cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Invasive species distribution modeling (iSDM): Are absence data and dispersal constraints needed to predict actual distributions?

Species distribution models (SDMs) based on statistical relationships between occurrence data and underlying environmental conditions are increasingly used to predict spatial patterns of biological invasions and prioritize locations for early detection and control of invasion outbreaks. However, invasive species distribution models (iSDMs) face special challenges because (i) they typically violate SDM's assumption that the organism is in equilibrium with its environment, and (ii) species absence data are often unavailable or believed to be too difficult to interpret. This often leads researchers to generate pseudo-absences for model training or utilize presence-only methods, and to confuse the distinction between predictions of potential vs. actual distribution. We examined the hypothesis that true-absence data, when accompanied by dispersal constraints, improve prediction accuracy and ecological understanding of iSDMs that aim to predict the actual distribution of biological invasions. We evaluated the impact of presence-only, true-absence and pseudo-absence data on model accuracy using an extensive dataset on the distribution of the invasive forest pathogen Phytophthora ramorum in California. Two traditional presence/absence models (generalized linear model and classification trees) and two alternative presence-only models (ecological niche factor analysis and maximum entropy) were developed based on 890 field plots of pathogen occurrence and several climatic, topographic, host vegetation and dispersal variables. The effects of all three possible types of occurrence data on model performance were evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and omission/commission error rates. Results show that prediction of actual distribution was less accurate when we ignored true-absences and dispersal constraints. Presence-only models and models without dispersal information tended to over-predict the actual range of invasions. Models based on pseudo-absence data exhibited similar accuracies as presence-only models but produced spatially less feasible predictions. We suggest that true-absence data are a critical ingredient not only for accurate calibration but also for ecologically meaningful assessment of iSDMs that focus on predictions of actual distributions.
Nuclear and large-scale outflow in NGC 1808

NGC 1808 has been studied via deep broad-band and H-alpha images and longslit spectroscopy around the Na I D and H-alpha lines. In particular, Na I is seen blueshifted in absorption and redshifted in emission, providing incontrovertible proof of outflow. B-R images show that the dust plumes associated with the outflow reach about 3 kpc or more above the plane. The morphology of the outflow is complex. Nuclear emission and absorption line profiles show pronounced blue wings similar to those seen in far-IR luminous galaxies (FIRGs), and indicate nuclear outflow velocities up to 700 km/s. The classification of NGC 1808 as a Seyfert 2 is reviewed and dismissed; rather, on the basis of line profiles and ratios and the presence of the 'superwind', NGC 1808 is probably an example of the FIRG phenomenon.
A Concurrent Engineering Approach for Product Design Optimization

Concurrent engineering is a parallel approach that is intended to maximize quality, reduce lead time, and lower costs. In this work, the concurrent engineering methodology has been adopted to ensure design optimization of mechanical systems. Design optimization problems have been synthesized based on the nature of the relation between the parameters and the restrictions imposed by virtue of op erational conditions and the complexity of weighting the competitiveness of design objectives Solution methodologies have been developed for explicit and implicit relationships. Moreover, the concept of modeling has been used to develop a set of attnbutes that provides the best possible solution These approaches are devised to warrant optimum performance of mechanical components, subsystems, and systems. Examples pertaining to these solution methodologies are presented. These examples cover a wide range of applications in mechanical sys tems and would help clarify the overall framework of problem-solution schemes fr...
Monodispersed sulfur sols. IV. Comparison of the particle radius determined by transmittance and by the angular positions of higher order tyndall spectra from the mie theory

Abstract 1. I. Preparation—LaMer and Barnes—J. Coll. Sci. 1, 71 (1946). 2. II. Transmittance in visible—Barnes and LaMer—J. Coll. Sci.1, 79 (1946). Sec also Note on symbols and definitions involved in light scattering equations—J. Coll. Sci.2, 361 (1947). 3. III. Higher order Tyndall spectra in visible—Johnson and LaMer—J. Am. Chem. Soc.69, 1184 (1947), also 67, 2055 (1945). 4. IV. Transmittance in visible and ultraviolet—present paper by Barnes, Kenyon, Zaiser, and LaMer. 5. V. Kinetics of formation—LaMer and Kenyo—J. Coll. Sci.2, 257 (1947). 6. VI. Higher order Tyndall spectra in ultraviolet and effect of consumptive absorption —Kenyon and LaMer (forthcoming).
Whole basin water resources planning model for the Rio Grande/Bravo

