cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Comparison Between Lab-Scale and Hot-Melt-Extruder-Based Anti-inflammatory Ointment Manufacturing

Hot-melt extrusion (HME) has been extensively investigated for continuous manufacturing of amorphous solid dispersions, to improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug substances, impart abuse deterrence to controlled substances, taste masking for pediatric and geriatric formulations and development of cocrystal system. Much research has been conducted on the continuous manufacturing of solid dosage forms using HME, but its applicability in the manufacturing of semisolids remains an unexplored domain. This study aimed to explore the applicability of HME in the continuous manufacturing of topical semi-solid formulations with two active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Ointments containing a combination of triamcinolone acetonide and lidocaine hydrochloride were screened based on a quality target product profile (QTPP) and established critical quality attributes (CQAs) using design of experiments (DoE). Three selected formulations, manufactured by a lab-scale fusion method and HME, were subjected to further characterization studies including work of adhesion, stiffness, apparent pH, content uniformity, differential scanning calorimetry, accelerated stability, and in vitro drug release testing. Selected formulations met design characteristics and demonstrated the applicability of HME in the continuous manufacturing of semi-solid formulations. Graphical abstract.
Across the mass hyperboloid

This paper is another step in our pursuit of nonperturbative Minkowskian quantum field theory. Instead of studying the Schwinger functions arising from the Euclidean approach, we study the Wightman distributions directly. We use the non-rigorous Feynman integral for a given quantum field theory as a guide for the rigorous definition of the characteristic functional corresponding to the Lagrangian, but this approach limits us to time-ordered Wightman distributions. We use the idea that if a classical action is perturbed by an interaction involving only N excitations, then one should be able to express the resulting characteristic functional rigorously in terms of the previous characteristic functional. Implementation requires the modification of the classical action with imaginary terms involving the excitation amplitudes. If the previous characteristic functional has a measure-theoretic representation of some kind, then one can subsequently remove these auxiliary terms with a limiting argument. We continue to consider the scalar Minkowskian quantum field theory with the free, massive case as our starting point. The characteristic functional can be defined in terms of the Minkowskian Feynman propagator, and previously, we constructed a probabilistic representation of the functional. In the appendix of that previous paper, we introduced the scalar quartic field interaction with only N space–time excitations. Under the condition that their Fourier transforms be all supported on one side of the mass hyperboloid, we constructed the resulting characteristic functional. In this paper, we construct the characteristic functional in the case where both regions of energy–momentum space contribute to the finite collection of excitations.
Student Feedback on Distance Learning in the Quantitative Chemical Analysis Laboratory

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the conversion of the quantitative chemical laboratory from a face-to-face format to a distance learning format for the latter half of the Spring 2020 semester. This wo...
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, accounting for 80 % of thyroid carcinomas in adults and 90 % in children. PTC is a malignant epithelial tumor showing follicular differentiation and distinctive nuclear features. Patients usually are 20–50 years old, but those of any age may be affected. PTC is more common in women than men. Most PTCs are sporadic but may occur with syndromes such as Gardner syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and ataxia telangiectasia. PTC may arise in ectopic thyroid tissue such as struma ovarii, adrenal glands, and trachea. Radiation exposure is a risk factor for PTC. Histologic variants of PTC are important to recognize prognostically and for association with other diseases. Aggressive variants include tall cell, columnar cell, solid, and the recently described hobnail variant. The cribriform-morular variant often is associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. PTCs are positive for thyroglobulin, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), and keratins and are negative for calcitonin, chromogranin, and synaptophysin. Markers useful in confirming a diagnosis of PTC are HBME-1, keratin 19, galectin-3, and CITED1. BRAF mutations occur in about 60 % of PTCs, and RET/PTC rearrangements occur in 20–30 % of adult PTCs. BRAF mutation and RET/PTC rearrangement are mutually exclusive abnormalities in PTCs. RET/PTC1 is more common in papillary microcarcinomas and PTCs with classic architectural features, whereas RET/PTC3 is more common in the solid variant. BRAF mutations occur in classic, Warthin-like, and oncocytic PTCs; microcarcinomas; and aggressive variants such as tall cell, columnar, and hobnail PTCs. Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas also may show BRAF mutation, particularly if associated with or dedifferentiated from a PTC. BRAF mutation is not common in pediatric or radiation-associated PTCs. The follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) is associated with RAS mutations (as are follicular neoplasms), thus RAS is not useful in separating FVPTC from follicular neoplasms. PTCs usually metastasize to cervical nodes, particularly ipsilateral nodes, before spreading to the lung and other sites. Unfavorable prognostic features are older age, male sex, large tumor size, multicentricity, angiolymphatic invasion, necrosis, mitoses, extrathyroid extension, distant metastases, high grade, marked nuclear atypia, and progression to poorly or undifferentiated carcinoma. PTCs are treated by thyroidectomy and removal of involved lymph nodes. Radioactive iodine may be used to ablate any remaining tumor, including metastatic sites. Overall, PTC has an excellent prognosis, with >90 % survival, and most patients survive even with metastatic disease.
Role of Business Management In The Business World With Different Perspective

