cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rat gastric H,K-ATPase β-subunit gene: Intron/exon organization, identification of multiple transcription initiation sites, and analysis of the 5′-flanking region

A rat genomic library was screened using a gastric H,K-ATPase beta-subunit cDNA probe, and two clones were identified. Restriction endonuclease mapping and Southern hybridization analyses indicated that each of these clones contains the entire H,K-ATPase beta-subunit gene. The nucleotide sequence was determined for the 8.75-kb transcription unit and 2.2 kb of the 5'-flanking region. The gene consists of seven exons and shows a high degree of similarity to the Na,K-ATPase beta 1-subunit gene. Primer extension and S1 nuclease protection analyses identified a major transcription initiation site 23 bases upstream of the translation start site and several minor transcription initiation sites located further upstream. The 5'-flanking region of the gene has two potential TATA sequences, each located 25-30 bases upstream of a transcription initiation site, and a number of potential promoter and regulatory elements. In addition, the 5'-flanking region contains nucleotide sequences that may regulate transcription through the formation of unusual DNA structures. These include a sequence that may form a triple helix and an adjacent sequence with the potential to form Z-DNA.
Neuropeptide Y-like Gene Expression in the Salmon Brain Increases with Fasting ☆

In mammals there is a well-established connection between neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the balance between energy intake and expenditure: NPY stimulates food intake and the hypothalamus shows a dramatic increase in NPY mRNA in response to fasting. The widespread occurrence of NPY in the brains of all vertebrates investigated raises the possibility that NPY may be involved in food intake and energy balance regulation in nonmammalian vertebrates as well. We used in situ hybridization to examine whether brain NPY-like gene expression is involved in energy balance regulation in salmon. A radiolabeled oligonucleotide probe was employed to screen the salmon forebrain and parts of the midbrain for NPY-like mRNA. Distribution of NPY-like gene expression was determined, followed by examination of brains from fed or food-deprived chinook and coho salmon. Regions expressing NPY-like mRNA were the caudoventral telencephalon, preoptic area, thalamus, optic tectum, and caudal hypothalamus. The region showing a difference in NPY-like gene expression between fed and fasted individuals was the preoptic area of the hypothalamus where significantly greater hybridization signal area was found with fasting. Plasma insulin levels were also shown to differ, with fasted animals having significantly lower insulin levels. These results suggest that the role of NPY-like peptides in the regulation of energy balance may have arisen early in vertebrate evolution.
The prediction of choice.

This paper is concerned with a central concept in social measurement such as opinion polls, the measurement of attitudes, the prediction of political elections, the measurement of moral values, the measurement of consumer preferences, the measurement of utility, and the measurement of aesthetic values. The concept is that of the discriminal dispersion and its interesting effects in the prediction of choice.
Educational Outcomes in Vet 101; A Continuing Education Course for Practicing Pharmacists in Veterinary Therapeutics

The purpose of the study was to assess the effectiveness of a continuing education (CE) course in veterinary therapeutics by measuring the cognitive knowledge of pharmacists as shown in their confidence level to: explain common animal disease states, summarize veterinary pharmacotherapy options, and explain important regulatory documents that influence the practice of veterinary pharmacy. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to assess the effectiveness of the CE curriculum. A one group pre-post quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the confidence level and application skills of the pharmacist-students. Reflective commentary was also collected. Cognitive post-course scores improved significantly over the pre-course scores on all 26 pre- and post-course survey questions. The Wilcoxon signed-ranks analysis for each question resulted in statistically significant levels thereby indicating that the increase in the cognitive measure was not due to error. The results show that an online continuing education course in veterinary therapeutics for practicing pharmacists can be used to increase the confidence level in the pharmacist’s cognitive knowledge and skills after completion of the curriculum. The online offering of this course appears to be an effective method to educate pharmacists on topics specific to veterinary pharmacy.
Developing and managing effective consumer relationships

Research in the area of interpersonal relationships can be employed to assist marketers in developing strong customer relationships to gain competitive advantages or to position themselves in the marketplace. The process of relationship formation, maintenance and dissolution is used as a framework for examining key elements of successful relationships. Three important elements of relationships are discussed and recommendations are made to marketers in handling these aspects of a relationship. Additionally, scales to measure consumer trust and commitment are provided.
High-temperature laser absorption diagnostics for CH2O and CH3CHO and their application to shock tube kinetic studies

