cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dispositional mindfulness as a positive predictor of psychological well-being and the role of the private self-consciousness insight factor

Abstract The current study explored relationships among dispositional mindfulness, the private self-consciousness (PrSC) insight factor, and psychological well-being. Several mindfulness studies indicate that dispositional mindfulness is a positive predictor of psychological well-being. In a distinctly different area of consciousness research, Grant, Franklin, and Langford’s (2002) PrSC insight factor shows similar predictive results. Here it is hypothesized that these two seemingly independent dispositional consciousness constructs have overlapping variance and that insight can serve as a partial mediator for dispositional mindfulness when it predicts psychological well-being. Participants were 184 university students who were administered a self-report measure of dispositional mindfulness, insight, and psychological well-being. Correlational analyses revealed that mindfulness and insight were significantly and positively correlated with each other and with psychological well-being. Bootstrap regression analyses supported the model of insight as a partial mediator of the mindfulness–psychological well-being predictive relationship.
Predictive onboard flow control in packet switching satellites

We outline two alternate approaches to predicting the onset of congestion in a packet switching satellite, and argue that predictive, rather than reactive, flow control is necessary for the efficient operation of such a system. The first method discussed is based on standard, statistical techniques which are used to periodically calculate a probability of near-term congestion based on arrival rate statistics. If this probability exceeds a present threshold, the satellite would transmit a rate-reduction signal to all active ground stations. The second method discussed would utilize a neural network to periodically predict the occurrence of buffer overflow based on input data which would include, in addition to arrival rates, the distributions of packet lengths, source addresses, and destination addresses.
Bimetallic Homogeneous Hydroformylation

A dirhodium hydrido-carbonyl catalyst system based on a binuclating tetraphosphine ligand is discussed. Spectroscopic and DFT computational studies support the formulation of the key catalyst complex in acetone solvent as [Rh2(μ-H)2(CO)2(rac-P4)]2+, which is highly active and regioselective for producing linear aldehydes under mild conditions. This dicationic catalyst suffers from facile fragmentation reactions in acetone that lead to inactive monometallic and bimetallic complexes. The addition of water to the acetone solvent leads to deprotonation from the dicationic catalyst to form monocationic dirhodium catalyst species that are far less susceptible to deactivation. Spectroscopic and DFT computational studies indicate that the key monocationic catalyst is [Rh2(μ-H)(CO)3(rac-P4)]+. Although the monocationic bimetallic catalyst is less active on a per molecule basis relative to the dicationic catalyst, there is a higher concentration present producing better overall catalyst rates and selectivity.
Blockade of ovulation in rats by inhibitory analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.

An antagonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH). [D-Phe2-Phe3-D-Phe6]-LH-RH (Phe, phenylalanine), suppressed luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release in male rats in response to LH-RH for at least 4 hours. Three subcutaneous injection of 1 milligram of this antagonist into rats during proestrus completely suppressed ovulation, while a single injection of 1.5 milligrams per rat inhibited 95.3 percent of the preovulatory surge of LH, 84.2 percent of the FSH surge, and suppressed ovulation by 86.4 percent.
Shock Wave Propagation as a Mechanism of Injury in Nonlinear Viscoelastic Soft Tissues

This study investigates the propagation of shock waves and self-preserving waves in soft tissues such as brain as a mechanism of injury in high rate loading conditions as seen in blast-induced neurotrauma (BINT). The derived mathematical models indicate that whereas linear viscoelastic models predict only decaying waves, instances of such phenomena as shock can be achieved in nonlinear media. In this study, a nonlinear viscoelastic material model for brain tissue was developed in compression. Furthermore, nonlinear viscoelastic wave propagation in brain tissue was studied and a criterion for the development of shock waves was formulated. It was shown that discontinuities in the acceleration that happen in blast loading conditions may evolve to shock waves, resulting in large discontinuities in strain and stress at the wave front leading to tissue injuries.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Rotational isomerism in 2,3-dihalopropenes

Abstract Infrared spectra in the region 60–4000 cm−1 were obtained for 2,3-dibromopropene, and a vibrational assignment has been proposed. It has been concluded that there are two rotational isomers present, and that the more polar form is the more stable one in the liquid state. The far infrared spectrum of 2-bromo-3-chloropropene was obtained. Evidence is presented in support of vibrational coupling as the main cause of the differences in the carbon-halogen stretching frequencies for the rotational isomers of the 2,3-dihalopropenes. The difference in intermolecular potential energies of the two forms in the liquid state is responsible for the reversal of relative stabilities of the two forms of 2,3-dichloropropene in going from vapor to liquid. The rotational isomers of the 2,3-dihalopropenes probably have nonplanar configurations of the heavy atoms.
Partitions with short sequences and mock theta functions

