cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equatorial spread-F (ESF) and vertical winds

Abstract The Equatorial Spread-F (ESF) phenomenon is recorded in ionograms as a hierarchy of plasma instabilities in the F-layer of the equatorial ionosphere. The ESF is characterized by irregularities in the plasma (electron and ion) density and electric field distributions perpendicular to the Earth’s magnetic field. Large scale irregularities are generated by a primary plasma instability that develops in electric fields and plasma densities. Other secondary instabilities then develop and generate irregularities at several scale sizes that often produce a plasma ‘hole’ or ‘bubble’ that rises up with high E × B velocities. The ESF/plasma bubble phenomenon has been studied extensively with experimental techniques and modeling, which revealed important features. In the bottom side F-layer, near sunset, when the vertical density gradient steepens as the layer is supported by the horizontal (North–South) Earth’s magnetic field lines against the omnipresent Earth’s gravitational acceleration ( g ), the plasma conditions can give rise to Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) type instability. But the observed day to day variability of the ESF occurrence suggested that other agencies may also be involved in generating the instability. Sekar and Raghavarao (1987) with linear theory, and Raghavarao, Sekar and Suhasini (1992) , with non-linear numerical modeling, suggested that vertical downward (upward) winds in the ambient gas have the potential to cause (inhibit) the ESF/bubble phenomenon. The presence of downward winds near the equator was reported earlier. In this paper, we show evidence for the presence of downward winds collocated with irregularities in electric fields and plasma densities as revealed by an unique combination of highly accurate measurements with instruments onboard the DE-2 satellite. The observations reported here are also consistent with the notion that the build-up of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) prior to local sunset is important for the ESF instability.
African American Fathers' Contributions to Children's Early Academic Achievement: Evidence from Two-Parent Families from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort.

Research Findings: This study utilized a large sample (N = 750) of 2-parent families from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Birth Cohort to examine the contributions of African American fathers' home literacy involvement, play activities, and caregiving at 24 months to children's reading and math achievement in preschool. After family characteristics and child characteristics were controlled for, both mother and father characteristics predicted child achievement. Mother age predicted math achievement but not reading. Furthermore, even after mother predictors were entered into the hierarchical regressions, fathers' education and home literacy involvement also significantly predicted achievement. African American fathers who engaged in more frequent shared book reading, telling stories, singing songs, and provided more children's books in their homes at 24 months had children with better reading and math scores in preschool. Practice or Policy: These findings support growing evidence that fathers contr...
Modeling spatial survival data using semiparametric frailty models

We propose a new class of semiparametric frailty models for spatially correlated survival data. Specifically, we extend the ordinary frailty models by allowing random effects accommodating spatial correlations to enter into the baseline hazard function multiplicatively. We prove identifiability of the models and give sufficient regularity conditions. We propose drawing inference based on a marginal rank likelihood. No parametric forms of the baseline hazard need to be assumed in this semiparametric approach. Monte Carlo simulations and the Laplace approach are used to tackle the intractable integral in the likelihood function. Different spatial covariance structures are explored in simulations and the proposed methods are applied to the East Boston Asthma Study to detect prognostic factors leading to childhood asthma.
Assessing Patient Accrual to Cooperative Group Lung Cancer Trials: Why Are Rates Disappointing?

The best way to improve survival in the lung cancer patient population is through carefully designed phase III clinical trials. Unfortunately, many phase III trials in lung cancer, including those designated "high priority," have failed to answer their proposed question(s) because they closed early due to poor accrual. Although trials comparing one chemotherapeutic regimen to another usually accrue well, trials that combine different therapeutic modalities (i.e., surgery versus radiotherapy) often result in poor accrual; and yet these trials pose some of the most important clinical questions. Therefore, it is important that we identify trials a priori with a high probability of successful accrual as well as identify modifiable factors that can enhance accrual in these trials. When one reviews accrual information for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Table 1) initiated since 1993 by the CTCGs, only one of four trials (25%) that involved all three conventional modalities (trials investigating different sequences of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery) completed accrual. This contrasts with successful accrual of four of six (66%) trials that did not involve surgery but were primarily focused on definitive radiotherapy which met their targeted accrual. In patients with early-stage NSCLC, stage IV NSCLC (Table 2), or small cell lung cancer (Table 3), patient accrual was accomplished on a consistent basis. Only 1 of 18 trials failed to achieve its accrual end point and closed early. Enhancing accrual to individual trials can involve adding resources and/or funding to implement actions that may improve accrual (opening at multiple institutions), simpli- fying eligibility criteria or omitting extra tests, or closing a poorly accruing study to release resources for others. However, the intangible element in this equation remains the scientific relevancy that a clinical trial is investigating. This is particularly germane in locally advanced NSCLC where trials may be investigating the role of different modalities in the treatment paradigm. In some sense, comparing one drug against another may be relatively easier to accomplish, but the scientific importance and potential survival impact may be less compelling. The design of a clinical trial can have several aspects that may limit accrual. A challenge that constantly faces investigator is the scientific end point and the statistical
Simulation analysis of nano-CNC fabricated 220 GHz ultra wide band TWTA