I this paper I expressed the important of business management. I discussed the historical perspective of Business management and review the present perspective. According to principal of research paper this research paper is comprehensive.
Quantitative Measurement of Static and Dynamic Tissue Optical Properties with Continuous Wave Pathlength Resolved Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy

We demonstrate a new coherence gated Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS) instrument for pathlength resolved measurement of flow, and tissue optical properties, using a continuous wave low coherence source and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer.
Topology optimization of structures with length-scale effects using elasticity with microstructure theory

Mindlin's elasticity with microstructure theory is revisited.Eight-node element is used to separately interpolate macro and micro fields.Topologies of different designs are presented using SIMP and density filter.Microstructure length-scale effects are investigated via parametric studies.Results indicate significant influence of microstructure on optimal designs. This paper presents topology optimization of structures with inclusion of microstructural effects. To this end, Mindlin's elasticity with microstructure theory is used for investigating the scale effects. For implementation of finite element based topology optimization, a separate interpolation scheme for the displacement and micro-deformation field is adopted based on 8-node quadrilateral element. Numerical results show that although the continuum is associated with material length-scales, the minimal topological length-scale cannot be controlled without using a regularization technique. Results demonstrate that the length-scale of the microstructure may have a significant influence on the optimal topologies.
CNS Hypomyelinated Mutant Mice: Morphological and Tissue Culture Studies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the morphological and tissue culture studies of central nervous system (CNS) hypomyelinated mutant mice. The neurological mutations of the mouse represent experiments of nature that provide powerful assistance in the studies of brain development. Among these mutations, a special opportunity is offered by the group with the hypomyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). The genetically normal mouse is born with almost no CNS myelin. The clinical syndrome produced by these mutations is not evident until the second postnatal week or even later and is similar in every case. All the hypomyelinated affected animals exhibit a bobbing or bouncing tremor, approximately 3 beats/s, most marked in the hindquarters. Most of the affected animals begin to exhibit tremor between 10 and 14 days of age, when their littermates are developing stable stance and gait. A few days after the onset of tremor, affected animals start having tonic convulsions of 20–30 s duration. Sometimes animals become paraplegic after convulsions, apparently as a result of dorsal midline spinal cord hemorrhage (the mouse corticospinal tract is in the dorsal columns). Eventually, they die during a convulsion.
Critical levitation loci for spheres on cryogenic fluids

Floating a waxed steel pin on water has long been a source of amusement and an apparent paradox to Archimedes’ principle. However, a closer examination reveals that one simply has not accounted for all the forces acting to float the pin.
Salivary gland inclusion in the anterior mandible. Report of a case with a review of the literature on aberrant salivary gland tissue and neoplasms.

Abstract Although salivary gland tissue inclusions in the mandible are no longer considered rare, inclusion of salivary gland tissue in the anterior portion of the mandible is very unusual. The case presented here brings to six the total number of cases reported in the literature.
Foucault and Pragmatism: Introductory Notes on Metaphilosophical Methodology

Being an introduction to a special issue on the theme of “Foucault and Pragmatism” this article offers a brief set of metaphilosophical comments on the project of building bridges across familiar philosophical divides. The paper addresses questions in metaphilosophical methodology raised by the pairing in the issue title: What is at stake in the comparison of philosophical figures like Michel Foucault and John Dewey? What is at stake in the comparison of philosophical traditions such as Genealogy and Pragmatism? How can we most effectively develop comparative work across the entrenched divides, which such comparative work often labors to overcome?
Willingness to Pay for Health Protection: Inadequate Sensitivity to Probability?

Efficient investments in health protection require valid estimates of the public's willingness to forgo consumption for diminished probabilities of death, injury, and disease. Stated valuations of risk reduction are not valid measures of economic preference if the valuations are insensitive to probability variation. This article reviews the existing literature on CV studies of reductions in health risk and finds that most studies are poorly designed to assess the sensitivity of stated valuations to changes in risk magnitude. Replication of a recent study published in this journal by Johannesson et al. (1997) demonstrates how serious the problem of insensitivity can be, even for a study that reports plausible results. New empirical results are presented from telephone surveys designed to provide internal and external tests of how WTP responds to size of risk reduction. The effect of variations in instrument design on estimated sensitivity to magnitude is examined. Overall, estimated WTP for risk reduction is inadequately sensitive to the difference in probability, that is, the magnitude of the difference in WTP for different reductions in risk is typically smaller than suggested by standard economic theory. Additional research to improve methods for communicating changes in risk is needed, and future studies of stated WTP to reduce risk should include rigorous validity checks.
Patch antennas: an alternative feed to reflectors

