cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of cytokines and treatment algorithms in retinopathy of prematurity.

Purpose of review: Currently, severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is diagnosed by clinical evaluation and not a laboratory test. Laser is still considered standard care. However, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are being used and there are questions whether and/or if to use them, what dose or type of agent should be considered and what agent may be most beneficial in specific cases. Also unclear are the effects of laser or anti-VEGF on severe ROP, refractive outcomes or infant development. This article reviews recent studies related to these questions and other trials for severe ROP. Recent findings: Imaging studies identify biomarkers of risk (plus disease, stage 3 ROP, and ROP in zone I). Intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab are reported effective in treating aggressive posterior ROP in small series. Recurrences and effects on myopia vary among studies. Use of anti-VEGF agents affects cytokines in the infant blood and reduces systemic VEGF for up to 2 months, raising potential safety concerns. The effects of treatment vary based on infant size and are not comparable. Evidence for most studies is not high. Summary: Studies support experimental evidence that inhibiting VEGF reduces stage 3 ROP and peripheral avascular retina. Ongoing large-scale clinical trials may provide clarity for best treatments of severe ROP. Current guidelines hold for screening and treatment for type 1 ROP.
Metabolic reprogramming underlies metastatic potential in an obesity-responsive murine model of metastatic triple negative breast cancer.

The vast majority of cancer-related deaths are due to metastatic disease, whereby primary tumor cells disseminate and colonize distal sites within the body. Triple negative breast cancer typically displays aberrant Wnt signaling, lacks effective targeted therapies, and compared with other breast cancer subtypes, is more likely to recur and metastasize. We developed a Wnt-driven lung metastasis model of triple negative breast cancer (metM-Wntlung ) through serial passaging of our previously described, nonmetastatic, claudin-low M-Wnt cell line. metM-Wntlung cells displayed characteristics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (e.g., increased invasiveness) with some re-epithealization (e.g., increased adhesion, tight colony formation, increased E-cadherin expression, and decreased Vimentin and Fibronectin expression). When orthotopically transplanted into syngeneic mice, metM-Wntlung cells readily formed tumors and metastasized in vivo, and tumor growth and metastasis were enhanced in obese mice compared with non-obese mice. Gene expression analysis revealed several genes and pathways altered in metM-Wntlung cells compared with M-Wnt cells, including multiple genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, energy metabolism and inflammation. Moreover, obesity caused significant transcriptomic changes, especially in metabolic pathways. Metabolic flux analyses showed greater metabolic plasticity, with heightened mitochondrial and glycolytic energetics in metM-Wntlung cells relative to M-Wnt cells. Similar metabolic profiles were found in a second triple negative breast cancer progression series, M6 and M6C cells. These findings suggest that metabolic reprogramming is a feature of metastatic potential in triple negative breast cancer. Thus, targeting metastases-associated metabolic perturbations may represent a novel strategy for reducing the burden of metastatic triple negative breast cancer, particularly in obese women. Metabolic changes contribute to the metastatic potential of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a mouse study shows. Stephen Hursting and colleagues from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA, established metastatic mouse TNBC cells driven by Wnt-1, a signaling protein that’s highly active in this aggressive subtype of breast cancer. In a lab dish, these cells showed signs of increased invasiveness; and when transplanted into mice, the cells readily formed tumors that metastasized to the lungs. Obese mice experienced more aggressive tumor growth and spread than normal-weight animals. Gene expression analyses revealed that TNBC cells with metastatic potential have an energetic leg-up over their non-metastatic counterparts in the face of obesity-induced metabolic changes, suggesting that targeting metabolic perturbations could help reduce the burden of metastatic TNBC, particularly for obese women.
Infection-mediated autoimmune movement disorders

Infectious diseases remain the most common cause of neurological disability in the world. A number of movement disorders can develop in adults and children in response to infections. These can occur in isolation or as part of a broader neurological illness, with movement abnormalities consequent to an encephalopathy or a broader brain dysfunction. While most infection-related movement disorders are direct consequences of an active infectious process affecting cerebral structures implied in the motor network, at times a delayed immune-mediated process in response to a previous infectious is responsible for the neurological dysfunction. This immunological response can occur as a consequence of a number of pathogens, and develop at variable times after the initial infection. The most common infection-mediated autoimmune movement disorders are chorea, which is especially common in children, and other hyperkinetic disorders, but Parkinsonism and other hypokinetic movement disorders may also occur.
Is PLOS ONE Attracting Highly Cited Papers in the Food Sciences? Comparing Authors' Most Cited Work to Their PLOS ONE Articles Published 2006–2016

