cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Interface for Cross-Referencing

The cross-reference database described in Chapter 5 provides a convenient source of information about a system, This information is used in several of the tools of the FIELD environment, including the annotation editor described in Chapter 8 and the call graph and class hierarchy browsers described in the next two chapters. This chapter describes the user interface that FIELD provides for direct access to this database.
Abstract TP126: The Ketones Acetoacetate And Beta-hydroxybutyrate Alleviate Ischemic Injury Following Occlusion Of The Middle Cerebral Artery

Acute ischemic stroke is treated with thrombolysis but therapeutic benefits are modest. One potential reason for the limited clinical improvement is the apoptotic, delayed cell death that occurs prominently in the periphery of the ischemic core, the penumbra, despite successful reperfusion. Apoptotic cell death has been attributed to glutamate excitotoxicity, a consequence of ischemic energy depletion as well as a cause of persistent mitochondrial dysfunction that perpetuates energetic failure. We have previously shown that glutamate excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction are alleviated by the ketones acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate, a combination of physiological compounds produced by liver during calorie restriction to sustain cellular energy requirements. Ketones enhance mitochondrial respiration driven by complex I of the electron transport chain, decrease oxidative stress and increase ATP synthesis. Here, we investigated the effects of ketones in 3 month-old mice subjected to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion with a filament for 90 min. Ketones (50 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the onset of ischemia and significantly improved outcomes. MCA occlusion caused significant neuronal loss 24 hours later in the subcortical and cortical regions of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Damage was most severe in the subcortical region and was quite evident on a 7 Tesla MRI. The results were confirmed by non-invasive imaging of apoptosis with the fluorescent indicator Annexin Vivo 750 using a Xenogen IVIS Spectrum (Caliper). Treating mice with ketones significantly decreased neuronal damage based on histology, MRI and fluorescence imaging of apoptosis with Annexin Vivo 750. Furthermore, ketones improved motor activity on the Rotarod and Open Field tests. Untreated mice exhibited evident decreases in the times they remained on the rods whereas ketone-treated mice were almost back to baseline. Consistently, untreated animals were less active in the open field. In sum, our data show that a combination of physiological ketones previously shown to enhance mitochondrial activity and alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity decreases cellular loss and improves motor function in a mouse model of ischemic stroke.
Optimal Timing to Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) has demonstrated proven benefit in tumor regression and improved long-term local control for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. However, precise analysis of the optimal waiting time that maximizes oncologic benefits of nCRT has not been established. Study Design The 2006–2012 National Cancer Data Base was queried for patients with stage II and III rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent nCRT followed by surgical resection. Time to surgery was defined as the difference between last date of radiotherapy and date of surgery. Primary study endpoints included resection margin positivity and pathologic downstaging. Multivariable regression modeling with restricted cubic splines was used to evaluate the adjusted association between time to surgery and our study endpoints, and to establish an optimal time threshold for surgery. Results A total of 11,760 patients were included. Median time to surgery was 53 days (interquartile range [IQR] 43 to 63 days). After adjusting for patient demographic, clinical, tumor, and treatment characteristics, our model determined an inflection point at 56 days after end of radiotherapy associated with the highest likelihood of complete resection and pathologic downstaging. With adjustment, the risk of margin positivity was increased in those who underwent surgery after 56 days from end of radiotherapy (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.61, p Conclusions This study objectively determined the optimal time for surgery after completion of nCRT for rectal cancer based on completeness of resection and tumor downstaging. Eight weeks appears to be the critical threshold for optimal tumor response.
Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Analysis of an Anaerobic Codigestion Facility Processing Dairy Manure and Industrial Food Waste

Anaerobic codigestion (AcoD) can address food waste disposal and manure management issues while delivering clean, renewable energy. Quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to implementation of AcoD is important to achieve this goal. A lifecycle analysis was performed on the basis of data from an on-farm AcoD in New York, resulting in a 71% reduction in GHG, or net reduction of 37.5 kg CO2e/t influent relative to conventional treatment of manure and food waste. Displacement of grid electricity provided the largest reduction, followed by avoidance of alternative food waste disposal options and reduced impacts associated with storage of digestate vs undigested manure. These reductions offset digester emissions and the net increase in emissions associated with land application in the AcoD case relative to the reference case. Sensitivity analysis showed that using feedstock diverted from high impact disposal pathways, control of digester emissions, and managing digestate storage emissions were opportuni...
Unfavorable Reactions Due to Antirabic Treatment: Three Cases

