cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1421: Interleukin-22, a protective factor for ovarian cancer during TNFa-induced apoptosis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Ovarian cancer is the 5th leading cause of death from cancer in women. Overall, only 10% of patients with advanced ovarian cancer are curable; despite the advances in chemotherapy the 5-year survival is still less than 30%. Interleukin-22 (IL-22), a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines is part of the innate immune system and is expressed by the Th17 cells. IL-22 has been shown to regulate several processes such as the acute-phase response, activation of the innate immune system, cell migration, differentiation and gene expression. However, its role in cancer immunology, especially in ovarian cancer has not been studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression and the role IL-22 in human ovarian cancer. In our work, we analyzed the expression of IL-22 protein in human ovarian cancer tissues and ascites samples using immunohistochemistry and ELISA; we tested the expression of IL-22 receptor on human ovarian cancer cells via Western Blot, and determined the association between disease outcome and IL-22 gene expression (Affymetrix)in patients with human ovarian cancer. We evaluated the effect of IL-22 on cellular proliferation using MTT assay and we assessed the effect of IL-22 on TNF-a induced apoptosis using caspase 3/7 activity (Caspase Glo) assay and 7AAD staining on multiple human ovarian cancer cell lines. Here we demonstrate that IL-22 was expressed in human ovarian cancer tissue (mostly in the stroma) and that the receptor for IL-22 was expressed on human ovarian cancer cells. We found that high expression of IL-22, as well as the IL-22-receptor in the tumor tissue leads to poor disease outcome in ovarian cancer patients. On the contrary, high expression of IL-22-binding protein (antagonist of IL-22) was associated with better survival in ovarian cancer patients. We showed that treatment with human recombinant (hr) IL-22 protein induced the activation of Stat-3, as well as increased the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cell lines. We also found that treatment with hr IL-22 at 100, 50 or even at 10 ng/mL concentrations inhibited TNF-a induced apoptosis in OVCAR-5 ovarian cancer cell line, and these results were reversed by the addition of IL22 binding protein to the culture. We conclude that interleukin-22 is an important factor in the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer; it promotes tumor growth by increasing proliferation and serves as a protective factor for ovarian cancer during TNF-s induced apoptosis. These data suggest that IL-22 is a potential therapeutical target and/or biomarker in human ovarian cancer. Citation Format: Klara Balint, Tamara Seedial, Phyllis Gimotty, George Coukos, Andrea Facciabene. Interleukin-22, a protective factor for ovarian cancer during TNFa-induced apoptosis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1421. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1421
Blowback Consequences of Evaluation for Evaluation

Drug studies are often cited as the best exemplars of evaluation design. However, many of these studies are seriously biased in favor of positive findings for the drugs evaluated, even to the point where dangerous effects are hidden. In spite of using randomized designs and double blinding, drug companies have found ways of producing the results they want, including manipulation of treatment, selection of sample, control of data, and calculated publication. Regulatory agencies have been neutralized. We have entered an era when evaluations are controlled by sponsors to produce the findings they want. Evaluations have become too important to be left to the evaluators. Such deceptive practices threaten the integrity of the evaluation field, perhaps its existence. There is no doubt these practices will spread into educational and social evaluation.
THE WAR MEASURES AND EMERGENCIES ACTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CANADIAN CIVIL RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES

(1989). THE WAR MEASURES AND EMERGENCIES ACTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR CANADIAN CIVIL RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES. American Review of Canadian Studies: Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 293-306.
A Model of the Solar Atmosphere and Wind

Using a combination of solar and interplanetary measurements, a topological model is developed of the overall magnetic and plasma structures. (i) The basic ‘framework’ is the magnetic field, whose structure is found by combining measurements made at the photosphere, the transition region, and at 1 AU. It divides the atmosphere into three physically isolated regions having quite different processes of energy and plasma transfer, and very different properties. (ii) A magnetically ‘open’ atmosphere is confined within ≈10% of the surface magnetic flux in the form of tiny nozzles. It expands from ≲0.1% of the photospheric area to 10% of the low corona and 100% of the solar wind. Energy absorption and resulting expansion is traced from chromospheric levels. (iii) A model of M-regions, high-speed plasma streams and interplanetary sector structure is based on refraction of acoustic waves and their focusing into the centres of sectors. (iv) The average magnetically enclosed atmosphere occupies≈1% of the photosphere, spreading to 90% of the low corona. Surface flux is concentrated into strands of ≈4×1018 Mx, with ≈30 per supergranule cell. The strands spread and also divide into smaller flux tubes to accout for chromospheric fine structure in which magnetic forces dominate. It is questionable that this complex of plasma elements should be called an ‘atmosphere’. (v) The third, non-magnetic part of the solar atmosphere comprises on averae ≈99% of the photosphere and a large part of the chromosphere (the network interior), but little if any of the corona. It is stressed that measurements or models of the ‘solar atmosphere’ have little meaning unless they relate to a particular one of the three regions described here. (vi) It is confirmed that most of the energy needed to heat the solar atmosphere traverses the photosphere as Alfven waves. Some energy is converted to acoustic waves at the boundaries of the magnetic fields, some is dissipated when the Alfven waves become non-linear.
Chain Extension of Amino Acid Skeletons: Preparation of Ketomethylene Isosteres

