cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neuroprotection of α-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone on the neonatal white matter is associated with anti-inflammation

Abstract Our previous study has demonstrated that α-phenyl- tert -butyl-nitrone (PBN) provided neuroprotection to the neonatal white matter following cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Free radical scavenging was involved in the neuroprotection of PBN. To investigate if other mechanisms contribute to the neuroprotection of PBN, postnatal day 4 SD rats were subjected to bilateral common carotid artery ligation, followed by 8% oxygen exposure for 20 min. A single dose of PBN (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was given prior to the hypoxic exposure. Expression of inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was determined by RT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Activation of transcriptional factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was measured by ELISA. PBN significantly inhibited HI-induced up-regulation of IL-1β, TNF-α and iNOS mRNA expression at 4 h following HI. PBN treatment also reduced the brain concentration of IL-1β significantly and decreased the number of IL-1β- or iNOS-expressing cells in the white matter area at 12 h following HI. Moreover, PBN suppressed the HI-induced NF-κB activation at 1 h after HI. The overall results indicate that besides free radical scavenging, anti-inflammation might partly contribute to the neuroprotection afforded by PBN on neonatal white matter following cerebral HI.
Spring ahead or fall back? Exploring the nature of resumption errors

It has long been known that interruptions can be disruptive, but the details on where people resume an interrupted task have been largely overlooked by the literature. This paper describes an exploratory study to understand where people resume a task following an interruption. The findings suggest that people are significantly more likely to commit an error on the first step immediately following an interruption than on non-interrupted steps. Furthermore, people seem more likely to repeat a step than skip a step during these resumption errors. Finally, this trend toward repeating steps disappears in errors of non-interrupted steps.
Microfluidic Based Ka-Band Beam-Scanning Focal Plane Array

An eight-element 1-D Ka-band focal plane array (FPA) capable of beam scanning based on microfluidic principles is presented. The FPA is placed at the back surface of an 8-cm-diameter extended hemispherical Rexolite ( $\varepsilon_{\rm r}=2.56$ , $\tan\delta=0.0026$ ) lens and consists of interconnected microfluidic reservoirs and channels constructed by bonding polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) ( $\varepsilon_{\rm r}=2.8$ , $\tan\delta=0.02$ ) and liquid crystal polymer (LCP) ( $\varepsilon_{\rm r}=2.9$ , $\tan\delta=0.0025$ ) substrates. The antenna element of the array is a small volume (2.5 $\mu$ L) of liquid metal residing inside a low-loss Fluorinert FC-77 ( $\varepsilon_{\rm r}=1.9$ , $\tan\delta=0.0005$ ) solution. The array beam is scanned by moving the liquid-metal antenna among the reservoirs using an external pump. The proximity-coupled feed network of the array is passive and designed strategically to accommodate the position variation of the liquid-metal antenna element. The array operates with measured $7^{\circ}$ half-power beamwidth (HPBW), $>$ 21 dB realized gain, and 3.3% $\vert{ S}_{11}\vert dB bandwidth and provides $\pm 30^{\circ}$ beam-scanning range. The presented microfluidic-based beam-scanning technique operates without resorting to RF switches. Consequently, it is promising for high-power handling and low-cost realization of millimeter-wave high-gain beam-scanning antenna arrays.
Punishment and Discretion in Mill's Utilitarianism

I argue that a notorious passage from Utilitarianism concerning the relationship between morality and blameworthiness need not be an obstacle to a consistent act-utilitarian interpretation of Mill's moral theory. First, the Art of Life provides a framework for reconciling Mill's evaluation of conduct in terms of both expediency and blameworthiness. Like contemporary sophisticated act-utilitarians, Mill treats expediency as the more fundamental category of evaluation. Second, textual evidence suggests that, on Mill's view, evaluations of blameworthiness are not strictly bound by rules, despite rule-ish considerations about punishment and discretion. Third, Mill's own jurisdictional account in terms of competent decision-making remains consistent with the act-utilitarian interpretation.
Cyclic ADP-ribose: a new member of a super family of signalling cyclic nucleotides.

Cyclic nucleotides are second messengers exerting their cellular effects mainly through protein phosphorylation. A new member of this family, cyclic ADP-ribose, is involved, instead, in mediating mobilization of Ca+2 from intermal stores. The structure of this nucleotide has now been determined by X-ray crystallography and accumulating evidence indicates it may be an endogenous modulator of the Ca+2 release mechanism. This article summarizes the current knowledge of the structure, the mechanism of action and the metabolic enzymes of this novel nucleotide. With this new addition, the signalling functions of the cyclic nucleotide family are now extended from protein phosphorylation to Ca+2 signalling.
Scientific overview of hormone treatment used for rejuvenation.

