cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Resource Utilization and Reconfiguration of Soils into Construction Materials for the Additive Manufacturing of Buildings

The construction industry is being buffeted by winds of change, balancing the urgent need to remedy deteriorating infrastructure in the developed world and the push to build new infrastructure in emerging economies whilst devising means to better its catastrophic carbon footprint. Much of the deleterious environmental impact of construction results from the utilization of concrete as well as inefficiencies across the construction process that result in considerable waste and energy expenditure. Additive manufacturing methods stand poised to substantially transform the industry by enhancing automation, enabling economy of materials use, and allowing for unprecedented fusion of form and function; however, reliance on concrete as the extrusive material of choice has the potential to greatly compound mounting environmental challenges. In this perspective, we discuss our efforts to develop an altogether new palette of naturally sourced construction materials based on natural soils, which are reconfigured into extrudable formulations compatible with additive manufacturing. We furthermore delineate a roadmap bringing together soil chemistry with composite science, modeling of mesoscale phenomena, rheological studies of extrudable soil “inks”, generative design, post-synthetic modification, and the development of robust structure—function correlations relating atomistic and mesoscale structures as well as geometry of the architectures to load-bearing capabilities and mechanical response. We illustrate this approach using a naturally harvested burlewash clay sample crosslinked through formation of a siloxane framework, which has been 3D printed into a load-bearing structure. The need for an integrated life cycle assessment approach is emphasized to ensure development of a new palette of sustainable construction materials.
Treatment of periocular basal cell carcinoma with neoadjuvant vismodegib.

Abstract Purpose To report a case of a locally advanced periocular basal cell carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant Vismodegib therapy prior to surgery. Observations A 63-year-old female presented to the oculoplastics clinic with biopsy-proven basal cell carcinoma of the right periorbital region causing significant cicatricial ectropion of the right lower eyelid. The medial canthal lesion involved nearly the entire right lower eyelid with extension onto the cheek, the medial half of the right upper eyelid, the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, as well as the right lacrimal system. CT imaging was suggestive of involvement of the extraocular muscles and other post-septal tissues. Fortunately, the patient had no metastatic disease. The extent of the tumor would have necessitated aggressive resection to achieve surgical cure. However, the patient preferred to attempt globe-sparing therapy with a goal of preserving cosmesis as much as possible. Various treatment options were discussed with the patient, including the use of Vismodegib, and the patient elected to pursue this treatment strategy. The goal of Vismodegib treatment was to reduce the tumor size enough to permit surgical resection of all tumor without significantly affecting cosmesis. After 11 months of treatment with Vismodegib, the tumor size had reduced significantly to the point where surgical intervention with minimal disfigurement could be offered. The patient underwent multidisciplinary approach with Mohs micrographic excision of the tumor paired with oculoplastic reconstructive surgery resulting in negative margins and satisfactory cosmetic results. Conclusions and importance Although addition study is required regarding Vismodegib as a primary or adjuvant therapeutic approach to periorbital basal cell carcinoma, this case illustrates the potential usefulness of this drug as an option in this context. This case provides information that may help the comprehensive ophthalmologist or oculoplastic specialist in counseling patients with locally advanced periorbital basal cell carcinoma.
Encountering and processing secondary traumatic stress during qualitative interviews with displaced Iraqis: a research note:

Qualitative interviewing is an affective process that involves interacting with others on an interpersonal level. This approach can bring to the surface traumatic and painful memories for participa...
Eight practices for data management to enable team data science.

Introduction: In clinical and translational research, data science is often and fortuitously integrated with data collection. This contrasts to the typical position of data scientists in other settings, where they are isolated from data collectors. Because of this, effective use of data science techniques to resolve translational questions requires innovation in the organization and management of these data. Methods: We propose an operational framework that respects this important difference in how research teams are organized. To maximize the accuracy and speed of the clinical and translational data science enterprise under this framework, we define a set of eight best practices for data management. Results: In our own work at the University of Rochester, we have strived to utilize these practices in a customized version of the open source LabKey platform for integrated data management and collaboration. We have applied this platform to cohorts that longitudinally track multidomain data from over 3000 subjects. Conclusions: We argue that this has made analytical datasets more readily available and lowered the bar to interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling a team-based data science that is unique to the clinical and translational setting.
A Framework for Design of Conversational Agents to Support Health Self-Care for Older Adults.

