cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of a deep ozone hole on Southern Ocean primary production

[1] Field studies show that photosynthesis by Antarctic phytoplankton is inhibited by the increased ultraviolet radiation (UVR) resulting from springtime stratospheric ozone (O 3 ) depletion. To extend previous observations, a numerical model utilizing satellite-derived distributions of O 3 , clouds, sea ice, surface temperature, and phytoplankton biomass was developed to study the hemispheric-scale seasonal effects of a deep Antarctic O 3 hole on primary production in the Southern Ocean. UVR-induced losses of surface phytoplankton production were substantial under all O 3 conditions, mostly due to UVA. However, when integrated to the 0.1% light depth, the loss of primary production resulting from enhanced fluxes of UVB due to O 3 depletion was <0.25%. The loss of primary production is minimized by the strong attenuation of UVR within the water column and by sea ice which is at its peak extent at the time of the most severe O 3 depletion.
Rat liver asialoglycoprotein receptor lacks a cleavable NH2-terminal signal sequence.

Abstract Two cDNA clones encoding the predominant form of the asialoglycoprotein receptor from rat liver (the major rat hepatic lectin; RHL-1) were identified by screening a rat liver cDNA library with a mixed oligonucleotide probe 35 nucleotides long. One clone was a nearly full-length copy of the mRNA for RHL-1, while the other was shortened at both ends. The sequences of these clones demonstrate that this transmembrane receptor is not synthesized with an NH2-terminal signal sequence. The only proteolytic processing occurring in the biosynthesis of RHL-1 is the removal of the NH2-terminal initiator methionine residue. Insertion of RHL-1 into the membrane is postulated to occur by the recognition of the internal transmembrane region as a signal sequence.
Biochemistry and Cytochemical Localization of Acid Phosphatase in the Phloem of Nicotiana tabacum

A biochemical and cytochemical study has been made of the distribution of β-glycerophosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity in mature and differentiating phloem cells of Nicotiana tabacum L. and the pH dependence and kinetics of β-glycerophosphate hydrolysis of homogenates of fresh leaf midveins and midveins fixed in formaldehyde-gluteraldehyde. β-glycerophosphatase showed two peaks of activity at pH 5.5 and 6.2. Enzyme saturation kinetics were exhibited by both fresh and fixed tissue homogenates. At a substrate concentration of 2 mM, 65% of the enzyme activity survived fixation. Specimens for cytochemical localization were incubated with 2 mM β-glycerophosphate at pH 5.5 and 6.2. Specimens showed consistent patterns of reaction product deposition. Little or no reaction product was deposited in controls incubated without substrate or with substrate plus 0.01 M fluoride. β-glycerophosphatase activity in the phloem and xylem is considerably higher than in surrounding tissue. Dense localization of reaction product was demonstrated on the vacuolar membranes, the inner membranes of mitochondria, and the dictysomes of phloem parenchyma and companion cells. The plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae of these cells were usually free of reaction products. Enzyme activity in mature sieve elements was associated with the parietal and stacked systems of endoplasmic reticulum and with the P-protein. There was inconsistency of staining of P-protein in mature sieve elements although the association of reaction products with the P-protein appeared to show a correlation with maturity and dispersal. The P-protein bodies of differentiating sieve elements showed no reaction product deposition. The distribution of β-glycerophosphatase activity has been compared with that previously recorded for ATPase activity in the phloem of Nicotiana tabacum.
RETINA (RETinally INspired Architecture project)

A new architecture for multilayer parallel processing of focal plane array (FPA) images is presented. The RETinally INspired Architecture (RETINA) is inspired by the multilayer parallel structure of biological vision systems. The hardware implementation of RETINA exploits a waveguide hologram (WGH) array generator in conjunction with an integrated spatial light modulator (SLM) array to provide the connection between layers of processing nodes.
Teaching "Casual" and/or "Impolite" Language through Multimedia: The Case of Non-Honorific Panmal Speech Styles in Korean

This article reports on the design, implementation and evaluation of an activity used to teach non-honorific speech styles through multimedia to a class of intermediate learners at a university in Europe. Although much emphasis has been placed in Korean language learning and teaching on the importance of honorific styles, my article reveals that this at times has come at the expense of ignoring the other side of the coin: non-honorific language. Indeed, Korean language teaching materials delay the teaching of non-honorific language to intermediate level and then only deal with them in a perfunctory way. This is unfortunate as the pragmatics of non-honorific styles can be complex and learners frequently encounter these styles outside of class, even when their Korean level is rudimentary. I argue that this lack of emphasis on non-honorific language is not limited to Korean but represents a common tendency within language pedagogy to avoid language that is considered ‘casual’ or ‘impolite’. With traditional ...
User-driven relational models for entity-relation search and extraction