A search for a hormonal fountain of youth has been hotly pursued over the last century, predominately by those who wish to market hormones to a gullible public. There is little or no benefit of hormone replacement in persons who do not have a hormone deficiency. Overall, the present state of the art suggests that the findings have been disappointing. In persons who fail to get adequate sunlight, and therefore have low vitamin D levels, vitamin D replacement appears to have positive effects, including decreasing mortality. Testosterone in hypogonadal males has a number of positive effects such as improving libido and erectile capacity, increasing strength and bone mineral density, and perhaps having a small effect on cognition. These effects need to be balanced against long-term side effects, the evidence for which studies are lacking. There is little evidence to recommend DHEA, pregnenolone, growth hormone, ghrelin, or melatonin to older persons. Overall, exercise, adequate exposure to sunlight, and adequate dietary protein appear to have at least as positive an effect as any of the hormones being used to rejuvenate older persons.
Control of fouling in a spirally-ribbed water chilled tube with electronic anti-fouling technology

The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of using electronic anti-fouling (EAF) technology to control precipitation fouling in a spirally-ribbed tube commonly used in chillers. Fouling experiments were conducted with two new tubes: one with an EAF treatment and the other without it. Brush punching of a fouled tube with an enhanced spin-grit brush cleaned almost all of the scale above the fins for the case with the EAF treatment, thus recovering 90% of the initial overall heat transfer coefficient values. However, for the case without the EAF treatment, the spin-grit brush punching was not effective in removing scale. The present experiment indicated that the EAF technology could be used to control precipitation fouling in a spirally-ribbed tube.
Nutrient Removal from Wastewater Effluent Using an Ecological Water Treatment System

This study investigated the use of a periphyton−fish system for removal of phosphorus and nitrogen from treated wastewater. In the periphyton−fish system, water flows through a series of vessels, and nutrients are taken up by periphyton growing on screens. Algal-grazing fish feed on the periphyton and either assimilate the nutrients into fish tissue or egest the nutrients in mucus-bound feces that settle from the water into a sediment trap. Both the fish and their feces can be harvested as nutrient sinks. To test this concept, effluent was pumped from a final clarifier at a wastewater treatment facility through a series of twelve 375-L mesocosms, each containing screens for periphyton growth and an average of 161 g of Tilapia mossambica, an algal-grazing cichlid. The system removed nutrients at an average rate of 27 mg of total phosphorus (TP) m-2 d-1 and 108 mg of total nitrogen (TN) m-2 d-1 and reduced wastewater TP and TN by 82% and 23%, respectively.
Proximal tubule sphingosine kinase-1 has a critical role in A1 adenosine receptor-mediated renal protection from ischemia

Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury is a major cause of acute kidney injury. We previously found that renal A 1 adenosine receptor (A 1 AR) activation attenuated multiple cell death pathways including necrosis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Here, we tested whether induction of cytoprotective sphingosine kinase (SK)-1 and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) synthesis might be the mechanism of protection. A selective A 1 AR agonist (CCPA) increased the synthesis of S1P and selectively induced SK1 in mouse kidney and HK-2 cells. This agonist failed to protect SK1-knockout but protected SK2-knockout mice against renal ischemia–reperfusion injury indicating a critical role of SK1 in A 1 AR-mediated renal protection. Inhibition of SK prevented A 1 AR-mediated defense against necrosis and apoptosis in HK-2 cells. A selective S1P 1 R antagonist (W146) and global in vivo gene knockdown of S1P 1 Rs with small interfering RNA completely abolished the renal protection provided by CCPA. Mice selectively deficient in renal proximal tubule S1P 1 Rs (S1P 1 R f/f PEPCK Cre/– ) were not protected against renal ischemia–reperfusion injury by CCPA. Mechanistically, CCPA increased nuclear translocation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in HK-2 cells and selective hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibition blocked A 1 AR-mediated induction of SK1. Thus, proximal tubule SK1 has a critical role in A 1 AR-mediated protection against renal ischemia–reperfusion injury.
Characterization of a Presenilin-mediated Amyloid Precursor Protein Carboxyl-terminal Fragment γ EVIDENCE FOR DISTINCT MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN γ-SECRETASE PROCESSING OF THE APP AND Notch1 TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS

A variety of investigations have led to the conclusion that presenilins (PS) play a critical role in intramembranous, gamma-secretase proteolysis of selected type I membrane proteins, including Notch1 and amyloid precursor protein (APP). We now show that the generation of the S3/Notch intracellular domain and APP-carboxyl-terminal fragment gamma (CTFgamma) derivatives are dependent on PS expression and inhibited by a highly selective and potent gamma-secretase inhibitor. Unexpectedly, the APP-CTFgamma derivative is generated by processing between Leu-645 and Val-646 (of APP(695)), several amino acids carboxyl-terminal to the scissile bonds for production of amyloid beta protein peptides. Although the relationship of APP-CTFgamma to the production of amyloid beta protein peptides is not known, we conclude that in contrast to the highly selective PS-dependent processing of Notch, the PS-dependent gamma-secretase processing of APP is largely nonselective and occurs at multiple sites within the APP transmembrane domain.
Report says Gulf of Mexico oil spill assessment should include ecosystem services approach

