cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards a dynamic view of personality: multimodal classification of personality states in everyday situations

A new perspective in the automatic recognition of personality is proposed; shifting our focus from the traditional goal of using behaviors to infer about personality traits, to the classification of excerpts of social behavior into personality states. The personality states are specific behavioral episodes that can be described as having the same content as traits wherein a person behaves more or less introvertedly/ extravertedly, more or less neurotically etc depending on the social situation. Exploiting the SociometricBadge Corpus, a first step towards addressing this new perspective is presented, starting from the automatic classification of personality states from multimodal behavioral cues. The effectiveness of these cues as well as of other situational characteristics are investigated for the sake of personality state classification. Moreover, a first approach towards the automatic discovery of situational characteristics is proposed.
Technical standards and guidelines for reproductive screening in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.

Disclaimer: These Technical Standards and Guidelines were developed primarily as an educational resource for clinical laboratory geneticists to help them provide quality clinical laboratory genetic services. Adherence to these standards and guidelines is voluntary and does not necessarily assure a successful medical outcome. These Standards and Guidelines should not be considered inclusive of all proper procedures and tests or exclusive of other procedures and tests that are reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. In determining the propriety of any specific procedure or test, the clinical laboratory geneticist should apply his or her own professional judgment to the specific circumstances presented by the individual patient or specimen. Clinical laboratory geneticists are encouraged to document in the patient's record the rationale for the use of a particular procedure or test, whether or not it is in conformance with these Standards and Guidelines. They also are advised to take notice of the date any particular standard or guidelines was adopted, and to consider other relevant medical and scientific information that becomes available after that date.
Scientific Basis of an Improved EPA Policy on Control of Organic Emissions for Ambient Ozone Reduction.

ABSTRACT This article describes an effort to re-examine the scientific bases of the existing, more than two decades-old U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) policy on volatile organic compound reactivity in light of recent scientific knowledge and understanding. The existing policy allows “negligibly reactive” organic emissions, that is, emissions with ambient ozone production potential lower than that of ethane, to be exempted from all ozone regulations. It relies on use of kOH and incremental reactivity data for determining whether an organic compound is negligibly reactive. Recent scientific evidence suggests that (1) exempting the negligibly reactive organic emissions from all regulations is unjustifiable, (2) the choice of ethane as the benchmark organic species for distinguishing reactive from negligibly reactive organics may be inappropriate, (3) the assumptions and methods used for classifying organic compounds as “reactive” and “negligibly reactive” should be reconsidered, and (4) the volat...
The analysis and synthesis of a class of linear time-varying networks

Networks of certain types of time-varying circuit elements can be treated analytically in essentially the same way as networks of fixed-parameter elements, and for such networks the known theory of network analysis and synthesis of fixed-parameter elements can be considered as a special case of a more general theory. A few of the details of the extension to the general theory are considered, and an outline of the theory is presented.
Blood-group-(A + H) complex fucolipids of hog gastric mucosa.

A new group complex glycosphingolipids exhibiting blood-group-(A+H) activity was isolated from the lipid extract of hog gastric mucosa. Four components of this group have been purified to homogeneity and their structures and immunological properties were studied. The branched structures of glycolipids were identified by patial acid hydrolysis, sequential degradation with specific glycosidases, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and comparison of the permethylation products of the native and defucosylated compounds. The structures of these fucolipids are proposed to be as follows.
How voluminous rhyolite lavas mimic rheomorphic ignimbrites: Eruptive style, emplacement conditions, and formation of tuff-like textures

Silicic lavas of large volume and relatively great areal extent are not uncommon in association with the tracks of mantle plume hotspots across the continents. These units are commonly eroded and/or poorly exposed, and their interpretation as lavas has been controversial. The morphology of a 15 km-3 calc-alkalic rhyolitic unit (75 to 77 wt% SiO 2 ) on the Owyhee Plateau of southwestern Idaho shows that it is a true lava flow emplaced by effusion. The eruption tapped a zoned magma chamber with a small volume of nearly aphyric magma underlain by a much larger volume of less-evolved, crystal-rich magma. Magmatic temperatures were about 830 ° C and H 2 O contents were about 2 to 2.75 wt%. Eruptive activity first involved explosive venting of the nearly aphyric magma, followed by effusion of the crystal-rich magma. Movement of the lava over and around the tephra deposits formed large, discrete lava lobes; one flow lobe reached 9 km from the vent. Though the unit is a true lava flow, a diverse suite of fragmental textures, including rock that closely resembles welded tuff, formed by lava flow processes during the time the flow was active.
Simultaneous Acute Cholecystitis and Acute Appendicitis Treated by a Single Laparoscopic Operation

While acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis are both common, they are only rarely seen simultaneously. The clinical presentation and hospital course of a 45-year-old female with concurrent acute appendicitis and acute cholecystitis is presented. The laparoscopic approach is ideal for dealing with multiple, simultaenous abdominal pathologies.
Novel proresolving and tissue-regenerative resolvin and protectin sulfido-conjugated pathways

