECF: plasma AUC ratio was 20.8±3.7% and 61.1±16.2%, respectively; the vCSF: plasma AUC ratio was 118.0±10.0% and 130.4±12.6%, respectively. After 200 mg/kg gefitinib oral administration followed by 4 mg/kg TPT i.v. injection, the unbound TPT lactone brain ECF: plasma AUC ratio increased to 35.2±3.5%, which is significantly different from that without gefitinib (P<0.05). The vCSF: plasma AUC ratio significantly decreased to 97.9±5.2 (P<0.05). Abcg2 was detected at the apical side of the choroid plexus. Conclusions: TPT brain ECF penetration was much lower compared to vCSF penetration. Gefitinib increased TPT brain ECF penetration but decreased the vCSF penetration. These results are consistent with the possibility that expression of Abcg2 at the apical side of the choroid plexus facilitates an influx transport mechanism across the BCB resulting in high TPT CSF penetration, which could be inhibited by ABC transport modulators such as gefitinib. (Supported by NIH Grant CA23099 & GM071321)
Preconception Genetic Counseling: Three Years of Experience at a Community-Based Health Center

In the United States, access to genetic education and services is not equally available to all segments of the population, especially to women of minority backgrounds and low incomes. In response to this issue, the Preconception Genetic Health Education Program (PGHEP) was implemented in September of 1993 at the Woodlawn Maternal and Child Health Center in south side Chicago. The goal of this program is to provide access to genetic services to a previously underserved population. Women attending the family planning clinics are offered free, confidential preconception genetic screening and counseling on-site. As of January 1, 1997, 1300 women have participated in the program. The development and implementation of the PGHEP, client self-reports of family histories and beliefs, and implications for future delivery of genetic services are discussed.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE DRUG CROSS RESISTANCE IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE: A NUCLEAR-MITOCHONDRIAL GENE INTERACTION

ABSTRACT A mutant of the yeast Saccharomyces cereuisiae , cross resistant to several antibiotics, was isolated in our laboratory and subjected to genetic analysis. Tetrad analysis of diploids obtained from crosses between the resistant mutant and a sensitive wild-type strain suggest that the multiple resistance to the five agents, oligomycin (OLI), rhodamine 6G (RHG), tetracycline (TCN), chloramphenicol (CAP) and cycloheximide (CHX) is determined by a single nuclear gene, anti , and requires several cytoplasmic genes for expression of resistance to oligomycin, rhodamine 6G and tetracycline.——Vegetatively growing diploid clones derived from the cross ant1 [RHO+] × + [RHO+] show mitotic segregation of two phenotypic classes for the drugs OLI, RHG TCN. Diploids derived from the two reciprocal crosses, ant1 [RHO+] × + [RHO-] and ant1 [RHO-] × + [RHO+], fail to exhibit mitotic segregation. These results are consistent with our hypothesis concerning the involvement of cytoplasmic loci. They suggest, in addition, that these loci are associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) .——Evidence for this association is provided by the demonstration of genetic linkage between the cytoplasmic loci involved in the interaction, RHG-1, TCN-1 and OLI-5, and two well-characterized mitochondrial loci, ERY and CAP.——We have mapped the nuclear ant1 locus 3.3 cM from the centromere-linked gene, leu1 , on the same side of the centromere of chromosome VII as leu1 .——In the light of these findings, we discuss the claims made by several authors of the episomal nature of mutations similar ta the one described here, as well as of the possible involvement of yeast 2μ DNA in such mutations.
Testing the association between polymorphic markers and quantitative traits in pedigrees.

A statistical model that uses an iterative maximum likelihood estimation procedure is proposed for measuring and testing the association between polymorhphic genetic markers and quantitative traits in human pedigrees, after adjusting for covariates such as age and sex. The model allows the quantitative trait to have a familial correlation structure among the individuals in the sample and to follow one of a broad class of skewed or kurtotic underlying distributions. The use of the model is illustrated, and the results are compared to those using models that assume normality without any transformation and do not incorporate familial correlations.
Experiments with single trapped ytterbium ions at JPL

Summary form only given. Single trapped ions have applications not only in frequency standards and metrology but also in studying fundamental physics and implementing quantum computation. In this proceeding, we report our initial experimental results with single trapped Yb/sup +/ ions. We have observed resolved micromotion-sideband spectra in an allowed transition and demonstrated that it can be conveniently used in micromotion reduction. In addition, we have made lifetime measurements in the two metastable D states.
Chronic chemoimmunotherapy achieves cure of spontaneous murine mammary tumors via persistent blockade of posttherapy counter-regulation.

