cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predischarge Respiratory Recordings in Premature Infants; Influence of Gestational Age, Postconceptional Age, BPD, and Intubation on Apnea Frequency and Type † 1755

Predischarge Respiratory Recordings in Premature Infants; Influence of Gestational Age, Postconceptional Age, BPD, and Intubation on Apnea Frequency and Type † 1755
The mapping of transgenes by fluorescence in situ hybridization on G-banded mouse chromosomes

A highly sensitive method for the mapping of transgenes and other genes in the mouse genome is described. This technique combines high-resolution G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with either biotin/avidin-FITC or digoxigenin-anti-digoxigenin-FITC, the latter being the more sensitive. Banding patterns are obtained with trypsin/Giemsa-treated slides, and sensitivity is greatly increased by the use of mouse Cot-1 DNA. With this protocol, four different 14.5-kb human Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase transgene insertions ranging in copy number from 2 to 8 have been localized to four different mouse chromosomes. The utility and sensitivity of this procedure were verified with a Chromosome (Chr) 16-specific cosmid probe, H22, as well as with the mapping of a high-copy-number human beta-amyloid/A4 transgene.
High-bandwidth piezoresistive force probes with integrated thermal actuation

We present high-speed force probes with on-chip actuation and sensing for the measurement of pN-scale forces at the microsecond timescale. We achieve a high resonant frequency in water (1‐100 kHz) with requisite low spring constants (0.3‐40 pN nm −1 ) and low integrated force noise (1‐100 pN) by targeting probe dimensions on the order of 300 nm thick, 1‐2 μm wide and 30‐200 μm long. Forces are measured using silicon piezoresistors, while the probes are actuated thermally with an aluminum unimorph and silicon heater. The piezoresistive sensors are designed using the open-source numerical optimization code that incorporates constraints on operating temperature. Parylene passivation enables operation in ionic media and we demonstrate simultaneous actuation and sensing. The improved design and fabrication techniques that we describe enable a 10‐20-fold improvement in force resolution or measurement bandwidth over prior piezoresistive cantilevers of comparable thickness. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Massive sulfides recovered at Gorda Ridge

Recent deep-sea dredging conducted from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) research vessel 5. P. Lee recovered samples of massive sulfide deposits from the southern Gorda Ridge axis off northern California. The deposits were recovered from the flank of an uplifted dome in the center of the sediment-filled Escanaba Trough near 40°45′N. These samples represent the first massive sulfide deposit discovered within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone.
Pharmacologic rationale for treating allergic and nonallergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis (AR) and perennial nonallergic rhinitis (PNAR) represent conditions affecting millions of individuals across the world. Although the diagnosis of AR might be presumptively based on the types of symptoms and the history of allergen triggers, confirmation requires documentation of specific IgE reactivity. In contrast, PNAR is a condition with similar symptomatology but in which the patient has no identifiable specific allergic sensitivities. This review presents the diverse options of currently available pharmacologic agents for the treatment of AR and PNAR, including intranasal corticosteroids, H1-antihistamines, decongestants, cromolyn sodium, antileukotrienes, anticholinergics, capsaicin, anti-IgE, and intranasal saline. Furthermore, appropriate stepped-up, stepped-down pharmacotherapeutic algorithms are described for the various forms of rhinitis.
Apparent Tradeoff of Higher Activity in MMP-12 for Enhanced Stability and Flexibility in MMP-3

The greater activity of MMP-12 than MMP-3 toward substrates from protein fibrils has been quantified. Why is MMP-12 the more active protease? We looked for behaviors associated with the higher activity of MMP-12 than MMP-3, using nuclear magnetic resonance to monitor backbone dynamics and residue-specific stabilities of their catalytic domain. The proteolytic activities are likely to play important roles in inflammatory diseases of arteries, lungs, joints, and intestines. Nuclear magnetic resonance line broadening indicates that regions surrounding the active sites of both proteases sample conformational substates within milliseconds. The more extensive line broadening in MMP-3 suggests greater sampling of conformational substates, affecting the full length of helix B and β-strand IV forming the active site, and more remote sites. This could suggest more excursions to functionally incompetent substates. MMP-3 also has enhanced subnanosecond fluctuations in helix A, in the β-hairpin of strands IV and V, and before and including helix C. Hydrogen exchange protection in the EX2 regime suggests that MMP-3 possesses 2.8 kcal/mol higher folding stability than MMP-12(E219A). The β-sheet of MMP-3 appears to be stabilized still more. The higher stability of MMP-3 relative to MMP-12 coincides with the former's considerably lower proteolytic activity. This relationship is consistent with the hypothesis that enzymes often trade stability for higher activity.
Interactions of protein kinase C with insulin signaling. Influence on GAP and Sos activities.

