cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic analysis of bipolar disorder: Summary of GAW10

Participants in the Bipolar Disorder component of Genetic Analysis Workshop 10 had access to five distributed data sets containing chromosome 18 marker data and five data sets containing chromosome 5 data. A total of 25 groups participated in analyses and applied a myriad of methodologically innovative approaches to these data. Contributors focused on how to: (1) best define the phenotype from the spectrum of affective diagnoses; (2) test for a parent-of-origin effect in the transmission of bipolar illness and assess whether sharing in affected sib pairs depends on the sex of the transmitting parent; (3) evaluate the effects of misspecification of marker allele frequencies; (4) examine the putative candidate loci provided; (5) investigate the mode of inheritance; and (6) perform a meta-analysis to combine multiple data sets in a single analysis. Taken as a whole, the results would appear suggestive, but not definitive for linkage to a bipolar susceptibility locus on chromosome 18. The evidence for linkage appeared to increase as the diagnostic definition of the phenotype was broadened. Multipoint analyses seem to provide less evidence. It is possible that, because adjacent markers may be present in different data sets, the multipoint methods are combining marker data from different studies in a more comprehensive way than single marker analyses. Evidence on chromosome 5 and evidence for candidate loci were minimal. A discussion of problems inherent in combined analyses is given.
A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for initiation of labor in nulliparous women

Objective. To evaluate the utility of outpatient acupuncture for labor stimulation.Methods. Nulliparous women at 39 4/7 weeks or greater with a singleton gestation and Bishop score of less than 7 w...
Complications of Spinal Cord Stimulation: Identification, Treatment, and Prevention

Spinal cord stimulation is a therapy used for the relief of neuropathic pain of the trunk and limbs. The therapy was first reported four decades ago, and has improved in many areas including technical equipment, patient selection, and physician training. Despite these advances, complications are still seen with both the implantation and long-term use of these devices. This article gives an overview of the identification, treatment, and follow-up care of patients suffering complications. A close analysis is also made of clinical assessment and actions that are important in reducing or preventing these sometimes devastating events.
A comparison of Euler and Navier-Stokes solutions for supersonic flow over a conical delta wing

The flow around a thin elliptic cone at Mach number 2 and angle of attack 10 deg is simulated numerically, comparing the results obtained using a fine grid and the Navier-Stokes (NS) equations with those obtained using both coarse and fine grids and the Euler (E) equations. On the coarse grid, the E results are found to reproduce roughly the NS predictions of leading-edge separation and primary and secondary vortices on the leeward surface, but the E solution on the fine NS grid (showing no separation and a crossflow-shock-induced vorticity) reveals this agreement to be spurious. The fine-grid E prediction is shown to be a valid solution of the E equations, indicating their unsuitability as approximators of viscous flow. The imposition of a Kutta condition on the E computation is found to be ineffective in correcting this discrepancy.
Mechanism of activation of sensory rhodopsin I: evidence for a steric trigger.

Abstract Sensory rhodopsin I (SR-I) and bacteriorhodopsin (BR) from Halobacterium halobium show broad structural and spectroscopic similarities and yet perform distinct functions: photosensory reception and proton pumping, respectively. Probing the photoactive sites of SR-I and BR with 24 retinal analogs reveals differences in the protein environments near the retinal 13-methyl group and near the beta-ionone ring. 13-cis-Retinal does not form a retinylidene pigment with the SR-I apoprotein, although this isomer binds to the BR apoprotein even more rapidly than all-trans-retinal, the functional isomer of both pigments. The activation of both SR-I and BR requires all-trans/13-cis isomerization of retinal;however, a steric interaction between the retinal 13-methyl group and the protein is required for SR-I activation but not for that of BR. These results reveal a key difference between SR-I and BR that is likely to be the initial diverging point in their photoactivation pathways. We propose the 13-methyl group-protein interaction functions as a trigger for SR-I activation--i.e., converts photon absorption by the chromophore into protein conformational changes. A similar steric trigger is essential for activation of mammalian rhodopsin, indicating a common mechanism for receptor activation in archaebacterial and vertebrate retinylidene photosensors.
Use of Analog Plotter in Water-Control Problemsa

The City of Fort Lauderdale's Prospect well field, near the coast in southeastern Florida, is developed in the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer. Major drainage canals which transect the well-field area are hydraulically connected with the aquifer. Although the canals were designed primarily to drain ground water from storage during wet periods, they serve also to convey water eastward from large inland conservation areas during dry periods, to replenish the aquifer in coastal areas, and to retard salt-water encroachment. An aquifer analog plotter and model were used to predict changes in ground-water levels in the Prospect well-field area caused by changes in the regulation of the canals. Analysis of the model showed that if water stages in the canals were controlled at locations downstream from existing control structures, the area of recharge from the canals to the well field would be increased and a rise in ground-water levels would result. The increase in ground-water storage would permit larger withdrawals from existing facilities and would offer additional protection from salt-water encroachment.
Semisynthetic modification of hygromycin A. 3. synthesis and antibacterial activity of aminocyclitol analogs.

