cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear buckling of blood vessels: A theoretical study

Tortuosity and kinking often occur in arteries and veins but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. It has been suggested recently that long arteries may buckle and become tortuosity due to reduced axial tension or hypertensive pressure, but very few studies have been done to establish the biomechanical basis for artery buckling. Here we developed the arterial buckling equation using a nonlinear elastic thick-walled cylindrical model with residual stress. Our results demonstrated that arteries may buckle due to high blood pressure or low axial tension and that residual stress in the arteries increases the buckling pressure. These results are in general agreement with the previous linear elastic model. The buckling equation provides a useful tool for studying artery tortuosity and kinking.
Boundary lubrication of chrome steel

Abstract The use of iodine-anisole or iodine-anisole-turbine oil as boundary lubricants for chrome steel rather than turbine oil alone resulted in a reduction of the coefficient of friction and a marked decrease in wear.
The geometry of root subgroups in Ree groups of type 2 F 4

For G, a member of this family of twisted groups, an incidence structure is described whose points are the elementary abelian root subgroups of G. A correspondence is established between the lines of this structure which satisfy a certain regularity condition and its planes, and it is shown that this correspondence induces a ‘polarity’ on a metasymplectic space in which the structure can be embedded.
Detecting hedge cues and their scope in biomedical text with conditional random fields

Objective: Hedging is frequently used in both the biological literature and clinical notes to denote uncertainty or speculation. It is important for text-mining applications to detect hedge cues and their scope; otherwise, uncertain events are incorrectly identified as factual events. However, due to the complexity of language, identifying hedge cues and their scope in a sentence is not a trivial task. Our objective was to develop an algorithm that would automatically detect hedge cues and their scope in biomedical literature. Methodology: We used conditional random fields (CRFs), a supervised machine-learning algorithm, to train models to detect hedge cue phrases and their scope in biomedical literature. The models were trained on the publicly available BioScope corpus. We evaluated the performance of the CRF models in identifying hedge cue phrases and their scope by calculating recall, precision and F1-score. We compared our models with three competitive baseline systems. Results: Our best CRF-based model performed statistically better than the baseline systems, achieving an F1-score of 88% and 86% in detecting hedge cue phrases and their scope in biological literature and an F1-score of 93% and 90% in detecting hedge cue phrases and their scope in clinical notes. Conclusions: Our approach is robust, as it can identify hedge cues and their scope in both biological and clinical text. To benefit text-mining applications, our system is publicly available as a Java API and as an online application at http://hedgescope.askhermes.org. To our knowledge, this is the first publicly available system to detect hedge cues and their scope in biomedical literature.
Effect of x-irradiation on the formation of the puparium in the fleshfly, Sarcophaga bullata.

Abstract Post-feeding, pre-critical stage larvae (36 hr before pupariation) of Sarcophaga bullata were exposed to X-rays and the effects on pupariation observed. With doses ranging from 1250 to 10,000 R the prepuparial period was prolonged and the duration of this delay increased with higher doses. Doses above 2500 R inhibited the retraction of anterior segments, longitudinal contraction and cuticular shrinkage resulting in larval-like tanned puparia. With the anterior part of the body shielded during irradiation, normal puparia were formed, but after a delay proportional to the area irradiated. Injection of β-ecdysone counteracted this delay. With the doses used, irradiation had no effect on post-critical stage larvae. This suggested that the CNS has a special mechanism which controls the neuromuscular processes of pupariation, and when this mechanism is damaged by irradiation larval-like puparia are formed. The pupariation delay was attributed to a temporary block in the synthesis, or release, or both of α-ecdysone (in whole-body or anteriorly only irradiated larvae) and its final conversion to β-ecdysone (in posteriorly only irradiated larvae). The fact that post-critical stage larvae are insensitive to irradiation suggests that the neuromuscular and neurosecretory processes which are affected by irradiation are already completed at that stage.
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in a patient with Ki-1-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma.

A 57-year-old man with Ki-1 anaplastic large-cell lymphoma treated with extracorporeal photochemotherapy is described.
The splanchnic nerve and food intake regulation

Bilateral section of the greater splanchnic nerve in the rat abolishes the compensatory ingestion for nutrient removed from the stomach that occurs in normal animals. However, such section leaves normal ingestion unaffected. These results suggest that this nerve participates in food intake regulation.
Decreased expression of Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 reduces T cell activation threshold but not the severity of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis

Abstract Myasthenia gravis (MG) and its murine model experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) are T cell-dependent, antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP-1) is a cytosolic tyrosine phosphatase that is involved in regulating the T cell activation cascade from signals initiated through the TCR. To study the role of SHP-1 in EAMG pathogenesis, we immunized C57BL/6 (B6) mice heterozygous for deletion of the SHP-1 gene ( me v +/− ) and their littermate wild type B6 mice with torpedo acetylcholine receptor (TAChR). T cell proliferation and IFNγ production were significantly increased in B6. me v +/− mice after immunization with AChR compared to that of wild type littermates. However, clinical incidence and severity of the disease were not changed. There also were no significant differences in AChR-specific antibodies produced between wild type and me v +/− mice. These data suggest that deficiency in SHP-1 expression does decrease the activation threshold of autoreactive T cells in EAMG, but the increased frequency of autoreactive T cells does not aggravate EAMG in terms of clinical score, incidence, or antibody titers.
INTERPERSONAL TRUST AND SEVERITY OF DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR

Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and Roberts' subscales of Political and Peer Trust were administered to 20 normals, 20 delinquents with misdemeanor offenses and 20 delinquents with felony offenses. It was expected that the delinquents would report lower interpersonal trust than the normal group and further that the felony group would report less trust than the misdemeanor group. Results showed no differences between groups for the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and the Roberts Political Trust, but the combined delinquent group was significantly lower on Peer Trust. The misdemeanor subgroup was the main contributor of this difference, however, and non-significant reverse differences were noted for severity. Findings are discussed in terms of subgroup selection factors, and general societal decline in trust.
Fuzzy and rule-based image convolution

Abstract An image can be sharpened by high pass filtering of its discrete Fourier transform or by an equivalent convolution processing in the spatial domain. Edge detection is a form of drastic sharpening with conversion to black and white. The approach taken here to sharpening and edge detection, as well as smoothing and other processing is to use a ‘smart’ convolution mask that makes rule-based decisions. Upon employing gains in the rule consequents, we achieve a type of fuzzy convolution of the output pixels. We also enlarge images using our new type of fuzzy interpolation to obtain higher resolution, detect edges with the rules and then reduce to the original size to obtain better edges than by merely applying the edge detection rules to the original image. We provide examples of sharpening directly with our rules. We also provide examples of edge detection both with and without the enlargement–reduction process.
Reported and Unreported Teacher-Student Sexual Harassment

AbstractThis descriptive study reports the extent of sexual harassment between North Carolina high school students and teachers and suggests procedures for recognizing and ending those improper relationships. Although the majority of research about sexual harassment in an academic setting has been performed on college campuses, the problem has been experienced in secondary education. To assess the current environment, I surveyed 140 North Carolina school superintendents and 300 high school seniors. The data revealed a discrepancy between the number of faculty that the superintendents reported as having been disciplined for sexual harassment of a student and the number of students who believed that they had experienced sexual harassment. A structure for establishing guidelines to prevent teacher-student sexual harassment is presented.
Screwworm Eradication Program in Central America

The Screwworm Eradication Program has been extremely successful in its efforts to achieve its goal of eradication of screwworms through Central America and establishment of a permanent biological barrier in the eastern half of Panama. Following eradication of screwworms from Mexico in 1991, eradication was achieved in Belize in 1992, in Guatemala in 1993, and in El Salvador in 1994. Honduras has been free of screwworms since January 1995, and the number of cases in Nicaragua has dropped, as of April 1995, to about 4% of the average number of cases found during the period June-August 1993.
Analgesic properties of a systemically-administered synthetic dipeptide of 5-hydroxytryptophan

Abstract Synthetic peptides of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), including N-acetyl-5-HTP-5-HTP amide (5-HTP-ACETYL-DP), specifically inhibit the binding of serotonin to serotonin binding protein. 5-HTP-ACETYL-DP also produces a long-lasting, opiate-sensitive analgesia following central, but not systemic administration. The present study evaluated an apolar derivative of 5-HTP dipeptide, N-hexanoyl-5-HTP-5-HTP amide (5-HTP-HEX-DP), for its analgesic properties in rats following systemic administration. 5-HTP-HEX-DP (5–50 mg/kg) significantly increased jump thresholds in a dose-dependent manner with peak analgesia occurring at 2.5 hr after injection, and lasting up to 5 hr. In the tail-flick assay, 5-HTP-HEX-DP (20 mg/kg) produced a significant antinociceptive effect at 1 hr post-injection using both high and low intensity levels of radiant heat. While 5-HTP-HEX-DP and morphine each elicited analgesia following acute administration, chronic (14 days) incremental dosing with 5-HTP-HEX-DP or morphine resulted in persistent analgesia in 5-HTP-HEX-DP-treated animals, and a loss of analgesia in morphine-treated rats. Thus, significant tolerance to morphine, but not 5-HTP-HEX-DP analgesia developed using this protocol. Hence, 5-HTP-HEX-DP is a systemically-active analgesic which fails to develop tolerance when administered daily over 14 days.
Economic generation mix for commercial building

