cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probability learning as a function of age and incentive

Abstract Four groups of 48 Ss, varying in age from preschool through college years, were tested in a three-choice problem in which two choices never yielded reinforcement and one choice yielded reinforcement either 33 or 66% of the time. The Ss were reinforced with either a metal washer or a nickel. Significant differences in frequency of choice of the reinforcing stimulus were found according to age of S and percentage of reinforcement. Incidence of correct response increased significantly across the 80 trials, and the interaction between trials and percentage of reinforcement was significant. The interaction between age of S and incentive was significant, reflecting the fact that preschool Ss had a higher level of response with incentives of low value than with incentives of high value, and that elementary school Ss had a higher level of response with incentives of high value. No differences between the two incentive conditions were apparent for the college Ss. It is concluded that previously reported conflicting results concerning the effect of level of incentive on probability learning in children may be a result of the differing ages of Ss sampled in the earlier studies.
Parasitic-Aware and Moment-driven Constraint Satisfying Non-Linear Routing Methodology

Accounting for the inductive and capacitive parasitics is important for the routing of long multi-chip module (MCM) nets in multi-GHz designs. The step signal response of a high frequency signal applied at one end of a long net suffers from signal oscillations (ringing) in the form of overshoots and undershoots. While a sharp overshoot may damage the gate oxide due to an increase in the voltage level, an undershoot might pull the signal below the switching threshold causing logic failure. Unnecessary ringing may cause the rise time of the signal to be sharp, but the settling time may increase, thereby increasing the effective delay. We propose a non-linear problem (NLP) based routing methodology, which finds a routing solution considering the effect of coupling capacitive and mutual inductive effects along with the self parasitics using a moment-driven cost function. The objective is to minimize the cost, obtain a ringing-delay trade-off and satisfy the design rules.
Legionnaires' disease: concentrations of selenium and other elements

Selenium concentrations in the serums of 17 acutely ill Legionnaires' disease patients were significantly lower than in their matching convalescent-phase serums. This trend was not observed in ten similarly paired samples of serum from control patients with pneumonia. There were no significant differences in the concentrations of nickel, copper, bromine, rubidium, lead, barium, or titanium in the serums of Legionnaires' disease and control patients.
Current Concepts of Amblyopia: A Neuro-Ophthalmology Perspective

Amblyopia can be defined as a developmental disorder in which there is a deficit in visual acuity that cannot be improved by refractive correction and that has no detectable organic cause. It has b...
The urban economics of Adam Smith

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to show that location, transport costs, urbanization, and the urban hierarchy all play important roles in the economic analysis of Adam Smith.
Consumer Response to a Prosocial Marketing Initiative: The Case of Discount Stores and Gun Sales

This research examined factors that influence how consumers respond to prosocial marketing initiatives. Specifically, consumers' attitudes toward the societal role of corporations were examined within the context of a prosocial (an activity perceived by the consumer to benefit society) marketing action being undertaken by a corporation. The results indicate that whether a consumer believed a firm should be managed primarily for the benefit of the common good (e.g., the greater community, consumers, employees) or managed primarily for the benefit of investors significantly influenced the likelihood of store patronage. Perceived ethicality of the retailer's action also mediated the relationship between consumers' attitudes toward the societal role of corporations and the likelihood of store patronage. The marketing and societal implications of these results are discussed.
Identification and EMG signature discrimination for posture mapping in real-time for controlling stimulation in paraplegics

The paper discusses the real-time realization of EMG signature identification for posture mapping of the upper trunk of a paraplegic as is required for controlling electrical stimulation of his/her lower limb nerves to facilitate walker-supported walking [1]. The above method has been applied by the authors to 4 complete upper motorneuron paraplegics, with spinal cord lesions at levels T5/6 to T11/12. The purpose of the above approach is to provide naturally-controlled walking capabilities to such paraplegics, rather than using hand switches which are unnatural and, diverting the patient's concentration from his above-lesion posture (see Figure 1 and 2). For adequate control of the stimulating channel, complete posture mapping, i.e., signature identifications and control decisions, must be made in less than 0.3 seconds, else, smooth walking is hampered which in turn affects the patient's balance.
Limit periodic Schur algorithms, the case 441-1441-1441-1

We show that if a function bounded in the unit disk gives rise to a limit periodic Schur algorithm with |γ|=1, Σdn,<∞ then the function can be continued analytically to a meromorphic function in the entire plane except, possibly, for an essential singularity at z=−1. The lpS provides a very good approximation to the function.
Does Distance Decay Modelling of Supermarket Accessibility Predict Fruit and Vegetable Intake by Individuals in a Large Metropolitan Area

