cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cerebrovascular Anatomy and Hemodynamics

Abstract Understanding the anatomy and hemodynamic relationships of the cerebral vasculature is critical to an appreciation of the importance of these relationships in the control of the cerebrovasculature in normal and pathophysiological (disease) conditions. The cerebrovascular anatomy and the complexity of the arterial, venous, and capillary systems, and the blood–brain barrier and capillary permeability are briefly described. The chapter then provides an overview of cerebrovascular hemodynamics considering the basic physical principles of flow of fluids through tubes and blood vessels. Consideration is given to general hemodynamic principles of Poiseuille's law, perfusion pressure or driving pressure for flow, vascular resistance to flow, the influence of viscosity and blood vessel diameter/radius, blood volume, and autoregulation. These principles are then applied to the cerebral circulation, and cerebral pressure–volume and pressure–flow relationships are discussed.
Tracheal Stent Placement

Patients presenting for stenting of central airways typically have symptomatic, subcritical stenosis. The central concern is to provide safe anesthesia and surgical conditions without loss of the airway. Anesthetic strategy depends on the patient’s condition, the location, severity and nature of the lesion, and the choice and deployment technique of the stent. A basic understanding of surgical techniques and stent types helps inform the anesthetic strategy. Not infrequently, the surgical plan unfolds based on the initial bronchoscopic exam, emphasizing the value of broad preparation and a flexible approach to these potentially high-risk cases.
Photochemistry in Zeolite Cavities

Although the use of zeolites as catalysts has been fairly well established [1], their utility as molecular reaction vessels has not attracted wide attention [2]. It is this less explored aspect of zeolites that is of interest to us and forms part of this presentation [3]. Zeolites may be regarded as open structures of silica in which aluminum has been substituted in a fraction (X/X+Y) of the tetrahedral sites [4]. The framework thus obtained contains pores, channels and cages. As the trivalent aluminum ions replace tetravalent silicon ions at lattice positions, the network bears a net negative charge which must be compensated by other counter ions. The latter are mobile and may occupy various exchange sites depending upon their radius, charge and degree of hydration. They can be replaced, to varying degrees, by exchange with other cations. If zeolite water is removed, many other organic and inorganic molecular entities can be accommodated in the intracrystalline cavities.
Dairy Farm Management Priorities and Implications

This analysis examines how dairy farmers prioritize critical management areas in their operations and derives implications for future growth. A questionnaire elicited preferences from seven dairy f...
Highly selective aptamer based organic electrochemical biosensor with pico-level detection

An organic aptamer functionalized electrochemical transistor has been developed to detect the presence of epinephrine molecule which acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter. The abnormalities in the level of epinephrine are the direct symptoms of some diseases such as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, myocardial infarction, arrhythmias and other heart related diseases. The present approach is based on immobilization of aptamers on the gate electrode which selectively binds to epinephrine with high affinity. The introduction of epinephrine in the system causes screening of negative charge of aptamers as well as the production of Faradaic current due to oxidation of epinephrine. The synergistic effect of these two events decreases the overall channel current which was seen in both transfer characteristics and current-time curve. Additional experiments against common interfering agents (dopamine, ascorbic acid, DOPAC etc) showed no decrease in the current which indicates high specificity of the sensor. Overall, the incorporation of aptamers in the transistor has allowed us to obtain a sensor exhibiting the lowest limit of detection for epinephrine (90 pM) till date which is comparable to normal physiological level. This approach provides a real-time detection of a large range of biomolecules and viral proteins in a time and cost-effective manner and has applications in point-of-care testing tool for several diagnostic applications.
Data analysis and information security of an Internet of Things (IoT) intelligent transit system

Public transportation around midsize educational cities has become increasingly vital as residential and commuter populations continue to grow every year. Our research team proposes a cyber-physical system that monitors the quality of service of the transit bus system around James Madison University (JMU), located in Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA. By utilizing the power of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as Raspberry Pi computing devices, it is possible to create a network of smart nodes that collect data on the bus routing efficiency and ridership. Using the collected data and using big data analysis, improvements can be made to bus route efficiency and traffic congestion in Harrisonburg, as well as similar college towns. This paper presents data analysis for the first deployment of the IoT nodes at seven JMU bus shelters, during the Spring 2017. Data stations compile and submit the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses and timestamps of wireless devices surrounding the bus stations. This information is stored in a Cloud Storage database that allows for big data analysis and convenient access. In this paper we present the usage of the data collected, modifications to improve both the transit system as well as the data collection methods for future node deployments. Our results show the average passenger waiting times at a sample of the seven bus stations. Route optimization and dynamic changes for the route are discussed. Also, we discuss several concerns on security and privacy related to the collection, transmission, and storage of data in the Cloud (e.g., privacy of the ridership MAC addresses, tracking of a specific bus rider in the system …etc.). Additional security implementation has been suggested to emphasize security and privacy protection.
Tsunami Detection and Warning Capability Using Nearshore Submerged Pressure Transducers — Case Study of the 4 October 1994 Shikotan Tsunami

