cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Z-Pinch Requirements for Achieving High Yield Fusion Via A Z-Pinch Driven, Double Ended Hohlraum Concept

Using two-dimensional (2D), radiation magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) numerical simulations, we have designed a feasible z-pinch radiation source that ignites a high yield fuel capsule in a z-pinch driven, double ended hohlraum concept. The z-pinch is composed of nested beryllium (Be) shells and a coaxial, cylindrical foam converter. The z-pinch is designed to produce a shaped radiation pulse that compresses a capsule by a sequence of three shocks without significant entropy increase. We present results of simulations pertaining to the z-pinch design, and discuss conditions that must be achieved in the z-pinch to ensure production of the required radiation pulse.
Efficient Multi-Unit Auctions for Normal Goods

I study efficient multi-unit auction design when bidders have private values, multi-unit demands, and non-quasilinear preferences. Without quasilinearity, the Vickrey auction loses its desired incentive and efficiency properties. Instead of assuming that bidders have quasilinear preferences, I assume that bidders have positive wealth effects. This nests cases where bidders are risk averse, face financial constraints, or have budgets.With two bidders, I show that there is a mechanism that retains the desirable properties of the Vickrey auction if and only if bidders have single dimensional types. If bidders have multi-dimensional types, there is no mechanism that satisfies (1) individual rationality, (2) dominant strategy incentive compatibility, (3) ex-post Pareto efficiency, and (4) weak budget balance. When there are more than two bidders, I show that there is no mechanism with desirable incentive and efficiency properties, even if bidders have single dimensional types.
Landing a Residency Position

This final section walks students through every step of the residency application process – from the contents of application, interviewing, ranking – offering considerations to keep in mind along the way.
What Is the Evidence that Riboflavin Can Be Used for Migraine Prophylaxis

Individuals with migraine often have recurrent, painful symptoms, and symptomatic treatments have detrimental side effects and do not prevent further attacks. Studies indicate that riboflavin can be used to decrease headache frequency and lessen the need for symptomatic treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction may play a role in migraine pathogenesis by interfering with oxygen metabolism. Daily doses of riboflavin, vitamin B2, may improve mitochondrial function by increasing the reserve of brain mitochondrial energy, and there are minimal side effects with daily treatment. However, there is a need for further randomized, double-blind controlled studies to determine the effective dose. Although riboflavin may not fully eliminate migraine nor take effect for several months, riboflavin is a promising prophylactic agent with minimal adverse effects that may significantly reduce the frequency of migraine.
Structure and Function of AApeptides.

The intrinsic drawbacks encountered in bioactive peptides in chemical biology and biomedical sciences have diverted research efforts to the development of sequence-specific peptidomimetics that are capable of mimicking the structure and function of peptides and proteins. Modifications in the backbone and/or the side chain of peptides have been explored to develop biomimetic molecular probes or drug leads for biologically important targets. To expand the family of oligomeric peptidomimetics to facilitate their further application, we recently developed a new class of peptidomimetics, AApeptides based on a chiral peptide nucleic acid backbone. AApeptides are resistant to proteolytic degradation and amenable to enormous chemical diversification. Moreover, they could mimic the primary structure of peptides and also fold into discrete secondary structure such as helices and turn-like structures. Furthermore, they have started to show promise in applications in material and biomedical sciences. Herein, we highl...
The Dynamics and Political Implications of Anti-Intellectualism in the United States

Recently, Americans have become increasingly likely to hold anti-intellectual attitudes (i.e., negative affect toward scientists and other experts). However, few have investigated the political implications of anti-intellectualism, and much empirical uncertainty surrounds whether or not these attitudes can be mitigated. Drawing on cross-sectional General Social Survey (GSS) data and a national election panel in 2016, I find that anti-intellectualism is associated with not only the rejection of policy-relevant matters of scientific consensus but support for political movements (e.g., “Brexit”) and politicians (e.g., George Wallace, Donald Trump) who are skeptical of experts. Critically, though, I show that these effects can be mitigated. Verbal intelligence plays a strong role in mitigating anti-intellectual sympathies, compared with previously studied potential mitigators. I conclude by discussing how scholars might build on this research to study the political consequences of anti-intellectualism in the ...
Mediastinal lymph node dissection: the debate is not resolved.

