cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Broad-band high-efficiency optoacoustic generation using a novel photonic crystal-metallic structure

Various optical structures have been investigated for high-frequency optoacoustic generation via thermoelastic effect, including metal films, mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and carbon black, two-dimensional (2-D) gold nanostructure with PDMS film, etc. However, they suffer from either low light absorption efficiency which affects the amplitude of generated ultrasound, or thick films that attenuate the amplitude and restrict its spectra bandwidth. Here we propose a novel one-dimensional photonic crystal-metallic (PCM) structure, which can be designed to absorb 100% optical energy of specific wavelengths in a total-internal-reflection geometry. The unique configuration enables us to choose suitable polymer films on top of the metallic structure, which can act as an ideal ultrasound transmitter to generate broad-band ultrasound with high conversion efficiency. Experimental results show that the PCM structure generated several times stronger ultrasound pressure than our previously demonstrated 2-D gold nanostructures [Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 093901 (2006)]. Moreover, the generated ultrasound exhibited almost the same frequency spectrum as the input laser pulse (duration width 6 ns). This shows that the PCM structure has great potential to generate broad-band ultrasound signal. It is also important to mention that the simple PCM structure with the polymer film forms a Fabry-Perot resonator and can play a role of an ultrasound receiver, which provides a convenient method to construct a broad-band and all-optical ultrasound transducer.
An American Trojan horse? Eisenhower, Latin America, and the development of us internal security policy 1954–1960

Perceptions of Third World nations as susceptible to communist subversion and revolutionary warfare led the Eisenhower administration to formulate a coordinated internal security strategy known simply as ‘1290d’. Later renamed the Overseas Internal Security Program (OISP), this policy initiative sought to strengthen host‐nation security forces, judicial systems, and public information media in an effort to combat indirect communist intervention strategies. Implementing OISP policy in Latin America proved difficult. In Congress, the administration was criticised for colluding with dictatorial regimes, while Latin Americans feared that the new program would be used as a ‘Trojan Horse’ to penetrate their security structures. After the Cuban Revolution, however, OISP policies developed under Eisenhower came to dominate US‐Latin American security relations for the remainder of the Cold War.
Establishing cephalometric norms for a Mexican population using Ricketts, Steiner, Tweed and Arnett analyses

Objective: Most existing cephalometric analyses are based on norms for the Caucasian population. Therefore, they cannot be properly applied for Latin-American (Hispanic) patients. It is the purpose of this study to establish specific cephalometric standards for a Mexican ethnic group, using the Ricketts, Steiner, Tweed and Arnett analyses. Materials and Methods: Lateral cephalograms of 100 non-growing patients which consists of 50 females and 50 males with native Mexican features and born in the central regions of Mexico, were traced manually and with the Quick Ceph Image Pro TM computer program. Lateral cephalograms of another subset of 30 patients with pleasant profiles (19 females and 11 males) were traced and Arnett Facial Analysis was performed. Results were statistically analyzed with the t-value, P value ( P Results: The statistical results of these cephalometric norms for a Hispanic population showed significant differences in the upper and lower incisors, facial axis and interincisal angles as well as other cephalometric measurements when compared to the Caucasian norms. Conclusion: These cephalometric norms can be applied for Native Americans from the USA and Latin-Americans from Central and South American countries due to the strong anthropometric, facial and ethnic similarities to the Mexican population.
Control of angiogenesis in fibroblasts by p53 regulation of thrombospondin-1

As normal cells progress toward malignancy, they must switch to an angiogenic phenotype to attract the nourishing vasculature that they depend on for their growth. In cultured fibroblasts from Li-Fraumeni patients, this switch was found to coincide with loss of the wild-type allele of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and to be the result of reduced expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. Transfection assays revealed that p53 can stimulate the endogenous TSP-1 gene and positively regulate TSP-1 promoter sequences. These data indicate that, in fibroblasts, wild-type p53 inhibits angiogenesis through regulation of TSP-1 synthesis.
Class specific antibody response to influenza A H1N1 infection in swine

Early detection of swine influenza A outbreaks is essential to understand the true cause and effect relationship that exists between this disease and other serious respiratory or herd health problems. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the early detection of H1N1 subtype specific serum IgM, IgG and secretory IgA were compared to direct virus detection in in embryonated eggs. Elevated levels of H1 hemagglutinin (HA) specific IgM and IgG were detected as early as 3 days post experimental infection with a field strain of swine influenza A (H1N1). Influenza specific IgA in nasal mucous samples was detected on day 4 post infection (PI). This compared favorably with egg inoculation methods which detected virus 2-4 days PI. Identification of elevated H1 HA specific IgM in test herds could signify a recent influenza outbreak. Alternatively, ELISA analysis of nasal mucous samples for H1 HA specific IgA could provide a noninvasive method of obtaining similar information on the influenza specific immune status of the herd.
The Effect of Multiple Mailings on Recruitment: The Multiethnic Cohort

