cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protecting fundamental values in international IP disputes: investor-state vs. WTO adjudication

This article, written for a conference on improving investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), compares the resolution of investor-state disputes under bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements with investment chapters, with state-state dispute settlement under the World Trade Organizations’ Dispute Settlement Understanding. It demonstrates that across five dimensions, (1) the framing of disputes; (2) the incentives of disputants; (3) the interests of the relevant institutions; (4) the structure and impact of the awards; and (5) the leverage associated with the procedures, ISDS is far more intrusive on regulatory authority than WTO dispute resolution. The article ends with suggestions for making ISDS more responsive to sovereign interests.
Clustering small datasets in high-dimension by random projection.

Datasets in high-dimension do not typically form clusters in their original space; the issue is worse when the number of points in the dataset is small. We propose a low-computation method to find statistically significant clustering structures in a small dataset. The method proceeds by projecting the data on a random line and seeking binary clusterings in the resulting one-dimensional data. Non-linear separations are obtained by extending the feature space using monomials of higher degrees in the original features. The statistical validity of the clustering structures obtained is tested in the projected one-dimensional space, thus bypassing the challenge of statistical validation in high-dimension. Projecting on a random line is an extreme dimension reduction technique that has previously been used successfully as part of a hierarchical clustering method for high-dimensional data. Our experiments show that with this simplified framework, statistically significant clustering structures can be found with as few as 100-200 points, depending on the dataset. The different structures uncovered are found to persist as more points are added to the dataset.
Review of a children’s complex airway clinic

Introduction: Children with tracheostomies require regular review to monitor optimal tube size and complications. We set up a multidisciplinary complex airway clinic for children with tracheostomies/long term ventilation, run jointly by consultants in paediatric otolaryngology and long term ventilation. During clinic visits, dynamic airway examination in the patient9s usual position is undertaken by flexible endoscopy. Aim: To review the acceptability and effectiveness of our paediatric complex airway clinic. Methods: Clinic letters for attendences from 2013-2019 were reviewed. Relevent airway endoscopy findings and changes in patient management were recorded. Results: 53 children with tracheostomies were seen in 164 clinic visits. Median age at first clinic visit was 6years 3months (range 7months to 24years). Flexible endoscopy with and without the tube in place was carried out in 157 clinic visits. Granulation tissue of the tracheal mucosa was seen in 8 patients, at the stoma site in 12 patients, and 2 patients had both. There was no clear relationship between granulation occurance and tube type, cuff usage, freqency of tube change or type of tube tie. 20 clinic visits led to a change in tracheostomy tube. New advice about secretion management, tube changes, tube fixation or skincare was given in 97 clinic visits. Only 4 patients required a general anaesthetic for suprastomal assessment for decannulation. Conculsion: Our complex airway clinic is highly effective in monitoring children with tracheostomys. General anaesthetic for airway assessment is only needed prior to decannulation or for management of complex granulation tissue. Parents feel included in decision-making and have improved confidence managing their child9s tracheostomy.
When a global crisis closes your clinic: A telemedicine approach for transient ischemic attack and minor stroke care during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introduction: Recent work has demonstrated the safety and feasibility of rapid outpatient evaluation for presentations of TIA and non-disabling stroke. Our outpatient TIA and stroke clinic, Rapid Access Vascular Evaluation-Neurology (RAVEN) clinic, instituted in 2016, encountered unprecedented challenges in operations during the COVID-19 surge in New York City, leading to the creation of a telemedicine approach to minimize patient and staff exposure risk. To date, few virtual TIA/stroke clinics have reported on safety and feasibility outcomes. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that rapid follow-up of patients with suspected TIA and minor stroke via telemedicine would be feasible and safe during the pandemic. Methods/Results: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with TIA and minor stroke who were referred to the virtual clinic from the emergency department (ED) between March and June 2020 (the local peak of the COVID-19 pandemic) when RAVEN in-person visits were suspended. A total of 24 patients were discharged early from the ED and referred for RAVEN evaluation with 20 patients evaluated as scheduled;4 were lost to RAVEN follow-up. Ultimately, 60% of these patients were diagnosed with TIA or minor stroke after completing their remote evaluation;the rest were diagnosed as stroke mimics (seizure, migraine with aura, neuropathy, peripheral vertigo, stroke recrudescence). The median NIHSS calculated at initial ED evaluation was 1 with a maximum NIHSS of 5. A new medical intervention for secondary prevention was prescribed for 70% of patients prior to ED discharge. Amongst patients contacted by phone 3-5 months post- RAVEN evaluation, 4 of 15 had an increased modified Rankin score. Of the 24 patients referred for RAVEN evaluation, 7 returned to the ED within 90 days, with 3 patients citing neurologic complaints. On follow-up via phone conducted 2-5 months after RAVEN evaluation, 3 of 17 patients selfreported either a positive COVID-19 test or suspected COVID-19 diagnosis over the study period. Conclusion: A telemedicine-based approach to evaluate TIA and stroke in the RAVEN model helped limit patient infection risk, optimize resource allocation, establish accurate, timely diagnoses, and effectively implement secondary prevention strategies.
A Survey of Internal Medicine Residents: Their Learning Environments, Bias and Discrimination Experiences, and Their Support Structures

