cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-Linearity and the Forward Premium Anomaly

Speculative efficiency (the ability to profit without bearing commensurate risk in foreign exchange markets) is predicated on the forward premium anomaly. Market efficiency still manifests itself in the form of nonlinear adjustments, eroding excess profits. The returns on foreign exchange speculation may not behave in a market-efficient manner except at average values of interest-rate differentials. This study suggests that market efficiency holds as a result of a hedging relation between linear and nonlinear responses of returns.
An extensible spatial and temporal epidemiological modelling system

This paper describes the Spatiotemporal Epidemiological Modeller (STEM) which is an extensible software system and framework for modelling the spatial and temporal progression of multiple diseases affecting multiple populations in geographically distributed locations. STEM is an experiment in developing a software system that can model complex epidemiological scenarios while also being extensible by the research community. The ultimate goal of STEM is to provide a common modelling platform powerful enough to be sufficient for all modelling scenarios and extensible in a way that allows different researchers to combine their efforts in developing exceptionally good models. STEM is a powerful modelling system that allows researchers to model scenarios with unmixed populations that are not uniformly distributed and in which multiple populations exist that are being infected with multiple diseases. It's underlying representational framework, a graph, and its software architecture allow the system to be extended by incorporating software components developed by different researchers. This approach taken in the design of STEM creates a powerful platform for epidemiological research collaboration. Future versions of the system will make such collaborative efforts easy and common.
Bandwidth sharing and scheduling for multimodal radar with communications and tracking

A multimodal radar varies its bandwidth (and hence resolution) based on the arrangement of target scattering features, possibly leaving unused bandwidth for other applications. In this paper, we explore bandwidth sharing scenarios between radar and communications. We divide the surveillance space into sectors and use fuzzy logic to arrive at priorities for each sector. Multi-objective optimization is used to arrive at solutions making the best use of available bandwidth between radar and communications. We also consider the problem of scheduling between tracking and surveillance for the multimodal radar. Smart scheduling is necessary to make the best use of available radar resources. We look at algorithms for special target scenarios. Tracking is performed using the particle filter algorithm.
Collagen xenografts for bone replacement: The effects of aldehyde-induced cross-linking on degradation rate☆

Abstract Collagen was extracted with acid from fresh calf skin, reconstituted and cross-linked with one of four aldehydes, and implanted into surgically created defects in rabbit mandibles. All grafts were histocompatible, with no signs of infection or rejection. There was partial degradation of simple aldehyde cross-linked collagen grafts, with new bone formation evident throughout as early as 4 weeks and complete by 3 to 4 months. The greater the degree of aldehyde-induced cross-linking, the longer the time of degradation, with dialdehyde-fixed specimens not starting to degrade for 6 months and highly cross-linked grafts intact and stable after 1 year. In grafted animals the mandible regained its original contour, while in control animals a defect remained after 1 year.
General and specific childhood risk factors for depression and drug disorders by early adulthood.

ABSTRACT Objective To identify childhood risk factors that predict depression and drug disorders by early adulthood, distinguishing between general risk factors for both disorders and specific risk factors for each individual disorder. Method Within a longitudinal community study ( N = 360), familial and behavioral-emotional characteristics were assessed in early childhood (ages 5, 6, and 9 years). At age 21, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version III-revised, provided lifetime diagnoses of major depression and drug abuse/dependence. Results Sibling substance use disorders predicted depression and drug disorders for both genders. Feelings of anxiety, depression, and peer rejection were general predictors for females. Specific risk factors for depression were parental depression and anxious/depressed behavior in both genders and peer problems for males. Specific risk factors for drug abuse/dependence were larger family size, lower socioeconomic status, hyperactivity, attention problems, and aggression. Parental substance abuse and having younger parents were specific risk factors for drug disorders in males. Conclusions Familial and behavioral-emotional risk factors for depression and drug disorders were primarily specific, suggesting separate pathways. The unique perspectives of multiple informants facilitate early identification.
Reliable Energy-Efficient Uplink Transmission for Neighborhood Area Networks in Smart Grid

In the smart grid, a neighborhood area network (NAN) is a part of the cyber-physical system that achieves two-way communications between smart meters and meter data management system (MDMS). In this paper, we study the energy efficiency issue for uplink transmissions from NAN gateways to the concentrator connecting the MDMS. Classical power control schemes targeting pure bits/joule energy efficiency for multiaccess wireless networks do not fit in well due to the stringent data rate reliability requirement caused by the massive amount of smart meter data. Therefore, we propose a hierarchical uplink transmission power control scheme for a NAN using a two-level Stackelberg game approach. Focusing on linear receivers, the Stackelberg equilibrium for the proposed game is derived. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed scheme achieves both data rate reliability and energy efficiency.
Non-branching degrees in the Medvedev lattice of Π⁰₁ classes