Background: The current study considers potential nonresponse bias and data quality issues in the Multiethnic Cohort, a prospective study of lifestyle-cancer associations among adults ages 45 to 75 years from five ethnic groups in Hawaii and California. Methods: We examined determinants of early versus later response to the baseline questionnaire using logistic regression with response wave regressed on measures of demographics, history of illness, health behaviors, medication, and supplement use. Results: Participants who were more health conscious tended to respond earlier. Female sex, more education, personal experience with cancer, more physical activity, and regular use of aspirin were associated with early response. Race other than white and current smoking were associated with later response. Of note, African-Americans and Latinos, with lower response rates, and Japanese, with the highest response rate overall, were more likely to respond to a later mailing. Results were generally consistent across sex, age groups (under 65, 65+), and ethnic groups and over time. Although repeated mailings increased the proportion responding and the diversity of participants, the percent of missing item responses increased somewhat with response wave. Conclusion: Multiple mailings are recommended for recruiting ethnic minority groups but the tradeoff may be more missing data among later respondents. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(2):447–54)
Nonlinear matched filtering

A new class of nonlinear matched filters is discussed. These filters involve the transformation of the signal spectrum and the filter transfer function through a nonlinearity before they are multiplied in the transform domain. The resulting filter structures can be considered to be analogous to three-layer neural nets. They have better performance in terms of signal discrimination and lack of false correlation signals and artifacts than previously known filters. The matched filters are further subdivided into two major classes according to whether the filtering is based on a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) or a real discrete Fourier transform (RDFT). The DFT and the RDFT are approximations to the complex and real Fourier transforms, respectively. The RDFT-based filtering gives better performance in terms of signal discrimination and lack of false correlation signals and artifacts than the DFT-based filtering.
Chaos in a system with a periodically disappearing separatrix

We investigate the system\(\ddot x - x\cos \varepsilon 1 + x^3 = 0\) in which e≪1 by using averaging and elliptie functions. It is shown that this system is applicable to the dynamics of the familiar rotating-plane pendulum. The slow foreing permits us to envision an ‘instantancous phase portrait’ in the\(x - \dot x\) phase plane which exhibits a center at the origin when cos e1≤0 and a saddle and associated double homoclinic loop separatrix when cos ɛ 1 > 0. The chaos in this problem is related to the question of on which side (left (=L) or right (=R)) of the reappearing double homoclinic loop separatrix a motion finds itself. We show that the sequence of L's and R's exhibits sensitive dependence on initial conditions by using a simplified model which assumes that motions cross the instantancous separatrix instantancously. We also present an improved model which ‘patches’ a separatrix boundary layer onto the averaging model. The predictions of both models are compared with the results of numerical integration.
An environment for formal verification based on symbolic computations

We present an environment for formally verifying hardware, based on symbolic computations. This includes a new concurrency model, called the combinational/sequential or C/S concurrency model which has close ties to hardware. We allow fairness constraints and describe methods for specifying them and for formally verifying in their presence. Properties are specified by either CTL formulae or edge-Rabin automata. We give algorithms, in the presence of fairness constraints, for model checking CTL or for checking that the language of our system is contained in the language of a property automation. Finally, techniques are given for hierarchical verification and for detecting errors quickly (early failure detection).
Doubly [SiMe2]-bridged Cs- and C2v-symmetric zirconocene catalysts for propylene polymerization. Synthesis and polymerization characteristics

Abstract The C s - and C 2v -symmetric doubly dimethylsilylene-bridged zirconocene complexes (Me 2 Si) 2 { η 5 -C 5 H 2 -4-CHMe 2 }{ η 5 -C 5 H-3,5-(SiMe 3 ) 2 }ZrCl 2 , 6a , and (Me 2 Si) 2 { η 5 -C 5 H-3,5-(CHMe 2 ) 2 } 2 ZrCl 2 , 6b , have been synthesized by reaction of corresponding dilithio ligand salts with ZrCl 4 in CH 2 Cl 2 . When activated with methyl aluminoxane, C s -symmetric zirconocene 6a catalyzes the polymerization of propylene (liquid propylene, 0°C) to yield a syndiotactic polymer of Mw=1,000,000 and rrrr %=75.4. By contrast, C 2v -symmetric zirconocene 6b displays a low activity and affords an atactic polymer.
The effect of high temperature low cycle fatigue on the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels

The effect of high temperature (650 °C) low cycle fatigue on the corrosion behavior of five austenitic stainless steels (Types 304, 316L, 321, and Incoloy Alloys 800 and 800H) has been investigated. For comparison, corrosion tests were also performed on samples of as-received material as well as material which had been solutionized and material which was sensitized at 650 °C. It was observed that cyclic loading at high temperature reduces the corrosion resistance to a much greater extent than does just the exposure of unstressed material to elevated temperatures. Formation of chrome carbides during cycling and depletion of chromium from the matrix is responsible for the decrease in corrosion resistance. Of the alloys tested, Type 304 exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance. Superior corrosion resistance of the other alloys was due to the following: (a) a lower carbon content, (b) a higher chromium content, and (c) the presence of a strong carbide forming element (stabilized material).
CORRELATION OF RESPIRATOR DIAL “COMPLIANCE” WITH MEASURED LUNG COMPLIANCE

In clinical practice, lung compliance is often inferred from pressure and volume readings on the respirator dials. These estimates differ from measured lung compliance (CL) in that both pressure and volume are diminished by gas compression, flexing of the tubing and any leaks. Lung compliance was measured using a pneumotach and esophageal balloon and compared with ΔV/ΔP from the dials of the Bourns respirator. 102 data pairs from 25 prematures with HMD at varying stages of the disease were compared. Infants ranged from 14 hours to 48 days in age. The overall correlation between true and calculated compliance was poor, R=.539. The calculated values from the respirator were neither systematically above or below the actual CL values. The problem was random variation. Sources of error include high peak pressures which cause increased compression in the tubing and low apparent CL, leaks in the tubing or respirator, which cause high apparent CL, and inaccuracies in the respirator dials themselves. These data suggest that inferences about lung mechanics from the respirator readings are inaccurate and can be misleading.
Urodynamic analysis of the bulbourethral sling procedure.

Purpose: The bulbourethral sling procedure is successful in correcting incontinence following radical prostatectomy. However, the mechanism of action of the sling is not intuitively clear. We analyze the results of urodynamic testing on a cohort of men who underwent the bulbourethral sling procedure. Materials and Methods: Between October 1994 and October 1997, 66 men underwent the bulbourethral sling procedure at our hospital. All but 1 patient underwent preoperative video urodynamic testing. Intraoperative urethral pressure profilometry and abdominal leak point pressure measurements were performed. Additionally, all patients were invited to undergo followup video urodynamic testing. Results were correlated with current continence status. Results: Preoperatively all patients demonstrated intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Following sling placement postoperative Valsalva leak point pressure values were significantly increased but maximum resting urethral pressures were unchanged. Preoperative and postoperative Abrams-Griffiths nomograms were not consistent with postoperative bladder outlet obstruction. Postoperative voiding pressures were consistently less than corresponding Valsalva leak point pressures. Conclusions: Patients undergoing video urodynamic testing following the bulbourethral sling procedure demonstrated unobstructed voiding patterns, despite significant increases in Valsalva leak point pressures.
Corruption model of loss propagation for relative prioritized packet video

Several analytical models have been recently introduced to estimate the impact of the error propagation effect on the source video caused by lossy transmission channels. However, previous work focused either on the statistical aspects for the whole sequence or had a high computational complexity. In this work, we concentrate on estimating the distortion caused by the loss of a packet with a moderate computational complexity. The proposed model considers both the spatial filtering effect and the temporal dependency that affect the error propagation behavior. To verify this model, a real loss propagation effect is measured and compared with that of the expected distortion level derived by the model. Also, its applicability to the quality of service (QoS) of transmitted video is demonstrated through the packet video evaluation over the simulated differentiated service (DiffServ) forwarding mechanism.
Negotiating Intercommunity and Community Group Identity Positions: Summary Discourses from Two Northern Ireland Intercommunity Groups

This study applies a critical/interpretive framework to analyze discourses from two public documents compiled in 2002 from two intercommunity groups in West Belfast in Northern Ireland. Discourses are taken from participants’ comments, recounted experiences, and descriptions of their intercommunity relationships and actions produced to share with wider audiences in Northern Ireland. Analysis of selected discourse demonstrates: (a) how intercommunity group identities are negotiated simultaneously with community group identities, gendered, generational, and class privilege positions; (b) how speakers’ comments position their own groups in relationship to institutional representatives such as religious leaders, politicians, and security personnel; (c) how levels of agency and resistance are contextually negotiated; and (d) the importance of dialectic tensions and contradictions of being a member of an intercommunity group as well as a separate community in West Belfast. Implications of this framework for conflict researchers and practitioners are also addressed.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL TRANSPORT OF PARTICLE-REACTIVE CHEMICALS IN THE COASTAL OCEAN