Obesity, a risk factor for hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases is influenced by geographic accessibility to supermarkets, which has been shown to affect nutritional behaviors. Purpose . To determine how individual fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption was independently influenced by accessibility to supermarkets, and to quantify that relationship. Methods . A distance decay based model was specified for a random sample (n=7,514) of urban residents. Associations between FV consumption and accessibility to supermarkets were explored, controlling for factors known to influence eating behaviors. Results . There was as independent effect of accessibility to supermarkets, even after the inclusion of the significant controlling factors of age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, and knowledge of nutritional guidelines. Conclusion . Our model of accessibility was an effective predictor of FV consumption in an urban population, setting the stage for inclusion of supply and demand parameters, and estimation of local factors that contribute to differential obesity rates.
On the convergence rates of a monotone empirical Bayes test for uniform distributions

Abstract We investigate the convergence rates of a sequence of monotone empirical Bayes tests for the two-action decision problems involving uniform distributions. It is found that the sequence of monotone empirical Bayes tests under study is asymptotically optimal, and the order of associated convergence rate is O(β(n)), where β(n) is such that n -1 2 ln n n ) 1 2 and n is the number of accumulated past experience at hand.
Physician perceptions of and management practices for significant fetal drug exposure

A random sample by questionnaire in 1989 of U.S. physicians' perceptions of and management practices for significant fetal drug exposure in the specialty/sub-specialty areas of genetics, neonatology, pediatrics, family practice, neurology, and obstetrics and gynecology was analyzed. Neonatologists reported the greatest number of cases of significant fetal drug exposure, with 45% seeing at least one case per week. Of all physicians, 88% felt that fetal drug exposure is underreported in medical histories, with no statistically significant differences noted in responses for scope of practice or physician age and gender. Review of management styles showed that most physicians recognize the potential problems of fetal drug exposure and the desired intervention. There was, however, a small group of physicians (less than 10%) who did not follow this pattern. Fetal drug exposure continues to be an area in which continuing professional and public education is desirable.
Lodging quality index (LQI): assessing customers’ perceptions of quality delivery

No matter how much effort is placed into producing quality service, the true test lies in the perception of customers. To assess this perception, lodging executives have only a few quantitative instruments available from which to choose, since the development of such scales is still in its infancy. This study takes the reader through the step‐by‐step development of a reliable and valid quantitative measuring tool that lodging practitioners can implement to measure their customers’ perception of delivered quality. The procedures followed begin with the same original dimensions that were used to develop SERVQUAL. The resulting lodging quality index (LQI) emphasizes five clearly defined dimensions of service quality.
Novel cylindrical rotating electrode for anaerobic surface ― enhanced Raman spectroscopy

A simple, small-volume, anaerobic spectroelectrochemical cell for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been developed which incorporates a large surface area rotating cylindrical electrode design. The cell has been demonstrated to be effective in minimizing photoreduction of light-sensitive MnIII protoporphyrin.
Myoclonic Epilepsy With Lafora Bodies: Some Ultrastructural, Histochemical, and Biochemical Aspects

The ultrastructural cytochemical study of a brain biopsy and the biochemical study of a muscle biopsy from a 20-year-old girl with typical familial progressive myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora body type yielded the following findings: No evidence of acid phosphatase activity was observed in the great majority of the Lafora bodies, indicating that they do not undergo a hydrolytic degradative process. Both filamentous and amorphous components of Lafora bodies were stained with silver proteinate, a method to detect polysaccharides, and both were digested after incubation with γ-amylase, suggesting that both components of Lafora bodies are polyglucosans, probably in a different state of aggregation. The biochemical study of the muscle revealed twice the normal concentration of glycogen but no defect was found in the activities of the main enzymes of the glycogenosynthetic and glycogenolytic pathways.
Complex power optimization of photovoltaic systems

Interconnection of Photovoltaic (PV) systems as Distributed Generation (DG) sources to the distribution circuits are rapidly increasing due to their benefits and low maintenance. However, massive penetration of these systems will result in issues which can impact the operation, controls, and protection of the grids. One of these issues is related to extra injection of power during daytime with high irradiation, which results in the backflow of power and system overvoltages. Current regulations do not allow photovoltaic inverters to participate in voltage or reactive power control. Hence, photovoltaic inverters are only allowed to inject active power to ensure maximum profits for investors. From the system's perspective, however, this type of operation may not result in the best practice. The goal of this paper is to show that coordinated active/reactive power control of the PV inverters can resolve the issues associated with voltage profile, while reducing the total demand of the system from the Utility's perspective. For this purpose, a nonlinear optimization problem has been defined in which total demand of the system is minimized, considering system constraints such as voltage profile and line flows. Simulations on the IEEE 34 bus test system show that the proposed practice can significantly improve the system behavior.
Community Power in Cornucopia: a Replication in a Small Community of the Bonjean Technique of Identifying Community Leaders

(1968). Community Power in Cornucopia: a Replication in a Small Community of the Bonjean Technique of Identifying Community Leaders. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 261-270.
Steroid enzyme activities in extraadrenal pheochromocytomas.

