cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid molecular species from isolated bovine rod outer segments incorporate exogenous fatty acids at different rates.

Abstract The incorporation of radiolabeled palmitic (16 : 0) † , oleic (18 : 1), and docosahexaenoic (22 : 6) acids into different molecular species of membrane phospholipids was investigated in isolated bovine rod outer segments (ROS). Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS) were isolated, and their diacylglyceroacetate and diacylglycerobenzoate derivatives were prepared, separated by HPLC, quantified, and assayed for radioactivity. Maximal incorporation of fatty acids occurred within 15–30 min. The rate of incorporation of the fatty acids into PC was three to six times higher than it was into PS or PE. The rate of incorporation of 22 : 6 into the molecular species, 22 : 6–22 : 6, of PC was ten to 15 times higher than into that of PE or PS, and it was three to four times higher than the incorporation rates of 22 : 6 into the other 22 : 6-containing molecular species. Similarly, incorporation of 18 : 1 into 18 : 1–22 : 6 was ten to 30 times more rapid in PC than in PE and PS, but in both PE and PS, 18 : 1 was incorporated into 18 : 1–22 : 6 at a rate of 20 to 25 times higher than the incorporation into the other molecular species analysed. For PC, incorporation of 16 : 0 was most rapid into 16 : 0–16 : 0, but for PE and PS it was most rapid into 16 : 0–20 : 4; for all cases, incorporation of 16 : 0 into these molecular species was four to six times more rapid than into the other 16 : 0-containing molecular species. These results are further evidence for the presence within a membranous organelle, the ROS, of an active acylation-deacylation system that is selective with regard to phospholipid, molecular species of phospholipid, and fatty acid.
A carbon nanotube sensor array for sensitive gas discrimination using principal component analysis

Abstract A carbon nanotube based gas sensor array was developed for discriminating gases and vapors. The sensor array was composed of 32 sensing elements with nanomaterials, e.g. pristine single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), and SWNTs with different metal dopants and polymer coatings. This sensor array was exposed to NO 2 , HCN, HCl, Cl 2 , acetone and benzene in parts per million (ppm) concentration levels. The array data was normalized and autoscaled for eliminating concentration and background noise, and ignoring outliers. The post processed array data was then subjected to a principal component analysis, a pattern recognition technique, for gas and vapor discrimination. All tested gases and vapors can be discriminated by their chemical nature in the low gas/vapor concentration at ppm levels using this carbon nanotube based sensor array.
Localization of mycobacterial enzymes.

SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosisvar. hominisstrains H37Rv, H37Ra and H37RaN; Mycobacterium tuberculosisvar. bovisstrain BCG-4; and Mycobacterium smegmatiswere ground in a ball mill and fractionated according to the methods outlined earlier(2). Enzymes aconitase. fumarase. DPNH oxidase, catalase. cytochrome oxidase, isocitric, alpha-ketoglutaric, malic and succinic dehydrogenase were localized in one or more fractions using the two criteria established by Alexander and Wilson(12a. b). Cytochrome oxidase. DPNH oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase were found to be particulate bound by both criteria. However, the locus of other enzymes determined by one criterion did not always coincide with that determined by the second criterion. A modified criterion was then established and this was discussed. With the new criterion most of the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and terminal electron transport system could be localized. The particles found within the various fractions were electron opaque and labile to...
Enhanced bradykinin-stimulated prostaglandin release in the acutely inflamed guinea pig gallbladder is due to new synthesis of cyclooxygenase 1 and prostacyclin synthase.

Abstract Background. Our previous studies have shown that acute gallbladder (GB) inflammation increases endogenous bradykinin (BK)-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) release and inhibits guinea pig (GP) GB contractility. This study examines the hypothesis that exaggerated PG release following BK stimulation in the inflamed guinea pig GB is due to new protein synthesis of cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) and prostacyclin synthase (PS). Materials and methods. Male Hartley GPs (450–550 g) were anesthetized and underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL, a model of acute inflammation). GBs were harvested after 3 days from BDL and control groups. Tissue slices were prepared and placed in oxygenated tissue culture medium at 37°C for 1 h (basal) and for a second hour in medium alone (carrier, Car), medium plus 10 −6 M BK, or medium plus 10 −6 M BK plus cycloheximide 100 μg/ml (BK + CX). The medium was assayed for net release of 6-keto-PGF 1α (PGI 2 metabolite), thromboxane B 2 (TxB 2 ), PGE 2 , leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), and C 4 (LTC 4 ) by enzyme immunoassay and data are reported as nanograms per milligram of protein. GB tissue from control and BDL groups was examined for COX-1, COX-2, PS, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) content by Western blot analysis, analyzed by densitometry, and reported as densitometry units. Results. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and t test and reported as means ± SEM, N ≥ 5. BK increased the release of PGI 2 and PGE 2 from the control group and markedly exaggerated release of PGI 2 and PGE 2 from the BDL GP gallbladder. This exaggerated PGI 2 and PGE 2 release was greatly diminished by inhibition of new protein synthesis with cycloheximide. TxB 2 , LTB 4 , and LTC 4 showed no significant differences between any groups. COX-1 and PS contents were significantly elevated in the BDL group compared with control. COX-2 and iNOS were not present in control or BDL GBs. Conclusions. These data suggest that the enhanced BK-stimulated PG release seen in the acutely inflamed GP gallbladder is due to the synthesis of new COX-1 and PS enzymes.
Supplementation of progesterone via controlled internal drug release inserts during ovulation synchronization protocols in lactating dairy cows

