cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase Change Material for Temperature Control of Loop Heat Pipe Compensation Chamber

The compensation chamber (CC) of a loop heat pipe (LHP) requires a stable temperature. In the current technology, the CC is commonly cold biased by exposing it to deep space, and active heater control is used to maintain its temperature stable. Heater power required for a typical LHP with a 300 W heat transport capacity is as much as 25 W. If multiple LHPs are used, heater power requirement could be a bigger issue. Also heater controller or temperature sensor failure could lead to a LHP or mission failure. This paper presents an innovative concept of using phase change material (PCM) for temperature control of LHP CC. Some of the electronics and/or detector assembly waste heat is stored in the PCM and transferred to the LHP CC by constant conductance heat pipes (CCHPs). Phase change of the PCM occurs at a constant temperature and maintains the LHP CC temperature stable. It eliminates heater power and active heater control for the CC. It also increases the reliability of LHP.
Reduction of Ferric Iron Could Drive Hydrogen Tunneling in Lipoxygenase Catalysis: Implications for Enzymatic and Chemical Mechanisms

Recent kinetic measurements of the oxidation of linoleic acid by soybean lipoxygenase show that the thermal rate constants, kH ) 280 ((12) s -1 and kD ) 5.0 ((0.1) s -1 , are weakly temperature dependent within the temperature interval 30-50 °C. The primary kinetic kH/kD isotope effect is almost temperature independent, and is one order of magnitude larger than expected for a single rate determining isotopically sensitive step. It has therefore been predicted that hydrogen tunneling predominates in this enzyme-catalyzed reaction (Jonsson, T.; Glickman, M. H.; Sun, S.; Klinman, J. P. J. Am. Chem. Soc.1996, 118, 10319). Our analysis shows that the lipoxygenase reaction can indeed proceed through a wholly quantum-mechanical pathway. While neither a tunneling correction nor ground- state tunneling of a proton through a one-dimensional potential barrier gives a satisfactory explanation for the isotope effects as measured in the experiment, a dissociation involving a two-step mechanism can explain the experimental observations. The first step is the rate-determining step where a hydrogen species tunnels from linoleic acid to lipoxygenase through a two-dimensional potential barrier. The second step is a relaxation process where an electron is transferred from the metastable intermediate to the Fe 3+ cofactor in the enzyme active site. This electron transfer causes hydrogen tunneling to be effectively irreversible without introducing a temperature dependence to the reaction. We should note, however, that the two steps are not separable, and cannot be seen as a sequence of independent processes. A consequence of this model is that the tunneling pathways of hydrogen and deuterium are not identical, influencing the magnitude of the measured kH/kD isotope effect. This model also serves as an explanation for the role of iron in lipoxygenase, in contrast to the role of iron in many other oxygenases. Iron centers in oxygenases are often necessary for oxygen activation, yet there is no evidence that the iron cofactor in lipoxygenase interacts with molecular oxygen at any stage of the catalytic cycle (Glickman, M. H.; Klinman, J. P. Biochemistry 1996, 35, 12882). In lipoxygenase, it is possible that reduction of the ferric iron cofactor serves as an electron sink that drives hydrogen tunneling. An electron-gated hydrogen transfer mechanism, such as suggested, could also have relevance to an array of non-enzymatic organometallic reactions.
A computational study of influence of helmet padding materials on the human brain under ballistic impacts

The results of a computational study of a helmeted human head are presented in this paper. The focus of the work is to study the effects of helmet pad materials on the level of acceleration, inflicted pressure and shear stress in a human brain model subjected to a ballistic impact. Four different closed cell foam materials, made of expanded polystyrene and expanded polypropylene, are examined for the padding material. It is assumed that bullets cannot penetrate the helmet shell. Finite element modelling of the helmet, padding system, head and head components is used for this dynamic nonlinear analysis. Appropriate contacts and conditions are applied between the different components of the head, as well as between the head and the pads, and the pads and the helmet. Based on the results of simulations in this work, it is concluded that the stiffness of the foam has a prominent role in reducing the level of the transferred load to the brain. A pad that is less stiff is more efficient in absorbing the impact ...
Does Knowing People in Authority Protect or Hurt? Authoritative Contacts and Depression in Urban China

Does knowing people in authoritative positions protect or hurt health? This study examines two competing theories on the health effects of authoritative contacts using nationally representative dat...
Indirect regulation of presenilins in CREB-mediated transcription

