cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring the relationship between β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 and physical symptoms in heart failure.

Abstract Background The relationship between physical heart failure (HF) symptoms and pathophysiological mechanisms is unclear. Objective To quantify the relationship between plasma β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1 (βARK1) and physical symptoms among adults with HF. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data collected from two studies of adults with HF. Plasma βARK1 was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Physical symptoms were measured with the HF Somatic Perception Scale (HFSPS). Generalized linear modeling was used to quantify the relationship between βARK1 and HFSPS scores. Results The average age (n = 94) was 54.5 ± 13.1 years, 76.6% were male, and a majority (83.0%) had Class III or IV HF. βARK1 was significantly associated with HFSPS scores (β = 0.22 ± 0.10, p = 0.038), adjusting for other predictors of physical symptoms (model R2 = 0.250, F(7, 70) = 3.34, p = 0.004). Conclusions Higher βARK1 is associated with worse physical HF symptoms, pinpointing a potential pathophysiologic underpinning.
Prolonged Duration of Hashitoxicosis in a Patient with Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Hashitoxicosis is the initial hyperthyroid phase of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and, usually, this phase lasts for one to two months. We report a case of a 21-year-old male who had Hashitoxicosis of two years duration before converting to Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism. He initially presented with complaints of increased appetite, heat intolerance, fatigue, and sweating. On a physical exam, he had mild exophthalmos with lid lag and a fine tremor in the hands. Thyroid function tests also confirmed that the patient had hyperthyroidism. Thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody were both positive. He also had mildly elevated thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) but decreased radioactive iodine uptake scan. Based on the clinical presentation and biochemical test, a diagnosis of Hashitoxicosis was made. This hyperthyroid phase lasted for a period of two years. The patient eventually developed hypothyroidism suggesting that Hashimoto's thyroiditis was the most likely diagnosis. He was started on levothyroxine replacement therapy and remained euthyroid on levothyroxine since that day. The initial presentation mimicked Grave’s disease, but with decreased radioiodine uptake, despite the high TSI level, leading us to treat him medically and not with radioactive iodine therapy. The patient was thus spared unnecessary radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) therapy.
Programming in America in the 1950s—Some Personal Impressions

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the development of programming languages in the United States during 1950s. The programmer had to be a resourceful inventor to adapt his problem to the idiosyncrasies of the computer—he had to fit his program and data into a tiny store, and overcome bizarre difficulties in getting information in and out of it, all while using a limited and often peculiar set of instructions. Programming in America of the 1950s had a vital frontier enthusiasm virtually untainted by either the scholarship or the stuffiness of academia. The programmer–inventors of the early 1950s were too impatient to hoard an idea until it could be fully developed and a paper written. They wanted to convince others. The success of some programming systems depended on the number of machines they would run on. Very early in the 1950s, J. Halcombe Laning, Jr., recognized that programming using algebraic expressions would be an important improvement. As a result of that insight he and Neal Zierler had the first algebraic compiler running on WHIRLWIND at MIT in January 1954.
Cytopathic Effects of Viruses: A General Survey

Several years ago, I blythely and naively set out to write a singleauthored chapter on the general subject of viral cytopathogenicity with particular emphasis on the molecular events that ostensibly lead to cell death. After collecting several thousand references and spending 2 months merely drafting an outline, I realized the folly of such a herculean undertaking. Hence, this original single chapter has evolved into a full volume of chapters which shall attempt to cover comprehensively the subject of the molecular bases by which the best known pathogenetic animal viruses affect cellular functions. Authors who have generally made the most important and most recent contributions have been selected to write individual chapters on the beststudied families of pathogenic viruses, as well as chapters on the biochemistry of eukaryotic transcription and translation, which appear to be primary targets for invading cytopathic viruses. The purpose of this introductory chapter is to set the stage for the chapters which follow by providing a general survey of the nature of cytopathic effects caused by virulent viruses as well as to provide some historical perspective of a field that represents the origins of virology.
Risk, Gender, and Development in the 21st Century

Globalization creates wealth but also financial crises. Although these systemic risks are generated by all participants in the world economy, their costs are disproportionately borne by the poor, especially women, who live in developing nations, with irrevocable damage to their capabilities. Since current reform proposals do not address inequities in the distribution of the costs of financial crises, we suggest changes in the design, implementation, content, and funding of policies that could provide security to women during crises. We argue that our suggestions will not succeed without women's participation in the debate on the reform of international financial architecture.
A Gender Prototypicality Theory of Adolescent Peer Popularity

