cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Back mobility and interincisor distance ranges in racially diverse North American healthy children and relationship to generalized hypermobility.

Background: Given the dearth of normal values, we conducted a cross-sectional study of North American racially diverse children to determine normal values of interincisor distance and lower spine flexion. Methods: Demographs of 307 children aged 5–17 seeking treatment emergency care were obtained along with interincisor distance measured by incisor tooth-to-tooth gap, lower spine flexion measured by the Schober and modified Schober measurements, popliteal extension, hypermobility (Beighton) score, weight and height. Results: Normal range of motion values for the Schober was a mean of 14.3 cm (95% confidence interval (CI) was 11.2 to 17. cm) and the mean modified Schober’s was 21.6 cm (95% CI 18.4 cm to 24.8 cm). Retained lumbar lordosis on forward flexion was observed in 33%. Back mobility was associated with body mass index (BMI), popliteal angle, and Beighton score but not sex, race or retained lordosis. The mean interincisor distance measurement was 47 mm (95% CI 35 mm to 60 mm) and was associated with height and BMI but not sex, race, or Beighton score. Conclusion: Normal values for lower back range of motion and interincisor distance were obtained which are needed in pediatric rheumatologic clinics and do not significantly vary as to race or sex. Retained lordosis on forward flexion is a normal variant. Hamstring tightness, hypermobility and BMI need to be considered when ascertaining back mobility.
Electrophysiological Signals of Familiarity and Recency in the Infant Brain.

Electrophysiological work in nonhuman primates has established the existence of multiple types of signals in the temporal lobe that contribute to recognition memory, including information regarding a stimulus’s relative novelty, familiarity, and recency of occurrence. We used high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine whether young infants represent these distinct types of information about previously experienced items. Twenty-four different highly familiar and initially novel items were each repeated exactly once either immediately (Experiment 1), or following one intervening item (Experiment 2). A late slow wave (LSW) component of the ERP exhibited neural responses consistent with recency signals over right-central leads, but only when there were no intervening stimuli between repetitions. The LSW also exhibited responses consistent with familiarity signals over anterior-temporal leads, but only when there were intervening stimuli between repetitions. A mid-latency negative component (i.e., the Nc) also distinguished familiar from novel items, but did not exhibit a pattern of responding consistent with familiarity signals. These findings suggest that infants encode information about a variety of objects from their natural environments into long-term memory, and can discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar items, and between recently seen and new items, very quickly (within 1 sec). They also suggest that infants represent information about not only whether a stimulus is familiar or unfamiliar but also whether it has been seen recently.
Obesity exacerbates sepsis-induced inflammation and microvascular dysfunction in mouse brain.

Objective: Obese patients with sepsis have higher morbidity and mortality than lean counterparts, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. The authors examined the inflammatory and thrombogenic responses of the cerebral microvasculature to sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation in obese and lean wild-type mice.Methods: Leukocyte and platelet adhesion in cerebral microvasculature and behavioral responses were measured in wild-type and obese mice 4 h postperforation. P-selectin expression in different vascular beds was assessed 6 h postperforation. The effects of immunoblockade of P-selectin, ICAM-1, and CD18 on leukocyte and platelet recruitment were evaluated in obese septic animals.Results: Cerebral venules of obese and wild-type mice assumed a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype 4 h post-perforation, with greatly exaggerated responses in obese mice compared to the lean counterparts. These enhanced responses were attenuated by blocking P-selectin, CD18, or ICAM-1. Obese mice also exhi...
In-situ X-ray-absorption Spectroscopy Study of Hydrogen Absorption by Nickel-Magnesium Thin Films

Structural and electronic properties of co-sputtered Ni-Mg thin films with varying Ni to Mg ratio were studied by in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy in the Ni L-edge and Mg K-edge regions. Codeposition of the metals led to increased disorder and decreased coordination around Ni and Mg compared to pure metal films. Exposure of the metallic films to hydrogen resulted in formation of hydrides and increased disorder. The presence of hydrogen as a near neighbor around Mg caused a drastic reduction in the intensities of multiple scattering resonances at higher energies. The optical switching behavior and changes in the x-ray spectra varied with Ni to Mg atomic ratio. Pure Mg films with Pd overlayers were converted to ${\mathrm{MgH}}_{2}:$ The H atoms occupy regular sites as in bulk ${\mathrm{MgH}}_{2}.$ Although optical switching was slow in the absence of Ni, the amount of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ absorption was large. Incorporation of Ni in Mg films led to an increase in the speed of optical switching but decreased maximum transparency. Significant shifts in the Ni ${L}_{3}$ and ${L}_{2}$ peaks are consistent with strong interaction with hydrogen in the mixed films.
EndoBot: a robotic assistant in minimally invasive surgeries

