cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theory of role strain.

levels, for example, the conditions of small experimental groups as a subtype of social system. Only in so far as codification reveals uniformities in the cognate features of many different types of operationally studied system do the more general theorems have a prospect of approaching rigorous empirical verification. This specification should not be assumed to be capable of being carried out by simple "common sense;" it requires careful technical analysis through a series of concatenated steps. I believe, however, that the theory of action in its present state provides methods for successfully carrying out this specification, and conversely, generalization as well from lower-level uniformities to higher levels. Perhaps the most important key to this possibility is the conception of all systems of action as systematically articulated with others along system-subsystem lines. The basic system types designated here as organisms, personalities, social systems, and cultural systems must be regarded as subsystems of the general category of action system. Each of these in turn is differentiated into further subsystems at different levels of elaboration. Any subsystem is articulated with other subsystems by definable categories of input-output interchange, the processes, in sufficiently highly differentiated subsystems, being mediated by symbolictype mechanisms such as those discussed above. In many respects, this possibility of dealing with multiple system references and of ke ping straight the distinctions and articulations between them, has turned out to be the greatest enrichment of theoretical analysis developed from Dubin's "Model II." A "flat" conception of a single system reference which must be accepted or rejected on an all-or-none basis for the analysis of complex empirical problems, cannot possibly do justice to the formidable difficulties in the study of human action.
Provider communication quality: influence of patients' weight and race.

Abstract Objective To examine the relationship between patient weight and provider communication quality and determine whether patient race/ethnicity modifies this association. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional analysis with 2009–2010 medical expenditures panel survey–household component (N = 25,971). Our dependent variables were patient report of providers explaining well, listening, showing respect, and spending time. Our independent variables were patient weight status and patient weight-race/ethnicity groups. Using survey weights, we performed multivariate logistic regression to examine the adjusted association between patient weight and patient–provider communication measures, and whether patient race/ethnicity modifies this relationship. Results Compared to healthy weight whites, obese blacks were less likely to report that their providers explained things well (OR 0.78; p = 0.02) or spent enough time with them (OR 0.81; p = 0.04), and overweight blacks were also less likely to report that providers spent enough time with them (OR 0.78; p = 0.02). Healthy weight Hispanics were also less likely to report adequate provider explanations (OR 0.74; p = 0.04). Conclusion Our study provides preliminary evidence that overweight/obese black and healthy weight Hispanic patients experience disparities in provider communication quality. Practice Implication Curricula on weight bias and cultural competency might improve communication between providers and their overweight/obese black and healthy weight Hispanic patients.
Determination and optimization of refractive index, and absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in turbid media using a non-iterative least squares minimization scheme

Continues-wave measurement based methods provide a rapid, cost effective way to determine the reduced scattering and absorption coefficients in turbid media. These methods usually require an accurate measure of the sample's refractive index, which is often unknown a priori. We propose a non-iterative least squares minimization scheme for determining the refractive index of the sample, as well as for providing a good initial guess of the optical properties for the usual iterative-based least squares fitting.
Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion on mood and urge to drink in patients with co-morbid major depression and alcohol dependence

Rationale Rapid tryptophan depletion (RTD) has been used to study central serotonin function and may therefore be useful in understanding co-morbid alcohol dependence (AD) and major depressive disorder (MDD).
Activity Patterns and Retinal Pigment Migration in Pagurus (Decapoda, Paguridea)

[1. Die Anzahl der Pagurus samuelis und P. granosimanus Individuen, welche nachts tatig sind, ist wesentlich hoher als die Zahl derjenigen, die am Tage aktiv sind. P. samuelis wird nachmittags fruher aktiv als P. granosimanus. 2. Bei unveranderten Temperatur- und Lichtbedingungen (standiges Licht oder Dunkelheit) entsteht kein ausgepragtes Dispersionsmuster, das demjenigen unter gewohnlichen Tag- und Nacht-bedingungen ahnelt. Die Zahl der aktiven Krebse ist bei Dauerdunkelheit wesentlich hoher als bei Dauerlicht. 3. Das Proximalpigment der Retina der zwei Arten bleibt bei Tage in der Lichtstellung, bei Nacht in der Dunkelstellung; bei Dauerdunkelheit bleibt es in Dunkelstellung, bei Dauerlicht in Lichtstellung., 1. Die Anzahl der Pagurus samuelis und P. granosimanus Individuen, welche nachts tatig sind, ist wesentlich hoher als die Zahl derjenigen, die am Tage aktiv sind. P. samuelis wird nachmittags fruher aktiv als P. granosimanus. 2. Bei unveranderten Temperatur- und Lichtbedingungen (standiges Licht oder Dunkelheit) entsteht kein ausgepragtes Dispersionsmuster, das demjenigen unter gewohnlichen Tag- und Nacht-bedingungen ahnelt. Die Zahl der aktiven Krebse ist bei Dauerdunkelheit wesentlich hoher als bei Dauerlicht. 3. Das Proximalpigment der Retina der zwei Arten bleibt bei Tage in der Lichtstellung, bei Nacht in der Dunkelstellung; bei Dauerdunkelheit bleibt es in Dunkelstellung, bei Dauerlicht in Lichtstellung.]
Further Study on Atmospheric Lapse Rate Regimes

