cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children

Abstract Objective: We evaluated changes in disease-specific quality of life (QOL) for children with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Patients, Design, and Setting: We conducted a cohort study in 69 children (age range, 6 months to 13 years; median age, 6.1 years) from a hospital-based pediatric otolaryngology practice in a metropolitan area. We used the OSA-18, an 18-item QOL survey with known test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity. Survey domains included sleep disturbance, physical suffering, emotional distress, daytime problems, and caregiver concerns. Intervention: Tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy was performed as part of routine clinical care. The OSA-18 was completed at entry by the child's caregiver and again at least 4 weeks after surgery. Main Outcome Measures: The validity of the OSA-18 change score was assessed by comparison with multiple external constructs, including a validated measure of longitudinal change (OSD-6 survey). Responsiveness was assessed by the standardized response mean (SRM). Results: The mean baseline OSA-18 survey score was 3.1 (SD, 0.9) of a maximum 7.0, with higher values indicating poorer QOL. Change scores were available for all children, with a mean interval between preoperative and postoperative surveys of 61 days (range, 42 to 92 days). The mean OSA-18 change score of 1.14 (SD, 0.71) showed significant correlation with tonsil size ( r = 0.40), adenoid size ( r = 0.31), OSD-6 change scores ( r = 0.71), and the direct caregiver estimates of change ( r = 0.34). OSA-18 change scores showed large responsiveness to change (SRM 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.16 to 69), with the most responsive domains being sleep disturbance, physical suffering, and caregiver concerns. Significant responsiveness was also demonstrated for the domains of daytime problems and emotional distress. Conclusions: The OSA-18 is a valid, reliable, and responsive QOL measure that combines the advantages of a discriminative and evaluative survey in a single instrument. The OSA-18 is a useful measure of patient-based outcomes for clinical trials, health services research, and routine clinical care. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:344-52.)
Presence of HPV DNA in convalescent salivary rinses is an adverse prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Summary Human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 is present in up to 60% of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and confers a favorable prognosis in terms of recurrence and mortality. Previous reports demonstrated that HPV-16 DNA can be detected in the initial salivary rinses from these patients. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of post-treatment HPV DNA shed from the oral mucosa as a prognostic marker for persistent/recurrent head and neck cancer. Fresh tumor samples and pre- and post-treatment salivary rinses were collected from 59 patients with HNSCC. HPV-16 E6 and E7 DNA copy number in these samples were quantified by real time PCR. Twenty of 59 patients (33.9%) were HPV-16 positive in their tumors before treatment. Four of 20 HPV tumor positive patients ultimately developed recurrence, and two of these four patients were HPV-16 positive in surveillance salivary rinses (sensitivity = 50%). Of the 39 (66.1%) HPV-16 negative patients on initial clinical presentation and the 16 HPV-16 positive patients who did not recur, none were HPV-16 positive in salivary rinses after treatment (specificity = 100%). HPV-16 presence in follow-up salivary rinses preceded clinical detection of disease recurrence by an average of 3.5 months. Patients with presence of HPV-16 DNA in surveillance salivary rinses are at significant risk for recurrence. Quantitative measurement of salivary HPV-16 DNA has promise for surveillance and early detection of recurrence.
Ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine synthesis during kidney hypertrophy.

Abstract We measured ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat kidneys obtained at various times following unilateral nephrectomy. The enzyme activity shows a biphasic response during renal compensatory hypertrophy, the major peak of activity, which is approx. 4–5 times higher than the activity in the kidney of sham-operated rats, is reached approx. i 8 h following nephrectomy. The concentration of putrescine, spermidine and spermine show elevations in the first two days after the operation. Hydrocortisone or growth hormone administration rapidly increase ornithine decarboxylase activity in rat kidney. Actinomycin given together or i h after hydrocortisone injection prevents the increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity detected 4 h after hormone administration. Such inhibition does not occur when actinomycin is given 2 h following hydrocortisone. A comparison between the stimulation of polyamine metabolism occurring in compensatory growth of the kidney and liver is presented and the results discussed in relation to a possible post-transcriptional mechanism involved in the control of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Our results provide one more example of stimulation of polyamine metabolism at the onset of growth processes in the adult organism.
Fair resource allocation in one-dimensional cellular systems

We consider the problem of fair resource allocation in interference channels, for the case of one-dimensional cells. We propose simple interference channel models based upon the deterministic channel model, assuming zero queuing delay. This enables study of how the interference induces coupling among the rates available in the channels and evaluation of resource allocation. A sequence of models of increasing complexity provides a simple means of dissecting the different effects, and rapid simulation. We show that there is a strong benefit in explicitly pairing channels to minimize interference to users with disadvantaged locations, as compared to an averaging approach such as CDMA. We also show the benefits of power and bandwidth allocation when fair allocations are desired. A distributed algorithm is proposed that embodies the principle of interference channel pairing. We discuss the consequences for cognitive and multi-band radios.
The well-year of life as a basis for patient decision-making