Intratumoral delivery of IL-12 and GM-CSF induces local and systemic antitumor CD8 + T cell activation and tumor kill. However, the effector response is transient and is rapidly countered by CD4 + Foxp3 + T suppressor cell expansion. To determine whether depletion of the pre-existing T suppressor cell pool prior to treatment could diminish posttherapy regulatory cell resurgence, FVBneuN mice bearing advanced spontaneous mammary tumors were treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) 1 d before IL-12/GM-CSF therapy. Administration of CY mediated a significant delay in the post–IL-12/GM-CSF T suppressor cell rebound, resulting in a 7-fold increase in the CD8 + CTL/T suppressor cell ratio, a 3-fold enhancement of CTL cytotoxicity, and an extension of the effector window from 3 to 7 d. In long-term therapy studies, chronic chemoimmunotherapy promoted a dramatic enhancement of tumor regression, resulting in complete cure in 44% of the mice receiving CY plus IL-12/GM-CSF. Tumor eradication in the chronic therapy setting was associated with the ability to repeatedly rescue and maintain cytotoxic CD8 + T cell activity. These findings demonstrated that chronic administration of CY in conjunction with immune therapy enhances the initial induction of antitumor T effector cells and, more importantly, sustains their cytotoxic activity over the long-term via persistent blockade of homeostatic counter-regulation.
Characterization of ruminal dynamics in Holstein dairy cows during the periparturient period.

Abstract We used four pregnant Holstein cows to delineate ruminal adaptations as cows transitioned from one lactation to the next. Cows were fed typical diets through far-off and close-up dry periods and lactation. We measured ruminal characteristics on day 72 (late lactation), 51 (far-off dry), 23 and 9 (close-up dry) prepartum and on days 6, 20, 34, 48, 62, 76 and 90 postpartum (early lactation). Measurements included: ruminal fill (weight of actual contents), ruminal capacity (volume of rumen when fully filled), digestibilities and ruminal passage rates. Ruminal capacity tended to increase linearly during early lactation but was stable during dry and transition periods. Both total and liquid fill decreased linearly during the dry period, increased across parturition, and increased linearly through early lactation. Dry matter fill decreased as cows were fed the close-up diet at day 23 prepartum then increased near parturition and continued to increase across early lactation. Solid passage rate was greatest when cows were fed the close-up diet, and decreased throughout the transition period. In lactation, solid passage rate responded quadratically with peak at day 48 followed by decreases through day 90 postpartum. Liquid passage increased linearly across the transition period. Total tract organic matter digestibilities increased linearly over the dry period with significant increases prior to or immediately after parturition, then they remained relatively stable over early lactation until they increased at day 90. Fibre digestibilities demonstrated quadratic responses over early lactation, being higher on day 6 and day 90 than at other times. Starch digestibilities decreased linearly across both the dry and transition periods with decreases in lactation until day 62 followed by increases until day 90. High producing lactating dairy cows go through a multitude of ruminal adaptations, in terms of digestion, passage, capacity and fill, as they transition from one lactation to the next.
Acute inflammatory response and remodeling of airway epithelium after subspecies B1 human adenovirus infection of the mouse lower respiratory tract

Despite the well-recognized role of adenoviruses of species B in the etiology of severe respiratory disease, the lack of an experimental in vivo model system has limited the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of species B adenovirus-induced pneumonia. Intratracheal instillation of 5 x 10(8) plaque-forming units (pfu) of adenoviruses 3p and 7h resulted in a robust inflammatory response in the lungs of infected mice. A marked infiltration of neutrophils into the lung air spaces was observed at 1 and 2 days postinfection (dpi), with a concomitant increase in the levels of neutrophil chemokines MIP-2 and KC. The overall histological severity scores were significantly higher for Ad3p-infected mice at 2 dpi, but similar between the two viruses at other time points. Remodeling of the airway epithelia and mucous cell metaplasia were noted in the proximal airways of infected mice, indicating marked epithelial differentiation and/or injury. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma [see symbol in text]), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) were induced by viral infection. Expression of the early viral immunomodulatory genes E3-15.3K and E3gp19K mRNA was readily detectable in the lungs of infected mice by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at 1 and 2 dpi, coinciding with the peak levels of TNF-alpha. While the detection of gp19K mRNA declined thereafter, 15.3K mRNA was detectable up to 6 dpi. Our results indicate that human Ad3 and Ad7 cause marked pulmonary pathology, inducing similar host responses in the respiratory tract, thus validating the use of the mouse model for the study of early virus-host interactions during lung infection by adenoviruses of subspecies B1.
Hydrogen isotope fractionation in wood-producing avocado seedlings: Biological constraints to paleoclimatic interpretations of δD values in tree ring cellulose nitrate