Ketomethylene isosteric replacements for peptide bonds were generated through a zinc carbenoid-mediated chain extension reaction in which a variety of amino acid-derived β-keto esters are converted to γ-keto esters in a single step. The reaction tolerates a variety of protecting groups and amino acid side chains with no epimerization of the amino acid stereocenter.
A Compact Representation for 3D Animation Using Octrees and Affine Transformations

This paper presents a new and compact 3D representation for nonrigid objects using the motion vectors between two consecutive frames. Our method relies on an Octree to recursively partition the object into smaller parts. Each part is then assigned a small number of motion parameters that can accurately represent that portion of the object. Finally, an adaptive thresholding, a singular value decomposition for dealing with singularities, and a quantization and arithmetic coding further enhance our proposed method by increasing the compression while maintaining very good signal-noise ratio. Compared to other methods that use tri-linear interpolation, Principle Component Analysis (PCA), or non-rigid partitioning (e.g., FAMC) our algorithm combines the best attributes in most of them. For example, it can be carried out on a frame-to-frame basis, rather than over long sequences, but it is also much easier to compute. In fact, we demonstrate a computation complexity of Θ ( 𝑛 2 ) for our method, while some of these methods can reach complexities of 𝑂 ( 𝑛 3 ) and worse. Finally, as the result section demonstrates, the proposed improvements do not sacrifice performance since our method has a better or at least very similar performance in terms of compression ratio and PSNR.
Hydrocarbon effects on fouling assemblages: the importance of taxonomic differences, seasonal, and tidal variation.

Abstract Effects of hydrocarbon-contaminated substrata on recruitment of three species of fouling organisms were studied along the Louisiana gulf coast. Clay tiles (232 cm2) were exposed to crude oil, 10% water soluble fraction of crude oil, or 25 g/kg artificial seawater, and placed out at two locations, in two seasons, and at two tidal levels in an estuary near Port Fourchon, Louisiana. Bryozoan (Membranipora savartii) recruitment was significantly reduced in all experiments on crude oil-exposed tiles. However, oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and barnacles (Balanus eburneus) exhibited recruitment facilitation, and oysters grew to larger size, on crude oil-exposed tiles in 1–4 of the five experiments. When oyster larvae were exposed to the same treatments in the laboratory, settlement was, however, significantly depressed on crude oil-exposed tiles as compared with controls, although oyster size was larger on crude-oil exposed tiles. Recruitment on tiles exposed to the water soluble fraction of crude oil was similar to control tiles in nearly all experiments for all taxa. We suggest naturally occurring biofilms (which hydrocarbons facilitate) may promote or inhibit recruitment, depending on the taxon, because hydrocarbons facilitated recruitment only in field experiments, not in lab experiments without biofilms. However, stronger currents in the field experiments may have more rapidly diluted hydrocarbons, and hydrocarbon effects were not large in comparison with natural seasonal and tidal variation in recruitment.
Collisions and Gravitational Interactions between Particles in Planetary Rings

Particles in planetary rings orbit the central planet, and undergo collisions and gravitational interactions with other particles. As a result, their orbits become inclined and non-circular. Also, ring particles likely have rough surfaces, and an oblique impact between them leads to rotation. In the case of dilute rings where collision frequency is sufficiently smaller than the orbital frequency, particles’ orbits evolve through successive two-body collisions and/or gravitational encounters, and the evolution can be described by the formulation based on the three-body problem. We describe basic equations for such cases, and derive evolution equations for particle velocity dispersion and spin rates. We also discuss effects of rings’ self-gravity, which become dominant in dense rings. Collisions and gravitational interactions between particles result in angular momentum transfer in planetary rings. We discuss ring viscosity, which determines the rate of angular momentum transfer in rings. Viscosity in dilute rings can be expressed by particles’ velocity dispersion and is proportional to the ring surface density for a given particle size, while the dependence of the viscosity on ring surface density is stronger in dense self-gravitating rings, where angular momentum is transferred by interactions between gravitational wakes.
Genetic Variation and Human Disease: Principles and Evolutionary Approaches

