cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical aspects of Global Warming

Background Global warming is caused by increased carbon dioxide (CO2)resulting in a greenhouse effect with enhanced warming of the earth. Measurements of CO2 show a steady increase over the past 30 years caused by the burning of fossil fuels and from the loss of natural CO2 sinks. A 100-year increase in global temperature by 0.3 to 0.6°C is reflected in atmospheric warming, glacier shrinkage, and rising sea levels. Objectives Planetary ecosystem dynamics are being altered, challenging public health. It is predicted that morbidity and mortality will increase as a result of heat stress, as seen in recent heat waves in the U.S. Weather disaster effects will increase in number and magnitude, and both noninfectious and infectious diseases may flourish. A significant challenge will be the changes in life cycles of microbial species due to the warmer environs. Specific increases in incidence have been noted for vector-borne diseases, in addition to pulmonary findings, cardiovascular morbidity, neurological diseases, and occupational diseases. Conclusions Warming can be demonstrated by the observed changes that have already occurred in the environment, particularly the thinning of polar ice caps. The United States Global Research Program has been established to coordinate research activities, which responds to issues deemed important by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Research issues pertain to the scientific uncertainties in the greenhouse effect, temperature measurements at various atmospheric levels and latitudes, and impact on biota redistribution. The Kyoto Protocol has mandated specific solutions, e.g., a 7% reduction in CO2 levels within 10 years. Future recommendations involve supporting new technologies that are available to decrease emissions as well as understanding the role that occupational and environmental specialists have in global warming recognition. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:199–210, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wideband Fractal Antennas for Holographic Imaging and Rectenna Applications

At Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, wideband antenna arrays have been successfully used to reconstruct three-dimensional images at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. Applications of this technology have included portal monitoring, through-wall imaging, and weapons detection. Fractal antennas have been shown to have wideband characteristics due to their self-similar nature (that is, their geometry is replicated at different scales). They further have advantages in providing good characteristics in a compact configuration. We discuss the application of fractal antennas for holographic imaging. Simulation results will be presented. Rectennas are a specific class of antennas in which a received signal drives a nonlinear junction and is retransmitted at either a harmonic frequency or a demodulated frequency. Applications include tagging and tracking objects with a uniquely-responding antenna. It is of interest to consider fractal rectenna because the self-similarity of fractal antennas tends to make them have similar resonance behavior at multiples of the primary resonance. Thus, fractal antennas can be suited for applications in which a signal is reradiated at a harmonic frequency. Simulations will be discussed with this application in mind.
Lateral pediatric ectopic thyroid

We present a case of a left-sided neck mass in an 8-year-old female that proved to be ectopic thyroid tissue. After excision, this patient continues to do well and is euthyroid without recurrence after 8-year follow-up. This is a very rare anomaly in a child, especially in conjunction with a normally located thyroid that is functional. We reviewed the literature of displaced ectopic thyroid tissue.
Whole-mount BrdU staining of proliferating cells by DNase treatment: application to postnatal mammalian retina

Whole Mount Brdu Staining Assessing cellular proliferation in whole-mount preparations is typically done using BrdU labeling. Unfortunately, traditional methods usually rely upon treatment with hyd...
Nanostructured Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion Rechargeable Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are integral to today's information-rich, mobile society. Currently they are one of the most popular types of battery used in portable electronics because of their high energy density and flexible design. Despite their increasing use at the present time, there is great continued commercial interest in developing new and improved electrode materials for lithium ion batteries that would lead to dramatically higher energy capacity and longer cycle life. Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has the highest known theoretical charge capacity and is the second most abundant element on earth. However, silicon anodes have limited applications because of the huge volume change associated with the insertion and extraction of lithium. This causes cracking and pulverization of the anode, which leads to a loss of electrical contact and eventual fading of capacity. Nanostructured silicon anodes, as compared to the previously tested silicon film anodes, can help overcome the above issues. As arrays of silicon nanowires or nanorods, which help accommodate the volume changes, or as nanoscale compliant layers, which increase the stress resilience of silicon films, nanoengineered silicon anodes show potential to enable a new generation of lithium ion batteries with significantly higher reversible charge capacity and longer cycle life.
Trade and Industrial Policy Under Oligopoly: Comment

Recently in this Journal Eaton and Grossman [1986] built a model characterized by a home firm that sells abroad with one foreign competitor. They determined what the home government tax policy should be, under different assumptions about oligopoly behavior and the other country's tax schedule. A problem occurs when they write that the reaction function of the foreign firm is independent of the tax rate on the home firm. While this statement is true for the Cournot and Bertrand cases that they analyze, in the consistent conjectures case the foreign firm's reaction function must take into consideration the slope of the reaction function of the home firm which is dependent upon the tax rate. As we show, this invalidates their Proposition 3, which states that the optimal home tax in the consistent conjectures case is zero. In this comment we show by example that the optimal tax is not necessarily zero.
Deception in Research: Distinctions and Solutions From the Perspective of Utilitarianism

