cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basal repression of BRCA1 by multiple E2Fs and pocket proteins at adjacent E2F sites.

The BRCA1 gene is rarely mutated in sporadic tumors, although numerous studies suggest that the expression of this critical tumor suppressor gene is frequently down-regulated in tumors derived from a wide range of tissues. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which BRCA1 is transcriptionally regulated in human cells in vivo. We have shown recently that the tumor microenvironmental stress of hypoxia induces an E2F-dependent repression of BRCA1 in cancer cells. Here, we report that multiple E2Fs and associated factors bind the BRCA1 promoter at two adjacent E2F sites in the proximal promoter region of the gene, as detected by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. Intriguingly, our data suggest that E2F1 and E2F4 bind the BRCA1 proximal promoter simultaneously at the two E2F sites, although E2F4 appears to be the predominant E2F bound in log-phase cells. In contrast to previous studies, we have also detected promoter occupancy by the pocket proteins p130 and p107, but no...
Properties of [3H]diazepam binding sites on cultured murine glia and neurons.

[3H]Diazepam binding was assayed in situ on living cultures of fetal mouse cerebral cortex or glia in an attempt to further characterize the high and low affinity binding sites. Mixed neuronal-glial cultures were found to have a high (Kd ≈ 10 nM) as well as a low (Kd ≈ 240 nM) affinity binding site. Glial cultures also had a similarly high affinity site (Kd 13 nM). In both types of cultures, the high affinity site was Ro 5–4864 sensitive and clonazepam resistant. Since Ro 5–4864 has particular affinity for non-neuronal elements and clonazepam for neuronal elements, the data suggest that the high affinity binding site may be localized to glial elements and the low affinity site primarily neuronal.
FEDERAL RESERVE SUPPORT OF TREASURY REFUNDING OPERATIONS

THE WIDESPREAD approval by economists of the Treasury-Federal Reserve "accord" reached in March, 1951, was predicated on the belief that its terms provided a solution to the difficulty of pursuing a flexible monetary policy in an economy characterized by a large, relatively short-dated'public debt. The outstanding virtue of the accord was that it implied continued central bank responsibility for maintaining orderly conditions in the government securities market while explicitly releasing it from responsibility for maintaining par on long-term obligations. In the two years which followed the accord the Federal Reserve generally followed a restrictive monetary policy made possible by the cessation of rigid market support; on the other hand, it did not turn its back upon the Treasury but assisted the refunding operations of the latter through open-market purchases during refunding periods. In March, 1953, the Open-Market Committee majority directed its account manager to refrain from direct support operations in aid of Treasury refunding. Specifically, the directive proscribed purchase of maturing securities, purchase of securities in the maturity sector in which the refunding offer is made, and purchase of offered securities on a "when issued" basis.' The announcement of this "ground rule" (together with that which confined open-market operations to the shortest maturity sector) provoked a wave of criticism by professional economists. In recent articles, Professors Hansen, Wood, and Weintraub have discussed the implications of the decision to eschew support of Treasury refinancing from the standpoint of appropriate management of the federal debt.2 While correctly asserting that there are compelling rea-
Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis: Cellular immune response and cross-reactivity

We investigated T cell immunity to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and assessed cross-reactivity of the anti-EBV cellular response with brain antigens. We measured the proliferation, cytotoxicity, and number of interferon-γ secreting cells following stimulation with autologous EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) in MS patients and matched controls. There were no statistically significant differences for any of the measured responses, but there was a trend towards decreased proliferative responses in MS patients. There was no measured cross-reactivity between LCL and brain antigens. We conclude that the cellular immune response against EBV-infected cells is neither increased nor decreased in MS.
Gaining Cultural Intelligence through Second Life Learning Interventions

Companies' investment in international assign- ments remains essential, but is affordable for only relatively few employees. In today's global economy, many employees must gain cultural intelligence. Encyclopedic web sites and smart game simulations are ill-equipped to offer the live, authentic immersive experience of Virtual World environ- ments; learning from colleagues who are country-natives through interacting with them in a Virtual World like Sec- ond Life is the next best thing to being there, and it requires no travel. Virtual world learning sessions with local ambas- sadors are affordable on a massive scale compared with international assignments. In addition, through Virtual World experiences, international assignees can be more effective with colleagues from their assigned countries prior to boarding planes, even prior to Day 1 of the assignment. This research proposal, including a literature review and a research design, asks, and begins to answer: What can cul- tural intelligence learning in Second Life achieve or advance that cultural intelligence learning in real-life within the cul- tures, smart game simulations and encyclopedic, self-service web sites cannot as readily?
Cluster Analyzing Profile Data Confounded with Interrater Differences: A Comparison of Profile Association Measures

