cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Flow Separations on Aircraft and Missiles

William J. Rainbird; received his B.E.(Mech) at Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand in 1947, and was awarded a Government scholarship to the College of Aeronautices, Cranfield, England, where he left in 1950 with a Post Graduate Diploma, with distinction, specializing in aerodynamics. After a year in Stockholm, Sweden working on transonic and supersonic wind-tunnel design at F.F.A., he returned to New Zealand and lectured at Canterbury University until September 1954. Returning to the College of Aeronautics, Cranfield that year, he was Lecturer in General and Experimental Aerodynamics for 3 years. Mr. Rainbird worked at the National Aeronautical Establishment, a Division of the National Research Council, Ottawa, from January 1958 to July 1970 and was a Senior Research Officer and Head of the High Speed Aerodynamics Section. In July 1970, Mr. Rainbird was appointed Professor of Engineering and Chairman of the Division of Aerothermodynamics, at Carleton University, Ottawa. In 1967, Mr. Rainbird spent a year’s study and refresher leave at the University of California, San Diego, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Sciences. He is a Fellow of the C ASI, Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Member of the AIAA, and was a Canadian Member of the AGARD Fluid Dynamics Panel from 1964-1969. His main field of specialization and interest in aerodynamics is in threedimensional boundary layers and separation. David J. Peake is a graduate of University of Bristol, England, Department of Aeronautical Engineering [B.Sc., 1960 (First Class Honors); M.Sc., 1962], Concurrent with University training, Mr. Peake completed an Engineering Student Apprenticeship at National Gas Turbine Establishment, Pyestock, Farnborough, England, during 1956- 1960. He remained at NGTE until May 1962 as Scientific Officer, working with Dr. Brian Stratford on the control of supersonic turbulent boundary layers with tangential air injection, and supersonic inlet design. Mr. Peake moved to National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada in May 1962, joining the Council's National Aeronautical Establishment in January 1964, in the High Speed Aerodynamics Laboratory. He worked with W. J. Rainbird in the investigation of three-dimensional separations in both subsonic and supersonic flow; transonic jet-flapped aerofoils, and axisymmetric turbulent boundary layers, all at high Reynolds numbers. Mr. Peake is studying for Ph.D. (parttime) at Carleton University, Ottawa and has membership in AIAA, RAeS and CASI. He has recently been awarded a Ph.D. from the University of Bristol for submitted published work. Edward G. Atraghji is a graduate of University of London (B.Sc., 1962). He conducted research on slender delta wing configurations at Queen Mary College, London, between 1962 and 1966. He joined the National Research Council, NAE Division, High Speed Aerodynamics Laboratory, 1966. Topics of research have included the flows about various aircraft and missile configurations.
ACT-R Model of EEG Latency Data

Anderson and Lebiere's (1998) modeling system ACT-R (Adaptive Control of Thought – Rational) has been a leading contributor to advances in cognitive science. Despite the modeling system's success there are areas in which it may be improved. The present research advocates a suggested approach to improving ACT-R's predictive capacity by using EEG (electroencephalography) latency data to predict the time it takes to achieve certain mental steps. A model is presented which successfully represents EEG data from a simple auditory experiment. Implications of this modeling approach to ACT-R and to the field of cognitive science are discussed.
Preparation of copper(II) and zinc(II) halide and primary amine complexes of theobromine

Abstract Copper(II) amine complexes of theobromine (TbH) having the general formula Cu(Tb)2(Amine)2 [where Amine = ethylamine (EtNH2) and n-butylamine (n-BuNH2)] were sunthesized. In addition, copper(II) and zinc(II) halide adducts of theobromine were prepared with the general formula M(TbH)2X2·nH2O (where X = Cl or Br and n = O, 1 or 2). The amine complexes experience large carbonyl IR shifts and the loss of the N(1) theobromine proton, suggesting copper(II) complexation at the N(1) position, while the halide compounds do not exhibit theobromine N(1) proton loss and are proposed to bind at the N(9) position. Zn(TbH)2Cl2 can be assigned a tetrahedral geometry on the basis of low frequency IR evidence, while the low magnetic susceptibilities and lack of M—X vibrations above 200 cm−1 suggest that the copper centres in Cu(TbH)2Cl2·2H2O and Cu(TbH)2Br2·H2O are antiferromagnetically coupled and that these complexes exist as halogen-bridged dimers or larger aggregates.
Effects of Serial CS Presentation and other Characteristics of the CS on the Conditioned Avoidance Response

