cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experienced and prospective teachers' selections of compliance‐gaining messages for “common” student misbehaviors

Research has examined either prospective or experienced teachers’ reported use of Behavior Alteration Techniques (BATs). In extension, this study differentiates between both preteachers’ and experienced teachers’ cognitive schemes for classroom management. Respondents selected those strategies they would use to gain student compliance in misbehavior scenarios reflecting misbehavior type (active/passive) and intensity (frequent/occasional). Employing pro and antisocial BAT factors as criterion variables, four significant multivariate effects resulted. Experienced teachers reported using more pro and antisocial strategies than did prospective teachers. Both relied on antisocial techniques for active misbehaviors and pro social for passive; both pro and antisocial for frequent, as opposed to occasional, misbehaviors; and males were associated with more antisocial techniques. Implications are discussed in terms of design alternatives to the standard selectionist approach.
Effect of Gamma-Ray Irradiation on the Thermal Contact Conductance of Carbon Nanotube Thermal Interface Materials

Thermal interface materials (TIMs) serve a critical role in the thermal management of electronic systems by enhancing the flow of heat from source to sink. Nanostructured materials, such as arrays of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been shown to outperform many commercially available TIMs due to their low intrinsic resistance and large compliance that enables them to conform to rough surfaces. These characteristics, combined with their low density and ability to withstand vacuum environments and extreme temperatures, make CNT-based TIMs very suitable for space applications. In space, materials are exposed to high doses of gamma radiation due to the lack of an atmosphere to serve as an absorbing medium. With typical design lifetimes of 5 to 10 years or even more, total radiation exposure can be significant and can affect the structure and performance of the TIM. In this work, the potentially adverse effects on the thermal performance of CNT TIMs of gamma-ray irradiation is reported. CNT TIMs were irradiated in a gamma cell at a rate of 250 rad/s to total doses of 50 and 100 Mrad. The thermal interface resistance was measured before and after gamma-ray irradiation using a transient photoacoustic (PA) method at room temperature and a contact pressure of 134 kPa and indicated no adverse effects of gamma-ray exposure on thermal performance.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Anomalous pressure response of luminescence in c-As2S3 and a-As2SeS2 Consequences for defect structure in chalcogenides

Abstract The effect of compression on the native-defect photoluminescence (PL) common to crystalline and amorphous As chalcogenide solids is studied for the first time. Hydrostatic pressure measurements at 13 K are reported for c-As2S3 to 110 k bar and for a-As2SeS2 to 17 k bar. The experiments require special cryogenic diamond-anvil cell techniques, in which solid argon is the pressure transmitting medium. For c-As2S3 it is found that the PL peak E PL, blue-shifts by +1·2 me V k bar−1, while the band edge E g and the PL excitation peak (which remains tied to the edge) red-shift by - 14me V k bar−1. Hence, the Stokes shift decreases drastically, and by 110 k bar the PL peak is partially reabsorbed in the approaching band edge. The limited results for As2SeS2 glass indicate a similar dependence. This behaviour is quite anomalous since it violates the well-established (at P=0) mid-bandgap rule, E PL ≈ E g/2, that holds for c- and a-chalcogenides of widely varying composition. The pressure dependence of the ...
Synthesis of bacteriophage T5 specific RNA in vitro.

Abstract The transcription of T5 DNA in vitro using purified RNA polymerase prepared from Escherichia coli Q13 and DNA · RNA hybridization techniques, has shown Class I (formed up to 4 min after infection) and II (beginning at 4 min) RNA as the main products of this reaction. This pattern was not effected by alteration in the ionic strength or temperature of the incubation medium. These results also indicate that protein synthesis is not a prerequisite for the transcription of T5 RNA in this system.
The institute for creative reading

What is reading? What is a reading? The Institute for Creative Reading is a space to read together and to ask these questions. It may be allied to any number of reading groups, including the Deleuz...
Vandetanib and the management of advanced medullary thyroid cancer.

Purpose of reviewVandetanib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been recently approved as an ‘orphan drug’ for the treatment of patients with unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).Recent findingsMTC is a neuroendocrine malignancy frequently a
Oversized and Underused: Size Matters in Academic Libraries

Data on the collection size, shelving, and usage of oversize books in the general library collection was requested using an e-mail survey targeted at fifty U.S. liberal arts college libraries. Typical size of oversize collections ranged from a few hundred to almost 200,000 volumes, with a median collection size of 6,359 and median percentage oversize of 1.6 percent. When the percentage circulation within the oversize collection was compared with the percentage circulation within the general collection, statistically significantly lower circulation was evident for oversize volumes (one-sided P=0.02), with a surprisingly small median difference of 3 percent.
Do athletes require a higher tidal volume? An approach using predicted versus measured PFTs

Tidal volume (Vt) for ALI/ARDS is 6 ml/kg. However, professional athletes have higher forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) than predicted for the same body weight and thus a higher Vt could be required.
Can corruption foster regulatory compliance

