cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water storage, mixing, and fluxes in tile-drained agricultural fields inferred from stable water isotopes

Abstract Quantifying hydrological processes that control the upper critical zone water balance and contaminant transport in drained landscapes is needed, especially as precipitation patterns driving water balance dynamics continue to shift due to climate change. Here, hydrometric data are integrated with stable isotope signatures to quantify water storage, mixing, and fluxes to subsurface tile drainage at an agricultural field located in Indiana, USA. Over a 2-yr period, precipitation, soil water sampled with suction lysimeters (10–80 cm depth), groundwater (below tile depth; >1 m), and subsurface tile discharge were sampled 97 times. Results showed that isotopic variability in near-surface soil water (10–20 cm) reflected the seasonality of the precipitation input signal, while groundwater values were relatively consistent indicating that water stored below tile drain depth was recharged during winter. Soil water between 20 and 80 cm depth was a mixture of near-surface water and groundwater that varied seasonally depending upon groundwater hydrodynamics. Mean transit time of water ranged from 12 to 20 d for 10-cm soil water to 225–334 d for groundwater, with tile drainage exhibiting a mean transit time of 245 d. Both two- and three-component hydrograph separation indicated that groundwater was the primary source of water to the tile drain followed by soil water. Tile drain hydrograph response (i.e., celerity) was largely controlled by antecedent wetness. Comparison of tile drain celerities and velocities revealed however varying mechanisms controlling hydrograph response across a range of environmental conditions. Data sets of both water and tracer flux were, thus, useful to track the spatiotemporal variability of water fluxes within and from the critical zone. Such data provide valuable information to improve the representation of critical zone processes in these landscapes within spatially distributed hydrological models.
Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plants: Paving the Way for Thermal Solar

Abstract Integrated Solar Combined Cycle Power Plants (ISCCs), composed of a Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant and a Natural Gas-Fired Combined Cycle (NGCC) power plant, have been recently introduced in the power generation sector as a technology with the potential to simultaneously reduce fossil fuel usage and the costs of integrating solar power in an electricity system. This study quantifies the economic and environmental benefits of an ISCC power plant relative to a stand-alone CSP with energy storage, and a NGCC plant. The corresponding levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and the Cost of Carbon Abatement (CoA) are estimated by simulating hourly operations for five U.S. locations with different solar resources and ambient temperature, under varying assumptions regarding natural gas prices, tax incentives, capacity factors, and capital costs. Results show that integrating the CSP into an ISCC reduces the LCOE of solar-generated electricity by 35–40% relative to a stand-alone CSP plant, and provides the additional benefit of dispatchability. An ISCC also outperforms a CSP with energy storage in terms of LCOE and CoA. The current LCOE of an ISCC is lower than that of a stand-alone NGCC when natural gas prices reach 13.5 $/MMBtu, while its CoA is lower at a fuel price of 8.5 $/MMBtu. Although, under low to moderate natural gas price conditions, a NGCC generates electricity and abates carbon emissions at a lower cost than an ISCC; small changes in the capacity factor of an ISCC relative to the NGCC, or capital cost reductions for the CSP components significantly tilt the balance in the ISCC’s favor. Hence, this technology should be seriously considered as a cost-effective baseload electricity generation alternative to speed up the transition to sustainable energy systems.
CYP3A5 regulates prostate cancer cell growth by facilitating nuclear translocation of AR

BACKGROUND The central role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling is established in prostate cancer growth and progression. We propose CYP3A5 is part of a feedback loop that modulates the sensitivity of AR to androgen exposure. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the mechanism of regulation of AR expression by CYP3A5. METHODS To identify the role of CYP3A5 in regulating AR signaling, CYP3A5 protein expression was inhibited using CYP3A5 siRNA and azamulin. Both cell fractionation and immunocytochemical approaches in combination with dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and R1881 treatment were used to evaluate changes in AR nuclear translocation. RESULTS CYP3A5 siRNA blocked growth of LNCaP and C4–2 cells by 30–60% (P ≤ 0.005). Azamulin, a CYP3A pharmacologic inhibitor, reduced the growth of LNCaP, C4–2 and 22RV1 lines by ∼40% (P ≤ 0.005). CYP3A5 siRNA inhibited growth in response to DHT and R1881 treatment in LNCaP and C4–2 by decreasing nuclear AR localization and resulting in diminished PSA and TMPRSS2 expression. Decreased AR nuclear localization resulting from CYP3A5 inhibition resulted in growth inhibition comparable to IC60 and IC40 of bicalutamide in LNCaP and C4–2 cell lines. Conversely, the CYP3A inducer rifampicin enhanced AR nuclear localization. CONCLUSION As CYP3A5 regulates the nuclear translocation of AR; co-targeting CYP3A5 may provide a novel strategy for enhancing the efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy. Consequentially, these data suggest that concomitant medications may impact androgen deprivation therapy's efficacy. Prostate 75: 527–538, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
R—Factors of Escherichia coli from Dressed Beef and Humans

One hundred eighty Escherichia coli strains isolated from raw and cooked dressed beef and from healthy humans were screened for resistance to each of nine antibiotics: chlortetracycline, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, neomycin, nalidixic acid, dihydrostreptomycin, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline. Nearly 80% of the 98 beef isolates and 54% of the 82 human isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Ampicillin resistance was most frequent among beef isolates, and dihydrostreptomycin resistance was most frequent among isolates of human origin. About 74% of the multiply resistant beef strains and 85% of the multiply resistant human strains transferred all or part of their resistance to E. coli K-12 recipients.
The U.S. Navy's war record with tetanus toxoid.

