cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The occurrence and transport of microplastics: The state of the science.

Microplastic (MP) particles have been observed in most environments and concentrations are expected to increase over the coming decades given continued and increased production of synthetic polymer products. The expected increase in plastic pollution (including MPs) may elevate the risk posed by these synthetic particles to both environmental and human health. The purpose of this review is to provide a review of the state of knowledge regarding the occurrence and transport of MPs in and across three of the Earths subsystems, specifically, the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. Evidence is presented that shows the lithosphere includes substantial MP accumulation (e.g. approximately 25 particles L-1 in landfill leachate), the impacts of which remain poorly understood. The atmosphere plays an important role in MP transport, with increased occurrence and higher transport concentrations noted in more densely populated areas (e.g. 175 to 313 particles m-2 d-1 in Dongguan China). In the hydrosphere, freshwater ecosystems alternate between MP transport (e.g. rivers) and deposition (e.g. lakes) with flow rate being identified as a key factor determining the movement and fate of MPs. Conversely, marine ecosystems act as a major sink for MP pollution (e.g. MP comprise 94%, approximately 1.69 trillion pieces, of plastic pieces in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch), driven by direct deposition or by transport via the atmosphere or freshwater conveyance systems (e.g. streams, rivers, or ice sheets). Once ingested by organisms, the trophic transfer and bioaccumulation of MPs has been confirmed with the polymer particles potentially accumulating in or impacting fauna, flora, microbes, and humans. Finally, 16 areas are identified in which future MP research efforts should be focused, with the goal of accurately identifying the scope and potential risks posed by synthetic polymer pollution. This review serves as a valuable steppingstone for future research and researchers wishing to address MP research gaps across various environmental settings in the coming decades.
Poetry, Activism, and Queer Indigenous Imaginative Landscapes: Conversations with Janice Gould:

This essay offers a final interview with Koyoonk’auwi writer and scholar Janice Gould (1949-2019). Tatonetti first contextulaizes Gould's work and then presents their discussion in three sections: Questions on Seed (2019), Gould's latest poetry collection; Questions on California; and Questions on Queer Indigenous History.
Case Study: Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) and National Service – A Review of Educational Support Needs and Curricula Development

Beginning in the 2017-2018 school year, public schools across the United States were subject to a change in the nation’s primary educational legislating power with the effective repeal of 2002’s “No Child Left Behind” Act with the enactment of the “Every Student Succeeds Act” (ESSA). States have been, and will continue to be, required to develop new “basic programs operated by state and local educational agencies” to “provide all children significant opportunity to receive a fair, equitable, and high-quality education, and to close educational achievement gaps.”In conducting a case study on the legislation, the author set out to thoroughly understand the priorities of the law, identify gaps between what the law intends for state to state educational goals and what schools can realistically provide, and then to identify existing nonprofit programs that can act as supplemental interventions to meet the goals ESSA emphasizes. The case study also was able to identify some gaps in existing programs and considers some important implications of ESSA that should be taken into account when looking at state educational standards and closing respective achievement gaps, including what was referred to as "The Skewed Value Hypothesis," which relates closely to the concept of standardized test score pollution.
Who’s Logging on? Differing Attitudes about Online Therapy

Online therapy increases access to psychotherapy and is crucial during times of global crisis when services are impacted. Understanding attitudes toward online therapy among the public may help sha...
The First Sources of Light

I review recent progress in understanding the formation of the first stars and quasars. The initial conditions for their emergence are given by the now firmly established model of cosmological structure formation. Numerical simulations of the collapse and fragmentation of primordial gas indicate that the first stars formed at redshifts z 20–30 and that they were predominantly very massive, with M* 100 M⊙. Important uncertainties, however, remain. Paramount among them is the accretion process, which builds up the final stellar mass by incorporating part of the diffuse, dust-free envelope into the central protostellar core. The first quasars, on the other hand, are predicted to have formed later on, at z ~ 10, in more massive dark matter halos, with total masses ~108 M⊙, characteristic of dwarf galaxies.
Improvement Placement as a Factor of Sustainable Development in Agriculture

The article discusses significant changes in the spatial development of Russia and the need to develop scientific provisions on the spatial organization of agriculture and its sub-sectors. The authors discuss those scientific provisions that were not previously applied in practice when solving issues of rational distribution and deepening the specialization of agricultural production.
Postprostatectomy incontinence

Postprostatectomy incontinence is a bothersome complication of radical prostatectomy. Although most men recover from initial postprostatectomy incontinence, some do not. It is important to understand the natural history of postprostatectomy incontinence as well as conservative measures to hasten continence. This article reviews our current understanding of postprostatectomy incontinence with an emphasis on diagnosis and management.
Initiation of metformin in MELAS patient-a dangerous combination.