The legal and economic literatures overwhelmingly support the notion that regulatory compliance is always less in the presence of corruption. This paper departs from those literatures and shows that, whenever public officials are paid fixed wages, an increase in corruption may actually foster compliance. The conditions that make this possible are laid down in a theoretical model. Empirical evidence that corroborates the theoretical findings is provided using firm-level data for 26 transition economies.
Utilization of run lengths in bonus play-the-winner rules for clinical trials

We consider play-the-winner(PW)schemes which use memory of results on previous patients, as embodied in length of success runs, to allocate treatments for future patients. A computer-aided Markov chain approach is used to obtain exact results for the probability of correct selection, ASN, and expected number of patients on the inferior treatment. Excluding the case of small treatment success probabilities, our plans seem to perform somewhat better than an improved PW plan suggested by Hsi and Louis(1975)and far better than the randomized PW plan suggested by Wei and Durham(1978). Our results also suggest the interesting observation that for our plans the use of even more extensive memory led to a slight deterioration of performance.
Synthesis and regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 in FRTL-5 cells.

FRTL-5 cells, a diploid nontransformed line of rat thyroid follicular cells, exhibit a marked mitogenic response to insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) when they are exposed to TSH. Because IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) are important modulators of IGF actions, we investigated the capacity of FRTL-5 cells to synthesize IGFBPs. We found that FRTL-5 cell conditioned media contained a single band of approximately 31 kilodaltons on ligand blot analysis. This band represents IGFBP-5 because: 1) it can be immunostained with a specific antibody raised against human IGFBP-5; 2) by Northern analysis, total RNA from FRTL-5 cells contains a major 6-kilobase transcript when hybridized with a cDNA for rat IGFBP-5; and 3) no transcripts were observed when Northern blots of FRTL-5 cells were hybridized with complementary DNAs for rat IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4 or -6. Conditioned media IGFBP-5 increased in response to IGF-I, IGF-II, and insulin in a dose-dependent fashion, compared with unstimulated FRTL-5 cells. At maximally eff...
Hydrogen sensing of nanoporous palladium films supported by anodic aluminum oxides

Nanoporous Pd films supported by porous anodic aluminum oxides (AAOs) were investigated regarding their performance in detecting hydrogen gas with concentrations up to 1% in nitrogen at room temperature. Compared with dense Pd films that usually have very slow responses, nanoporous Pd films based on AAOs were found to have a quick and reversible response due to their enhanced absorption and disorption of hydrogen. Using thinner nanoporous films, concentrations of hydrogen as low as 250 ppm can be detected and a much higher sensitivity, up to 12% resistance variation, was obtained. Two competing hydrogen-sensing processes, the phase-induced increase of film resistance and the break-junction-induced decrease of film resistance, were found in the nanoporous Pd films upon absorption of hydrogen.
Spatial iconicity affects semantic relatedness judgments.

Three experiments were conducted to examine whether spatial iconicity affects semantic-relatedness judgments. Subjects made speeded decisions with regard to whether members of a simultaneously presented word pair were semantically related. In Experiment 1, the words were presented one above the other. In the experimental pair, the words denoted parts of larger objects (e.g., ATTIC-BASEMENT). The words were either in an iconic relation with their referents (e.g., ATTIC presented above BASEMENT) or in a reverse-iconic relation (BASEMENT above ATTIC). The reverse-iconic condition yielded significantly slower semantic-relatedness judgments than did the iconic condition. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that this effect did not occur when the words were presented horizontally, thus ruling out that the iconicity effect is due to the order in which the words are read. Two alternative explanations for this finding are discussed.
Response of females of the Braconid Parasitoid Microplitis demolitor to frass of larvae of the Noctuids, Heliothis zea and Trichoplusia ni and to 13-methylhentriacontane

Microplitis demolitor Wilkinson, a solitary larval parasitoid of several species of Noctuidae, has been imported into the United States from Australia. A closely related species, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson), is native to the United States. The host-selection behavior of M. demolitor females is similar to that of M. croceipes in that it is stimulated by kairomones (including 13-methylhentriacontane) in the frass of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae, larval diet affects the kairomonal activity of the frass, and exposure to frass prior to release stimulates host-selection behavior. M. demolitor females also respond to frass from Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) larvae that had fed on Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea cotyledons. RESUME Reponse de femelles de Microplitis demolitor sur la nourriture de chenilles de noctuelles et sur 13-methylhentriacontane Microplitis demolitor, un parasitoide solitaire de plusieurs especes de chenilles de noctuelles, a ete introduit d'Australie aux Etats-Unis comme agent potentiel de controle biologique. Les feces des chenilles d'Heliothis zea et Trichoplusia ni elevees sur des cotyledons de pois (Pink Eye Purple Hull Cowpea) stimulent les femelles a selectionner un hote, mais les feces des chenilles des deux especes elevees sur diete CSM ne possedent pas cette activite. Un extrait hexanique des feces des chenilles de H. zea elevees sur cotyledons de pois stimule egalement ce comportement, de meme que le 13-methylhentriacontane, substance presente dans les feces des chenilles de H. zea (Jones et al, 1971). Les femelles de M. demolitor exposees immediatement avant leur lâcher en serre aux feces des chenilles de H. zea, nourries de cotyledons de pois, parasitent un plus fort pourcentage (41.7%) de chenilles de H. zea que cells qui n'ont pas ete exposees aux feces (13.9%). Le comportement de selection de l'hote des femelles de M. demolitor est donc semblable a celui des femelles de Microplitis croceipes, un parasitoide etroitement apparente indigene des Etats-Unis. La femelle, par exemple, est stimulee par une kairomone des feces des larves de H. zea nourries sur des cotyledons de pois (incluant le 13-methylhentriacontane), la diete affecte l'activite kairomonale des feces, et une exposition prealable aux feces avant le lâcher stimule le comportement de selection de l'hote. La stimulation du comportement de selection de l'hote, au moment du lâcher peut etre utilisee pour ameliorer l'efficacite des lâchers des parasitoides dans les programmes de controle biologique.
Deformable stochastic boundaries in molecular dynamics