A $\Sigma^0_1$ class is the set of paths through a computable tree. Given classes $P$ and $Q$, $P$ is Medvedev reducible to $Q, P \leq_{M} Q$, if there is a computably continuous functional mapping $Q$ into $P$. We look at the lattice formed by $\Sigma^0_1$ subclasses of $2^\omega$ under this reduction. It is known that the degree of a splitting class of c.e. sets is non-branching. We further characterize non-branching degrees, providing two additional properties which guarantee non-branching: inseparable and hyperinseparable. Our main result is to show that non-branching iff inseparable if hyperinseparable if homogeneous and that all unstated implications do not hold. We also show that inseparable and not hyperinseparable degrees are downward dense.
Frequently published scholars and educational backgrounds

Abstract Criminal justice is a relatively new, formally recognized academic field, and it is possible to examine various aspects of its development. One subject for study is the intellectual terrain of the field of criminal justice as reflected in journal publications. Concentration of the institutional backgrounds of those making the most frequent contributions to criminal justice journals was examined. A list of institutions granting doctorates to those who contributed most frequently to eight leading journals from 1991 to 1995 revealed that thirty institutions produced the scholars associated with approximately two-thirds of the manuscripts and contributions. A comparison of this list of scholars was made with the institutional origins of most-cited scholars. Some concentration of origin was identified and it is argued that it may be a limiting factor in program development as well as the character of research produced in criminal justice.
Panic disorder: Description, conceptualization, and implications for treatment

Abstract This paper reviews the Panic Disorder from diagnostic, clinical, and psychophysiological vantage points and concludes in suggestions for therapeutic intervention. The Panic Disorder is characterized by the repetitive onset of acute panic attacks. Evidence suggests that phasic panic anxiety is distinct from tonic, generalized anxiety, with each type having different treatment requirements. An integrated psychophysiological model incorporating cognitive appraisal theory and interoceptive conditioning theory was developed to conceptualize the panic attack. Stated briefly, stressful conditions or the perception of threat in panic patients elicit autonomic hyperactivity. Through a recurrent feedback loop, these aversive sensations become interoceptive conditional stimuli which elicit further anxiety responses and perceptions of threat. The development and implementation of adaptive coping skills is impeded by high physiological arousal, cognitive disorientation, and behavioral avoidance. The self-appraisal of inadequate coping skills intensifies anticipatory anxiety, further feeding into the cycle of panic escalation. This model suggests three fronts for intervention: (1) alleviating the antecedent stresses and conflicts which result in panic, (2) directly suppressing the physiological responses associated with panic, and (3) reducing the panic-maintaining anticipatory fear of panic through the training of cognitive and behavioral coping skills.
An Experimental Investigation of Employer Discretion in Employee Performance Evaluation and Compensation

Employment relationships provide fertile ground for both employee and employer opportunism. Employers worry about whether employees will devote sufficient effort to work, and employees are concerned about whether employers will compensate them appropriately. In this paper, we examine whether employer discretion over the size of the total employee compensation pool and the allocation of this pool among employees influences employee and employer opportunism. The results of our experiment indicate that firm output and employees' compensation are greater when the employer does not have discretion over total employee compensation, but does have discretion over the allocation of total compensation. We find that the employer's residual profit increases with discretion over the allocation of compensation among employees; however, we find no effect on residual profit of the employer's discretion over the total amount of employee compensation. Our results suggest that firms benefit from a compensation contract that...
Densification of Alumina-Silicon Carbide Powder Composites: I, Effects of a Polymer Coating on Silicon Carbide Particles

One possible approach to improving the densification of powder composites containing a major crystalline phase which densifies (e.g., Al2O3) and a difficult-to-sinter phase (e.g., SiC) is to accommodate the matrix volume shrinkage with a “disappearing” polymer coating. A polymer coating prevents contact between the nonsinterable particles and the surrounding matrix. The coating can be burned off before sintering, allowing the matrix phase to “shrink-fit” around the nonsinterable particles during sintering. The effects of a polymer coating on the densification of a two-phase particle system were tested using SiC powder dispersed in an Al2O3 matrix. The composites processed with a polymer coating showed more densification during equivalent firing cycles than did those processed without a polymer coating. Densification during sintering was approximately proportional to the amount of polymer adsorbed on SiC, suggesting that the Al2O3 matrix did shrink-fit into the gaps between the SiC particles and the surrounding Al2O3 matrix. Differences in the pore-size distributions of polymercoated green compacts and uncoated compacts indicated a perturbation of the green microstructure by the gaps. The estimated average thickness of the gap is approximately 20 nm, ∼8% of the average radius of the SiC powder used in this study.
Laser-Induced Current Switching In Gaseous Discharge

Current increase induced by laser photodetachment of negative ions and current decrease due to laser modification of gas property were observed. This current switching could be applied for the development of discharge switches. Basic data (such as electron drift velocity, photodetachment cross section, electron attachment rate, and electron-impact ionization cross section) are being measured for such applications.
The influence of grain boundary precipitation on the measurement of chromium redistribution and phosphorus segregation in Ni-16Cr-9Fe

