cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of muscle phosphofructokinase of cold- and warm-acclimated Carassius auratus

Abstract 1. 1. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity of homogenate supernatants of 5°C-acclimated goldfish is slightly more than that of 25°C-acclimated goldfish when measured at 5° and 15°C, but not at 25°C. 2. 2. Muscles of warm-acclimated goldfish have a large increase relative to 5°C fish in several glycolytic intermediates and adenine nucleotides; the increases in fructose-6-phosphate (F-6-P) and glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) appear within 3 hours after the fish are exposed to the selected temperature. 3. 3. magnesium inhibits PFK at higher temperatures (25°C); citrate inhibits less at higher than at lower assay temperatures. 4. 4. Goldfish muscle PFK activity changes markedly within a small pH range, and its suggested that if goldfish muscle intracellular pH decreases in warm acclimation, this pH decrease, by its action on PFK, would cause the observed effects of decreased glycolytic rate and increased levels of F-6-P and G-6-P.
Total fat, fat distribution and blood pressure according to eating frequency in children living in southern Italy: the ARCA project.

Total fat, fat distribution and blood pressure according to eating frequency in children living in southern Italy: the ARCA project
The psychic rewards of teaching

A interview conducted by William P. Ancker. The interview took place at the Intercultural Center at Georgetown University in Washington DC, 9 October 2003, and appeared in the April 2004 issue of the journal English Teaching Forum (edited by Max Koller and published by the U.S. Department of State, for teachers of English world-wide). We reproduce it here with thanks.
OPTIMIZATION OF A SCANNING DENSITOMETER FOR FLUORESCENCE DETECTION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Conditions for maximizing resolution and signal-to-noise ratios in fluorescence scanning densitometry of separations obtained by high performance thin-layer chromatography are described. Resolution was found to be independent of most instrument parameters with a small decrease observed at wide slit widths. Signal was found to be markedly dependent on experimental parameters such as slit width, slit height, sensitivity setting, and the time constant of electronic filters. For recording chromatograms a slit width of 1.00 mm, a slit height slightly greater than the spot diameter, a low sensitivity setting (50 mV), electronic filtering, and a scan rate of 24 or 48 mm min−1 are commensurate with minimum recording time and maximum sample detectability without incurring a significant decrease in resolution.
Vaporization of impurities in copper, including those introduced by ion bombardment∗

Abstract A mass spectrometric analysis has been made of particles sputtered and/or evaporated from the (221) plane of a high-purity single crystal copper surface in high vacuum. The results are relevant to such processes as heterogeneous catalysis and nucleation, as well as to the technique of cleaning solid surfaces by ion bombardment and annealing. (1) Copper oxide layers may be completely removed from a copper surface (or at least reduced to a very small fraction of a monolayer) by repeated cycles of inert gas ion bombardment and annealing. (2) During ion bombardment, particles of the bombarding beam and the ambient gas are physically trapped by the surface. These may be released from the copper by heating it to 200°C. The activation energy for this release is 0.3 ± 0.1 eV (measured only for argon). (3) Sodium and potassium bulk impurities diffuse readily to the surface at a temperature of 600°C with activation energies of 2.8 ± 0.1 and 2.3 ± 0.1 eV, respectively. (4) These same impurities also desorb from copper at 600°C with an activation energy (for potassium) of 1.2 ± 0.1 eV. (5) The surface concentration of sodium and potassium, while always less than a monolayer, was never found to be zero; it was less after annealing, however, than after ion bombardment.
Basal-cell adenoma of the upper lip: Report of a case☆

Abstract A relatively rare lesion of salivary gland origin, is presented: It is thought that adequate evidence has appeared in the literature to justify consideration of this tumor as a separate pathologic entity with definitive clinical and histologic characteristics.
A model for the yield stress of low density virus solids

Abstract Recent data on the yield stress of a low density virus solid are interpreted within the framework of a model for a Coulomb solid.
Optical flow for tagged MR images

A method to reconstruct motion from sequences of tagged magnetic resonance (MR) images is presented. MR tagging is used to create a spatial pattern of varying magnetization so that objects which may otherwise have constant intensity are textured; this reduces the motion ambiguity associated with the aperture problem in computer vision. To account for the decay of the tag pattern, a new optical flow algorithm is developed and implemented. Velocity fields estimated using this algorithm are used to recursively update the implied motion reference map over time, thereby tracking the motion of individual particles. If a segmentation of the object is known at the time the tag pattern is created, then an object may be selectively tracked, using the estimated reference map to update the object's position as time progresses. Results are shown for actual MR phantom data. >
Theories, Therapies, and Taxpayers: On the Complexities of the Expressive Writing Paradigm