Seven association measures were compared for their effectiveness in relating and clustering data profiles confounded with interrater differences. Among these association indices were three distance measures, two measures of angular separation, and two measures of profile overlap. The objects of analysis were 50 jobs that had been rated by differ ent analysts on the items comprising the Occupa tion Analysis Inventory (OAI). Factor scores based on the OAI job ratings provided the profile data. Each of the seven association measures was applied to all pairwise combinations of factor-score profiles in the job sample, and the seven resultant 50 x 50 job proximity matrices were each subjected to hier archical cluster analysis. The job proximity ma trices and cluster structures based on the different association measures were then compared, re spectively, with a criterion proximity matrix and a criterion cluster structure. In relation to these two criteria, the angular measures (product-moment correlation and co...
The correction procedure for “packaged‐type transistor” s‐parameter measurements (∼1 GHz)

In the measurement of transistor S-parameters, an automatic network analyzer presently is used in which the matching of the measurement system and the directivity including the measurement jigs are calibrated accurately by means of the twelve-term calibration functions contained in the analyzer. However, when a packaged transistor is measured, the parasitic capacitance, lead inductance and resistance are contained. The author developed a simple procedure for modeling these parasitic elements and removing them by means only of subtraction from the mutual transformation of SYZ parameters. Experiments were carried out with an HP8753 Network Analyzer and TECAP model parameter extraction software [1] and the results were compared with those by the SPICE simulation. Good agreement was obtained in the frequency vs. gain characteristics up to 1 GHz. It is now possible to obtain data very close to those of only the transistor portion.
Sex, genes and hormones

The multidisciplinary symposium convened by the Society for Women's Health Research 'Sex Begins in the Womb' was held at the Crowne Plaza Cabana, Palo Alto, CA, USA, on 1 March 2002.
DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID PREVENTS DENDRITIC CELL MATURATION, INHIBITS ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC Th1/Th17 DIFFERENTIATION AND SUPPRESSES EXPERIMENTAL AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the most abundant essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in the CNS, emerged recently together with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA/EPA metabolic derivatives as a major player in the resolution of inflammation. Protective anti-inflammatory effects of DHA were reported in clinical studies and animal models of colitis, sepsis, and stroke. Here we report for the first time a beneficial effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for human multiple sclerosis. In the present study we investigated the effects of DHA on the function of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) in CD4(+) T cell stimulation and differentiation. Pretreatment of DC with DHA prevented LPS-induced DC maturation, maintaining an immature phenotype characterized by low expression of costimulatory molecules and lack of proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-12p70, IL-6, and IL-23). DHA-treated DC were poor stimulators of antigen-specific T cells in terms of proliferation and Th1/Th17 differentiation. This was associated with an increase in p27(kip1), a cell cycle arresting agent, and with decreases in Tbet, GATA-3, and RORγt, master transcription factors for Th1, Th2, and Th17. In contrast, T cells co-cultured with DC-DHA express higher levels of TGFβ and Foxp3, without exhibiting a functional Treg phenotype. Similar to the in vitro results, the beneficial effect of DHA in EAE was associated with reduced numbers of IFNγ- and IL-17-producing CD4(+) T cells in both spleen and CNS.
Modelling pesticide run-off to surface waters. Part I: Model theory and development

A conceptual model is presented to estimate the concentrations of pesticides appearing in surface waters following their application as part of agricultural production. The model has been formulated particularly to deal with soils that are prone to bypass flow and require artificial sub-surface drainage. Pesticide concentrations and loads can be calculated at field drainage outlets or for whole headwater catchments. The data required to run the model are generally readily available from published sources (within the UK) and these data have been detailed. The assumptions made in the model are stated and the limitations with respect to the general applicability of the model are discussed.
Germination and seed water status of four grasses on moss-dominated biological soil crusts from arid lands

Biological soil crusts dominated by drought-tolerant mosses are commonly found through arid and semiarid steppe communities of the northern Great Basin of North America. We conducted growth chamber experiments to investigate the effects of these crusts on the germination of four grasses: Festuca idahoensis, Festuca ovina, Elymus wawawaiensis and Bromus tectorum. For each of these species, we recorded germination time courses on bare soil and two types of biological soil crusts; one composed predominantly of the tall moss Tortula ruralis and the other dominated by the short moss Bryum argenteum. On the short-moss crust, the final germination percentage was about half of that on bare soil. Also, the mean germination time was 4 days longer on short-mosses than on bare soil. In contrast to the short-moss crust, the tall-moss crust did not reduce the final germination percentage but increased the mean germination time. Similar results were observed in the four grasses studied. To investigate the mechanism by which moss crusts affected germination, we analyzed the water status of seeds on bare soil and moss crusts. Six days after seeding, the water content of seeds on bare soil was approximately twice that of seeds on tall- or short-moss crust. Analysis of the time course of changes in seed weight and water potential in Bromus tectorum revealed that overtime seeds on tall mosses reached higher water content than those on short mosses. The increase in the water content of seeds on tall mosses occurred as the seeds gradually fell through the moss canopy. Taken together, our results indicate that biological soil crusts with distinct structural characteristics can have different effects on seed germination. Furthermore, this study revealed that a biological soil crust dominated by short mosses had a negative effect on seed water status and significantly reduced seed germination.
Investigations on Possible Use of Mastitis-Screening Tests in Dairy Herd Improvement Association Central Laboratories

