cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of fecal loss of thyroxine on pituitary-thyroid feedback control in the rat.

Effects of diets on pituitarythyroid interplay were studied in the rat. Thyroxine, 2 μg ip daily, prevented goiter in rats fed a Remington diet containing propylthiouracil (0.05%). However, when the animals were fed Purina chow with propylthiouracil, 4.5 μg of thyroxine was required to prevent enlargement of the thyroid. Only when 4.5 ng thyroxine was administered did the serum PBI of the Purinafed group reach a value comparable to that of the Remington-fed group, which received 2 μg of thyroxine. Neither the iodine content of the diet nor the thyroxine-plasma protein interaction accounted for this trend of lowered serum PBI. Intestinal absorption of labeled thyroxine was lower in the groups fed Purina than in the group fed the Remington diet, and the serum PB131I of the former group was half that of the latter. The fecal loss of thyroxine was greater in the Purina-fed group than in the Remington-fed group when the animals were fed propylthiouracil and injected with stable and 131I-thyroxine. The serum PB...
Massively Parallel Architectures With Optical Interconnection Networks

We derive the computational limits of optical technology using a proposed model, and present parallel architectures for implementing it. We show the superiority of the unit delay optical interconnection network of these designs by studying efficient algorithms for many problems in image processing and AI.
Protein Antigens of Genital Mycoplasmas

Surface structures of the genital mycoplasmas Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis that are important in the human immune response and pathogenesis of disease are relatively poorly defined. In this study, an unusual antigen complex of U. urealyticum consisting of multiple bands forming a "ladder" pattern after electrophoretic separation was noted. It is similar to the variable V-1 surface antigen of Mycoplasma pulmonis. Data on U. urealyticum are only preliminary, but the ureaplasma antigen, if it proves to be analogous to V-1, may provide the antigenic determinants for distinguishing among serovars or serogroups and correlating them with pathogenicity. Surface proteins of M. hominis were identified with use of 125I surface labeling, [35S]methionine metabolic labeling, and immunoadsorption of rabbit antiserum. Comparison of M. hominis reference strains PG-21 and 4195 showed little homology between surface proteins, although with metabolic labeling they appeared essentially identical. Immunoblotting with patients' sera, using PG-21 as antigen, showed that most reactions were directed to surface proteins and that a 102K antigen (MH1) was recognized by 94% of the sera. MH1 was one of the few surface proteins of PG-21 that appeared to have counterparts in the other six reference strains, making MH1 a prime candidate for reliable and specific detection of M. hominis infection.
Effects of benomyl on growth of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Seedlings inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular fungus, Glomus fasciculatus

Abstract Seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera were transplanted into containers of perlite: sphagnum peat moss: loam soil (2:2:1, v/v/v). Half were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus fasciculatus, and half were not inoculated. Every 2 weeks for 8 weeks, half the plants from each group were treated with a benomyl drench and the other half were drenched with the same volume of water. Mycorrhizal formation and growth of inoculated seedlings were reduced by the benomyl drenches. Inoculated but non-benomyl-treated plants had extensive mycorrhizal formation, while inoculated and benomyl-treated plants had limited mycelial colonization with seedling roots. Non-inoculated seedlings showed no mycelial development, regardless of the benomyl treatment. Inoculated but non-benomyl-treated seedlings showed the most extensive root development and were the tallest. To gain the benefit of mycorrhizal development by Glomus fasciculatus, benomyl should not be used following inoculation.
Lateral uniformity in HgCdTe layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy

The fabrication of high-quality focal plane arrays from HgCdTe layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) requires a high degree of lateral uniformity in material properties such as the alloy composition, doping concentration, and defect density. While it is well known that MBE source flux nonuniformity can lead to radial compositional variation for rotating substrates, we have also found that composition can be affected significantly by lateral variations in substrate temperature during growth. In diagnostic experiments, we systematically varied the substrate temperature during MBE and quantified the dependence of HgCdTe alloy composition on substrate temperature. Based on these results, we developed a methodology to quickly and nondestructively characterize MBE-grown layers using postgrowth spatial mapping of the cutoff wavelength from the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) transmission at 300 K, and we were able to obtain a quantitative relationship between the measured spatial variations in cutoff and the substrate temperature lateral distribution during growth. We refined this methodology by more directly inferring the substrate temperature distribution from secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) measurements of the As concentration across a wafer, using the fact that the As incorporation rate in MBE-grown p-type layers is highly sensitive to substrate temperature. Combining this multiple-point SIMS analysis with FTIR spatial mapping, we demonstrate how the relative contributions from flux nonuniformity and temperature variations on the lateral composition uniformity can be separated. This capability to accurately map the lateral variations in the substrate temperature has been valuable in optimizing the mounting and bonding of large substrates for MBE growth, and can also be valuable for other aspects of MBE process development.
Giant Resonance Interpretation of the Nucleon-Nucleus Interaction