The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that resulted from the 20 April 2010 explosion of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) platform drilling the Macondo well was so massive and affected such a large and deep region of the gulf that the process of determining environmental damage in the region should be more encompassing than a typical habitat and resource equivalency approach, according to a 9 November report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC). The congressionally requested report calls for an ecosystem services approach to complement ongoing approaches to the damage evaluation for the spill that is being conducted through the ongoing Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) process triggered by the U.S. Oil Pollution Act (OPA) of 1990.
Morphologic hippocampal asymmetry in male and female rats

Abstract Our findings indicate that the hippocampus of the rat varies in structure in the right and left hemispheres and in males and females. A morphologic study of the thickness of the dorsal hippocampus was carried out on celloidin-embedded histologic sections from male, Long-Evans rats of the following ages: 6, 10, 14, 26, 41, 55, 77, 90, 108, 185, 300, 400, and 650 days. Between 15 and 25 rats per age group were used, a total of 225 male rats. In addition, the hippocampi were measured on 47 Long-Evans female, 90-day-old rats: 11 normal and 36 animals ovariectomized one day after birth. We found that in males the right hippocampus was significantly thicker than the left for some but not all age groups. In the female at 90 days of age, the left hippocampus was thicker than the right. This left-right pattern in the female hippocampus did not reverse, as it did in the cerebral cortex after ovariectomy at birth.
Clinical and hemodynamic studies of tricuspid stenosis.

Five patients with tricuspid stenosis accompanying mitral stenosis were studied. The characteristic features include a diastolic rumbling murmur in the tricuspid area, accentuated by inspiration, prominent "a" wave in the jugular pulse, prominent P wave in the electrocardiogram, absence of physical or electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular hypertrophy, and disproportionate right atrial enlargement by fluoroscopy. The diagnosis may be confirmed by the presence of a significant diastolic pressure gradient across the tricuspid valve. Mitral valvuloplasty alone produces no improvement. The concept of "functional tricuspid stenosis" is introduced and a one-stage operative technic for both mitral and triscuspid valvuloplasty described.
EGFR enhances early healing after cutaneous incisional wounding.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been implicated in the regulation of wound healing. In order to directly evaluate the role of endogenous EGFR in cutaneous incisional wound healing, we examined EGFR null- and wild-type skin after injury. By 5 d after wounding, re-epithelialization was complete in all EGFR wild-type wounds, but in only 40% of EGFR null wounds. Delayed wound closure in EGFR null skin was accompanied by an increase in edema, longer lasting and more prominent eschar, and increased distance between apposing wound edges. EGFR altered neutrophil and mast cell infiltration, and enhanced angiogenesis. EGFR enhanced epithelial proliferation during the first 3 d following injury, although proliferation was greater in EGFR null wounds at 5 d. Although migration was decreased in EGFR null keratinocytes cultured with standard medium or in medium supplemented with transforming growth factor-α when compared with controls, the addition of the wound-associated motogen keratinocyte growth factor eliminated the differences between genotypes. Epithelial migration into the wound was decreased in EGFR null skin, suggesting that both EGFR-dependent and -independent mechanisms regulate migration during wound healing. These data demonstrate that EGFR regulates multiple facets of cutaneous wound healing, including inflammation, wound contraction, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis.
Delayed Oviposition Observed in Hens Fed Purified Diets

Abstract In the course of studies of the amino acid requirements for egg production, we have observed a number of instances of delayed oviposition in birds fed purified control diets. Normally, an egg remains in the uterus from 19 to 24 hours, according to Warren and Scott (1935a, 1935b), and during the last 13 hours the egg has a hard shell. Scott and Warren (1936) found no evidence for the belief that “the clutch was terminated by the holding over until the next morning of the egg which was scheduled to be laid at an abnormal period, late afternoon or night.” Scott (1940) reported that disturbing hens by catching and moving them was occasionally followed by delayed oviposition and that the subsequent egg, which entered the uterus before the first egg was laid, was usually malformed. Rothchild and Fraps (1944) observed that oviposition of an egg was delayed for 1 to . . .
“Iustitia Christi” and “Iustitia Dei”: Luther and the Scholastic Doctrines of Justification*

The ever-increasing respect for Luther among Roman Catholic theologians and historians of Christian thought is not only a sign of but also a significant contributing factor to contemporary ecumenical openness — especially so in Germany. Yet at the same time we should realize that this more positive evaluation of Luther is based on the conviction that the reformer was born under the star of heresy. While it is granted that he articulated the biblical message of sin, grace and forgiveness in Christ within the context of the late medieval nominalism in which he was reared, it is exactly this context which is regarded as essentially a-catholic or even as anti-catholic to the extent that it obstructed Luther's grasp of the full and true catholic tradition in the Middle Ages. Therefore, from the very beginning, access to the specifically Catholic tradition had been denied to Luther.
Thermoelectric power of NiCu and NiRh alloys

Abstract Thermoelectric power data between 4.2 and 300°K are presented for NiCu alloys and NiRh alloys near their critical compositions for ferromagnetism.
Purification and properties of UDPG dehydrogenase from beef liver.

