cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time-activity Budgets of Waterfowl Wintering on Livestock Ponds in Northeast Texas

We developed individual time-activity budgets for Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard; n = 281), A. strepera (Gadwall; n = 251), and Aythya collaris (Ring-necked Duck; n = 144) wintering on livestock ponds in the Blackland Prairies Ecological Region of Texas in January and February, 2000 and 2001. Feeding (32–38%), locomoting (24–49%), and resting (10–36%) dominated the activity budgets for each species. Behaviors varied between years, probably due to the 3-fold increase in precipitation that raised water levels in livestock ponds. In 2000 and 2001, Mallards fed nearly 50% and 20% of their time, respectively, with comfort and resting occupying 60% in 2001. Gadwalls locomoted nearly 50% of their time each year, but increased surface feeding 2-fold in 2001. Finally, Ring-necked Ducks spent about a third of their time locomoting, another third resting, and the remainder subsurface feeding in 2001. Focal species activity budgets were generally similar to those developed throughout their ranges. Livestock ponds in northeast Texas provide small but regionally widespread habitats for wintering waterfowl. Future work should focus upon diet and landscape occupancy rates of waterfowl using these habitats during winter.
Determination of Sustainable Design-Centered Factors for Manufacturing Bioprinting Material of Polylactic Acid

Sustainable design-centered manufacturing (SDM) is a competitive advantage for new product development. In this research, we determine the SDM factors for Polylactic Acid (PLA) production from cradle to gate. PLA is a mainstream material for bioprinting. We utilize a holistic method to determine the most sensitive and significant sustainability factors among economic, environmental, and social pillars, by adopting ISO 14040 and 14044 frameworks, life cycle cost analysis, and regression analysis methods. The results show that three major sustainability impact factors are profit, water consumption, and health and wellness effects, and the corresponding strategies are proposed. As a result, SDM can help increase profitability, create positive social impacts, reduce waste of resources, and utilize resources with efficiency.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
SUPERFISH accuracy dependence on mesh size

The RF cavity code SUPERFISH is extensively used for the design of drift-tube linac (DTL), radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ), and coupled-cavity linac (CCL) structures. It has been known for some time that considerably finer meshes are required near the nose of a drift tube to ensure accurate calculation of the resonant frequency and related secondary quantities. The authors discuss the results of numerical experiments designed to provide rules to set proper mesh sizes for DTL, RFQ, and CCL problems. During this work, SUPERFISH problems involving more than 100000 mesh points were solved. The RFQ was much more sensitive to large mesh spacing than the cells. Power dissipation and stored energy results show this most strikingly. >
The Poet, His Poem, and the Surgeon: The Stories Behind the Enduring Appeal of Invictus

Invictus, a popular poem by Victorian writer William Ernest Henley (1849-1903), achieved pop stardom when its title became the name of the well-received 2009 film Invictus (Clint Eastwood, Revelations Entertainment). The movie tells the story of Nelson Mandela (1918-2013) and the Springboks, the world champion South African rugby team. The movie used the poem for its dramatic effect because it was one of Mandela’s favorites, its message of defiance steeling him and his fellow political prisoners during their decades of incarceration on Robben Island. It was a favorite of modern political icons Churchill, F.D.R., Nehru, J.F.K., and King. But it also acquired a more disturbing group of devotees that included domestic terrorist Timothy McVeigh. Overlooked today is the original context of the poem: Henley’s recovery from tuberculous osteomyelitis of the distal tibia, a condition that at the time often ended with amputation, and with surgery, death from gangrene. And there is yet another backstory: Joseph Lister was Henley’s surgeon. His pioneering use of carbolic acid and antisepsis salvaged the limb, avoided surgery and its attendant risk of infection, and saved Henley’s life. In another hospital and under the care of a different surgeon, the outcome would have been tragic. A collection of poems Henley wrote during his 21-month stay in the Royal Infirmary in Edinburgh, known as In Hospital, traced his despair and dread on admission to joy at discharge. Written the same year of his discharge from the hospital, Invictus is his proclamation of triumph over illness and death. The story of the poet, his surgeon, and his single memorable poem has interest because of the intersection of literary and surgical history and the personalities that emerge from its retelling. In a 1945 work, Joseph Buckley,
Speech modeling and noise removal using a perceptually modified Wiener filter

Algorithms for spectral subtraction suffer from musical noise effects due to the large gaps in the frequency spectrum created by the subtractive process. Proposed methods to solve this problem used the auditory-masking model in the Wiener filter. Since the auditory-masking threshold (AMT) curve reveals that spectral components above it are perceptible, it can serve as a lower bound in the estimate of the short-term speech spectrum. We propose an improvement of the Wiener filter estimate using perceptual constraints that exploit the auditory masking curve. Using an LPC model, from psychoacoustics we derive an estimate of the spectral density of speech that tends to lower and spread the energy of the musical noise onto other frequencies in the critical band. Objective and subjective evaluations indicate a slightly improved performance over ordinary spectral subtraction and Wiener filtering methods.
Antigenicity of short ragweed pollen for white mice.

