cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision Making Configurations: An Alternative to the Centralization/Decentralization Conceptualization

Typically, the centralization/decentralization of decision making authority is viewed as the tendency to concentrate authority at the top or at the bottom of the organization hierarchy. However, this conceptualization ignores possible differences in organizational processes that result from the numerous potential hierarchical configurations. In this study, factors identified in the literature as predictors of centralization/decentralization were used as potential discriminating variables among several decision making configurations in university affiliated professional schools. The model developed from multiple discriminant analysis had reasonable success in classifying correctly only the decentralized system. Implications for professional school organization and for the general conceptualization and analysis of organizational decision making are discussed.
Das ideale gefäßchirurgische Ausbildungsumfeld

Die Kombination aus technischen Feinheiten und stetigen technologischen Fortschritten, weckte mein Interesse an der Gefaschirurgie. Jedoch stellte ich bald fest, dass mir auch die vielen anderen medizinischen Moglichkeiten gefielen, die dieses Spezialgebiet einzigartig anbietet. Dieser Artikel, gewidmet den Kollegen und Chefchirurgen in der Gefaschirurgie, bespricht die Anforderungen, die notwendig sind, einen erfolgreichen Trainingskurs fur diejenigen einzurichten und aufrechtzuerhalten, die die Gefaschirurgie ausuben wollen.
Gold-Nickel Alloys in Dental Prostheses

A gold-nickel master alloy was prepared by arc melting in an inert atmosphere and from it, mechanical test specimens and dental prostheses were made by centrifugal casting. The cast alloy had a yield strength of about 7,400 kg/cm2, with an elongation of 12%. The alloy was clinically tested in the form of partial dentures and crown and bridge materials. For the 32-month period these prostheses have been in use, no tissue reaction, tarnish, or corrosion had been observed.
Musculoskeletal disorders of the hand and shoulder in patients with diabetes mellitus.

In addition to microand macroangiopathic complications, diabetes mellitus is also associated with several musculoskeletal disorders of the hand and shoulder that can be debilitating (1,2). Limited joint mobility, also termed diabetic hand syndrome or cheiropathy (3), is characterized by skin thickening over the dorsum of the hands and restricted mobility of multiple joints. While this syndrome is painless and usually not disabling (2,4), other musculoskeletal problems occur with increased frequency in diabetic patients, including Dupuytren’s disease, carpal tunnel syndrome, palmar flexor tenosynovitis or trigger finger, and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (5–10). The association of adhesive capsulitis with pain, swelling, dystrophic skin, and vasomotor instability of the hand constitutes the “shoulder-hand syndrome,” a rare but potentially disabling manifestation of diabetes (1,2). Most previous studies of the association between diabetes and musculoskeletal syndrome have not included a control group (5,7,8,11–15) or differentiated between type 1 and type 2 diabetes (9,11,16), or included only a single musculoskeletal syndrome (4,7,9,13,14,16). We report the epidemiology of adhesive capsulitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, Dupuytren’s disease, and flexor tenosynovitis in 100 patients with type 1 diabetes and 100 patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in 100 control patients.
Population-level history of the wrentit (Chamaea fasciata): Implications for comparative phylogeography in the California Floristic Province

The phylogeography of a variety of species has been studied within the California Floristic Province; however, few studies have examined genetic variation in bird species across the entire region. This study uses mitochondrial DNA data to investigate the phylogeography of the wrentit (Chamaea fasciata), a sedentary bird native to scrub and chaparral habitats of this region. Analysis of molecular variance shows geographic structure, and maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and parsimony analyses consistently identify six main clades that are each restricted geographically. Nested clade phylogeographic analyses infer an overall range expansion for the entire cladogram, and a range expansion is also inferred from the mismatch distribution. Thus, our results suggest that the wrentit was isolated into southern refugia during the Pleistocene and has undergone a recent range expansion. Southern refugia and a range expansion were also identified in a previous study of the California thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). The wrentit did not show marked divergence between northern and southern California defined by the Transverse Ranges, a pattern seen in a variety of other taxa within this region, including some birds.
Middle School Staff Development.

(1983). Middle School Staff Development. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 56, No. 5, pp. 230-231.
Cyclizations of alkenyllithium reagents

Abstract Alkenyllithium species containing a primary chloride group canbegenerated efficiently. They undergo subsequent cyclizationtoalkylidene cycloalkanes of various ring sizes.
Gender issues in multiple sclerosis.

