cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A historical lesson from Franciscus Sylvius and Jacobus Sylvius

Objectives One of the most commonly used eponymous terms in neuroscience and gross anatomy is Sylvius. The 2 most recognized uses of this term today are the sylvian fissure for the lateral cerebral sulcus and the sylvian aqueduct for the cerebral aqueduct. There is some controversy surrounding these terms because there were 2 famous anatomists named Sylvius after whom these structures could easily have been named. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief historical review of these 2 scientists and offer an observation on the historical use of the name Sylvius as an anatomical term.
Base Rates and the Decision Making Model in Clinical Neuropsychology

Issues involving base rates and decision weighting techniques in neuropsychology are discussed. In both clinical and research work of neuropsychologists, the effect of asymmetrical base rate or unequal group size in research may have significant influence on the accuracy with which certain classifications are made. The general rule, given approximately unbiased error rates, is that the classification of greater incidence will be predicted more accurately than the low frequency classification. This disparity in predictive validity increases as asymmetry of base rate increases. Rather than despair about the decrease in overall predictive validity, the differential diagnostic accuracy can be utilized to estimate the probability of correctness of the obtained clinical decision.
In situ expression of nifD in Geobacteraceae in subsurface sediments.

In order to determine whether the metabolic state of Geobacteraceae involved in bioremediation of subsurface sediments might be inferred from levels of mRNA for key genes, in situ expression of nifD, a highly conserved gene involved in nitrogen fixation, was investigated. When Geobacter sulfurreducens was grown without a source of fixed nitrogen in chemostats with acetate provided as the limiting electron donor and Fe(III) as the electron acceptor, levels of nifD transcripts were 4 to 5 orders of magnitude higher than in chemostat cultures provided with ammonium. In contrast, the number of transcripts of recA and the 16S rRNA gene were slightly lower in the absence of ammonium. The addition of acetate to organic- and nitrogen-poor subsurface sediments stimulated the growth of Geobacteraceae and Fe(III) reduction, as well as the expression of nifD in Geobacteraceae. Levels of nifD transcripts in Geobacteraceae decreased more than 100-fold within 2 days after the addition of 100 μM ammonium, while levels of recA and total bacterial 16S rRNA in Geobacteraceae remained relatively constant. Ammonium amendments had no effect on rates of Fe(III) reduction in acetate-amended sediments or toluene degradation in petroleum-contaminated sediments, suggesting that other factors, such as the rate that Geobacteraceae could access Fe(III) oxides, limited Fe(III) reduction. These results demonstrate that it is possible to monitor one aspect of the in situ metabolic state of Geobacteraceae species in subsurface sediments via analysis of mRNA levels, which is the first step toward a more global analysis of in situ gene expression related to nutrient status and stress response during bioremediation by Geobacteraceae.
Hippocampal mediation of shaking behavior induced by electrical stimulation of the perforant path in the rat

Abstract Perforant path stimulation in awake, unrestrained rats caused frequency-dependent shaking behavior in the absence of detectable epileptiform activity. Granule cell discharge, monitored by evoked field potentials, was necessary for the induction of shaking behavior. Direct stimulation of the granule cell layer also caused shakes. Intracebroventricular injections of kaininc acid destroyed hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and blocked the shake response. These results indicate that hippocampal granule cell discharge mediates stimulation-induced shaking behavior, and, that epileptiform activity is not required for the induction of shaking behavior by electrical stimulation.
THE RAISON D'ÊTRE OF INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT

By an inductive argument I mean a set of declarative propositions (the premises), together with another declarative proposition (the conclusion), that purports to be supported by those premises without following from them. By definition, therefore, no inductive argument is a deductive argument. All of the inductive arguments I shall consider are intended to be fully explicit: the intended degree of support for the conclusion is supposed to be provided wholly by the stated premises, without assistance from unstated assumptions?. A correct deductive argument is usually called 'valid'; to avoid confusion, a correct inductive argument may be called 'sound'. Since an inductive argument does not aspire-or should not aspireto satisfy the standards of deductive correctness, it would be misleading to call it invalid. I shall be assuming, without argument, that some inductive arguments are sound and some are not.2 The foregoing definition deviates from the main traditions of the
Is Intentionality Dependent upon Consciousness

It is often assumed thatconsciousness and intentionality are twomutually independent aspects of mental life.When the assumption is denounced, it usuallygives way to the claim that consciousness issomehow dependent upon intentionality. Thepossibility that intentionality may bedependent upon consciousness is rarelyentertained. Recently, however, John Searle andColin McGinn have argued for just suchdependence. In this paper, I reconstruct andevaluate their argumentation. I am in sympathyboth with their view and with the lines ofargument they employ in its defense. UnlikeSearle and McGinn, however, I am quite attachedto a naturalist approach to intentionality. Itwill turn out to be somewhat difficult toreconcile naturalism with the notion thatintentionality is dependent upon consciousness,although, perhaps surprisingly, I will arguethat McGinn's case for such dependence iscompatible with naturalism.
RAPE AND RACIAL APPRAISALS