SummaryShort ragweed pollen extract is shown to be a poor antigen for mice even with recourse to the pertussis-technic. A subsequent challenge dose demonstrates a striking secondary response. Extracts fail to display any lethal effects in mice previously treated with B. pertussis.
Effects of Molecular Sieving and Electrostatic Enhancement in the Adsorption of Organic Compounds on the Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework ZIF-8

In this work, the adsorption behavior of a range of organic vapors and gases on the zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, is investigated using an inverse gas chromatography (IGC) methodology at the zero-coverage limit and elevated temperatures. The measured thermodynamic values and surface energies for the adsorption of n-alkanes on ZIF-8 are found to be reduced from those previously reported for IRMOF-1. This reduction is most likely an effect of the predominately organic accessible surface of ZIF-8 and the resulting weaker interactions in comparison to IRMOF-1. The pore aperture size of ZIF-8, which is significantly reduced from that of IRMOF-1, is seen to introduce molecular sieving effects for branched alkanes, aromatics, and heavily halogenated compounds. Deformation polarizabilities of the adsorbates were used to calculate the specific adsorption free energy, and it is determined that the specific effects account for around 1-5 kJ/mol, or between 10% and 70% of the total free energy of adsorption for the sorbates studied (at 250 °C). The importance of electrostatic forces was seen in the significantly enhanced adsorption of propylene and ethylene in comparison to their respective alkanes and in the direct correlation shown between the specific components of the free energy of adsorption and the adsorbate's dipole moment.
Psychological Empowerment and the Pursuit of Social Change: Outcomes of Foster Youth Engagement

Youth aging out of foster care are assumed to embody a disempowered group, for whom civic engagement opportunities are rare. Utilizing a targeted initiative, this study explores individual- and community-level outcomes derived from foster youth civic engagement. Data were collected via: (a) interview and survey research with foster youth advisory board leaders; (b) interview and survey research with civic youth workers; and, (c) non-participant observation of five foster youth advisory board meetings. Directed content analysis revealed three emergent themes, which transcended the data inductively (Opportunity through Access; Positive Conceptions of New Jersey's Department of Children and Families; and, Participatory Competence). These themes support and extend our current understanding of empowering outcomes for this population. Implications for research, policy, and practice are discussed.
Abstract PL02-02: Progress in lung cancer treatment with immunotherapy

As recently as a few years ago, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was not considered particularly amenable to therapeutic approaches that manipulated immune responses. The rapid transition to inhibition of the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint in routine management of NSCLC patients has been remarkable. Although the duration of response to this class of drugs is impressive, particularly in light of comparator therapies, the restriction of responses to a minority of those treated limits the benefit to select patients. During the development of inhibitors of the PD-1 immune checkpoint in NSCLC, biospecimens including tissue and blood have been collected to evaluate predictors of response to this class of agents. Despite extensive evaluation though, controversy exists. The role of various factors in identifying patients likely to respond to inhibition of the PD-1 immune checkpoint is an area of intensive investigation. The relative importance of factors 1) intrinsic to the tumor such as staining for biomarkers including the PD-1 ligand PD-L1 and tumor mutational load, 2) factors seen in the infiltrating immune cells, including the presence and types of immune cell and staining for PD-L1, and 3) factors specific to the patient and the process of carcinogenesis (such as prior smoking history) are being defined. Citation Format: Edward B. Garon. Progress in lung cancer treatment with immunotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr PL02-02.
Keynote address and C.C. Johnson memorial lecture. Microwave bioeffects research: historical perspectives on productive approaches.

AbstractInterest in the biological and medical effects of radiowaves, “shortwaves” and microwaves began to develop during the 1930’s. The history of this field will be reviewed. Highly productive research approaches will be indicated. Purely experimental approaches lacking a scientific rationale have been less useful. Implications for future research efforts are fairly obvious. A rationale for standards of safe exposure can be formulated now.
Mainstream media’s coverage of the Gezi protests and protesters’ perception of mainstream media:

This article seeks to analyse how different sets of media covered the Gezi protests, whether the protest paradigm model varied according to the ideological leanings of newspapers, and whether social media created an alternative way for citizens to gather information while bypassing domestic news media. Furthermore, the study examines protesters’ perceptions of mainstream media coverage of the Gezi Park protests. It is important to understand how the exchange of information and idea flows in a polarized media environment and social media tools affected this process in Turkey.
Marker-assisted introgression of the major bacterial blight resistance gene, Xa21 and blast resistance gene, Pi54 into RPHR-1005, the restorer line of the popular rice hybrid, DRRH3

