cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The epidermal growth factor receptor–tyrosine kinase: A promising therapeutic target in solid tumors

The overexpression and aberrant function of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands in several human carcinomas have provided a rationale for targeting this signaling network with novel treatment approaches. The epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK) is a selective target for inhibiting cancer because it is activated in many tumor cells, yet is strictly controlled in normal cells. The EGFR-TK initiates diverse signal transduction pathways in tumor cells that have a profound effect on their biology. Activation of the EGFR-TK provides signals that drive dysregulated proliferation, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and enhanced cell survival. Therefore, the EGFR-TK is a promising drug target for many types of solid tumors, and its inhibition has potential in both the treatment and prevention of these neoplasias. Based on the structure and function of the EGFR, two antireceptor therapeutic strategies have been developed. The first strategy uses humanized monoclonal antibodies generated against the receptor's ligand-binding, extracellular domain. These antibodies block binding of receptor-activating ligands and, in some cases, can induce receptor endocytosis and downregulation. The second approach uses small molecules that compete with adenosine triphosphate for binding to the receptor's kinase pocket, thus blocking receptor activation and the transduction of postreceptor signals. Early clinical studies suggest that both of these approaches, either alone or in combination with standard anticancer therapies, are well tolerated and can induce clinical responses and tumor stabilization in a variety of common carcinomas. ZD1839 (Iressa; AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP, Wilmington, DE) is the EGFR-TK inhibitor furthest along in clinical development, and it is currently being investigated in a variety of solid tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer.
Structure and bonding consequences in the pseudo-binary system Ln5Si3−xMx (Ln=La, Ce or Nd; M=Ni or Co)

Abstract Binary and pseudo-binary compounds Ln 5 Si 3− x M x (Ln=La, Ce or Nd; M=Ni or Co) were prepared by arc-melting the constituent elements under high purity argon on a water-cooled copper hearth and their structures were refined from single X-ray data. The binary La 5 Si 3 and various ternary compounds were synthesized: La 5 Ni 0.129 Si 2.871 , La 5 Ni 0.265 Si 2.735 , Ce 5 Ni 0.355 Si 2.645 , Nd 5 Ni 0.633 Si 2.367 , La 5 Co 0.3 Si 2.7 and Nd 5 Co 0.31 Si 2.69 . All these compounds crystallize with the Cr 5 B 3 structure type (tetragonal, space group I 4/ mcm ). The refinement shows a mixed occupancy on a particular site between Si and the M element. Therefore, a non-harmonic displacement of the rare-earth close to this site has been observed. Ab initio band structure calculations have been performed to address the electronic structure of these compounds and to explain the non-harmonic displacement of the rare-earth atoms in the structure.
COMPARISON OF SHELL VIAL CENTRIFUGATION, STANDARD CULTURE AND FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY (FA) TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSIS OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important cause of respiratory disease in young children. We evaluated a centrifugation culture technique's ability to provide rapid culture diagnosis. Between 11/85 & 3/86, 365 respiratory specimens were processed by standard culture &/or direct immunofluorescent antibody (FA). Of these, 183 specimens (74% nasal washes) were inoculated with 0.2 ml onto HEp-2 shell vials (SV), centrifuged at 35°C, 2500 × g for one hour & incubated for 24 & 48 hours. Coverslips were acetone fixed & stained with RSV Fitc-conjugated monoclonal antibody. For standard cell cultures, the time to positive cytopathic effect (CPE) was seven days. Thirty of 140 (22%) were standard cell culture positive for RSV, 38 of 111 (34%) were FA positive for RSV & 34 of 183 (34%) were FA positive for RSV by shell vial. Sensitivity & specificity by shell vial were, respectively, 70% & 96%, compared with culture, & 63% & 96% compared with FA. Specificity for SV is 99% if specimens positive on FA & SV are considered false negatives on routine culture. This centrifugation culture technique, as applied to RSV, provided specific results five days sooner than standard culture. Only 10% of specimens negative by both FA & SV were positive on culture. A combination of FA & shell vial methods could provide a rapid, specific & sensitive diagnosis for RSV while allowing virus isolation.
The subtarsal incision: where should it be placed?

Purpose The subtarsal incision is a frequently used approach to orbital floor fractures. Compared with the subciliary incision, there is a lower rate of lower lid retraction. Unlike the transconjunctival incision, there is no need to perform a lateral canthoplasty to restore canthal integrity. Despite its widespread use, the exact location of the subtarsal incision is not uniform among surgeons. Materials and Methods Twenty patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation of orbital floor fractures by a single surgeon over a 4-month period, using the subtarsal incision. Postoperative photographs of the first 7 consecutive patients were analyzed by 4 nonmedical personnel and 4 plastic surgeons regarding scar visibility. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine if a correlation existed between more inferior placement of the scar and scar visibility. Results No patients in the series developed any complications such as lower lid retraction or enophthalmos. One patient developed transient facial palsy. The results of the survey showed a positive correlation between distance from lash line to scar and scar visibility at the level of the lateral limbus (Pearson r coefficient, 0.73) and at the level of the lateral canthal angle (Pearson r coefficient, 0.65). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the optimal placement of the subtarsal incision is as close as possible to the inferior border of the tarsal plate. The incision should be placed within an existing skin crease, if possible, and should be made with the knowledge that the more inferior the incision is placed, the greater the visualization of the fracture, but the more visible the scar.
Critical issues in thin film microstructure development

