cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modulation of neurofibromatosis type 1 gene expression during in vitro myoblast differentiation.

Neurofibromin, the protein product of the neurofibromatiosis type 1 (NF1) gene, has two alternate isoforms which are generated by alternative splicing of two exons. One of these isoforms containing exon 48a is expressed at highest levels in muscle. Since neurofibromin is a p21-ras regulator and has been recently shown to be modulated during Schwann cell differentiation, we examined the expression of the NF1 gene product during in vitro muscle differentiation. Previous work demonstrated that C2 © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C12murine myoblast cell differentiation could be blocked by the introduction of an activated p21-ras protein. Using this model system, we demonstrate that differentiationg C2C12 cells upregulate the expression ofNF1 mRNA by 2 days of serum starvation concomitant with increased expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA. This upregulation of mRNA expression paralleled an increase in neurofibromin and N-ras levels, but no change in the relative abundance of the isoforms containing exon 23a or exon 48a was observed during in vitro myoblast differentiation. The increase in neurofibromin levels paralleled a decrease in the levels of activated p21-ras as assayed by in vivo 32Porthophosphate incorporation into p21-ras. These results suggest that in vitro C2C12 cell differentiation is associated with a concomitant increase in NF1 gene expression and decrease in the proportion of activated p21-ras. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The roles of conserved and nonconserved cysteinyl residues in the oligomerization and function of mammalian prestin

The creation of several prestin knockout and knockin mouse lines has demonstrated the importance of the intrinsic outer hair cell membrane protein prestin to mammalian hearing. However, the structure of prestin remains largely unknown, with even its major features in dispute. Several studies have suggested that prestin forms homo-oligomers that may be stabilized by disulfide bonds. Our phylogenetic analysis of prestin sequences across chordate classes suggested that the cysteinyl residues could be divided into three groups, depending on the extent of their conservation between prestin orthologs and paralogs or homologs. An alanine scan functional analysis was performed of all nine cysteinyl positions in mammalian prestin. Prestin function was assayed by measurement of prestin-associated nonlinear capacitance. Of the nine cysteine-alanine substitution mutations, all were properly membrane targeted and all demonstrated nonlinear capacitance. Four mutations (C124A, C192A, C260A, and C415A), all in nonconserved cysteinyl residues, significantly differed in their nonlinear capacitance properties compared with wild-type prestin. In the two most severely disrupted mutations, substitution of the polar residue seryl for cysteinyl restored normal function in one (C415S) but not the other (C124S). We assessed the relationship of prestin oligomerization to cysteine position using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. With one exception, cysteine-alanine substitutions did not significantly alter prestin-prestin interactions. The exception was C415A, one of the two nonconserved cysteinyl residues whose mutation to alanine caused the most disruption in function. We suggest that no disulfide bond is essential for prestin function. However, C415 likely participates by hydrogen bonding in both nonlinear capacitance and oligomerization.
The clinical predictability of internal derangements of the temporomandibular joint

The value of clinical parameters as predictors of the arthrographic findings in patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and dysfunction was examined in this study. We developed a series of simplified clinical prediction rules based on previous studies correlating clinical signs and symptoms with arthrographic diagnosis of the condition of the TMJ meniscus. One hundred eighty-six patients with signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction were clinically examined before TMJ arthrography. Arthrograms were performed on 246 joints (126 unilateral, 60 bilateral). The rules predicted 91 of the 246 joints to be normal when actually 59 were shown to be normal arthrographically. The rules slightly underpredicted those patients with positive arthrographic findings for internal derangements. Although there were some individual variations in the predictability of unilateral versus bilateral arthrograms (patients), there was very little overall difference, 58% and 60%, respectively. This study confirms previous suggestions that clinical findings alone are not consistently accurate in diagnosing the exact type of TMJ internal derangements depicted by arthrographic criteria.
Fatigue Deformation Mechanisms of Zirconia Ceramics

Two distinct fatigue deformation mechanisms, microcracking and transformation plasticity, have been identified in 3Y-TZP and Mg-PSZ. Microcracking is dominant in 3Y-TZP, while transformation plasticity is more evident in Mg-PSZ. However, the proportion of these two mechanisms is dependent on the frequency and stress amplitude, with transformation plasticity favored at low frequency and high stress. Generally, microcracks form in the tensile half-cycle and partly close in the compressive half-cycle, whereas transformation from the tetragonal to the monoclinic phase, as well as the reverse transformation, can occur in both tension and compression. Under stress-controlled cycling, although the initial hysteresis loop is highly asymmetric with respect to the stress, cyclic softening and the development of an internal stress cause it to gradually evolve to yield an essentially symmetric cyclic stress-strain curve. [Key words: zirconia, fatigue, deformation, hysteresis, phase transformation.]
Myoglobin synthesis in embryonic cells: production by both "red" and "white" muscle in cell culture estimated by radioimmunoassay.