In 1879 Galateir and Pasteur proved experimentally that rabies is an infectious disease, but it was not until 1903, when Negri described certain bodies in large nerve cells from the central nervous system, that anything was found which seemed absolutely specific for the disease. Negri regarded these bodies as protozoa, and their definite characteristic morphology, evidences of cyclic development, budding, and staining qualities indicate a protozoan structure resembling members of the Rhizopoda. They have also been so regarded by Anna Williams. The recent work of Covell and Danks, who employed newer methods of physics and chemistry, seems to refute this view. They state that the evidence is not compatible with the protozoan or organismal theories concerning the nature of the Negri bodies. The contention that these bodies arise from constituents already present in the nerve cell as a result of the action of the virus is in agreement with their findings; but they consider the evidence for the participation of the mitochondria, neurofibrils, and the nucleoli as inconclusive. Both the Negri bodies and the smaller typical lyssa bodies are probably formed by alterations in the basophilic Nissl substance, the fundamental ground substance of the cell, and by the addition of variable amounts of basophilic material of nuclear origin. There is no evidence that organisms on the borderline of microscopic visibility are cloaked with these cellular components in accordance with the chlamydozoal hypoth-
Luminescence from Defects and Impurity Centers in Y2O3

High-purity (99.999%) Y2O3 powder is used as a starting material for fabricating high-temperature superconductors (HTS), and is frequently found as an unreacted second phase in the final product. We have found that as-received Y2O3 contains Tb3+ paramagnetic impurity ions as determined by TSL and emission-spectra measurements. Deep luminescence traps (presumably Tb4+ ions) are formed in Y2O3 when it is exposed to frays, x rays, or fluorescent lights. These deep traps can only be removed by annealing the material to near 1600°C. Given the short coherence length of HTS it is possible that order-of-magnitude variations in the Tb impurity concentration of starting materials may affect the ultimate value of surface resistance (Rs).
Games of multicellularity

Evolutionary game dynamics are often studied in the context of different population structures. Here we propose a new population structure that is inspired by simple multicellular life forms. In our model, cells reproduce but can stay together after reproduction. They reach complexes of a certain size, n, before producing single cells again. The cells within a complex derive payoff from an evolutionary game by interacting with each other. The reproductive rate of cells is proportional to their payoff. We consider all two-strategy games. We study deterministic evolutionary dynamics with mutations, and derive exact conditions for selection to favor one strategy over another. Our main result has the same symmetry as the well-known sigma condition, which has been proven for stochastic game dynamics and weak selection. For a maximum complex size of n=2 our result holds for any intensity of selection. For n≥3 it holds for weak selection. As specific examples we study the prisoner's dilemma and hawk-dove games. Our model advances theoretical work on multicellularity by allowing for frequency-dependent interactions within groups.
Clinical observation of GuizhiFuling capsule in the treatment of semen liquefaction

【Objective】 To evaluate the clinical efficacy of GuizhiFuling capsule on semen liquefaction.【Method】 300 case of semen liquefaction were divided randomly into two groups,in treatment group(225 cases) GuizhiFuling capsule was taken orally;In control group(75 cases) vitamine C was taken orally.The treatment lasted two courses of 30 days.Each was observed and recorded.【Result】 Of the patients in the GuizhiFuling capsule treatment group,180 were cured,15 responded and 30 failed to respond to the medication after the first course;And 195 were cured,9 responded and 21 failed after the second course,with the effectiveness rate of 91.67%.【Conclusion】 GuizhiFuling capsule is effective for unliquefiable semen by shortening the time of seminal liquefaction.
Cellulose Structural Polymorphism in Plant Primary Cell Walls Investigated by High-Field 2D Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations

The native cellulose of bacterial, algal, and animal origins has been well studied structurally using X-ray and neutron diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and is known to consist of varying proportions of two allomorphs, Iα and Iβ, which differ in hydrogen bonding, chain packing, and local conformation. In comparison, cellulose structure in plant primary cell walls is much less understood because plant cellulose has lower crystallinity and extensive interactions with matrix polysaccharides. Here we have combined two-dimensional magic-angle-spinning (MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (solid-state NMR) spectroscopy at high magnetic fields with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to obtain detailed information about the structural polymorphism and spatial distributions of plant primary-wall cellulose. 2D 13C–13C correlation spectra of uniformly 13C-labeled cell walls of several model plants resolved seven sets of cellulose chemical shifts. Among these, five sets (denoted a–e) be...
Perturbation Method: Method of Averaging

This chapter describes the yield and application of method of averaging. It is applicable to nonlinear differential equations that have a periodic solution and a small parameter. It yields an approximation to the solution, valid over an entire period. It is suggested to write the solution of a given differential equation as a function with slowly varying parts. The averaging of those slowly varying parts over a complete cycle is performed. The method on a perturbed harmonic oscillator is illustrated. The slowly varying feature of a and θ is used to make the required approximation. It is found that if a and θ are slowly varying, then the values of da / dt and dθ / dt should not change much over a single period of the solution.
Symposium Summary the Safety Profession’s Image of Humanity

