cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective end-of-life treatment decisions and perceived vulnerability: Future time left to live and memory self-efficacy.

Objective: Public policy and opinion support autonomous medical decision-making; however, research on perceptions related to future functioning that may influence health-related decisions is limited. Additional research is needed to understand individual perceptions for engaging in future life-sustaining treatment decisions. Methods: Perceived time left to live and memory self-efficacy were assessed among 77 adults (M = 74.5 ± 7.18 years) indicating preferences for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, and artificial feeding and fluids in hypothetical illness scenarios. Results: Participants with a more expansive perspective of future time, less perceived change in memory, greater perceived memory capacity, and greater depressive symptomatology and Blacks/African Americans had greater overall desire for treatment. Conclusion: Differences in perceived time left to live and memory beliefs affect treatment desires in ways that may not be recognized by families and/or physicians. Identifying ...
Directional MAC for 60 GHz Using Polarization Diversity Extension (DMAC-PDX)

This paper proposes a directional medium access control (DMAC) algorithm for wireless communication networks operating in the 60 GHz bands. Wireless communications using the 60 GHz spectrum must overcome many challenges that the conventional systems operating in the lower frequency bands do not encounter. These are mainly caused by the special characteristics of the 60 GHz signal such as its lack of penetration ability. Thus, information on whether the communications link has a line-of-sight (LOS) component or not is critical to optimize 60 GHz systems. We propose an efficient approach to determine the presence of a direct path between transmitter and receiver, which will be used to determine if the environment is LOS or non-LOS. We also propose a direction finding approach to be used with the proposed DMAC algorithm. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with that of the traditional MAC protocol when applied to 60 GHz systems, since there are no existing DMAC protocols that are specifically designed for 60 GHz communications.
Confidence and Gold: German War Finance 1914–1918

In January 1915, Sir William Grenfell Max-Muller, an intelligence officer in the British Foreign Office, recorded the following remark from a German trade journal. As long as the confidence in military and political victory continues, we need not fear our paper system and its consequences. But one sees immediately what would be bound to threaten us in the contrary case—a ruin to avoid which we are compelled to sacrifice the last man and the last penny.1
An empirical investigation of the social market for cigarettes.

A major characteristic of teenage smoking is the ability to ‘bum’ cigarettes from peers. To date, research into the determinants of teenage smoking has largely ignored the effects of this social market on the smoking decisions of teenagers. In this paper, we estimate the demand for cigarettes using data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey which distinguishes teens who primarily buy cigarettes from those who primarily borrow cigarettes. Our results demonstrate the ways in which higher cigarette prices and restrictions on smoking influence not only a teen's decision to smoke and the quantity of cigarettes smoked, but also the manner in which cigarettes are acquired. We show that current cigarette regulations are ineffective in reaching the group of light smokers who primarily obtain cigarettes through the social market, thus indicating that alternative measures should be explored in an effort to reduce the number of smokers in the future. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Acquired from Turtles: A Continuing Public Health Challenge

The federal ban in the United States on the sale of turtles with shell lengths <4 inches that was established in 1975 has reduced the number of turtle-associated human Salmonella infections during subsequent years, especially among children. Although numerous sporadic turtle-associated Salmonella infections in humans have been reported since the ban went into effect, outbreaks were not reported until recently. Since 2006, 3 multistate outbreaks of turtle-associated Salmonella infections have been documented in the United States. This review examines the history of turtle-associated human Salmonella infections in the United States and discusses reasons why an increase in turtle-associated salmonellosis may be occurring and how challenges in enforcement of the ban affect disease control. Additional steps should be considered by the public health community, state governments, and enforcement agencies to prevent turtle-associated Salmonella infections in humans.
Comparative influence of different tillage practices on the yield of the Katahdin potato in Maine

The results of an experiment conducted on the Aroostook Farm, Presque Isle, Maine, for three years, 1931-'33 inclusive, to test the relative merits of five different cultural treatments in their influence on the yields of the Katahdin potato showed only slight differences. The analysis of variance showed that these differences could have been accounted for by random variability. For example, one deep cultitivation after pre-emergence tillage gave yields which did not differ significantly from those obtained by pre-emergence tillage followed by five cultivations. The results might have been different if weed control had been a major factor since care must be taken to control weeds at all times. The cultivations for weed control may be shallow, however, so that the danger of root pruning is lessened.
A Systematic Review of the Literature on Multidisciplinary Rounds to Design Information Technology