The adrenal medulla and tumors derived from it have been shown to be capable of converting radioactive steroid intermediates into glucocorticoid end products in vitro. This capacity for partial steroid synthesis was explored in two large extraadrenal pheochromocytomas and compared to the results of parallel studies with intraadrenal pheochromocytomas and adrenal cortex; in one experiment, all three types of tissue were obtained from a single patient and studied simultaneously. Slice preparations of extraadrenal pheochromocytoma transformed 14C-labeled pregnenolone (3β-hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one) into corticosterone and cortisol. Incubations of subcellular fractions demonstrated that, as in the adrenal cortex and intraadrenal chromaffin tissue, Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, 17α-hydroxylase, and 21-hydroxylase activities in extraadrenal pheochromocytomas were associated with the microsomes and llβ-hydroxylase was associated with the mitochondria, where metyrapone was an effective inhibitor; th...
Series Solution of Non-Similarity Boundary-Layer Flow in Porous Medium

This paper aims to present complete series solution of non-similarity boundary-layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over a porous wedge. The corresponding nonlinear partial differential equations are solved analytically by means of the homotopy analysis method (HAM). An auxiliary parameter is introduced to ensure the convergence of solution series. As a result, series solutions valid for all physical parameters in the whole domain are given. Then, the effects of physical parameters γ and Prandtl number Pr on the local Nusselt number and momentum thickness are investigated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that the series solutions of this kind of non-similarity boundary-layer flows are reported.
Preference—Aversion drinking in the bat: The nature of postingestive satiety for sugar solutions

Rats were prepared with esophagectomy and gastric cannula, so that fluids passed through the mouth could be manipulated independently of the material entering the stomach during drinking. The postingestive effects of a concentrated glucose or sucrose solution dictated a fixed volume intake, whether the concurrent taste input was strong or weak, and whether or not a period of sham drinking preceded the beginning of intragastric infusion. We conclude that “satiety” for such solutions reflect a fixed limit on intake set by postingestive events. It does not reflect a balance or a synergy between oral and postingestive influences.
A Synthesis of Time-Series and Cross-Section Analyses: Demand for Air Transportation Service

Abstract In this article, the relationship between macro time-series parameters and micro cross-section parameters is investigated. To explore this problem the permanent income and the partial adjustment hypotheses are examined in time-series analysis, and the relative income and the demonstration effect hypotheses are considered in cross-section analysis. It is shown that to take account of these various hypotheses, many procedures exist for pooling time-series and cross-section data. Some of them have been implemented for empirical analysis of the demand for air transportation.
Purification of immunoprotective tumor antigens by preparative isotachophoresis.

Tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) were purified from 3 M KCl and butanol extracts of C3H/HeJ 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas by preparative isotachophoresis (pITP). Fractions from pITP which reacted with antisera to TSTA preparations in an enzyme-linked immunospecific assay were tested in vivo for induction of resistance to the growth of transplanted tumor cells. Isotachophoresis of crude 3 M KCl extracts yielded TSTA that was immunogenic at doses between 17 and 124 μg. Isotachophoresis of TSTA partially purified from crude 3 M KCl or butanol extracts by preparative isoelectric focusing (pIEF) of 3 M KCl and butanol extracts yielded TSTA that was immunogenic over a two-fold log dose range. As little as 10 ng purified TSTA reduced tumor growth by 50%. Tumor growth reduction was specific, and immunized animals survived longer than non-immunized controls. A purification of 10,000-fold over crude 3 M KCl extracts and 2,500-fold over crude butanol extracts was obtained. These results suggest that TSTA from murine tumor cells is preparatively purified by following extraction with pIEF and then pITP.
High temperature and pressure processing of maize cobs. II. Animal response and effect of sodium metabisulphite

Abstract In two separate trials with lambs, high temperature (250°C) and pressure (17.5 kg cm−2) processing of maize cobs increased (P
Inertia and Change in the Early Years: Employment Relations in Young, High Technology Firms

This paper considers processes of organizational imprinting in a sample of 100 young, high technology companies. It examines the effects of a pair of initial conditions: the founders' models of the employment relation and their business strategies. Our analyses indicate that these two features were well aligned when the firms were founded. However, the alignment has deteriorated over time, due to changes in the distribution of employment models. In particular, the 'star model and 'commitment model are less stable than the 'engineering' model and the factory' model. Despite their instability, these two blueprints for the employment relation have strong effects in shaping the early evolution of these firms. In particular, firms that embark with these models have significantly higher rates of replacing the founder chief executive with a non-founder as well as higher rates of completing an initial public stock offering. Some implications of these findings for future studies of imprinting and inertia in organizations are discussed.
Experimental hypothermic closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass.

