cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of education in biostatistical consulting

Medical students, residents, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty commonly consult with biostatistical experts about study design and data analysis when conducting clinical research. The role of biostatistical training during these consultations is examined, and characterizations of the connections between biostatistical consultation and education are reviewed. The presence and kinds of teaching efforts during biostatistical consults at four academic research institutions over various periods of time between 1999 and 2005 (237 consultations in total) were recorded and are described. By site, 67, 70, 78, and 100 per cent of the consulting sessions included biostatistical training, with an overall 78 per cent (95 per cent CI: 73-83 per cent) of consultations including an educational component when all consultations were combined. Training covered a wide range of biostatistical topics. Seventy-five per cent of the consultations with faculty (120/161), 79 per cent with fellows and residents (31/39), and 100 per cent with medical students (10/10) included some degree of instruction in study design or statistical analysis topics. Results show that both the need and the opportunity exist for specialized biostatistical instruction during one-on-one sessions between a consulting biostatistician and physicians, medical students, and research staff. Academic researchers are ideally positioned to absorb this kind of training when they initiate a request for assistance with their own research project.
Managing systems development

This article is the first of a two-part series on the unmet promise of IT project management. Here we describe the evolutionary path that has brought us to today's project culture and how successful organizations are managing projects.
Observations of Hatchery-Reared Rio Grande Silvery Minnow Using a Fishway

Abstract We designed a study to determine if Rio Grande silvery minnow Hybognathus amarus, an endangered species, would use an instream, rock channel fishway on the Rio Grande near Albuquerque, New Mexico. We implanted 6,657 Rio Grande silvery minnow with passive integrated transponders and used a passive scanning station with two antennas located within the fishway to document movements from seven release locations, up to 19.7 km upstream and 13.5 km downstream of the diversion dam. Between 11 March and 21 August 2011, 243 individuals were detected (3.7% of all fish released), with 74.1% fish being detected from upstream release sites and 25.9% from downstream release sites. We determined 14 Rio Grande silvery minnow successfully ascended the fishway, and an additional 20 fish from downstream release locations were detected on the upstream antenna only, inferring passage. We conclude Rio Grande silvery minnow can use appropriately constructed fishways. Received October 17, 2011; accepted March 21, 2012
Correlation-Resilient Path Selection in Multi-Path Routing

Multi-path routing is effective to enhance network availability, by selecting multiple failure-independent paths for reaching one destination in the hope to survive individual path failures. Researchers suggest to select IP-layer topologically disjoint paths, assuming that they are failure-independent and can hardly fail simultaneously. Unfortunately, failure correlations lurking behind the IP-layer topology can surreptitiously squash availability gained through multi-path routing because selected paths can fail simultaneously. Spurred by this observation, we propose a new path metric and selection scheme resilient to failure correlations between topologically disjoint paths, by utilizing path availability history} to reveal failure correlations. This paper presents a first stride towards the new direction of availability-oriented multi-path selection, with formal and systematic problem definition, modeling, and algorithms.
Revascularization of an ischemic limb by use of a muscle pedicle flap: A rabbit model

A rabbit model of hind limb ischemia was designed to demonstrate that new, hemodynamically significant arterial connections will develop between ischemic skeletal muscle and an independently perfused muscle pedicle flap. The right common iliac artery was divided in 15 rabbits. In eight rabbits a muscle flap based on the left deep inferior epigastric artery was transposed to the right thigh (flap group). In seven rabbits a sham operation was performed where the flap was sutured to the abdominal wall (sham group). After 7 days angiography demonstrated arterial connections between the flap and the native limb circulation in all of the flap group animals. The flap increased muscle perfusion in the ischemic limb (2.99 ml/100 gm muscle/minute in the flap group, vs 2.06 ml/100 gm muscle/minute in the sham group, p less than 0.005). Hemodynamically significant vascular connections will develop between a well-perfused muscle flap and an ischemic limb. The augmentation in perfusion provided by these connections can be quantified.
Applying Value-Based Insurance Design To Low-Value Health Services

Value-based insurance design improves health care quality and efficiency by reducing cost sharing for services that have strong evidence of clinical benefit. The same goals can also be accomplished by increasing cost sharing for low-value services, which would ensure more effective care and achieve net cost savings. However, there are challenges in defining what is meant by "low-value services" and implementing programs to restrict such services' use. This paper argues that investments in processes to define low-value care, comparative effectiveness research to identify services that produce harm or marginal clinical benefit, and information technology to implement findings can facilitate applying value-based insurance design to the low-value realm.
Apoptosis in the aging olfactory epithelium