Multidisciplinary rounds (MDR) have become important mechanisms for communication and coordination of care. To guide design of tools supporting MDR, we reviewed the literature published from 1990 to 2005 about MDR on information tools used, information needs, impact of information tools, and evaluation measures. Fifty-one papers met inclusion criteria and were included. In addition to patient-centric information tools (e.g., medical chart) and decision-support tools (e.g., clinical pathway), process-oriented tools (e.g., rounding list) were reported to help with information organization and communication. Information tools were shown to improve situation awareness of multidisciplinary care providers, efficiency of MDR, and length of stay. Communication through MDR may be improved by process-oriented information tools that help information organization, communication, and work management, which could be achieved through automatic extraction from clinical information systems, displays and printouts in condensed forms, at-a-glance representations of the care unit, and storing work-process information temporarily.
Demo abstract: SWAT: Know your network

Wireless networks have highly dynamic and complex behavior. Because there are huge differences between real networks and simplified simulation models, testbed evaluations are key parts of many experimental methodologies. Testbeds, however, have wildly varying properties and behavior, such that experiments on two testbeds can report contradictory results. This poster describes SWAT, a tool for generating reports on the dynamics and properties of wireless networks. Being able to quantify and report key properties of wireless networks sheds light on protocol design choices while simultaneously improving the repeatability and scientific rigor of testbed experiments.
Developmentally regulated telomere addition in Tetrahymena thermophila

Abstract To investigate the developmentally programmed telomere addition that accompanies chromosome fragmentation during macronuclear differentiation in Tetrahymena thermophila, five representative telomeric regions from the macronucleus were cloned and characterized in detail. The sequences adjacent to the telomeric (C4A2:T2G4) repeats on these five macronuclear ends had no significant sequence homology or shared secondary structure. Two developmentally independent examples of one macronuclear telomere had a 5 base pair difference in the position of the junction between the telomeric repeats and the adjacent sequences. A telomere-adjacent sequence, in the form of a synthetic oligonucleotide, was unable to prime the addition of telomeric repeats in vitro. The implications of these results for the mechanisms underlying developmentally programmed chromosome fragmentation and telomere addition in Tetrahymena are discussed.
Conjugal Deoxyribonucleic Acid Replication by Escherichia coli K-12: Effect of Nalidixic Acid

During the conjugal transfer of the R64-11 plasmid at 42 C from donor cells thermosensitive for vegetative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis to recipient minicells, the plasmids are conjugally replicated in the donor cells. This conjugal replication is inhibited by nalidixic acid, and the degree of inhibition is comparable to the reduction in the amount of plasmid DNA transferred to the recipient minicells in the presence of the drug. In addition, the size of DNA transferred to the minicells and the fraction of conjugally replicated DNA in the donor cells that can be isolated as closed-circular plasmid DNA under alkaline conditions are both reduced by nalidixic acid. When the drug is added to a mating that is underway, the rate of conjugal replication is immediately reduced. This change is accompanied by a reduction in the amount of conjugally replicated DNA in the donor cells that can be isolated as closed-circular plasmid DNA. Furthermore, conjugally replicated plasmid DNA that is not associated with the donor cell membrane becomes membrane bound after the addition of nalidixic acid.
Biochemical expression of mosaicism in female mice heterozygous for the jimpy gene.

: Expression of the jimpy gene in heterozygous females was analyzed by measuring galactolipid synthesis in brain during early myelination. Sulfatide labeling in brains of heterozygous females at 13–14 days is decreased to 40–80% that of female littermates who do not carry the jimpy gene. The activities of ceramide galactosyl transferase and cerebroside sulfotransferase and levels of myelin basic protein were similarly depressed. Since the jimpy gene was maintained with the Tabby gene in these studies, the effect of the Tabby gene on these parameters was examined and found to have no effect. These biochemical findings indicate that myelination is retarded in the brains of heterozygous jimpy females during the second week of development. However, at 18 days and thereafter, sulfatide labeling is less reduced, suggesting that the oligodendrocytes in brain attempt to compensate, in agreement with morphologic studies which show that myelin is decreased in brain during early development, but appears normal in adult animals.
Puzzles in Practice

Correspondence: Yehia Y. Mishriki, MD, FACP, Professor of Clinical Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, 1210 S. Cedar Crest Blvd., Ste. 3600, Allentown, PA 18103. Tel: 610-402-1150 Fax: 610-402-1153 E-mail: yehia.mishriki@lvh.com Case Report A 55-year-old woman with a medical history signifi cant for hypercholesterolemia presented for a routine evaluation. She stated she also had a benign left parotid gland tumor removed in 1988. Following the surgery she had slight loss of sensation anterior to her left ear. She also stated that when she ate, she developed “dripping” from the left side of her Global reprints distributed only by Postgraduate Medicine USA. No part of Postgraduate Medicine may be reproduced or transmitted in any form without written permission from the publisher. All permission requests to reproduce or adapt published material must be directed to the journal office in Berwyn, PA, no other persons or offices are authorized to act on our behalf. Requests should include a statement describing how material will be used, the complete article citation, a copy of the figure or table of interest as it appeared in the journal, and a copy of the “new” (adapted) material if appropriate
Anuran Reproductive Modes: Evolving Perspectives

