cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Worth looking! venous thromboembolism in patients who undergo preperitoneal pelvic packing warrants screening duplex.

Abstract Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with major pelvic fractures who undergo preperitoneal pelvic packing (PPP) has not been investigated. We hypothesized that patients who undergo PPP are at high risk for VTE, thus early prophylactic anticoagulation and screening duplex are warranted. Study design All patients requiring PPP from 2015 to 2019 were reviewed. Management and outcomes were analyzed. Results During the study period, 79 patients underwent PPP. Excluding the early deaths, 17 patients had deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and 6 had pulmonary emboli (PE); 4 patients had both DVT/PE. Overall mortality was 15%. Thirty-two patients underwent screening duplex within 72 h of admission and 10 were positive for DVT. Conclusion Patients with complex pelvic trauma undergoing PPP have a 23% incidence of DVT and an additional 8% incidence of PE. 31% of screening ultrasounds are positive. The overall mortality was 15%. With a high incidence of VTE in this patient population, we recommend screening duplex ultrasounds.
Student resistance to active learning: do instructors (mostly) get it wrong?

Adopting evidence-based teaching practices, such as active learning, has proven to increase student learning, engagement, and interest in STEM and subsequently, the number and diversity of STEM gra...
Partisan Fractures in U.S. Federalism’s COVID-19 Policy Responses

The comparatively poor U.S. response to COVID-19 was not due to federal inaction or a flawed federal system per se but to party polarization and presidential and gubernatorial preferences that frus...
Assessing sense of community at farmers markets: A systematic review

Farmers markets are valuable for reducing food insecurity and delivering healthy food options to populations living with low incomes. However, farmers markets have developed a reputation for being exclusive shopping spaces devoted to affluent, white shoppers. Sense of community (SOC), or a person’s feelings of belonging at farmers markets, could be an important, under-addressed asset or barrier to farmers markets patronage for people living with low incomes. To document and describe how SOC influences customer engagement with farmers markets, we conducted a systematic review of published, peer-reviewed literature following PRISMA guidelines. Systematic review protocol involved three stages: identifying peer-reviewed articles using key search terms, screening abstracts and articles for inclusion and exclusion, and analyzing articles for SOC at farmers markets. Of the 24 articles included in the systematic review, 10 addressed SOC in farmers markets shoppers living with low incomes, 6 addressed SOC in farmers markets shoppers living with middle to high incomes, and 8 did not indicate the shoppers’ income level. SOC served as both a barrier and facilitator to farmers markets patronage for all income levels. However, farmers markets shoppers who received federal food assistance reported a feeling of exclusion discouraging them from shopping at farmers markets. These negative experiences were more prominent among Black, Indigenous, and other People of Color (BIPOC) living with low incomes. SOC appears to be an important factor in determining who shops at farmers markets and the frequency with which they visit. Farmers markets managers should consider how to strengthen SOC to improve engagement with people living with low incomes, and more specifically, BIPOC living with low incomes.
Prevalence and impact of acute kidney injury in hospitalized pediatric patients with acute pancreatitis

The incidence of acute pancreatitis (AP) in pediatric patients is rising with accompanying increased hospitalizations. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with worse clinical outcomes in adults, and similar data in the pediatric age group is limited. We analyzed non-overlapping years of National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and Kids Inpatient Database (KID) to include all patients less than 21 years old with primary diagnosis of AP between 2003 and 2016. Patients with concomitant diagnosis of AKI were compared with patients without AKI for demographics, comorbid/etiologic conditions, procedures, complications, and mortality. Length of stay and inflation-adjusted hospitalization charges were used to compare health care resource utilization. In total, 123,185 AP-related hospitalizations were analyzed. Overall prevalence of AKI among AP patients was 1.5% during the study period. The prevalence rate of AKI increased almost five-fold from 0.6% (2003) to a peak rate of 2.9% (2016), P < 0.001. Patients with AKI were older, more often male and had either more systemic diseases or chronic comorbid conditions such as malignancies, systemic lupus erythematosus, solid organ transplantation, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercalcemia. Multivariate analysis demonstrated AP-related hospitalizations with AKI were 1.97 (CI 1.27–3.08, P < 0.001) times more likely to be associated with in-hospital mortality and contributed to 4.3 additional days of hospitalization (CI 4.02–4.6, P < 0.001), also incurring an additional $51,830 (CI 48571–55088, P < 0.001) in hospital charges. The prevalence of AKI is increasing steadily among pediatric patients with AP and is associated with increased risk of mortality and higher health care resource expenditure.
Why some parents made firearms more accessible during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a national study.

The objective of this study was to assess parents' firearm storage behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic and characterize reasons why some parents made their firearms more accessible during this time. In June-July 2020, the study team conducted the FACTS National Survey-a cross-sectional, web-based, survey of 2,924 parents and their teens (ages14-18) regarding firearm-related practices. We weighted descriptive analyses to be nationally representative of parents of teens in the United States. We utilized qualitative thematic analysis to identify parents' reasons for making firearms more accessible. Five percent of firearm-owning parents of teens reported making their firearms more accessible during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Reasons why parents increased the ease of firearm access included: (1) Increased civil unrest and riots; (2) Threat of home invasion and/or crime victimization; (3) Fear of panic and the unknown; and (4) Easier access and greater protection, threat unspecified. Some parents-largely motivated by fear-chose to store firearms in a more accessible manner during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic to protect their family against possible external threats. Understanding the fear that motivates parents' decisions regarding storage practices might aid interventions focused on harm reduction and safer storage.
Modeling the Long-Term Retention of Plutonium in the Human Respiratory Tract Using Scar-Tissue Compartments.