ObjectiveWe examined the potential of conversational agents (CAs) to support older adults’ self-care related to chronic illness in light of lessons learned from decades of pedagogical agent researc...
Probing Extragalactic Planets Using Quasar Microlensing

Previously, planets have been detected only in the Milky Way galaxy. Here, we show that quasar microlensing provides a means to probe extragalactic planets in the lens galaxy, by studying the microlensing properties of emission close to the event horizon of the supermassive black hole of the background quasar, using the current generation telescopes. We show that a population of unbound planets between stars with masses ranging from Moon to Jupiter masses is needed to explain the frequent Fe Kα line energy shifts observed in the gravitationally lensed quasar RXJ 1131–1231 at a lens redshift of z = 0.295 or 3.8 billion lt-yr away. We constrain the planet mass-fraction to be larger than 0.0001 of the halo mass, which is equivalent to 2000 objects ranging from Moon to Jupiter mass per main-sequence star.
Metabolic capabilities mute positive response to direct and indirect impacts of warming throughout the soil profile

Increasing global temperatures are predicted to stimulate soil microbial respiration. The direct and indirect impacts of warming on soil microbes, nevertheless, remain unclear. This is particularly true for understudied subsoil microbes. Here, we show that 4.5 years of whole-profile soil warming in a temperate mixed forest results in altered microbial community composition and metabolism in surface soils, partly due to carbon limitation. However, microbial communities in the subsoil responded differently to warming than in the surface. Throughout the soil profile-but to a greater extent in the subsoil-physiologic and genomic measurements show that phylogenetically different microbes could utilize complex organic compounds, dampening the effect of altered resource availability induced by warming. We find subsoil microbes had 20% lower carbon use efficiencies and 47% lower growth rates compared to surface soils, which constrain microbial communities. Collectively, our results show that unlike in surface soils, elevated microbial respiration in subsoils may continue without microbial community change in the near-term.
Caring for the Whole Person: Resilience, Spirituality and Religious Coping in the Neurocritical Care Environment (S23.006)

Objective: To determine the correlation between spiritualty/religiosity and resilience in individuals admitted to neurocritical care and compare to surrogate perceived patient spiritualty/religiosity and resilience Background: Resilience and spirituality have been well studied in psychiatric disorders but little is known about how these factors influence outcomes in the neurocritical care setting. Individuals identified as resilient have better outcomes in disorders like major depression while spirituality has been shown to enhance an individual’s level of reported resilience. Surrogate decision makers are important in patient centered decision-making. Bridging the gap between physiological and psychological factors as well as understanding surrogate perceptions is needed in neurocritical care as it may reveal important contradictions in patient, surrogate and physician expectations. Our hypothesis is patient reported resilience would correlate with spirituality/religiosity, and surrogate-reported patient attributes would correlate to patient-reported ones. Design/Methods: Since April 2016 among English speaking adult patients admitted to the Neuro ICU at Mount Sinai Hospital for 48 hours or longer, 67 surrogates and 61 patients were enrolled. Participants provided answers to two scales, the Connor-Davidson Resilience-10 and the Brief RCOPE. Data was analyzed using Social Science Statistics. Non-parametric Spearman correlation between the score totals from these scales were calculated. Results: According to patient reported scales of positive religious coping and resilience, there was no correlation between the two scores rs= −0.04 p =0.75. However, scores of surrogate perceptions of patient’s positive religious coping were moderately correlated to scores of surrogate perceptions of patient resilience rs= .32, p = 0.007. Conclusions: The differences seen in the patient reported resilience and spirituality/religiosity scales versus surrogate’s reported perception of the patient’s resilience and spirituality/religiosity may indicate some effects of “projection” by surrogates. The surrogate’s view of the patient may be influenced by many factors while they are in a neurocritical care setting and this could impact surrogate decision-making in goals-of-care discussions. Disclosure: Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dangayach has nothing to disclose. Dr. Griffiths has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kornspurn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Davidson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Keough has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wheelwright has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sobotka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sharma has nothing to disclose. Dr. Marin has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gordon has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bederson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mocco has received personal compensation for activities with Concentric Inc. as a consultant. Dr. Mayer has received personal compensation for activities with Bard Medical.
Fenchel duality and the strong conical hull intersection property

We study a special dual form of a convex minimization problem in a Hilbert space, which is formally suggested by Fenchel dualityand is useful for the Dykstra algorithm. For this special duality problem, we prove that strong duality holds if and only if the collection of underlying constraint sets {C1,...,Cm} has the strong conical hull intersection property. That is, $$\left( {\mathop \cap \limits_1^m C_i - x)^ \circ = \sum\limits_1^m {(C_1 - x} } \right)^ \circ {\text{, for each }}x \in \mathop \cap \limits_1^m C_1$$ where D° denotes the dual cone of D. In general, we can establish weak duality for a convex minimization problem in a Hilbert space by perturbing the constraint sets so that the perturbed sets have the strong conical hull intersection property. This generalizes a result of Gaffke and Mathar.
Inhibition of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia cell growth in vitro by farnesyltransferase inhibitors