The binational Rio Grande/Bravo basin, located in North America, is considered to be a highly water scarce region. The Physical Assessment project is a collaborative effort between technical and expert counterparts in Mexico and the United States that is aimed at exploring opportunities for improving management of the scarce water resources of the river through development of management scenarios. The Physical Assessment project is focused on creating management scenarios which fall within the current water allocation structure in the basin including treaties, compacts and water rights. To evaluate the hydrologic feasibility of possible water management scenarios, a hydrologic planning model is being constructed in the Water Evaluation and Planning system, or WEAP. The hydrologic and hydraulic information to support the model is provided from a relational Arc Hydro geodatabase which contains geographic, hydrologic, hydraulics and related data for the entire Rio Grande/Bravo basin.
Interaction of bleomycin with DNA

It has been shown previously that two structural domains of bleomycin mediate the interaction of the antitumor antibiotic with DNA. At least three lines of evidence indicate that the metal binding domain is the predominant partner, and is responsible for the sequence selectivity of DNA cleavage observed for Fe(II)*BLM. The bithiazole + C-terminus has been shown previously to bind to DNA, but not to exhibit any sequence selectivity. Presently, it is shown that the bithiazole + C- terminus may also exhibit sequence selectivity, albeit not in the same fashion as bleomycin itself. The potential of this selectivity to contribute to the recognition of high affinity sites on DNA by bleomycin is discussed.
Implementing Early Mobilization Interventions in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the ICU

As ICU survival continues to improve, clinicians are faced with short- and long-term consequences of critical illness. Deconditioning and weakness have become common problems in survivors of critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation. Recent literature, mostly from a medical population of patients in the ICU, has challenged the patient care model of prolonged bed rest. Instead, the feasibility, safety, and benefits of early mobilization of mechanically ventilated ICU patients have been reported in recent publications. The benefits of early mobilization include reductions in length of stay in the ICU and hospital as well as improvements in strength and functional status. Such benefits can be accomplished with a remarkably acceptable patient safety profile. The importance of interactions between mind and body are highlighted by these studies, with improvements in patient awareness and reductions in ICU delirium being noted. Future research to address the benefits of early mobilization in other patient populations is needed. In addition, the potential for early mobilization to impact long-term outcomes in ICU survivors requires further study.
Instruction in Reading Comprehension for Primary-Grade Students A Focus on Text Structure

The studies described here are designed to teach reading comprehension to at-risk students in the second and third grades. The focus is on text structure. First, there is an evaluation of a program that teaches students to identify themes of stories and apply those themes to real life; this instruction goes beyond the plot-level focus of typical primary-grade instruction. Second, an instructional program that teaches a common expository text structure, compare/contrast, is evaluated in a series of studies; content similar to science content typically taught at the primary level is used. The results of these studies suggest that at-risk children in the primary grades can achieve gains in comprehension, including the ability to transfer what they have learned to novel texts, when they are given highly structured and explicit instruction that focuses on text structure.
A module diagnosis and design-for-debug methodology based on hierarchical test paths

Fault identification capabilities are becoming increasingly important in modern designs, not only in support of design debugging methodologies, but also for the purpose of process characterization and yield enhancement. At the same time, hierarchical test approaches are becoming the prevalent means for addressing the size and complexity of large designs and for accommodating the varying individual test needs of each design module. In this paper, we discuss a module diagnosis and design-for-debug methodology through hierarchical test paths. Based on debug information inherently attainable from hierarchical test paths, we outline a diagnosis algorithm that identifies the minimal set of faulty module candidates, under the single faulty module model. We further provide a disambiguation rule to ensure unfailing identification of the single faulty module. Low-cost, design-for-debug techniques are subsequently proposed for establishing the disambiguation rule and for providing a module diagnosis capability.
Nonparametric Estimation of the Short Rate Diffusion from a Panel of Yields

In this paper, we propose a nonparametric estimator of the short rate diffusion process using observations of a panel of yields. The proposed estimator can greatly reduce the bias of the nonparametric estimator proposed in Stanton (1997) that uses a single time series of short rate observations. Simulations confirm that the new method significantly attenuates the spurious nonlinearity of the drift function as documented in Chapman and Pearson (2000). We apply the method to estimate the U.S. short rate process using a panel of six Treasury yields.With 42 years’ daily observations of the panel of yields, the proposed drift function estimator achieves the same efficiency as the Stanton (1997) estimator based on 145 years of daily short rate observations. Finally, we show that the proposed estimator also has significant economic implications on the pricing of bonds and interest rate derivatives.
Abstract 2073: Neutrophil serine proteases, cathepsin-G and elastase, promote metastasis through cleavage of thrombospondin-1