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effect of exogenous progesterone (P4) during a timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol on pregnancies per AI (P/AI) in dairy cows not previously detected in estrus. Lactating cows (n=3,248) from 7 commercial dairy herds were submitted to a presynchronization protocol (2 injections of PGF 2α 14 d apart; Presynch), and cows in estrus after the second PGF 2α received AI (EDAI; n=1,583). Cows not inseminated by 12 to 14 d after the second PGF 2α injection were submitted to a TAI protocol (GnRH on d 0, PGF 2α on d 7, and GnRH+TAI 72h after PGF 2α ). At onset of the TAI protocol, cows were balanced by parity and days in milk and assigned randomly to receive no exogenous P4 (control, n=803) or a controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert containing 1.38g of P4 from d 0 to 7 (CIDR, n=862). Blood samples were collected at the second PGF 2α injection of the Presynch and on the day of the first GnRH injection of the TAI protocol for P4 determination. When P4 in both samples was 2α injection of the Presynch protocol differed among herds (range=26.7 to 59.8%). Overall P/AI for EDAI cows at 40±5 and 65±5 d were 36.2 and 33.7%, respectively, and pregnancy loss was 8.8%. Proportion of cyclic cows at the onset of the TAI protocol differed among herds (range from 66.5 to 86.3%), but did not differ between treatments (control=72.4%, CIDR=74.1%). Treatment affected P/AI at 40±5 (control=33.3%, CIDR=38.1%) and 65±5 (control=30.0%, CIDR=35.1%) d after AI but did not affect pregnancy loss (8.6%). Cyclic cows had greater P/AI at 40±5 (38.2 vs. 29.3%) and 65±5 d (35.1 vs. 26.1%) after AI, but cyclic status had no effect on pregnancy loss. Treatment affected P4 concentration after AI, with more CIDR cows having P4 ≥1 ng/mL (94.4 vs. 86.9%) and P4 ≥3.2 ng/mL (81.8 vs. 68.0%) at 11 to 14 d after AI compared with control cows. Treatment of cows not previously detected in estrus with a CIDR insert during a TAI protocol increased proportion of cows with functional CL after AI and P/AI.
Ring-Opening of a Cyclic Imine: The First Step of Imine ROMP

Mo(CH-t-Bu)(NAr)[OCMe2(CF3)]2 (1, Ar = 2,6 diisopropylphenyl) undergoes ring-opening metathesis with pyrroline (C4H7N) to give the mixed bis(imide) product Mo(NCH2CH2CH2CHCH-t-Bu)(NAr)[OMe2(CF3)]2 (2). An intermediate N-bound pyrroline adduct Mo(CH-t-Bu)(NAr)[OCMe2(CF3)]2[pyrroline], 3, was isolated and characterized spectroscopically and by X-ray diffraction.
The Influence of Attraction to Partner on Heterosexual Women’s Sexual and Relationship Satisfaction in Long-Term Relationships

Previous research has consistently found that attraction is important in the formation of relationships though research on attraction in long-term relationships is less well understood. This article examined the predictive value of self-reported attraction to partner and change in attraction to partner on sexual and relationship satisfaction in 176 women in committed heterosexual relationships using online survey methodology. Participants’ age ranged from 21 to 56 (M = 34.5) years and their relationship length ranged from 5 to 35 (M = 11.75) years. Hierarchical multiple regression results indicated that change in attraction to partner was the most salient predictor of sexual satisfaction, with current attraction to partner also related to women’s sexual satisfaction, accounting for 20 % of the variance. Current attraction to partner was the only significant predictor of women’s relationship satisfaction, accounting for 22 % of the variance. Additionally, attraction variables accounted for variance above and beyond the impact of relationship and sexual satisfaction. These findings suggest that self-reported attraction to partner is an important contributor to women’s satisfaction outcomes in long-term relationships. Further studies in the area of attraction to partner that include couple dynamics and longitudinal data are encouraged and implications for therapists, clinicians, and educators are discussed.
Increased renal tubular expression of transforming growth factor beta in human allografts correlates with cyclosporine toxicity

