cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fuel-optimal trajectory for a constrained hypersonic vehicle using a direct transcription method

It is well-known that the takeoff weight of a space operation vehicle is composed mainly of fuel. Payload and vehicle hardware make up only a small percentage of the total weight. As a consequence, an important component of mission design for a space operation vehicle is trajectory planning since mission designers can increase the amount of payload or time-in-orbit by reducing the fuel required to accomplish the mission. In this paper, a method to calculate a fuel-optimal cruise trajectory for a hypersonic space vehicle is presented. The method of direct transcription is used to discretize the state and control variables along the vehicle's flight path to transform the optimization problem into a nonlinear programming problem to find the most fuel-efficient trajectory. Structural constraint in terms of normal loading on the vehicle is imposed along the trajectory. Comparisons are made between the fuel-optimal trajectory and static cruise trajectory.
Characterization of dual PTEN and p53-targeting microRNAs identifies microRNA-638/Dnm2 as a two-hit oncogenic locus.

SUMMARY Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are often concomitantly lost or mutated in human cancers and have been shown to act synergistically to promote tumorigenesis. In addition to genomic alterations, posttranscriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) represents another mechanism by which TSG expression is dysregulated in cancers. Although miRNAs that target critical TSGs such as PTEN or p53 have been identified, little is known about miRNAs that concomitantly regulate both these key TSGs. In this study, we characterize microRNA 518c* (miR-518c*) and miR-638 as dual PTEN -a ndp53-targeting miRNAs that are upregulated in multiple human cancers. We focus on miR-638 and show that it associates independently with these two tumor suppressor transcripts as well as BRCA1, a known miR-638 target. We find that miR-638 overexpression promotes tumorigenesis and demonstrate cooperativity between miR-638 and its host gene Dnm2, suggesting that the Dnm2 locus encodes two distinct oncogenic components that play important roles in tumorigenesis.
Silicon Germanium Epitaxy: A New Material for MEMS

A wide array of materials have been investigated as candidate fabrication templates for precision microelectromechanical structures, including boron-diffused silicon, boron-doped epitaxial silicon, polysilicon, silicon-on-insulator, and wafer-thick bulk structures. Here we present the latest fabrication results for epitaxial silicon-germanium alloys, a new class of materials which possess excellent crystalline structure, are compatible with non-toxic etchants in bulk micromachining, and are capable of on-chip integration with electronics. For MEMS applications, silicon-germanium alloy layers are grown using a graded buffer approach, resulting in very high quality micromachined structures. Very low defect densities are obtained through the use of these relaxed buffers. Original etch-stop studies determined that Ge doping provided a very weak selectivity in anisotropic etchants such as KOH and EDP. However, by extending the range of Ge concentration to over 20%, we have found extremely high etch selectivities in a variety of etchants. Unlike boron-doped layers, SiGe exhibits etch stop characteristics in the non-toxic, process compatible solution TMAH. The combination of independence from boron doping concentration and etchant compatibility make SiGe a material which is ideal for integration with on-chip electronics. In this work we present the latest fabrication data on comb-drive resonators built using SiGe epitaxial layers. Process compatibility issues related to wafer curvature, surface finish and reactive-ion-etching chemistries are addressed. An unexpected result of the fabrication process, curvature of released structures, is resolved by annealing wafers after the SiGe deposition. Changes in Young’s modulus arising from the high atomic fraction of Ge in the device can be determined by simple beam analysis based on observed resonant frequencies. Overall, build precision for these devices is excellent. We conclude by addressing the remaining challenges for wide-scale implementation of silicon-germanium epitaxial MEMS.
Analysis and Modeling of Threshold Voltage Mismatch for CMOS at 65 nm and Beyond

This letter investigates random dopant fluctuation transistor mismatch. The dominance of the halo implant is demonstrated experimentally and with simulation, and a compact model form is developed for improved representation of the phenomenon.
Gene-Centromere Mapping in Rainbow Trout: High Interference over Long Map Distances.

ABSTRACT Ten enzyme loci were mapped in relation to their centromeres in gynogenetic diploid rainbow trout. Gene-centromere map distances, calculated under the assumption of complete interference, range from 1.1 cM for Ldh4 to 50 cM for Sod1 . The Idh2 and Est1 loci are linked on the same chromosome arm.—The observation of close to 100% heterozygous gynogenetic diploids for the Sod1 and Mdh3,4 loci suggests that near-complete interference occurs on the chromosome arms carrying these loci. The high interference observed in this study and in several other species of fish may be related to the small size of fish chromosome arms.—Comparisons of map locations for the Ldh3 and Ldh4 and the Mdh3 and Mdh4 loci, which were duplicated by a tetraploid event in the evolution of salmonid fish, reveal that they are located at similar distances from their centromeres. Comparative mapping of loci duplicated longer ago shows more variation in map location.—The high proportion of heterozygotes for some loci after gynogenesis involving second polar body retention demonstrates that this is not a practical method for producing homozygous inbred lines in rainbow trout; treatments suppressing the first cell division are more promising for this purpose.
Structure and Phase Behavior of Mixed Self-Assembled Alkanethiolate Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles: A Monte Carlo Study

