cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interracial and Intraracial Contact, School‐Level Diversity, and Change in Racial Identity Status Among African American Adolescents

Among 224 African American adolescents (mean age = 14), the associations between interracial and intraracial contact and school-level diversity on changes in racial identity over a 3-year period were examined. Youths were determined to be diffused, foreclosed, moratorium, or achieved, and change or stability in identity status was examined. Contact with Black students, Black friends, and White friends predicted change in identity status. Furthermore, in racially diverse schools, having more Black friends was associated with identity stability. Students reporting low contact with Black students in racially diverse schools were more likely to report identity change if they had few Black friends. In students reporting high contact with Blacks in predominantly White schools, their identity was less likely to change for students with fewer White friends.
Task oriented facial behavior recognition with selective sensing

Facial behaviors represent activities of face or facial feature in spatial or temporal space, such as facial expressions, face pose, gaze, and furrow happenings. An automated system for facial behavior recognition is always desirable. However, it is a challenging task due to the richness and ambiguity in daily facial behaviors. This paper presents an efficient approach to real-world facial behavior recognition. With dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) technology and a general-purpose facial behavior description language (e.g., FACS), a task oriented framework is constructed to systematically represent facial behaviors of interest and the associated visual observations. Based on the task oriented DBN, we can integrate analysis results from previous times and prior knowledge of the application domain both spatially and temporally. With the top-down inference, the system can make dynamic and active selection among multiple visual channels. With the bottom-up inference from observed evidences, the current facial behavior can be classified with a desired confidence via belief propagation. We demonstrate the proposed task-oriented framework for monitoring driver vigilance. Experimental results demonstrate the validity and efficiency of our approach.
Housing-Consumption Sectors and Political Response in Urban Canada

The theory of consumption sectors and the domestic property class model are both examined in terms of their claims about the links between position in the housing market and political alignment. These contradictory claims are then assessed in the Canadian context. It is argued that the theory of consumption sectors, as outlined by Dunleavy, is less helpful in understanding the Canadian situation insofar as one does find a relationship between housing position and political alignment in a situation of largely individualised housing consumption. Further, the concern of homeowners for housing programmes as election issues plays a part in maintaining the objective basis for distinctions between housing tenures, also supporting the domestic property class model.
FEMORAL HEAD AND NECK RESECTION.

1. Loss or removal of the femoral head and neck was accepted as a final result in thirty-seven patients; 2. Relief of pain was complete in thirty-five patients and partial in two patients; 3. One patient was not able to walk after operation, six required external support to walk at all, twenty-eight could walk without support but preferred to use external support, and two preferred to walk without external support; 4. The average extent of shortening was 1.3 inches (range, .75 to two inches); 5. The over-all subjective results in our experience were superior to those after arthroplasty or fusion in patients with similar disorders.
Calendar and PHEV cycle life aging of high-energy, lithium-ion cells containing blended spinel and layered-oxide cathodes

One hundred seven commercially available, off-the-shelf, 1.2-Ah cells were tested for calendar life and CS cycle- and CD cycle-life using the new USABC PHEV Battery Test Manual. Here, the effects of temperature on calendar life, on CS cycle life, and on CD cycle life; the effects of SOC on calendar life and on CS cycle life; and the effects of rest time on CD cycle life were investigated. The results indicated that the test procedures caused performance decline in the cells in an expected manner, calendar < CS cycling < CD cycling. In some cases, the kinetic law changed with test type, from linear-with-time to about t2. Additionally, temperature was found to stress the cells more than SOC, causing increased changes in performance with increasing temperature.
Design sensitivity analysis and optimization of non-linear transient dynamics. Part II?configuration design

For con"guration design of non-linear dynamic structures, such as crashworthiness design, a continuumbased con"guration design sensitivity analysis (DSA) and optimization methods are developed. The same transient dynamic analysis method used in Part I of this paper is employed here. The elastic}plastic material and "nite strain and rotation e!ect are considered. The "rst-order variations of the energy forms, load form and kinematic and structural responses with respect to con"guration design variables are derived. For the con"guration design, both the shape and orientation variations contribute to the "rst-order variation of the equations of motion. The angular design velocity "eld associated with Euler angles is used to represent the orientation variation to obtain accurate design sensitivity results. Like Part I of the paper, the updated Lagrangian formulation and direct di!erentiation method are used for DSA for the path-dependent problem. For the updated Lagrangian formulation, the design velocity "eld that de"nes the mapping between the initial and perturbed designs should also be updated at each con"guration. Numerical implementation of con"guration DSA and optimization is carried out for "xed time steps using DYNA3D and the modi"ed feasible direction (MFD) method. It is observed that the proposed DSA method yields better sensitivity results than the "nite di!erence method for the highly non-linear problem. Design optimization is carried out using the design sensitivity information.Copyright ( 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silicate glass and mineral dissolution: calculated reaction paths and activation energies for hydrolysis of a q3 si by H3O+ using ab initio methods.

