cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRON AND HOLE TRAPS IN THERMAL SILICON DIOXIDE LAYERS GROWN ON SILICON

ABSTRACT Capture, optical and thermal discharge, and location of trapped electrons and holes in thermal silicon dioxide layers grown on silicon are reviewed. Charge trapping is discussed in oxides grown under various conditions (for instance, steam versus dry oxidation) and in oxides where impurites have been added by ion implantation or grown into the film at elevated temperatures. Characteristics of the trapping sites in terms of their spatial location, capture cross section, photoionization cross section, trap density, and energy depth in the forbidden gap are summarized for known traps. Techniques such as capacitance-voltage (C-V(l)) and photocurrent-voltage (photo I-V(2)) used in trap characterization are reviewed.
Dynamic data driven image reconstruction using multiple GPUs

The reconstruction of nxn-pixel Synthetic Aperture Radar imagery using Back Projection algorithm incurs O(n2·m) cost, where m is the number of pulses. This paper presents dynamic data driven multiresolution algorithms to speed up SAR backprojection on multiple GPUs. A critical part of this spatially variant reconstruction process is load balancing, which circumvents asymmetric work assignment. Our algorithms achieve 15 TFLOPS using 128 GPUs.
Je n’ai qu’une langue, ce n’est pas la mienne: Des écrivains à l’épreuve

Kaoutar Harchi, a French sociologist and novelist of Moroccan heritage, is well positioned to undertake a study that involves the critical reception of literary works of the Maghreb. The author of ...
Abdominal wall reconstruction after cytoreduction surgery-hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Cytoreduction surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) improve survival and decrease recurrence of peritoneal metastasis in a select population of patients. Abdominal wall resection is often needed to achieve complete CRS and the extent of abdominal wall resection may necessitate abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR). We sought to investigate if postoperative morbidity and mortality was increased in patients who underwent AWR with CRS-HIPEC (AWR group) compared to CRS-HIPEC without AWR (non-AWR group) and to identify if patient, tumor, and operative risk factors were associated with poor outcomes following AWR. We postulate that AWR is a safe and viable treatment option in appropriately selected patients with peritoneal disease. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted from 2012 to 2015. Demographics, comorbidities, intraoperative variables, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed and compared between the non-AWR group and the AWR group. Results A total of 30 patients underwent CRS-HIPEC at our institution; 19 recruited in non-AWR group and 11 in the AWR arm. Median follow-up was 19.1 mo for the non-AWR group and 15.6 mo for AWR. Overall survival and complications were not significantly different between groups. Six patients in the non-AWR group and three patients in AWR group died during the follow-up period (32% versus 27%, P = 0.75). Grade III/IV Clavien-Dindo complications were similar in AWR compared to non-AWR group (64% versus 50%, P = 0.46) however estimated blood loss (1000 mL versus 450 mL, P = 0.01) and operative time (663 min versus 510 min, P = 0.02) were significantly increased in the AWR group. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that AWR is a safe and viable option and can improve wound closure and strength in select patient populations undergoing CRS-HIPEC. AWR is not associated with an increase in mortality or complication rate. Future studies will need larger sample sizes and randomization to identify patient and operative factors that increase morbidity with AWR and identify the ideal timing of AWR.
Comparison of telomere length measurement methods

The strengths and limitations of the major methods developed to measure telomere lengths (TLs) in cells and tissues are presented in this review. These include Q-PCR (Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction), TRF (Terminal Restriction Fragment) analysis, a variety of Q-FISH (Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) methods, STELA (Single TElomere Length Analysis) and TeSLA (Telomere Shortest Length Assay). For each method, we will cover information about validation studies, including reproducibility in independent laboratories, accuracy, reliability and sensitivity for measuring not only the average but also the shortest telomeres. There is substantial evidence that it is the shortest telomeres that trigger DNA damage responses leading to replicative senescence in mammals. However, the most commonly used TL measurement methods generally provide information on average or relative TL, but it is the shortest telomeres that leads to telomere dysfunction (identified by TIF, Telomere dysfunction Induced Foci) and limit cell proliferation in the absence of a telomere maintenance mechanism, such as telomerase. As the length of the shortest telomeres is a key biomarker determining cell fate and the onset of senescence, a new technique (TeSLA) that provides quantitative information about all the shortest telomeres will be highlighted. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Understanding diversity in telomere dynamics’.
Safety-based shelf life model for frankfurters based on time to detect Listeria monocytogenes with initial inoculum below detection limit.

The growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on frankfurters at four inoculum levels (0.1, 0.04, 0.01, and 0.007 CFU/g) was examined at 4, 8, and 12°C until the time L. monocytogenes populations reached a detectable limit of at least 2 CFU/g. A scaled-down assumption was made to simulate a 25-g sample from a 100-lb batch size in a factory setting by using a 0.55-g sample from a 1,000-g batch size in a laboratory. Samples of 0.55 g were enriched in PDX-LIB selective medium, and presumptive results were confirmed on modified Oxford agar. Based on the time to detect (TTD) from each inoculum level and at each temperature, a shelf life model was constructed to predict the detection or risk levels reached by L. monocytogenes on frankfurters. The TTD increased with reductions in inoculum size and storage temperature. At 4°C the TTDs (±standard error) observed were 42.0 ± 1.0, 43.5 ± 0.5, 50.7 ± 1.5, and 55.0 ± 3.0 days when the inoculum sizes were 0.1, 0.04, 0.01, and 0.007 CFU/g, respectively. From the same ...
The Rabbit as an Experimental Model

Publisher Summary This chapter demonstrates the continued high use of rabbits in the areas of atherosclerosis, ophthalmic disease, infectious disease, orthopedic research, and experimental neoplastic research. The chapter provides an overview of these conditions. The total number of rabbits used for research and testing in the United States has declined from a peak value of approximately 550,000 per year in the late 1980s to the current level of approximately 230,000. Several factors contribute to this decline and the most important being the rapid expansion of genetically engineered rodent models, which largely replace rabbits for investigation of many diseases such as candidiasis and variola. Even for conditions such as herpes simplex keratitis in which rabbits are still a classic and frequently used model, murine models have been developed to replace rabbits. These tests were developed in the 1960s and adopted by the Environmental Protection Agency to meet the testing requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act. The albino rabbit remains the preferred species for both of these tests.
Building a Knowledge Based Summarization System for Text Data Mining

This paper provides details on building a knowledge based automatic summarization system for mining text data. The knowledge based system mines text data on documents and webpages to create abstractive summaries by generalizing new concepts, deriving main topics, and creating new sentences. The knowledge based system makes use of the domain knowledge provided by Cyc development platform that consists of the world’s largest knowledge base and one of the most powerful inference engines. The system extracts syntactic structures and semantic features by employing natural language processing techniques and Cyc knowledge base and reasoning engine. The system creates a summary of the given documents in three stages: knowledge acquisition, knowledge discovery, and knowledge representation for human readers. The knowledge acquisition derives syntactic structure of each sentence in the documents and maps their words and their syntactic relationships into Cyc knowledge base. The knowledge discovery abstracts novel concepts and derives main topics of the documents by exploring the ontology of the mapped concepts and by clustering the concepts. The knowledge representation creates new English sentences to summarize the documents. This system has been implemented and integrated with Cyc knowledge based system. The implementation encodes a process consisting seven stages: syntactic analysis, mapping words to Cyc, concept propagation, concept weights and relations accumulation, topic derivation, subject identification, and new sentence generation. The implementation has been tested on various documents and webpages. The test performance data suggests that such a system could benefit from running on parallel and distributed computing platforms. The test results showed that the system is capable of creating new sentences that include abstracted concepts not explicitly mentioned in the original documents and that contain information synthesized from different parts of the documents to compose a summary.
A characterization of the sets of periods within shifts of finite type

We characterize precisely the possible sets of periods and least periods for the periodic points of a shift of finite type (SFT). We prove that a set is the set of least periods of some mixing SFT if and only if it is either {1} or cofinite, and the set of periods of some mixing SFT if and only if it is cofinite and closed under multiplication by arbitrary natural numbers. We then use these results to derive similar characterizations for the class of irreducible SFTs and the class of all SFTs. Specifically, a set is the set of (least) periods for some irreducible SFT if and only if it can be written as a natural number times the set of (least) periods for some mixing SFT, and a set is the set of (least) periods for an SFT if and only if it can be written as the finite union of the sets of (least) periods for some irreducible SFTs. Finally, we prove that the possible sets of (least) periods of mixing sofic shifts are exactly the same as for mixing SFTs, and that the same is not true for the class of nonmixing sofic shifts.
Surgical Approach to Thyroid Cancer

Advances in the understanding of the genetic characteristics of thyroid cancer combined with the development of new molecular testing have led to improved diagnosis and are enabling the tailoring of treatment for patients. This chapter will focus on many recent changes in the management of thyroid cancer emphasizing deintensification of therapy and a personalized approach to the patient’s tumor biology. The approach described is largely consistent with both the current American Thyroid Association (ATA) and National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines.
Criminal Justice Contact and Inequality

The American incarceration rate, though recently stabilized, increased rapidly over the past half century. Today, compared with the 1970s, more than five times as many people spend time in prison annually (National Research Council [2014][1]; Wakefield and Uggen [2010][2]). The historically
Personality traits and consumer acceptance of controversial food technology: A cross-country investigation of genetically modified animal products