Local mediators orchestrate the host response to both sterile and infectious challenge and resolution. Recent evidence demonstrates that maresin sulfido-conjugates actively resolve acute inflammation and promote tissue regeneration. In this report, we investigated self-limited infectious exudates for novel bioactive chemical signals in tissue regeneration and resolution. By use of spleens from Escherichia coli infected mice, self-resolving infectious exudates, human spleens, and blood from patients with sepsis, we identified 2 new families of potent molecules. Characterization of their physical properties and isotope tracking demonstrated that the bioactive structures contained a docosahexaenoate backbone and sulfido-conjugated triene or tetraene double-bond systems. Activated human phagocytes converted 17-hydro(peroxy)-4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid to these bioactive molecules. Regeneration of injured planaria was accelerated with nanomolar amounts of 16-glutathionyl, 17-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,10,12,14,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid and 16-cysteinylglycinyl, 17-hydroxy-4Z,7Z,10,12,14,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (Protectin sulfido-conjugates) or 8-glutathionyl, 7,17-dihydroxy-4Z,9,11,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid and 8-cysteinylglycinyl, 7,17-dihydroxy-4Z,9,11,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid (Resolvin sulfido-conjugates). Each protectin and resolvin sulfido-conjugate dose dependently (0.1-10 nM) stimulated human macrophage bacterial phagocytosis, phagolysosomal acidification, and efferocytosis. Together, these results identify 2 novel pathways and provide evidence for structural elucidation of new resolution moduli. These resolvin and protectin conjugates identified in mice and human infected tissues control host responses promoting catabasis.
Energy landscape of d-dimensional Q-balls

We investigate the properties of Q-balls in d spatial dimensions. First, a generalized virial relation for these objects is obtained. We then focus on potentials V({phi}{phi}{sup {dagger}})={sub n=1}{sup 3}a{sub n}({phi}{phi}{sup {dagger}}){sup n}, where a{sub n} is a constant and n is an integer, obtaining variational estimates for their energies for arbitrary charge Q. These analytical estimates are contrasted with numerical results and their accuracy evaluated. Based on the results, we offer a simple criterion to classify large and small d-dimensional Q-balls for this class of potentials. A minimum charge is then computed and its dependence on spatial dimensionality is shown to scale as Q{sub min}{approx}exp(d). We also briefly investigate the existence of Q-clouds in d dimensions.
Social Approval of the Community Assessment Model for Odor Dispersal: Results from a Citizen Survey

Odors emitted from US Midwest hog production facilities present farmers, residents, and state regulatory agencies with a set of complex challenges. To predict odor exposure from multiple swine production sources simultaneously, and to determine siting recommendations for proposed new or enlarged hog facilities, researchers at Iowa State University designed the community assessment model for odor dispersion (CAM). A three-county citizen survey conducted in Iowa examined the level of hypothetical social acceptance of the modeling process, and level of trust in CAM results. While 69 % of respondents approved of modeling as a way to determine the most socially appropriate location for production sites, only 35 % would trust the results if potential odor exposure from a new facility were proposed to be built near their home. We analyzed approval of the CAM model, and level of trust, across a number of demographic, attitudinal, and belief factors regarding environmental quality and the hog industry. Overall, trust in CAM was uneven and varied across respondents. Those residents who would not trust CAM tended to be more concerned with environmental quality and less inclined to believe that the hog industry is critically important economically. Those who would not trust CAM results also had significantly more direct experience with odors. Findings point to predominantly positive, yet equivocal acceptance of CAM results among the citizenry, which is not unexpected given conflict typical of siting decisions in industry and waste disposal arenas. Recommendations are offered regarding the interaction of trust, beliefs and attitudes and the utility of CAM.
Forking in VC-minimal theories

We consider VC-minimal theories admitting unpackable generating families, and show that in such theories, forking of formulae over a model M is equivalent to containment in global types definable over M , generalizing a result of Dolich on o-minimal theories in [4].
Complementarity formulations and existence of solutions of dynamic multi-rigid-body contact problems with Coulomb friction

In this paper, we study the problem of predicting the acceleration of a set of rigid, 3-dimensional bodies in contact with Coulomb friction. The nonlinearity of Coulomb's law leads to a nonlinear complementarity formulation of the system model. This model is used in conjunction with the theory of quasi-variational inequalities to prove for the first time that multi-rigid-body systems with all contacts rolling always has a solution under a feasibility-type condition. The analysis of the more general problem with sliding and rolling contacts presents difficulties that motivate our consideration of a relaxed friction law. The corresponding complementarity formulations of the multi-rigid-body contact problem are derived and existence of solutions of these models is established.
Internet cloud security: The illusion of inclusion

