cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recognition of DNA Insertion/Deletion Mismatches by an Activity in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

An activity in nuclear extracts of S.cerevisiae binds specifically to heteroduplexes containing four to nine extra bases in one strand. The specificity of this activity (IMR, for insertion mismatch recognition) in band shift assays was confirmed by competition experiments. IMR is biochemically and genetically distinct from the MSH2 dependent, single base mismatch binding activity. The two activities migrate differently during electrophoresis, they are differentially competable and their spectra of mispair binding are distinct. Furthermore, IMR activity is observed in extracts from an msh2 ‐ msh3 ‐ msh4 ‐ strain. IMR exhibits specificity for insertion mispairs in two different sequence contexts. Binding is influenced by the structure of the mismatch since an insertion with a hairpin configuration is not recognized by this activity. IMR does not result from single-strand binding because single-stranded probes do not yield IMR complex and single-stranded competitors are unable to displace insertion heteroduplexes from the complex. Similar results with intrinsically bent duplexes make it unlikely that recognition is conferred by a bend alone. Heteroduplexes bound by IMR do not contain any obvious damage. These findings are consistent with the idea that yeast contains a distinct recognition factor, IMR, that is specific for insertion/deletion mismatches.
siRNA Delivery from an Injectable Scaffold for Wound Therapy.

Significance: Aberrant overexpression of proinflammatory molecules is believed to be a key mediator in the formation of chronic skin wounds, and the inhibition of these signals may be an effective therapeutic strategy to promote healing. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) can provide gene-specific silencing and may present a safe and effective route for knockdown of inflammatory or other target proteins in chronic skin wounds. Critical Issues: siRNA suffers from delivery barriers in vivo such as susceptibility to degradation, membrane impermeability, and transient activity. Therefore, a delivery strategy that stabilizes siRNA, provides intracellular (cytoplasmic) delivery, and produces temporally sustained activity is needed. The novel approach described combines pH-responsive, siRNA-loaded nanoparticles into a biodegradable polyurethane (PUR) scaffold and presents a promising platform for effective, local silencing of deleterious genes in nonhealing skin wounds. Recent Advances: The siRNA delivery barriers ha...
Evaluation of detectability in BIST environment

Built-in self-test (BIST) technique is now widely applied. How to estimate its testing capabilities is an important problem. BIST detectability is defined as the probability of that a fault set of the circuit-under-test is detected. It depends on the properties of the test at, circuit-under-test, as well as the signature analyser as a data compressor. The detectability of a signature analyzer is evaluated. The random and pseudorandom testing techniques are examined for their BIST detectability and several results are derived. >
Moving fluid mud sondes, optical and acoustic sensing methods in support of coastal waterway dredging

Airborne, Satellite and In-Situ optical and acoustical imaging provides a means to characterize surface and subsurface water conditions in shallow marine systems. An important research topic to be studied during dredging operations in harbors and navigable waterways is the movement of fluidized muds before, during and after dredging operations. The fluid movement of the surficial sediments in the form of flocs, muck and mud is important to estimate in order to model the transport of solids material during dredging operations. Movement of highly turbid bottom material creates a lutocline or near bottom nephelometric layers, reduces the penetration of light reaching the water bottom. Monitoring and measurement systems recently developed for use in shallow marine areas, such as the Indian River Lagoon are discussed. Newly developed passive sondes and subsurface imaging are described. Methods and techniques for quantifying the mass density flux of total particulate matter demonstrate the use of multiple sensor systems for environmental monitoring and provide directional fluxes and movement of the fluidized solids. Airborne imaging of dredge site provide wide area surveillance during these activities. Passive sondes, optical imaging and acoustical sensors are used to understand horizontal and vertical mass flux processes. The passive sondes can be directionally oriented and are deployed during optical particle velocimetry system (OPVS) imaging of the flocs, particles and colloidal material motion. Comparison of the image based particle velocities are compared to electromagnetic and acoustic velocity imaging results. The newly developed imaging system provides a pathway for integration of subsurface hyperspectral imaging for particle compositional analysis.
Ion Channels in Development and Cancer

Ion channels have emerged as regulators of developmental processes. In model organisms and in people with mutations in ion channels, disruption of ion channel function can affect cell proliferation, cell migration, and craniofacial and limb patterning. Alterations of ion channel function affect morphogenesis in fish, frogs, mammals, and flies, demonstrating that ion channels have conserved roles in developmental processes. One model suggests that ion channels affect proliferation and migration through changes in cell volume. However, ion channels have not explicitly been placed in canonical developmental signaling cascades until recently. This review gives examples of ion channels that influence developmental processes, offers a potential underlying molecular mechanism involving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, and finally explores exciting possibilities for manipulating ion channels to influence cell fate for regenerative medicine and to impact disease.
Measurement of Serum Glutamic Oxalacetic Transaminase

