cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polarized polymer films as electronic pulse detectors of cosmic dust particles

Abstract A dust particle detector based on a new physical principle of detection is described. The basic detecting element requires no bias voltage and consists of a thin film of the polarized polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) having conducting electrodes on each of its surfaces. A high velocity (∼10 km/s range) dust particle entering the detector removes dipoles along its trajectory. This produces a local depolarization, which results in a fast (ns range) charge pulse signal in the external circuit which is detected using pulse electronics. A theory has been developed for this new mechanism of pulse detection. The dependence of signal amplitude on particle mass and velocity has been measured for several PVDF detectors having thickness in the range 2–28 μm and area in the range 4–150 cm2 using iron particles with velocity in the range ∼1–12 km/s and mass in the range ∼ 10−13–10−10 g. In addition, measurements carried out using a two-detector arrangement show that time of flight information may be obtained. Experimental results are presented which show, for example, that PVDF detectors have mass detection thresholds in the range ∼10−14–10−12 g, at an impact velocity of 10 km/s, which compare favorably with mass thresholds reported for current dust detectors based on other physical principles. PVDF detectors have the advantages of being inexpensively and easily fabricated, tough, flexible and radiation resistant (to at least 107 rad). They exhibit long term stability, and may be operated for extended periods of time over the temperature range −50°C to + 50°C. In addition, their fast response permits a detector-pulse electronics system to count dust impacts at event rates up to 104 s−1 with no corrections required, and they have a response to dust particle impacts which is unaffected by high background fluxes of charged particles. As an example of the application of PVDF dust detectors, a detector is described which is being carried on space probes to measure the mass and flux of dust particles from Halley's Comet in March 1986. Other important applications for experiments in space are discussed.
The role of computers in space exploration

The modern digital computer has been fundamental to the space exploration program. Computers have profoundly affected almost every aspect of space technology, including spacecraft design, celestial mechanics, mission control, and the gathering and processing of data generated by the spacecraft. Indeed, the evolution and growth of computer technology is suggestively parallel to the growth in space technology.
Folate intake and the MTHFR C677T genotype influence choline status in young Mexican American women

Numerous studies have reported a relationship between folate status, the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C-->T variant and disease risk. Although folate and choline metabolism are inter-related, only limited data are available on the relationship between choline and folate status in humans. This study sought to examine the influences of folate intake and the MTHFR 677C-->T variant on choline status. Mexican-American women (n=43; 14 CC, 12 CT and 17 TT) consumed 135 microg/day as dietary folate equivalents (DFE) for 7 weeks followed by randomization to 400 or 800 microg DFE/day for 7 weeks. Throughout the study, total choline intake remained unchanged at approximately 350 mg/day. Plasma concentrations of betaine, choline, glycerophosphocholine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin were measured via LC-MS/MS for Weeks 0, 7 and 14. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin declined (P=.001, P=.009, respectively) in response to folate restriction and increased (P=.08, P=.029, respectively) in response to folate treatment. The increase in phosphatidylcholine occurred in response to 800 (P=.03) not 400 (P=.85) microg DFE/day (week x folate interaction, P=.017). The response of phosphatidylcholine to folate intake appeared to be influenced by MTHFR C677T genotype. The decline in phosphatidylcholine during folate restriction occurred primarily in women with the CC or CT genotype and not in the TT genotype (week x genotype interaction, P=.089). Moreover, when examined independent of folate status, phosphatidylcholine was higher (P<.05) in the TT genotype relative to the CT genotype. These data suggest that folate intake and the MTHFR C677T genotype influence choline status in humans.
Carbon dioxide therapy

One hundred patients received carbon dioxide-oxygen therapy. There was no improvement in 25 per cent, slight but definite improvement in 27 per cent, marked improvement in 26 per cent and apparent recovery in 22 per cent, over the one to nine months following therapy covered by this report. Carbon dioxide-oxygen inhalations are easy to administer, are safe and inexpensive, and in the present series of cases, were effective in producing some degree of improvement in 75 per cent of the patients treated.
Perceptually-inspired computing

Human sensory systems allow individuals to see, hear, touch, and interact with the surrounding physical environment. Understanding human perception and its limit enables us to better exploit the psychophysics of human perceptual systems to design more efficient, adaptive algorithms and develop perceptually-inspired computational models., In this talk, I will survey some of recent efforts on perceptually-inspired computing with applications to crowd simulation and multimodal interaction. In particular, I will present data-driven personality modeling based on the results of user studies, example-guided physics-based sound synthesis using auditory perception, as well as perceptually-inspired simplification for multimodal interaction. These perceptually guided principles can be used to accelerating multi-modal interaction and visual computing, thereby creating more natural human-computer interaction and providing more immersive experiences. I will also present their use in interactive applications for entertainment, such as video games, computer animation, and shared social experience. I will conclude by discussing possible future research directions.
Diastereocontrol in Intermolecular Diels-Alder Reactions of Allenic Lactones: Synthetic Approach to the Plaunols