In the consideration of the independent-particle model, a distinction can be made between the spacing $D$ of the levels of the whole nucleus and the spacing $d$ of the levels of individual nucleons. Except in the immediate neighborhood of the normal state of closed-shell nuclei, $d\ensuremath{\gg}D$. In the "giant-resonance" interpretation considered here, the deviations from the independent-particle model are strong enough to mix many states of the whole nucleus, but the mixing is restricted to an energy range which is less than the order of $d$. According to this interpretation, the reduced particle widths of the levels of the compound nucleus are, on the average, anomalously large close to the energy values of those states of the independent-particle model which correspond to an unexcited target nucleus and a virtual level of the incident particle. As a consequence, the nuclear cross sections have a gross structure which is similar to a giant resonance, such as is implied by the complex square well representation of the nucleon-nucleus interaction. The position, width, and height of these maxima in the average cross sections are expressed in terms of the parameters of the independent-particle model and the departure of the actual nuclear potential which are responsible for the inaccuracy of this model. It is shown, however, that the conventional nuclear potential gives far too large values for the widths of the giant resonances (that is, for the imaginary part of the presentative complex square well potential).
Phase Inversion in Polylactide/Soybean Oil Blends Compatibilized by Poly(isoprene-b-lactide) Block Copolymers

Renewable composites were prepared by melt blending of polylactide and soybean oil. The blend morphology was tuned by the addition of poly(isoprene-b-lactide) block copolymers. Due to the extreme difference in the viscosities of soybean oil and polylactide, a critical block copolymer composition was found to induce a phase inversion point at which the minor soybean oil phase became the matrix surrounding polylactide particles. This transition was due to the thermodynamic interactions between the block copolymer and the two phases and shear forces acting on the mixture during blending. The size of the soybean oil droplets in the polylactide matrix was also highly dependent on the block copolymer composition. In binary polylactide/soybean oil blends, there was a limiting concentration of soybean oil that could be incorporated into the polylactide matrix (6% of the total blend weight), which could be increased up to 20% by the addition of block copolymers.
Kinetic Intermediates of Holo- and Apo-Myoglobin Studied Using HDX-TIMS-MS and Molecular Dynamic Simulations

In the present work, the kinetic intermediates of holo- and apo-myoglobin were studied by correlating the ion-neutral collision cross section and time resolved H/D back exchange rate simultaneously in a trapped ion mobility spectrometer coupled to a mass spectrometer (HDX-TIMS-MS). The high mobility resolution of the TIMS cell permitted the observation of multiple IMS bands and complementary molecular dynamics simulations resulted in the assignment of candidate structures for each experimental condition studied (e.g., holo [M + 8H]+8–[M + 9H]+9 and apo [M + 9H]+9–[M + 19H]+19). Inspection of the kinetic intermediates suggests that the tertiary structure of apomyoglobin unfolds quickly upon the loss of the Fe protoporphyrin IX that stabilizes the interactions between the A, G, and H helices. In the absence of the porphyrin heme, the apomyoglobin unfolds to Xn kinetic intermediates that vary in the extent of unfolding as a result of the observed charge state.
Robust integration of thermal and visual imagery for outdoor scene analysis

The author presents a statistically robust approach for multisensory computer vision. Specifically, energy exchange model parameters used to interrelate thermal and visual imagery are reliably computed. The approach extracts physically meaningful estimates of internal object properties which are useful for automated object recognition. The robust technique minimizes sensitivity to outliers caused by segmentation errors and misregistration which are endemic to multisensor fusion. >
A New Weasel from the Lower Pleistocene of Idaho

This is one of a series of papers on the later Cenozoic fossils from the Snake River Valley area in cooperation with Dwight W. Taylor, of the United States Geological Survey. Taylor has found numerous remains of small vertebrates associated with mollusk shells in the area under study. Among the fossil mammal remains is the lower jaw of an extinct weasel which is described as new. Holotype .—No. 21824, U.S. National Museum, part of a left lower jaw bearing P3–M2, alveoli of P2 and the alveolus of the canine. Collected in the summer of 1955 by Dwight W. Taylor of the U.S. Geological Survey. …
Prehistoric Upland Farming, Fuelwood, and Forest Composition on the Cumberland Plateau, Kentucky, USA

Abstract Domesticated seed crops first appear in the archaeological record of the Cumberland Plateau region of eastern Kentucky (USA) at 3500 BP. Both the archaeobotanical and paleoecological records indicate a substantial increase in forest opening, seed storage, residential stability, and use of food production technology after 3000 BP. The Holocene pollen and microcharcoal record obtained from one upland pond additionally shows a concomitant increase in frequency of local fires and the abundance of fire-tolerant tree taxa, including oaks, chestnut, and pines. In this location, the establishment of an anthropogenic fire regime for agricultural clearing also transformed forests to include larger numbers of economically important nut-producing trees. However, an archaeological wood assemblage from the Mounded Talus shelter shows that human foragers in the region had access to these mixed oak forests and their products as early as 8000 BP. Comparison of multiple wood charcoal data sets shows considerable c...
Face recognition for homeland security: a computational intelligence approach