UDPG dehydrogenase (UDPglucose:NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.22) has been purified from fresh beef liver homogenate by extraction at pH 4.9, ammonium sulfate fractionation between 0.3–0.5 saturation, treatment at 60 °, and pH 4.9 for 1 min, refractionation with ammonium sulfate between 0.35–0.45 saturation, adsorption onto and fractional elution from calcium phosphate gel, chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose, and finally, chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The purified enzyme is homogenous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and agar immunodiffusion. Upon sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient there was complete coincidence between protein and enzyme activity. Ultracentrifugal sedimentation velocity analysis at pH 7.0 showed a symmetrical peak with a S20,w of 12.8; at pH 5.5 two peaks corresponding to 13 and 20.4 S20,w were present. The turnover number of the enzyme, assuming a molecular weight of 3 × 105, under optimal conditions at 30 ° was 1050 moles UDP-glucose oxidized per minute per mole enzyme. Dehydrogenase activity against dTDP-glucose and GDP-glucose is due to the same protein as that catalyzing the oxidation of UDP-glucose. No activity could be detected with UDP-galactose, UDP-mannose, or GDP-mannose.
Modeling electrokinetically-enhanced aggregate remediation

Abstract Electrokinetic remediation is one of the fundamental approaches to remediating contaminated soil, but there is considerable confusion about when and how this approach offers competitive advantages over remediation alternatives. A model is presented that will help remediation engineers determine the potential value of using electromobility-enhanced aggregate remediation to accelerate the rate at which sequestered contamination is transferred to the liquid phase where it can be managed by some other mass transfer process. Simulations are presented to compare the rate of electromobility-enhanced remediation to diffusion-driven remediation of “old contamination” aggregates. Simulations demonstrate that when the contaminated aggregates are small, there is little advantage in electrokinetic acceleration, but when the aggregates are sufficiently large, electromobility-enhanced remediation can accomplish in a short time (days) what would otherwise take a very long time (possibly years) to complete.
The octamer is the major form of CENP-A nucleosomes at human centromeres

Centromere protein A (CENP-A) is a histone H3 variant that specifies centromere location, but the histone composition and stoichiometry of CENP-A nucleosomes have been controversial. ChIP-seq and biochemical analyses of in vitro–reconstituted CENP-A nucleosomes now demonstrate that the predominant form at functional centromeres is an octamer with loose DNA ends.
Sampled-data control of a nonlinear system

Abstract Sampled-data proportional control of an exothermic CSTR has been studied using the classical linear analysis and by the application of the averaging te
Assessment of Linkage Disequilibrium by the Decay of Haplotype Sharing, with Application to Fine-Scale Genetic Mapping

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) is of great interest for gene mapping and the study of population history. We propose a multilocus model for LD, based on the decay of haplotype sharing (DHS). The DHS model is most appropriate when the LD in which one is interested is due to the introduction of a variant on an ancestral haplotype, with recombinations in succeeding generations resulting in preservation of only a small region of the ancestral haplotype around the variant. This is generally the scenario of interest for gene mapping by LD. The DHS parameter is a measure of LD that can be interpreted as the expected genetic distance to which the ancestral haplotype is preserved, or, equivalently, 1/(time in generations to the ancestral haplotype). The method allows for multiple origins of alleles and for mutations, and it takes into account missing observations and ambiguities in haplotype determination, via a hidden Markov model. Whereas most commonly used measures of LD apply to pairs of loci, the DHS measure is designed for application to the densely mapped haplotype data that are increasingly available. The DHS method explicitly models the dependence among multiple tightly linked loci on a chromosome. When the assumptions about population structure are sufficiently tractable, the estimate of LD is obtained by maximum likelihood. For more-complicated models of population history, we find means and covariances based on the model and solve a quasi-score estimating equation. Simulations show that this approach works extremely well both for estimation of LD and for fine mapping. We apply the DHS method to published data sets for cystic fibrosis and progressive myoclonus epilepsy.
A group bridge approach for variable selection

In multiple regression problems when covariates can be naturally grouped, it is important to carry out feature selection at the group and within-group individual variable levels simultaneously. The existing methods, including the lasso and group lasso, are designed for either variable selection or group selection, but not for both. We propose a group bridge approach that is capable of simultaneous selection at both the group and within-group individual variable levels. The proposed approach is a penalized regularization method that uses a specially designed group bridge penalty. It has the oracle group selection property, in that it can correctly select important groups with probability converging to one. In contrast, the group lasso and group least angle regression methods in general do not possess such an oracle property in group selection. Simulation studies indicate that the group bridge has superior performance in group and individual variable selection relative to several existing methods.
Queering the Seventeenth Century: Historicism, Queer Theory, and Early Modern Literature

