cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Adenovirus-Mediated Aquaporin 1 Expression and Fluid Movement across Epithelial Cells

AdhAQP1, a recombinant adenovirus encoding the human water channel aquaporin 1 (AQP1), has been shown to be useful for gene therapy of salivary glands rendered hypofunctional following irradiation. Here we utilized AdhAQP1 to examine the relationship between AQP1 expression and fluid movement across a polarized salivary epithelial cell monolayer. In response to a 440 to 340 mosm gradient, net fluid movement across cells infected with AdhAQP1 was approximately 10-fold that seen in uninfected cells or cells infected with a control virus. At a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5, fluid movement was linear for 15-30 min. Increasing the osmotic gradient resulted in a proportional increase in fluid movement. At low virus MOIs (0.1-1.0), fluid movement was markedly enhanced relative to that seen at higher MOIs (approximately 5.10), where the level of AQP1 expression and number of cells transduced were considerably greater. We conclude that significant, osmotically-obliged fluid movement in a salivary cell monolayer with low basal water permeability does not require high levels of AQP1 expression.
Multifunctional Biomaterial Matrix for Advanced Wound Healing.

Background: Modern wound dressings provide a moist healing environment and facilitate faster and higher quality of healing. A new semi-interpenetrating network (sIPN) biomaterial platform based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and gelatin was developed as a multi-functional matrix for wound care. The Problem: Besides providing a moist environment and facilitating the healing process, advanced wound dressings may be designed to serve as delivery matrices for drugs and therapeutic cells. New and effective treatments should also comply with clinical settings and be easy to use. No single treatment exists today that can fulfill all these requirements; however, advancement in multifunctional biomaterial design and development holds promise to fill this technology gap. Basic/Clinical Science Advances: PEG + gelatin sIPN provides an ideal platform for fundamental research in cell-cell and cell-biomaterial interaction that is important in wound healing. The in situ forming ability of sIPN facilitates its use in lar...
Development of models for marketing decisions

Practical, useful marketing models are a function of the skill and ingenuity applied during their development. A good deal of creative art, within a framework of systematic, scientific procedure, goes into the building of new marketing models. In practice a marketing organization may do well to gain experience with off-the-shelf models and to proceed to specific, tailor-made projects gradually as experience and skills grow. guidelines for over-all programs and specific procedures in model building are provided and illustrated with examples.
Compact capacitor powered railgun systems

The advances in capacitor technology are described and referenced with respect to the current state of the art. Several approaches to extending capacitor energy storage density are discussed. Point designs of electromagnetic launchers using capacitor technology are presented and projected performance data given based upon computer models.
Dieldrin activates rat neutrophils in vitro.

Abstract Suppression of phagocytic cell function has been proposed as a possible mechanism for the enhanced sensitivity to certain infectious agents exhibited by animals exposed to the organochloride insecticide, dieldrin. In the present study, we examined the effects of dieldrin on superoxide production by glycogen-eli citedperitoneal neutrophils (PMNs) from the rat. Dieldrin caused a concentration-dependent increase in superoxide production by PMNs incubated in vitro at 37°C. Superoxide release was increased significantly with 10 μ m dieldrin and reached a maximum of 17 nmol/10 min/2.0 × 10 6 PMNs at a dieldrin concentration of 35 μ m . Preincubation of PMNs for 5 min at room temperature with a barely suprathreshold concentration of either phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or N -formyl- l -methionyl- l -leucyl- l -phenylalanine (FMLP) enhanced dieldrin-stimulated superoxide release by as much as ninefold or threefold, respectively. Maximum enhancement was obtained with 10 μ m dieldrin for both PMA and FMLP. Time course studies with PMA-pretreated cells revealed that the rate of superoxide release was dependent on the concentration of dieldrin. Extracellular calcium played an important role in dieldrin-stimulated superoxide release, since PMNs treated with dieldrin in the absence of extracellular calcium did not release superoxide. Also, pretreatment with calcium ionophore A23187 greatly enhanced superoxide release from dieldrin-stimulated PMNs. These results show that dieldrin has a stimulatory effect on superoxide release from rat PMNs in vitro and that this stimulation is dependent on extracellular calcium.
Racial identity, social context, and race-related social cognition in African Americans during middle childhood

This study examined the effect of changes in racial identity, cross-race friendships, same-race friendships, and classroom racial composition on changes in race-related social cognition from 3rd to 5th grade for 73 African American children. The goal of the study was to determine the extent to which preadolescent racial identity and social context predict expectations of racial discrimination in cross-race social interactions (social expectations). Expectations of racial discrimination were assessed using vignettes of cross-race social situations involving an African American child in a social interaction with European Americans. There were 3 major findings. First, expectations for discrimination declined slightly from 3rd to 5th grade. Second, although racial composition of children's classrooms, number of European American friends, gender, and family poverty status were largely unrelated to social expectations, having more African American friends was associated with expecting more discrimination in cross-racial interactions from 3rd to 5th grade. Third, increases in racial centrality were related to increases in discrimination expectations, and increases in public regard were associated with decreases in discrimination expectations. These data suggest that as early as 3rd grade, children are forming attitudes about their racial group that have implications for their cross-race social interactions.
Branching patterns and localization of the common fibular (peroneal) nerve: an anatomical basis for planning safe surgical approaches