Abstract Although most of the unique ways that frogs reproduce were described in the 1800s and 1900s, additional modes are still being discovered in the 21st Century. The concept of reproductive mode has evolved from descriptive natural history to an integration of developmental biology, genetics, systematics, evolution, ecology, behavior, and physiology that frames our thinking about the transition of vertebrates from water to land and about anuran reproductive adaptations to diverse environments today. We have classified reproductive modes, examined quantitative parameters, searched for geographical and ecological patterns, and described variability. We have speculated about selective pressures guiding the evolution of terrestrial reproduction and argued about the usefulness of reproductive mode as a character to construct phylogenies. In the past, researchers assumed that the reproductive modes exhibited by living frogs represented stages in an incomplete, linear sequence of steps toward greater indepe...
MORAL RESPONSIBILITY IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

In the 1960 s and 1970s, a new skepticism emerged about the benefits of advances in science and technology. This view charged that the potential power created by the fusion of science and technology, as reflected in the cataclysm of war, the degradation of the environment, and the psychological cost of social change, is obviously dangerous to the modern world and to the future of humanity. The productivity of modern agriculture is the result of a remarkable fusion of technology and science. In the West, it was built on ideological foundations that, from the early Middle Ages, have valued both the improvement of material well-being and the advancement of knowledge. The introduction of the machine harvesting of tomatoes has been accompanied by an especially vigorous debate. It has been considered the product of a uniquely effective collaboration between mechanical engineers and plant scientists. At the same time, it has been vigorously attacked for displacing farm workers and small producers.
GIS Research Infrastructure for Spatial Analysis of Real Estate Markets

This article outlines the type of research infrastructure needed to complement existing commercial Geographic Information System (GIS) environments to perform state-of-the-art spatial analysis of r...
DELINEATING DIFFERENCE: EXPLORING SOME CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TWENTIETH CENTURY CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY AND TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY LIVED EXPERIENCE

Abstract“... to understand Christian theology an appreciation for the strategies and dynamics of difference and opposition is indispensable.”—Wesley Kort (1992)
Differences in the Learning Principles Dominating Student-Student vs. Student-Instructor Interactions while Working on Programming Tasks

Peer learning principles have been successfully applied to novice programmers. Pedagogies such as Pair Programming, Peer Testing, Peer review of code or tests, or, more generally Peer Instruction, have repeatedly demonstrated their effectiveness in improving both individual performance and retention rates. This paper proposes to supplement the existing literature by investigating how students interact with one another during collaborative programming tasks. More specifically, we are interested in comparing the learning principles used during student-student interactions with those used during student-instructor or student-teaching assistant dialogs.Students in online and face to face courses, who worked collaboratively on programming assignments, were surveyed to gain an understanding of the frequency with which they engaged in specific activities. These that are representative of the learning principles that have been supported by research to promote learning.Results suggest that some learning principles, may be absent from student-student interactions. We discuss how the success of collaborative programming pedagogies put into question the role of these principles and whether they may contribute to further improve peer-based approaches.
A randomized phase I trial of melphalan + bortezomib as conditioning for autologous transplant for myeloma

17550 High dose chemotherapy and autologous transplant (HDT) clearly benefits most patients with myeloma, but the addition of chemotherapy or TBI to melphalan (M) does not improve outcomes. Bortezo...
Hepatic Metabolism and the Anti-Androgenic Activity of Cyproterone Acetate.

Summary and conclusionsThe effects of splenic vs. subcutaneous depots of pellets of an anti-androgen, cyproterone acetate (Cyp A), were studied in castrate rats receiving daily injections of .1 mg of testosterone pro-pionate per 100 g body weight, Mean loss of weight of pellets was similar in both sites, indicating comparable absorption. Inhibition of growth of seminal vesicles was significantly less with splenic than with subcutaneous depots of Cyp A (P<.05, Exp 1; P<.001, Exp 2). These data provide evidence that (a) this compound does not exert its anti-androgenic effects by increasing the inacti-vation of testosterone propionate in the liver, and that (b) Cyp A can be destroyed in the liver before producing systemic effects as an anti-androgen. The effectiveness of Cyp A as an anti-androgen was shown by a 40% reduction in androgenic response in studies employing a ratio of 2 parts of Cyp A (supplied by pellets) to 1 part of testosterone propionate (supplied in oil).
A New Genus of the Choanephoraceae

A mucoraceous fungus belonging to the Choanephoraceae, representing a new genus and species, is described and named Cokeromyces recurvatus. The genus Cokeromyces is distinguished from Blakeslea and...
Research on the Power Operation Safety Monitoring Platform Based on Wearable Technology

