cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unexpected effects of an "open door" policy on birth rates of women in state hospitals.

An increase of 366% in the birth rate within Michigan's major state mental hospitals accompanies (and is probably due to) the “open door” policy in those hospitals. Effective contraception should be made available to the patient and her spouse when she reenters the community, for the sake of both the patient and the child.
Adenotonsillectomy and obstructive sleep apnea in children: a prospective survey.

OBJECTIVE: Prospective survey of children up to 14 years of age with OSA submitted to adenotonsillectomy. METHODS: Clinical evaluation, with questionnaires and clinical scales evaluating facial structures including tonsils and Mallampati scales and otolaryngologic evaluation; nocturnal polysomnography and repeat evaluation three to five months postsurgery. RESULTS: Of 207 successively seen children, 199 had follow-up polysomnography, and 94 had still abnormal sleep recording. Multivariate analysis indicates that Mallampati scale score 3 and 4, retro-position of mandible, enlargement of nasal inferior turbinates at +3 (subjective scale 1 to 3), and deviated septum were significantly associated with persistence of abnormal polysomnography (with high 95% CI for Mallampati scale and deviated septum). CONCLUSION: Mallampati scale scores are resultant of several facial factors involving maxilla, mandible, and oral versus oral breathing but add information on risk of partial response to adenotonsillectomy. SIGNIFICANCE: Adenotonsillectomy may not resolve obstructive sleep apnea in children.
Astronomy: blasts from the radio heavens.

There is no coherent explanation for newly observed salvos of radio waves emanating from a direction near the Galactic Centre. Are they from a new type of stellar object? The search is on for similar radio emitters.
A low-power adaptive bandwidth PLL and clock buffer with supply-noise compensation

This paper describes a fully integrated low-jitter CMOS phase-locked loop and clock buffer for low-power digital systems with a wide range of operating frequencies. The design uses static CMOS inverters as a building block of the voltage-controlled oscillator and clock buffering. To reduce supply-induced jitter, programmable circuits with opposite sensitivity compensate for the delay variations. Both elements have supply-induced delay sensitivity of /spl les/0.1%-delay/1%-V/sub DD/. The design is fabricated in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and consumes 10mW from a 2.5-V supply. The experimental results verify that the proposed methods significantly improve the jitter.
In Situ Investigation of Nanoabrasive Wear of Silicon

Investigation of abrasive wear at the nanometer-length scale is presented on single crystalline (001) and amorphous silicon. Experiments were performed using nanoindentation and nanoscratch approaches. Surface characterization was carried out using an atomic force microscope. Results show that both materials behave quite differently from each other during indentation and scratch. Specifically, amorphous silicon is proven to be more unstable during scratching than single crystal silicon. The comparison of in situ and ex situ normal displacement was made. Evidence was found on the hysteretic and viscoplastic behavior of amorphous silicon in nanoscratch that is also seen in indentation. Furthermore, it is found that this material is unstable under stress within small scales. Indications of phase transformation, (reverse) densification, and transition of elastic-plastic deformation are seen. These observations, enabled on silicon using an in situ and nanometer length scale process, are fundamentally different from the understanding of conventional abrasive wear.
Design and Construction of the Nchanga Copper Tailings Leach Plant Stage 3

The Nchanga Division of Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Limited (ZCCM), the largest producing copper mine in the Commonwealth, has recently commissioned a new plant for reprocessing copper rich tailings. The tailings, some 140 million tonnes in total, are stored in large paddock dams. This paper records the problems and successes involved in completing the design, procurement and construction of the project, on time and ten per cent below budget.Design and project management was by Zambia Engineering Services Limited in Ashford, Kent, a subsidiary of ZCCM, and project funding was from a consortium of international hanks, export credit agencies and development organizations.The subjects dealt with include process design, project capital and funding, management, design and the use of models, estimating and cost control, planning, purchasing and procurement, construction and commissioning. The paper also highlights the problems associated with funding a new project of this type in the Third World in a depre...
Crystal Structure, Morphology, and Phase Transitions in Syndiotactic Polypropylene

Abstract The discovery of a new catalyst for the low temperature and low pressure polymerization of ethylene by Ziegler at the Mulheim Institute in Germany in the mid-1950s opened the door to a whole new world in the synthesis of polyolefins [1]. Shortly thereafter, Natta and his group at the Milan Insti-tute in Italy announced that propylene and higher a-olefins could also be polymerized by the use of coordination catalysts, for example Tic], -Al(eth), F [2, 3]. The discovery of stereospecific polymerization allowed steric control on the growth of polymer chains for the first time. A major consequence of this polymerization is a significant effect of stereoregularity on physical, in particular, and mechanical properties. Another major con-tribution by Natta and his group was the development of methods for characterizing polymer configurations and conformations.
A continuous family of magnetic monopole solutions

Abstract A somewhat unusual class of magnetic monopole solutions is described. In contrast with previously discovered solutions, these form continuous families of degenerate but physically distinguishable solutions.
Composite Membranes Based on a Selective Chitosan—Poly(ethylene glycol) Hybrid Layer: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance in Oil—Water Purification

