cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cord blood stem cell banking and transplantation.

Cord blood banking for the purpose of stem cell transplantation is a rapidly growing area of medical interest. Based on the fact that cord blood contains large numbers of stem and progenitor cells, transplantation of cord blood for marrow reconstitution was first attempted in 1988. The success of this initial transplant between related donor and patient rapidly led to the establishment of efforts to collect, store and eventually transplant unrelated cord blood samples. A collection and storage program established by the New York Blood Center has led to more than 400 such transplants. The results demonstrate acceptable rates of engraftment and little graft-versus-host disease compared to the results employing adult marrow. As a consequence of these observations, considerable effort is being made to establish cord blood banks around the world. Stem Cells 1997;15(suppl 1):57–61
Time Dependence of the Many-Body Interactions in a One-Dimensional Sample of Ultracold Rydberg Atoms

We study resonant energy exchange among atoms in an ultracold Rydberg gas. We explore the transition between two- and many-body interactions by exciting a long thin tube of atoms that restricts the sample's dimensionality.
Experimental studies of a laminar hypersonic cone wake.

and the Hypersonic Flow in a Conical Nozzle," Rept. 66-54, May 16, 1966, Aerospace Technology Div., Library of Congress. 14 Detra, R. W. and Hidalgo, H., "Generalized Heat Transfer Formulae and Graphs," Research Report 72, March 1960, Avco Everett Research Lab., Everett, Mass. 15 Eschenroeder, A. Q., Boyer, D. W., and Hall, J. G., "Nonequilibrium Expansions of Air with Coupled Chemical Reactions," The Physics of Fluids, Vol. 5, 1962, p. 615. 16 Lordi, J. A., Mates, R. E., and Moselle, J., ''Computer Program for the Numerical Solution of Nonequilibrium Expansions of Reacting Gas Mixtures," Rept. AD-1689-A-6, June 1965, Cornell Aeronautical Lab., Buffalo, N.Y.
IS "CEREBRAL HYPONATRAEMIA" IATROGENIC?

Abstract Hyponatraemia and hypoosmolality in patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease or trauma are often ascribed to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. A "cerebral" aetiology has been postulated. A review of published reports and data from the present study indicate that the increase in antidiuretic activity in these conditions is generally to be expected and is therefore appropriate. It is suggested that the hyponatraemia observed is the result of excessive administration of fluids. In patients with CNS disease or injured brains intravenous fluid intake should be limited to about 1 litre (of 2·5% glucose in 0·45% saline for a 70 kg adult) per day during the acute stress.
Coordinated synthesis of the two ClpB isoforms improves the ability of Escherichia coli to survive thermal stress.

Abstract Eubacteria synthesize a full-length (ClpB95) and a N-terminally truncated (ClpB80) version of the ClpB disaggregase owing to the presence of a translation initiation site within the clpB transcript. Why these two isoforms have been evolutionary conserved is poorly understood. Here, we constructed a series of E. coli strains and plasmids allowing production of the ClpB95/ClpB80 pair, ClpB95 alone, or ClpB80 alone from near physiological concentrations to a 6–10-fold excess over normal cellular levels. We found that although overexpressed ClpB95 or ClpB80 can independently restore basal thermotolerance to Δ clpB cells, strains expressing ClpB80 from the clpB chromosomal locus do not exhibit increased resistance to thermal killing at 50 °C relative to clpB null cells. Furthermore, synthesis of physiological levels of ClpB95 is less effective than coordinated expression of ClpB95/ClpB80 in protecting E. coli from thermal killing. These results provide an explanation for the conservation of the two ClpB isoforms in eubacteria and are consistent with the fact that wild type E. coli maintains the ClpB80 to ClpB95 ratio at a nearly constant value of 0.4–0.5 under a variety of stress conditions.
Optimal hop number of adaptive hybrid DS/FFH CDMA in Rayleigh fading

An adaptive hybrid direct-sequence/fast frequency hopping code-division multiple-access (DS/FFH-CDMA) system operating in Rayleigh fading is described and its spectral efficiency is estimated in terms of the theoretically achievable average channel capacity (in the Shannon sense) per user. The operation of the considered adaptive hybrid DS/FFH-CDMA system over a broadcast single-cell time-varying channel is examined and leads to a closed-form expression for the optimal number of hops with respect to the achieved spectral efficiency.
Why Do Good Girls Have to Be Bad? The Cultural Industry's Production of the Other and the Complexities of Agency