This paper presents a new surgical robotic system called EndoBot for assisting surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The EndoBot is designed for collaborative operation between the surgeon and the robot. The demand on the surgeon is higher during suturing task which is the primary tissue approximation method and has been known as one of the most difficult tasks in MIS. Our work is the first effort in autonomous robotic suturing for MIS. In this paper, we show the motion controller design for autonomous and shared control mode and discuss autonomous robotic-suturing algorithms.
Forty years of genetic recombination in bacteria

Between April and June 1946, Joshua Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum carried out a series of experiments that proved that bacteria can exchange their genes by sexual crossings. The experiments were reported in Nature just 40 years ago1. In the following pair of articles, Joshua Lederberg first provides a personal reminiscence of the circumstances of the discovery and then, together with Harriet Zuckerman, considers it as a possible case of ‘postmature’ scientific discovery.
On the Radiation Characteristics of Right- and Left-Handed Microstrip Patch Antenna Designs

Theoretical left-handed materials have been shown to reduce the size of a resonant microstrip antenna while maintaining or increasing impedance bandwidth. This work discusses the implications of the left-handed materials on the radiation characteristics of such structures. The source fields and radiation characteristics of left- and right-handed microstrip patch antenna designs are studied theoretically and investigated further using equivalence theory and an approximate radiating slot model. The work indicates that the antenna miniaturization enabled by the use of left-handed materials results in an electrically small antenna with an omnidirectional rather than a broadside radiation pattern when operated in the first resonant mode
Israel and Its Messianic Right: Path Dependency and State Authority in International Conflict

Why do states responsible for unleashing violent nonstate actors fail to halt them despite rising costs and, at best, marginal utility? I argue that a historical-institutionalist approach helps scholars understand these dynamics. I present five path-dependent mechanisms—change in the balance of power, spiraling perception of threat, ideological shift among the public, state penetration, and weakening of the principle of state primacy—that diminish the prospects of policy reversals. I then demonstrate the usefulness of path-dependency analysis in the case of Israel’s entanglement with the Jewish messianic Right. Applying the theoretical framework sheds light on the process that brought Israel prohibitive costs—undercutting the Israeli-Palestinian peace process, undermining the state’s international standing, and weakening the state’s authority and democratic nature—and made policy reversal, in line with the state’s national interest and its responsibilities as a member of the international society, highly unlikely.
A vasopressor potentiator for norepinephrine in hypertensive rats.

Recently, attention has been given to a hyperresponsiveness to vasopressor agents in various forms of hypertension. Hypertrophy and/or “water-logging” of blood vessels associated with prolonged hypertension has been found to narrow vessel lu-mina and lead to such hyperresponsiveness (1). In addition, subnormal mono-amine oxidase activity accompanied by increased tissue norepinephrine concentration has been reported in genetically hypertensive turkeys, which also exhibited a greater vasopressor response to exoge-nously administered norepinephrine (2).Lately there has been a renewed interest in a “sensitizing factor” to catechol-amines in hypertension, but because of the diverse nature of some studies and the frequent utilization of inadequate controls, reports have been conflicting. Several investigators have found evidence for a vasopressor agent potentiating factor among hypertensive subjects (3-6), and a transmittable humoral factor has been suggested by a study that utilized the par-abiotic union of a ...
Optimization of ceragenins for prevention of bacterial colonization of hydrogel contact lenses.

PURPOSE We provided contact lens hydrogels with an antibacterial innate immune function using nonpeptide mimics of endogenous antimicrobial peptides. METHODS Antimicrobial peptide mimics, ceragenins, were prepared for either covalent attachment to hydrogels or for controlled elution from lenses. The lipophilicity of the ceragenins was varied incrementally to provide differing levels of association with hydrophobic domains in lenses. Ceragenin-containing lenses were challenged repeatedly with Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nutrient media. Bacterial growth and biofilm formation on lenses were quantified. RESULTS A ceragenin covalently fixed in lenses effectively inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation on lenses in 10% tryptic soy broth (approximately 3-log reduction), but did not reduce biofilm formation in 100% tryptic soy broth. Ceragenins designed to elute from lenses were incorporated at 1% relative to the dry weight of the lenses. The ceragenin with the optimal lipid content, CSA-138, prevented bacterial colonization of lenses for 15 days with P. aeruginosa and for 30 days with S. aureus (daily exchange of growth media and reinoculation with 10⁶ CFU). Measurement of CSA-138 elution showed that concentrations of the ceragenin never exceeded 5 μg/mL in a 24-hour period and that after 4 days of elution, concentrations dropped to <0.5 μg/mL, while maintaining antibacterial activity. CONCLUSIONS Ceragenin CSA-138 appears well suited for providing an innate immune-like function to abiotic hydrogel contact lenses for extended periods of time. Elution of even low concentrations of CSA-138 (<0.5 μg) is sufficient to eliminate inocula of 10⁶ CFU of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa.
Whipple's Disease

A 50 year old man lost 50 lb, passed bulky stools, and complained of joint pain. He was pigmented and had large nodes. PAS dye stained granules in mesenteric and axillary nodes and macrophages in the jejunal mucosa. Antibiotic treatment resulted in remission of symptoms.
335 EYA1 MUTATIONS AND BRANCHIO-OTORENAL SYNDROME.