Purpose While there is an emerging body of literature that demonstrates how racism and bias negatively impact the experiences of physicians and trainees from underrepresented groups in medicine in the US, little is known about the experiences of internal medicine trainees and their learning environments. The purpose of this study was to examine these learning environments and explore trainees' perceptions of race/ethnicity-related topics. Methods A 35-item confidential electronic survey was disseminated to trainees from 11 internal medicine training programs in the US. A total of 142 trainees participated. Purposive sampling ensured alignment with 2018 IM trainee demographics by sex, race and ethnicity. Analyses were performed including chi-square, Fisher's exact tests, and logistic regression. Results Key findings reveal 63% of respondents perceived disparities in the care provided to diverse patients. Two in three respondents were confident that their institution would respond to discrimination, but only 1/3 of respondents perceived appropriate reporting mechanisms. Black/African American trainees reported needing to minimize aspects of their race and were less likely to perceive their institutions as being supportive to people of color. Conclusion Access to timely information about trainees' experiences with discrimination and bias in graduate medical education is imperative to disrupt systemic racism and health inequities. Findings suggest a perceived difference in health care provided to minoritized groups, a gap in formal mechanisms for reporting racism and discrimination experienced by trainees, and environments that challenge a sense of belonging. Findings add to current literature exposing the experience of underrepresented trainees in the US.
Asparaginase: Understanding and Overcoming Toxicities

Introduction The extension of pediatric-inspired regimens to young adults with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has considerably improved leukemia outcomes in this population,1–3 and nowadays, more young adults are being cured with chemotherapy and successfully spared from complications of early allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation consolidation.4 Pediatric-inspired ALL regimens rely heavily on the use of non-myelosuppressive drugs, such as asparaginase, steroid, and vincristine. Asparaginase, in particular, is a key element for pediatric-inspired regimens, and the inclusion of asparaginase and the more extensive use of it in these regimens has led to better ALL outcomes.5,6 In contrast, a summary of approximately 8,000 children enrolled in the Children’s Oncology Group showed a direct correlation between early asparaginase discontinuation as the result of emerging toxicities and inferior outcomes. 7
Self-induced nonreciprocal transmission with optical nonlinear metamaterials

Breaking the Lorentz reciprocity law and consequently generating nonreciprocal transmission consists a fundamental functionality in several important optical devices such as isolators, circulators, switches, and optical diodes. Self-induced nonreciprocity based on optical nonlinear effects is a more appealing technique compared to other relevant nonreciprocal schemes due to the absence of any kind of external bias based on magnets, currents, or space and time modulation. Therefore, the nonlinearity-based nonreciprocal photonic devices are expected to have an ultrafast response and low cost and be compact in size and easy to implement. Hence, they are ideal for on-chip integration and free-space optics applications.
Discrete Model Analysis of Elastic-Plastic Plates

By invoking the usual assumptions of the classical theory of plates and shells, a discrete flexural model of a plate is deduced from a discrete model of three-space solids. All the flexural relations and equations, including boundary conditions, pertaining to a discrete set of field quantities can then be formulated directly through the model; these relations can also be shown consistently to be central difference analogs of the corresponding classical differential equations. On this basis, the treatment of nonlinear-inelastic material properties is quite transparent; material properties are treated in their most basic form and general properties are handled in the same manner as that of linearly elastic material. All these lead to a simple set of recursive equations which constitute the basis for an algorithmic approach to the flexural analysis of nonlinear-inelastic problems of plate structures. The solution for several square plates of elastic-perfectly plastic material are illustrated with different boundary conditions. In all cases, the numerically predicted load-carrying capacities are shown to be consistently within the bounds of limit analysis.
Beyond these walls: Building a library outreach program at Oakland University

Abstract To enhance the learning experiences of all students, today's academic librarians must engage in outreach efforts that move beyond the walls of the library. In the past year, Oakland University's Kresge Library has made significant inroads in developing outreach initiatives that provide needed services to previously underserved student populations, such as transfer students, multicultural groups, and on-cam-pus residents. These programs have increased the library's visibility, enhanced its image among the university's students, faculty, and staff alike, and positioned it at the heart of teaching and learning on campus. This article describes some of these outreach efforts.
Functional test coverage effectiveness on the decline

Functional test (FT) coverage exposure risks continue to increase on printed circuit boards. Coverage risks are partially due to defect detection shortcomings at pre-functional test stages causing a defect migration to FT. Board interconnect technology advancements have expanded the manufacturing defect spectrum producing additional functional test coverage gaps. Historical FT techniques are ill-equipped to adequately address these issues requiring fresh innovation.
Management Information Systems: Evolution and Status