We report detailed simulation analysis for the 220 GHz sheet beam TWTA being fabricated using nano-CNC technology[1]. The single cell dispersion analysis incorporating an inevitable 100 μm edge radius demonstrated the shift in the synchronism condition with the slow space charge wave (20 kV, 0.25 A beam) for the 467 μm period and 320 μm vane depth design. This case was further analyzed for beam tunnel widths of 770 μm and 800 μm. To regain synchronism, it was established that the 800 μm beam tunnel width is a better choice as the phase velocity matching condition occurs for a relatively low beam energy (i.e ∼ 19 kV). This also correlates well with the S-matrix simulation analysis of the TWT double-vane half-period staggered structure including sever and couplers. The 100 μm corner radius shifts the passband by ∼ 5 GHz to higher frequency which is compensated for by the relatively wide 800 μm beam tunnel. Particle-in-cell simulations supported the single cell dispersion analysis and synchronism shift due to corner radius. At 220 GHz, with 100 μm radius, beam-wave interaction was seen to be completely deteriorated. In the same model, reducing the radius to ∼ 1 μm resulted in P out ∼ 80 W and P ref ∼ 3mW for a peak input RF power of ∼ 100 mW. For the 100 μm radius case, the synchronism was regained by increasing the beam energy to ∼ 20.7 kV and PIC simulation predicted an output power of ∼ 32 W. Further investigations are underway for an optimum robust design for a beam of 18 kV that takes into account realistic fabrication errors in the simulation modeling analysis.
Culture and the Early Childhood Curriculum

Culture and child development have been seen as two separate sources of early childhood curriculum. Essentially they are closely related, since culture heavily influences development. We can see the influence of culture on development. In looking at programs of early childhood education from different countries, we can also see how the culture of each country influences the content of the early childhood curriculum.
Culture and Progress. DISTINGUISHED LECTURE‐1975

This paper is the text of the sixth Distinguished Lecture, delivered in San Francisco at the 74th annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, December 1975. The Lectureship was established in 1969 to honor outstanding scholars in the profession. Colson, a social anthropologist and ethnographer of wide experience, has worked in both the New and the Old Worlds, with American Indian and central African cultures. She is currently Fairchild Fellow, California Institute of Technology, on leave from her professorship at the University of California, Berkeley. Her interest in both the history and the future of our profession is reflected in her talk. The first five Distinguished Lectures—by Joseph H. Greenberg, Robert J. Braidwood, Georges Condominas, John W. M. Whiting, and Miguel Leon-Portilla—were published in the Association's Annual Reports (1970–74). The Lecture will now appear each year in the American Anthropologist.
Evaluation of ivermectin for treatment of hair loss syndrome in black-tailed deer.

Since 1997, numerous Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in western Washington (USA) have developed a hair loss syndrome that often preceded emaciation, debilitation, pneumonia, and death. To study this syndrome, eight affected free-ranging Columbian black-tailed deer fawns were captured from western Washington in February 1999 to determine the effect of ivermectin treatment. Fecal examinations indicated that the internal parasites were Dictyocaulus viviparus, Parelaphostrongylus sp., Trichuris sp., Moniezia sp., Eimeria spp., and gastrointestinal strongyles. Biting lice (Tricholipeurus parallelus) were observed on all deer, with up to 5 lice/cm2 on the index areas counted. Three deer were treated with ivermectin subcutaneously at doses between 0.2 and 1.3 mg/kg of body weight monthly for four consecutive months, and five control deer received no anthelmintic treatment. Complete blood counts, parasite evaluations, weight gains, and hair loss evaluations were used to assess effect...
Photoaffinity labeling of the ouabain binding site in Na,K-ATPase in developing brine shrimp

Analysis of purified Na,K-ATPase from brine shrimp nauplii by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals two large (alpha) subunits [G.L. Peterson, R.D. Ewing, S.R. Hootman, and F.P. Conte (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253:4762]. The band with lower mobility in a neutral or alkaline gel is designated alpha 1 and the band with higher mobility alpha 2. Ouabain prevents dephosphorylation of both alpha 1 and alpha 2 as documented by gel analysis, but a higher concentration of ouabain is required to prevent dephosphorylation of alpha 2. The photoaffinity label, [3H]4'(2-ethyldiazomalonyl) digitoxigenin monodigitoxiside, specifically labels alpha in a ouabain-protectable manner without labeling other contaminating proteins in the preparation. Greater than 93% of the total ouabain-protectable labeling of the alpha subunits is associated with alpha 1. The photoaffinity label, [3H]4"' (2-ethyldiazomalonyl) digitoxin, specifically labels alpha 1 and beta in a ouabain-protectable manner without labeling other contaminating proteins. These data show that in the brine shrimp the third digitoxose residue of digitoxin binds in a region in which the alpha 1 and beta chains are in close proximity. Less than 5% of the specific ouabain-protectable labeling of total alpha is associated with alpha 2. These studies indicate that cardioactive steroids have higher affinity for the alpha 1 subunit.
A histologic and embryologic analysis of so-called globulomaxillary cysts.

