cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Polyuridylic Acid-directed Phenylalanine Incorporation in Minicell Extracts

Cell-free extracts of miniature Escherichia coli cells deficient in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and DNA-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase have been shown to be capable of polyuridylic acid-directed [(14)C]phenylalanine incorporation.
Evaluating Community Collaboration in Writing Interagency Agreements on the Age 3 Transition

Representatives from 34 local interagency coordinating councils participated in a training on the development of interagency agreements. Coordinators of these councils or their designated representative participated in an interview about the process and 29 of the councils submitted written agreements within 9 months of the final training date. Results indicate that most communities included the majority of the legal requirements of transition in their agreements. Communities whose agreements were signed by agency administrators were rated somewhat higher for the number of legal requirements and quality indicators contained, when compared to those that remained unsigned. Interview participants identified policy issues such as ensuring continuity of services and interpretations of regulations as significant barriers to the writing of an agreement.
Query optimization using column statistics in hive

Hive is a data warehousing solution on top of the Hadoop MapReduce framework that has been designed to handle large amounts of data and store them in tables like a relational database management system or a conventional data warehouse while using the parallelization and batch processing functionalities of the Hadoop MapReduce framework to speed up the execution of queries. Data inserted into Hive is stored in the Hadoop FileSystem (HDFS), which is part of the Hadoop MapReduce framework. To make the data accessible to the user, Hive uses a query language similar to SQL, which is called HiveQL. When a query is issued in HiveQL, it is translated by a parser into a query execution plan that is optimized and then turned into a series of map and reduce iterations. These iterations are then executed on the data stored in the HDFS, writing the output to a file.The goal of this work is to to develop an approach for improving the performance of the HiveQL queries executed in the Hive framework. For that purpose, we introduce an extension to the Hive MetaStore which stores metadata that has been extracted on the column level of the user database. These column level statistics are then used for example in combination with join ordering algorithms which are adapted to the specific needs of the Hadoop MapReduce environment to improve the overall performance of the HiveQL query execution.
Daily Rhythm in Tyrosine Concentration in Human Plasma: Persistence on Low-Protein Diets

The concentration of tyrosine in the plasma of normal males varies diurnally. It is lowest (9.5 ± 0.35 micrograms per milliliter) between 0130 and 0230 hours and rises to a peak of 16.2 ± 0.82 micrograms per milliliter by 1030 hours. This rhythm persists when subjects are maintained for 2 weeks on a diet that is very low in protein.
Geometries of Reading, Light of Learning: Louis I. Kahn’s Library at Phillips Exeter

In Louis I. Kahn’s library at Phillips Exeter Academy geometries of architecture and media function as parallel rhetorical systems, sometimes complementing, sometimes contradicting one another. This present paper examines how the geometric forms of the library shape patrons’ relationships to media in the collection, and how Kahn’s elementary geometries have accommodated new media characterized by non-geometric, non-linear forms.
Non-Lambertian reference panel effect on spectral reflectance measurements of freshwater ice

Abstract Airborne measurements of the spectral reflectance of freshwater ice types on Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) were used as ground data for satellite (AVHRR) interpretation of the ice cover. These were corrected for the non-Lambertian character of the spray-painted barium sulphate reference panel whose radiance data, measured on the ground, were used in the calculation of reflectance factors. The reflectance measurements were previously corrected for dark current, transmittance of the radiometer optics, and atmospheric attenuation and path radiance from the measurement altitude of 300m. The correction for the non-Lambertian response of the reference panel at the wavelengths and Sun zenith angle at which the panel radiance was measured, resulted in an average decrease in reflectance of 8·3 per cent in the visible band and 3-6 per cent in the near-infrared band for the ice types measured.
Registration of noisy SAR imagery using morphological feature extractor and 2D cepstrum

Registration of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a non-trivial task because of the significant speckle noise associated with them. We have performed the registration using 2-D cepstrum technique which has been verified to be more noise-tolerant and computationally more efficient than the conventional correlation methods. The ccpstral peaks revealed linear translations between SAR image pairs, accurately. Further work is in progress to isolate the registration peaks from spurious peaks in a more reliable way than the present heuristic approach. Removal of speckle noise from the SAR images is also addressed. Spatial averaging is a standard technique used on SAR images to reduce speckle. However, this causes a loss of resolution. We have employed mathematical morphology techniques to remove more speckle than spatial averaging can, with little loss of resolution. Long, one-dimensional structuring elements in different orientations are used to filter speckle while maintaining the sharpness of region boundaries. Afterward, a small, two-dimensional structuring clement is used to remove thin line elements. The targets appearing as small bright spots are separated from the original images by a thresholding operation and superimposed on the filtered images. The computational time required on a sequential machine is comparable to that for spatial averaging. In addition, like other morphological filters, this technique could be implemented on a real time parallel architecture. The improvement in resolution and noise reduction over the spatial averaging is demonstrated for images acquired at different wavelengths.
Structural Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Cardiac Myosin/Omecamtiv Mecarbil Complex Revealed by Time-Resolved FRET