Abstract A series of aminocyclitol-modified analogs of hygromycin A has been prepared, including three derivatives exploring the effect on biological activity of methylation of each of the three hydroxyl groups. Antibacterial activities against Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Pasteurella multocida , two important animal health pathogens, are presented.
The Treatment and Use of Best Practices for Diversity in Position Announcements for New Presidents

This study investigated how well institutions were communicating their commitment to diversity within position announcements for presidential openings and whether or not this communication reflected best practices in forwarding the diversity agenda for institutions. The sample included 70 institutions that advertised for a new campus president in The Chronicle of Higher Education. Using documents pertaining to the search, we applied content analysis to position announcements and campus websites dealing with presidential searches and diversity. Evidence indicated that within our sample only 13 (19 %) of institutions stated directly that they were looking for a diverse applicant pool and that only 28 (40 %) of the announcements mentioned diversity.
Toxicity of choline in the diet of growing chickens.

SummaryVarious levels of choline chloride were added to rations fed to growing chickens. The addition of 1%, 2% and 4% reduced the rate of gain by about 12%, 13.8% and 23.8% respectively. As much a...
Clinical outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and the role of psychology in treatments for chronic pain sufferers

Millions of people throughout the world suffer from chronic pain despite significant advances in research, technology, and treatment. Advances include the understanding of the neurobiology of nociception, the psychology of pain perception and response, and the availability of a range of pharmacological agents, operative procedures, physical modalities (e.g., ultrasound, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, diathermy), regional anesthesia (e.g., nerve blocks), neuroaugmentation modalities (e.g., spinal cord stimulators, implantable drug delivery systems), comprehensive pain rehabilitation programs, and complementary and alternative medicine modalities. The authors discuss the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these various treatment modalities. They note the roles and contributions of psychologists in the assessment of chronic pain sufferers and as treatment providers on interdisciplinary teams.
Developing an Instrument to Measure the Spanish-Speaking Client's Perception of Social Work Intervention in Prenatal Care

This article describes a project designed to develop and test a bilingual instrument to measure Spanish-speaking clients' perceptions of social work interventions in prenatal care programs. The Likert method of scaling was employed in constructing three alternate forms of an instrument to measure consumers' perception of the following subdimensions: (a) attitudes toward prenatal services in general, (b) attitudes toward the institution providing the services, (c) attitudes toward the social work profession and practice, and (d) attitudes toward the social work inter vention experienced. The first three subdimensions were considered as possible influences that could affect the perception of the clients on the fourth and main dimension of concern.
Evaluating educational support personnel: A conceptual and legal framework

The evaluation of professional educational support personnel has not received the same attention nor generated the same efforts as the evaluation of classroom teachers. There is not yet a system for professional support personnel comparable to “effective teaching behaviors,” an omission that unsettles both specialized support staff and the generalist supervisors responsible for evaluating them. What we have presented here is a comprehensive approach applicable to professional support personnel. It begins with identifying district (student and community) needs, describing job responsibilities based on the goals of programs (clarified through the needs assessment), identifying staff behaviors as indicators of job performance, setting standards by which to measure staff performance, documenting the job performance, and using sound evaluation practices that incorporate all the necessary due process requirements for fairness. By involving the professional support personnel in each of these steps, evaluators will maximize the potential for growth as well as protect themselves and the evaluatees throughout the evaluation process.
Long-term growth and cloning of non-transformed lymphocytes.

The diversity of lymphocytes has made it difficult to study the properties of a specific lymphocyte type. Here we describe methods used in long-term culture and cloning of T lymphocytes and discuss the potential uses of these cell lines in immunology.
Cherish your exceptions.

As the Director of a Child Advocacy Center that evaluated over 1500 children in 2002 for allegations of child abuse or neglect, I have seen many cases enter the Child Protection system. Of these, only a small percentage was ever accepted for criminal prosecution. Those deemed acceptable differ in two major respects from the vast majority of other cases in which allegations of abuse or neglect are sufficiently substantiated to warrant out-of-home placement or other protective interventions. Either the child is able to provide a clear, credible, and consistent account of his/her abuse or there exists convincing supporting evidence, such as a sexually transmitted disease in a non-sexually active child, DNA evidence, serious injuries consistent with the alleged abuse, pornographic pictures of the child, a confession, or credible witnesses. This evidence must strongly point to an identifiable perpetrator(s), and there must be a clear timeline of opportunity and the absence of significant confounds. The average prosecutor prefers to have multiple complementary forms of evidence and is usually quite reluctant to go to trial solely on a child’s testimony. Indeed,
Handling of coarse and fine particulate organic matter by the aquatic insects Paraleptophlebia gregalis and P. temporalis(Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