A series of poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether−cross-linked chitosan (chi−PEG hybrid) films were prepared to elucidate their potential as fouling-resistant ultrafiltration (UF) membrane coating layers. Water permeability increased as the poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether to chitosan ratio in the prepolymerization mixture increased due to increased porosity in the polymer matrix resulting from phase separation during polymerization. Composite membranes for oil−water emulsion filtration were prepared by coating an optimized member of the chi−PEG hybrid family onto a commercial polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and pure water permeance measurements indicated that, depending on the concentration of chitosan in the coating solution, the coating layer thickness could be controlled, so water permeance could be optimized. These composite membranes exhibited water flux values more than 5 ti...
Tradeoffs in MEMS materials

To control the third dimension of micro mechanical structures, new materials have to be designed. Unfortunately, increased manufacturability results generally in degraded mechanical and electrical characteristics. The paper is presenting a detailed analysis of p+ silicon as a mechanical material for microresonators and of the low temperature dielectrics used in electrostatic microactuators. All the relevant parameters of p+ silicon are experimentally determined and process recommendations allowing improved quality are formulated. Charge injection and trapping in low temperature dielectrics are analyzed and their impact on the behavior of the electrostatic actuators evaluated.
Omphalocele and gastroschisis: Black-white disparity in infant survival

BACKGROUND: Racial/ethnic variations in the occurrence of abdominal wall defects have been previously noted but it remains poorly understood whether race/ethnicity is a determinant of survival among affected infants. METHODS: Study was conducted on cases of gastroschisis and omphalocele recorded for the years 1983-1999 at the New York Congenital Malformation Registry. Adjusted and unadjusted hazard ratios were generated from a Proportional Hazards Regression model to compare survival among affected Blacks, Hispanics and Whites. The major end point of analysis was differences in all cause mortality among infants with abdominal wall birth defects across different racial/ethnic groups. RESULTS: Among the three racial/ethnic groups, 1481 infants were diagnosed with either omphalocele (978 or 66%) or gastroschisis (503 or 34%). Overall infant mortality rate (IMR) was 182 per 1000, with 74% of the deaths occurring within the first 28 days of life. Omphalocele infants had significantly higher infant mortality (IMR 215 per 1000) than infants with gastroschisis (IMR 118 per 1000)[p 0.0001]. Overall, Black infants with abdominal wall defects had lower mortality indices than Whites and Hispanics. However, when considered as separate disease entities, Black infants were twice as likely to survive as compared to Whites if they had omphalocele [Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) 0.52; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.37-0.74], and twice as likely to die as Whites if they had gastroschisis instead (AHR 2.23; 95% CI 1.16-4.28). For both defect subtypes, Hispanics have risks for infant mortality comparable to Whites. CONCLUSIONS: The natural history of omphalocele and gastroschisis co-varies with race. Black infants with gastroschisis have worse survival outcomes while those with omphalocele have better chances of survival than their White or Hispanic counterparts. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 70:586 –591, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Team identification and willingness to consider illegally assisting teams

Previous researchers have indicated that a sizeable minority of sport fans admit a willingness to anonymously injure a star player or coach of a rival team. Highly identified fans were particularly likely to consider these acts. In the current investigation we aimed to extend the previous work by examining the frequency with which individuals would consider, under the protection of anonymity, engaging in antisocial acts of cheating that are either illegal or violate societal norms. A sizeable minority of the college student sample admitted a willingness to consider a number of such acts and, as hypothesized, there was a significant positive correlation between team identification and reports of willingness.
Identifying Chelators for Metalloprotein Inhibitors Using a Fragment-Based Approach

Fragment-based lead design (FBLD) has been used to identify new metal-binding groups for metalloenzyme inhibitors. When screened at 1 mM, a chelator fragment library (CFL-1.1) of 96 compounds produced hit rates ranging from 29% to 43% for five matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), 24% for anthrax lethal factor (LF), 49% for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and 60% for tyrosinase (TY). The ligand efficiencies (LE) of the fragment hits are excellent, in the range of 0.4−0.8 kcal/mol. The MMP enzymes all generally elicit the same chelators as hits from CFL-1.1; however, the chelator fragments that inhibit structurally unrelated metalloenzymes (LF, 5-LO, TY) vary considerably. To develop more advanced hits, one hit from CFL-1.1, 8-hydroxyquinoline, was elaborated at four different positions around the ring system to generate new fragments. 8-Hydroxyquinoline fragments substituted at either the 5- or 7-positions gave potent hits against MMP-2, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. The 8-hydroxyquinoline represents a p...
Polarized Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy from Molecules Adsorbed in Nano-Gaps Produced by Electromigration in Silver Nanowires