Excerpt In all the wars of history, tetanus has been a major menace and a master killer. The adoption of tetanus toxoid prophylaxis by some of the military forces in World War II presented an oppor...
On Being a Strength Coach: Child Welfare and the Strengths Model

Strength coaches help athletes assess their strengths and build on them. Likewise, social workers dealing with children and families in the child welfare system, rather than looking for pathology, can learn to help clients discover and develop their strengths, even while dealing with a child welfare bureaucracy. This article gives examples of the strength coach approach.
Effects of repeated yohimbine administration on reinstatement of palatable food seeking: involvement of dopamine D1‐like receptors and food‐associated cues

Acute exposure to the pharmacological stressor yohimbine induces relapse to both food and drug seeking in a rat model. However, no systematic studies on the effects of chronic stress on relapse have been conducted. Because chronic stress causes changes in dopamine D1 -like receptor-mediated transmission in prefrontal cortex (a relapse node), we tested the hypothesis that chronic exposure to stress increases vulnerability to relapse via dopamine-mediated mechanisms. Additionally, to determine the role of food-conditioned cues in reinstatement of food seeking, we made discrete food-paired cues either available (CS Present) or not available (CS Absent) during extinction and reinstatement testing. Rats responded for palatable food reinforcers in daily 3-hour sessions, and the behavior was extinguished. To model chronic stress, rats were injected daily with yohimbine (0.0, 2.5, or 5.0 mg/kg; i.p.) during the first 7 days of extinction. Injections were combined with SCH-23390 (0.0, 5.0, or 10.0 µg/kg; i.p.), a D1 -like receptor antagonist. Rats were then tested for reinstatement of food seeking triggered by acute yohimbine (0.0, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/kg; i.p.) and pellet priming. Rats treated previously with chronic yohimbine displayed increased responding following acute yohimbine priming relative to non-chronically stressed rats, but in the CS Absent condition only. Conversely, the lower dose of chronic yohimbine caused an increase in pellet-primed reinstatement, but this effect was more pronounced in the CS Present condition. Importantly, SCH-23390 combined with repeated yohimbine injections attenuated these effects. Thus, chronic stress may increase vulnerability to relapse under specific circumstances via a dopamine D1 -like receptor-mediated mechanism.
Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review

Ectopic pregnancy is a potentially life-threatening condition occurring in 1-2 % of all pregnancies. The most common ectopic implantation site is the fallopian tube, though 10 % of ectopic pregnancies implant in the cervix, ovary, myometrium, interstitial portion of the fallopian tube, abdominal cavity or within a cesarean section scar. Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical symptoms, serology, and ultrasound. Medical management is a safe and effective option in most clinically stable patients. Patients who have failed medical management, are ineligible, or present with ruptured ectopic pregnancy or heterotopic pregnancy are most often managed with excision by laparoscopy or, less commonly, laparotomy. Management of nontubal ectopic pregnancies may involve medical or surgical treatment, or a combination, as dictated by ectopic pregnancy location and the patient's clinical stability. Following tubal ectopic pregnancy, the rate of subsequent intrauterine pregnancy is high and independent of treatment modality. This review describes the incidence, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of tubal and non-tubal ectopic and heterotopic pregnancies, and reviews the existing data regarding recurrence and future fertility.
How do we use our hands? Discovering a diverse set of common grasps

Our aim is to show how state-of-the-art computer vision techniques can be used to advance prehensile analysis (i.e., understanding the functionality of human hands). Prehensile analysis is a broad field of multi-disciplinary interest, where researchers painstakingly manually analyze hours of hand-object interaction videos to understand the mechanics of hand manipulation. In this work, we present promising empirical results indicating that wearable cameras and unsupervised clustering techniques can be used to automatically discover common modes of human hand use. In particular, we use a first-person point-of-view camera to record common manipulation tasks and leverage its strengths for reliably observing human hand use. To learn a diverse set of hand-object interactions, we propose a fast online clustering algorithm based on the Determinantal Point Process (DPP). Furthermore, we develop a hierarchical extension to the DPP clustering algorithm and show that it can be used to discover appearance-based grasp taxonomies. Using a purely data-driven approach, our proposed algorithm is able to obtain hand grasp taxonomies that roughly correspond to the classic Cutkosky grasp taxonomy. We validate our approach on over 10 hours of first-person point-of-view videos in both choreographed and real-life scenarios.
Accounting for Happiness in Civil Settlements