The measurement at 340 mµ of the rate at which NADH is oxidized is the most reliable method for estimation of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), but the technic is often thought too cumbersome for routine application. Described are several methodological improvements in earlier methods, including reagent control, a standardized program for making readings, and a nomographic method of calculation, all of which taken together provide new speed and accuracy in estimating SGOT. The method described is well-suited for routine clinical application.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome caused by a dinucleotide deletion and reading frameshift in the region encoding the glycoprotein Ibα transmembrane domain

We investigated the molecular genetic and biosynthetic basis of Bernard-Soulier syndrome in a severely affected white woman. Flow cytometric analysis showed a severe deficiency of glycoprotein (GP) Ib, GP IX, and GP V on the surface of her platelets. Similarly, GP Ib alpha was undetectable by immunoblot analysis of platelet lysates. Surprisingly, a large quantity of a 70-kD protein (which probably represents a GP Ib alpha degradation product) was found in the patient's plasma in much greater quantities than in the plasma of an unaffected individual. To analyze the molecular lesion responsible for the disorder, we amplified and sequenced gene segments corresponding to the entire coding regions of the GP Ib alpha, GP Ib beta, and GP IX genes. The patient was homozygous for a specific GP Ib alpha allele that contained two tandem VNTR repeats in the region encoding the macroglycopeptide (C variant) and three differences from the published GP Ib alpha gene sequence. Two mutations were unlikely to be involved in the disorder: the substitution of a single base (T --> C) in the second nucleotide of exon 2, which is in the 5' untranslated region of the GP Ib alpha transcript, and a silent mutation in the third base of the codon for Arg342 (A --> G) that does not change the amino acid sequence. The third mutation was a deletion of the last two bases of the codon for Tyr492 (TAT). This mutation causes a frameshift that alters the GP Ib alpha amino acid sequence, beginning within its transmembrane region. The mutant polypeptide contains 81 novel amino acids and is 38 amino acids shorter than its wild-type counterpart. The new sequence changes the hydrophobic nature of the transmembrane domain and greatly decreases the net positive charge of what had been the cytoplasmic domain. The deletion mutation was introduced into the GP Ib alpha cDNA, alone and in combination with the 5' mutation, and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The deletion alone severely reduced GP Ib alpha expression on the cell surface. Expression was not decreased further by addition of the 5' mutation, confirming that the deletion was the cause of the Bernard-Soulier phenotype. Stable cell lines expressing the mutant polypeptide secreted large amounts of the polypeptide into the medium, suggesting that the mutant anchors poorly in the plasma membrane. Nevertheless, a fraction of the mutant was able to associate with GP Ib beta, as demonstrated by their coimmunoprecipitation with a GP Ib beta antibody.
A note on continual reassessment method

A widely used approach in designing the phase I clinical trial is continual reassessment method (CRM). In this paper, we prove that under simple power model and logistic model, the way CRM selects the next dose level is highly efficient from the perspective of optimal design. More specifically, for simple power model, we show that the optimal design selects the dose level such that the corresponding toxicity rate is around 0.2; as for logistic model, we show that CRM is indeed optimal, which will justify the efficiency of the algorithm in theory.
Selective destruction of preganglionic sympathetic nerves by antibodies to acetylcholinesterase

Systemic injection of monoclonal antibodies to neural acetylcholinesterase in rats causes permanent, complement-mediated destruction of presynaptic fibers in sympathetic ganglia and adrenal medulla. Ptosis, hypotension, bradycardia, and postural syncope ensue. In sympathetic ganglia, cholinergic synapses disappear, but postganglionic adrenergic neurones remain structurally and functionally normal. Somatic motor and parasympathetic systems are also spared. This model of selective cholinergic autoimmunity is a new tool for autonomic physiology and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of human dysautonomias.
High Level ab Initio Calculations for ClFn+(n= 1-6) Ions: Refining the Recoupled Pair Bonding Model

Based on detailed, high level ab initio calculations on a number of halogenated compounds of second row, late p-block elements, the SFn, ClFn, PFn, SCln, and SFnCl families, we found that a new typ...
Microfungi associated with the banner-tailed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis

Kangaroo rats participate in an ancient symbiosis with fungi that colonize their seed caches. This paper reports on four yr of intensive sampling in central New Mexico to identify the fungi associat- ed with the banner-tailed kangaroo rat and to deter- mine the factors that influence that fungal commu- nity. Although more than 80 molds were recovered from the rodents, a much smaller set of molds, in- cluding a new species of Penicillium, dominate this system. Factors affecting the number of colonies, number of species, or identity of fungal species re- covered in samples included moisture conditions around the time of sampling, sample type (cheek- pouch or hind foot), and rodent traits such as age, sex, reproductive status, and mobility.
Learning more from evaluation of justice interventions: further consideration of theoretical mechanisms in juvenile drug courts