The use of deception in psychological research continues to be a controversial topic. Using Rawls's explication of utilitarianism, I attempt to demonstrate how professional organizations, such as the American Psychological Association, can provide more specific standards that determine the permissibility of deception in research. Specifically, I argue that researchers should examine the costs and benefits of creating and applying specific rules governing deception. To that end, I offer 3 recommendations. First, that researchers who use deception provide detailed accounts of the procedures they used to minimize the harm created by deception in their research reports. Second, that the American Psychological Association offer a definition of deception that describes techniques commonly used in research. Finally, I recommend that the informed consent procedure be revised to indicate that the researcher may use deception as part of the study.
Demonstration of full-field patterning of 32 nm test chips using EUVL

EUV lithography is considered one of the options for high volume manufacturing (HVM) of 16 nm MPU node devices [1]. The benefits of high k1(~0.5) imaging enable EUVL to simplify the patterning process and ease design rule restrictions. However, EUVL with its unique imaging process - reflective optics and masks, vacuum operation, and lack of pellicle, has several challenges to overcome before being qualified for production. Thus, it is important to demonstrate the capability to integrate EUVL into existing process flows and characterize issues which could hamper yield. A patterning demonstration of Intel's 32 nm test chips using the ADT at IMEC [7] is presented, This test chip was manufactured using processes initially developed with the Intel MET [2-4] as well as masks made by Intel's mask shop [5,6]. The 32 nm node test chips which had a pitch of 112.5 nm at the trench layer, were patterned on the ADT which resulted in a large k1 factor of 1 and consequently, the trench process window was iso-focal with MEEF = 1. It was found that all mask defects detected by a mask pattern inspection tool printed on the wafer and that 90% of these originated from the substrate. We concluded that improvements are needed in mask defects, photospeed of the resist, overlay, and tool throughput of the tool to get better results to enable us to ultimately examine yield.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy and enhanced photoreducibility for the 420 nm pulsed form of cytochrome oxidase

Abstract Resonance Raman (RR) spectra, with 413.1 nm Kr + laser excitation, are reported for cytochrome oxidase in resting, reduced, and 428 nm (oxygenated) forms, and for the first time, in the 420 nm (pulsed) forms [(1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2073-2076]. The differences between the resting, 420 nm, and 428 nm forms' RR spectra are small. All these forms contain Fe III only, as indicated by single v 4 bands at ~1371 cm −1 , and the reoxidized forms show partial conversion from high- to intermediate- or low-spin heme a 3 (intensity shift from 1575 to 1588 cm −1 for v 2 ). The 420 nm form differs strikingly from both the 428 nm and resting forms, however, in being much more readily photoreduced by the laser illumination. This property is linked to the protein conformational change believed to be responsible for the greater accessibility to exogenous ligands of the heme a 3 in the 420 nm form.
An adenylate cyclase of brain reflects propensity for breast cancer in mice

High propensity for breast cancer in mice was associated with low dopamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the brain, low spontaneous motorization, and low motor responses to injections of the catecholamine precursor, L-dopa.
Modeling nonlinear optical properties of inorganic complexes. Counterion effects

Abstract Counterion effects on nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of transition metal metalates are studied using a supermolecule approach by surrounding [MO 4 ] q − with alkali metal cations (A + ) 4 (A=Li, Na, K). Computational results show that counterion interaction effects on the NLO properties are large and highly dependent on the separation distances between the counterions and the central transition metal. At shorter separation distances, which are experimentally relevant, ligation of alkali metal counterions decreases the NLO properties of the whole system. This results in attenuation of the predicted NLO properties of the complexes vs. the sum of the constituent properties. Lengthening this separation distance would enhance the nonlinearity of the system. Trends in counterion interactions as function of alkali metal cations and central transition metals have been studied and employed to predict the magnitude of nonlinearity. The effect of the basis set superposition error (BSSE) and the corresponding counterpoise correction are found to be small for the property calculations.
Physostigmine in drug overdose

The use of physostigmine to combat the effect of barbiturates and certain anticholinergic drugs in six cases is described. The significance of being able to bring the patient to full consciousness and carry out effective and safe emesis or lavage, combined with the usual supportive treatment, is emphasized. Physostigmine should be available to physicians working in all hospital emergency departments.
Why father absence might precipitate early menarche: The role of polygyny

Abstract An evolutionary model of conditional reproductive strategies argues that girls whose fathers are absent or make little parental investment experience early puberty. However, such a conditional strategy cannot be adaptive unless the absence of the girl's father at the microlevel is predictive of some recurrent feature of the macrosocial system and early puberty is advantageous in the system. I argue that father absence is indicative of the degree of polygyny (simultaneous and serial) in society. Polygyny of both kinds creates a shortage of women in reproductive age, and thus, early puberty will be advantageous. Available comparative data indicate that the degree of polygyny is associated with a decrease in the mean age of menarche across societies, as is the divorce rate a presumptive index of serial polygyny, in strictly monogamous societies.
Cellular [3H]estradiol and [3H]testosterone localization in the brains of garter snakes: An autoradiographic study