ABSTRACTSince 2007, the Open Access journal PLOS ONE has published 194,622 expert-reviewed scientific papers, including 85 related to the human food sciences such as food safety, general food science, and nutrition. Seventy-five of their corresponding authors had previously published. Their most cited articles in other journals were identified and citation counts compared against those earned by their PLOS ONE papers. No PLOS ONE food sciences paper has yet been cited more than an author's best effort in the field in other journals. More than half (38) of the 75 PLOS ONE papers studied remain uncited even by their own authors.
Cellular and molecular pathways of renal repair after acute kidney injury

The acutely injured mammalian kidney mounts a cellular and molecular response to repair itself. However, in patchy regions such intrinsic processes are impaired and dysregulated leading to chronic kidney disease. Currently, no therapy exists to treat established acute kidney injury per se . Strategies to augment human endogenous repair processes and retard associated profibrotic responses are urgently required. Recent studies have identified injury-induced activation of the intrinsic molecular driver of epithelial regeneration and induction of partial epithelial to the mesenchymal state, respectively. Activation of key developmental transcription factors drive such processes; however, whether these recruit comparable gene regulatory networks with target genes similar to those in nephrogenesis is unclear. Extensive complex molecular cross-talk between the nephron epithelia and immune, interstitial, and endothelial cells regulate renal recovery. In vitro –based M1/M2 macrophage subtypes have been increasingly linked to renal repair; however, the precise contribution of in vivo macrophage plasticity to repair responses is poorly understood. Endothelial cell–pericyte intimacy, balance of the angiocrine/antiangiocrine system, and endothelial cell–regulated inflammatory processes have an impact on renal recovery and fibrosis. Close scrutiny of cellular and molecular pathways in repairing human kidneys is imperative for the identification of promising therapeutic targets and biomarker of human renal repair processes.
Discriminatively trained features using fMPE for multi-stream audio-visual speech recognition.

fMPE is a recently introduced discriminative training technique that uses the Minimum Phone Error (MPE) discriminative criterion to train a feature-level transformation. In this paper we investigate fMPE trained audio/visual features for multistream HMM-based audio-visual speech recognition. A flexible, layer-based implementation of fMPE allows us to combine the the visual information with the audio stream using the discriminative traning process, and dispense with the multiple stream approach. Experiments are reported on the IBM infrared headset audio-visual database. On average of 20-speaker 1 hour speaker independent test data, the fMPE trained acoustic features achieve 33% relative gain. Adding video layers on top of audio layers gives additional 10% gain over fMPE trained features from the audio stream alone. The fMPE trained visual features achieve 14% relative gain, while the decision fusion of audio/visual streams with fMPE trained features achieves 29% relative gain. However, fMPE trained models do not improve over the original models on the mismatched noisy test data.
DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF LARGE HORIZONTAL-AXIS WIND TURBINES

To investigate the feasibility of converting wind energy into a readily useful form, the U.S. Federal Wind Energy Program was established in 1973, with the Department of Energy assigned to have the overall responsibility and Lewis Research Center of National Aeronautics and Space Adminstration to be responsible for developing large horizontal-axis wind-turbine systems. Projects that have been undertaken include the MOD-O, MOD-OA, MOD-1, MOD-2, MOD-5, and MOD-6H. Of these, the first four have been completed, and they are summarized in this paper. Technologies involved with dynamics and control of such turbines are also reviewed. These cover aerodynamics, structural and rotor dynamics, power-train dynamics, and system dynamics. Some of the tools used in the dynamic analyses, including computer codes, are further discussed.
Monte Carlo: In the beginning and some great expectations

The central theme will be on the historical setting and origins of the Monte Carlo Method. The scene was post-war Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. There was an inevitability about the Monte Carlo Event: the ENIAC had recently enjoyed its meteoric rise (on a classified Los Alamos problem); Stan Ulam had returned to Los Alamos; John von Neumann was a frequent visitor. Techniques, algorithms, and applications developed rapidly at Los Alamos. Soon, the fascination of the Method reached wider horizons. The first paper was submitted for publication in the spring of 1949. In the summer of 1949, the first open conference was held at the University of California at Los Angeles.
Mathematical Models and Properties of Queues G ( V )

This chapter discusses the underlying mathematical models of the most important queues and their properties needed to model both infinite and finite buffer queueing networks. This chapter surveys known methods and tools essential to modeling infinite and finite buffer queueing systems. We will summarize known results or defer to some of the other reference books for further details of specialized queueing models. We will not try and overwhelm the reader with formulae but hopefully inform the reader about the use of these formulae especially for analysis and optimization. We break down the type of queues into four categories which will be used in later chapters regarding algorithms and optimization for queues and queueing networks: I. Product-Form Queues that will admit a product-form distribution; II. Non-product-Form Queues that will require more general procedures because the probability distributions do not have memoryless properties. III. Blocking Queues because they have finite waiting room and will cause interruptions in the stochastic flows of the system, and finally IV. Transportation and Loss Queues Special queues for transportation, communication, and many other types of applications.
KRAS mutational status in metastatic colorectal cancer and thrombotic risk.

