cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular Variations Related to the Regional Differences in Periosteal Growth at the Mandibular Ramus

Periosteal growth at human mandibular ramus is characterized by bone apposition at the posterior border and resorption at the anterior border. Molecular control of this regional variation is unclear. This study examined the expression of several molecules involved in bone apposition/resorption at these regions in vivo and in vitro. By using growing pigs as a model, the periosteal growth was assessed at the mandibular ramus by vital staining and histological observations. In parallel, periosteal tissues were harvested and pulverized for RNA and protein extraction. Periosteal cells were also isolated, expanded in osteogenic media, and subjected to a single dose of dynamic tensile strain (0, 5, or 10% magnitude at 0.5 Hz) to examine their responses to mechanical loading. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses were used to examine mRNA and protein expression from periosteal tissues and cultured cells. Histological observation confirmed an anterior-resorption/posterior-apposition pattern in the pig mandibular ramus. Both in vivo tissue and in vitro cells demonstrated greater mRNA expression of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) at the anterior region, while OPG expression at the anterior region was lower than the posterior region. In response to the application of a single dose of dynamic tensile strain, cultured periosteal cells appeared to change the expression profile of osteogenic markers but not that of RANKL/OPG and BMP2. These findings suggest that the unique regional variation of periosteal activity at the mandibular ramus is regulated by a differential expression of RANKL/OPG ratio (likely through differential induction of OPG) and BMP2. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Information technology performance: agency and upper echelon theories

Utilizes an objective measure of the levels of investment/ performance in information technology (IT) and tests a number of hypothesized relationships between IT performance and company′s control, governance and managerial characteristics; this measure is called the relative information technology index (RITI). Is founded, theoretically, on both agency and upper echelon theories; empirically, suggests meaningful relationships between IT investment/performance and management ownership, the ratio of outside to inside directors, and the age of the CEO.
Possible Mass Distributions in the Nebulae of Other Solar Systems

The supernova shell fragmentation model of solar system formation — previously shown to be successful in describing the mass distribution of our solar system — is used to calculate the mass distributions of other solar nebulae.
Optical Properties of NiO and CoO

The optical reflectance spectra of the transition-metal oxides NiO and CoO have been measured over the energy range from 1 to 26 eV. The optical constants have been derived by means of a Kramers-Kr\"onig analysis of their reflectance spectra. Structure in reflectance is found at 4.0, 4.8, 5.9, 7.2, 8.25, 12.8, 13.6, and 17.8 eV in NiO, and at 5.5, 7.5, 12.6, and 17.5 eV in CoO. The positions of high-energy structure in their absorption coefficients is consistent with maxima in their respective optical densities of states determined from photoemission data. Two alternative interpretations are given for the structure in NiO between 4.0 and 9.0 eV. One interpretation involves oxygen $p$ and nickel $d$ states in localized excitations, and the other involves the nickel $d$ states and the "$4s$" band. Distinction between models on the basis of presently available photoconductivity data is found to be questionable.
The synthesis and structure of triphenylsiloxycyclotriphosphazenes

The triphenylsiloxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes, N3P3Cl5OSiPh3, gem-N3P3Cl4(OSiPh3)2, N3P3(OSiPh3)6, and N3P3(OPh)5OSiPh3, have been prepared. The synthesis of gem-N3P3Cl4(OSiPh3)2 involves the reaction of (NPCl2)3 with Ph3SiONa to form the intermediates gem-N3P3Cl4(OSiPh3)2(ONa) and gem-N3P3Cl4(ONa)2, which yield gem-N3P3Cl4(OSiPh3)2 when treated with Ph3SiCl. The compounds N3P3Cl5OSiPh3 and N3P3(OSiPh3)0 are formed by the condensation reactions of N3P3Cl5OBun and N3P3(OBun)6, respectively, with Ph3SiCl. The compound N3P3(OPh)5OSiPh3 is synthesized by the reaction between N3P3(OPh)5Cl and Et3SiONa to first give the intermediate N3P3(OPh)5ONa, which yields N3P3(OPh)5OSiPh3 when reacted with Ph3SiCl. The structural characterization and properties of these compounds are discussed. The crystal and molecular structure of gem-N3P3Cl4(OSiPh3)2 has been investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystals are monoclinic with the space group P21/c with a = 16.850(8), b = 12.829(4), c = 18.505(15) A, and β = 101.00(6)° with V = 3927 A3 and Z = 4. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Individual differences in the representations of novel environments

Abstract The present research investigated individual differences in representations of a novel environment. Thirty-eight participants traversed an unfamiliar route over two floors of a building and drew sketch-maps of the route. Participants also completed a mental rotation task and route knowledge tasks: orientation (pointing to nonvisible landmarks), landmark recognition, route tracing on a floor plan, and route retracing tasks. Based on spatial accuracy, participants’ sketch-maps were classified as one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional, and the types of sketch-maps were associated with participants’ spatial ability and their performance on route knowledge tasks. Our findings showed that individual differences in visual–spatial abilities predicted the types of environmental representations that adults formed and thus provide evidence against stage/sequential models that attribute differences in environmental representations exclusively to differences in experience.
A simple, quantitative method to infer the minimum atmospheric height of small exoplanets

