cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a highly contagious disease readiness plan: the SARS experience.

The CDC and the World Health Organization have characterized a highly contagious syndrome that has resulted in numerous deaths worldwide. This infectious agent represents a new arena of highly contagious illness that could be a significant threat to the U.S. healthcare system. This disease has severely affected populations in the Far East and in Canada. While relatively few cases have been identified in the United States, there is a significant possibility that this agent will affect U.S. populations in the autumn--a time period when many viral diseases migrate from the Far East to North America. EMS agencies must use this window of time to define the characteristics of dangerous agents and develop a highly contagious disease readiness plan.
Failure of Clostridium botulinum to Grow in Fresh Mushrooms Packaged in Plastic Film Overwraps with Holes.

Fresh, commercially grown mushrooms were inoculated in the stem with Clostridium botulinum spores (2.5 × 104 of each of four type A with l × 105 of each of four type B strains). One lb (454 g) of mush-rooms. including two spore-inoculated ones. was packaged in paper-borad trays and overwrapped with a ploybinyl chloride film. The packages were incubated 6 days at 24-26 C after making one or two holes of 1/8 inch (3.175 mm) diameter in the overwrap of test packages. Botulinum toxin. either type A only or mixed with type B, was found in the spore-inoculated mushrooms of all 28 control packages (no hole), but was not detected in any from the 123 packages with one hole and the 4 7 with two holes. The O2% inside the packages after incubation averaged 1.5 for the controls. 4.0 for packages with one hole and 6.2 for the 2-hole package group.
A rationale for repression and/or loss of motility by pathogenic Yersinia in the mammalian host

Pathogenic yersiniae either repress flagella expression under host conditions (Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis) or have permanently lost this capability by mutation (Yersinia pestis). The block in flagella synthesis for the enteropathogenic Yersinia centers on fliA (sigmaF) repression. This repression ensures the downstream repression of flagellin structural genes which can be cross-recognized and secreted by virulence type III secretion systems. Y. pestis carries several flagellar mutations including a frame shift mutation in flhD, part of the flagellar master control operon. Repression of flagellins in the host environment may be critical because they are potent inducers of innate immunity. Artificial expression of flagellin in Y. enterocolitica completely attenuates virulence, supporting the hypothesis that motility is a liability in the mammalian host.
Unauthorized immigrant students in the United States: The current state of affairs and the role of public education

Abstract The number of unauthorized children and families in the U.S. is approaching a record high. Current estimates indicate that over five million youth in the U.S. are unauthorized immigrants or live in unauthorized families. These youth are at-risk to lose a parent or primary guardian to deportation as well as to experience serious disruptions in their academic and psychosocial functioning because of current U.S. immigration policies and practices. However, as institutions with a prerogative to provide all students with a free and appropriate education, public K-12 schools can provide necessary academic and behavioral supports to unauthorized students and families. With the goal of assisting this at-risk student population, this review addresses the current state of affairs faced by unauthorized U.S. students and families as well as public education's role in addressing the needs of these students.
Evaluation of a One-Week Occupation-Based Program on the Health and Participation of Women With Cancer Living in the Community

Date Presented 3/30/2017This study investigated the effectiveness of a 1-wk occupation-based program on health, quality of life, and occupational performance of women with cancer. Results demonstrate that participation in occupations improved the perception of performance and satisfaction for the pa
Individual differences in normal body temperature: longitudinal big data analysis of patient records.

Objective To estimate individual level body temperature and to correlate it with other measures of physiology and health. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Outpatient clinics of a large academic hospital, 2009-14. Participants 35 488 patients who neither received a diagnosis for infections nor were prescribed antibiotics, in whom temperature was expected to be within normal limits. Main outcome measures Baseline temperatures at individual level, estimated using random effects regression and controlling for ambient conditions at the time of measurement, body site, and time factors. Baseline temperatures were correlated with demographics, medical comorbidities, vital signs, and subsequent one year mortality. Results In a diverse cohort of 35 488 patients (mean age 52.9 years, 64% women, 41% non-white race) with 243 506 temperature measurements, mean temperature was 36.6°C (95% range 35.7-37.3°C, 99% range 35.3-37.7°C). Several demographic factors were linked to individual level temperature, with older people the coolest (-0.021°C for every decade, P Conclusions Individuals' baseline temperatures showed meaningful variation that was not due solely to measurement error or environmental factors. Baseline temperatures correlated with demographics, comorbid conditions, and physiology, but these factors explained only a small part of individual temperature variation. Unexplained variation in baseline temperature, however, strongly predicted mortality.
Poroelastic stress changes associated with primary oil production in the Los Angeles Basin, California