e15140Background: There is limited clinical evidence suggesting a possible association between KRAS mutational status and thrombotic risk in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We attempted to con...
3D Crosspoint Memory as a Parallel Architecture for Computing Network Reachability

A novel in-memory computing design that can compute single-source reachability and transitive closure of graphs is introduced. The proposed design leverages the parallel flow of information in three-dimensional crosspoint memories and can be implemented using memories with two layers of 1-diode 1-resistor (1D1R) interconnects. Our logic-in-memory designs mitigate the infamous memory-processor bottleneck characteristic of John von Neumann architectures and have runtime complexities of O(n) and O(n^2) using O(n^2) memory cells for the single-source reachability and transitive closure problems, respectively, where n is the number of nodes in the graph. This work builds upon preliminary results presented in [1].
Capital Gains Tax Overhang and Payout Policy

Jin (2006) documents that tax-sensitive institutional investors with large embedded capital gains are reluctant to sell their shares, creating upward stock price pressure. This price pressure should reduce a firm's incentive to repurchase its shares. Consistent with this argument, we find that embedded capital gains of tax-sensitive institutional investors in a firm's stock reduce the probability that the firm repurchases shares and, conditional on repurchasing, the number of shares that it repurchases. Controlling for the holdings of these tax-sensitive investors and the embedded gains of a combined set of tax-sensitive and tax-insensitive institutional investors allows us to account for selection- or performance-based alternative explanations. We provide further evidence by examining how the sensitivity of repurchases to embedded capital gains of tax-sensitive institutional investors changes around the time of capital gains tax rate cuts in 1997 and 2003. We find that, in both cases, the negative response of repurchases to these embedded gains decreases after a tax cut, consistent with these embedded gains creating a tax overhang. In fact, after the larger 1997 tax cut, this response briefly becomes positive. We interpret this as the tax cut releasing a previously pent-up supply of shares held by tax-sensitive investors. Finally, in supplementary analysis, we consider whether firms substitute from repurchases to dividends in response to capital gains tax overhang. We find that the probability that a firm pays a dividend, as well as the amount of the dividend, conditional on one being paid, both increase with the embedded capital gains of tax-sensitive institutional investors, consistent with the substitution hypothesis. A "back-of-the-envelope" calculation suggests that if a firm reduces its repurchases by $X in response to a $1 increase in embedded capital gains of tax-sensitive investors, it will increase its dividends by $0.07X in the same period. The results further our understanding of how investor-level taxes affect firms' payout decisions.
Sex Differences in the Association Between School Experiences and Marijuana Use Among African American Adolescents.

This study examined whether past month marijuana use among African American adolescents differed based on school experiences and individual feelings toward school. A secondary analysis of the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was conducted to answer research questions. Results from the multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that female students at highest risk for recent use included those who held negative feelings toward school (OR 2.723, CI 1.683, 4.406, p < .001), felt courses were not interesting (OR 2.695, CI 1.513, 4.798, p < .01), and received mostly C’s/D’s/ F’s in the last semester (OR 2.520, CI 1.614, 6.711,p < .001). For males, results indicated that male students at highest risk included those who held negative feelings toward school (OR 2.364, CI 1.365, 4.094, p < .01), felt things learned in school would not be important later in life (OR 3.470, CI 1.951, 6.173, p < .001), and received mostly C’s/ D’s/F’s in the last semester (OR 2.733, CI 1.734, 4.309, p < .001). In the final model, of those who felt that most or all students in their grade used marijuana, males were 3 ½ times (OR 3.418, CI 1.741, 6.711, p < .001) and females were 8 times (OR 8.288, CI 3.526, 19.480, p < .001) more likely to have recently used marijuana. Such findings can be used by prevention specialists and health educators to develop and implement marijuana prevention programs and interventions specifically tailored to African American adolescents. Recommendations for future research are included.
Loss of Placental P-Glycoprotein May Be a Common Pathophysiologic Pathway for First Trimester Spontaneous Miscarriages.