The elite Indian rice hybrid, DRRH3 is highly susceptible to two major diseases, bacterial blight (BB) and blast, which limit its productivity significantly. In the present study, we have introgressed two major genes, viz., Xa21 and Pi54 conferring resistance against BB and blast, respectively into RPHR-1005, the male parent of DRRH3 through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) and analyzed the backcross derived plants for their resistance against BB and blast. RPBio Patho-2 was used as a donor for both the resistance genes. Gene-specific markers were used for the foreground selection of Xa21 and Pi54 at each stage of backcrossing and markers specific for the major fertility restorer genes, Rf3 and Rf4 were used only at BC1F1 generation for foreground selection. Background selection was done using 62 polymorphic SSR markers and marker-assisted backcrossing was continued till BC3 generation. At BC3F4, through intensive phenotype-based selections 15 promising lines (ABLs) possessing high level of resistance against BB and blast, high yield, fine-grain type, complete fertility restoration along with better panicle exsertion and taller plant type as compared to RPHR-1005 were identified and test crossed with APMS 6 A, the female parent of DRRH3. The newly derived hybrids (i.e. improved versions of DRRH3) were observed to possess high level of resistance against BB and blast along with medium-slender grain type and yield level better than or equivalent to that of DRRH3. Our study exemplifies the utility of MABB for targeted improvement of multiple traits in hybrid rice.
HLE16: A Local Kohn-Sham Gradient Approximation with Good Performance for Semiconductor Band Gaps and Molecular Excitation Energies.

Local exchange–correlation functionals have low cost and convenient portability but are known to seriously underestimate semiconductor band gaps and the energies of molecular Rydberg states. Here we present a new local approximation to the exchange–correlation functional called HLE16 that gives good performance for semiconductor band gaps and molecular excitation energies and is competitive with hybrid functionals. By the simultaneous increase of the local exchange and decrease of the local correlation, electronic excitation energies were improved without excessively degrading the ground-state solid-state cohesive energies, molecular bond energies, or chemical reaction barrier heights, although the new functional is not recommended for optimizing lattice constants or molecular bond lengths. The new functional can be useful as-is for calculations on semiconductors or excited states where it is essential to control the cost, and it can also be useful in establishing a starting point for developing even bett...
Multi-scale responses of fox squirrels to land-use changes in Florida: Utilization mimics historic pine savannas

Abstract Pine savanna ecosystems in the southeastern United States are highly fragmented and degraded. Within these ecosystems, southeastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger spp.) appear to be excellent bioindicators and serve important ecological roles. However, because of the loss of these areas, fox squirrel populations are patchily distributed and they are thought to be declining. To determine factors influencing their distribution, we conducted a multi-scale occupancy study throughout the range of the Sherman’s fox squirrel (S. n. shermani) in Florida. We surveyed 40 landscapes comprised of 200 grids and 1800 camera-trap points. We recorded 3170 camera-trap photos of fox squirrels at 8 of the 21 land cover classes surveyed, at 26 landscapes (65.0%), 70 grids (35.0%), and 210 of the camera-trap points (11.7%). At the landscape scale (7.65 km2), the occurrence of fox squirrels increased as the amount of interspersion in tree cover increased, but decreased with increasing tree cover, supporting the need for open canopied areas interspersed with hardwoods and hardwood thickets at broad scales. At the finer grid scale (5.3 ha), their occurrence increased with pine and oak densities and proximity to urban and residential development and was also negatively influenced by tree cover. At the grid and point scales, fox squirrels were more likely to occur in areas with increased canopy closure, supporting their association with patches of oak trees imbedded in open canopy forests similar to the pine savannas that once dominated the region. Fox squirrels’ occurrence was negatively influenced by woody understory and woody ground cover at all scales. Their preference for a midstory with an open canopy and clear understory also suggest a reliance on frequent disturbance such as fire to maintain their habitat. Fox squirrels appear to be highly adaptable as they occurred in land cover types and altered landscapes (e.g., developed, agriculture) outside of natural pine savannas. But, as indicators of pine savanna ecosystem health, their conservation along with other wildlife tied to these forests will necessitate management practices that include or emulate a fire regime to reduce tree canopy densities and the encroachment of the understory layer and woody ground cover, but also to maintain heterogeneity that intersperses requisites (food, shelter, and cover) across the landscape.
A note on solutions to pomeron functional equations

AbstractWe construct exact solutions to the pomeron functional equation and ageneralization of it. These results clarify and extend previous workon this problem.
Fabrication of tubular solid oxide fuel cells by solvent‐assisted lamination and co‐firing a rolled multilayer tape cast