By utilizing morphological shared-weight neural networks (MSNN) that have been trained for face recognition, common access restriction points can be enhanced to identify particular individuals of interest. A trained MSNN is a computational intelligence structure that learns representation of a specific face that encodes in its connection weights the feature extraction and classification abilities needed to identify an instance of that face. It has been shown effective in analyzing images that contain the target in a group of faces, even with the target face at varying orientations and lighting, as well as occluded target faces. The experiments presented here show the possible application of the MSNN to perform watch-list scanning of faces as individuals pass through access screening areas.
Stable charge-biased capacitive resonators with encapsulated switches

A large dc bias voltage (tens of volts) is often useful for the operation of capacitive MEMS devices. Charge-biasing techniques have been demonstrated to be able to replace a bias voltage source by trapping an equivalent charge on an electrically floating electrode. This work presents a charge-biased resonator that uses an electrostatically actuated mechanical switch with a pull-in voltage of 36 V to introduce a voltage-equivalent charge of 10-15V onto a resonant body. The switch and resonator are hermetically sealed in a clean vacuum cavity, within an epitaxial polysilicon encapsulation process (epi-seal). No charge leakage has been observed, even at an elevated temperature of 125°C for weeks.
Action mechanism of cobra venom, cardiotoxin and allied substances on muscle contraction.

SummaryCobra venom, cardiotoxin, saponin and drugs of the digitalis series bring about the stoppage of the movements of the excised heart. The cardiac arrest caused by cobra venom, unlike that by saponin and digitalis, is irreversible, i.e., cannot be washed out. Unlike living muscle fibres, glycerinated muscle fibres and actomyosin threads show no contraction under the influence of cobra venom or cardiac drugs. These drugs have no effect on myosin and actin either.
Antimicrobial Cost and Quality Control: Challenges in the 1990s

Increasing constraints on health care reimbursement, competition among hospitals, and new high-cost technologies all contribute to escalation of costs in hospitals. The goal in the 1990s is to provide optimum, cost-effective care for patients without compromising quality. Among many proved methods is an effective formulary system with explicit criteria for use of medications, guidelines for use in specialized circumstances, and suggestions for therapeutic alternatives. This last method of cost control received endorsement from several organizations and offers an important function for hospital pharmacists. Hospital pharmacies can play a major role in minimizing antimicrobial costs and promoting optimum patient care.
Strategic directions in software engineering and programming languages

The computer revolution is based on the ability of a general-purpose machine to carry out a specific task under the control of special-purpose software. While the wide applicability of stock hardware has driven demand up and manufacturing cost per unit dramatically down, the same trends have led to increasing demand for ever more complex software for an astounding variety of uses: computer-aided education, improved business processes, what-if financial planning and analysis, new forms of entertainment, fly-by-wire avionics systems, and innumerable others both known and as yet unknown. Producing quality software systems at reasonable cost is an increasingly serious challenge due to ever-growing economic and societal demands. Moreover, software that cannot be modified, updated, or extended becomes useless, due to changes in its technological, social, and economic context. Successful evolution of software systems is a severe technical and managerial challenge that is only exacerbated by the everbroadening kinds of software that must be produced and changed. The techniques and tools that will be needed for efficient and accurate system development, in the face of increasing system complexity and declining life cycles, require deep, new, and exciting scientific and engineering research. The challenges are staggeringly hard, demanding the best efforts of both the programming language and the software engineering research communities. Specifically, we must use impressive advances in programming languages, compiler technology, and software engineering, balancing the beauty of programming language and compiler theory with the messy, ugly, often not entirely technical problems that arise in building and evolving real software. The synergy between software engineering and programming languages and compilers is not merely desirable—it is essential. With hard work, open minds, and appropriate resources, these two communities can apply existing results to make significant progress in bringing science and engineering together to address the challenges of building and evolving diverse software systems. To clarify the potential for synergy between the communities, consider two examples.
Sensilla on the Antennal Flagellum of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)

The antennal receptors of Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Male and female antennae share five sensillum types: Bohm bristles, sensilla chaetica, sensilla basiconica, sensilla ampullacea, and uniporous contact chemoreceptors. Contact chemoreceptors make up ≈85 and 78% of the total sensilla on male and female antennae, respectively. On the most proximal flagellomere of the antennae, contact chemoreceptors are located in a shallow depression on the ventral surface. The number of contact chemoreceptors increases toward the distal end, covering two thirds of the circumference of each flagellomere. Contact chemoreceptors seem to be innervated by two sensory dendrites that terminate near the tip. In longitudinal section, a single subterminal pore is seen to be associated with each sensillum. Males had significantly more uniporous sensory pegs than females on the proximal half of the antennae. These receptors may play an important role in mate identification, suggesting that a female-released contact pheromone may be used by this insect. The putative function of these sensilla types is discussed.
G. LeBlanc Corporation, Relocating A Facility