We are investigating the structural thermodynamics and kinetics of cardiac myosin in the presence of omecamtiv mecarbil (OM), a small molecule that is currently in clinical trials for treating heart failure. AM has been shown to increase thin-filament activated cardiac myosin ATPase activity, the apparent rate constant for actin-activated phosphate release from cardiac myosin, and contractility in the heart (Malik et al, Science 2011). How OM modulates theses activities remains poorly understood. Based on a published Biophysical Society Annual Meeting poster abstract (Liu et al. Biophys. J. 2013) and on published studies (Malik et al, Science 2011), we hypothesized that OM stabilizes the pre-powerstroke structural state in the presence of ATP analogs and increases the observed rate constant for the actin-activated powerstroke during actin-activated single ATP turnover. To test these predictions, we used a time-resolved FRET biosensor of β-cardiac myosin, which detects the mole faction of pre and post-powerstroke structural states of the myosin light-chain binding domain, to determine the apparent equilibrium constant for the recovery-stroke under saturating ADP, ADP.BeF, ADP.AlF and ADP.V nucleotide states in the presence of saturating OM or DMSO. We varied the temperatures of these experiments to determine whether OM changes the structural thermodynamics of the pre-powerstroke state. In a second set of experiments, we directly measure light-chain domain rotation during ATP binding to myosin and during actin binding to myosin in the presence of ATP. Taken together, these results address two of the key phenotypes that the drug exhibits in vitro, increased actin-activated phosphate release, and increased thin-filament activated steady-state ATPase cycling.
Isotopically sensitive branching as a tool for evaluating multiple product formation by monoterpene cyclases

Abstract The deuterated substrates [4-2H2,1-3H]geranyl pyrophosphate and [10-2H3,1-3H]geranyl pyrophosphate were employed to examine isotopically sensitive branching in the biosynthesis of monoterpene olefin isomers. By this method, (−)-α-pinene and (−)-β-pinene were shown to be synthesized via a common intermediate by a single cyclization enzyme from grand fir (Abies grandis), as were (−)-(α-phellandrene and (−)-β-phellandrene by a single cyclase from lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Kinetic isotope effects were determined for the various deprotonations leading to the pinenes and phellandrenes.
Ecology and sociality in a multilevel society: ecological determinants of spatial cohesion in hamadryas baboons.

The multilevel society of hamadryas baboons, consisting of troops, bands, clans, and one-male units (OMUs), is commonly perceived to be an effective means of adapting to variable food availability while allowing spatial cohesion in response to predator pres- sure. The relationship between these variables, however, has never been tested quantitatively. The Filoha site in Awash National Park, Ethiopia is ideally suited to such an investigation as it contains nutrient-dense palm for- ests in addition to the Acacia scrublands typical of hama- dryas distribution elsewhere, allowing comparisons of spatial cohesion across habitat types. Here, we use obser- vations over a 1-year period to examine the relationship between resource availability, perceived predator pres- sure, and spatial cohesion in a band of wild hamadryas baboons at Filoha. Our results demonstrate that the band was more likely to break into OMUs when foraging in habitats with lower food availability, and that the band fissioned into independent clans more often when pre- ferred resources were not available. Furthermore, the baboons remained in larger aggregations for longer peri- ods of time (i.e., prior to embarking on their daily forag- ing route) on mornings after predators were heard in the vicinity, and increased cohesion in response to encounters with people who may have been perceived as predators. These results support the notion that hamadryas baboons change their social groupings in response to both food availability and predation risk and that the ability of hamadryas bands to cleave and coalesce in response to changes in these factors underlies the evolution of the hamadryas modular social structure. Am J Phys Anthro- pol 148:580-588, 2012. V
Pathways to Achievement: How Low‐Income Mexican‐Origin Parents Promote Their Adolescents Through School

Using an ecocultural framework, we investigated relations between parental academic socialization (PAS) and adolescent motivation and achievement. Two-hundred sixteen Mexican-origin, low-income sixth graders reported on their motivational beliefs and behaviors and on their parents' academic socialization. Results indicated that parents engaged in high levels of all dimensions of PAS: providing an environment for learning, communicating messages about hard work, and communicating messages about school success. Adolescents' determination to persist on schoolwork and educational expectations each partially mediated relations between parental messages about school success and grades. Achieve for family, the motivation to achieve due to feelings of family indebtedness and honor, partially mediated relations between parental messages about school success and determination. Finally, a moderated mediation analysis confirmed that the indirect effect of parental messages about school success on grades through determination differs as a function of maternal warmth. High maternal warmth was associated with stronger relations between PAS and determination.
Interrelationships of Proteins Secreted by the Ovine Conceptus and Endometrium during the Periattachment Period

