cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of the Online Learning Self-efficacy Scale (OLSS): A structural equation modeling approach

This study reports the development and validation of the Online Learning Self-efficacy Scale (OLSS) for online students. The original 73 OLSS items, developed through a comprehensive review of lite...
Still Saving the Constitution from Lawyers: A Response

In a recent issue of this Review, Benjamin H. Barton offered an extended critique of my book, Saving the Constitution from Lawyers: How Legal Training and Law Reviews Distort Constitutional Meaning. In this article, Barton addresses a series of important questions with which my book deals, including the meaning of the Second Amendment. I am motivated to write this essay because of the importance of the issues to which my research, and therefore Barton’s article, are focused, including the nature and effects of legal education and law reviews on constitutional meaning. While I am grateful to the time and energy Barton has devoted to the analysis of my book, and while I believe some of his comment has merit, I also write because much of his analysis mischaracterizes or misstates my arguments. In addition, he offers as fact some assertions which are simply false. Ironically, Barton’s essay illustrates some of the very problems I identify in my book.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GIVING BINAHONG LEAF (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) AND PAPAYA LEAF (Carica papaya) ON SKIN WOUND HEALING IN WHITE RAT (Rattus novergicus)

Introduction: The incidence of acute and chronic injuries increases every year. Most injuries in the world population, as many as 48%, are caused by trauma or surgery. the highest incidence of wounds in the world based on the etiology was from surgery, which was 110.30 million cases. One of the handlings of wounds on the skin can be done by giving herbal medicines, which can be easily accessed by the public, such as binahong leaves and papaya leaves. Purpose: To analyze the effectiveness of giving 40% binahong leaf extract cream and 40% papaya leaf extract cream on the wound distance in the white rat wound healing process. Method: this study is an experimental study with post-test only control group design approach. The sampling technique used in this study was a random sampling method where the number of samples was calculated using the Federer formula, with a total sample of 28 white rats. The distance of the wound was measured using a micrometer. Results: Twenty-eight wound distance on rats were measured as subjects of the study and then treated with binahong leaf extract cream and papaya leaf extract cream, then the wound distance of each treatment was measured using a micrometer. According to the results, 40% binahong leaf extract cream and 40% papaya leaf extract cream showed better effectiveness in reducing the wound distance of white rat incision than the negative control group (cream base) and positive control group (gentamicin ointment). According to the Mann Whitney test comparing the P1 group (40% binahong leaf extract cream) and P2 (40% papaya leaf extract cream), p-value >0.05, which is 0.543, which means that P1 has no significant mean difference with P2. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in effectiveness between the treatment of 40% binahong leaf extract cream and 40% papaya leaf extract cream.
Evaluation of low dose famciclovir as herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus prophylaxis in cytomegalovirus low-risk solid organ transplant recipients.

Objective Famciclovir is a recommended option for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) prophylaxis in cytomegalovirus (CMV) low-risk solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients in current guidelines; however there is currently no data evaluating its use in SOT recipients. We conducted a multicenter provider survey on antiviral prophylaxis in CMV low-risk SOT recipients and evaluated the efficacy and safety of once daily famciclovir antiviral prophylaxis. Methods Two-part analysis consisting of a national provider survey and a retrospective chart review of 78 kidney transplant recipients at a single institution. Results Providers from 45 transplant centers within the United States responded to the survey. Across all organs, acyclovir 400 mg twice daily was utilized by the majority of respondents (70.4%), with most using prophylaxis for a duration of 3 months (68.8%). No respondents reported use of famciclovir at their institution. In the retrospective review there were no documented cases of HSV/VZV/CMV infection during the 3 months of famciclovir prophylaxis, and only one patient (1.3%) later developed VZV infection at 12 months post-transplant. One patient (1.3%) required premature discontinuation of famciclovir due to concern for acute interstitial nephritis. Conclusion Nationwide, the most common antiviral prophylaxis used in CMV low-risk SOT recipients is acyclovir 400 mg twice daily. Among patients receiving once daily famciclovir for CMV low-risk antiviral prophylaxis, there was no HSV/VZV/CMV infection while on prophylaxis. Once daily famciclovir may provide an effective and convenient once daily dosing regimen for antiviral prophylaxis in CMV low-risk SOT recipients.
Parallel evolution of the summer steelhead ecotype in multiple populations from Oregon and Northern California