Increased renal tubular expression of transforming growth factor beta in human allografts correlates with cyclosporine toxicity. Cyclosporine A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressive drug that inhibits the transcription of several proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin-2. In contrast, CsA stimulates transcription of the pleuripotent cytokine, transforming growth factor- β (TGF β ). Since the effect of CsA in transplant recipients is unpredictable, we examined whether tissue levels of TGF β protein in renal allografts correlate with in vivo CsA responsiveness. Intra-allograft TGF β protein content was assessed in renal biopsies by immunohistochemical means using the mouse anti-TGF β monoclonal antibody (Mab), 1D11. We studied 68 specimens: 21 with acute CsA toxicity (ACT), 11 with acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and 36 with acute cellular rejection (ACR). Intensity of TGF β immunostaining was evaluated in a blinded fashion using a scale from 0 to 3+. In biopsies with histological evidence of CsA toxicity, 77% demonstrated intense (2 to 3+) TGF β immunostaining. TGF β protein was detected in both proximal and distal tubules but was either absent or present in low levels within glomeruli and interstitium. In contrast, only one of the 11 biopsies with ATN had minimal staining (1+) for TGF β . The remaining 10 biopsies with ATN were negative for TGF β immunostaining. In biopsies with ACR, the levels of renal TGF β were more variable with 36% showing intense (2 to 3+) staining and 64% having minimal or no (0 to 1+) tubular TGF β . Within the first 18 months post-transplantation, patients with intense TGF β staining and ACR underwent an average of 4.1 ± 1.8 allograft biopsies and suffered 33% graft losses. During the same period of time, the patients with ACR and absent or low (0 to 1+) TGF β levels underwent only 2.1 ± 1.2 biopsies, maintained better late renal function and suffered 4% graft losses. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TGF β protein levels in renal allografts correlate with CsA effect and differentiate ACT from ATN. In CsA treated patients who develop ACR, TGF β levels predict the subsequent clinical course and graft function. Therefore, evaluating tissue levels of TGF β may offer unique diagnostic and prognostic benefits in the care of patients receiving CsA based immunosuppression.
Psychologic Considerations in Vasectomy: A Review of the Literature

Summary reviews of the surgical procedure, physical complications, and reversal of vasectomy are offered. The literature on psychologic complications and psychologic factors in screening candidates is reviewed. It is concluded that with careful screening and counseling, vasectomy, as a method of male sterilization, is safe and effective both physically and psychologically.
Instrumentation for Air Quality Measurements

In the past several years growing emphasis on the environment has generated a minor revolution in the field of air quality instrumentation. New instruments have been appearing steadily and will no doubt continue to do so in the near future. While this new generation of instrumentation is being field tested, refined, and applied to air quality measurement problems, development of more sensitive and versatile techniques continues. This paper gives an overview of the new generation of air quality monitoring instruments, comparing them with some more traditional methods.
A biomechanical and subjective assessment and comparison of three ambulance cot design configurations.

Effects of ambulance cot design features (handle design and leg folding mechanism) were evaluated. Experienced ambulance workers performed tasks simulating loading and unloading a cot to and from an ambulance, and a cot raising task. Muscle activity, ratings of perceived exertion, and performance style were significantly affected by cot condition (p < 0.05). Erector Spinae activity was significantly less when using Cot-2's stretcher-style handles. Shoulder muscle activity was significantly less when using Cot-2's loop handle. During loading and unloading, operators allowed the cot to support its own weight most often with Cot-2's stretcher-style handles. Preference for Cot-2 (either handles) over Cot-1 (with loop handle) was consistent across tasks. Handle effects were influenced by operator stature; taller participants received more benefit from Cot-2's stretcher-style handles; shoulder muscles’ demands were greater for shorter participants due to handle location. Providing handle options and automatic l...
A high resolution study of forsterite dissolution rates

Abstract The rates of dissolution of olivine (Fo92) were measured over the pH range of 1.8 to 3.8 and from 25 to 45°C using an externally recycled mixed flow reactor. The data were filtered to remove several sources of systematic errors including non-steady state measurements, solution concentrations that were less than 50% above the detection limit, and Mg/Si rate ratios 40% (∼3σ or 98% confidence limit) greater or smaller than 1.84, which is the stoichiometric ratio of these elements in the mineral used. The effect of random errors on calculated values of Ea and n were minimized by collecting a large amount of data. Twenty-eight different runs produced 772 rate measurements of which 284 were rejected in order to remove systematic and large random errors, leaving 488 data. The errors associated with these remaining data are normally distributed. The data were regressed to the equation log r- log A− E a 2.303R 1 T −n pH to find that log A = 0.54 ± 0.14, Ea = 42.6 ± 0.8 kJ/mol, and n = 0.50 ± 0.004 (R2 = 0.97). Based on these results, we postulate that the activated complex for forsterite dissolution involves a hydronium ion adsorbed to the forsterite surface in such a way that two of the three hydrogen atoms are associated with two Si-O-Mg bridging oxygen atoms. In this configuration, the adsorbed hydronium ion dissociates to form H-O-Si bonds as water molecules move from the solution to hydrate the two Mg atoms, breaking the Mg-O-Si bonds. This dissociation of the hydronium ion to form two H-O-Si groups on the forsterite surface leads to the observed reaction order for hydrogen ions of 0.5. The rate of breakdown of this activated complex is proportional to the rate at which the water molecules move from the solution to hydrate the Mg ions. Several other silicate mineral dissolution reactions, which have reaction orders of 0.5, may involve similar activated complexes.
Variations in Extraocular Muscle Number and Structure in Craniofacial Dysostosis

