cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multigrid solution of the Navier–Stokes equations on highly stretched grids

Relaxation-based multigrid solvers for the steady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are examined to determine their computational speed and robustness. Four relaxation methods were used as smoothers in a common tailored multigrid procedure. The resulting solvers were applied to three two-dimensional flow problems, over a range of Reynolds numbers, on both uniform and highly stretched grids. In all cases the L 2 norm of the velocity changes is reduced to 10 -6 in a few 10's of fine-grid sweeps. The results of the study are used to draw conclusions on the strengths and weaknesses of the individual relaxation methods as well as those of the overall multigrid procedure when used as a solver on highly stretched grids
High Resolution Images of Vesta at 1.65 μm

Abstract A series of high spatial resolution (∼140 km) images of the asteroid 4 Vesta has been obtained in reflected light at 1.65 μm during the solar oppositions of 1990 and 1992. Full longitudinal coverage has provided a solution for the triaxial dimensions and rotational pole orientation. Although resolvable surface features are indicated from other techniques, they are not imaged here and must have low contrast relative to the overall background of reflected light. However, in all 48 images, a nonmoving "spot," a possible glint(s), does appear near the sub-Sun point contributing ∼10-18% of the total flux. This feature does not appear in similar observations of the asteroid 1 Ceres.
Defensive Behaviors of the Gastropod Amphissa columbiana

ABSTRACT We examined field distributions of the scavenging snail Amphissa columbiana and looked for evidence of fish predation. In the laboratory, we tested for predation by 6 crab and 10 sea star species and measured the ability of A. columbiana to chemically detect and respond to the sea star Leptasterias hexaclis. A. columbiana occurred from the low intertidal zone to depths of at least 92 m. We found no evidence of fish predation, but 4 crab species readily fed on A. columbiana. Only 3 of 10 sea star species fed on A. columbiana and predation rates were low. The inability of many sea stars to prey on A. columbiana was related to an unusual defense in which the snail inserted its proboscis deep into one of the sea star's ambulacral grooves and bit the radial nerve. The injury, which generally repelled the attacking sea star, immobilized the affected arm, rendering it useless for several days. The biting defense appears to be effective against several sea star species and may reduce predation on A. colu...
The case for UHF-band MU-MIMO

While the UHF band exhibits superior propagation characteristics compared to other frequency bands used for broadband communications, limited spectral availability in time and space necessitates high spectral efficiency techniques such as Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO). In this paper we design and implement the first open MU-MIMO Software-Defined Radio (SDR) platform that operates on an order of magnitude frequency range, from 300 MHz to 5.8 GHz. We perform a comprehensive set of over-the-air experiments to evaluate the potential of UHF-band MU-MIMO in comparison to 2.4 and 5.8 GHz WiFi bands encompassing a range of operating environments. We evaluate MU-MIMO performance in both outdoor, indoor, line-of-sight (LOS), and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments, and demonstrate that while the temporal correlation of the measured UHF environment is increased, it does not come at the cost of increased spatial correlation as measured by the Demmel condition number, thus proving highly attractive for MU-MIMO. This evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of MU-MIMO transmission techniques in UHF bands for high spectral efficiency and low-overhead wireless access.
Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability, barriers to internal rotation, vibrational assignment and ab initio calculations of 3-bromo-2-methylpropene

The Raman (3200–20 cm−1) and infrared (3200–35 cm−1) spectra of 3-bromo-2-methylpropene, H2CC(CH3)CH2Br were recorded for the gas and solid. Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid was recorded and qualitative depolarization values were obtained. The fundamental asymmetric torsional mode for the gauche conformer is observed at 81.5 cm−1 with one excited state falling at a lower wavenumber but the asymmetric torsion is not observed for the higher energy s-cis conformer. Utilizing the gauche observed torsional wave numbers, the gauche dihedral angle, the enthalpy difference between conformers and the calculated torsional fundamental wavenumber for the s-cis conformer, the potential function governing the interconversion of the rotamers was estimated. This potential function gives values of 170 cm−1 (486 cal mol−1) (1 cal = 4.184 J), 2659 cm−1 (7.60 kcal mol−1) and 725 cm−1 (2.07 kcal mol−1) for the s-cis to gauche, gauche to gauche and gauche to s-cis barriers, respectively, and it is compared with tht obtained with the RHF/STO-3G* basis set. From the methyl torsional wavenumber of 172 cm−1 for the gauche conformer, the threefold barrier of 695 cm−1 (1.99 kcal mol−1) was calculated for the methyl group. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed based on Raman : depolarization data, group wavenumbers and relative infrared and Raman intensities. The conformational energy difference and optimized geometries of both conformers were also obtained from ab initio calculations with the RHF/STO-3G*, RHF/LANL1DZ and MP2/LANL1DZ basis sets. Normal-coordinate analyses were also performed with force fields determined from both the RHF/STO-3G* and RHF/LANL1DZ basis sets. The calculated wavenumbers support the proposed vibrational assignment. These data are compared with the corresponding data for some similar molecules.
Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families

