cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Formal synthesis of supervisory control software for multiple robot systems

This paper demonstrates the application of a range of theoretical tools to generate real-time control software for multiple ground robots working together cooperatively. Specifically, existing discrete event system theory is applied to synthesize high-level supervisory control logic that is guaranteed to maintain the behavior of multiple robots within requirements defined by a set of formal specifications. The modeling of the high-level behavior of the robots in their given environment, as well as the formal specifications, is described in detail. The resulting models are represented as finite-state automata. In this work we assume that some events cannot be controlled, though all events are assumed to be observable. In addition to generating control logic that is guaranteed to keep the robots safe, results are also presented for choosing from amongst a set of allowed robot behaviors in order to achieve behavior that is “good” in some sense. Specifically, a modified version of Dijkstra's algorithm is employed to choose a path through the finite-state automaton representing the allowed robot behaviors. This modified algorithm is able to address multiple robots and the fact that some events cannot be controlled (commanded). The resulting high-level robot events are then connected to the continuous, time-driven behavior of the robots through a series of low-level algorithms. The result of this work is demonstrated in simulation for a simple, but demonstrative scenario.
Interpersonal Communication and the Illness Experience in the Sex and the City Breast Cancer Narrative

Grounded in extant research in cultivation, health edutainment, and interpersonal communication theory, this study offers an analysis of the breast cancer narrative depicted on the television series, Sex and the City. Focal to the analysis will be the interpersonal relationships with friends, men, and healthcare providers of the central character of the narrative as she experiences her illness, as well as the narrative's realism regarding its portrayal of the breast cancer experience. Due to the storyline's potential as a health information source, successes and missed opportunities for conveying realistic and useful messages regarding the illness will also be considered.
Secure and QoS-Managed Information Exchange Between Enterprise and Constrained Environments

Mobile devices performing mission-critical functions at the tactical edge, such as those employed by first responders, military personnel, and law enforcement, operate in environments that are vastly different from enterprise computing environments. In spite of the differences in resource availability, threat models, vulnerabilities, information formats, and communication protocols, there is a great advantage to (and great demand for) enabling information exchange between the tactical edge and enterprise environments. Creating a specialized mobile version of each desired service that incorporates an appropriate level of security protection and quality of service (QoS) for the tactical users is one possibility. Such an approach is not cost effective, however, as the market for a given tactical application is small compared to the commercial user base for mobile applications and services. Furthermore, the need for information or services from the enterprise by tactical users can be too ad hoc and time critical, e.g., during disaster response, to support developing a specialized version. Finally, service specialization for mobile web access covers only one of multiple information dissemination and access patterns that arise in tactical operations. This paper presents the design and a prototype implementation of a gateway solution that provides secure tactical-enterprise information exchange and handles the differences in resource availability, QoS requirements, communication formats, and protocols.
The Pain of Attachment-"You Have to Put a Little Wedge in There": How Vicarious Trauma Affects Child/teacher Attachment

(2007). The Pain of Attachment—“You Have to Put a Little Wedge in There” How Vicarious Trauma Affects Child/Teacher Attachment. Childhood Education: Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 85-91.
The organization of human newborn sucking and movement during auditory stimulation

Many of the newborn human's earliest interactions occur during episodes of sucking, but there is little understanding of how sucking may interact with responsiveness to other social and physical stimuli. In the present study, levels of body movement, or activity, and characteristics of nonnutritive sucking were evaluated for two groups of newborns; one receiving brief presentations of a complex sound as they initiated sucking bursts, and a second group receiving the same sound during pauses between their sucking bursts. A control group for comparison received no sound stimulation. Infants stimulated during pausing showed significantly higher activity levels and more rapid habituation of movement than those stimulated during bursting. Sound during bursting was less likely to cause a shift to pausing than sound during pausing was to cause a shift to sucking. These differences suggested that bursting and pausing were not similar contexts for responding to sound stimulation. Potential mechanisms underlying differential responsiveness during sucking are suggested.
Cell mediated immune responses to plaque antigens during experimental gingivitis in man.