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the evolution of management information systems (MIS). It also discusses the current status of this field. The chapter emphasizes on the development of MIS thought, the body of knowledge that exists through the performance of research, and the evolution of support mechanisms. MIS essentially deals with all informational and decision-making activity associated with operating an organization. In functional context, management information-decision systems are a blend of organizational theory, accounting, statistics, mathematical modeling, and economics, together with exposure to advanced computer hardware and software systems. This field is centered on expanding the horizons and integrating the decisions of organizations, both public and private, that must operate within the dynamics and functional demands imposed by their organizational size and degree of complexity. The chapter considers a historical approach that emphasizes on the academic and professional development of the MIS area. Decision support for management is very important to MIS.
ENDING THE INTERNATIONAL-DOMESTIC DICHOTOMY: NEW APPROACHES TO A GLOBAL CURRICULUM FOR THE MILLENNIUM

This article calls for social work educators to abandon the conceptual separation of domestic and international content and move toward a curriculum with a truly global perspective. After reviewing the history and current state of the profession’s global-mindedness, the authors present three strategies for achieving a curriculum to meet students’ needs in the global environment of the millennium: the interim step of internationalizing the curriculum, then revising the profession’s value base, and adopting three unifying frameworks that offer channels for international dialogue and encourage a global outlook.
World system and its agents: analysis of the registrants of Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA)

Abstract Using data from the Foreign Agent Registration Act (FARA) Office, the research found that the lower a country is on the hierarchy of the world system, the less effort it puts into communicating with the United States; semi-periphery nations are more likely to hire U.S. public relations firms, followed by core nations and periphery nations; finally, the numbers of firms and clienteles have decreased over the past three years.
MOTHER'S BIRTH WEIGHT AND THE RISK OF PRETERM AND SMALL FOR GESTATIONAL AGE BIRTH

Birth certificates for Tennessee births during 1979-1984 were linked with their mothers' birth certificates for births in Tennessee during 1959-1966 (n=33, 108 white;10, 783 black). Maternal birth weight was positively correlated (p<0.0001) with both mean infant birth weight and the fraction of offspring <2500 and <1500 g. Examining the relationship between maternal birth weight and either intra-uterine growth or duration of gestation showed that the rate of small for gestational age (SGA) varied from a low of 5.9% for white and 4.8% for black mothers weighing 4000-4499 g at birth to a maximum of 20% for low birth wt mothers of either race. In contrast, the rate of preterm birth varied little by maternal birth weight for both whites and blacks. The race-adjusted odds ratios and 95% C.I. are in the figure. These data suggest that maternal birth weight exerts a stronger influence on IUGR than on the duration of gestation. Women who were smaller than at average at birth may be as much as 4 times more likely to give birth to a SGA infant than are women who were larger than average at birth. Women who were large at birth are at low risk for the delivery of a SGA infant.
A test of density functional theory for dative bonding systems

Abstract Density functional calculations are carried out for the H3B—NH3 system and compared with experimental and ab initio theoretical data. Calculations that use non-local exchange-correlation potentials are capable of providing excellent geometries, dative bond energies and dipole moments, as well as a adequate estimates of vibrational frequencies and barriers to internal rotations. The local density approximation can provide reasonable structure information, but significantly overestimates the dative bond energy, without perturbative non-local corrections.
Effects of Kenya's Bura Irrigation Settlement Project on biological diversity and other conservation concerns.

