cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hsp70 and Hsp40 attenuate formation of spherical and annular polyglutamine oligomers by partitioning monomer.

Protein conformational changes that result in misfolding, aggregation and amyloid fibril formation are a common feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. Studies with β-amyloid (Aβ), α-synuclein and other amyloid-forming proteins indicate that the assembly of misfolded protein conformers into fibrils is a complex process that may involve the population of metastable spherical and/or annular oligomeric assemblies. Here, we show by atomic force microscopy that a mutant huntingtin fragment with an expanded polyglutamine repeat forms spherical and annular oligomeric structures reminiscent of those formed by Aβ and α-synuclein. Notably, the molecular chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp40, which are protective in animal models of neurodegeneration, modulate polyglutamine aggregation reactions by partitioning monomeric conformations and disfavoring the accretion of spherical and annular oligomers.
Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

We performed this meta-analysis to assess venous thromboembolism risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A comprehensive search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane databases. Nine observational studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the data analysis. The pooled risk ratios of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and venous thromboembolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with non-RA participants were 2.08 (95 % CI 1.75–2.47), 2.17 (95 % CI 2.05–2.31), and 1.96 (95 % CI 1.81–2.11), respectively. Subgroup analysis demonstrated a consistent increased risk in every study design (cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional). Our results indicate a significant increased risk of venous thromboembolism among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Improving wireless sensor network lifetime through power aware organization

A critical aspect of applications with wireless sensor networks is network lifetime. Battery-powered sensors are usable as long as they can communicate captured data to a processing node. Sensing and communications consume energy, therefore judicious power management and scheduling can effectively extend operational time. To monitor a set of targets with known locations when ground access in the monitored area is prohibited, one solution is to deploy the sensors remotely, from an aircraft. The loss of precise sensor placement would then be compensated by a large sensor population density in the drop zone, that would improve the probability of target coverage. The data collected from the sensors is sent to a central node for processing. In this paper we propose an efficient method to extend the sensor network operational time by organizing the sensors into a maximal number of disjoint set covers that are activated successively. Only the sensors from the current active set are responsible for monitoring all targets and for transmitting the collected data, while nodes from all other sets are in a low-energy sleep mode. In this paper we address the maximum disjoint set covers problem and we design a heuristic that computes the sets. Theoretical analysis and performance evaluation results are presented to verify our approach.
Bidding strategies in a bilateral monopoly with two-sided incomplete information

Abstract Two experiments examine the sealed-bid double auction mechanism used to structure bilateral monopoly under incomplete information. The investigation is driven by two competitive models—a linear symmetric equilibrium model predicting strategic behavior and truthful revelation model postulating honest bidding. The results show that both sellers and buyers behave strategically, though not to the extent predicted by the equilibrium model. When the bidding strategies are elicited directly rather than inferred indirectly from actual play, they become more monotonic and reveal a higher frequency of honest bidding. When the sellers and buyers are not symmetric, "step function" bidding strategies appear after a relatively small number of bargaining rounds.
Explaining deviations from the Stability and Growth Pact: power, ideology, economic need or diffusion?

Why do some countries deviate from European Union law? More specifically, why do countries violate the Stability and Growth Pact, which is a cornerstone piece of legislation for the shared economy? Is it that violators simply have no other choice due to economic need? Are the violators intentional deviators that are simply able to violate the Stability and Growth Pact because of their power in the European Union? This article answers these questions and identifies those factors that are most likely to impact a country’s deviation from the two main clauses of the Stability and Growth Pact. The major finding is that it is economic need, not a country’s relative power, governing ideology or diffusion, that has a large impact on which clause will be violated.
Success in Kashmir: a positive trend in civil-military integration during humanitarian assistance operations.

The modern cast of disaster relief actors includes host nations, non-governmental organisations, private volunteer organisations, military organisations and others. Each group, civilian or military, has valuable skills and experiences critical to disaster relief work. The goal of this paper is to supplement the study of civil-military relief efforts with contemporary anecdotal experience. The paper examines the interaction between US military forces and other disaster relief actors during the 2005 Kashmir earthquake relief effort. The author uses direct observations made while working in Pakistan to contrast the relationships and activities from that effort with other accounts in prevailing scholarly disaster literature and military doctrine. Finally, this paper suggests that the Kashmir model of integration, coordination and transparency of intent creates a framework in which future humanitarian assistance operations could be successfully executed. Recommendations to improve civil-military interaction in future relief efforts will also be addressed. Language: en
Heat flux limitations for water-cooled extraction grids in ion accelerators☆

Abstract The maximum heat flux which can be handled by water-cooled grid tubes is evaluated for different design and heat transfer constraints. The maximum allowable heat flux is usually found to be limited by the allowable thermal deformations of the grids for nonuniform heating around the circumference of the tube. Detailed results for a grid geometry specifically designed to give very small thermal deformations are presented.
The Protein Kinase C System Acts through the Early Growth Response Protein 1 to Increase LHβ Gene Expression in Synergy with Steroidogenic Factor-1

