cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Degradation of ciprofloxacin by cryptomelane-type manganese(III/IV) oxides

The objective of this study is to investigate and understand the oxidizing properties of a manganese oxide, specifically synthetic cryptomelane (KMn8O16) and its derivatives, in aqueous solution. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a commonly used fluoroquinolone antibiotic, was used as the probe. Synthetic cryptomelane, known as octahedral molecular sieves (OMS-2), was synthesized, and its derivatives were prepared by adding transition metal oxides, V2O5 or MoO3, as dopants during synthesis. The solids were characterized by x-ray powder diffraction (XRD), SEM–energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDX), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Raman spectra, and N2-Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method. Degradation of CIP by different doped OMS-2 was carried out. Process conditions were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). XRD patterns indicated the crystal phase of regular and doped OMS-2 as the cryptomelane type. Presence of the dopants in doped cryptomelane was confirmed by SEM-EDX and XPS. FTIR and Raman results suggested that the dopants were substituted into the framework in place of manganese. SEM images, XRD analysis, and surface area analysis of doped OMS-2 indicated decreased particle size, decreased crystallinity, and increased surface area compared to regular OMS-2. Higher oxidizing reactivity of doped OMS-2 was also observed with increased CIP removal rates from aqueous solution. The enhancement of reactivity may be due to the increase of surface areas. Nine percent Mo/OMS-2, the most effective oxidant of all synthesized derivatives, was selected for optimization study. Favorable treatment conditions were obtained using RSM at pH 3 with molar ratio [9 % Mo/OMS-2]/[CIP] ≥ 50. Under such conditions, more than 90 % CIP can be removed in 30 min. The degradation kinetics was modeled by a modified first order rate with introduction of a retardation factor-α (R2 > 0.98). Analysis of degradation products indicated that oxidation takes place mainly on the piperazine ring of CIP.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF As60A, A TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β GENE, FROM THE MALARIA VECTOR ANOPHELES STEPHENSI

We have isolated the first mosquito member of the TGF-beta superfamily, As60A. As60A is a single copy gene, approximately 5 kb in length and encodes eight exons. Here we report the isolation and characterization of two of four transcripts produced from this gene. The transcripts As60A(1)and As60A(2)encode related 5'UTR/exon 1 sequences. As60A is most similar to the 60A genes from Drosophila and is thus a member of the Dpp/BMP subfamily of the TGF-beta superfamily. The splice junction of intron 2 is conserved among As60A, BMP2, BMP4, Tc-Dpp, Bm-tgh-1, TGF-beta1 and Dpp. Intron 2 also contains three putative binding sites for a Dorsal/Gambif1 transcription factor. The large number of introns and the conservation of intron 2 indicate that As60A is relatively ancient compared to the other arthropod TGF-beta genes. We also propose that As60A plays a role in the mosquito immune response to Plasmodium infection.
ON TREKKING TO OPERANT FRONTIERS

Only recently have psychologists begun to explore systematically the unmapped territory of validating numerous, detailed operant principles in nonclinical human populations. Several concerns question the usefulness of simplistic leverpressing tasks superficially patterned on nonhuman laboratory studies. A realistic uniform laboratory context for responding would help address some of them. Research conducted by my colleagues and me using the Star Trek computer game is proffered as an exemplar.
Screen for Agents That Induce Autolysis in Bacillus subtilis

The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant infections underscores the need to discover new antibiotics and to use them with maximum effectiveness. In response to these needs, we describe a screening protocol for the discovery of autolysis-inducing agents that uses two Bacillus subtilis reporter strains, SH-536 and BAU-102. To screen chemical libraries, autolysis-inducing agents were first identified with a BAU-102-based screen and then subdivided with SH-536 into two major groups: those that induce autolysis by their direct action on the cell membrane and those that induce autolysis secondary to inhibition of cell wall synthesis. SH-536 distinguishes between the two groups of autolysis-inducing agents by synthesizing and then releasing β-galactosidase (β-Gal) in late stationary phase at a time that cells have nearly stopped growing and are therefore tolerant of cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Four hits, named compound 2, compound 3, compound 5, and compound 24, obtained previously as inducers of autolysis by screening a 10,080-compound discovery library with BAU-102, were probed with SH-536 and found to release β-Gal, indicating that their mode of action was to permeabilize the B. subtilis cell membrane. The four primary hits inhibited growth in Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus anthracis, with MICs in the 12.5- to 25-μg/ml (20 to 60 μM) range. The four primary hits were further used to probe B. subtilis, and their action was partially characterized with respect to the dependence of induced autolysis on specific autolysins.
Small players with a big role: MicroRNAs in pathophysiology of cleft lip and palate

