cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 5-HT3 Antagonist MDL-72222 Exacerbates Ethanol Withdrawal Seizures in Mice

Ethanol-dependent mice were treated with the 5-HT3 antagonist MDL 72222 after withdrawal from ethanol. Treatment with unit doses (0, 5.6, 10, and 17.0 mg/kg) of MDL 72222 at 0, 4, and 7 hr after withdrawal dose-dependently exacerbated the severity of ethanol withdrawal seizures. Treatment with a single dose (17 mg/kg) of MDL 72222 at 5 hr after withdrawal also exacerbated the severity of ethanol withdrawal seizures. Ethanol naive mice treated with MDL 72222 (56 mg/kg) did not display any seizures. Treatment with another 5-HT3 antagonist, ICS 205-930 (23 and 46 mg/kg), or the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin, did not affect ethanol withdrawal seizures. The findings suggest MDL 72222 selectively enhances sensitivity to withdrawal seizures following chronic ethanol exposure.
From Content to Context: Videogames as Designed Experience

Interactive immersive entertainment, or videogame playing, has emerged as a major entertainment and educational medium. As research and development initiatives proliferate, educational researchers might benefit by developing more grounded theories about them. This article argues for framing game play as a designed experience. Players’ understandings are developed through cycles of performance within the gameworlds, which instantiate particular theories of the world (ideological worlds). Players develop new identities both through game play and through the gaming communities in which these identities are enacted. Thus research that examines game-based learning needs to account for both kinds of interactions within the game-world and in broader social contexts. Examples from curriculum developed for Civilization III and Supercharged! show how games can communicate powerful ideas and open new identity trajectories for learners.
A home-based individualized information communication technology training program for older adults: a demonstration of effectiveness and value

AbstractPurpose: To demonstrate the effectiveness and value of a home-based information communication technology (ICT) training program for older adults. Methods: Thirteen older adults were provided in-home ICT training by graduate occupational therapy students using an iPad. The breadth and frequency of ICT use, perspectives on technology, and perceived independence were recorded at baseline, during the 3-month training and at follow-up, along with an end-of-study questionnaire. Non-parametric Friedman analysis was conducted to verify trends in the outcome measures. The qualitative data were examined by content analysis. Results: Participants’ breadth of ICT activities showed a significant trend across 6 months. Leisure accounted for the significant increase, while health management and social connections activities increased modestly. A positive trend in participants’ perspectives on technology was evident along with a marginal increase in perceived independence. Participants’ perspectives were thematic...
Trajectory feasibility based on cartesian workspace for robot manipulators

A feasible Cartesian trajectory of a robot manipulator means that every point along the planned trajectory is within the workspace of the robot. The decision of a feasible Cartesian trajectory given to a robot manipulator is an important element of an intelligent robot system. In this paper, a method based on the robot workspace geometry to decide the feasibility of a given trajectory is presented. The method treats the workspace of a robot manipulator as a geometrical object, then this geometrical workspace can be properly described and utilized to determine the feasibility of a Cartesian trajectory. Due to the complexity of the general case, a robot manipulator system with six revolute joints is selected as the case study.
The Quasi-Optimizer (QO) System

One usually distinguishes in science between descriptive and normative theories. The former tells us what an entity does under certain conditions and, possibly, why. Cognitive psychology, sociology and demography are examples of the disciplines that provide descriptive aspects of human behavior. In contrast, normative theories tell us what to do in order to accomplish certain goals. Various optimization techniques and methods of Operations Research yield normative theories of well-defined and mathematically formulable tasks.
Comparative Sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to Sixteen Herbicides

Aquatic plant toxicity tests are frequently conducted in environmental risk assessments to determine the potential impacts of contaminants on primary producers. An examination of published plant toxicity data demonstrates that wide differences in sensitivity can occur across phylogenetic groups of plants. Yet relatively few studies have been conducted with the specific intent to compare the relative sensitivity of various aquatic plant species to contaminants. We compared the relative sensitivity of the algae Selenastrum capricornutum and the floating vascular plant Lemna minor to 16 herbicides (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, cyanazine, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, triallate, EPTC, trifluralin, diquat, paraquat, dicamba, bromoxynil, and 2,4-D). The herbicides studied represented nine chemical classes and several modes of action and were chosen to represent major current uses in the United States. Both plant species were generally sensitive to the triazines (atrazine, metribuzin, simazine, and cyanazine), sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron), pyridines (diquat and paraquat), dinitroaniline (trifluralin), and acetanilide (alachlor and metolachlor) herbicides. Neither plant species was uniformly more sensitive than the other across the broad range of herbicides tested. Lemna was more sensitive to the sulfonureas (metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron) and the pyridines (diquat and paraquat) than Selenastrum. However Selenastrum was more sensitive than Lemna to one of two thiocarbamates (triallate) and one of the triazines (cyanazine). Neither species was sensitive to selective broadleaf herbicides including bromoxynil, EPTC, dicamba, or 2,4-D. Results were not always predictable in spite of obvious differences in herbicide modes of action and plant phylogeny. Major departures in sensitivity of Selenastrum occurred between chemicals within individual classes of the triazine, acetanilide, and thiocarbamate herbicides. Results indicate that neither species is predictively most sensitive, and that a number of species including a dicot species such as Myriophyllum are needed to perform accurate risk assessments of herbicides.
Restriction of HIV-1 by rhesus TRIM5α is governed by alpha-helices in the Linker2 region