Objectives Olfactory receptor neurons undergo apoptosis at a baseline rate, probably secondary to environmental damage even in the absence of gross disease. The study demonstrates age-related changes in expression of genes known to regulate apoptosis in the rat olfactory mucosa. These results are compared with gene expression in young rats and rats that have undergone surgical deafferentation of the olfactory receptor neurons. Study Design The olfactory mucosae from three groups of rats were studied: young, normal rats (age, 12 wk); old, normal rats (age, 24 mo); and young rats 9 days after bilateral removal of the olfactory bulb. Bulbectomy is known to produce an initial wave of apoptotic cell death in the population of olfactory neurons. At 9 days after the injury, the olfactory mucosae consist of an enhanced population of regenerating neurons destined to also undergo apoptosis, since their synaptic target (bulb) has been removed. Methods Ribonuclease protection assays and histological analysis of the three groups were performed. Results Ribonuclease protection assay analysis indicates that age induces increases in the expression of pro-apoptotic genes in the olfactory mucosae similar to the increase seen after deafferentation (bulbectomy). Specifically, the expression of procaspase-3 and bax was increased in aged animals and bulbectomized animals when compared with young, normal animals. Conclusions Aging induces changes in gene expression in the olfactory mucosae that appear to favor apoptosis, probably associated with increased fragility of olfactory receptor neurons in older animals. These changes may, at least in part, explain the age-related decline in olfactory sensation and loss of olfactory receptor neurons seen in elderly patients.
Calcium-dependent Clustering of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors

Rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells predominantly express the type II receptor for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3), which operates as an InsP3-gated calcium channel. In these cells, cross-...
An organizational framework for training, service, and research in clinical immunology and allergy

I would like to examine with you a setting in which basic immunology can be developed within clinical departments so that future clinical scholars and physician-scientists can be trained, time can be minimized for transfer of newly developed technology to the bedside, and the competitive federal funding required for both of these interrelated goals can be achieved. I would also like to focus on the importance of carrying out preclinical science in a patient-care setting because the impetus and opportunity for discovery are distinctly different from those in an entirely preclinical environment. As a general rule, research within clinical specialties is focused upon the specialty and, because of constraints of personnel, space, and relevance, tends to be highly categorical. Now one might think that that would be the most appropriate way to proceed, since the investigators would never lose sight of the patient-directed goal with specific disease entities in mind. There are two difficulties inherent in this conventional approach: first, a group of investigators may find it very difficult to make significant advances on a
A Profession Awry or Poised for the Future? Work Psychology and Professional Identity

The commentaries provided an array of perspectives on identity management in our profession. However, there was general agreement on what should be central and distinctive about our field and on the need to cultivate a positive identity for the profession. The commentators also suggested a number of ways to cultivate this identity. For us, the commentaries also stimulated further reflection on our approach to training graduate students. We share our reflections and encourage readers to take the time to reflect on their own efforts to contribute to the profession's management of identity.
Higher-order boundary element methods for transient diffusion problems. Part II: Singular flux formulation

Despite the significant number of publications on boundary element methods (BEM) for time-dependent problems of heat diffusion, there still remain issues that need to be addressed, most importantly accuracy of the numerical modelling. Although very precise for steady-state problems, the common boundary element methods applied to transient problems do not yield highly accurate numerical solutions. This paper investigates the reasons that prohibit achievement of a high level of accuracy for transient heat diffusion problems with continuous temperature and bounded heat flux solutions. In order to greatly enhance the commonly used boundary element formulations, we propose higher-order time interpolation functions, including quadratic and quartic approximations. We show that the use of higher-order time functions greatly reduces the numerical error concentrated in the corner regions, and results in very good uniformity of the flux and temperature distributions along the boundaries for problems where uniform distributions are expected. In order to highlight the importance of proper resolution both in time and space for the transient problems, we consider one- and two-dimensional formulations in this paper. High-order boundary elements using quartic shape functions, as well as high-order bi-quartic volume cells, are used to attain mesh-independent numerical solutions. We consider four transient heat diffusion problems that possess exact solutions to investigate the convergence rate and accuracy of the higher-order boundary element formulations. A very high level of accuracy is possible for both one- and two-dimensional formulations. Additionally, we show that the accuracy of a commercially available finite-element code is far less than that of the boundary element methods for a given spatial and temporal discretization. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reflections and Perspectives on ‘Therapeutic Issues for Today’s Adult Women’