SUMMARY 1. Paraleptophlehia gregalis and P. temporalis were abundant throughout a flow-controlled section of stream that contained large quantities of fine particulate organic matter (FPOM; 0.45 μm to 1 mm in diameter), and in upstream and downstream areas. 2. In laboratory studies, Paraleptophlebia spp. fed and grew on FPOM and CPOM (coarse particulate organic matter; greater than 1 mm in diameter); growth rate was not related to the particle size of food. In addition, these animals were able to survive and grow on various sizes of faecal material produced by shredders. 3. Paraleptopblehia spp. consumed relatively large amounts (0.16±0.09 mg per mg animal dry mass) of detrital material daily. 4. The mayflies had short gut content passage times (2–3 h) and low efficiencies of conversion of ingested food to body substance (0.08±0.07%). They egested relatively small, amorphous faeces, 5. The overall pattern exhibited by Paraleptophlebia spp. involved rapid processing and partial recycling, through relatively simple alimentary tracts, of large amounts of detrital material from a wide range of sources.
Childhood obesity and its impact on the development of adolescent PCOS

Obesity exacerbates the reproductive and metabolic manifestations of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The symptoms of PCOS often begin in adolescence, and the rising prevalence of peripubertal obesity has prompted concern that the prevalence and severity of adolescent PCOS is increasing in parallel. Recent data have disclosed a high prevalence of hyperandrogenemia among peripubertal adolescents with obesity, suggesting that such girls are indeed at risk for developing PCOS. Obesity may impact the risk of PCOS via insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which augments ovarian/adrenal androgen production and suppresses sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG), thereby increasing androgen bioavailability. Altered luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion plays an important role in the pathophysiology of PCOS, and although obesity is generally associated with relative reductions of LH, higher LH appears to be the best predictor of increased free testosterone among peripubertal girls with obesity. Other potential mechanisms of obesity-associated hyperandrogenemia include enhanced androgen production in an expanded fat mass and potential effects of abnormal adipokine/cytokine levels. Adolescents with PCOS are at risk for comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance, and concomitant obesity compounds these risks. For all of these reasons, weight loss represents an important therapeutic target in obese adolescents with PCOS.
Aesthetic reconstruction of the platyrrhine nose.

■ Porous polyethylene implants provide a reliable option in augmentation of the platyrrhine nose.
Regeneration following duplication in imaginal wing disc fragments of Drosophila melanogaster

Fragments from the imaginal wing disc of Drosophila melanogaster were cultured in vivo for periods up to 28 days. One type of edge fragment first duplicated and then ceased to grow, but others often continued to grow following initial duplication and regenerated structures characteristic of other areas of the disc. After 28 days of culture, about 50% of fragments from the presumptive ventral hinge region of the disc grew extensively and produced regenerated as well as original structures. The regenerated structures in some implants were produced at the line of mirror-image symmetry. Regeneration was associated with fragment growth and in many cases was accompanied by loss of duplicate structures. Fragments which were only duplicated after the culture period could in some cases be stimulated to grow by additional culture in fresh hosts, but the results of coculturing two fragments in each host show that culture conditions alone do not control growth and regulation in the fragments. The large, normally regenerating fragment, complementary to the ventral fragment, did not appear to grow following regeneration and only occasionally produced supernumerary structures during prolonged culture. Intact wing discs cultured under similar conditions never produced supernumerary structures. Our results suggest that a duplicated pattern is less stable than a complete, regenerated pattern, which in turn is less stable than an intact disc. We propose that the growth of duplicated disc fragments is stimulated by polarity reversals present at lines of mirror-image symmetry.
Computations of High-Speed, High Knudsen Number Microchannel Flows

The effect of varying the Knudsen number Kn in microchannel e ows was simulated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) combined with the monotonic Lagrangian grid (MLG). The DSMC‐ MLG, a method that provides automatic grid ree nement according to number density, has been optimized for massively parallel computation and provides a fast, highly resolved description of the e ow. New oute ow boundary conditions, consistent with the DSMC ‐ MLG algorithm, were developed to allow the user to specify the oute ow pressures. The effect of varying Kn was examined for three different values of Kn (0.07, 0.14, and 0.19 ) for a high-speed ine ow by varying the channel height. A Navier ‐ Stokes computation was also performed to show continuum regime e ow. The computations provide contours of pressure, temperature, and Mach number to show complex interactions among oblique shocks and boundary layers, and how these change with the Kn. Temperature jumps and slip velocities as functions of position along the wall are compared for all cases. The computations show that the velocity slip is approximately constant behind the shock, while the temperature jump is reduced.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone1

