cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinical efficacy of a fragility care program in distal radius fracture patients.

Purpose To assess the quality of an initiative to improve the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in patients over 50 years of age with distal radius fractures (DRF). Methods A retrospective review was conducted to determine the baseline percentage of individuals undergoing osteoporosis screening after DRF. Thereafter, a study was implemented in which DRF patients who were not being treated for osteoporosis or had not recently undergone screening were offered a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan and referral to endocrinology at the initial hand surgery clinic visit. Patients who declined participation were contacted by a patient educator to discuss the benefits of screening and address their concerns. Those who then wanted to receive an osteoporosis evaluation were scheduled for bone scanning and endocrinology consultation. Results During the baseline period, 7 patients (15%) were screened, and 41 (85%) were not screened. During the active phase of the initiative, 82 patients over 50 years of age were treated for a DRF at our institution. A total of 44 patients were identified for potential osteoporosis screening, and 35 patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 19 (54%) agreed to screening after the initial orthopedic evaluation, and 16 declined. After speaking to a patient educator, 9 of these 16 patients agreed to screening. Of the remaining 7 patients, 4 again declined screening and 3 were unavailable by telephone. Overall, 80% of patients who were identified in the initiative agreed to osteoporosis screening after the combination of recommendation during hand surgery clinic visit and patient education by telephone, and 64% were diagnosed with osteoporosis/osteopenia as a result of completing screening. Conclusions An integrated model of care among orthopedic surgeons, patient educators, and endocrinologists substantially increased screening for osteoporosis after DRF. Type of study/level of evidence Prognostic II.
Experimental evaluation of ethanol-ethiodol for transcatheter renal embolization

Adult mongrel dogs were used to evaluate and compare the use of ethanol and ethanol-Ethiodol for transcatheter renal arterial embolization. Each agent was administered into a main renal artery in five dogs and evaluated with regard to ease of use, radiopacity, arterial occlusion, parenchymal damage, and toxicity. Both agents were easy to inject, and no complications were encountered in any of the animals. Ethiodol added the ability to fluoroscopically monitor the infusate for reflux and distribution, yielded a more homogeneous distribution of the ethanol within the renal vasculature, and increased the embolic effects of the ethanol. Adding Ethiodol to ethanol should decrease the latter's complications since administration can be monitored fluoroscopically and a smaller volume of ethanol could perhaps be used to achieve the desired result. Additional research is needed to determine the safety of administering larger volumes of Ethiodol into the renal artery.
Democratic Currents in Authoritarian Seas: The Military in Greece and the Philippines:

This research explores the impact of electoral exercises in countries with weak democratic traditions. Examination centers on the 1973 plebiscite conducted by the colonels in Greece and the 1986 "snap" presidential election held by President Marcos. Performance failures in the economic, social, and political arenas generated sufficient pressures on both regimes to use the polls in a desperate effort to reinvigorate sagging popularity. But rather than rescue the incumbents, the election campaigns exposed the lack of legitimacy, established credible oppositions, and revealed social ferment. As a result, elements in the respective armed forces mobilized to topple these regimes and help bring about democratization.
Myocardial blood flow and flow reserve in response to hormone therapy in postmenopausal women with risk factors for coronary disease.

Estrogen has beneficial effects on markers of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but may increase overall CHD events. The effects of hormone therapy on vascular endothelial function have been mixed, and require further assessment. We studied the myocardial blood flow (MBF) response to postmenopausal combination hormone therapy (CHT) in postmenopausal women with risk factors for CHD. We performed dynamic [13N]ammonia positron emission tomography in 15 postmenopausal women in a 7-month placebo-controlled crossover trial of continuous conjugated equine estrogen/cyclical micronized progesterone. MBF was measured at rest, after sympathetic stimulation with the cold pressor test (CPT), and after iv adenosine infusion, to determine baseline, endothelium-dependent, and maximal flows, respectively. Response to CPT was neutral in all women at baseline (−0.51 ± 27%). Adenosine induced a marked increase in MBF (161 ± 111%). Treatment with 3 months of combined estrogen/progestin CHT did not change CPT or adenosine MBF...
New block copolymers and networks from telechelic prepolymers

The synthesis and characterization of isobutylene/styrene tri- and H-block polymers, and the copolymerization of α,ω-styryl polyisobutylenes with N-vinyl pyrrolidone will be presented.
Studies on thyroid proteins—III precipitating activity of autoimmune and heteroimmune antisera with human thyroglobulin☆

Abstract Precipitation analysis has been used to investigate whether heteroantisera to human thyroglobulin contain antibodies to more antigenic sites on thyroglobulin than are contained in autoantisera. From comparisons that had been made of the precipitating Ab/Ag ratios for each type of antiserum, as measured in extreme antibody excess, this had seemed to be the case. In support of this hypothesis, gel diffusion studies have shown that rabbit antisera to thyroid extract do give reactivity with hog and rabbit thyroid proteins, a 52-hr interrupted trypsin hydrolyzate of the human thyroid saline extract (SE) and also the dialysate from a total trypsin hydrolysis of human thyroid SE. In contrast, none of these particular proteins of protein fragments will enter the precipitation reactions of a human thyroiditis antiserum, although alternative fragments that were tested did give evidence of a reaction.
Urethral erosion of a tension-free vaginal tape.

