cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Envisioning Equitable Classrooms That Enhance All Students’ Wonderful Ideas: A Duckworth Perspective

This synopsis centers on Eleanor Duckworth’s ideas about the relationship between education and intellectual development. Specifically, Duckworth described the essence of intellectual development as the “having of wonderful ideas” and the essence of pedagogy as the creation of occasions to “have wonderful ideas.” As opposed to accepting the persistent, pernicious educational belief that there is a single, best way to understand and a single, best way of explaining this understanding, Duckworth determined that all children can come to comparable, equally satisfactory, wonderful understandings when provided occasions to do so.
A Database Approach for Managing VLSI Design Data

We describe an approach to managing information about VLSI designs, founded upon database system methods. A database component provides a low-level flat-file interface to stored data. Built on top is a design data management system, supporting the hierarchical construction of a design from primitive cells, and organizing data about alternative design representations and versions. Programs to provide a tailored interface to design data are also provided. The system simplifies the rapid construction of new design tools by taking responsibility for design data management.
Structure of a Complete Integrin Ectodomain in a Physiologic Resting State and Activation and Deactivation by Applied Forces

SUMMARY The complete ectodomain of integrin aIIbb3 reveals a bent, closed, low-affinity conformation, the b knee, and a mechanism for linking cytoskeleton attachment to high affinity for ligand. Ca and Mg ions in the recognition site, including the synergistic metal ion binding site (SyMBS), are loaded prior to ligand binding. Electrophilicity of the ligand-binding Mg ion is increased in the open conformation. The b3 knee passes between the b3-PSI and aIIb-knob to bury the lower b leg in a cleft, from which it is released for extension. Different integrin molecules in crystals and EM reveal breathing that appears on pathway to extension. Tensile force applied to the extended ligand-receptor complex stabilizes the closed, low-affinity conformation. By contrast, an additional lateral force applied to the b subunit to mimic attachment to moving actin filaments stabilizestheopen,high-affinityconformation.Thismechanism propagates allostery over long distances and couples cytoskeleton attachment of integrins to their high-affinity state.
Distribution of Insertion- and Deletion-Associated Genetic Polymorphisms among Four Mycobacterium tuberculosis Phospholipase C Genes and Associations with Extrathoracic Tuberculosis: a Population-Based Study

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome contains four phospholipase C (PLC)-encoding genes, designated plcA, plcB, plcC, and plcD, respectively. Each of the four genes contributes to the overall PLC activity of M. tuberculosis. PLC is hypothesized to contribute to M. tuberculosis virulence. Infection of M. tuberculosis strains carrying a truncated plcD gene is associated with the occurrence of extrathoracic tuberculosis. However, whether the other three plc genes are also associated with extrathoracic tuberculosis remains to be assessed. We investigated the insertion- and deletion-associated genetic diversity in all four plc genes among 682 epidemiologically and clinically well-characterized M. tuberculosis clinical isolates using PCR, DNA sequencing, and Southern hybridization. Two hundred sixty-six (39%) of the 682 isolates had an interruption in at least one of the four plc genes, most often associated with an IS6110 insertion. The plcD gene interruption was the most common: it was observed in 233 (34%) of the isolates, compared to 4.7%, 4.1%, and 5.9% for plcA, plcB, and plcC gene interruption, respectively. The association between the plc gene genotypes and disease presentation was adjusted for clustering using generalized estimating equations for both bivariate and multivariate analyses. After controlling for the genotypes of the plcABC genes and the host-related risk factors, interruption in the plcD gene remained significantly associated with extrathoracic tuberculosis (odds ratio, 3.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.32 to 8.14). The data suggest that the plcD gene might play a more important role in the pathogenesis of thoracic TB than it does in the pathogenesis of extrathoracic TB.
What affects quality of life among caregivers of food-allergic children?

Abstract Background Food allergy is associated with decreased caregiver quality of life (QoL). The influence of accurate reaction perception, allergen, and sociodemographic factors on caregiver QoL is poorly understood. Objective To determine factors influencing caregiver food allergy QoL within an academic center cohort. Methods Caregivers of children allergic to milk, egg, peanut, or tree nut evaluated from 2009 to 2011 completed a questionnaire assessing the details of the children's most severe food reaction and caregiver QoL using the Food Allergy Quality of Life–Parental Burden index. Survey responses were verified through chart review. A multiple linear regression model was used to determine factors influencing QoL score. Results Of 305 caregivers surveyed, 65% had accurate reaction perception. This was higher in caregivers of children with provider-confirmed anaphylaxis ( P = .008). Milk or egg allergy was associated with higher total and independent domain-specific QoL scores compared with peanut or tree nut allergy, and an income lower than $50,000 was associated with higher total QoL scores and higher scores for 5 of 17 individual domains. In a linear regression model, age at most severe reaction (−0.02, P = .01), peanut or tree nut allergy (−0.81, P = .004) and milk allergy (−1.12, P = .001) vs egg allergy, income higher than $50,000 (−0.53, P = .04), multiple food allergies (0.45, P = .007), accurate reaction perception (−0.37, P = .04), eczema (+0.49, P = .004), and caregiver report that the child had anaphylaxis (+0.48, P = .02) were significantly associated with QoL score. Conclusion Food allergen, having multiple food allergies, age at reaction, income, eczema, parent-reported anaphylaxis, and reaction perception can significantly affect caregiver food allergy QoL. Milk or egg allergy was associated with worse total and domain-specific caregiver QoL scores vs peanut or tree nut allergy, representing a high-risk subgroup.
How to distribute your software over the web