Feed horns are best suited for reflector feeds. They have extremely low side lobe levels and can be easily designed to sustain a certain field distribution over the aperture of these reflectors. At the same time, patch antennas can be easily printed and included as part of an integrated LNB feed for these reflectors. Issues related to the integrated feed and conditions for a patch array to replace the feed horn design are addressed.
Trends of Population Growth and Student Demographic Change in the State of California

The past two decades have seen considerable change in the demographics of the state of California. The changes in the state’s various racial and ethnic communities, however, have not been mirrored by the population of students that are enrolled in the state’s public institutions of post-secondary education. This article will clarify the differences between the state’s entire population and its efficacy in serving all the constituent communities within that population. The author will challenge the effectiveness with which the state’s educational system serves the people of California, using state census data and enrollment information to clarify the past fifteen years’ trends. The consistency of the trends indicates that the problems that exist now, and the policies that cause them, will continue to be issues for the state in the future. Therefore, I make proposals for how to improve the state institutions’ capacity to serve the populations that are currently not adequately represented in higher education.
The Social Construction of Black Political Reality.

is, I would venture, a "fact" of human nature that there exist alternative realities, but it is far less appreciated that disciplines the things we use to capture, in order that we might understand, reality are themselves non-universal entities, but are products of a given culture. What we know today as academic "disciplines" are framed by the philosophical-logical systems and accumulated ideologies of the Western intellectual tradition. The basis of such disciplines, especially in the social sciences, the way they have come to be utilized, reflects the continuing reality oi only one people. In this essay, I want to posit the notion that the extent to which there are validly alternative realities which exist,1 either within the same culture or between cultures, there exist the opportunity and the necessity for the construction of frames of reference -
Off-line liquid chromatographic—mass spectrometric studies of o-phthalaldehyde-primary amine derivatives

Abstract The structures of the products formed between several n -aliphatic amines and o -phthalaldehyde (OPT) during routine post-column derivatization after high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) elution, were determined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. OPT derivatization studies were carried out separately in the presence of mercaptoethanol (MCE) and in the presence of ethanethiol (ETH). Comparison of the mass spectra of the silylated OPT—MCE derivatized amines with those of the non-silylated OPT—ETH derivatives indicated a consistent fundamental structure with similar fragmentation patterns. It was shown that the structure of the fluorescent product obtained under analytical post-column HPLC derivatization conditions is a 1 -alkylthio-2-alkyl-substituted isoindole. This finding is in agreement with results reported earlier for preparative-scale reactions.
Applications of a new CAVERN design to the study of reactions on catalysts using in situ solid-state NMR

A new approach to preparing samples for in situ magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR studies of chemical reactions on catalysts that offers several significant improvements over existing methods is described. This contribution describes the design and use of a second-generation CAVERN apparatus that is easily fabricated from glass and other inexpensive materials. The success rate using this apparatus for preparing reactive catalyst-adsorbate samples for study by MAS NMR is nearly 100%. A second major advantage of this design is that it permits the MAS rotor to be returned to the vacuum line for the adsorption of additional reactants prior to resuming in situ NMR study. The use of the second-generation CAVERN apparatus is illustrated by demonstrating the sequential adsorption feature. The observed induction period in the conversion of methanol to gasoline on HZSM-5 is studied by sequential adsorption of methanol. Although the first aliquot of methanol exhibited a long induction period before hydrocarbon synthesis at 523 K, none was observed following adsorption of a second aliquot, showing that the products have an influence on the observed kinetics.
Failure of NMDA receptor hypofunction to induce a pathological reduction in PV-positive GABAergic cell markers.

Abstract Reduction in cortical presynaptic markers, notably parvalbumin (PV), for the chandelier subtype of inhibitory γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA) interneurons is a highly replicated post-mortem finding in schizophrenia. Evidence from genetic and pharmacological studies implicates hypofunction of N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated glutamatergic signaling as a critical component of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Serine racemase (SR) produces the endogenous NMDAR co-agonist d -serine, and disruption of the SR gene results in reduced NMDAR signaling. SR null mutant (−/−) mice were used to study the link between NMDAR hypofunction and decreased PV expression, assessed by immunoreactive (IR) cell density in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and protein levels in brain homogenates from the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Contrary to expectations, SR −/− mice showed modest elevations in PV–IR cell density and no difference in PV expression in brain homogenate. To control for these surprising results, we investigated PV expression in mice and rats following subchronic phencyclidine or ketamine treatments in adulthood. PV expression was not affected by drug these treatment in either species, failing to reproduce previously published findings. Our findings challenge the hypothesis that pathological deficits in PV expression are simply a consequence of NMDAR hypofunction.
Front-end ASIC for pixilated wide bandgap detectors