Preface Part I. Genes and Their Expression: 1. What is a gene? 2. The logic of the genome 3. Concepts of frequency and association in populations 4. Genes and phenotypes in populations Part II. Introduction to Genetic Epidemiology: Inference from Observational Data: 5. Segregation analysis: discrete traits in families 6. Segregation analysis: quantitative traits in families 7. Linkage analysis: finding and mapping genes for qualitative traits 8. Linkage analysis: finding and mapping genes for quantitative traits Part III. Evolution: The Time Dimension in Populations: 9. Genes over time and space 10. Reconstructing history: the footprints of evolution 11. Evolution generates heterogeneity Part IV. Modification of the Inherited Genotype: The Time Dimension in Individuals: 12. Phenotype amplification by the environment 13. Infectious disease: the response to biological challenge 14. Variation within the inherited genotype 15. Cancer and ageing: a microcosm of evolution during life Afterwords: towards a unified general model Conclusion Notes References Index.
Comparison of marine stratocumulus cloud top heights in the southeastern Pacific retrieved from satellites with coincident ship-based observations

[1] In order to better understand the general problem of satellite cloud top height retrievals for low clouds, observations made by NOAA research vessels in the stratocumulus region in the southeastern Pacific during cruises in 2001 and 2003 to 2006 were matched with near-coincident retrievals from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instruments on the Terra satellite, along with a limited set of ISCCP 30-km (DX) retrievals. The ISCCP cloud top heights, determined from the cloud top pressures, were found to be biased high by between 1400 and 2000 m within the limited comparison data set. Like the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) results, the MODIS retrievals were biased high by more than 2000 m, while the MISR retrievals had errors on the order of 230 to 420 m, with the wind corrected heights having almost no bias. The extremely large bias in the ISCCP and MODIS retrievals was traced to their reliance on low-resolution observations or models of the atmospheric temperature structure. Cloud top height retrievals based on satellite cloud top temperatures and a constant atmospheric lapse rate agreed substantially better with the ship-based measurements.
Career Development: The Linkage Between Training And Organizational Development

Improved organizational efficiency can only be accomplished if the employees within an organization have developed the skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes to perform at the highest possible levels. To a limited degree this can be accomplished via training, but employees develop the fundamental skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes related only to their current job. As a result, the organization is only indirectly impacted. This refers to the micro perspective of improved organizational efficiency. Organizational efficiency can also be accomplished through organizational development, but the individual employee is often overlooked during this process. Without employee commitment to improve efficiency, it will be short-lived. This approach refers to the macro perspective of improved organizational efficiency. Both the micro and macro perspectives of improved organizational efficiency have their weaknesses. Thus, a combination of the two processes is necessary. Career development is that combination. Career development is a process which enables employees to develop beyond the fundamental skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes required for their present job assignments. It is a process which is focused on improving organizational efficiency while relying on the development of the individual employee. Performance improvement practitioners can provide learning activities which improve employees' skills, competencies, knowledge, and attitudes by viewing improved organizational efficiency from an individual (micro) perspective while remaining dedicated to the overall enhancement of the organization (macro). However, many performance improvement practitioners fail to see the connection between training and overall organizational development. These terms are often used interchangeably which leads to the increased confusion and misapplication of each process. It is necessary, therefore, to arrive at an acceptable definition in order to communicate effectively the intent as well as the similarities and differences of the processes. This will enable performance improvement practitioners to better understand the commonalities of each process. It is this understanding that serves as the basis of this article and the forthcoming recommendations.
Cell culture systems for studies of bone and tooth mineralization.

The use of cell culture to characterize bone and tooth mineralization has blossomed thanks to the development of genetically engineered animals with altered bone and tooth phenotypes 1,2, the tissue engineering of bones, teeth, and cartilage 3,4, and genetic profiling of mineralized tissue development 5-8. There is little uniformity in the conditions used in these cultures, and where there is uniformity the chemical basis for the reagents used is sometimes questionable. Moreover, while it is well established that histochemical staining is a poor substitute for physicochemical assays of the nature of the mineral formed 9, the majority of both recent and classical papers in the literature rely on histochemistry to report the presence of bone- or tooth-like mineral. The goal of this review is to place cell culture methodologies in a chemical context, to review the different types of cell culture systems that have been used to study the deposition of mineral in bones and teeth, discuss their limitations, and suggest some guidelines for future studies. 1.1. The Cells and Tissues of Bones and Teeth Cell culture systems generally seek to recapitulate the events in the development of the tissue in situ. While some culture systems start with preformed substrates and others rely on the differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of cells, the ultimate goal is the formation of an analogue of the naturally occurring tissue. Questions that arise during these studies may include whether the cells in question have an altered ability to form this tissue, what the role of the genetic modification might be, or whether the material formed can be used to repair and replace native tissue. To understand the cell culture methodologies, it is necessary to first review the composition of these tissues and the cells involved in their formation. 1.1.1. The Mineral and Extracellular Matrix of Bones and Teeth The mineral phase that is found in bones and teeth as a highly substituted analogue of the geologic mineral, hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)210. In bone, cementum, and dentin, the plate-like OH-deficient, CO3-substituted apatite nano-crystals are oriented with their long axis parallel to the axis of the collagen fibrils. The insoluble fibrillar protein, collagen, is the major component of the organic matrix. Other noncollagenous proteins are important for the maintenance of the cell-matrix interactions, cell-signaling, regulation of cell metabolism, and control of the mineralization process11,12. In mature enamel, the hydroxyapatite crystals are also carbonate-substituted, but they are larger, and there is little (<3%) organic matrix. There is no collagen in enamel; the major protein in mature enamel is amelogenin, but proteins account for a very small amount of the mature enamel’s composition. During early enamel formation there is a greater proportion of proteins, and these include enamel specific proteins such as amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelins, and amelin, and some non-specific proteins such as phosphophoryn 12,13.
The amino acid sequence of a tryptic glycopeptide from human thyroglobulin