Cloud computing has swelled into an estimated $46 billion market, representing roughly 17% of global software sales. This translates into a technology tsunami that can overwhelm the end user if they are not cautious about Internet safety. The ubiquity associated with cloud computing has created a huge false sense of security. Data, information, and applications are rapidly populating the ''cloud environment''. Society is experiencing the illusion of inclusion. They see the cloud as one service from one source. The general public has no notion of the perils that lurk in the cloud. The word haze may be a better description for this atmosphere. This article will describe and discuss cloud computing technology. Furthermore, it will examine what the cloud pioneers Apple, Google and Amazon, are doing to safeguard the cloud and how they cope with the illusion of inclusion.
Varying chromaticity: A damping mechanism for the transverse head-tail instability

A detailed analytical and numerical study of the suppression of the transverse head-tail instability by modulating the chromaticity over a synchrotron period is presented. We find that a threshold can be developed, and it can be increased to a value larger than the strong head-tail instability threshold. The stability criterion derived agrees very well with the simulations. The underlying physical mechanisms of the damping scheme are rotation of the head-tail phase such that the instability does not occur, and Landau damping due to the incoherent betatron tune spread generated by the varying chromaticity. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Cues‐pause‐point language training: Structuring trainer statements to provide students with correct answers to questions

This study assessed the applicability of Cues-Pause-Point language training procedures in teaching students to obtain information from the statements of others. Two mentally retarded subjects, one of whom was echolalic, received training on one set of stimuli but not on another. During training the subjects were encouraged to remain quiet before, during, and briefly after the presentation of statements and then verbalize (i.e., answer a question) using the verbal cue(s) that had been presented in the statement. Correct responding reached 100% to the trained stimuli and both subjects' responding improved to the untrained stimuli. Posttests revealed that subjects used the trainer's statements to answer novel questions. The results suggest that Cues-Pause-Point procedures may be useful in teaching severely retarded individuals the functional use of observing and listening to others' verbal behavior.
Mammalian cAMP-dependent protein kinase functionally replaces its homolog in yeast

The cDNA encoding the catalytic subunit (C alpha) from mouse cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK) was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By a plasmid swap procedure, we demonstrated that the mammalian C alpha subunit can functionally replace its yeast homolog to maintain the viability of a yeast strain containing genetic disruptions of the three TPK genes encoding the yeast C subunits. C alpha subunit produced in yeast was purified and its biochemical properties were determined. The protein isolated from yeast appears to be myristylated, as has been found for C subunits from higher eukaryotic cells. This system would be useful for studying the biochemistry of the mammalian enzyme in vitro and its biological role in a model in vivo system. These studies demonstrate that the PK substrate(s) required for viability are recognized by the mammalian enzyme. In general terms, these results demonstrate that heterologous proteins with only 50% sequence conservation with their yeast counterparts can be functional in yeast. This is an important result because it validates the use of yeast to identify the biological role of newly cloned genes from heterologous systems, a key tenet of the Human Genome Initiative.
Communication Channels: From Editor to Reviewer to Editor

This PDF file contains the editorial “Communication Channels: From Editor to Reviewer to Editor” for OE Vol. 34 Issue 05
Multiple meanings, number of related meanings, frequency of occurrence, and the lexicon

Abstract A series of experiments was conducted examining lexical access of words with multiple meanings. Words with many meanings were accessed faster than words with few meanings. This effect was obtained independently of word frequency. Furthermore, while words may have several etymological derivations, the number of derivations does not affect access. Finally, among words with an equal number of derivations and an equal number of meanings, those whose meanings tend to be associated with only one derivation are also accessed faster. The relation between number of meanings and word frequency is discussed, especially with respect to the role number of meanings may have played in other research.
Direct Measurement of Absolute Thermoelectric Coefficients Through Electronic Fluctuations

This manuscript focuses on the further development of a novel experimental technique that exploits the fundamental fluctuation spectrum of the electron ensemble in any electrically conductive material. The electronic fluctuation spectrum, when measured in the hydrodynamic regime, carries a great deal of transport property information. Subsequently, Green–Kubo transport theory, which is based upon the correlation function’s temporal decay equivalence to transport coefficients, may be applied to the experimental data. The cross-correlation functions of electronic charge and thermal energy allow a direct measurement of the absolute thermoelectric (Seebeck and Peltier) coefficients. The experiment is run on materials in complete energetic equilibrium, i.e., where no thermal or electrical gradients are present. The experimental data result in direct measurements of the electrical resistivity, electronic thermal conductivity, Lorenz number, and Seebeck and Peltier coefficients. Having validated the results on several metals, this work reports further validation of the experimental technique on a baseline semiconductor: 99.999% pure bismuth telluride. The methodology incorporates a double validation technique through comparative measurements against traditional experimental results and accepted results from the literature. Excellent agreement is found, thus lending further validity and understanding to this emerging experimental technique.
Impacts of goethite particles on UV disinfection of drinking water.

