cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Foraging success of solitary and aggregated spiders: insights into flock formation

Abstract The normally solitary spider species, Achaearanea tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) (Aranae: Theridiidae), will cease cannibalism and forage in aggregations of webs when prey is very abundant. The circumstances of their shift from solitary to group foraging and the effect it has on capture efficiency and success were tested. Fabricated aggregations quickly dispersed at a site where captures were low, but these aggregations persisted for several months where the abundance of prey was high. When resources were abundant for the spiders, the number of prey captured per day by solitary individuals was not different from the number captured by individuals foraging in groups; however, the biomass of prey obtained per day was greater for those individuals in groups. The variance in daily capture was substantially less for grouped individuals. Prey introduction experiments using both house flies and fruit flies revealed that groups captured a greater proportion of the prey that entered their web because of local enhancement and ricochet effects. These factors are probably responsible for the different variances in prey capture observed between aggregated and solitary individuals because they tend to distribute insect prey across more individuals. The different variances in foraging success are consistent with the predictions of risk-sensitive foraging theory that group foraging should be the risk-averse (low variance) foraging mode and solitary foraging should be the risk-prone (high variance) foraging mode.
AUTOCATALYTIC HYDROLYSIS OF V-TYPE NERVE AGENTS

Both V-type nerve agents MeP(O)(OR)(SCH2CH2NR‘2), VX (R = C2H5; R‘ = i-C3H7) and its isomeric analog RVX (the “Russian V-agent”, R = i-C4H9; R‘ = C2H5), react slowly but completely with an equimolar amount of H2O via exclusive P−S cleavage to produce the corresponding phosphonic acid (MeP(O)(OR)OH) and 2-aminoethanethiol (HSCH2CH2NR‘2). The reaction is believed to be initiated by nucleophilic attack of the deprotonated phosphonic acid on the protonated V-agent to produce a diphosphonate intermediate ((MeP(O)(OR))2O) that rapidly hydrolyzes to regenerate the phosphonic acid. The autocatalytic ionic chain reaction is thus continued in the nearly nonaqueous reaction medium. The viscous final product mixture remains reactive toward freshly added trace amounts of the V-agent, giving the same final reaction half-life of 13−15 h at 23 °C. When water is insufficient and depleted, the diphosphonate intermediate accumulates and reacts with the aminoethanethiol to regenerate the V-agent. This autocatalytic hydrolysi...
Social Capital and Academic Motivation among First-Generation Community College Students.

Social capital, the value of a relationship that provides support and assistance in a given social situation (Stanton-Salazar, 2001), is a useful theory for understanding the experiences of low-income adolescents who are the first in their families to attend college. According to social capital theory, networks of relationships can help students manage an unfamiliar environment by providing them with relevant information, guidance, and emotional support. Existing research on social capital in postsecondary institutions has focused on low-income, ethnic minority adolescents, finding that low socioeconomic status (low-SES) and first-generation ethnic minority students struggle in accessing beneficial social capital on campus (Prospero & Vohra-Gupta, 2007; Saunders & Serna, 2004). However, the academic and social adjustment of first-generation, low-income White students is an understudied phenomenon. Therefore, this study examined how White, working-class, first-generation community college students, enrolle...
The future of Clinton's foreign and defense policy: Multilateral security

The Clinton administration does not have a clear foreign and defense policy. Budget reductions in the Department of Defense, largely a function of domestic economics, are increasing the disparity between the ends and means of U.S. foreign and security policies. As a result, the Clinton administration will seek multilateral security efforts as a means to redress the imbalance.
Whose war memories shall be preserved

Remembering war and genocide is painful. Negotiating whose memories shall be preserved and how their experiences will be represented in commemorations, memorials, and museums is also painful. For any specific war or genocide, many stories can be told, and in many Ways. Whose history should be told? Should it be the victor's or the vanquished's? Should it be his‐story or her‐story? Shall it have a single frame of remembrance or multiple frames? Will the collective memory focus primarily on the war's costs or rather on its achievements? Should the representations be solemn or celebratory, stigmatizing or thought‐provoking, emotional or analytical? Whether they're directly involved in this memory work or instead observing the controversy in the media, survivors of war and genocide often feel strongly about the outcomes of such disputes. Having their experiences represented the way they remember them and their actions depicted the way they want others to remember them, cannot take away the pain. It can, howev...
On-Wafer Intermodulation Distortion and Third Order Intercept Measurements Using Computer Controlled Microwave Tuners

Intermodulation distortion (IMD) and third order intercept (TOI) have been used for some time to determine the linearity of microwave amplifiers. By using a computer controlled microwave tuner system commonly used for load pull measurements, this measurement can be performed on discrete devices, and the effect of load or source impedance on the linearity characteristics evaluated. Combined with on-wafer measurement techniques, the resulting test system can quickly and non destructively characterize relatively large numbers of devices. This information adds to the tools available to the circuit designer for amplifier development. In this paper the development of such a measurement system is discussed, along with the sources of error discovered.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PULSED NUTRIENT SUPPLIES AND A PHOTOCYCLE AFFECT PHYTOPLANKTON COMPETITION FOR LIMITING NUTRIENTS IN LONG‐TERM CULTURE