Molecular orbital energy minimizations were performed with the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method on a [((OH)3SiO)3SiOH−(H3O+)·4(H2O)] cluster to follow the reaction path for hydrolysis of an Si−O−Si linkage via proton catalysis in a partially solvated system. The Q3 molecule was chosen (rather than Q2 or Q1) to estimate the maximum activation energy for a fully relaxed cluster representing the surface of an Al-depleted acid-etched alkali feldspar. Water molecules were included in the cluster to investigate the influence of explicit solvation on proton-transfer reactions and on the energy associated with hydroxylating the bridging oxygen atom (Obr). Single-point energy calculations were performed with the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) method. Proton transfer from the hydronium cation to an Obr requires sufficient energy to suggest that the Si−(OH)−Si species will occur only in trace quantities on a silica surface. Protonation of the Obr lengthens the Si−Obr bond and allows for the formation of a pentacoordinate Si intermediate (...
How “Healthful” Are Aerobics Classes? Exploring the Health and Wellness Messages in Aerobics Classes for Women

The purpose of this study was to explore the health messages communicated by aerobics instructors in aerobics classes for women. A theoretical framework influenced by adult learning theory and feminist pedagogy was used in this qualitative study. Over a 3-month period, the practices of five aerobics instructors working at one nonprofit fitness center and one wellness facility were explored. The methods of data collection were one interview with each aerobics instructor and 14 site visits to conduct participant observations and to retrieve of documents. Despite the nonprofit and wellness-based environment of the exercise facilities in this research, there was still an overemphasis on the physical aspect of aerobics classes. Therefore, the potential wellness-related benefits of aerobics classes for women, especially in environments that identified themselves as promoting wellness, were not fully realized.
Absorption characteristics of solid dispersed and micronized griseofulvin in man

Griseofulvin dispersed in polyethylene glycol 6000, prepared by the melting or solvent method, was found to be completely and rapidly absorbed after oral administration to two human subjects. The absorption from the commercially available, micronized griseofulvin was irregular and incomplete (and the average was only 45% of the dose absorbed). In addition, the absorption process from the commercial product was found to continue for up to 3 days after administration.
Changes in Women's Choice of Dress Across the Ovulatory Cycle: Naturalistic and Laboratory Task-Based Evidence

The authors tested the prediction that women prefer clothing that is more revealing and sexy when fertility is highest within the ovulatory cycle. Eighty-eight women reported to the lab twice: once on a low-fertility day of the cycle and once on a high-fertility day (confirmed using hormone tests). In each session, participants posed for full-body photographs in the clothing they wore to the lab, and they drew illustrations to indicate an outfit they would wear to a social event that evening. Although each data source supported the prediction, the authors found the most dramatic changes in clothing choice in the illustrations. Ovulatory shifts in clothing choice were moderated by sociosexuality, attractiveness, relationship status, and relationship satisfaction. Sexually unrestricted women, for example, showed greater shifts in preference for revealing clothing worn to the laboratory near ovulation. The authors suggest that clothing preference shifts could reflect an increase in female—female competition ...
Adhesion Selectivity Using Rippled Surfaces

Highly selective adhesion can be achieved between surfaces by patterning them with ripples. Materials with such surfaces are fabricated by successive molding of an elastomer, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), against a master with a surface rippled by instability of a residually stressed surface thin film. Adhesion of interfaces between both complementary and non-complementary rippled surfaces was measured. Complementary surfaces showed significantly enhanced interfacial adhesion with increasing ripple amplitude. In contrast, interfaces with mismatched amplitudes had nearly negligible adhesion. Rate-dependence of adhesion in these surfaces was also studied. For complementary surfaces with low amplitudes we found a multiplicative coupling between the structure and rate enhancement of adhesion. A quantitative model developed for adhesion between complementary surfaces explains these observations.
Plasma deposition of piezoelectric ZnO layers by rf sputtering, SolGel and pulsed laser deposition

As “lab-on-a-chip-devices” suited for analyses of least amounts of liquids are emerging from prototype status, cost-effective materials for mass production of these devices are sought. For handling and mixing components, surface acoustic waves generated by piezoelectric elements are routinely employed; however, the LiNbO3 single crystals used in such units are a significant cost factor. As an alternative, zinc oxide layers deposited onto the glass substrates hold the promise of cheaper production and easier integration into the assembly. In the present study, experiments regarding the deposition of such layers using different plasma processes are presented. Film synthesis was performed using rf magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition and plasma based ion bombardment of Sol-Gel films on crystalline and amorphous substrates. The impacts of significant deposition parameters are discussed. At optimum deposition parameters, excellent columnar growth in the preferred c-axis orientation could be observed. The suitability of such films for the desired application is substanciated through first mixing experiments using optically lithographed interdigital transducers (IDTs). (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Adaptive Survival Trials

We present a design for adaptive survival trials, where the probability of randomization to one of two treatments is skewed away from 0.5 according to the current value of the logrank statistic. A formula mapping the logrank statistic onto [0,1] is given, which is then used to bias a coin used for randomization. Simulation evidence shows that the allocation scheme works well and offers a more ethical alternative when lifetime data are available from other patients during the recruitment period. Power is not adversely affected by the resulting unequal allocation. The usual test statistic appears to be standard normal under the proposed allocation scheme.
Factors affecting the transfer of calcium (45Ca) from the hen's diet to the egg shell.