P. A. MacMahon was the first to examine integer partitions in which consecutive integers were not allowed as parts. Such partitions may be described as having sequences of length 1. Recently it was shown that partitions containing no sequences of consecutive integers of length k are of interest in seemingly unrelated problems concerning threshold growth models. The object now is to develop the subject intrinsically to both provide deeper understanding of the theory and application of partitions and reveal the surprising role of Ramanujan's mock theta functions.
Total carbohydrate determination in dimethyl sulfoxide and guanidine hydrochloride as solvents

Abstract An automated total carbohydrate determination method based on phenol-sulfuric acid is presented for use with dimethyl sulfoxide or 4 M guanidine hydrochloride as solvents. The analysis system may be adjusted to yield linear optical density versus concentration plots up to concentrations of 100 μg carbohydrate/ml at concentration gradients of 10 μg/ml between samples. Sampling rates of 20 samples/hr and 30 samples/hr are used for 4 M guanidine hydrochloride and dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively.
Fouling studies of a pervaporation membrane with commercial fermentation media and fermentation broth of hyper-butanol-producing Clostridium beijerinckii BA101

Fouling studies of a pervaporation membrane (area based on internal tube diameter 0.08 m2) were carried out in batch mode using model butanol solution in distilled water, commercial fermentation media (P2 and corn steep liquor, CSL), and P2 and CSL fermentation broth. Butanol fermentations were conducted using semidefined P2 medium, CSL medium (a low cost commercial nutrient medium), and the Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 hyper-butanol-producing mutant strain. The rates of removal of butanol from the commercial fermentation media (P2 and CSL) were similar to the rates of butanol removal from butanol solution in water. The rates of removal of butanol from the CSL fermentation broth were higher than the rates of butanol removal from butanol solution in water and fermentation media. Butanol removal experiments were run from 14 to 240 hours using different media and fermentation broth, and it was concluded that the pervaporation membrane did not foul under the conditions employed. The selectivities of butanol...
Piezoelectric Cellular Actuators Using Nested Rhombus Multilayer Mechanisms

Piezoelectric ceramic material, such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), has large stress and bandwidth, but its extremely small strain, i.e. only 0.1%, has been a major bottleneck for broad applications. We have proposed a “nested rhombus” multi-layer mechanism for PZT actuators, which increases strain exponentially through its hierarchical cellular structure, for over 20% effective strain. To drive a large load, however, care must be taken in the design of the strain amplification structure. Through kinematic and static analysis this paper addresses how the output force and displacement are attenuated by the joint stiffness and beam compliance involved in the strain amplification mechanism. An insightful lumped parameter model is developed to quantify the performance degradation and facilitate design tradeoffs. A prototype nested PZT cellular actuator that weighs only 15 g has produced 21% effective strain (2.49 mm displacement from 12 mm actuator length) and 1.7 N blocking force.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Follicular atresia as an apoptotic process: atresia-associated increase in the ovarian expression of the putative apoptotic marker sulfated glycoprotein-2.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possibility that morphologically confirmed/hypophysectomy-induced ovarian follicular atresia, a putative apoptotic process, is coupled to alterations in the steady-state levels of ovarian sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) transcripts. METHODS Hypophysectomy-induced follicular atresia in immature rats, morphologically confirmed at the light and electron microscopic levels, was correlated with alterations in the steady-state levels of ovarian SGP-2 transcripts as assessed by a solution hybridization/RNase protection assay. Cellular localization was accomplished by in situ hybridization technology. RESULTS Hypophysectomy of the 24-day-old immature rat, an established precipitant of follicular atresia, led (3 days later) to a significant (P < .05) increase (up to 3.3-fold) in the relative abundance of densitometrically quantified ovarian SGP-2 transcripts compared with age-matched intact controls. Detailed time-course analysis after hypophysectomy revealed significantly (P < .05) increased ovarian SGP-2 mRNA expression as early as 2 days after hypophysectomy; no further increments were noted on days 4 or 8. Light microscopic analysis of comparable ovarian material 4 days after hypophysectomy revealed increased numbers of atretic follicles displaying large numbers of degenerating granulosa cells. Electron microscopic analysis of the degenerating cells of atretic follicles (from hypophysectomized rats) disclosed nuclear condensation and cytoplasmic shrinkage as well as apoptotic bodies at all levels of the granulosa cell layer. In situ hybridization established the granulosa cell of the intact untreated rat as the somatic cell concerned with SGP-2 gene expression. In turn, hypophysectomy led to an increase in SGP-2 expression at the level of the theca-interstitial cell, an effect prevented by the concurrent provision of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). The hypophysectomy-induced increase in ovarian SGP-2 transcripts was similarly reversed (54% inhibition by day 27) by the concomitant provision of FSH, an established antiatretic principle. The delayed administration (day 26) of a single dose of PMSG to rats hypophysectomized on day 24 eliminated the hypophysectomy-induced increase in ovarian SGP-2 transcripts as assessed on day 28. Qualitatively similar but quantitatively more pronounced increments in ovarian SGP-2 gene expression were obtained when atresia was induced by hypophysectomy of PMSG-primed immature rats. CONCLUSIONS These observations establish the immature rat ovary as a site of SGP-2 gene expression and reveal hypophysectomy-induced follicular atresia to result in the up-regulation of ovarian (specifically, theca-interstitial) SGP-2 gene expression, an effect prevented by the concurrent provision of FSH or PMSG. To the extent that SGP-2 is an acceptable apoptotic marker, the present findings support the hypothesis that ovarian follicular atresia may be an apoptotic process.
Convexity and horizontal second fundamental forms for hypersurfaces in Carnot groups