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and isolated cleft palate (CPI) are two of the most common congenital craniofacial birth defects in humans. These orofacial clefts (OFC) cause profound psychosocial distress as well as an enormous economic burden to the affected individual, their families, and the community. While genetic and environmental factors contribute to the complex etiology of OFC. Affected infants have an increased risk of death due to associated conditions, such as prematurity, respiratory and infectious diseases, and central nervous system disorders, while affected adults have been shown to have increased risk of cardiac disease, suicide, epilepsy, and various cancers. [1] Thus, it is considered a pressing public health problem. Thirteen loci (genomic positions) on various chromosomal regions and 20 genes associated with CL/P have been reported by linkage and association analysis. Nevertheless, the etiology of this disorder is still poorly defined. Recent studies indicate that disruption on microRNAs (miRNAs) activity may also play a role on the onset of these deformities. [2‑4] miRNAs are approximately 22 nucleotide
Kleisthenes the Stoner: Herodotus 5.67.2

Abstract This paper explores the term λeυστήρ applied to Kleisthenes of Sikyon by the Pythia in Hdt. 5.67.2, first by exploring the poetics of stoning and pollution in Ancient Greece, then by arguing for the validity of both the more predictable meaning, ‘stoner’, and the Suda’s sometimes contested gloss on the word, ‘worthy of being stoned’. While the argument has been suggested before, sufficient linguistic evidence for understanding λeυστήρ in this sense has not been presented in the past. The paper provides more conclusive evidence and also suggests that recent applications of the φαρµακός paradigm are inaccurate.
Nonformal Education, Political Participation, and Democracy: Findings from Senegal

The relationship between nonformal education (NFE) and democracy has not been subject to empirical examination. Given the prominence that NFE has gained in many countries, such as those in Africa, this inattention is unfortunate. Using data from a survey involving a probability sample of 1484 Senegalese citizens, this paper examines the effects of education, both formal and nonformal, on political participation among rural Senegalese. The results indicate that NFE and formal education tend to have similar effects on several political behaviors, but the effect of NFE generally appears to be stronger. NFE has a positive impact on political participation. NFE increases the likelihood that one will vote and contact officials regarding community and personal problems. In addition, NFE has a strong, positive impact on community participation.
The Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) for Gas Dynamical Simulations

Abstract We present the piecewise parabolic method, a higher-order extension of Godunov's method. There are several new features of this method which distinguish it from other higher-order Godunov-type methods. We use a higher-order spatial interpolation than previously used, which allows for a steeper representation of discontinuities, particularly contact discontinuities. We introduce a simpler and more robust algorithm for calculating the nonlinear wave interactions used to compute fluxes. Finally, we recognize the need for additional dissipation in any higher-order Godunov method of this type, and introduce it in such a way so as not to degrade the quality of the results.
Seabirds as potential vectors of penaeid shrimp viruses and the development of a surrogate laboratory model utilizing domestic chickens

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV), Taura syndrome virus (TSV), Yellow head virus (YHV), and Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) have caused significant economic losses of farmed penaeid shrimp worldwide. Because the presence of large numbers of seabirds at shrimp grow-out ponds may be related to disease transmission, we hypothesized that these birds may be capable of carrying infectious viral particles in their feces from affected ponds to nearby unaffected ponds, and perhaps even to nearby farms. Because of the difficulties posed by working with wild fowl in a laboratory setting, a surrogate model, employing domestic white leghorn chickens (Gallus domesticus), was developed to compare with the detection and infectivity results from captive laughing gulls (Larus atricilla). Using standard histology, PCR/RT-PCR and infectivity challenges, this study demonstrated that IHHNV and TSV remained infectious for up to 1 day following passage through both chickens and seagulls, while no viable WSSV or YHV were found following passage through the gut of either bird species. This study demonstrated that wild seabirds may serve as mechanical vectors of TSV and IHHNV by passing infectious particles to aquatic environments in their feces, and that chickens may be used as a surrogate laboratory model for seabirds in such viral infectivity tests.
Body Adiposity Index, Body Mass Index, and Body Fat in White and Black Adults

To the Editor: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a proxy for body fat and has been shown to correlate with other measures of adiposity.1 However, its use is limited by differences in body fatness for a given BMI across age, sex, and race.2–3 To address this limitation, Bergman et al. developed the body adiposity index (BAI) in samples of Mexican-Americans and blacks.4 However, no sex-specific information was provided, and it is unknown how well BAI performs in whites. We investigated the sex-specific relationship between both BMI and BAI and body fat in white and black adults.
Reinforcement delay: A parametric study of effects within a multiple schedule

Independent groups of pigeons received different durations of reinforcement delay (0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 20 sec) during the second component of a multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 1-min schedule of reinforcement; all birds received immediate reinforcement during the first component. In general, response rates during the delayed reinforcement component decreased as the duration of reinforcement delay was increased. Groups that received 5-, 10-, and 20-sec durations of reinforcement delay responded at a higher rate during the immediate reinforcement component than the groups that received 0- and 2.5-sec durations of reinforcement delay. A subsequent generalization test showed clear differences between the groups, with stronger and more consistent inhibitory control being exerted by the stimulus associated with a 20-sec duration of reinforcement delay.
Indirect measurement of vector boson scattering at high energies

Abstract The possibility of an indirect study of longitudinal gauge boson scattering and its relevance to new physics in the TeV region is analyzed.
Mosquito Transmission Experiment with Poliomyelitis Virus.

