cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risky Business versus Overt Acts: What Relevance Do Actuarial, Probabilistic Risk Assessments Have for Judicial Decisions on Involuntary Psychiatric Hospitalization

Recently, several authors have suggested that only by incorporating findings from actuarial risk assessment instruments (ARAIs) can mental health experts provide evidence-based testimony in mental health commitment hearings. Determining eligibility for involuntary hospitalization seems like an appropriate, natural, obvious application of ARAIs. Similar instruments are used frequently in decision-making about sex offender commitments, where (as with mental health commitment) social policy ostensibly aims to protect the public from harmful acts by persons with mental abnormalities. Also, all evidence suggests that actuarial techniques for judging dangerousness are superior to other methods of assessing the risk of future violence. Yet in many jurisdictions, case law or mental health commitment statutes require clear and convincing evidence showing that a respondent actually did something (that is, committed an “overt act”) that did or could have caused harm. Such requirements may preclude using probabilistic considerations about future behavior as the sole ground for a mental health commitment. This article considers whether U.S. jurisdictions might allow mental health experts to use ARAIs as the primary evidence supporting their opinions in favor of involuntary psychiatric hospitalization. Our findings have important implications for the potential relevance of ARAIs in mental health commitment proceedings.
The formation and properties of dimers of the tryptophan synthetase alpha subunit of Escherichia coli.

Abstract The normally monomeric α subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthetase forms dimers and higher order aggregates following exposure to high urea concentrations and removal of the urea by dialysis. The maximum yield of α chain dimers is approximately 2%. Dimers of certain combinations of different enzymatically inactive mutant α monomers exhibit the missing enzymatic activity. In such heterologous dimers, the reconstituted active site has at least 50% of the activity of the active site of the native wild type α monomer. α chain dimers form an enzymatically active complex with the tryptophan synthetase β2 subunit. However, an α chain dimer can bind only a single β2 molecule. The α chain dimer dissociates into α monomers when heated at 51°. A tentative model of the structure of an α chain dimer is presented.
An Earth-like numerical dynamo model

The mechanism by which the Earth and other planets maintain their magnetic fields against ohmic decay is among the longest standing problems in planetary science. Although it is widely acknowledged that these fields are maintained by dynamo action, the mechanism by which the dynamo operates is in large part not understood. Numerical simulations of the dynamo process in the Earth's core1,2,3,4 have produced magnetic fields that resemble the Earth's field, but it is unclear whether these models accurately represent the extremely low values of viscosity believed to be appropriate to the core. Here we describe the results of a numerical investigation of the dynamo process that adopts an alternative approach5 to this problem in which, through the judicious choice of boundary conditions, the effects of viscosity are rendered unimportant. We thereby obtain a solution that at leading order operates in an Earth-like dynamical regime. The morphology and evolution of the magnetic field and the fluid flow at the core–mantle boundary are similar to those of the Earth, and the field within the core is qualitatively similar to that proposed on theoretical grounds6.
Can Advertising be Standardized Among Similar Countries? A Cluster-Based Analysis

This article outlines one possible approach that companies can use to identify candidate countries for standardized international advertising campaigns. By clustering countries based on their similarity economically, culturally, and in their media availability and usage, marketers can identify those in which similar campaigns may be successful. In this paper, 40 countries were clustered into six groups within each of which standardization could be attempted. Discriminant analysis provided validation for the appropriateness of this six cluster solution. The implications of these results are discussed and directions for future research based on this approach are suggested.
A LONG PROCESS TOWARDS AGRICULTURE IN THE MIDDLE YELLOW RIVER VALLEY, CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM MACRO- AND MICRO-BOTANICAL REMAINS

Macro- and micro-botanical remains dating from the Upper Paleolithic through early Neolithic periods in North China have provided significant information for reconstructing the changing subsistence patterns as human groups evolved from mobile hunting-gathering societies to sedentary farming communities. Starch analysis on grinding stones, in particular, has revealed much new data that supplement the inventory of carbonized remains recovered by flotation methods. This paper reviews some recent research projects which have documented a long tradition of processing various plants with grinding stones in the Middle Yellow River valley, including tubers, beans, nuts, and cereals. Exploitation of wild millet can be traced back to 23,000-19,500 cal. BP, more than 10,000 years before its domestication. Several species of tuber, acorn, and wild grasses made up significant proportions of staple food during the early Neolithic, when millet domestication was already underway. These new data help us to better understand the extended transitional process to agriculture in the Middle Yellow River region. Archaeobotany is in an early stage of development in China; it is important to employ an interdisciplinary approach for a more complete documentation of plant use in the past and a better understanding of subsistence practices then.
Priming protective BVDV-specific immunity using multi-component mosaic antigens (VAC7P.980)