Abstract Diels-Alder cycloaddition of the allenic lactone 11 with 1-(1-( t -butyldimethylsilyloxy)vinyl)cyclohexene 6b produces the desired cycloadduct 12 with good endo selectivity (4:1) and excellent diastereoselectivity.
A NEW SMALL-AMPLITUDE VARIABLE HOT DQ WHITE DWARF

We present the discovery of photometric variations in the carbon-dominated atmosphere (hot DQ) white dwarf star SDSS J133710.19-002643.6. We find evidence for two low-amplitude, harmonically related periodicities at 169 s and 339 s, making it the fastest and smallest amplitude of the four known hot DQ variables and the only variable whose spectrum suggests the presence of hydrogen. The star's fundamental and harmonic amplitudes are roughly equal, and its pulse shape is similar to the other two members of the class with detected harmonics. Like the other variables, it appears relatively stable in frequency and amplitude.
ON THE KAUFFMAN-VOGEL AND THE MURAKAMI-OHTSUKI-YAMADA GRAPH POLYNOMIALS

This paper consists of three parts. First, we generalize the Jaeger Formula to express the Kauffman–Vogel graph polynomial as a state sum of the Murakami–Ohtsuki–Yamada graph polynomial. Then, we demonstrate that reversing the orientation and the color of a MOY graph along a simple circuit does not change the &#x1d530;&#x1d529;(N) Murakami–Ohtsuki–Yamada polynomial or the &#x1d530;&#x1d529;(N) homology of this MOY graph. In fact, reversing the orientation and the color of a component of a colored link only changes the &#x1d530;&#x1d529;(N) homology by an overall grading shift. Finally, as an application of the first two parts, we prove that the &#x1d530;&#x1d52c;(6) Kauffman polynomial is equal to the 2-colored &#x1d530;&#x1d529;(4) Reshetikhin–Turaev link polynomial, which implies that the 2-colored &#x1d530;&#x1d529;(4) link homology categorifies the &#x1d530;&#x1d52c;(6) Kauffman polynomial.
A probabilistic PDL

Abstract In this paper we give a probabilistic analog PPDL of Propositional Dynamic Logic. We prove a small model property and give a polynomial space decision procedure for formulas involving well-structured programs. We also give a deductive calculus and illustrate its use by calculating the expected running time of a simple random walk.
Band-structure parameters and Fermi resonances of exciton-polaritons in CsI and CsBr under hydrostatic pressure

Most alkali halides crystallize in the fcc sodium chloride structure. In contrast, with the exception of CsF, the Cs-halides form the simple cubic cesium chloride (CsCl) structure at ambient conditions and they have a substantially different electronic structure than other alkali halides; in particular, they have several nearly degenerate electronic levels near the Brillouin zone center. Highly resolved three-photon spectroscopy (TPS) measurements allow direct observation of the near band edge structure and, in the case of CsI, probe more states than one-photon techniques. A number of interesting phenomena, among them level repulsion (Fermi resonance), occur as these levels are tuned through one another by application of hydrostatic pressure. Doubling the photon energy range compared to a previous publication [see Yoo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 84, 3875 (2000)] allows direct observation of the $n=1$, 2, and 3 exciton-polariton members of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}^{\ensuremath{-}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}^{+}$ transition in CsI and lets us establish unambiguous values for the band gap $(6.135\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$, binding energy $(0.263\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV})$, and their pressure dependence up to $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$. Similarly to CsI, the CsBr linewidth of the lowest ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{4}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ polariton $(A)$ decreases upon compression and its bandgap must be higher than $7.20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$.
Development of Stable Automated Cruise Flap for an Aircraft with Adaptive Wing

Cruise flaps are devices designed to minimize drag, and previous research has explored using a wing-based pressure differential to automate them. Different presentations of the pressure-differential data tend to lead to the development of different types of controllers for automated cruise flaps. A presentation used by previous researchers led to an unstable drag-minimizing controller, whereas a presentation used in this research leads to a stable controller that implements multiple functions. Techniques previously used for high Reynolds number natural-laminar-flow airfoils are modified for use with the low Reynolds number SD7037 planned for future flight testing. The results of rigid-aircraft simulations are presented, showing the effectiveness of the multifunction controller, which is able to simultaneously reduce drag and alleviate the effects of vertical gusts.
Superinduction for pattern groups

Abstract It is well known that the representation theory of the finite group of unipotent upper-triangular matrices U n over a finite field is a wild problem. By instead considering approximately irreducible representations (supercharacters), one obtains a rich combinatorial theory analogous to that of the symmetric group, where we replace partition combinatorics with set-partitions. This paper studies Diaconis–Isaacs' concept of superinduction in pattern groups. While superinduction shares many desirable properties with usual induction, it no longer takes characters to characters. We begin by finding sufficient conditions guaranteeing that superinduction is in fact induction. It turns out for two natural embeddings of U m in U n , superinduction is induction. We conclude with an explicit combinatorial algorithm for computing this induction analogous to the Pieri-formulas for the symmetric group.
On the Open-Closed B-Model