This book documents one of the great failures in American life. It is a story of betrayal and the end of a part of the American Dream. It is a story of the conflict between constitutional law and social realities. It is the story of the desegregation of the Boston public schools, as told through the lives of three families. One reads it and weeps. One weeps for Boston, which has never been the same since federal district court Judge Arthur Garrity issued his sweeping cross-city busing order in 1974. But one weeps for the rest of America too, because Common Ground is a parable. In it, one reads the story of every American city faced with the intractable problem of trying to uphold a constitutional mandate, while groping for the appropriate means to do so.
Female victims of child sexual abuse: Adult adjustment

A questionnaire administered to a University sample of 245 female victims of sexual child abuse and 750 nonvictims attempted to determine whether abuse is related to poor adult social and psychological adjustment. The instrument consisted of three outcome measures of adjustment, variables directly related to abuse, perceived satisfaction with early family life, and demographic data. Only one of the outcome measures — the Texas Social Behavior Inventory — yielded a statistically significant difference between the samples. There was a steady, significant and progressive increase in maladjustment between the nonabused, the nonincestuously abused and the incest victims. When controls were applied for levels of satisfaction with early family life, differences between the abused and nonabused samples disappeared. Those abused as children who reported “good treatment” by parents exhibited no ill effects as adults on the TSBI.
Evidence against the smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a continuous channel for the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase.

Abstract The involvement of the axonal smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a channel for the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has been tested by analysing serial sections of 52 HRP-positive organelles in chick optic nerves. The enzyme marker was injected in the posterior, contralateral optic tectum 10 h before fixation of young chicks. The two optic nerves, retinas and optic tecta were incubated for electron microscopic demonstration of HRP. Thin sections of the retinas and tecta and serial thin sections of the optic nerves were studied in some cases with the aid of a goniometer. Of the 52 organelles, 42% had a tubular shape, 46% were oval and 12% were multivesicular bodies. None of the organelles was found to have continuities with other membranous structures, including tubules or cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In 10 cases, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was followed in serial sections over a length of up to 4 μm. In every case, the reticulum appeared to form a continuous system although some tubular extensions apparently ended blindly near other organelles. In neither the 10 series of serial sections nor in any other individual micrographs did any recognizable profile of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum contain HRP. Measurements of the thickness of the membranes of HRP- containing organelles, of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and of plasmalemma were made, since these membranes have been distinguished on the basis of their thickness in other cells. The plasmalemma in the axons was about 20% thicker than that of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and about 9% thicker than that of HRP-labeled organelles. The membrane of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and HRP-organelles could also be distinguished by this means. It is concluded that in thick retinal ganglion cell axons, HRP is not transported in a retrograde direction via a continuous channel of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Open Source 3D Scanning and Printing for Design Capture and Realization

Traditionally, the complexities and costs associated with design conceptualization (e.g., 3D scanning) and design realization (e.g., 3D printing) have limited the diversity of individuals capable of participating in the process to individuals/entities with advanced technical backgrounds or substantial financial resources. The authors of this work propose a methodology that utilizes low cost hardware and open source software to make the capture, reuse and management of design knowledge more accessible to the general public.3D scanners are digital tools that facilitate the conversion of physical object information into the digital space through multiple image capture techniques. 3D scanners have the potential to revolutionize design conceptualization in society by enabling individuals to seamlessly transform physical representations of objects into a digital 3D rendered version. The 3D rendered version can then be manipulated using existing 3D CAD tools (e.g., SolidWorks) and subsequently printed using a 3D printer.Design realization via 3D printers (e.g., RepRaps) is becoming an integral aspect of the engineering design process. While the conceptualization of designs (e.g. CAD models) helps designers visually experience potential candidate designs, product prototypes that can actually be touched and manipulated add an important ‘feedback’ dimension to the engineering design process. This scan-edit-print approach to design conceptualization and realization will enable designers collaborating in online environments to work towards achieving a common design by providing them with tools and techniques.A case study is presented that demonstrates the feasibility of the scan (knowledge capture), edit (knowledge reuse) and print (knowledge management) approach to design using low cost hardware and open source software.© 2014 ASME
Precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates. I. Spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonates and phosphates under physiological conditions