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a Flavivirus, plays a key role in bovine respiratory disease complex, which leads to pneumonia and death of calves. Current vaccines are not very effective due, in part, to immunosuppressive traits of the virus. There are diverse BVDV strains and thus, current vaccines contain type 1 and 2 viruses (BVDV-1 & 2). Modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are superior to killed virus, but they are susceptible to antibody neutralization and complement-mediated destruction that limits their efficacy in neonates. We generated three novel mosaic polypeptide chimeras, designated NproE2123; NS231; and NS232, which represent determinants conserved among BVDV strains and these antigens are the main targets involved in protection. We confirmed that a proto-type adenovirus-vectored vaccine expressing these antigens was recognized by mAbs, sera, and T cells raised against diverse BVDV strains. In a poof-of-concept efficacy study, the vaccine induced significantly higher IFN-γ spot forming cells (p
Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Intelligent tutoring systems are computer programs that use artificial intelligence techniques to interact with students and to provide experiences tailored to students' immediate needs. Originally, the term included only systems that modeled the student's developing knowledge, but today the term often includes systems that adapt to the pattern of a student's activity and to estimates of what the student knows. Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI); cognitive psychology; education; learning; intelligent systems
Synthesis and Structures of Solvated Monoclusters and Bridged Di- and Triclusters Based on the Cubic Building Block [Re6(μ3-Se)8]2+

The cluster formulated as [Re6Se7(SeH)I6]3- has been previously shown to undergo ligand substitution reactions to generate the family [Re6Se8(PEt3)nI6-n](n-4)+ (n = 3−6), several members of which form solvate clusters upon treatment with Ag(I) in acetonitrile. Here it is demonstrated that additional de-iodination reactions afford solvate clusters useful in building up bridged cluster arrays. In dichloromethane/solv (5:1 v/v) in the presence of 2 equiv of AgSbF6 at room temperature, trans-[Re6Se8(PEt3)4I2] forms trans-[Re6Se8(PEt3)4(solv)2]2+ (solv = MeCN (5), DMF (6), Me2SO (7)). The hexaiodo cluster with 6 equiv of AgSbF6 gives the fully solvated clusters [Re6Se8(solv)6]2+ (solv = DMF (9), Me2SO (10), py (11)). In refluxing chlorobenzene for 3 days, [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(MeCN)]2+ (1) and 4,4‘-bipyridine (4,4‘-bpy) yield [Re6Se8(PEt3)5(4,4‘-bpy)]2+ (12); similarly, cis- and trans-[Re6Se8(PEt3)4(MeCN)2]2+ afford the cis- and trans-14 isomers, respectively, of [Re6Se8(PEt3)4(4,4‘-bpy)2]2+. Clusters 1 and 12 (or 1 ...
Hydroxyurea in stage D carcinoma of prostate

Thirty patients with histologically proved metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma Stage D were treated with a single oral dose of 80 mg. per Kg. hydroxyurea every third day (based on ideal or actual weight, whichever is less) and 12 mg. chlorotrianisene per day. Toxicity was mild. The most common manifestations were nausea, occasional vomiting, and leukopenia. A definite attempt was made to depress the white blood count to approximately 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Hydroxyurea was not discontinued unless the white blood count decreased to less than 2,000 cells per cu. mm., after which a single dose was usually omitted. Omission of a single dose would allow the white blood count to return promptly to more than 2,000 cells per cu. mm. Objective tumor regression was demonstrated in 15 of the 30 patients, and most patients had a definite improvement in the quality of life.
Influence of thickness and processing history on fatigue fracture of nylon 66. Part I: Crack propagation measurements

The influence of sample thickness on fatigue crack propagation rates in injection molded nylon 66 was determined by preparing 12.7 mm thick plaques along with more conventional 3.0 mm thick samples. Initial results suggested a large effect of thickness as the crack propagation rates were accelerated in the thicker samples and the stress dependence was also increased. Since the calculated thickness for a plane stress to plane strain transition in nylon 66 is 9.0 mm, it was thought that these results were related to the stress state at the crack tip. However, a more thorough study of the thicker plaques has now demonstrated that neither the magnitude nor the stress dependence of the fatigue crack growth rates is necessarily changed under plane strain conditions as similar results can be obtained for thick and thin plaques. It is suggested that the earlier results were confounded by a previously unrecognized processing history effect which does accelerate fatigue fracture. The latter effect is shown by thermal analysis and optical microscopy to be related to a rearrangement of the polymer network during melt processing.
Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the cocosoid palms (Arecaceae, Arecoideae, Cocoseae) inferred from sequences of six WRKY gene family loci