Wearable device is a computer system which can be worn on the body, which is a new form of humancomputer interaction. This paper applies wearable technology to safety helmet and digital watch, with the backstage monitoring system, safety monitoring of power operating staff can be implemented. This platform can give out a timely warning to unsafe behaviors, and assist to carry out the emergency rescue when accident occurs. The wearable terminal monitors the dangerous situation at the site in real time, and transfers the data to monitoring system. According to the monitoring data from operation sites, the monitoring system can master every operator's working condition, and give feedback information to them. This paper illustrates the hardware composition of the smart safety helmet and smart watch, and the specific functions of the monitoring system, which can provide reference to apply smart wearable device to electric power and other industries.
Effects of cholecystokinin on cytosolic calcium in pancreatic duct segments and ductal cells

Although the gastrointestinal peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has been shown to increase bicarbonate and water secretion and potentiate the effects of secretin on pancreatic ducts, CCK receptors have...
Beta-adrenergic effects on left ventricular filling: influence of aging and exercise training

Reduced heart rate and contractile responses to beta-agonist stimulation characterize normal cardiac aging, but whether diastolic responses also decline with aging has not been determined in humans. Diastolic filling responses to isoproterenol were determined in 13 older (60-82 yr) and 11 young (24-32 yr) healthy men before and after endurance training. Filling rates were expressed in three ways: 1) normalized to end-diastolic volume per second, 2) normalized to stroke volume per second, and 3) as absolute milliliters of blood (ml.s-1.m-2). Peak early filling rates by all methods were reduced at rest and all isoproterenol doses with aging (all P < 0.0001 for old vs. young), whereas peak atrial filling rates were increased with aging. During isoproterenol, both peak early and peak atrial filling rates increased significantly (all P < 0.01); the increase in filling rates with isoproterenol was not different with aging (all NS for old vs. young x dose). Endurance training did not augment diastolic filling responses to isoproterenol. Although diastolic filling rates at rest are markedly altered by aging, diastolic filling responses to isoproterenol are not reduced with aging. Thus the age-associated declines in heart rate, ejection fraction, and cardiac output responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol do not extend to diastolic filling responses.
Clinical Trials of Nutritional Support in Cancer: Parenteral and Enteral Therapy

Cancer-related malnutrition is associated with poor prognosis. Although logic would dictate that nutritional support should improve malnutrition and thus outcome, when tested by controlled clinical trials, this has not borne out. With the exception of bone marrow transplantation, routine specialized nutritional support, particularly parenteral nutrition, has not demonstrated consistent therapeutic benefit with respect to any outcome measure and may be associated with harm to patients. The clinician must carefully select appropriate indications for specialized nutritional support in cancer patients.
How Cognitive Science Can Help Us Educate for Cosmopolitanism

The key to increasing the defining element of cosmopolitanism—helping distant others who are in need—is to increase people’s recognition of their sameness and overlap with Others. Changing their habitual distorted—and sometimes dehumanizing—perception of Others, however, usually requires much more than evidence and logical argument. It requires replacing faulty cognitive schemas, which comprise not just faulty propositional beliefs about Others but also multiple non-propositional forms of faulty knowledge. Correcting faulty schemas can be accomplished by practices such as the encoding in memory of powerful corrective exemplars of the Other and developing metacognition of one’s cognitive and emotional responses to the Other. Literature can initiate these schema-altering processes in readers, and teachers can enhance them through practices that are explained here.
Challenges Pre-Service Teachers Face When Implementing a 5E Inquiry Model of Instruction.

This study examined the challenges that pre-service teachers faced when implementing inquiry and their perspective on how to overcome them. The data sample was 55 pre-service teachers (PSTs) enrolled into two sections of a science methods course in a private university in North Texas. The data sources consisted of inquiry-based lesson plans, PST interviews, peer teaching observational notes, and field notes to investigate those challenges. The data were coded through designed rubrics for lesson plans and peer teaching sessions and were analyzed using the constant comparative method. The results of this study showed that PSTs faced several challenges regarding the science content and the teaching method. The PST face main challenges with the explain and the elaborate phases of the 5E. They also faced challenges difficulties with managing the time to teach the 5E model, and mapping the lessons to the different parts of the 5E model. The results also showed several solutions such as having solid science content through engaging in different experiences, and having more practice with the 5E lesson planning. We discuss the implications of this study for teacher education programs.
The Influence of College Attendance on Risk for Marijuana Initiation in the United States: 1977 to 2015

Objectives. To examine a potential increase in marijuana initiation among US college students as compared with their age peers not in college before and after 2013, a watershed year for increasing tolerance of marijuana use in the United States.Methods. Data come from the Monitoring the Future study, which has followed longitudinal panels drawn from annual nationally representative, baseline samples of 12th-grade students starting with the class of 1976. We studied panel members aged 19 to 22 years who had never used marijuana by 12th grade between 1977 and 2015.Results. College as a risk factor for marijuana initiation has increased significantly since 2013. The increased probability of past-year marijuana use for those enrolled versus not enrolled in college was 51% in 2015, 41% in 2014, and 31% in 2013; it averaged 17% to 22% from 1977 to 2012 among youths who had never used marijuana by 12th grade.Conclusions. College has grown as a risk factor for marijuana initiation since 2013.Public Health Implica...
Disparities in compliance with the Oncotype DX breast cancer test in the United States: A National Cancer Data Base assessment.