Abstract A trial designed to answer questions relative to the use of mastitis-screening test in the DHIA program was conducted in two phases. In the preliminary phase, weekly bucket-milk samples were collected for 11 wk from 4 to 17 cows, to test the effects of preservatives, age of sample, and temperature of storing sample on the Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT) and the catalase test. Of the preservatives tested, boric acid showed the least detrimental effect on the screening tests. There was a consistent decrease in WMT reading with increasing age of the sample. Extreme temperatures, such as freezing and incubating at 28C overnight, had an adverse effect on both screening tests. The second phase was designed to test further the effect of boric acid and age of sample on the screening tests, and to compare the WMT and catalase test readings with leucocyte counts. Bucket samples from 47 cows were collected three times at 3-wk intervals. Each sample was tested three consecutive days following sampling. Unpreserved, refrigerated milk showed a gradual decrease in WMT reading with increased age. Boric acid addition caused an initial depression in WMT readings of fresh milk, followed by a daily decrease similar to that found in unpreserved milk. The effects of boric acid and age of sample were more predictable for the WMT than for the catalase test, due to the high variability of the latter. The correlation between the leucocyte count and WMT readings on fresh and preserved milk for each of three days following sampling ranged from .81 to .90. The leucocyte-catalase test correlation ranged from .61 to .67.
Images in clinical medicine. Radiation recall reaction after antimicrobial therapy.

A woman with stage T3N0 anal carcinoma was treated with radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy with fluorouracil and mitomycin. The total dose of radiotherapy was 5940 cGy, with the high-dose area shaped as a rectangle measuring 8 cm by 10 cm (Panel A). The arrows indicate the borders of the radiation field. The arrowhead points to the anal marker. Three years after the completion of radiation therapy, the patient was prescribed gatifloxacin for an upper respiratory tract infection. After three days of antimicrobial therapy, severe erythema developed, with moist desquamation in the perineal–gluteal area (Panel B). The area of the reaction . . .
Silence in the EHR: infrequent documentation of aphonia in the electronic health record

To begin to deliver patient-centered care, providers need to be aware of when a patient has a communication disability and what communication methods to use with the patient. The aim of the study was to describe if and how patients’ communication disabilities are documented within electronic health records (EHR). A retrospective manual chart review of all inpatient and outpatient clinical encounter notes within the EHR for patients who had undergone a laryngectomy at Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago, IL) between 2000–2013. We selected patients who had undergone a laryngectomy as the patient population as we were able to easily identify the patients through Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. We identified 81 patient charts with 7484 encounter notes. Of the 81 patient charts, 58 (72%) had at least one encounter note with a communication notation. Excluding speech-language pathology notes, 1164 (16%) of all encounter notes included some notation of the patients’ communication abilities. We coded the communication notations into four categories. 1) Descriptions of communication abilities appeared in 663 (9%) of all encounter notes, 2) descriptions of communication methods appeared in 590 (8%) of all encounter notes, and the last two categories 3) medical management and 4) referrals to speech-language pathology services each appeared in 148 (2%) of all encounter notes. While all patients had the same type of communication disability, aphonia, providers used 39 different terms and phrases to describe aphonia. Patients’ communication abilities were infrequently documented in the EHR. When providers did document a patient’s communication disability or method, they used inconsistent descriptions, suggesting a lack of standardized language. Further work is needed to determine how to consistently and accurately document patients’ communication abilities so staff and providers can quickly recognize how best to communicate with patients with communication disabilities.
How can animal models inform on the transition to chronic symptoms in whiplash

Study Design. A non-systematic review of the literature.Objective. The objective was to present general schema for mechanisms of whiplash pain and review the role of animal models in understanding the development of chronic pain from whiplash injury.Summary of Background Data. Extensive biomechanical and clinical studies of whiplash have been performed to understand the injury mechanisms and symptoms of whiplash injury. However, only recently have animal models of this painful disorder been developed based on other pain models in the literature.Methods. A non-systematic review was performed and findings were integrated to formulate a generalized picture of mechanisms by chronic whiplash pain develops from mechanical tissue injuries.Results. The development of chronic pain from tissue injuries in the neck due to whiplash involves complex interactions between the injured tissue and spinal neuroimmune circuits. A variety of animal models are beginning to define these mechanisms.Conclusion. Continued work is needed in developing appropriate animal models to investigate chronic pain from whiplash injuries and care must be taken to determine whether such models aim to model the injury event or the pain symptom. Language: en
Sleep loss and driver performance: Quantitative predictions with zero free parameters