Branchio-otorenal (BOR) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance and variable expression characterized by branchial, otic, and renal anomalies. Mutations in the EYA1 gene have been associated with BOR syndrome. In order to demonstrate the utility and limitations of EYA1 testing, clinical features and test results in our BOR syndrome patients were reviewed. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 8 patients identified with BOR syndrome based on diagnostic criteria described by Chang and Smith et al (2004) and in whom EYA1 testing was completed. The clinical features of EYA1 mutation-positive and EYA1 mutation-negative patients were then compared. EYA1 mutations, S251X and W541X, were identified in 2 of the 8 patients. Features present in both EYA1 mutation-positive patients were hearing loss, external ear anomalies (ie, microtia and simple or cupped ears), and branchial anomalies. These findings were less common in the EYA1 mutation-negative patients: hearing loss 83% (5/6), external ear anomalies 67% (4/6), and branchial anomalies 50% (3/6). Preauricular pits, renal anomalies, inner or middle ear malformations, asymmetric crying facies, and a family history suggestive of BOR syndrome were present in at least one of the EYA1 mutation-positive patients. In the EYA1 mutation-negative patients, 83% (5/6) had a family history suggestive of BOR syndrome, 67% (4/6) had preauricular pits, and 17% (1/6) had asymmetric crying facies. Imaging of the temporal bones and renal ultrasound were completed in 5 of the 6 EYA1 mutation-negative patients. Inner or middle ear malformations and renal anomalies were identified in 80% (4/5) and 60% (3/5), respectively. Preauricular tags were present in 50% (3/6) of the EYA1 mutation-negative patients and none of the patients with identified mutations. Although this is a small study, EYA1 mutations are more likely identified in patients with branchial anomalies. Other common features, including preauricular pits, renal anomalies, and various ear malformations, were not alone highly predictive. Asymmetric crying facies, which was present in 2 of the 8 patients, may also be a more commonly associated feature in BOR syndrome than previously described. This study illustrates the various major and minor phenotypic features reported in individuals with BOR syndrome and the continued challenge in identifying genetic changes responsible for this condition and other forms of syndromic hearing loss.
The Scaphoid Staple: A Systematic Review

Background: The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the indications, outcomes, and complications of scaphoid fixation with a staple. Methods: The literature was reviewed for all cases o...
Oligomers of Amyloid β Prevent Physiological Activation of the Cellular Prion Protein-Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Complex by Glutamate in Alzheimer Disease

The dysfunction and loss of synapses in Alzheimer disease are central to dementia symptoms. We have recently demonstrated that pathological Amyloid β oligomer (Aβo) regulates the association between intracellular protein mediators and the synaptic receptor complex composed of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5). Here we sought to determine whether Aβo alters the physiological signaling of the PrP(C)-mGluR5 complex upon glutamate activation. We provide evidence that acute exposure to Aβo as well as chronic expression of familial Alzheimer disease mutant transgenes in model mice prevents protein-protein interaction changes of the complex induced by the glutamate analog 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine. We further show that 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine triggers the phosphorylation and activation of protein-tyrosine kinase 2-β (PTK2B, also referred to as Pyk2) and of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in wild-type brain slices but not in Alzheimer disease transgenic brain slices or wild-type slices incubated with Aβo. This study further distinguishes two separate Aβo-dependent signaling cascades, one dependent on extracellular Ca(2+) and Fyn kinase activation and the other dependent on the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Thus, Aβo triggers multiple distinct PrP(C)-mGluR5-dependent events implicated in neurodegeneration and dementia. We propose that targeting the PrP(C)-mGluR5 complex will reverse aberrant Aβo-triggered states of the complex to allow physiological fluctuations of glutamate signaling.
Femtosecond Infrared Studies of Photosynthetic Reaction Centers: New Charge Transfer Bands and Ultrafast Energy Redistribution

New low-energy, charge transfer-like excited states of the special pair in the photosynthetic reaction center are identified.
Immigrant assimilation and male labor market inequality

At the height of the US civil rights movement in the mid-1960s, foreign-born persons were less than 1 % of the African-American population (Kent, Popul Bull, 62:4, 2007). Today, 16 % of America’s African diaspora workforce consists of first- or second-generation immigrants and 4 % is Hispanic. Intergenerational improvement is an important source of wage convergence of black immigrants. Unskilled immigrants who arrive in the USA as children and adolescents experience substantial wage assimilation, especially Caribbean-English and African-English immigrants. But both unskilled immigrants arriving as adults and all skilled immigrants fail to catch up to the wage status of either native-born whites or native-born African-Americans. After living in the USA for 9–15 years, first-generation black immigrants will have wage penalties at least as large as native-born African-Americans. The immigration process selects black immigrants who have or who would have achieved middle income or higher status in their country of origin. As such, black immigrants tend to have above average observable characteristics. Nevertheless, black immigrants do not obtain wage assimilation equal to native-born non-Hispanic white male workers. JEL Classification: J15, J31, J61, J62, J7
A Search for Mass Loss on the Cepheid Instability Strip using HI 21-cm Line Observations