Abstract Cell cultures of cardiac, pectoral, and thigh muscle of chick embryos synthesized myoglobin, as measured by incorporation of radioactive lysine detected by radioimmunoprecipitation. Liver and skin cultures, although active in protein synthesis, failed to demonstrate myoglobin synthesis. Puromycin inhibited myoglobin synthesis by the cell cultures. The electrophoretic characteristics of the myoglobin antigen synthesized by thigh and pectoral muscle were identical. Myglobin synthesizing progenitor cells attached to plastic dishes in 1 hr, but not completely in 0.5 hr. Cells, unattached at 0.5 hr, were enriched in myoglobin synthesizing cells. Incorporation of lysine-U- 14 C into myoglobin was maximal in confluent cultures and its increase paralleled the increase of cell fusion in the cultures. The ability of pectoral, white muscle to synthesize myoglobin in a manner equivalent to that of cardiac tissue was unexpected because of its failure to synthesize myoglobin in vivo and may indicate that factors in the whole organism may regulate the expression of this muscle cell's capabilities.
Metabolism-based drug design and drug targeting.

Abstract Even at the early stages of drug discovery and structure-based drug design, the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicological consequences of drug metabolism cannot be ignored. Drug metabolism is also of interest to medicinal chemists in the design of drugs with controlled, predictable deactivation after achieving the therapeutic objective in prodrug design and in chemical–enzymatic drug targeting. In this review, the authors provide an overview of concepts that can be utilized from drug discovery to pharmaceutical development to overcome problems associated with drug metabolism, or that may be used to take advantage of ‘designed-in’ metabolic activation to achieve drug targeting.
Assessment of nonlethal methods for predicting muscle tissue mercury concentrations in coastal marine fishes.

Caudal fin clips and dorsolateral scales were analyzed as a potential nonlethal approach for predicting muscle tissue mercury (Hg) concentrations in marine fish. Target fish were collected from the Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA) and included black sea bass Centropristis striata [n = 54, 14–55 cm total length (TL)], bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (n = 113, 31–73 cm TL), striped bass Morone saxatilis (n = 40, 34–102 cm TL), summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus (n = 64, 18–55 cm TL), and tautog Tautoga onitis (n = 102, 27–61 cm TL). For all fish species, Hg concentrations were greatest in muscle tissue [mean muscle Hg = 0.47–1.18 mg/kg dry weight (dw)] followed by fin clips (0.03–0.09 mg/kg dw) and scales (0.01–0.07 mg/kg dw). The coefficient of determination (R2) derived from power regressions of intraspecies muscle Hg against fin and scale Hg ranged between 0.35 and 0.78 (mean R2 = 0.57) and 0.14–0.37 (mean R2 = 0.30), respectively. The inclusion of fish body size interaction effects in the regression models improved the predictive ability of fins (R2 = 0.63–0.80; mean = 0.71) and scales (R2 = 0.33–0.71; mean = 0.53). According to the high level of uncertainty within the regression models (R2 values) and confidence interval widths, scale analysis was deemed an ineffective tool for estimating muscle tissue Hg concentrations in the target species. In contrast, the examination of fin clips as predictors of muscle Hg had value as a cursory screening tool; however, this method should not be the foundation for developing human consumption advisories. It is also noteworthy that the efficacy of these nonlethal techniques was highly variable across fishes and likely depends on species-specific life-history characteristics.
Brain pH and lactic acidosis: quantitative analysis of taurine effect

A quantitative analysis of taurine effect (facilitation of acid handling capacity of brain in response to anoxia/hypoxia by high levels of cytosolic taurine) was performed utilizing multinuclear (1H, 31P) in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and in vitro titration analysis. Taurine effects observed in vivo showed excellent quantitative agreement with the predicted values estimated based on brain taurine levels. The study confirmed that high levels of cytosolic taurine indeed facilitate acid buffering capacity of brain and this taurine effect can be readily explained by the physical, and need not involve metabolic, properties of taurine. Taurine appears to be a key component of the brain cytosol system in the fetus.
Delayed Paracentesis Is Associated With Increased In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

Delayed Paracentesis Is Associated With Increased In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
The Representation of Applied Psychology Areas in Introductory Psychology Textbooks

Many psychology majors indicate helping others as a reason for majoring in psychology, yet many enter positions not closely related to the field. This discrepancy may be due to a lack of student knowledge of the applied areas of psychology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the coverage of clinical, counseling, industrial/organizational, and school psychology in a sample of current, full-length introductory psychology textbooks. This study explores the extent and accuracy of coverage of applied areas in 32 full-length textbooks published between 2001 and 2006. Industrial/organizational psychology had the most extensive coverage, followed by clinical, counseling, and school psychology. Counseling psychology had the lowest rate of accuracy in coverage.
Mifepristone for the prevention of breakthrough bleeding in new starters of depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate

Abstract Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is an effective injectable contraceptive with worldwide availability. However, it is associated with a high incidence of breakthrough bleeding (BTB) during the first 6 months of use which often leads to discontinuation. Mifepristone is a progesterone receptor antagonist that has been demonstrated to decrease BTB caused by the levonorgestrel subdermal implant (Norplant™). The purpose of this study was to determine if mifepristone would decrease BTB in new starters of DMPA. Twenty regularly cycling women who were new starters of DMPA were randomized to receive 50 mg of mifepristone or placebo every 2 weeks for 24 weeks. Percent days of BTB and number of cycles with bleeding intervals ≥8 and ≥14 days were evaluated using daily bleeding diaries. Ovulation was determined by measuring thrice-weekly urinary metabolites of estrogen and progesterone. Endometrial concentrations of ER and PR were determined by immunohistochemistry. Mifepristone significantly decreased the percent days of BTB and the number of cycles with prolonged bleeding intervals when compared to placebo. No subject ovulated in either group. ER immunostaining increased and PR immunostaining decreased after mifepristone treatment. In conclusion, a 50 mg dose of mifepristone taken every 2 weeks decreases the incidence of BTB in new starters of DMPA. This effect may be due to modulation of endometrial estrogen and progesterone receptors.
Le Fort–Based Maxillofacial Transplantation: Current State of the Art and a Refined Technique Using Orthognathic Applications

AbstractFollowing encouraging results from the first 6 maxillofacial allotransplants, there has been a dramatic rise in interest worldwide. Numerous groups are now devoting resources to increase the frequency of these complex procedures, and with this, the craniomaxillofacial surgeon should become f
Fast atom bombardment for real-time analysis of peptide fragments from protein digestions

Abstract Fast atom bombardment has been utilized for the direct analysis of polypeptides as they are produced by the action of proteolytic enzymes on protein and peptide substrates. These reactions have been made to occur in a mixture placed on the direct sample probe inside a mass spectrometer equipped with a fast atom source. The course of the enzymic reaction can therefore be monitored in real-time by either continuous or intermittent bombardment with high energy neutral atoms. It has been found that short-term (0.5 min) repetitive exposures do not adversely effect enzyme activity, although long-term continuous bombardment (30 min) can cause some loss of activity. These methods are illustrated using several proteolytic enzymes, both endo- and exo- peptidases, e.g., trypsin, carboxypeptidase Y, proline specific endopeptidase, and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase.
The future of image perception in radiology: synergy between humans and computers.

What is it that makes a good radiologist? It’s a difficult question to answer, and one that directors of residency programs and department heads would love to know the answer to. The simple fact is, however, that we do not know the definitive answer to this question. According to Nodine et al (2), expertise in radiology requires specialized training, experience, and some degree of talent. A recent study by Esserman et al (3) confirms that increased training and experience, as measured by volume of cases read, leads to more accurate image interpretation. It seems obvious that practice makes perfect. But what is it that training and experience are perfecting in radiologists? At a basic level, the practice of radiology involves looking at an image (visual perception) and interpreting what is seen (cognition). Experience gives the radiologist the perceptual and cognitive skills to know what information to look for and how to interpret that information based on the accumulation and integration of information processed from previous encounters with the same types of images. What makes the task difficult is the fact that although the basic anatomy is essentially the same from image to image, the degree of natural variation in both normal and abnormal structures is quite high, and radiologists will never see all possible variations no matter how long they practice and how many images they see. The result of all this variation in normal and abnormal image features is variation and error in interpretations. Image perception research in radiology started soon after World War II, following a series of studies that noted for the first time that there was much more variability in radiologists’ interpretations than previously believed (4). For many years thereafter the main focus of perception research was to characterize how and why differences in interpretation (ie, errors) occur, with the overriding goal being that if we could understand why the errors occur it might be possible to discover ways to eliminate them. Models of the image interpretation process were developed using principles derived from perceptual and cognitive psychology, and methodological techniques such as receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were borrowed from signal detection theory (ie, radar studies) and adapted for use in evaluating observer performance in radiology. In the 50-plus years since variation in radiologic interpretation was first noted formally, an immense amount of knowledge has been gained about how radiologists search images, what features are likely to attract attention, and what differences exist between novices and experts. Acad Radiol 2003; 10:1–3
Olfactory system Functional organization and involvement in neurodegenerative disease