It is essential to learn as much as possible from justice interventions—even those that do not appear to be successful. Data came from a sample of youths participating in drug courts in nine sites across the United States and a comparison group of probationers (N = 1,372). Measures were drawn from case records. Path models with direct and indirect effects were analyzed. Aspects of the juvenile drug court process appear to heighten the likelihood of youth failure in the program and recidivism. The ratio of incentives to sanctions was protective as drug court youth who experienced more of the former had a reduced likelihood of recidivism. The article concludes that it is important to examine mechanisms that impact the success of justice interventions.
Pathologic states of the erythrocyte membrane

Except for those in which oxygen binding is impaired, virtually all diseases of the red cell manifest themselves in the first instance as a loss of plasticity of the cell membrane, a property vital to movement of the erythrocyte through the microvasculature. Defects in membrane protein and abnormal permeability to ions, especially calcium, have been found to underlie such pathologic states as spherocytosis and sickle cell disease.
Unsupervised delineation of stratum corneum using reflectance confocal microscopy and spectral clustering.

Background Measuring the thickness of the stratum corneum (SC) in vivo is often required in pharmacological, dermatological, and cosmetological studies. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) offers a non-invasive imaging-based approach. However, RCM-based measurements currently rely on purely visual analysis of images, which is time-consuming and suffers from inter-user subjectivity. Methods We developed an unsupervised segmentation algorithm that can automatically delineate the SC layer in stacks of RCM images of human skin. We represent the unique textural appearance of SC layer using complex wavelet transform and distinguish it from deeper granular layers of skin using spectral clustering. Moreover, through localized processing in a matrix of small areas (called ‘tiles’), we obtain lateral variation of SC thickness over the entire field of view. Results On a set of 15 RCM stacks of normal human skin, our method estimated SC thickness with a mean error of 5.4 ± 5.1 μm compared to the ‘ground truth’ segmentation obtained from a clinical expert. Conclusion Our algorithm provides a non-invasive RCM imaging-based solution which is automated, rapid, objective, and repeatable.
Percutaneous Intervention for Myocardial Infarction After Noncardiac Surgery: Patient Characteristics and Outcomes

Abstract Background Few studies have explored percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in perioperative myocardial infarction (PMI), even though PMI is a major cause of mortality in patients undergoing urgent/emergent noncardiac surgery. Objectives This study sought to describe the angiographic characteristics and outcomes in patients presenting to the cardiac catheterization laboratory for myocardial infarction sustained after undergoing noncardiac surgery, with a detailed analysis of those undergoing PCI. Methods We included all patients presenting to the catheterization laboratory at our institution after PMI from 2003 to 2012, who had noncardiac surgery within the previous 7 days. Data from patients who underwent PCI were analyzed using both standard regression and time-to-event survival analysis. Results From 2003 to 2012, 1,093 patients with 3,832 person-years of follow-up underwent diagnostic coronary angiography, of whom 281 (40 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI] and 241 non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI] cases) underwent PCI. Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, we found 30-day mortality was 5.2% and 1-year mortality was 15% in the overall population. In the PCI subpopulation, we estimated 30-day mortality to be 11.3%. The 30-day death rate in the STEMI cohort was 31.2% and 8.5% in the NSTEMI cohort of the PCI subpopulation. Stepwise logistic regression revealed the following factors as strong predictors of 30-day mortality after PCI: bleeding event after PCI (odds ratio [OR]: 4.33; 95% confidence limits (CL): 1.52 to 12.30), peak troponin T level (OR: 1.20; 95% CL: 1.08 to 1.34), and underlying peripheral vascular disease (OR: 4.86; 95% CL: 1.66 to 14.22). Cox proportional hazard analysis of survival data showed that increasing age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.03; 95% CL: 1.01 to 1.04), bleeding after PCI (HR: 2.31; 95% CL: 1.61 to 3.32), renal insufficiency (HR: 2.26; 95% CL: 1.51 to 3.39]), and vascular surgery (HR: 1.48; 95% CL: 1.02 to 2.15]) were all significant predictors of long-term mortality after PCI. Conclusions Perioperative MI has a markedly high mortality rate, despite PCI. Bleeding event, peak troponin T level, and peripheral vascular disease predict mortality within 30 days of PCI in this patient population. Similarly, older age, vascular surgery, bleeding event, and renal dysfunction strongly predict long-term mortality after PCI in the setting of PMI.
Impact of Sea-State-Dependent Langmuir Turbulence on the Ocean Response to a Tropical Cyclone