We present the results of a search for HI 21-cm line emission from the circumstellar environments of four Galactic Cepheids (RS Pup, X Cyg, $\zeta$ Gem, and T Mon) based on observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The observations were aimed at detecting gas associated with previous or ongoing mass loss. Near the long-period Cepheid T Mon, we report the detection of a partial shell-like structure whose properties appear consistent with originating from an earlier epoch of Cepheid mass loss. At the distance of T Mon, the nebula would have a mass (HI+He) of $\sim0.5M_{\odot}$, or $\sim$6\% of the stellar mass. Assuming that one-third of the nebular mass comprises swept-up interstellar gas, we estimate an implied mass-loss rate of ${\dot M}\sim (0.6-2)\times10^{-5} M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$. No clear signatures of circumstellar emission were found toward $\zeta$ Gem, RS Pup, or X Cyg, although in each case, line-of-sight confusion compromised portions of the spectral band. For the undetected stars, we derive model-dependent $3\sigma$ upper limits on the mass-loss rates, averaged over their lifetimes on the instability strip, of $<(0.3-6)\times10^{-6} M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$ and estimate the total amount of mass lost to be less than a few per cent of the stellar mass.
Optical Manipulation of Cells

Single-cell analysis can reveal cell behaviors that are unobservable by traditional bulk measurements. The analysis of single cells is made possible by technology that enables the addressing and manipulation of microscale objects. Optical manipulators are capable of micro- and nano-manipulation and are attractive for single-cell procedures, due to their inherent flexibility and adaptability. This chapter reviews major types of optical manipulation techniques. Optical gradient and scattering forces, used in optical tweezers, holographic optical tweezers, and other optical traps, are introduced first. Next, optically controlled electrokinetic forces are discussed, with a focus on optically induced dielectrophoresis. Optically induced thermal effects are also introduced, including thermophoresis and thermocapillary force. Specific examples of applications of these techniques for procedures related to single-cell analysis are also covered, including cell culturing, cell sorting, cell surgery, and measurements of single cells.
A 50-MeV mm-wave electron linear accelerator system for production of tunable short wavelength synchrotron radiation

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne in collaboration with the University of Illinois at Chicago and the University of Wisconsin at Madison is developing a new millimeter wavelength, 50-MeV electron linear accelerator system for production of coherent tunable wavelength synchroton radiation. Modern micromachining techniques based on deep etch x-ray lithography, LIGA (Lithografie, Galvanoforming, Abformung), capable of producing high-aspect ratio structures are being considered for the fabrication of the accelerating components. >
Enabling Software-Defined Network Security for Next-Generation Networks

The state of network security today is quite abysmal. Security breaches and downtime of critical infrastructures continue to be the norm rather than the exception, despite the dramatic rise in spending on network security. Attackers today can easily leverage a distributed and programmable infrastructure of compromised machines (or botnets) to launch large-scale and sophisticated attack campaigns. In contrast, the defenders of our critical infrastructures are fundamentally crippled as they rely on fixed capacity, inflexible, and expensive hardware appliances deployed at designated "chokepoints". These primitive defense capabilities force defenders into adopting weak and static security postures configured for simple and known attacks, or otherwise risk user revolt, as they face unpleasant tradeoffs between false positives and false negatives. Unfortunately, attacks can easily evade these defenses; e.g., piggybacking on popular services (e.g., drive-by-downloads) and by overloading the appliances. Continuing along this trajectory means that attackers will always hold the upper hand as defenders are stifled by the inflexible and impotent tools in their arsenal. An overarching goal of my work is to change the dynamics of this attack-defense equation. Instead of taking a conventional approach of developing attack-specific defenses, I argue that we can leverage recent trends in software-defined networking and network functions virtualization to better empower defenders with the right tools and abstractions to tackle the constantly evolving attack landscape. To this end, I envision a new software-defined approach to network security, where we can rapidly develop and deploy novel in-depth defenses and dynamically customize the network's security posture to the current operating context. In this talk, I will give an overview of our recent work on the basic building blocks to enable this vision as well as some early security capabilities we have developed. Using anecdotes from this specific exercise, I will also try to highlight lessons and experiences in the overall research process (e.g., how to pick and formulate problems, the role of serendipity, and the benefits of finding ``bridges'' to other subdomains).
Fungal Dimorphism and Virulence: Molecular Mechanisms for Temperature Adaptation, Immune Evasion, and In Vivo Survival.

