cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Renal ultrasound provides low utility in evaluating cardiac surgery associated acute kidney injury

Renal ultrasonography is part of the algorithm in assessing acute kidney injury (AKI). The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical utility of renal US in postoperative cardiac patients who develop AKI. We conducted a retrospective study of 90 postoperative cardiac surgery patients at a single institution from 1/19/2010 to 3/19/2016 who underwent renal US for AKI. We reviewed provider documentation to determine whether renal US changed management. We defined change as: administration of crystalloid or colloid, addition of inotropic or vasopressor, or procedural interventions on the renal system. Mean age of study patients was 68 ± 13 years. 48/90 patients (53.3%) had pre-existing chronic kidney disease of varying severity. 48 patients (53.3%) had normal renal US with incidental findings and 31 patients (34.4%) had US evidence of medical kidney disease. 10 patients (11.1%) had limited US results due to poor visualization and 1 patient (1.1%) had mild right-sided hydronephrosis. No patients were found to have obstructive uropathy or renal artery stenosis. Clinical management was altered in only 4/90 patients (4.4%), which included 3 patients that received a fluid bolus and 1 patient that received a fluid bolus and inotropes. No vascular or urologic procedures resulted from US findings. Although renal ultrasound is often utilized in the work-up of AKI, our study shows that renal US provides little benefit in managing postoperative cardiac patients. This diagnostic modality should be scrutinized rather than viewed as a universal measure in the cardiac surgery population.
Autoradiography of Fishes

Publisher Summary Autoradiography as a methodology utilizes radiation originating from radioactive material contained within a specimen, to expose a nuclear or photographic emulsion. In so doing, autoradiography produces an image reflective of the distribution of the source of radioactivity within the sample. The essence of autoradiography is that it permits the distribution of radioactivity to be related to the detailed structure of the specimen without disturbing local architecture. Autoradiography technique is applied to many facets of the experimental biology of fishes. Radioisotopes of biologically important compounds can be administered to fish such that chemical location and persistence can be observed and in some cases quantified. Many compounds of interest to biologists have elemental isotopes ( 3 H, 14 C, 35 S, 125 I) that are suitable for autoradiography. Additionally, other radioisotopes of lesser scientific utility and diminished technical suitability have found usage with specific autoradiographic approaches in studies with fishes.
On a Special Class of Hyper-Permutahedra

Minkowski sums of simplices in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ form an interesting class of polytopes that seem to emerge in various situations. In this paper we discuss the Minkowski sum of the simplices $\Delta_{k-1}$ in ${\mathbb{R}}^n$ where $k$ and $n$ are fixed, their flags and some of their face lattice structure. In particular, we derive a closed formula for their exponential generating flag function . These polytopes are simple, include both the simplex $\Delta_{n-1}$ and the permutahedron $\Pi_{n-1}$, and form a Minkowski basis for more general permutahedra.
Palliative Care for People With Hepatocellular Carcinoma, and Specific Benefits for Older Adults.

Abstract Purpose Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer, has a rapidly rising prevalence in the United States and a very poor overall rate of survival. This epidemic is driven by the cohort of aging Baby Boomers with hepatitis C viral infection and the increasing prevalence of cirrhosis as a result of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Because curative options are limited, the disease course creates, in patients and their families, distressing uncertainty around prognosis and treatment decisions. Older adults are disproportionately affected by HCC and have more comorbidities, adding to the complexity of the disease. This population would benefit from increased access to palliative care services, which can potentially complement the treatments throughout the disease trajectory. The purpose of this review was to use existing evidence to propose a new model of palliative care integration in patients with HCC. Thus, we focus on the HCC stage and the treatment algorithm, the ways that palliative care can offer support in this population at each stage, as well as elements that can enhance patient and family support throughout the entire disease trajectory, with an emphasis on the care of older adults with HCC. Methods This is a narrative review in which we identify evidence-based ways that palliative care can help younger and older adults with HCC and their families, at each stage of HCC and throughout the disease trajectory. Findings We propose ways to integrate HCC and palliative care based on the existing evidence in both fields. Palliative care offers support in symptom management, advanced care planning, and decision making in ways that are specific to each stage of HCC. We also discuss the evidence that illustrates the palliative care needs of patients with HCC that span the entire course of illness, including coping with the stigmatization of liver disease, addressing informational needs at different stages, and discussing quality of life longitudinally. Implications Integrating palliative care into the treatment of patients with HCC has the potential to improve outcomes, although more research is needed to build this evidence base.
STRIATAL DOPAMINE RELEASE INDUCED BY THE INTRANIGRAL PERFUSION OF GABAERGIC AGONISTS IN THE CONSCIOUS RAT

Both an increased release of striatal dopamine and contralateral rotation occurred during the intranigral perfusion of GABAergic agonists. The data suggest that striatal dopamine release mediates the GABAergie-induced turning.
LOCALLY INVASIVE PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA COMBINED WITH PRIMARY MALIGNANT ADRENAL LYMPHOMA.

