cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cocaine and food deprivation: effects on food-reinforced fixed-ratio performance in pigeons.

Key pecking by 6 pigeons was maintained by a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of food presentation while body weights were 80% of free-feeding weights. Acute administration of cocaine (0.3 to 13.0 mg/kg, i.m.) dose-dependently decreased response rates. Dose-effect curves were shifted to the right when 3 of the 6 pigeons were maintained at 70% of free-feeding weights and were shifted to the left when the other 3 pigeons were maintained at 90% of free-feeding weights. Then a dose of cocaine that initially decreased response rates by more than 95% of control rates was administered before each daily session. Comparable degrees of tolerance to these rate-decreasing effects developed in the two groups. The rate at which responding recovered was relatively rapid for pigeons in the 70% free-feeding-weight group and was slower for 2 of the 3 pigeons in the 90% free-feeding-weight group. When body weights were then increased from 70% to 80% or were decreased from 90% to 80% of free-feeding weight, performance was disrupted initially only for pigeons whose weight went from 70% to 80% of free feeding. In the present experiment the degree of deprivation may have indirectly influenced the degree of tolerance that developed to cocaine's response rate-decreasing effects because it directly influenced the dose chosen to be administered chronically. The degree of deprivation appeared to have a more direct influence on the rate at which tolerance developed.
An evaluation of pin-to-pin failure propagation due to fission gas release in fuel subassemblies of liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactors

Abstract A survey is given of work performed to evaluate the potential for pin-to-pin failure propagation due to fission gas release in fuel subassemblies of LMFBRs. Reference is made to publications available in the open literature; recent experiments and analyses are dealt with in more detail. Two distinct failure propagation mechanisms are identified, namely: (1) thermal transients, and (2) mechanical loads. It is concluded that rapid and extensive pin-to-pin failure propagation due to fission gas release is not possible, even for the very high gas release rates considered.
International Organizations and Government Transparency: Linking the International and Domestic Realms

In recent years there has been an increased interest in political science in the concept of “transparency.” The literature has emphasized the effects that government transparency can have, especially on democratic consolidation. Yet there has been very little research focusing on the causes of transparency. This study discusses some of the possible factors affecting government transparency and offers several aggregate tests of their relevance. It emphasizes the mechanisms through which governments adopt institutions supporting transparency in order to signal to their societies and to external actors that the information they offer is indeed credible. It argues that such signals are more likely to be offered as the public receives increasing amounts of alternative information from international organizations. The discussion thus links processes taking place at the international level with those in the domestic realm.
Covalent Nanoparticle Assembly onto Random Copolymer Films

We present a novel class of nanoparticle-decorated surfaces: amine-functionalized silica nanoparticles covalently attached to poly(styrene-random-acrylic acid) films and carboxylic acid-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The dependence of the particle attachment kinetics on the concentration of particles in solution and acrylic acid moieties in the polymer backbone was investigated and was compared to the observed kinetics with SAM substrates. The kinetics on the polymer films included three distinct stages, which were governed by the acrylic acid concentration-dependent morphological changes of the films under the reaction conditions. The first stage was an induction period with little change in the particle coverage with time, followed by a rapid rise in the coverage, and finally a plateau. The maximum coverage achieved for the polymer films, 70%, was nearly twice that of the SAM substrates, which followed diffusion-limited coverage kinetics prior to reaching saturation. This enhanced coverage...
Competition between netropsin and restriction nuclease EcoRI for DNA binding.

We find that netropsin and netropsin analogue protect DNA from EcoRI restriction nuclease cleavage by inhibiting the binding of EcoRI to its recognition site. The drug—EcoRI competitive binding con...
Paralanguage Hierarchies in Dyads and Triads: Talking First and Talking the Most.

This research explored the phenomena of speaking-order and talking-time structures in dyads and triads. Specifically of concern was whether these modes of paralanguage were hierarchial and whether they were used consistently from one setting to another. Split-screen video recordings were made of subjects, who were strangers but of the same sex, race and approximately the same age. All the possible dyadic combinations of three persons (3) were recorded in this manner. They were then videotaped interacting in a triad setting with the same people with whom they had been in the dyad setting. The findings indicate that paralanguage hierarchies do emerge in dyads and triads and that the speaking-order and talking-time ranks correlated well between the dyad and triad.
The imitation of models and the uses of argumenta in topical invention

