cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Disease Transmission and Conferred Immunity in Outbreaks: Analysis of the 1993 Cryptosporidium Outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin

The authors examined two competing hypotheses regarding the cause of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The first was that oocyst contamination of the drinking-water influent, coupled with a treatment plant failure, resulted in a point-source outbreak. The second was that the outbreak was the result of transmission processes that amplified the oocyst concentration in the drinking-water effluent. Analysis of the model suggested that 1) transmission directly from person to person contributed 10% (95% confidence interval: 6%, 21%) of the total cases; 2) closing the drinking-water plant prevented 19% (95% confidence interval: 17%, 21%) of the additional cases of disease that occurred compared with the scenario in which the plant had not been closed, a result primarily driven by conferred immunity that resulted in depletion of the susceptible population; and 3) the outbreak was caused by a transmission cycle due to infectious persons shedding pathogens into the sewage, environmental transport of these pathogens via Lake Michigan to the drinking-water plant, and infection of susceptible persons via exposure to drinking water. The incidence data were consistent with this hypothesis. Further simulations suggested that increasing the distance between the wastewater effluent and the drinking-water influent may have prevented the outbreak.
THE LOST SCRIPT OF THE BAGAM

This article presents new and important information on the Bagam script, an autochthonous writing system from Cameroon which has now fallen into extinction. Details of the script were first reported in the 3tournal of the African Societthe former title of African Affairs almost eighty years ago. The original contribution on the script, however, was not published in its entirety. As a result, scholars interested in the Bagam script over the last seventy-five years have known little about the writing, including details of the script's characters, as these signs although submitted for publication were never published. The article relates important information on the history of the Bagam script: the record of its so-called 'discovery' in 1917, the suppression of its characters by the editor of the 3'AS, its subsequent feature in scholarly writing as a 'lost' script, and the author's own account of his investigation to locate information on the script. Most importantly, this article in African Affairs will, for the first time, reveal in print the Bagam script characters, adding a final chapter to the story of the Bagam script which commenced in the annals of the 3'AS almost eighty years ago. Africa and the art and science of zvrWiting AFRICA IS NOT ONLY the Cradle of Mankind, it is the Cradle of Writing'. Over 5,000 years ago in Egypt, Africans developed their system of hieroglyphic writing, the world's earliest known script. Scholars have traditionally asserted that the earliest writing system emerged at the end of the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia and that the 'idea' of writing was borrowed in Egypt around 3100 BC at the onset of the First Egyptian Dynasty. New evidence uncovered by archeologists in Egypt, however, has revealed that Africans employed their advanced hieroglyphic system, which was capable of expressing complex ideas and abstract concepts (and notably place names), at least 150 years earlier than the Sumerians in Mesopotamia, around 3250 BC. The less developed system of notation, employed in Mesopotamia for purposes of accounting, consisted of pictographs for commodities and numerals. The evidence supporting this important new information was uncovered by Gunter Dreyer of the German Archaeological Institute, at Abydos, in a palace tomb known as U-j. Dreyer and his expedition found 150 labels written in hieroglyphs and carved into ivory or bone, possibly at one time Dr Konrad Tuchscherer lectures in Anthropology at Tufts University and is a Research Fellow in African Studies at Boston University, African Studies Center, 270 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA. The author welcomes any communication on the subject of the Bagam script or other African scripts. Correspondence should be sent to the above address. 55 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.147 on Wed, 20 Apr 2016 06:46:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
p27KIP1, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases

The identification of a family of proteins that stoichiometrically regulate the activation of the G1 cyclin-dependent kinases has added to our understanding of the process of commitment to the mitotic cycle. The properties of p27 as a CDK binding protein, the ability of environmental signals to regulate the expression of p27, and the observation that p27 may link the accumulation of G1 CDK complexes with activation of the CDK2 kinase, suggest it may have a critical role in establishing a threshold for G1 cyclin/CDK accumulation prior to activation of CDK2 kinase and entry into the mitotic cycle.
Closer to Fine Fewer Steps to Endothelial Stemness

Yamanaka’s pioneering work demonstrating the ability of fully differentiated cells to reprogram into embryonic stem cells with just four factors (c-Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2, and Klf4) ushered in a new era of regenerative biology.1 Although it is currently thought that reprogramming of differentiated cells to a pluripotent state involves multiple stochastic epigenetic events, progenitors with some degree of uni- or multipotency can be reprogrammed more easily with fewer factors.2 Mouse neural stem cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state with the addition of only one factor, Oct4.3 The endogenous expression of Sox2, Klf-4, and c-Myc, as well as other intermediate reprogramming genes, by endogenous neural stem cells perhaps enables Oct4 to drive these cells to a pluripotent state. Even in reprogramming with nuclear transfer …
Mathematical modeling and simulation for applications of fluid flow in porous media