Abstract Background Urethral dilation has been recommended to treat voiding dysfunction that may occur after placement of tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. We report on a case of urethral erosion by the tape secondary to repetitive urethral dilations after surgery. Case A urethral erosion by the tape was diagnosed by cystoscopy after three urethral dilations failed to resolve postoperative voiding dysfunction 8 weeks after the initial procedure. A partial tape revision with repair of the urethrotomy was performed, with resolution of the subject’s voiding dysfunction. Conclusion This report describes a potential complication of a recommended treatment for voiding dysfunction after placement of TVT.
Variability in fatty acid composition amongArachis genotypes: A potential source of product improvement

Research on peanut (Arachis hypogeae L.) genotypes has shown a high degree of genetic variability in fatty acid composition. The two major oil fatty acids, oleic and linoleic, range between 36–69% and 14–40%, respectively, and together make up 75–85% of total fatty acids. The very long chain (C20–C24) fatty acids make up 4–9%, palmitic acid 7–13%, and stearic acid 2–5% of total fatty acids. Stability of oil samples as measured by length of autoxidation induction period at 60 C shows variable but statistically significant (P<0.01) correlations with levels of linoleic acid; peanut butter samples show similar patterns of stability. Selection for lower levels of linoleic acid in the development of new varieties of peanuts should results in products with significantly improved shelf life. Some genotypes show consistent differences in oil stability patterns that are not related to oil linoleic acid content. Analysis of entries from 16 wildArachis species collections revealed levels of oil linoleic acid higher than those found inA. hypogaea. One species,A. villosulicarpa, contained 49% linoleic acid and 21% very long chain acids. The range in linoleic acid withinA. hypogaea and availability of suitable techniques for measuring selection progress give scope for product improvement through breeding.
The relative density of sympathetic nerve terminals in the canine right atrium.

SummaryRelative densities of sympathetic nerve terminals in 20 consecutive sections of both normally innervated (n = 10) and chronically denervated (n = 8) dog right atria were determined by comparative uptakes of [3H]norepinephrine. Results of analysis of neurally intact atria display a consistent gradient of [3H]norepinephrine with the highest concentration (130,000 dpm/g) in the tip of the atrial appendage and the lowest (30,000 dpm/g) in the - trial septum. The region containing the SA node was not distinguished by significantly high uptake. Atria of chronically dener-vated hearts had a markedly diminished [3H]norepinephrine uptake (average of 28,000 dpm/g). No gradient of radioactivity between sections was present in the dener-vated atria. These results indicate that (1) the canine right atrium has marked concentrations of sympathetic terminals in the appendage, (2) the technique of [3H]-norepinephrine uptake gives a quantitative evaluation of sympathetic nerve terminal density, and (3) the technique...
PTP-H2 and PTP-H3 from Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus Localize to Focal Adhesions and Are Antiphagocytic in Insect Immune Cells

Viruses in the family Polydnaviridae are symbiotically associated with parasitoid wasps. Wasps inject polydnaviruses (PDVs) when laying an egg into their insect host, and expression of viral gene products causes several physiological alterations, including immunosuppression, that allow the wasp's progeny to develop. As with other PDVs, most Microplitis demolitor bracovirus (MdBV) genes are related variants that form gene families. The largest MdBV gene family includes 13 members that encode predicted proteins related to protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Sequence analysis during the present study indicated that five PTP family members (PTP-H2, -H3, -N1, and -N2) have fully conserved catalytic domains, whereas other family members exhibited replacements, deletions, or rearrangements of amino acids considered essential for tyrosine phosphatase activity. Expression studies indicated that most MdBV PTP genes are expressed in virus-infected host insects, with transcript abundance usually being highest in hemocytes. MdBV-infected hemocytes also exhibited higher levels of tyrosine phosphatase activity than noninfected hemocytes. We produced expression constructs for four of the most abundantly expressed PTP family members and conducted functional studies with hemocyte-like Drosophila S2 cells. These experiments suggested that recombinant PTP-H2 and PTP-H3 are functional tyrosine phosphatases whereas PTP-H1 and PTP-J1 are not. PTP-H2 and -H3 localized to focal adhesions in S2 cells, and coexpression with another MdBV gene product, Glc1.8, resulted in complete inhibition of phagocytosis.
Crystal growth with applied current