Summary o 1. In a series of 11 experiments in 10 mongrel dogs, closed chest cardiopulmonary bypass was begun 1 to 35 min after all evidences of cardiorespiratory function had ceased following exsanguination. The animals had been previously heparinized and cannulated. 2. Heart function could be restored after 1 hr of perfusion in seven experiments; in three of five animals with no evidence of cardiorespiratory function for 30 min or more, effective cardiac function returned after resuscitation. Surface pH of the heart rose to above 7 units after 1 hr of perfusion, suggesting relative integrity of the myocardial diphosphopyridine-nucleotide-FPN cytochrome oxidase transport system. 3. From this small series of experiments, it would appear that clinical cadaver perfusion may be carried out 30 or more min after death with some expectation of restoring heart (but not brain) function. 4. It remains to be shown that a heart obtained under these circumstances is indeed transplantable and will maintain long term functional integrity.
Theoretical studies of proton-coupled electron transfer: Models and concepts relevant to bioenergetics

Theoretical studies of proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions for model systems provide insight into fundamental concepts relevant to bioenergetics. A dynamical theoretical formulation for vibronically nonadiabatic PCET reactions has been developed. This theory enables the calculation of rates and kinetic isotope effects, as well as the pH and temperature dependences, of PCET reactions. Methods for calculating the vibronic couplings for PCET systems have also been developed and implemented. These theoretical approaches have been applied to a wide range of PCET reactions, including tyrosyl radical generation in a tyrosine-bound rhenium polypyridyl complex, phenoxyl/phenol and benzyl/toluene self-exchange reactions, and hydrogen abstraction catalyzed by the enzyme lipoxygenase. These applications have elucidated some of the key underlying physical principles of PCET reactions. The tools and concepts derived from these theoretical studies provide the foundation for future theoretical studies of PCET in more complex bioenergetic systems such as Photosystem II.
Missed Beeps and Missing Data Dispositional and Situational Predictors of Nonresponse in Experience Sampling Research

Experience sampling research measures people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions in their everyday lives by repeatedly administering brief questionnaires throughout the day. Nonresponse—failing to respond to these daily life questionnaires—has been a vexing source of missing data. The present research examined person-level, day-level, and signal-level predictors of nonresponse. We analyzed data from a sample of 450 young adults who were signaled 8 times a day for 7 days. At the person level, nonresponse was higher for men and for people high in positive schizotypy, depressive symptoms, and hypomania. At the day level, nonresponse increased over the first few days of the study and then declined toward the end. At the signal level, time of day strongly predicted nonresponse. Lagged signal-level analyses examined how emotions and experiences at a prior signal prospectively predicted the likelihood of ignoring the next signal. Only one variable—feelings of enthusiasm—had a significant lagged effect, which suggests that within-day experiences are not major sources of nonresponse. For the most part, the day of the study and the time of day had the most salient effects. Understanding the predictors of missing data allows researchers to implement methods to increase compliance and to handle missing data more effectively by including predictors of nonresponse.
Environmental Conditions Influence the Plant Functional Diversity Effect on Potential Denitrification

Global biodiversity loss has prompted research on the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning. Few studies have examined how plant diversity impacts belowground processes; even fewer have examined how varying resource levels can influence the effect of plant diversity on microbial activity. In a field experiment in a restored wetland, we examined the role of plant trait diversity (or functional diversity, (FD)) and its interactions with natural levels of variability of soil properties, on a microbial process, denitrification potential (DNP). We demonstrated that FD significantly affected microbial DNP through its interactions with soil conditions; increasing FD led to increased DNP but mainly at higher levels of soil resources. Our results suggest that the effect of species diversity on ecosystem functioning may depend on environmental factors such as resource availability. Future biodiversity experiments should examine how natural levels of environmental variability impact the importance of biodiversity to ecosystem functioning.
Differential susceptibility of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) to phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency

In a soil pot culture experiment conducted under greenhouse conditions, two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) were found to be differentially susceptible to phosphorus-induced zinc deficiency. Although phosphate application, in the absence of applied zinc, caused growth disorder in both the varieties, the symptoms were more virulent, appeared early and were induced with both 25 and 75 ppm phosphorus in variety HFC-42-1, as against FOS-1, in which case zinc deficiency symptoms appeared under P75Zn0 treatment only. Contrary to the expectation the more susceptible variety was found to have higher zinc concentration in its shoots and thus the differential susceptibility of these varieties of cowpea could not be related to their zinc absorption characteristics. High phosphate application caused efflux of zinc during 16–32 day growth in both the varieties. However, higher sensitivity to phosphorus-induced zinc disorder in variety HFC-42-1, appeared to be due to nearly 2 times higher P concentration in this variety as against FOS-1. The results indicate that variety HFC-42-1 has a greater need for zinc because of its inherent capacity to accumulate more phosphorus. Dry matter yield and phosphorus and zinc content in the varieties were also differentially affected by the applications of both phosphate as well as zinc. re]19760504
Suppression of secondary emission in a magnetic field using triangular and rectangular surfaces