In this study, we investigated the influence of the protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent system upon the ability of insulin to stimulate p21(ras).GTP loading in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Activation of PKC by 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) did not affect the basal amount of p21(ras).GTP but significantly reduced insulin-induced increases in p21(ras).GTP. This reduction was due to inhibition of the insulin's ability to stimulate guanine nucleotide exchange activity of Sos in cells incubated with 100 nM TPA for either 30 min or 3 h. TPA had no effect on basal activity of Sos. Depletion of PKC by an 18-h incubation with TPA or inhibition by bisindolylmaleimide resulted in profound inhibition of the insulin-induced p21(ras).GTP loading. In contrast to PKC activation, removal of PKC did not influence Sos activity but resulted in a 2-fold stimulation of GTPase activating protein (GAP). This effect of PKC depletion is unique to 3T3-L1 adipocytes and was not observed in either 3T3-L1 fibroblasts or Rat-1 fibroblasts. Thus, it appears that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, PKC has a constitutive inhibitory effect on GAP that permits insulin to activate Sos and p21(ras). Removal of this inhibitory influence activates GAP and reduces insulin-stimulated p21(ras).GTP loading.
A MATLAB-based image registration graphical user interface system for 31 P NMR and 1 H MR images of the lower leg

Measuring energy metabolism in patients with acute and chronic heart failure is an important research tool for understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and developing new treatments. Measuring energy metabolism of the lower extremities using 31P NMR imaging, may establish an alternate method of studying the pathophysiology of heart failure. The 31P NMR imaging technique yields extremely low spatial resolution, making image registration with this modality problematic. In previous studies, 31P NMR images were registered manually with 1H MR images to correlate the image information with physical space. This process takes a great deal of time for the physician. Therefore, a MATLAB-based image registration system has been designed to automate this process for the physician to improve both time and registration efficacy.
Maternal folic acid supplements associated with reduced autism risk in the child

Commentary on: Suren P, Roth C, Bresnahan M, et al. Association between maternal use of folic acid supplements and risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. JAMA 2013;309:570–7.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is increasing. Maternal periconceptional folic acid intake was associated with reduced ASD risk in a large, population-based case–control study.1 Suren and colleagues examined whether maternal folic acid supplements were associated with reduced risk for ASD. The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) included 85 176 children at least 3 years old born between 1999 and 2009. Questionnaire information on maternal supplement use was obtained around 18-week gestation. The 270 MoBa children diagnosed with ASD included 114 with autistic disorder, 56 with Asperger syndrome and 100 with pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Of the 61 042 children whose mothers took folic acid from 6 weeks before to … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJAMA%26rft.volume%253D309%26rft.spage%253D570%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1001%252Fjama.2012.155925%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23403681%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1001/jama.2012.155925&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23403681&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F6%2Fe53.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000314773700029&link_type=ISI
Target regulation of neurotransmitter phenotype

Studies of sympathetic neurons developing in cell culture revealed a surprising degree of transmitter plasticity and established the role of environmental factors in determining transmitter choice. The sympathetic neurons that innervate sweat glands undergo a change in neurotransmitter phenotype from noradrenergic to cholinergic during normal development similar to that observed in culture. Cross-innervation experiments indicate that the target sweat glands induce the switch and thereby specify the phenotype of the neurons that innervate them. Thus, both the transmitter plasticity and the role of environmental influences initially elucidated in culture are part of the developmental repertoire of sympathetic neurons in vivo. Further, these findings extend considerably our understanding of the role that targets may play during development; targets may not only determine how many neurons survive but also what their properties will be.
Highly sensitive beam steering with plasmonic antenna

In this work, we design and study a highly sensitive beam steering device that integrates a spiral plasmonic antenna with a subwavelength metallic waveguide. The short effective wavelength of the surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) mode supported by the metallic waveguide is exploited to dramatically miniaturize the device and improve the sensitivity of the beam steering. Through introducing a tiny displacement of feed point with respect to the geometrical center of the spiral plasmonic antenna, the direction of the radiation can be steered at considerably high angles. Simulation results show that steering angles of 8°, 17° and 34° are obtainable for a displacement of 50 nm, 100 nm and 200 nm, respectively. Benefiting from the reduced device size and the shorter SPP wavelength, the beam steering sensitivity of the beam steering is improved by 10-fold compared with the case reported previously. This miniature plasmonic beam steering device may find many potential applications in quantum optical information processing and integrated photonic circuits.
Determination of excitation energy of levels and incident beam energy using a minimum chi-squared technique

Abstract A minimum chi-squared technique, which fits the experimentally obtained peaks as the function of angle to the two-body nuclear reaction kinematics, is considered. Formulas which compute the excitation energy of various residual nucleus states are derived. This method was applied to the multi-particle transfer reactions on the p+ 14 N reaction, and the excitation energies thus obtained for 12 N, 12 C, and 11 C agreed quite well with the accepted values.
Negotiation as Problem Solving: Challenging the Dominant Metaphor