Abstract Calculations of a phase-field model are presented representing the solidification of a pure two-dimensional single-crystal subject to an applied electric current. The effect of Joule heat on growth of a crystal is studied. Results show that the application of an uniform electrical current causes the tip radius to deviate from a constant value that is characteristic of steady-state growth in the absence of current. Additionally, the Peltier effect is shown to affect the symmetry exhibited by the crystal growth form from what would be expected in the absence of current.
Officers King and Zeng and the Case of the Unsupported Counterfactual

Let me begin by praising Gary King and Langche Zeng for their service to the field with the methods they describe in their paper (King and Zeng 2006a). It is important to know when counterfactual statements drawn from statistical estimates wander far from the data used in the estimates. I particularly like the subtlety of the observation that even when all the values of the individual variables occur in the data, it may not be the case that all combinations of those values do. There are countries that protect the civil liberties of their citizens and those that abuse them and there are democracies and autocracies, but there are not very many autocracies that protect civil liberties or democracies that abuse them. Consequently, our inferences about autocracies with civil liberties and democracies without them are not based on the same depth of data that our inferences about democracies with civil liberties and autocracies without them are. I am looking forward to using their methods to examine some of my own recent data analysis on compliance with the laws of war.' For example, U.S. military dominance characterized the Kosovo bombing and the Iraq War, but how different were these cases from the record of earlier twentieth century wars? Like Shakespeare's Marc Anthony, however, one does not get asked to contribute to such fora to praise Caesar but to bury him. While I have neither the desire, the ability, nor the intent to bury Professors King and Zeng, I do have a clod or two of dirt to toss in their general direction. My qualifications to their excellent and important article concern theory as the source of counterfactual conclusions and the range of evidence we can use to judge among competing theories. Their paper seems to assume that theory is fully captured by a well-specified regression equation, including functional form of the relationship, as judged by its ability to represent a given data set. It is as if they draw their epistemological inspiration from two fictional police officers: Captain Louis Renault of the movie "Casablanca," "Round up the usual suspects!," and Sergeant Joe Friday from the TV series "Dragnet," 'Just the facts, ma'am." At times, I get the impression that theory plays no role in their process beyond providing a list of exogenous variables-the usual suspects-along with the appropriate specification of functional form and link function between those variables and the dependent variable, which is then applied to just the facts. But theories are more than just a list of relevant variables and a functional form; they are logical structures that provide arguments about why the variables cause one another. There are other forms of investigation than those of Captain Renault and Sergeant Friday. Theory is critical for counterfactuals because theories explain why the counterfactual should hold. Reasons why the counterfactual should be true are as
U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Arab World: Responses to Al-Jazeera's Interview with Karen Hughes

This article explores the ways in which the debut of Undersecretary for State and Public Diplomacy Karen Hughes was covered in the Arab media. Her outreach efforts to market and rebrand the image of America in the Arab world were announced proudly on the Arab satellite television network Al-Jazeera before the news spread to other Arab media outlets. In making Al-Jazeera the preeminent choice for her first appearance to launch the campaign to win the hearts and minds of Arab publics, Karen Hughes implicitly and explicitly endorses or at the very least subscribes to part of Al-Jazeera's agenda. Through the choice of Al-Jazeera as gateway to the Arab public, Karen Hughes waters down her own opinions and in this case made concessions regarding vital policy issues of the U.S. administration.
In situ investigation of the selenization kinetics of Cu–Ga precursors using time-resolved high-temperature X-ray diffraction

Abstract In situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction was used to investigate the reaction mechanism and kinetics of CuGaSe2 formation from Cu–Ga precursors during selenization. The precursor films were deposited in a migration enhanced molecular beam epitaxial reactor on Mo-coated thin glass substrates. During the selenization CuSe forms in the temperature range of approximately 260 to 370 °C, and the onset of formation of CuGaSe2 occurred at approximately 300 °C. The kinetic analysis using a modified Avrami model suggests the formation of CuGaSe2 from selenization of Cu–Ga films follows a one-dimensional diffusion-controlled reaction with an apparent activation energy of 109 (± 7) kJ/mol.
A Visual Data Mining Tool that Facilitates Reconstruction of Transcription Regulatory Networks

Background Although the use of microarray technology has seen exponential growth, analysis of microarray data remains a challenge to many investigators. One difficulty lies in the interpretation of a list of differentially expressed genes, or in how to plan new experiments given that knowledge. Clustering methods can be used to identify groups of genes with similar expression patterns, and genes with unknown function can be provisionally annotated based on the concept of “guilt by association”, where function is tentatively inferred from the known functions of genes with similar expression patterns. These methods frequently suffer from two limitations: (1) visualization usually only gives access to group membership, rather than specific information about nearest neighbors, and (2) the resolution or quality of the relationships are not easily inferred. Methodology/Principal Findings We have addressed these issues by improving the precision of similarity detection over that of a single experiment and by creating a tool to visualize tractable association networks: we (1) performed meta-analysis computation of correlation coefficients for all gene pairs in a heterogeneous data set collected from 2,145 publicly available micorarray samples in mouse, (2) filtered the resulting distribution of over 130 million correlation coefficients to build new, more tractable distributions from the strongest correlations, and (3) designed and implemented a new Web based tool (StarNet, http://vanburenlab.medicine.tamhsc.edu/s​tarnet.html) for visualization of sub-networks of the correlation coefficients built according to user specified parameters. Conclusions/Significance Correlations were calculated across a heterogeneous collection of publicly available microarray data. Users can access this analysis using a new freely available Web-based application for visualizing tractable correlation networks that are flexibly specified by the user. This new resource enables rapid hypothesis development for transcription regulatory relationships.
The Correctional Orientation of Bermuda Prison Guards: An Assessment of Attitudes Toward Punishment and Rehabilitation