Abstract In an attempt to clarify the confusing concept of the so-called globulomaxillary cyst, we have reviewed all cases of this lesion occurring in the files of the CMDNJ-NJDS Biopsy Service between 1967–1977. We have discussed our cases in terms of the criteria used inconsistently in the literature of the globulomaxillary cyst: its location, the vitality of adjacent teeth, its histologic structure and its supposed origin from non-odontogenic embryonic epithelial remnants. We concluded that none of the criteria establish the globulomaxillary cyst as a distinct entity and suggest that use of the term be discontinued.
Imaging Alzheimer's disease: clinical applications

Extensive PET imaging research on AD has been conducted since PET scanners became available in the early 1980s. PET imaging using FDG, now commercially available, can detect early metabolic changes in AD and differential metabolic features of various dementing disorders. Image analysis techniques have also advanced in the field of functional brain imaging and permit accurate and consistent scan interpretation. PET studies that involve autopsy-confirmed cases suggest that the PET diagnosis of AD is no worse or may even be better than clinical diagnosis. Limited prospective studies demonstrated the effects of PET imaging in dementia management, which precludes the approval of FDG PET for more widespread, reimbursable use. Further evidence for the efficacy of PET imaging through well-organized clinical studies, as well as continuing efforts in technologic development and basic research to characterize functional alterations in dementing disorders in living patients, are equally important to achieve the goal of better dementia care.
Objective hot flashes are negatively related to verbal memory performance in midlife women.

AbstractObjective:To test the hypothesis that hot flashes specifically relate to verbal memory performance by examining the relationship between objective hot flashes and cognitive test performance in women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms.Design:In an observational study, 29 midlife women
Ground-state energy of the unitary Fermi gas from the epsilon expansion

We update the ground-state energy ratio of unitary Fermi gas to noninteracting Fermi gas $(\ensuremath{\xi})$ from the $ϵ$ expansion by including the next-to-next-to-leading-order (NNLO) term near two spatial dimensions. Interpolations of the NNLO $ϵ$ expansions around four and two spatial dimensions with the use of Pad\'e approximants give $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\approx}0.360\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020$ in three dimensions with the uncertainty due to different interpolation functions. This value is consistent with the previous interpolations of the NLO $ϵ$ expansions $\ensuremath{\xi}\ensuremath{\approx}0.377\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.014$ in spite of the large NNLO corrections.
Optimal approaches for balancing invasive species eradication and endangered species management

Resolving conflicting ecosystem management goals-such as maintaining fisheries while conserving marine species or harvesting timber while preserving habitat-is a widely recognized challenge. Even more challenging may be conflicts between two conservation goals that are typically considered complementary. Here, we model a case where eradication of an invasive plant, hybrid Spartina, threatens the recovery of an endangered bird that uses Spartina for nesting. Achieving both goals requires restoration of native Spartina. We show that the optimal management entails less intensive treatment over longer time scales to fit with the time scale of natural processes. In contrast, both eradication and restoration, when considered separately, would optimally proceed as fast as possible. Thus, managers should simultaneously consider multiple, potentially conflicting goals, which may require flexibility in the timing of expenditures.
A comparison of the behavioral effects of oral versus intravenous mCPP administration in OCD patients and the effect of metergoline prior to IV mCPP

Abstract In prior studies from three centers, an exacerbation of obsessive-compulsivv disorder (OCD) symptoms was reported in some (55%–82%) patients with OCD receiving the serotonergic agonist m -chlorophenylpiperazine ( m -CPP) orally, whereas intravenously administered m CPP produced anxiety but no OCD symptom exacerbation. In the present replication attempt, 27 OCD patients were given m CPP either orally ( n = 17) or intravenously ( n = 10) under double-blind conditions, using identical behavioral rating measures. OCD symptoms were significantly increased after intravenous m CPP (0.1 mg/kg), but not after oral m CPP (0.5 mg/kg). Anxiety and other ratings were markedly elevated after intravenous m CPP administration. After oral m CPP administration, anxiety and most other self-ratings were only slightly elevated in comparison to placebo administration, and behavioral rating increases were no different for the OCD patients compared to age-matched healthy controls. Pretreatment with the potent serotonin (5-HT) antagonist, metergoline, prior to intravenous m CPP was associated with essentially complete blockade of the exacerbation in OCD symptoms and the other behavioral responses in the OCD patients. These results suggest that the behavioral response of OCD patients to m CPP are variable and depend on the route and dose of m CPP. In addition, the ability of metergoline to antagonize the behavioral effects of intravenous m CPP suggests that these responses are mediated by 5-HT 1 /5-HT 2 receptors.
FLUID–FLUID AND SOLID–FLUID INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS IN PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS

The distribution and flow behavior of crude oil, gas and brine in the porous rock medium of petroleum reservoirs are controlled largely by the interactions occurring at the interfaces within the various fluids and by the interactions between the fluids and the rock surface. With an objective to correlate the macroscopic multiphase flow behavior with fundamental interfacial interactions, the recent developments in the field of fluid–fluid and solid–fluid interactions and their applications in petroleum engineering are presented in this contribution. A computerized drop shape analysis technique and its application to the measurement of fluid–fluid interfacial tension at elevated pressures and temperatures are discussed. A recently developed technique that is capable of measuring dynamic (advancing and receding) contact angles at realistic conditions encountered in petroleum reservoirs is presented. Its effectiveness in making reproducible and rapid measurements relative to the conventional techniques is dem...
Lateral flow in the exosphere

Hydrogen and helium lateral flow in collisionless exosphere calculated on model for various sinusoidal temperature and concentration variations over exobase surface
THE NEOPLASTIC POTENTIALITIES OF MOUSE EMBRYO TISSUES : III. THE TUMORS ELICITED FROM GASTRIC EPITHELIUM.

Epithelial tumors have been readily obtained by the implantation of embryo stomach tissue together with olive oil containing methylcholanthrene (with or without Scharlach R) in adult mice of homologous strain. The implanted tissue from the squamous portion of the stomach rapidly encysted the oil, and benign and malignant papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas soon arose from the stratified squamous lining of the cysts. Bits of the glandular portion of the stomach also formed cysts, but the gland cells underwent metaplasia in response to the carcinogen, altering first to transitional epithelium and then to a stratified squamous layer. So swiftly did these changes take place that nearly all of the tumors took origin from epithelium that had already become stratified and squamous, and the growths themselves were of this type. A single transitional cell carcinoma and an adenoacanthoma were procured, but no adenocarcinomas; nor did any benign papillomas develop, though they often resulted from the action of methylcholanthrene on the squamous portion of the embryo stomach. Search failed to disclose any distinctive precancerous changes in the gastric tissue. Five of the cancers were transplanted and they grew in every host. No tumors arose from any of the numerous control implants. Those consisting of glandular tissue formed cysts lined partly with columnar epithelium secreting mucus and partly with tubular glands equipped with chief and parietal cells in good condition. Pepsin and rennin were found in the fluid contained in these cysts, but no free hydrochloric acid. The enzymes were present also when the cysts contained methylcholanthrene and the glands had not yet been wholly replaced by metaplastic epithelium. The tumors appeared months sooner than when methylcholanthrene is injected into the stomach of adult animals or given by mouth; some of them were well established after 5 or 6 weeks. They arose regularly when the requisite experimental conditions were provided. The utilization of transplanted embryo tissue provides a means whereby gastric tumors free from bacterial infection can be procured swiftly and easily.
The use of eminent domain in land assembly: The case of the Tennessee Valley Authority

Eminent domain gives public agencies the right to acquire property from private individuals in exchange for just compensation. Following Kelo vs. New London 2005, the powers of eminent domain were extended, opening the door for potential abuses of power by government officials. In this paper, I empirically investigate the use of eminent domain using newly digitized records from the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which extensively used eminent domain to construct dams in the 1930s. Using a sample of families living in one reservoir location, I find empirical evidence that land tenure, the number of property holdings, and debt levels affected the holdout decision, suggesting that holdouts are individuals with high subjective values. I then develop a screening model with asymmetric information in seller valuations to predict when eminent domain will be used and what settlement values and court awards would be. I test the model’s and find that individuals who held out increased their property value by about 5 %, and incentives to holdout existed only for individuals who received initially low settlement proposals.
Neurosensory recovery after ligation of the descending palatine neurovascular bundle during Le Fort I osteotomy.

Abstract Purpose: The effect of ligating the descending palatine neurovascular bundle (DPNB) on the recovery of palatal sensation has not been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ligation of the DPNB on the recovery of palatal sensation after Le Fort I osteotomy. Patients and Methods: Using a retrospective study design in a randomized protocol, patients who had undergone Le Fort I osteotomy were assigned to either treatment group 1 (DPNB ligated) or treatment group 2 (DPNB preserved). A third group of control patients (group 3, unoperated) on whom no surgery had been performed served as a baseline for examination of normal palatal sensation. The predictor variables were ligation and preservation of the DPNB. The outcome variables were mean tactile sensation and mean nociception. Other study variables included age, sex, follow-up, surgical movements, and number of segments. Results: There were 11 patients in group 1, 7 in group 2, and 10 in group 3. For tactile sensation, the mean Von Frey hair size detected was 4.26 ± 0.37, 4.11 ± 0.17, and 3.68 ± 0.24 for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The difference between group 1 and group 2 was not significant ( P >.05). The differences between group 1 and group 3 and between group 2 and group 3 were significant ( P P =.8064). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that recovery of palatal sensation is not adversely affected by ligation of the DPNB. © 2000 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
On the Boundedness of Calderón-Zygmund Operators with Monogenic Kernels

