cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human caregivers are integrated social partners for captive chimpanzees.

In a captive environment, it is challenging to ensure the highest level of social and psychological well-being for species with naturally complex social organizations and structures. There is a growing need to meet the social requirements for individuals of these species, especially chimpanzees, housed in zoos, sanctuaries, rehabilitation centers, and laboratories. Complex social interactions and broader social structures can be aptly described via social network analysis. We expand on the literature regarding captive chimpanzee social networks, but uniquely consider their human caregivers as potential social partners. We observed the social interactions between one group of seven chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and their caregivers in six behavioral contexts (nearest neighbor, play, aggression, grooming, grooming solicitation, and social vigilance) at Chimpanzee Sanctuary Northwest (USA). By constructing multiple chimpanzee and chimpanzee-caregiver social networks, our results indicate that caregivers are integrated partners in this group’s social structure. Additionally, we observed that the type and strength of chimpanzee-caregiver relationships varied between the chimpanzees. These results support the notion that caregivers offer additional opportunities (i.e., beyond those with conspecifics) for captive chimpanzees to construct and maintain meaningful social relationships. Our results show that considerations of captive primate social dynamics should include caregivers as potentially important social partners. Our results also highlight the importance of evaluating individual chimpanzee characteristics when developing philosophies of care and adopting husbandry practices that offer fulfilling social niches. Our findings bear influence on contemporary discussions of interspecies social relationships, captive welfare, health, translocation, and husbandry protocols for captive chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates.
Heterogeneous CPU-GPU Epsilon Grid Joins: Static and Dynamic Work Partitioning Strategies

Given two datasets (or tables) A and B and a search distance $$\epsilon$$ , the distance similarity join, denoted as $$A \ltimes _\epsilon B$$ , finds the pairs of points ( $$p_a$$ , $$p_b$$ ), where $$p_a \in A$$ and $$p_b \in B$$ , and such that the distance between $$p_a$$ and $$p_b$$ is $$\le \epsilon$$ . If $$A = B$$ , then the similarity join is equivalent to a similarity self-join, denoted as $$A \bowtie _\epsilon A$$ . We propose in this paper Heterogeneous Epsilon Grid Joins (HEGJoin), a heterogeneous CPU-GPU distance similarity join algorithm. Efficiently partitioning the work between the CPU and the GPU is a challenge. Indeed, the work partitioning strategy needs to consider the different characteristics and computational throughput of the processors (CPU and GPU), as well as the data-dependent nature of the similarity join that accounts in the overall execution time (e.g., the number of queries, their distribution, the dimensionality, etc.). In addition to HEGJoin, we design in this paper a dynamic and two static work partitioning strategies. We also propose a performance model for each static partitioning strategy to perform the distribution of the work between the processors. We evaluate the performance of all three partitioning methods by considering the execution time and the load imbalance between the CPU and GPU as performance metrics. HEGJoin achieves a speedup of up to $$5.46\times$$ ( $$3.97\times$$ ) over the GPU-only (CPU-only) algorithms on our first test platform and up to $$1.97\times$$ ( $$12.07\times$$ ) on our second test platform over the GPU-only (CPU-only) algorithms.
Is Corporate Tax Aggressiveness a Reputation Threat? Corporate Accountability, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Corporate Tax Behavior

In this paper, we consider the relationships among corporate accountability, reputation, and tax behavior as a corporate social responsibility issue. As part of our investigation, we provide empirical examples of corporate reputation and corporate tax behaviors using a sample of large, U.S.-based multinational companies. In addition, we utilize corporate tax controversies to illustrate possibilities for aggressive corporate tax behaviors of high-profile multinationals to become a reputation threat. Finally, we consider whether reputation serves as an accountability mechanism for corporate tax behaviors among other mechanisms for holding firms accountable for corporate tax behaviors. Our conceptual work points to a complicated relationship among shareholder, stakeholder, and civic responsibilities in the development and execution of firm’s corporate tax strategies. Building on those insights, our empirical illustration considers corporate reputation data alongside data which reflects corporate tax behavior. Based on this work, we find no clear trend or pattern indicating that reputation is associated with or affected by certain types of corporate tax behaviors. That is, our exploratory empirical illustration suggests that corporate tax behavior does not produce broad reputational consequences that would motivate a change in firm behavior. Drawing from celebrity and strategic silence research, we then suggest that reputation may not be a well-functioning mechanism for holding corporations to account for contributing their fair share of the resources used by government for the benefit of society and offer-related theoretical insights.
Photonic bandgap engineering using second-order supersymmetry