This study surveys all Bermuda correctional officers in an attempt to determine their attitudes toward a custody or rehabilitative orientation in handling inmates. When employing the Cullen, et al. (1989) correctional orientation measures, we found Bermuda officers more supportive of treatment for inmates than American officers surveyed by Cullen, et al. (1989). In addition, we found that officers' education, income, and rank significantly affected attitudes toward rehabilitation. On the other hand, only income was found to be significant with regard to support for a custody orientation. Finally, suggestions are made for future cross-cultural research examining prison guards' correctional orientations.
Strain Distribution in OSB and GWB in Wood-Frame Shear Walls

The overall goal of this study is to gain an insight into the load sharing aspect between oriented strand board OSB and gypsum wall board GWB in shear wall assembly during racking load. Sixteen standard 2,4402,440 mm walls were tested monotoni- cally, in total, out of which 11 Type A were sheathed on both sides OSB on one side and GWB on the other, while five walls were tested without GWB Type B. Digital image correlation DIC was used for data acquisition and analysis which is a full-field, noncontact technique for measurement of displacements and strains. The system returns full-field three-dimensional displacement and strain data measured over the visible specimen surfaces. Overall, these tests suggest that initially during loading of a wall the load is shared between OSB and GWB. However, the proportion of load sharing is not known. As GWB fails first at about 60% of ultimate load capacity of the wall, the load shifts to the OSB panel which resists it until the failure of the wall. The tests also revealed that the load path in wall Types A and B is different and so is the failure pattern. Strains were locally concentrated around the fasteners, while the strains in the field of the panel were below the detection limit of DIC system.
In vitro metabolism of piperaquine is primarily mediated by CYP3A4.

Piperaquine (PQ) is part of a first-line treatment regimen for Plasmodium falciparum malaria recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). We aimed to determine the major metabolic pathway(s) of PQ in vitro. A reliable, validated tandem mass spectrometry method was developed. Concentrations of PQ were measured after incubation with both human liver microsomes (HLMs) and expressed cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s). In pooled HLMs, incubations with an initial PQ concentration of 0.3 µM resulted in a 34.8 ± 4.9% loss of substrate over 60 min, corresponding to a turnover rate of 0.009 min(-1) (r(2) = 0.9223). Miconazole, at nonspecific P450 inhibitory concentrations, resulted in almost complete inhibition of PQ metabolism. The greatest inhibition was demonstrated with selective CYP3A4 (100%) and CYP2C8 (66%) inhibitors. Using a mixture of recombinant P450 enzymes, turnover for PQ metabolism was estimated as 0.0099 min(-1); recombinant CYP3A4 had a higher metabolic rate (0.017 min(-1)) than recombinant CYP2C8 (p < .0001). Inhibition of CYP3A4-mediated PQ loss was greatest using the selective inhibitor ketoconazole (9.1 ± 3.5% loss with ketoconazole vs 60.7 ± 5.9% with no inhibitor, p < .0001). In summary, the extent of inhibition of in vitro metabolism with ketoconazole (83%) denotes that PQ appears to be primarily catalyzed by CYP3A4. Further studies to support these findings through the identification and characterization of PQ metabolites are planned.
Oculomotor neuronal correlations shown by simultaneous unit recordings in alert monkeys.

To illuminate possible schemes of intranuclear and supranuclear connectivity of the oculomotor apparatus, we have recorded simultaneously from pairs of single units in the brainstem of the alert monkey. In this way it has been possible to show that certain classes of saccade-burst units cannot be in a causal chain antecedent to motoneurons: their firing always follows that of motoneurons. Saccade-stop units do not start their sustained firing until well into the intersaccadic interval. Detailed analysis of the asynchrony of onset of transients of oculomotoneuron discharges show that a single program of synaptic input to a motoneuron pool can still lead to firing latencies varying within a range of 2 msec. This suggests that the rise time of a synaptic input to motoneurons is several milliseconds.
Distribution of prothrombin carbohydrate units upon thrombin activation.