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an early childhood disease for which there is no effective therapy. Therapy with 13-cis retinoic acid or low-dose chemotherapy can induce some responses, but neither mode is curative. Stem cell transplantation can produce lasting remissions but is hampered by high rates of relapse. The pathogenesis of JMML involves deregulated cytokine signal transduction through the Ras signaling pathway, with resultant selective hypersensitivity of JMML cells to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). A JMML mouse model, achieved through homozygous deletion of the neurofibromatosis gene, confirmed the involvement of deregulated Ras in JMML pathogenesis. With this pathogenetic knowledge, mechanism-based treatments are now being developed and tested. Ras is critically dependent on a prenylation reaction for its signal transduction abilities. Farnesyltransferase inhibitors are compounds that were developed specifically to block the prenylation of Ras. Two of these compounds, L-739,749 and L-744,832, were tested for their ability to inhibit spontaneous JMML granulocyte-macrophage colony growth. Within a dose range of 1 to 10 μmol/L, each compound demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of JMML colony growth. An age-matched patient with a different disease and GM-CSF–stimulated normal adult marrow cells also demonstrated dose-dependent inhibitory effects on colony growth, but they were far less sensitive to these compounds than JMML hematopoietic progenitors. Even if the addition of L-739,749 were delayed for 5 days, significant inhibitory effects would still show in JMML cultures. These results demonstrate that a putative Ras-blocking compound can have significant growth inhibitory effects in vitro, perhaps indicating a potential treatment for JMML.
Making Trade Policy Work for the Poor: Shifting From Dogma to Detail

We review the relationship between trade and poverty in less developed countries, surveying both relevant economic theory and empirical evidence. We conclude that, while there certainly are circumstances under which greater trade openness can lead to poverty reduction, these circumstances do not always obtain. Trade liberalization will only be an effective instrument of poverty reduction under specific structural conditions. There may be more direct and effective means of attaining anti-poverty objectives.
Affine Geometric Method For Linear Programs

The algebraic (simplex) method is a complete enumerating algorithm to solve bounded linear programs (LP). It converts all the inequality constraints to equality to obtain a system of equations by introducing slack/surplus variables, converts all non-restricted (in sign) variables to restricted ones by substituting the difference of two new variables, and finally solves all of its square subsystems. This conversion of an LP into a pure algebraic version overlooks the original space of the decision variables and treats all variables alike throughout the process. We propose an effective three-phase algebraic method to overcome these deficiencies. Phase I concentrates on an early recognition of basic feasible solutions (BFS) which are located on the coordinate axis of each decision variable. Phase II finds the BFS which are on the faces of the coordinate system by solving some subsystems of equations which depend on the number of decision variables and constraints. Finally, in Phase III, it locates the BFS which are not on the faces of the coordinate system. The feasibility test is performed efficiently at the end of each phase. The algorithm works directly with the original variables even if some are unrestricted. The proposed method reduces considerably the computational complexity because it does not include any slack/surplus variables. The algorithmic strategy is to partition the set of BFS into three distinct sub-sets with common characteristics. Numerical examples illustrate the new solution algorithm.
Synergistic effects of pulsed magnetic field and gamma radiation on mice infected with sendai virus: Preliminary observations☆

Abstract Male and female C57NA/Fe mice infected with Sendai virus were subjected to Pulsed Magnetic Fields (PMF) repeating at 15 Hz. Treatment was given 78.5 h prior to, 63.75 h after, and simultaneously with high doses of Co-60 gamma radiation. The virus significantly lowered the LD 50 30 ) of the mice from 8.00 Gy to 6.80 Gy. The reduction in LD50/30 was not influenced by the application of PMF. In virus-exposed males, PMF reduced Mean Survival Time (MST) at 7.50 Gy. but increased it at 8.50 Gy for mice exposed to the field after irradiation. Simultaneous exposure to PMF and gamma radiation in virus-laden mice demonstrated sexual dimorphism. There was no difference between PMF treated and non-treated males at any of three dose levels, while the females showed increased MST with increasing gamma dose in the presence of PMF, the exact opposite of what would be expected. Comparison tests of old (22–30 weeks) versus young (8–10 weeks) mice showed that the protective effect only appears in young females.
Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of a Folk Tradition

Catawba Indian Pottery: The Survival of. Folk Tradition. THOMAS JOHN BLUMER. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004. 240 pp.
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Schizophrenia: Applications to Social Work Practice