The thermally dimorphic fungi are a unique group of fungi within the Ascomycota phylum that respond to shifts in temperature by converting between hyphae (22–25°C) and yeast (37°C). This morphologic switch, known as the phase transition, defines the biology and lifestyle of these fungi. The conversion to yeast within healthy and immunocompromised mammalian hosts is essential for virulence. In the yeast phase, the thermally dimorphic fungi upregulate genes involved with subverting host immune defenses. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms governing the phase transition and recent advances in how the phase transition promotes infection.
Abstract 036: LDL-Cholesterol Lowering Among Young Adults Who Experience a First Myocardial Infarction

Background: Current data suggest patients who have a myocardial infarction (MI) benefit from aggressive LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering. Consequently, initiation of lipid lowering therapy is a cla...
Unsupervised Feature Selection Using RST

Supervised feature selection evaluates the features that provide maximum information based on classification accuracy. This requires labelled data; however, in real world not all the data is properly labelled, so we may come across the situation where little or no class information is provided. For such type of data, we need unsupervised feature selection information that could find feature subsets without given any class labels. In this section, we will discuss some of the unsupervised feature subset algorithms based on rough set theory.
Numerical Modeling of Heat Production for a Snow-Melting System Using Geothermal Energy in North Dakota

This paper is focused on heat production modeling for a proposed snow-melting system using shallow geothermal energy in North Dakota. The paper presents computations for the heat that is required for a pavement snow-melting system based on averaged climatic and precipitation data and using Chapman and Katunich’s equation. Based on seasonal heat requirements, finite element analysis using COMSOL was performed to simulate the heat extraction process whereby heat is transferred between the soil and the heat collection pipes in a constant subsurface temperature zone. In addition to the thermal properties of the soil, both the fluid in the pipes and the characteristics of the pipes themselves are shown to be significant factors for the heat extraction process. The results of the numerical analysis also indicate that a high level of thermal conductivity of the soil is desirable for a successful heat collection system. Compared to costly studies that involve full-scale prototypes, simulations via numerical modeling can provide cost-effective insights into the important components of a successful snow-melting system.
Loneliness, Marital Adjustment and Burnout in Pastoral and Lay Persons:

The present study assessed the quality of life for pastors and pastors’ wives by comparing the quality of life they reported with that reported by non-pastoral males and females within the same den...
On-Farm Cover Crop Demonstration Trials

Cover crops can benefit farmers by aiding in soil erosion control, increasing organic matter in the soil, and reducing nitrate losses into surface waters. Cover crops also have been promoted to alleviate soil compaction and improve soil drainage. Cover crops are an important practice in meeting Iowa’s nutrient reduction strategy goals. However, some research has indicated that planting corn following a rye cover crop can result in corn grain yield reduction, especially if the cover crop is not killed at least two weeks prior to planting the corn. The objective of these trials was to evaluate whether a cover crop would affect corn and soybean yield.
Abstract P231: Electrocardiographic Versus Echocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Events in the General Population

Introduction: It is uncertain whether left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) detected by the electrocardiogram (ECG) is able to be used as an alternative to LVH detected by imaging in population studies. Aim: We compared the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with LVH as measured by Minnesota ECG classification (ECG-LVH), the most common ECG classification in population studies, with LVH detected by echocardiography, the most common tool to estimate left ventricular mass in clinical practice. Methods: This analysis included 4,076 participants (41% male, 86% white), aged 65 years or older from the Cardiovascular Health Study who were free of CVD at the time of enrollment. ECG-LVH was defined by the Minnesota ECG Classification criteria from baseline ECG data that were read centrally. Echocardiographic LVH (echo-LVH) was defined as left ventricular mass >95th percentile using sex-specific cut-points. Results: ECG-LVH was detected in 144 (3.5%) participants and echo-LVH in 199 (4.9%) participants. Over a mean follow-up of 10.6 years, a total of 2,274 CVD events occurred. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, race, education, income, body mass index, HDL-cholesterol, total-cholesterol, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, aspirin and blood pressure lowering drugs, the risk of CVD events associated with ECG-LVH (HR=1.84, 95% CI=1.51, 2.24) was higher than that associated with echo-LVH (HR=1.35, 95% CI 1.12, 1.62). The association between ECG-LVH and CVD events was not substantively altered with further adjustment for echo-LVH (HR=1.81, 95% CI=1.49, 2.21). Conclusion: The association of ECG-LVH with CVD events is not dependent on echo-LVH and provides additional support to the concept that ECG-LVH is an electrophysiologic marker with predictive properties independent of left ventricular anatomy.
Twentieth Century Tort Theory

This article analyzes twentieth-century tort scholarship in terms of a five-sided debate between compensation-deterrence theory, enterprise liability theory, economic deterrence theory, social justice theory, and individual justice theory. It surveys, parses, and analyzes the central interpretive and prescriptive claims made by each of these theories, exploring and exposing to criticism their underlying assumptions and commitments. The article concludes with a plea for greater theoretical self-consciousness among tort scholars, and for a shift in focus away from the strict-liability v. negligence debate.
Cosmic Democracy or Cosmic Monarchy? Empedocles in Plato’s Statesman