The influence of periodic nutrient supplies and a photocycle on phytoplankton competition for limiting nutrients was examined using the diatoms Thalassiosira rotula Meunier (clone 411) and Chaetoceros sp. cf. vixvisibilis Schiller (clone 847). Chaetoceros sp. cf. vixvisibilis displaced T. rotula from ammonium-limited cultures under constant light irrespective of whether ammonium was supplied continuously, in 6 pulses.day−1 or in a single daily pulse. In contrast, the species coexisted under the 14:10 h LD photocycle under either continuous or pulsed ammonium supplies with the relative abundance of C. sp. cf. vixvisibilis increasing as the interval between ammonium additions lengthened. Coexistence was not observed with either silicic acid or nitrate limitation. Chaetoceros sp. cf. vixvisibilis displaced T. rotula from both nitrate- and silicic acid-limited chemostat cultures and from semi-continuous cultures grown under the same photoperiod that produced coexistence with a daily pulse of ammonium. The presence of a photocycle was both necessary and sufficient to permit coexistence with ammonium limitation. Under continuous ammonium supply the photocycle may have induced a temporal separation of ammonium uptake between species, permitting sharing of the limiting nutrient and coexistence. In contrast, the species were shown to be in direct competition for the daily ammonium pulse. A competition model suggested that coexistence in this case arose from a balance between the species’ammonium uptake rates and their nitrogen demands for steady-state growth induced by the photocycle. The results indicate that variations in nutrient supply rates may contribute to the coexistence of phytoplankton species in the sea, but that the identity of the limiting nutrient and the influence of variations in other non-limiting resources play important roles in affecting the outcome of nutrient competition among planktonic algae.
Positive and elementary stable nonstandard numerical methods with applications to predator-prey models

Positive and elementary stable nonstandard (PESN) finite-difference methods, having the same qualitative features as the corresponding continuous predator-prey models, are formulated and analyzed. The proposed numerical techniques are based on a nonlocal modeling of the growth-rate function and a nonstandard discretization of the time derivative. This approach leads to significant qualitative improvements in the behavior of the numerical solution. Applications of the PESN methods to a specific Rosenzweig-MacArthur predator-prey model are also presented.
Impact of mixing model on predicted no formation in a nonpremixed, partially stirred reactor

Stochastic simulations of non-premixed, partially stirred reactors (PaSRs) with three mixing models have been carried out for investigating the influence of unmixedness and differential diffusion on predicted NO levels. The three mixing models considered here include the modified Curl's model, the interaction-by-exchange-with-the-mean (IEM) model, and the linear-eddy model (LEM). The first two mixing models lack the ability in modeling the detailed diffusion process at the molecular level. The potential impact of differential diffusion on predicted NO levels is explored by using the LEM with/without differential diffusion. Comparisons of the predicted mean temperatures and NO levels indicate that at a given unmix-edness level, the IEM model gives highest NO and temperatures due to its deterministic nature. Differential diffusion is found to have little impact on the predicted mean temperatures by the LEM, but it increases the predicted NO levels by a factor of 2. The modified Curl's mixing model predicts temperatures and NO levels lying between those given by the IEM and the LEM. Comparisons of detailed statistics have been performed to gain better understanding of these mixing models, especially the importance of the subtle features of mixing processes embedded in the LEM. The results suggest that superequilibrium temperatures seen in the predictions by the LEM with differential diffusion are the cause of the increase in the predicted NO levels. The predicted differential diffusion effect is found to scale with Re−1/2 in agreement with the predictions for nonreacting flows. At a given unmixedness level, the mixing times computed by τ mix = C m 〈 ξ ″ ξ ″ 〉 / χ ˜ based on the LEM correlate reasonably well with the prescribed mixing times for the modified Curl's model or the IEM model.
The potato yellow dwarf disease

Potato yellow dwarf is transmissible by stem grafting. Several insects were tested for their ability to transmit yellow dwarf. The clover leafhopper,Agaflia sanguinolenta,. Prov., is the only one which acted as a vector. The incubation period for the virus in the plant is variable. It averaged about 40 days in these experiments whether tranmission was by grafting or by insect inoculation. There are two ways in which the virus overwinters: (I) in the potato tuber and (2) in the clover leafhopper or in some host other than the potato.
Oxidative polymerization of pyrrole and aniline in Hofmann-type inclusion compounds

Abstract The reaction of the Hofmann-type inclusion compounds (CP 4 H 5 N)Ni(CN) 2 NH 3 (I) and (C 6 H 5 NH 2 )Ni(CN) 2 NH 3 (II) with various oxidants is reported to yield electrically conductive polypyrrole/Ni(CN) 2 NH 3 (III) and polyaniline/Ni(CN) 2 NH 3 (IV) type composites. (III) is a conductive material while (IV) is an insulator. The synthetic details as well as spectroscopic electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction data on the state of the polymers inside the Ni(CN) 2 NH 3 host material are presented. Data obtained from single crystals of these materials are presented, as well as variable temperature charge transport measurements such as electrical conductivity and thermopower.
Phi-symmetric effect algebras

The notion of a Sasaki projectionon an orthomodular lattice is generalized to a mapping Φ: E × E → E, where E is an effect algebra. If E is lattice ordered and Φ is symmetric, then E is called a Φ-symmetric effect algebra.This paper launches a study of such effect algebras. In particular, it is shown that every interval effect algebra with a lattice-ordered ambient group is Φ-symmetric, and its group is the one constructed by Ravindran in his proof that every effect algebra that has the Riesz decomposition property is an interval algebra. It is shown that the doubling construction introduced in the paper is connected to the conditional event algebrasof Goodman, Nguyen, and Walker.
Application of proteomic technologies to cytologic specimens. A review.