The growing population has added a burden to the existing power generation station. So what if the demand by the people exceeds the generation capability. The consequence is power deficiency. The world has to remain in dark weighing down the economy of the country. The alternative solution for this is generation mix. Now a day's commercial building is increasing at a greater pace. So in addition to generation mix we are thinking of making it economic. Economic is in the sense of reducing the grid dependency of a commercial building. Through this the cost incurred by a commercial building can be minimized to a greater extent, which can be utilized for some additional utilities. Generation mix includes the ultimate energy coming from sun, wind, tidal, geo-thermal, bio-gas, bio-mass. In this paper, aims at encouraging the use of renewable energy sources such as Wind and Solar, available with the commercial building along with grid connection. A case study of National Institute of Science & Technology (NIST), Berhampur, Odisha, has been considered to validate the efficacy of the proposed methodology and the result is estimated mathematically and verified through the renewable Simulink Software Homer V 2.81 incorporating present load and forecasted load for 4 years of planning horizon.
The Decagonal Tomb Tower at Maragha and Its Architectural Context: Lines of Mathematical Thought

Of several brick tomb towers constructed at Maragha in western Iran before the Mongol conquests, one in particular, Gonbad-e Qabud (593 H. / 1196-97 C.E.), has generated significant recent attention for its unique patterns with pentagons and decagons. Gonbad-e Qabud is also unusual in having a decagonal plan. While both plan and decoration distinguish it from earlier and later towers at Maragha and elsewhere on the Iranian plateau, the ornamental patterns follow a long line of experimentation with geometric expressions that grace many pre-Mongol buildings in Iran. This article examines in particular the overlapping polygons and radial symmetries of the tympanum of the cubic Gonbad-e Sork (542 H. / 1148 C.E.) at Maragha, and the pentagons and squares of the tympanum of the later octagonal tomb tower (486 H. / 1093 C.E.) nearby at Kharraqan. Drawing from archival sources (plans, elevations, photographs), analysis of plane patterns, and comparative architectural data, this article reevaluates the cultural significance of Gonbad-e Qabud, seeking to situate it within the histories of mathematics, architecture, and the arts.
Transplantation for cutaneous disease

Comment on Donato et al, page [463][1] In this issue of Blood, Donato and colleagues demonstrate the value of high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell reconstitution for patients with scleromyxedema. There are 2 types of skin disorders that are specifically associated with monoclonal gammopathies.
The role of uterine fundal pressure in the management of the second stage of labor: a reappraisal.

Among the maneuvers that are used in the second stage of labor, uterine fundal pressure is one of the most controversial. The prevalence of its use is unknown. We reviewed the existing literature to assess whether there is justification for the use of fundal pressure in the contemporary management o
Submandibular glands, nerve growth factor and neuroinflammatory responses in rodents

Structural, biochemical, and pharmacological studies have provided numerous insights into the role of rodent submandibular glands in a variety of physiopathological functions. In this review we briefly highlight past and present findings published by our group and others regarding the role of rodent submandibular glands and nerve growth factor in inflammatory events. Accordingly, the role of mouse salivary glands and nerve growth factor in neuroinflammatory responses, body temperature and parasitic infection are discussed, and potential future lines of studies aimed at elucidating their physiopathological roles are suggested. Biomedical Reviews 1998; 9: 93-99.
Magnetic excitations in chromium. II.

Neutron scattering measurements on pure chromium metal have been performed under various conditions of experimental resolution, energy transfer, temperature, and magnetic field. The temperature and energy dependence of the commensurate-diffuse scattering surrounding the (0,0,1) point in reciprocal space has been followed from the spin-flip temperature (${T}_{\mathrm{sf}}$=122 K) to temperatures as high as 700 K, well above the N\'eel point (${T}_{N}$=312 K). Magnetic correlations extending over 11 bcc unit cells persist to these high temperatures. The spectral width of the magnetic scattering is found to increase rapidly with temperature above ${T}_{N}$. The importance of the commensurate-diffuse modes of excitation in the disappearance of the long-range-ordered spin-density-wave (SDW) state at ${T}_{N}$ is discussed. The magnetic field dependence of the excitations in the transversely polarized SDW phase has been investigated and found to be absent. Evidence is also presented for the absence of a spin-wave energy gap greater than 50 \ensuremath{\mu}eV. We have placed the scattering in the paramagnetic phase on an absolute scale by normalizing to the integrated intensities of selected phonons, and have estimated an effective magnetic moment per atom.
Amylopectin Nature and Amylose-to-Amylopectin Ratio as Influences on the Behavior of Gels of Dispersed Starch

ABSTRACT The importance of the nature of the amylopectin and the amylose-to-amylopectin ratio in the gelation of high-amylose maize starch was examined by preparing gels of model systems using amylose (AM) from a high-amylose maize starch mixed with an amylopectin (AP): either wx starch, acid-hydrolyzed wx starch (AH-wx), ae wx starch, or wx β-limit dextrin. Mixtures of 7.5% starch in 20% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic oscillatory rheometry. Mixtures of 1.88 or 3.75% AM with the remainder either wx or AH-wx developed a measurable elastic modulus (G′) within one day, more quickly than for the corresponding AP without AM. Gels of AM with either wx or AH-wx starch developed a higher retrogradation enthalpy (ΔH) than corresponding AP without AM when the ΔH values were normalized to the amylopectin content. The G′ and ΔH of all gels containing ae wx did not change after one day. During heating of the gels to 80°C, most of the G′ at 25°C was lost, indica...
Glycosidases of Tropaeolum majus