Amongst the many hundreds of transiting planet candidates discovered by the Kepler Mission, one finds a large number of candidates with sizes between that of the Earth and Neptune. The composition of these worlds is not immediately obvious with no Solar System analog to draw upon and there exists some ambiguity as to whether a given candidate is a rocky Super-Earth or a gas-enveloped Mini-Neptune. The potential scientific value and observability of the atmospheres of these two classes of worlds varies significantly and given the sheer number of candidates in this size-range, there is evidently a need for a quick, simple metric to rank whether the planets have an extended atmosphere or not. In this work, we propose a way to calculate the 'minimum atmospheric height' (R_MAH) using only a planet's radius and mass as inputs. We assume and exploit the boundary condition that the bulk composition of a solid/liquid Super-Earth cannot be composed of a material lighter than that of water. Mass-radius loci above a pure-water composition planet correspond to R_MAH>0. The statistical confidence of a planet maintaining an extended atmosphere can be therefore easily calculated to provide a simple ranking of target planets for follow-up observations. We also discuss how this metric can be useful in the interpretation of the spectra of observed planetary atmospheres.
Temporal and pharmacological parameters of puromycin-induced amnesia

Abstract Mice were trained in step-down passive avoidance behavior. Bitemporal injections of puromycin (PM) were given either immediately or delayed until 24 hrs after training. PM produced a marked amnesia in both cases during retention testing 3 days later. The amnesia persisted during a second retention test 6 days after training. Of all the antibiotics, only PM is effective as an amnestic agent when injections are delayed 24 or more hours after training. Cycloheximide (CXM) was also injected bitemporally immediately after training. However, CXM produced a weaker amnestic effect even though it produced a much greater inhibition of cerebral protein synthesis, more rapidly, and of longer duration. In an effort to attenuate the amnesia produced by PM, in separate experiments, the mice were injected with combined injections of PM and CXM (bitemporally); mice were also given combined injections of PM (bitemporally) and amphetamine (subcutaneously). The amnesia produced by immediate injections of PM was not attenuated by either CXM or amphetamine. However, the amnesia produced by delayed injections of PM was attenuated by both CXM and amphetamine. These results suggest that delayed injections of PM (24 hours after training) block the e expression or retrieval of memory. This study also supports the contention that puromycin has two separate effects on memory with different temporal parameters depending on when the drug is injected relative to initial training.
Screening for depression in patients with hepatitis C using the Beck Depression Inventory-II: do somatic symptoms compromise validity?

Abstract Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) when used to measure depression in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). Method Factor analysis was utilized to validate the BDI-II in a sample of 671 patients with HCV recruited from a large Veterans Affairs medical center. The data were split randomly: the first half was subjected to exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis was used with the second half to confirm the model. Diagnostic data were retrieved from the electronic medical records. Results Subjects were 97.0% male, average age was 52.8 years, 16.1% had a cirrhosis diagnosis, 62.9% had a current major depressive disorder diagnosis, and 42.3% endorsed significant depressive symptoms on the BDI-II. A two-factor model was an excellent fit for the data; the factors were labeled Cognitive–Affective and Somatic. Patients scored significantly higher on the Somatic factor than on the Cognitive–Affective factor (P Conclusions When screening for depression in HCV patients, questions targeting cognitive and affective symptoms of depression may provide a more valid measurement of depression than questions targeting somatic symptoms of depression, particularly for patients with more advanced liver disease.
a-Si:H photodiode technology for advanced CMOS active pixel sensor imagers

Abstract Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) holds the promise of realizing three-dimensional semiconductor integrated circuits by placing the photodiode above the pixel control circuitry rather than in-plane with it. This has the obvious advantages of enabling large die-size reduction and higher light collection efficiency compared to standard crystalline silicon arrays. We have developed a photodiode array technology that is fully compatible with 0.35 μm CMOS process flows to produce image sensors arrays with 10-bit dynamic range that are 30% smaller than comparable standard crystalline silicon photodiodes. These sensors have 50% higher sensitivity, and two times lower dark current when compared to bulk silicon sensors of the same design. The various methods of interconnection of the diode to the array and their advantages will be presented. Diode leakage currents as low as 30 pA / cm 2 have been measured. The effect of doped layer thickness and concentration on quantum efficiency (as high as 80% around 560 nm), and the effect of a-Si:H defect concentration on diode performance will be discussed.
Life on "EZ" Street: Linking Community Economic Development to the Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Community Policy Goals