Lapse rate, moist adiabatic lapse rate and the critical lapse rate for baroclinic adjustment are calculated as was done by Stone and Carlson (1979) using a different data set covering both hemispheres. Results show very good agreement in low latitudes, where temperature lapse rate can be approximated by the moist adiabatic lapse rate. In midlatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the lapse rate agrees with the critical lapse rate for baroclinic adjustment. In midlatitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, the lapse rate follows the critical lapse rate for baroclinic adjustment with a 15-deg lag.
Strangeness enhancement. Challenges and successes

t. Highly effective conversion of kinetic energy into abundant particle multiplicity is the remarkable feature discovered in high energy heavy ion collisions. This short and pedagogic review addresses topical issues related to the understanding of this phenomenon, originating in the creation of the deconfined quark-gluon plasma phase. I consider in depth the apparently simple, yet sometimes misunderstood, intricate issues: a) statistical hadro-chemistry, chemical parameters, b) strange flavor chemical equilibration in quark-gluon plasma, and c) particle yields and sudden hadronization, in the historic perspective of work and competition with my friend Jozsef Zimanyi.
A Method for Integrating ZnO Coated Nanosprings into a Low Cost Redox-Based Chemical Sensor and Catalytic Tool for Determining Gas Phase Reaction Kinetics

A chemical sensor (chemiresistor) was constructed from a xenon light bulb by coating it with a 3-D zinc oxide coated silica nanospring mat, where the xenon light bulb serves as the sensor heater. The sensor response to toluene as a function of xenon light bulb sensor temperature (TLB) and vapor temperature (TV) was observed and analyzed. The optimum operational parameters in terms of TLB and TV were determined to be 435 °C and 250 °C, respectively. The activation energy of toluene oxidation (Ed) on the ZnO surface was determined to be 87 kJ·mol−1, while the activation energy of oxidation (Ea) of the depleted ZnO surface was determined to be 83 kJ·mol−1. This study serves as proof of principle for integrating nanomaterials into an inexpensive sensor platform, which can also be used to characterize gas-solid, or vapor-solid, redox processes.
EE at work: Building a multi-faceted engineering career: Dual-degree Davy Hwang has gone out of his way to explore the many aspects of engineering and manufacturing

Finally, after seven long years and over 200 credits, Davy T. Hwang was ready for the engineering world, with a B.S. degree in both Electrical Engineering and Industrial Engineering, with a Business minor.
Response time in adults with a history of language difficulties

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate speed of processing in college students with a history of problems with language. Affected individuals (n = 16) were identified through a self-reported history of language and/or reading difficulties, and compared to a group of 16 unaffected individuals. Measures of language ability and a battery of response time tasks were administered. Results showed that the affected group had lower language performance and slower response time than the unaffected group. Better language performance was associated with faster response time, and this relationship was stronger in the affected group. These findings are consistent with the literature showing that language impairment often persists into adulthood. Further investigation of the relation between processing speed and language ability may help describe vulnerabilities for adults with language problems, as well as ways to promote compensation for those vulnerabilities. Learning outcomes Readers will (1) increase understanding of associations between processing speed and language in children and adults; (2) become familiar with a method for assessing processing speed; and (3) increase understanding of possible vulnerabilities in adults with a history of language and/or reading problems.
Insights from empirical metacognitive research

This paper discusses the theoretical underpinnings of metacognition and its impact on learning. It identifies relevant research that supports the use of metacognitive prompts to improve not only knowledge acquisition but also knowledge application. Specific instantiation techniques for utilizing metacognitive instructional support pre-, during, and post-training in scenario-based training settings are also provided.
Effect of enameling on the strength and dynamic fatigue of soda-lime-silica float glass