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Inflammation is known to be inextricably associated with tumor progression. However, the role of inflammation in metastatic initiation and outgrowth remains largely unexplored. In our study, we show that CXCR2-CXCL2-dependent recruitment of neutrophils supported a pro-metastatic phenotype in acutely inflamed lungs. The increased influx of Ly6G+ neutrophils into inflamed lungs was accompanied by a loss of thrombospondin-1 (Tsp-1) protein. In vitro, the degranulation of neutrophils was marked by an increase in the activity of the neutrophil proteases elastase and cathepsin-G, leading to degradation of Tsp-1, which was protected by using the protease inhibitor Sivelestat. Whereas genetic ablation of either cathepsin-G or elastase in vivo partially impaired metastasis, pharmacological inhibition of both neutrophil proteases, using the small molecule drug Sivelestat, dramatically suppressed metastasis. We have uncovered a novel pathway in which the serine proteases, cathepsin-G and elastase produced by degranulating neutrophils, promote a metastasis-conducive microenvironment through the cleavage of Tsp-1. Our results provide mechanistic insights into how inflammatory components of the premetastatic niche can support metastatic outgrowth, and they suggest that the neutrophil protease-Tsp-1 axis presents a therapeutic target against metastatic cancers. Citation Format: Tina El Rayes, Raul Catena, Sharrell Lee, Dingcheng Gao, Marcin Stawowczyk, Nasser Altorki, Vivek Mittal. Neutrophil serine proteases, cathepsin-G and elastase, promote metastasis through cleavage of thrombospondin-1. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2073. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2073
Social Justice A Framework for Culturally Competent Care

Nurse scholars with expertise in global health and culturally competent care recently proposed standards of practice for culturally competent nursing care that are founded on social justice as a broad framework. The purpose of this article is to respond to invited dialogue about the standards and to offer commentary on social justice and its relationship with context, advocacy, leadership, and culturally competent care. A model of culturally competent care for vulnerable groups informs this discussion. The context and culture that surround migrant and seasonal farmworkers illustrate how social justice illuminates their health inequities and necessitates their need for culturally competent care. The article concludes with recommendations for culturally competent education, practice, and research and offers suggestions for developing culturally competent interventions for migrant and seasonal farmworkers.
Arbitration's Summer Soldiers Marching into Fall: Another Look at Eisenberg, Miller, and Sherwin's Empirical Study of Arbitration Clauses in Consumer and Nonconsumer Contracts

Our empirical study examines the role and importance of arbitration clauses in standard form contracts primarily with other businesses. While much has been written about the impact of mandatory arbitration clauses in consumer contracts, relatively little has been written on mandatory arbitration clauses in customer agreements where the customer was a business and not an individual consumer. In this Article, we specifically address the findings presented in Theodore Eisenberg, Geoffrey Miller, and Emily Sherwin’s study, Arbitration’s Summer Soldiers: An Empirical Study of Arbitration Clauses in Consumer and Nonconsumer Contracts. Our study finds that many businesses employ mandatory arbitration clauses in their customer contracts with other businesses. Our study also suggests that the primary reason for mandatory arbitration clauses in customer contracts where the customer is a business is the avoidance of expenses associated with litigation. Our study may help companies to better understand attitudes about arbitration and assist in contract negotiations. The results of our study may also help courts determine whether arbitration clauses in merchant form agreements - and changes to those clauses - are “material” under section 2-207(2) of the Uniform Commercial Code.
Enzymatic Variants of Influenza Virus. III. Function of Neuraminidase in the Viral Growth Cycle.

Padgett, Billie L. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and Duard L. Walker. Enzymatic variants of influenza virus. III. Function of neuraminidase in the viral growth cycle. J. Bacteriol. 87:363–369. 1964.—Multiplication of a slowly reacting enzymatic variant of influenza B virus, strain LEE, was compared with that of parent virus in ovo. At 35 C, although their final yields were equal, variant virus reached its peak concentration in the allantoic fluids later than parent virus. At 39 C, multiplication of both viruses was slower, parent virus requiring 4 hr and variant virus 8 hr longer to reach infectivity levels comparable with those at 24 hr at 35 C. Variant enzyme activity in vitro can be controlled by altering the temperature and calcium concentration. Growth curves of these viruses in pieces of chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in culture under conditions in which the variant should be as active as the parent revealed only minor differences between them. Under conditions in which variant enzyme activity would be much slower than the parent, the release of variant virus from the CAM was delayed and the rate of release was slower. Under the most adverse conditions, 39 C and no calcium, formation of infectious variant virus ceased after 5 hr, and the hemagglutination inhibitor in the cells was not degraded although hemagglutinins were produced. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of neuraminidase during viral multiplication.
Development of Biodegradable Polyphosphazene- Nanohydroxyapatite Composite Nanofibers Via Electrospinning