Climatic reconstructions from the δD values of wood cellulose nitrate have been compromised because it is unclear whether the isotopic ratios are affected only by temperature or by temperature and humidity. To quantify the effect of humidity on the δD values of leaf and wood cellulose nitrate, we grew avocados (Persea americana Mill. cv. Mexican) from seed at high and low humidities until they set wood. The source water for seed production was isotopically the same as the source water for seedling propagation. The δD values of leaf cellulose nitrate were related to those of leaf water, which were, in turn, influenced by humidity (P < 0.01). The δD values of wood cellulose nitrate were unrelated to those of leaf water or any other indicator of humidity, but were related to the δD values of water in wood (P ⩽ 0.05). The δD values of wood cellulose nitrate were identical in three out of five pairs of low and high humidity treatments. These results suggest humidity cannot be reliably inferred from δD values in wood cellulose nitrate. The δD values of cellulose nitrate in both leaves and wood appear to have been influenced by the incorporation of stored metabolites into cellulose. Trees, like avocado seedlings, have considerable post-photosynthetic organic reserves that can be tapped for growth. Conditions that stimulate use of post-photosynthetic carbon reserves are varied for trees. Significant contributions from these reserves could lead to erroneous temperature inferences from δD values of wood cellulose nitrate.
The gap between learners is decreasing

During nearly 35 years of university-level teaching at Miami University and the University of Houston, I have had numerous opportunities to be involved in teaching nondegree-seeking professional geoscientists in an off-campus setting. I was generally dissatisfied with the outcome. The learners tended to be passive. Material was presented in large time blocks, and it was up to the learners to pick and choose those topics that they would pursue on their own. There was little if any time to evaluate their understanding of the principles and to make suggestions as to what to do next. Thus, I drew a boundary between teaching in a formal course and teaching in a training program. This boundary is rapidly becoming fuzzy.
Ryanodine modulation of45Ca efflux and tension in rabbit aortic smooth muscle

The effects of ryanodine on isometric tension development, net cellular Ca content and45Ca efflux were measured in the isolated rabbit aorta. Pretreatment of the tissue with 10 μM ryanodine for 30 min reduced the norepinephrine (NE)-induced tension of the aortic rings bathed in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ in parallel with a reduction in the NE-stimulated45Ca efflux. Ryanodine alone caused a delayed moderate increase in45Ca efflux, slowly increasing the fractional loss from 0.02/min to 0.03/min, without any increase in tension. The increased45Ca efflux was accompanied by a decrease in the net cellular Ca content. When ryanodine and NE were administered in sequence during45Ca efflux, we found a quantitative correlation between the ryanodine induced loss of45Ca and the inhibition of the NE-induced45Ca release. We conclude that the inhibition of the NE-induced contraction by 10 μM ryanodine is the result of depletion of Ca from intracellular stores rather than inhibitions of Ca2+ release.
The use of the variogram in construction of stationary time series models

This paper studies a class of stationary covariance models, in both the discrete- and the continuous-time domains, which possess a simple functional form γ(τ+τ 0 )+γ(τ-τ 0 )-2y (r), where τ 0 is a fixed lag and γ(τ) is an intrinsically stationary variogram, and include the fractional Gaussian noise of Kolmogorov (1940) and a stochastic volatility model of Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard (2001), (2002) as special cases. Properties of the class, and interesting special cases with long memory, are studied. We also characterize the covariance function via the variogram.
Direct Photoaffinity Labeling of Cysteine 211 or a Nearby Amino Acid Residue of β-Tubulin by Guanosine 5′-Diphosphate Bound in the Exchangeable Site

Abstract Tubulin with [8-14C]GDP bound in the exchangeable site was exposed to ultraviolet light, and radiolabel was cross-linked to two peptide regions of the β-subunit. Following enrichment for peptides cross-linked to guanosine by boronate chromatography, we confirmed that the cysteine 12 residue was the major site of cross-linking. However, significant radiolabel was also incorporated into a peptide containing amino acid residues 206 through 224. Although every amino acid in this peptide except cysteine 211 was identified by sequential Edman degradation, implying that this was the amino acid residue cross-linked to guanosine, radiolabel at C-8 was usually lost during peptide processing (probably during chromatography at pH 10). Consequently, the radiolabeled amino acid could not be unambiguously identified.
Theory of two-component zoom systems