This is a business case study describing a classical success story that brought a business from a store front music store to become the largest producer of brass and woodwind instruments in America. Additionally, the unique work environment and operating strategy of this firm was not only visionary, but enabled the company to prosper in a difficult labor market. Finally, the demise of the company when new management attempted to be a traditional company clearly indicates the important role of the entrepreneur. Although the focus of the case is on the decision to re-locate a facility, this is an excellent case for courses in entrepreneurship, strategy, and operations.
Emergency Intravenous Pyelography in the Setting of Possible Renal Colic: Is It Indicated?

Abstract Study objective: To determine whether emergency IV pyelography (IVP) adds significant information to clinical judgment in the setting of possible renal colic. Design: A prospective voluntary survey of a convenience sample of physicians at the time of patient encounter. Setting: The emergency department of a university hospital, annual census 50,000 visits. Participants: Emergency medicine faculty physicians. Intervention: Physicians were surveyed before and after IVP was performed on patients with possible renal colic. Results: Over the course of 12 months, 62 patients with possible kidney stones were evaluated by 14 different faculty ED physicians, who filled out surveys. Before IVP results were obtained, 63% of patients were thought to have a high (more than 75%) probability of ureteral obstruction. In 59% of these patients, the IVP results showed ureteral obstruction. The IVP revealed unexpected findings in 42% of all patients, including normal results in 19%, ureteral stones in 5%, higher than expected grade of obstruction in 6%, and lower than expected grade of obstruction in 5%. Management was reported to have been changed in 60% of all patients for a wide variety of reasons, but consideration of alternative diagnosis was the most common reason, occurring in 23%. Management changes included unexpected hospital admission in five patients (9%) and emergency urologic consultation in five patients (9%). Conclusion: Emergency IVPs are useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected renal colic, primarily when they rule out ureteral obstruction and allow consideration of alternative diagnoses. Not uncommonly, emergency urologic consultation or hospitalization occurs on the basis of IVP findings. [Wrenn K: Emergency intravenous pyelography in the setting of possible renal colic: Is it indicated? Ann Emerg Med September 1995;26:304-307.]
Density depletion in an anisotropic magnetosheath

We use a two dimensional model of the magnetosheath, not including the bow shock, to examine the effects of pressure anisotropy on magnetosheath structure. The simulation plane includes the Earth-Sun direction and that of the incoming interplanetary magnetic field. Thus the crucial physical effects of compression and draping are both included. Flow of magnetic flux and plasma around the magnetopause in the third direction is modeled by a finite electric field at the magnetopause which allows plasma and flux to cross the magnetopause. The magnetpause is a flux surface, which is a reasonable approximation for low shear conditions. We use three models for the plasma pressure: isotropic adiabatic, double adiabatic, and the bounded anisotropy model [Denton et al., 1994; 1995]. In an isotropic plasma, density depletion results from draping which produces parallel (to B) flow around the magnetopause. This flow is greatly enhanced by the parallel pressure gradient. In an anisotropic plasma, enhancement of density depletion comes about not by the ordinary parallel pressure gradient, but by action of the mirror force. Because this mirror force is large for an anisotropic plasma, use of double adiabatic or bounded anisotropy pressure equations results in greater density depletion than that resulting from isotropic adiabatic theory.
VLSI design and system level verification for the mini-disc

In this paper, a new method for the design of complex multimedia ASIC is introduced. Using this design method, VLSI with embedded software and high-speed emulators can be developed concurrently. The method has proven to be effective through actual design of VLSI for audio compression and decompression in a Mini-Disc system.
The t(8;21), t(12;21), and inv(16) fusion Proteins Contact Co-Repressors and Histone Deacetylase to Repress Transcription

AMLl is the most frequent target for chromosomal translocations in acute leukemia. AML-1 binds the canonical DNA sequence TGT/cGGT in concert with core binding factor s to activate or repress transcription. The chromosomal translocation fusion proteins that disrupt this heterodimeric transcription factor create constitutive repressors. Our work has focused on defining the molecular mechanism of transcriptional regulation by these cancer-associated fusion proteins. We have found that the t(8;21) fusion protein makes multiple contacts with the mSin3A and N- CoR co-repressors. In addition, the fusion protein also contacts histone deacetylases 1, 2, and 3 independent of the co-repressors. The t(12;21) fusion protein also interacts with mSin3A and N-CoR, but appears to interact only with histone deaceylase 3. By contrast, the inv(16) fusion protein appears to act as an AML-1 co-repressor and makes indirect associations with co-repressors and histone deacetylases. Therefore, the use of histone deacetylases may be a common feature of these translocations fusion proteins and may provide an opportunity for therapeutic intervention.
An Integer Programming Model for Assigning Unmanned Air Vehicles to Tasks