The location of sex hormone-concentrating cells in the brains of garter snakes (genus: Thamnophis) was established by use of autoradiography following intracardiac injections of [3H]estradiol or [3H]testosterone. In the telencephalon hormone-accumulating cells were found in the ventral amygdaloid nucleus, medial nucleus sphericus, septum, paleostriatum, preoptic area, and retrobulbar pallium. In the hypothalamus most of the hormone-retaining cells were found in the anterior, periventricular, ventromedial, and arcuate nuclei. The central gray and tegmentum of the midbrain, scattered regions of the medullary tegmentum, and a small nuclear region in the vicinity of the obex also contained hormone-concentrating cells. The number of hormone-accumulating cells and the density of labeling was greater after [3H]estradiol administration than after [3H]testosterone administration. The topography of hormone-concentrating cells following administration of the two hormones was similar although several regions that contained labeled cells after [3H]estradiol administration did not contain labeled cells after [3H]testosterone administration. No consistent differences were found in the intensity or pattern of labeling in the brains of males and females receiving the same hormone treatment.
Blood Oxygen Transport and Delivery in Reptiles

Cenozoic reptiles are characterized by physiological morphological and ecological systems with low energy requirements compared to those of mammals. Ectothermy and low resting rates of metabolism are the primary physiological adaptations of reptiles that produce low energy demand. Adjustments of the oxygen-transport system to different thermoregulatory characteristics among reptiles may be reflected in blood viscosity oxygen capacity oxygen affinity and the temperature sensitivity of oxygenation. Other adaptations reduce the energy cost of oxygen transport. Reptiles have low hematocrits and large, widely spaced capillaries that contribute to a low fluid resistance in the vascular system but also limit the oxygen transport capacity. The low oxygen affinity characteristic of the blood of most reptiles appears to facilitate diffusion of oxygen to the tissues, overcoming the intrinsic limitations imposed by the morphological specializations of the cardiovascular system. The low blood oxygen affinity permits virtually all of the oxygen carried by the blood to be delivered to the tissues during periods of stress. It may also help to maintain a relatively high arterial Po2 even when a right-to-left shunt occurs in the heart. Reptilian erythrocytes are capable of reducing methemoglobin rapidly. The high concentrations of methemoglobin and polymerized hemoglobin that occur in vivo may indicate that these compounds have a functional role. In their blood physiology as in other aspects of their biology reptiles are specialized animals that reflect selective forces quite different from those that have shaped the evolution of mammals.
Kinetic data analysis with a noisy input function

Methods of parameter estimation are proposed for the analysis of dynamic experiments in which the input function is noisy. The proposed optimisation methods use weighted least-squares criteria, and three choices for the weighting matrix are considered. The proposed weighting matrices, in order of complexity are: (1) the identity matrix (no weighting), (2) the covariance matrix of the data (ignoring the noise in the input function), and (3) the full covariance matrix of the residuals (incorporating both the noise in the data and the noise in the input function). The methodology is applied to dynamic emission tomography studies of the heart, where the blood (input) and tissue tracer concentrations at each time are derived from two regions of interest in the same tomographic slice.
In Search of HPA Axis Dysregulation in Child and Adolescent Depression

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in adults with major depressive disorder is among the most consistent and robust biological findings in psychiatry. Given the importance of the adolescent transition to the development and recurrence of depressive phenomena over the lifespan, it is important to have an integrative perspective on research investigating the various components of HPA axis functioning among depressed young people. The present narrative review synthesizes evidence from the following five categories of studies conducted with children and adolescents: (1) those examining the HPA system’s response to the dexamethasone suppression test (DST); (2) those assessing basal HPA axis functioning; (3) those administering corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) challenge; (4) those incorporating psychological probes of the HPA axis; and (5) those examining HPA axis functioning in children of depressed mothers. Evidence is generally consistent with models of developmental psychopathology that hypothesize that atypical HPA axis functioning precedes the emergence of clinical levels of depression and that the HPA axis becomes increasingly dysregulated from child to adult manifestations of depression. Multidisciplinary approaches and longitudinal research designs that extend across development are needed to more clearly and usefully elucidate the role of the HPA axis in depression.
Identification of poly G bound to thymidylate synthase.

