cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antagonism of Metabotropic Glutamate 1 Receptors Attenuates Behavioral Effects of Cocaine and Methamphetamine in Squirrel Monkeys

Within the group I family of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), substantial evidence points to a role for mGluR5 mechanisms in cocaine's abuse-related behavioral effects, but less is understood about the contribution of mGluR1, which also belongs to the group I mGluR family. The selective mGluR1 antagonist JNJ16259685 [(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano-[2,3-b]quinolin-7-yl)-(cis-4-methoxycyclohexyl)-methanone] was used to investigate the role of mGluR1 in the behavioral effects of cocaine and methamphetamine. In drug discrimination experiments, squirrel monkeys were trained to discriminate cocaine from saline by using a two-lever, food-reinforced operant procedure. JNJ16259685 (0.56 mg/kg) pretreatments significantly attenuated cocaine's discriminative stimulus effects and the cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine. In monkeys trained to self-administer cocaine or methamphetamine under a second-order schedule of intravenous drug injection, JNJ16259685 (0.56 mg/kg) significantly reduced drug-reinforced responding, resulting in a downward displacement of dose-response functions. In reinstatement studies, intravenous priming with cocaine accompanied by restoration of a cocaine-paired stimulus reinstated extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior, which was significantly attenuated by JNJ16259685 (0.56 mg/kg). Finally, in experiments involving food rather than drug self-administration, cocaine and methamphetamine increased the rate of responding, and the rate-increasing effects of both psychostimulants were significantly attenuated by JNJ16259685 (0.3 mg/kg). At the doses tested, JNJ16259685 did not significantly suppress food-reinforced behavior (drug discrimination or fixed-interval schedule of food delivery), but did significantly reduce species-typical locomotor activity in observational studies. To the extent that the psychostimulant-antagonist effects of JNJ16259685 are independent of motor function suppression, further research is warranted to investigate other mGluR1 antagonists for potential therapeutic value in psychostimulant abuse.
Cardiac and opercular responses in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) exposed to high levels of phosphate

Abstract Channel catfish were exposed to elevated levels of phosphate in three different experimental regimes with cardiac and opercular rates being monitored by the use of unimplanted electrodes. Fish exposed to 20 mg/l phosphate, in 2 mg/l increasing increments, had peak mean cardio‐opercular rates at 12 mg/l. The elevated cardiac rates were significant at both the 10 and 12 mg/l concentrations. Fish exposed to 160 mg/l phosphate, in 20 mg/l increasing increments, had peak mean cardio‐opercular rates at 20 mg/l. The fish exposed to 20 mg/l phosphate in 5 mg/l increments, maintained at 20 mg/l for a two week period and then returned to zero in 5 mg/l increments had cardio‐opercular rates similar to those of the two acute studies. During the 2 week continuous exposure to the 20 mg/l phosphate the mean cardiac rate increased 8% and the opercular rate decreased 13%. At the termination of this experiment both the cardiac and opercular rates returned to their pre‐experiment levels. Previous work by Cairns and...
Quantum theory of coherent transverse optical magnetism: erratum 2

Ground state sublevels are assigned distinct labels to correct angular momentum matrix element notation.
Large-volume atmosphere-controlled high-temperature x-ray diffraction furnace

A new fully automated powder diffraction furnace that operates from 20 to 1600°C under controlled atmosphere or vacuum is reported. The diffraction furnace provides a large heated volume and stable sample positioning, thus minimizing systematic errors in the powder diffraction patterns and temperature control. The thermal expansion of alumina over the temperature range of 20–1420°C was used to evaluate the temperature and sample positioning errors. Analysis of 16 datasets collected over the course of 7 months, including some full-pattern Pawley refinements and Rietveld analysis, demonstrates that the thermal expansion of Al2O3 can be determined with good accuracy up to at least 1420°C. The specimen displacement was determined as a function of temperature using full-pattern fitting and remains well under 100 µm across the 20–1420°C temperature range. Heating rates of up to 1200°C min−1 can be achieved without overshoot. Cooling rates of 600°C min−1 are possible at temperatures above 1300°C, while cooling rates of approximately 60°C min−1 are possible down to ~700°C. Atmosphere control is possible, and oxygen partial pressures of less than 10−5 atm can be obtained routinely under a blanket gas.
Efficiency improvements for pricing American options with a stochastic mesh

Develops and studies general-purpose techniques for improving the efficiency of the stochastic mesh method that has been developed for pricing American options via Monte Carlo simulation. First, we develop a mesh-based, biased-low estimator. By recursively averaging the low and high estimators at each stage, we obtain a significantly more accurate point estimator at each of the mesh points. Second, we adapt the importance sampling ideas of Glasserman, Heidelberger and Shahabuddin (1998), for the simulation of European path-dependent options, to the pricing of American options with a stochastic mesh. Third, we sketch generalizations of the mesh method and we discuss links with other techniques for valuing American options. Our empirical results show that bias-reduced point estimates are much more accurate than the standard mesh-method point estimates. Importance sampling is found to increase the accuracy for smooth option-payoff functions, while variance increases are possible for non-smooth payoffs.
Detection of injected, dynamically generated, and obfuscated malicious code