Dear Editor,Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) is a genetic mitochondrial disease that presents with progressive myopathy, headaches, and recurrent seiz...
Environmental and Ecological Statistics with R

BASIC CONCEPTS Introduction The Everglades Example Statistical Issues R What Is R? Getting Started with R The R Commander Statistical Assumptions The Normality Assumption The Independence Assumption The Constant Variance Assumption Exploratory Data Analysis From Graphs to Statistical Thinking Statistical Inference Estimation of Population Mean and Confidence Interval Hypothesis Testing A General Procedure Nonparametric Methods for Hypothesis Testing Significance Level alpha, Power 1 - beta, and p-Value One-Way Analysis of Variance Examples STATISTICAL MODELING Linear Models ANOVA as a Linear Model Simple and Multiple Linear Regression Models General Considerations in Building a Predictive Model Uncertainty in Model Predictions Two-Way ANOVA Nonlinear Models Nonlinear Regression Smoothing Smoothing and Additive Models Classification and Regression Tree The Willamette River Example Statistical Methods Comments Generalized Linear Model Logistic Regression Model Interpretation Diagnostics Seed Predation by Rodents: A Second Example of Logistic Regression Poisson Regression Model Generalized Additive Models ADVANCED STATISTICAL MODELING Simulation for Model Checking and Statistical Inference Simulation Summarizing Linear and Nonlinear Regression Using Simulation Simulation Based on Resampling Multilevel Regression Multilevel Structure and Exchangeability Multilevel ANOVA Multilevel Linear Regression Generalized Multilevel Models References Index
Transforming Labor-Based Parties in Latin America: Populism in Crisis: Environmental Change and Party Failure, 1983–1985

On the evening of October 30, 1983, as the polls closed on the first election of Argentina's new democratic era, Peronists who gathered at the party headquarters were in a state of shock. Anxious party leaders repeatedly asked one another the same question: “When do the votes from the industrial belt come in?” It soon became clear that those votes would not arrive, and that for the first time in its history, the PJ would lose a free election. The election night scene highlights one of two environmental challenges that Peronism confronted during the 1980s. Changes in Argentina's social structure had eroded the PJ's industrial working-class base, weakening the unions that had traditionally linked the party to its urban base and creating new groups of voters with weaker ties to the Peronist organization and subculture. Over the course of the decade, changing economic conditions presented the PJ with a second challenge: The debt crisis and the collapse of the inward-oriented economic model fundamentally altered national policy-making parameters, limiting the viability of the traditional Peronist program. The PJ's survival as a major political force hinged on its capacity to adapt to these environmental changes. This chapter examines the electoral and economic challenges that confronted the PJ in the 1980s, as well as the strategic choices that party leaders faced in responding to them. It begins with a brief description of the PJ coalition and program at the outset of the contemporary period.
Acne and Drug Reactions

Acne vulgaris is a chronic disease of the pilosebaceous follicle and it is characterized by any combination of open comedones, closed comedones, pustules, cysts, and scarring of varying severity. Factors which promote the development of acne are: increased sebum production, which is influenced by endogenous androgens; ductal hypercornification; abnormal follicular keratinization; colonization of the pilosebaceous ducts by Propionibacteria acnes; inflammation; and genetic predisposition. While the majority of acne cases are hormone-dependent juvenile acne, a subset of cases are drug induced, which is defined as the development of an acneiform eruption occurring after medication intake. Several classes of drugs are associated with acneiform eruptions and include: corticosteroids, neuropsychotherapeutic drugs, antituberculosis drugs, immunomodulating drugs, and targeted therapy in the field of oncology. Discontinuation of the drug will lead to recovery from the acneiform eruption, but is rarely mandatory, given the benign nature of acne. The idiopathic disease can be distinguished from the drug eruption by characteristics of presentation, unusual age on onset, unusual location of the lesions, and resistance to conventional acne therapy.
The effects of doxorubicin on the mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy machinery in varying types of skeletal muscles (1164.1)

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent, known to cause cardiotoxicity via induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis. Despite toxic effects of DOX, few studies have investigated its effects in skeletal muscles. Multiple studies have examined DOX induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. However, no studies have investigated the effects of Dox on mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy. Thus, the first aim of the study was to determine the effects of DOX on the protein expression of primary regulators of mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy in skeletal muscle. The second aim was to investigate expression differences between three types of skeletal muscles varying in fiber type composition: diaphragm (DIA), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and soleus (SOL). Male F344 rats were injected IP with 20 mg/kg of DOX or saline. Animals were fasted with no food or water until sacrifice 24 hours later. DOX treatment increased the protein content of DRP1, MFN2, and LC3-I with no effec...
The minimum entropy controller as a mixed H/sub 2//H/sub /spl infin// controller: the time-varying case

