cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking Stock of Antidumping, Safeguards and Countervailing Duties, 1990–2009

This article examines the evolving, cross-country use of antidumping, safeguard and countervailing duty policies – temporary trade barriers (TTBs) – over the period 1990–2009. I construct two new measures of imported products subject to the combined use of these TTBs before applying these measures to new data drawn from the World Bank’s Temporary Trade Barriers Database. I then establish a number of facts regarding trends in historical use to benchmark against policy activity during the global economic crisis of 2008–09. The 2008–09 economic shock mostly accentuates patterns and trends already visible in the precrisis data: e.g., while the major users of such policies overall combined to increase the product lines subject to TTBs by 25 per cent during the crisis, this was driven almost entirely by developing economies which increased their product coverage by 40 per cent. Perhaps surprisingly, recession-affected high-income economies increased their stock of product coverage by only 5 per cent during the crisis, a muted policy response consistent with earlier trends in which major developed economies like the United States and EU reduced the stock of imported products they subject to TTBs to 2007 levels that were only 50 per cent as high as their within-period peak. Furthermore, a previously unidentified feature of the data is that a much larger share of China’s exported products to other developing economies is subject to foreign-imposed antidumping than its exports to developed economies. The evidence confirms this feature is shared by a number of other major developing economy exporters, deepening concern that these discriminatory trade barriers are increasingly a ‘South–South’ phenomenon. Finally, I also clarify emerging trends in countervailing duty (anti-subsidy) use across countries.
Opportunistic Spectral Reuse in Cellular Systems

Cognitive radio is a key enabling technology of dynamic spectrum access for exploiting unused spectrum resources. This article focuses on modeling the opportunity for cellular systems which have the greatest spectrum scarcity problem. A system model is introduced for analyzing the opportunistic bandwidth within a cellular network through a spatial evaluation of the resources used by the primary and available to the secondary systems. Towards this purpose, two metrics are introduced signifying the spatial coherence of resources: the region of interference and the region of communications. Our results suggest significant underutilized resources that can be scavenged through secondary users to greatly improve the spectral efficiency of cellular networks.
A method for identifying market power

An ability to exercise market power by suppliers may significantly reduce market efficiency in restructured electricity markets. Many studies have been performed to develop an effective tool to identify market power based on indices. Most often it is rather difficult to use an index-based method for real-time analysis. This paper provides a method to identify market power that can be used in real time. The purpose is to analyze price-dispatch sensitivity to determine whether there is a generator or a subset of generators that have the ability to increase its own price profitably. Case studies performed on a modified IEEE 118-bus system are presented.
An Evaluation of the Effects of Soil Characteristics on Mitigation and Restoration Involving Blue Elderberry, Sambucus mexicana

We conducted field surveys and laboratory analyses to test the effects of soil characteristics in habitat mitigation sites and natural sites on the growth and condition of blue elderberry (Sambucus mexicana), which is the sole host plant for the federally threatened Valley elderberry longhorn beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus). Thirty mitigation and 16 natural sites were selected throughout the range of the beetle. We found that although plant relative growth rates were comparable between mitigation sites and a natural site, mitigation sites contained substantially less soil nutrients than mitigation sites. Within mitigation sites, elderberry health and growth were positively correlated with the amount of total nitrogen in soils and less strongly with other soil nutrients and soil moisture. Analyses demonstrated reductions in the relative growth rate of elderberry as mitigation sites aged, and that soil nutrients and soil moisture became depleted over time. For mitigation sites, it took approximately seven years to develop basal stem diameters that have been linked to successful beetle colonization. Mitigation sites have smaller shrubs than natural sites and growth slows as mitigation sites age, thus delaying convergence of conditions between natural and mitigation sites. Analyses of soil particle size and whether sites were within the 100-year floodplain (as an indicator of riparian conditions) were inconclusive. We recommend investigating fertilizing and optimum planting densities for elderberry at restoration and mitigation sites, as well as increasing the duration of irrigation and monitoring.
BILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY WITH CONCOMITANT RENAL GRAFT TRANSPLANTATION FOR AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Purpose: There has been controversy about pre-transplant nephrectomy in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidneys may be removed in these patients when they cause respiratory compromise, early satiety, increased abdominal girth, pain, hematuria or recurrent infection. We determined whether concomitant bilateral nephrectomy at renal transplantation is safe and efficacious.Materials and Methods: Between December 1996 and January 1999, 10 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease underwent bilateral nephrectomy with concomitant renal grafting (group 1). We compared these patients to 9 with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease matched for age and gender who underwent transplantation only (group 2) and 4 with the same condition who underwent bilateral nephrectomy and renal transplantation as staged procedures (group 3).Results: No patients died perioperatively. There was a lower rate of complications in group 1 than in groups 2 or 3. The only significant diffe...
Variation in the human lymphocyte sister chromatid exchange frequency as a function of time: results of daily and twice-weekly sampling

