cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balloons in endovascular neurosurgery: History and current applications

The use of balloons in the field of neurosurgery is currently an essential part of our clinical practice. The field has evolved over the last 40 years since Serbinenko used balloons to test the feasibility of occluding cervical vessels for intracranial pathologies. Since that time, indications have expanded to include sacrificing cervical and intracranial vessels with detachable balloons, supporting the coil mass in wide-necked aneurysms (balloon remodeling technique), and performing intracranial and cervical angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease, as well as an adjunct to treat arteriovenous malformations. With the rapid expansion of endovascular technologies, it appears that the indications and uses for balloons will continue to expand. In this article, we review the history of balloons, the initial applications, the types of balloons available, and the current applications available for endovascular neurosurgeons.
Return reversals in the bond market: Evidence and causes

Abstract The finance literature has shown that equity returns are predictable using past returns. This study extends that literature by examining bond return predictability. Using returns constructed from dealer bid prices, we find short- to intermediate-term reversals in investment grade corporate bond returns. These reversals are larger in the first half of the sample period and consistent with the predictions of dealer inventory cost models. This supports Jegadeesh and Titman’s [J. Financ. Intermed. 4 (1995) 116] assertion that daily, weekly, and monthly reversals in equity returns come from dealer inventory considerations, not behavioral biases. Finally, unlike equity returns, we find no evidence of momentum in bond returns.
Longitudinal Analysis of Select Influences on Adolescents' Occupational Aspirations

Abstract The National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 was used to investigate the longitudinal influence of select demographic and latent variables on the development of adolescents' occupational aspirations at three critical points in the career development process—early, mid-, and late adolescence. Linear structural equation (LISREL) analysis examined the contributions of family status, academic achievement, and social psychological variables. Occupational aspirations of adolescents were relatively stable across the 4-year time period. Further, earlier aspirations offered significant predictive power for subsequent ones. Structural coefficients for social demographic variables indicated that socioeconomic status (SES) had significant effects on adolescents' aspirations. In contrast, two latent variables, academic achievement and self-evaluation, initially represented only modest effects on aspirations which then decreased consistently over time.
A one‐dimensional velocity technique for NMR measurement of aortic distensibility

A technique is presented for rapidly and noninvasively determining aortic distensibility, by NMR measurement of wave velocity in the aorta. A two-dimensional NMR selective-excitation pulse is used to repeatedly excite a cylinder of magnetization in the aorta, with magnetization read out along the cylinder axis each time. A toggled bipolar flow-encoding pulse is applied prior to readout, to produce a non-dimensional phase-contrast flow image. Cardiac gating and data interleaving are employed to improve the effective time resolution to 2 ms. Wave velocities are determined from the slope of the leading edge of flow measured on the resulting M-mode velocity image. The technique is sensitive over a range of distensibilities from 10(-6) to 10(-3) m s2/kg. The average value in the descending thoracic aorta in seven normal subjects was found to be 4.8 x 10(-5) m s2/kg, with a significant inverse correlation with age.
Evaluation of 9-Methylamino-Methylanthracene as a Chemical Label for Total Reactive Isocyanate Group: A Comparison of Mono- and Di-Isocyanate Monomers

Abstract 9-Methylamino-methylanthracene (MAMA) is a secondary amine compound commonly used for derivatization and quantitation of specific commercial isocyanate compounds by HPLC with detection by fluorescence and ultra-violet light absorbance. The determination of airborne total reactive isocyanate group (TRIG) compounds arising from partially polymerized polyurethanes and thermal decomposition products of fully cured polyurethanes is of interest in industrial hygiene. The potential application of MAMA to the measurement of TRIG has been evaluated using a series of 11 model isocyanate compounds, including aliphatic and aromatic, mono-, and diisocyanates. After synthesis, purification, and characterization, the 11 isocyanate-MAMA urea derivatives were analyzed by reversed phase HPLC using three detection / quantitation modes: fluorescence with excitation at 245 nm and emission at 414 nm, and UV absorbance at 245 and 370 nm. ANOVA of the observed response factors showed statistically significant difference...
Seed germination and seedling morphology of the seagrass, Halophila engelmannii (Hydrocharitaceae)

Seeds of Halophila engelmannii Aschers., that were collected in Redfish Bay, Texas, at weekly intervals from mid-May to mid-June 1986, began to germinate 3–4 weeks after collection. Most of the collections subsequently showed an increase in the rate of germination under increased light intensity and all had a stoppage of germination after transfer to darkness, indicating a light requirement to break endogenous seed dormancy. During the 5 weeks after seeds germinated, seedlings in soil culture produced a rosette of six leaves before the appearance of a rhizome bud in the axil of the third leaf. The first node of the rhizome produced a root and an upright shoot with a pseudowhorl of three to five leaves.
The relationship between repeat tympanostomy tube insertion and adenoidectomy.