This is an examination of the literature on community economic development and its relation to the stipulated urban empowerment zone and enterprise community policy goals: economic opportunity, sustainable community development, community-based partnerships, and overall community strategic vision. The central argument is that community development and economic development are simultaneous occurrences. From this theoretical framework the Empowerment Zones and Enterprise Communities (EZEC) program emerges as an effective tool in assisting minority community economic development. Given this context, my objective here is to examine the nature and role of the EZEC program's key principles as a new revitalization strategy in urban revitalization and what these goals may mean for minority communities' and emerging diverse communities' long-term community and economic development.
Using inquiry effectively

(1980). Using inquiry effectively. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 19, Teaching Methods: Learning Applications, pp. 87-92.
Development and characterization of an improved silicic acid-KOH arrestant column for routine quantitative isolation of free fatty acids

An improved silicic acid-KOH arrestant column method for the quantitative isolation of free fatty acids (FFA) is described. The method involves preparation of samples in acidified silicic acid caps that are placed directly above alkaline arrestant column portions in glass Chromatographic tubes. Neutral lipids are eluted with solvents whereas FFA are stopped as K-salts. FFA are recovered by elution with formic acid-containing solvents. The accuracy and reproduci-bility of existing methods were greatly improved by minimizing and stabilizing the extent of alkali-induced glyceride hydrolysis. The improved method is suitable for adaptation to a wide variety of food products and biological systems.
Potassium in Clinopyroxene Inclusions from Diamonds

Analytical transmission electron microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, and singlecrystal x-ray diffraction data support the conclusion that high potassium contents, up to 1.5 weight percent K2O, of some diopside and omphacite inclusions from diamonds represent valid clinopyroxene compositions with K in solid solution. This conclusion contradicts the traditional view of pyroxene crystal chemistry, which holds that K is too large to be incorporated in the pyroxene structure. These diopside and omphacite inclusions have a high degree of crystal perfection and anomalously large unit-cell volumes, and a defect-free structure is observed in K-bearing regions when imaged by transmission electron microscopy. These observations imply that clinopyroxene can be a significant host for K in the mantle and that some clinopyroxene inclusions and their diamond hosts may have grown in a highly K-enriched environment.
Detection of petroleum spilled from the MV Exxon Valdez

Abstract An analysis of remotely sensed imagery of the Exxon Valdez oil spill is described and the usefulness of the various wavelengths and platforms available (Landsat, AVHRR, SPOT) is discussed. The spill was sufficiently large that the main body could be detected by the low resolution (I km) AVHRR system. However the higher resolution of Landsat TM and SPOT (30 m and 10 m) was required to identify individual features such as windrows, etc. The utility and uniqueness of a multispectral TM signature developed lo identify spilled oil is discussed in detail with reference to direct terrestrial measurements of oil reflectance and the possibility of other sources of the signature such as ocean vegetation and direct reflectance from some beach materials. Other directly observable ocean parameters such as sea surface temperature and suspended sediment were noted and incorporated into the analysis in terms of ocean circulation and the creation of weathered spill products such as 'tar balls’. The 'mid-infrared’...
Pairs of solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling functions: Combining a merging term with a viscous term works best

[1] We investigated the behavior of 10 different characterizations of the magnetosphere, including traditional geomagnetic indices such as Kp and AE. We also used satellite based data such as global auroral power from Polar UVI, cusp latitude from DMSP, and magnetotail stretching from GOES. Multiyear data (typically a solar cycle) was studied at relatively high cadence (usually 1 h) to provide better statistical consistency. Simple two parameters best fits to a wide variety of candidate solar wind coupling functions were considered, with no hidden variables or adjustable parameters. Previously we showed that the best performing solar wind coupling functions all proved to be various estimators of the global merging rate, with the best results from dΦMP/dt = v4/3BT2/3sin8/3(θc/2). Here we investigate the best performing viscous candidates, and the best performing pairs of solar wind coupling functions, in predicting these same 10 characterizations of the magnetosphere. The top viscous functions all are closely related to the solar wind pressure, but n1/2v2 performs best, accounting for 22.3% of the variance, versus 14.7% for v and 12.5% for p. Altogether we considered 32 different candidate solar wind magnetosphere coupling functions, and all 496 unique pairs of functions. Because of the large number of function pairs, some statistical fluctuations are expected, and indeed observed, in predicting individual indices. Nonetheless, certain patterns emerged. The best performing overall pair (predicting 61.0% of variance across all indices) was dΦMP/dt coupled with n1/2v2, i.e., the best individual merging and best viscous terms make the best combination. All the top pairs consisted of one merging and one viscous term. Combining two distinct estimators of the merging rate always has less predictive power than combining a viscous and merging term. However, any merging term, such as Bs, vBs, or EKL, when coupled with almost any viscous term, such as v, p, n1/3v2, p1/2, etc, performs reasonably well, with the merging term invariably accounting for much the greater fraction of variance.
God’s Gender Confusion: Some Polymorphously Perverse Pastoral Theology