The variation in lymphocyte sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency was investigated in healthy nonsmokers who were not taking any medication. Two separate studies were undertaken. In the first, blood was drawn from four women twice a week for 8 weeks. These donors recorded the onset and termination of menstruation and times of illness. In the second study, blood was obtained from two women and two men for 5 consecutive days on two separate occasions initiated 14 days apart. One donor participated in both studies. Analysis of the mean SCE frequencies in each study indicated that significant temporal variation occurred in each donor, and that more variation occurred in the longer study. Some of the variation was found to be associated with the menstrual cycle. Peaks in the SCE frequency were observed at times that corresponded approximately to ovulation and to the beginning and end of menstruation. In the daily study, most of the variation appeared to be random, but occasional day-to-day changes occurred that were greater than those expected by chance. To determine how well a single SCE sample estimated the pooled mean for each donor in each study, we calculated the number of samples that encompassed that donor's pooled mean within 1 or more standard errors. For both studies, about 75% of the samples encompassed the pooled mean within 2 standard errors. An analysis of high-frequency cells (HFCs) was also undertaken. The results for each study indicate that the proportion of HFCs, compared with the use of Fisher's Exact test, is significantly more constant than the means, which were compared by using the t-test. These results coupled with our previous work suggest that HFC analysis may be the method of choice when analyzing data from human population studies.
The bronchoprotective effect of deep inspiration is flow rate dependent.

Summary Background and study objective Deep inspiration (DI) protects against methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that this bronchoprotective effect of DI depends upon the inspiratory flow rate. Design Prospective, controlled study. Setting Pulmonary function laboratory within a large tertiary medical center. Participants Ten healthy nonsmokers without asthma or rhinitis. Measurements First, we performed a methacholine challenge in the absence of DI to determine the concentration sufficient to reduce FEV1 by 20%. On two subsequent days, the challenge was repeated with the addition of either a fast or slow DI immediately before the threshold concentration of methacholine. We calculated the % reduction in FEV1 and FVC from baseline. Results Mean % reduction in FEV1 and FVC was significantly less with a fast DI than with no DI (20±3% vs. 34±4% for FEV1, p=0.02; 12±3% vs. 23±3% for FVC, p=0.03); slow DIs did not significantly affect the methacholine-induced reduction in lung function. Conclusion A fast DI is bronchoprotective while a slow DI is not. Elucidating the conditions that maximize or alternatively, eliminate bronchoprotection in healthy subjects may ultimately provide insight into the pathophysiology of asthma.
Work-Related Intimate Partner Violence, Acculturation, and Socioeconomic Status Among Employed Mexican Men Enrolled in Batterer Intervention Programs

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been shown to have considerable effects on women’s employment and health. The purpose of this study was to examine work-related IPV, acculturation, and socioeconomic status (SES) among Latinos enrolled in batterer intervention programs. Findings indicate that 55% of men interfered with their partner’s ability to get to their work, to do their work, and to maintain their job. Positive relationships between acculturation and work-related IPV were observed, and some support was found for a moderating role of SES. Implications for employers and for the conceptualization of violence against women in an employment context are discussed.
The influence of the nutritional content of the adult male diet on testis mass, body condition and courtship vigour in a Hawaiian Drosophila

Summary 1. The effects of the nutritional quality of the adult diet (primarily protein content) on testis mass, body condition and courtship vigour were studied in a Hawaiian Drosophila, D. grimshawi, a lek-forming species under strong sexual selection. The primary goals of this study were to determine whether there is a trade-off between investment in reproductive and somatic tissues, and to examine whether this trade-off is influenced by quality of the adult diet. 2. Quality of the adult diet had a major influence on male body condition, courtship vigour and testis mass, but males varied in their investment patterns even within diet treatment. 3. Body condition, a measure of phenotypic quality, was significantly related to how much males invested in testis and body tissues, but the nature of the relationships differed between males fed high- or low-quality diets. 4. Paragonia volume was significantly smaller for adult males fed low-quality diets than for males fed high-quality diets. Nutrient-deficient diets apparently forced males to trade off investment in testes and body condition, and in body condition and courtship vigour, but nutrient-rich diets did not result in severe trade-offs. 5. Collectively, the results suggest that fluctuation in adult diet quality of male D. grimshawi might influence male reproductive quality in ways that might limit female reproductive output and/or be a factor for female choice in this species.
MEDIEVAL DISTORTIONS: THE PROJECTIONS OF ANCIENT MAPS

ABSTRACT Estimates of the map projection employed for an ancient map is a prerequisite for a variety of other studies. The preliminary evaluation presented here has yielded empirical equations for the Hereford map and illustrated the agreement of a Portolan chart with an oblique Mercator projection.
Niobate Nanosheets as Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting into Hydrogen and Hydrogen Peroxide