A new approach to studying localized chemical events in condensed phases is developed. The approach provides a simple and convenient method for reducing the total number of solvent particles explicitly included in simulations of localized processes while decreasing spurious edge effects. Both energy flow across the boundary and density fluctuations in the simulation region are included; this makes it possible to treat nonequilibrium processes, such as thermal gradients and endothermic or exothermic chemical reactions. The essential element of the approach is the introduction of a soft boundary force and a stochastic buffer region. For simple liquids, the boundary force is determined from the solvent equilibrium structure (radial distribution function) and is readily incorporated into conventional molecular dynamics algorithms. The methodology is illustrated by application to liquid argon in spherical and cubical simulation regions; comparison with standard molceular dynamics results show excellent agreeme...
Coexistence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in patients with carotid stenosis.

The study was designed to assess the incidence of coexistent abdominal aortic disease in patients with known carotid artery stenosis. Abdominal ultrasound and physical examination of the abdomen were performed in 89 consecutive patients referred to this tertiary medical center for evaluation of both symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. The frequency of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected in this population was compared with that incidentally found in age- and sex-matched patients undergoing abdominal ultrasound for nonvascular reasons. Eighteen aortic aneurysms were detected by ultrasound in 89 patients with carotid stenosis, compared with three aneurysms in 89 matched patients (P < .01, corrected chi 2). Twelve of the 18 patients with aneurysm had an abnormal abdominal physical examination. Aortic aneurysm occurs with high frequency in patients with carotid stenosis. Physicians should perform careful abdominal examination on these patients and consider routine abdominal ultrasonic screening.
Incarcerated Souls: Women as Individuals in Margaret Fuller's "Woman in the Nineteenth Century.".

This essay enhances understanding of the search for “self”; as a fundamental theme of nineteenth‐century feminist rhetoric by examining Margaret Fuller's Woman in the Nineteenth Century. I examine how Fuller utilized transcendentalist philosophy to construct women as individuals and thus grant them some modicum of agency. After demonstrating how women lacked a sense of “self,”; Fuller constructed women as individuals capable of articulating their own needs and interests through a complex four‐part argument. Fuller's work is particularly important for demonstrating various means through which women could develop autonomy.
The condensate in 4He II as a pilot wave

Abstract An equation, resembling Maxwell's equation, is derived at T = O ° K which shows how the depletion gets dragged along at the condensate (curl-free) velocity, except in a thin region near the walls. Conceptual difficulties concerning boundary conditions in the two fluid model are then resolved.
SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECT NATAL DISPERSAL AND PHILOPATRY OF MALE RED‐COCKADED WOODPECKERS

Natal dispersal behavior can vary considerably among individuals, but the causes of intraspecific plasticity in dispersal are poorly understood. We tested six hypotheses about social and environmental conditions that might influence natal dispersal of males in the cooperatively breeding Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis). Further, we examined whether variation in dispersal behavior is heritable. Dispersing from the natal territory during the first year rather than remaining as a helper was associated with four factors. First, dispersing male fledglings were, on average, significantly lower in body mass than their philopatric siblings, indicating an influence of social dominance on dispersal. Second, individuals were more likely to disperse from territories with many male fledglings, independent of the number of adult male helpers per territory, suggesting that sibling (rather than helper–offspring) competition for future reproduction may be the underlying mechanism. Third, the probability of remaining as a helper rather than dispersing was positively associated with quality of the natal territory and with the number of high-quality territories close to the natal site. This suggests an influence of the benefits of philopatry, because many males that initially remain as helpers eventually become breeders on the natal territory or a neighboring territory. Finally, we found evidence that ecological constraints influence dispersal: the probability of dispersing was positively related to the availability of vacant territories in the wider neighborhood of the natal site. Natal dispersal behavior was not influenced by resource competition, measured as group size on the natal territory, or by local density, estimated as the number of active territories in the vicinity of the natal site. Based on comparisons of father–son and brother–brother dispersal behavior, we found no evidence for heritability of philopatric behavior. Dispersal of male fledgling Red-cockaded Woodpeckers can be viewed as conditional on social and ecological factors in the natal territory and in the immediate neighborhood. These factors seem to serve as proximate cues that influence young birds to either disperse or remain as philopatric helpers.
Subfemtosecond-drift microwave signal synthesis from femtosecond mode-locked lasers