Abstract Objectives To examine the relationship between adenoidectomy and repeat tympanostomy tube placement in the treatment of otitis media, and the relationship between potential risk factors for otitis media and repeat tympanostomy tube placement. Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of consecutive patients undergoing tympanostomy tube placement at an academic/teaching hospital with 400+ beds. Utilizing an electronic billing database, patients less than 18 years of age undergoing tympanostomy tube placement between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2007 were identified. Information regarding initial and repeat tympanostomy tube placement as well as potential risk factors for otitis media were extracted from medical records. Results 904 children were included in the study. Of the 780 children who initially underwent tympanostomy tube placement alone, 178 required additional tube placement; a repeat rate of 20%. Of the 90 children who initially underwent tympanostomy tube placement with adenoidectomy, only 6 required repeat tube placement, a statistically significant decrease in the incidence of repeat tympanostomy tube placement (95% CI, 0.056–0.334; p Conclusion Adenoidectomy performed at the first tympanostomy tube for the treatment of otitis media may decrease the risk of repeat tube placement, especially for children >4–10 years of age.
On the convected linear stability of a viscoelastic oldroyd B fluid heated from below

Abstract We investigate the linear stability problem of convection by the general Oldroyd B fluid and its Maxwell limit in the presence of rigid or free boundaries and fixed temperature or fixed flux. Comparison with recent results by Rosenblat [9] for the analytically accessible case of free boundary conditions shows a qualitative similarity in the shape of the neutral stability curves. But while Newtonian and Jeffreys (general Oldroyd B) fluids are sharply stabilized by the presence of rigid boundaries, the Maxwell fluid is largely unaffected at even moderately large Prandtl number. The reasons for this are discussed. Also, a discrepancy between the earlier works by Vest and Arpaci [3], and Sokolov and Tanner [4], which treat the case of a Maxwell fluid, is found to be due to algebraic error, and not multivaluedness of the stress-strain rate relation as earlier suggested by Eltayeb [6].
Improving academic-industry collaboration for game research and education

This paper is about how to improve collaboration between academia and industry in the field of games. Most university game programs seek to work more closely with industry to provide better experiences for their students and to initiate research projects. Likewise many game companies seek better relations with academia for hiring talented students and finding commercializable ideas. The two groups have very different cultures and needs that affect their ability to interface efficiently. The paper draws on direct experience from industry and academia and organizes the thinking about collaboration into two categories: 1) Research-Oriented and 2) Education-Oriented. These categories emerged from study of many academic-industry collaborations and experiments conducted this decade. Attempts are made to explain how certain collaboration models have evolved over time to benefit both groups and why other, seemingly logical, models have not worked. The goal is to provide information that will be valuable to both academia and industry.
EliCell: a gel-phase dual antibody capture and detection assay to measure cytokine release from eosinophils

Eosinophils contain many preformed cytokines and chemokines, which are stored in specific granules along with cationic granule proteins. Mobilization and release of these granule contents can be selective and mediated by vesicular transport. We have developed a sensitive method to detect and quantitate eosinophil vesicular transport-mediated release of specific eosinophil proteins. Our EliCell assay is based on microscopic observations of individual viable eosinophils embedded in an agarose matrix that contains immobilized antibody to the protein of interest. Following stimulation of eosinophils, released protein is bound by the capture antibody at its site of release and is detected by a fluorochrome-conjugated detection antibody. We have validated this assay by evaluating interferon-γ-induced release of RANTES from eosinophils. Extracellularly released RANTES was visualized as focal immunoflourescent staining and was quantitated by scoring the numbers of eosinophils releasing RANTES and by measuring the fluorescent intensity over individual eosinophils. In comparison with ELISA assays of RANTES released into supernatant fluids by interferon-γ-stimulated eosinophils, EliCell assays were more sensitive enabling detection of RANTES release at earlier times and at lower levels of interferon-γ stimulation. The EliCell assay provides a sensitive method to study the regulated release of eosinophil-derived cytokines, chemokines and other granule proteins.
Capital Mobility in Historical Perspective

Abstract The level of international capital mobility has changed considerably over the last century and a half. Using the Feldstein-Horioka savings retention measure, this study examines capital mobility in every decade from 1865 to 1992. The results indicate high capital mobility in the classical gold standard period and much lower mobility during the Bretton Woods era. In recent years capital mobility has increased again. Capital flows are related to capital-output ratios, and there are indications that capital does move to countries where it is most productive.
Human movement recording for biomechanical analysis

Biomechanical modelling, just as physiological systems modelling, has become quite popular. Biomechanical analysis, and models investigating man's activities while in motion, require records of mot...
Tissue changes occurring in the Macaque rhesus monkey during orthodontic movement