Women in their middle years are at varying points in their own life cycles. One women at 40 may be a grandmother, another may be having her first child. Women’s lives are also not linear—that is, they do not progress in a predictable sequence; many roles, positions, and psychological states may occur in varying sequences. Although women are affected by their reproductive timetable, this is not the only major framework, and the interrelated components of biology, culture, and psychology have an enormous impact. Therefore, women who are in their “middle years” will bring a variety of therapeutic issues to attention. There is some similarity, however, in the threads that run through many of these issues, particularly if one focuses on the midlife aspects of the problems presented. In confronting the finiteness of life as one comes to perceive it in midlife, an assessment is made of where one is and where one might like to be. Choices that were made, choices that still can be made, and their consequences are considered and evaluated. For women these sometimes concern decisions about having children, sometimes about careers, marriages.
An Aristotelian-Thomistic Propensity Theory of Probability: Towards a ‘Naturalized’ Social Science and Econometrics

Departing from a comment by Charles Peirce, this paper provides a very broadly Aristotelian-Thomistic (hereafter, “AT”) propensity theory of probability applicable to work in the social sciences. This paper, intended as a very preliminary conceptual and bibliographic map for ongoing work, transposes insights, developed in Suarez (2013, 2014) from a pragmatist perspective, into an AT framework that (in the AT tradition) is both metaphysically and ethically realist. The theory develops the relationship between the propensity theory of probability and properties of human nature. This approach thereby provides a “naturalistic” basis for probabilistic (and therefore, statistical) analysis in the social sciences. At points, the paper references economics, especially econometrics, but takes all claims as generalizable to other social sciences. Future work will develop the relevance of Suarez’s comments for articulating the AT theory.
Faith-Based International Development Work: A Review

In the wake of the Faith-Based Initiative in the USA, substantial research has resulted in an increased awareness of religious congregations and faith-based organizations as welfare service providers. The next frontier appears to be the role of religious organizations in international social and economic development, a topic that only recently started to attract academic interest. In this paper, we review available literature on the role that religious, or faith-based, organizations play in international social and economic development. We also provide results from our own study of USA international NGOs1 that are faith-based. We divide the paper into the positive contributions of faith-based international NGOs and the drawbacks of these NGOs. We find that faith-based nonprofits constitute almost 60 percent of USA-based international development organizations, and their contribution to international social development is quite considerable. We conclude with a call for further research and nuanced understanding of the role religion plays in international development.
Interfacial Constraints on III-V Compound MIS Devices

The first proposed structure for an active semiconductor device appeared in 1930(1) and consisted of a three-terminal element where current control was exercised by means of a metal-semiconductor barrier. This device and a subsequently modified structure employing an aluminum oxide dielectric spacer(2) were unsuccessful because of an inability at that time to prepare an electrically suitable surface. Interestingly, both these devices were proposed using non-Si semiconductors and although they were notable failures initially, they have since, in somewhat modified form, appeared successfully as, what we now call, the Schottky-gate(3) and MOS(4) field-effect transistor, respectively. These devices were not pursued following their initial proposal because of the emergence in 1948 of silicon and germanium junction bipolar transistors(5–7) which, because of their relative ease of fabrication as well as their primary reliance on charge transport remote from a surface, were both fabricated and shown to operate with little developmental delay. Despite their higher-operating-temperature advantage, we now know that Si devices achieved their overwhelming preeminence primarily because of the excellent bulk and interfacial characteristics of silicon’s native thermal oxide, Sio2.(8) The significance of this one fact cannot be overstated when we consider the vast array of devices, circuits, and systems which rely for their operation on the fortuitous circumstance that Si has a good compatible dielectric.
Multineutron transfer in 58 Ni+ 124 Sn collisions at sub-barrier energies

Cross sections for multineutron transfer reactions in {sup 58}Ni+{sup 124}Sn collisions have been measured with good particle identification at four energies around the Coulomb barrier. The angle- and energy-integrated multineutron transfer cross sections exhibit an exponential falloff with increasing number of transferred neutrons. The elastic scattering and one-nucleon transfer reaction data can be reproduced well by coupled-channels calculations and distorted-wave Born approximation calculations, respectively, using the same optical potential. The transfer probabilities for each transfer channel, plotted as a function of the distance of closest approach, fall on a common exponential curve; the slopes of these exponential falloff curves are discussed. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Use of mastectomy in rural versus urban patients: the effects of medical community factors.