Abstract Recent breakthroughs in biotechnology have expanded the range of applications in animal agriculture. Acceptance of food products from these animals is expected to be controversial and requires a thorough understanding of consumer preferences and drivers of acceptance. This paper explores the role of personality, measured via the Big Six personality traits (Agency, Agreeableness, Openness, Neuroticism, Extraversion and Conscientiousness), on consumer acceptance of a genetically modified pork product in the US (N = 945), China (N = 945) and Italy (N = 954). The effect of personality is most evident in US consumers with five out of six personality traits explaining preferences for genetically modified pork. Openness was the only trait that consistently explained consumer acceptance in our three countries and conscientiousness was found to be a good predictor in Western cultures. Our results reinforce the need to use psychological characteristics of consumers to understand controversial food acceptance and highlight the differential impact of personality across cultures.
Chemoselective syntheses of gamma-butyrolactams using vinyl sulfilimines and dichloroketene.

Reactions between vinyl sulfilimines and dichloroketene generated in situ from trichloroacetyl chloride in the presence of zinc−copper couple give mixtures of α-dichloro-γ-butyrolactams and α-dichloro-γ-butyrolactone imines. Fine-tuning of substituents within vinyl sulfilimines results in reactions with good chemoselectivity and yield for lactams.
On the entropy of fatigue crack propagation

Abstract Entropy flow from the plastic zone ahead of a crack tip is predicted analytically and measured experimentally for stainless steel SS304. It is shown that crack propagation rate is related to the entropy flow during cyclic loading of a flat specimen in mode I. The results show that entropy flow is a reliable parameter for the prediction of crack propagation rate in both low- and high-speed regions. It is also shown that the application of the degradation entropy generation theorem provides a method for evaluating the constant in Paris law in terms of entropy flow.
Noble Metal-Based Nanozymes

Within the last decade, we have witnessed great advances in noble metal-based nanozymes, especially Pt- and Au-containing ones due to the rapidly growing field of nanotechnology driven by various advanced synthetic strategies and characterization techniques. Multiple intriguing enzymatic properties, e.g., oxidase-, peroxidase-, catalase-, and SOD-like activities, were extensively explored. Impressively, noble metals immobilized on various supports are emerging as a class of novel nanozymes, exhibiting synergistically enhanced performance. With significant advantages of tunability in activities, high stability as well as ease of storage and treatment, noble-metal nanozymes show great potential as attractive candidates for natural enzymes. In this chapter, we describe the design and fabrication of noble metal-based nanozymes. We also summarize several methodologies to tune their catalytic activities. Besides, we cover a wide range of applications in numerous fields, such as biosensing, immunoassays, and contaminant removal. Finally, we discuss the catalytic mechanism of noble metal-based nanozymes.
Homo adhaerens: Risk and adherence in biomedical HIV prevention research:

After the turn of the millennium, HIV clinical researchers pivoted from developing and testing new antiretrovirals (ARVs) for treatment, to reconfiguring the same molecules for pre-exposure prophyl...
Resilience of the temperate coral Oculina arbuscula to ocean acidification extends to the physiological level

Both juvenile and adult life stages of the temperate scleractinian coral Oculina arbuscula are resilient to the effects of moderate ocean acidification (OA) in contrast to many tropical corals in which growth and calcification rates are suppressed. Here, potential mechanisms of resilience to OA related to photosynthetic physiology and inorganic carbon processing were studied in adult O. arbuscula colonies. After exposing colonies to ambient and elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) treatments for 7 weeks, photosynthetic performance was characterized using photosynthesis versus irradiance experiments, chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, and algal pigment content. Inorganic carbon-processing capabilities were assessed by measurement of internal and external carbonic anhydrase activity of the coral host, internal carbonic anhydrase activity of symbiotic algae, and the reliance of photosynthesis on external carbonic anhydrase. Photosynthetic physiology was unaffected by OA ruling out the possibility that resilience was mediated by increased photosynthetic energy supply. Carbonic anhydrase activities were maintained at elevated CO2 suggesting no major rearrangements of the inorganic carbon-processing machinery, but this could be a sign of resilience since tropical corals often down-regulate carbonic anhydrases at high CO2. The general lack of effect of ocean acidification on these physiological traits suggests other characteristics, such as maintenance of calcifying fluid pH and ability to acquire energy from heterotrophy, may be more important for the resilience of O. arbuscula to OA.
Attosecond Science at X-ray Free Electron Lasers

This work will discuss the potential of using x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) for applications in attosecond science. We detail the production, characterization, and use of soft X-ray attosecond pulses at the Linac Coherent Light Source.
Neural Representation of the English Vowel Feature [High]: Evidence From /ε/ vs. /ɪ/.