The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the ability of antigens of human dental plaque microorganisms to stimulate peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from humans during the development and recovery from experimental gingivitis. Eleven healthy dental students (22–36 years) participated in the study. At the start of the experiment, they exhibited clean teeth and clinically healthy gingivae. They then abstained from all oral hygiene measures for four weeks according to the model proposed by Loe et al. (1965). At the start, after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of abolished oral hygience and 2 weeks following reinstitution of oral hygiene, the oral conditions were assessed, using the critieria of the Plaque Index system (Loe & Silness 1964) and the Gingival Index system (Loe & Silness (1963). At each examination triplicate microcultures, each containing 2 × 105 viable PBL in .2 ml TC 199 with glutamine and antibiotics containing 10% fetal calf serum, were stimulated with four concentrations of sonicates from V. alcalescens, F. nucleatum, B. melaninogenicus, A. viscosus, A. naeslundii, S. sanguis and pooled dental plaque all obtained from the previsouly performed experimental gingivitis. The cultures were incubated for 78 hours at 37°C in 5% CO2. 3H-thymidine was added for the final 8 hours. Only A. viscosus was able to stimulate PBL to undergo blastogenesis during the development of experimental gingivitis. A. viscosus stimulated the PBL of 3 subjects after one week but all subjects after 2 weeks of abolished oral hygiene. The stimulation indices (SI) remained >2.5 for the rest of the experimental period. Following 2 weeks of reinstituted oral hygiene, the SI reached preexperimental levels. These results suggest that A. visocus is capable of inducing a specific cellular immune response during the development of experimental gingivitis and may be important as a causative plaque constituent. Further research is indicated to study this association.
Have We Been Here before? Lessons Learned from a Microhistory of the Policy Development of Universal Kindergarten.

This article historicizes the collision of K-12 public schooling and early childhood education by interrogating the ways in which people called for and implemented the public kindergarten into primary school over the past century. Using a theoretical framework that pays attention to the ways in which policy develops over time we provide a microhistory of one city, Austin, Texas. The historical narrative relates the details of the individuals who were engaged in the debate over kindergarten in the early 20th century while at the same time explicating the context that shaped those individuals. We conclude by using this portrait of the past to make sense of the current policy issues and to raise questions about the assumptions that circulate within today’s policy environment.
Thermodynamics of thallium alkanoates I. Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of thallium(I) n-hexanoate

Abstract The sub-ambient heat capacity of thallium(I) n-hexanoate is characterized by transitions at 203.5 and 208.3 K which show C p, m R maxima of about 400 and 2500 and ( ΔS m R )' s of 1.03 and 1.07. Both appear to be essentially first order and show typical under-cooling phenomena. The heat capacities are in excellent accord with the d.s.c. values of Fernandez-Martin, Lopez de la Fuente, and Cheda over the common range of super-ambient values. At T = 298.15 K the values of {S m o (T)−S m o (0)} R , {H m o (T)−H m o (0)} R , and −{G m o (T)−H m o (0)} RT are 39.06, 5880 K, and 19.33. Smoothed thermodynamic functions are tabulated through melting.
Impairments in frontal cortical γ synchrony and cognitive control in schizophrenia

A critical component of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia can be characterized as a disturbance in cognitive control, or the ability to guide and adjust cognitive processes and behavior flexibly in accordance with one's intentions and goals. Cognitive control impairments in schizophrenia are consistently linked to specific disturbances in prefrontal cortical functioning, but the underlying neurophysiologic mechanisms are not yet well characterized. Synchronous γ-band oscillations have been associated with a wide range of perceptual and cognitive processes, raising the possibility that they may also help entrain prefrontal cortical circuits in the service of cognitive control processes. In the present study, we measured induced γ-band activity during a task that reliably engages cognitive control processes in association with prefrontal cortical activations in imaging studies. We found that higher cognitive control demands were associated with increases in induced γ-band activity in the prefrontal areas of healthy subjects but that control-related modulation of prefrontal γ-band activity was absent in schizophrenia subjects. Disturbances in γ-band activity in patients correlated with illness symptoms, and γ-band activity correlated positively with performance in control subjects but not in schizophrenia patients. Our findings may provide a link between previously reported postmortem abnormalities in thalamofrontocortical circuitry and alterations in prefrontal activity observed in functional neuroimaging studies. They also suggest that deficits in frontal cortical γ-band synchrony may contribute to the cognitive control impairments in schizophrenia.
A Comparison of Feeding and Mealtime Problems in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities with and Without Autism

Feeding and mealtime behavior problems are an area of concern for those with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) because of their impact on daily functioning, as well as the potential for causing severe medical conditions (e.g., poor nutrition, choking, aspiration) and even death. Due to the importance of this topic for proper diagnosis and treatment planning, a better understanding of these behaviors in persons with ASD and intellectual disabilities (ID) is important. Participants in this study were 60 adults with ASD and ID (group 1) or ID only (group 2). Individuals with ASD and ID evinced more behaviorally-based feeding problems, such as food selectivity and refusal related difficulties relative to their peers with ID alone as assessed with the Screening Tool of fEeding Problems (STEP). Those with ID only had more feeding skill difficulties than persons with ASD and ID. Overall, the ASD and ID group evinced more, and more severe feeding and mealtime problems. Implications of these data are discussed.
Binding Properties of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed toward Lead−Chelate Complexes