Presenilins are essential for synaptic function, memory formation, and neuronal survival. Previously, we reported that expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) target genes is reduced in the cerebral cortex of presenilin (PS) conditional double knock-out (cDKO) mice. To determine whether the reduced expression of the CREB target genes in these mutant mice is due to loss of presenilin directly or secondary to the impaired neuronal activity, we established a sensitive luciferase reporter system to assess direct transcriptional regulation in cultured cells. We first used immortalized PS-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), and found that both CREB-mediated transcription and Notch-mediated HES1 transcription are decreased. However, the ubiquitin-C promoter-mediated transcription is also reduced, and among these three reporters, transfection of exogenous PS1 can rescue only the Notch-mediated HES1 transcription. Further Northern analysis revealed transcriptional alterations of Creb, ubiquitin-C, and other housekeeping genes in PS-deficient MEFs, indicating transcriptional dysregulation in these cells. We then used the Cre/loxP system to develop a postnatal PS-deficient cortical neuronal culture. Surprisingly, in these PS-null neurons, CREB-mediated transcription is not significantly decreased, and levels of total and phosphorylated CREB proteins are unchanged as well. Notch-mediated HES1 transcription is markedly reduced, and this reduction can be rescued by exogenous PS1. Together, our findings suggest that CREB-mediated transcription is regulated indirectly by PS in the adult cerebral cortex, and that attenuation of CREB target gene expression in PS cDKO mice is likely due to reduced neuronal activity in these mutant brains.
Lanthanum-mediated modification of GABAA receptor deactivation, desensitization and inhibitory synaptic currents in rat cerebellar neurons

1. We investigated La3+ effects on recombinant and native gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors using rapid agonist applications and on inhibitory synaptic currents (IPSCs) in granule and stellate neurons of rat cerebellar slices. 2. Rapid desensitization of currents elicited by 200 ms pulses of 1 mM GABA to small lifted cells transfected with alpha1beta3gamma2 cDNAs was greatly decreased by the coapplication of 100 microM LaCl3. 3. GABA responses were unaffected when coapplication lasted only 2 ms. In contrast, with LaCl3 pre-perfusion, a significant slowing of deactivation in response to 2 ms applications was observed. LaCl3 pre-perfusion also prolonged the duration of responses to 20 mM taurine. 4. Outside-out patches excised from cells transfected with alpha1beta3gamma2 subunit cDNAs were briefly exposed to a saturating concentration of GABA, eliciting a transient activation of single channel currents with a main conductance of 30 pS. Opening and burst durations increased by pre-equilibration of patches with LaCl3. 5. LaCl3 depressed the peak amplitude without affecting the slow deactivation and desensitization of GABA responses in cells transfected with alpha6beta3gamma2 and alpha6beta3delta cDNAs. No significant difference in La3+ modulation of GABA-gated currents was observed between alpha1beta3gamma2 and alpha1beta3delta receptors. 6. The effects of LaCl3 on deactivation and desensitization of GABA responses observed in nucleated patches excised from rat cerebellar granule and stellate neurons were comparable to those in the cells transfected with alpha1beta3gamma2 cDNAs. In addition, La3+ clearly prolonged the spontaneous IPSC time course without changing the amplitude. 7. Our results indicate that La3+ has a dual action on GABA-gated currents: it decreases desensitization and increases channel opening duration. These actions depend on receptor subunit composition and contribute to the prolongation of IPSCs.
Network coding schemes for underwater networks: the benefits of implicit acknowledgement

Underwater acoustic communications are characterized by a long propagation delay and limited bandwidth. Power consumption is an additional constraint for underwater networks. Network layer schemes for that minimize both transmission time and power consumption are thus of interest. Conventional routing schemes have limitations in both power consumption and delay performance. Application of network coding schemes in rateless fashion results in better delay performance; however, power consumption is greater than for most routing schemes when the network is lightly loaded. This paper proposes a new method for network coding that relies on implicit acknowledgements to improve power consumption performance. Numerical results demonstrate superior performance of the scheme proposed. The method is also applicable to other wireless channels.
Knowledge Growth in Teaching Mathematics/Science with Spreadsheets: Moving PCK to TPACK through Online Professional Development.

AbstractInservice teachers need ways to gain an integrated knowledge of content, pedagogy, and technologies that reflects new ways of teaching and learning in the 21st century. This interpretive study examined inservice K–8 teachers’ growth in their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) toward technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge (TPACK) in an online graduate course designed for integrating dynamic spreadsheets as teaching and learning tools in mathematics and science. With the lens of four TPACK components (Niess, 2005), the analysis describes teachers' development from recognizing to accepting, adapting, and exploring TPACK levels. Implications and recommendations for the design of future professional development courses and continuing research are identified to support inservice teachers' knowledge growth for teaching with technologies.
Lipopolysaccharide is a Direct Agonist for Platelet RNA Splicing