This paper presents DOME, a host-based technique for detecting several general classes of malicious code in software executables. DOME uses static analysis to identify the locations (virtual addresses) of system calls within the software executables, and then monitors the executables at runtime to verify that every observed system call is made from a location identified using static analysis. The power of this technique is that it is simple, practical, applicable to real-world software, and highly effective against injected, dynamically generated, and obfuscated malicious code.
Pre-referral practices: Under office of civil rights scrutiny

Generally, pre-referral interventions have been emphasized as a means of keeping students in the regular classroom unless such attempts fail and formal evaluation is warranted for a possible special education placement. The Office of Civil Rights, examining a number of pre-referral practices, has identified violations of guaranteed rights and has called for substantial changes. Recommendations are provided on how to preserve pre-referral practices and yet operate within legal mandates.
Identification of a synthetic nonapeptide sequence that inhibits motility in culture of a melanoma subclone that possesses a high metastatic potential.

Abstract A synthetic nonapeptide fragment of thrombin inhibits the cellular motility in culture of a human melanoma subclone that possesses a high metastatic potential in mice. Concomitant with the loss of ability to translocate in culture, these cells exhibit increases in the average length of actin cables and cellular surface area in contact with the substratum. The spreading activity is observed at a nonapeptide concentration of 1 nM within 1 hr of exposure at 37 degrees C. Pretreatment of cells with this nonapeptide does not block signal transduction through plasma membrane receptors for the following growth or differentiation factors: alpha-melanotropin (alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), nerve growth factor, and transforming growth factor type beta. Results of the present study suggest an approach to cancer chemotherapy in which naturally occurring peptides from two functionally orthogonal classes may be used to perform two complementary functions: inhibition of metastasis and induction of differentiation.
Glyoxalase I “null” allele in a new family: Identification by abnormal segregation pattern and quantitative assay

A GLO-I “null” allele in a family was indicated by an abnormal segregation pattern and by half normal red cell enzyme activity in carriers. This is the third reported instance of this uncommon allele, and the first with confirmation by quantitation of enzyme activity.
Chronic Ro 15-1788 treatment increases REM sleep in rats.

Abstract Administration of Ro 15–1788, a benzodiazepine antagonist (3.6 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 14 days), increased total sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in rats. Standard six-hour EEG recording periods were obtained on day 0, 1, 3, 7, 10, 14, as well as 24 and 72 hours following withdrawal. Enhanced REM sleep reached significance on day 7 of continuous drug treatment and remained significantly increased on day 10 and 14, as well as at 24 and 72 hours following drug withdrawal. The present data show that chronic administration of Ro 15-1788 increases total sleep time due to increases in REM sleep. The actions of Ro 15-1788 presumably occur through either adenosinergic or cholinergic mechanisms.
40-Gb/s optical 3R regeneration using a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator-based optical clock recovery

We demonstrate a novel 40-Gb/s optical 3R regenerator that utilizes a traveling-wave electroabsorption modulator-based optical clock recovery. A regenerative fiber XPM wavelength converter is used to implement re-shaping function. 3R regeneration is demonstrated with a reduced timing jitter.
The Kumaraswamy-geometric distribution

In this paper, the Kumaraswamy-geometric distribution, which is a member of the T-geometric family of discrete distributions is defined and studied. Some properties of the distribution such as moments, probability generating function, hazard and quantile functions are studied. The method of maximum likelihood estimation is proposed for estimating the model parameters. Two real data sets are used to illustrate the applications of the Kumaraswamy-geometric distribution.
Exercise for methamphetamine dependence: Rationale, design, and methodology

Background Effective pharmacotherapies to treat methamphetamine (MA) dependence have not been identified, and behavioral therapies are marginally effective. Based on behavioral studies demonstrating the potential efficacy of aerobic exercise for improving depressive symptoms, anxiety, cognitive deficits, and substance use outcomes, the study described here is examining exercise as a potential treatment for MA-dependent individuals.
Periprosthetic Femur Fractures: Current Concepts and Management

Periprosthetic femur fractures are complex problems. Its incidence is reported to be increasing with the increasing number of total hip replacements. Treatment recommendations are based upon the fracture location and implant fixation stability. Despite improvements in fixation and surgical techniques, clinical outcome remains suboptimal. This review focuses on the discussion of periprosthetic femur fractures around a total hip replacement.
Adsorption of collector colloids in the flotation of alkali halide particles

Abstract On the basis of nonequilibrium electrophoretic mobility measurements by laser-Doppler electrophoresis, the sign of the surface charge of alkali halides in their saturated brines has been established. The results are generally as expected from simplified lattice ion hydration theory. This recent electrokinetic information coupled with the stability and prevalence of collector colloids in such soluble-salt flotation systems suggests that the selective flotation of alkali halides is due to the adsorption of oppositely charged collector colloids by heterocoagulation. Experimental flotation results confirm this surface charge/collector colloid adsorption model and are presented herein.
Structure and expression of the insulin-like peptide receptor from amphioxus.