Abstract While recent investigations of induced earthquakes have focused on earthquakes associated with wastewater injection and unconventional recovery methods, the potential for earthquakes to be induced by primary production has long been recognized. We use boundary element methods to quantify the predicted geometry and amplitude of stress and strain changes associated with removal of large volumes of fluids in poroelastic reservoirs, focusing on the Los Angeles Basin (LA Basin) in California. We show that significant stress perturbations (upward of 0.1 MPa), while localized, typically extended several kilometers away from production horizons by the early 1940s. By this time, production horizons in the southwestern LA Basin were 2–4 km deep; models thus predict that stress conditions would have been perturbed significantly on faults at the upper edge of the seismogenic brittle crust, typically around 6 km. Predicted stress and strain changes associated with oil fields in the southwestern LA Basin durin...
Disseminated Nocardiosis with retinal abscess in a patient treated for bullous pemphigoid

Abstract Purpose To report a case of disseminated Nocardiosis with retinal and intracranial lesions. Observations A 49-year-old woman immunosuppressed because of treatment given for bullous pemphigoid presented with altered mental status and multiple intracranial lesions on imaging. The patient was found to have multiple retinal lesions in both eyes, including a subretinal abscess in the right eye. The patient underwent brain biopsy, confirming Nocardia farcinica histopathologically and in culture. Conclusions and Importance Ocular Nocardiosis is a rare disease with varying prognosis that requires prompt diagnosis to ensure appropriate medical therapy.
The Imagined Audience for and Perceived Quality of News Comments: Exploring the Perceptions of Commenters on News Sites and on Facebook:

A number of news organizations have begun shifting commenting from their websites to Facebook, based on the implicit assumption that commenting on Facebook is an equivalent (or preferred) substitut...
Therapeutic Micro and Nanotechnology Section: Microwell Array Photoimprint Lithography: Micropost Sensors and Guidance of PC12 Neurite Processes

Microwell array photoimprint lithography (PIL) is demonstrated by fabricating a patterned chemical sensing layer that is suitable for use with cultured biological cells and inverted epifluorescence microscopes. A microwell array is a ∼50,000-count, coherent fiber-optic bundle whose distal face was etched chemically. Individual microwells had ∼3 μm depths and ∼8 μm widths. The microwell array PIL process patterned an array of ∼50,000 individual polymeric micropost sensors on a glass coverslip. Individual microposts were ∼3 μm tall and ∼8 μm wide. O2-sensitive micropost array sensors (MPASs) were fabricated using a ruthenium complex encapsulated in a gas permeable photopolymerizable siloxane. pH-sensitive MPASs were fabricated using a fluorescein conjugate encapsulated in a photocrosslinkable poly(vinyl alcohol)-based polymer. PO2 and pH were quantitated by acquiring MPAS luminescence images with an epifluorescence microscope/charge coupled device imaging system. The advantage of a patterned MPAS layer relative to a planar sensing layer is the ability to direct the growth of biological cells. Preliminary data are presented whereby nerve growth factor-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells grew neurite-like processes that extended along paths defined by the micropost architecture.
Endothelial NOS: perspective and recent developments

Endothelial NOS (eNOS), and its product NO, are vital components of the control of vasomotor function and cardiovascular homeostasis. In the present review, we will take a deep dive into eNOS enzymology, function and mechanisms regulating endothelial NO. The mechanisms regulating eNOS and NO synthesis discussed here include alterations to transcriptional, post-translational modifications and protein-protein regulations. Also, we will discuss the phenotypes associated with various eNOS mutants and the consequences of a disrupted eNOS/NO cascade, highlighting the importance of eNOS function and vascular homeostasis. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Nitric Oxide 20 Years from the 1998 Nobel Prize. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.2/issuetoc.
Perspectives on Everyday Life

In this chapter we focus on different perspectives of social scientists and others on everyday life. The Polish anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski, who suggested that the “imponderabilia of actual life” is basic to studying everyday life, is cited. His work suggests that people may be involved in institutions of great scope but not realize it. This is followed by a discussion of the psychoanalytic approach to everyday life and the work of Sigmund Freud, Clotaire Rapaille, and others. This chapter also discusses James Joyce’s novel, Ulysses, which is a classic study of everyday life—in this case, one day in the life of Leopold Bloom and other characters.
Understanding the Connection between Blasting and Highwall Stability