The respiratory tract tissues of four former nuclear workers with plutonium intakes were radiochemically analyzed post mortem by the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries. Plutonium activities in the upper respiratory tract of these individuals were found to be higher than those predicted using the most recent biokinetic models described in publications of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Modification of the model parameters, including the bound fraction, was not able to explain the data in one of the four individuals who had inhaled insoluble form of plutonium. Literature review points to the presence of-and a significant retention of-plutonium in the scar tissues of the lungs. Accordingly, an alternate model with scar-tissue compartments corresponding to larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar-interstitium and thoracic lymph nodes was proposed. The rates of transfer to the scar tissue compartments were determined using Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis of data on urinary excretion, lung counts and post-mortem measurements of liver, skeleton and individual respiratory tract compartments, as available. The posterior models predicted that 20-100%-depending on the solubility of the material inhaled-of the activities retained in the respiratory tract were sequestered in the scar tissues.
COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Federal and State Prisons Compared With the US Population, April 5, 2020, to April 3, 2021.

This study examines COVID-19 cases and deaths among US federal and state prisoners from April 5, 2020, to April 3, 2021, compared with cases and deaths in the overall US population.
Why Primaries in Latin American Presidential Elections

In a context where primaries are not mandated, why do some parties use them to select presidential candidates? In this paper, we argue that the use of primary elections is likely to reflect the existence and intensity of divisions within political parties. We focus on several characteristics of political parties and party systems that are often associated with intraparty divisions. We find that these characteristics are correlated with the decision of Latin American parties to use primaries in selecting their presidential nominees. In particular, we find that coalitions and large, centrist parties are more likely to hold primaries, whereas primaries are less likely in institutional settings that facilitate exit from existing parties.
Echocardiographically silent Aspergillus mural endocarditis

3. Perry MC, Bauer JH, Farhangi M: Hypokalemia in acute myelogenous leukemia. South Med J 1983; 76:958-961 4. Lawson DH, Henry DA, Lowe JM, et al: Severe hypokalemia in hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139:978-980 5. Simpson DP, Wen SF, Chesney RW: Fluid and electrolyte abnormalities due to tumors, their products or metabolites, In Rieselbach RE, Garnick MB (Eds): Cancerand the Kidney. Philadelphia, Lea& Febiger, 1982, pp 534-590 6. Longo DL: Hypokalemia in leukemia (Letter). Blood 1977; 50:749 7. Naparstek Y, Gutman A: Case report: Spurious hypokalemia in myeloproliferative disorders. AmJ Med Sci 1984; 288:175-177 8. Adams PC, Woodhouse KW, Adela M, et al: Exaggerated hypokalaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br Med J [Clin Res] 1981; 282:1034-1035 9. Hess CE, Nichols AB, Hunt WB, et al: Pseudohypoxemia secondary to leukemia and thrombocytosis. N Engl J Med 1979; 301:361-363 10. Bellevue R, Dosik H, Spergel G, et al: Pseudohyperkalemia and extreme leukocytosis. J Lab Clin Med 1975; 85:660-664 11. Logan JG, Newland AC: Leucocyte sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase and leukemia. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 123:3943 12. Block JB, Bonting SL: Sodium-potassium activated adenosinetriphosphatase and cation transport in normal and leukemic human leukocytes. Enzymol Biol Clin 1964; 4:183-198
Jenseniin G, a heat-stable bacteriocin produced by Propionibacterium jensenii P126.

The genus Propionibacterium includes cutaneous species typically found on human skin and the dairy or classical species (Propionibacterium freudenreichii, P. jensenii, P. thoenii, and P. acidipropionici) used industrially for the production of Swiss cheese and propionic acid. Grinstead (1989, M.S. thesis, Iowa State University, Ames) has previously observed that some dairy propionibacteria inhibit other species in the classical grouping. We further investigated the inhibitor(s) produced by P. jensenii P126 (ATCC 4872). An antagonist(s) from anaerobic agar cultures of P126 strongly inhibited two closely related strains of propionibacteria, P. acidipropionici P5 and P. jensenii P54, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus NCDO 1489, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 4797, Lactococcus cremoris NCDO 799, and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C2. The inhibitor, designated jenseniin G, was active at pH 7.0; inactivated by treatment with pronase E, proteinase K, and type 14 protease; insensitive to catalase; and stable to freezing, cold storage (4 degrees C, 3 days), and heat (100 degrees C, 15 min). Classification of the inhibitor as a bacteriocin is supported by its proteinaceous nature and its bactericidal activity against L. delbrueckii subsp. lactis ATCC 4797. The lack of detectable plasmids suggests a chromosomal location for the determinant(s) of jenseniin G.
Local Atomic Displacements in High Tc Oxides Studied by Pulsed Neutron Scattering