Physical vapor deposition techniques are presently being used to deposit elemental thin films or multicomponent thin films of novel materials like superconductors, oxides, dielectrics, etc. The microstructure development of these films, especially grain growth processes are particularly important for optimization of their electrical properties. In this paper, we focus on two critical issues related to microstructural evolution in thin films: (i) modeling of microstructural evolution during vapor deposition, and (ii) anisotropic grain growth during post deposition annealing in non-cubic systems. One of the key issues in non-cubic oxide systems, especially in high-Tc superconductors, is the anisotropic nature of growth which gives rise to oriented films on lattice mismatched or amorphous substrates. The factors affecting grain growth in non-cubic systems which lead to textured film are discussed in detail. An overview is also presented on the new developments in the modeling of materials synthesis by physical vapor deposition techniques. It is suggested that there is a strong need to formulate theoretical and computational methodologies which bridge both continuum and atomistic descriptions. The concept of “closed” and “open” thermodynamic systems to classify a broad range of microstructural evolution issues in the deposition of thin films is introduced.
Western Dreams, Eastern Realities Support for the European Union in Central and Eastern Europe

Much of our recent scholarship argues that public support in member countries is integral to the success of European Union (EU) policies and initiatives. Despite growing evidence that public support is also often crucial to attaining (and sustaining) EU membership—as evidenced by the volatile Maastricht referenda in Denmark and France and the unsuccessful Norwegian accession—there is little systematic research on accession countries. This study develops an analytic framework for understanding EU public opinion in applicant countries undergoing democratic transitions. Using data from a 1996 survey, the analysis tests both utilitarian and value models of support and finds general attitudes toward democracy and capitalism and an individual's political partisanship to be the strongest determinants of support for EU membership. The results challenge dominant explanations for public opinion in member states and suggest how we might better adapt these models to examine attitudes in applicant countries.
LATE GESTATIONAL VASCULAR DISRUPTIONS INDUCING CRANIOFACIAL ANOMALIES: A FETAL MODEL • 344

Hypoperfusion, reversal blood flow, or aberrant vessel formation may lead to deficiencies in embryonic development. Clinical observations in humans have suggested that vascular abnormalities (disruptions or aberrant angiogenesis) may be responsible for several birth defects including defects of brachial arch derivation, gastroschisis, porencephaly, acardia, Poland, Klippel-Feil and Mobius anomalies. We report our findings using six fetal lambs that underwent fetal surgery to impede blood flow of the carotid artery and its branches, including the laryngeal artery, the anastomotic branch of vertebral artery with occipital artery, the auricularis artery and the transverse facial artery. Between 115 and 117 days of gestation, all ewes were placed under general anesthesia and provided with mechanical ventilation. We placed catheters in the femoral artery for blood gas sampling. A balloon occluder, and a blood flow probe were placed on one internal carotid while the contra lateral side was completely ligated. On the third day post surgery, the balloon occluder was inflated 3 times for 30 minutes at the time at 30 minute intervals. PO2, PCO2, pH, lactate and glucose were monitored during the study. Seven days post occlusion all animals were sacrificed and tissues were collected. Craniofacial anomalies were obvious in three animals.
Recursive Bias Estimation and Orbit Determination

O RBIT determination algorithms are designed to estimate satellite position and inertial velocity from unbiased sensor measurements. Static and dynamic measurement biases, which are low-frequency systematic errors, cause biases in both position and velocity estimates that can significantly degrade track accuracy. As only the random error statistics are characterized, the filter covariance usually underestimates the biased track error statistics. Track biases and covariance fidelity are important issues for correlation and fusion of multiple sensor tracks [1,2]. Many algorithms have been developed [3–10] for estimation of bias parameters in the system dynamics, in the measurements, or in both. Generally, bias parameters are estimated jointly with the position and velocity states. Depending on the number of bias parameters, this approach can be computationally intensive, the system covariance matrix can become ill conditioned, and bias-state observability and separability can be problematic. Alternatively, two-step techniques extract bias parameters from the track measurement residuals. For current radar systems, measurement biases are calibrated by tracking one metric satellite having an accurate ephemeris, or by tracking many satellites with less accurate ephemerides [9]. Range and angle biases are calibrated after (not during) the data collection (s). A noteworthy exception is a real-time algorithm for angle bias estimation in wideband radars [10]. In this Note, an iterated 12-state extended Kalman filter EKF(12) is formulated for simultaneous (real-time) orbit determination and bias estimation. Orbit position and velocity states are augmented with six dynamic (rather than static) bias states that model radar orientation biases and radar range-angle measurement biases. Biasstate observability and separability are enhanced by physical models for the bias dynamics and by careful characterization of bias effects in the measurement residuals. For example, random and certain environmental (i.e., tropospheric) bias errors are intrinsic to the radar measurements, whereas radar orientation biases corrupt the transformation of the prior position estimate from inertial to radar coordinates. Performance evaluations will demonstrate accurate real-time state estimates and excellent covariance fidelity, which are essential for radar-to-radar track correlation and fusion. II. Sensor Models
Why are Utah Prairie Dogs Vigilant

