cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bubbles in Prices of Exhaustible Resources

This article proposes a test for the presence of a bubble in the price of an exhaustible resource. A bubble is accompanied by a rise in the storage-to-consumption ratio: Consumption peters out, and a fraction of the original stock is held forever. The test suggests there is a bubble in the price of oil and in the market for high-end Bordeaux wines, but other explanations are also possible. A bubble reduces welfare regardless of whether there are other stores of value, particularly fiat money.
Aggregating learned probabilistic beliefs

We consider the task of aggregating beliefs of several experts. We assume that these beliefs are represented as probability distributions. We argue that the evaluation of any aggregation technique depends on the semantic context of this task. We propose a framework, in which we assume that nature generates samples from a 'true' distribution and different experts form their beliefs based on the subsets of the data they have a chance to observe. Naturally, the optimal aggregate distribution would be the one learned from the combined sample sets. Such a formulation leads to a natural way to measure the accuracy of the aggregation mechanism. We show that the well-known aggregation operator LinOP is ideally suited for that task. We propose a LinOP-based learning algorithm, inspired by the techniques developed for Bayesian learning, which aggregates the experts' distributions represented as Bayesian networks. We show experimentally that this algorithm performs well in practice.
Two-Eyed Algorithms and Problems

Two-eyed algorithms are complex prediction algorithms that give accurate predictions and also give important insights into the structure of the data the algorithm is processing. The main example I discuss is RF/tools, a collection of algorithms for classification, regression and multiple dependent outputs. The last algorithm is a preliminary version and further progress depends on solving some fascinating questions of the characterization of dependency between variables.
Random Algebraic Geometry, Attractors and Flux Vacua

A classic question in probability theory, studied by M. Kac, S. O. Rice andmany others, is to ﬁnd the expected number and distribution of zeroes orcritical points of a random polynomial. The same questions can be asked forrandom holomorphic functions or sections of bundles, and are the subject of“random algebraic geometry.”While this theory has many physical applications, in this article we focus on avariation on a standard question in the theory of disordered systems. This isto ﬁnd the expected distribution of minima of a potential function randomlychosen from an ensemble, which might be chosen to model a crystal withimpurities, a spin glass, or another disordered system. Now whereas standardpotentials are real-valued functions, analogous functions in supersymmetrictheories, such as the superpotential and the central charge. are holomorphicsections of a line bundle. Thus one is interested in ﬁnding the distributionof critical points of a randomly chosen holomorphic section.Two related and much-studied problems of this type are the problem ofﬁnding attractor points in the sense of Ferrara, Kallosh and Strominger,and the problem of ﬁnding ﬂux vacua as posed by Giddings, Kachru andPolchinski. These problems involve a good deal of fascinating mathematicsand are good illustrations of the general theory.1
A cusp singularity with no Galois cover by a complete intersection

With an explicit example, we confirm a conjecture by Neumann and Wahl that there exist cusps with no Galois cover by a complete intersection. Some computational techniques are reviewed, and a method for deciding whether a given cusp has a complete intersection Galois cover is developed.
A New Approach to Solving the Colonial Monetary Puzzle: Evidence from New Jersey, 1709-1775

The market value of colonial New Jersey's paper money is decomposed into its real asset present value and its liquidity premium. Its real asset present value accounted for over 80 percent, whereas its value as money per se accounted for under 20, percent of its market value. Colonial paper money was not a fiat currency. Its liquidity premium was driven by the quantity of paper money in circulation and the method of injection. The quantity theory of money performs poorly when using prices and exchange rates, but performs well when using real asset present values, to measure paper money's expected value.
Realistic Superstring Models

I discuss the construction of realistic superstring standard-like models in the four dimensional free fermionic formulation. I discuss the massless spectrum of the superstring standard-like models and the texture of fermion mass matrices. These models suggest an explanation for the top quark mass hierarchy. At the cubic level of the superpotential only the top quark get a mass term. The lighter quarks and leptons obtain their mass terms from nonrenormalizable terms that are suppressed relative to the cubic order term. A numerical estimate yielded m t ∼175 — 180 GeV. The suppression of the lightest generation masses results from the horizontal symmetries in the superstring models. The problems of neutrino masses, gauge coupling unification and hierarchical SUSY breaking are discussed. I argue that the realistic features of these models are due to the underlying Z 2 × Z2 orbifold, with standard embedding, at the free fermionic point in toroidal compactification space.
Linked symplectic forms and limit linear series in rank 2 with special determinant