Abstract A number of glycosidases have been qualitatively identified in the seeds of Tropaeolum majus , the common nasturtium. A thioglucosidase, a β-glucosidase, a fructofuranosidase, and an enzyme causing partial hydrolysis of amylopectin and glycogen, have been isolated and partially purified. Hydrolytic activity also indicated the presence of an α-1,1-glucosidase and possibly the presence of a β-galactosidase, although the latter was not separated from β-glucosidase activity. The enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of the polysaccharides was obtained as a crystalline protein, but the exact nature of the hydrolytic activity has not yet been determined.
Experimental Trichophytid in Guinea Pigs.

SummaryGuinea pigs which had recovered from infection with Trichophyton mentagrophytes reacted to intraperitoneal injections of live spores, cell sap, or polysaccharide by generalized erythema of the skin followed by desquamation. This condition is considered identical with trichophytid in human cases. No organisms could be found in the allergic lesions. These experiments strongly support the theory that trichophytid is an allergic response of the skin to substances in solution distributed to it by the blood.
Disulfide Trapping the GABA-A Receptor Extracellular Beta-5/Beta-5’ Loop

GABAA receptors (GABARs) couple GABA binding to opening of a chloride-conducting channel. The GABA binding site is at β/α-subunit interfaces. In a recent GABAR crystal structure, the β5-β5’ loop reaches across the interface, and juts into the neighboring subunit forming a back lid over the GABA binding site. This extended β5-β5’ loop conformation is not in prokaryotic channels, the acetylcholine-binding protein, or the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.We used disulfide trapping to probe β5-β5’ loop position and dynamics in α1β2γ2L GABARs. We engineered pairs of cysteines at the β/α GABA-binding site interface: αM111C (β5-β5’ loop) with βS104C (β-strand 5) and α1M113C (β5-β5’ loop) with β2D95C (binding Region A). We expressed single and double mutant α1β2γ2L GABARs in Xenopus oocytes. Initially, we tested for disulfide-bonds by measuring effects of DTT and hydrogen peroxide on GABA-mediated currents from α1M111Cβ2S104Cγ2 and α1M113Cβ2D95Cγ2 receptors. They had no effects. Methanethiosulfonate reagents modified the single cysteine mutants but not the double mutants, indicating the cysteine pairs were linked by disulfides. Single-mutant α1β2S104Cγ2 receptors had reduced GABA efficacy and potency, which were rescued in double-mutant α1M111Cβ2S104Cγ2 receptors, suggesting the cysteines interact. These results indicate the α-subunit β5-β5’ loop extends across the intersubunit interface, near β-strand 5 of the β-subunit. Disulfide linking these two regions had no effect on GABA currents, indicating their relative positions do not change during GABA activation and supporting the idea of a concerted GABA-driven motion in the inner β-sheets of the α- and β-subunits. Linking cysteines in aligned positions at the benzodiazepine-binding α1/γ2-interface (α1S106C and γ2I124C) had similar effects. In contrast, tethering α1M113C (β5-β5’ loop) to β2D95C near Region A of the GABA binding site right-shifted GABA concentration-responses, suggesting this crosslink impairs motions in the site required for GABA action.
Commentary -- Bringing Home the Psychological Immediacy of the Iraqi Battlefield

The case report by Cigrang, Peterson, and Schobitz (2005) serves two functions. It describes serious combat-induced psychopathology in a sample of three veterans of the Iraq war, and it tests the efficacy of a method for preventing chronic PTSD that might be more efficient than current methods. Thus, exposure therapy in these three cases appears to have alleviated the intense early symptoms of PTSD, perhaps thereby heading off a chronic debilitating condition. While the Cigrang et al. report does not constitute a definitive demonstration of the efficacy of exposure to abort chronic PTSD, it does convey with great immediacy the Iraq battlefield context as well as the demanding decisions front-line mental health professionals must make about combat-induced psychopathology. Of course, additional research is needed to establish the efficacy and effectiveness of this approach to psychopathology generated by battlefield conditions.
Application of Synthetic Jets to Reduce Stator Flow Separation in a Low Speed Axial Compressor

Flow control using synthetic jet injection has been applied in a low speed axial compressor. The synthetic jets were applied from the suction surface of a stator vane via a span-wise row of slots pitched in the streamwise direction. Actuation was provided externally from acoustic drivers coupled to the vane tip via flexible tubing. The acoustic resonance characteristics of the system, and the resultant jet velocities were obtained. The effects on the separated flow field for various jet velocities and frequencies were explored. Total pressure loss reductions across the vane passage were measured. The effect of synthetic jet injection was shown to be comparable to that of pulsatory injection with mass addition for stator vanes which had separated flow. While only a weak dependence of the beneficial effect was noted based on the excitation frequency, a strong dependence on the amplitude was observed at all frequencies.
Intraoperative modular stem lengthening to treat periprosthetic femur fracture