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), metastasis to lymph nodes is one of the most important determinants of prognosis (1,2). Accurate lymph node staging is crucial for selecting therapeutic strategies.
Abstract 792: Development of high-throughput cell-based co-culture angiogenesis assay system using hTERT immortalized cells

Angiogenesis is a multi-step physiological process which is involved in a large number of normal and disease state processes; In vitro angiogenesis models provide very useful tools to study these processes, one of which is the analysis of tubule formation. Tubules formed in co-culture assays were significantly more heterogeneous and more closely resembled capillaries than Matrigel® tubules. Current co-culture models using primary cells have donor variability, and inconsistent results due to lot to lot variation. In this study, we established an in vitro co-culture model system consisting of an assay ready mixture of an aortic endothelial cell line TeloHAEC-GFP (hTERT immortalized human aortic endothelial cell line) and a hTERT immortalized adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell line (hTERT-MSCs) in a specially formulated medium containing VEGF supplement (Angio-Ready™ Angiogenesis Assay System). Both cell lines were immortalized by hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) alone and have been well-characterized showing that the cells retain the most important characteristic of their parental counterparts. The new co-culture system forms functional tubular structures in less than 7 days, and in addition, the hTERT-MSC cells which surround the tubular structures have undergone transformation indicated by elevated positive αSMA staining (a marker of smooth muscle cells), indicating that the system has physiological relevance. Notably, our results showed the co-culture system has minimal lot-to-lot variation indicated by the treatment of three lots with the anti-cancer drug, Ramucirumab (Cyramza®), which also targets the VEGF pathway. Next, we tested the new system with compounds that impact angiogenesis, results demonstrated that the angiogenesis system responds positively to elevated doses of VEGF and negatively to increasing concentrations of suramin; more importantly, the tubular formation efficiency is reduced or blocked by well-known anti-cancer drugs such as Sunitinib (SUTENT®) and Bevacizumab (Avastin®), both of which target the VEGF pathway. Finally, we used the Angio-Ready™ system validated 4 HIF-1(hypoxia inducible factors-1) inhibitors which have anti-angiogenic properties identified by high-throughput screening methods; data showed the results of the new system match with other screening methods including a system screening time as short as 3 days. Therefore, the co-culture model developed by using hTERT-immortalized cell lines described in this report provide a consistent and robust in vitro system for studying cardiovascular biology, drug screening and tissue engineering. Citation Format: CHAOZHONG ZOU, Chia-Wen Hsu, Menghang Xia, Metewo S Enuameh. Development of high-throughput cell-based co-culture angiogenesis assay system using hTERT immortalized cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 792. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-792
Revising the Full-time MBA Curriculum: What B-schools Consider

This study examines the inputs that business schools consider as they review and revise their full-time MBA curriculum. We obtained both qualitative and quantitative data from faculty and administr...
Structural and Functional Aspects of the Superior Colliculus in Primates

The superior colliculus is a phylogenetically old cortex, but determination and measurement of its function in primates has proved to be a particularly difficult and challenging task. It has been known for over a century that stimulation of the colliculus produces eye movements (Adamuk, 1870), but no experimental design has yielded an adequate answer to the question of the exact functional role of the colliculus.
Nasal Distortion in Short-Distance Photographs: The Selfie Effect

This study presents a mathematical model to describe the distortive effects of self-photographs, prove the increased perceived nasal size, and calculate the magnitude of this effect from different camera distances.
In vitro evaluation of shear bond strength of orthodontic stainless steel brackets using transillumination.

Background The objective of this study was to compare the effect of transillumination techniques to conventional light curing on shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic stainless steel brackets. Material and Methods 240 extracted human maxillary incisors, canines and premolars were randomly separated into four control and four experimental groups, based on tooth type. Labio-lingual thickness was measured. Control groups were light cured from buccal surface and experimental groups from lingual surface (transillumination) from four directions (mesial-distal, incisal-direct, direct, mesial-distal-incisal). SBS was measured using an Instron machine and ARI evaluated by microscopic inspection. Results Mean SBS on maxillary central incisors was lower when cured from lingual side in comparison with buccal side for three light cure directions, but direct cure direction showed nearly equal SBS. Statistical significance was observed for mesial-distal cure direction only. In contrast to central incisors, lateral incisors showed a higher mean SBS when treated from lingual side, for two cure directions (mesial-distal and incisal-direct) with statistical significance observed only for mesial-distal light cure direction. Mean SBS was lower when cured from lingual direction in comparison with buccal direction for all cure directions for canines and premolars. For canines statistical significance was observed for all directions, except incisal-direct; whereas for premolars statistical significance was observed for direct and mesial-distal-incisal directions only. Conclusions Transillumination is an effective and clinically acceptable light curing technique for bonding orthodontic stainless steel brackets to maxillary central and lateral incisors. For the other teeth groups (canines and premolars) tested, the mean SBS values, using transillumination light curing fell below the acceptable clinical SBS values, indicating that transillumination is not beneficial in light curing brackets on these teeth. Key words:Orthodontic stainless steel bracket, transillumination, shear bond strength.
Rheumatic Disease in the Nursing Home Patient