Summary1. Of approximately 100 female Aedes egypti, 46 to 47 fed upon a Macacus rhesus monkey inoculated intracerebrally with the Aycock strain of poliomyelitis virus and later 89 to 93 of these females fed upon a normal monkey at dates ranging from 5 to 28 days after the feedings upon the inoculated animal following first symptoms. Similarly, of approximately 75 female Culex pipiens, at the same intervals, 16 to 18 fed upon the inoculated animal and 38 to 41 of the same original group fed upon the normal monkey. 2. At the end of the experiment the remaining female mosquitoes were chloroformed, ground, suspended in Tyrode solution, and the filtered solution inoculated intracerebrally into another normal monkey. 3. Neither of these normal animals, inoculated either by cerebral injection or exposure to supposedly infected mosquitoes, developed any symptoms of poliomyelitis in the 3 weeks period of observation.
3D-ISAR-enhanced optoelectronic processing

Using a 3D formulation of inverse synthetic aperture (ISAR), we show how the arbitrary formatting capability of a time- integrating opto-electronic processor can be used to format the data in such a way as to focus the image. The focusing parameters are found from prominent points in the radar data itself assuming a rigid body object. The opto-electronic processor is particularly suited for generated image data such as found with ISAR since it can arbitrarily place data points as needed depending on the object motion without need of interpolations. The processor is a time-integrating architecture that uses direct laser diode intensity modulation for signal insertion, acousto-optic scanners for arbitrary formatting, and a modified Kosters interferometer for stable 2D Fourier transformation. The processor also automatically generates multi-resolution imagery as a by- product of its generation of the final fine resolution image. Thus, there is a sequence of values available for each image pixel that are available for enhanced multi- resolution image processing. This research is funded by the Office of Naval Research.
Design of Zero Slope Microirrigation Laterals: Effect of the Friction Factor Variation

AbstractMicroirrigation has become quite a common practice in agricultural production in various parts of the world. To achieve the optimum (hydraulic and economic) system performance, designers are often faced with the problem of designing a maximum lateral length which results in a desired coefficient of uniformity (CU) or an allowable pressure head variation (δH). Previous theoretical design approaches are usually based on a constant Darcy–Weisbach (DW) friction factor along the lateral and this assumption can lead to substantial errors. In the research reported in this paper, a new analytical design approach does not require the constant DW assumption for zero-slope laterals while it still takes into account the emitter exponent and the effect of minor friction losses caused by emitters. Assuming a constant friction factor along the lateral might result in errors up to 14% in the calculation of the maximum lateral length. Conversely, the maximum relative error caused by the application of the proposed...
Preparation and crystal structure of a dimolybdenum(II) complex with the drug ibuprofen

The preparation of dimolybdenum(II) complexes with the drug ibuprofen has been investigated. The compound [Mo2(R-C13H17O2)2-(S-C13H17O2)2] has been structurally characterized. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with unit cell dimensions a = 5.5307(6), b = 30.364(5), c = 15.234(2) A, ,β - 91.87(8)°, V = 2579.8(6)A3, Z = 2. The asymmetric unit consists of half of the molecule which resides on a crystallographic inversion center. The configurations of the four chiral ligands around the dimetal unit follow the cyclic order RRSS. The MoMo distance is 2.085(2) A.
Changes in the Frequency Structure of a Mating Call Decrease Its Attractiveness to Females in the Cricket Frog Acris crepitans blanchardi