With the increasing use of molecular biology techniques in routine pathology practice, it seems reasonable that their application to cytologic specimens will become popular in the near future. Proteomics is a novel area of research that involves the global analysis of tissue proteins using diverse technologies, such as 2-D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and bioinforniatics. This review discusses recent applications of proteomic analysis to cytologic specimens as well as its potential in the diagnosis of neoplastic and nonneoplastic disease.
Interannual variability of atmospheric methane: possible effects of the el nino--southern oscillation.

Nearly continuous measurements at Cape Meares, Oregon, revealed that methane was increasing in the earth's atmosphere and that its concentration varied cyclically with the seasons. After 6 years of measurements, results show that the rate of increase in methane undergoes interannual variations; the most prominent of these coincided with the last major El Nino-Southern Oscillation, when methane concentrations fell far below expected levels. One of the consequences of the interannual variability is that the long-term rate of increase at Cape Meares is now about 16 parts per billion by volume per year, or about 1 percent annually, which is significantly less than that indicated by the earliest calculations.
Cultivar × tillage interaction of hard red spring wheat cultivars

There was a significant cultivar×tillage interaction for grain yield, with a range from a 9.8% increase to a 11.6% decrease depending on cultivar when examined over all environments. There was a cultivar×tillage interaction for seed weight (P=0.07) and grain yield (P<0.05). Stand establishment was superior at all locations in no-till. Tillering at various growth stages did not explain grain yield differences. This study indicated that selection under no-till should be considered to more efficiently develop spring wheat cultivars for no-till production systems
Design Considerations for Hybridizing Additive Manufacturing and Direct Write Technologies

The layer-by-layer nature of additive manufacturing (AM) allows for access to the entire build volume of an artifact during manufacture, including its internal structure. Internal voids are accessible during the build process and allow for components to be embedded and sealed with subsequently printed layers. When AM is combined with Direct Write (DW) of conductive materials, the resulting hybrid process enables the direct manufacture of parts with embedded electronics, including interconnects and sensors. However, the hybridization of DW and AM technologies is non-trivial due to (i) identifying DW materials and processes that are compatible with AM infrastructure, throughput and resolution, (ii) temperature processing requirements, and (iii) interactions between the two materials.In this paper, the authors explore DW technologies and materials to identify those that are most compatible with AM. From this exploration, the authors abstract a set of generalized design considerations for the design of a hybrid AM and DW process. These considerations are then employed in a systematic design process in which a DW system for depositing conductive materials during the PolyJet manufacturing process is realized. The resulting system is able to create embedded functional electronic interconnects and sensors in printed parts composed of both stiff and flexible polymers.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Deconvolution techniques applied to Fabry-Perot interferometry data

Spectral line profiles from light, atomic gases in upper planetary atmospheres are commonly non-Maxwellian. The velocity distributions of these light gases are perturbed in complex ways by atmospheric escape processes, by the paucity of thermalizing collisions, and by infrequent but important collisions with hot ions in the plasmasphere. It has long been recognized that the velocity distributions can be used to unfold the physical processes leading to atmospheric escape and to the partitioning of neutral gas trajectory classifications (ballistic, escaping, or satellite). Unfortunately, isolation of the velocity distribution from the measured emission line profile is not a simple matter, especially when neither of the velocity distributions are non- Maxwellian and when the instrument function used to measure the profile is also a complex function. We have experimented with several techniques to accurately retrieve the velocity distribution of atomic hydrogen in the earth's exosphere from the hydrogen Balmer-alpha (H (alpha )) emission line profile measured with a Fabry-Perot interferometer. Although the derived velocity distribution remains subject to contamination of the measured emission by extraterrestrial and terrestrial sources, the technique to decompose the actual emission function from the combined instrument function plus emission function is established in this work -- and is applicable to many other similar problems. In particular, two techniques are compared. First, a classical deconvolution technique is developed using objective, low-pass filtering. Second, a nonlinear deconvolution algorithm, commonly referred to as `CLEAN' by the radio astronomy community that developed it, is applied to the optical H (alpha ) spectra. We find that this second technique is useful for an accurate isolation of the velocity distribution of atomic hydrogen in earth's exosphere, while the classical deconvolution is more useful for determining the full width at half maximum of the emission. The CLEAN technique does a superior job of isolating low signal-to-noise information in the emission profile wings, of particular interest for the derivation of the escaping atomic hydrogen population. It is particularly important that the CLEAN technique, when properly applied, is not susceptible to the addition of unrealistic information in the low signal-to-noise region of emission line extrema, whereas common deconvolution techniques are often quite suspect in these regions. Using this new technique and a new ability to ascribe hydrogen column abundance to H (alpha ) brightness measurements, we are now poised to derive atomic hydrogen escape fluxes without dependence upon models of escape flux dynamics.
Intracellular Mg2+ Enhances the Function of Bk-Type Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels

BK channels modulate neurotransmitter release due to their activation by voltage and Ca2+. Intracellular Mg2+ also modulates BK channels in multiple ways with opposite effects on channel function. Previous single-channel studies have shown that Mg2+ blocks the pore of BK channels in a voltage-dependent manner. We have confirmed this result by studying macroscopic currents of the mslo1 channel. We find that Mg2+ activates mslo1 BK channels independently of Ca2+ and voltage by preferentially binding to their open conformation. The mslo3 channel, which lacks Ca2+ binding sites in the tail, is not activated by Mg2+. However, coexpression of the mslo1 core and mslo3 tail produces channels with Mg2+ sensitivity similar to mslo1 channels, indicating that Mg2+ sites differ from Ca2+ sites. We discovered that Mg2+ also binds to Ca2+ sites and competitively inhibits Ca2+-dependent activation. Quantitative computation of these effects reveals that the overall effect of Mg2+ under physiological conditions is to enhance BK channel function.
Integrating CASE tools into the CS/CIS curriculum

The integration of computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools into the curriculum benefits computer science/information systems educators as well as industry. There has been a continuing, long and arduous movement toward the use of CASE tools especially in industry. The type of tool, the type of methodology in use for software development, and the type of application being developed all influence the successful use of CASE [15]. Industry greatly benefits from having students learn about the use of CASE tools within their university program. It enables the organization to more easily assimilate graduates into the software development process.
The rise of an Alaskan Native bourgeoisie

Cet article concerne la transition vers le capitalisme par un groupe de leaders autochtones de l’Alaska. Lors de l’adoption par le Congres americain de l’Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) en 1971, une nouvelle situation economique fut accessible a la societe autochtone de l’Alaska, creant ainsi des opportunites pour les leaders autochtones de devenir des entrepreneurs. Basee sur l’observation et l’analyse, cette recherche retrace le developpement des leaders autochtones de l’ile Kodiak et raconte leur continuelle apprehension en tant qu’agents du capitalisme devenant conscients de leur role d’endosseurs d’une nouvelle formation identitaire. Je suggere que la societe de Kodiak pre-ANCSA est associee a un systeme social stratifie particulier dans lequel les sources de pouvoir et de privileges sociaux et culturels sont dominantes. La transition vers la societe post-ANCSA est un processus qui convertit des formes de pouvoir devaluees en de nouvelles formes economiquement definies, marquant ainsi un changement a partir d’un ordre de rangs vers une stratification capitaliste basee sur des classes.
Myopia, contact lens use and self‐esteem

Purpose To evaluate whether contact lens (CL) use was associated with self-esteem in myopic children originally enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET), that after 5 years continued as an observational study of myopia progression with CL use permitted. Methods Usable data at the 6-year visit, one year after CL use was allowed (n = 423/469, age 12–17 years), included questions on CL use, refractive error measurements and self-reported self-esteem in several areas (scholastic/athletic competence, physical appearance, social acceptance, behavioural conduct and global self-worth). Self-esteem, scored from 1 (low) to 4 (high), was measured by the Self-Perception Profile for Children in participants under 14 years or the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, in those 14 years and older. Multiple regression analyses were used to evaluate associations between self-esteem and relevant factors identified by univariate analyses (e.g., CL use, gender, ethnicity), while adjusting for baseline self-esteem prior to CL use. Results Mean (±S.D.) self-esteem scores at the 6-year visit (mean age = 15.3 ± 1.3 years; mean refractive error = −4.6 ± 1.5 D) ranged from 2.74 (± 0.76) on athletic competence to 3.33 (± 0.53) on global self-worth. CL wearers (n = 224) compared to eyeglass wearers (n = 199) were more likely to be female (p < 0.0001). Those who chose to wear CLs had higher social acceptance, athletic competence and behavioural conduct scores (p < 0.05) at baseline compared to eyeglass users. CL users continued to report higher social acceptance scores at the 6-year visit (p = 0.03), after adjusting for baseline scores and other covariates. Ethnicity was also independently associated with social acceptance in the multivariable analyses (p = 0.011); African-Americans had higher scores than Asians, Whites and Hispanics. Age and refractive error were not associated with self-esteem or CL use. Conclusions COMET participants who chose to wear CLs after 5 years of eyeglass use had higher self-esteem compared to those who remained in glasses both preceding and following CL use. This suggests that self-esteem may influence the decision to wear CLs and that CLs in turn are associated with higher self-esteem in individuals most likely to wear them.
Triple-Negative Receptor Status and Other Predictors of Lymph Node Positivity in Small (T1) Breast Cancers: A National Registry Study