A unique association between bacterial cells and small goethite particles (∼0.2 by 2 μm) protected Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas putida from UV inactivation. The protection increased with the particle concentration in the turbidity range of 1 to 50 nephelometric turbidity units and with the bacterium-particle attachment time prior to UV irradiation. The lower degree of bacterial inactivation at longer attachment time was mostly attributed to the particle aggregation surrounding bacteria that provided shielding from UV radiation.
Health care in Cuba.

Most therapeutic and preventive social policies are directed toward target populations without taking full account of the social causes of disease. Cuba has made radical reforms by realigning priorities in the economic, educational and work sectors so that these become consistent with public health objectives. Despite continuing and emerging problems, Cuba has made significant progress in public health because its socioeconomic values are consistent with health care priorities. The well-being of Cuban citizens is achieved through planned medical surveillance and prevention and through economic and educational interventions. As a result, social values have changed. Competition, individualism and material success are replaced by cooperation, collective goals and usefulness to society—attitudes in accord with public health goals. Despite the problems citizens face in adapting to a new socialist life style, crime, infant mortality, malnutrition, illiteracy, homelessness and infectious and colonial diseases have all been drastically reduced in Cuba. Technologically advanced western democracies as well as emerging Third World countries have much to learn from the Cuban experiment.
Efficacy and safety of calcium channel blockers in hypertensive patients with concomitant left ventricular dysfunction.

The use of calcium channel blockers (CCBs) in the treatment of hypertension and concomitant left ventricular dysfunction is reviewed. Some CCBs, particularly second-generation dihydropyridine agents such as felodipine, isradipine, nicardipine, nimodipine, and nitrendipine, have properties that enhance their usefulness in these patients. All CCBs have a similar mechanism of action. Differences in their selective action at various tissue sites determine which are most appropriate for patients with concomitant hypertension and left ventricular dysfunction. Most CCBs do not produce reflex stimulation of the heart or induce intravascular expansion. While all CCBs produce arteriolar dilation, all local beds and regional circulations in target organs are not affected equally. Most CCBs can decrease cardiac mass, and second-generation CCBs tend to have little or no negative inotropic effects at therapeutic dosages. In addition, they increase blood flow and reduce myocardial oxygen requirements. Because of differences in functional and electrophsyiologic effects, specific CCBs may not be appropriate for all patients. Since second-generation dihydropyridine CCBs lack clinically relevant negative inotropic effects, and have been shown to improve exercise tolerance and coronary artery perfusion, they are appropriate for hypertensive patients with left ventricular dysfunction, angina, and coronary heart disease. Second-generation CCBs tend to lack cardiodepressant side effects and are less likely to react with digoxin than are first-generation CCBs.
Performance and exposure indices of rats exposed to low concentrations of lead.

Abstract To further characterize the lower end of the function relating lead exposure and biological exposure indices to behavior, male weanling rats were exposed chronically to drinking solutions containing 25 ppm sodium acetate (controls) or 25 ppm lead acetate. Behavioral training began when the animals reached 50 days of age, and performance on a fixed-interval 1-min schedule of food reinforcement was then assessed over 90 experimental sessions (136 days). This exposure produced overall response rate increases over the first 40 sessions that were similar to those observed previously with higher concentrations of lead. Response rates of the two groups tended to merge subsequently. The increased overall response rates in the treated group derived primarily from an increased frequency of shorter interresponse times (IRTs) and increased running rates (calculated without the postreinforcement interval). Blood lead (PbB) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) values were determined following sessions 30, 60, and 90. PbB values of the lead-exposed group averaged 15 to 20 μg/dl throughout the study; ZPP did not differ. The mean brain lead value of the treated group was 0.07 μg Pb/g. Blood-brain ratios (1.38 to 4.06) were substantially greater than those previously observed at higher exposures. These data extend to even lower exposures, and lower blood lead concentrations, the effective concentration for behavioral effects, and further emphasize the importance of the sensitivity of the endpoint in assessing behavioral toxicity.
Rinkel injection therapy: a multicenter controlled study

The American Academy of Allergy sponsored a 2-yr "double blind" multicenter study of the effect of Rinkel injection therapy (RIT) compared with a histamine placebo in subjects with atopic rhinitis. Accumulated data included the symptom, medication, and physical examination scores and specific IgE antibody levels measured by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). A total of 155 subjects (81 treated, 74 placebo) entered the project from six centers during their respective ragweed, grass, and mountain cedar pollen (from one center) seasons for a total of 11 pollen seasons. The total mean cumulative dose of extract was 18.6 PNU, which is much lower than recommended for standard immunotherapy. With one exception, none of the centers reported a consistent significant difference between the pollen extract-treated and placebo-treated groups in any of the weekly mean scores or the RAST before, during, and after the pollen seasons. For 4 wk after the height of the mountain cedar season the group treated with pollen extract showed a significant decrease in weekly mean symptom and medication scores as compared with the placebo group. The overall comparison of the mean seasonal scores for the entire study, however, showed no significant difference between the treated and placebo groups. We conclude the RIT is no more effective than a histamine placebo in influencing the weekly mean symptom, medication, and physical examination scores or IgE antibody levels.
Photoinducible Bioorthogonal Chemistry: A Spatiotemporally Controllable Tool to Visualize and Perturb Proteins in Live Cells