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder that has been considered to be the epitome of a severe mental illness. The negative psychosocial consequences of schizophrenia are well documented. Despite the advent of antipsychotic medication, residual symptoms persist for many persons diagnosed with schizophrenia. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as an adjunctive treatment to pharmacotherapy. Cognitive-behavioral theories of positive and negative symptoms are described, as are interventions. Meta-analyses have supported the use of CBT for schizophrenia. This article describes and synthesizes the literature to articulate precise applications to social work practice and the congruence between CBT for schizophrenia and the social work profession. Limitations of CBT are also discussed.
The behaviour of migratory eels,Anguilla rostrata, in response to current, salinity and lunar period

1. Behaviour of migratory silver eels and immature yellow eels,Anguilla rostrata, was studied in a choice-chamber apparatus. 2. Silver eels display a negative rheotaxis in both well water and natural stream water. 3. Silver eels reversed the sign of their response, to a positive rheotaxis, when salt water was introduced into the tank. 4. Rheotaxis and the salinity response are proposed as an effective orientation mechanism in the seaward migration of the silver eel. Responses are anticipatory in nature and are thought to be only part of a sequential arrangement of orientation behaviours. 5. Yellow eels showed no rheotactic response in August, but displayed a negative rheotaxis two months later into the fall. This seasonal difference in rheotactic responses of the yellow eels suggests periodic movement away from a home range in what might constitute a “dry run” for the eventual offshore migration. 6. Yellow and silver eels in heterogenous samples showed similar rheotactic responses in fresh water but were segregated by response in salt water. 7. The non-orientation of the yellow eels in the freshwater-saltwater choice suggests that it is the response to salinity which contains the yellow eel in its feeding habitat and later guides the silver eel away from it. 8. Perception of saltwater by silver eels is olfactory. 9. Locomotor activity of silver eels peaked to coincide with periods of naturally occurring darkness, between sunset and moonrise. The relationship between eel migration and lunar period is discussed in this respect. 10. Exogenous control over locomotor activity is indicated by experiments which induced activity during daylight hours. The presence of an endogenous factor is also suggested.
Studies of astrophysically important molecular ions with ultrasensitive infrared laser techniques.

Over the last decade, modeling of the chemistry occurring in interstellar gas clouds has evolved dramatically. The early qualitative versions of Solomon and Klemperer1 and Herbst and Klemperer,2 which first predicted the preeminence of ion-molecular reactions in these cold, diffuse environments, are now supplanted by the modern sophisticated computer models of Mitchell, Ginzberg and Kuntz,3Prasad and Huntress4, Watson,5and others. Quantitative predictions of molecular abundances are now given for an impressive number of species, including some two dozen of the most important molecular ions. In Table 1, the molecular ions expected to be most abundant in cold (50°K), dense (n≈106cm-3) clouds are listed, along with abundances (relative to H2) predicted by Mitchell, Ginzberg, and Kuntz,3appropriate for a cloud density of 106cm-3.
Human Capital and CEO Compensation during Institutional Transitions

Firms appoint CEOs with different types of human capital in order to manage resource dependencies. How CEOs are compensated thus can be conceptualized as a valuation process of how boards view the value of CEOs' human capital. Two types of human capital � international experience and political ties � have emerged as potential drivers of CEO compensation during institutional transitions. But how they impact CEO compensation has remained unclear. We develop a resource dependence-based, contingency framework to focus on the external and internal factors that enable or constrain human capital to impact CEO compensation. Because of the tremendous regional diversity within China, externally, we focus on the level of marketization of the region in which firms are headquartered. Internally, we pay attention to two corporate governance mechanisms: politically connected outside directors and compensation committee. Data from 10,329 firm-year observations at 94 per cent of listed firms in China largely support our framework. Overall, our study contributes to resource dependence research by extending this research to the context of institutional transitions with a focus on how human capital impacts CEO compensation.
PHYSIOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF RED EARTHS IN NANNING BASIN KWANGSI

SUMMARY In this paper, the author has brought out three points in connection with the occurrence of red earths in Nanning Basin. First of all, the occurrence of red earth has a remarkable physiographical significance: they occur exclusively on the terrace topography where drainage is perfect. Much of the red earth was undoubtedly developed before the present topography was shaped. It is supposed that by the time of late Pliocene when the basin was nearly filled up to a peneplain and when activities of erosion and deposition were reduced to their minimum, the red earth was in full development. The same condition existed in other basins in Hunan, Kiangsi and other provinces in South China. Secondly, the development of red earths is under definite pedological process which is now known as lateritization. The process beside its climatic factors is favored by a gentle mature topography. The soils as occurring in the basin have undergone more than one cycle. Generally the red earths have all been podzolized—forming a highly leached or podzolic surface soil and a lateritic subsoil. Thirdly, the author holds that lateritization is still going on, and therefore the separation of Pliocene from Pleistocene cannot be based on lateritization.
Levelling the lingo playing field