A CMOS application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) was developed for 3D Position Sensitive Detectors (PSD). The preamplifiers were optimized for pixellated Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CZT) Mercuric-Iodide (HgI2) and Thallium Bromide (TlBr) sensors. The ASIC responds to an ionizing event in the sensor by measuring both amplitude and timing in the pertinent anode and cathode channels. Each channel is sensitive to events and transients of positive or negative polarity and performs low-noise charge amplification, high-order shaping, peak and timing detection along with analog storage and multiplexing. Three methodologies are implemented to perform timing measurement in the cathode channel. Multiple sparse modes are available for the readout of channel data. The ASIC integrates 130 channels in an area of 12 x 9 mm 2 and dissipates ~330 mW. With a CZT detector connected and biased, an electronic resolution of ~200 e- rms for charges up to 100 fC was measured. Spectral data from the University of Michigan revealed a cumulative single-pixel resolution of ~0.55 % FWHM at 662 KeV.
Boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) damage to cotton bolls under standard and proactive spraying.

In some parts of the boll weevil’s, Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), distribution from the United States to Argentina, insecticides are applied after cut-out (end of square production) when bolls are the predominant stage of fruiting body. This study demonstrates that the standard spray regime in southern Texas, which involves insecticide applications after cut-out, did not result in more bolls than a nonsprayed control. An alternative “proactive” spray regime focusing on protecting large squares before cut-out resulted in 1.9- to 2.5-fold more bolls in the lower half of the canopies than the control. At one of two experimental field locations, the percentage of damaged boll carpels was 3-fold greater in the standard spray regime’s lower canopy than in the proactive spray regime, and the percentage in the control was 1.6-fold greater than in the standard regime. At both experimental field locations, the upper canopy control had 2.1- to 2.3-fold greater percentages of carpel damage than the proactive spray regime. The standard spray regime resulted in 2.3-fold greater percentage of carpel damage than the proactive regime. In the control and the standard spray regime, percentages of upper canopy nondamaged bolls were mostly lower than or not different from percentages of bolls with one, two, three, or all four carpels damaged, but in the proactive regime, percentage of nondamaged bolls in the upper canopy was greater than percentages of bolls with one or more damaged carpels. Reasons for the ineffectiveness of the standard spray regime and the benefits observed in the proactive approach are discussed.
3D analysis of kinematic behavior of granular materials in triaxial testing using DEM with flexible membrane boundary

This paper describes the constitutive behavior and particle-scale kinematics of granular materials in three-dimensional (3D) axisymmetric triaxial testing using discrete element method (DEM). PFC3D code was used to run the DEM simulations using a flexible membrane boundary model consisting of spherical particles linked through flexible contact bonds. The overall deformation behavior of the specimen was then compared with the specimen with rigid boundary and experimental measurements. Computed tomography was used to track the evolution of particle translation and rotation within a laboratory triaxial specimen in 3D. The DEM model of the flexible membrane specimen successfully predicted the stress–strain behavior when compared with laboratory experiment results at different confining pressures. The DEM results showed that the rigid specimen applies a uniform deformation and leads to non-uniformities in the confining stress along the particle-boundary interface in the lateral direction. In contrast, the flexible specimen better replicates the uniformly applied confining stress of a laboratory triaxial experiment. The 3D DEM simulations of the specimen with flexible membrane overpredicted particle translation and rotation in all directions when compared to a laboratory triaxial specimen. The difference between the particle translation and rotation distributions of DEM specimens with rigid and flexible membrane is almost negligible. The DEM specimen with flexible membrane produces a better prediction of the macroscopic stress–strain behavior and deformation characteristics of granular materials in 3D DEM simulations when compared to a specimen with rigid membrane. Comparing macroscale response and particle-scale kinematics between triaxial simulation results of rigid versus flexible membrane demonstrated the significant influence of boundary effects on the constitutive behavior of granular materials.
A selective survey of the endocrine system of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with emphasis on the hormonal regulation of ion balance

Abstract Teleost endocrinology is a flourishing field of research. This paper provides a brief survey of fish endocrinology applicable to rainbow trout biology, and physiological responses to environmental and developmental demands, particularly factors associated with osmoregulation and calcium regulation. A brief introduction to the ‘newer’ hormones, which have as yet received only limited study in teleosts, is also presented.
MO‐D‐BRC‐07: Reducing Artifacts in Cone‐Beam CT Images Caused by the Presence of An Array Used for Tracking Transponders during Radiotherapy