Summary Five of 12 patients with craniofacial dysostosis who needed strabismus surgery had anomalies of extraocular muscle structure and number. Two cul-de-sac incisions per eye are sufficient to investigate all muscles for anomalies and add little time or risk to the planned strabismus procedure. The origin of these anomalies and their frequency in craniofacial stenosis are unknown.
Elongated supramolecular assemblies in drug delivery

This review presents different lipid-based elongated microstructures: tubules, cochleate cylinders and ribbons. Their composition, process of preparation and the mechanism behind their formation is discussed as well as their use as a drug delivery system.
Understanding Growth Failure in Children With Homozygous Sickle-Cell Disease

Sickle-cell disease is the most prevalent genetic hematologic condition in the United States. Numerous studies have demonstrated poor growth and delayed maturation in children with homozygous sickle-cell disease; however, the pathophysiology remains inadequately understood. Affected children have normal weight and length at birth, and then around 6 months of age their growth patterns begin to diverge from the norm. The growth deficits experienced by these children remain a problem with clinical significance and intangible consequences. A review of literature has provided insight into the multifactorial basis of the growth failure experienced by this population. It is important that nurses and health care providers are familiar with the growth patterns unique to sickle-cell disease and recognize their role in clinical practice.
Food Reporting Patterns in the USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method

Abstract Complete and accurate 24-hour dietary recalls are essential for nutrition monitoring in the United States. The USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM) uses a five-step multiple-pass approach to collect dietary data. The first step is an unstructured, uninterrupted listing of all foods and beverages consumed. The next 3 steps use a structured approach to data collection including memory cues. The Final Probe step is an unstructured question for any other foods recalled and includes several additional memory cues. The objective of this analysis is to describe patterns of food reporting in the AMPM in a nationally representative sample. This analysis uses data from the 2007-2008 What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for males and females ages 12 and older. The step in the AMPM interview where a food is first recalled and reported is determined and assigned a value. These values are summed to create an AMPM reporting score which reflects the use of the five steps in AMPM in the 24- hour dietary intake recall. There are signficant differences in the AMPM reporting score by day of interview, gender, age and race/ethnicity. The patterns described in this analysis demonstrate the importance of the multiple-pass method in obtaining complete 24-hour dietary recalls.
Posttranscriptional regulation of connexin 32 expression in liver during acute inflammation

Gap junctions mediate the communication between adjacent cells in tissues. In the liver, connexin 32 (Cx32) subunits make up the predominating gap junctions. The expression of Cx32 gene has been observed to be down-regulated in response to inflammatory states and during liver regeneration. In the present study we attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the down-regulation of the Cx32 expression during acute inflammation. A decrease in the level of Cx32 mRNA in rat liver occurred between 3 and 6 h after intravenous administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), simultaneously with the induction of an acute inflammatory response characterized by an increase in the level for β-fibrinogen and a reduction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA. The reduction in Cx32 steady-state mRNA levels appears to occur at the posttranscriptional level, since the rate of degradation of this message seems to be higher than the rate of transcription of the gene. Degradation of Cx32 mRNA was blocked by the administration of actinomycin D, but not by cycloheximide, prior to injection of LPS. The stabilization of Cx32 message by actinomycin D correlated with the preservation of Cx32 on the cell surface, which otherwise disappears after administration of LPS alone. These results suggest that cellular communication via gap junctions could be regulated at the level of gene expression, by a posttranscriptional mechanism, during acute inflammatory states. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Formation of 6-hydroxydopamine in caudate nucleus of the rat brain after a single large dose of methylamphetamine.

Abstract We now report that 6-hydroxydopamine (0.39±0.31 nangrams/mg of tissue at 2 hr) is formed in the rat caudate nucleus after a single injection of methylamphetamine (100 mg/kg). The same dose of methylamphetamine causes approximately 50% depletion of caudate dopamine 2 weeks after the injection. We suggest that the formation of 6-hydroxydopamine from endogenous dopamine is responsible for the neurotoxicity to dopamine terminals seen after methylamphetamine administration.
Mass selection of walnut rootstocks using response surface methods to correct for environmental trends.

Commercially grown fruit trees in the U.S. are almost invariably compound genetic systems with the top or scion cultivar budded or grafted to root systems derived from genetically unique zygotic seedlings. Although variation in tree size, yield, and cropping efficiency (CE) exists among trees within individual orchards, there have been no attempts to partition this variation in individual tree performance between the heterogeneity of zygotic seedling genotypes utilized as rootstocks and site-specific environmental variables such as soil type, fertility, and soil moisture, etc. We compared Field Blocking (FB), Moving Average (MA), and State Space (SS) procedures to infer environmental trends. Deviations from the estimated environmental effects that compose such trends were used to develop mass selection alternatives. FB was seen as a discrete approximation to an environmental response surface that varied regularly along tree rows. Regular trends within blocks for FB will result in a confounding of genetic and environmental effects and will decrease the precision of estimates of genetic potentiality based on block mean deviations. Trends estimated using the MA and SS procedures were very similar and appeared to minimize the confounding of genetic potentiality with the environmental response surface. Deviations from environmental trends estimated using the MA and SS procedures demonstrate that genetic variation of J. hindsii seedling rootstokes accounted for about 20% of the total variance in tree yield. Evidence for genotypic variation in CE was less clear.
Partitioned multiobjective risk modeling of carcinogenic compounds in groundwater