First-order supersymmetry (SUSY) adapted from quantum physics to optics manipulates the transverse refractive index of guided-wave structures using a nodeless ground state to obtain intended modal content. Second-order SUSY can be implemented using excited states as a seed function, even with the presence of nodes. We apply second-order SUSY to the coupled-mode equations by recasting them as the Dirac equation. This enables the engineering of non-uniform surface corrugation of waveguide gratings and coupling potential, which encapsulates the Bragg interaction between counterpropagating modes. We show that the added bound states appear as transmission resonances inside the bandgap of the finite grating. The probability density of each state provides the longitudinal modal energy distribution in the waveguide grating. The smooth modal energy distribution of the states obtained by SUSY can mitigate longitudinal spatial hole burning in high power laser operation. We demonstrate that degenerate second-order SUSY allows the insertion of two states, which can coalesce into Friedrich-Wintgen type bound states in the continuum (BIC) for one-dimensional grating. We show that the eigenfunctions of BIC states are doubly degenerate with opposite parity, and the corresponding transmission resonances have phase changes of 2π across these states. One-dimensional BIC states can find application as robust high-speed all-optical temporal integrators by lifting restrictions on the length of various sections in the phase-shifted grating. Supersymmetric (SUSY) transformations, which originated in quantum physics offer a robust, physics-based approach to design photonic structures. The authors apply second-order SUSY to engineer non-uniform surface corrugation of waveguide gratings and coupling potential, and its application in photonics.
Decoding allosteric regulation by the acyl carrier protein.

Enzymes in multistep metabolic pathways utilize an array of regulatory mechanisms to maintain a delicate homeostasis [K. Magnuson, S. Jackowski, C. O. Rock, J. E. Cronan, Jr, Microbiol. Rev. 57, 522-542 (1993)]. Carrier proteins in particular play an essential role in shuttling substrates between appropriate enzymes in metabolic pathways. Although hypothesized [E. Ploskon et al., Chem. Biol. 17, 776-785 (2010)], allosteric regulation of substrate delivery has never before been demonstrated for any acyl carrier protein (ACP)-dependent pathway. Studying these mechanisms has remained challenging due to the transient and dynamic nature of protein-protein interactions, the vast diversity of substrates, and substrate instability [K. Finzel, D. J. Lee, M. D. Burkart, ChemBioChem 16, 528-547 (2015)]. Here we demonstrate a unique communication mechanism between the ACP and partner enzymes using solution NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics to elucidate allostery that is dependent on fatty acid chain length. We demonstrate that partner enzymes can allosterically distinguish between chain lengths via protein-protein interactions as structural features of substrate sequestration are translated from within the ACP four-helical bundle to the protein surface, without the need for stochastic chain flipping. These results illuminate details of cargo communication by the ACP that can serve as a foundation for engineering carrier protein-dependent pathways for specific, desired products.
Progress, challenges, and future opportunities for green nanomaterials as cancer nanomedicine

Abstract Over the past two decades, nanotechnology emerged as an excellent alternative for overcoming the limitations and fulfilling the unaddressed issues in various fields of science and technology. Nanotechnology and nanomedicine advanced the area of biomedical research by introducing several novel platforms for disease diagnosis and therapy. This resulted in an increased demand for discovering novel methods for bulk scale preparation of nanomaterials as the conventional methods were neither economical nor eco-friendly. In this context, researchers investigated and optimized green chemistry as a promising alternative approach for producing cheap, stable, biocompatible, and bioactive nanomaterials. Several bioinspired nanomaterials were synthesized following this approach as potential theranostic candidates against many dreadful diseases including cancer. In spite of these excellent pharmacological properties of green nanomaterials, there are several challenges needed to be addressed for their successful clinical translation. The present chapter discusses the progress in synthesis methods of green nanomaterials and their theranostic applications as cancer nanomedicine along with the challenges involved in their synthesis, and biological applications. Finally, the future opportunities of the green nanoparticles as efficient cancer nanomedicine will be illustrated with concluding remarks.
Development of the New AAP Febrile Infant Clinical Practice Guideline.