Arecaceae tribe Cocoseae is the most economically important tribe of palms, including both coconut and African oil palm. It is mostly represented in the Neotropics, with one and two genera endemic to South Africa and Madagascar, respectively. Using primers for six single copy WRKY gene family loci, we amplified DNA from 96 samples representing all genera of the palm tribe Cocoseae as well as outgroup tribes Reinhardtieae and Roystoneae. We compared parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML), and Bayesian (B) analysis of the supermatrix with three species-tree estimation approaches. Subtribe Elaeidinae is sister to the Bactridinae in all analyses. Within subtribe Attaleinae, Lytocaryum, previously nested in Syagrus, is now positioned by MP and ML as sister to the former, with high support; B maintains Lytocaryum embedded within Syagrus. Both MP and ML resolve Cocos as sister to Syagrus; B positions Cocos as sister to Attalea. Bactridineae is composed of two sister clades, Bactris and Desmoncus in one, for which there is morphological support, and a second comprising Acrocomia, Astrocaryum, and Aiphanes. Two B and one ML gene tree-species estimation approaches are incongruent with the supermatrix in a few critical intergeneric clades, but resolve the same infrageneric relationships. The biogeographic history of the Cocoseae is dominated by dispersal events. The tribe originated in the late Cretaceous in South America. Evaluated together, the supermatrix and species tree analyses presented in this paper provide the most accurate picture of the evolutionary history of the tribe to date, with more congruence than incongruence among the various methodologies.
Video Game Appropriation through Modifications: Attitudes Concerning Intellectual Property among Modders and Fans

This article investigates an instance in convergence culture: the conflicts and compromises between modders (fans of a video game who actually make changes to the game) and their supporters, and the owners of the copyrighted works they appropriate. I suggest that current copyright ownership in cultural products interferes with the way creative industries can benefit from convergence; that modders (and fans generally) develop a specific rationale and set of norms rooted in Jenkins' concept of a `moral economy' (Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, 2006) to justify their appropriations; and that mutually beneficial relationships can be teased out of the apparently contradictory positions of modders and copyright owners. This article focuses on two case studies that illustrate the ways modders reuse cultural products and incorporate them into their video game modifications to achieve a sense of creative ownership and meaning over their entertainment experience.
Use of Cis- and Trans-Ribozymes to Remove 5′ and 3′ Heterogeneities From Milligrams of In Vitro Transcribed RNA

In vitro transcription with phage T7 RNA polymerase is the method of choice for obtaining multi-milligram quantities of RNA for structural studies. However, run-off transcription with this enzyme results in molecules that are heterogeneous at their 3′-, and depending on template sequence, 5′-termini. For transcripts longer than ∼50 nucleotides (nt), these impurities cannot be removed by preparative purification techniques. Use of cis-delta, or trans-VS ribozymes allows preparation of homogeneous RNA with any 3′-terminal sequence. If present, 5′ heterogeneity can be overcome with a cis-hammerhead ribozyme. During the course of a structural investigation of Group II self-splicing introns, we sought to prepare a 70 nt RNA molecule comprising domains V and VI (d56) of the ai5γ intron (Fig. 1). Run-off transcription from a plasmid linearized with the restriction enzyme BsaI to generate a DNA terminus ...TAGCC-3′ on the template strand resulted in six to eight different molecules, the shortest of which (∼30% of the full-length transcript) is the desired product (Fig. 2, lane A). Although resolved on an analytical gel, these different molecules could not be separated on a preparative scale either by gel electrophoresis or chromatography, making the resulting RNA inadequate for biophysical studies. Addition of random nucleotides to the 3′-terminus of run-off transcripts by T7 RNA polymerase is well documented (1); we chose to use a ribozyme to cleave the 3′-end of our transcript to make it homogeneous. The hammerhead (HH) and hairpin ribozymes have been employed previously to cleave transcripts (2, and references therein). However, the well-characterized hammerhead has sequence requirements 5′ to the cleavage site that are incompatible with our desired product. This catalytic RNA needs the sequence UX (X G) to precede the cleavage site. The hairpin ribozyme, which needs (G/C/U)N instead, is prone to aberrant cleavage (2). Furthermore, when used to remove 3′-termini, both require sequence complementarity with nucleotides internal to the product, necessitating ribozymes of different sequence for cleaving different constructs. In contrast, the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme (δ) and the Neurospora Varkud satellite RNA ribozyme (VS) have minimal sequence requirements: δ will cut after any base other than G (3, and references therein), while VS will cleave efficiently after any base other than C (4). Thus, these two ribozymes used in concert should allow cleavage after any desired sequence. Figure 1. Schematic representation of the hammerhead-d56-VSsl construct. The sequences of domains V and VI are shown in upper case letters, in their conventional base-paired representation. The hammerhead ribozyme (HH) and VS ribozyme substrate stem–loop (VSsl) are in lower case. Bonds that are cleaved by the ribozymes are shown in broken lines. Note that the first 11 nt of domain V are complementary to a portion of HH. VSsl is longer than that of (4) because the template plasmid was linearized with BamHI rather than AvaI.
Evolutionary Ethics from Darwin to Moore