Abstract Laser absorption diagnostic methods were developed for the quantitative measurement of formaldehyde (CH2O) and acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) at high temperatures in shock tube kinetic studies. Investigation of the high-temperature CH2O spectrum has shown that the optimal wavelength for CH2O detection using commercially available lasers is near 2896 cm−1. By exploiting the structural difference between the absorption spectra of CH2O and that of broadband interfering species, a two-color (2895.92 cm−1 and 2895.60 cm−1) interference-free detection scheme for CH2O sensing in a combustion environment was developed. A third color (32601.10 cm−1) has also been added to develop a UV/IR detection scheme for combined CH3CHO/CH2O measurements. To implement these schemes, aldehyde cross-sections at all three colors were measured behind reflected shock waves over a wide span of temperatures (600–1800 K) and pressures (0.8–3.6 atm), with an uncertainty of ±5%, and the diagnostic schemes were validated using two controlled experiments with well-established chemistry. Applications of these diagnostics were also demonstrated in shock tube pyrolysis experiments of 1,3,5-trioxane, CH2O and CH3CHO. The unimolecular decomposition rate of 1,3,5-trioxane was determined over 869–1037 K at an average pressure of 2.1 atm: kI = 3.58 × 1012 exp (−18,590 K/T) s−1, with an overall uncertainty of less than 20%.
Crossing the Hydrophobic Barrier--Insertion of Membrane Proteins

In this issue of Science , Song et al . ([p. 1859][1]) provide the first high-resolution x-ray view of a transmembrane protein that spontaneously inserts into the lipid bilayer. In his Perspective, Engelman discusses what these results mean for our understanding of protein insertion into membranes. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5294.1859
Tolerance to p-chloroamphetamine's effects on sidman avoidance performance and catecholamine metabolism

Abstract Rats trained to bar-press to avoid shock in a non-discriminated, Sidman avoidance paradigm were injected intraperitoneally with either saline or 5 mg/kg of PCA twice daily for 7.5 days. When tested 48 hr later, the administration of PCA increased response rates in saline-pretreated but not PCA-pretreated rats, indicating the development of physiological tolerance. Complete recovery from tolerance was observed within 2 weeks after the termination of chronic drug treatment. The rates of disappearance of PCA from the brains of tolerant and non-tolerant rats were similar, suggesting that tolerance was not due to an altered disposition of the drug. The effects of acute and chronic PCA administration on the conversion of [ 3 H]-tyrosine to [ 3 H]-norepinephrine and [ 3 H]-dopamine and in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity were measured in whole brains 15 min after PCA administration. The acute administration of PCA increased the formation of both catecholamines and increased in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activity. However, neither of these effects was observed in tolerant rats challenged with PCA. These data suggest that tolerance to the facilitatory effect of PCA is associated with tolerance to the ability of the drug to increase the rate of synthesis of catecholamines.
Tiny-Scale Atomic Structure and the Cold Neutral Medium

We consider the tiny-scale atomic structure (TSAS) on scales of tens of astronomical units, which has been detected by 21 cm absorption lines against quasars with VLBI techniques, against pulsars with time variability and against close binary stars in optical interstellar lines. The TSAS is associated with ordinary cold neutral medium (the CNM). Under the conventional interpretation, the thermal pressure of the TSAS gas is extremely high, some 44 times greater than the Galactic hydrostatic pressure at z = 0 and 300 times greater than the standard CNM thermal pressure. This is unacceptable because the TSAS is quiescent, ubiquitous, and appears to reside in all CNM clouds. Moreover, under the conventional interpretation, H2 should be very abundant in the TSAS, thus exacerbating the pressure problem and also leading to very large extinctions. We consider modifications in the conventional interpretation to ease these dilemmas. They can be eased if the TSAS temperatures are very low, ~7.5 K, but with conventional heating and cooling mechanisms this is impossible without large attenuation of the interstellar radiation field; rather, we estimate the TSAS temperature to be ~15 K. We settle on a geometric solution in which the CNM clouds contain two components: one is the TSAS gas, in the form of either cold, dense curved filaments or sheets; the other is the inter-TSAS gas, which is warmer and less dense. Recognizable TSAS occurs where these TSAS structures happen to line up along the line of sight, producing significant column densities and small transverse length scales even with relatively modest volume densities. We discuss these two-component CNM clouds as complete, integral units and consider the conditions required to simultaneously satisfy the observational constraints on both the standard CNM clouds and also the TSAS. The sheets or filaments occupy a few percent of the CNM cloud volume and contribute about 10% or 30% (respectively) of the total CNM column density. The sheets produce smaller thermal pressures than the cylinders; the sheet pressures can be as small as the standard CNM pressure. We provide suggestions for further observations that will confirm the geometric solution and possibly distinguish between filaments and sheets.
The sources of thermal energy exchange accompanying microbial anabolism

Calculations are made of the thermal energy exchanges accompanying the anabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae of four substrates using the equations $$ \Delta _{\text{r}} H_{\text{B}}^{{\text{0'}}} = \Delta _{\text{r}} X_{\text{B}}^{{\text{0'}}} + \Delta _{\text{f}} Q_{{\text{ab}}{\text{,B}}}^{{\text{0'}}} $$ and $$ \Delta _{\text{r}} H_{\text{B}}^{{\text{0'}}} = \Delta _{\text{r}} G_{\text{B}}^{{\text{0'}}} + T\Delta _{\text{r}} S_{\text{B}}^{{\text{0'}}} $$ . Contrary to a previous postulate cited in the Discussion, the free-energy changes accompanying anabolism are not zero, but can be either positive or negative. However, their magnitude with either sign is small compared to that of catabolism of the same substrates, so that even with free energy changes that are negative it is unlikely anabolism can be considered a spontaneous process.
A determination of the points which are rational over Q of three modular curves