Insulin and the insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-II are found in all vertebrates, and these anabolic peptides share primary and tertiary structural features which suggest that they have evolved from a common ancestral gene. We have proposed that an insulin-like peptide (ILP) cDNA recently cloned from the protochodate amphioxus may represent the ancestral gene in that the deduced sequence of ILP contains features of both insulin and IGF, and it evidently represents a hybrid insulin/IGF molecule. To expand this hypothesis we have cloned the cDNA that encodes the cognate receptor from amphioxus. Primary sequence comparisons show that the ILP receptor is a member of the insulin receptor family, which in mammals includes the insulin receptor (IR), type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR), and IR-related receptor (IRR). In overall amino acid sequence, the ILP receptor is 48.6% identical to the human (h)IR, 47.3% identical to hIGF-IR, and 43.7% identical to hIRR, and this contrasts with the finding that hIR and hIG...
Type-Based Productivity of Stream Definitions in the Calculus of Constructions

Productivity of core cursive definitions is an essential property in proof assistants since it ensures logical consistency and decidability of type checking. Type-based mechanisms for ensuring productivity use types annotated with size information to track the number of elements produced in core cursive definitions. In this paper, we propose an extension of the Calculus of Constructions-the theory underlying the Coq proof assistant-with a type-based criterion for ensuring productivity of stream definitions. We prove strong normalization and logical consistency. Furthermore, we define an algorithm for inferring size annotations in types. These results can be easily extended to handle general co inductive types.
Simulations of solar and lunar tidal variability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during sudden stratosphere warmings and their influence on the low-latitude ionosphere

[1] Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations are used to investigate solar and lunar tide changes in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) that occur in response to sudden stratosphere warmings (SSWs). The average tidal response is demonstrated based on 23 moderate to strong Northern Hemisphere SSWs. The migrating semidiurnal lunar tide is enhanced globally during SSWs, with the largest enhancements (∼60–70%) occurring at mid to high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Enhancements in the migrating solar semidiurnal tide (SW2) also occur up to an altitude of 120 km. Above this altitude, the SW2 decreases in response to SSWs. The SW2 enhancements are 40–50%, making them smaller in a relative sense than the enhancements in the migrating semidiurnal lunar tide. Changes in nonmigrating solar tides are, on average, generally small and the only nonmigrating tides that exhibit changes greater than 20% are the diurnal tide with zonal wave number 0 (D0) and the westward propagating semidiurnal tide with zonal wave number 1 (SW1). D0 is decreased by ∼20–30% at low latitudes, while SW1 exhibits a similar magnitude enhancement at mid to high latitudes in both hemispheres. The tidal changes are attributed to a combination of changes in the zonal mean zonal winds, changes in ozone forcing of the SW2, and nonlinear planetary wave-tide interactions. We further investigate the influence of the lunar tide enhancements on generating perturbations in the low latitude ionosphere during SSWs by using the WACCM-X thermosphere to drive an ionosphere-electrodynamics model. For both solar maximum and solar minimum simulations, the changes in the equatorial vertical plasma drift velocity are similar to observations when the lunar tide is included in the simulations. However, when the lunar tide is removed from the simulations, the low latitude ionosphere response to SSWs is unclear and the characteristic behavior of the low latitude ionosphere perturbations that is seen in observations is no longer apparent. Our results thus indicate the importance of variability in the lunar tide during SSWs, especially for the coupling between SSWs and perturbations in the low latitude ionosphere.
Spatial variations in optical and physiological properties of healthy breast tissue.