Abstract The slow spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonates and calcium phosphates was studied under physiological conditions. Calcium carbonate precipitation was prevented by the presence of phosphate ions at concentrations too low for the precipitation of calcium phosphate. The composition of most biological fluids does not allow the deposition of calcium carbonate. The suggestion is made that such deposition will occur under the influence of metabolic processes which locally raise the bicarbonate and lower the phosphate concentration. Aragonite was metastable under the conditions of the experiments. The aragonite present in the early precipitates of calcium carbonate transformed into calcite, when kept in contact with the supernatant solution. The crystallization of apatite is disturbed when bicarbonate is present in the solution. At sufficiently elevated calcium concentrations and bicarbonate/phosphate concentration ratios, an amorphous precipitate of calcium carbonate phosphate formed, which failed to crystallize into apatite when kept in contact with the supernatant solution. The Ca P molar ratio of the apatitic and amorphous precipitates varied between approximately 2.3 and 1.4. This large variation is due to the coprecipitation of carbonate, HPO4, and Na ions. These and other impurities interfere with the crystallization of the biological apatites and limit the size of the crystallites in bone and dentine. Dental enamel is better crystallized because it contains lesser amounts of these impurities.
Perceived discrimination and chronic health in adults from nine ethnic subgroups in the USA

Objective. This comparative analysis examines the association between chronic cardiovascular, respiratory and pain conditions, race, ethnicity, nativity, length of residency, and perceived discrimination among three racial and nine ethnic subgroups of Asian Americans (Vietnamese, Filipino, and Chinese), Latino-American (Cuban, Portuguese, and Mexican), and Afro-Caribbean American (Haitian, Jamaican, and Trinidadian/Tobagonian) respondents.Design. Analysis used weighted Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys–merged data from the National Latino and Asian American Study and the National Survey of American Life. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine which groups within the model were more likely to report perceived discrimination effects.Results. Afro-Caribbean subgroups were more likely to report perceived discrimination than Asian American and Latino-American subgroups were. Logistic regression revealed a significant positive association with perceived discrimination and chronic p...
Substrate specificities and multiple forms of esterases in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)

Abstract Substrate specificities have been examined in body homogenates of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal), using α-naphthyl acetate, β-naphthyl acetate, trans-permethrin, cis -permethrin, malathion, and fenvalerate as substrates. Eight esterases were resolved from body homogenates of the brown planthopper with p I values in the range of 4.3–5.3 and designated as E1–E8. All E1–E8 hydrolyzed α-naphthyl acetate, β-naphthyl acetate, cis -permethrin, trans -permethrin, and malathion at different rates. Fenvalerate was the most stable substrate to hydrolysis and was hydrolyzed by E1–E8 except E3.
Behavioral Outcomes for Substance-Exposed Adopted Children: Fourteen Years Postadoption

From a life course perspective, studies of cumulative disadvantage often identify early risk factors as predictors of poor outcomes. This study examined the influence of prenatal substance exposure on children's externalizing behaviors at 14 years postadoption. Using Wave 4 data from the California Long-Range Adoption Study, the authors employed growth curve modeling to examine behavioral trajectories of 275 children as influenced by foster care status, age at adoption, and gender. Outcomes are measured using a shortened Behavioral Problem Index. Prenatal exposure predicted elevated behavior problems that increased normatively compared with nonexposed children, and were not found to trigger the negative behavior sequelae once feared. Foster children tended to fare better over the life course than those adopted through other means, except for children adopted at older ages. Adopted children's problem behaviors may be directly associated with the success of their placements. The authors discuss implications for practice and future research.
Electrochemical oxidation of some metal carbonyls in Ambient temperature ionic liquids

The electrochemical oxidation of Cr(CO)6, W(CO)6 and Fe(CO)5 was studied in the AlCl3:N(1-butyl)pyridinium chloride (BuPyCl) molten salt at 40°C. In the 1:1 to 2:1 mole ratio of AlCl3/BuPyCl, Cr(CO)6 was found to be reversibly oxidized forming stable Cr(CO)+6. Further oxidation of Cr(CO)+6 generated Cr(CO)3+6 which was not stable. Iron pentacarbonyl and tungsten hexacarbonyl in 1:1 to 2:1 melts each showed a single oxidation with some stability of their cations. Fe(CO)+5 was more stable than W(CO)2+6. In the melt of < 1:1 mole ratio no evidence was found for the formation of stable Fe(CO)+5.
Serving aboard the world's largest flag of convenience fleet: some geographical implications concerning crew's nationality

The approximately 2500 ships which fly the Liberian flag are manned by officers and sailors from some 100 countries. For some, providing mariners to ships of other nations is an important means of obtaining foreign exchange and since the Liberian flag dominates world shipping, it is service aboard her vessels which is important. Obtaining nationality data for crews of the Liberian fleet and deducing the best estimates of total mariner populations for countries which contribute the most men to this fleet and, by use of Regression Analyses, it is suggested that there are several developing or advanced-status developing countries remarkably dependent upon the Liberian flag fleet for employing its mariners. Taiwan is the outstanding example. This massive flag of convenience, flag of necessity or open registry fleet is remarkable by the fact that it does not carry a proportional share of Liberia's foreign maritime commerce, a not insignificant commerce for such a small developing country. Lastly, it is proposed that perhaps some of the international organizations most outspoken in denouncing open registry fleets may in this matter have less Third World support than imagined.
Soybean development: the impact of a decade of agricultural change on urban and economic growth in Mato Grosso, Brazil.