The political economy of popular culture often overlooks the ideologies that determine how identities are commodified. The commodification of what is reductively known as black music is unique because the commodification routinely intersects with historical constructions of blackness and black gender identities. Therefore, any analysis of the relationships between black musical artists and the cultural industries and the subsequent production of performative identities must take into account America's exploitation of black music genres and black sexuality. This article examines the tension between record labels' construction of young black female performing artists, focusing on Atlantic Records' unwillingness to market teenage singer Keke Palmer over her refusal to be “urban.” Drawing from Ryan and Hesmondhalgh's definition of the cultural industries, Negus's idea that culture produces industry, and Toynbee's explanation of artistic agency within cultural production, the article shows the conflicts that e...
Spectral collapse of wavelength-division multiplexed dispersion-managed solitons

Collisions of wavelength-division multiplexed dispersion-managed solitons are studied. The interactions are strongly dependent on system parameters. Incomplete collisions are especially serious and they can lead to large frequency shifts and in some cases to collapse.
Evaluating the Content and Response Process Validity of Data from the Chemical Concepts Inventory

Data produced by psychometric instruments are often used to inform understanding about a certain population’s knowledge of ideas or perspectives about specific topics. Concept inventories are an example of psychometric instruments used to probe students’ content knowledge within a defined framework. Concept inventories have been used as a measure of student understanding in science education for over two decades. The Chemical Concepts Inventory (CCI), published in 2002, is one of the most often referenced inventories in chemical education. However, not until the past year has detailed psychometric evidence been published about data from the instrument. Although this prior study focused on quantitative evidence to support the CCI as a whole, there are still no qualitative studies published to investigate the reasoning behind students’ responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the response process validity of the CCI in order to understand the nature of student responses. In addition to...
microRNA regulation of Wnt signaling pathways in development and disease

Wnt signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of development. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathways and miRNA levels lead to developmental defects and diverse human pathologies including but not limited to cancer. Wnt signaling pathways regulate a plethora of cellular processes during embryonic development and maintain homeostasis of adult tissues. A majority of Wnt signaling components are regulated by miRNAs which are small noncoding RNAs that are expressed in both animals and plants. In animal cells, miRNAs fine tune gene expression by pairing primarily to the 3′untranslated region of protein coding mRNAs to repress target mRNA translation and/or induce target degradation. miRNA-mediated regulation of signaling transduction pathways is important in modulating dose-sensitive response of cells to signaling molecules. This review discusses components of the Wnt signaling pathways that are regulated by miRNAs in the context of development and diseases. A fundamental understanding of miRNA functions in Wnt signaling transduction pathways may yield new insight into crosstalks of regulatory mechanisms essential for development and disease pathophysiology leading to novel therapeutics.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 inhibits T-cell infiltration and preserves pancreatic β-cell function in an in vitro type 1 diabetes mellitus model

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from autoreactive T-cells that attack and destroy insulin producing pancreatic beta-cells. This knowledge has provided a framework for numerous efforts to prevent or mitigate T1DM at various stages of the disease. In this study, we utilized an organ culture model of type 1 diabetes to determine whether tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) could block T-cell migration into the pancreas and ultimately preserve beta-cell function. We measured T-cell repertoires, insulin secretion, and performed immunohistochemistry and confocal laser microscopy in order to evaluate the effect of TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and TIMP-3 on our in vitro T1DM organ culture model. TIMP-2 decreased T-cell transmigration and preserved insulin production in our T1DM organ culture model. Moreover, TIMP-2 inhibited transmigration of diabetogenic T-cells across an islet microvascular endothelial cell layer. Our findings suggest that TIMP-2 is effective at blocking infiltration of autoreactive T-cells into target pancreas tissue thereby preserving pancreatic beta-cell mass.
Two novel learning algorithms to solve the spectrum sharing problem in cognitive radio networks

To improve the spectral efficiency in cognitive radio networks, it is essential for cognitive radio users to be equipped with intelligent learning capability. Many different learning methods have been applied in different kinds of cognitive radio network models. This study presents two novel learning algorithms that can be applied to cognitive radio network models based on IEEE802.22. One is a no-regret learning method and the other is a reinforcement learning algorithm. The experimental results show that both methods can be effectively applied in cognitive radio networks. Moreover, the reinforcement learning out performs the no-regret learning method.
Quantum Dot-Based Immunochromatographic Fluorescent Biosensor for Biomonitoring Trichloropyridinol, a Biomarker of Exposure to Chlorpyrifos

A novel and portable fluorescent sensor that integrates an immunochromatographic test strip assay (ITSA) with a quantum dot (QD) label and a test strip reader was described in this study for simple, rapid, and sensitive biomonitoring of an organophosphorus pesticide metabolite. The principle of this sensor is based on a competitive immunoreaction that was performed on an immunochromatographic test strip, where analytes compete with competitors (QD-conjugated analogs) to bind to antibodies on a test zone. Captured QDs serve as signal vehicles for fluorescent readout. In this work, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) is used as a model analyte to demonstrate the performance of the immunosensor. QD−TCP conjugates were synthesized and characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Some parameters (e.g., the amount of QD-modified TCP and immunoreaction time) that govern sensitivity and reproducibility of ITSA were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the sensor has a wide d...
A look at outsourcing offshore