Many studies have observed modulation of the amplitude of the neural index mismatch negativity (MMN) related to which member of a phoneme contrast [phoneme A, phoneme B] serves as the frequent (standard) and which serves as the infrequent (deviant) stimulus (i.e., AAAB vs. BBBA) in an oddball paradigm. Explanations for this amplitude modulation range from acoustic to linguistic factors. We tested whether exchanging the role of the mid vowel /e/ vs. high vowel /ɪ/ of English modulated MMN amplitude and whether the pattern of modulation was compatible with an underspecification account, in which the underspecified height values are [−high] and [−low]. MMN was larger for /e/ as the deviant, but only when compared across conditions to itself as the standard. For the within-condition comparison, MMN was larger to /ɪ/ deviant minus /e/ standard than to the reverse. A condition order effect was also observed. MMN amplitude was smaller to the deviant stimulus if it had previously served as the standard. In addition, the amplitudes of late discriminative negativity (LDN) showed similar asymmetry. LDN was larger for deviant /e/ than deviant /ɪ/ when compared to themselves as the standard. These findings were compatible with an underspecification account, but also with other accounts, such as the Natural Referent Vowel model and a prototype model; we also suggest that non-linguistic factors need to be carefully considered as additional sources of speech processing asymmetries.
A 65nm Resonant Electro-Quasistatic 5-240uW Human Whole-Body Powering and 2.19uW Communication SoC with Automatic Maximum Resonant Power Tracking

Applications like Connected Healthcare through physiological signal monitoring and Secure Authentication using wearable keys can benefit greatly from battery-less operation. Low power communication along with energy harvesting is critical to sustain such perpetual battery-less operation. Previous studies have used techniques such as Tribo-Electric, Piezo-Electric, RF energy harvesting for Body Area Network devices, but they are restricted to on-body node placements. Human body channel is known to be a promising alternative to wireless radio wave communication for low power operation [1 – 4], through Human Body Communication, as well as very recently as a medium for power transfer through body coupled power transfer [5]. However, channel length (L) dependency of the received power makes it inefficient for $\mathrm{L}\gt 40$ cm. There have also been a few studies for low power communication through the human body, but none of them could provide sustainable battery-less operation. In this paper, we utilize Resonant Electro Quasi-Static Human Body Communication (Res-EQS HBC) with Maximum Resonance Power Tracking (MRPT) to enable channel length independent whole-body communication and powering (Fig.1). We design the first system to simultaneously transfer Power and Data between a HUB device and a wearable through the human body to enable battery-less operation. Measurement results show 240uW, 28uW and 5uW power transfer through the body in a Machine-Machine (large devices with strong ground connection) Tabletop (small devices kept on a table, as in [5]) and Wearable-Wearable (small form factor battery operated devices) scenario respectively, independent of body channel length, while enabling communication with a power consumption of only 2.19uW. This enables $\gt 25\mathrm{x}$ more power transfer with $\gt 100\mathrm{x}$ more efficiency compared to [5] for Tabletop and 100cm Body distance by utilizing the benefits of EQS. The MRPT loop automatically tracks device and posture dependent resonance point changes to maximize power transfer in all cases.
Prevalence of lymph node metastasis and role of lymphadenectomy for apparent early-stage ovarian clear cell carcinoma

Objectives: Determine the incidence of lymph node (LN) metastasis and impact of lymphadenectomy (LND) on the survival of patients with apparent early stage clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Methods: Patients with apparent early stage OCCC and no history of another tumor diagnosed between 2004 and 2015 who underwent surgery were drawn from the National Cancer Database. Performance of LND and incidence of LN metastasis was assessed from pathology report. Five-year overall survival (OS) was calculated after generation of Kaplan-Meier curves and OS was compared with the log-rank test. A Cox multivariate model was constructed to control for confounders. Results: Among 4589 patients with apparent early stage clear cell ovarian carcinoma, 80.9% underwent LND. Median number of LN removed was 13. Higher rates of LND were noted in academic centers (86.2% vs 76.8%, p Conclusions: Complete staging of patients with apparent early stage OCCC with LND may be associated with better survival. Prognosis of patients with lymph node metastasis is poor.
Mid-Infrared (4.8 – 12.4 and 20.0 μm) Imaging of the Galactic Center: Modeling the Dust Emission and Energetics of the Central Parsec

We have modeled the mid-infrared emission from the Galactic Center using our array camera images at eight wavelengths. The results suggest that the high infrared luminosity of the region is provided by a cluster of luminous stars. There is no direct indication in the new model results of a very luminous object or “central engine” near Sgr A*.
Relation of Healthcare Provider-Patient Interpersonal Impacts and Health Related Control Appraisals to Patients' Satisfaction and Compliance With Treatment