With an ever‐declining number of papers written in languages other than English, the idiom of Shakespeare is, today more than ever before, the international language of science [1], [2]. In 2014, according to PubMed's language filter, 95.4% of life science publications retrieved by the search engine were written in English, in line with the trend of the last several decades [1], [2]. Today, among the 20 countries with the highest number of publications per year on PubMed, only France and China apparently publish less than 95% of their papers in English [1]. However, English is only natively spoken by around 5% of the world population and only about 20 countries use it as their primary language (http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size). Not surprisingly, in 2014, only 4 out of the 20 countries with highest number of life science publications have English as their primary language [3], and in the 5‐year period 2008–2012, nearly 54% of papers on PubMed were written in countries where English is not the primary idiom [1]. So, is it wise to keep English as the language of science? According to Howy Jacobs's 2012 editorial [4], the answer is yes. Jacobs argues that, because English is the language used to publish the vast majority of scientific articles today, it must be considered and protected as the language of science. His stance, he says, is not imperialistic—his native language is English—because he would willingly replace English should “a majority of the world's scientists” vote for it. …
Illusion of Control: Theoretical Perspective on Power-Dependence Relationships

One of the key arguments presented in this paper is how the leadership literature has insufficiently addressed power. It has implicitly treated power as though it were permanently embedded within the context of organizational hierarchy rather than being a characteristic of the individuals in the social relationship. An examination of leadership and power in a rotational leadership design is provided along with an alternate framework for conceptualizing power through the Leadership Distortion Model.
System Verification of Hardware Optimization Based on Edge Detection

Nowadays, digital camera based remote controllers are widely used in people’s daily lives. It is known that the edge detection process plays an essential role in remote controlled applications. In this paper, a system verification platform of hardware optimization based on the edge detection is proposed. The Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) validation is an important step in the Integrated Circuit (IC) design workflow. The Sobel edge detection algorithm is chosen and optimized through the FPGA verification platform. Hardware optimization techniques are used to create a high performance, low cost design. The Sobel edge detection operator is designed and mounted through the system Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB). Different FPGA boards are used for evaluation purposes. It is proved that with the proposed hardware optimization method, the hardware design of the Sobel edge detection operator can save 6% of on-chip resources for the Sobel core calculation and 42% for the whole frame calculation.
Work in progress: Understanding professional competency formation in a service-learning context from an alumni perspective

Engineering educators daily negotiate the formidable task of developing the twenty-first century engineer's competence to enter and thrive in the workplace. With this focus, many have conducted investigations into both what defines such professional competence and how such competence forms within students. In this investigation, we study how professional competence has developed among alumni of Engineering Projects in Community Service (EPICS), as understood through their retrospective perceptions. We are conducting a mixed methods study in order to understand competence development, and this paper presents the design and administration of a survey questionnaire that is informing the qualitative portion of the study. Findings from both aspects of the study will be presented at the conference.
Hot-electron relaxations and hot phonons in GaAs studied by subpicosecond Raman scattering.

We have utilized subpicosecond laser pulses to excite and probe hot electrons and nonequilibrium longitudinal-optical (LO) phonons in bulk GaAs by Raman scattering. We find that the photoexcited hot electrons cool at a rate much faster than predicted by {ital intra}valley scattering of LO phonons via the Froehlich interaction. On the other hand, this fast cooling rate can be accounted for satisfactorily by {ital inter}valley scattering. As a result of this very rapid cooling, the temperature of the hot LO phonons generated by the hot electrons temporarily overshoots the electron temperature. From the electron cooling curve and the dependence of the hot-phonon temperature on the excited-electron density, we determined the deformation potential for scattering between the {Gamma} and {ital L} conduction-band valleys in GaAs.
COMMENTS ON "APPLICATION OF THE METHODS OF BISECTION AND EQUAL APPEARING INTERVALS TO PERCEPTION OF PERSONS"