In the 1780’s, Immanuel Kant was struggling to understand the basic principle underlying morality. First he stated it as a “categorical” imperative, meaning that it holds unconditionally: “you ought to do X,” and no if’s, and and’s, or but’s. The X you ought to do is to act so that you can will the principle of your action to hold universally, i. e., for everyone in every situation. In order to clarify the meaning of this categorical imperative, Kant gave us an alternative version: “so act as to treat humanity, either in yourself or in another, never as means only but as an end withal.”
Study of different mutations in chronic myeloid leukemia in India and their co-relation with drug resistance.

7083 Background: Emergence of ABL point mutations is the most frequent cause for imatinib resistance in CML. Aim of our study is to investigate two potential resistance mechanisms i.e.,mutations of...
Simulation of rod charging in TWT helix structures

Spontaneous beam defocusing can occur in a helix-type TWT (traveling-wave-tube) when stray beam electrons cause the dielectric helix support rods to become electrically charged. A test configuration was developed that simulates this effect and allows measurement of the resulting surface voltage. The helix voltage was simulated by varying the energy of the arriving focused electrons, and the surface voltage was measured over a range of currents and angles of incidence. Tests were made on beryllia and boron nitride samples. Measurements on boron nitride showed that this surface voltage can be as much as 3 to 4 kV below a 10-kV simulated helix voltage, using a 10-nA beam at normal incidence. A simplified model explaining the observed phenomena led to the measurement of secondary yield, the ratio of backscattered plus secondary electrons to those incident. It was found that the shift in voltage is largely dependent on two properties of the dielectric surface, namely the secondary yield and the surface conductivity. While secondary yield is shown to be energy dependent, the surface conductivity was also found to exhibit semiconductorlike properties, making it highly energy dependent as well. >
Clinical Pharmacist Patient-Safety Initiative to Reduce Against-Label Prescribing of Statins With Cyclosporine.

Background: Against-label prescribing of statins with interacting drugs, such as cyclosporine, represents an important patient safety concern. Objective: To implement and evaluate the effectiveness...
Lead-salt vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers operating at = 4.5–4.6 [micro sign]m with optical pumping

With optical pumping, a lead salt vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser has been operated at wavelengths in the 4.50-4.60 mm range at temperatures up to T=289 K. For a 60 /spl mu/m/spl times/90 /spl mu/m pump spot, a device with a PbSe active region and Pb/sub 1-x/Sr/sub x/Se/BaF/sub 2/ quarter-wave mirror stacks was realised which had an unsaturated peak output power of 38 mW at 249 K.
Discovering spatial relationships between approximately equivalent patterns in contact maps

We present a method for finding relationships between approximate patterns in contact maps. We examine contact maps generated from protein data in order to discover spatial relationships among the connected patterns contained in those maps. We discuss our criteria for determining whether two patterns are approximately equivalent as well as the motivation behind our work. Finally, we provide results that validate our efforts.
Adverse Local Tissue Responses to Failed Temporomandibular Joint Implants

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether failed alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement (TMJR) devices can elicit the aseptic lymphocyte-dominated vasculitis-associated lesion (ALVAL) reaction seen in some patients with metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. Materials and Methods This study involved analysis of paraffin-embedded sections of peri-implant tissue from failed TMJ implant cases obtained from 3 independent sources. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, conventional and polarized light microscopy, back-scattered electron imaging, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis were used. Immunohistochemical methods were used to identify T and B lymphocytes and macrophages. Results The total TMJR device specimens showed primary macrophage and lymphocytic responses similar to responses reported previously for failed total hip implants, including ALVAL. No chronic or acute inflammation was apparent in the failed hemiarthroplasty TMJR cases. Conclusion In this limited preliminary study, the local tissue responses to the failed TMJR implants showed similar primary macrophage and lymphocyte responses to previously reported failed metal-on-metal and metal-on-polyethylene orthopedic total joint replacement devices. No such local inflammatory responses were seen with the failed TMJR hemiarthroplasty devices.
Elementary Factorization Theory

In this chapter we consider the problem of decomposing elements of a given commutative integral domain as products of irreducible elements. In a number of important integral domains such factorizations exist for all the non-units, and in a certain sense uniqueness of factorization holds. In these instances we can determine all of the factors of a given element and hence we can give simple conditions for the solvability of equations of the form ax = b. Since the factorization theory that we shall consider is a purely multiplicative theory that concerns the semi-group of non-zero elements of a commutative integral domain, we shall find it clearer to begin our discussion with the factorization theory of semi-groups.
Turbulent Combustion Simulations with High-Performance Computing

