cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photolytically-Generated Sulfuric Acid and Particle Formation: Dependence on Precursor Species

Abstract. Size distributions of particles formed from sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and water vapor in a Photolytic Flow Reactor (PhoFR) were measured with a nano-particle mobility sizing system. Experiments with added ammonia and dimethylamine were also performed. H 2 SO 4(g) was synthesized from HONO, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor, initiating OH oxidation by HONO photolysis. For standard reactant flows and conditions, 296 K, 52 % relative humidity, and a ~ 40 s residence time, the calculated concentration of H 2 SO 4 peaked at 1.2 × 10 10 cm −3 , measured particle mean diameter was ~ 6 nm and total number density was ~ 10 4 cm −3 . Measured distributions were influenced by molecular clusters at small sizes, less than or equal to 2 nm diameter, but were generally dominated by large particles that are roughly log-normal with mean diameters ranging up to 12 nm and a relatively constant lnσ of ~ 0.3. Particle number density and their mean size depended on relative humidity, HONO concentration, illumination, and SO 2 level. Particle formation conditions were stable over many months. Addition of single-digit pmol/mol mixing ratios of dimethylamine led to very large increases in number density. Ammonia at levels up to 2000 pmol/mol showed that NH 3 is less effective than dimethylamine at producing particles. A two-dimensional simulation of PhoFR reveals that H 2 SO 4 scales with HONO and its level builds along the length of the flow reactor. Experimentally, particle growth scaled with HONO, in accord with model-predicted H 2 SO 4 levels. Additional comparison between experiment and model indicates that reaction of HO 2 with SO 2 could be a significant source of H 2 SO 4 in this experiment. The effects of potential contaminants on particle formation rates near room temperature are addressed and provide context in comparisons with previous experiments. The added-base experimental results provide support for previously published dimethylamine-H 2 SO 4 cluster thermodynamics but do not support previously published ammonia-sulfuric acid thermodynamics.
Disclosure of industry payments to oncologists: Early open payments data.

6615 Background: The Open Payments program discloses industry payments to identified physicians (‘physician payments’). We characterize these payments by oncology specialty. Methods: We analyzed th...
Automated digital modeling of existing buildings: A review of visual object recognition methods

Abstract Digital building representations enable and promote new forms of simulation, automation, and information sharing. However, creating and maintaining these representations is prohibitively expensive. In an effort to make the adoption of this technology easier, researchers have been automating the digital modeling of existing buildings by applying reality capture devices and computer vision algorithms. This article is a summary of the efforts of the past ten years, with a particular focus on object recognition methods. We rectify three limitations of existing review articles by describing the general structure and variations of object recognition systems and performing an extensive and quantitative comparative performance evaluation. The coverage of building component classes (i.e. semantic coverage) and recognition performances are reported in-depth and framed using a building taxonomy. Research programs demonstrate sparse semantic coverage with a clear bias towards recognizing floor, wall, ceiling, door, and window classes. Comprehensive semantic coverage of building infrastructure will require a radical scaling and diversification of efforts.
Classification of Salivary Gland Disorders

To offer a fresh perspective on the evolving management of salivary gland disease by introducing a sequence of articles organized by a classification system grouping disorders by etiology. Sialendoscopy has been successful in improving the management of salivary gland disease. This endoscopic approach to imaging and instrumentation of the salivary duct system has been a focal point of recent discussion. The overall management of salivary pain and swelling as well as xerostomia and sialorrhea has improved through additional treatment options including increased application non-surgical office techniques ranging from intraductal infusions to botulinum toxin injections. Refinements in radiographic as well as serologic and histopathologic assessment have restructured the understanding of and the approach to these clinical problems. A classification system organized by etiology of salivary gland swelling provides structure to a collection of articles offering updates. Contemporary knowledge addressing underlying pathophysiology is provided through separate articles organized into a classification system designed to demystify the confusing assortment of terms that describe salivary disorders. This review additionally identifies the emergence of a subspecialty populated by salivary gland experts who have mastered the complex equipment, technology, and knowledge base required to provide state-of-art management.
Warring with the Press: The Influence of Elite Hostility, Emotions, and Perceptions of News Media Importance on Support for Journalism

This experimental research effort highlights the mobilizing potential of elite hostility toward the press, examining causal mechanisms related to public support for the news media, as conditioned b...
TMS bursts can modulate local and networks oscillations during lower-limb movement in elderly subjects

High order lower-limb functions involve processing information via motor and cognitive control networks. Measuring oscillations is a key element in communication within and between cortical networks during high order motor functions. Increased midfrontal theta oscillations are related to improved lower-limb motor performances in patients with movement disorders. Non-invasive neuromodulation approaches have not been explored extensively to understand the oscillatory mechanism of lower-limb motor functions. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) bursts (4 pulses) were applied to the midfrontal lead (vertex) before a GO-Cue pedaling task, to examine the effects on local and network electroencephalogram oscillations in healthy elderly subjects. TMS bursts increased the theta activity in the local, as well as the associated network during the lower-limb pedaling task. TMS bursts increased the midfrontal cue-triggered post-imperative negative variation component. Furthermore, after task-related TMS bursts sessions, increased resting-state alpha activity was observed in the midfrontal region. TMS burst-induced changes have been associated with improvement in motor performance with cognitive control. Our study suggests the ability of midfrontal TMS bursts to directly modulate local and network oscillations in a frequency manner during lower-limb motor task. TMS bursts-induced modulation may provide insights into the functional roles of oscillatory activity during lower-limb movement in normal and disease conditions.
Replacing 30 Gy in 10 fractions with stereotactic body radiation therapy for bone metastases: A large multi-site single institution experience 2016-2018.