The redistribution of chromium at the grain boundary and the segregation of phosphorus to the grain boundary in Ni-16Cr-9Fe is measured following thermal treatment at 700 °C for 1 to 100 hours. The addition of carbon to the base alloy results in the formation of Cr7C3 precipitates at the grain boundary and the formation of a chromium depleted zone in the adjacent matrix. Measurement of the Cr concentration is affected by the presence of Cr-rich carbides, and a technique of ratioing the Auger signal of the element of interest to a sum of the signals of elements present in the carbide and the matrix is required to minimize the scatter in the data. The presence of carbides does not affect the kinetics or extent of phosphorus segregation to the grain boundary, and there is no evidence of co-segregation of phosphorus with any major alloying element. The free energy of segregation of phosphorus is determined to be 46.2 KJ/mole at 1100 °C and 40.8 KJ/mole at 700 °C. Results show that the intergranular fracture path is along the carbide-matrix interface as opposed to through the carbides or some distance into the matrix. These results permit the calculation of the coverage of the grain boundary with carbides.
Species-specific effects of herbivory on the oviposition behavior of the moth Manduca sexta.

In Southwestern USA, the jimsonweed Datura wrightii and the nocturnal sphinx moth Manduca sexta form a pollinator-plant and herbivore-plant association. While certain plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) attract moths for oviposition, it is likely that other host-derived olfactory cues, such as herbivore-induced VOCs, repel moths for oviposition. Here, we studied the oviposition preference of female M. sexta towards intact and damaged host plants of three species: D. wrightii, D. discolor (a less preferred feeding resource but also used by females for oviposition), and Solanum lycopersicum-tomato-(used by moths as an oviposition resource only). Damage was inflicted to the plants either by larval feeding or artificial damage. Mated females were exposed to an intact plant and a damaged plant and allowed to lay eggs for 10 min. Oviposition preferences of females were highly heterogeneous in all cases, but a larger proportion of moths laid significantly fewer eggs on feeding-damaged and artificially damaged plants of S. lycopersicum. Many females also avoided feeding-damaged D. discolor and D. wrightii plants induced by treatment with methyl jasmonate. Chemical analyses showed a significant increase in the total amount of VOCs released by vegetative tissues of feeding-damaged plants, as well as species-specific increases in emission of certain VOCs. In particular, feeding-damaged S. lycopersicum plants emitted (-)-linalool, an odorant that repels moths for oviposition. Finally, the emission of D. wrightii floral VOCs, which are important in mediating feeding by adult moths (and hence pollination), did not change in plants damaged by larval feeding. We propose that the observed differential effects of herbivory on oviposition choice are due to different characteristics (i.e., mutually beneficial or parasitic) of the insect-plant interaction.
On the nature of the cross-striation of body muscle.

Abstract After the removal of globular proteins, solvents used for extraction of myosin remove from glycerol-pretreated body muscle a considerable amount of protein other than myosin, the quantity of which is sufficient to account for the differences in refraction between the A and I bands.
Is Quantized Electric Charge a Purely Electromagnetic Phenomenon

It is observed that the manifestly covariant Feynman path integral formulation for quantum electromagnetism admits a physically interesting extended definition for the sum-over-histories measure. From an equal-weighting condition and the postulate that the functional integration is to be free of renormalization, it follows that point singularies in the electromagnetic field have an electric charge associated with the fine-structure value α = (137.032 41)−1.
Parous rates in Wisconsin mosquito populations.

Populations of Psorophora ferox and Aedes species, with the exception of A. triseriatus , were found to have low parous ratios when their populations were increasing or at their peak and generally high parous ratios when populations were declining or stable. This information is of value in determining when to initiate sampling of natural populations of mosquitoes for arbovirus surveillance and in evaluating vector potential of a species from the standpoint of its longevity and refeeding habits. In general, for arbovirus surveillance, sampling of Aedes communis group, A. vexans, A. stimulans, P. ferox and Culex species would be most efficient if begun 1 week after a peak in abundance; for A. trivittatus and A. cinereus 2 weeks after peaks; and for A. canadensis 3 weeks after peaks. For A. triseriatus and Mansonia perturbans efficient sampling can be done during peaks of abundance. On a seasonal basis, at least 1/3 of the CO2-trappable parts of populations of P. ferox, A. trivittatus, A. cinereus, A. triseriatus and A. stimulans became parous and sought a second bloodmeal while only 1/5 of populations of A. vexans, A. communis group and A. canadensis became parous and sought a second bloodmeal. Parity was determined on 22,000 specimens.
Strength Distributions in Polycrystalline Silicon MEMS