The effect of a glass enamel coating on the strength and fatigue behavior of float glass was investigated. Commercially available enamel that was comprised of Cu 2 Cr 2 O 4 pigment particles in a bismuth-zinc borosilicate glass matrix was applied to a soda-lime-silica float glass via screen printing, followed by fusion at elevated temperature. Strengths of the enameled specimens were evaluated in biaxial flexure using a ring-on-ring (ROR) test geometry, and the data were analyzed using a conventional two-parameter Weibull distribution. Enameling was found to significantly degrade the strength of the float glass. There was no statistical difference in the characteristic strengths of samples enameled on the air side (66 MPa) compared with samples enameled on the tin side (61 MPa) of the float glass. Fractographic analysis revealed that the failures in the enameled float glass samples initiated at pores and pigment aggregates in the enamel, whereas failures in float glass samples initiated solely from surface flaws. Dynamic fatigue tests were performed on enameled float glass and indented float glass samples to determine the effect of the enamel on the stress corrosion behavior of the enameled components. There was no statistically significant difference between the stress corrosion exponents for the float glass and enameled float glass specimens.
Reducing hot cracking tendency of dissimilar weld overlay by magnetic arc oscillation

Nickel filler metals are used for joining and repair of dissimilar metal welds in nuclear power plants. However, with some compositions of austenitic stainless steel base metals, weld cracking is observed. In the present work, the solidification cracking behaviour of 52M overlay on stainless steel with and without magnetic stirring was studied. Single, double and triple bead on plate experiments with 52M filler wire were performed on a type 303 stainless steel plate cladding with a single layer of ER308LSi stainless steel. Weldings were then performed with and without magnetic stirring. Although cracking tendency was observed in all experiments, it was seen that magnetic stirring significantly reduced the cracking tendency. Confirmatory electron backscattered diffraction analyses confirmed the grain refinement in 52M beads with magnetic stirring.
Role of adenosine A2B receptor signaling in contribution of cardiac mesenchymal stem-like cells to myocardial scar formation

Adenosine levels increase in ischemic hearts and contribute to the modulation of that pathological environment. We previously showed that A2B adenosine receptors on mouse cardiac Sca1+CD31− mesenchymal stromal cells upregulate secretion of paracrine factors that may contribute to the improvement in cardiac recovery seen when these cells are transplanted in infarcted hearts. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that A2B receptor signaling regulates the transition of Sca1+CD31− cells, which occurs after myocardial injury, into a myofibroblast phenotype that promotes myocardial repair and remodeling. In vitro, TGFβ1 induced the expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and increased collagen I generation in Sca1+CD31− cells. Stimulation of A2B receptors attenuated TGFβ1-induced collagen I secretion but had no effect on αSMA expression. In vivo, myocardial infarction resulted in a rapid increase in the numbers of αSMA-positive cardiac stromal cells by day 5 followed by a gradual decline. Genetic deletion of A2B receptors had no effect on the initial accumulation of αSMA-expressing stromal cells but hastened their subsequent decline; the numbers of αSMA-positive cells including Sca1+CD31− cells remained significantly higher in wild type compared with A2B knockout hearts. Thus, our study revealed a significant contribution of cardiac Sca1+CD31− cells to the accumulation of αSMA-expressing cells after infarction and implicated A2B receptor signaling in regulation of myocardial repair and remodeling by delaying deactivation of these cells. It is plausible that this phenomenon may contribute to the beneficial effects of transplantation of these cells to the injured heart. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11302-014-9410-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Idiopathic Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS): Phenotype of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Dysfunction in Nuclear Family Members

Idiopathic Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS): Phenotype of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Dysfunction in Nuclear Family Members
The Heart in Vasculitis

All primary vasculitides can target the heart, but this complication is more frequent in TAK, PAN, and EGPA. Although pericarditis is seen in virtually all forms of vasculitis, it rarely becomes a significant clinical problem. Myocarditis is more prevalent in EGPA and TAK, and coronary angiitis is most common in TAK, PAN, and BD. In addition, AI is a classic complication of TAK-induced aortitis, and intracavitary cardiac thrombus formation mainly affects patients with BD. Myocarditis, coronary arteritis, and valvular disease can lead to congestive heart failure and represent poor prognostic factors that require aggressive therapy. Imaging and pathology studies have found that subclinical involvement is common (e.g., TAK, PAN, EGPA, GPA, and BD). Management differs depending on the cardiac structure involved and the activity of the disease.Although pericarditis can be treated with NSAIDs, colchicine, or-low dose prednisone, myocarditis and coronary vasculitis require high doses of CS and frequently cytotoxic agents. Valvular lesions, coronary arteriopathy, and ventricular thrombosis often need surgical intervention. In the face of active disease, clinical judgment is important to help weigh the risks and benefits of delaying surgery versus operating in possibly inflamed tissues. As in other rheumatic diseases, risks factors for atherosclerosis (eg, hypertension, dyslipidemia) should be identified and corrected. Finally, heart failure–and ischemia-targeted therapies are important components of the treatment strategy when indicated.
The effect of self-discrepancy and discrepancy salience on alcohol consumption.