A monoclonal antibody (2C12) that recognizes a Pb(II)-cyclohexyldiethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid complex was produced by the injection of BALB/c mice with a Pb(II)-chelate complex covalently coupled to a carrier protein. The ability of purified antibody to interact with a variety of metal-free chelators and metal-chelate complexes was assessed by measuring equilibrium dissociation constants. The antibody bound to metal-free trans-cyclohexyldiethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (CHXDTPA) with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.3 x 10(-)(7) M. Addition of Pb(II) increased the affinity of the antibody for the complex by 25-fold; Pb(II) was the only metal cation (of 15 different di-, tri-, and hexavalent metals tested) that increased the affinity of the antibody for CHXDTPA. The increased affinity was due primarily to an increase in the association rate constant. The antibody also had the ability to interact with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and structurally related derivatives, but with affinities from 50- to 10000-fold less than that determined for CHXDTPA. Addition of metals to EDTA-based chelators reduced the affinity of the antibody for these ligands. However, when DTPA was used as the chelator, addition of Pb(II) increased the affinity of the antibody for the complex by 200-fold. The sensitivity of prototype immunoassays for Pb(II) could be modulated by changing the structure of the immobilized metal-chelate complex and/or the soluble chelator used to complex Pb(II) in the test solution.
The chiral magnetohydrodynamics of QCD fluid at the RHIC and LHC

The experimental results on heavy ion collisions at the RHIC and LHC indicate that QCD plasma behaves as a nearly perfect fluid described by relativistic hydrodynamics. Hydrodynamics is an effective low-energy theory of everything stating that the response of a system to external perturbations is dictated by conservation laws that are a consequence of the symmetries of the underlying theory. In the case of QCD fluid produced in heavy ion collisions, this theory possesses anomalies, so some of the apparent classical symmetries are broken by quantum effects. Even though the anomalies appear as a result of UV regularization and so look like a short-distance phenomenon, it has been realized recently that they also affect the large-distance macroscopic behavior in hydrodynamics. One of the manifestations of anomalies in relativistic hydrodynamics is the chiral magnetic effect (CME). At this conference, a number of pieces of evidence for the CME have been presented, including (i) the disappearance of charge asymmetry fluctuations in the low-energy RHIC data where the energy density is thought to be below the critical one for deconfinement and (ii) the observation of charge asymmetry fluctuations in Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC. Here is given a summary of some of the recent theoretical and experimental developments and of the future tests that may allow us to establish (or to refute) the CME as the origin of the observed charge asymmetry fluctuations.
Ag films formed simultaneously on (111) and (100) NaCl

Abstract The ranges of epitaxial deposition have been explored for Ag evaporated simultaneously under high vacuum onto three NaCl substrate surfaces designated (111), (100)E and (100)c. The first substrate consisted of a thin (111)-oriented monocrystalline NaCl film deposited onto air-cleaved mica. The substrate designated (100)E consisted of a thin (100)-oriented monocrystalline NaCl film evaporated onto air-cleaved NaCl, and that designated (100)c consisted of air- cleaved NaCl. The occurrence of monocrystalline and polycrystalline films and their microstructure were determined by transmission electron microscopy and diffraction as a function of deposition rare R and substrate temperature T. The results are presented on 1n R versus 1 T plots. Activation energies for the transition from a low temperature polycrystalline region to a higher temperature monocrystalline region were determined as approximately 0.8 and 1.0 eV respectively for (111) and (100)E NaCl substrates. No such transition was found in the case of (100)c substrates. In the case of (100)E substrates a steep high temperature demarcation line (activation energy 3.9 eV) was found to separate the monocrystalline region from a high temperature polycrystalline region. The latter region was identified with the coalescence stage of film growth. These results agree with earlier reports suggesting that the coalescence stage rather than the nucleation stage is pre-eminent in determining the occurrence of epitaxy.
Ultraviolet clouds on Venus - Observational bias.

Abstract A sidereal model for calculating the observational bias imposed on an assumed distribution of periods of rotation for the ultraviolet cloud markings on Venus has been investigated. The results are compared to the observed distribution. Observational constraints are varied in the model in order to determine the influence of each parameter. The observational bias is investigated for single stations and pairs of stations located 6 and 12hr apart.
Effects of Sodium Chloride on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Soybean Root Systems

Root system hydraulic conductivity (LP) was measured on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr. var Harosoy) seedlings grown in solution culture and exposed to varying levels of osmotic stress. Hydroponic growth solutions were salinized by additions of NaCl, and the permeability of excised seedling root systems to water was measured. Conductance was estimated at high rates of water flux, where osmotic effects are negligible. LP was reduced as the salinity of the growth solution increased. Growth in NaCl for 14 days at −0.17 megapascals and −0.26 megapascals resulted in reductions in LP from that of controls by 27% and 72%, respectively. LP was correlated with the root/shoot biomass ratio (RS), with larger values of LP observed in seedlings with lower RS.
Long-wavelength derivatization reagents for use in diode laser-induced fluorescence detection