Plato’s references to Empedocles in the myth of the Statesman perform a crucial role in the overarching political argument of the dialogue. Empedocles conceives of the cosmos as structured like a democracy, where the constituent powers ‘rule in turn’, sharing the offices of rulership equally via a cyclical exchange of power. In a complex act of philosophical appropriation, Plato takes up Empedocles’ cosmic cycles of rule in order to ‘correct’ them: instead of a democracy in which rule is shared cyclically amongst equal constituents, Plato’s cosmos undergoes cycles of the presence and absence of a single cosmic monarch who possesses ‘kingly epistēmē ’. By means of a revision of Empedocles’ democratic cosmology, Plato’s richly woven myth is designed precisely to reject the appropriateness of democracy as a form of human political association and legitimate monarchy in its stead.
Evaluating and Exploring Variations in Surgical Resident Emotional Intelligence and Burnout.

Objective Surgery resident burnout rates are on the rise, ranging from 50% to 69%. Burnout is associated with increased risk of error and poorer patient satisfaction. Emotional intelligence (EI) is defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically. We seek to evaluate the correlation between EI and burnout temporally as a potential target for education. This may allow us to utilize objective measures to reduce burnout among our residents. Design A prospective study of general surgery residents at a single institution was performed via self-reporting assessments on personal demographics, the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and the Scale of Emotional Functioning: Health Service Provider at 3 separate time-points. Setting A medium sized academic medical center in Tennessee approved to graduate 6 chief residents per year. Participants All general surgery residents PGY1 to PGY5 including preliminary residents were given the assessment tools and the option of participating. Research residents were excluded. Results A total of 86 assessments were completed, including 15 residents who completed all 3 assessments. Changes in the personal achievement (PA) portion of the MBI had the strongest correlation with temporal changes in EI with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.606 and 0.616 (p 0.017 and 0.015, respectively). Of the 3 subscales of the MBI, residents had moderate or severe emotional exhaustion for 62% of responses, 73% for depersonalization, and 37% for PA. All categories examined (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, PA, and EI) saw improvement in scores across 3 administrations. Conclusions Improvements in burnout and EI scores were seen across 3 administrations of surveys without any intervention. In the future, assessing PA may have the highest potential to evaluate burnout indirectly. Designing a curriculum for EI may assist with preventing burnout.
Priority-Based Energy Management Optimization in Smart Community

This paper proposes a priority-based approach for the energy management optimization in Smart Community (SC). The approach considers the usage priority of both the distributed energy resources (DERs) and the demand response loads. Algorithms for load management and for the distribution of DERs are proposed based on a proposed priority matrix. In addition, the priority matrix also simplifies the multiple constraints optimization in SC. The optimization problem is solved by using genetic algorithm based approach. The simulation results validate the proposed approach under different load curtailment conditions.
Tobacco Smoking, Eating Behaviors, and Body Weight: A Review.

This narrative review provides an overview of the relationships among tobacco smoking, eating behaviors, and body weight. The aims are to (1) examine the concurrent and longitudinal associations between tobacco smoking and body weight, (2) describe potential mechanisms underlying the relationships between smoking and body weight, with a focus on mechanisms related to eating behaviors and appetite, and (3) discuss management of concomitant tobacco smoking and obesity. Adolescents who smoke tobacco tend to have body mass indexes (BMI) the same as or higher than nonsmokers. However, adult tobacco smokers tend to have lower BMIs and unhealthier diets relative to nonsmokers. Smoking cessation is associated with a mean body weight gain of 4.67 kg after 12 months of abstinence, though there is substantial variability. An emerging literature suggests that metabolic factors known to regulate food intake (e.g., ghrelin, leptin) may also play an important role in smoking-related behaviors. While the neural mechanisms underlying tobacco smoking-induced weight gain remain unclear, brain imaging studies indicate that smoking and eating cues overlap in several brain regions associated with learning, memory, motivation, and reward. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments have shown short-term effects in limiting post-cessation weight gain; however, their longer-term efficacy is limited. Further studies are needed to identify the exact mechanisms underlying smoking, eating behaviors, and body weight. Moreover, effective treatment options are needed to prevent long-term weight gain during smoking abstinence.
Current Status of Renal Transplantation

Recently, clinical investigators have reported encouraging results with the use of renal homografts in the treatment of terminal renal insufficiency (1–4). Improvement in surgical technique and the availability of new immunosuppressive drugs have been largely responsible for this success.
Palindromes and pseudo-involution multiplication

Abstract A Riordan array ( g , f ) is called a pseudo-involution if ( g , f ) M (or equivalently, M ( g , f ) ), where M = ( 1 , − z ) , is an involution. This paper presents a palindromic property of pseudo-involutions, which seems both novel and useful. If A and B are both pseudo-involutions, then so is the triple product ABA. With this it follows that if A , B , C , … are pseudo-involutions so is any palindromic word using these symbols.
Political ecology and decolonial research: co-production with the Iñupiat in Utqiaġvik