Evolutionary ethics has a long history, dating all the way back to Charles Darwin. Almost immediately after the publication of the Origin, an immense interest arose in the moral implications of Darwinism and whether the truth of Darwinism would undermine traditional ethics. Though the biological thesis was certainly exciting, nobody suspected that the impact of the Origin would be confined to the scientific arena. As one historian wrote, 'whether or not ancient populations of armadillos were transformed into the species that currently inhabit the new world was certainly a topic about which zoologists could disagree. But it was in discussing the broader implications of the theory...that tempers flared and statements were made which could transform what otherwise would have been a quiet scholarly meeting into a social scandal' (Farber 1994, 22). Some resistance to the biological thesis of Darwinism sprung from the thought that it was incompatible with traditional morality and, since one of them had to go, many thought that Darwinism should be rejected. However, some people did realize that a secular ethics was possible so, even if Darwinism did undermine traditional religious beliefs, it need not have any effects on moral thought. Before I begin my discussion of evolutionary ethics from Darwin to Moore, I would like to make some more general remarks about its development. There are three key events during this history of evolutionary ethics. First, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of the Species (Darwin 1859). Since one did not have a fully developed theory of evolution until 1859, there exists little work on evolutionary ethics until then. Shortly thereafter, Herbert Spencer (1898) penned the first systematic theory of evolutionary ethics, which was promptly attacked by T.H. Huxley (Huxley 1894). Second, at about the turn of the century, moral philosophers entered the fray and attempted to demonstrate logical errors in Spencer's work; such errors were alluded to but never fully brought to the fore by Huxley. These philosophers were the well known moralists from Cambridge: Henry Sidgwick (Sidgwick 1902, 1907) and G.E. Moore (Moore 1903), though their ideas hearkened back to David Hume (Hume 1960). These criticisms were so strong that the industry of evolutionary ethics was largely abandoned (though with some exceptions) for many years. Third, E.O. Wilson, a Harvard entomologist, published Sociobiology: The New Synthesis in 1975 (Wilson E.O. 1975), which sparked renewed interest in evolutionary ethics and offered new directions of investigation. These events suggest the following stages for the history of evolutionary ethics: development, criticism and abandonment, revival. In this paper, I shall focus on the first two stages, since those are the ones on which the philosophical merits have already been largely decided. The revival stage is still in progress and we shall eventually find out whether it was a success.
Piggy-Back Power Supplies for Magnet Systems

In accelerator facilities, particularly beam switchyards, it is common to have two or more related magnets which require nearly the same dc current. Presently the magnets are energized from separate sources, or from a single current-regulated source, with the magnets connected in series, and current-sink shunts across one or more of the magnets to obtain the difference. This article describes the advantages of economy, efficiency, reliability, and flexibility which accrue if auxiliary power supplies are used to trim the currents by the addition of more current to one or more magnets.
Compaction of microporous membranes used in membrane distillation. I. Effect on gas permeability

Abstract Membrane compaction effects are well documented in RO, UF, and gas separation, but little attention is paid to compaction effects in microporous membrane processes. This paper examines the effects of compaction on the gas permeability of microporous membranes to be used in MD. Contrary to what is observed in RO and UF systems where membrane permeability is reduced by compaction, limited compaction of microporous membranes can result in enhanced permeability. This enhancement is the result of decreased membrane thickness, which increases the pressure gradient across the membrane. An experimental method is devised to determine the effects of membrane compaction on permeability, and a theory for modifying flux equations to include a parameter for membrane compaction is introduced.
Same Direction, Different Paths: a Phenomenological Study of Employees who are Religious yet Open to Religious Pluralism

While there is a growing interest in workplace spirituality, much of that focus excludes religion even though the vast majority of people are affiliated with a religious tradition. Attempts to bring one’s “whole self” to work can be problematic for those who are religious because of concerns of offense or proselytizing. This phenomenological study explored the lived experience of a group of 15 professional employees who were personally religious while also remaining open to religious pluralism in the workplace. This group was largely Christian, and was chosen from participants in leadership seminars and graduate courses in the United States. Analysis revealed four different postures used by participants to express openness toward religious difference. These approaches are described in detail, and the implications of these finding for the advancement of pluralism in the workplace are considered.
Thermal management of EUV lithography masks using low-expansion glass substrates

Lithographic masks must maintain dimensional stability during exposure in a wafer stepper. In extreme UV lithography, multilayer coatings are deposited on a flat mask, substrate to make the mask surface reflective at EUV wavelengths. About 40 percent of the incident EUV radiation is absorbed by the multilayer coatings causing a temperature rise. The choice of mask substrate material affects dimensional stability due to thermal expansion and/or deformation. Finite element modeling has ben used to investigate the proper choice of mask substrate material and to explore the efficacy of various thermal management strategies. This modeling indicates that significant machine design and engineering challenges are necessary in order to employ Si as a mask substrate. Even if these challenges can be met, the thermal expansion of Si is likely to be too large to meet overlay error budgets for lithography at ground rules beyond the 100 nm technology node. ULE - a single phase, fused silica glass doped with titania - has near zero thermal expansion at the temperatures where EUV lithography is performed. Due to its small coefficient of thermal expansion, ULE does not undergo appreciable instantaneous or transient thermal expansion that results in image placement error.
Interspecific Fighting in Three Species of Brachyuran Crabs From Hawaii1)