Fatigue has been implicated in an alarming number of motor vehicle accidents, costing billions of dollars and thousands of lives. Unfortunately, the ability to predict performance impairments in complex task domains like driving is limited by a gap in our understanding of the explanatory mechanisms. In this paper, we describe an attempt to generate a priori predictions of degradations in driver performance due to sleep deprivation. We accomplish this by integrating an existing account of the effects of sleep loss and circadian rhythms on sustained attention performance with a validated model of driver behavior. The predicted results account for published qualitative trends for driving across multiple days of restricted sleep and total sleep deprivation. The quantitative results show that the model's performance is worse at baseline and degrades less severely than human driving, and expose some critical areas for future research. Overall, the results illustrate the potential value of model reuse and integration for improving our understanding of important psychological phenomena and for making useful predictions of performance in applied, naturalistic task contexts.
Comparison of Buoyant Density of Two Mutants of ECHO 6 by Density Gradient Ultracentrifugation.

SummaryMutants of ECHO 6 virus, designated m+ and m, were ultracentrifuged separately and as mixtures in a cesium chloride density gradient. The density at the peak of infectivity for each mutant was corn-pared. A small density difference in the range of 0.001-0.004 g/cm3 was measured, with m the heavier mutant.
Making a game of system design

The pleasures and wonders of gameplay, as well as their deeper lessons, are being applied in fields beyond entertainment as diverse as psychological therapy, experience-based education, and design prototyping.
Identification of shielded neutron sources with the liquid scintillator BC-501A using a digital pulse shape discrimination method

Fast and unambiguous identification of shielded neutron sources is of paramount importance in nuclear nonproliferation and international safeguards applications. Usually, the identification of neutron spectra relies on unfolding procedures that are unstable and time consuming. In this paper, we present a new application of an existing technique, which can be used for neutron source identification by direct analysis of the pulse height spectrum, i.e., without resorting to energy spectrum unfolding. This technique is based on the acquisition of neutron and γ-ray pulses by using a liquid scintillation detector and a fast waveform digitizer. An optimized digital pulse shape discrimination method based on standard charge integration is used to discriminate neutrons from γ-rays. The neutron pulses are then analyzed to generate a pulse height distribution. The accuracy of the neutron source identification technique was tested on three neutron sources: Cf-252, Am–Be, and Am–Li. Several source–shielding configurations were tested to assess the influence of potential shielding of the source and the sensitivity of the technique. For this investigation, lead and polyethylene shielding blocks were used. The measured pulse height distributions were compared with the distributions simulated with the MCNP-PoliMi code, and very good agreement was obtained. The results show that for both shielded and unshielded configurations the identification of Cf-252, Am–Be, and Am–Li shielded sources is easily achievable by direct analysis of the measured pulse height distributions, without the need of subsequent neutron energy spectrum unfolding.
Cannabinoid-based drugs as anti-inflammatory therapeutics

In the nineteenth century, marijuana was prescribed by physicians for maladies ranging from eating disorders to rabies. However, as newer, more effective drugs were discovered and as the potential for abuse of marijuana was recognized, its use as a therapeutic became restricted, and only recently has its therapeutic potential been re-evaluated. Recent studies in animal models and in humans have produced promising results for the treatment of various disorders — such as obesity, cancer, and spasticity and tremor due to neuropathology — with drugs based on marijuana-derived cannabinoids. Moreover, as I discuss here, a wealth of information also indicates that these drugs have immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties; therefore, on the basis of this mode of action, the therapeutic usefulness of these drugs in chronic inflammatory diseases is now being reassessed.
Shades of Sovereignty: Explaining Political Order and Disorder in Pakistan’s Northwest

How might we understand the maintenance of political order in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas from Pakistani Independence until the mid-2000s, when all the factors used to explain the current insurgency have been present for decades? This article argues that particularistic institutional arrangements between the state and tribal structures—what I call “hybrid governance”—established and maintained political order in the region. It develops a conceptual framework for the creation and maintenance of hybrid governance—where the state explicitly shares coercion with societal elites—as a specific kind of indirect rule. Through archival, documentary, and interview-based research, the article then demonstrates the utility of hybrid governance concept in explaining the establishment and operation of political order, and how the marginalization of the agents of hybrid governance is a major causal factor in the onset of the insurgency. The article concludes with some comparative reflections on the sources of political order outside the state’s monopoly of force.
Observations of ‘Whistlers’ and ‘Chorus’ at the South Pole