Many software vendors distribute their products to potential and current customers over the web. If you'd like to use the web to disseminate your Windows 9X or NT software, the commercial product InstallFromTheWeb provides a convenient way to do this. Created by lnstalIShield Corp., IFTW lets users download and install software by clicking a few buttons. Based on our team's experience, we believe it is one of the quickest and most convenient Web-based installation packages for these platforms.
The Scrambling Theorem unscrambled: A response to commentaries☆

If we assume that conscious experiences exist and can be represented by sets, then conscious experiences are not identical to functional relations, no matter what mathematical structure one chooses to model such relations. This is the content of the Scrambling Theorem. The proof is trivial: any mathematical structure on one set of conscious experiences can be transported, intact, to any other scrambled set of the same conscious experiences. We thus conclude that reductive functionalism is provably false. The imaginative commentary by Hardin and Hardin distinguishes two versions of reductive functionalism. The ‘‘black box’’ version restricts functional descriptions to behaviors of the whole organism, ignoring inner states. The second version, call it ‘‘glass box,’’ extends functional descriptions to include inner states. The question raised by Hardin and Hardin is whether the Scrambling Theorem disproves black box, but not glass box, functionalism. The short answer is that the Scrambling Theorem disproves both. Glass box functionalism, when finally made precise, must posit mathematical structures that model the function of inner states. All such structures are subject to the Scrambling Theorem. This short answer holds no matter how finely one individuates inner states. They might be neural systems, individual neurons or, at the finest level, every subatomic particle in the brain. One can debate whether the subatomic level is too fine; some argue that the functional descriptions relevant to consciousness are at a coarser level, say the level of individual neurons or neural systems. The outcome of this argument is, for present purposes, irrelevant. The point here is that even if the relevant functional descriptions extend to the quantum state of every subatomic particle of the brain, the Scrambling Theorem, and its disproof of reductive functionalism, still holds. Even if Jack and Jill are functionally equivalent down to their subatomic particles, the conscious experiences of Jack could, in principle, be completely scrambled relative to those of Jill. The only version of reductive functionalism that can escape the purview of the Scrambling Theorem is one that refuses to specify the relevant functional relations with mathematical precision. But such refusal precludes doing science. Mausfeld and Andres nicely summarize the meaning of the Scrambling Theorem in their quote and discussion of Weyl: due to the ‘‘insurmountable boundary’’ of isomorphism, science cannot capture the essence of its objects. This holds for electrons no less than for conscious experiences. The wave equation of the free electron is not an electron and does not create an electron; no physicist thinks otherwise. Functional descriptions of the
Critical comments on the programming language Pascal

The programming language Pascal is claimed to be more suitable than other languages for "teaching programming as a systematic discipline". However, an investigation of the Reports on the Pascal language reveals that it suffers as much from ill-defined constructs as many of the languages to which it is supposed to offer an alternative. Problems with the language are caused primarily by the confusion of ranges, types and structures and by the phenomena associated with goto statements.
Characterization and classification of acoustically detected fish spatial distributions

Burgos, J. M., and Horne, J. K. 2008. Characterization and classification of acoustically detected fish spatial distributions. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1235-1247.High-resolution, two-dimensional measurements of aquatic-organism density are collected routinely during echo integration trawl surveys. School-detection algorithms are commonly used to describe and analyse spatial distributions of pelagic and semi-pelagic organisms observed in echograms. This approach is appropriate for species that form well-defined schools, but is limited when used for species that form demersal layers or diffuse pelagic shoals. As an alternative to metrics obtained from school-detection algorithms, we used landscape indices to quantify and characterize spatial heterogeneity in density distributions of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). Survey transects were divided into segments of equal length and echo integrated at a resolution of 20 m (horizontal) and 1 m (vertical). A series of 20 landscape metrics was calculated in each segment to measure occupancy, patchiness, size distribution of patches, distances among patches, acoustic density, and vertical location and dispersion. Factor analysis indicated that the metric set could be reduced to four factors: spatial occupancy, aggregation, packing density, and vertical distribution. Cluster analysis was used to develop a 12-category classification typology for distribution patterns. Visual inspection revealed that spatial patterns of segments assigned to each type were consistent, but that there was considerable overlap among types.
Runways and Taxiways for Supersonic Transport