Back in 1974, in an effort to engage residents in research, senior residents were asked to identify the clinical activity they found most frustrating. They responded, “Having to do complete sepsis work-ups on young infants just because they are febrile. Practitioners don’t do that, and we can tell when infants are septic or not.” This prompted a study to determine how well the clinical judgment of senior residents, supplemented by complete blood cell counts and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses, performed in the evaluation of febrile infants 0 to 8 weeks of age. It was the heyday of group B streptococcal infections, as reflected in the bacteremia rate of 14.8% in the 62 consecutively enrolled infants studied.1 Infants classified as “ill” or “can’t tell” had rates of 18.5% and 18.8%, respectively, whereas the rate in infants classified as “well” was 5.6%, 1 of 18 infants. The study was small, to be sure, but that was not the major impediment to publication. Journal peer reviewers could not understand why such a study was performed because it was common knowledge that clinical judgment did not apply to very young febrile infants. Other similar studies followed2,3 along with the recognition of iatrogenic complications associated with hospitalizing these infants.4 By the mid-1980s, there was sufficient confirmation that, although well-appearing febrile infants had a lower rate of bacteremia than those who were ill-appearing, the rate was not 0, and infants with bacteremia could not be distinguished with complete certainty from those without bacteremia. Then Keith Powell and his colleagues at Rochester proposed an alternative strategy: instead of focusing on who had bacteremia, focus on those who did not and create criteria for a low-risk category that could permit infants to avoid unnecessary (over)treatment. Thus, the Rochester criteria were born,5 followed …
Initiating hybrid closed loop: A program evaluation of an educator-led Control-IQ follow-up at a large pediatric clinic.

BACKGROUND Control-IQ (Tandem Diabetes) is a hybrid closed-loop (HCL) system that users self-initiate after completing online training. Best practices for clinical follow-up are not known. Our quality improvement objective was to evaluate the usefulness of an educator-led follow-up program for new HCL users in a type 1 diabetes pediatric clinic. METHODS We implemented an ''HCLCheck-in'' program, first determining when users started HCL, then having diabetes educators contact them for a follow-up call 2-weeks after start. Educators used a Clinical Tool to inform insulin dose and behavior recommendations, and used four benchmarks to determine need for further follow-up: ≥71% HCL use, ≥71% CGM use, ≥60% Time-in-Range (TIR, 70-180 mg/dL), <5% below 70 mg/dL. Family and educator satisfaction were surveyed. RESULTS One-hundred-twenty-three youth [mean age 13.6 ± 3.7 y, 53.7% female, mean HbA1c 7.6 ± 1.4% (60 mmol/mol)] completed an HCLCheck-in call a median (IQR) of 18(15, 21) days post-HCL start. 74 users (60%) surpassed benchmarks with 94% HCL use and 71% TIR. Of the 49 who did not, 16 completed a second call, and improved median TIR 12.5% (p = 0.03). HCL users reported high satisfaction with the program overall [median 10 (9, 10) out of 10]. Educators spent a median of 45 (32,70) minutes per user and rated satisfaction with the program as 8 (7,9.5) and the Tool as 9 (9, 10). CONCLUSION Our HCLCheck-in program received high satisfaction ratings and resulted in improved TIR for those initially not meeting benchmarks, suggesting users may benefit from early follow-up. Similar programs may be beneficial for other new technologies.
The Return of Uncertainty

As the twentieth century began, the scientific world was still dominated by Newtonian method and thinking. The work of Newton had allowed a new vision, a new way of understanding the world. Newton and many of his followers were religious men who believed that they were to direct their inquiries toward the discovery of a divinely governed universe that operated according to immutable laws of God. The universe was analogous to a clock that had been wound up by the Creator and was running as He had directed.
A Paradox for the “Smooth Ambiguity” Model of Preference

Two Ellsberg-style thought experiments are described that reflect on the smooth ambiguity decision model developed by Klibanoff, Marinacci, and Mukerji (2005). The first experiment poses difficulties for the model's axiomatic foundations and, as a result, also for its interpretation, particularly for the claim that the model achieves a separation between ambiguity and the attitude toward ambiguity. Given the problematic nature of its foundations, the behavioral content of the model and how it differs from multiple priors, for example, are not clear. The second thought experiment casts some light on these questions.
Nitrous oxide reductase from CuA to CuZ.

The crystal structure of nitrous oxide reductase reveals a novel tetranuclear copper cluster and an unusual dimeric structure.
Acute intermittent hypoxia increases both phrenic and sympathetic nerve activities in the rat