Safe and reliable design of MEMS components requires a statistical description of the material properties that are associated with failure. To this end, a series of microscale tensile tests was performed on polysilicon MEMS structures fabricated using Sandia National Laboratories' SUMMiT Vtrade process. Tensile bars were fabricated from each of the four freestanding polysilicon layers, with gage lengths ranging from 30 to 3750 mum. A two-parameter Weibull distribution appeared to adequately characterize the observed tensile strength distributions. The strength distribution was found to be dependent on the length of the tensile structures, as expected by the Weibull size effect, and unexpectedly strongly dependent on the layer from which the tensile bar was constructed. Specifically, the topmost polysilicon layer in the deposition process (poly4) was more than twice the strength of the bottom freestanding polysilicon layer (poly1). The mechanistic source of this layer-dependent strength appears to originate, at least in part, from process-dependent surface roughness, although other factors such as layer-dependent variations in microstructure, residual stress, and doping are also considered. A fracture mechanics analysis of the strength distributions suggests that the size of the critical flaws is in the vicinity from 50 to 150 nm. Fractography revealed crack origins along the sidewalls, corners, and top surfaces. Weibull strength distributions were also established at elevated temperatures: 200, 400, 600, and 800 degC in air and nitrogen environments. These results revealed the onset of ductility and reduction in strength at elevated temperatures: at 600 degC strength was less than 40% of the room temperature value. Most of the strength was regained if the material was tested at room temperature after a high-temperature exposure. In the discussion, we briefly review concepts for incorporating these observed strength distributions into probabilistic safe design of MEMS components
Concurrent flowshop scheduling to minimize makespan

Abstract This paper considers the concurrent flowshop scheduling problem with the makespan objective function. In this problem each job consists of several components each of which is processed on a dedicated flowshop. Equivalently, each component requires a series of consecutive operations in a prespecified order as in the standard serial flowshop. We assume that each component has the same number of indexed operations and that these operations must be processed in the same order for each component. We first show that this problem is strongly NP-hard and then, using compact vector summation techniques, we construct schedules using a quadratic time heuristic with an absolute performance guarantee independent of the number of jobs. This makes our schedules asymptotically optimal as the number of jobs becomes very large.
Discriminate Surface Molecular Recognition Sites on a Microporous Substrate: A New Approach

A novel two-dimensional surface molecular imprinting method using water-in-oil emulsion photopolymerization on a microporous polypropylene substrate was developed and used to separate the bronchodilator, theophylline, from the mild stimulant, caffeine, both of similar chemical structure. Surface molecular recognition sites were generated that could discriminate between these two molecules with a concentration-dependent separation factor of 4.9 ± 0.8 for theophylline over caffeine at 0.2 mM (1:1 v/v) solution mixture. Besides demonstrating its proof of concept, the attractive features of this new imprinting method are the following: fewer imprint molecules are needed, it can be used to imprint from aqueous environments, postcrushing of the solid matrix is not needed, recognition sites are all near or at the surface reducing mass transfer limitations, and imprinting on synthetic microporous membranes (with convection and diffusion) instead of beads (with only diffusion) speeds up the process.
On the row sum criterion and the convergence of some iterative processes

The well known row sum criterion (in German "Zeilensummen-kriterium") is reformulated for transformations on Banach spaces with cones, and some sufficient conditions guaranteeing the convergence ofJacobi, Gauss-Seidel and successive over-relaxation iterations are derived, similar to those given byWalter [12] andKulisch [3] for linear algebraic systems.
Sorption and desorption of diuron and norflurazon in Florida citrus soils

The potential for surface and groundwater contamination of soil applied herbicides is partly dependent on soil properties. Sorption and desorption of diuron and norflurazon were studied in seven soils representative of the southern citrus-belt of Florida using the batch-equilibrium technique. Sorption of herbicides was influenced by soil properties. Sorption coefficients (Kd) ranged from 0.84 to 3.26 mL g−1 for diuron and 0.63 to 2.20 mL g−1 for norflurazon indicating weak to moderate binding of herbicides to soil. For norflurazon, Kdwas significantly related to organic C content, soil pH, and cation exchange capacity. For diuron, absence of a significant relationship between Kdand selected soil properties suggests that the soil properties other than those studied may play a role in determining sorption on these soils. Desorption studies showed that higher amounts of diuron and norflurazon was desorbed by water than by 0.5 M CaCl2. An inverse relationship was apparent between herbicides sorbed and that which was desorbed among the soils studied. The soil which exhibited higher sorption had lower desorption and the soil which exhibited lower sorption had higher desorption.
Conspicuous veils formed by vibrioid bacteria on sulfidic marine sediment.