ABSTRACT A diode laser fluorometer was constructed and evaluated using rhodamine 800, a commercially available laserdye. Rhodamine 800 was evaluated as a precolumn derivatization reagent through an intermediate for conjugation to amine containing analytes. Preliminary results show that the derivative is nonfluorescent. Rhodamine 800 was successfully used as a mobile phase additive for HPLC with indirect detection ofvalproic acid from plasma. Nile blue,was evaluated as a derivatization reagent for carboxyl containing analytes. A limit of detection of 0.96 pmol wasobserved for the nile blue conjugate of benzoic acid using a conventional fluorescence detector. A cyanine dye, wasused as a near infrared labeling reagent for compounds containing primary amine functionality. The spectral propertiesof the cyanine derivative of 2-adamantanamine were similar to the unreacted label and very favorable for low leveldetection.Keywords : Diode laser, high performance liquid chromatography, oxazine, cyanine, rhodamine, indirect detection,derivatization, fluorescence, carboxylic acid, amine.
A Portable System for Reading Large Passive Integrated Transponder Tags from Wild Trout

Abstract This paper describes a system based on a commercial portable energizer–reader module and antennas and a hand-held programmable calculator for reading large (4 × 23 mm and 4 × 32 mm) passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. Maximum tag-reading distances in water were 45 cm for ferrite-core stick antennas and 86 cm for a loop (gate) antenna; these distances varied with the size of the tags and their orientation to the antennas. The tags, tested on wild brown trout Salmo trutta and wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, were either inserted into the peritoneal cavity with a hypodermic needle or attached externally at the base of the dorsal fin with a fish hook and monofilament line. The fish were held in artificial channels 1 m wide and 50 m long and in two 3–4 m-wide stream sections, one 70 m long and the other 90 m long. During a 5-week period we were routinely able to detect marked fish by (1) walking along the channels and stream sections probing the water with an antenna, and (2) by position...
The Effect of Resource Quality Information on Resource Injury Perceptions and Contingent Values

The analysis examines how resource injury information provided by a questionnaire affects contingent valuations. A key determinant is the difference between new and prior information. Redundant information has no effect. Also, respondents have different priors so the effect of new information is uneven; information increases restoration value for some respondents while reducing it for others. Empirical results confirmed the heterogeneity of respondents. Values were sensitive to the broad dimensions of a resource injury, such as the geographic extent and toxicity. Injury details had less significant effects that varied from positive to negative in algebraic sign.
One or two 7.5-µg doses of MF59-adjuvanted influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine was immunogenic in adults within 21 days

Source Citation Clark TW, Pareek M, Hoschler K, et al. Trial of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent MF59-adjuvanted vaccine—preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2009;361. 19745215
Influence of Dyadic Mutuality on Counselor Trainee Willingness to Self-Disclose Clinical Mistakes to Supervisors

Abstract Counselor trainees identified factors they believed to be relevant to their willingness to disclose mistakes in clinical supervision. Qualities related to the supervisory relationship, in particular a feeling of mutuality, were found to be most important. Two measures developed by the Stone Center indicated a significant relationship between self-disclosure and perceptions of mutual empathy and mutual empowerment. The study was conducted with 75 pastoral counseling students who reported high levels of both mutuality and self-disclosure in their supervisory relationships. This finding contrasts with previous research on other trainee populations. Participants were from two different types of counseling programs, but results related to mutuality and the supervisory relationship did not vary significantly between the two programs.
Dynamics and stability of ferrofluids: surface interactions

Surface interactions in incompressible dynamics and stability of ferrofluid with nonlinear magnetization properties
Endangered Democratic Institutions and Instrumental Inquiry: Remarks upon Receiving the Veblen-Commons Award

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Business Administration, College of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska -Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in CBA Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska -Lincoln. For more information, please contactproyster@unl.edu.
Interactions of Trace Metals in Mouse and Rat Tissues; Zinc, Chromium, Copper and Manganese with 13 Other Elements

Tissues of rats and mice fed a nonessential metal in drinking water for life were analyzed for the essential metals chromium, copper, manganese and zinc. The study involved 505 rats and 843 mice. Livers, lungs, hearts, kidneys and spleens were pooled in groups according to age at death, averaging 5 for rats and 8 for mice, in order to provide adequate sample weight. Copper was significantly higher in livers of rats fed tin, germanium, niobium and zirconium than in controls. Similarly, niobium was associated with deposition of manganese in heart and zinc deposition in liver. Chromium levels were depressed in heart, kidney and spleen by germanium. In mice the greatest effects occurred when indium and rhodium were fed, all four essential trace metals exhibiting raised levels principally in kidney but also in heart and spleen. Chromium levels were raised in all organs but heart when hexavalent chromium was fed. From these data it is apparent that the ingestion of a nonessential metal can enhance the retention of an essential trace metal, perhaps thus avoiding toxicity from the nonessential one.
Noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in NAFLD