A 10-GHz microwave signal is synthesized from a 200-MHz mode-locked Er-fiber laser using a delay-locked loop with relative timing jitter of 2.4-fs (rms) [0.1Hz-1MHz] and timing drift of 0.84-fs (rms) [0.035mHz–1Hz].
Ion-molecule reactions involving halomethyl ions; heats of formation of halomethyl ions

Abstract This study examines the reactions of CH 5 + (CD 5 + ) and C 2 H 5 + (C 2 D 5 + ) ions generated in CH 4 or CD 4 , and of C 3 H 7 + ions generated in neopentane or propane with CH 3 Cl, CH 2 Cl 2 , CHCl 3 , CCl 4 , CH 3 F, CH 2 F 2 , CHF 3 , CF 4 , CH 2 FCl, CHF 2 Cl, CHFCl 2 , CFCl 3 , CF 2 Cl 2 , and CF 3 Cl. In addition, the reactions of the various halomethyl ions with the halomethanes are investigated. Rate constants were determined for all reactions observed using a pulsed ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The CH 5 + (CD 5 + ) ion transfers a proton to all of these molecules. The protonated halomethanes (except CH 3 ClH + , CH 2 F 2 H + , CHF 3 H + , and CF 4 H + ) dissociate by losing H X . The ethyl, sec-propyl ions, and halomethyl ions, abstract chloride or fluoride from the halomethanes. Chloride transfer always predominates over fluoride transfer when both channels are exothermic. Ethyl and sec-propyl ions do not undergo hydride transfer reactions with any of these molecules. The results indicate that the heat of formation of CF 3 + is 4.07 ± 0.09 eV (93.8 ± 2 kcal/mole). The heat of formation of CCl 3 + lies between the limits, 8.34–8.82 eV (192–203.5 kcal/mole), and therefore is lower than previously reported values by at least 0.25 eV. The value obtained for ΔH f (CFCl 2 + ) is 6.72 ± 0.22 eV (155 ± 5 kcal/mole), and that for ΔH f (CHFCl + ) is 7.76 ± 0.22 eV (179 ± 5 kcal/mole).
Effect of sustained hydrostatic pressure on rat bladder smooth muscle cell function.

Objectives To test a hypothesis that bladder smooth muscle cells (BSMCs) shift their phenotype from contractile to synthetic in response to elevated hydrostatic pressure. Although mechanical stimuli are needed for development of the bladder, the exact mechanisms for this process are poorly understood. Methods Rat BSMCs were exposed to 7.5 cm H 2 O of hydrostatic pressure in custom-made columns to a maximum of 48 hours. After exposure to pressure, the smooth muscle cells were fixed, stained, and imaged to quantify cell morphology and proliferation. Additionally, Western blotting was used to quantify extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK½) activation as well as phenotype marker proteins, α-smooth muscle actin, and SM-22. Results Compared with the control, BSMCs exposed to hydrostatic pressure exhibited a more spread morphology after 4 hours and the expression of activated ERK½ was a maximum of two-fold at 1.5-3 hours. Moreover, cell density of BSMCs exposed to hydrostatic pressure exhibited an increase after 48 hours when compared with their respective controls. In contrast, α-smooth muscle actin and SM-22 expression was similar in the control and in cells exposed to hydrostatic pressure for 48 hours. Conclusions The morphologic and proliferative changes of BSMC in response to hydrostatic pressure possibly indicate a phenotypic shift from contractile to synthetic. Moreover, the activation of ERK½ intracellular signaling pathway may represent a potential mechanism for the pressure-induced BSMC proliferation. The comparable levels of contractile proteins observed in both control and pressure group BSMCs suggest that not all the phenotype markers are regulated concomitantly by a single stimulus.
Ortho effect: The fragmentation of isopropyl 2-hydroxychlorocarbanilates

The mass spectra of isopropyl 2-hydroxychlorocarbanilate indicate a preferential ortho intramolecular rearrangement which yields a chloro 2-benzoxazolinone intermediate ion. A com-parison of the fragmentation of ortho, meta and para hydroxy analogs of isopropyl 3-chlorohydroxy-carbanilate indicates the existence of an ‘ortho effect’ during the fragmentation of isopropyl-chloro 2-hydroxycarbanilates.
Observations on Entrepreneurship, Instructional Texts, and Personal Interaction.