ABSTRACT Objective: Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) combined with primary adrenal lymphoma is extremely rare. We describe a case of locally invasive PHEO combined with primary malignant lymphoma. Methods: ...
Transcription sans TBP

Several general ‘rules’ have emerged over the years about the requirements for transcription of genes. One of these was that the TATA-binding protein (TBP) is essential, both for initiation of transcription by recognizing the promoter, and for assembly of transcription complexes. A new study looks set to overturn this dogma by identifying a complex that does not contain TBP (the so-called TBP-free TAFII-containing complex, TFTC) yet can still support transcription.
The treatment of post-operative and peptic esophageal strictures after esophageal atresia repair: a program including dilatation with balloon catheters

Nine patients, 6 weeks to 17 years of age with esophageal atresia (EA), developed esophageal strictures and were treated with 26 balloon catheter dilatations over a period of 3 years; 6 are now asymptomatic. Five of the 9 patients had suspected reflux esophagitis, confirmed in 3 by biopsy and treated medically prior to dilatation. Seven of the 9 patients had a primary anastomosis, 1 a gastric tube, and 1 a colonic interposition. Most dilatations in the group of 7 were performed with balloon (B) ≥ the diameter of the distal esophagus (E) (B/E≥1). The 3 residually symptomatic patients include an infant dilated conservatively (B/E<1) to facilitate later bouginage, 1 patient with a recurrent stricture after stopping medical therapy and home bouginage, and 1 infant who had a persistent anastomotic stricture, suspected but untreated reflux esophagitis, and a perforation during the second balloon dilatation. Balloon catheter esophageal dilatation, as an alternative to bouginage, is usually a safe and effective procedure when reflux esophagitis is diagnosed and treated prior to dilatation.
Implications of two backward blood spatter models based on fluid dynamics for bloodstain pattern analysis

Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is an integral part of crime scene investigation. For violent crimes involving gunshots, standard practice in police departments worldwide have some physical limitations. For instance, the effect of gravity and air drag on trajectories of blood droplets are neglected using current reconstruction methods, which results in a well-known overestimation of the height of the source of blood. As a consequence, more sophisticated models for blood spatter trajectory reconstruction are being developed, two of which are highlighted in the present work. They allow the prediction of bloodstain patterns produced from backward spattered blood droplets from blunt and sharp bullets. Our recent models attribute the splashing of blood to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability which arises when blood is accelerated towards lighter air. This physically-based description comes with the powerful predictive capability to correlate features of bloodstain patterns with the specific bullet and gun that produced them, as well as with the body position. The results of the numerical models were compared with four experiments simulating blood spatter deposition on a vertical wall through the number of stains produced, average stain area, and average impact angle at the surface, and the agreement found is fairly good. Moreover, further insight is obtained by probing and explaining the influence of observable parameters on the resulting spatter pattern, with the goal of aiding BPA experts evaluating a crime scene.
Learning While Leading Lesson Study

This chapter presents research on how teacher developers in the United States learn to conduct lesson study. In contexts such as the United States where this form of professional development is relatively novel, few teachers have participated in lesson study, so leaders of lesson study groups do not have that prior experience to draw upon for facilitation. To investigate how facilitators learn to lead a practice that is new to them, two novice teacher developers were followed for a period of 18 months, from their first exposure to the literature on lesson study, through their participation in lesson study conferences, apprenticeship with an experienced lesson study leader, and into their independent conduct of lesson study groups. Data show that the facilitators learned to contend with such issues as teacher resistance, the use of time, and the shifting imperatives of directing teachers’ work versus stepping back to give teachers autonomy in determining their collective work. The chapter concludes by suggesting that lesson study functions as a countercultural bulwark in the field of teacher learning by promoting a participant-driven, time-intensive form of professional development and that despite its complexity, teacher developers who are new to lesson study become reasonably skillful facilitators in a surprisingly short period of time if they have strong mathematical and pedagogical backgrounds.
The Sublation of Digital Education

In this paper, I argue that teachers’ efforts to defend education against reactionary forms of digitalization and from complete automation should be supported by progressives. At the same time, efforts aimed at creatively transforming or sublating digitalization in non-deterministic ways to forge new pedagogical projects should also be enthusiastically engaged. Drawing on Marx’s conception of sublation is crucial since it represents the process through which an aspect of something is overcome while other aspects of it are preserved in an altered form. Because sublation occurs both within entities as they develop and out of entities as they are negated, I contend that sublating digitized education both within capitalism and beyond capitalism should be pursued simultaneously.
Temple of Preah Vihear: Lessons on Provisional Measures