Purpose: To compare two methods for reducing artifacts in cone‐beam CT(CBCT)images caused by the presence of an electromagnetic array used for tracking transponders during radiotherapy. Methods: A pelvis phantom was imaged using a gantry mounted CBCT system at two dose levels typical for prostate imaging. Both dose protocols acquired approximately 670 projections at 125 kVp. Tube currents and pulse widths were 80 mA/13 ms and 63 mA/10 ms for standard and low dose scans. The phantom was imaged with and without the array in position. The two methods used to reduce artifacts were: 1) filtering projection images prior to reconstruction, and 2) halving the dose per projection and doubling the number of projections. The filtering method replaced pixel values with neighboring values when pixels differed from neighboring pixels by a threshold percentage. 18, 22, 26 and 30% thresholds were investigated. Artifact reduction was quantified by computing difference images between the ‘corrected’ reconstructions and the image reconstructions for the phantom without the presence of the array. The filtering method was also applied to a prostate patient data set. Results: Average pixel values of the difference images were reduced by 6.4 and 7.3% for the 18% threshold filtered reconstructions for low and high doses, respectively, compared with difference images between the unaltered reconstructions with and without the panel. Reductions were 4.4 and 4.9% for other thresholds for low and high doseimages. 8.6 and 19.6% reductions were calculated for low and high doseimages using increased projection numbers. Improved soft tissuevisibility was noted in the filtered patient reconstructions. Conclusions: Both filtering and increasing projection numbers reduced artifacts caused by the presence of an electromagnetic array in CBCTimaging. Quantitative and visual analyses suggested that greater artifact reduction was achieved with increased projection numbers.
Resistance of cultured human fibroblasts and other cells to purine and pyrimidine analogues in relation to mutagenesis detection.

Abstract In vitro enumeration of diploid human cell variants that are resistant to purine analogues is a possible method of detecting mutagenesis. Their incidences can be increased by the known mutagens, X-rays and N -methyl- N ′-nitro- N -nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Usefulness of this method depends on the kinds of hereditary changes that confer analogue-resistance on somatic cells. If resistance usually results from changes in genetic material, in vitro studies could be useful indicators of mutagenic effects on somatic cells and germ cells in vivo . If epigenetic changes are primarily responsible for analogue-resistant variants, their enumeration might not provide information relevant to germinal mutations but would still be a useful way to detect induction of general kinds of stable phenotypic changes that could cause cancer. This article outlines hypothetical epigenetic and genetic causes of somatic cell variation and a prospective genetic analysis of human cell variants that are resistant to 8-azaguanine (AG) or 2,6-diaminopurine ( (DAP). Recent evidences and arguments favoring epigenetic origins of resistance to base-analogues are inconclusive. The often cited high rate of changes causing impermeability to BUdR in hamster cells is based on one improperly executed determination. Comparisons of rates of variation conferring BUdR-resistance on cultured haploid and diploid frog cells included diploid variants that did not behave as mutants and ignored major sources of error in estimating mutation rates. AG-resistance could result from recessive mutations in X-chromosomal genes but comparisons of rates of mutation in hamster cells of different ploidies did not provide information about the numbers of X-chromosomes in the variants. Reports that normal rodent HGPRT reappeared in hybrids of enzyme-deficient rodent cells and HGPRT-containing cells of other species or in the rodent cells alone in response to the conditions of cell hybridization did not include adequate controls for reversions in mutant genes of the rodent cells. Questions about the epigenetic and genetic origins of analogue-resistance are mostly unanswered. It remains possible that some kinds of abnormal epigenetic changes cause somatic disease. Specific methods for detecting their occurrence and responsiveness to environmental factors should be devised by focusing efforts on traits that are normally subject to epigenetic regulation. Derepression of genes on the inactive X-chromosome and of liver phenylalanine hydroxylase production are presented as possible examples of abnormal epigenetic changes that could be quantitatively studied by direct selection in vitro .
Invasive cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with cancer: A clinicopathologic study

Abstract We studied the histopathology and clinicopathologic correlates of invasive cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis in 11 immunosuppressed patients with disseminated malignancy. In most patients cavities were produced by separation of necrotic from viable lung, resulting in an intracavitary sequestrum (“lung ball”). Central dissolution of large necrotic areas and suppurative granulomatous aspergillary pneumonia were additional causes of cavities in three patients. In four patients with chronic cavities sequestra had been replaced by intracavitary mycetomas (“fungus balls”). Neutrophils usually were numerous at the interface of the sequestrum and adjacent lung, but were minimally present in three patients with prolonged severe neutropenia. The lack of neutrophils in some patients suggests that factors other than neutrophil-derived proteases may be important in cavity formation. A prominent giant cell reaction was seen in three patients with chronic cavities. Hemoptysis occurred in five patients and massive hemoptysis due to a bronchoarterial fistula caused the death of one patient. The “air-crescent” sign was not observed radiographically in any patient and is therefore considered to be an insensitive marker for lung cavitation in invasive aspergillosis. Persistent intracavitary fungal growth may serve as a reservoir for recurrent fungal invasion in patients with prolonged or repeated episodes of severe neutropenia.
Detection-based localization of passive radar receivers