In this research we consider the impact of export-driven, soybean agriculture in Mato Grosso on regional economic growth. Here we argue that the soybean sector has served as a motor to the state’s economy by increasing the demand for services, housing, and goods, and by providing a source of investment capital to the non-agricultural sector. Specifically, we show that each square kilometer of soybean production supports 2.5 formal sector jobs outside of agriculture, and the equivalent of approximately 150,000US in annual, non-agricultural GDP. We also show that annual gains in non-agricultural employment and GDP are closely tied to soybean profitability, and thus vary from year to year. However, while this article highlights the potential of the agricultural sector as a driver of regional economic growth, it also acknowledges that this growth has been sustained by profits determined by externally set prices and the rate of exchange, and that future growth trajectories will be susceptible to potential currency of market shocks. We also show that while Mato Grosso’s economic growth has come at a significant cost to the environment, value added by the agriculture sector, directly and indirectly, has surpassed the value of the CO2-e emitted through land clearings.
A Pathway to Equality for Queer-Friendly Student Groups in U.S. Public Schools

This brief discusses the Equal Access Act of 1984 and the clarifications set out in the 1990 case of Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v. Mergens, as to the protections afforded to queer-friendly student clubs and organizations in public schools. The brief also touches on why these queer-friendly clubs and organizations are critical in protecting and empowering queer students.
Effects of sedimentary material on the response of concrete gravity dams

The transient response of a concrete gravity dam to a selected earthquake record is determined in order to evaluate the significance of the sedimentary material accumulating on the bottom of the reservoir. The sediment is modelled as a two-phase medium (fluid-filled, poroelastic solid), and the analysis is carried out accounting for all interactions between system components (dam, water, sediment, foundation).
IgRepertoireConstructor: a novel algorithm for antibody repertoire construction and immunoproteogenomics analysis

The analysis of concentrations of circulating antibodies in serum (antibody repertoire) is a fundamental, yet poorly studied, problem in immunoinformatics. The two current approaches to the analysis of antibody repertoires [next generation sequencing (NGS) and mass spectrometry (MS)] present difficult computational challenges since antibodies are not directly encoded in the germline but are extensively diversified by somatic recombination and hypermutations. Therefore, the protein database required for the interpretation of spectra from circulating antibodies is custom for each individual. Although such a database can be constructed via NGS, the reads generated by NGS are error-prone and even a single nucleotide error precludes identification of a peptide by the standard proteomics tools. Here, we present the IgRepertoireConstructor algorithm that performs error-correction of immunosequencing reads and uses mass spectra to validate the constructed antibody repertoires. Availability and implementation: IgRepertoireConstructor is open source and freely available as a C++ and Python program running on all Unix-compatible platforms. The source code is available from http://bioinf.spbau.ru/igtools. Contact: ude.dscu@renzvepp Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Complex image method for sources in bounded regions of multilayer structures

Other researchers have employed complex image theory to rapidly evaluate spatial-domain Green's functions in layered media. While workable in instances where the source lies within or at the interface of an unbounded region, the more general methodology given for a source embedded in a dielectric layer is incorrect. This paper explains the nature of the error and how it can be corrected. >
Technologies for the new millennium: photovoltaics as a distributed resource

As we enter the new millennium, photovoltaics (PV) is emerging as an important distributed resource. PV gives both the benefits of a distributed resource and a clean power source. Because PV can be located at both residential and commercial locations, it can be used to reduce peak demand when its output is properly matched with load usage. It can also improve asset utilization by requiring less large capital generation spending and delaying some equipment replacement. With the price of some grid-connected PV systems expected to reach $3/W in the next 5 years, PV will become an economical option for distributed power generation. One of the most important aspects of establishing PV as a distributed resource is standardizing the requirements for grid connection. IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee (SCC) 21 has published IEEE Std 929 "Recommend Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic Systems." This recommended practice details power quality, safety, and protection requirements for connection to the utility grid. This paper describes what types of PV systems are available, what the benefits are for PV systems, and what the interconnection issues and solutions are for using PV as a distributed resource.
Thermal conductivity of polytetrafluoroethylene