AbstractTropical cyclones are fueled by the air–sea heat flux, which is reduced when the ocean surface cools due to mixed layer deepening and upwelling. Wave-driven Langmuir turbulence can significantly modify these processes. This study investigates the impact of sea-state-dependent Langmuir turbulence on the three-dimensional ocean response to a tropical cyclone in coupled wave–ocean simulations. The Stokes drift is computed from the simulated wave spectrum using the WAVEWATCH III wave model and passed to the three-dimensional Princeton Ocean Model. The Langmuir turbulence impact is included in the vertical mixing of the ocean model by adding the Stokes drift to the shear of the vertical mean current and by including Langmuir turbulence enhancements to the K-profile parameterization (KPP) scheme. Results are assessed by comparing simulations with explicit (sea-state dependent) and implicit (independent of sea state) Langmuir turbulence parameterizations, as well as with turbulence driven by shear alone....
The Influence of Substructure on Creep Behavior Following Stress Changes

ABSTRACT Two methods are available for determining the stress exponent in high temperature creep. The first method is to test several identical specimens at different stresses and to measure the values of the steady-state creep rates. The second method is to take a single specimen and to make instantaneous changes in stress during the test, so that the steady-state creep rates are recorded at a number of different stress levels. Experiments were conducted to check the consistency of these two methods using three different materials: pure Al, A1-5% Mg, and A1-5% Zn. It is demonstrated that the validity of stress change experiments depends critically on the dominant creep mechanism. In A1-5% Mg deforming by a viscous glide process, the steady-state creep rates are independent of the prior history; whereas in pure A1 and A1-5% Zn deforming by dislocation climb, the values obtained for the steady-state creep rates depend on whether the stress is increased or decreased to the final level. These results are explained by measurements of the average subgrain sizes before and after the stress changes.
GABAergic hyperinnervation of dentate granule cells in the Ts65Dn mouse model of down syndrome: Exploring the role of App.

It has been suggested that increased GABAergic innervation in the hippocampus plays a significant role in cognitive dysfunction in Down syndrome (DS). Bolstering this notion, are studies linking hyper-innervation of the dentate gyrus (DG) by GABAergic terminals to failure in LTP induction in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS. Here, we used extensive morphometrical methods to assess the status of GABAergic interneurons in the DG of young and old Ts65Dn mice and their 2N controls. We detected an age-dependent increase in GABAergic innervation of dentate granule cells (DGCs) in Ts65Dn mice. The primary source of GABAergic terminals to DGCs somata is basket cells (BCs). For this reason, we assessed the status of these cells and found a significant increase in the number of BCs in Ts65Dn mice compared with controls. Then we aimed to identify the gene/s whose overexpression could be linked to increased number of BCs in Ts65Dn and found that deleting the third copy of App gene in Ts65Dn mice led to normalization of the number of BCs in these mice. Our data suggest that App overexpression plays a major role in the pathophysiology of GABAergic hyperinnervation of the DG in Ts65Dn mice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Estimating gene regulatory networks with pandaR.

Contact johnq@jimmy.harvard.edu or dschlauch@fas.harvard.edu. Availability and Implementation PandaR is provided as a Bioconductor R Package and is available at bioconductor.org/packages/pandaR.
Sulfur-based thermal energy storage system using intermodal containment: Design and performance analysis

Abstract Thermal energy storage (TES) is an important energy storage technology that can be coupled to intermittent energy sources to improve system dispatchability. Elemental sulfur is a promising candidate storage fluid for high temperature TES systems due to its high energy density, moderate vapor pressure, high thermal stability, and low cost. This study uses a transient, two-dimensional numerical model to investigate the design and performance of a thermal energy storage (TES) system that uses sulfur stored isochorically in an intermodal shell and tube thermal battery configuration. Parametric analyses of key design and operating parameters show that there is a preferred tube diameter based on the competing influence of system-level energy storage utilization, exergetic efficiency, and cost. The results show that designs with smaller tube dimensions in the range of 2″ NPS to 4″ NPS provide exergetic efficiencies close to 95% while tube dimensions in the range of 4″ NPS to 8″ NPS meet the Department of Energy cost target of $15/kWh with costs being as low as $8.41/kWh. Finally, a table of preferred designs that meet the DOE cost goals is presented to help guide future design and experimentation efforts.
As We Sow … A Pragmatic Analysis of How to Build Successful Partnerships between the University and the Larger Community

Last August, to my surprise and delight, the Columbia Garden Club pounded a rather impressive sign in my front yard proclaiming it to be our community’s Yard of the Month, and I was invited to share my success secrets at a Garden Club luncheon. Here, I have been invited to discuss the changing of university culture to foster collaboration with the larger community. In many respects, the processes are remarkably similar.
Item response theory analyses of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System card sorting subtest.