Coastal communities require reliable, accurate, and timely warning of approaching tsunamis. Presently, warnings of a potential tsunami rely on the detection of a seismic disturbance with a submarine epicenter. However, the ability to quantitatively predict the tsunamigenic potential from seismic signals has not been demonstrated. Mid-ocean, bottom mounted pressure sensors could provide advance warnings for the coastal areas far from the source (far-field tsunamis) if the signals were available in near real time (F. Gonzales, personal communication). While such sensors represent a vast improvement over current practices, since the generation of a tsunami is verified, the measured mid-ocean amplitude is quite small. The critical information is the eventual amplitude of the tsunami run up at points along the affected coastline; these values can be highly variable spatially. Validated transformation models, using the mid-ocean tsunami signal as input, may provide an effective warning for those situations.
9.10 – Male Reproductive Physiology

The chapter begins with a description of cell division. Mitosis is used to reproduce somatic cells, and it is described as a contrast to meiosis that is used to produce the haploid germ cells, or gametes. Meiosis is described primarily to understand how genetic diversity of offspring is achieved. Separation of homologous chromosomes and crossing-over produce the great variety of potential combinations of maternal and paternal genes. The testicles have two functions: production of sperm and secretion of testosterone. The process of spermatogenesis is described, and the structure of the mature sperm is reviewed. The function of the Leydig cells, sensitive to LH, in the secretion of testosterone is discussed. Sertoli cells have FSH receptors and secrete inhibin that inhibits FSH secretion. Lastly, the involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system in erection and the sympathetic nervous system in ejaculation is discussed.
Orangutans' Use of Contiguous Versus Distal Social and Non-social Cues in an Object-choice Task

In this experiment, orangutans’ ability to use social versus non -social cues on an object-choice task was examined. In addition, the role of spatial proximity was investigated, by matching the distance between the cue and the target object across both social and non-social conditions. Subjects took significantly fewer trials to learn to use social cues (a finger touching the target object and an experimenter’s face hovering above the target object) than non -social cues (paper markers). There was no statistical difference between their performance with cues that were physically contiguous with the target object and those that were distal spatially, regardless of whether the cue was social ornon-social in nature. Evidence for spontaneous cue use was strongest for the social-contiguous condition (a finger touching the target object). These results suggest that spatial proximity alone cannot explain apes’ performance on these types of tasks. Although subjects may have difficulty deriving information from human-based gestures, they still appear to be more attuned to these cues than to abstract physical markers that are matched in terms of spatial relationship and reliability.
Sexually Transmitted Infection Testing in Adolescents: Current Practices in the Hospital Setting.

Abstract Purpose Adolescents are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and evidence supports expanding sexual health services to the hospital setting. Because STI testing practices in the hospital setting are poorly understood, we sought to describe current STI testing practices among adolescents seen in children's hospitals. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of adolescents (14–18 years old) from 45 children's hospitals in 2015–2016, excluding visits with a billing code for sexual abuse/assault. We calculated rates of STI testing and investigated differences in STI testing by patient and hospital characteristics using generalized linear mixed modeling. Results Of the 541,714 adolescent encounters, 59,158 (10.9%) underwent STI testing. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, those with an STI test were more likely to be female (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.58–1.64), of non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (aOR 1.20; 95% CI 1.17–1.23), or from the lowest median household income quartile (aOR 1.21; 95% CI 1.17–1.24). There was substantial inter-hospital variation in adjusted rates of STI testing (3%–24%), but strong correlation was observed between STI testing rates in the ED and inpatient settings within individual hospitals (adjusted R2 .99). Conclusions Only one in ten adolescents seen in children's hospitals underwent STI testing with wide variation in testing patterns across hospitals. There are critical opportunities to increase adolescent STI testing in this setting. Our findings highlight potential disparities in STI testing rates and patterns that warrant further exploration from the patient, provider, and health system perspective.
Limits to remote molecular detection via coherent anti-Stokes raman spectroscopy using a maximal coherence control technique

The demand for remote molecular detection has been rising in recent years. The technique of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) has become one of the most optimal methods due to its high...
Effect of percutaneous paravalvular leak closure on hemolysis