Quantifying human cancer risk arising from exposure to contaminated groundwater is complicated by the many hydrogeological, environmental, and toxicological uncertainties involved. In this study, we used Monte Carlo simulation to estimate cancer risk associated with tetrachloroethene (PCE) dissolved in groundwater by linking three separate models for: (1) reactive contaminant transport; (2) human exposure pathways; and (3) the PCE cancer potency factor. The hydrogeologic model incorporates an analytical solution for a one-dimensional advective–dispersive–reactive transport equation to determine the PCE concentration in a water supply well located at a fixed distance from a continuous source. The pathway model incorporates PCE exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. The toxicological model combines epidemiological data from eight rodent bioassays of PCE exposure in the form of a composite cumulative distribution frequency curve for the human PCE cancer potency factor. We assessed the relative importance of individual model variables through their correlation with expected cancer risk calculated in an ensemble of Monte Carlo simulations with 20,000 trials. For the scenarios evaluated, three factors were most highly correlated with cancer risk: (1) the microbiological decay constant for PCE in groundwater, (2) the linear groundwater pore velocity, and (3) the cancer potency factor. We then extended our analysis beyond conventional expected value risk assessment using the partitioned multiobjective risk method (PMRM) to generate expected-value functions conditional to a 1 in 100,000 increased cancer risk threshold. This approach accounts for low probability/high impact outcomes separately from the conventional unconditional expected values. Thus, information on potential worst-case outcomes can be quantified for decision makers. Using PMRM, we evaluated the cost-benefit relationship of implementing several postulated risk management alternatives intended to mitigate the expected and conditional cancer risk. Our results emphasize the importance of hydrogeologic models in risk assessment, but also illustrate the importance of integrating environmental and toxicological uncertainty. When coupled with the PMRM, models integrating uncertainty in transport, exposure, and potency constitute an effective risk assessment tool for use within a risk-based corrective action (RBCA) framework.
Pain Perception After Running a 100-Mile Ultramarathon

Abstract Hoffman MD, Lee J, Zhao H, Tsodikov A. Pain perception after running a 100-mile ultramarathon. Objective To determine if pain perception is affected by an extreme bout of exercise that causes ongoing exercise-related pain. Design Repeated-measures design. Setting Pre-race registration area and finish area of an endurance race. Participants Twenty-one competitors in the 2005 Western States 100 Mile Endurance Run and 11 control subjects who were assisting at the race but not running. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Overall pain and pain ratings on a pressure pain test before and after the event. Results Mean overall pain ± standard deviation on a 100-mm scale increased ( P P Conclusions The faster runners in a 100-mile (161-km) running race experience a modest temporary reduction in pressure pain perception that does not appear to be augmented by ongoing pain related to the exercise. The lack of a reduction in pain perception among the slower runners may be because an extreme bout of exercise of this nature can "exhaust" the systems responsible for exercise-induced analgesia in all but the most well-trained of runners, or that these systems were not activated because the slower runners were unable to maintain a high enough exercise intensity during the later stages of the race.
Direct visualization of sperm competition and sperm storage in Drosophila

Drosophila females engage in multiple matings [1] [2] [3] [4] even though they can store sperm in specialized organs for most of their life [5]. The existence of sperm competition in Drosophila has been inferred from the proportion of progeny sired by the second male in double-mating experiments [6] [7] [8]. Investigators have used this approach to quantify genetic variation underlying sperm competition [8] [9] [10], to elucidate its genetic basis [11], to identify the dependence of different male competitive ability on the genotype of the females with which they mate [12] and to discern the potential role of sperm competition in species isolation [13] [14]. This approach assumes that the sperm from two males stored in a female compete to fertilize the eggs. The mechanism by which sperm competition is accomplished is still unknown, however. Here, fluorescence microscopy, cytometry, and differently labeled sperm were used to analyze the fate of sperm inside the female's sperm storage organs, to quantify sperm competition, and to assess how closely paternity success corresponds to the appearance and location of the sperm. The results show that the first male's sperm is retained for a shortened period if the female remates, and that the second males that sire more progeny either induce females to store and use more of their sperm or strongly displace resident sperm.
Growth of InAs-AlSb quantum wells having both high mobilities and high concentrations

Low-temperature mobilities in InAs-AlSb quantum wells depend sensitively on the buffer layer structures. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction show that the highest crystalline quality and best InAs transport properties are obtained by a buffer layer sequence GaAs → AlAs → AlSb → GaSb, with a final GaSb layer thickness of at least 1 μm. Using the improved buffer scheme, mobilities exceeding 600,000 cm2/Vs at 10 K are routinely obtained. Modulation δ-doping with tellurium has yielded electron sheet concentrations up to 8 × 1012 cm−2 while maintaining mobilities approaching 100,000 cm2/Vs at low temperatures.
Magnetoresistivity measurements of Tl1Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox (Tl-1223) high temperature superconductor films synthesized via an electrodeposited precursor