Mathematical models have been widely used to understand, predict, or optimize many complex physical processes. Here we address the need for developing models to understand the fate and transport of groundwater contaminants and to design in situ remediation strategies.
Binary Frequencies in a Sample of Globular Clusters. II. Sample Analysis and Comparison to Models

Binary stars are predicted to have an important role in the evolution of globular clusters, so we obtained binary fractions for 35 globular clusters that were imaged in the F606W and F814W with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. When compared to the values of prior efforts, we find significant discrepancies, despite each group correcting for contamination effects and having performed the appropriate reliability tests. The most reliable binary fractions are obtained when restricting the binary fraction to . Our analysis indicates that the range of the binary fractions is nearly an order of magnitude for the lowest dynamical ages, suggesting that there is a broad distribution in the binary fraction at globular cluster formation. Dynamical effects also appear to decrease the core binary fractions by a factor of two over a Hubble time, but this is a weak relationship. We confirm a correlation from previous work that the binary fraction within the core?radius decreases with cluster age, indicating that younger clusters formed with higher binary fractions. The strong radial gradient in the binary fraction with cluster radius appears to be a consequence of dynamical interactions. It is often not present in dynamically young clusters, but is nearly always present in dynamically old clusters.
ATP-sensitive potassium channels in smooth muscle cells from guinea pig urinary bladder

We explored the possibility that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels exist in urinary bladder smooth muscle, since synthetic openers (e.g., lemakalim) of KATP channels in other tissues relax bladder smooth muscle. Unitary currents through single potassium channels and whole cell potassium currents were measured in smooth muscle cells isolated from the detrusor muscle of the guinea pig bladder. Lemakalim (10 microM) increased whole cell K+ currents by 50 pA at -80 mV with 60 mM external K+ when the cells were dialyzed with 0.1 mM ATP and 140 mM K+. Glibenclamide (10 microM), a sulfonylurea blocker of KATP channels in other tissues, inhibited the entire lemakalim-stimulated current as well as 19 pA of the steady-state K+ current. Glibenclamide-sensitive K+ currents were not dependent on voltage. Increasing intracellular ATP from 0.1 to 3.0 mM reduced the glibenclamide-sensitive K+ current in both the presence and absence of lemakalim by about fourfold. External barium (100 microM) which blocks KATP channels in skeletal muscle reduced KATP channel currents in bladder smooth muscle by 50% at -80 mV. Lemakalim (10 microM) increased the open-state probability of single K+ channels in outside-out patches (with 0.1 mM internal ATP) by sixfold. The single-channel conductance was approximately 7 pS at 0 mV with a physiological K+ gradient. This single-channel conductance was in accord with estimates of conductance made from noise analysis of the lemakalim-induced whole cell current. Glibenclamide inhibited these channels. The number of channels per cell was estimated to be approximately 425. We conclude that urinary bladder smooth muscle has KATP channels and that these channels can be opened by the K+ channel opening drug, lemakalim, and blocked by external glibenclamide and barium. We propose that modulation of these channels may regulate bladder contractility.
Perspective on the Genetics and Diagnosis of Congenital Hyperinsulinism Disorders.

Context: Congenital hyperinsulinism (HI) is the most common cause of hypoglycemia in children. The risk of permanent brain injury in infants with HI continues to be as high as 25–50% due to delays in diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Congenital HI has been described since the birth of the JCEM under various terms, including “idiopathic hypoglycemia of infancy,” “leucine-sensitive hypoglycemia,” or “nesidioblastosis.” Evidence Acquisition: In the past 20 years, it has become apparent that HI is caused by genetic defects in the pathways that regulate pancreatic β-cell insulin secretion. Evidence Synthesis: There are now 11 genes associated with monogenic forms of HI (ABCC8, KCNJ11, GLUD1, GCK, HADH1, UCP2, MCT1, HNF4A, HNF1A, HK1, PGM1), as well as several syndromic genetic forms of HI (eg, Beckwith-Wiedemann, Kabuki, and Turner syndromes). HI is also the cause of hypoglycemia in transitional neonatal hypoglycemia and in persistent hypoglycemia in various groups of high-risk neonates (such as birth asphyx...
Remembering to Ask the Boss: Priming and the Dynamics of Priest Reliance on Bishop Cues

Though the degree of influence that US bishops have over Catholic parishioners is inconsistent, the institutional power bishops have over parish priests suggests that bishops enjoy reliable influence over their local subordinates. However, there are an array of competing influences over parish priests that, when made salient, might make priest reliance on bishop instructions for political behavior less reliable. Using data from the first ever survey experiment on a national sample of US Catholic priests, we assess the effects of randomly priming priests with varying considerations of their professional responsibilities and relevant constituencies (including parishioner expectations). Results suggest that priests opt to rely on bishop cues when primed to consider institutional responsibilities as part of their professional identity, but that bishop influence over priest political behavior is, at best, indirect.
argyle: An R Package for Analysis of Illumina Genotyping Arrays

