cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Financial Crisis and the Challenge of Government Regulation

This article examines the recent financial crisis and the challenges it poses for government regulations. The causes of the financial crisis are examined in terms of moral hazard, corporate governance, systemic risk, and government policy, followed by an explanation of major public policies and programs developed to resolve short- and long-term problems resulting from the crisis. Governmental financial reforms bring new challenges and concerns about the role of government in the market system, utilize different approaches to regulation, and highlight a number of transparency concerns. The article concludes with a discussion of the future development of regulation.
On the spreading radius of surface tension driven oil on deep water

The spread of a thin oil film by surface tension gradients from an oil source of unlimited mass on deep water is considered. A similarity solution for the velocity fields of the oil and water, the oil thickness and the rate at which each grow is obtained both for axisymmetric and the previously explored planar spreading. The dimensionless size of the spread, which is oil type independent, is shown to be 1.0754 and 1.4150 for axisymmetric and planar spreading respectively. It is further shown that the oil film equation of state, which relates surface tension to oil thickness, is unique to each oil or oil-surfactant mixture.
The 1.35 A resolution structure of the phosphatase domain of the suppressor of T-cell receptor signaling protein in complex with sulfate.

The suppressor of T-cell signaling (Sts) proteins are multidomain proteins that negatively regulate the signaling of membrane-bound receptors, including the T-­cell receptor (TCR) and the epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR). They contain at their C-terminus a 2H-phosphatase homology (PGM) domain that is responsible for their protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. Here, the crystal structure of the phosphatase domain of Sts-1, Sts-1PGM, was determined at pH 4.6. The asymmetric unit contains two independent molecules and each active site is occupied by a sulfate ion. Each sulfate is located at the phosphate-binding site and makes similar interactions with the catalytic residues. The structure suggests an explanation for the lower Michaelis–Menten constants at acidic pH.
Evaluating Mental Model Elicitation Methods

Researchers have developed and applied a number of methods for measuring mental models. Unfortunately not only is the mental model construct ill-defined, but the basic research associated with it o...
The robustness of CAN-Q in modelling automated manufacturing systems

SUMMARY CAN-Q is a recursive algorithm for solving a closed-form stochastic model of production systems. This paper presents an investigation of the effect of departures from the assumptions underlying the analytical queueing network model on the performance predicted by CAN-Q.
Heat Sink With Stacked Multi-Layer Porous Media

Previous studies have shown that stacked multi-layer mini-channels heat sinks with square or circular channels have advantages over traditional single layered channels in terms of both pressure drop and thermal resistance. In this work, porous media is used in the multi-layered stacked mini-channels instead of square or rectangular channels and the effect of the same on pressure drop and thermal performance is studied. Porosity scaling is done between the layers of porous media and is compared with unscaled stacked multilayer channel. Porosity scaling allows the porosity to vary from one layer to the next layer and could result in a lower pressure drop and better thermal performance.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
TESTING THE BETHE ANSATZ FOR STRAIGHT STRINGS IN (2 + 1) DIMENSIONS

The general quantum theory of nonrelativistic, infinitely long straight strings of one flavor interacting via a three-body infinitesimal range potential is considered in (2 + 1) dimensions. It is proved that the tetrahedron equation of Zamolodchikov is satisfied only when the potential is either zero or infinitely repulsive. Therefore the Bethe ansatz is valid only for these special cases.
Femtosecond Transient Spectroscopy and Excitonic Interactions in Photosystem I

Ultrafast dynamics of excitation transfer in the Photosystem I (PSI) core antenna from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were detected at 77 K by using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy with selective excitation at 700, 695, and 710 nm. At low temperature, the efficiency of uphill energy transfer in the core antenna significantly decreases. As a result, the spectral profile of the PSI equilibrated antenna shifts to lower energies because of a change of chlorophyll (Chl) excited-state distribution. Observed on a 2-ns time scale, P700 photooxidation spectra are largely excitation wavelength independent. In the early time spectra, excitation of P700 induces transient photobleaching at 698 nm accompanied by a resonant photobleaching band at 683 nm decaying within 250-300 fs. Chemical oxidation of P700 does not affect the transient band at 683 nm. This band is also present in 200-fs spectra induced by selective excitation of Chls at 710 nm (red pigments C708), which suggests that this high-energy transition may reflect an excitonic interaction between pigments of the reaction center and closely located red pigments. Possible candidates for the interacting molecules in the 4-angstroms crystal structure of cyanobacterial PSI are discussed.
Phase I & Ib Trials of Murine Tyrosinase ± Human GM‐CSF DNA Vaccination in Dogs with Advanced Malignant Melanoma