Tetrabutylammonium-stabilized Ca2Nb3O10 nanosheets catalyze photochemical splitting of water into hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide under UV irradiation. The peroxide forms on the surface of the catalyst and adsorbs to it, fully deactivating the catalyst after 48 h of irradiation. For the Pt-modified niobate, complete deactivation occurs within 24 h due to higher H2 evolution rate with this system. The peroxide was identified via Raman and IR spectroscopy. In vibrational spectra, the irradiated niobate exhibits bands at 580, 778, and 940 cm−1, which suggest that the peroxide is present as a side-on ligand coordinated to the Nb5+ ions on the nanosheet surface. The same species can be formed by treating the nanosheets with 30% aqueous H2O2. If the catalyst is irradiated in H218O, the bands shift to lower energy, indicating that the peroxide species is formed from water. Room-temperature storage of the nanosheets in H218O also leads to isotopic exchange of all Nb−O atoms over the course of 24 h. Peroxide amount...
Key Generation: Foundations and a New Quantum Approach

The fundamental security and efficiency considerations for fresh key generation will be described. It is shown that the attacker's optimal probability of finding the generated key is an indispensable measure of security and that this probability limits the possibility of privacy amplification and the amount of fresh key that can be generated. A new approach to quantum cryptography to be called keyed communication in quantum noise (KCQ) is developed on the basis of quantum detection and communication theory for classical information transmission. KCQ key generation schemes with coherent states of considerable energy will be described. The possibility of fresh key generation is demonstrated for binary and N-ary detection systems under heterodyne attacks. The security issues of these schemes will be discussed and compared with BB84. The emphasis throughout is on concrete finite bit-length protocols.
Stealth polymeric vesicles via metal-free click coupling.

The strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition represents an optimal metal-free method for the modular coupling of amphiphilic polymer blocks. Hydrophilic poly(oxazoline) (PMOXA) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) A-blocks were coupled with a hydrophobic poly(siloxane) B-block to provide triblock copolymers capable of self-assembling into vesicular nanostructures. Stealth properties investigated via a complement activation assay revealed the superior in vitro stealth attributes of polymeric vesicles synthesized via a metal-free approach to those coupled via the widely used copper-catalyzed click method. Furthermore, the ability to change a single parameter, such as the hydrophilic block, allowed the direct comparison of the biocompatibility properties of triblock copolymers containing PMOXA or PEG. Our studies convincingly demonstrate the need for a metal-free approach, both in preventing cytotoxicity while imparting optimal stealth properties for potential biomedical applications.
Anterior chamber depth studies.

Purpose To compare the anterior chamber depth (ACD; corneal epithelium to lens) using 3 modalities and compare the change 1 day and 3 months postoperatively. Setting Private practice, Santa Monica, California, USA. Design Nonrandomized prospective series. Methods The mean optical pachymetry and immersion ultrasound (US) of the ACD and partial coherence interferometry (PCI) were measured. Optical pachymetry ACD was measured in 675 eyes postoperatively at 1 day and 3 months. Results The optical pachymetry ACD in 492 eyes was 3.17 mm ± 0.42 (SD); by immersion US, it was 2.99 ± 0.51 mm (0.18 mm deeper; P P > .05). In 675 eyes, optical pachymetry ACD preoperatively was 3.19 ± 0.40 mm. The postoperative 1-day optical pachymetry ACD was 4.35 ± 0.35 mm with a mean refractive error of −0.30 diopter (D); the final 3-month optical pachymetry ACD was 4.47 ± 0.31 mm, with a mean refractive error of −0.07 D ( P Conclusions The PCI ACD was comparable with optical pachymetry, but careful immersion US led to a 0.18 mm shorter ACD reading that cannot be corrected by sound velocity. The posterior capsule contracted and moved the IOL posteriorly 0.12 mm, resulting in 0.23 D hyperopic shift. Financial Disclosure Dr. Hoffer owns the registered trademark name “Hoffer ® ” and receives royalties for its commercial use from Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Appasamy Associates, Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, DGH Technology, Inc., Ellex iScience, Inc., Haag-Streit AG, Nidek Co., Ltd., Tomey Corp., Topcon Medical Systems, Inc., and Ziemer USA, Inc., as well as royalties from Slack, Inc. for the textbook IOL Power . Neither author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
THE EXOSKELETON AND INSECT PROPRIOCEPTION. I. RESPONSES OF TIBIAL CAMPANIFORM SENSILLA TO EXTERNAL AND MUSCLE-GENERATED FORCES IN THE AMERICAN COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA

1. 1. The tibial campaniform sensilla are a group of mechanoreceptors in the cockroach leg that respond to cuticular strain. Each sensillum consists of a single bipolar neurone whose dendrite inserts into an ovoid cuticular cap embedded in the exoskeleton. 2. 2. The tibial campaniform sensilla are consistently separable into two subgroups with mutually perpendicular cap orientation: the long axis of the caps of proximal subgroups are oriented perpendicular to the tibial long axis; caps of the distal subgroup are parallel to the tibia. 3. 3. The responses of individual, identified sensilla from both subgroups were tested to the following forces: bending forces (perpendicular to the leg long axis), axial forces (parallel to the leg axis), torques (twisting about the leg long axis) and forces generated by the tibial muscles. 4. 4. The tibial campaniform sensilla respond vigorously to bending forces imposed in the plane of movement of the adjacent femorotibial joint. Individual sensilla exhibit orientation-dependent directional sensitivity in their response: the proximal sensilla respond only to dorsal bending; the distal sensilla respond only to ventral bending. Sensilla respond less vigorously to bending forces in other planes. 5. 5. Responses are weak but directionally sensitive to axial forces: the proximal sensilla fire upon axial compression; the distal sensilla fire upon axial tension. 6. 6. Both subgroups respond simultaneously but weakly to imposed torques. 7. 7. Contractions of the tibial muscles produce strong orientation dependent responses: the proximal sensilla respond only to flexor muscle contractions; the distal sensilla respond only to extensor muscle contractions. 8. 8. These responses are accurately predicted from a simple model in which the tibia behaves as a cylinder under stress. The tibial campaniform sensilla respond as directionally sensitive strain gauges. Each individual sensillum responds only to compressions perpendicular to the long axis of its cuticular cap. 9. 9. Tibial campaniform sensilla respond best to those forces that the animal can most effectively control.
Grote’s View of Phenomenalism

As a basis for his constructive criticism of James Frederick Ferrier, Sir William Hamilton, John Stuart Mill, and others, Grote seeks in the beginning of the Exploratio Philosophica to show what he means by the term ‘phenomenalism’ The use of the word ‘noumenon’ is, at least, as old as Plato. It is therefore expedient to refer to the use of these words, ‘noumenon’ and ‘phenomenon’, in their earliest connotation. Examples of the early use of ‘noumenon’ are in the Republic,1 and in the Parmenides.2 The word ‘noumenon’ is derived from the Greek, νοούμeνον, anything known, from νοeτν, ‘to know’ It is the German ‘Ding-an-sich’ It is free from all sense, and is the object of rational intuition, or pure thought.
ON THE EXCEPTIONAL STRUCTURE OF $End_{U_q sl_2 } \left( {V_N^{ \otimes n} } \right)$

We show that the algebras and are Morita equivalent for any N, M, for n>1 provided that . Since all the generic structures are known, and the full structure of the N = 2 case is known, this completely determines the representation theory of all these algebras, including all unitarizable and non-unitarizable exceptional cases.
Editor's Post-Script

Our goal for this forum was not only to call for enriching our scholarship through diversity, but more importantly to create an avenue for change. Change begins with recognizing which differences a...
The Effect of Low External Temperatures on the Brood-Nest Temperatures of a Normal Colony of Bees During Summer

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the brood-nest temperatures of a normal colony of honeybees, when a fairly constant low temperature, below that of the ordinary climatic temperature, was maintained around the hive.
Bioinspired artificial protein materials: Self-assembly and order from nano to macroscale

We describe the biosynthesis and characterization of protein materials comprised of two distinct self-assembling domains (SADs): elastin (E) found in tissue for its elastic properties and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein coiled-coil (COMPcc, C) predominantly locatedin joint and in bones. Based on earlier studies on protein block polymers comprised these two SADs, orientation and number of blocks play a crucial role in the overall stimuli-responsive supramolecular assembly behavior. Here we fabricate a range of EnC and CEn block polymers in which the E domain is systematically truncated to explore the effects of the E domain on the overall physicochemical behavior.
Isomer-specific biodegradation of nonylphenol in river sediments and structure-biodegradability relationship.

Nonylphenol (NP), a well-known environmental estrogen with numerous isomers, is frequently found in surface water and sediments. Recent studies showed that NP isomers exhibited different estrogenic...
Mesoporous Block Copolymer Morphology Studied by Contrast-Matched Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering

We demonstrate the use of contrast-matched resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) for studying the morphology of mesoporous polystyrene-block-polyethylene-block-polystyrene (SES) copolymer membranes. The mesoporous membranes were obtained by blending the SES copolymer and polystyrene (PS) homopolymer to obtain a nonporous membrane, followed by selective dissolution of the PS. If the PS homopolymer chains are initially located within the PS microphase of the SES copolymer, then one obtains a porous film wherein the pores are lined with PS. We refer to this as the templated morphology. The membranes are thus composed of three phases: voids, PS, and PE. Conventional techniques such as small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) only distinguish between the polymer and the voids. The main advance in this paper is to show that microphase separation between PS and PE can be studied by contrast-matched RSoXS in spite of the presence of voids. Under certain circumstances, we obtain ...
Significance of the Liver in the Production of Lithogenic Bile in Man

Gallbladder bile, hepatic bile, and gallstones were obtained from 20 patients at surgery. The bile was analyzed for bile acids, cholesterol, and phospholipids and the gallstones for cholesterol. There was no significant difference in the lipid composition between the gallbladder and hepatic bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones. The gallbladder and hepatic bile of patients with cholesterol gallstones was out of the micellar zone or near the line of cholesterol saturation. Four patients who had pigmented stones with only traces of cholesterol had normal hepatic and gallbladder bile. Two patients had no demonstrable gallstones, but the gallbladder and hepatic bile were abnormal. The results of the present study suggest that the gallbladder does not play a major role in the alteration of the bile secreted by the liver and that the liver is the principal site for the production of the abnormal bile associated with cholesterol gallstone formation in man.
Dry/Wet Cycling and the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Prebiotic Polymer Synthesis.