Fracture of the femur around a femoral prosthesis can be a difficult problem to manage. Treatment options consist of traction, allograft struts, or plating with cerclage fixation, and revision arthroplasty. Intramedullary stabilization is usually preferable to plating for treatment of diaphyseal femur fractures; however, for a fracture around a cementless stem, disruption of the biologically fixed proximal area of the implant and revision to a long-stem component are generally required to permit intramedullary fixation of the fracture. Many modular femoral stems are currently available. Some of these have both proximal and distal modular options. Distal modularity provides the surgeon treating a fracture around a femoral component with a unique opportunity to lengthen the stem during surgery by adding an attachment to the distal stem through the fracture site.
Experimental Measurement of the Total-Energy Distribution of Field-Emitted Electrons

Measurements of the energy distribution of field-emitted electrons with an improved retarding-potential analyzer revealed an unexpectedly narrow distribution width. Further study indicated that the tube measures the distribution in total energy of field-emitted electrons.Experimental distributions as narrow as 0.14 ev were measured. Data were obtained at liquid hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, and room temperatures and were found to be in good agreement with the new theory. The resolution of the improved analyzer is estimated to be between 0.02 and 0.03 electron volt.The experimental results obtained from the very sensitive total-energy distribution measurements serve as a further verification of the Fowler-Nordheim theory in the total-energy representation.
Angled screw holes for anterior posts and a frame-positioning device for gamma knife radiosurgery: allowing for better targeting of intracranial lesions.

Objective Gamma knife radiosurgery requires frame positioning so that the treatment target is as close to the center of the frame and as low as possible to cover all of the posterior fossa contents. In this study, we report the use of two devices developed by the senior author (MWM) that facilitate these two crucial objectives in the treatment of intracranial targets using the gamma knife. Methods Custom front posts with threaded screw holes drilled at 5-, 10-, and 15-degree angles were created by the manufacturer at our request. A U-shaped metal device for frame positioning was designed in-house and fits into the holes at the 100-mm mark on the lateral sides of the Leksell stereotactic frame base. This allowed the positioning device to snap securely into the frame for use in positioning. The positioning device was constructed so that the lowest possible frame position would be achieved with each frame application, while avoiding collisions with the magnetic resonance imaging localizer box. Results Angled front posts allowed for pin contacts with the cranium anterior and/or superior to the superior temporal line despite a lateral or posterior position of the frame. This avoided penetration of the temporalis muscle and reduced discomfort for patients. The U-shaped metal device was used in place of the Velcro straps or ear bars routinely used for frame positioning in which the distance from the frame base to the top of the head must always be measured to avoid collisions with the localizer box. During the past 2 years, these devices have been used on a daily basis, achieving the desired results. In many cases, their use has avoided the need for frame repositioning and rescanning for targets that cannot be reached because of inexact frame positioning. Conclusion A new design with angled screw holes in the front posts used for gamma knife radiosurgery allows surgeons to avoid penetration of the temporalis muscle and to maintain a perpendicular orientation of the fixation screw to the outer table of the cranium. They may also prevent mechanical creep caused by the obliquity of pin contact with the cranium and resulting loss of torque. We also present a simple device that may be useful in frame positioning. The device ensures a frame position as low as possible without the need for measurement at the time of frame positioning.
The Method of Aschaffenburg and Drewry for the Crystallization of β-Lactoglobulin and α-Lactalbumin. 1. Electrophoresis of Fractions and the Calcium2+/Ethylenebis (Oxyethylenenitrilo) Tetraacetic Acid Shift of α-Lactalbumin

Abstract β -Lactoglobulin and α -Lactalbumin were isolated and crystallized by the classical method of Aschaffenburg and Drewry, and the purity of the crystals was assessed by native PAGE and SDS-PAGE. Although β -lactoglobulin was free of contaminants, α -lactalbumin was still contaminated after five recrystallization steps. Yields of crystals in this study were lower than reported by Aschaffenburg and Drewry. Further, it was observed that α -lactalbumin undergoes a Ca 2+ /Ca 2+ -free, dependent electrophoretic shift characteristic of many calcium-binding proteins.
Pharmacodynamics of Moxifloxacin and Levofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model

An in vitro pharmacokinetic model was used to compare the pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against 3 Staphylococcus aureus and 3 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. Logarithmic-phase cultures were inoculated into the peripheral compartment of hollow-fiber cartridges and exposed to the peak serum concentrations achieved in humans with oral doses of moxifloxacin (400 mg) and levofloxacin (500 mg). Drugs were added at 0 and 24 h, elimination kinetics were simulated, and changes in viable bacterial counts were evaluated over the course of 36 h. Moxifloxacin was bactericidal against all 6 staphylococci (times to 99.9% kill, 1-3 h). Against most strains, bacterial killing continued through 36 h, with total kills exceeding 5.5 logs. Levofloxacin was bactericidal against 5 of the strains, with similar times to 99.9% kill. In contrast to moxifloxacin, however, resistant subpopulations emerged in 4 strains during therapy with levofloxacin, and this could have important implications for treatment of staphylococcal infections. These in vitro observations warrant the clinical evaluation of moxifloxacin in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
Adapting to source properties in processing data integration queries