Currently 20,000 nursing homes provide care for nearly two million persons in USA. Today, 69% of people turning 65 years will need some form of long-term care. By 2020, 12 million Americans will need long-term health care for short-term rehabilitation, short-term hospice care, or longer term custodial care. These are typically the ­oldest and sickest geriatric patients and the most vulnerable to geriatric syndromes including polypharmacy, falls, cognitive impairment, and frailty (failure to thrive). Pain and functional impairment related to rheumatic disease are quite common in this population. Assessment of these patients is complicated by cognitive impairment and comorbidities. Pharmacologic management can be challenging, making non-pharmacologic approaches imperative. Interdisciplinary collaboration adds to the therapeutic options and improves function and comfort.
Cytonuclear integration and co-evolution

The partitioning of genetic material between the nucleus and cytoplasmic (mitochondrial and plastid) genomes within eukaryotic cells necessitates coordinated integration between these genomic compartments, with important evolutionary and biomedical implications. Classic questions persist about the pervasive reduction of cytoplasmic genomes via a combination of gene loss, transfer and functional replacement — and yet why they are almost always retained in some minimal form. One striking consequence of cytonuclear integration is the existence of ‘chimeric’ enzyme complexes composed of subunits encoded in two different genomes. Advances in structural biology and comparative genomics are yielding important insights into the evolution of such complexes, including correlated sequence changes and recruitment of novel subunits. Thus, chimeric cytonuclear complexes provide a powerful window into the mechanisms of molecular co-evolution.
Origin and development of the TPC idea

Abstract The emergence of the Time Projection Chamber concept in 1974 is an important chapter in the history of particle detection advances. Recalling an era very different from today, I describe the flow of events from the moment of inspiration through prototypes to realization as a major detector for the Positron–Electron Project (PEP) at SLAC. The sense of excitement in bringing forth a genuine paradigm shift carried the collaboration forward, through struggles, victories, defeats and exhaustion, yet ultimately leading to success.
Stakeholder perspectives on implementing fentanyl drug checking: Results from a multi-site study.

Abstract Background The opioid epidemic is one of the greatest public health crises of our times, driven increasingly by synthetic opioids such as fentanyl in the heroin supply. The implementation of drug checking in community settings has the potential to reduce the burden of fatal overdose, provide harm reduction education around safer drug consumption, and increase health access among people who use drugs (PWUD). To inform program development, we explored stakeholder opinions on drug checking technologies and implementation considerations. Methods This study, from the larger FORECAST study, utilized semi-structured in-depth interviews (n = 32) with a range of stakeholders in Baltimore, Boston, and Providence, many of whom were service providers. Stakeholders represented various roles and levels in organization types including harm reduction, public health, peer groups, and advocates. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Data were coded using a priori codes; the coded text was analyzed for key themes. Results Stakeholders responded positively to drug checking technology, though they shared apprehensions regarding service implementation. Primary topics requiring consideration included: utility in fentanyl endemic areas, trust and rapport between providers and PWUD, legality and policy concerns. Additional considerations included: technology accuracy, cost, ease of distribution, and service delivery setting. Conclusions Stakeholders overwhelmingly supported the concept of drug checking with the goals of providing needed risk reduction information and resources to PWUD and serving as a point for greater engagement in services. Programs need to be tailored to local circumstances. Law enforcement buy-in and policy change will be critical aspects of providing drug checking services.
Critical Incidents of Financial Hardship and Worker Health: a Mixed-Methods Retrospective Study

Rooted in Social Cognitive Career theory, we present a mixed-methods analysis of the perceived impacts of a financial hardship on workers’ job outcomes, the work-family interface, and physical and emotional health. We used the Critical Incidents Technique to gather worker perceptions (n = 571) of the most challenging financial hardship they had recently experienced, as well as the effects of this hardship on work, family, and health. Workers’ qualitative responses overwhelmingly indicate health as an outcome of the financial hardship as well as, to a lesser extent, a cause of a financial hardship, suggesting a damaging reciprocal effect among financial hardships and health. Family was often noted in responses as both impacted by and as a source of the hardship, as were negative effects of financial hardships on employment-related outcomes (i.e., underemployment, difficulty finding a new job, job insecurity). Quantitative results suggest a process whereby financial insecurity affects stress and WFB satisfaction which, in turn, negatively relates to health outcomes (sleep disturbances, musculoskeletal pain, and general health perceptions) as well as organizational outcomes (job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational justice). Given the potential cost to organizations when worker health and job attitudes are negatively impacted, our results suggest organizations should be mindful of workers’ experiences of financial hardships.
Algorithm 995: An Efficient Parallel Anisotropic Delaunay Mesh Generator for Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis

A bottom-up approach to parallel anisotropic mesh generation is presented by building a mesh generator starting from the basic operations of vertex insertion and Delaunay triangles. Applications focusing on high-lift design or dynamic stall, or numerical methods and modeling test cases, still focus on two-dimensional domains. This automated parallel mesh generation approach can generate high-fidelity unstructured meshes with anisotropic boundary layers for use in the computational fluid dynamics field. The anisotropy requirement adds a level of complexity to a parallel meshing algorithm by making computation depend on the local alignment of elements, which in turn is dictated by geometric boundaries and the density functions— one-dimensional spacing functions generated from an exponential distribution. This approach yields computational savings in mesh generation and flow solution through well-shaped anisotropic triangles instead of isotropic triangles. The validity of the meshes is shown through solution characteristic comparisons to verified reference solutions. A 79% parallel weak scaling efficiency on 1,024 distributed memory nodes, and a 72% parallel efficiency over the fastest sequential isotropic mesh generator on 512 distributed memory nodes, is shown through numerical experiments.
Cross-Age Math Tutoring of Kindergarten and First Grade Students by Middle School Tutors.