Parallel adaptive divergence of migratory and reproductive behavior can occur in multiple populations when similar selection is acting on these traits. Timing of migration, sexual maturity, and reproduction can have major impacts on the dynamics and viability of a population. Life-history variation in steelhead, Oncorhynchus mykiss, including variation in anadromous run timing, reproductive maturity, and spawn timing, represents an important aspect of their biology and adaptation to local habitats. Here we present a genetic analysis of naturally spawning steelhead to evaluate the genetic relationships and ancestry of summer- and winter-run reproductive ecotypes from multiple river basins in Oregon and Northern California. We infer the phylogeographic relationships among populations of both summer- and winter-run steelhead ecotypes using 12 microsatellite loci and 90 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Phylogenetic trees and analysis of molecular genetic variance revealed that pairs of phenotypically and genetically distinct reproductive ecotypes within rivers were each other’s closest relatives. Isolation by distance was also observed, confirming that genetic relatedness was strongly associated with geographic distance, and indicating limited gene flow among river basins. These patterns support the hypothesis that the summer-run steelhead ecotype has repeatedly evolved through parallel evolution in multiple river basins. Our results, together with further investigations of the underlying molecular basis for the divergence of winter- and summer-run steelhead life-history traits, inform management efforts for these ecotypes and improve our understanding of the role of adaptive genetic variation in conservation.
Thermoregulatory Considerations for Safely Running Long-Distance Races in Hot, Humid Conditions

Two male, unacclimitized distance runners, ages 29 and 45, ran on a treadmill at speeds of 176 and 135 m/min, respectively, and 3% grade for 60 min. in eight controlled hot environments. Combinations of five levels of ambient water vapor pressure (15, 18, 23, 26.5 and 29 mm Hg) and four levels of dry-bulb temperature (30.6, 34.2, 37.2 and 40.6°C) in the vicinity of a WBGT line of 28°C were controlled to evaluate their effects on the runners' physiological responses of heart rate, sweat loss, rectal temperature, skin temperatures, respiration rate, and oxygen uptake. The findings indicate that the WBGT index is not adequate as a criterion for evaluating distance runners' responses to heat (i.e., conditions of equal values of WBGT did not produce equivalent physiological responses) and there are conditions beyond the 28°C WBGT line (a recommended guideline) for which acceptable steady-state responses were approached.
Inner ear disorders.

OBJECTIVES To present a framework for the diagnosis and treatment of inner ear disorders, with an emphasis on problems common to neuro-rehabilitation. INTRODUCTION Disorders of the inner ear can cause hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo and imbalance. Hearing loss can be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed; conductive hearing loss arises from the ear canal or middle ear, while sensorineural hearing loss arises from the inner ear or auditory nerve. Vertigo is a hallucination of motion, and is the cardinal symptom of vestibular system disease. It should be differentiated from other causes of dizziness: gait imbalance, disequilibrium, lightheadedness (pre-syncope). Vertigo can be caused by problems in the inner ear or central nervous system. METHODS The diagnosis of inner ear disorders begins with a targeted physical examination. The initial work-up of hearing loss is made by audiometry, and vertigo by electronystagmography (ENG). Supplemental tests and MRI are obtained when clinically indicated. RESULTS The clinical pattern and duration of vertigo are the most important clinical features in the diagnosis. Common inner ear causes of vertigo include: vestibular neuritis (sudden, unilateral vestibular loss), Meniere's disease (episodic vertigo), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), and bilateral vestibular loss. Common central nervous system causes of vertigo include: post concussion syndrome, cervical vertigo, vestibular migraine, cerebrovascular disease, and acoustic neuroma. CONCLUSION A basic knowledge of vestibular physiology, coupled with a understanding of common vestibular syndromes, will lead to correct diagnosis and treatment in most cases.
Bacterioplankton secondary production estimates for coastal waters of british columbia, antarctica, and california.

The principal objective of this study was to quantify the rate of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production. Production was estimated by two approaches: (i) measurement of increasing bacterial abundance with time in filtered (3-μm pore size) seawater and (ii) estimation of bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis by tritiated thymidine incorporation in unfractionated seawater. The two approaches yielded comparable results when used at the Controlled Ecosystem Population Experiment (Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, Canada), at McMurdo Sound (Antarctica), and off Scripps Pier (La Jolla, Calif.). Estimated bacterioplankton production was lower in Antarctic samples (ranging from ∼0 to 2.9 μg of C liter−1 day−1) than in those from the other two sites (ranging from 0.7 to 71 μg of C liter−1 day−1). In all three regions studied, it appeared that a significant fraction of the total primary production was utilized by the bacterioplankton and that substantial growth could occur in the absence of large particles. These results support the conclusion that bacterioplankton are a quantitatively important component of coastal marine food webs.
Nonlinear Dynamics and Predictability in the Atmospheric Sciences

Systematic applications of nonlinear dynamics to studies of the atmosphere and climate are reviewed for the period 1987-1990. Problems discussed include paleoclimatic applications, low-frequency atmospheric variability, and interannual variability of the ocean-atmosphere system. Emphasis is placed on applications of the successive bifurcation approach and the ergodic theory of dynamical systems to understanding and prediction of intraseasonal, interannual, and Quaternary climate changes.
Point-of-care testing error: sources and amplifiers, taxonomy, prevention strategies, and detection monitors.