Considering that simulations of turbulent combustion are computationally expensive, this chapter takes a decidedly different perspective, that of high-performance computing (HPC). The cost scaling arguments of non-reacting turbulence simulations are revisited and it is shown that the cost scaling for reacting flows is much more stringent for comparable conditions, making parallel computing and HPC indispensable. Hardware abstractions of typical parallel supercomputers are presented which show that for design of an efficient and optimal program, it is essential to exploit both distributed memory parallelism and shared-memory parallelism, i.e. hierarchical parallelism. Principles of efficient programming at various levels of parallelism are illustrated using archetypal code examples. The vast array of numerical methods, particularly schemes for spatial and temporal discretization, are examined in terms of tradeoffs they present from an HPC perspective. Aspects of data analytics that invariably result from large feature-rich data sets generated by combustion simulations are covered briefly.
Eighteenth-Century Diplomats as Musical Agents

Europe’s embassies were major centers of musical activity throughout the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Resident diplomats, in addition to being patrons and performers, often acted as musical agents, facilitating musical interactions within and between courts, among individuals and firms, and in their private salons. Through these varied activities, they played a vital role in shaping a transnational European musical culture. Focusing on a selection of diplomats who served in Vienna during the long eighteenth century, this chapter proposes a typology of their musical activities. Exploring correspondence and other contemporary sources, it highlights the ways in which diplomatic musical exchanges, interventions, and collaborations both lubricated professional relationships and shaped the wider European “ music scene.” An examination of Charles Burney’s visit to Vienna in 1772 from the perspective of “insider” and “small-world” networks further elucidates the central role diplomats played in the city’s salon life.
Institutional Research and Decision Support in Higher Education: Considerations for Today and for Tomorrow

Although it may not be called institutional research (IR) in some settings, there are many tasks completed across institutions around the world that fall under the general umbrella of IR. This chapter introduces the concepts and definitions of institutional research (IR) and decision support, and stresses the importance of and need for this administrative function in all higher education institutions today. In addition, this chapter introduces the goals for this book and offers a brief introduction to each chapter. Having knowledgeable and skilled IR leaders will elevate the perceived value of this decision support unit and that, in turn, will facilitate building IR’s capacity in higher education today.
Secret Societies and Women’s Access to Justice in Sierra Leone: Bridging the Formal and Informal Divide

In Sierra Leone, customary systems of governance have long been recognized as feasible alternatives to justice provision, particularly as formal institutions have yet to adequately address the barriers women face in accessing justice. However, the focus has often been on the chieftaincy, an institution largely dominated by men. In this paper, Women’s Secret Societies are explored under the premise that such institutions might be better at providing access to justice for women. The paper shows that customary institutions, including Women’s Secret Societies, by embracing cultural norms and values that undermine women, cannot necessarily serve as a better alternative for women to access justice. While these societies can be important sources of power, they are constrained in terms of what they do for women given their continued association with cultural practices like female genital mutilation and the shifting norms regarding the importance of their role in Sierra Leone society. Additionally, competition between formal and informal sources of power, particularly in the domain of sexual and gender based violence (SGBV), provides some limitations regarding what they can do in this arena. At the same time, given that culture is not static, the paper explores the possibility of engaging with these organizations in ways that could help complement the justice services available to women.
Postpartum psychosis with abnormal movements: Dopamine supersensitivity unmasked by withdrawal of endogenous estrogens?

The authors describe two cases of postpartum psychosis accompanied by abnormal extrapyramidal movements. The presentation of these cases, as well as research evidence indicating that estrogens influence dopamine receptor function, leads the authors to hypothesize that dopamine receptor supersensitivity may have been induced by prepartum increases in endogenous estrogens and unmasked by postpartum estrogen withdrawal.
But Enough of Theory

“Doch genug der Theorie! Langsam and nur von ferne folgt der schleppfusige Versuch dem Fluge leichtbeschwingter Phantasie!” (But enough of theory! Slowly and only at a distance the slow-footed experiment follows the flight of nimble-winged fantasy!) These words were uttered by A. W. von Hofmann [40] when he first caught an inkling of the work to be done on phosphonium bases. They could just as easily have been uttered by Alfred Werner in 1893.
RIPARIAN VEGETATION VARIABILITY ALONG PERENNIAL STREAMS IN CENTRAL ARIZONA