Abstract INTRODUCTION EXTENSIVE studies on the dietary calcium requirement for laying hens have produced a great amount of information concerning the quantity of this mineral necessary for optimum egg shell formation. There is, however, considerable variation in the findings of different investigators. Norris et al. (1934), Titus et al. (1937), Gutowska and Parkhurst (1942), and Berg et al. (1944) have suggested dietary calcium requirements which varied between 1.6 and 2.1 percent. Later investigators, Petersen et al. (1960), Durham et al. (1960), Harms and Waldroup (1961), Balloun and Marion (1962), and Reddy and Sanford (1963) have shown that higher dietary calcium levels (2.75 to 4.60 percent) were more effective in improving egg shell quality. Driggers and Comar (1949) studied the transfer of calcium from the diet to the egg shell using 45Ca as a tracer. These investigators suggested that 60 to 75 percent of the egg shell calcium was obtained directly from…
Combining forecasts: The end of the beginning or the beginning of the end?

Abstract Research from over 200 studies demonstrates that combining forecasts produces consistent but modest gains in accuracy. However, this research does not define well the conditions under which combining is most effective nor how methods should be combined in each situation. Rule-based forecasting can be used to define these conditions and to specify more effective combinations.
Detection of Sonar Induced Measurement Uncertainties in Environmental Sensing: A Case Study with the Toroidal Volume Search Sonar

Shallow water field measurements of ocean volume and boundary acoustic backscatter, made with the US Navy’s 68 kHz Toroidal Volume Search Sonar (TVSS), are used to demonstrate the benefits and side effects of a synoptic 360° vertical viewing field with 120 beams at 3° increments when investigating the spatial and temporal variability of the environment. Boundary backscatter measurements can help identify and quantify uncertainties introduced by the sonar system, thus setting realistic bounds on the spatial and temporal scales of environmental features that can be detected with this multibeam sonar. However, acoustic energy reflected at the boundaries and received in the vertical sidelobes of beams steered in the ocean volume often masks finer volume acoustic reverberation features from scattering layers of Zooplankton or resonant micro-bubbles. In such cases, a 3 dimensional image built from a sequence of pings along the sonar’s track has proven effective in discriminating sonar induced apparent acoustic variability from environmental variability. A multisector and multi-frequency transmission scheme is proposed to minimize boundary sidelobe interferences.
Structural Features of “Ba4Fe4Ti3O16” and “Ba26Fe20Ti21O98” as Revealed by High-Resolution Electron Microscopy

Abstract Preliminary results from high-resolution microscopy and electron diffraction studies of two new compounds with approximate compositions Ba 4 Fe 4 Ti 3 O 1 6 (E phase) and Ba 26 Fe 20 Ti 21 O 98 (M phase) are described. The compounds were found to be structurally related and exhibit two types of structural blocks. One of the blocks (H) is ordered with respect to the other by tripling within the basal hexagonal cell. Another block (P) is apparently perovskite-related. Phase E was found to have a well-ordered structure (space group either hexagonal P 6 or trigonal P 3), whereas phase M exhibits persistent and regularly occurring structural disorder as revealed by the presence of diffuse, continuous streaks. We suggest that the origin of this disorder is poor correlation in translation of the H blocks.
The King and the Dean: Melvin Belli, Roscoe Pound, and the Common Law Nation

This book chapter in Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law (Harvard, Feb. 2007) describes the little-known mid-twentieth-century friendship between flamboyant San Francisco lawyer Melvin Belli and Roscoe Pound, the aging former dean of Harvard Law School. In the two decades after World War Two, Belli and Pound's unlikely friendship helped organize that most American of lawyers: the plaintiff's-side personal injury lawyer. With Belli and Pound at their helm, the trial lawyers successfully mobilized a defense of the common law of torts, the jury trial, and the judiciary against the ostensibly foreign intrusion of bureaucratic social welfare programs. American legal institutions became key ingredients in a powerful nationalist argument against cosmopolitan administrative reform. Yet even as the trial lawyers fought off public administration in the name of Anglo-American legal traditions, they created a sprawling and decentralized system of private administration in personal injury law, a system that is sometimes brilliant, often deeply flawed - and always distinctively American.
A note on an azimuthal correction for dT/dΔ for a single dipping plane interface

abstract A relation is derived for correcting dT/dΔ for a single dipping interface under a seismic array: ( d T d Δ ) = ( δ T δ Δ ) ′ sin ⁡ ( Ω − ω ′ ) sin ⁡ ( Ω − ω ) . The formula depends only on the azimuth angles: ω is the computed azimuth, ω ′ is the observed azimuth, Ω is the azimuth of the normal to the tilted interface, and (δ T /δΔ)′ is the observed quantity. The relation is explicitly independent of the dip and the velocities of the media on either side of the interface.
Elimination of Nosema in Galeruca rufa, a Potential Biological Control Agent for Field Bindweed