Introduction: Canine malignant melanoma (CMM) is an aggressive neoplasm treated with surgery and/or fractionated RT; however, metastatic disease is common and chemoresistant. Preclinical and clinical studies by our laboratory and others have shown that xenogeneic DNA vaccination with tyrosinase family members can produce immune responses resulting in tumor rejection or protection and prolongation of survival. The potency of DNA vaccines can be further enhanced by adding DNA encoding cytokine genes. We have shown in preclinical mouse models that GM-CSF DNA enhances immune responses and tumor protection. These studies provided the impetus for murine tyrosinase (muTyr) ± human GM-CSF (huGM-CSF) DNA vaccination in CMM. Materials & Methods: Two groups of five dogs each with advanced (WHO stage II-IV) CMM received four biweekly IM injections (100 ug or 500 ug, respectively/vaccination) of plasmid DNA encoding muTyr via the Biojector2000 jet delivery device. Subsequently, three groups of nine dogs each with advanced CMM received four biweekly IM injections of plasmid DNA encoding muTyr (50 ug), huGM-CSF (3 dogs each at 100/400/800 ug) or both. Results: Minimal to mild pain was noted on vaccination and no toxicity or induction of autoimmunity was seen. The KM median survival time was 224 days (100/500 ug muTyr), 278 days (50 ug muTyr), 140 days (huGM-CSF) and >265 days (muTyr & huGM-CSF; 6 dogs still alive). Conclusions: The results of these trials demonstrate that xenogeneic DNA vaccination continues to be a safe and potentially therapeutic modality for CMM. These results also warrant further evaluation of this novel therapeutic in a Phase II setting.
Efficient hardware code generation for FPGAs

The wider acceptance of FPGAs as a computing device requires a higher level of programming abstraction. ROCCC is an optimizing C to HDL compiler. We describe the code generation approach in ROCCC. The smart buffer is a component that reuses input data between adjacent iterations. It significantly improves the performance of the circuit and simplifies loop control. The ROCCC-generated datapath can execute one loop iteration per clock cycle when there is no loop dependency or there is only scalar recurrence variable dependency. ROCCC's approach to supporting while-loops operating on scalars makes the compiler able to move scalar iterative computation into hardware.
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in hypertension

Abnormalities of left ventricular diastolic function in hypertension are multifactorial in origin. Of importance is the demonstration that abnormalities of left ventricular filling in hypertension may be accompanied by deleterious cardiovascular neurodynamic regulations. However, the left ventricula
Void traversal for efficient non-planar geometric routing

Geometric routing provides a scalable and efficient way to route messages in ad hoc networks if extensive routing information is unavailable. Such algorithms require a planar graph to guarantee message delivery. The routing techniques for such guarantee usually center around the traversal of planar faces of the graph. However, in realistic wireless networks existing planarization methods, if at all applicable, tend to require extensive local storage or result in suboptimal route selection. In this paper we study an alternative approach of translating the algorithms themselves to be able to route messages over voids in non-planar graphs. We prove sufficient memory requirements for such translations. We then translate several well-known planar geometric routing algorithms and evaluate their performance in both static and mobile networks.
Left ventricular assist device driveline infection and the frequency of dressing change in hospitalized patients

Abstract Objectives To determine if driveline infection is related to dressing change frequency in hospitalized adult patients with newly implanted left ventricular assist devices (LVAD). Background Guidelines do not exist for the frequency of driveline exit-site dressing change in hospitalized patients resulting in wide variation in practice. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted on 68 patients implanted with a HeartMate II ® LVAD between August 2008 and September 2013 at an urban medical center. Results No driveline infections were found. Frequency of the driveline dressing change varied from daily, three times a week, and weekly. The daily dressing change group was younger in age compared to the weekly group ( p = 0.005) and three times a week group ( p = 0.001). No other differences were found. Conclusion Driveline infections do not appear to be related to the frequency of dressing change in this population. Our data and other studies on this topic thus far are too limited to draw definitive conclusions about optimal frequency of dressing change for infection prevention.
The Marinesco-Sjögren syndrome

Two cases are described which exhibited ataxia, oligophrenia, and bilateral cataracts in addition to other findings. The rarity of the syndrome is noted (37 cases). Comparison to previously described cases is made. Two previously underscribed findings are normal chromosomal counts and vellous, hypopigmented lanugolike hair. The etiology and pathology of the syndrome are unknown.
Impossible Possible Worlds Vindicated

It has often been claimed that the by now familiar possible-two rids analysis of propositional attitudes like knowledge and belief which I have advocated since 1962 is unrealistic,1 if not downright mistaken, because it apparently commits us to the assumption of logical omniscience, that is, to the assumption that everyone knows all the logical consequences of what he knows, and analogously for all the other propositional attitudes. Since the assumption of such logical omniscience is obviously mistaken, this commitment seems to constitute a grave objection to the whole possible-worlds treatment of propositional attitudes.
Transsphenoidal removal of intrasellar pilocytic astrocytoma