The respiratory system expresses multiple forms of plasticity, defined as alterations in the breathing pattern that persist or develop after a stimulus. Stimulation of breathing with intermittent hypoxia (IH) elicits long-term facilitation (LTF), a type of plasticity in which respiratory motor activity progressively increases in anaesthetized animals, even after the stimuli have ceased and blood gases have normalized. It is unknown whether the sympathetic nervous system similarly expresses IH-induced plasticity, but we predicted that IH would evoke LTF in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) because respiratory and sympathetic control systems are coupled. To test this idea, we recorded splanchnic (sSNA) and phrenic nerve activities (PNA) in equithesin-anaesthetized rats. Animals were exposed to 10 45 s episodes of 8% O(2)-92% N(2), separated by 5 min intervals of 100% O(2), and recordings were continued for 60 min following the last hypoxic exposure. Cycle-triggered averages of integrated PNA and sSNA from periods preceding, and 5 and 60 min following the hypoxic stimuli were compared. Intermittent hypoxia significantly increased both sSNA and PNA. Treatment with methysergide (3 mg kg(-1), i.v.) 20 min before the intermittent hypoxic exposures prevented the increases in integrated PNA and sSNA 60 min after IH, indicating a role of serotonergic pathways in this form of plasticity. No increases in PNA and sSNA occurred at comparable times (60 and 120 min) in rats not exposed to hypoxia. The increased sSNA was not simply tonic, but was correlated with respiratory bursts, and occurred predominantly during the first half of expiration. These findings support the hypothesis that sympathorespiratory coupling may underlie the sustained increase in SNA associated with the IH that occurs during sleep apnoea.
Prolonged Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia Depends on Protein Synthesis, Protein Phosphatase Activity, and Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors

Despite representing perhaps the simplest form of memory, habituation is not yet well understood mechanistically. We used a reduced preparation to analyze the neurobiological mechanisms of persistent habituation of a simple behavior, the defensive withdrawal reflex of the marine snail Aplysia californica. This preparation permits direct infusion of drugs into the abdominal ganglion during training via a cannula in the abdominal artery. Using siphon-elicited gill withdrawal, we demonstrate habituation of withdrawal that persists for 1-6 hr after repeated, spaced blocks of habituating stimulation. This form of habituation exhibits site specificity and requires protein synthesis because it is blocked by the presence of anisomycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor. We also find that habituation of gill withdrawal requires protein phosphatase activity, because it is blocked by okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase. Finally, habituation of gill withdrawal requires activation of NMDA-type and AMPA-type postsynaptic receptors within the abdominal ganglion, because it is blocked by infusion of dl-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid or 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione. The requirement for activation of postsynaptic glutamatergic receptors indicates that homosynaptic depression, an exclusively presynaptic mechanism that has been implicated previously in habituation in Aplysia, does not play a significant role in persistent habituation of the withdrawal reflex. Our results indicate that postsynaptic mechanisms, possibly including modulation of glutamate receptor function, play a major, heretofore unsuspected, role in habituation in Aplysia.
Forest Dynamics and Disturbance Regimes: Studies from Temperate Evergreen-Deciduous Forests

Temperate-zone forests have been shaped by fire, wind and grazing over thousands of years. This book provides a major contribution to the study of their dynamics by considering three important themes:The combined influence of wind, fire and herbivory on the successional trajectories and structural characteristics of forestsThe interaction of deciduous and evergreen tree species to form mosaics which, in turn, influence the environment and disturbance regimeThe significance of temporal and spatial scale with regard to the overall impact of disturbancesThese themes are explored via case studies from the forests in the Lake States of the USA (Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan) where the presence of large primary forest remnants provides a unique opportunity to study the long-term dynamics of near-boreal, pine and hardwood-hemlock forests. The comparability of these forests to forests in other temperate zones allows generalizations to be made that may apply more widely.
Interruption Replaces Termination in Focused, Intermittent Psychotherapy Throughout the Life Cycle

Publisher Summary This chapter introduces a model employed for psychotherapy in which the patient is appraised that treatment is being interrupted, not terminated, and the patient is encouraged to contact the psychotherapist if the vicissitudes of one or more of the future stages of life require assistance. To substitute interruption for termination successfully, the strength of transference must be diminished, while the intensity of the therapy is increased. Depending upon the type of psychotherapy, the approach of the psychotherapist, and the personality of the patient, all psychotherapy, more or less, fosters dependency. In the proposed model, the fear of losing the therapist is eliminated by a prescription to return to psychotherapy as needed. In addition, the patient learns techniques that continue the therapeutic process. As in the intervening week between sessions when the patient is assigned homework and has been taught to talk to the therapist, the patient continues this procedure after interruption, assigning own homework and carrying on an imaginary conversation with the therapist.
On the political economy of zoning

Abstract Households choose a community in a metropolitan area and collectively set a minimum housing quality and a property tax to finance a local public good. The collective imposition of a lower bound on housing consumption induces an income-stratified equilibrium in a specification where meaningful community differentiation would not arise without zoning. We show computationally that zoning restrictions are likely to be stringent, with a majority facing a binding constraint in communities that permit it. By inducing a stratified equilibrium, zoning causes Tiebout-welfare gains in aggregate but with large welfare transfers. Relative to stratified equilibrium without zoning, the zoning equilibrium is significantly more efficient as it reduces housing-market distortions.
Effect of prazosin on spontaneous sympathetic-cholinergic activity.