In the current study, we examined the dimensionality of the 16-item Card Sorting subtest of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System assessment in a sample of 264 native English-speaking child...
Alcohol-Induced Hepatic Steatosis: A Comparative Study to Identify Possible Indicator(s) of Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Background. Fatty liver is an early sign of both nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Ethanol feeding using a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet (LD) model which contains 35% fat to rats or mice is a well-established model for alcoholic fatty liver. However, LD diet alone can also induce fatty liver and its differential metabolic profile may be able to differentiate steatosis induced by LD versus LD plus ethanol. Purpose. We investigated the lipidomic differences in the livers of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed a pellet diet (PD), LD, and liquid ethanol diet (LED) for six weeks. Study design. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with nonalcoholic diets PD, LD or LED (ethanol in LD) for six weeks. Lipids were extracted and analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. The NMR data obtained was analyzed by multivariate principal component analysis (PCA) and Spotfire DecisionSite 9.0 software to compare PD versus LD and LD versus LED groups. Results. PCA of the NMR spectral data of livers of both comparisons showed a clear separation of PD from LD group and LD from LED group indicating differences in lipid profiles which corresponded with changes in total lipid weights. LD showed increases for cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, cholesterol acetate, and triglycerides with decreases for fatty acyl chain, diallylic, and allylic protons, while the LED showed increases in esterified cholesterol, cholesterol acetate, fatty acid methyl esters, allylic protons, and some triglyceride protons with decreases in free cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine (PC). Conclusion. Our data suggest that altered lipid signature or PC levels could be an indicator to differentiate between nonalcoholic versus alcoholic fatty liver.
Perception of Foraging Costs and Intakes, and Foraging Decisions

Honeybees use information acquired in the field and in the hive to make foraging decisions. I review recent work designed to understand bees’ perceptions of foraging costs and intakes and the use of this information for making foraging decisions. Findings include: 1) costs are weighted in relation to intakes, 2) perceptions of costs are more variable than those of intakes, and 3) individuals vary in their perceptions. Information on costs and intakes is used by bees to choose among flowers and to plot a path through a single-species patch of flowers.
Fair Use and Market Failure: Sony Revisited

In 1984, by the margin of a single vote, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Sony Corp. v. Universal City Studios, Inc. that the home-taping of a copyrighted television broadcast for purposes of time-shifting constituted a fair use under the Copyright Act of 1976. Since that time, economic and legal commentators have generally justified the decision in terms of market failure. If time-shifting were not a fair use, the reasoning goes, then a license would be legally required; yet, the transaction costs associated with negotiating individual time-shifting licenses would prove prohibitive. As a result, the market for time-shifting licenses would likely fail, justifying the Court's finding of fair use. There is just one problem, however: the majority opinion in Sony neither expressly embraced a market failure rationale, nor referred to the potential for prohibitively high transaction costs as a justification for the Court's fair use outcome. Rather, the Court embraced a balancing approach to fair use issues. Eschewing any undue reliance on the four statutory factors found in section 107 of the Copyright Act, the Court balanced directly what the public had to gain and what it had to lose from allowing unauthorized time-shifting to continue. Concluding on the evidence presented that the public had more to gain than it had to lose, the Court held that unauthorized time-shifting constituted a fair and hence non-infringing use. Unfortunately, the market failure reinterpretation has effectively concealed Sony's true rationale and sharply limited its potential reach. Properly understood as a balancing of the competing public interests at stake, Sony becomes both: (i) more consistent with present economic understanding of the conditions necessary for optimal private market production of a public good; and (ii) generally applicable to a wide range of fair use issues.
Article IV and Campbell v. Morris: Wrong Judge, Wrong Court, Wrong Holding and Wrong Conclusion?

One of the earliest cases interpreting the Article IV privileges and immunities clause is that of the Maryland General Court in Campbell v. Morris, 3 H. & McH. 535 (Md. Gen. Court, 1797). Because of the supposed link between Article IV and the Fourteenth Amendment, scholars, particularly Charles Fairman and Raoul Berger, used Campbell to try to support a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment. With the U.S. Supreme Court’s granting of certiorari in McDonald v. Chicago, ___ U.S. ___, 174 L. Ed. 2nd 632, 78 U.S. L. W. 3169 (September 30, 2009), the issue of the enforcement of the Bill of Rights against the states is again before the Court and there is a renewed interest in Campbell. The question of the importance of this case - especially in comparison with Justice Bushrod Washington’s later Circuit Court decision in Corfield v. Coryell 6 F. Cas. 546, No. 3230. (C.C.E.D.Pa. 1823) - is a matter of some disagreement to be addressed in a subsequent article. However, this essay suggests that working with a case from 1797 under old Maryland procedures has proven to be a challenge to many authors. Scholars utilizing this case have often:• Mistaken the name and authority of the court which decided the case. The General Court was not the highest Court in Maryland, but rather a trial court; • Mistaken the identity of the judge who was its author. The author was not future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase, but rather his more obscure cousin, Jeremiah T. Chase. • Misinterpreted the case itself by failing to note that the portion treating Article IV was dicta because the General Court vacated the attachment of property, making it unnecessary to reach the question of whether the Maryland attachment statute violated Article IV. • Misinterpreted the dicta. While some of the dicta focused upon equality/non-discrimination (“in the same manner” and “on the same footing”), parts of the dicta indicate that substantive rights are protected: the right to obtain property and the right of securing and protecting “personal rights.”• Overlooked the fact that the trial court was overruled by the Maryland Court of Appeals and • Generally reached erroneous conclusions in trying to assess its impact. This case was often cited on state law issues (attachment, equity interests in property) in the first fifty years after it was decided. But in that same time period, Campbell was cited by only one Maryland Court, in dicta, on an Article IV issue and by no courts outside of Maryland. The goals of this essay include trying to correct these errors and help future scholars avoid repeating them. It is also hoped that a better understanding of Campbell will help inform our understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Detecting and explaining why aquifers occasionally become degraded near hydraulically fractured shale gas wells.