Uniform nanogaps were produced in silver nanowires previously fabricated by AC electrodeposition in porous anodic alumina templates and released by dissolving the oxide matrix. Configuring the nanowires with electrodes and passing current through them created nanogaps by electromigration. Uniform nanogaps approximately perpendicular to the axes of the nanowires were produced with widths in the range approximately 17 to approximately 40 nm. Gaps as small as 5 nm but with less uniform geometries could also be produced in this manner. A heuristic model, in which electromigrative and diffusional effects are included, is used to relate the size of the nanogap produced to the local resistance of the region in the nanowire where the gap ultimately forms. Intense surface-enhanced Raman spectra were observed from Rhodamine 6G adsorbed on the nanowire in the gap. For gaps that uniformly divided the nanowire across its width, the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy intensity was maximum when the electric vector of the exciting light was oriented across the gap, as predicted by electromagnetic enhancement calculations.
A note on optimal component test plans for series system reliability with exponential failure times

In a recent article, Rajgopal and Mazumdar (1995) considered a series system consisting of n components and studied the problem of designing optimum component test plans for series system reliability. Specifically, one of the problems considered by them was described as follows. The n components have different component testing costs of cj per unit time, j = 1, 2,..., n. The component lifetimes are assumed to be exponentially distributed with Aj the failure rate of component j, and one may further assume that Aj RI and definitely unacceptable if Rs R1) may be erroneously rejected by the test plan. 3 is the maximum acceptable consumer risk, which is the probability that an unacceptable system (Rs R1 is less than or equal to a and that the probability of accepting the system when Rs < Ro is less than or equal to 3. It is required to find optimal values of m and tj, j = 1, 2,..., n. Rajgopal and Mazumdar (1995) suggested solving the problem first for a given value of m and then determining the best value of rn. They proposed two algorithms to obtain the optimal tj values for a given m. The algorithms appear to be complicated and essentially involve formulating an abstract dual and solving it by the column-generation technique. In this note, it is shown that the original problem is equivalent to a linear programming problem that can be solved directly by any of the well-known computer routines. 1. OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
Cleavage of insertion/deletion mismatches, flap and pseudo-Y DNA structures by deoxyinosine 3'-endonuclease from Escherichia coli

Deoxyinosine 3′-endonuclease, an Escherichia coli repair enzyme that recognizes and cleaves DNA containing deoxyinosine and base mismatches, can cleave heteroduplexes containing a hairpin or unpaired loop. These DNA structures, referred to as insertion/deletion mismatches (IDM), are abnormal intermediate structures generated during replication of repetitive DNA sequences. In addition, the enzyme also cleaved the 5′-single-stranded tails of flap and pseudo-Y DNA structures, suggesting that deoxyinosine 3′-endonuclease is a bacterial functional homologue of human FEN1 and yeast RTH1 nucleases. These biochemical properties suggest that deoxyinosine 3′-endonuclease might be important in the repair of IDM structures generated in lagging strand during DNA replication.
Volume-corrected ferritin and zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio during pregnancy: the role of an intracellular iron measure

Abstract Purpose: To describe the relationship during pregnancy of an iron stores measure, serum ferritin, and an intracellular iron measure, zinc protoporphyrin/heme ratio (ZPP/H). Methods: Retrospective analyses of measurements of ferritin and ZPP/H from 316 iron-supplemented prenatal patients at a public hospital clinic. Each ferritin value was corrected for dilution, using formulas for estimating plasma volume expansion, yielding volume-corrected ferritin (VCF) values. After exclusions, 159 specimens from 103 patients at 4–37 weeks of gestation were analyzed by descriptive statistics and contingency tables. Results: VCF indicated diminished stores in 36% of specimens, but only 8% of specimens showed abnormal intracellular iron by ZPP/H. Normal VCF was strongly predictive (97%) of normal ZPP/H; abnormal VCF was only weakly predictive (17%) of abnormal ZPP/H. Co-occurrence of normal VCF with mildly compromised ZPP/H was found in 32% of specimens. Conclusions: Data are largely consistent with an established sequential model of the relationship between iron stores and intracellular iron. Even with correction for the effect of plasma volume expansion, ferritin has limited utility for assessing intracellular iron status during pregnancy. An intracellular iron measure such as ZPP/H offers important advantages for assessing iron status and supplement therapy during pregnancy.
Chronic ethanol intoxication induces adaptive changes at the membrane protein/lipid interface