Passive coherent radar (PCR) is a growing threat to air power. PCRs use ambient signals (e.g., television, FM radio, other radars, etc.) to allow covert operation and thereby make receiver sites virtually undetectable, which complicates the use of conventional countermeasures. We seek to infer information about the receiver location based on the system's behavior, in particular hypothesized knowledge of detection performance as a function of specific aircraft trajectories. Given this detection-only record, the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) of the receiver position and the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on this estimate are derived. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed for different detection records validating the MLE and CRB derivations.
Discrimination and Help-Seeking: Use of Professional Services and Informal Support Among African Americans, Black Caribbeans, and Non-Hispanic Whites with a Mental Disorder

This study used data from the National Survey of American Life to investigate the use of professional services and informal support among African Americans, black Caribbeans, and non-Hispanic whites. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association of race and perceived discrimination with the use of professional services only, informal support only, both professional services and informal support, or no help at all. Fifty-one percent of the sample used both professional services and informal support, 16% relied on professional services only, 20% used informal support only, and 13% did not seek help. Before controlling for other factors, African Americans and black Caribbeans were significantly less likely to receive either professional or informal help compared with whites. When everyday racial discrimination was included, racial differences in not seeking help were no longer significant. Household income also influenced the relationship between race and help-seeking. Other factors significantly associated with help-seeking include age, gender, education, employment status, insurance coverage, type and severity of disorder, and subjective closeness to family and friends. The association of these factors and implication of the findings for future research and mental health service delivery will be discussed.
Impurity Effects on Transistor Behavior at Low Temperature

Unusual low temperature behavior has been observed in NPN silicon transistors when gallium is employed as the base dopant. The current gain exhibits a pronounced "hump" near 76°K in these devices, which enables them to be studied and utilized at this low temperature. Near the hump temperature, the tolerance of the gallium doped devices to fast neutrons is observed to be approximately a factor of five greater than at room temperature. The peak in transistor gain at low temperature has been explained in terms of the change in emitter injection efficiency with temperature as a result of the different rates of carrier freeze-out in the base and emitter regions. In the model proposed, the increased radiation tolerance results from a decrease in the recombination in the emitter space charge region at low temperatures.
The inverse relationship between reduced folate carrier function and Pemetrexed activity in a human colon cancer cell line

Pemetrexed, a new generation antifolate recently approved for the treatment of mesothelioma and non–small cell lung cancer, is an excellent substrate for the reduced folate carrier (RFC). To explore the carrier9s effect on pemetrexed activity, RFC was inactivated in HCT-15 colon cancer cells by mutagenesis and PT632 selective pressure. A clone (PT1) was obtained with a glycine to arginine substitution at amino acid 401, resulting in the loss of RFC function. PT1 cells were resistant to PT632 (178-fold), methotrexate (4-fold), and ZD1694 (Tomudex, raltitrexed; 20-fold), but were 3-fold collaterally sensitive to pemetrexed when grown in 25 nmol/L of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. PT1 cells transfected with wild-type RFC had antifolate sensitivities comparable to that of wild-type HCT-15 cells, indicating that the RFC mutation was the sole basis for resistance. Folate pools were contracted in PT1 cells by 32% or 60%, as measured by radiolabeling intracellular folates or by an enzyme binding assay, respectively. This was reflected in marked (6.5-fold) collateral sensitivity to trimetrexate. The initial uptake of pemetrexed in PT1 cells was markedly reduced (∼85%) but intracellular pemetrexed levels increased to ∼60% and ∼70% to that of wild-type cells after 2 hours and 6 days, respectively. There was increased pemetrexed inhibition of glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase and, to a lesser extent, thymidylate synthase in PT1 cells growing in 5-formyltetrahydrofolate based on nucleoside protection analyses. Hence, loss of RFC function leads to collateral sensitivity to pemetrexed in HCT-15 cells, likely due to cellular folate pool contraction resulting in partial preservation of pemetrexed polyglutamylation and increased target enzyme inhibition. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(2):438–49]
Effect of undegradable intake protein supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming low-quality forage

We evaluated the effect of undegradable intake protein (UIP) on urea kinetics and microbial incorporation of urea-N in ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers (n 4; 319 kg) provided ad libitum access to grass hay in a 4 x 4 Latin square. Casein was continuously infused abomasally in amounts of 0, 62, 124 and 186 mg N/kg body weight per d to simulate provision of UIP. Periods were 13 d long with 7 d for adaptation and 6 d for collection. Jugular infusion of [15N15N]urea followed by determination of urinary enrichment of [15N15N]urea and [14N15N]urea was used to measure urea kinetics. Forage and N intake increased (quadratic, P<0.02) with increasing UIP. Urea synthesis was 27.1, 49.9, 82.2 and 85.8 g urea-N/d for 0, 62, 124 and 186 diets, respectively (linear, P<0.01). The proportion of urea synthesis that entered the gastrointestinal tract was 0.96 for steers receiving no UIP and decreased linearly (P=0.05) to a low of 0.89 for steers receiving 186. The amount of urea entering the gastrointestinal tract was least for 0 (26.3) and increased (linear, P<0.01) to 48.7, 77.2 and 76.6 g urea-N/d for 62, 124 and 186 diets, respectively. Microbial incorporation of recycled urea-N increased quadratically (P=0.04) from 13.9 for 0 to 47.7 g N/d for 124. The proportion of microbial N derived from recycled urea increased (quadratic, P=0.05) from 0.31 to 0.58 between 0 and 124 and dropped to 0.44 for 186 mg N/kg body weight per d. UIP increased intake of hay and provided a N source for ruminal microbes via urea recycling.
Effect of age on the heparin content of rat skin.