Abstract Relationships between secretory proteins from the ovine conceptus and endometrium were investigated by in vitro culture of conceptus and endometrial tissues, either together or separately. This approach permitted investigation of the effect of one tissue upon the secretory protein profile of the other. There was no difference between secretory protein profiles from the ipsilateral and contralateral uterine horns, when the tissues were cultured either alone or with conceptus tissue. Of 12 endometrial proteins studied, the level of one was decreased and four were increased in the presence of conceptus tissue. Concentrations of ovine trophoblast protein one (oTP-1) in culture medium were higher (P In a second experiment, conceptus or endometrial tissues were cultured in conditioned medium containing radiolabelled endometrial or conceptus proteins, respectively. There was no evidence of uptake of radiolabelled conceptus proteins by endometrium, although levels of oTP-1 in culture medium decreased in the presence of endometrial tissue. An endometrial protein with a molecular weight of approximately 70 000 D (hereafter referred to as the 70k protein) became associated with conceptus tissue in vitro.
Thermal modeling in mountain bike air shocks

The demands on mountain bike (MTB) components continue to grow as the sport matures. Components are driven toward increased functionality, reliability, and weight savings. In the arena of mountain bike rear shocks, air shocks lead the way in both weight savings and user adjustment over their coil spring counterparts. Not only do air shocks allow multiple controls over both compression and rebound damping but they also allow easy control for rider sag, adjusting for varied sized riders and rider suspension travel preferences. They do so with significant weight saving over coil spring competitors. A downside to air shocks over coil are the thermal issues surrounding housing an air spring concentric with the shock damping mechanism as well as the seal-friction issues associated with containing the air. The continual compressing of the air and the air seal friction are thermal dynamics that coil shocks do not experience. Also, the insulation of the damper mechanism by the air spring constrains more heat in the air shock. The net result of these thermal complexities is that air shocks typically get much hotter than coil shocks and as such cannot easily be used in continual high load riding scenarios such as downhill racing and long distance downhill riding. This paper examines some of these issues by developing a mountain bike rear air shock model incorporating air spring and frictional thermal effects. Heat is generated by compression and friction, stored in material and air thermal capacitances, and transferred between system elements and eventually to atmosphere. Damper energy generation effects are ignored in this paper and saved for a future study. The effects of shock design on thermal time constants and maximum temperatures are evaluated. Certain model predictions are compared to laboratory data.
The Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group: a voluntary international registry

The Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Registry (CDHR) was established to collect data on all infants treated at participating institutions with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) to assess therapy and improve outcome. Since 1995, the CDHR has accumulated data on over 4000 infants. The collective efforts of the CDH Study Group have provided valuable information regarding the efficacy of various therapeutic interventions and have tried to establish predictors of outcome. Because CDH is an uncommon, heterogeneous structural anomaly with a wide spectrum of severity, individual institutions may vary significantly in their experiences and treatment approaches. International multicenter registries, like the CDHR, are useful to provide clinically relevant direction by accumulating far more data on a large patient population than any single institution might.
The use of decomposition in probability assessments of continuous variables

In this study, decomposition is used as a tool for the assessment of continuous probability distributions. The goal of using decomposition is to obtain better calibrated probability distributions by expressing a variable as a known function of several component variables. Three target quantities were used in the study. Each was assessed holistically and using two different decompositions. Thus, each subject provided three distributions for each of the three target quantities. The recomposed assessments were compared to holistic assessments. The distributions obtained using decomposition were found to be much better calibrated than those obtained holistically. Two methods of aggregating distributions from multiple subjects were also examined. One involves aggregating (averaging) distributions before recomposing while the second method involves recomposing and then averaging distributions for the target variable. The second method was found to be slightly better, although both showed better calibration than was found in the individual assessments.
Development of Highly Breathable and Effective Blood/Viral Barrier Laminates of Microporous Films, Staple Fibers and Nonwovens:

In recent years it has been widely known that 3-ply laminates consisting of an inner core of microporous (MP) film and outer layers of spunbond (SB) or meltblown (MB) nonwovens will pass the test f...
NOW Accounts: Awareness and Impact

The introduction of NOW Accounts in the United States is considered. The author investigates the awareness, knowledge and use of such accounts among a sample of households in the state of Michigan.
Commentary: watching closely at a distance: key tensions in supervising resident physicians.