Configurational-bias Monte Carlo (CBMC) simulations are carried out to investigate the structure and phase behavior of self-assembled monolayers consisting of equimolar alkanethiolate mixtures chemisorbed on the surface of gold nanoparticles. The simulations probe the effects of variations in the chain length, nanoparticle curvature, and exchange of alkanethiolates between nanoparticles. The TraPPE-UA force field is used for the alkanethiolates, whereas the nanoparticle is represented by gold atoms placed on the surface of a sphere. CBMC identity exchange moves are used to enhance sampling of the spatial distribution of the different ligands and to ensure that thermodynamic equilibrium is reached. At a temperature of 298 K, mixtures differing in length by four methylene units exhibit some degree of local segregation. In contrast, the hexanethiolate/tetradecanethiolate mixture yields Janus-like arrangement when the ligands are confined to a single nanoparticle but global demixing when the ligands are allowed to distribute between two nanoparticles.
When unfair treatment helps performance

Human beings are responsive to fairness violations. People reject unfair offers and go out of their way to punish those who behave unfairly. However, little is known regarding when unfair treatment can either help or harm performance. We found that basketball players were more likely to make free throws after being awarded a foul specific to unfair treatment (Study 1). Similarly, hockey players were more likely to score during a penalty shot compared to a shootout (Study 2). A laboratory experiment showed that participants were more accurate at golf putting after a previous attempt had been unfairly nullified (Study 3). However, a final experiment revealed that when the task was more demanding, unfair treatment resulted in worse performance (Study 4). Moreover, this effect was mediated by feelings of anger and frustration. These results suggest that performance is sensitive to perceptions of fairness and justice.
In Vivo Cutaneous Response to Fabric Part V: Effect of Fiber Type and Fabric Moisture Content on Stratum Corneum Hydration1

Fabric placed over human skin may change the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level, an important phenomenon because increases in normal levels of SC hydration pose potential health problems. The skin becomes more susceptible to abrasive damage, increases in permeability, and is more prone to microbial growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fiber type and fabric moisture content on SC hydration. Using three similarly constructed knit fabrics, six fabric type/moisture content combinations were selected for the tests. Using an occluded plastic dome, fabric samples were placed on both “normal” and “hydrated” volar forearm skin of subjects for a specified time period, then removed. Two minutes after removal, evaporative water loss and skin temperature were measured. The design of the study was a randomized complete block with all possible treatment combinations applied to each subject. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance on the linear and quadratic coefficients of best fit li...
Transforming the Hero of I Am Legend

Abstract:This article tracks the hero of Richard Matheson's I Am Legend across four screen adaptations: The Last Man on Earth, The Omega Man, The Simpsons's “The Homega Man,” and I Am Legend. The article examines how the hero's character changes from an anomaly to a messiah.
First Acts of Small Violence: Reflections on Breastfeeding and Enemas in West Africa

In conjuring up acts of violence, many Westerners readily picture guns or other unyielding weapons that allow one person to use force against another — including projectile force (via bullets) or, even more, ‘weapons of mass destruction’, which have an enormous capacity to produce a great deal of violence with a minimum of effort. When we consider such acts of violence, many of us likewise readily picture strangers as their perpetrators. The government-funded initiative, Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) — which is now administered by local police departments in 49 countries — takes as its earliest goal the socialization of young children into fearing strangers as potential perpetrators of drug-motivated violence.1 Through the program, police officers entering elementary school rooms instruct five-year-old children to shun strangers who might abduct them for unspeakable purposes. Other programs target even younger children for this lesson (Holcombe et al. 1995).
An In-transit Shipboard Fumigation of Corn

Bioassays showed that in-transit fumigation of corn in the holds of a bulk dry-cargo vessel with phosphine (derived from aluminum phosphide) or with the liquid fumigant 80–20 (a mixture of ca. 80% CCl4 and 20% CS2) were effective against stored-grain insects wherever adequate concentrations of fumigant were achieved and sustained. Although distribution of both fumigant gases was nonuniform, no exposed insects survived the fumigation with phosphine. In contrast, some insects on the surface of the corn and at the sides of the holds survived the treatment with 80–20. Highest concentrations of phosphine were sustained near the surface, and phosphine was slow to reach the bottom of the holds; the gases of the 80–20 fumigant permeated so rapidly to the bottom of the holds that high concentrations were sustained there but only low concentrations were found on or near the surface of the grain. Aeration (by opening the hatch covers) rapidly removed fumigant gases from the surface of the grain, but 10–11 days of aeration had no apparent effect on the concentrations of 80–20 fumigant at the bottom of the holds. Also, as the concentration of phosphine decreased near the surface during aeration, it increased at the bottom of the holds. None of the fumigant gases were detected in working areas or living quarters of the ship in transit, but during unloading, low levels of phosphide were occasionally detected on the surface of the grain and in the belt house of the unloading facility. Concentrations of CCl4 (and sometimes of CS2) that exceeded the threshold limit values were detected on the surface of the grain and in the belt house. Residues of phosphine were highest on unaerated samples taken directly from the surface of the corn before unloading began, but these residues did not exceed 5.6 ppb. Residues of CCl4 and CS2 ranged from 5 to 123 ppm and from <0.3 to 2.7 ppm, respectively.
Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus: Sprays and Dips of Insecticides for Control on Cattle

