cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recruiting and Retaining Girls and Women to Pursue STEM Careers and Play Sports: Comparing Challenges and Lessons Learned

72 1024x768 Normal 0 false false false st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} 72 1024x768 Normal 0 false false false st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Recruiting and retaining girls and women is a shared concern in the United States across physical education, physical activity, and sports (PE/PA/Sport); as well as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). An examination of gender equity research was conducted by the two authors, one of whom is an expert in STEM education, and one of whom is an expert in physical education pedagogy. This led to the supposition that there exist three common divides between men and women: (a) exposure and image, (b) instruction/coaching, and (c) socio-cultural. The common threads of these divides that impede female participation are surprisingly quite similar across PE/PA/Sport and STEM. In this paper the common reasons for non-participation, and even aversion, are examined. Following this, lessons of success from each of the disciplines is applied to the other. Finally, it is conjectured how the practice of examining this shared issue aids both disciplines.
Coupled nano-rings: strain and magnetic field effects

Transmission properties of a linear chain of nanorings with 6 quantum dots (QD) per ring are investigated with and without magnetic field effects. The rings are connected serially by a linear segment. A tightbinding Hamiltonian is solved exactly, giving the transmission for any number of rings in series. The Aharonov-Bohm effect shifts and splits the transmission band structure and the Zeeman effect splits the transmission into spin-polarized bands. Multiple system parameters, including coupling integrals and ring number, are varied and shown to have significant effects on the transmission spectrum. The system and results provide generalized conduction properties of a 1-ring wide graphene nanoribbon in the armchair configuration.
Assessment of morphology of asymmetrical biological macromolecules with digital techniques

Digital image processing techniques which determine the morphology of an unordered, spherical biological macromolecule are discussed. The techniques involve slicing appropriate intensity levels of the scanning transmission electron microscope image so that more accurate observation of morphology can be made. The techniques were applied to native and hybrid canine plasma high-density lipoprotein molecules. Resulting data indicated that the techniques were very useful to assess the diameters of both molecule and surface substructures of such asymmetrical macromolecules.
Exploring prime numbers within a spreadsheet

This paper presents the use of a spreadsheet in generating prime numbers through the Sieve of Eratosthenes. The approach is applied to visualizing frequency and irregularity in the occurrence of prime numbers, distribution of the primes gaps, and the behaviour of the prime counting function π(x).It is argued that these and other aspects of the theory of numbers are more easily represented on a spreadsheet than in a programming language. The spreadsheet used is Excel 4.0 for Macintosh computers.
Improved adiabatic calculation of muonic-hydrogen-atom cross sections. I. Isotopic exchange and elastic scattering in asymmetric collisions.

The improved adiabatic representation is used in calculations of elastic and isotopic-exchange cross sections for asymmetric collisions of {ital p}{mu}, {ital d}{mu}, and {ital t}{mu} with bare {ital p}, {ital d}, and {ital t} nuclei and with H, D, and T atoms. This formulation dissociates properly, correcting a well-known deficiency of the standard adiabatic method for muonic-atom collisions, and includes some effects at zeroth order that are normally considered nonadiabatic. The electronic screening is calculated directly and precisely within the improved adiabatic description; it is found to be about 30% smaller in magnitude than the previously used value at large internuclear distances and to deviate considerably from the asymptotic form at small distances. The reactance matrices, needed for calculations of molecular-target effects, are given in tables.
Effect of conspecific sex on aggression during pregnancy and lactation in golden hamsters

The effect of conspecific sex on maternal aggression in hamsters was determined by comparing the frequency of aggressive responses by dams continuously housed with either a virgin male or female cagemate during pregnancy and lactation. Dams easily established aggressive dominance over male cagemates soon after pairing, and their aggression was low thereafter for the duration of pregnancy and lactation. The aggression of dams with females, on the other hand, tended to fluctuate with highs during mid pregnancy and mid lactation and lows around birth. When dam aggression was low around birth, female cagemates frequently became aggressively dominant, and several dams lost their litters. The higher aggression of dams toward females than males is probably a reflection of greater intrasexual competition for environmental resources that includes pups.
Left ventricular function and coronary artery anatomy before and after myocardial infarction; a study of six cases.