Medieval literature is argumentative, since it argues for an idealized vision of reality acceptable to a proposed audience. Its narrative mode is description, performed according to the principles of the art of topical invention, derived from Cicero's De Inventione. The topoi or loci are features (circumstantiae) of a person or thing that are common to it as a class, such as tempus or locus for things. When filled out, according to the point of view desired by the author, public, context, etc., they become the attributes (argumenta) of a particular human being or action. According to the author, all descriptions should be interpreted by reference to such a technique of topical invention, a method which will allow new explanations of the texts. The examples of the locus amoenus in various Latin and French works show how traditional and conventional models were adapted and specialized, by various devices, to fit new formal or conceptual intentions and new contexts. The examples and models proposed to the student learning composition by Masters such as Matthew of Vendome, were given not to be copied, but to be imitated through topical invention, that is adaptation to a particular intention, through specializing devices.
Carbon/Carbon Composite Bipolar Plate for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Carbon/carbon‐composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) have been fabricated by slurry molding a chopped‐fiber preform followed by sealing with chemically vapor‐infiltrated carbon. The resulting component is hermetic with respect to through‐thickness leakage and has a high electronic conductivity (200–300 S/cm) as a result of the deposited graphitic carbon. The material has a low density due to retained porosity resulting in a low‐weight component. Biaxial flexure strength was measured to be 175 ± 26 MPa. Cell testing of a active area, single‐sided plate indicated very low cell resistance and high efficiency, but with a somewhat steep drop‐off in voltage with current at high values. Corrosion testing indicated minimal corrosion in fuel cell environments. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Molecular weight determinations of RNA by gel electrophoresis

There are a number of methods-currently available for determining the molecular weights of RNA molecules by gel electrophoresis. This article reviews these techniques briefly and appraises the major advantages and disadvantages of each.
Homospecific activity of serum and tissue dopamine-beta-hydroxylase.

Abstract Rabbit antisera directed against human dopamine-β-hydroxylase was prepared and used to determine the amounts of enzyme protein in human sera. There was an excellent correlation between enzyme activity and amounts of immunologically active protein determined by immunotitration (correlation coefficient = 0.96). The homospecific activity of serum DBH was the same as that of soluble DBH prepared from a pheochromocytoma and the same as or slightly greater than DBH prepared from human adrenal glands obtained at autopsy. These studies show that DBH enzyme activity in serum is a reliable measure of serum DBH protein.
SF3B1 mutations in primary myelofibrosis: clinical, histopathology and genetic correlates among 155 patients.

SF3B1 mutations in primary myelofibrosis: clinical, histopathology and genetic correlates among 155 patients
The Effect of Supplementing Textual Materials with Virtual World Experiences on Learning and Engagement

This study investigated whether participating in an educational experience in the virtual world called Second Life enhances college student learning of introductory topics in the physical and behavioral sciences. Our research hypotheses were that students who complete a learning module which includes a virtual world experience and a text-based presentation will learn more than students who complete the text-based presentation alone and that they will also find this learning experience more engaging. Ten undergraduate students participated in the study. Five learned about tsunamis, first through a Second Life experience and then through a handout. They learned about schizophrenia through a handout alone. The other five learned about schizophrenia, first through a Second-Life experience and then through the handout. These students learned about tsunamis through the handout alone. Upon completion of each tutorial, participants completed an exam and two surveys. When students completed both a Second Life expe...
193 THE INOTROPIC EFFECT OF OUABAIN ON THE NEWBORN MYOCARDIUM DURING REOXYGENATION FOLLOWING HYPOXIA

193 THE INOTROPIC EFFECT OF OUABAIN ON THE NEWBORN MYOCARDIUM DURING REOXYGENATION FOLLOWING HYPOXIA
Constitutively active protein phosphatase 1α causes Rb-dependent G1 arrest in human cancer cells

Abstract Background: The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) needs to be phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) before mammalian cells can enter the S phase of the cell cycle. As protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) activates Rb and is itself a target for inhibitory phosphorylation by CDKs in vitro , we asked whether any effects of PP1 on cell cycle progression depend on its phosphorylation and are mediated through Rb. Results: Using electrotransfer of recombinant protein into Rb-positive and Rb-negative cells, we have compared the effects of a wild-type PP1 catalytic subunit, PP1 α , and a constitutively active mutant of this subunit (PP1 α T320A) on G1 progression, proliferation rates, and cell viability. In treated cells, PP1 α levels were elevated 6–16-fold and remained stable for at least 48 hours. In Rb-positive cells, PP1 α T320A, but not PP1 α , caused cell cycle arrest in late G1, which was associated with a lack of Rb phosphorylation. In Rb-negative cells, neither wild-type nor mutant phosphatase caused any change in cell cycle progression. Increased cell death was observed in both Rb-positive and Rb-negative cells, however, upon introduction of excess PP1 α . Conclusions: The difference between the effects of wild-type and mutant forms of PP1 α suggests that PP1 α has the potential to arrest cell growth in G1 unless it is inactivated by periodic phosphorylation at Thr320, presumably by CDKs that regulate passage through the G1–S cell cycle transition. Together, the effects in both cell types suggest that PP1 α requires functional Rb to induce growth arrest, and that possibly another pool of PP1 α induces cell death. This identifies PP1 as a potential target for therapeutic anti-proliferative strategies.
Fueling the engine of growth with investment in infrastructure: A lesson from neoclassical growth theory