Airport requirements associated with design of supersonic transport; problems concerning length and width of runways, necessary width of taxiways and their radii, and effective thickness of asphalt and concrete pavement; analysis to determine radii of new taxiways providing certain physical dimensions of aircraft, and for determining whether existing taxiways will need to be widened.
The O'Banion Model of Academic Advising: An Integrative Approach

The authors examine the O'Banion model of academic advising before presenting a variation of it that is both nonlinear and holistic. Applying O'Banion's five dimensions— a) exploration of life goals, b) exploration of vocational goals, c) program choice, d) course choice, and e) scheduling options—to two case studies, the authors demonstrate how an advisor and advisee may cover all aspects of the O'Banion model in a natural, fluid manner.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Migration Patterns of High-Skilled Workers: Evidence from Alumni Databases.

This paper uses a novel dataset to provide new series on the international migration of high skilled workers educated in France from 1944 to 2012. I use alumni databases to track the location of graduates from leading French post- secondary institutions. The proportion of high skilled individuals working in France has been steadily decreasing from 1944 to 2004. Recent years have seen an increase in the percentage of graduates staying in France in contradiction with the view that high taxes and administrative costs have been leading high skilled workers to leave France.
Hepatic potassium movements induced by sympathomimetic amines before and after adrenergic blockade.

SummaryThe hepatic K+-mobilizing effects of phenylephrine and isoproterenol were studied in dogs equipped with chronic indwelling portal vein catheters. Animals anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital, received intraportal injections of these sympathomimetic amines, alone or in combination, before and after α, or β, or combined adrenergic blockade. Hepatic K+ movements were assessed by measuring systemic arterial and hepatic venous K+ levels. It was concluded that adrenergic blockade exerted no significant influence on the ability of these agents to provoke the initial release and subsequent uptake of K+ by the liver.
Crotonaldehyde hydrogenation on platinum–titanium oxide and platinum–cerium oxide catalysts: selective CO bond hydrogen requires platinum sites beyond the oxide–metal interface

We have investigated a series of Pt–TiO2 and Pt–CeO2 catalysts for crotonaldehyde hydrogenation with the goal of better understanding the kinetics of CO bond hydrogenation. It has been established that in these systems, Pt is the active phase for CC bond hydrogenation, while the interface between Pt and an active metal oxide is required for selective CO bond hydrogenation. In this work we demonstrate that in addition to the presence of an active oxide–metal interface, there is also a need for accessible Pt sites beyond this interface to facilitate CO bond hydrogenation. Passivating Pt with TiO2 at coverages approaching unity is shown to decrease the rate of CO bond hydrogenation in exact proportion to the rate of CC bond hydrogenation, suggesting that both pathways become rate limited by the accessible Pt surface area at high oxide coverage. A similar kinetic result is demonstrated for CeO2 nanocubes deposited on a Pt film, where the rate of CO bond hydrogenation initially increases with CeO2 nanocube coverage and then decreases again at high CeO2 coverage, even though the nanocubes remain discrete. Because the density of interface sites scales linearly with the coverage of CeO2 nanocubes on the Pt surface, this decrease in activity shows that accessible Pt sites rather than oxide–metal interface sites become rate limiting for CO bond hydrogenation at high oxide coverage. Finally, in bilayer catalysts of CeO2 and Pt nanocubes, we find that both Pt-on-CeO2 and CeO2-on-Pt are active for CC bond hydrogenation, while only Pt-on-CeO2 is active for CO bond hydrogenation. These results are discussed in terms of a spillover-mediated reaction mechanism in which a reaction intermediate must diffuse either to or across the active oxide–metal interface in order to promote CO bond hydrogenation.
Mending Maya: An Analysis of Aging and Intergenerational Connection in Delhi, India

Past research suggests that intergenerational programming can have positive effects in bridging generational gaps. In an effort to explore intergenerational programming in one specific, cosmopolitan community in India, this research examined intergenerational connection and understanding and tested the effectiveness of implementing an art-based intergenerational intervention called Mending Maya. The intervention engaged seven young adults from a young adult’s empowerment and learning center and eight seniors at an old age home. This eight-week intergenerational intervention connected both young adults and seniors through three specific art forms: music, arts and crafts, and theater/meditation. Before and after the conclusion of this intergenerational intervention, intergenerational connection and understanding were explored in semi-structured interviews with senior program participants and young adults from the surrounding community (pre-program interviews), and with young adult intervention participants (pre and post-program interviews and structured assessments). Interviews were thematically coded. Results revealed that intergenerational arts programming in New Delhi, India can be an effective way to repair and restore webs of attachments between generations both inside and outside the actual parameters of the program. Aspects of the program that appeared essential to supporting these effects were utilization and maximization of existing community resources and a focus on cultural values that emphasize family and community. The final discussion synthesizes perceptions of aging in a changing world and program evaluations in order to paint a picture of aging as it is currently understood in Delhi, India. The discussion also examines the intergenerational intervention’s relevance to and sustainability within the Delhi community, and suggests ways the Delhi community can utilize intergenerational programming to enhance personal and community development through civic engagement. AGING AND INTERGENERATIONAL CONNECTION IN DELHI, INDIA 3
The impact of diversity on institutional longevity