Abstract : Biodegradable polymeric nanofibers are of great interest as scaffolds for tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their extremely high surface area, high aspect ratio and similarity in structure to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Polyphosphazenes due to their synthetic flexibility, wide range of physico-chemical properties, non-toxic and neutral degradation products and excellent biocompatibility are suitable candidates for biomedical applications. The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate composite nanofibers of a biodegradable polyphosphazene, polyBIS(ETHYL ALANATO)PHOSPHAZENE (PNEA) and nanocrystals of hydroxyapatite (nHAp) via electrospinning. A suspension of nHAp in dimethyl formamide (DMF) sonicated with PNEA solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) was used to develop composite nanofiber matrices via electrospinning at ambient conditions. In the present study the theoretical loading of nHAp was varied from 50%-90% (w/w) to PNEA. The nHAp content (actual loading of nHAp) of the composite nanofibers was determined by gravimetric estimation. The composite nanofibers were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), gravimetry and energy dispersive X-ray mapping. This study demonstrated the feasibility of developing novel composite nanofibers of biodegradable polyphosphazenes with more than 50% (w/w) loading of nHAp on and within the nanofibers.
Multicriteria Dynamic Segmentation: Geographic Information System Application for Managing Retroreflectivity of Pavement Marking

For many geographic information system applications, such as pavement management and traffic inventories, sections of highway routes may be broken into predefined segments of fixed or variable lengths. The use of fixed-length segments or variable-length segments can present problems in data redundancy or require cumbersome spatial edits when attributes change. Dynamic segmentation was developed to address these problems. Used in conjunction with a milepoint linear-referencing scheme, dynamic segmentation can provide an efficient means for storing varying highway data. However, when dealing with very small segments and constantly changing attributes, the number of segments can make the use of dynamic segmentation slow and cumbersome. Introduced is a multicriteria dynamic segmentation approach that allows on-the-fly segment-length specification before a linear referenced table is attached to a route. Once the segment length is specified, the attribute data are binned by using database manipulation and aggregation operations based on a user-defined set of criteria. By using binned data, dynamic segmentation speed is enhanced considerably. Small-scale thematic maps of binned data are much more readable, and data spikes can be removed in the binning process. The underlying reference database containing the original small segment attribute data is never compromised in the binning process. The approach was developed specifically to accommodate managing pavement retroreflectivity data in a geographic information system. The system architecture is described, and other types of spatial data that may benefit from this approach are identified.
Development of representative indicators of hydrologic alteration

summary In an ideal world, a few overall indicators of hydrologic alteration would adequately describe the degree of hydrologic alteration caused by various forms of river regulation. Currently over 170 hydrologic indicators have been developed to describe different components of flow regimes, including the widely used Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) that characterize the impact of river regulation on flow regimes in environmental flow studies. Many of these IHA indicators are intercorrelated, resulting in considerable information redundancy, which could lead to ineffective environmental flow management decisions. The objective of this research is to develop a small set of independent and representative hydrologic indicators that can best characterize hydrologic alteration caused by reservoirs and other forms of river regulation. Two sets of pre- and post-dam streamflow records are used: (1) based on artificial simulations of a wide range of reservoir release rules and (2) streamflow records for 189 gaging stations throughout the United States. Principal component analysis was used to address the intercorrelation among the IHA parameters. Results revealed that the recently introduced metrics termed ecodeficit and ecosurplus can provide a good overall representation of the degree of alteration of a streamflow time series. Across both datasets, 32 individual IHA statistics and several potential generalized indices, three indices based on the ecodeficit and ecosurplus explained the most variability associated with the ensemble of 32 IHA statistics.
Simulation and Analysis for Melt Casting a Metallic Fuel Pin Incorporating Volatile Actinides

The filling and solidification process for melt casting a metallic fuel pin is considered. The problem was analyzed numerically using the commercial finite element software package FIDAP (Fluent, Inc.). Numerical simulations are performed to study process parameters that could impact the solidification of the melt within the mold. A Metallic Fuel Pin mold is a long, thin, straw-like pipe, which has a cylindrical shape. The fluid is a high-temperature melt mixture of Am, Pu, and Zr. which is considered as an incompressible Newtonian fluid. Filling velocities and filling pressures are varied to study what impact these parameters might have on flow and solidification within the melt.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
High Prevalence of Low Bone Turnover and Occurrence of Osteomalacia after Kidney Transplantation