Of 25 insecticides sprayed onto cattle for control of Boophilus annulatus (Say), the cattle tick, or B. microplus (Canestrini), the southern cattle tick, the following afforded > 99% control of either or both species: 0.1% Allied Chemical ACD-10284 ( O, O diethyl phosphorodithioate S -ester with N -(2-cyanoethyl)-2-mercaptoacetanilide); 0.05% Bay 64995 ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate O, O -diester with 4,4-dithiodiphenol); 0.1% bromophosethyl; 0.025% chlorpyrifos; 0.125% Ciba C-9491 ( O -(2.5-dichloro-4-iodophenyl) O, O -dimethyl phosphorothioate); 0.075% crotoxyphos; 0.025% diazinon; 0.05% dioxathion; 0.05% fenthion; 0.03% Imidan® ( O, O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate S-ester with N -(mercaptomethyl) phthalimide) ; 0.005% isobenzan; 0.5% malathion; 0.1% monocrotophos; 0.5% ronnel; 0.25% Shell SD-8447 (2-chloro-l-(2,4,5-tri-chlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate); 0.1% Shell SD-8949 (1-(2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-chlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate); 0.1% Shell SD-8988 (2-bromo-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate); 0.5% toxaphene; and 0.5% trichlorfon. A solubilized formulation (I part technical material:2 parts Triton® X-100) was as effective as an emulsifiable concentrate of Compound 4072 (2-chloro-l-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) vinyl diethyl phosphate). Fresh and aged (21 weeks) dips of 0.073–0.164% dioxathion and fresh and aged (51 weeks) dips of 0.010–0.049% chlorpyrifos also afforded > 99% control. In addition, a dip of 0.05–0.25% Shell SD-8447 was highly effective, but the chemical analysis of the dip fluids was unsatisfactory.
Micronutrients and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although the precise pathogenetic mechanisms of PD remain undetermined, there appears to be both genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the risk of developing PD. With regard to environmental risk factors, there has been significant interest related to the role of diet, nutrition, and nutrients on the onset and progression of PD. As the current treatments are predominantly focused on symptomatic management, efforts must be directed toward prevention of the PD and identification of potentially modifiable risk and preventive factors. This comprehensive review gives an overview of studies examining the role of micronutrients in PD, and provides guidance on the value of the reported outcomes.
Is sunspot activity a factor in influenza pandemics

Summary Introduction: The 2009 AH1N1 pandemic became a global health concern, although fortunately, its worst anticipated effects were not realised. While the origins of such outbreaks remain poorly understood, it is very important to identify the precipitating factors in their emergence so that future pandemics can be detected as quickly as possible. Methords: Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyse the association between influenza pandemics and possible pandemics and relative number of sunspots. Non-conditional logistic regression was performed to analyse the statistical association between sunspot extremes and influenza pandemics to within plus or minus 1 year. Results: Almost all recorded influenza/possible pandemics have occurred in time frames corresponding to sunspot extremes, or +/– 1 year within such extremes. These periods were identified as important risk factors in both possible and confirmed influenza pandemics (odds ratio: 3.87; 95% confidence interval: 1.08 to 13.85). Conclusions: Extremes of sunspot activity to within plus or minus 1 year may precipitate influenza pandemics. Mechanisms of epidemic initiation and early spread are discussed including primary causation by externally derived viral variants (from space via cometary dust). Efforts to construct a comprehensive early warning system for potential influenza and other viral pandemics that include analysis of sunspot activity and stratospheric sampling for viral variants should be supported. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Urban Sustainability Possible in Post-Katrina New Orleans?