Medical decision-making requires the integration on costs, risks, and benefits of treatment. Clinical side effects and benefits are typically expressed in terms of symptoms and clinical states of diseases. Integrating probabilistic information about different categories is often difficult from both the patient's and the clinician's perspectives. We offer a General Health Policy Model that expresses the benefits and side effects of treatment within a common unit. The model takes into consideration mortality, function (morbidity), and preference for health states. In addition, the model uses probability information to describe the prognosis or likelihood of transition among states over the course of time. The output of the model is a well-year which is defined as the equivalent of a completely well-year of life. The well-year is a comprehensive expression of benefits minus side effects that may be useful for individual patient decision-making.
Influence of Cold Working and Grain Size on Pitting Corrosion Resistance of Ferritic Stainless Steel

The influence of cold working and grain size on the pitting corrosion resistance of Fe-Cr-Nb-Mo ferritic stainless steel is investigated using optical microscope and electrochemical methods. The pitting corrosion resistance firstly decreases with increasing the cold-rolling reduction from 0% to 30% due to the number of nucleation site increasing. With increasing the cold-rolling reduction from 40% to 60%, the disappearance of grain boundaries, stacked dislocation and uniform microstructure results in the pitting corrosion resistance of the steel. With prolonging the annealing time, the grain size of the steel grows, and the pitting potential of the steel decrease. The smaller grain size promotes the formation of compact passive film and improves the pitting corrosion resistance.
An end point for pneumatic dilation of achalasia

The use of graded pressures and balloon size is an accepted method in the treatment of achalasia by pneumatic dilation. An end point, indicating sufficient dilation of the cardioesophageal junction, was easily noted by using the height of the barium column 5 minutes after ingesting 8 ounces of barium. A height of 1 cm or less correlated with normal cardioesophageal junction pressures, good symptomatic relief, low morbidity, reduced hospital stay, and the absence of need for re-dilation in 31 patients followed 1 to 6 years.
Formation and persistence of fingered flow fields in coarse grained soils under different moisture contents

Abstract Fingers in homogeneous coarse-grained soils form from an instability in the wetting front and result in bypass flow which shortens the residence time in the vadose zone. Once formed, these fingers persist over a long period. In this paper, the formation of fingers and their persistence in initially uniform dry or wet soils are examined. Using fast-responding tensiometers in conjunction with rapid moisture measurements, it is shown that the matric potential at the finger tip and the position of the wetting curve relative to the drying curve are key factors in the persistence of the fingers. In accordance with the earlier observation, the tip and the fringes of the finger are on a wetting curve, while the remaining core of the finger is on a drying branch. This explains why large differences in moisture content can co-exist. This study also shows that the initial water content in and around the finger is crucially important in relation to which particular scanning curve is followed and, thus, to the water contents during infiltration.
On syntax-directed transduction and tree transducers

Several topics of theoretical and practical importance to the field of translator writing systems are presented in this paper. These are (1). implementation of generalized syntax-directed transduction (GSDT) on a finite-state tree transducer; (2). implementation of GSDT on a tree-walking pushdown store transducer; (3). transformation of the context-free grammar underlying a GSDT and the resulting transformation of the transduction elements of that GSDT; (4). tree transduction of parse trees between equivalent context-free grammars.
Larger domains from resonant decay of disoriented chiral condensates

The decay of disoriented chiral condensates into soft pions is considered within the context of a linear sigma model. Unlike earlier analytic studies, which focused on the production of pions as the sigma field rolled down toward its new equilibrium value, here we focus on the amplification of long-wavelength pion modes due to parametric resonance as the sigma field oscillates around the minimum of its potential. This process can create larger domains of pion fluctuations than the usual spinodal decomposition process, and hence may provide a viable experimental signature for chiral symmetry breaking in relativistic heavy ion collisions; it may also better explain physically the large growth of domains found in several numerical simulations.
Research and Development for Man-Machine Systems

The fallacies of present methods of Research and Development are discussed, and it is explained why these methods are being used today. It is posed that research itself needs researching. Inhibited thinking is charged with the predominant responsibility for limited research productiveness. Lack of imagination, fear of ridicule, desire to invent at the exclusion of facts, schedules and resistance to tool changes, and too much reliance of experience-these are given as the most important causes of inhibited thinking. The author warns: not to justify compromises, not to rely on luck, and to stop modifying modifications. Stating the problem in its fundamental terms is illustrated by an interesting story. An analogy to the story is provided by the present complex design of aircraft instrument panels. A methodology is suggested for conducting research and development by establishing a program of uninhibited thinking-- a long-range effort seeking ultimate solutions. Seven basic aims and accomplishments of the program are outlined. Examples are shown where breakthroughs have occurred by using this approach. (Slides were used in the verbal presentation for emphasizing certain points and to show examples of equipment developed from an exemplary program.) It is also pointed out that an interim program can make use of the "rake-offs" from the long-range program. (The talk was supported by a film which showed how this methodology was used in the development of aircraft instrumentation.) Five accomplishments of this specific program are listed. The author concludes that when something doesn't fit, don't just get a bigger hammer--instead, state the problem in its fundamental terms before trying to solve it.
Multiple window time-frequency and time-scale analysis