In Hedonic Adaptation and the Settlement of Civil Lawsuits, John Bronsteen, Christopher Buccafusco, and Jonathan Masur offer an interesting application of the nascent research on hedonic psychology to a mature economic model of litigation. Informed by empirical research on individual happiness and hedonic adaptation, the authors argue that delays in civil trials create greater economic opportunities for settlement of civil lawsuits. In short, they argue that where a plaintiff suffers an adaptable injury - i.e., an injury that does not permanently affect the happiness of an individual-settlement is easier for two reasons: (1) over time, "the degree to which a plaintiff believes she has been 'wronged' will dissipate," and therefore, (2) the plaintiff will accept a lower settlement offer because she will believe that less money is required to make her whole. I believe that the authors have overestimated the strength, ubiquity, and importance of hedonic adaptation and happiness in civil settlements and have underestimated the impact of the litigation process on individual happiness. I offer first a number of positive critiques about the data on hedonic adaptation and on the authors' arguments about how the litigation process affects individual adaptation. Then I consider the normative question of whether the judicial system ought to foster post-adaptation settlements.
VPA: an R tool for analyzing sequencing variants with user-specified frequency pattern

Background The massive amounts of genetic variant generated by the next generation sequencing systems demand the development of effective computational tools for variant prioritization.
The phase morphology and crystal growth habits of DNA fractions. Optical microscopy and light scattering

Polydisperse DNA of reasonable molecular weights was prepared from a mammalian source via sonication and fractionation. A method for characterizing the molecular weight using gel electrophoresis is described. Quiescent crystallization was studied in thin films of one of the fractions induced by rapidly changing the hydration state isothermally. We report the occurrence of the semicrystalline nature of DNA. The crystal growth occurring via aggregates is best described as sheaves and spherulites from DNA gels in the relative humidity range (RH) corresponding to A-DNA. These habits exhibit primary nucleation and secondary growth, which closely resemble those of melt-crystallized, synthetic macromolecules and, in a follow-up report, will be shown to be lamellar in nature. Small, needle-like crystals are observed for B-DNA hydration levels, and are unstable at lower hydration levels. A transformation from needle to lamellar crystals can occur, even when the primary nucleation of lamellar forms is otherwise absent at that hydration level, through a cylindrical phase exhibiting selective reflection of colored bands. The hydration level plays, in part, the role of the supercooling in this system and the long-known hysteresis in the formation and dissolution of the A-DNA (crystals) can now be viewed in light of those factors known to operate in semicrystalline systems. A morphological phase diagram is developed and is in accord with the known physical evidence. Because this preparation and these morphological observations are without precedence, substantial detail into methodology is included for this first article in the series.
Contingencies of Marriage to High-Status Men

This paper develops a four-variable "opportunity model" regulating women's access to men of high social status. Hypotheses based on occupational attainment, educational attainment, socioeconomic background, and community size are! tested using longitudinal data from two surveys of Wisconsin high school seniors in 1957 and 1964. The analysis focuses on 296 girls who selected nursing as their occupational choice in 1957 and were married at the time of the follow-up survey in 1964. It is concluded that, of these four variables, socioeconomic background is the most important determinant of husband's status. Occupational attainment is of lesser overall importance but still crucial in some cases. For example, noncollege-going girls who become nurses marry high-status men just as often as college-going girls who do not become nurses. In this sense, becoming a nurse "equalizes" their opportunity for access to high-status men. These and other findings are discussed in relation to the question of how women gain access to the upper levels of the stratification system through marriage to high-
Tile-based QCA design using majority-like logic primitives

The design of circuits and systems in Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is still in infancy. The basic logic primitive in QCA is the majority voter (MV), that is not a universal function; so, inverters (INV) are also required. Blocks (referred to as tiles) are utilized in this article. A tile with a combined logic function of MV and INV (MV-like function) is proposed. It is shown that the MV-like tile can be effectively used in logic design as basic primitive. Tiles based on both the fully populated (FP) and non-fully populated (NFP) grids are investigated in detail. Various arrangements in inputs and outputs are also possible among the 4 sides of a grid, thus defining different tiles. Using a coherence vector simulation engine, it is shown that the 3 × 3 grid offers versatile logic operation. Different combinational functions such as majority-like and wire crossing are obtained using these tiles. Tile-based design of different circuits is compared to gate-based and SQUARES designs.
Drumming for the captain

(1976). Drumming for the captain. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 415-427.
Team teaching and cooperative groups in abstract algebra: nurturing a new generation of confident mathematics teachers