with a US (shock) in a delayed avoidance conditioning situation with a response terminated CS, the presentation of the CS can serve as a motivator and its termination as a reinforcer for the learning of a new response. According to Solomon and Wynne's (1954) hypothesis, the motivating properties of the CS ate sustained by the principle of conservation of anxiety, in the absence of further US pairings. After sufficient CS-US pairings the response which terminates the aversive CS reaches an asymptotic latency. The shorter the latency of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR), the shorter the time of CS exposure. Thus, a short latency CAR conscrves from extinction the anxiety associated with the remaining avoided segmert of the CS-US interval. In other words, a short response latency conserves cne anxiecy conditioned to longer segments because it takes place too soon for thc segments closer to the US to occur and snbseq~~encly extinguish. Since in typical avoidance situations the only factor differentiating a short response latency from a longer latency is the length of the CS exposure, some generalization of extinction effects along the CS continuum would be expected. In unpublished papers Stnrnpfl:' has hypothesized that the effects of generalization of extinction within the CS-US interval can be reduced markedly by dividing the CS interval into variotis distinctive segments. This can be achieved by pre'This article is based on a dissertation (Levis, 1964) submitted to the Graduate School of Emorv Universior in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the doctoral dearee. The wriier wishes ;o express his appreciation for the valuable advice and assistan& of Professor Charles C. Perkins, Jr. throughout this work. He is also indebted to Professor Gerald Rosenbaum, his postdoctoral fellowship advisor, for his assistance in reviewing the manuscript. The experiments reported here were conducted according to the APA statement of "Guiding Principles for the Humane Care and Use of Animals," December 15, 1063 Wow at Lafayette Clinic, Laboratory of Psychobiology, Detroit, Michigan. "T. G. Stampfl. Avoidance conditioning reconsidered: an extension of Mowrerian theory. John Carroll Univer., 1960. I Unpublished manuscript) Also, T. G. Stampfl. Acquisition and resistance ro extinction cf avoidance responses to simple, congruent, and serial-congruent conditioned stimuli. John Carroll Univer., 1961. (Unpublished manuscript)
Adapting to Climate Change: Retrospective Analysis of Climate Technology Interaction in the Rice-Based Farming System of Nepal

The development of technological solutions to minimize risks of the current climate can lead to two possible outcomes: increase in agricultural productivity and insights about adaptation to future climate change. Drawing on the hypothesis of induced innovation, we investigate whether spatial variations in climatic resources prompted the development of location-specific technologies that led to increased rice productivity in Nepal. Using Nepal's district-level time-series data (1991–1992 and 2002–2003), this article examines the extent to which technological innovations have provided farmers with means to respond to climatic constraints to enhance rice productivity in climatically marginal regions of the country. Complementing this analysis with relevant case studies, we also investigate how and to what extent Nepal's research establishments have provided farmers with technological options to alleviate climatic constraints in rice cultivation across the country's climatically diverse terrain. The findings ...
Nitric oxide and hippocampal synaptic plasticity

The dependence of NMDA receptor-dependent LTP on postsynaptic depolarization and increases in postsynaptic calcium, coupled with evidence supporting presynaptically mediated increases in transmitter release accompanying LTP, suggest that a retrograde transsynaptic messenger participates in the synaptic enhancement. Although many questions remain unanswered, the available evidence suggests a role for NO as such a messenger in certain LTP paradigms. It is unclear, however, whether NO contributes to LTP under differing experimental conditions and whether other messengers, acting in concert with or independent of NO, contribute to a retrograde signalling system. Furthermore, the conditions under which NMDA receptor activation, postsynaptic calcium increases and NO contribute to synaptic enhancement, synaptic depression and excitotoxic neuronal injury need to be clarified. Furthermore, efforts aimed at clarifying the molecular targets of NO must remain a priority of this line of research.
THOUGHTS ON THE UTILITY OF MUSICAL MNEMONICS

This study investigated the views of 100 student research participants, 107 psychologist investigators, and 45 members of Institutional Review Boards (Human Subject Committees). Participants in these three groups responded to questions regarding the ethical parameters of a fictitious psychological research protocol. Psychologist investigators' endorsements are similar to those of Institutional Review Board members when the debriefing procedure of the protocol and its potential benefits to others are questioned. The views of psychologist investigators are similar to those of students when the topic of risks to participant is at issue. Implications of these findings for review of research proposals in psychology by Institutional Review Boards are discussed.
Specific elimination of mutant mitochondrial genomes in patient-derived cells by mitoTALENs

Mitochondrial diseases are commonly caused by mutated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which in most cases coexists with wild-type mtDNA, resulting in mtDNA heteroplasmy. We have engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to localize to mitochondria and cleave different classes of pathogenic mtDNA mutations. Mitochondria-targeted TALEN (mitoTALEN) expression led to permanent reductions in deletion or point-mutant mtDNA in patient-derived cells, raising the possibility that these mitochondrial nucleases can be therapeutic for some mitochondrial diseases.
Optical, EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopic studies on the NO derivatives of cytochrome cd1 from Thiobacillus denitrificans.