Abstract Surface mines continue to implement highwalls for several reasons, such as increasing recovery, improving margins, and justifying higher stripping ratios. Highwall stability is a complex issue that is dependent upon a variety of mining and geologic factors, and a safe design is necessary for a successful surface operation. To improve highwall stability, it is important to understand the connection between local geology and blasting. Explosives are employed throughout the mining industry for primary rock breakage. There are a number of controlled blasting techniques that can be implemented to improve highwall stability. These include line drilling, smooth wall blasting, trim blasting, buffer blasting, air decking, and presplitting. Each of these techniques have associated advantages and disadvantages. Understanding local geology is necessary for selecting the appropriate controlled blasting technique. Furthermore, understanding the limitations and conditions for successful implementation of each technique is necessary. A discussion of the impact of geologic conditions on highwall stability is provided. Additionally, discussion is provided for the successful incorporation of the controlled blasting techniques listed above, and the associated mining and geologic factors that influence the selection and design of controlled blasting plans. Finally, a new methodology is proposed.
Monochromatic and white light and the regulation of eye growth

Experiments employing monochromatic light have been used to investigate the role of longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) as possible signals for emmetropization for many years. LCA arising from the dispersion of light, causes differences in the focal length at different wavelengths and can impose defocus (wavelength defocus). Short-wavelength light focuses with a shorter focal length than long-wavelength light and, as such, would be expected to produce a smaller, more hyperopic eye. Emmetropization can respond to wavelength defocus since animals reared in monochromatic light adjust their refractive state relative to that measured in white light. In many species, animals reared in monochromatic light respond as predicted by wavelength defocus, becoming more hyperopic in blue light and more myopic in red light. However, tree shrews and rhesus monkey become more hyperopic in red light, and while tree shrews initially become more hyperopic in blue light, they later become more myopic. This review examines the experiments performed in monochromatic light and highlights the potential differences in protocols affecting the results, including experiment duration, circadian rhythm stimulation, light intensity, bandwidth, humoral factors and temporal sensitivity.
An All-Memristor Deep Spiking Neural Computing System: A Step Toward Realizing the Low-Power Stochastic Brain

Deep analog artificial neural networks (ANNs) perform complex classification problems with remarkably high accuracy. However, they rely on humongous amount of power to perform the calculations, veiling the accuracy benefits. The biological brain, on the other hand, is significantly more powerful than such networks and consumes orders of magnitude less power, indicating us about some conceptual mismatch. Given that the biological neurons communicate using energy efficient trains of spikes, and the behavior is nondeterministic, incorporating these effects in deep artificial neural networks may drive us few steps toward a more realistic neuron. In this paper, we propose how the inherent stochasticity of nanoscale resistive devices can be harnessed to emulate the functionality of a spiking neuron that can be incorporated in deep stochastic spiking neural networks (SNN). At the algorithmic level, we propose how the training can be modified to convert an ANN to an SNN while supporting the stochastic activation function offered by these devices. We devise circuit architectures to incorporate stochastic memristive neurons along with memristive crossbars, which perform the functionality of the synaptic weights. We tested the proposed all-memristor deep stochastic SNN for image classification and observed only about 1% degradation in accuracy with the ANN baseline after incorporating the circuit and device related nonidealities. We witnessed that the network is robust to certain variations and consumes ~6.4 × less energy than its complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) counterpart.
An Alternative to Revising: The Proleptic Grasp.

Much has been said about keeping classroom practice responsive to composition theory. I think we might do well now to turn our glasses around; in our studies of revision it is time to keep theory responsive to classroom practice. In particular, I propose a few alternatives to revising, since in the writing classroom, especially among inexperienced writers, revision remains an obsession of the teacher and an uncertain code of gesture and consent for the student. In the past decade, we English teachers, by encouraging our students to slip draft after draft through the gears of the grading machine, have made progress in removing the suspicion that every piece of writing done for a college class conceals some kind of test. Students have taken to this change with varying degrees of discomfort: Well, they say, if you were grading this draft, what would it get? Will the piece ever be finished? How will I know? Somehow the teacher's new generosity is more like an outmoded practicality. In an age of disposable pens and instant copies the idea of redoing a piece of writing to make it more complete and durable carries the whiff of another, less technological, age. Nonetheless, we make it clear among our students that drafting is what we are doing, and that we all are to understand a draft to be organic and burgeoning, rather than merely adjustable and correctable. The students are very good about acknowledging this notion and dutifully write across the tops of their papers, Draft # 1 or Draft #2.
Gender Identity and Lifetime Prevalence of Skin Cancer in the United States

This cross-sectional study uses Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to examine the association of gender identity with self-reported lifetime prevalence of skin cancer.
Lattice Strain Measurement of Core@Shell Electrocatalysts with 4D Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy Nanobeam Electron Diffraction

Strain engineering enables the direct modification of atomic bonding and is currently an active area of research aimed at improving electrocatalytic activity. However, directly measuring the lattic...
The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment

Gun laws have assumed iconic meaning in American politics. They give rise to serious debates over specific policy questions, but they are grown over with broad, seemingly intractable quarrels about...
Absence of ice-bonded permafrost beneath an Arctic lagoon revealed by electrical geophysics.