We propose an extension of Thomson's multiple window spectrum estimation for stationary random processes to the time-varying spectrum estimation of non-stationary random processes. Unlike previous extensions of Thomson's method, in this paper we identify and utilize optimally concentrated window and wavelet functions for the time-frequency and time-scale planes respectively. Moreover, we develop a statistical test for detecting and extracting chirping line components.
The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives in the Origins of Modern Humans

is a book many paleoanthropologists have been awaiting for years. Klein has pro- duced an excellent overview of the field in all of its breadth, from primate origins through to the end of the Paleolithic, with alternative views carefully sifted through one analyti- cal mind. I personally teach separate graduate courses in ‘ Cenozoic Geo- chronology and Paleolithic Archaeol- ogy’ and ‘ Human Paleontology’ , and many colleagues mix and match these topics according to individual needs, often with the addition of primate evolution as well. Until now, there were few, if any, up-to-date textbooks for this area (although three new offerings in the primate area have now appearedlm3). Klein has finally given us a complete sur- vey of
Transition-time optimization for switched-mode dynamical systems

This note considers the problem of determining optimal switching times at which mode transitions should occur in multimodal, hybrid systems. It derives a simple formula for the gradient of the cost functional with respect to the switching times, and uses it in a gradient-descent algorithm. Much of the analysis is carried out in the setting of optimization problems involving fixed switching-mode sequences, but a possible extension is pointed out for the case where the switching-mode sequence is a part of the variable. Numerical examples testify to the viability of the proposed approach.
Aberrant Hyperactivation of Akt and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling in Sporadic Chordomas

Purpose: Chordomas are rare, malignant bone neoplasms in which the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown. Interestingly, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is the only syndrome in which the incidence of chordomas has been described. We previously reported the pathogenic role of the TSC genes in TSC-associated chordomas. In this study, we investigated whether aberrant TSC/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway is associated with sporadic chordomas. Experimental Design: We assessed the status of mTORC1 signaling in primary tumors/cell lines of sacral chordomas and further examined upstream of mTORC1 signaling, including the PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten) tumor suppressor. We also tested the efficacy of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin on signaling and growth of chordoma cell lines. Results: Sporadic sacral chordoma tumors and cell lines examined commonly displayed hyperactivated Akt and mTORC1 signaling. Strikingly, expression of PTEN, a negative regulator of mTORC1 signaling, was not detected or significantly reduced in chordoma-derived cell lines and primary tumors. Furthermore, rapamycin inhibited mTORC1 activation and suppressed proliferation of chordoma-derived cell line. Conclusions: Our results suggest that loss of PTEN as well as other genetic alterations that result in constitutive activation of Akt/mTORC1 signaling may contribute to the development of sporadic chordomas. More importantly, a combination of Akt and mTORC1 inhibition may provide clinical benefits to chordoma patients.
CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE WITH IDIOPATHIC HYPERTROPHIC SUBAORTIC STENOSIS

Abstract A 55-year-old man had electrocardiographic findings of subendocardial infarction associated with severe chest pain after 7 years of intermittent chest discomfort. Echocardiographic examination supported the clinical impression of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (I.H.S.S.) The patient's persistent angina pectoris responded to nitrite administration but not to beta adrenergic blockade. Haemodynamic studies and angiography confirmed the coexistence of I.H.S.S. and coronary-artery disease. This was successfully treated by coronary-artery bypass and septal myectomy.
Glove tears during arthroscopic shoulder surgery using solid-core suture.