Abstract #5089 Background: Disparity exists in surgical treatment of breast cancer patients living in rural versus urban counties. Past studies evaluating this used patient level data. We examine county-level medical community factors that potentially impact the geographic variation of mastectomy versus breast-conserving therapy. Methods: Data from 137,303 patients and 200 counties were analyzed combining the 2006 SEER and 2004 ARF (Area Resource File) databases. Inclusion criteria identified in SEER were: stage I, II, or III disease, female, diagnosis after 1992. Patients were linked to county level data from the ARF based on their county of residence. Medical community variables analyzed with ARF are seen in Table 1. Results: A total of 9.58% of the patients reside in a rural county, and 59.90% of these received a mastectomy, compared to 44.92% of the urban patients. Multivariate analysis of the medical community factors was calculated by both land area and population with calculation by population accounting for the disparity in mastectomy use (Table 1). Of the medical community factors in this analysis, the screening hospital density was highly significant, accounted for the difference in rural versus urban mastectomy rates, and resulted in an increased likelihood of receiving mastectomy (OR 1.009, 95% CI 1.004-1.014). Bivariate analysis also revealed a higher density of screening hospitals in rural counties (57.62) than in urban counties (18.22). Conclusions: Analysis using land area versus population to estimate availability of services suggests that disparity in the rural community is most affected by availability of providers and not to required travel distance. Density of screening hospitals was found to be the most important factor resulting in disparity between rural versus urban mastectomy rates. Rural counties have a higher density of screening facilities, yet they also have a higher mastectomy rate. This may represent a volume/quality issue that will require further investigation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5089.
A Study on Effects of Errors on Sidelobe Levels of Amplitude Weighted Linear Arrays

Effects of mutual coupling and amplitude-phase random errors on sidelobe levels of amplitude weighted linear arrays are studied,including cosine-square weighted arrays with basis and Dolph-Chebyshev weighted arrays.When linear arrays are weighted by cosine square function with basis,their sidelobe levels decrease and tolerance to amplitude-phase random errors are improved by mutual coupling.For Dolph-Chebyshev weights,however the sidelobe levels increase and tolerance to amplitude-phase random errors are improved by mutual coupling.As the number of antenna elements increase,effects of mutual coupling on both kinds of arrays decrease,and the tolerance performance of Dolph-Chebyshev weighted linear arrays is improved.Taking the effects of mutual coupling and amplitude-phase random errors into consideration,when arrays are weighted by cosine-square function with basis and Dolph-Chebyshev function,the number of antenna elements should be larger than 20.
Punitive Damages: From Myth to Theory

In this article I argue that the current problem with punitive damages in the United States is not, as is popularly believed, that they are out of control and threatening the orderly function of the tort system. Punitive damages suffer from a different sort of crisis - courts now lack an adequate theory to explain to themselves, lawyers, and litigants the purpose of punitive damages. The argument contains the following steps. First, I illustrate that the dominant rationale in recent years for punitive damages has been efficient deterrence. Second, I argue that the current practice of punitive damages is ill-suited to the achievement of efficient deterrence, which explains why it has been so easy for critics of the tort system to characterize punitive damages as a failed branch of civil litigation. Third, I argue that the remaining significant non-deterrence theories of punitive damages (including the theory developed by the United States Supreme Court in a series of recent decisions) fail to provide an adequate theory of punitive damages. Fourth, I argue that the point of punitive damages can be understood as a form of private retribution, and I use the history of punitive damages in England and the United States as well as the work of the philosopher Jean Hampton to illustrate my point. Fifth, I argue that the theory of punitive damages as private retribution - which sounds odd to the modern ear - fits surprisingly well with modern theories of the tort system which view tort law as a system of civil recourse for citizens who have suffered wrongs in private law.
Clinical outcomes of a diabetes education program for patients with diabetes mellitus in the Micronesian community in Hawaii.

Objective: Hawaii has diverse population made up of a cultural mix of different races. Due to different cultural and social influences and language barrier, many of the under-served population who migrated to Hawaii and having diabetes mellitus may be susceptible to long-term complications due to uncontrolled hyperglycemia and medication nonadherence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a diabetes education program on the clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus in the Micronesian community of Hawaii. Methods: This study included patients over age 18 years, with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The diabetes education program was customized for its weekly classes to fit to the under-served population. Data were collected on participants on the 1 st day and then 6 months after attending the education program. Data on primary and secondary endpoints were collected and analyzed. Findings: The mean glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c , fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels of participants fell significantly from baseline after attending the diabetes education program for 6 months. No significant changes were observed in other secondary outcomes during the study time period. Conclusion: Based on our findings, the diabetes education program that was tailored to the Micronesian population was successful in achieving glycemic goals, enhancing medication adherence, improving clinical outcomes, and also preventing long-term complications among its participants.
Providing for Sustainable Exploration and Use of Outer Space Environments