Hurricane Katrina struck the city of New Orleans on August 29th, 2005 forever changing the Big Easy and its hard hit neighborhoods (Fig. 12.1). The storm surge breached the inadequately engineered levees in several locations flooding 80 % of the city under 1 to over 10 ft of water (NOAA 2005; Waple A, Hurricane Katrina. NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, 2005; Baumann PR, Nellis MD, Mitteager WA, Geocarto Int 21(2):75–80, 2006; Plyer A, Facts for features: Katrina impact. Report published at www.datacenterresearch.org. The data center: independent analysis for informed decisions in Southeast Louisiana, 2014). It became the largest residential disaster in United States history (Plyer A, Facts for features: Katrina impact. Report published at www.datacenterresearch.org. Independent analysis for informed decisions in Southeast Louisiana, The Data Center, 2014), testing New Orleans’ resilience. In fact, most discussions about the future of the city have been about resiliency (Campanella TJ, J Am Plan Assoc 72(2): 141–146, 2006; Gotham and Greenberg 2014). While the ability to recover is crucial for the future of the city, the idea of sustainability has to be considered. Will New Orleans be rebuilt with sustainability ideals of social justice and equity or will racial discrimination and poverty prevail?
Emergency CT in New Onset Seizures

A retrospective analysis of 107 neurologically normal children with emergency brain scans for new-onset seizures is reported from the Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC.
Are People Really Turning Away from Democracy

In an important and already influential 2016 article in the Journal of Democracy, Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk argue that citizens in consolidated democracies in Europe and the United States have “become more cynical about the value of democracy as a political system” and “more willing to express support for authoritarian alternatives” (Foa and Mounk 2016, p.7). Moreover, millennials are especially culpable.These are important and broad claims that are worthy of a systematic follow-up analysis. My purpose is not to replicate Foa and Mounk’s findings but to examine the veracity of their substantive claims more systematically. I show that there is no evidence for the first claim. Trends in overall support for democracy and its non-democratic alternatives have been flat for the past two decades. This finding is very robust to different ways of defining the countries of interest. There is some support for the second claim. Millennials are somewhat more favorably inclined towards non-democratic ways of ruling their countries even after we account for age. Nevertheless these effects primarily come from the United States. Moreover, when we look at confidence in actual democratic institutions, then the opposite pattern emerges: older people have lost faith in U.S. Congress and the Executive to a greater extent than younger people.
Rural Revolution: Documenting the Lesbian Land Communities of Southern Oregon

i Acknowledgments iii Preface: A Note On Language vii List of Figures ix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: A Safe Space to Become 33 Chapter 3: A Time to Create Lesbian Culture 54 Education 60 Ownership 64 Language 69 Spirit 71 Art 81 Global Impact 88 Chapter 4: Keeping Women's Land for Women 95 Chapter 5: In Conclusion 115 References 121 Appendix: Women's Land Chronology 131
The importance of teacher support: Differential impacts by gender and sexuality

Teachers play an important role in shaping the experiences of high school students with regard to patterns of heteronormativity and binary gender norms, particularly for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) students. A climate survey of high school students (n = 953) in the United States examined the association between students' well-being and their relationships with teachers. The sample was majority white (65.8%) and multiracial (14.1%). Cisgender (cis)-girls (49.6%), cis-boys (41.2%), and trans students (9.2%), as well as heterosexual (78.4%) and LGBQ students (21.6%) were represented. Regression models indicate teachers' use of oppressive language and their intervention in situations of bias and students' trust and comfort with teachers were significantly associated with students' self-esteem. Teachers' use of biased language was directly associated with student self-reported grades. Moderation tests indicate teacher relationships are strongly associated with heterosexual and cisgender students' wellbeing. Recommendations for teacher education and future research are discussed.
Brachial Access Techniques Used in Thoracic Aortic Endografting

Percutaneous access techniques of the proximal vessels are occasionally performed to aid in proximal deployment of thoracic stent grafts, allow for easy identification of the left subclavian artery, coil embolization of the left subclavian artery for repair of type II endoleaks, as well as performance of an arch angiogram in severely tortuous thoracic aorta.
Text-based geolocation prediction of social media users with neural networks

Inferring the location of a user has been a valuable step for many applications that leverage social media, such as marketing, security monitoring and recommendation systems. Motivated by the recent success of Deep Learning techniques for many other tasks such as computer vision, speech recognition, and natural language processing, we study the application of neural networks to the problem of geolocation prediction and experiment with multiple techniques to improve neural networks for geolocation inference based solely on text. Experimental results on three Twitter datasets suggest that choosing appropriate network architecture, activation function, and performing Batch Normalization, can all increase performance on this task.
Responses of native and invasive wetland plants to hydroperiod and water depth

Monotypic stands of reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinacea, replace native wetland vegetation where stormwater runoff alters hydrologic conditions, nutrient inflows, and sedimentation rates. We asked if different hydrologic conditions could explain the dominance of Phalaris and/or loss of the native grass, Spartina pectinata, and we compared the growth of each species alone and together under four hydroperiods (varying inundation frequency and duration) each at two water depths (surface saturation and flooding to 15 cm). When grown alone, aboveground biomass was similar for the two species, but Phalaris produced twice the stem length of Spartina via its low tissue density. Per unit biomass, Phalaris distributed its leaves over a larger canopy volume. Flooding reduced belowground biomass and increased total shoot length and shoot:root biomass of each species. Phalaris produced the most biomass, shoots, and total shoot length when wetter and drier conditions alternated weekly, while Spartina grew best with prolonged (4-week) inundation. When grown with Spartina, Phalaris changed its morphology by increasing its total shoot length:biomass ratio by 50%. However, ratios of Spartina:Phalaris aboveground biomass, shoot number, and total shoot length in two-species pots were not significantly affected by water depth or hydroperiod. We conclude that two plant attributes facilitate Phalaris' dominance of wetlands: its high ratio of total shoot length:biomass and its adaptable morphology (characterized herein as increased total shoot length:biomass when grown with Spartina).
Analytical Solution for Determining the Required Strength of Mine Backfill Based on its Damage Constitutive Model