Genotyping microarrays are an important and widely-used tool in genetics. I present argyle, an R package for analysis of genotyping array data tailored to Illumina arrays. The goal of the argyle package is to provide simple, expressive tools for nonexpert users to perform quality checks and exploratory analyses of genotyping data. To these ends, the package consists of a suite of quality-control functions, normalization procedures, and utilities for visually and statistically summarizing such data. Format-conversion tools allow interoperability with popular software packages for analysis of genetic data including PLINK, R/qtl and DOQTL. Detailed vignettes demonstrating common use cases are included as supporting information. argyle bridges the gap between the low-level tasks of quality control and high-level tasks of genetic analysis. It is freely available at https://github.com/andrewparkermorgan/argyle and has been submitted to Bioconductor.
A Qualitative Study of Smoking Behaviors among Newly Released Justice-Involved Men and Women in New York City

Long-term effects of cigarette smoking result in an estimated 443,000 deaths each year, including approximately 49,400 deaths due to exposure to secondhand smoke. Tobacco is a major risk factor for a variety of chronic health problems, including certain cancers and heart disease. In this article, authors present qualitative findings derived from individual interviews with men and women who were incarcerated in New York state and New York City. Participants were 60 racially and ethnically diverse men and women ages 21 through 60 (M = 46.42, SD = 6.88). Of the participants interviewed, 91.7 percent released from a smoke-free correctional facility resumed cigarette smoking and 8.3 percent remained abstinent. Daily consumption ranged from smoking four cigarettes to 60 cigarettes. The four themes that emerged from the study were (1) lifetime exposure to cigarette smoking influences smoking behavior; (2) cigarettes help relieve stress and are pleasurable; (3) there is a relationship between access, availability, and relapse; and (4) smoking cessation strategies are available. Negative influences from participants' families and peers, stressful housing situations, and mandated programs emerged from this study as key challenges to abstaining from smoking cigarettes. Involving family members and partners in smoking cessation interventions could influence newly released justice-involved men and women not to resume cigarette smoking and possibly maintain long-term abstinence.
Control of a Non-Resonating Supersonic Cavity Using Plasma Actuators

Unstart prevention is a critical part of maintaining stable scramjet operation. An isolator is typically used to perform this function. A resonating cavity could potentially augment the back-pressure margin of an isolator; however, there is an associated drag penalty. Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators (LAFPAs) have demonstrated the ability to suppress supersonic cavity resonance. Isolator augmentation also requires flow control to enhance resonance in weakly resonating cavities. This work has investigated the LAFPAs' ability to enhance resonance in a supersonic, weakly resonating cavity, and found them capable, though the amplitude of the enhancement is obscured by electro-magnetic interference.
Toward an Integration of Narrative Identity, Generativity, and Storytelling in African American Elders

This review aims to investigate the link between narrative identity, generativity, and storytelling in African American elders. Storytelling has been a method of intergenerational communication and connection for a number of years in the African American community. Storytelling has also strengthened generative ties and intergenerational relationships. Erikson’s eight stages of psychological development are used to examine narrative identity and generativity. Research exploring the life experiences of African American elders is also presented. This article examines the current research on narrative identity and generativity and the African American experience, and makes suggestions for future endeavors in the field. It is recommended that future research consider the three—narrative identity, generativity, and storytelling—to better understand the experience of older African Americans.
COMPARISON OF NATURAL CONTAMINANTS ACCUMULATED ON SURFACES OF SUSPENSION AND POST INSULATORS WITH DC AND AC STRESS IN NORTHERN CHINA'S INLAND AREAS

The exposure test results of natural contaminants accumulated on the surfaces of cap, pin and post insulators at three testing stations in northern China's inland areas are summarized. The contaminants growth rapidly from the end of autumn to next early spring, and heavy rain in summer can wash away a lot of contaminants from insulator surfaces. Different insulators have different ratios of contamination degree under DC stress to under AC stress: the contamination ratio for cap and pin insulator is 2 and that for post insulator is 3. But the contamination ratio of DC stress to AC stress is less than 2 in good vegetation areas. Influence of two ratios of NDD to ESDD and ESDD on top surface to that on bottom surface, the chemical compositions of soluble salts and the sizes of contaminant particles must be regarded in the outdoor insulation design.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase gene expression in vivo and in vitro by repeated doses of endotoxin