TRIM5α proteins are a potent barrier to the cross-species transmission of retroviruses. TRIM5α proteins exhibit an ability to self-associate at many levels, ultimately leading to the formation of protein assemblies with hexagonal symmetry in vitro and cytoplasmic assemblies when expressed in cells. However, the role of these assemblies in restriction, the determinants that mediate their formation, and the organization of TRIM5α molecules within these assemblies have remained unclear. Here we show that α-helical elements within the Linker2 region of rhesus macaque TRIM5α govern the ability to form cytoplasmic assemblies in cells and restrict HIV-1 infection. Mutations that reduce α-helix formation by the Linker2 region disrupt assembly and restriction. More importantly, mutations that enhance the α-helical content of the Linker2 region, relative to the wild-type protein, also exhibit an increased ability to form cytoplasmic assemblies and restrict HIV-1 infection. Molecular modeling of the TRIM5α dimer suggests a model in which α-helical elements within the Linker2 region dock to α-helices of the coiled-coil domain, likely establishing proper orientation and spacing of protein domains necessary for assembly and restriction. Collectively, these studies provide critical insight into the determinants governing TRIM5α assembly and restriction and demonstrate that the antiviral potency of TRIM5α proteins can be significantly increased without altering the affinity of SPRY/capsid binding. IMPORTANCE Many members of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family of proteins act as restriction factors that directly inhibit viral infection and activate innate immune signaling pathways. Another common feature of TRIM proteins is the ability to form protein assemblies in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. However, the determinants in TRIM proteins required for assembly and the degree to which assembly affects TRIM protein function have been poorly understood. Here we show that alpha helices in the Linker2 (L2) region of rhesus TRIM5α govern assembly and restriction of HIV-1 infection. Helix-disrupting mutations disrupt the assembly and restriction of HIV-1, while helix-stabilizing mutations enhance assembly and restriction relative to the wild-type protein. Circular dichroism analysis suggests that that the formation of this helical structure is supported by intermolecular interactions with the coiled-coil (CC) domain in the CCL2 dimer. These studies reveal a novel mechanism by which the antiviral activity of TRIM5α proteins can be regulated and provide detailed insight into the assembly determinants of TRIM family proteins.
Common ionic mechanisms of excitation by substance P and other transmitters in guinea‐pig submucosal neurones.

1. Intracellular recordings were made from submucosal neurones and single-electrode voltage-clamp methods were used to record membrane currents. The actions of substance P (SP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), muscarine, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), forskolin and nerve stimulation were studied. 2. Substance P, 5-HT (in the presence of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists), muscarine, VIP, forskolin and slow excitatory synaptic transmission all produced identical responses: an inward current associated with a membrane conductance decrease at the resting potential. The actions of any one occluded the actions of any other and all responses were pertussis-toxin insensitive. 3. These agonists produced a voltage-independent decrease in a 'leak' potassium conductance between -40 and -120 mV in 14% of neurones. 4. These agonists decreased a voltage-dependent, calcium-activated potassium conductance between -40 and -80 mV in all other (86%) neurones. The agonists still evoked an inward current without apparent conductance change at potentials between -90 and -130 mV. 5. In a low calcium solution containing cobalt or cadmium, the agonists produced an inward current associated with a conductance increase from -40 to -120 mV. Ion replacement studies indicated this current was due to an increase in a cation-selective (mainly sodium) conductance. 6. The agonists also reduced the inwardly rectifying potassium current that is activated by somatostatin and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists in these neurones. The agonists did not alter the inwardly rectifying potassium current that is present in these neurones in the absence of somatostatin or alpha 2-agonists. 7. Thus, SP, 5-HT, muscarine, VIP and the release of slow excitatory transmitters all appear to act through a common intracellular transduction pathway, an increase in adenylate cyclase. This results in an activation of a sodium-selective cation current and an inhibition of three distinct potassium conductances: the background potassium conductance, the calcium-activated potassium conductance and the inwardly rectifying potassium conductance activated by somatostatin and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists.
Perceived Family Criticism and Primary Care Utilization: Psychosocial and Biomedical Pathways