Determination of backfill strength and composition are key to the use of staged open stope mining with subsequent filling. The traditional method of determining backfill strength has certain disadvantages, so it is necessary to explore a more scientific approach to obtain reasonable matches between backfill strength and excavated rock mass. Stress-strain curves of backfills with different cement-tailings ratios were obtained from laboratory mechanical tests for Zhongguan Iron Mine. Damage constitutive models prior to peak stress were established from damage mechanics. Using the principle that peak deformation energy corresponds to the energy released from an excavated rock mass, the optimum backfill strength and composition ratio were determined. The study provides a scientific basis for the backfilling design of this mine.
Online Aerial Terrain Mapping for Ground Robot Navigation

This work presents a collaborative unmanned aerial and ground vehicle system which utilizes the aerial vehicle’s overhead view to inform the ground vehicle’s path planning in real time. The aerial vehicle acquires imagery which is assembled into a orthomosaic and then classified. These terrain classes are used to estimate relative navigation costs for the ground vehicle so energy-efficient paths may be generated and then executed. The two vehicles are registered in a common coordinate frame using a real-time kinematic global positioning system (RTK GPS) and all image processing is performed onboard the unmanned aerial vehicle, which minimizes the data exchanged between the vehicles. This paper describes the architecture of the system and quantifies the registration errors between the vehicles.
The Path From Litter to Soil: Insights Into Soil C Cycling From Long-Term Input Manipulation and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, DE-FG02-09ER604719. Office of Biological and Environmental Research, 130367. Allegheny College.
Ionic strength effects in the aminoacylation of valine transfer ribonucleic acid.

Abstract It has been shown that the enzymic addition of valine to valine transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) of Escherichia coli is exceedingly sensitive to alcohol or salt concentrations and that the rate of the reaction is predictable from the Debye-Huckel equations, if it is assumed that there are somewhat more than 4 positive charges and 4 negative charges involved in the rate-determining step. (For instance, the binding of the tRNA to the ligase and the rate of the subsequent reaction may be increased 3-fold by 10% ethanol or decreased 6-fold by 0.15 m NaCl.) The reaction has been found to be base-catalyzed, tris-(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, imidazole, and NH4+ being stimulatory at low concentrations but following the salt inhibition curve at concentrations above 0.1 m. It is noted that other enzymic reactions involving RNA show a strong salt or solvent dependence of the same magnitude and kind. It is concluded that, although van der Waals' forces, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic bonds may determine specificity, the binding of an RNA molecule to an enzyme also requires a great deal of ionic bonding.
Needle variations and almost lower semicontinuous differential inclusions

It is shown that the construction of needle variations can be carried out for almost lower semicontinuous differential inclusions rather than for the case of ordinary single-valued continuously differentiable vector fields usually considered in the literature. The construction leads to needle variations whose flows are in general set-valued but still have good differentiability properties. The variations are constructed by using single-valued selections that are not necessarily continuous with respect to the state variable, but have instead a much weaker 'integral continuity' property, somewhat more general that the 'directional continuity' considered in previous work by A. Cambini and S. Querci, A. Pucci, and A. Bressan. The existence of many such selections is proved by slightly adapting an argument due to Bressan, extending it from the lower semicontinuous to the almost lower semicontinuous case, and strengthening it to yield not only directional continuity at all points but also full continuity at a specified point.
Sepsis in 2018: a review

Abstract Sepsis is responsible for tremendous morbidity, mortality and healthcare expenditure worldwide. Recently, the conceptualization of sepsis has shifted away from one based upon the inflammatory response to infection to one based upon a dysregulated immune response and resulting organ dysfunction. Revised definitions of sepsis and septic shock have been proposed in order to improve the specificity of the diagnostic criteria and to provide tools to facilitate accurate and timely (i.e. early) diagnoses at the bedside. The crux of sepsis management remains early identification and diagnostic testing, early antimicrobial therapy, and early haemodynamic resuscitation. The most recent guidelines recommend that first steps in this process should take place within 1 hour from when sepsis is suspected. Additional important new elements in the most recent sepsis management guidelines include the use of dynamic parameters to assess fluid responsiveness, a conservative fluid strategy following initial resuscitation (with ‘de-resuscitation’ when possible), serial re-assessments of haemodynamic status, and adaptable treatment plans. This article provides a summary of the most recent clinical evidence and professional guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of the sepsis in the critical care setting.
Advances in Tele-Cardiology