To address the problem of low achieving math students, a cross-age math tutoring intervention paired middle school tutors with kindergarten and first grade students with low math skills. This instrumental group case study explored the effects of the intervention on the math skills of the students through teacher interviews and the testing program of Aimsweb Plus (Pearson, 2017) before and after the tutoring intervention. Most of the teachers of the tutees reported measurable math gains possibly from the tutoring and most of the teachers observed improved attitude towards math work for the young tutees. Most teachers of the tutors did not report any measurable math gain from tutoring young students. All the teachers of the tutors recommended the cross-age tutoring experience as the middle school students seemed to show increased leadership skills, confidence, or found helping others a positive experience.
A 2D Model of a Triple Layer Electromagnetic Heat Exchanger with Porous Media Flow

Electromagnetic heat exchangers are complex devices involving multiple physical processes and requiring extensive experimental developments. Effectiveness of their operation means efficient conversion of electromagnetic energy into useful mechanical work. In this paper, we present a 2D numerical model of a porous-media-based electromagnetic heat exchanger with three layers. We first report a double S- power response curve when no fluid flow is considered. Comparing the developed curve with the one produced by analytical approach, we find both the curves in satisfactory agreement. After validation, we introduce Darcy’s flow in porous medium, and calculate the power absorbed by the fluid and overall thermal efficiency of the heat exchanger. It is shown that the net power absorbed by the coolant flowing in the porous media is mainly dependent on fluid velocity and outlet temperature. When operating on the middle branch of the double S-curve, total thermal energy collected by the fluid is high, but overall thermal efficiency of the device is low because of the slow movement of the fluid.
Quantifying the nitrogen equilibrium and photochemistry-induced kinetic isotopic effects between NO and NO2

Abstract. The nitrogen isotopic fractionations between NO and NO2 play a significant role in determining the nitrogen isotopic compositions (δ15N) of atmospheric NO2 and nitrate. This isotopic fractionation is controlled by a combination of equilibrium isotopic effect (EIE) and Leighton Cycle induced isotopic effect (LCIE), which are poorly constrained. We quantified this isotopic fractionation process by (1) measuring the isotopic fractionation factors of EIE and LCIE in a 10 m3 atmospheric simulation chamber and (2) mathematically calculating the relative importance of EIE and LCIE. Our results showed the enrichment factors of EIE and LCIE are 1.0275 ± 0.0012, and 0.9905 ± 0.005, respectively, at room temperature. We find that EIE is the dominate factor when NOx > 20 nmol mol−1, and LCIE is more important at low NOx concentrations (
Sensitivity to myelin using model-free analysis of the water resonance line-shape in postmortem mouse brain.

Purpose Dysmyelinating diseases are characterized by abnormal myelin formation and function. Such microstructural abnormalities in myelin have been demonstrated to produce measurable effects on the MR signal. This work examines these effects on measurements of voxel-wise, high-resolution water spectra acquired using a 3D echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) pulse sequence from both postmortem fixed control mouse brains and a dysmyelination mouse brain model. Methods Perfusion fixed, resected control (n = 5) and shiverer (n = 4) mouse brains were imaged using 3D-EPSI with 100 µm isotropic resolution. The free induction decay (FID) was sampled every 2.74 ms over 192 echoes, for a total sampling duration of 526.08 ms. Voxel-wise FIDs were Fourier transformed to produce water spectra with 1.9 Hz resolution. Spectral asymmetry was computed and compared between the two tissue types. Results The water resonance is more asymmetrically broadened in the white matter of control mouse brain compared with dysmyelinated white matter. In control brain, this is modulated by and consistent with previously reported orientationally dependent effects of white matter relative to B0 . Similar sensitivity to orientation is observed in dysmyelinated white matter as well; however, the magnitude of the resonance asymmetry is much lower across all directions. Conclusion Results demonstrate that components of the spectra are specifically differentially affected by myelin concentration. This suggests that water proton spectra may be sensitive to the presence of myelin, and as such, could serve as a MRI-based biomarker of dysmyelinating disease, free of mathematical models.
Interactive Knowledge-Guided Learning