We describe the morphology and behavior of a hitherto unknown bacterial species that forms conspicuous veils (typical dimensions, 30 by 30 mm) on sulfidic marine sediment. The new bacteria were enriched on complex sulfidic medium within a benthic gradient chamber in oxygen-sulfide countergradients, but the bacteria have so far not been isolated in pure culture, and a detailed characterization of their metabolism is still lacking. The bacteria are colorless, gram-negative, and vibrioid-shaped (1.3- to 2.5- by 4- to 10-μm) cells that multiply by binary division and contain several spherical inclusions of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid. The cells have bipolar polytrichous flagella and exhibit a unique swimming pattern, rotating and translating along their short axis. Free-swimming cells showed aerotaxis and aggregated at ca. 2 μM oxygen within opposing oxygen-sulfide gradients, where they were able to attach via a mucous stalk, forming a cohesive whitish veil at the oxic-anoxic interface. Bacteria attached to the veil kept rotating and adapted their stalk lengths dynamically to changing oxygen concentrations. The joint action of rotating bacteria on the veil induced a homogeneous water flow from the oxic water region toward the veil, whereby the oxygen uptake rate could be enhanced up to six times, as shown by model calculations. The veils showed a pronounced succession pattern. New veils were generated de novo within 24 h and had a homogeneous whitish translucent appearance. Bacterial competitors or eukaryotic predators were apparently kept away by the low oxygen concentration prevailing at the veil surface. Frequently, within 2 days the veil developed a honeycomb pattern of regularly spaced holes. After 4 days, most veils were colonized by grazing ciliates, leading to the fast disappearance of the new bacteria. Several-week-old veils finally developed into microbial mats consisting of green, purple, and colorless sulfur bacteria.
Fixed exchange rates, independent central banks and price stability in postcommunist countries: Conservatism and credibility

Central bank independence (CBI) and fixed exchange rates are used by governments to achieve stable prices. This article analyzes the mechanisms through which the two monetary institutions could work: Indirectly via a disciplinary effect on money growth rates or via an additional credibility effect on inflation expectations and the cost of capital. I further explain how both discipline and credibility are affected by the distinct flaws of independent central banks and fixed exchange rates: central banks lack transparency and fixed exchange rates take many shapes and are routinely devalued. The argument is tested with quarterly data from postcommunist countries for years 1991 to 2007. The findings show a strong disciplinary effect of monetary institutions on rates of M2 change and an effect on inflation controlling for money growth, but credibility does not extend to lower real short-term market interest rates. Political institutions do condition the effect of central bank independence, while the types of fixed exchange rates affect money growth rates and inflation to different degrees.
Purification and characterization of an inducible sesquiterpene cyclase from elicitor-treated tobacco cell suspension cultures

An elicitor-inducible sesquiterpene cyclase, which catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to 5-epi-aristolochene (IM Whitehead, DR Threlfall, DF Ewing [1989] Phytochemistry 28:775-779) and representing a committed step in the phytoalexin biosynthetic pathway in tobacco, was purified by a combination of hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange, hydroxylapatite, and chromatofocusing chromatography. From 2 kilograms of elicited tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells, approximately 500 micrograms of cyclase protein was purified, representing greater than a 130-fold increase in the specific activity of the enzyme and a 4% recovery of the starting activity. The purified enzyme resolved as two major polypeptides of 60 and 62 kilodaltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Biochemical characterization of the enzyme activity included an absolute requirement for magnesium, an isoelectric point of 4.5 to 4.9, and a Km for farnesyl diphosphate of 2 to 5 micromolar. The purified cyclase protein was used to generate mouse polyclonal antibodies which efficiently inhibited cyclase activity in an in vitro assay. Electrophoresis of extracts from elicitor-treated cells or purified cyclase enzyme on native polyacrylamide gels separated the cyclase enzyme into four polypeptides as shown by immunoblot analysis using poly- and monoclonal antibodies. Proportionate cyclase enzyme activity comigrated with those polypeptides. No cyclase polypeptides were detectable in extracts of control cells by immunoblot analysis. However, immunoblot analysis of proteins from elicitor-treated cells using four independent monoclonal antibody lines and the polyclonal antibodies detected the same polypeptides, regardless of whether the proteins were separated by native or SDS-PAGE. The results suggest an induction of multiple cyclase polypeptides in elicitor-treated cells resulting from either the expression of multiple genes or multiple post-translational processing events.
The Dynamic Behavior of Surface Grinding: Part 1—A Mathematical Treatment of Surface Grinding

A mathematical representation for surface grinding is developed. The main feature of the model is that it takes into account the reversing motion of the workpiece, typical to surface grinding. The most general steady state solution is applied to the governing equations to give insight into the dynamic behavior of surface grinding. The theory predicts that steady state surface grinding vibrations can exist. They occur at a frequency which is always higher than the system’s uncoupled resonant frequency and slightly dependent on the workpiece’s direction of motion. Further, the model predicts the existence of wheel lobes. The lobes precess around the wheel according to their size, the wheel wear coefficient, and the chatter amplitude. The model suggests that the lobes can produce a rough ground surface even in the absence of dynamic grinding forces. As Part 2 of the presentation, some test results are offered in support of the mathematical theory of Part 1.
Annual accretion of Fe−Mn-oxides and certain associated metals in a stream environment