Thymidylate synthase activity is increased in some methotrexate-resistant strains of Streptococcus faecium . The purified enzyme is associated with a polynucleotide which is not removed by dialysis. This polynucleotide contains one mole each of purine ribose and phosphate per mole base. Phosphate analyses after incubation with digestive enzymes indicate a tetranucleotide with one terminal phosphate. The constituent nucleosides are recovered quantitatively in a specific assay for guanosine. On HPLC, they are inseparable from authentic guanosine and the UV spectrum after HPLC is identical to that of guanosine. We conclude that poly G (GpGpGpGp) is bound to thymidylate synthase.
From multiple program participation to disconnection: Changing trajectories of TANF and SNAP beneficiaries in Wisconsin

Abstract The declining availability of cash welfare, and an income support system that increasingly provides benefits that complement, rather than replace, paid work, combine to raise concerns about families disconnected from work and welfare. These concerns were further heightened in the recent recession. While past research on disconnected populations has been particularly useful in understanding disconnection in relation to Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), new patterns of program participation suggest the importance of considering broader populations. Further, while past research has noted that many of the “disconnected” receive some form of public assistance other than TANF, less is known about the importance of these other sources of support. Finally, while there is some evidence of increases in disconnection over time, most analyses focus on a single cohort. This study, of TANF and SNAP participating families in Wisconsin, adds to the literature on disconnection by analyzing how patterns of disconnection vary for different program participation populations; across cohorts; and by different definitions of “disconnection.”
H2A.Z Sets the Stage in ESCs

ESCs undergo drastic changes in chromatin states during differentiation. Two recent papers in Cell (Li et al., 2012) and Cell Stem Cell (Hu et al., 2013) demonstrate that histone variant H2A.Z plays essential roles in this process by preconfiguring nucleosomes for depletion and recruiting transcription cofactors to cis -regulatory elements.
Measurement of nitric oxide synthase and its mRNA in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice

Recent studies have suggested a role for nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of food intake. The obese (ob/ob) mouse is a genetic model of obesity. Previously, it has been demonstrated that ob/ob mice show a marked weight reduction when treated with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. In the studies reported here, we demonstrate increased levels of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and its mRNA in the hypothalamus of genetically obese (ob/ob) mice compared to their lean littermate controls (ob/c). NOS levels were 0.016 +/- 0.001 nmol/mg/min in ob/ob compared to 0.009 +/- 0.001 in ob/c (p < 0.01) and NOS mRNA was 32.0 +/- 5.0 pg NOS mRNA/mg total RNA in ob/ob compared to 12.4 +/- 4.0 in ob/c (p < 0.05). These studies further support the possibility of a role for nitric oxide in the regulation of food intake.
Nonidentity of chromogranin a and dopamine β-monooxygenase

Abstract Dopamine β-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.1) and chromogranin A from bovine adrenal chromaffin granules were purified by established procedures and examined for evidence of structural identity. The minimum molecular weights were determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and found to be 74,000 and 35,000, respectively. Amino acid analyses of the two proteins are distinct. Dopamine β-monooxygenase does not possess a free amino terminus, whereas chromogranin A has a leucine amino terminus. Analysis in the protein sequencer showed that chromogranin A contains only a single degradable polypeptide chain. Radioactive S -carboxymethyl derivatives of the two proteins were prepared to compare the soluble peptides after thermolysin digestion. These thermolytic peptides were isolated from columns of Dowex 50-X8 resin and both the peptide and radioactive traces revealed no evidence for similarity of the two proteins, either in toto or in part. Thus, although dopamine β-monooxygenase and chromogranin A may sometimes be copurified, they are distinct entities.
Aneurysm Growth and Thrombus Formation in the Basilar Artery

Modifying aneurysm hemodynamics may reduce the likelihood of aneurysm rupture. In this study, hemodynamics in a growing aneurysm and a thrombus-developing basilar aneurysm is studied. The locations of thrombus and growth were identified by co-registering MR images of aneurysms at two different times. The thrombus (~6mm) appeared at the superior side of the aneurysm, where the flow impinged on the wall, and aneurysm growth (~3mm) was found at the inferior side (lower part) of the aneurysm. The wall shear stress was calculated from flow simulations. The location of growth has a very low wall shear stress (< 0.01N/m2 ). The change of hemodynamics during thrombus development was not significant, but the thickest thrombus was shown to have a wall shear stress level between 0.2 and 1N/m2.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
On the fixing of thick nuclear emulsions

Rate of fixing, clearing time, swelling and corrosion of Ilford G-5 and K-5 emulsions have been studied for different fixing solutions under rigidly controlled conditions. Curves are given which may be used to predict when it is advisable to change some of the fixer.
Plasma‐induced clearing and redistribution of material embedded in planetary magnetospheres

[1] Charge exchange collisions between the ions trapped in a planetary magnetosphere and the ambient neutrals are a principal material loss process in evolving planetary systems (Johnson, 2004). Here we show that low energy charge exchange collisions, in which orbiting occurs, can drastically modify the redistribution and loss of materials in evolving planetary disks. Using Saturn as an example, these collisions can account for the fact that water products, produced primarily in the inner magnetosphere, are found to be the dominant ions throughout Saturn's magnetosphere.
Results of Inpatient and Outpatient Cataract Surgery: A Historical Cohort Comparison