Abstract This paper applies neoclassical growth theory to the problem of optimal investment in infrastructure. We show that the rate of investment which maximizes steady-state per capita consumption is determined by the elasticity of aggregate output with respect to this factor. Then, using a simple computational model and recent estimates of this elasticity, the gains that would result from increasing the rate of investment in infrastructure in the U.S. from its recent rate to the optimal rate are estimated.
High-salt d(CpGpCpG), a left-handed Z′ DNA double helix

The DNA tetramer d(CpGpCpG) or CGCG crystallizes from high-salt solution as a left-handed double helix, the Z' helix. Its structure differs from that of the other known left-handed helix, Z-DNA, by a Cl'-exo sugar pucker at deoxyguanosines rather than C3'-endo, and these represent two alternative solutions to the same steric constraint arising from the syn glycosyl bond orientation. The apparent molecular basis for the Z to Z' transition in going from intermediate to high salt is substitution of a bound anion for water at guanine amino groups, and consequent charge repulsion of anions and backbone phosphates.
Model for the a.c. hall effect of high-T c superconductors

The sign of the Cooper pairs in the superconducting state of the currently found high-T c superconductors can be best measured by utilizing the so-called a.c. Hall effect. In this experiment a d.c. magnetic field is applied normal to the surface of the superconductor and a planar electromagnetic wave perpendicularly polarized incident upon the sample surface. By measuring the reflected electric field polarized in the incident plane, one could determine the sign as well as the magnitude of the a.c. Hall coefficient. The measurement provides a direct means to determine the sign and density of the Cooper pairs in the superconducting state of the high-T c superconducting sample.
A multiple perspective analysis of schizophrenics' symptoms and community functioning.

The present investigation examined the extent of agreement among schizophrenic clients, hospital clinicians, and independent evaluators' views of the client's symptoms and community functioning status using the Symptom Checklist-90, the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire, and the Personal Adjustment and Role Skills Inventory. The results suggest there is significant agreement among viewpoints and that this finding is generalizable across community assessment instruments. The average shared variance among the three perspectives across the three instruments was .68. The estimates of shared variance between the SCL-90, the DCMHQ, and the PARS ranged from .54 to .85, indicating these outcome instruments measure a common phenomenon or share significant method variance. The previously assumed necessity of multiple perspective assessment as the only valid approach is challenged.
Relationship Between Hospital Volume, System Clinical Resources, and Mortality in Pancreatic Resection

Background The relationship between hospital volume and perioperative mortality in pancreaticoduodenectomy has been well established. We studied whether associations exist between hospital volume and hospital clinical resources and between both of these factors to mortality to help explain this relationship. Study Design This two-part study reviewed publicly available hospital information from the Leapfrog Group, HealthGrades, and hospital Web sites. Hospitals were evaluated for Leapfrog ICU staffing criteria and Safe Practice Score; HealthGrades five-star rating for complex gastrointestinal procedures and operations; and presence of a general surgery residency, gastroenterology fellowship, and interventional radiology. Evaluation used trend analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. The second part determined the mortality rate for pancreaticoduodenectomy using inpatient mortality data from the National Inpatient Sample and Leapfrog. Hospitals were categorized by low volume (≤ 10/year), high volume (≥ 11/year), strong clinical support (presence of all support factors), and weak clinical support (absence of any factor). Data were correlated by number of pancreatic resections per hospital, hospital system clinical resources, and operative mortality. Results As hospital volume increased, statistically significant increases occurred in the frequency of hospitals meeting Leapfrog ICU staffing criteria (p Conclusions System clinical resources were more influential in operative mortality for pancreatic resection. This might help explain why high-volume hospitals, low-volume surgeons in high-volume institutions, and some lower-volume hospitals with excellent clinical resources have lower perioperative mortality rates for pancreatic resection.
Astrocyte mediated protection of fetal cerebral cortical neurons from rotenone and paraquat

Abstract Primary cultures of fetal rat cortical neurons and astrocytes were used to test the hypothesis that astrocyte-mediated control of neuronal glutathione (GSH) is a potent factor in neuroprotection against rotenone and paraquat. In neurons, rotenone (0.025–1 μM) for 4 and 24 h decreased viability as did paraquat (2–100 μM). Rotenone (30 nM) decreased neuronal viability and GSH by 24% and 30%, while ROS were increased by 56%. Paraquat (30 μM) decreased neuronal viability and GSH by 36% and 70%, while ROS were increased by 23%. When neurons were co-cultured with astrocytes, their GSH increased 1.5 fold and 5 fold at 12 and 24 h. Co-culturing with astrocytes blocked neuronal death and damage by rotenone and paraquat. Astrocyte-mediated neuroprotection was dependent on the activity of components of the γ-glutamyl cycle. These studies illustrate the importance of astrocyte-mediated glutathione homeostasis for protection of neurons from rotenone and paraquat and the role of the γ-glutamyl cycle in this neuroprotection.
An Intronic Downstream Enhancer Promotes 3′ Splice Site Usage of a Neural Cell-specific Exon