AbstractGraded responsibility and autonomy are integral features of medical education. High-quality patient care is paramount and is the ultimate responsibility of the attending physician. In the training setting, the teaching attending holds quality of care constant while balancing the amount of su
A re-evaluation of the olivine-spinel geothermometer: Discussion

The recent contribution on the olivine-spinel geothermometer by Roeder, Campbell, and Jamieson (1979) contains several noteworthy inconsistencies that result in what we consider misleading conclusions. The paper fails to present an up-to-date “reevaluation” of the geothermometer. We note the following points: (1) The criteria of geological reasonableness used by Roeder et al. to evaluate previously proposed versions of the geothermometer are not applied to their own revised model. (2) The experimental results presented are (a) of questionable quality as equilibrium data, and (b) if anything, more supportive of other published calibrations than of the revised thermometer put forward by the authors. (3) Despite the repeated acknowledgment by Roeder et al. of the problems inherent in formulating a thermodynamic model of the geothermometer based on a set of (independently gathered) free-energy data for the spinel end-members, the authors do just that.
Developing a baseline for upper-body motor skill assessment using a robotic kinematic model

In the rehabilitation field, determining the effectiveness of an intervention protocol begins by comparing the individual's movement characteristics against a baseline. In most settings, this baseline is determined through clinical studies involving a range of patients belonging to the same demographic group. Unfortunately, this leads to a process that is difficult to repeat for all patient demographics, or all movement characteristics, given the demands on clinicians' and patients' time for performing such clinical baseline measurement studies. To address this issue, we discuss a method that allows clinicians to objectively assess an individual's movements and compare the resulting outcome kinematic metrics to a kinematic baseline. Instead of collecting human patient data, we propose a robotic kinematic model that generates a baseline for different kinematic parameters in real-time as a function of the state of a given task. We evaluate our methodology on elbow and shoulder range of motion (ROM) angles obtained from eleven typically developing children. We compare the user's ROM angles to those generated by the proposed model, and discuss the potential of the model to be used in various intervention protocols.
A survey of broadcast authentication schemes for wireless networks

With the increase in the usage of wireless networks and their applications where broadcast transmission is widely used, it has become critical to authenticate broadcast messages. Several broadcast authentication techniques are currently available. However, no scheme is ideal for all broadcast transmission applications. Our goal is to classify, compare and analyze existing broadcast authentication techniques to enable designers to select an appropriate technique that suits their system, computation, communication and application requirements. Furthermore, this study provides better understanding of the research challenges that are still not addressed or only partially addressed.
Fabrication of Improved p-AgGaSe 2 /n-Si Heterojunction Solar Cells on Optimum Quality Thermally Evaporated AgGaSe 2 Thin Films

Optimum quality polycrystalline AgGaSe2 thin films were deposited on H-terminated n-Si substrates by controlled thermal evaporation method. The film deposition conditions were varied to optimize the structure and optoelectronic properties of AgGaSe2 thin films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies showed that all AgGaSe2 films were of chalcopyrite structure and while the films deposited at room temperature (300 K) had random grain orientation, the films deposited at higher substrate temperature (≥ 450K) showed preferred (112) orientation. The composition of the films were analyzed by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) deposited at different substrate temperatures. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra showed the optical bandgap of 1.80 eV, with sharper band edge for the films deposited at higher temperature. The films were p-type and the resistivities of the as deposited films at 300 and 650K were ~5×103 and ~200 Ω.cm respectively. p-AgGaSe2/n-Si heterojunction solar cells, having an active area of 0.18 cm2 without any antireflection coating were designed and fabricated. It was observed that the films deposited at 650K produced heterojunctions with significantly improved photovoltaic properties. The evidence of the barrier height modifications have been provided by C-V measurements. Under solar simulator AM1 illumination, the improved junction exhibited an efficiency of 5.2%, whereas the AgGaSe2 films deposited at 300K showed a lower efficiency of 2.1%.
A 3-year evaluation of skeletal stability of mandibular advancement with rigid fixation

The postsurgical changes associated with mandibular advancements using the sagittal ramus osteotomy and rigid fixation were evaluated. This retrospective study was based on examination of lateral cephalometric radiographs of 19 individuals (16 females and 3 males) with a mean age of 26.6 years. These radiographs were evaluated presurgically, immediately postsurgery, and 3 years postsurgically (2 years, 9 months to 4 years, 5 months). The mean amount of sagittal surgical advancement was 6.7 ± 2.3 mm, and the mean amount of postsurgical relapse was 1.3 ± 2.0 mm, representing a 14% relapse of the original surgical advancement. However, individual variation in the amount and direction of movement of the mandible was found during the follow-up period. Postsurgical relapse was found to be related to the amount of surgical advancement. Linear-regression analysis between these two variables resulted in an R 2 value of 0.448. Fourteen of the subjects relapsed in the posterior direction, with 2 relapsing more than 50% of the surgical advancement. Five of the subjects moved further anteriorly, with 1 advancing as much as 50% more than the original advancement. The findings of this study suggest that mandibular advancement with the sagittal ramus osteotomy and rigid fixation does not provide consistently stable postsurgical results. However, when compared with previously reported relapse studies using nonrigid fixation techniques, rigid fixation yielded superior results.
Live birth after sperm retrieval from a moribund man