The endoergic nature of protein and nucleic acid assembly in aqueous media presents two questions that are fundamental to the understanding of life’s origins: (i) how did the polymers arise in an aqueous prebiotic world; and (ii) once formed in some manner, how were they sufficiently persistent to engage in further chemistry. We propose here a quantitative resolution of these issues that evolved from recent accounts in which RNA-like polymers were produced in evaporation/rehydration cycles. The equilibrium Nm + Nn ↔ Nm+n + H2O is endoergic by about 3.3 kcal/mol for polynucleotide formation, and the system thus lies far to the left in the starting solutions. Kinetic simulations of the evaporation showed that simple Le Châtelier’s principle shifts were insufficient, but the introduction of oligomer-stabilizing factors of 5–10 kcal/mol both moved the process to the right and respectively boosted and retarded the elongation and hydrolysis rates. Molecular crowding and excluded volume effects in present-day cells yield stabilizing factors of that order, and we argue here that the crowded conditions in the evaporites generate similar effects. Oligomer formation is thus energetically preferred in those settings, but the process is thwarted in each evaporation step as diffusion becomes rate limiting. Rehydration dissipates disordered oligomer clusters in the evaporites, however, and subsequent dry/wet cycling accordingly “ratchets up” the system to an ultimate population of kinetically trappedthermodynamically preferred biopolymers.
Thermal Resistance of Listeria spp. in Milk.

The thermal resistance of one strain each of Listeria ivanovii , L. seeligeri , and L. welshimeri and three L. monocytogenes strains was determined in raw and sterile milk. Listeria spp. suspended in milk at concentrations of 1 × 105 cells/ml were heated at temperatures ranging from 52.2 to 71.1°C for various contact times. The heat resistance of L. monocytogenes appeared somewhat greater than that of the other Listeria spp. in both milks, but the difference was not statistically significant (α = 0.05). High-temperature, short-time processing is adequate for pasteurization of raw milk.
Ab initio structure determination from prion nanocrystals at atomic resolution by MicroED

Electrons, because of their strong interaction with matter, produce high-resolution diffraction patterns from tiny 3D crystals only a few hundred nanometers thick in a frozen-hydrated state. This discovery offers the prospect of facile structure determination of complex biological macromolecules, which cannot be coaxed to form crystals large enough for conventional crystallography or cannot easily be produced in sufficient quantities. Two potential obstacles stand in the way. The first is a phenomenon known as dynamical scattering, in which multiple scattering events scramble the recorded electron diffraction intensities so that they are no longer informative of the crystallized molecule. The second obstacle is the lack of a proven means of de novo phase determination, as is required if the molecule crystallized is insufficiently similar to one that has been previously determined. We show with four structures of the amyloid core of the Sup35 prion protein that, if the diffraction resolution is high enough, sufficiently accurate phases can be obtained by direct methods with the cryo-EM method microelectron diffraction (MicroED), just as in X-ray diffraction. The success of these four experiments dispels the concern that dynamical scattering is an obstacle to ab initio phasing by MicroED and suggests that structures of novel macromolecules can also be determined by direct methods.
Prevalence of epilepsy/seizures as a comorbidity of neurologic disorders in nursing homes

Objective: To determine the prevalence of epilepsy/seizure (epi/sz) comorbid with other neurologic disorders in elderly nursing home residents and to examine demographic and regional variability and associations with clinical characteristics. Methods: We studied 5 cross-sectional cohorts of all residents in any Medicare/Medicaid–certified nursing home in the United States on July 15 of each year from 2003 to 2007. Epi/sz was identified by ICD-9 codes (345.xx or 780.39) or check box (Minimum Data Set). Epi/sz prevalence was stable across all years, so only 2007 data were examined further. Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to model cross-sectional prevalence of epi/sz as a function of demographics and neurologic comorbidities of interest, with adjustment for clinical characteristics, including cognitive status, comorbidity burden, medication burden, and activities of daily living. Results: Point prevalence of epi/sz in 2007 was 7.7% (n = 91,372 of N = 1,186,579) differing by geographical region, race/ethnicity, age group, and sex. Neurologic conditions having the highest association with epi/sz were brain tumor (epi/sz prevalence 23.4%–35.2%), head injury (17.9%), hemiplegia (17.7%), and stroke (13.7%). Epi/sz comorbid with stroke or dementia had a strong decreasing association with age (65–74 years had ≈3.8-times higher odds of epi/sz than 85+ years). Activities of daily living, comorbidity burden, and cognition scores were worse in persons with than without epi/sz. Conclusions: The prevalence of epi/sz in the elderly nursing home population is >7-fold higher compared to community-dwelling elderly and is 7 to 30 times higher among those with certain comorbid neurologic conditions. Demographics and clinical characteristics had weaker associations with epi/sz prevalence.
The effect of cerebellar tumor resection on pain perception in pediatric patients.