Abstract . Kidney transplantation corrects most of the metabolic abnormalities that cause renal osteodystrophy. However, many transplanted patients develop osteoporosis and other bone lesions that are related, at least in part, to their immunosuppressive regimen. The precise histologic patterns of bone disease after transplantation are not well defined. In a study designed to investigate this issue, 57 adult posttransplant patients agreed to undergo bone biopsies and blood drawings. There were 32 men and 25 women, mean age 45 ± 2 yr, who had received a kidney transplantation 5.6 ± 0.8 yr before biopsy. History of bone pain, fractures, and avascular necrosis was found in 22, 12, and 7 patients, respectively. Serum creatinine was 1.68 ± 0.1 mg/dl, 21% of patients were hypercalcemic, 63.2% had elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) (>65 pg/ml), and 91.2% had normal calcitriol levels. Cancellous bone volume/tissue volume was below normal compared to age- and gender-matched control subjects in 56.1% of patients. Bone turnover (activation frequency) was low in 45.6%, normal in 28.1%, and elevated in 26.3% of patients. Bone formation rate/bone surface was low in 59.7%, normal in 35%, and elevated in 5.3% of the patients. Erosion surface/bone surface was high in 21.1% of patients. Mineralization was prolonged in 87.5% of patients, including 9 patients with osteomalacia and 12 patients with focal osteomalacia. Cumulative and maintenance doses of prednisone and time elapsed since transplantation correlated negatively with bone volume and bone turnover ( r = -0.32 to -0.59, P r = 0.54 and r = 0.43, P
Depression and Health Risk Behaviors: Towards Optimizing Primary Care Service Strategies for Addressing Risk.

Purpose: Depression and health risk behaviors in adolescents are leading causes of preventable morbidity and mortality. Primary care visits provide prime opportunities to screen and provide preventive services addressing risk behaviors/conditions. This study evaluated the co-occurrence of depression and health risk behaviors (focusing on smoking, drug and alcohol misuse, risky sexual behavior, and obesity-risk) with the goal of informing preventive service strategies. Methods: Consecutive primary care patients (n=217), ages 13 to 18 years, selected to over-sample for depression, completed a Health Risk Behavior Survey and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and Adolescents (DISC) depression module. Results: Youths with DISC-defined past-year depression were significantly more likely to report risk across multiple risk-areas, Wald X2(1)=14.39, p<.001, and to have significantly higher rates of past-month smoking, X2(1)=5.86, p=.02, substance misuse, X2(1)=15.12, p<.001, risky sex,X2 (1) =5.04, p=.03, but not obesity-risk, X2 (1) =0.19,p=.66. Crosssectional predictors of risk behaviors across risk areas were similar. Statistically significant predictors across all risk domains included: youths’ expectancies about future risk behavior; attitudes regarding the risk behavior; and risk behaviors in peers/others in their environments. Conclusions: Depression in adolescents is associated with a cluster of health risk behaviors that likely contribute to the high morbidity and mortality associated with both depression and health risk behaviors. Consistent with the United States National Prevention Strategy (2011) and the focus on integrated behavioral and medical health care, results suggest the value of screening and preventive services using combination strategies that target depression and multiple areas of associated health risk. Clinical trial: Clinical Trial Registration Information: Reducing Health Risk Behavior and Improving Health in Adolescent Depression. Unique Identifier: NCT00461539. URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Defeating the Coding Monsters

Accuracy in coding is rapidly becoming a required skill for military health care providers. Clinic staffing, equipment purchase decisions, and even reimbursement will soon be based on the coding data that we provide. Learning the complicated myriad of rules to code accurately can seem overwhelming. However, the majority of clinic visits in a typical outpatient clinic generally fall into two major evaluation and management codes, 99213 and 99214. If health care providers can learn the rules required to code a 99214 visit, then this will provide a 90% solution that can enable them to accurately code the majority of their clinic visits. This article demonstrates a step-by-step method to code a 99214 visit, by viewing each of the three requirements as a monster to be defeated.
Terrorism as Crime: Toward a Lawful and Sustainable Detention Policy

The book from which this chapter is excerpted traces the history of the habeas corpus litigation after 9/11 that challenged the military detention and trial of prisoners in the "war on terror." Preceding chapters make the case for a broad conception of habeas corpus review, discussing the gaps left by the Supreme Court's decision in Boumediene v. Bush and arguing why habeas jurisdiction should extend to any detention by or at the behest of the United States. This chapter explains why habeas corpus review also is, in many respects, the start, not the end, of the conversation about law and national security. The chapter thus addresses a question at the heart of much of the habeas corpus litigation: who may be detained as a combatant and what is the legitimate scope of the government's military detention power. The chapter advocates a criminal law model rather than a military model in the treatment of suspected terroists. The chapter thus considers and rejects arguments for indefinite executive detention, military commissions, or other alternative forums to the criminal justice system, such as national security courts. Finally, the chapter describes how the criminal justice system provides an important check not only against unlawful detention but also against torture and other mistreatment.
It's the Law! Applying the Law is the Missing Measure of Civil Law / Common Law Convergence