Abstract Objective: To report a live birth with IVF-ET and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) using sperm retrieved from a moribund man being maintained on life support systems. Design: Case report. Setting: Nonprofit private teaching hospitals. Patient(s): A 27-year-old man who was decorticate after an accident. Intervention(s): Epididymal sperm retrieval and sperm cryopreservation, pastoral psychologic counseling, and subsequent IVF-ET with ICSI. Main Outcome Measure(s): Pregnancy and delivery. Result(s): Birth of a healthy child after IVF-ET with ICSI and single blastocyst transfer. Conclusion(s): First report in peer-reviewed medical literature of a live birth after sperm retrieval from a moribund man.
Optimum control of stochastic differential equation systems

This paper is an exposition of the basic technique of optimal control for stochastic systems in continuous time and of several important economic applications. Sections 2 through 5 and 10 develop the technique in an elementary fashion. The remaining sections cover applications to consumption and portfolio selection over time, the theory of mutual funds and capital asset pricing, the pricing of stock options, and the optimum consumption and exploration of a limited natural resource.
Childhood Predictors of Daily Substance Use among Homeless Women of Different Ethnicities

The objective of this study was to describe associations between childhood factors and adult daily substance use profiles among homeless women and to identify independent predictors of daily substance use for the overall sample and for ethnic/acculturation subgroups. Structured surveys were administered to 1,331 homeless women in Los Angeles who were either daily drug and alcohol users for the past 6 months or nondaily substance users. Physical abuse and parental drug abuse predicted daily drug use in the whole sample and selected subgroups, whereas parental alcohol abuse predicted daily alcohol use in the whole sample. Teen self-esteem was also found to have a protective effect on daily alcohol use for the sample and for African American women. Negative peer influence in adolescence predicted daily drug use among high-acculturated Latinas. In summary, childhood abuse, parental substance use, and negative peer influence affect important roles in homeless women's daily substance use.
A comparison of the FAST, Premi® and KIS™ tests for screening antibiotic residues in beef kidney juice and serum

Three microbial inhibition-based screening methods, the fast antimicrobial screening test (FAST), the Premi® test, and the kidney inhibition swab (KIS™) test, were evaluated using penicillin G, sulfadimethoxine, oxytetracyline, tylosin, danofloxacin, streptomycin, neomycin, and spectinomycin at a range of fortified concentrations in beef kidney juice and beef serum. Each antibiotic was individually tested simultaneously using the different assays in replicate experiments. Detection threshold concentrations for each analyte in each screening assay were determined for the different matrices. Each assay gave a different detectability profile for the different antibiotics, with the largest differences related to neomycin, which was more sensitively detected by the FAST, and penicillin G, which was detected at lower levels by the Premi® and KIS™ tests. In addition to practical considerations, analysts can use the information presented in this study to evaluate each kit for applicability to their monitoring needs.
Production of C2H4Cl+ by dissociative photoionization of weak molecular complexes in C2H4+HCl mixtures

The photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectrum from 600 to 1200 A for the production of the ion C2H4Cl+ by dissociative photoionization of the products of room-temperature jet expansions of a 1:4 mixture of C2H4 and HCl was measured at several nozzle pressures. The results were resolved into the PIE yield curve for the heterodimer process C2H4·HCl+hv→C2H4Cl++H+e. This reaction is necessarily characterized by a large change in geometry between neutral complex and ionic product. The observed spectrum exhibits an unusual and conspicuous peak at 15.2 eV that is characterized by a sharp cutoff to the high energy side. This feature points to the onset of strongly nonstatistical channels for the production of C2H4Cl+ at this energy such that product formation proceeds through very few states. The observed onset of C2H4Cl+ at 11.92±0.24 eV is 17±6 kcal mol−1 above the true threshold. An important conclusion is that at all energies above the onset the yield of dissociative ionization of the heterodimer to the cation C2H4Cl+ is determined by dynamical factors.
GOAL ASPIRATIONS AND GOAL FULFILLMENTS: DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEPRIVED AND AFFLUENT AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS.