Six patients underwent cardiac catheterization before and after occurrence of a myocardial infarction. Results from the two procedures allowed the quantitation of changes in coronary artery anatomy and left ventricular performance associated with myocardial infarction. Left ventricular biplane or single plane angiography and selective coronary angiography were used to evaluate coronary artery anatomy, left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), end systolic volume (LVESV), and systolic ejection fraction (SEF) under resting conditions. Four patients had developed occlusion of the artery supplying the area of infarction. In five cases new or progressive contraction abnormalities occurred. One patient had no change in contraction pattern or SEF. Systolic ejection fraction fell in three patients, with no change in LVEDV. In two patients LVEDV rose and SEF fell. These data demonstrate that a wide spectrum of functional abnormalities is associated with myocardial infarction. Infarction was always associated with significant coronary artery stenosis, but not necessarily associated with occlusion. The SEF and contractile pattern were the indicators of left ventricular dysfunction which most frequently deteriorated.
Development of a design task to assess students' understanding of human-centered design

In this paper, we describe our process for creating a design task to assess students' understanding of human-centered design. The development process involved conducting a series of pilot tests, with analyses of the data from each prior pilot motivating revisions made to the next versions of the assessment design task. This paper is a formative look at the seven iterations of the design task that have been administered. We will discuss the information we gained about the students' understanding and the design task itself and how it informed the revisions. We will also discuss student perceptions of the design task, features of the design task that helped or hindered eliciting, and capturing, the participants' design process and major breakthroughs in the task development process.
Intraspecific variation in the soluble nuclear eye lens proteins of the sandbar shark, Carcharhinus Milberti (Müller and Henle)☆

Abstract 1. 1. The technique for studying genitically based molecular variation by electrophoretic separation of nuclear lens protein was applied for the first time in sharks. 2. 2. The protein was extracted from lens nuclei of 23 sandbar shark pups in a saline-urea solution and electrophoretically separated on cellulose acetate. 3. 3. The protein patterns formed ten types, reflecting genetic heterogeneity. 4. 4. This approach can be used in sharks to study intraspecific genetic variation and to identify separate breeding populations, as in teleosts. 5. 5. Older sharks have a decreased amount of soluble nuclear lens protein, which may be due to ontogenetic factors or denaturation effects of intrinsic urea.
Effects of injector barrier on performance of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers

An experimental study of the effects of injector barrier thickness on the performance of terahertz quantum-cascade lasers is reported. The injector barrier is varied from 54 to 38 Aring in an otherwise identical 3.4 THz laser structure. It is shown that the threshold current density at 10 K increases monotonically from 445 A/cm 2 to 1.29 kA/cm 2 with reducing barrier thickness. On the other hand, an optimum injector barrier thickness of 44 Aring is found to give rise to a maximum lasing temperature of 141 K.
Hyperkalemic Paralysis: An Elective Abortion Gone Wrong

Abstract Background Commonly used abortion agents carry potentially serious side effects for the mother. It is important for emergency physicians to be aware of the medications used in elective abortions from the late first trimester to term. If digoxin is used as an abortifacient, it is injected intrafetally or intraplacentally. With this method there is a chance of extraplacental injection, resulting in maternal systemic digoxin toxicity and serious morbidity or death. Objectives This report presents a case report, discusses the risks of digoxin-induced abortion, and teaches the reader about the abortifacient agents currently in use, along with their associated complications. Case Report This is a case of a 28-year-old pregnant woman of approximately 20 weeks gestation, who presented with severe muscular weakness and respiratory failure requiring intubation. She was subsequently found to have hyperkalemic paralysis from digoxin toxicity after an extraplacental injection during the first step of a two-part elective abortion. Conclusions It is important for emergency physicians to be aware of the various late first-trimester to term abortifacient agents and procedures being used in obstetrical/gynecological practice, and the potential risks of these interventions. Digoxin toxicity or hyperkalemia should be suspected when a patient presents with severe weakness and respiratory distress after an attempted abortion.
Modeling dynamic behavior in large evolving graphs

Given a large time-evolving graph, how can we model and characterize the temporal behaviors of individual nodes (and network states)? How can we model the behavioral transition patterns of nodes? We propose a temporal behavior model that captures the "roles" of nodes in the graph and how they evolve over time. The proposed dynamic behavioral mixed-membership model (DBMM) is scalable, fully automatic (no user-defined parameters), non-parametric/data-driven (no specific functional form or parameterization), interpretable (identifies explainable patterns), and flexible (applicable to dynamic and streaming networks). Moreover, the interpretable behavioral roles are generalizable and computationally efficient. We applied our model for (a) identifying patterns and trends of nodes and network states based on the temporal behavior, (b) predicting future structural changes, and (c) detecting unusual temporal behavior transitions. The experiments demonstrate the scalability, flexibility, and effectiveness of our model for identifying interesting patterns, detecting unusual structural transitions, and predicting the future structural changes of the network and individual nodes.
Calcific Tendonitis of the Subscapularis Tendon Causing Subcoracoid Stenosis and Coracoid Impingement