Background Bone metastases cause significant morbidity in patients with cancer, and radiation therapy (RT) is an effective treatment approach. Indications for more complex ablative techniques are emerging. We sought to evaluate RT trends at a large multi-site tertiary cancer center. Methods Patients who received RT for bone metastases at a single institution (including regional outpatient clinics) from 2016 to 2018 were identified. Patients were grouped by RT regimen: single-fraction conventional RT (8 Gy × 1), 30 Gy in 10 fractions, SBRT, and "other". Multinomial logistic regression was performed to assess trends in regimens over time. Binary logistic regression was performed to evaluate factors associated with receipt of SBRT. Results Between 2016 and 2018, 5,952 RT episodes were received by 2,969 patients with bone metastases. Overall, 76% of episodes were ≤ 5 fractions. The median number of fractions planned for SBRT and non-SBRT episodes was 3 (IQR 3-3) and 5 (IQR 5-10), respectively. Use of SBRT increased from 2016 to 2018 (39% to 53%, p < 0.01) while use of 30 Gy in 10 fractions decreased (26% to 12%, p < 0.01), and 8 Gy × 1 was stable (5.3% to 6.9%, p = 0.28). SBRT was associated with higher performance status (p < 0.01) and non-radiosensitive histology (p < 0.01). Use of SBRT increased in the regional network (19% to 48%, p < 0.01) and at the main center (52% to 59%, p = 0.02), but did not increase within 30 days of death. More patients treated with 8 Gy × 1 than SBRT died within 30 days of treatment (24% vs 3.8%, respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusions SBRT is replacing 30 Gy in 10 fractions for bone metastases, especially among patients with high performance status and non-radiosensitive histologies. Better prognostic algorithms could further improve patient-centered treatment selection at the end of life.
Towards robust autonomous impedance spectroscopy analysis: A calibrated hierarchical Bayesian approach for electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) inversion

Abstract Distribution-based analyses, such as the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) and the distribution of diffusion times (DDT), present model-free alternatives to equivalent circuit modeling for analysis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. However, reconstructing such distributions from noisy impedance data is an ill-posed problem that must be solved with specialized inversion algorithms, requiring careful control and tuning. Furthermore, most inversion algorithms developed to date can only solve problems of limited complexity. In this work, we present a new hierarchical Bayesian method for EIS inversion, leveraging efficient algorithms for optimization and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) sampling to solve models of arbitrary complexity. We overcome the challenge of ad-hoc parameter tuning by encoding intrinsic characteristics of the DRT and DDT into flexible prior distributions and “pre-calibrating” the model to simulated data. This approach is versatile, highly robust to noise, and provides quantitative estimates of both the error structure of the data and the uncertainty in the recovered distributions. The model is validated with simulated data to demonstrate accurate recovery of the DRT and the DDT. The method also shows promise for simultaneous recovery of multiple distributions, raising the intriguing possibility of semi-autonomous EIS analysis and ad-hoc model construction. Finally, the practical utility of the method is illustrated with experimental data. Throughout, we draw comparisons to several recently published EIS inversion methodologies.
Improved accuracy of cerebral blood flow quantification in the presence of systemic physiology cross-talk using multi-layer Monte Carlo modeling.

Significance: Contamination of diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) due to systemic physiology remains a significant challenge in the clinical translation of DCS for neuromonitoring. Tunable, multi-layer Monte Carlo-based (MC) light transport models have the potential to remove extracerebral flow cross-talk in cerebral blood flow index (CBFi) estimates. Aim: We explore the effectiveness of MC DCS models in recovering accurate CBFi changes in the presence of strong systemic physiology variations during a hypercapnia maneuver. Approach: Multi-layer slab and head-like realistic (curved) geometries were used to run MC simulations of photon propagation through the head. The simulation data were post-processed into models with variable extracerebral thicknesses and used to fit DCS multi-distance intensity autocorrelation measurements to estimate CBFi timecourses. The results of the MC CBFi values from a set of human subject hypercapnia sessions were compared with CBFi values estimated using a semi-infinite analytical model, as commonly used in the field. Results: Group averages indicate a gradual systemic increase in blood flow following a different temporal profile versus the expected rapid CBF response. Optimized MC models, guided by several intrinsic criteria and a pressure modulation maneuver, were able to more effectively separate CBFi changes from scalp blood flow influence than the analytical fitting, which assumed a homogeneous medium. Three-layer models performed better than two-layer ones; slab and curved models achieved largely similar results, though curved geometries were closer to physiological layer thicknesses. Conclusion: Three-layer, adjustable MC models can be useful in separating distinct changes in scalp and brain blood flow. Pressure modulation, along with reasonable estimates of physiological parameters, can help direct the choice of appropriate layer thicknesses in MC models.
Visceral Adiposity and Severe COVID-19 Disease: Application of an Artificial Intelligence Algorithm to Improve Clinical Risk Prediction