Purpose: Surgeons have noticed an increased incidence of finger lacerations associated with arthroscopic knot tying with solid-core suture material. This study examines glove perforations and finger lacerations during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Methods: We collected 400 surgical gloves from 50 consecutive arthroscopic shoulder repair procedures using No. 2 solid-core sutures. Two surgeons using double gloves were involved in every case, with one being responsible for tying all knots. Powder-free latex gloves were worn in all cases. Knots consisted of a sliding stitch of the surgeon’s preference followed by 3 half-hitches via a knot-pusher instrument. All gloves were inspected grossly and then tested for tears with an electroconductivity meter. Results: The knot-tying surgeon had significantly more glove tears than the control (P .01). Tears were localized to the radial side of the index finger of the glove at the distal interphalangeal joint in all cases. Of the tying surgeon’s gloves, 68 (34%) were found to have tears. These included 17 inner gloves (17%) and 51 outer gloves (51%). If an inner glove was torn, the corresponding outer glove was torn in all cases. A mean of 3.96 knots were tied in each case. There was a significantly higher incidence of inner glove tears when more than 3 knots were tied (P .03). There was no significant difference in glove tears between suture types. Finger lacerations did occur in the absence of glove tears. However, in the presence of an inner glove tear, there was a statistically significant association with a finger laceration at the corresponding level (P .03). Conclusions: Intraoperative glove tears and subsequent finger lacerations occur with a high frequency when arthroscopic knots are tied with solid-core suture material. Risk can potentially be minimized by frequent glove changes or use of more durable, less penetrable gloves. Clinical Relevance: This study addresses surgeon and patient safety during arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Key Words: Glove perforation—Finger laceration—Shoulder arthroscopy—Arthroscopic knot tying.
Evaluation of Resilient Modulus for Lime- and Cement-Stabilized Synthetic Cohesive Soils

The effects of deviator stress, molding moisture content, stabilizer type and content, curing period, and soil type on the resilient modulus (Mr) of lime- and cement-stabilized cohesive soils were investigated by using Hydrite R (kaolinite) and sodium bentonite (montmorillonite) blends. It was found that Mr increases with decreasing deviator stress, increasing lime and cement content, and extended curing period. Moisture variations around optimum had little effect on Mr with higher lime contents. Multiple regression analyses and Student's t-tests indicated that all the factors investigated were significant and could be related to Mr by predictive regression equations. For a given stabilizer type and content, the low-plasticity clay (CL) soil produced the best results. The cement-stabilized CL soil normal cured for 28 days produced the highest Mr value. However, cement stabilization was not found to be very effective for the high-plasticity clay (CH) soil. Mineralogical composition has a marked effect on t...
Decline in exotic tree density facilitates increased plant diversity: the experience from Melaleuca quinquenervia invaded wetlands

The Australian tree Melaleuca quinquenervia (melaleuca) formed dense monocultural forests several decades after invading parts of Florida and the Caribbean islands. These dominant forests have displaced native vegetation in sensitive wetland systems. We hypothesized that native plant diversity would increase following recent reductions in density of mature melaleuca stands in south Florida. We therefore examined data on changes in melaleuca densities and plant species diversity derived from permanent plots that were monitored from 1997 to 2005. These plots were located within mature melaleuca stands in nonflooded and seasonally-flooded habitats. Two host-specific biological control agents of melaleuca, Oxyops vitiosa and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae, were introduced during 1997 and 2002, respectively. Also, an adventive rust fungus Puccinia psidii and lobate-lac scale Paratachardinapesudolobata became abundant during the latter part of the study period. Overall melaleuca density declines in current study coincided with two to four fold increases in plant species diversity. The greatest declines in melaleuca density as well as the greatest increases in family importance values and species diversity indices occurred in nonflooded as compared to seasonally-flooded habitats. Most pioneer plant species in study sites belonged to Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Ulmaceae. The rapid reduction in melaleuca density and canopy cover during the study period may be attributed to self-thinning accelerated by the negative impact of natural enemies. Densities of other woody plants, particularly Myrica and Myrsine, which were sparsely represented in the understory by a few suppressed individuals also declined during the same period, possibly due to infestation by the generalist lac-scale. These findings indicate that natural-enemy accelerated self-thinning of melaleuca densities is positively influencing the native plant diversity and facilitating the partial rehabilitation of degraded habitats.
THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF LAND-USE HISTORY ON NITROGEN CYCLING IN NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS

Nearly all northeastern U.S. forests have been disturbed by wind, logging, fire, or agriculture over the past several centuries. These disturbances may have long-term impacts on forest carbon and nitrogen cycling, affecting forests' vulnerability to N saturation and their future capacity to store C. We evaluated the long-term (80–110 yr) effects of logging and fire on aboveground biomass, foliar N (%), soil C and N pools, net N mineralization and nitrification, and NO3− leaching in northern hardwood forests in the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire. Historical land-use maps were used to identify five areas each containing previously logged, burned, and relatively undisturbed (old-growth) forests. Aboveground biomass averaged 192 Mg/ha on the historically disturbed sites and 261 Mg/ha on the old-growth sites, and species dominance shifted from early- successional and mid-successional species (Betula papyrifera and Acer rubrum) to late-successional species (Fagus grandifolia and particularly A. s...
Religion and Nonviolence in American History