The ability to extract new knowledge from large datasets is one of the most significant challenges facing society. The problem spans across domains from intelligence analysis and scientific research to basic web search. Current information extraction and retrieval tools either lack the flexibility to adapt to evolving information needs or require users to sift through search results and piece together relevant information. With so much data compounded by the criticality of finding relevant information, new tools and methods are needed to discover and relate relevant pieces of information in ever expanding repositories of data.We posit that user-driven relational models are needed to collectively learn and discover fine-grained entities and relations that are relevant to a user's information need. To meet this need, we present a ranked retrieval and extraction framework for collectively learning and integrating evidence of entities and relational dependencies to predict at query time, a ranking of sentences containing the most relevant entities and relational dependencies. By using a relational model, evidence can be leveraged across entity and relation instances. By performing joint inference at query time, NLP pipeline errors are minimized, and more adaptive and discriminative models that meet the specific knowledge discovery needs of the user can be developed.Our goal is to develop user-driven relational models of entities and their relational dependencies, and a search system based on these models that allow users to search for known entities and relations, discover new relations from known entities, and discover new entities from known relations. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the efficacy and potential of the proposed relational modeling approach.
Numerical Investigation of Laminar Flow in a Helical Pipe Filled With a Fluid Saturated Porous Medium: The Sensitivity of Secondary Flow to Parameter Variations

Laminar flow in a helical pipe filled with a fluid saturated porous medium is investigated numerically. The analysis is based on a full momentum equation for the flow in porous media that accounts for the Brinkman and Forchheimer extensions of the Darcy law as well as for the flow inertia. Accounting for the flow inertia is shown to be important for predicting secondary flow in a helical pipe. The effects of the Darcy number, the Forchheimer coefficient as well as the curvature and torsion of the helical pipe on the axial flow velocity and secondary flow are investigated numerically.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Variations in the magnetic anisotropy properties of epitaxial Cr O 2 films as a function of thickness

The strain resulting from lattice mismatch has a strong influence on the magnetic anisotropy of epitaxial $\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ films grown on (100) $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Thus the magnetic easy axis at room temperature changes orientation with thickness, switching from the in-plane $c$-axis ([001]) direction for films thicker than $250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ to the $b$-axis ([010]) direction for thinner films $(l50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. Similarly, over a thickness range, a change of the easy axis direction is observed with lowering temperature. The easy-axis switching characteristics can be understood by a simple model that invokes the competing influence of magnetocrystalline and strain anisotropies with varying degree of strain relaxation. Interestingly, films of intermediate thicknesses $(50\char21{}250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ exhibit double-switching phenomena, corresponding to the easy axis being oriented both along the $b$ and $c$-axis directions. This unusual switching behavior is considered to result from an inhomogeneous distribution of strain in the films, where a portion of the film remains highly strained while the balance is partially relaxed. With increasing thickness, the switching attributed to the latter increases in magnitude while that from the heavily strained component steadily decreases until it is no longer observable for films thicker than $250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$.
Induction of a secondary embryonic axis in zebrafish occurs following the overexpression of beta-catenin.

Formation of the vertebrate axis may involve a Wnt signaling cascade similar to the Drosophila wingless pathway. Zebrafish wnt8 is a candidate for involvement in axis specification insofar as it is expressed maternally and when overexpressed it can induce goosecoid, a transcription factor normally expressed in the embryonic shield. In this study we demonstrate that β-catenin, a cadherin associated protein in the Wnt pathway, is expressed maternally in zebrafish and is widely distributed in the early embryo. Overexpressing β-catenin in early zebrafish embryos induces goosecoid and ntl, ultimately leading to a duplication of a complete secondary axis. These data are consistent with the involvement of β-catenin in a Wnt signaling pathway which is involved in mesoderm induction in zebrafish.
Hyaluronan as an Immune Regulator in Human Diseases

Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. Hyaluronan binds to a number of cell surface proteins on various cell types. Hyaluronan fragments signal through both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 as well as CD44 to stimulate inflammatory genes in inflammatory cells. Hyaluronan is also present on the cell surface of epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage from the environment by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins regulate inflammation, tissue injury, and repair through regulating inflammatory cell recruitment, release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell migration. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.
Virtualized optical network (VON) for agile cloud computing environment

A virtualized optical network is proposed as a key to implementing increased agility and flexibility into a cloud computing environment by providing any-to-any connectivity with the appropriate optical bandwidth at the appropriate time.
Revised value of the dynamical ellipticity of the Earth

Summary. A new value of the Earth’s dynamical ellipticity H, defined as the ratio of the difference between the Earth’s polar and mean equatorial moments of inertia to its polar moment of inertia, is derived from the most recent, and accurate, values of the Earth’s equinoxial precession, the EarthMoon mass ratio p and other appropriate data, and a re-evaluation of the numerical procedures involved. This value is an order of magnitude more accurate than its previous values and yields an equivalent improvement in accuracy in other geodynamical quantities derived from H. The new value is consistent with the new System of Astronomical Constants and the new Geodetic Reference System 1980 and is suitable for use in the many astronomical, geophysical and geodetic applications of H.
Preoperative evaluation of patients with history of allergy to penicillin: comparison of 2 models of practice.