Experiences in designing and teaching a reformed abstract algebra course are described. This effort was partially a result of a five year statewide National Science Foundation (NSF) grant entitled the Rocky Mountain Teacher Enhancement Collaborative. The major thrust of this grant was to implement reform in core mathematics courses that would effect a shift to a learning paradigm from the traditional instructional paradigm. The central teaching action involved in this reform of abstract algebra was the use of team teaching in a cooperative group setting. The liaison of a mathematician working collaboratively with a mathematics educator provided valuable lessons in understanding key components of effective teaching. A series of qualitative interviews were conducted along with several supporting surveys. The survey data along with various forms of student evaluations served as a basis for drawing conclusions for the study.
The amygdalostriatal projections in the monkey. An anterograde tracing study

Amygdalostriatal projections have been studied in the monkey with the autoradiographic method for demonstrating axonal transport of tritiated amino acids. Amygdaloid fibers were found to project in a roughly topographical manner to widespread areas of the striatum and ventral striatum, including the nucleus accumbens, the striatal-like portions of the olfactory tubercle, ventral portions of the putamen and ventral and caudal parts of the caudate nucleus. The parvicellular part of the basal nucleus and the amygdalohippocampal area appear to be the major sources of fibers to the nucleus accumbens, whereas projections to the tail of the caudate nucleus seem to arise mainly from the magnocellular part of the basal nucleus. In many of these areas, the amygdalostriatal fibers are concentrated in patches.
The official and black (parallel) foreign exchange markets: Causal relationships: Empirical evidence

Since the establishment of the Bretton-Woods system in 1944, governments, especially in Less Developed Countries (LDCs), have often resorted to foreign exchange controls in order to “protect” their scarce holdings of foreign currencies and to insulate their domestic economies from de-stabilizing cross-border capital movements. Despite overwhelming trends of deregulations in domestic financial markets and liberalization of international economic policies in the 198Os, foreign exchange controls are still considered viable policy instruments by many developing countries. These controls may also be attractive to many Eastern European nations that are trying to reconcile their pegged (managed) exchange rate systems with their increasing efforts to integrate economic systems with the market-oriented economies of the industrialized world. In recent years an increasing number of LDCs have adopted floating exchange rate systems, however, this is not a widespread practice by a majority of them. The emergence of a black (parallel) market for hard foreign currencies is one of the important consequences of foreign exchange controls: such controls restrict the availability of hard foreign currencies for imports of goods, services, and capital flows. This restriction creates an excess demand in the foreign exchange market that leads to a situation in which hard currencies are being traded at a premium above the officially accepted exchange rates. Sheikh [31] distinguishes three different exchange rates: black market, official, and free market “equilibrium.” The equilibrium exchange rate is higher than the
The effect of intrinsic attenuation correction methods on the stationarity of the 3‐D modulation transfer function of SPECT

The application of stationary restoration techniques to SPECT images assumes that the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the imaging system is shift invariant. It was hypothesized that using intrinsic attenuation correction (i.e., methods which explicitly invert the exponential radon transform) would yield a three-dimensional (3-D) MTF which varies less with position within the transverse slices than the combined conjugate view two-dimensional (2-D) MTF varies with depth. Thus the assumption of shift invariance would become less of an approximation for 3-D post- than for 2-D pre-reconstruction restoration filtering. SPECT acquisitions were obtained from point sources located at various positions in three differently shaped, water-filled phantoms. The data were reconstructed with intrinsic attenuation correction, and 3-D MTFs were calculated. Four different intrinsic attenuation correction methods were compared: (1) exponentially weighted backprojection, (2) a modified exponentially weighted backprojection as described by Tanaka et al. [Phys. Med. Biol. 29, 1489-1500 (1984)], (3) a Fourier domain technique as described by Bellini et al. [IEEE Trans. ASSP 27, 213-218 (1979)], and (4) the circular harmonic transform (CHT) method as described by Hawkins et al. [IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 7, 135-148 (1988)]. The dependence of the 3-D MTF obtained with these methods, on point source location within an attenuator, and on shape of the attenuator, was studied. These 3-D MTFs were compared to: (1) those MTFs obtained with no attenuation correction, and (2) the depth dependence of the arithmetic mean combined conjugate view 2-D MTFs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Results from multi-trace-element neutron activation analyses of marine biological specimens

Un grand nombre d'echantillons biologiques marins, s'etendant du varech au thon, a l'espadon et aux mammiferes marins, ont ete analyses pour evaluer la teneur en mercure, selenium et zinc grâce a l'analyse par activation aux neutrons thermiques et en employant un spectrometre Ge(Li). Dans ces conditions, des teneurs aussi faibles que 0,01 ppm de Hg, 0,02 ppm de Se, et 0,2 ppm de Zn sont detectees. De nombreux resultats interessants ont ete obtenus et sont decrits. On est en train d'etendre cette etude a d'autres elements a l'etat de trace en utilisant des separations radio-chimiques apres irradiation.
Selective amidation of carboxyl groups of the intermolecular contact regions of hemoglobin S: structural aspects.