BACKGROUND: Obesity has been linked to severe clinical outcomes among people who are hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We tested the hypothesis that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with severe outcomes in patients hospitalized with COVID-19, independent of body mass index (BMI). METHODS: We analyzed data from the Massachusetts General Hospital COVID-19 Data Registry, which included patients admitted with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection from March 11 to May 4, 2020. We used a validated, fully automated artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm to quantify VAT from computed tomography (CT) scans during or before the hospital admission. VAT quantification took an average of 2 ± 0.5 seconds per patient. We dichotomized VAT as high and low at a threshold of ≥100 cm(2) and used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression to assess the relationship between VAT and death or intubation over 28 days, adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, and diabetes status. RESULTS: A total of 378 participants had CT imaging. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that participants with high VAT had a greater risk of the outcome compared with those with low VAT (P < .005), especially in those with BMI <30 kg/m(2) (P < .005). In multivariable models, the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for high vs low VAT was unchanged (aHR, 1.97;95% CI, 1.24-3.09), whereas BMI was no longer significant (aHR for obese vs normal BMI, 1.14;95% CI, 0.71-1.82). CONCLUSIONS: High VAT is associated with a greater risk of severe disease or death in COVID-19 and can offer more precise information to risk-stratify individuals beyond BMI. AI offers a promising approach to routinely ascertain VAT and improve clinical risk prediction in COVID-19.
Het bewaren van positieve herinneringen

Wanneer het kind eenmaal is begonnen met het rouwproces over de overledene en om wat er voor de toekomst verloren is gegaan en zich ook heeft beziggehouden met de dingen die nog niet waren afgerond met de overledene, kan het zich meestal beter concentreren op positieve aspecten van de relatie die het met de overledene had. Het concreet vastleggen en bewaren van deze positieve herinneringen zal zeker gevoelens van verdriet en pijn oproepen, maar vaak kunnen kinderen hierdoor ook opnieuw de momenten van vreugde en geluk ervaren die ze met de overledene hebben meegemaakt. Het is belangrijk dat kinderen zich realiseren dat ze nog steeds gelukkig kunnen – en mogen – zijn.
Sparse Semi-Magic Squares and Magic Labelings of Directed Graphs

Abstract This paper will introduce the concept of vertex-magic edge labelings (VMEL) for digraphs. A digraph has a vertex-magic edge labeling if we can label the edges of the digraph such that the sum of the edges going in to any vertex equals the sum going out at any vertex and that sum is constant across all vertices in the digraph. Many examples will be given. The connections to sparse semi-magic squares are also given. Then, new sparse semi-magic squares are constructed that lead to both VMEL and magic labelings for various classes of digraphs.
Ancient Deltaic Sedimentation in Eugeosynclinal Belts

Publisher Summary In the present chapter special attention is devoted to examples of deltaic and littoral sediments in eugeosynclines. Examples are cited to indicate that sediment types, depositional mechanisms and environments have all been extremely variable in eugeosynclines. Dorninantly deep marine, shallow marine, and even non-marine situations have existed simultaneously in different parts of the same belt and have also succeeded one another within many areas. And successions from deeply submerged to strongly emerged seem to be reversible. This is influenced by eustatic sea level changes as well as local behavior.
Abstract P1-15-17: Sustained acceptable cosmetic outcomes and local control following accelerated partial breast irradiation using CT-guided IMRT in the prone position: Results from a phase I/II feasibility study