Relict permafrost is ubiquitous throughout the Arctic coastal shelf, but little is known about it near shore. The presence and thawing of subsea permafrost are vital information because permafrost stores an atmosphere’s worth of carbon and protects against coastal erosion. Through electrical resistivity imaging across a lagoon on the Alaska Beaufort Sea coast in summer, we found that the subsurface is not ice-bonded down to ~20 m continually from within the lagoon, across the beach, and underneath an ice-wedge polygon on the tundra. This contrasts with the broadly held idea of a gently sloping ice-bonded permafrost table extending from land to offshore. The extensive unfrozen zone is a marine talik connected to on-land cryopeg. This zone is a potential source and conduit for water and dissolved organic matter, is vulnerable to physical degradation, and is liable to changes in biogeochemical processes that affect carbon cycling and climate feedbacks.
Cyberbullying and cybervictimization among youth with disabilities

Abstract Decades of research have shown the range of negative outcomes associated with bullying and cyberbullying, and it is a topic that has received national attention from media, educators, parents, researchers, and legislators. Today, many youth have experienced some type of involvement in cyberbullying whether through perpetration, being victimized, and/or being a bystander (e.g., assistant, defender, outsider). Although limited, the goal of this chapter is to review existing literature examining youth with disabilities involved in cyberbullying and/or cybervictimization. Preliminary research suggests that as with traditional bullying, youth with disabilities may be at greater risk for involvement in events of cyberbullying and/or cybervictimization, which the authors conclude is a problematic finding. This chapter will provide an overview of both individual and environmental risks for involvement in cyberbullying and cybervictimization among adolescents with disabilities. Furthermore, both psychological and behavioral outcomes for involvement of adolescents with disabilities in cyberbullying and cybervictimization will be reviewed. Lastly, settings for cyberbullying behaviors and suggestions for prevention and intervention will be discussed.
Is Allometric Variation in the Cephalic Horn on Male Rhinoceros Beetles Discontinuously Dimorphic

I used linear and nonlinear regression to re-examine the allometric relationship between length of the cephalic horn and width of the pronotum (a measure of body size) for males of 28 species of rhinoceros beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae). An earlier investigation reported that variation in relative size of the horn conforms in most of the 28 species to a pattern of discontinuous, loglinear allometry, which implies, in turn, that two different power equations are needed to describe the full range in untransformed data. My analyses indicate, however, that allometric variation is continuous in all 28 species and that pattern in each of the original bivariate distributions is well described by a single mathematical function. Allometric variation on the original, arithmetic scale is linear for some species; either linear or slightly sigmoidal for other species; and decidedly sigmoidal in still other species. So-called major and minor morphs merely represent the extremes in absolute and relative size for the horn on animals drawn from the same, continuous distribution. The different findings reported in the earlier investigation resulted from insidious problems introduced by logarithmic transformation of the original bivariate data coupled with an overly complex statistical protocol for classifying individual males as either “major” or “minor.” Attempts at classification lead inevitably to oversimplification and misrepresentation of the pattern of allometric variation. Focus needs to return to describing and interpreting pattern in untransformed observations because the relationship between the original variables is the relationship of interest.
The effect of aviation responses to the control of imported COVID-19 cases

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has a lasting and unprecedented negative impact on the global aviation industry. While countries such as China have successfully curbed the domestic outbreak of the virus with various restrictive and preventive measures, the challenge of avoiding imported cases remains. More importantly, it is still unclear to what extent these implemented aviation emergency responses have effectively mitigated the transmission risk of the virus. This paper provides an empirical assessment of aviation responses to the control of imported COVID-19 cases, with a focus on the following three strategies: the "circuit breaker" policy, the "negative Nucleic Acid testing (NAT)", and the "double negative tests" requirement. Non-recursive structural equation models (SEM) with latent variables were applied to detailed international flight data and individual epidemic survey data of Guangzhou, China, between May 1 and November 30, 2020. The results show that the "double negative tests" measure has a positive effect on eliminating the number of SARS-CoV-2 carriers, while the effects of single "circuit breaker" and its co-intervention with "negative NAT" are conterproductive. This study provides important implications to civil aviation agencies in regard to medium and long-term risk control of imported cases. Specifically, although the circuit breaker mechanism was designed to target on the risk control of imported COVID-19 cases, it may be more effective to carefully maintain a timely and reliable pre-boarding screening and testing to curb the number of imported cases.
Bioinformatics Analysis in Molecular Pathology

This chapter concerns the bioinformatics pipelines we use to detect small somatic variants in short-nucleotide sequence data generated by next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods in the clinical laboratory. We start by describing an archetypal pipeline and the more common file formats used by the pipeline, such as the FASTQ, BAM, and VCF formats. We then discuss how the outputs of the pipeline are clinically reported using public databases and standard nomenclatures, such as NCBI RefSeq and HGVS. We conclude with some practical thoughts on how pipelines are actually run in clinical labs that are unsupported by large bioinformatics organizations, including some compliance and privacy considerations. Numerous examples and a few case studies are provided.
The Development of Communication Across Timescales