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily a disease of premenopausal women. Interactions between the disease and the reproductive cycle are important to consider for optimal patient management. Review summary Sex hormones are potent immunomodulators, and their actions may help explain the gender distribution seen in MS and other immune-mediated diseases. Preliminary data suggest that immune function may vary cyclically as a function of hormonal milieu. MS does not affect fertility or the ability to bear children, and pregnancy generally has a salutary effect on the disease. Possible teratogenic actions of drugs used for symptom management and prophylactic treatment must be reviewed when managing patients. Conclusions Additional studies are needed to delineate the roles of sex hormones as etiologic (and possibly therapeutic) agents in MS. Pharmacologic treatment of MS may impact reproductive function. Neurologists need to be familiar with these issues to assist their patients in choosing therapies and family planning.
A new class of asymptotically efficient estimators for moment condition models

In this paper, we propose a new class of asymptotically efficient estimators for moment condition models. These estimators share the same higher order bias properties as the generalized empirical likelihood estimators and once bias corrected, have the same higher order efficiency properties as the bias corrected generalized empirical likelihood estimators. Unlike the generalized empirical likelihood estimators, our new estimators are much easier to compute. A simulation study finds that our estimators have better finite sample performance than the two-step GMM, and compare well to several potential alternatives in terms of both computational stability and overall performance.
Molecular methods of enhancing lumbar spine fusion.

OBJECTIVE : An optimal method for spinal fusion would induce rapid growth of bone via an osteoconductive and osteoinductive implant. This study examines the spinal fusion enhancement potential of some osteoconductive and osteoinductive biomaterials. METHODS : Four similar canines received unilateral posterolateral fusions on the left side at T13-L1 and L4-L5 and on the right side at L2-L3 and L6-L7. The experiments were grouped as follows : Group A, autogenous bone harvested from the iliac crest ; Group B, autogenous bone and collagen ; Group C, no implant ; and Group D, autogenous bone, collagen, and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2. Radiographic assessment, three-dimensional computed tomographic volumetric analysis, and biomechanical testing were performed at each level. RESULTS : For Groups A and B, the fusions demonstrated moderate bone formation at 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Group D fusions exhibited earlier and more dramatic increases in volume and radiodensity and eventually were comparable in size to the vertebral bodies. Average fusion volumes computed from three-dimensional computed tomographic analysis were : Group A = 1.243 cc, Group B = 0.900 cc, Group C = 0.000 cc, and Group D = 6.668 cc (P = 0.003 compared to Group A). Group D exhibited flexion and extension biomechanical properties much greater than controls. The addition of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 consistently yielded the strongest fused segments and, on average, enhanced extension stiffness by 626% and flexion stiffness by 1120% over controls. CONCLUSION : The most advantageous spinal fusion implant matrix consisted of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, autogenous bone, and collagen. Future investigators, however, need to examine the appropriate quantities of the individual components and clarify the efficacy of the matrix for the various types of spinal fusion approaches.
Enhancing surface characteristics of Ti–6Al–4V for bio-implants using integrated anodization and thermal oxidation

Modifications of Ti–6Al–4V surface roughness, wettability and composition are increasingly studied to improve cellular viability on biomedical implants involving Ti–6Al–4V. In this study, it is shown that modification of Ti–6Al–4V samples using anodization (for the formation of titania nanotubes) combined with thermal oxidation (TO) results in superior surface characteristics to those of a smooth, rough, anodized-smooth or anodized-rough surface alone. Surface characterization is performed using water contact angle (WCA) measurements, white-light interferometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRS), field emission scanning electron microscopy and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). WCA measurements before TO indicate that anodized-smooth and anodized-rough samples are super-hydrophilic (WCA less than 5°); WCA of non-anodized smooth and rough surfaces are 57 ± 6° and 86 ± 7°, respectively. After TO at 450 °C for 3 hours, all samples become super-hydrophilic; however, three weeks after TO, smooth and rough surfaces become hydrophobic, while anodized-smooth and anodized-rough surfaces remain hydrophilic. FTIRS and GIXRD data show that the TO of anodized and non-anodized smooth samples results in anatase and rutile TiO2, of which anatase is favorable for cellular attachment. Micro-/nano-scale roughness and TO are discussed in the context of enhanced Ti–6Al–4V surface characteristics for improved cellular response.
III Progress and expectations

From the point of view of EFT protagonists, progress is being made on all fronts. In the regulatory area, for example, some 26 states have passed enabling legislation that makes possible the installation of essentially all types of EFT equipment and defines the conditions under which installations can be made. In general, the effect of such legislation is either to remove the concept that an EFT terminal must be considered a branch or to make the branching requirement for installing most EFT equipment extremely modest.
Electrically Tunable Mid-Infrared Metamaterials Based on Strong Light-Matter Coupling

We present an actively tunable mid-infrared metamaterial operating in the strong light-matter coupling regime. We can tune the upper polariton branch continuously over 8% of the center frequency by applying 5 V.
Chemical fractionations in meteorites

Abundance of volatile elements in meteorites, comparing chondrite decrease for evidence of fractionations in solar nebula
HYPOXEMIA AT BIRTH: A RISK FACTOR OF PERI- AND INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE(IVH) IN PREMATURE INFANTS