Near-infrared (NIR) diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) and diffuse optical imaging (DOI) show promise as noninvasive clinical techniques for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Since NIR methods are based on optical contrast between healthy and diseased tissue, it is essential to characterize the sources of endogenous con- trast in normal subjects. We report intra- and inter-subject variation and bilateral asymmetry of the optical and physiological parameters of 31 women using a seven-wavelength NIR frequency-domain pho- ton migration (FDPM) instrument. Wavelength-dependent absorption and reduced scattering parameters (m a and m s8 , respectively) were measured in four major quadrants and the areolar regions of left and right breasts. These values were used to determine tissue concentra- tions of oxy-(HbO2) and deoxy-(Hb-R) hemoglobin, lipid content, water concentration, and tissue ''scatter power.'' Mean total hemoglo- bin for premenopausal (PRE) women (20 to 30 mM) is approximately two-fold higher than for postmenopausal (POST) subjects at all posi- tions. POST women have approximately 50% higher lipid content (50 to 60%) than PRE at all positions. Water concentration on average is 1.8-fold higher for PRE subjects (30 to 40%) than POST. These differ- ences are most pronounced when comparing the areolar complex to the other regions of the breast. In premenopausal women, the areolar regions have 40 to 45% increased total hemoglobin concentration (THC), 20 to 25% lower lipid content, and 30 to 60% higher scatter power versus the quadrants. Small-scale (3 cm) changes in optical properties are negligible compared to large-scale variations over all quadrants, where the intrinsic spatial heterogeneity of healthy breast tissue is 20 to 40% for m a and 5 to 12% for m s8 . Although no con- sistent right-left differences are observed in the study population, rela- tive differences between symmetric positions ranged from 18 to 30% for THC, 10 to 40% for adipose, 10 to 25% for water, and 4 to 9% for scattering (674 nm) within an individual. © 2004 Society of Photo-Optical In-
Lymphovascular Invasion and Lobular Histology are Associated with Increased Incidence of Isolated Tumor Cells in Sentinel Lymph Nodes from Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients

Background Isolated tumor cells (ITC) are more likely to be identified when serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining are used to evaluate sentinel lymph nodes (SLN). Our goal was to identify clinicopathologic features associated with ITC in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND).
Infrared Automatic Acquisition and Tracking System

A technique for accumulating airborne visible and infrared spectroradiometric data from missile plumes and re-entry objects establishes the requirements for a precision tracking front surface mirror. The processing of target radiation, reflected by the tracking mirror into an infrared tracker telescope, to derive target coordinate information, is described. The derivation of transformed target error signals to command the motion of the hydraulically driven tracking mirror is outlined. A description of the servo-electronics system, with selected circuitry, is given. The dynamic characteristics of the system, as determined from preliminary field tests, indicate that the system has a tracking rate capability of 10°/sec with an accuracy better than 60 seconds of arc. The detection sensitivity of the infrared tracker telescope is 1.6×10-10w/cm2 in the 2-to 6-? region, and is sufficient to provide 10-miile tracking ranges against a jet target in a sunlit cumulus cloud background. In a typical installation, aiming of the tracking mirror is provided by a 7×35, 10° field of view sighting telescope which is automatically slaved by the tracking mirror when acquisition and target tracking occurs, thereby providing continuous observation of the target. As an alternative to visual aiming, an automatic search program is generated by an accurate electro-mechanical programmer, which is described. Target acquisition, in an automatic mode of operation, is accomplished through the use of a simple logic circuit which provides electronic background discrimination by virtue of signal pulse width.
Divalent ansa-Zirconocenes: Stereoselective Synthesis and High Activity for Propylene Polymerization

The reduction of ZrCl4(PR3)2 with Li powder, in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of trans-1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiene, affords the Zr(II) diene complexes (1) in 90−93% yields. This reaction consists of a rate-limiting step for the formation of the chloride-bridged Zr(III) dimer (2) and a fast diene-driven disproportionation of 2 to 1 and ZrCl4(PR3)2 that re-enters the reduction cycle. The reaction of 1 with Li2{Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2} in toluene produces quantitatively the desired racemic, divalent ansa-zirconocene (3) that is a highly active isospecific propylene polymerization catalyst upon activation with common activators.
Time-dependent prediction and evaluation of variable importance using superlearning in high-dimensional clinical data.

BACKGROUND: Prediction of outcome after injury is fraught with uncertainty and statistically beset by misspecified models. Single-time point regression only gives prediction and inference at one time, of dubious value for continuous prediction of ongoing bleeding. New statistical machine learning techniques such as SuperLearner (SL) exist to make superior prediction at iterative time points while evaluating the changing relative importance of each measured variable on an outcome. This then can provide continuously changing prediction of outcome and evaluation of which clinical variables likely drive a particular outcome. METHODS: PROMMTT data were evaluated using both naive (standard stepwise logistic regression) and SL techniques to develop a time-dependent prediction of future mortality within discrete time intervals. We avoided both underfitting and overfitting using cross validation to select an optimal combination of predictors among candidate predictors/machine learning algorithms. SL was also used to produce interval-specific robust measures of variable importance measures (VIM resulting in an ordered list of variables, by time point) that have the strongest impact on future mortality. RESULTS: Nine hundred eighty patients had complete clinical and outcome data and were included in the analysis. The prediction of ongoing transfusion with SL was superior to the naive approach for all time intervals (correlations of cross-validated predictions with the outcome were 0.819, 0.789, 0.792 for time intervals 30-90, 90-180, 180-360, >360 minutes). The estimated VIM of mortality also changed significantly at each time point. CONCLUSION: The SL technique for prediction of outcome from a complex dynamic multivariate data set is superior at each time interval to standard models. In addition, the SLVIM at each time point provides insight into the time-specific drivers of future outcome, patient trajectory, and targets for clinical intervention. Thus, this automated approach mimics clinical practice, changing form and content through time to optimize the accuracy of the prognosis based on the evolving trajectory of the patient. (Copyright (C) 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins)
Long-term changes in insulin action and insulin secretion associated with gain, loss, regain and maintenance of body weight.

