cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure, Function, Content, and Process

THE structural approach in social anthropology developed by RadcliffeBrown and his students has become-along with evolutionary theory, functionalism, and psychoanalysis-one of the major influences on anthropological thought, but some adherents to this approach have confined their attention to social structure so narrowly as to exaggerate and misapprehend its place in human culture. In this paper I shall try to restore perspective to the study of human social organization by an examination of the use and abuse of the concept structure, by the explication of some equally significant concepts, and by suggesting a possible bridge between kinship studies per se and that new and nebulous American anthropological field entitled culture and personality. Some studies place so much emphasis on structure that, even where there probably is no structure in a given aspect of a society, their authors seem to insist upon its description. For example, Fortes on the Tallensi and EvansPritchard on the Nuer both speak at length of political structure when in fact only some kinship or lineage system prevails (Fortes and Evans-Pritchard 1940: 239-296). No doubt in both groups the kinship or lineage system or structure carries some, but not all, of the burden of law and order which in other societies is maintained through codes, courts, police, chieftainships, or government hierarchy. But kinship structures, no matter what they do, are not political structures, just as Chinese coolies, though they do some of the work of American trucks, cannot be designated as "trucks." Of course, in a wider sense, Chinese coolies and American trucks are similar in function and use, in Linton's (1936:408) sense: namely, transportation. Both are carriers, but they are clearly different structures. To equate them is a procedure as scientifically unacceptable as to identify cabbage with cauliflower in a study of vegetables just because these two happen to have similar nutritive value and taste to the people who consume them. Their function and use are similar, not their structures. It is precisely for this reason that, if one society prescribes premarital intercourse as a matter of custom and law while the second one forbids it, though premarital intercourse does in fact take place according to certain unpronounced rules, an anthropologist who equates the two as comparable "structures" of courtship would be confusing the issue. Strangely enough, the obscuring of observed facts because of insistence on political structure in a society where no specialized political structure exists may be demonstrated by an example from Malinowski-who certainly would not have relished the thought of structuralism. In his study of crime and custom in the Trobriand Islands, Malinowski described how an incestuous union,
Expertise, extraversion and group interaction styles as performance indicators in virtual teams: how do perceptions of IT's performance get formed?

This study investigates how a personality trait and expertise affect virtual teams interaction, and how that interaction leads to different levels of performance (e.g., solution quality, solution acceptance, cohesion). Teams have been shown to exhibit constructive, aggressive/defensive, or passive/defensive interaction styles that affect communication and thus team performance by facilitating or hindering the exchange of information among group members. These styles reflect an aggregation of the behaviors exhibited by individual team members, which are rooted in their individual personalities. The effects of interaction style on team performance have been well established in face-to-face and virtual teams. Generally, constructive interaction styles produce positive outcomes whereas passive/defensive styles beget negative ones. Aggressive/defensive teams produce solutions that are correlated with the expertise of those that have wrested control of the group but there is often little support for those solutions. The current work explores how different constellations of extraversion and expertise manifest themselves into group interaction styles and, ultimately, outcomes. The study involves 248 professional managers from executive MBA and professional development programs in 63 virtual teams that performed an intellective task. Results show that expertise and extraversion to be curvilinearly related to group interactions and performance, and high levels of extraversion and higher variations in extraversion between team members lead to less constructive and more passive/defensive interaction styles within teams. Results show that although expertise is the best predictor of task performance, it is primarily group interaction styles that predict contextual outcomes (e.g., solution acceptance, cohesion, effectiveness) in virtual teams.
Autosuspension and the energetics of two‐phase flows: Reply to comments on ‘experimental test of autosuspension’ by J. B. Southard and M. E. Mackintosh

The experimental programme of Southard and Mackintosh (1981) provides a definitive refutation of the autosuspension criterion as it was originally defined. A simple energy budget for dilute two-phase flow is derived from continuum theory of mixtures; it shows that Bagnold's criterion is based on an arbitrary comparison of two elements of the complete two-phase system. It is recommended that facile, ab hoc criteria for the behaviour of such complex flows be avoided in favour of analyses based on fundamental equations of motion.
Signing trades and an evaluation of the Lee–Ready algorithm

We use techniques developed to analyze the Supply Curve in liquidity models in order to analyze the accuracy of the Lee and Ready algorithm, both for highly liquid and relatively liquid stocks. Through the use of order book data combined with tick data, we are actually (somewhat tediously) able to tell whether or not a given trade is buyer or seller initiated. For those trades where such knowledge is certain, the accuracy of the Lee and Ready algorithm is not as accurate as has been assumed previously. We can essentially prove that the Lee and Ready algorithm is always at least 55% accurate, and is around 61% accurate for highly liquid stocks (i.e., the top 50 of the S&P 100).
Customized hybrid level sets for automatic lung segmentation in chest x-ray images