Despite its salience to adolescents and its relevance for behavioral adjustment, there are few theories explaining the development of peer popularity. In this article, the authors present a gender prototypicality theory of the development of popularity. Popularity refers to social visibility, power, and prestige among peers. Gender prototypicality theory argues that popularity as a distinct form of peer status emerges at the transition to adolescence, as a byproduct of intensifying cross-sex peer interactions and competition for opposite-sex attention as romantic development intensifies. The theory further argues that popularity will be ascribed disproportionately to young adolescents who conform to gender-typical roles in appearance, behavior, and other features, as these youth are more likely to attract the opposite-sex attention that contributes to social status among peers. Given the salience of emerging romantic interactions at this developmental period, adolescents who are leading the way in spending time with the opposite sex are likely to garner considerable attention from peers. This confluence of events begins the process of consolidation of social power into a relatively small proportion of the peer group.
Embracing Disorientation in the Disability Studies Classroom

The article explores disorienting encounters within the disability studies classroom as a necessary and generative affective interaction, rather than a distraction from teaching and learning. While...
Simulation of Man in the Middle Attack On Smart Grid Testbed

Over the past decade, the frequency of cyber attacks against power grids has steadily increased, requiring researchers to find and patch vulnerabilities before they can be exploited. Our research introduces the prototype of a man-in-the-middle attack to be implemented on a microgrid emulator of a smart grid. We present a method of violating the integrity and authentication of packets that are using the IEEE Synchrophasor Protocol in a controlled environment, but this same approach could be used on any other protocol that lacks the proper overhead to ensure the integrity and authenticity of packets. In future research, we plan to implement and test the attack on the previously mentioned smart grid testbed in order to assess the attacks feasibility and tangible effects on Wide Area Monitoring and Control applications, as well as propose possible countermeasures. For this paper, we developed a working simulation of our intended attack using the software ModelSim 10.4. The attack will modify network packet data coming from a Schweitzer Engineering Labs (SEL) Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) hardware sensor, which provides a stream of precise timing values associated with current and voltage values, as these measured values are en route to the Open Phasor Data Concentrator (OpenPDC) application running on a Windows server. Our simulation provides and validates all of the necessary code in order to program a Field Programmable Gate Array and execute our attack on the testbed in future research.
Characterization of and tissue density in the human lung: Application to neonatal imaging in the intensive care unit

PURPOSE Novel demonstration of R2∗ and tissue density estimation in infant lungs using 3D ultrashort echo time MRI. Differences between adult and neonates with no clinical indication of lung pathology is explored, as well as relationships between parameter estimates and gravitationally dependent position and lung inflation state. This provides a tool for probing physiologic processes that may be relevant to pulmonary disease and progression in newborns. METHODS R2∗ and tissue density were estimated in a phantom consisting of standards allowing for ground truth comparisons and in human subjects (N = 5 infants, N = 4 adults, no clinical indication of lung dysfunction) using a 3D radial multiecho ultrashort echo time MRI sequence. Whole lung averages were compared between infants and adults. Dependence of the metrics on anterior-posterior position as well as between end-tidal inspiration and expiration were explored, in addition to the general relationship between R2∗ and tissue density. RESULTS Estimates in the phantom did not differ significantly from ground truth. Neonates had significantly lower mean R2∗ (P = .006) and higher mean tissue density (P = 1.5e-5) than adults. Tissue density and R2∗ were both significantly dependent on anterior-posterior position and lung inflation state (P < .005). An overall inverse relationship was found between R2∗ and tissue density, which was similar in both neonates and adults. CONCLUSION Estimation of tissue density and R2∗ in free breathing, nonsedated, neonatal patients is feasible using multiecho ultrashort echo time MRI. R2∗ was no different between infants and adults when matched for tissue density, although density of lung parenchyma was, on average, lower in adults than neonates.
Prenatal Predictors of Media Use During Infancy.

Parental attitudes and behavior can impact infant media use, though all existing research examines this after the baby is born. However, many studies suggest that prenatal attitudes and behavior ca...
The Preventable Death of Michael Skolnik: An Imperative for Shared Decision-Making

This case report describes the ‘worst-case’ experience of a patient and patient’s family with the medical field that resulted in the horrendous suffering and the unnecessary death of Michael Skolnik. This chapter provides a root cause analysis of contributing factors leading to a young man’s preventable death, related to poor communication, lack of experience, improper monitoring, negligent medical care, and absence of a formal ‘shared-decision-making process’ with the patient and the patient’s family.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Depsipeptidic Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor via a Generalizable Approach Using an Optimized Latent Thioester Solid-Phase Linker

We describe the synthesis of Xyzidepsin, a depsipeptidic analogue of HDAC inhibitor Romidepsin (FK228), using a solid-phase strategy. Our latent thioester solid-phase linker was synthesized in 92% yield (three steps). Chemoselective conditions unmasked the thioester functionality and cyclized the depsipeptidic macrocycle. An IC50 value of 0.50 μM ± 0.05 was obtained for U937 cells. This synthetic route, well-suited to SAR, represents a generalizable route toward all manner of analogues, including structures with acidic and basic amino acids.
Abstract 13022: Hemodynamic Parameters of Pulmonary Circulation in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Incremental Prognositic Value for Long-term Survival