1. 1. The glycopeptides obtained by tryptic digestion of “desialized”, S-carboxymethyl human thyroglobulin have been studied. A glycopeptide which represents a major portion of the mannose-glucosamine units has been purified and its amino acid sequence was determined to be Ala-Leu-Glu-Asp-Ala-Thr-Arg. The carbohydrate is most probably linked through the aspartic acid (asparagine) residue. The carbohydrate moiety is about twice the size reported for the corresponding oligosaccharide from calf thyroglobulin. It consists, within experimental error, of 9 residues of mannose and 2 of glucosamine. 2. 2. Evidence is presented that the more complex carbohydrate units consisting of mannose, galactose, fucose, glucosamine and a sialic acid are linked to at least two different sequences in the peptide chains of thyroglobulin. 3. 3. Galactosamine, which has not previously been detected in thyroglobulin, was also found in some fractions of the more complex type.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: The effects of patterned calorie-restricted diets on mammary tumor incidence and plasma endothelin levels in DMBA-treated rats

Chronic caloric restriction has been shown to inhibit mammary tumor promotion in the 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) rat mammary tumor model. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effects of chronic caloric cycling (yo-yo dieting) on mammary tumor promotion by high fat diets and (ii) the effect of three dietary regimens +/- superimposed mammary tumor burden on plasma endothelin-1,2 (ET) levels. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with DMBA (5 mg/rat) and divided into three dietary groups: ad libitum (AL) (containing 15% corn oil); 40% calorie restricted (CR) (containing 20% corn oil so consumption of fat was equivalent between AL and CR); a calorie cycled (CC) group fed alternatively AL and CR diets each 48 h period. After 10 weeks, tumor incidences were: AL, 63%; CR, 27%; CC, 57% (AL versus CR, P < 0.05; CC versus CR, P < 0.05; AL versus CC, NSD). ET levels (pg/ml plasma) were: AL, 16.0 +/- 6.54; CR, 32.31 +/- 0.34; CC, 23.44 +/- 5.04 (AL versus CR, P < 0.01; CC versus CR, P < 0.01; AL versus CC, P < 0.05). Plasma ET levels were independent of tumor incidence and tumor burden, but plasma ET levels were significantly increased in rats with a prior history of calorie restriction. As expected, maintained caloric restriction reduced mammary tumor incidence but intermittent caloric restriction (caloric cycling or yo-yo dieting) was without similar benefit.
Generalized comaximal factorization of ideals

Abstract We generalize the notion of comaximal factorization of ring ideals to the language of weak ideal systems on monoids and prove several results generalizing and extending previous work. We also develop some topological methods for dealing with comaximal factorization and some related finitary weak ideal system problems.
Structure-activity relationships for perfluoroalkane-induced in vitro interference with rat liver mitochondrial respiration.

Perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) represent a broad class of commercial products designed primarily for the coatings industry. However, detection of residues globally in a variety of species led to the discontinuation of production in the U.S. Although PFAAs cause activation of the PPARα and CAR nuclear receptors, interference with mitochondrial bioenergetics has been implicated as an alternative mechanism of cytotoxicity. Although the mechanisms by which the eight carbon chain PFAAs interfere with mitochondrial bioenergetics are fairly well described, the activities of the more highly substituted or shorter chain PFAAs are far less well characterized. The current investigation was designed to explore structure–activity relationships by which PFAAs interfere with mitochondrial respiration in vitro. Freshly isolated rat liver mitochondria were incubated with one of 16 different PFAAs, including perfluorinated carboxylic, acetic, and sulfonic acids, sulfonamides and sulfamido acetates, and alcohols. The effect on mitochondrial respiration was measured at five concentrations and dose–response curves were generated to describe the effects on state 3 and 4 respiration and respiratory control. With the exception of PFOS, all PFAAs at sufficiently high concentrations (>20 μM) stimulated state 4 and inhibited state 3 respiration. Stimulation of state 4 respiration was most pronounced for the carboxylic acids and the sulfonamides, which supports prior evidence that the perfluorinated carboxylic and acetic acids induce the mitochondrial permeability transition, whereas the sulfonamides are protonophoric uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. In both cases, potency increased with increasing carbon number, with a prominent inflection point between the six and eight carbon congeners. The results provide a foundation for classifying PFAAs according to specific modes of mitochondrial activity and, in combination with toxicokinetic considerations, establishing structure–activity-based boundaries for initial estimates of risk for noncancer endpoints for PFAAs for which minimal in vivo toxicity testing currently exists.
A Two-Stage Procedure for Selecting the Best of Several Binomial Populations