A 26-year-old man with a sellar pilocytic astrocytoma had a recurrent non-enhancing mass located in the sellar/suprasellar region visible on MRI. Due to tumor progression and worsening vision, the mass was completely resected through a transsphenoidal approach. Postoperatively, the patient’s vision improved and imaging showed complete removal of the tumor and optic pathway decompression. Pilocytic astrocytomas originating in suprasellar structures can intrude into the sella, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of intrasellar tumors. The transsphenoidal approach can be effective for resecting such tumors.
P1D-2 High Temperature Langasite BAW Gas Sensor Based on ZnO Nanowire Arrays

In this paper, we present our recent study on the fabrication and characterization of the ZnO nanowires gas sensor using thickness shear mode (TSM) langasite resonators. C-axis vertically aligned ZnO nanowire arrays were synthesized on the langasite resonator by using an utrathin ZnO seed layer through a simple hydrothermal route. The nanowires were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). N02 as the target gas was particularly used to investigate the sensing performance of langasite resonator sensors with nanostructured ZnO interfacial layer at high temperature conditions. The results indicated the use of the ZnO nanowire arrays on acoustic wave resonator can greatly enhance the sensitivity and sensor response speed due to the fast surface/interface reaction and surface roughness.
An adaptive meshless method for magnetic field computation

Design of electromagnetic (EM) actuators often involves solving a magnetic field problem. This paper presents an adaptive meshless method (MLM) that inherits many advantages of the finite-element method (FEM) but needs no explicit mesh structure for design of EM actuators. Specifically, the paper offers a technique to estimate the distribution of numerical errors and a scheme that automatically inserts additional nodes to improve computational accuracy and efficiency. It gives several examples. The first three numerical examples, where exact solutions are available, provide a means to validate the adaptiveMLM and evaluate its effectiveness against a regular MLM with a uniform node distribution. The other examples, where magnetic forces are computed from Lorenz’s law, illustrate the use of adaptive MLM for practical design of an EM actuator. The paper compares the computed forces against published experimental results.
A detailed investigation of heterojunction transport using a rigorous solution to the Boltzmann equation

A detailed study of electron transport across an Np/sup +/ heterojunction diode is performed using a rigorous numerical solution to the Boltzmann equation. Results are presented for the I-V characteristic and the average electron energy, temperature, energy flux, and quasi-Fermi levels as a function of position. Comparison with a simple analytical treatment shows good agreement for the current and quasi-Fermi level splitting versus bias. The distribution functions near the heterojunction interface are also investigated and found to be distinctly non-Maxwellian. Finally, the results are used to examine the boundary conditions of hydrodynamic quantities at the heterojunction. >
Diffuse-interface modeling of composition evolution in the presence of structural defects

A diffuse-interface phase field model is described for modeling the interactions between compositional inhomogeneities and structural defects. The spatial distribution of these structural defects is described by the space-dependent eigenstrains. It takes into account the effect of the coherency elastic energy of a compositional inhomogeneity, and the elastic coupling between the coherency strains and defect strains. The temporal evolution of composition is described by the Cahn–Hilliard equation. Particularly, the solute segregation, and nucleation and growth around dislocation slip bands and crack-like condensed interstitial dislocation loops are discussed. The effect of nucleated coherent precipitates on the stress field around these defects is analyzed 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Design, modeling and simulation methodology for source synchronous DDR memory subsystems

This paper describes the performance modeling and simulation methodology used to optimize the source synchronous timing equations for the system level interconnects. Actual double data rate (DDR) memory system configurations and timing specifications are used to describe the design methodology. The delay skew budget and noise margin allocation for the various components of the optimization equations are discussed in conjunction with their associated delay skew control techniques. This includes: Driver/receiver circuit design techniques, such as controlled driver's impedance and edge rate and differential receivers; resistive termination schemes; board impedance and crosstalk controlled designs; etc. Finally, design guidelines are given for commercially available DDR SDRAMs designs using double pumped bus transfer rates.
Homologous ligands accommodated by discrete conformations of a buried cavity.

Conformational change in protein–ligand complexes is widely modeled, but the protein accommodation expected on binding a congeneric series of ligands has received less attention. Given their use in medicinal chemistry, there are surprisingly few substantial series of congeneric ligand complexes in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Here we determine the structures of eight alkyl benzenes, in single-methylene increases from benzene to n-hexylbenzene, bound to an enclosed cavity in T4 lysozyme. The volume of the apo cavity suffices to accommodate benzene but, even with toluene, larger cavity conformations become observable in the electron density, and over the series two other major conformations are observed. These involve discrete changes in main-chain conformation, expanding the site; few continuous changes in the site are observed. In most structures, two discrete protein conformations are observed simultaneously, and energetic considerations suggest that these conformations are low in energy relative to the ground state. An analysis of 121 lysozyme cavity structures in the PDB finds that these three conformations dominate the previously determined structures, largely modeled in a single conformation. An investigation of the few congeneric series in the PDB suggests that discrete changes are common adaptations to a series of growing ligands. The discrete, but relatively few, conformational states observed here, and their energetic accessibility, may have implications for anticipating protein conformational change in ligand design.
The Crisis in the Investiture Crisis Narrative