Many Christians today are unaware of the historical debates concerning God’s body. For this reason, I believe that there is a pastoral payoff, especially for men, in reminding ourselves about such questions. By talking about God’s own gender confusion, it is my intention to offer support to men who actually are confused about their gender, while, at the same time, it is also my intention to confuse other men who might be a little too certain and a little too rigid about their own gender, gender roles, and sexuality. My argument goes something like this: God is gender confused and has made some rather poor decisions in the midst of this confusion, but, if, however, God were able to accept a wider range of masculinities and sexualities, especially in himself, God would be much better off—as also would contemporary American Christian men. Put another way, if contemporary American Christian men who relate to the Bible were to become aware of the problems of gender and sexuality in the Bible, particularly regarding God’s body, perhaps this would give them permission to ask questions about their own bodies, genders, and sexualities. And such questions are especially needed as churches begin to face new questions regarding gender, such as what to think about transgendered pastors like the Reverend Drew Phoenix, as well as and what to think about the fate of diagnosing gender in the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM – V), which has medical and financial—and, therefore, pastoral—implications.
The Effect of Teacher Approval and Disapproval of Music Performed in a Rehearsal Setting on Music Preferences

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of teacher approvals and disapprovals of music performed in a rehearsal setting on the music preferences of middle school students. Students (N = 440) from eight middle school bands participated in the study and were assigned one of four different rehearsal conditions. Teachers rehearsed either one or two assigned pieces of music, while implementing one of the following treatment conditions: (a) rehearsal of one piece with teacher approval and rehearsal of the other piece without comment; (b) rehearsal of one piece with teacher disapproval and rehearsal of the other without comment; (c) rehearsal of only one of the pieces, with teacher approval; and (d) rehearsal of only one of the pieces, with teacher disapproval. After five rehearsals of the music, students were given a listening survey on which to rate their preferences for the two compositions. Results indicated that the treatment conditions had a significant effect on preferences. Ratings from ...
Wave Riding of Dolphins

PREVIOUS discussions1 of the wave riding of dolphins have been based on the assumption that it was necessary for a dolphin to have a weight greater than that of the displaced water in order to be able to ride a wave while totally immersed. It is the purpose of this communication to clarify this point and to show that it is the total weight of the dolphin which is significant rather than the excess weight.
A Thermal Expansion Model for the Special Pair of the Bacterial Reaction Center

The temperature dependence of the longwavelength absorption band of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction center is investigated with a thermal expansion model of the special pair. The validity of the model is demonstrated through the reproduction of optical lineshapes measured at various temperatures and through the consistency of the energetic parameters obtained in this fashion. The connection with the temperature dependence of the primary electron transfer process is briefly discussed.
The dubuque water portal: evaluation of the uptake, use and impact of residential water consumption feedback

The Dubuque Water Portal is a system aimed at supporting voluntary reductions of water consumption that is intended to be deployed city-wide. It provides each household with fine-grained, near real time feedback on their water consumption, as well as using techniques like social comparison, weekly games, and news and chat to encourage water conservation. This study used logs, a survey and interviews to evaluate a 15-week pilot with 303 households. It describes the Portal's design, and discusses its adoption, use and impacts. The system resulted in a 6.6% decrease in water consumption, and the paper employs qualitative methods to look at the ways in which the Portal was (or wasn't) effective in supporting its users and enabling them to reduce their consumption. The paper concludes with a discussion of design implications for residential feedback systems, and possible engagement models.
Evidence of a phenotypically determined ductal cell lineage in mouse salivary glands.

The submandibular salivary gland of mice contains a parenchymal element, the granular duct, which matures peripubertally from the striated ducts. Granular duct cells also differentiate from intercalated ducts in the adult mouse submandibular gland. Using preproNGF-A as a signature protein of mature granular duct cells, this study inquired if phenotypic determination might have occurred earlier than the first signs of cellular differentiation. Results from RT-PCR indicate the presence of preproNGF-A transcripts at all postnatal stages of development of the submandibular glands, as well as in adult sublingual glands. The preproNGF-A transcript was also detected prenatally as early as embryonic day 17 in the submandibular/sublingual complex. Using an antibody directed specifically against the “pre” peptide, immunocytochemistry showed preproNGF-A localized in the granular ducts and striated ducts of the adult submandibular gland. In addition preproNGF-A was detected throughout the first order branches of the intercalated duct system. In the neonatal gland, preproNGF-A was found in the large tubules that differentiate to the striated ducts. The early appearance of preproNGF-A in the histological lineage that sequentially gives rise to striated ducts and then to granular ducts suggests that this lineage is phenotypically determined as early as birth. An undifferentiated stage of the phenotypically determined lineage also appears to be retained in the intercalated duct system to provide progenitors for subsequent differentiation in the adult gland. Throughout development of the sublingual gland, preproNGF-A was detectable in the striated ducts or in their predecessors, suggesting that they may also represent a phenotypically determined cell lineage similar to that of the submandibular gland. Anat Rec 256:84–90, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the effects of IL-1α and TNF-α on phagocyte accumulation and murine antibacterial immunity