Purpose/Objective(s): With increased early detection of breast cancers (BC), the understanding of prognostic factors associated with small tumors becomes important in management. This study examined the effects of various tumor characteristics on positive lymph nodes (LN) and N staging through review of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Materials/Methods: Women who had stage T1N0-3M0 BC over the age of 30 who were treated in 2010 were identified using the SEER database. Patients underwent either lumpectomy or mastectomy with axilla evaluation. The incidence of LN+ and N staging were compared based on tumor grade, size, quadrant, and receptor status. Chi-square test, KruskalWallis test, and multivariable logistic regression were used, as appropriate. Results: A total of 14301 patients were included. The median age group was 60-64 years old. The median tumor size was 12 mm (2-20 mm). There were 31% grade I, 45% grade II, and 24% grade III tumors. LNs were negative in 81%, while N1, 2, 3 diseases were 16%, 2%, and 1%, respectively. Hormone receptor status was positive for estrogen (ER) in 86.5%, progesterone (PR) in 76%, and HER 2 for 12% of the cases, resulting in 15.6% triple negative (TNBC) and 6.1% triple positive (TPBC). The LN+ patients had larger primary tumor size (median: 15 mm) compared to LN(median: 11 mm) (p < 0.0001). Tumor grade was strongly associated with the likelihood of LN+ as well as higher N stage (p < 0.0001). Higher prevalence of N2/N3 disease was found in ERtumors (p Z 0.04) and PRtumors (p < 0.001) compared to ER+ and PR+. HER 2+ tumors were associated with higher likelihood of LN+ disease (p < 0.0001). TNBC was less likely to be associated with +LN (p Z 0.03). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, TNBC (vs TPBC) remained a predictor for fewer LN+ disease (adjusted OR Z 0.66; 95% CI Z 0.52, 0.84; P Z 0.001) and N2/3 stage (adjusted OR Z 0.62; 95% CI Z 0.39, 0.99; P Z 0.048). Tumor location (central and quadrants) was not a predictor of +LN and N staging except for a small number of patients coded to have tumor involving the nipple (0.4%) and axillary tail (0.8%) (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This review of the SEER data suggests that grade, tumor size, and HER 2 were strong predictors of +LN in T1 breast cancer patients. TNBC had a negative association with likelihood and number of positive LN as compared to other receptor types. These factors should be considered when deciding on management of axilla for T1 BC patients. Author Disclosure: J.C. Ye: None. W. Yan: None. P. Christos: None. D. Nori: None. K.C. Chao: None. A. Ravi: None.
A Sedimentary Model of the Continental Margin Off Oregon: ABSTRACT

The continental margin west of Oregon consists of a generally convex-upward surface 35 to 60 nautical miles wide. The continental shelf, which forms the upper part of the surface, slopes seaward at less than one degree and ranges irregularly in width from 9 to 35 miles. Several elongate hills or banks rise above the general End_Page 336------------------------------ shelf level. The lower part of the continental margin (continental slope) increases in average declivity from about 1° to 10°, and is modified by numerous ridges, hills, benches, and valleys. Stratigraphic, structural, and geophysical data suggest that during the Tertiary as much as 20,000 feet of sediment accumulated off the central coast of Oregon in the area of the present continental shelf. Recent sediments in this region consist of well-sorted, fine to very fine, detrital sands on the inner shelf, grading to poorly-sorted glauconite-rich clayey silts on the outer shelf. Continental slope sediments are primarily clayey silts containing small percentages of Foraminifera, radiolarians, diatoms and sponge spicules. Lithologic and faunal similarities of the Recent sediments to sedimentary rocks exposed along the coast and on the shelf and slope indicate that deposition during late Tertiary time occurred in shelf and slope environments. The fossil faunas also indicate that parts of the continental margin may have been uplifted as much as 4,000 feet since the late Tertiary, and that there has been a general westward shifting of the sites of sediment accumulation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 337------------
Structural Characterizations of Symmetrically Strained Sim Gen Superlattices

Molecular beam epitaxy was used to grow Sim Gen superlattices on relaxed Si1-xGex buffer layers which symmetrize the strains between the heteroepitaxial layers. Samples with different superlattice periodicities and individual layer thickness ratios were prepared. The compositions and defect structures of the GexSi1-x buffers have significant influence on the homogeneity and quality of the overlying superlattices. In particular, greater disorder was found in superlattice structures grown on Si0.5Ge0.5 buffers than for those grown on buffer layers with significantly higher or lower Ge contents.
Effectiveness of Warnings

The purpose of the present work was to identify some of the factors that influence effectiveness of warnings. Two laboratory experiments designed to examine behavioral effectiveness indicated that a warning placed before procedural instructions is more likely to lead to compliance than a warning that follows instructions. Two rating experiments indicated that for greatest perceived effectiveness, environmental warnings generally require a signal word plus hazard, consequence, and instruction statements. A third rating experiment suggested that informative, nonredundant statements add to a warning's perceived effectiveness. Several field demonstration studies showed that cost of compliance and salience influence behavioral effectiveness. Implications and applications to warning design are discussed.
Stress and Binge Drinking: A Daily Process Examination of Stressor Pile-up and Socioeconomic Status in Affect Regulation