Using Black women's responses to same-race sexual assault, I demonstrate how scholars can use interpersonal violence to understand social processes and develop conceptual models. Specifically, I extend the concept of racial appraisal by shifting the focus from how indirect victims (e.g., family and friends) use race to appraise a traumatic event to how survivors themselves deploy race in the aftermath of rape. Relying on 111 interviews with Black women survivors in four cities, I analyze how race, gender, and class intersect and contour interpretations of sexual assault. I argue that African Americans in this study use racially inscribed cultural signifiers to root their understandings of rape within a racist social structure (i.e., a racial appraisal)—which they also perceive as sexist and, for some, classist—that encourages their silence about same-race sexual assault. African and Caribbean immigrants, however, often avoid the language of social structure in their rape accounts and use cultural references to distance themselves from African Americans. Last, I discuss the implications of my findings for Black feminist/intersectional theory.
Relative permeability hysteresis and capillary trapping characteristics of supercritical CO2/brine systems: An experimental study at reservoir conditions

Abstract We present the results of an experimental study on the effects of hysteresis on capillary trapping and relative permeability of CO2/brine systems at reservoir conditions. We performed thirty unsteady- and steady-state drainage and imbibition full-recirculation flow experiments in three different sandstone rock samples, low- and high-permeability Berea and Nugget sandstones. The experiments were carried out at various flow rates with both supercritical CO2 (scCO2)/brine and gaseous CO2 (gCO2)/brine fluid systems. The unsteady-state experiments were carried out with a wide range of flow rates to establish a broad range of initial brine saturations ( S wi ) . This allowed investigation of the sensitivity of residual trapped CO2 saturation ( S CO 2 r ) to changes in S wi . The values were successfully compared with those available in the literature. For a given S wi , the trapped scCO2 saturation was less than that of gCO2 in the same sample. This was attributed to brine being less wetting in the presence of scCO2 than in the presence of gCO2. Post-imbibition dissolution of trapped CO2 and formation of dissolution front was also investigated. During the steady-state experiments, scCO2 and brine were co-injected with monotonically increasing or decreasing fractional flows to perform drainage and imbibition processes. We carried out seven sets of steady-state flow tests with various trajectories generating a comprehensive group of relative permeability hysteresis curves. The scanning curves revealed distinct features with potentially important implications for storage of scCO2 in geological formations. For both series of experiments, the ratio of S CO 2 r to initial CO2 saturation (1- S wi ) was found to be much higher for low initial CO2 saturations. The results indicate that very promising fractions (about 49 to 83%) of the initial CO2 saturation can be stored through capillary trapping.
Management of Atrial Fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation is a very common clinical problem with a high prevalence that is expected to rise over time because of increasing risk factors (eg, age, obesity, hypertension). This high prevalence is also associated with high cost, because atrial fibrillation represents about 1% of overall health care spending. The management of atrial fibrillation involves multiple facets: (1) management of underlying disease if present and the management of atrial fibrillation risk factors, (2) prevention of thromboembolism, (3) control of the ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation, and (4) restoration and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm.
Exploring Behavioral Dynamics in Systems of Systems

Abstract This paper summarizes the early stages of research into methodologies for understanding the governing principles in systems of systems. An approach is suggested utilizing computational intelligence, agent based modeling, and wireless ad hoc network simulation as a computational testbed for exploring the generalized dynamics of complex adaptive systems. Utilizing a standard 802.11 ad hoc protocol set, the network can be understood in terms of its capabilities and limitations. Agent based modeling facilitates the individual autonomy aspect of system of systems participants and is responsible for determining how a node will use the 802.11 protocol. Evolutionary algorithms can be used to evolve the protocol usage strategies of the individuals. It is proposed that the evolutionary algorithm and agent based model provide the flexibility and autonomy needed to simulate a representative system of systems while the clear definition of the 802.11 protocol provides a framework for the experiment.
Evaluating Classification Schemes Used in Reporting Criminal Justice Data

Three methodological topics are developed within the context of presenting statistical information through the use of some a priori classification schemes. First, a strategy is defined for evaluating the utility of a given classification that is based on, say, spatial contiguity or population. A heuristic optimization technique is then suggested as a way of constructing possibly better categorizations from secondary data sources. Finally, a method is given for comparing the adequacy of any two different classifications. Throughout the paper we discuss an example that involves crime rate data for 40 cities in the Los Angeles area
Optical forces between a high-Q micro-disk resonator and an integrated waveguide