Detection of predators, social monitoring, and avoidance of infanticide have been invoked to explain patterns of vigilance. To test these hypotheses, I examined the vigilance of 120 Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens )u sing ‘‘one–zero’’ sampling on individuals of known sex, reproductive state, and genealogy. Male and female prairie dogs increased vigilance during periods of heightened predation risk (i.e., with few surrounding conspecifics) unless the risk resulted from spatial positioning in the colony. Reproductive males and females were more vigilant than their nonreproductive counterparts during breeding, and estrous females increased vigilance in the presence of prospective mates. In contrast to predictions of the infanticide-avoidance hypothesis, lactating females were less vigilant than females without litters when neonates were in a nursery burrow and vulnerable to infanticide by males. Males were more vigilant than females, but not when the offspring of their sexual partners were vulnerable to infanticide or opportunities to kill offspring increased. I conclude that vigilance in Utah prairie dogs varies mostly in relation to the risk of predation. Mate competition also increases vigilance in males and females. However, prevention or facilitation of infanticide does not appear to influence vigilance in males or females.
Osseous metaplasia in proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Purpose To report the clinicopathologic features of intraocular osseous production in association with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Method The clinical and histopathologic features of two patients with proliferative vitreo-retinopathy and intraocular bone formation are reviewed. Results Preretinal osseous tissue incorporated in the proliferative vitreoretinopathy was surgically removed in one patient, and osseous tissue was present in the proliferative vitreoretinopathy in the enucleated eye of the other patient. Conclusions Bone formation, presumably from metaplastic retinal pigment epithelium, may be present in proliferative vitreoretinopathy tissue. The intraocular bone is present internal rather than external to the neurosensory retina.
Processing and biocompatibility evaluation of laser processed porous titanium

Abstract The Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™) method was used to fabricate porous Ti implants. Porous Ti structures with controlled porosity in the range of 17–58 vol.% and pore size up to 800 μm were produced by controlling LENS™ parameters, which showed a broad range of mechanical strength of 24–463 MPa and a low Young’s modulus of 2.6–44 GPa. The effects of porous structure on bone cell responses were evaluated in vitro with human osteoblast cells (OPC1). The results showed that cells spread well on the surface of porous Ti and formed strong local adhesion. MTT assay indicated LENS™ processed porous Ti provides a preferential surface for bone cell proliferation. Porous Ti samples also stimulated faster OPC1 cell differentiation compared with polished Ti sheet, which could be due to the change in cell morphology within the pores of Ti samples. More extracellular matrix and a higher level of alkaline phosphatase expression were found on the porous samples than on the Ti sheet. This can be beneficial for faster integration of porous implant with host bone tissue. The results obtained also indicated that a critical pore size of 200 μm or higher is needed for cell ingrowth into the pores, below which OPC1 cells bridged the pore surface without any growth in the pores.
Taste-evoked Fos expression in nitrergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and reticular formation of the rat

The current investigation used double labeling for NADPHd and Fos-like immunoreactivity to define the relationship between nitric oxide synthase-containing neural elements and taste-activated neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and subjacent reticular formation (RF). Stimulation of awake rats with citric acid and quinine resulted in significant increases in the numbers of double-labeled neurons in both the NST and RF, suggesting that some medullary gustatory neurons utilize nitric oxide (NO) as a transmitter. Overall, double-labeled neurons were most numerous in the caudal reaches of the gustatory zone of the NST, where taste neurons receive inputs from the IXth nerve, suggesting a preferential role for NO neurons in processing gustatory inputs from the posterior oral cavity. However, double-labeled neurons also exhibited a preferential distribution depending on the gustatory stimulus. In the NST, double-labeled neurons were most numerous in the rostral central subnucleus after either stimulus but had a medial bias after quinine stimulation. In the RF, after citric acid stimulation, there was a cluster of double-labeled neurons with distinctive large soma in the parvicellular division of the lateral RF, subjacent to the rostral tip of NST. In contrast, in response to quinine, there was a cluster of double-labeled neurons with much smaller soma in the intermediate zone of the medial RF, a few hundred micrometers caudal to the citric acid cluster. These differential distributions of double-labeled neurons in the NST and RF suggest a role for NO in stimulus-specific gustatory autonomic and oromotor reflex circuits.
Spin‐orbit state‐selected reactions of Kr+(2P3/2 and 2P1/2) with H2, D2, and HD from thermal energies to 20 eV c.m.