Purpose – Most debates concerning outsourcing offshore in recent years have been politically oriented and based on casual observations. The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear economic understanding of the subject and to present offshoring in the context of globalization and in a more integrated world economy.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is designed in a coherent way to provide the reader with an overview, scope, benefits, and costs of outsourcing offshore and suggest some appropriate policies to navigate in a globally interdependent and competitive environment.Findings – Outsourcing offshore is largely irreversible and the USA or other countries must invest heavily in ways to boost domestic workers' productivity and to manage workers' transitions to more competitive employment. This paper also provides evidence that, in the long run, outsourcing offshore is beneficial for the economy as a whole.Originality/value – This paper delineates that outsourcing offshore is consistent with the ...
An Experimental Study of Inbreeding Depression in a Natural Habitat

Inbreeding is known to lead to decreased survival and reproduction in captive populations of animals. It is also important to know whether inbreeding has deleterious effects in natural habitats. An estimate was made of the effects of inbreeding in white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis, derived from a wild population. This study demonstrates that inbreeding had a significant detrimental effect on the survivorship of mice reintroduced into a natural habitat. This effect was more severe than the effect observed in laboratory studies of the population.
Algeria: France's Undeclared War

Martin Evans, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, 457 pp., £20.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-19-280350-4 With operations in Afghanistan heading into their eleventh year, there has been a renewed if...
Structural models of brand loyalty with an application to the automobile market

Abstract Although several studies have found that past purchases are important determinants of a consumer's current purchase, there is disagreement whether past purchases are capturing brand loyalty or consumer heterogeneity. This article addresses the question of consumer heterogeneity, explores the relationship between brand loyalty and singleton choice sets and estimates alternative structural models that are based on the common assumption that consumers are of two types: brand loyals and shoppers, who face the entire set of available choices. Employing data from a 1989 J. D. Power and Associates survey of new vehicle buyers, aggregate switching and logit captivity/DOGIT models are estimated and comparatively evaluated in holdout testing. Among the results, there is evidence that new vehicle purchasers are brand loyal but that brand loyalty may be overestimated if the model fails to control for availability constraints. Further, a parametrized logit captivity model finds that male and college-educated consumers are important determinants of singleton choice sets.
Tryptophan-Lipid Interactions in Membrane Protein Folding Probed by Ultraviolet Resonance Raman and Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Aromatic amino acids of membrane proteins are enriched at the lipid-water interface. The role of tryptophan on the folding and stability of an integral membrane protein is investigated with ultraviolet resonance Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. We investigate a model system, the β-barrel outer membrane protein A (OmpA), and focus on interfacial tryptophan residues oriented toward the lipid bilayer (trp-7, trp-170, or trp-15) or the interior of the β-barrel pore (trp-102). OmpA mutants with a single tryptophan residue at a nonnative position 170 (Trp-170) or a native position 7 (Trp-7) exhibit the greatest stability, with Gibbs free energies of unfolding in the absence of denaturant of 9.4 and 6.7 kcal/mol, respectively. These mutants are more stable than the tryptophan-free OmpA mutant, which exhibits a free energy of unfolding of 2.6 kcal/mol. Ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of Trp-170 and Trp-7 reveal evolution of a hydrogen bond in a nonpolar environment during the folding reaction, evidenced by systematic shifts in hydrophobicity and hydrogen bond markers. These observations suggest that the hydrogen bond acceptor is the lipid acyl carbonyl group, and this interaction contributes significantly to membrane protein stabilization. Other spectral changes are observed for a tryptophan residue at position 15, and these modifications are attributed to development of a tryptophan-lipid cation-π interaction that is more stabilizing than an intraprotein hydrogen bond by ∼2 kcal/mol. As expected, there is no evidence for lipid-protein interactions for the tryptophan residue oriented toward the interior of the β-barrel pore. These results highlight the significance of lipid-protein interactions, and indicate that the bilayer provides more than a hydrophobic environment for membrane protein folding. Instead, a paradigm of lipid-assisted membrane protein folding and stabilization must be adopted.
Inhibition of human brain tumor cell growth by a receptor-operated Ca2+ channel blocker

SK&F 96365, a reported receptor-operated Ca2+ channel blocker, inhibited the growth of U-373 MG human astrocytoma and SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Carbachol and serum which act as growth factors for these cells induced a rapid, transient increase of intracellular Ca2+ concentration without a sustained increase. SK&F 96365 also exerted a significant inhibition of carbachol or serum-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. These results suggest that SK&F 96365 is a potent inhibitor of brain tumor cell growth and that its effect may be mediated by the inhibition of agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization.
Molecular mechanism of cataractogenesis: III. Toxic metabolites of oxygen as initiators of lipid peroxidation and cataract