Environmental social science research designs have shifted over the past several decades to include an increased commitment to multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary team-based work that have had dual but complementary foci. These address power and equity in the substantive aspects of research, and also to adopt more engaged forms of practice, including decolonial approaches. The fields of political ecology, human geography, and environmental anthropology have been especially open to converge with indigenous scholarship, particularly decolonial and settler colonial theories and research designs, within dominant human-environmental social science paradigms. Scholars at the forefront of this dialogue highlight the ontological (ways of knowing), epistemological (how we know), and institutional (institutions of higher education) transformations that need to occur in order for this to take place. In this article we contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we highlight the synergies between political ecology and decolonial scholarship, particularly focusing on the power dynamics in research programs and historical legacies of human-environmental relationships, including those of researchers. Second, we explore how decolonial research pushes political ecologists and other environmental social scientists to not only consider adopting international and local standards of working with, by and for Indigenous Peoples within research programs but how this work ultimately extends to research and education within their home institutions and organizations. Through integrating decolonized research practices in the environmental social sciences, we argue that synthesizing multiple knowledge practices and transforming institutional structures will enhance team-based environmental social science work to improve collaboration with Indigenous scientists, subsistence practitioners, agency representatives, and sovereign members of Indigenous communities. Keywords: Alaska; collaboration; co-production; decolonial; Indigenous Knowledges; Inupiaq Peoples
K/sub L/$sup 0$p $Yields$ pK/sub S/$sup 0$ BACKWARD SCATTERING FROM 1.0 TO 7.5 GeV/c.

Backward scattering in the reaction ${{K}_{L}}^{0}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{{K}_{S}}^{0}$ is studied in the momentum interval 1.0 to 7.5 GeV/c. Comparison of ${{K}_{L}}^{0}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{{K}_{S}}^{0}$ and ${K}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{+}$ backward scattering, where respectively $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ exchange and $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ plus $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ exchange can contribute in the $u$ channel, reveals that ${\left(\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}\right)}_{180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}({{K}_{L}}^{0}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{{K}_{S}}^{0}{\left(\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}\right)}_{180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}}({K}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{+})$ above the resonance region. This result provides direct evidence for the dominance of the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ contribution over the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ contribution in the ${K}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p{K}^{+}$ production amplitude.
P109 The Blue Zone Project: A Multi-sector Community Well-Being Initiative

Objective Klamath Falls was selected as Oregon's first Blue Zones Project (BZP) demonstration community with the goal of improving health/well-being by influencing people, places, and policies. Use of Theory or Research According to author Dan Buettner, “blue zones” are geographically-defined areas where people live longer, high-quality lives. Buettner identified common attributes in these regions–moving naturally, having the right outlook, eating wisely, and maintaining social connections. The BZP was designed from this research. Klamath Falls was selected because of poor health indicators coupled with a readiness to undertake a large-scale initiative. Target Audience The target audience was all residents in the rural community of Klamath Falls, approximately 20,000 people. Program Description The BZP was administered by community teams consisting of a steering committee and sector committee chairs that developed goals, objectives, and action plans to achieve benchmarks. Teams collaborated with sectors (schools, worksites, restaurants, grocery stores, media, and faith-based groups) to earn BZP certification by implementing best-practice strategies for healthier choices. Evaluation Methods BZP teams measured progress towards the goal of achieving community-wide Blue Zones certification in 3 years by collecting data on benchmarks including number of certified sectors, number of policies adopted, improvement in well-being, and other measures of community health and vitality. Results After 3 years, the BZP had measurable impacts that include 20 polices addressing the built environment, food system, or tobacco; an online farmers’ market that accepts food benefits; reopening of a shuttered grocery store by county government; and decrease in tobacco use. Klamath Falls did not receive Blue Zones’ community certification due to insufficient improvement in well-being. However, Klamath County won the Robert Wood Johnson Culture of Health Prize, in part, because of BZP outcomes and the level of community collaboration. Conclusions The BZP is 1 example of a community-wide initiative that can positively influence people, places and policies. Strong collaboration across multiple sectors is needed to improve the health and well-being of a community.
Evaluation for Disparities in Experience With Internet-Based Health Care Among US Patients With Chronic Eye Diseases

This cross-sectional study assesses the proportion of US adults with self-reported eye disease who have experience using the internet for health care and evaluates differences in their experience.
Study of the superconductivity of the intermetallic compounds U/sub 6/Mn, U/sub 6/Fe, U/sub 6/Co, and U/sub 6/Ni and alloys formed between them