In many situations in education and psychology it is desired to select from k binomial populations the one having the largest probability of success. For example, if a pass/fail type of test is administered at the end of an instructional program and if we have several methods of instruction from which to choose, it is desirable to choose the one which maximizes the probability of passing the test. This paper describes a two-stage procedure for accomplishing this goal. The solution is conservative in the sense that it is possible to determine the number of observations required so that the best population is chosen with probability at least P*, 2-k < P* < 1.
Toward a Contextual Perspective of the School-to-Work Transition: A Reaction to Feij et al.

Abstract A context-rich analysis of the conceptual framework and empirical results of the Feij, Whitely, Peiro, and Taris (1995) article on the school-to-work transition is proposed in this comment. As a means of identifying the proximal contextual factors, relevant theory from career decision-making, life-span developmental, and relational perspectives is introduced; this review highlighted the utility of such constructs as decisional implementation, career adaptability, and attachment in analyses of the school-to-work transition. The utility of considering the distal factors of culture and the opportunity structure in the school-to-work transition process examined by Feij et al. is also discussed. A selected review of converging trends evident in Feij et al. and related research on the school-to-work transition concludes the article.
Biocontrol without borders: the unintended spread of introduced weed biological control agents

An underlying assumption of classical biological control implies that intentionally introduced natural enemies will remain within the boundaries that delineate the program’s area of implementation. A weed biological control program targeting Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, USA has resulted in the release and establishment of Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae. An international survey of M. quinquenervia populations in 13 other states or countries where the insects have not been intentionally introduced was initiated to monitor the long range dispersal of O. vitiosa and B. melaleucae beyond the herbivores’ intended geographic range (Florida). Surveys in 2006 resulted in the discovery of B. melaleucae within the canopies of several M. quinquenervia trees near San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 2007, O. vitiosa was observed on the island of New Providence in the Bahamas but neither herbivore was detected on nearby Grand Bahama or Andros islands. In 2009, B. melaleucae was observed attacking M. quinquenervia trees in Los Angeles, California (USA). The herbivores have not been detected on other surveyed M. quinquenervia populations in Cuba, Jamaica, Texas (USA), Costa Rica, Brazil, Hawaii (USA) or South Africa. There is no evidence to suggest that herbivore colonization of New Providence, Puerto Rico, or California was influenced by linear distance between Florida and the recipient M. quinquenervia stand. While the dispersal pathway(s) remains unknown, biological control agents were detected from 200 to >3500 km from their original release location (Florida) and at locations that have strong links via tourism and trade as indicated by the number of airline flights connecting south Florida with colonized tree populations. Implications of this unintended spread are discussed in relation to permeability of biogeographical barriers and risk assessment of biological control agents.
Localized intrapancreatic malignant mesothelioma: a rare entity that may be confused with other pancreatic neoplasms

Malignant mesothelioma usually presents with diffuse involvement of the pleura or peritoneum. Circumscribed or localized malignant mesothelioma has been described in these locations, as well as the viscera, in which case it may cause diagnostic confusion with other, more common entities. Herein, we describe the first well-documented case of primary intrapancreatic malignant mesothelioma in the English literature. The patient was an otherwise healthy 39-year-old woman who presented with a symptomatic mass in the head of the pancreas that was completely resected via pancreaticoduodenectomy. The tumor was composed of cysts, papillae, and tubules lined by cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and immunohistochemically expressed CA-125, calretinin, and D2-40. Follow-up revealed no evidence of residual or recurrent disease 32 months after surgery. This report also describes the clinical and pathologic characteristics of an intrapancreatic mesothelioma and provides a review of the literature regarding entities that may be considered in the differential diagnosis of this tumor.
The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis

This article presents a review of the book “The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis,” edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio.
Internucleosomal DNA cleavage and neuronal cell survival/death