A free radical mechanism of cataractogenesis involving enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, is proposed. Supporting experimental evidence is briefly reviewed. H2O2, which is one of the toxic metabolites of oxygen, was significantly increased 2–3 fold in ocular humors in several experimental cataracts and in human senile cataract. Various cataractogenic agents were also found to increase H2O2 in ocular humors in vivo prior to cataract formation. Enzymatic defenses against O2·- and H2O2 provided by superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were impaired in cataracts. In some cataracts, catalase and superoxide dismutase were affected earlier. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a major breakdown product of lipid peroxides was significantly increased by 2–4-fold in human senile cataract, in cataracts induced in rabbit and rat, and in hereditary cataracts in mice. All the reactive species of O2 (O2·-, H2O2, OH· and 1ΔgO2) may participate in initiating lipid peroxidation of lens in vitro. Various scavengers...
An Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Gene Expression and Metabolism in AB1 Embryonic Stem Cells *

Murine embryonic stem cells such as the AB1 cell line undergo differentiation in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) into an extraembryonic epithelial cell type. This results in the activation of genes such as Hoxa-1, Hoxb-1, laminin, collagen IV(alpha1), tissue plasminogen activator, RARbeta, and CRABPII. The CRABPI gene is regulated in an unusual fashion; CRABPI message and protein levels are induced at low concentrations of RA, but induction is diminished at higher concentrations. AB1 cells take up RA rapidly from the medium, and the addition of low, exogenous concentrations of RA to the culture medium results in very high intracellular RA concentrations. For example, AB1 stem cells cultured in 5 nM [3H]RA have an internal [3H]RA concentration of 1-2 microM within the first hour. AB1 cells also metabolize [3H]RA to more polar RA derivatives. The half-life of RA in AB1 cells not previously exposed to RA is about 2-2.5 h versus 40-45 min in cells cultured for 2-3 days in 1 microM exogenous RA. Thus, the enzyme(s) which metabolize RA are induced or activated by RA. Furthermore, the local concentration of RA required to elicit some biological responses may be higher than previously thought.
When Publics Collide: Margaret Sanger's Argument for Birth Control and the Rhetorical Breakdown of Barriers

Women have fought for centuries in the United States to secure and maintain reproductive rights. Yet, few understand the rhetorical history that paved the way for women to access a public space to speak on the once taboo topic of birth control. At the turn of the twentieth century, the 1873 Federal Comstock Act prohibited the public discussion of reproductive information and control. This essay investigates how the private topic of family planning became a public debate during the start of the twentieth century. To accomplish this, I examined Margaret Sanger's newspaper articles written for the New York Call, The Woman Rebel, and Family Limitation and argue that storytelling and personal experiences became the primary rhetorical tactics used to bridge the divide between subaltern counterpublic, counterpublic, and public spheres.
Comparative study of piezoelectric, piezoresistive, electrostatic, magnetic, and optical sensors

Immense computational power of today's processors cannot be fully utilized unless appropriate sensors and actuators are developed to link them with the outside world. A method is presented here to compare different sensors with each other and to evaluate their relative merits. Sensors are decomposed into two essential building blocks: a sensor shell and a sensing mean. Eleven different types of sensors, having the same sensing shells, are analyzed and compared to each other.
Does Telemonitoring Of Patients—The eICU—Improve Intensive Care?

Intensive care units are an essential and costly component in most U.S. hospitals. However, little is actually known about what staffing and work-process interventions produce the best balance of quality and costs. We explore the reasons hospitals chose to either adopt or reject an innovative telemedicine approach to supporting delivery of intensive care. Hospital clinical leaders hold strong views but have little objective information on which to judge the worthiness of this innovation. We argue that comparative effectiveness initiatives should emphasize delivery-system and work-process innovations, which are relatively understudied compared to specific drugs, devices, and services.
Nuclear receptor coactivators

Retinoic acid, steroid and thyroid hormones regulate complex programs of gene expression by binding to intracellular receptors that are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. Recent studies have led to the identification and cloning of genes encoding coactivator molecules that appear to play important roles in mediating ligand-dependent transcription by members of this family. The identification of these coactivator molecules suggests a point of entry into the general transcriptional machinery that is common to several other classes of regulated transcription factors.
Effect of fiber length, flow rate, and concentration on velocity profiles of cellulosic fiber suspensions