Recent research has undermined the connection between lay investiture and the iconic event usually seen as the most dramatic expression of the investiture conflict: the encounter of Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany at Canossa. This is just one, however, of many interpretive problems plaguing historical narratives of the investiture crisis. This essay briefly summarizes the classic interpretations that have dominated 20th-century understanding of these events and sets out the major problem raised in more recent research. Arguing that a new interpretive framework is necessary, the author suggests two paths forward: a radical reconsideration of the papacy from a truly post-confessional perspective and a reevaluation of the conflict in the context of new understandings of lordship and political change.
The biology and morphology of the pelagic annelid Poeobius meseres Heath

Poeobius meseres Heath was found off Southern California in tows which reached depths from 350 to 1300 metres. It is not strictly confined to the sub-Arctic water mass. Sensory papillae are found randomly scattered over the anterior and posterior ends of the gelatinous sheath. Isolated sensory cells are distributed over the head epidermis. A group of projections which are granular depositions from the epidermis encircles the extended head. The coelom is divided into three parts by two complete septa. The coelomic diverticula are branched extensions of the anterior coelom into the gelatinous sheath. The palpal coelom is a paired, tubular structure which lies in the head region and reaches between the ventral cavities of each palpus. The coelomic funnels are a pair of lateral tubes placing the middle coelom in communication with the exterior and probably function in gamete emission. The coelomocytes are associated with excretion. They are capable of spreading out within the epidermis of the head regions to dispose of excretory wastes. The nephridiopores are anterior to the tentacles. Excretory concretions may be found within the nephridia. The buccal pad is composed of an anterior tongue-like portion and a more posterior bulb. The bulbous portion governs food intake by controlling the extent to which the oral aperture is opened. Absorption spectra show that the blood is a haem-protein and probably a chlorocruorin. Respiration is achieved by the tentacles which contain a vascular loop, and is possibly aided by the highly ciliated and vascular anal area. The septa are ruptured when animals are fully ripe so that the gametes extend throughout the entire coelomic system (except the palpal coelom). Gametes escape through the coelomic funnels. The first two cleavages are holoblastic. Some eggs show an abnormal tri-astral formation in the second meiotic division. Some gravid females are found in a disintegrated condition due to an unknown cause. The sperms of Poeobius are of the primitive type. Fertilization is external. Three main pairs of nerves arise from the brain to innervate the dorsal part of the nuchal organ, the lateral portion of the nuchal organ, and the palpi and the sub-esophageal ganglia. The nuchal organs and palpi are sensory. Poeobius displays features primitive to the Polychaeta. It is an early offshoot of the archiannelid line, derived from benthic forms, and resembles the flabelligerids in several respects.
A Case Study of Anorexia Nervosa Driven by Religious Sacrifice

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is considered a relatively “modern” disorder; however, a number of scholarly works have cited examples of voluntary self-starvation dating back to several centuries. In particular, there are many examples of female starvation for religious reasons during the medieval period, with many being elevated to sainthood. We present a case of an elderly woman with AN who began restricting her diet when she was 13-years old while studying to be a nun at a Catholic convent. She reports that, during the development of her disease, she had no mirrors and, rather than restricting her diet to be thin or attractive, she restricted her diet to be closer to God in hopes of becoming a Saint. This unique case presents an opportunity to deepen our understanding of AN and the cultural context that affects its development.
Is there an inner nose

Although behavioral and neuropsychological data regarding the existence of images for odors are inconclusive, reconsideration of earlier EEG work provides reasonably clear evidence for an inner nose. However, further EEG studies and neuroimaging data seem essential for conclusive demonstrations of an inner nose.
The Challenge of Implementing Reaction Wheel Biases on the Cassini Spacecraft During Extended Mission Sequence Development

During its orbital tour of the Saturnian system, the Cassini spacecraft must point its instruments at a variety of targets while under reaction wheel assembly (RWA) control. To preserve the long-term health of the reaction wheels, they must frequently be biased—that is, the wheel speeds are altered to redefine the spacecraft's angular momentum vector while thrusters maintain the spacecraft attitude. The biases (either standalone or part of other activities on thruster control) are defined early in sequence development to divide the science sequence into multiple segments, which are carefully examined for the presence of undesirable reaction wheel rate conditions. In many cases, instead of redesigning science activities, the most efficient solution is to introduce additional biases. Moreover, as the Cassini mission has transitioned from Prime to Extended Mission, the number of biases required per sequence has increased. To ease the challenge of managing these RWA biases, several tools were developed to automate the arduous steps in this RWA bias implementation and simulation process. This paper describes the RWA biasing strategy and bias automation tools, and demonstrates how the integrated tools ensure the successful execution of RWA biases in flight.
THE POLITICS OF PERSONALITY DISORDER

This research tested the hypothesis that the gender distribution of personality disorders stems from the resemblance between each personality disorder and the role/role-stereotype of the status gro...
EFFECTS OF DEDICATED STOP LAMPS ON NIGHTTIME REAR-END COLLISIONS