The human nonmuscle myosin heavy chain B gene contains a 30-nucleotide alternative exon, N30, that is included in the mRNA from neural cells but is skipped in all other cells. We have previously identified an intronic distal downstream enhancer (IDDE) region that is required for neural cell-specific inclusion of N30. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which the IDDE promotes N30 exon usage. In vitro splicing analysis using neural cell nuclear extracts and two-exon pre-mRNA substrates, which consist of the N30 exon and either the upstream (E5) or downstream (E6) exon, demonstrates that the IDDE activates upstream E5-N30 splicing by facilitating early prespliceosome complex formation. The IDDE has no effect on N30-E6 splicing where the IDDE resides. Inspection of splice site consensus sequences shows that a polypyrimidine (Py) tract preceding N30 is suboptimal for U2AF binding. Optimizing the Py tract completely relieves the requirement for the IDDE in E5-N30 splicing in vitro. In transfected cells, the wild-type minigene transcripts, which consist of three exons, E5, N30, and E6, undergo neural cell-specific and IDDE-dependent alternative splicing of N30. Optimizing the Py tract in minigenes also completely relieves the requirement for the IDDE in N30 inclusion. Furthermore, overexpression of the truncated U2AF65, which contains the arginine and serine dipeptide-rich domain and linker domain, but lacks the RNA binding domain, selectively inhibits the IDDE-mediated N30 inclusion in mRNA from the wild-type minigene in a dominant negative fashion. These results support the hypothesis that the IDDE facilitates the recognition of the 3' splice site preceding N30 by a network of protein-protein interactions implicated in the recruitment of U2AF to a suboptimal Py tract.
Adaptive alterations in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria during human infection

The outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria is a dynamic structure that is capable of altering its ultrastructure and chemistry in order to adapt to changes in its environment. In human infections, outer-membrane alterations are known to play a role in mediating serum resistance, iron uptake, adaptation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to colonization of the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, and adaptive resistance to the polymyxin and aminoglycoside antibiotics. This adaptive antibiotic resistance is due to alterations in the cation binding sites within the outer membrane so that these cationic antibiotics can no longer penetrate through the membrane effectively. Adaptive resistance is not stable but is maintained only in the continued presence of the antibiotic. Hence, the role that this type of resistance to cationic antibiotics plays in clinical treatment of human infections remains inadequately assessed.
Isolation and nature of Echinenone, a provitamin A.

Abstract 1. 1. The carotenoid ketone echinenone has been isolated in crystalline form from sea-urchin gonads and identified as 4-keto-β-carotene. 2. 2. Echinenone was reduced with lithium aluminum hydride to the corresponding alcohol, isocryptoxanthin (4-hydroxy-β-carotene) that reverted to echinenone when submitted to Oppenauer oxidation.
High-throughput Immunoblotting UBIQUITIN-LIKE PROTEIN ISG15 MODIFIES KEY REGULATORS OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

ISG15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that conjugates to numerous proteins in cells treated with interferon or lipopolysaccharide. Dysregulation of protein ISG15 modification (ISGylation) in mice leads to decreased life expectancy, brain cell injury, and hypersensitivity to interferon. Although ISG15 was identified more than two decades ago, the exact biochemical and physiological functions of ISG15-modification remain unknown, and the proteins targeted by ISG15 have not been identified. The major purpose of this work was to identify ISG15 targets among well characterized proteins that could be used as models for biological studies. We purified ISGylated proteins from human thymus by immunoaffinity chromatography and analyzed ISG15 conjugates by a high-throughput Western blot screen (PowerBlotTM). We found that three key regulators of signal transduction, phospholipase Cγ1, Jak1, and ERK1 are modified by ISG15. In addition to that, we demonstrate that transcription factor Stat1, an immediate substrate of Jak1 kinase, is also ISGylated. Using whole cell protein extracts and phospholipase Cγ1 as an example we demonstrate that ISG15 conjugates are not accumulated in cells treated with specific inhibitors of proteasomes. Our work suggests a role for ISG15 in the regulation of multiple signal transduction pathways and offers attractive models to further elucidate the biochemical function of ISGylation.
Linear theory for the interaction of small-scale turbulence with overdriven detonations

To complement our previous analysis of interactions of large-scale turbulence with strong detonations, the corresponding theory of interactions of small-scale turbulence is presented here. Focusing most directly on the results of greatest interest, the ultimate long-time effects of high-frequency vortical and entropic disturbances on the burnt-gas flow, a normal-mode analysis is selected here, rather than the Laplace-transform approach. The interaction of the planar detonation with a monochromatic pattern of perturbations is addressed first, and then a Fourier superposition for two-dimensional and three-dimensional isotropic turbulent fields is employed to provide integral formulas for the amplification of the kinetic energy, enstrophy, and density fluctuations. Effects of the propagation Mach number and of the chemical heat release and the chemical reaction rate are identified, as well as the similarities and differences from the previous result for the thin-detonation (fast-reaction) limit.
Microstructural Reinforcement in the Canine Enamel of the Hyaenid Crocuta crocuta , the Felid Puma concolor and the Late Miocene Canid Borophagus secundus