Abstract Superconducting Tl1Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox (Tl-1223) thin films were synthesized via an electrodeposited Ba2Ca2Cu3Ox (BCCO) precursor doped with Ag. The effect of magnetic field on the resistivity–temperature behavior of the Tl-1223 films was investigated at temperatures close to its critical temperature. The magnetoresistivity characteristics observed at low to medium fields and their implications are discussed.
Multiyear sea ice in the Arctic: Model‐ and satellite‐derived

The behavior of sea ice is a strong function of ice strength which, in the central Arctic, depends on the relative fractions of multiyear and first-year ice coverage. A dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice model has been configured to include both multiyear and first-year ice. The model has been run for a 7-year period, 1979-1985, for which a satellite microwave record of multiyear sea ice coverage is available. The simulated concentrations of multiyear ice are slightly higher than the satellite-derived concentrations, although the total coverage of simulated multiyear ice agrees well with the satellite-derived coverage. Both the simulated and the satellite-derived coverages in the early 1980s show large interannual variations that represent potentially large perturbations in the mass balance of Arctic pack ice. These fluctuations are generally consistent in the model and satellite data, and they are generally consistent with year-to-year differences in the large-scale wind forcing. In at least some cases the wintertime distribution of multiyear ice is influenced by the pattern of ice drift as far back as the previous summer. The late December coverage of multiyear ice in the Alaskan region appears to foreshadow summer ice conditions in the same region. The short-term response to an intense synoptic system is considerably larger in the satellite data than in the model results.
The ISX-A graphite limiter experiment☆

Abstract ATJS graphite rail limiters were installed in the ISX tokamak in order to compare the resulting discharges to those obtained with the existing stainless steel limiters and to investigate operation of the graphite limiters at elevated temperatures using heating elements inside the graphite. No large systematic differences were observed in the electron temperature profiles, electron density profiles, nor Z eff between successive runs with the stainless steel (SS) limiters and graphite (G) limiters. There was, however, a monotonic decrease in Z eff for both cases from ∼5.6 in the first run following the installation of the graphite limiters to –2.8 after a two week period when the experiment was terminated due to a scheduled shutdown. Normal incidence UV spectroscopic measurements of C, N, O, and H Radiation showed a factor of 1.5–4 greater light for the SS case over the G case. Arc tracks were observed on the graphite limiters upon removal and SEM analysis was performed so that the amount of material removed could be estimat, ed. As the graphite limiter was heated during a series of discharges, no increase was observed in either the plasma carbon contamination nor RGA hydrocarbon signals until the temperature rose above ~400°C.
Auroral ion velocity distributions for a polarization collision model

Abstract We have calculated the effect that convection electric fields have on the velocity distribution of auroral ions at the altitudes where the plasma is weakly-ionized and where the various ion-neutral collision frequencies are much smaller than the ion cyclotron frequencies, i.e. between about 130 and 300 km. The appropriate Boltzmann equation has been solved by expanding the ion velocity distribution function in a generalized orthogonal polynomial series about a bi-Maxwellian weight factor. We have retained enough terms in the series expansion to enable us to obtain reliable quantitative results for electric field strengths as large as 90 mV m −1 . Although we have considered a range of ion-neutral scattering mechanisms, our main emphasis has been devoted to the long-range polarization interaction. In general, we have found that to lowest order the ion velocity distribution is better represented by a two-temperature or bi-Maxwellian distribution than by a one-temperature Maxwellian, with there being different ion temperatures parallel and perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. However, the departures from this zeroth-order bi-Maxwellian distribution become significant when the ion drift velocity approaches (or exceeds) the neutral thermal speed.
THE SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF RED TWO MICRON ALL SKY SURVEY ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

We present infrared (IR) to X-ray spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 44 red active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) survey on the basis of their red J – K_S color (>2 mag) and later observed by Chandra. In comparison with optically-, radio-, and X-ray-selected AGNs, their median SEDs are red in the optical and near-IR (NIR) with little/no blue bump. Comparison of the various broadband luminosity ratios shows that the main differences lie at the blue end of the optical and in the NIR to far-IR ratios (when available), with the red 2MASS AGNs being redder than the other samples. It thus seems that NIR color selection isolates the reddest subset of AGNs that can be classified optically. The shape of the SEDs is generally consistent with modest absorption by gas (in the X-ray) and dust (in the optical-IR), as demonstrated by comparing the optical and NIR colors with a reddened median SED and observed optical+NIR to intrinsic X-ray ratios. The levels of obscuration, estimated from X-rays, far-IR, and our detailed optical+NIR color modeling, are all consistent implying N_H ≤ few × 10^(22) cm^(–2). We present SED models that show how the AGN optical/NIR colors change due to differing amounts of reddening, AGN to host galaxy ratio, redshift, and scattered light emission, and apply them to the sources in the sample. We find that the 2MASS AGN optical color, B – R, and to a lesser extent the NIR color, J – K_S , are strongly affected by reddening, host galaxy emission, redshift, and in few, highly polarized objects also by scattered AGN light (<2% of intrinsic AGN light in the R band is scattered; this contribution becomes significant as the direct AGN light is absorbed). The lack of low equivalent widths in the distribution of the [O III] λ5007 emission line implies a predominance of inclined objects in the red 2MASS sample. The obscuration/inclination of the AGN allows us to see weaker emission components which are generally swamped by the AGN.
Curriculum as Transmitter of Socioeconomic Values: Case Study of a Middle School Writing Project'