Objective/Purpose External beam accelerated partial breast irradiation (EB-aPBI) can have potential challenges in daily reproducibility, although it has broader potential use than aPBI using brachytherapy. Image-guide radiotherapy (IGRT) can improve daily reproducibility and allow smaller treatment margins. Our institution utilized IG-IMRT to administer EB-aPBI in the prone position in a Phase I/II study to increase dose homogeneity, conformality, normal tissue avoidance, and reliable targeting. Our preliminary results and toxicity were promising. Here we report final physician- and patient-reported cosmetic outcomes from this prospective trial. Materials and Methods Women with node-negative invasive breast cancer or DCIS, tumors less than 3.0 cm, a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy, and surgical clips demarcating the lumpectomy cavity underwent prone EB-aPBI using IG-IMRT on an IRB-approved phase I/II study. The lumpectomy PTV represented a 2.0 cm lumpectomy cavity expansion. 38.5 Gy was delivered in 10 fractions over 5 days, such that 95% of the prescribed dose covered greater than 99% of the PTV. Dose constraints for the whole breast, lungs and heart were met. Results Twenty patients were enrolled, with a median patient age of 61.5 and a mean tumor size of 1.0 cm. 35% of patients had DCIS. At a median follow-up of 18.9 months, 40% and 10% of patients had G1 and G2 fibrosis, respectively, and 95% of patients had good to excellent physician-assessed cosmesis. At a median follow-up of 60.0 months (range 54-79 months), physician-assessed cosmetic outcome was good to excellent in 80%, with 30% and 20% of patients experiencing G1 and G2 fibrosis. Patient-reported outcomes at one year yielded 90% of patients with good to excellent cosmetic outcomes. At 3 years, 75% of patients reported good to excellent cosmesis. Eighty-eight percent of patients were completely satisfied with the treatment and results, and 94% of patients would choose aPBI again. With one local recurrence, the actuarial five year rate of local control was 95%. Conclusions These data demonstrate that EB-aPBI in the prone position using IG-IMRT continues to yield acceptable cosmetic outcomes at longer term follow-up, and a very high percentage of patients would choose this treatment again. (Supported by Komen Grant: BCTR0504070). Citation Format: Carmen Bergom, Phillip Prior, Kristofer Kainz, Natalya V Morrow, Ergun E Ahunbay, Alonzo Walker, X Allen Li, Tracy Kelly, Adam D Currey, Julia White. Sustained acceptable cosmetic outcomes and local control following accelerated partial breast irradiation using CT-guided IMRT in the prone position: Results from a phase I/II feasibility study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-15-17.
Print club photography in Japan

The authors examine the popularity of a new form of photographic representation in Japan, namely Print Club, or Purikura. Print Club machines initially delivered a page of 16 postage‐stamp‐sized photographs of their patrons, but many other formats have become common. This paper describes the 1995 emergence and development of the technology, image content, decorative frames, picture uses and functions and the incorporation of Print Club into a broad range of personal, social and even business and artistic life in Japan. The authors review connections to patterns of popular culture, consumerism, gender bias, adolescent youth culture, and interpersonal communication alongside issues of individual identity and group membership. Some claim Print Club as a fad, but six years later, all indicators point to a lasting contribution to Japanese visual culture.
Der 1,4-L-TSI-Ottomotor mit Zylinderabschaltung

Ein vielversprechender Weg zur Verbrauchssenkung, der jedoch bislang selten beschritten wurde, ist die Zylinderabschaltung im Teillastbetrieb. Fur die Erstanwendung dieser Technik bei Vierzylinder- Reihenmotoren von Volkswagen wurde der neue 1.4 TSI mit Benzin-Direkteinspritzung und Turboaufladung ausgewahlt. Im dafur geeigneten Kennfeldbereich wird die Betatigung der Ein- und Auslassventile der Zylinder 2 und 3 abgeschaltet und zugleich die Einspritzung eingestellt.
Mammalian reoviruses contain a myristoylated structural protein.

Abstract The structural protein mu 1 of mammalian reoviruses was noted to have a potential N-myristoylation sequence at the amino terminus of its deduced amino acid sequence. Virions labeled with [3H]myristic acid were used to demonstrate that mu 1 is modified by an amide-linked myristoyl group. A myristoylated peptide having a relative molecular weight (Mr) of approximately 4,000 was also shown to be a structural component of virions and was concluded to represent the 4.2-kDa amino-terminal fragment of mu 1 which is generated by the same proteolytic cleavage that yields the carboxy-terminal fragment and major outer capsid protein mu 1C. The myristoylated 4,000-Mr peptide was found to be present in reovirus intermediate subviral particles but to be absent from cores, indicating that it is a component of the outer capsid. A distinct large myristoylated fragment of the intact mu 1 protein was also identified in intermediate subviral particles, but no myristoylated mu-region proteins were identified in cores, consistent with the location of mu 1 in the outer capsid. Similarities between amino-terminal regions of the reovirus mu 1 protein and the poliovirus capsid polyprotein were noted. By analogy with other viruses that contain N-myristoylated structural proteins (particularly picornaviruses), we suggest that the myristoyl group attached to mu 1 and its amino-terminal fragments has an essential role in the assembly and structure of the reovirus outer capsid and in the process of reovirus entry into cells.
Grids for Enterprise Applications

Enterprise applications implement business resource management systems, customer relationship management systems, and general systems for commerce. These applications rely on infrastructure that represents the vast majority of the world’s computing resources. Most of this infrastructure is lightly utilized and inflexible. This paper builds on the strength of Grid technologies for the scheduling and access control of resources with the goal of increasing the utilization and agility of enterprise resource infrastructures. Our use of these techniques is directed by our observation that enterprise applications have differing characteristics than those commonly found in scientific domains in which the Grid is widely used. These include: complex resource topology requirements, very long lifetimes, and time varying demand for resources. We take these differences into consideration in the design of a resource access management framework and a Grid-based protocol for accessing it. The resulting system is intended to support the new requirements of enterprise applications while continuing to be of value in the parallel job execution environment commonly found on today’s Grid.
Modernizing Divorce Jurisdiction: Same-Sex Couples and Minimum Contacts