We explored the relationship of perceived family criticism to subsequent healthcare utilization in patients attending a family medicine center. We examined: a) the relationship of perceived criticism to subsequent utilization for biomedical and psychosocial/somatic problems; b) the mediating effects of self-rated mental health and physical function; and c) the mediating effects of social support. The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race, education, health insurance, and marital status. Higher perceived criticism predicted more psychosocial/somatic and biomedical visits. The relationship of perceived criticism with psychosocial/somatic visits was entirely mediated through self-rated mental health. The relationship of perceived criticism with biomedical visits was partly mediated through self-rated physical function and, in part, independent. Social support played no role in explaining these relationships. Further research is needed to determine whether lowering perceived family criticism lowers primary care utilization.
Launch conditions and mode coupling in hollow-glass waveguides

The attenuation and input end heating of hollow-glass waveguides are greatly affected by the way in which the input laser energy is coupled into the guides. A theoretical discussion of coupling conditions is related to waveguide loss and local heating, which can occur when the coupling is not optimized. Our results indicate that the optimum coupling for maximum transmission is not necessarily equiva- lent to optimum coupling to the lowest order HE11 mode. Additionally, it is shown that the input end heating of these waveguides can be reduced substantially with minimal effect on transmission if the waveguide bore size is large. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(98)00809-5)
Large animal-related injury requiring hospital admission: injury pattern disparities.

Abstract Background Due to the infrequent occurrence of large animal-related injury (LARI) in many areas, their significance as a public health problem could be overlooked. The purpose of this study was to examine the demographics and injury disparities associated with LARI. Methods The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Survey from 2001 was used to construct a cohort of patients admitted after LARI. Patients were stratified by age, gender, race, and median household income of patient's zip code. Where available total hospital charges were converted to cost using the hospital's cost-to-charge ratio. To determine variables associated with injury type, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used. Results 2424 LARI admissions were identified within the database. The largest proportion of admitted patients were female (53.8%), Caucasian (64.6%), and from areas with median income >$45,000 (41.8%). Average hospital cost was $5062. Overall, the most common injuries were rib fractures (15.2%), vertebral fractures (11.6%) and haemo-pneumothorax (9%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that age disparities with older patients receiving more rib fractures, haemo-pneumothorax, vertebral fractures, and pelvic fractures. Skull fractures and head injuries are disproportionately seen in younger patients. Gender disparities were also present, with females more likely to have vertebral fractures but less likely to have rib fractures and heart and lung injuries. Conclusions Disparities based on age and gender are associated with hospital admission for LARI in the United States. These admissions have a significant impact on the healthcare system with nationwide cost estimates of nearly $60 million. These findings represent potential areas for targeted prevention efforts.
How Detroit Has Influenced Nevada Gaming Regulation and the Interpretation of Federal Law Governing Casino Gaming

The author illustates how a number of cases originating in Detroit significantly contributed to gaming jurisprudence across the United States. In particular these cases helped clarify the extent to which federal criminal and forfeiture law can be employed to control illegal gaming activity and hidden ownership interests in Nevada casinos by those who attempt to avoid regulation by the Nevada Gaming Commission.
Randomized Postoptimization of Covering Arrays

The construction of covering arrays with the fewest rows remains a challenging problem. Most computational and recursive constructions result in extensive repetition of coverage. While some is necessary, some is not. By reducing the repeated coverage, metaheuristic search techniques typically outperform simpler computational methods, but they have been applied in a limited set of cases. Time constraints often prevent them from finding an array of competitive size. We examine a different approach. Having used a simple computation or construction to find a covering array, we employ a postoptimization technique that repeatedly adjusts the array in order to (sometimes) reduce its number of rows. At every stage the array retains full coverage. We demonstrate its value on a collection of previously best known arrays by eliminating, in some cases, 10% of their rows. In the well-studied case of strength two with twenty factors having ten values each, postoptimization produces a covering array with only 162 rows, improving on a wide variety of computational and combinatorial methods. We identify certain important features of covering arrays for which postoptimization is successful.
An Exploratory Analysis of Competing Supply Chains in the Personal Computer Industry

Major business trends in supply chain innovations are reviewed. Effects of acceleration principle (also called bullwhip effect) in a manufacturing business environment are explored. The success of three supply chain examples from the personal computer industry are examined with an objective to learn how well they have adapted innovative approaches and mitigated the effects of acceleration principle. The main focus is on Dell Computer, since by the year 2002, its direct-to-customer, build-to-order model had taken the lead in the industry, and was beginning to dominate the market. The analysis provides a brief history of the personal computer industry, and a definition of the narrow focus being examined in this work. The study also explores operations at Dell - its beginnings and a description of its current supply chain model - and then Gateway and the new Hewlett-Packard (HP) shown in comparison and contrast to Dell. A number of research questions arising from the study of three supply chains are addresse...
A solution to the service agent transport problem