The manufacturing industry is faced with the challenge of how to produce parts with the targeted quality in the face of constantly changing environmental factors and raw materials using the least amount of resources. This challenge is currently met by a socio-technical system in which trained domain experts unilaterally adjust manifold process parameters to try to achieve the targeted quality (cf. Figure 1). Since machines produce data as well as products there is a natural interest to address this challenge using data-driven approaches [1]–[3]. In practice, however, data quantity is secondary to data quality since machine learning algorithms perform best on evenly distributed amounts of well-structured data, which in the case of supervised learning systems have to be labelled as well. Several techniques such as data augmentation and simulation exist to circumvent this problem. However, data augmentation reduces sample quality by introducing noise[4]–[6] and simulating manufacturing processes with their multitude of physical interactions to the required accuracy proves challenging [7]. As such, efficiency in regards to data usage is considered paramount in manufacturing scenarios. To achieve this, this work sets out to combine the knowledge of domain experts with learning systems. With this combination we can improve existing socio-technical systems and enhance the interactions between machine and operator introducing self-attention (cf. [8]) which furthers self-improvement and increases self-adaptiveness.
Analyzing Organizational Values Over Time: A Methodological Case Study

Because organizations are made up of individuals and exist in temporal spaces, their values are always fluid and changing [1, 2]. As our society is influenced by these ever-evolving organizations, it becomes increasingly important to understand how those values have changed. Drawing from discussions of organizational values and activity theory, this paper suggests that examining the temporal, discursive fragments of an organization over time can illuminate how its values have changed. To illustrate, it offers a case study analyzing two iterations of the homepage the Microsoft Partner Network. By cataloguing the differences between the websites and analyzing what specifically has changed, the study suggests that we can extrapolate certain changes in the values that Microsoft as an organization holds.
Fiproles as a proxy for ecological risk assessment of mixture of fipronil and its degradates in effluent-dominated surface waters.

Abstract Environmental risk assessment of complex chemical mixtures has increasingly been prioritized as a management goal, especially in the regulatory sector. Although fipronil and its three degradates (-sulfone, -sulfide and -desulfinyl) have been frequently quantified in waterways, little information is available about the likelihood and magnitude of ecological risk posed by these chemical mixtures – collectively known as fiproles – in surface water. In the present study, a probabilistic risk assessment of mixtures of fipronil and its three degradates was conducted for three effluent-dominated southern California rivers: Los Angeles River (LAR), San Gabriel River (SGR) and Santa Clara River (SCR), California, USA. The assessments, which used fiproles as an integrated proxy, were based on three levels of toxicity endpoints: median lethal concentration (LC50), half-maximal effective concentration (EC50), and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC), to gain comprehensive assessment information. Probabilistic approaches based on species sensitivity distribution (SSD) and exposure concentration distribution (ECD) were developed with the log-logistic model by pooling the toxicity and occurrence data, respectively. The 5th percentile hazardous concentrations (HC5s) were calculated to be at low parts per billion levels, enabling these values to be used to estimate the chemical-specific benchmarks for components that lack ecotoxicity data. The single substance potentially affected fraction (ssPAF) of fiproles revealed risk levels for the three rivers in descending order: LAR ≥ SGR > SCR. The overall risk probability estimated from the joint probability curve (JPC) by Monte Carlo simulation was 1.13 ± 0.20% (LC50), 9.31 ± 1.46% (EC50), and 6.58 ± 1.43% (LOEC) for the three rivers collectively. These results derived from the fiproles indicates that fipronil and its degradates pose risks to the aquatic organisms in the surface water of the three rivers. The present study provides a methodology for the use of a proxy in the risk assessment of chemical mixtures.
Stochastic Steepest Descent Methods for Linear Systems: Greedy Sampling & Momentum.

Recently proposed adaptive Sketch & Project (SP) methods connect several well-known projection methods such as Randomized Kaczmarz (RK), Randomized Block Kaczmarz (RBK), Motzkin Relaxation (MR), Randomized Coordinate Descent (RCD), Capped Coordinate Descent (CCD), etc. into one framework for solving linear systems. In this work, we first propose a Stochastic Steepest Descent (SSD) framework that connects SP methods with the well-known Steepest Descent (SD) method for solving positive-definite linear system of equations. We then introduce two greedy sampling strategies in the SSD framework that allow us to obtain algorithms such as Sampling Kaczmarz Motzkin (SKM), Sampling Block Kaczmarz (SBK), Sampling Coordinate Descent (SCD), etc. In doing so, we generalize the existing sampling rules into one framework and develop an efficient version of SP methods. Furthermore, we incorporated the Polyak momentum technique into the SSD method to accelerate the resulting algorithms. We provide global convergence results for both the SSD method and the momentum induced SSD method. Moreover, we prove $\mathcal{O}(\frac{1}{k})$ convergence rate for the Cesaro average of iterates generated by both methods. By varying parameters in the SSD method, we obtain classical convergence results of the SD method as well as the SP methods as special cases. We design computational experiments to demonstrate the performance of the proposed greedy sampling methods as well as the momentum methods. The proposed greedy methods significantly outperform the existing methods for a wide variety of datasets such as random test instances as well as real-world datasets (LIBSVM, sparse datasets from matrix market collection). Finally, the momentum algorithms designed in this work accelerate the algorithmic performance of the SSD methods.
The Future Encyclopedia of Luddism