In this paper we have given an interpretation of the entropy, defined for discrete-time time-varying systems. The interpretation shows why minimum entropy controllers have an advantage over other H/sup /spl infin// controllers, in the sense that the difference in norms of the input and output signals will be relatively high for signals not equal to the worst-case one. This is in favor of the goal that H/sup /spl infin// control wants to achieve. Furthermore we showed that minimizing the entropy in general results in a relatively low quadratic cost, which indicates why minimum entropy controllers are in general good mixed H/sup 2//H/sup /spl infin// controllers.
Point-to-Point Corona Discharge in Admixtures of Argon, Oxygen, and Acetylene

Multipoint-to-multipoint and multipoint-to-plane electrode geometries have been investigated to enhance corona discharge modes in atmospheric pressure weakly ionized plasma. This paper presents a new geometry approach by a protrusion array over the grounded screen along with a high-voltage (HV) needle array to obtain higher coulombic discharge. It has been observed that needle-to-grounded-screen-protrusion configuration enhances the discharge modes, especially the back corona is enhanced significantly near the protrusions in Ar/C2H2 plasma. A corona mode map has been developed to depict the optimal discharge zones at various HV gaps. Similar investigations were performed in Ar/O2 plasma to study the nature of the current pulses and discharge modes.
The regulator HlyU, the repeat-in-toxin gene rtxA1, and their roles in the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus infections

HlyU is a master regulator that plays an essential role in the virulence of the human pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. One of the most noteworthy characteristics of HlyU regulation in this organism is its positive control of the expression of the repeat-in-toxin (RtxA1) gene, one of the most important virulence factors accounting for the fulminating and damaging nature of V. vulnificus infections. In this work, we reviewed the latest studies of RtxA1 in this bacterium and highlight the mechanism of gene regulation of rtxA1 expression by HlyU under a broader gene regulatory network.
Young drivers' evaluation of driving impairment due to alcohol

Ninety-six college students, 18-20 years of age, were selected from three drinking categories (abstain-light, moderate, and heavy) based on their self-reported drinking habits. Subjects rated the relative importance of three driving components (attention, control/maneuvering, and emergency responses) for safe driving and the impairment each component and overall driving ability would sustain after driver drinking. Impairment ratings were made of the effects of drinking the number of drinks that would have resulted in the rater having blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of .05%, .10%, and .15%. Subjects also estimated the number of drinks that they could consume in one hour and then safely drive after after different time periods, the time they should wait before driving after drinking various amounts of alcohol, and the number of beer, wine, wine cooler, and whiskey drinks that would cause them to reach a .10% BAC. While the driving components were rated to be of approximately equal importance for safe driving, the emergency responses component was judged to be more impaired following alcohol consumption than any of the other components, or overall driving ability. Heavy drinkers judged that there was significantly less driving impairment due to alcohol than did light or moderate drinkers in the case of overall driving ability and all of the driving components except emergency responses. Heavy drinkers also judged it safe to consume a number of drinks before driving that would result in higher mean BACs than those of light and moderate drinkers. Both drinking category and gender differences were found in the estimated BAC values that would have occurred at the time of driving after waiting periods judged by subjects to be sufficient for safe driving.
The application of palynology to oceanology with reference to the northwestern Atlantic

Abstract Investigation of over 250 samples from 16 cores collected chiefly off the eastern coast of the United States indicates that palynology can supplement micropaleontological and stratigraphical studies of marine sediments. Plant microfossils recovered from ocean bottom cores may provide information when other geological methods fail to yield results. High percentages of reworked pollen and spores in offshore cores are found at horizons where large numbers of cold-water Foraminifera have been recovered. The increase in the percentage of reworked plant microfossils at these levels is believed to be correlative with the lowering of base level associated with Pleistocene glaciation. In some of the cores collected from the northern portion of the study area the occurrence of non-reworked spruce and fir pollen together with high percentages of reworked plant microfossils lends additional support to the existence of a relationship between reworked grains and base level. Sediments collected on the continental shelf yield the largest variety of non-reworked pollen and spore types and the plant microfossil assemblages in these samples are believed to be the most reliable offshore indicator of onshore climatic conditions. In the ocean basin off the continental shelf smaller numbers of non-reworked plant microfossil forms are encountered because of apparently selective transportation, destruction, or both. The percentages of reworked pollen and spores in ocean basin cores may be used to separate sediments deposited under glacial conditions from those formed during inter- and postglacial periods. More detailed sampling and refinement of techniques in the study of continental shelf cores may yield detailed information on climate, as reflected by the vegetation on the land, position of ancient shore lines, current patterns and delimit areas of river deltas in the Quaternary and theoretically pre-Quaternary marine sediments. The relationship of base level to the percentage of reworked pollen and spores has application to the correlation of ocean bottom sediments and perhaps can even be applied to the correlation of pre-Quanternary continental sediments resulting from changes in base level due to orogeny.
SPC qualification strategy for CD metrology