Abstract It is proven that the cusps are the only points which are rational over Q on X 0 ( N ) for N = 53, 113 and 137.
Growth of vertically aligned CdTe nanorod arrays through patterned electrodeposition

Abstract We have successfully developed a simple, reproducible and scalable technique for growing CdTe nanorod arrays on conducting surfaces through electrodeposition on patterned nanoelectrodes. The vertically aligned CdTe nanorods grown as arrays over large area were exceptionally homogeneous in terms of their diameter and length. The ensemble of the CdTe nanorod arrays covering an area of approximately 75×75 μm 2 , exhibited a photocurrent density in the mA range, which was significantly higher than that obtained from a CdTe film with similar coverage grown under analogous conditions. This approach can be further extended to grow complex nanowire composition including heterojunction semiconductor nanowires incorporating a lateral and radial p–n junction by simple modification of the lithography and electrodeposition steps.
The political implications of elite and mass tolerance

In this article we identify several ways in which inquiry into political tolerance might be broadened beyond its typically descriptive focus. In particular, we argue the following: Political tolerance ought to be conceptualized as a multidimensional system of beliefs. Further inquiry into the structures of these beliefs is necessary. Tolerance attitudes are surely connected to political behavior, but only under some circumstances. More attention must be given to contextual influences on the attitude-behavior relationship. There may be some linkage between the tolerance beliefs of the mass public and public policy, but, if so, it is surely indirect and mitigated by a series of factors. Additional effort ought to be devoted to conceptualizing public policy and examining the processes linking opinion and policy. Tolerance attitudes contribute to the political culture, but a variety of definitional, theoretical, and operational problems must be worked out if the culture concept is to have scientific utility. Tolerance has rarely been treated as an independent variable. Tolerance is one of several determinants of individual-level political freedom. Through its relationship with political culture and with public policy, political tolerance affects the amount and distribution of freedom in society. Much additional work in mapping these relationships is necessary. Finally, tolerance, policy, culture, and freedom are all important components of democracy. Ultimately, macrolevel, cross-cultural research connecting these various concepts must be undertaken.
Arachidonic acid metabolites stimulate phosphatidylcholine secretion in primary cultures of type II pneumocytes.

Abstract There is evidence from whole animal and intact lung studies that prostaglandins are involved in the regulation of surfactant secretion. To explore this further we examined the effect of arachidonic acid on secretion of phosphatidylcholine in primary cultures of adult rat type II pneumocytes. Arachidonic acid stimulated phosphatidylcholine secretion and this effect was dependent on concentration in the range 1–8 μM. Arachidonic acid (8 μM) stimulated secretion by 79% from a basal rate of 1.17% total cellular phosphatidylcholine secreted in 90 min to 2.09%. We examined the effects of inhibitors of arachidonoic acid metabolism on the stimulatory effect. Nordihydroguaiaretic add (0.1 μM), a lipoxygenase inhibitor, reduced the stimulatory effect by 64%. The same concentration of cyclooxygenase inhibitors had no effect. We conclude that arachidonic acid metabolites stimulate surfactant secretion in type II cells, Whether this effect is mediated by leukotrienes or other products remains to be established.
The Flow Field along the Entire Length of Mouse Aorta and Primary Branches

There is a spatial disposition to atherosclerosis along the aorta corresponding to regions of flow disturbances. The objective of the present study is to investigate the detailed distribution of hemodynamic parameters (wall shear stress (WSS), spatial gradient of wall shear stress (WSSG), and oscillatory shear index (OSI)) in the entire length of C57BL/6 mouse aorta with all primary branches (from ascending aorta to common iliac bifurcation). The detailed geometrical parameters (e.g., diameter and length of the vessels) were obtained from casts of entire aorta and primary branches of mice. The flow velocity was measured at the inlet of ascending aorta using Doppler flowprobe in mice. The outlet pressure boundary condition was estimated based on scaling law. The continuity and Navier–Stokes equations were solved using three-dimensional finite element method (FEM). The model prediction was tested by comparing the computed flow rate with the flow rate measured just before the common iliac bifurcation, and good agreement was found. It was also found that complex flow patterns occur at bifurcations between main trunk and branches. The major branches of terminal aorta, with the highest proportion of atherosclerosis, have the lowest WSS, and the relatively atherosclerotic-prone aortic arch has much more complex WSS distribution and higher OSI value than other sites. The low WSS coincides with the high OSI, which approximately obeys a power law relationship. Furthermore, the scaling law between flow and diameter holds in the entire aorta and primary branches of mice under pulsatile blood flow conditions. This model will eventually serve to elucidate the causal relation between hemodynamic patterns and atherogenesis in KO mice.
A facile, one-pot synthesis of Ephedra-based aziridines