Purpose Given the severity and incidence of injury to the common fibular (peroneal) nerve (CFN), there is a need to further clarify its anatomical location and branching patterns. This project attempts to consolidate current anatomical understanding of this nerve and provide physicians with reproducible measurements regarding the CFN and its branches.
Freedom, Determinism and Character

In the literature on the issue whether causal determinism is compatible with freedom and/or moral responsibility, there is an argument which I wish to examine and rehabilitate after severe qualification, correction and even some supplementation. I shall formulate the issue in terms of freedom. But it should be understood that there is a very close connection between the sort of freedom discussed here and moral responsibility in the sense of deserving credit or blame. This connection is at least close enough so that such freedom as I shall discuss is required for moral responsibility to hold. The argument in question arises in the writings of those who affirm the compatibility of causal determinism and freedom. (But it is not essential to a compatibilist position. Rather, it is an attack on incompatibilist defenders of free will.) It is usually expressed roughly as follows. Causal determinism, far from being incompatible with freedom, is required by freedom. One way in which we can see this (it is claimed) is by attending to cases in which action flows from character. At least some such actions (it is maintained) are free, indeed commonly and with good reason treated as paradigms of freedom, and we apportion moral responsibility to persons for such actions, although these actions flow from character, and are in this sense causally determined by character. In prominent compatibility theorists, it is, moreover, sometimes apparently argued that all free acts must be causally determined by character. The sort of argument sketched above receives its classical formulation in Hume,' but it continues to be maintained in discussions of the issue by twentieth-century philosophers, e.g., R. E. Hobart.2 I propose to show that the way in which some actions 'flow from character' does pose a problem for many a theorist who asserts that there is an incompatibility between causal determinism and freedom. This problem does not provide as conclusive a refutation of the incompatibility theorist as has been thought by some compatibility theorists. But it does provide a consideration against the incompatibility theorist.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) as an Occupational Disease

Excerpt To the editor: In an editorial (1) on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as an occupational disease, Brennan states that "the accident leading to an HIV infection in a health car...
Two-photon excitation in scanning laser microscopy (Abstract Only)

Two-photon excitation in scanning laser fluorescence microscopy provides axial resolution and rejection of out of focus background similar to that provided by confocal microscopy. Two- photon excitation is allowed by the extremely high peak intensity (> 1010 W/cm2) at the waist of a highly focused beam of subpicosecond pulses from a modelocked laser. Chromophore excitation and photobleaching are restricted to the focal plane by quadratic dependence of the excitation rate on incident intensity. Sectional imaging is therefore possible without the need of a confocal aperture allowing the use of UV excited chromophores, including quantitative fluorescent indicators of divalent cations, which are problematic for confocal microscopy because of chromatic aberration of objective lenses. Furthermore, sectional imaging becomes possible using widefield viewing detectors such as CCD arrays or video camera. The confinement of two-photon excitation to the focal volume allows point localized photochemistry. Two-photon excited release of caged biological probes makes possible the observation of the living cell's response to chemical stimuli with the spatial resolution of optical microscopy. Two-photon excited laser scanning photolithography allows the generation of complicated 3-D forms with a single patterned exposure and one development step. Two-photon activation of fluorescent dyes allows 3-D optical data storage at extremely high density. Two-photon excited release of caged fluorescent probes allows micromobility measurements in 3-D bulk media. By photolytic release of fluorescent dye and subsequent observation of its redistribution it is possible to quantitatively study diffusional transport properties in polymers and living biological specimens.
Targeted suppression of beta-catenin blocks intestinal adenoma formation in APC Min mice.

Mutations involving the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene leading to activation of β-catenin have been identified in the majority of sporadic colonic adenocarcinomas and in essentially all colonic tumors from patients with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis. The C57BL/6J-APCmin (Min) mouse, which carries a germ line mutation in the murine homolog of the APC gene is a useful model for intestinal adenoma formation linked to loss of APC activity. One of the critical downstream molecules regulated by APC is β-catenin; molecular targeting of β-catenin is, thus, an attractive chemopreventative strategy in colon cancer. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AODNs) capable of downregulating murine β-catenin have been identified. Adenomas harvested from mice treated for 7 days with β-catenin AODNs demonstrated clear downregulation of β-catenin expression, which was accompanied by a significant reduction in proliferation. There was no effect on proliferation in normal intestinal epithelium. Min mice treated systemically with β-catenin AODNs over a 6-week period had a statistically significant reduction in the number of intestinal adenomas. These studies provide direct evidence that targeted suppression of β-catenin inhibits the formation of intestinal adenomas in APC-mutant mice. Furthermore, these studies suggest that molecular targeting of β-catenin holds significant promise as a chemopreventative strategy in colon cancer.
Assessing the role of detergent–detergent interactions in membrane protein crystallization