In challenging the traditional view about the sharp distinction between problem solving and negotiation, Kelman has opened new possibilities. I present 3 reasons for not being optimistic about the adoption of the problem-solving metaphor by negotiators.
A Systems Approach to Healthcare Efficiency Improvement

Abstract Healthcare patient outcomes and healthcare costs, in the context of the healthcare delivery system, is a prominent societal issue for the U.S. Although improvements have been achieved, they are silo-centric, specific to a single area or discipline. It is clear that improvements need to be transferred across the healthcare delivery system in a broader sense. To that end, the ability to measure a change in the system is paramount in determining progress and in what parts of the system are impacted. The research work presented describes a case of how an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) system implementation can be measured within a systems or systems engineering context. In the first phase, time motion study has been employed to assess physician workflow. In this manner, data collection, analysis, and inferences elicited can be quickly assessed by subject matter experts for effectiveness. The objective of this collaborative work is that it demonstrates a systems engineering driven application of the improvement of an orthopaedic office that may then be generalized to a broader context. This works employs a phased approach which allows for synchronization between one set of tools or methodologies from one phase that inform and provide insight for the next. Additionally it facilitates an iterative effort as each phase will assess and reassess the key stakeholders and take into account the process/product life cycle thus allowing refinement of the previous phase and its results. The progression from one phase to another provides the means of measuring the progress and impact. The partnership between the Department of Orthopaedics and the Department of Systems and Industrial Engineering at the University of Arizona, provides a real-life setting for testing our hypotheses. All of the features described in this implementation make up a methodological framework that will render implications for engineers, physicians, patients, and policy makers.
Simultaneous determination of danofloxacin and N-desmethyldanofloxacin in cattle and chicken edible tissues by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A rugged, simple, and selective method for the determination of danofloxacin and its primary metabolite, N-desmethyldanofloxacin, in cattle (liver, muscle, kidney, and fat) and chicken (liver and muscle) tissues was developed. The method is selective for danofloxacin and N-desmethyldanofloxacin over other veterinary important fluoroquinolones, such as enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. Selectivity is achieved through a combination of extraction, chromatography, and fluorescence detection. The analytes were extracted from homogenized tissues using a methanol-perchloric-phosphoric acid solution. After centrifugation, direct injection of extraction supernate was possible. The limit of quantitation was 20 pg on column. Separation was achieved on an Inertsil C8 (5 microns, 100 A) column with dimensions of 250 x 4.6 mm I.D. The mobile phase consisted of 0.05 M phosphate buffer (pH 3.5)-acetonitrile (88:12). A fluorescence detector was utilized with an excitation wavelength of 280 nm and an emission wavelength of 440 nm. The assay was accurate and reproducible within the range of 10 to 500 ng/g for both danofloxacin and N-desmethyldanofloxacin. Intra-assay accuracy was between 98 and 101%, and precision was less than 4%. Inter-assay accuracy was between 99 and 102%, while precision was less than 2%. Recoveries for both analytes over the dynamic range were greater than 90% for all the tissues.
In vivo antitumor activity demonstrated with squamous carcinoma reactive monoclonal antibody-Vinca immunoconjugates

An immunoconjugate (PF1/D-DAVLBHYD), made with the squamous carcinoma reactive monoclonal antibody PF1/D and a derivative of vinblastine, DAVLBHYD, was shown to suppress established T222 human tumor nude mouse xenografts using a multidose protocol. Treatments of xenograft-bearing mice with free drug, free antibody, or a mixture of the two, were unsuccessful at achieving suppression without associated toxicity, using otherwise identical protocols. A Vinca conjugate with a related squamous carcinoma reactive monoclonal antibody, PF1/B, was shown to have similar tumor suppressive activity. In a dual immunoconjugate therapy protocol, PF1/D-DAVLBHYD and PF1/B-DAVLBHYD had additive antitumor effects which were consistent with their complementary tumor reactivity.
Cerebral motoneurons mediating tentacle retraction in the land slug, Ariolimax columbianus.

(1) Tentacle retraction in the land slug Ariolimax columbianus can be elicited by stimulation of all nerves and connectives of the ipsi- and contralateral cerebral ganglia. (2) Six neurons in the left cerebral ganglion were classified as tentacle retraction motoneurons because their action potentials are followed one-for-one with constant delay by action potentials in the left tentacle retractor nerve and their depolarization causes retraction of the ipsilateral tentacle. The motoneurons can be identified by size, pattern of pigmentation, position, and physiological characteristics. (3) Each retractor motoneuron discharges at a rather constant rate and has more than one source of excitatory input, but no IPSPs were observed. No synaptic connections between the six retractor motoneurons were found. The nerve action potentials that correspond to each motoneurons are distinguishable by waveform and size rank. (4) Each motoneuron elicits visible contractions in a particular region of the ipsilateral retractor muscle, but the motor fields of some motoneurons overlap. Some motoneurons mediate relatively rapid contractions while others cause slower responses. (5) There is one-for-one correspondence between action potentials of the largest unit recorded extracellularly in the retractor nerve and exciatory junction potentials recorded from the retractor muscle. No evidence of a peripheral neural plexus was found in serial sections of the retractor muscle.
Differential estrogenic activities of male and female plant extracts from two dioecious species