Various deviations from perfect periodicity in the atomic structure are found in real superconducting oxides, due to extrinsic defects such as oxygen vacancies, site occupation disorder, or twins. However, there are strong indications that these oxides also contain significant intrinsic disorder which may play a role in the superconductivity. A common indication of such disorder is a large “temperature factor”, or the Debye-Waller factor, in the atomic structure which is often hardly dependent on temperature. Such a large temperature factor often results not only from the amplitudes of thermal vibration, but also from some static or quasi-static atomic displacements which have not been properly included in the structural analysis.
Acetaminophen Overdose: Incidence, Diagnosis, and Management in 416 Patients

Acetaminophen overdose was studied in 416 patients as part of a nationwide multiclinic open study. Twenty-seven percent of the patients were toxic by plasma acetaminophen level. The 12- to 21-year-old age group had the highest incidence of toxic blood levels (47%). Children under age 5 had the mildest toxicity of any age group; only two of 16 patients had toxic blood levels. No relationship to subsequent Reye's syndrome could be demonstrated. Acetylcysteine is a safe, effective treatment if administered within the first ten hours; it has some efficacy with no toxicity if used after ten hours. Acetylcysteine has advantages over both cysteamine and methionine. All patients in this study recovered with no sequelae.
A solution manual for Polchinski's "String Theory"

We present detailed solutions to 81 of the 202 problems in J. Polchinski's two-volume textbook "String Theory".
NMDA receptor antagonists impair prefrontal cortex function as assessed via spatial delayed alternation performance in rats: modulation by dopamine

The present study was performed to assess the role of excitatory amino acid and dopamine receptors on associative functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of the rat. Spatial delayed alternation was used as a PFC- sensitive cognitive task. In addition, in vivo microdialysis was used to assess the release of dopamine in the PFC. The noncompetitive NMDA antagonists ketamine (10–30 mg/kg) and MK-801 (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg) dose- dependently impaired the spatial delayed alternation performance compared with the saline-treated control group. Administration of the dopamine antagonists raclopride (0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg), SCH-23390 (0.1 mg/kg), or haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg) was without a significant effect. However, haloperidol and raclopride (but not SCH-23390) reversed the disruptive effect of 30 mg/kg ketamine on spatial delayed alternation performance. Microdialysis studies revealed that this dose of ketamine preferentially increased the release of dopamine in the PFC compared with the striatum. These findings indicate that attenuation of glutamatergic neurotransmission at the NMDA receptor impairs PFC- dependent cognitive functions. Furthermore, activation of dopamine neurotransmission contributes, at least in part, to this impairment.
Self-Advocacy: The Importance of Building Interpersonal-Communication and Help-Seeking Skills in Elementary School Children.

Now, more so than in the past, children have been deprived of the opportunity to learn and exercise effective interpersonal communication skills. Interpersonal communication skills, for elementary students, are important in the development of a student’s ability to self-advocate. The purpose of this study is to identify techniques in which teachers may support interpersonal communication and self-advocacy skills among school-aged children. The literature reveals the importance of self-advocacy and help-seeking strategies on students’ academic success. Unfortunately, as students approach the upper-elementary grades, they are bombarded with competing interests that can inhibit their help-seeking ability. Research methods used followed teacher action research carried out in a California public school. Surveys were examined for correlations and themes. Initial interviews were conducted with experts in the field and communication techniques were gathered from the literature. The results indicated that students’ help-seeking ability depended on a vast array of factors, including, but not limited to: gender, genetic factors, subject, classroom environment, teacher trust, agency, autonomy, competing academic and social goals, and peer comparison. These findings also aligned developmentally with prior research and mirrored parent/guardian helpseeking ability.
Complexes of 2,6-diacetylpyridine dioxime (dapdoH2). Crystal structures of [M(dapdoH2)2](ClO4)2 (M = Cu and Mn)

The family of compounds [M(dapdoH2)2](ClO4)2 (dapdoH2 = diacetylpyridine dioxime; M = Mn, Co, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn) were prepared and their properties studied and compared with the literature. The X-ray crystal structures of [Mn(dapdoH2)2](ClO4)2, (1), and [Cu(dapdoH2)2](ClO4)2, (5), are reported. Both exhibit the expected coordination sphere with six nitrogen atoms coordinated to the central metal, but each shows deformation from pseudo-octahedral geometry. In the case of (1), this takes the form of a significant tilting of one ligand, while in (5) the ligands are twisted toward each other, reducing the dihedral angle between them to 72°. In both cases, hydrogen bonding between the perchlorate ions and the oxime O–H groups links the units into chains. Attempts to prepare and crystallize the corresponding anions led to isolation of the oxidized products.
Shallow-water volcaniclastic deposition in the Early Archean Panorama Formation, Warrawoona Group, eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia

Abstract The Panorama Formation of the 3.3–3.5 Ga Warrawoona Group in the eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia, is a regional unit composed largely of silicified felsic volcaniclastic sandstone and tuff deposited at the close of a major period of early Archean felsic volcanism. It is divided into eight lithofacies: (A) volcaniclastic tuff and tuff-breccia, (B) chert-clast conglomerate, (C) well-bedded tuff and tuff-breccia, (D) cross-stratified volcaniclastic sandstone, (E) laminated and cross-laminated siltstone, (F) banded chert, (G) silicified evaporite, and (H) felsic lava. Wave-formed features occur in lithofacies B, C, D, and E. The eight lithofacies occur in four facies associations: (1) sequences of banded chert with lesser amounts of tuff, representing clastic-starved probable basinal environments, (2) sequences of siltstone with variable amounts of tuff, representing lower shoreface and prodelta environments, (3) sequences of cross-stratified sandstone with one or more other facies, representing upper shoreface, fan-delta front, and braided-stream environments, and (4) sequences of turbiditic and ash-fall tuff, representing subaqueous settings under the direct influence of pyroclastic volcanism. In the North Pole Dome, the Panorama Formation is developed directly over basalt and consists of shoaling-upward sequences, from base to top, of associations 1, 2, and 3, interpreted as sedimentation in prograding fan-delta complexes flanked laterally by shoreface environments. In other areas, associations 3 and 4 are developed over thick sections of felsic lava and breccia of the Duffer Formation. Felsic volcanism controlled sediment composition, sediment size, and the rate of sediment supply to surrounding epiclastic systems. Deposition took place under regionally developed shallow-water to subaerial conditions in which deep-water distal facies were not well developed. Despite the abundance of wave-influenced shallow-water environments, evidence for tides is rare, probably because deposition took place under regionally microtidal marine conditions.
Observations on the decline in sperm quality of Penaeus setiferus under laboratory conditions

The effect of captivity on sperm quality was investigated using Penaeus setiferus sourced in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Forty-five males were held indoors in a 3.7-m diameter circular fiberglass tank and evaluated for sperm quality on a weekly basis using the following criteria: (1) spermatophore weight and description of external condition, (2) sperm count, (3) percent live sperm, and (4) percent abnormal sperm. There was no significant decline in sperm quality or quantity until the third week of captivity. At this time, the average percentage of abnormal spermatozoa increased to 68.3%, while the mean number of sperm per spermatophore decreased significantly from between 39.7–54.4 × 106 to 16.7 × 106. Mean percent live sperm declined to 20.7% at the fifth week in captivity. There was a significant decrease in spermatophore weight between weeks 0–5 and 6–7, with mean spermatophore weights for weeks 6 and 7 of 0.066 and 0.073 g, respectively. These data indicate that there is a decline in sperm quality for P. setiferus held under laboratory conditions.
Soil Moisture and Thermal Behavior in the Vicinity of Buried Objects Affecting Remote Sensing Detection: Experimental and Modeling Investigation

Improvements in buried mine detection using remote sensing technology rest on understanding the effects on sensor response of spatial and temporal variability created by soil and environmental conditions. However, research efforts on mine detection have generally emphasized sensor development, while less effort has been made to evaluate the effects of the environmental conditions in which the mines are placed. If the processes governing moisture and temperature distribution near the ground surface can be captured, sensor development and deployment can be more realistically tailored to particular operational scenarios and technologies. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the soil environment on landmine detection by studying the influence of the thermal boundary conditions at the land-atmosphere interface and the buried objects themselves on the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture around shallow-buried objects. Two separate large tank experiments were performed with buried objects with different thermal properties. Experimental results were compared to results from a fully coupled heat and mass transfer numerical model. Comparison of experimental and numerical results suggests that the vapor enhancement factor used to adjust the vapor diffusive flux described based on Fick's law is not necessary under dry soil conditions. Data and simulations from this study show that the thermal signature of a buried object depends on the complex interaction among a soil's water content and its thermal and hydraulic properties. Simulated thermal and saturation contrasts were generally very different for a buried landmine than for other buried objects.
Fluorescence anisotropy as a method to examine the thermodynamics of enantioselectivity.

A new method is evaluated whereby enantioselective binding is examined by use of steady-state fluorescence anisotropy measurements. A theoretical treatment is presented that relates fluorescence anisotropy measurements to chiral selectivity and allows the estimation of thermodynamic parameters of chiral recognition. It is shown that the natural logarithm of the ratio of anisotropy values of two enantiomers varies as a function of temperature in a manner where the slope and intercept are directly related to the differential enthalpy (ΔΔH°) and entropy (TΔΔS°) of the enantioselective interaction. The developed method was evaluated by examining the enantioselective interactions of several chiral molecules with β-cyclodextrin and a molecular micelle.
Cellular and molecular alterations in spinal cord injury patients with pressure ulcers: a preliminary report.