Purpose: The transition from inpatient to outpatient cataract surgery during the last decade was not accompanied by prospective investigation of its effect on visual outcomes or surgical complications. The authors performed this study to assess the impact of this transition on surgical results. Methods: The authors reviewed 600 extracapsular cataract extractions performed by 4 experienced ophthalmic surgeons during a 36-month period; in 300 cases, patients were hospitalized after surgery (inpatient group), and, in 300 cases, patients were never hospitalized (outpatient group). The same surgical techniques were used in all cases. Visual outcome and rates for operative and postoperative complications were compared. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the inpatient and outpatient groups for visual acuity. Excluding patients with pre-existing nonlenticular ocular disease, a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 93.1 of inpatient cases and in 97.2% of outpatient cases 6 months after surgery. Postoperative, clinically apparent cystoid macular edema was more common in the inpatient group ( P = 0.03); however, after exclusion of patients with diabetes, hypertension, age younger than 65 years, and eyes with pre-existing nonlenticular disease, there was no statistically significant difference between groups. No significant differences in rates for other operative and postoperative complications were identified, including wound dehiscence, unplanned postoperative filtering blebs, infectious endophthalmitis, retinal detachment, persistent iridocyclitis, glaucoma, and corneal edema. Conclusion: This study does not demonstrate that the transition to outpatient cataract extractions has had an adverse effect on surgical outcomes.
Dietary patterns and health outcomes

A systematic review of the literature on dietary patterns (multiple dietary components operationalized as a single exposure) in relation to nutrient adequacy, lifestyle and demographic variables, and health outcome was conducted. Most of the published reports on the subject have used one of two methods to determine dietary patterns: (a) diet indexes or scores that assess compliance with prevailing dietary guidance as dietary patterns, and (b) data-driven methods that use factor or cluster analysis to derive dietary patterns. Irrespective of the approach used, patterns characterized by fruit/vegetable/whole grain/fish/poultry consumption generally have been reported to relate to micronutrient intake, and to selected biomarkers of dietary exposure and disease risk in the expected direction. Age, income, and education have been reported to be among positive predictors of the so-called more healthful dietary patterns. An inverse association of healthful dietary patterns with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease risk was reported in most studies. However, the magnitude of risk reduction was modest and was attenuated after control for confounders. Few published studies showed an association between risk of most incident cancers and dietary patterns. Both of the currently used approaches for extracting dietary patterns have limitations, are subject to dietary measurement errors, and have not generated new diet and disease hypotheses.
Energy information engagement among the poor: Predicting participation in a free workshop

Abstract Although one option for increasing low-income consumer knowledge regarding household energy use is the development of free or low-cost educational workshops, exactly how to promote attendance for such workshops remains an open question. Here we briefly outline results from a set of in-depth interviews with applicants to the Low-Income Energy Assistance Program in Durham County, NC, USA. Models predicting intended attendance at workshops or community meetings suggested that factors such as utility costs, social norms, perceived ability to plan ahead, and perceived accessibility of energy information all matter more than one's general attitude toward energy workshop attendance. Many respondents expressed interest in energy education materials and faced challenging utility costs, but meeting attendance appears to be constrained by the everyday life obstacles of the poor.
Choosing a Practical Screening Instrument to Identify Patients at Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulceration

Objective To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of 3 sensory perception testing instruments to screen for risk of diabetic foot ulceration. Methods This case-control study prospectively measured the degree of peripheral sensory neuropathy in diabetic patients with and without foot ulcers. We enrolled 115 age-matched diabetic patients (40% male) with a case-control ratio of approximately 1:3 (30 cases and 85 controls) from a tertiary care diabetic foot specialty clinic. Cases were defined as individuals who had an existing foot ulceration or a history of a recently ( Results A vibration perception threshold test using 25 V and lack of perception at 4 or more sites using the Semmes-Weinstein 10-g monofilament wire system had a significantly higher specificity than the neuropathy score used. The neuropathy score was most sensitive when 1 or more answers were affirmative. When modalities were combined, particularly the monofilament wire system plus vibration perception threshold testing and the neuropathy score plus the monofilament wire system, there was a substantial increase in specificity with little or no diminution in sensitivity. Conclusions The early detection of peripheral neuropathy or loss of "protective sensation" is paramount to instituting a structured treatment plan to prevent lower extremity amputation. The results of our study suggest that all 3 sensory perception testing instruments are sensitive in identifying patients at risk for ulceration. Combining modalities appears to increase specificity with very little or no diminution in sensitivity.
A study of the wheel geometry effect on the dynamic behavior of railroad vehicles