Aims/hypothesis. We aimed to quantify changes in insulin action and insulin secretion associated with long-term gain, loss, regain, and maintenance of body weight in subjects with normal (NGT) or impaired (IGT) glucose tolerance.¶Methods. Insulin action (hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and insulin secretion (intravenous glucose challenge) were measured longitudinally in 209 Pima Indians [body weight 94.4 ± 22.8 kg (means ± SD) 89 women/120 men, 151 NGT/58 IGT], who either lost (n = 110) or gained (n = 99) weight (–23 % to + 29 %) over 2.6 ± 2.0 years. Insulin action and insulin secretion were reassessed on a third occasion in 33 subjects who lost at least 5 % body weight over 1.5 ± 0.8 years and then either regained or maintained weight over the subsequent 1.8 ± 1.1 years.¶Results. There was a linear negative relation between changes in body weight and changes in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (r = – 0.51, p < 0.0001) and impaired glucose tolerance (r = – 0.54, p < 0.0001). In contrast, changes in the acute insulin response were positively related to weight changes in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (r = + 0.26, p < 0.005) but negatively in those with impaired glucose tolerance (r = – 0.51, p < 0.0001). Improvements in insulin action after an average of 10 % weight loss were lost with weight regain but largely preserved with weight maintenance.¶Conclusion/interpretation. Improvements in insulin action are proportional to the amount of weight loss, similar in magnitude to the impairment in insulin action with weight gain, preserved with long-term weight maintenance and similar between subjects with normal and with impaired glucose tolerance. Weight gain could, however, have more detrimental effects in people with impaired glucose tolerance, in whom insulin secretion decreases rather than increases to compensate for the decreased insulin action. [Diabetologia (2000) 43: 36–46]
Retroactive brightness enhancement with brief paired flashes of light.

Abstract The brightness of a semi-circular test flash (TF), when followed at varying intervals by a circular, brighter flash (BF), was measured by a direct magnitude-estimation technique. There was a gradual increase in the brightness of the TF as the TF-BF interval was decreased. Brightness enhancement of the TF began when the interval between onsets of the two 10 msec flashes was about 150 msec and attained a maximum between 100 and 30 msec, depending upon the TF luminance. The brightness of the TF is a power function of the TF-BF interval with a negative exponent; the dimmer the TF the higher the absolute value of the exponent. A model accounting for this phenomenon in neurophysiological terms has been proposed.
Security through a different kind of obscurity: evaluating distortion in graphical authentication schemes

While a large body of research on image-based authentication has focused on memorability, comparatively less attention has been paid to the new security challenges these schemes may introduce. Because images can convey more information than text, image-based authentication may be more vulnerable to educated guess attacks than passwords. In this paper, we evaluate the resilience of a recognition-based graphical authentication scheme using distorted images against two types of educated guess attacks through two user studies. The first study, consisting of 30 participants, investigates whether distortion prevents educated guess attacks primarily based on information about individual users. The second study, using Amazon Mechanical Turk, investigates whether distortion mitigates the risk of educated guess attacks based on collective information about users. Our results show that authentication images without distortion are vulnerable to educated guess attacks, especially when information about the target is known, and that distortion makes authentication images more resilient against educated guess attacks.
Electron tunnelling into amorphous germanium and silicon.

Measurements of tunnel conductance versus bias, capacitance versus bias, and internal photoemission were made in the systems aluminum-oxide-amorphous germanium and aluminium-oxide-amorphous silicon. A function was extracted which expresses the deviation of these systems from the aluminium-oxide-aluminium system.
Marital Status, Marital Transitions, Well-Being, and Spinal Cord Injury: An Examination of the Effects of Sex and Time