There are tens of thousands of same-sex married couples in the United States. A significant number of these couples, however, cannot divorce. First, many same-sex spouses cannot divorce in their home states because the relevant state law precludes recognition of same-sex marriages. Second, an anomalous jurisdictional rule makes it difficult for these spouses to divorce elsewhere. In contrast to the rules governing other civil actions, one of the spouses must be domiciled in the forum for a court to have jurisdiction over a divorce. This Article considers the second hurdle – the domicile rule. Previously, divorce jurisdiction was a subject of intense interest to the Court and to legal scholars. But despite an ever increasing disjunction between divorce jurisdiction and general principles of state court jurisdiction, critical examination of the domicile rule has largely disappeared. This Article responds to recent calls to challenge the myth of family law exceptionalism by critically analyzing the domicile rule. After considering the domicile requirement in the context of state court jurisdiction doctrine more generally, this Article contends the time has come to abandon the domicile rule. Abandonment of the rule alone, however, does not fully resolve the problem. Accordingly, this Article advances a set of normative proposals to ensure that all spouses have a forum in which to divorce.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for overwhelming Blastomyces dermatitidis pneumonia.

Blastomyces dermatitidis is a fungus that is found primarily in endemic areas of the midwestern and southcentral USA. Blastomycosis pneumonia may develop after the inhalation of spores. While blastomycosis may lead to acute or chronic pneumonitis, it will rarely result in the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this situation, mortality rates are 50–80%. Patients who survive, however, commonly show good recovery of pulmonary function. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a modified form of cardiopulmonary bypass that allows systemic perfusion, oxygenation, and carbon dioxide removal, may be used to support patients with cardiorespiratory failure that is refractory to conventional therapies. The use of ECMO allows the reduction of high levels of mechanical ventilatory support that may cause iatrogenic injury to the diseased lung. Fungal diseases are often contraindications for ECMO use, since systemic fungal organisms may bind to the ECMO circuit and be difficult to eradicate. It may be reasonable to utilize ECMO, however, if the fungal infection is isolated to the respiratory system. We report the case of a patient with ARDS secondary to blastomycosis pneumonia who was treated with ECMO due to the failure of conventional cardiorespiratory supports. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of ECMO for this condition.
Religion, Spirituality, Social Support, and Perceived Stress in Pregnant and Postpartum Hispanic Women

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine the association between religion/spirituality and perceived stress in prenatal and postpartum Hispanic women. Design: Cross‐sectional survey. Setting: An urban, publicly funded hospital in California. Participants: Two hundred and forty‐eight pregnant and postpartum Hispanic women between age 18 and 45 years. Method: Patients presenting for prenatal or postpartum care or for the first infant visit were recruited to participate in the current study. Participants completed surveys consisting of questions about demographic characteristics, religiosity, spirituality, social support, and stress. Results: Most participants were unmarried, low‐income women with low educational attainment. Ninety percent of women reported a religious affiliation, with more than one half (57.4%) listing their religious affiliation as "Catholic." Overall religiousness/spirituality was significantly associated with increased negative experiences of stress in women who selected English language instruments (Spearman's r =.341, p =.007); there was no such relationship in women who selected Spanish language instruments. Social support and greater relationship quality with a significant other were significantly associated with reduced perceived stress in Spanish reading and English reading women. Conclusions: In this sample of pregnant and postpartum Latinas, religiousness/spirituality was not associated with reduced perceived stress and was in fact associated with increased perceived stress among women who selected English‐language surveys. Additional research is needed to investigate this association. On the other hand, the current study reinforces the importance of social support and relationship quality for pregnant and postpartum women.
Defining and measuring the effort needed for inpatient medicine work.

BACKGROUND: Current metrics for assessing physician workload are inadequate. Understanding the effort associated with work tasks could make workload assessments more robust. OBJECTIVE: To assess the physical, mental, and psychological effort needed for the tasks performed by internal medicine doctors while admitting a patient to the hospital. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: A single Midwest academic institution. SUBJECTS: Internal medicine housestaff, hospitalists, and nonhospitalist internal medicine faculty. MEASUREMENTS: Subjects rated 99 tasks across 3 domains: physical, mental, and psychological effort using a scale of 1–7 (1 = least effort, 7 = most effort). A composite effort score was calculated for each task and for each of 6 task categories: direct patient care, indirect patient care, searching for/finding things, educational/academic activities, personal/downtime activities, and other. RESULTS: Overall, the most difficult task was going to codes, which was also the most difficult psychological task. The most difficult physical task was placing a central line, and the most difficult mental task was transferring an unstable patient to the intensive care unit. The easiest task was using the Internet. That was also the easiest physical, mental, and psychological task. Direct patient care was more difficult than indirect patient care overall (3.58 vs 3.21; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We began the process of describing the workload of inpatient doctors by measuring the difficulty of the tasks they perform while admitting patients. To assess the relationship between workload and other outcomes (such as physician burnout and patient safety), it is essential that we be able to accurately measure workload. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
The Cytochemistry of the Amoebocytes and Intestinal Epithelium of Venus Mercenaria (Lamellibranchiata), with Remarks on a Pigment Resembling Ceroid