Abstract A series of enantiomerically and diastereomerically enriched N -sulfonylaziridines have been prepared by a single-pot process from (1 R ,2 S )- and (1 S ,2 R )-norephedrine and (1 S ,2 S )-pseudonorephedrine. The cyclization process involved N-sulfonylation of the Ephedra alkaloid followed by O-sulfonylation with methanesulfonyl chloride. The bis(sulfonyl) Ephedra derivatives were treated with either hydrazine or sodium hydroxide to afford the N -sulfonylaziridines.
Medication prescribing and monitoring errors in primary care: a report from the Practice Partner Research Network

Introduction Medication errors have been associated with poor patient outcomes and pose significant public health consequences. Establishing medication safety quality indicators is crucial to capturing the pervasiveness of preventable errors and is a fundamental first step in the process of improvement. In this article, a study is presented in which a set of medication prescribing and monitoring quality indicators were developed, and adherence to them was assessed among a group of US primary care practices. Methods Twenty Practice Partner Research Network practices in 14 US states with 94 clinicians and 52 246 active adult patients participated in the study. All practices use a common electronic medical record with dosing, interaction and monitoring decision support features. A consensus development process was used to select indicators in the categories of inappropriate treatment, dosing, drug–drug and drug–disease interactions, and monitoring of potential adverse events. Data extracted electronically from practices' electronic medical record were used to assess practice-level adherence with the indicator set as of 1 July 2008. Results Thirty medication safety indicators were selected. Across all practices, inappropriate treatment, dosing, drug–drug and drug–disease interactions were avoided in 75%, 84%, 98% and 86% of eligible patients, respectively; monitoring of preventable adverse drug events occurred in 75% of patients. There was wide variability in practice adherence with the indicators. Discussion The consensus development process was successful in selecting a broad set of primary care medication safety quality indicators. Although aggregate adherence was relatively high in this group of practices, opportunities exist to improve potential errors in treatment selection, dosing and monitoring.
Characterization and Regulation of Sulfur Reductase Activity in Thermotoga neapolitana.

The growth of the hyperthermophilic, anaerobic bacterium Thermotoga neapolitana is stimulated by elemental sulfur by an unknown mechanism. We detected hydrogen-dependent sulfur reductase (sulfhydrogenase) and polysulfide dehydrogenase activities in cell extracts of this organism, demonstrating that it has at least two pathways for sulfidogenesis. Hydrogen-dependent sulfur reductase and hydrogenase activities are catalyzed by the purified hydrogenase of Thermotoga maritima, and this enzyme was called the sulfhydrogenase (K. Ma, R. N. Schicho, R. M. Kelly, and M. W. W. Adams, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5341-5344, 1993). Cells grown without elemental sulfur or cystine had 1.3 to 3.3 times higher sulfhydrogenase activities than those grown with either of these sources of sulfane sulfur. Hydrogenase activity was 2 to 5 times higher. Polysulfide dehydrogenase was up to 48-fold more active in cell extracts than the sulfhydrogenase. The activity of polysulfide dehydrogenase was approximately twofold higher when cells were grown in the presence of elemental sulfur. Its activity was oxygen labile in crude extracts, and it appears to be a cytoplasmic enzyme. Polysulfide was preferred over elemental sulfur as an electron acceptor (Km = 0.15 mM) and was more active with NADH (Km = 0.03 mM) than NADPH (Km = 0.41 mM). Growth in the presence of elemental sulfur appeared to slightly increase the activity of polysulfide dehydrogenase and slightly decrease both activities of sulfhydrogenase (hydrogenase and polysulfide reductase), while growth without elemental sulfur had the opposite effects. The greater activity of polysulfide dehydrogenase and its apparent regulation indicate that it is the more physiologically important means of polysulfide reduction.
Testing extensible design patterns in object-oriented frameworks through scenario templates

Design patterns have been used in object-oriented frameworks. This paper first discusses the issues in testing applications developed with design patterns using an object-oriented framework. Two kinds of design patterns are available, extensible and static patterns, and this paper focuses on testing applications using the latter. Applications developed using extensible design patterns are difficult to test due to dynamic typing, dynamic binding, extensibility, and communication complexity. This paper then presents a technique, message framework sequence specifications (MfSS), for generating scenario templates that can be used to generate various kinds of test scenarios to test applications developed using extensible design patterns and an object-oriented framework. Finally, this paper uses the MfSS technique to test a small bank framework. The test scenarios generated successfully detected numerous faults that were seeded in the program.
Studies on Blood Sugar and Glycogen Levels in Chickens

Abstract IT HAS been reported that mature New Hampshire pullets will tolerate high concentrations of low-grade sugar (Rosenberg, 1953a) and B-grade molasses (Rosenberg, 1953b) for at least 20 weeks. No adverse physiological effects, denoted by unthriftiness and mortality, were observed even when all the cereal grains in their rations were supplanted by either low-grade sugar or B-grade molasses. However, efficiency of feed utilization progressively worsened as the concentration of these byproducts from the sugar industry was increased. It has been reported, also, that Ingram et al. (1950) obtained good egg production during a 4-week trial with chickens fed purified diets in which sucrose was the principal source of carbohydrate. Since sucrose is the principal sugar in low-grade sugar and B-grade molasses, questions have been raised regarding the ability of the chicken to utilize efficiently these carbohydrate feedstuffs. Golden and Long (1942), in their excellent review of carbohydrate metabolism in avian species, …
Headed Toward Equality? Housework Change in Comparative Perspective