The spatial distribution of riparian vegetation is closely allied to abiotic processes along streams and rivers. There are dynamic relations between physical process, fluvial forms, and biotic structures. Explanation of these associations is critical to scientific understanding and practical management of riverine environments. Therefore, this study determines what geophysical parameters lead to the spatial patterns found in species of warm interior and cold montane riparian deciduous forests in central Arizona. Five riparian vegetation populations were examined along five perennial streams in the transition zone of central Arizona. The populations included Populus angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood), two commonly associated species of willow Salix lasiandra (western black willow) and Salix lasiolepis (arroyo willow), Alnus oblongifolia (Arizona alder), and Platanus wrightii (Arizona sycamore). Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) with a forward selection was used to assess quantitatively the role of ...
Universal model-based fault location for improved system integrity

Transmission lines are a vital part of power systems and are prone to a variety of short-circuit faults. It is imperative to identify the fault location to restore the system as quickly as possible for maintaining the system integrity. Impedance-based fault location algorithms are most commonly used but they are prone to several sources of error such as fault resistance and mutual coupling between the lines and may not provide accurate results in the presence of complex network configurations such as three-terminal lines. Though information about mutual coupling or knowledge of complex network configuration is known, they cannot be directly used in impedance-based fault location algorithms. This study proposes a novel automated generic framework for model-based fault location approach which uses the power system model to overcome the shortcomings of impedance-based fault location methods. A combination of power system simulation software and a control and processing software provide the flexibility to be able to incorporate all the available information about the system to accurately estimate the fault location. Furthermore, this study provides key insights to implement the proposed framework in an effective and efficient manner by using reduced equivalent circuits.
The Immigrant Health Differential in the Context of Racial and Ethnic Disparities: The Case of Diabetes.

Abstract Social and economic disparities between racial/ethnic groups are a feature of the American context into which immigrants are incorporated and a key determinant of population health. We ask whether racial/ethnic disparities in diabetes vary by nativity and whether native-immigrant disparities in diabetes vary by race and over time in the United States. Using the 2000–2015 National Health Interview Survey, we estimate logistic regressions to examine the interaction of race/ethnicity, nativity, and duration in the US in shaping diabetes patterns. Relative to their native-born co-ethnics, foreign-born Asian adults experience a significant diabetes disadvantage, while foreign-born Hispanic, Black, and White adults experience a significant advantage. Adjusting for obesity, education, and other covariates eliminates the foreign-born advantage for Black and White adults, but it persists for Hispanic adults. The same adjustment accentuates the disadvantage for foreign-born Asian adults. For Black and Hispanic adults, the protective foreign-born effect erodes as duration in the US increases. For foreign-born Asian adults, the immigrant disadvantage appears to grow with duration in the US. Relative to native-born White adults, all non-white groups regardless of nativity see a diabetes disadvantage because the racial/ethnic disadvantage either countervails a foreign-born advantage or amplifies a foreign-born disadvantage. Racial/ethnic differentials in diabetes are considerable and are influenced by each group’s nativity composition. Obesity and (for the foreign-born) time in the US influence these disparities, but do not explain them. These findings underscore the importance of unmeasured, systemic determinants of health in America’s race-conscious society.
A Family of Ćuk, Zeta, and SEPIC Based Soft-Switching DC–DC Converters

In this paper, a new class of dc–dc converter topologies based on capacitive link dc–dc converters—Cuk, SEPIC, and Zeta converters—that operate under the critical conduction mode has been proposed. The proposed converters are the extensions of quasi-square-wave zero-current-switching converters, which use an auxiliary circuit to provide zero-current and zero-voltage switching for all semiconductor switches at both turn on and turn off transitions and eliminate voltage ringing across the output switch. Using the proposed auxiliary circuit, the value of dv / dt has been diminished; hence, the EMI of the proposed topology is significantly reduced compared to the conventional quasi-square-wave zero-current-switching converters. To verify the operation of the proposed converter and confirm its advantages, an experimental prototype has been implemented, and the experimental results and the efficiency of the proposed converter have been compared with the conventional quasi-square-wave zero-current-switching converters.
Federalism and Gender Equality

Despite the enormous literature on federalism in constitutional design, and the growing attention to gender equality in constitutional design, there has been remarkably little attention paid to the interaction between the two. This article seeks to provide a summary of the existing literature on this intersection, to apply the insights of that literature to the case of Myanmar, and to offer a contribution concerning the theoretical connections between federalism and gender equality. The analysis generates four primary conclusions. First, federalism is inherently neither good nor bad for gender equality: it all depends on the details of the federal system and the context in which they are applied. Second, there are, nonetheless, some guidelines that can be gleaned from the experiences of countries around the world about the design elements that can make federalism more or less useful for promoting gender equality under different conditions. Third, applying these elements in the case of Myanmar suggests tha...
Marginalized bodies and the construction of the Robert J. Terry anatomical skeletal collection: A promised land lost