The properties of the amoebocytes and intestinal epithelium of Venus mercenaria were studied by a variety of cytochemical procedures designed to demonstrate proteins, enzymes, carbohydrates, and lipids. The cytoplasm of the amoebocytes contains specific granules which are constantly present and which are interpreted as being atypical mitochondria. Identification of their mitochondrial nature rests on their staining with Janus green B, their positive reaction for phospholipid by Baker9s test, and the presence of dehydrogenase activity. Unlike typical mitochondria, the specific granules are eosinophil. Protein-bound carbonyl groups and disulphide and sulphydryl groups are present in both the specific granules and the cytoplasm. The sulphydryl groups may in part be associated with the presence of dehydrogenase, lipase, and serum cholinesterase. Amoebocytes also ontain glycogen and a material that is resistant to diastase and positive to the periodic acid / Schiff test; this material may be a neutral polysaccharide, unsaturated lipid, or mucoprotein. Cytoplasmic structures which are inconstantly present in amoebocytes include sudanophil droplets, neutral red vacuoles, metachromatic granules, and granules of an excretory pigment resembling ceroid. The sudanophil droplets may be stored neutral fat or lipid associated with the Golgi apparatus. The neutral red vacuoles are not preformed inclusions, but form as the dye accumulates within the cells. Metachromatic granules, which are confined solely to the intestinal amoebocytes, consist of phagocytosed intestinal mucus liberated from goblet cells. The histochemical reactions of the columnar intestinal epithelium suggest that these cells may be active in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, since eosinophil granules, lipid droplets, alkaline phosphatase, lipase, and serum cholinesterase are present in them. Masses of a ceroid-like excretory pigment and goblet cells containing mucus are present between the columnar intestinal epithelial cells. The pigment contains phospholipid and apparently arises as an oxidized end-product of lipid metabolism.
Compliance to Cell Phone-Based EMA Among Latino Youth in Outpatient Treatment

Outpatient treatment practices for adolescent substance users utilize retrospective self-report to monitor drug use. Cell phone-based ecological momentary assessment (CEMA) overcomes retrospective self-report biases and can enhance outpatient treatment, particularly among Latino adolescents, who have been understudied with regard to CEMA. This study explores compliance to text message-based CEMA with youth (n = 28; 93% Latino) in outpatient treatment. Participants were rotated through daily, random, and event-based CEMA strategies for 1-month periods. Overall compliance was high (>80%). Compliance decreased slightly over the study period and was less during random versus daily strategies and on days when alcohol use was retrospectively reported. Findings suggest that CEMA is a viable monitoring tool for Latino youth in outpatient treatment, but further study is needed to determine optimal CEMA strategies, monitoring time periods, and the appropriateness of CEMA for differing levels of substance use.
A histone-like protein of Helicobacter pylori protects DNA from stress damage and aids host colonization

Abstract Genomic DNA in a bacterial cell is folded into a compact structure called a nucleoid, and nucleoid-associated proteins are responsible for proper assembly of active higher-order genome structures. The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori express a nucleoid-associated protein encoded by the hup gene, which is the homolog to the Escherichia coli histone-like protein HU. An H. pylori hup mutant strain (X47 hup:cat) showed a defect in stationary phase survival. The X47 hup:cat mutant was more sensitive to the DNA damaging agent mitomycin C, and displayed a decreased frequency of DNA recombination, indicating Hup plays a significant role in facilitating DNA recombinational repair. The X47 hup:cat mutant was also sensitive to both oxidative and acid stress, conditions that H. pylori commonly encounters in the host. The hup mutant cells survived significantly (7-fold) less upon exposure to macrophages than the wild type strain. In a mouse infection model, the hup mutant strain displayed a greatly reduced ability to colonize host stomachs. The geometric means of colonization number for the wild type and hup mutant were 6 × 105 and 1.5 × 104 CFU/g stomachs, respectively. Complementation of the hup strain by chromosomal insertion of a functional hup gene restored oxidative stress resistance, DNA transformation frequency, and mouse colonization ability to the wild type level. We directly demonstrated that the purified His-tagged H. pylori Hup protein can protect (in vitro) an H. pylori-derived DNA fragment from oxidative damage.
AES-RGA investigations of various types of cathodes during activation in ultrahigh vacuum

Abstract The in-situ activations of oxide, Medicus, and impregnated dispenser cathodes in UHV have been studied by a combination of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and line of sight residual gas analysis (LOSRGA). The surface composition changes, emission thresholds and outgassing curves exhibit similar thermal behavior regardless of cathode type. Three stages of behavior were apparent with increasing temperatures: (1) production of CO and CO 2 in nearly equal amounts; (2) electron emission with an increase in both surface and evaporated Ba; (3) appearance of BaO. The complementarity of AES and LOSRGA is discussed and the necessity of the line of sight configuration is explained. The utility of spectrum subtraction as an adjunct to line of sight RGA for quality control is also demonstrated.
Hippocampal volume and total cell numbers in major depressive disorder