Abstract In contemporary societies, culturally diverse families and blending processes are expected outcomes when accommodating different cultural backgrounds. Manifestations of creolization processes are studied within the context of Thanksgiving celebrations, as the authors analyze how family diversity leads to blending processes that spur innovative outcomes and institutional change, and inevitably contribute to institutional longevity. Photographic and menu data, gathered from 76 Thanksgiving celebrations across three types of households, are supplemented with data from over 30 depth interviews. It is in this context of ritualized consumption that the authors examine what happens when resilient consistency meets increasing diversity and inevitable change. Findings indicate that family composition, shared conceptualizations and context matter and provide a different perspective on the links between diversity, tradition, creolization and institutional longevity.
The Godbillon-Vey Invariant of a Product Foliation is Zero

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that the Godbillon–Vey invariant of a product foliation is zero. It presents the definition of the Godbillon–Vey invariant.
The Role of Epidermal p38 Signaling in Solar UV Radiation-Induced Inflammation: Molecular Pathways and Preventive Opportunities

Excessive exposure to sunlight poses a multitude of health risks, ranging from sunburn and premature skin aging to impaired immunity and skin cancer . Ultraviolet radiation is the component of sunlight that gives rise to these detrimental consequences. Inflammation is a key process underlying both acute skin damage and the long-term deleterious effects exerted by ultraviolet radiation . The protein kinase p38α , the most widely expressed p38 isoform in mammalian tissues, is activated by and mediates cellular responses to environmental stress such as ultraviolet radiation. Recent studies have shown that p38α signaling in epithelial cells of the skin, or keratinocytes , is essential for ultraviolet radiation-induced skin inflammation ; mice with keratinocyte-specific p38α ablation exhibit a marked decrease in vascular changes, neutrophil infiltration, and other manifestations of inflammation. Mechanistically, p38α signaling drives the expression of a multitude of keratinocyte genes with a known function in inflammation. Small-molecule p38α inhibitors hold potential for suppressing ultraviolet radiation-induced skin inflammation and pathology, particularly if administered topically. A deeper understanding of the signaling events upstream and downstream of p38α in keratinocytes will help devised effective strategies for preventing the detrimental effects of solar ultraviolet radiation.
The Paper with the Unpronounceable Title

Chevron has no discernible content. It is open to whatever interpretation the reader would like to give it. The Chevron doctrine should be abandoned at the earliest possible time.
Functional and Aesthetic Tragal Reconstruction in the Age of Mobile Electronic Devices

We present a method to create a tragus using the patient’s conchal cartilage. It is a simplified, single-stage technique with well-hidden incisions, yet it maintains the rigidity of a natural tragus. This patient did not have a history of radiation to the area, which may compromise healing with this technique. The cosmetic importance of the tragus has been described, but its functionality in accommodating modern technology has not been previously discussed. The main treatment goal for this patient was to gain the ability to wear earphones (clinical question/level of evidence: therapeutic, V).
Are extraversion and openness indicators of a slow life history strategy

Abstract Theory and data generally concur that a slower Life History Strategy (LHS) is associated with higher Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Emotional Stability. Whether Extraversion and Openness are indicators of a slow LH, or whether they include both fast and slow LH components, remains unresolved. I addressed these questions in two studies: one of university students observed via periodic brief audio recordings during 72h of their daily lives, and the second a re-analysis of data from Block and Block's (2006) longitudinal study. In both studies, I operationalized LHS as the correlation between an individual's California Q-Sort (CAQ) profile and the slow Life History (SLH) CAQ template created by Sherman et al. (2013) and Dunkel et al. (2015). I calculated Five Factor Model dimension scores using McCrae et al's (1986) method. In both samples, individuals whose CAQ profile more closely resembled the SLH template were higher in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Emotional Stability than those pursuing a faster LHS. Extraversion was unrelated to LHS, while Openness in the Block and Block data set was actually associated with a faster LHS. Analysis of individual CAQ items revealed some differences between the studies. Generally, Extraversion-loading items tapping excitement-seeking and self-dramatization, and Openness-loading items tapping nonconformity, were associated with a faster LHS. Participants in the audio recording study also completed a HEXACO personality inventory and the Arizona Life History Battery. LHS as measured by the ALHB was uncorrelated with LHS as measured by the CAQ. Controlling for Extraversion yielded a significant positive relationship between the two LHS measures, suggesting that their poor convergent validity resulted from differences in their coverage of Extraversion-related content.
Manganese exposure induces neuroinflammation by impairing mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytes

Chronic manganese (Mn) exposure induces neurotoxicity, which is characterized by Parkinsonian symptoms resulting from impairment in the extrapyramidal motor system of the basal ganglia. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are considered key pathophysiological features of Mn neurotoxicity. Recent evidence suggests astrocytes as a major target of Mn neurotoxicity since Mn accumulates predominantly in astrocytes. However, the primary mechanisms underlying Mn-induced astroglial dysfunction and its role in metal neurotoxicity are not completely understood. In this study, we examined the interrelationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and astrocytic inflammation in Mn neurotoxicity. We first evaluated whether Mn exposure alters mitochondrial bioenergetics in cultured astrocytes. Metabolic activity assessed by MTS assay revealed an IC50 of 92.68μM Mn at 24h in primary mouse astrocytes (PMAs) and 50.46μM in the human astrocytic U373 cell line. Mn treatment reduced mitochondrial mass, indicative of impaired mitochondrial function and biogenesis, which was substantiated by the significant reduction in mRNA of mitofusin-2, a protein that serves as a ubiquitination target for mitophagy. Furthermore, Mn increased mitochondrial circularity indicating augmented mitochondrial fission. Seahorse analysis of bioenergetics status in Mn-treated astrocytes revealed that Mn significantly impaired the basal mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate as well as the ATP-linked respiration rate. The effect of Mn on mitochondrial energy deficits was further supported by a reduction in ATP production. Mn-exposed primary astrocytes also exhibited a severely quiescent energy phenotype, which was substantiated by the inability of oligomycin to increase the extracellular acidification rate. Since astrocytes regulate immune functions in the CNS, we also evaluated whether Mn modulates astrocytic inflammation. Mn exposure in astrocytes not only stimulated the release of proinflammatory cytokines, but also exacerbated the inflammatory response induced by aggregated α-synuclein. The novel mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, mito-apocynin, significantly attenuated Mn-induced inflammatory gene expression, further supporting the role of mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress in mediating astrogliosis. Lastly, intranasal delivery of Mn in vivo elevated GFAP and depressed TH levels in the olfactory bulbs, clearly supporting the involvement of astrocytes in Mn-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Collectively, our study demonstrates that Mn drives proinflammatory events in astrocytes by impairing mitochondrial bioenergetics.
The Theory of Info-Statics: An Epistemic Unity in Defining Information from Matter and Energy

The concepts of matter, energy and information were introduced in Chap. 1 and enhanced in Chap. 2 as a search for factors relevant for a general definition of the concept of information was sought to allow one to place an epistemic distinction among them. At the level of cognition, there are definitions for the phenomena of matter and energy that allow one to place distinctions. It has been pointed out that both energy and information reside in matter and that matter constitutes the primary category of universal existence while energy and information are derived categories of existence.
CURRENT APPROACHES TO VIRAL IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current approaches to viral immunoprophylaxis. Virulence is the result of the efficient functioning of a number of different steps in the replicative cycle. Interference with any of these can lead to reduction in virulence. Thus, attenuated strains produced by genetic recombination presumably contain one or more genes derived from the attenuated parent and this gene or these genes limit replication of the recombinant virus in man. There is considerable experimental evidence that supports the polygenic nature of virulence of influenza virus. Accordingly, attenuation of influenza virus by recombination is thought to result from a redistribution of avirulent and virulent genes from the two parental viruses. The biological basis for attenuation of serum inhibitor–resistant influenza A viruses is yet to be understood. Presumably, inhibitor–resistant viruses undergo a mutation in the gene which codes for the surface glycoprotein that is responsible for hemagglutination.
Approach and management of checkpoint inhibitor-related immune hepatitis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have promising clinical activity across multiple gastrointestinal cancers and immune-mediated hepatotoxicity is particularly relevant for this group of patients. In this article we will review the recognition, workup and management of suspected checkpoint inhibitor related immune-hepatitis.
SpinVR: towards live-streaming 3D virtual reality video

