cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of suppressor mutations on nonallelic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase mutants of Neurospora crassa

Suppressor mutations have been isolated for bal and col-2, two slow-growing and nonallelic morphological mutants of Neurospora that carry defective G6PDs. Both suppressor mutations are located on linkage group I but are unlinked to the particular mutant that they suppress. The bal suppressor (su-B) increases the growth rate of bal and produces a more spreading morphology. su-B also decreases the G6P K m of G6PD in bal;su-B double mutants. The col-2 suppressor (su-C) has similar positive effects on the morphology of col-2 and influences the electrofocusing pattern of the col-2 G6PD. su-C is an unusual type of suppressor mutation in that, when present in a wild-type background, it affects the electrofocusing pattern and kinetic properties of the normal enzyme. The nature of the su-C mutation, plus the complex genetic control of the Neurospora G6PD, is discussed.
Turbulent heat-transfer and skin-friction measurements on a porous cone with air injection at high Mach numbers.

T study of turbulent boundary layers with surface mass addition has been of interest for many years. The injection of gases into the boundary layer (either by ablation or transpiration) reduces the skin friction and heat transfer to the surface. All of the previously published heat-transfer and skin-friction measurements have been made over ranges of Mach number and mass injection rate that are within the limits of conventional boundary-layer theory. Several experimenters" have presented data for turbulent heat-transfer reduction with air injection for Mach numbers up to 4.35. These measurements were obtained for dimensionless injection rate parameters less than 3.5. Other experimenters" have presented air injection data on turbulent skin friction for Mach numbers up to 4.3 and dimensionless injection rate parameters up to 4.5. Accumulation of these data has revealed a more significant dependency of skin-friction reduc-
Computational modeling and exploration of contour integration for visual saliency

We propose a computational model of contour integration for visual saliency. The model uses biologically plausible devices to simulate how the representations of elements aligned collinearly along a contour in an image are enhanced. Our model adds such devices as a dopamine-like fast plasticity, local GABAergic inhibition and multi-scale processing of images. The fast plasticity addresses the problem of how neurons in visual cortex seem to be able to influence neurons they are not directly connected to, for instance, as observed in contour closure effect. Local GABAergic inhibition is used to control gain in the system without using global mechanisms which may be non-plausible given the limited reach of axonal arbors in visual cortex. The model is then used to explore not only its validity in real and artificial images, but to discover some of the mechanisms involved in processing of complex visual features such as junctions and end-stops as well as contours. We present evidence for the validity of our model in several phases, starting with local enhancement of only a few collinear elements. We then test our model on more complex contour integration images with a large number of Gabor elements. Sections of the model are also extracted and used to discover how the model might relate contour integration neurons to neurons that process end-stops and junctions. Finally, we present results from real world images. Results from the model suggest that it is a good current approximation of contour integration in human vision. As well, it suggests that contour integration mechanisms may be strongly related to mechanisms for detecting end-stops and junction points. Additionally, a contour integration mechanism may be involved in finding features for objects such as faces. This suggests that visual cortex may be more information efficient and that neural regions may have multiple roles.
Communicating with pediatricians about complementary/alternative medicine: perspectives from parents of children with down syndrome.

Objectives.—Barriers to communication about complementary/alternative medicine (CAM) between parents and pediatricians are frequently documented, yet the scope of these barriers remains poorly understood. Such barriers are especially troubling when they involve children with special health needs, among whom CAM use is especially common. This pilot study of parents of children with Down syndrome (DS) used qualitative methods to explore parents' perceptions of the extent and quality of communication about CAM with pediatricians, to elicit parents' recommendations for improvement, and to formulate new research questions. Design.—Semistructured interviews were conducted with parents from 30 families with children with DS. Data were audiotaped and analyzed with assistance from qualitative data analysis software. Results.—Parents described how they advocated vigorously with their pediatricians about biomedical concerns such as the American Academy of Pediatrics healthcare guidelines for DS, but often avoided discussion of nonbiomedical concerns such as CAM. Many parents looked to pediatricians to initiate conversations about CAM. Discussion.—Even parents who assertively advocate for biomedical concerns in their children's health care may be unlikely to disclose and discuss CAM use with their pediatricians. Attending to parents' experiences helps to illuminate the nature and scope of current communication barriers and poses new research questions for assessing and improving parent-physician collaboration about health-related issues that may be prioritized differently by parents and pediatricians.
The Fire Areas of Santa Rosa Island: An Interpretation:

The fire areas—or hearths—of the California Channel Islands, especially Santa Rosa Island, may be the oldest evidence of man in the Americas. The brick-red fire areas, dated at more than 40,000 years to 10,000 years ago, often contain charred mammoth bone and, rarely, possible stone tools.Though some of the fire areas may be hearths, recent research indicates that natural fires produce similar fire areas. Burned tree stumps and roots can redden the adjacent soil and resemble hearths. It is likely that most of the Pleistocene fire areas were caused by burned vegetation.
Ultralong Period Seismic Study of the December 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Implications for Regional Tectonics and the Subduction Process