Serum-free PC12 cell cultures have been used to study the mechanisms of neuronal death after neurotrophic factor deprivation. We previously reported that PC12 cells undergo "apoptotic" internucleosomal DNA cleavage after withdrawal of trophic support. Here, we have used a sensitive method to detect PC12 cell DNA fragmentation within three hrs of serum removal and have exploited this assay to examine several aspects regarding the mechanisms of neuronal survival/death. Major advantages of this assay are that it permits acute experiments to be performed well before other manifest signs of cell death and under conditions that cannot be applied chronically. We find that this apopotic DNA fragmentation is distinct from the random DNA degradation that occurs during necrotic death. Major observations include the following: (a) There is a good correlation between the ability of trophic substances to promote PC12 cell survival and to inhibit early DNA fragmentation. (b) Phorbol ester, an activator of PKC, acutely suppresses DNA fragmentation, but does not promote long-term survival or inhibition of endonuclease activity when applied chronically due to its downregulation of PKC. (c) Cells undergoing apoptosis within 3 h of serum withdrawal have a "commitment point" of only 1.0-1.5 h beyond which they can no longer be rescued by NGF. (d) Aurin, a non-carboxylic analog of the endonuclease inhibitor ATA, also inhibits DNA fragmentation and promotes short-term survival of PC12 cells. (e) Macromolecular synthesis is not required for DNA fragmentation or for NGF to prevent this event. (f) Extracellular Ca2+ is not required for internucleosomal DNA cleavage caused by serum withdrawal or for suppression of this by NGF. (g) DNA fragmentation can also be detected in cultures of rat sympathetic neurons as early as 10 h after removal of NGF. As in PC12 cell cultures, this precedes morphological signs of cell death.
‘Jews are Turks who sell on credit’: Elite images of Arabs and Jews in Brazil

This contribution explores the Brazilian elite notion that Jews and Arabs are members of a single ‘race’. This linkage was one component of an attempt to create a western European‐like Brazilian national identity yet the contradiction between the economic benefits derived from immigrants and elite concerns about colour, religion, and national origin made Arabs and Jews a focus of comment among intellectuals. In spite of finding themselves the targets of prejudice, both groups entered Brazil in significant numbers in the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s, helping to create exactly the multi‐ethnic society elites hoped to prevent.
Vitamin C preserves the cardio-protective paraoxonase activity of high-density lipoprotein during oxidant stress.

Abstract HDL-associated paraoxonase (PON) antioxidant enzyme activity is cardio-protective. We investigated whether vitamin C prevented loss of PON activity from HDL during oxidant stress. HDL was incubated with either hydrophilic or lipophilic peroxyl radical initiators in the absence (control) or presence of vitamin C (50 and 100 μmol/L). Regardless of the type of radical, accumulation of lipid oxidation products in HDL was similar in incubations lacking vitamin C. Loss of PON activity was greater in HDL exposed to hydrophilic, in contrast to lipophilic, radicals, but addition of vitamin C maintained enzyme activity. Vitamin C’s capacity to attenuate loss of the HDL ability to prevent atherogenic modification of LDL (assessed as electrophoretic mobility) was, however, modest, and appeared limited only to those incubations in which HDL was exposed to lipophilic radicals. Our results indicate that vitamin C may, under some conditions, prevent loss of cardio-protective function from HDL during oxidant stress.
Scattering from a random layer embedded with dielectric needles

Intensity scattering from a random layer imbedded with small dielectric needles is studied for applications to coniferous vegetation. The phase matrix of a thin needle whose length may be appreciable compared to the incident wavelength is presented. The effects of needle orientation on scattering is taken into account by averaging the phase function over angles of orientation. The backscattering coefficient from the layer is computed by solving the radiative transfer equation. The effects of operating frequency, orientation and size of a needle on like- and cross-backscattering are demonstrated. It was found that in backscattering angular trends are mainly controlled by the orientation of the needles.
Estrogen stabilizes vitellogenin mRNA against cytoplasmic degradation

Abstract We have demonstrated, by DNA excess filter hybridizations to pulse-labeled cell RNA, that estrogen selectively stabilizes Xenopus liver vitellogenin mRNA against cytoplasmic degradation. The halflife of vitellogenin mRNA is approximately 3 weeks in the presence of estrogen and 16 hr after estrogen is withdrawn from the culture medium. Total poly(A) mRNA exhibits the same half-life (16 hr) in the presence or absence of estrogen. The rapid cytoplasmic degradation of vitellogenin mRNA in the absence of estrogen is fully reversible upon restimulation with estrogen, indicating that nuclear modification of vitellogenin RNA transcripts is not responsible for their stability. Intermediate levels of vitellogenin mRNA stability and changes in the relative rate of vitellogenin gene transcription are not observed late in estrogen induction, when vitellogenin mRNA levels plateau. Instead, Xenopus liver cells achieve fine control over the level of vitellogenin mRNA through down-regulation of the overall rate of total nuclear RNA synthesis.
Vertebrate intestinal endoderm development

The endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated developmental processes must occur. In this review, we attempt to cover major events during intestinal development from gastrulation to birth, including endoderm formation, gut tube growth and patterning, intestinal morphogenesis, epithelial reorganization, villus emergence, as well as proliferation and cytodifferentiation. Our discussion includes morphological and anatomical changes during intestinal development as well as molecular mechanisms regulating these processes.
Abstract 5571: Identification of autoantibody biomarkers in metastatic osteosarcoma using a high-density protein microarray approach

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. A leading cause of death in OS is the development of metastasis. Therefore, it is important to detect metastatic patients as early as possible, so these patients can be stratified and treated while the disease is still in its early stages and potentially curable. Autoantibodies represent a promising class of plasma proteins that can be used for the early detection of cancer. These immunoglobulins can recognize aberrant proteins in the tumor cell during the development of metastasis. We have used a new high-density protein microarray platform, ProtoArray Human Protein Array (HPA), to identify significant autoantibody biomarkers that are associated with metastatic OS at the time of diagnosis. ProtoArray HPA consists of over 8,000 purified human proteins from different functional classes. Plasma samples from metastatic and localized OS patients, and children with non-cancerous diseases were analyzed by the microarrays. The results showed that the amounts of 136 distinct autoantibodies were significantly different between the plasma samples of metastatic and localized OS cases (p < 0.01). Among these autoantibodies, 66 were higher while 70 were lower in metastatic patients. Two of these autoantibodies, which target CTTN and PFKFB1, were selected for further investigation. We found that the phosphorylated form (p85) of the CTTN protein in two metastatic OS cell lines was expressed higher relative to the non-metastatic parental cells. This result is consistent with the previous finding that increased phosphorylation of CTTN is important for the metastatic phenotype of cancer cells. The PFKFB1 autoantibody in the localized patients was higher than the metastatic patients; however, both groups of OS patients had a higher PFKFB1 level relative to the control group. When compared to normal osteoblasts, Western blotting showed that PFKFB1 protein was overexpressed in seven of the eight OS cell lines. PFKFB1 is involved in the Warburg effect, which is important to the energy metabolism of cancer cells. Our results suggest that the high-density protein microarray approach is useful for identifying metastasis-associated autoantibodies in cancer patients. Further validation and investigation of the candidate autoantibody biomarkers may lead to discovery of novel biomarkers and unravel the underlying mechanism in metastatic OS. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5571.
Wireless network design and analysis for real time control of launch vehicles

Network design for real time control of launch vehicles need to consider latency and noise in wireless environments. The proposed system will gather the acceleration information received from multiple sensors to reliably and robustly relay the orientation of the rocket back to the actuator system. To do so, a network simulation software will give us an estimate of the efficiency of these sensors in terms of their latency and throughput. Several factors can be considered to analyze the performance of these sensors such as the location of these nodes, device type, and the network parameters associated with the sensor nodes. In this work, we have analyzed these factors using OPNET simulator to have a better understanding of the performance of these sensors.
Differential effects of mannitol on gibberellin-regulated phospholipid synthesis and enzyme activities of the CDP-choline pathway in barley aleurone cells.

When barley aleurone layers are treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) in the presence of increasing concentrations (0.2–0.8 M) of mannitol, the rate of 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids becomes progressively inhibited. Mannitol does not affect this process in aleurone layers not treated with GA3, nor does it appreciably inhibit GA3-effected increases of 32Pi incorporation into organic phosphates or the activities of the particulate enzymes of the CDP-choline pathway. These results suggest that some of the early events controlled by GA3 can be separated from later activities regulated by the hormone, including α-amylase synthesis.
Toward an automated approach to the design of sheet metal components

The design of sheet metal components is perhaps one of the more challenging concurrent activities for design and manufacturing engineers. To aid this design process, a method is developed to encapsulate the constraints of sheet metal that make designing such components a tedious and iterative procedure. This project involves the implementation and testing of a geometric representation scheme for building feasible sheet metal components through the use of 17 grammar rules that capture manufacturing operations like cutting and bending. The implemented system has benefits both as a user interaction tool and as the basis for a computational design synthesis approach for designing sheet metal components. An example of a constructed sheet metal component is shown along with the method for invoking the sheet metal grammar to create this component.
Decision Support Framework: Architecture development

From its inception over fifty years ago, The Aerospace Corporation has been supporting government decision making with objective technical analysis performed by subject matter experts using many tools, models, and evaluation processes. Strong customer demand for timely analysis and advances in modeling capabilities have motivated the integration of fast, concurrent, engineering processes into what is now defined as the Decision Support Framework (DSF). The open-model DSF employs a layered approach to capability evaluation that encompasses technical, programmatic, mission, enterprise, and national levels. This paper describes DSF with focus on the architecting module. Sample architecture products from a recent Overhead Persistent Infra Red (OPIR) development planning study are given to illustrate current DSF architecting processes.
3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic Acid (Kdo) Hydrolase Identified in Francisella tularensis, Helicobacter pylori, and Legionella pneumophila