Abstract Context.—In a survey performed 4 years ago, testing venues doing only point-of-care testing (POCT) made up 78% of sites for patient testing licensed under federal regulations. Objectives.—To identify sources of POCT error, to present a classification of such errors, to suggest strategies to prevent errors, and to describe monitors that assess and reduce the frequency of errors. Design.—To identify sources of POCT error, large studies of error among US Federal Certificate of Waiver laboratories (CoWs) and practitioner-performed microscopy certificate holders were reviewed. To facilitate investigation and management of POCT error, a taxonomy of such errors (modified from a classification previously published by Gerald Kost) was used to identify 4 steps with error potential in each of the 3 phases (ie, preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic) of the POCT process. To prevent observed POCT errors, 4 strategies are suggested: direct observation of instrument/method functionality, structured observation...
Identification of genes expressed in the migrating primitive myeloid lineage of Xenopus laevis.

BACKGROUND During primitive hematopoiesis in Xenopus, cebpa and spib expressing myeloid cells emerge from the anterior ventral blood island. Primitive myeloid cells migrate throughout the embryo and are critical for immunity, healing, and development. Although definitive hematopoiesis has been studied extensively, molecular mechanisms leading to the migration of primitive myelocytes remain poorly understood. We hypothesized these cells have specific extracellular matrix modifying and cell motility gene expression. RESULTS In situ hybridization screens of transcripts expressed in Xenopus foregut mesendoderm at stage 23 identified seven genes with restricted expression in primitive myeloid cells: destrin; coronin actin binding protein, 1a; formin-like 1; ADAM metallopeptidase domain 28; cathepsin S; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1; and protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 6. A detailed in situ hybridization analysis revealed these genes are initially expressed in the aVBI but become dispersed throughout the embryo as the primitive myeloid cells become migratory, similar to known myeloid markers. Morpholino-mediated loss-of-function and mRNA-mediated gain-of-function studies revealed the identified genes are downstream of Spib.a and Cebpa, key transcriptional regulators of the myeloid lineage. CONCLUSIONS We have identified genes specifically expressed in migratory primitive myeloid progenitors, providing tools to study how different gene networks operate in these primitive myelocytes during development and immunity.
Analyzing the Minority Gap in Achievement Scores: Issues for States and Federal Government

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 requires that states demonstrate a reduction in the test score minority gap over time but does not specify what methodology states must use to demonstrate this. The Act also requires that a measure of Adequate Yearly Progress be established by each state expressed in terms of the percent of students who achieve a level of “proficiency” on the state examination. While the most common methods used by states for analyzing the minority gap in test scores over time are percent achieving a performance standard, mean scale scores, and effect sizes, the default method for analyzing the minority gap will likely be the percent achieving proficiency. This article considers some of the practical issues involved in using the percent achieving a performance standard, mean scale scores, and effect sizes to analyze the minority gap using Texas student performance on their in-state assessment, National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), and SAT. The intent of the article is to increase the understanding of policymakers and others on the issues of using the various statistics to analyze the minority gap.
Thermochemistry of (Fe2+, Mg)SiO3 orthopyroxene

Abstract Enthalpies of solution in eutectic (Li, Na) 2 B 2 O 4 melts at 1023 K were measured for five synthetic orthopyroxenes on the join MgSiO 3 -FeSiO 3 . The pyroxenes were synthesized at 1120°C and 20 kbar and thus were presumed to be highly disordered. The measurements indicate a small positive enthalpy of mixing, with W H = 950 cal / MSiO 3 . Enthalpy of solution measurements were made on a natural, well-ordered orthopyroxene near the composition En 52.5 Fs 47.5 and on this material after heat-treatment at 1150°C and 20 kbar. Irreversible expansion of the unit-cell constants of the natural pyroxene after heat-treatment at various temperatures was used to characterize the degree of M-site disorder. The observed enthalpy of solution decrement of 0.85 kcal/MSiO 3 between the natural En 52.5 and the same material heated at 1150° corresponds to about half of the maximum possible disordering, or ΔX Fe M 1 ≅ 0.25, which leads to a ΔH of 7.5 kcal/M 2 Si 2 O 6 , for the exchange reaction: Fe ( M 2) + Mg ( Ml ) = Fe ( Ml ) + Mg ( M 2) if M-site interaction energy terms are ignored. This Δ H is larger than inferred from any of the analyses of site-occupancy data except that of Besancon (1981), who gave a very similar value. The measured Δ H of disorder and the W H of mixing together indicate a large Δ H as great as 3.2 kcal for the reciprocal reaction: Fe 2 Si 2 O 6 + Mg 2 Si 2 O 6 = Fe ( M 2) Mg ( M 1) Si 2 O 6 + Fe ( M 1) Mg ( M 2) Si 2 O 6 as anticipated by Sack (1980). As a consequence of the inferred magnitudes of ΔH of the exchange and reciprocal reactions, departures from ideality of Gibbs energy of mixing of orthopyroxene are very small at 700°–1000°C. Activities of MgSiO 3 and FeSiO 3 may be replaced by their mol fractions at all temperatures in most petrologic calculations.
The radiopaque lesion: a diagnostic consideration.