We have examined the effects of repeated endotoxin administration in vivo and in vitro on the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In vivo, hepatic NOS activity and mRNA were increased markedly by the administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The change in hepatic NOS activity coincided with a marked accumulation of hepatic citrulline. Both enzyme activity and citrulline concentration returned to normal by 12 h after LPS administration. At this time, a subsequent administration of endotoxin caused no change in either NOS mRNA, NOS activity, or citrulline concentration, and thus an endotoxin-refractory state for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was established. Normal sensitivity was reestablished by 24 h after the initial dose. In vitro studies using both a macrophage cell line (HD11) and primary macrophages indicated that LPS pretreatment caused cells in culture to become completely refractory to subsequent stimulation by LPS. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that NO may be involved in the development of the refractory state. Various inhibitors blocked the initial synthesis of NO by > 90% but failed to influence the development of the refractory state. Our study demonstrates both in vivo and in vitro that NO synthesis is completely blocked after repeated exposure to endotoxin by a mechanism that appears to be pretranslational. This model of early endotoxin tolerance may provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate expression of the NOS gene.
Mass Balance Changes and Ice Dynamics of Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets from Laser Altimetry

Abstract. During the past few decades the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have lost ice at accelerating rates, caused by increasing surface temperature. The melting of the two big ice sheets has a big impact on global sea level rise. If the ice sheets would melt down entirely, the sea level would rise more than 60 m. Even a much smaller rise would cause dramatic damage along coastal regions. In this paper we report about a major upgrade of surface elevation changes derived from laser altimetry data, acquired by NASA’s Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite mission (ICESat) and airborne laser campaigns, such as Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) and Land, Vegetation and Ice Sensor (LVIS). For detecting changes in ice sheet elevations we have developed the Surface Elevation Reconstruction And Change detection (SERAC) method. It computes elevation changes of small surface patches by keeping the surface shape constant and considering the absolute values as surface elevations. We report about important upgrades of earlier results, for example the inclusion of local ice caps and the temporal extension from 1993 to 2014 for the Greenland Ice Sheet and for a comprehensive reconstruction of ice thickness and mass changes for the Antarctic Ice Sheets.
Robust Estimation of Electron Density From Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain Using a Unifying Multi-Atlas Approach.

Purpose To develop a reliable method to estimate electron density based on anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Methods and Materials We proposed a unifying multi-atlas approach for electron density estimation based on standard T1- and T2-weighted MRI. First, a composite atlas was constructed through a voxelwise matching process using multiple atlases, with the goal of mitigating effects of inherent anatomic variations between patients. Next we computed for each voxel 2 kinds of conditional probabilities: ( 1 ) electron density given its image intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MR images; and ( 2 ) electron density given its spatial location in a reference anatomy, obtained by deformable image registration. These were combined into a unifying posterior probability density function using the Bayesian formalism, which provided the optimal estimates for electron density. We evaluated the method on 10 patients using leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. Receiver operating characteristic analyses for detecting different tissue types were performed. Results The proposed method significantly reduced the errors in electron density estimation, with a mean absolute Hounsfield unit error of 119, compared with 140 and 144 ( P Conclusion The proposed multi-atlas approach provides robust electron density estimation and bone detection based on anatomic MRI. If validated on a larger population, our work could enable the use of MRI as a primary modality for radiation treatment planning.
Targeting ATXN2 Using Antisense Oligonucleotides as a Treatment for Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2) (S30.007)

Objective: To demonstrate that lowering ATXN2 expression modifies molecular, motor, and neurophysiological phenotypes of SCA2 mice. Background: SCA2 is an inherited disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion in an encoded region of the ATXN2 gene resulting in polyglutamine expansion and gain of toxic function. We hypothesize that lowering overall ATXN2 expression using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) would be therapeutic for SCA2. Methods: We screened 152 ASOs designed to lower ATXN2 expression in vitro in HepG2 cells. ATXN2-Q127 transgenic mice were treated by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ASOs. ASO effects on ATXN2-Q127 mouse phenotypes were determined: Motor phenotypes were studied by rotarod testing, cerebellar molecular phenotypes were determined by qPCR, and Purkinje cell firing frequencies were determined by extracellular recordings in acute cerebellar slices.. Results: Three ASOs lowered ATXN2 expression in ATXN2-Q127 mice, the best by >80[percnt] after 7 d, without evidence of toxicity. ATXN2 remained significantly reduced after 21 wks. Anti-ASO antibody labeling demonstrated ASO localization in Purkinje cells. ASOs also localized in motor neurons throughout the spinal cord lowering ATXN2 expression. ATXN2-Q127 mice treated 13 weeks with ATXN2 ASO had delayed motor phenotype onset (rotarod), and normal pacemaking Purkinje cell firing frequencies, unlike saline treated control mice. Conclusions: We identified ASOs that potently lower ATXN2 expression resulting in delayed progression of SCA2 phenotypes in ATXN2 transgenic mice. Ongoing studies include screens for additional efficacious ASOs and determination of ASO effects on the SCA2 phenotypes in SCA2 BAC transgenic mice. Supported by: RC4NS073009, R21NS081182, R01NS033123, R37NS033123. Disclosure: Dr. Scoles has nothing to disclose. Dr. Schneider has nothing to disclose. Dr. Meera has nothing to disclose. Dr. Figueroa has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hung has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rigo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation for activities with Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as an employee. Dr. Otis has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pulst has received personal compensation for activities with Ataxion Therapeutics and Roche Pharmaceuticals as a consultant. Dr. Pulst has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for AAN Neurology: Genetics. Dr. Pulst has received (roy
Who Needs What: Recommendations for Designing Effective Online Professional Development for Computer Science Teachers