Visualization in biology has been greatly facilitated by the use of fluorescent proteins as in-cell probes. The genes coding for these wavelength-tunable proteins can be readily fused with the DNA coding for a protein of interest, which enables direct monitoring of natural proteins in real time inside living cells. Despite their success, however, fluorescent proteins have limitations that have only begun to be addressed in the past decade through the development of bioorthogonal chemistry. In this approach, a very small bioorthogonal tag is embedded within the basic building blocks of the cell, and then a variety of external molecules can be selectively conjugated to these pretagged biomolecules. The result is a veritable palette of biophysical probes for the researcher to choose from.In this Account, we review our progress in developing a photoinducible, bioorthogonal tetrazole–alkene cycloaddition reaction (“photoclick chemistry”) and applying it to probe protein dynamics and function in live cells. The...
Temperature-dependent ac conductivity of thin percolation films

We report complex ac-conductivity \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) measurements on thin-gold-film percolation networks at temperatures between 300 and 4.2 K and at frequencies between 100 Hz and 1 GHz. \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) is highly temperature dependent below 100 K. A transition between a high-temperature state exhibiting scaling in \ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\omega}) and a low-temperature state exhibiting unusual frequency dependencies occurs near 35 K. This transition temperature appears independent of the parameters which characterize the fractal nature of these films. In contrast to the high-temperature behavior, the low-temperature state cannot be accounted for by a conventional scaling theory of percolation.
Use of increased anesthetic dose prior to electroconvulsive therapy to prevent postictal excitment

The authors report on three patients who developed severe postictal excitement at several consecutive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments. In all three cases, an increase in the anesthetic (or equivalent medication) dosage prior to ECT prevented the emergence of postictal excitement at subsequent treatments. This strategy, among others, should be considered in the management of patients who repeatedly manifest this phenomenon during a course of ECT.
Law as Indigenous Social Theory: A Siamese Thai Case

Anthropologists often treat law as a discrete subject classified with politics and power and studied by nomothetic constructs. This treatment presupposes the place of law in society and denies history. To see law as a culturally constituted mode of analysis that projects an indigenous theory of society is to view a society in its own idiographic terms, and thereby demonstrate that it need not fit pre-established classification and constructs. Traditional Siamese Thai law is presented as an indigenous and historical theory of society that links law with religion and meaning. [legal anthropology, culture and meaning, historical anthropology]
Acute megakaryocytic leukemia with the t(1;22)(p13;q13).

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) was defined as a new subtype of acute non lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) by the French-American-British (FAB) Cooperative Group in 1985. The first consistent chrom...
The Mars Rover Spirit FLASH anomaly

The Mars Exploration Rover "Spirit" suffered a debilitating anomaly that prevented communication with Earth for several anxious days. With the eyes of the world upon us, the anomaly team used each scrap of information, our knowledge of the system, and sheer determination to analyze and fix the problem, then return the vehicle to normal operation. This paper will discuss the Spirit FLASH anomaly, including the drama of the investigation, the root cause and the lessons learned from the experience
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma. Case report and review of the literature

Microcystic adnexal carcinoma is an aggressive, locally destructive cutaneous neoplasm with a high rate of recurrence. This tumor is often misdiagnosed clinically and histologically. It usually occurs in middle-aged to older adults. We describe a 44-year-old man with a large microcystic adnexal carcinoma that was present for more than 20 years. The tumor invaded the perichondrium, muscle, nerve, and blood vessel adventitia. A review of the literature suggests that these tumors are often histologically misdiagnosed because the biopsy specimens may be too small to reveal all the characteristic histologic features. The clinical presence of marked induration, a smooth surface, and, possibly, sensory changes should alert the clinician to the possibility of this neoplasm. The initial biopsy specimen must be large enough to demonstrate the identifying histologic features. Mohs surgery is currently the treatment of choice for microcystic adnexal carcinoma, as it often spreads far beyond clinically evident tumor. (Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:179-182)
Ecology of neonate loggerhead turtles inhabiting lines of downwelling near a Gulf Stream front