Due to the policies and investments made by spacefaring nations and international space agencies over the last five decades, non-State Parties are now developing significant capabilities in space exploration and use. This is essential if there is to be the development of a true space economy. To ensure that these capabilities can lead to an economy that is both beneficial and sustainable, legal and regulatory regimes associated with the use of other planetary environments must anticipate them, and the roles that can be played by non-State Parties in the future development of space. While non-State Parties launching from a State signatory to the 1967 Outer Space Treaty (OST) are subject to the Treaty’s articles, there are many shortcomings of the OST with respect to future space development. For example, it is clear that different launching venues could differ greatly in their implementation and enforcement of the Treaty provisions, inviting abuses of those provisions if a State’s enforcement is ineffective. The possible short-term economic advantages of a “soft” interpretation of OST provisions may lead to conflicting uses of outer space resources, while a blind eye to the potential for “harmful contamination” of other planetary environments or the Earth could destroy the benefits of space exploration. It is thus timely to consider steps by which it would be possible to clarify and complement the OST’s legal regime for the exploration of the Moon and other celestial bodies. There appear to be several approaches for extending the provisions of the OST and developing an international framework to accomplish these goals while providing for both protection and use of outer space as part of a future era of exploration, commercialization, and human habitation.
Factors Affecting Direct Tension Pull-Off Test Results of Materials Bonded to Concrete

The direct tension pull-off test (ASTM D7522/D7522M-15, ASTM D4541-09e1, ASTM C1583/C1583M-13 and others) is the only practical, in situ test to assess bond strength of materials bonded to a concrete substrate relatively. Although the method is prescribed, there are a number of variations anecdotally seen in practice which may affect the uniform interpretation of the test method results. In particular, it was hypothesized that both shear and normal stresses introduced by the drilling process damage the sample affecting results disproportionately with the depth of cut. This study systematically investigated this hypothesis with the aim of providing improved guidance associated with depth, and indeed method, of core drilling. Preformed, hand-drilled, and core-drilled specimens were tested, and the results were compared. Additionally, a system for applying a controlled torsional moment to the specimens was used to quantitatively investigate the effect of such force being applied during the specimen preparation. This study also investigated the effect of using square cuts. Hand-drilled and core-drilled specimens were observed to have reduced pull-off capacity—exhibiting a reduction of 0.03 MPa/mm depth and 0.04 MPa/mm depth, respectively—with increased core depth, although this was not attributed to the torsion that may be present during the drilling process. Square specimens exhibited marginally lower capacity than comparable round specimens and a similar increased reduction in capacity of 0.05 MPa/mm depth of cut. Finally, a discussion of the implications and interpretation of pull-off test results is presented.
Application of MEMS accelerometers in sensing passive eye response as a surrogate for brain response to head acceleration

This paper offers a novel exploration in the application of MEMS accelerometers in sensing and recording passive eye response as a surrogate for brain response to head acceleration during a concussion causing impact. Two kinds of 3D printed models and human tests were used to verify the idea.
Phyllis Chesler – A Life on Behalf of Women

ABSTRACTPhyllis Chesler’s life and work have made significant contributions on topics as diverse as pornography, prostitution, motherhood, custody, surrogacy, a woman’s right to self-defense, racism, including anti-Semitism, Israel, Islamic gender and religious Apartheid, and feminism. Her first major work, Women and Madness (Chesler, 1972), was one of the earliest works of the second wave feminist movement to address issues such as the mistreatment of women, particularly in rape and incest; female role models; and spirituality in mental health services. She remains a much sought after speaker, a global activist, and a source of inspiration for many.
First-in-human study assessing safety and tolerability of REGN1979, a novel CD20xCD3 bispecific antibody, in patients with CD20+ B-cell malignancies previously treated with anti-CD20 therapy.

TPS3089 Background: REGN1979 is a human bispecific antibody based on an IgG4 isotype modified to reduce Fc binding, designed to bridge CD20-expressing cells to cytotoxic T-cells by binding to the C...
Creaming and oxidative stability of fish oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by whey protein-xanthan-locust bean complexes: Impact of pH.

Abstract The impact of pH on the physicochemical properties of 10% menhaden oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions containing 2% whey protein isolate (WPI) and 0.1% xanthan (XG)-locust bean gum (LBG) mixtures was investigated. The O/W emulsions containing 0.1% XG-LBG mixtures were compared to emulsions with 0.1% XG and 0.1% LBG. The results indicated that stability is dependent on pH and biopolymer type. At both pH 3 and 5, emulsions containing either XG or XG-LBG mixtures had large particle sizes, viscosity, droplet aggregation, and creaming index, resulting in poor physical stability which can be related to the adsorbed protein-polysaccharide interactions. At pH7, the XG-LBG emulsions showed the greatest resistance to phase separation and resulted in stable emulsions. Lipid oxidation measurements also indicated that XG-LBG mixtures can be used to form stable emulsions at pH 3 and pH 7. These results have significant implications for the development of novel structures containing lipid phases susceptible to lipid oxidation.
Supply response, economic diversification and recovery strategy in the oil sector