From data collected among Negro and white students in both segregated and interracial high schools, the following was observed: Socioeconomic status, race and certain dependent variables were related. Lower class background meant a lower level of parental education, higher incidence of family disorganization and residential mobility, and a greater number of peers. Occupational and educational aspirations, which related significantly to perceptions of teachers and goal orientation, also depended on race and socioeconomic status.
Orbital Debris Shape and Orientation Effects on Impact Damage to Shuttle Tiles

Taking the damage results from a previous paper as a guide, and using a tile model created for the STS-107 accident investigation, we used the SPHC hydrodynamic code to evaluate the probable worst-case impact effects of flat, rectangular, "flake-shaped," orbital debris particles on Space Shuttle thermal tiles. We compared the damage from flakes with that produced by spheres. The flakes and spheres were sized according to a "characteristic length" (Lc) derived from radar cross-section measurements, and embodied in the NASA Standard Breakup Model (SBM). Impacts were simulated at near-normal obliquity, at 12 km/sec. We modeled the worst-case flake orientation: a corner-on impact, an orientation we term a "Face A-B" impact. Results of our simulations indicate that flake impactors are less damaging than spheres of the same Lc. Since spherical impactors have been assumed in analyses of shuttle orbital debris impact risk, we find that these risks may have been overestimated. This work represents a preliminary second step, i.e., a follow-on to [1], in developing a sensitivity analysis for the expected range of effects on damage considering spherical vs. non-spherical impactors, as recommended by the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) report to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.
Which Factor has More Impact? An Examination of the Effects of Income Level, Perceived Neighborhood Disorder, and Crime on Community Care and Vigilance Among Low-Income African American Residents

This study investigated predictors of community care and vigilance among 70 African American residents living in high-crime, low-income neighborhoods. A stratified random sampling procedure was employed to select residents who completed a 20-item questionnaire assessing their sense of community care and vigilance and perceptions of perceived neighborhood physical and social disorder. We used police crime reports to assess the levels of property and violent offenses in the targeted neighborhoods. Our goal was to determine which of these variables best predicted community care and vigilance. The results of this study showed that social disorder and violent offenses negatively predicted community care and vigilance. Interestingly, the results also indicated that residents who reported the lowest income expressed the highest levels of community care and vigilance. Implications for community practice are discussed.
On Appraising Environmental Institutions

Changing relative prices and conditions of profitability lie behind many demands for new institutions. The emerging nature of environmental disequilibria suggests that allocative effects of alternative institutions can be studied before the difficult question of income distribution. "Externalities" are viewed as joint products, one of which is not priced.
South Africa past and future in Peter Abrahams' wild conquest

(1988). South Africa past and future in Peter Abrahams' wild conquest. World Literature Written in English: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-11.
Learning to negotiate sexual relationships: a girls’ school in Tanzania as a restrictive and agentic site.

Literature on schooling in Africa often frames sexual relationships as threatening girls’ educational participation, health, and general well-being. Schooling practices aimed at sheltering girls reflect the prevalence of discourses emphasising danger and abstinence. This article presents the case of one all-girls school in Tanzania which provides a protective environment while also teaching young women strategies to negotiate sexual and romantic relationships. Drawing on classroom observations and in-depth interviews, we examine how the school's policies, practices, and lifeskills curriculum offer students a supportive environment in which to learn about relationships. Our analysis reveals that young women find this space simultaneously restrictive and freeing, and that their learning has supported their ability to imagine equitable relationships for themselves. This case contributes to our understanding of how schools can serve as sites that foster young women's agency when curriculum and pedagogy create...
Backward location and travel time probabilities for a decaying contaminant in an aquifer

Backward location and travel time probabilities can be used to determine the prior position of contamination in an aquifer. These probabilities, which are related to adjoint states of concentration, can be used to improve characterization of known sources of groundwater contamination, to identify previously unknown contamination sources, and to delineate capture zones. The first contribution of this paper is to extend the adjoint model to the case of a decaying solute (first-order decay), and to describe two different interpretations of backward probabilities. The conventional interpretation accounts for the probability that a contaminant particle could decay before reaching the detection location. The other interpretation is conditioned on the fact that the detected contaminant particle actually reached the detection location, despite this possibility of decay. In either case, travel time probabilities are skewed toward earlier travel times, relative to a conservative solute. The second contribution of this paper is to verify the load term for a monitoring well observation. We provide examples using one-dimensional models and hypothetical aquifers. We employ an infinite domain in order to verify the monitoring well load. This new but simple one-dimensional adjoint solution can also be used to verify higher-dimensional numerical models of backward location and travel time probabilities. We employ a semi-infinite domain to illustrate the effect of decay on backward models of pumping well probabilistic capture zones. Decay causes the capture zones to fall closer to the well.
Lomatium grayi and Indra Swallowtail Butterfly. Composition of the Essential Oils of Three Varieties of Lomatium grayi (J. M. Coult et Rose) J. M. Coult et Rose.