Telemedicine has been a well-recognized entity for many years applying the use of modern information and communications technologies to the delivery of health services. Tele-cardiology has held an increasingly prominent place in the telemedicine domain. New advances in technology have allowed for real-time tele-consultation with cardiologists even in the most geographically isolated regions thereby improving patient care. Pre-hospital tele-cardiology has been proven to be effective in the management of acute coronary syndromes. Applications like tele-ECG and tele-echocardiography continue to be helpful for transmission of data and images from rural hospitals to tertiary care centers for attaining diagnoses or second opinions. Lastly, outpatient tele-cardiology has improved outcomes and readmissions in patients with chronic congestive heart failure and implanted devices.
Small Caliber Vessel Sclerotherapy

Sclerotherapy is the procedure of introducing a foreign body into a vein with the intent of ablating the vessel through a controlled thrombophlebitic event with resulting scar formation. Circa 460 BC, Hippocrates described a rudimentary precursor of modern sclerotherapy by inducing thrombosis through serially puncturing a vein with a slender iron rod. In the 1600s, Sigismund Eisholtz used distilled plantain water in the earliest recorded use of an injected substance to induce sclerosis. Refinement of the sclerosant material, injection technique, and the addition of foamed formulations over the past century have elevated sclerotherapy to the gold standard in the treatment of reticular and telangiectatic leg veins and an important therapeutic modality for varicose veins and saphenous reflux.
Temporal Trends of Resident Experience in External Beam Radiation Therapy Cases: Analysis of ACGME Case Logs from 2007 to 2018.

Purpose We sought to characterize temporal trends of radiation oncology resident–reported external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) case experience with respect to various disease sites, including trends in stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy cases. Methods and Materials Summarized, deidentified case logs for graduating radiation oncology residents between 2007 and 2018 were obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education national summary data report. Mean number of cumulative cases and standard deviations per graduating resident by year were evaluated. Cases were subdivided into 12 disease-site categories using the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education classification. Analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences, and strength of association was evaluated using Pearson correlation. Results The number of graduating residents per year increased by 66% from 114 in 2007 to 189 in 2018 (P Conclusions We report a longitudinal summary of resident-reported experience in EBRT cases. These findings have implications for future efforts to optimize residency training programs and requirements.
Response to intervention framework: an application to school settings

Abstract This chapter describes response to intervention as a type of multitiered system of support that provides increasingly more intensive academic instruction for students who are identified as at-risk. In this educational framework, the effect of instruction for individual students is determined by assessment data that include universal screenings and progress monitoring information. When students fail to respond adequately to otherwise effective instructional practices, a more intensive instrutional program is implemented, and assessment information is used to determine the adequacy of student response. The Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 allows data for students who show poor response to increasingly more intensive levels of intervention to be used in the identification of specific learning disabilities. We trace the history of this framework and describe a hypothetical student whose reading data are used as a way to help document eligibility for special education under the specific learning disability label. We summarize results from recent evaluations of response-to-intervention models and describe implications for research and practice.
Evidence of unusual hybridization: Electrical resistivity and specific heat of Y1-xTbxBa2Cu3O7 single crystals.

The electrical resistivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T,x) (4\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}300 K) and specific heat C(T,x) (0.3\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}15 K) have been measured on single crystals of ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Tb}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$. $T sub c\char22{} is 91 K and irrespective of Tb doping. However, the T-linear slope of \ensuremath{\rho}(T,x) for Tg${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ increases rapidly with increasing x, and a fit of \ensuremath{\rho}(T,x) to A+BT indicates that the Tb doping primarily alters the slope and much more weakly impacts on the T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 intercept. The results of the low-temperature C(T,x), on the other hand, show an anomalously enhanced electron contribution to C(T), \ensuremath{\gamma}. The enhancement of \ensuremath{\gamma}, along with a large temperature-independent magnetic susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{0}$ reported earlier, strongly suggests the appearance of strong f conduction-electron hybridization. It becomes apparent that the Tb-doped system possesses properties that largely deviate from the well-known behavior of the other high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and doped high-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ systems, thus standing out as being anomalous.
Multigrid deflation for Lattice QCD

Abstract Computing the trace of the inverse of large matrices is typically addressed through statistical methods. Deflating out the lowest eigenvectors or singular vectors of the matrix reduces the variance of the trace estimator. This work summarizes our efforts to reduce the computational cost of computing the deflation space while achieving the desired variance reduction for Lattice QCD applications. Previous efforts computed the lower part of the singular spectrum of the Dirac operator by using an eigensolver preconditioned with a multigrid linear system solver. Despite the improvement in performance in those applications, as the problem size grows the runtime and storage demands of this approach will eventually dominate the stochastic estimation part of the computation. In this work, we propose to compute the deflation space in one of the following two ways. First, by using an inexact eigensolver on the Hermitian, but maximally indefinite, operator A γ 5 . Second, by exploiting the fact that the multigrid prolongator for this operator is rich in components toward the lower part of the singular spectrum. We show experimentally that the inexact eigensolver can approximate the lower part of the spectrum even for ill-conditioned operators. Also, the deflation based on the multigrid prolongator is more efficient to compute and apply, and, despite its limited ability to approximate the fine level spectrum, it obtains similar variance reduction on the trace estimator as deflating with approximate eigenvectors from the fine level operator.
C0 and C1 N-Terminal Ig-Domains of Myosin Binding Protein-C Exert Different Effects on thin Filament Activation