In common parlance, the term “Luddite” means someone who is anti-technology, or maybe, just not adept at using technology. Historically, however, the Luddite movement was a reaction born of industrial accidents and dangerous machines, poor working conditions, and the fact that there were no unions to represent worker interests during England’s initial period of industrialization. The Luddites did not hate technology; they only channeled their anger toward machine-breaking because it had nowhere else to go. The attached book chapter is an alternate history (written circa 2500) that depends on the critical assumption that the Luddites succeeded in their industrial campaign in the 1810s. Instead of techno-determinism (that the development of technology is inevitable, and that society will alter and adjust to it) the Encyclopedia entry notes that the Luddites, in their success, formulated a different, yet productive, relationship between society and the development of technology.
Nonisolated Electric Vehicle Chargers: Their Current Status and Future Challenges.

Transportation electrification has been gaining momentum in the past two decades. Ground vehicle electrification is the front-runner of this paradigm shift as electric vehicles slowly but steadily penetrate the consumer market. Besides higher costs, one of the main concerns related to vehicle electrification is range anxiety, which is the result of the limited accessibility of charging ports and stations as well as the relatively low energy density and cycle life of batteries. Lower cost, higher power, and more accessible battery chargers are among potential solutions to address the expense and range anxiety issues.
Toll like receptor 7/8 agonist R-848 primes DC for high IL-12 production and generates enhanced anti-tumor reactive CD8+ T cells

4715 We have shown that high-level IL-12 production by DC generates high functional avidity CD8+ T cells that have an enhanced ability to recognize tumor cells. Generation of IL-12 secreting DC1 requires two signals, a priming signal by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and maturation signals by LPS or CD40L. In the current study we evaluated several toll like receptor (TLR) agonists for their ability to prime DC for high level IL-12 production. Methods: Human monocytes were cultured in serum-free medium in the presence of GM-CSF, then treated with various TLR receptor agonists including TLR 3 agonist poly IC, TLR 9 agonist CpG ODNs and the TLR 7/8 agonist R-848, then matured with LPS or CD40L. Cells were harvested following an additional 24 hours of culture. Surface phenotype was analyzed by flow cytometry and supernatants collected for IL-12p70 detection by ELISA. IL-12 p35 and p40 mRNA expression was evaluated by Northern blot. RNAs were extracted at 2, 4, 6 and 24 hours after LPS treatment. Results: Monocytes primed with all TLR agonists and matured with LPS demonstrated a mature DC phenotype with elevated CD83, B7.1 and B7.2. However only DC primed with R-848 and matured with LPS stimulated DC to secrete high levels IL-12p70 (>10ng/ml). Northern Blot analysis revealed that R-848 synergized with LPS to induce both IL-12p35 and p40 mRNA expression as early as 2 hours after a second signal addition, indicating a direct effect on IL-12 production. In addition, MART-1 (27-35) peptide-pulsed DC primed with R-848 and LPS maturation sensitized in a single stimulation CD8+T cells with an enhanced capacity to recognize melanoma cell lines that endogenously expresses melanoma antigens. Our studies indicate that R-848 like IFN-γ can prime DC for high IL-12 production and can be utilized to generate DC1. R-848 can be utilized to improve the effectiveness of DC cancer vaccines.
Notes on Stenopus scutellatus and S. hispidus (Decapoda, Stenopodidae) from Mississippi

Two species of Stenopus were collected in 1976 from a Liberty ship artificial reef near Horn Island, Mississippi. Six specimens of S. scutellatus were collected. This represents an occurrence record for Mississippi. Five specimens of S. hispidus were also collcctcd; thus, extending the range in the Gulf of Mexico by about 400 krn to the northwest. Two species of Stenopus were collected during June through November of 1976 from an artificial reef located in the Gulf of Mexico (3Oo09'00"N, 88'44'50"W) approximately 10 kni south of Horn Island, Mississippi. The reef consists of a scrapped World War I1 Liberty ship which was sunk on June 10, 1975, in approximately 14 m of water. This hull, designated the Waterhouse Reef, provides approximately 76,200 square meters of artificial substrate. Observations and collections were accomplished by employing SCUBA techniques. Six specimens of S. scutellatus were collected (Table 1) from the artificial reef. In addition many other specimens were observed. They were most frequently seen in rock piles or under pieces of wood or pipe. Over half of those observed were egg-bearing females, easily distinguished by their bright green egg masses. Previous Gulf of Mexico records for S. scutellatus include Rathbun (1919). Holthuis (1946, 1959), and Springer and Bullis (1 956) from Florida, and Dawson (1 963) from Louisiana. The present observations are the first records for Mississippi. Five specimens of S. hispidus were collected during the study (Table 1). Others observed were most frequently seen on pipes or braces along the sides of the Liberty ship hull.
Liquid-crystalline polymers containing heterocycloalkane mesogens, 3. Biphasic side-chain liquid-crystalline polysiloxanes containing trans-11-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1,3-dioxan-5-yl]undecyl side groups†