This study presents preliminary results for tubular anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) fabricated by a novel method based on tape casting. A multilayer tape cast was prepared by successive casting of the anode support, anode functional layer, and electrolyte. The tape cast was rolled into a tube, and the ends of the tape were joined by solvent-assisted lamination. The sample was co-fired at 1400°C, followed by screen printing and sintering of the cathode at 1150°C. The electrochemical performance of the tubular cell was evaluated in N2/H2 gas at 750°C. The cell generated a maximum power density of 90 mW/cm2. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs after the electrochemical tests confirmed that the solvent-assisted lamination resulted in stable joining without delamination. Although the process and performance have yet to be optimized, the use of multilayer tape casting, solvent-assisted lamination, and co-firing is expected to make this method advantageous for low-cost mass production of tubular SOFCs.
Difficult airway intubation simulation using Bonfils fiberscope and rigid fiberscope for surgical training

Abstract Introduction Pediatric otolaryngologists are frequently called to assist in difficult airway management in newborns with Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS) who have microretrognathia, glossoptosis, and an anterior larynx. The Bonfils fiberscope (BF) is a curved rigid scope designed to provide superior visualization in the anterior larynx. Objective (1) to assess whether BF provides an improvement in intubation success rate, time to intubation, or airway visualization as compared to rigid fiberscope (RF) in a difficult airway simulation setting and (2) to determine whether a training program for BF can improve time to intubation through practice trials. Methods Six right-handed trainees completed five trials on each of the three following airway models using the BF and RF: normal anatomy, anterior larynx and PRS. The normal larynx model was intubated only with RF. Main outcome measures were the time needed for tracheal intubation and Cormack–Lehane classification (1–4). Results The majority of the intubation trials showed a statistically significant difference between first and last completion times (p Conclusion The difficult airway simulation model is feasible for surgical training. BF adds superior visualization of the anterior larynx in PRS. Otolaryngology training programs may include BF as a supplemental tool in addition to RF as a part of the airway equipment training since there is significant improvement in time to intubation with consecutive practice trials and superior laryngeal visualization.
Hate Speech Is in the Eye of the Beholder

The present research investigated how levels of anti-Black prejudice may influence differential perceived free-speech protections (FSPs) for hurtful acts targeting Black or White people. Because hate crime designation (HCD) requires evidence of a prejudice-motivated intention to harm individuals, we investigated how anti-Black prejudice and race of the target interact to influence HCD for the act and how greater perceived FSPs may predict less willingness to label the act a hate crime. Across two studies, anti-Black bias was associated with more perceived FSPs for Black-targeted acts, which predicted less HCD. Low anti-Black prejudice participants viewed Black- versus White-targeted acts as less protected by free-speech rights and more likely to be a hate crime. In Study 1 (but not Study 2), high anti-Black prejudice participants displayed the opposite pattern. This work holds implications for theories of motivated justification and psychological understanding of public discourse regarding free speech.
The world according to Herod

This article examines two experiments, set well over a thousand years apart, testing the world creating power of the biblical Herod the Great. The first occurs in the late medieval English pageant plays, which insert Herod the Great at the junction of the worlds they create and oversee: Old and New, past and present, sacred and secular. When biblical history is staged, Herod’s paranoid raging creates the (later negated) possibility of a purely secular world over which Christ holds no power. The second is a less well-known deployment of Herod as world-creator: Zora Neale-Hurston’s unpublished ‘biographical novel,’ Herod the Great. Here, in a kind of postsecular project of redemption, Hurston re-imagines the life of a man she calls ‘the most misunderstood public character in all of history.’ Like the pageants, Hurston’s unfinished book utilizes the apocryphal details of Herod’s life as the key to unlocking the secrets of a recursive history; yet unlike the medieval plays, Hurston fixates on Herod in order to build a better world out of these narrative inconsistencies.
Enhanced Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Imaging Immunoassay using Biological Photonic Crystals

Utilizing nature-created photonic crystals, diatoms, we developed immunoassay with efficiently enhanced fluorescence signals. Testing on standard antibody-antigen models achieved unprecedented detection limits of 10−16 M and 10−14 M using fluorescence spectroscopy and fluorescence imaging respectively.
Markedness and the Bindability of Subject of NP

There is a set of domains, D1, within which pronouns are required to be free--that is, within which they may not be coindexed with any c-commanding argument NP. Coreference is possible between a pronoun and an NP which occurs outside of its D1. This is illustrated by the contrast between (la) and (lb), where I adopt the convention of underscores to indicate intended coreference.
Love that Tames: Anti-Heroes, Power and Islamic Reform Reflected in Two Iranian Films

This paper is an exploration of two Iranian films that draw upon spiritual, artistic and literary roots in Islamic history, while at the same time engaging in critiques of knowledge and power in contemporary Muslim societies. These films offer a chance to explore ways in which culture (as distinct from theological discourse) deals with problems of reform in Muslim societies. This article juxtaposes the films with the trickster archetype in folklore, Sufi thought about leadership, and beliefs about the figure of the Mahdi (“the guided one” mentioned in Prophetic hadith as preceding the second coming of Jesus).
Separations Technology: The Key to Radioactive Waste Minimization