This paper examines gendered housework in the larger context of comparative social change, asking specifically whether crossnational differences in domestic labor patterns convergeovertime.Ouranalysisofdatafrom13 countries (N = 11,065) from the 1994 and 2002 International Social Survey Program (ISSP) confirmed that social context matters in shaping couples’ division of labor at home, but also showed that context affects patterns of change. Ourresultssuggestedthat,comparedtothemost egalitarian countries, the shift in housework patternswasgreatestamongthemosttraditional countries. This provides support for the thesis of cultural convergence, but the evidence did not suggest that such convergence will lead to complete equality in the foreseeable future. Compared with trends in other aspects of social life, change in the domestic division of labor has been slow, and traditional patterns remain prevalent. Nevertheless, there is a broad trend toward more gender equality in housework and a decline in the burden shouldered by women. A
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS : XI. ANTIBODIES IN THE BLOOD AFTER RECOVERY FROM EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA.

Although Bacterium pneumosintes is a stable organism which agglutinates only in low dilutions of the serum of actively immunized rabbits, the serological reactions of this microorganism have always been found to be consistent and specific. The results of the agglutination and precipitation reactions described in this paper indicate that the serum of normal persons does not contain demonstrable agglutinins or precipitins for Bacterium pneumosintes. By contrast, agglutinins have been demonstrated in the serum of seventeen persons among nineteen who were examined from 10 days to 5 months after recovery from epidemic influenza. The serum of ten persons who had influenza, followed in three instances by pneumonia, 2(1/2) to 3(1/2) years before, proved negative. In one instance the appearance of specific agglutinins against Bacterium pneumosintes was found to be coincident with an attack of uncomplicated influenza. In twelve of fifteen instances in which agglutinins were found, precipitins against Bacterium pneumosintes were demonstrated also. It is noteworthy that these antibodies may persist in the blood at least 5 months after recovery from the disease.
Raman coherence beats from the entangled exciton Zeeman doublet in a single quantum dot

The entangled state involving an exciton Zeeman doublet with large entanglement entropy was created using /spl sim/ /spl pi//2 pulses in single GaAs quantum dots. The non-radiative Raman coherence time was determined from quantum beats measured in homodyne detected differential transmission.
Physiological responses of dandelion and orchard grass leaves to experimentally released upwelling soil CO2

Abstract Carbon sequestration is an important means of reducing the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 by injecting CO 2 into subterranean geological reservoirs known as sequestration fields. These deep sequestration fields must be monitored for structural integrity to ensure their long-term efficacy. Stress responses of plants to super-elevated soil CO 2 are signatures that we evaluated as potential tools for surface leak detection of CO 2 at the Zero Emission Research and Technology (ZERT) site in Bozeman, MT. To mimic a compromised field, CO 2 was deliberately released at a rate of 0.15 ton/day through a 100 m long and 2.0–2.3 m deep Horizontal Injection Well (HIW) with intentional leaks, with injections of CO 2 taking place on these dates: 7/19–8/15/2010 and 7/18–8/15/2011. Periodically over two years, we measured stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and specific leaf area in Taraxacum officinale Wigg. (dandelion) and Dactylis glomerata L. (orchard grass) along a 20 m transect perpendicular to a hot spot. Hot spots were visible as circular zones of leaf dieback where T. officinale leaves turned from green to red and became brown and desiccated. CO 2 concentrations reached 29% by volume at the edges of hot spots. During CO 2 injection, chlorophyll content (as measured with a Hansatech CL-O1 chlorophyll content meter to obtain a unitless measure) decreased significantly ( p T. officinale from 9.486 to 1.912 (80%) in 2010 and from 8.288 to 0.000 (99%) in 2011. The less pronounced decreases in chlorophyll content with CO 2 injection in D. glomerata were 34% in 2010 and 37% in 2011. Average stomatal conductance ( g s ) rates in T. officinale were highest at the hot spot (22.41 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2010, 46.10 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2011) and lowest 20 m distally (11.76 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2010 and 3.69 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2011). Average g s rates in D. glomerata were highest at the hot spot (53.91 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2010 and 65.96 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2011), and lowest 20 m distally (38.52 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2010 and 24.83 mmol m −2 s −1 in 2011). These results suggest T. officinale leaves are more sensitive to super-elevated soil CO 2 concentration than D. glomerata leaves and generally, that species-specific physiological responses of these leaves to varying concentrations of soil CO 2 may be useful in monitoring CO 2 leakage in vegetated areas above CO 2 storage sites.
Automatic detection of malignant prostatic gland units in cross-sectional microscopic images

Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer deaths among men in the US. In the most reliable screening method, histological images from a biopsy are examined under a microscope by pathologists. In an early stage of prostate cancer, only relatively few gland units in a large region become malignant. Discovering such sparse malignant gland units using a microscope is a labor-intensive and error-prone task for pathologists. In this paper, we develop effective image segmentation and classification methods for automatic detection of malignant gland units in microscopic images. Both segmentation and classification methods are based on carefully designed feature descriptors, including color histograms and texton co-occurrence tables.
STI571: targeting BCR-ABL as therapy for CML.