: The Bura Irrigation Settlement Project was designed to settle landless farmers and grow irrigated cotton for export in a remote, semiarid region of Kenya Over $100 million* has been invested by the Kenya government, World Bank, Britain's Overseas Development Administration, Finland's FINNIDA, The Netherlands, Commonwealth Development Corporation, and European Development Fund. The project has been plagued by a wide range of financial, managerial, and technical problems, and has been economically disappointing. Some of the disappointing economic performance is linked to the almost complete lack of concern for forestry, wildlife, and other environmental issues during most stages of project implementation. The riverine (gallery) forests of the Tana River represent a biologically unique ecosystem in a semiarid region of Kenya The irrigated areas developed under the Bura project have not been situated on riverine forest lands. Nonetheless, the project seriously threatens the long-term survival of all the nearby riverine forest owing to the acute shortage of fuel-wood in the region. This shortage has occurred largely because the planned fuelwood plantations have been neglected. Resumen: El proyecto Bura de colonizacion e irrigacion fue disenado para resituar agricultores sin tierras y para producir algodon con irrigacion para la exportacion en una region remota y semi-arida de Kenyia Mas de $100 millones (E.U.A. dolares) ban sido invertidospor el gohierno de Kenyia, el Banco Mundial, la agencia ODA inglesa, la agencia FINNIDA de Finlandia, Holanda, la Corporacion de Desarrollo del Commonwealth, y el Fondo Europeo para el Desarrollo. En el proyecto ban habido por una serie de problemas fin-ancieros, administrativos y tecnicos, y ha sido economica-mente desilucionante. Algunos de los resultados economicos desilucionantes ban estado ligados a una carencia casi completa de interes sobre las cuestiones forestales, de vida silvestre y ambientales durante la mayor parte de las etapas de desarrollo del proyecto. El bosque rivereno (de galeria) junto alo Rio Tana representa un ecosistema unico boilogicamente en la region semi-arida de Kenia Las areas irrigadas desarrolladas por el Proyecto Bura no estan sitdas en el bosque rivereno. Sin embargo, el proyecto amenaza smer-amente la pemzanencia del bosque rivereno debido a la es-casez de lena en la region. Esta escasez de debe basicamente al descuido de las plantaciones de lena.
Effect of adrenalectomy on renin release in the rat.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of increased renin secretion in the adrenalectomized (Adx) rat. Plasma renin concentration (PRC) responses to acute infusion of 0.9% NaCl (5% of body weight) were compared in three groups of rats: Adx, Adx rats treated with dexamethasone (Adx + Dex), and sham controls. During the 7 days after adrenalectomy and before acute infusion, Adx animals drank 0.9% NaCl; sham animals drank water. Despite a more positive sodium balance over the 7 days, preinfusion PRC was higher in Adx than in the other two groups (P < 0.01) and did not decrease with NaCl infusion [31.2 ± 9.6 (±SE) U/30 min to 30.4 ± 9.5]. PRC was suppressed by NaCl infusion in Adx + Dex (10.2 ± 2.4 to 4.1 ± 1.2) and sham controls (9.7 ± 0.9 to 2.6 ± 0.5). In separate groups of animals, PRC decreased (P < 0.01) in response to volume expansion with 25% albumin (1% of body weight) in both Adx (42.6 ± 8.9 to 23.1 ± 6.1) and sham controls (10.2 ± 1.2 to 2.1 ± 0.7). These results are consistent with...
Critical Role of WW Domain Phosphorylation in Regulating Phosphoserine Binding Activity and Pin1 Function

Phosphoserine-binding modules help determine the specificity of signal transduction events. One such module, the group IV WW domain, plays an essential role in targeting the phosphorylation-specific prolyl isomerase Pin1 to its substrates. These modules require Ser/Thr phosphorylation of their ligands for binding activity. However, phosphorylation of these modules and its functional significance have not been described, nor is it known whether the function of Pin1 is regulated. Here we show that Pin1 WW domain is phosphorylated on Ser(16) both in vitro and in vivo. Further, this phosphorylation regulates the ability of the WW domain to mediate Pin1 substrate interaction and cellular localization. Moreover, both Pin1 and WW domain mutants refractory to Ser(16) phosphorylation act as dominant-negative mutants to induce mitotic block and apoptosis and increase multinucleated cells with 8 N DNA content. Thus, phosphorylation is a new mechanism critical for regulating WW domain phosphoserine binding activity and Pin1 function.
Taxonomic evaluation of amino acid metabolism inLegionella

Legionella utilizes amino acids as the sole source of carbon and energy. We have examined 62 strains of nine species to determine whether their amino acid metabolism correlated with species definition. Neither definitive species differences nor serogroup differences within the speciesLegionella pneumophila were found. Greatest metabolic activity of all strains was observed with glutamate, alanine, aspartate, and proline; anaerobically, the greatest reduction of methylene blue was obtained with glutamate, aspartate, histidine, and lysine. Within the genus, two major groups were observed: those species that showed little endogenous activity and metabolized a select group of amino acids, and those species that showed strong endogenous activity and appeared to actively metabolize virtually all the amino acids.
Mechanism of skin morphogenesis. I. Analyses with antibodies to adhesion molecules tenascin, N-CAM, and integrin.

Abstract To understand cell interactions during induction of skin appendages, we studied the roles of adhesion molecules N-CAM, tenascin, integrin, and fibronectin during feather development. Tenascin appeared in a periodic pattern on epithelia and was so far the earliest molecule detected in placodes. Three placode domains were identified: the anterior was positive for tenascin, the distal positive for N-CAM, and the posterior lacking both. Integrin appeared in dermalepidermal junctions of placodes. In feather buds, sagittal sections revealed a transient anterior-posterior asymmetry with tenascin and N-CAM enriched in the anterior mesoderm. Tangential sections revealed a lateral-medial asymmetry with tenascin distributed in a ring shape and N-CAM in an “X” shape. Integrin was diffusely distributed within buds. Later tenascin and N-CAM were enriched in dermal papilla, the inducer of skin appendages. Perturbation of embryonic skin explant cultures with antibodies showed that anti-integrin β 1 and anti-fibronectin blocked epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, anti-N-CAM caused uneven segregation of mesenchymal condensation, and anti-tenascin inhibited feather bud elongation. Dose-response curves showed gradual effects by these antibodies. The results indicated that these adhesion molecules are independently regulated and each contributes in different phases during morphogenesis of skin appendages.
SUPPRESSION OF SWITCHABLE POLARIZATION IN KDP BY IONIZING RADIATION

Switching curves were obtained from ${\mathrm{KH}}_{2}{\mathrm{PO}}_{4}$ single crystals exposed to x-ray radiation for various time intervals, up to 8 h. The applied electric field was varied between 370 and 740 V/cm, as well. The temperature was held constant at 99 K. The switching curves were fit to a three-parameter nucleation and growth model based on the original works by Johnson and Mehl, and independently by Avrami. The two dynamic parameters, characteristic time ${t}_{c},$ and effective domain wall dimensionality $n,$ produced values consistent with unirradiated studies, however, they did not show any clear dependancy on exposure time. The switchable polarization $P$ decreased with increasing exposure time. A simple exponential decay is used to describe $P$ as a function of exposure time. The rate coefficient $k$ for the exponential, decreases with increasing electric field.
Equatorial Undercurrent and Related Currents off Brazil in March and April 1963.