Abstract The number of heteropolysaccharide units of prothrombin has been reinvestigated and their distribution upon activation has been determined. The results of this study suggest that prothrombin contains three heteropolysaccharide units, and that upon activation two units are present in the intermediate 3 portion of the molecule and one unit is present in the intermediate 1 portion. Subsequent activation of intermediate 1 yields intermediate 4, which is devoid of carbohydrate and intermediate 2, the immediate thrombin precursor, which contains one heteropolysaccharide unit. Cleavage of intermediate 2 to yield α-thrombin is a conservative process with respect to carbohydrate, while the conversion of α-thrombin to β-thrombin results in the loss of a carbohydrate containing component X.
Intravenous Ethanol for the Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Critically Ill Patients

Critically ill patients with alcoholism are at greater risk of morbidity and mortality from alcohol withdrawal syndrome than are patients without alcoholism. Benzodiazepines are considered the drugs of choice for the prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, but some studies have suggested that intravenous ethanol may be as effective as those agents, as well as being less sedating. We evaluated the evidence regarding the use of intravenous ethanol for the prevention and treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome in critically ill patients in order to determine its role in this patient population. Because of the paucity of well-designed clinical trials, and because of intravenous ethanol's questionable efficacy, inconsistent pharmacokinetic profile, and relatively narrow therapeutic index, routine use of this drug is not recommended in critically ill patients who have alcohol withdrawal syndrome or are at risk for it.
Radiation induced thyroid neoplasms 1920 to 1987: A vanishing problem?

Radiation for benign diseases has been implicated as an etiologic factor in thyroid cancer. From 1930-60, over 2 million children may have been exposed to therapeutic radiation and it is estimated that up to 7% may develop thyroid cancer after a 5-40 year latency. Thyroid stimulating hormone, secondary to radio-induced hypothyroidism, has been implicated as causative in animals. Such data has led to expensive screening programs in high risk patients. Because of a decline in irradiation for benign diseases in children over the last 2 decades, we questioned whether the incidence of radiation induced thyroid neoplasms (RITN) was also decreasing. Twenty-six of 227 patients (11%) with thyroid malignancies seen at our institution from 1974-87 had a history of previous head and neck irradiation. These included 13 papillary, 3 follicular, and 7 mixed carcinomas as well as 2 lymphomas and 1 synovial cell sarcoma. None of these 26 patients had abnormal thyroid function tests at presentation. Mean latency from irradiation to the diagnosis of thyroid cancer was 25.4 years (6-55 year range). Compared to the reported increasing incidence of RITN from 1940-70, there appears to be a significant decrease since 1970. Based on our analysis, the use of expensive screening programs in high risk populations may no longer be warranted. Additionally, the routine use of thyroid replacement in previously irradiated chemically hypothyroid patients is not recommended.
Secretagogue-dependent phosphorylation of the insulin granule membrane protein phogrin is mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase.

Phogrin, a 60/64-kDa integral membrane protein of dense-core granules in neuroendocrine cells, is phosphorylated in a Ca2+-sensitive manner in response to secretagogue stimulation of pancreatic β-cells. Phosphorylation of the phogrin cytosolic domain by β-cell homogenates was Ca2+-independent but stimulated by cAMP. Recombinant protein kinase A (PKA) could phosphorylate phogrin directly. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of tryptic phosphopeptides, combined with site-directed mutagenesis of candidate sites, revealed the presence of two phosphorylation sites at Ser-680 and Thr-699, located in the juxtamembrane region between the transmembrane span and the protein-tyrosine phosphatase homology domain of phogrin. Full-length wild-type phogrin, as well as mutant versions where Ser-680 and Thr-699 had been replaced either by alanines or by aspartic acid residues, were targeted to secretory granules in transfected AtT20 neuroendocrine cells. Stimulation of these cells with a range of secretagogues, including K+, BaCl2, and forskolin, demonstrated that the in vivo phosphorylation sites are the same as those identified in vitro. In MIN6 β-cells, the PKA inhibitor H-89 prevented Ca2+-dependent phogrin phosphorylation in response to glucose, suggesting that Ca2+ exerts its effect on phogrin phosphorylation through regulating the activity of PKA.
Effect of mixed hematopoietic chimerism on cardiac allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys.