Starting from the L2 boundedness of the Clifford-Cauchy operator on Lipschitz surfaces, we give a direct, self-contained proof of the L2 boundedness of a large class of singular integral operators with kernels of Calderon- Zygmund type. Our approach is intrinsically higher-dimensional in nature, as it makes no appeal to the one-dimensional theory (a technique traditionally known as the method of rotation).
Specific-heat exponent of random-field systems via ground-state calculations

Exact ground states of three-dimensional random field Ising magnets with Gaussian distribution of the disorder are calculated using graph-theoretical algorithms. Systems for different strengths h of the random fields and sizes up to ${N=96}^{3}$ are considered. By numerically differentiating the bond-energy with respect to h a specific-heat-like quantity is obtained, which does not appear to diverge at the critical point but rather exhibits a cusp. We also consider the effect of a small uniform magnetic field, which allows us to calculate the $T=0$ susceptibility. From a finite-size scaling analysis, we obtain the critical exponents $\ensuremath{\nu}=1.32(7),$ $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{-}0.63(7),$ $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.50(3)$ and find that the critical strength of the random field is ${h}_{c}=2.28(1).$ We discuss the significance of the result that $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ appears to be strongly negative.
Immunoelectronmicroscopic characterization of intracellular inclusions in synovial fluid cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Qualitative immunoelectronmicroscopic (IEM) analysis of intracellular inclusions in synovial fluid (SF) cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was performed using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method. Cells from patients with chronic RA were fixed in glutaral-dehyde containing 0.05% saponin to permeabilize membranes before immunologic treatments. Intracellular inclusions of IgG, IgM, and C3 were observed in vacuoles of greater than 75% of both polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and mononuclear phago-cytic cells. IgA-and fibrinogen-containing inclusions were less frequent. Intracellular staining for albumin was minimal. Other membranous, vesicular, and granular unstained materials of potential importance were also often present in the same vacuoles. Stained inclusions were clearly distinct from lipid bodies, which were negative for immunostaining. Control samples had only occasional, scattered and weak stain that was easily recognizable as nonspecific and thus established the specificity of the reactio...
Monolayers of Linear Molecules Adsorbed on the Graphite Basal Plane: Structures and Intermolecular Interactions†

The monolayer phase diagrams for a number of nonpolar, linear molecules adsorbed on the basal plane of graphite are reviewed. Values for some of the transition temperatures such as the 2D gas-liquid critical points and the melting points of the low-density 2D solids are collected. Upon comparison of these data with each other and with the analogous data for some spherical adsorbate molecules on graphite, it is argued that the ratios of the 2D critical temperatures to the bulk 3D critical temperatures for these linear molecules are essentially independent of molecular shape and quadrupole moment. The melting points are much more sensitive to the details of the molecular size and shape, but two major categories can be discerned : weakly quadrupolar molecules which form 2D lattices with all molecules lying parallel to one another and are often incommensurate, and strongly quadrupolar molecules that form herringbone lattices which are often commensurate with the underlying substrate lattice. When molecular orientation changes greatly upon melting, it is found that melting points are abnormally low compared to the systems where this does not occur.
Some management objectives of the peasant farmer: An analysis of risk aversion in the choice of cropping pattern, Surat district, India

The basis of peasant farmers’ decision‐making is a critical factor in the formation of agricultural policy in developing countries. If farmers operate efficiently, implying that profits are maximised, then incomes can only be increased by introducing improved methods of production; if farmers do not act efficiently, it may be desirable to reallocate resources within traditional agriculture. Similarly, predictions of farmers’ responses to price changes and thus the impact on aggregate production and employment1 are based on assumptions regarding farmers’ management objectives. The primary aim of this paper is to examine empirically the cropping patterns chosen by a group of peasant farmers in Surat District, India, using a simple model of risk aversion. The data show that the observed behaviour corresponds very closely to the hypothesis that farmers allocate land to different crops by striking some balance between the competing criteria of (a) increasing income and (b) decreasing risk measured by income va...
An ab Initio Computational Molecular Orbital Study of Radical, Protonated Radical (Radical Cation), and Carbocation Species That Have Been Proposed in Mechanisms for the Transfer Process in the Enzyme−Coenzyme B12-Catalyzed Dehydration of 1,2-Dihydroxyethane