Expression of the LHbeta gene has been shown to be modulated by both the orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), and the early growth response protein 1, Egr-1. It is also well known that LHbeta mRNA levels are increased after hormonal activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling system, for example by GnRH; however, the mechanisms by which the PKC system exerts this effect has not been fully characterized. By transient transfection of the GH3 cell line, we demonstrate that activation of the PKC system with the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), increases activity of region -207/+5 of the rat LHbeta gene promoter (approximately 2-fold) and markedly augments SF-1-induced stimulation (95-fold in the presence of both factors vs. 13-fold for SF-1 alone). Mutation of the two previously identified Egr-1 sites not only prevents Egr-1 effects on the LHbeta gene promoter, but also eliminates the synergistic response to PMA and SF-1 together, findings that were confirmed in a longer construct spanning region -797/+5. In the gonadotrope-derived cell line, alphaT3-1, these mutations eliminate the GnRH responsiveness of the -207/+5 LHbeta promoter construct. We next show that PMA treatment (GH3 and alphaT3-1 cells) or GnRH treatment (alphaT3-1 cells) induces expression of Egr-1, as detected by Egr-1 interaction with Egr-1 DNA-binding sites in the rat LHbeta gene promoter sequence. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PMA increases steady-state Egr-1 mRNA levels via increased Egr-1 transcription. We conclude that PMA-induced stimulation of LHbeta gene expression is achieved, at least in part, by induction of Egr-1 expression.
Compensatory eye movements produced during fictive swimming of a deafferented, reduced preparation in vitro

Movement of the head during locomotion must be offset by movement of the eyes in the opposite direction in order to maintain a stable gaze. These compensatory eye movements are classically attributed to ocular reflexes elicited by vestibular stimulation and by slip of the retinal image. In the present study, compensatory eye movements accompanied episodes of fictive swimming expressed in vitro by a reduced, deafferented preparation of the bullfrog larva (tadpole). Thus, there are mechanisms for generation of eye movements, and their coordination with locomotion, that are endogenous to the central nervous system.
Ray-based Color Image Segmentation

We propose a ray-based segmentation method for color images. A segment is represented by a centroid and evenly-distributed rays shooting out from it. First, a bottom-up low-level boundary detection process coarsely constructs candidate segments. Then, two top-down learning processes, mid-level intra-segment learning and high-level inter-segment learning, create the best segments. Segments are created sequentially until all pixels are classified. The number of segments is determined automatically. We test our method on the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset. Evaluation results show that our algorithm produces better results than those of the Normalized Cuts segmentation method.
Efficient method for extracting object recognition metric from correlation filter output

Correlation filters can be very effective for object recognition. However, these filters may become too computationally expensive when applied to large images, or large numbers of images, because they require Fourier transforms between the spatial and frequency domains. This paper makes the simplifying assumption of single object recognition and presents an algorithm designed to reduce complexity of computation and/or storage. The algorithm derives a frequency domain match metric as opposed to the standard approach of using the spatial correlation plane. The performance of the efficient algorithm is compared to that of the standard correlation filter algorithm, for both accuracy and computational requirements.
Effect of Rice Starch‐Lipid Complexes on In Vitro Digestibility, Complexing Index, and Viscosity

ABSTRACT Effects of nonwaxy (21% amylose, 79% amylopectin) and waxy (100% amylopectin) rice starch-lipid complexes on the rate of in vitro digestibility were determined. Long-chain (≥C:18) saturated emulsifiers reduced digestibility more than short-chain (<C:18) saturated and unsaturated emulsifiers when complexed with nonwaxy and waxy rice starch. The largest decrease in digestibility (33%) was achieved with Polyaldo 10-1-2 (100% C18:0 with decaglyceryl monostearate modification) for nonwaxy rice. Waxy rice starch did not complex with most of the emulsifiers, in contrast to nonwaxy rice starch. Most of the emulsifiers that reduced digestibility by 10% or less were composed of unsaturated monoglycerides, including some acetylated and succinylated monoglycerides. The fluid behavior of nonwaxy rice starch-emulsifier solutions was more pseudoplastic than waxy rice starch-emulsifier solutions. The consistency index varied with emulsifiers. The nonwaxy rice starchemulsifier solutions and some of those prepared...
An endogenous positively selecting peptide enhances mature T cell responses and becomes an autoantigen in the absence of microRNA miR-181a