The synthesis of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been carried out by a simple solid-phase procedure with a high yield of a pure hormone. Beginning with L-proline resin ester, a residue of t-butyloxycarbonyl-Lhistidine was added. After deprotection, a residue of L-pyroglutamic acid was added. All peptidebond forming steps were conducted by the activation of the carboxyl group of the entering amino acid through the formation of its mixed anhydride with isobutylchloroformate. Cleavage of the completed peptide from the resin was accomplished by two 30-min exposures of the resin to gaseous HBr while the resin was suspended in trifluoroacetic acid. The free carboxyl group of peptide-bound proline was quantitatively converted to the amide by treating the mixed anhydride of the tripeptide and isobutylformate with anhydrous ammonia. Bioassay of this material for thyrotropin-releasing activity in mice showed it to be active at doses as low as 2 ng/mouse. The oral to iv ratio of the dose required for activit...
Alkaline-earth layer high-temperature superconductivity

Abstract Many experiments show that cuprate-planes are not needed for high- T c superconductivity. For example, doped Ba 2 YRuO 6 and Sr 2 YRuO 6 superconduct at T c ∼ 93 K and ∼49 K, have no cuprate-planes, and superconduct in their BaO and SrO planes. GdSr 2 Cu 2 RuO 8 and Gd 2− z Ce z Sr 2 Cu 2 RuO 10 superconduct in their SrO layers, despite having non-superconducting cuprate-planes. Muon spectroscopy of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 shows that its BaO layers superconduct, and its cuprate-planes do not. The superconductivity of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 is s-wave, not d-wave, once flux-pinning is corrected for. Photoemission and scanning tunneling microscopy measurements correctly show the importance of the cuprate-planes, but do not show their superconductivity. Superconductivity is detected by muon spectroscopy of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 and occupies the BaO layers, and not the cuprate-planes. Our work contradicts the cuprate-plane models of high-temperature superconductivity, and is fully consistent with specific heat and thermal conductivity measurements, which cuprate-plane models are not.
Use of Optical Coherence Tomography to Evaluate Papilledema and Pseudopapilledema

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), or pseudotumor cerebri, describes a condition of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) that typically presents in obese women of childbearing age with symptoms and signs of posture-dependent headaches, pulsatile tinnitus, visual changes, and papilledema. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has begun to be utilized as an adjunctive, quantitative tool in the evaluation of patients with IIH to help distinguish between true optic nerve head edema and pseudopapilledema, and to contribute to our understanding of the consequences of prolonged optic nerve edema. Although few longitudinal studies of patients with IIH have been published to date, it appears that there may be a correlation between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and visual function. With the new spectral domain OCT, additional parameters of the optic nerve imaging, including volume and height measurements, might provide greater sensitivity of the response to treatment and the long-term visual outcome in patients with IIH.
Prospects for ultracapacitors in electric and hybrid vehicles

The prospects for ultracapacitors for use in electric and hybrid vehicles in the near-term (within five years) are discussed based on the present status of the technology world-wide and the characteristics of devices that are available for purchase or in an advanced state-of-development and thus nearly ready to be marketed. The energy density (Wh/kg) of the devices presently available for purchase are too low (2.2 Wh/kg) for most vehicle applications and their price ($100-$300) is too high for even applications requiring only a small energy storage capacity (50-100 Wh). Prototype devices having an energy density of 5-8 Wh/kg are almost ready for marketing from several capacitor/battery companies. The higher energy density capacitors are carbon-based and use an organic electrolyte. They are fabricated using existing production equipment, so their price can be expected to be much lower when they are manufactured in high quantities and there are multiple sources for purchasing them. Projections of the future performance of ultracapacitors were made indicating energy densities of 10-20 Wh/kg are achievable in the relatively near-term using carbon electrode materials having specific capacitances of 150-200 F/gm.
Multiple Roles and Well‐Being: A Study of Mothers of Preschool Age Children

The relation of well-being to involvement in multiple roles was examined in a study of 134 Caucasian women. All subjects were married and mothers of at least one preschool child; 50 were also paid workers. Two indices of well-being were used: (a) self-esteem; and (b) satisfaction with one's current role pattern. No differences in level of well-being were found between the employed and nonemployed groups. Findings were discussed in relation to theoretical perspectives on multiple role involvement.
Evaluation of spinal loading during lowering and lifting.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the three-dimensional spinal loads during various lifting and lowering tasks. DESIGN: The in vivo measurements of the trunk dynamics, moments, and myoelectric activity were used as inputs into an electromyographic-assisted model used to predict the three-dimensional spinal loads. BACKGROUND: Previous studies of eccentric motions have investigated muscle activity, trunk strength, and trunk moments. A void in the body of knowledge exists in that none of these studies investigated spinal loading. METHODS: Ten subjects lifted (40 degrees of flexion to 0 degrees ) and lowered (0 degrees of flexion to 40 degrees ) boxes while positioned in a structure that restrained the pelvis and hips. The tasks were performed under isokinetic trunk velocities of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 deg s(-1) while holding a box with weights of 9.1, 18.2, and 27.3 kg. RESULTS: Lowering strength was found to be 56% greater than lifting strength. The lowering tasks produced significantly higher compression forces but lower anterior-posterior shear forces than the lifting tasks. The differences in the spinal loads produced by the two lifting tasks were attributed to differences in coactivity and unequal lifting moments (i.e. holding the box farther away from the body). CONCLUSIONS: The nature of the spinal loads that occur during lowering and lifting were significantly different. The difference in spinal loads may be explained by different lifting styles.
The genetic structure and diversity of the A and B mating-type genes from the tropical oyster mushroom, Pleurotus djamor