OBJECTIVE To study whether allergy consultation and penicillin allergy skin testing affects the selection of antibacterial prophylaxis perioperatively in surgical patients with history of allergy to penicillin (HOAP). PATIENTS AND METHODS From January 1 through June 30, 2004, we compared 2 different models of practice at our institution. At the Preoperative Evaluation Clinic (POEC), all patients with HOAP are evaluated by an allergist and undergo skin testing for allergy to penicillin. At other (non-POEC) preoperative evaluation settings (OPES), patients with HOAP do not undergo allergy consultation and penicillin skin testing before surgery. Of the 4889 patients screened at the POEC during the study period, 412 consecutive patients with HOAP were included in the study. Of the 416 patients screened at OPES, 69 consecutive patients with HOAP were studied. Logistic regression was used to assess whether allergy consultation was associated with the choice of antibiotic for antibacterial prophylaxis perioperatively, after adjusting for age, sex, and type of surgery. RESULTS Perioperative cephalosporin use was greater among patients screened at POEC vs those screened at OPES (70% vs 39%, P P =.04 adjusted for age, sex, and type of surgery). Vancomycin use was lower for patients screened at POEC vs those screened at OPES (10% vs 28%, P P =.03 adjusted). CONCLUSION For patients with HOAP, evaluation at the POEC was associated with increased use of cephalosporin and decreased use of vancomycin.
How large is the optic disc? Systematic errors in fundus cameras and topographers

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether or not there are systematic differences in the areas of optic discs as measured by different machines using different measurement algorithms and whether racial or gender differences exist in optic disc area measurements. Methods: We examined the results of twenty-three published studies on the size of normal optic discs of various patient populations. Studies differed in the type of instrument and method used to measure optic disc area, and the number, age, race and gender of subjects examined. Noticing that different machines exhibited statistically significant systematic differences in optic disc sizes of comparable populations, we computed a “normalization” factor for each machine based on these mean differences. Applying this normalization factor to the results, we then re-examined the differences between racial and gender groups. Results: By comparing the results of mean optic disc areas of different racial groups made with different machines, and normalizing results according to those of the Zeiss fundus camera, we found the normalization factors for the following machines to be, Zeiss fundus camera: 1 (by definition), Rodenstock Optic Disc Analyzer (RODA): 1.51, Topcon fundus camera: 1.04, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT): 1.15 and TopSS scanning laser ophthalmoscope: 1.29. That is, to bring the results of area measurements made with a RODA machine in line with those made with a Zeiss fundus camera, one should multiply the former by the factor 1.51. Using the normalized results, we confirmed the findings of previous authors that the optic disc areas of black subjects were statistically significantly larger than those of white subjects (n- weighted mean effect =0.556±0.142 S.E. , n=5). Further, the meta-analysis of various racial populations from five studies shows that males have significantly larger discs than females (n-weighted mean effect=0.151±.055 S.E., n=9). Conclusion: Different machines and techniques give different results when populations of similar racial composition are measured. We recommend applying the above normalizing factors when comparing studies that employ different instruments.
Off-line monitoring of OSNR/CD/PMD degradation effects using neural-network-based training sequences

A technique using artificial neural networks to simultaneously identify OSNR, CD, and PMD from eye-diagram parameters is demonstrated both via simulation and experimentally in 40 Gb/s OOK and DPSK systems. A correlation coefficient of 0.99 is obtained for the testing data of both systems.
A variational inequality formulation for inferring dynamic origin-destination travel demands

Abstract In this paper, we develop a relaxation strategy to the dynamic O–D estimation problem (DODE) problem. Cast as a variational inequality (VI), the DODE problem endogenizes the determination of the dynamic path-link incidence relationship (i.e., the dynamic assignment matrix) and takes users’ response to traffic congestion into account. In our formulation, traffic dynamics on road links can be modeled by the Lighthill, Whitham and Richards theory, a delay-function model, or a point-queue model, coupled with CTM-like flow distribution models at nodes. Which model to use depends, of course, on specific modeling situations. Different from numerous previous studies, our formulation avoids the bi-level structure that poses analytical and numerical difficulties. This is achieved by balancing the path cost and the path deviation (the latter measures the difference between estimated and measured traffic conditions), weighed by a dispersion parameter which determines the extent to which users’ behavior is respected. We prove the equivalence between the VI problem and the derived dynamic DODE optimality conditions, and establish the conditions under which a solution to the VI problem exists. A column generation algorithm is proposed to solve the VI problem. Numerical results based on synthetic data are also presented.
Chatanika observations of the latitudinal structure of electric fields and particle precipitation on November 21, 1975