Abstract This study attempts to designate that some periapical and periodontal radiopacities can be caused by inflamed or necrotic pulps and periodontitis. An hypothesis is offered to explain the formation of a periapical sclerotic lesion. The increase in periapical bone density can often mask an occult granulomatous lesion and it can be obscured by inadvertently superimposing tori over apical radiolucencies. The increased reactive periapical sclerosis is not necessarily clue to an osteitis. This is especially true of dense trabecular bone patterns that are noted in cases of occlusal stress and in periodontitis. It is questionable whether the use of the terms condensing osteitis or sclerosing osteitis is appropriate. Endodontic or periodontic therapy in cases associated with increased bone density produce a normalization of the bone trabeculae. The lesions that do not respond to the specific treatment may be due to anatomic landmarks, increase in functional stimuli producing excessive bone production, local and systemic disorders. Diagnostic features of the radiopaque lesion are discussed.
Inhibition of iodoacetamide and t-butylhydroperoxide toxicity in LLC-PK1 cells by antioxidants: A role for lipid peroxidation in alkylation induced cytotoxicity

Abstract Previously we reported that thiol depletion and lipid peroxidation were associated with the cytotoxicity of nephrotoxic cysteine S-conjugates, a group of toxins which kill LLC-PK1 cells after metabolic activation and covalent binding. To determine if this is a general mechanism of cytotoxicity in these cells, we compared the effect of antioxidants, an iron chelator, and a thiol reducing agent on the toxicity of an alkylating agent, iodoacetamide (IDAM), and an organic peroxidant, t-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP). IDAM or TBHP toxicity was concentration (0.01 to 1.0 m m ) and time (1 to 6 h) dependent. Both toxins caused lipid peroxidation which occurred prior to cell death as determined by leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The alkylating agent IDAM bound to cellular macromolecules and depleted cellular nonprotein thiols almost completely by 1 h, while LDH release occurred first at 2 to 3 h. The toxicity of IDAM and TBHP was inhibited by the antioxidants DPPD, BHA, BHQ, PGA, and BHT and the iron chelator deferoxamine. However, DPPD blocked TBHP- and IDAM-induced lipid peroxidation and toxicity without affecting binding and depletion of cellular nonprotein thiols. Furthermore, the thiol reducing agent dithiothreitol was able to block lipid peroxidation and toxicity. Therefore it is possible that with an alkylating agent, depletion of cellular nonprotein thiols cooperates with covalent binding and contributes to lipid peroxidation and cell death. There appear to be common elements in the toxicity of alkylating agents and organic peroxidants in LLC-PK1 cells.
THE TIME COURSE OF LIPID FORMATION IN HUMAN SEBACEOUS GLANDS

To observe the time course of lipid formation in human sebaceous glands, intradermal injections of [l-14C]acetate were made at a separate site each day in the scalps of 3 male volunteer subjects for 2 weeks. Following the final injection, the marked sites were removed with a full-thickness, 4-mm punch biopsy, and most of the subcutaneous fat was removed. The lipids were extracted from the biopsy specimens with chloroform:methanol and fractionated by thin-layer chromatography. The radioactivity in squalene, wax esters, triglycerides, and phospholipids was measured by autoradiography or by scintillation counting of the recovered lipid fractions. Quantitation of the amounts of the lipid fractions was achieved by charring and photodensitometry of thin-layer chromatograms. The data showed that during the experimental period the radioactivity in wax esters increased linearly more than 3-fold relative to both squalene and triglycerides while the radioactivity in phospholipids declined. This suggests that during sebaceous cell maturation the quantity of wax esters continues to increase after squalene and triglyceride synthesis has ceased and that the additional material for wax ester synthesis could come from fatty acids liberated by the degradation of phospholipids. The data serve to explain the low incorporation of radioactivity into wax esters, relative to squalene, that has frequently been observed in incubations of sebaceous tissue with labeled substrates. The results also provide an explanation for the less rapid decline in the proportion of wax esters in human skin surface lipid, relative to triglycerides, which occurs in the early stages of long-term starvation.
Inhibition of Cell Division in Escherichia coli by Electrolysis Products from a Platinum Electrode

IN an investigation of the possible effects of an electric field on growth processes in bacteria, we have discovered a new and interesting effect. In E. coli, the presence of certain group VIIIb transition metal compounds in concentrations of about 1–10 parts per million of the metal in the culture medium causes an inhibition of the cell division process. The bacteria form long filaments, up to 300 times the normal length, which implies that the growth process is not markedly affected.
Functional implications for Kir4.1 channels in glial biology: from K+ buffering to cell differentiation

Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are characterized by a very negative resting potential and a high resting permeability for K+ ions. Early pharmacological and biophysical studies suggested that the resting potential is established by the activity of inwardly rectifying, Ba2+ sensitive, weakly rectifying Kir channels. Molecular cloning has identified 16 Kir channels genes of which several mRNA transcripts and protein products have been identified in glial cells. However, genetic deletion and siRNA knock-down studies suggest that the resting conductance of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes is largely due to Kir4.1. Loss of Kir4.1 causes membrane depolarization, and a break-down of K+ and glutamate homeostasis which results in seizures and wide-spread white matter pathology. Kir channels have also been shown to act as critical regulators of cell division whereby Kir function is correlated with an exit from the cell cycle. Conversely, loss of functional Kir channels is associated with re-entry of cells into the cell cycle and gliosis. A loss of functional Kir channels has been shown in a number of neurological diseases including temporal lobe epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinal degeneration and malignant gliomas. In the latter, expression of Kir4.1 is sufficient to arrest the aberrant growth of these glial derived tumor cells. Kir4.1 therefore represents a potential therapeutic target in a wide variety of neurological conditions.
Endemic Cretinism in Idjwi Island (Kivu Lake, Republic of the Congo)