AbstractThis study was designed to evaluate whether dedicated stop lamps, in comparison to stop lamps that are functionally combined with tail or turn signals, provide additional safety benefits at night. The analysis compared the frequencies of rear-end collisions in which the vehicles were struck to those collisions in which the same vehicles were the striking ones. The analysis used 1999–2003 Florida and North Carolina crash data. The vehicle sample consisted of 38 passenger car models for the years 1994–2003. Overall, the results include a statistically significant pattern that suggests a beneficial effect of dedicated stop lamps. However, the results are complex and further analyses should be done to better understand the possible effect of dedicated vs. combined stop lamps.
Emerging technologies for coal-fired generation

Coal has been the backbone of the electric utility industry. Coal was used almost exclusively to power utility generators across the US and the world. In subsequent years, many improvements were made to the simple coal-fired power plant design that led to increased capacity and efficiency. It was recognized early in the development of coal-fire plant technology that a plant's steam conditions would have a significant impact on plant efficiency. Cleaner burning coal-fired plants must be developed. Scientists and engineers have worked extensively to develop coal-fired systems that will operate efficiently with minimal emissions. Flue gas cleanup systems are now a necessary part of plant design and have been widely used in retrofit applications. Entirely new coal plant processes have been developed, collectively known as clean coal technology. The rest of the paper presents some of the pollution control devices currently in place along with two of the most viable clean coal technologies.
Searching Semantic Resources for Complex Selectional Restictions to Support Lexical Acquisition

Natural language processing systems are increasingly using ontologies and other large-scale semantic resources to support Verb Sense Disambiguation (VSD) and other applications. One of the ways in which these resources can be used is to identify the selectional restrictions on verb arguments needed for sense distinction. However, manually navigating such resources can be difficult and inefficient due to their size and complexity. In this paper, we present a process for automatically searching through an ontology to determine appropriate concepts for expressing selectional restrictions on verb sense. The goal of this research is to semi-automate the development of a semantically rich lexicon to support high-precision information extraction.
Lung allocation score for lung transplantation: impact on disease severity and survival.

Background Prior to implementation of the lung allocation score (LAS) system, allocation of donor lungs was based on accrued time on the waiting list and was potentially influenced by center-specific thresholds for listing. The impact of LAS implementation on patient characteristics and survival is unknown. Methods United Network of Organ Sharing data were obtained on all lung transplant candidates listed and all patients undergoing transplantation in region 6 between May 4, 2003, and May 4, 2006. Each data set was divided into two cohorts: 2 years before LAS implementation, and 1 year after LAS implementation. LAS was calculated and compared by cohort. Pre-LAS and post-LAS differences in patient characteristics were examined. Waiting list and posttransplant survival rates for each cohort were examined using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression. Results After LAS implementation, the distribution of diagnoses in patients undergoing transplantation significantly changed (p = 0.02), while the distribution of diagnoses in those listed did not (p = 0.17). Characteristics of patients on the waiting list were similar, except that a higher proportion of nonwhite patients were listed (p = 0.04) and lower FVC (p Conclusions After LAS implementation, the distribution of diagnoses in lung transplant recipients was significantly changed, while that of candidates was not. Posttransplant and waiting list survival were not affected by the LAS system, but power was limited. Larger and long-term survival studies are needed to determine if the LAS system improves overall allocation and survival for patients interested in lung transplantation.
Evaluation of a Mental Health Treatment Court with Assertive Community Treatment.

Without active engagement, many adults with serious mental illnesses remain untreated in the community and commit criminal offenses, resulting in their placement in the jails rather than mental health facilities. A mental health treatment court (MHTC) with an assertive community treatment (ACT) model of case management was developed through the cooperative efforts of the criminal justice and mental health systems. Participants were 235 adults with a serious mental illness who were booked into the county jail, and who volunteered for the study. An experimental design was used, with participants randomly assigned to MHTC or treatment as usual (TAU), consisting of adversarial criminal processing and less intensive mental health treatment. Results were reported for 6 and 12 month follow-up periods. Clients in both conditions improved in life satisfaction, distress, and independent living, while participants in the MHTC also showed reductions in substance abuse and new criminal activity. Outcomes are interpreted within the context of changes brought about in the community subsequent to implementation of the MHTC.
An Evaluation of Pollination Mechanisms for Purple Prairie-clover, Dalea purpurea (Fabaceae: Amorpheae)