We demonstrate enhanced gradient optical force between a high-Q micro-disk resonator and a waveguide. We find that the total optical force is composed of contributions from the cavity backaction, the reactive and evanescent coupling.
ANALYSIS OF DESMOSOMAL CADHERIN-ADHESIVE FUNCTION AND STOICHIOMETRY OF DESMOSOMAL CADHERIN-PLAKOGLOBIN COMPLEXES

Desmosomes are intercellular adhesive junctions that associate with the intermediate filament cytoskeleton. The two major classes of transmembrane desmosomal glycoproteins, desmogleins and desmocollins, are widely considered to function as adhesion molecules. This assumption is based in part on their homology to the cadherin family of calcium-dependent homophilic adhesion molecules. In addition, autoantibodies from pemphigus patients bind directly to desmoglein family members and are thought to cause epidermal blistering by inhibiting the function of these cadherins. To directly test the ability of the desmosomal cadherins to mediate adhesion, desmoglein-1 (Dsg1), desmocollin-2 (Dsc2a) and plakoglobin were expressed in mouse L cell fibroblasts. Similar to catenin:classical cadherin complexes, plakoglobin:Dsc2a complexes exhibited an ∼ 1:1 stoichiometry; however, plakoglobin:Dsg1 complexes exhibited a 6:1 stoichiometry. When L cells expressing the desmosomal cadherins were tested for the ability to aggregate in suspension, L cells expressing E-cadherin exhibited extensive aggregation, but L cells expressing Dsg1 or Dsc2a did not aggregate. In addition, L cells co-expressing Dsg1, Dsc2a, and plakoglobin failed to aggregate. The cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin is thought to play a central role in the adhesive function of E-cadherin by providing a link to the actin cytoskeleton. Therefore, two chimeric cadherins comprising the cytoplasmic domain of E-cadherin and the extracellular domain of either Dsg1 or Dsc2a were expressed in L cells. Both chimeras formed a complex with α - and β -catenin. Nevertheless, neither of these chimeras supported aggregation of L cells when expressed individually or when co-expressed. These data suggest that the extracellular domains of the desmosomal cadherins exhibit functional properties distinct from those of the classical cadherins, such as E-cadherin.
Further refinement of the MYP2 locus for autosomal dominant high myopia by linkage disequilibrium analysis.

Introduction: High myopia (>-6.00 diopters) is a complex common disorder that predisposes individuals to retinal detachment, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and premature cataracts. A recent linkage analysis of seven families with autosomal dominant high myopia has identified one locus (MYP2) for high myopia on chromosome 18p11.31 (Young et al.: Am J Hum Genet 1998;63:109–119). Haplotype analysis revealed an initial interval of 7.6 centimorgans (cM). Methods: Transmission disequilibrium tests (TDT) with both the Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology (SAGE) 3.1 TDTEX and GENEHUNTER 2 (GH2) programs were performed using chromosome 18p marker alleles for this interval. Results: Using SAGE analysis, the following p values were obtained for markers in marker order in this region: D18S1146 (p = 0.227), D18S481 (p = 0.001), D18S63 (p = 0.062), D18S1138 (p = 0.0004), D18S52 (p = 1.79 × 10 -6 ), and D18S62 (p = 0.141). GH2 TDT analysis revealed the following p values for the best allele for the markers:...
Babesia bovis: A bipartite signal directs the glutamyl-tRNA synthetase to the apicoplast

Babesia bovis contains a prokaryotic derived organelle known as the apicoplast. Many participants of the metabolic pathways within the apicoplast are encoded in the nuclear genome and post-translationally imported with the help of a bipartite signal. Recently, an all encompassing algorithm was derived to predict apicoplast targeted proteins for many non-Plasmodium apicomplexans in which it reported the presence of 260 apicoplast targeted proteins in Babesia. One of these proteins is glutamyl tRNA synthetase (GltX). This study investigates if the putative bipartite signal of GltX alone is sufficient to direct proteins into the apicoplast. Using a transient transfection system consisting of a green fluorescent protein as the reporter, we tested the signal and transit portions of the bipartite signal in apicoplastic transport. We first identified the transcript of gltX to be expressed during the asexual blood stages and subsequently confirmed that the complete bipartite signal is responsible for directing the reporter protein into a compartment distinct from the nucleus and the mitochondrion. As GltX bipartite signal successfully guided the reporter protein into the apicoplast, our finding implies that it also directs native GltX into the same organelle.
A mixed methods portrait of urban instrumental music teaching.