Abstract The reconstituted steroid transcription unit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with both a human estrogen receptor expression plasmid (YEPE10) and a reporter plasmid (YRPE2) was used to screen for estrogen compounds in cell extracts prepared from female and male plants of osage-orange, Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Scheind. and mulberry, Morus microphylla Buckl. ( Moraceae ). Phytoestrogens in the plant extracts induced the transcription of the reporter gene in transgenic yeast. The transcriptional activity increased proportionally with increased amounts of plant extracts added to the yeast cells. Female mulberry and osage-orange plant extracts activated transcription of the steroid reporter gene about 15 times and 4 times, respectively, compared to the corresponding male plant extracts. The putative phytoestrogen from Maclura was lipid soluble, and co-migrated with sterols (17 β-estradiol) and isoflavones (genistein) in TLC separations. The active fractions recovered from TLC plates exhibited UV-absorption spectra similar to authentic estradiol and genistein. The putative phytoestrogen appeared to be synthesized at specific developmental stages in female Maclura plants; levels of transcriptional activity were higher at times prior to and during flowering (February–April). Moreover, extracts from monoecious members of Moraceae , Ficus species (fig and rubber tree) did not activate transcription of the steroid reporter gene in the yeast system. Collectively, these data correlate the occurrence and levels of endogenous phytoestrogens with female individuals of two dioecious species, suggesting a possible pattern or strategy in the reproductive ecology of these dioecious species.
Syndicate: virtual cloud storage through provider composition

Syndicate is a storage service that builds a coherent storage abstraction from already-deployed commodity components, including cloud storage, edge caches, and dataset providers. It is unique in that it not only offers consistent semantics across multiple providers, but also offers a flexible programming model to applications so they can define their own provider-agnostic storage functionality. In doing so, Syndicate fully decouples applications from providers, allowing applications to choose them based on how well they enhance data locality and durability, instead of whether or not they provide requisite features.This paper presents the motivation and design of Syndicate, and gives the results of a preliminary evaluation showing that separating storage functionality from provider implementation is feasible in practice.
The preparation and utilization of whole cell suspensions obtained from solid mammalian tissues.

Summary o 1) A method is described whereby suspensions of whole cells, obtainedin relatively large yields, were prepared from solid tissues. 2) The technique employs several screenings, using successively smaller screens. 3) The integrity of the cells was indicated morphologically by microscopic examination,and biochemically by ( a ) the independence of cell suspensions from exogenous cytochrome c , or succinate, in succinoxidase measurements, and ( b ) a sevenfold greater incorporation of radioactive glycine (anaerobically) into proteins of the cell suspensions over homogenized cell preparations. 4) Advantages and possible applications of whole cell suspensions are discussed.
Restoring and preserving trust in biomedical research.

ABSTRACTRecent media depictions of the dangers of biomedical research have fueled public and regulatory scrutiny of academic research institutions. The authors argue that if these institutions are to preserve the trust that the public has historically bestowed upon them, they must go beyond mere com
The destruction of tryptophanyl residues in trypsin by 280-nm radiation.

— The destruction of tryptophanyl residues in trypsin by 280-nm radiation was studied in relation to enzyme inactivation. Quantum yields for destruction of this residue (determined using the pDAB reagent) and for the inactivation of trypsin were measured when the enzyme was exposed to different environmental perturbations. The conformational modifications of trypsin induced in 6 M guanidine-HCl did not alter the rates of tryptophan destruction and enzyme inactivation. However, an enhanced destruction of the tryptophanyl residues was observed when trypsin solutions were irradiated at 60°C in the presence of air. The increased rate of tryptophan destruction at this temperature was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the inactivation quantum yield. It was concluded that any photochemically induced reactions of this chromophore that are sensitive to conformational modifications or that result in the destruction of the indole ring are not important in the inactivation mechanism of trypsin.
The dog that did not bark: Anti-Americanism and the 2008 financial crisis in Europe