In 1963, the source of the Equatorial Undercurrent appeared to be near 38°W. This undercurrent was an equatorial extension of a narrow saline current setting east-southeast at the surface near 2 °N 42 °W. Near 380°W, a retroverse branch of the Guiana Current also joined the Equatorial Undercurrent. Surface flow was easterly along all of the east-southeast current and the undercurrent observed. The subsurface-velocity maximum of the undercurrent was higher at 35°W than at 38°W.
The effect of a cavosurface bevel on microleakage in posterior composite restorations

such an investigation. The following conclusions may be drawn from this short-time evaluation in a group of healthy young subjects under experimental conditions. 1. Preparation of abutment teeth for resin-bonded prostheses to avoid cervical overcontouring by the retention wings may not be necessary to control gingival health. 2. Oral hygiene procedures including the use of dental floss is necessary to limit the amount of plaque accumulation at the site of the (overcontoured) connector.
The history and development of transaction log analysis

The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the history and development of transaction log analysis (TLA) in library and information science research. Organizing a literature review of the first twenty‐five years of TLA poses some challenges and requires some decisions. The primary organizing principle could be a strict chronology of the published research, the research questions addressed, the automated information retrieval (IR) systems that generated the data, the results gained, or even the researchers themselves. The group of active transaction log analyzers remains fairly small in number, and researchers who use transaction logs tend to use this method more than once, so tracing the development and refinement of individuals' uses of the methodology could provide insight into the progress of the method as a whole. For example, if we examine how researchers like W. David Penniman, John Tolle, Christine Borgman, Ray Larson, and Micheline Hancock‐Beaulieu have modified their own understandings and applications of the method over time, we may get an accurate sense of the development of all applications.
Does altered fractionation influence the risk of radiation-induced optic neuropathy?

Purpose: To analyze the parameters that influence the risk of radiation-induced optic neuropathy (RION) after radiotherapy for head-and-neck tumors. Methods and Materials: Between 1964 and 2000, 273 patients with tumors of the nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, nasal cavity, and hard palate adenoid cystic carcinomas were treated with curative intent and had radiation fields that included the optic nerves and/or chiasm. Patients were followed for at least 1 year after radiotherapy. Results: Radiation-induced optic neuropathy developed in 32 eyes of 24 patients (9%). The 5-year rates of freedom from RION according to the total dose and once- vs. twice-daily fractionation were as follows: ≤63 Gy once daily, 95%; ≤63 Gy twice daily, 98%; >63 Gy once daily, 78%; and >63 Gy twice daily, 91%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the total dose affected the risk of RION ( p = 0.0047), with patient age ( p = 0.0909), once-daily vs. twice-daily fractionation ( p = 0.0684), and overall treatment time ( p = 0.0972) were marginally significant. The use of adjuvant chemotherapy did not significantly influence the likelihood of developing RION. Conclusion: The likelihood of developing RION is primarily influenced by the total dose. Hyperfractionation may reduce the risk of experiencing this complication.
When T‐Helper Cells Don’t Help: Immunopathology During Concomitant Infection

Disease directly caused by immune system action is known as immunopathology. Many factors may lead the immune system to cause rather than cure disease, and autoimmune, allergic, and infection-related immunopathological diseases affect millions of people worldwide. This review presents an analysis of T-helper cell mediated, infection-related immunopathology within the framework of evolutionary ecology. A proximate cause of infection-related immunopathology is an error in the type of T-helper response induced. Distinct subsets of T-helper cells enable different effector mechanisms and therefore work optimally against different types of parasites (e.g., extracellular versus intracellular parasites). Immune responses that cure rather than cause disease require that the T-helper subset be tailored to the parasite. It is thus critical for the immunophenotype to match the "environment" of the parasitic infection. As in other cases of adaptive plasticity, a mismatch between an organism's phenotype and the selective environment can decrease fitness. T-helper response induction may be confounded by coinfection of a single host by multiple parasite species. Because of normally adaptive feedback loops that lend to polarize T-helper responses, it can become impossible for the immune system to mount effective, conflicting responses concurrently. Immunophenotype-environment mismatches may thus be inevitable when simultaneous, conflicting immune responses are required. An ultimate cause of infection-related immunopathology in a multiparasite selection regime is the T-helper response polarization that can propagate response errors and constrain the ability of the immune system to resolve conflicting response requirements. A case study is used to illustrate how coinfection can exacerbate immunopathology and to frame testable predictions about optimal responses to coinfection (e.g., is the observed joint response to coinfection accurately predicted by the average of the component single-infection optimal responses, where the single-infection optima are weighted by the contribution of each to fitness). The case study includes immunological and pathological data from mice infected by Schistosoma mansoni alone and by S. mansoni in combination with Toxoplasma gondii. Such data can inform hypothesis tests of evolutionary ecological principles, and ecological analysis can in turn clarify assumptions about responses to coinfection for a greater understanding of the immune system. The synthesis of evolutionary ecology and immunology could therefore be of mutual benefit to the two disciplines.
Vascular Dementia Is Overdiagnosed