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to learn about the ways that instrumental music teachers in Chicago navigated the urban landscape. The design of the study most closely resembles Creswel...
What can be learned from studies of multisubstrate mechanisms of neuronal dopamine transport

Abstract The dopamine transporter (DAT) is a Na + - and Cl − -dependent transporter and, with respect to its three apparent substrates, both partially random sequential as well as ordered mechanisms have been reported. Here we describe some of the features of DAT, such as the coupling of energy to concentrate dopamine and the properties of slippage and leakage. Further, in considering the regulation of transport velocities by DAT few have considered issues related to substrate regulation of DAT activity. Specifically, what effect do changes in the constants (K) for the participation of Na + and Cl − have on dopamine transport velocity? It is shown that DAT may possess properties of slippage, an argument is made that leakage may be important in neuronal systems containing DAT, and the influence of changing values of K for the participation of Na + and Cl − in transport is shown to produce large effects on DAT activity depending on the multisubstrate kinetic mechanism.
Helical Structure of Hair Cell Stereocilia Tip Links In the Chinchilla Cochlea

Outer-hair-cell stereocilia tip-link structure in the chinchilla cochlea was studied by transmission electron microscopy using tannic acid and Ruthenium red/Alcian blue histochemical procedures. Tannic acid and Ruthenium red/Alcian blue treatments showed the tip link as a compact strand of filaments 9–12 nm thick. Fourier analysis of tip-link images showed that the strand is a three-start helical bundle of fine, coiled filaments which had an axial period of 22.5 ± 1.5 nm. Each of three coiled filaments in the strand showed globular structures, 4.3 ± 0.3 nm in diameter. The globular structures may correspond to individual protein subunits or they may be repeating identical domains of one polypeptide. The three filaments of the helical array may provide a rigidity to the tip link during stereocilia deflections. Alternatively, changes in the subunit or domain structure of each filament may result in a lengthening or shortening of the tip-link strand.
Predation by bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus rafinesque) upon mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor)

Abstract Eleven responses comprise behaviour of bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque) preying upon mealworm larvae of Tenebrio molitor. Since each response could be repeated during an attack, behaviour can become quite complex in terms of total number of components comprising a predatory chain. When sunfish attacked the first prey of feeding sessions, predatory sequences contained an average of 8·0 components. Sequences dealing with the second and with all subsequent prey averaged 9·5 and 12·4 components respectively. Increased sequence complexity with increasing satiety depended upon increases in the frequencies of orienting and approaching prey as well as stopping and turning away from prey. Accordingly, satiety is hypothesized to produce more selective responsiveness to prey rather than simple diminution of feeding behaviour.
Limits of Recognition for Simple Vapor Mixtures Determined with a Microsensor Array

The “limit of recognition” (LOR) has been defined as the minimum concentration at which reliable individual vapor recognition can be achieved with a multisensor array, and methodology for determining the LORs of individual vapors probabilistically on the basis of sensor array response patterns has been reported. This article explores the problems of defining and evaluating LORs for vapor mixtures in terms of the absolute and relative component vapor concentrations, where the mixture must be discriminated from those component vapors and from the subset of possible lower-order component mixtures. Monte Carlo simulations and principal components regression analyses of an extant database of calibrated responses to a set of 16 vapors from an array of 6 diverse polymer-coated surface acoustic wave sensors are used to illustrate the approach and to examine trends in LOR values among the 120 possible binary mixtures and 560 possible ternary mixtures in the data set. At concentrations exceeding the LOD, 89% of the...
The Federal Employees Health Benefits Program: a model for competition in rural America?

ABSTRACT: Context: The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) created the Medicare Advantage (MA) program, which promotes the entry of private Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) plans into regions that have not previously had Medicare managed care plans. The assumption that a competitive environment will develop is based on experiences in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP). Purpose: The authors test the hypothesis that the FEHBP has fostered an environment of competing health plans, especially preferred provider organizations (PPOs), in rural areas. Methods: Data from the US Office of Personnel Management are used to quantify the number of FEHBP-certified plans in each US county and the number of enrollees in each plan. Data from the Area Resource File are used to measure independent variables in multivariate analysis to account for the number of FEHBP-certified health plans competing in each US county. Findings: While 98% of all counties have at least 3 plans with enrollment, in many sparsely populated rural areas, only 1 of the plans is an open-enrollment plan (excludes plans for letter carriers). There is a strong relationship between the number of FEHBP plans and areas with high population counts and high population density. In many counties with low population counts (under 3,000), most PPOs are not contracting with the nearest primary care provider. Conclusions: The FEHBP is not a perfect predictor of MA plan activity because the MA program does not use the FEHBP approach of certifying regional plans that must offer local access. However, the FEHBP experience indicates that plans are attracted to areas with high population counts and high population density.
Public health, emergency medicine, and the community interface