The effect of surface roughness on the secondary electron emission from a sawtooth and isosceles triangular surface as well as a rectangular surface in a magnetic field under electron bombardment is investigated using a Monte-Carlo method. In all cases, some of the secondary electrons emitted from the surface return to the surface within their first few gyrations, resulting in a low effective secondary electron yield. Either sawtooth or isosceles triangle surface can significantly reduce the secondary emission yield in a magnetic field below the multipacting threshold with a weak dependence on the size of the surface and magnetic field. Rectangular surfaces can also reduce SEY below 1.0 but have a large sensitivity to the size of the grooves and the magnetic field. The impedance as well as other implementations of the grooved surfaces are also discussed.
The effects of CopperZinc and CopperCadmium intermetallic compounds in different systems used for anodic stripping voltammetry

Abstract The CuZn intermetallic compound resulting from simultaneous deposition of copper and zinc at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and at preformed mercury film electrodes (MFE) has been studied. Goals were to determine what conditions can be used to avoid intermetallic compound formation and to reduce errors that result from the method of standard additions. For Cu 2+ and Zn 2+ concentrations in the ng ml −1 range, the use of shortened preconcentration times in conjunction with a differential pulse stripping waveform and the HMDE show significant reduction in the extent of the interference. The CuCd interference was also characterized at performed MFE's and at MFE's deposited in situ from 5–300 μg ml −1 mercury(II) solutions. No significant interference with the cadmium stripping were was observed with preformed MFE's, but peak depression was observed when the electrodes were deposited in situ. The degree of interference was found to decrease with both increased mercury(II) concentrationa and decreased copper(II) concentration. Errors in the standard addition method are minimal when the copper(II) concentration is not significantly altered.
Graphstega: Graph Steganography Methodology

The Graph Steganography Methodology (Graphstega) is the art and science of avoiding the arousal of suspicion in covert communications by concealing a message in a graph-cover. Unlike other approaches, Graphstega does not embed a message as a noise in a cover. Instead the message is camouflaged as plotted data. Graphstega is keyless and the hidden message is anti-distortion. The popular usage of graphs in business, education, news, etc. and the availability of tremendous amount of graphs in electronic and non-electronic format make the investigation and detection of a hidden message extremely difficult. In addition, Graphstega is resilient to contemporary attacks, such as traffic analysis, contrast, and comparison attack, even when launched by an adversary who is familiar with Graphstega.
Testing for Iodide in Table Salt

This Activity uses supermarket chemicals to test samples of table salt for the presence of iodine, an essential micronutrient added as iodide ion. The presence of iodide in the salt is made apparent by the appearance of a blue color.
Effect of Ce doping on the superconducting and magnetic properties of RuSr2GdCu2O8

Abstract We have investigated the influence of the heterovalent substitution of Ce4+ for Gd3+ on the properties of RuSr2GdCu2O8. Single-phase samples of RuSr2Gd1−xCexCu2O8 with x=0, 0.02, and 0.05 have been successfully synthesized in oxygen at 1065∘C. The Ce substitution (electron doping) lowers the superconducting (SC) critical temperature from Tcon=46 K for x=0 to 36 K for x=0.02, and also suppresses the spontaneous magnetization in the ordered state. The x=0.05 material is non-SC. The temperature of magnetic ordering increases from 132 K for x=0 to 145 K for the x=0.05 compound. Magnetic properties can be understood in terms of canted, antiferromagnetically aligned sublattice of Ru moments. We also report the increase of Tcon to 61 K for the material with nominal composition RuSr2Gd0.9Ca0.1Cu2O8, in which the partial substitution of Ca2+ for the Gd3+ can result in the increase of effective hole doping of the CuO2 planes.
Measurement and performance of a multiprogramming system

This paper presents a brief description of a general multiprogramming (and time-sharing) system in operation at the University of Michigan. A number of time and space distributions obtained from a typical month of operation are presented. The performance is summarized by a load diagram. Efficiency as a comparison with ideal performance is discussed and a model suitable for idealization is proposed.
Issues in electronic journals selection and management

Abstract Electronic journals (or e-journals) are proliferating and many scholars consider them to be an increasingly important means of communication. Librarians must understand the potential of the new medium and the implications of incorporating it into the traditional library environment. This paper explores some of the collection development and collection management issues that bear on the decision to subscribe to these journals. Identifying appropriate sources of information and review media can aid in the collection development process; however, it is also crucial to evaluate current selection criteria to determine whether they are appropriate for e-journal selection. Integrating e-journals into the library collection raises the issue of providing access for all patrons and introduces cost factors that are in danger of being overlooked; namely, supplying the necessary wiring, hardware and software to facilitate using these journals. The librarian must also decide whether to treat e-journals as it d...
The Prognosis of Essential Hypertension Treated Conservatively