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of abnormal liver enzymes in both adults and children. NAFLD has a histologic spectrum ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced fibrosis, and cirrhosis. It is imperative to distinguish simple steatosis from NASH since the latter has a progressive disease course and can lead to end-stage liver disease. Liver biopsy has been considered as the gold standard for the diagnosis of NASH. However, liver biopsy is invasive, costly, and can rarely cause significant morbidity (risk of morbidity, 0.06-0.35%; risk of mortality, 0.1-0.01%). Imaging studies such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging have limited sensitivity in detecting steatosis and cannot distinguish steatosis from NASH. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) has been used as a surrogate marker for liver injuries. However, ALT is not an ideal marker for either diagnosis of NAFLD or distinguishing steatosis from NASH. Better noninvasive biomarkers or panels of biomarkers that are cheaper, reliable, and reproducible are urgently needed for patients with NASH to assist in establishing diagnosis, providing risk information, and monitoring disease progression and treatment response. In this article, we plan to concisely review the current advances in the use of biomarkers for the diagnosis of NASH.
Characterization of wavelength swept laser for optical coherence tomography imaging

We report the characteristics of a wavelength swept laser with a scanning fiber Fabry-Perot filter in the 1300 nm. We investigate the dependence of the scanning frequencies of the conventional and Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) wavelength swept laser. In the FDML swept laser, the transient intensity profiles and the tuning bandwidths were investigated according to the injection currents and detuning of the scanning frequency. In addition, the transient intensity profiles showed significant asymmetric behavior according to the detuned frequencies.
CMOS circuit design for minimum dynamic power and highest speed

A new low-power design method produces CMOS circuits that consume the least dynamic power at the highest speed permitted under the technology constraint. A gate is characterized by an inertial delay and separate delays between its inputs and output. The technology constraint, related to feasible ranges of lengths and widths of transistors, is specified by a parameter u/sub b/. It is the upper bound on the difference between the input to output delays corresponding to any pair of inputs of a gate. We formulate a linear program (LP) whose size is proportional to the circuit size. This LP determines the inertial delay as well as input to output delays for each gate of the circuit with the given u/sub b/, such that all glitches are eliminated and the overall delay of the circuit is minimized. Because of the additional flexibility in specifying gate delays, the glitch suppression is guaranteed without any delay buffers. Hence this design consumes less power than those designed by other methods. We designed the circuit c1355 with 46% of the original power dissipation compared to a reference design. A previously published method, that characterizes each gate with a single delay, produced a c1355 circuit consuming 58% of the original power. Both low-power circuits had the same overall delay. The previous design required 224 delay buffers, whereas the new design needed none.
LvNotch signaling plays a dual role in regulating the position of the ectoderm-endoderm boundary in the sea urchin embryo

The molecular mechanisms guiding the positioning of the ectoderm-endoderm boundary along the animal-vegetal axis of the sea urchin embryo remain largely unknown. We report here a role for the sea urchin homolog of the Notch receptor, LvNotch, in mediating the position of this boundary. Overexpression of an activated form of LvNotch throughout the embryo shifts the ectoderm-endoderm boundary more animally along the animal-vegetal axis, whereas expression of a dominant negative form shifts the border vegetally. Mosaic experiments that target activated and dominant negative forms of LvNotch into individual blastomeres of the early embryo, combined with lineage analyses, further reveal that LvNotch signaling mediates the position of this boundary by distinct mechanisms within the animal versus vegetal portions of the embryo. In the animal region of the embryo, LvNotch signaling acts cell autonomously to promote endoderm formation more animally, while in the vegetal portion, LvNotch signaling also promotes the ectoderm-endoderm boundary more animally, but through a cell non-autonomous mechanism. We further demonstrate that vegetal LvNotch signaling controls the localization of nuclear β-catenin at the ectoderm-endoderm boundary. Based on these results, we propose that LvNotch signaling promotes the position of the ectoderm-endoderm boundary more animally via two mechanisms: (1) a cell-autonomous function within the animal region of the embryo, and (2) a cell non-autonomous role in the vegetal region that regulates a signal(s) mediating ectoderm-endoderm position, possibly through the control of nuclear β-catenin at the boundary.
Evaluation of off-angle thermal spray