We consider a team of unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), deployed to carry out tasks such as searching for, classifying, attacking, and performing battle damage assessment of enemy targets. In some missions, it may be advantageous for the UAVs to form sub-teams to leverage their efforts and cooperatively handle single enemy targets. Within a sub-team, each UAV would be responsible for carrying out a specific set of tasks to collectively accomplish the mission. An integer linear program is posed for assembling the vehicles into sub-teams. The model’s novelty and usefulness lie in its combination of flexibility and ease of solution. Empirical work suggests that good solutions can be computationally generated rapidly enough to assimilate new situation awareness information dynamically, and formulate new sub-teams on the flу.
Comparison of two methods for measuring liquid gastric emptying

1963 Objectives The purpose of this study is to compare two methods of measuring liquid gastric emptying; a 30-minute liquid only study and a 4-hour combined liquid solid study. Methods Eighteen subjects underwent a 30 minute previously described liquid only study (Ziessman, et al., JNM 2009; 50:726-31) followed by a simultaneous solid-liquid gastric-emptying study with the standardized Tc-99 SC solid meal. Subjects ingested 0.1mCi of 111In-DTPA in 300ml water, imaged in the LAO position with a half time of emptying determined. For the combined study 0.2mCi of 111In-DTPA in 120 ml water was ingested with a standardized 2 mCi 99m-Tc sulfur colloid-labeled egg-substitute meal. Half emptying times and percentage emptying at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 hours were calculated using the General Electric Xeleris software. Results The mean half emptying time for liquid (T1/2) in the combined solid-liquid study was 38.8 ± 15.6 (range, 19.5 to 67.8) calculated using the geometric mean of an anterior and posterior projection. The calculated mean half emptying time of the liquid-only study using the anterior view only without attenuation correction resulted in a similar mean of 39.9 ± 15.9 (range, 19.8 to 71.4) (matched pairs t-test, p Conclusions Normal liquid-only emptying is significantly faster than liquid gastric emptying in a combined solid-liquid study, demonstrating the slowing effect of the solid component of the meal. Additionally, attenuation correction is not necessary for liquid gastric emptying in the combined solid-liquid study in contrast to solid emptying, which requires attenuation correction.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD9 gene and further evidence that its product is required for cell cycle arrest induced by DNA damage.

Abstract Procaryotic and eucaryotic cells possess mechanisms for arresting cell division in response to DNA damage. Eucaryotic cells arrest division in the G2 stage of the cell cycle, and various observations suggest that this arrest is necessary to ensure the completion of repair of damaged DNA before the entry of cells into mitosis. Here, we provide evidence that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD9 gene, mutations of which confer sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, is necessary for the cell cycle arrest phenomenon. Our studies with the rad9 delta mutation show that RAD9 plays a role in the cell cycle arrest of methyl methanesulfonate-treated cells and is absolutely required for the cell cycle arrest in the temperature-sensitive cdc9 mutant, which is defective in DNA ligase. At the restrictive temperature, cell cycle progression of cdc9 cells is blocked sometime after the DNA chain elongation step, whereas cdc9 rad9 delta cells do not arrest at this point and undergo one or two additional divisions. Upon transfer from the restrictive to the permissive temperature, a larger proportion of the cdc9 cells than of the cdc9 rad9 delta cells forms viable colonies, indicating that RAD9-mediated cell cycle arrest allows for proper ligation of DNA breaks before the entry of cells into mitosis. The rad9 delta mutation does not affect the frequency of spontaneous or UV-induced mutation and recombination, suggesting that RAD9 is not directly involved in mutagenic or recombinational repair processes. The RAD9 gene encodes a transcript of approximately 4.2 kilobases and a protein of 1,309 amino acids of Mr 148,412. We suggest that RAD9 may be involved in regulating the expression of genes required for the transition from G2 to mitosis.
Survey of Foreign Merger and Acquisition Law: Canada the Foreign Investment Review Act and the Combines Investigation Act

Due to the proximity of Canada to the United States, the cultural and business similarities, and the long and generally favorable business relations between the countries, many American companies seriously consider acquiring financially attractive Canadian companies. However, recently these relations have deteriorated. In an effort to become less dependent upon American business interests, to insure sufficient benefits to Canadians, to compensate them for the depletion of their natural resources, and to generally discriminate in favor of Canadian Citizens, the federal government of Canada has developed a Canadian national energy program, adopted a Foreign Investment Review Act and established various programs to carry out its new economic development policies. American interests should also be aware of the Combines Investigation Act which regulates mergers, monopolies and trusts in Canada. This survey of merger and acquisition in Canada is divided into two parts. Part one will concentrate on the Foreign Investment Review Act and current Canadian cases relating to the Act. Part two will consist of a general survey of the Combines Act and brief reference to recent Combines Act cases, and highlight the more important aspects of the current Combines Investigation Act.
Single step epitaxial growth of Ge-on-Si for active photonic devices