A chest x-ray screening system for pulmonary pathologies such as tuberculosis (TB) is of paramount importance due to the increasing mortality rate of patients with undiagnosed TB, especially in densely-populated developing countries. As a first step toward developing such screening systems, this paper presents a novel computer vision module that automatically segments the lungs from posteroanterior digital chest x-ray images. The segmentation task is non-trivial, due to poor image contrast and occlusion of the lung region by ribs, clavicle, heart, and by non-TB abnormalities associated with pulmonary diseases. In the proposed procedure, we first compute a lung shape model by employing a level set based technique for registration up to a homography. Next, we use this computed mean lung shape to initialize the level set that is based on a best fit measure obtained in a heuristically estimated search space for the projective transform parameters. Once the level set is initialized, a suite of customized lower level image features and higher level shape features up to a homography evolve the level set function at a lower resolution in order to achieve a coarse segmentation of the lungs. Finally, a fine segmentation step is performed by adding additional shape variation constraints and evolving the level set in a higher resolution. We processed the standard Japanese Society of Radiological Technology (JSRT) dataset, comprised of 247 images, using this scheme. The promising results (92% accuracy) demonstrate the viability and efficacy of the proposed approach.
Exploiting texture effects in dithering

This paper presents a method of dithering which attempts to exploit the inevitable textures generated by all dithering schemes. We concentrate on rendering continuous tone (monochrome or color) image on a CRT display with a small number (on the order of 16 - 256) of distinct colors. Monochrome (especially bi-level) dithering techniques are well studied. We have previously demonstrated that texture introduced by the dithering process can significantly affect the appearance of the image. We then developed a scheme by which the user had some control over these texture effects. The primary tradeoff was between very fine grained textures which depend critically on the local gray level and relatively coarser, more obvious, textures which appear uniform across the entire image. In this paper we try to actively exploit the texture effects to enhance the appearance of the rendered image. The key idea is to use our previously described hybrid method (which combines ordered-dither with error diffusion) but to choose (locally) different ordered-dither matrices based on measured properties of the original image (e.g., the local gradient). We also show how to use anisotropic error diffusion to generate similar texture effects.
Standardization of the first-trimester fetal cardiac examination using spatiotemporal image correlation with tomographic ultrasound and color Doppler imaging.

Objective The challenges of the first-trimester examination of the fetal heart may in part be overcome by technical advances in three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound techniques. Our aim was to standardize the first-trimester 3D imaging approach to the cardiac examination to provide the most consistent and accurate display of anatomy. Methods Low-risk women with normal findings on first-trimester screening at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks had cardiac ultrasound using the following sequence: (1) identification of the four-chamber view; (2) four-dimensional (4D) volume acquisition with spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) and color Doppler imaging (angle = 20°, sweep 10 s); (3) offline, tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) analysis with standardized starting plane (four-chamber view), slice number and thickness; (4) assessment of fetal cardiac anatomy (four-chamber view, cardiac axis, size and symmetry, atrioventricular valves, great arteries and descending aorta) with and without color Doppler. Results 107 consecutive women (age, 16–42 years, body mass index 17.2–50.2 kg/m2) were studied. A minimum of three 3D volumes were obtained for each patient, transabdominally in 91.6%. Fetal motion artifact required acquisition of more than three volumes in 20%. The median time for TUI offline analysis was 100 (range, 60–240) s. Individual anatomic landmarks were identified in 89.7–99.1%. Visualization of all structures in one panel was observed in 91 patients (85%). Conclusion Starting from a simple two-dimensional cardiac landmark—the four-chamber view—the standardized STIC-TUI technique enables detailed segmental cardiac evaluation of the normal fetal heart in the first trimester. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non-trivialité des points de Heegner

Resume Nous donnons ici une nouvelle preuve d'une conjecture de B. Mazur sur la non-trivialite des points de Heegner, en substituant au theoreme de M. Ratner qui constituait l'ingredient principal de notre premiere preuve [1] un cas demontre de la conjecture d'Andre–Oort. Conceptuellement plus simple, cette nouvelle approche ne permet toutefois pas de retrouver les renseignements plus fins precedemment obtenus. Pour citer cet article : C. Cornut, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 334 (2002) 1039–1042.
Abortion opinion in emerging democracies: Latin America and Central Europe

We compare the attitudes of mass publics toward abortion in three Latin American countries (Mexico, Uruguay, and El Salvador) and two countries in Central Europe (the Czech Republic and Poland). We find that, at the level of the mass public, attitudes toward abortion are significantly related to attitudes toward gender roles in Mexico, Uruguay, and the Czech Republic, but not in El Salvador and Poland. Conversely, attitudes toward euthanasia and homosexuality are significantly related to abortion attitudes in all five countries.
Position-dependent diffusion coefficients and free energies from Bayesian analysis of equilibrium and replica molecular dynamics simulations

