cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Revenge of Hatpin Mary: Women, Professional Wrestling and Fan Culture in the 1950s by Chad Dell: Book Reviews

The Revenge of Hatpin Mary: Women, Professional Wrestling and Fan Culture in the 1950s Chad Dell. New York: Peter Lang, 2006. Upon seeing Chad Dell's book on wrestling in the 1950s, I immediately thought of my grandmother, an Italian immigrant living in Pittsburgh, who was a huge fan of the television show Studio Wrestling and never missed it on Saturday night. Thus, I smiled when I read the title of Dell's first chapter: "My Grandmother Was a Huge Fan." Dell grew up in Philadelphia and, as a boy, enjoyed watching wrestling on television and favored Bruno Sammartino, the same hero as my grandmother. Years later, as he began researching broadcast audiences, he discovered a trend. "It did not matter whom I spoke to," he writes, "waiters, executives, mechanics, academics-especially academics. They all had a die-hard wrestling fan somewhere in their family tree, and usually it was a woman" (1). Dell set out to find who these 1950s women were, what they found so attractive and meaningful about professional wrestling, and what purposes their fandom served. His results may surprise. Aided by the new medium of television, wrestling matches, which could be easily recorded with one or two simple cameras, gained unprecedented popularity. Attendance at events had risen 800 percent in eight years, from three million in 1942 to twenty-four million in 1950. A majority of the wrestling audience, both for live performances and on television, was women. One Eastern promoter claimed that women made up as much as ninety percent of the audience, and wrestlers began gearing their performances expressly to them. At a time when women like June Cleaver, Harriet Nelson, and Donna Reed inhabited the television screen, real life women were seeking out other images and lifestyles as well, challenging traditionally defined gender roles. Participation in the fan culture of wrestling was one of the ways in which they did. According to Dell, professional wrestling served many functions for the female audience in the 1950s. As a performance sport, it offered women "a classic story of good and evil, morality and immorality, performed by burly, athletic men in abbreviated attire" (11). Women derived entertainment from the highly constructed dramas played out in the arena; they also found pleasure in their ability to gaze upon the scantily clad, physically attractive male body in a socially acceptable way not available to them in other realms of society. Women of all strata of society often came together to watch wrestling either live or on television, providing an opportunity for female bonding. According to Dell, women in fur coats sat beside women in simple dresses at ringside, and wealthy women watched on television at home with their maids, all of them free to "yell, laugh and carry on without fear of recrimination" (123). …
Dense Interstellar Cloud Chemistry

Significant advances in our understanding of the gas phase chemistry of dense interstellar clouds have occurred in the last few years. These advances include the delineation of the reaction pathways by which complex molecules are produced, a preliminary understanding of the varied chemistries existing in and near regions of star formation, an appreciation that photodissociation caused by internally generated photons is important, and a realization that PAH’s affect the chemistry of less complex species. However, all of these advances and indeed all of our understanding of the chemistry of dense interstellar clouds is dependent on knowledge of rate coefficients for a variety of processes that occur under the unusual conditions present in these sources. Our knowledge of some types of reactive processes is sufficiently poor that model results dependent on these proceses are often of questionable validity. Highest on the list of poorly understood processes are dissociative recombination and neutral-neutral reactions. In the former type of reaction, the neutral product branching ratios are not known definitively, while in the latter it is unclear whether or not reactions involving radicals are inhibited at low temperature by small activation energy barriers. Further progress in understanding the chemistry of dense clouds depends on significant laboratory and/or theoretical advances in the treatment of these and other processes.
The Kinetic Pathway of RNA Binding to the Escherichia coli Transcription Termination Factor Rho

Abstract The Escherichia coli transcription termination factor Rho is structurally and functionally homologous to hexameric helicases that assemble into ring structures. Using stopped-flow fluorescence and presteady-state ATPase kinetics, we have determined the kinetic pathway of poly(C) RNA binding to Rho hexamer, both in the presence and in absence of ATP. These studies indicate a four-step sequential mechanism of RNA binding and reveal the respective roles of the primary and secondary RNA binding sites in initiation and ATPase activation of Rho. The primary RNA binding sites of Rho hexamer interact with poly(C) RNA at a diffusion-limited rate constant close to 8 × 108 m − 1s− 1, resulting in the Rho-RNA species PR1, which subsequently isomerizes to PR2 with a rate constant 21 s− 1. The PR2 isomerizes to PR3 with a rate constant of 32 s− 1 in the presence of ATP, and the formation of PR4 from PR3 results in a species that is fully competent in hydrolyzing ATP at the RNA-stimulated rate. The PR3 to PR4 isomerization occurs at a relatively slow rate of 4.1 s− 1; thus, the presteady-state ATPase kinetics show a distinct lag due to the slow initiation step. The interactions of the RNA with the primary sites trigger ring opening, and we propose that during the last two steps, the RNA migrates into the central channel and interacts with the secondary sites, resulting in the activation of the ATPase activity. The primary RNA binding sites, in addition to promoting sequence specific initiation, kinetically facilitate loading of the RNA into the secondary sites, which are relatively inaccessible, since they are present in the central channel. These studies reveal common features used by hexameric helicases to bind nucleic acids in an efficient and specific manner.
Sensitivity of modeled arctic mixed‐phase stratocumulus to cloud condensation and ice nuclei over regionally varying surface conditions