Abstract Static light scattering may be used to probe the solution behavior of complexes of integral membrane proteins with detergents. As has been observed with soluble proteins, the crystallization behavior of protein–detergent complexes can be reliably predicted by the second osmotic virial coefficient ( B 22 ), which is obtained from light scattering. Conditions which yield crystals map to a narrow window of B 22 values falling within the “crystallization slot” previously described for soluble proteins. This slot lies near the cloud point of the detergent used for crystallization. The detergent portion of the protein–detergent complex appears to be an important factor in determining the B 22 values for the complex. This suggests a strategy for the design of membrane protein crystallization screens which focuses principally on optimization of detergent–detergent interactions. Cloud point assays have been developed to facilitate collection of the data necessary to construct such screens.
Tomographic evaluation of 100 patients with temporomandibular joint symptoms.

Abstract It is anticipated that polycycloidal tomography will provide even greater knowledge of the bony components of the temporomandibular joint. More accurate, objective radiographic evidence will unquestionably allow us to approach subjective clinical evidence with greater confidence in relating these factors to diagnosis.
Infants' earliest sleep/wake organization differs as a function of delivery mode

The sleep/wake states of newborn infants were investigated as a function of vaginal and C-section delivery. The subjects were 51 normal full-term infants: 26 vaginally delivered, 12 delivered by emergency C-section, and 13 delivered by elective C-section. Their sleep states and wakefulness were continuously recorded from the time of birth throughout their stay in the hospital, that is, the first 2 postnatal days for the vaginally delivered infants and 5 days for the C-section infants. Sleep was recorded using the automated Motility Monitoring System, which permits 24-hr recordings without instrumentation of the subject. During the 1st postnatal day, both C-section groups showed state patterns that differed significantly from those of the vaginally delivered infants. Analyses for single states indicated that both C-section groups had significantly less active sleep, and the elective group had more wake and more sleep–wake transition than the vaginal group. The two C-section groups did not differ significantly on any measure. Only the vaginally delivered infants showed significant day/night differences during the first 2 days, with more wakefulness, shorter mean sleep periods and shorter longest-sleep periods during the daytime on both days. The results of this study indicate that the earliest postnatal sleep patterns differ and the diurnal sleep rhythm is disrupted as a result of surgical delivery. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 32: 293–303, 1998
Perinatal care in Arizona 1950-2002: a study of the positive impact of technology, regionalization and the Arizona perinatal trust.

Perinatal Care in Arizona 1950–2002: A Study of the Positive Impact of Technology, Regionalization and the Arizona Perinatal Trust
Distinguishing patterns of charge order : Stripes or checkerboards

In two dimensions, quenched disorder always rounds transitions involving the breaking of spatial symmetries so, in practice, it can often be difficult to infer what form the symmetry breaking would take in the 'ideal,' zero disorder limit. We discuss methods of data analysis which can be useful for making such inferences, and apply them to the problem of determining whether the preferred order in the cuprates is 'stripes' or 'checkerboards.' In many cases we show that the experiments clearly indicate stripe order, while in others (where the observed correlation length is short), the answer is presently uncertain.
Method of dual matrices for function minimization

In this paper, the method of dual matrices for the minimization of functions is introduced. The method, which is developed on the model of a quadratic function, is characterized by two matrices at each iteration. One matrix is such that a linearly independent set of directions can be generated, regardless of the stepsize employed. The other matrix is such that, at the point where the first matrix fails to yield a gradient linearly independent of all the previous gradients, it generates a displacement leading to the minimal point. Thus, the one-dimensional search is bypassed. For a quadratic function, it is proved that the minimal point is obtained in at mostn + 1 iterations, wheren is the number of variables in the function. Since the one-dimensional search is not needed, the total number of gradient evaluations for convergence is at mostn + 2.
The correspondence of family features with problem, aggressive, criminal, and violent behavior: a meta-analysis

Family features and characteristics are often identified as central to the development of antisocial behavior and are thus attractive targets for risk-focused preventive intervention. Using meta-analytic techniques, we examined the covariation between 21 family constructs with the current or later display of problem, aggressive, criminal, or violent behaviors. The 80 mean relationships, based on 3,124 correlations from 233 reports of 119 longitudinal studies, discussed in this paper are generally moderate, with a grand mean across outcomes of $$ \overline {{r_{x,y}}} = .15 $$ . Family constructs were most predictive of problem behaviors, $$ \overline {{r_{x,y}}} = .21 $$ . Predictors measured earlier in life were significantly stronger in 12 relationships and significantly weaker in 18 relationships. These findings are discussed with reference to Rutter’s (American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 57:316–331, 1987) conceptualization of protective mechanisms which suggests that if family factors warrant the attention they have engendered, then it is through their interaction with other developmental and situational factors.
THE NUTRITIONAL RESPONSE OF TWO PENAEID SPECIES TO VARIOUS LEVELS OF SQUID MEAL IN A PREPARED FEED1