Calcific tendonitis is a common disease of the shoulder which usually responds to conservative treatment. In cases unresponsive to conservative management, arthroscopic treatment is sometimes required. While there are several reports on calcifications within the supraspinatus tendon, documented cases involving the subscapularis tendon are rare. We present a case of a 47 year old farmer with recurrent anterior shoulder pain. An MRI revealed calcium deposits as well as a large subcoracoid cyst. Arthroscopic excision of the multiple calcific deposits left a large defect in the subscapularis tendon which was repaired back to the lesser tuberosity using arthroscopic techniques. A coracoplasty resulted in an increased coracohumeral space. The patient followed a conservative postop rehabilitation protocol and ultimately regained full strength and was pain free at the latest follow-up. We postulate two possible etiologies of subscapularis calcific tendonitis: either an idiopathic calcific tendonitis caused a secondary coracoid impingement or a primary subcoracoid stenosis resulted in an interstitial subscapularis tear which eventually resulted in calcium deposition. This report describes the clinical and technical details of arthroscopic excision of calcific deposits of the subscapularis tendon as well as arthroscopic repair of the resulting subscapularis defect.
The Science of Surgical Oncology: Past Progress and Future Direction

The future of surgical oncology is not simply to remove more body parts but to better select the best treatment for each individual patient. The area of predictive assays is growing quickly, and although generally mentioned in relation to chemotherapy or radiation response, these assays can also be applied to surgery. More accurate staging is crucial to surgeons in customizing the operative procedure to the individual.
Pulmonary medicine and palliative care.

Gynaecological malignancies affect the respiratory system both directly and indirectly. Malignant pleural effusion is a poor prognostic factor: management options include repeated thoracentesis, chemical pleurodesis, symptomatic relief of dyspnoea with oxygen and morphine, and external drainage. Parenchymal metastases are typically multifocal and respond to chemotherapy, with a limited role for pulmonary metastatectomy. Pulmonary tumour embolism is frequently associated with lymphangitic carcinomatosis, and is most common in choriocarcinoma. Thromboembolic disease, associated with the hypercoagulable state of cancer, is treated with anticoagulation. Inferior vena cava filter placement is indicated when anticoagulation cannot be given, or when emboli recur despite adequate anticoagulation. Palliative care has a major role for respiratory symptoms of gynaecological malignancies. Treatable causes of dyspnoea include bronchospasm, fluid overload and retained secretions. Opiates are effective at relieving dyspnoea associated with effusions, metatases, and lymphangitic tumour spread. Non-pharmacological therapies include energy conservation, home redesign, and dyspnoea relief strategies, including pursed lip breathing, relaxation, oxygen, circulation of air with a fan, and attention to spiritual suffering. Identification and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux, sinusitis, and asthma can improve many patients' coughs. Chest wall pain responds to local radiotherapy, nerve blocks or systemic analgesia. Case examples illustrate ways to address quality of life issues.
Body cell mass repletion and improved quality of life in HIV-infected individuals receiving oxandrolone.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to measure changes in body cell mass (BCM) and quality of life in HIV-infected individuals undergoing oxandrolone therapy. Previous studies on oxandrolone have neither quantified changes in BCM using criterion methods nor quality of life using an HIV-specific instrument. METHODS: Twenty-five HIV-infected patients (15 with an AIDS diagnosis) on standard antiretroviral and nutrition management were studied before and an average of 18.6 weeks after the initiation of oxandrolone therapy, as prescribed by their primary care physician for the treatment of weight loss. BCM was estimated from intracellular water measured by multiple dilution. Lean soft tissue mass (LTM) was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Quality of life was evaluated by the Functional Assessment of HIV Infection (FAHI) questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant gains in body weight (2.6 +/- 3.0 kg; p < .0001), BCM (3.6 +/- 3.0 kg; p < .0001), and LTM (3.0 +/- 2.9 kg; p < .0001) occurred over an averag...
What Chances Could Not Be

The chance of a physical event is the objective, single-case probability that it will occur. In probabilistic physical theories like quantum mechanics, the chances of physical events play the formal role that the values of physical quantities play in classical (deterministic) physics, and there is a temptation to regard them on the model of the latter as describing intrinsic properties of the systems to which they are assigned. I argue that this understanding of chances in quantum mechanics, despite being a part of the orthodox interpretation of the theory and the most prevalent view in the physical community, is incompatible with a very wide range of metaphysical views about the nature of chance. The options that remain are unlikely to be attractive to scientists and scientifically minded philosophers.
Retrospective review of patients with atrial fibrillation: does pulmonary vein isolation make a difference?

The success rate in patients with atrial fibrillation that were treated with pulmonary vein ablation is suboptimal. In retrospective review, those PVI patients that sustained normal sinus rhythm showed improvement in LV function and reverse remodeling of mitral apparatus when compared to those that had no response.
Levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and proopiomelanocortin mRNA in the anterior pituitary during late gestation in fetal sheep.