[1] A two-moment microphysics scheme implemented in the polar version of the mesoscale model MM5 is used to simulate a mixed-phase stratocumulus deck observed during the Fall 2004 Mixed-Phase Arctic Cloud Experiment (MPACE). In situ aircraft instrumentation and remote sensors gathered extensive microphysical and radiative data that serve as a testbed for the model. Model results are reasonably similar to observations in terms of the liquid microphysical properties, while the ice microphysical properties are more significantly biased, especially the ice crystal concentration. Sensitivity tests examine the impact of increased cloud condensation and ice nucleus concentrations. Increasing the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei to values typical for polluted ‘Arctic haze’ conditions substantially reduces the mean droplet size, but has little impact on the downwelling longwave flux because the cloud already emits as a blackbody (except near the Arctic Ocean pack ice edge). However, the smaller droplet size does lead to a slight increase in liquid water path and more significant decrease (∼50%) in the ice water path and snowfall rate due to reduced collision-coalescence and riming of snow by droplets. Increasing the ice nucleus concentration specified from MPACE observations by 1–2 orders of magnitude produces a substantial reduction in liquid water path and downwelling longwave flux at the surface over interior northern Alaska, but has less impact over the open ocean and coastal regions. However, a large discrepancy between the observed ice nucleus and ice crystal concentrations, leading to the under-prediction of simulated crystal concentration, also suggests that additional ice initiation mechanisms (not included in current models) may have occurred in the real cloud layer.
Scalable cleanup of information extraction data using ontologies

The approach of using ontology reasoning to cleanse the output of information extraction tools was first articulated in SemantiClean. A limiting factor in applying this approach has been that ontology reasoning to find inconsistencies does not scale to the size of data produced by information extraction tools. In this paper, we describe techniques to scale inconsistency detection, and illustrate the use of our techniques to produce a consistent subset of a knowledge base with several thousand inconsistencies.
Iridescent ultraviolet signal in the orange sulphur butterfly (Colias eurytheme): spatial, temporal and spectral properties

Many of nature’s most striking animal colours are iridescent, exhibiting a high degree of spectral purity and strong angular dependence of intensity and hue. Although a growing number of studies have detailed the intricate mechanisms responsible for producing iridescent colours, few attempts have been made to describe their dynamic appearance in ecologically and behaviourally realistic contexts. We suggest that the optical properties unique to iridescent structural colours are important for understanding how they function as signals during behavioural interactions. Using males of the orange sulphur butterfly, Colias eurytheme, which exhibit an iridescent ultraviolet (UV) reflectance on their dorsal wing surfaces, we develop a holistic framework for inferring the appearance of this signal to conspecifics under field conditions that incorporate data on their spectral sensitivity. We show that, during flight, the UV signal is brightest within a wing beat cycle when viewed from directly above the male. Spectral properties of the signal under natural lighting indicate that male wing colour should be readily perceived and distinguished from that of females and from the dark green visual background of UV-absorbing vegetation. Finally, our analyses permit predictions regarding how signal senders and receivers should orientate themselves for maximal transmission and reception of this ultraviolet iridescent signal. © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 90, 349–364.
Accomplishing approximate FCFS fairness without queues

First Come First Served (FCFS) is a policy that is accepted for implementing fairness in a number of application domains such as scheduling in Operating Systems, scheduling web requests, and so on. We also have orthogonal applications of FCFS policies in proving correctness of search algorithms such as Breadth-First Search, the Bellman-Ford FIFO implementation for finding single-source shortest paths, program verification and static analysis. The data structure used to implementing FCFS policies, the queue, suffers from two principal drawbacks, viz., non-trivial verifiability and lack of scalability. In case of large distributed networks, maintaining an explicit queue to enforce FCFS is prohibitively expensive. The question of interest then, is whether queues are required to implement FCFS policies; this paper provides empirical evidence answering this question in the negative. The principal contribution of this paper is the design and analysis of a randomized protocol to implement approximate FCFS policies without queues. From the Software Engineering perspective, the techniques that are developed find direct applications in program verification, model checking, in the implementation of distributed queues and in the design of incremental algorithms for Shortest path problems.
WHY ARE TRADE BARRIERS SO LOW

The political economy literature suggests that tariff rates should be high because the gains to producers from protection are enormous while the welfare costs are small. This paper presents and evaluates six possible explanations for the relatively low tariffs we see today in most developed countries.
An interactive robotic simulation package

Described is a graphics package called RobSim intended for the real-time simula tion of the kinematics of automated workcells containing one or more robots with any configuration and up to six degrees of freedom. The user can enter information with joint or position teachboxes, or with joint or position spreadsheets. All trajecto ries are velocity controlled. The graphics illustrates each robot so its joint configura tion and position are evident. The scene can be viewed from any or all of the three projections onto the major planes and/or from one or more camera images taken from user defined positions. The software runs on any Macintosh computer from Mac Plus upwards.
Comprehension of students with and without learning disabilities: Identification of narrative themes and idiosyncratic text representations.