It’s the Law! The application of law to facts is a measure of convergence of common and civil law systems of civil procedure that is missing from our program. The previous session addressed “Getting Straight to the Facts” and “Getting Results.” Facts and results are fine, but what of the law and of its application? Should not applying law have pride of place in systems of civil justice? Should not it be the measure of convergence? The measure of convergence that I propose is whether methods of applying law to facts are converging. Applying law to facts is the principal purpose of every system of modern civil justice. A successful method of applying law to facts serves essential functions of legal systems. It helps parties foresee how law will be applied to their lives. Should they have disputes, it helps parties resolve those disputes before bringing suits or, once lawsuits are brought, before those suits are determined. Of course, a method of applying law to facts determines the outcomes of disputes. The method of applying law to facts can facilitate appellate review of court decisions. It can help determine the res judicata effect of those decisions for subsequent disputes.There is no sign of convergence between German and American methods of applying law to facts. The German method shows success and stability. It is the Relationstechnik or relationship technique. It has been in use throughout Germany, little changed, since adoption of the Code of Civil Procedure of 1877. It was in use in parts of Germany before that. There is no single American method. There have been, instead, numerous American methods used in different state and federal courts. American methods have vacillated between convergence and divergence among themselves. They have shown little stability and less success.The German relationship technique has been successful, while American methods have been not been, because it has solved and American methods have not solved, what this paper refers to as the interdependency problem. Applying law to facts requires that laws be determined and facts found. These two findings are interdependent.
Sliding Scheduled Lightpath Establishment for Time-Continuous Demands with Slotted Wavelength-Switching

Critical data transmissions are often scheduled hours or days in advance of the actual acquirement of network resources, allowing for efficient allocation and scheduling among a set of competing or temporally overlapping lightpath demands. Many periodic applications may not only desire service at some future time, but may further require repeatable and predictable scheduling services. Typically, such application demands are deadline-driven and therefore mutable within some sliding window depending on congestion, competition, or load. This paper considers Sliding Scheduled Lightpath Establishment (SSLE) in time-slotted optical networks and enhances scheduling by incorporating spectral flexibility at wavelength/time-slot granularity. A novel wavelength-switching integer linear program and two conservative heuristics are presented to describe and evaluate the SSLE problem under various degrees of temporal conflict and flexibility.
Composition and antigenic activity of the oligosaccharide moiety of Haemophilus influenzae type b lipooligosaccharide.

The oligosaccharide moiety of the lipooligosaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b strain Eag was isolated from the lipid component by mild acid hydrolysis and purified by gel filtration. Fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry indicated that the lipid-free oligosaccharide had a basic molecular weight of 1,768; polysaccharides comparable to high-molecular-weight O side chains were not found. Glucose, galactose, galactosamine, heptose, 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO), ethanolamine, and phosphate were identified in the lipid-free oligosaccharide by colorimetric assays, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, or an amino acid analyzer. The presence of KDO was not clearly established by a thiobarbituric acid assay or by growth inhibition by a diazaborine derivative thought to block KDO synthesis. However, the semicarbizide assay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry confirmed the presence of KDO. Lectin precipitation by Eag lipooligosaccharide in gels indicated that beta-D-galactose was present and that some of this monosaccharide was a terminal, nonreducing residue linked to N-acetyl-D-galactosamine. The lipid-free oligosaccharide was antigenic and completely inhibited lipooligosaccharide antibody (predominantly immunoglobulin G [IgG] and IgM) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas the solubilized lipid A moiety did not. H. influenzae type b lipid-free oligosaccharide differed from core oligosaccharide of Salmonella lipooligosaccharide by the presence of galactosamine and a smaller percentage of heptose and KDO. Images
Gas-Liquid-Particle Three-Phase Flows in Bubble Columns

An Eulerian-Lagrangian computational model for simulations of gas-liquid-solid flows in three-phase slurry reactors is developed. In this approach, the liquid flow is modeled using a volume-averaged system of governing equations, whereas motions of bubbles and particles are evaluated by Lagrangian trajectory analysis procedure. It is assumed that the bubbles remain spherical and their shape variations are neglected. The two-way interactions between bubble-liquid and particle-liquid are included in the analysis. The discrete phase equations include drag, lift, buoyancy, and virtual mass forces. Particle-particle interactions are accounted for by the hard sphere model approach. The bubble collisions and coalescence are also included in the computational model. The simulation results show that the transient characteristics of the three-phase flow in a column are dominated by time-dependent staggered vortices. The bubble plume moves along a S-shape path and exhibit an oscillatory behavior. While most particles are located outside the vortices, some bubbles and particles are retained in the vortices. Bubble upward velocities are much larger than both liquid and particle velocities. Particle upward velocities are slightly smaller than the liquid velocities.© 2003 ASME
Evaluating the Interactive Social-Cognitive Model for Explaining Non-Compliance to a Disaster Warning

Limited research has been conducted to evaluate how effective design increases compliance with disaster warnings. The Interactive Social-Cognitive Model (ISC) was developed to describe social-cognitive factors that influence compliance to warnings, but it has not been empirically tested (Kalsher & Williams, 2006). The present study examines factors proposed in the ISC to assess one resident’s non-compliance to a tornado warning. Systematic analysis suggests that general cognitive factors such as the resident’s job responsibility, prior experience, and normalcy bias were more critical to the non-compliance decision than social factors alone; however, social factors suggest opportunities for modifying the perceived context to motivate compliance. Discussion of these factors proposes opportunities for designing response strategies and safe places that invite and positively reinforce compliance disaster warnings by many residents.
Biophoton imaging around and between plant parts: Are "auras" real?