The social context of a sixth-grade writing project was analyzed to iden-tify both the manifest and hidden curriculum and to relate findings to expectations and norms of society by using methods of ethnographic fieldwork. Data sources included field notes, videotapes, teacher inter-views, and a student questionnaire. Findings suggest that enacted cur-riculum, i.e., a simulation game, shapes values through tacit acceptance of behavioral rules and an ascendant hierarchy of occupational roles, both of which determined unequal assets, privileges, and decision-making power, and contributed to legitimation of inequalities of a capitalistic socioeconomic system. Results of this study can alert educators to the need for making such socioeconomic norms problematic and for recon-structing curricular experiences. Writing can become not only a tool for cultural reproduction and for technology, but also a tool for critical think-ing and a stimulator of creative action for remedying injustices.
A Mechanism for Modulation of Cellular Responses to VEGF: Activation of the Integrins

Many similarities exist in the cellular responses elicited by VEGF and governed by integrins. Here, we identify a basis for these interrelationships: VEGF activates integrins. VEGF enhanced cell adhesion, migration, soluble ligand binding, and adenovirus gene transfer mediated by alphavbeta3 and also activated other integrins, alphavbeta5, alpha5beta1, and alpha2beta1, involved in angiogenesis. Certain tumor cells exhibited high spontaneous adhesion and migration, which were attributable to a VEGF-dependent autocrine/paracrine activation of integrins. This activation was mediated by the VEGFR2 receptor and regulated via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, Akt, and the PTEN signaling axis. Thus, integrin activation provides a mechanism for VEGF to induce a broad spectrum of cellular responses.
An instrument for measuring frazil concentration

Abstract An instrument that can measure the point concentration of frazil in water has been developed and calibrated. It was constructed on the physical principle of comparative resistance measurement. Laboratory testing showed that the instrument gave quantitative measurements of frazil. The measured concentration, however was greater than the actual concentration by a calibration coefficient F . F was found to be the product of two factors; a shape factor that was mainly caused by the anisotropy of frazil crystals, and a velocity factor that was caused by retardation of the frazil flocs in passing through the sensor probe. The shape factor was found to be approximately 2.2, and the velocity factor was found to be about 1.6 at a velocity of 15 cm/s, and close to unity at velocities greater than 22 cm/s.
The argument against winning hearts and minds

This commentary asks a provocative question: what if 9/11 conspirators were to have walked through NY during and after the attacks to attempt community relations? As horrific and absurd as this might sound, that is how we are perceived in some corners of the world, in the aftermath of airstrikes and destruction, attempting to persuade or engender good will. This commentary arrives at the conclusion that it is disingenuous to attempt to win the hearts and minds of an indigenous population when those efforts are set against the backdrop of military materiel and personnel. ©Journal of Professional Communication, all rights reserved.
An Epitope-Specific Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Based on an Antibody Scaffold

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. We have generated an epitope-specific RSV vaccine by grafting a neutralizing epitope (F-epitope) in its native conformation into an immunoglobulin scaffold. The resulting antibody fusion exhibited strong binding affinity to Motavizumab, an RSV neutralizing antibody, and effectively induced potent neutralizing antibodies in mice. This work illustrates the potential of the immunoglobulin molecule as a scaffold to present conformationally constrained B-cell epitopes.
Structural characterization of the complex of the Rev response element RNA with a selected peptide.

Abstract Introduction: The RSG-1.2 peptide was selected for specific binding to the Rev response element RNA, as the natural Rev peptide does. The RSG-1.2 sequence has features incompatible with the helical structure of the bound Rev peptide, indicating that it must bind in a different conformation. Results: The binding of the RSG-1.2 peptide to the Rev response element RNA was characterized using multinuclear, multidimensional NMR. The RSG-1.2 peptide is shown to bind with the N-terminal segment of the peptide along the major groove in an extended conformation and turn preceding a C-terminal helical segment, which crosses the RNA groove in the region widened by the presence of purine–purine base pairs. These features make the details of the bound state rather different than that of the Rev peptide which targets the same RNA sequence binding as a single helix along the groove axis. Conclusions: These studies further demonstrate the versatility of arginine-rich peptides in recognition of specific RNA elements and the lack of conserved structural features in the bound state.
Chemistry surrounding monomeric copper(I) methyl, phenyl, anilido, ethoxide, and phenoxide complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands: reactivity consistent with both early and late transition metal systems.