Endemic cretins comprise 1.1% of the population of the northern half of Idjwi Island (Kivu Lake, Republic of the Congo). Goiter is common in this part of the island, whereas no cretin was found in the southwest of the island where goiter is much less prevalent. Ninety percent of the cretins are hypothyroid with severe growth and mental retardation, incomplete maturation of the features, myxedematous thickened dry scaly skin, and markedly delayed sexual development. Only 10% of the Idjwi cretins are clinically euthyroid, and most of those are deaf-mute and spastic. Studies on 21 typical myxedematous cretins showed lower 131I uptake and PBI than euthyroid controls from the same area, marked retardation in bone maturation, epiphyseal and metaphyseal dysgenesis and failure of modeling. The bone changes were consistent with hypothyroidism appearing by birth or during the first months of life. Electrocardiograms showed low voltages of the QRS complexes and T waves. Extremely high blood TSH levels indicated prim...
Understanding Biphasic Ionic Liquid/CO2 Systems for Homogeneous Catalysis: Hydroformylation

A biphasic ionic liquid (IL) and compressed carbon dioxide system has a number of advantages for efficient homogeneous catalysis. The hydroformylation of 1-octene to nonanal catalyzed by a rhodium−triphenylphosphine complex was used as a model reaction to illustrate the effects of carbon dioxide in a biphasic ionic liquid/CO2 system using the model ionic liquid, 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([HMIm][Tf2N]). Detailed phase equilibrium studies were conducted to determine volume expansion of the IL phase and the multiphase equilibria and mixture critical points between the reactant, product, and IL with CO2 and syngas (CO/H2). These data ultimately affect the concentration of the reactant and, thus, the apparent reaction rate. The viscosity of the IL with CO2 pressure was measured and demonstrates the dramatic decrease with increasing CO2 pressure. The self-diffusion coefficient of the ionic liquid and 1-octene were measured and indicate a large increase with CO2 pressure (so...
Convective-Scale Downdrafts in the Principal Rainband of Hurricane Katrina (2005)

Abstract Airborne Doppler radar data collected during the Hurricane Rainband and Intensity Change Experiment (RAINEX) document downdrafts in the principal rainband of Hurricane Katrina (2005). Inner-edge downdrafts (IEDs) originating at 6–8-km altitude created a sharp reflectivity gradient along the inner boundary of the rainband. Low-level downdrafts (LLDs) evidently driven by precipitation drag originated at 2–4 km within the heavy rain cells of each convective element. The IED and LLD were spatially separated by but closely associated with the updrafts within the rainband. The IED was forced aloft by pressure perturbations formed in response to the adjacent buoyant updrafts. Once descending, the air attained negative buoyancy via evaporative cooling from the rainband precipitation. A convective-scale tangential wind maximum tended to occur in the radial inflow at lower levels in association with the IED, which enhanced the inward flux of angular momentum at lower levels. Convergence at the base of the ...
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci for Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, and other micropterids.

We isolated and characterized 52 novel microsatellite markers from Florida largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides floridanus, for use in conservation, management and population genetic studies. Markers were assessed in M. s. floridanus from peninsular Florida (n = 30) and averaged eight alleles per locus with observed heterozygosity of 0.57 (range 0-0.97). Cross-taxa amplification was successful among 88% of tested congeners. These polymorphic and potentially taxon-diagnostic markers contribute to the limited number of microsatellites currently available for micropterids and specifically M. s. floridanus.
Modeling neuron spatial distribution and morphology in the developing human cerebral cortex

Abstract Forests of synthetic neurons can be generated in graphical form that are both visually and statistically indistinguishable from equivalent populations of biological neurons selected by cytoarchitectural area, layer, age, and neurological diagnosis from the developing human cerebral cortex. Representative populations of several neuron types (pyramidal, spiny stellate, basket cells, chandelier cells, etc.) have been modeled. The long-range goal of these studies, anatomical realism, transcends the traditional statistical view that models the neuron database exclusively as a set of parameters and their variances. Anatomical realism requires that sufficient parameters be captured that a credible forest of neurons can be grown synthetically within the computer and displayed graphically.
Ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism in the lower crust during Neoarchean Ventersdorp rifting and magmatism, Kaapvaal Craton, southern Africa