Abstract Modifications were found to occur at the membrane protein/lipid interface of liver microsomes in animals that had been subjected to chronic ethanol ingestion. The effects were revealed by probing this region with 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), trimethylammonium-DPH (TMA-DPH) and DPH attached to the sn -2 chain of phosphatidylcholine (1-palmitoyl-2-[[2[4-(6-phenyl- trans -1,3,5-hexatrienyl) phenyl]ethyl]carbonyl]-3- sn -phosphatidylcholine, DPH-PC). In intact membranes, it was found that the decay of the excited state was heterogeneous, this being modeled by fitting the data to a fluorescence lifetime distribution. The full-width of the distribution at half-maximum, which relates to the degree of excited state environmental heterogeneity, increased for each fluorophore, as a result of chronic ethanol treatment. For TMA-DPH and DPH the excited state heterogeneity could have arisen from, (i) the protein/lipid interface and (ii) varied degrees of water penetration into the lipid, due to the ability of these fluorophores to sample along the bilayer normal. By contrast, the DPH in DPH-PC, due to its tethering, was only able to sample the heterogeneity at the protein/lipid interface, as confirmed by a homogeneous decay in vesicles of microsomal lipid extracts. The increased degree of DPH-PC fluorescence decay heterogeneity in microsomes from chronic ethanol-treated animals as compared to controls, was found to persist in vesicles of extracted lipids, when apocytochrome C was included in the vesicle preparations as a model protein. This effectively eliminated a protein modification from being responsible and indicated that a chronic-ethanol induced alteration in the lipids was being expressed in the form of a physico-chemical modification at the protein/lipid interface. The degree of DPH-PC environmental heterogeneity was also directly increased by ethanol, however, membranes from chronic ethanol-treated animals were resistant to this effect, showing that the phenomenon of ‘membrane tolerance’ extends to the membrane protein/lipid interface.
Experimental Study of Heat Transfer from a Discrete Source to a Circular Liquid Jet with Annular Collection of the Spent Fluid

Experiments have been performed to determine average convection heat transfer coefficients for axisymmetric, liquid jet impingement, with annular collection of the spent fluid, Measurements were performed for a small, circular heater affixed diameter (D = 22.2 mm), but for a range of jet diameters (4.42 ≤ d ≤ 9.27 mm), nozzle-to-heater spacings (0.25 ≤ S/d ≤. 6), and confining wall diameters (22.2 ≤ Dc ≤ 38.1 mm). Two different liquids, water (Pr ≈ 7) and a dielectric fluorocarbon (Pr ≈ 25), were employed to study Prandil number effects, and flow rates were varied to provide laminar and turbulent jets over the Reynolds number range 1000 ≳ Red ≳ 40,000. The effect of nozzle-to-heater separation was found to be negligible for laminar jets, while, for turbulent jets, significant heat transfer enhancement could be realized by reducing the separation distance in the range S/d ≳ 1. The effect of the confining wall was discernible only for small values of Dc and was manifested by a reduction in heat transfer wit...
A new configuration for coded aperture imaging

Abstract It is shown that two properly-scaled Fresnel zone plates in series constitute a useful coded aperture for imaging X-rays, gamma rays or other incoherent radiation.
PERSEVERATION IN RELATION TO REMINISCENCE AND RECALL

Resume LA PERSEVERANCE PAR SON RAPPORT A LA REMINISCENCE ET A L'EVOCATION. Dans cette recherche l'on etudia la tendance a la perseverance chez 156 eleves, garcons et filles, par son rapport a la reminiscence et a l'amelioration de l'evocation, dans un test retention de differe lorsqu'une repetition avait eu lieu dans l'intervalle. Les eleves, a qui l'on accorda douze minutes, a peu pres, pour apprendre par cœur cinq strophes de quatre vers chacune du poeme de Padraic Colum, “Le Bouvier,” employerent une variation de la methode d'apprendre par sections. Les resultats de cette etude furent' calcules au moyen d'un test de retention immediat, suivi, vingt-quatre heures plus tard, par un test de retention differe. A la fin du test differe l'on appliqua a tous les eleves le Test de Perseverance Mather-Ekin. Pour chaque sujet l'on retrancha le nombre des points du test immediat de celui du test differe. Des differences positives entre les points du test differe et ceux du test immediat furent considerees comme indiquant la reminiscence, pourvu que l'amelioration dans l'evocation apres l'intervalle de 24 heures fut accomplie sans que le sujet eut repasse ou repete le poeme. En general les donnees presentees dans cette article suggerent un rapport positif, bas mais valable du point de vue statistique, entre la perseverance et l'amelioration dans un test de retention differe. Les conclusions etaient contradictoires quant au rapport entre la reminiscence, telle qu'on l'a definie dans cette etude, et la perseverance. Zusammenfassung PERSEVERATION IM ZUSAMMENHANG MIT ERINNERUNG UND DEM ZURUCKRUFEN INS GEDACHTNIS. In dieser Untersuchung prufte man bei 156 Schulern und Schulerinnen Perseverationstendenzen im Verhaltnis zu Erinnerung und Zuruckrufen in einem Test verzogerter Erinnerung, wo inzwischen eine Wiederholung stattgefunden hatte. Ein Variieren der Teilmethode des Lernens wurde von den Schulern benutzt, denen man etwa 12 Minuten gab, um funf vierzeilige Strophen aus Padraic Colums Gedicht “The Drover” auswendig zu lernen. Die Ergebnisse der Lernzeit wurden durch einen Test fur unmittelbare Zuruckrufung gemessen, worauf 24 Stunden spater ein Test fur verzogerte Zuruckrufung folgte. Am Schluss des Tests fur verzogerte Zuruckrufung gab man allen Schulern den Maller-Elkin-Perseverationstest. Fur jede Vp. zog man das Ergebnis im Test fur unmittelbare Zuruckrufung vom Ergebnis des Tests fur verzogerte Zuruckrufung ab. Positive Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen fur verzogerte und unmittelbare Zuruckrufung hielt man fur Zuruckrufungsmerkmale, vorausgesetzt, dass die Fortschritte im Zuruckrufen nach einer Pause von 24 Studen ohne dazwischenkommende Wiedererlernung oder Wiederholung seitens der Vp. geschah. Im allgemeinen weisen die in diesem Artikel gebotenen Angaben auf ein niedriges, aber statistisch zuverlassiges Verhaltnis hin zwischen Perseveration und dem Fortschritt bei einem Test fur verzogerte Zuruckrufung. Die Resultate widersprachen sich in Bezug auf das Verhaltnis zwischen Zuruckrufung, wie sie in diesem Artikel bestimmt wird, und Perseveration.
Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency results in impaired splenocyte response to lipopolysaccharide.