Abstract A two-dimensional transport and scavenging model has been developed and applied to a limited set of 238U–234Th disequilibria data in order to examine the relative significance of horizontal versus vertical removal of chemicals in coastal waters. During an intense scavenging episode in September 1993 (>95% 238U–234Th disequilibrium), vertical scavenging was found to be more important than horizontal transport in both Inner and Outer Casco Bay, Gulf of Maine. However, in May 1994 the two-dimensional model suggested that onshore horizontal dispersion of 234Th was substantial. Recognition of this horizontal flux required us to increase the net vertical scavenging flux in Inner Casco Bay by a factor of three over that obtained based only on the local 238U–234Th disequilibrium. The radionuclide (210Pbxs, 234Thxs, 7Be) record of the underlying sediments provided supporting evidence for onshore horizontal transport of chemicals. The highest sedimentary inventories for all three radionuclides were found at the stations nearest to the coast. As anticipated from their relative particle-affinities, the “regional boundary-scavenging” indicator 7Be/234Thxs was highest at the coastal boundary. The application of the two-dimensional 234Th-based transport model to assess the distributional fate of other chemicals was demonstrated for Casco Bay using simultaneously measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Based on limited PAH data, the model results suggest that about half of the pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene introduced to Portland Harbor, ME may be settling locally and that the remainder is exported to offshore locations. The approach introduced here, coupling information on particle-mediated vertical scavenging, chemical phase distribution, and tide-induced horizontal dispersion, should provide a useful mechanistic framework for elucidating quantitatively the dispersal of a wide range of geochemically and environmentally important chemicals in the coastal ocean.
A water balance approach for reconstructing streamflow using tree-ring proxy records

Summary Tree-ring data have been used to augment limited instrumental records of climate and provide a longer view of past variability, thus improving assessments of future scenarios. For streamflow reconstructions, traditional regression-based approaches cannot examine factors that may alter streamflow independently of climate, such as changes in land use or land cover. In this study, seasonal water balance models were used as a mechanistic approach to reconstruct streamflow with proxy inputs of precipitation and air temperature. We examined a Thornthwaite water balance model modified to have seasonal components and a simple water balance model with a snow component. These two models were calibrated with a shuffled complex evolution approach using PRISM and proxy seasonal temperature and precipitation to reconstruct streamflow for the upper reaches of the West Walker River basin at Coleville, CA. Overall, the modified Thornthwaite model performed best during calibration, with R2 values of 0.96 and 0.80 using PRISM and proxy inputs, respectively. The modified Thornthwaite model was then used to reconstruct streamflow during AD 1500–1980 for the West Walker River basin. The reconstruction included similar wet and dry episodes as other regression-based records for the Great Basin, and provided estimates of actual evapotranspiration and of April 1 snow water equivalence. Given its limited input requirements, this approach is suitable in areas where sparse instrumental data are available to improve proxy-based streamflow reconstructions and to explore non-climatic reasons for streamflow variability during the reconstruction period.
Semantic representation: search and mining of multimedia content

Semantic understanding of multimedia content is critical in enabling effective access to all forms of digital media data. By making large media repositories searchable, semantic content descriptions greatly enhance the value of such data. Automatic semantic understanding is a very challenging problem and most media databases resort to describing content in terms of low-level features or using manually ascribed annotations. Recent techniques focus on detecting semantic concepts in video, such as indoor, outdoor, face, people, nature, etc. This approach works for a fixed lexicon for which annotated training examples exist. In this paper we consider the problem of using such semantic concept detection to map the video clips into semantic spaces. This is done by constructing a model vector that acts as a compact semantic representation of the underlying content. We then present experiments in the semantic spaces leveraging such information for enhanced semantic retrieval, classification, visualization, and data mining purposes. We evaluate these ideas using a large video corpus and demonstrate significant performance gains in retrieval effectiveness.
A Goal Programming Approach to the Optimization of Multi response Simulation Models

Abstract This paper presents a direct search approach to the optimization of multiresponse simulation models. The paper develops an approach within the framework of goal programming and uses a modified pattern search routine developed for this purpose. The algorithm and a graphical example are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of the approach determined from computational experiences with the solution procedure are discussed.
Visual Supports for Shared Reading with Young Children: The Effect of Static Overlay Design

This study examined the effects of two types of static overlay design (visual scene display and grid display) on 39 children's use of a speech-generating device during shared storybook reading with an adult. This pilot project included two groups: preschool children with typical communication skills (n = 26) and with complex communication needs (n = 13). All participants engaged in shared reading with two books using each visual layout on a speech-generating device (SGD). The children averaged a greater number of activations when presented with a grid display during introductory exploration and free play. There was a large effect of the static overlay design on the number of silent hits, evidencing more silent hits with visual scene displays. On average, the children demonstrated relatively few spontaneous activations of the speech-generating device while the adult was reading, regardless of overlay design. When responding to questions, children with communication needs appeared to perform better when usi...
Swing-arm optical coordinate measuring machine: modal estimation of systematic errors from dual probe shear measurements