There are different kinds of vascular dementia. 1 Ignoring indirect mechanisms (such as hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage 2 ), we might hypothesize a pathophysiologic spectrum. At one end would be circumscribed intellectual impairment from destruction of particular brain areas, for example, memory loss after inferior temporal lobe infarction. 3 This type of dementia seldom produces diagnostic (or conceptual) difficulty. At the other end would be more insidiously progressive dementia from diffuse small-vessel pathology (Binswanger's disease). 4-9 This type of dementia is understood by no one, and estimates of its prevalence range from infinitesimal to epidemic. Between these two extremes is cognitive loss from multiple lesions, none of which alone would be expected to cause intellectual impairment (multiinfarct dementia). 10 This type of dementia is overdiagnosed. Two decades ago Tomlinson et al, 11 comparing the brains of 50 old people with dementia with those of control subjects without dementia, diagnosed dementia of
The Performance of Procedures on the Recently Deceased

Objective: To determine the prevalence of performing procedures on the recently deceased for training purposes in emergency departments (EDs) with emergency medicine (EM) training programs. Methods: Surveys were mailed to program directors of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-approved residency programs in EM. A check-off system was used to identify which procedures were performed and who performed the procedure. The survey also documented whether consent was obtained and whether written policies exist that address this issue. A Likert scale was used to evaluate respondents' attitudes toward this practice. Results: Ninety-six (83%) of 116 surveys were returned. Forty-seven percent of the respondents indicated procedures were performed on the recently deceased for teaching purposes in their EDs. Emergency medicine residents perform the procedures in all departments where this practice occurs, with off-service residents and medical students using this technique in half of those departments. Paramedics, flight nurses, and attending physicians occasionally use this resource. Endotracheal intubation was the most commonly performed procedure. Seventy-six percent stated they “almost never” obtain consent from family members. Only four of 96 respondents have written policies concerning this practice. The majority of program directors (69%) would favor a position statement from a national EM organization concerning this issue, while 11% were opposed. Conclusions: The performance of procedures on the recently deceased is a common and important practice in EM training programs. Consent is infrequently obtained and policies concerning this practice are rare and restrictive when present.
A non-local thermodynamic equilibrium spherical line-blanketed stellar atmosphere model of the early B giant β CMa

The observed multiwavelength spectrum of the B1II--III star β CMa is successfully reproduced, including the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) continuum observed by Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), with a non-local thermodynamic equilibrium fully line-blanketed spherical hydrostatic model atmosphere. The available spectrophotometry of β CMa from 500 A to 25 μ m is best fitted with model parameters Teff = 24000 K, log g = 3.5 and an angular diameter of θLD = 0.565 mas. We find that a neutral interstellar hydrogen column of N(H0) ≃ 2 × 1018 cm-2 provides the best agreement between the model EUV flux and that observed by EUVE. We use model atmosphere fits together with Hipparcos distances to calculate radii, luminosities and ionizing fluxes for β CMa and α Vir. An investigation of spherical and plane-parallel models shows that the Lyman continuum predictions are quite sensitive to model geometry and surface gravity between effective temperatures 18 000 and 33 000 K. This result provides an explanation for the reported excesses between the observed EUV fluxes from β CMa and e CMa and plane-parallel model atmosphere predictions.
Modeled assertion in a case of explosive rages

Abstract A 56-yr-old carpenter with a history of explosive rages was given assertive training consisting of modeling alone, and modeling combined with instructions focused on the desirable features of the modeled behavior. Improvements from modeling alone were enhanced by the addition of instructions. The changes were maintained during 6 months of follow-up evaluations based on repetitions of the role-played situations involved in the treatment. Self reports indicated that improvements had generalized to the patient's natural environment.
Medial prefrontal cortex: genes linked to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia have altered expression in the highly social maternal phenotype