A protozoan disease caused by Nosema sp. was eliminated from a quarantine culture of Galeruca rufa Germar by segregation of adults and cohorts of progeny, by sanitation, and by destruction of all cohorts containing the pathogen. A significant reduction in egg production by diseased, versus healthy, adults revealed the debilitating effect of the disease. A brief review of weed-feeding insects known to have protozoan diseases is presented.
Enrichment and functional characterization of Sca-1+WGA+, Lin-WGA+, Lin- Sca-1+, and Lin-Sca-1+WGA+ bone marrow cells from mice with an Ly-6a haplotype

Approximately 4% to 5% of all bone marrow (BM) cells and 8% to 9% of low density BM cells from FVB/N and BALB/c mice (Ly-6a haplotype) show high to intermediate expression of Ly-6E.1 antigen, recognized by the Sca-1 antibody. Functional properties of enriched cells expressing Ly-6E.1-allelic form of Sca-1 antigen were analyzed and correlated with the properties of cells expressing the carbohydrate binding sites for the lectin wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA). Using equilibrium density centrifugation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Sca-1+WGA+, Lin-WGA+, Lin-Sca-1+, and Lin-Sca-1+WGA+ cells were isolated and their splenic colony-forming unit (CFU-S) cell content, radioprotection ability, and long-term reconstitution capacity determined. Enriched Sca-1+WGA+, Lin-WGA+, Lin-Sca-1+ and Lin-Sca-1+WGA+ cells gave rise to 1 CFU-S12 cell out of 26, 20, 21, and 15 sorted cells, respectively. When transplanted into lethally irradiated recipients (100 to 500 cells/mouse) all populations rescued 70% to 100% of recipients in a 30-day radioprotection assay and mediated survival of 40% to 80% of recipients 6 months after transplantation. Using transgenic mice as cell donors we have shown that 12 to 16 weeks after transplantation of 100 Sca-1+WGA+, Lin-WGA+, Lin-Sca-1+, and Lin-Sca-1+WGA+ cells, 40% to 80% of recipients had donor cells in BM, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. These results indicate that the population of cells expressing Ly-6E.1 form of Sca-1 antigen in two analyzed mouse strains with Ly-6a haplotype contains CFU-S and long-term repopulating cells. Furthermore, the data suggest that, at least in FVB/N mice, day-12 CFU-S cells and cells with long-term repopulating capacity simultaneously express Ly-6E.1 form of Sca-1 antigen and WGA-binding molecules.
Basal serum IgE levels and HLA antigen frequencies in allergic subjects

In allergic Caucasian subjects, IgE-mediated responsiveness to the rye grass Group I (Rye I) antigen is significantly associated with possession of HLA-B8 (p = 0.001). Analysis of this association relative to basal total serum IgE level showed a marked relationship in Rye I-negative subjects, where the frequency of B8 was much higher at high than at low IgE levels. In Rye I-positive subjects, there was evidence for the converse situation. In the case of people sensitive to ragweed antigen E, we found no association with any HLA specificity, even in patients with low IgE levels. TheHLA-associated specific IgE responses to rye grass Group I, and those we have previously reported for ragweed Ra3 and Ra5, lead us to speculate about the possible locations within theHLA complex of putativeIr loci controlling recognition of these allergens. Further, we postulate the existence of twoI regions.I-1, which contains “Ir-Rye I” and“Ir-Ra5”, andI-2, which contains “Ir-Ra3”. Alternative explanations of our findings are also discussed in detail.
Analyzing Behavior Specialized Acceleration

Hardware specialization has become a promising paradigm for overcoming the inefficiencies of general purpose microprocessors. Of significant interest are Behavioral Specialized Accelerators (BSAs), which are designed to efficiently execute code with only certain properties, but remain largely configurable or programmable. The most important strength of BSAs -- their ability to target a wide variety of codes -- also makes their interactions and analysis complex, raising the following questions: can multiple BSAs be composed synergistically, what are their interactions with the general purpose core, and what combinations favor which workloads? From a methodological standpoint, BSAs are also challenging, as they each require ISA development, compiler and assembler extensions, and either simulator or RTL models. To study the potential of BSAs, we propose a novel modeling technique called the Transformable Dependence Graph (TDG) - a higher level alternative to the time-consuming traditional compiler+simulator approach, while still enabling detailed microarchitectural models for both general cores and accelerators. We then propose a multi-BSA organization, called ExoCore, which we model and study using the TDG. A design space exploration reveals that an ExoCore organization can push designs beyond the established energy-performance frontiers for general purpose cores. For example, a 2-wide OOO processor with three BSAs matches the performance of a conventional 6-wide OOO core, has 40% lower area, and is 2.6x more energy efficient.
Anaesthesia for complex airway surgery in children