Abstract The study was designed to investigate the changes, both numerically and functionally, of the molecules critical to wound healing in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Spinal cord injury patients who demonstrated delayed healing of their pressure ulcers were used as study subjects. Age-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Adhesion molecule expression of the peripheral blood leukocytes, including lymphocytes and granulocytes, was measured by flow cytometric analysis. Binding capacity of the lymphocytes was evaluated using human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as the binding matrix. Samples from pressure ulcers of the patients were immunostained to define fibronectin, kalinin, β4 integrin, α2β1, α3β1, α5β1, and CD138 expression. Compared to healthy controls, there was decreased expression of CD11a, CD11b, CD18, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD54, and CD8 in patients' lymphocyte populations and CD11a, CD18, CD49c, CD49d, and CD8 in patients' granulocyte populations. The binding capacity, expressed as percentage binding of the lymphocytes to the HUVEC matrix, was greatly diminished in the patients. There was markedly diminished immunohistochemical staining of fibronectin in pressure ulcers. These findings showed that delayed healing of pressure ulcers in SCI patients can be attributed to reduced adhesion molecule expression, impaired cell—cell interaction, and lack of extracellular matrix structural and functional protein.
Ernst Fuchs: New Testament Theologian

the most original of the "New Questers" of the historical Jesus, retired from his chair as ordentlicher Professor of New Testament and Hermeneutic at the University of Marburg in Germany. That mandatory event marked the official close of the career, at once stormy and erratic, of a brilliant and baffling scholar. This paper will attempt to bring this enigmatic man into sharper focus than previous treatments ave provided by analyzing his life, his style, and the theological problems which were rooted in Dialectic Theol-
Pulmonary-renal syndrome in a newborn with placental transmission of ANCAs

Despite clinical and experimental data suggesting a direct relationship between antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) and disease activity in patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), the causal relationship between perinuclear ANCAs specific for myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) and disease manifestations has been controversial. We describe the case of a woman with a history of pulmonary-renal syndrome caused by MPA whose disease became clinically and serologically active during pregnancy. Forty-eight hours after delivery, the newborn developed pulmonary hemorrhage and abnormalities in renal function. The newborn's cord blood showed an immunoglobulin G MPO-ANCA level identical to that of the mother's serum, indicating passive transfer of the antibody to the neonate. Our findings represent the first human model supporting the interpretation that MPO-ANCAs were immunopathogenic.
Propagation of partially polarized light through anisotropic media with or without depolarization: A differential 4 × 4 matrix calculus

We extend the scope of the Mueller calculus to parallel that established by Jones for his calculus. We find that the Stokes vector S of a light beam that propagates through a linear depolarizing anisotropic medium obeys the first-order linear differential equation dS/dz = mS, where z is the distance traveled along the direction of propagation and m is a 4 × 4 real matrix that summarizes the optical properties of the medium which influence the Stokes vector. We determine the differential matrix m for eight basic types of optical behavior, find its form for the most general anisotropic nondepolarizing medium, and determine its relationship to the complex 2 × 2 differential Jones matrix. We solve the Stokes-vector differential equation for light propagation in homogeneous nondepolarizating media with arbitrary absorptive and refractive anisotropy. In the process, we solve the differential-matrix and Mueller-matrix eigenvalue equations. To illustrate the case of inhomogeneous anisotropic media, we consider the propagation of partially polarized light along the helical axis of a cholesteric or twisted-nematic liquid crystal. As an example of depolarizing media, we consider light propagation through a medium that tends to equalize the preference of the state of polarization to the right and left circular states.
GAS-PHASE NMR STUDIES OF N,N-DIMETHYLTHIOAMIDES. INFLUENCE OF THE THIOCARBONYL SUBSTITUENT ON THE INTERNAL ROTATION ACTIVATION ENERGIES

Temperature-dependent gas-phase 1H NMR spectra of seven thiocarbonyl-substituted N,N-dimethylthioamides (YCSN(CH3)2) obtained at 300 MHz are consistent with the following free activation energies ΔG⧧298 (kcal mol-1): Y = H, 22.5 (0.1); CH3, 18.0 (0.1); F, 18.3 (0.1); Cl, 16.9 (0.2); CF3, 17.2 (0.1); CH2CH3, 17.6 (0.1); CH(CH3)2, 16.3 (0.1). The results are compared to condensed-phase values and to the corresponding gas-phase oxoamides.
All Under One Roof: Mixed-Status Families in an Era of Reform

In this paper we document the prevalence of mixed immigration status families and discuss some of the immigration and citizenship policies that drive their formation. Using the 1998 Current Population Survey, we find that nearly one in ten families with children is a mixed status family: that is a family in which one or both parents is a noncitizen and one or more children is a citizen. We also find that 75 percent of children in immigrant families are citizens. We identify a number of the challenges that mixed status families pose for achieving the goals of recent welfare and illegal immigration reforms.
Explaining Relative Peace: Major Power Order, 1816-1976

Defining peace as the absence of war has been of limited usefulness in understanding the systemic and dyadic conditions that lead to changes in the explicit use of interstate force in the international system. Building on the recent work of Wallensteen (1984) and Midlarsky (1988), this study offers an empirical analysis which explores whether the collective policies of state decision-makers matter in the maintenance of relative international peace over the period 1816 to 1976. The results of the analysis suggest that past efforts of major powers to establish limited international orders have mattered in the promotion of international peace. Further research into the dynamics of international dispute processes is needed if we are to advance our understanding of the conditions of peace and the causes of war.
Ethylene synthesis during protoplast formation from leaves of Avena sativa