The swing-arm optical coordinate measuring machine (SOC), a profilometer with a distance-measuring interferometric probe for in situ measurement of the topography of aspheric surfaces,has been used for measuring highly aspheric mirrors with a performance rivaling full aperture interferometric tests. Recently, we implemented a dual probe, self-calibration mode for the SOC. Data from the dual probes can be used to calibrate the swing-arm air bearing errors since both probes see the same bearing errors while measuring different portions of the test surface. Bearing errors are reconstructed from modal estimation of the sheared signal.
On the size of nonredundant FD-covers

Abstract We investigate the relative size of equivalent nonredundant covers of functional dependencies. Let F and G denote two equivalent nonrebundant FD-covers on a set of attributes R. We show that |F| ⩽ |G|(|R| −1). As a consequence, the cardinality of any nonrebundant cover of functional dependencies differs by a factor of at most || − 1 from the cardinality of an equivalent minimum cover. We show that this bound is realizable. Let size(H) denote the number of attribute symbols used to express a cover H. We deduce the following relationship between the sizes of F and G: size(F) ⩽ size(G) × |R|(|R| − 1).
Simultaneous Separation of Monoacylglycerols, Free Fatty Acids, and Fatty Acid Methyl and Ethyl Esters by Reversed‐Phase HPLC

Abstract We have developed a reversed‐phase C18 high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to separate molecular species of monoacylglycerols (MAG), fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, and fatty acid ethyl esters, simultaneously. This system also separates the regioisomers, 2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol and 1‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol, with 2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol eluting earlier than 1‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol. The elution order of the fatty acid and esters was ricinoleate, linolenate, linoleate, palmitate, oleate, and stearate. This method is also useful for the identification of radiolabeled metabolites using co‐chromatography.
Corneal Endothelial Changes after Argon Laser Iridotomy

We used a continuous-wave argon laser to produce iridotomies in 28 eyes of 17 patients (12 women and five men ranging in age from 44 to 84 years) with angle-closure glaucoma. We photographed the central corneal endothelium with a contact specular microscope before and after the laser iridotomy was produced. The mean number of cells before treatment was 2,516 cells/mm 2 and the mean number after treatment was 2,391 cells/mm 2 . The mean decrease, therefore, was 125 cells/mm 2 . This decrease was not statistically significant (P = .09). Retrogression analysis failed to show a correlation between the amount of energy necessary to produce the iridotomy and a decrease in endothelial cell density. Retrogression analysis also failed to show a correlation between the change in endothelial cell density and the time between the laser iridotomy and the performance of postoperative specular microscopy (one to 41 weeks).
The Family as a Developmental System: Impact on the Career Development of Individuals with Disabilities

The current high rates of unemployment and underemployment of individuals with disabilities is evidence that traditional approaches to career development and transitions planning have not adequately met the needs of persons with disabilities. An individual's family and significant others have been recognized as having major impact on career development, although the ongoing dynamics of family influence on career development are not fully understood (Lopez & Andres, 1987). Currently, there is a lack of a conceptual framework to guide professionals in developing programs to utilize the family as a resource in the career development of individuals with disabilities. The developmental approach, as discussed in this article, is a sound basis for developing intervention strategies designed to assist the family and the individual to promote the career development of persons with disabilities.
Using Mathematical Models in Decision Making Methodologies to Find Key Nodes in the Noordin Dark Network

A Dark Network is a network that cannot be accessed through tradition means. Once uncovered, to any degree, dark network analysis can be accomplished using the SNA software. The output of SNA software includes many measures and metrics. For each of these measures and metric, the output in ORA additionally provides the ability to obtain a rank ordering of the nodes in terms of these measures. We might use this information in decision making concerning best methods to disrupt or deceive a given dark network. In the Noordin Dark network, different nodes were identified as key nodes based upon the metric used. Our goal in this paper is to use methodologies to identify the key players or nodes in a Dark Network in a similar manner as we previously proposed in social networks. We apply two multi-attribute decision making methods, a hybrid AHP & TOPSIS and an average weighted ranks scheme, to analyze these outputs to find the most influential nodes as a function of the decision makers’ inputs. We compare these methods by illustration using the Noordin Dark Network with seventy-nine nodes. We discuss sensitivity analysis that is applied to the criteria weights in order to measure the change in the ranking of the nodes.
The implementation and evaluation of a recovery system for workflows

Workflow systems are popular in daily business processing. Since vulnerability cannot be totally removed from a workflow management system, successful attacks always happen and may inject malicious tasks or incorrect data into the workflow system. Moreover, legitimate tasks referring to the incorrect data will further corrupt more data objects in the system. As a result, the integrity level of the system can be seriously compromised. This problem cannot be efficiently solved by existing defense mechanisms, such as access control, intrusion detection, and checkpoints. In this paper, we propose a practical solution for on-line attack recovery of workflows. The recovery system discovers all damages caused by the malicious tasks and automatically repairs the damages based on data and control dependencies between workflow tasks. We describe fundamental theories for workflow attack recovery system. Based on these theories, we build a prototype system and develop the corresponding recovery algorithms. We evaluate the performance of the recovery system under different attacking densities, intrusion detection delays and arrival rates. The experimental results show that our system is practical.
Hedonic Price Effects of Pedestrian- and Transit-Oriented Development:

Recent consumer surveys and demographic analyses have indicated a growing market for pedestrian- and transit-designed development. Theoretically, this market shift should be reflected in the price people are willing to pay for those styles of development. This article traces the literature that uses hedonic price methods for testing this hypothesis, either by assessing pedestrian/transit-design development holistically or by evaluating its component parts. The literature confirms that the market shift is, indeed, being capitalized into real estate prices and demonstrates that the amenity-based elements of transit-designed development play an important positive role in urban land markets, independent of the accessibility benefits provided by transit.
Mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Typical omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the form of fish oils and α linolenic acid from flaxseed oil. Epidemiological studies suggested the benefits of n-3 PUFA on cardiovascular health. Intervention studies confirmed that the consumption of n-3 PUFA provided benefits for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Evidence from cellular and molecular research studies indicates that the cardioprotective effects of n-3 PUFA result from a synergism between multiple, intricate mechanisms that involve antiinflammation, proresolving lipid mediators, modulation of cardiac ion channels, reduction of triglycerides, influence on membrane microdomains and downstream cell signaling pathways and antithrombotic and antiarrhythmic effects. n-3 PUFAs inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways (nuclear factor-κ B activity) and down-regulate fatty acid (FA) synthesis gene expression (sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c) and up-regulate gene expression involved in FA oxidation (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α). This review examines the various mechanisms by which n-3 PUFA exert beneficial effects against CVD.
Passive transfer of tumor immunity with spleen cells from guinea pigs cured of hepatocarcinoma by nonspecific immunotherapy

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cell-mediated tumor immunity in strain-2 guinea pigs cured of line-10 hepatocarcinoma by oil-in-water emulsions containing phenol-water extracts from either BCG or the Re mutant of Salmonella typhimurium (Re ET) admixed with mycobacteria glycolipid (P3). Treatment with these emulsions produced complete regression of established tumor nodules and prevented the growth of lymph node metastases in 25 of the 28 animals inoculated intradermally (ID) with 106 line-10 cells and given intralesional immunotherapy 6 days later. No tumor regression was observed in animals given phenol-water extracts alone. Spleen cells, taken from guinea pigs cured of line-10 by BCG extract + P3 or Re ET + P3, were tested for their influence on tumor growth by means of an in vivo adoptive neutralization test (Winn test). Cell transfer was accomplished by the subcutanous injection of various concentrations of spleen cells admixed with 105 viable line-10 cells. The results showed that as few as 107 immune spleen cells completely inhibited the growth of 105 tumor cells in 46–54% of the animals. The best tumor growth inhibition (77–85%) was observed in animals given 5 × 107 immune cells admixed with 105 tumor cells. The onset of transferrable tumor immunity was earlier in animals treated with the BCG extract + P3 than in those given the Re ET + P3. However, the duration of detectable tumor immunity was longer in the latter group. In contrast, no inhibition of tumor growth was observed in animals given spleen cells from normal or tumor-bearing guinea pigs. Moreover, spleen cells obtained from guinea pigs immunized with BCG extract + P3 or Re ET + P3 emulsions only and admixed with line-10 cells failed to transfer tumor immunity to normal animals. Thus, results from this study clearly demonstrated that cell-mediated tumor immunity was elicited in animals cured of line-10 tumor with combinations of P3 and phenol-water extracts of either BCG or Re mutant of S. typhimurium and that sensitized spleen cells effectively transferred systemic tumor immunity to normal recipients.
In-situ metrology for deep-ultraviolet lithography process control

Submicron Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) photolithographic processes present significant manufacturing challenges due to the relatively small process windows often associated with these technologies. The sensitivity of the process to small upstream variations in incoming film reflectivity, photoresist coat and softbake steps as well as the bake plate temperature can result in the final critical dimension (CD) going out of specifications and more importantly, not being identified until the end of the lot. In this work, we have identified the pre-exposure film stack reflectance and the pre-develop exposed area photoresist thickness loss as wafer state quantities, related to the final photoresist critical dimension. A control model integrating equipment and wafer state parameters has been constructed, using a designed experiment, to facilitate control of the photolithography sequence. We have also installed a scanning head, broadband reflectance spectrometer as an in-situ sensor to measure the film stack reflectance for feed-forward corrections to the exposure dose, and to measure the resist thickness loss as a uniformity measure of the combined exposure and the post- exposure bake steps and hence of the final photoresist CD.
Synaptic vesicle endocytosis