In bone-eating carnivores such as the hyena Crocuta crocuta, the tooth enamel contains a secondary vertical prism decussation phyletically derived from the wavelike horizontal decussation of primitive carnivores. The structure resists fracture under vertical, oblique, and horizontal tensile stresses, owing to the following modifications of the primitive structure. Positions of wave crests and of wave troughs are synchronized in the vertically successive layers of decussating prisms. Prisms in each successive layer run in a common direction at the crests and in a common but reversed direction at the troughs. Between the crests and troughs, prisms in obliquely slanting layers often retain their primitively reversed prism directions. Near the enamel–dentine junction (EDJ), irregular horizontal decussation is retained. In the upper canine of C. crocuta, a consumer of large bones, secondary vertical decussation is largely confined to the labial and anterior sides of the crown toward the tip where modeling of the static stresses predicts the tensile stresses to be highest and aligned vertically. In Puma concolor, which does not consume large bones, secondary vertical decussation is absent, indicating stress magnitude to be a critical factor in the selection for secondary vertical decussation. The canine enamel in Borophagus secundus, an extinct canid with derived aspects of skull and dental shape like those in hyenas, has dental structures similar to those in C. crocuta but which differ in several ways. The wavelike shapes of the decussation planes are better developed in transverse sections in B. secundus than in C. crocuta, suggesting either the folds are less modified or they dip at a steeper angle. Secondary vertical decussation in B. secundus is more extensive around the circumference of the canine than in C. crocuta, related to a difference in cross-sectional shape of the tooth. Vertical prism decussation may have been more frequently attained in carnivorous mammals than in ungulates because of the more random orientation of dental stresses which creates a selective advantage for wavy decussation planes—a structural transition to vertical decussation.
Amelioration of genetic (SHR) hypertension: A consequence of early handling☆

Abstract The blood pressures of genetically hypertensive, adult rats (SHR strain) were decreased significantly (30 mm Hg) by having been handled each day as preweanlings, while control animals (WKY strain) were not. The demonstration that early postpartum manipulation of SHR rats can result in a lowered adult level of blood pressure may have implications for the participation of early environmental conditions in the degree of development of this form of essential hypertension.
Serotonin modulates the population activity profile of olfactory bulb external tufted cells.

Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei constitute one of the most prominent neuromodulatory systems in the brain. Projections from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei provide dense serotonergic in...
Parallel circuit provisioning in ESnet's OSCARS

Large-scale science applications generate great volumes of data, which are frequently stored in remote data repositories or shared with cooperating laboratories across the network through the use of advance reservation connections. The groups that utilize these data transfers would benefit from having their applications simultaneously transmit data over multiple channels in parallel. Many of today's networks do not however provide the resource-aware scheduling to support this parallelization. As part of a framework for providing said applications with parallel resource-optimized provisioning of end-to-end requests, we propose and develop a scheduling enhancement to ESnet's On-demand Secure Circuits and Advance Reservation System (OSCARS). This enhancement comes in the form of a front-end client, the behavior of which we quantitatively evaluate to compare the performance of parallel resource-provisioning to serial resource usage for both unicast and anycast scenarios.
Nonprogressive glaucomatous cupping and visual field abnormalities in young Chinese males.

Objective To describe a series of young to middle-aged men of Chinese origin who presented with a constellation of ocular findings suggestive of glaucoma, that were found to be stable over a 7-year period. Design Retrospective case series. Participants Sixteen 25- to 66-year-old male patients. Methods Medical records of the participants, of Chinese origin and referred for glaucoma evaluation over a 7-year period, were reviewed. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examinations, stereo imaging of the optic nerves, and automated perimetry. Fewer than 5% of all patients seen in this practice were of Chinese origin. The patients were observed for the duration of the study in a single glaucoma clinic. Main Outcome Measures Visual field (VF) changes or progressive optic nerve cupping suggestive of glaucoma. Results The patients had an average age of 38.9 years. Tilted discs were present in 75.0% (24/32) and peripapillary atrophy in 81.3% (26/32) of nerves. Cup-to-disc ratios ranged from 0.20 to 0.95 and averaged 0.56. The lowest intraocular pressure (IOP) in any patient at any time was 8 mmHg, whereas the highest was 29 (average range, 13.5–17.9). Intraocular pressure–lowering therapy had been used in 56.3% (9/16). There was a family history of presumed glaucoma in 25.0% (4/16) of patients. High myopia (>−6.00-diopter spherical equivalent [SE]) was present in 43.8% of eyes (14/32), and SEs ranged from −11.25 to +0.25. The most common VF defect was an arcuate defect, found in 31.3% (10/32) of patients. There were no females of Chinese origin with similar findings identified during this period. Neither optic nerve nor significant VF progression was found during the follow-up period, regardless of the use of IOP-lowering therapy. Conclusions These young Chinese patients previously diagnosed with glaucoma or considered glaucoma suspects had stable ocular findings for up to 7 years, irrespective of IOP-lowering therapy. Their condition was associated with myopia and tilted discs. Many were being treated with IOP-lowering therapy for glaucoma, a condition they may not have had. Further prospective epidemiologic study is needed to determine whether such a constellation of nonprogressive findings is more common in young Chinese males than in the general population.
Physical structure and molecular cloning of equine cytomegalovirus DNA