IntroductionP-glycoprotein the highly conserved mammalian adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transmembrane multidrug protein transporter is involved in peri-implantation events and fetal place...
Herbicide bioconcentration in Cladophora glomerata: atrazine removal in a eutrophic agricultural river

Atrazine is the most commonly used agricultural herbicide in the midwestern cornbelt of the U.S.A. This project investigated atrazine bioconcentration in Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kutz, the dominant algae by biomass in nutrient enriched rivers. C. glomerata concentrates many organic and inorganic materials from solution, and by considering the partitioning coefficient of atrazine (Log Kow=2.56), the uptake of atrazine by this green algae was expected. The bioconcentration factor of C. glomerata ranged from 29 to 5223 over a one year sampling period, and bioconcentration was found to be a function of maximum biomass increase (due to high nutrients) and discharge. Uptake increased at low discharges as a result of increased contact time between cells and water. We found that C. glomerata was able to bioconcentrate a yearly average of 54% of the available atrazine from the water. Efficiency of uptake increased during the summer growing season of the algae (81%) and was 34% during the winter months. This field study demonstrates the ability of C. glomerata to bioconcentrate atrazine to a high degree and suggests an alternative and quicker biological removal of atrazine from agriculturally polluted rivers.
T2D Risk Genes: Exome Sequencing Goes Straight to the Source

Genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genomic variants associated with human T2D risk, but translating such findings to clinically useful information has proved challenging. A new study in Nature (Flannick et al., 2019) breaks this gridlock, using direct exome sequencing to identify functional coding variants, providing critical complementary gene-level information.
Percentage of Mortal Encounters Transferred in Emergency General Surgery.

Abstract Background Despite the frequent occurrence of interhospital transfers in emergency general surgery (EGS), rates of transfer of complications are undescribed. Improved understanding of hospital transfer patterns has a multitude of implications, including quality measurement. The objective of this study was to describe individual hospital transfer rates of mortal encounters. Materials and methods A retrospective review was undertaken from 2013 to 2015 of the Maryland Health Services Cost Review Commission database. Two groups of EGS encounters were identified: encounters with death following transfer and encounters with death without transfer. The percentage of mortal encounters transferred was defined as the percentage of EGS hospital encounters with mortality initially presenting to a hospital transferred to another hospital before death at the receiving hospital. Results Overall, 370,242 total EGS encounters were included, with 17,003 (4.6%) of the total EGS encounters with mortality. Encounters with death without transfer encompassed 15,604 (91.8%) of mortal EGS encounters and encounters with death following transfer 1399 (8.2%). EGS disease categories of esophageal varices or perforation, necrotizing fasciitis, enterocutaneous fistula, and pancreatitis had over 10% of these total mortal encounters with death following transfer. For individual hospitals, percentage of mortal encounters transferred ranged from 0.8% to 35.2%. The percentage of mortal encounters transferred was inversely correlated with annual EGS hospital volume for all state hospitals (P Conclusions Broad variability in individual hospital practices exists for mortality transferred to other institutions. Application of this knowledge of percentage of mortal encounters transferred includes consideration in hospital quality metrics.
Prevalence of fentanyl exposure and knowledge regarding the risk of its use among emergency department patients with active opioid use history at an urban medical center in Baltimore, Maryland.

Background: Overdose deaths from fentanyl and its analogs have increased significantly since 2013. There are limited data regarding the prevalence of fentanyl exposure among emergency department (E...
A comprehensive review of the imaging of skull base infections – Part I

Abstract Diagnosis of skull base infections (SBI) is challenging to the radiologist because of the vague and non-localizing presentations of this entity that often result in serious intracranial complications with fatal outcome. Subtle and early imaging findings may occasionally be neglected even by the experienced radiologist. Therefore, high index of suspicion, knowledge of anatomy of the paranasal sinus and petromastoid complex, and systematic scrutiny of appropriately timed imaging exams are extremely valuable in early diagnosis and treatment of SBI. This article reviews relevant anatomy, imaging clues for early diagnosis, pattern of spread, and complications of SBI as related to the paranasal sinuses.
Normal Versus Abnormal Physical Exam

This chapter on normal vs. abnormal physical exam will seek to describe physical exam changes that occur as part of the normal aging process while also highlighting abnormal physical exam findings that occur commonly with aging. The components of the physical exam that are unique to older adult patients will be discussed. Potential challenges that may occur during the examination of older adult patients will be characterized, and strategies to prevent and overcome these challenges will be outlined. The knowledge gained in this chapter will enable the reader to obtain the information necessary to synthesize a plan for each older adult patient that will focus on quality of life and allow for preservation of physical function.
Field Perimeter Trapping to Manage Rhagoletis mendax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Wild Blueberry.

Rhagoletis mendax Curran (the blueberry maggot fly) is a major pest of wild blueberry. It is a direct pest of the fruit. Females lay eggs in fruit resulting in infestations of larvae unacceptable to most consumers. Three field perimeter interception tactics were tested for control of R. mendax in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericales: Ericaceae), between 2000 and 2010. We investigated field perimeter deployment of baited, insecticide-treated, green spheres (2000-2005), baited, yellow Trece PHEROCON AM traps (2005 and 2006), and baited, Hopper Finder, sticky barrier tape (2008-2010). Only the Hopper Finder tape provided significant reduction in R. mendax adults and fruit infestation over the 3-yr field study. However, the reduction in fruit infestation compared with control plots was only 48.2 ± 7.3%, a level of reduction in damage that would be unsuitable for many commercial wild blueberry growers as a stand-alone tactic, but could be an important reduction as part of a multiple tactic IPM strategy. In addition, we constructed an agent-based computer simulation model to assess optimal trap placement between three patterns: 1) a single row of traps along field perimeter; 2) a double row of traps along the field perimeter at half the density of the single row; and 3) a grid of traps spread throughout the field but with the largest distance between traps. We found that the single row deployment pattern of traps was the best for reducing immigration of R. mendax adults into simulated fields.
25. Relational Incentive Contracts