Several pelletized feeds containing 30–35% total protein were tested on two penaeid species, Penaeus stylirostris and P. setiferus. Alginate bound test diets varied in protein composition but all diets contained about 30% sun-dried shrimp meal. Following initial testing with diets containing up to 13% squid meal, further test diets varied in percentage of squid meal between 0 and 12.7, and in α-soy flour between 0 and 12.4. One test diet replaced these components with 12.5% brewer's yeast. Conversion rates, survival, and growth were determined during a 3-week period, both in the two species and in two sizes of P. stylirostris. Comparisons of the various diets between the two species suggest that the presence of 5–6% squid meal is advantageous in feeds of about 30–35% total protein.
A paramagnetic precursor for polymeric supramolecular assemblies based on multiply bonded dimetal units: μ-acetato-acetonitriletris-(μ-N, N'-diphenylformamidinato)-diruthenium tetrafluoroborate dichloromethane hemisolvate

The title compound, [Ru 2 (C 13 H 11 N 2 ) 3 (C 2 H 3 O 2 )(C 2 H 3 N)]BF 4 -0.5CH 2 Cl 2 or [Ru 2 (μ-DPhF) 3 (μ-O 2 CMe)(MeCN)]BF 4 .0.5CH 2 -Cl 2 , where DPhF is N,N'-diphenylformamidinate, crystallized as dark-blue block-shaped crystals. In the unit cell, the diruthenium cation lies on a general position, and the BF 4 - anions reside on two independent special positions with crystallographic twofold symmetry. Disorder was observed for one of the phenyl groups in the formamidinate ligand, the axial acetonitrile molecule and the interstitial dichloromethane molecule. The compound, which exhibits a long Ru-Ru bond of 2.4131 (5) A, is the first {Ru 2 } 5+ formamidinate species that is both equatorially and axially functionalized so that it can be used as a precursor for polymeric paramagnetic supramolecular assemblies.
Design of icons for use by Chinese in mainland China

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impacts of cultural differences in cognitive abilities between the American and Chinese users on their performance with icon displays. The goal was to provide insight for software developers whose products might have potential Chinese users. The key factor in this study was the presentation mode of icon displays, which could be alphanumeric elements only, pictorial elements only, or a combined mode (both elements). An experiment was conducted with 30 American and 30 Chinese subjects. The subjects performed recognition tasks using different presentation modes. Results indicate that for the American subjects there were advantages to alphanumeric and combined modes, compared to the pictorial mode, in terms of performance time and errors. For Chinese subjects, there were advantages to pictorial and combined modes, compared with alphanumeric mode; their initial error rate also was lower using a combined mode than when using an alphanumeric one.
Hypersonic viscous interaction on slender cones.

Hypersonic surface measurements and flowfield properties about slender cones in hypersonic viscous interaction regime
Finite element investigation of steel built-up shear links subjected to inelastic deformations

Non-linear finite element models accounting for large displacements have been used to investigate the behavior of steel built-up shear links that had previously been tested using large-scale experiments. The links were designed using steel grades with yield points ranging from high to low strengths. The objectives of the numerical analyses were to further investigate the non-linear behavior and to correlate the numerical results with experimental observations. Elasto-plastic as well as cyclic stress-strain material properties were incorporated to study the influence of material behavior on the overall shear link response. Non-linear monotonie analyses of the shear links incorporating the cyclic stress-strain steel properties resulted in similar trends in the response as the backbone curves recorded from the physical experiments. The numerical models of built-up shear links utilizing structural grade steels closely correlated to the experimentally recorded shear strength. Models utilizing low yield point steels overestimated the shear strength, which was caused by the characteristics of cyclic behavior of those steels. The detailed numerical models also allowed for investigation of the plastic strain demands on the different components of the link. It was shown that finite element models combined with appropriate stress-strain relationship may be used with confidence to check the design of shear links of different steel grades and sectional geometries.
The effects of annealing and aluminum substitution on the elastic behavior of alkali silicate glasses