Streaming of 360° content is gaining attention as an immersive way to remotely experience live events. However live capture is presently limited to 2D content due to the prohibitive computational cost associated with multi-camera rigs. In this work we present a system that directly captures streaming 3D virtual reality content. Our approach does not suffer from spatial or temporal seams and natively handles phenomena that are challenging for existing systems, including refraction, reflection, transparency and speculars. Vortex natively captures in the omni-directional stereo (ODS) format, which is widely supported by VR displays and streaming pipelines. We identify an important source of distortion inherent to the ODS format, and demonstrate a simple means of correcting it. We include a detailed analysis of the design space, including tradeoffs between noise, frame rate, resolution, and hardware complexity. Processing is minimal, enabling live transmission of immersive, 3D, 360° content. We construct a prototype and demonstrate capture of 360° scenes at up to 8192 X 4096 pixels at 5 fps, and establish the viability of operation up to 32 fps.
Spatial Modeling to Identify Sociodemographic Predictors of Hydraulic Fracturing Wastewater Injection Wells in Ohio Census Block Groups

Background: Hydraulically fractured wells produce 2–14 million liters of wastewater, which may contain toxic and radioactive compounds. The wastewater is predominantly disposed of using Class II in...
Depression mixed with anxiety, somatization, and disordered eating : Relationship with gender-role-related limitations experienced by females

In several previous studies, females who reported that they felt limited by responses to their gender, or viewed their mothers as having been limited in this way, exhibited higher prevalence compared to other females or to males of depression accompanied by anxiety, somatic symptoms such as headaches, disordered eating, and poor body image/preference for thinness (“anxious somatic depression”), but not higher prevalence of depression unaccompanied by these other symptoms (“pure depression”). In this study of high school students, females whose mothers scored high on a scale measuring their feelings of having been limited by traditional gender roles reported much higher prevalence than other females of anxious somatic depression, but not higher prevalence of pure depression. Mothers' reports of depression were not related to daughters' anxious somatic depression.
Reevaluation of conventional pituitary irradiation in the therapy of acromegaly.

External beam pituitary irradiation has been fre- quently used in the treatment of growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary adenomas. Many studies have demon- strated that serum GH declines rapidly and reliably follow- ing treatment and early "cure" rates, based on a basal serum GH below 10 lg/L were as high as 80%. The de~nition of "cure" has become more stringent over time and retro- spective studies have indicated that GH must be below 2.5 lg/L for acromegalics to achieve mortality rates comparable to a normal population. Only 20% of irradiated patients will achieve this goal by 10 yr. Even fewer will achieve a normal serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels. Although pituitary irradiation still has a role in the control of tumor size, its importance as a treatment for normalizing serum GH is being reevaluated.
Ischemic Optic Neuropathies: Update

This submission will briefly review the anatomy and physiology of the optic nerve, and highlight various ischemic optic neuropathies including anterior ischemic optic neuropathies (non-arteritis and arteritic), diabetic papillopathy, posterior ischemic optic neuropathies, and ischemic optic neuropathies in the setting of hemodynamic compromise.
(Un)Mapping the City Beautiful: Orlando Florida’s “Ugly” Settler Colonial Legacy

This chapter reflects on the production of Orlando, Florida and how the prevailing vision of its downtown development reiterates the enduring legacy of settler colonialism through its anti-homeless policies. These policies manifest as ugly laws, laws designed to define the unsightly and unwanted bodies of the citizenry in order to keep them from view. These laws are presented simultaneously as concerning aesthetics, safety issues, and even charity, while also serving the enduring settler colonial power structures that first shaped and sanctioned the state of Florida. The focus for analysis is the existing policies that regulate the downtown district of Orlando. These policies exhibit many of the characteristics that Susan Schweik identifies in the ugly laws, particularly with regard to the social, textual, and performative contexts in which the laws are deployed. Ultimately, this analysis denaturalizes downtown space in order to disrupt notions of white settler innocence and neutrality of space. The chapter demonstrates how Orlando’s strategies of city regulation are used to ensure the absence of ugliness, and how these techniques are deployed to maintain the dominance of both settler colonialism and the dynamics between settler society and ableism.
Why so gloomy? A Bayesian explanation of human pessimism bias in the multi-armed bandit task