Abstract We generalize the prior linked symplectic Grassmannian construction, applying it to prove smoothing results for rank-2 limit linear series with fixed special determinant on chains of curves. We apply this general machinery to prove new results on nonemptiness and dimension of rank-2 Brill–Noether loci in a range of degrees.
The DEN and CCl4‐Induced Mouse Model of Fibrosis and Inflammation‐Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops most often as a complication of fibrosis or cirrhosis. While most human studies of HCC provide crucial insights into the molecular signatures of HCC, seldom do they address the etiology of HCC. Mouse models are essential tools for investigating the pathogenesis of HCC; however, the overwhelming majority of cancer models in rodents do not feature liver fibrosis. Detailed in this unit is a protocol for an experimental mouse model of HCC that arises in association with advanced liver fibrosis. The disease model is induced by a single injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) followed by repeated administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). A dramatic potentiation of liver tumor incidence is observed following administration of DEN and CCl4 , with 100% of mice developing liver tumors at 5 months of age. This model can be employed for studying the molecular mechanisms of fibrogenesis and HCC development, and in cancer hazard/chemotherapy testing of drug candidates.
Model for life-limiting properties of fusion reactor structural materials

A computer model based on available materials property data has been developed to predict the lifetimes of first wall structural materials under a variety of reactor conditions. The model combines the materials property data with the appropriate ranges of limiting criteria to establish design lifetimes as functions of such relevant parameters as temperature and integrated neutron wall loading. Empirical equations developed from existing literature data were used to interpolate and extrapolate the required materials properties over the desired ranges. The present effort has concentrated on the evaluation of two candidate structural materials, namely, Type 316 stainless steel and a vanadium-base alloy (V--15% Cr--5% Ti). Curves have been derived that show the estimated lifetime and life-limiting property as a function of temperature for a specified set of design criteria, e.g., maximum swelling of 4%, minimum uniform elongation of 1%, and total creep strain of <1%, for an applied stress of 103 MPa (15 ksi). The results obtained indicate a much longer design lifetime for the vanadium-base alloy than for stainless steel under the conditions of interest. The computational model has been incorporated into the Tokamak Power Plant Systems Program at Argonne National Laboratory.
Tests and analysis for SLC damping ring data

Beyond typical, open-loop or feedback use, fast, turn-by-turn bunch monitors provide recursive data that determines system dimensionality d and K-entropy whose time fluctuations provide useful diagnostic tools. For injection and extraction, one can study variations in the dimensionality of the attractor with matching, jitter, current and tunes. Comparison to dynamical models then helps to optimize control. Experimental and theoretical examples and their signatures are discussed, e.g. the evolution of the distribution function after injection is studied as a solution of Liouville's equation. >
Time Series Similarity Measures

A distance or similarity function measures the extent to which different time series display different behavior, and can be used to define clusters of time series or to classify a new time series. Keywords: distance function; similarity function; wavelet; dynamic programming; dimensionality reduction
Trinidad and Tobago: The Energy Boom and Proposals for a Sustainable Fiscal Policy

Trinidad and Tobago is experiencing an energy boom stronger than the ones in 1970s and 1980s. The main fiscal policy challenge is to ensure that the increased revenues from the ultimately exhaustible resources are used in a way that protects the competitiveness of the nonenergy sector, builds assets to ensure intergenerational equity, and provides a cushion for stabilization. This paper derives estimates of a sustainable level of primary fiscal balance using Friedman's permanent income hypothesis. These estimates can be used as a guide for the formulation of medium- and long-term fiscal policy frameworks.
Using an asset-based approach to identify drivers of sustainable rural growth and poverty reduction in Central America : a conceptual framework

The asset-based approach considers links between households' productive, social, and locational assets; the policy, institutional, and risk context; household behavior as expressed in livelihood strategies; and well-being outcomes. For sustainable poverty reducing growth, it is critical to examine household asset portfolios and understand how assets interact with the context to influence the selection of livelihood strategies, which in turn determine well-being. Policy reforms can change the context and income-generating potential of assets. Investments can add new assets or increase the efficiency of existing household assets, and also improve households' risk management capacity to protect assets. After all is said and done, a household's asset portfolio will determine whether growth and poverty reduction can be achieved and sustained over time. The asset-based framework is amendable to different analytical techniques. Siegel suggests combining quantitative and qualitative spatial and household level analyses (and linked spatial and household level analyses) to deepen understanding of the complex relationships between assets, context, livelihood strategies, and well-being outcomes.
Engineering Applications of Heuristic Multilevel Optimization Methods

Some engineering applications of heuristic multilevel optimization methods are presented and the discussion focuses on the dependency matrix that indicates the relationship between problem functions and variables. Decompositions are identified with dependency matrices that are full, block diagonal and block triangular with coupling variables. Coordination of the subproblem optimizations is shown to be typically achieved through the use of exact or approximate sensitivity analysis. Areas for further development are identified.
The Complexity of Power-Index Comparison