The transition to motherhood involves CNS changes that modify sociability and affective state. However, these changes also put females at risk for post-partum depression and psychosis, which impairs parenting abilities and adversely affects children. Thus, changes in expression and interactions in a core subset of genes may be critical for emergence of a healthy maternal phenotype, but inappropriate changes of the same genes could put women at risk for post-partum disorders. This study evaluated microarray gene expression changes in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a region implicated in both maternal behavior and psychiatric disorders. Post-partum mice were compared to virgin controls housed with females and isolated for identical durations. Using the Modular Single-set Enrichment Test (MSET), we found that the genetic landscape of maternal mPFC bears statistical similarity to gene databases associated with schizophrenia (5 of 5 sets) and bipolar disorder (BPD, 3 of 3 sets). In contrast to previous studies of maternal lateral septum (LS) and medial preoptic area (MPOA), enrichment of autism and depression-linked genes was not significant (2 of 9 sets, 0 of 4 sets). Among genes linked to multiple disorders were fatty acid binding protein 7 (Fabp7), glutamate metabotropic receptor 3 (Grm3), platelet derived growth factor, beta polypeptide (Pdgfrb), and nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (Nr1d1). RT-qPCR confirmed these gene changes as well as FMS-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1) and proenkephalin (Penk). Systems-level methods revealed involvement of developmental gene networks in establishing the maternal phenotype and indirectly suggested a role for numerous microRNAs and transcription factors in mediating expression changes. Together, this study suggests that a subset of genes involved in shaping the healthy maternal brain may also be dysregulated in mental health disorders and put females at risk for post-partum psychosis with aspects of schizophrenia and BPD.
The Ties That Bind: Network Overlap Among Independent Congregations

While the availability of Internet data on religious organizations has increased exponentially the use of such resources remains limited. The authors make use of a new research method involving weblink analysis to study nondenominational churches which are difficult to examine using conventional research techniques. One reason for this is the perception that independent churches lack the coherency of denominational populations, which creates methodological and theoretical challenges. The authors explore this assumption by examining the social and symbolic networks of a sample of independent congregations. Using the outgoing links from congregational websites, the authors find that there is more overlap than one might expect. This simultaneously enhances our understanding of this particular religious group as well as demonstrating the usefulness of such a research methodology.
THE EFFECT OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE ON MAMMARY GLAND GROWTH IN THE RAT

EXPERIMENTS which have explored the effects of varying the amounts and ratios of estrogens and progesterone on mammary gland growth have been reported only for the rabbit (Lyons and McGinty, 1941; Scharf and Lyons, 1941) and for the mouse (Mixner and Turner, 1942a). It is surprising that these effects have not also been studied systematically on the mammary gland of the rat. The experiments reported here have attempted to assess the synergism and antagonism of estrogen and progesterone in the growth of the mammary gland of the immature ovariectomized rat. materials and methods Female rats of the Harvard colony were fed ad lib a diet of Rockland pellets, and were ovariectomized at twenty-four days of age. Subcutaneous injections of estradiol-17β, or of progesterone, were begun four days later. The daily dose of estrogen was always injected in 0.05 ml. sesame oil while progesterone was always given as a solution of 20.0 mg./ml. sesame oil.
Two-Color Two-Photon Excitation of Indole

We observed two-color two-photon (2C2P) excitation of indole upon simulta- neous illumination at 380 and 760 nm with picosecond pulses from a cavity-dumped dye laser. The emission spectrum of indole with 2C2P excitation was the same as observed for one-photon excitation with an equivalent energy of 250 nm. Observation of the 2C2P signal required temporal and spatial overlap of the 380- and 760-nm pulses. Illumination at 380 nm alone resulted in a background emission due to one-color two- photon excitation at 380 nm. This background was rendered insignificant compared to the 2C2P signal by attenuation of the 380-nm beam and amplification of the 760-nm beam. The ability to control the intensity of each beam is a unique advantage of 2C2P excitation. The amplitude of the 2C2P signal depended on the angle between the polar- ization of each beam in a manner which suggests participation of both the 1 La and 1 Lb states of indole to the 2C2P transitions. 2C2P excitation can provide a new tool to investigate the photophysical properties of indole, tryptophan, and proteins. q 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospect 3: 97-101, 1997
BWR pipe crack remedies evaluation

Abstract This paper presents results on: (a) the influence of simulated BWR environments on the stress-corrosion-cracking (SCC) susceptibility of Types 304, 316NG, and 347 stainless steel (SS), (b) fracture-mechanics crack growth rate measurements on these materials and weld overlay specimens in different environments, and (c) residual stress measurements and metallographic evaluations of conventional pipe weldments treated by a mechanical-stress-improvement process (MSIP) as well as those produced by a narrow-gap welding, procedure. Crack initiation studies on Types 304 and 316NG SS under crevice and non-crevice conditions in 289°C water containing 0.25 ppm dissolved oxygen with low sulfate concentrations indicate that SCC initiates at low strains (3%) in the nuclear grade material. Crack growth measurements on fracture-mechanics-type specimens, under low-frequency cyclic loading, show that the Type 316NG steel cracks at a somewhat lower rate (−40%) than sensitized Type 304 SS in an impurity environment with 0.25 ppm dissolved oxygen; however, the latter material stops cracking when sulfate is removed from the water. Crack growth in both materials ceases under simulated hydrogen-water chemistry conditions (5 ppb oxygen) even with 100 ppb sulfate present in the water. An unexpected result was obtained in the test on a weld overlay specimen in the impurity environment, viz., the crack grew to the overlay interface at a nominal rate, branched at 90° in both directions, and then grew at a high rate (parallel to the nominal applied load). Residual stress measurements on MSIP-treated weldments and those produced by a narrow-gap welding procedure indicate that these techniques produce compressive stresses over most of the inner surface near the weld and heat-affected zones.
Public speaking as a journalism course

(1946). Public speaking as a journalism course. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 511-515.
The effects of cigarette smoking on circulating maternal leukocytes during pregnancy.