Thymic positive selection is based on the interactions of T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) with self peptide–major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands, but the identity of selecting peptides for MHC class II–restricted TCRs and the functional consequences of this peptide specificity are not clear. Here we identify several endogenous self peptides that positively selected the MHC class II–restricted 5C.C7 TCR. The most potent of these also enhanced mature T cell activation, which supports the hypothesis that one function of positive selection is to produce T cells that can use particular self peptide–MHC complexes for activation and/or homeostasis. We also show that inhibiting the microRNA miR-181a resulted in maturation of T cells that overtly reacted toward these erstwhile positively selecting peptides. Therefore, miR-181a helps to guarantee the clonal deletion of particular moderate-affinity clones by modulating the TCR signaling threshold of thymocytes.
Induction of Finite-State Automata Using Second-Order Recurrent Networks

Second-order recurrent networks that recognize simple finite state languages over {0,1}* are induced from positive and negative examples. Using the complete gradient of the recurrent network and sufficient training examples to constrain the definition of the language to be induced, solutions are obtained that correctly recognize strings of arbitrary length. A method for extracting a finite state automaton corresponding to an optimized network is demonstrated.
Functional Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Stenoses Using Pressure Drop Coefficient: A Pilot Study in Humans

Optimization of cut-off values for diagnostic parameters in determining stenosis severity depends on coupling functional (hemodynamic) and anatomical data. In this study, we sought to investigate the functional diagnostic parameter (CDP; the ratio of trans-stenotic pressure drop to distal dynamic pressure) by correlating with FFR (ratio of distal to proximal pressure of a stenotic section) and CFR (ratio of hyperemic blood flow velocity to that of resting condition). A 0.014-inch dual sensor (pressure and Doppler velocity) guidewire was used in 9 patients to obtain pressure drop and velocity at hyperemia. Functional index CDP was assessed from measured hyperemic pressure drop and velocity. CDP correlated linearly and significantly with FFR and CFR. Indicating that, measurements of CDP can provide a better assessment of stenosis severity.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Robust Predictions in Infinite-Horizon Games—an Unrefinable Folk Theorem

We show that in any game that is continuous at in…nity, if a plan of action ai is played by a type ti in a Bayesian Nash equilibrium, then there are perturbations of ti for which ai is the only rationalizable plan and whose unique rationalizable belief regarding the play of the game is arbitrarily close to the equilibrium belief of ti. As an application to repeated games, we prove an unre…nable folk theorem: Any individually rational and feasible payois the unique rationalizable payovector for some perturbed type pro…le. This is true even if perturbed types are restricted to believe that the repeated-game payo¤ structure and the discount factor are common knowledge.
An adaptive approach for optimal data reduction using recursive least squares learning method

An approach is introduced for the recursive computation of the principal components of a vector stochastic process. The neurons of a single-layer perceptron are sequentially trained using a recursive least squares (RLS)-type algorithm to extract the principal components of the input process. The proof of the convergence of the weights at the nth neuron to the nth principal component, given that the previous (n-1) training steps have determined the first (n-1) principal components, is established. Simulation results are given to show the accuracy and speed of this algorithm in comparison with previous methods. >
Structural Workshop Paper---Descriptive, Structural, and Experimental Empirical Methods in Marketing Research

What can be learned about marketing phenomena from descriptive, structural, and experimental empirical models? Is structure implicit in a descriptive empirical model? What is a “reduced-form model?” What is a natural experiment, and what can one infer from a study that uses experimental data? Having clear answers to these questions can improve empirical dialog. This paper defines descriptive, structural, and experimental empirical work, provides examples, discusses their similarities and differences, and comments on their strengths and weaknesses. An important theme is that the marketing question and the data available should determine the methods used, and not the other way around. Most of the examples discussed reference linear models that are widely employed in the marketing literature. Many of the points, however, extend to the development and interpretation of cutting-edge nonlinear, dynamic, or nonparametric models used in marketing.
THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT ON LUMINOUS BACTERIA.

A conservative statement would therefore be that luminous bacteria show no changes in luminescence as a result of illumination by 625 foot candles for 1.5 minutes when examined 1/200 of a second after exposure, and none as the result of illumination by 15,000 foot candles for 6 minutes when examined ⅙ of a second after exposure.
Death, Dying, and End-of-Life Care

All physicians face end-of-life issues during their training and many continue to work in specialties where life and death are part of their daily duties. This chapter addresses a key challenge for physicians who work with older and critically ill patients.
The Color of Money School Funding and the Commodification of Black Children

This article explores the roles of racism and Whiteness in the decentralized governance structure and practice of a weighted student formula funding policy in an urban, West Coast school district. Specifically, it examines the ways in which a racialized struggle for fiscal authority played out at one urban high school where the immense racial disparities in education and achievement were starkly highlighted. The analysis of this struggle is framed by Critical Race Theory and suggests that Whiteness operates as a form of property that maintains White racial dominance in schooling and achievement.
Reaction Kinetics and Polarization-Modulation Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (PM-IRAS) Investigation of CO Oxidation over Supported Pd−Au Alloy Catalysts