We use a Riemannian approximation scheme to give a characterization for smooth convex functions on a Carnot group (in the sense of Danielli-Garofalo-Nhieu or Lu-Manfredi-Stroffolini) in terms of the positive semidefiniteness of the horizontal second fundamental form of their graph.
MRT letter: Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic imaging of soft callus formation in fracture healing.

Formation of a cartilaginous soft callus at the site of a bone fracture is a pivotal stage in the healing process. Noninvasive, or even nondestructive, imaging of soft callus formation can be an important tool in experimental and pre-clinical studies of fracture repair. However, the low X-ray attenuation of cartilage renders the soft callus nearly invisible in radiographs. This study utilized a recently developed, cationic, iodinated contrast agent in conjunction with micro-computed tomography to identify cartilage in fracture calluses in the femora of C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice. Fracture calluses were scanned beforeand after incubation in the contrast agent. The set of pre-incubation images was registered against and then subtracted from the set of post-incubation images, resulting in a three-dimensional map of the locations of cartilage in the callus, as labeled by the contrast agent. This map was then compared to histology from a previous study. The results showed that the locations where the contrast agent collected in relatively high concentrationswere similar to those of the cartilage. The contrast agent also identified a significant difference between the two strains of mice in the percentage of the callus occupied by cartilage, indicating that this method of contrast-enhanced computed tomography may be an effective technique for nondestructive, early evaluation of fracture healing.
Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for blast wave predictions

Abstract Explosions will, in most cases, generate blast waves. While simple models ( e.g. , Multi Energy Method) are useful for simple explosion geometries, most practical explosions are far from trivial and require detailed analyses. For a reliable estimate of the blast from a gas explosion it is necessary to know the explosion strength. The source explosion may not be symmetric; the pressure waves will be reflected or deflected when hitting objects, or even worse, the blast waves may propagate inside buildings or tunnels with a very low rate of decay. The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) explosion models for near and far field blast wave predictions has many advantages. These include more precise estimates of the energy and resulting pressure of the blast wave, as well as the ability to evaluate non-symmetrical effects caused by realistic geometries, gas cloud variations and ignition locations. This is essential when evaluating the likelihood of a given leak source as cause of an explosion or equally when evaluating the potential risk associated with a given leak source for a consequence analysis. In addition, unlike simple methods, CFD explosion models can also evaluate detailed dynamic effects in the near and far field, which include time dependent pressure loads as well as reflection and focusing of the blast waves. This is particularly valuable when assessing actual near-field blast damage during an explosion investigation or potential near-field damage during a risk analysis for a facility. One main challenge in applying CFD, however, is that these models require more information about the actual facility, including geometry details and process information. Collecting the necessary geometry and process data may be quite time consuming. This paper will show some blast prediction validation examples for the CFD model FLACS. It will also provide examples of how directional effects or interaction with objects can significantly influence the dynamics of the blast wave. Finally, the challenge of obtaining useful predictions with insufficient details regarding the geometry will also be addressed.
Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotope abundances inStylites reflect its unique physiology

Natural abundances of oxygen-18, carbon-14, carbon-13 and deuterium were measured inStylites andicola, a terrestrial vascular plant lacking stomates, and two terrestrial plant species having stomates that grew nearby. No substantial differences in oxygen-18 and carbon-13 abundances were observed among the three species. The deuterium concentration inStylites was much higher than in the other species, confirming a previous report of CAM inStylites. Stylites was depleted in carbon-14 relative to the present day atmosphere, consistent with the proposal that it fixes CO2 derived from decomposing peat.
An argument for temporalism and contingentism

Aristotle and Aquinas may have held that the things we believe and assert can have different truth-values at different times. Stoic logicians did; they held that there were “vacillating assertibles”—assertibles that are sometimes true and sometimes false. Frege and Russell endorsed the now widely accepted alternative, where the propositions believed and asserted are always specific with respect to time. This paper brings a new perspective to this question. We want to figure out what sorts of propositions speakers believe. Some philosophers have argued that we must take agents to believe temporalist propositions—propositions that are inspecific with respect to time—if we’re to explain the agent’s own thoughts and inferences. I’ll explore another strategy. I’ll focus on our ability to think and reason about the beliefs that other people have. I’ll suggest that an adequate account of that ability requires that we take others to believe some temporalist propositions. I also ask whether all propositions can be specific with respect to worlds, and close by exploring some general issues.
High-Precision, In Vitro Validation of the Sequestration Mechanism for Generating Ultrasensitive Dose-Response Curves in Regulatory Networks