ABSTRACT The financial crisis that erupted in September 2008 seemed to confirm all the worst stereotypes about the United States held abroad: that Americans are bold, greedy, and selfish to excess; that they are hypocrites, staunch defenders of the free market ready to bail out their own companies; and that the US has long been the architect and primary beneficiary of the global economic system. So the crisis had an enormous potential for deteriorating further the global image of the United States, already at an all-time high during the George W. Bush era. Yet anti-American sentiments did not surge worldwide as a result of the crisis, neither at the level of public opinion, nor at the level of actions and policy responses by foreign policy-makers. This article explains why the dog did not bark and reawaken anti-Americanism in the process. The central argument is that this potential anti-Americanism has been mitigated by several factors, including the election of Obama, the new face of globalization, and t...
Interfacial Dynamics of Two Layer Couette Flow: Gravity Enhanced Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability

The Couette flow of two immiscible liquids is examined using flow visualization techniques. The flow dynamics are studied as a function of several independent parameters including gravity. The two fluids are initially separated by a sheet of aluminum sufficient in length to ensure that fully developed flow conditions are achieved for both fluids before they come in contact with each other. The experiments are performed for various flowrates of Canola Oil and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) corresponding Reynolds numbers for Oil and PEG of 0 to 20 and 0.01 to 0.2 respectively. Photographic images of the flow field are recorded and analyzed with the aid of image analysis software to illustrate interfacial dynamics of the flow. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the flow instability is performed for various inclinations of the test apparatus, including the extreme cases of upward vertical and downward vertical with the horizontal being the baseline test case. Neutral stability curves are identified for the range of variables studied in the experiments. The long wave instability is observed to be very periodic. At the onset of instability, the flow structure is three-dimensional and exhibits wave growth in the flow direction. The wave growth ultimately results in droplet pinch off from the crest of a folded wave. At a constant relative velocity, the wave length is at a minimum when the flow is oriented in the upward vertical direction, opposing gravity. For a given PEG flowrate, the critical Oil flowrate for the onset of interfacial instability decreases as the angle increases. These results indicate gravity enhanced Kelvin-Helmholtz interfacial instability even for low Reynolds numbers. Through a course of systematic variation of flow angles we have been able to separate the effects of inertia, gravity (buoyancy) and viscous shear forces on the wavelength of instability.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Differential regulation of polyamine synthesis and transmethylation reactions in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase deficient mammalian cells

Abstract The consumption of S -adenosylmethionine during polyamine synthesis and transmethylation reactions yields stoichiometric amounts of 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine and S -adenosylhomocysteine, respectively. Information concerning the regulation of the two routes of S -adenosylmethionine metabolism in viable cells under changing growth conditions is limited. The present experiments have measured the time-dependent accumulation of 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine and l -homocysteine in the medium of four malignant human and murine cell lines deficient in 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (5′-methylthioadenosine: orthophosphate methylthioribosyltransferase). Included in this group were anchorage-independent and anchorage-dependent cells. The enzyme-deficient cells did not detectably cleave 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine, and did not appreciably metabolize homocysteine. A comparison of 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine and homocysteine excretion therefore provided a noninvasive method for estimating the relative rates of polyamine synthesis and transmethylation. Early after the release of human CEM lymphoblasts from density dependent growth arrest, 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine production increased, and exceeded homocysteine synthesis. 5′-Deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine formation reached a maximum of 0.9 nmol/12 h per 10 6 cells prior to the onset of exponential growth. The kinetics of homocysteine synthesis were different. Homocysteine accumulation was proportional to the specific growth rate, and achieved a peak of 3.1 nmol/12 h per 10 6 cells during mid-exponential phase, at which time 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine production was falling. Similar patterns of 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine and homocysteine excretion were observed in other 5′-deoxy-5′-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase deficient cell lines. These data show that polyamine synthesis and transmethylation are differentially regulated during the growth cycle of mammalian cells.
Particles near threshold.

We propose returning to the definition of the width of a particle in terms of the pole in the particle's propagator. Away from thresholds, this definition of width is equivalent to the standard perturbative definition, up to next-to-leading order; however, near a threshold, the two definitions differ significantly. The width as defined by the pole position provides more information in the threshold region than the standard perturbative definition and, in contrast with the perturbative definition, does not vanish when a two-particle $s$-wave threshold is approached from below.
Education signalling with preemptive offers

offers before workers complete their education. Workers cannot commit to turning down such offers. Offers are private, so that workers are unable to use one firm's offer in an attempt to elicit better offers from other firms. In the unique sequential equilibrium outcome of the model with unproductive education, there is no wasteful education. When education is productive, the standard model predicts that more able individuals become overeducated to separate themselves from less able workers. In our model, less able workers become overeducated to (partially) pool with more able workers. The pooling mutes the incentives of high ability workers, who in consequence actually choose to become undereducated. We examine the robustness of our result to modifications to the basic model.
Thermalization of199Hg ion macromotion by a light background gas in an RF quadrupole trap