Effective statistical process control (SPC) necessitates the use of the proper control chart, used to monitor and control the important process characteristics. The control chart can be used to monitor stability for a process which is normally distributed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) critical dimension (CD) measurement, however, shows a systematic variation in repeated measurements of a sample in addition to the Gaussian variation, due to the nature of electron beam irradiation of materials. Because of this systematic variation the standard control charts do not work well for the control of this process. Addition of a slope-subtraction algorithm to the data collection system provides display of the slope-corrected data in addition to the raw data display, and permits the stability of the metrology tool to be demonstrated.
The Impact of Uterine Artery Embolization on Ovarian Function

Soon after the introduction of uterine artery embolization (UAE) as a treatment for fibroid tumors, questions arose regarding its potential impact on ovarian function. The onset of amenorrhea caused by ovarian failure after UAE was reported, and occlusion of ovarian arterial supply via uterine-arterial communications was suspected as the mechanism. Despite that, premature induction of menopause after UAE remains very infrequent. Perhaps of greater concern is a subclinical diminution of ovarian functional reserve. Data from randomized trials and prospective case series suggest that degradation of ovarian function may occur after UAE, but is concentrated in women older than age 45 years, with little evidence of an impact in women younger than 40 years of age. This review is intended to summarize current knowledge regarding the impact of UAE on ovarian reserve and the induction of menopause.
Human plasma lipid transfer protein catalyzes the speciation of high density lipoproteins

The role of purified plasma lipid transfer protein complexes in determining the particle size distribution of human plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) was examined in vitro. Incubation of HDL2 or HDL3, isolated from normolipemic subjects with very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) or VLDL-remnants and lipid transfer protein complex had little or no effect on HDL particle size. In contrast, HDL isolated from patients with hypertriglyceridemia, designated HDL3D, showed speciation of particle size distribution when incubated with VLDL-remnants and the transfer protein. Incubation of HDL3D with VLDL-remnants and lipid transfer complex resulted in the production of two particles of radius 4.3 and 3.7 nm; incubation with VLDL or in the absence of the transfer protein did not result in a redistribution of particle size. We suggest that the action of lipid transfer protein complex on triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein remnants and HDL accounts for the low levels of HDL-cholesterol observed in subjects with severe hypertriglyceridemia.
Another look at the anthropoid elbow

Abstract Functional features of the articular surfaces of the joints of the elbow region are described for a number of extant and fossil anthropoids. At the humeroradial and proximal radioulnar joints of extant hominoids a complex of features occurs that guarantees stability throughout extensive pronation-supination movements. By contrast, in extant non-hominoids the morphology of these joints is such as to permit more limited movement and to provide a close-packed position in full pronation. Ramapithecines and Oreopithecus resemble extant hominoids in these features, while Proconsul exhibits some features of both groups of extant anthropoids. The other Oligocene and Miocene anthropoids investigated all resemble extant non-hominoids. Major differences in the humeroulnar joint relate mostly to different means of stabilizing the joint. In extant hominoids, Oreopithecus , and ramapithecines the joint is truly trochleiform and is stabilized against forces acting in any direction. In other Oligo-Miocene anthropoids except Proconsul , and in extant non-hominoids, the main joint surface is more cylindrical, and is stabilized by an anterodistally projecting flange medially and a posteriorly projecting flange laterally. These features are best developed in cercopithecoids. It is suggested that in cebids the humeroulnar joint is translatory, but that it is non-translatory in all the extant and fossil catarrhines considered. A number of autapomorphies in the elbow regions of hominoids and of cercopithecoids are tabulated and grouped in terms of their functional significance. On the basis of this distribution of features, and using Cebus as an out-group, it is suggested that Oreopithecus , ramapithecines, and Proconsul are hominoids. On the basis of the features examined, it is not possible to determine whether it is cercopithecoids or the taxon to which Dendropithecus and Pliopithecus belong that is the sister group of hominoids. Aegyptopithecus is the sister group of all other catarrhines.
Methyllithium undergoes halogen exchange faster than it abstracts a carboxylic proton: stereoselective reduction of 1-methyl-2,2-dibromocyclopropanecarboxylic acid

Methacrylsaureester (I) reagiert mit dem aus Phenyltribrommethykquecksilber (II) - erhaltenen Dibromearben (III) zum Addukt (IV), das zu den Sauren (V) verseift wird.
Farnesyl diphosphate synthase is abundantly expressed and regulated by androgen in rat prostatic epithelial cells

Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) has been identified as an androgen-response gene in the rat ventral prostate using a highly sensitive PCR-based cDNA subtraction technique. FPPS is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is required for cholesterol biosynthesis as well as protein prenylation. We have characterized the expression of FPPS in the rat prostate in response to androgen manipulation. Northern blot analysis showed that castration induced a 10-fold down-regulation of FPPS mRNA within 24 h in the ventral prostate and androgen replacement up-regulated FPPS mRNA rapidly in the regressed ventral prostate of a castrated rat. The expression of FPPS was also regulated by androgen in the lateral and dorsal prostate, indicating that FPPS is important to androgen action in all three lobes of the prostate. Western blot analysis showed that FPPS protein level was also regulated by androgen in the prostate. Northern blot analysis of tissue specificity indicated that FPPS was most abundantly expressed in the ventral prostate of a mature rat and was responsive to androgen manipulation in the prostate and seminal vesicles, but not in other tissues. In situ hybridization study showed that FPPS mRNA was localized to the prostatic epithelium. Interestingly, the expression of FPPS was elevated in Dunning rat prostate tumor cell lines. The above findings suggest that FPPS has the potential to play an important role in androgen action and prostate cancer progression.
A three-component mixed-matrix membrane with enhanced CO2 separation properties based on zeolites and ionic liquid materials

Abstract A mixed-matrix membrane containing three components of polymerizable room-temperature ionic liquids (poly(RTIL)), RTIL and zeolite materials was fabricated, and its transport properties were studied. A previous study showed that 20 mol% of RTIL in a poly(RTIL) membrane increased the gas permeability of the composite membrane due to more rapid gas diffusion in the RTIL. At the same time the selectivity of these membranes remains relatively constant with respect to the original poly(RTIL). On the contrary, mixed-matrix membranes consisting of a polymeric matrix and dispersed inorganic particles have the potential for outstanding separation properties, but some challenges such as a good adherence at the inorganic/organic interface still remain uncertain. In this article, we used an RTIL to both increase the permeability of the membrane, and to better facilitate interaction between the poly(RTIL) (polymer) and zeolite (inorganic particles). Our results showed that the RTIL component may have served as an interfacial material for better adhesion between the inorganic zeolite surface and organic polymer. We have shown that addition of the ionic liquid increased the selectivity of the MMM, which demonstrated that the membrane is without defects. Moreover, the performance of this membrane was in agreement with the Maxwell model prediction, which is important because it also indicated that the membrane is defect-free. We believe that this approach may be extended as a novel general method for forming zeolite/polymer-based MMMs with better performance properties.
Operator basis for analytic signal construction

The operator basis for one-dimensional analytical signal construction is considered. Why the Hilbert transform plays a fundamental role is clarified. Extension to the case of multidimensional signals is considered. Possible ramifications for the definition of a fractional analytic signal are discussed.
Structural concepts in inorganic proton conductors

Abstract Proton conduction will be discussed from the point of view of the structure of the conductor. Recent work on particle and framework conductors will be described with examples. Some structural principles, taken by analogy with ion exchange selectivity theory, will be applied to conduction processes and particularly unhydrated framework structures.
Dr. Isaac Thompson and his celebrated eye water.

For many years we have been fascinated by the methods of medical advertising. During the past decade advertising of ophthalmic products and services has burgeoned. A number of factors, including the emergence of"buccarteer surgeons" 1 as well as changes in laws and customs related to advertising induced by the "consumer movement" have contributed to this. One ophthalmic preparation that has been of particular historical interest to us is "Dr. Isaac Thompson's Celebrated Eye Water". This nostrum first came to our attention about 12 years ago when we found one of Dr. Thompson's advertising trade cards (Fig 1) in an antique shop. Dr. Thompson's Celebrated Eye Water was remarkable for many reasons, such as longevity. It was introduced in 1795, and was available continuously in three centuries. It had the largest sale of any topical ophthalmic preparation in the 19th century, and the methods used in advertising and marketing it were typical of those used for proprietary medicines of the time. (It was so widely used that, in the leading textbook of ocular therapy of the early 1900s; Casey Wood advised the ophtha,lmologist to be familiar with the physiologic and clinical effects of Dr. Thompson's Eye Water.2a) During the past 12 years we have collected a variety of advertising and other artifacts of this remarkable product and have traced the history of Dr. Thompson and his successors in considerable detail.
Distributed intelligence in wireless sensor networks