Although the expressive writing paradigm has generally produced positive health outcomes, a recurring puzzle concerns how and why it works. No single theory or theoretical perspective has convincingly explained its effectiveness. This may be attributable to the fact that expressive writing affects people on multiple levels—cognitive, emotional, social, and biological—making a single explanatory theory unlikely. In addition to addressing theory-relevant questions, researchers and therapists must now address when and with whom writing is most beneficial and, at the same time, evaluate if this (and other) intervention produces economically valuable outcomes.
Microbiologic assessment of disposable sterile endoscopic sheaths to replace high-level disinfection in reprocessing: a prospective clinical trial with nasopharygoscopes

Background Conventional reprocessing of endoscopes with high-level disinfection is labor intensive, expensive, delays the turnover of instruments, and involves potential exposure of personnel to toxic chemicals. We report a prospective clinical trial with rigorous microbiologic assessment of a novel disposable, sterile, polyurethane sheath, which can be easily and snugly applied over a nasopharyngoscope before performing the endoscopic procedure, with enzymatic cleansing and disinfection of the instrument with 70% ethanol following the procedure to determine whether the use of the novel sheath can provide reliable protection against bacterial contamination and obviate the need for routine high-level disinfection in reprocessing. Methods Baseline cultures were obtained at 3 time periods from the control heads and insertion shafts of nasopharyngoscopes used in 100 clinical examinations: before application of the protective sheath and execution of the procedure; immediately after the procedure and removal of the sheath; and after enzymatic cleaning, disinfection with 70% ethanol, and drying. All 100 used sheaths and 20 unused sheaths were subjected to high-pressure leak testing to assess barrier integrity. Results Bacteria were detected on 16 control heads and 6 shafts prior to the procedure; from 13 heads and 1 shaft immediately following the nasopharyngoscopic procedure and sterile sheath removal; and none of the instruments following cleaning, ethanol disinfection, and drying. No sheath showed loss of barrier integrity on leak testing. Conclusion Use of a high-quality, snugly fitting, sterile, disposable polyurethane sheath on a nasopharyngoscope during a clinical examination, combined with enzymatic detergent cleaning and disinfection with 70% ethanol, can provide a reliably decontaminated, patient-ready instrument, eliminating the need for high-level disinfection of endoscopes.
A space-borne passive infrared experiment for remote sensing of the atomic oxygen density and temperature, and total density in the upper atmosphere

Abstract It is proposed to measure the line intensities and profiles of the 63um 3 P 1 − 3 P 2 transition and 147um 3 P 0 − 3 P 1 transition of the ground electronic state of atomic oxygen from a space-borne platform in a limb-viewing mode. The temperature and atomic oxygen density can be obtained by inversion from the total radiances in the two channels. The line profiles provide a confirmation of temperature and, in addition, yield the component of the wind speed along the line-of-sight. In the optically thick regime (below tangent height
Gender Differences in the Reasons Given for Meal Termination

Male and female undergraduate students (n = 387) were asked to complete the statement "I usually stop eating when" on a written survey which listed four of five alternative responses and an open, write-in, alternative. Half of the questionnaires listed the alternative, "I feel full"; the other half omitted this alternative. While the fullness option was the most popular response overall, men and women exhibited differing patterns in responses, particularly if fullness was not included as an option. The second most popular response for men was "the food is all gone", indicating an importance of external factors in controlling the amount of food eaten. In women, however, the second most popular response was "the food stops tasting good", indicating an importance of hedonic factors in meal termination. These results suggest that gender may be a critical variable in studies of food intake, and specifically in the study of satiety mechanisms.
Dynamical interactions between the middle atmosphere and thermosphere

Based on modeling some interactions between the middle atmosphere and thermosphere are presented. The interactions studied include the thermospheric circulations driven by radiative and auroral heating affecting the O concentration and temperature of the upper mesosphere through the exchange of chemical energy. Considering Kellog's mechanism, an interaction between the mesosphere and thermosphere that is driven by Joule heating is discussed.
Improved advising ratings in an undergraduate psychology program.

Summary During the late 1990s, the psychology department of Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis made investments in its undergraduate advising program in terms of additional professional personnel, a new orientation course, an experimental intrusive advising track, innovative peer activities, and expanded physical facilities. Against this backdrop of innovations, from 1995 to 2001 an exit survey of graduating seniors (N = 311) showed improved evaluations of departmental counseling services. Ratings of the obtainability of advising on courses and the quality of course and career advising all showed significant upward shifts over the seven years of study. Regarding a specific innovation, students who completed a 1-hr. orientation course gave higher mean counseling ratings than those not enrolled.
Some state space models of hiv epidemic and its applications for the estimation of hiv infection and incubation

In this paper we have developed some state space models for the HIV epidemic for populations at risk for AIDS. By using these state space models, we have developed a general Bayesian procedure for estimating simultaneously the unknown parameters and the state variables. The unknown parameters include the immigration and recruitment rates, the death and retirement rates, the incidence of HIV infection ( and hence the HIV infection distribution ) and the incidence of HIV incubation ( and hence the HIV incubation distribution). The state variables are the numbers of susceptible people (S people), HIV-infected people (I people) and AIDS incidence over time. The basic approach is through multi-level Gibbs sampler combined with the weighted bootstrap method. We have applied the methods to the Swiss AIDS homosexual and IV drug data to estimate simultaneously the unknown parameters and the state variables. Our results show that in both populations, both the HIV infection and HIV incubation have multi-peaks indica...
Nuclear import of cutaneous beta genus HPV8 E7 oncoprotein is mediated by hydrophobic interactions between its zinc-binding domain and FG nucleoporins