Abstract Restriction endonuclease (RE) mapping studies and molecular hybridization analyses were conducted to determine the molecular structure of the genome of equine cytomegalovirus (ECMV). The ECMV genome is a linear, double-stranded DNA with a molecular size of 126 ± 0.6 MDa (189 kbp). A library of cloned BamHI, EcoRI, and HindIII fragments of the viral genome was used to construct RE maps. Individual 32P-labeled cloned DNA fragments were hybridized to Southern blots of viral genomic DNA digested to completion with BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, or SalI. These analyses revealed that the ECMV genome consists of a 97-MDa unique long region which is bracketed by repeated sequences. At one terminus of the genome, a 21.3-MDa segment of repeated sequences with no apparent unique sequences was identified. At the other terminus, a 6-MDa unique region bracketed by 2.4-MDa repeat segments was identified. No submolar RE fragments were identified upon digestion of the ECMV genome with BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, Sall, or other REs, including BclI, BglII, NruI, and XbaI. The genome possesses only two termini as judged by λ exonuclease digestion and by T4 DNA polymerase end-labeling of the intact DNA followed by digestion with BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, SalI, BclI, BglII, NruI, or XbaI. In addition, Southern blot analysis of DNA extracted from ECMV-infected rabbit kidney cells revealed that only one viral DNA fragment within the intracellular viral DNA pool contains fused genomic termini. Taken together, these observations indicate that the ECMV genome does not isomerize and suggest that the genome of ECMV may be unique among those of the herpesviruses and especially those of the beta herpesviruses (cytomegaloviruses) since it contains regions of extensive internal homology yet does not undergo isomerization. Lastly, the relatively small size of the viral genome indicates an evolutionary diversification among the cytomegaloviruses.
Perceptions of Society for Vascular Surgery Members and Surgery Department Chairs of the Integrated 0 + 5 Vascular Surgery Training Paradigm

Introduction As the first generation of integrated (0 + 5) vascular surgery (VS) residents enter the job market, this survey sought to understand how the surgical community perceives this training paradigm. Methods An anonymous online survey was e-mailed to surgery chairpersons (n = 193) and Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) members (n = 2193) in the United States/Canada with 26% (n = 38) and 14% (n = 309) response rates, respectively. Respondents were asked about their practice background, residency program, hiring patterns, and perceptions of the 0 + 5 training. Results Response rates were 26% (n = 38) and 14% (n = 309) for surgery chairpersons and SVS members, respectively. SVS respondents were from academic (62%) and private (38%) practices and included staff surgeons (62%), program directors (15%), and division chiefs (22%). Only 33% had a 0 + 5 program, and 57% had a VS fellowship. Overall, 94% were likely to hire a new vascular surgeon in the next 5 years. In some categories, SVS respondents believed 0 + 5 residents would be less prepared than 5 + 2 residents. Only 32% thought that 0 + 5 residents have the same level of surgical maturity, and 36% thought that they have the same level of open operative skills as 5 + 2 trainees. Another 34% thought 0 + 5 residents will need additional fellowship training in open surgery. However, there was also a general perception from SVS respondents that 0 + 5 residents would be prepared for clinical practice (67%) and would have equal endovascular skills to 5 + 2 trainees (92%). The chairpersons had similar perceptions as SVS members. Both SVS members (88%) and chairpersons (86%) would consider interviewing a 0 + 5 graduate for faculty position; 83% and 72%, respectively, would consider hiring. Moreover, 93% of SVS respondents who currently have a 0 + 5 program and 86% of SVS respondents who do not would consider hiring a 0 + 5 graduate. Both SVS members (62%) and chairpersons (50%) believed the 0 + 5 paradigm is essential for the advancement of VS. Conclusions Overall perceptions of 0 + 5 graduates were positive and indicated their likely acceptance into the VS workforce. Although there were some reservations regarding the 0 + 5 graduates’ maturity level and open operative skills, the surgical community was willing to interview and hire these trainees for staff positions. Further follow-up will be required to evaluate their performance in clinical practice.
Simulation of nanowire tunneling transistors: From the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation to full-band phonon-assisted tunneling

Nanowire band-to-band tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) are simulated using the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation and an atomistic, full-band quantum transport solver including direct and phonon-assisted tunneling (PAT). It is found that the WKB approximation properly works if one single imaginary path connecting the valence band (VB) and the conduction band (CB) dominates the tunneling process as in direct band gap semiconductors. However, PAT is essential in Si and Ge nanowire TFETs where multiple, tightly-coupled, imaginary paths exist between the VB and the CB.
The effect of root zone temperature on nutrient uptake of tomato