Abstract The female Indra Swallowtail butterfly lays eggs on a number of species of the genus Lomatium in the Apiaceae family The essential oils of three varieties of Lomatium grayi; L. grayi. var. grayi, L. grayi var. depauperatum and L. grayi. var. (undescribed) have been analyzed. Among the major components, L. grayi var. grayi shows myrcene (8.4%), β-phellandrene/limonene (27.2%), γ-terpinene (10.4%), and senkyunolide (24.4%). L. grayi var. depauperatum shows myrcene (8.1%), p-cymene (4.3%), β-phellandrene/limonene (20.8%), (Z)-β- and (E)-β–ocimene (23.6%), γ-terpinene (4.4%), germacrene D (4.6%), senkyunolide (4.7%), and (Z)-ligustilide (6.7%). L. grayi (new varity) shows β-phellandrene/limonene (17.7%), γ-terpinene (16.1%), and senkyunolide (44.0%). These observations contrast signifcantly with the reported composition of L. grayi. Only L. grayi var. depauperatum and L. grayi (new variety) attract the butterfly.
Comment on “lifetime determination of the long-lived B 1Πg state in He2* by photofragment spectroscopy”

Abstract The misstatement of our previous results by Kristensen, Keiding and van der Zande in the title paper is corrected.
Postmortem findings in the Coffin-Lowry Syndrome.

The Coffin-Lowry Syndrome (CLS) is a congenital disorder that can be recognized by retarded growth and development, the characteristic appearance of the face and hands, and often by the typical deformities of the back and chest; there are many other anomalies. The history of the syndrome is reviewed, noting the x-linked semidominant pattern of inheritance, and two autopsies are presented and compared with the three autopsy reports that have been published previously. The five young patients died at ages between 18 to 28 years of advancing pneumonia, aspiration of food into the trachea, or postoperative complications. There were lesions or abnormalities in the heart, brain, lungs, liver, skeleton, kidneys, intestines, and other organs. Molecular geneticists have located the CLS gene or Rsk-2 gene at Xp22.2 and demonstrated that it works by influencing the activation of other genes. The “monopolygenic” pattern may help to explain the large number of seemingly unrelated abnormalities that make up this syndrome.
Thermally induced transition between open and closed spherical pores in ordered mesoporous silicas.

Silicas with ordered arrays of closed (isolated) spherical mesopores of diameters on the order of 10 nm were synthesized using block-copolymer templating followed by a thermally induced pore closur...
Isocitrate dehydrogenase assays on intact bacterial cells

A qualitative assay which can be adapted to screen large numbers of Escherichia coli colonies for the presence of soluble enzymes is described. In a test of the system using a new, especially sensitive assay for isocitrate dehydrogenase activity, colonies producing the enzyme could be correctly identified at the 70% level after 2 h of incubation and at the 100% level after 8 h of incubation. The completed reactions are stable for several days at room temperature.
No-carrier-added synthesis of 3-[18F]fluoro-1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-propanol. A potential PET agent for detecting hypoxic but viable tissues.

Abstract Four different approaches towards the synthesis of [ 18 F]FMISO have been studied. The first approach was based on the reaction of epoxide 4 and [ 18 F]fluoride. Both specific activity and radiochemical yield ( 18 F]FMISO were low. Two new approaches, starting with compounds 8 and 9 , have failed to give [ 18 F]FMISO. The fourth approach, based on the reaction of [ 18 F]epifluorohydrin 10 , prepared from Tosylate 13 and [ 18 F]KF/Kryptofix 222, has provided a reliable, no-carrier added synthesis of [ 18 F]FMISO. The product was obtained in a radiochemical yield of 7–12% at end-of-synthesis (based on [ 18 F]fluoride) with a specific activity of >400 Ci/mmol and a synthesis time of 1.5 h. Preliminary PET studies suggest that [ 18 F]FMISO may be a promising tracer for delineation of ischemic but viable myocardium.
The origin of gingival fluid.