With the advent of new wireless standards, faster microprocessors and smart sensors, it has become possible to construct wireless sensor networks with ample processing and communication capability. Our thrust in this paper is toward implementing a collaborative processing system for wireless sensor networks. A number of research groups have developed algorithms for applications such as target tracking and location, environment monitoring, and health monitoring of structures. What has been missing is a distributed sensor processing system which provides a framework for these algorithms to function. The system described here borrows heavily from the parallel processing sphere especially the Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) system developed by ORNL. To facilitate distribution of computational resources, a new algorithm has been proposed for efficient distribution with the use of minimum system resources, in other words, determining an optimal set of nodes which can handle the distributed computation. For this purpose, we assign costs to the various parameters of interest in the network such as the node energy level, the communication energy cost/complexity and resource availability. We then arrive at a cost function by assigning suitable weights to these costs and choose only those nodes whose cost function evaluates to above a particular threshold value. Implementation of typical feature extraction algorithms such as the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) are discussed.
The quenching of premixed flames by volatile inhibitors

Quenching of premixed fuel-oxidizer flames by volatile additives was studied; the change in quenching diameter with inhibitor concentration was used to measure inhibitor effectiveness. The fuel-oxidizer combinations studied comprised methane-air, methane-nitrogen dioxide, methane-nitrogen dioxide-air and methane-nitric oxide. The experimental results indicate that the nature of the oxidizer is the most important oxidizer seem to be susceptible to chemical inhibition.
Detecting errors in English article usage by non-native speakers

One of the most difficult challenges faced by non-native speakers of English is mastering the system of English articles. We trained a maximum entropy classifier to select among a/an, the, or zero article for noun phrases (NPs), based on a set of features extracted from the local context of each. When the classifier was trained on 6 million NPs, its performance on published text was about 83% correct. We then used the classifier to detect article errors in the TOEFL essays of native speakers of Chinese, Japanese, and Russian. These writers made such errors in about one out of every eight NPs, or almost once in every three sentences. The classifier's agreement with human annotators was 85% (kappa = 0.48) when it selected among a/an, the, or zero article. Agreement was 89% (kappa = 0.56) when it made a binary (yes/no) decision about whether the NP should have an article. Even with these levels of overall agreement, precision and recall in error detection were only 0.52 and 0.80, respectively. However, when the classifier was allowed to skip cases where its confidence was low, precision rose to 0.90, with 0.40 recall. Additional improvements in performance may require features that reflect general knowledge to handle phenomena such as indirect prior reference. In August 2005, the classifier was deployed as a component of Educational Testing Service's Criterion$^{SM}$ Online Writing Evaluation Service.
The pigmentation of the jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca (Forskål) var. panopyra Peron & Lesueur.

Four or more pigm ents, viz. at least two blue, a brown and a m agenta, have been found in Pelagia noctiluca var. panopyra . One blue occurs in the lips, a similar one in the exumbrella, and another in the gonadial endoderm and the gastric filaments. The brown occurs in the ectoderm of the exumbrella, in the gonads and the m esogloea; the m agenta occurs in the mesogloea. The blues are intracellular, the m agenta extracellular, and th e brown both intracellular and extracellular. The pigm entary material occurs either as m inute free ellipsoids or spheroids, or in association w ith larger colourless bodies. The extracted pigm ents show absorption m axim a as follows: blue from the gonads and gastric filaments, 632·5, 590 and 560 m μ ; blue from the exumbrella, 545 to 550 m μ , and that from the lips, 537 to 547 m μ ; magenta, 490 to 498 m μ . Autolysis and hydrolysis of the blue gonadial and of the magenta pigment by alkali or by trypsin, shifts the absorption maxima toward the shorter wave-lengths. The magenta pigment was studied in detail, and its solubility, its behaviour towards denaturants and its incapacity to pass through a collodion membrane, suggest that it is a chromoprotein. The chromogen, precipitated from tryptic digests by alkali, showed an absorption maximum at 380 m μ ; it was insoluble in a wide range of solvents, and could be oxidized and reduced only by relatively drastic means. It reduced ammoniacal silver nitrate in the dark. It was shown to contain chlorine, but no sulphur or phosphorus; it contains organically combined nitrogen, but no protein or α-amino-acids. Various tests showed the presence of a substituted phenolic group, a pyrrole group, and the indole nucleus. It thus appears to be a melanoid. No evidence was obtained for the existence of an active tyrosinase.
Chronic Intermittent Ethanol and Withdrawal Differentially Modulate Basolateral Amygdala AMPA-type Glutamate Receptor Function and Trafficking