Abstract Tomato (Lvcopersicon esculentum cv. Burpee ‘Big Boy Hybrid') was grown in a growth chamber under six root zone temperature treatments: 10, 15.6, 21.1, 26.7, 32.2, and 37.8 ‘c with four replications per treatment. Ambient air temperature was 21.1 °C. The experiment was repeated three times and the treatments were completely randomized. All treatments received the same nutrient concentrations. Nutrient uptake for each element generally peaked at 26.7 °C. Uptake of all mineral elements was significantly different with each temperature treatment except for B, Fe, and Mo which did not respond to temperature. Root and shoot dry weight, rate of shoot growth, plant height, and water use also peaked at 25 °C. Optimal temperature appears to be approximately 25 °C for uptake of the majority of mineral elements and all plant growth responses measured.
On the representation formula for well‐ordered elastic composites: a convergence of measure approach

The aim of this paper is to derive an integral representation formula for the effective elasticity tensor for a two-component well-ordered composite of elastic materials without using a third reference medium and without assuming the completeness of the eigenspace of the operator Ĝ defined in (2.16) in (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1984; 32(1):41–62). As shown in (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 1984; 32(1):41–62) and (Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2006; 29(6):655–664), this integral representation formula implies a relation which links the effective elastic moduli to the N-point correlation functions of the microstructure. Such relation not only facilitates a powerful scheme for systematic incorporation of microstructural information into bounds on the effective elastic moduli but also provides a theoretical foundation for de-homogenization. The analysis presented in this paper can be generalized to an n-component composite of elastic materials. The relations developed here can be applied to the de-homogenization for a special class of linear viscoelastic composites. The results will be presented in another paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polycarbonate Ophthalmic Lenses And Night Vision Goggles In U.S. Army Aviation

U.S. Army aviators use the AN/PVS-5 Night Vision Goggles (NVG) with a modified faceplate which enables wearing of corrective spectacles, when required. The next generation NVGs, the Aviator Night Vision Imaging System (ANVIS), permit spectacle wear by design. With only glass lenses available to the aviator requiring optical correction, there is a potential for eye injury from broken glass should the goggles be displaced accidentally. This paper discusses studies conducted at the U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, Fort Rucker, Alabama to: (1) compare the impact resistance of glass, CR-39 (plastic), and polycarbonate lenses to simulated NVG tubes, (2) establish the approximate forces necessary to cause glass lens breakage by displaced NVG tubes, and (3) determine the performance of polycarbonate lenses in the aviation environment. Results demonstrate the significant improvement in impact-resistance afforded by polycarbonate ophthalmic lenses, verify the relatively low forces necessary to cause NVG displacement and subsequent glass lens breakage, and establish the feasibility of prescribing polycarbonate lenses for use by aviation personnel.
Improving the Transportability of CBT for Internalizing Disorders in Children

Research provides strong support for the efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for the treatment of childhood internalizing disorders. Given evidence for limited dissemination and implementation of CBT outside of academic settings, efforts are underway to improve its transportability so that more children with mental health needs may benefit from treatment. Creative modifications to existing treatments aim to deliver CBT for anxiety disorders and depression in a more transportable format. Notable progress has been made within the areas of computerized CBT, camp-based CBT, school-based CBT, and CBT delivered through primary care settings. These approaches are discussed within the context of key elements of transportability that are particularly germane to the dissemination and implementation of child treatments.
Mixed H2/H∞ Control for State-Delayed Linear Systems and a LMI Approach to the Solution of Coupled AREs

In this paper, the state-feedback mixed H 2 /H ∞ control problem for state-delayed linear systems is considered. Sufficient conditions for the solvability of this problem are given in terms of the solution to a pair of algebraic Riccati equations similar to the nondelayed case. However, these Riccati equations are more difficult to solve than those arising in the pure H 2 , H ∞ problems, and an alternative approach is to solve a pair of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).
Discussion: Community Facilities and Services: An Economic Framework for Analysis

Professor Day's paper may be divided into three parts: (a) a definition of community services and facilities, (b) consideration of optimization versus suboptimization in economic models, and (c) a review of selected current and proposed research topics. I would judge the last to be the most useful of the three parts, although I find it difficult to discuss a review of selected literature. Declaration of sins of omission is not quite cricket, and
Acculturation, drinking, and alcohol abuse and dependence among Hispanics in the Texas-Mexico border.