We have used optical, EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopies to study the formation of heme-NO complex upon the addition of nitrite to reduced cytochrome cd1 from Thiobacillus denitrificans. The reduced d1 heme binds NO under both alkaline and acidic conditions, but the binding of NO to the reduced c heme was strongly pH-dependent. The Mossbauer data showed unambiguously that at pH 7.6 the c heme does not complex NO, whereas at pH 5.8 approximately half of the reduced c heme binds NO. This observation was confirmed by EPR studies, which showed that the spin concentration of the heme-NO EPR signal increased from 2 spins/molecule at pH 8.0 to approximately 3 spins/molecuie at pH 5.8. Optical absorption study also showed strong pH dependence in the binding of NO to the reduced c heme. We have also analyzed the Mossbauer spectra of the ferrous d1 heme-NO complex using a spin-Hamiltonian formalism. The magnetic hyperfine coupling tensor was found to be consistent with the unpaired electron residing on a σ orbital.
The Importance of Making Backups or, How to Get Out of a Strawberry Jam

Somewhere in its first few pages every good software manual stresses the importance of making backup copies of program and data disks. In the OCLC M300 Guide to Operations, 2d ed., the instructions for making backup copies are in Chapter 2, section 2.3.1. In the DOS manual (version 2.00) they're on pages 3–10 through 3–29.
The effect of synthesis methods on the processing and properties of YBa2Cu3O6+x

Abstract A variety of synthesis routes for YBa2Cu3O6+x are described, and the resulting powders are compared in terms of their phys ical properties and densification behavior. It is shown that the processibility of the powders depends on their physical characteristics. Thus, fine reactive powders made from solution-derived routes are easily sintered to high density. On the other hand, chemical homogeneity of the starting powder and the sintered body determine the critical current, Jc. In the second part of the study, one solution route was selected and the synthesis conditions (calcination time and temperature) were varied. The structural, superconducting and physical properties of the starting powder were found to be strong functions of the synthesis conditions. In particular, it is shown that although milder synthesis conditions result in fine, easily sinterable powder, this powder is not highly crystalline and it contains structural defects. The poor crystallinity and defects are shown to degrade the superconducting properties.
Pediatric diffusion and diffusion tensor imaging

Diffusion analysis and imaging is yet another nuclear magnetic resonance technique that has moved from the chemistry laboratory to the forefront of radiological imaging, diagnosis and research. A symposium on diffusion imaging is pertinent to readers ofPediatric Radiology because much of the clinical and research application of diffusion, including diffusionweighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), is applicable to infants and children. DWI of the brain makes possible the rapid diagnosis of a wide spectrum of pathological entities and gives insight into the prognosis of infants and children with a variety of insults to the central nervous system. The study of brain development utilizing parameters such as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) allows quantitation of normal and abnormal development of brain structure. DTI with fiber tracking allows visualization of the normal and abnormal development of cerebral white matter pathways and has potential clinical application in the detection of displaced and infiltrated functional pathways in children with cerebral neoplasia. Tim Roberts and Erin Simon Schwartz present a very clear and understandable synopsis of the physical principles, terminology, and application of diffusion imaging in the brain. Susan Benedict gives a pediatric neurologist’s perspective on the utility of diffusion imaging in a busy clinical practice. Rick Robertson summarizes the increasing utility of DWI in the pediatric (and fetal) brain, and Nancy Rollins shows beautiful images of DTI and fiber tracking, displaying examples of normal and pathological brain development. Finally, as we see in the article by MacKenzie et al. diffusion imaging has exciting potential application outside the central nervous system in the pediatric musculoskeletal system. Pediatr Radiol (2007) 37:733 DOI 10.1007/s00247-007-0466-5
Visual responses in the central nervous system of the scallopPecten ziczac

Electrical activity recorded from the lateral lobe of the visceroparietal ganglion in the scallop Pecten ziczac reflects predominatly the visual response to onset of light stimulation, suggesting that shadow reflex mechanisms likely occur elsewhere within the central nervous system.
Mercaptopurine-induced hepatoportal sclerosis in a patient with Crohn's disease

Thiopurines play a pivotal role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Azathioprine and mercaptopurine have been associated with a number of liver abnormalities, including hepatitis, veno-occlusive disease, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, and peliosis hepatitis. Patients treated with azathioprine and mercaptopurine have their liver chemistry tests routinely checked due to this potential for hepatotoxicity. Hepatoportal sclerosis is a cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension that is increasingly being recognized; its etiopathogenesis is not well defined. We present the first case report of mercaptopurine-induced hepatoportal sclerosis leading to non-cirrhotic portal hypertension in a patient with Crohn's disease. He had been treated with mercaptopurine for five years, and his liver chemistry tests were always within normal limits. This case underscores the potential serious liver adverse events that may arise silently and go undetected during treatment with mercaptopurine, and should alert clinicians as to the potential need to discontinue mercaptopurine in this setting.
Design and control of a soft and continuously deformable 2D robotic manipulation system

In this paper we describe the design, fabrication, control, and experimental validation of a soft and highly compliant 2D manipulator. The arm consists of several body segments actuated using bi-directional fluidic elastomer actuators and is fabricated using a novel composite molding process. We use a cascaded PI and PID computation and novel fluidic drive cylinders to provide closed-loop control of curvature for each soft and highly compliant body segment. Furthermore, we develop algorithms to compute the arm’s forward and inverse kinematics in a manner consistent with piece-wise constant curvature continuum manipulators. These computation and control systems enable this highly compliant robot to autonomously follow trajectories. Experimental results with a robot consisting of six segments show that controlled movement of a soft and highly compliant manipulator is feasible.
An expert systems facility for Mumps