In an interview organized around the comprehension of a story adapted from a natural text and the identification of story theme, adolescent students with learning disabilities (LDs) performed below the level of same-age students without learning disabilities (NDs) and at the same level as younger students without learning disabilities (YNDs) matched on standardized reading comprehension scores. However, on 1 sensitive measure of theme identification (incipient awareness of theme), the LDs scored below the YNDs as well. The LDs also made more idiosyncratic importations during their summarizing and discussing of the story, and such importations were associated with poorer theme identification
Trace N gas losses and N mineralization in Mojave desert soils exposed to elevated CO2.

Abstract We examined N cycling processes in desert soils exposed to elevated CO 2 to better understand how some features of aridland soil N and C cycling may respond to an altered atmospheric composition. We measured rates of denitrification, potential denitrification, N 2 O fluxes, NH 3 volatilization, and net mineralization in an intact Mojave Desert ecosystem with elevated CO 2 (Free Air Carbon Enrichment technology) over 2 y. All measurements were performed on soil under four different cover types: Larrea tridentata ; Lycium spp.; Pleuraphis rigida ; and plant interspaces. The mean rate of denitrification was 161±96 μg N m −2 d −1 . Field fluxes of N 2 O occurred sporadically, with a mean of 30±20 μg N m −2 d −1 . Rates of NH 3 volatilization experienced less variability than did N 2 O fluxes, with a mean of 120±45 μg N m −2 d −1 . Mean potential denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was 146±8 mg N m −2 d −1 . Rates of net mineralization were highest in soil under L. tridentata and Lycium spp. (398±108 mg N m −2 d −1 ) and lowest in the plant interspaces (129±28 mg N m −2 d −1 ). There was no effect of elevated CO 2 on N 2 O fluxes or mineralization rates. There was a 39% increase in NH 3 volatilization with elevated CO 2 during March 2000. Potential DEA increased by 193% with elevated CO 2 in October 1999 and decreased by 45% in March 2001. These results suggest that NH 3 volatilization may be a more important component of aridland gaseous N emissions than previously thought, and that the potential for high DEA does not necessarily induce large fluxes of N 2 O under natural conditions, especially in aridlands where rainfall primarily occurs in winter when soil temperatures can limit microbial activity. This study also suggests that the effects of elevated CO 2 on soil microbial activity may not be consistent for all seasons.
Performance of μMRI-Based virtual bone biopsy for structural and mechanical analysis at the distal tibia at 7T field strength.

Purpose To assess the performance of a 3D fast spin echo (FSE) pulse sequence utilizing out-of-slab cancellation through phase alternation and micro-magnetic resonance imaging (μMRI)-based virtual bone biopsy processing methods to probe the serial reproducibility and sensitivity of structural and mechanical parameters of the distal tibia at 7.0T. Materials and Methods The distal tibia of five healthy subjects was imaged at three timepoints with a 3D FSE sequence at 137 × 137 × 410 μm3 voxel size. Follow-up images were retrospectively 3D registered to baseline images. Coefficients of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for measures of scale and topology of the whole tibial trabecular bone (TB) cross-section as well as finite-element-derived Young's and shear moduli of central cuboidal TB subvolumes (8 × 8 × 5 mm3) were evaluated as measures of reproducibility and reliability. Four additional cubic TB subregions (anterior, medial, lateral, and posterior) of similar dimensions were extracted and analyzed to determine associations between whole cross-section and subregional structural parameters. Results The mean signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over the 15 image acquisitions was 27.5 ± 2.1. Retrospective registration yielded an average common analysis volume of 67% across the three exams per subject. Reproducibility (mean CV = 3.6%; range, 1.5%–5%) and reliability (ICCs, 0.95–0.99) of all parameters permitted parameter-based discrimination of the five subjects in spite of the narrow age range (26–36 years) covered. Parameters characterizing topology were better able to distinguish two individuals who demonstrated similar values for scalar measurements (≈34% difference, P < 0.001). Whole-section axial stiffness encompassing the cortex was superior at distinguishing two individuals relative to its central subregional TB counterpart (≈8% difference; P < 0.05). Interregion comparisons showed that although all parameters were correlated (mean R2 = 0.78; range 0.57–0.99), the strongest associations observed were those for the erosion index (mean R2 = 0.95, P ≤ 0.01). Conclusion The reproducibility and structural and mechanical parameter-based discriminative ability achieved in five healthy subjects suggests that 7T-derived μMRI of TB can be applied towards serial patient studies of osteoporosis and may enable earlier detection of disease or treatment-based effects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear System Visualization Using Performance Maps