Abstract Corticotropin-releasing hormone (Crh), a major mediator of the stress response, has been shown to exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the regulation of the immune system, in vivo. In our present study, we used the Crh −/− mice to investigate the effect of Crh deficiency on leukocyte function in vitro. Our results show that following LPS treatment, TNF-α and IL-1β expression was significantly compromised in Crh −/− splenocytes, an effect most likely mediated by the lower levels of NF-κB DNA binding activity measured in the same cells. Furthermore, we show here that the proliferation rate of Crh −/− splenocytes in response to LPS was decreased compared to Crh +/+ splenocytes. Taken together, our findings show that the presence of endogenous Crh is necessary for the normal function of leukocytes, in vitro.
Perception of Abnormal Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test Results amongst Family Practitioners

INTRODUCTIONWith increased use of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, prostate cancers are diagnosed at an earlier stage in younger men, when radical curative treatments are appropriate. Modifications of the PSA test such as PSA velocity and age-adjusted values are available to aid in the selection of patients for biopsy. However, it is not clear whether these data are used in general practice. PATIENTS AND METHODSA self-administered questionnaire was mailed to all primary care practices within one region in the UK. A series of visual analogue questions designed to identify referral thresholds for age-adjusted PSA levels and PSA velocity were used to identify patterns in referral behaviour. RESULTSIndividual family practitioners see only small numbers of patients requesting PSA tests or with newly diagnosed prostate cancer each year. The median (range) thresholds considered for referral at ages 45, 55, 65, 75 and 85 years were 4.5 ng/ml (2.5–15.5 ng/ml), 5.5 ng/ml (3.0–15.5 ng/ml), 6.5 ng/ml (3...
beta-Endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are selected concomitantly by the pituitary gland

The opiate-like peptide beta-endorphin and adrenocorticotropin are concomitantly secreted in increased amounts by the adenohypophysis in response to acute stress or long-term adrenalectomy as well as in vitro in response to purified corticotropin releasing factor and other secretagogues. Conversely, administration of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone inhibits the secretion of both adrenocorticotropin and beta-endorphin. Thus, both hormones possess common and identical regulatory mechanisms and there may be a functional role for circulating beta-endorphin.
Arrhythmogenic and antiarrhythmic actions of substances of abuse: Effects on triggered activity

Substances of abuse exert adrenergic and/or depressant actions on the cellular processes responsible for cytosolic calcium overload. This investigation attempted to determine whether substances of abuse, through catechol-mediated effects or cellular actions, elicit or inhibit the production of arrhythmias caused by delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) and triggered activity (TA). The papillary muscles of rats and Purkinje fibers of dogs were superfused in vitro with Tyrode's solution at 37 degrees C. Intracellular microelectrodes were used to record membrane potentials. Overdrives failed to induce DADs and TA in the canine Purkinje fibers exposed to either Tyrode's solution alone, or containing ethanol or harmine. Instead, ethanol and harmine inhibited DADs and TA induced by overdrives in the presence of strophanthidin. On the contrary, in the presence of acetaldehyde and amphetamine, overdrives did produce TA, which was inhibited by propranolol. In conclusion, substances of abuse may either elicit or inhibit the production of DADs and TA, depending on the balance between adrenergic and depressant actions on the cellular mechanisms responsible for the calcium overload of the cytosol.
The Neutron and Neuton, the New Element of Atomic Number Zero

SINCE neutrons were first recognised by Chadwick in the rays from the beryllium nucleus, it may be of interest to note that in 1915 the hydrogen-helium theory1 considered this nucleus to consist of two doubly charged helium nuclei and a condensed or nuclear hydrogen atom, now called a neutron. In a paper written early in 1919, the formula of the beryllium nucleus was given as α2(ββ) which in more recent symbols is 2(pe), where the parentheses were used to emphasise the idea that the proton p and the electron e are united to form a neutral group or neutron.
List length and overlap effects in forced-choice associative recognition.