Background: Acculturation has been linked to an increased prevalence of alcohol-related problems. However, most of the research has been conducted with Hispanic populations in metropolitan areas of the United States, none of which is on the U.S.-Mexico border. This study examines the association between acculturation, heavy episodic drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence among Hispanics in the Texas-Mexico border. Methods: The study used data from a survey conducted (2002 to 2003) along the Texas-Mexico border and included 472 male and 484 female Hispanic adults from El Paso, the Rio Grande Valley, and colonias. Based on the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II scale, respondents were coded into 4 acculturation categories:"very Mexican oriented,"Mexican bicultural,"Anglo bicultural,"or"very Anglo/Anglicized.". Results: Acculturation was related to lower rates of alcohol use disorders among men and a higher frequency of heavy episodic drinking among women. Multivariate analyses indicate that men who report heavy episodic drinking and those who are"very Mexican,"bicultural Mexican,"or"bicultural Anglo"are more at higher risk for alcohol abuse and/or dependence compared with"very Anglo/Anglicized"men. For women, acculturation level did not predict alcohol disorders. Statistical analyses included testing for bivariate associations and multivariate logistic regression predicting heavy episodic drinking alcohol abuse or dependence. Conclusions: This study suggests that acculturation has different effects on drinking for men and women. This finding needs some attention as literature also indicates that women drink more and may develop more alcohol-related problems as they acculturate. This increase in women's drinking is probably because of U.S. society's more liberal norms governing female drinking. The"bimodal"distribution of risk, in which only men in"very Anglo"group are at a lower risk than the others, may be unique to the Border. The association between acculturation and alcohol use disorders does not appear to be linear and the effect of acculturation is not uniform on individuals' drinking behavior. Language: en
Modeling and scanning of lightguides for Pb/SCIFI calorimeters

Abstract Calorimeters containing embedded arrays of scintillating fibers often require uniform-acceptance lightguides to gather, mix and transport light from the end face of the module to a photo-sensitive detector. To optimize such devices, we have built a flexible lightguide scanning station which imitates the distribution of light coming from an array of scintillating fibers. This system has been used to map the photocathode response of photomultiplier tubes, the transmission uniformity of lightguides and the performance of detector-lightguide combinations. Additionally, we have developed a ray-trace modeling program which accurately reproduces the experimental results. These tools are described in the context of our own application-specific examples, while their general nature makes them attractive in other situations where lightguides are involved. Finally, the effect of lightguide non-uniformity is evaluated in order to estimate the systematic contribution to the calorimeter energy resolution description.
Staged Correction of Total Transposition of the Great Vessels

Proper selection of palliative operation for transposition of the great vessels must be based on a careful anatomical and physiological diagnosis. Subsequent correction, utilizing the interatrial baffle technique, is possible with low risk in selected patients. Details of the clinical course of four patients with transposition from birth to total correction are presented.
The significance of low molecular weight, metallothionein-like proteins in marine invertebrates: Current status

Abstract Low molecular weight, metal-binding proteins have been shown to occur in several marine invertebrate species. The molecular weights, metal contents, and induction of these proteins by metals such as cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury suggest close similarities to metallothionein, a sulphydrl-rich, metal-binding protein of widespread occurrence in vertebrates. Metallothionein has, to date, been identified in two species of brachyuran crabs. The identity of the protein in other marine invertebrate groups such as molluscs is still to be determined. Continued study of the metal-binding proteins will undoubtedly contribute to our understanding of both the normal metabolism and toxicology of certain trace metals in marine species. It appears that these proteins may be involved in the sequestration and detoxification of metals. Organisms which have been exposed to metals such as cadmium, zinc, copper, or mercury in the laboratory or field exhibit enhanced levels of metals which are associated with the metal-binding proteins. Additional studies will be required in order to determine the biochemical and physiological significance of such bound metals.
Volumetric bone mineral density at the spine and hip in Chinese American and White women

This study evaluated racial differences in bone size and volumetric density at the spine and hip in pre- and postmenopausal Chinese American and White women. Compared with White women, Chinese American women have greater cortical volumetric bone density (vBMD) at the hip, congruent with the results at the peripheral skeleton. Chinese American women have lower rates of fracture than White women despite lower areal bone density. At the forearm and tibia, however, Chinese American women have higher cortical vBMD as well as greater trabecular and cortical thickness, but smaller bone area as measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) compared with White women. Since HR-pQCT data are obtained at peripheral sites, it is unclear whether these differences are relevant to the clinically important lumbar spine and hip. This study assesses racial differences in bone size and vBMD at the spine and hip in Chinese American and White women. QCT of the spine and hip was measured to assess racial differences in bone size, structure, and vBMD in pre- (n = 83) and postmenopausal (n = 50) Chinese American and White women. Data were adjusted for weight, height, physical activity, total calcium intake, parathyroid hormone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Among premenopausal women, lumbar spine trabecular vBMD was 5.8% greater in Chinese American versus White women (p = 0.01). At the hip, cortical vBMD was 3% greater at the femoral neck (p = 0.05) and 3.6% greater at the total hip (p = 0.01) in premenopausal Chinese American compared with White women. Among postmenopausal women, there was no difference in lumbar spine trabecular vBMD. Cortical vBMD was 4% greater at the total hip (p = 0.02) and tended to be greater at the femoral neck (p = 0.058) in Chinese American versus White women. Consistent with earlier findings in the peripheral skeleton, cortical vBMD is greater at the hip in Chinese American versus White women.