Nonviolence has long been an important aspect of American religion. Understanding the tradition of religious nonviolence helps illuminate such subjects as the growth and limits of state power, the character of political dissent, and the significance of race in the nation’s history. In the colonial period, Quakers tried to square the nonviolent ideal with the vagaries of pluralism and cultural conflict. Nineteenth-century nonresistants led by William Lloyd Garrison tied the problem of violence to the injustice of slavery. The connections between peace and justice were revitalized in the decades after the First World War, when Mohandas Gandhi’s efforts in India suggested the viability of nonviolent direct action as a practical strategy for social change. That modern form of nonviolence achieved great success in the civil rights movement, as Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American innovators used it to defeat white supremacy. Religious nonviolence was also at the center of antinuclear protests and the campaign to end the Vietnam War. More recently, nonviolence has appeared in the prolife movement and the opposition to United States military action in Afghanistan and Iraq.
THE COLONIAL POSTCARD: THE SPECTRAL/TELEPATHIC MODE IN CONAN DOYLE AND KIPLING

Such Enlightenment, the narrator tells us facetiously, is effected by an elastic religion known as the Simla Creed, alive at the edges of the British Empire where he, an unnamed Englishman, is stationed. An amalgam of occult practices, the creed stretched itself and embraced pieces of everything that the medicine-men of all ages have manufactured (63). So Rudyard Kipling mockingly observes in this satire of British Victorian forays into the marginal sciences of occultism, Spiritualism, and Mesmerism. An early Kipling tale, “The Sending of Dana Da” (1888) is one of Kiplings first engagements with the religions and philosophies of the East; it was published in the Civil and Military Gazette, a provincial newspaper for which Kipling regularly wrote. The infamous Dana Da – whose name, we are told, escapes every ethnological inscription, and who came from nowhere, with nothing in his hands (62) – dispatches a sending on the behalf of (and through) the Englishman. The recipient of this letter, (again) a Lone Sahib, is characteristically armed with scientific naturalism and Christian faith, and therefore refutes the possibilities of ectoplasmic infestation, unseen currents, and the fecund times of reincarnation. Kiplings eloquent exposition on a sending, despite his final rational explanation of this unseemly act, betrays his fascination with such forbidden epistemologies multiplying at the edges of Empire:
Animal regeneration and microbial retention of nitrogen along coastal rocky shores

Animal contributions to ecosystem productivity via nutrient regeneration are increasingly recognized as significant for ecosystem productivity. The paradigm in coastal upwelling systems, in contrast, remains centered around the idea that nutrient supply is extrinsic and sourced from deep water. Here we tested for both animal contributions to nitrogen regeneration and microbial retention of nitrogen along a gradient of animal abundance in Washington State, USA. Using inferences from the concentration and isotopic composition of nitrogen forms, as well as the stable nitrogen isotopic composition of particulate organic matter, and plant and animal tissue, we found increased ammonium as well as greater stable nitrogen isotope values in these organisms in areas of increased animal abundance. We further tested the effect of the nearshore biota by comparing it with an immediately adjacent offshore area, and found an enriched δ15N value for nitrate and particulate organic matter. Further, an analysis of the dual ...
The effect of isobutylmethylxanthine, forskolin, and cholera toxin on growth hormone release from pituitary cell cultures of perinatal and mature rats.

The factors that regulate growth hormone (GH) release during the perinatal period are not well understood. Circulating GH levels are markedly elevated in mammalian fetuses and newborns compared with mature animals, and the immature pituitary is highly responsive to the GH-stimulatory effect of GH-releasing factor (GHRF). The etiology of these developmental changes in GH secretion is not known. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying GH release from immature pituitaries, we tested the effects of agents that increase intracellular cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP) production independent of the GHRF receptor on GH release from pituitaries of developing and mature rats. Pituitary cell cultures from fetal (day 20 of gestation), newborn (postnatal day 2), juvenile (postnatal day 12–15), adult male (3–4 months), and adult female (3–4 months) rats were tested with isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX; 0.001–1.0 mM), forskolin (0.01–10μM), and cholera toxin (0.025–25 ng/ml). IBMX, forskolin, and choler...
GENETIC POPULATION STRUCTURE OF PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA PUNGENS (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) FROM THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND THE NORTH SEA 1

Several species of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA). Consumption of fish and shellfish that have accumulated this potent excitotoxin has resulted in severe illness and even death in humans, marine mammals, and seabirds. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle is a cosmopolitan diatom commonly occurring in the waters of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and the eastern North Atlantic, including the North Sea. However, genetic and physiological relationships among populations throughout this large geographic distribution have not been assessed. Population genetic parameters (e.g., Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, linkage equilibrium, FST) calculated for P. pungens collected from the Juan de Fuca eddy region in the PNW indicated the presence of two distinct groups that were more divergent from each other than either was from aP. pungens sample from the North Sea. Geographic heterogeneity was also detected within each of the two PNW groups. These results suggested that the populations of P. pungens recently mixed in the Juan de Fuca eddy region (a seasonally retentive feature off the coasts of Washington State, USA, and Vancouver Island, Canada) but did not exchange genetic material by sexual reproduction. Alternatively, these two groups may be cryptic (morphologically identical, but reproductively isolated) species. Identifying cryptic diversity in Pseudonitzschia is important for bloom prediction and aiding the identification of molecular markers that can be used for rapid detection assay development.
Mass conservation and atmospheric dynamics in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)