By using a new multiposition experimental procedure the incoherent scatter radar facility of Chatanika, Alaska, has been used to obtain detailed latitudinal structure of ion velocities and electric fields in the afternoon and midnight sectors during a period of moderate magnetic disturbance. In particular, the latitudinal and local time structure of the Harang discontinuity has been investigated. In agreement with other observations it is found that the convection flow direction changes from westward through south to eastward over a fairly wide local time range (1-2 hours), the highest latitudes displaying the widest region. The Harang discontinuity encounter is accompanied by an abrupt increase in electron precipitation, the most intense part being located slightly east of the center of the discontinuity. It is suggested that this injection is due to processes closely connected with the discontinuity region itself, rather than to a substorm-related energization.
Pore pressure development and progressive dewatering in underthrust sediments at the Costa Rican subduction margin: Comparison with northern Barbados and Nankai

[1] At subduction zones, pore pressure affects fault strength, deformation style, structural development, and potentially the updip limit of seismogenic faulting behavior through its control on effective stress and consolidation state. Despite its importance for a wide range of subduction zone processes, few detailed measurements or estimates of pore pressure at subduction zones exist. In this paper, I combine logging-while-drilling (LWD) data, downhole physical properties data, and laboratory consolidation tests from the Costa Rican, Nankai, and Barbados subduction zones, to document the development and downsection variability of effective stress and pore pressure within underthrust sediments as they are progressively loaded by subduction. At Costa Rica, my results suggest that the lower portion of the underthrust section remains nearly undrained, whereas the upper portion is partially drained. An inferred minimum in effective stress developed within the section ∼1.5 km landward of the trench is consistent with core and seismic observations of faulting, and illustrates the important effects of heterogeneous drainage on structural development. Inferred pore pressures at the Nankai and northern Barbados subduction zones indicate nearly undrained conditions throughout the studied intervals, and are consistent with existing direct measurements and consolidation test results. Slower dewatering at Nankai and Barbados than at Costa Rica can be attributed to higher permeability and larger compressibility of near-surface sediments underthrust at Costa Rica. Results for the three margins indicate that the pore pressure ratio (λ) in poorly drained underthrust sediments should increase systematically with distance landward of the trench, and may vary with depth.
Polycomb recruitment attenuates retinoic acid–induced transcription of the bivalent NR2F1 gene

Polycomb proteins play key roles in mediating epigenetic modifications that occur during cell differentiation. The Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) mediates the tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3). In this study, we identify a distinguishing feature of two classes of PRC2 target genes, represented by the Nr2F1 (Coup-TF1) and the Hoxa5 gene, respectively. Both genes are transcriptionally activated by all-trans retinoic acid (RA) and display increased levels of the permissive H3K9/K14ac and tri-methylated histone H3 lysine 4 epigenetic marks in response to RA. However, while in response to RA the PRC2 and H3K27me3 marks are greatly decreased at the Hoxa5 promoter, these marks are initially increased at the Nr2F1 promoter. Functional depletion of the essential PRC2 protein Suz12 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) technology enhanced the RA-associated transcription of Nr2F1, Nr2F2, Meis1, Sox9 and BMP2, but had no effect on the Hoxa5, Hoxa1, Cyp26a1, Cyp26b1 and RARβ2 transcript levels in wild-type embryonic stem cells. We propose that PRC2 recruitment attenuates the RA-associated transcriptional activation of a subset of genes. Such a mechanism would permit the fine-tuning of transcriptional networks during differentiation.
Vertical glider robots for subsea equipment delivery

We have developed an underwater vehicle that offers significant performance improvements over existing subsea elevators. Our Vertical Glider Robot falls under its own weight to a precise location on the seafloor, employing streamlining, active steering, and basic navigation instrumentation. We examine typical at-sea mission requirements, mention several key governing parameters, and outline our design approach. We then describe a prototype device, and present results from model-scale experiments.
SOYBEAN EXTRUDED PRODUCT: A RESPONSE SURFACE ANALYSIS

Response Surface Analysis (RSA) was used to study the effect of three variables, process temperature (120, 145 and 170°C), feed moisture content (20, 30 and 40%) and screw speed (800, 900 and 1000 rpm) on extrudate characteristics. Unheated soybean flakes extruded under different conditions were subjected to Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS), water absorption (WA) measurements and residual trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) assays. Low feed moisture contents induced higher internal heat production causing residual TIA in the product to be lower than expected, WA to increase and WBS to be independent of process temperature (at constant screw speed of 900 rpm). Variation of screw speed permitted the attainment of desired values of product characteristics when moisture and temperature had to be fixed.
Needed—Three wise men