Die interspezifischen Kampfe zwischen drei Arten brachyurer Krebse wurden im Labor untersucht. Bei den Kampfen spielten bestimmte Bewegungen der Chelipeden eine wesentliche Rolle. Die Ergebnisse wurden zu Grossenmassen der Krebse in Beziehung gesetzt. Thalarraita crenata waren Portunus sanguinolentus uberlegen, auch noch wenn letztere in Bezug auf Carapax-lange und - breite sowie Manuslange etwas grosser waren. Portunus sanguinolentus zeigte sich Podophthalmus vigil uberlegen, wenn sie langere Manus hatten (bei gleicher Korpergrosse), wahrend umgekehrt Podophthalmus vigil den Kampf gewann, wenn, bei gleicher Manuslange, die Korpermasse grosser waren.
SurfaceWare: dynamic tagging for Microsoft Surface

Microsoft Surface is distinguished among commercial multi-touch systems by its ability to interact with tagged objects. In this work, we examine a new class of tagged objects where the tag is dynamic---it changes in response to some sensed variable. As an example, a drinking glass is described which can sense when a refill should be offered. The glass is completely passive, containing no electronic components or moving parts, and works with an unmodified Microsoft Surface.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography documents bile leak site after cholecystectomy in patients with aberrant right hepatic duct where ERCP fails

Bile leak is a known complication after cholecystectomy. Multiple diagnostic tests (US, CT, nuclear scintigraphy) are available to localize and quantitate the leak. ERCP can be used to identify the leak and treat this complication in the majority of patients. When the cholangiogram via ERCP is “normal” in the setting of a biloma or bile draining from a transcutaneous right upper quadrant drain, confusion arises as to the site of the leak. We describe two patients with a bile leak after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in whom ERCP failed to make the diagnosis. In each case, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) demonstrated the site of the bile leak from an aberrant right hepatic ductal branch arising near the cystic duct/common duct junction which had been severed during cholecystectomy.
Neutron energy spectrum characterization on TMR-1 at the Indiana University neutron source

Abstract The energy spectrum of the Neutron Radiation Effects Program (NREP) beam line, Target-Moderator-Reflector-1 (TMR-1), at Indiana University has not been previously characterized. The facility has a unique proton source with variable pulse length (15-600 ms) and energy (13 MeV). Thus, it can produce a unique and tailored neutron beam when incident on a beryllium target. Through a combination of MCNP-X particle simulations, neutron activation experiments, and application of a spectrum unfolding code (SAND-II), the neutron source is characterized. Eight activation foils and wires were irradiated in the target area and the gamma activity measured. This information was used in an unfolding code, SAND-II, to deconvolve the spectrum, using the MCNP simulations as a basis for the spectral fitting.
Mechanism of proteasomal degradation of inositol trisphosphate receptors in CHO-K1 cells.

myo-Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) degradation occurs in response to carbachol (Cch) stimulation of CHO-K1 cells. The response was mediated by endogenous muscarinic receptors and was blocked by atropine or proteasomal inhibitors. We have used these cells to identify the sites of ubiquitination on IP3Rs and study the role of Ca2+ and substrate recognition properties of the degradation system using exogenously expressed IP3R constructs. Employing caspase-3 for IP3R cleavage, we show that Cch promotes polyubiquitination in the N-terminal domain and monoubiquitination in the C-terminal domain. The addition of extracellular Ca2+ to Ca2+-depleted Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells initiates IP3R degradation provided Cch is present. This effect is inhibited by thapsigargin. The data suggest that both a sustained elevation of IP3 and a minimal content of Ca2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen is required to initiate IP3R degradation. Transient transfection of IP3R constructs into CHO cells indicated the selective degradation of only the SI(+) splice variant of the type I IP3R. This was also the splice form present endogenously in these cells. A pore-defective, nonfunctional SI(+) IP3R mutant (D2550A) was also degraded in Cch-stimulated cells. The Cch-mediated response in CHO cells provides a convenient model system to further analyze the Ca2+ dependence and structural requirements of the IP3R proteasomal degradation pathway.
Quantitative fluorescence of 5-FU-treated fetal rat limbs using confocal laser scanning microscopy and LysoTracker Red

Background LysoTracker Red (LT) is a paraformaldehyde fixable probe that concentrates into acidic compartments of cells and tissues. After cell death, a high level of lysosomal activity (acidic enzyme) is expressed in tissues resulting from phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by neighboring cells. LT was shown previously to be an indicator of cell death in a manner similar to other standard assays (Annexin, terminal dUTP nick end labeling, Nile blue sulfate, neutral red, and acridine orange). Methods LT fluorescence in fetal rat hindlimbs at gestational day 14 was measured 8 h after administration of the teratogen, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), with the use of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Four dose levels of 5-FU (0, 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg) were studied. The preparation technique involved staining with LT, paraformaldehyde fixation, methanol dehydration, and clearance with benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate. After this treatment, the limb was nearly transparent and ready for CLSM analysis. Results LT staining was observed in specific regions undergoing apoptosis in normal (control) hindlimbs. After 5-FU treatment, highly fluorescent regions appeared in the progress zone (PZ) of the limb. A dose-dependent response to 5-FU treatment was observed. Compared with controls, hindlimbs treated with 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg of 5-FU exhibited more fluorescence within the highly proliferative PZ. These results showed a dose–response relation between 5-FU exposure and LT uptake. Conclusions We found that three-dimensional volumetric regions indicating a high level of fluorescence in the embryonic limb bud can be quantified with three different computer analysis programs. The combination of a sample preparation procedure that clears tissue, a CLSM technique that addresses the equipment variables, and an application of statistical population analysis procedures enabled the visualization and quantification of fluorescence in entire fetal rat hindlimbs that were approximately 500 μm in thickness. Cytometry Part A 53A:9–21, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Markov-Transition Model for Cascading Failures in Power Grids