The olfactory system has several unique features in terms of mechanisms of sensory transduction, relay, and central processing of information and provides a typical example of functional plasticity.1–5 Olfactory deficits are frequently found in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). The neuropathologic substrate of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders is incompletely elucidated and likely reflects degenerative changes at multiple levels of the olfactory system, including the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb, primary olfactory cortices, and their secondary targets.6,7 These issues have been extensively reviewed1–7 and only some salient points are emphasized here. ### Olfactory receptor cells and sensory transduction. The olfactory sensory neurons form clusters interposed among patches of respiratory neuroepithelium.1 These neurons are bipolar cells with a dendritic end containing 3–50 cilia that project into the overlying mucus; their unmyelinated axons form bundles that project through the cribriform plate and synapse in the olfactory bulb.1,2 Odorants bind to guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein–coupled receptors located in the cilia of the olfactory receptor neuron. There are about 400 types of receptors expressed in human olfactory neurons and an individual olfactory sensory neuron typically responds to more than one odorant type.1,5 The first step in olfactory signal transduction is the activation of the Gαolf, which stimulates adenylyl cyclase 3 and production of cyclic adenosyl monophosphate (figure). This triggers opening of a cyclic nucleotide–gated channel allowing calcium (Ca2+) influx and depolarization; subsequent opening of Ca2+ activated chloride (Cl−) channels elicits Cl− efflux that amplifies the depolarization of the sensory neuron.1 The olfactory receptor neurons have several unique features: they can regenerate; serve both as odorant-selective receptor cells and first-order neurons; and are directly exposed to the external environment, thus providing a primary route for invasion into the brain by viruses or toxins.5 …
Alfalfa Yield and Nutrient Uptake as Affected by pH and Applied K

Abstract Approximately 30% of the cultivated cropland in the state of Wisconsin is devoted to alfalfa (Medicago sativa) production. Much of the alfalfa forage produced is used to feed the approximately 1,350,000 dairy cattle found in the state. A key concern of dairy producers is the cation to anion balance in rations for dry and early lactation cows, which is greatly influenced by soil K levels. This study was designed to examine the interactive effects that varying soil pH levels and annual potassium applications would have on forage mineral balance, yield, and quality. Three locations with varying soil textures were used for this 4‐yr study. Results indicate that soil pH and applied K can both significantly influence forage yield, quality, and cation levels. At soil pH levels that are near optimum for alfalfa production and yield levels in the 8–10 Mg ha−1 range, it appears that approximately 224 kg K2O ha−1 is required annually to optimize yield and stand quality and to maintain soil test in the optim...
The collective invention of language to access the universe of possible ideas

Thought uses meaning but not necessarily language. Meaning, in the form of a set of possible concepts and ideas, is a nonphysical reality that lay waiting for brains to become smart enough to represent these ideas. Thus, the brain evolved, whereas meaning was discovered, and language was invented – collectively – as a tool to help the brain use meaning.
Solid-core high-voltage bushings

A HIGH-VOLTAGE bushing which successfully sustains repeated application of 60-cycle and impulse test voltages may not be adequate for prolonged operation at rated line-to-ground voltage. Tests to evaluate bushings at voltages slightly in excess of operating have, therefore, been devised.
Tin Plague and Scott's Antarctic Expedition

IT will be recalled that a chief contributing cause of the failure of Scott's party to get back to their base was the “leakage” of the fuel oil that was stored in tin cans at the depots along the line of the return march from the Pole. The oil-cans as found were apparently intact and “without hole of any kind,” and it was therefore thought by some that the oil had evaporated through the “stoppers.” Scott himself, however, wrote in his last message: “We should have got through in spite of the weather but for… and a shortage of fuel in our depots, for which I cannot account, and …”
Nacireman Academies Dysfunctional? A Rejoinder

Careful analysis of Nacireman academies does not bear out the conclusion of Walker (1970) that these are dysfunctional. Indeed, they are an integral part of Nacireman age-grade structure and play an important role in initiation into a Nacireman adult age-grade.
How Can Social Psychology and Group Dynamics Assist in Curriculum Development

This article discusses some of the challenges departments face as they embark on curriculum development. The interpersonal dynamics of a department are often the first and most difficult obstacle to overcome but are often overlooked. The author suggests some strategies for how to address these issues as they arise.
The mechanism of the hantzsch pyridine synthesis: A study by 15N and 13C NMR spectroscopy

Abstract The mechanism of the reactions of ammonia and benzaldehyde with three different beta-dicarbonyl compounds to form the corresponding dihyropyridines has been followed by NMR. In each case the pathway is shown to involve the reaction of benzaldehyde with one molecule of beta-dicarbonyl to give chalcone, and of the ammonia with a second molecule of beta-dicarbonyl to give an enamine. The rate determining stage is shown to be the Michael addition of the chalcone to the enamine.
Contraction and reswelling of a polymer chain near the critical point of a binary liquid mixture.

We have studied the conformation change of a flexible linear polymer chain near the critical point of a binary liquid mixture using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, which measured the hydrodynamic radius of the chains. Our results indicate that as the critical temperature (${T}_{c}$) is approached, the chain size decreases. The polymer attains its most compact conformation when the correlation length of the critical fluctuations becomes comparable to the coil size. At very close to ${T}_{c}$, the polymer reexpands dramatically. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental evidence supporting the prediction of Brochard and de Gennes that a polymer chain will collapse and subsequently reswell on approaching ${T}_{c}$.
Fenchel and Lagrange Duality are Equivalent

Supported in part by the U.S. Army Research Office (Durham) under Contract No. DAHC04-73-C-0032.
Satellite views of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea

Abstract A comprehensive study of water properties for the Bohai Sea (BS), Yellow Sea (YS), and East China Sea (ECS) has been carried out with 8-year observations between 2002 and 2009 from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard the Aqua platform. Normalized water-leaving radiance spectra (nLw(λ)), chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a), diffuse attenuation coefficient at the wavelength of 490 nm (Kd(490)), total suspended matter (TSM), and sea surface temperature (SST) are used to quantify and characterize the physical, optical, biological, and biogeochemical properties and their seasonal and interannual variability in the BS, YS, and ECS regions. The BS, YS, and ECS feature highly turbid waters in the coastal regions and river estuaries with high Kd(490) over ∼3 m−1 and TSM concentrations reach over ∼50 g m−3. The optical, biological, and biogeochemical property features in these three seas show considerable seasonal variability. The dominant empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode for Kd(490) and TSM variability in the BS, YS, and ECS regions is the seasonal mode, which accounts for about two-thirds of the total variance. Phytoplankton dynamics in open oceans of the BS, YS, and ECS is also found to play an important role in the Kd(490) variation, while its impact on the ocean turbidity (Kd(490)) is much less than that of seasonal winds and sea surface thermodynamics in coastal regions. The first EOF mode in SST for the regions is seasonal and accounts for nearly 90% of the total SST variance. The major mechanisms that drive ocean color property variations in the BS, YS, and ECS are the seasonal winds, ocean stratification, and sea surface thermodynamics due to the seasonal climate change, as well as coastal bathymetry, seasonal phytoplankton blooms, and river discharges.
Migration of trochanteric cerclage cable debris to the knee joint

Migrating orthopedic hardware has widely been reported in the literature. Most reported cases of migrating hardware involve smooth Kirschner wires or loosening/fracture of hardware involved with joint stabilization/fixation. It is unusual for hardware to migrate within the soft tissues. In some cases, smooth Kirschner wires have migrated within the thoracic cage—a proposed mechanism for this phenomenon is the negative intrathoracic pressure. While wires have also been reported to gain access to circulation, transporting them over larger distances, the majority of broken or retained wires remain local. We report a case of a 34-year-old man in whom numerous fragments of braided cable migrated from the hip to the knee.
Methodological Challenges in Multi-Investigator Multi-Institutional Research in Higher Education.

Methodological diversity has enriched higher education research. One area about which little is known is the dynamics of multi-investigator multi-institutional projects. This paper examines what happens inside a large-scale, team-based research project with an emphasis on decision points related to methodology and reporting results. Systematically reflecting on the tensions that emerged during one effort can give license to other investigators to openly discuss and manage more productively the decisions and struggles in their research and avoid pitfalls that could compromise the research endeavor.
The dependence of dielectric properties on compositional variation for tunable device applications

Abstract The materials properties of undoped and low concentration Mg doped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 (BST) thin films are reported. The films were fabricated on single crystal (1 0 0) MgO and Pt coated Si substrates via the metalorganic solution deposition (MOSD) technique using carboxylate-alkoxide precursors and post-deposition annealed at 800 °C (film/MgO substrates) and 750 °C (film/Pt–Si substrates). The dielectric properties were measured at 10 GHz using unpatterned/non-metallized films via a tuned coupled/split dielectric resonator system and at 100 kHz using metal–insulator–metal capacitors. The structure, microstructure, surface morphology and film/substrate compositional quality were analyzed and correlated to the films dielectric and insulating properties. The Mg doped BST films exhibited improved dielectric loss and insulating characteristics compared to the undoped BST thin films. The improved dielectric properties, low leakage current, and good tunability of the low level Mg doped BST thin films merits strong potential for utilization in microwave tunable devices.
Precise Time Synchronization in Semiconductor Manufacturing

In today's semiconductor fabrication facilities ("fabs"), coordination of time-based information throughout the factory and enterprise has become necessary to support fab-wide diagnostics, control, and information management. This has driven the need to have time synchronization at all levels of the enterprise. Time synchronization protocols such as network time protocol (NTP) and precision time protocol (PTP) have been defined for performing synchronization over distributed systems. Lack of time synchronization among the various subsystems is seen as a factor of poor data quality in equipment data acquisition (EDA) and advanced process control (A PC) analysis. The focus of our study is to investigate the extent and precision of time synchronization that can be practically applied with the available protocols at various levels of the semiconductor factory environment to meet next generation manufacturing requirements. To this end, we describe the objectives, details, and implementation of the simulator that aims to model a semiconductor factory network This will provide a practical perspective to study the accuracy achievable and potential network factors contributing to accuracy degradation of factory-wide time synchronization.
Numerical computations of Landau and collisional damping of plasma lines