In many species, females often prefer male signals that are more complex than in nature or beyond the range of calls naturally produced by conspecific males in spectral, temporal and amplitude features. In this study we examined both the ability of females to recognize signals outside the normal range of spectral frequency variation seen in male advertisement calls, and the influence of increasing call complexity by adding spectral components to enhance the attractiveness of a male advertisement call in the cricket frog Acris crepitans blanchardi, while keeping its amplitude constant. We used two different natural male call groups and created the following synthetic call groups: with a dominant frequency at 3500 Hz, i.e. at the normal dominant frequency with a frequency band within the sensitivity range of the inner ear basilar papilla; with a dominant frequency at 700 Hz, i.e. outside the normal range of variation and with a frequency band outside the sensitivity range of the basilar papilla but within the range of the amphibian papilla; with two dominant frequencies, one at 700 Hz and another at 3500 Hz, stimulating the basilar and amphibian papilla simultaneously. In double choice experiments we tested all combinations of the three call groups, and we tested the 3500 Hz call groups against the same natural call groups. Additionally, we tested the 700 Hz call groups against white noise to see whether these signals are meaningful in mate choice. Females preferred 3500 Hz call groups over all other call groups. The synthetic call group was as attractive to females as the same natural call group. The 700 Hz call group was not meaningful in mate choice. The combined (700 Hz + 3500 Hz) call group was significantly less attractive to females than the 3500 Hz call group. Thus, making a call more spectrally complex without increasing its overall amplitude decreases its attractiveness to cricket frog females.
Activity Trends and Movement Distances in the Arizona Bark Scorpion (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

The bark scorpion, Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing, is a nocturnal, cryptic, nonburrowing, mobile species that is common in urban landscapes spanning the desert southwest. Bark scorpions are often found in dense localized populations in cities, but the question of whether this is because the species is metabolically movement limited or choose to aggregate has not been addressed. Field observations lead us to believe that the scorpions move very little. Their ability to move is tested here. A circular pacing ring was constructed to observe the distance individuals could move in 2 h under both dark and light conditions. Observations under light motivate the arthropods to move, and significantly greater distances were observed in light trials, the maximum travel distance being 104.37 m, while the maximum distance in dark trials was 14.63 m. To monitor movement in the field, telemetry tags were used to mark female and male scorpions over 21 d during which relocation distances were recorded daily. Additionally, 12-h and 6-h overnight observational periods took place during which, scorpion movements were recorded hourly. Overall, it was found that scorpions moved significantly more in the pacing ring than in the field, indicating that field individuals are not moving at their maximum potential. Movement limitation does not explain their distribution pattern. In both the pacing ring and field, gender and pregnancy status had significant influence on distances moved. We conclude that C. sculpturatus is capable of much greater movement than is typically observed in the field.
Methyl donor supplementation prevents transgenerational amplification of obesity

The obesity epidemic, recognized in developed nations for decades, is now a worldwide phenomenon. All age groups are affected, including women of childbearing age, fueling concern that maternal obesity before and during pregnancy and lactation impairs developmental establishment of body weight regulatory mechanisms in the fetus or infant, causing transgenerational amplification of obesity prevalence and severity. The biological mechanisms underlying such processes remain unknown. We used agouti viable yellow (Avy) mice to test the hypothesis that maternal obesity induces transgenerational amplification of obesity. We passed the Avy allele through three generations of Avy/a females and assessed cumulative effects on coat color and body weight. By studying two separate but contemporaneous populations of mice, one provided a standard diet and the other a methyl-supplemented diet that induces DNA hypermethylation during development, we tested whether potential transgenerational effects on body weight might be mediated by alterations in epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation. The genetic tendency for obesity in Avy mice was progressively exacerbated when the Avy allele was passed through successive generations of obese Avy females. This transgenerational amplification of body weight was prevented by a promethylation dietary supplement. Importantly, the effect of methyl supplementation on body weight was independent of epigenetic changes at the Avy locus, indicating this model may have direct relevance to human transgenerational obesity. Our results show that in a population with a genetic tendency for obesity, effects of maternal obesity accumulate over successive generations to shift the population distribution toward increased adult body weight, and suggest that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in this process.
Primary Structure Effects on Peptide Group Hydrogen Exchange

The rate of exchange of peptide group NH hydrogens with the hydrogens of aqueous solvent is sensitive to neighboring side chains. To evaluate the effects of protein side chains, all 20 naturally occurring amino acids were studied using dipeptide models. Both inductive and steric blocking effects are apparent. The additivity of nearest-neighbor blocking and inductive effects was tested in oligo- and polypeptides and, surprisingly, confirmed. Reference rates for alanine-containing peptides were determined and effects of temperature considered. These results provide the information necessary to evaluate measured protein NH to ND exchange rates by comparing them with rates to be expected for the same amino acid sequence is unstructured oligo- and polypeptides. The application of this approach to protein studies is discussed.
Tricuspid regurgitation or Ebsteinoid dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in congenitally corrected transposition: is valvuloplasty necessary at anatomic repair?