We have previously discovered and characterized the nuclear import pathways for the E7 oncoproteins of mucosal alpha genus HPVs, type 16 and 11. Here we investigated the nuclear import of cutaneous beta genus HPV8 E7 protein using confocal microscopy after transfections of HeLa cells with EGFP-8E7 and mutant plasmids and nuclear import assays in digitonin-permeabilized HeLa cells. We determined that HPV8 E7 contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) within its zinc-binding domain that mediates its nuclear import. Furthermore, we discovered that a mostly hydrophobic patch 65LRLFV69 within the zinc-binding domain is essential for the nuclear import and localization of HPV8 E7 via hydrophobic interactions with the FG nucleoporins Nup62 and Nup153. Substitution of the hydrophobic residues within the 65LRLFV69 patch to alanines, and not R66A mutation, disrupt the interactions between the 8E7 zinc-binding domain and Nup62 and Nup153 and consequently inhibit nuclear import of HPV8 E7.
Analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase structure and function as guided by known polymerase structures and computer predictions of secondary structure.

RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) function as the catalytic subunit of the viral replicase required for the replication of all positive strand RNA viruses. The vast majority of RdRps have been identified solely on the basis of sequence similarity. Structural studies of RdRps have lagged behind those of the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases, DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, and reverse transcriptases until the recent report of the partial crystal structure of the poliovirus RdRp, 3Dpol[Hansen, J. L.,et al.(1997).Structure5, 1109–1122]. We seek to address whether all RdRps will have structures similar to those found in the poliovirus polymerase structure. Therefore, the PHD method of Rost and Sander [Rost, B., and Sander, C. (1993a).J. Mol. Biol.232, 584–599; Rost, B., and Sander, C. (1994).Protein19, 55–77] was used to predict the secondary structure of the RdRps from six different viral families: bromoviruses, tobamoviruses, tombusvirus, leviviruses, hepatitis C-like viruses, and picornaviruses. These predictions were compared with the known crystal structure of the poliovirus polymerase. The PHD method was also used to predict picornavirus structures in places in which the poliovirus crystal structure was disordered. All five families and the picornaviruses share a similar order of secondary structure elements present in their polymerase proteins. All except the leviviruses have the unique region observed in the poliovirus 3Dpolthat is suggested to be involved in polymerase oligomerization. These structural predictions are used to explain the phenotypes of a collection of mutations that exist in several RNA polymerases. This analysis will help to guide further characterization of RdRps.
Genetic and Biochemical Studies on Mannose-Negative Mutants That Are Deficient in Phosphomannose Isomerase in Escherichia coli K-12

Abstract Two mannose-negative mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 have been isolated. These mutants are deficient in the ability to synthesize phosphomannose isomerase and capsular polysaccharide when grown on glucose-containing media. Interrupted mating experiments to determine the kinetics of genetic transfer show that the two mannose-negative mutations map together between the histidine and tryptophan regions of the E. coli chromosome.
Fitting classes of CC-groups

The theory of Fitting classes is, by now, a well established part of the theory of finite soluble groups. In contrast, Fitting classes have received rather scant attention in infinite groups, although some recent work of Beidleman and Karbe [2] and Beidleman, Karbe and Tomkinson [3] suggest that one can obtain results in this direction. The paper [2], cited above, in fact generalizes earlier work of Tomkinson [9] to the class of locally soluble FC-groups. The present paper is concerned with the theory of Fitting classes in a class of groups somewhat similar to the class of FC-groups, namely the class of CC-groups, introduced by Polovickiǐ in [6]. A group G is a CC-group if G/CG(xG) is a Cernikov group for all x ∈ G where, as in the rest of this paper, we use the standard group theoretic notation of [7]. Recently, Alcazar and Otal [1] have shown how to generalize results of B. H. Neumann [5] to the class of CC-groups. The main purpose of the present note is to illustrate further how one can handle CC-groups, in an analogous manner to FC-groups, by using techniques similar to those used in [1] and [4].
Political Language and Political Reality