Measurements of thermal conductivity of heat-treated and γ-irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are reported for the 10–180°C. temperature range. Conductivity of PTFE is observed to be largely temperature-independent with a value of about 6.5 × 10−4 cal./cm.-sec.-°C. for the as-received material. Slight anomalous changes in conductivity data occur in the 20 and 125°C. temperature regions. The former is assumed to be associated with the first-order crystalline transitions which occur near 19 and 30°C., while the latter may be associated with a relaxation process near 400°K. The anomaly in the conductivity which occurs near 20°C. is affected by annealing or radiation treatments, and is correlated with crystallinity and specific volume changes previously reported. The overall conductivity level is observed to decrease for annealed, quenched, or irradiated samples. From estimates of crystallinity, it is noted that the thermal conductivity is not a simple function of per cent crystallinity in these cases.
Macro- and microvascular function in habitually exercising systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Objectives: Vascular dysfunction is commonly observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and may explain the accelerated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is unknown whether physical activity influences vascular function in SLE patients. We aimed to determine whether habitually exercising SLE patients also demonstrate a reduction in vascular function.Method: This study involved 41 young and middle-aged adults, including 15 healthy controls, 12 sedentary SLE patients, and 14 physically active SLE patients.Results: Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of macrovascular function, was lower (3.6 ± 1.3 vs. 8.1 ± 1.2%; p < 0.05) and inflammatory markers [C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-12, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α] were higher in sedentary SLE patients than in age-matched healthy controls (p < 0.05). Importantly, FMD and inflammatory markers were not different between physically active SLE patients and healthy controls. There were no group differences in skin reactive hype...
Child Labor in the World Polity: Decline and Persistence, 1980–2000

From 1980 to 2000, child labor rates across the world fell by more than a quarter. Much of the explanation for this decrease resides in development processes broadly associated with the demographic transition. Net of these internal dynamics, however, globalization may also have played a role. Previous studies have examined the effect of trade and investment flows on child labor rates. However, the impact of cultural models spread by world polity institutions has yet to be examined. In this study, I argue that international organizations have confronted child labor practices, diffusing a "labor-to-schooling" model of child development. Analyzing an unbalanced dataset with 428 observations from 116 states across four waves during the 1980-2000 period, I assess the impact of economic and cultural globalization on a state's child labor rate using random effects tobit models. Net of a country's development experience, I find that foreign investment exerts a small, positive effect on child labor, while international organizations exert a larger negative effect. These results are robust to a number of specifications, including first-difference models that restrict attention to longitudinal variation.
Recursive estimation of generative models of video

In this paper we present a generative model and learning procedure for unsupervised video clustering into scenes. The work addresses two important problems: realistic modeling of the sources of variability in the video and fast transformation invariant frame clustering. We suggest a solution to the problem of computationally intensive learning in this model by combining the recursive model estimation, fast inference, and on-line learning. Thus, we achieve real time frame clustering performance. Novel aspects of this method include an algorithm for the clustering of Gaussian mixtures, and the fast computation of the KL divergence between two mixtures of Gaussians. The efficiency and the performance of clustering and KL approximation methods are demonstrated. We also present novel video browsing tool based on the visualization of the variables in the generative model.
Dietary Protein and Sugar Differentially Affect Development and Metabolic Pools in Ecologically Diverse Drosophila

We examined the effects of 3 diets differing in their relative levels of sugar and protein on development and metabolic pools (protein, TG, and glycogen) among sets of isofemale lines of 2 ecologically distinctDrosophilaspecies,D. melanogasterandD. mojavensis. Our high protein:sugar ratio diet contained 7.1% protein and 17.9% carbohydrate, the EPS diet was 4.3% protein and 21.2% carbohydrate, and the LPS was only 2.5% protein and 24.6% carbohydrate. Larvae ofD. melanogaster, a generalist fruit breeder, were able to survive on all 3 diets, although all 3 metabolic pools responded with significant diet and diet3line interactions. Development was delayed by the diet with the most sugar relative to protein. The other species,D. mojavensis, a cactus breeder ecologically unaccustomed to encountering simple sugars, completely failed to survive when fed the diet with the highest sugar and showed very poor survival even with the diet with equal parts of protein and sugar. Furthermore, theD. mojavensisadult metabolic pools of protein, TG, and glycogen significantly differed from those ofD. melanogasteradults fed the identical diet. Thus, considerable within- and betweenspecies differences exist in how diets are metabolized. Given that the genomes of both of theseDrosophilaspecies have been sequenced, these differences and their genetic underpinnings hold promise for understanding human responses to nutrition and for developing strategies for dealing with metabolic disease. J. Nutr. 141: 1127‐1133, 2011.
Simulation of surface heating effects and effective permeabilities using a Jiles-Atherton model

The hysteretic, nonlinear character of ferromagnetic steels, coupled with pronounced stress and temperature sensitivities, make detailed magnetoelastic sensor design and calibration very difficult at present, particularly under possible high repetition rates during disaster scenarios, and in large cables (/spl delta//R<1,Bi<0.1, where /spl delta/ is the magnetic skin depth and Bi is the thermal Biot number) with inhomogeneous stress and thermal fields. The desire also exists to associate bulk magnetic material parameters with microstructural features to enable generally useful correlations to be developed. The Jiles-Atherton class of thermodynamic models potentially fit these requirements, and we explore their use for investigating field thermomagnetic effects in A36/1018 steels. Model development is supported by microstructural characterization of the anhysteretic via magnetic force microscopy and tunneling electron microscope imaging.
Perceptions of Employee Volunteering: Is It “Credited” or “Stigmatized” by Colleagues?