Abstract 1. 1. The edgewise appliance was used on nine experimental Macaque rhesus monkeys. 2. 2. Many orthodontic movements were used and investigated, and the histologic results were analyzed. 3. 3. Certain types of orthodontic movements cause more damage to the dental tissues than do others. Tip-back bends and torquing produce the greatest damage. 4. 4. Light to moderate orthodontic forces appear to produce the least amount of damage. 5. 5. In the experimental animals, the position of the fulcrum depends upon the type, amount, and direction of force applied to the tooth and on the physiologic reaction of the supporting tissues. 6. 6. Tipping molar teeth to a distal-axial inclination will not increase their resistance to forward movement.
Glass-rubber transition behavior and compatibility of polymer pairs: Poly(ethyl acrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate)

A series of interpenetrating polymer networks were prepared containing PMMA and PEA as their two components. Corresponding telomer mixtures and random copolymers were also prepared for comparison purposes. The glass-rubber transition studies were made via shear modulus and dilatometric measurements. The results indicate one very broad transition for the IPN's rather than two transitions expected for incompatible polymer pairs. An interpretation based on the compatibility or near-compatibility of the PEA/PMMA pair is offered.
A quantitative measure of the degree of fibrillation of short reinforcing fibres

The degree of fibrillation of a reinforcing fibre can be viewed as the extent to which the fibre has partially been split longitudinally into thinner fibrils. Fibrillation provides larger surface area and is advantageous because it improves matrix-to-fibre coupling, oil absorption, thickening characteristics, and softness of the fibre. Fibrillation also allows for low bulk density and assists the mat-making capability of the fibre. A general means for quantifying the degree of fibrillation of a fibre is proposed. Taking the squared ratio of the fibre surface area determined by the BET method to that determined by measuring a sampling of many particles in a scanning electron micrograph, the technique for which is described herein, one has a quantitative, relatively simple method for calculating the degree of fibrillation. Results for calcium sodium metaphosphate fibre, a new inorganic fibre developed by Monsanto [1], milled glass fibre, and wollastonite fibre are reported and compared. Benefits of fibrillation are discussed.
Markedness and frequency: a computational analysis

When the markedness analysis is extended to the lexical and grammatical levels, the question arises whether an analogue of the markedness/frequency correlation, observed in phonology, also exists on these higher linguistic levels. This article presents evidence that in some interesting cases, such as tense and aspect forms in English, the correlation does not hold and that this failure is due not simply to superficial stylistic factors but rather to the inability of the markedness hypothesis to provide an adequate framework for the analysis of the English verbal system.
Effect of frusemide and hypertonic saline on electrolytes during post exercise anaesthesia.

This study evaluated the effects of pre-exercise frusemide administration and hypertonic saline (H) infusion during anaesthesia on arterial pH, blood gases and electrolytes in 6 Thoroughbred horses anaesthetised immediately post exercise. Horses received either frusemide (F) (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) or a saline placebo (P) injection 4 h prior to treadmill exercise. Exercise consisted of a 3 min warm-up at 40% VO2max followed by exercise to fatigue. Detomidine (40 micrograms/kg, i.v.) was given within 5 min of stopping and followed 5 min later by zolazepam-tiletamine (1.25 mg/kg, i.v.) to induce anaesthesia. During maintenance of anaesthesia using isoflurane in O2, either isotonic saline solution (I) or 7.5% H (4 ml/kg, i.v.) was administered. Arterial blood was sampled at the following times: prior to (Pre-F/P) and 4 h after (Pre-ex) F or P administration, 1 min after fatigue (Fatigue), 5 min after induction of anaesthesia (Post-ind), and just prior to and 15, 30 and 60 min after beginning isoflurane (ISFL) anaesthesia. Arterial pH and blood gas tensions, pulmonary arterial blood temperature, plasma [lactate], total protein and plasma [Na+], [K+], and [Cl-] were measured. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures (P < 0.05). There were significant differences over time for all variables except total protein. Plasma [Na+] increased at Fatigue compared to Pre-F/P or Pre-ex in all treatment groups. Plasma [Na+] and [Cl-] increased during ISFL anaesthesia compared to Pre-F/P and Pre-ex in horses given H. During ISFL anaesthesia, plasma [Cl-] decreased compared to Pre-F/P in Group F+I horses. We conclude that acid-base, blood gas, and electrolyte changes associated with F are unlikely to influence management of horses anaesthetised immediately following supramaximal exercise to fatigue. Hypertonic saline infusion may help restore plasma [Cl-] faster in hypochloraemic horses requiring anaesthesia immediately after strenuous exercise.
Real-time MISO UWB radio testbed and waveform design

The paper presents the design challenges and implementation issues of a real-time multiple-input single-output (MISO) ultra-wideband (UWB) radio testbed, which involves Xinlix Virtex-5 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for high speed signal processing. In addition, waveform design and optimization based on the testbed is practical studied. System performance is evaluated using measured channel data in indoor environment. The transmitted MISO signals are optimized in the passband with a bandwidth up to 500MHz. Major contributions of our work include implementation of a real-time radio testbed for multiple-antenna wideband system and design of intrinsic waveform diversity based on the testbed.
Analysis of the tertiary structure of bacterial RNase P RNA