Platelets express TLR4 receptors, but its ligand LPS does not directly activate thrombotic functions nor, obviously, transcription by these anucleate cells. Platelets, however, store information that changes their phenotype over a few hours in the form of unprocessed RNA transcripts. We show even low concentrations of LPS in the presence of soluble CD14 initiated splicing of unprocessed IL-1β RNA, with translation and accumulation of IL-1β protein. LPS was a more robust agonist for this response than thrombin. Platelets also contained cyclooxygenase-2 pre-mRNA, which also was spliced and translated after LPS stimulation. Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry of platelets extensively purified by negative immunodepletion showed platelets contained IL-1β, and quantitative assessment of white blood cell contamination by CD14 real time PCR confirms that leukocytes were not the IL-1β source, nor were they required for platelet stimulation. LPS did not initiate rapid platelet responses, but over time did prime platelet aggregation to soluble agonists, induced actin rearrangement, and initiated granule secretion with P-selectin expression that resulted the coating of quiescent leukocytes with activated platelets. LPS is a direct agonist for platelets that allows these cells to directly participate in the innate immune response to bacteria.
Erlotinib: small-molecule targeted therapy in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.

Abstract Background: Erlotinib is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 1026 targeting the human epidermal receptor type 1/ epidermal growth factor receptor, recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after the failure of more than 1 or 2 previous chemotherapeutic regimens. Objective: The purpose of this article is to summarize1026 the development, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and adverse effects of erlotinib. Methods: A literature search was conducted with 1026 the MEDLINE and EMBASE (1999–2005) databases using the search terms non-small-cell lung cancer, erlotinib, and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor . Abstracts from the American Society of Clinical Oncology and documents submitted to the FDA also were reviewed. Results: BR.21, a randomized, placebo-controlled, 1026 multinational Phase III trial demonstrated clinically and statistically improved overall survival in patients with advanced or metastatic NSCLC treated with erlotinib versus placebo as second-line therapy. The erlotinib group had a median survival of 6.7 months versus a median survival of 4.7 months in the placebo group ( P Conclusions: For patients with NSCLC in whom1026 more than 1 or 2 previous chemotherapeutic regimens have failed, erlotinib is an effective therapy with significant overall survival benefits. The use of erlotinib as first-line therapy in combination with platinum-based chemotherapeutic regimens, however, has failed to demonstrate efficacy in the treatment of NSCLC.
Reevaluating cell wraparound techniques for 3D channel model based system-level simulations

Current wireless system-level simulation frameworks utilize cell wraparound in order to reduce boundary effects and provide an accurate evaluation of system performance. The current wraparound technique is purely distance based, where UEs always pick the closest cells, ignoring the radio propagation characteristics of the channel. While this wraparound methodology works well for a 2D channel model, it fails to account for the enhancements and spatial characteristics of the 3D channel model. In this paper we investigate the use of a radio distance based wraparound scheme for 3D channel models. This new wraparound methodology uses received downlink signal power to perform wraparound cell selection, allowing it to account for the radio propagation characteristics of the 3D channel model. We compare the performance of these two wraparound techniques with respect to coupling gain and other key metrics when considering a 3D channel model. Our results demonstrate the differences between the two schemes and highlight the improved accuracy offered by the radio distance based wraparound scheme.
Rape as a War Crime – Prosecution of Sexual Violence in the International Community

Rape has been present in armed conflict since tribal warfare, yet it was not formally determined to be a war crime or a crime against humanity punishable under international law until 1992, after the wars and conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. This paper will cover the existence of rape (committed largely against civilian women and children) as a form of torture, domination, and genocide in armed conflicts, and the international response. The paper will focus specifically on the conflicts and the subsequent International Criminal Chambers for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda (ICTY and ICTR). The ICTY was the first international court to include rape as a crime against humanity, and the first court to find a person guilty of rape as a crime against humanity. Both Chambers have found the rapes committed as acts of genocide that were ordered, encouraged, or committed by military forces. The paper will examine some of the major cases of each Chamber, and compare the outcomes and interpretations of each body to determine what the overarching legal doctrine is.
Leptonic Decay of the Ξ − Hyperon

The decay of a /sup -/ hyperon, produced in the reaction K/sup -/ + p ons in pyrolyti /sup -/ + ceramic materia /sup +/ + K/sup 0/, by the mode /sup -/ ontrol migra- e proc--/ + is reported; and a most probable value of 0.6% is determined for the branching ratio of this decay. (D.C.W.)
Seller's Liability to Remote Purchasers and Nonpurchasers for Physical and Economic Loss in Breach of Warranty Actions in New York: An Analysis of the Privity Defense and the Views of Professor Speidel and the Article 2 Study Group

If any section of the Uniform Commercial Code requires revision it is U.C.C. & 2-318. Two of the underlying purposes and policies of the Code are to "simplify, clarify and modernize the law governing commercial transactions" and "to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions." Nonetheless, there has never been a national consensus as to the proper scope of the privity defense in breach of warranty actions arising from sales contracts. This article analyzes the privity defense in the context of the New York cases, and then turns to an analysis of the recommended revisions of U.C.C. & 2-318 that Professor Speidel and the Article 2 Study Group made in 1990.
Pine Tar and the Infield Fly Rule: An Umpire’s Perspective on the Hart-Dworkin Jurisprudential Debate