Conversion of cellulosic biomass to useful products involves pumping and mixing of fiber suspensions. Depending upon the concentration, the fibers may entangle to form flocs and networks. The fibers in these suspensions may settle both as individual fibers and fiber flocs. The flow of cellulosic suspensions has been previously modeled using generalized Newtonian rheological models. Under some flow conditions, those models do not apply due to strong gravitational effects that result in concentration gradients. Magnetic resonance flow imaging was used to obtain velocity profiles of fiber suspensions in horizontal pipe flow as a function of fiber length, concentration, and flow rates. Measures of flatness and asymmetry are used to characterize the shape of the velocity profiles. The largest asymmetry is found near a crowding number of roughly three. At higher crowding numbers, the velocity profiles tended to become flat, more symmetric, and pressure drops per unit length depend strongly on concentration.
Multiple strategy generation for wargaming

In this paper we present a framework for the automated generation of strategies that accounts for the multiple kinds of uncertainty found in war games, provides for a domain independent approach to strategy generation, and results in robust strategies. Our approach is to sample over multiple trials for varying victory conditions, different threat profiles, and variable system performance to achieve a degree of independence in the resulting strategy. This allows a search for robust strategies versus those that are effective only under specific conditions. War games have uncertainty in what is needed to achieve victory, in system performance, and in threat behavior. There are multiple options for forces, employment, and warfare styles. All these factors combine to produce a large, complex space of possible solutions or strategies. Through the use of powerful search techniques like evolutionary computation and modern computing assets it has become practical to search this space for strategies with robust performance. Our framework is modular in nature, allowing a variety of search techniques, warfare scenarios, system models, and other parameters to be interchanged. In the paper the framework described above is demonstrated using an antisubmarine warfare scenario. Evolutionary programming techniques are used to search the space of possible strategies.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Get it in Writing: Using Politics to Teach Writing and Writing to Teach Politics

Political science professors are often frustrated by the lack of writing ability that their students bring to the classroom and the inadequacy of conventional composition courses in English literature for social science writing tasks. In the last 15 years, many universities and colleges developed programs that foster writing across the curriculum or “in the disciplines” in hopes of addressing such frustrations (Zinser 1988; Monroe 2002). Some political scientists have taken on new roles as writing teachers within these programs. We have designed and taught three semesters of first-year writing seminars focused exclusively on political science material. We are convinced that the content of a political science course is well suited to develop student writing skills. Yet, we also argue that writing is an effective pedagogical technique with which to teach political science. Using survey responses from our students and our own teaching experiences, we highlight assignments that go beyond conventional academic essays and challenge students to write within given political scenarios from the perspective of political journalists, campaign managers, interest groups, bureaucrats, politicians, and even political scientists. These assignments make the strategic writing choices of various actors and interests explicit, helping the students gain a deep and critical understanding of politics from the perspective of actors and the audiences for which they write. We recognize that few if any of our students will become political scientists, yet all students are likely to encounter political writing tasks in their life after college. Our task as teachers of writing and political science is to create assignments that simulate the ways in which ordinary citizens and professionals undertake writing tasks that require a knowledge of politics.
Using science to improve the sexual health of America's youth.

a s i f s e p p For decades, sexuality education policies and practices in the U.S. have been a mixture of science, morality, politics, and the personal opinions of key ecisionmakers. Far too often, science has fared dismally hen policy, practice, and curriculum decisions were ade in state legislatures and local school board meetngs. The new research focusing on the meta-analyses of roup-based comprehensive risk reduction (CRR) and bstinence education interventions is one additional tool n the toolkit of those who want to use science, not ideolgy, to address the sexual risk-taking of America’s youth. The impact of poor and limited policies regarding sex ducation and access to contraception has far-reaching mpact in American society. For example, the U.S. teen regnancy rate is more than six times that of the Netherands, four times that of Germany, and three times that of rance. Similar statistics are found when examining rates f HIV/AIDS diagnoses as well. Rates in the U.S. are six imes greater than in Germany, three times greater than n the Netherlands, and 1.5 times greater than in France. n addition, youth in U.S. are significantly less likely to se contraception than European youth. Although it is not suggested that any one sex education policy or curriculum will result in a significant decline in these statistics, having good evidence-based policies and practices is a positive first step in creating a climate where sexuality is discussed as a normal part of the human experience. In addition, using science helps address sexual risk-taking by teens as a public health issue and not a morality debate.
Predictors of 30-Day Readmission After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background Readmission within 30 days is increasingly evaluated as a measure of quality of care. There are few data on the rates of readmission after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
Stimulation-induced reset of hippocampal theta in the freely performing rat.