Umbilical cord blood gases, hemoglobin and lactate were measured, prior to the first breath, in 38 consecutively delivered inborn premature infants with gestational age ≤ 32 weeks. All infants were intubated, resuscitated in the delivery room and maintained on mechanical ventilation. IVH was documented by ultrasound in the first week of life in 11 infants (28.9%). IVH infants and non-IVH infants did not differ significantly in mean birth weight, gestational age, 5 min. Apgar score, or hemoglobin concentration. IVH occurred significantly more frequent in infants who had low 1 min. Apgar scores. Umbilical cord blood gas-tensions and lactate levels were as follows:
Automating deployment of several GBrowse instances

Background As part of the fungal endophyte genomes project [1], we maintain genome browsers for several dozen strains of fungi from the Clavicipitaceae and related families [2]. These genome browsers are based on the GBrowse software [3], with a large collection of in-house software for visualization, analysis, and searching of genome features. Although GBrowse supports serving multiple data sources, such as distinct genome assemblies, from a single GBrowse instance, there are advantages to maintaining separate instances for each genome. Besides permitting per-genome customizations of the software, page layout, and database schemas, our use of separate instances also allows us to maintain different security and password requirements for genomes in different stages of publication.
Scaling relations for gaps in fractional quantum Hall states

The microscopic Hamiltonian approach of Murthy and Shankar, which has recently been used to calculate the transport gaps of quantum Hall states with fractions $\ensuremath{\nu}=p/(2ps+1),$ also implies scaling relations between gaps within a single sequence (fixed $s)$ as well as between gaps of corresponding states in different sequences. This work tests these relations for a system of electrons in the lowest Landau level interacting with a model potential cutoff at high momenta due to sample thickness.
Small-satellite sensors for multispectral space surveillance

Advanced electroopical sensors and surveillance system technologies are being developed that would lead to future space-based surveillance systems. These multispectral sensors would operate in the visible and MWIR wavebands and be configured to be compact, lightweight, and low power to permit deployment on lightsat-type platforms and launch vehicles. The sensors for multi-spectral space surveillance are small electrooptical systems which use large staring focal planes to provide maximum detection capability through integration. Operation in visible and MWIR bands permit surveillance of satellites in sunlight and in earth shadow. Four to six small satellites with these sensors at low altitude provide essentially instantaneous coverage of orbital space out to geosynchronous altitudes. A baseline sensor design has been derived along with a total sensor payload configuration with size, weight, shape and power requirements compatible with those for a satellite deployed by the Pegasus launch system.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Trifluoroethanol-induced unfolding of concanavalin A: equilibrium and time-resolved optical spectroscopic studies.

Conformational structure changes in concanavalin A (Con A), a legume lectin protein which is composed of 18 β-strands, induced by dissolving in 50% trifluoroethanol (TFE) were monitored at neutral and low pH by far- and near-UV circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and FTIR under equilibrium conditions. Stopped-flow studies using CD and fluorescence as well as FTIR, at low and high protein concentration, respectively, were carried out to follow the time-dependent conformation changes occurring after rapid mixing of the protein with TFE. Equilibrium CD results show that, upon addition of TFE, low-concentration Con A transforms to a highly α-helical conformation at both neutral and low pH. However, at neutral pH under high protein concentration conditions, aggregation and precipitation are eventually detected with FTIR, indicating that a final β-structure is attained. Stopped-flow fluorescence shows the existence of an unfolding intermediate for pH 2.0 and 4.5, which could be related to the dissociation of...
Parabolic dissolution kinetics of silicate minerals: An artifact of nonequilibrium precipitation processes?

The rate-limiting step for the dissolution of many primary silicate minerals is thought to be a surface-controlled reaction. This should result in dissolution rates that are linear functions of time. However, the observed dissolution rates for aluminosilicate minerals have commonly been characterized as “parabolic”—that is, the apparent rates of release of silicon and of the alkali ions are linear functions of the square root of time ( t ½). Here, data are presented which suggest that this discrepancy may result in part from the precipitation of secondary aluminosilicates during the dissolution experiments. In simulated dissolution studies, the kinetics of formation and the stoichiometries of precipitates can be studied unambiguously as functions of time, component concentrations, and pH. Results of these studies indicate that significant amounts of silicon are incorporated into amorphous aluminum-rich precipitates at dissolved silicon concentrations greater than 170 μm. At higher concentrations, silicon precipitation rates increase. These precipitation reactions result in apparent rates of addition of dissolved silicon to solution which are linear functions of t ½. As a result of the type of precipitation reactions observed here, estimates for the rates of dissolution obtained for aluminum-rich silicate minerals may be low by as much as a factor of two.
MODULATION SPACES AND PSEUDODIFFERENTIAL OPERATORS