What is law? Though on its face this question seems simple, it remains an incredibly controversial one to legal theorists. One prominent jurisprudential debate of late occurred between H.L.A. Hart, a positivist, and Ronald Dworkin, an interpretivist. While positivism, at its core, holds the law is a set of authoritative commands, Dworkin rejects this reflexive approach and instructs judges to incorporate and advance communal norms and morals in their decisions. In baseball, umpires utilize both legal theories, depending on the type of rule they are asked to interpret or enforce. I conclude that, like umpires, most citizens are not dogmatic about either legal theory.
Pulmonary capillary transport function from flow-limited indicators

The objective of this study was to examine the use of rapidly diffusing (flow-limited) indicators for estimating the pulmonary capillary blood volume (i.e., fraction of the lung blood volume wherei...
Laminar-Turbulent Transition Research in the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Quiet Tunnel

Laminar-turbulent transition is critical for vehicles which ∞y at hypersonic speeds for extended periods. To improve on existing correlations, prediction methodsthatincorporateknowledgeofthetransitionmechanismsarenecessaryandnowfeasible. Purduecontinues to develop the Boeing/AFOSR Mach-6 Tunnel to seek quiet ∞ow at high Reynolds number, with noise levels comparable to ∞ight. The loss of quiet ∞ow above8psiastagnationpressureisprobablynotdueto ∞uctuations exiting the driver tube, since preliminary measurements show these are comparable to those in the Langley Mach 3.5 quiet tunnel. Studies of the efiect of downstream disturbances show that separation is more likely for a laminar nozzle-wall boundary layer, as expected; there is still no evidence that such disturbances can trip the upstream boundary layer. An eighth bleed-slot insert was designed and tested, butwasnotuseful,sincethesuctionmass∞owwastoo large to maintain a sonic throat. A porthole window has been completed for high Reynolds number operation to 6£10 6 /ft., which should enable temperaturesensitivepaintsmeasurementsofblunt-conetransition induced by surface roughness. Finally, preliminary hot-wire measurements appear to show second-mode instability waves on a blunt cone at 235 kHz.
Stuart Hall's Intellectual Formation and Legacy: An Overview Essay for this Special Section

ABSTRACTThis article is the introduction for a special section in the Howard Journal of Communications on Stuart Hall's legacy in the cross-disciplinary field of cultural studies. The discussion considers Hall's life as political activist—a leading spokesperson for Britain's New Left Movement—and scholar, namely his leadership in re-imagining the ways that society, social movements, race, gender, colonialism, and popular culture might be studied. Hall's academic life grew out of his growing racial awareness and his political engagement with key events of the post-World War II era. In seeking a third analytic space, driven neither by Soviet communist nor western capitalist values, Hall took up a traditional socialist path that would lead him into emerging intellectual formations in 1950s Britain. His academic life, which followed, would incorporate the wider range of concerns in the world, giving him global appeal as a thinker and writer.
From I to we: Sex education as a form of civics education in a neoliberal context

ABSTRACTThis research explores the question of how a sex education curriculum can be a form of civics education, moving students from a discourse of personal responsibility to a discourse that represents a “we” voice and takes into consideration not only the other person but society.In two 8-week classes delivered in a charter school to a racially and ethnically diverse group of ninth graders, an individualized neoliberal discourse met up against critical consciousness around an ethic of care regarding sex in relationship and sex in society. Current evidence-based sex education programs are health- and risk-focused, necessitating an approach that emphasizes individual choice and self-care. In this paper we explore several ethical dialogues that occurred during classroom discussions of consent, coercion and media objectification. Through a discourse analysis, we explore the positions of students regarding sex education topics as they sometimes adhere to a neoliberal perspective of choice and sometimes adop...
Towards efficient time-resolved X-ray absorption studies of electron dynamics at photocatalytic interfaces