The effect of self-discrepancy magnitude and salience on alcohol consumption was examined in an ad lib drinking study in order to evaluate the utility of the self-inflation component of the myopia model for better understanding drinking practices. Participants were 33 males and 27 females recruited on a university campus. It was predicted that participants with relatively large real self/ideal self discrepancies on dimensions important to their self-concept would consume the greatest amount of alcohol in a wine tasting test. Moreover, this effect was expected to be enhanced when self-discrepancies were made salient. The results of hierarchical regression analyses showed a main effect of gender and a significant interaction between self-discrepancy magnitude and salience condition. However, the interaction was such that wine consumption tended to decrease as discrepancy magnitude increased in the condition in which self-discrepancies were made salient, with the opposite relationship in the control condition. Three possible reasons for the unexpected findings are discussed: (a) The salience manipulation did not perform as expected; (b) the sample had little to gain from self-inflation; and (c) typically, self-inflation does not significantly motivate alcohol consumption.
Aromatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in a Laminar Premixed n-Butane Flame

Experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling work has been performed to investigate aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation pathways in a premixed, rich, sooting, n-butane–oxygen–argon burner stabilized flame. An atmospheric pressure, laminar flat flame operated at an equivalence ratio of 2.6 was used to acquire experimental data for model validation. Gas composition analysis was conducted by an on-line gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer technique. Measurements were made in the main reaction and post-reaction zones for a number of low molecular weight species, aliphatics, aromatics, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging from two to five-fused aromatic rings. Reaction flux and sensitivity analysis were used to help identify the important reaction sequences leading to aromatic and PAH growth and destruction in the n-butane flame. Reaction flux analysis showed the propargyl recombination reaction was the dominant pathway to benzene formation. The consumption of propargyl by H atoms was shown to limit propargyl, benzene, and naphthalene formation in flames as exhibited by the large negative sensitivity coefficients. Naphthalene and phenanthrene production was shown to be plausibly formed through reactions involving resonantly stabilized cyclopentadienyl and indenyl radicals. Many of the low molecular weight aliphatics, combustion by-products, aromatics, branched aromatics, and PAHs were fairly well simulated by the model. Additional work is required to understand the formation mechanisms of phenyl acetylene, pyrene, and fluoranthene in the n-butane flame.
The effects of composting on the nutritional composition of fibrous bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) plant waste residues and its impact on the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract Utilization of bio-regenerative life support systems (BLSS) plant waste residues as a nutritional source by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has proven problematic as a result of high concentrations of fibrous compounds in the plant waste residues. Nutritional improvement of plant waste residues by composting with the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), and the effects on growth and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia fed such residues were evaluated. Five Nile tilapia (mean weight = 70.9 ± 3.1 g) were stocked in triplicate aquaria and fed one of two experimental diets, cowpea (CP) and composted cowpea (CCP), twice daily for a period of 8 weeks. Composting of cowpea residue resulted in reduced concentrations of nitrogen-free extract, hemi-cellulose and trypsin inhibitor activity, though trypsin inhibitor activity remained high. Composting did not reduce crude fiber, lignin, or cellulose concentrations in the diet. No significant differences (P
Deficits in substance P mRNA levels in the CeA are inversely associated with alcohol-motivated responding.

In the present study, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to determine the relationship between innate substance P (SP) levels and alcohol-motivated behavior in alcohol-preferring (P) and nonpreferring (NP) rat lines. In Experiment 1, in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography were used to detect and measure SP mRNA levels in discrete brain loci of the P and NP rats. The results indicated significantly lower SP mRNA levels in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) of P compared with those of NP rats. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of SP, microinfused into the CeA, on alcohol (10%, v/v) and sucrose (2%, w/v) motivated responding in the P rat. The results revealed that, when infused into the CeA (1–8 μg), SP reduced alcohol responding by 48–85% of control levels, with no effects on sucrose responding. Neuroanatomical control infusions (1–8 μg) into the caudate putamen (CPu) also failed to significantly alter alcohol- or sucrose-motivated behaviors. Given the selective reductions on alcohol (compared to sucrose) responding by direct intracranial infusion of SP, the data suggest that deficits in SP signaling within the CeA (an anxiety regulating locus) are inversely associated with alcohol-motivated behaviors. Activation of SP receptors in the CeA may reduce anxiety-like behavior in the P rat and contribute to reductions on alcohol responding. The SP system may be a suitable target for the development of drugs to reduce alcohol-drinking behavior in humans. Synapse 63:972–981, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Who wants to be a health care worker? The health care staffing crisis.