Extensive development of shale gas has generated some concerns about environmental impacts such as the migration of natural gas into water resources. We studied high gas concentrations in waters at a site near Marcellus Shale gas wells to determine the geological explanations and geochemical implications. The local geology may explain why methane has discharged for 7 years into groundwater, a stream, and the atmosphere. Gas may migrate easily near the gas wells in this location where the Marcellus Shale dips significantly, is shallow (∼1 km), and is more fractured. Methane and ethane concentrations in local water wells increased after gas development compared with predrilling concentrations reported in the region. Noble gas and isotopic evidence are consistent with the upward migration of gas from the Marcellus Formation in a free-gas phase. This upflow results in microbially mediated oxidation near the surface. Iron concentrations also increased following the increase of natural gas concentrations in domestic water wells. After several months, both iron and SO42− concentrations dropped. These observations are attributed to iron and SO42− reduction associated with newly elevated concentrations of methane. These temporal trends, as well as data from other areas with reported leaks, document a way to distinguish newly migrated methane from preexisting sources of gas. This study thus documents both geologically risky areas and geochemical signatures of iron and SO42− that could distinguish newly leaked methane from older methane sources in aquifers.
Total synthesis of (−)-haploscleridamine

Abstract Asymmetric total synthesis of the imidazole containing β-carboline natural product, haploscleridamine, from histidine is described. Key to the successful assembly of this alkaloid is a ring-closing metathesis reaction of an imidazole derived allylic alcohol to construct a 3-piperidinone. Application of the Buchwald-modification of the classical Fischer indolization and deprotection of the N-tosyl moiety delivered haploscleridamine.
Emerging Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution

Hydrogen evolution via solar-driven photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) is considered an important strategy for facilitating clean global energy and overcoming the severe environmental challenges facing our society. As a result, many photocatalysts have been developed over the past several years. In this review, we outline the most recent advances in hydrogen evolution photocatalysts over the past 2 years. In particular, we introduce hydrogen production methods, main and cocatalysts for hydrogen evolution through water splitting, the underlying photocatalytic mechanisms, and current challenges and future potential advances for this exciting field.
Perceptions of Organizational Ethicality: Do Inflated Perceptions of Self Lead to Inflated Perceptions of the Organization?

Scholars have suggested that the tendency for an individual to perceive him- or herself as more ethical than others might influence the individual's perceptions of his or her organization's ethics. The purpose of this study is to consider if and/or when such a relationship exists. A thorough consideration of the nature of perceptions of relative ethicality suggests that a positive self-bias would negatively influence perceptions of organizational ethicality. The results of an empirical study involving working managers and employees of a hospital support that argument. Furthermore, the results indicate that organizational identification, perceived organizational cohesion, and an individual's insulation also influence individual perceptions of relative organizational ethicality. The findings illuminate this particular phenomenon and further our understanding of the relationship between the individual and the organization, more generally.
Micro-states based dynamic brain connectivity in understanding the commonality and differences in gender-specific emotion processing

In this paper, we present a data-driven micro-states based complex network analysis on cortical surface data to understand the connectives in modeling elicited emotion. In particular, we focus on processing arousal in identifying the differences and similarities between males and females. Micro-states are transient, patterned, quasi-stable states of a time series (e.g., Electroencephalography recording) that allows visualizing dynamic coupling and possibly time-varying levels of correlated or mutually informed activity between brain regions. To obtain cortical surface data from EEG recording, we use source localization method from Brainstorm. We adopted t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), for better visualization and finding the optimal number of clusters using different algorithms (e.g., Gaussian Mixture Models(GMM), K-means, etc). Centroids of these clusters are considered as micro-states. We used Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to compute the transition probabilities among micro-states. Subsequently, p-values on graph theoretic measures (e.g., modularity, small-worldness, etc) computed from micro-sites were used to determine the significantly distinguishable, highly segregated and densely integrated network of brain connectivity. Empirical analysis using DEAP dataset reveals that males and females have mostly complimentary micro-states with some commonalities. Males are more likely to stay in specific stable state and females are more likely to stay in transient states. Both groups utilize highly segregated and densely integrated network structure among brain regions in processing arousal.
Conceptualizing and Counting Discretionary Utilization in the Final 100 Days of Life: A Scoping Review