Two-component zoom systems are a basic part of all zoom systems. The first zoom systems appeared at the end of the 19th century in Germany. Dunouer has shown the possibility of creating two-component zoom converters with a definite magnification range and the appropriate correlation between the optical powers of the components. After Dunouer several types of the two-component zoom objective lenses have been designed. Typically, they had small magnification range (less than 2X) and were more complex than was necessary. In the 1970s designers began to pay more attention to the creation of two-component zoom projection systems. Most recently, special telecinema zoom projection systems have been created. An optical telecinema system consists of a zoom projection system and a prism splitter to split the beam into three color channels. Its purpose is to project 8, 16, and 35 mm movies in a television. Such a zoom system is supposed to have telecentric chief rays in image space and a long distance from the last surface to the image. The creation of new zoom systems has to be founded on the general theory of first- and third-order design to find the optimum parameters of the system.
SEDIMENTATION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS BY CENTRIFUGATION

A technic is described whereby poliomyelitis virus may be sedimented by centrifugation for four hours at 18,000 r.p.m. Virus has been recovered quantitatively in the sediment from a 20 per cent., but not a 1 per cent., saline suspension. The addition of 10 per cent. normal serum results in quantitative recovery from a 1 per cent. suspension. Virus has been recovered by intracerebral inoculation from two of four human stools tested by the method described.
Simple Empirical Relationship between the Compressibility of Ideal Liquids and Temperature up to the Critical Point

WIDOM1 has emphasized that to understand the liquid state one must be able to describe accurately both the very strong repulsive forces of very short range at the triple point and the much weakei, but longer range, attractive forces at the critical point.
Charge Collection Measurements for Energetic Ions in Silicon

Measurements of charge collection efficiency have been performed using 4He and proton beams from a Van de Graaff accelerator incident on test structures fabricated in MOS and diffused junction versions on nominal 1, 4 and 100 ohm-cm silicon. The purpose of these measurements is to determine the importance of the funnel effect in charge collection under a variety of conditions. The relevant dimensions of the three rectangular structural elements used in this study are approximately 2, 10, and 100 ?m in width by 100 ?m in length. The diameter of the incident ion beam was reduced by passing it through a 2.5 ?m diameter pinhole aperture. Data on the 2 ?m by 100?m diffused junction element on 4 and 100 ohm-cm silicon show evidence of charge funneling in the diffused junction version. No evidence for funneling was observed in 1 and 100 ohm-cm silicon MOS structures with a 1000 A thick gate oxide, but funneling may occur in 4 ohm-cm silicon MOS structures with a 500 A thick gate oxide, an important result for VHSIC-type devices.
Temperature Dependence of Single-Asperity Diamond−Diamond Friction Elucidated Using AFM and MD Simulations

Complementary experimental (atomic force microscopy) and theoretical (molecular dynamics) techniques were used to investigate friction between diamond−diamond junctions as a function of temperature. The simulation and experimental conditions were designed to correspond as closely as possible. In the atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments, two microcrystalline-diamond (μCD) AFM tips of differing contact radii were used to examine the friction of diamond (111) and (001) single crystals from 24 to 225 K in an ultrahigh vacuum. At all temperatures, the experimentally determined dependence of friction on load was consistent with the occurrence of single-asperity interfacial friction, where friction is proportional to contact area. In addition, the behavior of the contact was fit well by the Derjaguin−Muller−Toporov continuum model. Friction measurements within a given series were highly repeatable; however, as is typical with AFM measurements, there was some variation in measurements taken from different re...
On an anomaly in the mobility of gaseous ions

Many mobility versus field curves for gaseous ions show a high mobility “bump” just above the ohmic range. The effect arises from the nature of the force between ions and molecules. It is effectively attractive for low speeds of encounter and repulsive for high speeds. A partial cancellation of deflections occurs in a range of intermediate speeds; the scattering cross section then appears to be abnormally low.
The effect of the exposure time on the value of a manSievert averted