Abstract Unglazed ceramic plates were used as artificial substrates to evaluate the accretion rates of Fe−Mn-oxides, and associated Zn, Cu, Co and Ni, in a small stream near Athens, Georgia. Plates were removed from large submerged collections at intervals over a one-year period and coatings were analyzed to determine accumulation rates of the various elements in relation to season, elevation above the sediment-water interface, and total time of submergence. Plate coatings at the end of the year were similar in appearance and chemical composition to those on nearby boulders, but contained only about 1 3 as much metal per unit of surface area. This suggests either a steady-state balance in coating formation and removal after three years or constant accretion over time punctuated by rare events in which coatings are stripped away. No such event was observed during the study, so such events, if they occur, must sometimes be separated by more than a year. Accretion rates appear to increase with distance above the sediment-water interface. Coatings do not form below the interface, probably because of the reducing nature of interstitial waters. At the interface, brown coatings of Fe-oxide appear. These grade upward into a solid, black Mn-rich coating. Coatings above the sediment formed at a relatively constant rate throughout the year, without clear evidence of seasonal variation. Annual accretion rates (μg cm−2 yr.−1) determined in this study are as follows: Mn, 200; Fe, 120; Zn, 1.2; Co, 0.4; Ni, 0.3; and Cu, 0.1.
Policy and Poverty: Child and Community Health in Philadelphia, 1900 to 1930

On a fall day in 1913, a man sat on a crowded wooden bench with a little boy on his lap. He waited all day, only to be told that the physician who would treat his son was not working in the public clinic that day. The next morning he learned that if he returned at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, he would stand a better chance of seeing the physician. Since the family home was a shack and even food was scarce, he could ill afford the loss of another day's pay. His son had infantile paralysis, though, and the father believed that the physician could help, so he kept trying. The boy died during the Christmas holidays. "Is it simply that there are not enough public clinics, enough doctors willing to help care for the people who come to them?" asked the social worker who told this story. "Or is there something wrong with the system?" 1
Metabolism of 6-azauracil and its incorporation into RNA in the cocklebur

Abstract Leaves or shoot tips of the cocklebur, Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wall., catabolized 6-azauracil and converted it to the nucleotide level and into RNA. Both catabolic and anabolic reactions were weak when compared to orotic acid, presumably a normal intermediate in pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in plants.
Longitudinal Gradients of P32 Absorption in Roots

It is generally agreed that the greatest accumulation of ions occurs in the cells near the tips of the roots. Prevot and Steward (17) observed that accumulation of bromide ions by excised barley roots was greatest in the apical centimeter; and Steward et a?. (20) found that accumulation of potassium by roots of intact barley seedlings and of rubidium by excised roots 5 cm. in length increased progressively toward the tip and was greatest in the shortest segments analyzed (0.5 cm.). Experiments of Overstreet and Jacobson (16) indicated that at 0? C maximum absorption of radioactive rubidium and phosphorus by apical segments of barley roots 1 cm. in length occurs within a millimeter of the tip. Jacobson and Overstreet (7) later reported that maximum absorption of radioactive iodine and strontium occurs within 2 or 3 mm. of the root tip. Steward (19) has described in summary form work carried out in his laboratory in conjunction with Drs. R. Overstreet and S. M. Caplin. The accumulation of Cs187 in roots was studied by means of autoradiograms and by measuring the radioactivity of 1-mm. segments at intervals of 1 or 2 mm. from the apex to 10 cm. behind the apex. The published autoradiograms and counts show puzzling irregularities in accumulation along a single root and differences between roots from the same plant that could not be related to structure or physiological condition of the tissues. While studying P32 absorption of pine roots, the authors obtained a number of autoradiograms. These showed that, as expected, there was usually heavy accumulation in the root tips and lower accumulation a few millimeters behind the root tip. Unexpectedly, however, a number of roots showed other regions of high accumulation extending some distance behind the tips. A typical example of this accumulation was shown in figure 2a of Kramer and Wilbur (9). Since many examples of this unexpected pattern of accumulation were observed, further study was made to find how extensively it occurs. Efforts were also made to find what relations exist between dry weight, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, and radioactive phosphorus content of root segments at various distances behind the root
Career Research Productivity Patterns of Marketing Academicians

Abstract Scholarly productivity is an important issue for all academic disciplines. Empirical examinations of career research productivity have not been conducted in the marketing discipline, however. This study reports the analysis and classification of total and career research publication activity for a cohort of 374 marketing academicians over a 20-year period. The analysis revealed seven different career patterns as well as substantial differences in overall levels of career research productivity. Patterns of productivity included those where academicians reached a peak productivity early or midway in their careers as well as those who produced at an increasing level over the course of their careers. Productivity levels were identified based on four groupings that included nonproducers, low producers (one to four articles), medium producers (five to nine articles), and high producers (10 or more articles). Approximately one-third of the cohort were nonproducers, one-third were low producers, and one-third were medium to high producers.
New synonymies for Ruellia (Acanthaceae) of Costa Rica and notes on other neotropical species

As part of our study of the Acanthaceae of Costa Rica and from a phylogenetic study of Ruellia as a whole, we place R. barbillana and R. metallica in synonymy with R. terminalis. We discuss species limits of R. terminalis and provide a key that distinguishes it from close relatives including R. grantii, R. oaxacana, and R. phyllocalyx. Ruellia puri is put into synonymy with R. jussieuoides, and R. standleyi is synonymized with R. ochroleuca. Disjunct distributions characterize R. terminalis, R. jussieuoides, and R. ochroleuca, although this pattern is most extreme in R. ochroleuca. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data lends support to our synonymy decisions. New lectotypifications are provided for Arrhostoxylum achimeniflorum, Dipteracanthus puri, Dipteracanthus puri β angustifolius, Dipteracanthus puri γ gymnocladus, Lychniothyrsus ochroleucus, and Otacanthus pearcei.
SOME DETAILS OF FLUX RETENTION PROCESSES IN HYSTERETIC SUPERCONDUCTORS