We study the coupling of the closed string to the open string in the topological B-model. These couplings can be viewed as gauge invariant observables in the open string field theory, or as deformations of the differential graded algebra describing the OSFT. This is interpreted as an intertwining map from the closed string sector to the deformation (Hochschild) complex of the open string algebra. By an explicit calculation we show that this map induces an isomorphism of Gerstenhaber algebras on the level of cohomology. Reversely, this can be used to derive the closed string from the open string. We shortly comment on generalizations to other models, such as the A-model.
Three-Dimensional Simulations of Magnetized Thin Accretion Disks around Black Holes: Stress in the Plunging Region

ABSTRACTWe describe three-dimensional general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of a geometricallythin accretion disk around a non-spinning black hole. The disk has a thickness h/r ∼0.05−0.1 over the radialrange (2−20)GM/c 2 . In steady state, the speciﬁc angular momentum proﬁle of the inﬂowing magnetized gasdeviates by less than 2% from that of the standard thin disk model of Novikov & Thorne (1973). Also, themagnetic torque at the radius of the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) is only ∼ 2% of the inward ﬂux ofangular momentum at this radius. Both results indicate that magnetic coupling across the ISCO is relativelyunimportant for geometrically thin disks.Subject headings: X-ray: stars — binaries: close — accretion, accretion disks — black hole physics 1. INTRODUCTION The recent development of general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic (GRMHD) codes (e.g., Gammie et al. 2003;De Villiers & Hawley 2003) has ﬁnally allowed realistic nu-merical simulations of magnetized accretion disks aroundblack holes (BHs). This has led to a better understandingof the inner regions of these disks (e.g. Krolik et al. 2005)and of their role in launching relativistic jets (e.g. McKinney2006). One of the interesting new results is the recognitionthat magnetic ﬁelds alter the structure of the accretion ﬂownear and inside the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO).This may result in large deviations from the traditional pic-ture of a vanishing torque at the ISCO (Krolik 1999; Gammie1999; Krolik et al. 2005).Paczynski (2000) and Afshordi & Paczy` `nski (2003) sug-gested that the zero-torque condition is likely to be a good ap-proximation for geometrically thin disks. This was conﬁrme dby Shafee et al. (2008) who, using a global height-integratedmodel, showed that modiﬁcations to the stress proﬁle are neg -ligibly small for disk thicknesses h less than about a tenthof the local radius r. Their work was, however, based on ahydrodynamic model with α-viscosity and did not explicitlyinclude magnetic ﬁelds.Numerical MHD simulations by Krolik & Hawley (2002)using a pseudo-Newtonian potential, and by Krolik et al.(2005) usinga GRMHD code,indicatedthat magnetictorquesare indeed important inside the ISCO. In particular, these au-thors found no evidence for a “stress edge,” leading themto argue that simple disk models based on the zero-torquecondition(e.g., Shakura & Sunyaev1973; Novikov & Thorne1973, hereafter NT73) may be seriously wrong. If true thiswould undermine recent efforts to estimate of the spin pa-rameters of BHs using the NT73 model (Shafee et al. 2006;McClintock et al. 2006; Davis et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2008).The MHD simulations carried out so far have consid-
Time-varying dynamics of a micro air vehicle with variable-sweep morphing

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of a rapidly morphing, variable wing sweep micro air vehicle. The time scales over which the morphing occurs are of the same order as those of the flight dynamics of the MAV. We investigate the time-varying poles and zeros of this MAV for different morphing trajectories. There are several existing notions of timevarying poles and zeros of a linear time-varying system, each with its relative advantages and disadvantages. We explore the use of two of these notions in the study of the timevarying dynamics of the MAV in both the longitudinal as well as the lateral-directional axes.
Regional-local dimension of Russia's fiscal equalization

National equalization policies often are concerned with the quality and accessibility of services delivered at the lowest (or local) level of government. When these policies are implemented in a hierarchical fashion through the intermediate level governments, the central government pursuing equalization goals needs to take into account possible offsetting effects originating in regional or provincial government policies. In this paper, we examine recent fiscal equalization outcomes for about 2000 Russian local governments to assess and explain the extent of equalization differences between and within regions. In particular, we examine the claim that intraregional policies should be blamed for rising disparities in local fiscal outcomes despite Russia's federal government efforts to equalize sub-national government finances. Regional policies improve equalization outcomes, but the degree of equalization effort varies greatly across the regions as a result of political and socio-economic factors, partially identified in this study. Journal of Comparative Economics 36 (1) (2008) 157–176.
Underwriter choice and earnings management: evidence from seasoned equity offerings