Analysis of the earth's longest period normal modes shows that the December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake was much larger (Mw 9.3) than ini- tially inferred from surface-wave data and involved slip on a much longer fault than initially inferred from body-wave data. The seismic moment and relative excitation of the normal modes indicate that the entire aftershock zone ruptured, consistent with the large tsunami amplitudes in Thailand, Sri Lanka, and India. An apparent increase in seismic moment with period results from interference between parts of the fault. The earthquake resulted from subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Burma microplate, a sliver plate between the Indian and Sunda plates. Hence, the rate and direction of convergence depends on the motion of the Burma plate, which is not well known. Convergence would be highly oblique if the rate of motion between Burma and Sunda is that inferred from spreading in the Andaman Sea, and less if a slower rate is inferred from the Sagaing fault. The December earthquake was much larger than expected from a previously proposed relation, based on the idea of seismic coupling, in which such earthquakes occur only when young lithosphere subducts rapidly. Moreover, a global reanalysis finds little support for this correlation. Hence, we suspect that much of the apparent differences between subduction zones, such as some trench segments but not others being prone to M w 8.5 events and hence oceanwide tsunamis, may reflect the short earthquake history sampled. This possi- bility is supported by the variability in rupture mode at individual trench segments.
Introduction: The Scope of Breakthrough Pain in Clinical Practice

Breakthrough pain (BTP) is a common condition for patients with cancer and a variety of nonmalignant chronic diseases. The reported incidence of BTP varies widely from as low as 16% to as high as 95% of those with persistent pain syndromes. A large international study from the Working Group of the International Association for the Study of Pain Task Force on Cancer Pain estimated the overall prevalence of BTP in patients with cancer to be 65%[1]. Worldwide, the number of patients with low back pain is very likely much higher, as the prevalence of persistent low back pain is 17–50%[2]. The wide variability of the reported prevalence of …
Factors affecting crab and lobster species subject to IUU fishing

Abstract To understand choices made by thieves in the products they steal, Clarke (1999) proposed the CRAVED theft model, later modified to CRAAVED, to specify characteristics of products most desirable to thieves (such products are more Concealable, Removable, Accessible, Abundant, Valuable, Enjoyable, and Disposable). The CRAAVED elements of ten internationally identified IUU crab and lobster species were analyzed with sixteen control species by using a matched case–control design. Results indicate that IUU crab and lobster species are those that are more Abundant , Valuable , and Enjoyable . Consequently , local fisheries and enforcement agencies need to prioritize safeguarding the most exposed species from exploitation by extending guardianship on these known IUU crustaceans, as well as alerting conscience and assisting compliance by incentivizing restaurants to create sustainable menus, as well as using these menus as a means to inform consumers about these vulnerable species.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of Gd3+ in praseodymium triacetate monohydrate

Abstract X-band (∼9.6 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance measurements were carried out on a Gd 3+ -doped praseodymium triacetate monohydrate, Pr(CH 3 COO) 3 ·H 2 O, single crystal in the temperature range 4.2–295 K. The spin-Hamiltonian parameters were estimated at room, liquid-nitrogen and liquid-helium temperatures by the use of a rigorous least-squares fitting technique. The absolute sign of the zero-field splitting parameter, b 0 2 , was determined to be negative by comparison of the intensities of the high- and low-field EPR lines at room and liquid-helium temperatures. The behaviour of EPR spectrum was studied as a function of temperature; the variation of the linewidth and line positions indicated a significant reordering of acetate and water molecules at about 240 K. The present Gd 3+ EPR results in praseodymium triacetate monohydrate are compared with those in the rare-earth triacetate tetrahydrate hosts with Sm, Nd, Er, Y, Yb and Dy ions.
Finite Element Predictions of Active Buckling Control of Stiffened Panels

Materials systems and structures that can respond "intelligently" to their environment are currently being proposed and investigated. A series of finite element analyses was performed to investigate the potential for active buckling control of two different stiffened panels by embedded shape memory alloy (SMA) rods. Changes in the predicted buckling load increased with the magni tude of the actuation level for a given structural concept. Increasing the number of actuators for a given concept yielded greater predicted increases in buckling load. Considerable control authority was generated with a small number of actuators, with greater authority demonstrated for those struc tural concepts where the activated SMA rods could develop greater forces and moments on the struc ture. Relatively simple and inexpensive analyses were performed with standard finite elements to de termine such information, indicating the viability of these types of models for design purposes.
Modelling the growth kinetics of sputter-deposited nanocrystalline zirconia films