Objective To study the effect of percutaneous paravalvular leak closure on hemolysis. Background Although transcatheter PVL closure reduces heart failure and mortality in symptomatic patients with paravalvular leaks (PVL), little is known about its effect on hemolysis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed patients undergoing transcatheter mitral or aortic PVL closure (January 2005-December 2016) at Mayo Clinic. Patients with anemia or abnormal hemolysis markers (LDH, haptoglobin) were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was defined as hemoglobin increase ≥ 1.5 mg/dL, decrease in LDH above median or improvement in haptoglobin. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression modeling were used to determine predictors of successful treatment of hemolysis. Results Final study population included 168 patients (130 [77%] mitral, 38 [23%] aortic PVL). Primary outcome occurred in 70 patients (42%). Hemoglobin increased by 1.74 ± 1.69 mg/dL in patients who reached primary outcome. 57/168 (34%) patients required blood transfusion prior to PVL closure compared to 35/168 (21%) postprocedure. The mean reduction in LDH was 403 U/L. Multivariate regression showed that patients with mechanical valves were more likely to have successful outcome (P = 0.044). Conclusion Percutaneous PVL closure is associated with modest improvement in hemolysis markers, increase in hemoglobin levels and reduction in blood transfusion requirements. This benefit is most significant in patients with mechanical valves.
2,2,2-Trifluoroethoxy Aromatic Heterocycles: Hydrolytically Stable Alternatives to Heteroaryl Chlorides

Herein we describe the 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy group as an alternative leaving group for hydrolytically unstable heteroaryl chlorides. This group provides improved shelf stability by years while maintaining reactivity toward nucleophiles in SNAr reactions. A highlighted trifluoroethyl ether was shown to be tolerant to aqueous Suzuki conditions, permitting sequential Suzuki/SNAr processes inaccessible to the heterocyclic chlorides. The strategic use of trifluoroethyl ethers enables storage of otherwise unstable heterocyclic chlorides and limits costly decomposition.
Disparate effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy on the antiviral activity of antiretroviral therapy: implications for treatments of HIV-infected cancer patients.

BackgroundCancer is a leading cause of death in HIV-infected patients in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Yet, there are no specific guidelines for the combined use of cART and...
Creating a HIP in the library: A high-impact practice case study

AbstractHigh-impact practices (HIPs) have been adopted on college campuses to enhance student learning. The academic library provides services and space contributing to learning at its institution....
Dynamically Tuning IEEE 802.11's Contention Window Using Machine Learning

The IEEE 802.11's binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm plays a critical role in the throughput performance and fair channel allocation of IEEE 802.11 networks. In particular, one of BEB algorithm's parameters, the Contention Window determines how long a node needs to wait before it (re)transmits data. Consequently, choosing adequate values of the Contention Window is crucial for IEEE 802.11's performance. In this paper, we introduce a simple, yet effective machine learning approach to adjust the value of IEEE 802.11's Contention Window based on present- as well as recent past network contention conditions. Using a wide range of network scenarios and conditions, we show that our approach outperforms both 802.11's BEB as well as an existing contention window adjustment technique that only considers the last two transmissions. Our results indicate that our contention window adaptation algorithm is able to deliver consistently higher average throughput, lower end-to-end delay, as well as improved fairness.
Influência das características familiares no tempo de ecrã em crianças até aos 18 meses de idade

Objetivo Descrever as carateristicas familiares associadas a exposicao a tempo de ecra (TE) nas criancas com idades entre 0 e 18 meses. Tipo de estudo Estudo observacional transversal analitico. Local USF Alem D’Ouro, USF Camelias, USF Novos Rumos, USF Terras de Santa Maria, USF Vale do Vouga e UCSP de Crestuma. Populacao Criancas com idade entre 0 e 18 meses, inscritas nas unidades referidas. Metodos Foi desenvolvido pelos autores um questionario sobre o TE das criancas e uma breve caraterizacao da familia, de resposta voluntaria e confidencial. O tratamento estatistico dos dados foi realizado atraves do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS ® . Considerou-se existir significância estatistica para valores de p < 0,05. Resultados Foram devolvidos 142 questionarios preenchidos (taxa de resposta de 42,5%) e incluidos 137. A mediana de idades foi 12 meses e 50,4% eram do genero masculino. A media de idades do pai foi 34 anos e da mae 33. Cerca de 83% das criancas pertencia a familias nucleares e 31,4% ficava ao cuidado dos avos ou no infantario. Das 137 criancas analisadas, 81% teve exposicao e, destas, mais de metade teve o primeiro contacto ate aos 6 meses de vida. Nao se verificou diferenca na duracao de TE a semana e ao fim-de-semana (71,2% e 73% das criancas com exposicao, respetivamente). Verificou-se uma correlacao estatisticamente significativa entre o TE e as variaveis “idade da crianca” e “idade da mae”, sendo que criancas de maes com idade igual ou superior a 39 anos foram expostas a TE mais tardiamente. Conclusao Este estudo demonstrou habitos de TE inadequados face as recomendacoes atuais para a idade, resultados concordantes com estudos nacionais e internacionais. A elaboracao de estrategias de intervencao generalizadas, nomeadamente a capacitacao dos cuidadores acerca do TE adequado a idade da crianca, deve ser incentivada.
Identification of the human postural control system through stochastic trajectory optimization.