An effective query optimizer finds a query plan that exploits the characteristics of the source data. In data integration, little is known in advance about sources' properties, which necessitates the use of adaptive query processing techniques to adjust query processing on-the-fly. Prior work in adaptive query processing has focused on compensating for delays and adjusting for mis-estimated cardinality or selectivity values. In this paper, we present a generalized architecture for adaptive query processing and introduce a new technique, called adaptive data partitioning (ADP), which is based on the idea of dividing the source data into regions, each executed by different, complementary plans. We show how this model can be applied in novel ways to not only correct for underestimated selectivity and cardinality values, but also to discover and exploit order in the source data, and to detect and exploit source data that can be effectively pre-aggregated. We experimentally compare a number of alternative strategies and show that our approach is effective.
Collusion-resistant fingerprinting systems: review and recent results

This paper provides a review of previous work and recent results on the design and analysis of collusion-resistant fingerprinting systems. Collusion attacks examined in previous work are with constant weights for all colluders. Collusion attacks on continuous media (such as audio and video) with time-varying weights are simple to implement, but have never been treated by other researchers. In recent years, we have proposed a new fingerprinting system called MC-CDMA-based fingerprinting since it is inspired by the multi-carrier code division multi-access (MC-CDMA) communication technique. The time-varying collusion attack can be conveniently analyzed by drawing an analogy to the multi-access interference (MAI) problem in a wireless communication system with a time-varying channel response. As a result, many powerful tools from wireless communications can be borrowed to design a collusion-resistant fingerprinting system. They include codeword design, shifted spreading, pilot-based channel estimation, receiver design, etc. Furthermore, we present results on capacity, throughput, and distortion of a colluded media file. Finally, we will mention some open research problems.
It Could Be a Pearl to You: Exploring Recruitment and Retention of the Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives (PEARLS) With Hard-to-Reach Populations

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY We partnered with 3 social service organizations to identify hard-to-reach populations, barriers to reach, and strategies for improving recruitment and retention for Program to Encourage Active, Rewarding Lives (PEARLS), a home-based depression-care management program for elders. DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted semistructured interviews with staff and former PEARLS participants. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed. RESULTS Veterans, African Americans, Filipino men, other immigrants and English-language learners, old-older adults, rural communities, and people with limited education were identified as hard to reach. The themes of trust, cultural appropriateness, meet them where they are, and framing and reframing, cut across barriers to participation in PEARLS and approaches for overcoming these barriers. IMPLICATIONS Research findings will be used to inform technical assistance activities with PEARLS providers, changes to PEARLS program and training materials, and future PEARLS research activities.
Fluoridated milk has subtle yet significant caries preventive effect on primary teeth

Original Article Bian JY, Wang WH, Wang WJ, Rong WS, Lo EC. Effect of fluoridated milk on caries in primary teeth: 21-month results. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003 Aug;31(4):241-5. Level of Evidence 2b Purpose The authors proposed to study the effect of fluoridating the milk of kindergarten children to the level of 2.5 ppm on caries prevention in primary teeth after 21 months. A control group without access to fluoridated milk was followed simultaneously, using non-fluoridated milk. Source of Funding Financial support was not specifically mentioned, although “support” in general from the Borrow Dental Milk Foundation, the WHO, and Ministry of Health of China was cited. Type of Study Cohort–Prospective
CSIA: a basis for constructing agent brains

A new artificial neuron and related neural network learning algorithm, component sum interval analysis (CSIA) is introduced. The basics and unique features of this algorithm are discussed to include numerical examples. Additionally, CSIA is shown to be directly related to the field of artificial intelligence. Finally, the connection between CSIA and software agents, particularly the use of such agents to train CSIA based artificial neural networks and as a basis for agent brains, is proposed.
Proximity coupled interconnect using zeroth order resonant mushroom structure

This paper presents a proximity coupled interconnect using the zeroth order resonant mushroom structure. The mushroom structure replaces the conventional patch resonator used for an interconnect between two separated transmission lines. By using the zeroth order resonance, the resonant length of the interconnect can be arbitrarily sized. In addition, since the zeroth resonance occurs in the fast-wave region, broadside coupling is possible. The simulated and measured broadside coupling characteristics between zeroth order mushroom structures are shown. Interconnects with continuous and non-continuous ground planes are also designed and fabricated.
Structural and electronic properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy resins