Abstract During protoplast formation by enzymatic digestion of first leaves of oats, A. sativa L. cv. Park and Orbit, the amount of ethylene synthesized was influenced by the type and quantity of enzymes used to digest the tissue, the osmoticum used in the incubation solution, and the age of the tissue at the time of digestion. The amount of ethylene synthesized was not directly related to the number of protoplasts released during tissue digestion. Ethylene synthesis during protoplast formation could be partially blocked by pretreatment of the oat seedlings with 2,5-norbornadiene, an olefinic antiethylene agent.
UNSTABLE DOMAIN STRUCTURE IN THE INTERMEDIATE STATE OF SUPERCONDUCTORS

Measurements of resistance fluctuations, metastable resistance levels, and related parameters have been extended to the case of the intermediate state of a specimen carrying a variable current in a constant external magnetic field. The origin of peculiar peaks in the plots of relative changes of resistance Δ R/R is now clarified and related to metastable resistance levels. The influence of specimen current on the shape of the resistance vs. external magnetic field plot is explained on the basis of the present measurements. From a comparison of these and previously obtained data with the theory of domain boundary propagation, the conditions for the occurence of domain boundary instabilities are derived and a mechanism responsible for the appearance of resistance fluctuations is discussed. Messungen von Widerstandsfluktuationen, metastablilen Widerstandsniveaus und verwandten Parametern sind auf den Fall des Zwischenzustandes einer Probe ausgedehnt worden, die in einem konstanten Magnetfeld einen variablen Stromflus besitzt. Die Ursache fur das Auftreten einiger spezieller Maxima fur die relative Widerstandsanderung Δ R/R wird geklart und metastabilen Widerstandsniveaus zugeschrieben. Der Einflus des Stromes auf die Abhangigkeit des Widerstandes vom auseren Magnetfeld wird auf der Grundlage der vorliegenden Messungen erklart. Aus dem Vergleich dieser und fruherer Ergebnisse mit der Theorie der Domanengrenzen-Verschiebung werden die Bedingungen fur das Auftreten von Instabilitaten an Domanengrenzflachen hergeleitet. Ferner wird ein Mechanismus diskutiert, der verantwortlich ist fur das Auftreten von Widerstandsfluktuationen.
Technical complications and durability of hepatic artery infusion pumps for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: an institutional experience of 544 consecutive cases.

Background Hepatic arterial infusion pump chemotherapy is an important component in the treatment of patients with hepatic metastases. Successful use of a hepatic arterial infusion pump requires a low technical complication rate. We evaluated the complications and longterm durability of these devices at our institution. Study design Between April 1986 and March 2001, 544 patients underwent hepatic arterial infusion pump placement for treatment of unresectable colorectal liver metastases. Patient- and pump-related data were collected by chart review. Pump-related complications, duration of pump function, and overall patient survival were recorded. Results Median patient survival was 24months after pump placement. The incidences of pump failure were 9% at 1 year and 16% at 2 years. Pump complications occurred in 120 (22%) of the patients. Complications that occurred early after operation ( Conclusions In this large single institution experience, pump-related complications were low, the majority of early pump complications were salvaged, and pump complication rates improved as institutional experience accumulated. Longterm durability of pump function was excellent.
Effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid supplements on phospholipid composition and plasmalogen biosynthesis in P388D1 cells.

Abstract This investigation describes the influence of n-3 fatty acid supplements on the phospholipid composition and the metabolism of plasmalogens in P388D 1 cells. The cellular content of phospholipid classes and subclasses was unchanged in P388D 1 cells (a macrophage-like cell) grown for 24 h in media supplemented with 10 μ m sodium eicosapentaenoate or sodium docosahexaenoate. However, phospholipids from these cells were highly enriched in acyl groups of the corresponding fatty acid supplement, with the largest increases occurring in the ethanolamine plasmalogens (e.g., 46% of the ethanolamine plasmalogens from cells supplemented with docosahexaenoate contained this acyl group at the sn -2 position). Eicosapentaenoate supplements lowered the levels of oleate in phosphatidylinositol/serine, diacyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (GroPEtn), and alk-1-enylacyl-GroPEtn in the P388D 1 cells but had little or no effect on the amounts of arachidonate in the cellular phospholipids. In contrast, supplementation of the cells with docosahexaenoic acid not only reduced the level of oleate but also decreased the amount of arachidonate by one-third in the alk-1-enylacyl-GroPEtn. When P388D 1 cells were incubated for 1 h with [ 3 H]alkyllyso-GroPEtn both [ 3 H]alkylacyl-GroPEtn and [ 3 H]alk-1-enylacyl-GroPEtn were formed. The sn -2 acyl composition of these two ethercontaining GroPEtn lipids reflected the fatty acid supplement that the cells had received (e.g., 68% of the [ 3 H]alk-1-enylacyl-GroPEtn from cells supplemented with docosahexaenoate contained this acyl group at the sn -2 position). Cells from both the controls and supplemented groups contained greater amounts of docosahexaenoate in the [ 3 H]-alk-1-enylacyl-GroPEtn (plasmalogen) than in the [ 3 H]alkylacyl-GroPEtn subclass. Analysis of molecular species from pulse-chase experiments with intact cells and examination of the molecular species of [ 3 H]alk-l-enylacyl-GroPEtn produced by the Δ 1 -desaturase system in cell-free membrane fractions suggest that the docosahexaenoate-containing species of [ 3 H]alk-1-enylacyl-GroPEtn have a higher turnover rate than other molecular species. Possible biological implications of our findings are also discussed.
Thermospheric odd nitrogen: 1. NO, N(4 S), and O(³P) Densities from rocket measurements of the NO δ and γ bands and the O2 Herzberg I bands