RELATION OF HEALTHCARE PROVIDER-PATIENT INTERPERSONAL IMPACTS AND HEALTH RELATED CONTROL APPRAISALS TO PATIENTS' SATISFACTION AND COMPLIANCE WITH TREATMENT By Thomas A. Campbell A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005 Major Director: Stephen M. Auerbach, Ph.D., Professor Department of Psychology The current study examined healthcare provider-patient interpersonal impacts and health related control appraisals to patients' satisfaction and compliance with treatment recommendations. Secondary outcomes such as patient satisfaction are becoming increasingly important, and compliance with treatment can have direct effects on primary outcomes. Eighty-one patients at a large, urban university student health center participated in the current study. Participants completed participatory style and interpersonal inipact measures both before and afier the visit with their provider, and completed satisfaction questionnaires immediately following the visit, and at the twoweek follow-up along with a measure assessing compliance with treatment recommendations. Providers also completed interpersonal impact measures on each patient. Results showed that meeting patient expectations for levels of participation in
Peripheral refraction and ocular shape in children.

RESULTS. Myopic children had greater relative hyperopia in the periphery (10.80 6 1.29 D), indicating a prolate ocular shape (longer axial length than equatorial diameter), compared with relative peripheral myopia and an oblate shape (broader equatorial diameter than axial length) for emmetropes (20.41 6 0.75 D) and hyperopes (21.09 6 1.02 D). Relative peripheral hyperopia was associated with myopic ocular component characteristics: deeper anterior and vitreous chambers, flatter crystalline lenses that were smaller in volume, and steeper corneas. Lens thickness had a more complex association. Relative peripheral hyperopia was associated with thinner lenses between refractive error groups but changed in sign to become associated with thicker lenses when analyzed within each refractive error group. Receiver operator characteristics analysis of the ocular components indicated that vitreous chamber depth was the most important ocular component for characterizing the myopic eye, but that peripheral refraction made a significant independent contribution. CONCLUSIONS. The eyes of myopic children were both elongated and distorted into a prolate shape. Thinner crystalline lenses were associated with more hyperopic relative peripheral refractions across refractive error groups, but failure of the lens to thin may account for the association between thicker lenses and more hyperopic relative peripheral refractions within a given refractive group. Increased ciliary‐ choroidal tension is proposed as a potential cause of ocular distortion in myopic eyes. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1022‐1030)
Vcode: a data-parallel intermediate language

A description is given of Vcode, a data-parallel intermediate language. Vcode is designed to allow easy porting of data-parallel languages to a wide class of parallel machines, and for experimenting with compiling such languages. The design goal was to define a simple language whose primitives can be implemented efficiently but that is still powerful enough to express the features of existing data-parallel languages. Vcode contains about 50 instructions, most of which manipulate arbitrarily long vectors of atomic values, and includes a set of segmented instructions that are crucial for implementing data-parallel languages that permit nested parallelism. The design decisions are discussed, and it is shown how three data-parallel languages-C*, Fortran 8*, and Paralation Lisp-can be mapped onto Vcode. The issues encountered in implementing Vcode on different kinds of parallel machines, as well as specific techniques for implementing it on the Connection Machine, are examined. >
Mechanical properties of nanophase TiO 2 as determined by nanoindentation

Nanoindenter techniques have been used to determine the hardness. Young’s modulus, and strain rate sensitivity of nanophase TiO2, which is currently available only in very small quantities and which cannot be tested by most conventional techniques. Hardness and Young’s modulus both increase linearly with sintering temperature over the range 25–900°C but come to within only 50–70% of the single crystal values. Strain rate sensitivity, on the other hand, is measurably greater for this material than for single crystal rutile, and the value of strain rate sensitivity increases as the grain size and the sintering temperature are decreased. In its as-compacted form, the strain rate sensitivity of nanophase TiO2 is approximately a quarter that of lead at room temperature, indicating a potential for significant ductility in these ceramic materials. Finally, a significant scatter in hardness values has been detected within individual nanophase samples. This is interpreted as arising from microstructural inhomogeneity in these materials.
What will the next generation propulsion controller be

Limitations on the control systems of Space vehicle and reuseable launch vehicle propulsion systems are outlined, and a need for flexibility is identified. To this end, functional requirements of the various control areas-engine sensors, sensor electronics, processor and memory, effector electronics, engine effectors, databases, and power supply-are listed and ways of achieving them are discussed.
An investigation of the chemical mechanical polishing of copper thin films to form in-laid interconnections in the dielectric (SiO/sub 2/) films

Summary form only given. Describes an investigation of the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of copper films for the purpose of delineating and planarizing inlaid copper interconnections for multilevel metallization in silicon integrated circuits. Copper CMP has been shown to be an effective method of patterning interconnections and for providing the global planarity required to build multilevel structures. CMP processes in general, however, remain poorly understood and unoptimized. The task of optimizing a process is hampered by the lack of a fundamental understanding of the removal mechanisms at work in CMP. A fundamental understanding of these mechanisms will allow greater control of the CMP process in the manufacturing environment.
From Macros to Reusable Generative Programming