Abstract This paper describes extensions to the Mumps language which facilitate writing expert systems in Mumps. These extensions are based upon the Prolog language and utilize the existing Mumps global array data base as well as other aspects of the Mumps environment. Details are given of an experimental implementation of the interpreter written in C for the Unix ® ∗ operating system.
Simply Measuring Many-Picosecond Ultrashort Pulses with High Spectral Resolution

We introduce three new techniques for measuring relatively long and very complex ultrashort pulses, allowing the measurement of pulses as long as 120ps with 39fs resolution.
Effects of total liquid encapsulation on the characteristics of GaAs single crystals grown by the vertical gradient freeze technique

Abstract Total liquid encapsulation with B 2 O 3 has been used to grow 50 mm diameter GaAs single crystals in PBN crucibles in a vertical gradient freeze configuration. The B 2 O 3 layer efficiently prevents direct contact between the crucible and the GaAs charge and reproducible growth of single crystals can be achieved. The effect of B 2 O 3 water content on the structural and electrical characteristics of the crystals was investigated. Water vapor can be trapped betwen the crystal and the crucible affecting the surface morphology of the crystals. The water content of the B 2 O 3 encapsulant was found to affect the electrical properties of the crystals in a manner similar to what is observed for growth of GaAs crystals by the liquid encapsulated czochralski technique. Crystals grown encapsulated with dry B 2 O 3 have been ion-implanted with silicon. The implant activations are comparable to those obtained on LEC grown crystals. Total liquid encapsulation in vertical gradient freeze can be used to produce device quality substrates.
New triple screen test for Down syndrome: Combined urine analytes and serum AFP

In this study we report a new triple test that combines serum AFP, urine beta-core fragment of hCG, total urine estriol, and maternal age for calculating individual Down syndrome odds in the second trimester. The urine beta-core fragment/estriol ratio was used as a single screening variable. Analyte levels were measured prospectively in 10 Down syndrome cases and 346 normals. Individual Down syndrome odds were calculated by multiplying the product of the Down syndrome likelihood ratios of serum AFP and urine beta-core/estriol levels by the age-related midtrimester risk. The screening efficiency of an algorithm that combines urine beta-core/estriol with maternal age was compared to one that included serum AFP data. A 90% detection rate for Down syndrome was obtained at a 4.65% false positive rate. This was superior to the 75% sensitivity at 5% false positive rate observed when beta-core/estriol and age alone were used. This new triple test has a higher screening efficiency than that generally reported for the traditional serum triple screen and other urine tests, and it also provides information on the risk of neural tube defects. If confirmed in larger trials, the new algorithm could be used as an alternative to the traditional serum triple screen.
Embryonic hypothalamic expression of functional glutamate receptors

Glutamate can play a number of roles in the developing brain, including modulation of gene expression, cell motility, neurite growth and neuronal survival, all critical for the final organization and function of the mature brain. These functions are dependent on the early expression of glutamate receptors and on glutamate release in developing neurons. This subject has received little attention in the hypothalamus, despite glutamate's critical role as an excitatory transmitter in hypothalamic control of circadian rhythms, endocrine secretion, temperature regulation, and autonomic control. A total of 10,922 rat hypothalamic neurons were studied with digital Ca2+ imaging with the ratiometric dye fura-2 to examine their responses to glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists during embryonic development and maturation in vitro. Functional glutamate receptors were found very early in development (embryonic day 15-E15) with both Ca2+ imaging and with patch clamp recording. This is a time when the hypothalamus is beginning to undergo neurogenesis. Ca2+ responses from N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors developed later than those from non-N-methyl-D-aspartate ionotropic receptors that responded to kainate and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionate. The responses of immature E15 cells after one day in vitro were compared with more mature cells after six days in vitro to examine the response to repeated 3 min applications of 100 microM kainate (n = 108). Immature cells showed similar Ca2+ rises (+232nM Ca2+) with each kainate stimulation. In contrast, more mature cells showed an initial Ca2+ rise of 307 nM, with the second rise only to 147 nM above the initial baseline. Immature cells more quickly returned to their pre-kainate baseline than did older cells. The expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors was studied with the selective agonist trans-1-amino-cyclopentyl-1,3-dicarboxylic acid and with glutamate stimulation in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and presence of 1 mM EGTA. After five days in vitro. E16 astrocytes showed a greater response than did neurons to conditions that would activate the metabotropic glutamate receptor. A dramatic increase in the percentage of cells that responded to N-methyl-D-aspartate was found after only a few days in culture. Only a small number of E15 cells studied on the day of culture (4% of 694 cells) showed a response to 100 microM N-methyl-D-aspartate. Thirty-eight percent of 120 E18 cells cultured for one day in vitro showed an N-methyl-D-aspartate response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Tinkering with tenure: the community land trust experiment in Voi, Kenya