Abstract Purple prairie-clover (Dalea purpurea Ventenat) is a common perennial forb that flowers during mid-summer throughout the Great Plains and adjacent biomes. Seed of D. purpurea is used for prairie restoration. This study characterizes the reproductive biology of D. purpurea. Manual pollination field trials showed that D. purpurea has a mixed pollination system. It is primarily xenogamous (45% of flowers manually pollinated with outcross pollen yielded plump seeds), but partially self-compatible (19% of selfed flowers yielded seeds). Flowers neither visited by bees nor manually pollinated rarely yielded mature seed (0–6% of flowers). A review of extensive bee community surveys from sites with prairie wildflower communities revealed that D. purpurea attracts a rich and diverse native bee fauna. Managed agricultural pollinators (Apis mellifera, Megachile rotundata) also work its flowers for pollen and nectar, yielding >20,000 seeds per plant. These observations bode well both for pollinating D. purpur...
The economics of the transition to fuel cell vehicles with natural gas, hybrid-electric vehicles as the bridge

Detailed comparisons are made between various types of light-duty vehicles fueled with natural gas and hydrogen. Natural gas vehicles are designed as charge sustaining hybrid vehicles (HEV) and hydrogen fueled vehicles (FCV) are powered by a fuel cell. All the vehicles have a range of 400 miles between refueling stops. This paper is concerned primarily with the near-term time period in which the fuel cell technology is maturing and the hydrogen infrastructure is being constructed both with respect to refueling stations and the source of the hydrogen being distributed. Detailed computer simulations are presented for vehicle classes from compact cars to mid-size SUVs. Energy (MJ) and volume (L) of fuel storage required to meet the 400 mile range target for each vehicle using natural gas and hydrogen are compared. Costs of the vehicles simulated are projected for 2015–2030. Cost results indicate that the costs of ownership of the natural gas HEVs and the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles become close in the 2025–2030 time period. CO2 emissions from natural gas fueled hybrid and fuel cell vehicles are calculated and compared for hydrogen and electricity from natural gas. Ways in which the introduction of the natural gas fueled vehicles could be a bridge to the mass marketing of fuel cell vehicles are discussed.
Neuroethics, Neuroscience, and Compromise: Integrating Perspectives on Stereotactic Neurosurgery for Anorexia Nervosa

In their article, Muller and colleagues (2015) examine the ethics of and provide recommendations for research involving stereotactic neurosurgery for anorexia nervosa (AN). Though they present a st...
Physician-Assisted Suicide Under Managed Care

While physician-assisted suicide has been hotly debated for a decade, little attention has been paid to how assisted suicide is impacted by the rise of managed care. In the managed health care environment, the everyday incentives to cut costs can overwhelm considerations of the state's interest in the preservation and sanctity of human life, as well as those of a patient's autonomy and liberty to end her suffering. Policy makers must respond to the cost pressures faced by all physicians, especially given the methods in which HMOs and PPO's structure financial incentives and control information.
Phase II Study of Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin as Second-Line Treatment in Relapsed Small-Cell Lung Cancer

PURPOSE: The aim of the present phase II study was to evaluate the efficacy of the paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (PIC) combination in relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible patients were those with SCLC who had progressed or relapsed after therapy with carboplatin and etoposide (with or without chest radiotherapy). The PIC regimen consisted of paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 on day 1, ifosfamide 5 g/m2 divided over days 1 and 2, and cisplatin 100 mg/m2 divided over days 1 and 2; PIC was given every 21 days with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients (30 men and three women) were entered onto the study (median age, 62 years [range, 55 to 70 years]; median performance status, 1 [range, 0 to 2]). Metastatic sites at study entry included the lymph nodes (n = 13 patients), bone (n = 9), liver (n = 5), brain (n = 6), lung nodules (n = 8), adrenal glands (n = 9), and other (n = 2) Responses included eight complete remissions and 16 partial remis...
Immunolocalization of Ksp-cadherin in the adult and developing rabbit kidney

The potential for Ksp-cadherin involvement in either the development or maintenance of the metanephric kidney was assessed by immunocytochemical localization of a monoclonal antibody directed against the rabbit isoform of Ksp-cadherin in both neonatal and adult rabbit kidneys. In the adult kidney Ksp-cadherin expression was detected on the basolateral membrane of all cell types in both the tubular nephron and the collecting system. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that Ksp-cadherin was expressed at uniform levels along the entire length of both the lateral membranes and the basal infoldings of all tubular epithelial cell types. In the nephrogenic zone of the neonatal rabbit kidney Ksp-cadherin expression was detected exclusively on the basolateral membranes of epithelial cells in the more highly differentiated regions of the expanding ureteric duct. In the highly differentiated corticomedullary and medullary regions of the neonatal kidney, distinct basolateral staining was observed in all segments of the tubular nephron and the collecting system. The relatively late appearance of Ksp-cadherin expression in the developing metanephros indicates that Ksp-cadherin probably does not participate in the direction of renal morphogenesis. However, the high levels of Ksp-cadherin expression observed in all segments of the tubular nephron and the collecting system in the adult kidney suggests that it may play a role in the maintenance of the terminally differentiated tubular epithelial phenotype.
The Use of the Microhematocrit Technic for the Recovery of Borrelia duttonii from the Blood

The microhematocrit technic, which has proved in the past to be very effective for the recovery of microfilariae and trypanosomes from the blood, has been found to be very good for the recovery of Borrelia duttonii from citrated blood also. These results suggest that the technic would be useful and time-saving for the laboratory diagnosis of African relapsing fever. Preliminary studies of the survival times of these spirochetes in blood containing citrate, heparin, or sequestrene as an anticoagulant have been done.
Sex, residential location, and altruism.