Objectives Patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries can present with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) and Ebsteinoid dysplasia of the tricuspid valve. To determine the fate of the tricuspid valve after anatomic repair and the effectiveness of tricuspid valvuloplasty, we reviewed our experience with anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Methods From 1992 to 2012, 106 patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries underwent anatomic repair. Of the 106 patients, 24 (22.6%) had moderate or greater TR before anatomic repair, 14 of whom had Ebsteinoid dysplasia. Nine patients (8.5%) had Ebsteinoid dysplasia without significant TR, and 73 patients (68.9%) had neither TR nor dysplasia. Results Of the 106 patients, 6 (5.6%) with TR underwent tricuspid valvuloplasty at anatomic repair, 5 with (21%) and 1 without (11%) Ebsteinoid dysplasia ( P P = .4) and 3 (16.7%) had moderate or greater TR. Of the 14 patients with Ebsteinoid dysplasia and TR, 5 underwent valvuloplasty and had no significant TR during follow-up; 2 of the 9 (22.2%) without valvuloplasty had moderate or greater TR ( P = .51). Valvuloplasty was associated with an absolute risk of TR reduction of 16.7%, which was further reduced by 22.2% in patients with associated Ebsteinoid dysplasia. Conclusions Tricuspid valve function significantly improved after anatomic repair, independent of direct surgical intervention. For significant TR associated with Ebsteinoid dysplasia, valvuloplasty should be considered.
Temporal neuro-control of idle engine speed

Neural network architectures are proposed to model and control the spark-ignition (SI) engine idle speed. Static and dynamic multilayer neural networks are used to develop plant models and plant inverse function models. A neural network is trained to learn the system's input-output relationship. Another is trained to model the inverse relationship of the plant and is included in the controller. The developed controller, in series with appropriate filters, is then used to control the throttle angle and the spark advance angle control signals to track a desired speed and pressure of the engine. The paper demonstrates how computationally inexpensive neural networks can effectively learn online both the modeling and control tasks for this nonlinear, dynamical and complex process.
ULTRAVIOLET INACTIVATION OF THE MIDIVARIANT OF Qß RNA: THE SITES OF UV‐INDUCED REPLICATION INHIBITION

Abstract— MDV-1 RNA is a small variant of bacteriophage Qs, and consists of complementary ‘plus’ (+) and ‘minus’ (-) strands. It is an active template in replication reactions catalyzed by Qs replicase. Using high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we have located the sites of replication inhibition caused by irradiation of (+) and (-) MDV-1 template RNA with 254-nm light. Presumably, this inhibition was caused by uridine hydrates and pyrimidine cyclobutane dimers, which previously were shown to be formed at levels of 3.5 and 0.3 per (+) MDV-1 strand, respectively, at the dose used here (2500 Jm-2). Each of the ten inhibition sites correspond to regions in the template which contain two or more pyrimidines, including at least one uridine. At each site, replication inhibition occurred at two or three adjacent bases. The sites of the photolesions with respect to the known primary sequence and proposed secondary structure of MDV-1, and the implications of this work for locating the sites of lesions produced by other agents which inhibit the replication of a small RNA molecule are discussed.
Is neuroprotective efficacy of nNOS inhibitor 7-NI dependent on ischemic intracellular pH?

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the efficacy of 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective neuronal nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) inhibitor, is pH dependent in vivo during foc...
Raman-tweezers spectroscopic method for rapid identification of microorganisms in liquid medium

A Raman-tweezers spectroscopic method has been developed for rapid detection and identification of single biological agents based on vibrational spectroscopy and multivariate analyses
Viewing enhancement in video-endoscopy

Video-endoscopy, a mode of minimally invasive surgery, has proven to be significantly less invasive to the patient. However, it creates a much more complex operation environment that requires the surgeon to operate through a video interface. Visual feedback control and image interpretation can be difficult. Poor visual feedback in video-endoscopy prolongs the operation time, increases the risk to the patient, and drives up the cost of health care. It is a major roadblock in replacing the traditional, highly traumatic open surgical procedures with the much less invasive, more patient friendly video-endoscopy, and in training the surgeons to master this new made of operation. Our research objective is thus to design, code, and validate on real images novel image analysis and rectification algorithms to enhance the visual feedback to the surgeon in video-endoscopy.
PRICING CRB FUTURES CONTRACTS

This study provides a valuation model to price Commodity Research Bureau Index futures contracts, now traded at the New York Futures Exchange. An empirical analysis suggests that substantial mispricing was exhibited during the early months of trading in an unseasoned Commodity Research Bureau Index futures market.
Cherokees and Methodists, 1824–1834