The mechanism of action of the enzyme diol dehydrase has variously been suggested to involve a radical, a protonated radical (radical cation), or a carbocation in the apparent transfer of HO from one carbon atom to the other to give acetaldehyde and water. This adenosylcobalamin-requiring B12 enzyme catalyzes dehydration of 1,2-dihydroxyethane. Its active site is buried within a hydrophobic cavity. Each of the three possibilities are examined by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. Total molecular energies have been calculated with full geometry optimization at the MP2(FC)/6-31G* level and, in addition, single point energies using the MP2(FC)/6-311++G** basis set. Vibrational frequencies were also calculated. Transfer of an HO group within a HOCH−CH2OH⎤• radical (postulated to be formed by the initial reaction of the diol with the deoxyadenosyl radical via a bridge structure) was ruled out because the activation energy is much too high in relation to the observed rate constant for the enzyme reaction...
Temperature-dependent Model of Life Cycle Development of Ips calligraphus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Constant temperatures from 12.5 to 37.5°C influenced duration of the within-tree life cycle (egg to adult emergence) of Ips calligraphus (Germar). The relationship of median development time and constant temperature formed a backwards J-shaped curve. On the average, developing I. calligraphus spent as little as 18 d in the host at 35°C and as much as 224 d in the host at 12.5°C. Frequency distributions of development times changed with temperature and were nearly uniform at 15°C, more symmetric at 20–3O°C, and somewhat skewed to the right at 32 and 35°C. The model of Sharpe & DeMichele (1977, J. Theor. Biol. 64: 649–670) described development rates (reciprocal of median times) as a function of temperature ( R 2 = 0.999), and a cumulative Weibull function (Wagner et al. [1984b, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 475–487]) described a single, temperature-independent distribution of normalized development times ( R 2 = 0.997). Combined, these functions predicted cumulative proportions of cohort emergence through time. Models were validated using a multiple-cohort simulation procedure (Wagner et al. [1985b, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 78: 691–704]) as well as data on I. calligraphus emergence from three trees in each of three field plots. The validation suggested the model's suitability in a larger model of population dynamics.
Reducing Stigma Barriers to Help-Seeking Behaviors among College Students

College students suffer disproportionately from depression, an illness with significant consequences that, untreated, escalates in severity. A review of literature reveals that seeking help for this health issue is often stigmatized, reducing the likelihood of treatment. While the literature identifies the types of stigma, less is known about the communicative processes involved in stigma coping. This paper applies Meisenbach’s (2010) Theory of Stigma Management Communication (SMC) to this issue, suggested strategies researching depression stigma coping as well as new and promising intervention strategies to increase help seeking rates among college students.
Studies on ciliary dyskinesia factor in cystic fibrosis. I. Bioassay and heterozygote detection in serum.

Extract: We have modified Spock's rabbit tracheal bioassay to the extent that it is reproducible and reliable for the detection of the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene in single or double dose from serum. Three critical modifications were: (1) maintaining a 37°G temperature throughout screening and bioassay, (2) setting high standards of tissue selection to be used for bioassay, (3) quick manipulations during the bioassay. These alterations have eliminated the necessity of concentrating euglobulins from sera of CF carriers in order to detect a ciliary dyskinesia factor (CDF). In addition, the time necessary to detect a CDF response was reduced to 3 to 6 minutes in every serum sample from CF homozygotes and obligate heterozygotes. In general, sera from metachromasia negative CF affected and carrier subjects elicited a ciliotoxic response, as opposed to the more commonly observed ciliary dyskinesia seen in metachromasia positive CF individuals and their parents. Speculation: It is our hypothesis that the CDF is a normal cellular product, and that the defect in CF is in the production or release of a factor inhibiting the CDF.
Insulin-like growth factor-I and binding protein-3 and risk of cancer.

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is an important mitogen required by some cell types to progress from the G1 phase to the S phase of the cell cycle. IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) can have opposing actions, in part by binding IGF-I, but also by direct inhibitory effects on target cells. As mitogens and anti-apoptotic agents, IGFs may be important in carcinogenesis, possibly by increasing the risk of cellular transformation by enhancing cell turnover. Indeed, many types of neoplastic cells express or overexpress IGF-I receptors, which stimulate mitogenesis when activated by IGF-I in vitro. In vivo, tissue IGF bioactivity is determined not only by circulating IGF-I and IGFBP levels, but also by local production of IGFs, IGFBPs, and possibly IGFBP proteases that enhance IGF-I availability by cleaving IGFBPs. Because determinants of tissue IGF bioactivity appear to be regulated in parallel with circulating IGF-I level, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the substantial intraindividual variability in circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may be important in determining risk of some cancers. In recent epidemiologic studies, relatively high plasma IGF-I and low IGFBP-3 levels have been independently associated with greater risk of prostate cancer in men, breast cancer among premenopausal women, and colorectal adenoma and cancer in men and women and possibly lung cancer. These include prospective data from the Physicians' Health Study and the Nurses' Health Study. In general, two- to fourfold elevated risks have been observed for prostate cancer in men in the top quartile of IGF-I relative to those in the bottom quartile, and low levels of IGFBP-3 were associated with an approximate doubling of risk. For breast cancer, an association with IGF-I for postmenopausal women was not apparent, but strong associations were observed for premenopausal cases in the Nurses' Health Study. Further study is needed to confirm this subgroup finding in women. Recent data also indicate that high IGF-I and low IGFBP-3 increase risk of colorectal cancer and large or villous adenomas. Of note, for colorectal neoplasia, fourfold elevated risks were observed in men and women with low IGFBP-3, whereas high IGF-I was associated with a doubling of risk. These emerging epidemiologic data indicate that high levels of IGF-I and low levels of IGFBP-3 are associated with an increased risk of at least several types of carcinoma that are common in economically developed countries. Further study is required to determine the clinical relevance of these findings.
The half-lifetime of induced tryptophan peroxidase in vivo☆

