cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced Materials for Printed Wearable Electrochemical Devices: A Review

The field of printed wearable electronics has witnessed spectacular growth due to its promise to offer low-cost, high-performance devices for a broad range of applications. Among the sub-fields of printed wearable electronics, printed wearable electrochemical systems are of special importance due to their widespread applications in healthcare, energy and security fields. These systems have opened up new avenues for body-integrated electronics that were earlier impossible to achieve. These include wearable energy systems and sensors for a wide variety of applications. Much of the success of printed wearable electrochemical systems can be attributed to innovations in materials engineering that have led to novel inks comprising of new nanomaterials, polymers and composites. New generation of printed electrochemical devices include soft, stretchable and anatomically-compliant devices that enable efficient bio-integration and withstand high tensile stress associated with on-body applications. Progress in materials science has also led to the development of self-healing printed electrochemical systems for wearable applications. This review provides an overview of the key material requirements for ink formulations for realizing efficient wearable electrochemical systems such as batteries, supercapacitors, biofuel cells and sensors. Finally, major challenges impeding the field of wearable electrochemical systems are discussed along with future prospects of this exciting field.
Transport Equations for Fractured Porous Media

With the advent of analyzing geological settings as possible sites for hazardous waste isolation, the modeling of transport phenomena in fractured rock has been a topic of increasing interest. In studies to date, the means by which transport phenomena in fractured rock have been mathematically visualized has taken two distinct routes. The need for different conceptualizations of fractured rock has arisen due to the diverse nature of fracturing in rock formations. Usually, the length scale of a given transport problem, in relation to the intensity of fracturing, varies from one rock formation to the next. In some instances, there may exist only a few significant fractures (of a given fracture family) over the length scale of the transport problem. In other situations, the length scale of the transport problem may encompass large numbers of interconnected fractures. These observations have led to conceptualizations of fractured rock as either a system of individual and possibly interconnected fractures in a permeable or impermeable host rock, or as one or more overlapping fluid continua, in a manner similar to the mathematical treatment of granular porous materials. The assumptions implicit in the use of each of these conceptualizations are discussed in this chapter along with a selective review of the recent literature. A detailed analysis of the discrete fracture and continuum conceptualizations of fractured rock is provided by developing the appropriate equations of mass, momentum and energy transport for each conceptualization.
Understanding Abnormal Behavior in Cultural Context

In clinical practice today, psychologists are finding that many of their clients are from cultural backgrounds quite different from their own. This is not a startling revelation, because in our culturally complex society, many individuals who have severe psychological problems are just as likely to be from the underclasses (e.g., the poor, ethnic minorities, the growing number of refugees, and the chronically disabled) as they are to be from the more familiar middle class. What is starting, however, is that the theories we are taught, the procedures and techniques we have inherited from the last generation of psychologists, and even the training programs that introduced us to the profession have their roots—indeed, their major thrust—in middle-class values and orientations. Usually, contemporary practitioners or researchers have little preparation for dealing with the “cultural problem” in our professional activities—little beyond the admonition of sage methodologists that we should be wary of our transgressions if we consider using procedures or concepts derived in one culture with clients or problems from another.
STIMULATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM BY HOMOPOLYRIBONUCLEOTIDES

Stimulation of the immune response by adjuvants, such as endotoxins, nucleic acids, and smaller molecular weight oligonucleotides, has been under investigation in our laboratory (Johnson et al., 1968), with the hope that heretofore subliminal events leading to primary antibody synthesis would be magnified. The mechanism of action of such stimulation would likely be clarified more easily through the use of defined oligonucleotides, particularly since it was time-consuming to purify the products, active as adjuvants, following breakdown of nucleic acids with nucleases (Johnson and Hoekstra, 1967). Accordingly, when homopolyribonucleotides (polyadenylic acid complexed in vitro with polyuridylic acid, termed poly A: U) were shown to be effective adjuvants (Braun and Nakano, 1967), we initiated an in-depth study of their general properties and the cell type(s) affected. Our results to date are as follows.
Simultaneous dynamic system estimation and optimal control of vehicle active suspension

This paper proposes a combined observer/controller method that estimates the states and simultaneously improves the ride comfort and stability of a full vehicle active suspension system using a sin...
Natural-enemies affect the seed and litter fall dynamics of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the wetlands, and influence long-term species diversity in leaf-litter

The exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (melaleuca) has invaded and formed monotypic forest stands in ecologically sensitive wetlands of Florida. We hypothesized that natural-enemy impact would influence melaleuca’s litter and seed fall dynamics via chronic attacks, and enhance native species diversity, which will be reflected in leaf litter composition. This hypothesis was tested during 1997–2013 by studying melaleuca stands in occasionally inundated habitats infested by its natural enemies. Results from our study showed: (1) an initial increase in the leaf and seed fall during the first-half of the study period, followed by about 70% decline during remainder of the study period, (2) a positive correlation between the amount of leaf and seed fall, (3) a negative correlation between the proportion of natural-enemy damaged melaleuca leaf litter and the quantity of fallen seeds, and (4) a slow but steady increase of the non-melaleuca leaf litter amount by 81% and with a corresponding decrease in melaleuca leaf litter by 15%. Of the 17 non-melaleuca species recovered, we recorded two perennials at the onset of the study, which increased to seven during the second half of the study period, one of which was non-native. Cladium and Myrsine species produced significantly more leaf-litter by the end of the study period. Over 80% of the melaleuca leaf litter manifested natural-enemy damage during the last 7-year of the study period. These results provide evidence of a negative influence of natural enemy attack on melaleuca leaf and seed fall dynamics and a positive influence on native species diversity in the fallen leaf litter.
The range of speckle metrology

The range of four methods of speckle metrology as applied to in-plane displacement analysis is studied, in terms of the number of fringes that can be generated. Both quality and quantity of fringes are treated insofar as they affect the range and precision of the method. Some 20 variables are seen to influence the fringe range. A number of these are analyzed parametrically. The most serious restriction on the range seems to be the strain in the plane of analysis. This restriction severely limits application of the method.
Pre-Existing Comorbid Emotional Symptoms Moderate Short-Term Methylphenidate Adverse Effects in a Randomized Trial of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective: We sought to ascertain whether baseline anxiety/depression and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms impacted the experience of short-term methylphenidate (MPH) adverse effects (A...
Role of Lymph Node Resection and Histopathological Evaluation in Accurate Staging of Nonfunctional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: How Many Are Enough?

Nodal involvement has been identified as one of the strongest prognostic factors in patients with nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PanNETs). Sufficient lymphadenectomy and evaluation is vital for accurate staging. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal number of examined lymph nodes (ELN) required for accurate staging. The SEER database was used to identify patients with resected NF-PanNETs between 2004 and 2014. The distributions of positive lymph nodes (PLN) ratio and total lymph nodes were used to develop a mathematical model. The sensitivity of detecting nodal disease at each cutoff of ELN was estimated and used to identify the optimal cutoff for ELN. A total of 1098 patients were included in the study of which 391 patients (35.6%) had nodal disease. The median ELN was 12 (interquartile range [IQR]: 7–19.5), and the median PLN was 2 (IQR: 1–4) for patients with nodal disease. With an increase in ELN, the sensitivity of detecting nodal disease increased from 12.0% (ELN: 1) to 92.2% (ELN: 20), plateauing at 20 ELN (< 1% increase in sensitivity with an additional ELN). This sensitivity increase pattern was similar in subgroup analyses with different T stages. The sensitivity of detecting nodal disease in patients with NF-PanNETs increases with an increase in the number of ELN. Cutoffs for adequate nodal assessment were defined for all T stages. Utilization of these cutoffs in clinical settings will help with patient prognostication and management.
Modeling and Design of SiC-based High-Frequency Photoconductive Switches

This paper presents the design of a SiC-based photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) in which a picosecond laser pulse generates excess free electrons and holes that are rapidly separated by applying a lateral electric field across the switch. Due to the high velocity and low recombination rate of carriers in high-quality, semi-insulating SiC, the PCSS can potentially operate at terahertz frequency at 10's of watts of output power, thereby improving the frequency-power-size tradeoff of high-electron mobility transistors and traveling wave tubes. The key contributions of this paper are as follows. First, we quantify the impact of material properties, doping, traps, laser spot size, and electric field on the transient response of the switch. Second, we develop a new compact model that can describe the performance of the PCSS over broad operating conditions. Excellent agreement of the model against numerical data is demonstrated. Finally, we identify an upper bound on the frequency of operation of the switch and obtain “frequency versus length” and “frequency versus laser spot size” scaling under low optical generation conditions.
Introduction: Public Health and the Promise of Palestine

This introductory essay contextualizes the special collection of papers on the pandemic and seeks to map the terrain of extant public health research on Palestine and the Palestinians. In addition,...
Electrochemical sensors for nitrogen species: A review