Therapeutic agent STI571 (signal transduction inhibitor number 571) is a rationally developed, potent, and selective inhibitor for abl tyrosine kinases, including bcr-abl, as well c-kit and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Results of clinical trials to date have demonstrated the crucial role of the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) pathogenesis and the potential of anticancer agents designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in human cancer. An initial phase I study of STI571 included 83 Ph(+) CML patients who had failed interferon-based therapy. Patients were required to be in chronic phase, defined liberally as less than 15% blasts in blood or bone marrow. Patients were treated with once-daily oral doses of STI571 in 14 successive dose cohorts ranging from 25-1,000 mg. In this phase I study, no dose-limiting toxicity was encountered and toxicity at all dose levels was minimal. The threshold for a maximally effective dose was found at 300 mg; for patients treated at or above this level, complete hematologic response was seen in 98% of patients, with complete cytogenetic responses in 13% and major cytogenetic responses in 31%. With a median duration of follow-up of 310 days, ongoing responses are evident in 96% of patients. In the phase II study of the accelerated phase of CML, 233 patients were treated with either 400 or 600 mg of STI571. With similar follow-up to the chronic phase trial, 91% of patients showed a hematological response; 63% of patients achieved a complete hematological response but not all patients had recovery of peripheral blood counts. In addition to the phase II clinical trials with STI571, a phase III trial randomizing newly diagnosed patients to either interferon with low-dose s.c. cytosine arabinoside versus STI571 is ongoing; this trial accrued rapidly and data collection is ongoing. Integration of STI571 into CML treatment algorithms will require long-term follow-up data from the ongoing phase II and III clinical studies.
Rating of Instructional Films in Management

Abstract With the advent of low-cost video technology and an exponential increase in the number of instructional films available, the need for systematic evaluation of films to facilitate buy/rent/screen decisions is evident. In this study, an instrument for film evaluation was developed and applied to a sample of films in organizational behavior and related management topics. The results represent a starting point for systematic appraisal of instructional films. Further refinement of the instrument and an ongoing appraisal of instructional films to aid educators are recommended.
Compressive neuropathies complicating normal childbirth: case report and literature review.

ABSTRACT: Background: Peroneal neuropathy has been well described in the literature, but few cases have been reported of bilateral peroneal neuropathy as a complication of normal childbirth. Most reported cases are due to prolonged squatting during childbirth, which is prevalent in certain countries. Case report: A 30-year-old woman developed bilateral footdrop shortly after normal vaginal delivery under epidural analgesics. Neurological examination and electrodiagnostic studies confirmed bilateral common peroneal mononeuropathy most likely secondary to prolonged and excessive pressure around the knees by attendants who were assisting at the delivery. The woman showed significant improvement of her symptoms after physical therapy and assisted devices. Conclusions: Excessive and prolonged pressure knee holding during normal childbirth may result in compressive peripheral neuropathy. Patient education and awareness among the labor and delivery team will prevent this avoidable complication. (BIRTH 34:2 June 2007)
Shielding effectiveness study on a transportable shelter

Under the US Army Defense Standardization and Specifications Program (DSSP) a number of shielding effectiveness experiments were performed on a transportable equipment shelter. Shielding effectiveness measurements were performed on the shelter utilizing MIL-STD-285, MIL-STD-907b, and the fixed facility requirements of MIL-STD-188-125 procedures. This was performed as a part of a hardness maintenance/hardness surveillance (HM/HS) study. Special attention was paid to shield penetrations, such as, doors, panels and power-data entry vaults. The difference in requirements and results were evaluated in an attempt to resolve such issues as test frequency selection, number of measurement locations, and test probe equipment. >
JOHN KIRTLAND WRIGHT, 1891–1969

(1970). JOHN KIRTLAND WRIGHT, 1891–1969. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 394-403.
Emerging paradigms for complex iron-sulfur cofactor assembly and insertion.

[FeFe]-hydrogenses and molybdenum (Mo)-nitrogenase are evolutionarily unrelated enzymes with unique complex iron-sulfur cofactors at their active sites. The H cluster of [FeFe]-hydrogenases and the FeMo cofactor of Mo-nitrogenase require specific maturation machinery for their proper synthesis and insertion into the structural enzymes. Recent insights reveal striking similarities in the biosynthetic pathways of these complex cofactors. For both systems, simple iron-sulfur cluster precursors are modified on assembly scaffolds by the activity of radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes. Radical SAM enzymes are responsible for the synthesis and insertion of the unique nonprotein ligands presumed to be key structural determinants for their respective catalytic activities. Maturation culminates in the transfer of the intact cluster assemblies to a cofactor-less structural protein recipient. Required roles for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis have been implicated in both systems, but the specific role for th...
Structural model for nitrogen incorporation in phosphate glasses.