The new Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science (CS) Principles course increases the need for quality CS teachers and thus the need for professional development (PD). This article presents the res...
Associating Imidazoles: Elucidating the Correlation between the Static Dielectric Permittivity and Proton Conductivity

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is employed to investigate the impact of supramolecular structure on charge transport and dynamics in hydrogen-bonded 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole and 4-methylimidazole. Detailed analyses reveal (i) an inverse relationship between the average supramolecular chain length and proton conductivity and (ii) no direct correlation between the static dielectric permittivity and proton conductivity in imidazoles. These findings raise fundamental questions regarding the widespread notion that extended supramolecular hydrogen-bonded networks facilitate proton conduction in hydrogen bonding materials.
First-Line Therapy for APL: Chemotherapy-Based Approach

The evolving treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) represents one of the greatest success stories in modern medicine. Detailed understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of APL has provided a mechanistic basis for the successful clinical use of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) as well as arsenic trioxide (ATO) in targeting the PML/RARa fusion protein, which is pivotal in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although the advent of molecularly targeted therapy with ATRA and ATO has revolutionized the treatment of APL, the addition of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy including anthracyclines still plays an important role, particularly in high-risk APL (white blood cell count >10,000/μL). For patients with high-risk APL who are able to tolerate cytotoxic chemotherapy, regimens used for treatment induction and consolidation include anthracyclines such as daunorubicin or idarubicin and in some treatment regimens also the pyrimidine analog cytarabine. In order to achieve the highest rates of cure, these chemotherapy agents are used in combination with ATRA ± ATO in high-risk APL. This chapter will focus on the role of first-line chemotherapy agents in combination with ATRA for APL. While clinicians may be familiar with the routine administration of conventional chemotherapy, vigilant attention must also be paid to prevent early death from specific complications in APL patients, including coagulopathy and differentiation syndrome.
LV-MEMS: A New Challenger Against the CHAMPION?

MEMS stands for microelectromechanical systems and represents the devices that integrate microcomponents such as sensors and actuators on a single chip. The MEMS technology changed our world dramatically, and now MEMS can be found in many places around us including airbags, inkjet printers, game controllers, and smart phones to name a few. Integration of MEMS within biomedicine is known as Bio-MEMS,1 and its representative application is a pacemaker. More recently, by taking advantages of miniaturization, high sensitivity, wireless technology, and low energy requirement, MEMS use for implantable pressure sensor has emerged as a new approach to continuously and noninvasively monitor pressures inside the body. CardioMEMS is the first US Food and Drug Administration–approved heart failure (HF) monitoring sensor that allows ambulatory monitoring of pulmonary arterial pressure by implanting the device into the pulmonary arterial branch. See Article by Mondritzki et al CHAMPION trial (CardioMEMS Heart Sensor Allows Monitoring of Pressure to Improve Outcomes in NYHA Class III Heart Failure Patients) examined the effectiveness of CardioMEMS in chronic HF patients. In detail, the CHAMPION trial was a randomized controlled, single-blind study that investigated the benefit of ambulatory pulmonary artery pressure–guided management of HF in 550 patients with New York Heart Association functional class III HF. The study demonstrated 37% reduction in HF–related hospitalization in the CardioMEMS monitoring group compared with a matched control group during a follow-up period of 15 months.2 This study was the first to show reduction in HF events with ambulatory monitoring and prompted further development of hemodynamic monitoring devices. An implantable monitoring device that measures …
What Knowers Know Well: Women, Work and the Academy

Research on the status and experience of women in academia in the last 30 years has challenged conventional explanations of persistent gender inequality, bringing into sharp focus the cumulative impact of small scale, often unintentional differences in recognition and response: the patterns of ‘post-civil rights era’ discrimination made famous by the 1999 report on the status of women in the MIT School of Science. I argue that feminist standpoint theory is a useful resource for understanding how this sea change in understanding gender inequity was realized. At the same time, close attention to activist research on workplace environment issues suggests ways in which our understanding of standpoint theory can fruitfully be refined. I focus on the implications of two sets of distinctions: between types of epistemic injustice (and correlative advantage) that may affect marginalized knowers; and between the resources of situated knowledge and those of a critical standpoint on knowledge production.
Cardiorespiratory failure in patients with pneumonectomy for tuberculosis. Long-term effects of thoracoplasty.