This paper examines the spatio-temporal patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide transport predicted by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Forty-eight hour simulations over northern New England incorporating a simple representation of the diurnal summertime surface carbon dioxide forcing arising from biological activity indicate that, in its native formulation, RAMS exhibits a significant degree of mass non-conservation. Domain-wide rates of non-physical mass gain and mass loss are as large as three percent per day which translates into approximately eleven parts per million per day for carbon dioxide - enough to rapidly dilute the signature of carbon dioxide fluxes arising from biological activity. Analysis shows that this is due to the approximation used by RAMS to compute the Exner function. Substitution of the exact, physically complete equation improves mass conservation by two orders of magnitude. In addition to greatly improving mass conservation, use of the complete Exner function equation has a substantial impact on the spatial pattern of carbon dioxide predicted by the model, yielding predictions differing from a conventional RAMS simulation by as much as forty parts per million. Such differences have important implica- tions both for comparisons of modeled atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to observations and for carbon dioxide inversion studies, which use estimates of atmospheric transport of carbon dioxide in conjunction with measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to infer the spatio-temporal distribution of surface carbon dioxide fluxes. Furthermore, use of the complete Exner function equation affects the vertical velocity and water mixing ratio fields, causing significant changes in accumulated precipitation over the region.
Universal distribution of component frequencies in biological and technological systems

Bacterial genomes and large-scale computer software projects both consist of a large number of components (genes or software packages) connected via a network of mutual dependencies. Components can be easily added or removed from individual systems, and their use frequencies vary over many orders of magnitude. We study this frequency distribution in genomes of ∼500 bacterial species and in over 2 million Linux computers and find that in both cases it is described by the same scale-free power-law distribution with an additional peak near the tail of the distribution corresponding to nearly universal components. We argue that the existence of a power law distribution of frequencies of components is a general property of any modular system with a multilayered dependency network. We demonstrate that the frequency of a component is positively correlated with its dependency degree given by the total number of upstream components whose operation directly or indirectly depends on the selected component. The observed frequency/dependency degree distributions are reproduced in a simple mathematically tractable model introduced and analyzed in this study.
Recovery after Brain Damage and the Concept of Localization of Function

Although damage to the central nervous system often results in permanent disruption or loss of behavioral function, a remarkable degree of recovery or restitution may occur under certain circumstances. In some cases, there is a return to normal or near-normal levels of performance even after extensive loss of nervous tissue. However, there is considerable disagreement over the nature of, and reasons for, such recovery and consequently over its meaning for our understanding of nervous system organization and activity in the intact organism. There seem to be at least two principal reasons for the lack of a unitary approach to recovery of function. First, varying methodologies and the large number of complex and interdependent factors which influence recovery of function often prevent any one specialist from making meaningful generalization of findings to areas removed from his or her immediate area of inquiry. Second is the confusion generated by the ambiguous and sometimes meaningless nature of the terms and concepts used to describe and interpret the operations of the nervous system and the mechanisms thought to subserve restitution of function after damage.
Boiling the Boil

caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Transmitted to humans by sand flies, the disease is endemic in 88 countries on 4 continents. In the United States, the disease is something of a medical curiosity, although some clinicians may be surprised to read that autochthonous cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis occur in Texas [1], that visceral disease has been described in American dogs [2], and, most recently, several hundred cases of cutaneous disease and a handful of visceral
Deficiencies in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia During Childhood

Limited high-quality evidence supports the management of iron deficiency anemia (IDA). To assess our institutional performance in this area, we retrospectively reviewed IDA treatment practices in 195 consecutive children referred to our center from 2006 to mid-2010. The majority of children were ≤4 years old (64%) and had nutritional IDA (74%). In 11- to 18-year-old patients (31%), the primary etiology was menorrhagia (42%). Many were referred directly to the emergency department and/or prescribed iron doses outside the recommended range. Poor medication adherence and being lost-to-follow-up were common. Substantial improvements are required in the management of IDA.
The Absence of Premalignant in Cryptorchid Testis before Adulthood

AbstractPrevious investigators have reported that premalignant changes in the form of abnormal germ cells can be detected in the crypt orchid and infertile adult testis. These cells are characterized by a thin rim of pale-staining cytoplasm, a large hyper chromatic nucleus and prominent nucleoli. We studied 113 biopsies from 102 patients to determine if these abnormal germ cells occur in the nonadult crypt orchid testis. The patients ranged in age from 3 months to 16 years. Evaluation of testicular tissue by light microscopy disclosed histological alterations in the un descended testis, which were those commonly ascribed to the un descended testis. However, none of the changes could be interpreted as premalignant. The abnormal germ cells described by other investigators were not found in any of these specimens.
Abstract 74: Thrombospondin 1 Modulates Arterial Thrombosis via von Willebrand Factor in Mice