Unless we restore respect to the health care professions, we will soon face a serious shortage of physicians and nurses.
Vulnerability to xylem cavitation and the distribution of Sonoran Desert vegetation

We studied 15 riparian and upland Sonoran desert species to evaluate how the limitation of xylem pressure (Cx) by cavitation corresponded with plant distribution along a moisture gradient. Riparian species were obligate riparian trees ( Fraxinus velutina, Populus fremontii, and Salix gooddingii), native shrubs (Baccharis spp.), and an exotic shrub (Tamarix ramosissima). Upland species were evergreen (Juniperus monosperma, Larrea tridentata ), drought-deciduous (Ambrosia dumosa, Encelia farinosa, Fouquieria splendens, Cercidium microphyllum ), and winter-deciduous (Acacia spp., Prosopis velutina) trees and shrubs. For each species, we measured the ‘‘vulnerability curve’’ of stem xylem, which shows the decrease in hydraulic conductance from cavitation as a function of Cx and the Ccrit representing the pressure at complete loss of transport. We also measured minimum in situ Cx(Cxmin) during the summer drought. Species in desert upland sites were uniformly less vulnerable to cavitation and exhibited lower Cxmin than riparian species. Values of Ccrit were correlated with minimum Cx. Safety margins (Cxmin‐Ccrit) tended to increase with decreasing Cxmin and were small enough that the relatively vulnerable riparian species could not have conducted water at the Cx experienced in upland habitats (2 4t o210 MPa). Maintenance of positive safety margins in riparian and upland habitats was associated with minimal to no increase in stem cavitation during the summer drought. The absence of less vulnerable species from the riparian zone may have resulted in part from a weak but significant trade-off between decreasing vulnerability to cavitation and conducting efficiency. These data suggest that cavitation vulnerability limits plant distribution by defining maximum drought tolerance across habitats and influencing competitive ability of drought tolerant species in mesic habitats.
The control of keypecks during automaintenance by prekeypeck omission training

Measures of pigeons’ prekeypecking (pecking in front of the response key) during automaintenance sessions with keypeck omission contingencies indicate that prekeypecks occur frequently and are often followed by grain delivery. When the omission procedure is extended to prevent food delivery following any trial on which prekeypecks occur within 2 in. of the response key, keypecking is not maintained. These results are taken to suggest that the automaintenance keypeck is part of a sequence of approach behaviors, including prekeypecks. The persistence of keypecking during automaintenance schedules appears to result from the adventitious reinforcement of prekeypecks close to the response key, and the effectiveness of the omission procedure seems to depend upon the extent of the approach behaviors which result in omission.
Biological issues in materials science and engineering : Interdisciplinarity and the bio-materials paradigm

Biological systems and processes have had, and continue to have, important implications and applications in materials extraction, processing, and performance. This paper illustrates some interdisciplinary, biological issues in materials science and engineering. These include metal extraction involving bacterial catalysis, galvanic couples, bacterial-assisted corrosion and degradation of materials, biosorption and bioremediation of toxic and other heavy metals, metal and material implants and prostheses and related dental and medical biomaterials developments and applications, nanomaterials health benefits and toxicity issue, and biomimetics and biologically inspired materials developments. These and other examples provide compelling evidence and arguments for emphasizing biological sicences in materials science and engineering curricula and the implementation of a bio-materials paradigm to facilitate the emergence of innovative interdisciplinarity involving the biological sciences and materials sciences and engineering.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome: toward a molecular understanding of the systemic autoinflammatory diseases.

Almost a decade has elapsed since the concept of autoinflammation was advanced to describe conditions characterized by ostensibly unprovoked inflammation, without the hightiter autoantibodies or antigen-specific T-cells found in known autoimmune diseases. This concept was introduced following the identification of mutations in the p55 tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR1) in patients with a dominantly inherited syndrome of systemic inflammation (TRAPS) (1). Systemic autoinflammatory diseases are caused by aberrant activation of the innate immune system. Some result in recurrent episodes of fever, localized serositis and skin rashes. Two hereditary recurrent fevers, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and the TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) were prototypes for this diagnostic category. In the past 10 years this concept has been extended to include a number of Mendelian disorders, including other hereditary recurrent fevers, as well as more common diseases with complex modes of inheritance including Behcet's disease and Crohn's disease (2). When the molecular basis of TRAPS was discovered it was considered an exceedingly rare disease with only a few families described in the literature. Over the past decade, more than 50 disease-associated mutations have been identified in hundreds of patients from a variety of ethnic backgrounds (3). Genotype-phenotype studies showed that mutations at cysteine residues are associated with a more severe phenotype and higher incidence of amyloidosis (4). Although, most TRAPS-associated mutations are fully penetrant, two TNFR1 variants, P46L and R92Q, have been also identified in asymptomatic family members, and at a low frequency in healthy populations. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that mediates a wide range of cellular activities primarily through its interaction with TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1; TNFRSF1A; CD120a; p55/p60). Triggering the TNF signaling cascade results in an array of responses, including apoptosis, inflammation and modulation of the immune response. TNFR1 is constitutively expressed on the cell surface in most tissues. It is a large polypeptide with an extracellular domain, consisting of 4 cysteine-rich domains (CRD), a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular death domain (DD). Each CRD includes 3 pairs of cysteine residues that form intramolecular disulfide bonds important in maintaining the 3dimensional conformation of the extracellular part of the receptor. Thus, a substitution at a cysteine residue has the potential to disrupt the relevant disulfide bond and result in significant structural perturbation. The first CRD, sometimes called the pre-ligand association domain (PLAD), allows for TNF-independent interactions of TNFR1 molecules,
Traits Can Be Powerful, but Are Not Enough: Lessons from Subjective Well-Being