Exocytosis of synaptic vesicles is followed rapidly by reinternalization and recycling of their membranes. Recent studies have confirmed the key role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in synaptic vesicle reformation and have identified new proteins that participate in this process. In addition, growing evidence suggests that lipids, primarily phosphoinositides, play an important role in synaptic vesicle recycling.
Regression artifacts and other customs of dubious desert

Abstract This paper was written as a belated response to an invitation by Campbell to debate the subject of regression artifacts and related topics on which we apparently differed. The thesis is that there appears to be a certain tendency in social science and program evaluation to adhere to some methodological practices by force of custom or habit rather than because of their reasoned applicability. These include the ideas of regression artifacts, random measurement error, and change or gain scores. A defense of this position in regard to all three ideas is presented.
The influence of neighborhood safety on the relation between caregiver alcohol use and child symptoms of depression

Objective: To examine the potential moderating effect of neighborhood safety on the caregiver alcohol use and child depression relation.Background: Parental alcohol use is a risk factor for child adjustment outcomes, including depression. However, more research is needed in this area as many children of problem drinkers grow up healthy and well adjusted.Methods: This study examined the potential moderating effect of perceptions of neighborhood safety on the association between caregiver alcohol use and child symptoms of depression in a community sample of 89 children ranging from 9 to 12 years of age (mean = 10.4, SD = 1.1).Results: Findings suggest that for those who viewed their neighborhoods as less safe, caregiver alcohol use was positively related to child depression; however, for those who viewed their neighborhoods as more safe, caregiver alcohol use and child depression were not related.Conclusions: Intervention strategies should target children who reside in unsafe neighborhoods, particularly tho...
An inventory model with lot-size dependent ordering cost

Abstract The classical Harris - Wilson inventory model assumes that the ordering cost is constant and does not depend on the quantity ordered. There are, however, many practical situations where this is not true. This paper considers an inventory model where the ordering cost depends on the size of the lot and increases in steps as the lot size increases. An algorithm is developed to determine the economic order quantity and is illustrated by a numerical example.
Glides and gemination

Abstract For some linguists, rapid articulatory movement and short duration are essential attributes of vocalic glides (or ‘semivowels’). Others define them by structural properties, sometimes coupled with occurrence at a syllable margin. But brevity and rapid movement cannot be inherent properties of the class. A survey of 45 languages with geminates shows that although semivowels are among the less-favored candidates for gemination nonetheless a substantial number of languages, including Amharic, Northern Sierra Miwok, Marshallese, Leggbo and Tamazight, permit them to participate in singleton/geminate contrasts. Evidently geminates are inherently not brief or transitional. It might be thought that the geminate counterparts of singleton glides belong to a different phonetic or phonological category (e.g. fricatives). However, in several cases the clear phonological relatedness of the singleton and geminate semivowels can be demonstrated and in a final section the similarity between singleton and geminate semivowels in amplitude and formant frequencies in Trique is illustrated.
Bridging the GAP between insulin signaling and GLUT4 translocation

Upon binding and activating its cell-surface receptor, insulin triggers signaling cascades that regulate many cellular processes. Regarding glucose homeostasis, insulin suppresses hepatic glucose production and increases glucose transport into muscle and adipose tissues. At the cellular level, glucose uptake results from the insulin-stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular storage sites to the plasma membrane. Although the signaling molecules that function proximal to the activated insulin receptor have been well characterized, it is not known how the distal insulin-signaling cascade interfaces with and mobilizes GLUT4-containing compartments. Recently, several candidate signaling molecules, including AS160, PIKfyve and synip, have been identified that might provide functional links between the insulin signaling cascade and GLUT4 compartments. Future work will focus on delineating the precise GLUT4 trafficking steps regulated by these molecules.
Role of IL-10 in regulating proinflammatory cytokine release by Kupffer cells following trauma-hemorrhage

IL-6 and TNF-α production by Kupffer cells is markedly stimulated following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H). Because IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, the aim of this study was to determine whether I...
Influences of an Anti-Ovulatory Compound on the Expression of Vitamin D Deficiency Signs in Laying Hens

Abstract IT HAS been well documented that in mature laying birds the first symptoms of a vitamin D deficiency is the laying of thin-shelled eggs, followed by decreased egg production. After a time the breast bones become distinctly less rigid, and the bones of the legs become fragile and easily breakable. Birds may lose the use of their legs and squat in a “penguin-like” manner (Heuser, 1955). Turk and McGinnis (1964), using Single Comb White Leghorn hens, observed that vitamin D deficient hens remained in good physical condition even though they laid few eggs. In a continuation of studies on vitamin D deficient hens, using commercial White Leghorn pullets bred for high egg production, typical signs of leg weakness were observed when 20-week old, White Leghorn pullets had been fed a vitamin D deficient diet for 4 months. High mortality occurred and bone ash was significantly lower. When testosterone (1 mg./hen/day)…
Securing embedded systems