Previous research has suggested that visual and auditory stimuli in a working memory task have the ability to reset hippocampal theta, perhaps allowing an organism to encode the incoming information optimally. The present study examined two possible neural pathways involved in theta resetting. Rats were trained on a visual discrimination task in an operant chamber. At the beginning of a trial, a light appeared over a centrally located lever that the rat was required to press to receive a water reward. There was a 30-s intertrial interval before the next light stimulus appeared. After learning the task, all rats received surgical implantation of stimulating electrodes in both the fornix and the perforant path and recording electrodes, bilaterally in the hippocampus. After surgery, theta was recorded before and after the light stimulus to determine whether resetting to the visual stimulus occurred. During the intertrial interval, rats received single-pulse electrical stimulation of either the fornix or perforant path. Theta was recorded both before and after the electrical stimulation to determine whether resetting occurred. In this experiment, hippocampal theta was reset after all three stimulus conditions (light, perforant path, and fornix stimulation), with the greatest degree of reset occurring after the fornix stimulation. The results suggest that activation of the perforant path and fornix may underlie theta reset and provide a mechanism by which the hippocampus may enhance cognitive processing. Hippocampus 2003;13:109–116. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Application of Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy and Imaging

Recent developments in nanotechnology have provided researchers with new tools for cancer imaging and treatment. This technology has enabled the development of nanoscale devices that can be conjugated with several functional molecules simultaneously, including tumor-specific ligands, antibodies, anticancer drugs, and imaging probes. Since these nanodevices are 100 to 1,000-fold smaller than cancer cells, they can be easily transferred through leaky blood vessels and interact with targeted tumor-specific proteins both on the surface of and inside cancer cells. Therefore, their application as cancer cell-specific delivery vehicles will be a significant addition to the currently available armory for cancer therapeutics and imaging.
The 1973 table of the fundamental physical constants

Abstract The 1973 CODATA-recommended values of the fundamental constants are listed. The basis for the least-squares analysis and some of its shortcomings are discussed. Although significant modifications of some of these numbers may be indicated by more recent experimental results, the tabulation should prove useful to the general user since it provides an identifiable set of values which are internally consistent to a precision of better than 0.1 part per million.
Clinical aspects of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis.

BackgroundMonoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) is an asymptomatic precursor condition for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is defined by the presence of small clones of aberrant B cells in t...
Statistical zone finding

We propose a statistical technique of zone finding for the class of documents that art neither rigidly structured like tax forms nor very unstructured like magazine pages or engineering drawings. Given an initial window assumed to contain the final zone (bounding box) of interest, and a 'signature' of the target, we propose to locate the final zone by a combination of simple outside-in and inside-out searches based on the assumption that the coordinates of the target have unimodal distribution. Results are presented in the bank check domain, and the applicability of the technique to other domains is discussed.
Landau level quantization for massless Dirac fermions in the spherical geometry: Graphene fractional quantum Hall effect on the Haldane sphere

We derive the single-particle eigenenergies and eigenfunctions for massless Dirac fermions confined to the surface of a sphere in the presence of a magnetic monopole, i.e., we solve the Landau level problem for electrons in graphene on the Haldane sphere. With the single-particle eigenfunctions and eigenenergies we calculate the Haldane pseudopotentials for the Coulomb interaction in the second Landau level and calculate the effective pseudopotentials characterizing an effective Landau level mixing Hamiltonian entirely in the spherical geometry to be used in theoretical studies of the fractional quantum Hall effect in graphene. Our treatment is analogous to the formalism in the planar geometry and reduces to the planar results in the thermodynamic limit.
d̄/ū asymmetry and the origin of the nucleon sea

The Drell-Yan cross section ratios, {sigma}(p+d)/{sigma}(p+p), measured in Fermilab E866, have led to the first determination of {bar d}(x)/{bar u}(x), {bar d}(x){minus}{bar u}(x), and the integral of {bar d}(x){minus}{bar u}(x) for the proton over the range 0.02{le}x{le}0.345. The E866 results are compared with predictions based on parton distribution functions and various theoretical models. The relationship between the E866 results and the NMC measurement of the Gottfried integral is discussed. The agreement between the E866 results and models employing virtual mesons indicates that these non-perturbative processes play an important role in the origin of the {bar d},{bar u} asymmetry in the nucleon sea. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Risk of Herpes Zoster and Family History: A Meta-analysis of Case-control Studies.

Background: Herpes zoster (HZ) results from the reactivation of latent varicella zoster virus (VZV) residing in dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia. Advanced age and dysfunctional cell-mediated immune responses are well-established risk factors for VZV reactivation. There have been recent interests in whether there is an increased risk of the disease associated with a positive family history. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between HZ infection and family history. In addition, we investigated the dose-response relationship between HZ infection and the number of relatives with a history of HZ. Materials and Methods: Observational studies were searched from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register from inception to April 15, 2015. The Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines were followed in conducting this study. To estimate the pooled odds ratio, random-effects model of DerSimonian and Laird was used. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. A dose-response meta-analysis with studies that reported appropriate data were done using the generalized least squares for trend method. Results: Five studies, yielding a total of 4169 subjects, were identified for meta-analysis. Cases with HZ were 3.03 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86–4.94, P < 0.001) and 3.27 (95% CI: 1.75–6.10, P < 0.001) times more likely to report the first-degree relatives and total relatives with a history of HZ, respectively. A significant positive dose-response relationship between the risk of HZ infection and the number of relatives with a history of HZ was also demonstrated (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This meta-analysis demonstrated that family history is a significant risk factor for HZ infection. This risk has a dose-response relationship with the number of relatives with a history of HZ.
Transpositional versus spatial variation: note on the hypothesis of perceptual regrouping.