IN 1955, Shetlar and Masters1 demonstrated a change with age in the composition of acid mucopolysaccharides of human cartilage. They found that both uronic acid and hexosamine decreased with age but the decrease in hexosamine was less striking, indicating a relative increase in some hexosamine-containing polysaccharide. Further evidence for a shift in the relative proportions of acid mucopolysaccharides in ageing cartilage was provided by Kuhn and Leppelmann2, who reported a decrease in the ratio of galactosamine to glucosamine. Recently, Kaplan and Meyer3 observed that the content of chondroitinsulphuric acid in human cartilage decreased and that of keratosulphate increased with age. On the basis of an increasing glucosamine to galactosamine ratio, Hallen4 concluded that the ratio of keratosulphate to chondroitinsulphuric acid in human nucleus pulposus increased with age. A difference in the distribution of mucopolysaccharides between embryonic and mature pig skin was reported by Loewi and Meyer5. They found that hyaluronic acid comprised 78 per cent of the total skin mucopolysaccharides in the embryo and only 30 per cent in the adult, whereas chondroitinsulphuric acid-B represented 5–12 per cent in embryonic skin and 64 per cent of total mucopolysaccharides in adult skin.
Glutamate participates in the peripheral modulation of thermal hyperalgesia in rats

Abstract While the effects of excitatory amino acids have been well characterized in the central nervous system, relatively little is known about their possible modulation of elements responsible for hyperalgesia within peripheral tissue. The presented experiments demonstrate that the intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of l -glutamate (30 nmol) evokes a thermal hyperalgesic response in the paw withdrawal latencies of normal rats which is stereospecific. In addition, the i.pl. injection of either the non-competitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 nmol) acid (AMPA)/kainate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) (100 nmol) into hindpaws inflamed with carrageenan significantly reduced the thermal hyperalgesic response in rats. Collectively, these results suggest that excitatory amino acids activate a peripheral target which facilitates a hyperalgesic behavioral response to thermal stimulation via a receptor mediated process.
Reversal of Creatine Kinase Translational Repression by 3' Untranslated Sequences

A subline of U937 cells (U937D) was obtained in which creatine kinase B (CK-B) messenger RNA was present and bound to ribosomes, but CK activity was undetectable. Transformation of U937D cells with retrovirus vectors that contain the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of CK-B messenger RNA exhibited CK activity with no change in abundance of CK-B mRNA. The 3' UTR formed a complex in vitro with a component of S100 extracts from wild-type cells. This binding activity was not detectable in S100 extracts from cells that expressed CK activity after transformation with the 3' UTR-containing vector. These results suggest that translation of CK-B is repressed by binding of a soluble factor or factors to the 3' UTR.
Cogan syndrome in childhood

7. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Marshall WA, Healy M JR, and Goldstein H: Assessment of skeletal maturity and prediction of adult height (TW-2 method), New York, 1975, Academic Press, Inc. 8. Kirkland RT, Keenan BS, Holcombe JH, Kirkland JL, and Clayton GW: The effect of therapy on mature height in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, J Clin Endocrinol Metab 47:1320, 1978. 9. Klingensmith GJ, Garcia SC, Jones HW Jr, Migeon C J, and Blizzard RM: Glucocorticoid treatment of girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: effects on height, sexual maturation and fertility, J PEDIATR 90:966, 1977. 10. Zachmann M, Sobradillo B, Frank M, Frisch H, and Prader A: Bayley-Pinneau, Roche-Wainer-Thissen, and Tanner height predictions in normal children and in patients with various pathologic conditions, J PEDIATR 93:749, 1978.
An intermediate state in hydrolysis of amorphous calcium phosphate.