The goal of this study was to enhance understanding of the interconnections between stress, negative mood, and alcohol use. To achieve this goal, daily diary data collected over eight consecutive nights from a nationally representative adult cohort were used to identify if: 1) both daily stress and stress pile-up were associated with increased risk of binge drinking, 2) negative affect mediated associations between stressor variables and binge drinking, and 3) associations among stress, negative affect and binge drinking were moderated by educational attainment as an indicator of socioeconomic status. Results from hierarchical linear models indicated that the odds of binge drinking was higher on days that individuals experienced more severe stressors in contrast to no stress days. Further, the odds of binge drinking also increased as stressors piled-up over consecutive days. There was no evidence indicating that negative affect mediated the effect of stressor exposure on binge drinking. Associations between stressor exposure (both daily stress and stress pile-up) and binge drinking were moderated by educational attainment. The findings of this study are consistent with previous daily process studies examining the association between stress and alcohol. However, the pattern of results from this study suggest that affect regulation researchers need to handle "stress" in a multidimensional way and better situate stressors and individuals stress responses within their social context.
Module final test open yield optimization, of high lead flip chip on large organic package, using structured problem solving approach

The Flip Chip Plastic Ball Grid Array (FCPBGA) has become the prevalent packaging solution for mainstream microprocessors and high performance Asics. Increases in device size for these applications have begun to push the limits in terms of bond and assembly by triggering new failure modes that can impact yield and reliability. The complexity of these failure modes are such that material set behaviour knowledge and statistical analysis techniques are becoming critical to rapid product set introduction in a high volume manufacturing mode.
tRNA2Lys gene clusters in Drosophila.

Abstract We have isolated segments of Drosophila melanogaster DNA that contain two clusters of tRNA 2 Lys genes. In one segment, pPW511, there is a cluster of three of these genes surrounded by other tRNA genes. Two other segments, pPW516 and pPW541. share a 3 × 10 3 base-pair region that has a cluster of four tRNA 2 Lys genes. This cluster is flanked by 20 × 10 3 base-pairs of DNA that does not appear to have other tRNA genes. The tRNA genes in both clusters are irregularly spaced and are intermingled with moderately repetitive DNA. Each cluster is present once or perhaps twice in the haploid genome and has the same arrangement of restriction endonuclease sites in the genomic DNA as in the isolated, cloned DNA. In situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes localized the pPW511 cluster to the 42A region and the pPW516/541 cluster to the 42E region. Another region, 50B, also contains tRNA 2 Lys genes. In sum, these cloned tRNA 2 Lys genes account for most of this gene family and are irregularly spaced in two clusters.
Delayed Failure of Plasma-Sprayed Al2O3 Applied to Metallic Substrates

Aluminum oxide coatings were applied to the ends of cylindrical metal samples of both 316L stainless steel and TS–6Al-4V ELI by a plasma spray process. These samples, fabricated into 4-point bend specimens, were used to determine both the strength and slow crack growth characteristics. The data obtained indicated that both systems were susceptible to stress corrosion. When the substrate was the titanium alloy, the delayed failure behavior was characterized by two parallel stress-corrosion reactions: one at the ceramic-metal interface and one in the coating itself. The latter became dominant at low stresses. Finally, the nature of the epoxy adhesive used to fabricate the 4-point bend samples was found to strongly influence the fatigue behavior at long failure times.
Prevalence and Transmission of Honeybee Viruses

Transmission mechanisms of six honeybee viruses, including acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), Kashmir bee virus (KBV), and sacbrood bee virus (SBV), in honey bee colonies were investigated by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) methods. The virus status of individual queens was evaluated by examining the presence of viruses in the queens' feces and tissues, including hemolymph, gut, ovaries, spermatheca, head, and eviscerated body. Except for head tissue, all five tissues as well as queen feces were found to be positive for virus infections. When queens in bee colonies were identified as positive for BQCV, DWV, CBPV, KBV, and SBV, the same viruses were detected in their offspring, including eggs, larvae, and adult workers. On the other hand, when queens were found positive for only two viruses, BQCV and DWV, only these two viruses were detected in their offspring. The presence of viruses in the tissue of ovaries and the detection of the same viruses in queens' eggs and young larvae suggest vertical transmission of viruses from queens to offspring. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of vertical transmission of viruses in honeybee colonies.
Sum-Rate Reduction due to Limited Feedback in MIMO Broadcast Channels with Block-Diagonalization

There is an implicit loss in data throughput due to channel state information (CSI) feedback for a multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) system. This loss has usually not been considered in conventional sum-rate studies. Recently, a duplex model was introduced for a single-user point-to-point MIMO system to calculate the rate loss due to the feedback. This paper extends the duplex system model for a multi-user MIMO downlink with block diagonalization. In other words, this paper will determine the sum-rate loss and show what is the trade-off between user data and CSI overhead rate. In addition, effects of quantization error at the receiver and noisy feedback upon the loss in net system capacity are presented. Finally, simulation results verify the impact of feedback on the sum-rate for multiple user multi-antenna wireless systems.
Variable susceptibility to immune complex glomerulonephritis among mice sharing the same major histocompatibility complex.