126Background: Acute cerebellar infarctions have been shown to lead to affective and cognitive deficits in pediatric patients. However, the consequences of cerebellar insult on pain processing are ...
Lipid and chitin nanofiber production during cultivation of the marine diatom Cyclotella sp. to high cell density with multistage addition of silicon and nitrate

The centric marine diatom Cyclotella sp. requires silicon in the form of Si(OH)4 for cell wall biosynthesis, makes lipids for biofuels, and extrudes novel chitin nanofibers as a valued co-product for biomedical and nutraceutical applications. Due to the low solubility of Si(OH)4 in seawater (<2 mM), to achieve high cell number density, dissolved Si was added in steps, with Si consumption between each step. A multistage nutrient delivery process with 19 mM cumulative Si delivery achieved a cell number density of 4 · 107 cells mL−1 (5.0 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW) L−1), ten times higher than that of the two-stage Si addition process. Cell number and chitin production profiles were linear with time, commensurate with the Si consumption profile. The productivities of biomass and chitin were 0.29 g AFDW L−1 day−1 and 45 mg chitin L−1 day−1, with chitin yield of 19 wt% in the biomass. Lipid production could not be sustained due to light attenuation, and yield decreased from 39 wt% (two-stage process) to 8 wt% (multistage process).
Understanding Photocharging Effects on Bismuth Vanadate.

Bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) is a promising material for photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Recently, it has been shown that “photocharging” BiVO4 results in an improved water oxidation performance. However, the understanding of how BiVO4 is being improved has been lacking. Here we study the surface kinetics of BiVO4 using intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy and show that photocharging BiVO4 results in both surface and bulk improvements. This result sheds light on how the surface charge transfer and bulk charge transport of BiVO4 respond to illumination.
Enantioselective Direct Mannich-Type Reactions Catalyzed by Frustrated Lewis Acid/Brønsted Base Complexes

An enantioselective direct Mannich-type reaction catalyzed by a sterically frustrated Lewis acid/Bronsted base complex is disclosed. Cooperative functioning of the chiral Lewis acid and achiral Bronsted base components gives rise to in situ enolate generation from monocarbonyl compounds. Subsequent reaction with hydrogen-bond-activated aldimines delivers β-aminocarbonyl compounds with high enantiomeric purity.
A distributed active and reactive power control strategy for balancing grid-tied cascaded H-bridge PV inverter system

Unbalanced operation between panel-level modular inverters constrains the operating range of grid-tied cascaded H-bridge Photovoltaic (PV) inverter system when the active and reactive power of the architecture changes. The main objective of this paper is to propose a distributed control approach for balancing reactive power among inverters. The distributed controller allows fully decentralized architecture in terms of control and physical implementation of a PV system, resulting in higher reliability and potentially lower cost. The proposed control approach autonomously compensates reactive power contents of inverters caused by the active and reactive power changes by shifting their phase angle with local AC current measurement. Detailed modeling and analysis are provided to show the feasibility of the proposed control strategy. The decentralized control scheme is verified by real-time hardware-in-the-loop setup.
Gas Adsorption on Carbon Nanotubes

Since their discovery in 1991 [1], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention due to their unique mechanical and electronic properties. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be envisioned as a single sheet of graphite rolled into a seamless tube. In multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), several of these tubes are stacked inside each other in a concentric fashion. The length and direction of the roll-up vector determine the diameter and chirality of the tube. Statistically, one-third of tubes should be metallic, while the other two-thirds are semi-conducting [2]. Potential applications of CNTs range from field-emitting devices to gas sensors [3]. In 1997, CNTs were reported to store large amounts of hydrogen gas with uptake capacities in the range of 5–10% by weight (wt%) [4]. This result sparked intense research activity due to the potential to exceed the benchmark set by the Department of Energy of 6.5 wt% uptake capacity for an economically viable hydrogen storage medium [5]. The ensuing and continuing controversy about the uptake capacity and sorption mechanism has not yet been settled [10,11]. Results from experimental and theoretical studies indicate hydrogen storage capacities from less than 1 wt% to about 14 wt% [6–9]. A possible origin for these discrepancies may be due to the fact that a large number of production and purification methods are used, resulting in a wide variety of samples. Experimental studies concerning gas adsorption on CNTs typically employ macroscopic techniques, such as temperature programmed desorption, thermal gravimetric analysis, or adsorption isotherms [6,9,12]. Spectroscopic tools, and in particular magnetic resonance techniques, have been rarely used for the study of gas adsorption. In this contribution, a summary of the literature will be provided together with a discussion of the data generated in our laboratory.
Buddy: A Virtual Life Coaching System for Children and Adolescents with High Functioning Autism