Carboxyl groups of HbS are readily activated by water-soluble carbodiimide atpH 6.0 and room temperature. These o-acylurea intermediates (activated carboxyl) are accessible for nucleophilic attack by amines. With glycine ethyl ester, the amidation is very selective for the γ-carboxyl of Glu-43(β) and more than 65% of the glycine ethyl ester incorporated is on this carboxyl group. In contrast, glucosamine derivatizes the γ-carboxyl group of Glu-22(β) as well as that of Glu-43(β) to nearly the same degree. However, the total amidation of HbS by glucosamine is lower than that with glycine ethyl ester. The differential selectivity of the two amines is apparently related to the differences in the microenvironment of the γ-carboxyl groups of Glu-22(β) and Glu-43(β), which either facilitates or refracts the aminolysis of the activated carboxyl with the two amines to different degrees. The carboxyl groups of isolated β-chain exhibit a higher reactivity for amidation with glycine ethyl ester than does the tetramer. The carboxyl groups of Glu-22(β) and Glu-43(β) and that of Asp-47(β) are all activated by carbodiimide suggesting that the higherpKa of these carboxyl groups (facilitating the activation) is a property of tertiary interaction of the polypeptide chain. The interaction of the β-chain with α-chain, i.e., generation of the quaternary interactions, reduces overall reactivity of the carboxyl groups of the protein. The higher selectivity of hemoglobin S for amidation at Glu-43(β) with glycine ethyl ester compared with that of isolated β-chain appears to be primarily a consequence of decreased amidation at sites other than at Glu-43(β).
Are supernovae radio sources? A search for radio emission from young supernova remnants.

A search has been conducted for radio emission at 11 and 3.7 cm from 46 recent supernovae having accurately determined positions and ages of a few months to 79 years. None of these supernovae was detected at a flux density greater than 5-10 mJy. These negative results cannot be explained by internal absorption and are thus due to intrinsically weak synchrotron emission in young supernova remnants. There are two possibilities: either (1) relativistic particles are accelerated not by the supernova outburst but by processes occurring much later (at least about 75 years) in the remnant or (2) the magnetic field in the young remnants evolves very slowly, in proportion to the inverse square root of time, so that its value in the remnants observed was no more than about 0.002 gauss. The constraints the observations place on these possibilities and on the energy in cosmic rays in young remnants are discussed. Gamma-ray observations at times of no more than about 1 year following an outburst will allow one to discriminate between the two alternative explanations of the radio results.
ACETYL TRANSFER BETWEEN MANGANESE AND IRON COMPLEXES: REACTION OF ACETYLPENTACARBONYLMANGANESE WITH DICARBONYLCYCLOPENTADIENYLIRON(0)

Abstract Reaction of Mn(CO)5(C(O)Me) with CpFe(CO)2 − results in CpFe(CO)2Me, Cp2Fe2(CO)4 and Mn(CO)5 − in less than five minutes at room temperature. Labeling the carbonyl of the acetyl puts the label only on a carbonyl of the CpFe(CO)2Me. Thus the acetyl is transferred from the manganese to the iron as a group, before CO dissociation leads to the methyl product. CO dissociation from CpFe(CO)2(C(O)Me) does not occur under the experimental conditions. A scheme is suggested to accommodate these observations.
HDAC inhibition synergistically enhances alkylator-induced DNA damage responses and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells.

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors induce chromatin destabilization. We sought to determine whether HDAC inhibition may amplify alkylator-induced mitotic cell death in multiple myeloma (MM) cells. The combination of SNDX-275, a class I HDAC inhibitor, with melphalan, showed a powerful synergism on growth inhibition with the combination index ranged from 0.27 to 0.75 in MM1.S and RPMI8226 cells. Their combinations as compared with either agent alone promoted much more caspase-dependent apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that SNDX-275 had minimal effects on cell cycle progression of MM1.S cells, but clearly increased the percentage of S phase in RPMI8226 cells associated with an upregulation in p21waf1 and a reduction in cyclin D1 and E2F1. Melphalan alone significantly arrested both MM1.S and RPMI8226 cells at S phase and enhanced expression of p53 and p21waf1. Furthermore, studies on DNA damage response revealed that phospho-histone H2A.X (γH2A.X), a hall marker of DNA double strand break, along with phosphorylated CHK1 (P-CHK1) and CHK2 (P-CHK2) was dramatically induced by SNDX-275 or melphalan. The increase in γH2A.X and P-CHK1 was considerably higher on combination than either agent alone. These molecular changes correlated well with the significant increase in mitotic catastrophe. Our data indicate that SNDX-275 synergistically enhances melphalan-induced apoptosis in MM cells via intensification of DNA damage, suggesting that SNDX-275 in combination with melphalan may be a novel therapeutic strategy for MM.
Opposition at the Local Level: A Case Study of the Hammer and Sickle Factory