Background We have previously reported the successful induction of mixed chimerism and long-term acceptance of renal allografts in MHC-mismatched nonhuman primates after nonmyeloablative conditioning and donor bone marrow transplantation. In this study, we extended our regimen to cardiac allotransplantation and compared the immunological responses of heart and kidney allograft recipients. Methods Five cynomolgus monkeys were conditioned with low-dose total body irradiation (1.5 Gy on days -6 and -5), supplemental thymic irradiation (7 Gy on day -1), antithymocyte globulin (50 mg/kg on days -2, -1, and 0), splenectomy (day 0), donor bone marrow transplantation (day 0), and a 4-week posttransplant course of cyclosporine. Heart allografts from MHC-mismatched donors were transplanted heterotopically on day 0. Results Two monkeys failed to develop multilineage chimerism and rejected their allografts soon after cyclosporine was stopped (postoperative days [PODs] 43 and 56). Three monkeys developed multilineage chimerism, which persisted 20 to 43 days posttransplant by flow cytometric analysis and to POD 124 by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Allograft survival in these recipients was prolonged to 138, 428, and 509 days, and in vitro mixed leukocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays demonstrated donor-specific hyporesponsiveness. However, in contrast to kidney allograft recipients, long-term heart allograft recipients eventually developed humoral and cellular immunity against the donor and rejected the grafts. At the time of rejection, 1.3% to 9.5% of donor coronary arteries exhibited intimal proliferation. Conclusions The induction of transient mixed hematopoietic chimerism leads to long-term heart allograft survival in MHC disparate monkeys without chronic immunosuppression. However, unlike kidney allografts, full tolerance to cardiac allografts was not achieved. Organ-specific modifications of the preparative regimen may be necessary to prevent the chronic cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by cardiac allografts.
Review: Experimental and Clinical Applications of Molecular Cell Biology in Nutrition and Metabolism

Rapid advances in molecular biology have yielded important new techniques for understanding the cellular mechanisms of normal homeostasis and disease. In particular, molecular laboratory methodologies have become important investigative tools for nutritional studies. Detection techniques for specific DNAs, RNAs, and proteins allow direct examination of cellular regulation of protein expression in health and illness. Construction of transgeneic models by recent techniques of inserting foreign genes into experimental animals has provided novel models for studies of cellular metabolism. In addition, molecular biology has had impact on clinical nutrition and therapy. Molecular techniques not only allow for early diagnosis of many inborn genetic errors of metabolism, recombinant technology has also provided for large-scale production of proteins and hormones of potential therapeutic value. The possibility for direct gene therapies is also nearing reality. Hence, understanding the language of molecular biology and the recent developments in this field is not only of research interest, but is also of clinical relevance.
Economic Burden of Obesity in Youths Aged 6 to 17 Years: 1979–1999

Objective. To examine the trend of obe- sity-associated diseases in youths and related economic costs. Methods. Using a multiyear data file of the National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1979 -1999, we analyzed the changes in obesity-associated diseases and economic costs in youths (6 -17 years of age) over time. Diabetes, obesity, sleep apnea, and gallbladder disease were exam- ined to explore the trend of the disease burden. Other obesity-associated diseases for which obesity was listed as a secondary diagnosis were also analyzed. Obesity- associated hospital costs were estimated from the dis- charges with obesity listed as a principal or secondary diagnosis. Results. From 1979 -1981 to 1997-1999, the percentage of discharges with obesity-associated diseases increased. The discharges of diabetes nearly doubled (from 1.43% to 2.36%), obesity and gallbladder diseases tripled (0.36% to 1.07% and 0.18% to 0.59%, respectively), and sleep apnea increased fivefold (0.14% to 0.75%). Ninety-six percent of discharges with a diagnosis of obesity listed obesity as a secondary diagnosis. Asthma and some mental disorders were the most common principal diagnoses when obesity was listed as a secondary diagnosis. Obesity-associated annual hospital costs (based on 2001 constant US dollar value) increased more than threefold; from $35 million (0.43% of total hospital costs) during 1979 -1981 to $127 million (1.70% of total hospital costs) during 1997-1999. Conclusions. Among all hospital discharges, the pro- portion of discharges with obesity-associated diseases has increased dramatically in the past 20 years. This increase has led to a significant growth in economic costs. These findings may reflect the impact of increasing prev- alence and severity of obesity. Diet and physical activity interventions should be developed for weight loss and prevention of weight gain in youths. Pediatrics 2002; 109(5). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/ 109/5/e81; children, adolescents, obesity, hospitalization, comorbidities, costs.
War and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941–1945

The historical connection between war and genocide is clear and apparent. Scholars of mass killing have repeatedly pointed out the linkages between the First World War and the Armenian genocide of 1915, between the Second World War and the Holocaust, between the 1993–4 war and the genocide in Rwanda, and between the war in Bosnia and the genocide in Srebrenica. Scholars of war, most often military historians, have been less ready to tie what they see as two distinct social phenomena – war and genocide – into the same bundle. This was especially the case, until recently, for the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, and the subsequent mass murder of the Jews. The Wehrmacht, the German fighting forces, were seen to be implementing an enormously ambitious military campaign against the Soviet Union, which, in the end, they lost. Meanwhile, the Nazi security organs – the SS, the SD, and the Einsatzgruppen – carried out the ‘Final Solution’, inspired primarily by Hitler and the Nazi hierarchs.
Immune Reconstitutioim and Stem Cell Sources