Pd−Au bimetallic model catalysts, synthesized either as thin films on Mo(110) or as nanoparticles on a TiO2 thin film, were used in CO oxidation at both low (1 × 10−7 Torr) and elevated (8−16 Torr) CO pressures. Alloying with Au forms isolated Pd sites that are incapable of dissociating O2. This inability causes reactivity loss at low reactant pressures. Moreover, alloying also electronically modifies surface sites and affects the reaction activation energy. At elevated pressures, Pd preferentially segregates to the surface to form contiguous Pd sites and CO oxidation reactivity is regained. Under stoichiometric conditions and relatively low temperatures, Pd−Au alloys show superior reactivity compared with pure Pd due to more facile CO desorption (less CO inhibition). Under net oxidizing conditions, metallic Pd displays superior reactivity due to its higher capability of dissociating O2. However, pure Pd oxidizes and loses reactivity more readily than do Pd−Au alloys.
Crisis económica, cambio tecnológico y comercio exterior de México

Este trabajo retoma la controversia de largo plazo entre aquellos enfoques que resaltan las bondades del sistema de mercado, libre de interferencias de gobierno, y los que, por el contrario, destacan la propension a reproducir y/o incrementar las inequidades cuando el sistema capitalista se deja a su libre accionar. Se exploran las implicaciones de este debate, en el contexto actual de las revoluciones tecnologicas de la informacion, las comunicaciones y el Internet, asi como la crisis mayor en la que ha desembocado el auge financiero en el mundo, para reconsiderar la estrategia mexicana de desarrollo. Las condiciones para esta reconsideracion son la crisis de contagio que sufre el pais, pero tambien lo que se puede considerar como una crisis de larga duracion por el insuficiente crecimiento econo- mico, de la productividad y los ingresos familiares. Como la crisis actual se acompana con un cambio politico en Estados Unidos, se abre la posibilidad de trascender el periodo de predominio conservador en este pais, y de reestablecer un balance razonable entre mercado y politicas publicas. En la ultima parte se analizan varias condiciones que se consideran necesarias para que la participacion publica sea eficaz y se eviten los errores en que se ha incurrido en pasadas experiencias de intervenciones gubernamentales en el pais.
Electric dipole fields over an anisotropic seafloor: theory and application to the structure of 40 ma pacific ocean lithosphere

SUMMARY Seismic anisotropy has been detected in the oceanic crust and upper mantle, and likewise it is geologically reasonable to expect that a certain amount of lateral anisotropy exists in sea£oor electrical properties. Anisotropy in Earth properties can often lead to surprising eiects on geophysical responses that are not anticipated from simple isotropic theories. Here, we investigate the eiects of lateral anisotropy on the frequency-domain, controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) response of a uniaxially conducting, non-magnetic sea£oor excited by a horizontal electric dipole whose moment is oriented obliquely with respect to the electrical strike direction. A ‘paradox of anisotropy’ is observed, in which the sea£oor electric ¢eld strength is enhanced in the most conductive direction of the sea£oor. This enhancement is opposite to what one would expect based on naive isotropic theory. We also show that it is possible in certain circumstances to extract the along-strike electrical conductivity from marine controlled-source electromagnetic data using only isotropic modelling. The extraction of across-strike conductivity, however, requires full anisotropic modelling. The physical insight into electromagnetic induction in uniaxial media that is presented here should greatly assist the geological interpretation of marine CSEM experimental data. Applying our algorithm to the PEGASUS data set (CSEM data collected over 40 Ma Paci¢c Ocean lithosphere) produces a model with conductivity in the fossil spreading direction that is seven times greater than the conductivity perpendicular to spreading. Strain-aligned mineralogical fabric, as predicted by tectonic modelling, would explain our result, with enhanced conductivities caused by hydrogen conduction along the olivine a-axis or connected accumulations of trace conductors such as graphite or magnetite.
Going The Extra Step For Parental Involvement: Connecting Family And School With The Power Of Teacher Websites

Current literature supports the idea of teacher created websites for parental involvement; however, it does not provide adequate guidelines for determining formal content of a teacher website. While potential benefits are often suggested, specific guidelines appear infrequently. This study sought to address some of the shortcomings in the literature on teacher websites by conducting an online survey of both teachers and parents of elementary schools regarding their beliefs about what is essential and ideal content for teacher websites.
Mxi1, a Myc antagonist, suppresses proliferation of DU145 human prostate cells.