Neuroimaging consistently reveals smaller hippocampal volume in recurrent or chronic major depressive disorder (MDD). The underlying cellular correlates of the smaller volume are not clearly known. Postmortem tissues from 17 pairs of depressed and control subjects were obtained at autopsy, and informant-based retrospective psychiatric assessment was performed. Formalin-fixed left temporal lobes were sectioned (40 μm), stained for Nissl substance, and every 60th section selected throughout the entire hippocampus. Total volume of the hippocampal formation was calculated, and total numbers of pyramidal neurons (in hippocampal fields CA1, CA2/3, hilus), dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells, and glial cells were estimated stereologically. While hippocampal volume in all MDD subjects was not significantly smaller versus control subjects, in recurrent/chronic MDD, total volume decreased with duration of depressive illness (r = -0.696, p < 0.026). There was no significant difference between MDD and controls in total number or density of pyramidal neurons/granule cells or glial cells in CA1, CA2/3, hilus, or DG. However, CA1 pyramidal neuron density increased with duration of illness in recurrent/chronic MDD (r = 0.840, p < 0.002). Granule cell (r = 0.971, p < 0.002) and glial cell numbers (r = 0.980, p < 0.001) increased with age in those taking antidepressant medication (n = 6). Increasing DG granule cell and glial cell numbers with age in antidepressant-treated subjects may reflect proliferative effects of antidepressant medications. Decreasing total volume and increasing CA1 pyramidal neuron density with duration of illness in recurrent/chronic MDD lends support to the neuropil hypothesis of MDD.
Larson et al. respond

A reply to the comment on synchrotron x-ray diffraction study of silicon during pulsed-laser annealing is presented.(AIP)
Roman influences on metalworking at the Titelberg (Luxembourg): Compositional studies using PIXE spectrometry

Abstract The expansion of the Roman Empire into northwest Europe was followed by centuries of assimilation and adaptation on the part of both the native peoples and the Romans themselves. Though this process of “Romanization” is clear in the written record, the Celtic/Roman cultural interaction in the realm of material culture, including the craft of metalworking, was both complex and protracted. The settlement of the Titelberg (Luxembourg) is a near-ideal site at which to study this interaction, since copper working flourished there for almost two centuries (circa 100 BC–AD 70); and a workshop at the site has yielded a stratified and diverse assemblage of both processing debris and copper-alloy artifacts (fibulae, buttons, tools, etc.). Through compositional analysis of a large stratified assemblage dating from c. 100 BC to AD 400, we have established the existence of an early preference for brass in fibulae, with zinc appearing later in other artifact types. The levels of antimony, silver, and nickel suggest that both the pre-Roman period and the centuries after AD 70 were distinguished by a reliance on single ore sources and uniform metallurgical styles. In contrast, multiple ore sources were used, and two different metallurgical styles practiced, during the Conquest and the period of early Romanization.
The myth of equality in science classrooms

An analysis of the 1976-1977 NAEP survey of science attitudes showed that, by age nine, females, although expressing similar or greater desires to participate in science activities, had consistently fewer experiences in science than boys of the same age. Science activities surveyed included use of common experimental materials and instruments, observation of scientific phenomena, and field trips. At ages 13 and 17, girls again reported fewer classroom and extracurricular science activities than boys. Their responses indicated narrow perceptions of science and of the usefulness of scientific research. In addition, they displayed generally negative attitudes toward science classes and careers. Suggestions to eliminate the inequalities found are offered.
The Role of Eddies in Maintaining the Westerlies in the Southern Hemisphere Winter

Abstract The distribution of the mean westerly wind over the globe is described for June, July and August, the southern winter, using analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) from 1979 to 1982. The tropospheric momentum budget is analyzed from both the traditional Eulerian and the transformed Eulerian perspectives. Thus an assessment is made of the Eliassen-Palm flux divergence and the diabatically driven residual mean circulation. The vertical mean budget is also analyzed to allow deductions about the mean surface torque by the atmosphere on the earth and the grow surface stress. In the southern winter, transient eddies dominate the poleward momentum transports in both hemispheres, and total transports are somewhat larger than found in previous studies. Values of the deduced mean westerly surface stress are therefore larger than most previous estimates, but seem very reasonable and are probably more reliable in midlatitudes. A strange vertical structure analyzed to be ...
Convection-Allowing and Convection-Parameterizing Ensemble Forecasts of a Mesoscale Convective Vortex and Associated Severe Weather Environment