Neonate sea turtles disperse from nesting beaches into the open ocean and develop during a multi- year growth period at sea, but data that characterize their behavior, feeding, and habitat during this devel- opmental period have been few. Limited information has suggested that neonate sea turtles associate with lines of floating debris and biota at areas of surface downwelling. Data from the present study come from measurements of habitat, turtle behavior, and apparent foraging preferences in areas where neonate (post- hatchling) loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) were ob- served and captured. Turtles were observed (n=293) and captured (n=241 of the 293 observed) in down- welling lines that had formed in the slope water near the Gulf Stream front off east-central Florida, USA. Catch- per-unit-effort averaged 12.4 turtles/h from a vessel moving at 2.5 knots. Turtles were largely inactive and were closely associated with floating material, especially pelagic species of Sargassum. Turtles captured along with samples of floating material and given a gastric- esophageal lavage showed a preference for animal ma- terial (35.5% of volume in habitat, 70.9% in lavage) over plant material (60.3% of volume in habitat, 22.5% in lavage). Ingested anthropogenic debris included tar (20% of turtles) and plastics (15% of turtles). Ingested animals were principally small (most <1 mm) and were typically slow-moving or non-motile species or stages. Ingested plants were most commonly Sargassum frag- ments or seagrasses that bore epiphytic animals. Pre- ferred or commonly ingested animals were hydroids, copepods, and pleuston such as Janthina, Creseis, Porpita ,a ndHalobates. Data support a hypothesis describing post-hatchling loggerheads as facultatively active but principally low-energy float-and-wait foragers both within and outside of downwelling lines. Pelagic dispersal of turtles may be best predicted by a ''smart'' drifter analogy wherein turtle buoyancy, surface advec- tion, and minimal oriented movement determine their distribution at sea. Conservation implications of plastic and tar ingestion are discussed.
Foreign Direct Investment and Host-Country Trading Blocs

We consider the impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on horizontal foreign direct investment (FDI) coming from parent countries outside the PTA. While easier access to a larger market due to a PTA may justify new FDI, preexisting investments may be rationalized as firms concentrate production in a single plant in the PTA. Which effect dominates depends on the extent of pre-PTA tariff jumping. The number of firms in the industry and non-PTA welfare may rise or fall. PTA welfare increases regardless of PTA-induced changes in inward FDI.
Application of cortical unfolding techniques to functional MRI of the human hippocampal region.

Abstract We describe a new application of cortical unfolding to high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human hippocampal region. This procedure includes techniques to segment and unfold the hippocampus, allowing the fusiform, parahippocampal, perirhinal, entorhinal, subicular, and CA fields to be viewed and compared across subjects. Transformation parameters derived from unfolding high-resolution structural images are applied to coplanar, functional images, yielding two-dimensional “unfolded” activation maps of hippocampi. The application of these unfolding techniques greatly enhances the ability of fMRI to localize and characterize signal changes within the medial temporal lobe. Use of this method on a novelty-encoding paradigm reveals a temporal dissociation between activation along the collateral sulcus and activation in the hippocampus proper.
The Closed Claims Project. Has it influenced anesthetic practice and outcome

Abstract Although there are intrinsic limitations in the analysis of closed malpractice claims, the Closed Claims Project has identified important anesthetic complications and mechanisms of injury and stimulated research in problem areas. The decrease in severity of injury in anesthesia malpractice claims suggests that anesthesia safety has improved since the establishment of monitoring standards using pulse oximetry and end-tidal capnography.
Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) is a genetic disorder characterized by accumulation of remnant lipoproteins in the plasma and development of premature atherosclerosis. Although receptor binding-defective forms of apolipoprotein (apo) E are the common denominator in this disorder, a number of apparent paradoxes concerning its pathogenesis still exist. However, studies in transgenic animals are resolving the mechanisms underlying this disorder. Paradox I: Defective apoE (commonly apoE2) is essential but not sufficient to cause overt type III HLP. In fact, most apoE2 homozygotes are hypolipidemic. Studies in apoE2 transgenic models have demonstrated the impact of other genes or hormones in converting the hypolipidemia to hyperlipidemia. Paradox II: Among apoE2 homozygotes, men are more susceptible than women to type III HLP. Transgenic studies have shown that estrogen affects both LDL receptor expression and lipolytic processing, explaining the resistance of women to this disorder until after menopause. Paradox III: ApoE deficiency is associated with hypercholesterolemia, whereas the type III HLP phenotype is characterized by both hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The hypercholesterolemia is caused by impaired receptor-mediated clearance, whereas the hypertriglyceridemia is caused primarily by impaired lipolytic processing of remnants and increased VLDL production associated with increased levels of apoE. Paradox IV: ApoE2 is associated with recessive inheritance of this disorder, whereas other defective apoE variants are associated with dominant inheritance. Determinants of the mode of inheritance are the differential binding of apoE variants to the LDL receptor versus the HSPG/LRP complex and the preference of certain apoE variants for specific lipoproteins. Thus, the pathogenesis of this sometimes mysterious disorder has been clarified.—Mahley, R. W., Y. Huang, and S. C. Rall, Jr. Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. J. Lipid Res. 1999. 40: 1933–1949.
Hydraulic fracturing and wellbore completion of coalbed methane wells in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming: Implications for water and gas production