Background and Hypothesis: Thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is a large adhesive glycoprotein that is stored in platelet α-granules. Upon platelet activation, TSP1 is released in large amount (up to 30 μg/mL) in circulation. Previous studies have shown smaller plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimer size in Tsp1 -/- mice compared with wild-type (WT), suggesting that TSP1 protects VWF from excessive proteolysis by ADAMTS13. It remains unclear whether TSP1/VWF axis determines the rate of thrombus growth in injured vessels. We tested the hypothesis that TSP1 modulates arterial thrombosis via VWF. Model and Methods: We generated Vwf -/- / Tsp1 -/- mice and compared with Tsp1 -/- , Vwf -/- and WT mice. Platelet adhesion and susceptibility to thrombosis was assessed in a ferric-chloride injury-induced mesenteric artery thrombosis model. Using high-resolution intravital microscopy, we measured the time to form 1 st thrombus (>20 μm), thrombus growth kinetics and occlusion time in the injured arterioles. Results: We found that the number of fluorescently labeled platelets that adhered transiently to 250μm vessel wall segment within 3-4 min following ferric-chloride injury was similar in Tsp1 -/- mice compared with WT mice. The mean time to form first thrombus was significantly increased in Tsp1 -/- mice compared with WT (9.98±0.52 vs. 7.12±0.55min, P Tsp1 -/- mice ( P Tsp1 -/- mice compared with WT mice (15.8±0.59 vs. 13.3±0.63min, P Vwf -/- mice, Vwf -/- / Tsp1 -/ - littermates exhibited similar platelet adhesion, time to form first thrombus, and non-occlusive thrombus growth kinetics, suggesting that TSP1 modulates thrombus growth via VWF. Conclusion: We provide evidence for the first time that TSP1 does not mediate initial platelet adhesion to injured vessel wall but modulates arterial thrombus growth via a mechanism that requires VWF. These results suggest that TSP1 may participate in amplifying platelet aggregation following injury by protecting VWF from excessive cleavage by ADAMTS13.
A comparison of two resurfacing arthroplasty implants: medium-term clinical and radiographic results.

The objective of this study was to perform a medium-term analysis comparing the clinical and radiographic outcomes of the CONSERVE®Plus (C+) and Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) arthroplasty system...
Decision-Making Does not Moderate the Association between Cannabis Use and Body Mass Index among Adolescent Cannabis Users.

Objectives Results from research conducted on the association between cannabis use and body mass index (BMI) reveal mixed findings. It is possible that individual differences in decision-making (DM) abilities may influence these associations. Methods This study analyzed how amount of cannabis use, DM performance, and the interaction of these variables influenced BMI and clinical classifications of weight among adolescents (ages 14 to 18 years; 56% male; 77% Hispanic). The sample consisted primarily of cannabis users (n=238) without a history of significant developmental disorders, birth complications, neurological conditions, or history of mood, thought, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder at screening. Furthermore, few participants engaged frequently in other drug use (except for alcohol and nicotine). Results Analyses revealed that more lifetime cannabis use was associated with a higher BMI and greater likelihood of being overweight/obese. Interactions between DM and cannabis use on BMI were not significant, and DM was not directly associated with BMI. Discussion Our findings suggest that among adolescents, cannabis use is associated with a greater BMI regardless of DM abilities and this association is not accounted for by other potential factors, including depression, alcohol use, nicotine use, race, ethnicity, or IQ. (JINS, 2016, 22, 944-949).
Contamination Status of Four Food Borne Pathogens

Objective To study the distribution and characteristics of Salmonella,Listeria monocytogenes, EHEC O157:H7 and Vibrio phrahaemolyticus in food of Zhaoqing area,to find the food with high risk of contamination by these pathogens, and to provide scientific basis for the supervision of food-born disease. Method Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes,EHEC O157:H7 and Vibrio phrahaemolyticus were isolated,serotyped and biochemical characterized by the GB methods. Results Totally 58 samples were tested including raw meats,domestic animal dejecta, and aquatic products. Among all samples,6 strains of pathogens were isolated. The overall detectable rate is 10.3%. The strains and detection rates for Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes are 4(6.9%) and 2(3.4%) ,respectively.No EHEC O157:H7 and Vibrio phrahaemolyticus were detected. The pathogen detection rate of raw meat is the highest (17.9%) and that of aquatic product is the second (5.0%). However, no pathogens were detected from domestic animal dejecta. Conclusion The study demonstrated that the pathogens contamination is existing in the food of Zhaoqing area. The major contaminated food is raw meat. Salmonella was mainly detected from raw poulty (30.0%), and mostly were S.derby. No pathogens were detected in domestic animal dejecta.
The Clinical Study of Artificial Meninges in Decompressive Craniectomy