CRH regulates POMC gene expression and subsequent ACTH biosynthesis and release. In sheep, the preterm rise in fetal plasma ACTH commences at approximately 125 days gestation (dGA; 147 dGA = term), preceding the initiation of adrenocortical steroidogenesis. We hypothesized that an increase in CRH expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and POMC expression in the anterior pituitary in the late gestation sheep fetus may precede adrenal cortex maturation. Fetal sheep were obtained at 105-107 (n = 4), 128-130 (n = 5), and 138-140 (n = 4) dGA. Hypothalami were cryosectioned and subjected to in situ hybridization for ovine CRH mRNA. In all dGA groups, expression of CRH mRNA was observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the fetal PVN. The midrostral region of the fetal PVN where the dorsal and ventral divisions of the rostral PVN merge to form a single structure was selected for quantification. The number of copies of CRH probe hybridized per micron 3 were determined to estimate the qua...
Ochratoxin A and Dietary Protein.2. Effects on Hematology and Various Clinical Chemistry Measurements

Abstract The health status of broilers fed diets with varying protein contents in the presence of ochratoxin A (OA) were evaluated using clinical-chemistry techniques for blood analysis. A completely randomized, 3 × 4 factorial design was utilized: 14, 18, 22, and 26% of dietary protein and 0, 2, and 4 mg/kg of OA. The broilers were raised to 3 wk of age, at which time blood was collected and various hematological parameters were evaluated. The serum was analyzed for various enzyme activities and for concentrations of metabolites and minerals using an automated, clinical-chemistry analyzer and an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer. Adding OA to the diets of broilers decreased the hemoglobin concentration, corpuscular volume, and the activity of serum alkaline and phosphatase but increased the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase. Adding protein to the diet increased the activity of the serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase. Adding OA to the diet of broilers decreased the concentrations of serum total protein, as well as the concentrations of albumen and cholesterol and increased the concentrations of serum creatinine and uric acid. The concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, urea nitrogen, and triglyceride were increased by adding protein to the diet. The concentrations of calcium, potassium, and inorganic phosphorus in the serum decreased when OA was added to the diet; but the concentrations of calcium and potassium content in the serum increased along with dietary protein. A regression analysis suggested that dietary protein was synergistic toward OA with regard to the blood levels of cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose. But an antagonistic relationship was noted between dietary protein and OA for blood levels of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, calcium, and potassium.
Microradiographic and polarized-light study of dental tissues in vitamin D—resistant rickets

Abstract Six teeth (one permanent and five deciduous) from five patients with vitamin D—resistant rickets were investigated by microradiography and polarizing microscopy. With the exception of an exfoliated lower deciduous central incisor, all of the teeth showed wide areas of interglobular dentine in the areas of the crown dentine and radicular dentine. The dentine formation was greatly disturbed and mineralization was poor. In most instances there was an accentuation of the Tomes' granular layer; however, the cementum formation appeared to be normal. Polarized-light examination revealed that, in most instances, the tooth pulp was firmly adherent to the walls of the pulp chamber and root canal and there were pathologic changes in the pulp. Hypomineralization and hypoplasia of the enamel were observed in one of the six teeth included in this study. Attrition of the teeth was quite common.
Characterization of transport proteins for aromatic compounds derived from lignin: benzoate derivative binding proteins.

In vitro growth experiments have demonstrated that aromatic compounds derived from lignin can be metabolized and represent a major carbon resource for many soil bacteria. However, the proteins that mediate the movement of these metabolites across the cell membrane have not been thoroughly characterized. To address this deficiency, we used a library representative of lignin degradation products and a thermal stability screen to determine ligand specificity for a set of solute-binding proteins (SBPs) from ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The ligand mapping process identified a set of proteins from Alphaproteobacteria that recognize various benzoate derivatives. Seven high-resolution crystal structures of these proteins in complex with four different aromatic compounds were obtained. The protein–ligand complexes provide details of molecular recognition that can be used to infer binding specificity. This structure–function characterization provides new insight for the biological roles of these ABC transporters and their SBPs, which had been previously annotated as branched-chain amino‐acid-binding proteins. The knowledge derived from the crystal structures provides a foundation for development of sequence-based methods to predict the ligand specificity of other uncharacterized transporters. These results also demonstrate that Alphaproteobacteria possess a diverse set of transport capabilities for lignin-derived compounds. Characterization of this new class of transporters improves genomic annotation projects and provides insight into the metabolic potential of soil bacteria.
On Gibbs stability in the classical theory of fluid mixtures

We prove that Gibbs' criterion for stability is a necessary condition for the dynamic stability of a classical (non-linear) inviscid fluid mixture.
A state conceptualization: Are individuals’ masculine and feminine personality traits situationally influenced?