A recent paper by Rudin (2) reporting his application of psycho physical methods to person perception appears to be open to objection on a number of grounds. Rudin gives the impression that his is the first attempt to apply the bisection method to person perception; the extensive work of Gardner and Thompson (1) using bisection has been ignored. It is true that the rating method of Gardner and Thompson differed somewhat from the procedure used by Rudin; for example, Rudin had Ss select "best liked," "least liked," "half liked," and so on, while Gardner and Thompson required Ss to select "best liked," "least liked," etc., with regard to satisfaction of specified needs such as affiliation, succorance. Also Rudin and Gardner and Thompson have somewhat different objectives. However, it is the opinion of this writer that those interested in the application of psychophysical techniques to perception of persons can not disregard the research of Gardner and Thompson. Granting that Rudin's study was an "exploratory" one, it was disappointing to find that bisection and equal appearing intervals were not applied to the same groups because "practical considerations prohibited this." We feel that an additional group using both methods was mandatory. This writer would agree with Rudin that such data do not justify the application of "elegant" or elaborate statistics. Rudin describes an approximately linear relationship between "liking" and "badness" (2, Fig. 1, p. 101) as an "exponentially increasing monotonic" function, thereby violating his own canons against inappropriate use of elaborate mathematical description. This fault is repeated when he discusses his Fig. 2 (p. 102). To this writer it seems that the equal appearing interval method does not show any relationship between "liking" and "feebleness9'-certainly not a "curvilinear" one as Rudin seems to imply. The strongest objection should be raised when Rudin interprets his data as suggesting that "the concept of the least liked person is a relatively stable social concept, not differing too much from person to person in our society." This conclusion is contradicted in Rudin's own results. (See 2, Figs. 4, 6, and 8, p. 102-103.) Rudin's study does raise some problems in the area of person perception; these problems are not
Abnormal Cats' Paws

ABNORMITIES in cats' paws occur rather frequently in Massachusetts. They are called mitten cats, and are much in demand because they are considered to be good mousers. The first I ever saw was a male yellow tiger, whose four paws had two extra toes strongly developed. A little stray female kitten which was brought up at my house had two abnormal fore-paws with four extra toes on each. As there are no male cats in our neighbourhood with any abnormity I was very anxious to see whether her young ones would inherit the shape of their paws from the father or mother cat, and whether some abnormity would also appear in the hind-paws. She had eight, and only one of them with four normal paws; all the others inherited from the mother the abnormal fore-paws, some even having five to seven extra toes, with perfectly developed claws and pads. I did not pay attention to the sex, but brought one up on account of its strong build, which turned out to be a male, and another for its beautiful stripes, which was a female. The old cat rested nearly a year, and then again had eight three times in succession, in April; June, and October, and every time only one with normal paws. The mother is a pale grey tiger, and each one of the young ones was differently spotted, and, as I believe, had a different father, as I recognised the marked resemblance to the various visitors to our garden. I paid no attention to the sex, but brought up from the last litter the strongest looking, which turned out to be a male, and two others—the one selected by a child, the other because it had seven extra toes. Both these were females.
In vitro culture of cells and tissues from the mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say.

Tissues and cells from various life stages and ages ofAnopheles quadrimaculatus were cultured in several media. Pupal tissue maintained in Schneider's (1) medium was the most successful system. These cells remained viable for 210 days. Xix morphologically distinguishable cell types were observed: spherical cells, two type of neuronlike cells, musclelike cells, epithelial-like cells, and polymorphic cells.
Life-threatening complications of adult-onset Still's disease.

Adult-onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) since its description in 1971 has proven to be a very complex and challenging disease entity. This rare auto-inflammatory disease is classically described by the “Still’s triad” of fever, rash, and arthritis, although the atypical cases frequently outnumber the typical ones. The exact pathogenesis and etiologic factors responsible for the clinical features remain largely obscure, despite recent suggestive cytokine biology findings. Diagnosis is made on clinical grounds, following the exclusion of mimickers of infectious, autoimmune or neoplastic etiology, with the additional consideration of non-specific laboratory abnormalities such as peripheral leukocytosis and elevation of serum ferritin and other acute phase reactants. The disease manifestations are protean and can include diverse complications, affecting multiple organ systems. Moreover, the severity of the organ involvement can vary considerably, representing a wide spectrum from the self-limited to severe. The mainstay of therapy has evolved from the traditional use of corticosteroids and oral immunosupressants to the newer targeted treatments with biologic agents. The scope of this review is to alert the clinician to the existence of life-threatening AOSD complications, namely the macrophage activation syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Such knowledge may lead in earlier recognition, prompt treatment, and, ideally, improved patient outcomes.
Epidemiology of surgically treated gastric cancer in the United States, 1988-2000.