Abstract We argue that country oil supply response to price is affected by structural, market and policy-induced factors and conceptualized their effects. For fifty three major oil-producing countries, we further estimate country price elasticities of oil supply through a random effects model, which allows the estimation of the output effects of factors that can be shaped by public policies. Results obtained from panel data for the 1995-2014 time-period suggest the potential to accelerate recovery from an oil price depression through deliberate policies aimed at making oil supply more price responsive. Such policies include improved business climate, reduced corruption and larger levels of government spending. Greater degrees of diversification from oil, larger oil reserves, higher GDP and a less favorable exchange rate are also found to increase the potential for economic resurgence as oil prices increase. OPEC membership is also found to boost the potential for sectorial and overall economic recovery.
Organization of the Nuclear Genome

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an outstanding system for investigation of numerous cellular processes including photosynthesis and other metabolic pathways, biogenesis of organelles, assembly and motility of flagella, gametogenesis and mating, phototaxis and circadian rhythms. Genetic studies have generated mutations at more than 200 nuclear loci whose products function in these processes. Recent advances in molecular genetic techniques including transformation, expression of selectable marker genes, insertional mutagenesis, and genetic rescue methods have facilitated the isolation of genes identified by mutation. The nuclear genome has a sequence complexity approximately 20–30 times that of Escherichia coli, a GC content of 62%, and a large proportion of unique sequences. Among the classes of repeated sequences in the genome are several families of transposable elements which have proven useful for gene tagging, and the interspersed simple sequence repeat (CA/GT)n, DNA sequences in the mating-type locus are highly rearranged between the mt+ and mt− genomes. DNA sequences obtained from approximately 200 genes and cDNAs have led to a general picture ofgene structure that includes features such as biased codon usage, a high frequency of small introns, and a putative polyadenylation signal that differs from the consensus in other eukaryotes. Genes located in the mating-type locus lack some of these features. The construction of a molecular map of the genome has utilized polymorphic interfertile strains to align molecular markers with the genetic map. The molecular map, together with genomic libraries in YAC (yeast artificial chromosome) and cosmid vectors, presents opportunities for further physical mapping of the genome.
Conversation Analysis and Collaborative Learning

As will be argued, CA o ers a new way of studying understanding as it is produced in interaction. Indeed, it o ers a new way of understanding understanding itself (Koschmann, 2011). To see how this is so we need to characterize what distinguishes CA research from other ways of studying interaction and review some of its important ndings. e list of studies comprising the CA literature is a long one, however, and numbers in the thousands. To help make this discussion manageable, we will focus on three articles published early on in the development of the eld, articles that came to serve as cornerstones for that literature. I will provide a brief synopsis of each of these articles and illustrate how the constructs they introduced can be applied to the task of describing a fragment of recorded interaction. I will then explain how these constructs relate to research on the organization of instruction generally and, more speci cally to research on instruction in settings of collaboration. e essay concludes by explaining how research on interactional organizations relates to understanding. Before launching into this exposition, however, let us begin by examining some of the essential features of CA research.
The Active Site of Plasma Amine Oxidase “The Key Enzyme of Biogenic Amines Degradation in Plasma” as Seen by Fluorescence Investigations

The role of Plasma Amine Oxidase (diamino: O2 oxidoreductase; EC 1.4.3.6) in the catabolism of various amines found in association with DNA and its function in one of the catabolic pathways of histamine and other pharmacologically important amines have led to considerable interest in this enzyme. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of certain amines and diamines according to the following reaction: $$RC{H_2}N{H_2} + {O_2} + {H_2}O - - - - - RCHO + N{H_3} + {H_2}{O_2}$$ Physicochemical studies of bovine plasma amine oxidase indicated that the enzyme is made up of two identical subunits and has a molecular weight of 170,000 KD (Yasunobu et al., 1976). The enzyme contains one essential histidine residue per monomer (Hiramatsu, et al., 1975). There are two gram-atom Cu/ mole protein which are essential for enzyme activity (Yasunobu et al., 1976). It has been reported that the copper does not change its valence state during catalysis either under aerobic or anaerobic addition of substrate. The only variance to the no valence change was the work reported by Mondovi et al., 1976 who reported that copper changed its valence state during substrate oxidation. It was concluded acid analysis was performed on the native enzyme and the reduced modified enzyme. The concentration of the protein was determined by a biuret method and absorbance was read at 280nm (R = 13). N-(1-pyrene) maleimide was purchased from Molecular Probes. The other common reagents used were of reagent grade and were purchased from standard companies.
Protocols for the Separation and Analysis of Some Specific Particles