Abstract In an effort to better understand the structural dynamics of glasses, we have measured the second-order adiabatic elastic moduli, and their pressure and temperature derivatives, of a sodium silicate and a sodium alumino-silicate glass. In both cases, we find increasing compressional and decreasing shear wave velocities with pressure. Substantial hysteresis is present in both glasses, especially in the shear-wave velocities. We also have studied the effects of annealing by measuring the elastic properties before and after annealing. We find that, in addition to previously observed increase in density and moduli, the pressure and temperature derivatives also increase, or become less negative. Comparison of the two glasses, which have nearly the same oxygen packing densities and unoccupied volumes, shows that substitution of aluminum for silicon increases the elastic moduli substantially. Shear modulus increases are accounted for by elimination of non-bonding oxygens, but bulk and Young's modulus changes are associated either with bond strengths in the network-forming tetrahedra, or with steric hindrance effects. In contrast, aluminum substitution does not affect the pressure derivatives of the moduli. The pressure derivatives are proportional to the unoccupied volume fraction in the glass, which is a measure of ion packing efficiency. This suggests that packing efficiency alone controls moduli pressure derivatives in alumino-silicate glasses.
Testing Parental and Peer Communication Influence on Young Adults’ Body Satisfaction

Few research studies have explored how parental communication influences children's body image. Some studies have looked at parental communication orientation and the development of eating problems without distinguishing between the mother's and the father's communication style and between the daughter's and the son's body dissatisfaction. In addition, no study has compared the influence of family communication versus peer pressure on young adults’ body-image perceptions. The current investigation attempted to fill that void. Results of a survey conducted among 283 college students show the support for developmental and social comparison theories that argue that peers’ influence in adolescence is more significant than parents’ influence. Peer pressure is unavoidable and most often negative, especially for girls. Too much parental control can also negatively influence how college-aged women and men feel about their bodies. This is especially true for an opposite-sex parent.
Self-Assembly of Two-Dimensional Islands via Strain-Mediated Coarsening

We demonstrate two distinctive effects of strain-induced island-island interaction on island size and spatial distribution during coarsening of 2D islands. When coarsening proceeds via only mass transport between islands, the interaction broadens the island size distribution, leading to a power-law dependence of island size uniformity on island number density. When coarsening proceeds via island migration in addition to mass transport between islands, the interaction can effectively direct island motion through island edge diffusion, leading to self-organized formation of a regular array of islands with both uniform size and spacing.
Machine politics and protracted transition in Taiwan

Rather than viewing the opposition presidential victory in 2000 as the end of Taiwan's decades‐long protracted transition, this article argues that the end of transition was marked by Taiwan's first direct presidential election in 1996. The dominant‐party Kuomintang (KMT) regime cobbled together on Taiwan since the 1940s went beyond top‐down authoritarianism, as the party's leadership designed a political machine that deeply penetrated local society, enticing ordinary Taiwanese into political networks whose ultimate function was to support the KMT party‐state. The participants’ long experience with iterated bargaining over rules of competition trained the KMT and its opponents to expect incremental changes in response to repeated demands. Unlike opposition leaders in rapid transitions, for whom the negotiation of a pact offers the first (and sometimes only) opportunity to help define the rules of politics, Taiwan's opposition politicians saw these conferences as rungs on a ladder. Taiwan's experience demo...
A high-low emitter bipolar power transistor

Abstract Bipolar power transistors with a high-low emitter profile were fabricated and their electrical characteristics were investigated. The maximum do current gain of these high-low emitter transistors is in the range of 600 to 700 at a collector current of 600 :mA to 700 mA. This is attributed to the minority carrier reflection of the high-low emitter junction and enhanced material properties of the epitaxial base and lightly-doped emitter. The low base current activation energy (0.9 eV) is attributed to n + emitter band-gap shrinkage and minority carrier reflection of the high-low emitter junction. These transistors also have a smaller percentage increase in maximum do current gain with increasing temperature than do conventional bipolar power transistors.
III-V Quantum Dot Enhanced Photovoltaic Devices

State of the art photovoltaics exhibiting conversion efficiency in excess of 30% (1-sun) utilize epitaxially grown multijunction III-V materials. Increasing photovoltaic efficiency is critically important to the space power, and more recently, the terrestrial concentrator PV communities The use of nanostructured materials within photovoltaic devices can enable improved efficiency, potentially in excess of the Shockley-Queisser limit. The addition of nanostructures such as quantum dots (QDs) to photovoltaic devices allows one to extend the absorption spectrum of the solar cell and "tune" the bandgap to the spectral conditions. Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells would benefit from the additional short-circuit current within the middle current-limiting (In)GaAs cell via QD spectral tuning. While QD tuning is a potentially direct approach to increased efficiency of MJ solar cells, it has been reported that significant improvements can be achieved using QDs to form an intermediate band within the bandgap of a suitable matrix. We will discuss the potential for QD photovoltaic devices and examine the challenges associated with multi-junction device growth with the inclusion of quantum dot arrays. GaAs p-i-n solar cells, with and without InAs QD superlattices are used to demonstrate the potential benefits of QDs. The unique challenges associated with the characterization of this type of device will also be presented. Using strain-balanced Stranski-Krastanov QD formation, we have demonstrated sub-gap photon collection and increased current in QD-enhanced GaAs solar cells containing up to 100 periods. Finally, we will discuss the opportunities that these devices hold for high photovoltaic conversion efficiency.
Semivariograms of digital imagery for analysis of conifer canopy structure.