Laryngomalacia is the most common congenital cause of upper airway obstruction. The presentation is usually within 2 weeks of birth with inspiratory stridor which is made worse by feeding and lying supine. The condition is caused by collapse of the supralaryngeal structures during inspiration. Short aryepiglottic folds, redundant arytenoid tissue, and a long curled epiglottis characterize the condition. This may be diagnosed and assessed in the outpatient department by flexible nasendoscopy. Many children require no treatment with the condition worsening for 6–9 months and then abating. Those with severe progressive or atypical symptoms should be formally assessed by rigid bronchoscopy under general anaesthesia. This also allows examination for a second lesion which occurs in 20–30% of cases. Only 5–10% require surgical treatment. This includes division of the aryepiglottic folds, resection of excess arytenoid tissue, and suspension of the prolapsing epiglottis. This can be performed using a ‘cold steel’ approach using microlaryngeal equipment or using a carbon dioxide laser.
Expanding the Efficacy of Project UPLIFT: Distance Delivery of Mindfulness-based Depression Prevention to People with Epilepsy

Objective Depression affects about 16% of the U.S. population over a lifetime. People with chronic diseases have especially high rates of comorbid depression; 32% to 48% of people with epilepsy experience depression. This study evaluated the efficacy of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention for preventing major depressive disorder (MDD) episodes in people with epilepsy. Method Participants (n = 128) were adults from Georgia, Michigan, Texas, and Washington with epilepsy and mild/moderate depressive symptoms. The 8-session weekly Project UPLIFT intervention, based on mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, was group-delivered via Web or telephone. Using a randomized, controlled crossover design, participants were assigned to Project UPLIFT or a treatment-as-usual (TAU) waitlist and assessed at baseline, and after intervening in the intervention group (∼10 weeks) and in the TAU group (∼20 weeks). Assessments included valid self-report measures of depression and MDD, knowledge/skills, and satisfaction with life. Results The incidence of MDD episodes (new or relapse) from baseline to interim assessment was significantly lower in the intervention condition (0.0%) than in TAU (10.7%). Depressive symptoms decreased significantly more in the intervention condition than in TAU; Web and telephone did not differ. Change in knowledge/skills mediated the effect, which persisted over the 10 weeks of follow-up. Knowledge/skills and life satisfaction increased significantly more in the intervention condition than in TAU. Conclusions Distance delivery of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can prevent episodes of MDD, reduce symptoms of depression, and increase life satisfaction in people with epilepsy. This intervention is easily modified for persons with other chronic diseases and other disparity populations. (PsycINFO Database Record
Leptin facilitates and inhibits sexual behavior in female hamsters

Food deprivation decreases fertility in female mammals in part by inhibiting sexual behaviors. Genetically obese ob/ob mice, like food-deprived wild-type animals, are also infertile; treatment of ob/ob mice with leptin, the adipocyte-derived protein that they lack, corrects some of their reproductive deficiencies. We tested the hypothesis that leptin treatment would prevent the suppression of sexual receptivity that is caused by food deprivation in female Syrian hamsters. Instead, we found that treatment with murine leptin facilitated female sexual behavior in ad libitum-fed hamsters, but not in food-deprived animals. In food-deprived hamsters, leptin treatment actually intensified the inhibition of lordosis. Food deprivation decreased detectable estrogen receptor immunoreactivity (ERIR) in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), but the leptin-induced changes in female sexual behavior were not accompanied by parallel changes in VMH ERIR. Thus leptin facilitates estrous behavior in hamsters, but it does not overcome the lordosis-inhibiting metabolic cues produced by acute food deprivation. Because circulating leptin levels are directly related to body fat content, an implication of these findings is that elevated levels of adipose tissue could have a positive influence on sexual responsiveness.
Content Determination of Fructus Psoraleae in RenShen LuRong Pills by RP-HPLC Method

To establish a method to determine psoralen and isopsoralen in RenShen LuRong pills.Methods:Using MeOH-water(55∶45) as mobile phase,Hypersil C18 column was used to detect wavelength(246 nm) and the flow rate(1.0 mL.min-1).Result: The calibration curves for psoralen and isopsoralen were linear over the range of 0.026 3～0.3161 μg(r=0.9999) and 0.029 08 ～0.348 9 μg(r=0.9999) respectively.The recoveries were 98.32% and 97.74% respectively.Conclusion:RP-HPLC method with high sensitivity and good reproducibility is simple,rapid and accurate,and can be used to determine the quality of RenShen LuRong pills.
Making Search Engines Notice: An Exploratory Study on Discoverability of DSpace Metadata and PDF Files

ABSTRACTThis study analyzed the search results of four main Internet search engines on three newly created digital collections at Texas Tech University Libraries, in order to assess the search engine indexing on metadata and PDF files of digital items that are published in the institutional repository. The exploratory study found that only one search engine discovered PDF files, while the others only discovered metadata. The results of the study also suggested that metadata and PDF files can supplement each other to facilitate discoverability of the digital collections on search engines, and revealed some findings that are contradictory to conclusions in previous research.
Molecular Cloning and Nucleotide Sequences of the Genes Encoding Cytochrome B-559 from the Cyanelle Genome of Cyanophora Chapaudoxa