Abstract The effect of spray angle on the properties of plasma spray deposits has been investigated. Two different materials, NiAl and Cr 3 C 2 –NiCr, were sprayed at angles from 50 to 90° with respect to the substrate. The spray angle influenced the microstructure and the properties of the deposits. The porosity increased as the spray angle decreased, i.e. as the angle was shifted away from the perpendicular position. The surface roughness of the Cr 3 C 2 –NiCr deposit was not sensitive to the spray angle, whereas NiAl exhibited an increase as the spray angle decreased. Microhardness, tensile adhesion strength, and interfacial fracture toughness decreased with spray angle. The change of these properties with spray angle is attributed to (1) the morphology of the splats, (2) the change of the local spray angle, and (3) the change of momentum of particles impacting on the substrate or previously deposited particles. The mechanical-property variations arise from porosity changes which occur from the spray angle variations.
Impact of attentional dysfunction in dyscalculia

Significant educational delays, even in the absence of cognitive-processing deficits, can be attributed to the inability to sustain attention. The relation between dyslexia and attention deficits is well established. Although research on the relation between dyscalculia and attention deficits is limited, evidence is mounting for a pivotal relation between these two disorders. Indeed, attention deficits may be more strongly associated with dyscalculia than with dyslexia.
PrEP: A Framework for Malware & Cyber Weapons

The contemporary debate over cyber security rests on a set of linguistic artifacts that date from the Cold War. Attempting to glean a starting point for debate over use of terms like “cyber attack” or “cyber war” is difficult, largely because there is little agreement on what constitutes a weapon in cyberspace, be it “weaponized code” or black hats with root access. For information security professionals, this has led to a proliferation of different taxonomies tied to proprietary anti-virus systems. To social science researchers and the policy community, the result has been unclear definitions and vague terminology, which hinder academic progress and the development of effective policy. This paper proposes a new framework to classify malware and cyber weapons based on the different pieces of malicious code that constitute them, then evaluates competing definitions of cyber weapons, and concludes with implications for this approach. As developed in this paper, Cyber Weapons are any combination of three software components: a Propagation Method, one or several Exploits, and a Payload designed to create destructive physical or logical effects. Defining malware requires a difficult balance between technical specificity and conceptual breadth. The PrEP framework attempts to combine these, while building out a set of concepts useful to both research and policy communities.
Practical type inference for arbitrary-rank types

Haskell's popularity has driven the need for ever more expressive type system features, most of which threaten the decidability and practicality of Damas-Milner type inference. One such feature is the ability to write functions with higher-rank types – that is, functions that take polymorphic functions as their arguments. Complete type inference is known to be undecidable for higher-rank (impredicative) type systems, but in practice programmers are more than willing to add type annotations to guide the type inference engine, and to document their code. However, the choice of just what annotations are required, and what changes are required in the type system and its inference algorithm, has been an ongoing topic of research. We take as our starting point a $\lambda$-calculus proposed by Odersky and Laufer. Their system supports arbitrary-rank polymorphism through the exploitation of type annotations on $\lambda$-bound arguments and arbitrary sub-terms. Though elegant, and more convenient than some other proposals, Odersky and Laufer's system requires many annotations. We show how to use local type inference (invented by Pierce and Turner) to greatly reduce the annotation burden, to the point where higher-rank types become eminently usable. Higher-rank types have a very modest impact on type inference. We substantiate this claim in a very concrete way, by presenting a complete type-inference engine, written in Haskell, for a traditional Damas-Milner type system, and then showing how to extend it for higher-rank types. We write the type-inference engine using a monadic framework: it turns out to be a particularly compelling example of monads in action. The paper is long, but is strongly tutorial in style. Although we use Haskell as our example source language, and our implementation language, much of our work is directly applicable to any ML-like functional language.
The Evolving Dynamics of Social Media in InternetTourism Marketing

The Evolving Dynamics of Social Media in Internet Tourism Marketing It’s no earth shattering revelation to discuss the use of the Internet in tourism marketing efforts. The facilitation of tourismbased websites has been ongoing since the medium began enjoying widespread usage in the 1990s. Today it has become almost impossible to conceive of marketing efforts in tourism without a significant internet component; however, as the use of the internet continues to evolve consideration must be given to the directions in which users expect the medium to develop.
A two-color CMOS optical detector circuit

This paper presents the design of a CMOS based circuit capable of detecting two different optical wavelengths within the visible region. The circuit is designed using a standard CMOS process technology by exploiting the double-barrier photo detection structure inherent in CMOS process technology. It is capable of discriminating between an optical signal at 490nm (blue) and 710 nm (red). The circuit is an ideal candidate for two-color optical detection of fluorescent emission in microarray analysis widely used in biomedical and chemical diagnosis. The authors briefly review optical detection in CMOS based photodiodes, give optical characterization results obtained from the photodiodes, and present the two-color circuit steady-state analysis along with simulation results of its operation.
An Investigation of the Traditional Music Session in Ireland’s Shannon Region

Irish traditional music acquisition used to be restricted to specific regions and focused on personal instruction. Now that the individual player is being replaced by larger, less-personal groups of musicians, the question of how traditional learning is being accomplished becomes more critical. *** Seznanjanje z irsko tradicijsko glasbo je bilo v preteklosti omejeno na specificne regije in se je opiralo na individualno poucevanje. Danes, ko posameznika nadomescajo vecje, manj osebne skupine glasbenikov, postaja vedno pomembnejse vprasanje, kako poucevati tradicijo.
Privacy and disclosure in psychoanalysis.