Four hundred thirty-nine consecutive patients (143 men and 296 women) with essential hypertension were followed on conservative therapy for a minimum of 5 years or until death. The initial blood pressure taken by a standard method and the presence and degree of vascular involvement at the time of registration were recorded on all patients. On the basis of these observations, each patient was classified in one of four classes of over-all hypertensive severity. At the end of the 5-year follow-up period, 161 patients were dead, 78 men and 83 women. The higher mortality among men was significant and was apparent after the first year of follow-up. A progressive rise in 5-year mortality was observed with increasing degrees of initial blood pressure elevation, fundal involvement, cardiac size by radiogram, and electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as with progressively higher classification of over-all hypertensive severity. Patients with mild hypertension and minimal cardiovascu...
Temperature measurements at Parícutin volcano

(a) Evidence is presented which shows that the gases emitted by the Aguan flow of lava at Paricutin did not burn when they came in contact with the air. (b) The temperature of the lava at its source was estimated to be 1200°C and thus lies in the same range as that for other basaltic lavas. (c) Temperature-measurements were also made of the fumaroles located on the older Zapichu flow where a maximum of 640°C was recorded.
Egoism and Emotion

Recently, the idea that human beings may be totally egoistic has resurfaced in philosophical and psychological discussions. But many of the arguments for that conclusion are conceptually flawed. Psychologists are making a conceptual error when they think of the desire to avoid guilt as egoistic; and the same is true of the common view that the desire to avoid others’ disapproval is also egoistic. Sober and Wilson argue against this latter idea on the grounds that such a desire is relational, but a deeper reason stems from the fact that it places such intrinsic importance on other human beings. And other basic human desires, like the desire for love, the desire for revenge, the impulse to imitate others, and the desire to belong, also treat others as important and on those grounds cannot count as egoistic. Another line of recent argument for egoism stems from the work of Robert Cialdini et al., and claims that the way we identify and feel one with those other people we empathize with and seek to help shows us to be thinking of those others as part of or identical with ourselves. This is supposed to show that our putative altruism is basically self-centered and egoistic, but Cialdini arguably misinterprets what we mean when we speak of feeling one with someone else, and the phenomena he mentions don’t therefore stand in favor of psychological egoism. More generally, many of the positive and negative emotions we feel toward others are best interpreted as non-egoistic, and there is no reason at this point to doubt that humans are capable of altruistic motivation.
Truck driver anthropometric data: Estimation of the current population

A challenge facing designers of commercial trucks and other commercial vehicles has been a lack of current operator anthropometric data on which to base design decisions. Existing data suffer from a number of limitations including those related to secular size changes, ethnic and gender composition shifts, and excessive standard errors (S.E.) of percentiles estimates. These and other limitations point out the need for estimates of contemporary, professional driver anthropometry. This report (1) presents tabulations of comprehensive male and female driver population anthropometry estimates, and (2) outlines a method for applying these anthropometric data to the design of trucks and other vehicles.
The Pennsylvania Project, Its Conclusions and Its Implications

which suggest the need for a rather cautious interpretation of the Pennsylvania Project findings as they relate to the comparison of "audio-lingual" and "traditional" teaching methods. Many of the points raised-as, for example, the possible differences in teacher experience among the experimental groups-could be investigated using data which are probably already available in project files. Statistical re-analysis incorporating (as necessary) controls for teacher background and other variables discussed wou d appear quite feasible, as would the removal of pres nt covariate adjustments for mid-year achievement. The presentation of convincing evidence for the operational distinctiveness of the three teaching methods would probably be a more difficult undertaking, but even in the absence of the "hard" data that would have been provided by detailed classroom records, a more thoroughgoing description of classroom activities as perceived by the project coordinators would be of considerable value. Perhaps the Pennsylvania Project staff would be willing to address some of these procedural and analysis questions in a future document; the arduous activities already carried out and the great quantity of data assembled would appear to justify further analyses incorporating these and other comments by interested persons in the field.
Solution properties of polyvinyl acetate

The depression of the vapor pressure over solutions of fractionated polyvinyl acetate in benzene and ethanol was studied using a differential manometer. The Huggins' equation was obeyed within the concentration range used, i.e., up to 10% solute concentration. The semiempirical constant μ was evaluated for different fractions and was found to vary with the average molecular weight of the polymer. The heat and entropy of dilution were calculated for one fraction in benzene solution, and the results are discussed in terms of the existing theories of high polymer solutions.
Seismic Reflection Processing With Special Reference to Anisotropy

Seismic reflection data are used extensively in petroleum exploration and development to provide subsurface images and estimates of rock and fluid properties. Data acquisition, processing, and interpretation methodologies have progressed over the past 30 years to allow high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, pore fluid and lithology prediction, and, in certain situations, time-lapse monitoring of reservoir production. Exploration seismology experiences and applications are also finding their way into whole-Earth imaging problems (and vice versa) with great success. Into this long and successful history, S. K. Upadhyay's book, Seismic Reflection Processing With Special Reference to Anisotropy, is introduced.
Thromboembolism after trauma: an analysis of 1602 episodes from the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank.