In most heterothallic mushroom species, inbreeding is avoided by an incompatibility system determined by two loci each with multiple alleles (the A and B mating-type loci). In this study we investigated the genetic structure of the mating-type loci in the tropical oyster mushroom Pleurotus djamor using both positional cloning and degenerate PCR methods. DNA sequences from genomic regions cosegregating with the mating-type loci of P. djamor revealed homeodomain transcription factors (A) and pheromone receptors (B), suggesting the genetic basis for mating-type determination in P. djamor is the same as in the model mushroom species. Three pheromone receptors were detected in a single homokaryotic isolate of P. djamor. Only one pair of homeodomain genes was detected in the A mating-type region. It is hypothesized that the A mating-type locus of P. djamor is comprised of only one homeodomain pair, which may explain the lower number of A mating-type alleles relative to other mushroom species.
A general circulation model simulation of the Martian polar warming

This paper reports on a successful general circulation model simulation of a rapid warming phenomenon observed in the Martian winter polar atmosphere during global dust storm conditions. The model includes a self-consistent simulation of the dust distribution which is forced with a prescribed surface source. The warming is shown to be largely a response to the development of a pole-to-pole solstitial Hadley circulation resulting from the greatly increased dust loading. A crucial aspect of the simulation is a sufficiently deep computational domain that allows for the full development of this circulation. These simulations indicate that the thermal tides play a contributing role by providing zonal momentum flux divergence at the winter pole and by the advection of aerosol.
Comparing micrometeorology of rain forests in Biosphere-2 and Amazon basin

Micrometeorological variables measured in the BIOSPHERE-2 Center (B2C) enclosed rain forest biome for 1 year were compared with similar measurements made in the Amazon rain forest. In the B2C rain forest, the overlying glass and supporting structure significantly reduces (by approximately a factor of two) the incoming solar radiation. Monthly mean values of above-canopy and within-canopy air temperature, vapor pressure, and vapor pressure deficit are reasonably similar to those of the Amazon rain forest, but there are marked differences in the above-canopy values of these variables in the Arizona summer. Monthly mean diurnal trends also show significant differences. Measurements of vertical air temperature gradient clearly showed two very distinct environments in the 27.4 m high rain forest dome during daylight hours. There is a comparatively cool and fairly well-mixed environment (which is reasonably similar to that found in a natural rain forest) below about 10 m and a hot, thermally stable environment above about 15 m. The nature of the atmospheric turbulence within the B2C rain forest also is significantly different from that normally found in natural rain forests. There is little turbulent mixing above the forest canopy in this enclosed environment. These findings are important for guiding the operation and use of this experimental rain forest facility in future research and for understanding how the rain forest biome functions in an enclosed environment. ©2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
GABAA Receptor-Mediated Neurotransmission in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

GABAergic neurotransmission is a fundamental component of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neural network, and virtually all SCN neurons communicate using GABA as a neurotransmitter. GABAergic neurotransmission plays a critical role in light-induced phase shifts, synchronization of the dorsal and ventral SCN, and, although controversial, synchronization of the circadian phase of individual SCN neurons. The circadian clock regulates the strength of GABAA receptor-mediated neurotransmission although the signaling mechanisms mediating this regulation are not known. GABA released from axon terminals acts on synaptic GABAA receptors producing postsynaptic currents that have a rapid onset and offset and desensitize in the continued presence of GABA. In the SCN, the postsynaptic GABAA receptor-mediated currents may be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the time of day. Once released GABA is removed from the synaptic cleft by specific sodium–chloride-dependent transporters (GAT). Some GABA can diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and act on extrasynaptic GABAA receptors. These extrasynaptic GABAA receptors have high affinity for GABA and show little or no desensitization. They mediate a “tonic” GABAA current that could modulate the input–output characteristics of individual SCN neurons. While significant scientific questions remain about the roles of GABAergic neurotransmission in the circadian timing signals, recent findings have yielded important advances in our understanding of GABAergic neurotransmission in the SCN.
Effects of maternal age and mass on foraging behaviour and foraging success in the northern elephant seal