A top-down, multiabstraction layer approach for embedded security design reduces the risk of security flaws, letting designers maximize security while limiting area, energy, and computation costs
Effect of gamma irradiation on aflatoxin production in barley

Barley was inoculated with conidia of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999, and at 0°C was left to equilibrate at three moisture levels: 17, 20 and 25%. Gamma irradiation at five doses, 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 krad, was applied to the grain either soon after moisture equilibration (3 days after inoculation) or 10 days later (13 days after inoculation). Increasing the radiation dose resulted in decreasing aflatoxin formation, with one exception: 200 krad applied 13 days after inoculation on barley stored at a moisture level of 25% (100% relative humidity) and 25°C led to higher aflatoxin production than at 100 or 50 krad. For the control of aflatoxin contamination in barley, storage at low moisture content appears to be more practical and effective than irradiation.
Confronting the Challenges in Reconnecting Urban Planning and Public Health

Although public health and urban planning emerged with the common goal of preventing urban outbreaks of infectious disease, there is little overlap between the fields today. The separation of the fields has contributed to uncoordinated efforts to address the health of urban populations and a general failure to recognize the links between, for example, the built environment and health disparities facing low-income populations and people of color. I review the historic connections and lack thereof between urban planning and public health, highlight some challenges facing efforts to recouple the fields, and suggest that insights from ecosocial theory and environmental justice offer a preliminary framework for reconnecting the fields around a social justice agenda.
Stability in distributed parameter systems

Three models of a catalyst particle are examined for existence of multiple steady states depending upon whether intraparticle heat conduction or diffusion is important. The particle with constant temperature but with intraparticle diffusion is examined in detail and a necessary and sufficient condition for the stability of the steady state is obtained. Calculations are made for a particle with both intraparticle diffusion and conduction and it is shown that there may be multiple steady states some of which are unstable to small perturbations.
Two synthetic Sp1-binding sites functionally substitute for the 21-base-pair repeat region to activate simian virus 40 growth in CV-1 cells.

The 21-bp repeat region of simian virus 40 (SV40) activates viral transcription and DNA replication and contains binding sites for many cellular proteins, including Sp1, LSF, ETF, Ap2, Ap4, GT-1B, H16, and p53, and for the SV40 large tumor antigen. We have attempted to reduce the complexity of this region while maintaining its growth-promoting capacity. Deletion of the 21-bp repeat region from the SV40 genome delays the expression of viral early proteins and DNA replication and reduces virus production in CV-1 cells. Replacement of the 21-bp repeat region with two copies of DNA sequence motifs bound with high affinities by Sp1 promotes SV40 growth in CV-1 cells to nearly wild-type levels, but substitution by motifs bound less avidly by Sp1 or bound by other activator proteins does not restore growth. This indicates that Sp1 or a protein with similar sequence specificity is primarily responsible for the function of the 21-bp repeat region. We speculate about how Sp1 activates both SV40 transcription and DNA replication. Images
A note on policy capturing as a method for studying social desirability

Policy capturing was used to identify and quantify subjects’ use not only of relevant factors but of socially desirable factors as well. The technique revealed how a subject weighted a socially undesirable factor in a manner which he/she was either not willing or not able to convey in a more direct ranking procedure. Not only did policy capturing allow us to identify reliance on such a factor in terms of a significant beta weight, it also gave us an estimate of its relative contribution to the individual’s decision-making strategy.
Effect of pH on growth of mouse renal cortical tubule cells in primary culture

We examined the effect of the medium pH on growth of primary cultures of mouse cortical tubule cells grown in defined medium. A significantly higher DNA content was observed within 24 h of lowering medium pH from 7.4 to 6.8 or 7.1 and persisted for the duration of the study. Further studies revealed that either medium acidification or insulin plus prostaglandin E1 nearly doubled uptake of [3H]thymidine in cells deprived of other growth factors for the previous 72-110 h. Moreover, the effects of insulin, prostaglandin E1, and medium acidification on [3H]thymidine uptake of quiescent cells were additive. An alkaline medium pH appeared to have a small but significant effect on cell hypertrophy, since cells exposed to pH 7.4 and 7.7 had a higher protein-to-DNA ratio than cells incubated at a lower pH. Cell pH of monolayers grown on glass slides determined from fluorescence of the carboxyfluorescein analogue 2',7'-biscarboxyethyl-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) was linearly correlated with medium pH, and changes in medium pH resulted in changes in steady-state cell pH of a similar magnitude. Four hours after medium acidification, relative increases in cell Na+ and water content occurred, whereas medium alkalinization led to decreases in cell Na+ and water content. The increases in cell Na+ and cell water content at pH 6.8 could be inhibited by amiloride. We conclude that decreasing the cell pH can be a mitogenic stimulus for renal tubule cells. Medium acidification is accompanied by changes in cell Na+ transport, which may be mediated in part by altered Na+-H+ antiporter activity.