Airglow emissions from the upper atmosphere were measured with instruments on a sounding rocket launched on November 7, 1979. The nitric oxide delta and gamma bands and the molecular oxygen Herzberg I bands were observed at evening twilight with a pair of ultraviolet spectrometers and a photometer. Nightglow emission of NO and O2 were measured on the upleg. Twilight NO gamma band fluorescence and NO delta band chemiluminescence were measured on the downleg. The altitude profiles of the NO and O2 nightglow emissions were inverted to yield the density of O(³P) between 90 and 120 km and the density of N(4S) between 100 and 200 km. The twilight NO gamma band emission profile was inverted to yield the density of nitric oxide between 112 and 200 km. By viewing in the solar and antisolar directions on the two legs of the flight the measurements provide an indication of the temporal variation of the N(4S) density. These observations provide the first simultaneous measurements of the thermospheric densities of NO, N(4S), and O(³P).
Representation of MJO Variability in the NCEP Climate Forecast System

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is arguably the most important intraseasonal mode of climate variability, given its significant modulation of global climate variations and attendant societal impacts. Advancing the current understanding and simulation of the MJO using state-of-the-art climate data and modeling systems is thus a necessary goal for improving MJO prediction capability. MJO variability is assessed in NOAA/NCEP reanalyses and two versions of the Climate Forecast System (CFS), CFS version 1 (CFSv1) and its update version 2 (CFSv2). The analysis leans on a variety of diagnostic procedures and includes MJO sensitivity to varying El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases. It is found that significant improvements have been realized in the representation of MJO variations in the new NCEP Climate Forecast System reanalysis (CFSR) as evidenced by outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) power spectral analysis and more coherent propagation characteristics of precipitation and 850-hPa zonal winds...
Phase analysis and microstructural characterization of SmTiFe11−xCox (x = 0,8,11) and DyTiCo11 by transmission electron microscopy

Abstract We have examined alloys of composition SmTiFe 11− x Co x (x = 0,8,11) and DyTiCo 11 via transmission electron microscopy. Results indicate the sample without Co to be composed primarily of the body centered tetragonal 1–12 phase with a small amount of α-Fe and Fe 2 Ti present. With increasing Co content, the frequency of occurence of the 2–17 phase increases. In Sm containing samples, this phase is rhombohedral, while for Dy samples, the hexagonal phase was also found. Correspondingly, we observed an increase in the amount of transition metal-Ti solid solution as the Co concentration increases. In addition, there are orientation relationships between the 1–12 and both 2–17 phases. This is consistent with a coordinate transformation matrix based on the 1–5 structure. Both the 1–12 and 2–17 phases were found to contain antiphase boundaries in annealed samples containing Sm. The 1–12 phase alone contained antiphase boundaries in the DyTiCo 11 sample. These and other results are discussed.
Differential immunoreactivity for alpha-actinin-2, an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor/actin binding protein, in hippocampal interneurons.

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that hippocampal interneurons possess distinct cytoskeletal and cell-signaling proteins in comparison to hippocampal principal cells; however, little is known about the differences in the actin cytoskeleton between these two populations. This study examined the immunoreactivity of α-actinin-2, an actin binding/ N -methyl- d -aspartate-receptor linking protein, in the rat hippocampal formation using double-labelling immunofluorescence. Alpha-actinin-2 immunoreactivity is seen throughout the hippocampus with heavy labeling observed in the dendrites of granule cells, in CA2 pyramidal cells and in presumed interneuronal somata throughout the dentate gyrus and CA1. All the cells with heavy somatic α-actinin-2 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus and CA1 were GABAergic interneurons labeled by glutamate decarboxylase (99%). Examination of the neurochemical marker content of the α-actinin-2 immunoreactive interneurons revealed that the majority of this population was neuropeptide-Y-positive and a minority was positive for calretinin. Fluid percussion head trauma did not result in significant alterations of α-actinin-2 immunoreactivity in hippocampal interneurons. The developmental profile of α-actinin-2 immunoreactivity showed the presence of α-actinin-2 in the hippocampus at P1, labeling of interneurons by P7 and the adult staining pattern seen by P21. This study demonstrates that principal cells and interneurons are differentially immunoreactive for α-actinin-2, and that α-actinin-2 staining is restricted to a subpopulation of interneurons. Each of the three classes of cytoskeletal elements have been shown to be differentially expressed in hippocampal interneurons and principal cells, suggesting that the cytoskeleton is a defining feature of neuronal populations. Additionally, the limited expression of α-actinin-2 could have important functional implications in N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor localization and modulation.
MEMS Based Dual-axes Confocal Reflectance Handheld Microscope for in vivo Imaging