Waste and waste management problems are as old as the human race. For purposes of this discussion, wastes can be grouped and identified according to three chemical categories: organic, inorganic, and radioactive. Throughout history, humans have disposed of organic wastes by piling them on the earth or by burial. Until this century, most of the organic waste that was disposed to the environment was manageable by natural biodegradation processes. Even though kinetically slow, these natural processes seemed to satisfactorily manage organic wastes until the middle of the twentieth century. During the post-World War II years, the combined effects of increasing population and accelerating industrial production created organic wastes in quantities that began to overwhelm the natural biodegradation processes. New chemical technologies began to produce very stable chemical products specifically designed to be used once and then discarded as waste. Many of those stable materials, such as plastics and transformer oils, are very resistant to biodegradation.
Trends in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in Oklahoma and the United States, 1999-2013.

Abstract Background The twin prevention strategies of HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening reduce new cases and averts deaths, yet women still develop or die from cervical cancer. To assess and better understand the burden of cervical cancer in Oklahoma, we analyzed incidence and mortality trends in Oklahoma from 1999 to 2013. Methods We obtained age-adjusted cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates and calculated standardized rate ratios (RR) for women in Oklahoma compared to the US. To evaluate temporal changes in annual age-adjusted incidence and mortality, we calculated the annual percent change (APC) using the Joinpoint Regression Program. Results We observed higher age-adjusted incidence (RR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.3) and mortality (RR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.2) rates among women in Oklahoma compared to the US. The overall incidence and mortality rates in Oklahoma were 9.7 and 2.9 per 100,000 women, respectively. In Oklahoma, the highest age-adjusted incidence rates were in American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) (14.8 per 100,000 females) and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) (11.7 per 100,000 females) women and the highest mortality rates were in AI/AN (4.5 per 100,000 females) and African American (AA) (3.9 per 100,000 females) women. Incidence rates decreased for AA women (APC: −4.0; 95% CI: −7.7, −0.2), but were stable for all other races and ethnicities in Oklahoma (APC: −0.8; 95% CI: −2.2, 0.7). A stable trend for mortality was observed in Oklahoma (APC: 0.1; 95% CI: −2.2, 2.5) each year. Conclusion Women in Oklahoma had a higher cervical cancer incidence and mortality rate than the US. A disproportionately higher incidence of cervical cancer among AI/AN and API women and deaths among AI/AN and AA women were observed signaling continuing racial disparities.
Visual Analytic Workflow to Understand Students’ Performance in Computer Science Courses

This Work in Progress Research Paper presents a visual analytic workflow to assist instructors of introductory computer science courses to manage their students’ learning and success. Sometimes introductory college classes are notoriously called “weed-out” courses, which students who fall behind, are discouraged from continuing the career path. Students with different educational backgrounds may be unnecessarily defeated in these courses. In this work, we identify what class data can be collected and supplied to data analytic tooling to generate insights into monitoring the students’ progress. We first investigate a variety of machine learning tools and techniques on a class dataset. Then, we present work-in-progress designs of a visual analytic workflow. Through the interaction with the visual analytic tool, instructors of the introductory computer science course gather insights into the class, for example, “Which part of the programming assignment is causing students to have the most software bugs?,” “Which exam questions best test the understanding of runtime analysis?,” “What type of student activity results in fascinating over 50% of the class to participate and understand the material?”
City-scale decarbonization experiments with integrated energy systems

Decarbonization of electricity generation together with electrification of energy-and-carbon-intensive services such as heating and cooling is needed to address ambitious climate goals. Here we show that city-scale electrification of heat with large-scale thermal storage also cost-effectively unlocks significant additional operational benefits for the power sector. We build an optimization model of fully electrified district heating and cooling networks integrated with other electric loads. We leverage real-world consumption and operational data from a first-of-a-kind facility that meets heating, cooling and electrical energy requirements equivalent to a city of 30 000 people. Using our model, we compute optimal operational strategies for the controllable loads and thermal storage in this system under different economic hypotheses. In our example, electrifying the previously gas-based heating and cooling infrastructure has led to a 65% reduction in the overall campus carbon footprint. Through least-cost scheduling, the load shape of the aggregate energy system can be flattened and annual peak power demand can be reduced by 15%. Through carbon-aware scheduling that takes advantage of variations in grid power carbon intensity, heating and cooling emissions could further decrease by over 40% in 2025 compared to the 2016 baseline, assuming a policy-compliant electricity mix for California. However, rethinking electricity rates based on peak power usage will be needed to make carbon-aware scheduling economically attractive.
Advances and Perspectives in the Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests with Special Reference to Colombia

This paper analyses the state of the art of biological control of greenhouse pests with special reference to Colombia, one of the world's largest producers of cut flowers. After a discussion of the use and impacts of selected natural enemies on a variety of arthropod pests in greenhouses, suggestions on how to enhance the effectiveness of inundative release strategies further to achieve successful biological control of key pests are provided.
Number line unidimensionality is a critical feature for promoting fraction magnitude concepts.