Ellis, Parente, and Walker's (1974) perceptual regrouping hypothesis has been proposed as an explanation for the paradoxical finding that, under certain conditions, stimulus items whose components are presented in varied arrangements are recalled with greater accuracy than the same stimulus items presented in a constant form. This hypothesis pred~cts that, when the components of a set of stimulus items have some inherent, underlying arrangement which is easier to recall than the experimentally presented arrangement, subjects exposed to varied arrangements on successive presentations will learn to abandon the experimentally imposed arrangement of the stimuli and adopt a more meaningful subiect-imposed organization which is similar to the inherent underlying arrangement of the items. The present study attempted to expand the perceptual regrouping hypothesis by varying successive presentations of letter groups via rearrangement of letter order rather than, as in Ellis, et al.'s research, rearrangement of spacing between letters. Sixty-six students (33 males and 33 females) were assigned to one of three experimental conditions with an eaual number of males and females in each condition. Two of the conditions involved repeated presentations of constant letter order for eight fourletter anagrams, while the third group received four different arrangements of letter order of the same eight anagrams on successive presentations. All other aspects of the experiment, i.e., instructions, mode of presentation, format of answer sheets, etc., were identical to those used by Ellis, et al. Subjects were presented with four consecutive randomized lists of the eight letter groups (anagrams) for eight trials. After each trial, the subjects were requested to write as many of the letter groups as they could recall. The number of correct letter groups was computed for each subject and grouped into blocks of two trials each. Analysis of variance for these trial blocks indicated sex (K.Bo = 17.22, # < .001), type of presentation (F~,Bo = 16.04, p < .001), and trial blocks (P3,180 = 109.45, # < .001) were significant. Females (M = 7.42, SD = 2.83) recalled more letter groups than males (M = 5.97, SD = 2.67). A Newman-Keuls test (p < .05) indicated both constant presentation groups (M = 7.88, SD = 2.15; M = 6.47, SD = 2.66) performed better than the varied presentation group (M = 5.47, SD = 2.42). No other factors or interactions were significant. These data cast doubt on the generalizability of the perceptual regrouping hypothesis for stimulus components regrouped via transpositional rather than spatial variation. REFERENCE
Natural Regulation of Innocuous Gypsy Moth Populations

Preliminary studies on the determinants of numerical stability among a series of sparse gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), populations studied between 1965 and 1970 led to the hypothesis that year-to-year numerical stability among these populations was determined largely by a combination of predaceous birds, which tended to concentrate on instar IV–VI larvae, and small mammals, especially Peromyscus leucopus , which tended to concentrate on the pupae. Test results in 1971 both supported the above hypothesis and emphasized the importance of selective predation on the female pupae by mammals in maintaining these sparse populations at innocuous levels. These same results also indicated that vertebrate predators were consuming about one-half of the parasitized instar IV–VI larvae and most of the parasitized pupae in the sites studied. Thus, the percentage of the gypsy moth population that contains parasites may often be much higher than the percentage that is actually killed by these same parasites. These results suggest not only that the activities of vertebrate predators may have been critically important in maintaining these sparse gypsy moth populations at innocuous levels, but also that the role of parasites in the dynamics of such populations in North America may be considerably more constrained by the activities of these predators than has previously been reported. Conversely, parasites may play their most important role within outbreak foci, since these foci are characterized, in part, by sparse gypsy moth populations that exhibit exceptionally low rates of vertebrate predation.
International ballistic and blast specifications and standards

Abstract To prove the efficacy of an armor system there must be some level of blast or ballistic testing conducted. Two reasons to conduct testing are to provide the protection required by the user, but also to obtain the “tick in the box” to allow the item to be marketed and sold. There are many definitions used within test methods and standards. Many of these are similar between standards. However, there are some totally different terms that actually mean the same (eg, complete penetration and perforation), and these need to be understood by the community. The threat regimes for personal and vehicle armor systems are similar but sometimes differ in scale. The threats include kinetic energy threats (bullets, shells, and fragmentation) and chemical energy (blast). Many test methods and standards have been described with similarities and differences being explained. Sometimes if there is no suitable test method or standard for the particular requirement there are a number of approaches possible. A test method or standard designed for a different stakeholder community may be used, or one may be modified for the real requirement. If the procurement is sufficiently high volume or value a bespoke test specification could be written. The final option is to go ahead with the procurement without conducting any testing. There may be real or perceived issues with some test methods or standards. These may be issues of reality of the test scenarios versus the required repeatability of the tests, or they may be caused by some of the test ammunition becoming obsolete during the life of the standard. In the future there will probably be continued issues with choosing the relevant test methods or standards. One supporting addition to counteract some of the current issues may be the use of bullet-simulating projectiles.
alpha-Adrenergic blockade and inhibition of A23187 mediated Ca2+ uptake by the calcium antagonist verapamil in rat liver cells.