Our ability to recreate complex biochemical mechanisms in designed, artificial systems provides a stringent test of our understanding of these mechanisms and opens the door to their exploitation in artificial biotechnologies. Motivated by this philosophy, here we have recapitulated in vitro the “target sequestration” mechanism used by nature to improve the sensitivity (the steepness of the input/output curve) of many regulatory cascades. Specifically, we have employed molecular beacons, a commonly employed optical DNA sensor, to recreate the sequestration mechanism and performed an exhaustive, quantitative study of its key determinants (e.g., the relative concentrations and affinities of probe and depletant). We show that, using sequestration, we can narrow the pseudo-linear range of a traditional molecular beacon from 81-fold (i.e., the transition from 10% to 90% target occupancy spans an 81-fold change in target concentration) to just 1.5-fold. This narrowing of the dynamic range improves the sensitivity of molecular beacons to that equivalent of an oligomeric, allosteric receptor with a Hill coefficient greater than 9. Following this we have adapted the sequestration mechanism to steepen the binding-site occupancy curve of a common transcription factor by an order of magnitude over the sensitivity observed in the absence of sequestration. Given the success with which the sequestration mechanism has been employed by nature, we believe that this strategy could dramatically improve the performance of synthetic biological systems and artificial biosensors.
Biomechanical considerations in themanagement of the vertical dimension

The vertical dimension may be altered purposefully or unintentionally during therapy by dental extrusion, intrusion, growth modification, or orthognathic surgery. Vertical changes result in the mandible rotating either open or closed with corresponding alterations in interarch dental relationships, facial esthetics, and lip and tongue function. The biomechanics involved in the treatment of patients who exhibit an anterior open bite or a deep overbite related to excessive or deficient vertical facial dimensions are discussed.
Do confessions taint perceptions of handwriting evidence? An empirical test of the forensic confirmation bias.

Citing classic psychological research and a smattering of recent studies, Kassin, Dror, and Kukucka (2013) proposed the operation of a forensic confirmation bias, whereby preexisting expectations guide the evaluation of forensic evidence in a self-verifying manner. In a series of studies, we tested the hypothesis that knowing that a defendant had confessed would taint people’s evaluations of handwriting evidence relative to those not so informed. In Study 1, participants who read a case summary in which the defendant had previously confessed were more likely to erroneously conclude that handwriting samples from the defendant and perpetrator were authored by the same person, and were more likely to judge the defendant guilty, compared with those in a no-confession control group. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings using a within-subjects design in which participants rated the same samples both before and after reading a case summary. These findings underscore recent critiques of the forensic sciences as subject to bias, and suggest the value of insulating forensic examiners from contextual information.
SDEs driven by a time-changed Lévy process and their associated time-fractional order pseudo-differential equations

It is known that the transition probabilities of a solution to a classical Ito stochastic differential equation (SDE) satisfy in the weak sense the associated Kolmogorov equation. The Kolmogorov equation is a partial differential equation with coefficients determined by the corresponding SDE. Time-fractional Kolmogorov-type equations are used to model complex processes in many fields. However, the class of SDEs that is associated with these equations is unknown except in a few special cases. The present paper shows that in the cases of either time-fractional order or more general time-distributed order differential equations, the associated class of SDEs can be described within the framework of SDEs driven by semimartingales. These semimartingales are time-changed Levy processes where the independent time-change is given respectively by the inverse of a single or mixture of independent stable subordinators. Examples are provided, including a fractional analogue of the Feynman–Kac formula.
Precision low-speed digital control of a permanent-magnet synchronous motor

A digital controller is designed and built for a 3-phase 4-pole permanent-magnet synchronous motor that is the prime mover in a mechanically novel kinematically-coupled friction-drive linear motion system. The goal is to provide constant low-speed linear motion at 3.2 mm/sec with an easily assembled system using a low-cost rotary optical shaft encoder as the only feedback element. The control task is made difficult by the low rotational speed of the motor, 4.4 RPM. This paper investigates different velocity estimation schemes, and a disturbance mapping and cancellation technique is used to reduce repeatable errors. The present system achieves a performance of 14% or less peak-to-peak velocity error with an RMS error of 0.93%. Performance limiting factors, both electrical and mechanical, that could potentially affect any low-speed low-cost system are identified and addressed. >
Joint modeling of multiple longitudinal patient-reported outcomes and survival

Researchers often include patient-reported outcomes (PROs) in Phase III clinical trials to demonstrate the value of treatment from the patient's perspective. These data are collected as longitudinal repeated measures and are often censored by occurrence of a clinical event that defines a survival time. Hierarchical Bayesian models having latent individual-level trajectories provide a flexible approach to modeling such multiple outcome types simultaneously. We consider the case of many zeros in the longitudinal data motivating a mixture model, and demonstrate several approaches to modeling multiple longitudinal PROs with survival in a cancer clinical trial. These joint models may enhance Phase III analyses and better inform health care decision makers.
Social Chronobiology: Circadian Activation Rhythms of Married Couples