Three inbred strains of mice were identified which demonstrated different susceptibilities to induction of immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICGN) despite sharing the same major histocompatibility complex haplotype (H-2k). Groups of mice from each of these three strains, B10.BR, CBA and C3H/HeJ, were injected with one of two different dose schedules of horse apoferritin (HAF) for 4 weeks, after which glomerular morphology, immunoglobulin deposition, and serum anti-HAF antibody levels were examined. With either dose schedule, only those mice which demonstrated a high level antibody response developed ICGN and glomerular immunoglobulin deposition. These results suggest that susceptibility to ICGN in this model is related to the level of antigen exposure and to the magnitude of the antibody response, which is not under strict control of the major histocompatibility complex
Capacity of power constrained ad-hoc networks

Throughput capacity is a critical parameter for the design and evaluation of ad-hoc wireless networks. Consider n identical randomly located nodes, on a unit area, forming an ad-hoc wireless network. Assuming a fixed per node transmission capability of T hits per second at a fixed range, it has been shown that the uniform throughput capacity per node r(n) is /spl otimes/(T//spl radic/nlogn). We consider an alternate communication model, with each node constrained to a maximum transmit power P/sub 0/ and capable of utilizing W Hz of bandwidth. Under the limiting case W/spl rarr//spl infin/, such as in ultra wide band networks, the uniform throughput per node is /spl otimes/((nlogn)/sup /spl alpha/-1/2/ (upper bound) and /spl Omega/(n/sup (/spl alpha/-1)/2//(logn)/sup (/spl alpha/+1)/2/) (achievable lower bound). These bounds demonstrate that throughput increases with node density n, in contrast to previously published results. This is the result of the large bandwidth, and the assumed power and rate adaptation, which alleviate interference. Thus, the significance of physical layer properties on the capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks is demonstrated.
Assessing Needs and Feasibility of Diabetes Self-management Coaching at Faith-Based Organizations for Indo-Guyanese Immigrants.

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore barriers and needs related to diabetes care and the feasibility of diabetes self-management (DSM) “coaching” at faith-based organizations (FBOs) for the Indo-Guyanese community in Schenectady, New York.MethodsParticipants were recruited though flyers and mass mailings, and in-depth interviews were conducted at their homes by a team of culturally matched interviewers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Characteristics of participants were compared with existing population-based data to confirm their representativeness. Responses were transcribed, coded, and summarized, and findings are presented along with selective quotations. Key dimensions of feasibility were scored and charted for visualization.ResultsFindings revealed barriers regarding diet-related knowledge and skills, access to structured DSM education, hyperglycemia control, and environmental support for physical activity. Participants responded positively to receiving free DSM coaching at their FB...
Release and effects of ATP and its derivatives at cholinergic synapses

ATP is released from many central and peripheral terminals in a rapid, synch'onous manner. It can act both as a neurotransmitter substance and as a neuromodulator in conjunction with a primary neurotransmitter. We begin this perspective by reviewing the evidence for the quantal release of ATP together with acetylcholine (ACh) from motor nerve endings. Next, we discuss the inhibitory effects of adenosine derivatives on presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes at cholinergic synapses. With regard to the presynaptic effects of adenosine, after hydrolysis to adenosine ATP is the mediator of skeletal neuromuscular depression at low frequencies of stimulation. The evidence confirming the suggestion that this inhibitory effect of adenosine at motor nerve endings is mediated downstream of calcium entry is presented. Finally, the data showing the mutually occlusive effects of ATP and ACh at cholinoceptive neurons are summarized and discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 52:22-33, 2001.
The Robust Sequential Estimator: a general approach and its application to surface organization in range data

Presents an autonomous, statistically robust, sequential function approximation approach to simultaneous parameterization and organization of (possibly partially occluded) surfaces in noisy, outlier-ridden (not Gaussian), functional range data. At the core of this approach is the Robust Sequential Estimator, a robust extension to the method of sequential least squares. Unlike most existing surface characterization techniques, the authors' method generates complete surface hypotheses in parameter space. Given a noisy depth map of an unknown 3-D scene, the algorithm first selects appropriate seed points representing possible surfaces. For each nonredundant seed it chooses the best approximating model from a given set of competing models using a modified Akaike Information Criterion. With this best model, each surface is expanded from its seed over the entire image, and this step is repeated for all seeds. Those points which appear to be outliers with respect to the model in growth are not included in the (possibly disconnected) surface. Point regions are deleted from each newly grown surface in the prune stage. Noise, outliers, or coincidental surface alignment may cause some points to appear to belong to more than one surface. These ambiguities are resolved by a weighted voting scheme within a 5/spl times/5 decision window centered around the ambiguous point. The isolated point regions left after the resolve stage are removed and any missing points in the data are filled by the surface having a majority consensus in an 8-neighborhood. >
Incidence of bark- and wood-boring insects in firewood: a survey at Michigan's Mackinac Bridge.