Germanium for integrated photonic devices has been grown selectively on Si, using a single step epitaxial process, eliminating the standard highly dislocated Ge or SiGe buffer layer to accommodate the Ge-Si lattice mismatch.
“Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection” by Geoff Davies

For many students and geoscientists, the formal and abstract approach of some physics and engineering textbooks impedes their understanding of the fundamental principles of continuum and fluid mechanics and thus handicaps their understanding of geodynamics. Geodynamics texts that offer an intuitive yet richly quantitative approach to the fundamental physics, along with a broad view of a field, are disappointingly rare, but Geoff Davies' synthesis of mantle convection, Dynamic Earth: Plates, Plumes and Mantle Convection, is one and should be of value to many. It provides a thorough introduction to the physical principles of convection, extensive discussion of the observations constraining the physical and chemical state of the lithosphere and mantle, and results of analytical and numerical investigations of mantle convection. Davies makes a strong effort to separate observations from interpretations and implications of the observations, a practice probably worth reminding certain readers. The first three or four chapters are accessible to an educated layman; the entirety of the book is intended to be useful for geoscientists with other specializations desiring a general understanding of mantle convection and for graduate students in solid Earth …
Imaging through random and turbulent media using image self-interference

A prevailing strategy in imaging through random media is separating the unscattered (ballistic) signal from scattered illumination. This has been achieved with a variety of techniques, including time-resolved detection [1], spatial coherence holography [2], and temporal coherence holography [3]. These all require access to the illumination source, either through control of its spatio-temporal behavior or acquisition of a reference pulse. In many applications, e.g., astronomy, space-based imaging, and remote targeting, the illumination source is inaccessible and these methods are therefore inapplicable. In such cases, which often involve turbulent media (e.g., the atmosphere), existing imaging methods such as shift-and-add or speckle interferometry [5] must operate with short exposure times and invoke strong assumptions on the propagation medium, e.g., isoplanacity [4]. We introduce here a novel technique for imaging through random and turbulent media which utilizes ballistic photon detection and does not require source manipulation of any kind.
THE MOTION OF VISCOELASTIC FLUIDS AROUND SPHERES AND BUBBLES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the translation of bubbles and solid spheres in a viscoelastic fluid. The motion is assumed to be caused by a gravitational field or an imposed force. The chapter presents some experimental observations of bubble shapes, velocity fields, and friction coefficients. One of the most striking features of translating air bubbles in viscoelastic fluids is that they develop a cusp at the rear pole. Often this effect may be observed in an almost full shampoo bottle by rapidly turning it upside down and watching an air bubble rise. More controlled experiments by Astarita and Apuzzo with a series of bubbles of increasing volume show a transition from a spherical bubble shape to an elongated ellipsoidal shape and the development of the cusp at the rear pole. They also measured the rise velocity of the bubbles as a function of the volume, and showed that for some viscoelastic fluids there is a critical volume at which the rise velocity appears to have a discontinuous increase when plotted as function of the volume.
Pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for patients with relapsed lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma

This phase 1/2 trial evaluated the maximum tolerated doses, safety, and efficacy of pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (PVD) combination in patients with relapsed lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma (MM). In phase 1, dose level 1 consisted of pomalidomide (4 mg by mouth on days 1 to 21), IV or subcutaneous bortezomib (1.0 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, and 22), and dexamethasone (40 mg by mouth on days 1, 8, 15, and 22) given every 28 days. Bortezomib was increased to 1.3 mg/m2 for dose level 2 and adopted in the phase 2 expansion cohort. We describe the results of 50 patients. Objective response rate was 86% (95% confidence interval [CI], 73-94) among all evaluable patients (stringent complete response, 12%; complete response, 10%; very good partial response, 28%; and partial response, 36%) and 100% among high-risk patients. Within a median follow-up of 42 months, 20% remain progression free, 66% are alive, and 4% remain on treatment. Median progression-free survival was 13.7 months (95% CI, 9.6-17.7). The most common toxicities were neutropenia (96%), leukopenia (84%), thrombocytopenia (82%), anemia (74%), and fatigue (72%); however, the majority of these were grade 1 or 2. The most common grade ≥3 toxicities included neutropenia (70%), leukopenia (36%), and lymphopenia (20%). Deep vein thrombosis occurred in 5 patients. In conclusion, PVD is a highly effective combination in lenalidomide-refractory MM patients. Weekly administration of bortezomib enhanced tolerability and convenience. Toxicities are manageable, mostly consisting of mild cytopenias with no significant neuropathy. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01212952.
Immune system stimulation by the native gut microbiota of honey bees.