We use methods from time-frequency analysis to study boundedness and traceclass properties of pseudodifferential operators. As natural symbol classes, we use the modulation spaces onR 2d , which quantify the notion of the time-frequency content of a function or distribution. We show that if a symbol σ lies in the modulation spaceM ∞,1 (R 2d ), then the corresponding pseudodifferential operator is bounded onL 2(R d ) and, more generally, on the modulation spacesM p,p (R d ) for 1≤p≤∞. If σ lies in the modulation spaceM 2,2 (R 2d )=L /2 (R 2d )∩H s (R 2d ), i.e., the intersection of a weightedL 2-space and a Sobolev space, then the corresponding operator lies in a specified Schatten class. These results hold for both the Weyl and the Kohn-Nirenberg correspondences. Using recent embedding theorems of Lipschitz and Fourier spaces into modulation spaces, we show that these results improve on the classical Calderon-Vaillancourt boundedness theorem and on Daubechies' trace-class results.
Preparation of End-Grafted Polyelectrolyte Brushes on Nanoscale Probe Tips Using an Electric Field

The atomic force microscope (AFM) and related nanomechanical instruments have become fundamental tools for studying molecular, colloidal, and surface forces in physiological fluid environments down to the pN range.1-5 A key component of the AFM is the soft microfabricated cantilever force transducer and fine probe tip (with a typical end radius of RTIP < 50 nm) that deflects when interacting with a sample surface. Standard Si3N4 probe tips have been used for studying the nanomechanical properties of macromolecules on surfaces,1 and probe tips functionalized with proteins, ligands and receptors, cells, and nanotubes have enabled studies of biologically relevant intermolecular interactions.2-5 Probe tip functionalization has been achieved by covalent immobilization, nonspecific physisorption, and conventional adhesives for larger structures (g1 μm).6-10 However, attachment of macromolecules to the apex of a probe tip with a prespecified orientation, conformation, and density is difficult due to the small surface area involved and, for polyelectrolytes, the presence of fixed charge groups. Functionalization and subsequent characterization of parameters such as the chain grafting density, Γ (chains/nm2), in the vicinity of the tip apex are also difficult and critical to the interpretation of nanomechanical data relating interaction force to tip-sample separation distance. Our recent studies of the biological polyelectrolyte molecules in cartilage,11 chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), called for a new method of attachment and assessment on nanoscale probe tips in order to carry out nanomechanical experiments between two opposing, end-grafted GAG brushes which more closely mimic the physiological conformations found in native tissue. GAGs were chemically end-grafted to an Aucoated Si3N4 probe tip by means of an electric field applied between the probe tip and a nearby Pt electrode. Previously, an electric field was used to attract charged DNA oligonucleotides to a monolayer of single-stranded DNA that had been immobilized on an Au-coated sensor surface through a Au-thiol attachment and a 300 mV potential between the sensor and a Pt electrode was found to enhance hybridization of the DNA oligonucleotides to the DNA monolayer.13 We extended this methodology to use an electric field to drive charged GAG molecules to a nanosized probe tip, thus increasing the local polyelectrolyte concentration in the vicinity of the probe tip and chemisorption via an end-terminal functionality.
Diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular disorders of the stomach

Gastric neuromuscular disorders encompass a spectrum of dysfunction in nerve and smooth muscle that includes gastric visceral hypersensitivity, gastric dysrhythmias, fundic dysfunction, antral hypomotility, and gastroparesis. Patients with each disorder may present with such vague dyspepsia symptoms as early satiety, upper abdominal discomfort, bloating, or nausea with or without vomiting. A careful history and physical examination may suggest a gastric neuromuscular disorder, but symptoms are nonspecific. Gastroparesis is the most severe form of neuromuscular dysfunction. Such reversible causes of gastroparesis as mechanical obstruction of the stomach and chronic mesenteric ischemia must be excluded. Gastroparesis, gastric dysrhythmias, and hypersensitivity may follow viral infection or be due to degenerative processes that affect the gastric enteric neurons, smooth muscle, or interstitial cells of Cajal. Commonly, the cause of these gastric neuromuscular disorders is unknown. An approach to the diagnosis and treatment of gastric neuromuscular disorders is reviewed, including dietary counseling, drugs, and medical devices.
The effect of systemic cocaine on spontaneous and nociceptively evoked activity of neurons in the medial and lateral thalamus

In rats, analgesic doses of cocaine (25 mg/kg, i.p.) suppressed the responses of 20 of 22 medial and lateral thalamic neurons to reticular formation and somatic noxious stimuli. The responses of 7 of 8 lateral thalamic neurons to innocuous somatic stimuli were unaffected or enhanced. The suppression of thalamic responses to noxious stimuli may be part of the mechanism underlying cocaine analgesia.
Planning Models for the Provision of Affordable Housing

This paper presents new mathematical programming-based planning models for the provision of affordable housing to low-income and moderate-income families by government and nongovernmental entities. These models address two key policy concerns of housing providers: setting priorities for investments among a variety of affordable housing programs, and choosing locations and configurations for particular affordable housing initiatives. This paper also incorporates elements of location-design models to address various programmatic and physical attributes associated with affordable housing. Computational results based on a case study demonstrate the potential of these models to generate affordable housing strategies that are flexible, meet affordable housing ‘gaps’, and address social benefits and fairness concerns concurrently.
Groupthink, Bay of Pigs, and Watergate Reconsidered