As research begins to accumulate on employee volunteering, it appears that this behavior is largely beneficial to employee performance and commitment. It is less clear, however, how employee volunt...
Maloperation prevention study of zero sequence direction protection to broken-line faults of parallel circuits on same tower

A maloperation prevention method of zero sequence direction longitudinal protection was presented in this paper directing at broken-line faults of double-circuit transmission lines on a same tower. Firstly, the maloperation reasons were analyzed in detail. Then, the zero sequence direction amplitude-comparison criterion and the negative sequence direction amplitude-comparison criterion were constructed. The zero sequence criterion is used to detect earth faults sensitively and the negative sequence criterion is used to avoid maloperation of zero sequence criterion resulting from electrical and magnetic coupling during broken-line period. Meanwhile, the zero sequence current threshold and negative sequence current and voltage threshold were set for insuring the reliability of the whole protection scheme. The interior fault logic is that the zero sequence direction criterions of the two sides of lines both reveal forward direction. If that occurs, the zero sequence longitudinal protection acts and the fault line is removed. Otherwise, the protection will not act. Finally, the simulation results demonstrated the availability of the presented protection method.
Productivity scheduling method with maximum constraints

This research investigates maximum constraints for linear scheduling via a mathematical model. Maximum constraints are improperly ignored by most current scheduling techniques, especially for linear schedules. However, they can have substantial practical relevance, e.g. to express safety constraints. Therefore the goal is to renew awareness of this type and enable its application to linear schedules with activities of constant productivity. The methodology includes a literature review, followed by an algorithm that relies upon singularity functions. Its first two steps refer to the existing Productivity Scheduling Method, which is extended with mathematical steps to handle maximum constraints correctly. For validation the new algorithm is applied to a schedule example with different scenarios and its peculiarities are discussed. Being able to incorporate maximum constraints will provide project managers with more realistic schedules.
Powerlessness and the amplification of threat: Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and mistrust

A theory of trust is developed and tested. The theory posits that mistrust develops in neighborhoods where resources are scarce and threat is common, and among individuals with few resources and who feel powerless to avoid or manage the threat. Perceived neighborhood disorder, common in disadvantaged neighborhoods where disadvantaged individuals live, influences mistrust directly and indirectly by increasing residents'perceptions of powerlessness which in turn amplify disorder's effect on mistrust. The hypotheses are examined using the Community, Crime, and Health data, a 1995 survey of a representative sample of 2,482 Illinois residents with linked data on neighborhoods. Net of individual disadvantage, residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods have low levels of trust as a result of high levels of disorder in their neighborhoods: People who report living in neighborhoods with high levels of crime, vandalism, graffiti, danger, noise, and drugs are more mistrusting. The sense of powerlessness, which is common in such neighborhoods, amplifies the effect of neighborhood disorder on mistrust
Depletion of Femur Bone Mineral at the Onset of Egg Production in S.C.W. Leghorn Pullets

Abstract INTRODUCTION AT the onset of oviparous reproductive activity, marked changes occur in calcium metabolism by the female. One of these changes was first observed in the pigeon, in which the level of blood calcium doubled when the non-reproductive female entered her reproductive cycle. A subsequent change was the ossification of the femur marrow cavity, which was observed to be cyclic and coincident with the development of the ovarian follicle. These changes are now accepted by most as necessary concomitants for successful oviparous reproduction. According to Simkiss (1961), the deposition of medullary bone starts about two weeks prior to the onset of egg production and corresponds with the time when the bird starts to secrete increased amounts of sex hormones. Production of the first few eggs is usually accompanied by a negative calcium balance, (Morgan and Mitchell, 1938), regardless of the dietary calcium level (Hurwitz and Griminger, 1960). Taylor and Morris…
Is Silicon Photonics a Competitive Technology to Enable Better and Highly Performing Networks