Summary 1. Animals that show indeterminate growth and put relatively constant proportions of stored body reserves towards annual reproductive effort are confronted with a problem of meeting ever-increasing energetic demands in unpredictable environments. 2. We examined how intrinsic traits, mass and age, as well as extrinsic environmental features impact diving and movement behaviour in a marine capital breeder, the northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris. We assessed the impact of this behavioural variation on foraging success, measured as energy gained at sea. 3. We used principal component analysis to reduce behavioural variables into three principal components that described time in foraging zones (PC1), foraging distance (PC2) and bout structure of dive shapes (PC3). 4. Both intrinsic traits and extrinsic environmental features influenced behaviour and foraging success. Body mass was the sole predictor of residence time in foraging zones (PC1), which, in turn, was the strongest behavioural predictor of foraging efficiency and success over the short postbreeding season. Foraging distance (PC2) significantly varied with year. Since foraging distance is an index of the horizontal and vertical distances seals travel while foraging, we suggest that it was impacted by inter-annual variation in marine prey distribution. Age had a negligible impact on most aspects of behaviour, except for the structure of dive shapes on the postmoult foraging trip. 5. All principal components significantly impacted rates of energy gain for postbreeding foraging trips when maternal body stores must be recovered quickly before returning to shore to moult. Age impacted the bout structure of dives in pregnant females in a way that influenced success, suggesting a role for previous experience during the long postmoult foraging migration. 6. Strong impacts of body mass on diving ability, foraging success and reproductive effort suggest a proximate mechanism for trade-offs in the cost of reproduction. Mass lost to current investment in offspring impacts a mother’s ability to accrue resources for future offspring.
Spatiotemporal quantile regression for detecting distributional changes in environmental processes

Climate change may lead to changes in several aspects of the distribution of climate variables, including changes in the mean, increased variability, and severity of extreme events. In this paper, we propose using spatiotemporal quantile regression as a flexible and interpretable method for simultaneously detecting changes in several features of the distribution of climate variables. The spatiotemporal quantile regression model assumes that each quantile level changes linearly in time, permitting straight-forward inference on the time trend for each quantile level. Unlike classical quantile regression which uses model-free methods to analyze a single quantile or several quantiles separately, we take a model-based approach which jointly models all quantiles, and thus the entire response distribution. In the spatiotemporal quantile regression model, each spatial location has its own quantile function that evolves over time, and the quantile functions are smoothed spatially using Gaussian process priors. We propose a basis expansion for the quantile function that permits a closed-form for the likelihood, and allows for residual correlation modeling via a Gaussian spatial copula. We illustrate the methods using temperature data for the southeast US from the years 1931-2009. For these data, borrowing information across space identifies more significant time trends than classical non-spatial quantile regression. We find a decreasing time trend for much of the spatial domain for monthly mean and maximum temperatures. For the lower quantiles of monthly minimum temperature, we find a decrease in Georgia and Florida, and an increase in Virginia and the Carolinas.
Estimation of directional brain anisotropy from EEG signals using the Mellin transform and implications for source localization

This paper presents a novel approach for the estimation of frequency-specific EEG scale modulations by the directional anisotropy of the brain, using the Mellin transform [1, 2, 3]. In the case of epileptic sources, the activity recorded by routine scalp EEG includes contributions not only from a seizure's primary propagation path but also from secondary paths and unrelated to the seizure activity. In addition, the anisotropy of the brain directionally modulates the seizure-related signal component. We estimated patient-specific direction-specific, frequency-locked scale shifts. During the ictal interval, these shifts occurred at frequencies ≥50 Hz. We further estimated the effect of scale modulations on time-delay estimation. Larger time-delays were estimated from EEGs that had been corrected by a scale factor prior to this estimation. Thus, corrections for non-linear scaling of EEGs may ultimately improve time-delay estimation for source localization, particularly in cases of seizures rapidly propagating to large areas of the brain.
Delayed systemic administration of PACAP38 is neuroprotective in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat

Background and Purpose —Many substances have been shown to reduce brain damage in models of stroke, but mainly when given either before or shortly after the onset of ischemia. Delayed systemic administration of pituitary adenylate cyclase–activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been shown to attenuate the neuronal damage in the hippocampus in a model of global ischemia in rats. The present study examined the neuroprotective action of delayed systemic administration of PACAP38 in a model of transient focal ischemia produced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats. Methods —We administered PACAP38 as an intravenous bolus (20 nmol/kg body wt) followed by an intravenous infusion for 48 hours using a micro-osmotic pump at a rate of 160 pmol/μL per hour, beginning 4, 8, or 12 hours after a 2-hour transient MCAO using a filament model. The size of the infarct was determined by examining 2-mm-thick brain sections stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride, followed by image analysis. Control animals received intravenously 0.1% bovine serum albumin in 0.9% saline as a bolus and infusion at the same time intervals. Results —The administration of PACAP38 beginning 4 hours after MCAO significantly reduced the infarct size by 50.88%. Treatment with PACAP38 starting 8 or 12 hours after the onset of ischemia did not result in a significant reduction of the infarct size, although infarct volumes tended to be smaller than in the control groups. Conclusions —Systemic administration of PACAP38 should be clinically useful for reducing brain damage resulting from stroke even when administration is delayed for several hours.
Revision anterior shoulder repair for recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability.