This article explores the complexity in Rohan's observation that although texts in progress create community, this function hasn't value; in the world of business works in progress must be free. To do so, the article describes the history of the development of the paper sewing pattern, discusses the role personal communications with consumers played as the genre evolved, and offers observations on the kinds of instruction provided by sewing machine and pattern companies. The extent to which gender and authority are connected in communications between consumers and corporate authors is explored. The article concludes by observing that once a genre is sufficiently established to become a standard, two changes occur: industries adopt authority for only certain types of necessary information, and women's authorship becomes anonymous, corporate, and personal exchanges with consumers are curtailed to save the expense.
Friction and wear of polyphenylene sulfide composites filled with micro and nano CuO particles in water-lubricated sliding

The tribological behavior of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites filled with micro and nano CuO particles in water-lubricated sliding condition were studied. Pin-on-disk sliding tests were performed against a steel counterface of surface roughness 0.09–0.11 μm. The lubrication regimes were established from friction data corresponding to various combinations of loads and sliding speeds. Later experiments were performed using the sliding speed of 0.5 m/s and contact pressure of 1.95 MPa, which corresponded to boundary lubrication regime. Micro CuO particles as the filler were effective in reducing the wear of PPS but nano CuO particles did not reduce wear. The steady state wear rate of PPS-30 vol.% micro CuO composite was about 10% of that of unfilled PPS and the coefficient of friction in this case was the lowest. The examination of the topography of worn pin surfaces of nano CuO-filled PPS by SEM revealed grooving features indicating three-body abrasion. The transfer films formed on the counterfaces during sliding were studied by optical microscopy and AFM. The wear behavior of the composites in water-lubricated sliding is explained using the characteristics of worn pin surfaces and transfer films on the counterface.
Children's attention to rigid and deformable shape in naming and non-naming tasks.

In four experiments with three-year-olds (N= 67), we investigate children's understanding of the differential importance of shape for categorization of solid rigid objects with fixed shapes and solid but deformable objects with shapes that can be changed. In a non-naming task we find that young children categorize rigid and deformable things differently and know that material is important for deformable things and shape for rigid things. In two naming tasks, however, children generalize names for both solid and deformable objects by shape similarity and disregard rigidity. To understand this pattern of results we examine a corpus of early-learned nouns and the kinds of rigid and nonrigid things named by nouns in that corpus. The results suggest that names for categories of solid, rigid objects in which instances are similar in shape dominate children's early noun vocabularies. We suggest that children's novel word generalizations for deformable things may be overgeneralizations of this dominant pattern.
Capture and emission of spin-polarized electrons to study surface magnetism and critical behavior

Abstract Using angle- and energy-resolved, spin-polarized electron emission Spectroscopy (SPEES) and electron capture Spectroscopy (ECS), the long-ranged and short-ranged surface electron spin polarization (ESP) of Fe80B20, Ni(110) and Tb(0001)/W(110) films is investigated. All surfaces are well characterized using AES, LEED, RHEED, STM and ion surface reflection (ISR). Nonzero ESP is found at all magnetized surfaces. For Tb(0001)/W(l10), near the surface Curie temperature TCs, surface-enhanced long-ranged magnetic order and novel critical behavior is found. Short-ranged magnetic order exists above TCs. The angle-resolved energy distribution of grazing-angle , ion-induced (H+ and He+ ions) emitted electrons (0–70 eV), which exhibits a series of pronounced “peaks” including spin-polarized and element-specific Auger electrons, is strongly different from that of electron-induced secondary electrons and contains fundamental information on the surface magnetic structure of Ni(110) and on the spin dependence of various electronic transition processes occuring at magnetic surfaces.
Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial of N-acetylcysteine in dogs with spinal cord trauma from acute intervertebral disc disease.

Study design The effect of N-acetylcysteine administration intravenously before hemilaminectomy surgery on neurologic outcome and 15F 2t isoprostane excretion in dogs was examined in a blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Objective To determine the effect of N-acetylcysteine administration on urinary 15F 2t isoprostane excretion and neurologic outcome following hemilaminectomy for intervertebral disc disease. Summary of background data Oxidative stress is a mediator of secondary injury to the spinal cord following trauma. Acute intervertebral disc disease is associated with increased oxidative damage in dogs. N-acetylcysteine has preserved neurologic function following experimental spinal cord injury. Methods Seventy dogs with naturally occurring acute intervertebral disc disease were administered either with saline placebo or N-acetylcysteine intravenously before hemilaminectomy surgery. Serial neurologic examinations were performed before and 1, 2, 7, 14, and 42 days following treatment. Urinary excretion of 15F 2t isoprostane excretion was determined before treatment and 1 hour after surgery. Results Analysis of subjective data did not reveal any significant effect of N-acetylcysteine on neurologic outcome or rate of improvement of neurologic score in the 42 days following treatment. Urinary 15F 2t isoprostane excretion was not significantly different between treatment groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion N-acetylcysteine intravenously before hemilaminectomy has no effect on urinary 15F 2t isoprostane excretion or neurologic outcome. Treatment of dogs with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine before hemilaminectomy, while not detrimental, does not affect neurologic outcome in the 42 days following surgery.
Rupture of a Giant Carotid Aneurysm after Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass Surgery