Using a sample of seasoned equity offerings (SEOs), this paper examines the association between the choice of financial intermediary and earnings management. We contend that with more stringent standards for certification and intense monitoring, highly prestigious underwriters restrict firms’ incentives for earnings management to protect their reputation and to avoid potential litigation risks, while firms with greater incentives for earnings management avoid strict monitoring by choosing low-quality underwriters. Consistent with our predictions, we find an inverse association between underwriter quality and issuers’ earnings management. In addition, we find that underwriter quality is positively related to SEOs’ post-issue performance, even after controlling for the effect of earnings management. We also find that firms with low-underwriter prestige and high levels of earnings management under-perform the most. However, the effect of underwriter choice on post-issue performance does not last long.
Iris recognition: the consequences of image compression

Iris recognition for human identification is one of the most accurate biometrics, and its employment is expanding globally. The use of portable iris systems, particularly in law enforcement applications, is growing. In many of these applications, the portable device may be required to transmit an iris image or template over a narrow-bandwidth communication channel. Typically, a full resolution image (e.g., VGA) is desired to ensure sufficient pixels across the iris to be confident of accurate recognition results. To minimize the time to transmit a large amount of data over a narrow-bandwidth communication channel, image compression can be used to reduce the file size of the iris image. In other applications, such as the Registered Traveler program, an entire iris image is stored on a smart card, but only 4 kB is allowed for the iris image. For this type of application, image compression is also the solution. This paper investigates the effects of image compression on recognition system performance using a commercial version of the Daugman iris2pi algorithm along with JPEG-2000 compression, and links these to image quality. Using the ICE 2005 iris database, we find that even in the face of significant compression, recognition performance is minimally affected.
Threefolds of order one in the six-quadric

Consider the smooth quadric Q6 in ℙ7. The middle homology group H6(Q6, ℤ) is isomorphic to ℤ ⊕ ℤ, with a basis given by two classes of linear subspaces. We classify all threefolds of bidegree (1, p) inside Q6.
One-Pot Three-Step Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles by Copper-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Azides with Alkynes formed by a Sonogashira Cross-Coupling and Desilylation

A microwave-assisted, one-pot, three-step Sonogashira cross-coupling−desilylation−cycloaddition sequence was developed for the convenient preparation of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles starting from a range of halides, acyl chlorides, ethynyltrimethylsilane, and azides.
Geometric reasoning for machining features using convex decomposition

Abstract A convex decomposition called the alternating sum of volumes with partitioning (ASVP) is a hierarchical volumetric representation of solid objects obtained from the boundary information. Form features intrinsic to the shape of solid objects can be recognized using ASVP decomposition. As the form-feature decomposition is compact and faithful to the shape of the object, it includes both positive and negative form-feature components. In the paper, conversion procedures from the form-feature decomposition into features useful for machining applications are described. The decomposition is accomplished by taking the complement of the halfspace abstraction of the positive components using the original faces, and combining this with the parent negative components. The resulting negative-feature decomposition represents the removal volume. Alternative decompositions of the removal volume are also obtained by exploiting the geometric information maintained in the decomposition.
On seeing spaghetti: a novel self-adjusting seven parameter Hough space for analyzing flexible extruded objects

This paper presents a model for flexible extruded objects such as wires, tubes, or grommets, and demonstrates a novel, self-adjusting seven-dimensional Hough transform that derives and analyzes their three-space curved axes from position and surface normal information. The method is purely local and is very cheap to compute. The model considers such objects as piecewise toroidal, and decomposes the seven parameters of a torus into three nested subspaces, the structure of which counteracts the errors implicit in the analysis of objects of great size and/or small curvature. It is the first example of a parameter space structure designed to cluster ill-conditioned hypotheses together so that they can be easily detected and ignored. This work complements existing shape-from-contour approaches for analyzing tori: it uses no edge information, and it does not require the solution of high-degree non-linear equations by iterative techniques. Most of the results including the conditions for the existence of more that one solution (phantom 'anti-tori'), have been verified using a symbolic mathematical analysis system. This paper presents, in the environment of the IBM ConVEx system, robust results on both synthetic CAD-CAM range data (the hasp of a lock), and actual range data (a knotted piece of coaxial cable), and discusses several system tuning issues.
Hydrogen Burning on Magnetar Surfaces

We compute the rate of diffusive nuclear burning for hydrogen on the surface of a "magnetar" (soft gamma-ray repeater [SGR] or anomalous X-ray pulsar [AXP]). We find that hydrogen at the photosphere will be burned on an extremely rapid timescale of hours to years, depending on the composition of the underlying material. Improving on our previous studies, we explore the effect of a maximally thick "inert" helium layer, previously thought to slow down the burning rate. Since hydrogen diffuses faster in helium than through heavier elements, we find this helium buffer actually increases the burning rate for magnetars. We compute simple analytic scalings of the burning rate with temperature and magnetic field for a range of core temperatures. We conclude that magnetar photospheres are very unlikely to contain hydrogen. This motivates theoretical work on heavy element atmospheres that are needed to measure the effective temperature from the observed thermal emission and constrains models of AXPs that rely on magnetar cooling through thick light element envelopes.
On the critical exponents of random k-SAT