Abstract College students’ (N = 200, 100 males; M age = 19.53; SD = 3.64) reported masculinity and femininity varied according to partner sex (other-, same-sex) and context (cooperative, competitive). Participants worked cooperatively or competitively with same- or other-sex peers to create Origami figures. Stereotypical gender differences were most apparent when instructions emphasized cooperation. Partner sex (same-sex) cued femininity for women and context (cooperative) cued masculinity for men. The study strengthens the claim that, in addition to a stable trait component, there is a flexible state component of masculinity and femininity that varies according to proximal situational demands.
A rose by any other name

A 40-year-old man visited Haiti in the winter. His visit was uneventful, and he went swimming in the ocean. A week after his return he developed a small "pimple" on his right fifth finger. This condition progressed for several weeks, with new lesions developing over the extensor surface of his forearm and in the antecubital fossa. He had tender axillary adenopathy. The patient started a new job when he returned from Haiti, working 4 days per week in a greenhouse. He denied any fever, chills, or night sweats. He was in good health without any underlying chronic health problems. Physical examination revealed a small eschar over the distal phalanx of the patient's right fifth finger (Figure 1). There were 2 erythematous nodules over the extensor surface of his right forearm (Figure 2) as well as over the antecubital fossa (Figure 3). A punch biopsy was performed and results showed suppurative granulomatous dermatitis. Sporothrix schenckii was grown from the specimen.
Environmental fluctuations and the maintenance of genetic diversity in age or stage-structured populations.

The ability of random fluctuations in selection to maintain genetic diversity is greatly increased when generations overlap. This result has been derived previously using genetic models with very special assumptions about the population age structure. Here we explore its robustness in more realistic population models, with very general age structure or physiological structure. For a range of genetic models (haploid, diploid, single and multilocus) we find that the condition for maintaining genetic diversity generalizes almost without change. Genetic diversity is maintained by selection if a product of the form (generation overlap)×(selection intensity)×(variability in the selection regime) is sufficiently large, where the generation overlap is measured in units of Fisher's reproductive value. This conclusion is based on a local evolutionary stability analysis, which differs from the standard “protected polymorphism” criterion for the maintenance of genetic diversity. Simulation results match the predictions from the local stability analysis, but not those from the protected polymorphism criterion. The condition obtained here for maintaining genetic diversity requires fitness fluctuations that are substantial but well within the range observed in many studies of natural populations.
The line broadening and contact shift studies of some metal ion-DMSO complexes

Abstract Contact shift and line broadening studies were made on a series of metal ion-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. Unpaired spin density transfer for Cu(DMSO)62+ and Ni (DMSO)62+ complexes is through the σ bonding system while the signs of the electron spin-nuclear spin coupling constants, An, for Co(DMSO)62+, Fe(DMSO)62+ indicate a ligand π-to-metal t2g unpaired spin density transfer. Line broadening studies reveal that Co(DMSO)62+ and Mn(DMSO)62+ exchange too fast in DMSO solution to be measured by the NMR technique while Fe(DMSO)63+ and Cr(DMSO)63+ exchange too slowly to be measured. The exchange rate and the ΔH‡ and ΔS‡ of exchange were determined for Cu(DMSO)62+, Ni(DMSO)62+ and Fe(DMSO)62+. The exchange rate order was found to be Fe > Cu > Ni.
Growth and characterization of (K0.5 Na0.5)NbO3 thin films by a sol–gel method

(K0.5 Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) perovskite materials have been developed as a promising lead-free piezoelectric material for environmentally benign piezoelectric devices. KNN films with about 320 nm thickness were fabricated on Pt(111)/SiO2/Si(100) substrates by a sol–gel method from stoichiometric and A-site ion excess precursor solutions. Two different annealing methods were also used to investigate the crystallographic evolution of the films. A layer-by-layer annealing process results in highly (001) oriented KNN from the annealing temperature of 550 °C, while the final annealing method leads to weaker crystalline peaks with a random orientation. The KNN films from the K and Na excess precursor solutions show similar crystallization behavior. However, the ferroelectric hysteresis loops of the films were greatly improved by compensating for an A-site vacancy. In particular, the KNN films from K-excess precursor solutions show better ferroelectric properties compared to the films prepared from Na excess solutions.
The effect of insoles in therapeutic footwear—A finite element approach