Abstract Projects to secure land rights for the urban poor have been implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa for over 30 years. A recurrent issue in such projects is the provision of sustainable land tenure for beneficiaries. Commonly, individual titles with restrictions on resale have been used. Despite these, recipients often sell their land rights to more affluent city dwellers exacerbating the growth of slums (Habitat Int 11 (1987) 173). Policymakers are investigating alternative tenure forms, including community-based institutions, which they hope will make ownership of land more affordable and sustainable for the urban poor. The paper presents an analysis of an informal settlement upgrading project in Voi, Kenya in which the Community Land Trust (CLT) model was used to provide tenure security (Land Use Policy 14(3) (1997) 215). The paper reviews why the CLT model was entertained as a tenure alternative and evaluates how the model has performed in a 6-year period of operation in meeting various objectives including providing affordable, sustainable land ownership and preventing absenteeism. The implementation experience of a sister project in Kilifi, Kenya that utilized individual leasehold tenure as an ownership form is presented as a counter example to the Voi experience. The paper shows that despite provisions for strong community control, the CLT model has not been able to achieve the above goals. A variety of reasons are given for the model's poor performance, including the legal complexity of the model, a lack of on-going governmental support for the model and the project, and the divisive issue of land allocation for remaining parcels of land within the settlement. The paper concludes that on-going experimentation with the CLT model is not advisable at this time. Rather, the paper recommends that planners involved in informal settlement upgrading need to understand and recognize informal or customary institutions and try to incorporate them into de jure institutions in order to enhance tenure security and better manage urban land (Reforming urban land policies and institutions in developing countries. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1992; Habitat Int 25 (2001) 415).
Interaction of the catecholamine release-inhibitory peptide catestatin (human chromogranin A352-372) with the chromaffin cell surface and Torpedo electroplax: implications for nicotinic cholinergic antagonism

The catecholamine release-inhibitory chromogranin A fragment catestatin (chromogranin A(344-364)) exhibits non-competitive antagonism of nicotinic cholinergic signaling in chromaffin cells. A previous homology model of catestatin's likely structure suggested a mode of interaction of the peptide with the nicotinic receptor, but direct evidence has been lacking. Here we found that [125I]-catestatin binds to the surface of intact PC12 and bovine chromaffin cells with high affinity (K(D)=15.2+/-1.53 nM) and specificity (lack of displacement by another [N-terminal] fragment of chromogranin A). Nicotinic agonist (carbamylcholine) did not displace [125I]-catestatin from chromaffin cells, nor did catestatin displace the nicotinic agonist [3H]-epibatidine; these observations indicate a catestatin binding site separate from the agonist binding pocket on the nicotinic receptor, a finding consistent with catestatin's non-competitive nicotinic mechanism. [125I]-catestatin could be displaced from chromaffin cells by substance P (IC(50) approximately 5 microM), though at far lower potency than displacement by catestatin itself (IC(50) approximately 350-380 nM), suggesting that catestatin and substance P occupy an identical or overlapping non-competitive site on the nicotinic receptor, at different affinities (catestatin > substance P). Small, non-peptide non-competitive nicotinic antagonists (hexamethonium or clonidine) did not diminish [125I]-catestatin binding, suggesting distinct non-competitive binding sites on the nicotinic receptor for peptide and non-peptide antagonists. Similar binding and inhibitory profiles for [125I]-catestatin were observed on chromaffin cells as well as nicotinic receptor-enriched Torpedo membranes. Covalent cross-linking of [125I]-catestatin to Torpedo membranes suggested specific contacts of [125I]-catestatin with the delta, gamma, and beta subunits of the nicotinic receptor, a finding consistent with prior homology modeling of the interaction of catestatin with the extracellular face of the nicotinic heteropentamer. We conclude that catestatin occludes the nicotinic cation pore by interacting with multiple nicotinic subunits at the pore vestibule. Such binding provides a physical explanation for non-competitive antagonism of the peptide at the nicotinic receptor.
Gender and lung cancer

Accumulating data suggest that the risks for development of lung cancer are different in women compared with men. An increased susceptibility in women to the adverse effects of tobacco may be due to higher levels of DNA adducts, decreased DNA repair capacity, increased frequency of mutations in tumor suppressor genes, and hormonal differences. There are many sex and gender differences in lung cancer presentation, including a greater proportion of adenocarcinoma among women, a greater representation of women in cohorts of younger patients who have lung cancer, and women who do not smoke are more likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer than men. When guidelines for screening, preventive therapies, and treatment options for lung cancer are outlined these differences should be considered.
Loss of PTEN is not associated with poor survival in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients of the temozolomide era

Introduction Pre-temozolomide studies demonstrated that loss of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN held independent prognostic significance in GBM patients. We investigated whether loss of PTEN predicted shorter survival in the temozolomide era. The role of PTEN in the PI3K/Akt pathway is also reviewed.
Hubble Space Telescope observations of sulfur ions in the Io plasma torus: New constraints on the plasma distribution