WHISTLERS and chorus are now being observed at the South Geographic Pole (79° geomagnetic), and the seasonal and diurnal variations in occurrence of these phenomena at this unique location follow interesting and perhaps significant patterns.
WATER FLOW IN SOIL MACROPORES II. A COMBINED FLOW MODEL

Summary This paper presents a one-dimensional model of bulk flow in a combined micropore/macropore system, which has been developed as a result of the experimental work described in Part I. The problems posed by the presence of macropores to model development and validation are discussed and one exploratory model formulation is described. The results of several simulations are presented and used to demonstrate the effect of macropores on infiltration rates in soils of different hydraulic conductivity.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the cardiovascular equation: does the "good" still count?

Abstract This article will discuss our current understanding of the role of HDL-C in the statin era, focusing on the question as to whether HDL-C still “counts” when determining cardiovascular risk. Epidemiologic evidence consistently demonstrates that low HDL-C is a strong and independent risk factor for CHD. The epidemiologic evidence is complimented by clinical data showing that interventions that raise HDL-C are associated with reductions in CHD risk, as well as by a growing body of experimental data demonstrating biologically plausible mechanisms that may underlie the observed clinical findings. Analyses of large statin trials also indicate that the significant and independent relationship between HDL-C and CHD risk persists despite the therapeutic effects of statins, and that HDL-C levels in statin-treated patients, both at baseline and in response to statin therapy, are relevant. Early studies on novel HDL targeting therapies are promising, but their long term safety profile and impact on clinical outcomes is yet to be determined in larger studies. Recent guidelines emphasize low HDL-C as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, specifically identify HDL-C as a target for intervention, and encourage the use of HDL-C raising interventions in high-risk patients with low HDL-C levels.
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes in membrane trafficking: mediators of membrane shape and function.

Since the mid-1990s, there have been tremendous advances in our understanding of the roles that lipid-modifying enzymes play in various intracellular membrane trafficking events. Phospholipases represent the largest group of lipid-modifying enzymes and accordingly display a wide range of functions. The largest class of phospholipases are the phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) enzymes, and these have been most extensively studied for their roles in the generation lipid signaling molecules, e.g. arachidonic acid. In recent years, however, cytoplasmic PLA2 enzymes have also become increasingly associated with various intracellular trafficking events, such as the formation of membrane tubules from the Golgi complex and endosomes, and membrane fusion events in the secretory and endocytic pathways. Moreover, the ability of cytoplasmic PLA2 enzymes to directly affect the structure and function of membranes by altering membrane curvature suggests novel functional roles for these enzymes. This review will focus on the role of cytoplasmic PLA2 enzymes in intracellular membrane trafficking and the mechanisms by which they influence membrane structure and function.
Isotopic systematics of Pb/U (zircon) and 40Ar/39Ar (biotite-hornblende) from rocks of the central Foothills terrane, Sierra Nevada, California

Pb/U zircon and ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar biotite-horn-blende studies in conjunction with detailed structural and textural studies clarify the age and structural relations of a unique cluster of plutons in the central Sierra Nevada western metamorphic belt. The plutons range from gabbro to tonalite/trondhjemite and include the Guadalupe Igneous Complex. Magmatic emplacement ages for the plutons are for the most part between ∼150 and ∼145 m.y., as recorded in both the zircon and hornblende isotopic systems. Additional ages of 138 and 123 m.y. were determined on small plutons having key structural settings. In general, the Pb/U and ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar isotopic systems are well behaved. Second-order complications are locally present in the Pb/U systems, owing to the entrainment of older zircon from wall rocks, and in ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar systems, owing to minor compositional differences in mica and amphibole phases. The age data and structural relations of the plutons in conjunction with ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar metamorphic wall-rock biotite and hornblende age data constrain regional ductile deformation in the study area to have occurred between ∼150 and ∼125 Ma. Such deformation was accompanied by upper greenschist- to lower amphibolite-facies metamorphism and is at least in part closely related to pluton emplacement. Such deformation and metamorphism has in the past been attributed to the Late Jurassic Nevadan orogeny. This study shows clearly, however, that ductile deformation and metamorphism in the study area are post-Nevadan if modern concepts of the Nevadan orogeny are strictly adopted.
Phosphorus dynamics in tile-drain flow during storms in the US Midwest