Mutations in the genes encoding myosin, the molecular motor that powers cardiac muscle contraction, and its accessory protein, cardiac Myosin Binding Protein-C (cMyBP-C), are the two most common causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Recent studies established that the N-terminal domains (NTDs) of cMyBP-C (e.g. C0, C1, M and C2) can bind to and activate or inhibit the thin filament (TF). However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which NTDs modulate interaction of myosin with the TF remain unknown and the contribution of each individual NTD to TF activation/inhibition is unclear. Here we employed an integral structure-function approach using cryo-electron microscopy, kinetics and force measurements to reveal how the first two Ig-domains of cMyPB-C (e.g. C0 and C1) interact with the TF. Results demonstrate that despite being structural homologs, C0 and C1 exhibit different patterns of binding on the surface of F-actin. Importantly, C1 but not C0 binds in a position to activate the TF by shifting tropomyosin (Tm) from the closed to the open structural state. We further show that C1 directly interacts with Tm and traps Tm in the open position on the surface of F-actin. Both C0 and C1 compete with myosin S1 for binding to F-actin and effectively inhibit acto-myosin interactions when present at high ratios of NTDs to F-actin. Finally, we show that in contracting sarcomeres the activating effect of C1 is apparent only once low levels of Ca2+ have been achieved. We suggest that Ca2+ may modulate the interaction of cMyBP-C with the TF in the sarcomere.
National versus private brand: A regulatory focus perspective

Abstract Why do consumers choose a private versus national brand? A between-subjects factorial design was used to address this question in two product categories: shampoo and athletic shoes. Three determining factors were used—regulatory focus: promotion versus prevention; brand types: national versus private; and attribute framing: hedonic versus utilitarian—to predict consumer attitude towards the brand, its ad, and purchase intention. The results provide support for the interactions between regulatory focus and attribute framing for shampoo, and between regulatory focus and brand types for shoes. When exposed to shampoo ads, promotion focused consumers have a more positive attitude toward the ad and a higher purchase intention if the ad features utilitarian rather than hedonic attributes. Further, both promotion and prevention focused consumers prefer national brands of shoes to private labels. One possible explanation may lie in private versus public consumption of shampoo and shoes.
Dal-induced red blood cell incompatibilities in a Doberman Pinscher with von Willebrand factor deficiency and ehrlichiosis.

Objective To describe a complex case involving the management of a dog with von Willebrand disease (vWD), active ehrlichiosis infection, nonregenerative anemia, and blood type incompatibility related to the Dal antigen. Case summary A 13-week-oldintact male Doberman Pinscher weighing 7.2 kg was presented to the emergency service for a previous hemorrhaging event and progressive nonregenerative anemia. The dog had received a fresh whole blood transfusion 8 days prior to presentation due to severe anemia. Upon presentation, the puppy was tachycardic, and his mucous membranes were pale. A CBC revealed a nonregenerative anemia with a PCV of 0.11 L/L (11%). von Willebrand factor deficiency was suspected and later confirmed. The dog's blood type was dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 positive, but cross-matching to 4 RBC units, both DEA 1 positive and negative, failed to yield any compatible units. Antibody against a possible Dal RBC antigen was suspected, and 11 blood donors (Dalmatians and Dobermans) were cross-matched to find 2 compatible donors. After an uneventful fresh whole blood transfusion, a bone marrow biopsy revealed a hypocellular bone marrow and erythroid hypoplasia. A SNAP4DxPlus test and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing were positive for Ehrlichia ewingii and E. canis. Treatment with doxycycline was started, and the PCV was 0.17 L/L (17%) at discharge. At the 1-week follow-up, the PCV was 0.24 L/L (24%), and the puppy was doing well. New or unique information provided This is a unique case of a dog presenting with several challenging disorders, including vWD resulting in hemorrhage, ehrlichiosis potentially contributing to a nonregenerative anemia, and a blood type incompatibility due to the Dal antigen. Doberman Pinschers have a high prevalence of vWD- and Dal-negative phenotype, which emphasizes the value of cross-matching and the recognition of antigen prevalence in specific breeds.
The Gymnast’s Gripe: A Case of a Teenager with Back Pain and Spondylolysis of L5

Low back pain in an adolescent athlete can be caused by a number of different conditions, but one of the most common is spondylolysis or stress fracture of the spine. History, physicals, and careful review of plain radiographs are essential when evaluating a child with these types of symptoms. Although common, spondylolysis is often difficult to detect on plain films, and so advanced imaging is often necessary to make the diagnosis. If rest and PT are not effective, refer to an orthopedic specialist with pediatric sports medicine interest and experience.
Exposure of spray applicators and mixer-loaders to chlorobenzilate miticide in Florida citrus groves.