The effects of verapamil on basal and hormone-induced glycogenolysis, phosphorylase activation, 45Ca efflux and calcium content in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells were studied. The agent inhibited the stimulatory effects of epinephrine and phenylephrine on all these parameters, but did not modify the actions of vasopressin, glucagon, exogenously-added cAMP and low concentrations of the ionophore A23187. It inhibited calcium uptake due to high concentrations (>10-6 M) of A23187, but did not modify the activation of phosphorylase. Verapamil inhibited the binding of 4 x 10-8 M [3H]epinephrine to liver plasma membranes in the presence of the β-adrenergic blocker, propranolol. The concentration for half-maximal inhibition of binding (2 x 10-5 M) was very similar to that producing half-maximal inhibition of the effects of 4 x 10-8 M epinephrine on phosphorylase activation or calcium efflux in hepatocytes. Verapamil was without significant effect on the reaccumulation of calcium by cells previously depleted of calcium by treatment with EGTA. It is concluded that verapamil acts as an α-adrenergic antagonist in rat liver and has no detectable effects on transmembrane Ca2+ flux.
Factors affecting the size of platelet aggregates in blood.

Factors affecting the size distribution of platelet aggregates formed in whole blood were measured using an electronic particle counter. Lysis of red cells after dilution of blood for analysis allows detection of smaller aggregates without altering aggregate measurement. Differences in platelet response to increasing concentrations of ADP are detected by an increase in the mean size of platelet aggregates while the total volume of aggregates varies linearly with the volume of available platelets (r = .99). The mean aggregate size varies directly with the total volume of aggregates formed (r = .99). Mean aggregate size is inversely related to the packed red cell volume. As the reactivity of platelets is reduced by incubation with aggregation inhibitors at increasing concentrations, the mean size of aggregates becomes smaller, followed by a decrease in the total volume of aggregates. The total volume and mean size of aggregates formed after incubation with collagen and epinephrine, but not ADP, increases with time after venepuncture.
Experimental design and statistical methods for classical and bioequivalence hypothesis testing with an application to dairy nutrition studies

Genetically modified (GM) corn hybrids have been recently compared against their isogenic reference counterparts in order to establish proof of safety as feedstuffs for dairy cattle. Most such studies have been based on the classical hypothesis test, whereby the null hypothesis is that of equivalence. Because the null hypothesis cannot be accepted, bioequivalence-testing procedures in which the alternative hypothesis is specified to be the equivalence hypothesis are proposed for these trials. Given a Type I error rate of 5%, this procedure is simply based on determining whether the 90% confidence interval on the GM vs. reference hybrid mean difference falls between two limits defining equivalence. Classical and bioequivalence power of test are determined for 4 x 4 Latin squares and double-reversal designs, the latter of which are ideally suited to bioequivalence studies. Although sufficient power likely exists for classical hypothesis testing in recent GM vs. reference hybrid studies, the same may not be true for bioequivalence testing depending on the equivalence limits chosen. The utility of observed or retrospective power to provide indirect evidence of bioequivalence is also criticized. Design and analysis issues pertain to Latin square and crossover studies in dairy nutrition studies are further reviewed. It is recommended that future studies should place greater emphasis on the use of confidence intervals relative to P-values to unify inference in both classical and bioequivalence-testing frameworks.
Axial asymmetry for improved sensitivity in MEMS piezoresistors

The strain induced resistance change is compared for asymmetric, symmetric and diffused piezoresistive elements. Finite element analysis is used to simulate the performance of a T-shaped piezoresistive MEMS cantilever, including a lumped parameter model to show the effect of geometric asymmetry on the piezoresistor sensitivity. Asymmetric piezoresistors are found to be much more sensitive to applied load than the typical symmetric design producing about two orders of magnitude higher resistance change. This is shown to be due to the difference in the stress distribution in the symmetric and asymmetric geometries resulting in less resistance change cancellation in the asymmetric design. Although still less sensitive than diffused piezoresistors, asymmetric piezoresistors are sensitive enough for many applications, and are much easier to fabricate and integrate into MEMS devices.