We study the complexity of the following problem: Given two weighted voting games G? and G?? that each contain a player p, in which of these games is p's power index value higher? We study this problem with respect to both the Shapley-Shubik power index [16] and the Banzhaf power index [3,6]. Our main result is that for both of these power indices the problem is complete for probabilistic polynomial time (i.e., is PP-complete). We apply our results to partially resolve some recently proposed problems regarding the complexity of weighted voting games. We also show that, unlike the Banzhaf power index, the Shapley-Shubik power index is not #P-parsimonious-complete. This finding sets a hard limit on the possible strengthenings of a result of Deng and Papadimitriou [5], who showed that the Shapley-Shubik power index is #P-metric-complete.
Social Assistance Programs and Outcomes: Food Assistance in the Context of Welfare Reform

Food assistance programs play an important role in meeting the basic needs of low-income households. We consider the complex interactions among food stamps, labor force participation, and food insecurity status of low-income households under different program designs and economic conditions. The analysis uses data from the Survey of Program Dynamics to jointly estimate the role of participation in the Food Stamp Program (FSP), labor market participation and well-being, measured as food security, through the use of a simultaneous equation model. The results of our research suggest that food insecurity has a positive effect on FSP participation while labor force participation reduces FSP participation. Furthermore, FSP participation is more responsive to changes in the program benefits than to changes in nonlabor income. The linkages among food program participation, labor force participation, and well-being, measured in terms of food insecurity, are complex. The structural approach provides evidence that, among low-income households, program parameters affect FSP participation but no evidence that the food assistance reduces food insecurity.
Comments on multiplicativity of maximal p -norms when p=2

We consider the maximal p-norm associated with a completely positivemap and the question of its multiplicativity under tensor products. Wegive a condition under which this multiplicativity holds when p = 2, andwe describe some maps which satisfy our condition. This class includesmaps for which multiplicativity is known to fail for large p.Our work raises some questions of independent interest in matrix theory; these are discussed in two appendices.
Local structural disorder and superconductivity in K x Fe 2 − y Se 2

We report significantly enhanced magnetic moment in K${}_{0.69(2)}$Fe${}_{1.45(1)}$Se${}_{2.00(1)}$ single crystals with sharp ${T}_{c}$ and bulk superconductivity obtained by postannealing and quenching process. There are two Fe sites in the K${}_{0.69(2)}$Fe${}_{1.45(1)}$Se${}_{2.00(1)}$ unit cell: Fe1, which has higher symmetry with longer average Fe-Se bond length, and Fe2, which has lower symmetry with shorter average Fe-Se bond length. Temperature-dependent x-ray absorption fine-structure (XAFS) analysis results on quenched and as-grown K${}_{0.69(2)}$Fe${}_{1.45(1)}$Se${}_{2.00(1)}$ crystals show that quenched K${}_{0.69(2)}$Fe${}_{1.45(1)}$Se${}_{2.00(1)}$ have increased average Fe-Se bond length and decreased static disorder. Our results indicate that nonzero population of Fe1 sites is the key structural parameter that governs the bulk superconductivity. We also show clear evidence that Fe1 sites carry higher magnetic moment than Fe2 sites.
Upscaling colloid transport and retention under unfavorable conditions: Linking mass transfer to pore and grain topology

[1] We revisit the classic upscaling approach for predicting Darcy-scale colloid retention based on pore-scale processes, and explore the implicit assumption that retention is a Markov process. Whereas this assumption holds under favorable attachment conditions, it cannot be assumed to hold under unfavorable conditions due to accumulation of colloids in the near-surface fluid domain. We develop a novel link between two-layer mass transfer parameters and the topologies of the pore and collector domains, starting with an elegant outcome of classic colloid filtration theory: that the likelihood of mass transfer from the bulk- to the near-surface fluid domain depends strongly on colloid proximity to the forward flow stagnation axis of each collector (grain). Applying this concept to colloid mass transfer from the near-surface to the bulk fluid domain yields the conclusion that such mass transfer predominantly occurs at rear-flow stagnation zones on collector surfaces. We support this concept with experimental proof that the alignment of rear and forward flow stagnation zones influences colloid mass transfer to surfaces. Colloid accumulation in the near-surface fluid domain under unfavorable conditions may produce extended tailing of colloids during elution in Darcy-scale studies by: (1) long residence times of colloids in the near-surface fluid domain; (2) direct propagation of near-surface colloids from upstream to downstream collectors. The latter generates correlated motion that violates the assumed independence of colloid retention on history of transport. We suggest an approach to upscaling that accounts for the above-described influences of colloid-surface interactions and pore/collector domain topology.
Studies of Current-Driven Excitations in Co/Cu/Co Trilayer Nanopillars