Firewood is a major pathway for the inadvertent movement of bark- and wood-infesting insects. After discovery of Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in southeastern Michigan in 2002, quarantines were enacted including prohibition of transporting firewood across the Mackinac Bridge between Michigan's Lower and Upper peninsulas. Drivers are required to surrender firewood before crossing the bridge. We surveyed recently surrendered firewood in April, July, and September 2008 and categorized it by genus, cross-sectional shape (whole, half, or quarter), approximate age (years since it was a live tree), presence of bark, and evidence of bark- and wood-boring insects. The 1,045 pieces of firewood examined represented 21 tree genera: primarily Acer (30%), Quercus (18%), Fraxinus (15%), Ulmus (12%), Betula (5%), and Prunus (5%). Live borers (Bostrichoidea, Brentidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Cossidae, Curculionidae [Scolytinae and non-Scolytinae],and Siricidae) were found in 23% of the pieces and another 41% had evidence of previous borer infestation. Of the 152 Fraxinus firewood pieces, 13% had evidence of past A. planipennis infestation, but we found no live A. planipennis. We discuss national “don't move firewood” campaigns and U.S. imports of fuelwood. During 1996–2009, the United States imported fuelwood valued at >$US98 million from 34 countries.
SUPRANORMAL NUCLEAR CONTENT OF 5α-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE IN BENIGN HYPERPLASTIC PROSTATE OF HUMANS

We investigated the concentration of nuclear and cytosolic 5α-dihydrotestosterone and 3α-androstanediol in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in men. The endogenous content of the androgens was quantitated by radioimmunoassay after isolation of the nuclear and cytosolic fractions by classical differential centrifugation techniques. The mean dihydrotestosterone content was about four-fold higher (P¼.01) than normal in the nuclear fraction and two-fold higher (P=.O5) in the cytosolic fraction in periurethral tissue from hyperplastic prostates. The mean 3α-androstanediol values were approximately one-third of normal in both the nuclear (P ¼.01) and cytosolic (P ¼.01) fractionsin glands with BPH. In BPH tissue the ratio of dihydrotestosterone to androstanediol content in both the nuclear and cytosolic fractions was significantly higher (P ¼.01) than the ratio in normal prostate. Our data suggest that elevated intranuclear dihydrotestosterone but not 3α-androstanediol may be causally related to the development...
High Pressure Phase Transformations in Heavy Rare Earth Metals and Connections to Actinide Crystal Structures

High-pressure studies have been performed on heavy rare earth metals Terbium (Tb) to 155 GPa and Holmium (Ho) to 134 GPa in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. The following crystal structure sequence was observed in both metals hcp ⟶ Sm-type ⟶ dhcp ⟶ distorted fcc (hR-24) ⟶ monoclinic (C2/m) with increasing pressure. The last transformation to a low symmetry monoclinic phase is accompanied by a volume collapse of 5 % for Tb at 51 GPa and a volume collapse of 3 % for Ho at 103 GPa. This volume collapse under high pressure is reminiscent of f-shell delocalization in light rare earth metal Cerium (Ce), Praseodymium (Pr), and heavy actinide metals Americium (Am) and Curium (Cm). The orthorhombic Pnma phase that has been reported in Am and Cm after f-shell delocalization is not observed in heavy rare earth metals under high pressures.
Localization and functional effects of adenosine A1 receptors on cardiac vagal afferents in adult rats.

There is evidence to suggest that during ischemia adenosine acts on cardiac vagal afferent neurons to activate systemic reflexes and to modulate cardiac nociception. The purpose of this study was t...
Relationship between obsessive beliefs and obsessive-compulsive symptoms

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between symptom presentation in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and dysfunctional beliefs hypothesized to relate to OCD. Five-hundred sixty two undergraduates completed self-report measures of OCD symptoms and OCD-related beliefs, as well as measures of social anxiety and depression. The tendency to overestimate threat significantly predicted the OCD symptom domains of washing, checking/doubting, obsessing, mental neutralizing, and hoarding. Perceived need to control one's thoughts predicted obsessing. Perceived importance of thoughts predicted neutralizing. Perfectionism beliefs predicted ordering. Although the relationship between dysfunctional beliefs and OCD remained significant when controlling for social anxiety and depression, Threat Estimation and Perfectionism showed a moderate relationship with these variables as well. Thus, although some dysfunctional beliefs show a specific relationship to OCD, others may reflect broader forms of psychopathology.
Drug Policy and the Enhancement of Access to Treatment

The critical role of effective treatment in drug policy has been strongly emphasized in several recent studies of both national and international scope (Edwards, Strang, & Jaffe, 1993; Falco, 1992; Reuter, 1993). Among the most important factors that determine the effectiveness of treatment programs as countermeasures to drug dependence and abuse are the accessibility of essential services and the maintenance of patient contact with those services (Ball & Ross, 1991; Hubbard, Marsden, Rachal, Harwood, Cavanaugh, & Gainsburg, 1989; McLellan, Luborshy, Cacciola, Griffith, McGahan, & O’Brien, 1985; Simpson & Sells, 1982). A major impediment to the establishment, maintenance, and expansion of treatment services for drug abusers, however, is identifying accessible sites where programs can be offered.