How humans make repeated choices among options with imperfectly known reward outcomes is an important problem in psychology and neuroscience. This is often studied using multi-armed bandits, which is also frequently studied in machine learning. We present data from a human stationary bandit experiment, in which we vary the average abundance and variability of reward availability (mean and variance of reward rate distributions). Surprisingly, we find subjects significantly underestimate prior mean of reward rates -- based on their self-report, at the end of a game, on their reward expectation of non-chosen arms. Previously, human learning in the bandit task was found to be well captured by a Bayesian ideal learning model, the Dynamic Belief Model (DBM), albeit under an incorrect generative assumption of the temporal structure - humans assume reward rates can change over time even though they are actually fixed. We find that the "pessimism bias" in the bandit task is well captured by the prior mean of DBM when fitted to human choices; but it is poorly captured by the prior mean of the Fixed Belief Model (FBM), an alternative Bayesian model that (correctly) assumes reward rates to be constants. This pessimism bias is also incompletely captured by a simple reinforcement learning model (RL) commonly used in neuroscience and psychology, in terms of fitted initial Q-values. While it seems sub-optimal, and thus mysterious, that humans have an underestimated prior reward expectation, our simulations show that an underestimated prior mean helps to maximize long-term gain, if the observer assumes volatility when reward rates are stable and utilizes a softmax decision policy instead of the optimal one (obtainable by dynamic programming). This raises the intriguing possibility that the brain underestimates reward rates to compensate for the incorrect non-stationarity assumption in the generative model and a simplified decision policy.
Mandated wrapping of airway cart instruments: Limited access without the intended safety benefits.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Isolated case studies have shown improper sterilization or contamination of equipment from anesthesia carts can lead to transmission of disease and even death. Citing this literature, national accrediting agencies mandated all instruments in the otolaryngology airway carts at San Antonio Military Medical Center be packaged to prevent contamination. This study sought to determine the infection and safety implications of packaged airway cart instruments. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. METHODS A review of upper aerodigestive tract procedures, some of which penetrated mucosa, was performed by analyzing 100 patient records during the unpackaged period and 100 during the packaged period. A comparison of infections, deaths, and length of stay in the hospital was included in the analysis. Additionally, a timed simulation to setup a simple group of instruments for an emergency airway situation from both the unpackaged and packaged airway carts was performed using a total of 11 surgical technologists and nurses. RESULTS Each group had a total of four airway infections and neither had any deaths. The average length of hospital stay was 0.36 days for the unpackaged period and 0.44 days from the packaged period. None of these variables reached statistical significance. The average time to find and set out the correct instruments for the two groups was 46.6 and 95.5 seconds for the unpackaged and packaged airway carts, respectively (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests individually packaging of instruments used for emergency airway cases may put lives at risk when time matters and fails to decrease the risk of infection. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 129:715-719, 2019.
Predicting Future Complications of Cirrhosis

Decompensated cirrhosis and liver failure result in high mortality risk. Identifying the severity of illness and risk of poor outcomes is important for improved clinical decision making. This review serves to examine the currently in practice and developing tools for prognosticating patients with cirrhosis. The Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) score and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score are the most used prognostic tools for cirrhotic patients. More recently, however, are newly developing biochemical models and imaging tools that strive to improve upon the MELD score. Significant effort has been dedicated to revising, complementing, or replacing the MELD score for prognostication and for transplant allocation. Ongoing adjustment to current prognostication methods and the search for new paradigms promises improved ability to predict outcomes and determine the best management in the future.
Climate change and tropical marine ecosystems: A review with an emphasis on coral reefs

Climate change is usually associated with warming and weather extremes that impact the human environment and terrestrial systems, but it also has profound effects on the ocean, which is probably the most unique, life-supporting feature of planet Earth. The most direct consequence of rising CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is “ocean acidification,” a term that refers to the lowering of seawater pH, but encompasses a suite of chemical changes that affect marine organisms from shell formation, to reproduction, physiology, and behavior. The oceans are also warming in pace with the atmosphere, and in fact store the vast majority of the additional heat generated by rising CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This warming is causing the more mobile marine species to redistribute poleward and deeper, and is causing high mortality in more sessile species such as those that build and habituate coral reefs. But warming is also leading to a decrease in dissolved oxygen in the oceans. For tropical marine ecosystems, the combination of ocean acidification, warming, and deoxygenation will continue to impact marine ecosystems in the future. The extent of these impacts depends on which energy pathway society follows, and our abilities to reduce other stressors and assist the rate at which species can adapt and migrate to more suitable environments.
Test Results of the 36 T, 1 ppm Series-Connected Hybrid Magnet System at the N HMFL

The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) has completed testing and commissioning of a unique ultrahigh field magnet that provides 36 T in a 32 mm bore with field inhomogeneity and stability better than 1 ppm over a cylinder of 1 cm diameter and length and a duration up to a few hours. While the magnet meets all its primary performance goals, there were some unexpected observations during the testing and commissioning activities. Primarily, while the magnet reaches full current and field, we are unable to charge the magnet as quickly as was anticipated. Also, the magnet occasionally quenches for no apparent reason. Charging the magnet at slower rates reduces the probability of quenches.
Videotaped Unannounced Standardized Patient Encounters to Evaluate Interpersonal and Communication Skills in Emergency Medicine Residents

Background Communication and interpersonal skills are important for effective patient care but are difficult to measure. Unannounced standardized patient encounters (USPEs) have the benefit of providing a standardized situation and provide a representation of usual care rather than best behavior, while also allowing for video recording without violating patient privacy. We conducted a feasibility pilot study to examine the use of videotaped USPEs in resident education of interpersonal and communication skills and specifically empathy. Methods This was a pilot study conducted at an urban community teaching hospital. About 16 first-year emergency medicine engaged in four videotaped USPEs during their normal clinical shifts during 1 academic year. All visible recording equipment was concealed from the residents. The standardized patients completed two assessment forms after each encounter to measure empathy. Results All 16 residents engaged in four videotaped USPEs for a total of 64 encounters. Conclusions We were able to successfully demonstrate the feasibility of using USPEs for assessment of resident interpersonal and communication skills.
Nonlinear flow-induced instability of an elastically mounted pitching wing