IL-1 and TNF both are reported to increase host antibacterial resistance. To directly compare their effects on tissue phagocyte accumulation and antibacterial activity, we infused recombinant human IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha into C3H/HeJ mice. Although IL-1, at a dose of 1 microgram/day, did not significantly elevate blood neutrophil concentrations, it increased the number of PMNs within the spleen three to fourfold within 2 days. Similar neutrophil accumulation also occurred in the lungs, bone marrow, and liver of treated animals without detectable changes in macrophage numbers. IL-1 also increased myelopoiesis in the spleen by Days 3-4 of infusions. The capacity of splenocytes from IL-1-treated animals to kill Listeria monocytogenes in vitro and to suppress listeria proliferation in vivo after the intravenous infusion of bacteria both rose in parallel with PMN accumulation. Comparable doses of TNF also enhanced listeria killing in vivo but in contrast to IL-1, it significantly depressed peripheral blood neutrophil counts, and inhibited splenic neutrophil accumulation and in vitro listericidal activity in listeria-infected mice. Our results suggest that IL-1 enhances host resistance to infection by increasing tissue neutrophil accumulation while TNF protects by a different mechanism, despite a net inhibitory effect on neutrophil accumulation.
Test of the Barshay-Temmer theorem for the reaction 10B + α → 7Li + 7Be

Abstract The Barshay-Temmer theorem has been tested via the reaction 10B(α,7Lig.s.)7Beg.s.and 10B(α,7Beg.s.)7Lig.s. at Eα=46 MeV. In order to minimize experimental uncertainties, angular distributions for both reactions were measured simultaneously; the symmetry required by the theorem was shown by the fact that the ratio between the intensities of the outgoing particles at a fixed angle is unity within the experimental uncertainties. This implies an extreme similarity of the wave functions of the ground-state isobaric doublet 7Li-7Be and provides a simple test of the charge independence of nuclear forces.
Anthocyanin Pigment Composition of Blackberries

ABSTRACT: The anthocyanin pigments in 51 blackberry samples were isolated and characterized by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-visible detection, electrospray mass spectroscopy (ESMS), and hydrolysis and saponification reactions. Five pigments were detected: cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-xyloside, cyanidin-3-glucoside acylated with malonic acid, and an unidentified acylated derivative of cyanidin-3-glucoside. Four different quantitative patterns were evident among the cultivars and selections. Total anthocyanin content ranged from 70.3 to 201 mg/100 g with a mean of 137 mg/100 g. Ten commercial blackberry juice concentrate samples were analyzed. Total anthocyanin ranged from 12.3 to 107 mg/100 g on a single-strength juice basis, and 1 sample had an atypical profile.
Protocol Analysis: Studying Physical Manipulatives During Conceptual Design

This paper presents a protocol study that explores how individual designers interact with physical elements during mechanical concept ideation and exploration. This protocol study follows three participants individually in a controlled environment as they develop solutions to a presented problem. The goals of this work were 1) to develop a protocol for documenting human interactions with artifacts and 2) to use this protocol to investigate the use of prototypes during conceptual design. The protocol was used to document the actions of study participants in a manner that allowed searching for patterns of behavior. The most common patterns indicated that participants were learning or finding inspiration from the physical artifact interactions that were then applied to their design solutions. In addition, several opportunities for protocol and experimental methods improvements are presented.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Effect of heparin surface modification in reducing silicone oil adherence to various intraocular lenses

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate surface properties of various intraocular lenses (IOLs), including a newly fabricated heparin-surface-modified (HSM) silicone IOL, with special reference to their efficiency in reducing potential silicone oil adherence to the IOL optics. Setting: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. Methods: Five groups of rigid and foldable IOLs were analyzed in an in vitro test for the percentage of silicone oil adherence: a single-piece foldable hydrophilic-acrylic IOL (n = 9); a single-piece rigid poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL with HSM coating of the lens optic (n = 9); a 3-piece foldable silicone optic IOL with HSM coating of the optic (n = 10); a single-piece standard rigid PMMA IOL (n = 7); and a standard 3-piece foldable silicone optic IOL (n = 9). After the IOLs were immersed in water and then in silicone oil, gross photographs taken. Image analysis was performed to evaluate the percentage of silicone oil coverage of the anterior and posterior surfaces of each IOL optic. Results: The mean silicone oil coverage of the hydrophilic-acrylic IOLs was 5.6% ± 2.5% (SD); of the HSM PMMA IOLs, 6.2% ± 4.3%; of the HSM silicone optic IOLs, 6.7% ± 3.2%; and of the standard PMMA IOLs, 20.3% ± 13.3%. The mean silicone oil coverage was greatest on the standard silicone optic IOLs, 98.2% ± 3.1%. Conclusions: Intraocular lenses with a hydrophilic optic have less tendency toward adherence to silicone oil than more hydrophobic designs. A foldable silicone IOL with heparin surface modification can significantly reduce potential silicone oil adherence, comparable to the level achievable with the rigid HSM PMMA designs. Two new foldable IOL styles, the HSM silicone IOL and IOLs in the general class of hydrophilic-acrylic, were highly efficacious in reducing silicone oil adherence. There is now a real choice of foldable lenses for patients with actual or potential vitreoretinal diseases.
Trimodal formation of microbodies and associated biochemical and cytochemical changes during development in Blastocladiella emersonii