Excessive water production (more than 7000 bbl/month per well) from many coalbed methane (CBM) wells in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming is also associated with significant delays in the time it takes for gas production to begin. Analysis of about 550 water-enhancement activities carried out during well completion demonstrates that such activities result in hydraulic fracturing of the coal. Water-enhancement activities, as the operators in the basin call this procedure, consists of pumping 60 bbl of water/min into the coal seam during approximately 15 min. This is done to clean the wellbore and to enhance CBM production. Hydraulic fracturing is of concern because vertical hydraulic fracture growth could extend into adjacent formations and potentially result in excess CBM water production and inefficient depressurization of coals. Analysis of the pressure-time records of the water-enhancement tests enabled us to determine the magnitude of the least principal stress (S3) in the coal seams of 372 wells. These data reveal that because S3 switches between the minimum horizontal stress and the overburden at different locations, both vertical and horizontal hydraulic fracture growth is inferred to occur in the basin, depending on the exact location and coal layer. Relatively low water production is observed for wells with inferred horizontal fractures, whereas all of the wells associated with excessive water production are characterized by inferred vertical hydraulic fractures. The reason wells with exceptionally high water production show delays in gas production appears to be inefficient depressurization of the coal caused by water production from the formations outside the coal. To minimize CBM water production, we recommend that in areas of known vertical fracture propagation, the injection rate during the water-enhancement tests should be reduced to prevent the propagation of induced fractures into adjacent water-bearing formations. In areas where S3 is unknown, a minifrac should be done to determine the magnitude of S3 (to know whether fracture propagation will be vertical or horizontal), so the water-enhancement activities at the time of well completion are done to minimize water production and optimize gas production.
The vitamin B12 analog cobinamide is an effective hydrogen sulfide antidote in a lethal rabbit model.

AbstractBackground and purpose. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a highly toxic gas for which no effective antidotes exist. It acts, at least in part, by binding to cytochrome c oxidase, causing cellular asphyxiation and anoxia. We investigated the effects of three different ligand forms of cobinamide, a vitamin B12 analog, to reverse sulfide (NaHS) toxicity. Methods. New Zealand white rabbits received a continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of NaHS (3 mg/min) until expiration or a maximum 270 mg dose. Animals received six different treatments, administered at the time when they developed signs of severe toxicity: Group 1—saline (placebo group, N = 9); Group 2—IV hydroxocobalamin (N = 7); Group 3—IV aquohydroxocobinamide (N = 6); Group 4—IV sulfitocobinamide (N = 6); Group 5—intramuscular (IM) sulfitocobinamide (N = 6); and Group 6—IM dinitrocobinamide (N = 8). Blood was sampled intermittently, and systemic blood pressure and deoxygenated and oxygenated hemoglobin were measured continuously in peripheral muscle a...
Bridging the Gap: Preservice Teachers and Their Knowledge of Working With English Language Learners

A good deal of attention has been focused on the need to prepare teachers to work with the increasing number of English language learners (ELLs) in today's classrooms. Many would argue that this preparation should be provided at the preservice level so that new teachers are ready to meet the demands of all learners, but in particular ELLs. However, teacher education programs are challenged to incorporate this kind of preparation into the existing curriculum, which is heavily laden with other core certification requirements. This study explores the impact of a three-credit foundations course for teaching English language learners and its corresponding field experience component of observing ELLs offered as part of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree program in elementary education. Data was collected from a pre- and post-Language Attitudes of Teachers Scale survey (Byrnes & Kiger, 1994) and from the preservice teachers' classroom observation reports. The findings from this study show an increase in tolerance and knowledge of ELLs and support for them in the schools. The results present a compelling case to integrate these kinds of experiences into existing teacher preparation programs.
Receptor-Independent Infection of Murine Coronavirus: Analysis by Spinoculation

A highly neurovirulent murine coronavirus JHMV (wild-type [wt] JHMV) is known to spread from cells infected via the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus receptor (MHVR) to cells without MHVR (MHVR-independent infection), whereas a mutant virus isolated from wt JHMV, srr7, spread only in an MHVR-dependent fashion. These observations were obtained by the overlay of JHMV-infected cells onto receptor-negative cells that are otherwise resistant to wt JHMV infection. MHVR-independent infection is hypothetically thought to be attributed to a naturally occurring fusion activation of the wt JHMV S protein, which did not occur in the case of srr7. Attachment of S protein on cells without MHVR during the S-protein activation process seems to be a key condition. Thus, in the present study, we tried to see whether wt JHMV virions that are attached on MHVR-negative cells are able to infect those cells. In order to make virions attach to the cell surface without MHVR, we have used spinoculation, namely, the centrifugation of cells together with inoculated virus at 3,000 rpm for 2 h. This procedure forces viruses to attach to the cell surface, as revealed by quantitative estimation of attached virions by real-time PCR and also facilitated wt JHMV infection to MHVR-negative cells, but failed to do so for srr7. Virions of both wt and srr7 attached on MHVR-negative cells by spinoculation were facilitated for infection in the presence of a soluble form of MHVR that induces conformational changes of both wt and srr7. It was further revealed that wt JHMV S1, but not srr7, was released from the cell surface when S protein was expressed on cells. These observations support the hypothesis that attachment of the virion to MHVR-negative cells is a critical step and that a unique feature of wt JHMV S1 to be released from S2 in a naturally occurring event is involved in an MHVR-independent infection.
Analysis of kinase gene expression in the frontal cortex of suicide victims: implications of fear and stress.