Spin‐orbit state‐selected reactions of Kr+(2PJ), J=3/2 and J=1/2, with isotopic molecular hydrogen (H2, D2, and HD) to form KrH+ and KrD+ are investigated using guided ion beam techniques. Reaction cross sections for each spin‐orbit state are measured as a function of the relative translational energy of the reactants from near thermal energies up to 20 eV c.m. At low energies, the cross sections for reaction with H2 and D2 are each about 2.6 times larger for the 2P3/2 ground spin‐orbit state of krypton ion than for the 2P1/2 excited state. For the HD reaction, the 2P3/2 reactivity is enhanced by a factor of about 4.2. A higher‐energy process, which exhibits an apparent activation energy of about 1 eV, is present only for the 2P3/2 spin‐orbit state. The Kr+(2P3/2) spin‐orbit state exhibits a strong intermolecular isotope effect, showing the unusual dependence σ(HD)>σ(H2)>σ(D2) for the total reaction cross sections at low energies. Cross sections for the Kr+(2P1/2) state show a much smaller dependence on t...
Radiolabeled red blood cells: status, problems, and prospects

Of the various cellular blood elements, red cells (RBC) are 1) most abundant; 2) easy to separate and handle; 3) less susceptible to damage from physical or chemical manipulations; 4) not as dependent on energy and nutritional requirements in vitro, and 5) more amenable to labeling with radionuclides due to the availability of a variety of cellular transport mechanisms and of hemoglobin, which is rich in active metal-binding sites. Consequently, red cells have served as simple, convenient, and useful models for the study of, among other things, cellular transport phenomena and membrane structure and function(1, 2).
Anthropogenic Climate Change in Asia: Key Challenges

The energy, agricultural, and water sectors in Asia, a vast continent that comprises more than half of the worlds population, are crucially vulnerable to shifts in climate. The acceleration of economic development in Asia over the past few decades, the dependence of its huge agricultural economy on rainfall, and its growing energy demands have thrust climate change and its impacts squarely into important sectors of the Asian society. Further, it is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over the Asian continent (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [2007]; see Figure 1a). Asian megacities are already witnessing stresses in food, water, transportation, health, and air quality.
Nonexistence of program optimizers in several abstract settings

For various settings and various dynamic criteria for gauging optimality of programs,there does not exist a master program (optimizer) such that if P is any program which computes a partial function pocessing an optimal program, then , operating on the program P as input, halts eventually and outputs an optimal program P for computing that partial function. Optimality can be gauged by a criterion suggested by a variant of M. Blum's compression theorem for an arbitrary complexity measure, by optimality except for a linear factor for amount of memory used by a Turing machine, or by optimality within @e on a RASP. Thus, our techniques are compatible with techniques for producing optimal programs which are as diverse as upward diagonalization, downward diagonalization, and the size arguments of Hartmanis. Our nonexistence results continue to hold even if we only ask that an optimizer behave properly when the input program P satisfies certain convergence properties (e.g., when P computes a total function) and possesses an equivalent optimal program which is neither too hard nor too easy to compute.
Agnosia for scenes in topographagnosia

Topographagnosia is most commonly attributed to an agnosia for landmarks. In order to define the nature of this agnosia, we studied a patient with isolated topographic disorientation (TD) after a stroke in the right medial occipitotemporal region. The patient got lost in familiar environments but could readily read and draw maps, describe familiar routes, and provide correct directions. He had normal perceptual test performance and met criteria for topographagnosia rather than for other forms of topographic disorientation. Two ecologically valid route tests assessed the nature of his agnosia. On a familiar route, he could recognize major landmarks. He could not, however, recognize route configurations made up of combinations of visual features each lacking individual distinctiveness. On a test of route learning, he learned landmarks that differed in minor details and could use them to orient himself along a route. He had difficulty, however, recognizing and learning scenes lacking salient landmarks. This agnosia for scenes was worse for semantically-related environments, but improved with semantic knowledge such as street names. In addition, the patient lacked overt prosopagnosia but tended toward semantic errors in the recognition of famous faces. Together these findings suggest that this patient's inability to recognize a route resulted from an inability of intact perceptual units for scenes, composed of specific visual configurations of individually indefinite features, from accessing stored representations.
Applying Microscopy to the Development of a Reference Method for Cotton Fiber Maturity

Two microscopic methods for characterizing the maturity of a cotton sample have been developed, using either cross-sectional or longitudinal scanning of fibers by image analysis. This study compares the two methods for consistency with the aim of opti mizing their efficiency and accuracy as reference methods. Longitudinal scans of cotton fibers at immature (3.5 weeks post-anthesis) and mature (7 weeks, field opened) growth stages are compared with cross-sectional measurements of the same fiber samples. Maximum projections along the length of cotton fibers agree with cross-sectional mea surements, but minimum projections do not. Variations in fiber twisting and folding render minimum width projections inaccurate. The only true measure of wall thickness is from cross-sectional data, and fiber alignment is critical. Sample preparation for developing a reference method dictates that bundles of combed, parallel fibers be sectioned in the center. This procedure will decrease errors in sampling due to the natura...
Ethics and the Hyperreality of the Archaeological Thought World