BACKGROUND Mxi1, an antagonist of c-Myc, maps to human chromosome 10q24-q25, a region altered in a substantial fraction of prostate tumors. Mice deficient for Mxi1 exhibit significant prostate hyperplasia. We studied the ability of Mxi1 to act as a growth suppressor in prostate tumor cells. METHODS We infected DU145 prostate carcinoma cells with an Mxi1-expressing adenovirus (AdMxi1) in vitro, and measured Mxi1 expression, cell proliferation, soft agar colony formation, and cell cycle distribution. To explore mechanisms of Mxi1-induced growth arrest, we performed gene expression analysis. RESULTS AdMxi1 infection resulted in reduced cell proliferation, reduced soft agar colony formation, and a higher proportion of cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. This G2/M growth arrest was associated with elevated levels of cyclin B, and reduced levels of c-MYC and MDM2. CONCLUSIONS The ability of AdMxi1 to suppress prostate tumor cell proliferation supports a role for Mxi1 loss in the pathogenesis of a subset of human prostate cancers. Prostate 47:194–204, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
EFFECT OF 2,4‐DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CHLORELLA PYRENOIDOSA CHICK1

SUMMARY Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick cells grown in liquid culture containing 5 × 10−3M sodium 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid exhibited vesiculation of the plasma membrane, mitochondrial swelling with disorganization of cristae, disruption of the chloroplast lamellar system, and dictyosomes with irregularly swollen cisternae. Ultrastructural details previously not reported for species of Chlorella were also observed: (1) presence of a crystalline pyrenoid with an 80 A periodicity, (2) a nucleolus made up of ribosome-like particles, and (3) smaller ribosomes in the chloroplast and mitochondria than in the cytoplasm.
Rapid dissolution of shells of weakly calcified Antarctic benthic macroorganisms indicates high vulnerability to ocean acidification

Antarctic calcified macroorganisms are particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification because many are weakly calcified, the dissolution rates of calcium carbonate are inversely related to temperature, and high latitude seas are predicted to become undersaturated in aragonite by the year 2100. We examined the post-mortem dissolution rates of aragonitic and calcitic shells from four species of Antarctic benthic marine invertebrates (two bivalves, one limpet, one brachiopod) and the thallus of a limpet shell-encrusting coralline alga exposed to acidified pH (7.4) or non-acidified pH (8.2) seawater at a constant temperature of 4°C. Within a period of only 14–35 days, shells of all four species held in pH 7.4 seawater had suffered significant dissolution. Despite calcite being 35% less soluble in seawater than aragonite, there was surprisingly, no consistent pattern of calcitic shells having slower dissolution rates than aragonitic shells. Outer surfaces of shells held in pH 7.4 seawater exhibited deterioration by day 35, and by day 56 there was exposure of aragonitic or calcitic prisms within the shell architecture of three of the macroinvertebrate species. Dissolution of coralline algae was confirmed by differences in weight loss in limpet shells with and without coralline algae. By day 56, thalli of the coralline alga held in pH 7.4 displayed a loss of definition of the conceptacle pores and cracking was evident at the zone of interface with limpet shells. Experimental studies are needed to evaluate whether there are adequate compensatory mechanisms in these and other calcified Antarctic benthic macroorganisms to cope with anticipated ocean acidification. In their absence, these organisms, and the communities they comprise, are likely to be among the first to experience the cascading impacts of ocean acidification.
An unacceptable status quo: A sport development case study of swimming and drownings

Abstract This case study illustrates the complexity of sport development decision-making and specifically highlights the public health concern of drowning disparities in the United States. Using sport development research to demonstrate the linkage between empirical study and practice, students must consider various factors for the most effective approach to attract and retain participants involved in a local swimming program. The parks and recreation department director, Bob Shell, is tasked with determining the best program structure based on the sets of sport development proposals he received from a member of the management staff. To further ensure students are presented with a realistic scenario, this case offers a combination of fictional and real life events from an innovative swimming program in Memphis, Tennessee. Students must critically evaluate not only sport development practices and the merits of the swimming program, but other organizational partnerships that may be formed in the community. Therefore, students are placed in a decision-making role that is common to managers in many sport contexts beyond swimming. This case study is appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate sport management courses, with specific application to sport development, policy and governance, strategic management, and recreation or leisure topics.
Exhalation of gaseous nitric oxide by rats in response to endotoxin and its absorption by the lungs

Stitt, John T., Arthur B. DuBois, James S. Douglas, and Steven G. Shimada. Exhalation of gaseous nitric oxide by rats in response to endotoxin and its absorption by the lungs.J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1...
Evidence of Phase Dependent Tool Wear in Ti-6Al-4V Turning Experiments Using PCD and Carbide Inserts