Chloroplast cytochrome b-559 is a heme-containing membrane protein intrinsic to the oxygen-evolving Photosystem II core complex (1, 2). Though many theories exist, the actual physiological role of this protein remains enigmatic (3). A 9–10 kDa polypeptide associated with Cyt b-559 has been purified from maize (4) and spinach (5) thylakoid membranes. Antibodies to the HPLC-purified spinach polypeptide, and its 27 amino acid amino-terminal amino acid sequence, were employed to locate the gene, designated psbE, for this polypeptide on the spinach chloroplast genome (6). The psbE gene was completely sequenced and was found to lie between the genes encoding the 51 kDa Photosystem II reaction center chlorophyll-binding protein and apocytochrome f. Moreover, the psbE gene was followed by a 39 codon open reading frame (ORF) transcribed on the same 1.1 – 1.7 Kbp mRNA (6, 7). The polypeptide encoded by this ORF, designated psbF, resembles the psbE polypeptide in containing a single histidine residue within a 25 amino-acid hydrophobic region near the amino terminus. This finding, in combination with electron Chapaumagnetic resonance and Raman spectroscopic data, led to the hypothesis that the heme of Cyt b-559 is coordinated by the two histidines of the psbE and psbF polypeptides in a heterodimeric unit (8, 9).
The Gallo Case

The Gallo case concerns the discovery of a virus called HIV in 1983-1984. The official establishment position up to now is that this virus causes AIDS. Since 1983-1984, there has been a controversy between Robert Gallo, Chief of a major laboratory of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and scientists of the Institut Pasteur in Paris, concerning who discovered this virus and how it was developed in a form usable for a blood test. Following the breakdown of informal negotiations, the French instigated a patent suit on the matter. In fact, they launched four separate legal proceedings, including a patent “interference.”
Competitive traits of the invasive grass Arundo donax are enhanced by carbon dioxide and nitrogen enrichment

Summary Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil nitrogen (N) may confer competitive advantages to invasive species over native plant species. We conducted a two-way factorial experiment, growing the model invasive plant Arundo donax in CO2 growth chambers to test how CO2 and N availability interact to affect plant growth and biomass allocation. CO2 was supplied at c. 400 mg L−1 and c. 750 mg L−1. N was supplied as ammonium nitrate at 640, 320 and 80 mg L−1. We hypothesised that the fertilisation effect of CO2 enrichment would offset limitations from N deficiency. The results indicated that A. donax plants grown with enriched CO2 and abundant N accumulated approximately 50–100% more biomass and allocated approximately 50% more biomass to rhizomes than plants grown under ambient CO2 conditions. Neither treatment affected the leaf area per unit mass (specific leaf area; SLA). Greater growth will likely increase A. donax's competitive potential, because increased rhizome biomass has been associated with increased stress tolerance and post-disturbance resprouting capacity. The consistent SLA under all treatments suggests that A. donax has a morphological strategy that prioritises increasing leaf quantity over increasing individual leaves' photosynthetic potential. These results reveal the ecological strategies that contribute to the successful establishment, dominance and persistence of this invasive plant species.
Victor Weisskopf 1908–2002

Victor Frederick Weisskopf died at his home in Newton, Massachusetts, on 21 April at the age of 93. Viki Weisskopf, as he was universally known, was one of the giants of theoretical physics. He made seminal contributions to atomic physics, quantum electrodynamics and nuclear physics throughout the 50 year golden age of quantum physics that started in the mid-1920s. Beyond his leading role in research and teaching, Weisskopf also fostered international collaboration in high-energy physics and worked tirelessly for the elimination of nuclear weapons.
Phase II Study of Yttrium-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan Plus High-Dose BCNU, Etoposide, Cytarabine, and Melphalan for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: The Role of Histology.

Abstract Standard-dose 90yttrium-ibritumomab tiuxetan (.4 mci/kg) together with high-dose BEAM (BCNU, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan) (Z-BEAM) has been shown to be a well-tolerated autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation preparative regimen for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We report the outcomes of a single-center, single-arm phase II trial of Z-BEAM conditioning in high-risk CD20+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma histologic strata: diffuse large B cell (DLBCL), mantle cell, follicular, and transformed. Robust overall survival and notably low nonrelapse mortality rates (.9% at day +100 for the entire cohort), with few short- and long-term toxicities, confirm the safety and tolerability of the regimen. In addition, despite a high proportion of induction failure patients (46%), the promising response and progression-free survival (PFS) rates seen in DLBCL (3-year PFS: 71%; 95% confidence interval, 55 to 82%), support the premise that the Z-BEAM regimen is particularly effective in this histologic subtype. The role of Z-BEAM in other strata is less clear in the context of the emergence of novel agents.
Reconstituted System for the Examination of Repair DNA Synthesis in Homologous Recombination