We demonstrate a dual-axes confocal reflectance microscope in a 10-mm diameter handheld package. Miniaturization is achieved by using a barbell-shaped, gimbaled, two-dimensional MEMS scanner that is actuated by self-aligned vertical comb actuators. The maximum DC optical scan angles are plusmn3.3deg on the inner axis and plusmn1.0deg on the outer axis, and the corresponding resonance frequencies are 3.54 kHz and 1.1 kHz. The imaging rate is 30 frames/second, and the microscope achieves full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) transverse and axial resolutions of 8 mum and 10 mum, respectively
Label the many with a few: Semi-automatic medical image modality discovery in a large image collection

In this paper we present a fast and effective method for labeling images in a large image collection. Image modality detection has been of research interest for querying multimodal medical documents. To accurately predict the different image modalities using complex visual and textual features, we need advanced classification schemes with supervised learning mechanisms and accurate training labels. Our proposed method, on the other hand, uses a multiview-approach and requires minimal expert knowledge to semi-automatically label the images. The images are first projected in different feature spaces, and are then clustered in an unsupervised manner. Only the cluster representative images are labeled by an expert. Other images from the cluster “inherit” the labels from these cluster representatives. The final label assigned to each image is based on a voting mechanism, where each vote is derived from different feature space clustering. Through experiments we show that using only 0.3% of the labels was sufficient to annotate 300,000 medical images with 49.95% accuracy. Although, automatic labeling is not as precise as manual, it saves approximately 700 hours of manual expert labeling, and may be sufficient for next-stage classifier training. We find that for this collection accuracy improvements are feasible with better disparate feature selection or different filtering mechanisms.
Phase relations of amphibole, amphibole-carbonate, and phlogopite-carbonate peridotite: petrologic constraints on the asthenosphere

Abstract The subsolidus mineralogy and the isobarically-invariant solidus of peridotite in the presence of small amounts of H2O and CO2 have been determined from 13.5 to 26 kbar pressure. The composition of fluid buffered by amphibole peridotite, below 17.5 kbar, is CO2-rich; amphibole melts completely, although incongruently, near the solidus, contributing materially to the nephelinitic character of the liquids. Fluid-absent amphibole peridotite also melts to nephelinitic liquid. Between 17.5 kbar and 22 kbar, amphibole-carbonate peridotite, without fluid, melts to alkalic, very silica-undersaturated liquid. Above 22 kbar, fluid buffered by carbonate peridotite, with accessory phlogopite, is H2O-rich. Quenched liquids could not be analyzed, but they are inferred to be carbonate-rich by analogy with synthetic systems. Buffering of fO2 by graphite-carbonate-silicates maintains these phase relations if graphite is present. The subsolidus change of peridotite carbonate mineralogy from low-pressure dolomite to high-pressure magnesite has been bracketed at 975°C, 28 kbar. Suboceanic thermal models are consistent with the existence of a relatively deep, partially-molten asthenosphere even beneath old (180 m.y.) lithosphere, but melts should be exclusively carbonate-rich. Beneath younger lithosphere, a shallower zone should change, with increasing depth, from nephelinitic to carbonate-rich. Amounts of liquid are proportional to amounts of volatiles present, because amphibole, phlogopite, and carbonates melt quantitatively at or close to the solidus; in particular, 0.1% water in amphibole peridotite represents about 5% nephelinitic melt.
A comparison of greenness measures in two semi-arid grasslands

A field experiment was conducted during 1988 in a semi-arid grassland along a portion of the U.S./Mexico border in which the utility of NDVI-transformed data for estimating green vegetation amount and cover was explored. Results showed that, although there was significant difference in green and total biomass between the U.S. and Mexico sites, we were unable to find any correlation between either these vegetation parameters and NDVI values calculated from reflectance measurements. Based on these results, it would appear that semi-arid perennial grasslands can pose problems for remote sensing analysis due to their erectophile structure, the likelihood of significant accumulation of senescent biomass, and dominance of soil background in sparsely vegetated areas. Therefore, if remotely-sensed data, and indices derived from them, are to be used in global change models, it is critical to establish if these indices are sufficiently sensitive to distinguish long-term change from the seasonal and spatial variability in vegetation biomass normally found within these perennial grassland communities.
Changes in left ventricular volume during head-up tilt in patients with vasovagal syncope: An echocardiographic study

We tested the hypothesis that patients who have vasovagal syncope during head-up tilt have a greater decrease in their left ventricular volume in response to tilt than do normal subjects. Measurements were done in the supine position and during graded tilt by using two-dimensional echocardiography. We compared seven patients with vasovagal syncope with nine normal volunteers. The rate of reduction of end-diastolic volume index during tilt was faster in the vasovagal group than in normal subjects. A more significant reduction of stroke index and ejection fraction during tilt was found in the vasovagal group than in normal subjects, possibly because of more peripheral translocation of blood volume in the venous system during tilt and an early vagal effect on ventricular contraction.