Abstract In the field of subjective well-being (SWB), Mischel's (1968) critique of personality is flipped on its head: personality traits strongly predict SWB, whereas situations often have only a small influence. Thus, the field of SWB is used to explore under what circumstances personality traits are likely to be important. Because of the strong influence of traits on SWB and a resurgence of interest in the “Big Five” system of traits, the area offers an excellent object lesson in the pitfalls of a personality psychology that relies exclusively on trait constructs. It is shown that even when traits offer strong predictions, they do not offer a complete account of psychological phenomena. It is concluded, however, that traits can be very important organizing structures with which to initially classify and understand some important phenomena of psychology. At the same time, scientific understanding based on traits must be augmented by a process orientation and a study of relevant situational factors in order for the field of personality to remain an intellectually vigorous science.
A review of “ Handbook of Essential Formulae and Data on Heat Transfer for Engineers ”by H. Y. Wong Longman Group, Ltd., London, 1977, $ 11.50

(1979). A review of “ Handbook of Essential Formulae and Data on Heat Transfer for Engineers ”by H. Y. Wong Longman Group, Ltd., London, 1977, $ 11.50. Heat Transfer Engineering: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 55-55.
The canonical signed digit code structure for FIR filters

This correspondence introduces a new computational structure for FIR filters that combines the advantages of canonical signed digit code (CSC) with the efficiency of the partial sum organization. An example shows how microcode for a microprocessor implementation may be developed directly from the filter coefficients.
The role of bisphosphonates in metastatic breast cancer.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology has recently developed guidelines for the use of bisphosphonates in breast cancer. Highlights of these guidelines are reviewed. Specific issues addressed included when in the course of disease should treatment be started, the duration of therapy, the role of bisphosphonates in pain control, their safety, and current estimates of their cost effectiveness. Although intravenous bisphosphonates, primarily pamidronate, have been shown to reduce the frequency of skeletal-related complications in women with known lytic bone metastases from breast cancer, numerous major areas of clinical importance related to their use have not been studied and are highlighted.
An unusual interaction between the target of nalidixic acid and novobiocin.

BACTERIAL mutation resulting in drug resistance often has pleiotropic effects. Amongst these are alterations in susceptibilities to other drugs. Perhaps the best understood and studied of these interactions are antibiotic resistance mutations that involve genes of ribosomal proteins. The pleiotropic effects induced by ribosomal mutations are usually interpreted by interaction of different ribosomal proteins in the ribosomal organelle. For example, it has been observed that certain ribosomal mutations to neomycin-kanamycin (nek) resistance in Escherichia coli mask the phenotype of spectinomycin (spc) resistance1. Similarly, there is also interaction between ribosomal ambiguity (ram) and the streptomycin (str) genes2. More recently, it has been observed that there is an interaction of ribosomal (str) and RNA polymerase subunit (rif) mutations3. I describe here an interaction between mutations involving resistance against two quite different drugs, nalidixic acid and novobiocin, both of which affect DNA replication. This genetic interaction may reflect existence of a protein complex in the DNA replication machinery which has already been postulated on other grounds (see ref. 4).
The numerical range of a product

in terms of W(A) and W(B). In [l] we obtained results on this problem by restricting B to be nonnegative. Here and throughout A and B are “operators”, which means that they are bounded linear operators on the complex Hilbert space H. For any collection of sets (8, : 01 E A}, by cl. conv.{& : OL E A} we mean the smallest closed convex set containing S, for each 01 E A. It is well known that for any operator A we have (4) I( A (1 < w(A) < 11 A II and if A is normal then w(A) equals II A II . In the second section we prove a theorem which implies that (4) I( A I] = w(A) when AH is orthogonal to A*H. An application of this fact uses the result of Sz-Nagy, Foias, and Berger that w(A) < 1 if and only if A has a 2-dilation, i.e. there exists a unitary operator U on a complex Hilbert space R 3 H such that An = 2QU” for 71 = 1, 2,... with Q the orthogonal projection of R onto H. Thus if II A /I < 2 and if AH is orthogonal to A*H then A has a 2-dilation. The above theorem of Sz-Nagy, Foias, and Berger also permits applications of our third section. In particular if A has such a 2-dilation as above and B is an isometry commuting with A then AB has such a 2-dilation. Another corollary of our third section is the following: let A have polar factorization UR; if (AH)= (A*H)and if U*A = AU* then r(A) = w(A) = 11 A I] where r(A) is the spectral radius of A. More generally the conclusions of our third section give evidence relevant to the conjecture that w(AB) < I/ A 11 w(B) when A and B commute. This conjecture is the analog of the Banach algebra theorem that r(AB) < r(A) r(B) when A and B commute. The final section uses the machinery of [I] along with some perturbation
Dynamic impact factors of strain hardening UHP-FRC under direct tensile loading at low strain rates