Objective: To analyze the clinical value of application of artificial meninges in decompressive craniectomy. Method: 96 cases of patients treated with decompressive craniotomy surgery in our hospital from June 2012 to April 2014,were randomly divided into group A( with 50 cases) and group B( with 46 cases),group A was treated with conventional surgery,the decompression windows dural was not sutured,group B was treated with artificial meningeal tension- free repair decompression windows dural defect surgery,the clinical effects and complications were compared in two groups. Result: The group B of complication rate was lower than the group A( P 0. 05),the differences were statistically significant( P 0. 05). The group B of prognosis effects postoperative was better than the group A,the differences were statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion: In craniotomy decompressive craniectomy surgery using artificial meninges,can reduce the complication rate,improve the life quality of patients,and has the value of clinical promotion.
Emotional Feedback and the Viral Spread of Social Media Messages About Autism Spectrum Disorders

Objective. To determine whether exchanges of emotional language between health advocacy organizations and social media users predict the spread of posts about autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).Methods. I created a Facebook application that tracked views of ASD advocacy organizations' posts between July 19, 2011, and December 18, 2012. I evaluated the association between exchanges of emotional language and viral views of posts, controlling for additional characteristics of posts, the organizations that produced them, the social media users who viewed them, and the broader social environment.Results. Exchanges of emotional language between advocacy organizations and social media users are strongly associated with viral views of posts.Conclusions. Social media outreach may be more successful if organizations invite emotional dialogue instead of simply conveying information about ASDs. Yet exchanges of angry language may contribute to the viral spread of misinformation, such as the rumor that vaccines cause ASDs.
Epstein Barr Virus Encephalitis in Adults: A Case Series (P1.293)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical presentations, investigational findings, management and outcome of adult patients with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) encephalitis. BACKGROUND: EBV infection can rarely present with neurological manifestations including encephalitis, aseptic meningitis, transverse myelitis, acute cerebellar ataxia and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Most reported cases have been in children. Little is known about EBV encephalitis in adults. DESIGN/METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive adult patients diagnosed with EBV encephalitis at Mayo Clinic, Rochester between January 2000 and December 2012. Diagnosis was confirmed by identification of EBV Deoxyribonucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). RESULTS: Out of 198 adult patients hospitalized with acute encephalitis during the study period, 6(3[percnt]) were positive for EBV PCR and had no cause of encephalitis. Presenting symptoms were confusion (4/6), focal neurological deficits (3/6), headache (1/6) and seizure (1/6). Median time to diagnosis was 5.5 days (range 1-12). 3/6 patients got antiviral medication. CSF analysis showed a median glucose of 55.5mg/dL (range 48-72), median protein of 102.5mg/dL (range 61-305) and median total nucleated cells of 67 per mm3 (range 6-310). Most had lymphocytic predominance (median 83.5[percnt], range 35-99[percnt]). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed leptomeningeal enhancement in one patient and fluid attenuated inversion recovery hyperintense signal involving bilateral medial temporal lobes in 2 patients. One patient died from multiorgan failure, but the rest were discharged with modified Rankin score ≤3. CONCLUSIONS: EBV infection accounted for 3[percnt] of cases of acute encephalitis. Presentation was non-specific and MRI was sometimes suggestive of HSV-1 infection. Majority (83[percnt]) of the patients recovered without any disabling sequela. Disclosure: Dr. Khanal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rabinstein has received royalty payments from Elsevier and Oxford University Press. Dr. Rabinstein has received research support from DJO Global.
The Psychodynamics of Sexual Choice

The right of sexual autonomy now occupies a central place in the scheme of constitutional liberties. Consensual sexual relations, including fornication, adultery, and sodomy, are understood to lie beyond the reach of law's regulatory power. Yet as described in this Article, some sexual encounters by their very nature are likely to engage unconscious psychological processes that involve troubling levels of vulnerability and coercion. Drawing on psychoanalysis, this Article proceeds by examining three relationships that raise heightened concerns about unconscious impairments in sexual choice. Part I investigates the way in which adult incest may trigger unconscious feelings of submission on the part of the adult child, thus potentially (although not necessarily) justifying legal intervention. Part II examines therapist-patient sexual relations, where transference feelings can raise similar concerns about unconscious impairments in choice and the possibility (although, again, not the inevitability) of legal intervention. Part III addresses the ideal of sexual autonomy as it applies to sadomasochistic relationships, and concludes that these relationships may surprisingly provide a template for the role of conscious reasoned thinking in facilitating sexual desire. Each of these three relationships shows us a different perspective on the right of sexual autonomy and the uneasy balance between choice and desire that underlies every sexual encounter. Exploring the unconscious dynamics in the relationships studied here - adult incest, therapist-patient sex, and sadomasochistic sex - leads us to a deeper understanding of the right of sexual autonomy, and its limits.