Abstract Background Oncotype DX (ODX) is a multi-gene tumor assay for breast cancer patients. Our objective is to assess whether eligible ODX patients received the test and whether recommendations were followed based on respective risk. Methods We retrospectively analyzed testing in patients deemed eligible for ODX using the National Cancer Data Base. Results A total of 158,235 patients met ODX eligibility criteria. Sixty-four percent of eligible patients did not receive the test. Non-testing rose with age. White patients were more likely to be tested (56%) versus black patients (46%, p Conclusions ODX is under-utilized, with racial and socio-economic factors influencing testing. Further studies are necessary to identify ways to remove disparities and increase testing when appropriate.
Deviant Behavior in Learning Disabled and Behaviorally Disordered Students as a Function of Level and Placement.

Differences in the social behavior of learning disabled and behaviorally disordered students as a function of age and placement were investigated using teacher ratings of classroom behavior. Resour...
Derivation of the entropic formula for the statistical mechanics of space plasmas

Abstract. Kappa distributions describe velocities and energies of plasma populations in space plasmas. The statistical origin of these distributions is associated with the framework of nonextensive statistical mechanics. Indeed, the kappa distribution is derived by maximizing the q entropy of Tsallis, under the constraints of the canonical ensemble. However, the question remains as to what the physical origin of this entropic formulation is. This paper shows that the q entropy can be derived by adapting the additivity of energy and entropy.
C/EBPα transcription factor is regulated by the RANK cytoplasmic 535IVVY538 motif and stimulates osteoclastogenesis more strongly than c-Fos

Binding of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) to its receptor RANK on osteoclast (OC) precursors up-regulates c-Fos and CCAAT/enhancer–binding protein-α (C/EBPα), two critical OC transcription factors. However, the effects of c-Fos and C/EBPα on osteoclastogenesis have not been compared. Herein, we demonstrate that overexpression of c-Fos or C/EBPα in OC precursors up-regulates OC genes and initiates osteoclastogenesis independently of RANKL. However, although C/EBPα up-regulated c-Fos, c-Fos failed to up-regulate C/EBPα in OC precursors. Consistently, C/EBPα overexpression more strongly promoted OC differentiation than did c-Fos overexpression. RANK has a cytoplasmic 535IVVY538 (IVVY) motif that is essential for osteoclastogenesis, and we found that mutation of the IVVY motif blocked OC differentiation by partly inhibiting expression of C/EBPα but not expression of c-Fos. We therefore hypothesized that C/EBPα overexpression might rescue osteoclastogenesis in cells expressing the mutated IVVY motif. However, overexpression of C/EBPα or c-Fos failed to stimulate osteoclastogenesis in the mutant cells. Notably, the IVVY motif mutation abrogated OC gene expression compared with a vector control, suggesting that the IVVY motif might counteract OC inhibitors during osteoclastogenesis. Consistently, the IVVY motif mutant triggered up-regulation of recombinant recognition sequence–binding protein at the Jκ site (RBP-J) protein, a potent OC inhibitor. Mechanistically, C/EBPα or c-Fos overexpression in the mutant cells failed to control the up-regulated RBP-J expression, leading to suppression of OC genes. Accordingly, RBP-J silencing in the mutant cells rescued osteoclastogenesis with C/EBPα or c-Fos overexpression with C/EBPα exhibiting a stronger osteoclastogenic effect. Collectively, our findings indicate that C/EBPα is a stronger inducer of OC differentiation than c-Fos, partly via C/EBPα regulation by the RANK 535IVVY538 motif.
Heuristic Algorithms for Inventory Replenishment with Perishable Products and Multiple Transportation Modes

This study extends classic economic lot-sizing problems to permit the replenishment of age-dependent perishable inventories via multiple transportation modes. Inventory replenishment costs include ...
Two Ca2+-dependent ATPases in rat liver plasma membrane. The previously purified (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase is not a Ca2+-pump but an ecto-ATPase