A diverse suite of ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) granulite xenoliths from kimberlites of the central Kaapvaal craton (South Africa) record the deep crustal manifestation of Neoarchean Ventersdorp extensional tectonics and magmatism. U-Pb geochronological data for texturally characterized metamorphic zircon and monazite from a number of metasedimentary (garnet + quartz ′ sapphirine ′ sillimanite ′ anti-perthite) UHT granulites are combined with published geothermabarometry to elucidate the pressure-temperature-time (P-T-t) path of metamorphism. Prograde metamorphic growth of zircon and monazite indicates ramping of lower crustal temperatures 225 Ma prior to peak UHT metamorphic conditions at ca. 2720-2715 Ma. The subsequent cooling path is established by dating of 2690 Ma zircon in retrograde kyanite-rich leucosomes, indicating initial cooling rates of ≥10 °C/Ma. Preservation of peak and prograde monazite dates through the UHT conditions support a very high volume diffusion closure temperature for this mineral, similar to that of zircon (>1000 °C). The 5-10 Ma duration of UHT metamorphism in the lower crust is directly correlative with the rapid eruption of the Ventersdorp flood basalts through the central Kaapvaal craton at 2714 ′ 8 Ma, and associated crustal melting, plutonism, and widespread extensional tectonics. UHT metamorphism is postulated to have occurred in response to nonuniform intracratonic lithospheric thinning and superimposed magmatic heat advection. The links between upper and lower crustal manifestations of 2.7 Ga magmatism and extension support the hypothesis that the present-day flat seismic Moho of the central and western Kaapvaal craton is a lower crustal rheological response to Ventersdorp tectonomagmatism. The lithospheric thermal gradient necessitated by the UHT lower crustal granulites demands a transient removal of the thermal lithosphere localized along the north-northeast-trending axis of the Ventersdorp rift at 2.72 Ga. However, contemporaneous maintenance of a coherent mantle keel with "cratonic" thermal gradients 200 km distal to the rift is required in order to preserve ancient (3.2-2.9 Ga) diamondiferous lithosphere. The contrast between the craton-wide geography of crustal extension and the more restricted localization of thermal effects in the lithospheric mantle embodies a profound crust-mantle decoupling in the Kaapvaal craton during intracratonic rifting, and bears upon our understanding of the generation and preservation of cratonic lithospheric mantle keels.
Synovial chondromatosis of the temporomandibular joint: clinical, cytologic, histologic, radiologic, therapeutic aspects, and differential diagnosis of an uncommon lesion

Synovial chondromatosis (SC) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a rare disorder with an indolent clinical course that leads to nonspecific symptoms, dysfunction, and anatomic distortion of the TMJ. We describe a case of SC in an 82-year-old male that presented as an incidental 2 cm cystic tumor of the left TMJ, during diagnostic work-up for unrelated symptoms. A fine needle aspiration of the lesion yielded fragments of abnormal mature cartilage and myxoid fluid. The diagnosis of SC was suggested after correlating the clinical and pathologic findings. Open TMJ surgery was performed for definitive diagnosis and therapy. This manuscript describes the clinical, radiologic, cytologic, and pathologic features of this entity, and relates the differential diagnosis to other cartilaginous lesions and neoplasms of the TMJ. Awareness of this disorder is important to provide adequate care and avoid overtreatment.
A spin-lattice relaxation study of dissolved cyclohexyl polycarbonate

A dilute-solution spin-lattice relaxation time study was performed on a bisphenol polycarbonate related to the polycarbonate of bisphenol A except the two methyl, isopropylidene unit is replaced by a cyclohexyl group. 13C spin-lattice relaxation times were measured at three Larmor frequencies: 50.3, 75.4, 125.7 MHz. The motion of cyclohexyl ring is seen to be isotropic on the spin-lattice relaxation time scale even though cyclohexyl rings undergo slow conformational change. Cyclohexyl ring relaxation is caused by segmental motion and was well interpreted in terms of the Hall-Helfand correlation function. The apparent activation energies for cooperative and individual bond transitions were 17 and 22 kJ mol−1, while the corresponding Arrhenius prefactors were 15 × 10−13 and 5 × 10−13 s. This cyclohexyl polycarbonate differs from many other polycarbonates in that the two phenylene groups are inequivalent, one being axial and the other equatorial relative to the cyclohexyl ring. This difference could be clearly seen in the low temperature 13C spectrum at a Larmor frequency of 125.7 MHz. In addition to segmental motion, it was found the equatorial phenyl ring underwent anisotropic internal rotation which could be described by the Woessner model, while the axial phenyl ring underwent restricted rotational diffusion which could be described by the Gronski model. Since full anisotropic rotation was observed in bisphenol A polycarbonate and restricted anisotropic rotational diffusion was observed in norbornyl polycarbonate, a clear picture of the effects of substitution in the isopropylidene units on local dynamics is developing.
Wild Chinook Salmon Management: An International Conservation Challenge

Abstract The complexity of managing wild chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) stocks arises primarily from marine migrations across political boundaries, the currently seriously overfished condition of stocks along the North American Pacific Coast, and detrimental impacts from activities of competing users of the freshwater habitat. Despite the fact that data and analytical capabilities are adequate, many chinook salmon stocks continue to decline. This is happening bemuse consistent management standards are lacking or not applied by decision-making bodies in favor of various unquantified socio-political alternatives. Yielding to socio-political pressures occurs even at the biological staff level, resulting in compromised biological recommendations that further undermine the fundamental management goal of long-term stock health and viability. We describe three chinook salmon case histories as paradigms of the problem: (1) the Georgia Strait stock where managers have failed to apply management standard...
Passive damping to enhance active positioning of a prototype lithography platen