The largest systematic uncertainty in the performance of atomic frequency standards using a cloud of ions stored in an rf quadrupole trap is the second-order Doppler shift which depends on ion temperature and trapping parameters. This paper presents evidence that cooling the ions by collisions with atoms of a background gas light compared to the ions results in the condensation of the ions into a cloud of almost uniform density determined by space charge versus potential well forces. In this condition the second-order Doppler shift is simple to calculate and is found to depend only on readily measured characteristics of the ion cloud. This along with already observed good signal-to-noise ratio shows that the frequency standard we have constructed using the hyperfine splitting of singly ionized199Hg, with helium cooling can have an order of magnitude better performance in accuracy, stability, and reproducibility than presently available commercial cesium beam standards.
Plastic faulting: Brittle‐like failure under high confinement

[1] Two distinct modes of compressive brittle-like failure are observed in laboratory samples of rock and ice. Under low to moderate confinement, terminal failure follows microcrack growth and interaction when damage is localized along a fault oriented ∼30° to the greatest compressive stress. Under higher confinement, frictional sliding is suppressed, and sudden, localized, brittle-like failure is not attended by a concentration of microcracks near the main fault. Also, faults that form under higher confinement are narrower and oriented ∼45° to the greatest compressive stress. We propose that these more steeply inclined faults are plastic faults whereby deformation is localized because of an instability that develops when thermal softening exceeds strain hardening. Analysis leads to a quantitative model for the shear stresses required to initiate and maintain the instability and to accommodate slip along the fault. The required stress is in general agreement with observed failure stresses from a variety of crystalline materials. Application of this model suggests that in some cases plasticity, rather than friction, limits the strength of the Earth's upper crust.
Medication beliefs as mediators of the health literacy-antiretroviral adherence relationship in HIV-infected individuals.

Identifying modifiable barriers to antiretroviral adherence remains an important aim. We hypothesized that mistaken beliefs regarding taking HIV medications mediated the relation between low literacy and poor adherence. We studied 87 HIV-infected individuals on standard antiretroviral regimens for ≥ 3 months. Adherence was assessed using pharmacy refill records. Medication beliefs, including an individual’s norm for acceptable adherence, were measured using questions developed by expert panel. Literacy was associated with ≥95% adherence (64% for ≥9th grade level vs. 40% for <9th grade level). Participants with <95% adherence had a lower threshold of acceptable adherence than those with ≥95% adherence [80% adherence (interquartile range 70–90%) vs. 90% adherence (interquartile range 80–90%)]. However, the effect was independent of literacy. No other beliefs assessed were associated with adherence. Although the beliefs assessed do not mediate the relation between literacy and adherence, we identified low adherence norms as a potentially modifiable belief associated with adherence.
Elastic flow-front fingering instability in flowing polymer solutions

An experimental investigation of the flow-front behavior of dilute and semi-dilute polymer solutions has been carried out to gain a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms leading to the occurrence of an unstable flow at the advancing flow-front during the filling of a rectangular Hele-Shaw cell. Our experimental results have revealed the existence of an elastic finger-like instability at the advancing flow-front that develops in semi-dilute solutions of high molecular weight polymers, with an onset time of approximately a few hundred milliseconds. Although at shear rates above critical, narrow finger patterns develop at the flow-front, their amplitude and number remain roughly constant throughout the flowing. At critical condition, no secondary flow was observed in the vicinity of the front region where the unstable flow develops. Transient response of the normal stress difference and the shear stress in the plate-and-plate geometry at shear rate above critical (for the elastic fingering instability in the Hele-Shaw cell) did not reveal any anomalous that could lead to the formation of such finger-like instabilities. These instabilities were observed for both the ideal elastic Boger fluids and shear thinning viscoelastic fluids.
Incoherent Electron Scattering from the Nucleons in Beryllium and Carbon and the Magnetic Size of the Neutron

The electron scattering at high momentum transfer has been measured from the nucleons in Be, in C, and from the free proton. The data yield the cross section of the average nucleon and of the neutron in relation to that of the proton. $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{n}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{p}(\ensuremath{\theta})}$ is found to be 1.16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 at 500 Mev and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}; it decreases, as expected, for smaller angles and lower energies. If the assumption is made that meson-exchange effects and interactions in the final state are not important, the form factors obtained indicate an apparent root-mean-square radius of the neutron's magnetic-moment distribution of (0.53\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm. It is possible that the apparent small size of the neutron in Be and C is due to the neglect of meson-exchange effects and interactions in the final state. The present result is smaller than a neutron size, given by Yearian and Hofstadter, who compared the cross sections of deuteron and proton and found equal sizes for neutron and proton. If one accepts the latter result, the present experiment can be used to yield a measure of the above neglected effects.
DEPOSITIONAL FEATURES OF RHYOLITIC AND ANDESITIC VOLCANICLASTIC ROCKS OF THE MINERAL KING SUBMARINE CALDERA COMPLEX, SIERRA NEVADA, CALIFORNIA