Abstract This review provides an overview of electrochemical sensors for nitrogen species, especially, ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite. Due to the extensive anthropogenic activities, the concentration of nitrogen species has been dramatically increased in the environment. In particular, fertilizers containing ammonium and nitrate have been extensively used in agriculture whereas nitrite-included additives or preservatives have been used in food industry. Since excessive nitrogen species have an adverse effect to environment and human health such as eutrophication and methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), efforts have been made to develop efficient monitoring methods. On that account, the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate and nitrite to be 10 mg/L nitrate-N and 1 mg/L nitrite-N in drinking water, respectively. Typical analytical methods for nitrogen species are chromatography or spectrometry. However, these methods require expensive instrumentations, skilled operator, and considerable sample pretreatment and analysis time. As an alternative approach, electrochemical sensors have been explored to monitor nitrogen species owing to its simplicity, superior sensitivity, versatility, rapidity, field applicability, and selectivity. In this review, electrochemical based detection methods for nitrogen species especially ammonium, nitrate and nitrite are systematically discussed, including the fundamentals of electrochemical techniques, sensing mechanisms, and the performance of each sensor.
Myositis - A common but underreported adverse effect of osimertinib: Case series and review of the literature.

Abstract Background Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both men and women and the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The development of novel tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represented a paradigm shift in the management of lung cancer and has resulted in markedly prolonged survival. Osimertinib is a TKI that was fast-tracked by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 2015 and subsequently approved for the treatment of metastatic epidermal growth factor receptor T790M mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. However, despite the generally favorable outcomes associated with osimertinib, rapid development and deployment of any new drug increases the risk of unforeseen adverse effects. Post-marketing surveillance studies therefore play an important role in further elucidating the risks and benefits of novel anti-neoplastic agents. Material and Methods We describe four patients with non-small cell lung cancer who developed myositis after beginning treatment with osimertinib. In addition, we review the literature on osimertinib-associated myositis. Using PubMed, the following terms were searched and relevant citations assessed: creatine phosphokinase, myositis, osimertinib, rhabdomyolysis, osimertinib, and Tagrisso. Case Presentation Thirty-eight patients were treated with osimertinib in our community clinic. Four with non-small cell lung cancer developed myositis after beginning treatment. The onset of symptoms and/or elevation of creatine phosphokinase occurred between two weeks and eleven months after osimertinib was initiated. Alternative causes for myositis were not identified. In two patients, myositis resolved within one month of withdrawing treatment. Two other patients continued osimertinib treatment with close monitoring. Conclusion Myositis is a serious and potentially underreported adverse effect of osimertinib. Previous studies suggest that osimertinib-associated myositis is rare, occurring in less than 1% of patients. However, myositis occurred in over 10% of patients treated with osimertinib in our clinic population. We suggest regular monitoring for myositis among patients being treated with osimertinib and dose-reduction or cessation of treatment if clinically indicated.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of Wave Propagation over Different Types of Terrains and Environments Using the Parabolic Equation Solved by Higher Order Approximation of the Finite Difference Method

Designing communications and radar systems depends on accurate modeling of ground waves in three-dimensional environment. Propagation of ground waves in the VHF and UHF bands affected by the characteristics of the terrain and the troposphere. Although some three-dimensional modeling of ground waves was found in the literature based on solving the parabolic equation, they were limited to a specific terrain and/or environment. Also, a lot of important factors such as the refractive index of the troposphere were ignored. In this paper, a computational model was developed for predicting the electromagnetic wave propagation over different types of terrains and environments under three-dimensional conditions. The model is based on solving the parabolic equation using higher order approximation of the finite difference method. The model allows specifications of an antenna and the electrical characteristics of the ground. Moreover, the model treats flat and non-flat terrains, mixed path with different electrical characteristics, and forest environment. Furthermore, the model enables calculations to be performed under standard and non-standard refractive conditions of the troposphere that varies in height, width, and range. The results were compared with two-dimensional parabolic equation solved by Fourier split-step and showed excellent agreement.
Thank you to the Journal of the Medical Library Association reviewers in 2020

The Journal of the Medical Library Association (JMLA) sincerely thanks the 214 peer reviewers in 2020 who helped vet and improve the quality of work published in our journal.
Mechanical Property Evolution in SAC+Bi Lead Free Solders Subjected to Various Thermal Exposures