Semivariograms were used to exploit the spatial information inherent in digital imagery of a variety of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco] forest stands in the Pacific Northwest region of the United Stataes. Calculations involved digital numbers from single transects of pixels representative of each stand and from a full spatial matrix of pixels from each stand. Digitized aerial video images having pixel sizes of 1 m, 10 m, and 30 m were used. At 1 m spatial resolution the ranges of the matrix semivariograms related to the mean tree canopy sizes of the stands. The sills responded to the presence of vertical layering in the canopies and to percent canopy cover. The transect semivariograms were less representative of overall stand structure, but exhibited periodicity that was suggestive of patterns in stand structure. Semivariograms based on 10 m and 30 m pixels contained significantly less useful information. The ranges of the 10 m matrix semivariograms revealed only whether the tree canopy sizes were less than 10 m or were between 10 m and 20 m. The sills were greatly reduced, but still related well to canopy layering and percent cover. Periodicity in the transect semivariograms was greatly reduced, and in some cases, eliminated. At 30 m resolution, only the sills of the matrix semivariograms contained useful information. However, actual differences between the sills were small.
Louisiana coastal wetlands and Louisiana Coastal grey literature : Vanishing treasures

Over the last century Louisiana has lost an alarming amount of coastal wetlands to coastal erosion. Natural disasters and manmade solutions to problems alike have contributed to this national tragedy. A vast amount of grey literature documenting the history of land loss in Louisiana has been produced, but never collocated for researchers’ use. The Louisiana Coastal Grey Literature Project endeavored to locate, organize, and provide access to these valuable hidden treasures.
Characterization of dopamine-mediated relaxation in experimental vein bypass grafts.

Background. Dopamine is an endogenous inotropic agent commonly used during coronary artery surgery and in the medical therapy of a revascularized patient. In this study the responses of intimal hyperplastic vein grafts to dopamine are examined. Methods. The in vitro isometric tension responses to dopamine of common carotid jugular vein bypass grafts in New Zealand White rabbits were determined. The responses were compared to those obtained in the jugular vein and in the common carotid artery. Both endothelialized and denuded vessels were precontracted with prostaglandin F2α and the responses to dopamine were assessed. The contributions of nitric oxide and prostanoids to the response were also determined. Results. Each vessel showed a biphasic dose response to dopamine with relaxation at low concentrations followed by contraction at high concentrations. Dopamine relaxation in the jugular vein was endothelial independent while in the carotid artery it was endothelial dependent and decreased. The sensitivity of both vessels was significantly greater than the vein graft (6.62 ± 0.12; P < 0.05); however, after endothelial denudation, the sensitivity of dopamine-mediated relaxation of the vein graft (8.91 ± 0.09) was significantly enhanced. Preincubation with l-NMMA (to block NO synthesis) inhibited vein graft relaxation to dopamine and preincubation with indomethacin (to block cyclooxygenase activity) inhibited carotid artery relaxation to dopamine. Addition of phenoxybenzamine, a broad α-adrenergic antagonist, enhanced dopamine relaxation in the jugular vein and depressed the relaxation in the carotid artery. There was no effect on the dopamine response in the vein graft. Jugular vein and carotid artery responded to dopamine with cholera toxin-sensitive (Gαs) responses. In contrast, dopamine relaxation in the vein graft was enhanced by inhibition of Gαs. Conclusion. Dopamine relaxation in vein grafts is mediated in part by NO but not by either prostanoids or α-adrenergic receptor activation. It is diminished compared to native vessels due to an endothelium-dependent, Gαs-mediated pathway.
The distribution of some commonly used drugs in human breast milk.

(1983). The Distribution of Some Commonly Used Drugs in Human Breast Milk. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 653-684.
Laminar Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Lid-Driven Cavity Due to a Thin Fin

A finite-volume-based computational study of steady laminar flow and heat transfer (neglecting natural convection) within a lid-driven square cavity due to a single thin fin is presented. The lid moves from left to right and a fixed thin fin can be positioned perpendicular to any of the three stationary walls. Three fins with lengths equal to 5, 10, and 15 percent of the side, positioned at 15 locations were examined for Re =500, 1000, 2000, and Pr=1 (total of 135 cases). Placing a fin on the right wall brings about multi-cell recirculating vortices compared to the case without a fin that exhibits a primary vortex and two small corner cells. A fin slows the flow near the anchoring wall and reduces the temperature gradients, thus degrading heat transfer capacity. A fin positioned near the top right corner of the cavity can reduce heat transfer most effectively in cases with all three different Reynolds numbers and lengths
[What is a targeted therapy? The view of the biologist].