A viscoelastic tuned-mass damper was used to suppress specific structural modes of a prototype lithography platen. The platen is magnetically levitated and it is repositioned and held in position by a closed-loop feedback control system. Important capabilities of the platen control system are precise positioning and rapid repositioning, which tend to require high frequency bandwidth. The high bandwidth excites structural vibration modes which are disruptive to the control system. The present work was to develop and demonstrate a means to suppress these modes using passive vibration damping techniques. The motivation is to increase the robustness of the platen positioning and control system by reducing unwanted modal accelerations excited by high control system bandwidth. Activities performed and discussed in this paper include the analytical design of viscoelastic tuned-mass dampers and the demonstration/testing of their effectiveness on the platen while levitated and controlled.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors alter composition of nicotinic receptors on neurons

Protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors were used to examine the roles of tyrosine phosphorylation in synaptic function. We show here that two different PTK inhibitors, herbimycin A and lavendustin A, both selectively downregulate a subpopulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on chick ciliary ganglion neurons in culture. The downregulation requires a number of hours to occur and involves only those receptors containing the α3, α5, and β4 gene products. Not affected are AChRs that additionally contain the β2 gene product or AChRs that are made up of the α7 gene product. The downregulation preferentially targets receptors destined for the cell surface and has little effect on the large pool of intracellular receptors. The receptor loss is not additive with that seen in the presence of either cycloheximide or tunicamycin, two compounds that the block appearance of new receptors. The downregulation induced by herbimycin A in surface receptors is accompanied by a specific decrement in the amount of α3 protein in the cells. The results indicate that PTKs, either by phosphorylating AChR gene products directly or by acting through intermediary proteins, regulate the size and composition of the AChR pool maintained on the cell surface. Receptor regulation by PTKs may provide a mechanism for long-term control of synaptic signaling between neurons. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Initial Adsorption State for Al on GaAs(110) and Its Role in the Schottky Barrier Formation

Note: Solar energy res inst,golden,co 80401. univ colorado,dept phys,boulder,co 80309. Daniels, rr, univ wisconsin,dept phys,madison,wi 53706.ISI Document Delivery No.: PG257 Reference LSE-ARTICLE-1982-003doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.895 Record created on 2006-10-03, modified on 2017-05-12
Catecholamine metabolism in anorexia nervosa

Studies are reviewed that address the question of whether anorexia nervosa is associated with abnormalities in central nervous system catecholamine metabolism. There is some support for the hypothesis that norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism are altered in this disorder.
Abstract 5273: Multiplexed PET probes for imaging breast cancer early response to VEGF121/rGel treatment

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Purpose: Monitoring of tumor early response to therapy is important in clinical oncology to reduce side effects and save costs, especially with the growing number of alternative treatment regimens that are only effective in select subgroups of patients. VEGF121/rGel fusion protein has been shown to completely suppress ocular neovascularization and inhibit the growth of melanoma and glioblastoma, as well as prostate, breast, and bladder tumor models with low systemic toxicity. The aim of this study was to apply multiplexed positron emission tomography (PET) probes to monitor glucose metabolism, cellular proliferation, tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis during VEGF121/rGel therapy of breast cancer. Methods: Orthotopic MDA-MB-435 breast cancer tumor-bearing mice were treated with 2 doses of VEGF121/rGel at days 1 and 3. Tumor growth was monitored by caliper measurement. During the therapeutic process, longitudinal PET scans were performed using 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, 18F-FMISO, and 18F-FPPRGD2 as imaging tracers to evaluate tumor glucose metabolism, cellular proliferation, tumor hypoxia, and angiogenesis, respectively. Imaging metrics were validated by immunohistochemical analysis of the corresponding biomarkers. Results: Two doses of 12 mg/kg VEGF121/rGel, administered intraperitoneally, resulted in initial delay of tumor growth, but the growth resumed 4 days after tumor treatment was stopped. VEGF121/rGel treatment led to significantly decreased uptake of 18F-FPPRGD2 at day 1 (24.0 ± 8.8%, p < 0.05) and day 3 (36.3 ± 9.2%, p < 0.01), relative to the baseline, which slowly recovered to the baseline at day 14. 18F-FMISO uptake was increased in the treated tumors at day 1 (23.9 ± 15.7%, p < 0.05) and day 3 (51.4 ± 29.4%, p < 0.01), as compared to the control group. At day 7 and 14, 18F-FMISO uptake restored to the baseline level. The relative reductions in FLT uptake in treated tumors were approximately 13.0 ± 4.5% at day 1 and 25.0 ± 4.4% (p < 0.01) at day 3. No significant change of 18F-FDG uptake was observed in VEGF121/rGel treated tumors, compared with the control group. The imaging findings were supported by ex vivo analysis of related biomarkers. Conclusions: Longitudinal imaging studies with 4 PET tracers demonstrated the feasibility and usefulness of multiplexed probes for quantitative measurement of anti-tumor effects of VEGF121/rGel at the early stage of treatment. 18F-FLT, 18F-FMISO and 18F-FPPRGD2 are superior to 18F-FDG in monitoring therapy response, as supported by ex vivo analyses of related biomarkers. This pre-clinical study should be helpful in accelerating anti-cancer drug development and promoting the clinical translation of molecular imaging in tumor therapy response monitoring. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5273. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5273
Influence of Substrate Structure on the Catalytic Efficiency of Hydroxysteroid Sulfotransferase STa in the Sulfation of Alcohols