How do young children learn to organize the statistics of communicative input across milliseconds and months? Developmental science has made progress in elucidating how infants learn patterns in la...
High Glucose-Induced Apoptosis Is Linked to Mitochondrial Connexin 43 Level in RRECs: Implications for Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common causes of vision loss and blindness among the working-age population. High glucose (HG)-induced decrease in mitochondrial connexin 43 (mtCx43) level is known to promote mitochondrial fragmentation, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis in retinal endothelial cells associated with DR. In this study, we investigated whether counteracting HG-induced decrease in mtCx43 level would preserve mitochondrial integrity and prevent apoptosis. Rat retinal endothelial cells (RRECs) were grown in normal (N; 5 mM glucose) or HG (30 mM glucose) medium for 7 days. In parallel, cells grown in HG were transfected with Cx43 plasmid, or empty vector (EV), as control. Western blot (WB) analysis showed a significant decrease in mtCx43 level concomitant with increased cleaved caspase-3, Bax, cleaved PARP, and mitochondrial fragmentation in cells grown in HG condition compared to those grown in N medium. When cells grown in HG were transfected with Cx43 plasmid, mtCx43 level was significantly increased and resulted in reduced cleaved caspase-3, Bax, cleaved PARP and preservation of mitochondrial morphology with a significant decrease in the number of TUNEL-positive cells compared to those grown in HG alone. Findings from the study indicate a novel role for mtCx43 in regulating apoptosis and that maintenance of mtCx43 level could be useful in preventing HG-induced apoptosis by reducing mitochondrial fragmentation associated with retinal vascular cell loss in DR.
The Senior Mentor Program at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine: an innovative geriatric longitudinal curriculum.

Abstract This paper describes development, implementation, and evaluation strategies of a longitudinal geriatric curriculum, the Senior Mentor Program (SMP). The rationale for exposing undergraduate medical students to healthy, community-dwelling older adults is to use the relationship and activities as vehicles for improving knowledge of aging and providing students experience with aging as a stage and process. The University of South Carolina School of Medicine's major aim in geriatrics is to prepare students to become skilled physicians in care of older adults. The SMP is embedded into the curriculum. The program introduced medical students to healthy older adults, presented selected health care issues in this population, integrated material early in the curriculum, acquainted students with longitudinal patient care, and introduced students to older adults' living arrangements. The SMP is an effective means of infusing geriatric content into the medical school curriculum and positively affects mentors'...
Stochastic Demand for Hospitals and Optimizing "Excess" Bed Capacity

This paper addresses the issue of hospital bed capacity by considering the stochastic demand for United States hospitals. An equilibrium condition for the optimal number of "excess" beds is derived and applied using a cost function estimated with a panel data model for the period 1987-1992. Results indicate that it may be difficult to justify the costliness of existing levels of empty hospital beds. The Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission should be cognizant of the potential effects of hospital mergers on undesirable excess bed capacity.
Beowulf Cluster Computing with Windows

Beowulf clusters, which exploit mass-market PC hardware and software in conjunction with cost-effective commercial network technology, are becoming the platform for many scientific, engineering, and commercial applications. With growing popularity has come growing complexity. Addressing that complexity, Beowulf Cluster Computing with Windows and Beowulf Cluster Computing with Linux provide system users and administrators with the tools they need to run the most advanced Beowulf clusters. The book is appearing in both Windows and Linux versions in order to reach the entire PC cluster community, which is divided into two distinct camps according to the node operating system.
Industrial targeting in free trade areas with policy independence

. We investigate the limits of a mechanism for free trade area (FTA) formation that simultaneously satisfies internal industrialization targets. For arbitrary targets, we find necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee that the mechanism is efficient for member countries individually, even if other members do not implement the efficient policy. When the objective is conservative – designed to protect the level of industrialization previously achieved by the target industry – member countries are guaranteed gains from the efficient policy and their FTA participation. The analysis covers cases with transportation costs and explains why minimally restrictive rules of origin support efficiency and policy independence. On etudie les limites d'un mecanisme de formation d'une zone de libre echange (ZLE) qui simultanement rencontre certains objectifs internes d'industrialisation. Pour des cibles arbitraires, on definit les conditions necessaires et suffisantes qui garantissent que le mecanisme est efficient pour les pays membres individuellement, meme si d'autres membres ne mettent pas en place la politique efficiente. Quand les objectifs sont conservateurs – tentant seulement de proteger le niveau d'industrialisation auquel on s'est donne acces anterieurement dans l'industrie ciblee – on peut garantir des gains pour les pays membres decoulant de la politique efficiente et de la participation a la ZLE. L'analyse examine aussi des situations avec couts de transport positifs et explique pourquoi des restrictions minimales sur l'origine des produits assurent l'efficacite et l'independance des politiques.
Role of Ca2+/K+ ion exchange in intracellular storage and release of Ca2+