THE STUDY OF OPPOSITION GROUPS and tendencies has long fascinated scholars, and for good reason. Whether or not ordinary citizens responded to their calls for change, and how authorities treated organised dissidents, say much about early Soviet society and the legitimacy of the Bolsheviks' claim to speak for the working class and a proletarian state. Source problems have, until recently, limited the investigation of opposition groups, however. Scholars of the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks have had to rely on problematic emigre sources or official Soviet press accounts, while studies on the Workers' Opposition, Trotskyists and Bukharinists have focused on individual leaders and emphasised political manoeuvring within the upper echelons of the Communist Party. Even the classic works by Carr, Cohen, Daniels and Deutscher deal only superficially with discussions and activity at the grassroots level.' Many scholarly studies have focused on the Trotskyist resistance to Stalinism, but before 1991 the dearth of new primary sources meant that advances in the historiography of rank-and-file Opposition activity were meager. The most notable exceptions are Michal Reiman's The Birth of Stalinism, based largely on dispatches from Russia to Soviet representatives in Berlin, and Isabelle Longuet's thorough examination of the Trotsky Archive. Official Soviet publications did not provide adequate primary materials for reconstructing a view from below, and historians could therefore add little to Trotsky's writings and the memoirs of the few United Opposition survivors of the terror: Victor Serge, Ante Ciliga, Michael Baitalsky and Nadezhda Joffe.2 The opening of the archives of the former Soviet Union offers unprecedented opportunities for new insights and perspectives on the main Bolshevik political currents to challenge Stalinism: the 1923-24 Trotskyist Opposition and the 1926-27 United Opposition. Vadim Rogovin's series has reintroduced Trotskyism to Russian historians with a focus on demonstrating that there was an alternative to Stalinism. Michael David-Fox's study of Soviet higher education in the 1920s shows that majority support for the Trotskyist Opposition in many universities led to profound changes and financial cuts in the Soviet education system. Jeffrey Rossman's recent work on resistance to Stalinism in Ivanovo tangentially illustrates worker identification with Trotskyism well into the first five-year plan.3 An examination of oppositionists within a single, strategically important factory offers a new window on worker-state relations. The Hammer and Sickle Factory was the largest metalworking factory in the Soviet capital and Central Committee
Power Calculator: A Collection of Interactive Programs:

This package of computer programs provides statistical power estimates for a comprehensive range of commonly used inferential statistics. The package also has utilities for generating critical values for tests of statistical significance, sequences of random numbers, random sequences for assignment of participants to independent groups, and the generation of Latin squares. Finally, the package contains a program that allows one to conduct Monte Carlo simulations with single-factor, factorial, and mixed-model analyses of variance. The programs are suitable for research purposes and as a teaching tool for students enrolled in statistics and research methods courses.
Secondary navigation in software wizards

The authors conducted a study of three approaches to secondary navigation in software wizards. Secondary navigation refers to user interface navigation controls that are in addition to the standard "Back" and "Next" buttons in a software wizard. We tested three secondary navigation controls: table of contents, tabs, and drop down menu. The goal of this study was to assess the benefits of secondary navigation controls in terms of user success with and user preference for the controls in the context of a software wizard. Thirty participants across three IBM sites tested prototypes of wizards with secondary navigation controls. We found that study participants were more successful with and preferred the table of contents secondary navigation control, participants continued to rely on the Back and Next buttons for navigation in the wizard, and participants preferred a secondary navigation control to having no secondary navigation control in a wizard.
Closed-form stiffness matrices for the linear strain and quadratic strain tetrahedron finite elements

Abstract In this paper the development of closed-form representations of element stiffness matrices and the equivalent nodal loads for the linear strain and quadratic strain straight edge tetrahedral elements are presented. The closed-form representation of the element stiffness matrix and the equivalent nodal loads were performed using symbolic algebra. Dramatic time savings result in the element stiffness matrix evaluation phase of the FEM process when the closed-form representation is used as compared with the use of Gaussian quadrature.
A ‘VIRTUAL’ ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC SCORE FOR PREDICTING THE HEMODYNAMIC PROFILE IN PULMONARY HYPERTENSION

Differentiating PH with elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) from PH from elevated left sided filling pressure is critical. We previously developed an “Echocardiographic score” to predict hemodynamics using direct measures of chamber size, RVOT Doppler profile shape, and transmitral
A method for sequential quantitative separation and determination of protein, RNA, DNA, lipid, and glycogen from a single rat liver homogenate or from a subcellular fraction☆

Abstract A procudure is described for the quantitative separation and estimation of protein, RNA, DNA, lipid, and glycogen from a single sample of rat liver or from a subcellular fraction. The method includes alkaline extraction of RNA from the perchloric acid insoluble portion of the sample, extraction of DNA by acid hydrolysis, and then recovery of lipids by solvent extraction. The procedure recommended prevents losses of protein and nucleotides into the lipid solvents and increases the recoveries of lipids. The simultaneous measurement of incorporation of each of the radioactive labels from glycine-C 14 , adenine-H 3 , and orthophosphate-P 32 into the chemical components studies is described. The usefulness of this procedure as an over-all screen of the functioning of the metabolic machinery is indicated.
Thermodynamics of micellization and adsorption of three alkyltrimethylammonium bromides using isothermal titration calorimetry.