The electric power grid is a complex critical infrastructure network. Its inter-connectivity enables long-distance transmission of power for more efficient system operation. The same inter-connectivity, however, also allows the propagation of disturbances. In fact, blackouts due to cascading failures occur because of the intrinsic electrical properties of this propagation and physical mechanisms that are triggered by it. In this paper we propose a stochastic Markov model, whose transition probabilities are derived from a stochastic model for the flow redistribution, that can potentially capture the progression of cascading failures and its time span. We suggest a metric that should be monitored to expose the risk of failure and the time margin that is left to perform corrective action. Finally we experiment with the proposed stochastic model on the IEEE 300 bus system and provide numerical analysis.
Ion spectroscopy of the N5+(4,0) meinel band using Ar charge exchange detection

Abstract The optical absorption spectrum of the transitions has been observed in a flow tube by detection of the Ar+ product of the charge exchange reaction N2+ + Ar → N2 + Ar+. This reaction is fast for N2+(A) Icvels, but very slow or zero for N2+(X). The techinique is sensitive and applicable to the spectroscopic and reactive study of many ions.
The non-photosynthetic plastid in malarial parasites and other apicomplexans is derived from outside the green plastid lineage.

The discovery of a non-photosynthetic plastid genome in Plasmodium falciparum and other apicomplexans has provided a new drug target, but the evolutionary origin of the plastid has been muddled by the lack of characters, that typically define major plastid lineages. To clarify the ancestry of the plastid, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of all genomic characters shared by completely sequenced plastid genomes. Cladistic analysis of the pattern of plastid gene loss and gene rearrangements suggests that the apicomplexan plastid is derived from an ancestor outside of the green plastid lineage. Phylogenetic analysis of primary sequence data (DNA and amino acid characters) produces results that are generally independent of the analytical method, but similar genes (i.e., rpoB and rpoC) give similar topologies. The conflicting phylogenies in primary sequence data sets make it difficult to determine the the exact origin of the apicomplexan plastid and the apparent artifactual association of apicomplexan and euglenoid sequences suggests that DNA sequence data may be an inappropriate set of characters to address this phylogenetic question. At present we cannot reject our null hypothesis that the apicomplexan plastid is derived from a shared common ancestor between apicomplexans and dinoflagellates. During the analysis, we noticed that the Plasmodium tRNA-Met is probably tRNA-fMet and the tRNA-fMet is probably tRNA-Ile. We suggest that P. falciparum has lost the elongator type tRNA-Met and that similar to metazoan mitochondria there is only one species of methionine tRNA. In P. falciparum, this has been accomplished by recruiting the fMet-type tRNA to dually function in initiation and elongation. The tRNA-Ile has an unusual stem-loop in the variable region. The insertion in this region appears to have occurred after the primary origin of the plastid and further supports the monophyletic ancestory of plastids.
Limiting the power of p53 through the ubiquitin proteasome pathway

The ubiquitin proteasome pathway is critical in restraining the activities of the p53 tumor suppressor. Numerous E3 and E4 ligases regulate p53 levels. Additionally, deubquitinating enzymes that modify p53 directly or indirectly also impact p53 function. When alterations of these proteins result in increased p53 activity, cells arrest in the cell cycle, senesce, or apoptose. On the other hand, alterations that result in decreased p53 levels yield tumor-prone phenotypes. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of these important regulators of p53 and their therapeutic implications.
Magnetic resonance angiography and venography were sensitive but had poor technical adequacy for diagnosing pulmonary embolism

Source Citation Stein PD, Chenevert TL, Fowler SE, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for pulmonary embolism: a multicenter prospective study (PIOPED III). Ann Intern Med. 20...
Tracking Functional Status Across the Spinal Cord Injury Lifespan: Linking Pediatric and Adult Patient-Reported Outcome Scores