The most incisive twentieth century students of language converge from different premises on the conclusion that language is the key creator of the social worlds people experience, and they agree as well that language cannot usefully be understood as a tool for describing an objective reality. For the later Wittgenstein there are no essences, only language games. Chomsky analyzes the sense in which grammar is generative. For Derrida all language is performative, a form of action that undermines its own presuppositions. Foucault sees language as antedating and constructing subjectivity. The “linguistic turn” in twentieth century philosophy, social psychology, and literary theory entails an intellectual ferment that raises fundamental questions about a great deal of mainstream political science, and especially about its logical positivist premises.While the writers just mentioned analyze various senses in which language use is an aspect of creativity, those who focus upon specifically political language are chiefly concerned with its capacity to reflect ideology, mystify, and distort. The more perspicacious of them deny that an undistorting language is possible in a social world marked by inequalities in resources and status, though the notion of an undistorted language can be useful as an evocation of an ideal benchmark. The emphasis upon political language as distorting or mystifying is a key theme in Lasswell and Orwell, as it is in Habermas, Osgood, Ellul, Vygotsky, Enzensberger, Bennett, and Shapiro.
Control over connectivity and magnetism of tetrahedral FeSe2 chains through coordination Fe–amine complexes

The synthesis and structural characterization is reported for [Fe(dien)2][FeSe2]2 and [Fe(tren)][FeSe2]2, two new mixed-valence compounds that contain infinite ∞1(FeSe2) tetrahedral chains separated by Fe–amine complexes. The inter- and intra-chain magnetic interactions can be controlled by changing the denticity of the amine while preserving the general structural motif.
A developmental examination of the conceptual structure of animal, artifact, and human social categories across two cultural contexts.

Previous research indicates that the ontological status that adults attribute to categories varies systematically by domain. For example, adults view distinctions between different animal species as natural and objective, but view distinctions between different kinds of furniture as more conventionalized and subjective. The present work (N = 435; ages 5–18) examined the effects of domain, age, and cultural context on beliefs about the naturalness vs. conventionality of categories. Results demonstrate that young children, like adults, view animal categories as natural kinds, but artifact categories as more conventionalized. For human social categories (gender and race), beliefs about naturalness and conventionality were predicted by interactions between cultural context and age. Implications for the origins of social categories and theories of conceptual development will be discussed.
Improving retention of minority freshmen in engineering by applying the six sigma methodology

In response to the pressing need to increase the pool of future engineers, the engineering academia are focusing on improving the persistence rate of underrepresented minority students in the engineering program. This has led to various studies into the factors which affect the attrition of minority engineering students and which strategies can significantly reduce their attrition. This paper recognizes that addressing most of the factors which affect minority student attrition at freshman level will improve overall retention; and supports that the industry-based six sigma methodology can be adapted to solve or at least alleviate the retention problem. In addition, it identifies the freshman engineering process as a key process improvement effort under the six sigma initiative and recommends the selection of the freshman education process as a key sigma project which will result in a significant increase in the retention rates of the underrepresented minority students enrolled in the engineering program.
Power management for the Land Warrior system

The Soldier Tactical Mission System (STMS) requires power to operate, and as the system becomes more advanced it requires even greater power. Currently this power is provided by a consolidated battery pack. This system must be able to manage the power in a way which is advantageous in the environment they are operating in - whether peacekeeping operations or war, in fog or night, in a jungle or a city. The architecture which determines this decision must be fed inputs as to what components provide what value under those circumstances. This research examines this issue with emphasis on the modeling of capabilities of the system with an agent based model to measure not only the value of components but the synergy created by two or more components.
Adaptive second-order volterra RLS algorithms with dynamic selection of channel updates

This paper proposes novel adaptive Volterra recursive least square (RLS) algorithms, which dynamically choose Volterra channels for coefficient updates in order to reduce computational complexity while still maintaining the compromised performance degradation for nonlinear active noise control. The developed algorithms employ a channel selection scheme, which compares an adaptive threshold to the estimated norm (energy) of each channel input vector and then sets the corresponding channels active or inactive at each iteration step. Our experimental results show that both developed Volterra filtered-X and filtered-error RLS algorithms with a dynamic selection of channels (VFXRLS-DS and VFERLS-DS) gain the same performance as compared to their full sequential updates. In addition, both proposed algorithms could significantly reduce the computational complexity of the standard VFXRLS and VFERLS algorithms with the compromised performance degradation.
Active Spectral Clustering

The technique of spectral clustering is widely used to segment a range of data from graphs to images. Our work marks a natural progression of spectral clustering from the original passive unsupervised formulation to our active semi-supervised formulation. We follow the widely used area of constrained clustering and allow supervision in the form of pair wise relations between two nodes: Must-Link and Cannot-Link. Unlike most previous constrained clustering work, our constraints are specified incrementally by querying an oracle (domain expert). Since in practice, each query comes with a cost, our goal is to maximally improve the result with as few queries as possible. The advantages of our approach include: 1) it is principled by querying the constraints which maximally reduce the expected error, 2) it can incorporate both hard and soft constraints which are prevalent in practice. We empirically show that our method significantly outperforms the baseline approach, namely constrained spectral clustering with randomly selected constraints, on UCI benchmark data sets.
Analysis of Candidate Genes for Susceptibility to Type I Diabetes: A Case-Control and Family-Association Study of Genes on Chromosome 2q31–35