We have shown that the rat liver plasma membrane has at least two (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPases. One of them has the properties of a plasma membrane Ca2+-pump (Lin, S.-H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7850-7856); the other one, which we have purified (Lin, S.-H., and Fain, J.N. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 3016-3020) and characterized (Lin, S.-H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 10976-10980) has no established function. In this study we present evidence that the purified (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase is a plasma membrane ecto-ATPase. In hepatocytes in primary culture, we can detect Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities by addition of ATP to the intact cells. The external localization of the active site of the ATPase was confirmed by the observation that the Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities were the same for intact cells, saponin-treated cells, and cell homogenates. Less than 14% of total intracellular lactate dehydrogenase, a cytosolic enzyme, was released during a 30-min incubation of the hepatocytes with 2 mM ATP. This indicates that the hepatocytes maintained cytoplasmic membrane integrity during the 30-min incubation with ATP, and the Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activity measured in the intact cell preparation was due to cell surface ATPase activity. The possibility that the ecto-Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase may be the same protein as the previously purified (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase was tested by comparing the properties of the ecto-ATPase with those of (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase. Both the ecto-ATPase and the (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase have broad nucleotide-hydrolyzing activity, i.e. they both hydrolyze ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP, ADP, and GDP to a similar extent. The effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the ecto-ATPase activity is not additive indicating that both Ca2+- and Mg2+-ATPase activities are part of the same enzyme. The ecto-ATPase activity, like the (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase, is not sensitive to oligomycin, vanadate, N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate; and both the ecto-ATPase and purified (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase activities are insensitive to protease treatments. These properties indicate that the previously purified (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase is an ecto-ATPase and may function in regulating the effect of ATP and ADP on hepatocyte Ca2+ mobilization (Charest, R., Blackmore, P.F., and Exton, J.H. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 15789-15794).
Attitude Control of Micro/Mini Aerial Vehicles and Estimation of Aerodynamic Angles Formulated as Parametric Uncertainties

A recurring problem in controlling the attitude of miniature/micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) is the presence of an unknown atmospheric wind. Wind directly affects the vehicle's translational variables, namely the airspeed, angle-of-attack, and sideslip angle, all three of which are important variables in the equations that govern a fixed wing aircraft's aerodynamics. Consequently, wind exerts a major influence on the overall dynamics of an MAV. In this letter, we assume a knowledge of airspeed and describe a Lyapunov-based nonlinear estimation and control method that estimates the effects of angle-of-attack and sideslip on the vehicle's attitude, and at the same time controls the attitude to track a desired quaternion trajectory. This makes it possible to design an attitude control module that does not rely upon a knowledge of the individual components of the vehicle's translational velocity. The decomposition of the measured airspeed into the individual components is accomplished by the controller itself, in the form of an estimation of the angle-of-attack and the sideslip angle. We prove that, under quite general conditions, we can achieve asymptotic tracking of the attitude to the desired trajectory and also estimate how the attitude dynamics are affected by unpredictable disturbances in the angle-of-attack and sideslip angle.
SCoT: a spoken conversational tutor

We describe SCoT, a Spoken Conversational Tutor, which has been implemented in order to investigate the advantages of natural language in tutoring, especially spoken language. SCoT uses a generic architecture for conversational intelligence which has capabilities such as turn management and coordination of multi-modal input and output. SCoT also includes a set of domain independent tutorial recipes, a domain specific production-rule knowledge base, and many natural language components including a bi-directional grammar, a speech recognizer, and a text-to-speech synthesizer. SCoT leads a reflective tutorial discussion based on the details of a problem solving session with a real-time Navy shipboard damage control simulator. The tutor attempts to identify and remediate gaps in the student's understanding of damage control doctrine by decomposing its tutorial goals into dialogue acts, which are then acted on by the dialogue manager to facilitate the conversation.
Introduction to Exact Analytical Methods

This chapter discusses about exact analytical methods. The methods have been separated into two parts: (1) methods which can be used for ordinary differential equations and, sometimes, partial differential equations—when a method in this part can be used for a partial differential equation, there is a star (*) alongside the method name; and (2) methods which can only be used for partial differential equations. The chapter lists methods that are the most useful when solving ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. Most useful methods for ODEs include: look up technique, look up ODE forms, computer-aided solution, constant coefficient linear equations, eigenfunction expansions, Green's functions, integral transforms: infinite intervals, integrating factors, series solution, and method of undetermined coefficients. Most useful methods for PDEs include look up technique, eigenfunction expansions, Green's functions, integral transforms: infinite intervals, method of characteristics, conformal mappings, separation of variables and similarity methods.
A comparison of eye-head coordination between virtual and physical realities

Past research has shown that humans exhibit certain eye-head responses to the appearance of visual stimuli, and these natural reactions change during different activities. Our work builds upon these past observations by offering new insight to how humans behave in Virtual Reality (VR) compared to Physical Reality (PR). Using eye- and head- tracking technology, and by conducting a study on two groups of users - participants in VR or PR - we identify how often these natural responses are observed in both environments. We find that users statistically move their heads more often when viewing stimuli in VR than in PR, and VR users also move their heads more in the presence of text. We open a discussion for identifying the HWD factors that cause this difference, as this may not only affect predictive models using eye movements as features, but also VR user experience overall.
TACHYON: tandem execution for efficient live patch testing