We present a picosecond time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (tr-XAS) setup designed for synchrotron-based studies of interfacial photochemical dynamics. The apparatus combines a high power, variable repetition rate picosecond laser system with a time-resolved X-ray fluorescence yield detection technique. Time-tagging of the detected fluorescence signals enables the parallel acquisition of X-ray absorption spectra at a variety of pump–probe delays employing the well-defined time structure of the X-ray pulse trains. The viability of the setup is demonstrated by resolving dynamic changes in the fine structure near the O1s X-ray absorption edge of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) after photo-excitation with a 355 nm laser pulse. Two distinct responses are detected. A pronounced, quasi-static, reversible change of the Cu2O O1s X-ray absorption spectrum by up to ∼30% compared to its static line shape corresponds to a redshift of the absorption edge by ∼1 eV. This value is small compared to the 2.2 eV band gap of Cu2O but in agreement with previously published results. The lifetime of this effect exceeds the laser pulse-to-pulse period of 8 μs, resulting in a quasi-static spectral change that persists as long as the sample is exposed to the laser light, and completely vanishes once the laser is blocked. Additionally, a short-lived response corresponding to a laser-induced shift of the main absorption line by ∼2 eV to lower energies appears within <200 ps and decays with a characteristic timescale of 43 ± 5 ns. Both the picosecond rise and nanosecond decay of this X-ray response are simultaneously captured by making use of a time-tagging approach – highlighting the prospects of the experimental setup for efficient probing of the electronic and structural dynamics in photocatalytic systems on multiple timescales.
Action-Based Science Instruction: Service-Learning, Stewardship, and Civic Involvement

Mueller and Zeidler discuss socioscientific issues (SSI) as they relate to students’ everyday lives in the context of environmental, political, social, and ethical issues. In this chapter, we will provide instructional methods and practical applications related to applying SSI within the classroom through action-based science projects. Although any subject can give rise to an action-based project, science is a rich field in which social activism can sprout. Global warming, medical and surgical needs, environmental stewardship, energy awareness, recycling, the aftermath of natural disasters, and, yes, concern for threatened and endangered organisms are just a few connections between science and community action projects. Classroom lessons can be taught and soon forgotten, but the passion, commitment, and emotional expense of an action project ensures its cognitive value and longevity, as well as the preparation of civic-minded individuals who gain problem-solving and decision-making skills for the future.
Hawking-like radiation and the density matrix for an infalling observer during gravitational collapse

We study time-dependent Hawking-like radiation as seen by an infalling observer during gravitational collapse of a thin shell. We calculate the occupation number of particles of which the frequencies are measured in the proper time of an infalling observer in Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates. We solve the equations for the whole process from the beginning of the collapse till the moment when the collapsing shell reaches zero radius. The radiation distribution is not thermal in the whole frequency regime, but it is approximately thermal for the wavelengths of the order of the Schwarzschild radius of the collapsing shell. After the Schwarzschild radius is crossed, the temperature increases without limits as the singularity is approached. We also calculate the density matrix associated with this radiation. It turns out that the off-diagonal correlation terms to the diagonal Hawking leading-order terms are very important. While the trace of the diagonal (Hawking) density matrix squared decreases during the evolution, the trace of the total density matrix squared remains unity at all times and all frequencies.
PRKCQ promotes oncogenic growth and anoikis resistance of a subset of triple-negative breast cancer cells.

Background The protein kinase C (PKC) family comprises distinct classes of proteins, many of which are implicated in diverse cellular functions. Protein tyrosine kinase C theta isoform (PRKCQ)/PKCθ, a member of the novel PKC family, may have a distinct isoform-specific role in breast cancer. PKCθ is preferentially expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared to other breast tumor subtypes. We hypothesized that PRKCQ/PKCθ critically regulates growth and survival of a subset of TNBC cells.
Internet user access via dial-up networks-traffic characterization and statistics

Understanding network traffic from operational networks is critical to the design and evaluation of network protocols. We present analysis of a data set comprised of eight months of RADIUS authentication data taken from a large national dial-up Internet Service Provider (ISP). We present basic statistics, including session counts based on time-of-day, session length distribution, session inter-arrival times, and growth in the customer base over the measurement period. We investigate more deeply several properties of the data. We use area code information to correlate account location with basic statistics. For example, we find that United States west coast accounts tend to have earlier-than-average mean session start time. We find that 40% of sampled accounts exhibit concurrent sessions (two or more sessions active at the same time), while 20% show multiple originating phone numbers. Both phenomenon are likely to increase as users become more mobile and sophisticated. Finally, we offer evidence of significant session activity due to hypothesized automated processes, characterized by periodic interarrival times and/or constant session durations. Our results provide important data for the simulation and modeling of access network protocols and applications. They may also form the basis for creating a workload model of access networks.
Jump over ASLR: attacking branch predictors to bypass ASLR

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a widely-used technique that protects systems against a range of attacks. ASLR works by randomizing the offset of key program segments in virtual memory, making it difficult for an attacker to derive the addresses of specific code objects and consequently redirect the control flow to this code. In this paper, we develop an attack to derive kernel and user-level ASLR offset using a side-channel attack on the branch target buffer (BTB). Our attack exploits the observation that an adversary can create BTB collisions between the branch instructions of the attacker process and either the user-level victim process or on the kernel executing on its behalf. These collisions, in turn, can impact the timing of the attacker's code, allowing the attacker to identify the locations of known branch instructions in the address space of the victim process or the kernel. We demonstrate that our attack can reliably recover kernel ASLR in about 60 milliseconds when performed on a real Haswell processor running a recent version of Linux. Finally, we describe several possible protection mechanisms, both in software and in hardware.
Instructor presence in instructional video