AbstractThis research explores a visualization technique, titled the performance map, that is derived from the Julia set common in the visualization of iterative chaotic formulae. Performance maps are generated via digital computation and require a minimum of a priori knowledge of the system under evaluation. By the use of colour-coding, they convey a wealth of information to the informed user about dynamic behaviours of a system that may be hidden from all but the expert analyst. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the performance map technique, visualizations of the Duffing oscillator are presented. In visualizing the Duffing oscillator, a new fractal measurement is employed, termed the effective information dimension.
Comment on Conflict Methodology: a Protagonist Position

In response to Lundman and McFarlane's assessment of what they understand to be conflict methodology, several points of exception and clarification are offered. Conflict methodology is neither a new data collection technology nor an abandonment of professional ethics by sociologists. It is an emerging movement away from the orthodoxy of consensus methodology by sociologists who recognize the ethical and epistemological weaknesses inherent in the dogmas of positivistic science. It proposes an evolutionary epistemology in opposition to the reductionism, operationalism, objectivism, and technocracy of consensus methodology Conflict methodology affirms the unity of science and the social discourse, the centrality of subjectivity in science, and the emancipatory interest in knowledge, while recognizing the threat to the scientific standing of sociology posed by institutional domination of social research.
An a posteriori error estimator and hp -adaptive strategy for finite element discretizations of the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains

Copyright (c) 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. This paper presents an a posteriori error estimator and hp-adaptive strategy for the Helmholtz equation in exterior domains. These technologies are integral components of solution adaptive finite element analyses, with application to, e.g., time-harmonic exterior acoustics problems. The error estimator is an explicit function of residuals (no local problems need to be solvedr, and is in the form of an upper bound on the global L 2 -norm of the error. A posteriori error bounds are derived for two finite element discretizations: the Galerkin and Galerkin least-squares (GLSr formulation. The hp-adaptive strategy converts the estimated error distribution, which is extracted from the global error norm, into a distribution of element size h and polynomial order p for the subsequent adaptive mesh. The principle of equidistribution of element error is used to guide the {h,pr distribution, leading to an efficient adaptive mesh. The adaptive strategy is a simple algorithm which computes pointwise values of h and p, and allows for simultaneous refinement of both. In addition, the adaptive strategy does not require knowledge of the global scaling constant appearing in the error estimator, which greatly simplifies the computation.
EXPLAINING THE SOCIAL WORLD: Historicism versus Positivism

For quite some time, my best professional friends have encouraged me to drop the term positivism from my advocacy for a natural science of human society. They are, no doubt, correct in their advice...
Load Scheduling and Dispatch for Aggregators of Plug-In Electric Vehicles

This paper proposes an operating framework for aggregators of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). First, a minimum-cost load scheduling algorithm is designed, which determines the purchase of energy in the day-ahead market based on the forecast electricity price and PEV power demands. The same algorithm is applicable for negotiating bilateral contracts. Second, a dynamic dispatch algorithm is developed, used for distributing the purchased energy to PEVs on the operating day. Simulation results are used to evaluate the proposed algorithms, and to demonstrate the potential impact of an aggregated PEV fleet on the power system.
Hackademia: building functional rather than accredited engineers

Hackademia is a semi-formal learning group that introduces largely non-technical students to basic technical skills by presenting them with open-ended challenges in a peer-based, collaborative environment. This project has two main goals: the near-end goal has been to use a collaborative design model to develop a working, scalable model for teaching engineering literacies in higher education, and the long-term goal is to create participatory opportunities for end-users to develop innovative technologies. This paper describes progress towards the short-term goal, and lessons learned from two years of work to develop a semi-structured educational experience influenced by participant desires. Hackademia leverages a participant-observer research model and participatory research methods such as autoethnographies, experience blogging, and semi-structured focus groups.
Identification of sex and parasitism via pheromones by the Ozark zigzag salamander

Chemical communication appears to be the primary mode of information transfer among woodland salamanders of the genus Plethodon. These pheromones have been shown to convey a wide variety of information, and are used to establish territorial boundaries. Responses to pheromones can include changes in both behavior and energy consumption. The ability of Ozark zigzag salamanders, Plethodon angusticlavius, to detect the sex of a conspecific through chemical substrate markings has not been assessed. In addition, some populations of P. angusticlavius are naturally infected with the ectoparasitic mite Hannemania eltoni. Parasitism can impact both the behavior and metabolism of the host as well as the behavior of others towards the parasitized individual. We examined whether sex and parasitism of the pheromone donor and receiver influenced behavioral and metabolic responses in P. angusticlavius. In laboratory trials, behavior of P. angusticlavius was influenced by the sex and parasite load of the pheromone donors and receivers. Behavioral responses were also influenced by whether the receiver was in its own territory or in the territory of the pheromone donor. Metabolic responses were not affected by the sex or parasite load of the pheromone donor, but males had higher metabolic rates than females, even after adjusting for differences in body size. Overall, our study indicates that both sex and parasitism can be detected via pheromones in this species, and the nature of the response depends on residency status, sex, and parasite load of the receiver.
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase and Its Role in the Syndrome of Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess

Aldosterone, the most important mineralocorticoid, regulates electrolyte excretion and intravascular volume mainly through its effects on renal distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts, where it acts to increase sodium resorption from and potassium excretion into the urine. Excess secretion of aldosterone or other mineralocorticoids, or abnormal sensitivity to mineralocorticoids, may result in hypokalemia, suppressed plasma renin activity, and hypertension. The syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess(AME) is an inherited form of hypertension in which 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) is defective. This enzyme converts cortisol to its inactive metabolite, cortisone. Because mineralocorticoid receptors themselves have similar affinities for cortisol and aldosterone, it is hypothesized that the deficiency allows these receptors to be occupied by cortisol, which normally circulates at levels far higher than those of aldosterone. We cloned cDNA and genes encoding two isozymes of 11β-HSD. The liver (L) or type 1 isozyme has relatively low affinity for steroids, is expressed at high levels in the liver but poorly in the kidney, and is not defective in AME. The kidney (K) or type 2 isozyme has high steroid affinity and is expressed at high levels in the kidney and placenta. Mutations in the gene for the latter isozyme have been detected in all kindreds with AME. Moreover, the in vitro enzymatic activity conferred by each mutation is strongly correlated with the ratio of cortisol to cortisone metabolites in the urine [tetrahydrocortisone (THF) + allo-THF]/THE. This suggests that the biochemical phenotype of AME is largely determined by genotype.
Effects of lesions in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis on the hypothalamic distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and gonadotropin secretion in the ovariectomized rat.

Radiofrequency lesions were generated in the organum vasculosum lamina terminalis (OVLT) of ovariectomized rats in order to examine the relationship of LHRH in the OVLT to that in the median eminence (ME) and the possible role of the OVLT in the control of gonadotropin secretion. In the first experiment, OVLT destruction significantly decreased LHRH content, as measured by RIA, in blocks of tissue containing the OVLT and the ME at 1, 3, and 7 days after production of lesions but did not alter serum LH and FSH levels or pituitary gonadotropin content. In the second experiment, OVLT lesions similarly did not alter serum gonadotropins or the negative feedback effect of estrogen in the ovariectomized rats; however, the progesterone-induced gonadotropin surge was nearly abolished as a result of OVLT destruction. LHRH content was reduced in the region of the OVLT, in the ME, and in a zone between these two structures. Bilateral medial preoptic area lesions also did not alter the negative feedback effect of estr...
Long-term follow-up of the Green-Watermann osteotomy for hallux limitus.

The authors undertook a retrospective analysis of the long-term efficacy of the Green-Watermann procedure for the treatment of painful hallux limitus or rigidus. Questionnaires were sent to 80 consecutive patients who had such procedures performed between 1990 and 1999. Medical records and radiographs were reviewed for the 32 patients who completed the questionnaires, representing 40 Green-Watermann procedures. Twenty-four patients were able to return for clinical evaluation. The average length of follow-up was 4 years (range, 1 to 10 years). The questionnaires addressed pain before and after surgery, function after surgery, complications, and overall impression and satisfaction. Nearly all of the patients (30 of 32; 94%) reported that surgery had significantly relieved their hallux joint pain, and a slightly smaller proportion (28 of 32; 88%) felt that their chief complaints were at least 70% improved. Clinical evaluation revealed adequate range of motion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. It is con...
Immunosuppression, Skin Cancer, and Ultraviolet A Radiation

Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant commonly used to treat transplant recipients. A recent study suggests that it renders the DNA of skin cells more sensitive to ultraviolet A radiation.
Binary Asteroids and the Formation of Doublet Craters