Bayesian inference is used to obtain self-consistent estimates of free energies and position-dependent diffusion coefficients along complex reaction coordinates from molecular dynamics simulation trajectories. Effectively, exact solutions for the dynamics of a diffusive model are matched globally to the observed molecular dynamics data. The approach is first tested for a simple one-dimensional diffusion model, and then applied to the dihedral-angle dynamics of a peptide fragment dissolved in water. Both long equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations and short, appropriately initialized, replica simulations are used to sample the short-time dynamics of the peptide–water system. In both cases, accurate estimates of free energies and diffusion coefficients are obtained.
Profiles of PrKX Expression in Developmental Mouse Embryo and Human Tissues

Protein kinase X (PrKX), karyotypically located on the human X chromosome, is a type I cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Although a specific role for PrKX has not yet been defined, PrKX gene expression in mouse and human tissues has been profiled only by in situ hybridization and Northern blot analyses and not by protein expression. To determine more precisely the PrKX protein levels, we developed specific anti-PrKX antibodies and examined gestationally staged mouse embryo sections by immunohistochemistry. These results showed that PrKX is ubiquitously distributed and highly expressed in murine central nervous system and heart tissues in early developmental stages and in most organs at later stages but was not detected in either connective tissues or bone. Using Western blots to detect PrKX, total protein extracts from eight different adult or fetal human tissues including brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, spleen, and thymus were analyzed. Although PrKX protein was present in each of the tissues tested, the protein levels varied depending on tissue type and developmental stage. Very low protein levels were found in heart tissues from a 5-month-old fetus and from an adult, whereas PrKX proteins were more abundant in fetal brain, kidney, and liver tissues compared with adult samples of the same tissue type.
Optimal Tracking Controller

The topic of linear quadratic optimal control is now routinely included in the introductory level modern control text books. It is, however, limited to the regulator problem only, and the currently available methods for tracking controller design are usually too advanced for the introductory courses. The purpose of this paper is to present a simple treatment of the topic which is suitable at the beginning level. Consider the linear time-invariant control system ? = Ax + Bu y = Cx where xRz is the state vector, uRm is the control vector and yRl is the output vector. We assume the usual conditions such as the compatibiltiy among the matrices, the controllability and observability, etc. We further assume, without loss of generality, that the matrix C has the full rank.
A Nck-Pak1 signaling module is required for T-cell receptor-mediated activation of NFAT, but not of JNK

The T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) triggers a signaling cascade initiated by the tyrosine kinase Lck and requiring the proto‐oncogene p95 vav . Vav is activated by Lck and can function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho‐family GTPases, Rac1 and Cdc42. To investigate the involvement of these GTPases in TCR signaling, we focused on their well characterized effector, Pak1. This serine/threonine kinase is activated by GTP‐bound Rac1 or Cdc42. However, its role in mediating downstream signaling events is controversial. We observed rapid, TCR‐dependent activation of Pak1 and TCR‐inducible association of Pak1 with Nck, which was tyrosine phosphorylated following stimulation. Pak1 activation occurred independently of Ras activation or calcium flux, but was dependent on the Lck tyrosine kinase, and was downstream of Vav and Cdc42. Dominant negative Pak1 or Nck specifically inhibited TCR‐mediated activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor. TCR‐mediated activation of Erk2 was also inhibited by dominant negative Pak. However, Pak1 activation was neither necessary nor sufficient for TCR‐dependent c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Therefore, Pak1 acts downstream of Vav and is required for activation of Erk2 and NFAT by a JNK‐independent pathway. This is the first demonstration of a requirement for Pak to mediate the regulation of gene expression by an extracellular ligand.
Thrombotic Lesions of the Tricuspid Valve in the Newborn

Two cases of nonbacterial endocardial thrombi (NBET) on the atrial surface of the tricuspid valve in the full-term infant are presented. The pathophysiology and the events peculiar to the full-term infant that suggest susceptibility to this rare pathological phenomenon are reviewed. The difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
The ulnar nerve at the elbow and its local branching: An anatomic study

Thirty nine cadaver elbows were dissected and the branching of the ulnar nerve, as well as the cubital tunnel and adjacent potential sites of nerve compression were studied. An arcade of Struthers was present in 26 specimens and Osborne's ligament was present in all specimens. A discrete flexor pronator aponeurosis overlying the ulnar nerve was present in 17 specimens. An average of one (range, 0-3) capsular nerve branches were noted. These originated an average 7 mm proximal (range, 45 mm proximal to 24 mm distal) to the medial epicondyle. An average of three (range, 1-6) motor branches to the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle were noted, and one of these originated proximal to the medial epicondyle in two specimens. Significant variation was noted in the capsular and motor branching of the ulnar nerve. Care must be taken to identify the motor branches of the ulnar nerve when performing a transposition.
Urban aerosol toxicity: the influence of particle size.