Objectives: To identify right heart catheterization (RHC)-assessed hemodynamic parameters of pulmonary circulation that were prognostic predictive of long-term survival in acute coronary syndrome (...
New and Old Tests of Cosmological Models and Evolution of Galaxies

We describe the classical cosmological tests, such as the Log$N$-Log$S$, redshift-magnitude and angular diameter tests, and propose some new tests of the evolution of galaxies and the universe. Most analyses of these tests treat the problem in terms of a luminosity function and its evolution which can lead to incorrect conclusions when dealing with high redshift sources. We develop a proper treatment in three parts. In the first part we describe these tests based on the isophotal values of the quantities such as flux, size or surface brightness. We show the shortcomings of the simple point source approximation based solely on the luminosity function and consideration of the flux limit. We emphasize the multivariate nature of the problem and quantify the effects of other selection biases due to the surface brightness and angular size limitations. In these considerations the surface brightness profile plays a critical role. In the second part we show that considerable simplification over the complicated isophotal scheme is achieved if these test are carried out in some sort of metric scheme, for example that suggested by Petrosian (1976). This scheme, however, is limited to well resolved sources. Finally, we describe the new tests, which use the data to a fuller extent than the isophotal or metric based tests, and amount to simply counting the pixels or adding their intensities as a function of the pixel surface brightness, instead of dealing with surface brightness, sizes and fluxes of individual galaxies. We show that the data analysis and its comparison with the theoretical models of the distributions and evolution of galaxies has the simplicity of the metric test and utilizes the data more fully than the isophotal test.
From neuron to muscle to movement: a complete biomechanical model of Hydra contractile behaviors

Abstract How does neural activity drive muscles to produce behavior? The recent development of genetic lines in Hydra that allow complete calcium imaging of both neuronal and muscle activity, as well as systematic machine learning quantification of behaviors, makes this small Cnidarian an ideal model system to understand and model the complete transformation from neural firing to body movements. As a first step to achieve this, we have built a biomechanical model of Hydra, incorporating its neuronal activity, muscle activity and body column biomechanics, incorporating its fluid-filled hydrostatic skeleton. Our model is based on experimental measurements of neuronal and muscle activity, and assumes gap junctional coupling among muscle cells and calcium-dependent force generation y muscles. With these assumptions, we can robustly reproduce a basic set of Hydra’s behaviors. We can further explain puzzling experimental observations, including the dual kinetics observed in muscle activation and the different engagement of ecto- and endodermal muscle in different behaviors. This work delineates the spatiotemporal control space of Hydra movement and can serve as a template for future efforts to systematically decipher the transformations in the neural basis of behavior.
Metapangenomics reveals depth-dependent shifts in metabolic potential for the ubiquitous marine bacterial SAR324 lineage

Background Oceanic microbiomes play a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle and are central to the transformation and recycling of carbon and energy in the ocean’s interior. SAR324 is a ubiquitous but poorly understood uncultivated clade of Deltaproteobacteria that inhabits the entire water column, from ocean surface waters to its deep interior. Although some progress has been made in elucidating potential metabolic traits of SAR324 in the dark ocean, very little is known about the ecology and the metabolic capabilities of this group in the euphotic and twilight zones. To investigate the comparative genomics, ecology, and physiological potential of the SAR324 clade, we examined the distribution and variability of key genomic features and metabolic pathways in this group from surface waters to the abyss in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, one of the largest biomes on Earth.
Differences in quality of life in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus with varying income levels.

BackgroundCutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an autoimmune photosensitive skin condition. The impact of income on quality of life has been incompletely characterized in CLE.ObjectivesWe aimed t...
Dynamics of Flexible Viruses in Polymer Solutions

We examine the coupling of the dynamics of flexible viral nanoparticles to the dynamics of comparably sized polymer chains. Using fluorescence microscopy, we quantify the dynamics of three filamentous viruses, potato virus M (PVM), M13, and pf1, that are suspended in semidilute solutions of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. The dynamics of the viral nanoparticles are approximately diffusive on accessible time and length scales, but the distributions of displacements are non-Gaussian and exhibit increasingly extended tails as the aspect ratio of the viruses or the polymer concentration is increased. The long-time diffusion coefficients do not collapse onto a universal curve based on existing models for rodlike or spherical nanoparticles that are comparably sized to the polymer chains. Instead, the diffusivities appear to collapse as a function of the ratio of the polymer correlation length and a length scale intermediate between the virus radius and length, indicating that the hydrodynamic coupling to the polymer dynamics is affected by the virus anisotropy and flexibility.
Effect of supplementing lactation and nursery pig diets with capsaicin on growth performance and gene expression of nursery pigs