The effect of the geometry of a wheel profile that allows only a single point of contact between the wheel and the rail is investigated in this study. The local geometric properties of this profile are compared with the local geometric properties of a profile that allows for two-point contacts in order to understand the basic differences between the two profiles. A simple model is first used to examine the effect of the profile geometry on the stability and nonlinear dynamics of a suspended wheel set. The results obtained in this paper show that the wheel profile can significantly alter the critical speed. Using surface parameters that define the wheel and rail geometry, the global representations of the positions of the points on the wheel and rail surfaces are obtained and used to define the conditions of the contact between the wheel and the rail. Numerical results are presented for a full railroad vehicle model and the effect of the wheel profile on the vehicle stability is investigated. A comparison between the results obtained using the two wheel profiles in the case of wheel climb scenarios is presented.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Volume of mixing effect on solvent shifts in fluorine magnetic resonance spectra

Abstract Fluorine chemical shifts have been determined for dilute solutions of 1,1,1,10,10,10-hexafluorodecane in twenty saturated hydrocarbon solvents. The van der Waals contribution to the solvents shifts was found to depend on the cohesive energy density of the solvent in an unexpected way. After correcting for bulk magnetic susceptibility effects, the shifts are fairly well correlated by an equation of the form δs = A + B(1 − 2ζ)(n2 − 1)/(n2 + 2), where A and B are empirical constants, n is the solvent refractive index, and ζ is a function of the cohesive energy density closely related to that used to predict volume changes on mixing for dilute solutions of fluorocarbons in hydrocarbon solvents.
[3H]nitrendipine binding to adrenal capsular membranes

Abstract The physiologic regulation of aldosterone secretion is dependent on extracellular calcium and appears to be mediated by increases in cytosolic free calcium concentration in the zona glomerulosa cell. A specific role for voltage-dependent calcium channels was suggested by previous studies with the calcium channel antagonist verapamil. We therefore studied the [ 3 H]nitrendipine calcium channel binding site in adrenal capsules. These studies revealed a single class of saturable, high affinity sites with K D = .26 ± .04 nM and B max = 105 ± 5.7 fmol/mg protein. Specific binding of [3 H ] nitrendipine was inhibited by calcium channel antagonists with potencies nitrendipine = nifedipine ⪢ verapamil, while diltiazem had no inhibitory effect. In the rat, binding sites for [ 3 H] nitrendipine were located in the adrenal capsule and medulla and were undetectable in the zona fasciculata. Physiologic studies with collagenase-despersed adrenal glomerulosa cells demonstrated that nifedipine selectively inhibited angiotensin-II and potassium-stimulated steroidogenesis. These observations suggest both a pharmacologic and physiologic role for the nitrendipine binding site in aldosterone production.
Concentration-dependent diffusion in a finite slab with and without chemical reaction

Concentration-dependent diffusion of solute in a composite slab is investigated. The complex diffusion problem can be described by a set of nonlinear diffusion equations which is coupled to each other through the nonlinear interfacial boundary conditions. A two-layer diffusion is illustrated and the coupled nonlinear diffusion equations are conveniently solved by the orthogonal collocation method. Numerical simulation of the example reveals many interesting diffusion characteristics which are quite different from those in a single slab diffusion system.
Spreading, evaporation, and contact line dynamics of surfactant-laden microdrops.

An optical technique based on the reflectivity measurements of a thin film was used to experimentally study the spreading, evaporation, contact line motion, and thin film characteristics of drops consisting of a water−surfactant (polyalkyleneoxide-modified heptamethyltrisiloxane, called superspreader) solution on a fused silica surface. On the basis of the experimental observations, we concluded that the surfactant adsorbs primarily at the solid−liquid and liquid−vapor interfaces near the contact line region. At equilibrium, the completely wetting corner meniscus was associated with a flat adsorbed film having a thickness of ∼31 nm. The calculated Hamaker constant, A = −4.47 × 10-20 J, shows that this thin film was stable under equilibrium conditions. During a subsequent evaporation/condensation phase-change process, the thin film of the surfactant solution was unstable, and it broke into microdrops having a finite contact angle. The thickness of the adsorbed film associated with the drops was lower than ...
Precise sequence complementarity between yeast chromosome ends and two classes of just-subtelomeric sequences

The terminal regions (last 20 kb) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes universally contain blocks of precise sequence similarity to other chromosome terminal regions. The left and right terminal regions are distinct in the sense that the sequence similarities between them are reverse complements. Direct sequence similarity occurs between the left terminal regions and also between the right terminal regions, but not between any left ends and right ends. With minor exceptions the relationships range from 80% to 100% match within blocks. The regions of similarity are composites of familiar and unfamiliar repeated sequences as well as what could be considered "single-copy" (or better "two-copy") sequences. All terminal regions were compared with all other chromosomes, forward and reverse complement, and 768 comparisons are diagrammed. It appears there has been an extensive history of sequence exchange or copying between terminal regions. The subtelomeric sequences fall into two classes. Seventeen of the chromosome ends terminate with the Y' repeat, while 15 end with the 800-nt "X2" repeats just adjacent to the telomerase simple repeats. The just-subterminal repeats are very similar to each other except that chromosome 1 right end is more divergent.
An overview of strategic alliances between universities and corporations