Summary. We measure the dynamic resistance of a Co/Cu/Co trilayer nanopillar at varied magnetic field H and current I. The resistance displays the usual behavior, almost symmetric in H, both when magnetization switching is hysteretic at small I, H, and reversible at larger I, H. We show differences in the I, H magnetization stability diagram measured by holding I fixed and varying H and vice versa. We also show how the peak in dV /dI associated with telegraph noise in the reversible switching regime, is calculated from the telegraph noise variations with I. Lastly, we show data for a similar sample that displays behavior asymmetric in H ,a nd a negative reversible switching peak instead of a usual positive one.
El rechazo al cambio en el cambio educativo: sistemas de ideas y construcción de políticas y modelos de evaluación nacionales

El presente trabajo acerca de la razon como escenario de las politicas escolares parte de un proyecto llevado a cabo por investigadores noruegos con el proposito de evaluar sus propios sistemas educativos. La evaluacion se proponia proveer un sistema de administracion social y de disciplina que produjera libertad para los ninos del futuro. El articulo problematiza en torno a la razon, o las reglas segun las cuales se construyen las politicas, y se centra en tres puntos. El primero consiste en considerar las practicas de reforma educativa como modelos de administracion social. El segundo aborda el sistema de "razon" en el mundo de la educacion como principio generador de inclusion y de exclusion social. En el apartado final se exploran las dificultades que suele enfrentar la investigacion y la evaluacion actuales cuando intentan reproducir los sistemas de "razon" vigentes en su propia construccion
"Core" and "Periphery" in the World Economy: An Empirical Assessment of the Dependence of Third World Growth on the Developed Countries

This paper classifies the relationship between the developed and developing countries into three categories: strong dependency, weak dependency and independence of the developing country on the developed world (G-7). A country is characterized as strongly (weakly) dependent when it has a negative (positive) response to permanent shocks originating from the center and the weight of these shocks is relatively important in explaining total variation in the output of the developing country. Independence is characterized with low weight of shocks from the center. The results of a dynamic vector autoregressive model suggest that from the sample of 86 developed countries only five of them could be considered strongly dependent, while the others are roughly divided equally into weakly dependent and independent.
An Optimal Resource Allocation Tool for Urban Development Using GIS-based Accessibility Measures and Stochastic Frontier Analysis

This paper presents a tool that identifies specific locations in California where resource allocation has succeeded in maximizing benefits to the public. The tool and the Geographic Information System (GIS) map derived from this tool also indicate which locations in California fail to be optimal and require their residents to travel excessively to pursue the same amount of activities in comparison to other optimal locations around the state. Stochastic frontier regression analysis, along with a wide variety of derived land use and transportation infrastructure indicators as inputs, are used to measure efficiency. The outputs include location opportunities, such as retail, education, health, and manufacturing. The tool shows which demographic segments suffer the most from suboptimal time allocation and what type of investment is needed to lessen this burden. This new tool also shows the distribution of benefits of the transportation system and identifies differences in benefits across regions. In addition to the substantive findings about and mapping of the relative investment efficiency in California, this paper also presents a method to assess efficiency in a multi-objective environment.
AFRICA'S UNFINISHED BUSINESS: BUILDING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS

This paper addresses four questions: · What lessons can be drawn from the "rise and decline" of NARS in Africa? · What can African research managers learn from some of the successful reforms of NARS in Asia and Latin America over the past 10 to 15 years? · What are the major challenges facing the NARS in the ASARECA region in the coming 10-20 years? · What are the critical reforms and the incentives needed to develop pluralistic, accountable, productive and financially self-sustaining NARS in AFRICA?
CAPTCHA: using hard AI problems for security

We introduce captcha, an automated test that humans can pass, but current computer programs can't pass: any program that has high success over a captcha can be used to solve an unsolved Artificial Intelligence (AI) problem. We provide several novel constructions of captchas. Since captchas have many applications in practical security, our approach introduces a new class of hard problems that can be exploited for security purposes. Much like research in cryptography has had a positive impact on algorithms for factoring and discrete log, we hope that the use of hard AI problems for security purposes allows us to advance the field of Artificial Intelligence. We introduce two families of AI problems that can be used to construct captchas and we show that solutions to such problems can be used for steganographic communication. captchas based on these AI problem families, then, imply a win-win situation: either the problems remain unsolved and there is a way to differentiate humans from computers, or the problems are solved and there is a way to communicate covertly on some channels.
Satellite-aided land mobile communications system implementation considerations