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supplementing capsaicin in diets for lactating sows and their offspring on the growth performance and gene expression of pigs postweaning. Twenty-eight multiparous sows were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets without (n = 14) and with (n = 14) capsaicin (2.5 mg/kg) during a 19-d lactation period. Litters from these sows (n = 288 pigs) were weaned and assigned to 36 blocks (pens) based on maternal dietary treatment and initial body weight (BW) to provide 8 pigs/pen. Blocks were assigned randomly to one of two nursery dietary treatments (control or capsaicin supplemented diets) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to provide nine replications per treatment combination. A three-phase nursery feeding program was used and consisted of feeding phase 1 (weaning to d 7), phase 2 (d 8-21), and phase 3 (d 22-38) diets postweaning, without and with 1.0, 1.3, and 1.6 mg capsaicin/kg of diet, respectively. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with the effect of nursery dietary treatment nested within sow lactation treatment, the effect of time with repeated measures, and interactions between treatments and wk postweaning. On d 38 postweaning, blood samples were collected from one pig in each pen (n = 36) with BW closest to the pen average for RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis. There were no effects of feeding capsaicin diets to lactating sows and/or their weaned offspring on BW, average daily gain, or average daily feed intake of pigs during the 35-d nursery period. However, pigs weaned from sows fed capsaicin during lactation and continuing to be fed capsaicin diets during the nursery period tended (P = 0.09) to have greater gain:feed (G:F) than pigs fed the other dietary treatments. Furthermore, there was an interaction (P < 0.01) for G:F for dietary treatment and week postweaning, where the magnitude of improvement was greater during the first week postweaning than subsequent wks. There were a limited number of differentially expressed genes among dietary treatment combinations but the greatest number occurred in offspring from sows that were fed capsaicin during lactation. In conclusion, the combination of feeding capsaicin to sows during lactation and to their offspring after weaning appears to improve gain efficiency for the first wk postweaning and may alter gene expression to a greater extent than when capsaicin is supplemented only in the nursery diets.
Arming T cells to infiltrate pancreatic tumours

The efficacy of adoptive cell therapy for pancreatic cancer can be augmented by antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells genetically engineered to overexpress a C-X-C chemokine receptor whose ligand is highly expressed by pancreatic cancer cells.
Nonequilibrium THz conductivity of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

Using high sensitivity visible-pump/THz-probe spectroscopywe investigate the dynamics of the complex optical conductivity inoptimally-doped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+d films directly after photoexcitation. Thephotoinduced change in the imaginary part, indicative of a reduction inthe superconducting condensate density, saturates at higherlaser-fluences and shows a complete destruction of thecondensate.
SPeCK: a kernel for scalable predictability

Multi- and many-core systems are increasingly prevalent in embedded systems. Additionally, isolation requirements between different partitions and criticalities are gaining in importance. This difficult combination is not well addressed by current software systems. Parallel systems require consistency guarantees on shared data-structures often provided by locks that use predictable resource sharing protocols. However, as the number of cores increase, even a single shared cache-line (e.g. for the lock) can cause significant interference. In this paper, we present a clean-slate design of the SPeCK kernel, the next generation of our COMPOSITE OS, that attempts to provide a strong version of scalable predictability – where predictability bounds made on a single core, remain constant with an increase in cores. Results show that, despite using a non-preemptive kernel, it has strong scalable predictability, low average-case overheads, and demonstrates better response-times than a state-of-the-art preemptive system.
Physical and Temporal Isolation of Mountain Headwater Streams in the Western Mojave Desert, Southern California

Streams draining mountain headwater areas of the western Mojave Desert are commonly physic- ally isolated from downstream hydrologic systems such as springs, playa lakes, wetlands, or larger streams and rivers by stream reaches that are dry much of the time. The physical isolation of surface flow in these streams may be broken for brief periods after rainfall or snowmelt when runoff is sufficient to allow flow along the entire stream reach. Despite the physical isolation of surface flow in these streams, they are an integral part of the hydrologic cycle. Water infiltrated from headwater streams moves through the unsaturated zone to recharge the underlying ground-water system and eventually discharges to support springs, streamflow, isolated wetlands, or native vegetation. Water movement through thick unsaturated zones may require several hundred years and subsequent movement through the underlying ground-water systems may require many thousands of years - contributing to the temporal isolation of mountain headwater streams. (KEY TERMS: hydrologic cycle; infiltration; recharge; vadose zone; surface water ⁄ground-water interactions; arid lands.)
Watching the Detectives: Crime Programming, Fear of Crime, and Attitudes about the Criminal Justice System

Research demonstrates a complex relationship between television viewing and fear of crime. Social critics assert that media depictions perpetuate the dominant cultural ideology about crime and criminal justice. This article examines whether program type differentially affects fear of crime and perceptions of the crime rate. Next, it tests whether such programming differentially affects viewers' attitudes about the criminal justice system, and if these relationships are mediated by fear. Results indicated that fear mediated the relationship between viewing nonfictional shows and lack of support for the justice system. Viewing crime dramas predicted support for the death penalty, but this relationship was not mediated by fear. News viewership was unrelated to either fear or attitudes. The results support the idea that program type matters when it comes to understanding people's fear of crime and their attitudes about criminal justice.
School Gardens Enhance Academic Performance and Dietary Outcomes in Children.