Hematopoietic stem cells from related and unrelated bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood donors are used for transplantation in children and adults with various malignant and nonmalignanl diseases. These cells are transplanted either without manipulation; after the removal of T cells; after selection of CD34+ cells or after a variety of other types of manipulation. Despite the success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for many malignant and nonmalignanl diseases, infectious complications remain problematic. The ability to fight infectious complications, in part, depends upon the rate and completeness of immune reconstitution. The patterns of immune recovery of T cells, B cells, NK cells, and immunoglobulin production are summarized for these different stem cell sources. These patterns reaffirm the critical importance of the thymus for reconstitution of CD4+ T-cell immunity and illustrate the negative impact of age, T-cell depletion, and graft-versus-host disease on recovery of immunity.
Molecular determinants of context-dependent progesterone receptor action in breast cancer

The ovarian steroid hormone, progesterone, and its nuclear receptor, the progesterone receptor, are implicated in the progression of breast cancer. Clinical trial data on the effects of hormone replacement therapy underscore the importance of understanding how progestins influence breast cancer growth. The progesterone receptor regulation of distinct target genes is mediated by complex interactions between the progesterone receptor and other regulatory factors that determine the context-dependent transcriptional action of the progesterone receptor. These interactions often lead to post-translational modifications to the progesterone receptor that can dramatically alter receptor function, both in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer. This review highlights the molecular components that regulate progesterone receptor transcriptional action and describes how a better understanding of the complex interactions between the progesterone receptor and other regulatory factors may be critical to enhancing the clinical efficacy of anti-progestins for use in the treatment of breast cancer.
Imaging targets embedded in a lossy half space with synthetic aperture radar

This paper addresses theoretical aspects of forming images from an airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) of targets buried below the Earth's surface. Soil is generally a lossy, dispersive medium, with wide ranging variability in these attributes depending on soil type, moisture content, and a host of other physical properties. Focussing a SAR subsurface image presents new dimensions of complexity relative to its surface-image counterpart, even when the soil's properties are known. This paper treats the soil as a lossy, dispersive half space, and presents a practical model for the radar echo-delay time to point scatterers within it. This model is then used to illustrate effects of refraction, dispersion, and attenuation on a SAR's phase histories, and the resulting image. Various data collection geometries and processing strategies are examined for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional SAR images. The conclusions from this work are that (1) focussing a SAR image must generally take into account both refraction and dispersion, (2) resolving targets at different depths in lossy soils requires perhaps unprecedented sidelobe attenuation, that for some soils may only be achievable with specialized window functions, (3) the impulse response of the soil itself places a practical limit on the usable bandwidth of the radar, and (4) dynamic ranges and sensitivities will need to be orders of magnitude greater than typical surface-imaging SARs, leading to significant impact on SAR parameters, for example compressing the usable range of pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs). >
Investigation on Process Dependence of Self-Assembled Metal Nanocrystals

We report the systematic characterization of metal nanocrystal formation on ultra-thin tunnel gate oxide (2∼3nm) for memory applications. To get a high density and small average size of nanocrystals, the process parameters including annealing temperature, initial film thickness, and substrate doping are investigated for Au, Ag, and Pt nanocrystal formation with Si nanocrystal structure as control samples. The observation of nanocrystal formation by scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows that annealing below melting temperature of deposited film contributes to the reshaping of nanocrystals, while the initial film thickness to actual nanocrystal growth. In addition, the Schottky charge effect from substrate doping is not negligible if the tunnel oxide is thin. Controlling the process parameters, Au, Ag, and Pt nanocrystals of 4.0×10 11 cm -2 , 2.8×10 11 cm -2 , and 2.4×10 11 cm -2 can be formed with mean size of 6.2nm, 6.6nm, and 8.0nm, respectively. The observation of nanocrystals by scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) shows that nanocrystals are spherical and crystalline. Metal contamination to the Si/SiO 2 interface is also closely monitored with many process recipes of metal nanocrystal formation on 2∼3nm oxide showing atomically clean interface. Electrical evaluation of nanocrystal formation is carried out by C-V measurements of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with embedded metal nanocrystals.
Comparison and analysis of integrated passive device technologies for wireless radio frequency module

We have investigated the existing integrated passive device (IPD) technologies for cost effective IPD solutions for discrete radio frequency (RF) module. Based upon the investigation in terms of cost, size, performance & technology maturity, it comes out that silicon, glass & LTCC are the suitable technologies. We have designed IPDs using these technologies having same foot print to satisfy Intel Wi-MAX specs. Have taped out, validated the samples and made an electrical performance and cost comparison among three technologies. Result shows that Si_IPD & Glass_IPD both have well enough electrical performance required for Wi_MAX solution at lower cost and equivalent size compared to LTCC.
Choreopolice and Choreopolitics: or, the task of the dancer

The choreographic element in Jacques Ranciere's notion of “police” is used to advance the concept of “choreopolice,” which can then be set in opposition to “choreopolitics” to redefine “choreography” and release it from imperative, or normative (i.e., policed) constructions of movement. Hannah Arendt's notion that freedom is the telos of politics identifies how within several types of choreography (TURF street dance, Tania Bruguera's Arte de Conducta, and Sarah Michelson's Devotion Study #1 — The American Dancer), the dancer's task is to search and enact that freedom, over and over again.
Linear-Segment Function Generator