[1] During the Io plasma torus crossings by the Galileo spacecraft in late 1999 and early 2000 we observed the dawn ansa of the torus using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Here we analyze 74 FUV HST/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations (1150 ≤ λ ≤ 1720 A) of the dawn ansa of the Io plasma torus made during Galileo's C23, I24, and I27 torus passages. These data include spectral scans at various System III longitudes plus two undispersed images of S++ 1720 A emission. Because of simultaneous observations by other instruments, the full value of these data will be developed by joint analysis, but here we present our results for their independent value. The S++ images show that the “ribbon” feature seen at visible wavelengths in ground-based observations is also clearly present in the FUV. The spectral scans were fitted using a simple plasma emission model integrated along the line of sight in order to invert the line-of-sight density superposition under the assumption of local azimuthal symmetry. Fits to the S+ 1256 A, S++ 1199 A, and S+++ 1410 A emissions reveal that the S++ and S+++ densities peak ∼0.2 RJ farther from Jupiter than does the S+ density. Moreover, the S++ vertical distribution is 25% more extended than that of S+, indicating that the field-aligned S++ kinetic temperature T∥ is ∼50% higher. It also appears that the S+ abundance dropped by at least a factor of 2 between the September–October 1999 and February 2000 epochs, while the other two sulfur ion abundances remained unchanged.
New sensors for measuring very short electromagnetic pulses

In order to detect very short electromagnetic pulses under 100 ps in width, a wide-band receiving antenna with a bandwidth from 0 to 14 GHz is needed. The usual short dipoles or monopoles do not provide both the required fidelity (bandwidth) and sensitivity. A novel type of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor has been designed, analyzed, and tested. It is simple, inexpensive, and can detect the electromagnetic pulse with both high fidelity and high sensitivity. An approximate analysis is given for better understanding and optimum design of the proposed EMP antenna. >
How (Not) To Defend A Rawlsian Approach To Intergenerational Ethics

John Rawls’ account of our obligations towards future generations has received considerable criticism in the environmental ethics literature relative to the scant few passages in which he discusses the issue. I argue that much of this criticism is warranted because Rawls’ Heads of Family strategy for grounding obligations to future generations is not only independently problematic, but also inconsistent with his general framework. Furthermore, the oft-suggested Time Travel strategy will not work either, and for just those reasons which Rawls gave. However, I contend that the less often discussed “Universalizability Principle,” which Rawls discusses most prominently in Political Liberalism , is a plausible account of our obligations to future generations and is consistent with Rawls’ general framework. I then defend this Rawlsian account of our future-oriented obligations against objections in the environmental ethics literature such as those recently advanced by the consequentialist Tim Mulgan.
Filling the gaps in replication restart pathways.

Recent work by Heller and Marians (2005) clarifies two mechanisms of replication fork assembly in E. coli: in vitro, the presence of a leading nascent strand dictates a PriA/B DnaT-dependent mechanism, whereas a gapped fork specifies PriC-mediated restart.
Turnover of the hemolymph proteins of Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Turnover of the hemolymph proteins of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied with the aid of disc electrophoresis. By injecting labeled homologous hemolymph proteins into unlabeled animals, active turnover of the major hemolymph proteins has been demonstrated in both larvae and pupae. Parallel experiments with a heterologous protein have demonstrated that the observed turnover is specific for homologous proteins. One group of hemolymph proteins has been shown to turn over rapidly after puparium formation with an average half-life of thirteen hours. Another group of proteins is relatively inert in pupae.
Hyper-Thyroiditis — A Diagnostic Pitfall

Subacute thyroiditis is an acute, subacute or chronic, generalized, self-limiting, nonbacterial, inflammation of the thyroid. Characteristic histologic findings include giant cells, granulomas and ...
Effect of insulin on the incorporation of [13C]leucine into rat caudofemoralis protein

Abstract This study sought first to develop in in vitro preparation representative of peripheral skeletal muscle and then to study the effects of insulin on the incorporation of labelled amino acid into varous protein fractions thereof. Rat caudofemoralis muscle proteins were separated on the basis of their solubility in solutions of increasing ionic strenght and pH. The specific radioactivity of various protein fractions was found to be inversely proportional to the ionic and alkaline strength of the extracting solution. Insulin stimulated incorporation of [14C]leucine into each fraction with approximately equal magnitude. Likewise, the distribution (ratio) of counts in several protein fractions eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column was not materially affected by insulin. Our results fit the hypothesis that insulin stimulates the incorporation of [14C]leucine into skeletal muscle protein by increasing its entry into cells and not by stimulation of synthesis of one or more specific proteins.
Shape control of plates with piezo actuators and collocated position / rate sensors