Abstract A diffusion model was applied to nanocrystallite growth in a series of zirconia films produced by low pressure reactive sputter deposition. The results show that individual nuclei grow by adsorbate migration during the time it takes to deposit one monolayer of incident sputtered flux(tML), after which growth is forzen. The species that controls nucleus growth is, in effect, an adsorbed zirconium monoxide molecule. A general (i.e., not machine-specific)_Arrhenius-type equation relating nanocrystallite size, substrate temperature, and ZrO flux was developed, yielding an activation energy for adsorbate surface diffusion of 0.38 eV and a pre-exponential factor of 1.9×10−8cm2/s. Over the temperature range of the experiment, 455–564 K. these kinetic parameters yield diffusivity values from 1.2–7.6×10−12cm2/s.
Flexibility of optical packet format in a complete 12/spl times/12 data vortex network

Packets with variable-sized payloads between 48 and 384 bytes, depending upon the number of payload wavelengths and their duration, are simultaneously routed in an implemented 12times12 optical packet switching network with bit-error rates better than 10-12. Payloads with varying offsets within the 25.6-ns timeslot are routed successfully as well, illustrating the flexibility and transparency of the data vortex architecture to multiple packet formats
Controlling complex, non-linear dynamical networks

An outstanding problem in the field of complex dynamical systems is to control non-linear dynamics on complex networks. Indeed, the physical world in which we live is non-linear, and complex networks are ubiquitous in a variety of natural, social, economical, and man-made systems.Dynamical processes on complex networks are thus expected to be generically non-linear. While the ultimate goal to study complex systems is to control them, the coupling between non-linear dynamics and complex network structures presents tremendous challenges to our ability to formulate effective control methodologies. In spite of the rapid development of network science and engineering toward understanding, analyzing and predicting the dynamics of large complex network systems in the past 15 years, the problem of controlling non-linear dynamical networks remains to be outstanding.
A hedonic price model of the Paris carcase lamb market

Based on a lamb carcass classification and pricing exercise in the Paris wholesale market at Rungis, an equation was estimated which regresses prices on farm-based and factory-based quality aspects and on country of origin of the carcasses. The revenue foregone per car- cass by each supplying country, because of divergence from the optimal quality, is quantified and allocated to particular quality attributes. For all countries quality improvement would yield substantially increased revenue. Supplying countries other than France suffer a substantial country-of-origin discount which is not justified on quality considerations. Further research is necessary on this phenomenon. Copyright 1986 by Oxford University Press.
Sublethal effects of insecticides on the intrinsic rate of increase of cotton aphid

Insecticides are often implicated in causing outbreaks of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae), through stimulation of reproduction. In this study we report the sublethal effects of dosages of bifenthrin, acephate, carbofuran or pyriproxifen on cotton aphid reproduction. We could not detect any increase or decrease in the intrinsic rate of increase of cotton aphids exposed to bifenthrin, acephate or carbofuran. However, we did detect some increases in the net reproductive rate of aphids treated with bifenthrin justifying further investigation of the effect on reproduction by this insecticide. Trends based on simple linear regression models suggest that sublethal dosages of bifenthrin or carbofuran have a negative impact on aphid population growth as dosages increase. These data suggest that stimulation of reproduction by these insecticides probably does not play a major role in cotton aphid outbreaks or resurgence. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenoid currently used for control of whiteflies in cotton. It demonstrated significant activity towards cotton aphid reared on treated cotton in our bioassays. Pyriproxyfen caused sterility in most aphids exposed to dosages exceeding 1 ppm, and reduced aphid longevity by approximately 50%. However, it did not appear to greatly influence the reproductive potential or longevity of reproductively mature aphids. A field study indicates that pyriproxyfen affects cotton aphid population structure and may have potential in managing cotton aphid outbreaks. Modifying aphid population structure and growth through the use of juvenoids such as pyriproxifen may prove to be an effective proactive approach to pest control without adversely impacting beneficial organisms or causing pest resurgence.
An XNOR device in hybrid InAs/AlSb/GaSb and InGaAs material systems

Proposes and demonstrates an XNOR device based on the resonant interband tunneling FET which combines an InAs/AlSb/GaSb resonant interband tunneling diode (RITD) with pseudomorphic InGaAs-channel field effect transistors (FET).
Using Epiphytic Macrolichen Communities for Biomonitoring Ammonia in Forests of the Greater Sierra Nevada, California