On 29 May 1831, the Reverend James Jenkins Trott, a Methodist missionary to the Cherokee, was arrested in the Cherokee Nation by the Georgia Guard and forced to march 110 miles to prison at Camp Gilmer. Released after four days, he was required to post a five-hundred-dollar bond and ordered to keep out of that part of the Indian nation within the territorial limits of the state of Georgia. He refused to obey the order. Married to a Cherokee who lived near his mission station at New Echota, he went to visit his wife and two children in July. On 6 July he again was arrested and forced to march 110 miles back to prison. With him this time were two Presbyterian missionaries, the Reverend Samuel A. Worcester and Dr. Elizur Butler. Two of Trott's friends, the Reverend Dickson C. McLeod and the Reverend Martin Wells, who were also Methodist circuit riders within the Cherokee Nation, heard of his arrest. They saddled up and rode after him. When they caught up with the prisoners along the road, the officer in charge, Col. C. H. Nelson, ordered them curtly to "flank off!" When McLeod made some disparaging remarks about the treatment of the missionaries, Nelson ordered him off his horse, arrested him and made him march with the prisoners. Wells, who was left holding McLeod's horse, also was ordered with oaths to flank off. When he refused, "Col. Nelson cut a stick and making up to Mr. Wells gave him a severe blow on the head."1 The trip to prison took four days. At night the prisoners sometimes were chained to one another to keep them from running away. Upon their arrival at the "filthy" jail, a guard shoved Trott through the door shouting, "Damn you, go in there and from there to hell." Because McLeod lived in the Tennessee area of the Cherokee Nation, he was released after five days. Two months later the other three missionaries were sentenced to four years at hard labor. Their crime was failure to obtain a permit from the governor to reside and preach in the Cherokee Nation, a permit they could obtain only after taking an oath of allegiance to the state.2
Mental disorders and thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and acquired capability for suicide

Nearly all mental disorders increase suicide risk; however, some better predict ideation versus attempts. The interpersonal theory of suicide provides a framework to understand these relationships, via the constructs of thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and acquired capability. The current study examined the relationships between various mental disorders and theory constructs among 997 adult outpatients, controlling for sex and age. Disorders generally symptomatically associated with social withdrawal or potential liability to others (i.e., depressive and bipolar disorders, social phobia, borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, certain drug dependence) were uniquely positively associated with thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness. Disorders associated with potential exposure to painful and provocative events (i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, certain drug use) were associated with increased acquired capability. Notably, alcohol use disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes, and panic/agoraphobia were negatively associated with thwarted belongingness or perceived burdensomeness; avoidant personality disorder, and certain anxiety disorders and drug use disorders, were associated with decreased acquired capability. Importantly, disorders associated with both thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness may place individuals at greatest risk for suicide if acquired capability develops. Implications for comorbidity and suicide risk assessment and treatment are discussed.
Designing Multifunctional Knowledge Management Systems

Expert locators and repository-based knowledge management systems (KMS) are different architectures proposed to perform different kinds of knowledge management functions. While expert locators can recommend an expert to perform a task, repository-based KMS can share a learned strategy to solve a given problem In this paper, we describe a framework to develop KMS that can perform multifunctional tasks, usually performed by repository-based and expert locators separately, in one single architecture. The proposed framework follows principles from knowledge engineering and from the management literature on how to prevent failure in KMS. We illustrate the proposed framework with an implementation to support a community of science.
Sounding “Different”: The Role of Sociolinguistic Cues in Evaluating Job Candidates

An increasingly diverse labor pool has increased the likelihood that HR recruiters will encounter job seekers who speak with different dialects. Prior studies have investigated the effects of applicant dialect on employment selection outcomes. In this article, we merge this research with stereotyping, “modern racism,” and sociolinguistics literatures to formulate propositions surrounding two questions of interest: (1) Do prospective employers categorize job applicants using sociolinguistic cues? and (2) If so, what impact does this categorization have on evaluations of applicant employability? We believe this research can provide significant insights into HR practice as discriminatory behaviors change and adapt to fit social norms, particularly in employee recruitment and selection contexts
DeepIce: prospects for microbiology at an interdisciplinary science and technology center

ABSTRACT One ofthe goals ofthe Deeplce Science and Technology Center (one of 16 finalists but not one ofthe 5 selected by NSF) would have beento locate a subglacial lake close to the South Pole and to search for life in lake water and sediment, as well as in ice above the lake. Radardata obtained in December 1998 show evidence for a lake 10 km from the South Pole. We would like to search for microbes in deep ice above the lake, using filtration, cultivation, microscopy and other techniques, and molecular analysis with PCR amplification. To search forliving microbes, we would scan thick sections microscopically for micrometer-size motile organisms living in acidnch liquid veins inpolyciystalline ice. Ultimately we would use sterile drilling to recover lake water and sediment in which to search for life. Keywords: South Pole, subglacial lake, microbes, microbiology, PCR, sterile drilling, microscopy, psychrophiles, acidophiles, origin of life 1. PURPOSE OF THE DEEPICE CENTER The National Science Foundation selected Deeplce as one of 16 finalists for new Science and Technology Centers (STCs).Unfortunately, only five proposed will be funded in this round, but we may resubmit in response to a planned solicitation tobe announced next January. Fifty universities, colleges, institutes, and national laboratories in the U. S. and abroad haveproposed to work together on a variety of projects that exploit the infrastructure and properties of deep ice at the South Pole.Drillers and scientists would collaborate closely so as to optimize science return. In deep holes produced by hot-water
Adaptive Numerical Methods With Arbitrary Fixed Samplings