Abstract Cambodia and Thailand bave been engaged in a territorial dispute over land in the vicinity of the temple of Preah Vihear, heated near the countries' shared border, for over fifty years. This dispute has persisted in spite of a 1962 International Court of Justice (ICJ) judgment declaring the temple to be in Cambodia and a long history of negotiation and mediation attempts following the judgment. More recently, in July 2011, the ICJ, in connection with a request for interpretation of its 1962 judgment, indicated provisional measures creating a demilitarized zone around the temple and steering both countries to cooperation with the help of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The establishment of this demilitarized zone, which included territory not subject to overlapping claims, was hotly contested among fudges on the court, raising broader questions about the scope of the court's authority to issue provisional measures. Additionally, the court's inclusion of ASEAN as a body to facilitate resolution of the dispute fashioned the provisional measures into a channel for integrated dispute resolution, pairing adjudication with mediation. This Comment explores the lessons these two features of the ICJ's order teach us about the court's provisional measure authority and use of that authority to effectuate dispute resolution. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 318 II. ICJ Provisional Measures 320 A. Scope of ICJ Power 320 B. Evolution of Provisional Measures 324 III. Background on the Temple of Preah Vihear Dispute 326 IV. Court Division 329 A. Court Majority 329 B. Dissenting Opinions 330 V. Analysis of the Conflict over the Provisional DMZ 333 A. Spatial Concerns: Inclusion of Undisputed Areas 333 B. Temporal Concerns: Facts Subsequent to the 1962 Judgment 335 C. Precedential Concerns: No Prior Provisional DMZ 336 D. Forward-Looking Concerns: Negative Consequences , 338 VI. Tempie Ih A Case of Integrated International Dispute Resolution Methods 340 VII. Conclusion 344 I. INTRODUCTION For decades, Cambodia and Thailand have been embroiled in a dispute over the control of land on the mountainous borderlands surrounding the temple of Preah Vihear. A Hindi sanctuary dating back to the eleventh century, Preah Vihear is of considerable historical and cultural significance.1 In 1962, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the Temple was situated in Cambodia.2 Since then, die temple has been the subject of protests and the site ©f skirmishes. The most recent episodes of violence occurred in April 2011.3 This conflict led to Cambodia's request for interpretation of die 1962 judgment and for an indication of provisional measures. …
A dieta com restrição de FODMAP reduz os sintomas na síndroma do intestino irritável? Uma revisão baseada na evidência

OBJETIVOS: Rever a evidencia disponivel sobre a eficacia da dieta com restricao de FODMAPs (sigla inglesa para Oligossacarideos, Dissacarideos, Monossacarideos e Poliois Fermentaveis) no alivio dos sintomas gastrointestinais dos doentes com Sindrome do Intestino Irritavel (SII). METODOS: Pesquisa de meta-analises, revisoes sistematicas e normas de orientacao clinica na MedLine/Pubmed , DARE , TripDataBase , Evidence Based Medicine , Clinical Evidence , Web of Science , Canadian Medical Association Practice Guidelines , National Guidelines Clearing House e Cochrane Library publicados entre 2009 e 2017 na lingua inglesa, utilizando os termos MeSH “irritable bowel syndrome”, “signs and symptoms”, “diet therapy” e o termo nao MeSH "FODMAPs". Foi utilizada a escala Strenght of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) para atribuicao de niveis de evidencia e forcas de recomendacao. RESULTADOS: Depois de analisados 203 artigos resultantes da pesquisa, foram incluidos 11 artigos: tres meta-analises, tres revisoes sistematicas e cinco normas de orientacao clinica. Existe evidencia de que a dieta com restricao em FODMAPs (DRFODMAPs) reduz a globalidade dos sintomas gastrointestinais dos doentes com SII, com maior expressao na melhoria do bloating * e dor abdominais e nos subtipos de predominio de diarreia e misto. Alguns estudos sugerem que a eficacia da dieta e mais evidente a partir da sexta semana. Esta dieta parece ser pelo menos tao eficaz no alivio sintomatico quanto outras dietas convencionalmente recomendadas para o SII. Nas normas de orientacao clinica analisadas, a DRFODMAPs e considerada como uma opcao terapeutica no SII, sobretudo quando o aconselhamento dietetico tradicional nao e eficaz. CONCLUSAO: Existe evidencia para recomendar uma DRFODMAPs como prova terapeutica em doentes com SII com predominio de quadro diarreico ou misto, sobretudo se bloating e dor abdominais (Forca de Recomendacao B). Sao necessarios mais estudos que suportem a eficacia e seguranca a longo prazo da dieta.
Analyzing Pre-Existing Knowledge and Performance in a Programming MOOC

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are accessible to anyone with a device that can connect to the internet. MOOCs aim to increase the accessibility of higher-level knowledge and skills, such as programming. To understand how students are performing and struggling in the course, we investigate a popular MITx MOOC that teaches introductory programming. We look at problem set questions and examine students with different levels of pre-existing knowledge. Specifically, we study the number of attempts of each group per question and the mean final accuracy of each group per question. We find that for nearly all questions, students with no programming experience struggle more than students with prior programming experience. Moreover, we observe a potential turning point in the course where students of all experience levels begin to struggle. Our findings both show that two groups of MOOC students perform differently and inform question design in MOOCs by demonstrating which question types are particularly arduous.
Impact of Carrier Concentration and Carrier Lifetime on MgZnO/CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells

The performance impact of multiple parameters related to the use of MgZnO (MZO) as the emitter for bilayer CdSeTe/CdTe solar cells has been investigated in detail through numerical simulations. Such a comprehensive study is particularly important, because while cell fabrication using MZO has been highly successful in some cases, it has been less so in others, and it has not been clear which combinations of parameter values are most effective. The parameters considered here include the recombination velocity at the emitter/absorber interface, bulk recombination lifetime, and the carrier concentrations of the emitter and absorber. The ranges chosen for the simulation parameters are those most likely to be found experimentally. The primary finding is that independent of the interfacial recombination velocity and bulk recombination lifetime, the MZO carrier density should be $>$ 1017 cm–3 and in any case greater than that of the absorber to reduce interface recombination. At the same time, a shallow dopant the order of 50 meV or less should reduce Shockley-Read-Hall recombination in the bulk and enable $V_{\text{OC}} >$ 1 V.
Marketing with Social Media: A LITA Guide

In 11 chapters, the authors of Marketing with social media introduce readers to approaches for using a variety of social media applications, some old and some new-ish, to market a library. This new...
SISAL versus Fortran: a comparison using the Livermore Loops

The authors compare the performance of SISAL, an application language for parallel numerical computations, and Fortran. The intent is to show that applicative programs, when compiled using a set of powerful yet simple optimization techniques, can achieve sequential execution speeds comparable to Fortran, and automatically utilize conventional shared memory multiprocessors.
The Impact of Health and Economic Policies on the Spread of COVID-19 and Economic Activity

This paper empirically investigates the causal linkages between COVID-19 spread, government health containment and economic support policies, and economic activity during 2020 in the U.S. We model their joint dynamics as generated by a structural vector autoregression and estimate it using U.S. state-level data. We identify structural shocks to the variables by making assumptions on their short-run relation consistent with salient epidemiological and economic features of COVID-19. We isolate the direct impact of COVID-19 spread and policy responses on economic activity by controlling for demand fluctuations using disaggregate exports data. We find that health containment and economic support policies are highly effective at curbing the spread of COVID-19 without leading to a long-term contraction of economic activity.
Sovereignty and Survival

On the international plane, sovereignty inures to the state, the basic socio-political entity, with a relatively well-defined territory and peoples whose cultural markers distinguish them from others as a nation. The actual state of sovereignty also requires that the integrity of both the territory and the peoples be recognized and respected by other sovereigns. Thus, tribal sovereignty is no different from the sovereignty of any other state, nation or peoples. Natives view their tribal sovereignty much the same as any American views the sovereignty of the union and its respective states. The concept of tribal sovereignty has been ingrained in U.S. law from the beginning. Today, these notions of sovereignty still generally prevail for the more than 500 federally recognized tribes in America. But the measure of tribal sovereignty is far from clear, and the history of it mirrors U.S. history of tribes themselves.
Citus: Distributed PostgreSQL for Data-Intensive Applications

Citus is an open source distributed database engine for PostgreSQL that is implemented as an extension. Citus gives users the ability to distribute data, queries, and transactions in PostgreSQL across a cluster of PostgreSQL servers to handle the needs of data-intensive applications. The development of Citus has largely been driven by conversations with companies looking to scale PostgreSQL beyond a single server and their workload requirements. This paper describes the requirements of four common workload patterns and how Citus addresses those requirements. It also shares benchmark results demonstrating the performance and scalability of Citus in each of the workload patterns and describes how Microsoft uses Citus to address one of its most challenging data problems.
Feasibility of the Children’s Health Questionnaire for Measuring Outcomes of Recreational Therapy Interventions in Autism Populations

Autism stakeholder groups prioritize applied intervention research to improve conditions co-occurring with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), but health-related quality of life measures aren’t established for children with ASD. The purpose of this study was to estimate rates and variability of responses of parents of children with ASD on the Children’s Health Questionnaire (CHQ) to inform future recreational therapy intervention research with this population. This study used pre-post design to gather parent responses for 31 children with ASD before and after intervention. Confidence intervals indicated CHQ summary scores were more precise than scale scores. Several profile scales showed greater variability at post-testing. Parents of children with ASD reported lower scores than the general population across all CHQ measures, particularly in behavior, mental health and psychosocial health. The CHQ PF-28 is an appropriate measure of health-related quality of life of children with ASD. Future research should confirm these findings and investigate use of child report versions of the CHQ with children with ASD.Subscribe to TRJ
MLL3 is a de novo cause of endocrine therapy resistance.