Abstract The Robert J. Terry Skeletal Anatomical Skeletal Collection has been utilized by biological anthropologists for decades to comprehend skeletal variation and develop methods for human identification; however, little is known about the individuals that comprise this series. The Missouri state anatomical acts, which allowed for the amassment of the Terry Collection, preyed on the poorest and most marginalized denizens of St. Louis. Perhaps most disturbing are the high rates of African Americans in the series, most of whom were Southern-born and likely immigrants who came north as part of the Great Migration. The narrative of these individuals within the collection reveals the true hardship of the Great Migration and how discrimination and structural violence at the community and state levels ultimately resulted in their nonconsensual dissection. Anthropologists need to recognize the role of structural violence in creating these collections and work toward restoring the lost identities of these individuals.
Doubly threshold graphs for social network modeling

Threshold graphs are recursive deterministic network models that capture properties of certain social and economic interactions. One drawback of these graph families is that they they have limited constrained generative attachment rules. To mitigate this problem, we introduce a new class of graphs termed Doubly Threshold (DT) graphs which may be succinctly described through vertex weights that govern the existence of edges via two inequalities. One inequality imposes the constraint that the sum of weights of adjacent vertices has to exceed a specified threshold. The second inequality ensures that adjacent vertices have a bounded difference of their weights. We provide a succinct characterization and decomposition of DT graphs and analyze their forbidden induced subgraphs which we compare to those of known social networks. We also present a method for performing vertex weight assignments on DT graphs that satisfy the defining constraints.
Ethnic Politics in Minority Dominant RegimesThree Cases from the Contemporary Middle East

This article attempts to answer the question of why ethnic identity rather than national identity is more likely to be salient after an ethnic majority overcomes a dominant minority rule? Does an ethnic majority succeeding a dominant minority pursue an authentic representative government or does it reinvigorate its own ethnic identity through the pursuit of ethnic politics? Ethnic minority governance inevitably raises questions of legitimacy and inclusivity. Even in secular democracies, where courts protect citizen rights, democracy is far from perfect, but in countries that divide along ethnicity, religion, sector, or tribal loyalty, the history of all-inclusive governance is not encouraging. Typically, minority rule in non-democratic countries tends to despotism and autocracy. Therefore, the policies of dominant minority regimes scarcely differ from those of majoritarian governments, and outcomes can also vary dramatically. By comparing dominant minority rule in three cases—Iraq, Syria, and Bahrain1—I analyze how ethnic conflict is prevalent and prolonged in countries where ethnic minorities rule and how the outcome ultimately impacts state national identity. I maintain that ethnic identity issues and ethnic conflict do not resolve with majoritarian rule. In fact, if a majoritarian party assumes power after a dominant minority government, it will likely consolidate its own identity and pursue ethnic politics by way of an ethnocultural form of self-determination. Theoretically, this article contributes to the debate on the incompatibility of ethnicity and nationalism on the one hand, and with nation and state building on the other.
Variability in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: should consistency be a new target?

The association of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) blood levels with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was first reported in the middle of the 20th century [(1)][1]. After several other types of lipid-lowering drugs were proved to be unsafe or only equivocally effective,
Magazine Journalism in the Golden Age of Muckraking: Patent-Medicine Exposures Before and After the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906:

Although studies in mass communication and investigative journalism have examined associations between newspaper reporting and policy formation, little research has focused on the policy influence ...
Changes to gait speed when romantic partners walk together: Effect of age and obstructed pathway.

Abstract Background Walking at a brisk pace is widely recommended to promote health. When partners walk together, walking activity is increased and maintained due to enhanced social support and accountability, but at least one person must adjust their gait speed. Decreased gait speed could compromise health benefits, which may be especially relevant for the aging population. Research question Do adults change gait speed when walking with their romantic partner, relative to walking alone, and is the change in speed affected by age or pathway conditions? Methods Participants were 141 individuals from 72 romantic couples; age range 25−79 years. The three couple conditions were walking alone, walking with their partner, and walking while holding hands with their partner. The two pathway conditions were clear pathway and pathway with obstacles. Gait speed was modeled as a function of the couple conditions, pathway conditions, and covariates (gender, age, relationship duration, and physical activity) using mixed-effects (3-level) regression. Results In both pathway conditions, both partners reduced speed when walking together (p Significance Across the adult lifespan, when walking together, both partners decreased gait speed by a clinically meaningful amount (≥0.05 m/s). While walking with a partner may increase walking activity due to social support, reduced speed when walking together may unintentionally reduce health benefits and gait quality in both partners. Future research should identify how health is impacted by the trade-off between increased walking activity and reduced gait speed when romantic partners walk together.
Comparing forecasting performance in cross-sections