Abstract Objective To use item response theory (IRT) methods to link scores from 2 recently developed contemporary functional outcome measures, the adult Spinal Cord Injury–Functional Index (SCI-FI) and the Pedi SCI (both the parent version and the child version). Design Secondary data analysis of the physical functioning items of the adult SCI-FI and the Pedi SCI instruments. We used a nonequivalent group design with items common to both instruments and the Stocking-Lord method for the linking. Linking was conducted so that the adult SCI-FI and Pedi SCI scaled scores could be compared. Setting Community. Participants This study included a total sample of 1558 participants. Pedi SCI items were administered to a sample of children (n=381) with SCI aged 8 to 21 years, and of parents/caregivers (n=322) of children with SCI aged 4 to 21 years. Adult SCI-FI items were administered to a sample of adults (n=855) with SCI aged 18 to 92 years. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Five scales common to both instruments were included in the analysis: Wheelchair, Daily Routine/Self-care, Daily Routine/Fine Motor, Ambulation, and General Mobility functioning. Results Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis results indicated that the 5 scales are unidimensional. A graded response model was used to calibrate the items. Misfitting items were identified and removed from the item banks. Items that function differently between the adult and child samples (ie, exhibit differential item functioning) were identified and removed from the common items used for linking. Domain scores from the Pedi SCI instruments were transformed onto the adult SCI-FI metric. Conclusions This IRT linking allowed estimation of adult SCI-FI scale scores based on Pedi SCI scale scores and vice versa; therefore, it provides clinicians with a means of tracking long-term functional data for children with an SCI across their entire lifespan.
AMPK links cellular bioenergy status to the decision making of axon initiation in neurons.

Neuronal polarization begins by the selection of a single minor neurite that subsequently undergoes rapid extension until reaching a formidable length. To ensure that the highly active growth can be sustained by a sufficient energy supply, neurons are supposed to sense their energy status prior to initiating polarization. Our recent work shows that the bioenergy sensor, AMPK, plays a crucial role in the regulation of axon initiation. Activation of AMPK to mimic energy-lacking conditions results in a halt in axon selection and growth, leading to a loss of neuronal polarization.An editorial on this review can be found at:http://www.landesbioscience.com/journals/cellularlogistics/article/17634/
RESPONSE TO SYNTHETIC THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE IN MAN

The response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has not been delineated in man, nor have patients with endocrinopathies been tested yet with this agent. The purpose of this communication is to report the serum TSH of euthyroid subjects given TRH by several modes of administration and to describe the response in several patients with endocrinopathies.
Deubiquitinating Enzymes: A New Class of Biological Regulators

Protein ubiquitination controls many intracellular processes, including cell cycle progression, transcriptional activation, and signal transduction. Like protein phosphorylation, protein ubiquitination is dynamic, involving enzymes that add ubiquitin (ubiquitin conjugating enzymes) and enzymes that remove ubiquitin (deubiquitinating enzymes). Considerable progress has been made in the understanding of ubiquitin conjugation and its role in regulating protein degradation. Recent studies have demonstrated that regulation also occurs at the level of deubiquitination. Deubiquitinating enzymes are cysteine proteases that specifically cleave ubiquitin from ubiquitin-conjugated protein substrates. Genome sequencing projects have identified many candidate deubiquitinating enzymes, making them the largest family of enzymes in the ubiquitin system. Deubiquitinating enzymes have significant sequence diversity and therefore may have a broad range of substrate specificities. Here we explore the structural and biochemic...
Differentiation of paroxysmal narrow QRS complex tachycardias using the 12-lead electrocardiogram

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) for differentiating paroxysmal narrow QRS complex tachycardias. Background. Previous studies evaluating the utility of the 12-lead ECG for differentiating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia types have shown conflicting results on the usefulness of some ECG criteria, and some criteria that are considered to be useful have never been formally evaluated. Methods. Two hundred forty-two ECGs demonstrating paroxysmal narrow QRS complex (<0.11 ms) tachycardia (rate ≥120 beats/min) were analyzed. All ECGs were analyzed by an observer who had no knowledge of the mechanism of the tachycardia. Results. There were 137 atrioventricular (AV) reciprocating tachycardias, 93 AV node reentrant tachycardias and 12 atrial tachycardias. Six criteria were found to be significantly different between tachycardia types by univariate analysis. A P wave separate from the QRS complex was observed more frequently in AV reciprocating tachycardia (68%) and atrial tachycardias (75%). A pseudo r' deflection in lead V1and a pseudo S wave in the inferior leads were more common in AV mode reentrant tachycardia (58% and 14%, respectively); QRS alternans was present more often during AV reciprocating tachycardia 127%). When a P wave was present, an RP/PR interval ratio ≥1 was more common in atrial tachycardias (89%). During sinus rhythm, manifest pre-excitation was observed more often in patients with AV reciprocating tachycardia (45%). By multivariate analysis, the presence of a P wave separate from the QRS complex, pseudo r' deflection in lead V1, QRS alternans during tachycardia and the presence of pre-excitation during sinus rhythm were independent predictors of tachycardia type. These criteria correctly identified 86% of AV node reentrant tachycardias, 81% of AV reciprocating tachycardias and incorrectiy assigned the tachycardia type in 19% of cases. Conclusions. Several features on the ECG are useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia type. However, approximately 20% of tachycardias may he incorrectly classified on the basis of analysis of the ECG; therefore, the ECG should not serve as the sole means for determining tachycardia mechanism.
Mental set and mental arithmetic