In this paper a model is presented for predicting the structural changes that occur in a metaphosphate glass during nitriding in anhydrous ammonia. Predicted values for the nitrogen content, the mole fraction of phosphate groups, the bridging to nonbridging oxygen ratio, and the ratio of the structural types for nitrogen are compared to the values obtained in earlier experimental work. A plausible correlation is found between the values predicted from this structural model and those observed experimentally. In addition, a maximum nitrogen content (N/P = 0.9) is predicted and the lower nitrogen content normally observed is explained.
Familial radial nerve entrapment syndrome: A case report and literature review

A case of familial peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome at the level of the lateral head of the triceps is presented. Treatment consisted of exploration of the radial nerve with release at the level of the fibrous arch in the lateral head of the triceps. Relief of symptoms and improvement in function occurred.
Current status of integrated submillimeter-wave antennas

The author presents a summary of the development status for recent high-efficiency integrated antennas that are suitable for low-noise submillimeter-wave receivers. The use of these antennas in planar receivers will result in very-low-noise receivers for frequencies above 100 GHz. The antennas presented here are the quasi-monolithic integrated horn antennas, the substrate-backed spiral and log-periodic antennas, the endfire slot-line antennas on thin membranes, the double-dipole integrated reflector antenna, and the dielectric-filled parabola. >
Microwave expedited synthesis of 5-aminocamptothecin analogs : Inhibitors of hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1α

A series of 5-aminosubstituted camptothecin analogs were prepared from the corresponding 5-hydroxycamptothecin using microwave irradiation. The analogs were assayed for ability to inhibit the action of hypoxia inducible factors (HIF-1alpha and HIF-2alpha). The 5-fluoroethyl analog showed potent inhibitory activity and is now the focus of ongoing pathway analysis and potential as an antiproliferative agent.
Spectral Element Simulation of Flow in Grooved Channels: Cooling Chips with Tollmien-Schlichting Waves

The spectral element method is a high-order (p-type) finite element technique for the Navier-Stokes equations that combines the geometric flexibility of the finite element method with the rapid convergence and efficiency of spectral schemes. The method is applied here to steady and unsteady moderate Reynolds number flow and heat transfer in grooved channels. It is shown by direct numerical simulation that the least stable linear modes of the steady grooved- channel flow closely resemble Tollmien-Schlichting channel waves, forced by Kelvin-Helmholtz shear layer instability at the groove edge. For Reynolds numbers greater than a critical value, these modes become unstable and the flow takes the form of self-sustained oscillations. For Reynolds numbers less than this critical value, it is shown that oscillatory perturbation of the flow at the frequency of the least stable mode of the linearized system results in subcritical resonant excitation as the critical Reynolds number is approached. Application of this subcritical flow excitation to heat transfer enhancement and the cooling of chips (electronic components) is described.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the muscles surrounding the shoulder

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be used to augment range-of-motion, strengthening, and facilitation treatment programs of the muscles surrounding the shoulder. The purposes of this article are 1) to describe the uses of NMES around the shoulder joint as developed through our clinical use and 2) to detail the effects of an NMES program on chronic shoulder subluxation as determined by a clinical study. Because of the complexities of this multiarticular joint, NMES is most useful in the initial phase of the ROM, and stimulated contractions are compromised, relatively, as the humerus moves above the 90-degree horizontal plane. The use of NMES to provide scapular stabilization often entails unwanted alteration of the pressures on the spinal column, occasionally making the treatment program unusable. Electrical stimulation to prevent or correct shoulder subluxation, especially in the neurologically involved patient, provides the therapist with a powerful new treatment technique. In a group of stroke patients, shoulder subluxation was reduced significantly (p less than .05) at the completion of a six-week NMES program. Some of the problems, and possible solutions, unique to the development of electrical stimulation programs for the shoulder muscles are discussed.
Contributions of cognitive inflexibility to eating disorder and social anxiety symptoms.

Abstract Eating disorders and social anxiety are highly co-occurring. These disorders share fears of social evaluation, possibly maintained by similar cognitive content and styles, including an inability to adapt or flexibly respond to unexpected conditions. However, the role of cognitive inflexibility in eating disorders in relation to social anxiety has not been explored. Objective In this study, the link between eating disorder symptoms and cognitive inflexibility, while accounting for social anxiety, is examined. Method Participants ( N = 461) were undergraduates who completed the Detail and Flexibility Questionnaire 12-item Cognitive Rigidity subscale, the Eating Disorders Diagnostic Scale, and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale. Results Eating disorder symptoms and social anxiety were both positively correlated with cognitive inflexibility. After controlling for social anxiety, the relationship between eating disorder symptoms and cognitive inflexibility remained robust. Discussion Further examination of cognitive inflexibility in eating disorders and comorbid social anxiety in clinical samples is warranted. We suggest future directions for examining cognitive inflexibility as a trans-diagnostic construct important to eating disorders and frequently comorbid disorders, consistent with NIMH Research Domain Criteria.
Small Business Solutions: Building and Leveraging a Competitive Intelligence Capability Without Going Broke