Twenty patients with pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis were followed for 7 to 23 years (mean 11.5 ± 4.4 years). Cardiorespiratory failure developed in 12 patients. Clinical onset of cardiorespiratory failure was found at 6 to 15 years after pneumonectomy (mean 9.1 ± 2.8 years). Eight patients were symptom free for a length of time ranging from 7 to 11 years after operation (mean 8.6 ± 1.4 years). Development of cardiorespiratory failure was significantly correlated with added thoracoplasty but was not related to age, sex, duration of tuberculosis prior to pneumonectomy, tuberculous lesions in the nonoperated lung, smoking history, or complicated pneumonia during the follow-up period. In a long pneumonectomy state, the remaining lung became hyperinflated, as indicated by increases in vital capacity and total lung capacity (per lung) as well as roentgenographic findings; however, no further deterioration of pulmonary functions developed. Added thoracoplasty might have minimized distention of the remaining lung but frequently resulted in marked scoliosis. Thoracoplasty reduced functional reserve of the lung and significantly impaired pulmonary functions. Restrictive ventilatory defect, abnormalities in ventilation-perfusion relationships and diffusing capacity on exercise, and chronic hypercarbia and hypoxemia were observed. A combination of structural, chemical, and functional changes in the lung as the result of thoracoplasty is attributed to the development of cardiorespiratory failure in patients long after pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis.
Episodic Evolutionary Change in Local Populations

Active evolutionary change occurs in a sexual deme. This local population is the site where natural selection processes genetic variability. Within the constraints of chance in populations of finite size, selection determines what the genetic composition of the descendent population will be. What kind of deme structure best serves the process of novel evolutionary change? This question continues to be a major area of research in evolutionary genetics. Two hypotheses have recently been discussed. Barton and Charlesworth (1984) and Barton (1989) hold a traditional gradualist view, namely that such change proceeds most actively in a large undivided population that is widely open to gene flow. The incorporation of changes in the gene pool is viewed as a continuous process, with only small increments of change imposed by natural selection in each successive generation.
Carboxymethylation of Sperm Whale Myoglobin in the Dissolved State

Abstract Sperm whale ferrimyoglobin was treated with 0.2 m sodium bromoacetate at pH 6.8 to test the accessibility for alkylation of certain residues, particularly those of histidine. After a plateau had been reached in the reaction process, the product was shown to retain native properties. Electrophoretically, it was free of unmodified material and contained four main components apparently differing by unit gradations of net charge. The most fully studied preparation contained 5.3, 4.6, 1.3, 0.9, and 17.9 residues per molecule of histidine, 1,3-dicarboxymethylhistidine, 3-carboxymethylhistidine, 1-carboxymethylhistidine, and lysine, respectively. The methionine content was not affected. The aminoterminal valyl residue was largely alkylated. Assignment of histidyl residues according to the derivatives identified in peptide fragments was made according to the method of the preceding paper in the series (Hugli, T. E., and Gurd, F. R. N., J. Biol. Chem., 245, 1930 (1970)). The following residues were recovered as unmodified histidine: 24, 36, 82, 93, and 97. The other residues were isolated in various states of alkylation. The results establish a considerable number of points of similarity between the reactivity patterns in solution and in the crystalline state. Most points of contrast with the results of alkylation in the crystalline states can be ascribed to the absence of neighboring lattice molecules. However, the fact that residue 36 becomes unreactive when the protein passes from the crystalline to the dissolved state implies a distinct structural change controlling the accessibility of the residue to the alkylating agent.
Emulation as an approach for rapid estuarine modeling

Abstract Probabilistic flood hazard assessment is a promising methodology for estuarine risk assessment but currently remains limited by prohibitively long simulation times. This study addresses this problem through the development of an emulator, or surrogate model, which replaces the simulator (in this case the coupled ADCIRC+SWAN model) with a statistical representation that is able to rapidly predict estuarine variables relevant to flooding. Emulation of water levels (WLs), non-tidal residual, and significant wave height, is explored at Grays Harbor, Washington (WA) USA using Gaussian process regression. The effectiveness of the methodology is validated at various model simplification levels to determine where error is being sourced. Emulated WLs are found to be skillful when compared to over a decade of tide gauge observations (root mean square error, RMSE,
Acquisition of cancer stem cell-like properties in human small airway epithelial cells after a long-term exposure to carbon nanomaterials

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a key driver of tumor formation and metastasis, but how they are affected by nanomaterials is largely unknown. The present study investigated the effects of different carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) on neoplastic and CSC-like transformation of human small airway epithelial cells and determined the underlying mechanisms. Using a physiologically relevant exposure model (long-term/low-dose) with system validation using a human carcinogen, asbestos, we demonstrated that single-walled carbon nanotubes, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, ultrafine carbon black, and crocidolite asbestos induced particle-specific anchorage-independent colony formation, DNA-strand break, and p53 downregulation, indicating genotoxicity and carcinogenic potential of CNMs. The chronic CNM-exposed cells exhibited CSC-like properties as indicated by 3D spheroid formation, anoikis resistance, and CSC markers expression. Mechanistic studies revealed specific self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factors that are involved in the cellular transformation process. Pathway analysis of gene signaling networks supports the role of SOX2 and SNAI1 signaling in CNM-mediated transformation. These findings support the potential carcinogenicity of high aspect ratio CNMs and identified molecular targets and signaling pathways that may contribute to the disease development.
Preparing undergraduates for application to graduate school