State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14226 Ss performed mental arithmetic problems in which they added, subtracted, or multiplied two one-digit numbers. The presentation order of the operator symbol and the digits was varied. With three possible operators, presentation of the operator prior to the digits (OD) led to faster RTs. With two possible operators, the opposite order (digits prior to operator, DO) led to faster RTs, because RTs in the OD condition were unaffected by the number of possible operators. These results are discussed in terms of the trade off between accessing active memory for a small number of items in the DO condition vs retrieving information from relatively large tables in long-term memory in the OD condition.
Experimental Paragonimus kellicotti infection in dogs

Abstract The life cycle of Paragonimus kellicotti was studied in dogs fed 25 or 50 metacercariae obtained from the hearts of naturally infected crayfish. Young flukes excysted in the intestines and appeared in the peritoneal cavity within 7–14 days after inoculation (DAI) and in the pleural cavity from 7 to 43 DAI. Immature flukes penetrated the pulmonary parenchyma between 7 and 10 DAI and became sexually mature between 28 and 35 DAI. Virtually all growth of the flukes occurred in the lungs. Eggs first appeared in feces 30 DAI. Pulmonary lesions were caused by the penetration and growth of flukes and the lesions were first detected by thoracic radiography 3 weeks after inoculation. Clinical signs were generally mild and consisted of an intermittent cough. Two dogs died suddenly of pneumothorax due to the rupture of cysts 32 and 35 DAI, respectively.
Calculation of organ and whole-body uptake and production with the impulse response approach

Abstract A general theory for the calculation of uptake and production in the non-ready state in both a single organ and in the whole body is proposed. The theory is based on an extension of Zierler’s impulse response approach for organ kinetics and on its application to whole-body kinetics through circulatory models. It describes the accessible (inlet-outlet) and non-accessible (inlet-uptake, production-outlet, and production-uptake) metabolic paths of an organ with four impulse responses. The mathematical formalization gives the factors that must be known with sufficient accuracy to ensure a well-founded calculation of uptake and production, and provides a basis for the evaluation of the currently used approximate approaches. The theory shows that if uptake and production occur simultaneously in organs—e.g. for amino acids—the major problem, which cannot easily be overcome, is the lack of knowledge of the non-accessible impulse responses. If uptake and production do not occur simultaneously (e.g. for glucose), substitutes of uptake and production (denoted as inlet-equivalent uptake and outlet-equivalent production) can be calculated from the knowledge of the inlet-outlet impulse response only. Qualitatively, uptake is delayed inlet-equivalent uptake and outlet-equivalent production is delayed production. The delays are the mean transit times of the inlet-uptake and production-outlet paths. Inlet-equivalent uptake and outlet-equivalent production can be calculated without hypotheses on the organ (or whole-body) total mass, which is known to be indeterminable with classical tracer experiments. If independent information on the mass is available, a rigorous qualitative prediction of the fluxes can be attempted. For whole-body kinetics, this approach has better foundations than compartmental analysis that necessarily requires assumptions on the total mass. Whole-body glucose kinetics in a specific non-steady-state condition are discussed as a relevant application of the theory.
Autogenous Calcaneal Bone Graft Repair of a Closing Base Wedge Osteotomy Nonunion

The authors present a case report showing successful autogenous calcaneal bone graft stabilization of a first metatarsal closing base wedge osteotomy nonunion. The authors discuss the complications and clinical sequelae associated with first metatarsal base wedge osteotomy nonunions. The patient's clinical presentation, surgical procedure, and postoperative course are discussed. Comparative preoperative and postoperative objective gait analyses are presented. This approach to first metatarsal nonunion salvage appears to be clinically successful with a 15-month follow-up period.
Progress report on the development of an area detector data acquisition system for X-ray crystallography and other X-ray diffraction experiments☆

Abstract A relatively inexpensive data acquisition system, incorporating a flat MWPC, with an anticipated count rate of approximately 130 kHz is currently being developed at SSRL in collaboration with research groups at UCSD and LBL. It will be primarily used for X-ray crystallographic studies of macromolecules using synchrotron radiation but will also be used for other X-ray diffraction experiments at SSRL. This system, controlled by a PDP 11-34 computer running under the RSX-11M operating system, incorporates the MWPC area detector, a fast display system, a 3-circle single-crystal goniometer, an alignment carriage, an incident-beam intensity monitor and a tunable monochromator. A progress report and future plans will be presented. The detector dimensions are 28 cm × 28 cm with a spatial resolution of 128 × 256 elements. The absorption depth at normal incidence is 1 cm and the fill gas is a mixture of 90% Xe and 10% CO 2 at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Fast printed-circuit delay-lines (≈ 170 ns) are used for read-out. It is anticipated that the complete system will be ready for initial testing in the Spring of 1980.
Multiphase behavior and the superconducting composition in Nd2−xCexCuO4

High resolution neutron and x-ray powder diffraction data show that samples of Nd 2−x Ce x CuO 4 are multiphase except at x=O and the optimum superconducting composition x≈0.165. Cerium doped samples with compositions other than x≈0.165 appear to be mixtures of the superconducting phase, which has a fixed composition, and non-superconducting phases with different compositions. The phase separation could result from non-equilibrium behavior during synthesis.