Long-exposure images of plant parts in total darkness using a highly-sensitive, low- noise, cooled CCD imaging array reveal halo-like patterns of metabolically-related biophoton emission around and between plant parts that falls off with distance.
Avoiding the issue: Disengagement coping style and the personality–CWB link

The current study positions coping as a motivational framework to understand why Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Agreeableness are related to the performance of organization- and person-directed counterproductive work behavior (CWB) when employees experience constraints at work. In particular, we hypothesized a moderated meditational model wherein individuals low in Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability engage in CWB because these traits contribute to a preferred style of coping with stressors (disengagement coping style) that is particularly likely to be triggered when one’s coping preferences are consistent with the coping demands of the situation. Our hypotheses were supported and point to the joint importance of personality-based coping predispositions and situational demands in determining the use of CWB as a coping strategy.
Breeding of Good QualityIndica Rice Male Sterile Line Changfeng A

A wild-abortive three-line indica rice male sterile line Changfeng A,derived from the successive back-cross of Fuyi A and a maintainer line Y27 from the cross of good quality line with Jiahe parents and Fuyi B,was developed by Rice Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences and identified in Fujian province in 2004.It has stable sterility,sterile plant rate of 100%,pollen abortive rate of 99.98%,stigma exsertion rate of 82.88% with doubeexsertion of 18.58%.Moreover,it was characterized by good rice quality,slender long-grain,resistant blast,and purple leaf sheath,glume tip and stigma.
Cognitive Modeling for Clinical Medicine.

This paper describes some functionalities and features of the Maryland Virtual Patient (MVP) environment. MVP models the process of disease progression, diagnosis and treatment in virtual patients who are endowed with a “body,” a simulation of their physiological and pathological processes, and a “mind,” a set of capabilities of perception, reasoning and action that allow the virtual patient to exhibit independent behavior, participate in a natural language dialog, remember events, hold beliefs about other agents and about specific object and event instances, make decisions and learn.
End-Of Life Evaluation of Products

The design of products for ease of disassembly and end-of-life processing to recover and recycle potentially valuable materials is influenced by the possible end-of-life destinations for the component parts and sub-assemblies. The most appropriate choice of end-of-life processing for specific components is influenced by a number of factors, including the use of surface coatings, fillers, types of assembly methods, compatibility of materials and so on. This paper presents an evaluation scheme, which determines the suitable end-of-life destinations for the components within a product. The procedure utilizes a series of classification charts and numerical ratings, such that each item is given a numerical score for the possible end-of-life destinations. In this way, the overall material recovery potential of a proposed product design can be evaluated.
Simulation of soft regolith dynamic anchors for celestial exploration

Recent exploration missions to celestial bodies have shown an increasing demand for surface based landers and rovers designed to perform experiments on the ground, rather than relying purely on traditional orbiting observatories. Many of the scientifically interesting locations have proven hazardous and difficult to reach and traverse, driving the need for different methods of locomotion. Some of these locations lie in deep, permanently shadowed craters or in rocky, highly uneven landscapes. Various wheeled, flying, jumping, and legged rovers have been proposed. Those chosen for development have experienced both success and problems alike. Even stationary landers, such as the Philae lander which attempted to perform a controlled landing onto a comet surface, encountered unforgiving terrain causing it to bounce multiple times due to the ineffectiveness of its two on-board anchoring mechanisms. A new generation of legged rovers and landers is envisioned to utilize dynamic anchors on the feet of its legs to claw into the surface, engaging and disengaging with each step or landing. A method for simulating and evaluating the performance of these dynamic anchors is proposed to aid in-progress surface missions with relatively quick response to new target data. Discrete Element Method software is used to simulate a lunar-like regolith medium and the interaction of a dynamic anchor with this medium. The engagement, holding, and disengagement forces are recorded during this simulation. Physical testing was performed by using a robotic arm to engage a series of anchors with a lunar regolith simulant while measuring the same three forces as the simulation. The actual test data efficient anchor geometry as determined during testing is compared to predicted data to evaluate the simulation accuracy. Calibration testing to determine suitable simulation parameters is also presented. Results show the applicable forces can be predicted well within an order of magnitude, but improvements are possible to predict soil behavior more accurately.
The curator, the investor, and the dupe: Consumer desire and Chinese Cultural Revolution memorabilia