La chimiotherapie des cancers, qui a connu une progression continue au cours de la seconde moitie du XX e siecle, est en profonde mutation depuis quelques annees : au lieu de se contenter d’inhiber la proliferation cellulaire, ses nouveaux developpements visent a atteindre les mecanismes meme de l’oncogenese. Le nom de « therapeutique ciblee » fait reference a ce ciblage de l’oncogenese. Comprendre les mecanismes de l’oncogenese est une necessite pour qui veut comprendre l’utilisation des therapeutiques ciblees. Chaque tumeur presente une histoire naturelle qui lui est propre et des alterations oncogeniques caracteristiques, qui vont definir autant de cibles potentielles pour l’activite de molecules nouvelles. La prescription de la chimiotherapie ciblee ne peut se faire sans que la tumeur a traiter ait ete au prealable caracterisee quant a la presence, parmi les alterations oncogeniques qu’elle a acquises, de celle(s) que l’on veut cibler. Il est par consequent indispensable de ne concevoir les applications de cette chimiotherapie nouvelle que sur la base d’une selection des patients pouvant en beneficier. Cette revue didactique presente une vue generale de ces alterations moleculaires oncogeniques, les cibles potentielles qui en decoulent et les moyens actuellement disponibles pour les atteindre.
Metabolic acidosis and the progression of chronic kidney disease

Metabolic acidosis is a common complication of chronic kidney disease. Accumulating evidence identifies acidosis not only as a consequence of, but as a contributor to, kidney disease progression. Several mechanistic pathways have been identified in this regard. The dietary acid load, even in the absence of overt acidosis, may have deleterious effects. Several small trials now suggest that the treatment of acidosis with oral alkali can slow the progression of kidney disease.
Overturning Circulation in an Eddy-Resolving Model : The Effect of the Pole-to-Pole Temperature Gradient

The effect of the pole-to-pole surface temperature difference on the deep stratification and the strength of the global meridional overturning circulation (MOC) is examined in an eddy-resolving ocean model configured in an idealized domain roughly representing the Atlantic sector. Mesoscale eddies lead to qualitative differences in the mean stratification and the MOC compared to laminar (i.e., eddy free) models. For example, the spreading of fluid across the model’s representation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) no longer relies on the existence of a sill in the ACC. In addition, the deep- and bottom-water masses— roughly representing North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (ABW), respectively—are eroded by the eddies so that their zonal and meridional extents are much smaller than in the laminar case. It is found that if the north pole temperature is sufficiently warm, the formation of northern deep water is suppressed and the middepth cell is small and weak while the deep cell is large and vigorous. In contrast, if the north pole temperatureis in the range of the southern channeltemperatures,the middepth cell is large andstrong while the deep cell has a reducedamplitude.This result is consistentwith the predictionsof the laminar theory of the MOC. In contrast to the laminar theory, realistically strong deep stratification is formed even if the temperature at the northern sinking site is warmer than any temperature found in the channel. Indeed, middepth stratification is actually stronger in the latter case than the former case.
The Red River College Model: Enhancing Success for Native Canadian and Other Nursing Students from Disenfranchised Groups

The recruitment and retention of students from culturally diverse backgrounds remains a critical issue in nursing education. This article describes one program that was very successful in helping Native Canadian and other disenfranchised students succeed academically in nursing. The program design and operation as well as issues related to recruitment and retention of these students are presented. Many aspects of this program are now incorporated into the baccalaureate nursing program in the college.
"AIR POWER IS PEACE POWER" -- THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY'S CAMPAIGN FOR PUBLIC AND POLITICAL SUPPORT, 1943-1949

An analysis of the aircraft industry's public relations campaign suggests that individuals' thoughts and feelings about airplanes and atomic weapons, domestic politics, and international events had greater influence on public opinion and political action than the PR program. However, the industry's public relations program did bring together many groups interested in air power. By linking these groups and capitalizing on the domestic and international situation, the public relations firm Hill and Knowlton of New York helped to create a climate in which air power was an acceptable solution to national defense and budgetary problems.
Human resources and the resource based view of the firm

The resource-based view (RBV) of the firm has influenced the field of strategic human resource management (SHRM) in a number of ways. This paper explores the impact of the RBV on the theoretical and empirical development of SHRM. It explores how the fields of strategy and SHRM are beginning to converge around a number of issues, and proposes a number of implications of this convergence.
Validation of the actical activity monitor in middle-aged and older adults