A single-variable function generator, based on a pulse averaging method,1 accepts a width-modulated pulse input. The clock generator accuracy determines the precision with which this device can produce a linear-segment curve. With 300-kc flip-flops in the clock, a static repeatability of ±0.02 per cent has been obtained with a carrier frequency of 100 cps, and ±1 per cent with a 10-kc carrier frequency. This device can multiply the single-variable function by a second input variable at no loss of accuracy and with no additional circuitry.
Neuronal Intrinsic Mechanisms of Axon Regeneration

Failure of axon regeneration after central nervous system (CNS) injuries results in permanent functional deficits. Numerous studies in the past suggested that blocking extracellular inhibitory influences alone is insufficient to allow the majority of injured axons to regenerate, pointing to the importance of revisiting the hypothesis that diminished intrinsic regenerative ability critically underlies regeneration failure. Recent studies in different species and using different injury models have started to reveal important cellular and molecular mechanisms within neurons that govern axon regeneration. This review summarizes these observations and discusses possible strategies for stimulating axon regeneration and perhaps functional recovery after CNS injury.
GT-VITA: an intelligent tutoring and aiding system for satellite ground control

The authors discuss the implementation and evaluation of GT-VITA, an intelligent tutoring system for training novice satellite ground controllers. Besides being a tutor, GT-VITA illustrates the tutor/aid paradigm in which the tutor evolves to an operator's assistant as the operator's domain expertise increases GT-VITA was developed in the context of the Payload Operations Control Center at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). GT-VITA's pedagogical features and functionalities are considered. GT-VITA has been evaluated with NASA personnel at GSFC: sixteen subjects were trained on GT-VITA. Results show that GT-VITA is effective in tutoring the knowledge and skills required of a satellite ground controller. >
Reversible MRI findings in a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy

Diffuse subcortical MRI signal abnormalities were seen during a subacute exacerbation in a patient with Hashimoto's encephalopathy. The patient had an excellent clinical response to corticosteroids. Clinical recovery paralleled normalization of MRI abnormalities and lowering of thyroid microsomal antibody titer.
Buffer Management for Power Reduction Using Hybrid Control

This paper proposes a method to manage data buffers for reducing the overall power consumption using the modeling tool of hybrid systems. The problem of designing the most energy-efficient switching strategy for two data buffers inserted between three components in a streamline is formulated as an optimal control problem of a hybrid system. In addition to the control, the optimal shape and size of the state space of the hybrid system also need to be designed at the same time to achieve minimal power consumption. Various necessary conditions of the solutions are presented. In some cases, the optimal switching strategies of the two buffers are derived explicitly.
Anterior cruciate ligament graft tensioning in full extension.

The purpose of this study was to determine anterior laxity and graft forces in cadaveric knees after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in which the graft is tensioned with the knee in full extension. We also ana lyzed the clinical results from a series of patients who had ligament reconstructions using this technique. We performed anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions on seven fresh cadaveric knees and then measured the anterior laxity, graft set force, and graft tension. We also did a prospective minimum 2-year followup on 57 pa tients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament recon struction. The in vitro data showed average anterior lax ity of 1.1 mm greater than the intact knee with an 89-N anterior force at 30° of knee flexion. Average graft set force was 68 N, and graft tension in extension was 18 N. In the clinical portion of the study, knee laxity improved from 7.5 to 0.8 mm (side-to-side difference at 89 N). The patients' Lysholm and Tegner scores improved from 65 to 90 and 3.9 to 5.6...
Water quality: A hidden danger in anthropogenic desert catchments

Natural rock pools, tinajas, and constructed catchments in the Sonoran Desert provide water for a wide variety of organisms. In 2012, we monitored water quality and amphibian and dragonfly use of wildlife waters in southwestern Arizona, USA. We measured ammonia concentrations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's guidelines for aquatic life and were well above concentrations that cause mortality in amphibians and other aquatic organisms. Both amphibians and dragonflies had lower species richness in catchments than in the tinajas, and amphibian species richness was negatively associated with ammonia concentration. These concentrations of ammonia alone cause concern for the management of biodiversity, specifically for wetland-dependent organisms. Furthermore, ammonia concentrations may be high enough to impact terrestrial organisms of economic and conservation importance including humans. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Direct Observation of the Crystallization of Li2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 Glasses Containing TiO2

The nucleation and crystallization of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses containing TiO2 were investigated using transmission electron microscopy of thin sections produced from bulk samples. Phase separation occurs during cooling from the melt, and on heating, a large number of titanium-aluminum crystals approximately 50 A in diameter are formed. These crystals are the heterogeneous nuclei for the crystallization of the remaining glass. Photomicrographs of various stages of crystallization show the development of the fine-grained glass-ceramic.