Abstract Rhyolitic and lesser andesitic pyroclastic rocks and lava flows are interstratified with marine sedimentary rocks deposited in shelf to basinal environments early Jurassic time. Voluminous (> 25 km 3 ) thick tabular sheets of rhylite ash-flow tuff accumulated within caldera collapse structures. Small (1–10 km 3 ) andesitic stratocones also formed. The andesitic units show abundant features typical of subaqueous deposition, including sorting, bedding, grading of single beds or overall grading of bedded sequences, and soft-sediment deformation. The rhyolite ash-flow tuffs show much less evidence of interaction with water during transport and deposition but are nonetheless believed to have been deposited subaqueously. The andesite stratocones have a thick core facies of amygdaloidal lava flows, hyaloclastites, and massive tuff breccias and an apron facies of bedded and sorted lapilli tuffs, lahars, tuff turbidites and subaqueous fallout tuffs. The rhyolite ash-flow sheets, in contrast, consist dominantly of massive, unsorted, unbedded and pumiceous ash-flow tuffs which resemble subaerially deposited ash-flow tuffs; however, each ash-flow sheet passes gradationally upward and distally into a bedded facies which was sorted by water during deposition. The bedded facies composes only 5–15% of each ash-flow sheet. The bedding is defined by: (1) discontinuous, crudely defined layers of blocks, lapilli, and ash within single flow units and (2) fallout layers and debris flow deposits interstratified with flow units at the distal end of each ash-flow tuff sheet. The former may be segregations that formed by shear between differentially flowing laminae within a single flow unit. The latter may have formed by settling and remobilization of material which was winnowed from the distal end of each flow unit during its subaqueous transport. Turbulent mixing with the water column was important during small-volume pulsating andesitic eruptions, whereas silicic pyroclastics were deposited from highly concentrated plug or laminar flows fed by steady, voluminous eruptions.
Energy considerations in second breakdown

The energy between the beginning of turn-off and the onset of second breakdown, dissipated at the collectors of power transistors switching inductive loads, was determined and plotted vs. the time to second breakdown. A linear relationship was obtained, excluding a thermal initiation mechanism, which requires a t½ dependence.
“No Me Olvides”/”Forget Me Not”: Pentecostal Praxis and Solidarity in Xenophobic Times

This article proposes an interdisciplinary conversation about paradigm shifts within the context of migration and xenophobia along the US–Mexico border. Data in church documents, periodical reports, testimonials, life histories, congregational records, and hymnody compel a rethinking of received notions of early Pentecostals as socially or politically disengaged, and provide a historical corrective to contemporary social scientific studies of Latino/Latin American Pentecostalism.
Retrospective evaluation of doxorubicin-piroxicam combination for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in dogs.

Objectives To determine whether doxorubicin–piroxicam combination is safe and has activity against transitional cell carcinoma in dogs. Methods Data was collected retrospectively from 34 dogs from two institutions over a 6-year period. Signalment, clinical presentation, treatment specifics, adverse events, response, progression-free survival and overall survival time were evaluated. Results Dogs received doxorubicin every 3 weeks and daily piroxicam; 17 dogs (50%) had surgery. Clinical presentations were those typically reported for transitional cell carcinoma. Mean number of doses administered was 3·5. Of the 23 dogs with measurable disease, 14 (60·5%) had stable disease, 7 (30·5%) had progressive disease and 2 (9%) a partial response. Adverse events were generally manageable, and gastrointestinal in origin; one dog died of treatment-related complications. Overall median progression-free survival and overall survival were 103 and 168 days, respectively. Cytoreductive surgery did not result in prolongation of progression-free survival, but significantly prolonged overall survival. All dogs but one died as a result of disease progression. Clinical Significance Doxorubicin–piroxicam combination therapy is well-tolerated in dogs with transitional cell carcinoma although progression-free survival, overall survival and biological response rates appear modest. Combination with surgery appears to offer a survival advantage; however, this may reflect tumour location and volume. Prospective studies are necessary to compare activity of combination doxorubicin–piroxicam to currently applied therapies.
Present status and perspectives of the culture of catfishes (Siluroidei) in North America

Resume Production of channel catfish (Icta1uru.c yunctutus), the most widely cultured foodfish in the United States, is confined for the most part to the southern states. The states of Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi account for more than 95%' of total commercial production and processing. Mississippi accounts for more production and processing than the rest of the United States combined. Channel catfish are native to the United States. However, the farm-raised catfish, proccssed into many different consumer products, is considered to be a newly devcloped fish for marketing purposes. Production methods include intensive tank culture, raceway culture, and open pond systems. The open pond method accounts for almost al1 of the commercial production because it is more profitable. The other mcthods usually represent spccial situations as opposed to general cost effective systems. The culture of catfish in North America attained industry status in 1974 as production methods were adopted to provide fish for processing throughout the year. This devclopment enhanced market development and tremendously contributed tu the growth of the industry ovcr the past 20 years. The industry is still in its infancy and shows much potential for continued growth in the United States. This potential is based upon the following: products from farm-raised catfish are widely accepted by consumers; the resources required are available for expansion on an economically efficient basis; and institutional support in terms of research, education, and market development is available to the industry.
Cardiac Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Phosphorylation Increases Ca2+ Release Induced by Flash Photolysis of Nitr-5