For years Hydrology enjoyed the position of being the largest Section in the American Geophysical Union, and we contributed something like 40 % of the scientific papers in the Transactions. It was a rather comfortable arrangement, because we were numerically dominant in a prestige organization. Starting in January of 1959 something strange started to happen. Our familiar gray publication got a new name and a yellow cover, and there were some articles about outer space. This was not objectionable, because outer space had become a very popular subject in the World, and we took a certain amount of pride in being associated with it. As the months went by it became a bit troublesome, because the publication became larger with almost each monthly issue, and it was becoming difficult to find items about hydrology. Some complaints came along later in the year, and these gave rise to a letter from the President of the Section. We were still getting as many papers dealing with hydrology as ever, he said, it was just that there was more of this new material.
Organic pollutants in the coastal environment off San Diego, California. 1. Source identification and assessment by compositional indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Samples collected in January and June 1994 from the Point Loma Wastewater Treatment Plant (PLWTP) effluent, Tijuana River runoff, and microlayer, sediment trap, and surface sediment at several locations adjacent to the PLWTP outfall, mouth of the Tijuana River, and San Diego Bay were analyzed in an attempt to identify and assess the sources of hydrocarbon inputs into the coastal marine environment off San Diego. Several compositional indices of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), for example, alkyl homologue distributions, parent compound distributions, and other individual PAH ratios, were used to identify the sources of PAHs. Partially due to the decline of PAH emission from the PLWTP outfall, PAHs found in the sea surface microlayer, sediments, and water column particulates near the PLWTP outfall were predominantly derived from nonpoint sources. The sea microlayer near the mouth of the Tijuana River appeared to accumulate enhanced amounts of PAHs and total organic carbon and total nitrogen, probably discharged from the river, although they were in extremely low abundance in the sediments at the same location. Surprisingly, PAHs detected in the microlayer and sediments in San Diego Bay were mainly derived from combustion sources rather than oil spills, despite the heavy shipping activities in the area.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation and Somatostatin Inhibition of Growth Hormone Secretion from Perfused Rat Adenohypophyses*

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) resulted in a 15–20-min pulse of growth hormone (GH) secretion from perfused rat hemipituitaries. Small but significant effects were seen with 0.1 ng/ml TRH, and growth hormone secretion was increased 104% with TRH in a concentration of 100 ng/ml. Pretreatment with T3 in vivo or in vitro resulted in only slight suppression of the GH response to TRH. Theophylline (5.5 ITIM) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1 mM) both released GH, while 1 mM dibutyryl cyclic GMP had no effect on the secretion of GH. Basal GH secretion was inhibited by somatostatin, 100 ng/ml, and was followed by a rapid overshoot in GH release when somatostatin was discontinued; this “off signal” suggests the accumulation of a secretory stimulant during somatostatin administration. Somatostatin likewise inhibited GH secretion provoked by TRH or theophyllin. (Endocrinology 94: 1709, 1974)
Organizational culture and climate for promoting innovativeness.

Objective The aim of this study is to explore the experiences of nurse leaders and nurses in a hospital whose patient care mission was stated as innovation. Background Nurses are critically positioned to provide creative and innovative solutions that make a difference in the lives of patients, organizations, communities, and the profession. Methods This 2-phase qualitative study used a content analysis and thematic analysis approach to describe experiences and to generate a beginning conceptual framework of the experience. Results Results from phase 1 and phase 2 of this study demonstrate that innovativeness in nursing is a multifaceted phenomenon consisting of workplace antecedents followed by a social process. Conclusions Nursing innovation requires organizational commitment to allow employees to inquire and question organizational practices and issues on behalf of the mission, patient care, and nursing practice.
INTRODUCTION: Third Association of Internet Researchers special issue of Information, Communication & Society

This issue is the fourth collaboration between the Association of Internet Researchers (‘AoIR’) and the journal Information, Communication & Society. As in the first three AoIR/ICS special issues, ...
Seismic Performance Variability of Wood-Frame Shear Walls Designed in Accordance to the National Design Specification (NDS)

Due to the inherent variation of wood as a biological building material, the seismic performance of nominally identical wood buildings can be highly variable. In light-frame wood construction, the performance of the structure under lateral loads depends on the performance of the wood shear walls which are part of the main lateral force resisting system. In this study, the seismic performance of typical wood shear wall configurations such as fully sheathed shear walls and walls with garage and pedestrian door openings are investigated. The variability in the wood shear wall strength arises from the inherent uncertainty in the connectors and framing materials, and also the input ground motions. The far-field ground motion ensemble developed as part of the ATC-63 project is used in nonlinear time history analyses to capture the ground motion uncertainty. In addition, the drift performances of the NDS-compliance shear walls considering the performance levels prescribed in ASCE-41 for immediate occupancy (1% drift), Life safety (2% drift) and collapse prevention (3% drift) are discussed.
Emotions and Practical Reasoning: Implications for Business Ethics