Studies of the thermodynamic properties of micellization, as well as the enthalpy change of adsorption (displacement), were conducted using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The cationic surfactants, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were used. Adsorption studies were performed utilizing HiSil 233 precipitated silica as the substrate. The thermodynamics of micellization were studied at 28, 30, and 35 °C using ITC. ΔHdil was calculated and graphed versus concentration in order to determine ΔHmic and critical micelle concentration. From these data, ΔGmic and ΔSmic were also determined and found to be in agreement with values previously determined using traditional temperature-variation methods. The thermodynamics of adsorption were also determined at the above temperatures using ITC. Using the results, the heat of displacement, Qdisp, and enthalpy of displacement, ΔHdisp, were calculated. A pl...
Efficient posterior integration in stable paretian models

The paper proposes a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for Bayesian analysis of general regression models with disturbances from the family of stable distributions with arbitrary characteristic exponent and skewness parameter. The method does not require data augmentation and is based on combining fast Fourier transforms of the characteristic function to get the likelihood function and a Metropolis random walk chain to perform posterior analysis. Both a validation nonlinear regression and a nonlinear model for the Standard and Poor’s composite price index illustrate the method.
Evidence for the involvement of LCK and MAP kinase (ERK-1) in the signal transduction mechanism of interleukin-15

Human IL-15 is a cytokine expressed by a variety of tissues and cells including myeloid progenitor cells and monocytes. It shares biologic properties of IL-2 and utilizes the beta subunit of the IL-2R. IL-15 regulates proliferation of activated B and NK cells and stimulates chemoattraction in blood T-lymphocytes, effects which are inhibited by an anti-IL-2R beta antibody. Because little is known about the mechanism(s) by which IL-15 signal is transduced, this study was conducted to identify some of the key molecules involved in IL-15-induced signaling cascade(s). We report that IL-15 induces tyr phosphorylation of the p75IL-2R beta and p64IL-2R gamma subunits and Shc. Also, it activates both p56lck and MAPK (ERK-1). These results strongly suggest that LCK and MAPK may play vital roles in mediation of cellular activation by IL-15.
Ron Scollon & Suzanne Wong Scollon, Intercultural communication: A discourse approach. (Language in society, 21.) Oxford (UK) & Cambridge (MA): Blackwell, 1995. Pp. xiii, 271.

Designing for the first time an undergraduate Cross-Cultural Communication course for a liberal arts college, I was faced with the quandary of how to communicate to my students all that I wanted to teach them about face, politeness, power, communicative style, and discourse – without having to ask them to purchase a very expensive packet of readings. It seems that academic providence took care of me, because at that point the Scollons' book was published. Since then I have used it with great success in my class, which serves students across the spectrum of disciplines.
Coordinate transformation as a primary representation of radiotherapy beam geometry.

An approach to both geometric specification of radiotherapy beams and computerized solution of geometric treatment planning problems using coordinate transformations is presented. It is demonstrated that the specification of the geometric relationship of a treatment beam to a patient can be uniquely given by a 4×4 coordinate transformation matrix, and that the matrix representation can be translated from (and to) the more conventional machine-based specification of geometry. This approach enables a compact representation of the patient/beam geometry which is independent of the specific labeling conventions of the treatment machine and which can be directly exploited in the solution of treatment planning problems. Beam geometry can be easily described either in terms of the natural degrees of freedom of a therapy machine or in terms of alternative, problem-specific frames of reference. The ability to use these various frames of reference interchangeably allows the designer of treatment design software to present appropriate task-specific user interfaces for arbitrarily complex tasks, and thus reduce the cognitive burden on users of the software.
A unified algorithm for flowsheet optimization

Abstract A flexible algorithm for flowsheet optimization is developed on the FLOWTRAN process simulator. The optimization strategy combines the feasible and infeasible path approaches as well as the simpler black box approaches. While the most efficient optimization strategy is often problem dependent, this paper presents guidelines that show which strategy is more efficient for a given problem. Also embedded within the algorithm is a new Broyden strategy for efficiently converging even complex flowsheets, without computing a new Jacobian. This allows for intermediate strategies between the infeasible and feasible path procedures. A ratio test based on the Kuhn-Tucker convergence test automatically and adaptively adjusts the optimization strategy. The implementation on FLOWTRAN is discussed in detail and a number of examples are run to illustrate the flexibility of the implementation as well as demonstrate the effectiveness of the adaptive optimization strategy.
Compulsory arbitration of non-union employment disputes

In response to costly legal battles and proliferating causes of action for alleged employer misconduct, employers in the United States are beginning to require their employees to sign contracts that mandate binding arbitration of any employment dispute. These arbitration contracts have been the focus of much litigation because they compel employees to waive their right to sue their employers for employment discrimination, tortious conduct, and any other dispute that arises out of the employment relation. In Gilmer v. Interstate / Johnson Lane Corp. (1991), the U.S. Supreme Court cracked opened the door to the legitimacy of these contracts by sanctioning compulsory arbitration of an age discrimination claim. In the ensuing years, lower courts nationwide, except in the Sixth Circuit (Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee), have interpreted Gilmer to mean that employees can be required to arbitrate almost any employee rights question, provided that certain procedural guidelines are followed. This article presents an overview of the law and the literature in this area to assist human resource managers in designing a compulsory arbitration policy that will both survive legal scrutiny and operate to the mutual advantage of both employer and employee.
Effect of Chemical Modification of Fullerene-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers on the Performance of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells

The interface of electron-selective ZnO in inverted polymer bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells was modified with a series of fullerene-based self-assembled monolayers (C60-SAM) containing different anchoring groups (catechol, carboxylic acid, and phosphonic acid), linkage location, and functionalization. The formation of the C60-SAM to the surface of ZnO was investigated by processing the SAM through either a solution immersion technique or a solution spin-coating method. It is found that the C60-SAMs with the carboxylic acid and catechol termination can be formed onto the surface of ZnO by simple solution spin-coating process, whereas all three anchoring groups can be formed by solution immersion technique. Heterojunction devices were fabricated under different processing conditions to form SAM leading to 2-fold, 75%, and 30% efficiency improvement with the carboxylic acid, catechol, and phosphonic acid C60-SAMs, respectively. The main contribution to the variation of efficiency from different SAMs is...
Rapidly Renewable Lap: Theory and Practice

Abstract The Rapidly Renewable Lap (RRL) uses a textured substrate over which thin films are slumped. The substrate provides the geometry of the lap and a localized texture, depending on the film thickness, properties, and means by which it is deformed over and adhered to the substrate. Abrasives, added to the film, lap or polish without touching or changing the substrate geometry. Depending on process parameters, the RRL gives brittle or ductile (two-body) lapping. This paper has two major themes: it describes the RRL and some applications; and it shows that some relatively simple lapping models predict of process characteristics.
Integral equation theory of block copolymer liquids. I. General formalism and analytic predictions for symmetric copolymers

The equilibrium properties of block copolymer liquids are studied using liquid state theory. We first present the formal extension of the polymer reference interaction site model theory to treat block copolymers of general architectures, and then apply this to the symmetric block copolymer using the Gaussian thread model. Contact with Leibler mean field theory is made by employing the ‘‘reference molecular mean spherical approximation’’ closure within the thread idealization. A host of density and concentration fluctuation effects are studied using the ‘‘reference molecular Percus–Yevick’’ closure. In particular, the dependence of the effective chi‐parameter and peak scattering intensity on density, chain length, temperature, composition, and spatial range of interactions is examined. Within the thread‐polymer/effective incompressibility assumption the chain length dependence of the fluctuation stabilization in the vicinity of the mean field spinodal is found to be the same as in the Brazovskii–Fredrickso...
Should off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery be abandoned? A potential solution.

In their meta-analysis, based on 22 studies enrolling more than 100,000 patients, Takagi and colleagues concluded that off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) graft surgery is associated with worse long-term (>5 years) survival compared with on-pump coronary artery bypass (ONCAB) graft surgery. The number of grafts performed per patient and the index of completeness of revascularization was significantly greater in ONCAB versus OPCAB patients. Furthermore, the need for repeat revascularization, the incidence of recurrent angina, and rehospitalization for cardiacrelated issues were also more frequent in the OPCAB group. Previous studies have shown a 37% reduction in late mortality in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) who have undergone a complete versus an incomplete revascularization. Several studies have reported a higher incidence of incomplete revascularization with OPCAB techniques and this has been proposed as a mechanism for the decreased long-term survival in these patients. OPCAB has also been associated with decreased graft patency, which may also be responsible for decreased long-term survival and an increased need for revascularization procedures. The results of the study by Tagaki and colleagues are similar to a recent Cochrane pooled analysis of data from more than 80 trials of ONCAB versus OPCAB patients, which shows superior shortand mid-term survival with the ONCAB technique. Proponents of OPCAB have argued that OPCAB surgeons perform fewer grafts because they are asked to perform OPCAB on patients with primarily singleor double-vessel disease. However, in their study, Tagaki and colleagues control for this variable by including those studies in which an index of completeness of revascularization was reported. Proponents of OPCAB have also suggested that data from earlier studies did not use modern stabilizers, heart positioning devices, or intracoronary shunts, and that the experience of the surgeons was
Nationalization of Local Politics and the Governance of Cities in the United States

The related developments of the emergence of a national economy and the nationalization of local politics have fragmented the "traditional" local political order of American cities. This becomes apparent beginning around 1965 and especially in the 1970s. As a consequence, the cities, particularly the older cities which grew up in the nineteenth century with industrialization, have lost their rationale as centers of production to a national economy and their political agenda to the federal government. The point of departure is that the urban problem is that of governance and the problem of governance is the lack of local political organizations that can act as focal points for participation into policy. The local political system of the mid-1960s is described, certain changes since then hypothesized, and the possible development of "vertical" (neighborhood-local govern ment) linkages is discussed.