Lead free solder materials are widely used as interconnects in electronic assemblies. They are often subjected to different thermal exposures such as isothermal aging and/or thermal cycling during their service life in various applications such as well drilling, automotive power electronics, aerospace engines, and geothermal energy. Therefore, the evolutions of mechanical properties of lead-free solder materials subjected to different thermal exposure profiles are of great importance and need to be investigated.In our previous work, mechanical behavior evolutions of SAC305 and SAC+3%Bi lead free solder materials were reported under different thermal exposure profiles for up to 5 days of exposure. In the present work, we have extended this work to investigate the evolution of additional SAC+Bi lead free solder alloys for up to 20 days of thermal exposure. In particular, SAC+Bi alloys with 1%, and 2% of Bi have been studied. Several thermal exposure profiles between T = -40°C and T = 125°C were investigated: (1) 150 minutes cycles with 45 minute ramps and 30 minute dwells (slow thermal cycling), (2) air-to-air thermal shock exposures with 30 minute dwells and near instantaneous ramps (thermal shock), (3) 90 minute cycles with 45 minute ramps and 0 minute dwells (thermal ramping), and (4) isothermal aging at the high temperature extreme (aging).Stress-strain tests were performed on the uniaxial test specimens to investigate the change in mechanical properties which includes effective elastic modulus (E) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The test results were compared with each other in order to understand the effect of different thermal exposure profiles on the mechanical properties of SAC+Bi solder materials. It was observed that the more the exposure time per cycle, the degradations in mechanical properties are higher. The degradation was greatest for the thermal cycling with the longest ramp period (slow thermal cycling). After 20 days of isothermal aging, the UTS and elastic modulus were reduced by 10%, and 30%, respectively for SAC+2%Bi; whereas in case of slow thermal cycling, these properties were reduced by 12%, and 35%, respectively. Also, the degradation of mechanical properties during thermal shock, and slow thermal ramping was higher than pure aging after 20 days.
Dynamic modeling and simulation of nuclear hybrid energy systems using freeze desalination and reverse osmosis for clean water production

Abstract Nuclear hybrid energy systems (NHES) are a viable option to combine renewable energy sources, such as wind, with a less fluctuating energy source. Given recent development and their inherent safer and modular design, small modular reactors (SMRs) can play an instrumental role in complementing renewables and supporting carbon-free power sectors in the coming decades. This study uses OpenModelica to model two types of NHES to produce clean energy and water, both powered by SMRs and wind turbines. The first system uses freeze desalination (FD), and the second system uses reverse osmosis (RO) to generate clean water. Both systems are simulated using input data for Salt Lake City, Utah on a hot summer day. The number of SMRs and wind turbines are set so as to meet the power demand for the city. The FD system was able to boost the power production by about 12% by making the steam cycle over 2% more efficient. This allows the system to meet the power demand during peak hours. Although the RO system underperformed in meeting the power demand during the peak hours, it was able to generate approximately six times the amount of clean water as generated by the FD system.
Dynamic Data Driven Approach for Modeling Human Error

Abstract Mitigating human errors is a priority in the designs of complex systems, especially through the use of body area networks. This paper describes early developments of a dynamic data driven platform to predict operator error and trigger appropriate intervention before the error happens. Using a two-stage process, data was collected using several sensors (e.g., electroencephalography, pupil dilation measures, and skin conductance) during an established protocol - the Stroop test. The experimental design began with a relaxation period, 40 questions (congruent, then incongruent) without a timer, a rest period followed by another two rounds of questions, but under increased time pressure. Measures such as workload and engagement showed responses consistent with what is expected for Stroop tests. Dynamic system analysis methods were then used to analyze the raw data using principal components analysis and the least squares complex exponential method. The results show that the algorithms have the potential to capture mental states in a mathematical fashion, thus enabling the possibility of prediction.
Studies of Thyroid Autoimmunity: Their Role in Shaping Modern Immunology

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes a detailed account of experiments done on antibody production and discusses the horror autotoxicus principle. The experiments that started in 1952 led directly to the discovery of thyroid autoimmunity in experimental animals and humans in 1956. The results played a significant part in changing the direction of immunological thought and giving rise to contemporary understanding of the laws governing the immune response. A scheme was developed for stepwise addition of ammonium sulphate to thyroid extracts and finally a satisfactory product was isolated. It was improved and evaluated by an expert protein chemist in the group and they found that the thyroglobulin seemed to be unaltered in the ultracentrifuge and electrophoresis apparatus. The “perfect experiment” of preparing thyroglobulin from rabbit thyroids and injecting it into rabbits was devised. Furthermore, instructional theories of antibody formation stated that antibodies to native rabbit thyroglobulin could be detected by rabbits if their own thyroid glands were removed. The discovery of thyroid autoimmunity had a profound effect on immunological thought.
Semiotic Readings of the USS Midway Museum

AbstractThis article was inspired by a visit to the USS Midway aircraft carrier during the 2012 ISA Convention. Through a semiotic reading of the museum's exhibit and honoring ceremony of veterans, the article argues that while women have been increasingly included in certain combat positions within the US military, institutions that convey messages of military service continue to leave women out of the picture. This thereby renders gender-inclusive practices in war invisible to the average citizen. Through the erasure of women's performance in the armed services, war museums and memorials help ensure that war remains a male preserve in the public imagination. More broadly, the article argues that semiotics as a methodology should be given more attention by feminist scholarship that seeks to challenge mainstream conceptualizations and measurements of militarization. Doing so should provide more sophisticated and nuanced understandings of how militarism becomes embedded in societal level institutions – as ...
Food Fish Identification from DNA Extraction through Sequence Analysis.