The vast number of security incidents are caused by exploits against vulnerabilities for which a patch is already available, but that users simply did not install. Patch installation is often delayed because patches must be tested manually to make sure they do not introduce problems, especially at the enterprise level. In this paper we propose a new tandem execution approach for automated patch testing. Our approach is based on a patch execution consistency model which maintains that a patch is safe to apply if the executions of the pre and post-patch program only differ on attack inputs. Tandem execution runs both pre and post-patch programs simultaneously in order to check for execution consistency. We have implemented our techniques in TACHYON, a system for online patch testing in Linux. TACHYON is able to automatically check and verify patches without source access.
Denitrification Potential and Carbon Mineralization in Restored and Unrestored Coastal Wetland Soils Across an Urban Landscape

The recovery of wetland function after tidal flow restoration may be influenced by water pollution and sea level rise. Our objective was to examine the effects of tidal flow restoration on denitrification potential and carbon (C) mineralization across an urban coastal landscape. Soil cores were collected from 32 tidal wetlands in Connecticut, U.S.A., spanning a wide range of salinity (0.3–29 ppt) and watershed development (<1–79%). In brackish wetlands, denitrification potential increased with time since restoration, while C mineralization showed no significant relationship. Soil chemistry was also a strong predictor of process rates; best fit multiple linear regression models for denitrification included both soil chemistry variables and time since restoration. Although principal components analysis revealed soil chemistry overlapped by wetland type (freshwater, saline, or brackish), process rates in freshwater versus brackish wetlands had different relationships with soil chemistry. In freshwater wetlands, denitrification potential and C mineralization increased with soil metal content. In brackish wetlands, denitrification potential decreased with increasing salinity and C mineralization increased with increasing organic matter, soil moisture, and ammonium. Our results highlight the potential for biogeochemical processes to recover after wetland restoration, along with complex interactions between these processes and chemicals in developed coastal landscapes.
Working toward Meaning: The Evolution of an Assignment.

Teacher research is a way to closely examine student thinking, social interactions, and one's own instructional beliefs, decisions, and actions as they occur within actual classroom contexts. This paper is a reflective study of a photomontage assignment in a college-level course for academically underprepared students. I explore problems in the initial assignment and describe ways that changes in constraints and foundational activities resulted in aesthetically richer and more meaningful art work. Samples of reflective writing and interviews illustrate students' perceptions of their learning, and descriptions of student work provide examples of outcomes.
Effects of pressure changes induced by commercial navigation traffic on mortality of fish early life stages

Mortality of fish early life stages was measured in a pressure vessel to simulate vertical displacement within the water column. Mortality was measured for three pressure regimes for four fish species: larval bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus, larval blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus, juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. The maximum pressure‐change tested, 344.8 kPa, equivalent to a 35.2 m displacement of fish within the water column, did not cause significant mortality of larvae or juveniles. Since 32.5 m exceeds depths in most inland navigation channels and possibly the depth to which rapid propeller induced water mixing occurs, the range of pressure changes that could be experienced by early life stages during towboat mixing of the water column will not result in significant mortality.
Spatiotemporal Sequence Memory for Prediction using Deep Sparse Coding

Our brains are, "prediction machines", where we are continuously comparing our surroundings with predictions from internal models generated by our brains. This is demonstrated by observing our basic low level sensory systems and how they predict environmental changes as we move through space and time. Indeed, even at higher cognitive levels, we are able to do prediction. We can predict how the laws of physics affect people, places, and things and even predict the end of someone's sentence. In our work, we sought to create an artificial model that is able to mimic early, low level biological predictive behavior in a computer vision system. Our predictive vision model uses spatiotemporal sequence memories learned from deep sparse coding. This model is implemented using a biologically inspired architecture: one that utilizes sequence memories, lateral inhibition, and top-down feedback in a generative framework. Our model learns the causes of the data in a completely unsupervised manner, by simply observing and learning about the world. Spatiotemporal features are learned by minimizing a reconstruction error convolved over space and time, and can subsequently be used for recognition, classification, and future video prediction. Our experiments show that we are able to accurately predict what will happen in the future; furthermore, we can use our predictions to detect anomalous, unexpected events in both synthetic and real video sequences.
An attempt to identify reproducible high-density EEG markers of PTSD during sleep.