Even though avatar-based virtual reality systems have been used to improve social skills of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), such systems do not address the fundamental emotional and social needs of children. In this paper, we propose a virtual life coaching system called Buddy to address this unmet need. The system aims to reduce the financial cost of autism care, and promises to significantly improve the emotion and mental state of children and adolescents with ASD. Different from other systems, we propose that the life coaching materials be aligned closely with the intense interests of individuals with ASD. This could be essential for the usability and effectiveness of the virtual life coaching system. Such a system would be better in engaging children and adolescents with ASD and in winning their trust for long-term use.
Effect of fescue toxicosis on nitrogen and energy balance in Holstein steers

Animals consuming endophyte-infected tall fescue exhibit reduced weight gain and feed intake, with the most severe effects occurring during summer months. Heat stress and plane of nutrition have independent effects on metabolic activity (Birkelo et al., 1991; O’Brien et al., 2010) while, ergot alkaloids reduce blood flow to and nutrient absorption from the rumen (Foote et al., 2012). This research was designed to separate the effects of alkaloid consumption from those of reduced intake and environmental temperature.
Extending Case Adaptation with Automatically-Generated Ensembles of Adaptation Rules

Case-based regression often relies on simple case adaptation methods. This paper investigates new approaches to enriching the adaptation capabilities of case-based regression systems, based on the use of ensembles of adaptation rules generated from the case base. The paper explores both local and global methods for generating adaptation rules from the case base, and presents methods for ranking the generated rules and combining the resulting ensemble of adaptation rules to generate new solutions. It tests these methods in five standard domains, evaluating their performance compared to four baseline methods, standard k-NN, linear regression, locally weighted linear regression, and an ensemble of k-NN predictors with different feature subsets. The results demonstrate that the proposed method generally outperforms the baselines and that the accuracy of adaptation based on locally-generated rules is highly competitive with that of global rule-generation methods with much greater computational cost.
Dynamic modeling of barrier island response to hurricane storm surge under future sea level rise

Sea level rise (SLR) has the potential to exacerbate the impacts of extreme storm events on the coastal landscape. This study examines the coupled interactions of SLR on storm-driven hydrodynamics and barrier island morphology. A numerical model is used to simulate the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic impacts of two Gulf of Mexico hurricanes under present-day and future sea levels. SLR increased surge heights and caused overwash to occur at more locations and for longer durations. During surge recession, water level gradients resulted in seaward sediment transport. The duration of the seaward-directed water level gradients was altered under SLR; longer durations caused more seaward-directed cross-barrier transport and a larger net loss in the subaerial island volume due to increased sand deposition in the nearshore. Determining how SLR and the method of SLR implementation (static or dynamic) modulate storm-driven morphologic change is important for understanding and managing longer-term coastal evolution.
Network Monitoring for Web-Based Threats

Abstract : This report models the approach a focused attacker would take in order to breach an organization through web-based protocols and provides detection or prevention methods to counter that approach. It discusses the means an attacker takes to collect information about the organization's web presence. It also describes several threat types, including configuration management issues, authorization problems, data validation issues, session management issues, and cross-site attacks. Individual threats within each type are examined in detail, with examples (where applicable) and a potential network monitoring solution provided. For quick reference, the appendix includes all potential network monitoring solutions for the threats described in the report. Due to the ever-changing entity that is the web, the threats and protections outlined in the report are not to be taken as the definitive resource on web-based attacks. This report is meant to be a starting reference point only.
Random Pattern Testability of Control and Address Circuitry of an Embedded Memory with Feed-Forward Data-Path Connections

Of late some interesting and useful work has been done on the problem of testing logic surrounding embedded memories. This work assumes that the logic surrounding the memory is functionally partitioned and that the different partitions are logically isolated one from the other. This paper expands upon past work using a more flexible design rule which allows feed-forward connections between the data-path Prelogic and Postlogic. The connections are such that there is no feedback from the memory outputs to its inputs, and both the Prelogic and the Postlogic are disconnected from the Address and Control logic. Under this design rule we show the auxiliary circuits used to determine the random pattern testability of faults in the circuitry driving the address inputs and the controls of the two-port memory. The techniques described herein are intended to be used in conjunction with the cutting algorithm for testability measurement in built-in self-test (BIST) designs, but may also be suitable for use with other detection probability tools and simulation tools.
CALGB 50604: risk-adapted treatment of nonbulky early-stage Hodgkin lymphoma based on interim PET