Although fluctuations in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration have a crucial role in relaying intracellular messages in the cell, the dynamics of Ca2+ storage in and release from intracellular sequestering compartments remains poorly understood. The rapid release of stored Ca2+ requires large concentration gradients that had been thought to result from low-affinity buffering of Ca2+ by the polyanionic matrices within Ca2+-sequestering organelles. However, our results here show that resting luminal free Ca2+ concentration inside the endoplasmic reticulum and in the mucin granules remains at low levels (20-35 microM). But after stimulation, the free luminal [Ca2+] increases, undergoing large oscillations, leading to corresponding oscillations of Ca2+ release to the cytosol. These remarkable dynamics of luminal [Ca2+] result from a fast and highly cooperative Ca2+/K+ ion-exchange process rather than from Ca2+ transport into the lumen. This common paradigm for Ca2+ storage and release, found in two different Ca2+-sequestering organelles, requires the functional interaction of three molecular components: a polyanionic matrix that functions as a Ca2+/K+ ion exchanger, and two Ca2+-sensitive channels, one to import K+ into the Ca2+-sequestering compartments, the other to release Ca2+ to the cytosol.
The word is out.

The is improved patient care. Reports from the research bench and from the examination table lead to recognition and understanding of disease pathogenesis and diagnosis, to theory and practice of therapeutics, and to concepts of prevention and prognosis. The content of a report should never be sacrificed for style, but there is no reason why clarity and cogency cannot be enhanced by correct and compelling word choice. Patient care is enhanced when a compelling title draws a reader to a compelling report. Patient care is enhanced when the compelling report is couched in easily understandable and memorable terms. Thought conditions language; language conditions thought; clear thinking leads to clear language and vice versa: this is true in the world at large; this is largely true in the world of science and medicine; and it may be especially true in the dermatologic world. Medicine in general, dermatology in particular, has ingots
Developing beliefs that are compatible with death: revising our assumptions about predictability, control, and continuity.

Many of us assume that life is highly predictable, subject to our control, and destined to continue indefinitely . Although such perspectives on life afford us a sense of security, these views tend to be incompatible with the experience of death. This article outlines the benefits of assimilating death into our belief systems and explores problems with waiting to alter our beliefs until after confrontation with death. Next, the article describes how we can use the strategy of imagining our own death or the death of loved ones as a means of making our beliefs more compatible with death. Options are then presented for overcoming resistances to imagining loss. Finally, the article proposes alternate ways of conceptualizing issues of predictability, control, and continuity; it addresses procedures for sustaining new beliefs in these areas; and it lists limitations associated with attempting to adopt such beliefs.
Involuntary automatic processing in color-naming tasks.

The automatic processing hypothesis holds that very familiar items are processed involuntarily, and two color-naming experiments were designed to test this further. Experiment 1 employed words as written stimuli and focal and nonfocal colors as inks. Supporting the automatic processing hypothesis, neutral words delayed color naming, indicating that their representations were activated involuntarily. There was no interaction of ink type and written item conditions. Experiment 2 employed single letters as written stimuli. Color-name initials delayed color naming when incompatible with the color and facilitated it when compatible, suggesting that, although letters may be processed involuntarily, the way in which they are encoded is influenced by the cognitive context. The data from both experiments were discussed in relation to current interpretations of Stroop effects.
Georgian harmonic clusters: phonetic cues to phonological representation

Georgian, a South Caucasian language belonging to the Kartvelian family, is characterised by the ability of its consonants to combine in extensive clusters. Among the possible combinations are a series of two-member clusters which are argued to behave phonologically as single segments (Tschenkeli 1958, Vogt 1958, 1971, Aronson 1982, 1991, Deprez 1988 and others). They are known as ‘harmonic’ clusters, because the laryngeal quality is constant across the cluster. Its two members are both voiced ([dg bg dγ bγ]), both aspirated ([thkh tshkh thχ tshχ]) or both ejective ([t'k' ts'k' p'k' t'q' ts'q']). They can occur either word-initially or in word-medial position. Harmonic clusters do not contrast with identical sequences of segments, except for sequences formed at the junction of two words. There is no evidence that across word boundaries harmonic clusters are derived by some sort of restructuring.The purpose of the present study is to review the phonological arguments brought in the literature in favour of treating harmonic clusters as single segments, and to look for acoustic evidence that would motivate the distinction made between harmonic clusters behaving as single segments, on the one hand, and simple sequences of consonants, on the other hand. The study uses phonetic data to address the issue of phonological representation. If the difference between a harmonic cluster and a simple sequence of segments is present in the phonology, then it should ideally also be visible in the acoustic signal, for example in the presence or absence of a release burst, or in timing differences, as suggested by previous studies of complex vs. simple segments in various languages (Maddieson & Ladefoged 1989, Maddieson 1989, 1990). The results show that the treatment of Georgian harmonic clusters as complex segments is not supported by the acoustic data.The paper is organised as follows: § 2 presents the phonological behaviour of consonant clusters in Georgian, § 3 reviews phonetic evidence for complex segments, and spells out the predictions made by the present study. The acoustic study is described in § 4, followed by the presentation and discussion of results in § 5. The conclusions and areas for further study are presented in § 6.
Solar and interplanetary magnetic fields.