In an effort to enhance instruction and reach more students, educators design engaging online learning experiences, often in the form of online videos. While many instructional videos feature a picture-inpicture view of instructor, it is not clear how instructor presence influences learners' visual attention and what it contributes to learning and affect. Given this knowledge gap, this study explored the impact of instructor presence on learning, visual attention, and perceived learning in mathematics instructional videos of varying content difficulty. Thirty-six participants each viewed two 10-min-long mathematics videos (easy and difficult topics), with instructor either present or absent. Findings suggest that instructor attracted considerable visual attention, particularly when learners viewed the video on an easy topic. Although no significant difference in learning transfer was found for either topic, participants' recall of information from the video was better for easy topic when instructor was present. Finally, instructor presence positively influenced participants' perceived learning and satisfaction for both topics and led to a lower level of self-reported mental effort for difficult topic. Little is known about the effects of instructor presence in instructional video.Learners allocated more visual attention to the instructor than rest of the frame.Instructor presence improved recall of information from the video on easy topic.Instructor presence increased perceived learning and satisfaction.Instructor presence led to lower self-reported mental effort for the difficult topic.
How Psychological Resources Contribute to Sustainable Competitive Advantage

The micro-foundations of resource-based competitive advantage have been receiving increasing research attention as of late. This paper continues the work by Ployhart and colleagues (Ployhart & Moli...
Comparative Anatomy of Lachnanthes and Lophiola (Haemodoraceae)

Summary Aspects of vegetative and floral anatomy of the monotypic genera Lachnanthes and Lophiola are described and compared. Lophiola and Lachnanthes are anatomically very distinct from one another and the taxonomic placement of both genera within the same tribe is not supported. The relationships of the genera to other taxa remain unclear.
Boundary layer flashback of non-swirling premixed flames: Mechanisms, fundamental research, and recent advances

Abstract Boundary layer flashback in premixed jet flames has been the subject of detailed experimental and numerical investigation since the 1940′s. The traditional approach for characterizing flashback has involved the critical velocity gradient concept, with higher values indicating a higher flashback propensity for a given situation. Recent studies in confined configurations have illustrated that a key assumption underlying the critical velocity gradient concept, namely a lack of interaction between the flame and the approaching flow, is fundamentally incorrect. However, for unconfined configurations, where this interaction is much less important, the critical velocity gradient concept is able to partially capture flashback characteristics. Historically, the critical velocity gradient concept predicts trends of flashback behavior in laminar configurations for a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and fuel compositions more consistently than in turbulent configurations. This is due in part to the fact that many laminar studies establish well behaved velocity conditions in the tube conveying the premixed reactants to the reaction zone. Yet many important practical systems are in the turbulent regime and cannot be approximated by a simplified analysis. Studies to date in either regime, while numerous, generally do not provide a comprehensive methodology for accounting for all parameters. Recent work has attempted to capture the effect of a large number of these parameters in the turbulent regime, with some emphasis on providing design tools that can be used to estimate flashback propensity in more general terms. These approaches have demonstrated reasonable performance for the limited data available at elevated temperature and pressure which are representative of important practical system such as lean premixed combustors for gas turbines. While progress has been made in the last few years relative to predicting flashback for practical systems with high Reynolds numbers, only limited data are available for developing and validating correlations. Open questions remain in terms of using detailed numerical simulations and complex reaction chemistry to predict flashback for unconfined flames. In addition, flame-wall interaction in terms of heat transfer, sensitivity to turbulence levels, the role of general velocity gradients (vs idealized fully developed flow), and the role of high pressure must be further evaluated.
Prevalence and predictors of depression, pain, and fatigue in older- versus younger-adult cancer survivors.

Background As the number of older adults in the United States continues to grow, there will be increasing demands on health care providers to address the needs of this population. Cancer is of particular importance, with over half of all cancer survivors older than 65 years. In addition, depression, pain, and fatigue are concerns for older adults with cancer and have been linked to poorer physical outcomes. Methods For this retrospective chart review, 1012 eligible participants were identified via a query of the Electronic Medical Record for all patients referred to 1 of 4 Survivorship Clinics at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. All patients were between the ages of 30 to 55 (younger adults) and >65 (older adults). Depression was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Results The overall rate of depression in this sample of adult cancer survivors was 9.3%. There were no differences in the rates of clinically significant depression (defined as PHQ-9 score ≥10) between younger and older adult cohorts. However, there was a small trend toward higher mean PHQ-9 scores in the younger adult cohort (3.42 vs 2.95; t = 1.763, P = .10). Women reported greater rates of depression and higher pain and fatigue scores. Hispanic/Latino patients also reported significantly greater rates of depression. Conclusion There were no observed differences in depression between older and younger adult cancer survivors. Gender and ethnic discrepancies in depression were observed. Future research should focus on understanding the nature of these differences and targeting interventions for the groups most vulnerable to depression after cancer treatment.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Inborn Defects: A Status Report

Transabdominal amniocentesis early in the second trimester and the culturing of cells it yields, improved techniques for visualization of fetal structures, development of methods for identifying fe...
Discovery of an Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Defective in Cullin Neddylation 1 (DCN1)-Mediated Cullin Neddylation.