Background Cancer resequencing studies have revealed epigenetic enzymes as common targets for recurrent mutations. The monomethyltransferase MLL3 is among the most recurrently mutated enzymes in ER+ breast cancer. The H3K4me1 marks created by MLL3 can define enhancers. In ER+ breast cancer, ERα genome-binding sites are primarily distal enhancers. Thus, we hypothesize that mutation of MLL3 will alter the genomic binding and transcriptional regulatory activity of ERα. Methods We investigated the genomic consequences of knocking down MLL3 in an MLL3/PIK3CA WT ER+ breast cancer cell line. Results Loss of MLL3 led to a large loss of H3K4me1 across the genome, and a shift in genomic location of ERα-binding sites, which was accompanied by a re-organization of the breast cancer transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analyses of ERα-binding sites in MLL3 KD identified endocrine therapy resistance terms, and we showed that MLL3 KD cells are resistant to tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Many differentially expressed genes are controlled by the small collection of new locations of H3K4me1 deposition and ERα binding, suggesting that loss of functional MLL3 leads to new transcriptional regulation of essential genes. Motif analysis of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq data highlighted SP1 as a critical transcription factor in the MLL3 KD cells. Differentially expressed genes that display a loss of ERα binding upon MLL3 KD also harbor increased SP1 binding. Conclusions Our data show that a decrease in functional MLL3 leads to endocrine therapy resistance. This highlights the importance of genotyping patient tumor samples for MLL3 mutation upon initial resection, prior to deciding upon treatment plans.
Incidence of Age-Related Cataract over a 15-Year Interval The Beaver Dam Eye Study

Objective To describe the long-term incidence of nuclear cataract, cortical cataract, and posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) and to evaluate age and cohort effects on these rates. Design Population-based study. Participants Members of the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort. Methods Subjects were seen in study offices for examinations (slit lamp, checking for occludable angles, dilation of pupils, lens photographs, measurement of blood pressures, and study interview). Main Outcome Measures Lens photographs were taken with specially modified cameras that have been maintained over the course of all study examinations. Photographs were graded according to standard protocols that have been continued throughout all the examinations. Results Cumulative incidence of nuclear cataract was 29.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 28.0–31.4); cortical cataract, 22.9% (95% CI, 21.3–24.5); PSC, 8.4% (95% CI, 7.4–9.4); and cataract surgery, 17.7% (95% CI, 16.4–19.0). The cumulative incidence increased with age and was greater for women after accounting for competing events. The relationship between age and incidence of cataracts was quadratic for nuclear cataract, cubic for cortical cataract, and linear for PSC. For persons with similar ages at time of examination, those in more recent birth cohorts were less likely to have any type of prevalent cataract; the effect was significant for nuclear cataract and for cataract surgery, and the effect persisted after controlling for relevant confounders. There were apparent cohort effects on cataract incidence. Conclusions Age-adjusted incidence of all cataract types increased with increasing age, although the age effect was not linear for all 3 types. More recent birth cohorts are relatively protected relative to persons born earlier. Further follow-up is needed to verify the trends we report here and to determine whether cohort effects on 10-year incidence are significant.
The Induction of Tolerance of Renal Allografts by Adoptive Transfer in Miniature Swine

Our previous in vitro data have demonstrated that regulatory mechanisms are involved in tolerance of class I-mismatched renal allografts in miniature swine treated with 12 days of high dose Cyclsporin A. In this study, we attempted to induce tolerance of class I-mismatched kidneys by adoptive transfer of cells and/or kidneys from long-term tolerant animals. Fifteen SLA dd miniature swine received 1.5 Gy whole body irradiation and class I-mismatched (SLA gg ) kid
An ATP transporter is required for protein translocation into the yeast endoplasmic reticulum

The transfer of precursor proteins through the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in yeast is strictly dependent on the presence of ATP. Since Kar2p (the yeast homologue of mammalian BiP) is required for translocation, and is an ATP binding protein, an ATP transport system must be coupled to the translocation machinery of the ER. We report here the characterization of a transport system for ATP in vesicles derived from yeast ER. ATP uptake into vesicles was found to be saturable in the micromolar range with a Km of 1 x 10(-5) M. ATP transport into ER vesicles was specifically inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), a stilbene derivative known to inhibit a number of other anion transporters, and by 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyl-ATP (Bz2-ATP). Inhibition of ATP uptake into yeast microsomes by DIDS and Bz2-ATP blocked protein translocation in vitro measured co- as well as post-translationally. The inhibitory effect of DIDS on translocation was prevented by coincubation with ATP. Moreover, selective membrane permeabilization, allowing ATP access to the lumen, restored translocation activity to DIDS-treated membranes. These results demonstrate that translocation requires a DIDS and Bz2-ATP-sensitive component whose function is to transport ATP to the lumen of the ER. These findings are consistent with current models of protein translocation in yeast which stipulate the participation of Kar2p in the translocation process.
Influence of a Bay-Region Methyl Group on Formation of 5-Methylchrysene Dihydrodiol Epoxide:DNA Adducts in Mouse Skin