Abstract Physicians practicing in emergency care settings are likely to see the broadest spectrum of pediatric injuries in relation to other health care professionals. Whether it is a child in a motor vehicle collision requiring admission to an inpatient trauma service, or a young soccer player receiving a splint for a sprained ankle, emergency physicians are uniquely positioned to be involved in the development of systematic approaches to injury prevention. The natural interface with the community that occurs in the provision of emergency care necessarily mandates that injury prevention strategies incorporate community-based approaches and intervention models. This article examines the components of community-based strategies for injury prevention, and identifies the inherent implementation challenges through discussion of selected emergency medicine-led initiatives.
Lessons from mother: Long-term impact of antibodies in breast milk on the gut microbiota and intestinal immune system of breastfed offspring

From birth to adulthood, the gut microbiota matures from a simple community dominated by a few major bacterial groups into a highly diverse ecosystem that provides both benefits and challenges to the host. Currently there is great interest in identifying environmental and host factors that shape the development of our gut microbiota. Breast milk is a rich source of maternal antibodies, which provide the first source of adaptive immunity in the newborn's intestinal tract. In this addendum, we summarize our recent data demonstrating that maternal antibodies in breast milk promote long-term intestinal homeostasis in suckling mice by regulating the gut microbiota and host gene expression. We also discuss important unanswered questions, future directions for research in this field, and implications for human health and disease.
Evidence for the segregation of sulfur to Ni-alumina interfaces

Abstract The S enrichment of Ni-sapphire interfaces in the temperature range 500–800°C was measured with Auger electron spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy was used to confirm that S segregated to the interface rather than to interface voids or grain boundaries. The effects of atomic defects such as dislocations on S segregation was not determined. Maximum segregation occurred at 700°C, similar to that to Ni grain boundaries.
SOLUTE‐SOLVENT INTERACTION AND ITS EFFECT ON THE VIBRONIC AND VIBRATIONAL STRUCTURE OF PYRENE SPECTRA

— The enhancement of weakly allowed electronic and vibrational transitions of pyrene in polar solvents at room temperature has been studied by optical and infrared techniques. We previously reported the formation of molecular complexes between pyrene and alcohols by monitoring the changes in the fundamental stretching vibrational band of the —OH group of alcohols in the presence of pyrene. The infrared spectrum of pyrene in the region 1575–1700cm-1 has been found in the present work to undergo changes in polar solvents, consistent with complex formation, with the appearance of new bands at wavenumbers where symmetry-forbidden transitions exist. The enhancement of weak bands in the electronic spectra is attributed to the reduction in the symmetry of the pyrene molecule brought about by complex formation. Further support for this interpretation is provided by the finding that I-methylpyrene, which has reduced symmetry, shows the enhancement in the electronic spectra and the appearance of new bands in the infrared spectra even in inert solvents. The anomalous behavior of aromatic solvents is discussed.
The basis of behavior therapy, mentalistic or behavioristic? A reply to E. A. Locke

Summary Locke's (1971) analysis of behavior therapy is criticized on the following grounds: (a) the use of mentalistic terms by behaviorists cannot be said to infer an implicit nonbehavioristic orientation, nor can it be said to imply anything about the ‘nature’ of the processes involved in behavior therapy; (b) although behavior therapy can be described in mentalistic terms an alternate description does not mean that the processes involved in behavior therapy are inconsistent with a behavioristic view; and (c) ‘mental’ phenomena, whether or not associated with the processes basic to behavior therapy, were not explicitly defined by Locke, and further were not demonstrated by him to be necessary conditions for the efficacy of behavior therapy. An examination of Locke's mentalistic description of Wolpe's behavior therapies indicated that those procedures could be described adequately from a behavioristic frame of reference when the mentalistic terms substituted by Locke were carefully defined. It was concluded that the behavioristic description, although no more ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ than Locke's mentalistic-description is at least more parsimonious and subject to scientific test.
Antigen-independent effects of immunoglobulin E

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is an important mediator in immediate hypersensitivity, as it facilitates mast cell degranulation and the release of immunomodulatory mediators, such as histamine, prostaglandins, and cytokines. Antigen-specific IgE is a hallmark of allergic diseases. Upon interaction with polyvalent antigen, IgE molecules crosslink and transmit signals that drive this process. Recently, an alternative function of IgE has come to light. Rather than merely priming the mast cell, in the absence of antigen, IgE influences mast cells, including their survival, receptor expression, and mediator release. The mechanisms by which IgE induces these effects and the biological consequences are being discovered and are showing that IgE has an important and active role in facilitating immune responses.
Defending a Law of Peoples: Political Liberalism and Decent Peoples