Abstract Numerical computations of linewidths and intensities of plasma lines due to Landau and collisional damping of a fully and singly ionized plasma have been carried out. They are presented in the form of graphs for a wide range of experimental conditions including those under which these plasma lines have been observed by light scattering techniques from laboratory plasmas. Brief discussions of the theoretical background used in the numerical calculations, together with the approximations, are given. The Coulomb screening integral function involved in the calculation of collisional damping is computed directly and is compared with the approximate expressions used by other workers. Possible experimental conditions wherein these damping effects may be observed by light-scattering techniques are discussed.
Pregnancy in Women With Physical Disabilities

Women with disabilities are growing in number and increasingly interested in becoming mothers and raising children. However, health care providers are often unfamiliar with the health care needs of this group of women and overlook the important issues that make the difference between positive and negative experiences of these women. This article describes the preconception, antenatal, pregnancy, and postpartum issues of women with disabilities and suggests approaches to ensuring that women with disabilities have successful reproductive experiences.
Human Herpesvirus-8 ORF K8.1 Gene Encodes Immunogenic Glycoproteins Generated by Spliced Transcripts☆

A cDNA library from phorbol ester-induced human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) carrying BCBL-1 cells was screened with an HIV+KS+ serum, and several cDNA clones encoding HHV-8 proteins were identified. Sequence analysis of two full-length cDNA clones show open reading frames (ORFs) encoded by spliced messages originating from the HHV-8 K8.1 gene. One cDNA encodes an ORF of 228 amino acids, designated K8. 1.A, with a cleavable signal sequence, a transmembrane domain, and four N-glycosylation sites. The splicing event generated the transmembrane domain in the ORF not seen in the genomic K8.1 ORF. Another cDNA encodes an ORF of 167 amino acids, designated K8.1.B, that shares similar amino and carboxyl termini with ORF K8.1.A but with an in-frame deletion. The primary translation products of ORF K8.1A (34 kDa) and K8.1B (20 kDa) in the in vitro-transcription-translation experiments shifted into glycosylated species of 43 and 32 kDa, respectively, in the presence of microsomal membranes. This suggested that the ORF K8.1A and K8.1B encode for glycoproteins. Riboprobes from the K8.1A cDNA insert hybridized with an HHV-8-specific 0.9-kb abundant transcript from BCBL-1 cells. Synthesis of this RNA was eliminated in the presence of a DNA synthesis inhibitor, suggesting that this RNA was a late gene transcript. Because ORFs K8.1A and K8.1B are unique for HHV-8, human sera were tested in Western blot reactions for antibodies against glutathione-S-transferase-ORF K8.1A fusion protein. All sera that were positive for HHV-8 antibodies in immunofluorescence assays with phorbol ester-induced BCBL-1 cells were also positive for anti-ORF K8.1A antibodies. This suggests that measurement of anti-ORF K8.1A antibodies would provide an HHV-8-specific serological assay. Further work is needed to define the biological role of the HHV-8 ORF K8.1A and K8.1B glycoproteins.
Understanding public support for, or opposition to, the use of consumer racial profiling to identify shoplifters

Scholars have recently begun developing an emerging body of public opinion scholarship on consumer racial profiling (CRP) – the use of racial/ethnic profiling as a primary tactic to identify shoplifters. The existing scholarship has primarily explored the key predictors of support for the use of CRP. Lacking within the literature, however, has been a study that examines the specifics as to why the public supports or opposes CRP. This study explores this question by relying on open-ended responses solicited through the 2012 Penn State Poll. The findings revealed that supporters of CRP believed the practice was effective, that it was justified on the basis of shoplifting statistics and that the cost of shoplifting losses to retail establishments justified its use. Opponents of the use of CRP rejected its use based on the belief that it relied on stereotypes, was ineffective and unconstitutional. The implications of these results are considered.
Widespread Unilateral Increased Rib Uptake on Bone Scan

A 54-YEAR-OLD MAN, former intravenous cocaine user and heavy cigarette smoker with a previous history of treated pulmonary tuberculosis, presented with a 3-month history of worsening right scapular pain with progressive radiation to the entire right chest wall. The pain was nonpleuritic and no symptoms of active infection, such as cough, fever, chills, dyspnea, sweats, expectoration of purulent mucus or blood, were reported. All cultures were negative. Chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) scan showed diffuse pleural thickening, large right upper-lobe mass with vohtme loss of the right lung, and shift of mediastinal structures (Fig 1). In addition, right rib radiographs revealed no evidence of tumor invasion. Bone scan showed homogeneously increased uptake in the right ribs on both anterior and posterior scintigraphs caused by reactive periostitis secondary to diffuse pleural carcinomatosis (Fig 2). CT-guided biopsy of the right upper-lobe mass revealed poorly differentiated (adenosquamous cell) carcinoma. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain disclosed brain metastasis, thereby classifying the tumor as stage IV. In patients with known malignancy, especially those of which bone metastases are common, eg, prostate, breast, lung, multiple scattered loci, or elongated areas of increased uptake in ribs that are not organized contiguously in a traumatic pattern, are most likely to be metastatic. 1 Further support for this diagnosis would be given by wide dissemination of such lesions throughout the axial skeleton. 2 Increased uptake of radiopharmaceutical in a larger area or in an entire hemithorax may be a
990-50 Suspected Ischemic Chest Pain: Accuracy and Cost Efficiency of Emergency Department-based Evaluation