Abstract The dependence of the retained flux in zero field on the magnitude of the internal field and maximum applied field was determined at various temperatures in a number of different superconductors. Some simple relationships common to all systems studied are described.
Ornithine-containing lipids stimulate CD14-dependent TNF-α production from murine macrophage-like J774.1 and RAW 264.7 cells

The ornithine-containing lipids (OL)-induced cytokine production pattern in macrophage-like J774.1 and RAW 264.7 cells was different from that in the peritoneal macrophages previously reported. OLs, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli, strongly induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α but not interleukin (IL)-1β in J774.1 cells. In the RAW cells, IL-1β, TNF-α and prostaglandin E2 were strongly induced by the OLs and LPS. OL- and serine–glycine-containing lipid (SGL)-induced TNF-α production in J774.1 and RAW 264.7 cells required serum. However, in CD14-deficient LR-9 cells, TNF-α was not induced by the OLs in the presence or absence of serum. OLs and a SGL almost completely inhibited the binding of 125I-LPS to J774.1 cells. These results suggested that OLs and SGL activate macrophages via the CD14-dependent pathway.
Diltiazem in the prevention and treatment of cocaine-induced cardiotoxicity in dogs

Abstract Cocaine can induce serious cardiovascular sequelae, including myocardial depression and coronary artery constriction. The objective of this study was to determine, in the experimental canine model, whether the calcium channel blocker diltiazem, administered intravenously, can ameliorate cocaine-induced cardiotoxicity. The study was conducted in two parts. In the first part of the study, the protective effect of diltiazem against cocaine-induced cardiotoxicity was evaluated. Dogs given pentobarbital were pretreated with either diltiazem 0.25 mg/kg or saline, and then given a 10-mg/kg intravenous bolus of cocaine. In the second part of the study, the role of diltiazem in the treatment of cocaine-induced left ventricular myocardial dysfunction was evaluated. All dogs received a 10-mg/kg intravenous bolus of cocaine. The dogs then received either diltiazem 0.25 mg/kg intravenously or saline. Administration or diltiazem before cocaine reduced the cardiotoxic effects of cocaine. Compared with the control group, there was less depression of the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dt), cardiac output, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure. ST segment elevation occurred in the majority of the control animals after cocaine injection but in none of the animals pretreated with diltiazem. In the second part of the study, cocaine produced left ventricular dysfunction in all animals and ST segment elevation on the electrocardiogram in a majority of the animals. Treatment with diltiazem after the onset of cocaine-induced myocardial dysfunction did reverse the ST segment elevation. It did not, however, improve the hemodynamics significantly compared with the control group. Partial recovery of left ventricular function occurred at 15 minutes in both groups. It was concluded that, in the canine model, administration of diltiazem before injection of cocaine prevents myocardial depression and ST segment elevation. Diltiazem is also effective as treatment to reverse cocaine-induced ST segment elevation but not cocaine-induced myocardial depression.
Verifying Huppert’s Conjecture for PSp 4 ( q ) when q > 7

Let G denote a finite group and cd (G) the set of irreducible character degrees of G. Bertram Huppert conjectured that if H is a finite nonabelian simple group such that cd (G) = cd (H), then G ≅ H × A, where A is an abelian group. Huppert verified the conjecture for PSp4(q) when q = 3, 4, 5, or 7. In this paper, we extend Huppert’s results and verify the conjecture for PSp4(q) for all q. This demonstrates progress toward the goal of verifying the conjecture for all nonabelian simple groups of Lie type of rank two.
Effect of the nonparabolicity of the GaAs conduction band on the binding energy of off-center hydrogenic donors in a Ga1 – x Alx As/GaAs/Ga1 – x AlxAs quantum well

We investigate, as the function of the width of the quantum well, the effect of the nonparabolicity of the GaAs conduction band on the binding energy of a hydrogenic donor placed at off-center positions in a Ga0.7Al0.3As/GaAs/Ga0.7Al0.3As quantum well. We find, in agreement with Chaudhuri and Bajaj, who have investigated this effect for on-center donors, that consideration of the nonparabolicity of the conduction band of GaAs leads to an enhanced binding.
Selection of variant neuroblastoma cell line which has lost cell surface expression of antigen detected by monoclonal antibody PI153/3