In this paper I reconstruct and defend John Rawls' The Law of Peoples, including the distinction between liberal and decent peoples. A “decent people” is defined as a people who possesses a comprehensive doctrine and uses that doctrine as the ground of political legitimacy, while liberal peoples do not possess a comprehensive doctrine. I argue that liberal and decent peoples are bound by the same normative requirements with the qualification that decent peoples accept the same normative demands when they are reasonably interpreted and from their comprehensive doctrine, not from political liberalism. Normative standards for peoples appear in a law of peoples in two places: as internal constraints carried forward from political liberalism which regulate domestic affairs and as principles derived from a second original position that provide the normative ground for a society of peoples. This first source of normative standards was unfortunately obscured in Rawls' account. I use this model to defeat the claim that Rawls has accommodated decent peoples without sufficient warrant and to argue that all reasonable citizens of both liberal and decent peoples would accept the political authority of the state as legitimate. Although my reconstruction differs from Rawls on key points, such as modifying the idea of decency and rejecting a place for decent peoples within a second original position, overall I defend the theoretical completeness of political liberalism and show how a law of peoples provides reasonable principles of international justice.
Nano-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: separation of sulfonamides employing non-porous core-shell particles.

Abstract In this paper, nano-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the simultaneous determination of 18 sulfonamides. Preliminary experiments were carried out to investigate selectivity of three different stationary phases. Best results were achieved utilizing a capillary column (100 μm I.D.) packed in our laboratory following the slurry packing procedure with a recent commercialized stationary phase, Kinetex® C18 core–shell. A binary mobile phase, consisting of water and acetonitrile and both containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid, was employed in a gradient mode at a low flow rate (190 nL/min). Applying these conditions, baseline separation of studied compounds was obtained in about 35 min. Although sulfathiazole and sulfapyridine were resolved from the other drugs, they were not separated from each other. Sensitivity was improved by on-column focusing evaluating the appropriate sample solvent and establishing the maximum injection volume. Comparison between UV and mass spectrometric detection was done. Milk samples spiked with sulfonamides were subjected to a rapid pre-treatment by means of acidic deproteinization followed by solid-phase extraction, and analyzed with the developed method. The detection limits obtained in milk were in the range of 8–96 μg/kg, however they were low enough according to the regulations set-up by the European Commission. Calibration curves showed good linearity (R2 > 0.995) in the studied concentration ranges.
Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for coronary events or cardiovascular death.

Purpose This study aims to determine whether obstructive sleep apnea independently increases the risk of coronary events, including death from cardiovascular causes.
Districting and dispatching policies for emergency medical service systems to improve patient survival

The major focus of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) system is to save lives and to minimize the effects of emergency health incidents. Districting, or designing pre-determined response areas, allows an EMS system to reduce the response time of paramedic support to the incident. Furthermore, dispatching policies affect system performance. Thus, in this study we propose integrated dispatching and districting policies to improve the performance of EMS systems. We measure performance in terms of patient survival probability. We propose several policies for districting/dispatching, these are provided as inputs to a simulation model that compares the performance of different policies. Our response areas, or districts, are designed using a constructive heuristic which considers adjusted expected coverage. Intra-district and inter-district dispatching policies are developed considering the degree of the urgency of the call. Computational results show that integrated districting and dispatching policies are vital i...
Uruguay's utopian broadcasting: Political and artistic freedom

Although a number of larger nations—Canada, Great Britain, etc.—have successfully established broadcasting systems in which both commercial and non‐commercial stations can prosper, few smaller nations have been able to do so in a political atmosphere of uninhibited free speech. Uruguay, despite a continuing economic crisis, is believed by the author of this article to be Latin America's most genuine democracy—one whose broadcasting system is well worthy of study. Dr. Alisky is Director of the Center for Latin American Studies at Arizona State University, where he holds the rank of professor of mass communications and political science. This article is adapted and updated from a paper presented at the 1967 SAA convention, which in turn was prepared following research in Montevideo in 1967 for Dr. Alisky's just‐published book, Uruguay: A Contemporary Survey (Praeger).
Soldiers, statesmen, strategic culture and China's 1950 intervention in Korea

Is China a rational, peaceful, and defensive‐minded power or an irrational, bellicose, and expansionist state? Are Chinese soldiers more hawkish than Chinese statesmen? Many analysts remark on the growing influence in foreign affairs of the PLA in the post‐Deng era. There is no consensus, however, on what this increasing influence will mean in practice. This article analyzes the attitudes of civilian and military figures toward Beijing's 1950 intervention in Korea and concludes that soldiers are no more hawkish than statesmen and, in many instances, less so. The findings suggest that China's strategic culture does not embody a single tradition and that civil‐military relations exert considerable influence on decisions to initiate war. All this indicates that the growing influence of the military does not necessarily mean a more bellicose China.
Nuclear spin Hall and Klein tunneling effects during oxidation with electric and magnetic field inductions in graphene.