This article examines the discourse surrounding the collection of Cultural Revolution memorabilia in the contemporary People’s Republic of China. The author focuses on the emergence of three key discursive figures: the collector/curator, the collector/investor, and the collector as dupe. At issue in the construction of each of these figures is the unsettling force of consumer desire, its ethics and negotiation. In the case of the curator and investor, the author considers the mechanisms through which consumer desire is decentered in the name of historical responsibility and exchange value, respectively. These mechanisms of deferral are contrasted to the often nostalgic desire embodied by the dupe, but this figure and his or her consumer desire are in fact crucial to the discourse of collection as a whole. Indeed, despite claims to the contrary, the dupe bespeaks an enduring quest for a mode of interaction between person and thing outside the bounds of commodity exchange.
No longer merely “good to think”: The new anthropology of police as a mode of critical thought

Images of police, punishment, and crime were central to the work of several of the key thinkers of the 20th century: the interpolative hail of the policeman for Althusser; the violence of the policeman in the shadow of law’s excess for Benjamin; the figure of the panopticon and, later, of police as the administration of man internal to the State for Foucault (to name just a few). Police, crime, and punishment were useful to consider a wide swath of issues including subjectivity, inequality, sovereignty, power, and text. If police have been such a productive tool through which to think, how does the emergence of anthropological research projects focused squarely on such practitioners stand to change that thought? Pushing this question more broadly, how does studying such subjects “head on” reshape how we reflect on the larger issues in critical theory today? This collection of articles will attempt to address such questions through ethnographic accounts that interrogate the limits and alternative possibili...
Myeloid Cells That Impair Immunotherapy Are Restored in Melanomas with Acquired Resistance to BRAF Inhibitors.

Acquired resistance to BRAFV600E inhibitors (BRAFi) in melanoma remains a common clinical obstacle, as is the case for any targeted drug therapy that can be developed given the plastic nature of cancers. While there has been significant focus on the cancer cell-intrinsic properties of BRAFi resistance, the impact of BRAFi resistance on host immunity has not been explored. Here we provide preclinical evidence that resistance to BRAFi in an autochthonous mouse model of melanoma is associated with restoration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumor microenvironment initially reduced by BRAFi treatment. In contrast to restoration of MDSC, levels of T regulatory cells remained reduced in BRAFi-resistant tumors. Accordingly, tumor gene expression signatures specific for myeloid cell chemotaxis and homeostasis reappeared in BRAFi-resistant tumors. Notably, MDSC restoration relied upon MAPK pathway reactivation and downstream production of the myeloid attractant CCL2 in BRAFi-resistant melanoma cells. Strikingly, while combination checkpoint blockade (anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PD-1) was ineffective against BRAFi-resistant melanomas, the addition of MDSC depletion/blockade (anti-Gr-1 + CCR2 antagonist) prevented outgrowth of BRAFi-resistant tumors. Our results illustrate how extrinsic pathways of immunosuppression elaborated by melanoma cells dominate the tumor microenvironment and highlight the need to target extrinsic as well as intrinsic mechanisms of drug resistance.
Application of a PK-PD Modeling and Simulation-Based Strategy for Clinical Translation of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: a Case Study with Trastuzumab Emtansine (T-DM1)

Successful clinical translation of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) can be challenging due to complex pharmacokinetics and differences between preclinical and clinical tumors. To facilitate this translation, we have developed a general pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling and simulation (MS 18(4):861–875) was used to develop a PK-PD model that can characterize in vivo efficacy of T-DM1 in preclinical tumor models. The preclinical data was used to estimate the efficacy parameters for T-DM1. Human PK of T-DM1 was a priori predicted using allometric scaling of monkey PK parameters. The predicted human PK, preclinically estimated efficacy parameters, and clinically observed volume and growth parameters for breast cancer were combined to develop a translated clinical PK-PD model for T-DM1. Clinical trial simulations were performed using the translated PK-PD model to predict progression-free survival (PFS) and objective response rates (ORRs) for T-DM1. The model simulated PFS rates for HER2 1+ and 3+ populations were comparable to the rates observed in three different clinical trials. The model predicted only a modest improvement in ORR with an increase in clinically approved dose of T-DM1. However, the model suggested that a fractionated dosing regimen (e.g., front loading) may provide an improvement in the efficacy. In general, the PK-PD M&S-based strategy presented here is capable of a priori predicting the clinical efficacy of ADCs, and this strategy has been now retrospectively validated for all clinically approved ADCs.