STUDY OBJECTIVES We examined electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power to study abnormalities in regional brain activity in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during sleep. We aimed to identify sleep EEG markers of PTSD that were reproducible across nights and subsamples of our study population. METHODS Seventy-eight combat-exposed veteran men with (n = 31) and without (n = 47) PTSD completed two consecutive nights of high-density EEG recordings in a laboratory. We performed spectral-topographical EEG analyses on data from both nights. To assess reproducibility, we used the first 47 consecutive participants (18 with PTSD) for initial discovery and the remaining 31 participants (13 with PTSD) for replication. RESULTS In the discovery analysis, compared with non-PTSD participants, PTSD participants exhibited (1) reduced delta power (1-4 Hz) in the centro-parietal regions during nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and (2) elevated high-frequency power, most prominent in the gamma band (30-40 Hz), in the antero-frontal regions during both NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. These findings were consistent across the two study nights, with reproducible trends in the replication analysis. We found no significant group differences in theta power (4-8 Hz) during REM sleep and sigma power (12-15 Hz) during N2 sleep. CONCLUSIONS The reduced centro-parietal NREM delta power, indicating reduced sleep depth, and the elevated antero-frontal NREM and REM gamma powers, indicating heightened central arousal, are potential objective sleep markers of PTSD. If independently validated, these putative EEG markers may offer new targets for the development of sleep-specific PTSD diagnostics and interventions.
Screening and Assessment of Substance Use Disorder in Psychosis

Abstract Comorbid substance use is a major complication for people with schizophrenia and related disorders, with the most common drugs of abuse being nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Psychologists working in this area need to understand the broader effects of substance use on psychotic symptoms and psychosocial functioning and be able to assess this comorbidity, to help guide treatment plans and/or direct patients to appropriate services. Drawing on the international evidence base, this chapter will introduce readers to best practice in the screening and assessment of co-occurring substance use in people with psychosis, outline the strengths and limitations of available tools, and discuss the challenges involved in the assessment process.
Emerging Insights of Tumor Heterogeneity and Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy

The biggest hurdle to targeted cancer therapy is the inevitable emergence of drug resistance. Tumor cells employ different mechanisms to resist the targeting agent. Most commonly in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer, secondary resistance mutations on the target kinase domain emerge to diminish the binding affinity of first- and second-generation inhibitors. Other alternative resistance mechanisms include activating complementary bypass pathways and phenotypic transformation. Sequential monotherapies promise to temporarily address the problem of acquired drug resistance, but evidently are limited by the tumor cells’ ability to adapt and evolve new resistance mechanisms to persist in the drug environment. Recent studies have nominated a model of drug resistance and tumor progression under targeted therapy as a result of a small subpopulation of cells being able to endure the drug (minimal residual disease cells) and eventually develop further mutations that allow them to regrow and become the dominant population in the therapy-resistant tumor. This subpopulation of cells appears to have developed through a subclonal event, resulting in driver mutations different from the driver mutation that is tumor-initiating in the most common ancestor. As such, an understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity—the driving force behind minimal residual disease—is vital for the identification of resistance drivers that results from branching evolution. Currently available methods allow for a more comprehensive and holistic analysis of tumor heterogeneity in that issues associated with spatial and temporal heterogeneity can now be properly addressed. This review provides some background regarding intratumoral heterogeneity and how it leads to incomplete molecular response to targeted therapies, and proposes the use of single-cell methods, sequential liquid biopsy, and multiregion sequencing to discover the link between intratumoral heterogeneity and early adaptive drug resistance. In summary, minimal residual disease as a result of intratumoral heterogeneity is the earliest form of acquired drug resistance. Emerging technologies such as liquid biopsy and single-cell methods allow for studying targetable drivers of minimal residual disease and contribute to preemptive combinatorial targeting of both drivers of the tumor and its minimal residual disease cells.
Current Pharmacological Treatments for Childhood-Onset Eating Disorders

Eating disorders are common in childhood and adolescence and have the highest mortality rate of the mental illnesses, largely due to the medical complications of malnutrition. Psychiatric co-morbidities can lead to death by suicide. Despite a dearth of evidence on the topic, psychiatrists are often asked to comment on the potential utility of adding psychotropic medications to the treatment plan. It is challenging to recruit patients with eating disorders to medication studies. There are no psychotropic medications approved for the treatment of eating disorders in children and adolescents, although fluoxetine and lisdexamfetamine are approved for use in adult patients. A number of studies have examined the potential utility of appetite-promoting agents, such as mirtazapine and atypical antipsychotics, with mixed results. Safe, monitored renourishment and regulation of eating patterns are currently the most important intervention in the treatment of eating disorders. Current medication use in children and adolescents with eating disorders is limited to the treatment of co-morbid conditions, such as mood and anxiety disorders. More studies are needed to investigate whether the safety and efficacy of medications approved in eating disorders in the adult population can be generalized to child and adolescent populations. In addition, more work needs to be done to establish the underlying root causes of psychopathology and potential medication receptor targets.
Abstract 110: RNA Sequencing Reveals Novel Macrophage Transcriptome Favoring Neurovascular Plasticity After Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Blood monocytes/macrophages (MΦ) infiltrate the brain in massive numbers after ischemic stroke, but their functional roles in the post-stroke brain remain elusive. Methods: We sorted ...