This paper reviews the literature on the theory of relational incentive contracts. It motivates the discussion by the classic applications of relational contracts to the GM-Fisher Body relationship and the relationships between Japanese automobile manufacturers and their subcontractors. It presents basic models with symmetric information to illustrate the fundamental issues and then goes on to consider specific investments, the role of legally enforceable contracts alongside relational contracts, private information, multiple suppliers, and issues of organization design.
Numerical Considerations for Quantifying Air–Water Turbulence with Moment Field Equations

We investigate energy transfer of air–water interactions and develop a numerical method that captures its temporal variability and generates and tracks the short waves that form in the water surface as a result of the air–water turbulence. We solve a novel system of balance equations derived from the Navier–Stokes equations known as moment field equations. The main advantage of our approach is that we do not assume a priori that the stochastic random variables that quantify the turbulent energy transfer between air and water are Gaussian. We generate non-conservative multifractal measures of turbulent energy transfer using a recursive integration process and a self-affine velocity kernel. The kernel exactly satisfies the (duration limited) kinetic equation for waves as well as invariant scaling properties of the Navier–Stokes equations. This allows us to derive source terms for the moment field equations using a turbulent diffusion operator. The operator quantifies energy transfer along a space time path associated with pressure instabilities in the air–sea interface and transfers the statistical shape (or fractal dimension) of the atmosphere to the wind-sea. Because we use observational data to begin the recursive integration process, the ocean–atmosphere interaction is inherently built into the model. Numerical results from application of our methods to air–sea turbulence off the coast of New Jersey and New York indicate that our methods produce measures of turbulent energy transfer that match theory and observation, and, correspondingly, significant wave heights and average wave periods predicted by our model qualitatively match buoy data.
Do you get all the milk

The importance of human-animal interaction for the well-being and production of dairy cattle is increasingly recognized. This paper discusses the impact of stockmanship skill and worker attitude on production and animal well-being on dairy farms.
Computer-aided analysis and design of linear control systems

This text aims to bridge the gap between basic classical and modern control principles and the more advanced optimal control theories, dealing with multivariable control system design and computer-aided control system design tools (CACSD).
Auctions for Divisible Resources: Price Functions, Nash Equilibrium, and Decentralized Update Schemes

One of the many emerging applications for software agents are their ability to serve as proxies for trade and bartering. This has led to the analysis and development of auction protocols for various goods. We consider agent-mediated allocation of computational and network resources through market mechanisms. Single-good and combinatorial auctions do not apply readily to these products, thus we propose a divisible auction that is proportionally fair and has low signaling and computational costs. The structure of the auction enables us to represent optimal responses as price functions. From this we are able to characterize agent valuations and prove the existence of a unique Nash equilibrium. We further develop a decentralized algorithm that allows the agents to converge to the operating point without sharing private information.
The Surgical Management of Pediatric Breast Masses

Information regarding the surgical management of breast masses in the pediatric age group is sparse and is primarily directed at unusual neoplasms. We have reviewed the surgical treatment of 50 patients with inflammatory and neoplastic breast masses occurring in a 15-year period (1957 to 1973) at the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. There were 42 girls and 8 boys, ranging in age from 12 days to 18 years. All patients had either surgical excision or incision and drainage of the masses with a subsequent histologic diagnosis. A variety of pathologic entities were encountered, but there were no primary malignancies. There were 33 patients with fibroadenomas, including four patients with multiple masses. Thirteen patients, six of whom were male, had cellulitis with an underlying breast abscess. The offending organism was gram-negative in one third of these abscesses. While none of the masses in this series were malignant, surgery was indicated to (1) establish diagnosis, (2) allay fears of patient, family, and referring physician, and (3) correct an obvious cosmetic deformity. Surgical drainage encouraged resolution of the inflammatory process, aided in the recovery of the organism, and assured appropriate drug therapy.
Parallelisation of IBD computation for determining genetic disease map

A number of software packages are available for the construction of comprehensive human genetic maps. In this paper we parallelize the widely used package Genehunter. We restrict our attention to only one function of the package, namely the computations of Identity By Descent (IBD) genes of a family. We use a master-slave model with the Message Passing Interface (MPI) parallel environment. Our tests are done on two different architectures: a network of workstations and a shared memory multiprocessor. A new and efficient strategy to classify the parallelization of genetic linkage analysis programs results from our experiments. The classification is based on values of parameters which affect the complexity of the computation.
Fault-matrix interactions in nonwelded tuff of the Paintbrush Group at Yucca Mountain