Chronic, excessive nitrogen deposition is potentially an important ecological threat to forests of the greater Sierra Nevada in California. We developed a model for ammonia bioindication, a major nitrogen pollutant in the region, using epiphytic macrolichens. We used non-metric multidimensional scaling to extract gradients in lichen community composition from surveys at 115 forested sites. A strong ammonia deposition gradient was detected, as evidenced by a high linear correlation with an index of ammonia indicator species conventionally known as “nitrophytes” (r = 0.93). This gradient, however, was confounded by elevation (r = −0.54). We evaluated three statistical techniques for controlling the influence of elevation on nitrophytes: simple linear regression, nonlinear regression, and nonparametric regression. We used the unstandardized residuals from nonlinear regression to estimate relative ammonia deposition at each plot, primarily because this model had the best fit (r 2 = 0.33), desirable asymptotic properties, and it is easy to apply to new data. Other possible sources of noise in the nitrophyte-ammonia relationship, such as substrate pH and acidic deposition, are discussed. Lichen communities indicated relatively high deposition to forests of the southern Sierra Nevada, the Modoc Plateau, as well as in stands near urban areas. Evidence of elevated ammonia was also detected for popular recreation areas such as Sequoia and Yosemite National Parks. Lichen communities from forests in the Tahoe basin, northern Sierra Nevada, southern Cascades, and eastern Klamath Range appeared considerably less impacted. This model will be used for continual assessment of eutrophication risks to forest health in the region.
An Epidemiological Investigation of a Sustained High Rate of Pediatric Parapneumonic Empyema: Risk Factors and Microbiological Associations

We investigated the increasing incidence of pediatric empyema during the 1990s at Primary Children’s Medical Center in Salt Lake City. Of 540 children hospitalized with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP) who were discharged from 1 July 1993 through 1 July 1999, 153 (28.3%) had empyema. The annual population incidence of empyema increased during the study period from 1 to 5 cases per 100,000 population aged !19 years. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified as the most common cause of CAP with or without empyema; serotype 1 accounted for 50% of the cases of pneumococcal empyema. Patients with empyema were more likely to be13 years old, to have 7 days of fever, to have varicella, and to have received antibiotics and ibuprofen before admission to the hospital, compared with patients without empyema ( for each P ! .0001 factor). The increasing incidence of empyema was associated with infection due to S. pneumoniae serotype 1, outpatient treatment with certain antibiotics, ibuprofen use, and varicella.
Changing Views on Earth's Deep Mantle

The stratification of the Earth into crust, mantle, and core has long been known, but the state and dynamics of the inner earth are only beginning to be understood. In his Perspective, [van der Hilst][1] describes work by [ Trampert et al .][2] that shows large-scale compositional heterogeneity in the Earth's mantle, the rocky shell between some 40- and 2890-km depth beneath us. This has important implications for our understanding of the long-term evolution of our planet and implies that chemistry must be accounted for in computer simulations of mantle convection. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/306/5697/817 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/306/5697/853
Another look at divine hiddenness

In his fine book The Wisdom to Doubt, J. L. Schellenberg builds a case for religious scepticism by advancing a version of the Hiddenness Argument. This argument rests on the claim that God could not love, in an admirable way, those who seek God while also remaining hidden from them. In this article, I distinguish two arguments for this claim. Neither argument succeeds, I contend, as each rests on an unsatisfactory understanding of the nature of admirable love, whether human or divine.
Review of Peter W. Huber, Liability: The Legal Revolution and its Consequences, New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1988

This book is exciting and well written. It provides fascinating details for the preceding arguments. The organization of the book follows the reasoning outlined here. The content is shown by a sampling of the chapter titles: "The Death of Contract," "A Search for New Rules," "Knowledge of the Law Is No Excuse," "Sentence Without Verdict," "Insurance in Retreat," "What Is Deterred?," and "Choosing Safety." These chapter titles also illustrate the forceful style of writing. My complaints are minor: the documentation could be better and the index is not great. But, hey, we are talking about a new revolution! Some U.S. firms are going to use neocontractual insurance schemes and they are going to earn much profit from this strategy.
Numerical Simulation of the Interaction between the Sea-Breeze Front and Horizontal Convective Rolls. Part I: Offshore Ambient Flow

Abstract A three-dimensional, cloud-resolving model is used to investigate the interaction between the sea-breeze circulation and boundary layer roll convection. Horizontal convective rolls (HCRs) develop over land in response to strong daytime surface heating and tend to become aligned parallel to the vertical wind shear vector, whereas the land–sea heating contrast causes the formation of the sea-breeze front (SBF) along the coastline. The ability of HCRs to modulate the along-frontal structure of the SBF is examined, complementing and extending previous observational and numerical studies. Three simulations are discussed, the first two demonstrating that the model can produce both phenomena independently. The third is initialized with offshore mean flow and vertical shear perpendicular to the coastline, and results in a sharply defined, inland-propagating SBF that encounters HCRs aligned perpendicular to it. Before the interaction takes place, the SBF is nearly two-dimensional and devoid of along-front...
PPD-induced monocyte chemotactic factor production by human milk cells.