Archaeologists have created a thought world which serves to support their own power and privilege, harms the interests of American Indian people, and aids the on-going cultural genocide focused on Native Americans. However, this thought world is a form of hyperreality. Its images and ideas interact with and perpetuate one another with no reference to reality or meaning. We archaeologists must reject the hyperreality, come to terms with the unethical aspects of our discipline's past and our current actions, enter into meaningful interactions with American Indian people, and cede most of our power and privilege to Indian people in order to develop a truly useful set of archaeological ethics in a real moral world.
Selective silicon nanoparticle growth on high-density arrays of silicon nitride

Abstract Selective silicon nanoparticle deposition from disilane on ∼17 nm diameter Si 3 N 4 features defined through a 15-nm-thick SiO 2 masking layer was studied using hot wire chemical vapor deposition between 900 and 1025 K, and chemical vapor deposition between 900 and 975 K. Thin film poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer was used to generate cylinders with a density of 6×10 10 cm −2 that served as the patterning template. Silicon adatom etching of SiO 2 and diffusion of adatoms to the Si 3 N 4 regions prevented the accumulation of adatoms necessary for nanoparticle nucleation and growth on the SiO 2 surfaces. Nanoparticles form selectively on Si 3 N 4 , because adsorbed Si does not etch this surface. Incident flux, total exposure, and substrate temperature were adjusted to explore nanoparticle deposition trends relating relative adatom concentration with nanoparticle density and size distributions.
Extracellular pyridine nucleotides induce PR gene expression and disease resistance in Arabidopsis

Although it is well known that the pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP function inside the cell to regulate intracellular signaling processes, recent evidence from animal studies suggests that NAD(P) also functions in the extracellular compartment (ECC). Extracellular NAD(P) [eNAD(P)] can either directly bind to plasma membrane receptors or be metabolized by ecto-enzymes to produce cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and/or may ADP-ribosylate cell-surface receptors, resulting in activation of transmembrane signaling. In this study, we report that, in plants, exogenous NAD(P) induces the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. Chelation of Ca(2+) by EGTA significantly inhibits the induction of PR genes by exogenous NAD(P), suggesting that exogenous NAD(P) may induce PR genes through a pathway that involves Ca(2+) signaling. We show that exogenous application of NAD(P) causes accumulation of the defense signal molecule salicylic acid (SA), and induces both SA/NPR1-dependent and -independent PR gene expression and disease resistance. Furthermore, we demonstrate that NAD(P) leaks into the plant ECC after mechanical wounding and pathogen infection, and that the amount of NAD(P) leaking into the ECC after P. syringae pv. tobacco DC3000/avrRpt2 infection is sufficient for induction of both PR gene expression and disease resistance. We propose that NAD(P) leakage from cells losing membrane integrity upon environmental stress may function as an elicitor to activate plant defense responses. Our data provide evidence that eNAD(P) functions in plant signaling, and illustrate the potential importance of eNAD(P) in plant innate immunity.
A computing framework for integrating interactive visualization in HPCC applications

Network-based concurrent computing and interactive data visualization are two important components in industry applications of high-performance computing and communication. We propose an execution framework to build interactive remote visualization systems for real-world applications on heterogeneous parallel and distributed computers. Using a dataflow model of a commercial visualization software AVS in three case studies, we demonstrate a simple, effective, and modular approach to couple parallel simulation modules into an interactive remote visualization environment. The applications described in this paper are drawn from our industrial projects in financial modeling, computational electromagnetics and computational chemistry. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prediction of default for high yield bond issues

Abstract Bondholders and financial analysts have long sought models which will predict financial distress in corporations. Prior research has produced a number of useful models to predict bankruptcy in the short term. This paper looks at four models which predict default based upon public information at the time of issuance of high yield bonds. Multivariate results using logistic regression analysis indicate that high yield issues that default are characterized by having higher asset growth rates, lower operating profit margins, larger levels of collateralizable assets, and larger changes in net working capital. Models using Altman (1968) variables have lower likelihood ratio indexes than models employing alternative explanatory variables. Predictive ability tests of models excluding the traditional variables on a holdout sample are able to correctly predict 73.3 percent of the defaulted bonds and 68.6 percent of the nondefaulted bonds.
Effect of ground motion duration on earthquake-induced structural collapse