This paper presents evidence of phase transformation in turning titanium work material and discusses its impact on tool wear. Tool wear of polycrystalline diamond inserts was studied in turning experiments on Ti-6Al-4V. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was conducted to analyze the rake face of the turning inserts. At cutting speeds of 61m/min, the rake face exhibited scalloped-shaped, fractured, uneven, and rough wear. This is characteristic of attrition wear. At cutting speeds of 122m/min, wear was smooth and even in nature, which is a typical characteristic of diffusion/dissolution wear. At a cutting speed of 91m/min, the wear was a combination of those observed at speeds of 61m/m and 122m/m. A comparison of the wear on the PCD tools to that of WC-6Co from earlier work is also discussed. A significant difference in wear existed between the two different cutting tool materials at the low cutting speed. This difference in wear was linked to a transition from alpha to beta phase in the titanium work material. Temperature estimates on the rake face of the tool previously extracted from FEM support the possibility of phase transformation at the cutting data tested.© 2012 ASME
Field Observations on a Midwinter Breeding Flight of Diamesa arctica (Diptera: Chironomidae)

On Feb. 16, 1969, just outside Smithfield, Utah, a breeding flight of what are commonly called winter midges was observed. The flight and associated breeding activity were observed from 1:10 to 2:00 PM on a windless afternoon, with the temperature at −0.4°C and a light snow falling. The snowfall had started at 6:00 PM the previous day; accumulation during the following 19 hr amounted to 7 in. on an old snow base of ca. 3 ft. The midges were hovering 3–7 ft above the drifted-over surface of a small field road which was lined on both sides by 8-ft shrubs.
Abstract 1916: Robust pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by tumor-infiltrating t cells despite altered Stat1/Stat3 signaling responses

The mechanisms whereby tumors reap the pro-growth benefits of an inflammatory context while still evading the immune response are not fully understood. Using phospho-specific flow cytometry, we demonstrate differential biasing of STAT phosphorylation responses within the tumor microenvironment, with B16 and CT26 cancer cells responding preferentially to pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IFN-γ and tumor-infiltrating T cells responding preferentially to anti-inflammatory IL-10. Investigation of cytokine responsiveness biasing within tumor-infiltrating T cells revealed that the intratumoral T cell population is shaped by non antigen-specific accumulation of CD62L − T cells, which lack responsiveness to pro-inflammatory cytokines despite their robust secretion of these factors. The unchecked production of pro-inflammatory factors by antigen-experienced T cells within the tumor suggests a novel role for these cells in supporting tumor growth by contributing to the inflammatory milieu within the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1916.
The Social Practice of Harm Reduction in Argentina: A “Latin” Kind of Intervention

"Harm reduction" is a public health model that places emphasis on reducing the negative effects of drug use rather than on eliminating drug use or ensuring abstinence. Based on sixteen months of ethnographic research, this article examines how harm reduction in Argentina is both envisioned and observed as a social practice by analyzing how local harm reductionists position their work in relation to "social context." My informants consider this social emphasis to be characteristic of a "Latin" kind of intervention, which they differentiate from an "Anglo-Saxon" approach focused on individual behavior change. Differentiating between these "cultural" models of intervention helps Argentine harm reductionists guide their social orientation to drug use, risk, and harm by situating interventions in the contexts in which users live and operate. It also allows them to distinguish their social form of harm reduction from a neoliberal one that they associate with the global north. The construction of these distinct cultural models of intervention is a means of critiquing neoliberal approaches to health that advocate technical solutions to changing individual behavior. Ultimately, this construct acts as a political commentary on the limits of an individual-oriented harm reduction project when applied to the "Argentine context."
G574(P) Daytime iBleep implementation in General Paediatrics

Context Our general paediatric team has a diverse workforce delivering patient care. Bleeps are essential for communication. Problem The current process has become inefficient for several reasons including large volume calls, bleeping incorrect persons and inappropriate bleeps. This has impacted significantly on doctors’ efficiency to respond to calls appropriately whilst continuing daily work routine. Assessment of problem and analysis of its causes A recent Task mapping exercise revealed a disproportionately high representation of RMO2’s time spent answering pager bleeps, compared to other team members. Intervention Sophisticated iBleep technology is currently used ‘out of hours’ to filter calls through a central co-ordinator, distributing tasks according to skill set and caseload, enabling RMO2 to focus upon unwell patients, improving patient safety. It also reduces interruptions which adversely affects performance, error rates and increases cognitive burden. This project aimed to transfer the benefits of iBleep to daytime operational hours for a specific team. Study design Following stakeholder meetings, iBleep access and training was arranged. Daily data collection sheets were completed by the RMO2s, to record the number, timing, reason and location of pager bleeps received. Strategy for change iBleep pilot was implemented in November 2015. Measurement of improvement Data collection restarted after 3 weeks to identify impact upon pager bleep volume. Electronically captured iBleep data was also analysed. Effects of changes From 4–24 th November, 35 iBleeps were generated; 31% to RMO2, 3% to the site practitioner and 66% to the rest of the team. Pre iBleep, the number of daily bleeps received by the RMO2 ranged from 1–31 (mean 11). However, following iBleep implementation these ranged 10–22 bleeps (mean 15). This coincides with significant increases in clinical workload, with a 30% increase in inpatient numbers. Lessons learnt Implementation of the project has been challenging with respect to embedding a new system despite vigorous communication and education rollout. Initial resistance with staff engagement was encountered. Subsequent education has increased compliance. Early analysis of the data shows RMO2 feedback has been positive. There is more equitable distribution of workload between RMO2 bleeps and the rest of the team. Team members have feelings of reduced bleep fatigue and more clinical time available. Our data has shown similar number of conventional bleeps pre and post iBleep. A significant confounding factor is the seasonal increase in clinical workload and this has not translated into increased overall bleep numbers. This impact is likely derived from an improved bleep etiquette that has been part of the iBleep operating policy. Message for others The pilot will continue, and future work will explore the psychological impact of the new system on RMO2 and further assessment of the effectiveness of this system.
Maternal influences on growth of twin and single calves.