Abstract Although the existence of gingival crevicular fluid, a fluid which exudes from the crevice between the gingiva and the tooth, has been recognized for decades the origin, function, and composition of this fluid has been the subject of much controversy. In fact, it is unclear whether this fluid results from physiological or pathological processes. This confusion has arisen because by certain parameters (protein concentration) the fluid resembles a physiological transudate, while by others ( Na + K + Ratio) it appears to be an inflammatory exudate. This report describes a theory which explains the above and other controversies relating to the origin of gingival fluid. It is based on the premise that gingival fluid may arise by two distinct mechanisms: the generation of a standing osmotic gradient, and the initiation of classical inflammation. The osmotic gradient is generated by macromoleculer by-products of the bacteria which reside in the subgingival dental plaque. These macromolecules diffuse through the gingival crevicular epithelium to the basement membrane, a structure which restricts further penetration. Consequently, these macromolecules accumulate at the basement membrane resulting in a localized increase in solute concentration, and the establishment of an osmotic gradient. Solvent molecules, drawn across the basement membrane by this gradient, will raise the intercellular hydrostatic pressure and cause the exudation of gingival fluid. The fluid produced by this mechanism may originate from gingival tissues which are clinically and histologically healthy. If the bacterial plaque is not removed, its macromoleculer by-products will eventually penetrate the basement membrane. Depending upon the enzymatic, toxic, and antigenic properties of these molecules, a classical inflammatory exudation may be initiated. Therefore, gingival fluid may progress, at different times or in various areas of the mouth, from an initial osmotically modulated exudate to a secondary inflammatory exudate, with consequent alterations in its composition. Although the concepts developed in this report focus on the origin of gingival fluid, they may be applied to other biological phenomena, such as, the origin of exudate in the lungs during respiratory infection.
Top-down characterization of a native highly intralinked protein: concurrent cleavages of disulfide and protein backbone bonds.

Top-down analysis of proteins has developed rapidly in recent years. However, its application to disulfide-bonded proteins is still limited. Using native chicken lysozyme as a model, we studied the characteristics of collision-induced dissociation (CID) of disulfide-bonded proteins on an LTQ Orbitrap mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. For low-charged protein precursor ions with no or limited mobile protons, product ions generated from CID correspond to the concurrent cleavages of disulfide and protein backbone bonds. Up to three disulfide bonds could be easily cleaved with four possible dissociation pathways for each disulfide bond. That led to modifications of the corresponding cysteine residues through addition or subtraction of a hydrogen atom or sulfhydryl group. The protein backbone cleavages mainly occurred at the amide bonds from C-terminal to aspartic acid residues (e.g., ion series of b18, b48, y10, and y28), N−Cα bonds from N-terminal to cysteine residues (e.g...
Video Testing in a DTV World

This paper describes the digital television system, its elements, and appropriate methods of video testing. A layered approach is defined including video, protocol, and transmission channel testing. With today's use of video compression there is still a need for traditional analog and full bandwidth digital testing methods. Compression systems require objective picture quality measurements of distortions caused by its nonlinear and time-variant digital processing. Test method terms such as in-service and realtime are defined for loth video and protocol testing. The three internationally accepted system approaches to objective picture quality testing are discussed including the advantages and disadvantages of each.
A note on the paper “on the thermodynamic theory of fluid interfaces: Infinite intervals, equilibrium solutions, and minimizers”

Abstract We clarify an argument contained in an earlier paper which appeared in this journal. While this argument was based on thermodynamic principles, we discuss here an alternative mechanical approach based on ideas of stability of dynamical systems.
Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.
Obstructions to left ventricular outflow.

Modern techniques of cardiopulmonary bypass combined with methods for myocardial protection make the conventional operations of prosthetic patch aortoplasty, aortic valvotomy, and transvalvular resection of subaortic membranes dependable and accurate procedures which can provide the obliteration or successful reduction of systolic gradients with rare mortality or morbidity. Sonography provides a technique for the diagnosis of critical aortic stenosis in the newborn, permitting expeditious surgical intervention, while prostaglandin therapy provides a technique for the restoration of systemic blood flow and the reversal of acidemia in preparation for surgical intervention. Hypothermic techniques provide protection of ischemic myocardium which is thought to be a principal cause for earlier failures in the management of critical aortic stenosis. An appreciation that critical aortic stenosis need not be cured but only relieved for infant survival has led to the application of dilatation techniques using mechanical dilators and angioplasty balloon catheters. Successful repair of such complex malformations as atrioventricular septal defect, aortic arch interruptions, and the coarctation syndrome in the neonate has uncovered a variety of new fibrous, muscular, and fibromuscular left ventricular outflow tract obstructions which appear to be acquired and progressive and not solely congenitally determined. Sonography provides a technique for the detection and the serial assessments of these lesions. Radical operative approaches have been devised for enlarging, reconstructing, exposing, and replacing the left ventricular outflow tract. These operations, which have thus far found their principal use for the relief of complex and combined left ventricular outflow tract obstructions in older children and for reoperations on the left ventricular outflow tract, will achieve a fuller potential when the procedures are miniaturized and adapted to the use in surgery of the neonate and young infants.
Comments on "Molecular diffusion and the sedimentary environment: results from the in situ determination of whole sediment diffusion coefficients" by P. E. Kepkay, R. C. Cooke and A. J. Bowen

Abstract The contention of Kepkay et al. (1981), that the description of transport of dissolved sulfate in sediments must explicitly include the effects of bacterial sulfate reduction, is shown to be conceptually confusing and unnecessary. Moreover, during their own measurements of diffusion coefficients it is unlikely that they were, in fact, bothered by sulfate reduction.