The ubiquitous occurrence of ribonuclease P (RNase P) as a ribonucleoprotein and the catalytic properties of bacterial RNase P RNAs indicate that RNA fulfills an ancient and important role in the function of this enzyme. This review focuses on efforts to determine the structure of the bacterial RNase P RNA ribozyme. Phylogenetic comparative analysis of a library of bacterial RNase P RNA sequences has resulted in a well-developed secondary structure model and allowed identification of some elements of tertiary structure. The native structure has been redesigned by circular permutation to facilitate intra- and inter-molecular crosslinking experiments in order to gain further structural information. The crosslinking constraints, together with the constraints provided by comparative analyses, have been incorporated into a first-order model of the structure of the ribozyme-substrate complex. The developing structural perspective allows the design of self-cleaving pre-tRNA-RNase P RNA conjugates which are useful tools for additional structure-probing experiments.
An individualized dyadic problem-solving education intervention for patients and family caregivers during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A feasibility study

Background Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) generates multiple problems that vary in complexity and create significant distress for both patients and their caregivers. Interventions that address patient and family caregiver distress during allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) have not been tested. Objective To evaluate the feasibility of conducting an individualized dyadic problem-solving education (PSE) intervention during HSCT and estimate a preliminary effect size on problem-solving skills and distress. Methods The PSE intervention consisted of 4 sessions of the Prepared Family Caregiver PSE model. Data were collected with an interventionist log, subject interviews and standardized questionnaires. Results Of the 34 adult dyads screened, 24 were ineligible primarily because of being non-English-speaking (n = 11) and inconsistent caregivers (n = 10). Ten dyads (n = 20) were enrolled, and 8 dyads (n = 16) completed the intervention. Of the 31 sessions, 29 were completed (94%). Worsening patient condition was the primary reason for sessions to be incomplete. Patients attended 90% of the sessions; caregivers attended 74%. Reasons for missed sessions included patient symptom distress and limited caregiver availability. Dyads reported being very satisfied (mean, 4.8 [SD, 1.8]; range, 1-5), stating "an opportunity to talk" and "creative thinking" were most beneficial. Conclusion Results suggest that dyads can participate in PSE during HSCT and view it as beneficial. Participants identified the active process of solving problems as helpful. Implications for practice Targeted interventions that promote effective, meaningful behaviors are needed to guide patients and caregivers through HSCT. Future research recommendations include testing a version of PSE with fewer sessions, including spousal and nonspousal caregivers and those who are non-English speaking.
Inositol lipid metabolism in vasopressin stimulated hepatocytes from rats infused with tumor necrosis factor

We studied the effect of i.v. infusion of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (rHuTNF alpha, Cetus, 15 micrograms/100 g bw over 3 h) on vasopressin (VP)-stimulated {sup 32}P-inositol lipid turnover and the release of {sup 3}H-inositol phosphates in isolated rat hepatocytes. The early VP-induced decrease (within 30 s) in {sup 32}P-phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and {sup 32}P-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate labeling was significantly reduced (-40%) and at the same time the uptake of {sup 32}P into phosphatidic acid was 50% lower than in saline-infused (matched control) rats. Within 5 min of VP-stimulation, lower {sup 32}P phosphatidylinositol (-40%) and higher {sup 32}P-phosphatidic acid (+30%) labeling were observed in rHuTNF alpha-infused rats. Infusion of rHuTNF alpha also affected the VP-induced release of {sup 3}H-inositol phosphates. The accumulation of {sup 3}H-inositol-labeled water soluble products was decreased by 25% and 17% at 30 s and 10 min, respectively. These data show that rHuTNF alpha mimics early perturbations induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin infusion in VP-stimulated inositol lipid metabolism in rat hepatocytes.
Hair as Race: Why “Good Hair” May Be Bad for Black Females

Critically examining the relationship between race, Black female beauty, and hair texture, this qualitative study used narratives from 38 Black females between the ages of 19 and 81, to determine m...
A method for the analysis of pulse height spectra

Abstract An analytic method for computer analysis of gamma-ray pulseheight spectra is discussed and some results of the computer program are presented. The method allows the determination by the computer of the number and energies of the constituent gamma rays as well as their relative intensities.
Turnover of carbon and nitrogen during growth of larval krill, Euphausia superba Dana: a stable isotope approach

Abstract Using natural abundances of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) as tracers, carbon and nitrogen turnover rates were determined for larval krill, Euphausia superba Dana, maintained in the laboratory. Experimental populations of larvae were reared at +1.5°C and −1.5°C on foods of known isotopic composition and subsampled weekly (8–10 weeks) for a determination of wet weight and isotopic composition. Metabolic turnover of carbon and nitrogen, manifested as temporal shifts in δ13C and δ15N, was tied closely to temperature. Larval krill reared at +1.5°C had replaced 22–29% of their original body carbon at the conclusion of the experiment, but only 13–22% of their original body nitrogen. Larvae reared at −1.5°C exhibited little evidence of carbon turnover and replaced less than 6% of their original body nitrogen. These are the first simultaneous, coupled measurements of long-term carbon and nitrogen turnover for any marine animal, and provide an essential calibration for the interpretation of stable isotope ratios in animals collected from the field. In addition to the feeding experiments, animals were starved for 2 months at +1.5°C and −1.5°C. Starved krill exhibited little isotopic change. This finding suggests that starvation cannot account for large temporal variations observed in the isotopic composition of larval krill collected from the field.
Simple Reaction Time and Some Properties of Binaural Interaction