Purpose – Strategic alliances generally represent inter‐firm cooperative agreements aimed at achieving competitive advantage for the partners. In recent years, there has a dramatic increase in strategic alliances by multinational firms.This paper aims to explore the essence of these alliances and why they have become such a growing area of research in business in recent years.Design/methodology/approach – Discusses strategic alliances between corporations and institutions of higher education. The major underlying motives for creating these alliances and the critical success factors are also discussed. The paper also analyzes the success stories.Findings – Highlights the major advantages for the academic community – research funding and practical learning opportunities for students – and for industry – lower research and development costs and technology transfer opportunities that affect competitiveness. The drawbacks may include the partners’ different working cultures and values. Finds that alliances mus...
Convexity of the effective potential

The effective potential V(phi) in field theories is a convex function of phi. V(lambda phi/sub 1/ + (1 - lambda)phi/sub 2/) less than or equal to lambdaV(phi/sub 1/) + (1 - lambda)V(phi/sub 2/), 0 less than or equal to lambda less than or equal to 1, all phi/sub 1/, phi/sub 2/. A linear interpolation of V(phi) is always larger than or equal to V(phi). There are numerous examples in the tree approximation and in perturbation theory for which this is not the case, the most notorious example being the double dip potential. More complete solutions may or may not show this property automatically. However, a non-convex V(phi) simply indicates that an unstable vacuum state was used in implementing the definition of V(phi). A strict definition will instruct one to replace V(phi) with its linear interpolation in such a way as to make it convex. (Alternatively one can just as well take the view that V(phi) is undefined in these domains.) In this note, attention is called to a very simple argument for convexity based on a construction described by H. Callen in his classic book Thermodynamics.
Video-densitometric vascular flowrate measurement--some error considerations.

Sufficient information for the accurate measurement of vessel diameter and linear-flow velocities in vascular systems is available in the electronic video signals from a standard fluoroscopic television system. When the techniques described are applied to the televised output of an image intensified medical fluoroscope, it is possible to measure vascular flow during the course of unmodified angiography. This measurement method requires only a moderate amount of special electronic measuring and timing circuits. Some of the errors to be expected from this method are presented, and the limitations of this system are discussed.
Localized Vibration Isolation Strategy for Low-Frequency Excitations in Membrane Space Structures

The present study explores both structural and controller design to attenuate vibration in large membrane space structures, especially due to low-frequency harmonic excitations. It is very difficult for membrane structures to suppress the low-frequency vibration induced by flexible support structures, because a lightly prestressed membrane has extremely low mode frequencies and little damping effect. The present study proposes the use of weblike perimeter cables around a membrane, and the application of simple and lightweight active controllers only along the web cables in order to isolate the membrane from vibration. This strategy successfully reduces the membrane vibration when the web-cable configuration is appropriately tailored. Both linear and nonlinear finite-element analyses exhibit a clear tradeoff between structural mass and control efficiency.
Toward a Market/Ownership Constrained Theory of Merger Behavior

This study presents a conceptual model of corporate merger behavior that specifies the roles of corporate ownership, executive motivation, and market constraints in determining merger strategy choices and performance. It is suggested that an understanding of both executive intent and competitive market conditions is necessary to predict the consequences of mergers for the acquiring firms. Propositions regarding expected merger strategy choices and performance under different ownership and market conditions are presented.
A statistical model, including new particle resonances, as applied to \bar \Lambda - p annihilationannihilation

A form of the covariant statistical model that utilizes final state meson resonances is discussed and applied to \(\bar \Lambda - p\) annihilation. For that reaction, numerical values for the average pion multiplicity and relative 3K production are calculated under several assumptions.
Slow viscous flow past a sphere in a cylindrical tube

A theoretical treatment is presented for the slow flow of a viscous fluid through a cylindrical container within which a small spherical particle is confined. The sphere is situated in an arbitrary position within the cylinder and moves at constant velocity parallel to the walls. Approximate expressions are derived which give the frictional drag, rotational couple, and permanent pressure drop caused by the presence of this obstacle in the original Poiseuillian field of flow. The primary parameters involved are the ratio of sphere to cylinder radius and fractional distance of the particle from the longitudinal axis of the cylinder. With appropriate modifications, the results are also applicable to a sphere settling in a quiescent fluid. This yields the necessary boundary corrections to Stokes law arising in connection with devices such as the falling ball viscometer when the sphere is eccentrically located.
Factors restricting maximal preservation of neuronal glycogen after perfusion fixation with dimethyl sulfoxide and iodoacetic acid in Bouin's solution. Histochemical observations in the brain of the Netherlands dwarf rabbit.