Abstract Irving Janis's concept of groupthink can be seen in the context of our on-again-off-again love affair with groups. Group decisions have often been seen as offering the benefits of collective wisdom, but may also lead to disastrous consequences. Groupthink then focuses on the negative effects of erroneous group decisions. Two major examples of groupthink are reexamined and compared: the disastrous Bay of Pigs decision by the elite advisory group of President Kennedy, and the advisory groups of President Nixon, which led to the Watergate disaster and at unsuccessful attempts to cover up. In both, it is suggested there was a “runaway norm,” escalation and polarization with the norm being to exceed other members of the group in taking more extreme and unrestrained actions against an “enemy.” While Janis seems to suggest that groupthink will ultimately lead the group to fail in its ultimate endeavors, we need to consider the frightening possibility that in the case of the Nixon group, the group actions came close to being successful.
The fragmentation threshold in two-electron atoms: an illustration with classical orbits

Semiclassical S-matrix theory is applied to electron-hydrogen scattering near the fragmentation threshold E=0. The relation between resonant scattering (classically chaotic motion for E 0) is worked out with emphasis on the qualitative behaviour of the different types of orbit.
Position-Sensitive Gas Proportional Chambers

A number of multiwire, position-sensitive, gas proportional chambers have been constructed which use fast delay line (2.5 ns/cm) readouts to provide trajectory position and angle information for particles near the focal planes of the Energetic Pion Channel and Spectrometer (EPICS) and High Resolution Spectrometer (HRS) at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF). These chambers are two dimensional with anode wires in one direction and cathode wires in the other direction. When operated as ordinary delay line chambers, position resolution of 0.5 mm (FWHM) can be obtained in the cathode direction for short cathode wire lengths. If the drift information from the anodes is used, resolution of less than 0.35 mm (FWHM) can be obtained in this direction. The chambers can be operated at count rates of 5 × 105 pulses/sec with live times of greater than 90%. Efficiences, measured at lower counting rates, are typically greater than 99%.
The interaction of Tb3+ with the human platelet surface

Abstract The interaction of the lanthanide Tb3+ with washed, human platelets was examined. When bound to the platelet surface, the fluorescence of this Ca2+ analog was increased approximately 200-fold, most likely by a Forster mechanism involving platelet surface protein aromatic residues. The binding of Tb3+ to the unactivated platelet was specific and saturable with an apparent approximate Kd of 195 μ m . Both Ca2+ and La3+ effectively displaced Tb3+ from platelet surface sites, but neither cation did so completely. Plasmin treatment of the platelet surface reduced Tb3+ fluorescence by 68% at saturation without significantly affecting the approximate apparent Kd. Activating washed, aspirinated platelets with ADP induced a 78% increase in Tb3+ fluorescence at saturation. Tb3+ competed effectively and completely for platelet surface-bound 45Ca2+ with an approximate IC50 of 10 μ m . These data indicate the potential utility of this fluorescent lanthanide in characterizing Ca2+-binding sites on the human platelet.
OVID and SUPER: two overlap programs for drug design.

Two programs, OVID and SUPER, for exploring the similarity of molecules with respect to their action at a receptor are described. OVID accepts two molecules as input and optimizes the three-dimensional overlap of specified atoms in one molecule with specified atoms in the second molecule. The result is expressed as a percent of the theoretical maximum. OVID gives a quantitative measure of the extent of a guessed correspondence between two molecules based on volume overlap of selected atoms. The Achilles' heel of OVID is that the correspondence between the two molecules has to be guessed. We realized that it would be better to systematically examine all possible correspondences of two structures to minimize the chance of overlooking a superior correspondence. We created SUPER to satisfy this need. SUPER accepts two molecules as input and finds the top twenty correspondences of their surfaces and charge distributions, giving a quantitative measure of the extent of each correspondence. An instructive example of the application of OVID and SUPER to the design of leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists is described. SUPER appears to be a practical brainstorming tool for the medicinal chemist trying to understand how molecules whose structures may not resemble one another in an obvious way can bind to the same site.
A Comparison of Regular and Open Classroom Process 1

1. This article is a synthesis of Dr Cochran's dissertation which was completed in May 1974 at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Performance Evaluation and Calibration of the Neuro-PET Scanner