Abstract Background System identification can be used to obtain a model of the human postural control system from experimental data in which subjects are mechanically perturbed while standing. However, unstable controllers were sometimes found, which obviously do not explain human balance and cannot be applied in control of humanoid robots. Eigenvalue constraints can be used to avoid unstable controllers. However, this method is hard to apply to highly nonlinear systems and large identification datasets. New method To address these issues, we perform the system identification with a stochastic system model where process noise is modeled. The parameter identification is performed by simultaneous trajectory optimizations on multiple episodes that have different instances of the process noise. Results The stochastic and deterministic identification methods were tested on three types of controllers, including both linear and nonlinear controller architectures. Stochastic identification tracked the experimental data nearly as well as the deterministic identification, while avoiding the unstable controllers that were found with a deterministic system model. Comparison with existing method Comparing to eigenvalue constraints, stochastic identification has wider application potentials. Since linearization is not needed in the stochastic identification, it is applicable to highly nonlinear systems, and it can be applied on large data-sets. Conclusions Stochastic identification can be used to avoid unstable controllers in human postural control identification.
Description Of Quality Learning Mathematics Of Students In Class Viewed From Emotional Intelligence In Class XI Transformation Materials In SMA 2 Majene

Achievement of student learning outcomes and activities in learning is one of the things that can describe or is one of the benchmarks determining the quality of student learning. The emotional intelligence factor can affect the quality of learning. Therefore, the formulation of the problem in this study is how the description of the quality of mathematics learning of students is viewed from emotional intelligence on transformation material in SMA Negeri 2 Majene. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the quality of mathematics learning of students in the classroom in terms of emotional intelligence on transformation material in SMA Negeri 2 Majene. This research is a type of qualitative research. The quality of student learning referred to in this study is the quality of student outcomes and activities. How to choose a subject that is by giving questionnaires to emotional intelligence to students then choose two students who have high emotional intelligence scores, two students with moderate emotional intelligence scores and two students with low emotional intelligence scores. The data collection method uses a combination of test, questionnaire and interview methods. Learning quality data obtained from quality test results and interviews of subject activities in the classroom. The results showed that the quality of the results of subjects with high emotional intelligence classified in the high and low categories, subjects with moderate emotional intelligence were both classified in the low category and subjects with low emotional intelligence classified in the medium and low categories, while for the quality of the process, the two subjects of emotional intelligence the first high and low emotional intelligence subject understands all indicators, whereas the second moderate emotional intelligence subject and the second low emotional intelligence subject do not meet all indicators
Isolation and whole-genome sequencing of Pseudomonas sp. RIT 623, a slow-growing bacterium endowed with antibiotic properties.

There is an urgent need for the discovery and/or development of novel antibiotics. We report an exploration of “slow”-growing bacteria, which can be difficult to isolate using rich media as they are usually outcompeted by “fast”-growing bacteria, as potential sources of novel antimicrobials. Pseudomonas sp. RIT 623 was isolated using pond water agar from a pond located on the campus of the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). The genome was sequenced and analyzed for potential secondary metabolite gene clusters. Bioinformatics analysis revealed 14 putative gene clusters predicted to encode pathways for the anabolism of secondary metabolites. Ethyl acetate extracts from spent growth medium of Pseudomonas sp. RIT 623 were tested against two Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and two Gram-positive (B. subtilis BGSC 168 and S. aureus ATCC 25923) type strains to assess antibiotic activity. The antibiotic assays demonstrated that extracts of Pseudomonas sp. RIT 623 were able to inhibit the growth of the four strains. The active compound was separated using diethyl ether in a multi-solvent extraction and reverse phase chromatography. The bioactive compound/s were subsequently eluted in two consecutive fractions corresponding to approximately 16–22% acetonitrile, indicative of polar compound/s.
Additive Manufacturing of Architectural Structures: An Interplay Between Materials, Systems, and Design

In the past few years, the adaptation of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for the building industry has reached new levels of sophistication, triggering design and development of novel 3D-printable materials and material interfaces; inspiring innovative architectural details; rethinking of material-specific printing systems; and enabling significant understanding of the interrelationship between multiple variables and aspects of design thinking and processes. For example, there are notable consequences of toolpath design in relation to material design, spatial experiences, and structural performance. AM has been recognized for its unique affordances, including flexibilities and freedom of free-form construction; speed of construction; reduced construction time and cost; reduced waste of resources, materials, labor, and energy; and increased safety due to innovations in automated construction. This technology has far-reaching implications and impact by augmenting conventional technologies and wisdom. This paper presents an overview of materials, systems, design explorations, and selected results in the context of NASA Centennial Challenge’s 3D-Printed Habitat Challenge Competition, leading to the production of the first fully 3D-printed, fully enclosed concrete habitat. The paper also reflects on the potential impacts of this technology when fully adopted by the construction industry.
Identifying ethnic occupational segregation