Nanocomposites of cured epoxy resin reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit a plethora of interesting behaviors at the molecular level. We have employed a combination of force-field-based molecular mechanics and first-principles calculations to study the corresponding binding and charge-transfer behavior. The simulation study of various nanotube species and curing agent configurations provides insight into the optimal structures in lieu of interfacial stability. An analysis of charge distributions of the epoxy functionalized semiconducting and metallic tubes reveals distinct level hybridizations. The implications of these results for understanding dispersion mechanism and future nano reinforced composite developments are discussed.
Capacity of the multiple-input, multiple-output Poisson channel

We examine the Shannon capacity of the single-user, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) Poisson channel with peak and average transmit power constraints. We derive upper and lower bounds on the capacity that coincide in a number of special cases.
Tamoxifen-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in pituitary tumor cells in vitro via a protein kinase C-independent pathway

Protein kinase C (PKC), a kinase family involved in cell signal transduction, is overexpressed in most pituitary adenoma cells. We studied the effect of tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist and also a protein kinase inhibitor, on pituitary tumor cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis; and we compared its effects with those of another PKC inhibitor, staurosporine. Tamoxifen induced growth arrest and apoptosis in a mouse pituitary adenoma cell line, AtT20, and in low-passage human primary pituitary tumor cell cultures. Staurosporine also inhibited pituitary tumor cell growth. PKC activity in AtT20 cells was inhibited by staurosporine and by prolonged treatment with phorbol myristate acetate, which down-regulates PKC activity, but not by tamoxifen, at the dosages used to induce apoptosis. Our findings suggest that tamoxifen induces apoptosis in AtT20 cells independent of a classical PKC isozyme pathway.
Late Tertiary paleoclimatic interpretation from lacustrine rhythmites in the Gray Fossil Site, northeastern Tennessee, USA

The Gray Fossil Site (GFS) includes a small (<2 ha) paleosinkhole lake fill with an exceptionally well-preserved record of sedimentation and fossils from the latest Miocene to earliest Pliocene. The uppermost lacustrine stratigraphy is characterized by rhythmites that regularly alternate between coarse-grained and organic-rich (A) laminae and fine-grained, silty clay (B) laminae. Both the A and B components are almost exclusively comprised of exogenic sediment (including organic matter). Periodicities of 24 and 4.4 are recorded within a continuous 96 interpreted year sequence of rhythmite sediment. In a small lake with a poorly oxygenated bottom, the presence of laterally continuous laminated sediment that includes well-known periodicities in rhythmite thickness is interpreted as representing annually generated varves that correspond to seasonal variations in sedimentation. The distinctly larger fraction of medium sand-size quartz grains present within the A laminae, as well as the abrupt transitions between A and B components suggest that the rhythmites represent deposition during alternating high-energy and lower-energy seasons, which is consistent with a monsoonal precipitation pattern. The seasonal climate may relate to changes in the ocean circulation pattern prior to 4.6 Ma that resulted in an increased temperature and atmospheric pressure gradient between the east coast of North America and the Atlantic Ocean, but this climate phase seems to be only a temporary condition, as underlying and overlying sediment are both consistent with drier conditions. The periodicity at 24 interpreted years is consistent with the well-known Hale solar cycle. The 4.4 interpreted-year periodicity occurs within the ENSO frequency band, and if this documentation of ENSO-like interannual climate change is correct, then it suggests that ENSO operated at times during the warm Earth conditions characterizing the late Tertiary.
Equity Style Timing (corrected)

The studies reported here had two purposes: (1) to review the opportunities in short-term timing strategies in the U.S. market and (2) to explore value versus growth investing in theory and in practice. We found that timing strategies in the U.S. market based on asset class and size have historically provided more opportunity for outperformance than a timing strategy based on value (versus growth), albeit with similar information ratios. A multivariate macroeconomic analysis shows that return differences between value and growth stocks can have a straightforward, intuitive basis. In practice, the approach of style timers may vary, but successful style timing depends on efficient implementation.
Studies of Pargyline-Monoamine Oxidase Binding Using a Spin Label Probe Analog

: Analogs of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline with a nitroxide free radical moiety attached through an ether linkage to the para position on the benzene ring have been prepared and reacted with solubilized MAO preparations from rat and beef brain and pig liver. These compounds behave as normal irreversible inhibitors of catalytic activity, with some preference for B-type enzyme. When the reaction was monitored by electron spin resonance (ESR), line broadening effects indicative of binding and with an apparent relation to substrate specificity of the preparation were observed. In addition, there was a slow decrease in intensity of the ESR spectra, which could be retarded by the addition of other MAO inhibitors or increased O2 and enhanced by flavin reduction. It appears to be related to development of the irreversible phase of MAO inhibition. Signal recovery with added O2 and studies of a model reaction with free flavin, suggest the signal loss to be a line broadening effect due to interaction with an enzyme-generated paramagnetic species rather than to direct reduction of the nitroxide radical.
Modulation of neuromuscular transmission by conventional and peptide transmitters released from excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons in Aplysia