Objective: Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are potentially preventable causes of morbidity and mortality after injury. We hypothesized that the current clinical incidence of VTE is relatively low and that VTE risk factors could be identified.
Problems Connected with Calculations of Atomic Masses from Experimental Data

In many respects, the techniques used in preparing the 1971 Atomic Mass Evaluation (1–4) were taken from the several papers relating to the 1964 Atomic Mass Adjustment (5–7) and the 1961 Atomic Mass Adjustment (8,9). Indeed, the connections are very close, in that one of the authors (A. H. Wapstra) of the ‘71 version was also an author of the ‘64 and ‘61 adjustments and both authors of the ‘71 version benefited from frequent assistance of the Mainz group. Research supported in part by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission under contract with the Union Carbide Corporation.
Dynamics of cyclones

Abstract The dynamics of the cyclone over a short period of time is worked out. The two-arms structure of the cyclone is explained through the mathematical solution. A possible way to track a cyclone is concluded.
OXIDATIVE ADDITION OF SURFACE BOUND ARYL HALIDES AT TUNGSTEN(0)

Abstract Two methods are described to derivatize silica with tethered tungsten(II) complexes. One method constructs the desired aryl halide ligand on the silica surface followed by oxidative addition using a source of ‘W(CO)3’. The second method involves synthesis of a tungsten(II) complex with a pendant siloxane group followed by condensation with silica. Metathesis with KF or AgOTf(OTf-trifluoromethanesulfonate) yields the appropriate metal fluoride or triflate while substitution with PEt3 replaces one carbonyl ligand. In contrast to the solution chemistry of analogous systems, the surface tethered complexes are light sensitive, presumably losing CO and forming WOSi bonds. Compounds are characterized through comparison of IR spectra to those of previously prepared solution analogs.
Evaluation of the mechanism of action of the bleaching herbicide SC-0051 by HPLC analysis

Abstract The accumulation of leaf pigments in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Essex] plants treated with the bleaching herbicides norflurazon (20 ppm, w w ) and SC-0051 (2.5 ppm, w w ) was investigated by means of high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. SC-0051 is a new experimental herbicide whose chemistry has not been released. Both SC-0051 and norflurazon reduced the relative concentrations of xanthophylls, chlorophylls, and colored carotenoids and induced the accumulation of the colorless carotene, phytoene, in the leaves of treated soybeans. These results confirm that the mechanism of the bleaching action of the herbicide SC-0051 is similar to that of norflurazon and includes the inhibition of the desaturation reactions of carotenoid biosynthesis. In addition to their phytoene-accumulating activity, both SC-0051 and norflurazon induced the accumulation of an additional pigment which was not present in leaf extracts obtained from untreated soybeans. Although the exact identity of this pigment is unknown, it appears to be a derivative of phytoene.
Synthesis of potentially piezoelectric polymers containing tetracyanocyclobutyl side groups

Three new monomers containing the tetracyanocyclobutyl substituents were synthesized: p-(tetracyanocyclobutyl) styrene 1, p-(1′-methyl-2′,2′,3′,3′-tetracyanocyclobutyl)-α-methylstyrene 2 and [p-(tetracyanocyclobutyl)phenyl] acrylate 3, with the aim of obtaining potentially piezoelectric polymers which contain substituents with high dipole moments. Moderate molecular weight polymers were obtained from monomer 1 only, 2 and 3 did not polymerize. The inhibiting effect of the tetracyanocyclobutyl group was responsible for the molecular weights as demonstrated by model experiments.
β-lactamase activity of renal dipeptidase against N-formimidoyl-thienamycin

Kinetic analyses of the rate of enzyme — catalyzed hydrolysis of the antibiotic, N-formimidoyl-thienamycin, by purified renal dipeptidase demonstrated that the purified mammalian enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of the β-lactam antibiotic. The effect of z-2-(2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropanecarboxamido)-2-butenoic acid upon the rate of enzyme — catalyzed hydrolysis of N-formimidoylthienamycin and glycyldehydrophenylalanine was characterized as reversible, competitive inhibition for both substrates. Comparable Ki's in the range of 1 μM for both substrates indicate that the enzyme acts upon the dipeptide and the antibiotic within the same catalytic site and that dipeptidase and β-lactamase activity are functional properties of the same enzyme. These results demonstrate for the first time β-lactamase activity exhibited by a specific mammalian enzyme.
Membrane Depolarization and the Metabolism of Muscle