To investigate the potential for fast flow through altered tuff of the nonwelded unit of the Paintbrush Group (PTn) at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, we carried out in situ field experiments using water released directly into the matrix and along a minor subvertical normal fault at Alcove 4 in the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF). During the experiments, changes in moisture content were monitored within the test bed, and a slot excavated below the test bed was visually inspected for seepage. Our field tests suggest that the dry porous PTn matrix is capable of attenuating episodic percolation fluxes in localized areas (such as around faults) where fast flow would be expected to dominate. Once wetted, the matrix is able to retain the moisture over a period of months. As saturation increases in the matrix, less water imbibes along the fault and more water travels farther along the fault. From this observation, we infer that a sequence of infiltration events separated by periods of up to a few months could convey water over increasing distances along the fault.
TUBOCURARINE REQUIREMENTS IN PROLONGED ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION IN CHILDREN

SUMMARY In Children with bronchopneumonia undergoing prolonged intermittent positive pressure ventilation, the requirements of tubocurarine sufficient to achieve control of ventilation were significantly higher in children with a compensated respiratory acidosis than in children with an uncomposated respiratory acidosis. It is possible that this may be due to the effect of acid-base disturbances on the activity of tubocurarine.
80 RECIPIENT SERUM PROGESTERONE CONCENTRATION AND EARLY CONCEPTUS DEVELOPMENT IN BOVINE EMBRYOS PRODUCED IN VIVO OR IN VITRO

The majority of pregnancy loss in cattle occurs during the first 2 to 3 weeks of pregnancy. This loss can be studied by the transfer of in vivo- and in vitro-produced embryos. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between recipient serum progesterone levels both at the time of embryo transfer and at conceptus recovery on conceptus development from in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos. Embryos were produced in vivo by superovulation of Holstein cows (IVO; n = 17) or in vitro with either serum-containing (IVPS; n = 27) or serum-restricted medium (IVPSR; n = 34). Single grade-1 blastocysts from each embryo production system were transferred into heifers at Day 7. Conceptuses were recovered at Day 17 of gestation (number recovered/number transferred: IVO, 11/17; IVPS, 16/27; IVPSR, 18/34) and classified as complete, degenerated, or no conceptus. Recipient serum progesterone concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared with conceptus development outcomes. Sex of conceptus was determined by PCR using a Y-chromosome specific probe. Data were analysed using Fisher's exact test or ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Compared with the IVO group, in vitro-produced embryos had more (P = 0.055) degenerated conceptuses (IVO, 0%; IVPS, 18.5%; IVPSR, 20.6%). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in serum progesterone concentrations in recipients assigned to different treatments at Day 7. There was also no effect (P > 0.05) of treatment on progesterone levels in recipients with either male or female conceptuses at the time of transfer. Interestingly, heifers in the in vitro treatment groups had lower (P 194 mm) conceptuses were recovered, heifers with in vitro produced embryos had lower (P < 0.05) progesterone levels at Day 7 compared with those with in vivo produced embryos (IVPS, 2.2 ± 0.6 ng mL–1; IVPSR, 2.3 ± 0.5 ng mL–1; IVO, 3.9 ± 0.6 ng mL–1). In summary, serum progesterone concentrations in recipients at the time of transfer of in vivo- or in vitro-produced embryos were associated with conceptus development at Day 17 of gestation. Research supported by NC State University GAANN Biotechnology Fellowship (C. V. Barnwell) and the College of Veterinary Medicine.
Chersodromia Walker discovered in New Zealand (Diptera: Empididae), and the description of a new species

A new species, Chersodromia zelandica, is described from specimens collected upon Warrington Beach, New Zealand. This species is compared with Chersodromia lutescens Bezzi, found in Australia.
Fatty acid uptake by ciliated protozoans analyzed by flow cytometry

Abstract The early kinetics of uptake of the fluorescent fatty acid analog, 1-pyrenedodecanoic acid was observed by the fluorescence intensity of Tetrahymena thermophila or Paramecium tetraurelia cells employing a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. An initial rapid increase in fluorescence intensity of the cells within 20 s exposure to the fatty acid analogy was followed by a slower increase in fluorrescence. In Tetrahymena, the fluorescence intensity exhibited a third phase characterized by either a decreased sloped or a plateau after ≈ 10 min. No plateau or obvious change in slope was observed with Paramecium cells exposed to the fluorescent analog for up to 20 min, however, analyses of radiolabeled dodecanoate uptake by Paramecium indicated a plateau after 1 h incubation. A parental strain of T. thermophila (SB210) and its temperature-sensitive mutant (NP1) that cannot form food vacuoles at the restrictive temperature did not differ dramatically in their fluorescence intensity when they were incubated with 1-pyrenedodecanoate.
Abstract LB-481: MicroRNAs as novel therapeutic targets to treat drug-resistant breast cancers