BACKGROUND Schools face increasing demands to provide education on healthy living and improve core academic performance. Although these appear to be competing concerns, they may interact beneficially. This article focuses on school garden programs and their effects on students' academic and dietary outcomes. METHODS Database searches in CABI, Web of Science, Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Education Full Text, Education Resources Information Center (ERIC), and PsychINFO were conducted through May 2013 for peer-reviewed literature related to school-day garden interventions with measures of dietary and/or academic outcomes. RESULTS Among 12 identified garden studies with dietary measures, all showed increases/improvements in predictors of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption. Seven of these also included self-reported FV intake with 5 showing an increase and 2 showing no change. Four additional interventions that included a garden component measured academic outcomes; of these, 2 showed improvements in science achievement and 1 measured and showed improvements in math scores. CONCLUSIONS This small set of studies offers evidence that garden-based learning does not negatively impact academic performance or FV consumption and may favorably impact both. Additional studies with more robust experimental designs and outcome measures are necessary to understand the effects of experiential garden-based learning on children's academic and dietary outcomes.
Neural circuits for programmable analog MOS VLSI implementation

Neural circuits that have the same dynamic properties as gradient continuous-time feedback neural nets are presented. These neural circuits are governed by a set of gradient dynamic equations, and in addition they are implementable via all MOS elements. Consequently, these neural circuits are suitable for analog MOS VLSI implementation. >
Self-terminated electrodeposition of iridium electrocatalysts

A simple electrochemical process for submonolayer deposition of ultrathin catalytic Ir films is demonstrated. This method enables effective utilization of one of nature's rarest elements while different substrates facilitate the exploration of promising bimetallic catalysts for a sustainable hydrogen economy. Semi-coherent Ir films were deposited on Au, Pt and Ni substrates using K3IrCl6–Na2SO4–H2SO4 electrolytes operated between 40 °C and 70 °C. However, the deposition reaction is quenched at the onset of H2 production where adsorbed H blocks the reduction of IrCl6−xH2Oxx−3 to Ir. The electrode can be reactivated for further deposition by pulsing the potential to more positive values where adsorbed H is oxidized. The electrocatalytic activity of ultrathin Ir and Pt films, and combinations thereof, were examined as function of the number of self-terminating deposition pulses. The ultrathin films match or exceed the best reported activity metrics for hydrogen oxidation in alkaline media and oxygen evolution in acid.
Integrating the Human Sciences to Evolve Effective Policies.

This paper describes an evolutionary perspective on human development and wellbeing and contrasts it with the model of self-interest that is prominent in economics. The two approaches have considerably different implications for how human wellbeing might be improved. Research in psychology, prevention science, and neuroscience is converging on an evolutionary account of the importance of two contrasting suites of social behavior—prosociality vs. antisocial behaviors (crime, drug abuse, risky sexual behavior) and related problems such as depression. Prosociality of individuals and groups evolves in environments that minimize toxic biological and social conditions, promote and richly reinforce prosocial behavior and attitudes, limit opportunities for antisocial behavior, and nurture the pursuit of prosocial values. Conversely, antisocial behavior and related problems emerge in environments that are high in threat and conflict. Over the past 30 years, randomized trials have shown numerous family, school, and community interventions to prevent most problem behaviors and promote prosociality. Research has also shown that poverty and economic inequality are major risk factors for the development of problem behaviors. The paper describes policies that can reduce poverty and benefit youth development. Although it is clear that the canonical economic model of rational self-interest has made a significant contribution to the science of economics, the evidence reviewed here shows that it must be reconciled with an evolutionary perspective on human development and wellbeing if society is going to evolve public policies that advance the health and wellbeing of the entire population.
Dispersed central place foraging in Australian meat ants

Australian meat ants often inhabit colonies with widely dispersed nest holes, and this study examines how resource is harvested and distributed in a colony ofIridomyrmex sanguineus Smith (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). The three principal types of foragers (tenders, honeydew transporters, scavengers) exhibited nest hole fidelity, where harvested resource was consistently delivered to the same nest hole by each foraging individual. Australian meat ants thus use a harvesting system based on dispersed central place foraging. Evidence of frequent larval transport among nest holes, age polyethism developing in the direction of foraging, and the tendency for nest-associated workers to accept new nest holes more readily than foragers, suggests that workers develop fidelity to the particular nest hole in which they eclose. Coupled with larval transport, nest hole fidelity may allow a colony with widely dispersed nest holes to adjust its structure to more efficiently harvest a resource distributed unevenly in space or time.
DOES PROSTATE TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA PRECLUDE ORTHOTOPIC BLADDER RECONSTRUCTION AFTER RADICAL CYSTOPROSTATECTOMY FOR BLADDER CANCER