Exposure of applicators and mixer-loaders to chlorobenzilate in Florida citrus groves was monitored on each person with dermalα-cellulose pads attached at 12 locations on the body and with personal air monitors worn by each subject. Urine samples were analyzed for the presence of chlorobenzilate metabolites. Applicators received about four times the dermal exposure of mixer-loaders but did not have significantly higher urinary metabolite levels. Respiratory exposure was uniformly low. Disposable coveralls reduced urinary metabolite excretion rates 24%. Disposable coveralls and hand protection covering the wrist afforded practical protection.
Functional Outcomes, Quality of Life, Sexual Function, and Fertility of Adult Patients Undergoing Ileo-Anal Pouch Anastomosis in Childhood

Abstract Background We conducted a questionnaire-based study of pouch function, quality of life, sexual function, and fertility among patients who had undergone ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) in childhood and who are now over 18 years old. Methods A consecutive series of patients were asked to complete the following questionnaires: Pouch Function Score (PFS), Short Form 36 (SF-36), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) (males), and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) (females). Fertility in females was also assessed. Data are quoted as a median (SD). Results Of 144 patients who had IPAA, 101 were eligible, and 70 responded. Mean age at surgery was 14 years, and mean current age is 26 years. Most patients had either ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis. The questionnaire was completed by 38/70 (54%). Median PFS score was 6 (5). SF-36 were lower than previous reports. Median FSFI was 30 (7.6), 84% of possible maximum. Median IIEF was 69, 92% of possible maximum. Successful conception was reported in 5/7 women who had tried. However, there were several miscarriages and two surgical emergencies during pregnancies. Conclusions IPAA can be performed in childhood with similar pouch function to reported adult series. Quality of life appears poorer, but sexual function is maintained. There may be an association with adverse events in pregnancy.
Correlating Kinetics and Kinematics of Earthworm Peristaltic Locomotion

The study of biological organisms may aid with designing more dynamic, adaptable robots. In this paper, we quantitatively studied the coupling of kinematics and kinetics in the common earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Our data correlates changes in worm segment shape to variable, non-uniform load distribution of worm weight. This presumably leads to variable friction forces. Understanding the way the worm exerts these forces may help us implement peristalsis in robots in diverse real-world environments. In our preliminary data, at the front of the worm, the segments with the widest diameter bear the most weight and anchor the worm to the ground during motion, as we hypothesized. The rear segments also exhibit variation in ground reaction forces. However, for rear segments, the peak kinetic waves are phase-shifted from the kinematic waves. Future work will explore this phenomenon.
Optical Control of Microtubule Dynamics in Time and Space.

Small molecule inhibitors of microtubule dynamics are widely used as cell biology research tools and clinically as cancer chemotherapeutics. By slight modification to the chemical structure of a known microtubule inhibitor, combretastatin A-4, Borowiak et al. develop a photoswitchable derivative that can be turned “on” and “off” with low-intensity light to spatially and temporally control microtubule dynamics.
BAF57 MODULATION OF ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ACTION AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSION

Abstract : Given the requirement of the androgen receptor (AR) activation pathway for prostate cancer growth and progression, it is necessary to identify alternative means of targeting this pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. The work herein has examined the role of BAF57 in its ability to activate the androgen receptor. The research carried out under this proposal has finely mapped the AR binding site on BAF57 to the N-terminus (proline-rich region). Furthermore, the DBD and hinge region of AR also appear to play a significant role in the ability of BAF57 to activate AR. Together, these data present the idea of targeting the interaction between AR and BAF57 at the N-terminus for the possibility of using this as a therapeutic for prostate cancer. Additional studies will determine the actual function of BAF57 as well as the efficacy of targeting this interaction.
Internal Model Control Perspectives on Model Reduction

A frequency-domain understanding of reduced-order modelling in the control context is presented. Rearranging the classical feedback structure in terms of the equivalent Internal Model Control (IMC) structure allows the designer to incorporate the reduced model directly into the feedback compensator; furthermore, the corrupting effect of the full/reduced model mismatch on closed-loop stability and performance is expressed quantitatively in simple, physically meaningful terms. Secondly, two reduction techniques which consider the closed-loop objective are presented. Both obtain near-optimal models with respect to a user-designated closed-loop performance; the first method finds the model for a known setpoint/disturbance spectrum, the second for the L 2 class of inputs. The benefits of these IMC-based approaches over the traditional philosophy of separating the tasks of reduction and control system design are illustrated.