The functional capability of antigen-stimulated breast milk cells to produce an immunologic mediator was examined. Colostrum and comparison peripheral blood samples were obtained from ten women, two to four days postpartum, and supernatants from PPD-stimulated mononuclear cell cultures were assayed for the lymphokine, monocyte chemotactic factor. Five of the ten women studied had a history of a positive tuberculin skin test and one had received BCG immunization. Peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures and colostrum cell cultures from four of these six women produced monocyte chemotactic factor. These results demonstrated the functional capability of antigen-stimulated colostra! cells to produce immunologic mediators.
Instantaneous Stochastic Dynamic Route Choice Models

This chapter presents an instantaneous stochastic dynamic user-optimal route choice model which is a stochastic generalization of our deterministic DUO route choice model presented in Chapter 8. In this chapter, we include only a random component in travelers’ perception of travel times. Then route choice is a process of selection among alternative routes, for which the perceived time-dependent travel times include a random error. The general probit-type variational inequality model is first formulated by assuming a general distribution of route choice dispersion. The stochastic route choice assumption is introduced into dynamic route choice problems so that our SDUO models are dynamic generalizations of conventional stochastic static user-optimal (SUO) models under the assumption of dispersed route choice.
Management of chronic psychotic ambulatory outpatients

The introduction of novel atypical antipsychotic medicines has raised new possibilities in the treatment of psychotic patients. In particular, the discovery of pharmacologic agents that may ameliorate the most stubborn positive and also negative symptoms without adding the burden of major side effects is revolutionizing treatment expectations. However, it is also becoming abundantly clear that successful treatment requires more than just the administration of a medicine. Treatment must also address the inner experiences of the patient, as well as the social and psychological handicaps that are associated with the illness. Some of the relatively neglected complications of using typical antipsychotic medicines include hyperprolactinemia and antipsychotics that may require concomitant treatment with anticholinergic agents, which themselves have an array of side effects. This article presents a detailed method for deciding when and how to use the new medications effectively and how to manage the transition from one medicine to another.
Melanoma in 2015: Immune-checkpoint blockade - durable cancer control.

In 2015, advances in immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma have come to fruition, with phase III data supporting the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab as first-line therapy. Understanding the mechanisms involved in an effective antitumour immune response are now key to further advances. Several studies published in 2015 have increased our understanding of the complex relationships that exist between our immune system and malignancy.
Frequency downshift in a viscous fluid

Abstract In this paper, we derive a viscous generalization of the Dysthe (1979) system from the weakly viscous generalization of the Euler equations introduced by Dias et al. (2008). This “viscous Dysthe” system models the evolution of a weakly viscous, nearly monochromatic wave train on deep water. It includes only one free parameter, which can be determined empirically. It contains a term that provides a mechanism for frequency downshifting in the absence of wind and wave breaking. The system does not preserve the spectral mean. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the spectral mean typically decreases and that the spectral peak decreases for certain initial conditions. The linear stability analysis of the plane-wave solutions of the viscous Dysthe system demonstrates that waves with frequencies closer to zero decay more slowly than waves with frequencies further from zero. Comparisons between experimental data and numerical simulations of the nonlinear Schrodinger, dissipative nonlinear Schrodinger, Dysthe, and viscous Dysthe systems establish that the viscous Dysthe system accurately models data from experiments in which frequency downshifting was observed and experiments in which frequency downshift was not observed.
Formal power series method for nonlinear time delay systems with analytic initial data

The state of a class of differential delay systems with a single delay and analytic initial data is computed in a purely combinatorial method by means of composition between formal power series. Time axis is divided into durations of the time delay and for each time interval, the generating series of the Fliess operator, which is the input-output map of the given system is determined. The state from the previous interval and the external inputs are viewed as the input arguments to the map. The current state is computed by composing the generating series of the input-output map with the generating series of the state from the previous interval and the formal power series representing the analytic external input. Sufficient conditions for convergence are also provided.
Some Combinatorial Problems of Arithmetic

For example let n= 10. We find the couples (1, 8), (2, 6), (3, 4) with sums, respectively, 9, 8, 7. A bit of experimentation shows that no four couples can be so found and we obtain the answer three for the case n = 10. We will prove that this maximum number is asymptotically 2n. To do so requires two steps, first a direct construction which produces (approximately) 2n such couples and then a proof that more than this number is impossible. Step 1. The construction: Let k be the largest positive integer below n/5. Form the couples
Fiber-Amplifier Cascades with Equalization Employing Mach-Zehnder Optical Filters in Multiwavelength Systems

Recent rapid advances in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) technology make the WDM option particularly attractive for increased capacity and multiple access optical networking [1-2], In these applications, cascaded EDFAs may be deployed on a large scale in future lightwave systems. However, the nonflat gain spectra of the EDFAs impose a difficulty in optical networks using WDM technology since each optical channel experiences a different optical gain. Although each individual amplifier exhibits only modest gain variations over a spectral interval of roughly 20 nm, these variations accumulate through successive amplifiers, resulting in exponentially increasing interchannel power differences [3]. Various proposals for equalizers have been discussed.
Esophageal Submucosal Injection of Capsaicin but Not Acid Induces Symptoms in Normal Subjects.