Milk production was measured at 28-d intervals by the calf weight change method in 30 dams with twins and in 28 dams with single calves. Average adjusted 170-d weaning weights for twins were between 41 and 38 kg less than for singles (depending on linear contrast). Yet dams with twins weaned between 91 and 97 kg more calf and produced substantially more milk. Significant dam breed and parity differences in calf growth and weaning weight were observed among twins. Dam breeds ranked in the order of decreasing productivity were Hereford-Angus crossbred, Angus and Hereford. Cows outproduced heifers. Among singles, such differences were small. As indicated by linear contrasts, maternal effects were larger in twins than in singles; however, these differences were generally not significant. Only milk production in the first half of lactation by dams with twins was found to be a significant predictor of calf growth and weaning weight. For every 1-kg increase in 6-h milk production in early lactation, 170-d adjusted weaning weight of twins increased (P less than .01) by 18.8 kg. Among singles, regression estimates for growth on milk yield were small and nonsignificant.
A method to evaluate utility for architectural comparisons for a campaign to explore the surface of Mars

Abstract There is a general consensus that Mars is the next high priority destination for human space exploration. There has been no lack of analysis and recommendations for human missions to Mars, including, for example, the NASA Design Reference Architectures and the Mars Direct proposal. These studies and others usually employ the traditional approach of selecting a baseline mission architecture and running individual trade studies. However, this can cause blind spots, as not all combinations are explored. An alternative approach is to holistically analyze the entire architectural trade-space such that all of the possible system interactions are identified and measured. In such a framework, an optimal design is sought by minimizing cost for maximal value. While cost is relatively easy to model for manned spaceflight, value is more difficult to define. In our efforts to develop a surface base architecture for the MIT Mars 2040 project, we explored several methods for quantifying value, including technology development benefits, challenge, and various metrics for measuring scientific return. We developed a science multi-score method that combines astrobiology and geologic research goals, which is weighted by the crew-member hours that can be used for scientific research rather than other activities.
Survey of Parent Experiences in Prenatal Visits for Infants With Cleft Lip and Palate.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the parent's choice of cleft team/surgeon. Design: A 10-question survey was used to elucidate factors that influenced parents in choosing their cleft surgeon. No identifiers of the origin of the study were used to improve parent objectivity. Setting: The setting for this study was an online survey. Participants: Participants in this study were the parents of children who were born with cleft lip and/or palate. Interventions: Parents were contacted anonymously via national, established social media websites that were independently run by the parents themselves. Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome measures were information regarding choice of cleft team/surgeon, source of patient referrals, and use of online media in decision making. Results: A total of 112 responses were received. Of the parents, 77% sought prenatal evaluation with at least one cleft surgeon. Maternal-fetal medicine specialists were the most frequent...
Development of data acquisition components for simultaneous recording of 3D epicardial and surface ECG signals in the langendorff perfusion apparatus

Sudden Cardiac Death (SCD) claims 7 million lives per year. The importance of myocardial electrogram (EGM) repolarization alternans and surface electrocardiogram (ECG) T-wave alternans is gaining traction for understanding the underlying SCD mechanisms. However, the relationship between the 3D spatial distribution of myocardial EGMs and surface ECG with respect to SCD has yet to be investigated. To make this happen, a modified data acquisition system has been developed and fabricated in conjunction with the Langendorff perfusion system to enable simultaneous recording and analysis of the 3D spatial distribution of myocardial EGMs and the surface ECG. Two devices have been fabricated: a basket catheter, which obtains 3D EGM data; and an ECG chamber, capable of keeping the constraints of the Langendorff system. Noise analysis confirmed, for all devices, a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of median (μ) >= 51.7dB and standard deviation (σ) <= 2.1dB. A Langendorff rat heart experiment further confirmed successful recording of 3D EGM and surface ECG data with an acceptable SNR. The developed system can be used to study the relationship between 3D EGM and surface ECG data, which can be utilized to understand the mechanisms of SCD.
Remifentanil for Sedation of Children With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective:To determine whether remifentanil would provide adequate sedation while allowing frequent and reproducible neurologic assessments in children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit...
A fault detection and identification system evaluated experimentally on a passenger vehicle 1 , 2