This article explores the continuing prevalence of historicism and queer theory in seventeenth-century literature. While some scholars have announced the demise of new historicism and queer theory and others have challenged these critical perspectives’ methodologies and assumptions, scholarship on the history of sexuality published within the past ten years demonstrates the continuing importance of historicist and queer theories on seventeenth-century literary criticism. Queer historicists, also called alteritists, constructivists, or differentialists, argue that the seventeenth century's constructions of same-sex sexual practices, desires, and emotions are fundamentally different from those of the present day. Challenges to this position maintain that early modern representations of same-sex eroticism share some continuity with those of today. Through an examination of scholarship on female same-sex erotics, passionate male friendship, constructions of ‘sodomy’ as a legal and social category, the exiling of homoeroticism from the center of government to the margins of society, and depictions of same-sex desire in the theater during the seventeenth century, this piece concludes that queer historicism remains a dominant voice in early modern studies.
Mechanisms and consequences of selective oviposition by the zebra swallowtail butterfly

Abstract Zebra swallowtail butterflies, Eurytides marcellus, were studied in the field to determine (1) whether the behavioural response of a female to host plant individuals, pawpaws (Asimina spp.), correlated with characteristics of the plant foliage, (2) whether selective oviposition improved larval survivorship, and (3) how unpredictable plant qualities affected the translation of female choice into larval success. Females laid eggs preferentially on pawpaws bearing the youngest leaves, while non-hosts and pawpaws bearing mostly mature leaves were rejected before or after the females touched the plant. By rejecting unsuitable plants early in evaluation, females concentrated their time and risk on the plants most likely to provide an oviposition site. Larvae survived longer on oviposition plants than on plants that were rejected, but unpredictable components of plant quality, particularly predation on larvae, could weaken the correlation.
Arterio-colonic fistula during scintigraphic evaluation of gastrointestinal bleeding.

The use of scintigraphic imaging in the evaluation of gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage has been established recently as a screening procedure prior to anigography. We reprot an unusual and previously unreported cause of acute GI bleeding which illustrates several technical factors to be considered during scintigraphic evaluation of GI bleeding.
Barriers and Facilitators of Adolescent Health in Rural Kenya

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to identify perceived barriers and facilitators of health from the perspective of rural Kenyan adolescents and to characterize the cultural context that shapes these barriers and facilitators. Design: Following a semistructured interview guide, qualitative focus group interviews were conducted at day schools with 64 upper-primary and secondary students in rural central Kenya. Participants provided written parental consent and individual assent for study participation. Results: Findings were organized into seven categories (individual, family, peer, school, community, institutional, and cultural) according to a social–ecological framework to highlight the multiple social and environmental contexts that shape health the experiences rural Kenyan youth. Conclusions: The prevalence and complexity of factors that shape the health experiences of young people in rural Kenya displayed in these findings adds context to the importance of utilizing multipronged approaches to ...
Toxicity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to aquatic organisms

Toxicity tests were performed with seven fluoroquinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin, lomefloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, clinafloxacin, enrofloxacin, and flumequine, on five aquatic organisms. Overall toxicity values ranged from 7.9 to 23,000 μg/L. The cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa was the most sensitive organism (5-d growth and reproduction, effective concentrations [EC50s] ranging from 7.9 to 1,960 μg/L and a median of 49 μg/L), followed by duckweed (Lemna minor, 7-d reproduction, EC50 values ranged from 53 to 2,470 μg/L with a median of 106 μg/L) and the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (3-d growth and reproduction, EC50 values ranged from 1,100 to 22,700 μg/L with a median 7,400 μg/L). Results from tests with the crustacean Daphnia magna (48-h survival) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas, 7-d early life stage survival and growth) showed limited toxicity with no-observed-effect concentrations at or near 10 mg/L. Fish dry weights obtained in the ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and ofloxacin treatments (10 mg/L) were significantly higher than in control fish. The hazard of adverse effects occurring to the tested organisms in the environment was quantified by using hazard quotients. An estimated environmental concentration of 1 μg/L was chosen based on measured environmental concentrations previously reported in surface water; at this level, only M. aeruginosa may be at risk in surface water. However, the selective toxicity of these compounds may have implications for aquatic community structure.
A review of crystallographic calculational methods used in the RAD group of computer programs for analytical electron microscopy

SUMMARY RAD is a set of computer programs which has been developed to assist a microscopist who is doing electron diffraction analysis. The programs are designed to run on the computer which is normally supplied with a modern analytical electron microscope for X-ray analysis. Matrix algebra methods are used to perform the crystallographic calculations; however, input and output are expressed in the familiar notational convention based on the Miller index system for directions and planes. Since all calculations are formulated for the most general crystal system (triclinic), they are applicable to all crystal types. Aspects of the Miller index system, vector analysis, and matrix algebra that pertain to the crystallographic calculations made by programs in the ‘RAD’ group are reviewed. Examples used to illustrate typical operations that can be easily accomplished by these methods include the calculation and plotting of stereographic projections and of electron diffraction patterns from single crystals, twinned crystals, and crystals containing oriented second phases.
Quantitative studies of mRNA recruitment to the eukaryotic ribosome