The basic thesis developed herein is that particle size is an extremely important parameter to consider when assessing the potential toxicity of species present in urban aerosols, and that surface adsorption or condensation greatly promotes toxicity. In the majority of cases this means that particles that are less than 1 µ.m in size are of primary importance. Special significance is attached to the organic constitutents of aerosols. Many of these are known or potential carcinogens and most predominate in extremely small particles which become deposited almost exclusively in the lung.
Influence of situation awareness on control allocation for remote robots

When remote robots operate in unstructured environments, they are typically controlled or monitored by an operator, depending upon the available autonomy levels and the current level of reliability for the available autonomy. When multiple autonomy modes are available, the operator must determine a control allocation strategy. We conducted two sets of experiments designed to investigate how situation awareness and automation reliability affected the control strategies of the experiment participants. Poor situation awareness was found to increase the use of autonomy; however, task performance decreased even when the automation was functioning reliably, demonstrating the need to design robot interfaces that provide good situation awareness.
Characterization techniques for the high-brightness particle beams of the advanced photon source (APS)

The Advanced Photon Source will be a third-generation synchrotron radiation user facility in the hard x-ray regime (10 - 100 keV). The design objectives for the 7 GeV storage ring include a positron beam natural emittance of 8 X 10-9 m-rad at an average current of 100 mA. Proposed methods for measuring the transverse and longitudinal profiles will be described. Additionally, a research and development effort using an rf gun as a low- emittance source of electrons for injection into the 200- to 650-MeV linac subsystem is underway. This latter system is projected to produce electron beams with a normalized, rms emittance of approximately 2 (pi) mm-mrad at peak currents of near one hundred amps. This interesting characterization problem will also be briefly discussed. The combination of both source types within one laboratory facility will stimulate the development of diagnostic techniques in these parameter spaces.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mechanism of the polymerization reaction initiated and catalyzed by the polyhydroxybutyrate synthase of Ralstonia eutropha.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthases (polymerases) catalyze the polymerization of the coenzyme A thioester of 3-hydroxybutyrate to PHB. The Ralstonia eutropha PHB synthase purified from recombinant E. coli cells exists in aqueous solution in both monomeric (single subunit) and homodimeric (two subunits) forms in equilibrium. Several lines of evidence suggest that the homodimer is the active form of the synthase. The initial mechanistic model for the polymerization reaction proposed that two different thiol groups form the catalytic site. The cysteine at 319 has been shown to provide one thiol group that is involved in the covalent catalysis, but a second thiol group on the same protein molecule has not yet been identified. It is suggested that cysteines at 319 from each of the two molecules of a homodimer synthase provide two identical thiol groups to jointly form a single catalytic site. To verify this model using the strategy of in vitro reconstitution, heterodimers composed of the wild-type subunit and ...
Expression of muscle-specific isozymes of phosphorylase and creatine kinase in human muscle fibers cultured aneurally in serum-free, hormonally/chemically enriched medium.

Abstract Primary cultures of muscle cells derived from a biopsied adult human skeletal muscle were grown up to 6 weeks in a hormonally/chemically enriched serum-free medium. The expression of musclespecific isozymes of creatine kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, and phosphoglycerate mutase, indicative of muscle cell maturation, was studied after 1,4 and 6 weeks of growth. The maturation of muscle fibers cultured in serum-free medium was comparable to that achieved by muscle fibers cultured in medium containing 10% serum and supplemented with growth factors (insulin, epidermal growth factor, and fibroblastic growth factor) and was greater than that achieved in medium containing 10% serum only. Our study demonstrates that adult human muscle can be cultured aneurally for a long period of time in a serum-free medium, and that it can achieve a high degree of maturation. This study provides an important basis for investigations related to: 1. (1) assessment of the influence of individual components of the medium on human muscle maturation in culture; 2. (2) studies of regulation of abnormal gene expression in diseased human muscle cultured in serum-free medium.
Scrotal cancer survival is influenced by histology: a SEER study

Due to the scrotum’s multiple layers of different tissues, scrotal cancer can present with several unique histologies. Historically, outcome arising from these different sources has been historically aggregated together. However, it remains unclear whether survival differs by histology of scrotal cancer. We queried the seventeen registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients diagnosed with primary scrotal cancer from 1973 to 2006. Patients were initially grouped by the following histologies: basal cell carcinoma, Extramammary Paget’s Disease (EMPD), sarcoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and adnexal skin tumors. For some analyses, the former three histologies were reclassified as Low-Risk scrotal cancer and the latter three histologies as High-Risk scrotal cancer. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses were conducted to assess the impact of histology on overall survival (OS). The cohort consisted of 766 patients. Median (95% CI) OSs by histologies were basal cell carcinoma—143 (116–180), EMPD—165 (139–190), sarcoma—180 (141–219), melanoma—136 (70–203), squamous cell carcinoma—115 (97–133), and adnexal skin tumors—114 (55–174). Patients with Low-Risk scrotal cancer experienced a median (95% CI) OS of 166 (145–188) months, while patients with High-Risk scrotal cancer experienced a median (95% CI) OS of 118 (101–135) months. Survival of scrotal cancer depends on tumor histology. Classification of histologies into Low and High Risk can be clinically useful for counseling and clinical decisions.
A field picture of wave propagation in inhomogeneous dielectric lenses