This paper treats the control problem of shaping the surface deformation of a circular plate using embedded piezo-electric actuators and collocated rate sensors. An explicit LQG optimized stability augmentation compensator is derived as well as the optimal feed-forward control. Corresponding performance evaluation formulas are also derived.
Effects of an American Heart Association step I diet and weight loss on lipoprotein lipid levels in obese men with silent myocardial ischemia and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Reduced plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we examined the sequential effects of an isocaloric American Heart Association (AHA) step I diet and a hypocaloric AHA step I diet (AHA step I diet + weight loss) on lipoprotein lipid levels in 14 middle-aged and older (60 +/- 6 years, mean +/- SD) obese (body mass index [BMI] > 27 kg/m2) nondiabetic men with exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia (SI) and reduced HDL-C levels (0.85 +/- 0.14 mmol/L). Nine men of comparable age and obesity and with no evidence of exercise-induced ischemia that were evaluated longitudinally served as metabolic controls. In men with SI, after 3 months on the isocaloric AHA step I diet plasma triglyceride (TG) levels decreased by 26% (2.25 +/- 0.66 to 1.67 +/- 0.69 mmol/L, P < .005), cholesterol by 12% (5.24 +/- 0.84 to 4.62 +/- 0.78 mmol/L, P < .01), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 10% (3.40 +/- 0.69 to 3.05 +/- 0.70 mmol/L, P < .01). However, plasma HDL-C levels also decreased by 7% (0.85 +/- 0.14 to 0.79 +/- 0.13 mmol/L, P < .05). Subsequent weight loss (11 +/- 4 kg) in conjunction with the AHA step I diet resulted in an additional decrease of 24% in TG (P < .005), 10% in cholesterol (P < .05), and 10% in LDL-C (P < .05). Plasma HDL-C levels increased by 8% (P < .01), thereby correcting the decline seen on the AHA step I diet alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Abstract 979: microRNA-mediated leukemia-initiating cell activity

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The HoxA9 transcription activator and the Gfi1 transcriptional repressor compete for the regulation of common target genes. We exploited HoxA9 versus Gfi1 antagonism to identify the genes encoding microRNA-21 and microRNA-196b as transcriptional targets of Hox-based leukemia oncoproteins. Therapeutic inhibition of microRNA-21 and microRNA-196b significantly inhibits in vitro colony forming activity, and quantitatively depletes in vivo leukemia-initiating-cell activity of Hox-based leukemias leading to leukemia-free survival of murine AML and significant delay in disease onset in xenograft models. A novel microRNA target identification platform both validates therapeutic intervention and reveals biological impact of disrupting microRNA function. These data establish microRNA as functional effectors of endogenous HoxA9 and Hox-based leukemia oncoproteins, provide a concise in vivo platform to test RNA therapeutics, and suggest therapeutic value for microRNA antagonists in AML. Citation Format: Chinavenmeni S. Velu, Aditya Chaubey, James D. Phelan, Sara Meyer, Shane R. Horman, Mark Wunderlich, Monica L. Guzman, Anil G. Jegga, Nancy J. Zeleznik-Le, Jianjun Chen, James C. Mulloy, Jose A. Cancelas, Craig T. Jordan, Bruce J. Aronow, Guido Marcucci, Balkrishen Bhat, Brian Gebelein, H. Leighton Grimes. microRNA-mediated leukemia-initiating cell activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 979. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-979
Community noise problems: Evidence against adaptation

Abstract It is commonly believed that people adapt rather easily to noise. This article reviews the available research, finding little evidence that any adaptation occurs in community settings. Much of this research, however, is open to alternative interpretations. The present study, examining reactions to traffic noise from the opening of a major new highway, was designed to remedy many of the problems with previous research. The investigation incorporated both a repeated measures design (the same respondents were interviewed 4 and 16 months after the highway opening) and an independent groups design (separate groups were interviewed either 4 or 16 months after opening). In addition, a pre-opening interview was carried out with the repeated measures panel. There was no evidence of appreciable adaptation in self-reported noise effects, annoyance, or tendency to focus attention on the noise. Instead respondents became more pessimistic about their ability to adapt to noise as time went by.
Temporal transfer and nonlinearity properties of turtle erg: Tuning by temperature, pharmacology, and light intensity

ERG impulse response, amplitude and phase temporal spectral transfer functions, and nonlinearities were measured in turtle retina under different retinal temperatures, pharmacological treatments, and light intensities. beta-Wave amplitude is strongly temperature dependent; amplitudes of the alpha-wave and slow P-III are less sensitive. Their time courses all slow markedly as temperature decreases. ERG amplitude transfer function is bimodal bandpass with narrow low-frequency peak (below 1 Hz) and broader mid-frequency peak (5 Hz at 8 degrees C). Both peaks broaden and their frequency increases (low, 1 Hz; mid, 15 Hz, at 23 degrees C) as temperature increases. Phase transfer function slope decreases (from -70 degrees/Hz at 8 degrees C to -25 degrees/Hz at 23 degrees C) as temperature increases. Nonlinear properties of ERG at high input intensity are modelled by a quadratic nonlinearity, low-pass prefilter with cutoff above 12.4 Hz, and low-pass postfilter broadly peaked at 6-10 Hz with cutoff above 20 Hz. For low input intensity, ERG exhibits linear properties with low-pass filtering sharply cut off above 6 Hz. alpha-Wave and slow P-III were isolated by aspartate treatment; depolarizing bipolar cell activity was examined using ethanol/GABA treatment of retina. High-frequency components, including broad mid-frequency peak, were attenuated and low-frequency components were enhanced with aspartate. Transfer function narrows and peaks at a lower frequency with ethanol/GABA.
Handover and channel assignment in mobile cellular networks

A taxonomy of channel assignment strategies is provided, and the complexity in each cellular component is discussed. Various handover scenarios and the roles of the base station and the mobile switching center are considered. Prioritization schemes are discussed, and the required intelligence distribution among the network components is defined. >
Hyaluronic Acid and Hyaluronidase: Accurate Tumor Markers and Tumor Progression Regulators.