Two experiments examined forced-choice associative recognition for OLAP and NOLAP test conditions. OLAP test trials consist of pairs with overlapping items (e.g., AB vs. AD), whereas NOLAP test trials contain no overlapping items (e.g., AB vs. CF). Previous results show better performance for NOLAP than for OLAP tests, contrary to the predictions of global memory models. The present experiments varied list length to examine the hypothesis that the NOLAP advantage is produced by recall-like retrieval processes. The use of longer lists either eliminated (Experiment 1) or greatly reduced (Experiment 2) the NOLAP advantage. However, a reliable OLAP advantage was not obtained. Implications for models are discussed.
Radioactively induced sublimation in solid tritium

A horizontal cylindrical cavity bounded by isothermal walls was partially filled with liquid tritium which was then frozen by reduction of the temperature to 1.0 K below the triple point. Visual observations revealed that the solid subsequently redistributed itself into a layer of uniform thickness covering the complete interior of the cavity. The time constant for this effect depends on the age (or $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ content) of the tritium and not on the initial filling fraction. Time constants of 14.9, 92, 219, and 234 min were measured for tritium 0.04, 7, 16, and 17 days old, respectively.
Tests for standardized generalized variances of multivariate normal populations of possibly different dimensions

In many practical problems, one needs to compare variabilities of several multidimensional populations. The concept of standardized generalized variance (SGV) is introduced as an extension of the concept of GV. Considering multivariate normal populations of possibly different dimensions and general covariance matrices, LRTs are derived for SGVs. The criteria turn out to be elegant multivariate analogs to those for tests for variances in the univariate cases. The null and nonnull distributions of the test criteria are deducdd in computable forms in terms of Special Functions, e.g., Pincherle'sH-function, by exploiting the theory of calculus of residues (Mathai and Saxena,Ann. Math. Statist.40, 1439-1448).
Increased binding of tumor cells by macrophages activated in vitro with lymphocyte mediators.

Abstract Following incubation in vitro with lymphocyte mediators, activated macrophages become capable of binding more tumor cells than nonactivated macrophages. Increased binding occurs rapidly (within 1 hr), does not require the presence of serum in the medium, and is inhibited by treatment with trypsin. The increased binding by activated macrophages is quantitatively selective for tumor cells. Incubation with lymphocyte mediators of cell types other than macrophages does not increase the binding of tumor cells to such monolayers. These results indicate that the binding of tumor cells by activated macrophages results from the stimulation of a specific macrophage function during the process of macrophage activation.
It’s All About Me: Self-Focused Attention and Depressed Mood

The present study examined self-focused attention in dysphoria under various mood conditions. Participants were randomly assigned to either a positive, negative, or neutral writing condition. Results indicated that dysphoric participants displayed significantly greater self-focused attention across all conditions relative to the non-dysphoric participants. Taken together, these findings indicate that heightened self-focused attention is a pervasive pattern in dysphoric persons that may contribute to maintenance of a dysphoric mood state.
A framework of a logic-based question-answering system for the medical domain (LOQAS-Med)

Question-answering systems that provide precise answers to questions, by combining techniques for information retrieval, information extraction, and natural language processing, are seen as the next-generation search engines. Due to the growth and real-world impact of biomedical information, the need for question-answering systems that can aid medical researchers and health care professionals in their information search is acutely felt. In order to provide users with accurate answers, such systems need to go beyond lexico-syntactic analysis to semantic analysis and processing of texts and knowledge resources. Moreover, question-answering systems equipped with reasoning capabilities can derive more adequate answers by using inference. Research on question answering in the medical and health care domain is still in its inception stage. While several recent approaches to medical question answering have explored use of semantic knowledge, few approaches have exploited the utility of logic formalisms and of inference mechanisms. In this paper, we present a framework for a logic-based question-answering system for the medical domain, which uses Description Logic as the formalism for knowledge representation and reasoning. As a first step toward building the proposed system, we present semantic analysis and classification of medical questions.
A Developmental Switch in Neurotransmitter Flux Enhances Synaptic Efficacy by Affecting AMPA Receptor Activation

Formation of glutamatergic synapses entails development of "silent" immature contacts into mature functional synapses. To determine how this transformation occurs, we investigated the development of neurotransmission at single synapses in vitro. Maturation of presynaptic function, assayed with endocytotic markers, followed accumulation of synapsin I. During this period, synaptic transmission was primarily mediated by activation of NMDA receptors, suggesting that most synapses were functionally silent. However, local glutamate application to silent synapses indicated that these synapses contained functional AMPA receptors, suggesting a possible presynaptic locus for silent transmission. Interference with presynaptic vesicle fusion by exposure to tetanus toxin reverted functional to silent transmission, implicating SNARE-mediated fusion as a determinant of the ratio of NMDA:AMPA receptor activation. This work reveals that functional maturation of synaptic transmission involves transformation of presynaptic silent secretion into mature synaptic transmitter release.
“Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” Titer Over Time in Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) After Acquisition From Infected Potato and Tomato Plants