A negative interim positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT) after 1 to 3 cycles of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (ABVD) in patients with newly diagnosed, nonbulky stage I or II Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) predicts a low relapse rate. This phase 2 trial was designed to determine if a population of patients with early-stage disease can be treated with short-course ABVD without radiation therapy (RT) on the basis of a negative interim PET/CT, thereby limiting the risks of treatment. Between 15 May 2010 and 21 February 2013, 164 previously untreated patients with nonbulky stage I/II HL were enrolled, and 149 were included in the final analysis. Patients received 2 cycles of ABVD followed by PET. Deauville scores 1 to 3 were negative (≤ liver uptake) based on central review. PET − patients received 2 more cycles of ABVD, and PET + patients received 2 cycles of dose-intense bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (escalated BEACOPP) plus 3060-cGy involved-field RT. The primary objective was to determine 3-year progression-free survival (PFS) for the PET − group. One hundred thirty-five patients (91%) were interim PET − , and 14 patients (9%) were PET + . With median follow-up time of 3.8 years, the estimated 3-year PFS was 91% for the PET − group and 66% for the PET + group (hazard ratio, 3.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.50-9.84; P = .011). There was 1 death as a result of suicide. Four cycles of ABVD resulted in durable remissions for a majority of patients with early-stage nonbulky HL and a negative interim PET. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01132807.
Editor's Choice 2008: Selected Online Learning Resources

Abstract This article is an annual compilation of useful resources that pertain to the field of online learning and uses of the Internet for instructional delivery. Updates were made to this list since last year's publishing. Resources are organized into several categories, including texts, journals, and Web sites.
Incidence of false-positive transmissions during remote rhythm monitoring with implantable loop recorders

Background Implantable loop recorder (ILR) is preferred strategy for prolonged rhythm monitoring. Objective The purpose of this study was to report the incidence and causes of false-positive (FP) diagnoses during remote monitoring with ILR. Methods During a 4-week study period, all consecutive remote transmissions in patients with ILR (Reveal LINQ, Medtronic) implanted for atrial fibrillation (AF) surveillance, cryptogenic stroke (CS), and syncope were reviewed. A nurse specializing in device management and an electrophysiologist adjudicated all transmissions. Primary endpoint of the study was incidence of FP in patients with AF, CS, and syncope. Results A total of 695 remote transmissions (scheduled downloads: 414; Alerts: 281) sent from 559 patients were adjudicated. The majority of patients had ILR for AF surveillance (n = 321), followed by CS (n =168) and syncope (n = 70) with nominal programming for rhythm diagnosis. Incidence of FP transmissions during the study period was 46%, 86%, and 71% in patients with AF, CS, and syncope, respectively. Incidence of FP transmissions was higher in patients with CS and syncope than in patients with AF (P Conclusion Incidence of FP during remote monitoring with nominal settings on this ILR was substantial, ranging from 46% to 86% depending on the indication for implantation. Adjudication of these transmissions required a considerable time commitment from electrophysiologists and device clinic personnel but would be required to avoid misdiagnosis and potential errors in clinical management.
Eminent Domain: A Legal and Economic Analysis

The primary concept underlying the US Constitution is that of a limited government whose powers are both checked and balanced. A case in point is the Fifth Amendment, which limits the exercise of eminent domain in two ways: a taking must be for “public use,” and “just compensation” must be paid to the owner. However, the long line of Supreme Court cases culminating in Kelo v. City of New London has successfully obliterated both of those limitations. Citizens whose private property is taken by the government are not justly compensated, nor are those takings limited by “public use.”
#Metoo/#Aidtoo and Creating an Intersectional Feminist NPO/NGO Sector

The purpose of this essay is to explore the implications of #metoo and #aidtoo for understanding nonprofit/nongovernmental organization (NPO/NGO) theory and practice. We provide an overview of how women have experienced sexual violence in the context of NPOs/NGOs and draw on an intersectional feminist theory lens to highlight the context that enables violence to persist, and which requires more than implementing bureaucratic accountability reforms. We end by discussing potential avenues for creating change to end such violence.
Far-infrared properties of cyclic olefin copolymer

Cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) is an amorphous thermoplastic with desirable dielectric and mechanical characteristics for optical applications. In particular, its low refractive index, overall mechanical strength, and absence of strong absorption features make it a promising substrate material for far-infrared applications, which include frequency-selective surfaces, scattering filters, and windows. The dielectric properties of selected COC formulations are surveyed from $ \approx 10 - 700\,\, {{\rm cm}^{ - 1}} $≈10−700cm−1 ($ 1000 - 14\,\, \unicode{x00B5} {\rm m} $1000−14µm), and representative usage as a thin film membrane structure in optical filters is presented.
A Hazard-Based Approach to Product Safety Assessment

The principle of safety standards is to protect users from injury or death caused by electrical shock, chemical exposure, fire, and radiation, to name a few. There are numerous national and international standards that include safety specifications to guide the design and manufacture of safe products. In this paper, we discuss a new standard IEC 62368–1 that keeps pace with new products and emerging technology while accommodating legacy components. The intent of this standard is to identify potential safety hazards during the design stage to enable better control and mitigation of foreseeable risks. Although this standard is practical in the way that it addresses hazard-based safety design, it does not preclude a complete durability and performance testing to evaluate a product.