Space probe observations of solar wind, solar magnetic field and interplanetary magnetic field
The larval retreat and feeding net of macronema carolina banks (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)

Larvae of the caddisfly Macronema carolina, which is widely distributed in the eastern United States, construct chambers on and in the bark and outermost wood of submerged tree limbs in large streams. Each chamber consists of two main parts, a feeding chamber and a larval retreat. A feeding net 10–11 mm2 in area is spun diagonally across the inside of the open ended, tubular feeding chamber, the anterior end of which opens directly into the current. This feeding net has a very fine mesh with openings of approximately 5 × 40 μ and is used to strain microseston (fine particulate organic matter, phytoplankton and bacteria) upon which the larva grazes while situated in a retreat opening into the side of the feeding chamber. This larval retreat has a small opening posteriorly which is apparently used as an exit for feces and water passing over the gills. We propose that the Holarctic distribution of Macronema spp., as inhabiting large streams, may be influenced more by feeding habits of the species, than the conventional water quality parameters often used by aquatic biologists to account for distribution.
Importance of anisotropy on buckling of compression-loaded symmetric composite plates

The differential equation governing buckling of symmetrically laminated composite plates loaded in compression is presented in nondimensiona l form. From this equation, nondimensional material coefficients are obtained, and a nondimensional parameter is presented that is used to assess when anisotropic bending stiffnesses can be neglected in a buckling analysis. Results obtained using finite element analyses are presented that show how boundary conditions, aspect ratio, fiber orientation, stacking sequence, and thickness affect the importance of the anisotropic bending stiffnesses.
Mortality from pesticides in the United States in 1973 and 1974.

Abstract All 1973 and 1974 death certificates in six main categories in which accidental deaths associated with pesticides have been reported were reviewed. For each death in which a pesticide was not definitely excluded by the cause stated on the certificate, a letter was written to the signer of the certificate, to the hospital where the death occurred, or to both. Most accidental deaths from pesticides were classified properly, but some were reported in categories other than the one (E865) specifically established for this class of poisons. A few deaths probably unrelated to poisoning were attributed to pesticides. Some apparent suicides and murders carried out with pesticides were listed as accidents. As in the past, most poisonings in 1973 and 1974 were nonoccupational and involved gross carelessness; a disproportionate number involved males and nonwhites. However, the number of accidental deaths associated with pesticides was greatly reduced. In 1961 and earlier, there were 100 or more such deaths per year in the United States, but the numbers reported in Category E865 were 56 in 1969, 32 in 1973, and 35 in 1974. Counting all categories, the numbers judged to be clear-cut accidents were 97, 62, 45, and 33 in 1961, 1969, 1973, and 1974, respectively. The reduction of deaths from pesticides was accompanied by a reduction in the proportion involving children and an increase in the proportion from very small towns and rural areas. No new example of death caused by an aerosol without wilful misuse was found.
Short-term time step convergence in a climate model

This paper evaluates the numerical convergence of very short (1 h) simulations carried out with a spectral-element (SE) configuration of the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). While the horizontal grid spacing is fixed at approximately 110 km, the process-coupling time step is varied between 1800 and 1 s to reveal the convergence rate with respect to the temporal resolution. Special attention is paid to the behavior of the parameterized subgrid-scale physics. First, a dynamical core test with reduced dynamics time steps is presented. The results demonstrate that the experimental setup is able to correctly assess the convergence rate of the discrete solutions to the adiabatic equations of atmospheric motion. Second, results from full-physics CAM5 simulations with reduced physics and dynamics time steps are discussed. It is shown that the convergence rate is 0.4-considerably slower than the expected rate of 1.0. Sensitivity experiments indicate that, among the various subgrid-scale physical parameterizations, the stratiform cloud schemes are associated with the largest time-stepping errors, and are the primary cause of slow time step convergence. While the details of our findings are model specific, the general test procedure is applicable to any atmospheric general circulation model. The need for more accurate numerical treatments of physical parameterizations, especially the representation of stratiform clouds, is likely common in many models. The suggested test technique can help quantify the time-stepping errors and identify the related model sensitivities.
A microcalorimetric study of complex formation between alkaline sodium tartrate and iron(III)