In homologous recombination (HR), DNA polymerase δ-mediated DNA synthesis occurs within the displacement loop (D-loop) that is made by the recombinase Rad51 in conjunction with accessory factors. We describe in this chapter the reconstitution of the D-loop and repair DNA synthesis reactions using purified Saccharomyces cerevisiae HR (Rad51, RPA, and Rad54) and DNA replication (PCNA, RFC, and DNA polymerase δ) proteins and document the role of the Pif1 helicase in DNA synthesis via a migrating DNA bubble intermediate. These reconstituted systems are particularly valuable for understanding the conserved mechanism of repair DNA synthesis dependent on DNA polymerase δ and its cognate helicase in eukaryotic organisms.
Carbon nanotubes heavy metal detection with stripping voltammetry: A review paper

The challenge of heavy metal detection for environmental, industrial and medical purposes has led to the development of many analytical techniques. Stripping voltammetry is a very sensitive electrochemical method and has been widely used for heavy metal detection. Carbon nanotubes, a well-studied carbon material with physical and chemical properties suited for electrode material is commonly employed for sensitive and selective metal detection in electrochemistry. This article reviews the recent (2011–2016) applications of carbon nanotubes as an electrode or electrode surface modifier for heavy metals detection with stripping voltammetry.
Improving Student Nurses' Attitudes Towards the Elderly

The elderly population is projected to nearly double by the year 2030. With the increased number of elderly needing healthcare and concerns of ageist attitudes towards the elderly, student nurses need to have a better understanding of this patient population and the implications of providing biased care. Research indicates that there are multiple variables that help form attitudes about the elderly, and the positive influence of education. Using Kogan’s (1961) Attitudes Towards Old People scale, this project surveyed attitudes of pre-licensure diploma level nursing students, both before and after the completion of a seven-week gerontology specific course, guided by Miller’s (1990) Functional Consequences Theory for Promoting Wellness in Older Adults. Using an independent-samples t-test, before gerontology ATOP total scores were compared to after gerontology ATOP total scores to determine if the gerontology specific education improved student nurses’ attitudes toward the elderly. The findings of this project demonstrated no significant difference in scores for before and after, suggesting that the intervention of gerontology specific education had no impact as a strategy to improve student attitudes. The lack of improvement may be a result of students already having positive attitudes. Another reason that the results may have failed to demonstrate an improvement in student attitudes after gerontology education, was the sample size which may have been too small to capture a change that may have occurred with a larger sample size.
American International Group, Inc.—The Financial Crisis

The case details the history of AIG, its organizational structure, and involvement in the market for credit default swaps and the financial crisis. Edward Liddy has been appointed by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson as CEO and chairman of AIG during the government's bailout of the insurance giant. He is preparing to address the U.S. House of Representatives' Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises to provide testimony related to AIG's payment of $165 million in bonuses to several of its managers at the same time the government had been injecting billions of dollars into the company to help keep it afloat. Students are asked to reflect on the bonus payments, what factors in the organization might have contributed to the issues AIG faced in the financial crisis, and how to ensure the company did not face similar issues again in the future. Excerpt UVA-C-2322 June 7, 2011 AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL GROUP, INC.—THE FINANCIAL CRISIS Edward Liddy was preparing to address the U.S. House of Representatives' Financial Services Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises. It was March 2009, just six months after Liddy was appointed by Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson as CEO and Chairman of American International Group, Inc. (AIG), during the government's bailout of the insurance giant. He was being asked to provide testimony related to AIG's payment of $ 165 million in bonuses to several of its managers at the same time the government had been injecting billions of dollars into the company to help keep it afloat. For an annual salary of $ 1 and no bonus, he had returned from retirement to lead the efforts in restructuring the company and paying back the government. Although he was receiving equity compensation, it remained to be seen if it would be worth anything by the time this was over. Regardless, Liddy was now in charge of the company and had to assume responsibility for the employee bonus payments. He was facing an emotional yet powerful committee and needed to be prepared. As he both reflected on what had happened and pondered his upcoming testimony, he undoubtedly considered several questions. How could a company such as AIG find itself in this position? It was unable to remain solvent on its own and had received billions of dollars in aid from the U.S. government as a result. The head of its Financial Products Group had been cited as one of the people most responsible for the recent financial crisis. And now, it was the subject of widespread publicity and heavy scrutiny related to the payment of millions of dollars in bonuses at the same time. How could this have been prevented? Where did things go wrong, and how could the company ensure it did not end up in a similar situation again in the future? . . .
Leverage Points for System Health Management of Autonomous Systems

Systems Health Management (SHM) is one of three basic functionalities that constitute an autonomous capability of a system. The other two functionalities are Planning & Scheduling, and Task Execution. In an autonomous system, variable autonomy is often distinct from variable authority to sense, decide, and act. There are quantifiable Levels of Autonomy that can be achieved by tuning different portions of the Observe-Orient-Decide-Act loop to provide flexibility and control. This approach is tabulated for multiple domains such as spacecraft and aerial vehicles. Examining SHM through a Systems Thinking lens helps us understand its stocks and flows, loops, and delays. Systems thinking, and modeling, is a useful way to understand change and complexity of systems of many types. There are certain archetypes that underlie well-known autonomy architectures. And there often are leverage points - best places to intervene in a system - that can resolve or mitigate some fundamental challenges in the design and deployment of autonomous systems. I identify these levers and present the ones that have been successfully used in NASA missions.
DUAL ANTIPLATELET THERAPY OR ORAL ANTICOAGULATION REDUCES THE INCIDENCE OF ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY ECTASIA