There has been much recent interest in the satisfiability of random Boolean formulas. A random k-SAT formula is the conjunction of m random clauses, each of which is the disjunction of k literals (a variable or its negation). It is known that when the number of variables n is large, there is a sharp transition from satisfiability to unsatisfiability; in the case of 2-SAT this happens when m/n → 1, for 3-SAT the critical ratio is thought to be m/n ≈ 4.2. The sharpness of this transition is characterized by a critical exponent, sometimes called v = vk (the smaller the value of v the sharper the transition). Experiments have suggested that v3 = 1.5 ± 0.1. v4 = 1.25 ± 0.05, v5 = 1.1 ± 0.05, v6 = 1.05 ± 0.05, and heuristics have suggested that vk → 1 as k → ∞. We give here a simple proof that each of these exponents is at least 2 (provided the exponent is well defined). This result holds for each of the three standard ensembles of random k-SAT formulas: m clauses selected uniformly at random without replacement, m clauses selected uniformly at random with replacement, and each clause selected with probability p independent of the other clauses. We also obtain similar results for q-colorability and the appearance of a q-core in a random graph.
Selection into and across credit contracts: Theory and field research

Lenders may choose to encourage borrower side contracting using group, or co-signed, loans or discourage it using individual loans, so as to make relative performance comparisons. In this context wealth of the agents relative to outsiders, and wealth inequality among potential joint liability partners, are important factors determining the choice among loan contracts. In a related model of whether to borrow, higher covariance of returns mitigates an adverse selection effect. We test these models using relatively rich data gathered in field research in Thailand. The prevalence of joint liability contracts relative to individual contracts exhibits a U-shaped relationship with the wealth of the borrowing household and increases with the wealth dispersion. The likelihood of joint-liability borrowing increases the lower is the probability of project success, a direct affirmation of adverse selection. Higher correlation across projects makes joint liability borrowing more likely relative to all other alternatives. Strikingly, most of the results disappear if we do not condition the sample according to the dictates of the models, with selection into and across credit contracts.
On Gauss-Lobatto Integration on the Triangle

A recent result in [B. T. Helenbrook, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 47 (2009), pp. 1304-1318] on the nonexistence of Gauss-Lobatto cubature rules on the triangle is strengthened by establishing a lower bound for the number of nodes of such rules. A method of constructing Lobatto-type cubature rules on the triangle is given and used to construct several examples.
Edge-mode radiation from fluid-loaded semi-infinite membranes

The effect of fluid loading on the edge-mode radiation from a semi-infinite baffed membrane is discussed. A mixed boundary value problem for the acoustic pressure field is solved by using the Wiener-Hopf technique. An explicit far-field form of the pressure field is obtained. Numerical and asymptotic expressions for the resulting integrals are evaluated for a wide range of fluid-loading parameters.
Asymmetric catalysis on solids

The processing advantages associated with heterogeneous catalysis have led to the development of many new chiral heterogeneous catalysts for a variety of important asymmetric reactions. Established systems, such as chirally modified metals, have been further developed, while new strategies for the creation of chiral polymer catalysts and oxide systems, such as zeolites containing chelate complexes, are being explored. Important issues, such as site isolation, stability against leaching, and mass transfer to the active sites, have been addressed. Advances have been made in chiral zeolite frameworks and porous hybrid solids, chiral modifiers in porous hosts, asymmetric catalysts occluded in membranes and dissolved in supported liquid films, and modular chelate complexes on polymer beads.
Searching for Extraterrestrial Civilizations

We have argued that planning for a search for extraterrestrial intelligence should involve a minimum number of assumptions. In view of the feasibility (at our present level of understanding) of using nuclear fusion to effect interstellar travel at a speed of 0.1c, it appears unwarranted (at this time) to assume that it would not occur for at least some technologically advanced civilizations. One cannot even conclude that humans would not attempt this within the next few centuries. On the contrary, the most likely future situation, given the maintenance of technological growth and the absence of extraterrestrial interference, is that our civilization will explore and colonize our galactic neighborhood. A comparison of the time scales of galactic evolution and interstellar travel leads to the conclusion that the galaxy is either essentially empty with respect to technological civilizations or extensively colonized. In the former instance, a SETI would be unproductive. In the latter, a SETI could be fruitful if a signal has been deliberately directed at the earth or at an alien outpost, probe, or communication relay station in our solar system. In the former case, an existing antenna would probably be sufficient to detect the signal. In the latter case, success would depend on the way in which the communications were coded. Failure to detect a signal could permit any of the following conclusions: (i) the galaxy is devoid of technological civilizations, advanced beyond our own, (ii) such civilizations exist, but cannot (for some reason which is presently beyond our ken) engage in interstellar colonization, or (iii) such civilizations are not attempting overt contact with terrestrial civilizations and their intercommunications, if present, are not coded in a simple way. To plan at this time for a high-cost, large-array SETI based on the last two possibilities appears to be rather premature.
Heat Transfer in a Medium in Which Many Small Particles Are Embedded