Article on chemistry surrounding monomeric copper(I) methyl, phenyl, anilido, ethoxide, and phenoxide complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene ligands.
Cryo-Electron Tomography of Rubella Virus

Rubella virus is the only member of the Rubivirus genus within the Togaviridae family and is the causative agent of the childhood disease known as rubella or German measles. Here, we report the use of cryo-electron tomography to examine the three-dimensional structure of rubella virions and compare their structure to that of Ross River virus, a togavirus belonging the genus Alphavirus. The ectodomains of the rubella virus glycoproteins, E1 and E2, are shown to be organized into extended rows of density, separated by 9 nm on the viral surface. We also show that the rubella virus nucleocapsid structure often forms a roughly spherical shell which lacks high density at its center. While many rubella virions are approximately spherical and have dimensions similar to that of the icosahedral Ross River virus, the present results indicate that rubella exhibits a large degree of pleomorphy. In addition, we used rotation function calculations and other analyses to show that approximately spherical rubella virions lack the icosahedral organization which characterizes Ross River and other alphaviruses. The present results indicate that the assembly mechanism of rubella virus, which has previously been shown to differ from that of the alphavirus assembly pathway, leads to an organization of the rubella virus structural proteins that is different from that of alphaviruses.
Role of the Transient Outward Current in Regulating Mechanical Properties of Canine Ventricular Myocytes

Background: The transient outward current (Ito) is a major repolarizing current in the heart. Reduction of Ito density is consistently observed in human heart failure (HF) and animal HF models. It has been proposed that Ito, via its influence on phase 1 repolarization of the action potential, facilitates L-type Ca2+ current activation and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, and that its downregulation may contribute to the impaired contractility in failing heart.Results: We used the dynamic clamp to examine the influence of Ito on the mechanical properties of canine left ventricular myocytes. In endocardial myocytes, where the native Ito is small, simulation of an epicardial-level Ito accentuated the phase 1 repolarization and significantly suppressed cell shortening by 19%. The peak amplitude of Ca2+ transient was also reduced in the presence of simulated Ito, although the rate of rise of the Ca2+ transient was increased. Conversely, subtraction, or “blockade” of the native Ito using the dynamic clamp enhanced contractility in epicardial cells. These results agree with the inverse correlation between Ito levels and myocyte contractility and Ca2+ transient amplitude in epicardial and endocardial myocytes. Action potential clamp and computational modeling show that phase-1 notch depth vs peak L-type influx has an inverted-U shape; shallow phase-1 notch enhances Ica-L peak, while moderate to strong phase-1 repolarization reduces Ica-L influx.Conclusion: Our results show that Ito acts as a negative, rather than positive regulator of myocyte mechanical properties in large animals.
NEW OBSERVATIONS OF PREDATION BY PLANT BUGS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)

During the course of a census of arthropods in a collard crop ( Brassica oleracea var. acephala ) (Cruciferae) in central New York State in summer 1985, the authors witnessed frequent incidents of unusual feeding behavior in mirid bugs. In late July and early August, numerous observations were made by three of the authors (TWC, OSN, and BAC) of apparent feeding by nymphal (2nd–4th instar) and adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus linolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), on cocoons of Apanteles glomeratus (L.), a braconid parasitoid of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.). The predation occurred in a period of unusually high P. rapae population densities (estimated at 150 000 ha −1 ), when A. glomeratus cocoons were abundant on collard leaves.
Microclimatic effects of the loss of a foundation species from New England forests

Foundation species have a major impact on biotic and abiotic processes and create a stable environment for many other species. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a foundation tree species native to North America, is currently declining due to infestation by an invasive insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Loss of hemlock canopies can greatly alter the dark, cool, and damp microclimate of hemlock forests. We studied five years of microclimatic changes following logging or girdling (to simulate physical effects of adelgid) of hemlocks in a multi-hectare-scale experiment in a New England forest. Both logging and girdling of hemlocks caused large changes in light availability, air and soil temperature, and soil moisture. Even though the impact of logging was more rapid than the effect of gradual hemlock mortality after girdling, the microclimatic changes in these two canopy treatments converged over time. The microclimate in hardwood control plots, which represent the predicted forest composition 50 years after hemlock loss, was intermediate between the two canopy treatments and the hemlock control plots. Our fine-scale results were generally consistent with average microclimatic effects observed in comparative studies but revealed additional changes in variance and seasonal rhythms, and the importance of stochastic events such as ice storms. The variance in air temperature, but not in soil temperature, greatly increased after loss of hemlock. We also observed a striking saw-tooth pattern, consisting of a small peak before bud-break in temperature differentials between hemlock control and the two canopy treatments—likely due to the insulating hemlock canopy preventing snow from melting—followed by a larger difference in temperatures after bud-break. We expect the ongoing decline of eastern hemlock—due to both infestation and pre-emptive salvage logging—to greatly impact the microclimate of hemlock forests, as well as the many taxa that are associated with it.