Recent genome searches suggest a putative linkage of many loci to susceptibility to type I diabetes. The chromosome 2q31–35 region is reported to be linked to susceptibility to type I diabetes and is thought to contain several diabetes susceptibility loci. These candidate genes include the HOXD gene cluster, BETA2, CTLA4, CD28, IGFBP2 , and IGFBP5. Association studies in populations and families are required to confirm and/or identify the actual susceptibility loci. We hereby report several previously unknown DNA polymorphisms for HOXD8, BETA2 , and IGFBP5 , which we have used along with previously known polymorphisms of H0XD8 and CTLA4 to test whether these candidate loci are the susceptibility genes on chromosome 2q31–35. Using a casecontrol design with a subsequent family-association approach to confirm associations, we find no evidence that these candidate genes are associated with susceptibility to type I diabetes.
Improving the Use of Pseudo-Words for Evaluating Selectional Preferences

This paper improves the use of pseudo-words as an evaluation framework for selectional preferences. While pseudo-words originally evaluated word sense disambiguation, they are now commonly used to evaluate selectional preferences. A selectional preference model ranks a set of possible arguments for a verb by their semantic fit to the verb. Pseudo-words serve as a proxy evaluation for these decisions. The evaluation takes an argument of a verb like drive (e.g. car), pairs it with an alternative word (e.g. car/rock), and asks a model to identify the original. This paper studies two main aspects of pseudoword creation that affect performance results. (1) Pseudo-word evaluations often evaluate only a subset of the words. We show that selectional preferences should instead be evaluated on the data in its entirety. (2) Different approaches to selecting partner words can produce overly optimistic evaluations. We offer suggestions to address these factors and present a simple baseline that outperforms the state-of-the-art by 13% absolute on a newspaper domain.
Monozygotic twins discordant for body stalk anomaly

We report on two cases of monozygotic twins discordant for body stalk anomaly, diagnosed prenatally in a multicenter ultrasound screening study at 10-14 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound showed a large abdominal wall defect with most of the abdominal contents and almost half of the body in the celomic cavity, in association with severe kyphoscoliosis and a very short umbilical cord. Both pregnancies were managed expectantly and delivered by Cesarean section. The abnormal babies died soon after birth and autopsy confirmed the sonographic diagnosis. Body stalk anomaly in twins is extremely rare. These are, to our knowledge, the first cases reported on monozygotic twins discordant for this anomaly, indicating that the incomplete twinning theory cannot uniformly explain the pathogenesis of the body stalk in twins.
Comparative flow cytometric analysis of Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in solid neoplasms

The proliferation associated antigens, Ki-67 and proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), have been widely used in studies assessing the growth fraction in human malignancies. It remains unclear, however, whether these markers yield similar assessments of proliferative activity in any given neoplasm. In this study, we compared Ki-67 and PCNA expression in 93 malignant solid neoplasms using bivariate flow cytometric analysis of these antigens and DNA content. The growth fractions measured by Ki-67 and PCNA were compared and correlated with acridine orange (AO) analysis and tumor grade. Our results indicate a significant difference between Ki-67 and PCNA values in neoplasms of low and intermediate grade (P = 0.002); Ki-67 values were significantly lower than those obtained by PCNA in this group. No statistical difference between Ki-67 and PCNA values was found in high grade neoplasms (P = 0.38). Analysis of different cell cycle compartments indicates that the observed difference in the positivity of these markers was due to their differential expression in the G0/1 segment of the cell cycle. We conclude that Ki-67 may better reflect the proliferative activity in solid neoplasms than does PCNA.
Design of piecewise-linear switching functions for relay control systems

The design of piecewise-linear switching functions is investigated for linear, constant, lumped systems with a single ideal relay controller with respect to a transient response (minimum-time) performance criterion. A design method is presented which consists of a series of steps leading finally to the optimization of parameters by a gradient or other search technique suitable for computer implementation. The preliminary steps are devoted to reducing the dimensionality of the parameter space which must be searched, defining the criterion function so as to yield a surface which is reasonably smooth and free of relative minima, and insuring that the search is started with a feasible parameter set. It is concluded that easily implemented piecewise-linear switching functions can be designed so as to yield improved performance, both in terms of settling times and region of stability in the state space, over that attainable with linear switching functions. The complexities of the performance surface are such, however, that it is felt that frequently the determination of a switching function by the heuristic guides described, constitutes an adequate design without the refinement of parameter optimization.
Conservation subdivisions: a wildlife perspective.