Current practice in the prevention of recurrence of neuropathic foot ulcers is to prescribe accommodative in-shoe orthoses or insoles which reduce plantar pressure levels at locations of bony prominences, particularly under the metatarsal heads. To date, design of these orthoses has largely been a trial and error process. There is little quantitative information available regarding the effects of thickness and the influence of soft tissue characteristics on the cushioning effect of such interventions. The current paper investigated alterations in pressure under the second metatarsal head as a function of insole thickness and tissue thickness. Both experimental and quasi-static plane strain finite element approaches were employed. The orthoses chosen reduced plantar pressure by a maximum of approximately 30% and were more effective (on a percentage basis) in the setting of reduced sub-metatarsal tissue thickness. Peak normal stresses predicted by the FE models were, on average, within 5.9% of experimentally measured values for the normal tissue case and 8.1% for the reduced tissue case. The techniques presented represent a promising approach to understanding plantar cushioning and the principles involved in the design of therapeutic footwear for insensate feet.
Culpability Standards in Section 1983 Litigation Against Criminal Justice Officials: When and Why Mental State Matters

Title 42, Section 1983 of the U.S. Code provides a remedy in federal court for individuals who suffer constitutional rights violations at the hands of criminal justice officials. To succeed in a Section 1983 lawsuit, a plaintiff must demonstrate a constitutional violation by an official acting under color of state law. Recently, however, courts have begun to require that constitutional rights violations be committed with a certain level of culpability for a finding of liability, a development that has received little attention in the criminal justice literature. Accordingly, this article seeks to (1) sort out the important culpability issues associated with Section 1983 litigation, with particular reference to theories of liability, and (2) discuss the relevance of this inquiry for both academics and practitioners, calling attention to the problems the current multitude of culpability standards pose.
Covalent modification of mutant rat P2X2 receptors with a thiol-reactive fluorophore allows channel activation by zinc or acidic pH without ATP.

Rat P2X2 receptors open at an undetectably low rate in the absence of ATP. Furthermore, two allosteric modulators, zinc and acidic pH, cannot by themselves open these channels. We describe here the properties of a mutant receptor, K69C, before and after treatment with the thiol-reactive fluorophore Alexa Fluor 546 C5-maleimide (AM546). Xenopus oocytes expressing unmodified K69C were not activated under basal conditions nor by 1,000 µM ATP. AM546 treatment caused a small increase in the inward holding current which persisted on washout and control experiments demonstrated this current was due to ATP independent opening of the channels. Following AM546 treatment, zinc (100 µM) or acidic external solution (pH 6.5) elicited inward currents when applied without any exogenous ATP. In the double mutant K69C/H319K, zinc elicited much larger inward currents, while acidic pH generated outward currents. Suramin, which is an antagonist of wild type receptors, behaved as an agonist at AM546-treated K69C receptors. Several other cysteine-reactive fluorophores tested on K69C did not cause these changes. These modified receptors show promise as a tool for studying the mechanisms of P2X receptor activation.
Retinol forms retinoic acid via retinal

Hepatic cytosol from normal deermice having cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH+) also displays retinol dehydrogenase activity and converts retinol to retinoic acid, whereas cytosol from ADH- deermice lacks these enzyme activities and does not produce retinoic acid. Furthermore, microsomes from either strain do not convert retinol to retinoic acid. However, when cytosol from ADH- animals is added to the microsomes, retinoic acid is produced. The obligatory role of retinal as an intermediary step in retinoic acid formation is further shown by isotopic dilution of retinoic acid formed from labeled retinol upon addition of unlabeled retinal. Microsomal retinol dehydrogenase also catalyzes the reduction of retinal to retinol, thereby explaining the decrease in retinoic acid production from retinol in liver cytosol of ADH+ deermice when microsomes are added. Thus, the results of this study indicate that retinal is an obligatory intermediate in the hepatic production of retinoic acid from retinol and that cytosolic and microsomal retinol dehydrogenases play a key role in this process.
Psychology in the law: Why we do what we do

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The amino acid sequence of thymopoietin II

Abstract The amino acid sequence of bovine thymopoietin II is presented. This T cell differentiating hormone of the thymus is a single 49 amino acid polypeptide chain of 5562 daltons. There is microheterogeneity at the C terminus with approximately two thirds of the molecules lacking the C terminal arginine found on the remaining molecules. Determination of the primary structure of thymopoietin II was facilitated by a long automated sequenator run on thymopoietin II coupled to 2-isothlocyanonaphthalene-4,8-disulfonic acid (NITC), tryptic cleavage of maleated thymopoietin II to yield the overlapping C terminal peptide, and efficient manual sequencing of this peptide using benzene extractions to minimize extractive losses of peptide.
Becoming a “World Class” Company With Logistics Service Quality