Hospital admissions to exclude myocardial ischemia as one possible cause of unexplained chest pain (CP) are costly and have a low positive diagnostic yield. This prospective study was performed to determine whether a comprehensive emergency department (ED)-based cardiology service provides accurate diagnoses with a significant cost savings. A special cardiology service providing consultations, exercise testing and echocardiography was used to evaluate 97 consecutive emergency department patients (pts) (44 male, 53 female) who presented with CP. The pts had one or more risk factors for coronary artery disease, a suspicious but atypical CP pattern, and no ECG/enzyme evidence of acute myocardial injury. To qualify, each pt had to be considered an appropriate candidate for hospital admission to evaluate CP by the ED physician. Based on negative exercise testing results performed upon clinical evaluation in the ED, all pts were discharged to continued non-cardiac ambulatory work-up. Mean cost of the evaluation was $ 1683 ± $871. A control group of 36 pts with similar symptoms underwent identical diagnostic procedures on an in-patient basis. In all cases, myocardial ischemia origin of the CP was excluded and the pts were discharged to various out-patient services. The mean cost of their hospital stay was $ 6358 ± $1884. We conclude that comprehensive cardiology service within an emergency department is a reliable alternative to hospitalization and results in a 74% cost-reduction for evaluation of a pt with atypical chest pain
Nanga Parbat crustal anisotropy: Implications for interpretation of crustal velocity structure and shear-wave splitting

The Nanga Parbat- Haramosh massif repre- sents a unique exposure of mid-lower continental crust from beneath the Himalayan orogen. Seismic velocity measure- ments on a suite of quartzofeldspathic gneisses show up to 12.5% velocity anisotropy for compressional waves and up to 21% for shear waves. The degree of anisotropy is a func- tion of mica content and rock fabric strength. Over 30% of the samples have maximum compressional wave velocities of 6.4-6.5 km/s; velocities typically associated with more mafic lithologies. These results have implications for the inter- pretation of crustal velocity structure obtained from wide- angle seismic surveys where in situ velocity measurements are made from refracted or turning rays that potentially spend a substantial portion of their travel path propagat- ing in the foliation plane. Velocities determined from these surveys may overestimate mean velocities of crustal rocks with well-developed horizontal fabric. In addition, crustal anisotropy due to the development of pervasive rock fabric has the potential to be a significant contributing factor to shear-wave splitting observations.
2009 William Allan Award Address: Life in The Sandbox: Unfinished Business

I'm enormously grateful to a number of colleagues and friends over the years, many of whom are here in this room today—those from the very early days when I started The Sandbox in Toronto, those who have shared my enthusiasm for sex chromosome biology and evolution, those who have helped us think about chromosomes and genomes over the years, those who have served as exemplars of how to lead a life in science, and those who serve as ongoing mentors, most especially my once and always mentor, Lee Rosenberg.I want to acknowledge in particular the group of individuals who joined me in Cleveland during our years there and remind me regularly of what was so special about those years for all of us. Even though many have since scattered to other institutions, l will say this about those years—and I'm willing to guess that I'm the first person to ever say this line in public— “we will always have Cleveland!”This story has been, as I said at the outset, the story of a number of different students, and I've tried to highlight many of them who have been so critical for defining our paths on these projects. I'm so grateful to those groups of individuals, students and others, who started with us in Toronto, moved to Stanford for a few years before earthquakes chased us back east, and then moved to Cleveland to Case Western Reserve University. As well, of course, I'm grateful to the current members of The Sandbox at Duke, who have both benefitted from and remain challenged by the work of those who were in the lab before them. Ultimately, I am sure that it is the members of The Sandbox who will mean so much more to me and to the field than whatever textbooks may or may not say about X inactivation or the XIST gene or centromeres in human and other chromosomes. This is the group that is responsible for this story and the group who will pass it down to their students, as they pursue answers to their own questions.And lastly, one more person to thank: the most important person in this whole story has been Vicki Powers, my wife of now some 30 years without whom none of this would be either worth it or possible. We met in the laboratory and worked side-by-side in The Sandbox for many of those years. Eight years ago, I stood in front of you as your President and said that you represented my community, as you do. But if you are my community, it is she who has been my world, and I am more grateful to her than she can possibly know.You all have made me enormously proud today. I thank you for this honor, and I thank you so very much for honoring the people who've worked with me all these years.
Selective Sensitivity to Direction of Movement in Ganglion Cells of the Rabbit Retina

Among the ganglion cells in the rabbit's retina there is a class that responds to movement of a stimulus in one direction, and does not respond to movement in the opposite direction. The same directional selectivity holds over the whole receptive field of one such cell, but the selected direction differs in different cells. The discharge is almost uninfluenced by the intensity of the stimulus spot, and the response occurs for the same direction of movement when a black spot is substituted for a light spot.
Immune Responses and Protection against Experimental Brucella suis Biovar 1 Challenge in Nonvaccinated or B. abortus Strain RB51-Vaccinated Cattle