Enhanced matrix packing density and tailored fiber-to-matrix interface bond properties have led to the recent development of ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHP-FRC) with improved material tensile performance in terms of strength, ductility and energy absorption capacity. The objective of this research is to experimentally investigate and analyze the uniaxial tensile behavior of UHP-FRC under various strain rates, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.1 1/s. A direct tensile test set up is used. The experimental parameters encompass three types of steel fibers, each in three different volume fractions at four different strain rates resulting in 36 test series. Elastic and strain hardening tensile parameters, such as, cracking stress, elastic and strain hardening modulus, composite tensile strength and strain, energy absorption capacity, and crack spacing of the UHP-FRC specimens, are recorded and analyzed. Explanation of the material’s strain rate sensitivity is mainly based on the inertia effect of matrix micro cracking. Potential contributions of other mechanisms include viscosity of water within nanopores and confinement effects. Dynamic impact factor (DIF) formulas are provided based on the experimental data to illustrate the relationship between DIF and strain rate for UHP-FRC.
Feynman path integral study of confined carriers subject to a statistical potential

Abstract The Feynman path integral formulation of quantum mechanics has been applied to the calculation of the equilibrium probability density functions for carriers in confining structures. Specifically, in this paper, we present results for a finite square well (single quantum well) and a double barrier (resonant tunneling) structure. A statistical potential function, which is phonon-like in the low frequency limit, is introduced and the effects on barrier penetration and eigenenergies are studied. Both the barrier penetration and eigenenergies are found to be reduced. Though the techniques used are capable of producing quantitative information, emphasis here is placed on the qualitative effects of a statistical potential. We believe these results demonstrate the applicability of the path integral formalism to the study of ultra-small devices.
Teaching bioheat transfer based on "How People Learn" methodology

This paper presents the organizational structure for teaching the bioheat transfer component of a biotransport course based on the How People Learn (HPL) pedagogical model. The presentation to students consists of a series of design challenges in a sequence that directs learning through the major components of bioheat transfer knowledge taxonomy. Students encounter various taxonomic subjects in either a primary learning context or in a secondary application in which adaptive expertise is developed. The primary and secondary intersections between the challenge and taxonomy vectors are displayed in a matrix format.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Abstract 2352: Molecular profiles of head and neck cancer tumorgrafts

Purpose: We have developed a primary tumorgraft system of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck with relevance for investigating mechanisms of therapeutic resistance, understanding differential responses to standard therapy in HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers, and testing novel therapeutics. To better understand the power, limitations and relevance of our tumorgraft system, we have initiated molecular characterization of these tumors. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent HNSCC were consented for donation of tumor at the time of surgery. Tumor tissue was obtained, washed in antibiotic rich media, manually disaggregated, and subcutaneously implanted into mice (NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) for initial tumorgraft establishment. Subsequent mouse-to-mouse passages were performed and formalin-fixed/paraffin embedded as well as flash frozen tissue was harvested for subsequent molecular analyses. Expression of p16(Ink4a), p53, pRB, and EGFR was assessed by immunohistochemistry(IHC). HPV status and subtype was assessed using MY09/MY11 and GP5/GP6 degenerate nested polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Transcriptionally active HPV infection was assessed by qRT-PCR for the HPV oncogenes E6 and E7. Mutation status of p53 was assessed by PCR-based exon amplification and Sanger sequencing. Results: To date, thirty primary tumorgrafts have been established with robust growth in eighteen (60%). p16(INK4A) expression was identified in approximately one-third. The majority of HPV-positive tumorgrafts contained HPV-16 and were transcriptionally active by mRNA expression profiling. HPV-positive tumors showed low p53 and RB expression by IHC. As anticipated, mutations in p53 were seen more frequently in HPV-negative tumors. Conclusions: These primary human tumorgrafts represent a diverse range of head and neck cancers. Both HPV-positive tumors and HPV-negative tumors have been successfully propagated with a diverse range of molecular characteristics. These primary tumorgrafts will provide a valuable platform for testing novel therapeutics as well as radiation and chemotherapy response profiles. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2352. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2352
Sex purchasing and associations with HIV/STI among a clinic-based sample of US men.