Effects on Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release due to phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins were investigated in isoproterenol-treated saponin-permeabilized trabeculae from rat ventricles. In these experiments, Ca2+ release from the SR was induced by a rapid change in concentration of free Ca2+ (ie, trigger Ca2+) achieved by flash photolysis of nitr-5, and the amount of Ca2+ released was assessed by measuring isometric tension. Ca2+ uptake by the SR was more rapid, and the amount of Ca2+ released by a given concentration of trigger Ca2+ was greater in isoproterenol-treated trabeculae compared with control trabeculae. However, under the same conditions of Ca2+ loading, the amplitudes of caffeine-elicited tension transients in control trabeculae were similar to those in isoproterenol-treated trabeculae, suggesting that the Ca2+ available for release was similar in the two cases. Control experiments showed that there were no significant differences in Ca2+ sensitivity of tension between isoproterenol-treated and control trabeculae. Also, application of alkaline phosphatase to trabeculae that had previously been treated with isoproterenol returned SR Ca2+ release to control levels. We conclude that the greater release of Ca2+ in isoproterenol-treated trabeculae in response to a given concentration of trigger Ca2+ is due to phosphorylation of SR proteins, most likely the Ca2+ release channel.
Estimating Watershed Evapotranspiration with PASS. Part I: Inferring Root-Zone Moisture Conditions Using Satellite Data

A model framework for parameterized subgrid-scale surface fluxes (PASS) has been modified and applied as PASS1 to use satellite data, models, and limited surface observations to infer root-zone available moisture (RAM) content with high spatial resolution over large terrestrial areas. Data collected during the 1997 Cooperative Atmosphere‐Surface Exchange Study field campaign at the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiments site in the Walnut River watershed in Kansas were used to evaluate applications of the PASS1 approach to infer soil moisture content at times of satellite overpasses during cloudless conditions. Data from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers on the NOAA-14 satellite were collected and then adjusted for atmospheric effects by using LOWTRAN7 and local atmospheric profile data from radiosondes. The input variables for PASS1 consisted of normalized difference vegetation index and surface radiant temperature, together with representative observations of downwelling solar irradiance, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. Surface parameters, including roughness length, albedo, surface conductance for water vapor, and the ratio of soil heat flux to net radiation, were estimated with parameterizations suitable for the area using satellite data and land-use information; pixel-specific near-surface meteorological conditions such as air temperature, vapor pressure, and wind speed were adjusted according to local surface forcing; and RAM content was estimated using surface energy balance and aerodynamic methods. Comparisons with radar cumulative precipitation observations and in situ soil moisture estimates indicated that the spatial and temporal variations of RAM at the times of satellite overpasses were simulated reasonably well by PASS1.
The impact of risk and affect on information search efficiency

Abstract We develop and test a theoretical framework of the joint influence of risk and affect on information search efficiency. Our framework proposes that information search is less efficient (i.e., less strategic) when risk is high, versus low. It further proposes that the influences of positive and negative affect on search efficiency are asymmetric and depend on the level of risk. Negative affect improves search efficiency when risk is high, but not when it is low. Positive affect degrades search efficiency when risk is low, but not when it is high. We find results consistent with our framework in two experiments. We discuss implications for affect research and for decision making in risky contexts, including financial statement auditing.
New bluetooth interconnection methods: Overlaid Bluetooth Piconets (OBP) and Temporary Scatternets (TS)

In a large scale Bluetooth network, the permanent Scatternet is regarded as the only method to interconnect Piconets. But, many Bluetooth devices do not support Scatternet. When they support it, features are limited. Moreover, in high mobility situations, the permanent Scatternet is not useful because of the extremely high overhead caused by frequent disconnections and reconnections. We propose Overlaid Bluetooth Piconets (OBP) and Temporary Scatternets (TS) to interconnect Piconets and form a virtual Scatternet. In OBP, every Piconet continuously changes its stages and collects metadata from Piconets within communication range. If metadata shows the existence of useful data to transfer, an inter-piconet connection is made and data is transferred. TS can be used instead of using permanent Scatternet to interconnect Piconets when needed. TS does not require large Scatternet formations and complex maintenance schemes. Moreover, it does not keep routing information. In this paper, we introduce and illustrate the OBP and TS concepts. We then compare throughput and efficiency of OBP and TS with respect to Scatternet.