Synopsis. The respiration of frog twitch muscles rises markedly when [K]0 is raised; respiration is stimulated by levels of [K]0 below the threshold for contrac? ture (Fenn, 1931). Respiration is also stimulated by elevated [Rb]0 and [Cs]0 in direct relation to their ability to depolarize the membrane. Respiration is stimu? lated even when the anions in the high [K]0 solution cannot permeate the mem? brane. If [K]0 is raised to 25 mM there is an increase in respiration which is sustained for hours. If [K]0 is 30 mM or above, there is a transitory burst of stimu? lated respiration followed by a decline back to the basal level. The response to elevated [K]0 can be blocked by divalent cations or by local anesthetics; the blocking agents act rapidly, probably on the cell membrane. Either extracellular cal? cium or strontium is needed for a prolonged stimulation of respiration. Depolarization seems to increase respiration by causing the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm. Since respiration is increased by a depolarization below the threshold for producing a contracture, respiration is a sensitive indicator of the sarcoplasmic concentration of calcium. A model for the relation between sarcoplasmic [Ca] and membrane poten? tial is proposed. Calcium can be released from a store in the cell, the released Ca++ entering the sarcoplasm. The store is replenished by Ca++ entering the fiber from the extracellular solution. When the membrane is depolarized, the rate of release of calcium in the store is increased; at the same time the rate at which extra? cellular calcium can replenish the store is decreased. This model accounts well for the data on respiration and also for the contractures of single muscle fibers. Calcium probably acts within the cell to activate an ATP-ase which causes an increase in ADP and hence an increase in respiration. Other investigators have found changes in the activity of certain enzymes and in the permeability of the membrane; possibly these changes are also a direct response to an increase in sarco? plasmic calcium.
Related Measures of Constructive and Rational Thinking

ABSTRACT Testing hypothesized positive links between rational beliefs about personal conduct and practical intelligence indicators, the responses of 137 American undergraduates to the Idea Scale (Kassinove, Crisci, & Tiegerman, 1977) were correlated with their responses to the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) of Epstein and Meier (1989). Idea Scale scores correlated significantly, p < .01, and positively with each of the four CTI scales addressing constructive thinking, but negatively with its four nonconstructive thinking scales. Anchored by measures of global constructive thinking and negative thinking, the full set of correlations was bipolar and quite orderly. The CTI's two shortest and least internally consistent scales—Naive Optimism and Validity—yielded the weakest correlations, suggesting that they need improvement. Beyond firmly linking rational beliefs with constructive thinking, these findings encourage better definition and further exploration of the wide variety of nonintellective cognit...
Lamaze Childbirth Education Implications for Maternal-Infant Attachment

In an attempt to empirically examine the relationship between Lamaze childbirth education and maternal-infant attachment, the author studied 61 primiparous women who were admitted to two Midwestern hospitals. Forty-five of the subjects had participated in Lamaze childbirth education classes, and 16 of the subjects had not received any childbirth education. Mothers in both groups were scored on maternal-infant attachment at one day postpartum and again at one month postpartum. Analysis of the data revealed no significant differences in maternal-infant attachment between the experimental and control groups at one day postpartum; however, at one month postpartum the control mothers had a significantly greater degree of maternal-infant attachment than the Lamaze mothers.
Transform image coding using broad vector quantization

An adaptive discrete cosine transform (DCT) method for image compression is presented. Clustering technique based on vector quantization (VQ) is used to reconstruct binary patterns representing the location maps of selected DCT coefficients. The DCT of image blocks are classified into broad categories and after quantization, the transform coefficients are encoded using a variable word length (VWL) coding scheme. It is demonstrated that this approach is well-suited for real-time visual communications systems, and performs efficiently at very low bit rates.
Uptake and loss of inorganic mercury in the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica)

Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were found to accumulate significant levels of mercury on exposure to relatively low concentrations of mercuric chloride. Accumulation occurred in two distinct phases which may be described as a two compartment system in which accumulation is logarithmic in the first phase and linear in the second. Mercury, during the initial phase, showed a minimum outward concentration flux of 0.025 hr−1 indicating reversibility of accumulation prior to the change in phase. However, mercury was not excreted at the end of the second phase following exposure to 10, 40, 80, and 100Μg/1 for 256 hr.
Analysis of the longitudinal space charge impedance of a round uniform beam inside parallel plates and rectangular chambers

This paper analyzes the longitudinal space charge impedances of a round uniform beam inside a rectangular and parallel plate chambers using the image charge method. This analysis is valid for arbitrary wavelengths, and the calculations converge rapidly. The research shows that only a few of the image beams are needed to obtain a relative error less than 0.1%. The beam offset effect is also discussed in the analysis.