Although the operative management of recurrent anterior glenohumeral instability has received significant attention in literature, the outcome of revision anterior shoulder repair is much less frequently reported. We report the results of our experience with this challenging problem. Retrospective chart review identified 29 patients who underwent revision anterior shoulder repair. Prior procedures included eight Bankart repairs, seven capsular shifts, 10 combined Bankart and capsular shift procedures, three Putti-Platt procedures, two staple capsulorrhaphies, two Bristow procedures, seven arthroscopic procedures, and one Magnuson-Stack. The average age of the patients was 31.6 years (range: 18 to 52 years) and the dominant extremity was involved in 69%. Findings at the time of revision anterior shoulder repair included 22 patients with capsulolabral detachment, 24 with capsular redundancy, and 14 with rotator interval defects. Twenty-three of the 29 patients were available for at least a two-year follow-up. Twenty-one (91%) remain stable. One patient was non-compliant with the postoperative immobilization and re-dislocated within the first month. The second patient, who had a prior Bankart procedure followed by a capsular shift two years later, underwent a capsular shift for significant capsular laxity. He re-dislocated approximately 15 months postoperatively. Our success rate of 91% in this small series approaches the results of primary open repair for recurrent glenohumeral instability. To achieve a successful outcome, it is essential to address all pathology at the time of revision repair.
In vivo cross-linking of EpsG to EpsL suggests a role for EpsL as an ATPase-pseudopilin coupling protein in the Type II secretion system of Vibrio cholerae.

Summary The type II secretion system is a multi-protein complex that spans the cell envelope of gramnegative bacteria and promotes the secretion of proteins, including several virulence factors. This system is homologous to the type IV pilus biogenesis machinery and contains five proteins, EpsGK, termed the pseudopilins that are structurally homologous to the type IV pilins. The major pseudopilin EpsG has been proposed to form a pilus-like structure in an energy-dependent process that requires the ATPase, EpsE. A key remaining question is how the membrane-bound EpsG interacts with the cytoplasmic ATPase, and if this is a direct or indirect interaction. Previous studies have established an interaction between the bitopic inner membrane protein EpsL and EpsE; therefore, in this study we used in vivo cross-linking to test the hypothesis that EpsG interacts with EpsL. Our findings suggest that EpsL may function as a scaffold to link EpsG and EpsE and thereby transduce the energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to support secretion. The recent discovery of structural homology between EpsL and a protein in the type IV pilus system implies that this interaction may be conserved and represent an important functional interaction for both the type II secretion and type IV pilus systems.
The behavior of item weights in attitude-attraction research

Abstract In two experiments, subjects were exposed either to the attitudes of another person, to evaluations of themselves made by the person, or to a combination of the two. The resulting attraction data tested predictions from the Byrne-Rhamey model, which specifies the conditions under which highly weighted personal evaluations will and will not exert greater influence on attraction than attitudinal communications. The model was supported in five of six group comparisons considered. In addition, tests of the general fit to the present results and to the data from three previous studies showed significant positive correspondence (p
Functional and ultrastructural studies of antibody-producing cells exposed to 10,000 R in millipore diffusion chambers.

SummaryAntibody-producing plasma cells in millipore diffusion chambers continue to synthesize specific antibodies for several days after exposure to 10 000 R. Three out of ten nucleated cells were found to be specific antibody producers 4 days after exposure to x-rays, whereas in the unirradiated control only one out of ten was an antibody-producing cell. The half-life of irradiated antibody-producing cells was not different from that of unirradiated cells. Autoradiographic studies revealed that a significant number of immature plasma cells were synthesizing DNA as late as 15 days after irradiation. However, these DNA-synthesizing cells did not represent a proliferating cell fraction, because after irradiation there was apparently no progression of cells through the cell-cycle. Electron microscopic studies showed that fully developed endoplasmic reticulum rich in ribosomes and Golgi complex remained intact, whereas nuclear damage was pronounced. Ruptured plasma membranes and swelling of mitochondria were ...
Departures from chiral symmetry

Abstract We review the physical concepts supporting the notion of an approximate hadron symmetry with special emphasis on the Nambu-Goldstone realizations of chiral SU (2) × SU (2) and SU (3) × SU (3). We stress the role of perturbation theory in the symmetry breaking as the technical instrument to connect broken symmetries with experiment. This is an alternate to the treatments that stress PCAC and current algebra. We find that chiral SU (2) × SU (2) is a good hadron symmetry to within 7% making it the best hadron symmetry after isotopic symmetry. The nonrenormalization theorem, Σ-terms, K l 3 decay, η→3π decay, the Goldberger-Treiman relation and many other specific processes and their relation to approximate chiral symmetry are discussed.
Transfer Printing of Stretchable Electronics on Conformal Surfaces