The binding of tritium-labeled 5-methylchrysene to DNA of CD-1 mouse skin 24 hr after treatment has been studied. DNA was isolated from the treated skin areas of mice and hydrolyzed enzymatically to deoxyribonucleosides, and the hydrolysate was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using a methanol:water gradient. The major adducts eluted between 70 and 100 ml (Peak 1), 470 and 590 ml (Peaks 2A to C), and 750 and 850 ml (Peak 3). For identification of these products, markers were prepared from 5-methylchrysene bay-region dihydrodiol epoxides. [5-14C]1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene and [5-14C]7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene were synthesized by reacting the corresponding metabolically formed [5-14C]1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene and [5-14C]7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxy-5-methylchrysene with m -chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The structures of the dihydrodiol epoxides were established by their mass spectra and by hydrolysis to tetrols. Peak 2B was chromatographically indistinguishable, both on Sephadex LH-20 and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, from the adduct formed when [5-14C]1,2-dihydroxy-3,4-epoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene was reacted with salmon sperm DNA in solution. Similarly, Peak 2A was chromatographically inseparable from the [5-14C]7,8-dihydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-5-methylchrysene:DNA adduct. Adduct 2B was formed to a greater extent than adduct 2A by the ratio of 2.7 to 1. These data indicate that 5-methylchrysene preferentially forms DNA adducts from the bay-region dihydrodiol epoxide adjacent to the methyl group.
A study of film formation on aluminum in aqueous solutions using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy

Abstract The growth of hydrated surface films on 99.99% pure aluminum in aqueous media at 100°C has been studied with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). The effects of the inhibitor anions borate, molybdate, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, silicate and tungstate, and of ethylene glycol on this reaction were observed at concentration levels typical of automotive coolant formulations. The behavior of the inorganic anions studied is classified roughly into three types. In the first, typical of silicate, the inhibitor reacts with the surface to both prevent formation of the aluminum hydroxide layer, as well as limit the uptake of additional species by the surface. In a second mode, characteristic of nitrate and sulfate additions, the surface hydroxide develops, but at lower levels than those obtained in pure water. In yet another mode, characteristic of phosphate, molybdate and tungstate, the inhibitor anions are continually incorporated into a growing film which appears to be a hydrated aluminum salt of the particular anion, rather than pseudo-boehmite. Ethylene glycol is found to act primarily as a diluent in reducing the overall rate of film growth in aqueous solutions.
Biosynthesis of cyanide from [2-14C15N]glycine in chromobacterium violaceum

Abstract In the biosynthesis of HCN from the α-carbon of glycine by proliferating cells of Chromabacterium violaceum Strain 9, the methylene C-N bond is retained, as shown by the use of 14C and 15N isotopes. This bond likewise is retained on forming the cyano group of β-cyanoalanine. The radiochemical yield from glycine of cyanide in the free state and bound as β-cyanoalanine is 32%. There was no evidence of reversible transamination or oxidative deamination in the glycine remaining in the culture fluid, although some synthesis of it had taken place.
Viscous effects on nanoparticle magnetization harmonics

Dynamic magnetization of nanoparticles is a promising means of functional biosensing. We demonstrate a method for rapid monitoring of relative changes in the viscous environment of superparamagnetic nanoparticles using a ratio of magnetization harmonics. Initial results are capable of detecting changes in viscosity on the order of 0.05 cP. This technique should allow for real-time monitoring of many of the dynamic magnetization applications which have been proposed using AC susceptibility. Further, incorporation of this technique into a harmonic-based imaging system like magnetic particle imaging would allow for in vivo functional imaging capabilities.
Position Dependent Site-Exposure Nucleosome Dynamics by FRET-FCS

Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating unit of eukaryotic chromatin. Often large protein complexes encounter a hurdle when their target DNA sites are sterically occluded inside these nucleosomes. One of the models by which DNA sites are exposed is by spontaneous unwrapping and rewrapping of DNA stretches and hence it is called Site-Exposure model. Here, in collaboration with Widom lab, we use a FRET-FCS method to study the dynamic rates of unwrapping and rewrapping at sites inside the nucleosomes. Our FRET system consists of labeling the DNA with a FRET donor (Cy3) at positions along the length of the DNA, starting from one end all the way to the center of the dyad axis, and labeling a histone protein with a FRET acceptor (Cy5). Using FCS measurements, we measured the relaxation time of this dynamic process which is dominated by the re-wrapping rate of the nucleosomes. Our results show that although the re-wrapping rate decreases with greater lengths unwrapped, it is not as dramatic as one would expect.
The physician's professional role in end-of-life decision-making: voices of racially and ethnically diverse physicians.

Abstract Objective Previous studies have shown racial/ethnic differences in preferences for end-of-life (EOL) care. We aimed to describe values and beliefs guiding physicians’ EOL decision-making and explore the relationship between physicians’ race/ethnicity and their decision-making. Methods Seven focus groups (3 Caucasian, 2 African American, 2 Hispanic) with internists and subspecialists (n = 26) were conducted. Investigators independently analyzed transcripts, assigned codes, compared findings, reconciled differences, and developed themes. Results Four themes appeared to transcend physicians’ race/ethnicity: (1) strong support for the physician's role; (2) responding to “unreasonable” requests; (3) organizational factors; and (4) physician training and comfort with discussing EOL care. Five themes physicians seemed to manage differently based on race/ethnicity: (1) preventing and reducing the burden of surrogate decision-making; (2) responding to requests for “doing everything;” (3) influence of physician–patient racial/ethnic concordance/discordance; (4) cultural differences concerning truth-telling; and (5) spirituality and religious beliefs. Conclusions Physicians in our multi-racial/ethnic sample emphasized their commitment to their professional role in EOL decision-making. Implicitly invoking the professional virtue of self-effacement, they were able to identify racially/ethnically common and diverse ethical challenges of EOL decision-making. Practice implications Physicians should use professional virtues to tailor the EOL decision-making process in response to patients’ race/ethnicity, based on patients’ preferences.
Self-reported weight and height: implications for obesity research