Polymeres presentant deux temperatures de transition vitreuse (polymethylsiloxane et copolymere methylsiloxane/dimethylsiloxane)
Gender, Employment Status, and Abortion: A Longitudinal Analysis

Building upon extant literature, we examine the influence gender and employment status exert on abortion attitudes among the mass public. Specifically, we assess if men, employed women, and homemaker women view the abortion issue differently and if the same factors account for variation in each group's attitudes toward abortion. Analysis of General Social Survey data from 1973 to 2000 indicates that although homemaker women tend to be more “pro-life” than do men or working women, the attitudes of all 3 groups exhibit similar changes over time. In addition, our results suggest that the same variables account for variation in abortion attitudes for all 3 groups. Our results suggest that the causes and effects of abortion attitudes do not appear to be gender-specific, but rather are relatively uniform across genders and employment statuses.
Intuitive Lawmaking II: The Relationship between Citizens' Endorsement of Principles and Their Resolution of Cases

Citizens awaiting jury service were asked a series of items, in Likert format, to determine their endorsement of various principles that might be called upon to explain legal judgments about the appropriate amount of child support to require in individual cases. These items were derived from extant systems, from past literature and from Ellman and Ellman's (2008) Theory of Child Support. These items were found to coalesce into four factors, three of which corresponded roughly with the principles that Theory endorsed. There were pervasive gender differences in respondent's endorsement of these four basic principles. Three of the four principles abstracted from the item responses were systematically reflected in the respondents' resolution of individual child support cases they were asked to decide. Differences among respondents in their endorsement of these three basic principles explained much of the variance among them in their child support judgments. It is suggested that the pattern of coherent arbitrariness (Ariely, Loewenstein and Prelec 2003) in those support judgments, noted in an earlier study (Ellman, Braver, and MacCoun 2009) is thus partially explained, in that the seeming arbitrariness of respondents' initial support judgments reflect in part their differing views about the basic principles that should decide the cases.
The visual J++ handbook

This handbook offers an introduction to Java using Microsoft Visual J++. It assumes no Java experience, but some programming experience. After a brief introduction to Java and the compiler, the book covers the language features, creating simple applets and using the Microsoft tools. The book includes a description of the programming environment, and covers areas such as adding colour, sound fonts, dialogue boxes, menus and animation.
Perceptions of Peer Relationships and Physical Activity Participation in Early Adolescence

This study tested a model describing the relationships among perceptions of peer relationships, physical self-worth, affective responses toward physical activity, and physical activity motivation. The model was grounded in Harter’s (1978,1981a, 1986,1987) theoretical perspective, proposing that perceptions of peer relationships (i.e., friendship, peer acceptance) would predict physical activity motivation via affect and physical self-worth. Adolescents (N = 418, ages 12–15 years) completed a battery of questionnaires that assessed the study variables. Results of structural equation modeling analyses supported the overall model and most of the hypothesized direct and indirect relationships among variables for both female and male samples. Examination of alternative models suggested that some expected relationships might have been suppressed by a high correlation between the friendship and peer-acceptance constructs. However, alternative models also showed that these constructs independently contribute to p...
The effects of latency and motion blur on touch screen user experience

Touch interfaces are designed to be metaphors for physically manipulating virtual objects. However, this direct manipulation illusion is broken by the nonidealities of the device. We decouple and show the impact of touch-to-display latency and motion blur on the user experience of a touch system. Using a custom device, we achieve latencies down to ~1 ms, with frame rates up to 1000 Hz. Motion blur is reduced independently of frame rate using synchronized display modulation. Optimizing these metrics yields a dramatic improvement in the user experience, demonstrating the opportunity for higher performance in touch devices.
Use of plasma triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to identify increased cardio-metabolic risk in young, healthy South Asians