The weak stability of linear multistep methods for real-time simulation of systems leads to the design of a class of linear multistep methods with varying coefficients. These methods do not suffer from weak instability and are generally very useful, especially for real-time simulation of stiff nonlinear systems. This paper presents an adaptive technique for numerical integration that allows the simulation stepsize to be chosen independently of the system eigenvalues. The method tracks most changes in the dynamics of the system and changes accordingly the integration coefficients to ensure accuracy and stability of the simulation.
Phase Shift in Radio Transmitters

This paper describes a type of distortion present to some degree in most modulated transmitters. A method of measuring phase shift using the cathode ray oscillograph is shown. Also oscillograms are shown which were taken on a short-wave broadcast transmitter. It is shown that the detuning of tank circuits causes phase shift. The tank circuit of the modulated stage is especially susceptible in this regard. Other causes of phase shift are also shown. The effects of phase shift are treated mathematically, the most serious result being the creation of adjacent channel interference. The amplitude of the second order side band is roughly one per cent of the first order side band per degree of phase shift.
The design, implementation, and performance evaluation of BERMUDA

We describe the design and implementation of BERMUDA, which is a loosely coupled system interfacing Prolog to the Britton-Lee Intelligent Database Machine (IDM-500). BERMUDA allows multiple concurrent Prolog processes, possibly running on different machines, to share a database. In addition, it preserves the semantics of Prolog programs and makes the use of the database system transparent to the user. We discuss several architectural issues faced by such systems and the approach adopted for each one in BERMUDA. We also present the performance results of a variety of experiments with the system. These include single-user benchmarks of BERMUDA against stand-alone Prolog and stand-alone IDM, detailed profiling of the costs of the modules of BERMUDA that shows the overhead imposed by the interface, and multiuser benchmarks of BERMUDA that show how the system behaves under heavier load. These experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of loosely coupled systems in general and of BERMUDA specifically. They also help in the identification of some aspects of the design and implementation of BERMUDA that could be improved. >
Legal Education in the Age of Innocence: Integrating Wrongful Conviction Advocacy into the Legal Writing Curriculum

Law students today are being educated in the age of innocence. Thanks in large part to the pioneering work of the Innocence Project, public perception of the American criminal justice system has changed dramatically over the last two decades, and wrongful convictions have become an undeniable fact. While law students have played a critical role in the innocence movement, primarily by participation in law school clinics, there are untapped opportunities to expand student involvement in wrongful conviction advocacy. This article reviews the existing models of teaching wrongful conviction advocacy in the law school curriculum and discusses a new model taught at Suffolk University Law School. The benefits of this upper-level writing seminar which partners with the New England Innocence Project closely parallel the recommendations of the MacCrate and Carnegie Reports, while capitalizing on student enthusiasm and motivation. This article details the course content, learning objectives, and assignments used in this seminar, in order to provide a model which can be replicated at other law schools.
“Higher Energy Gap” Control in Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers: Turn-On Amplified Detection of Organophosphorous Agents

Chemo- and biosensors based on fluorescent conjugated polymers benefit from greater detection sensitivity due to amplification of the electronic perturbations produced by analyte binding. This ampl...
Comparison of the Electrical Properties of Thermal and Ion Beam Oxides

A comparison of the current-voltage (I-V) and the capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of thermal and low temperature ion beam grown films of silicon oxide was made. The oxides were in the thickness range between 5 nm and 10 nm. The ion beam oxides were grown at room temperature. The bulk resistivities of the thermal oxides were about 10 17 ohm cm and were about 5 orders of magnitude lower for the ion beam oxides. The interface charge densities at the Si-SiO 2 interface were about an order of magnitude higher in the case of the ion beam oxides. The oxide properties were also measured after current stressing at constant voltages. The thermal oxides showed an increase in the interface trap density at the Si-SiO 2 interface after stressing with a distinct trap appearing above mid-gap. The ion beam oxides showed very little increase in the interface trap density after stressing. The higher conductivity of the ion beam oxides may have lead to discharging of the interface traps generated during stressing.
Substrate stimulation of para-aminohippuric acid transport: effect on uptake and runout.