Many studies consider occupational segregation among the immigrant population from a given birth country as a whole. This ignores potential ethnic heterogeneity within an immigrant population and may underestimate occupational segregation. We focus on Russian immigrants in the early twentieth century USA—then a major immigrant population with a high degree of ethnic diversity, including Russian, Jewish, German, and Polish ethnics—and study occupational segregation by ethnicity. We apply a machine learning ethnicity classification approach to 1930 US census data based on name and mother tongue. Using the constructed ethnicity variable, we show high degrees of occupational segregation by ethnicity within the Russian-born immigrant population in the USA. For example, Jews, German ethnics, and Polish ethnics were concentrated in trade, agriculture, and manufacturing, respectively. We also find evidence that Russian-born immigrants’ labor market outcomes were associated with networks measured by the spatial concentration of co-ethnics—particularly more established ones—but not by the concentrations of other ethnic groups.
Similarity Judgment Within and Across Categories: A Comprehensive Model Comparison

Similarity is one of the most important relations humans perceive, arguably subserving category learning and categorization, generalization and discrimination, judgment and decision making, and other cognitive functions. Researchers have proposed a wide range of representations and metrics that could be at play in similarity judgment, yet have not comprehensively compared the power of these representations and metrics for predicting similarity within and across different semantic categories. We performed such a comparison by pairing nine prominent vector semantic representations with seven established similarity metrics that could operate on these representations, as well as supervised methods for dimensional weighting in the similarity function. This approach yields a factorial model structure with 126 distinct representation-metric pairs, which we tested on a novel dataset of similarity judgments between pairs of cohyponymic words in eight categories. We found that cosine similarity and Pearson correlation were the overall best performing unweighted similarity functions, and that word vectors derived from free association norms often outperformed word vectors derived from text (including those specialized for similarity). Importantly, models that used human similarity judgments to learn category-specific weights on dimensions yielded substantially better predictions than all unweighted approaches across all types of similarity functions and representations, although dimension weights did not generalize well across semantic categories, suggesting strong category context effects in similarity judgment. We discuss implications of these results for cognitive modeling and natural language processing, as well as for theories of the representations and metrics involved in similarity.
Cold Hardiness of Cold Climate Interspecific Hybrid Grapevines Grown in a Cold Climate Region

Abstract: Cold climate interspecific hybrid grapevines (CCIHG) selected for their superior mid-winter cold hardiness have expanded grape production to cold climate regions. However, extreme weather events, such as polar vortexes, and high frequency of fall and spring freezes often result in yield and vine losses. The main objective of this study was to evaluate changes in bud cold hardiness of five CCIHG cultivars grown in the upper Midwest in order to identify relative risk for freeze damage throughout the dormant period, and to adapt a bud cold hardiness prediction model to CCIHG cultivars grown in cold climate regions. Bud cold hardiness was evaluated biweekly throughout the dormant period by measuring lethal temperatures for buds using differential thermal analysis (DTA). CCIHG cultivars in our study had an early acclimation response with increased levels of cold hardiness before the occurrence of freezing temperatures. Maximum levels of hardiness (-28 to -3°C) were observed both years in February, however deeper levels of freezing stress resistance, probably attained by freeze dehydration, were not detected using DTA. CCIHG cultivars had a rapid deacclimation response that was accelerated with additional chilling accumulation during spring. The reparametrizing of a discrete-dynamic cold hardiness prediction model by expanding the range of ecodormant threshold temperatures for CCIHG resulted in predictions with an average RMSE = 1.01. Although CCIHG cultivars have superior mid-winter bud cold hardiness, fast deacclimation responses increase the risk of freeze damage during spring, thus this trait should be evaluated for future CCIHG cultivar release. The development of tools, such as the discrete-dynamic cold hardiness prediction model for CCIHG cultivars, will aid growers in decision-making to minimize damage, as well as yield and vine losses.
Leadership Rotations and the Convergence of Subnational Economic Policies in China: Evidence from Provincial Government Work Reports

This paper argues that provincial leadership rotation has been designed as an institutional arrangement for maintaining China's political and economic integration while continuing decentralizing the economy. I find that, over the 2005-2019 period at least, if two provinces shared the same number-one or number-two leader, then the difference between these two provinces' annual government work reports - which review the socioeconomic development in the last year and set economic targets for the coming year - would decrease by around 5.7% of the standard deviation. This suggests that leadership rotations have indeed promoted the convergence of subnational economic policies across China. However, the estimation results also indicate that such economic policy similarity would immediately disappear after the shuffled leader leaves office, thus implying that the convergence effect of provincial leadership rotations might not be permanent. In view of these findings, one plausible explanation is that a leadership exchange indicates that a provincial leader is selected for further promotion in the future because of the success of the economic policies that person implemented in the origin province, so that shuffled leader would tend to choose similar economic policies in the destination province to maximize the chance of even higher promotions. I provide some suggestive empirical evidence in support of this explanation.
Letter regarding de Graaf Paper.