The basis of the manSievert as a unit for collective radiation dose is discussed and previous recommendations are considered for how much should be spent to avert a collective dose of 1 manSv. New calculations are given using the J-value method. It is shown that the value to be assigned to averting a manSievert depends on the duration of averted exposure as well as on the net discount rate and the loan rate thought to be appropriate. Different figures will result depending on whether the exposed group consists of workers or the general public. The variation with dose duration is so large that it is not possible to recommend a single figure for the value of a manSievert. Instead, tables are given at two conservative, loan and net discount rates for the value of a manSievert as a function of exposure time. The base data for the J-value method need to be updated annually, and this means that the values given in the tables will increase over time as people live longer and become richer.
Serological diagnosis of petriellidiosis (allescheriosis) II. Indirect (passive) hemagglutination assay for antibody to polysaccharide antigens of pertriellidium (allescheria) boydii and monosporium apiospermum

The indirect (passive) hemagglutination assay (IHA) was utilized for detection of humoral antibody resulting from an experimental or a natural petriellidiosis. Polysaccharide antigens from three strains ofP. boydii and three strains ofM. apiospermum were isolated from culture filtrates of these fungi by anion-exchange chromatography and were coupled to sheep erythrocytes using chromium chloride. Rabbits were inoculated by the subcutaneous route with viable spores of these fungi and were bled periodically to obtain serum samples. IHA assay of serial specimens revealed varying levels of humoral antibody. Antibody stimulation by the subcutaneous route of inoculation appeared advantageous inasmuch as high IHA titers (1∶1024 to 1∶4096) could be achieved without endangering the life of the animal or exposing investigators to draining lesions. When serum specimens from six human beings with culturally proven petriellidiosis were tested by the IHA method, five were shown to have antibody levels of 1 ∶ 16 to 1 ∶ 512. IHA assay of serum samples obtained from normal human beings showed measurable levels (1 ∶ 4 to 1 ∶ 32) of antibody in 29 of 30 specimens. A serum pool composed of the higher titered specimens from the normal group was adsorbed with killed whole spores ofM. apiospermum, and the attached serum components were eluted by altering the pH. The immune globulin that had adsorbed to the spores was found, by immunoelectrophoresis, to be IgG. An indirect hemagglutination inhibition assay, developed from the IHA assay, provided a means for determining whether heterologous fungus antigens were capable of cross-reacting with petriellidium antibody. Soluble antigens from several other genera of fungi failed to react with petriellidium antibody in the IHA assay, suggesting that the reaction of petriellidium antibody with homologous antigen was genus specific.
Structural homogeneity, crystallization, and embrittlement behavior of amorphous Fe81B13.5Si3.5C2

Abstract Structural homogeneity and crystallization of 50 mm wide Metglas 2605SC (Fe81B13.5Si3.5C2) were investigated using angular dispersive diffractometry and energy dispersive diffractometry. Inspection of numerous areas of a 1.2 m length of the Metglas to determine the degree of crystallinity indicated a lack of homogeneity. Transition temperatures and embrittlement behavior were determined by annealing an array of specimens for 0 to 97 h at temperatures ranging from 140°C to 490°C. Crystallization temperatures and products witnessed were compared with those previously reported.
Determination of Y40 and Y60 components in the shapes of rare earth nuclei

Abstract Differential cross sections for 50 MeV alpha particles of members of the ground state rotational band up to the 6 + or 8 + state were measured in a number of even nuclei of the rare earth region. The data were analyzed under the assumption of a perfect rotor description for the nucleus and a deformed optical interaction between alpha and nucleus by solving the resulting coupled equations. Higher order components Y 4 and Y 6 in the nuclear shapes were determined with precision. A systematic variation of B 4 from positive values in the light rare earths to negative values in the heavy ones is established.
Seasonal variability of ultra-fine metals downwind of a heavily traveled secondary road

Abstract Since 2002, we have been studying the impact of a heavily traveled secondary road on an adjacent downwind school located at a stop light controlled intersection. The prior studies were all performed in winter conditions with typically strong inversions, but established significant PM 2.5 impacts on the school roughly in accord with theoretical models and the relevant literature. In this project, we have enhanced this effort by extending the study from winter to summer, and adding compositionally-resolved ultra-fine aerosol measurements. Ultra-fine aerosols, including metals derived from both brake wear and zinc in lubricating oil, were present at high concentrations in winter downwind of the roadway but absent at a residential site 500 m upwind. Their concentrations faded to minor levels in spring and early summer, while coarse roadway resuspended dust increased in that period. A comparison of ultra-fine measurements in downtown Sacramento and other California Central Valley sites indicates that these traffic derived aerosols are widely present in urban areas impacted by heavy traffic, freeways and secondary streets, especially where heavy braking is occurring. The potential for health impacts of ultra-fine metals associated with cars braking and accelerating in inversion conditions is a serious health concern based on recent epidemiological studies.