This article presents the radiation and scattering patterns, and the interior field distributions, of three inhomogeneous dielectric lenses: the Luneburg (1944), Maxwell fish-eye (1860), and Eaton-Lippmann (1952) lenses. The purpose is to provide a picture of wave propagation through these lenses. A better understanding of the field picture, especially the nature of the focal points, is helpful to the practical design of the lenses.
Sex Differences in Murine Susceptibility to Systemic Viral Infections

Increased susceptibility to autoimmunity in females is often viewed as the consequence of enhanced immunoreactivity providing superior protection against infections. We paradoxically observed greater mortality in female compared to male mice during systemic viral infections with three large double-stranded DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus type I [HSV], murine cytomegalovirus [MCMV], and vaccinia virus [VV]). Indeed, female mice were 27-fold more susceptible to infection with HSV than male mice. Elimination of estrogen by ovariectomy in female mice or addition of estrogen to castrated male mice only partially eliminated the observed sex differences following HSV infection. However, the differences observed in survival between female and male mice were nearly abrogated in the absence of type I interferon receptor signaling and substantially mitigated in absence of DAP12 signaling. Interestingly, the sex-specific impact of type I interferon receptor and DAP12 signaling differentially influenced survival during systemic viral infections with type I interferon receptor signaling enhancing male survival and DAP12 signaling increasing the susceptibility of female mice. These results have potential implications for the sex disparities observed in human autoimmune disorders.
A Milieu of Mutations: The Pluripotency and Fungibility of Life in Asia

Contrary to claims that view the life sciences as having similar effects everywhere, I draw on research in the Biopolis of Singapore to examine how an assemblage of global and situated elements engenders conditions that crystallize scientific inquiries and orient social effects in the research milieu. I trace some of the intricate relationships among many things—researchers, governments, capital, populations, mutations, maladies, and emotions in the Asian tropics—that help crys- tallize an emerging biomedical frontier. I call for a richer notion of biocapital that encompasses the creation of a spectrum of material and nonmaterial benefits. Scientific entrepreneurialism in Singapore, I suggest, cannot be reduced to profit-making but includes larger goals of self-knowl- edge, expertise, and security. I explore the interacting logics of pluripotency and fungibility that animate scientific practices in the Biopolis: trans-Asian collabo- rations; Asian genetic databases; state funding and legitimacy; and genetic pride and hope, all components in forming an emerging space and style of biomedical research. "Asia" and "ethnicity" are often invoked in different registers of geography, nationality, technique, population, disease, DNA, and customized medicine, depend- ing on the context of research and presentation. The growing network of contingent associations among a constellation of scientific objects and values, I argue, transmits feelings of corporeal vulnerability and expectations for a new biopolitics of security.
The Hypoxic Epicardial and Subepicardial Microenvironment

Recent reports indicate that the adult mammalian heart is capable of limited, but measurable, cardiomyocyte turnover. While the lineage origin of the newly formed cardiomyocytes is not entirely understood, mounting evidence suggest that the epicardium and subepicardium may represent an important source of cardiac stem or progenitor cells. Stem cell niches are characterized by low oxygen tension, where stem cells preferentially utilize cytoplasmic glycolysis to meet their energy demands. However, it is unclear if the heart harbors similar hypoxic regions, or whether these regions house metabolically distinct cardiac progenitor populations. Here we identify the epicardium and subepicardium as the cardiac hypoxic niche-based capillary density quantification, and localization of Hif-1α in the uninjured heart. We further demonstrate that this hypoxic microenvironment houses a metabolically distinct population of glycolytic progenitor cells. Finally, we show that Hif-1α regulates the glycolytic phenotype and progenitor properties of these cells. These findings highlight important anatomical and functional properties of the epicardial and subepicardial microenvironment, and the potential role of hypoxia signaling in regulation of cardiac progenitors.
Toxoplasma gondii: microassay to differentiate toxoplasma inhibiting factor and interleukin 2.

Abstract Using a sensitive, economical, and reproducible microassay, the relationship of toxoplasma inhibiting factor to interleukin 2 has been examined. The assay developed took advantage of the observation that (1) Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites replicated efficiently in the murine monocytic cell line, RAW 264; (2) treatment of RAW 264 cells with toxoplasma inhibiting factor prevented intracellular replication of the parasite to an extent similar to that observed with identical treatment of freshly isolated murine peritoneal exudate cells; and (3) [ 3 H]uracil incorporation was an efficacious means to quantify replication (or inhibition of replication) of tachyzoites within the cell line. Although toxoplasma inhibiting factor and interleukin 2 were both present in the same lectin -and antigen-stimulated splenocyte supernatant fluids, results from microassays strongly suggested that the molecules were two distinct entities.
Negative Transfer and Proactive Interference: Some Confusion in Introductory Psychology Texts