Suicide is a serious public health issue that results from an interaction between multiple risk factors including individual vulnerabilities to complex feelings of hopelessness, fear and stress. Although kinase genes have been implicated in fear and stress, including the consolidation and extinction of fearful memories, expression profiles of those genes in the brain of suicide victims are less clear. Using gene expression microarray data from the Online Stanley Genomics Database (www.stanleygenomics.org) and a quantitative PCR, we investigated the expression profiles of multiple kinase genes including the calcium calmodulin-dependent kinase (CAMK), the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the protein kinase C (PKC) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mood disorder patients died with suicide (n=45) and without suicide (N=38). We also investigated the expression pattern of the same genes in the PFC of developing humans ranging in age from birth to 49 year (n=46). The expression levels of CAMK2B, CDK5, MAPK9, and PRKCI were increased in the PFC of suicide victims as compared to non-suicide controls (FDR-adjusted p 1.1). Those genes also showed changes in expression pattern during the postnatal development (FDR-adjusted p < 0.05). These results suggest that multiple kinase genes undergo age-dependent changes in normal brains as well as pathological changes in suicide brains. These findings may provide an important link to protein kinases known to be important for the development of fear memory, stress-associated neural plasticity and up-regulation in the PFC of suicide victims. More research is needed to better understand the functional role of these kinase genes that may be associated with the pathophysiology of suicide.
α-Synuclein in cutaneous autonomic nerves

Objective: To develop a cutaneous biomarker for Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: Twenty patients with PD and 14 age- and sex-matched control subjects underwent examinations, autonomic testing, and skin biopsies at the distal leg, distal thigh, and proximal thigh. α-Synuclein deposition and the density of intraepidermal, sudomotor, and pilomotor nerve fibers were measured. α-Synuclein deposition was normalized to nerve fiber density (the α-synuclein ratio). Results were compared with examination scores and autonomic function testing. Results: Patients with PD had a distal sensory and autonomic neuropathy characterized by loss of intraepidermal and pilomotor fibers ( p p r = 0.58–0.71, p r = −0.40 to −0.66, p r = −0.66 to −0.77, p > 0.01). Conclusions: We conclude that α-synuclein deposition is increased in cutaneous sympathetic adrenergic and sympathetic cholinergic fibers but not sensory fibers of patients with PD. Higher α-synuclein deposition is associated with greater autonomic dysfunction and more advanced PD. These data suggest that measures of α-synuclein deposition in cutaneous autonomic nerves may be a useful biomarker in patients with PD.
A comparison of three treatment strategies for locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer

Background: The optimal treatment strategy for locally advanced and borderline resectable pancreatic cancer is not known. We compared overall survival (OS), local control (LC), metastasis free survival (MFS), and percent of patients who were able to undergo successful surgical resection for three treatment strategies. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 115 sequentially treated cases of locally advanced (T4) or borderline resectable (T3 but unresectable) pancreatic cancer. Patients were treated with either chemotherapy alone (C), concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT), or chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation therapy (CCRT). We compared survival between groups using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox-proportional hazards models. Results: Median follow-up was 18.7 months. Fifty-six (49%) patients had locally advanced disease. Of the patients who received chemotherapy up-front, 82/92 (89%) received gemcitabine-based chemotherapy. Of the patients receiving C alone, 11/65 (17%) were diagnosed with distant metastases or died before 3 months. The rate of successful surgical resection was 6/50 (12%) in patients treated with radiation therapy (CRT or CCRT). Median survival times for patients undergoing C, CRT, and CCRT were 13.9, 12.5, and 21.5 months respectively. Patients treated with CCRT experienced statistically significant improved OS and MFS compared to C alone (P=0.003 and P=0.012 respectively). There was no difference in LC between treatment groups. On multivariable analysis younger age (P=0.009), borderline resectable disease (P=0.035), successful surgery (P=0.002), and receiving chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation therapy (P=0.035) were all associated with improved OS. Conclusions: Treatment with CCRT is associated with improved median OS and MFS compared with C alone. This strategy may select for patients who are less likely to develop early metastases and therefore have a better prognosis.