The amygdala plays a critical role in the generation and expression of anxiety-like behaviors including those expressed following withdrawal (WD) from chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure. In particular, the BLA glutamatergic system controls the expression of both innate and pathological anxiety. Recent data suggests that CIE and WD may functionally alter this system in a manner that closely parallels memory-related phenomena like long-term potentiation (LTP). We therefore specifically dissected CIE/WD-induced changes in glutamatergic signaling using electrophysiological and biochemical approaches with a particular focus on the plasticity-related components of this neurotransmitter system. Our results indicate that cortical glutamatergic inputs arriving at BLA principal via the external capsule undergo predominantly post-synaptic alterations in AMPA receptor function following CIE and WD. Biochemical analysis revealed treatment-dependent changes in AMPA receptor surface expression and subunit phosphorylation that are complemented by changes in total protein levels and/or phosphorylation status of several key, plasticity-associated protein kinases such as calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and protein kinase C (PKC). Together, these data show that CIE- and WD-induced changes in BLA glutamatergic function both functionally and biochemically mimic plasticity-related states. These mechanisms likely contribute to long-term increases in anxiety-like behavior following chronic ethanol exposure.
Transferable quantum mechanical scale factors for alanine

Abstract We have obtained ab initio scale factors for alanine · 1H2O supermolecules in acidic and basic solutions using the 4-31G, 4-31G∗, 6-31G∗∗ and 6-31+G∗∗ basis sets. After full optimization of each supermolecule, but prior to transformation of its Cartesian coordinates and force constants to internal coordinate representations, we have deleted the Cartesian coordinates and force constants for each water molecule, leaving only the coordinates and force constants for alanine. This preserves the effect of water on the electronic structure of alanine while avoiding artifacts in normal mode calculations due to vibrational coupling with statically bound water. All but two of the 4-31G scale factors show transferability from smaller molecules. Most scale factors are also transferable between pH 1 and pH 13 for the coordinates unchanged by protonation. Force constants are scaled using the experimentally determined Raman and FTIR vibrational frequencies of eight isotopic species of alaninate in water at pH 13 and seven isotopic species of alanine at pH 1. Good agreement is obtained between the calculated and experimental frequencies for the isotopic species for all basis sets and structures. A Fermi resonance analysis of the Raman spectrum of alaninate in the region from 500 to 900 cm−1 suggests an explanation for an unassigned band at 590 cm−1 in the unsubstituted molecule.
TRANSTELEPHONE MONITORING FOR PACEMAKER FOLLOW-UP 1981-1994

Transtelephone monitoring (TTM) is capable of detecting pacemaker pulse generator malfunction, battery depletion, and lead failure. The accuracy of TTM was analyzed by a review of Montefiore Medical Center records between October 1981 and March 1994. Each group of transmissions from a single patient, starting with implant and ending with a pacemaker operation, was defined as a closed cycle (CLOSE), if undergoing continuing follow-up at the time of analysis, as a continuing cycle (CONT), and if a cycle had ended with death or loss to follow-up, an open cycle (OPEN). TTM records of 2,632 patients were analyzed, providing 3,291 cycles. There were 731 CONT, 433 CLOSE, and 2,127 OPEN cycles; 331 procedures were indicated by TTM. of which 279 were impending depletion, 30 sudden depletion, and 22 lead malfunctions. Of the 102 procedures not indicated by TTM, 85 were for nonurgent reasons (recall: 41; DDD upgrade: 16; patient/MD request: 28) and 17 for urgent reasons. In patients followed by TTM who had a lead problem, 22 were detected by TTM before clinical manifestations and 16 were not. There were no cases in which TTM follow- up did not detect battery depletion. The total number of TTM contacts, available for 3,094 cycles, was 88,654 (range, 1–163, median 19), of which 0.4% yielded a procedure. During the same period, 75% of all secondary interventions during the first 2 years occurred during the first 2 months after implant because of lead malfunction, with a subsequent SI rate of 0.005 per month for the third through the twenty-fourth months.
Composite Estimation of Totals for Livestock Surveys

Abstract Four different preliminary estimators are employed by the National Agricultural Statistics Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture to obtain the final estimate of livestock inventories of major states. To combine these four estimators a composite estimator (which is a weighted average) is proposed. Two types of composite estimators—one with fixed weights, the other with adaptive weights—are investigated. The composite estimator with adaptive weights is derived by minimizing a quadratic function subject to linear constraints. The variance and mean squared error of the composite estimator with adaptive weights are evaluated by the jackknife method. Numerical results based on the data from the 1984 June Enumerative Survey conducted by the Department of Agriculture support the use of composite estimation.
A method for the recovery of nucleic acids from polyacrylamide gels

Abstract A method is described for the recovery of RNA from ethylene diacrylate cross-linked polyacrylamide gels. The RNA is recovered undergraded in good yields under mild conditions and is free of soluble polyacrylamide gels.
Intrinsically Switchable Ferroelectric Contour Mode Resonators

This paper presents the design and measurement results of intrinsically switchable interdigitated contour mode resonators based on barium titanate (BTO) thin films. The resonators have lithographically defined interdigitated electrodes that determine their resonance frequencies. The BTO thin film exhibits electrostriction, which allows the resonances to be switched on and off. The highest frequency device exhibits series and parallel resonance frequencies of 1.67 and 1.68 GHz and quality factors of 178 and 152, respectively, with the application of a 10-V dc bias. Resonances are turned off by removing the dc bias. This is the first demonstration of an intrinsically switchable interdigitated ferroelectric contour mode resonator.
Intending to Aid