Twenty Hereford heifers approximately 9 months of age were vaccinated with saline (control) or 2 × 1010 CFU of the Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51) vaccine. Immunologic responses after inoculation demonstrated significantly greater (P < 0.05) antibody and proliferative responses to RB51 antigens in cattle vaccinated with RB51 than in the controls. Pregnant cattle received a conjunctival challenge at approximately 6 months of gestation with 107 CFU of B. suis bv. 1 strains isolated from naturally infected cattle. The fluorescence polarization assay and the buffered acid plate agglutination test had the highest sensitivities in detecting B. suis-infected cattle between 2 and 12 weeks after experimental infection. Serologic responses and lymphocyte proliferative responses to B. suis antigens did not differ between control and RB51 vaccinees after experimental infection. No abortions occurred in cattle in either treatment group after challenge, although there appeared to be an increased incidence of retained placenta after parturition in both the control and the RB51 vaccination treatment groups. Our data suggest that the mammary gland is a preferred site for B. suis localization in cattle. Vaccination with RB51 did not reduce B. suis infection rates in maternal or fetal tissues. In conclusion, although B. suis is unlikely to cause abortions and fetal losses in cattle, our data suggest that RB51 vaccination will not protect cattle against B. suis infection after exposure.
A multi-bit sigma-delta ADC for multi-mode receivers

A 2.7-volt /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator with a 6-bit quantizer is fabricated in a 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process. The modulator makes use of noise-shaped dynamic element matching and quantizer offset chopping to attain high linearity over a wide bandwidth. The circuit achieves 95 dB peak SFDR and 77 dB SNR over a 625 kHz bandwidth and consumes 30 mW at a sampling frequency of 23 MHz. Further, it achieves 70 dB SNR over a 1.92 MHz bandwidth and dissipates 50 mW when clocked at 46 MHz.
The Presence of p53 Influences the Expression of Multiple Human Cytomegalovirus Genes at Early Times Postinfection

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals. During infection, HCMV is known to employ host transcription factors to facilitate viral gene expression. To further understand the previously observed delay in viral replication and protein expression in p53 knockout cells, we conducted microarray analyses of p53+/+ and p53−/− immortalized fibroblast cell lines. At a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1 at 24 h postinfection (p.i.), the expression of 22 viral genes was affected by the absence of p53. Eleven of these 22 genes (group 1) were examined by real-time reverse transcriptase, or quantitative, PCR (q-PCR). Additionally, five genes previously determined to have p53 bound to their nearest p53-responsive elements (group 2) and three control genes without p53 binding sites in their upstream sequences (group 3) were also examined. At an MOI of 1, >3-fold regulation was found for five group 1 genes. The expression of group 2 and 3 genes was not changed. At an MOI of 5, all genes from group 1 and four of five genes from group 2 were found to be regulated. The expression of control genes from group 3 remained unchanged. A q-PCR time course of four genes revealed that p53 influences viral gene expression most at immediate-early and early times p.i., suggesting a mechanism for the reduced and delayed production of virions in p53−/− cells.
Fluorometer for endoscopic diagnosis of tumors

A filter fluorometer suitable for endoscopic applications has been developed for detection and characterization of superficial tumors by the fluorescence of a previously injected, tumor-specific agent, hematoporphyrin derivative. Fluorescence is excited by violet light conducted through a fiberoptic lightguide in the endoscope, and the fluorescence emission together with reflected violet are collected by another fiberoptic lightguide. The red fluorescence and violet are separated by a dichroic mirror and filter and detected in photomultiplier tubes. The ratio of the fluorescence signal to the reflected violet signal is proportional to the ratio of the fluorescence yield to the violet reflectivity but is insensitive to variations in distance, angle, and violet power. The instrument may be useful for localizing small tumors, and for quantitative measurements of the amount of hematoporphyrin derivative in the tumor, a requirement for accurate dosimetry in photoradiation therapy.
Analysis of diversity, beamforming and hybrid diversity-beamforming systems

In this paper we compare Shannon capacities of diversity, beamforming, and hybrid diversity-beamforming systems for reverse and forward links. Our results show that the reverse link capacity of a diversity system is higher than that of a beamforming system, while the beamforming system can provide higher capacity than the diversity system in the forward link. A hybrid diversity-beamforming system can provide comparable capacity to the diversity system in the reverse fink and to the beamforming system in the forward link. We also compare outage capacities of these three systems and our results show that the diversity system provides higher outage capacity both in reverse and forward links. Estimation of forward link channel covariance matrix is of vital importance for sub-optimum design of forward link beamformer and is addressed in the last section of the paper. We propose two methods for estimating the forward link channel covariance matrix based on reverse link measurements for a frequency-division-duplex (FDD) system.