Abstract Although the influence of ground motion duration on liquefaction and slope stability is widely acknowledged, its influence on structural response is a topic of some debate. This study examines the effect of ground motion duration on the collapse of reinforced concrete structures by conducting incremental dynamic analysis on nonlinear multiple-degree-of-freedom models of concrete frame buildings with different structural properties. Generalized linear modeling regression techniques are used to predict the collapse capacity of a structure, and the duration of the ground motion is found to be a significant predictor of collapse resistance. As a result, the collapse risk of the analyzed buildings is higher on being subjected to longer duration ground motions, as compared to shorter duration ground motions having the same ground motion intensity. Ground motion duration affects the collapse capacity of highly deteriorating (non-ductile) and less deteriorating (ductile) concrete structures. Therefore, it is recommended to consider the duration of the ground motion in addition to its intensity and frequency content in structural design and assessment of seismic risk.
Host-Selective Toxins and Their Role in Plant Diseases

Toxins with unusual characteristics are involved in some destructive diseases of plants. Certain parasitic fungi produce toxins of low molecular weight that selectively affect the host plant; nonhosts are tolerant. These toxins have diverse structures, including cyclic peptides and linear polyketols. Genetic and other data show that resistance to each fungus is based on tolerance to its toxin. The same fungal genes control toxin production and ability to cause disease. Little is known about toxic action, although one toxin selectively affects mitochondria. Plant cell membranes are affected; this may allow the fungus to colonize tissues. Resistant cells may lack toxin receptor sites.
Racial Segregation, Working Conditions, and Workers' Health: Evidence from the A. M. Byers Company, 1916–1930

Abstract Personnel records of the A. M. Byers Company indicate that, during the 1910s and 1920s, black workers left this firm for health reasons much more frequently than white workers did. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether this racial gap in health-related turnover reflected the concentration of black workers in particularly hazardous jobs. Estimated hazard rates for health-related turnover indicate that almost none of the racial gap was due to differences in observable individual characteristics, but about half can be accounted for by the segregation of black workers into departments with particularly high rates of health-related turnover.
The BRCA1-Interacting Protein Abraxas Is Required for Genomic Stability and Tumor Suppression

Summary Germline mutations of BRCA1 confer hereditary susceptibility to breast and ovarian cancer. However, somatic mutation of BRCA1 is infrequent in sporadic breast cancers. The BRCA1 protein C terminus (BRCT) domains interact with multiple proteins and are required for BRCA1's tumor-suppressor function. In this study, we demonstrated that Abraxas, a BRCA1 BRCT domain-interacting protein, plays a role in tumor suppression. Abraxas exerts its function through binding to BRCA1 to regulate DNA repair and maintain genome stability. Both homozygous and heterozygous Abraxas knockout mice exhibited decreased survival and increased tumor incidence. The gene encoding Abraxas suffers from gene copy loss and somatic mutations in multiple human cancers including breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers, suggesting that mutation and loss of function of Abraxas may contribute to tumor development in human patients.
Vapor/Liquid Interaction and Entrainment in Falling Film Evaporators

The problem of vapor/liquid interaction and entrainment in falling film evaporators is analyzed. Attention is focused primarily on horizontal tube falling film evaporators where liquid falls from one tube to the next in either a droplet or column mode. A criterion is presented for the onset of column formation, and equations are derived for the deflection of droplets and columns due to vapor crossflow. Based on an experimental study of drop detachment and breakup, a correlation is established for the resulting droplet sizes. For high vapor crossflow velocities, a criterion is presented for the inception of liquid entrainment by a process known as stripping. Based on the foregoing models, conditions are defined under which vapor/liquid interaction and entrainment are important for falling film evaporators.
8-Hydroxypenillic Acid from 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid: A New Reaction Catalyzed by a Class C β-Lactamase

The hydrolysis of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (APA) at neutral pH, catalyzed by the class C β-lactamase of Enterobacter cloacae P99, was observed from 1H NMR spectra to yield an unexpected product, 8-hydroxypenillic acid, in bicarbonate-containing buffers. This product probably arises from turnover of the carbamate of APA by the enzyme. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of APA in bicarbonate solutions clearly demonstrate the presence of the carbamate. Turnover of APA at saturating concentrations by the enzyme is accelerated by bicarbonate and by methanol. These results suggest that deacylation of the enzyme is rate determining and that the presence of the carbamate affects this step. A mechanism involving rate-determining intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the carbamate on the acyl enzyme is proposed to rationalize these observations and lead to formation of 8-hydroxypenillate. This reaction can be seen as an example of substrate-assisted enzymic catalysis. Quantitative analysis of the data indicated a dissociation ...
Crystal structure and conformation of polypeptides: L-leucylglycylglycylglycine