Courts and commentators are notoriously puzzled about the mens rea standards for complicity. Accomplices intend to aid, but what attitude need they have towards the crimes that they aid? This paper both criticizes extant accounts of the mens rea of complicity and offers a new account. The paper argues that an intention can commit one to an event’s occurrence without committing one to promoting the event, or making it more likely to take place. Under the proposed account of the mens rea of complicity, an accomplice must have an intention that commits him to the crime’s occurrence, but need not commit him to making it more likely that the crime occurs. The paper traces the implications of this view both for several difficult complicity cases, and for ongoing debates among philosophers of action about the necessary and sufficient conditions of joint agency.
Factor Analysis of Variability Measures in Eight Independent Samples of Children and Adults

Variability in strategy use has been measured and conceptualized in several ways. The present study sought to determine whether a sample of variability measures could be reduced to a smaller number of factors that the individual measures had in common. Factor analysis of five commonly used variability measures was performed separately on data from eight independent samples of children and adults. The results revealed that the variability measures could be reduced to one of two general types of variability: strategy diversity, which refers to the sheer number of strategies used, and strategy change, which refers to the number of trial-by-trial changes in strategy use. Support for this two-factor model of variability was found for all samples of children and adults. Moreover, each type of variability had distinctive relations with cognitive performance that varied with age. In general, strategy diversity was positively related to recall for children but not adults, whereas strategy change was negatively related to recall for adults but not children. Based on this evidence, three recommendations for researchers studying strategy variability are described.
Suppression of immunoglobulin synthesis by cellular hybridization

WHEN two cells which show differentiated characteristics are fused, the hybrids generally do not show these characteristics. Ephrussi et al.1 have interpreted such trans dominant loss to show that the cells contain a diffusible repressor and this idea is supported by the finding that some mouse/human hybrids can spontaneously redifferentiate when the C10 human chromosome is lost2. We now report another example of redifferentiation in hybrid cells; when IT mouse fibroblasts are fused with MPC 11 mouse myeloma cells which produce immunoglobulin, the hybrids neither produce nor excrete detectable amounts of immunoglobulin.
Drug-induced conditioned aversion to mouse-killing in rats.

Abstract Posttrial administration of atropine methylnitrate (MA) to rats that kill mice resulted in a marked inhibition of mouse-killing behavior. This conditioned aversion to mouse-killing after treatment with MA was more readily produced in rats fed ad lib than in those on a restricted food regimen. Food-deprived rats demonstrated a greater incidence of predatory behavior (i.e., consumption of the prey) than did killer rats not deprived of food. Predatory behavior appeared more sensitive to this conditioned aversion procedure than did the act of killing.
Differentiability of the distance to a set in Hilbert space

Let X be a Hilbert space with inner product (x, y) for x, y E X. For fixed y the distance from x to y is p&x) = 11 x y 11 = (x y, x y)lls and for a nonempty set KC X the distance from x to K is P&) = inf(p,(x) 1 y E K}. It is known [2] (and it follows from Theorem 1 below by taking K = {y}) that pV is FrCchet differentiable at all x # y. We consider here some circumstances under which pK is FrCchet differentiable. Since
Anesthetic and perioperative outcome of teenagers and adults with congenital heart disease.

Abstract Objective: To compare the perioperative outcome of patients ≥13 years old undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease in a children's hospital by a dedicated congenital heart surgery and anesthesia team with procedure-matched younger control patients. Design: Retrospective medical record review study. From October 1997 to July 2000, medical records of all patients >12 years old requiring cardiopulmonary bypass were reviewed. A control group of patients ≤5 years old was reviewed, and 2 patients were matched to each older patient by diagnosis and surgical procedure. Data are reported as mean ± SD. Older (study) patients were compared with younger (control) patients using t -test or chi square, with p ≤ 0.05 significant. Setting: Medical school–affiliated tertiary-care children's hospital. Participants: Patients undergoing congenital heart surgery. Measurements and Main Results: The study group (older patients) comprised 85 patients, and the control group (younger patients) comprised 170 patients. There were no intraoperative deaths. All major complications—cardiopulmonary resuscitation, neurologic injury, massive hemorrhage with sternotomy, femoral cannulation for emergent bypass, and severe episodes of hypotension on induction of anesthesia—occurred in older patients undergoing repeat sternotomy. Conclusion: Mortality and major morbidity were low in both groups; however, all major intraoperative incidents occurred in older repeat sternotomy patients, suggesting increased perioperative risk for adverse outcomes in these patients. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.