Abstract This paper develops new methods for pairwise comparisons of predictive accuracy with cross-sectional data. Using a common factor setup, we establish conditions on cross-sectional dependencies in forecast errors which allow us to test the null of equal predictive accuracy on a single cross-section of forecasts. We consider both unconditional tests of equal predictive accuracy as well as tests that condition on the realization of common factors and show how to decompose forecast errors into exposures to common factors and idiosyncratic components. An empirical application compares the predictive accuracy of financial analysts’ short-term earnings forecasts across six brokerage firms.
Nitrous oxide production and consumption by denitrification in a grassland: Effects of grazing and hydrology

Denitrification is generally recognized as a major mechanism contributing to nitrous oxide (N2O) production, and is the only known biological process for N2O consumption. Understanding factors controlling N2O production and consumption during denitrification will provide insights into N2O emission variability, and potentially predict capacity of soils to serve as sinks or sources of N2O. This study investigated the effects of hydrology and grazing on N2O production and consumption in a grassland based agricultural watershed. A batch incubation study was conducted on soils (0-10 cm) collected along a hydrological gradient representing isolated wetland (Center), transient zone (Edge) and pasture upland (Upland), from both grazed and ungrazed areas. Production and consumption potentials of N2O were quantified on soils under four treatments, including (i) ambient condition, and amended with (ii) NO3(-), (iii) glucose-C, and (iv) NO3(-) +glucose-C. The impacts of grazing on N2O production and consumption were not observed. Soils in hydrologically distinct zones responded differently to N2O production and consumption. Under ambient conditions, both production and consumption rates of Edge soils were higher than those observed for Center and Upland soils. Results of amended incubations suggested NO3(-) was a key factor limiting N2O production and consumption rates in all hydrological zones. Over 5-d incubation with NO3(-) amendment, cumulative production and consumption of N2O for Center soils were 1.6 and 3.3 times higher than Edge soils, and 3.6 and 7.6 times higher than Upland soils, respectively. However, cumulative N2O net production for Edge soils was the highest, with 2 to 3 times higher than Upland and Center soils. Our results suggest that the transient areas between wetland and upland are likely to be "hot spots" of N2O emissions in this ecosystem. Wetlands within agricultural landscapes can potentially function to reduce both NO3(-) leaching and N2O emissions.
Chapter 2 High Purity InP Grown by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study on high purity indium phosphide (InP) grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The chapter presents a brief and simplified summary of the transport processes involved in vapor-phase epitaxy (VPE) and the differences and similarities between hydride and chloride VPE. In both hydride and chloride VPE, pure metals are transported by chlorine from HCl. The reactor used for the growth of high purity InP should be as simple as possible and free of sources of unwanted impurities. The reactor used in the study described in the chapter was originally designed for the growth of doped binary, ternary, and quaternary multilayered structures. Substrate surface orientation and preparation are very important for epitaxial layer quality in hydride (H)-VPE. Hall-effect measurements at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature have become the accepted method to determine carrier concentration and mobility of high purity samples. Hall-effect measurements were made by the Van der Pauw technique. Geometry is important for Hall measurements. The chapter discusses photothermal ionization spectroscopy, magneto-photoiuminescence measurement, and constant capacitance-deep level transient spectroscopy.
The Nitromethane and 2-Nitroethanol Syntheses

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the application of reactions of the nitroparaffins to sugar synthesis. Nitroparaffins can be produced economically by the direct nitration of paraffin hydrocarbons in the vapor phase. The chemistry of the nitroparaffins is discussed. The nitromethane synthesis, like the cyanohydrin synthesis, results in the addition of one carbon atom to an aldose carbon chain with the production of the two next higher epimeric aldose sugars. The 2-nitroethanol synthesis adds two carbon atoms to an aldose carbon chain with the production of two ketose sugars epimeric at carbon 3. When the conditions of the nitromethane-aldose condensation reaction, with the exception that nitromethane is replaced by 2-nitroethanol, are applied to D -arabinose, the condensation reaction proceeds with rapid solution of the pentose followed by precipitation of the amorphous sodium aci -nitroalcohols.
Forecasting GNP with noisy data: a case study

Forecasts of real GNP are based on preliminary estimates of National Income and Product Accounts data which will subsequently be revised. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the decrease in forecast accuracy which results from the use of preliminary rather than revised data. It is found that forecasts of the level of real GNP are very sensitive to data revision, but forecasts of the rate of growth of real GNP are relatively impervious to data revision. Over the period 1986-1991, the period during which real GNP was reported in constant 1982 dollars, the variance of forecast errors of the level of real GNP was four times what it would have been if the finally revised data had been available at the time the forecasts were made. The error variance of forecasts of the rate of growth of real GNP was only about 5 percent greater using preliminary data. These empirical results for the 1986-1991 period are consistent with theoretically determined error bounds for forecasts from trend stationary and difference stationary models with autoregressive disturbances.
Large deformation inverse consistent elastic image registration.