The process of peptide bond synthesis by ribosomes is conserved between species, but the initiation step differs greatly between the three kingdoms of life. This is illustrated by the evolution of roughly an order of magnitude more initiation factor mass found in humans compared with bacteria. Eukaryotic initiation of translation is comprised of a number of sub-steps: (i) recruitment of an mRNA and initiator methionyl-tRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit; (ii) migration of the 40S subunit along the 5′ UTR to locate the initiation codon; and (iii) recruitment of the 60S subunit to form the 80S initiation complex. Although the mechanism and regulation of initiation has been studied for decades, many aspects of the pathway remain unclear. In this review, I will focus discussion on what is known about the mechanism of mRNA selection and its recruitment to the 40S subunit. I will summarize how the 43S preinitiation complex (PIC) is formed and stabilized by interactions between its components. I will discuss what is known about the mechanism of mRNA selection by the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex and how the selected mRNA is recruited to the 43S PIC. The regulation of this process by secondary structure located in the 5′ UTR of an mRNA will also be discussed. Finally, I present a possible kinetic model with which to explain the process of mRNA selection and recruitment to the eukaryotic ribosome.
Imaging of Lumps and Bumps in Pediatric Patients: An Algorithm for Appropriate Imaging and Pictorial Review

Superficial lumps and bumps are a common presenting complaint in the pediatric patient population. Although encountered frequently, the path to a definitive diagnosis is not always a straightforward one. Imaging offers a valuable tool to aid in this diagnostic challenge. Radiologists must be familiar with pediatric lumps and bumps, their imaging characteristics, and the best way to further evaluate challenging clinical presentations. This will not only allow the radiologist to serve as a valuable asset to the treating physician in choosing the most appropriate imaging modality but also help in accurate diagnosis, all while ensuring the "image gently" principle. An algorithm for imaging in the pediatric patient with lumps and bumps has been presented in this article and a few example entities along with their imaging findings have also been reviewed.
Variations in catechol-O-methyltransferase gene interact with parenting to influence attention in early development.

Attention influences many aspects of cognitive development. Variations in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene, known to affect dopamine neurotransmission, have frequently been found to influence attention in adults and older children. In this paper we examined 2 year old children and found that variation in the COMT gene influenced attention in a task involving looking to a sequence of visual stimuli. Because the influence of another dopamine-related gene (DRD4) has been shown to interact with parenting quality at this age, we explored parenting in relation to variations in the COMT gene. Variations in COMT interacted with parenting quality to influence our attention measure. The Val108/158Met polymorphism of COMT is commonly used to determine allelic groups, but recently haplotypes of several polymorphisms within this gene have been shown to be more strongly associated with perceived pain. Since attention and pain both involve the activation of the anterior cingulate gyrus in imaging studies, we compared the Val108/158Met influence with the COMT haplotypes and found the latter to be more predictive of attention. Our results confirm that important aspects of cognitive development including attention depend on the interaction of genes and early environment.
Parrots Eat Nutritious Foods despite Toxins

Background Generalist herbivores are challenged not only by the low nitrogen and high indigestibility of their plant foods, but also by physical and chemical defenses of plants. This study investigated the foods of wild parrots in the Peruvian Amazon and asked whether these foods contain dietary components that are limiting for generalist herbivores (protein, lipids, minerals) and in what quantity; whether parrots chose foods based on nutrient content; and whether parrots avoid plants that are chemically defended. Methodology/Principal Findings We made 224 field observations of free-ranging parrots of 17 species in 8 genera foraging on 102 species of trees in an undisturbed tropical rainforest, in two dry seasons (July-August 1992–1993) and one wet season (January-February1994). We performed laboratory analyses of parts of plants eaten and not eaten by parrots and brine shrimp assays of toxicity as a proxy for vertebrates. Parrots ate seeds, fruits, flowers, leaves, bark, and insect larvae, but up to 70% of their diet comprised seeds of many species of tropical trees, in various stages of ripeness. Plant parts eaten by parrots were rich in protein, lipid, and essential minerals, as well as potentially toxic chemicals. Seeds were higher than other plant materials in protein and lipid and lower in fiber. Large macaws of three species ate foods higher in protein and lipids and lower in fiber compared to plant parts available but not eaten. Macaws ate foods that were lower in phenolic compounds than foods they avoided. Nevertheless, foods eaten by macaws contained measurable levels of toxicity. Macaws did not appear to make dietary selections based on mineral content. Conclusions/Significance Parrots represent a remarkable example of a generalist herbivore that consumes seeds destructively despite plant chemical defenses. With the ability to eat toxic foods, rainforest-dwelling parrots exploited a diversity of nutritious foods, even in the dry season when food was scarce for other frugivores and granivores.
2.8-minute beamwidth, millimeter-wave antenna--Measurement and evaluation