Crystals of L-leucylglycylglycylglycine, LGGG (C12H22N4O5), grown from an ethanol-water solution, are orthorhombic, space groups P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit cell dimensions (at 22 +/- 3 degrees) a = 9.337(1), b = 10.995(1), c = 15.235(1)A, v = 1563.4 A3, Z = 4 with a density of Dobs = 1.29 g.cm-3 and Dcalc = 1.279 g.cm-3. The crystal structure was solved by the application of direct methods and refined to an R value of 0.029 for 1018 reflections with I greater than or equal to 2 sigma. The molecule exists as a zwitterion in the crystal. The trans peptide backbone takes up a folded conformation at the middle glycylglycyl link accompanied by a significant nonplanarity up to delta omega of 8 degrees at the middle peptide and is relatively more extended at the two ends. The molecules are linked together intermolecularly in an infinite sequence of head to tail 1-4' hydrogen bonds, as is typical of charged peptides. It is interesting to note that while glycylglycylglycine takes up an extended beta-sheet conformation, addition of Leu to the N-terminal results in a bent conformation.
An innately interesting decade of research in immunology

"Nature has provided, in the white corpuscles as you call them-in the phagocytes as we call them-a natural means of devouring and destroying all disease germs. There is at bottom only one genuinely scientific treatment for all diseases, and that is to stimulate the phagocytes." So opined B.B. in G.B. Shaw's The Doctor's Dilemma in a dramatic restatement of a key portion of Ilya Metchnikoff's Nobel Prize address: "Whenever the organism enjoys immunity, the introduction of infectious microbes is followed by the accumulation of mobile cells, of white corpuscles of the blood in particular which absorb the microbes and destroy them. The white corpuscles and the other cells capable of doing this have been designated 'phagocytes,' (i.e., devouring cells) and the whole function that ensures immunity has been given the name of 'phagocytosis'". Based on these insights into the foundation of resistance to infectious disease, Metchnikoff was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with Paul Ehrlich (Fig. 1). Although both were cited for discoveries in immunity, the contributions of the two men seem worlds apart. Ehrlich's studies did not deal with generic responses to infection, but rather with the highly specific nature of antibodies and their relationship to the cells producing them: "As the cell receptor is obviously preformed, and the artificially produced antitoxin only the consequence, i.e. secondary, one can hardly fail to assume that the antitoxin is nothing else but discharged components of the cell, namely receptors discharged in excess". But biological systems are just that-systems-and the parts need to work together. And so we arrive, a century later, at an appreciation for just how intimately related these two seemingly disparate aspects of host defense really are.
EFFECT OF DELAY OF ESCAPE REWARD AND RESPONSE COMPATIBILITY ON HUMAN REACTION TIME

The gradient of escape reward under compatible and incompatible responses performed during delay of reward by human subjects was studied. A discrimination jump reaction time task was used; escape was from aversive noise. Subjects practised the same jump response and one of two delay responses on pre-reward discrimination trials and were told that the pre-reward jump response was the escape response on noise trials. During noise trials reward followed the escape response by 0, 0·4, 4·0 or 8·0 sec. A no-noise control group for each kind of delay response was included. The jump speeds for both kinds of delay responses were the same for pre-reward trials and also for reward trials for zero delay. For reward trials the delay groups with the incompatible response were slower than the compatible response group counterparts on all but 8·0 sec delay. The no-noise controls did not improve. Extinction was immediate for all reward groups.
Rehabilitation of the chronically disabled.

Abstract Rehabilitation of the chronically disabled individual is a many faceted task which can best be accomplished by representatives of several disciplines working as a team. The functions and skills which the patient retains must be strengthened and developed, since the level of his restoration and his work performance depend on these rather than on those he has lost. Physical, psychologic, educational, and surgical techniques are employed whenever they can increase any ability of the patient. Analysis of the skills needed for performance of specific jobs mast be matched against the skills that the patient possesses in order to best place him in industry and re-establish his self-support. Closer cooperation between the medical rehabilitation team and personnel management is urged to make effective placement more general.
MBPT and coupled cluster calculation on the neon atom with numerical orbitals

Our diatomic coupled cluster method with numerical orbitals has been applied to the Ne atom. Second, third, and full fourth order MBPT correlation corrections as well as coupled cluster correlation energies are reported.
Bayesian Inference with Specified Prior Marginals

Abstract We show how to find bounds on posterior expectations of arbitrary functions of the parameters when the prior marginals are specified but when the complete joint prior is unspecified. We also give a theorem that is useful for finding posterior bounds in a wide range of Bayesian robustness problems. We apply these techniques to two examples. The first example involves a recent clinical trial for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Our analysis may be regarded as a follow-up to a detailed Bayesian analysis given by Kass and Greenhouse who concluded that the posterior probability that the treatment is superior to the control is about .95. Their analysis, however, assumed a priori independence of the parameters. We consider other prior distributions with the same marginals as Kass and Greenhouse, but in which the parameters are not independent and conclude that, as long as a priori independence is at least approximately tenable, then ECMO seems superior to the control. The second example is th...
Parameterization and Impact of Ice initiation Processes Relevant to Numerical Model Simulations of Cirrus Clouds.