ResumeLes temps de reaction nous offrent une methode ideale pour mesurer les effets sensoriels tres petits. Cette methode permet aussi a l'operateur de controler le comportement du sujet en situation experimentale. Nous avons utilise cette methode pour etudier les relations entre les temps de reaction et l'intensite d'un son pur en presence d'un autre son de frequence differente sur la meme oreille ou sur l'autre oreille; l'intensite du son masquant pouvait aussi etre modifyee.Les temps de reaction diminuent d'abord rapidement, puis plus lentement avec l'intensite, mais les courbes se deplacent sur l'axe des abscisses avec le seuil masque. Aussi la pente des courbes varie avec le seuil masque de la meme facon que celle des courbes de recrutement. L'asymptote des courbes n'est pas en relation simple avec le seuil masque, mais depend peut-etre de l'intensite totale. Aussi, quand l'intensite des «pips» devient plus grande que celle du son masque, il y a un changement brusque dans les courbes; on passe peut-e...
Interactive visual imagery and memory search for words and pictures.

In a short-term recognition memory experiment with words, subjects: (1) subvocally rehearsed the words, (2) generated a separate visual image for each word, (3) generated an interactive scene with such images, or (4) composed a covert sentence using the words in the memory set. Contrary to Seamon’s (1972) results in a similar study, a serial memory search was found in all conditions, instead of the simultaneous scan which was expected when items were combined in interactive images. In a second study with pictures as stimuli, subjects who generated imaginal interactions between separate pictures, viewed interacting pictures, or viewed separate pictures also showed a serial search, i.e., longer RTs were obtained when more stimuli were held m memory. Since interactive imagery facilitated performance in an unexpected paired-associate task with memory set stimuli, one can argue that subjects actually processed or generated such interactions. It was suggested that memory search might not be simultaneous in tasks where the test stimulus constitutes only part of a memory image.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the rat.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows for quantification of motor system excitability. While routinely used in humans, application in other species is rare and little is known about the characteristics of animal TMS. The unique features of TMS, i.e., predominantly interneuronal stimulation at low intensity and non-invasiveness, are particularly useful in evaluating injury and recovery in animal models. This study was conducted to characterize the rodent motor evoked potential to TMS (MEPTMS) and to develop a methodology for reproducible assessment of motor excitability in the rat. MEPTMS were compared with responses evoked by electrical stimulation of cervical spinal cord (MEPCES) and peripheral nerve. MEP were recorded by subcutaneous electrodes implanted bilaterally over the calf. Animals remained under propofol infusion and restrained in a stereotactic frame while TMS followed by CES measurements were obtained before and after 2 h of idle time. TMS was applied using a 5-cm-diameter figure-of-eight coil. MEPTMS had onset latencies of 6.7±1.3 ms. Latencies decreased with higher stimulation intensity (r=–0.7, P<0.05). Two morphologies, MEPTMS, 1 and MEPTMS, 2, were distinguished by latency of the first negative peak (N1), overall shape, and amplitude. MEPTMS, 2 were more frequent at higher stimulation intensity. While recruitment curves for MEPTMS, 1 followed a sigmoid course, no supramaximal response was reached for MEPTMS, 2. Mid-cervical spinal transection completely abolished any response to TMS. MEPCES showed a significantly shorter latency (5.29±0.24, P<0.0001). Two types of MEPCES resembling MEPTMS, 1 and 2 were observed. Neither MEPTMS nor MEPCES changed on repeat assessment after 2 h. This study demonstrates the feasibility and reproducibility of TMS in the rat. Sigmoid recruitment curves for MEPTMS, 1 suggest input-output properties similar to those of the human corticospinal system. Latency differences between CES and TMS point to a supraspinal origin of the MEPTMS. The two morphologies likely reflect different cortical or subcortical origins of MEPTMS.
Microwave Energy as a Rapid-Thaw Method for Frozen Poultry

Abstract The effect of microwave energy as a rapid-thaw method for frozen poultry was investigated. Tenderness and moisture content of cooked samples previously defrosted overnight in a refrigerator or in a microwave oven were determined. Fresh unfrozen poultry served as a control. Microwave defrosting of frozen breasts resulted in a slightly more tender product (shear force 3.92 g/kg, home frozen) than refrigerator defrosting (shear force 4.30 g/kg, home frozen); thigh parts were slightly less tender after microwave defrosting (shear force 4.31 g/kg home frozen). An increase in moisture loss was seen with microwave defrosted breasts (67.9%), while moisture loss for either refrigerator defrosted or microwave defrosted thighs was not statistically significant. Method of freezing (home freezing or commercial freezing) showed no significant effect on both tenderness and percent moisture content of breasts or thighs.
Neoliberalism, urbanism and the education economy: producing Hyderabad as a ‘global city’