We report a case of a fatal rupture of a previously unruptured giant aneurysm of the bifurcation of the internal carotid artery (ICA), which occurred after an extracranial-intracranial (EC-IC) bypass and the partial occlusion of the ICA. Interim angiography showed retrograde filling of the proximal middle cerebral artery to the aneurysm. There have been four previously reported cases of giant aneurysms rupturing after treatment with an EC-IC bypass and carotid ligation, and it appears likely that a change in pressure/flow dynamics produced by the bypass may have been the cause. The technique of carotid ligation with an EC-IC bypass is used frequently to treat unclippable intracranial aneurysms, and the resulting hemodynamic changes need to be considered carefully to prevent this type of complication. To minimize hemodynamic stress on the aneurysm, we suggest that 1) the bypass caliber should be as small as possible consistent with sufficient cerebral blood flow after ICA occlusion, and 2) complete ICA occlusion should be performed as soon as possible after the bypass.
Time to Initiation of Antifungal Therapy for Neonatal Candidiasis

The effect of delayed antifungal therapy in critically ill infants with invasive candidiasis has not been studied. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of time to initiation of antifungal therapy (TIA) on mortality, disseminated disease, and postinfection hospital stay. We conducted a cohort study of critically ill infants with cultures positive for Candida from 1990 to 2008. TIA was defined as the number of hours from the collection of the first positive culture until the start of antifungal therapy. Of 96 infants, 57% were male, the median gestational age was 27 weeks (range, 23 to 41 weeks), and the median birth weight was 956 g (range, 415 to 6,191 g). Most subjects received amphotericin B deoxycholate. TIA was ≤ 24 h for 35% of infants, between 25 and 48 h for 42%, and >48 h for 23%. Eleven subjects died during hospitalization, and 22% had disseminated candidiasis. The median duration of hospital stay postinfection was 53 days (range, 6 to 217 days). Both univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that TIA was not associated with mortality, disseminated disease, or hospital stay postinfection. However, ventilator use for >60 days significantly increased the risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 9.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2 to 66.7; P = 0.002). Prolonged candidemia increased the risk of disseminated disease by 10% per day of positive culture (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.2; P = 0.007), and low gestational age was associated with increased neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay after the first positive Candida culture by 0.94 weeks (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.98; P < 0.001). The TIA was not associated with all-cause mortality, disseminated candidiasis, and postinfection length of hospital stay.
Seasonal and spatial variation in reactive oxygen species activity of quasi-ultrafine particles (PM0.25) in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and its association with chemical composition

Abstract Seasonal and spatial variation in redox activity of quasi-ultrafine particles (PM 0.25 ) and its association with chemical species was investigated at 9 distinct sampling sites across the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Biologically reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay (generation of ROS in rat alveolar macrophage cells) was employed in order to assess the redox activity of PM 0.25 samples. Seasonally, fall and summer displayed higher volume-based ROS activity (i.e. ROS activity per unit volume of air) compared to spring and winter. ROS levels were generally higher at near source and urban background sites compared to rural receptor locations, except for summer when comparable ROS activity was observed at the rural receptor sites. Univariate linear regression analysis indicated association ( R > 0.7) between ROS activity and organic carbon (OC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and water soluble transition metals (including Fe, V, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Mn, Pb and Cu). A multivariate regression method was also used to obtain a model to predict the ROS activity of PM 0.25 , based on its water-soluble components. The most important species associated with ROS were Cu and La at the source site of Long Beach, and Fe and V at urban Los Angeles sites. These metals are tracers of road dust enriched with vehicular emissions (Fe and Cu) and residual oil combustion (V and La). At Riverside, a rural receptor location, WSOC and Ni (tracers of secondary organic aerosol and metal plating, respectively) were the dominant species driving the ROS activity. At Long Beach, the multivariate model was able to reconstruct the ROS activity with a high coefficient of determination ( R 2 = 0.82). For Los Angeles and Riverside, however, the regression models could only explain 63% and 68% of the ROS activity, respectively. The unexplained portion of the measured ROS activity is likely attributed to the nature of organic species not captured in the organic carbon (OC) measurement as well as non-linear effects, which were not included in our linear model.
Metalorganic Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of (211)B CdTe on (211) Si Using Ge Interfacial Layer

We have achieved metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxial growth of (211)B CdTe on Si without the requirement of a pregrowth high-temperature oxide desorption step. This was achieved by growing a thin Ge film on the starting (211) Si substrates. To get (211)B CdTe orientation, the Ge surface was exposed to As prior to the start of CdTe growth. A thin ZnTe interlayer between Ge and CdTe has been shown to improve the CdTe surface morphology.
Managing Concealable Stigmas at Work: A Review and Multilevel Model