The recent observation of the explosive oxidation of graphene with enhancement for decreasing temperature and the requirements for synchronizing oxidants for collective oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions presented a chemical scenario for the thermal harvesting by the magnetic spin Hall Effect. More experimental data are presented to demonstrate such spin Hall Effect by determining the influence of spins of so-called spectator fermionic cations. Furthermore, the so-called spectator bosonic cations are discovered to cause a Klein tunneling effect during the redox reaction of graphene. The Na+ and K+, fermionic cations and the Mg2+ and Ca2+, bosonic cations were observed and compared under a variety of experimental conditions: adiabatic reactions with initial temperatures (18–22 °C); reactions toward infinite dilution; isothermal reactions under nonadiabatic conditions at low temperature of 18 °C; reactions under paramagnetic O2 or diamagnetic N2 atmospheres of different permeabilities; reactions in applied and no applied external magnetic field; and reactions toward excess concentrations of common and uncommon Na+ and Mg2+ cations. The observed reaction kinetics and dynamics under these various, diverse conditions are consistent with the spin Hall mechanism, energy harvesting and short time violation of Second Law of Thermodynamics for redox reactions of graphene by the Na+K+ mixture and are consistent with the Klein tunnel mechanism for the redox reactions of graphene by the Mg2+Ca2+ mixture. Mixed spin Hall and Klein tunnel mechanisms are discovered to slow and modulate explosive redox reactions. Such spin Hall Effect also gives explanation of recent tunneling of electrons through boron nitride.
THE NAKED EMPEROR: SEEKING A MORE PLAUSIBLE GENETIC BASIS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL ALTRUISM

The adequacy of currently popular accounts of the genetic basis for psychological altruism, including inclusive fitness (kin selection), reciprocal altruism, sociality, and group selection, is questioned. Problems exist both with the evidence cited as supporting these accounts and with the relevance of the accounts to what is being explained. Based on the empathy-altruism hypothesis, a more plausible account is proposed: generalized parental nurturance. It is suggested that four evolutionary developments combined to provide a genetic basis for psychological altruism. First is the evolution in mammals of parental nurturance. Second is the evolution in humans (and possibly a few other species) of the ability to see others as sentient, intentional agents and, thereby, to recognize other's needs, even subtle ones. Third is the evolution in humans of tender, empathic emotions as an important component of parental nurturance. Fourth is the evolution in humans of cognitive capacities that make it possible to generalize tender, empathic feelings and, thereby, altruism beyond offspring.
Law and psychiatry: what should our residents learn?

Forensic psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that focuses on our field’s interface with the legal system. Expert witness testimony, commonly regarded as the definitive element of forensic psychiatry, is only one aspect of this clinical subspecialty. Comparison of the sparse current general psychiatry residency training requirements for forensic psychiatry with the upsurge in interest in medical-legal information demonstrated by psychiatric trainees and practicing psychiatrists reveals a striking disparity between what residency programs are required to teach and what psychiatrists want, and need, to know. There are both clinical and economic explanations for the recent growth of interest in forensic psychiatry. Clinically, there is increased awareness of the many interactions between law and psychiatry, including everpresent concerns about malpractice. Economically, expert forensic consultation and testimony in legal matters can provide psychiatrists with a welcome source of extra income in today’s environment of managed care. This article will examine the current residency requirements and provide suggestions for a basic forensic psychiatry curriculum for psychiatric residents.
Intensive Combined Modality Therapy for Limited-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND Conventional-dose chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer has resulted in high response rates but rarely in a cure. The addition of thoracic radiotherapy (chemoradiotherapy) has improved survival for patients having limited disease, resulting in a median survival of 14-18 months. Previous trials evaluating high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation have demonstrated enhanced complete response rates without documenting overall survival benefit. PURPOSE The purpose of this phase II trial was to determine the disease-free and overall survival, toxic effects, and relapse patterns in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer who were in partial or complete response to first-line conventional-dose chemotherapy and then received intensive systemic combined modality therapy. METHODS Adults with stage III small-cell lung cancer who had achieved at least a partial response to conventional-dose induction chemotherapy were treated with high-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, and carmustine combined with autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cumulative doses of the three drugs were 5625, 165, and 480 mg/m2, respectively. After recovery, patients received thoracic radiotherapy (50-60 Gy in 25-30 fractions over 5-6 weeks) and cranial radiotherapy (30 Gy in 15 fractions during 3 weeks). RESULTS Of 19 patients in the study, six had achieved complete response, eight had a greater than 90% reduction in tumor size, and five had a 50%-90% reduction in tumor size. After high-dose therapy, 15 of the 19 were in complete response. Overall, median time to treatment failure after high-dose therapy was 12 months. Overall survival was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 42%-89%) at 1 year and 53% (95% CI = 22%-77%) at 2 years. Of the 14 patients in or near complete response before high-dose therapy, 10 remain disease free with no further chemotherapy a median of 15 (4-69+) months after therapy. Actuarial 2-year disease-free survival is 57% (95% CI = 20%-82%). One patient died of Candida sepsis. Morbidity was low, and most patients returned to full-time work. With the exception of herpes zoster, there were no complications more than 3 months after high-dose therapy. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the patients in this study are experiencing prolonged and unmaintained disease-free survival. Our findings suggest that patients in or near complete response before high-dose therapy have the most favorable prognosis. IMPLICATIONS A randomized comparison between this approach and conventional-dose therapy is planned to define the utility of dose intensification with autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer who are in or near complete response.
Preparing High School Students for the Interdisciplinary Nature of Modern Biology