The measurement and evaluation of the principal electrical and mechanical features of a 15-ft diameter precision millimeter-wave antenna are described. Contour measurements show that the surface accuracy of the paraboloid is not degraded by partial solar illumination and wind. The pattern functions of an off-axis feed Cassegrainian system are derived to determine the feasibility of achieving two nearly identical patterns desired for radiometric observations. The antenna characteristics have been measured by two methods: (1) the use of a transmitting facility located in the far field of the antenna and (2)drifting the antenna beam across the solar limbs. These measurements show that a high-resolution antenna can be significantly degraded by atmospheric turbulence.
Backward error analysis for totally positive linear systems

Gauss elimination applied to ann×n matrixA in floating point arithmetic produces (if successful) a factorization $$\hat L\hat U$$ which differs fromA by no more than $$\gamma |\hat L|{\text{ }}|\hat U|$$ , for some ? of ordern times the unit roundoff. IfA is totally positive, then both computed factors $$\hat L$$ and $$\hat U$$ are nonnegative for sufficiently small unit roundoff and one obtains pleasantly small bounds for the perturbation inA which would account for the rounding errors committed in solvingAx=b forx by Gauss eliminationwithout pivoting. It follows that the banded linear system for the B-spline coefficients of an interpolating spline function can be solved safely by Gauss elimination without pivoting.
Imaging Islam: Intellect and Imagination in Islamic Philosophy, Poetry, and Painting

This essay introduces the pioneering approaches of four classical Muslim thinkers (Ghazali, Biruni, Farabi, and Ibn 'Arabi) to the understanding of Islam and of religion more broadly, together with the subsequent artistic mirroring of their perspectives in two later masterpieces of Islamic mystical poetry (a ghazal of Hafiz) and painting (an illustration of the same poem by the early Safavid artist Sultan Muhammad). The discussion begins with the ways each philosopher's distinctive emphases on the relative roles of intellect, inspiration, and imagination highlight different but complementary dimensions (social, political, ritual, intellectual, and spiritual) of religious life and experience. The concluding section then illustrates how, just as in Plato's Symposium, each of those archetypal philosophical outlooks are powerfully dramatized and memorably integrated in the most influential poetic and artistic traditions of the Islamic humanities.
Perturbation of neutron dose distributions by lung tissue.

The influence of lung tissue on depth dose distributions, produced by beams of fast neutrons (generated at the Naval Research Laboratory cyclotron by bombarding a thick Be target with 35‐MeV deuterons) was determined. Muscle‐equivalent ionization chambers were utilized in conjunction with thermoluminescent dosimeters to establish the neutron and gamma ray‐dose deposited in a phantom of the thoracic region of the body containing lung components. All irradiations were carried out at a target–skin distance of 125 cm with neutron beams of 10 × 10‐cm field size at the surface of the phantom. From these measurements, the authors conclude that the presence of lung tissue results in higher dose levels for points at depths greater than the midpoint of the lungs as a result of the increased transmission of neutrons by low‐density lung tissue. An examination of the dose measurements revealed that the portion of the total dose due to gamma rays is of the order of 4–10% for points in lung and muscle‐equivalent fluid.
Genetic interaction and phenotypic analysis of the Arabidopsis MAP kinase pathway mutations mekk1 and mpk4 suggests signaling pathway complexity

It has been shown that the Arabidopsis MEK kinase MEKK1 acts upstream of the MAP kinase MPK4 to negatively regulate salicylic acid-dependent defense-response pathways. Here, we report that the mekk1;mpk4 double-mutant combination causes seedling lethality. In addition, we demonstrate that mekk1 and mpk4 single-mutant plants have significantly different phenotypes. mekk1 plants are defective for lateral root formation, while mpk4 plants are not. In addition, treatment with elevated levels of sodium chloride improves the growth of mekk1 plants, while it inhibits the growth of mpk4 plants. Our results suggest that MEKK1 and MPK4 functions are not limited to a single, linear signaling pathway. Instead there appears to be more complexity to the signaling pathways in which these two proteins function.
Existential encounter in the asylum: Ludwig Binswanger's 1935 case of hysteria.