I would like to begin my discussion by stating two (almost obvious) principles, which can help to understand the data collected by Jones et al. (2020) in the survey, and, more importantly, can help...
ORGANIZATION OF ANDROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE TESTIS

Factors involved in migration of pregnenolone and progesterone from the mitochondria to the endoplasmic reticulum, and in the organization of enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis in the reticulum have been studied. Pregnenolone and progesterone were differentially concentrated in the endoplasmic vesicle by systems with high capacity and low Ka compared with target organ receptors. The differential binding was reduced by mild trypsin treatment or phospholipase C but only slightly by phospholipase A. Under similar conditions all three enzymes markedly reduced 3β- and 17β-dehydrogenases; 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities fell to unmeasurable levels. This was associated with the transfer of NADPH-cyt c reductase activity from the microsomal pellet to the cytosol. A study of the 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase reactions using [3H]-progesterone and [14C]-17-hydroxyprogesterone indicated that freely diffusible 17-hydroxyprogesterone was not an obligatory intermediate but that the two steps involved consecutive hydroxylation type transfers to an enzyme-bound intermediate. The overall picture is that of pregnenolone being concentrated and undergoing conversion to progesterone at the outer microsomal surface, progesterone then associating with a cyt-P-450 complex within the membrane which catalyzes consecutive mixed function oxidase reactions, after which the androstenedione formed diffuses outward, partially undergoing 17β-reduction at the outer surface.
Me First: The Relation Between Neoliberal Beliefs and Sexual Attitudes

Neoliberal ideology has permeated US culture, creating a climate that values individual choice and self-interest over collective welfare. This has extended into the domain of sexuality and intimate relationships in a discourse that encourages people to put their own interest first sexually, with little thought of their partner’s. This project analyzed survey data from 249 US young adults collected via MTurk in 2015 to explore relations between neoliberal ideology and sexual attitudes while controlling for gender norm conformity. Neoliberal beliefs seemed beneficial in that they were predictive of self-affirming sexual attitudes. Less favorably, stronger neoliberal beliefs were also associated with endorsing a sexual double standard that disadvantages women, and with feeling more sensitive to the judgments of others. We argue that the neoliberal call to prioritize oneself may come at a price, to others and oneself.
Bilinear Channel Estimation for MIMO OFDM: Lower Bounds and Training Sequence Optimization

Time-varying narrowband Multiple-Input Multiple- Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO OFDM) channel estimation is considered. The effect of finite bandwidth and practical pulse shapes renders the sparse MIMO-OFDM channel, non-sparse - this effect is denoted leakage . It is shown that the leaked MIMO OFDM channel is effectively separable in the delay and Doppler domains. A convex optimization approach, based on the atomic norm, is posed to estimate the channel parameters. With respect to the mean-squared error, the proposed scheme offers a 4 dB improvement over methods that ignore leakage and a 1.3 dB gain over a method that does consider leakage. The Cramer Rao bound (CRB) for the leaked channel parameters is derived and also exhibits decoupling in delay and Doppler. Training sequences that optimize the CRBs for delay and Doppler parameters are determined via solving key fixed-point equations. The optimized random sequences offer a performance gain on the order of 5–2.5 dB over purely random sequences. The proposed channel estimation algorithm nearly achieves the CRB, suggesting near optimality. Finally, the proposed estimation strategy, when employed on experimental data (SPACE’08), provides an average performance gain of 3 dB with respect to the probability of error in comparison to a traditional sparse channel estimation scheme.
Abstract P225: Improving Prehospital Stroke Identification Using Natural Language Processing of Paramedic Reports

Introduction: Early identification of stroke by emergency medical services (EMS) providers in the prehospital setting is associated with increased treatment rates, improved functional outcomes, and...
Moving Mesh with Streamline Upwind Petrov-Galerkin (MM-SUPG) Method for Convection-Diffusion Problems.