A “world class” organization must provide high levels of logistics service quality to customers. Knowledge of customer expectations and an understanding of the firm's performance on logistics service attributes relative to competitors are vital to achieving service excellence. Research studies in four industries identify the most important logistics service attributes in business‐to‐business settings. There is consistency across industries in terms of the attributes considered most important by customers. Typically, vendors within an industry do not perform up to customer expectations, which provides the opportunity for a firm to gain a competitive advantage over industry rivals.
Strain incompatibilities and their role in intergranular cracking of irradiated 316L stainless steel

Abstract This study analyzes the influence of microstructural parameters on strain incompatibilities that develop in irradiated 316L stainless steel and evaluates the influence of the incompatibilities on intergranular cracking. Tensile specimens were proton irradiated to 7 dpa at a temperature of 400 °C and then strained to 5% in a 400 °C supercritical water environment. The surface oxides were removed through an oxide stripping treatment to reveal the dislocation channels for analysis of their interactions with grain boundaries. It was observed that grains with high Schmid factors and low Taylor factors were more likely to have multiple active slip planes, and less likely to have discontinuous slip across grain boundaries. It was also observed that the propensity for slip discontinuity was greater along boundaries that had surface trace inclinations of 50° or higher to the tensile axis. The similar dependencies of slip discontinuity and intergranular cracking on trace inclination, Schmid factor, and Taylor factor and the observation that intergranular cracks occur primarily at grain boundary sites that are most susceptible to slip discontinuity suggest that such strain incompatibilities promote intergranular cracking.
Individual growth patterns in the first trimester: evidence for difference in embryonic and fetal growth rates.

Objective To evaluate individual fetal growth during the first trimester in pregnancies resulting from spontaneous and fertilization (IVF). Methods The growth of 11 fetuses conceived by spontaneous fertilization (known dates of ovulation) in nine patients and 15 fetuses conceived by IVF in 12 patients were evaluated at weekly intervals from 6 weeks, menstrual age, to 14 weeks. Fetal length was determined at each examination. Measures of fetal length included the crown-rump length (CRL), maximum straight line length (MSLL) and maximum axial length (MAL). Comparisons of CRL and MSLL to MAL were carried out. The MSLL was used as the measure of length except when the MAL was available. Linear and quadratic functions were fitted to the complete data sets of individual fetuses in the two groups. Individual data sets from ten fetuses in each group were then divided into early and late growth phases, and linear functions were fitted to each data subset. Start points and pivotal points for each fetus were estimated from the coefficents of these two functions. Growth in these two groups of fetuses was compared, on the basis of slope values. Results Evaluation of length measures indicated that, before 8 weeks, only MSLL could be measured. After 8 weeks, all three measures could be obtained, with the MAL being the largest. Both the linear and quadratic models performed well with individual data sets (mean R2(± SD): linear 98.1 (1.0)%; quadratic 99.4 (0.4)%), with no differences found between spontaneous and IVF groups (maximum possible differences in mean slopes (95% probability): 5–8%). Similar findings were obtained for the early and late growth phase data subsets. Slope values in the early and late growth phases showed low variability (CV: early 13.5%; late 11.6%), but were significantly different (early 0.72 (± 0.10 SD) cm/week; late 1.21 (± 0.14 SD) cm/week). The mean start point was 5.9 (± 0.3 SD) weeks' menstrual age, while the mean pivotal point was 9.2 (± 0.7 SD) weeks, menstrual age. Conclusions First-trimester growth studies in individual fetuses indicate that there is a change in length growth rate between 9 and 10 weeks, menstrual age. This is consistent with a shift in development from organogenesis to growth. These results can be used for more accurate assessment of first-trimester growth and may aid in the detection of fetal problems that manifest themselves as growth abnormalities. Copyright © 1999 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Predictors of Media Effects on Body Dissatisfaction in European American Women

This study involved a sample of 81 European American women viewing either appearance-related or non-appearance-related magazine advertisements. Participants completed measures of demographics and objectified body consciousness prior to viewing these images and a measure of body dissatisfaction prior to and after viewing the images. Body dissatisfaction scores worsened after viewing images of women who exemplified cultural standards of the thin beauty ideal. Neither objectified body consciousness nor body mass index predicted degree of change in body dissatisfaction after viewing the images. In other words, the impact of viewing the images was the same for all women, despite varying body mass index levels and varied degrees of objectified body consciousness. Implications are discussed.
The honeycomb stomach: coalesced gastric angiodysplasia

Vascular ectasias of the gastrointestinal tract were considered rare before the 1960s but since then have been frequently identified as a cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. l-G They are more commonly encountered in the cecum but can occur anywhere in the stomach or small intestine. Awareness of their existence increases the chances of endoscopic recognition. We report a case of giant angiodysplasia of the antrum with an interesting and unusual endoscopic appearance characterized by many angiodysplastic lesions that appeared to have coalesced, forming a giant red lesion resembling a honeycomb. Diffuse gastric antral vascular ectasia has emerged as a distinct, well-defined disease entity with distinctive endoscopic patterns.
Genomic organization and expression profile of the human and mouse WAVE gene family.