Abstract Context There has been surprisingly little attention to conceptual and methodological issues that influence the measurement of discretionary utilization at the end of life (DIAL), an indicator of quality care. Objective The objectives of this study were to examine how DIALs have been operationally defined and identify areas where evidence is biased or inadequate to inform practice. Methods We conducted a scoping review of the English language literature published from 1/1/04 to 6/30/17. Articles were eligible if they reported data on ≥2 DIALs within 100 days of the deaths of adults aged ≥18 years. We explored the influence of research design on how researchers measure DIALs and whether they examine demographic correlates of DIALs. Other potential biases and influences were explored. Results We extracted data from 254 articles published in 79 journals covering research conducted in 29 countries, mostly focused on cancer care (69.1%). More than 100 DIALs have been examined. Relatively crude, simple variables (e.g., intensive care unit admissions [56.9% of studies], chemotherapy [50.8%], palliative care [40.0%]) have been studied more frequently than complex variables (e.g., burdensome transitions; 7.3%). We found considerable variation in the assessment of DIALs, illustrating the role of research design, professional norms and disciplinary habit. Variables are typically chosen with little input from the public (including patients or caregivers) and clinicians. Fewer than half of the studies examined age (44.6%), gender (37.3%), race (26.5%), or socioeconomic (18.5%) correlates of DIALs. Conclusion Unwarranted variation in DIAL assessments raises difficult questions concerning how DIALs are defined, by whom, and why. We recommend several strategies for improving DIAL assessments. Improved metrics could be used by the public, patients, caregivers, clinicians, researchers, hospitals, health systems, payers, governments, and others to evaluate and improve end-of-life care.
Angiogenic peptide hydrogels for treatment of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) impacts over 3.17 million Americans. Management of hemorrhage and coagulation caused by vascular disruption after TBI is critical for the recovery of patients. Cerebrovascular pathologies play an important role in the underlying mechanisms of TBI. The objective of this study is to evaluate a novel regenerative medicine for the injured tissue after brain injury. We utilized a recently described synthetic growth factor with angiogenic potential to facilitate vascular growth in situ at the injury site. Previous work has shown how this injectable self-assembling peptide-based hydrogel (SAPH) creates a regenerative microenvironment for neovascularization at the injury site. Supramolecular assembly allows for thixotropy; the injectable drug delivery system provides sustained in vivo efficacy. In this study, a moderate blunt injury model was used to cause physical vascular damage and hemorrhage. The angiogenic SAPH was then applied directly on the injured rat brain. At day 7 post-TBI, significantly more blood vessels were observed than the sham and injury control group, as well as activation of VEGF-receptor 2, demonstrating the robust angiogenic response elicited by the angiogenic SAPH. Vascular markers von-Willebrand factor (vWF) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) showed a concomitant increase with blood vessel density in response to the angiogenic SAPH. Moreover, blood brain barrier integrity and blood coagulation were also examined as the parameters to indicate wound recovery post TBI. Neuronal rescue examination by NeuN and myelin basic protein staining showed that the angiogenic SAPH may provide and neuroprotective benefit in the long-term recovery.
Multimetallic FeCoNiO x Nanoparticles Covered with Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Layers as TrifunctionalCatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction and Evolution

This Article demonstrates the synthesis and catalysis of a functional material with one core and dual shells containing an alloyed FeCoNi core covered with a thin layer of spinel oxides and encapsu...
Depression in Patients with Heart Diseases: Gender Differences and Association of Comorbidities, Optimism, and Spiritual Struggle.

Depression is a well-established comorbidity of heart disease (HD) and is more prevalent in women than in men. Few studies have examined the gender effect on depression in patients with advanced heart disease prior to open heart surgery (OHS), controlling for cardiac indices. Previous studies indicated the health benefit of optimism but often lacked adjustment for medical confounders. This interdisciplinary study investigated gender differences in pre-OHS depression and the role of medical comorbidities and strength factors. Two waves of survey data were collected from 481 patients (mean age = 62, female 42%) along with medical indices in the Society of Thoracic Surgeon’s (STS) national database used by all US cardiac surgeons. A t test showed significantly higher levels of pre-OHS depressive symptoms in women than in men. In multivariate analyses, the gender effect on depression vanished after entry of other socio-demographics, medical comorbidities, objectively assessed cardiac indices in the STS database, and psychosocial strength factors. Depressive symptoms linked inversely with dispositional optimism and positively with medical comorbidities and religious/spiritual struggle, but not with any cardiac indices. A mediation analysis supported the role of comorbidities in the gender difference. Women with heart disease were more depressed, but the gender difference may be partly explained by multiple comorbid conditions that could complicate disease burden. Reinforcing the literature, optimism, but not other strength factors, appeared to counteract depression after adjusting for health and cardiac conditions. The finding suggests that health providers should be more attentive to overall health of women with heart disease and to the positive expectations of OHS patients.
Geodemographic analysis of pediatric firearm injuries in Miami, FL.