Gut microbial communities can greatly affect host health by modulating the host's immune system. For many important insects, however, the relationship between the gut microbiota and immune function...
Citizenship in hard times: intra-EU naturalisation and the Euro crisis

Demarcated by growing austerity, economic uncertainty, and EU-exits, the past decade witnessed monumental shifts across the political and economic landscapes of Europe. Citizenship is a stabilising...
History of Bariatric Surgery

Obesity has been a problem for centuries and it has increased to a worldwide epidemic with severe implications on individual and public health. The history of bariatric surgery was born out of observations leading to investigation and advancement. Many dedicated surgeons searched for an ideal procedure to treat the rapidly growing epidemic of morbid obesity and alleviate the burden of comorbid conditions. Treating obesity has been challenging and advancements in surgery have led to increased success and durable results. Early operations were plagued by high morbidity and mortality. The ideal procedure must have low complication risk, both in short and long term, as well as durable and lasting results. Several techniques have been developed in the last 70 years benefiting from the advent of laparoscopy. Minimally invasive techniques created a revolution in bariatric surgery and have improved safety profiles leading to increased popularity and application. Although complex bariatric procedures can be performed with mortality rates similar to cholecystectomy, postoperative complications resulting from the altered anatomy and physiology must be considered. Advancements in techniques and quality monitoring from national and international societies have improved and standardized the delivery of bariatric surgery worldwide. The effects on metabolic conditions have widened the breadth of minimal invasive bariatric surgery into the field of metabolic surgery.
Capsule Commentaries: Drug Reaction Considerations with Oral Minocycline

Minocycline is a commonly prescribed oral antibiotic in dermatology with a favorable efficacy and safety profile, and with clinical applications for a variety of cutaneous infections and other skin disorders. Most patients do not experience any adverse events, although, rare but potentially serious side effects can emerge. In this article, drug hypersensitivity syndrome, hepatotoxicity, and pseudotumor cerebri associated with oral minocycline use are reviewed.
Approximate Power Grid Protection Against False Data Injection Attacks

A family of new attacks have been found against power grid systems recently which are capable of affecting power grids without being detectable via conventional means. Though powerful, the attacks rely on the attacker having complete knowledge of the power grid system. This work will evaluate the power grid resiliency countering such attacks when an attacker does not have such complete knowledge. More specifically, this paper examines the rerouting that already commonly occurs in power systems as an inherent defense against this particular class of attacks by increasing the power grid topology complexity. An algorithm is developed to calculate the probability of a successful attack given a particular topology and configuration of circuit breakers. The experimental results demonstrate that the existence of defense circuit breakers in a power grid system can lead to substantial improvements in security.
English Pastoral Music: From Arcadia to Utopia, 1900–1955

This is an important book, because it expands the discussion of pastoralism in twentieth-century English music beyond the realm of “folky-wolky melodies on the cor anglais” by considering it as not...
Methadone in Primary Care — One Small Step for Congress, One Giant Leap for Addiction Treatment

Methadone in Primary Care Methadone clinics serve the needs of some patients well, but for others, the need to obtain medication daily at one fixed site can be too burdensome. Increasing the availability of methadone in primary care could extend the benefits of a proven, effective medication.
The Court and Sentencing

In this chapter, we explore the role court organization and personnel play during sentencing. Again, we are interested in two issues: whether bureaucratization and characteristics of the sentencing judge directly affect outcomes and whether they operate more subtly to condition the effect race and offense have on sentences. As we shall see, characteristics of the court and sentencing judge resemble county variables in several respects. They often have unanticipated, but very slight, effects on the three sentencing outcomes. Moreover, the weakness of these direct effects does not appear to be due to the imprecision introduced by aggregating judge information (see Appendix A). Instead, like county factors, court variables play a more indirect but nonetheless prominent role as conditioners of the effect race and offense have on sentencing. Some attributes of the sentencing judge, such as age, religion, and circuit of origin, are particularly influential conditioners, whereas others are less important (e.g., membership in community organizations). As a group, however, court variables affect differences in treatment for each of the three sentencing outcomes. Race differences in treatment are particularly noticeable, as are differences in the sentencing of common-law violent and burglary offenders.
Epidemiology of bladder cancer.

Approximately 49,000 people develop bladder cancer each year in the United States, with nearly half of these cases attributable to cigarette smoking. Occupational exposure to certain aromatic amines also causes bladder cancer. Many occupational groups including dye workers, rubber workers, leather workers, painters, truck drivers, and aluminum workers have increased bladder cancer risk. Less common risk factors include ionizing radiation, cyclophosphamide use, abuse of phenacetin-contain ing analgesics, and schistosomiasis infection. The roles of diet, urinary tract infections and stasis, chlorination by-products in drinking water, and genetic susceptibility need further research.
The Pay As You Save program in rural Arkansas: An opportunity for rural distribution cooperative profits

Abstract This case study highlights the success of the Ouachita Electric Cooperative’s Pay As You Save program in Camden, Ark., in bringing both electricity bill savings to customers and benefits to implementing utilities, especially in rural areas. It is not specifically a low-income energy assistance program, but does benefit customers with high energy burdens. Through its on-bill tariff design, PAYS overcomes many barriers, such as the split incentive challenge and the need for upfront outlays.
Wildfire smoke transport and impact on air quality observed by a mullti-wavelength elastic-raman lidar and ceilometer in New York city