(1981). Negative Transfer and Proactive Interference: Some Confusion in Introductory Psychology Texts. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 109-110.
A Fluid Dynamics Study Focusing on Wall Shear Rates Within the Penn State 12 cc Pulsatile Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device: A Comparison of Mechanical Heart Valve Types

Previous studies have shown that the interrelated flow characteristics necessary for the prevention of thrombosis in a pulsatile ventricular assist device (VAD) are a strong inlet jet, a late diastolic recirculating flow, and adequate wall washing (greater than 500 s−1). Particle image velocimetry was used to compare the flow fields in the chamber of the 12 cc Penn State pediatric pulsatile VAD using two valves: Bjork-Shiley Monostrut (BSM) tilting-disc valves at the inlet and outlet and Carbomedics (CM) bi-leaflet valves at the inlet and outlet. In conjunction with the flow evaluation, wall shear data were calculated and analyzed to help to quantify wall washing. The major orifice inlet jet of the device containing BSM valves was more intense which led to better circulation and wall washing than the three jets produced by the CM valves Regurgitation through the CM valve was observed and served as a significant hindrance to the development of the rotational flow.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Enhancing extraction of photogenerated excitons from semiconducting carbon nanotube films as photocurrent

Abstract We study the effect of residual polymer on exciton transport and the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of photocurrent generation in thin film semiconducting single walled carbon nanotube (s-SWCNT)/C 60 heterojunction diodes. Specifically, increasing the s-SWCNT film content from 22% to 43% increases peak EQE from absorption by s-SWCNTs from 15% to 23%. We monitor intertube exciton energy transfer via steady state photoluminescence spectroscopy and determine the length scale for exciton migration via s-SWCNT film thickness dependence of EQE. We observe increased intertube exciton transfer in photoluminescence spectra with increased polymer removal, and EQE-thickness dependence suggests increased intratube exciton transport along isolated pathways. Our results extend the state of the art with respect to the use of s-SWCNT thin films as photoabsorbers in photovoltaics, describe exciton migration in s-SWCNT films, and provide a framework for the design of high efficiency s-SWCNT photovoltaic and photodetector devices.
Astrohippus and Dinohippus from the Yepómera local fauna (Hemphillian, Mexico) and implications for the phylogeny of one-toed horses

ABSTRACT Astrohippus stocki is characterized by a very complex cheek region with lacrimai and malar fossae that contain smaller concentric pits. Dinohippus mexicanus is characterized by a relatively simple cheek region; the nasomaxillary (“lacrimai”) fossa is moderately developed and the malar fossa is absent. Analysis of characters of the cheek region, when combined with those of the dentition, yield the following phylogenetic hypotheses: 1) A. stocki (and A. ansae) are derivable from Pliohippus s.s. and are only distantly related to Equus; 2) D. mexicanus is a very close relative of some segment of the Equus radiation. A. stocki and D. mexicanus are known from Mexico, Texas, and Florida. These occurrences are biochronologically useful; they indicate a latest Hemphillian age.
Depression longitudinally mediates the association of appearance concerns to ART non-adherence in HIV-infected individuals with a history of injection drug use

Appearance concerns are common among HIV-infected individuals, and previous cross-sectional and longitudinal data indicate that these concerns are associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) non-adherence. However, to date, no known prospective data have explored the mechanism behind this relationship. Thus, the aim of the current study was to test depression severity as a prospective mediator of the relationship between appearance concerns and ART non-adherence in HIV-infected individuals with a history of injection drug use (IDU). Participants were 89 HIV-infected individuals with a history of IDU who participated in a prospective, randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for depression and medication adherence. Clinician-administered measures of depression severity and appearance concerns, along with electronic monitoring of ART non-adherence were included. Data were analyzed using longitudinal linear mixed-level modeling, and mediation was tested via the Monte Carlo Method of Assessing Mediation. Appearance concerns were predictive of depression severity, γ = .31, SE = .076, 95 % CI [.16, .46], t = 4.1, p = .0001, and depression severity was predictive of ART non-adherence, γ = 3.3, SE = 1.3, 95 % CI [.8, 5.8], t = 2.6, p = .01. The effect of appearance concerns on ART non-adherence, however, was significantly mediated by depression severity, γ = 1.02, 95 % CI [.21, 2.1]. Appearance concerns are associated with depression severity, which in turn is associated with ART non-adherence. Integrative interventions addressing appearance concerns, depression and ART adherence are needed, as this is one potential pathway towards worse health outcomes in HIV-infected individuals.
Gravel-Bed Rivers V