The heat equation is considered in the complex system consisting of many small bodies (particles) embedded in a given material. On the surfaces of the small bodies a Newton-type boundary condition is imposed. An equation for the limiting field is derived when the characteristic size a of the small bodies tends to zero, their total number tends to infinity at a suitable rate, and the distance d = d (a ) between neighboring small bodies tends to zero a . No periodicity is assumed about the distribution of the small bodies.
Planar scattering amplitudes from Wilson loops

We derive an expression for parton scattering amplitudes of planar gauge theory in terms of sums of Wilson loops. We study in detail the example of Yang-Mills theory with an adjoint Higgs field. The expression exhibits the T-duality performed by Alday and Maldacena in the AdS dual as a Fourier transform in loop space. When combined with the AdS/CFT correspondence for Wilson loops and a strong coupling argument for the dominance of 1PI diagrams, this leads to a derivation of the Alday-Maldacena holographic prescription for scattering amplitudes in terms of momentum Wilson loops. The formula leads to a conjecture for a relationship between position-space and momentum-space Wilson loops in = 4 SYM at finite coupling.
Feeding Experiments with Mixtures of Highly Purified Amino Acids. Viii. Isolation and Identification of a New Essential Amino Acid

The hitherto unknown growth essential has been isolated in pure, crystalline form, san indentified as one of the four optically isomeric α-amino-β-hydroxy-n-butyric acids. Several of its derivatives have been prepared and described. On reduction of new amino acid yields d-α-amino-n-butyrie acid. The spatial configuration around the β-carbon atom remians to be determined, and is now being investigated. With an otherwise adequate diet, appromiately 0.6 per cent of α-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid is the minimum amount necessary to induce maximum growth. The feeding trails herein described constitute the first successful attempt to rear animals on a ration contraining purified a mino acids as the sole source of nitrogen. Inasmuch as satisfactory growth has been secured by the use of diets devoid of hydroxyglutamic acid and citruiline, these two amino acids are not indispensable components of the food. Experiments designed to determine the physological importance of the remaining amino acids are now under way.
Why the Capability Approach

In addressing operational challenges such as poverty or economic development, many researchers and practitioners wish to build upon insights raised by Sen's capability approach and related writings. This paper argues that the comprehensive reach and foundation of the human development and capability approach has a value independent from and additional to their practical outworkings, and yet also that operational specifications are both possible and vital to the further development of the approach. The paper begins with a thumbnail sketch of the core concepts of the capability approach, and supplements these with additional informational and principle requirements that Sen argues to be necessary for a more complete assessment of a state of affairs. It traces some important avenues along which the Human Development Reports and other empirical studies have operationalized certain aspects of Sen's capability approach. The paper then articulates further developments that might be expected, arguing that such de...
Fine-tuning in DBI inflationary mechanism

We show a model-independent fine-tuning issue in the DBI inflationary mechanism. DBI inflation requires a warp factor h small enough to sufficiently slow down the inflation. On the other hand, the Einstein equation in extra dimensions under the inflationary background deforms the warp space on the IR side. Generically these two locations coincide with each other, spoiling the DBI inflation. The origin and tuning of this 'h problem' is closely related, through the AdS/CFT duality, to those of the well-known 'η problem' in the slow-roll inflationary mechanism.
Tracking of a “Moving” Fused Auditory Image Under Conditions that Elicit the Precedence Effect

Pursuit auditory tracking of a fused auditory image (FAI), based on stimulus conditions known to elicit the precedence effect phenomenon in sound localization, was investigated in 36 normal subject...
Vaginal bleeding and adverse reproductive outcomes: a meta‐analysis

Summary. The objective of this paper is to characterise and quantify the association between vaginal bleeding and pregnancy outcome. A metaanalysis was performed in order to quantify the risk of adverse reproductive outcome by combining evidence from all previous studies of vaginal bleeding. The reproductive endpoints considered were low birthweight, preterm birth, stillbirth, perinatal death and congenital malformation. The meta-analysis confirms an association of vaginal bleeding with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but identified discrepancies in the reported risks of vaginal bleeding and magnitudes of association between bleeding and adverse reproductive outcomes, observed across studies. These discrepancies may be attributed to inconsistent definitions of the timing and severity of vaginal bleeding. The implications of such inconsistencies are discussed, suggesting a need for more standardised definitions of vaginal bleeding and reproductive endpoints in future studies.
Near-infrared InGaAs detectors for background-limited imaging and photometry