This paper examines the emergence of Hyderabad as a hub of the global information technology economy, and in particular, the role of higher education in Hyderabad's transformation as the labor market for the new economy. The extensive network of professional education institutions that service the global economy illustrates the ways in which neoliberal globalization is produced through educational restructuring and new modes of urban development. Neoliberal globalization, however, is a variegated process wherein local social hierarchies articulate with state policies and global capital. This study shows how caste and class relations in the education sector in Andhra Pradesh are instrumental to forming Hyderabad's connection to the global economy. The contradictions of these regional realignments of education, geography and economy are manifest in the uneven development of the region and the rise of new socio-political struggles for the right to the city.
Survival and growth of bacteria introduced into soil

A study was conducted of the survival and multiplication of bacteria introduced into soil. In a loam, the populations of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoti, R. meliloti, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Micrococcus flavus, Corynebacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp. 2K and Pseudomonas sp. 1G declined by one to two orders of magnitude. Some of these species initially increased in numbers in this soil upon the addition of 0.1 or 1.0% glucose, but others did not proliferate. However, the populations of all species subsequently declined. The patterns of decline of A. tumefaciens, Pseudomonas sp. B4, Streptococcus faecalis and M.flavus in silt loam were similar. Because the patterns of decline of none of the test species were similar in unamended sterile soil or, except for M. flavus and S. faecalis, in sterile buffer, the reductions in population sizes were not a result of toxins already present in the soil or starvation, but were related to the activities of other microorganisms. The population size of an asporogenous strain of Bacillus subtilis declined markedly in nonsterile and sterile soil and in buffer, and it fell to a small number in nonsterile soil amended with 0.1% glucose. Because cellular slime molds, bacteriophages, bdellovibrios and myxobacteria were not found, they are not responsible for the reduction in numbers of the test species. Protozoa increased in number as the populations of the test species fell. The extents of decline of A. tumefaciens,Pseudomonas sp. 2K, Corynebacterium sp. and M. flavus were diminished if glucose-amended or unamended soil was treated with cycloheximide, a eucaryotic inhibitor. Antibiotic-producing and lytic microorganisms able to destroy the test species were present, their numbers varying with the test organism. It is suggested that the populations of bacteria introduced into soil may be reduced because of their susceptibility to predation, starvation or possibly antibiotic-producing or lytic microorganisms.
Serum transferrin polymorphism in grey trout, Cynoscion regalis, from the lower Rappahannock River

Serum transferrin distribution was studied in grey trout, Cynoscion regalis, obtained from the lower Rappahannock River of Virginia. Three phenotypes were observed, representing two codominant alleles at a single gene locus. The distribution of the phenotypes, designated as Tf A, Tf B, and Tf AB, did not differ significantly from that predicted by Hardy-Weinberg analysis.
Adsorption of Aromatic Compounds by Carbonaceous Adsorbents: A Comparative Study on Granular Activated Carbon, Activated Carbon Fiber, and Carbon Nanotubes

Adsorption of three aromatic organic compounds (AOCs) by four types of carbonaceous adsorbents [a granular activated carbon (HD4000), an activated carbon fiber (ACF10), two single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT, SWNT-HT), and a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)] with different structural characteristics but similar surface polarities was examined in aqueous solutions. Isotherm results demonstrated the importance of molecular sieving and micropore effects in the adsorption of AOCs by carbonaceous porous adsorbents. In the absence of the molecular sieving effect, a linear relationship was found between the adsorption capacities of AOCs and the surface areas of adsorbents, independent of the type of adsorbent. On the other hand, the pore volume occupancies of the adsorbents followed the order of ACF10 > HD4000 > SWNT > MWNT, indicating that the availability of adsorption site was related to the pore size distributions of the adsorbents. ACF10 and HD4000 with higher microporous volumes exhibited higher adsorp...
Low péclét number mass transfer in laminar flow through circular tubes

Abstract Entrance-region mass transfer of diffusing matters in laminar flow through a circular tube is studied for two cases of diffusion, with and without particle formation in flight within the tube. To allow for the effects of axial diffusion, which is significant at low diffusion Peclet numbers, Pe , the domain of diffusion is extended into the region upstream of the tube ( z z > 0), and a uniform concentration is prescribed at z = −∞. The eigenvalues are computed for the two regions and the first twenty of them are obtained for Pe = 1.5, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and ∞. By constructing two sets of orthonormal functions from the non-orthogonal eigenfunctions, the series expansion coefficients are then determined by matching both the concentrations and the longitudinal concentration gradients of the two regions at z = 0. The concentration solutions corresponding to Pe = ∞ are in excellent agreement with our previous semi-infinite region ( z > 0) analysis. The effects of axial diffusion on the concentration distributions, the fraction of diffusing matters penetrating the tube, and the local Sherwood number are presented for various Peclet numbers and particle-generation parameter. Q .
From information to knowledge: new technologies for defining gene function