Although the emotions or passions are said often to be in conflict with reason, this view underestimates the importance of the emotions in life and, indeed, their relevance to the proper functioning of practical reason.2 It is this latter point I wish to develop in the first section of this paper. In the second section, I argue that the relation between emotion and practical reasoning developed in section one suggests that a characteror virtue-based ethics should be seriously considered by business ethicists; I discuss Aristotelian moral virtue and practical wisdom.3 The relevance of this paper to discussions of contemporary business ethics should be clarified before I continue. There is a consensus, at least among philosophers who do business ethics, that some knowledge of ethical theory is necessary in order to deal intelligently with moral problems in corporate business. Contemporary moral theorists who write on business ethics often rely upon a division of normative ethics into teleological and deontological.4 Both of these theories attempt to answer the question: What ought I to do? There fore, their object is actions rather than agents. The most common teleological theory in morals is utilitarianism; utilitarian moral theory
Effects of Dexamethasone Concentration and Timing of Exposure on Chondrogenesis of Equine Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

ObjectiveDexamethasone is known to support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis, although the effects of dose and timing of exposure are not well understood. The objective of this study was t...
Statistical treatment of IEEE spreadsheet model for VCSEL-multimode fiber transmissions

A statistical treatment is applied to IEEE spreadsheet link model for VCSEL and multimode fiber transmission. The results reveal longer system reach capability compared to using ‘worst’ case parameters for the majority of cases.
Wavelength and Polarization Affect Phototaxis of the Asian Citrus Psyllid.

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a primary pest of citrus due to its status as a vector of the citrus disease, huanglongbing. We evaluated the effects of light of specific wavelength and polarization on phototactic behavior of D. citri using a horizontal bioassay arena. Wavelength-associated positive phototaxis was associated with short wavelength UV (350–405 nm) targets whereas little or no responses were seen in longer wavelength targets in the visible spectrum from green to orange (500–620 nm). Distance walked towards the visual target was greater for UV/blue wavelengths (350–430 nm) than for longer wavelengths. Distances walked towards 365 nm light were greater than to white light, and distances travelled to green, yellow and orange light were similar to those in darkness. A reduced light intensity decreased responses to white and UV (365 nm) light. Polarized light was discriminated and D. citri travelled greater distance in response to white vertically polarized light than to horizontally polarized or unpolarized light of equal intensity. Responses to polarized 405 nm light were greater than to unpolarized light, although without an effect of polarization plane. For 500 nm light, there was no difference between responses to polarized or unpolarized light. There was no effect of age on responses to 405 nm light although 1 day old psyllids travelled faster in the presence of 500 nm green compared to 4–7 day old psyllids. Movement in response to UV and relative stasis in response to longer wavelength light is consistent with observed behaviors of settling on foliage for feeding and dispersing out of the canopy when flush needed for reproduction is scarce.
Editorial Comments — 3

The following chapters from the third session of the conference fit in well with the main problems discussed at the conference and relate nicely to other chapters. Two principal chapters consider the international debt issue, which never really got resolved in an entire decade — called the lost decade of the 1980s, as far as many developing countries were concerned. Two principal areas of debt trouble were Latin America and Asia. Akihiro Amano focused on Latin American debt, while Solita Collas-Monsod dealt mainly with the case of the Philippines — in Asia.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus with 13 years of follow-up-A case report and review of literature.

Although extremely rare, sarcomas including malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of sino-nasal tract lesions. Long-term cure is possible through definitive operative management followed by adjuvant therapy.
Cervical Cancer Incidence Rates in Texas Counties 1995â€“2015

As of 2014, Texas has the 6th highest incidence rate and the 5th highest mortality rate of cervical cancer in the nation. In addition, Texas ranks 3rd to last in the United States in human papilloma (HPV) vaccinations, which helps prevent one of the leading causes of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer incidence rates in Texas remain high, despite it becoming one the most successfully preventable treatable cancers in the United States due to a combination of screenings and HPV vaccinations. Furthermore, spatial distribution of cervical cancer is unknown among Texas counties. This study will follow the political ecology model to elaborate on the political, historical, social, and economic factors that may explain why HPV vaccinations are low and the incidence rate remains high despite the interventions available to people in Texas. This study will examine the geography of cervical cancer in Texas counties from 1995 - 2015 as well as its relationship with religious adherence, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and uninsured rates. I will use a bivariate correlation to relate these factors with cancer incidence rates and ArcMap to create maps to illustrate the spatial distribution of these diseases. The data will be obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry, Texas County Health Rankings 2018, and the Association of Religion Data (CDC) Archives (ARDA). I expect that cervical cancer rates will decline after the introduction of the HPV vaccine in 2007, but areas with higher religious adherence will have higher rates of cervical cancer. In addition, I expect that uninsured rates, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors could possibly impact cervical cancer incidence rates.
Diet Indices Reflecting Changes to Dietary Guidelines for Americans from 1990 to 2015 Are More Strongly Associated with Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Than the 1990 Diet Index.