We introduce a new problem in the area of scheduling and route planning operations called the service agent transport problem (SATP). Within the SATP, autonomous service agents must perform tasks at a number of locations. The agents are free to move between locations, however, the agents may also be transported throughout the region by a limited number of faster-moving transport agents. The goal of the SATP is to plan a schedule of service agent and transport agent actions such that all locations are serviced in the shortest amount of time. We pose the problem using a mixed-integer linear programming optimization framework, and compare several complexity reduction heuristics to the full optimization.
The Role of Contextual Support in Increasing Information Systems Enrollments

Over the last decade, enrollment in information systems (IS) related programs has plummeted worldwide and still remains low despite positive job market predictions. Given the significant negative consequences of low enrollments on both academia and industry, the IS community has focused its efforts on mechanisms to increase enrollments. This study investigates how such a mechanism – social support – influences students’ aspirations to pursue an IS degree. More specifically, the study suggests that social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and interests are expected to independently and cumulatively affect students’ choice of IS.
Genetic Epidemiology and Public Health: The Evolution From Theory to Technology

Genetic epidemiology represents a hybrid of epidemiologic designs and statistical models that explicitly consider both genetic and environmental risk factors for disease. It is a relatively new field in public health; the term was first coined only 35 years ago. In this short time, the field has been through a major evolution, changing from a field driven by theory, without the technology for genetic measurement or computational capacity to apply much of the designs and methods developed, to a field driven by rapidly expanding technology in genomic measurement and computational analyses while epidemiologic theory struggles to keep up. In this commentary, we describe 4 different eras of genetic epidemiology, spanning this evolution from theory to technology, what we have learned, what we have added to the broader field of public health, and what remains to be done.
Energy Drink and Coffee Consumption and Psychopathology Symptoms Among Early Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations

Background: Little is known about possible links between energy drink use and psychopathology among youth. This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between energy drink consumption and psychopathology among early adolescents. In addition, associations between psychopathology and coffee consumption were examined to assess whether findings were specific to energy drinks or also applied to another commonly used caffeinated beverage. Methods: One hundred forty-four youth who participated in the Camden Youth Development Study (72 males; mean age 11.9 at wave 1; 65% Hispanic, 30% African American) were assessed using self-report measures of frequency of energy drink and coffee consumption and depression, anxiety, conduct disorder (CD) symptoms, and teacher reports of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Youth (92%) were reassessed 16 months later. Results: Concurrently, energy drink and coffee consumption were associated with similar psychopathology symptoms; when the other beverage was adjusted for, energy drinks remained associated with CD and coffee remained associated with panic anxiety. Initial energy drink consumption predicted increasing ADHD and CD over time, though the association with CD dropped to a trend level of significance when coffee was adjusted for. Initial levels of hyperactive ADHD predicted increasing coffee consumption over time; this association remained when energy drinks were controlled. Social anxiety was associated with less increase in energy drink consumption over time, controlling for coffee. Conclusion: Energy drink and coffee consumption among early adolescents are concurrently associated with similar psychopathology symptoms. Longitudinally, the associations between these beverages and psychopathology differ, indicating that these substances have differing implications for development over time.
Vertical scalability benchmarking in three-dimensional virtual world simulation

The United States military is investigating large-scale, realistic virtual world simulations to facilitate warfighter training. As the simulation community strives towards meeting these military training objectives, methods must be developed and validated that measure scalability performance in these virtual world simulators. With such methods, the simulation community will be able to quantifiably compare scalability performance between system changes. This work contributes to the development and validation prerequisite by evaluating the effectiveness of commonly used system metrics to measure scalability in a three-dimensional virtual trainer. Specifically, the metrics of CPU utilization and simulation frames per second are evaluated for their effectiveness in vertical scalability benchmarking.
Excitons bound to structural defects in GaN

We analyzed the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of undoped GaN films grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. While the PL spectra from high-quality samples contain free and bound exciton peaks only, the spectra from some samples involve sharp unidentified peaks in the energy range of 3.0 – 3.45 eV, specifically at 3.21, 3.32, 3.36, and 3.42 eV. We attribute these peaks to excitons bound to defects because of the linear and sometimes superlinear increase in their intensity with excitation density without saturation up to 100 W/cm 2 . With increasing temperature these peaks quench in a well-known fashion similar to that for excitons. In order to relate the observed peaks to the structural defects, we etched selected samples in hot H3PO4 acid or, alternatively, with photo-electrochemical (PEC) etching at room temperature in the presence of UV-illumination in a dilute KOH solution. In the former case the dislocations were etched leaving etched pits on the surface, while in the latter case the dislocations remained unetched due to a deficit of photogenerated holes at dislocation sites. We found that the 3.42 eV peak disappeared after both hot wet and PEC etching suggesting that the associated defect is at the GaN surface. Peaks at 3.21 and 3.36 eV could be enhanced greatly by PEC etching, which were correlated to bulk dislocations.
POLITICS AND THE PROBLEM OF TECHNOLOGY: AN ESSAY ON HEIDEGGER AND THE TRADITION OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