Abstract At least 10% (3 out of 28) of the largest known impact craters on Earth and a similar fraction of all impact structures on Venus are doublets (i.e., have a companion crater nearby), formed by the nearly simultaneous impact of objects of comparable size. Mars also has doublet craters, though the fraction found there is smaller (2%). These craters are too large and too far separated to have been formed by the tidal disruption of an asteroid prior to impact, or from asteroid fragments dispersed by aerodynamic forces during entry. We propose that some fast rotating rubble-pile asteroids (e.g., 4769 Castalia), after experiencing a close approach with a planet, undergo tidal breakup and split into multiple co-orbiting fragments. In some cases these fragments evolve into stable binary systems, which re-encounter and impact the planet during a later pass, creating two distinct craters. To test this idea, we modeled close encounters between fast-rotating contact-binary asteroids, our first-order approximation for rubble-pile asteroids, and a chosen planet. Our results show that Earth's tidal forces frequently create binary asteroids, but that the separation distance between the binary's components is almost always too small to produce a doublet crater at impact. However, once the components are orbiting one another, small perturbations from repeated distant Earth enounters, along with mutual tidal forces between the components, frequently increase the separation distance between the components in a random-walk fashion. To model these effects, we combined our numerical model of planetary encounters with a Monte Carlo code that computes the frequency and characteristics of repeated Earth encounters as well as mutual tidal effects occurring between Earth encounters. Our results show that ∼15% of all Earth-crossing asteroids evolve into co-orbiting binary asteroids with well-separated components. Asteroids on solely Mars-crossing orbits produce a smaller fraction of binaries ( Folding these results into another model treating impact encounters between binary asteroids and a chosen planet, we found we could duplicate the observed fraction of doublet craters found on Earth, Venus, and Mars. Our results suggest that any search for asteroid satellites should place emphasis on km-sized Earth-crossing asteroids with short-rotation periods.
GRB2 Interaction with the Ecotropic Murine Leukemia Virus Receptor, mCAT-1, Controls Virus Entry and Is Stimulated by Virus Binding

For retroviruses such as HIV-1 and murine leukemia virus (MLV), active receptor recruitment and trafficking occur during viral entry. However, the underlying mechanisms and cellular factors involved in the process are largely uncharacterized. The viral receptor for ecotropic MLV (eMLV), a classical model for retrovirus infection mechanisms and pathogenesis, is mouse cationic amino acid transporter 1 (mCAT-1). Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) is an adaptor protein that has been shown to couple cell surface receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor, to intracellular signaling events. Here we examined if GRB2 could also play a role in controlling infection by retroviruses by affecting receptor function. The GRB2 RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated suppression of endogenous GRB2 resulted in a consistent and significant reduction of virus binding and membrane fusion. The binding between eMLV and cells promoted increased GRB2-mCAT-1 interactions, as detected by immunoprecipitation. Consistently, the increased colocalization of GRB2 and mCAT-1 signals was detected by confocal microscopy. This association was time dependent and paralleled the kinetics of cell-virus membrane fusion. Interestingly, unlike the canonical binding pattern seen for GRB2 and growth factor receptors, GRB2-mCAT-1 binding does not depend on the GRB2-SH2 domain-mediated recognition of tyrosine phosphorylation on the receptor. The inhibition of endogenous GRB2 led to a reduction in surface levels of mCAT-1, which was detected by immunoprecipitation and by a direct binding assay using a recombinant MLV envelope protein receptor binding domain (RBD). Consistent with this observation, the expression of a dominant negative GRB2 mutant (R86K) resulted in the sequestration of mCAT-1 from the cell surface into intracellular vesicles. Taken together, these findings suggest a novel role for GRB2 in ecotropic MLV entry and infection by facilitating mCAT-1 trafficking.
Are admissions decisions based on family ties fairer than those that consider race? Social dominance orientation and attitudes toward legacy vs. affirmative action policies

Abstract This paper tests the competing hypotheses that social dominance orientation (SDO) reflects a specific desire to protect ingroup interests vs. a general desire to maintain status hierarchies by examining attitudes toward hierarchy-enhancing (i.e., legacy) and hierarchy-attenuating (i.e., affirmative action) selection policies. Study 1 found that social dominance orientation (SDO) was positively related to support for legacy policies and negatively related to support for affirmative action. In a more direct test of the ingroup interest vs. general dominance hypotheses, Study 2 found that among Asian participants, SDO is negatively related to policy support when a legacy policy is perceived to benefit the ingroup (i.e., fellow Asians); however, when the policy is perceived to benefit the dominant group (i.e., Whites), SDO is positively related to support. In all, these findings suggest that attitudes toward selection policies depend not on their specific content or effects on the ingroup, but rather on their impact on status hierarchies.
5-HT1A receptor antagonists and lordosis behavior