The anterior portion of intrinsic buccal muscle (I3a) is innervated by two excitatory motor neurons, B3 and B38, and the newly identified inhibitory motor neuron, B47. We show that B47 is cholinergic while B3 and B38 are not. B3 and B38 have previously been shown to express the neuropeptides FMRFamide and the small cardioactive peptides (SCPs) A and B, respectively. We present evidence here that B47 synthesizes the neuropeptide myomodulin A (Mma). When placed in culture, B3, B38, and B47 continued to synthesize their respective peptides. These peptides were released in a stimulation- and Ca(2+)-dependent manner, suggesting that they are transmitters in these neurons. By using B3-evoked excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) and muscle contractions as assays, we next examined the modulatory effects of superfusion of peptides and stimulation of motor neurons B38 and B47. Superfusing the muscle with low concentrations of the SCPs, FMRFamide, or Mma enhanced B3-evoked EJPs and contractions. Stimulation of B47 simultaneously with B3 reduced the amplitude of B3-evoked contractions. However, when either B47 or B38 was stimulated in extended bursts designed to release their peptide transmitters, subsequent B3-evoked EJPs and contractions were enhanced. We believe that this modulation is due at least in part to the release of peptides from the terminals of B38 and B47. The SCPs potently increase cAMP levels in I3a muscle fibers. Likewise, stimulation of B38 in extended bursts increased cAMP levels in the muscle. This provides independent evidence that the SCPs are released from B38 terminals in the muscle. Therefore, we have described a neuromuscular preparation amenable to the study of both excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons that utilize a variety of conventional and peptide transmitters. Our results suggest that these motor neurons can function in two states. When stimulated in single brief bursts, they primarily release conventional transmitters. When stimulated in a series of prolonged bursts, they release both conventional transmitters and peptide cotransmitters. These dual states are most pronounced in the case of B47, which, depending on the stimulation paradigm, can act selectively to inhibit or enhance the effects of a second motor neuron innervating the same muscle.
Integrating Sequence Variation and Protein Structure to Identify Sites under Selection

We present a novel method to identify sites under selection in protein-coding genes. Our method combines the traditional Goldman-Yang model of coding-sequence evolution with the information obtained from the 3D structure of the evolving protein, specifically the relative solvent accessibility (RSA) of individual residues. We develop a random-effects likelihood sites model in which rate classes are RSA dependent. The RSA dependence is modeled with linear functions. We demonstrate that our RSA-dependent model provides a significantly better fit to molecular sequence data than does a traditional, RSA-independent model. We further show that our model provides a natural, RSA-dependent neutral baseline for the evolutionary rate ratio ω = dN/dS Sites that deviate from this neutral baseline likely experience selection pressure for function. We apply our method to the influenza proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. For hemagglutinin, our method recovers positively selected sites near the sialic acid-binding site and negatively selected sites that may be important for trimerization. For neuraminidase, our method recovers the oseltamivir resistance site and otherwise suggests that few sites deviate from the neutral baseline. Our method is broadly applicable to any protein sequences for which structural data are available or can be obtained via homology modeling or threading.
Adaptive radiation versus intraspecific differentiation: morphological variation in Caribbean Anolis lizards

Lizards in the genus Anolis have experienced adaptive radiation in the Greater Antilles, producing a suite of species morphologically adapted to use different parts of the environment. In the Lesser Antilles, adaptive radiation has not occurred, but on some islands, interpopulational variation is high and represents adaptation to different habitats. We compared the extent of morphological differentiation among Greater Antillean habitat specialists with that exhibited among populations of two species, Anolis marmoratus and A. oculatus, from the Lesser Antillean islands of Guadeloupe and Dominica. Although extensive, intraspecific divergence in the Lesser Antilles is substantially less in magnitude than the differences among habitat specialists in the Greater Antilles. All populations of A. marmoratus are most similar to Greater Antillean trunk-crown habitat specialists, but populations of A. oculatus differ in their affinities: some are similar to trunk-crown anoles, but others are more similar to trunk-ground habitat specialists.
Anicteric and icteric hepatitis after open-heart surgery.

Fifty patients undergoing open-heart surgery were transfused with an average of 12.9 U of whole blood. During the 6 months following surgery, they were tested every 2 weeks for total bilirubin and transaminase levels in order to detect hepatitis. Between the 5th and 9th postoperative weeks, 2 and 8 % of the patients developed icteric and anicteric hepatitis, respectively, according to the elevated serum transaminase levels. Two of the 4 patients diagnosed as having anicteric hepatitis maintained elevations in serum transaminase levels which persisted without symptoms for up to 2 years. No patient received γ-globulin, fibrinogen, or pooled plasma. Compared with other reports dealing with multiple transfusions, the case incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis that we encountered was relatively low. We believe that this is due to the use of blood from volunteers and possibly to the pooled γ-globulin content in the multiple transfusions administered to each patient.