I examine Heidegger's postmodern interpretation of technology, with an eye to exposing its weaknesses. I do this by showing that his view entails an understanding of the tradition of political philosophy that cannot do justice to that tradition's own understanding of the character of technology. I consider first Plato and Aristotle and then Hobbes and Locke in order to suggest that Heidegger's view that modern politics are stamped by technological metaphysics can be challenged on two related grounds: (1) it assumes incorrectly that the tradition is dominated by dogmatic metaphysics; (2) it prevents us from seeing how some in the tradition both understood and doubted the possibility of a technological stamp. I then suggest an alternative view of technology that might account better for the character of technology and political life.
Etiology detection of a food poisoning caused by Salmonella Kouka

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine and characterize bacterial strains isolated from patient samples,and to investigate foodborne pathogen.Methods: The standard method from GB4789.4-2010 was utilized for the biotyping of isolated Salmonella strains;The K-b assay recommended by WHO was adopted for the antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) for the molecular stain typing and epidemiological analysis.Results: Totally 6 Salmonella Kouka strains were detected,5 from 5 feces samples and one from 3 leftover foods.All serotypes were [1,3,19:g,m:一].They also showed identical biotypes,antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and PFGE patterns.Conclusion: The pathogen for this food poisoning was Salmonella Kouka.PFGE has provided a useful tool for bacterial strains homology analysis and pathogens tracing.
An Evaluation of Cognitive Skill Degradation in Information Automation

The purpose of this research is to investigate long term effects of cognitive skill degradation through the use of automation. Even though advanced studies have looked into information automation (...
Enabling on-body transmissions with commodity devices: poster

In this poster, we show for the first time that commodity devices can be used to generate wireless data transmissions that are confined to the human body. Specifically, we show that commodity input devices such as fingerprint sensors and touchpads can be used to transmit information to only wireless receivers that are in contact with the body.
On Local Expert Discovery via Geo-Located Crowds, Queries, and Candidates

Local experts are critical for many location-sensitive information needs, and yet there is a research gap in our understanding of the factors impacting who is recognized as a local expert and in methods for discovering local experts. Hence, in this article, we explore a geo-spatial learning-to-rank framework for identifying local experts. Three of the key features of the proposed approach are: (i) a learning-based framework for integrating multiple user-based, content-based, list-based, and crowd-based factors impacting local expertise that leverages the fine-grained GPS coordinates of millions of social media users; (ii) a location-sensitive random walk that propagates crowd knowledge of a candidate’s expertise; and (iii) a comprehensive controlled study over AMT-labeled local experts on eight topics and in four cities. We find significant improvements of local expert finding versus two state-of-the-art alternatives, as well as evidence for the generalizability of local expert ranking models to new topics and new locations.
The difficult lives of individuals with bipolar disorder: A review of functional outcomes and their implications for treatment.

Abstract Background Most longitudinal or treatment studies in bipolar disorder have used symptomatic or syndromal status as the primary outcome variable. More recently, psychosocial functioning has been highlighted as a key domain of outcome. Patients with bipolar disorder appear to be impaired in all functional domains, although the factors that cause impairment have not been clearly specified. Methods This paper reviews cross-sectional and longitudinal studies on functional impairment and its relationship to symptomatic, neurocognitive, personality, and stress variables in bipolar disorder; and the implications of these relationships for defining treatment targets. 93 articles were located through comprehensive MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Science searches. Results and discussion Functional recovery following a mood episode consistently lags behind symptomatic and syndromal recovery. Longer term functional impairment is only partly explained by the number of manic/hypomanic episodes. Depression (including subsyndromal states) and persistent neurocognitive impairment are the strongest correlates of functional impairment in bipolar disorder, with personality and psychosocial stressors playing secondary roles. Possible treatment options include: more aggressive treatment of subthreshold depressive states, pharmacotherapies that target cognition (e.g., stimulants), and adjunctive psychotherapies including cognitive remediation.
After Graduation, What? An Analysis of the Job Placements of Graduates of Public Health Maternal and Child Health Training Programs