A variant of the human neuroblastoma cell line, IMR-5, was selected by a series of treatments with the monoclonal antibody PI153/3 and complement. The variant, M-1, was not reactive by either cytotoxicity or binding assays with the PI153/3 antibody or with two other monoclonal antibodies that were selected on the basis of their inhibition of PI153/3 binding. Although no antigen could be detected on the cell surface or in the supernatant of the variant cell line, a reduced level of binding could be detected in M1 cell extracts compared to extracts of IMR5. The variant cell line did not differ from IMR5 in its sensitivity in lysis by other antibodies, in its lack of expression of HLA antigens, or in its capacity to form tumors in nude mice.
A Partnership Model of Distance Education: Students' Perceptions of Connectedness and Professionalization

This article describes a partnership model of distance education for a master's nursing program in a midwestern state and an evaluation that assessed students' perceptions of professionalization and connectedness in the program. Students at the originating and distance sites were asked to complete evaluations at the end of each course. Connectedness and professionalization were measured using rated satisfaction with three modes of contact for each item. Results indicated that students at the distance site had a significantly higher overall level of satisfaction with interactive television (ITV) and experienced high levels of connectedness and professionalization through the ITV courses. However, among the three modes of connectedness, students at the distance site rated satisfaction with contact with same-site students as the highest, followed by contact with the instructor. Students also perceived that their professional identity increased through the three modes, particularly for contact with same-site peers at the distance site and for contact with instructors at both sites. Recommendations for faculty and student responsibilities are provided to ensure a positive learning environment.
Sex, Brains, Hands, and Spatial Cognition☆

Abstract The literature that investigates the joint effects of sex, handedness, familial handedness, and spatial experience on the performance of spatial tasks shows numerous significant interactions, but the results are difficult to interpret. Casey has proposed a model that incorporates the biological notion of a “genetic right-shift factor” and participation in visual-spatial activities to produce systematic differences in spatial performance. This model has many strengths including the specific nature of its predictions that have been supported empirically across several different studies and the melding of biological propensities and experience. However, many of the basic assumptions rest on shaky ground, and there is a body of contradictory evidence that still remains to be explained.
Ubiquitin reduces fluid shifts after traumatic brain injury

Background. Ubiquitin has well-described intracellular properties. Recent data also suggest pleiotropic effects of extracellular ubiquitin, including induction of apoptosis, regulation of immune functions, and therapeutic potential during fluid resuscitation from severe trauma However, the actions of exogenous ubiquitin after traumatic brain injury (TBI) are unknown. Methods. Series 1: Thirty-five minutes after TBI and hemorrhage, 1.5 mg ubiquitin/kg (n = 5) or albumin (n = 5) intravenous was followed by fluid resuscitation to maintain mean arterial and cerebral perfusion pressure. Series 2: Ubiquitin (n = 5) or vehicle (n = 6) was administered after TBI only. Ubiquitin was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum, urine (series 1), and cerebrospinal fluid (series 2) for 300 minutes. Results. Series 1: After intravenous bolus, serum ubiquitin peaked at t = 45 minutes with a half-life of 54 minutes. Recovery in urine was 10%. With albumin versus ubiquitin, 85% more resuscitation fluid was required to stabilize systemic and cerebral hemodynamics (P <.05 for t = 150 to 300 minutes), but hematocrit was similar. With albumin there were progressive increases in intracranial pressure, peak inspiratory pressure, and decreases in oxygenation. All were significantly attenuated by ubiquitin (all P <.05 vs albumin). Series 2: Intravenous ubiquitin altered cerebrospinal fluid ubiquitin with an increased time to peak (t = 88 ± 13 min vs 45 ± 7 min, P <.05) and area under the concentration-time curve (82 ± 22 vs 23 ± 11 μg/min 1 /mL -1 , P <.05). Conclusions. After TBI, intravenous ubiquitin crossed the blood-brain barrier and significantly reduced third spacing of fluid into the brain and lung during resuscitation.
Semantic search integration to climate data

In this paper we present how research projects at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are using Semantic Search capabilities to help scientists perform their research. We will discuss how the Mercury metadata search system, with the help of the semantic search capability, is being used to find, retrieve, and link climate change data.
Consolidation at U. Wash.

The University of Washington Board of Regents has established a College of Ocean and Fishery Sciences. The new college, officially opening on September 1, will comprise the School of Oceanography, the School of Fisheries, the Institute for Marine Studies, the Applied Physics Laboratory, and the Washington Sea Grant Program. The board also appointed D. James Baker, Jr., as acting dean of the college. He has been chairman of the university's oceanography department since 1979.
STUDY ON THE CORRELATION OF WORKPIECE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES FROM COMPRESSION AND CUTTING TESTS

Abstract Metal cutting tests were conducted on annealed and cold-worked 1100-grade aluminum and 33000-grade leaded brass at a sufficiently slow speed (254 mm/min) that thermal influences on workpiece material properties could be neglected. The mechanical properties of the materials were evaluated in compression using conventional low strain rate test procedures. The material behavior during metal cutting and compression was consistent when the work hardening and strain rate hardening response of these materials was considered. The values of strain rate sensitivity coefficient are in reasonable agreement with literature values. These results support previous data indicating that the material response during metal cutting is consistent with the mechanical behavior determined using conventional material test procedures.