16 couples who had been married about 8½ yr. indicated level of activation every 4 hr. on each of 6 days and twice each day completed the Interpersonal Conflict Scale. Body temperatures were recorded each hour. Analyses showed group rhythms in scores, individual rhythms in some scores. Use of this information in resolving conflict seems possible.
BASH: A backhaul-aided seamless handoff scheme for Wireless Mesh Networks

Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are comprised of mesh routers whose relatively small transmission range may result infrequent handoffs, leading to high packet delays and loss rates and limiting the performance of real-time applications over WMNs. In this work, we propose BASH - a backhaul-aided seamless handoff scheme. Our scheme takes advantage of the wireless backhaul feature of WMNs and allows a mobile station to probe the neighboring mesh routers by accessing the backhaul channel. After the probe request, the mobile station is able to switch back to its primary communication channel and resume its ongoing communication without waiting for the probe responses. The currently associated mesh router of the mobile station collects the probe responses and selects the new mesh route on behalf of the mobile station. Our works show that by utilizing the wireless backhaul, BASH (1) reduces the probing latency and, thus, the Layer-2 handoff latency; (2) allows partial overlap of the Layer-2 and Layer-3 handoffs, reducing the overall handoff latency; and (3) shortens the authentication latency by utilizing the transitivity of trust relationship. The experimental results show that BASH achieves an average Layer-2 handoff of 8.7 ms, which supports the real-time applications during the handoff.
Disc electrophoretic investigation of Tripsacum

Abstract Seed protein variation in Tripsacum indicated that the genus is divisible into two groups which can be correlated to differences in spikelet morphology. Species with membranaceous staminate glumes, and those with coriaceous staminate glumes form two distinct groups when their seed proteins are compared electrophoretically, Seed protein variation within Tripsacum dactyloides populations could not be correlated to previously described geographical groupings of this taxon. Although morphologically similar, Tripsacum floridanum and T. dactyloides could be distinguished by their seed protein differences.
Dynamic scheduling of distributed method invocations

Distributed method invocations require dynamic scheduling algorithms and efficient resource projections to provide timeliness guarantees to application objects. In this paper, we present a dynamic scheduling algorithm that examines the computation times, real times and resource requirements of the application tasks to determine a feasible schedule for the method invocations. The schedule is driven by the laxities of the tasks and the importance that the tasks have to the system. Tasks span processor boundaries, and request messages carry scheduling parameters (laxity values) from one processor to another, yielding a system-wide scheduling algorithm that requires only local computations. Experimental results validate our scheduling algorithm, and show that it has minimal overhead.
Membrane Cascade Plasmapheresis: Theoretical Analysis and In Vitro Studies

As the donor plasma required in plasmapheresis therapy is not only expensive but may also cause side effects and transfer of infections, attempt was made in the present work to generate continuously autologous purified plasma. A membrane cascade plasmapheresis (MCP) system was developed which: 1. Separates plasma from blood using a membrane plasma separator 2. Fractionates this plasma into two fractions using a secondary filter, one fraction rich in albumin and the other rich in immunoglobulins 3. Returns to the patient filtered blood combined with albumin-rich plasma fraction Ringer solution was used to compensate for the loss of plasma volume rejected as immunoglobulins. The main problem is to maximize the clearance of IgG and recovery of albumin. Theoretical analysis of the system shows that the clearance of IgG increases with the increase in Ringer solution flow rate. However, this increase in clearance of IgG is accompanied by a decrease in albumin recovery. Theoretical analysis presents a relationship between the clearance of protein as a function of their sieving coefficients of the secondary filter, plasma separation rate, and the priming volume. In vitro evaluation of the system using patient's plasma and a Kuraray 2A filter (secondary filter) show that the relative clearances of IgG and albumin lie in the range of 65-70% and 40-45%, respectively. Further improvement in the selectivity of the secondary filter is necessary to minimize the clearance of albumin and to increase the clearance of IgG.
Spatiotemporal chaos in spatially extended systems

To address finite-size effects in the use of the decay mutual information to characterize spatiotemporal chaotic dynamics, we modify the dispersion of the nonlinear Schrodinger equation to obtain a model system for which the number of unstable modes remains fixed while the domain size increases. Our numerical study of the model system clearly establishes that spatiotemporal chaos arises in the presence of only two unstable modes. In this spatially extended system, the spatiotemporal chaos is characterized by chaotic dynamics in time and by an exponential decay in space of mutual information, with the decay rate becoming system-size independent in the large system-size limit.
Energetics of the stratosphere

Abstract The most significant radiative and mechanical sources of energy for the stratosphere are discussed. There are currently some significant uncertainties in stratospheric radiative heating calculations. Tropical and extratropical planetary scale waves generated in the troposphere are responsible for many of the variations in the global circulation. These waves effect vertical transfer of momentum and so drive zonal wind systems. We emphasize the mechanisms by which winter hemisphere planetary Rossby waves influence the zonal flow. These mechanisms suggest explanations for mid-winter warmings and the easterly component of the semiannual oscillation at the tropical stratopause. Evidence from observational studies and numerical simulations is given which supports our present understanding of the role of hydrodynamic waves in the stratospheric general circulation.
The Phloem Sieve Element: A River Runs through It.