The Neuro-PET is a circular ring seven-slice positron emission tomograph designed for imaging human heads and small animals. The scanner uses 512 bismuth germanate detectors 8.25 mm wide packed tightly together in four layers to achieve high spatial resolution (6-7 mm FWHM) without the use of beam blockers. Because of the small 38 cm ring diameter, the sensitivity is also very high: 70,000 c/s per true slice with medium energy threshold (375 keV) for a 20 cm diameter phantom containing 1 ?Ci/cc of positron-emitting activity, according to a preliminary measurement. There are three switch-selectable thresholds, and the sensitivity will be higher in the low threshold setting. The Neuro-PET is calibrated with a round or elliptical phantom that approximates a patient's head; this method eliminates the effects of scatter and self-attenuation to first order. Further software corrections for these artifacts are made in the reconstruction program, which reduce the measured scatter to zero, as determined with a 5 cm cold spot. With a 1 cm cold spot, the apparent activity at the center of the cold spot is 18% of the surrounding activity, which is clearly a consequence of the limits of spatial resolution, rather than scatter. The Neuro-PET has been in clinical operation since June 1982, and approximately 30 patients have been scanned to date.
Sleep-disordered breathing and periodic limb movements in sleep in older patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Background: Since the prevalence of both sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) increase with age, we explored whether older schizophrenia patients would have a high incidence of SDB and PLMS. Correlations between sleep and clinical variables were also examined. Methods: Fifty-two patients (mean age = 59.6 years, SD = 8.9) had their sleep/wake, respiration, and leg movements recorded using a modified Medilog/Respitrace portable recording system plus oximetry. A battery of clinical, psychosocial, and motor disturbance variables were collected by research center staff. Results: Forty-eight percent of these patients had at least 10 respiratory events per hour of sleep. These patients reported more symptoms of daytime sleepiness than patients with fewer than 10 events per hour. The relatively high prevalence of SDB in this group may contribute to overall sleep disturbances, and does not appear to be a result of high body mass index. Only 14% of the patients had at least five limb movements per hour of sleep, suggesting the prevalence of PLMS is much lower than expected in this age group. The number of leg jerks was inversely related to symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. Conclusions: The disturbance of sleep in these patients may be due, in part, to SDB, but is unlikely due to PLMS.
Diffuse cavity formation in soft rot of pine

A new type of soft rot of southern pine longitudinal tracheids is described. In this type, soft-rot cavities form by diffuse degradation of the S2 cell wall layer by hyphae growing within the cell wall. Cavity formation is diffuse and irregular as opposed to the restricted, periodic cavity formation typical of type 1 soft rot. Proboscis hyphae are small (diameter 0.6 to 0.9 μm) and rapidly autolyse. These proboscis hyphae are not easily recognizable with light microscopy, especially at later stages of decay, but require transmission electron microscopy to confirm their presence. This may be an alternative interpretation of the type 2 soft rot of softwoods described previously as being caused by lumenal hyphae through an intact S3. Chemical analysis of pine test blocks revealed a greater loss of glucose and an increase of galactose with diffuse type 1 species compared to typical type 1 soft rot species. The term “diffuse type 1” is suggested to describe this soft rot.
In the Shadows of the Twin Towers: Muslim Immigrant Women's Voices Emerge

The senseless attacks of September 11 left marks of sadness on us all. In a focus group, seven young women immigrants of the Muslim faith shared incidents and reflections on the special effects the attacks left on them. Their discussions shed light on important issues and dynamics in their lives, counteracting stereotypes of them as passive or uneducated. In addition, sources of stress, primarily from discrimination and media stereotyping, were discussed. From their insights, the authors offer recommendations to help feminists raise awareness about, and acculturate to, these women in their quest to achieve without losing their culture.
Novel electron optics for large subfield electron-beam projection lithography (EPL)

In Electron-beam Projection Lithography (EPL), achieving the requirements for the ITRS 45 nm roadmap node will require decreasing simultaneously both the beam blur from the Coulomb interaction effects and the geometrical aberrations from their present values. Because next generation lithography tools are required to have both high resolution and throughput, the Coulomb effect becoems more of an issue. In this paper, we propose a novel concept to effectively decrease the Coulomb effect. Based on this new concept we develop an EPL electron optical system in which not only the Coulomb effect but also the geometrical aberrations are greatly reduced. We report on the properties of this new EPL optical system.
SOAR: SOcially Aware Routing for Request Matching in Enterprise Environments

Social networking has emerged as a powerful paradigm that connects people of similar interests. It has shown to be effective in routing queries in referral systems and cellular networks, and also in the production of frequently asked questions (FAQ) repository. In this paper, we extend its applicability to dispatch applications as part of fulfilling problem and change requests in outsourced IT environments. The proposed routing system is tested and validated using a large data set containing over 2 million problem and change records for a large number of outsourced accounts. We replay the requests to mimic the evolution of the underlying system and consider three cases.
My Journey in Grief A Mother’s Experience Following the Death of Her Daughter

My daughter was every parent’s dream. She excelled in everything she did. She was the most caring person I have ever known. She died suddenly in her 29th year from pneumonia, from working too hard, from not taking care of herself. This autoethnography, grounded in reflective inquiry, relates my journey in grief. Excerpts from my 858-page grief journal provided the foundation for this research study. Rather than stages of grief, what emerged were way stations in a desert with sails set to New Normal: Early Desert, Belly of the Whale, The Shadow of Death, Desert’s Edge, and New Normal. Challenging some long-held notions of the grief process and reinforcing others, this study provides insight borne of a mother’s experience, borne of the pain of loss
The crystal structure of activated protein C-inactivated bovine factor Va: Implications for cofactor function