Abstract Rat liver tryptophan peroxidase induction permits investigation of both protein synthetic and catabolic rates in vivo. Substrate or hormonally induced enzyme decreases in concentration according to first-order kinetics with a t 1 2 of 2.3 hr. This enzyme protein turnover is much more rapid than the reported mean turnover of total liver proteins. The kinetics of enzyme synthesis and catabolism were not influenced by a large extrahepatic tumor nor by 8-azaguanine or 6-mercaptopurine.
Unusual Reactivity of “Proton Sponge” as a Hydride Donor to Transition Metals: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Fluoroalkyl(hydrido) Complexes of Iridium(III) and Rhodium(III)

Attempts to prepare fluoroalkyl(hydrido) complexes of iridium by reactions of [Ir(C5Me5)(PMe3)(RF)I] {RF = CF2CF2CF3, CF(CF3)2} with either NaBH4 or LiAlH4 afford (inter alia) iridium hydrides [Ir(C5Me5)(PMe3)(CHCFCF3)H] or [Ir(C5Me5)(PMe3)(C{CF3}CF2)H], in which the fluoroalkyl groups are converted to unsaturated ligands via apparent α-CF activation and elimination of HF. A clean and selective route to desired saturated fluoroalkyl(hydrido) complexes [Ir(C5Me5)(PMe3)(RF)H] {RF = CF2CF2CF3, CF2CF3, CF(CF3)2} is afforded by treatment of the aqua cations [Ir(C5Me5)(PMe3)(RF)(H2O)]BF4 with 1,8-bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene (“Proton Sponge”). The reaction also affords the corresponding rhodium analogue [Rh(C5Me5)(PMe3)(CF2CF2CF3)H] from the corresponding aqua precursor. The source of the hydride is unambiguously defined as an N−CH3 group by using the perdeuteromethylated analogue of Proton Sponge, which provides clean routes to the corresponding fluoroalkyl(deutero) complexes of iridium. Triethylamine or coba...
On the existence of three-dimensional convection in a rectangular box containing fluid-saturated porous material

On the basis of a stability analysis of finite amplitude, two-dimensional convection, we have determined the dimensions of boxes containing fluid-saturated porous material in which convection is necessarily unsteady or steady and three-dimensional. For certain box sizes, convective rolls are unstable at Rayleigh numbers Ra lower than 380, the value below which rolls are stable forms of convection between infinite parallel planes. For Ra = 100 and 200, it appears unlikely that there are any box dimensions for which there is not a stable (possibly multicellular) two-dimensional steady motion. At Ra = 340 and 400, boxes in which rolls are unstable have heights which range from one to five times their horizontal dimensions.
Effects of vibration frequency and tissue thickness on intrauterine sound levels in sheep.

Pure-tone sinusoidal mechanical vibratory stimuli ranging in frequency from 4 to 4000 Hz were applied to the ventral abdominal wall of pregnant ewes, and intrauterine sound pressure levels were recorded with a hydrophone 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm from the surface. There were significant decreases in sound pressure levels with increasing frequencies ( p p = 0.01). There was no significant interaction between these two variables. An electronic artificial larynx was also activated on the abdominal wall, resulting in quite high sound pressure levels (mean, 119 dB) measured 5 cm from the surface, with a significant decrease in sound pressure levels as the thickness of the intervening maternal tissues increased ( p = 0.005). These results suggest that the frequency of vibratory stimulus used and the thickness of the maternal abdominal wall could influence fetal response to the vibroacoustic stimulation test by affecting intrauterine sound pressure levels.
Tricyclic overdose causing sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Desipramine belongs to a group of psychotropic compounds called tricyclic antidepressants that have similar chemical structures and share a variety of pharmacologic actions. They tend to be lipophilic and are found in high concentrations in the myocardium of treated patients.1 Actions responsible for most of their cardiovascular effects include anticholinergic properties, an ability to block norepinephrine reuptake and a type 1 antiarrhythmic action.1,2 A variety of cardiac dysrhythmias have been associated with tricyclic antidepressant usage and especially with overdosage.3 Sustained ventricular arrhythmias are an uncommon complication of nonfatal tricyclic antidepressant overdose4 and usually consist of polymorphous ventricular tachycardia (or ventricular fibrillation). In the present report, we describe a young person without apparent organic heart disease who ingested a large amount of desipramine and who presented with sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia which persisted over a 3-day period.
An Experimental Characterization of the Failure Mechanisms Activated in GFRP Composites