31 9-335-3620. the sieve tube, which is formed by a series of connected phloem sieve elements. This fundamental difference imposes requirements on the development of the sieve element that are unique to these cells, and the differentiation of sieve elements follows a course that is unparalleled in the biological world. Essentially, a series of differentiating sieve elements form a syncytium, a single compartment bound by a plasma membrane (Murphy and Aikman, 1989). Within the developing syncytium, the larger cellular organelles, which could impede assimilate flow, are degraded and removed, and the mature sieve tube lacks nuclei, vacuoles, Golgi bodies, or ribosomes. The plasmodesmata in the walls between the individual sieve elements are converted into large openings (sieve pores) that facilitate flow from cell to cell through the sieve tube. Significantly, this differentiation process, including the formation of sieve pores, is accomplished while maintaining the continuity of the plasma membrane around the individual cells and through the pores formed between the cells. The result of this unique differentiation process is the formation of a continuous, membrane-lined compartment, the sieve tube, that provides a pathway for nutrient flow and for signaling activities (Ryals et al., 1996) throughout the plant body.
Content in Context Improves Deception Detection Accuracy

Past research has shown that people are only slightly better than chance at distinguishing truths from lies. Higher accuracy rates, however, are possible when contextual knowledge is used to judge the veracity of situated message content. The utility of content in context was shown in a series of experiments with students (N = 26, 45, 51, 25, 127) and experts (N = 66). Across studies, average accuracy was 75% in the content in context groups compared with 57% in the controls. These results demonstrate the importance of situating judges within a meaningful context and have important implications for deception theory. Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass Menschen nur weniger besser als zufallig Wahrheit von Lugen unterscheiden konnen. Hohere Trefferquoten werden allerdings moglich, wenn kontextuelles Wissen genutzt wird, um die Wahrhaftigkeit von Botschaftsinhalten einzuschatzen. Die Nutzlichkeit der Kontextualisierung von Inhalten wurde in einer Serie von Experimenten mit Studierenden (N = 26, 45, 51, 25, 127) und Experten (N = 66) gezeigt. Uber die Studien hinweg lag die durchschnittliche Genauigkeit bei 75% in den Kontextualisierungsgruppen im Vergleich zu 57% in den Kontrollgruppen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die Bedeutung der Platzierung von Entscheidern in einen bedeutungsvollen Kontext und haben wichtige Implikationen fur die Tauschungstheorie. Schlusselbegriffe: Lugen, lugen, Lugendetektion Resume La recherche a montre que les gens n’arrivent a distinguer la verite du mensonge que dans une proportion a peine superieure a celle obtenue par le simple effet du hasard. Cependant, des niveaux d’exactitude plus eleves sont possibles lorsque les connaissances contextuelles sont utilisees pour evaluer la veracite du contenu d’un message situe. L’utilite du contenu en contexte est demontree dans une serie d’experiences menees aupres d’etudiants (N = 26, 45, 51, 25, 127) et d’experts (N = 66). Dans l’ensemble des etudes, l’exactitude moyenne etait de 75 % dans les groupes de contenu en contexte, contre 57 % dans les groupes de controle. Ces resultats demontrent l’importance de situer les evaluateurs dans un contexte ayant un sens. Ils ont des consequences importantes pour la theorie du mensonge. Mots cles : mensonges, mentir, detection du mensonge Resumen Las investigaciones anteriores han mostrado que la gente es solo un poco mejor que la casualidad para distinguir las verdades de las mentiras. Los indices de mayor precision, sin embargo, son posibles cuando el conocimiento contextual es usado para juzgar la veracidad del contenido de los mensajes situados. La utilidad del contenido en contexto fue demostrado en una serie de experimentos con estudiantes (N = 26, 45, 51, 25, 127) y expertos (N = 66). A traves de los estudios, el promedio de la exactitud fue del 75% en el contenido de grupos de contexto comparado con el 57% de los de control. Los resultados demuestran la importancia de situar a los jueces dentro de un contexto significativo y tiene importantes implicancias para la teoria de la decepcion. Palabras claves: mentiras, mentir, deteccion de mentiras
UWB signaling for CR and coherent receivers and localization with weak received signals