This experiment exposed 3rd and 4th y undergraduates and graduate students taking a course in advanced food analysis to DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA sequence analysis. Students provided their own fish sample, purchased from local grocery stores, and the class as a whole extracted DNA, which was then subjected to PCR, gel electrophoresis, and Sanger sequencing. Students retrieved their sequences and identified their fish using the NCBI BLAST nucleotide database. Slightly more than half of the samples yielded sequences identical or close to expected (based on the identification of the fish on the packaging); some other samples matched unanticipated fish or other organisms, due to an incomplete database, minor sequencing errors, or laboratory contamination (human and fungal sequences); 1 canned tuna sample identified as hake could represent food fraud.
Japan's ODA and Philippine Saving and Growth

This paper assesses the impact of Japan's ODA on Philippine saving and growth over the period of 1956-95 using regression and simulation methods. The approach taken here reflects a deliberate attempt to correct for specific weaknesses in the existing literature on economic assistance and its impact on the recipient country. In particular, the study focuses on a one donor-one recipient relation, employs systematic quantitative methods, and takes account of the role of policy environment in the recipient country. This paper finds that Japan's ODA over the 40 years span complemented Philippine saving and increased income growth. The TSLS model finds no support for the possibility that Japan's ODA was simply substituting for Philippine saving, while the simulation model finds Japan's ODA generated additional income for the Philippines. This paper also highlights the importance of complementarity between private and public sector investments in the Philippines, with Japan's ODA providing significant funding for the latter.
The Effect of Satellite Entry on Product Quality for Cable Television

In vertically differentiated markets, the effects of firm entry are contingent upon whether incumbent firms can respond to entry by adjusting product quality in addition to simply lowering prices. Using market-level data, I estimate a structural model of supply and demand for subscription television that takes into account the endogeneity of quality choice. Using counterfactual analysis, I decompose the effect of satellite entry on existing cable into two components: the conventional price response and the effect of endogenous quality adjustments (measured by changes in programming content). Consistent with the empirical observation that cable prices rose during the 1990s and early 2000s "in spite of" increasing competition, I find that raising both price and quality for the most comprehensive subscription package - i.e., competing "head-to-head" - is the rational response to entry by cable systems in markets with relatively homogeneous consumer types. Elsewhere, incumbents respond less aggressively and relegate themselves to being the low-end provider. When an entrant credibly commits to serving consumers with the highest preferences for quality, competition over both price and quality lowers the welfare gains due to entry, relative to pure price competition. In particular, head-to-head competition results in "crowding" of quality choices toward the high end of the market and inefficiently low product differentiation. In such cases, consumers with weak quality preferences may actually become worse off following entry. The evidence also suggests that the observed degradation of the lowest-quality cable tier in many markets during this time period - while commonly seen as an attempt to evade price regulation - may actually have been welfare-enhancing.
Paraganglioma of the larynx: a case report.

Background Paragangliomas arise from paraganglion cells as part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system. These tumors are generally considered benign. They appear rarely in the larynx and most of them are supraglottic. Case report We present the case of a 45-year-old female patient who presented with a history of hoarseness for two months and difficulties in swallowing for twenty days. Fiberoptic endoscopic examination showed a submucosal mass involving the left side of the larynx. The subglottic area of the larynx was normal as were the base of the tongue and pharynx. The mobility of the true vocal cords was normal. There was no stridor or signs of airway obstruction and no neck lemphadenopathy. The patient underwent a direct microlaryngoscopy under general anesthesia. The tumor was entirely removed along with the left aryepiglottic fold with respect to the surrounding tissues. Histopathological examination showed a benign laryngeal paraganglioma. Conclusions Paragangliomas of the larynx are rare neuroendocrine tumors. Most of them are supraglottic. The differential diagnosis of laryngeal paraganglioma includes typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Although these tumors are generally considered benign, their surgical removal with respect to the surrounding tissues and maximal possible preservation of laryngeal function is the treatment of choice.
Barefoot and Pregnant, or Ready to Be President? Gender, Family Roles, and Political Ambition in the 21st Century