ABSTRACT The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Sule) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is a serious pest of potato and other solanaceous crops. B. cockerelli has been associated with the bacterium “Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum” (Lso), the causal agent of zebra chip, a new and economically important disease of potato in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand. The biology of liberibacter transmission to potato and other host plants by the potato psyllid is largely unknown. The current study determined Lso acquisition by adult psyllids following different acquisition access periods (AAP) on potato and tomato, quantified Lso titer over time in postacquisition psyllids, determined Lso-acquisition rate in psyllids at each AAP on each source of inoculum, and determined influence of host plant Lso titer on Lso acquisition rates and postacquisition titer in psyllids over time. Results showed that Lso detection rates and titer increased over time in psyllids following AAPs of 8,24, and 72 h ...
Practical management of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia who develop tyrosine kinase inhibitor-resistant BCR-ABL1 mutations:

Five BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, bosutinib, and ponatinib, are currently approved for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Standard treatment of CML with TKIs is highly effective in reducing disease burden, delaying disease progression, and prolonging overall survival of patients; however, resistance to TKI treatment has become an increasingly important cause of treatment failure. The emergence of mutations in the BCR-ABL1 kinase domain is a common mechanism of TKI resistance, and laboratory testing to detect these mutations is currently available for clinical use. Patients who do not respond or have lost their response to TKI therapy should be considered for mutational testing. Despite clinical practice guidelines that recommend testing for BCR-ABL1 mutations in patients with clinical signs of TKI resistance, many oncologists and hematologists managing patients with CML do not perform such testing. This review addresses outstanding questions related to when testing should be conducted, what type of testing should be done, and how testing results should be applied to subsequent therapeutic decisions. It describes how BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations confer resistance, outlines the prevalence of mutations in patients with resistance to TKIs, summarizes the common and investigational methods used in mutational testing, and presents an algorithm reflecting a clinical perspective on how and when to conduct mutational testing, and what to do with test results.
Designing protein dimerizers: the importance of ligand conformational equilibria.

In an effort to elucidate the role of ligand conformation in induced protein dimerization, we synthesized a flexible methotrexate (MTX) dimer, demonstrated its ability to selectively dimerize Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and evaluated the factors regulating its ability to induce cooperative dimerization. Despite known entropic barriers, bis-MTX proved to possess substantial conformational stability in aqueous solution (−3.8 kcal/mol ≥ ΔGfold ≥ −4.9 kcal/mol), exerting a dominant influence on the thermodynamics of dimerization. To dimerize DHFR, bis-MTX must shift from a folded to an extended conformation. From this conclusion, the strength of favorable protein−protein interactions in bis-MTX−E. coli DHFR dimers (−3.1 kcal/mol ≥ ΔGc ≥ −4.2 kcal/mol), and the selectivity of dimerization for E. coli DHFR relative to mouse DHFR (>107) could be determined. The crystal structure of bis-MTX in complex with E. coli DHFR confirms the feasibility of a close-packed dimerization interface and sugg...
Oral and intravenous bretylium disposition

To compare the oral and intravenous disposition of bretylium tosylate in man, 10 normal male subjects were randomly assigned single doses of 5 mg/kg bretylium tosylate either orally or intravenously and crossed over 2 wk later to the opposite route (20 studies). Each experiment included sampling for drug in serum and urine over 48 hr. Bretylium tosylate was assayed by gas chromatography. Kinetic analysis provided the following mean [coefficient of variation] results: 100FPo, 22.6% [40.2%]; ClIVr, 300 ml/min [27.8%]; ClPor, 1,268 mg/min [54.8%]; ClIVB 299 ml/min [31.9%]; f, 101% [8.7%]; Vdss, 3.37 l/kg [30.5%]; λIVl, 0.0510 [12.8%]; λPGl, 0.115 [52.7%] hr−1; elimination half-life (t½) after intravenous bretylium tosylate, 13.6 hr, and after oral bretylium tosylate, 6.0 hr (harmonic means). Bretylium tosylate binding to plasma proteins in normal volunteer samples was found to be negligible. The results indicate extensive tissue binding of bretylium tosylate. Oral doses of bretylium tosylate are only partially absorbed. Bretylium tosylate is eliminated entirely by the kidneys as unchanged drug. The greater renal clearance after oral than intravenous bretylium tosylate, and the greater elimination rate constant and shorter oral bretylium tosylate t½ are of interest but no explanation is available. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 468–478; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.190
Measured Performance of a 35 Kilowatt Roof Top Photovoltaic System