Many employees possess inconspicuous identities that are stigmatized. At work, a context wherein impression management concerns are salient, these individuals face decisions about when, how, and to whom to disclose their concealable stigmas with important consequences for the way individuals experience work. In the following review, we integrate findings from psychological, sociological, and management literatures pertaining to the management of concealable stigmas. We further push the boundaries of this evidence to develop a multilevel model of workplace identity management behavior. That is, we conceptualize identity management as a within- and between-person phenomenon, accounting for the notion that identity management behaviors will vary as a function of the situation but that people will also exhibit identity management behavioral averages, tendencies, and accumulation that facilitate meaningful comparison among employees. Throughout the review, we highlight common themes, clarify inconsistent findi...
Integrating online social networks for enhancing reputation systems of e-commerce

Online shopping has been introduced to Internet users for decades. However, many people are still susceptible to the risks of online shopping. Multiple risk-mitigating solutions have been adopted by most online shopping sites. One such solution, the reputation system, is capable of providing an up-to-date reputation score for every online seller. Nevertheless, it is also vulnerable to fake reviews, which can, in turn, mislead prospective buyers. In order to quench the fire, previous research work mounted friendship annotations to certain reviews, so that the prospective buyers can choose to trust such particular reviews based on their close relationships with the reviewers. In this paper, we extend this friend-annotation scheme by integrating online social networks to online shopping sites. Our protocol is designed to provide three online review submission methods with different privacy-preserving requirements.
Electrically small folded slot antenna utilizing capacitive loaded slot lines

This paper presents an electrically small, coplanar waveguide fed, folded slot antenna that uses capacitive loading. Several antennas are fabricated with and without capacitive loading to demonstrate the ability of this design approach to reduce the resonant frequency of the antenna, which is analogous to reducing the antenna size. The antennas are fabricated on Cu-clad Rogers DuriodTM 6006 with multilayer chip capacitors to load the antennas. Simulated and measured results show close agreement, thus, validating the approach. The electrically small antennas have a measured return loss greater than 15 dB and a gain of 5.4, 5.6, and 2.7 dBi at 4.3, 3.95, and 3.65 GHz, respectively.
Three Prongs of the Confession Problem: Issues and Proposed Solutions

Many cases could not be successfully prosecuted without a confession, and, in the absence of a confession, many would be much more costly to investigate and to develop other evidence sufficient to convict. Responding to this pressure to reliably elicit confessions from their suspects, the police have developed sophisticated psychological techniques to accomplish two goals: to induce suspects to submit to questioning without an attorney, and to induce them to confess. Unfortunately, these methods are sufficiently powerful to induce false as well as true confessions and to render them involuntary. Further, because they are based upon often subtle, yet sophisticated weapons of influence, their coercive power sometimes goes unrecognized by those who must judge their voluntariness or validity. This yields a crucially important yet often unrecognized three-pronged problem with confession evidence - voluntariness, validity, and prejudicial impact. In this chapter, the authors first briefly review the nature of modern interrogation tactics, and then turn to consideration of the three-pronged confession problem, systemic barriers to recognizing and addressing the problem, and some proposed solutions.
Slider vibrations induced by ramp-suspension interaction during the ramp loading process

In our previous experimental investigation of the ramp loading process for a 2.5 inch ramp-load disk drive employing a two beam laser Doppler vibrometer, we observed that the slider's approach velocity was not controllable because of a vibrating motion that became excited as the suspension moved down the ramp. Here we study the source of this vibration and observe that it becomes excited each time when the slider reaches a certain location above the disk, and its amplitude is sometimes reduced at slower actuation speeds. By analyzing the frequency spectra of the slider's pitch, roll and vertical translation during loading, we found that the vibration was primarily comprised of the last two modes. This motion was found to be correlated with the shape of the ramp. Modification of the ramp profile effectively reduced the vibration, resulting in a controllable approach velocity and a substantial reduction in slider-disk contacts during loading. >
System design for a low cost PA-RISC desktop workstation

A low-cost high-performance desktop workstation is described. A high-performance CMOS processor was developed with the specific goal of moving the PA-RISC architecture into the low-cost workstation market. Not only were each of the system components designed for optimal performance, but they were also designed to support the other system components. The processor added features and instructions to improve graphics performance. The memory system was optimized to minimize the effects of cache misses on the CPU performance and at the same time provide the memory to graphics bandwidth needed to support the most advanced graphics systems. Special hardware was added to the memory controller to allow low-cost 3-D graphics systems to be developed. The I/O system provides the most important industry standard I/O interfaces for low cost and high performance, and also provides an industry standard EISA bus for less common and future I/O needs. >
Protective immunity evoked against anthrax lethal toxin after a single intramuscular administration of an adenovirus-based vaccine encoding humanized protective antigen.