Generative programming is widely used both to develop new programming languages and to extend existing ones with domain-specific sub-languages. This paper describes McMicMac, a framework for generative programming. McMicMac uses tree-transforming macros as language specifications, and enhances them with inherited and synthesized attributes. The enhanced transformers can describe general compilation tasks. Families of these specifications are grouped into mixin-like collections called vocabularies. Programmers can define new languages by composing these vocabularies. We have implemented McMicMac for Scheme and used it to build several systems, including the DrScheme programming environment. The principles of McMicMac carry over to other languages and environments.
Synthesis and Catalytic Characteristics of Novel Constrained-Geometry Organoactinide Catalysts. The First Example of Actiniae-Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination

The synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of a series of organoactinide constrained-geometry complexes, (CGC)An(NRR‘)2 (CGC = Me2Si(η5-Me4C5)(tBuN); An = Th, 1; An = U, 2; R = R‘ = Me, a; R = Et, R‘ = Me, b; R = R‘ = Et, c), are reported. These complexes are effective precatalysts for intramolecular catalytic hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes and aminoalkynes. Comparisons of structure and reactivity are drawn with previously reported trivalent organolanthanide CGC catalytic systems.
Mass Transfer at the Base of a Cylindrical Cavity Recessed in the Floor of a Flat Duct

Experiences de sublimation ou d'evaporation de naphtalene ou d'eau. La cavite est montee dans la paroi inferieure d'une conduite plane rectangulaire dans laquelle passe un courant turbulent d'air
Differential effects of clonidine on renal sympathetic nerve activity and heart rate at onset of static exercise

Abstract The effects of the α 2 -adrenergic agonist clonidine on the increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and heart rate (HR) at the onset of voluntary static exercise were studied using conscious cats. Five cats were trained to press a bar with one forelimb. A total of 60 exercise trials were performed before and after injection of clonidine (5–10 μg/kg i.v.). Before clonidine, RSNA and HR increased immediately before or at the onset of exercise, which was followed by a rise in arterial blood pressure (AP). The initial increases in RSNA and HR are likely to be caused by descending input from higher brain centers. After clonidine, baseline RSNA was decreased to 21 ± 5% of the control before clonidine, probably due to a central action of clonidine. HR and AP were decreased from 221 ± 4 to 178 ± 5 bpm and from 108 ± 2 to 82 ± 4 mmHg, respectively. The increase in RSNA at the onset of exercise and the rise in AP during exercise were blunted to 56–57% of the responses before clonidine injection. In contrast, the increase in HR at the onset of exercise was not altered by clonidine. Thus, it is suggested that clonidine, administered intravenously, attenuates the centrally-induced increase in RSNA at the onset of static exercise but does not affect the increase in HR.
Accuracy in process computer instrumentation systems

IN THE LAST few years, the use of computer control systems has expanded greatly. They have grown from simple data logging applications to enormous systems with hundreds of inputs and outputs. The result has been that the system designer must contend with myriads of complex interrelationships when he is preparing a system design and specifying it properly to the computer manufacturer. It is axiomatic that as system complexity increases, the requirement for accuracy in certain portions of the system demands increasing attention. Unfortunately, the accuracy of a complicated system is neither easily defined nor understood. As a result, accuracy requirements are often ambiguously or incompletely stated. This has led to variations in the interpretation of accuracy requirements and a resulting confusion on the part of both the user and the manufacturer.
Technology diffusion and global welfare effects: Imitative R&D vs. South-bound FDI

Abstract A country in question is positioned in the middle of a global technology race. To shorten its technology gap with the forerunner (North), this middle country must invest in imitative R&D. To exploit cheap labor in the technological laggard (South), it also must invest in South-bound FDI. A dynamic general-equilibrium model of three countries (North, Middle, South) is set up to numerically analyze how the Middle’s refraining South-bound FDI affects international technology diffusion, international wage gaps, and international welfare. The Middle always finds a need to socially optimize investing balance between imitative R&D and South-bound FDI, while the South is instead in favor of as much South-bound FDI as possible. Interestingly, the North may, or may not, align with the Middle’s tightening South-bound FDI, depending on how fast the Northern product innovation can proceed over time. Both transitional dynamics and the steady-state equilibrium are computed.
Adjoint-based Methodology for Time-Dependent Optimization

This paper presents a discrete adjoint method for a broad class of time-dependent optimization problems. The time-dependent adjoint equations are derived in terms of the discrete residual of an arbitrary finite volume scheme which approximates unsteady conservation law equations. Although only the 2-D unsteady Euler equations are considered in the present analysis, this time-dependent adjoint method is applicable to the 3-D unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with minor modifications. The discrete adjoint operators involving the derivatives of the discrete residual and the cost functional with respect to the flow variables are computed using a complex-variable approach, which provides discrete consistency and drastically reduces the implementation and debugging cycle. The implementation of the time-dependent adjoint method is validated by comparing the sensitivity derivative with that obtained by forward mode differentiation. Our numerical results show that O(10) optimization iterations of the steepest descent method are needed to reduce the objective functional by 3-6 orders of magnitude for test problems considered.
Cooperative cache partitioning for chip multiprocessors