Abstract Kalpakjian CZ, Houlihan B, Meade MA, Karana-Zebari D, Heinemann AW, Dijkers MP, Wierbicky J, Charlifue S. Marital status, marital transitions, well-being, and spinal cord injury: an examination of the effects of sex and time. Objective To examine the applicability of marital resource (marriage has substantial benefits for well-being over not being married) or marital crisis (marital dissolution leads to poorer well-being) models to the spinal cord injury (SCI) population by studying the effects of sex, marital status, and marital transitions on well-being. Design Prospective cohort study from the SCI Model Systems National Database. Setting Community. Participants Men (n=4864) and women (n=1277) who sustained traumatic SCI and completed a minimum of 1 follow-up interview beginning at 1 year through 15 years postinjury. Interventions None. Main Outcomes Measures Life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, and self-perceived health status by using linear mixed models for longitudinal data. Results In general, well-being improved over time since injury. Hypothesis testing supported the marital crisis model, as marital loss through being or becoming separated or divorced and being or becoming widowed, had the most consistent and negative impact across well-being outcomes, whereas being or becoming married had an advantage for only lower depression symptoms over time. However, marital dissolution or loss did not have a uniformly adverse impact on well-being outcomes, and this effect often was moderated by sex, such that widows had higher depressive symptoms and poorer self-perceived health than widowers, but separated or divorced women had higher life satisfaction and self-perceived health than men. Irrespective of sex, being separated or divorced versus being single was associated with higher depressive symptoms over time. Conclusions Results support the marital crisis model and that women and men can experience marital dissolution differently. All marital loss does not result in compromised well-being and all marriage does not enhance well-being, highlighting complex dynamics worthy of further investigation in this population.
Gross anatomy of the elbow capsule: a cadaveric study.

Purpose The elbow is an inherently stable joint because of its bony articulation and surrounding capsuloligamentous structures. Anatomic and biomechanical studies have focused on the medial and lateral collateral ligamentous contributions to stability. In 1918, Gray provided a qualitative description of the elbow capsule and its fibers. Our study was performed to detail the gross anatomy of the elbow capsule. Methods We evaluated the elbow capsule of 6 paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens to detail gross capsular anatomy. Results We identified 3 distinct bands within the anterior capsule and 3 distinct bands within the posterior capsule. Conclusions Further study is needed to delineate the functional meaning of these anatomic findings. Clinical relevance Greater understanding of elbow capsule gross anatomy may lead to improved understanding of acute and chronic elbow pathoanatomy and treatment modalities.
Perceiving and Valuing Sense of Community in a New Urbanist Development: A Case Study of Kentlands

In addressing how effectively New Urbanist developments foster a sense of community among residents, this paper undertakes an in-depth study of Kentlands, Maryland, to examine holistically how residents perceive and value sense of community. Using surveys and interviews, housing types, residential districts and unique physical features at Kentlands are compared to gauge their integrated impact on residents' sense of community. The locational and physical characteristics of key New Urbanist features at Kentlands play an important role in promoting the various domains of sense of community, while demographics and a sense of ownership also affect the results.
Signals for Survival in the Lives of Crickets

Two behavioral acts of undoubted survival value are predator avoidance and mate choice. In field crickets both are mediated by acoustic signals containing high frequency spectral energy. Nocturnally active bats use ultrasonic echolocation signals to detect and locate their prey, which includes insects that disperse by flying at night. Many insects have developed ultrasound avoidance behaviors in flight, in order to elude bats. In crickets, an auditory interneuron that is excited by ultrasound has been identified and shown to initiate the avoidance behavior; it is a putative bat-detector cell. Male field crickets produce acoustic signals during their courtship (females are mute). Courtship song appears to facilitate mating success (copulation), for its absence in courtship diminishes the likelihood of copulation. The possible role of the bat-detector neuron in courtship behavior is considered because it is activated by courtship signals as well as bat-like ultrasound. The role of behavioral context shapes the participation of neurons in the neural networks that underlie a given behavior.
Graphene synthesis: Nanoribbons from the bottom-up

The organic synthesis of graphene nanostructures requires exceptionally efficient chemistry and is made more challenging by difficulties in characterization and processing. Now, solution-dispersible graphene nanoribbons have been synthesized on the gram scale.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: multiphasic MDCT enhancement can predict the loss of chromosome 8p

To investigate whether imaging features on multiphasic multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can predict the loss of chromosome 8p in clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), a cytogenetic abnormality associated with a higher tumor grade and greater risk of recurrence. With IRB approval for this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study, we queried our institution’s pathology database to derive all histologically proven cases of clear cell RCC with preoperative multiphasic MDCT with as many as four phases (unenhanced, corticomedullary, nephrographic, and excretory) from January 2000 to July 2010. Of 170 clear cell RCCs with preoperative multiphasic MDCT, 105 clear cell RCCs, representing 98 unique patients, had karyotypes of the resected specimens. Lesions were evaluated for magnitude and pattern of enhancement, contour, neovascularity, calcifications, and size. The corticomedullary phase mean enhancement of clear cell RCCs with a loss of 8p was significantly greater than that of clear cell RCCs without a loss of 8p (169.5 vs. 127.2 HU, p = 0.004). A threshold of 165 HU predicted the loss of 8p in clear cell RCCs with an accuracy of 78% (69/88), a specificity of 81% (62/77), and a negative predictive value of 94% (62/66). There were no significant differences in the pattern of enhancement, contour, neovascularity, calcification, or size between clear cell RCCs with a loss of 8p and those without this abnormality. Enhancement on multiphasic MDCT can predict the loss of 8p in clear cell RCCs and can thus provide a non-invasive means of guiding further management, including surgery, ablation, watchful waiting, or medical management.
Adjunctive Therapy to CPAP: Sedative Hypnotics, Heated Humidification, and Supplemental Oxygen

Untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with an increased incidence of heart disease, hypertension, and cerebrovascular accident. Recently, uncontrolled OSA was implicated as a cause of increased incidence and difficulty in controlling diabetes mellitus because of increased insulin resistance. Furthermore, daytime sleepiness and fatigue associated with OSA may be factors leading to motor vehicle accidents. The gold standard for OSA treatment has been the use of nocturnal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). However, as many as 50% of patients do not tolerate CPAP and discontinue its use within the first year. One of the challenges of a sleep physician is to encourage patients to continue using CPAP and reduce the incidence of the adverse consequences of untreated OSA. This article examines adjunctive measures that may help increase adherence to therapy among patients with OSA and the use of supplemental oxygen when conditions warrant its use (note: for the purpose of this article the terms adherence and compliance are used interchangeably).
Mechanics of Taylor impact testing of polycarbonate

Abstract The deformation of polymers under high-rate loading conditions is a governing factor in their use in impact-resistant applications, such as protective shields, safety glass windows and transparent armor. In this paper, Taylor impact experiments were conducted to examine the mechanical behavior of polycarbonate (PC), under conditions of high strain rate (∼105 s−1) and inhomogeneous deformation. High-speed photography was used to monitor the progression of deformation within the sample. A recently developed three-dimensional large strain rate-dependent elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model which describes the high-rate behavior of glassy polymers was used together with the ABAQUS/Explicit finite-element code to simulate several Taylor impact conditions. The simulation results are compared directly with experimental images for a range in initial rod dimensions and velocities. Final deformed shapes are found to correspond with those obtained experimentally, demonstrating the ability to predict complex inhomogeneous deformation events during very high-rate impact loading scenarios. The dependence of the observed behaviors on the various features of the polymer stress–strain behavior are presented in detail revealing the roles of strain softening and strain hardening in governing the manner in which deformation progresses in a polymer during dynamic inhomogeneous loading events.
Seasonal and Daily Patterns in Activity of the Western Drywood Termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen)

Activity of colonies of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor, was measured with acoustic emission (AE) technology in five loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) logs. Termite activity, whether it was feeding, excavation or movement, was monitored for 11 months under ambient conditions in a small wooden structure maintained at the University of California Richmond Field Station. AE, temperature, and humidity data were measured in 3-minute increments. Termite activity was greater during the warmer summer months compared to the cooler winter months. Termites in all five logs displayed a similar daily cycle of activity, peaking in the late afternoon. Seasonal and daily fluctuations in termite activity were significantly associated with temperature, whereas humidity did not appear to have a noticeable effect on termite activity. Possible mechanisms that drive the seasonal and daily cycles in termite activity, as measured by AE technology, and the possible implications for inspections and post-treatment analysis are discussed.
Disseminated carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma in an adolescent confirmed by application of PLAG1 immunohistochemistry and FISH for PLAG1 rearrangement.

A 16-year-old previously asymptomatic boy presented with complaints of fatigue, weight loss, and back pain for several months. Imaging studies revealed a large superior mediastinal mass, numerous bilateral pulmonary nodules, and multiple lytic bone lesions. A needle biopsy from a sternal lesion showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma, immunoreactive for cytokeratins and EMA and immunonegative for various organ/tissue-specific markers. His past medical history was significant for excision of a parotid gland tumor 5 years earlier. Histologic review of the salivary gland tumor revealed a pleomorphic adenoma containing a microscopic focus of invasive carcinoma (carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma). By immunohistochemistry, both the salivary gland tumor and the disseminated carcinoma expressed PLAG1 with a strong nuclear pattern. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), using dual-color, break-apart probes for PLAG1, showed rearrangement of the gene in both the salivary gland and the disseminated tumors. FISH demonstrated additional cytogenetic aberrations in the carcinoma, including polysomy for chromosome 8 (in both the primary salivary gland and the metastatic tumors) and PLAG1 amplification (in the metastatic tumor). We conclude that in the proper clinicopathologic setting, application of PLAG1 immunohistochemistry and FISH for PLAG1 gene rearrangement may be valuable in establishing the diagnosis of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma as the source of a cancer of unknown primary site.
Who Should Have Surgery for Spinal Stenosis? : Treatment Effect Predictors in SPORT

Study Design Combined prospective randomized controlled trial and observational cohort study of spinal stenosis (SpS) with an as-treated analysis.
Reproductive condition of Dungeness crabs, Cancer magister, at or near log transfer facilities in southeastern Alaska