Abstract During pregnancy, cigarette smoke exposure, a common environmental insult, is damaging to both mother and fetus and is associated with pregnancy loss. The mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of injury is not understood. We hypothesized that smoking during pregnancy interferes with the normal physiological adaptation of the maternal immune system. We used flow cytometry to measure changes in the distribution of subsets of circulating leukocytes and adhesion molecule expression in a prospective cohort of 198 women who had 325 blood samples obtained throughout pregnancy. Smoking status was assessed by plasma cotinine concentration. Smoking increased the frequency of CD3 + lymphocytes and decreased CD56 + cells at 14–20 weeks gestation. Smoking also decreased the expression of CD54 on monocytes and CD62L on granulocytes throughout pregnancy. Our data demonstrate that smoking affects several immune parameters, especially early in pregnancy. These perturbations may play a role in pregnancy loss in women who smoke.
VERTEX: manganese transport with CaCO3

Abstract Manganese transport was studied off central California in August and September 1981 as part of the VERTEX (Vertica l Transport and Exchange) research program. Refractory, leachable, and dissolved Mn fractions associated with particles caught in traps set at 11 depths (50 to 2000 m) were analyzed. Through intentional and unintentional CaCO3 dissolution ‘experiments’, it was learned that the weakly leachable Mn was originally in association with the carbonate phase. Adsorption on surfaces rather than absorption in CaCO3 matrices was indicated by the finding that Mn was not released in proportion to the CaCo3 dissolved, instead it appeared to keep readsorbing to the dissolving surface. Ultimately, Mn went into solution when the particulate CaCO3 was essentially depleted, suggesting that sufficient sites for adsorption were no longer available. Manganese fluxes with CaCO3 were low near the surface (0.1 mg cm−2 ky−1), but increased rapidly in the 50 to 200-m depth interval, and then became more or less constant (1.3 mg cm−2 ky−1 for the remainder of the water column (300 to 2000 m). Rate-of-change estimates indicate that Mn is rapidly scavenged in near-surface waters (−130 ng 1−1 y−1) and slowly regenerated at depth (2.7 ng 1−1 y−1) in our near-shore study area. Residence times for dissolved Mn were estimated at 1.2 y for surface waters and 17 y at depth. The implications of Mn transport with CaCO3 in relation to open-ocean sediment excess Mn are discussed.
Generation of functional hepatic cells from pluripotent stem cells

Liver diseases affect millions of people worldwide, especially in developing countries. According to the American Liver Foundation, nearly 1 in every 10 Americans suffers from some form of liver disease. Even though, the liver has great ability to self-repair, in end-stage liver diseases including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer induced by viral hepatitis and drugs, the liver regenerative capacity is exhausted. The only successful treatment for chronic liver failure is the whole liver transplantation. More recently, some clinical trials using hepatocyte transplantation have shown some clinical improvement for metabolic liver diseases and acute liver failure. However, the shortage of donor livers remains a life-threatening challenge in liver disease patients. To overcome the scarcity of donor livers, hepatocytes generated from embryonic stem cell or induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation cultures could provide an unlimited supply of such cells for transplantation. This review provides an updated summary of hepatic differentiation protocols published so far, with a characterization of the hepatic cells generated in vitro and their ability to regenerate damaged livers in vivo following transplantation in pre-clinical liver deficient mouse models.
Changes in Cache Contents over Winter in Artificial Dens of the Eastern Woodrat (Neotoma floridana)

Artificial dens constructed for eastern woodrats ( Neotoma floridana ) were occupied readily by animals, and thus, their caches were available for repeated sampling over winter. Caches contained significantly fewer kilocalories in spring than in winter ( X ± SE , winter = 6,808.6 ± 637.08 kcal, spring = 2,556.8 ± 319.12 kcal). Male and female woodrats using artificial dens did not differ significantly in weight or in the kilocalories available in their caches in winter or spring. Additionally, woodrats did not change significantly in weight from autumn to spring, and the weights of individual woodrats were not correlated with the kilocalories available in their caches. Of the 17 different types of food found in the caches in artificial dens, seven (dicot leaves, Osage-orange seed, honey locust seed, bark on stored twigs and sticks, herbaceous plant material, red cedar leaves, and grass) were in five or more of the 12 dens. A few food items, such as Osage-orange seeds, were cached by all woodrats, but the variety of other items appeared to depend on availability of food sources within foraging ranges of individuals.