In this paper, we outline a hybrid process to print stretchable electronic circuits on non-planar surfaces. Using this process, the stretchable structures, generated using traditional printed circuit board fabrication technology can be printed on conformal surfaces using transfer printing by PDMS membranes. Three different configurations of stretchable structures for use in the circuits are also compared for their robustness of shape representation and structural strength. The application of the proposed process is illustrated through application examples.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
A group theory of group theory: Collaborative mathematics and the ‘uninvention’ of a 1000-page proof:

Over a period of more than 30 years, more than 100 mathematicians worked on a project to classify mathematical objects known as finite simple groups. The Classification, when officially declared completed in 1981, ranged between 300 and 500 articles and ran somewhere between 5,000 and 10,000 journal pages. Mathematicians have hailed the project as one of the greatest mathematical achievements of the 20th century, and it surpasses, both in scale and scope, any other mathematical proof of the 20th century. The history of the Classification points to the importance of face-to-face interaction and close teaching relationships in the production and transformation of theoretical knowledge. The techniques and methods that governed much of the work in finite simple group theory circulated via personal, often informal, communication, rather than in published proofs. Consequently, the printed proofs that would constitute the Classification Theorem functioned as a sort of shorthand for and formalization of proofs th...
Résumé of the AIAA FDTC Low Reynolds Number Discussion Group's Canonical Cases

The AIAA Fluid Dynamics Technical Committee’s Low Reynolds Number Discussion Group has introduced several “canonical” pitch motions, with objectives of (1) experimental-numerical comparison, (2) assessment of closed-form models for aerodynamic force coefficient time history, and (3) exploration of the vast and rather amorphous parameter space of the possible kinematics. The baseline geometry is a flat plate of nominally 2.5% thickness and round edges, wall-to-wall in ground test facilities and spanwise-periodic or 2D in computations. Motions are various smoothings of a linear pitch ramp, hold and return, of 40 and 45 amplitude. In an attempt to discern acceleration effects, sinusoidal and linear-ramp motions are compared, where the latter have short runs of high acceleration and thus high noncirculatory lift and pitch. Parameter variations include comparison of the flat plate with an airfoil and ellipse, variation of reduced frequency, pitch pivot point location and comparison of pitch to quasi-steady equivalent plunge. All motions involve strong leading edge vortices, whose growth history depends on pitch pivot point location and reduced frequency, and which can persist over the model suction-side for well after motion completion. Noncirculatory loads were indeed found to be localized to phases of motion where acceleration was large. To the extent discernable so far, closed-form models of lift coefficient on the pitch upstroke are relatively straightforward, but not so on the downstroke, where motion history effects complicate the return from stall. Broad Reynolds number independency, in flowfield evolution and lift coefficient, was found in the 10 to 10 range.
Amyloid status imputed from a multimodal classifier including structural MRI distinguishes progressors from nonprogressors in a mild Alzheimer's disease clinical trial cohort

Abstract Introduction Mild-Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects without significant Aβ pathology represent a confounding finding for clinical trials because they may not progress clinically on the expected trajectory, adding variance into analyses where slowing of progression is being measured. Methods A prediction model based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with baseline demographics and clinical measurements was used to impute Aβ status of a placebo-treated mild-AD sub-cohort (N = 385) of patients participating in global phase 3 trials. The clinical trajectories of this cohort were evaluated over 18 months duration of the trial, stratified by imputed Aβ status within a mixed-model repeated measures statistical framework. Results In the imputed Aβ-positive cohort, both cognitive (ADAS-Cog 14 and MMSE) and functional (ADCS-iADL) measures declined more rapidly than in the undifferentiated population. Discussion Our results demonstrate imputing Aβ status from MRI scans in mild-AD subjects may be a useful screening tool in global clinical trials if amyloid measurement is not available.
Impacts of Emissions Trading on Optimal Bidding Strategies of Generation Companies in Day-ahead Electricity Markets

CO_2 emissions trading is the main scheme for mitigating greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions and has been or is going to be implemented in some developed countries or regions.Given this background,the CO_2 emission price in an emissions trading market is evaluated using an optimization approach similar to the well-developed stochastic production simulation method.Then assuming that the probability distribution functions of rivals' biddings are known,a stochastic optimization model is presented within the framework of a chance-constrained programming approach.It can be used to build risk-constrained optimal bidding strategies for a generation company.The corresponding solution method is also developed for this optimization model.Finally,a numerical example is given to demonstrate the feasibility of the developed model and solution method.The optimal bidding results are compared for two situations with and without the CO_2 emissions trading schemes.