It was proposed that a satellite-based land mobile radio system could effectively extend the terrestrial cellular mobile system into rural and remote areas. The market, technical and economic feasibility for such a system is studied. Some of the aspects of implementing an operational mobile-satellite system are discussed. In particular, two key factors in implementation are examined: (1) bandwidth requirements; and (2) frequency sharing. Bandwidth requirements are derived based on the satellite antenna requirements, modulation characteristics and numbers of subscribers. Design trade-offs for the satellite system and potential implementation scenarios are identified. Frequency sharing is examined from a power flux density and modulation viewpoint. Previously announced in STAR as N82-25290
An improved map of conserved regulatory sites for Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The regulatory map of a genome consists of the binding sites for proteins that determine the transcription of nearby genes. An initial regulatory map for S. cerevisiae was recently published using six motif discovery programs to analyze genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation data for 203 transcription factors. The programs were used to identify sequence motifs that were likely to correspond to the DNA-binding specificity of the immunoprecipitated proteins. We report improved versions of two conservation-based motif discovery algorithms, PhyloCon and Converge. Using these programs, we create a refined regulatory map for S. cerevisiae by reanalyzing the same chromatin immunoprecipitation data. Applying the same conservative criteria that were applied in the original study, we find that PhyloCon and Converge each separately discover more known specificities than the combination of all six programs in the previous study. Combining the results of PhyloCon and Converge, we discover significant sequence motifs for 36 transcription factors that were previously missed. The new set of motifs identifies 636 more regulatory interactions than the previous one. The new network contains 28% more regulatory interactions among transcription factors, evidence of greater cross-talk between regulators. Combining two complementary computational strategies for conservation-based motif discovery improves the ability to identify the specificity of transcriptional regulators from genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation data. The increased sensitivity of these methods significantly expands the map of yeast regulatory sites without the need to alter any of the thresholds for statistical significance. The new map of regulatory sites reveals a more elaborate and complex view of the yeast genetic regulatory network than was observed previously.
Number of Matches and Magnitude of Correlation

A definition of the correlation as the proportion of matches between two continuous variables is described. This definition is compared to other coefficients; in particular, coefficients that are used to describe the association in a 2 × 2 contingency. These include Yule's Q, Peirce's coefficient, the ϕ-coefficient, and the Binomial Effect Size Display (BESD). Keywords: correlation coefficient; association; contingency table
Ferromagnetic Material in the Superconductor and Its Effect on the Magnetization Sextupole and Decapole in the SSC Dipoles at Injection

It has been shown that the magnetization of a multi-filamentary superconductor can be altered by adding nickel to the composite strand. This report presents the results of calculations of the magnetization sextupole and higher multipoles in a 5 cm Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) dipole with and without nickel as part of the strand composite. The relative distribution of the nickel in the inner and outer coil conductors can be used to effectively eliminate sextupole and decapole at the SSC dipole injection field. Calculations of magnetization sextupole in the dipole are presented for strand with substituted nickel filaments and strand with electroplated nickel. The effect of nickel in the strand on the SSC dipole field quality at fields above the injection field is described. The effect of nickel in the strand on magnetization sextupole flux creep decay and the magnetization sextupole temperature dependence is also discussed.
Cosmic rays and other nonsense in astronomical CCD imagers

Cosmic-ray muons make recognizable straight tracks in the new-generation CCD's with thick sensitive regions. Wandering tracks (‘worms’), which we identify with multiply-scattered low-energy electrons, are readily recognized as different from the muon tracks. These appear to be mostly recoils from Compton-scattered gamma rays, although worms are also produced directly by beta emitters in dewar windows and field lenses. The gamma rays are mostly byproducts of 40K decay and the U and Th decay chains. Trace amounts of these elements are nearly always present in concrete and other materials. The direct betas can be eliminated and the Compton recoils can be reduced significantly by the judicious choice of materials and shielding. The cosmic-ray muon rate is irreducible. Our conclusions are supported by tests at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory low-level counting facilities in Berkeley and 180 m underground at Oroville, California.
Distances between time-series and their autocorrelation statistics

We begin with an interpretation of the L 1-distance between two power spectral densities and then, following an analogous rationale, we develop a natural metric for quantifying distance between respective covariance matrices.
Sharper changes in topologies

Let G be a Polish group, ia Polish topology on a space X, G acting continuously on (X, ir), with B C X G-invariant and in the Borel algebra generated by ir. Then there is a larger Polish topology -r* D ir on X so that B is open with respect to r*, G still acts continuously on (X, -r*), and -r* has a basis consisting of sets that are of the same Borel rank as B relative to -r.
Coupling cyclizations with fragmentations for the preparation of heteroaromatics: quinolines from o-alkenyl arylisocyanides and boronic acids

Stereoelectronic restrictions on homoallylic ring expansion in alkyne cascades can be overcome by using alkenes as synthetic equivalents of alkynes in reaction cascades that are terminated by C–C bond fragmentation. Implementation of this approach using Mn(III)-mediated reaction of o-alkenyl isocyanides and boronic acids leads to efficient synthesis of substituted quinolines.
A note on Kneser-Haken finiteness