A wide range of methodology will be needed to bridge the gap between genome sequence and mechanistic understanding in biology. Recent advances in high-throughput genetic screening address this task.
Predicting the spiral of silence on a controversial public issue

The “spiral of silence”; hypothesis asserts that media presentations of social issues are often regarded as the barometer for public opinions by the audience. In particular, audiences whose opinions do not coincide with their perceived majority opinion tend to maintain their silence rather than speak out. The present study assesses how different types of perceived public opinion and media climates may affect the spiral of silence dynamic. The issue examined here involves public debate over whether the U.S. should declare English as the official language. Findings from 2 cities provide support for the silence spiral hypothesis.
A rough grammar for a linguistic recognition of image patches

Abstract This paper introduces a rough grammar involving explicit operators embedded in the production rules. The grammar is capable of: (a) running the operators on a data-driven or on a data-flow type machine; (b) spreading the hypotheses, goals and constraints from the grammar tree root down to the leaves; (c) coming from local object details (leaves of an execution tree) to a purposeful more global representation (the execution tree root) concurrently avoiding redundant computations; (d) avoiding impasses in a top-down execution tree which need to back up to previous decision points. The rough grammar is used with a new method of syntactic and semantic object recognition from region patches delimited on one side. The region patches are identified from secants (intersections of scanning lines with image objects. The nearest neighbor clustering combined with ordering coordinates of secant ends appends an end of a current secant to a cluster of a patch edge in case the end is closest to the most recent element of the patch edge and in case the end satisfies an assumed order of coordinates. The consideration of the following factors: secant beginnings, secant endings, non-ascending order of secant ends and non-descending order of secant ends permits the region patches to be clustered into basic types. Details of the derivation of patches are presented to show how demands can be propagated from higher-level rough-grammar rules down to the clustering operators. To identify a corner patch, two continuous edge patches belonging to different clusters of region patches are merged if the continuous patches are of efficient lengths and if they are close enough to meet each other. Polygons are identified by merging corner patches or three-sided region patches of different types. Examples of identification of simple objects are presented. The process of identification of different objects can be performed in parallel using separate processors.
Repetition and agreement with opposing arguments: A delayed action effect

Abstract If exposure to two arguments supporting opposing conclusions establishes two memory traces that influence attitudes, repetition of one of the arguments should produce a delayed action effect. In a computer-controlled experiment, subjects read a large number of arguments about fictitious brands of consumer products from a T.V. screen. They rated each brand immediately after reading about it and again after spending 10 min reading messages about other brands. In the critical conditions of the experiment, two arguments were presented about each brand. One described a good quality of the product (e.g., excellent durability); the other described a bad quality (e.g., below-average efficiency). Subjects read one of the opposing arguments concerning each brand repeatedly and studied the repeated arguments for memory tests. As predicted, repetition and studying affected ratings on the delayed post-test, but not on the immediate post-test. Specifically, attitudes shifted over the delay toward agreement with the repeated arguments, supporting the idea that the persistence of attitudes depends on more than one memory trace.
Comparative Metabolism of Benorylate and an Equivalent Mixture of Aspirin and Paracetamol in Neonate and Adult Rabbits

1. Benorylate was well absorbed in rabbits, but more slowly than an equimolar mixture of aspirin and paracetamol. 2. Benorylate was extensively hydrolysed and converted to the typical metabolites of aspirin and paracetamol by both neonate and mature rabbits. 3. Absorption of either aspirin-paracetamol or benorylate was slower in neonate rabbits than in adult rabbits. 4. The excretion rate in adult rabbits was faster, for both aspirin and paracetamol metabolites, than in neonate rabbits.
Modeling Effects of Structural Distortions on Air-Core Photonic Bandgap Fibers

The cross section of a real air-core photonic bandgap fiber (PBGF) with structural distortions is analyzed using a vectorial finite-element method and compared with an ideal structure. It is found that the properties of air-core PBGFs are extremely sensitive to changes of the structural parameters. Structural distortions in real fibers have significant impact on fiber properties such as bandwidth and tunneling loss. Numerical results show that the bandwidth of the real fiber is reduced by a factor of two, and the tunneling is increased by almost a factor of 104 when compared to an ideal cross section.
Agricultural Productivity Growth During the Decade of the Civil War