Abstract Excess phosphorus (P) in freshwater systems has been associated with eutrophication in agro-ecosystems of the US Midwest and elsewhere. A better understanding of processes regulating both soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) exports to tile-drains is therefore critical to minimize P losses to streams while maintaining crop yield. This paper investigates SRP and TP dynamics at a high temporal resolution during four spring storms in two tile-drains in the US Midwest. Depending on the storm, median concentrations varied between 0.006–0.025 mg/L for SRP and 0.057–0.176 mg/L for TP. For large storms (>6 cm bulk precipitation), for which macropore flow represented between 43 and 50% of total tile-drain flow, SRP transport to tile-drains was primarily regulated by macropore flow. For smaller tile-flow generating events ( −2 /storm) and TP (0.10–8.64 mg m −2 /storm) export rates were extremely variable and positively significantly correlated to both mean discharge and bulk precipitation. Soluble reactive P accounted for 9.9–15.5% of TP fluxes for small tile-flow generating events ( 6 cm bulk precipitation). Although significant variations in tile-flow response to precipitation were observed, no significant differences in SRP and TP concentrations were observed between adjacent tile-drains. Results stress the dominance of particulate P and the importance of macropore flow in P transport to tile-drains in the US Midwest. Although only spring storms are investigated, this study brings critical insight into P dynamics in tile-drains at a critical time of the year for water quality management.
Drawing Chemical Equipment with Adobe Illustrator, Part 3: Gradients, Retouching, and More Objects

Adobe Illustrator CS3 provides sufficient tools that let chemistry textbook and laboratory manual authors create complex drawings and publish their own original material. In this final tutorial, the author describes how to fine tune an illustration.
MiTAP for real users, real data, real problems

The MiTAP system was developed as an experimental prototype using human language technologies for monitoring disease outbreaks. The system provides timely, multi-lingual, global information access to analysts, medical experts and individuals involved in humanitarian assistance. Thousands of articles from electronic information sources spanning multiple languages are automatically captured, translated, tagged, summarized, and presented to users in a variety of ways. Real users access MiTAP daily to solve real problems. The successful adoption of MiTAP is attributed to its user-focused design that accommodates the imperfect component technologies and allows users to interact with the system in familiar ways. We will discuss the problem, design process, and implementation from the perspective of services provided and how these services support system capabilities that satisfy user requirements.
Continuities and changes in left-right orientations in new democracies: The cases of Croatia and Slovenia

Abstract The left–right schema has long been used in analyzing political cleavages in established democracies. This study applies the schema in a post-communist context by examining the structuring of political attitudes in Slovenia and Croatia. Findings from six public opinion surveys in each country during the 1990s demonstrate that left–right orientations in both countries are consistently influenced by religious beliefs, while an additional dimension focusing on democratization is found in Croatia. Economic issues did not constitute a significant axis of political competition. Changes and continuities in party locations and the basis of vote choice according to party supporters' left–right placements are also discussed.
Barberry Does Not Function as an Alternate Host for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the U. S. Pacific Northwest Due to Teliospore Degradation and Barberry Phenology

Sexual reproduction of the stem rust pathogen, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), on barberry (Berberis vulgaris) has been shown to provide initial inoculum for the development of the disease on wheat and barley and also generate diverse races of the pathogen. However, in our previous study, the stripe rust pathogen, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), was not found on barberry in the U. S. Pacific Northwest. To determine why Pgt is able to infect the alternate host, while Pst cannot under the natural conditions, the viabilities of teliospores of both Pgt and Pst were investigated from 2011 to 2014 by determining the germination rates using telial samples collected periodically from wheat fields. Teliospores of Pst usually produced in July were physically degraded during winter, and their germination rate decreased from 50 to 90% in August to less than 1% in the following March and no germination after May. In contrast, Pgt teliospores usually produced in July and August remained physically intact a...
Global Budget of Ethane and Regional Constraints on U.S. Sources

[1] We use a 3-D chemical transport model (the GEOS-Chem CTM) to evaluate a global emission inventory for ethane (C2H6), with a best estimate for the global source of 13 Tg yr−1, 8.0 Tg yr−1 from fossil fuel production, 2.6 Tg yr−1 from biofuel, and 2.4 Tg yr−1 from biomass burning. About 80% of the source is emitted in the Northern Hemisphere. The model generally provides a reasonable and unbiased simulation of surface air observations, column measurements, and aircraft profiles worldwide, including patterns of geographical and seasonal variability. The main bias is a 20%–30% overestimate at European surface sites. Propagation of the C2H6 seasonal signal from northern midlatitudes to the equatorial western Pacific and the southern tropics demonstrates the dominance of northern midlatitudes as a source of C2H6 worldwide. Interhemispheric transport provides the largest C2H6 source to the Southern Hemisphere (1.7 Tg yr−1), and southern biomass burning provides the other major source (1.0 Tg yr−1). The C2H6 emission inventory for the United States from the Environmental Protection Agency (0.6 Tg yr−1) is considerably lower than our estimate constrained by extensive aircraft observations in the continental boundary layer (2.4 Tg yr−1). This appears to reflect a factor 7 underestimate in the fossil fuel source over the south-central United States. Our estimate of C2H6 emissions, together with observed ratios of CH4:C2H6, suggests that CH4 emissions from energy production in the U.S. may be underestimated by as much as 50%–100%.
Efficiency and Selectivity of Gill Nets for Assessing Fish Community Composition of Large Rivers