Milgram (4) has suggested that the information overload attending city life reduces helping behavior. This study compared the willingness of male and female urbanites and suburbanites ro help another male or female in distress. It also compared the helpfulness of people contacted at work or in their apartments or single-family dwellings. On five consecutive weekday evenings, between 6 and 9 P.M., 10 males and 10 females each phoned a person working at a commercial enterprise or else living in an apartment or single-family dwelling in either Dayton, Ohio (population = 243,601), or one of five suburbs (mean population = 21,614). One hundred phone numbers had been selected at random from the metropolitan directory for the Dayton area, and callers were ignorant of the residential location of those phoned. Following Gaertner and Bickman (3), each caller pretended to have gotten a wrong number after being stalled at a rest stop on nearby Interstate 75, and the caller then requested the respondent to call his (or her) spouse. When respondents complied with this request, an accomplice of the opposite sex answered the phone and rhanked the caller. Only 41 males and 53 females could be reached. Male respondents aided 56% of the male callers and 72% of the female callers, while female respondents aided 65% of the male callers and 94% of the female callers. Thus, while males and females did not differ in helping, females were helped more than were males (xa = 18.8, df = 1, fi < .05), especially when [he respondent was a female (x' = 5.56, df = 1, p < .05). Helping rates were SO%, 73%, and 64% for apartments, single-family dwellings, and commercial sites, ~especc~vely, in Dayton; for the same sites in suburbs they were 67%, 76%, and 61%. Neither type of residence, its location, nor the combination of the two obtained significance by x' analyses. The results replicate oft-noted sex differences in helping (1). Interestingly, even though Dayton and its suburbs differ in socio-economic factors as well as density and urban status, no differences in altruism rates were noted. The failure to observe different rates of helping, however, is consistent with the view that urban-suburban differences in behavior have been overemphasized (2).
Direct U-Pb dating of Cretaceous and Paleocene dinosaur bones, San Juan Basin, New Mexico: COMMENT

[Fassett et al. (2011][1] ) claim to have accomplished the “first successful direct dating of fossil vertebrate bone,” providing “a new methodology with the potential to directly obtain accurate dates for any vertebrate fossil” (p. 159). There are shortcomings, however, with the method used
Lack of association of the angiotensinogen-6 polymorphism with blood pressure levels in the comprehensive NHLBI Family Blood Pressure Program

ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between the angiotensinogen-6 polymorphism (AGT-6) and blood pressure levels.DesignData were analysed from the first 4322 subjects of the NHLBI Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP), consisting of four networks (GenNet, GENOA, HyperGEN and SAPPHIRe), each conducti
Analysis of FGD Solids With a Macro TGA System

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is an analytical technique in which changes in physical and chemical properties of materials are measured as a function of temperature and/or time. TGA is commonly used to determine selected characteristics of materials that exhibit either mass loss, or gain, because of decomposition, oxidation, or loss of volatile material, such as moisture. Common applications of TGA are materials characterization through analysis of characteristic decomposition patterns and determination of combustible materials and combustion residues from a sample. Macro TGA systems that use gram-size samples have been used for a couple of decades for monitoring industrial processes. The larger sample sizes allow more accurate mass measurements for characterization of materials. Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) solids are industrial byproducts that have been monitored using macro TGA systems. Compounds reported to have been successfully measured include free moisture, moisture in hydrates, CaSO4•2H2O, CaSO3•½H2O, and CaCO3. A LECO TGA701 macro TGA system was used in a study to characterize the components in various FGD solids. Pure materials, including those listed above, were first analyzed with the TGA701 followed by the measurement of various mixtures of the pure materials. Although Ca(OH)2 is a material present in limestone slurries used in flue-gas desulfurization, previous studies have not indicated the presence of this compound in FGD solids. The TGA reaction profiles for Ca(OH)2 and CaSO3•½H2O show they decompose in the same temperature range. Pure CaSO3•½H2O is not available and was not used in the study. The study of pure materials and mixtures demonstrated the accuracy of the TGA701 in characterizing the compounds. A macro TGA analysis program developed during this study can be used to accurately quantify the various materials in flue-gas desulfurization FGD solids. Carbon and sulfur analysis data support the macro TGA results for the FGD solids.
Assessing Theories of Global Governance: A Case Study of International Antitrust Regulation

An effective, legitimate model of global governance must strike a delicate balance between national sovereignty and international cooperation. As such, governance on an international level is a constantly evolving discourse among multiple actors whose respective roles and influence vary across time and policy realms. The participation of multiple actors in global governance is widely recognized, but there is considerable disagreement as to the appropriate distribution of power among these participants and the optimal pattern for their interaction. We may never be able to construct an ideal global governance model. But the attempt to create such a model by examining the current needs of individual nations and the international community in key areas, such as global antitrust regulation, plays a critical role in promoting sound public policy.
H2 Production Mediated by CO2 via Initial Reduction to Formate