The interest in and use of Competitive Intelligence (CI) programs is increasing among small businesses. While small businesses/ace certain limitations in terms of resources, staff, time, and expertise, they are still able to design and utilize a Cl program that will address their unique challenges and needs. This article presents a framework and set of guidelines that can be used by small businesses interested in designing or strengthening their competitive intelligence (Cl) program.
Dynamics of Langmuir Circulations in a Stratified Ocean

New theoretical results concerning Langmuir circulations, according to an extended version of the Craik-Leibovich theory, are summarized. The issue considered is the dynamical role of buoyancy, which can generate oscillatory and apparently aperiodic convection of Langmuir circulation type, leading to a further level of complexity in the signal these motions would register in current measurements and affecting the mixing accomplished; in addition, strong density gradients, such as those forming thermoclines, can act as a ‘bottom’ for the circulation system, in the sense that the rate of mixing is drastically reduced when the thermocline is sufficently strong.
Application of recycled media and algae-based anaerobic digestate in Scenedesmus cultivation

To make large-algae cultivation systems sustainable, commercial fertilizer inputs should be minimized. One means of achieving this is to maximize the recycle of nutrients used in algae cultivation. In addition to recycling nutrient-containing water from algae harvesting and dewatering, after harvesting algal biomass can be used as a substrate for anaerobic digestion, which can then generate mineralized nutrients to be used for further cultivation. In this study, the effect of recycling media and using mineralized nutrients during Scenedesmus cultivation was investigated. The recycled media proved to be able to support cell growth with nutrient replenishment, and it could be recycled for cultivation up to four times. Algae biomass was subjected to anaerobic digestion, and the liquid digestate and the total digestate were tested as nutrient sources. The digestate was rich in ammonium ions and proved to be a sufficient replacement for urea. When both urea and ammonium ions were available in the media, the assimilation of urea by algal cells slowed down compared to the case where urea was the only nitrogen source.
Monoalkylglycerol Ether Lipids Promote Adipogenesis

The molecular mechanisms that lead to the generation of adipose tissue (adipogenesis) are of basic and biomedical interest. Cellular models of adipogenesis have proven extremely valuable in defining biomolecules—primarily genes and proteins—that regulate adipogenesis. Here, the analysis of differentiating adipocytes using an untargeted metabolomics approach led to the discovery of the monoalkylglycerol ethers as a natural class of adipocyte differentiation factors.
17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in tissues of fetal rhesus macaques.

Abstract17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSDH) activity was measured in tissues (anterior pituitary, diencephalon, frontal cortex, liver, whole blood, and uterus) of fetal rhesus macaques on Days 80, 120, and 150 of gestation. The production of estrone (E1 (quantified by radioimmunoassay) by an 800g supernatant incubated with excess substrate (estradiol-17β [E2]) was used as an index of 17β-HSDH activity. Over a 30-min incubation period E1 was produced in a linear fashion by all the tissues that we studied. The pH optimum for this activity in the pituitary gland was ~9. Boiling of the tissue for 1 min reduced its activity significantly. Significant changes in 17β-HSDH activity during development were observed for two of the six tissues studied. Activity in fetal anterior pituitary glands was greatest on Day 80 of gestation but changed to significantly lower levels by Day 120 (P < 0.01). This low level continued on Day 150 of gestation. The pattern of activity in the liver was different from that in t...
Myeloma, Paraproteinemias, and the Skin

This review focuses on those systemic diseases or syndromes associated with monoclonal plasma cell disorders that may present with important cutaneous manifestations. Amyloidosis, POEMS syndrome, cutaneous plasmacytoma, xanthomas, benign hypergammaglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom, and scleromyxedema are emphasized.
Differences between User-Centered and Company-Centered Perspectives in the Design of Ecommerce Web Sites

Usability professionals have espoused the use of user-centered design since the field's inception. In the area of web site design, user-centered methods have been used to develop a site's information architecture, screen design, and other factors. However, there is a lack of quantitative data that specifies the expected benefits of using user-centered design methods. This study contrasts two site development processes, one which uses basic user-centered methods to develop the organization and labeling system of an ecommerce web site, and one which uses company-centered methods. The user-centered method used card sorts to organize the site's products and user-defined labels for each product category. The company-centered method used vendor and product categories to organize the contents and benchmarking for the labels. There are significant differences between the sites, with almost nothing in common. This paper will provide an analysis of these differences and present implications for site design.
m-AMSA and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. A Southwest Oncology Group study.

Twenty-eight patients with advanced or recurrent adenocarcinoma of the endometrium were treated with m-AMSA. Twenty-four patients (86%) were treated at 30 mg/M2/d × 3d q 21 d and four patients were treated at 40 mg/M2/d × 3d q 21 d intravenously. Eighty-eight courses of m-AMSA were administered with a median of 2 courses per patient. One (5%) complete response occurred in 19 patients evaluable for response. Toxicity was well tolerated and generally mild. m-AMSA may be relatively inactive in the treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the endometrium; further studies, however, are required to determine its effectiveness in primary previously untreated disease.