Abstract Purpose Firearm injuries (GSW) are a growing public health concern and leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children, yet predictors of injury remain understudied. This study examines the correlates of pediatric GSW within our county. Methods We retrospectively queried an urban Level 1 trauma center registry for pediatric (0–18 years) GSW from September 2013 to January 2019, examining demographic, clinical, and injury information. We used a geographic information system to map GSW rates and perform spatial and spatiotemporal cluster analysis to identify zip code “hot spots.” Results 393 cases were identified. The cohort was 877% male, 87% African American, 10% Hispanic, and 22% Caucasian/Other. Injuries were 92% violence-related and 4% accidental, with 63% occurring outside school hours. Mortality was 12%, with 53% of deaths occurring in the resuscitation unit. Zip-level GSW rates ranged from 0 to 9 (per 1000 Conclusions Geodemographic analysis of pediatric GSW injuries can be utilized to identify at-risk neighborhoods. This methodology is applicable to other metropolitan areas where targeted interventions can reduce the burden of gun violence among children. Type of study Retrospective study. Level of evidence Level III.
Informal versus formal judgment of statistical models: The case of normality assumptions

Researchers sometimes use informal judgment for statistical model diagnostics and assumption checking. Informal judgment might seem more desirable than formal judgment because of a paradox: Formal hypothesis tests of assumptions appear to become less useful as sample size increases. We suggest that this paradox can be resolved by evaluating both formal and informal statistical judgment via a simplified signal detection framework. In 4 studies, we used this approach to compare informal judgments of normality diagnostic graphs (histograms, Q-Q plots, and P-P plots) to the performance of several formal tests (Shapiro-Wilk test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, etc.). Participants judged whether or not graphs of sample data came from a normal population (Experiments 1-2) or whether or not from a population close enough to normal for a parametric test to be more powerful than a nonparametric one (Experiments 3-4). Across all experiments, participants' informal judgments showed lower discriminability than did formal hypothesis tests. This pattern occurred even after participants were given 400 training trials with feedback, a financial incentive, and ecologically valid distribution shapes. The discriminability advantage of formal normality tests led to slightly more powerful follow-up tests (parametric vs. nonparametric). Overall, the framework used here suggests that formal model diagnostics may be more desirable than informal ones.
Contiguous Multi-User Scheduling and Power Control for 5G-NR Uplink

5G massive MIMO deployments up to 64T64R (64 Transmit and 64 Receive) antenna arrays are gaining traction, in part due to the smaller size of such arrays suitable for mid-band spectrum (2–5 GHz). A scheduling algorithm that can aggressively pair many UEs (User Equipment) on the same time-frequency resources is essential to fully derive the benefits of such an array. In this paper, an uplink scheduler design is proposed based on RME (Recursive Maximal Expansion) that ensures contiguous resource allocation and power constraint for each UE, while maximizing MU (Multi-User) MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) gains by selecting and pairing UE groups based on the sum-PF (Proportional Fair) metric. We show, using realistic system level simulations, that up to 100% average cell-throughput gains can be achieved by MU-MIMO over SU (Single-User) MIMO in dense urban micro cell deployment scenarios presenting an attractive proposition for massive MIMO array deployments. It is observed that power control parameters play a critical role and should be optimized considering scheduler behavior, especially for cell-edge throughput improvement.
Understanding Gap Acceptance Behavior at Unsignalized Intersections using Naturalistic Driving Study Data

Even though drivers disregarding a stop sign is widely considered a major contributing factor for crashes at unsignalized intersections, an equally important problem that leads to severe crashes at...
Rodent Estrous Cycle Monitoring utilizing Vaginal Lavage: No Such Thing As a Normal Cycle.

The current methodology establishes a reproducible, standardized, and cost-effective approach to monitoring the estrous cycle of female Sprague Dawley (SD) adolescent rats. This study demonstrates the complexity of hormonal cycles and the broad spectrum of understanding required to construct a reliable and valid monitoring technique. Through an in-depth examination of principal experimental design and procedural elements, this description of the cycle and its fundamental principles provides a framework for further understanding and deconstructs misconceptions for future replication. Along with an outline of the sample collection process employing vaginal lavage, the procedure describes the mechanism of data categorization into the four-stage model of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus. These stages are characterized by a new proposed approach, utilizing the 4 categorizing determinants of vaginal fluid condition, cell type(s) present, cell arrangement, and cell quantity at the time of collection. Variations of each stage, favorable and unfavorable samples, the distinction between cyclicity and acyclicity, and graphic depictions of the collected categorizing components are presented alongside effective interpretive and organizational practices of the data. Overall, these tools allow for the publication of quantifiable data ranges for the first time, leading to the standardization of categorization factors upon replication.