In vertebrate hemostasis, factor Va serves as the cofactor in the prothrombinase complex that results in a 300,000-fold increase in the rate of thrombin generation compared with factor Xa alone. Structurally, little is known about the mechanism by which factor Va alters catalysis within this complex. Here, we report a crystal structure of protein C inactivated factor Va (A1·A3-C1-C2) that depicts a previously uncharacterized domain arrangement. This orientation has implications for binding to membranes essential for function. A high-affinity calcium-binding site and a copper-binding site have both been identified. Surprisingly, neither shows a direct involvement in chain association. This structure represents the largest physiologically relevant fragment of factor Va solved to date and provides a new scaffold for the future generation of models of coagulation cofactors.
Friendship versus Business in Marketing Relationships

Abstract Although combining friendship and business in the same relationship can be beneficial, it can also create conflict. A source of this conflict is incompatible relational expectations. True friends are expected to be unmotivated by benefits that can be used beyond the relationship (e.g., money, status), whereas business partners are, by definition, at least partly motivated by these more “instrumental” concerns. Using a role theory framework and data collected from a survey of 685 direct-selling agents, this article reports evidence that a conflict between friendship and instrumentality can undermine some of the business outcomes that friendship might otherwise foster. It also suggests that this conflict is more severe for friendships that become business relationships than for business relationships that become friendships. Study conclusions do not suggest that friendship is entirely “bad” for business and, instead, propose that friendship's influence can be both positive and negative.
Reactions of Thorium Atoms with Polyhalomethanes: Infrared Spectra of the CH2=ThX2, HC÷ThX3, and XC÷ThX3 Molecules

Laser-ablated thorium atoms react with methylene fluoride to form singlet CH2=ThF2, with fluoroform to give triplet HC÷ThF3, and with CF4 to produce triplet FC÷ThF3 molecules as the major products trapped in solid argon. Infrared spectroscopy, isotopic substitution, and density functional theoretical calculations confirm the identity of these methylidene and methylidyne complexes. Parallels with the analogous chloromethane and Group 4 metal reaction products are discussed. Structure calculations show that the C=Th bond lengths decrease and the agostic distortion increases from CH2=ThF2 to CH2=ThFCl to CH2=ThCl2 for the methylidene complexes. The triplet-state HC÷ThF3 and FC÷ThF3 electron-deficient methylidyne complexes exhibit delocalized -bonding as evidenced by spin densities comparable to those calculated for the analogous zirconium complexes. Chlorine substitution for fluorine supports stronger C÷Th bonds. Thus, thorium appears to react as the early transition-metal atoms with fluoro- and chloromethanes. However, there is a substantial contribution from Th 5f orbitals in addition to 6d in the SOMO forming the weak π-bonds in these electron-deficient methylidyne complexes.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Structural examination of the nickel site in chromatium vinosum hydrogenase: redox state oscillations and structural changes accompanying reductive activation and CO binding.

An X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of structural changes occurring at the Ni site of Chromatium vinosum hydrogenase during reductive activation, CO binding, and photolysis is presented. Structural details of the Ni sites for the ready silent intermediate state, SIr, and the carbon monoxide complex, SI−CO, are presented for the first time in any hydrogenase. Analysis of nickel K-edge energy shifts in redox-related samples reveals that reductive activation is accompanied by an oscillation in the electron density of the Ni site involving formally Ni(III) and Ni(II), where all the EPR-active states (forms A, B, and C) are formally Ni(III), and the EPR-silent states are formally Ni(II). Analysis of XANES shows that the Ni site undergoes changes in the coordination number and geometry that are consistent with five-coordinate Ni sites in forms A, B, and SIu; distorted four-coordinate sites in SIr and R; and a six-coordinate Ni site in form C. EXAFS analysis reveals that the loss of a short Ni−O bond account...
The Impacts of Transport Accessibility on Population Change across Rural, Suburban and Urban Areas: A Case Study of Wisconsin at Sub-county Levels

A large body of research has found that highways and airports have played important roles in promoting development and population growth (or decline). However, little attention has been paid to the possible spatial variation of their effects on population change. This study uses data related to population change in 1980–90 at the minor civil division level in Wisconsin to investigate the effects of highway and airport accessibility and accessibility improvements on population change across rural, suburban and urban areas. The results show that the effects vary across the three area types. In rural areas, highway improvement and airport accessibility promote population growth; in suburban areas, airport accessibility promotes population growth but highway accessibility facilitates population flows; and in urban areas, neither highways nor airports have a statistically significant effect on population change. The findings have important implications for local transport planning, as highways and airports pla...
Combined modality treatment outcomes for head and neck cancer: comparison of postoperative radiation therapy at academic vs nonacademic medical centers.