Background The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) provide dietary recommendations for the general population with the intent of preventing chronic disease such as cardiovascular disease. An evaluation of whether updated versions of the DGAs accomplish this goal is lacking. Objective The objective of this project was to determine whether updates to DGAs over time, reflected in subsequent versions of diet quality indices, strengthened the associations between diet quality and risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes. Methods Dietary data collected using an FFQ in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort were used to assess adherence to sequential versions of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) (1990, 2005, 2010, and 2015) and Alternative HEI (2000 and 2010) (n = 3267). We conducted prospective analyses using Cox regression to estimate the associations between diet indices and incident cardiovascular disease outcomes. Results Among the 3267 study participants, 54% were female, mean age was 55 y, and BMI was 27 kg/m2. There were a total of 544 events for the composite outcome of cardiovascular diseases (324 coronary artery disease events, 153 stroke events, and 187 heart failure events). Adherence to any dietary index was inversely associated with risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease, and heart failure, but not stroke. Compared with HEI-1990, scores for the more recent diet indices were more strongly associated with coronary artery disease risk, but not cardiovascular disease, heart failure, or stroke. Conclusions More recent iterations of diet indices, reflecting updates to the DGAs over time, are more strongly associated with risk of incident coronary artery disease than the original diet index (HEI-1990).
Consuming a ketogenic diet leads to altered hypoglycemic counter-regulation in mice.

Abstract Ketogenic diets (KDs) are becoming increasingly popular for the treatment of diabetes, yet they are associated with increased frequency of hypoglycemia. Here we report that mice fed a KD display blunted glucagon release to hypoglycemia and neuroglucopenia, suggesting that consuming a KD may increase the risk for iatrogenic hypoglycemia.
Probing Mid-Infrared Phonon Polaritons in the Aqueous Phase

Phonon polaritons (PhPs) are collective phonon oscillations with hybridized electromagnetic fields, which concentrate mid-infrared optical fields that can match molecular vibrations. The utilizatio...
LC3-dependent extracellular vesicle loading and secretion (LDELS)

Accumulating evidence implicates various autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in cellular secretion. Recently, we identified a new secretory autophagy pathway in which components of LC3 conjugation mac...
Maximum Momentum and Kinetic Energy of a Rocket

A rocket in free space accelerates from rest by continuously expelling fuel; as its speed increases, its mass decreases. At what speed (and remaining mass) does the rocket carry maximum momentum? Maximum kinetic energy? The answers provide insights into the dynamics of variable-mass systems, and have applications to planetary defense that are engaging for students of introductory mechanics.
A Frequency-Based Learning-To-Rank Approach for Personal Digital Traces.

Personal digital traces are constantly produced by connected devices, internet services and interactions. These digital traces are typically small, heterogeneous and stored in various locations in the cloud or on local devices, making it a challenge for users to interact with and search their own data. By adopting a multidimensional data model based on the six natural questions -- what, when, where, who, why and how -- to represent and unify heterogeneous personal digital traces, we can propose a learning-to-rank approach using the state of the art LambdaMART algorithm and frequency-based features that leverage the correlation between content (what), users (who), time (when), location (where) and data source (how) to improve the accuracy of search results. Due to the lack of publicly available personal training data, a combination of known-item query generation techniques and an unsupervised ranking model (field-based BM25) is used to build our own training sets. Experiments performed over a publicly available email collection and a personal digital data trace collection from a real user show that the frequency-based learning approach improves search accuracy when compared with traditional search tools.
The mobile ultrafast high energy laser facility - A new facility for high-intensity atmospheric laser propagation studies

Abstract We present the design, performance, and initial activation of the Mobile Ultrafast High Energy Laser Facility, a 5 TW near-infrared laser source located on a multi-km test range at Kennedy Space Center. The system is compact, readily transportable, and provides a robust, tunable output suitable for long range studies of high intensity laser propagation. The supporting testing infrastructure, which includes stand-alone beam diagnostic stations and atmospheric monitoring capabilities, makes this facility ideal for the development of stand-off high energy ultrafast applications and fundamental studies of atmospheric laser science.
Real-World Comparison of Bezlotoxumab to Standard of Care Therapy for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Patients at High Risk for Recurrence.