Microbodies and microbody marker enzyme activities were monitored ultrastructurally and biochemically, respectively, in Blastocladiella emersonii from the time of zoospore encystment (when the single symphyomicrobody fragments into smaller microbodies), through exponential growth (when microbodies proliferate), to the time of zoosporogenesis (when microbodies coalesce to form a larger single symphyomicrobody once again). Catalase was demonstrated cytochemically in glutaraldehyde-fixed cells by using 3′,3′-diaminobenzidine at pH 9.5. The number of microbody profiles per cell thin section seemingly increased most rapidly between 9 and 15 h of growth. During this period, protein per cell also increased at the maximum rate, and numerous associations between microbodies and endoplasmic reticulum were seen. The microbody profiles measured between 0.29 and 0.38 μ m throughout exponential growth (3 to 18 h). During this period, changes in activity per cell of mitochondrial and microbody enzyme markers roughly paralleled changes in protein per cell. The changes in microbody enzyme activities per cell, however, deviated from changes in protein per cell in two places: between 0 and 3 h, when isocitrate lyase decreased sharply, and between 18 h and spore cleavage, when malate synthase increased. The specific activities of two mitochondrial enzymes, fumarase and succinic dehydrogenase, fluctuated similarly during growth whereas the specific activities of the microbody enzymes, malate synthase and isocitrate lyase, differed substantially from one another.
Regulation of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A expression in cultured human osteoblasts

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a metalloproteinase secreted by cultured human osteoblasts that has been implicated in the regulation of local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) bioavailability during bone growth and remodeling. However, very little is known about the regulation of PAPP-A expression in bone. In this study, we determined the effect of systemic and local osteoregulatory factors on PAPP-A mRNA and protein expression in normal human osteoblasts (hOB cells). Treatment of hOB cells with particular peptide growth factors (basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor), steroid hormones (dexamethasone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), and cytokines [interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-13, oncostatin M] with known involvement in bone cell physiology had no significant effect on PAPP-A expression. Agents that increase intracellular cyclic AMP (forskolin, prostaglandin E(2)) increased PAPP-A mRNA and protein expression approximately 3-fold. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), IL-1beta, and IL-4 also increased PAPP-A expression 3- to 4-fold. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) was previously shown to stimulate PAPP-A expression in hOB cells. The effects of TGFbeta, TNFalpha, and IL-1beta were additive, whereas the effects of TGFbeta and IL-4 were synergistic. In summary, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and IL-4 were identified as potent stimulators of PAPP-A expression in primary cultures of human osteoblasts. These findings suggest a mechanism whereby cytokines present in bone and bone marrow could augment IGF bioavailability during skeletal growth and remodeling.
Innovation Perception and Adoption of Solar Heating Technology

This study examines the differences between solar adopters and the general public in their perceptions of solar technologies. Factor analysis confirmed the existence of the theorized dimensions of innovation perception. Discriminant analyses and post hoc comparisons were used to assess differences between adopters, nonadopters, and procrastinators. Models including these facets resulted in significant improvements over a model containing only demographic variables. Results are used to make suggestions for increasing the pace of solar adoption.
Molecular cloning of the mouse gene coding for carbonic anhydrase IV

Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) is expressed on apical surfaces of renal tubular epithelium and endothelium of specialized capillary beds. It plays a key role in bicarbonate reabsorption in kidney and in CO2 transport in other tissues. The human cDNA and genomic sequences have been cloned and characterized. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the entire mouse CA IV gene (contained in two overlapping λ clones), which should enable generation of targeting constructs for disrupting the mouse CA IV gene to produce mouse models forin vivo analysis of CA IV gene function. The gene is approximately 8.2 kb long and contains eight exons ranging from 54 to 434 bp in length. The first exon (exon 1a) encodes the signal sequence. Exons 1b through 7 encode the remaining coding sequences. Exon 7 encodes the C terminus of the membrane-associated protein, as well as the 242-bp 3′ untranslated sequence. The nucleotide sequence alignment between mouse and rat CA IV cDNAs reveals 84% identity. The nucleotide sequence alignment between mouse and human CA IV shows 69% identity in the coding region and all of the exon-intron boundaries are conserved, as are the sizes of the introns. The corresponding mouse and human exons are similar, except for the length of the untranslated regions in exons 1a and 7 and two small insertion/deletion events in exons 1a and 4. The 5′ flanking region of the mouse gene (−300 to −1) is GC rich and contains 16 CpG dinucleotides. A TATA box sequence and several transcription factor binding sequences are identified upstream of exon 1a. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences surrounding the TATA box (−300 to −1) between mouse and human CA IV genes revealed 70% identity, indicating that regulatory sequences are as highly conserved as coding sequences between mouse and human CA IV genes.
Adsorption of bovine serum albumin at solid/aqueous interfaces