Pulsed ultrawideband (UWB) signaling is widely used in indoor localization networks, in which data communications often occur concurrently. The receivers in such a network often have different complexity, performance, and energy consumption requirements. The goal of this paper is to design a coded-reference (CR) UWB scheme that enables simultaneous data transmission and high-precision localization while receivers with different performance and complexity requirements can flexibly choose their own operation modes. We start with the Barker codes and construct a set of orthogonal codes for CR signaling; compared with existing schemes, these codes have the desired autocorrelation properties required for high-precision timing extraction when the received signal is weak (transmission over a long distance). We also modify an existing hybrid coherent-transmitted-reference modulation format and apply the orthogonal codes designed so that both coherent and CR receivers can demodulate the same transmitted data while the fine-timing information required for high-precision localization is carried inherently in the transmitted signal. Timing synchronization and error performances of the proposed system are analyzed and simulated.
Debugging reinvented: asking and answering why and why not questions about program behavior

When software developers want to understand the reason for a program's behavior, they must translate their questions about the behavior into a series of questions about code, speculating about the causes in the process. The Whyline is a new kind of debugging tool that avoids such speculation by instead enabling developers to select a question about program output from a set of why did and why didn't questions derived from the program's code and execution. The tool then finds one or more possible explanations for the output in question, using a combination of static and dynamic slicing, precise call graphs, and new algorithms for determining potential sources of values and explanations for why a line of code was not reached. Evaluations of the tool on one task showed that novice programmers with the Whyline were twice as fast as expert programmers without it. The tool has the potential to simplify debugging in many software development contexts.
Breast Cancer Multifocality and Multicentricity and Locoregional Recurrence

The impact of multifocal (MF) or multicentric (MC) breast cancer on locoregional (LR) control rates is unknown. Methods. MF was defined as two or more separate invasive tumors in the same quadrant of the breast. MC was defined as two or more separate invasive tumors occupying more than one quadrant of the same breast. Patients were categorized by LR treatment: breast conservation therapy (BCT; n = 256), mastectomy (n = 466), or mastectomy plus postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT; n = 184). All patients with MC disease had mastectomy (10 patients treated with BCT for MC disease were excluded). The Kaplan-Meier product limit method was used to calculate 5-year LR control rate. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine independent associations of multifocality or multicentricity with LR control. Results. A total of 906 patients had either MF disease (n = 673) or MC disease (n = 233). With median follow-up of 52 months, the 5-year LR control rate was 99% for MF, 96% for MC, and 98% for unifocal tumors (p = .44). Subset analysis revealed no difference in LR control regardless of the LR treatment (p = .67 for BCT, p = .37 for mastectomy, p = .29 for mastectomy plus PMRT). There were five in-breast recurrences after BCT in the MF group. MF and MC did not have an independent impact on LR control rate on multivariate analysis. Conclusion. MF and MC disease are not independent risk factors for LR recurrence. Patients with MF and MC breast cancer had rates of LR control similar to those of their unifocal counterparts. These data suggest that BCT is a safe option for patients with MF tumors and that MF or MC disease alone is not an indication for PMRT.
Epitaxial silicon thin films by low-temperature aluminum induced crystallization of amorphous silicon for solar cell applications

Aluminum-induced crystallization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon was used to fabricate epitaxial silicon films through solid phase epitaxy. Silicon wafers of (100) orientation were used as the starting crystalline structure for the epitaxial thin film growth. A configuration of c-Si/Al/a-Si:H was used to produce these films through the phenomenon of layer inversion. A thin layer of aluminum (300 nm) was deposited on a silicon wafer by sputtering. On top of this layer, a 300 nm amorphous silicon film was deposited using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. After annealing the samples at 475degC for 40 minutes, a continuous film of crystalline silicon was formed on the silicon substrate. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and cross- sectional transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the films. Auger depth profiling indicated the formation of a Si/Al mixed phase within the first few minutes of annealing. A proposed model of the growth mechanism is presented
Democratization of Nanoscale Imaging and Sensing Tools Using Photonics.

Providing means for researchers and citizen scientists in the developing world to perform advanced measurements with nanoscale precision can help to accelerate the rate of discovery and invention as well as improve higher education and the training of the next generation of scientists and engineers worldwide. Here, we review some of the recent progress toward making optical nanoscale measurement tools more cost-effective, field-portable, and accessible to a significantly larger group of researchers and educators. We divide our review into two main sections: label-based nanoscale imaging and sensing tools, which primarily involve fluorescent approaches, and label-free nanoscale measurement tools, which include light scattering sensors, interferometric methods, photonic crystal sensors, and plasmonic sensors. For each of these areas, we have primarily focused on approaches that have either demonstrated operation outside of a traditional laboratory setting, including for example integration with mobile phone...
A Test-Ordering Algorithm Can Reduce Laboratory Test Use