BACKGROUND Despite high rates of human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted infection (HIV/STI) among commercial sex workers and international concern that male clients may constitute a critical bridge population for HIV/STI transmission, little empirical data exist within the United States to characterize men who purchase sex or to assess their sexual risk and HIV/STI infection. METHODS The study involves the analysis of a community-based survey of men aged 18-35 years attending urban health centers (n=1515) to assess the prevalence of engagement in sex purchasing during the past year and to evaluate relations with self-reported HIV/STI diagnosis and symptoms across this same period. RESULTS More than 1 in 12 (8.7%) men reported exchanging drugs, money, or a place to stay for sex with a female partner in the past year. Such behavior was associated with additional sexual risk taking and emerged as an independent predictor of self-reported HIV/STI diagnosis [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj)=2.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.51 to 5.94] and STI symptoms (ORadj=2.57; 95% CI: 1.57 to 4.22) in the past year in analyses adjusted for alternate HIV/STI risk sources. CONCLUSIONS Sex purchasing is a common form of HIV/STI risk among the population sampled. Men engaging in such behavior are more likely to be HIV/STI infected and, thus, represent a risk to the sexual health of both commercial and noncommercial sex partners. Further research is needed to inform interventions targeted toward male clients of prostituted women.
Integrating strength-weakness analysis into strategic planning

Abstract Strength-weakness assessment, which must be performed as a part of any strategic planning process, is presented in terms of a process, termed SWA, that involves managers in making the critical informational choices that are implicit in strategic assessments of strengths and weaknesses. The process is illustrated in terms of its underlying premises, their implications, its benefits, and an illustrative substantive framework that can be used to guide the process.
The stereochemistry of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers: 13C-NMR study and PVCILO and INDO/1 calculations

Abstract The stereochemistry of alternating copolymers of styrene (ST) with maleic anhydride (MA) was examined by 13C-NMR spectroscopy, and the stabilization energies and the most stable geometries of complexes and adducts between ST and MA were calculated by the PVCILO program and by INDO/1. The methine and carbonyl carbon atoms of the MA portion and the quaternary carbon atom of the ST portion reveal different stereochemistries due to various polymerization conditions, suggesting that the donor-acceptor complex may participate in the co-polymerization. The complex postulated according to the Diels-Alder geometry was more stable than that according to [2+2] cycloaddition geometry. It is believed that the stabilization energy is so great that the copolymerization occurs spontaneously via forming a donor-acceptor complex and adducts. The geometries of 1:1 adducts formed by endo and exo approaches in the Diels-Alder geometry mode were also calculated.
Potentials for bi-directional guide-path for automated guided vehicle based systems

Most current applications of automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS) in manufacturing shop environments employ uni-directional guide-paths for vehicle routing despite the fact that bi-directional vehicles exist. In this paper comparisons and issues regarding unidirectional and bi-directional flows are presented. Also presented is a model of a bi-directional traffic flow guide-path. The effect of the traffic flow pattern on the shop throughput is demonstrated and compared to that of a uni-directional flow system of an equivalent facility. The model is implemented using computer simulation.
Redox Modulation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate-Stimulated Neurotransmitter Release from Rat Brain Slices

Rat brain cortical slices released tritiated norepinephrine ([3H]NA) during a 2-min stimulation with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Dithiothreitol (DTT; 0.1-5 mM), present for 6 min prior to stimulation, dose-dependently increased the release of [3H]NA from cortical slices stimulated with a maximally effective concentration of NMDA (500 microM). Similar results were observed for [3H]NA release from hippocampal slices and tritiated and endogenous dopamine release from striatal slices. DTT treatment also markedly shifted the dose-response curve of NMDA to the left. Cortical slices released approximately the same amount of [3H]NA with 10 microM NMDA following DTT treatment (about 5%) as non-DTT-treated control slices did with 500 microM NMDA. The effects of DTT were fully reversed by subsequent treatment with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB; 0.5 mM). DTT treatment did not significantly alter the ability of magnesium (1.3 mM) or the polyamine antagonist arcaine to block the NMDA-stimulated release of [3H]NA. In contrast, DTT treatment significantly attenuated the antagonist effects of the competitive glycine antagonist, 7-chlorokynurenic acid, and the competitive NMDA antagonist, 2-aminophosphonopentanoic acid. These results suggest that oxidation and reduction of disulfide bonds located within the NMDA receptor complex might regulate the activation of the NMDA receptor. This could have important consequences in vivo if endogenous oxidizing/reducing systems are found to have similar effects on NMDA-stimulated responses.