Background & objectives: Prevalence of insulin resistance and associated dyslipidaemia [high triglyceride (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations] are increased in South Asian individuals; likely contributing to their increased risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The plasma concentration ratio of TG/HDL-C has been proposed as a simple way to identify apparently healthy individuals at high cardio-metabolic risk. This study was carried out to compare the cardio-metabolic risk profiles of high-risk South Asian individuals identified by an elevated TG/HDL-C ratio versus those with a diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Methods: Body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, TG, and HDL-C concentrations were determined in apparently healthy men (n=498) and women (n=526). The cardio-metabolic risk profile of high risk individuals identified by TG/HDL-C ratios in men (≥ 3.5) and women (≥2.5) was compared to those identified by a diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. Results: More concentrations of all cardio-metabolic risk factors were significantly higher in high risk groups, identified by either the TG/HDL-C ratio or a diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome. TG, HDL-C, and insulin concentrations were not significantly different in high risk groups identified by either criterion, whereas plasma glucose and blood pressure were higher in those with the metabolic syndrome. Interpretation & conclusions: Apparently healthy South Asian individuals at high cardio-metabolic risk can be identified using either the TG/HDL-C ratio or the metabolic syndrome criteria. The TG/HDL-C ratio may be used as a simple marker to identify such individuals.
Phytochemical investigation of Amphipterygium adstringens.

A general phytochemical investigation was conducted on Amphipterygium adstringens, Schlecht. Numerous qualitative studies were conducted and several conventional techniques were employed in the detection, isolation, purification, and chemical characterization of constituents. Qualitative chemical tests showed the presence of phytosterols, glycosides, and tannins, and the absence of alkaloids and phloro-glucides. An organic acid and a steroidal saponin were isolated from the diethyl ether and n-butanol extracts, respectively. The p-nitrobenzyl and p-phenylphenacyl derivatives of the carboxylic acid were prepared. The neutralization equivalent and infrared spectrum of the isolated acid were established. Chromatographic and infrared studies of the saponin have been reported.
Inflammatory markers and mortality among US adults with obstructive lung function

Background and objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by an inflammatory state of uncertain significance. The objective of this study was to examine the association between elevated inflammatory marker count (white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) on all-cause mortality in a national sample of US adults with obstructive lung function (OLF). Methods Data for 1144 adults aged 40–79 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III Linked Mortality Study were analysed. Participants entered the study from 1988 to 1994, and mortality surveillance was conducted through 2006. White blood cell count and fibrinogen were dichotomized at their medians, and C-reactive protein was divided into >3 and ≤3 g/L. The number of elevated inflammatory markers was summed to create a score of 0–3. Results The age-adjusted distribution of the number of elevated inflammatory markers differed significantly among participants with normal lung function, mild OLF, and moderate or worse OLF. Of the three dichotomized markers, only fibrinogen was significantly associated with mortality among adults with any OLF (maximally adjusted hazard ratio 1.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.17–1.91). The maximally adjusted hazard ratios for having 1, 2 or 3 elevated markers were 1.17 (95% CI: 0.71–1.94), 1.44 (95% CI: 0.89–2.32) and 2.08 (95% CI: 1.29–3.37), respectively (P = 0.003). Conclusions An index of elevated inflammatory markers predicted all-cause mortality among adults with OLF.
An empirical model of the size and shape of the near-earth magnetotail

A model of the size and shape of the near-earth magnetotail which depends upon distance downtail, ρv²sw, and IMF Bz has been developed. This empirical model was developed by first using observations of the magnetic field in the lobe by ISEE-1 and simultaneous observations of the magnetic field and plasma properties of the solar wind by IMP-8 to determine the flaring angle of the near-earth magnetotail in the region −22.5 Re ≤ x ≤ −10 Re. These studies show that the flaring angle depends on x, ρv²sw and IMF Bz. In particular, the median flare angle increases linearly with decreasing Bz when the IMF is southward, while the flare angle is constant when the IMF is northward. The empirical function derived for the flaring angle of the magnetotail is used to determine a relation for the radius of the tail.
Surface reaction kinetics of Ga1−xInxP growth during pulsed chemical beam epitaxy

Abstract The understanding of thin film growth processes and their control requires the development of surface-sensitive real-time optical characterization techniques that are able to provide insight into the surface reaction kinetics during an organometallic deposition process. These insights will allow us to move the control point closer to the point where the growth occurs, which in a chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) process is a surface reaction layer (SRL), built up of physisorbed and chemisorbed precursor fragments between the ambient and film interface. This contribution presents results on parameter estimations of rate constants and optical response factors in a reduced order surface kinetics (ROSK) model, which has been developed to describe the decomposition and growth kinetics of the involved organometallic precursors and their incorporation in the film deposition. As a real-time characterization technique, we applied p-polarized reflectance spectroscopy (PRS) during low temperature growth of epitaxial Ga 1− x In x P heterostructures on Si(0 0 1) substrates by pulsed chemical beam epitaxy (PCBE). The high surface sensitivity of PRS allows us to follow alterations in composition and thickness of the SRL as they are encountered during periodic precursor supply. The linkage of the PRS response to the ROSK model provides the base for the parameter estimation, giving insights into the organometallic precursor decomposition and growth kinetics.