The intense wildfires from the western Canada in May 2016 injected large amount of smoke into the atmosphere. This paper presents integrated observation of the event by a lidar, ceilometer, and satellite together with models and an assessment of smoke plume impacts on local air quality in New York City (NYC) area. A dense aloft plume on May 20 and a boundary layer plume on May 25 are analyzed. The smoke mixing into planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) and strong diurnal variation of PBL-top are shown. For the 2nd case, the ground PM2.5 measurements show a significant increase in both the urban and upwind non-urban areas of NYC. The smoke sources and transport paths are further verified by the satellite observations and HYSPLIT model data.
Properties and Edition of NMR Spontaneous Maser Emission Spectra

Spontaneous maser emission provides the practical possibility for a spectral edition in methyl chloroacetate. Methyl and methylene resonances opposite to conventional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra are clearly separated within the time domain of free induction decay. Associated characteristic time delay, which represents the appropriate time from completion of the radiofrequency pulse to the signal maximum, can be properly broken on a random and a nonrandom part. Overall, the time delay is distinctively shorter about 0.296 s for methyl and longer about 0.489 s for methylene peaks, enabling spectra edition. Although maser emission reaches maximum for pulse rotation angle at 180°, it can be observed in a significantly broader range. The maser emission reveals random intensity, and its scattering range depends on the pulse rotation angle and is most limited when rotation angle is within direct vicinity of 180°. The spontaneous maser emission is triggered by thermal Nyquist noise through radiation damping. If the pulse rotation angle is sufficiently small, the amplified spin noise is observed.
NO BENEFIT OF DEDICATED THYROID NODULE SCREENING IN PATIENTS WITH ACROMEGALY.

Objective: Acromegaly results from the excessive production of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1. While there is up to a 2-fold increased prevalence of thyroid nodules in patients with acromegaly, the incidence of thyroid cancer in this population varies from 1.6 to 10.6% in several European studies. The goal of our study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer among patients with acromegaly at a large urban academic medical center in the United States (U.S.). Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients with acromegaly between 2006-2015 within the University of California, Los Angeles health system. Data were collected regarding patient demographics, thyroid ultrasounds, thyroid nodule fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy cytology, and thyroid surgical pathology. Results: In this cohort (n = 221, 49.3% women, mean age 53.8 ± 15.2 [SD] years, 55.2% Caucasian), 102 patients (46.2%) underwent a thyroid ultrasound, from which 71 patients (52.1% women, mean age 52.9 ± 15.2 [SD] years, 56.3% Caucasian) were found to have a thyroid nodule. Seventeen patients underwent a thyroid nodule FNA biopsy and the results revealed 12 benign biopsies, 1 follicular neoplasm, 3 suspicious for malignancy, and 1 papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), from which 6 underwent thyroidectomy; PTC was confirmed by surgical pathology for all cases (8.5% of all nodules observed). Conclusion: In this sample, the prevalence of thyroid cancer in patients with acromegaly and coexisting thyroid nodules is similar to that reported in the general U.S. population with thyroid nodules (7 to 15%). These findings suggest that there is no benefit of dedicated thyroid nodule screening in patients newly diagnosed with acromegaly. Abbreviations: AACE = American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists; ATA = American Thyroid Association; DTC = differentiated thyroid cancer; FNA = fine needle aspiration; GH = growth hormone; IGF-1 = insulin-like growth factor-1; PTC = papillary thyroid cancer; U.S. = United States.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Coverage and other Expanding Benefit Changes in the Workers' Compensation Insurance Marketplace: Academic Legal Perspective

This paper discusses the increased use of causation presumptions in workers' compensation cases involving firefighters and other first responders. It also considers increasing workers' compensation coverage of post traumatic stress disorder with respect to those same categories of workers.The paper discusses how workers' compensation coverage of certain conditions tends to parallel the growth of potential tort liability, observes that disease presumptions were a feature of early 20th century workers' compensation statutes (and so are not new), and argues that recognition of workers' compensation "mental-mental" claims has been consistent with "zone of danger" expansion of the negligent infliction of emotional distress cause of action.
Differences in data between credit reporting agencies

Abstract One way to study the effect of errors in credit reports is to have individuals review them and report what they think are inaccuracies. In this chapter, we simply compare data of the same individuals, at the same moment, at different CRAs. If there are differences in the data, at least one is either wrong or incomplete. This is a data-dependent task, but, given that the data is available, neither time-consuming nor reliant on personal memory. It turns out that the data varies substantially: trade line counts, delinquency counts, the number of hard inquiries in the last year, and in what the CRAs have determined about people by going online or in person to courthouses. Credit score differences as a result are discussed in a later chapter.