We previously reported the discovery, validation, and structure–activity relationships of a series of piperidinyl ureas that potently inhibit the DCN1–UBE2M interaction. We demonstrated that compound 7 inhibits both the DCN1–UBE2M protein–protein interaction and DCN1-mediated cullin neddylation in biochemical assays and reduces levels of steady-state cullin neddylation in a squamous carcinoma cell line harboring DCN1 amplification. Although compound 7 exhibits good solubility and permeability, it is rapidly metabolized in microsomal models (CLint = 170 mL/min/kg). This work lays out the discovery of an orally bioavailable analogue, NAcM-OPT (67). Compound 67 retains the favorable biochemical and cellular activity of compound 7 but is significantly more stable both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 67 is orally bioavailable, well tolerated in mice, and currently used to study the effects of acute pharmacologic inhibition of the DCN1–UBE2M interaction on the NEDD8/CUL pathway.
Neurologic impairments from pediatric low-grade glioma by tumor location and timing of diagnosis.

BACKGROUND The neurologic outcomes of low-grade gliomas (LGGs) according to tumor location and duration of presenting symptoms remain poorly characterized in children. PROCEDURE We retrospectively reviewed neurologic impairments in 246 pediatric patients with LGGs (88 with optic pathway and midline tumors, 56 with posterior fossa tumors, 52 with cerebral hemisphere tumors, 35 with brainstem tumors, and 15 with spinal cord tumors) who were treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1995 and 2005. We compared neurologic impairments (defined by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.03) by tumor location and prediagnosis symptom interval (PSI) (≥ 3 months or < 3 months) at first and last patient visits. RESULTS The median age of diagnosis was 7.1 years; median PSI was 2.1 months; and median time to last follow-up was 11.6 years. LGGs in the cerebral hemispheres resulted in significantly fewer neurologic impairments, compared with that of other locations at baseline (P < 0.001) and at last follow-up (P < 0.001). In all patients, PSIs greater than 3 months resulted in a significantly higher incidence of ataxia and dysmetria at last follow-up (42%, P = 0.003). Greater PSI was also significantly associated with worsening lower extremity motor weakness from cerebral hemisphere tumors; dysmetria from optic pathway and midline tumors; eye and visual dysfunction from posterior fossa tumors; and ear and vestibular disturbances from brainstem tumors (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Neurologic impairment in pediatric LGGs varies by tumor location, and PSIs greater than 3 months affect some functionally important neurologic outcomes.
A Large Animal Model of Bladder Exstrophy

Purpose While most patients who undergo bladder exstrophy closure develop sufficient bladder capacity, others do not. To discover the factors which lead to these differences, we compare bladder biopsies from normal neonatal sheep to those of sheep which have undergone creation of bladder exstrophy. We then compared these results with those of a previous study in which we compared bladder biopsies from human neonatal bladders to newborn exstrophy bladders.
Minding Our Business: Longitudinal Effects Of A Service-Learning Experience On Alumni

The mission of Minding Our Business (MOB), a service-learning course started in 1997 to meet community needs, is to advance the personal and vocational development of urban youth through entrepreneurship education and mentoring. This paper evaluates the long-term impact of MOB on the personal and vocational development of the alumni mentors participating in the program from 1997 to 2005. No scholarly research has been conducted to date on the long-term effect of MOB on mentors and little research has been conducted on the effects of service-learning participation on alumni service-related attitudes and behaviors in general. Consequently, the current study extends the existing research stream on the long-term effects of service-learning participation on alumni service-related attitudes and behaviors. Furthermore, the unique nature of MOB as a mentoring program in entrepreneurship also allows the researchers to study possible long-term effects on interest in community service and interest in entrepreneurship as a vocational option.
The Dialectical Structure of Value Judgments

In this chapter, I utilize the dialectical structure of value judgment provided by Gewirth and Habermas’s theories in order to show that deontic concepts and their correlative judgments are logically and semantically intertwined with aretaic concepts. Importantly, however, deontic concepts are necessarily dependent upon aretaic concepts for their content and meaningfulness.
(338) Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta Subunit 2 Genotype and Pain in Postmenopausal Women with Early-Stage Breast Cancer Prior Treatment

The nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) transcription factor complex is a regulatory element for genes involved in immune function and inflammation. Inflammatory processes are involved in the development and maintenance of symptom clusters. A polymorphism in subunit 2 of the NF-kB complex (NF-kB2) has been associated with symptom clusters in breast cancer patients. One of the most common symptoms experienced by breast cancer patients is pain. Little is known about the association between NF-kB2 and perception of pain in breast cancer patients. The purpose of this exploratory analysis was to compare pain severity with NFkB2 genotype (rs1056890) in women with early-stage breast cancer prior to adjuvant treatment initiation to gain insight into the mechanisms of pain development. Responses to the Brief Pain Inventory and NFkB2 genotype information were collected from 271 postmenopausal women aged 43 to 75 diagnosed with breast cancer as part of a larger cohort study. Of the 271 women, 257 (94.8%) reported race as being white. Univariate descriptive analysis of data showed 124 women were GG, 112 were AG, and 35 were AA. The overall average pain scores for the women on a 10-point scale with 0 being “no pain” and 10 being “pain as bad as you can imagine” were: 1.37 ±1.93 (AA), 1.89 ±2.37 (AG), 1.76 ±2.34 (GG). But, of the women reporting pain, the overall averages rose to: 3.20±1.66 (AA), 3.79 ±2.02 (AG), 3.82 ±2.00 (GG). Analysis of variance between the three genotypes was nonsignificant. The results of our analysis suggest that although there were no significant differences between NF-kB2 genotype and pain severity, the G genotype was present in those women with more severe pre-therapy pain. These results present a useful baseline for further study of the NF-kB2 genotype in cancer-related pain.
Loading Orientation Effects on the Strength Anisotropy of Additively-Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloys under Dynamic Compression

The microstructure of additively-manufactured metals depends on the direction of build, and is distinctly different from those of conventional metals. This work examines the effect of strain rate, heat treatment, and loading orientation relative to the build direction of Ti-6Al-4V samples that have been additively manufactured by direct metal laser melting to determine how the microstructure affects overall mechanical properties. The effect of rate dependence on additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V was investigated by compressing cylinders of the material both quasi-statically in a screw-driven load frame (10−4 s−1 to 10−1 s−1), and dynamically in a split Hopkinson (Kolsky) pressure bar system (375 s−1 to 6000 s−1). The yield strength of the additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V was observed to monotonically increase with increasing strain rates and the samples failed along a 45° direction through the thickness regardless of loading orientation. As in the case of traditionally forged metals, annealed additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V samples exhibited lower yield strengths than their non-annealed counterparts at similar strain rates. For quasi-static loads, a clear dependence of response on loading orientation angle with respect to the material layering direction was seen, with the yield strength being greatest when loading was applied parallel to the build direction – a notable contrast to what is observed in tensile results in which the yield strength is lowest when tension is applied along the build direction. No clear relationship between the yield strength and loading orientation was observed in the dynamic tests, likely because the differences were within the measurement uncertainty of the method.
A Digital Pathway to Having Authentic Food and Cultural Experiences While Traveling in a Foreign Country.

Food is important and essential to understanding and appreciating the culture, heritage, and people of a region. Recipes and cooking techniques are passed down from generation to generation. Some dishes tell the story of a nation, while others are specific to a region. However, unfamiliar geography, language, and customs may make it difficult for tourists to find and enjoy truly authentic local cuisine.
A simplified model for the secular dynamics of eccentric discs and applications to planet–disc interactions

We develop a simplified model for studying the long-term evolution of giant planets in protoplanetary discs. The model accounts for the eccentricity evolution of the planets and the dynamics of eccentric discs under the influences of secular planet-disc interactions and internal disc pressure, self-gravity and viscosity. Adopting the ansatz that the disc precesses coherently with aligned apsides, the eccentricity evolution equations of the planet-disc system reduce to a set of linearized ODEs, which allows for fast computation of the evolution of planet-disc eccentricities over long timescales. Applying our model to "giant planet + external disc" systems, we are able to reproduce and explain the secular behaviours found in previously published hydrodynamical simulations. We re-examine the possibility of eccentricity excitation (due to secular resonance) of multiple planets embedded in a dispersing disc, and find that taking into account the dynamics of eccentric discs can significantly affect the evolution of the planets' eccentricities.
On the identification of place and voicing features in synthetic stop consonants

Abstract: Two models of the interaction of phonetic features in speech perception were used to predict Ss’ identification functions for a bidimensional series of synthetic CV syllables. The stimuli varied systematically in terms of the acoustic cues underlying the features of place of articulation and voicing. Model I assumed the additivity of phonetic features and their independent processing in perception. Model II assumed that the phonetic features interact and are not processed independently. The fit of Model II to the bidimensional series data was better than the fit of Model I suggesting that the phonetic features of place and voicing in stop consonants are not processed independently but rather show a mutual dependency on each other.