Sulfotransferase a (STa) is an isoform of hydroxysteroid (alcohol) sulfotransferase that catalyzes the formation of sulfuric acid esters from both endogenous and xenobiotic alcohols. Among its various functions in toxicology, STa is the major form of hepatic sulfotransferase in the rat that catalyzes the formation of genotoxic and carcinogenic sulfuric acid esters from hydroxymethyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The goal of the present study was to elucidate fundamental quantitative relationships between substrate structure and catalytic activity of STa that would be applicable to these and other xenobiotics. We have modified previous procedures for purification of STa in order to obtain sufficient amounts of homogeneous enzyme for determination of kcat/Km values, a quantitative measure of catalytic efficiency. We determined the catalytic efficiency of STa with benzyl alcohol and eight benzylic alcohols that were substituted with n-alkyl groups (CnH2n+1, where n = 1−8) in the para position, and the op...
Carbon-nanotube photonics and optoelectronics

Carbon nanotubes possess unique properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in optoelectronics. This review describes the fundamental optical behaviour of carbon nanotubes as well as their opportunities for light generation and detection, and photovoltaic energy generation.
Spiral (helical) CT.

Spiral (helical) computed tomography (CT) involves continuous patient translation during x-ray source rotation and data acquisition. As a result, a volume data set is obtained in a relatively short period of time. For chest or abdominal scanning, an entire examination can be completed in a single breath hold of the patient or in several successive short breath holds. The data volume may be viewed as conventional transaxial images or with multiplanar and three-dimensional methods. The authors review the technologic aspects of spiral CT, as well as its advantages, limitations, and current clinical applications.
THE MESOZOIC RADIATION OF EUKARYOTIC ALGAE: THE PORTABLE PLASTID HYPOTHESIS1

Although all chloroplasts appear to have been derived from a common ancestor, a major schism occurred early in the evolution of eukaryotic algae that gave rise to red and green photoautotrophic lineages. In Paleozoic and earlier times, the fossil record suggests that oceanic eukaryotic phytoplankton were dominated by the green (chl b-containing) algal line. However, following the end-Permian extinction, a diverse group of eukaryotic phytoplankton evolved from secondary symbiotic associations in the red (chl c-containing) line and subsequently rose to ecological prominence. In the contemporary oceans, red eukaryotic phytoplankton taxa continue to dominate marine pelagic food webs, whereas the green line is relegated to comparatively minor ecological and biogeochemical roles. To help elucidate why the oceans are not dominated by green taxa, we analyzed and compared whole plastid genomes in both the red and green lineages. Our results suggest that whereas all algal plastids retain a core set of genes, red plastids retain a complementary set of genes that potentially confer more capacity to autonomously express proteins regulating oxygenic photosynthetic and energy transduction pathways. We hypothesize that specific gene losses in the primary endosymbiotic green plastid reduced its portability for subsequent symbiotic associations. This corollary of the plastid "enslavement" hypothesis may have limited subsequent evolutionary advances in the green lineage while simultaneously providing a competitive advantage to the red lineage.
The future of the bicycle —Its problems and its potentialities

Abstract In this article the author argues that the bicycle will undoubtedly be improved upon, but it is not likely to be supplanted. It will continue to provide the most energy-efficient short-distance form of individual ground transportation. Whether or not its share of the number of person-trips made in urban areas will increase dramatically depends partly on the improvements which are made to the vehicle, partly on the increasing costs and restraints on motor-vehicle use, but to a greater extent on the success with which planners solve the highway-intersection problem.
The Verriest Lecture: Color lessons from space, time and motion

The appearance of a chromatic stimulus depends on more than the wavelengths composing it. The scientific literature has countless examples showing that spatial and temporal features of light influence the colors we see. Studying chromatic stimuli that vary over space, time, or direction of motion has a further benefit beyond predicting color appearance: the unveiling of otherwise concealed neural processes of color vision. Spatial or temporal stimulus variation uncovers multiple mechanisms of brightness and color perception at distinct levels of the visual pathway. Spatial variation in chromaticity and luminance can change perceived three-dimensional shape, an example of chromatic signals that affect a percept other than color. Chromatic objects in motion expose the surprisingly weak link between the chromaticity of objects and their physical direction of motion, and the role of color in inducing an illusory motion direction. Space, time, and motion—color’s colleagues—reveal the richness of chromatic neural processing.