Background/Aims Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) is a candidate for mediating acid-induced symptoms in the esophagus. We conducted studies to determine if the presence of acid in the mucosa/submucosa and direct activation of TRPV1 by capsaicin elicited symptoms in normal healthy subjects. We also studied the presence of TRPV1 receptors in the esophagus. Methods Unsedated endoscopy was performed on healthy subjects with no symptoms. Using a sclerotherapy needle, normal saline (pH 2.0- 7.5) was injected into the mucosa/submucosa, 5 cm above the Z line. In a separate group of healthy subjects, injection of capsaicin and vehicle was also studied. Quality of symptoms was reported using the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and symptom intensity using the visual analogue scale (VAS). Immunohistochemistry was performed on 8 surgical esophagus specimens using TRPV1 antibody. Results Acid injection either did not elicit or elicited mild symptoms in subjects at all pH solutions. Capsaicin but not the vehicle elicited severe heartburn/chest pain in all subjects. Mean VAS for capsaicin was 91 ± 3 and symptoms lasted for 25 ± 1 minutes. Immunohistochemistry revealed a linear TRPV1 staining pattern between the epithelial layer and the submucosa that extended into the papillae. Eighty-five percent of papillae stained positive for TRPV1 with a mean 1.1 positive papillae per high-powered field. Conclusions The mechanism of acid-induced heartburn and chest pain is not the simple interaction of hydrogen ions with afferents located in the esophageal mucosa and submucosa. TRPV1 receptors are present in the lamina propria and their activation induces heartburn and chest pain. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016;22:436-443)
Collaborative Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Program

The value of therapeutic drug monitoring is well established and has been extensively reviewed.1 It will not be addressed further here. Rather, it is my intention to discuss collaboration between pharmacy and laboratory departments and to address advantages, pitfalls, methods, and options for setting up an effective collaborative therapeutic drug monitoring program.
Justice and Competitive Markets

This essay challenges the view that the provision of health care must take place within a competitive-free system. The author argues that, presuming that there is a requirement to meet the demands of those who cannot pay for health care, a competitive market provides a good way to deal with injustices within the health care system. The author concludes that the demands for justice are best met when indigent individuals use some portion of the funds they receive from the government to purchase one of the many competing forms of health care. This scheme requires a competitive market in the delivery of health care.
Humanistic Intentionality in Clinical Collaboration

This conceptual paper introduces a clinical collaboration model for counselors founded in the principles of humanistic counseling and wellness. The article offers applications for client life self-assessment and the discovery of personally relevant social resources. Finally, implications of this approach for graduate training, clinical service and future research opportunities are offered.
Temporal changes in racial violence, 1980 to 2006: A latent trajectory approach

Abstract Objectives The study examines the ability of a latent trajectory approach to advance our understanding of the temporal trends in white and black homicide rates over a critical period, 1980 to 2006. After establishing distinct trajectories that reveal hidden racial heterogeneity, we estimate which of two dominant arguments concerning the changes in homicide rates over time: 1) macrostructural conditions and 2) crime control and drug sales—best explain the latent class race-specific homicide rate memberships at the city level. Methods Using homicide data from the Uniform Crime Reports along with decennial U.S. census data across three time periods, we employ both latent trajectory and time series approaches. Results Our latent trajectory approach identified three unique trends or groupings of cities based on white and black homicide rates, reflecting “high”, “medium” and “low” temporal homicide trends. Time series models highlight variation in which characteristics contributed to the distinct race-specific homicide trends by trajectory group. Conclusions Together, this study reveals hidden heterogeneity among American cities with respect to temporal trends that inform the current debate about diversity in the location and magnitude of the crime drop as well as which factors contributed to homicide trends by racial groups. Implications are discussed.
Dyslexia: A Visual Disorder?

Visual evoked potentials were measured with scalp electrodes in eight reading-disabled children aged 8 to 11 years and compared to a control group of 13 age-matched normal readers at the School of Optometry, University of Missouri, St Louis.
Marrow Derived Muscle Colonies Are a Clonal Phenomenon.