Purpose: This study was designed to validate the Actical activity monitor in middle-aged and older adults of varying body composition to develop accelerometer thresholds to distinguish between light and moderate intensity physical activity (PA). Methods: Nonobese 45 to 64 yr (N = 29), obese 45 to 64 yr (N = 21), and ≥65 yr (N = 23; varying body composition) participants completed laboratory-based sitting, household, and locomotive activities while wearing an Actical monitor and a portable metabolic measurement system. Nonlinear regression analysis was used to identify activity count (AC) cut-points to differentiate between light intensity (<3 METs) and moderate intensity (≥3METs) PA. Results: Using group-specific algorithms, AC cut points for 3 METs were 1634, 1107, and 431 for the obese 45 to 64 yr group, nonobese 45 to 64 yr group, and ≥65 yr group, respectively. However, sensitivity and specificity analysis revealed that an AC cut-point of 1065 yielded similar accuracy for detecting an activity as less...
Personal Troubles and Public Issues: A Sociological Imagination of Black Athletes' Experiences at Predominantly White Institutions in the United States

The purpose of this paper is to provide a socio-historical examination of Black athletes’ experiences at predominantly White institutions (PWIs) and connect these experiences with the broader social issues facing Blacks in the United States (US). Historically, the prevalence of racism within the US has contributed to the oppression, discrimination, and limited upward mobility of Blacks. In the US, racist beliefs have been institutionalized formally through federal and state laws as well as informally through social practices and norms. Using Mills’ (1959) sociological imagination as a conceptual framework, the author provides a critical examination of the connection between the personal biographies of Black athletes at PWIs and the historical public issues facing Blacks in the US as documented in scholarly and relevant literatures. Understanding the connection between biographies and history allows for a more holistic understanding of the root causes of these personal troubles and public issues. Common themes in the literature that will be highlighted and addressed include experiences with racial discrimination/social isolation, academic neglect, economic deprivation, and limited leadership opportunities.
13.4: Copper Nanowires with Five‐Twinned Structure Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition and their Application to Field Emission Displays

A prototype field emission display device was fabricated using copper nanowires as emitters. The copper nanowires were grown by chemical vapor deposition without any catalyst or template, which were analyzed by electron microscopy to show a five-fold twinned structure with a pentagonal pyramid tip. The electron diffraction pattern disclosed that the twin boundaries were mismatched irregularly. The anisotropic growth of the copper nanowires in gas phase could be attributed to the passivation of the {100} side planes by the phosphite molecules dissociated from the precursor. Field emission characteristics of the nanowires were measured.
New images of turbulent Venusian atmosphere

The European Space Agency's Venus Express has sent back new images of atmospheric turbulence and cloud features that may help explain what causes the planet's violent winds. Using infrared wavelengths, the spacecraft's Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer can see through the thick layer of clouds covering the planet's atmosphere and take images at various depths. The new images show that clouds are irregular and bubble-shaped at the equator, become more regular and streaky at mid-latitudes, and enter a vortex shape at the poles. In addition, images over clouds over a region called Alpha Regio—characterized by troughs and ridges that can b e up to 4 kilometers high—indicate that surface topography may influence local atmospheric turbulence. The images are available at http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM9N77DWZE_index_0.html
Cities, Infectious Diseases and the Embodiment of Place

: [in focus, place, infectious disease, medical anthropology, cholera, dengue, vaccine, biosecurity]
Aging, Adult Development, and Work Motivation

We describe a framework for understanding how age-related changes in adult development affect work motivation, and, building on recent life-span theories and research on cognitive abilities, personality, affect, vocational interests, values, and self-concept, identify four intraindividual change trajectories (loss, gain, reorganization, and exchange). We discuss implications of the integrative framework for the use and effectiveness of different motivational strategies with midlife and older workers in a variety of jobs, as well as abiding issues and future research directions.
Reducing spurious PLL tones in spectrum sensing architectures

In a non-ideal PLL circuit, leakage of the reference signal into the control line produces spurious tones. When the distorted PLL signal is used in an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), it creates spurious tones in the sampled data as well. In spectrum sensing applications, the presence of spurious tones can lead to false detection of signals in otherwise empty channels. In a typical spectrum sensing application, there usually exists a Fourier transform block. We propose an algorithm to use this block to estimate the jitter errors from the spurious sidebands and to compensate the distorted samples in the digital domain.
Molecular mechanisms deployed by virally encoded G protein-coupled receptors in human diseases.

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest family of cell surface molecules involved in signal transduction. Surprisingly, open read- ing frames for multiple GPCRs were hijacked in the process of coevolu- tion between Herpesviridae family viruses and their human and mammalian hosts. Virally encoded GPCRs (vGPCRs) evolved as parts of viral genomes, and this evolution allowed the power of host GPCR signaling circuitries to be harnessed in order to ensure viral replicative success. Phylogenetically, vGPCRs are distantly related to human chemokine receptors, although they feature several unique characteristics. Here, we describe the molecular mech- anisms underlying vGPCR-mediated viral pathogenesis. These mechanisms include constitutive activity, aberrant coupling to human G proteins and β-arrestins, binding and activation by human chemokines, and dimerization with other GPCRs expressed in infected cells. The likely structural basis for these molecular events is described for the two closest viral homologs of human GPCRs. This information may aid in the development of novel targeted therapeutic strategies against viral diseases.