Dear Editor,I commend de Graaf et al. for exploring the effect of continuing resuscitation at the scene versus transporting to the hospital for patients in cardiac arrest in a rigorous and structur...
Object-oriented dataflow

In our efforts to develop an object-oriented visual programming language, the dataflow model of computation is extended from its traditional functional model to an object-oriented model. It is argued that the concept of subroutine in the object-oriented model requires two different types of calling (activation) mechanisms, the synchronous call and the asynchronous call. Asynchronous subroutine call offers a new abstraction mechanism for object-oriented programming, different from the traditional class-based abstraction and functional abstraction.
Early skill learning is expressed through selection and tuning of cortically represented muscle synergies

Skill learning may be based on integrating and adapting movement building blocks organized in the CNS. We examined at what level integration and adaptation occur during early skill learning, the level of individual muscles, muscle synergies or combinations of synergies through time, and whether these operations are expressed through the primary motor cortex (M1). Forelimb muscle and M1 cell activity were recorded over the first day of training on a reach-to-grasp task in rodents. Independent components analysis was used to assess how well muscle activation patterns could be described as time-varying combinations of synergies. In 3 of 11 animals, prereach M1 activity predicted the activation of different combinations of independent components (ICs) to perform the task. With training, animals increasingly adopted postures and prereach patterns of M1 activity that supported activation of the more successful combination. With training, animals also adjusted the activation magnitude (6 of 11 animals) and weights (11 of 11) of specific ICs that constituted the selected combination. Weights represent how IC activation patterns were distributed to forelimb muscles; this distribution pattern was adapted with training. M1 cells (37 of 100) had task-related firing rates that were significantly correlated with IC activation patterns. Changes in M1 firing rates were associated with corresponding changes in either the activation magnitude or weights of the correlated IC. Our data suggest that early skill learning is expressed through selection and tuning of M1 firing rates, which specify time-varying patterns of synergistic muscle contractions in the limb.
Private sector union decline and structural employment change, 1970–1988

Studies of the large decline in private sector unionism during the 1970s and 1980s focus on explanations particular to those decades and attribute an inconsequential role to the employment shift from goods-producing to service-producing industries. Using an adapted version of the Ashenfelter-Pencavel model, this research finds stable parameter estimates between the two decades and the earlier post-Wagner Act years. Not only are decade-specific explanations found to be unnecessary in understanding membership decline, but the pivotal relationship in the decline is the relative shift in the employment distribution away from the traditionally strongly unionized industries.
Drosophila Dachsous and Fat polarize actin-based protrusions over a restricted domain of the embryonic denticle field

Atypical cadherins Dachsous (Ds) and Fat coordinate the establishment of planar polarity, essential for the patterning of complex tissues and organs. The precise mechanisms by which this system acts, particularly in cases where Ds and Fat act independently of the 'core' frizzled system, are still the subject of investigation. Examining the deployment of the Ds-Fat system in different tissues of the model organism Drosophila, has provided insights into the general mechanisms by which polarity is established and propagated to coordinate outcomes across a field of cells. The Drosophila embryonic epidermis provides a simple model epithelia where the establishment of polarity can be observed from start to finish, and in the absence of proliferation, over a fixed number of cells. Using the asymmetric placement of f-actin during denticle assembly as a read-out of polarity, we examine the requirement for Ds and Fat in establishing polarity across the denticle field. Comparing detailed phenotypic analysis with steady state protein enrichment revealed a spatially restricted requirement for the Ds-Fat system within the posterior denticle field. Ectopic Ds signaling provides evidence for a model whereby Ds acts to asymmetrically enrich Fat in a neighboring cell, in turn polarizing the cell to specify the position of the actin-based protrusions at the cell cortex.
Increased physical activity, physician recommendation, and senior center participation

Physical activity is a recognized preventive health measure for seniors and an important focus for senior centers. This paper employs the Andersen Behavioral Model to explore increased physical activity and participation in three types of senior center activities: physical fitness, dance/aerobic classes, and chair exercises. Data were collected in 2006 on 798 and in 2007 on 742 participants at 21 multipurpose senior centers in a large urban county. Logistic regression analysis (PROC RLOGIST in SAS-callable SUDAAN) was employed to predict increased physical activity, with modes of center participation in physical activity as mediating factors. Predisposing and enabling factors predicted both engaging in center-based exercise programs and increases in physical activity; but the strongest predictors of increases in physical activity were needed factors: physician recommendations to increase exercise and to lose weight. Implications are that both SCs and healthcare providers are important to promote physical activity in the older population.
Stereocontrolled one-pot conversions of α-alkoxy esters to syn- and anti-1,2-diol derivatives