Abstract Tonic sympathetic-cholinergic electrodermal (sudomotor) activity was measured in intact anesthetized and unanesthetized decerebrate and decerebrate-spinalized cats. Prazosin (3–100 μg/kg i.v.) depressed spontaneous electrodermal activity in intact anesthetized cats in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50 4.8 μg/kg). Prazosin's action was almost totally abolished by monoamine depletion with reserpine and a synthesis inhibitor. The α2-adrenoceptor blocker, yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg i.v.), also antagonized prazosin-induced sympatho-inhibition. Prazosin reduced tonic sudomotor activity in unanesthetized decerebrate cats in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50 5.5 μg/kg i.v.), but was without effect in spinalized preparations. These results support the hypothesis that, in this system, prazosin produces sympatho-inhibition indirectly by means of an α2-adrenoceptor-mediated mechanism, an effect which appears to be prejunctional. It is proposed that prazosin acts at the level of the spinal cord to facilitate ongoing α2-adrenergic inhibition arising from supra-spinal loci.
The Galactic Magnetic Field's Effect In Star-Forming Regions

We investigate the effect of the Milky Way's magnetic field in star-forming regions using archived 350 μm polarization data on 52 Galactic star formation regions from the Hertz polarimeter module. The polarization angles and percentages for individual telescope beams were combined in order to produce a large-scale average for each source and for complexes of sources. In more than 80% of the sources, we find a meaningful mean magnetic field direction, implying the existence of an ordered magnetic field component at the scale of these sources. The average polarization angles were analyzed with respect to the Galactic coordinates in order to test for correlations between polarization percentage, polarization angle, intensity, and Galactic location. No correlation was found, which suggests that the magnetic field in dense molecular clouds is decoupled from the large-scale Galactic magnetic field. Finally, we show that the magnetic field directions in the complexes are consistent with a random distribution on the sky.
Phonological awareness, executive functioning, and theory of mind

Abstract Language plays a critical role in theory of mind (ToM) development, particularly the understanding of false beliefs (FB). Further, there is some evidence that the development of FB is important for metalinguistic development, such as the understanding of homonyms and synonyms. However, there is debate regarding the nature of this relationship. This study explored the role of ToM, including FB, understanding and executive function in another aspect of metalinguistic development involving phonological awareness, specifically rhyming. Of interest was the relative role of ToM and executive function, particularly inhibitory control, in children's ability to identify rhymes. Two studies of 4-year-olds demonstrated that ToM understanding was primarily associated with rhyming ability, whereas inhibitory control was not independently related. Results are discussed in terms of children's ability to flexibly shift between different perspectives, by bracketing one perspective and focusing on the other, in both metalinguistic and ToM tasks.
GWVis: A tool for comparative ground-water data visualization

The Ground-Water Visualization application (GWVis) presents ground-water data visually in order to educate the public on ground-water issues. It is also intended for presentations to government and other funding agencies. GWVis works with ground-water level elevation data collected or modeled over a given time span, together with a matching fixed underlying terrain. GWVis was developed using the Python programming language in conjunction with associated extension packages and application program interfaces such as OpenGL^T^M to improve performance and allow us fine control of attributes of the model such as lighting, material properties, transformations, and interpolation. There are currently several systems available for visualizing ground-water data. We classify these into two categories: research-oriented models and static presentation-based models. While both of them have their strengths, we find the former overly complex and non-intuitive and the latter not engaging and presenting problems showing multiple data dimensions. GWVis bridges the gap between static and research based visualizations by providing an intuitive, interactive design that allows participants to view the model from different perspectives, infer information about simulations, and view a comparison of two datasets. By incorporating scientific data in an environment that can be easily understood, GWVis allows that information to be presented to a large audience base.
DETERMINATION OF INERTIAL EFFICIENCIES AND DUST FREE ZONES OF ELECTRICALLY ENHANCED COLLECTORS

ABSTRACT The determination of particle trajectories when electrostatic forces are present is an important part of analyzing collection efficiency. For small Stokes numbers, an asymptotic expansion of the Fuchs trajectory equation yields a first order differential equation which depends only on spacial variables. Using this equation, trajectories of particles about collectors with an axis of symmetry parallel to the direction of air flow can then be determined by a single numericalintegration. The geometry of the direction field of this equation is analyzed to numerically determine the limiting trajectories which, in turn, yield the efficiency. The same kind of analysis of the saddle points of this direction field in combination with numerical integration can be used to determine those solution paths which bound the dust free zones about the collector. These ideas are demonstrated by applications to the case of a spherical collector on which there is an electrostatic charge and which is subject to an exter...
Infected bronchogenic cyst diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) has been proven to be useful in lung cancer staging, but its application to benign lesions has been less studied. Bronchogenic cyst is a congenital anomaly in the tracheobronchial tree that is usually asymptomatic. Very large cysts may compress the trachea, causing respiratory symptoms. Relief of compression by EBUS-TBNA had been previously reported. Although rare, bronchogenic cyst may complicate with infection; however, accurate sampling is difficult for conventional TBNA due to blind approach. In this clinical setting, EBUS-TBNA provides real-time visualization, which may enable infection survey toward the lesions.
Relational correlates of unprotected oral and vaginal sex and among African-American adolescent females