The incidence of gastric cancer and the need for subsequent surgery has been decreasing in the United States. However, very few population-based studies on the magnitude of these changes are available. The objective of the present study was to characterize temporal trends in the use of gastric resection in the treatment of gastric cancer. Patients with a primary diagnosis code for gastric cancer (N = 105,887) and a procedure code for gastric resection (N = 23,690) in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 1988–2000 were included. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample represents a 20% stratified random sample representative of all United States hospitals. Outcome variables included the overall incidence, in-hospital mortality rate, and length of stay. Rates of surgery are shown as the number of cases per 100,000 hospital discharges. Hospital volume was defined as follows: low volume (1 to 4 cases per year), medium volume (5 to 8 cases per year), and high volume (9 or more cases per year). Rates of gastric resection have shown a 20% decline from 30 cases per 100,000 (1988-1989) to 24 cases per 100,000 (1999-2000) (P = 0.001). In-hospital mortality has not changed over the 13-year period and remains at 7.4%. There was significant variation in mortality across hospitals, with very low-volume centers having an 8.9% mortality rate, whereas very high-volume centers had a 6.4% mortality rate (P < 0.001). The market share of gastric resections performed at high-volume centers increased a small amount from 43% (1988–1989) to 48% (1999-2000) (P = 0.023). Over the 13-year period, length of stay decreased from 15 days (interquartile range [IQR] 11–23) in 1988 to 11 days (interquartile range [IQR] 8–16) in 2000 (P < 0.001). Rates of gastric resection for cancer have shown a modest decline over the past 13 years in the United States. Although the length of stay for these patients has decreased, no significant changes to in-hospital mortality have occurred. Given the declining rates of gastric cancer surgery, and the superior outcomes at high-volume centers, regionalization of care may improve mortality rates for this high-risk surgical procedure.
Rule Utilization in Solutions of Abstract Picture-Analogy Problems

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that rules are generated and applied in solving analogy problems by providing one group of Ss with the appropriate rules. Analogy problems from the Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Test were employed in Exp. I, and problems from the Raven Progressive Matrices were employed in Exp. II. The results from both experiments did not support the hypothesis. It was suggested that the possibility, that the cognitive processes involved in comprehending E-generated rules may be as complex as those involved in generating rules from the stimulus materials, should be investigated further.
Modality differences in the habituation and dishabituation of cardiac responsiveness in the human newborn.

The relative efficacy of (1) repeated auditory and somesthetic stimulation for the habituation of cardiac acceleration responses and (2) intramodal and cross-modal stimulation for the dishabituation of cardiac responses was studied in 45 full-term 2-day-old infants. Although the 2 stimuli were equally effective initially, repeated presentation of the somesthetic stimulus had a greater decremental effect than repeated presentation of the auditory stimulus. The stimuli were equally effective in producing dishabituation when in a different modality from that of the habituating stimulus (cross-modal) but not when in the same modality (intramodal). Changes in the locus of stimulation without a change in modality were ineffective for producing dishabituation. The findings indicate the human newborn discriminates auditory and somesthetic inputs effectively and equally but does not discriminate contralateral from ipsilateral stimulation in either modality.
Absorption of d-Glucose by the Rabbit Jejunum during Cholera Toxin-induced Diarrhoea

CHOLERA exotoxin causes fluid production by the intestine when instilled into jejunal or ileal loops of anaesthetized rabbits1–3. Profuse quantities of isotonic fluid are produced by the small intestine without histological alteration of the mucosa4. The pathogenesis of the increased fluid production by the intestine in cholera is unsettled. It has not been determined whether the fluid production is the result of increased intestinal secretion, decreased intestinal absorption or a combination of these two factors. To assess the importance of altered intestinal absorption, absorption of d-glucose by the rabbit jejunum was measured both in the presence and absence of cholera diarrhoea.
The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptative processes.

This article presents a 3-component model of parenting that places emotion at the heart of parental competence. The model emphasizes (a) child, parent, and contextual factors that activate parents' emotions; (b) orienting, organizing, and motivating effects that emotions have on parenting once aroused; and (c) processes parents use to understand and control emotions. Emotions are vital to effective parenting. When invested in the interest of children, emotions organize sensitive, responsive parenting. Emotions undermine parenting, however, when they are too weak, too strong, or poorly matched to child rearing tasks. In harmonious relationships emotions are, on average, positive because parents manage interactions so that children's and parents' concerns are promoted. In distressed relationships chronic negative emotion is both a cause and a consequence of interactions that undermine parents' concerns and children's development.
Associative visual agnosia and its related deficits: the role of the minor hemisphere in assigning meaning to visual perceptions.