The effect of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) or oral anticoagulation on long term incidence of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in patients with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and no significant occlusive CAD is not well known. We retrospectively analyzed 317 consecutive cases of CAE. CAE patients
Microstructural and compositional effects of transition metal carbide additions on dispersion-strengthened tungsten fabricated via spark plasma sintering

Abstract Tungsten is the plasma-facing material of choice for the divertor region in ITER as it has favorable properties under ion irradiation. However, tungsten is a very brittle material whose fabrication is complicated by its high melting point and low recrystallization temperature. Spark plasma sintering is a powder consolidation technique that can rapidly compact tungsten powder to high relative densities while preserving fine grain sizes. Dispersing fine transition metal carbide particles within the tungsten matrix has been proposed to enhance the ductility of tungsten by re-arranging the impurity distribution. Tungsten samples consolidated with 0.5–10 wt% zirconium carbide, titanium carbide, or tantalum carbide have been fabricated via spark plasma sintering to >90% relative density. Consolidated samples have transition metal-rich dispersoids uniformly distributed at grain boundaries and within the micron-sized tungsten grains. The presence of the dispersed second phase particles successfully refined the final grain size, as the average grain size decreased from 11 μm for the pure W samples to ~1 μm for the samples with 10 wt% second phase. Correspondingly, the hardness as measured via Vickers hardness rises as the grain size decreases and volume fraction of the second phase increases. XRD and XPS analyses show that formation of tungsten carbide and transition metal oxide complexes alter the impurity distribution and material performance.
Altered gut microbiome composition in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and composition of intestinal microbiota in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet (KD) therapy and to explore the bacterial biomarkers related to clinical efficacy. Methods We prospectively analyzed 20 patients (14 males, 6 females) treated with KD. Clinical efficacy, electroencephalogram (EEG) changes, and laboratory tests were evaluated, and fecal specimens were obtained prior to and 6 months after therapy. The composition of gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing, and we screened the possible flora associated with efficacy of the KD. Results After 6 months of treatment, 2 patients were seizure free, 3 had ≥ 90% seizure reduction, 5 had a reduction of 50–89%, and 10 had Conclusions The results show that the KD can reduce the species richness and diversity of intestinal microbiota. The changes of gut microbiota may be associated with different efficacy after KD, and specific gut microbiota may serve as an efficacy biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in patients with refractory epilepsy.
Spatial Organization and Residential Architecture

This chapter describes the residential architecture of Aliabad, the diagnostic attributes of functional areas, and a few relationships between architectural variation and economic and demographic characteristics of the resident population. It examines spatial distributions of kin and the village's architectural growth pattern. The chapter also describes a few salient features of Aliabad's structures and a few causes of differentiation of areas within houses and of variation among houses. Aliabad's architecture shares some of the general features seen in the vernacular architecture of other warm, arid habitats characterized by wide diurnal temperature variations. The chapter also highlights the salient features of Aliabad's nonarchitectural areas. These areas, in which a variety of important social and economic activities are carried out, comprise a substantial proportion of the village's total area. At least some of these are likely to be encountered in sampling the archeological residues of such a settlement and a provisional reconstruction of their chief functions might be possible. Like its structural features, the attributes, the locations, and the areal extent of nonarchitectural activity areas within contemporary Aliabad should have heuristic value not only for archeological reconstructions but also for the formulation of archeological sampling design in Southwest Asia and elsewhere.
An osmotin-like cryoprotective protein from the bittersweet nightshade Solanum dulcamara.

Cold acclimation in plants is a polygenic phenomenon involving increased expression of several genes. The gene products participate either directly or indirectly towards increasing cold tolerance. Evidence of proteins having a direct effect on cold tolerance is emerging but limited. With isolated protoplasts from warm-grown kale (Brassica oleracea) as a model system, we tested protein fractions from winter bittersweet nightshade, Solanum dulcamara, stems for the presence of proteins that have a cryoprotective effect. Purification of one such fraction resulted in isolation of a 25 kDa protein. N-terminal Edman degradation amino acid sequence analysis showed that it has high homology to osmotin and osmotin-like proteins. When added to warm-grown protoplasts, it increased the cryosurvival of frozen-thawed protoplasts by 24% over untreated or BSA-treated controls at −8 °C. A cDNA library which was made in November from stems and leaves of S. dulcamara was successfully screened for the corresponding cDNA clone. The deduced amino acid sequence indicated that the protein consists of 206 amino acid residues including a N-terminal signal sequence and a putative C-terminal propeptide. The mature protein, without the N-terminal signal sequence, was expressed in Escherichia coli. The partially purified protein in the supernatant fraction of the culture medium had cryoprotective activity.