Preparing students for the interdisciplinary nature of modern biology will require changes in curriculum, instruction, assessments, and teacher professional development in order to support teaching for conceptual understanding and for making cross-disciplinary connections.
Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Driver Gap Acceptance Behavior at Modern Roundabouts

Despite an increasing acceptance of modern roundabouts in the United States, unfamiliarity with this type of intersection is still widespread. This unfamiliarity results in drivers making unpredictable decisions about gap acceptance, thus increasing the difficulty of design decisions. The relationship between the spatial and temporal critical gaps accepted by drivers in modern roundabouts is explored with gap acceptance data from more than 1,500 vehicle interactions at the roundabout on the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, campus. The critical gap was determined to be 42 ft spatially and 2.2 s temporally, which correlated directly with the average speed of the circulating flow. A longer critical gap time was observed for heavy vehicles in the traffic stream. Even though the unidirectional flow of the circulating traffic creates a potentially unpredictable environment for the driver, careful and precise analysis to obtain an accurate and reliable value of the critical gap will allow for improved round...
First Principles Predictions of Intrinsic Defects in Aluminum Arsenide, AlAs

The structures, energies, and energy levels of a comprehensive set of simple intrinsic point defects in aluminum arsenide are predicted using density functional theory (DFT). The calculations incorporate explicit and rigorous treatment of charged supercell boundary conditions. The predicted defect energy levels, computed as total energy differences, do not suffer from the DFT band gap problem, spanning the experimental gap despite the Kohn-Sham eigenvalue gap being much smaller than experiment. Defects in AlAs exhibit a surprising complexity—with a greater range of charge states, bistabilities, and multiple negative-U systems—that would be impossible to resolve with experiment alone. The simulation results can be used to populate defect physics models in III-V semiconductor device simulations with reliable quantities in those cases where experimental data is lacking, as in AlAs.
Strategically planning to change

Strategic planning can be a powerful instrument in bringing about lasting change to a student affairs organization. Tools and methods to achieve transformation are discussed.
Endovascular stent grafts for aneurysmal and occlusive vascular disease.

Abstract Background: This report details our initial experience with two types of endovascular grafts—one for the treatment of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and the other for the treatment of iliac artery occlusive disease. Methods: An abdominal aortic aneurysm was repaired in 34 patients using 3 different types of Ancure endografts (Menlo Park, California). Control patients (n = 9) had a standard aneurysm repair. Patients with chronic lower extremity ischemia (n = 7) secondary to iliac artery occlusive disease were treated with a Hemobahn endograft (W. L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, Arizona). Results: Ancure graft deployment was achieved in 33 of 34 (97.1%) patients. Perioperative mortality for the Ancure and control group patients was 2.9% and 0%, respectively. Periprosthetic leaks were identified within 48 hours of deployment in 6 (18.2%) Ancure graft patients. All but 2 of the leaks resolved on serial follow-up. Additional endovascular procedures were required in 11 (32.4%) Ancure graft patients at the initial procedure or during follow-up to correct graft or arterial stenoses. Patients treated with an endovascular graft had significantly less blood loss and shorter hospital stays than control group patients. For Hemobahn patients, the technical success for graft deployment was 100%. There were no perioperative deaths. The ankle/brachial index increased from a mean of 0.52 preoperatively to 0.86 postoperatively ( P = 0.004). One patient required a Wallstent in follow-up to correct a graft wrinkle. Angiography at 6 months demonstrated mild intimal hyperplasia in the stent graft in 5 of 6 patients. Conclusions: These early results support the potential for endovascular grafts in the treatment of aneurysmal and occlusive vascular disease. Further modifications in the devices and deployment techniques are necessary to reduce the incidence of periprosthetic leaks, graft limb stenoses, and intimal hyperplasia.