Abstract An analysis of a regional severe weather outbreak that was related to a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) is performed. The MCV-spawning mesoscale convection system (MCS) formed in northwest Kansas along the southern periphery of a large cutoff 500-hPa low centered over western South Dakota. As the MCS propagated into eastern Kansas during the early morning of 1 June 2007, an MCV that became evident from multiple data sources [e.g., Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) network, visible satellite imagery, wind-profiler data, Rapid Update Cycle 1-hourly analyses] tracked through northwest Missouri and central Iowa and manifested itself as a well-defined midlevel short-wave trough. Downstream of the MCV in southeast Iowa and northwest Illinois, southwesterly 500-hPa winds increased to around 25 m s−1 over an area with southeasterly surface winds and 500–1500 J kg−1 of surface-based convective available potential energy (CAPE), creating a favorable environment for severe weather. In the ...
Nucleic Acid Studies in Experimental Cardiomegaly

1. A group of weanling rats was made anemic by an Fe- and Cu-deficient diet consisting of cow's milk. An appropriate control group receiving Fe and Cu in addition to milk was also studied. After 86-105 days, the rats were sacrificed; hematocrit levels, heart weights, DNA, RNA, and protein concentrations were determined. Total DNA, RNA, and protein contents of the hearts were calculated. 2. Statistical analysis showed a significantly increased mean heart weight, decreased DNA concentration, increased RNA to DNA ratio, and increased total RNA and protein content in the hearts of the anemie group of rats versus the control rats. There were no statistically significant changes in RNA concentration or total DNA content of the hearts. 3. These data are interpreted as showing that the predominant cellular change in cardiae enlargement in the rat with dietary Fe-and Cu-deficiency is that of increase in size of the myocardial cell.
Paternal Involvement with Children: The Influence of Gender Ideologies

Although prior social science research has established the ability of gender ideologies to influence the domestic division of labor, it has neglected to disentangle their potentially unique influence on paternal involvement with children. Past research examining the influence of gender ideology on parenting behaviors does not acknowledge potential differences that may result from accounting for each parent's gender ideology. Using both waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (N = 1,088), I assess the effect of both mother's and father's gender ideology on two measures of paternal involvement. Whereas egalitarian fathers demonstrate greater involvement than traditional fathers, mother's gender ideology failed to predict paternal involvement. Egalitarian mothers do not appear to negotiate greater father involvement successfully.
SU‐EE‐A2‐04: Comparison of a MLC Calibration Method Using a Diode Array and Electronic Portal Imaging Device

Purpose: Current methods of MLCcalibration and quality assurance include the use of graph paper, scanning water tanks, ion chambers,film and EPIDs; these methods can be both laborious and/or non‐quantitative. We propose a convenient and quantitative method for calibrating and performing routine quality assurance for MLCs.Method and Materials: The Profiler 2 (Sun Nuclear Corp., Melbourne, FL), a two dimensional diode array, was visually aligned to the backup jaw and irradiated with an Elekta linac. The backup jaw served as a radiation reference line and was used to determine the positional diode offsets. The MLC was stepped over the Profiler 2 and the 50% position for each diode was determined. Leaf offsets were calculated by offsetting each diodes 50% position by the 50% position of the diode corresponding to leaf pair 20 and subtracting the corresponding positional diode offset. This method was repeated with an EPID for comparison purposes. Results: Linear dose changes of approximately 15%/mm and 13.5%/mm were observed in the penumbras of the backup jaw and MLC, respectively. Leaf positions measured by the EPID and Profiler 2 differed on average by ± 0.12 mm per leaf. Leaf reproducibility of 0.36 mm or better was observed and minimal reproducibility changes were seen with the backup jaw. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the potential of the Profiler 2 as a tool for calibrating and performing quantitative QA for MLC leaf positioning. The Profiler 2 methods are fast, taking an average of 20 minutes to perform and accurately represent leaf positions and reproducibility. Conflict of Interest: This work was supported in part by SBIR Contract No. HHSN261200522014C, ADB Contract No. N43‐CM‐52214, the University of Florida and Sun Nuclear Corporation.
Amido black dye binding of alfalfa and forage legume protein

Although dye binding has been suggested for the determination of alfalfa protein content, a standard method has not been advanced. More data are necessary on the conditions required for the dye-protein reaction. Reaction times of 8, 12 and 24 hours and reaction temperatures of 50, 55, 60 and 65° C were selected to obtain dye binding values (DBV) with theFoss Pro-Milk apparatus. A correlation of 0.88 with macro-Kjeldahl values was obtained. 60° C and 24 hours reaction time can be considered conditions yielding maximum DBV. It is suggested to develop a standard method for the routine measurement of forage legume content.
Oxidative stability of walnut oils extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was used to partially defat walnuts, and the oxidative stability of the extracted walnut oils was assessed. The SC-CO2-extracted oils were less stable during accelerated storage in the dark than was pressed walnut oil, as determined by PV, headspace analysis by solid-phase microextraction, and sensory methods. The SC-CO2-extracted oils, however, exhibited greater photo-oxidative stability than did pressed walnut oil by all of these methods, possibly because of the presence of chlorophyll in the pressed oil. Oxidative stability indices and tocopherol contents were significantly lower in the SC-CO2-extracted oils than in pressed oil.