This paper presents Cooperative Cache Partitioning (CCP) to allocate cache resources among threads concurrently running on CMPs. Unlike cache partitioning schemes that use a single spatial partition repeatedly throughout a stable program phase, CCP resolves cache contention with multiple time-sharing partitions. Timesharing cache resources among partitions allows each thrashing thread to speed up dramatically in at least one partition by unfairly shrinking other threads' capacity allocations, while improving fairness by giving different partitions equal chance to execute. Quality-of-Service (QoS) is guaranteed over the long term by orchestrating the shrink and expansion of each thread's capacity across partitions to bound the average slowdown. Time-sharing based cache partitioning is further integrated with CMP cooperative caching [6] to exploit the benefits of LRU-based latency optimizations, which leads to a simplified partitioning algorithm and better performance for workloads that do not benefit from cache partitioning. We evaluate the effectiveness of CCP by simulating a 4-core CMP running all combinations of 7 representative SPEC2000 benchmarks. For workloads that can benefit from cache partitioning, CCP achieves up to 60%, and on average 12%, better performance than the exhaustive search of optimal static partitions. Overall, CCP provides the best results on almost all evaluation metrics for different cache sizes.
Effect of Residual Strain on the Electronic Structure of Alumina and Magnesia

The reflectance spectra of polycrystalline Al2O3 and singlecrystal MgO, with different surface treatments were measured using vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy to determine the effect of residual stresses and strains. The bulk stresses were estimated using the R-line flourescence of trace Cr3+ in Al2O3. No grain-size dependence was observed for the residual thermal expansion anisotropy stresses in polycrystalline Al2O3. The effects of mechanical-polishing-induced damage in Al2O3 shifted the band-to-band and exciton transitions to higher energies, compared with those of chemically polished Al2O3. There was little difference in peak positions between cleaved and chemically polished surfaces of MgO. However, mechanically polished MgO surfaces exhibited band-to-band and exciton-peak shifts to higher energies. The VUV technique of determining the exciton-peak and band-gap shifts was used with knowledge of the band-gap strain coefficient to estimate the magnitudes of residual surface stresses in the 1-μm surface layer probed. The polishing-damage-induced residual surface stress is 2.2 GPa for Al2O3 and 1.1 GPa for MgO. These values are based on band-gap strain coefficients of 700 meV/(lin% strain) derived for Al2O3 and 400 meV/(lin% strain) estimated for MgO.
Parting the ivory curtain: understanding how universities support a diverse set of startups

Universities are widely recognized as a critical source of technological innovation and are heralded for the entrepreneurial ventures cultivated within their walls. To date, most research has focused on academic entrepreneurship—new ventures that spin out of academic laboratories. However, universities also give rise to startups that do not directly exploit knowledge generated within academic laboratories. Such firms—and the societal and economic benefits they create—are an important contribution of modern universities. We propose a framework for understanding the full scope of university entrepreneurship and its driving factors, with the goal of providing scholars, university administrators, and policymakers with insights regarding the resources required to foster entrepreneurship from within the ivory tower.
Equine and canine influenza: a review of current events

In the past decade, the pandemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 and the novel H1N1 influenza have both illustrated the potential of influenza viruses to rapidly emerge and spread widely in animals and people. Since both of these viruses are zoonotic, these pandemics have been the driving force behind a renewed commitment by the medical and veterinary professions to practice One World, One Health for the control of infectious diseases. The discovery in 2004 that an equine origin H3N8 influenza virus was the cause of an extensive epidemic of respiratory disease in dogs in the USA came as a surprise; at that time dogs were thought to be refractory to infection with influenza viruses. In 2007, a second emerging canine influenza was confirmed in Korea, but this time the causal virus was an H3N2 avian influenza virus. This review focuses on recent events associated with equine and canine influenza viruses. While these viruses do not appear to be zoonotic, the close association between humans and dogs, and to a lesser extent horses, demands that we develop better surveillance and control strategies for emerging diseases in companion animals within the context of One World, One Health.
An Improved, Preparative Route to Phenyl Vinyl Sulfide Via Phase Transfer Catalysis

Abstract We wish to report a convenient, preparative method for the formation of phenyl vinyl sulfide under mild conditions and from readily available precursors, using phase transfer techniques.
Multiple wavelength LED on monolithic QW structure