ABSTRACT Originally designed for night-vision equipment, InGaAs detectors are beginning to achieve background-limitedperformance in broadband imaging from the ground. The lower cost of these detectors can enable multi-bandinstruments, arrays of small telescopes, and large focal planes that would be uneconomical with high-performanceHgCdTe detectors. We developed a camera to operate the FLIR AP1121 sensor using deep thermoelectric coolingand up-the-ramp sampling to minimize noise. We measured a dark current of 163 e-s  1 pix  1 , a read noiseof 87 e- up-the-ramp, and a well depth of 80k e-. Laboratory photometric testing achieved a stability of 230ppm hr  1 / 2 , which would be required for detecting exoplanet transits. InGaAs detectors are also applicable toother branches of near-infrared time-domain astronomy, ranging from brown dwarf weather to gravitational wavefollow-up.Keywords: InGaAs, Photometry, Exoplanet detection, IR transients 1. INTRODUCTION O- the-shelf imaging detectors made from InGaAs have the potential to greatly reduce the cost of near-infrared,ground-based instrumentation. The quality of domestically-produced InGaAs has dramatically improved in re-cent years, andfocal planesarebecoming availablein formatssuitable forimagingand photometry. InGaAs-basedinstruments may be particularly appropriate for small telescopes where high-performance HgCdTe detectors aretoo costly; they could also be used in large mosaics or arrayed instruments where the price per pixel drives thecost.As a direct-bandgap semiconductor, InGaAs has high quantum eciency up to a cut-o wavelength of 1.7µ m, which is set by lattice-matching to the substrate. This cut-o allows its use across the Y , J ,andmostoftheH bands while having less sensitivity to thermal emission from the telescope and the sky than 2.5 µ mHgCdTedetectors. In order to achieve background-limited imaging performance, the detector needs to be cooled to thepoint where the dark current per pixel is less than the sky surface brightness, and the read noise must be lowerthan the Poisson noise from the dark current and the sky.If such temperatures can be reached wi th thermoelectric rather than cryoge nic cooling, then far less expensiveinstruments can be designed. Furthermore, if commercial readout integrated circuits (ROICs) can provide lowread noise, then o- the-shelf sensor packages can be used . Such ROICs generally use capacitive transimpedanceamplier (CTIA) pixel architectures rather than a source follower, so thei r read noise is higher. However, theCTIA and snapshot integration on commercial ROICs can potentially reduce the nonlinearity of a source followeras well as the systematic errors of a rolling electronic shutter.Beginning two years ago, we characterized the FLIR AP640C detector for astronomical applications.
Representation of similarity and dependency for assembly modularity

Researchers have expanded the definition of product modularity from function-based modularity to life-cycle process-based modularity, and developed a measure of product modularity and validated a corresponding modular product design method. However, a correct modularity measure and modular design method are not enough to realize modular product design. How the measure and design method are used, especially the role of product representation, is an important aspect of modular design and imperative for realizing the promised cost savings of modularity. In this paper, we develop a representation that includes similarity and dependency for assembly modularity. The similarity representation is based on assembly cost factors including tool changes and fixture changes. The process-based design dependency representation is based on design features that impact the assembly process (faces, fasteners, assembly interference, etc.). This representation captures the cost benefits of modularity and can be extended to other life-cycle processes. A set of products is used to show the application of this representation in association with a modularity measure and modular design method.
A general purpose systems simulation program

Recent years have seen a very rapid growth in the use of digital computers for simulation work, particularly in the field of system studies. The need for such simulation has been generated by the ever-increasing complexity of systems that are being designed, while the speed and capacity of modern digital computers have provided the means by which to expand simulation efforts. The amount of simulation and the complexity of the studies that are being conducted have presented several difficulties in organizing the use of simulation.
Microcapsules through polymer complexation: Part 3: encapsulation and culture of human Burkitt lymphoma cells in vitro

Methacrylic acid (MAA) based polyelectrolytes were complexed with protonated or quaternized dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) containing polyelectrolytes to form microcapsules in vitro. Anchorage independent human Burkitt lymphoma (Raji) cells were successfully cultured in the presence of dissolved MAA containing polymer. Capsule morphology was investigated by light microscopy and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Capsules based on quaternized DMAEMA containing polymer were found to be more stable than capsules containing protonated DMAEMA functionality. Raji cells were successfully encapsulated in both systems and divided to confluence; thereafter sufficient pressure was exerted to burst open the capsules. Cells released from these capsules appeared to suffer no discernible trauma and were successfully isolated and subcultured to confluence.
Critical collapse of scalar fields beyond axisymmetry