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Acquired drug resistance continues to be a major clinical impediment to the successful treatment of cancer. For example, resistance to agents such as paclitaxel and trastuzumab accounts for treatment failure in more than 90% of patients with metastatic breast cancers. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such resistance is therefore crucial for the development of new, efficacious drugs against cancer. Unfortunately in spite of extensive inquiry in this field, little is known about the key molecules and signaling pathways that regulate this phenomenon. Recently, we have discovered that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play critical roles in mediating drug sensitivity/resistance in breast cancers. We have identified miRNAs that are differentially expressed between chemo-resistant and sensitive HER2+ breast cancer cells. Specifically, through high-throughput miRNA inhibitor library screens, we have identified miRNAs that sensitize drug-resistant breast cancer cells to paclitaxel and trastuzumab, a drug combination commonly used for the treatment of metastatic HER2+ breast cancers. MiRNA/s that alter/s the cellular response to these drugs may target a common signaling pathway. For example, resistance to paclitaxel/trastuzumab in breast cancer has been proposed to be a consequence of loss of PTEN expression, leading to altered AKT signaling. Our findings suggest that certain miRNAs are selectively cytotoxic in a drug-specific manner and that these miRNAs may provide novel adjuvant therapeutic tools for the treatment of drug-resistant metastatic breast cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-481. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-481
Nonunique factorization and principalization in number fields

Following what is basically Kummer’s relatively neglected approach to nonunique factorization, we determine the structure of the irreducible factorizations of an element n in the ring of integers of a number field K. Consequently, we give a combinatorial expression for the number of irreducible factorizations of n in the ring. When K is quadratic, we show in certain cases how quadratic forms can be used to explicitly produce all irreducible factorizations of n.
Velopharyngeal dysfunction in children with Prader-Willi syndrome after adenotonsillectomy.

Abstract Introduction Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder with an incidence rate of 1 in 10,000–30,000. Patients with PWS typically have symptoms related to hypotonia, obesity, and hypothalamic dysfunction. A high rate of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is found among this population of patients. Adenotonsillectomy has been advocated as a first line approach for treatment of OSA in patients with PWS. Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) is a known complication of adenotonsillectomy. VPD can also be present in patients with global hypotonia, such as those with PWS. The objective of this study is to review the occurrence of VPD in patients with PWS after adenotonsillectomy for OSA. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all patients with PWS and OSA from a tertiary pediatric hospital between the years of 2002 and 2012. Pre- and post-operative sleep studies and sleep disordered breathing symptoms, post-operative VPD assessment by the speech-language pathologist (SLP), and VPD treatments were evaluated. Results Eleven patients (five males and six females), fitting the inclusion criteria, were identified. The age of the patient at the initial otolaryngologic evaluation ranged from 2 to 9 years. All patients underwent adenotonsillectomy for sleep disordered breathing. Four patients were diagnosed with post-operative hypernasality after assessment by a speech-language pathologist. The hypernasality ranged from mild to moderately severe. Of the four patients with hypernasality, two were found to have structural issues requiring surgery (pharyngeal flap). Both of the surgical patients experienced significant improvement in their VPD after surgery. The remaining two patients were found to have articulation error patterns that were considered more developmental in nature and both responded to speech therapy. All patients, except one, had improvement in their polysomnogram or sleep symptoms after adenotonsillectomy. However, three patients continue to require continuous positive airway pressure at night. Conclusion Velopharyngeal dysfunction may occur after adenotonsillectomy in patients with Prader-Willi Syndrome. Families should be counseled of this risk and the potential need for operative intervention to correct it.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetylene on Ni(111) by Surface-Bound H and Bulk H

The reactions of hydrogen atoms adsorbed on a Ni(111) surface (surface-bound H) and hydrogen atoms just below the surface (bulk H) with coadsorbed acetylene are probed under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Bulk H is observed to react with acetylene upon emerging onto the surface at 180 K. Gas-phase hydrogenation products, ethylene and ethane, are produced as well as an adsorbed species, ethylidyne. Ethylidyne is identified by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. Surface-bound H reacts with adsorbed acetylene above 250 K to produce a single product, adsorbed ethylidyne. No gas-phase hydrogenation products, such as ethylene or ethane, are observed. The reaction of surface-bound H is extremely slow, with a rate constant determined from measurements of the initial reaction rate to be in the range of 10-5−10-3 (ML s)-1 for a temperature range of 250−280 K. The activation energy for the rate-determining step, which is shown to be the addition of the first surface-bound H to acetylene to form an adsor...
The immunosuppressive effects of maternal plasma