Abstract Adsorption of soluble serum proteins on hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid surfaces is important for biomaterials and chromatographic separations of proteins. The adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from aqueous solutions was studied with in situ ATR-IR spectroscopy, and with ex situ ATR-IR, ellipsometry, and water wettablity measurements. The results were used to quantitatively determine the adsorbed film thickness and surface density of BSA on hydrophilic silicon oxide/silicon surfaces, and on these surfaces covered with a hydrophobic lipid monolayer of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC). The water contact angles were ∼5° for silicon oxide, 47° ± 1° for the DDPC monolayer, and 53° ± 1° for the BSA monolayers. At 25 °C, and with 0.01–1 wt% BSA in water, the surface densities range from Γ = 2.6–5.0 mg/m2, and the film thicknesses range from d = 2.0–3.8 nm, on the assumption that the film is as dense as bulk protein. These results, and certain changes in the IR amide I and II bands of the protein, indicate that the protein adsorbs as a side-on monolayer, with some flattening due to unfolding or denaturation. The estimated α-helical content for protein in buffer solutions is 15% higher than for solutions in water. The adsorption density reaches a steady-state value within 10 min for the lowest concentration, but does not appear to reach a steady-state value after 3 h f‘or the higher concentrations. Adsorption of BSA on a silicon oxide surface covered with a monolayer of DPPC leads to an adsorbed protein film of about half the thickness and surface density than on silicon oxide, but the same contact angle, indicating more protein unfolding on the hydrophobic than on the hydrophilic surface.
Nomadism as a Man-Environment System

Concepts derived from general man-environment system (MES) models are applied to the specific problem of nomadic sedentarization. The analysis focuses on the manner in which residential mobility ma...
First Detection of Puccinia hordei Virulence to Barley Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Rph3 and Combination with Virulence to Rph7 in North America

Barley leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei Otth., has been problematic in United States barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) production in the Mid-Atlantic coast region and California. During the early 1990s, P. hordei pathotypes with virulence to resistance gene Rph7 caused average yield losses from 6 to 16% (3). 'Doyce' barley was released in 2003 and was described as being resistant to leaf rust (2). Initially in April 2010 and subsequently in spring 2011 and 2012, high severities and infection responses were observed on experimental plots of 'Doyce' in Warsaw and Blacksburg, Virginia. Three single uredinial isolates of P. hordei were derived from collections made from 'Doyce' barley. The isolates were characterized for virulence to barley leaf rust resistance genes by inoculating at least two replicates of a barley leaf rust differential set including 12 Rph genes (1). Previous methods used for inoculation, incubation, and pathotyping were followed (1). Infection types were scored on a 0 to 4 scale where 2 and below indicated resistance and 3 and above indicated susceptibility (4). The three isolates collected from Doyce barley displayed large pustules with infection types 3,3+ to cultivars Estate (Rph3) and Cebada Capa (Rph7). Avirulent isolates of P. hordei displayed infection types 0; to 0;1c to Estate and ;n to 0;1n to Cebada Capa (1). The data indicated that all three isolates were virulent to both barley leaf rust resistance genes Rph3 and Rph7. Though combined Rph3 and Rph7 virulence has been reported in the Mediterranean region, this is the first report of Rph3 virulence in North America. These isolates of P. hordei are virulent to important sources of resistance to barley leaf rust and threaten barley production in environments conducive for disease development in North America. References: (1) W. S. Brooks et al. Phytopathology 90:1131, 2000. (2) W. S. Brooks et al. Crop Sci. 45:792, 2005. (3) C. A. Griffey et al. Plant Dis. 78:256, 1994. (4) M. N. Levine and W. J. Cherewick. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1056, 1952.
Endolymphatic Duct Violation During Retrosigmoid Dissection of the Internal Auditory Canal: A Human Temporal Bone Radiographic Study†