Abstract Background: Self-reported weight and height are under- and over-reported, respectively, in epidemiologic studies. This tendency, which may adversely affect study operations, has not been evaluated among subjects being enrolled into a weight-loss program. Methods: Self-reported weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) were compared to measured values in 97 overweight or obese (BMI>27.3) women being enrolled into a randomized, controlled trial of two behavioral interventions for weight loss. The effects of demographic factors, baseline weight, baseline height, and baseline BMI on weight and height reporting were assessed. Results: There was a significant difference between measured and reported weight (mean difference=−3.75 lb, p =0.0001) and height (mean difference=+0.35 in., p =0.0007). The mean difference between measured and reported BMI was −1.14 kg/m 2 ( p =0.0001). Unemployed, retired, or disabled women were more likely to under-report their BMI than employed women ( p =0.001). Six percent of subjects who were initially considered eligible for the study on the basis of the self-report were eventually excluded from the study because they did not meet the inclusion criterion for BMI. Conclusion: Obese women who seek weight-loss assistance tend to under-report their weight and over-report their height, suggesting that self-reported data are likely to be inaccurate. Misreporting is apparently influenced by employment and disability and has the potential to complicate recruitment of subjects for research studies.
Brain Tumours: Morphological Aspects and Classification

In early 1987, I was approached by Professor Klaus Joachim Zulch, with a proposal that I convene at an early date a meeting in Houston, Texas, for the purpose of considering recent research developments that might have an influence on the classification of brain tumors. It was further considered that a review of this nature might ultimately necessitate revision of the WHO “Blue Book” of Histological Typing of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. Among the group which met in Houston in March 1988 were members of the original Collaborating Centre who were still active and other neuropathologists from around the world who had expertise in these matters.
Sugarbeet Yield and Quality When Substituting Compost or Manure for Conventional Nitrogen Fertilizer

To profitably produce sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) by maximizing recoverable sucrose, producers must effectively manage added nitrogen (N), whether it be from inorganic sources such as urea or from often readily available and sometimes less expensive organic sources such as manure or composted manure. Our multi-site study’s objective was to determine if equivalent sugarbeet root and sucrose yields could be achieved when substituting composted dairy cattle manure or stockpiled manure for conventional N (urea) fertilizer. Treatments at Site 1 (Parma, ID), for 2 y included a control (no N applied), urea (202 kg N/ha), compost (1089 and 2175 kg total N/ha), and manure (350 and 701 kg total N/ha). Treatments at Site 2 (Kimberly, ID), were a control, urea (82 kg N/ha), compost (403 and 913 kg total N/ha), and manure (433 and 850 kg total N/ha). Compost and manure were applied, then incorporated into two silt loams, a Greenleaf (Xeric Calciargid) at Parma in fall 2002 and 2003 and a Portneuf (Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) at Kimberly in fall 2002. Sugarbeet was planted the following spring. Site 1’s sugarbeet sucrose yields, averaged across years and organic N source rates, were 12.24 Mg/ha for urea, 11.88 Mg/ha for compost, and 11.20 Mg/ha for manure, all statistically equivalent. Corresponding one-year sucrose yields, still equivalent, were ca. 44% less at Site 2 than 1. Doubling the organic N application rates at Site 1 increased sugarbeet root yields by 15 to 26% and sucrose yields by 12 to 21%. Applying organic amendments in place of urea affected neither root nor sucrose yields but at one location decreased sugarbeet crop quality by increasing brei nitrate and conductivity, though without hindering sucrose recovery. Sugarbeet producers can use either compost or manure to satisfy their crop’s N needs without sacrificing sucrose yield.
GABA in the caudate nucleus: a possible synaptic transmitter of interneurons.

Microiontophoretic application of GABA and its antagonist, picrotoxin, altered focal potentials evoked in the caudate nucleus by stimulation near the recording site to a much greater extent than potentials elicited by stimulation of afferent pathways, suggesting that GABA is a transmitter of interneurons in this nucleus.
Engineering hydrogen‐bonded duplexes

Based on several simple, readily available building blocks, oligoamide strands carrying various arrays of hydrogen-bond donors and acceptors, i.e. hydrogen-bonding sequences, have been designed and synthesized. Detailed characterization indicates that these oligoamide strands associate via their hydrogen-bonding edges into doubled stranded pairs (duplexes), which are characterized by programmable sequence specificity and adjustable stability. Using these hydrogen-bonded duplexes as association units, supramolecular structures, such as β-sheets and non-covalent block copolymers, are obtained by simply mixing the corresponding components. Recently, by incorporating reversible covalent interactions into these hydrogen-bonded duplexes, sequence-specific formation of covalently linked structures has been realized under thermodynamic conditions, which has opened an entirely new avenue to the development of previously unknown dynamic covalent structures such as various block copolymers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Radial bone density and breast cancer risk in white and African-American women.