The D-dimer assay is a rapid latex agglutination assay that detects specific cross-linked fibrin fragments resulting from plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis. When we introduced the D-dimer assay at our institution, clinicians began to order both D-dimer and conventional fibrin degradation products assays to evaluate patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Because this pattern of laboratory test use appeared to generate redundant clinical information, we instituted a test-ordering algorithm that uses the D-dimer assay as a screening test, and reserves the fibrin degradation products assay for specific cases. After establishing this policy, we examined test-ordering patterns during the next 6 months and found excellent clinician compliance with the policy. The use of a test-ordering algorithm increased laboratory efficiency, conserved laboratory resources, and eliminated redundant testing.
Two smoke rings or one? The transient electromagnetic response of a buried loop

Summary The transient electromagnetic response of a wire loop at the surface of the earth has been studied in detail for several decades. When current in the loop is rapidly switched off, an identical system of current, commonly referred to as a “smoke ring” is induced in the conductive subsurface and diffuses downwards and outwards into the earth. What has not been studied as thoroughly is the response of a loop buried within a conductive medium, as might be the case in the marine environment or when transient electromagnetic prospecting systems are placed in mine tunnels or horizontal boreholes. In this abstract we examine the transient electromagnetic response of a wire loop buried within a conductive halfspace. Expressions are derived for the azimuthal electric field and corresponding vertical and radial magnetic fields. Results show that when the loop is far from the earth-air interface, a single smoke ring system diffuses radially outwards from the loop, as opposed to two loops travelling up and down in the vertical directions (as we previously expected). As the loop burial depth decreases, the smoke ring system diffuses radially at early times, but gradually the complex image of the loop in the air produces a system of secondary azimuthal electric fields which, when combined with the primary field, add a vertical direction to the field diffusion. At late times, the field behaviour reduces to the well-known surface case and the maximum current system diffuses downward at a constant angle of 26 degrees with respect to the plane of the loop. We suggest that it is the effect of the interface which produces the downward migration of a smoke ring system, while the outward migration is mainly generated by the primary field.
Surface Enhanced Raman Study of the Interaction of Organic Solar Cell Components with Plasmonically Active Nanoparticles

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy is used to characterize the interaction of a common poly(thiophene) based component of organic polymer photovoltaic cells, PEDOT:PSS, with plasmonically active metal nanoparticles that are reported to enhance solar conversion efficiency.
Global Economic Integration and Justice: A Capabilities Approach

A survey of the beliefs of economists today would surely fmd that comparative advantage is among the most sacrosanct of economic concepts. The notion that countries benefit from trade whenever there exist cross-border differences in endowments and preferences has survived repeated assaults from within and without economics. Indeed, allegiance to this proposition is taken to distinguish true economists from ideologues, opportunists and the ignorant (cf.Krugman 1993).
A Breeding Report of a New Rice Variety 'Tonghe 857'

'Tonghe 857'was bred by using'Liaojing 5'as female parent and'Tong 95-74'as male parent.The average yield was 8 870.3 kg/hm2 in two years provincial regional test,which was 6% higher than that of the control.The average yield was 8 853.9 kg/hm2 in production test,which was 6.6% higher than that of the control'Qiuguang'.Advantages of this variety are high yield and high tolerant.The only disadvantage of this variety is the intact fine grain ratio declined when nitrogen was applied too much singly.
Effects of ATP-sensitive potassium channel opner iptakalim on deacclimatization to high altitude

AIM:To study the effects of iptakalim,a novel ATP-sensitive potassium channel opner,against deacclimatization to high altitude.METHODS: This study was performed with a randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled,parallel-group design.Fifty-six male soldiers were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group(39 men) and control group(17 men).The subjects were taken iptakalim tablets(5 mg/tablet,once a day) or placebo(once a day) respectively,for 7 months.The treatment was stopped at the 2 days before the subjects return to 3400 m altitude,and then returned to plain(1400 m).The questionnaire of symptoms of deacclimatization to high altitude was used on the 2nd,4th,6th day after the subjects returned to 1400 m altitude and the scores of deacclimatization symptoms were evaluated.RESULTS: Among the 17 men staying at 5200-5380 m high altitude for a long time,the incidences of deacclimatization to high altitude were 82.4%,52.9% and 23.5% on the 2nd,4th,6th day after they returned to 1400 m altitude,respectively.After treated with iptakalim for 7 months,the incidences of deacclimatization were 43.6%,30.8% and 38.5%,respectively.The scores of deacclimatization symptoms of placebo-control group on the 2nd and 4th,6th day after returning to 1400 m were 6.0±1.9,4.6±1.0 and 3.8±1.5 respectively,while those in iptakalim-treated group were 4.4±2.4,3.3±1.8 and 4.0±1.5 respectively.Compared with control,symptoms of deacclimatization to high altitude of treatment group were reduced significantly on the 2nd and 4th day after returning to 1400 m.There was no statistically significant difference in scores of deacclimatization symptoms between the two groups on the 6th day.CONCLUSION: Iptakalim can decrease the incidence of deacclimatization to high altitude,mitigate the symptoms of deacclimatization to high altitude.Iptakalim have a significant effect on prevention and treatment of deacclimatization to high altitude.