Gravel-bed rivers attract an interesting cross-section of physical and biological scientists. The study of gravel-bed rivers creates a common currency for interdisciplinary exchange among fluvial geomorphologists, civil engineers, hydrologists, lotic biologists, and riparian ecologists. Gravel-bed rivers are also hotbeds for many current social and environmental issues: critical habitat for endangered salmonids; potential depositional zones for toxic byproducts of mining, industry, and agriculture; potential locations for exceeding Environmental Protection Agency standards for stream temperature and sediment load; and sources of destructive flooding for communities that encroach upon natural floodways.
What are the effects of severe visual impairment on the cortical organization and connectivity of primary visual cortex

The organization and connections of the primary visual area (V1) were examined in mice that lacked functional rods (Gnat-/-), but had normal cone function. Because mice are nocturnal and rely almost exclusively on rod vision for normal behaviors, the Gnat-/- mice used in the present study are considered functionally blind. Our goal was to determine if visual cortex is reorganized in these mice, and to examine the neuroanatomical connections that may subserve reorganization. We found that most neurons in V1 responded to auditory, or some combination of auditory, somatosensory, and/or visual stimulation. We also determined that cortical connections of V1 in Gnat-/- mice were similar to those in normal animals, but even in normal animals, there is sparse input from auditory cortex to V1. An important observation was that most of the subcortical inputs to V1 were from thalamic nuclei that normally project to V1 such as the lateral geniculate (LG), lateral posterior (LP), and lateral dorsal (LD) nuclei. However, V1 also received some abnormal subcortical inputs from the anterior thalamic nuclei, the ventral posterior, the ventral lateral and the posterior nuclei. While the vision generated from the small number of cones appears to be sufficient to maintain most of the patterns of normal connectivity, the sparse abnormal thalamic inputs to VI, existing inputs from auditory cortex, and possibly abnormal inputs to LG and LP may be responsible for generating the alterations in the functional organization of V1.
CFTR Is a Negative Regulator of NFκB Mediated Innate Immune Response

Background Dysfunctional CFTR in the airways is associated with elevated levels of NFκB mediated IL-8 signaling leading to neutrophil chemotaxis and chronic lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis. The mechanism(s) by which CFTR mediates inflammatory signaling is under debate.
Spiral phases and time-reversal-violating resonating-valence-bond states of doped antiferromagnets.

The phase diagram of the t-t'-J model is investigated with use of a slave-fermion mean-field approach. States with spiral antiferromagnetic order are found to be stable for small t/J and hole concentration \ensuremath{\delta}. For larger t/J and \ensuremath{\delta}, corresponding more closely to the physical parameter values of the oxide superconductor, a flux phase exhibiting a uniform chiral order is found to be more stable than the spiral states. This state breaks parity and time-reversal symmetry.
On Using Regression Coefficients to Interpret Moderator Effects

In moderated multiple regression analysis, several researchers have relied totally or partially on the sign associated with the regression weight of the cross-product term xz to interpret a moderat...
Digital Disempowerment in a Network Society

The objective of this article is to examine how the inequalities of participation in network society governmental systems affect the extent that individuals are empowered or disempowered within those systems. By using published data in conjunction with theories of communication, a critical secondary data analysis was conducted. This critical analysis argues that the Digital Divide involves issues concerning how democracy and democratization are related to computer-mediated communication (CMC) and its role in political communication. As the roles of CMC/ICT systems expand in political communication, existing Digital Divide gaps are likely to contribute to structural inequalities in political participation. These inequalities work against democracy and political empowerment for some people, while at the same time producing expanded opportunities of political participation for others. This raises concerns about who benefits the most from electronic government in emerging network societies.
De novo co-assembly of bacterial genomes from multiple single cells

Recent progress in DNA amplification techniques, particularly multiple displacement amplification (MDA), has made it possible to sequence and assemble bacterial genomes from a single cell. However, the quality of single cell genome assembly has not yet reached the quality of normal multiceli genome assembly due to the coverage bias and errors caused by MDA. Using a template of more than one cell for MDA or combining separate MDA products has been shown to improve the result of genome assembly from few single cells, but providing identical single cells, as a necessary step for these approaches, is a challenge. As a solution to this problem, we give an algorithm for de novo co-assembly of bacterial genomes from multiple single cells. Our novel method not only detects the outlier cells in a pool, it also identifies and eliminates their genomic sequences from the final assembly. Our proposed co-assembly algorithm is based on colored de Bruijn graph which has been recently proposed for de novo structural variation detection. Our results show that de novo co-assembly of bacterial genomes from multiple single cells outperforms single cell assembly of each individual one in all standard metrics. Moreover, co-assembly outperforms mixed assembly in which the input datasets are simply concatenated. We implemented our algorithm in a software tool called HyDA which is available from http://compbio.cs.wayne.edu/software/hyda.
A winged helix protein from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae recognizes centromere sequences.