Although the anatomical barrier which exists between the pregnant female and her fetus appears to be important, a modification of the immune response to histocompatibility differences may also play a role in the symbiosis of pregnancy. The one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLC) expresses the reactivity of one population of cells against the histocompatibility antigens of another population. Therefore, the MLC was used to test the reactivity of newborns' and maternal lymphocytes to each other. It was found that, although maternal lymphocytes reacted to stimulation by cord blood cells, maternal plasma suppressed this response. It was also found that cord blood lymphocytes were hyporesponsive to stimulation by maternal cells as compared to adolescent-mother controls. This hyporeactivity was intensified in the presence of maternal plasma. Further in vitro studies revealed that vaccinia to which the subjects had been previously immunized and suboptimal doses of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated pregnant females' lymphocytes significantly less well than adult males' cells, and that similarly stimulated cultures prepared with plasma from these females inhibited transformation of their own and male donors' lymphocytes. It appears, therefore, that maternal plasma contains factor(s) which inhibit(s) the MLC reaction, antigenic and PHA in vitro lymphocyte stimulation. This inhibitory effect of maternal plasma may be important in modifying the reactivity of maternal cells to fetal tissue. The inhibition of fetal lymphoid cells in the maternal circulation may also afford protection to the mother in a fetal graft-maternal host reaction.
Are you ready to execute your facility's emergency management plans?

Within the context of emergency management, the difference between preparedness and readiness is discussed. A 5-step approach is presented to help identify the readiness of individuals to execute their facility's emergency management plans. Step 1 is a 10-question self-evaluation. Suggestions for identifying individual and plan deficiencies are also presented. A short discussion regarding emergency management exercises/drills and their importance is provided. In addition, information regarding Hospital Emergency Incident Command System III and the new Hospital Emergency Incident Command System IV compliance with the National Incident Management System is also presented. The argument can be made that no one is ever fully prepared or is 100% ready because readiness is an ongoing development process. Although that may be true, one can reasonably prepare for identified potential events. Readiness certainly falls within the scope of continuous quality improvement. Language: en
Evolution of mutational robustness.

We review recent advances in the understanding of the mutation-selection balance of asexual replicators. For over 30 years, population geneticists thought that an expression derived by Kimura and Maruyama in 1966 fully solved this problem. However, Kimura and Maruyama's result is only correct in the absence of neutral mutations. The inclusion of neutral mutations leads to a wealth of interesting new effects, and, in particular, to a selective pressure to evolve robustness against mutations. We cover recent literature on the population dynamics of asexual replicators on networks of neutral genotypes, on the outcompetition of fast replicators by slower ones with better mutational support, and on the probability of fixation at high mutation rates. We discuss empirical evidence for the evolution of mutational robustness, and speculate on its relevance for higher organisms.
The Influence of Occupant Anthropometry and Seat Position on Ejection Risk in a Rollover

Purpose: During rollover crashes, ejection increases an occupant's risk of severe to fatal injury as compared to risks for those retained in the vehicle. The current study examined whether occupant anthropometry might influence ejection risk. Factors such as restraint use/disuse, seating position, vehicle type, and roll direction were also considered in the analysis. Methods: The current study examined occupant ejections in 10 years of National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) single-event rollovers of passenger vehicles and light trucks. Statistical analysis of unweighted and weighted ejection data was carried out. Results: No statistically significant differences in ejection rates were found based on occupant height, age, or body mass index. Drivers were ejected significantly more frequently than other occupants: 62 percent of unrestrained drivers were ejected vs. 51 percent unrestrained right front occupants. Second row unrestrained occupants were ejected at rates similar to right front–seated occupan...
Diagnostic criteria in clinical settings: DSM-IV and cultural competence.

Historically, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM) gave little attention to cultural variations in mental disorder. DSM-IV includes a cultural case formulation outline. The current paper presents a case formulation of an American Indian client who presented with depressive symptoms and a history of substance dependence. Language: en
Motion estimation with more than two frames

The development of a general motion estimation system based on using three or more frames is reported. The relevant portion of the sequence is treated as a whole, thus simplifying the process of estimating the motion parameters, and making possible the computation of the motion parameters in terms of the natural center of motion. A general description of this motion estimation method is presented, with the derivation of motion equations for three cases (three points in three frames, two points in four frames, and one point in five frames). Results are given for real and synthetic images for the case of one point in five (and six) frames. On the average, the program converged quickly to the right answer for noiseless data. For noisy data, the answers were reasonable and their accuracy was directly a function of the amount of noise in the disparity vector. >
Literature as the content of reading

(1986). Literature as the content of reading. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 26, Educational Perspectives, Then and Now, pp. 374-382.