Objectives: In 1995, the Association of Teachers of Maternal and Child Health (ATMCH) decided that information about the employment status of program graduates was essential to attempts to improve MCH curricula. Method: ATMCH requested information from 13 MCH programs in schools of public health funded by the federal Maternal and Child Health Bureau and 12 provided information about their master's degree graduates in the 1990-1994 period, including the year of graduation, degree, Bureau traineeship support, position held, and employing agency. Results: The total number of graduates was 742. Four programs averaged less than 8 graduates per year (small); six, 10–16 (midsize); and two more than 22 (large). More than 90% of graduates received a M.P.H. In the 10 programs that provided data on Bureau support, 46% received traineeship support from the Bureau. Midsize programs had the largest percentage of graduates receiving traineeship support. Overall, 45% of graduates were in administrative positions, 32% were involved in patient care, 20% were in policy-analytic positions, and 3% in other positions. Forty-seven percent of program graduates entered into or continued in community-based agencies, 18% in government agencies, 17% in academic or research agencies, and 18% in other agencies. Program size was significantly associated with both position and the agency in which the graduate was employed. Bureau traineeship support was associated with employing agency. Conclusions: The study suggests the need for changes in MCH curricula, enhanced education opportunities in specialty skill areas, and an ongoing survey of graduates of MCH programs.
The Role of Axial Symmetry in the Upper Part of the HRD: B[e] Supergiants and LBVs

In this review the general characteristics of B[e] supergiants and LBVs and the observational evidence for the presence of axial symmetry in these very massive and luminous hot stars are discussed.
ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Related to Variable Calcified Lesions in Saphenous Vein Graft 33 Years After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

A 94-year-old woman presented with anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. She underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with implantation of a saphenous vein graft (SVG) from the aorta to the left anterior descending coronary artery 33 years ago. Emergency coronary angiography revealed
Fatty acid transport protein 4 is required for incorporation of saturated ultralong-chain fatty acids into epidermal ceramides and monoacylglycerols

Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) is an acyl-CoA synthetase that is required for normal permeability barrier in mammalian skin. FATP4 (SLC27A4) mutations cause ichthyosis prematurity syndrome, a nonlethal disorder. In contrast, Fatp4−/− mice die neonatally from a defective barrier. Here we used electron microscopy and lipidomics to characterize defects in Fatp4−/− mice. Mutants showed lamellar body, corneocyte lipid envelope, and cornified envelope abnormalities. Lipidomics identified two lipids previously speculated to be present in mouse epidermis, sphingosine β-hydroxyceramide and monoacylglycerol; mutants displayed decreased proportions of these and the two ceramide classes that carry ultralong-chain, amide-linked fatty acids (FAs) thought to be critical for barrier function, unbound ω-O-acylceramide and bound ω-hydroxyceramide, the latter constituting the major component of the corneocyte lipid envelope. Other abnormalities included elevated amounts of sphingosine α-hydroxyceramide, phytosphingosine non-hydroxyceramide, and 1-O-acylceramide. Acyl chain length alterations in ceramides also suggested roles for FATP4 in esterifying saturated non-hydroxy and β-hydroxy FAs with at least 25 carbons and saturated or unsaturated ω-hydroxy FAs with at least 30 carbons to CoA. Our lipidomic analysis is the most thorough such study of the Fatp4−/− mouse skin barrier to date, providing information about how FATP4 can contribute to barrier function by regulating fatty acyl moieties in various barrier lipids.
The relationship between trait mindfulness and affective symptoms: A meta-analysis of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)

Abstract Trait mindfulness appears to be related to lower levels of negative affective symptoms, but it remains uncertain which facets of mindfulness are most important in this relationship. Accordingly, the present meta-analysis examined studies reporting correlations between affective symptoms and trait mindfulness as assessed by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire. A comprehensive search yielded 148 eligible studies, comprising 157 distinct samples and 44,075 participants. The weighted mean correlation for affective symptoms and overall trait mindfulness was r = −0.53. Among mindfulness facets, Nonjudge (r = −0.48) and Act with Awareness (r = −0.47) demonstrated the largest correlations, followed by Nonreact (r = −0.33) and Describe (r = −0.29). Observe was not significantly correlated with affective symptoms. No significant differences in the strength of correlations were found between anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, though symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder exhibited a weaker negative relationship with the Describe facet compared to PTSD symptoms. Describe also showed a stronger relationship with affective symptoms in Eastern samples compared to Western samples, whereas Western samples had a stronger relationship with Nonjudge. These results provide insight into the nature of the association between trait mindfulness and negative affect.
The Person behind the Face of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: Student Experiences and Family and Professionals' Perspectives on FASD:

This article describes the individual experiences of 5 students with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) living in rural and urban Alaska. The article is based on the results of a 3 year qualit...
Does Cluster Hiring Enhance Faculty Research Output, Collaborations, and Impact? Results from a National Study of U.S. Research Universities