The tension between privacy and disclosure in psychoanalysis operates in various ways in analyst, supervisee, and supervisor. Analysts need to maintain the privacy of their patients by keeping their material confidential; they also need to know and share their own internal conscious conflicts to be able to discover unconscious conflicts and their characterological ramifications. Clinical writing is one vehicle for the exploration, discovery, and communication of transference-countertransference issues and other conflicts stimulated by clinical work, but it does not provide the perspective that comes from sharing with another person. Telling a trusted colleague what we think and feel in relation to our patients and ourselves enables us to see our blind spots, as well as providing perspective and affect containment in our work. Mutuality in peer supervision tends to reduce the transference. The special problems of privacy and disclosure in psychoanalytic training are addressed, as are the ways the analyst’s...
Contraceptive risk-taking among substance-using women

Substance-using women use contraception less frequently than do women in the general population, and as a result have higher numbers of unplanned pregnancies. In addition, substance-using women reg...
Training Resident Advisors: a Product-Process Competency Approach

The resident advisor (RA) is viewed as an essential deliverer of services to the handicapped as the human services field responds to deinstitutionalization. The complexity and importance of the RA's role is related to RA training programs. The article discusses a product-process competency approach (PPCA) for training RAs, in which goals are translated into competencies from which instructional objectives are derived. The PPCA incorporates the input of significant others (e.g., administrators, agency providers, service consumers) in developing competencies and monitoring training efforts. Suggestions are presented for creating flexible RA training programs based on this approach. The critical need for intensive, systematic RA training programs is discussed in terms of the future of deinstitutionalization.
Passivity-Based Control of Buck Converters with Constant-Power Loads

This paper studies the control of buck converters subjected to constant-power loads using a passivity-based technique. This technique allows for global analysis and avoids the limitations present in small-signal-based techniques. Passivity-based control in this application leads to a systematic derivation of a linear proportional-differential controller. It is also proved that the equilibrium point is only locally stable due to the infeasibility of duty ratio values larger than unity. The paper presents a method to obtain the region of attraction and shows that this region is not affected by controller gains. Experimental work is included to verify the analysis.
Corticosteroid therapy and airflow obstruction influence the bronchial microbiome, which is distinct from that of bronchoalveolar lavage in asthmatic airways.

Background The lung has a diverse microbiome that is modest in biomass. This microbiome differs in asthmatic patients compared with control subjects, but the effects of clinical characteristics on the microbial community composition and structure are not clear. Objectives We examined whether the composition and structure of the lower airway microbiome correlated with clinical characteristics of chronic persistent asthma, including airflow obstruction, use of corticosteroid medications, and presence of airway eosinophilia. Methods DNA was extracted from endobronchial brushings and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected from 39 asthmatic patients and 19 control subjects, along with negative control samples. 16S rRNA V4 amplicon sequencing was used to compare the relative abundance of bacterial genera with clinical characteristics. Results Differential feature selection analysis revealed significant differences in microbial diversity between brush and lavage samples from asthmatic patients and control subjects. Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rickettsia species were significantly enriched in samples from asthmatic patients, whereas Prevotella, Streptococcus, and Veillonella species were enriched in brush samples from control subjects. Generalized linear models on brush samples demonstrated oral corticosteroid use as an important factor affecting the relative abundance of the taxa that were significantly enriched in asthmatic patients. In addition, bacterial α-diversity in brush samples from asthmatic patients was correlated with FEV1 and the proportion of lavage eosinophils. Conclusion The diversity and composition of the bronchial airway microbiome of asthmatic patients is distinct from that of nonasthmatic control subjects and influenced by worsening airflow obstruction and corticosteroid use.
Evoking Baldwin’s Blues: The Experience of Dislocated Listening

“It is only in his music [. . .] that the Negro in America has been able to tell his story. It is a story which otherwise has yet to be told and which no American is prepared to hear,” so wrote James Baldwin in “Many Thousands Gone.” Throughout his career, James Baldwin returned to this incomprehension of African-American experience. He continually privileged music in his literature, crafting his own literary blues to address it. Baldwin’s blues resonated even more powerfully and painfully for its emotional and geographical dislocation. In this article, Rashida K. Braggs argues that it was the combination of music, word, and migration that prompted Baldwin’s own deeper understanding. Exploring her term dislocated listening, Braggs investigates how listening to music while willfully dislocated from one’s cultural home prompts a deeper understanding of African-American experience. The distance disconcerts, leaving one more vulnerable, while music impels the reader, audience, and even Baldwin to identify with some harsh realities of African-American experience. Baldwin evokes the experience of dislocated listening in his life and in “Sonny’s Blues.” Braggs also creates an experience of dislocated listening through her video performance of Baldwin’s words, thus attempting to draw the reader as well into a more attuned understanding of African-American experience.
A rapid and affordable screening platform for membrane protein trafficking