A Ru(NH-NHC) complex with an open coordination site on the metal center adjacent to ligand N–H moieties has been synthesized and characterized. This complex exhibits unique reactivity upon reaction with either CO2 or NaHCO3, yielding a formate-bridged bimetallic complex via a spontaneous deoxygenation reaction and formal reduction at carbon. Dehydrogenation of the formate complex leads to a Ru–carbamate species following carbon–nitrogen bond formation between the CO2 moiety and the NHC ligand. This reactivity opens up new pathways for CO2 reduction and is relevant to H2 storage.
Epidemiology of Ischemic Strokes and Transient Ischemic Attacks in the Oldest Old (P2.308)

Objective: To provide evidence on the epidemiology of ischemic strokes and transient ischemic attacks in the oldest old. Background: As the population ages, the rate of ischemic events increases. There is a need of evidence in the aging population to better understand the behavior of the disease. Design/Methods: We designed a retrospective cross-sectional review of patients 85-years or older admitted to neurology between 2010-2013 with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). The variables obtained were: age, sex, risk factors, acute therapy, NIHSS, etiology, mortality, disposition and readmission rate. Means and confidence intervals or percentages were calculated as appropriate. Results: 190 patients, 85-years or older, were admitted to neurology between 2010-2013 with stroke or TIA. 132(69.5[percnt]) women and 58(30.5[percnt]) men. 34(18[percnt]) had a TIA and 156(82[percnt]) an ischemic stroke. The mean age was 89.35 years. Twenty-four (12.6[percnt]) received tPA and two (1.05[percnt]) had clot retrieval. There was a 4.7[percnt] mortality rate. Most were discharged to acute rehabilitation (26.8[percnt]), followed by home with services (21.5[percnt]), subacute rehabilitation (20.5[percnt]), home (14.8[percnt]) and hospice (9.4[percnt]). Seventy (36.8[percnt]) were readmitted within 6-months, most commonly with infection. The most prevalent risk factors were: hypertension (76.8[percnt]), atrial fibrillation (43[percnt]), hyperlipidemia (29.4[percnt]), prior stroke or TIA (23.1[percnt]), diabetes (22[percnt]), coronary artery disease (22[percnt]), and smoking (16.7[percnt]). The most common etiology of the ischemic strokes was embolic (56.4[percnt]). The mean NIHSS on admission was 9.19(7.92-10.46) and on discharge 6.16(4.96-7.36). Conclusion: Most patients 85-years or older, in our study, were women. More than half of the strokes were embolic. A substantial number of patients received thrombolysis and almost a third of patients were discharged to acute rehabilitation. Older patients benefit from aggressive stroke management and have potential for meaningful recovery. Age should not be a major limiting factor in the treatment of stroke in this population. Disclosure: Dr. Garcia Santibanez has nothing to disclose. Dr. Skliut has nothing to disclose.
Lipschitz Functions on SU(2) Have Uniformly Convergent Fourier Series

Abstract We demonstrate that the Fourier partial sums of a Lipschitz continuous function on the two-dimensional special unitary group converge uniformly to the function.
Cluster dynamics modeling of Mn-Ni-Si precipitates in ferritic-martensitic steel under irradiation

Abstract Mn-Ni-Si precipitates (MNSPs) are known to be responsible for irradiation-induced hardening and embrittlement in structural alloys used in nuclear reactors. Studies have shown that precipitation of the MNSPs in 9-Cr ferritic-martensitic (F-M) alloys, such as T91, is strongly associated with heterogeneous nucleation on dislocations, coupled with radiation-induced solute segregation to these sinks. Therefore it is important to develop advanced predictive models for Mn-Ni-Si precipitation in F-M alloys under irradiation based on an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Here we use a cluster dynamics model, which includes multiple effects of dislocations, to study the evolution of MNSPs in a commercial F-M alloy T91. The model predictions are calibrated by data from proton irradiation experiments at 400 °C. Radiation induced solute segregation at dislocations is evaluated by a continuum model that is integrated into the cluster dynamics simulations, including the effects of dislocations as heterogeneous nucleation sites. The result shows that MNSPs in T91 are primarily irradiation-induced and, in particular, both heterogeneous nucleation and radiation-induced segregation at dislocations are necessary to rationalize the experimental observations.
Assessment of Class Predictions

The previous chapter focused on models that make numeric predictions. This chapter deals with models whose goal is classification. It must be understood that the distinction is not always clear. In particular, almost no models can be considered to be pure classifiers. Most classification models make a numeric prediction (of a scalar or a vector) and then use this numeric prediction to define a classification decision. Thus, the real distinction is not in the nature of the model but in the nature of the ultimate goal. The implications of this fact will resound throughout the chapter.