Thirty seconds after an initial intracardial epinephrine injection, deeply anesthetized animals are perfused consecutively with saline, Bouin's and 100% ethanol solutions, each containing 1% or 5% DMSO (Me2SO) and 0.01 M iodoacetic acid. In the Netherlands dwarf rabbit and the guinea pig, a maximal preservation of dimedone PAS-stainable, saliva-digestible glycogen is achieved, without signs of polarization of glycogen, in many neuronal and neuroglial cells occupying either brain stem nuclei or occasionally narrow perivascular zones. Tentatively, these results are ascribed to a combined effect of (a) the alleged capacity of DMSO to accelerate fixation and to suppress activation of adenylate cyclase and (b) the rapid action of Bouin's solution so that the glycogen particles become instantaneously enclosed in situ in a skeleton of coagulated proteinaceous elements. The paradoxical over-all reduction in preservation of neuronal and astrocytic glycogen may be associated either with a demonstrable loss of the fixative into the peripheral vasculature, because of contrary actions of DMSO and epinephrine, or with a transvascular passage of epinephrine resulting in neuronal glycogenolysis where the blood-brain barrier is absent or affected by DMSO. Other defects are the occurrence of myriad pericapilliary foci of inadequate tissue preservation, rare petechial hemorrhages, post mortem fat emboli, and ubiquitous Buscaino plaques. Despite these adverse results preventing utilization of this technique in systematic histochemical investigations on neuronal glycogen, remarkable qualitative characteristics such as the neurons' capacity to store glycogen throughout their perikarya have been revealed.
The Project Vita as a Documentation and Evaluation Tool for Large-Scale Research and Development Projects.

Abstract “Project vita,” a reporting device similar to an individual's professional vita, is an effective solution for several documentation, planning, evaluation, and management problems in largescale research and development (R&D) projects. Two field trials of the technique, an R&D project to develop new evaluation methods, and an R&D project to develop state-of-the-art technology for storage and retrieval of full text archival material, illustrate the uses, benefits, and costs of the project vita technique.
Shape memory actuation by resistive heating in polyurethane composites of carbonaceous conductive fillers.

The dependence of electrical resistivity on specimen temperature and imposed tensile strains was determined for shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) composites of carbon nanofiber (CNF), oxidized carbon nanofiber (ox-CNF), and carbon black (CB). The SMPU composites with crystalline soft segments were synthesized from diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,4-butanediol, and poly(caprolactone)diol in a low-shear chaotic mixer and in an internal mixer. The materials synthesized in the chaotic mixer showed higher soft segment crystallinity and lower electrical percolation thresholds. The soft segment crystallinity reduced in the presence of CNF and ox-CNF; although the reduction was lower in the case of ox-CNF. The composites of CB showed pronounced positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effects which in turn showed a close relationship with non-linear thermal expansion behavior. The composites of CNF and ox-CNF did not exhibit PTC effects due to low levels of soft segment crystallinity. The resistivity of composites of CNF and ox-CNF showed weak dependence on strain, while that of composites of CB increased by several orders of magnitude with imposed tensile strain. A corollary of this study was that a high level of crystallinity may cause a PTC effect and prevent any actuation through resistive heating. However, a carefully tailored compound which has reduced crystallinity and which requires minimum amount of filler may prevent PTC phenomenon and could supply necessary electrical conductivity over the operating temperature range, while offering enough soft segment crystallinity and rubberlike properties for excellent shape memory function.
Determination of corrosion on aluminum alloy under protective coatings using fluorescent probes

Abstract A new method is described using fluorescence probes for determination of metal ions in corrosion processes of Al 2024T3. Three probes, lumogallion, N , N ′-bis-(salicylidene)-2,3-diaminobenzofuran (SABF) and Phen Green™ were used to study their response to Al 3+ , Mg 2+ and Cu 2+ , respectively, in aqueous solution and corrosion processes. Fluorescence intensity of lumogallion and SABF increased with increasing concentration of Al 3+ and Mg 2+ , respectively. The emission intensity of Phen Green™ was observed to decrease with increasing Cu 2+ concentration. The variation in emission intensity is dependent on ion concentration and showed a linear relationship. The fluorescence emission intensity of 0.50 M NaCl corrosion solution increased with exposure time. Soluble Al 3+ and Mg 2+ can be determined in corrosion solution and Al 3+ and Mg 2+ reached 0.126 and 2.344 μM in 1 week, respectively. Cu 2+ cannot be detected in corrosion solution. The anodic dissolution of Al matrix and Al–Cu–Mg particles developed Al 3+ and Mg 2+ , but Cu was left at the metal surface. Fluorescence microscopy was used to investigate topography of coating surfaces, localized corrosion and corrosion processes. Uniform emission background produced by excitation of fluorescent probes indicated that lumogallion was well-dispersed in the epoxy/polyamide primer. Visible fluorescence image changes revealed corrosion processes of Al 2024T3 under protective coatings. Energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the results obtained.