We have previously established a model of plasticity of marrow to skeletal muscle that is based on transplantation of GFP positive marrow and cardiotoxin injury to the tibialis muscle. In these experiments, we have observed colonies of GFP positive muscle fibers, defined as 3 or more myocytes. We noted that individual GFP positive fibers showed marked heterogeneity of fluorescence. In sharp contrast, colonies of GFP+ cells, showed homogeneous fluorescence. This was confirmed by using confocal microscopy and by measuring the mean fluorescent intensity of the individual cells in the colonies. When the intensity of the green fluorescence in individual fibers was graded to dull, moderate or bright, in 95% of the colonies counted, showed homogenous intensity of green fluorescence while for single GFP fibers dispersed throughout the specimen the probability of 3 cells being the same color was only 14.12%. Therefore the probability of 95% of colonies to have a minimum of 3 homogenous fibers by random association is less than 0.0001. To show that colonies are not from clumps of cells injected into the muscle, we compared the number of the colonies in two different experimental setting where in both GFP positive marrow cells were injected intravenously after 900cGy of radiation followed by cardiotoxin injury to the muscle. Animals who received two cycle of G-CSF mobilization were compared with those who had lineage negative marrow cells directly injected into their muscle, one day after injury. The incidence of muscle colonies remained the same between the groups. The incidence increased in experiments with multiple cycles of mobilization and injury and also in mdx mouse that has spontaneous ongoing regeneration of its muscles. Cotransplantation of marrow cells from yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) transgenics into C57BL/6 mice followed by cardiotoxin injury showed colonies that were either from YFP or CFP cells. No mixed colonies were found. Transplantation of YFP marrow cells before injury followed by CFP cells after injury and vice versa showed colonies only from cells that were infused at the time of transplantation. Colonies were seen only in samples that received CD45, C-Kit and/or Sca positive marrow cells and not in those negative populations. These cells resulted in a GFP+ CD45 negative population 4 weeks after transplantation and produced Myf5+ and MyoD+ myoblasts three days after injury. These data suggests that marrow derived muscle colonies are a clonal phenomenon similar to CFU-S cells in recipient spleens after transplantation.
Correction: An Application of Free Probability to Arithmetic Functions

In this paper, we study free probability on tensor product algebra \(\mathfrak {M} = M\,\otimes _{\mathbb {C}}\,{\mathcal {A}}\) of a \(W^{*}\)-algebra M and the algebra \({\mathcal {A}}\), consisting of all arithmetic functions equipped with the functional addition and the convolution. We study free-distributional data of certain elements of \(\mathfrak {M}\), and study freeness on \(\mathfrak {M}\), affected by fixed primes.
Persistent threats to validity in single-group interrupted time series analysis with a cross over design.

Rationale, aims and objectives The basic single-group interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) design has been shown to be susceptible to the most common threat to validity—history—the possibility that some other event caused the observed effect in the time series. A single-group ITSA with a crossover design (in which the intervention is introduced and withdrawn 1 or more times) should be more robust. In this paper, we describe and empirically assess the susceptibility of this design to bias from history. Method Time series data from 2 natural experiments (the effect of multiple repeals and reinstatements of Louisiana's motorcycle helmet law on motorcycle fatalities and the association between the implementation and withdrawal of Gorbachev's antialcohol campaign with Russia's mortality crisis) are used to illustrate that history remains a threat to ITSA validity, even in a crossover design. Results Both empirical examples reveal that the single-group ITSA with a crossover design may be biased because of history. In the case of motorcycle fatalities, helmet laws appeared effective in reducing mortality (while repealing the law increased mortality), but when a control group was added, it was shown that this trend was similar in both groups. In the case of Gorbachev's antialcohol campaign, only when contrasting the results against those of a control group was the withdrawal of the campaign found to be the more likely culprit in explaining the Russian mortality crisis than the collapse of the Soviet Union. Conclusions Even with a robust crossover design, single-group ITSA models remain susceptible to bias from history. Therefore, a comparable control group design should be included, whenever possible.
Telecommunications band photoluminescence from hydrogenated amorphous silicon ring resonators

We report enhanced photoluminescence from 1300 nm to 1600 nm wavelength in ring resonators composed of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films. Enhancement of up to 5 dB occurs at the resonant modes of the rings.
Shortest-Elapsed-Time-First on a multiprocessor

We show that SETF, the idealized version of the uniprocessor scheduling algorithm used by Unix, is scalable for the objective of fractional flow on a homogeneous multiprocessor. We also give a potential function analysis for the objective of weighted fractional flow on a uniprocessor.
Impact of pharmacy interventions on pain management in an oncology palliative medicine (PM) outpatient clinic.

119Background: PM can improve the quality of life and survival for cancer patients (pts); however, the demand for PM challenges providers with delayed follow ups resulting in less than one-third of pts achieving significant pain improvement between clinic visits. Engaging pharmacists in the provision of PM may help improve pain management in cancer pts. Methods: Adult cancer pts starting a new pain regimen or requiring changes to an existing regimen at baseline were referred for pharmacy follow up in 3-7 days (assessment #1). The pharmacist evaluated each pt using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale and recommended changes to the referring PM provider, prompting a 2nd follow up in 3-7 days (assessment #2). If no changes were required, pts continued therapy and returned for the final clinic visit (day 28 +/- 7). The primary endpoint was the proportion of pts achieving significant pain improvement (≥ 2-point decrease in pain score on a scale of 0-10) from baseline to final visit, which was compared to his...
An experimental study on soft PDMS materials for aircraft icing mitigation