Abstract To determine if the reproductive condition of female Cancer magister is altered by exposure to decomposing bark and wood waste at log transfer facilities (LTFs) five reproductive variables in crabs resident at or near LTFs in six bays in southeastern Alaska were compared with those in crabs at nearby control sites. Crabs were collected at all sites in spring 1982 and at one bay (Rowan Bay) in November 1982 and April 1983. Crabs were in contact with bark deposits only at the Rowan Bay LTF which, throughout the study, harbored a smaller percentage of ovigerous crabs ( x = 33%, P ) with lower fecundity ( y = 3·9 × 10 5 eggs , P ) than did the control site ( x = 76%, y = 9·6 × 10 5 eggs ). The percentage of ovigerous crabs and crab fecundity at the other bays averaged 81% and 8·9 × 105 eggs, respectively. Concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia were elevated in the pore water of bark deposits, but only the former reached concentrations acutely toxic to some Crustacea. The level of fouling and mortality in Cancer magister eggs was directly correlated with the abundance of the nemertean egg predator Carcinemertes errans in the crab's brood. Crabs at the LTF suffered greater egg mortality and harbored more C. errans than did control crabs in April 1983 but not May 1982. The level of egg fouling in crabs at the Rowan Bay LTF was similar to that at the control site.
Incommensurate/commensurate charge-density-wave states as a source for plutonium metal behavior

Abstract Physical property behavior of plutonium (Pu) metal phases is like that of an incommensurate charge-density wave (ICDW) system where the CDW influenced distortion modulates the crystal. As incommensurates, the different Pu phases may have to be considered as superspace group structures where there is a one-dimensional modulation of the basic three-dimensional lattice. Certain Pu phases may then be classified into as many as three Bravais classes when considered in (3 + 1) dimensional space. The possible variants in Bravais class, crystals setting and bottom lines, as well as allowable differences in the number of atoms per unit cell, should permit incommensurate materials, as well as Pu phases, to appear in different variants of the basic space group structure on heating and cooling cycles. One should not expect the lower temperature phases, e.g., Pu, to return to their original distorted or modulated structures at constant rate cooling, after being distorted or modulated by CDWs in their higher t...
Disorder and electrical properties of fluorites

Abstract The defect structure of fluorite-type anion-excess solid solutions M 1−x RE x F 2+x is reviewed with emphasis on thermal depolarization, ionic conductivity, and to some extent on electronic conductivity and solid-electrolyte application. The composition dependence of the ionic conductivity as obtained from ITC and electrical conductivity studies reveals distinct changes in the conduction mechanism. Besides a discussion of these mechanisms, the influence of solute content on the Faraday transition is considered.
Isolation and characterization of rabbit single chain antibodies to human Reg Iα protein

Abstract To investigate the role of Reg Iα in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we made two phage-displayed single chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from rabbits immunized with recombinant or native human Reg Iα. After one to three rounds of panning, we were able to isolate phage-displaying scFvs, which bound to human Reg Iα. Anti-Reg Iα scFvs from both libraries showed similar immunoreactivity to different processed forms of the protein. Despite several DNA fingerprint patterns among these clones, their deduced amino acid sequences are highly homologous with 100% identity in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the variable segment of heavy chain (VH) region and a small variation in the CDR1 of the variable segment of light chain (VL) region. We also expressed and purified soluble myc-tagged or glutathione S -transferase (GST) fusion scFv proteins from bacteria. Immunohistochemical studies using one of our anti-Reg Iα scFv antibodies showed prominent staining in the metaplastic Paneth cell population and light staining in the lamina propria. This scFv antibody is now being used for studies of the role of Reg Iα in human IBD.
Income Distribution and War Trauma: a Cross-National Analysis

HIS analysis investigates the possible effects of civil and foreign wars on income distribution. Past studies have generally focused on how real or perceived injustice in the provision or distribution of social goods (e.g., income, land) can breed political instability in the form of insurgencies or revolutions (e.g., Gurr 1970; Midlarsky 1988, 1982; Midlarsky and Roberts 1985; Mitchell 1968; Muller and Seligson 1987; Nagel 1974; Olson 1963; Panning 1983; Paranzino 1973; Russett 1964). Relatively little empirical attention has been directed to the reverse causal possibility; namely, whether the major social, economic, and political upheavals stemming from traumatic internal or external conflicts may affect the equity of income distribution. There is substantial evidence showing that the economies of the vanquished countries in major interstate conflicts tend to grow much faster than those of the victorious countries during the postwar era (Organski and Kugler 1980). Is it possible that this difference in national performance also applies to achievements regarding equitable income distribution?
Isolation of Mitochondria from Animal Tissue

Rat or mouse liver is the most frequently used tissue for mitochondrial preparations because it is readily available, easy to homogenize, and replete with mitochondria. A motor-driven Teflon and glass Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer is the best choice for homogenizing liver, but if one is not available, this tissue is soft enough that a Dounce homogenizer with a loose (A) pestle can also be used. The yield and purity of the mitochondrial preparation will be influenced by the method and speed of preparation and the age and physiological condition of the animal.