Abstract A patient with severe associative visual agnosia for objects and pictures could identify those objects by touch and copy them; neither naming nor visual processing difficulties could account for his deficit. He was not alexic. The CAT scan revealed bilateral infarctions: a large left parietal-occipital lesion and a smaller right occipital lesion involving underlying white matter. Evidence suggests the presence of independent pathways for meaningful representation of objects and pictures, written material, familiar faces, and, perhaps, colors. Independence of these pathways at their origin indicates the right hemisphere is important in analyzing visual material beyond the perceptual level.
Biodegradable synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis remains one of the most common causes of death in the United States and throughout the world because of the lack of early detection. Macrophage apoptosis is a major contributor to the instability of atherosclerotic lesions. Development of an apoptosis targeted high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mimicking nanoparticle (NP) to carry contrast agents for early detection of vulnerable plaques and the initiation of preventative therapies that exploit the vascular protective effects of HDL can be attractive for atherosclerosis. Here, we report the construction of a synthetic, biodegradable HDL-NP platform for detection of vulnerable plaques by targeting the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential that occurs during apoptosis. This HDL mimic contains a core of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), cholesteryl oleate, and a phospholipid bilayer coat that is decorated with triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cations for detection of mitochondrial membrane potential collapse. The lipid layer provides the surface for adsorption of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I mimetic 4F peptide, and the core contains diagnostically active quantum dots (QDs) for optical imaging. In vitro uptake, detection of apoptosis, and cholesterol binding studies indicated promising detection ability and therapeutic potential of TPP-HDL-apoA-I-QD NPs. In vitro studies indicated the potential of these NPs in reverse cholesterol transport. In vivo biodistribution and pharmacokinetics indicated favorable tissue distribution, controlled pharmacokinetic parameters, and significant triglyceride reduction for i.v.-injected TPP-HDL-apoA-I-QD NPs in rats. These HDL NPs demonstrate excellent biocompatibility, stability, nontoxic, and nonimmunogenic properties, which prove to be promising for future translation in early plaque diagnosis and might find applications to prevent vulnerable plaque progression.
Development of a Fuzzy Logic-Based Inherent Safety Index

Inherent safety has been recognized as a design approach useful to remove hazards or reduce hazards at the source instead of controlling them with add-on protective barriers. However, inherent safety is based on qualitative principles that cannot easily be evaluated and analysed, and this is one of the major difficulties for the systematic application and quantification of inherent safety in plant design. The present paper introduces the use of fuzzy logic for the measurement of inherent safety. The proposed methodology describes the development of an overall index for use in process simulation and process synthesis to generate inherently safer alternatives and to evaluate them in a systematic and rapid way. The application to process simulation is expected to be useful for the application of inherent safety to operating plants. The use of fuzzy logic is helpful modeling uncertainty and subjectivities implied in evaluation of certain variables and it is helpful for combining quantitative data with qualitative information. This paper focuses only on the development of a fuzzy logic-based inherent safety index, which constitutes the first step toward a systematic application of inherent safety.
TH-C-BRD-10: An Evaluation of Three Robust Optimization Approaches in IMPT Treatment Planning

Purpose: Various robust optimization approaches have been proposed to ensure the robustness of intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) in the face of uncertainty. In this study, we aim to investigate the performance of three classes of robust optimization approaches regarding plan optimality and robustness. Methods: Three robust optimization models were implemented in our in-house IMPT treatment planning system: 1) L2 optimization based on worst-case dose; 2) L2 optimization based on minmax objective; and 3) L1 optimization with constraints on all uncertain doses. The first model was solved by a L-BFGS algorithm; the second was solved by a gradient projection algorithm; and the third was solved by an interior point method. One nominal scenario and eight maximum uncertainty scenarios (proton range over and under 3.5%, and setup error of 5 mm for x, y, z directions) were considered in optimization. Dosimetric measurements of optimized plans from the three approaches were compared for four prostate cancer patients retrospectively selected at our institution. Results: For the nominal scenario, all three optimization approaches yielded the same coverage to the clinical treatment volume (CTV) and the L2 worst-case approach demonstrated better rectum and bladder sparing than others. For the uncertainty scenarios, the L1 approach resulted in the most robust CTV coverage against uncertainties, while the plans from L2 worst-case were less robust than others. In addition, we observed that the number of scanning spots with positive MUs from the L2 approaches was approximately twice as many as that from the L1 approach. This indicates that L1 optimization may lead to more efficient IMPT delivery. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the L1 approach best conserved the target coverage in the face of uncertainty but its resulting OAR sparing was slightly inferior to other two approaches.
Global Virtual Vault: Preventing unauthorized physical disclosure by the insider

Information providers on networks such as the global information grid need to share sensitive information while still protecting that information from misuse. We show how common information-sharing mechanisms encourage and allow high-bandwidth, hard-to-detect information exfiltration by malicious insiders, and by adversaries in the field. By leveraging netcentricity, modern stateless clients, and advances in distance visualization techniques, we can provide analysts and warfighters with highly-usable access to information that remains secured in high-availability, high-security data centers. We quantitatively analyze the intentional and inadvertent data exfiltration paths of several off-the-shelf secure computing solutions and demonstrate how to re-engineer these systems to greatly reduce residual risk by limiting access to human-interaction protocols. This approach eliminates large classes of insider attacks that are largely unaddressed in most systems and concentrates traditional insider access to manageable, well-defended physical security perimeters.