We investigate the effect of the streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin method (SUPG) as it relates to the moving mesh partial differential equation (MMPDE) method for convection-diffusion problems in the presence of vanishing diffusivity. We first discretize in space using linear finite elements and then use a $\theta$-scheme to discretize in time. On a fixed mesh, SUPG (FM-SUPG) is shown to enhance the stability and resolves spurious oscillations when compared to the classic Galerkin method (FM-FEM) when diffusivity is small. However, it falls short when the layer-gradient is large. In this paper, we develop a moving mesh upwind Petrov-Galerkin (MM-SUPG) method by integrating the SUPG method with the MMPDE method. Numerical results show that our MM-SUPG works well for these types of problems and performs better than FM-SUPG as well as MMPDE without SUPG.
Perspectives of Internal Medicine Residency Program Directors on the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Diversity Standards

To increase diversity and inclusion in graduate medical education, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) issued a revision to their Common Program Requirements during the 2019–2020 academic year mandating that all residency programs must have policies and practices to achieve appropriate diversity among trainees and faculty. To explore the perspectives of internal medicine program directors (PDs) and associate program directors (APDs) on the ACGME diversity standard. Qualitative study of internal medicine residency program leadership from academic and community programs across the USA. Current PDs (n = 12) and APDs (n = 8) of accredited US internal medicine residency programs. We conducted semi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews. Data was analyzed using the constant comparative method to extract recurrent themes. Three main themes, described by participants, were identified: (1) internal medicine PDs and APDs had limited knowledge of the new Common Program Requirement relating to diversity; (2) program leaders expressed concern that the diversity standard reaches beyond the PDs’ scope of influence and lack of institutional commitment to the successful implementation of diversity standards; (3) participants described narrow view of diversity and inclusion efforts focusing on recruitment strategies during the interview season. Our findings of lack of familiarity with the new diversity standards, and limited institutional investment in diversity and inclusion efforts raise a concern about successful implementation across GME programs. Nevertheless, our finding suggests that structured implementation in the form of education, guideposts, and financial allocation can alleviate some of the concerns of program leadership in meeting the new ACGME diversity standard in a meaningful way.
Oncologists' perception of frailty.

e24012Background: Frailty is an under recognized yet clinically important consideration in treatment decision making for older adults with cancer. The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is co...
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE CATTLE HERD PROJECT IN CATTLE FARMS AND MILK PRODUCTION IN SULAIBIYA OF KIEWIT

Project cattle - breeding for the purpose of producing milk , where is the research problem in need of the population to milk and the country 's dependence on imported from abroad , so the project is aimed at raising cows for milk provide checks of food security and the provision of meat consumption and use general search time trend to measure the evolution of the numbers of animals and the quantities of milk produced,in Sulaibiya, Kiewit. The marketer during the study period showed an increase in the quantities of milk marketed internally and the quantities supplied to the factories and also exported abroad. The study indicated that the project contributed to the provision of milk and meat to reduce dependence on the outside and the provision of foreign currency and that the project contributes to providing job opportunities and contributing to achieving food security and self-sufficiency. Conclusively, from the results of the research, it is possible to recommend that the State of Kuwait adopt various economic development policies to encourage innovation-based production, and that planning should focus on sectors that no longer have activity by returning to take their role in the wheel of development.
Litigation Finance Investing: Alternative Investment Returns in the Presence of Information Asymmetry

Litigation finance is a rapidly growing niche asset class focused on debt and equity investments in litigation claims and law firms. We find that in-sample returns in the space have been in excess of 20% annually with limited correlation to other investment areas. This apparent excess return may be due to information asymmetry and barriers to entry in the space. Our findings highlight the opportunities and risks for investors in this nascent asset classes and suggest such excess returns are due in part to limits to the speed with which efficient markets take hold.
Natural forest regeneration-soil relationships in a fire disturbed urban natural area forest

Abstract Sustainability for urban natural area forests can be achieved with extensive natural regeneration of the native canopy species. A new urban forest management protocol “SAFE” (Soils Aliens Fire Exclosure) has the goal of increasing natural regeneration through: soil treatments; alien species treatments; fire surveillance; and large herbivores exclosure fencing. This research reports on the initial stages of the iterative process for the SAFE protocol. The soils and fire components of the SAFE protocol were examined for the seedlings and saplings of the seven canopy taxa growing in a loam and an extremely stony loam of the same soil series in the Good Woods, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Comparisons are made with data before and after an arson caused fire in 2015. Before the fire, seedlings for Carya spp., Prunus serotina, Quercus alba, and Quercus rubra and Q. velutina as well as Liriodendron tulipifera saplings had larger populations in the loam. The seedling populations for all seven taxa and saplings for Carya spp., Liriodendron tulipifera, and Prunus serotina were different in the burned and unburned areas of both soils. Post-fire sprouts, which were considered separately, had low survival rates four years after the fire. In the four combinations of soils and burned and unburned areas, pH, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium were deficient except for phosphorus in the burned extremely stony loam. Negative binomial regression equations for seedlings of all seven taxa with the soil nutrients indicate fertilizer treatments to increase phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and calcium would cause no change in natural regeneration. Regression variable estimates indicate increasing the pH would result in forest regeneration decreases for Acer rubrum, Fraxinus americana, and Prunus serotina. The next research steps for SAFE in the Good Woods are to monitor seedling populations changes after: a soil treatment; alien species control; a fire, and large herbivores exclusion.