A number of different models for assessing individual risk of breast cancer use known risk factors such as age, age at menarche, age at first live birth, previous breast biopsies, and family history. High bone mass in white women is also associated with an increased breast cancer risk; however, bone mass as a risk factor has not been studied in African-American women. We conducted a case-control study to evaluate bone mineral density as a risk factor for breast cancer in white and African-American women. We recruited 221 women with newly diagnosed breast cancer from a comprehensive breast cancer center at a large university hospital, and 197 control women who were frequency matched for ethnicity and age. Odds ratios were based on proximal and distal radial bone density measured by peripheral bone densitometry (Norland pDEXA) and expressed as a standardized “Z-score” (age and ethnicity specific). Logistic regression models were fitted controlling for body mass index, menopausal status, age, and HRT use (ever/never and duration). With proximal bone density Z-score included in the model as a continuous variable, a one-unit increase in radial shaft bone density increased the risk of breast cancer by 25% (p=0.02). When proximal bone density Z-score was analyzed as a dichotomous variable (≤0, >0) the odds ratio was 1.98 (95% CI, 1.32 to 2.97); that is, having an above average proximal bone density (age-specific) doubles the risk of breast cancer. There were no significant interactions with, and no appreciable confounding effects by, other covariates. An above-average radial shaft Z-score is a significant risk factor for breast cancer in both white and African-American women. The present study extends the association between bone mass and breast cancer risk to African-Americans, and suggests another potential application for bone density testing.
Evidence for a structural interacti on betwen ATP synthetase and cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria

Abstract The reaction of cyanide with the oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase in mitochondria is strongly inhibited by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This inhibition is strictly dependent on the ATP concentration and is insensitive to changes in the concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and orthophosphate. It is completely prevented by oligomycin or uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The ATP is kinetically competitive with respect to cyanide and has a measured inhibitor constant of less than 2 μ m The stoichiometry is one ATP/cyanide. This ATP effect is proposed to result from a structural interaction of ATP synthetase with cytochrome c oxidase, such that the formation of an ATP complex of the synthetase results in a decrease in the affinity of the oxidized form of cytochrome c oxidase for cyanide in the formation of an intermediate in the overall measured cyanide reaction.
Think rhetorically: Navigating the contested territory of social media in the workplace

This paper presents an assignment that challenges students to evaluate and make decisions about social media in the workplace, using an evaluative framework adapted from Sophistic rhetoric. After outlining the contested territory of online work-related talk, we present a professional writing assignment based on a recent court case involving social media and labor relations: Shepherd vs. McGee. This assignment introduces three key concepts that students can use to analyze the case and formulate a revised Social Media Strategy for the plaintiff: kairos, appropriateness and possibility. After articulating learning outcomes for the assignment, we review methods for assessing multimodal writing and adapt Ball's Kuhn+2 assessment criteria to our assignment. We conclude by discussing potential adaptations of this assignment for contexts within and beyond professional writing.
No evidence for the involvement of histamine (H1 or H2) receptors in the hypotension and presynaptic inhibition of sympathetic nerve function caused by LY-141865 in dogs

LY-141865, a partial ergoline, caused hypotension, bradycardia and significant impairment of cardioacceleration elicited during stimulation of cardiac sympathetic nerves. These cardiovascular actions of LY-141865 were not affected either by the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine or the H2-receptor antagonist cimetidine. The dopamine receptor antagonist sulpiride significantly reduced the hypotensive, bradycardic and presynaptic inhibitory actions of LY-141865. These results show that while dopamine receptor activation is responsible for the hypotension and presynaptic inhibition of sympathetic nerve function caused by LY-141865, histamine (H1- or H2-) receptors do not play any role in these actions of the compound.
The floating heart or the heart too fat to sink: analysis of 55 necropsy patients

Certain clinical and morphologic findings are described in 55 patients whose hearts at necropsy contained so much fat that they floated in water. The patients were 47 to 89 years old (mean 67). Symptomatic coronary heart disease was present in 28 (51%) and valvular heart disease (mitral stenosis) in 3 (5%). The heart at necropsy was enlarged (greater than 350 g for women and greater than 400 g for men) in 45 patients (82%). The mean heart weight for the 31 women was 470 g and for the 24 men, 515 g. In addition to the severe increase in fat in the atrioventricular sulci and over both ventricles, the amount of fat in the atrial septum was increased in all patients. In 14 patients (25%), the thickness of the atrial septum cephaled to the fossa ovale was greater than or equal to 2 cm. Excessive fat in this location is called "lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum." Of the 16 patients (29%) with fatal acute myocardial infarction, 7 (44%) had rupture of either the left ventricular free wall or ventricular septum. The high frequency of cardiac rupture in these patients supports the contention that rupture during acute myocardial infarction is more common in the fatty than in the non-fatty heart.