A monolithically integrated multi-wavelength LED based on selective dielectric cap intermixing is investigated experimentally. The proposed LED emits radiation with multiple wavelength peaks from one compact easy to fabricate quantum well (QW) structure. Each wavelength has an independent emission power control, allowing the LED to radiate one or more wavelengths simultaneously. The LED material is an AlGaAs/GaAs QW p-i-n heterostructure. The device is divided into three selectively intermixed regions using an impurity-free vacancy induced intermixing technique creating localized intermixed areas. Each region is intermixed to varying extent resulting in different luminescence peaks and by separately addressing each section with its electrical current, the net emission spectrum can be fully controlled. The fabrication process starts with the growth of a 400nm thick layer of SiO 2 over the whole sample using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Three regions with different SiO 2 thicknesses are defined via two photolithographic and subsequent reactive ion etching steps. The sample is then annealed at 975°C for 20s to activate the intermixing of the constituent atoms of the quantum well and barrier materials. The degree of intermixing is determined by the thickness of the SiO 2 cap. After removal of the SiO 2 cap, contact stripes are evaporated on each region to act as an independent intensity power control for that region. Experimental results have shown that a controllable 10nm, 21nm and 33nm blue shifts of the peak wavelength of emission from that of the as-grown sample corresponding to 0, 100nm, and 400nm thick SiO 2 caps respectively.
Three dimensional coupled simulation of thermomechanics, heat, and oxygen diffusion in UO2 nuclear fuel rods

The simulation of nuclear reactor fuel performance involves complex thermomechanical processes between fuel pellets, made of fissile material, and the protective cladding barrier that surrounds the pellets. This paper examines a subset of phenomena that are important in the development of an analysis capability for fuel performance calculations, focusing on thermomechanics and diffusion within UO2 fuel pellets. In this study, correlations from the literature are used for thermal conductivity, specific heat, and oxygen diffusion. This study develops a three dimensional thermomechanical model fully-coupled to an oxygen diffusion model. Both steady state and transient results are examined to compare this three dimensional model with the literature. Further, this equation system is solved in a parallel, fully-coupled, fully-implicit manner using a preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton Krylov method. Numerical results are presented to explore the efficacy of this approach for examining selected fuel performance problems. INL’s BISON fuels performance code is used to perform this analysis.
Isozyme analysis of intercontinental disjuncts within Styrax (Styracaceae): implications for the Madrean —Tethyan hypothesis

Various hypotheses have been put forward to explain the presence of sclerophyllous plant disjuncts between western North America and the Mediterranean region. The Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis postulates that the two regions were floristically connected in the Early to Middle Tertiary by way of a low-latitude migration route. Others deny the possibility of such a route, and instead postulate convergence to xerophytic conditions from more widespread mesophytic ancestors, or suggest long-distance dispersal scenarios. One example of a "Madrean-Tethyan link" between the two regions is composed of four species within the genus Styrax: S. officinalis subsp. officinalis from the Mediterranean region, S. officinalis subsp. redivivus and subsp. fulvescens from California, and three closely related species in Texas and northeastern Mexico (S. texanus, S. platanifolius, and S. youngiae). This group was examined with isozymes to assess whether patterns of genetic variation are consistent with those predicted by the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. Ten populations from California, six from the Mediterranean region, and three from Texas were sampled. Pairwise comparisons revealed mean genetic identity (I) estimates of 0.581 between Mediterranean and California populations, 0.470 between Mediterranean and Texas populations, and 0.640 between California and Texas populations. Two populations of a species thought by many to be the closest relative of S. officinalis on morphological grounds (S. jaliscanus) exhibited low I (0.299-0.321) relative to all other group comparisons. Intercontinentally disjunct populations of S. officinalis possessed an I value that warrants species status for the Californian and Mediterranean groups. Divergence time estimates between Madrean and Tethyan Styrax range from 5.0 to 13.8 Mya, too recent to be consistent with the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis. However, alternative explanations for this disjunction are suboptimal in that they require the invocation of either long-distance dispersal, which appears unlikely in this group, or extinction. Nonetheless, the evidence presented here and in other recent studies casts substantial doubt on the Madrean-Tethyan hypothesis as a general explanation for the presence of Madrean and Tethyan taxa similar in overall appearance. More plants with Madrean-Tethyan distributions must be sampled before definitive conclusions regarding this aspect of Madrean and Tethyan vegetation can be reached.
Rethinking the design of virtual machine monitors

A virtual machine monitor is a software system that partitions a single physical machine into multiple virtual machines. Traditionally, VMMs have created a precise replica of the underlying physical machine. Through faithful emulation, VMMs support the execution of legacy guest operating systems such as Windows or Linux without modifications. However, traditional VMMs suffer from poor scalability and extensibility. To overcome the poor scalability and extensibility of traditional virtual machine monitors that partition a single physical machine into multiple virtual machines, the Denali VMM uses paravirtualization to promote scalability and hardware interposition to promote extensibility.