We experimentally study the nonlinear flow-induced instability of an elastically mounted pitching wing in a circulating water tunnel. The structural parameters of the finite-span wing are simulated and regulated using a cyber-physical control system. At a small fixed damping, we systematically vary the stiffness of the wing for different inertia values to test for the stability boundaries of the system. We observe that, for a high-inertia wing, the system dynamics bifurcates from stable fixed points to small-amplitude oscillations followed by large-amplitude limit-cycle oscillations (LCOs) via a subcritical bifurcation, which features hysteretic bistability and an abrupt amplitude jump. Under this condition, the pitching frequency of the wing locks onto its structural frequency and the oscillation is dominated by the inertial force, corresponding to a structural mode. Force and flow field measurements indicate the presence of a secondary leading-edge vortex (LEV). As the wing inertia decreases, the width of the bistable region shrinks. At a sufficiently low inertia, the pitching amplitude changes smoothly with the stiffness without any hysteresis, revealing a supercritical bifurcation. Under this condition, no lock-in phenomenon is observed and the pitching frequency remains relatively constant at a value lower than the structural frequency. Force decomposition shows dominating fluid force, indicating a hydrodynamic mode. The secondary LEV is absent. We show that the onset of large-amplitude LCOs in both the structural mode and the hydrodynamic mode scales with the Cauchy number, and the LCOs in the structural mode collapse with the non-dimensional velocity. We examine the subcritical transition in detail; we find that this transition depends on the static characteristics of the wing, and the secondary LEV starts to emerge at the early stage of the transition. Lastly, we adopt an energy approach to map out the stability of the system and explain the existence of the two distinct types of bifurcations observed for different inertia values.
From Blue Economy to Blue Communities: Reorienting Aquaculture Expansion for Community Wellbeing

Abstract Efforts to expand the marine aquaculture industry often draw on a discourse of opportunity that highlights untapped potential for economic growth. This discourse also underlies the more general concept of Blue Economy in which oceans are a frontier for economic development. Marine aquaculture is seen as an important part of Blue Economy, but the current discourse overlooks evidence that straightforward trickle-down effects—from aggregate economic growth at the national level to holistic benefits at the community level—rarely exist for marine aquaculture. Using the case of marine aquaculture in the United States, we argue that a shift in focus to community wellbeing is necessary to realize the potential benefits of marine aquaculture expansion. More generally, we suggest that marine aquaculture illustrates the need to reorient Blue Economy to Blue Communities, a concept that draws on the multidimensional concept of wellbeing to foreground social, cultural, and environmental factors alongside economic growth. With attention to just and equitable governance embedded in place and context, marine aquaculture can grow in ways that enhance wellbeing in Blue Communities while supporting broader economic development.
Role of nuclear and membrane estrogen signaling pathways in the male and female reproductive tract

Estrogen signaling through the main estrogen receptor, estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1; also known as ERα), is essential for normal female and male reproductive function. Historically, studies of estrogen action have focused on the classical genomic pathway. Although this is clearly the major pathway for steroid hormone actions, these hormones also signal through rapid non-classical effects involving cell membrane actions. Reports of rapid effects of estrogens extend for more than half a century, but recent results have expanded understanding of the identity, structure, function and overall importance of membrane receptors in estrogen responses. Key findings in this field were the immunohistochemical detection of ESR1 in cell membranes and demonstration that a portion of newly synthesized ESR1 is routed to the membrane by palmitoylation. These receptors in the membrane can then signal through protein kinases and other mechanisms following ligand binding to alter cell function. Another crucial advance in the field was development of transgenic mice expressing normal amounts of functional nuclear ESR1 (nESR1) but lacking membrane ESR1 (mESR1). Both male and female transgenic mice lacking mESR1 were infertile as adults, and both sexes had extensive reproductive abnormalities. Transgenic mice lacking mESR1 were highly protected from deleterious effects of neonatal estrogen administration, and estrogen effects on the histone methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 that are mediated through mESR1 could have significant effects on epigenetic imprinting. In summary, signaling through mESR1 is essential for normal male and female reproductive function and fertility, and is a critical enabler of normal estrogen responses in vivo. Although the precise role of mESR1 in estrogen responses remains to be established, future research in this area should clarify its mechanism of action and lead to a better understanding of how mESR1 signaling works with classical genomic signaling through nESR1 to promote full estrogenic responses.