Abstract Complementary one-pot methods for the sequential addition of carbon and hydride nucleophiles to α-alkoxy esters leading to syn or anti mono-protected vicinal glycol derivatives are described.
Quasi-solitons in the strongly coupled Higgs sector of the standard model

Abstract In the standard electroweak model a Higgs mass on the order of 1 TeV marks the onset of a strongly interacting Higgs sector rich in resonance structure and inaccessible to perturbation theory. The lagrangian governing the low-energy behaviour of the scalar and gauge particles is that of a gauged non-linear α-model. Taken as an effective theory, this model is shown to admit quasi-stable solitons which are characterized by a partially-conserved topological charge K which takes on integer values. The mass of the lightest of these solitons is a few TeV. Processes which violate topological charge conservation are inhibited by a factor of at least (M W /M H ) ( 10 3 )ΔK . The standard Yukawa coupling of the Higgs scalars to the quarks and leptons results in the solitons carrying baryon number K and lepton number K, with all other quantum numbers vanishing.
Conflict in the New Guinea Highlands

Forty years after the people were "pacified" by the Australian territorial administration, Simbu (formerly known as Chimbu) Province was placed under a state of emergency. The independent government of Papua New Guinea imposed this to control tribal fighting. People alive today have experienced precontact traditional intergroup fighting, the suppression of fighting by the colonial government, self-government, and a recurrence of fighting. While my own field study among the Simbu is the basis of my analysis, other work in the New Guinea highlands is to be discussed. This article will discuss Simbu conflict and intergroup relations, first in terms of various theories of primitive warfare, and then in terms of the theory of conflict as an integrating force as presented by Simmel (1955) and Coser (1956). The discussion concerns three periods: precontact or before 1933; colonial rule, 1935-75; and the national government of Papua New Guinea since independence in 1975.
Structured populations with nonlinear, nonlocally dependent dynamics: basic theory

We review a method for modeling prevalence of disease in a population which is structured by the dependent variables from a density model for the disease. Our special interest is in models which exhibit nonlocal dependence, that is, where the dynamics of the course of disease depend on the global distribution of the population over its density structure. We give a short justification of the model, but observe that in the case of nonlocal dependence, our justification needs a priori existence of solutions to the model equations. The establishment of existence and uniqueness of solutions to these equations is our primary result.
Relation of diffuse aortic calcification to atherosclerotic calcification

Summary (1) The calcium content of atheromas showing no gross evidence of calcification, ulceration, or hemorrhage is approximately that found in normal portions of the aorta in which they occur. Heavily calcified atheromas (calcific plates) contain roughly 40 times this amount. (2) The calcium content of atherosclerotic plaques is influenced by diffuse aortic calcification. Plaques showing no gross evidence of calcification, ulceration, or hemorrhage from aortas with large amounts of diffuse aortic calcification contain significantly greater amounts of calcium than similar plaques from aortas with little diffuse aortic calcification. (3) Plaques may exhibit large variation in calcium content without visible microscopic change. A theory that calcification in atherosclerotic plaques can be independent of other local degenerative change is proposed. (4) The change with age in human aortic calcium content reflects interaction between diffuse aortic calcification and atherosclerotic calcification; population studies of either diffuse aortic calcification or atherosclerotic calcification must be performed on small, carefully defined samples.
Size-and phase-dependent structure of copper(II) oxide nanoparticles

Copper(II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) have found numerous applications in electronics, optics, catalysis, energy storage, health, and water purification. Controlled synthesis of CuO NPs requires information on their nanoscale structure, which is expected to vary depending on the size, shape, phase, and most importantly, on the surface morphology. In this work, we report a detailed analysis of the structure of solid and melted CuO nanoparticles as functions of size and temperature at global and local scales, using molecular dynamics simulations. Comparisons of simulated X-ray diffraction profiles, mean bond lengths, average coordination numbers, and melting points with available experimental data support the modeling results. Melting points of CuO NPs vary linearly with the reciprocal of the diameters of NPs. The long-range order seen in solid nanoparticles with diameters greater than 6 nm gradually vanishes as size decreases, indicating the loss of translational symmetry of the lattice structure and the emergence of amorphous-like structure even below the melting point. Melted nanoparticles show liquid-like characteristics with only a short-range order. Mean bond lengths and average Cu–O coordination numbers of both solid and melted NPs indicate weakening of the structural stabilization for smaller NPs that leads to an increased deformation in the local atomic arrangement because of the lack of long-range interactions. For the cases studied, most of the structural features are independent of temperature, with the notable exception of the number of oxygen atoms coordinated to Cu. This latter quantity is indeed indicative of melting phase transition and can be used to compute the melting point accurately. Atoms on the surface of solid NPs show amorphous-like behavior even at temperatures well below the melting point of the NPs due to the limited coordination environment. This study represents a useful step towards the establishment of a structure–property relationship for CuO nanoparticles.
The TV Helical Antenna Adapted to Structural Tower Shapes