Abstract Conservation subdivision is a design concept used by landscape architects and other built environment professionals to conserve wildlife habitat within growing communities. The idea is by clustering homes together to maximize open space, one can conserve urban biodiversity. It is a popular concept used by many planners and landscape architects and is used in many municipalities as an alternative to conventional urban development. In this review paper, we systematically review Randall Arendt's book, Conservation Design for Subdivisions: A Practical Guide to Creating Open Space Networks, which has championed the conservation design concept. Through this review and our experiences with how the conservation design concept has been applied, we provide suggestions that will (1) maximize the potential of conservation subdivisions to conserve wildlife and their habitats, and (2) promote positive wildlife experiences for residents of conservation subdivisions. We found several recommended design elements that could negatively impact wildlife but of significance, we found that most guidelines and effort in conservation subdivisions are placed on the design phase: construction and post-construction phases are neglected. We discuss the social and ecological elements that warrant consideration during the construction and post-construction phases and how they are necessary in order to conserve functional wildlife habitat within a conservation subdivision.
Farm and market structure, industrial regulation and rural community welfare: conceptual and methodological issues

The Goldschmidt Hypothesis posits that rural community welfare is negatively associated with the scale of farms surrounding them. The intervening mechanism that links a farm structure dominated by larger farms to negative rural community welfare outcomes is polarized class structure. There have been a number of studies that have found support for the basic relationship between increasing farm scale and negative rural community outcomes. However, since Walter Goldschmidt’s original study was completed in the 1940s, the agricultural market and farming structures have changed dramatically. Market structure is now more differentiated than in previous decades. Vertical and horizontal integration, contract production, organic and other specialty markets, and direct marketing are examples of new marketing forms that have emerged over the past few decades. In addition, as farm and market structure have shifted, some states have enacted public policy to forestall negative outcomes related to the industrialization of agriculture. Previous studies which measured the effects on rural community welfare from the structure of the surrounding farming sector have been valuable contributions to the development of the sociology of agriculture and have led to increased understanding of agriculture and rural development. However, a new generation of studies should be undertaken to address the impacts of changing market structure as well as assess public policy attempts to mitigate negative impacts of agricultural industrialization. To that end I present a discussion of conceptual and methodological issues related to such a research program. And I offer a conceptual model intended to be useful in guiding future research in this area.
Clinical biology and surgical therapy of intramucosal adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.

Background Mucosal ablation and endoscopic mucosal resection have been proposed as alternatives to surgical resection as therapy for intramucosal adenocarcinoma (IMC) of the esophagus. Acceptance of these alternative therapies requires an understanding of the clinical biology of IMC and the results of surgical resection modified for treatment of early disease. Study design Retrospective review of 78 patients (65 men, 13 women; median age 66 years) with IMC who were treated with progressively less-extensive surgical resections (ie, en bloc, transhiatal, and vagal-sparing esophagectomy) from 1987 to 2005. Results The tumor was located in a visible segment of Barrett's esophagus in 65 (83%) and in cardia intestinal metaplasia in 13 (17%). A visible lesion was present in 53 (68%) and in all but 4 the lesion was cancer. In those patients with visible Barrett's, the tumor was within 3 cm of the gastroesophageal junction in 66% and within 1 cm in 37%. Esophagectomy was en bloc in 23, transhiatal in 31, vagal-sparing in 20, and transthoracic in 4. Operative mortality was 2.6%. Vagal-sparing esophagectomy had less morbidity, a shorter hospital stay, and no mortality. Of the patients who had en bloc resection, a median of 41 nodes were removed. One patient had one lymph node metastasis on hematoxylin and eosin staining and two others, normal on hematoxylin and eosin staining, had micrometastases on immunohistochemistry. Actuarial survival at 5 years was 88% and was similar for all types of resections. Two patients died from systemic metastases and seven from noncancer causes. Conclusions IMC occurred in cardia intestinal metaplasia and in Barrett's esophagus. Two-thirds of patients with IMC had a visible lesion. Most tumors occurred near the gastroesophageal junction. Node metastases were uncommon, questioning the need for lymphadenectomy. A vagal-sparing technique had less morbidity than other forms of resection and no mortality. Survival after all types of resection was similar. Outcomes of endoscopic techniques should be compared with this benchmark.
Comparison of feed additive technologies for preconditioning of weaned beef calves.

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate the response of weaned calves to different supplemental feed additives in a supplement to affect calf performance and mitigate stress response observed during weaning and preconditioning. At weaning in each of 2 yr, 160 Angus and Brangus calves (203 and 227 ± 2.3 and 2.5 kg) were stratified by BW, sex, and breed and were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments ( = 40 calves/treatment): 1) supplement without feed additives (control, CON), 2) supplemented with chlortetracycline, 350 mg/d (CTC), 3) supplemented with monensin, 175 mg/d (RUM), and 4) supplemented with rumen modifier, 5 g/d (ACT). Calves were held by treatment in 1 of 4 drylot pens for 7 d after weaning and were offered ad libitum access to hay and 2.27 kg/d of supplement before placement in one of thirty-two 0.8-ha pastures (5 calves/pasture). On pasture calves were supplemented with 2.27 kg/d (yr 1) or supplemented at 1.0% BW (yr 2). Calf BW and blood samples were collected following weaning (d 0, 1, 4, 7, 11 in yr 1; d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14 in yr 2), at the conclusion of the preconditioning period (d 50, 51 in yr 2), and after transportation (d 52, 55, 59, 65 in yr 2) for analysis of acute phase protein (APP) concentrations. In yr 2, after 44 d on pasture, calves were loaded on 2 semitrucks and transported for 24 h. On return, calves were placed in 4 pastures with hay and fed their respective supplements for 14 d. For each year, data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included the main effect of treatment, and pasture was the experimental unit. All variables quantified by day were analyzed using repeated measures. In yr 1, ACT and CTC had greater (P 0.05) among treatments; however an effect of day after transport (P < 0.001) was observed. Feed cost of gain and income over production cost (P ≥ 0.15; mean = $0.51/kg and $73.51, respectively) were not different among treatments. Use of supplemental additives may improve calf performance during a preconditioning period of this duration, but no additive was effective at mitigating stress postweaning. Additives were equally effective in supporting calf growth performance during a posttransportation period.
Abstract 381: Upregulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α-converting Enzyme (TACE) Protein Expression in db/db Mice is Reversed by Rosiglitazone