The WAVE gene family, which contains three members, has been shown to play a major role in the actin polymerization and cytoskeleton organization processes. We have identified the WAVE3 gene from Chromosome (Chr) 13q12, as being involved in one of the breakpoints of a t(1:13)(q21:q12) reciprocal translocation, in a patient with ganglioneuroblastoma (Sossey-Alaoui et al. 2002; Oncogene 21: 5967–5974). We have also reported the cloning of the mouse Wave3. During our analysis of the human gene map, we also noted that WAVE2 maps to Chr region lp35-36, which frequently undergoes loss of heterozygosity and deletion in advanced stage neuroblastoma. These data clearly indicate a possible involvement of the WAVE genes in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma. In this study, we report the complete genomic organization and expression profile of the three human WAVE genes and their mouse orthologs. We show that the WAVE genes have distinctive expression patterns in both adult and fetal human and mouse tissues. We also show a high level of conservation between these genes, in both the nucleotide and protein sequences. We finally show that the genomic structure is highly conserved among these genes and that the mouse Wave genes map to chromosome regions that have synteny in the human genome. The gene content in these syntenic regions is also conserved, suggesting that the WAVE genes are derived from a common ancient ancestor by genome duplication. The genomic characterization and expression analysis of the WAVE genes provide the basis towards understanding the function of these genes. It also provides the first steps towards the development of mouse models for the role of the WAVE genes in actin and cytoskeleton organization in general, and in the development of neuroblastoma in particular.
Still Hands: Celia's Transgression in Cristina García's Dreaming in Cuban

This paper highlights the association between creativity and madness in Cuban American writer Cristina Garcia's Dreaming in Cuban (1992), focusing on the portrayal of the novel's matriarch Celia. Although Celia's artistry feeds into her categorization as mentally imbalanced, she turns to art to resist the labels of aberrance thrust her way. As the articulation of her defiance, art is what causes her to be labeled deviant. In this depiction, Garcia draws from dominant ideologies that frame creativity and madness together. However, she challenges such notions by questioning the grounds for Celia's institutionalization, underscoring how Celia's diagnosis as mentally ill is gendered, racialized, and ethnicized. Evoking the literary figure of the archetypal “madwoman,” yet illustrating how this figure is marked by gender as well as race and ethnicity, Garcia claims a space within traditional literary analyses of madness that have tended to focus on gender at the expense of race and ethnicity.
Sequence relations and coding properties of a subgenomic RNA isolated from barley stripe mosaic virus.

Abstract A subgenomic (SG) RNA (∼800 nucleotides) is a minor component of barley stripe mosaic virus RNAs. The SG-RNAs isolated from the Type and North Dakota 18 (ND18) strains of BSMV have sequence homology with RNA 2 of the (“pseudo-two component”) Type strain, which has two electrophoretic components, but only limited homology is evident with RNA 2 of the ND18 and Norwich strains, which have three electrophoretic components (“three component” strain). Instead, eDNAs from SG-RNA hybridize most efficiently with RNA 3 of the ND18 and Norwich strains. In wheat germ extracts the SG-RNAs direct the synthesis of two polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 20 to 21 × 103. However, these two polypeptides were difficult to detect by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts from Type- or ND18-infected barley and so appear not to accumulate during infection.
Septic Bursitis: A Case Report and Primer for the Emergency Clinician

We describe the case of a 44-year-old man who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) complaining of pain and swelling over the left elbow of 1-week duration. After olecranon bursal aspiration, synovial fluid analysis yielded an increased white blood cell count (3040 cells/mm(3)) and the presence of bacteria. Culture of the fluid later grew Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was initially treated with oral antibiotics for septic bursitis and returned to the orthopedics clinic for follow-up 2 days later with interval worsening of symptoms. He was subsequently admitted for parenteral antibiotics and surgical wash-out of the affected bursa. This report briefly discusses the clinical history and appropriate diagnostic evaluation for septic olecranon bursitis, as well as the shortcomings of existing treatment guidelines.
Nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with metastases

The percentage of patients with renal cell carcinoma who also have identifiable metastases when first seen is increasing. In the past metastases were considered justification for excluding nephrectomy in the management of the patient. However, numerous opportunities for therapy which are abetted by removal of the primary tumor are presented. It is concluded, depending on several variables, that the advantages of nephrectomy usually justify the procedure.