We investigate non-spherically symmetric, scalar field collapse of a family of initial data consisting of a spherically symmetric profile with a deformation proportional to the real part of the spherical harmonic $$Y_{21}(\theta ,\varphi )$$ . Independent of the strength of the anisotropy in the data, we find that supercritical collapse yields a black hole mass scaling $$M_h \propto (p-p^*)^\gamma $$ with $$\gamma \approx 0.37$$ , a value remarkably close to the critical exponent obtained by Choptuik in his pioneering study in spherical symmetry. We also find hints of discrete self-similarity. However, the collapse experiments are not sufficiently close to the critical solution to unequivocally claim that the detected periodicity is from critical collapse echoing.
Photoaffinity probes for studying carbohydrate biology

Carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing biomolecules engage in binding events that underlie many essential biological processes. Yet these carbohydrate-mediated interactions are often poorly characterized, due to their low affinities and heterogenous natures. The use of photocrosslinking functional groups offers a way to photochemically capture carbohydrate-containing complexes, which can be isolated for further analysis. Here we survey progress in the synthesis and use of carbohydrate-based photoprobes, reagents that incorporate carbohydrates or their analogs, photocrosslinking moieties, and affinity purification handles. Carbohydrate photoprobes, used in combination with modern mass spectrometry methods, can provide important new insights into the cellular roles of carbohydrates and glycosylated molecules.
Numerical solutions of forward-flight rotor flow using an upwind method

A finite-volume upwind algorithm for solving the three-dimensional Euler equations with a moving grid has been developed for computing helicopter forward-flight rotor flows. The computed pressure distributions and shock positions of high-speed rotor flow are compared with various experimental data as well as with other numerical results, and the agreement is encouraging
Heteroepitaxial growth of orientation-ordered ZnS nanowire arrays

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is an important functional material for electronics and optoelectronics. In this paper, heteroepitaxial growth of ZnS nanowire arrays on Zn 3 P 2 crystals, which are structural uniform with preferred (0001) growth directions, was fulfilled by using a simple thermal evaporation method. Studies found that hexagonal ZnS and tetragonal Zn 3 P 2 showed a good orientation relationship of [010]zn 3 P 2 //[1210] Zns and (101)Zn 3 P 2 //(0002)zns, which makes it possible to obtain well-aligned ZnS nanowire arrays epitaxially grown on Zn 3 P 2 crystals. As-grown ZnS nanowire arrays show a strong broad green emission band centered at 554 nm and a weak emission band at about 802 nm. Field-emission studies found that they show good field emissions with a turn-on field of about 3.72 V/μm.
Application of approximate matrix factorization to high order linearly implicit Runge-Kutta methods

Linearly implicit Runge-Kutta methods with approximate matrix factorization can solve efficiently large systems of differential equations that have a stiff linear part, e.g. reaction-diffusion systems. However, the use of approximate factorization usually leads to loss of accuracy, which makes it attractive only for low order time integration schemes. This paper discusses the application of approximate matrix factorization with high order methods; an inexpensive correction procedure applied to each stage allows to retain the high order of the underlying linearly implicit Runge-Kutta scheme. The accuracy and stability of the methods are studied. Numerical experiments on reaction-diffusion type problems of different sizes and with different degrees of stiffness illustrate the efficiency of the proposed approach.
Lattice structures and spreading models

We consider problems concerning the partial order structure of the set of spreading models of Banach spaces. We construct examples of spaces showing that the possible structure of these sets include certain classes of finite semi-lattices and countable lattices and all finite lattices.
The value of ultrasonic imaging and CT scanning in planning the radiotherapy for prostatic carcinoma.

Forty-four consecutive patients with potentially curable carcinoma of the prostate were localized with an Old Delft Simulator with the methods described by Bagshaw.1 The isocenter and the treatment portal were marked on the skin of the patient. Subsequently, the adequacy of the portal was checked by ultrasonography and/or CT scanning. Of 30 patients who underwent ultrasonography, five patients (17%) were found to have tumor extending beyond the initially simulated treatment portals. Using CT scanning, three of 22 patients were found to have tumor extending beyond the initially simulated portals. As a result, 1–2 cm were added to the initially simulated treatment portals for adequate coverage of the tumor volumes. Eight of our 44 patients underwent both studies and results were similar with ultrasonography and CT scanning. Only patients in the group presenting with clinical stage C disease had modifications of the initially simulated treatment portal. It is recommended that conventional simulation should be done first in order to establish the isocenter and treatment volume, which then should be confirmed by ultrasonography or CT scanning. Cancer 45:724-727, 1980.
Quantum control landscapes

Numerous lines of experimental, numerical and analytical evidence indicate that it is surprisingly easy to locate optimal controls steering quantum dynamical systems to desired objectives. This has enabled the control of complex quantum systems despite the expense of solving the Schrodinger equation in simulations and the complicating effects of environmental decoherence in the laboratory. Recent work indicates that this simplicity originates in universal properties of the solution sets to quantum control problems that are fundamentally different from their classical counterparts. Here, we review studies that aim to systematically characterize these properties, enabling the classification of quantum control mechanisms and the design of globally efficient quantum control algorithms.