Because of the need to develop a vaccine to rapidly protect the civilian population in response to a bioterrorism attack with Bacillus anthracis, we designed AdsechPA, a replication-deficient human serotype 5 adenovirus encoding B. anthracis protective antigen (PA) with codons optimized for expression in mammalian cells. With a single intramuscular administration to mice of 109 particle units of AdsechPA, a dose that can be scaled to human use, anti-PA antibodies were evoked more rapidly and at a higher level than with a single administration of the new U.S. military recombinant PA/Alhydrogel vaccine. Importantly, AdsechPA afforded approximately 2.7-fold more protection than the recombinant PA vaccine against B. anthracis lethal toxin challenge 4 weeks after a single vaccination. Even at 11 days postvaccination, AdsechPA provided some survival benefit, whereas the rPA/Alhydrogel vaccine provided none. In the context that equivalent human doses of Ad vectors have already been demonstrated to be safe in hum...
The DNA methyltransferases of mammals

The biological significance of 5-methylcytosine was in doubt for many years, but is no longer. Through targeted mutagenesis in mice it has been learnt that every protein shown by biochemical tests to be involved in the establishment, maintenance or interpretation of genomic methylation patterns is encoded by an essential gene. A human genetic disorder (ICF syndrome) has recently been shown to be caused by mutations in the DNA methyltransferase 3B (DNMT3B) gene. A second human disorder (Rett syndrome) has been found to result from mutations in the MECP2 gene, which encodes a protein that binds to methylated DNA. Global genome demethylation caused by targeted mutations in the DNA methyltransferase-1 (Dnmt1) gene has shown that cytosine methylation plays essential roles in X-inactivation, genomic imprinting and genome stabilization. The majority of genomic 5-methylcytosine is now known to enforce the transcriptional silence of the enormous burden of transposons and retroviruses that have accumulated in the mammalian genome. It has also become clear that programmed changes in methylation patterns are less important in the regulation of mammalian development than was previously believed. Although a number of outstanding questions have yet to be answered (one of these questions involves the nature of the cues that designate sites for methylation at particular stages of gametogenesis and early development), studies of DNA methyltransferases are likely to provide further insights into the biological functions of genomic methylation patterns.
German Master Narratives: The Sequel

With the publication of this massive book, Hans-Ulrich Wehler has passed the halfway point in his project of writing a four-volume history of Ger? man society from the beginning of the eighteenth to the end of the twentieth century. Part of an ongoing enterprise, the volume is also in some ways a reprise of an earlier work of synthesis, since it goes over much of the ground first covered by Wehler in Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, published in 1973. The need for a new account is certainly understandable in view of the flood of scholarship that has poured out in the intervening two decades, much of which has been inspired by Wehler's earlier work, sometimes written to support his theses, but also with the intent of refuting them. This double context of the third volume of Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte will provide the basis for this review. I will look at a few selected aspects of the work?and in view of its almost thirteen hundred pages of text, any discussion of it would have to be selective?and contrast them both to the two previous volumes in the series and to the ideas the author put forward in his Kaissereich. The structure of volume three follows the basic plan laid down in the theoretical introduction to the first volume. There is a section de-
Refractive turbulence profiling using stellar scintillation and radar wind profiles

The fluctuations of spatially filtered starlight contain information about refractive turbulence strength ( Cn2) at the spatial filter wavenumber. If the turbulence at different heights in the atmosphere is moving at different speeds, the contribution to the fluctuations from those heights will occur at different frequencies. Therefore, the Cn2 profile can be inferred from the power spectrum of the fluctuations and the wind velocity profile. Vertical resolution is expected to be in the range of several hundred meters to about a kilometer. Turbulence strength measurements to better than 50% should be easily obtainable.
Evaluation of stray load losses in induction motors at different supply frequencies

Increasing use of induction motors at other than a single frequency, and the importance of their operating efficiency, has renewed interest in losses and the methods by which they can be measured and segregated. In particular this is true of the stray load loss, which is probably less well understood/quantified than other loss components. This paper describes the use of an adjustable frequency source, of low total harmonic distortion, to power several commercial induction motors over a frequency range from 46 Hz to 65 Hz over load ranges from 25% to 120% of rating. The data is analyzed in accordance with IEEE Std 112 B and thus stray load loss is quantified by loss segregation, as a function of both frequency and load. Through this analysis, it is determined that stray load loss is directly and linearly proportional to the frequency, and directly proportional to the square of the load. The value of IEEE Std112 E-E1 as an alternative approach is also discussed.
Opial-type inequalities for diamond-alpha derivatives and integrals on time scales

In this article, we obtain various Opial-type inequalities on time scales via the notion of the diamond-alpha derivative which is a general concept covering both delta and nabla derivatives on time scales.
Modulation classification of signals in unknown ISI environments

Modulation classification is an important component of non-cooperative communication theory in which the received signal type is unknown but may be restricted to a finite set of possibilities. We develop two classification techniques for digitally modulated signals affected by intersymbol interference (ISI). The initial development of the classification tests is derived assuming a known-channel impulse response. In order to address signal classification in an unknown ISI environment, we employ per-survivor processing (PSP), a technique for estimating both the data sequence and the unknown parameters of a communications signal which exhibits memory.