Abstract In proestrous rats, serotonin 1A (5-HT 1A ) receptor agonists inhibit lordosis behavior within 5–15 min following infusion into the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN). In the present report, the lordosis-inhibiting effects of the 5-HT 1A agonist [(±) 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n -propylamino) tetralin) (8-OH-DPAT] were shown to be attenuated with 5-HT 1A receptor antagonists. Two compounds, propranolol and pindolol, that function as both β-adrenergic and 5-HT 1A receptor antagonists, and (+) WAY100135 (chiral N- t -butyl-3-(1-(4-(2-methoxy) phenyl)piperazinyl)-1-phenylpropionamide dihydrochloride, quarter hydrate), a more selective 5-HT 1A receptor antagonist, were found to reduce the lordosis-inhibiting effects of 8-OH-DPAT infusion into the VMN. Proestrous rats were co-infused into the VMN with 200 ng 8-OH-DPAT plus 1000 ng or 2000 ng pindolol, 1000 ng or 2000 ng propranolol, or 2000 ng (+) WAY100135. Co-infusion with 1000 ng or 2000 ng pindolol attenuated the inhibitory effects of 8-OH-DPAT; co-infusion of 1000 ng, but not 2000 ng, propranolol, reduced the effects of 8-OH-DPAT; and co-infusion with 2000 ng (+) WAY100135 attenuated the effects of 8-OH-DPAT. Bilateral VMN infusion with 2500 ng (+) WAY100135 facilitated lordosis behavior in suboptimally, hormone-primed ovariectomized rats. These findings strengthen the argument that the inhibitory effect of 5-HT 1A receptor agonists on lordosis behavior is the result of their activation of VMN 5-HT 1A receptors.
Surge irrigation management

Abstract A technique for managing surge irrigations on a particular field to achieve uniform and efficient applications was developed. The method derived uses a kinematic wave computer simulation model and knowledge of infiltration behavior under surge irrigation gained from field studies. For the field conditions used, uniform and efficient surge irrigations could be achieved by considering an irrigation in two parts, the advance and post advance phases. Simulation model results indicated that there appears to be an optimum number of surge cycles to complete the advance phase to irrigate uniformly using a desired volume of water. The optimum number of surges is dependent on the use of the maximum non-erosive inflow stream for the particular field and appropriate cycle on-times. The post advance phase can be conducted using a continuous application at a reduced instantaneous inflow rate. The inflow rate and application time for the post advance phase can be determined such that runoff is minimized. Appropriate cycle times and reduced inflow rates and application times can be determined using the computer model.
City-suburb socioeconomic differences: evidence from the 1940 and 1950 census public use samples

Abstract Post-war city-suburb socioeconomic differences are frequently attributed to post-1950 social and economic forces. Microeconomic evidence from the 1940 and 1950 public use samples, however, reveals that such differences existed prior to World War Two and were increasing during the 1940s.
Rules and similarity as conscious contents with distinctive roles in theory

Difficulty of distinguishing rules and similarity in categorization comes from reliance on relatively simple manipulation-response designs and a style of modeling with abstract parameters, rather than assessment of intervening and controlling mental states. This commentary proposes a strategy in which rules and similarity would be distinguished by their different roles in a theory interrelating reportable conscious contents in deliberative categorization.
The medicalisation of online behaviour

Certain forms of online behaviour are increasingly being referred to in medical terms and treated as diseases, a process known as “medicalisation”. This study examines the process by which online behaviour appears to be increasingly medicalised and suggests some possible reasons why non‐medical problems are defined and treated as forms of illness. Particular attention is paid to a condition that is increasingly referred to by medical professionals as “online addiction” or “Internet dependence”. The study then explains some of the social and psychological consequences of medicalisation for online users who have been diagnosed as “ill”. These include guilt, a loss of self‐confidence, social ostracism, and self‐fulfilling behaviour. Some weaknesses of the medicalisation construct are discussed, and alternative explanations are offered.
Preconditioning of heart by repeated stunning: adaptive modification of myocardial lipid membrane.

Recent studies indicate that preconditioning of the heart by repeated stunning protects it from subsequent ischemic injury. Such myocardial preservation is likely to be due to adaptive modification of lipid composition and dynamic structure of cellular membrane. To test this hypothesis, swine heart was subjected to four episodes of 5 min stunning by LAD occlusion, followed by 10 min of reperfusion after each stunning. The heart was then made regionally ischemic for 60 min by LAD occlusion, followed by 6 h reperfusion. A control heart was perfused for 60 min, followed by 60 min ischemia and 6 h reperfusion. Free fatty acids (FFA) accumulated in the control heart during ischemia, as expected, which was further enhanced by reperfusion. The FFA level was also enhanced during ischemia in stunned myocardium. However, this FFA level was almost restored during reperfusion. The levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) such as oleate, linoleate, and arachidonate followed a similar pattern. Membrane fluidity, monitored by fluorescence polarization, was decreased during ischemia and reperfusion in the unstunned heart, with the corresponding increase in microviscosity. The increased microviscosity was significantly reduced by stunning. Since FFA are presumably generated from membrane phospholipids, these results suggest that stunning may cause the incorporation of a grater proportion of PUFA in membrane phospholipids, leading to preservation of membrane phospholipids and maintaining the membrane fluidity, which may be at least partially reponsible for the attenuation of ischemic reperfusion injury.
foxD5 plays a critical upstream role in regulating neural ectodermal fate and the onset of neural differentiation.