Based on data from the 2011 Citizen Political Ambition Study – a new, national survey of nearly 4,000 “potential candidates” for all levels of office – we provide the first thorough analysis of the manner in which traditional family arrangements affect the initial decision to run for office. Despite a substantial gender gap in political ambition, and the persistence of traditional family structures and gender roles among potential candidates, our findings culminate to provide clear evidence that traditional family dynamics do not account for the gender gap in potential candidates’ interest in running for office. Neither marital and parental status, nor the division of labor pertaining to household tasks and childcare, predict interest in pursuing elective office, taking steps typically associated with a campaign, or actually declaring a candidacy. Further, family arrangements do not influence patterns of political recruitment or potential candidates’ self-evaluations of their qualifications to run for office, which serve as two leading predictors of political ambition. Our findings, which refute the conventional wisdom, suggest that over the course of the past thirty years, women have emerged as trail blazers and path breakers whose professional success was contingent on learning how to balance high-level careers with traditional gender roles. This is not to downplay the fact that the gender gap in political ambition remains substantial and static. But it is to suggest that family arrangements are not a contributing factor.
Opportunistic interference management: a new approach for multiantenna downlink cellular networks

A new approach for multiantenna broadcast channels in cellular networks based on multiuser diversity concept is introduced. The technique called opportunistic interference management achieves dirty paper coding capacity asymptotically with minimum feedback required. When there are K antennas at the base station with M mobile users in the cell, the proposed technique only requires K integer numbers related to channel state information between mobile users and base station. The encoding and decoding complexity of this scheme is the same as that of point-to-point communications, which makes the implementation of this technique easy. An antenna selection scheme is proposed at the base station to reduce the minimum required mobile users significantly at the expense of reasonable increase in feedback. In order to guarantee fairness, a new algorithm is presented that incorporates opportunistic interference management into existing Global System for Mobile communications GSM standard. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Despite Resources From The ACA, Most States Do Little To Help Addiction Treatment Programs Implement Health Care Reform

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) dramatically expands health insurance for addiction treatment and provides unprecedented opportunities for service growth and delivery model reform. Yet most addiction treatment programs lack the staffing and technological capabilities to respond successfully to ACA-driven system change. In light of these challenges, we conducted a national survey to examine how Single State Agencies for addiction treatment—the state governmental organizations charged with overseeing addiction treatment programs—are helping programs respond to new requirements under the ACA. We found that most Single State Agencies provide little assistance to addiction treatment programs. Most agencies are helping programs develop collaborations with other health service programs. However, fewer than half reported providing help in modernizing systems to support insurance participation, and only one in three provided assistance with enrollment outreach. In the absence of technical assistance, it is unlikely ...
Biology of Dendroctonus murrayanae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Idaho and Montana and Comparative Taxonomic Notes

We studied the biology of Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas, in Idaho and Montana. The beetle was not a primary agent of tree mortality. Susceptible host trees were physically damaged, had thin foliage, or were otherwise predisposed to infestation. Beetles attacked individual trees, not in groups, near ground level and at low density. Life stages and their behavior are described. Egg galleries were constructed upward and usually had short spurs. Mating occurred in the egg gallery. Eggs were laid in an elongated group, not in niches, in a shallow excavation along only one side of the egg gallery. Larvae aggregated in a communal chamber, feeding side by side, but separated before pupation. D. murrayanae has four instars. One annual generation is indicated, overwintering as larvae. D. murrayanae occurred in some trees with Pseudips (=Ips) mexicanus (Hopkins), Ips pini (Say), and Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) but seldom with the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. No natural enemy or commensal insect was observed in brood chambers. A new character on the frons is described and the relationship of D. murrayanae and the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), is discussed.
Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on axillary nodal involvement in patients with clinically node negative triple negative breast cancer.

Background We evaluated the impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NAC) versus primary surgery (PS) on axillary disease burden/surgery in clinically node negative Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Methods Two hundred forty-three Stage I–III TNBC patients have enrolled on an IRB approved multisite prospective registry. Clinical and treatment information was collected. Results One hundred fifty-five patients with clinically node negative TNBC were identified. 47%, 49%, and 4% of patients had T1, T2, and T3 disease, respectively. Patients underwent PS (103/155, 66%) or NAC (52/155, 34%) at the discretion of treating physicians. 17% of PS and 0% of NAC patients were node positive at surgery (P = 0.006). For T2 disease, 32% of PS and 0% of NAC patients were node positive at surgery (P = 0.001). NAC patients had a lower chance of positive SLNB (0% vs. 12%, P = 0.004) and undergoing ALND (2% vs. 22%, P = 0.001) than PS patients. Conclusion In this clinically node negative TNBC cohort, all NAC-treated patients were node negative at surgery, whereas 17% of PS patients had involved axillary nodes. NAC should be considered for clinically node negative TNBC to reduce the extent of axillary surgery even if breast conservation is not planned. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:198–202. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flexoelectric Materials and Structures for M/NEMS