The hydrolysis of previously prepared amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) was studied in a solution “saturated” with ACP; this eliminated the initial consumption of acid due to ACP dissolution. The procedure established that conversion of a high-concentration ACP slurry to an apatite involves two processes: the first process consumes acid and indicates the formation of a more acidic calcium phosphate intermediary with the solubility of octacalcium phosphate (OCP); the second process consumes base and indicates the conversion of the intermediary to apatite and, possibly, direct conversion of ACP to apatite. The thermodynamic analysis of the solution composition data suggests that ACP converts into a nonstoichiometric apatite when the OCP-like intermediary is formed, and a stoichiometric apatite is formed when no OCP-like intermediary is involved.
On Acquiring Automation for Value Improvement under Learning Effects

Presents a dynamic programming model for studying the effects of automation acquisition on the value, cost, and quality control processes in an aggregate single product environment. The model provides the optimal automation acquisition policy, that is the optimal amount of automation to be acquired and the optimal timing for acquiring it, so that the accumulated net product value can be maximized. The model can be used with different sets of learning rates and cost data. It can also be used with non‐uniform learning rates among the different processes, and non‐uniform automation effects on the value, cost, and quality control learning curves. The cases both of unbounded and bounded learning curves are examined. Selective results demonstrate that the early acquisition of the optimal amount of automation enhances the accumulated net product value.
The thinking heart: Developmental dynamics in Etty Hillesum'sdiaries

This essay has three purposes. First, it proposes a method for reading texts developmentally, noting the appropriate type of text for this enterprise, the process for estimating the subject's developmental perspective, and necessary cautions when undertaking a developmental interpretation. Second, it highlights developmental dynamics which can be approximated in other contexts. Finally, it lifts up the writings of an extraordinary young Dutch woman, a victim of Auschwitz, offering her life as a model of virtues which our society would do well to imitate more than fifty years after the Holocaust.
Structure and nonlinear optical properties of the HMT–CDA 1:1 adduct: Experimental and DFT approach

Equimolar amounts of hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) and trans-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CDA) formed a self-assembled unit through a hydrogen bonding network. Room temperature single-crystal diffraction studies and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of the system indicated adduct formation between HMT and CDA. The crystalline adduct sample exhibited appreciable macroscopic nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, using the 6-31G(d,p) basis set, have been performed to investigate the gas-phase structure and IR frequencies. The dynamic NLO properties were calculated with the ZINDO/CV method, including solvent effects. Theoretical parameters (geometry and vibrational frequencies) predicted by the DFT method for the adduct are in good agreement with the experimental data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Gain characteristics of a distributed IMPATT device

We have analyzed the gain characteristics of a distributed IMPATT device for CW power generation in the microwave and millimeter-wave regions. The results indicate that the structure has high-gain and wide-band characteristics. With Si as diode material, the calculated gain is greater than 200 dB per centimeter over a wide range of frequencies.
Silver-Coated Alumina as a New Medium for Surfaced-Enhanced Raman Scattering Analysis

A new and simple substrate for inducing surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was investigated. This new SERS substrate consists of a solid support, such as a microscope slide, coated with alumina and then covered with silver. The alumina used in this work is an agglomerate-free type available in several submicron nominal particle diameters and is widely used as polishing powders. Several substrate conditions, such as the silver thickness used to coat the alumina, the amount of alumina deposited on the glass support, and the particle size of the alumina, were investigated extensively to determine the optimal experimental conditions for obtaining the SERS enhancement. In addition, it was also shown that the SERS enhancement obtained from the silver-coated alumina substrate was comparable to—or even better than—that obtained with previously used substrates. The analytical figures of merit, such as spectral features, signal reproducibility, linear dynamic range, and limits of detection, were investigated to demonstrate the analytical potential of this new substrate.
Compensating Multimode Fiber Dispersion Using Adaptive Optics

In multimode fiber (MMF), principal modes are free of modal dispersion to first order. Using adaptive optics for controlled excitation of principal modes enables transmission far beyond the traditional bandwidth x length product. This technique scales much better than electrical equalization to multiple WDM channels, high bit rates and long fibers. We have demonstrated 10 Gbit/s NRZ transmission through 11 km of standard 50 mum graded-index MMF.
Rock−Water Interactions Controlling Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead Concentrations in Surface Waters and Sediments, U.S. Tri-State Mining District. 1. Molecular Identification Using X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectra of zinc-, cadmium-, and lead-bearing sediments from a mining-impacted site in the U.S. Tri-State Mining District (Kansas−Missouri−Oklahoma) are used to identify the local molecular coordination of metals in contaminated, untreated stream sediments. Quantitative analysis of the XAFS spectra, supplemented by elemental distributions on particles provided by electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), shows that zinc and cadmium occur in small (<1 μm), residual particles of the host ore, sphalerite (ZnS) in which cadmium substitutes for zinc in the mineral structure. In half of the samples studied, analyses indicate that zinc, as it weathers from sphalerite, is scavenged primarily by zinc hydroxide and/or zinc−iron oxyhydroxide phases, depending on the total amount of iron in the system. These phases probably form as amorphous or poorly crystal line coatings on mineral surfaces. There is no evidence that...