Membrane proteins regulate a diversity of physiological processes and are the most successful class of targets in drug discovery. However, the number of targets adequately explored in chemical space and the limited resources available for screening are significant problems shared by drug-discovery centers and small laboratories. Therefore, a low-cost and universally applicable screen for membrane protein trafficking was developed. This high-throughput screen (HTS), termed IRFAP-HTS, utilizes the recently described MarsCy1-fluorogen activating protein and the near-infrared and membrane impermeant fluorogen SCi1. The cell surface expression of MarsCy1 epitope-tagged receptors can be visualized by simple addition of SCi1. User-friendly, rapid, and quantitative detection occurs on a standard infrared western-blotting scanner. The reliability and robustness of IRFAP-HTS was validated by confirming human vasopressin-2 receptor and dopamine receptor-2 trafficking in response to agonist or antagonist. The IRFAP-HTS screen was deployed against the leucine-rich G protein-coupled receptor-5 (Lgr5). Lgr5 is expressed in stem cells, modulates Wnt/s-catenin signaling, and is therefore a promising drug target. However, small molecule modulators have yet to be reported. The constitutive internalization of Lgr5 appears to be one primary mode through which its function is regulated. Therefore, IRFAP-HTS was utilized to screen 11,258 FDA-approved and drug-like small molecules for those that antagonize Lgr5 internalization. Glucocorticoids were found to potently increase Lgr5 expression at the plasma membrane. The IRFAP-HTS platform provides a versatile solution for screening more targets with fewer resources. Using only a standard western-blotting scanner, we were able to screen 5,000 compounds per hour in a robust and quantitative assay. Multi-purposing standardly available laboratory equipment eliminates the need for idiosyncratic and more expensive high-content imaging systems. The modular and user-friendly IRFAP-HTS is a significant departure from current screening platforms. Small laboratories will have unprecedented access to a robust and reliable screening platform and will no longer be limited by the esoteric nature of assay development, data acquisition, and post-screening analysis. The discovery of glucocorticoids as modulators for Lgr5 trafficking confirms that IRFAP-HTS can accelerate drug-discovery and drug-repurposing for even the most obscure targets.
Cerebrovascular responses to oxygen during barbiturate anesthesia.

In a previous study we reported that increases in local cerebral blood flow (1CBF) during progressive reduction of PaO2 from 300 to 40 torr was casually related to an increase in cortical hydrogen ion concentration (H+)t (Shinozuka and Nemota, this Symposium). Brain tissue PO2 (PtO2) was also linearly related to (H+)t suggesting that a fall in PtO2 caused an increase in (H+)t which affected 1CBF.
Cache Design with Domain Wall Memory

Domain wall memory (DWM) is a recently developed spin-based memory technology in which several bits of data are densely packed into the domains of a ferromagnetic wire. DWM has shown great promise in enabling non-volatile memory with very high density and energy efficiency, and has been explored for secondary storage and off-chip memory. In this work, we explore the use of DWM within the on-chip cache hierarchy of general purpose computing platforms. Our work is motivated by the fact that DWMs enable much higher density compared to SRAM, DRAM, and other spin-based memory technologies such as STT-MRAM. However, DWMs also pose the unique challenge of serial access to the bits stored in a cell, leading to large and variable access latencies. In addition, DWMs share the inherent write inefficiency of other spin-based memories. We propose TapeCache, a DWM-based cache design that employs device, circuit, and architectural techniques to address these challenges. At the device level, we perform write optimization by employing a new write mechanism based on domain wall shifts to achieve fast, energy-efficient writes in DWM. At the circuit level, we propose different DWM bit-cell designs that are tailored to the distinct architectural requirements of different levels in the cache hierarchy. At the architecture level, we propose a new cache organization and suitable management policies that mitigate the performance penalty arising from serial access to bits in a DWM cell. We show that the holistic device-circuit-architecture co-design enables all the levels in the cache hierarchy to be realized using DWM and benefit from its improved density. Over a wide range of SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks, TapeCache achieves an average energy improvement of 7.5 $\times$ , with virtually identical performance and 7.8 $\times$ improvement in area, compared to an iso-capacity SRAM cache. Compared to an iso-capacity STT-MRAM cache, TapeCache obtains 3.1 $\times$ improvement in area and 2 $\times$ average energy savings along with 1.1 percent performance improvement.