Abstract An effort to improve descriptions of ice initiation processes of relevance to cirrus clouds for use in regional-scale numerical cloud models with bulk microphysical schemes is described. This is approached by deriving practical parameterizations of the process of ice initiation by homogeneous freezing of cloud and haze (CCN) particles in the atmosphere. The homogeneous freezing formulations may be used with generalized distributions of cloud water and CCN (pure ammonium sulfate assumed). Numerical cloud model sensitivity experiments were made using a microphysical parcel model and a mososcale cloud model to investigate the impact of the homogeneous freezing process and heterogeneous ice nucleation processes on the formation and makeup of cirrus clouds. These studies point out the critical nature of assumptions made regarding the abundance and character of heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) present in the upper troposphere. Conclusions regarding the sources of ice crystals in cirrus clouds and the pote...
Poisson and non-Poisson uncertainty estimations of 10Be/9Be measurements at LLNL–CAMS

We quantify the routine performance and uncertainties of 10Be measurements made on the CAMS FN accelerator mass spectrometer in combination with the CAMS high-intensity cesium sputter source. Our analysis compiles data from 554 primary and secondary standard targets measured on 47 different wheels in nine different run campaigns over a 1-year interval (September 2009–September 2010). The series includes 87, 86, and 85 measurements of each of three different secondary standards and 296 measurements of our primary standard, KNSTD3110 (01-5-4). The average initial 9Be3+ beam current is 22 ± 3 μA (1 standard deviation). Secondary standard targets, which are measured as unknowns in each of the wheels, have average statistical uncertainties based on counting statistics of 1.8%, 1.3%, and 0.8% (1σ) (September 2009–March 2010) and 1.3%, 1.0%, and 0.6% (April 2010–September 2010) for standard materials with 10Be/9Be = 5.35 × 10−13, 9.72 × 10−13, and 8.56 × 10−12, respectively. The mean measured ratio for each of the secondary standards (normalized to the primary standard) falls within the 1.1% uncertainties of the reported values for each standard material. The weighted standard deviation around the mean of this large number of runs is 2.5%, 2.0%, and 1.2% (September 2009–March 2010) and 1.5%, 1.1%, and 1.2% (April 2010–September 2010) for each secondary standard. These data indicate an additional source of uncertainty, 0.9–1.8% (April 2010–September 2010) and 0.2–1.0% (April 2010–September 2010), above that calculated from counting statistics alone. These 10Be AMS results demonstrate the precision and accuracy of the LLNL–CAMS system.
Child Maltreatment History and Response to CBT Treatment in Depressed Mothers Participating in Home Visiting

Child maltreatment contributes to depression in adults. Evidence indicates that such experiences are associated with poorer outcomes in treatment. Mothers in home visiting programs display high rates of depression and child maltreatment histories. In-Home Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (IH-CBT) was developed to treat maternal depression in home visiting. The purpose of this study was to examine the moderating effects of child maltreatment history on depression, social functioning, and parenting in mothers participating in a clinical trial of IH-CBT. Ninety-three depressed mothers in home visiting between 2 and 10 months postpartum were randomly assigned to IH-CBT (n = 47) plus home visiting or standard home visiting (SHV; n = 46). Mothers were identified via screening and then confirmation of major depressive disorder diagnosis. Measures of child maltreatment history, depression, social functioning, and parenting were administered at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up. Results indicated hi...
Strategy by which nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacteria grow photoautotrophically

Among nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are unique in their ability to carry out oxygen-evolving photosynthesis and oxygen-labile nitrogen fixation within the same organisms1–3. These seemingly incompatible reactions take place in heterocystous cyanobacteria by the spatial separation of the site of nitrogen fixation (heterocysts) from the site of photosynthesis (vegetative cells)4,5. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these mechanisms in non-heterocystous cyanobacteria3,6–11. Using batch cultures of Gloeothece (Gloeocapsa) spp., Gallon and collaborators demonstrated the mechanism of temporal separation of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation into the light and dark periods of growth, respectively9. However, the mechanisms by which these two incompatible reactions can occur under continuous light conditions still remained ambiguous. Using novel strains of aerobic nitrogen-fixing, unicellular marine cyanobacteria, Synechococcus spp., grown under synchronized conditions, we report here that nitrogen fixation and photosynthesis occur at different phases in the cell division cycle. Our data, obtained under both diurnal light/dark cycle and continuous illumination, indicate that the temporal separation of the two phases during the cell division cycle is the mechanism by which these unicells can grow photoautotrophically under nitrogen-fixing conditions.
Computer‐Based Simulation for Observing Child Behavior

The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy of computer-based simulation ver sus observation in a laboratory nursery school. Subjects were students enrolled in two classes of an introductory course in child development who were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=24) or a control (n=30) group. Subjects in the experimental group were taught to observe the behavior of children using sound/color film modules of individual children. Open-ended questions were presented by the computer terminal which gave immediate feedback and assistance. Students in the control group observed children in the laboratory nursery school. Pre- and posttests were given, and the results revealed that all students improved their ability to observe from the pre- to posttest. However, students in the experimental group improved more than those in the control group.