Abstract Children’s ability to estimate fractions on a number line is strongly related to algebra and overall high school math achievement, and number line training leads to better fraction magnitude comparisons compared with area model training. Here, we asked whether unidimensionality is necessary for the number line to promote fraction magnitude concepts and whether left-to-right orientation and labeled endpoints are sufficient. We randomly assigned second- and third-graders (N = 148) to one of four 15-min one-on-one, experimenter-led trainings. Three number line trainings had identical scripts, where the experimenter taught children to segment and shade the number line along the horizontal dimension. The number line conditions varied only in the vertical dimension of the training number line: pure unidimensional number line (17.5 cm horizontal line), hybrid unidimensional number line (17.5 × 0.6 cm rectangle), and square number line (17.5 × 17.5 cm). In the area model condition, children were taught to segment and shade a square (17.5 × 17.5 cm) along both dimensions. The conditions significantly differed in posttest fraction magnitude comparison accuracy (a transfer task), controlling for pretest accuracy, reading achievement, and age. In preregistered analyses, the hybrid unidimensional number line condition significantly outperformed the square area model condition and the square number line condition. In exploratory analyses accounting for training protocol fidelity, these results held and the pure unidimensional number line also outperformed the area model condition on fraction magnitude comparisons. We argue that unidimensionality is a critical feature of the number line for promoting fraction magnitude concepts because it aligns with a key concept—that real numbers, including fractions, can be ordered along a single dimension.
‘It connects me to the earth:’ marginalized environmentalism and a resistance to capitalist logic among subsistence food producers in Chicago

ABSTRACTUsing qualitative methodologies to explore subsistence food production in Chicago, this paper suggests that in the process of self-producing food, self-provisioners are becoming more acquai...
Reopening Businesses after Hurricane Harvey: Evidence from a Duration Model with Spatial Effects

Post-disaster business return is key to restoring the local economy. This paper applies a duration model to analyse factors that explain the delay in reopening a business in south Texas, United States, after Hurricane Harvey struck the region in August 2017. Other than property damage, the duration of business closure depended on the type of business and the various characteristics of its owner. Reflecting the vital role that social capital plays in disaster resilience, local chamber of commerce members tended to reopen their businesses sooner than their non-member counterparts. Yet, there is evidence in support of the vulnerability of female chamber members. In addition to social networks, the finding of spatial interdependence implies that the decision of business owners to resume operations in the wake of a disaster is influenced by the decisions of their neighbours. Spatial interdependence also highlights the importance of providing disaster relief to businesses in a timely manner.
Milk Fat Intake and Telomere Length in U.S. Women and Men: The Role of the Milk Fat Fraction.

The associations between milk intake frequency and milk fat consumption and telomere length, an index of biological aging, were studied using an NHANES sample of 5,834 U.S. adults and a cross-sectional design. The milk consumption variables were assessed with the NHANES Diet Behavior and Nutrition questionnaire. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction method was used to measure leukocyte telomere length. Results showed that milk consumption frequency was not related to telomere length; however, there was a strong association between milk fat intake and telomere length. With the sample delimited to milk drinkers only, milk fat intake was linearly and inversely related to telomere length, after adjusting for the covariates ( , ). For each 1 percentage point increase in milk fat consumed (e.g., 1% to 2%), adults had more than 4 years of additional biological aging. With milk fat intake divided into 5 categories (i.e., milk abstainers, nonfat, 1%, 2%, and full-fat milk), mean telomere lengths differed across the categories ( , ). The mean telomere difference between the extremes of milk fat intake (nonfat vs. full-fat) was 145 base pairs, representing years of additional biological aging for full-fat milk consumers. Effect modification testing indicated that the milk fat and cellular aging association may be partly due to saturated fat intake differences across the milk fat groups. When the sample was delimited to adults reporting only high total saturated fat intake (tertile 3), the milk fat and telomere relationship was strong. However, when the sample was restricted to adults reporting only low saturated fat consumption (tertile 1), there was no relationship between milk fat intake and telomere length. Overall, the findings highlight an association of increased biological aging in U.S. adults who consumed high-fat milk. The results support the latest Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015–2020), which recommend consumption of low-fat milk, but not high-fat milk, as part of a healthy diet.
Judgments of Learning in Context: Backgrounds Can Both Reduce and Produce Metamemory Illusions.