New evidence based on census data indicates that output per agricultural worker grew faster between 1860 and 1870 than during any other decade of the nineteenth century. Although this evidence seems to support the traditional view that the Civil War was a catalyst for an increasingly productive agricultural sector, we contend that this apparent robust performance results from a measurement problem that afflicts census-based labor force series. An alternative estimate of labor force performance during the decade reveals the importance of increased labor inputs of women and children, in numbers, effort, and-especially-time. Agricultural historians have traditionally identified the 1860s as the decade in which the first revolution in agriculture occurred.1 Some have attributed the central feature of that revolution, the mechanization of farm tasks, to the need for manpower during the Civil War.2 Others have recognized that the War also inflicted makers of farm machinery with labor shortages, and so have argued that the greatest increases in the use of machinery came in the years after Appomattox.3 Both groups have generally agreed, however, that the Civil War was the catalyst for rising levels of farm productivity and that the decade of the 1860s was
Synthesis of Nanoporous Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 Composites for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes

This work reports the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 nanoporous composites through an effective, inexpensive, and easily scalable approach. The as-synthesized products were calcined under a nitrogen atmosphere at 700, 750, or 800 °C. When used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the 750 °C nitrogen-treated Li4Ti5O12–TiO2 sample showed significantly improved capacity as well as good rate capability and cycling stability compared with other samples. It delivered capacities of 220 and 213 mAh g−1 at a current density of 30 mA g−1 when tested at room temperature and 55 °C, respectively. It still had capacities of 184 and 197 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles, which was noticeably higher than the known theoretical capacity of pure Li4Ti5O12 (175 mAh g−1). The excellent electrochemical performance of the nitrogen-treated nanoporous composites could be attributed to the improved morphology, dual phase crystal structure, and the presence of surface defects from nitrogen treatment.
Ex-post Evaluation of Forest Conservation Policies Using Remote Sensing Data: An Introduction and Practical Guide

This paper provides a nontechnical introduction and practical guide to a relatively low cost method that relies on remote sensing data to support ex-post analysis of forest conservation policies. It describes the defining features of this approach, catalogues and briefly reviews the studies that have used it, discusses the requisite data, explains the principal challenges to its use and the empirical strategies to overcome them, provides some practical guidance on modeling choices, and describes in detail two recent case studies.
Exact PDFs for sample covariance based array processors with elliptically contoured data

Practical application of array processors typically requires the use of a sample covariance matrix (SCM). We add to the many results on SCM based (SCB) array processors by weakening the traditional assumption of data Gaussianity and subsequently providing for a class of array processors additional performance measures of value in practice. The snapshot data matrix is assumed complex multivariate elliptically contoured (MEC) distributed. The performance measures include the exact probability density functions (PDFs) and moments of the SCB weightings and beam responses of the following array processors: (1) maximum-likelihood signal vector estimator, (2) linearly constrained minimum variance beamformer (LCMV), (3) minimum variance distortionless response beamformer, and (4) generalized sidelobe canceller implementation of the LCMV beamformer. The SCB weightings for these array processors are complex multivariate standardized t-distributed and the SCB beam responses are generalized t. All results are completely invariant over the class of MECs considered.
Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors.

Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Tim Wright. ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. 234 pp.
Morphological operations on images represented by quadtrees

This paper presents an algorithm to directly perform morphological operations on images represented by quadtrees and produce the dilated/eroded images, also represented by quadtrees. As in many other algorithms that execute on the quadtree representation of an image, the execution time is proportional to the number of nodes in the quadtree, rather than to the number of pixels in the original image array. In our algorithm, only black nodes have to be processed for dilation, and only white nodes have to be processed for erosion. We also performed experiments to show that the execution time for binary images that can be effectively represented by quadtrees can be significantly reduced, compared to direct computation on the original image arrays.
Ecological genomics meets community-level modelling of biodiversity: mapping the genomic landscape of current and future environmental adaptation.

Local adaptation is a central feature of most species occupying spatially heterogeneous environments, and may factor critically in responses to environmental change. However, most efforts to model the response of species to climate change ignore intraspecific variation due to local adaptation. Here, we present a new perspective on spatial modelling of organism–environment relationships that combines genomic data and community-level modelling to develop scenarios regarding the geographic distribution of genomic variation in response to environmental change. Rather than modelling species within communities, we use these techniques to model large numbers of loci across genomes. Using balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera) as a case study, we demonstrate how our framework can accommodate nonlinear responses of loci to environmental gradients. We identify a threshold response to temperature in the circadian clock gene GIGANTEA-5 (GI5), suggesting that this gene has experienced strong local adaptation to temperature. We also demonstrate how these methods can map ecological adaptation from genomic data, including the identification of predicted differences in the genetic composition of populations under current and future climates. Community-level modelling of genomic variation represents an important advance in landscape genomics and spatial modelling of biodiversity that moves beyond species-level assessments of climate change vulnerability.
Innovative control systems laboratory equipment

Experiments are described that represent a part of a laboratory program at Michigan Technological University that has been considerably augmented by the utilization of various types of custom-designed equipment. Some recent changes in the laboratory reflect changes in program goals that have occurred in response to the availability of improved digital-circuit technology. The laboratory program is designed to supplement the study of system theory and automatic control theory as presented in several undergraduate electrical engineering courses.