This chapter focuses on the fundamental and high-speed characteristics of small-footprint integrated optical modulators designed and fabricated on the basis of the silicon-photonic platform to assess their key performance factors in applications related to high-capacity energy-efficient optical networks transmitting data in various modulation formats. The design and characteristics of high-speed silicon rib-waveguide phase shifters, which are most essential in the high-speed optical modulators, are described. A low-loss quasi-single-mode silicon rib-waveguide phase shifter with reduced RC delay is highlighted along with its design features and fundamental performances in terms of optical loss and on/off dynamic response. Free-carrier plasma dispersion is reviewed as a physical process for performing optical modulation, which allows a reduction in thermal drift and frequency chirping. The plasma dispersion has a unique property in that signal distortion due to residual intensity modulation cancels with the nonlinear voltage dependence of the optical phase, thereby being useful for zero-chirp optical modulators to eliminate transmission impairments. The on-off keying performance of a silicon optical modulator using a single Mach–Zehnder interferometer waveguide is described in the first example of optical network applications with emphasis on a 10-Gb/s dispersion tolerance comparable to that of a commercial lithium niobate modulator. The advantage of silicon-photonic integration is remarkable, in particular, for the ultrasmall-footprint silicon optical modulator consisting of a pair of IQ nested Mach–Zehnder interferometers for two orthogonal polarization components and a polarization multiplexer monolithically integrated on a silicon chip. Such a chip is presented with respect to applications in digital coherent communication in optical-fiber links up to 1000 km long at a bit rate as high as 128 Gb/s.
Operation Model,Present Situation and Suggestions of Joint Management Cooperation of Pasture and Livestock

Based on survey of grassland animal husbandry in Changjihui autonomous prefecture,the joint management cooperation of pasture and livestock was analyzed and the cooperation's operation model,significance and deficiencies were elaborated.Then some ideas and suggestions were put forward to afford some references for farmers and herdsmen when they chose a reasonable management entity.
Do financial blogs serve an infomediary role in capital markets

Purpose – Financial blogs provide an online platform whereby retail investors effortlessly gain access to an abundant array of investment guidance. Prior studies find that the market reacts to financial blogs and similar online venues but results are inconsistent and financial blogs, a growing area in new media and distinct from other online venues, have received little attention. The purpose of this paper is to examine the particular conditions in which financial blogs serve an infomediary role in capital markets; when information asymmetry is high, earnings quality is low, and during economic uncertainty. These are conditions in which retail investors may seek easily accessible advice for their investment decisions. Design/methodology/approach – Abnormal returns for firms mentioned in blog posts on the SeekingAlpha.com financial blog are examined using a multivariate regression to determine whether or not the market reaction associated with these posts is related to information asymmetry, earnings quali...
Effects of Breed Type and Restricted versus Ad Libitum Feeding on Fatty Acid Composition and Cholesterol Content of Muscle and Adipose Tissue from Mature Bovine Females

Fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of muscle and adipose tissue from mature cows (N = 101) representing 15 breeds and crosses were determined. An initial group of cows was slaughtered after being fed slightly above the maintenance level for 2 wk; the remaining cows were fed either at the maintenance level or ad libitum for 84 d, then slaughtered. Samples of triceps brachii and longissimus muscle and subcutaneous and perinephric adipose tissue were obtained from each carcass. In addition, phospholipid and triacylglycerol fatty acids from total lipid extracts of triceps brachii muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were analyzed for 24 cows that were fed ad libitum or at the maintenance level for 84 d. Breed type effects on fatty acid composition were more pronounced in adipose tissue than in muscle tissue. Total lipid extracts of both triceps brachii and longissimus muscle from animals fed a maintenance diet for 84 d contained higher (P less than .01) percentages (3 to 8%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower percentages (2 to 3%) of saturated fatty acids (SFA) than those from animals fed ad libitum for 84 d. This reflected significant variation in the fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, C18:2, C18:3 and C20:4 for both longissimus and triceps brachii muscle. Fatty acid composition within phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions was similar regardless of maintenance or ad libitum feeding. Much of the variation in total lipid fatty acid composition appeared to be the result of differences in triacylglycerol:phospholipid ratios. Adipose tissue contained about twice as much cholesterol (mg/100 g wet weight) as muscle tissue. Both breed type and feeding group effects on cholesterol content of muscle tissue were nonsignificant. Values for cholesterol content of adipose tissue from cows fed restricted diets were higher than those from cows fed ad libitum (approximately 55 mg/100 g higher for subcutaneous and 25 mg/100 g for perinephric). The results show that changes in fatty acid composition of bovine tissues can be made genetically and by varying the energy level in the diet. Alteration of the cholesterol content of muscle tissue by these methods does not appear to be feasible.
Value of Percutaneous Core Needle Biopsy in the Differential Diagnosis of Renal Transplant Dysfunction