SummaryThe ability of penicillin pre-treatment to increase PAH accumulation by slices of newborn rabbit renal cortex was dissected into two components, uptake and runout. The oxygen-requiring component of the uptake process was significantly enhanced by penicillin treatment, whereas runout was unaffected. Kinetically, the data suggest that penicillin alters the affinity of the transport system for PAH. Due to the limitations of such a kinetic analysis, no conclusions may be drawn from such a suggestion. However, it may be concluded that penicillin pretreatment increases renal accumulation of PAH solely by stimulating the uptake process. Elucidation of the molecular changes involved will require techniques more sophisticated than uptake into renal cortical slices.
Field Observations on the Life Cycle of Ixodes baergi and Some Seasonal and Daily Activity Cycles of Oeciacus vicarius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), Argas cooleyi (Acari: Argasidae), and Ixodes baergi (Acari: Ixodidae)

Observations were made at a Cliff Swallow colony in Texas during the nesting season on aspects of the natural history of Oeciacus vicarius Horvath, the swallow bug; Argas cooleyi Kohls & Hoogstraal, the swallow tick; and Ixodes baergi Cooley & Kohls. Each of the parasitic life stages of I. baergi was collected from both adult and nestling Cliff Swallows, Hirundo pyrrhonota (Vieillot). It appears that in I. baergi the larva is the overwintering stage, that most larvae and nymphs feed on adult birds before nestlings are present, and that nestlings are hosts of the adult female ticks. Adult male I. baergi were never found on a host or in copulo with a female, but they were occasionally collected from the wall of the culvert where the Cliff Swallows nested. Engorged female I. baergi have a detachment rhythm, with the peak number of the females (54.2%) detaching between 2200 and 0400 hours (CST). Although some A. cooleyi were seen earlier, numbers observed increased markedly after swallows began to hatch and decreased abruptly the week before the first birds fledged. In contrast, peak activity of the O. vicarius occurred the week the colony was abandoned, and 2 wk later sizeable numbers of swallow bugs were still active. O. vicarius and A. cooleyi have nocturnal activity rhythms; swallow bug activity peaked between 2200 and 0100 hours, and that of the swallow ticks between 2400 and 0600 hours.
Health Systems Science Curricula in Undergraduate Medical Education: Identifying and Defining a Potential Curricular Framework

PurposeThe authors performed a review of 30 Accelerating Change in Medical Education full grant submissions and an analysis of the health systems science (HSS)-related curricula at the 11 grant recipient schools to develop a potential comprehensive HSS curricular framework with domains and subcatego
Pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of glyburide for treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) complicates 10% of all pregnancies and is defined as hyperglycemia first noted during pregnancy. Rates of GDM are rising and untreated GDM results in complications for both mother and fetus. GDM is often managed by diet and exercise but 30–40% of women will require pharmacological intervention. Insulin has traditionally been the treatment of choice but since 2007, glyburide, a second generation sulfonylurea has become the most prescribed medication for GDM.Areas covered: This review will cover the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of glyburide for the management of GDM.Expert opinion: Management of GDM is challenging secondary to the stringent glycemic goals that mimic the lower glucose levels in pregnancy. Glyburide is generally effective in treating hyperglycemia. However, several studies have raised safety concerns showing higher neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions, higher rates of macrosomia, large for gestational age and pre-ec...
Study on the spatial distribution of malaria in Yellow River and Huai River areas based on the "Kriging" method

Objective To explore the spatial distribution of malaria in areas along the Yellow River and Huai River.Methods Data for malaria incidence of 156 counties or cities along the Yellow River and Huai River in 2005 were collected to establish the geographical information system data base by Arcgis 9.0 software.Mapping the malaria probability distribution based on the GIS data base by the spatial local interpolation method in the extension function.The predictive incidence probability map and semi-variance function was produced by unbiased criterion.Cross-validation technique was used to evaluate the fitness of the distribution maps by mapping the error distribution map.Results The distribution of malaria in counties along the Yellow River and Huai River in the year 2005 was auto-correlated in spatial and the range was 98 928 m.The semi-variogram model was spherical.The cross-validation showed that the map could estimate the spatial distribution of malaria correctly and the standardized mean was 0.008 621.Conclusion Kriging method could predict the spatial distribution of malaria in counties along the Yellow River and Huai River.The variation of malaria incidence in spatial were related with distance apart,which demonstrated two aggregative centers including the boundary of north Anhui Province and Henan Province and the boundary of Henan and Hubei Provinces.The spatial distribution of malaria was not coincident with the administrative map.
Surface Roughness and Surface Topography of Micro-Grinding Soda-Lime Glass

A series research of micro-grinding with soda-lime glass was conducted,and discussed the influence of different grinding factors on the surface roughness and 3D surface topography. According to the characteristics of micro-grinding,the three factors and five levels orthogonal experiments w ere conducted by soda-lime glass. The 200#and 500#grits micro-grinding tools w ere separated under different processing conditions. The main factors influencing the machining quality w ere the surface roughness and surface topography. The results show that the main factors influencing the surface roughness and 3D surface topography are spindle speed and approach speed. The grinding depth is not the major impact. It provides the reference for the surface quality of micro-grinding and intense research of micro-grinding.