This chapter presents the protocols for the separation of a number of particles representing a wide range of particles and techniques. Isopycnic sedimentation in swinging buckets presents few technical problems. The chapter discusses the separation of neoplastic mast cells according to their stage of development. It presents a procedure for the analytical separation of polysomes from rat liver. This procedure was used with particular success in the dissection of the mechanism of protein synthesis. The chapter also presents a study of E. coli ribosomal proteins, in which a limiting step was the resolution of the ribosomes into the 30S and 50S subunits. The chapter discusses the theoretical and practical limits of gradient capacity in the B-XV zonal rotor, which finds that up to 2 gm of crude ribosomes could be resolved into subunits in a single run.
H-2-Restriction of T Cells Mediating Lethal Graft-Versus-Host-Disease to Minor Histocompatibility Determinants

Although the etiology and pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to excite controversy and speculation, it is now generally accepted that the disease reflects alloaggres-sion mediated by mature post-thymic T cells (1–3). The pioneering studies of Siraonsen (1) established that the most florid forms of GVHD occur when the donor and host differ at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In recent years, however, it has become clear that severe and often fatal forms of GVHD occur in MHC-com-patible combinations, e.g. following HLA-matched bone marrow transplantation in man (3). Although the etiology of this form of GVHD is still debated, our own studies in mice suggest that responses to minor histocompatibility antigens (minor HA)4 are the principal cause of the disease, at least in this species (4).
Growth rates of a human colon adenocarcinoma cell line are regulated by the milk protein alpha-lactalbumin.

The whey protein a-lactalbumin, derived from human milk, has been shown to inhibit proliferation of mammary epithelial cells and rat kidney cells. We have shown that bovine a-lactalbumin also has antiproliferative effects in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines. During a 5-day dose-dependent growth study, bovine a-lactalbumin was added to Caco-2 or HT-29 monolayers in amounts from 5 to 35 µg/mL. Low concentrations of a-lactalbumin (10-25 µg/mL) stimulated growth during the first 3 to 4 days. After growing for 4 days, proliferation ceased and viable cell numbers decreased dramatically in the a-lactalbumin-treated cultures, suggesting a delayed initiation of apoptosis. This experiment demonstrates the acute bioactive effects of small concentrations of a-lactalbumin, compared with the high concentrations of other proteins in the media. These results suggest that a-lactalbumin in milk may promote health by inhibiting growth of potential cancer cells. Further studies will identify the role of calcium in the bioactivity of a-lactalbumin
On Tarski’s Axiomatization of Mereology

It is shown how Tarski’s 1929 axiomatization of mereology secures the reflexivity of the ‘part of’ relation. This is done with a fusion-abstraction principle that is constructively weaker than that of Tarski; and by means of constructive and relevant reasoning throughout. We place a premium on complete formal rigor of proof. Every step of reasoning is an application of a primitive rule; and the natural deductions themselves can be checked effectively for formal correctness.
Heidegger's Moral Ontology

Heidegger's Moral Ontology offers the first comprehensive account of the ethical issues that underwrite Heidegger's efforts to develop a novel account of human existence. Drawing from a wide array of source materials from the period leading up to the publication of Being and Time (1919–1927), and in conversation with ancient, modern, and contemporary contributions to moral philosophy, James D. Reid brings Heidegger's early philosophy into fruitful dialogue with the history of ethics, and sheds fresh light on such familiar topics as Heidegger's critique of Husserl, his engagement with Aristotle, his account of mortality, the role played by Kant in the genesis of Being and Time, and Heidegger's early reflections on philosophical language and concepts. This lively book will appeal to all who are interested in Heidegger's early phenomenology and in his thought more generally, as well as to those interested in the nature, scope, and foundations of ethical life.
The power of negative thinking: Paradoxical but effective ignoring of salient-but-irrelevant stimuli with a spatial cue

ABSTRACTA uniquely coloured singleton among other uniformly coloured stimuli can function as a powerful attractor of attention. However, top-down attentional mechanisms are also powerful, and there are circumstances in which they can suppress irrelevant distractors. The current study tested whether an endogenous spatial cue indicating the location of a salient colour singleton distractor can eliminate involuntary attentional allocation to such a stimulus. When an arrow cue indicated a to-be-ignored location that would never contain a target but would contain a colour singleton distractor, a significant singleton capture effect was eliminated on ignore trials regardless of the consistency of the singleton colour in Experiments 1 and 2. In Experiment 3, a consistent colour singleton was used without a spatial cue. Participants were not able to suppress singleton distractors in the absence of a cue. However, in Experiments 1 & 2, the status of a letter inscribed in the singleton (i.e., whether it is compatib...
A Cost-Effective High Accuracy Auto-Trimming System without Tester Constraint for Low-End Embedded Flash Memory