Abstract A series of experiments were conducted to characterize the anti-/de-icing performances of soft PDMS materials with different shear modulus and to explore their potentials for aircraft icing mitigation. In the present study, a new class of soft PDMS materials with adjustable shear modulus were fabricated by adding different amounts and different molecular weights of non-reactive trimethyl-terminated PDMS (t-PDMS) into the hydrosilylation mixture of vinyl-terminated PDMS (v-PDMS) and hydride-terminated PDMS (h-PDMS). While the soft PDMS materials were found to be hydrophobic with the contact angle of water droplets over the PDMS surfaces being about 110°, the ice adhesion strength over the soft PDMS materials was found to be extremely low (i.e., being less than 10 kPa at −5 °C or two orders of magnitude smaller), in comparison to those of the conventional rigid surface (i.e., being greater than 1000 kPa for Aluminum or the hard plastic material used to make the airfoil/wing model used in the present study). Upon the dynamic impacting of water droplets at relatively high weber number levels pertinent to aircraft inflight icing phenomena (e.g., We = 4000), the soft PDMS surfaces were found to deform dynamically due to the elastic nature of the PDMS materials, which cause the soft PDMS materials acting as “trampolines” to bounce off most of the impinged water mass away from the impacted surfaces. By applying the soft PDMS materials to coat/cover the surface of a NACA 0012 airfoil/wing model, an explorative study was also performed in an Icing Research Tunnel available at Iowa State University (i.e., ISU-IRT) to demonstrate the feasibility of using the soft PDMS materials to mitigate the impact ice accretion process pertinent to aircraft inflight icing phenomena.
The Google Lunar XPRIZE – Past, Present and Future

The Google Lunar XPRIZE is a US$30 Million prize purse competition to foster a new space economy through low-cost, efficient access to the Moon. Aside from the promise of re-opening the lunar surface to science and exploration, the Google Lunar XPRIZE is also a unique example of how the incentive prize model can be used to spur innovation in the space industry. This paper examines some of the most important ways that that innovation is being stimulated and summarises the progress and impacts to date
Ethnoarchaeology of foraging and the case of vanishing agriculturalists in the Amazon Basin

Abstract Debates about ancient Amazonian social organization have evaluated characterizations from a range of sources that include ethnographically documented foraging societies and archaeological discoveries suggestive of sedentized agriculturists. This study uses qualitative ethnoarchaeological data about foraging and small-scale horticulture among the Pume of Venezuela, and Lewis Binford’s quantified database of foraging groups and environmental parameters, to develop a testable model that predicts the conditions under which Amazon Basin foragers would (or would not) intensify subsistence to the point of incorporating maize and other cultivars; as well as the conditions for reversing the process. Specific expectations for the archaeological and paleoenvironmental record are proposed as indicators, and assessed relative to what we currently know from the archaeological record.
Huntington College, Liberal Education, and the Struggle for “Christian Democracy” in the World War II Era

Webb traces the history of Huntington College during the 1930s and 1940s and its relationship with its parent denomination, the Church of the United Brethren in Christ. He highlights the initial ambivalence about intervention and eventual patriotic support for the war effort. “Home front” conditions presented many challenges, particularly in enrollment, and sparked changes in institutional governance and curriculum. As faculty and administration recommitted to Huntington’s identity and mission as a Christian liberal arts institution, campus leaders were driven by the war to seek accommodations to the American higher education mainstream. To these leaders, saving democracy abroad also meant saving “Christian Democracy” at home, revealing their intention to enter the mainstream on terms partly of their own making.
Associations between prenatal maternal urinary concentrations of personal care product chemical biomarkers and childhood respiratory and allergic outcomes in the CHAMACOS study.

Abstract Background Personal care product chemicals may be contributing to risk for asthma and other atopic illnesses. The existing literature is conflicting, and many studies do not control for multiple chemical exposures. Methods We quantified concentrations of three phthalate metabolites, three parabens, and four other phenols in urine collected twice during pregnancy from 392 women. We measured T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells in their children's blood at ages two, five, and seven, and assessed probable asthma, aeroallergies, eczema, and lung function at age seven. We conducted linear and logistic regressions, controlling for additional biomarkers measured in this population as selected by Bayesian Model Averaging. Results The majority of comparisons showed null associations. Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) was associated with higher Th2% (RR: 10.40, 95% CI: 3.37, 17.92), and methyl paraben was associated with lower Th1% (RR: −3.35, 95% CI: −6.58, −0.02) and Th2% at borderline significance (RR: −4.45, 95% CI: −8.77, 0.08). Monoethyl phthalate was associated with lower forced expiratory flow from 25 to 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25–75%) (RR: −3.22 L/s, 95% CI: −6.02, −0.34). Propyl paraben (OR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.99) was associated with decreased odds of probable asthma. Conclusions While some biomarkers, particularly those from low molecular weight phthalates, were associated with an atopic cytokine profile and poorer lung function, no biomarkers were associated with a corresponding increase in atopic disease.