For U.S. research universities, cluster hiring has become a popular means to add faculty members in university-defined priority fields. The expectation of advocates is that these faculty members will collaborate on high-impact research. Utilizing a national sample of 168 cluster-hire faculty members from eight U.S. research universities, we find statistically significant gains in research output, collaborations, and research impact from pre- to post-hire. However, these gains are not distributed equally. Some output and impact measures show greater gains for white and Asian researchers relative to under-represented minorities and for men relative to women. Significant gains in research output are associated with fields like advanced materials and health sciences for which generous external support is available. Significant research impact is associated with researchers located in wealthy, prestigious universities. The findings indicate that cluster hiring is no cure-all for fields that are disadvantaged in the competition for external funding or for non-elite universities that are disadvantaged in the competition for prestige.
The Arbitration Rules: Procedural Rulemaking by Arbitration Providers

The field of civil procedure revolves around the Federal Rules. However, there is an alternative procedural universe. The Supreme Court’s relentless expansion of the Federal Arbitration Act funnels tens of thousands of disputes every year into arbitration administrators, such as the American Arbitration Association and JAMS. These entities have created their own procedural codes for cases that they administer. Although these “Arbitration Rules” govern some of the most important topics in dispute resolution, they have flown below the radar in both the procedure and the arbitration literature. This Article explores this parallel procedural track. It begins by explaining that the Arbitration Rules deviate from court-based procedures in three important ways. First, unlike the Federal Rules, which are created by experts who solicit input from affected parties, most Arbitration Rules are written in secret by for-profit corporations. Second, the Federal Rules are trans-substantive and uniform, but the Arbitration Rules vary between providers and case types. Third, the Federal Rules try to balance efficiency and accuracy, but the Arbitration Rules unabashedly favor speed over precision. The Article then analyzes the costs and benefits of this novel form of procedural rulemaking, contributes to the debate over forced arbitration, and suggests solutions to unsettled doctrinal issues.
Myeloablative Fractionated Busulfan With Fludarabine in Older Patients: Long Term Disease-Specific Outcomes of a Prospective Phase II Clinical Trial.

Abstract Compared to reduced-intensity conditioning regimen, myeloablative conditioning (MAC) for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) reduces relapse but is avoided in older patients because of higher non-relapse mortality (NRM). To meet the need for a myeloablative regimen for older patients, we developed a novel fludarabine and busulfan MAC regimen. We fractionated the dose of busulfan and gave it for 6 days over a 2-week period and demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach. However, the disease-specific efficacy of this regimen is not known. The purpose of this study was to estimate the efficacy of fractionated busulfan regimen by estimating diseases specific survival outcomes. The conditioning regimen consisted of busulfan and fludarabine. On days −13 and −12 before HCT, patients received 80 mg/m2 busulfan intravenously (IV) daily in an outpatient clinic. Additional chemotherapy was administered during inpatient treatment from day −6 through day −3, including fludarabine 40 mg/m2 and busulfan IV once daily. The dosing of busulfan was determined from pharmacokinetic analyses to achieve for the course a target area under the curve of 20,000 ± 12% μmol/min, which is close to the average exposure of myeloablative dose of busulfan. One hundred fifty patients with high-risk hematological malignancies up to 75 years were enrolled in this prospective phase II study. The objective was to evaluate NRM, relapse, survival, the rates of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and long-term complications. The median age of the patient population was 61 years (interquartile range, 55-67). The most common diagnoses were acute myeloid leukemia (AML; N = 59 [39.3%]), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS; n = 29 [19.3%]), and myelofibrosis (MF; N = 22 [14.7%]). Most had an unrelated donor (n = 93 [62%]) and received peripheral blood graft (n = 110 [73.3%]). Over half had an HCT-specific comorbidity index of ≥3 (n = 79 [52.7%]). The median follow-up among survivors was 43.4 months (interquartile range, 38.9-50.4). In patients with AML in complete remission, MDS, and myelofibrosis, 3-year overall survival was 66.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50.2-88.5%), 43.6% (95% CI, 28.6-66.4%), and 59.1% (95% CI, 41.7-83.7%) respectively. The cumulative incidence of NRM was 22% (15.3%-28.7%), extensive chronic GVHD was 27% (95% CI, 20-34%), bronchiolitis obliterans was 4.7% (95% CI, 1.3-8.1%), and secondary malignancy was 8.7% (95% CI, 4.1-13.2%) at 3 years. Lengthening the duration of busulfan (fractionation) permits safe delivery of myeloablative conditioning in older patients, leading to prolonged survival. © 2021 American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Persistence and accumulation of environmental DNA from an endangered dragonfly.

Detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) has become a commonly used surveillance method for threatened or invasive vertebrates in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. However, most studies in this field favor vertebrate target species. Environmental DNA protocols can be especially useful for endangered invertebrates such as the Hine’s emerald dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana) where conservation efforts have been greatly hindered by training, time, overall costs, and environmental impacts associated with conducting surveys in the calcareous fens occupied by this species. An essential step in developing such a protocol is to evaluate the dynamics of eDNA concentration under controlled conditions. We used the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to examine seasonal shifts in the persistence and net-accumulation of eDNA from captive S. hineana larvae in experimental mesocosms at temperatures corresponding with their overwintering (5.0 °C) and active (16.0 °C) seasons. Environmental DNA persisted longer at 5.0 °C but accumulated more readily at 16.0 °C. Differences in the accumulation and persistence of eDNA reflect differences in the longevity of eDNA at different temperatures and seasonal differences in larval S. hineana behavior. This study highlights the importance of considering how seasonal changes in temperature influence not only the speed of eDNA degradation but also the target species’ eDNA shedding rates.
Approach to the Myelodysplasia Patient

The Spina Bifida Association reports that 7 of every 10,000 children born in the United States have myelomeningocele (MMC) and that there are more than 166,000 people currently living with MMC [145]. Today, survival into adulthood is reported as high 85 % (at age 34 years, 94 % of those without shunts, and 75 % of those with shunted hydrocephalus are alive) [32]. With decreases in birth prevalence of MMC after the introduction of prenatal diagnosis and mandatory folic acid fortification of grain products in the United States, there may be more adults currently living with MMC in the United States than children [23, 32, 59, 107, 136, 140, 161]. Despite a large number of people living with MMC, there are no randomized controlled trials regarding urologic care in this group, and there is a paucity of literature describing long-term urologic outcomes in adults with MMC [153].
Cataract and Glaucoma Surgery

Cataract and glaucoma are two of the leading causes of worldwide blindness, and as such they frequently coexist. When cataracts become visually significant and require surgery in a patient with concurrent glaucoma, three surgical options exist: performing cataract surgery alone; sequential surgery-performing glaucoma surgery first with the plan to perform cataract surgery at a later time; and lastly combined cataract and glaucoma surgery. Each of these options has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, and each one needs to be considered depending on the specific clinical scenario. Cataract extraction alone has been shown to decrease intraocular pressure and is a sufficient surgical option in many cases of open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma. Sequential surgery is most appropriate when the glaucoma is the dominant factor in the patient’s clinical picture, and lowering the elevated intraocular pressure takes precedence over removing the cataract, which may not be visually significant at that time. Combined surgery is appropriate when the cataract is visually significant, and the glaucoma is either uncontrolled or controlled on maximally tolerated medical therapy. Several new glaucoma surgical procedures have recently become available; however, the gold standard for combined cataract/glaucoma surgery remains phacoemulsification with trabeculectomy.
The prospects for an evolutionary psychology: Human language and human reasoning

Evolutionary psychology purports to explain human capacities as adaptations to an ancestral environment. A complete explanation of human language or human reasoning as adaptations depends on assessing an historical claim, that these capacities evolved under the pressure of natural selection and are prevalent because they provided systematic advantages to our ancestors. An outline of the character of the information needed in order to offer complete adaptation explanations is drawn from Robert Brandon (1990), and explanations offered for the evolution of language and reasoning within evolutionary psychology are evaluated. Pinker and Bloom's (1992) defense of human language as an adaptation for verbal communication, Robert Nozick's (1993) account of the evolutionary origin of rationality, and Cosmides and Tooby's (1992) explanation of human reasoning as an adaptation for social exchange, are discussed in light of what is known, and what is not known, about the history of human evolution. In each case, though a plausible case is made that these capacities are adaptations, there is not enough known to offer even a semblance of an explanation of the origin of these capacities. These explanations of the origin of human thought and language are simply speculations lacking the kind of detailed historical information required for an evolutionary explanation of an adaptation.
Isolation and assay of caspases.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview on the structure, organization and the mechanism of activation of caspases, with focus particularly on the assay of caspase-9. The human caspase family consists of 11 members and divided in three subfamilies is based on phylogenetic analysis. Caspases, synthesized as inactive zymogens, with molecular sizes ranging from 30 to 55 kDa are based on functional analysis of caspases, and are broadly classified in three groups—namely, cytokine activators, upstream apoptosis initiator caspases, and downstream apoptosis executioner caspases. Caspases exist as latent zymogens in normal cells with extremely low intrinsic protease activity. In caspases with short prodomains, there is no significant autoactivation observed in mammalian cells. These caspases are known as “downstream caspases” because they depend on active initiator caspases for their activation by proteolytic cleavage. Another mechanism of caspase activation is through aspartate-specific serine proteases.
Face Perception, Psychology of

Perceptual information from the human face can be used to determine the identity, sex, race, age, and current mood of an individual. It may serve also as a guide for social interaction, providing us with continually changing feedback about the emotional state of the people with whom we interact. Keywords: face recognition; configural processing; principal component analysis; PCA; other-race effect