The side-fire helical antenna, successfully used for UHF and VHF high channel television transmission, has now been adapted for low channel VHF service. Investigation of properties of a helical radiator wound around a polygonal supporting structure has made possible the required increased bandwidth and provided directional patterns for special TV coverage applications. Through scale model work, a channel 2 directional antenna has been developed for installation around a triangular tower section.
Ultra-Thin Sputtered Pzt Films for Ulsi Drams

In this work, a high-temperature deposition technique has been developed for ultra-thin sputtered PZT films for ULSI DRAM (>256Mb) storage capacitor applications. In contrast to the previously developed low-temperature (200°C) deposition, deposition at high-temperature (400°C) yields a desirable reduction in grain size of the perovskite phase. The thickness of PZT films has been reduced to less than 30nm with high charge storage density (~30μC/cm3) and low leakage current density. An optimized 65nm PZT thin film was found to have an equivalent SiO2 thickness of 1.9A and a leakage current density of less than 10−6 A/cm2 under 2V operation.
Metacognitive Skills Practical Strategies

Four strategies to increase the student's metacognitive skills are described for use by teachers of LD students.
The use of carbon dioxide laser in lichen myxedematosus.

. Lichen myxedematosus is characterized by deposits of mucin in the dermis. Treatment can be systemic or local, depending on the clinical findings. We present a patient with pedunculated lesions on his nose, and a generalized thickening of his facial skin. The patient requested treatment of his nasal lesions. We elected to remove his nodules surgically using the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The technique is described and treatment options are reviewed.
The reactivity of zirconium acetylacetonate with phenols

Abstract Although zirconium acetylacetonate, Zr[CH3C(O)CHC(O)CH3]4, 1, does not react with phenol, 4-methylphenol, or 2,6-dimethylphenol at reflux temperature in toluene or THF, it does react with p-nitrophenol in THF at room temperature to form (acac)3Zr(OC6H4NO2-4), 2, in 70% yield. 1 also reacts with 1,4-dihydroxybenzene to form bimetallic [(acac)3Zr]2(μOC6H4O-4), 3, in 90% yield. 2 crystallizes from THF to form a capped trigonal prismatic geometry around zirconium with the aryloxide ligand in the capping position. 3 crystallizes from THF/C6H6 to form a structure similar to that of 2 except that the aryloxide ligand occupies a trigonal prismatic vertex in the square face which is capped.
Migration, Education, and the Status of Women in Southern Nigeria

In Nigeria an anthropologist conducted an ethnographic study and demographic surveys of Ijo women in a rural community in Bendel State and of urban Ijo women in 4 cities between 1982-1986 to examine changes in the status of women migrants to these urban centers. In the private sphere the less educated woman who lived in a polygynous marriage had more independence than the more educated women who lived in a nuclear family headed up by the husband. This was because the rural wife had independent economic activities and she was the manager of subunit within the extended family. Even though the more educated woman worked she tended to bring fewer resources to the household than did her husband. The urban woman was isolated from her kin. Thus she became the dependent of the husband. So the husband in the nuclear urban household held decision making power resulting in gender inequality. The conditions within an urban area that were associated with these situations included employment in the formal sector by both spouses high enough income to eliminate the need to be dependent on kin networks and monogamous marriage. In those families that migrated to urban areas without high education or professional training the family structure was the same as it was in the rural community however. On the other hand more educated women who worked in the formal sector and lived in an urban setting had a higher public status than did the less educated woman. In conclusion modernization and development resulting in more educated women also increased their submission to their husbands and a reduction in their autonomy. These results suggested that the household no longer serves as the basis of power of women. The study also emphasized the need for research to use the private/public dichotomy in examining womens lives.
Additional Distribution Records for Freshwater Snails in Kansas, with Comments on a Reversed Campeloma crassulum

Freshwater gastropods are one of the most imperiled groups of organisms in North America (Brown et al. 2008; Lysne et al. 2008). Of the seven gill-breathing operculate snails (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) reported from Kansas, two are considered extirpated and the other five have shown substantial range reductions during the past century (Angelo et al. 2002). The primary causes for this decline include anthropogenic disturbances, sporadic shifts in climate, and evolving stream drainage patterns (Angelo et al. 2002; Brown et al. 2008).