INTRODUCTION. Identification of molecular determinants that regulate tumor progression would help in improving diagnosis and prognosis for cancer patients. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan that promotes tumor metastasis. Hyaluronidase (HAase) is an endoglycosidase that degrades HA into small angiogenic fragments. In an earlier study we demonstrated that measurement of urinary levels of HA and HAase (HA-HAase test) is > 90% accurate in detecting bladder cancer (BCa) and evaluating its grade. In this study, we examined the ability of the HA-HAase test to monitor patients for BCa recurrence and examined the effect of HA fragments, isolated from patient samples, on endothelial cell functions.
Local gravitomagnetic perturbations of the lunar orbit.

Using the metric in the local inertial frame of the Earth, we calculate relativistic effects on the lunar orbit with the synodic month period. It is shown that such perturbations arise entirely from the gravitomagnetic components of the local metric which exist because of the relative motion of the Sun with respect to the Earth. In the case of general relativity, the net perturbation has an amplitude of 3 cm for the lunar range.
Para- and dia-magnetic particle flocculation in a magnetic field

Abstract An experimental apparatus has been assembled for the study of high-gradient magnetic separations of para- and dia-magnetic particles suspended in a liquid. The components of this system include a cryogenic magnet, equipment for light-intensity measurements, and a dynamic light-scattering technique for transient particle-size measurements. The flocculation of paramagnetic hematite particles of approximately 200-nm diameter under the influence of a uniform magnetic field is experimentally investigated. The effect of solution pH on particle growth as a result of flocculation is examined with and without the presence of the magnetic field. Results show that the flocculation rate of hematite particles increases with the intensity of the magnetic field.
Moment closure for biochemical networks

Moment closure is a technique used to construct systems of differential equations to approximately compute means, standard deviations, and correlations between molecule counts of species involved in chemical reactions. These techniques are especially useful when the number of molecules exhibit large stochasticity, which is not uncommon in bio-chemical reactions. We discusses several approaches to moment closure that have been proposed in the literature and that have been recently implemented in a Matlab toolbox.
Assessment methodology for radio frequency effects (RFE)

The concept of radio frequency interference (RFI) is expanded to include RF damage or radiofrequency effects (RFEs). An assessment methodology was developed to predict the RF power density incident on a system that would cause upset or damage to the system electronics. This RFE assessment methodology is based on a modified version of the methodology used for electromagnetic pulse assessments. In the general assessment methodology for a system with a single entry path and critical component, the system under investigation is surveyed to identify the critical components and candidate RF entry ports. These areas are characterized in detail. The external power density that defines the susceptibility threshold of the system is determined. The methodology presents the results as a probability of system upset or damage (failure probability) as a function of incident RF power density. >
Rewriting the narrative of the epidemiology of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa

The fight against HIV remains complicated with contracting donor resources and high burden of HIV among reproductive age adults still often limiting independent economic development. In the widespread HIV epidemics of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), it is proposed that key populations with specific HIV acquisition and transmission risk factors, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSW), and people who use drugs (PUD), are less relevant because HIV transmission is sustained in the general population with average HIV acquisition and transmission risks. However, the understanding that key populations are less relevant in the epidemics of Africa is based on the surveillance system from which these populations are mostly excluded. Outside of SSA, the epidemics of HIV are generally concentrated in the same populations that are excluded from the primary HIV surveillance systems in SSA. The manuscripts included in this special issue present convincing data that FSW, MSM, and PUD carry disproportionate burdens of HIV wherever studied in SSA, are underrepresented in HIV programs and research, and require specific HIV prevention services. These manuscripts collectively suggest that the only effective path forward is one that transcends denial and stigma and focuses on systematically collecting data on all populations at risk for HIV. In addition, there is a need to move to a third generation of HIV surveillance as the current one inadvertently devalues HIV surveillance among key populations in the context of widespread HIV epidemics. Overall, the data reviewed here demonstrate that the dynamics of HIV in Africa are complex and achieving an AIDS-free generation necessitates acceptance of that complexity in all HIV surveillance, research, and prevention, treatment, and care programs.
On the vorticity of a rotating mixture

The centrifugal separation of an initially homogeneous mixture of particles and fluid is considered in ‘long’ containers for which end-wall effects are negligible. The vorticity produced in the mixture region during separation is shown to be a function of time only. As a consequence, the ‘full’ nonlinear theory in such containers, of arbitrary cross-section, can be reduced to the determination of an appropriate analytic function. A problem of technological interest is discussed.