As the demand and production volume for embedded flash MCUs increase, their flash memory test time reduction is getting more important. Among them, trimming test occupies to a certain extent. To decrease it, a dedicated on-chip test circuit of a current comparator can be an answer, but such a current comparator tends to consume large area when high precision is needed. In this paper, we proposed a new current judgement circuit for reference current trimming, of small area and high precision. A test chip of 110 nm process embedded flash memory for MCUs with the new trimming circuit has been fabricated and the new circuit effects have been confirmed by the test chip. The 0.59 percent of Flash macro size can be reduced with this proposed auto-trimming circuit.
Targeted Taxes: Localities Take Aim at Large Employers to Solve Homelessness and Transportation Challenges

Many localities are facing unprecedented challenges — such as a dramatic rise in homelessness and insufficient transportation infrastructure — that have reached crisis levels. These localities are in a precarious position. If they do not solve these problems quickly, or if they impose overbearing and poorly designed taxes, there will be dire economic and social repercussions. In response to these challenges, several localities recently enacted or proposed taxes targeted directly at large businesses, with revenues allocated explicitly for a designated purpose. Localities are gravitating toward targeted taxes for several reasons. Some assert that the success of large employers within the locality contributed to, or even directly created, these challenges. Perhaps most importantly, targeted tax laws serve a clear expressive function. Depending on the locality’s primary objective, targeted taxes may be problematic and counterproductive. This Article begins by examining the recent local targeted tax provisions, which have crucial distinctions in motivations and mechanics. The Article then undertakes a tax policy and constitutional analysis of these targeted taxes, and considers whether they are properly characterized as a tax or a fee. The Article concludes with several proposed alternatives that will generate the requisite revenue — and may serve an expressive function — more effectively than targeted taxes.
Niche-inspired synthetic matrices for epithelial organoid culture

Abstract Epithelial organoids are now an important tool in fields ranging from regenerative medicine to drug discovery. Organoid culture requires Matrigel, a complex, tumor-derived, extracellular matrix. An alternative completely synthetic matrix could improve culture reproducibility, clarify mechanistic phenomena, and enable applications involving human implantation. Here, we designed synthetic matrices with tunable biomolecular and biophysical properties that allowed us to identify critical gel parameters in organoid formation. Inspired by known epithelial integrin expression in the proliferative niche of the human intestine, we identified an α2β1 integrin-binding peptide as a critical component of the synthetic matrix that supports human duodenal colon and endometrial organoid propagation. We show that organoids emerge from single cells, retain their proliferative capacity, are functionally responsive to basolateral stimulation and have correct apicobasal polarity upon induction of differentiation. The local biophysical presentation of the cues, rather than bulk mechanical properties, appears to be the dominant parameter governing epithelial cell proliferation and organoid formation in the synthetic matrix.
Retrospective Chart Review: Readmission Prediction Ability of the High Acuity Readmission Risk Pediatric Screen (HARRPS) Tool.

Abstract Background Nurse Case Managers utilize adult based readmission risk tools upon admission to identify readmission risk. An evidence-based pediatric readmission tool could not be identified to replicate in the pediatric space, therefore the High Acuity Readmission Risk Pediatric Screen (HARRPS) Tool was developed to fill this gap. The research aim was to develop a risk score algorithm that accurately predicts pediatric readmissions and provide a predictive validation of the HARRPS Tool. Method This was a single-centered, retrospective chart review study which compared pediatric patients with thirty-day readmissions to those without thirty-day readmissions over a twelve-month period. Sample size ratio of 1:2 was determined via power analysis with an overall sample size of 5371. Each category from the HARRPS Tool was appropriately weighted based upon data from this study to then produce an overall, patient-level risk score, which was summed [allowable range: 0, 14] across all components. Cross validation was used to ascertain the readmission risk predictability. Results Of the 5306 patients included in the final analysis, 1343 (25.3%) had a thirty-day readmission. Out of nine risk components analyzed, eight were consistent with the literature review findings. Patients with a score of seven or higher had a 54.9% predicted probability of a thirty-day readmission, compared to 13.6% for patients with a risk score of zero. The c-statistic score of the HARRPS Tool was determined to be 0.68 [95% CI, 0.67, 0.69]. Overall, the HARRPS Tool was favorable and provides initial credibility of the tool's predictive power for the general pediatric population.
What School Administrators Think About Computer Science Counting as a Math or Science Graduation Requirement

In 37 states, an accepted computer science course may qualify or “flex” as a high school graduation requirement in lieu of a traditional requirement, such as mathematics. Applying a first- and seco...