TACE, also known as ADAM17, is involved in the ectodomain shedding of several membrane bound proteins. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), homologue of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), is known to be renoprotective by increasing the degradation of vasoactive peptide Angiotensin II (Ang II) to vasodilator peptide Ang - (1-7). It has been shown before that TACE mediates regulated ectodomain shedding of ACE2. PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, is known to impart renoprotection by attenuating albuminuria. However, the exact mechanism of renoprotection is not clear. Our previous results and others showed that renal ACE2 protein expression is increased during early stages of diabetes in db/db mice. We also demonstrated increased urinary ACE2 excretion in db/db mice. The goal of this study is to test the hypothesis that TACE is upregulated in db/db diabetic mice and treatment with rosiglitazone imparts renoprotection by attenuating the shedding of renal ACE2 via downregulating TACE protein expression. Male 6 week db/db mice were fed rosiglitazone (20mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. Metabolic and urinary parameters were monitored weekly. Kidney lysate and urine was used to perform western blot and ACE2 activity (pmols/h/μg protein) respectively. db/db mice demonstrated glucose intolerance, hyperglycemia (348.2±29.9 mg/dL), and albuminuria (0.3±0.05 mg/day) at a very early age. Chronic rosiglitazone treatment normalized blood glucose levels (142.0±12.2 mg/dL), improved glucose tolerance and decreased albuminuria (0.17±0.03 mg/day) in treated db/db mice. Western blot showed increased renal TACE protein expression of db/db mice compared to controls (p<0.05). Treatment with rosiglitazone significantly decreased renal TACE protein expression in treated db/db mice compared to untreated mice (p<0.05). In addition, db/db mice demonstrated a 7 fold increase in urinary ACE2 activity (15.1±4.5) compared to controls (1.74±0.9). Treatment with rosiglitazone significantly attenuated and normalized ACE2 activity in treated db/db mice (0.1±0.06). In conclusion, TACE is upregulated in db/db mice and normalizing hyperglycemia with rosiglitazone could impart renoprotection by decreasing renal TACE protein expression and shedding of renal ACE2.
Reinterpreting Time in Fit Theory: Crafting and Recrafting Narratives of Fit in Medias Res

We expand the largely contemporaneous fit literature with a model that explains how individuals craft and recraft stories of fit in medias res—in the middle of things. These fit narratives, composed of retrospected, current, and anticipated fit and woven together by a theme, help individuals make sense of their fit experiences and relate to outcomes through temporal influence and temporal comparison processes. Our model both extends and reinterprets our understanding of fit over time.
Thinking: Problem Solving and Reasoning

Bourne et al. (1979) reminded us that real-life problems come in all shapes and sizes. Earlier we observed that these real-life problems are faced by adults of all ages. Our concern is with what happens to problem-solving proficiency over the course of the adult segment of the life span and with what accounts for age changes in proficiency. To study problem-solving behavior in the laboratory, psychologists have introduced a number of specific problem situations that are intended to simulate a myriad of problem situations encountered in the real world. Several of these problems are given in Table 11.1. Our initial step will be to examine the processes that have been postulated by both associationists and cognitive psychologists to enter into the solving of these kinds of problems (see Bourne, Dominowski, Loftus, & Healy, 1986; Bourne et al., 1979; Glass, Holyoak, & Santa, 1979; and Newell & Simon, 1972; for more detailed reviews). Along the way, we will indicate likely candidates for age sensitivity.
Measurement of Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) in CLA-Rich Potato Chips by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy

A conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich soy oil has been produced by photoisomerization of soy oil linoleic acid. Nutritional studies have shown that CLA possesses health benefits in terms of reducing certain heart disease and diabetes risk factors. Potato chips are snacks that are readily produced in the CLA-rich soy oil containing CLA levels similar to those of the oil used for frying. The objective of this study was to develop an FTIR method to rapidly determine the CLA content of oil in potato chips. Photoirradiated soy oil samples with ∼25% total CLA were mixed with control soy oil, and 100 soy oil samples with total CLA levels ranging from 0.89 to 24.4% were made. Potato chips were fried using each of these 300 g CLA rich soy oil mixtures at 175 °C for approximately 3 min. Duplicate GC-FID fatty acid analyses were conducted on oil extracted from each batch of potato chips. The chip samples were ground and then scanned using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with the aid of a high-pressure clamp, and duplicate spectra of each sample were averaged to obtain an average spectrum. Calibration models were developed using PLS regression analysis. These correlated the CLA isomer concentrations of potato chips obtained by GC-FID fatty acid analysis with their corresponding FTIR spectral features. The calibration models were fully cross validated and tested using samples that were not used in the calibration sample set. Calibrations for total CLA, trans,trans CLA, trans-10,cis-12 CLA, trans-9,cis-11 CLA, cis-10,trans-12 CLA, and cis-9,trans-11 CLA had coefficients of determinations (R2v) between 0.91 and 0.96 and corresponding root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP) ranging from 0.005 to 1.44. The ATR-FTIR technique showed potential as a method for the determination of the CLA levels in unknown potato chip samples.
The International Dimension of the U.S. HIV Transmission Network and Onward Transmission of HIV Recently Imported into the United States

The majority of HIV infections in the United States can be traced back to a single introduction in late 1960s or early 1970s. However, it remains unclear whether subsequent introductions of HIV into the United States have given rise to onward transmission. Genetic transmission networks can aid in understanding HIV transmission. We constructed a genetic distance-based transmission network using HIV-1 pol sequences reported to the U.S. National HIV Surveillance System (n = 41,539) and all publicly available non-U.S. HIV-1 pol sequences (n = 86,215). Of the 13,145 U.S. persons clustered in the network, 457 (3.5%) were genetically linked to a potential transmission partner outside the United States. For internationally connected persons residing in but born outside the United States, 61% had a connection to their country of birth or to another country that shared a language with their country of birth. Bayesian molecular clock phylogenetic analyses indicate that introduced nonsubtype B infections have resulted in onward transmission within the United States.
A Quantitative Comparison of Observational Methodologies for Studies of Worker Honeybees

SummaryIn order to determine whether data sets collected by ‘focal-animal’ and ‘instantaneous and scan’ techniques are comparable, a single age-cohort of worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) was observed using both techniques. Scan sampling involves recording the first behaviour pattern seen during an observation period for each of a number of individual animals. Focal sampling involves recording all the behaviour patterns performed by an individual animal during an observation period. Statistical analysis showed that the two data-sets were indistinguishable.Data gathered in scan samples are independent in a statistical sense, and a wide variety of hypotheses and statistical tests are compatible with data collected by this method. Frequency data gathered in focal samples suffer from the difficulty of sequential non-independence, which makes them incompatible with many statistical tests. Focal-sample data are nonetheless required in studies addressing behavioural transition frequencies, bouting and duration o...
ASC system activity is altered by development of cell polarity in trophoblast from human placenta

Pathways of neutral amino acid uptake were investigated in vitro during differentiation of primary cultures of trophoblast isolated from full-term human placentas and a clone (b30) of the BeWo cell line. Inhibition of initial alanine (0.1 microM) uptake by 2-(methylamino)isobutyric acid and unlabeled alanine revealed two Na(+)-dependent systems and one Na(+)-independent transporter. Characterization of these transporters, by selective inhibition, suggested system A, ASC, and L-like transporters. Concomitant with formation of microvillous membrane and syncytium, system ASC activity decreased from 16.1 +/- 2.8 pmol.mg DNA-1.min-1 at 24 h to 2.4 +/- 1.1 pmol.mg DNA-1.min-1 at 72 h. Na(+)-independent alanine uptake increased from 6.0 +/- 2.0 to 12.9 +/- 0.9 pmol.mg DNA-1.min-1 at 24 and 72 h, respectively. Similarly, alpha-(methylamino)isobutyric acid-insensitive, Na(+)-dependent activity in b30 cells (100 microM alanine) decreased from 6.5 +/- 1.6 to 1.2 +/- 1.2 nmol.mg DNA-1.min-1 for control and forskolin-treated cells, respectively. We conclude that membrane specialization accompanying fusion and differentiation of the cytotrophoblast to form syncytiotrophoblast results in a polarization of neutral amino acid transport systems.
Technical note: Simultaneous fully dynamic characterization of multiple input–output relationships in climate models

Abstract. We introduce system identification techniques to climate science wherein multiple dynamic input–output relationships can be simultaneously characterized in a single simulation. This method, involving multiple small perturbations (in space and time) of an input field while monitoring output fields to quantify responses, allows for identification of different timescales of climate response to forcing without substantially pushing the climate far away from a steady state. We use this technique to determine the steady-state responses of low cloud fraction and latent heat flux to heating perturbations over 22 regions spanning Earth's oceans. We show that the response characteristics are similar to those of step-change simulations, but in this new method the responses for 22 regions can be characterized simultaneously. Furthermore, we can estimate the timescale over which the steady-state response emerges. The proposed methodology could be useful for a wide variety of purposes in climate science, including characterization of teleconnections and uncertainty quantification to identify the effects of climate model tuning parameters.