This paper presents a new image registration algorithm that accommodates locally large nonlinear deformations. The algorithm concurrently estimates the forward and reverse transformations between a pair of images while minimizing the inverse consistency error between the transformations. It assumes that the two images to be registered contain topologically similar objects and were collected using the same imaging modality. The large deformation transformation from one image to the other is accommodated by concatenating a sequence of small deformation transformations. Each incremental transformation is regularized using a linear elastic continuum mechanical model. Results of ten 2D and twelve 3D MR image registration experiments are presented that tested the algorithm’s performance on real brain shapes. For these experiments, the inverse consistency error was reduced on average by 50 times in 2D and 30 times in 3D compared to the viscous fluid registration algorithm.
The Importance of Bone Marrow Biopsy in the Staging of Patients With Lymphosarcoma

The frequency of bone marrow involvement in patients with lymphosarcoma (LSA) and the particular value of the marrow biopsy, as compared with the aspiration smear technique, in the initial staging of this disease were investigated. Certain physical findings and laboratory studies were analyzed to determine whether the presence of marrow invasion could be predicted. Of 75 patients, 47 (63%) were found to have a positive marrow examination. The clinical stage of 40 of these 75 patients was changed to stage IV as a result of bone marrow biopsy; these included four of nine (44%) stage I patients, 9 of 12 (75%) stage 5 patients, and 27 of 41 (65%) stage III patients. Bone marrow biopsy more often yielded positive results (62%) than did aspiration smears (38%). Little correlation was found between extent of disease on initial physical examination and marrow involvement. A normal hematocrit, white blood cell count, and/or platelet count did not preclude the presence of marrow invasion. The technique of bone marrow biopsy is a simple and valuable procedure in the staging of lymphosarcoma. It uncovers unsuspected and widespread diseases in those patients whose illness appears restricted to even one or two node groups. The high frequency of marrow involvement in patients with LSA is evidence that many patients have widespread disease at the time of diagnosis; thus, marrow biopsy, when positive, is an invaluable test for their initial staging. We urge that it be performed routinely in all patients, irrespective of apparent clinical extent of disease.
Characterization of Na-H exchange in apical membrane vesicles of rat colon.

This study establishes the characteristics of electroneutral Na-H exchange present in apical membrane vesicles isolated from colonocytes of rat large intestine. An outward directed proton gradient stimulated 22Na uptake and demonstrated transient accumulation that was not altered by voltage clamping with K and its ionophore, valinomycin. Amiloride inhibited proton gradient-stimulated 22Na (0.1 mM) uptake by 97% by a noncompetitive mechanism with a Ki of 27 microM. 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)amiloride, an amiloride analogue which is a specific potent inhibitor of electroneutral Na-H exchange, inhibited proton gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake with a Ki of 400 nM. Increasing Na concentration saturated the proton gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake with an apparent Km of 11.7 +/- 2.2 mM. Increasing intravesicular proton concentration also resulted in saturation of 22Na uptake with a Km of 2.8 microM. Proton gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake was inhibited significantly by 10 mM Na+, Li+, and NH4+, while outward directed gradients of these ions in the absence of proton gradient accelerated 22Na uptake. The mechanism of Li+ inhibition of proton gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake was competitive with a Ki of 2 mM. 22Na uptake either stimulated by an outward directed Na gradient (i.e. Na-Na exchange) at pH 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 or stimulated by 10-fold outward directed proton gradient at different pH values was similar; observations that do not suggest proton activation of Na-H exchange. We conclude from these results that proton gradient-stimulated 22Na uptake in colonic apical membrane vesicles represents tightly coupled electro-neutral Na-H exchange with several kinetic properties unlike those described in other epithelia.
Flower Power: Prospects for Photosynthetic Energy.

For millennia man has cultivated plants for food and fiber; by selecting and harvesting them for their energy content he could meet a significant fraction of the world's energy needs
Review of Immunology

Immunity (resistance to, or assistance with, an infectious disease) can be acquired by various means which are summarized below.
Medical decision support systems and therapeutics: The role of autopilots

For decades, medical practice has increasingly relied on prescription medicines to treat, cure, or prevent illness but their net benefit is reduced by prescribing errors that result in adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and tens of thousands of deaths each year. Optimal prescribing requires effective management of massive amounts of data. Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) can help manage information and support optimal therapeutic decisions before errors are made by operating as the prescribers' "autopilot."