Varying item-specific features such as size (Rhodes & Castel, 2008) or blur (Yue, Castel, & Bjork, 2013) often produces metamemory illusions in which one type of item receives higher judgments of learning (JOLs) without being recalled better. In this study, we explored how similar manipulations to context would influence JOLs. When to-be-recalled words varying in size (or blur) were accompanied by backgrounds also varying in size (or blur), the traditional JOL illusions were reduced (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5) compared to when there were no backgrounds (Experiments 3a, 3b, and 4). Thus, the item-specific and contextual cues were used interactively. Further, the background manipulations also sometimes themselves led to metamemory illusions regarding JOLs for the to-be-remembered items. In general, there were robust individual differences in how participants used the cues, including how they incorporated the contextual cues into their JOL decisions. In part, this may explain why interactive cue utilization did not always emerge at the group level. In sum, we showed that context may affect JOLs both directly and indirectly by influencing participants’ use of item-specific cues. These findings broaden our understanding of how cues may be utilized (e.g., Koriat, 1997) and integrated (e.g., Undorf, Sollner, and Broder, 2018) in JOLs.
High Strength Nanotreated Filler Material for TIG Welding of AA6061

Incorporating structural parts into functional assemblies using a variety of techniques, such as bolting, riveting, brazing, and welding is important for today’s industry and society. When joining AA6061 by Tungsten Inert Gas welding, designers so far had to rely on filler materials, such as ER5356 and ER4043 to dilute the joints melting zone and therefore suppress AA6061’s intrinsic susceptibility to hot cracking. However, welding with dissimilar alloys as filler materials is always a tradeoff between enabling the material for fusion welding and accepting drawbacks of the diluted melting zone’s properties. In this work, a low volume fraction of titanium carbide particles were incorporated into AA6061 to fabricate filler rods. The fabricated AA6061-TiC filler material was further used to TIG weld AA6061 base material. The welds produced by using the nanotreated filler rods were free of cracks and showed exceptional mechanical properties in both as welded and post weld heat treatment condition. The new nanotreated AA6061 filler materials offer a great potential for widespread applications.
Master of Public Health Concentrations in Global Health in 2020: Preparing Culturally Competent Professionals to Address Health Disparities in the Context of Globalization.

During the 2019-2020 academic year, 37 (17%) of 223 Council on Education for Public Health (CEPH) accredited or applicant schools and programs of public health offered Master of Public Health (MPH)...
Overview and Initial Management: Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is rare in children but important to accurately diagnose and manage. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents is Graves’ disease; the most common cause in newborns is neonatal Graves’ disease. Other etiologies to recognize include one or more autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, McCune–Albright syndrome, or thyroiditis caused by inflammation (leading to thyrotoxicosis in the absence of increased thyroid hormone secretion). Clinical features of hyperthyroidism include stare, lid lag, warm skin, tachycardia, widened pulse pressure, tremor, hyperreflexia, and growth changes. Low thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are consistent with primary hyperthyroidism, and elevated serum-free thyroxine (T4) and/or total triiodothironine (T3) levels help determine the biochemical degree of thyrotoxicosis. Antibody studies can help to further identify the underlying cause. Antithyroid drugs are the mainstay of treatment for pediatric Graves’ disease, though there is a high rate of relapse in the pediatric population, and side effects should be reviewed in detail with patients and families.
Reversal of visual feedback modulates somatosensory plasticity

Reversed visual feedback during unimanual training increases transfer of skills to the opposite untrained hand and modulates plasticity in motor areas of the brain. However, it is unclear if unimanual training with reversed visual feedback also affects somatosensory areas. Here we manipulated visual input during unimanual training using left-right optical reversing spectacles and tested whether unimanual training with reversed vision modulates somatosensory cortical excitability to facilitate motor performance. Thirty participants practiced a unimanual ball-rotation task using the right hand with either left-right reversed vision (incongruent visual and somatosensory feedback) or direct vision (congruent feedback) of the moving hand. We estimated cortical excitability in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) before and after unimanual training by measuring somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs). This was done by electrically stimulating the median nerve in the wrist while participants rested, and recording potentials over both hemispheres using electroencephalography. Performance of the ball-rotation task improved for both the right (trained) and left (untrained) hand after training across both direct and reversed vision conditions. Participants with direct vision of the right hand during training showed SEPs amplitudes increased bilaterally. In contrast, participants in the reversed visual condition showed attenuated SEPs following training. The results suggest that cortical suppression of S1 activity supports skilled motor performance after unimanual training with reversed vision, presumably by sensory gating of afferent signals from the movement. This finding provides insight into the mechanisms by which visual input interacts with the sensorimotor system and induces neuroplastic changes in S1 to support skilled motor performance.
“If your feelings were hurt, I’m sorry…”: How Third-Year Medical Students Observe, Learn From, and Engage in Apologies