3-Deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) is an eight-carbon sugar ubiquitous in Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Although its biosynthesis is well described, no protein has yet been identified as a Kdo hydrolase. However, Kdo hydrolase enzymatic activity has been detected in membranes of Helicobacter pylori and Francisella tularensis and may be responsible for the removal of side-chain Kdo from the LPS core saccharides. We now report the identification of genes encoding a Kdo hydrolase in F. tularensis Schu S4 and live vaccine strain strains, in H. pylori 26695 strain and in Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia 1 strain. We have renamed the genes kdhA for keto-deoxyoctulosonate hydrolase A. Deletion of kdhA abolished Kdo hydrolase activity in membranes of F. tularensis live vaccine strain. The F. tularensis kdhA mutant synthesized a core oligosaccharide containing a Kdo disaccharide with one of the Kdo residues being a terminal side chain. This side-chain Kdo monosaccharide was absent in the wild-type core oligosaccharide. Expression in Escherichia coli of recombinant KdhA from F. tularensis, H. pylori, and L. pneumophila resulted in a reduction of membrane-associated side-chain Kdo. The identification of this previously faceless enzyme will accelerate study of the biosynthetic basis and biologic impact for postbiosynthetic LPS structural modification.
Agitation Through the Press: A Study of the Personalities of Publicists

T HIS IS A STUDY of the need systems of journalists who are active in trying to influence their social worlds through the public press.' One variety of newspaperman is studied, not from a particular interest in him, but because he provides us with an operational definition of a role of increasing importance-the role of the publicist. In 1930, Lasswell published a series of essays called Psychopathology and Politics.2 His interest was "to discover what developmental experiences are significant for the political traits and interests of the mature: the agitators, administrators, theorists," and to "uncover the typical subjective histories of typical public careers."3 Here, and in his later work, Power and Personality,4 Lasswell began to outline the need systems that would predispose individuals to unusual interests in influencing others and to particular methods of wielding that influence. In his early work, Lasswell distinguished political agitators from political administrators. He said:
Relationship between renal volume growth and renal function in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: A longitudinal study

In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), renal function remains normal for many years into adult life while cysts form and expand progressively, starting in childhood. The longitudinal relationships between renal volume growth, hypertension, and renal function loss have not been examined in detail. At the University of Colorado (Denver, CO), 229 adult subjects with ADPKD participated in a longitudinal study from 1985 to 2001. Sequential ultrasound examinations were performed at a mean interval of 7.8 +/- 3.1 years (range, 2.6 to 15.1 years). Renal volume was calculated using a standard formula for a modified ellipsoid. The Modified Diet in Renal Disease equation was used to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The mean annual increase in renal volume was 46 +/- 55 cm3, and mean annual decline in GFR was 2.4 +/- 2.8 mL/min/1.73 m2. Men had faster renal growth, more severe hypertension, and a faster decline in GFR than women of similar ages. Multiple linear regression showed a significant relationship between rate of change in GFR and renal volume growth rate, initial renal volume, proteinuria, and age at entry. Correlational analysis showed a significant correlation between GFR and renal volume over time (R = -0.53) and between follow-up renal volume and follow-up GFR (R = -0.50) for both men and women. We conclude that renal volume and rate of renal volume growth may be useful markers for disease progression in early stages of ADPKD when GFR is preserved.
A density-diffusivity approach for the unsteady state analysis of natural gas reservoirs

Abstract The traditional approach employed in the analytical analysis of unsteady state responses for natural gas reservoirs is firmly based on recasting the non-linear pressure diffusivity equation in terms of pseudo variables or pseudofunctions—namely, pseudo-pressure and pseudotime—able to render the equation amenable to analytical treatment. Because the pseudofunction-based approach succeeds in linearizing the diffusivity equation and generating the required benchmark analytical solutions, the implementation of pseudo-variables is understood to be essential to unsteady state analysis of natural gas reservoirs. In this study, the authors propose an approach for the analytical solution of unsteady flow in natural gas reservoirs based on the use of the density-diffusivity equation. To demonstrate its validity and range of application, the authors discuss analytical arguments and perform numerical simulations to corroborate its performance for some of the most widely used inner boundary conditions (BCs): constant pressure and constant rate production. By implementing the concept of depletion-driven dimensionless parameters, the proposed density-diffusivity approximation is able to successfully describe reservoir unsteady behavior while keeping all variables involved in the analysis firmly grounded on physical intuition. In addition, it is shown that the proposed approach also provides a new avenue for the interpretation of liquid type-curves in gas analysis and the iteration-free estimation of original gas in place based on the analysis of boundary-dominated production data.