Abstract foxD5 is expressed in the nascent neural ectoderm concomitant with several other neural-fate specifying transcription factors. We used loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches to analyze the functional position of foxD5 amongst these other factors. Loss of FoxD5 reduces the expression of sox2, sox11, soxD, zic1, zic3 and Xiro1–3 at the onset of gastrulation, and of geminin, sox3 and zic2, which are maternally expressed, by late gastrulation. At neural plate stages most of these genes remain reduced, but the domains of zic1 and zic3 are expanded. Increased FoxD5 induces geminin and zic2, weakly represses sox11 at early gastrula but later (st12) induces it; weakly represses sox2 and sox3 transiently and strongly represses soxD, zic1, zic3 and Xiro1–3. The foxD5 effects on zic1, zic3 and Xiro1–3 involve transcriptional repression, whereas those on geminin and zic2 involve transcriptional activation. foxD5's effects on geminin, sox11 and zic2 occur at the onset of gastrulation, whereas the other genes require earlier foxD5 activity. geminin, sox11 and zic2, each of which is up-regulated directly by foxD5, are all required to account for foxD5 phenotypes, indicating that this triad constitutes a transcriptional network rather than linear path that coordinately up-regulates genes that promote an immature neural fate and inhibits genes that promote the onset of neural differentiation. We also show that foxD5 promotes an ectopic neural fate in the epidermis by reducing BMP signaling. Several of the genes that are repressed by foxD5 in turn reduce foxD5 expression, contributing to the medial–lateral patterning of the neural plate.
Abstract 5594: ALK-driven lung cancer: Potential therapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of drug resistance

The identification of oncogenic molecular drivers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has allowed biologically targeted therapies to improve clinical outcomes in the treatment of NSCLC. ALK gene rearrangements are observed in a sub-set of NSCLC patients who demonstrate high response rates to treatment with the oral kinase inhibitor, crizotinib. Unfortunately, disease progression is inevitable, either through intrinsic or acquired resistance. A recently completed series of crizotinib-resistant, ALK+ NSCLC patients by our group demonstrates two broad categories of resistance: (1) continued reliance on ALK signaling (via secondary mutations in the ALK kinase domain or ALK gene fusion copy number gain) or (2) loss of reliance on ALK signaling (e.g. via reliance on alternate oncogene signaling). Here we investigate potential therapeutic strategies when ALK signaling is retained. In an effort to minimize drug resistance to crizotinib in ALK+ NSCLC, we performed a genome-wide shRNA synthetic lethal screen to identify genes whose depletion synergizes with crizotinib in ALK+ NSCLC lines. We identified several genes involved in nucleotide synthesis and DNA metabolism, including dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and the trifunctional enzyme encoded by GART, which are substrates for inhibition with pemetrexed. Indeed, ALK+ NSCLC cell lines show increased sensitivity to pemetrexed in vitro. Identification of this cellular process as critical for ALK+ NSCLC is also consistent with clinical data demonstrating that patients with ALK+ NSCLC exhibit an increased clinical benefit on pemetrexed compared to other molecular subgroups of NSCLC. We also identified genes involved in chaperone function in our synthetic lethal screen. As such, we investigated whether proper folding and prevention of degradation was essential for continued reliance on ALK signaling. Both non-mutated EML4-ALK wild-type and EML4-ALK containing kinase domain mutations (including a novel mutation, G1269A) are sensitive to HSP inhibition with 17AAG. By identifying critical cellular processes in ALK+ lung cancer and employing therapies that target these pathways, improved treatment strategies can be derived to treat and prevent resistance in this molecular subtype of NSCLC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5594. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5594
Moving targets: detection and tracking of internal organ motion for treatment planning and patient set-up.

Summary Background and Purpose Clinical target volumes of the thorax and abdomen are typically expanded to account for inter- and intrafractional organ motion. Usually, such expansions are based on clinical experience and planar observations of target motion during simulation. More precise, 4- dimensional motion margins for a specific patient may improve dose coverage of mobile targets and yet limit unnecessarily large field expansions. We are studying approaches to targeting moving tumors throughout the entire treatment process, from treatment planning to beam delivery. Material and Methods Radio-opaque markers were implanted under CT guidance in the liver at the gross tumor periphery. Organ motion during light respiration was volumetrically imaged by 4D Computed Tomography. Marker motion was also acquired by fluoroscopy and compared with 4DCT data. During treatment, daily diagnostic x-ray images were captured at end-exhale and -inhale for patient set-up and target localization. Results Based on the time-resolved CT data, target volumes can be designed to account for respiratory motion during treatment. Motion of the tumor as derived from 4DCT was consistent with fluoroscopic motion analysis. Radiographs acquired in the treatment room enabled millimeter-level patient set-up and assessment of target position relative to bony anatomy. Daily positional variations between bony anatomy and implanted markers were observed. Conclusions Image guided therapy, based on 4DCT imaging, fluoroscopic imaging studies, and daily gated diagonstic energy set-up radiographs is being developed to improve beam delivery precision. Monitoring internal target motion throughout the entire treatment process will ensure adequate dose coverage of the target while sparing the maximum healthy tissue.