Objectives: To identify relational correlates of unprotected oral sex (UOS) and vaginal intercourse (UVI) among African-American females. Methods: Participants (n = 715) provided data on demographics, sexual communication self efficacy (SCSE), sexual communication frequency, condom self-efficacy, power in sexual relationships, fear of negotiating condom use, UOS and UVI. Results: Participants reporting low SCSE were 2.5 and 1.6 times more likely to report UOS and UVI respectively. Additionally, participants who reported fear of condom negotiation were 3.1 times more likely to report UVI. Conclusions: Interventions promoting stronger SCSE may be a protective factor against having UOS and UVI among African-American females.
Systematics of the pressure dependence of the electron density at the nucleus for the elements Ag through Te: Pressure dependence of the Mössbauer isomer shift for Sn and Sb

Experimental M\"ossbauer isomer shift studies have shown that when $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sn}$ is compressed, the charge density $\ensuremath{\rho}(0)$ at the nucleus decreases, viz., $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}V}g0$. This fact suggested a study of the systematics of $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}V}$ for the Ag row of the Periodic Table. We have calculated $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}V}$ for the elements Ag through Te in a Hartree-Dirac-Wigner-Seitz approximation. Exchange is treated through an exchange potential. These calculations indicate that both valence- and core-electron contributions play a role in determining $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}V}$. In the Wigner-Seitz model, a positive sign for $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}V}$ for $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Sn}$ (i.e.,the sign which agrees with experimental high-pressure M\"ossbauer isomer shift studies) is obtained only if the exchange multiplier lies in the range $1.3\ensuremath{\le}\ensuremath{\zeta}\ensuremath{\le}1.5$, where $\ensuremath{\zeta}=1.5$ corresponds to full Slater exchange. These Wigner-Seitz model calculations indicate a negative sign for $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\rho}(0)}{\ensuremath{\partial}\mathrm{ln}V}$ for Ag, Cd, and In, and a positive sign for this derivative for Sb, and Te. The sign for Sn depends on $\ensuremath{\zeta}$, as indicated.
Computerized simulation of aerosol-droplet desolvation in an inductively coupled plasma

Abstract A mathematical model for the desolvation of solvent droplets has been used in conjunction with an existing code for simulation of ICP fundamental parameters. The combination has been used for the calculation of droplet histories and desolvation behavior along the central channel of an ICP. Calculations have been performed for droplets of various sizes and under a variety of ICP operating conditions. As central-channel gas flow rate increases, the point of complete desolvation of the droplet shifts upward in the plasma, away from the load coil. This relationship is fairly linear. As forward power increases, the point of complete desolvation moves down in the discharge, closer to the load coil. This is approximately an inverse relationship. Finally, simulation of behavior for a log-normal size distribution of a large number of droplets (10 8 ) shows that the number of surviving droplets falls sigmoidally with height above the load coil. For most nebulizer/spray chamber systems, the desolvation process is complete at a well-defined height in the plasma.
Mice deficient for 5-lipoxygenase, but not leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase, display altered immune responses during infection with Schistosoma mansoni

Periovular granuloma formation during Schistosoma mansoni infection is a complex, multifaceted immunologic response. Products of arachidonic acid metabolism have been shown to contribute to this response through studies in which general inhibitors of lipoxygenase function reduce granulomatous inflammation. To determine which lipoxygenases are important for granuloma development in schistosomiasis, wild type mice or mice deficient for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) or "leukocyte-type" 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) were infected with S. mansoni and studied for responses to schistosome eggs and egg antigens. At the acute stage of infection, when granuloma formation is usually maximal, 5-LO deficient mice developed smaller granulomas around liver-deposited schistosome eggs compared with wild type or 12-LO deficient mice. 5-LO mice also displayed less antibody-mediated (5 h) and cell-mediated, delayed-type (24 h) hypersensitivity to schistosome egg antigens than did the other two infection groups. In an attempt to determine possible mechanisms for the reduced inflammatory responses, we also measured hepatic mRNA levels of cytokines that have been shown to influence granuloma size (IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma). The mRNA levels for IL-10 were significantly lower in 5-LO-deficient mice, but SEA-stimulated spleen cells did not demonstrate a significant difference in IL-10 production between wild type and 5-LO mice. These data suggest that 5-LO plays a role in host responses to schistosomiasis via a mechanism that cannot be explained solely by changes in expression of these cytokines.
Hydrogen embrittlement of amorphous alloys based on iron and nickel