Abstract The value of percutaneous core needle biopsy in the differentiation of rejection from other causes of renal allograft dysfunction, and its subsequent effect on patient management were assessed in 64 consecutive biopsies performed on 34 patients in whom the clinical diagnosis was uncertain. A complete clinical, biochemical and radiographic assessment was made in each patient before biopsy. Only 1 biopsy (1.6 per cent) yielded tissue inadequate for evaluation, while another biopsy caused a renal artery pseudoaneurysm that ruptured and resulted in graft loss. In 27 of these 64 biopsies (42 per cent) the results differed from the pre-biopsy diagnosis and directly affected patient management, particularly the use of steroids. The remaining biopsy specimens were helpful to confirm uncertain clinical impressions, and allowed accurate counseling for patients and family. Biopsies were of special usefulness in separating acute rejection from complications, such as acute tubular necrosis, cytomegalovirus infections, recurrence of original disease, cyclosporin toxicity and acute superim- posed-upon chronic rejection. Of 64 biopsies 22 (34.3 per cent) demonstrated the absence of rejection and 8 demonstrated chronic rejection (12.5 per cent), thereby averting the use of steroids in 46.8 per cent of the patients. All patients with evidence of severe small vessel disease and/or antibody- mediated rejection eventually lost the grafts, including 2 with cytomegalovirus glomerulopathy who also suffered such vascular changes. These data highlight the extreme usefulness of needle biopsy in the evaluation and management of renal allograft dysfunction.
A challenge-based laboratory to explore drug delivery from swellable matrices

Abstract This paper describes an experiment that introduces students to drug delivery from swellable matrices (tablets). Students produce hydrophilic polymeric tablets loaded with drug and measure the rate of release from the tablets for systems having different drug loading, polymer composition and polymer molecular weight. Transient concentration data are obtained from drug release studies and analyzed to characterize the release profile and to determine the predominant rate controlling mechanism. The purpose of the experiment is to provide engineering students with basic skills relevant to drug delivery while simultaneously introducing or reinforcing science principles; applications of science, math and engineering; the science and art of design, and data analysis. Students showed significant pre-post gains in several areas, and the gains for each objective between the pre- and post-test ranged from 48% to 60%. The average normalized gain between pre-test and post-test was 65%.
Research Report: Mitigating LangSec Problems with Capabilities

Security and privacy of computation, and the related concept of (deliberate) sharing, have, historically, largely been afterthoughts. In a traditional multi-user, multi-application web hosting environment, typically applications are public by default. Applications wishing to offer a notion of private resources must take it upon themselves to independently manage authentication and authorization of users, leading to difficult and disjointed notions of access and sharing. In such a context, LangSec-based vulnerabilities threaten catastrophic loss of privacy for all users of the system, likely even of non-vulnerable applications. This is a tragic state of affairs, but is thankfully not inevitable! We present the Sandstorm system, a capability-based, private-bydefault, tightly-sandboxing, proactively secure environment for running web applications, complete with a single, pervasive sharing mechanism. Sandstorm, and capability systems, are likely of interest to the LangSec community: LangSec bugs are mitigated through the robust isolation imposed by the Sandstorm supervisor, and the mechanism of capability systems offers the potential to turn difficult authorization decisions into LangSec's bread and butter, namely syntactic constraints on requests: every well-formed request which can be stated is authorized. We present aspects of the Sandstorm system and show how those aspects have, by building systematic protection into several levels of the system, dramatically reduced the severity of LangSec bugs in hosted applications. To study the range of impact, we will characterize addressed vulnerabilities using MITRE's Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) scheme.
Sonographic Diagnosis of Perihepatic Abscess From Dropped Appendicolith

Appendicitis is a common pathology most often caused by an appendicolith. Laparoscopic appendectomy has become the standard operative approach, but it has a higher risk of retained appendicoliths t...
Recognizing healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in children.

Sir,A recent article in the present journal described clinical and microbiological features of pediatric hospital-acquired (HA) Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infection.[1] Among 150 patients included,...
Type III-L Solar Radio Bursts and Solar Energetic Particle Events

A radio-selected sample of fast drift radio bursts with complex structure occurring after the impulsive phase of the associated flare ("Type III-L bursts") is identified by inspection of radio dynamic spectra from 1 to 180 MHz for over 300 large flares in 2001. An operational definition that takes into account previous work on these radio bursts starting from samples of solar energetic particle (SEP) events is applied to the data, and 66 Type III-L bursts are found in the sample. In order to determine whether the presence of these radio bursts can be used to predict the occurrence of SEP events, we also develop a catalog of all SEP proton events in 2001 using data from the ERNE detector on the SOHO satellite. 68 SEP events are found, for 48 of which we can identify a solar source and hence look for associated Type III-L emission. We confirm previous work that found that most (76% in our sample) of the solar sources of SEP events exhibit radio emission of this type. However, the correlation in the opposite direction is not as strong: starting from a radio-selected sample of Type III-L events, around 64% of the bursts that occur at longitudes magnetically well-connected to the Earth, and hence favorable for detection of SEPs, are associated with SEP events. The degree of association increases when the events have durations over 10 minutes at 1 MHz, but in general Type III-L bursts do not perform any better than Type II bursts in our sample as predictors of SEP events. A comparison of Type III-L timing with the arrival of near-relativistic electrons at the ACE spacecraft is not inconsistent with a common source for the accelerated electrons in both phenomena.