The structure of the cellulose solvent ferric sodium tartrate (FeTNa) was studied using a sensitive adiabatic calorimeter. FeTNa was found to be a typical transition metal complex in which three tartrate ligands add in a stepwise fashion to iron. The structure of FeTNa first proposed by Franke is thus confirmed. The equilibrium constant for the addition of the third tartrate ligand to iron is approximately 100, a value typical of those for other cellulose-dissolving metal complexes. There is no calorimetric evidence for addition of more than three tartrate molecules to iron. The increase in molar heats of reaction with increasing ionic strength is consistent with dilute electrolyte solution theory. Based on these data, the probable reaction between FeTNa and cellulose has been postulated.
Counting rules and determination of quark masses in chiralSU4⊗SU4

A «current quark» mass counting rule is derived from the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner model for the breaking of chiralSU4⊗SU4. We obtain from the counting rule a «current quark» mass ratiomc/ms≈10.0. Making further use of theSU4 version of Leutwyler's sum rule for pseudoscalar-meson wave functions, we arrive atms≈mc/10≈≈111 MeV,md≈5.7 MeV andmu≈3.4 MeV.
Purification of the precursor of bacterial cellulose

The precursor(s) of bacterial cellulose can be separated from cultures of Acetobacter xylinum by elution chromatography of lyophilized cells using chloroform, acetone, and 20% methanol in acetone. The last fraction, which contains the compound, may be purified by precipitation of glucose by diethyl ether and phase partition into petroleum ether, both at low temperature. Ability of the purified fraction to form cellulose microfibrils was demonstrated by electron microscopy. The active compound in the fraction was tentatively identified by thin layer chromatography, is very labile and has the properties of a lipid or lipid-like substance.
Mining patterns of author orders in scientific publications

Abstract The author order of multi-authored papers can reveal subtle patterns of scientific collaboration and provide insights on the nature of credit assignment among coauthors. This article proposes a sequence-based perspective on scientific collaboration. Using frequently occurring sequences as the unit of analysis, this study explores (1) what types of sequence patterns are most common in the scientific collaboration at the level of authors, institutions, U.S. states, and nations in Library and Information Science (LIS); and (2) the productivity (measured by number of papers) and influence (measured by citation counts) of different types of sequence patterns. Results show that (1) the productivity and influence approximately follow the power law for frequent sequences in the four levels of analysis; (2) the productivity and influence present a significant positive correlation among frequent sequences, and the strength of the correlation increases with the level of integration; (3) for author-level, institution-level, and state-level frequent sequences, short geographical distances between the authors usually co-present with high productivities, while long distances tend to co-occur with large citation counts; (4) for author-level frequent sequences, the pattern of “the more productive and prestigious authors ranking ahead” is the one with the highest productivity and the highest influence; however, in the rest of the levels of analysis, the pattern with the highest productivity and the highest influence is the one with “the less productive and prestigious institutions/states/nations ranking ahead.”
Increased Risk for Persistent Intestinal Metaplasia in Patients with Barrett’s Esophagus and Uncontrolled Reflux Exposure before Radiofrequency Ablation

Background & Aims Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a safe alternative to esophagectomy for patients with dysplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE). Although some studies have indicated that RFA is effective at eradicating dysplasia, most have found that RFA is not as effective in eradicating intestinal metaplasia. We investigated whether uncontrolled reflux is associated with persistent intestinal metaplasia after RFA. Methods Thirty-seven patients with BE underwent RFA, high-resolution manometry, and 24-hour impedance-pH testing; they received proton pump inhibitors twice daily. Patients returned every 2 months for repeat treatment or standard surveillance. Patients were classified as complete responders (CRs) if all intestinal metaplasia was eradicated in fewer than 3 ablation sessions. We analyzed clinical parameters to identify factors associated with a CR or incomplete responder (ICR). Results Among the 37 patients, 22 had a CR and 15 had an ICR. Mann–Whitney U tests revealed that length of BE, size of hiatal hernia, and frequency of reflux, but not acid reflux, differed between CRs and ICRs. CRs had fewer weakly acidic events than ICRs (29.5 vs 52; P P P = .06). No other clinical or manometric features differed between groups. Conclusions Uncontrolled, predominantly weakly acidic reflux despite twice-daily proton pump inhibitor therapy before RFA increases the incidence of persistent intestinal metaplasia after ablation in patients with BE. Length of BE and size of hiatal hernia also were associated with persistent intestinal metaplasia after RFA.