A 35 kW roof top photovoltaic (PV) system has been installed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. The system, located on the flat roof that connects NIST’s Administration Building to its adjoining conference and cafeteria facilities, produced NIST’s first site-generated renewable energy on September 14, 2001. In addition to providing electrical energy and reducing monthly peak electrical loads, the rear surface of each module is laminated to 51 mm of extruded polystyrene enhancing the thermal performance of the roof. A unique ballast system secures the photovoltaic system, eliminating the need for roof penetrations. An instrumentation and data acquisition package was installed to record the ambient temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, and the electrical energy delivered to the grid. Additional solar radiation instruments were installed after determining that the original solar radiation sensor was influenced by reflections from the south-facing wall of the Administration Building’s tower. NIST’s electric utility billing schedule includes energy and peak demand charges. The generation charges vary significantly depending upon the time interval — off-peak, intermediate, and on-peak — during which the energy is consumed. The schedule is divided into summer billing months (June-October) and winter billing months (November-May). During the winter billing months, the distribution, transmission, and generation peak demand charges are based on the greatest power demand imposed by the site on the grid. During the summer billing months an additional demand charge is imposed to capture electrical demand during the onpeak time interval. This paper summarizes the monthly and annual measured performance of the photovoltaic system. The monthly energy produced by the system is tabulated. Conversion efficiencies — computed using solar radiation measurements from a single photovoltaic cell radiation sensor, four thermopile-based radiation sensors located around the perimeter of the photovoltaic array, and a remotely located thermopile-based radiation sensor, are presented. Using the electric utility’s rate schedule, the monetary savings credited to the photovoltaic system is determined by combining the cost of the displaced energy with the reduction in peak demand charges attributable to the photovoltaic system. Finally, using utility provided data and the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Environmental Benefits Calculator, estimates are made of the avoided emissions of the photovoltaic system over its projected life span.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Duality and Uniform Approximation by Solutions of Elliptic Equations

In this paper we study the uniform approximation of continuous functions on compact subsets of R n by solutions of second order elliptic equations. Also we discuss the problem of existence of a continuous best approximation and the connection of the approximation problem to some isoperimetric inequalities.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Al-Sb system

Thermodynamic modeling of the Mg-Al-Sb system is carried out for the first time in this work. Among the constituent binaries in this system, only the Al-Sb and Mg-Sb are re-optimized. Liquid phases are described by the Redlich-Kister polynomial model, whereas the high temperature modification of Mg 3Sb2 compound in the Mg-Sb system is described by the sublattice model. The constructed database is used to calculate and predict thermodynamic properties, binary phase diagrams of Al-Sb and Mg-Sb, and liquidus projections of the ternary Mg-Al-Sb. The calculated phase diagrams and the thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy of mixing, and activities are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data from the literature. The established Mg-Al-Sb database predicted a closed ternary liquid miscibility gap, six ternary eutectics, two ternary peritectics, four saddle points and a critical point. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Structural Performance Testing of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors

This paper is a commentary on the ASTM Test for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors under the Influence of Wind Loads, Designation E 330-70. A brief historical background of the development of the test method is given, the procedure is summarized, some of its features are highlighted, and the use, application, and significance of the method are discussed.
Social support, stress, and well-being among older adults

The purpose of this study was to examine whether social support buffers the deleterious effects of stressful life events on depressive symptoms among a random community sample of older adults. Previous research has provided contradictory conclusions regarding the stress buffering capacity of supportive social relations. The reason for these inconclusive findings may be traced in part to the failure of researchers to disaggregate their social support and stressful life event inventories. The findings from the present study reveal that, although social support fails to modify the effects of a global stressful life events indicator, specific types of social support buffer the impact of specific types of stressors (bereavement, crime, and social network crises).
The Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia: Semrad's Contributions to Current Psychoanalytic Concepts

Elvin Semrad's contributions to the understanding and psychotherapy of schizophrenia are described. The author defines the principles that guided Semrad in his theoretical understanding of schizophrenic patients, and elaborates the practical application of these principles. Semrad's contributions are related to recent work by Winnicott and Kohut on the holding environment and on the self-object and narcissistic transferences. The author's formulations about the relationship of schizophrenic regressions to borderline and narcissistic personalities, and the relevance of Semrad's work to these concepts, are reviewed.
Knowledge and the Trustworthiness of Instruments

L'A. etudie les conditions theoriques et personnelles de la confiance portee aux instruments de la connaissance. L'A. montre que ces instruments de la connaissance doivent etre des sources d'information sur le monde qui soient dignes de confiance pour la personne qui recoit l'information
Scouting Requirements Quality Using Visual Representations

Examining the quality of a set of requirements is a sensible project health check given their role in the engineering of quality software systems. However, not all project stakeholders may recognize the value of requirements audits or inspections, and scrutinizing the details of a requirements document can be perceived to be too time-consuming, distracting and costly an activity to undertake early on in a project. We suggest that a major benefit of any such review activity is the discussion that is triggered amongst stakeholders about the artifact under consideration, in this case the requirements document, and that more cursory approaches may yield some of this value and be more appealing so as to encourage this actual practice. In particular, we propose that a visualization of an emerging requirements document could be generated as a vehicle for preliminary review, in advance of more concerted efforts directed towards finding defects in the predominantly text-based artifact itself. We call this initial review activity ‘scouting’, provide heuristics to support it and evaluate the potential of Wordles as a candidate visual representation. This work hence proposes applying a pre-existing visualization technique to an important problem area in software engineering.