BACKGROUND Bezlotoxumab (BEZ) is a monoclonal antibody used to prevent recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). This study investigates BEZ effectiveness in relation to rCDI and patient-specific risk factors in a real-world setting. METHODS A matched, retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2015 to 2019 to compare BEZ to historical standard of care (SoC) therapy with vancomycin or fidaxomicin. The primary outcome was incidence of 90-day rCDI. Secondary outcomes were incidence of all-cause hospital readmission and all-cause mortality at 90 days, infusion-related reactions, and incidence of heart failure exacerbation. Baseline confounding was addressed using inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). RESULTS Overall, 107 participants were included (54 BEZ and 53 SoC). Mean number of prior CDI episodes was 2, median number of risk factors for rCDI was 4, and 28% of participants had severe CDI. Incidence of 90-day rCDI was 11% BEZ vs 43% SoC (P = < .001) and 90-day all-cause readmission was 40% BEZ vs 64% SoC (P = .011). In IPTW-adjusted analyses, BEZ was associated with significantly reduced odds of rCDI (odds ratio [OR], 0.14 [95% confidence interval {CI}: .05-.41]) and all-cause readmission (OR, 0.36 [95% CI: .16-.81]). No safety signals were detected with BEZ use. CONCLUSIONS BEZ is effective for the prevention of rCDI and reduction in all-cause hospital readmission for patients at high risk for recurrence, supporting current guideline recommendations.
Nature, a Love Story: Marie Nimier’s éco-critique in La Plage

Marie Nimier’s recent fiction highlights the importance of natural ecology in the fictional protagonist’s search for self and for reparations with the past. In La Plage (2016), the juxtaposition of...
Destructive goal pursuit : the Mount Everest disaster

Introduction PART I: EVEREST AND DESTRUCTIVE GOAL PURSUIT The 1996 Mt. Everest Climbing Disaster Destructive Goal Pursuit The Problem of Goalodicy The Limits of Leadership The Breakdown of Learning in Teams PART II: OVERCOMING DESTRUCTIVE GOAL PURSUIT Learning Teamwork Ethical Decision-Making PART III: REMEDIES: EVEREST AS A SOURCE OF LEARNING ABOUT LEADERSHIP From Destructive to Productive Pursuit Rethinking the Role of Leader
Applications of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Archaeology

Publisher Summary At present, most studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) rely on the secondary electron image (SEI) and are concerned primarily with the observation of surface topography. This chapter highlights the applications of SEM in archaeology. A wide range of archaeological materials including metals, glass, faience, pottery, stone, soil particles, pigments, bone, teeth, fingernails, skin, hair, eggshell, mollusks, insects and parasites, plant remains, wood, pollen, fibers, and so on, have been examined with secondary electron imaging. Another common use of the SEM is for determining composition, generally using energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX). The advantages of using x-ray microanalysis with a SEM are numerous. It provides a relatively quick and nondestructive means of obtaining qualitative information on the constituents of a material without much specimen preparation. The chapter reviews of the kinds of applications to which SEM has been put in archaeological analysis. For convenience, this has been organized according to the kinds of material studied, though in many cases artifacts are composed of more than one type of material.
Scaling of unitary synaptic strength in the context of network dynamics

A fundamental consideration in understanding neuronal networks is determining what sets the unitary functional strength of a synaptic connection between two cells, and what meta-processes such mechanisms answer to. This question can be asked either mechanistically, by characterizing the molecular processes that regulate the synapse's transmission, or ontologically, by considering the impact of this transmission from the standpoint of neighboring synapses, the postsynaptic cell itself, or the network of neurons in which it is situated. The work presented here practices both approaches, by identifying a new molecular mechanism to which the quantal size of excitatory synapses can be attributed, and then beginning to explore how quanta) size might be influenced by network activity and architecture. Chapter 1 identifies a new molecular control point for specifying the quantal size of excitatory transmission in the mammalian brain, and provides the first known demonstration that such specification can be provided by a presynaptic process. It then details how this mechanism is regulated by network activity. Chapter 2 makes use of a new methodology for designing the physical structure of cultured networks in order to begin to perturb network parameters and explore the role of quantal size in a network context. Applying this methodology I demonstrate that the quantal size of excitatory synapses is scaled by neurons inversely with their number of synaptic connections, and identify a set of mechanisms by which network firing is maintained at a constant level when the number of active synaptic partners is scaled. Chapter 3 demonstrates progress towards a methodology capable of producing and detecting changes in the unitary strength of multiple synapses with respect to one another within a dendritic tree. Future efforts can hopefully make use of similar principles to directly visualize how heterosynaptic processes establish and maintain a contrast in the strengths of unitary synapses to enable representation by synaptically-based memory traces. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)