Kneser-Haken finiteness asserts that for each compact 3-manifold M there is an integer c(M) such that any collection of k > c(M) closed, essential, 2-sided surfaces in M must contain parallel elements. We show here that if M is closed, then twice the number of tetrahedra in a (pseudo)-triangulation of M suffices for c(M).
Young Neutron Stars and Their Wind Nebulae

With Tera gauss magnetic fields, surface gravity sufficiently strong to significantly modify light paths, central densities higher than that of a standard nucleus, and rotation periods of only hundredths of a second, young neutron stars are sites of some of the most extreme physical conditions known in the Universe. They generate magnetic winds with particles that are accelerated to energies in excess of a TeV. These winds form synchrotron-emitting bubbles as the particle stream is eventually decelerated to match the general expansion caused by the explosion that formed the neutron stars. The structure of these pulsar wind nebulae allow us to infer properties of the winds and the pulsating neutron stars themselves. The surfaces of the the stars radiate energy from the rapidly cooling interiors where the physical structure is basically unknown because of our imprecise knowledge of the strong interaction at ultrahigh densities. Here I present a summary of recent measurements that allow us to infer the birth properties of neutron stars and to probe the nature of their winds, the physics of their atmospheres, and the structure of their interiors.
An invariant of tangle cobordisms

We construct a new invariant of tangle cobordisms. The invariant of a tangle is a complex of bimodules over certain rings, well-defined up to chain homotopy equivalence. The invariant of a tangle cobordism is a homomorphism between complexes of bimodules assigned to boundaries of the' cobordism.
A Note on Data-Driven Contaminant Simulation

In this paper we introduce a numerical procedure for performing dynamic data driven simulations (DDDAS). The main ingredient of our simulation is the multiscale interpolation technique that maps the sensor data into the solution space. We test our method on various synthetic examples. In particular we show that frequent updating of the sensor data in the simulations can significantly improve the prediction results and thus important for applications. The frequency of sensor data updating in the simulations is related to streaming capabilities and addressed within DDDAS framework. A further extension of our approach using local inversion is also discussed.
Bayesian truthful mechanisms for job scheduling from bi-criterion approximation algorithms

We provide polynomial-time approximately optimal Bayesian mechanisms for makespan minimization on unrelated machines as well as for max-min fair allocations of indivisible goods, with approximation factors of 2 and min{m−k+1, O([EQUATION]k)} respectively matching the approximation ratios of best known polynomial-time algorithms (for max-min fairness, the latter claim is true for certain ratios of the number of goods m to people k). Our mechanisms are obtained by establishing a polynomial-time approximation-sensitive reduction from the problem of designing approximately optimal mechanisms for some arbitrary objective O to that of designing bi-criterion approximation algorithms for the same objective O plus a linear allocation cost term. Our reduction is itself enabled by extending the celebrated "equivalence of separation and optimization" [27, 32] to also accommodate bi-criterion approximations. Moreover, to apply the reduction to the specific problems of makespan and max-min fairness we develop polynomial-time bi-criterion approximation algorithms for makespan minimization with costs and max-min fairness with costs, adapting the algorithms of [45], [10] and [4] to the type of bi-criterion approximation that is required by the reduction.
Magnetic structure of the antiferromagnetic Kondo lattice compounds CeRhAl4Si2 and CeIrAl4Si2

We have investigated the magnetic ground state of the antiferromagnetic Kondo-lattice compounds CeMAl4Si2(M = Rh, Ir) using neutron powder diffraction. Although both of these compounds show two magnetic transitions TN1 and TN2 in the bulk properties measurements, evidence for magnetic long-range order was only found below the lower transition TN2. Analysis of the diffraction profiles reveals a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with a propagation vector k = (0, 0, 1/2). The magnetic moment in the ordered state of CeRhAl4Si2 and CeIrAl4Si2 were determined to be 1.14(2) and 1.41(3) μB Ce−1, respectively, and are parallel to the crystallographic c-axis in agreement with magnetic susceptibility measurements.
d-Separation: From Theorems to Algorithms

Abstract An efficient algorithm is developed that identifies all independencies implied by the topology of a Bayesian network. Its correctness and maximality stems from the soundness and completeness of d -separation with respect to probability theory. The algorithm runs in time 0 (|E|) where E is the number of edges in the network
Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and multiple-dose rituximab as frontline therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) result in durable responses in patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Previous reports have suggested that in patients with relapsed CLL, a dose-intensified rituximab regimen increases response rates in comparison with standard-dose rituximab. It is unknown whether rituximab intensification of the FCR regimen will result in improved response rates and patient outcomes in patients with previously untreated CLL. METHODS A single-arm study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a modified FCR regimen with multiple-dose rituximab (FCR3) in 65 patients with previously untreated CLL. The results were compared with those for a historical cohort treated with FCR. RESULTS The overall response rate to FCR3 was 97%, with 75% of the patients achieving a complete remission. Minimal residual disease negativity was achieved for 62% of the patients according to flow cytometry. The median time to progression (TTP) was 81 months, and the median overall survival (OS) was not reached, with 58% of the patients still alive at a median survivor follow-up of 9.7 years. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia, grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia, and major infections were observed with 45%, 5%, and 1.9% of the FCR3 courses, respectively. Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) or therapy-related acute myelogenous leukemia (t-AML) developed in 7 patients (11%; P < .01 vs the historical FCR cohort). CONCLUSIONS In patients with previously untreated CLL, FCR3 resulted in response rates, TTP, and OS similar to those of a historical cohort of patients treated with FCR. FCR3 was associated with an increased incidence of t-MDS/t-AML. Cancer 2015. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Term Algebras with Length Function and Bounded Quantifier Alternation