Abstract To evaluate the efficiency and selectivity of gill netting for assessing fish biodiversity in the upper Ohio River system, we compared the efficiency of five gill-net types for sampling large-bodied fishes (adult total length greater than 250 mm) during fall 2001 and spring and fall 2002. Mesh sizes ranged from 3.8 cm to 14 cm (bar measure). We set the gill nets in selected pools of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers 186 times over three seasons for a total of 1,644 net-hours. Nets were attached to a variety of structures, including trees and rootwads, bridge pylons, lock and dam chambers, and channel marker buoys. Nets were fished from late evening to first light, and all fish captured were identified, enumerated, and released. A total of 823 individuals representing 30 species or hybrids were captured. All net types captured common carp Cyprinus carpio and flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris, but we captured a significantly greater diversity of fishes in graded-mesh gill nets with sma...
Ghettoizing Outdoor Advertising: Disadvantage and Ad Panel Density in Black Neighborhoods

This study investigated correlates of outdoor advertising panel density in predominantly African American neighborhoods in New York City. Research shows that black neighborhoods have more outdoor advertising space than white neighborhoods, and these spaces disproportionately market alcohol and tobacco advertisements. Thus, understanding the factors associated with outdoor advertising panel density has important implications for public health. We linked 2000 census data with property data at the census block group level to investigate two neighborhood-level determinants of ad density: income level and physical decay. Results showed that block groups were exposed to an average of four ad spaces per 1,000 residents and that vacant lot square footage was a significant positive predictor of ad density. An inverse relationship between median household income and ad density did not reach significance, suggesting that relative affluence did not protect black neighborhoods from being targeted for outdoor advertisements.
Current Strategic Thinking for the Development of a Trivalent Alphavirus Vaccine for Human Use

Vaccinations against the encephalitic alphaviruses (western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus) are of significant interest to biological defense, public health, and agricultural communities alike. Although vaccines licensed for veterinary applications are used in the Western Hemisphere and attenuated or inactivated viruses have been used under Investigational New Drug status to protect at-risk personnel, there are currently no licensed vaccines for use in humans. Here, we will discuss the need for a trivalent vaccine that can protect humans against all three viruses, recent progress to such a vaccine, and a strategy to continue development to Food and Drug Administration licensure.
Pitch Pattern Instruction and the Singing Achievement of Young Children

Six first-grade classes in two schools participated in a study to determine the effects of diatonic and/or pentatonic pitch pattern instruction, musical aptitude, and socioeconomic status on rote-singing achievement. Students in each school were divided into three experimental groups for an instructional period of four months, at the conclusion of which their individual singing performances of diatonic and pentatonic criterion songs were recorded. Judges' ratings of the students' performances, students' tonal aptitude level, and school environment composed the factors for an analysis of variance for each song. Results showed the group receiving a combination of diatonic and pentatonic pitch pattern instruction to have significantly higher performance scores than either the diatonic or pentatonic treatment groups, regardless of tonal aptitude or school environment.
Thermal perturbation spectrophotometry of luliberin and model His-Trp peptides.

Thermal perturbation (TP) spectra of luliberin were measured at pH 5–8, and compared with the model chromophores N-Ac-Tyr-NH2, N-Ac-Trp-NH2, t-Boc-His-Trp-NH2, H-His-Trp-OH, Ac-His-Trp-OH, tryptophan and cyclo- [His-Trp] (all l-isomers). Between pH 5 and neutrality, the major TP extremum of the Trp3 residue of luliberin increases by about 50%. A similar effect is seen for luliberin acetylated on Tyr5. The effect with luliberin is attributed to the protonation of the His2 residue. One proposed explanation is that the protonated imidazole orients water around the nearby indole in a different way than does unprotonated imidazole. The Tyr5 residue of luliberin behaves like N-Ac-Tyr-NH2, and is considered to be well exposed to solvent. The TP spectra of N-Ac-Trp-NH2, t-Boc-His-Trp-NH2, Ac-His-Trp-OH, and cyclo-[His-Trp] are pH-independent from pH 5 to 8. The TP spectrum of H-His-Trp-NH2 has a bell-shaped pH dependence, rising from normal at pH 3.5 to above normal at pH 6, and returning to normal at pH 8. Luliberin and model peptides show that fluorescence and TP spectra of His-Trp sequences can respond differently to pH.
Different splicing defects lead to differential effects downstream of the lipid and protein phosphatase activities of PTEN.

1Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2 Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics and 3 Division of Human Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, 4 Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA and 5 Cancer Research UK Human Cancer Genetics Research Group, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK PTEN, encoding a dual phosphatase tumor suppressor, is mutated in 85 and 65% of individuals with Cowden syndrome (CS) and Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), respectively. Approximately 23 germline mutations in putative splice sites have been published, but resulting downstream outcome data are limited. We determined splicing defects in PTEN in 40 germline PTEN mutation positive cases and 33 mutation negative cases with classic CS, BRRS and CS- or BRRS-like features. Altered splicing was observed in 4/40 mutation positive probands and 2/33 mutation negative probands. We then sought to characterize the transcriptional and biochemical outcomes of the five distinct splice-site mutations, which led to the skipping of exon 3, 4 or 6. Two mutation negative BRRS patients also showed exon 3 skipping, and later, genomic sequencing revealed a mutation deep in intron 2. The splice-site mutations leading to the deletions of exon 3, 4 or 6 resulted in reduced dual phosphatase activities of PTEN. Deletion of exon 4 was associated with severely reduced lipid phosphatase activity, whereas exon 3 skipping resulted in markedly reduced protein phosphatase activity. In addition, exon 3 deleted transcript and protein were stable and localized to the nucleus more efficiently than the wild-type PTEN. In contrast, exon 4 skipping resulted in unstable transcripts and severely truncated unstable PTEN protein lacking its phosphatase domain. We have not only described for the first time, the effect of a deep intronic/branch-site mutation on exon skipping in PTEN but also found that different splice-site mutations resulting in the deletion of different exons lead to distinct outcomes.
WireCAP: a novel packet capture engine for commodity NICs in high-speed networks

Packet capture is an essential function for many network applications. However, packet drop is a major problem with packet capture in high-speed networks. This paper presents WireCAP, a novel packet capture engine for commodity network interface cards (NICs) in high-speed networks. WireCAP provides lossless zero-copy packet capture and delivery services by exploiting multi-queue NICs and multicore architectures. WireCAP introduces two new mechanisms-the ring-buffer-pool mechanism and the buddy-group-based offloading mechanism-to address the packet drop problem of packet capture in high-speed network. WireCAP is efficient. It also facilitates the design and operation of a user-space packet-processing application. Experiments have demonstrated that WireCAP achieves better packet capture performance when compared to existing packet capture engines. In addition, WireCAP implements a packet transmit function that allows captured packets to be forwarded, potentially after the packets are modified or inspected in flight. Therefore, WireCAP can be used to support middlebox-type applications. Thus, at a high level, WireCAP provides a new packet I/O framework for commodity NICs in high-speed networks.
Dynamic Bandwidth and Carrier Allocation for Video Broadcast/Multicast Over Multi-Cell Environments

Recently, broadcast/multicast over cellular networks has been actively discussed over commercial wireless mobile terminals. Compared to conventional terrestrial or satellite broadcasting systems, the quality-of-service (QoS) for edge users is an important issue due to inter-cell interference over multi-cell environments. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic bandwidth and carrier allocation (DBCA) technique by fully utilizing different visual importance of each layer in multi-layer video for broadcast/multicast services when the number of users is limited over macro/micro/femto cell environments. To ensure an acceptable video quality for edge users, the bandwidth and the loading ratio are dynamically controlled to enhance the utility through the radio resource control in accordance with the visual importance. The simulation results show that DBCA exhibits much better QoS by sending visually more important data with high priority in the cell border region.
Heat shock-induced SRSF10 dephosphorylation displays thermotolerance mediated by Hsp27.

Gene regulation in response to environmental stress is critical for the survival of all organisms. From Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, it has been observed that splicing of mRNA precursors is repressed upon heat shock. However, a mild heat pretreatment often prevents splicing inhibition in response to a subsequent and more severe heat shock, a phenomenon called splicing thermotolerance. We have shown previously that the splicing regulator SRSF10 (formerly SRp38) is specifically dephosphorylated by the phosphatase PP1 in response to heat shock and that dephosphorylated SRSF10 is responsible for splicing repression caused by heat shock. Here we report that a mild heat shock protects SRSF10 from dephosphorylation during a second and more severe heat shock. Furthermore, this “thermotolerance” of SRSF10 phosphorylation, like that of splicing, requires de novo protein synthesis, specifically the synthesis of heat shock proteins. Indeed, overexpression of one of these proteins, Hsp27, inhibits SRSF10 dephosphorylation in response to heat shock and does so by interaction with SRSF10. Our data thus provide evidence that splicing thermotolerance is acquired through maintenance of SRSF10 phosphorylation and that this is mediated at least in part by Hsp27.