Abstract Hydrogen embrittlement of amorphous alloys based on iron and nickel was examined in constant extension rate tests during cathodic polarization. Tests were carried out at a current density of 50 A·m −2 in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 with and without addition of NaAsO 2 and NaCl. Hydrogen permeation and polarization curves were measured. Differences in the degree of hydrogen embrittlement were ascribed mainly to differences in the entry of hydrogen into the alloys. It was suggested that a low degree of embrittlement resulted largely from a hindrance of hydrogen entry. For alloys containing phosphorus, this might be associated with phosphorus-containing oxyanions and salts. For the alloy with higher silicon content it may be associated with the formation of oxides of silicon.
An FBP image reconstruction algorithm for x-ray differential phase contrast CT

Most recently, a novel data acquisition method has been proposed and experimentally implemented for x-ray differential phase contrast computed tomography (DPC-CT), in which a conventional x-ray tube and a Talbot-Lau type interferometer were utilized in data acquisition. The divergent nature of the data acquisition system requires a divergent-beam image reconstruction algorithm for DPC-CT. This paper focuses on addressing this image reconstruction issue. We developed a filtered backprojection algorithm to directly reconstruct the DPC-CT images from acquired projection data. The developed algorithm allows one to directly reconstruct the decrement of the real part of the refractive index from the measured data. In order to accurately reconstruct an image, the data need to be acquired over an angular range of at least 180° plus the fan-angle. Different from the parallel beam data acquisition and reconstruction methods, a 180° rotation angle for data acquisition system does not provide sufficient data for an accurate reconstruction of the entire filed of view. Numerical simulations have been conducted to validate the image reconstruction algorithm.
Electronic transitions in collinear H+ + D2 (ν = 0) → HD+ (ν = 0,1) + D via classical trajectories in complex time and complex phase space

Abstract A semiclassical treatment of electronic transitions in the collinear rearrangement H+ + D2 (ν = 0) → HD+ (ν = 0,1) + D is presented. The treatment represents an extension of Stueckelberg's method for a single nuclear degree of freedom to collisions involving several nuclear degrees of freedom. The classical limit of scattering amplitudes (S-matrix elements) is calculated for the transition between the two adiabatic potential energy surfaces corresponding to the two lowest singlet states of HD+2. S-matrix elements are constructed from trajectories propagating in complex time and complex phase space, which make localized transitions between the two surfaces by crossing their complex line of intersection. The action along each trajectory acquires an imaginary part, which contributes exponential damping to the corresponding amplitude for electronic transition.
Selected sources of United States agency decisions

Abstract This guide lists frequently used official and unofficial sources of United States agency decisions in a law library setting. Some of the research tools used daily in a law library may also be of value to depository librarians. The loose-leaf services, reporters and computer-assisted legal research systems listed may be helpful to documents librarians if the official opinions are not readily available.
A characteristics approach to radiative gasdynamics

Since the equations which govern unsteady radiative gasdynamics are hyperbolic, general situations are treated with a numerical method of characteristics. Upstream absorption of shock layer radiation is included, and it is shown that only Mark radiation boundary conditions are appropriate to a PI differential approximation of one-dimensional radiative fields. Flowfields generated by pistons inserted into ideal gases with arbitrary absorption properties are investigated with use of both the differential approximation and the transfer equation. Results show that the differential approximaton predicts surface pressures and heat-transfer rates accurately. Nonmonotonic surface pressure histories are noted, and it is observed that variations in surface emissivity and temperature may alter vorticity generation rates. Upstream absorption can be a dominant mechanism in flowfield evolution, and in certain cases the effects of radiation upon pressure and velocity may be comparable to those upon temperature.
Gene action in development.