AbstractPurpose: We determined if urethral preservation and orthotopic bladder replacement in patients with transitional cell carcinoma within the prostatic urethra or prostate placed these patients at risk for urethral recurrence or death.Materials and Methods: The clinical course of all patients undergoing urethral preservation and orthotopic bladder replacement was reviewed. The urethra was sacrificed only if the distal prostatic urethral margin was positive for transitional cell carcinoma. The pathological T stage and the grade of the primary malignancy, local recurrence, site of recurrence (urethral, pelvic, distant) and death were documented.Results: Of 81 patients, 70 were evaluated (June 1996) with a mean followup of 35 months. Of the 70 patients 48 were alive without evidence of disease for a mean of 38 months (range 8 to 107) and 5 died without evidence of disease. Eight of these 53 patients (15%) had prostatic involvement (carcinoma in situ in 6, intraductal carcinoma in 1 and stromal invasive ...
Combustion of CO/H2 mixtures at elevated pressures ☆

Abstract The high pressure oxidation of dilute CO mixtures doped with 150–200 ppm of H 2 has been studied behind reflected shock waves in the UIC high pressure single pulse shock tube. The experiments were performed over the temperature range from 1000 to 1500 K and pressures spanning 21–500 bars for stoichiometric ( Φ = 1) and fuel lean ( Φ = 0.5) oxidation. Stable species sampled from the shock tube were analyzed by standard GC, GC/MS techniques. The experimental data obtained in this work were simulated using a detailed model for H 2 /CO combustion that was validated against a variety of experimental observables/targets that span a wide range of conditions. These simulations have shown that within experimental error the model is able to capture the experimental trends for the lower pressure data sets (average nominal pressures of 24 and 43 bars). However the model under predicts the CO and O 2 decay and subsequent CO 2 formation for the higher pressure data sets (average nominal pressures of 256 and 450 bars). The current elevated pressure data sets span a previously unmapped regime and have served to probe HO 2 radical reactions which appear to be among the most sensitive reactions in the model under these conditions. With updated rate parameters for a key HO 2 radical reaction OH + HO 2 = H 2 O + O 2 , the model is able to reconcile the elevated pressure data sets thereby extending its capability to an extreme range of conditions.
Predictability and heritability of individual differences in fear learning

Our objective was to characterize individual differences in fear conditioning and extinction in an outbred rat strain, to test behavioral predictors of these individual differences, and to assess their heritability. We fear-conditioned 100 Long-Evans rats, attempted to extinguish fear the next day, and tested extinction recall on the third day. The distribution of freezing scores after fear conditioning was skewed, with most rats showing substantial freezing; after fear extinction, the distribution was bimodal with most rats showing minimal freezing, but a substantial portion showing maximal freezing. Longer rearing episodes measured prior to conditioning predicted less freezing at the beginning of extinction, but differences in extinction learning were not predicted by any baseline exploratory behaviors. We tested the heritability of extinction differences by breeding rats from the top and bottom 20 % of freezing scores during extinction recall. We then ran the offspring through the same conditioning/extinction procedure, with the addition of recording ultrasonic vocalizations throughout training and testing. Only a minority of rats emitted distress vocalizations during fear acquisition, but the incidence was less frequent in the offspring of good extinguishers than in poor extinguishers or randomly bred controls. The occurrence of distress vocalizations during acquisition predicted higher levels of freezing during fear recall regardless of breeding line, but the relationship between vocalization and freezing was no longer evident following extinction training, at which point freezing levels were influenced only by breeding and not by vocalization. The heritability (h2) of extinction recall was estimated at 0.36, consistent with human estimates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10071-014-0752-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
On the utilization of a flexible beam as a spatial filter

Abstract The analytical results presented in this paper indicate that the modal displacement response of a uniform, flexible beam is dependent primarily on that part of the excitation characterized with frequency components near a modal resonant frequency ( ω m and with wavenumber components near a modal resonant wavenumber K m . The modal resonant wavenumber K m and the bandwidth about K m are both inversely proportional to the beam length L and slightly dependent on applied tension and on boundary conditions. Further, the dependence on tension and boundary conditions can be accounted for by defining an equivalent simply supported beam. The resonant frequency is dependent on both tension and beam thickness and it is shown that “steering” of the filter can be facilitated by changing tension and (or) thickness. The analytical results indicate that the beam can be calibrated for use as a spatial filter by measuring the modal resonant frequency and the modal damping and by experimentally determining the equivalent simply supported beam.
Granuloma pyogenicum of the oral cavity; report of a case.