Apologies may play a significant role in medical care, especially in the context of patient safety, medical error disclosure, and malpractice. Studies have shown that when state laws, institutional policies, and individual skills align—including the ability to offer a sincere apology—patients and families benefit. However, little is known about how, and under what conditions, physicians offer apologies in day-to-day care. Even less is known about what medical students learn about apologies from observing their superiors in these settings. Characterize third-year medical students’ experiences of observing and engaging in apologies. Qualitative descriptive analysis of student professionalism narratives. Third-year medical students at Indiana University School of Medicine. A search of 7,384 unique narratives yielded 238 with apologies. A rubric based on four key elements of genuine apologies ((1) acknowledgement, (2) explanation, (3) regret/remorse, and (4) reparation) was used to classify the kind of apology offered. Apology completeness, impact, and timing were also coded. Seventeen percent of all apologies were complete (i.e., contained all four elements). Over 40% were coded as incomplete or “non-apology” apologies (i.e., those with only the first two elements). A significant relationship between apology completeness and positive student experience was found. Most apologies were offered by the attending physician or resident to patients and family members. Students were generally positive about their experiences, but one in five were coded as negative. Some students were distressed enough to offer apologies on behalf of the faculty. Apology timing did not make a significant difference in terms of student experience. Few education programs target apologies in the context of routine practice. With little formal instruction, students may rely on adopting what their seniors do. Faculty have an important role to play in modeling the apology process when harms—both great and small—occur.
Exit choice during evacuation is influenced by both the size and proportion of the egressing crowd

Abstract It is unclear how building occupants use information about the social and built environment when choosing an egress route during emergency evacuation. Conflicting tendencies have been previously reported: to follow the crowd, to avoid congestion, and to avoid unknown egress routes alone. We hypothesize that these tendencies depend on an interaction between social influence and the affordances (opportunities for egress) of the built environment. In three virtual reality (VR) experiments (each N = 15 ), we investigated how social influence interacts with the affordances of available exits to determine exit choice. Participants were immersed in a crowd of virtual humans walking to the left or right exit and were asked to walk to one of the exits. Experiment 1 tested the role of social influence by manipulating both the proportion of the crowd walking toward one exit point (Crowd Proportion of 0 to 100%, in 10% increments) and the absolute number of virtual humans going to the exit point (Crowd Size of 10 or 20). Experiment 2 tested the role of affordances by introducing two visible exit doors (1 m width) in a closed room, and following the same protocol. Experiment 3 tested larger exit doors (2 m width) that afford rapid egress for more people. In the small crowd, participants were increasingly likely to follow the majority as its proportion increased. In the large crowd, however, participants tended to avoid the more crowded exit if the doors were narrow (Experiment 2), but not if the doors were wide (Experiment 3). Participants tended to follow a 100% majority in all experiments, thereby avoiding going to an exit alone. We propose that the dynamics of exit choice can be understood in terms of competition between alternative egress routes: the attraction of an exit increases with the proportion of the crowd moving toward it, becoming dominant at 100%, but decreases with the absolute number in the crowd moving toward it, relative to the exit’s affordance for egress.
The direct and indirect effects of clinical empathy on well-being among pre-medical students: a structural equation model approach

Background Empathy is a well-established facet of clinical competency that research suggests is associated with enhanced medical student well-being. Since little is known about empathy and well-being before students enter medical school-during pre-medical education-the main goal of this study is to test a conceptual model of how clinical empathy is related to two indicators of well-being, depression, and burnout among pre-medical students. The theoretical model hypothesizes that three dimensions of clinical empathy-Perspective-Taking, Compassionate Care, and Standing in Patients' Shoes- will be directly and negatively related to depression, as well as indirectly through its inverse relationship with three facets of burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, Poor Academic Efficacy, and Cynicism. Methods Using survey data from a sample of 132 pre-medical students at an American Midwestern university, this study employs structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the theoretical model of the relationships between empathy, burnout, and depression among pre-medical students. We identify the direct effects of the three dimensions of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSE-S) on depression (CES-D), as well as the indirect effects of clinical empathy on depression through the three dimensions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-S). Results SEM analyses show that while none of the three dimensions of the JSE-S are directly related to depression, clinical empathy does significantly affect depression indirectly through burnout. Specifically, as predicted, we find that Perspective-Taking decreases Emotional Exhaustion, but, contrary to expectations, Compassionate Care increases it. And, the positive relationship between Compassionate Care and Emotional Exhaustion is particularly strong. In turn, Perspective-Taking and Compassionate Care are associated with depression in opposite directions and to different degrees. Conclusions Findings suggest that clinical empathy as measured by the JSE-S produces both positive and negative effects on personal well-being. We conclude that further conceptual clarity of clinical empathy is needed to better discern how the different dimensions impact different indicators of well-being. Given that pre-medical education is a crucial time for emotional socialization, the challenge for medical education will be fostering the positive, cognitive aspects of clinical empathy while simultaneously mitigating the adverse effects of affective empathy on medical student well-being.