Abstract The winged helix–turn–helix motif was initially identified in the mammalian hepatocyte-enriched transcription factor HNF-3 and the Drosophila forkhead homeotic protein. Proteins containing the winged helix motif have been shown to play important roles in tissue-specific developmental regulation. In this report, by using a genomic binding site selection method, we demonstrate that the winged helix protein YFKH-1 from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae recognizes conserved sequence in yeast centromeres. Thus, our data suggest that the winged helix proteins of the yeast may be involved in centromeric functions of the yeast.
The sum is greater than the parts: ensembling models of student knowledge in educational software

Many competing models have been proposed in the past decade for predicting student knowledge within educational software. Recent research attempted to combine these models in an effort to improve performance but have yielded inconsistent results. While work in the 2010 KDD Cup data set showed the benefits of ensemble methods, work in the Genetics Tutor failed to show similar benefits. We hypothesize that the key factor has been data set size. We explore the potential for improving student performance prediction with ensemble methods in a data set drawn from a different tutoring system, the ASSISTments Platform, which contains 15 times the number of responses of the Genetics Tutor data set. We evaluated the predictive performance of eight student models and eight methods of ensembling predictions. Within this data set, ensemble approaches were more effective than any single method with the best ensemble approach producing predictions of student performance 10% better than the best individual student knowledge model.
SCORES: Developing an Object-Oriented Rocket Propulsion Analysis Tool

34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit Cleveland, OH, July 12 - 15, 1998.
Seasonal abundances of planktonic ciliates and microflagellates in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay waters

Ciliate, heterotrophic microflagellate (hflag) and autotrophic microflagellate (aflag) abundances are reported for mesohaline Chesapeake Bay waters based on samples gathered from April through October 1985–1987. Total water column averages for ciliate and microflagellate abundances were typical of eutrophic marine systems. Ciliate density ranged from 17·2 cells ml−1 in April to 1·8 cells ml−1 in September; hflag ranged from 3·7 × 103 cells ml−1 in June to 1·1 × 103 cells ml−1 in October. In spring the majority of ciliate and hflag standing stocks (70% and 64%, respectively) were located in bottom and transition waters; during summer months the majority (approximately 85% of both groups) were in surface and transition waters. During fall, ciliate stock was concentrated (72%) in surface waters and hflag were relatively evenly distributed in the three water column zones. Ciliate and microflagellate numbers were not directly related to chlorphyll α concentration except in the bottom layer, where simultaneous declines accompanied anoxia. Ciliate concentrations correlated with total numbers of microflagellates and hflag abundance, but not aflag density. We discuss the relative importance of predation and food availability in regulating ciliate and hflag concentrations in mesohaline Chesapeake Bay waters.
Initial Operation Of A New High-Resolution Scanning Ion Microscope

We describe the initial performance of the optical column and imaging instrumentation of a second-generation scanning ion microscope/microprobe. The instrument operates in the 20- 60 kV range and makes use of a Ga liquid metal ion source. High-quality secondary electron and ion images of conductors and insulators have been thus far obtained at 90 nm measured spot size. Ultimately the instrument is expected to perform secondary ion mass spectrometry, imaging, and microlithography functions in the 10 - 100 nm range of spot sizes.
Relationship between glucocorticoid receptor steroid-binding capacity and association of the Mr 90,000 heat shock protein with the unliganded receptor

Abstract Treatment of rat liver cytosol with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) or sodium molybdate (MoO 4 2− ) inhibits thermal inactivation of glucocorticoid receptor steroid-binding capacity at 25°C. Dithiothreitol (DTT) prevents the stabilization of receptors by H 2 O 2 . Heating (25°C) of immune pellets formed by immunoadsorption of L-cell murine glucocorticoid receptor complexes to protein-A-Sepharose with an anti-receptor monoclonal antibody (BuGR2) results in dissociation of the M 90,000 heat shock protein (hsp90) from the steroid binding protein. Such thermal-induced dissociation of hsp90 is inhibited by H 2 O 2 . Pretreatment of immunoadsorbed receptor complexes with the thiol derivatizing agent, methyl methanethiosulfonate (MMTS) prevents the ability of H 2 O 2 to stabilize the hsp90-receptor interaction. These data suggest a role for hsp90 in maintaining an active steroid-binding conformation of the glucocorticoid receptor.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN METABOLIC EFFECTS OF OXYTOCIN.

PRELIMINARY investigations in this laboratory showed that when synthetic oxytocin was administered intravenously to puerperal women at dosages between 10 mµ and 400 mµ/kg body-weight there occurred consistent increases in plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in association with delayed hypoglycaemia1. (The synthetic oxytocin (‘Syntocinon’) was kindly supplied by Dr. R. Bircher, medical director, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, Hanover, New Jersey.) It was also shown that similar responses of NEFA and blood sugar follow oxytocin treatment in normal non-pregnant women without relation to pregnancy2. In the latter subjects the hypoglycaemia was attended by consistent and significant falls in plasma inorganic phosphorus in contrast to small irregular increases occurring in puerperal women. These differences in phosphorus responses suggested the possibility of different mechanisms for the hypoglycaemia, but in both categories of subjects the blood sugar decreases were characteristic.