Objective/Hypothesis: Successful hearing preservation after acoustic neuroma resection is sometimes complicated by delayed hearing deterioration. The goal of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that internal auditory canal (IAC) drilling during retrosigmoid acoustic neuroma removal may result in endolymphatic duct (ELD) injury, a potential cause of delayed hearing loss (HL) after hearing preservation surgery. Study Design: Temporal bone anatomic and radiographic study and literature review. Methods: Twenty-one human temporal bones were analyzed with high-resolution multislice computed tomography (HRMCT) and subjected to standard retrosigmoid IAC dissection with labyrinthine preservation and follow-up HRMCT for analyses of the ELD. A MEDLINE search was performed of studies documenting long-term hearing preservation outcomes after retrosigmoid dissection. Results: Five of 21 (24%) bones were found to have violation of the ELD despite preservation of labyrinthine structures and the endolymphatic sac. These results correlate with the mean incidence of long-term hearing decline (26.6%). Reviews of human and animal studies indicate that injury to the ELD may create endolymphatic hydrops. Conclusions: The ELD is vulnerable to injury during IAC dissection even if labyrinthine structures at the lateral aspect of the IAC are preserved. These findings may be helpful in explaining and potentially preventing some cases of long-term hearing deterioration that may be a result of endolymphatic hydrops after ELD injury during acoustic tumor removal. Careful preoperative review of imaging studies using HRMCT may prove useful before retrosigmoid dissection.
Thermal recovery measurements on multi-segment amplifiers

We present the results of a series of experiments to measure the thermal recovery times of a flashlamp-pumped, Nd:Glass multi-segment laser amplifier. In particular, we investigated the thermal recovery times under the following cooling options: (1) passive cooling; (2) active cooling of the flashlamp cassettes, and (3) active cooling of the flashlamp cassettes and gas flow in the pump cavity.
Classifier selection for physical layer security augmentation in Cognitive Radio networks

Cognitive Radio (CR) networks create an environment that presents unique security challenges, with reliable user authentication being essential for mitigating Primary User Emulation (PUE) spoofing and ensuring the cognition engine is using reliable information when dynamically reconfiguring the network. Unfortunately, wireless network edge devices increase spoofing potential as all devices can “see” all network traffic within RF range. Conventional bit-level security helps, but additional security based on physical-layer (PHY) attributes is required to ensure unauthorized devices do not adversely impact CR reliability during environmental assessment. RF Distinct Native Attribute (RF-DNA) fingerprinting is one PHY technique for reliably identifying devices based on inherent emission differences. These differences are exploited to uniquely identify, by serial number, hardware devices and aid cognitive network security. Reliable device discrimination has been achieved using Multiple Discriminant Analysis, Maximum Likelihood (MDA/ML) processing. However, MDA/ML provides no insight into feature relevance which limits its use for optimizing feature selection. This limitation is addressed here using Generalized Relevance Learning Vector Quantization-Improved (GRLVQI) and Learning from Signals (LFS) classifiers. Comparative assessment shows that GRLVQI and LFS classification performance rivals that of MDA/ML, overcomes inherent MDA/ML limitations, and provides benefit for CR network applications where reliable RF environment assessment and PUE mitigation is essential.
DC electric fields, associated plasma drifts, and irregularities observed on the C/NOFS satellite

Results are presented from the Vector Electric Field Investigation (VEFI) on the Air Force Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite, a mission designed to understand, model, and forecast the presence of equatorial ionospheric irregularities. The VEFI instrument includes a vector DC electric field detector, a fixed-bias Langmuir probe operating in the ion saturation regime, a flux gate magnetometer, an optical lightning detector, and associated electronics including a burst memory. Compared to data obtained during more active solar conditions, the ambient DC electric fields and their associated E × B drifts are variable and somewhat weak, typically < 1 mV/m. Although average drift directions show similarities to those previously reported, eastward/outward during day and westward/downward at night, this pattern varies significantly with longitude and is not always present. Daytime vertical drifts near the magnetic equator are largest after sunrise, with smaller average velocities after noon. Little or no pre-reversal enhancement in the vertical drift near sunset is observed, attributable to the solar minimum conditions creating a much reduced neutral dynamo at the satellite altitude. The nighttime ionosphere is characterized by larger amplitude, structured electric fields, even where the plasma density appears nearly quiescent. Data from successive orbits reveal that the vertical drifts and plasma density are both clearly organized with longitude. The spread-F density depletions and corresponding electric fields that have been detected thus far have displayed a preponderance to appear between midnight and dawn. Associated with the narrow plasma depletions that are detected are broad spectra of electric field and plasma density irregularities for which a full vector set of measurements is available for detailed study. The VEFI data represents a new set of measurements that are germane to numerous fundamental aspects of the electrodynamics and irregularities inherent to the Earth's low latitude ionosphere.
From mirage to image: Africa on film in the metropolis, 1955–1975

Abstract Improved contextualization of the cultural, political, and social dynamics of late twentieth/early twenty-first century postcolonial societies can be achieved through a consideration of imperial discourse and the emergence of decolonizing imperatives. These factors allow for the examination of propagandist mechanisms and the accompanying representations of both Africa and Europe at the service of constructs pertaining to Occidentalist superiority. These formulations were widely disseminated in film and the French colonial authorities endeavored to restrict African access to this mode of expression. Gradually, African filmmakers succeeded in bypassing these limitations and in developing an autonomous corpus of works. From the 1950s onward, the Parisian metropolis provided a privileged topographic space for African film production, and over the years filmmakers have focused on various dimensions of the African presence in this metropolis.