Abstract 1. 1. A discussion of granuloma pyogenicum is presented with a case report of an extensive oral lesion. 2. 2. Granuloma pyogenicum is of dental interest inasmuch as it can make a frightful appearance in the mouth and cause undue alarm to the patient and dentist alike if it is not recognized and completely removed. 3. 3. Granuloma pyogenicum is initiated by minor trauma. Its close resemblance to the pregnancy tumor indicates the possible presence of an endocrine factor stimulating vascularization of the lesion. The presence of various invading organisms is of secondary importance. 4. 4. Granuloma gravidarum cannot be distinguished from granuloma pyogenicum except on the basis of knowledge that the patient is or is not pregnant. 5. 5. Granuloma pyogenicum must be differentiated from infected hemangioma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and simple granulation tissue. 6. 6. A case of granuloma pyogenicum has been reported. It was an extensive oral lesion involving the left maxillary sinus. Although there was recurrence of the granuloma after the first removal, it was successfully treated by means of a Caldwell-Luc operation. 7. 7. There was an improvement of the patient's mental attitude once he was assured the lesion was not malignant. 8. 8. It is believed that the vitamin therapy used in this case had merit.
Visual traffic monitoring and evaluation

As computer networks and associated infrastructures become ever more important to the nation's commerce and communication, it is becoming exceedingly critical that these networks be managed effectively. Current techniques, which rely on manual or log based analysis, are too slow and ineffective to handle the explosive growth of network infrastructures. We have developed visualization techniques geared towards aiding the analysis of network based infrastructures such that network managers can quickly identify usage characteristics of the network and reallocate bandwidth or restructure portions of the network to better improve connectivity. In this fashion, bottlenecks can be quickly identified along with their cause so the issues can be remedied expeditiously. The techniques can also be used for long range infrastructure planning and network misuse detection.
Structure of an isoxazole amino ester.

2'-(N-Methylamino)-2-methylpropyl 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxylate hydroiodide, C16H21N2O3+.I-, Mr = 416.26, orthorhombic, Pna21, a = 23.293 (7), b = 10.276 (3), c = 7.971 (1) A, V = 1908.0 (8) A3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.448 g cm-3, Mo K alpha, lambda = 0.71069 A, mu = 17.1 cm-1, F(000) = 832, T = 293 K, R = 0.0610 for 1846 unique observed reflections with F greater than 3 sigma. In the title compound, the isoxazole ring is distorted only slightly from planarity, with C(3) being 0.045 A out of the mean plane. Steric interactions force the isoxazole ring out of planarity with both the phenyl ring and the ester carbonyl O(2), which show dihedral angles of 34.9 (9) degrees and 47.2 (7) degrees, respectively. The N(2) amino methyl group is oriented approximately anti to the ester carbonyl O(2). The minimum iodide to nitrogen distance is from I to N(2)', 3.46 (2) A.
Interpretation of the creep behavior of nanocrystalline Ni in terms of dislocation accommodated boundary sliding

Creep behavior and deformation-induced grain growth in electrodeposited (ED) nanocrystalline (nc) Ni with a grain size of about 20 nm were studied over more than five orders of magnitude of strain rate (10−9 s−1 to 2×10−4 s−1) at 393 K (0.23 Tm, where Tmis the melting point). In addition, the activation energy for the creep in ED nc-Ni was determined by using the temperature change procedure. The results show that the creep behavior of the material is characterized by (a) a stress exponent that increases continuously from about 4.5 to about 30 with increasing applied stress; (b) an apparent activation energy for creep in the range of 126 to 141 kJ/mol; (c) an activation volume of about 20 b3 where b is the Burgers vector; and (d) a grain size that upon loading, grows, attaining a constant value once steady-state creep is approached. The mechanical characteristics cannot be accounted for by current deformation processes. Analysis of the creep data along with consideration of available information leads to the suggestion that the creep behavior of nc-Ni arises from a deformation process that is based on the concept of dislocation-accommodated boundary sliding. By quantitatively developing this concept, a rate-controlling deformation process is formulated. It is shown that the predictions of this process, are in good agreement with experimental results and trends.
Epitaxial lateral overgrowth of (11¯00) m -plane GaN on m -plane 6H-SiC by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Planar m -plane GaN was grown on (11¯00) m -plane 6H-SiC substrates using high-temperature AlN nucleation layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed striated features on the sample surface aligned along the GaN [11¯20] direction, which are perpendicular to those associated with a -plane (11¯20) GaN. The epitaxial relationship between the m -GaN and 6H-SiC was analyzed using high-resolution x-ray diffraction (XRD). In order to reduce the defect density, epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) was carried out on an m-GaN template with mask stripes along the GaN [11¯20] direction, which makes the lateral growth fronts advance along the GaN c-axis. On-axis XRD rocking curves show that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) values for the ELO samples were reduced by nearly half when compared to those of the m-plane template without ELO. Clear atomic steps were observed in the wing regions by AFM. The absence of the striated features that are associated with the template could be indicative of the reduction of basal stacking faults in the ELO wings. Lowtemperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed an excitonic emission at 3.47eV, a basal stacking fault (BSF)- related emission at 3.41 eV, and other defect-related emissions at 3.29 eV and 3.34 eV. For exact notation please see manuscript
Understanding the gum dichromate process in pictorialist photographs: A literature review and technical study