Abstract A fault detection and identification system based on analytical redundancy is developed for automated passenger vehicles. To detect and identify actuator and sensor faults, a residual generator (fault detection filter) and a residual processor (sequential probability test) are constructed for the Buick LeSabre. The fault detection filter uses control commands and measurements to generate a residual that has a unique static pattern in response to each fault. The sequential probability test examines the residual and generates the probability of the presence of a fault. The performance of the fault detection and identification system is evaluated in real-time on a Buick LeSabre.
Why do young adults vote at low rates? Implications for education

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the political attitudes, experiences, and habits of young adults in the USA, with particular focus on their voting habits. Since young adults are just beyond Kindergarten-12 (K-12) schooling they are the voting segment arguably most affected by this experience, and their political habits and attitudes inform educational policy and practice. The concern under focus is that studies have found that this group votes at low rates, especially during mid-term elections (just 22 percent of citizens ages 18-29 voted in the 2014 elections). Design/methodology/approach Relevant theoretical and empirical research on these topics were reviewed and interviews were conducted with 40 young adults. They were asked to reflect on their childhood, adolescent, and adult familial, social, and academic experiences; their voting habits throughout their lives; and their interpretations of factors that encouraged or discouraged their habits and dispositions toward citizenship. Findings The majority of participants reported that they did not vote in the 2014 mid-term elections and provided a range of reasons why they did not vote. Many participants also reported a reluctance to discuss politics with family members and friends. Originality/value Building on theories regarding the role of voter turnout for democracy and juxtaposing them with competing theories of neoliberalism and individualism, and in light of the struggles for suffrage and against voter suppression in the USA, this paper argues educators can take action to better prepare young adults for participation in electoral politics.
Ceramics for joint replacement: Design and application of commercial bearings

Abstract The rationale for the development of ceramics in joint replacement bearings includes the reduction of clinical wear and the consequent reduction in the risk of debris-induced osteolysis. The objective of this chapter is to trace the development of this technology, taking into account the developments that have taken place in this field. In particular, the introduction of transformation-toughened ceramics since the 1990s (zirconia, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ)) has given a new momentum to this technology. Thanks to the new cross-linked, antioxidant-doped polyethylene, new bearing designs are available, while the outstanding mechanical behavior of platelet-reinforced ZTA and ATZ are allowing the development of once-abandoned devices, like ceramic resurfacing and cementless, all-ceramic cups. Also, new knee, shoulder, and spine disk replacements are benefitting from these new materials. Progress in the development of silicon nitride bearings is outlined here, as well as an overview of the main manufacturers of ceramic joint replacement components.
Modeling Seasonal Sudden Stratospheric Warming Climatology Based on Polar Vortex Statistics

AbstractThis study investigates the climatological frequency distribution of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). General circulation models (GCMs) tend to produce SSW maxima later in winter than observations, which has been considered as a model deficiency. However, the observed record is short, calling into question the representativeness of the observational record. To study the seasonality of SSWs and the factors behind it, the authors use observations, a long control simulation with a stratosphere resolving GCM, and also a simple statistical model that is based on the climatological seasonal cycle of the polar vortex winds. From the combined analysis, the authors conclude that the late-winter SSW maximum seen in most climate models is realistic and that observations would also have a late-winter SSW maximum if more data were available. The authors identify the seasonally varying strengths of the polar vortex and stratospheric wave driving as the two main factors behind the seasonal SSW distribution....
Augmentative and Alternative Communication and Autism

Intellectual disabilities and physical problems such as cerebral palsy are common among persons with ASD. These disorders further compound the communication issues inherent among persons with ASD. The development of electronics, particularly computers, has markedly accelerated developments in this area. This chapter such as augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems. AAC systems are defined and how these systems function in the environment is explained.
Material and device innovation impact on reliability for scaled CMOS technologies

Comprehending material, technology and design interaction with key reliability metrics is becoming critical to ensure successful product introduction with continued scaling beyond 10nm. This paper summarizes the key challenges for reliability and its implication for the design/technology co-optimization. Building in reliability requires a detailed understanding of material properties, device architecture and circuit usage model/sensitivity to various failure mechanisms. For logic application, mean Fmax degradation due to BTI/HCI addresses circuit impact while for SRAM memories it is critical to comprehend BTI induced variations. For BEOL the choice of material is driven by EM/TDDB and design complexity/routing strategy with the goal to reduce RC component.