Term algebras have wide applicability in computer science. Unfortunately, the decision problem for term algebras has a nonelementary lower bound, which makes the theory and any extension of it intractable in practice. However, it is often more appropriate to consider the bounded class, in which formulae can have arbitrarily long sequences of quantifiers but the quantifier alternation depth is bounded. In this paper we present new quantifier elimination procedures for the first-order theory of term algebras and for its extension with integer arithmetic. The elimination procedures deal with a block of quantifiers of the same type in one step. We show that for the bounded class of at most k quantifier alternations, regardless of the total number of quantifiers, the complexity of our procedures is k-fold exponential (resp. 2k fold exponential) for the theory of term algebras (resp. for the extended theory with integers).
Valuing Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Environmental resources in the Great Plains supply a flow of direct and indirect services to the citizenry. The services provided by these ecosystems and their corresponding levels of biological diversity are multifarious—ranging from basic life-support to the filtration of nonpoint source pollution from urban and rural runoff. While these resources provide a nearly limitless set of valuable attributes, many of their services remain unpriced by the market. The services are rarely bought and sold by the pound on the auction block, and therefore never enter into private markets and remain unpriced by the public sector. For example, the market price of cropland does not generally account for the nutrient filtration and wildlife habitat services provided by a Nebraska wetland. The market undervalues wetland services because the associated costs and benefits accrue to more than just the owner of the land. Water filtration benefits all those downstream; wildlife does not stay within the confines of one landowner’s property. This inability to exclude others from enjoying benefits or suffering costs prevents the market price from sending the correct signal about the true value of the wetland (Crocker and Tschirhart 1992).
Join the Shortest Queue with Many Servers. The Heavy-Traffic Asymptotics

We consider queueing systems with n parallel queues under a Join the Shortest Queue (JSQ) policy in the Halfin-Whitt heavy-traffic regime. We use the martingale method to prove that a scaled process counting the number of idle servers and queues of length exactly two weakly converges to a two-dimensional reflected Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, while processes counting longer queues converge to a deterministic system decaying to zero in constant time. This limiting system is comparable to that of the traditional Halfin-Whitt model, but there are key differences in the queueing behavior of the JSQ model. In particular, only a vanishing fraction of customers will have to wait, but those who do incur a constant order waiting time.
From Liberty to Equality: The Transformation of the Establishment Clause

In this Article, Professor Feldman argues that in the last fifty years, the Supreme Court has transformed the rationale of the Establishment Clause from protecting the liberty of conscience of religious dissenters to guaranteeing the political equality of religious minorities. When it invented the modern Establishment Clause in 1947, the Court anachronistically emphasized avoidance of religious violence, but correctly identified protection of religious liberty as the central goal of the Clause. Since then, the Court gradually developed a new justification for the separation of church and state: entanglement would cause religious minorities to feel like political outsiders, and thus create political inequality. Having traced the transformation from a liberty rationale to an equality rationale through the cases, Professor Feldman evaluates the consequences by reexamining the central modern Establishment Clause question: what is so special about religion? He argues that none of the possible answers suffices to explain why the Establishment Clause should be read to protect religious minorities' political equality. Religious minorities are not uniquely vulnerable to political inequality compared to racial, linguistic, or political minorities. The Article concludes by arguing that the political-equality approach to the Clause has distorted Establishment Clause jurisprudence. In the sphere of public manifestations of religion, it has produced tenuous distinctions between impermissible state action and permissible collective private action. In the sphere of government support of religious institutions, the political-equality approach, which set out to explain why the Constitution requires separation of church and state, could eliminate separation altogether by permitting government funding of religious institutions via formally equal, general allocations of funds.
Families of rationally connected varieties

Recall that a proper variety X is said to be rationally connected if two general points p, q ∈ X are contained in the image of a map g : P → X. This is clearly a birationally invariant property. When X is smooth, this turns out to be equivalent to the a priori weaker condition that two general points can be joined by a chain of rational curves and also to the a priori stronger condition that for any finite subset Γ ⊂ X, there is a map g : P → X whose image contains Γ and such that gTX is an ample bundle.
Impedance of a sphere oscillating in an elastic medium with and without slip

The dynamic impedance of a sphere oscillating in an elastic medium is considered. Oestreicher’s [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 23, 707–714 (1951)] formula for the impedance of a sphere bonded to the surrounding medium can be expressed in a relatively simple form in terms of three lumped impedances associated with the displaced mass and the longitudinal and transverse waves. If the surface of the sphere slips while the normal velocity remains continuous, the impedance formula is modified by adjusting the definition of the transverse impedance to include the interfacial impedance.
Synthesis of chiral chromans by the Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA): scope, mechanism, and applications.

The Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) of phenol allyl carbonates serves as an efficient strategy to construct the allylic C−O bond allowing access to chiral chromans in up to 98% ee. The effect of pH and the influence of olefin geometry, as well as substitution pattern on the ee and the absolute configuration of the chiral chromans were explored in detail. These observations suggest a mechanism involving the cyclization of the more reactive π-allyl palladium diastereomeric intermediate as the enantiodiscriminating step (Curtin−Hammett conditions). This methodology led to the enantioselective synthesis of the vitamin E core, the first enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-clusifoliol and (−)-siccanin, and the synthesis of an advanced intermediate toward (+)-rhododaurichromanic acid A.
Neural Network–Based Intelligent Compaction Analyzer for Estimating Compaction Quality of Hot Asphalt Mixes

Continuous real-time estimating of compaction quality during the construction of a hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavement is addressed in this paper. The densification of asphalt pavements during construction usually is accomplished by using vibratory compactors. During compaction, the compactor and the asphalt mat form a coupled system whose dynamics are influenced by the changing stiffness of the mat. The measured vibrations of the compactor along with process parameters such as lift thickness, mix type, mix temperature, and compaction pressure can be used to predict the asphalt mat density. Contrary to existing techniques in the literature in which a model is developed to fit experimental data and to predict mat density, a neural network-based approach is adopted that is model-free and uses pattern-recognition techniques to estimate density. The neural network is designed to read the entire frequency spectrum of roller vibrations and to classify these vibrations into different levels. The intelligent asphalt c...
Teaching for Critical Thinking

This article reviews the core process of critical thinking â€“ hunting assumptions â€“ and explains how this process differs according to the context of what is being taught and the different intellectual traditions that inform teachersâ€™ own backgrounds. It outlines a basic protocol of critical thinking as a learning process that focuses on uncovering and checking assumptions, exploring alternative perspectives, and taking informed actions as a result. Three different categories of assumptions â€“ paradigmatic, prescriptive, and causal â€“ are defined, and the teaching methods and approaches that most help students to think critically are explored. The article examines in detail the fact that critical thinking is best experienced as a social learning process, and how important it is for teachers to model the process for students.
Online bottleneck matching

We consider the online bottleneck matching problem, where k server-vertices lie in a metric space and k request-vertices that arrive over time each must immediately be permanently assigned to a server-vertex. The goal is to minimize the maximum distance between any request and its server. Because no algorithm can have a competitive ratio better than O(k) for this problem, we use resource augmentation analysis to examine the performance of three algorithms: the naive Greedy algorithm, Permutation, and Balance. We show that while the competitive ratio of Greedy improves from exponential (when each server-vertex has one server) to linear (when each server-vertex has two servers), the competitive ratio of Permutation remains linear. The competitive ratio of Balance is also linear with an extra server at each server-vertex, even though it has been shown that an extra server makes it constant-competitive for the min-weight matching problem.
The formation and electroreduction of silver sulfide films at a silver metal electrode

Abstract The anodic formation of Ag2S films at a polycrystalline silver electrode in alkaline solution containing hydrosulfide was studied using a rotating ring-disk (RRDE) electrode. We report for the first time on the occurrence of multistate sulfide adsorption (UPD of sulfide). The total surface coverage in the UPD region is ~ 0.5, which corresponds to an adsorbate having the stoichiometry of Ag2Sads. Three distinct pairs of oxidation/reduction current peaks were found and are attributed to differences in sulfide adsorption energies at three sites on the silver electrode. Inconsistencies among published reaction mechanisms for silver sulfide formation are discussed.
Adaptive internal model control: the discrete-time case

This paper considers the design and analysis of a discrete-time H2 optimal robust adaptive controller based on the internal model control structure. The certainty equivalence principle of adaptive control is used to combine a discrete-time robust adaptive law with a discrete-time H2 internal model controller to obtain a discrete-time adaptive H2 internal model control scheme with provable guarantees of stability and robustness. The approach used parallels the earlier results obtained for the continuous-time case. Nevertheless, there are some differences which, together with the widespread use of digital computers for controls applications, justifies a separate exposition. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.