Importance Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) who undergo surgical resection in an academic medical center (AC) often receive postoperative adjuvant external beam radiation therapy (RT) at non-ACs closer to home. Few data exist to compare outcomes of these populations. Objective To evaluate treatment metrics and outcomes in patients with HNSCC who underwent surgical resection at an AC and then received postoperative adjuvant external beam RT at an AC vs a non-AC. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study in 1 AC and several community RT non-ACs of patients with primary HNSCC treated with surgery at an AC followed by adjuvant therapy at an AC or a non-AC from January 1, 2002, to January 1, 2012. Interventions We evaluated for between-groups differences in demographics, RT metrics, and survival outcomes. Subgroup analysis by tumor site was then performed. Main Outcomes and Measures Overall survival, disease-specific survival, and locoregional control rates. Results A total of 286 patients underwent surgery at the University of California, San Francisco, followed by adjuvant therapy. A total of 214 patients were analyzed. Significant differences in demographic and oncologic variables emerged, including important differences in RT metrics. Patients treated at a non-AC received a lower total RT dose, lower fractional dose, more delays in RT initiation, more breaks in RT, and more early termination of RT. Adjuvant treatment at an AC was associated with improved survival on univariate but not multivariate analysis. Subgroup analysis by SCC tumor site normalized many of the differences between groups, yet still revealed persistent differences in RT metrics. On multivariate analysis, AC treatment was not an independent predictor of survival for any tumor site. Conclusions and Relevance Better oncologic outcomes were seen in the AC group on univariate analysis, but these improved outcomes were not found on multivariate analysis. Important differences in RT metrics were noted for non-AC treatment sites compared with AC sites. Subgroup analysis by tumor site demonstrated persistent differences in treatment metrics. Standardization of adjuvant HNSCC treatment according to national guidelines should be prioritized at non-AC treatment facilities.
Language-based verification will change the world

We argue that lightweight, language-based verification is poised to enter mainstream industrial use, where it will have a major impact on software quality and reliability. We explain how language-based approaches based on so-called dependent types are already being adopted in functional programming languages, and why such methods will be successful for mainstream use, where traditional formal methods have failed.
Adolescent childbearing and high school completion

Abstract This paper examines school careers and home experiences of 14 young women who became pregnant in high school and gave birth. All had been participants in a preschool intervention study, 8 with an experimental group and 6 with a control group. Seven of the experimental females completed high school; only one of the controls did so. Comparisons are made of intelligence and achievement tests, indexes of the affective domain, and counselors' ratings. Graduates were significantly superior on almost all measures, many showing no overlap. Interviews with mothers in the participants' childhood and adolescence and also those with participants 17 to 20 years old are examined. In most cases graduation or withdrawal appeared to be over determined. Not only were graduates more competent, but family support, timing of pregnancy, parental motivation, and particularly their own ambition appeared to contribute to high school completion. It seems plausible that participation in the early intervention program contributed to the success of the group which completed high school.
Racial Differences in Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease

Summary Background and objectives This study examined differences in the concentration of markers of mineral metabolism across race in patients with advanced CKD not requiring dialysis and ESRD. Design, setting, participants, & measurements Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) were measured in stored plasmasamples of 1497 patients with advanced CKD not yet on dialysis and ESRD who participated in the Homocysteine in Kidney and End Stage Renal Disease study. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between race and 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, iPTH, and FGF-23 concentrations. ResultsNon-Hispanic white patients comprised 58% of the cohort, whereas non-Hispanic blacks comprised 42%. Median (interquartile range) FGF-23 concentrations were lower in blacks compared with whites with CKD (323 [181–655] versus 431 [232–1026] RU/ml; P,0.001) but not in ESRD. In adjusted linear regression models, blacks with CKD not requiring dialysis had significantly lower plasma FGF-23 concentrations (difference, 2159; 95% confidence interval, 2205 to 2106; P,0.001) compared with whites, independent of plasma 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, and iPTH concentrations. This difference was not observed in the ESRD group. The magnitude of correlation for the relationships between 1,25(OH)2D with iPTH, FGF-23 with 1,25(OH)2D, and FGF-23 with iPTH were stronger among blacks than whites with CKD not requiring dialysis. Conclusions In advanced CKD not requiring dialysis, blacks have lower FGF-23 concentrations than whites. Blacks with CKD and ESRD have lower 25(OH)D and higher iPTH compared with whites, independent of FGF-23 concentrations. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 7: 640–647, 2012. doi: 10.2215/CJN.07020711
Instantaneous estimation of high-order nonlinear heartbeat dynamics by Lyapunov exponents

This paper introduces a novel methodology able to provide time varying estimates of the Lyapunov Spectrum within a point process framework. The algorithm is applied to ECG-derived data to characterize heartbeat nonlinear dynamics by using a cubic autoregressive point process model. Estimation of the model parameters is ensured by the Laguerre expansion of the Wiener-Volterra kernels along with a maximum local log-likelihood procedure. In addition to the instantaneous Lyapunov exponents, as well as indices related to higher order dynamic polyspectra, our method is also able to provide all the instantaneous time domain and frequency domain measures of instantaneous heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) previously considered. Experimental results show that our method is able to track complex cardiovascular control dynamics during fast transitional gravitational changes.