Alloys were prepared between the superconducting compounds ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}X$, where $X=\mathrm{M}\mathrm{n},\mathrm{ }\mathrm{F}\mathrm{e},\mathrm{ }\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}\mathrm{d}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{i}$, to provide a continuous variation in the average electron concentration per atom of the $X$ component of the compounds. Alloys between the $X$ elements themselves are ferromagnetic, and a correlation is found between the superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of the pseudobinary ${\mathrm{U}}_{6}({X}_{i}, {X}_{j})$ and the ferromagnetic saturation magnetization per atom ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{M}$ of the pure-element alloy (${X}_{i}, {X}_{j}$). ${T}_{c}$ for the compound U$_{6}\mathrm{Ni}$ is reported as (0.41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Co-Optimization of an Electric Motor-Drivetrain System for Concentrated Solar Power Heliostats

This paper presents a design method to simultaneously optimize the electric motor and drivetrain system for driving heliostats in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. To start with, the torque capabilities of the system is specified by identifying the moment of inertia and the maximum wind load of a benchmark heliostat, as well as properly defining the extreme motion profile. Secondly, the optimal gear ratio of the drivetrain system can be determined based on inertia matching theory, which can be used to select an off-the-shelf drivetrain with a gear ratio close to the optimal value. Simultaneously, the maximum torque requirement of the induction motor and its axial length can be optimized by using Maxwell’s stress tensor. Finally, results from finite element analysis (FEA) for the induction motor are provided to verify the concepts developed in this paper.
GNSS Geodesy in Geophysics, Natural Hazards, Climate, and the Environment

Due in large part to the advent of GPS, geodesy has become an important discipline within the Earth sciences. It is practiced and taught at a growing number of universities and research institutions worldwide, and provides the underpinnings for geographical information and locational awareness in modern life and commerce. The main advantage of GPS geodesy is the ability to directly measure very precise static, kinematic‚ and dynamic positions and displacements with respect to a global reference frame. GPS geodesy attracted the attention of geophysicists in the early 1980s when the potential for significant advances in the understanding of tectonic motion, crustal deformation‚ and geodynamics became apparent. Since then – something that was certainly not anticipated by the pioneers of the GPS in the 1970s – it has been applied to investigations of natural and anthropogenic processes and hazards, including earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, the cryosphere, extreme weather, sea level rise, climate change‚ and hydrology. Contributing to its success have been advances in technology and the development of a global GPS infrastructure consisting of thousands of continuous stations spanning nearly all of the tectonic plate boundaries and hundreds of global stations to provide precise orbits and access to a global reference frame. GPS as a measuring tool is complementary to other terrestrial, ocean, atmospheric‚ and spaceborne instrumentation including seismometers, synthetic aperture radars, GPS/acoustic methods, gravimeters, radiometers, and UAV and LiDAR imaging. This chapter provides a historical perspective of GPS geodesy through to its current practice.
Vocatives as parenthetical adjuncts: Evidence from Arabic

Vocatives are noun phrases that are generally used as calls to attract an addressee’s attention or as addresses to maintain contact with her/him. In her 2014 book, Virginia Hill analyzes vocatives as forms of address; they are converted to syntax as nominal functional projections in the form of vocative phrases. Drawing on work by Speas and Tenny (2003) and Moro (2003), she further posits that vocatives merge as arguments of a speech act phrase in the left periphery. This merging site, Hill 2014 and others (e.g., Slocum 2016) argue, is fixed. This is so despite the fact that vocatives may appear in different positions in their host clause. Under this account, pre-vocative elements appear in that location as a result of movement. This paper presents counterevidence to this argument from Arabic. Using naturally occurring data, mainly from Twitter, the paper shows that Arabic vocatives do not merge in a fixed position in the left periphery. Rather, they are parenthetical adjuncts whose relationship with their host clause is minimally constrained. If correct, the analysis serves as an invitation for a closer and more data-driven look at vocatives in other languages, including those in which vocatives have already been explored.
Advances in two-photon projection microscopy for high-speed brain imaging

High-frame-rate two-photon imaging is becoming increasingly important in neuroscience for recording fast voltage and neurotransmitter signals from many sources at a time. I will summarize developments in this field and my lab’s recent efforts to build a DMD-based random-access two-photon microscope capable of recording thousands of sources at kilohertz framerates, without the need for computational image reconstruction.
Heat Engine, Carnot Efficiency, and Sample Problem

The material presented in this lecture is adapted from Chapter 4 of T&M. First, we will continue our discussion of the heat engine introduced in Lecture 7, including deriving an expression for the efficiency of a heat engine. We will then show that the efficiency of a heat engine can never be 100% and will discuss what determines the upper limit. Second, we will introduce an ideal heat engine which operates fully reversibly, known as the Carnot engine. We will show that even for the Carnot engine, the efficiency is less than 100%. Third, we will discuss the theorem of Carnot and the Corollary to this theorem. Fourth, we will solve Sample Problem 8–1 to analyze the Carnot cycle for an ideal gas, including using this cycle to calculate the efficiency of a Carnot engine. Finally, we will present the Theorem of Clausius.