This paper deals with processes occurring in the assembly of genic products into cell organelles and structures, especially with processes determining the initiation, location, orientation and number of cortical structures in the ciliated protozoan, Paramecium aurelia . The examples analysed experimentally are: ciliary basal bodies and their associated structures, the repeating unit territory of cortical structure, the pattern of path directions of the rows of basal bodies and unit territories, the distribution in the cortex of two different kinds of unit territories, and the ingestatory apparatus (vestibule and gullet). Among the processes that appear to occur are homonucleation, heteronucleation, and allosteric transitions, as found by others in the in vitro assembly of bacterial flagella, bacterial viruses, and the parts of ciliary microtubules and their appendages. In Paramecium , new basal bodies can arise only in one position and orientation, close and at right angles to an existing basal body at a specified spot. Unit territories reproduce by forming additional parts and subdividing. The information for the positioning and orientation of the developing parts of the unit territory is located within the unit itself and, when experimentally altered, reproduces in the altered orientation which cannot be corrected by genic action. This hereditary aspect of development is determined by an unbroken chain of self-reproducing arrangements of cortical parts. Search for DNA in the cortex gave negative results. Analysis of the hereditary determination of initiation, location, and orientation of the gullet gave results similar to those on the basal body and unit territory. Analysis of the hereditary determination of the path of the rows of unit territories and basal bodies and of the distribution of the two kinds of unit territories showed developmental and genetic control by spatial relations to the vestibule-gullet. Thus, for all corticaltra its examined, development is hereditarily determined by existing and self-reproducing cortical arrangements: the genes (or DNA) doubtless control synthesis of the molecular building blocks, but not their site of assembly or the position, orientation and number of assemblies. The flatworm Stenostomum also shows hereditary developmental control by self-perpetuating structural arrangements, two variations from normal (two kinds of doublet worms) reproducing true to type during asexual reproduction. Whether similar processes occur in the inheritance of the developmentally decisive organization of the amphibian egg is still an open question The processes described in this paper constitute but one of many options available for hereditary control of development.
Managing benzodiazepine withdrawal during pregnancy: case-based guidelines.

Substance use disorders during pregnancy pose serious risks for both the mother and the fetus, demanding careful monitoring by the patient’s medical providers. Sedative-hypnotic use, in particular, is common but remains poorly studied. Management of withdrawal from chronic benzodiazepine use during pregnancy presents unique challenges to the treating physician. We present two pregnant patients with dependence on sedative-hypnotic agents, outline principles of benzodiazepine withdrawal, and suggest guidelines for detoxification during pregnancy.
Theoretical interpretations of J/Ψ suppression: A summary

Abstract The strong “anomalous” J/Ψ suppression observed recently by the NA50 Collaboration at CERN SPS has attracted considerable attention. Is it the first signature of a long-awaited quark-gluon plasma, or just a peculiar combination of “conventional” effects acting together to produce the puzzling pattern observed experimentally? This talk is an attempt to summarize the theoretical explanations proposed during the last two years.
Beta test site report: Gamma plan

We describe our preliminary experience with a beta-test version of the Leksell Gamma Plan (LGP) treatment planning system. During this testing phase we used the LGP system to find an acceptable treatment plan and then transferred coordinates to the KULA system for final calculation. We find that the LGP system offers a fast way of optimizing shot placement and weighting, especially for complex treatments. The ability to display many MR and CT images on screen and to superimpose isodose lines on these images, as soon as the dose distribution has been calculated, allows adjustments to be made more rapidly than with the plotting approach used by the KULA system. This software is in beta-test, and is undergoing modification. Problems relating to our hardware configuration have been addressed with a newer workstation specified for the production system.
The in vivo and in vitro induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase in mammalian cells of different species, tissues, strains, and developmental and hormonal states.

Abstract Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase from rat liver metabolizes a variety of polycyclic hydrocarbons. This membrane-bound enzyme system is present in various tissues of the monkey, hamster, and rat. In vivo , the prior administration of a polycyclic hydrocarbon induces the hydroxylase to higher levels in the liver, lung, gastrointestinal tract, and kidney of each of these mammals. The enzyme is also present in various tissues of six strains of mice; the hepatic enzyme is inducible in the Swiss, strains C-57, C3H, and A, but not in strains AKR/N or DBA, of the mouse. Thus, there are genetic differences in the regulation of enzyme induction as well as in the control levels of enzyme. The enzyme system is also induced transplacentally: treatment of the pregnant hamster or rat, with either a polycyclic hydrocarbon or phenobarbital, induces the enzyme system in specific fetal tissues as well as in the placenta. The extent of enzyme induction is greatest in adult, less in neonatal tissues, and least in fetal tissues. Induction of hydroxylase activity by 3-methylcholanthrene occurs in the liver, lung, and kidney of the adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized male rat, and the hepatic enzyme is induced by phenobarbital in the adrenalectomized male rat. The magnitude of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction varies greatly with the tissue and species—from no induction to more than 100-fold increases in enzyme activity. The enzyme system is also present and inducible in fetal cell cultures derived from whole hamster, mouse, rat, and chick. Further, hydroxylase activity is inducible in cell cultures derived from hamster fetal liver, lung, small intestine, and limbs, and in mouse 3T3 culture, an established cell line.