AbstractIn the late 1800s, pictorialist photographers favored a diversity of photographic techniques, including the gum dichromate process. Sometimes superimposed over other photographic images such as platinum and silver prints, the gum dichromate process utilizes a light-sensitive mixture of gum arabic, pigment, and a potassium dichromate solution hand-applied onto a sheet of paper and exposed to light while in direct contact with a negative. The definitive identification of this process has proven to be a challenge due to many variations and intermingling of techniques used by photographers of this period. This research began with a search through the historic literature, followed by the creation of test samples based on historic recipes, and the X-ray fluorescence analysis of these tests. The identification of pigments and the presence of chromium have been associated with the gum dichromate or other dichromated colloid processes in the past. Research results reveal that the presence of chromium may h...
MDM2 promotes p21waf1/cip1 proteasomal turnover independently of ubiquitylation

The CDK inhibitor p21waf1/cip1 is degraded by a ubiquitin-independent proteolytic pathway. Here, we show that MDM2 mediates this degradation process. Overexpression of wild-type or ring finger-deleted, but not nuclear localization signal (NLS)-deleted, MDM2 decreased p21waf1/cip1 levels without ubiquitylating this protein and affecting its mRNA level in p53–/– cells. This decrease was reversed by the proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin, by p19arf, and by small interfering RNA (siRNA) against MDM2. p21waf1/cip1 bound to MDM2 in vitro and in cells. The p21waf1/cip1-binding-defective mutant of MDM2 was unable to degrade p21waf1/cip1. MDM2 shortened the half-life of both exogenous and endogenous p21waf1/cip1 by 50% and led to the degradation of its lysine-free mutant. Consequently, MDM2 suppressed p21waf1/cip1-induced cell growth arrest of human p53–/– and p53–/–/Rb–/–cells. These results demonstrate that MDM2 directly inhibits p21waf1/cip1 function by reducing p21waf1/cip1 stability in a ubiquitin-independent fashion.
Sessile locking and strength enhancement in a solid-solution 〈001〉 NiAl-0.3Hf single-crystal alloy

B2-NiAl is being considered as a candidate material for a wide range of high technology applications. Its low density, high thermal conductivity, high melting temperature, and excellent oxidation resistance make it attractive for high-temperature structural applications such as various components in the combustor and turbine sections of advanced gas turbine engines. However, its room-temperature ductility and high-temperature strength are inadequate, seriously limiting the current potential of this material. These properties need to be improved if NiAl is to compete against current and future generation Ni-ba/se superalloys which, at present, are the materials of choice for most high-temperature structural applications. In order to examine the solid-solution strengthening contribution of Hf, a NiAl alloy containing 0.3 at.% Hf was chosen for mechanical testing at temperatures between 300 and 1,400 K. The yield strength data, thus obtained, indicated that the NiAl-0.3Hf alloy was much stronger than the binary NiAl at high temperatures. However, when compared to a precipitate strengthened NiAl alloy containing 0.5Hf (GE-D218), the NiAl-0.3Hf alloy was found to be weaker at temperatures {le}800 K, but at higher temperatures its strength approached and eventually exceeded that of the D218 alloy. In this paper, the authors report this enhanced strengthening andmore » provide a plausible explanation for such a behavior as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the as-homogenized and deformed microstructures.« less
THE EFFECTS OF CANTHARIDIN UPON SUBCELLULAR PARTICLES.

Abstract The effects of cantharidin on subcellular particles of rat liver were investigated. Some mitochondrial processes were affected. In the poisoned animal oxidative phosphorylation was found to be uncoupled. In vitro studies showed a variable effect, uncoupling when succinate or d,l -β-hydroxybutyrate was used as substrate and a stimulation when l -glutamate, α-ketoglutarate, or pyruvate was utilized. With the latter substrates the amount of inorganic phosphate uptake and oxygen consumption increased about twofold, and the P/O ratio was maintained. The effect was sensitive to 2,4-dinitrophenol. Cantharidin was shown to be capable of causing swelling in rat liver mitochondria. This action was not reversed by 2,4-dinitrophenol or carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazine. Amino acid incorporation into microsomal protein was not impaired in the cantharidin-poisoned animal. Lysosomal hydrolases were found not to be increased in these animals.