The static, flexural responses of two Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) — SMC and Preform — material systems of varying fiber volume fractions were investigated. Failure mechanisms activated upon loading have been characterized through the use of numerical modeling during the damage progression. Both material systems were consolidated with a discontinuous, randomly oriented fiber distribution to give a quasi-isotropic, elastic behavior within the fiber distribution plane. Damage evolved and energy absorbed at each stage of failure is critical to the understanding of the progressive nature and the materials ability to mechanically store and dissipate energy. Preliminary experimental results show that the progressive nature of the damage is found to be consistent with the load redistribution at each stage.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Herpes virus-mediated preproenkephalin gene transfer to the amygdala is antinociceptive

To evaluate the role of the amygdala in pain modulation and opioid-mediated antinociception, a recombinant, replication-defective herpes virus carrying the human preproenkephalin cDNA was injected bilaterally into the rat amygdala. Four days after gene delivery nociceptive behavior was assessed by the formalin test. Rats infected with the virus expressing preproenkephalin showed a selective, naloxone-reversible abolition of phase 2 flinching behavior compared to rats infected with a control virus. The results implicate the amygdala in the control of pain and in opioid analgesia and demonstrate the use of recombinant herpes viruses as tools for studying gene function in specific neural pathways of the central nervous system.
High-gain beam-scanning reflectarray antennas using an active-feed scheme

Beam scanning performance of active-feed reflectarray antennas are studied in this paper. The advantages of active-feed systems for high-gain beam scanning are delineated and bifocal reflectarray systems are investigated. It is shown that a conventional bifocal reflectarray cannot achieve a good performance over a wide angular range. The particle swarm optimization is then implemented to optimize the phase of the bifocal reflectarray system. A Ka-band reflectarray antenna designed for 60° beam scan and optimized for two beams at ±30° is demonstrated. Within the scanning range, the gain variation is smaller than 1.6 dB and the side lobe is lower than −15 dB.
The combined effects of cocaine and amphetamine on primary postnatal rat heart cell cultures

Abstract Recent reports demonstrated that perinatal exposure to cocaine (Coc) and amphetamines (Amph) predisposed the infant to adverse cardiovascular consequences. Dose- and time-dependent effects of Coc and Amph on postnatal rat myocardial cell cultures are described. Contractile activity, morphology, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, MTT formazan production, and neutral red (NR) retention were determined. No contractile activity was observed in cultures treated with the highest drug doses. After 24 h, the percentage of areas exhibiting contractile activity was decreased in cultures exposed to the lowest doses of both drugs. When Coc and Amph were combined, beating rates were significantly altered. Morphologic alterations were observed in all treatment groups. LDH release occurred in cultures exposed to the highest doses of both drugs. No significant differences were observed for MTT or NR. These data demonstrate that Coc and Amph doses ≥ 1 × 10−5M induce adverse effects on morphology and contractile activity of postnatal myocardial cell cultures.
Seventh World Congress of the International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatology, Cairo, Egypt, March 20 to 23, 2010

The Seventh World Congress of the International Academy of Cosmetic Dermatology (IACD) was held in Cairo, Egypt, where five millennia of history, medicine, and beauty, exemplified by Nephrite as the icon of ageless beauty even to this day, were incorporated into a stellar program (Figure 1). Mohamed Amer, as Congress President, continued the successful formula of his previous Zagazig Conferences, begun in 1980, with a stellar scientific program, augmented by memorable social events.
Effects of acute sleep pattern alteration depend upon sleep duration

The magnitude of the differences in performance, body temperature, and sleep stages following reduced, habitual, extended, and shifted sleep was compared in two groups of 10 healthy male university students who regularly slept nocturnally for 7-8 h or for 9.5-10.5 h. Measurements were obtained of sublingual temperature and from a 45-min Wilkinson auditory vigilance task 30 min after awakening in the morning, at midday, and in the evening following five electroencephalographically recorded nights of sleep. The experimental treatments comprised a habitual sleep condition and four conditions in which the regular sleep period was lengthened, reduced, delayed, and advanced by 3 h. After all sleep conditions, the long sleepers compared with the control (7-8-h) group had a higher daily level of body temperature, less misses on the vigilance task, and shorter reaction times. As a result of the mean difference in total sleep time existing between groups, under all conditions the control subjects averaged less stage 2 and stage REM sleep, but more stage 4. Previous studies have shown that a 3-h advance or delay and a 3-h extension or reduction of established 7-8 h and 9.5-10.5-h sleep periods all result in generally equivalent degrees of impaired performance. The present findings indicate that 7-8 h sleepers were more impaired by acute alterations in the length and timing of sleep than habitual long sleepers.
Predicting Rebounds Using Rigid-Body Dynamics

The observation by Thomas Kane a few years ago, that long-used relationships for predicting post-collision motion of a system of rigid bodies can imply a significant increase in kinetic energy during collision, has revived interest in this type of problem. This paper is intended to clarify understanding of the sources of this difficulty, and to suggest an alternative to some of the previously used assumptions for making such predictions. An organization of the pertinent equations of kinetics is presented, which provides a more direct means of examining the aforementioned question and of obtaining rebound predictions.