Recent research progress on flexoelectricity suggests that dramatic enhancement of effective piezoelectric properties desirable for advanced M/NEMS, in principle, is attainable through flexoelectric (FE) effect and scale effect. In this paper, the transverse flexoelectric coefficient μ12 of barium strontium titanate (BST) microcantilevers with thicknesses ranging from 1.4 mm down to 30 μm was measured at room temperature. It was found that μ12 remains to be constant (8.5 μC/m) for all fabricated microcantilevers. Effective piezoelectric coefficients of these microcantilevers were also calculated, indicating that significantly increased effective piezoelectric coefficients can be obtained from microcantilevers with thickness of microns and nanometers, which is promising for micro/nano electromechanical systems (M/NEMS).Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Application of Fourier-Galerkin Method to Volume Averaging Theory Based Model of Heat Sinks

Efficient analysis of heat sink performance is a crucial step in the optimization process of such devices. Accurate analysis of these complex geometric systems with CFD and FE methods requires fine meshes, which imply significant computational time. In this study, Volume Averaging Theory (VAT) is rigorously applied to obtain a geometrically simplified but physically accurate model for any periodic heat sink geometry. The governing equations are averaged over a Representative Averaging Volume (REV) to obtain a set of integro-differential equations. Some information about lower level phenomena is lost in every averaging process and a closure scheme is required to model these behaviors. Experimental data for friction factor and Nusselt number in an REV is used to close the set of PDEs. This mathematical process replaces the complex geometry of the heat sink with a fictitious continuous medium and smoothens the quantities of interest throughout the system. These system features allow the use of a global Fourier-Galerkin method to efficiently solve the resulting equations and accurately predict the performance of the system. The effectiveness of the method is proven by applying it to model thermal behavior for laminar flow over an air-cooled pin-fin heat sink and a water-cooled micro-channel heat sink. The convergence in the Nusselt number in the case of constant heat flux is found to be quadratic with respect to the number of basis functions. The accuracy of the method is validated by comparing the numerical results obtained to existing experimental data. The maximum difference between the predicted Nusselt number and the experimental measurements is found to be only 4% for both cases.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Outcomes in anterior uveitis associated with the HLA-B27 haplotype

Abstract Objective This study aimed to test the hypothesis that patients presenting with anterior uveitis who are HLA-B27 positive, either with or without associated systemic disease, have a less-favorable outcome than do patients with idiopathic anterior uveitis who are HLA-B27 negative. Design Retrospective case-controlled series. Participants Ninety-seven patients who were HLA-B27 positive with no systemic disease, 94 patients who were HLA-B27 positive with systemic disease, and 72 patients who were HLA-B27 negative who presented with anterior uveitis were studied. Main outcome measures Ocular complications (e.g., secondary glaucoma, cataract formation, pupillary synechiae, vitritis, cystoid macular edema, and optic disc edema), medical and surgical treatment, number of recurrent attacks, and final visual acuity were recorded for all patients. Results The patients who were HLA-B27 positive, either with or without systemic disease, experienced a greater number of complications than did the patients who were HLA-B27 negative. Periocular corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, and systemic immunosuppressive chemotherapy were required in a far greater number of HLA-B27-positive patients than in HLA-B27-negative patients (60% vs. 11%, 53% vs. 7%, and 18% vs. 1%, respectively; P P Conclusions The prognosis of anterior uveitis associated with the HLA-B27 haplotype, either with or without associated systemic disease, is less favorable when compared with that of HLA-B27-negative patients with idiopathic anterior uveitis.
Radical retropubic prostatectomy and groin hernia-cause and effect?

Retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) became the surgical treatment for early prostatic cancer. An increased incidence of post RRP inguinal hernias was reported. We identified the incidence of inguinal hernias following RRP in our series and hypothesized a groin hernia and urologic pathology relationship. We reviewed 1504 hernioplasties and identified the patients with post RRP inguinal hernia. The medical records were reviewed to determine the period between the urologic procedure and repair of hernia, as well as hernia details. Furthermore, the RRP technical procedure was analyzed for identification of anatomical and surgical details in common with the myopectineal orifice. The overall incidence was 6.1% (87 hernias) and the median age 71 years old. The hernias developed in 22% within the first year and 58% within 2 years post prostatectomy, with a mean period of 3.5 years. When compared to the estimated incidence of 3–4%, we noted a higher prevalence of inguinal hernias in the post-prostatectomy population. There may be an increase incidence of inguinal hernias in this age group, however, no preoperative simultaneous detection of the two conditions and the higher incidence of hernia following prostatectomy point towards a causative relationship. During surgery, hyperextension of the hip and placement of the retractor at the level of the internal ring deleteriously stretches, strains, and deforms the exposed groin. In addition, the operation violates the transversalis fascia which maintains the integrity of the myopectineal orifice. It is then, when these conditions are present, that hernias of the gron develop.
Erratum to: Primate and Nonprimate Mammal Community Assembly: The Influence of Biogeographic Barriers and Spatial Scale

At least three community assembly processes shape communities: 1) environmental niche-based processes, 2) spatial effects through dispersal limitation, and 3) biogeographic dispersal barriers. Previous studies suggested primate communities were dispersal limited, except in Madagascar, where environmental effects shaped communities. However, previous work did not investigate the role of biogeographic barriers. Further, the relative roles of these processes are potentially specific to taxonomic and/or functional groups owing to a group’s ecological preferences. I aimed to identify to what extent environmental factors, spatial effects, and biogeographic barriers shape patterns of primate and nonprimate community composition, in comparison to terrestrial and arboreal mammal communities in Madagascar. I analyzed occurrence data of nonvolant mammals and site-specific environmental and biogeographic data for 34 sites in Madagascar using principal coordinates of neighbor matrices and variation partitioning to test the relative contribution of environmental, spatial, and biogeographic effects to the patterns of community composition. Environmental and spatial effects almost equally explained nonvolant mammal communities. However, for primate and arboreal mammal communities, especially at broad spatial scales, spatial effects explained more of the variation than environmental effects. By contrast, only environmental effects explained nonprimate and terrestrial mammal distributions. Biogeographic effects were not significant for any community type. The difference between arboreal and terrestrial mammals is perhaps due to functional differences in dispersal ability, which habitat modification and a large impassable agricultural matrix in Madagascar may compound. Future research should consider the influence of functional diversity on patterns of community assembly.
Effects of Applied Stress on Coherent Precipitates Via A Discrete Atom Method

Morphological evolution of coherent precipitates under an applied stress is analyzed by means of a discrete atom method, which is predicated upon Hookean atomic interactions and Monte Carlo diffusion, and mates no assumption of a specific shape. Precipitates having elastic constants different from those of the matrix phase art treated in dislocation-free, anisotropic elastic systems under a plane strain condition with a purely dilatational misfit. Under an applied tensile stress, soft particles with a positive misfit strain tend to become plates perpendicular to the applied stress axis, while hard particles elongate along the stress direction. If the elastic interaction between the applied stress and the coherency strain is strong enough, precipitates often split into smaller particles and then follow coarsening. Even in the absence of a coherency strain, particles are shown to undergo morphological evolution through Eshelby’s inhomogeneity effects. A particle shape depends on the following variables: the sign and magnitude of the coherency strain, the sense and magnitude of the applied stress, its stiffness relative to the matrix phase, and the magnitude of the interfacial energy.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Novel Axl Kinase Inhibitors.

The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL has emerged in recent years as an potential oncology target due to its overexpression in several types of cancers coupled with its ability to promote tumor growth and metastasis. To identify small molecule inhibitors of AXL, we built a homology model of its catalytic domain to virtually screen and identify scaffolds displaying an affinity for AXL. Further computational and structure-based design resulted in the synthesis of a series of 2,4,5-trisubstitued pyrimidines, which demonstrated potent inhibition of AXL in vitro (IC50 = 19 nM) and strongly inhibited the growth of several pancreatic cell lines.
Hydrological and geomorphological impacts on riparian plant communities

Riparian vegetation is affected by both flood processes and the characteristics of landforms that are shaped by floods. In many instances, species occurrence can be linked directly to specific fluvial landforms. These spatial relationships are largely due to the role of floods in the differential destruction of vegetation, in the determination of substrate characteristics, and in the transport of propagules. Major floods may, depending on the climatic context, allow for the establishment of stands of vegetation, or restart processes of plant community change. Disturbance by floods can also affect biodiversity: species richness in some watersheds is greatest where steep valley floor gradients allow for high-energy floods. The recognition and analysis of hydrogeomorphological influences on riparian vegetation are complicated by multiple scales of environmental interactions, by the covariance of some environmental variables, and by feedbacks between vegetation and flood regimes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.