This paper examines the Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger’s view of the doctor-patient relationship as a direct and trusting existential encounter in a 1935 clinical case of hysteria. Drawing upon unpublished materials from the patient record and correspondence, I show that his conception of existential encounter emerged from the Bellevue asylum context, where treatment choices were linked to maintaining order in a communal setting, and addressing a complex array of bodily and psychological symptoms. Binswanger touted the underlying, positive relationship with his patients as the critical factor in the efficacy of a wide variety of treatments, including some of the most forceful and authoritative. Sources from the patient’s perspective, however, demonstrate that, in this case, a mutual relationship of trust was not clearly achieved.
Body on My Mind: The Lingering Effect of State Self-objectification

Objectification theory explicates a model in which women are socialized to view their own bodies as objects to be evaluated. In the current study, we used a 2 (self-objectification condition: swimsuit versus sweater) × 2 (gender) factorial design to examine whether body-related thoughts continued after women were removed from a self-objectifying situation. Results showed that, compared to participants in the other three groups, women in the self-objectification condition listed more body-related thoughts during a free response task given after they had re-dressed. The amount of shame experienced during self-objectification mediated the relationship between self-objectification condition and lingering body-related thoughts. This study adds to the understanding of how the process of self-objectification works to maintain women’s focus on their appearance.
Derivation of long-term climate data sets from NOAA's HIRS2/MSU

Abstract Accurate long-term global data sets are essential for achieving better understanding of the Earth's climate system and for modelling its complex interactions and feedback mechanisms. The High Resolution Infrared Sounder and the Microwave Sounding Unit (HIRS2/MSU) observations readily offer a unique opportunity to establish a global self-consistent data set of more than ten climate parameters extending over a decade in time. Such a data set would add considerably to our current information. To this end, we have developed and tested a retrieval package to extract geophysical parameters from the combination of infrared and microwave data returned since December 1978 from the NOAA weather satellites. The retrieval algorithm is an interactive forecast-retrieval-assimilation system based on the relaxation method of solution of the radiative transfer equation. The first guess is obtained from the six-hour forecast field generated by the General Circulation Model (GCM) of the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres. At present we have applied the algorithm to analyze the first two years of HIRS2/MSU data. The resulting climate data sets include: atmospheric temperature profiles, atmospheric humidity profiles, ocean surface temperature, land surface temperature, infrared cloud cover, cloud-top height and temperature, snow and ice cover, outgoing long-wave radiation, total ozone distribution, and rainfall rate index. We have conducted several tests to check the accuracy, internal consistency and stability of the results. Additional tests will be made in the future with this set as well as when multi-year data are derived.
Institutional Evolution and Change: Environmentalism and the U.S. Chemical Industry

This study measured changes in the constituency of an organizational field centered around the issue of corporate environmentalism in the period 1960–93, correlating those changes with the institut...
Comparison of synthetic surfactants and biosurfactants in enhancing biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of the environment represents a serious threat to the health of humans and ecosystems. Given the human health effects of PAHs, effective and cost-competitive remediation technologies are required. Bioremediation has shown promise as a potentially effective and low-cost treatment option, but concerns about the slow process rate and bioavailability limitations have hampered more widespread use of this technology. An option to enhance the bioavailability of PAHs is to add surfactants directly to soil in situ or ex situ in bioreactors. Surfactants increase the apparent solubility and desorption rate of the PAH to the aqueous phase. However, the results with some synthetic surfactants have shown that surfactant addition can actually inhibit PAH biodegradation via toxic interactions, stimulation of surfactant degraders, or sequestration of PAHs into surfactant micelles. Biosurfactants have been shown to have many of the positive effects of synthetic surfactants but without the drawbacks. They are biodegradable and nontoxic, and many biosurfactants do not produce true micelles, thus facilitating direct transfer of the surfactant-associated PAH to bacteria. The results with biosurfactants to date are promising, but further research to elucidate surfactant-PAH interactions in aqueous environments is needed to lead to predictive, mechanistic models of biosurfactant-enhanced PAH bioavailability and thus better bioremediation design.
Language and Politics: Indirectness in Political Discourse:

Politicians, in talking about potential face-threatening acts or politically risky topics, avoid the obvious and communicate indirectly in order to protect and further their own careers and to gain...
RECOGNITION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW OBSTRUCTION.

The purpose of this report is to summarize the syndromes of obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Emphasis is placed upon the correlations between clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic features that permit an accurate diagnosis. An exact definition of the problem in each patient has become of great importance because of rapid advances in cardiac surgery, which now offers specific treatment for each of the syndromes described.
Older Adults' Affect While Watching Television

Abstract Recent theory has explored the relationship between daily context and emotion. While suggesting individuals structure daily activities in search of a particular affect state, few attempts have been made to highlight the relationship between a specific activity and emotion. The current study is part of a larger project examining the daily lives of older adults in which the most common leisure pursuit was found to be television (Intrieri, Goodwin, & Papini, 1990). Present analyses explore affect while watching TV in comparison to other activities. Sixty-nine older adults (Mean age = 71.8) participated in a study of daily life utilizing Experience Sampling Methodology. Across a 7-day period, participants responded to 6 signals a day for 42 signals per person. In response to each signal, participants completed a questionnaire containing items related to activity and emotion. Analyses indicate participants exhibit less positive emotion while watching TV than when engaged in other activities (p< .001)....