cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Removal of Indwelling Catheter Following Benign Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: Does Timing Matter?

Study Objective It is standard procedure to place an indwelling catheter during a benign laparoscopic hysterectomy. However, timing of removal after surgery remains controversial due to risk of UTI and recatheterization. This study investigated if the timing of foley removal influenced clinical outcomes and factors influencing timing of removal. Design Retrospective study. Setting Single center hospital. Patients or Participants 281 women that underwent benign laparoscopic hysterectomy in 2018 and did not require bladder suspension and concomitant vaginal surgery. Interventions Foley removal occured either immediately after surgery in the operating room (ICR), or delayed catheter removal (DCR) either in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) – (DCR-PACU) or on post-operative day one (DCR-POD1). Measurements and Main Results There were 108 patients in the ICR group, 22 patients in the DCR-PACU group and 151 patients in the DCR-POD1 group. Baseline characteristics such as BMI, age, indications for hysterectomy, uterine weight, and ASA class were similar. DCR-POD1 group patients had longer operative times compared to ICR and DCR-PACU, 158 vs 120 vs 115 minutes, (p-value Conclusion Although ICR was associated with higher urinary retention rate, this did not appear to be statistically significant when the use of scopolamine patch and case complexity was controlled for. ICR should still be considered so as to maximize the benefits of minimally invasive surgery and increase patient satisfaction.
Gigahertz Large-Area-Electronics RF Switch and its Application to Reconfigurable Antennas

Future IoT and 5G networks place significant new demands on antennas, where unguided EM waves are generated to access densely distributed sensor nodes. Reconfigurable antennas, capable of changing key parameters (directionality, frequency response, polarization), are starting to play a critical role, but are limited by the assembly of discrete RF components across the large antenna apertures typically desired. This work presents the design, and use in a reconfigurable antenna, of RF switches for 2.4 GHz-band wireless applications, based on large-area-electronics (LAE) zinc-oxide (ZnO) thin-film transistors (TFTs). ZnO TFTs can be fabricated monolithically on meter-scale and flexible substrates, as done in flat panel displays, but where their frequencies have been limited to 10’s of MHz. RF switch performance is enabled for ZnO TFTs (fabricated at flex-compatible temp. <200°C) via self-aligned processing, thick-composite gate electrodes, breakdown-safe biasing, and resonant operation, leveraging high-Q LAE inductors. Reconfigurable antenna radiation patterns are demonstrated.
Ergonomics of Virtual Learning During COVID-19

Virtual learning has been widely adopted in many higher education institutes. This is especially necessary and important during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In order to identify the ergonomic issues that college students faced while learning remotely during the pandemic, a five-question survey was conducted in October 2020. While 60% of the respondents reported more or most comfortability while working/studying at home, 56% of the students claimed more stress and 64% of the students reported average or less-than-average productivity. In terms of using ergonomic postures while learning remotely, 56% of the survey respondents answered that they used them occasionally and another 20% reported that they never used them. Overall, the survey results are in line with the findings that were reported by other studies. The study results may contribute to the knowledge about the ergonomic challenges that virtual learning presents, especially during this unusual time.
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III

The SAGE III is the fourth generation of solar occultation instruments designed to measure aerosols and trace gas species in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. It will be launched aboard a Meteor-3M platform in the summer of 1999 and the International Space Station Alpha in 2001. SAGE III preserves the robust characteristics of the SAGE series, including self-calibration and high vertical resolution, and adds new capabilities including a lunar occultation mode. This paper will describe the SAGE III instrument and outline its potential contribution to global change research.
Macronutrients Differentially Regulate PFKFB3 Expression and Increase Inflammation in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

The gene PFKFB3 encodes for inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase, an important regulatory enzyme of glycolysis that is increased in small intestine (SI) in response to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding. However, it is unclear how macronutrients individually regulate PFKFB3 in small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), the primary site of nutrient absorption and nutrient host-cell interactions. Also, how the inflammatory status of IECs changes in response to different macronutrients and altered PFKFB3 is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate nutrient regulation of PFKFB3 and inflammatory cytokines in IECs isolated from SI. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD for 12 weeks and at harvest the SI was removed and IECs isolated and preserved. Also, CMT93, the mouse intestine-derived cell line, was used to determine which macronutrients differentially regulate PFKFB3 and inflammatory cytokines. Cells were grown in low glucose (LG) or high glucose (HG) medium and treated with bovine serum alb...
Störungen des Herzrhythmus

Die durch Extrasystolen (vorzeitige Schlage) verursachte Storung des Herzrhythmus ist schon bekannt, seitdem man den menschlichen Puls palpiert. Bis zum Ende des letzten Jahrhunderts blieb jedoch die Hauptursache des „intermittierenden Pulses” trotz der Tatsache unbeachtet, das man nach der Arbeit von Mareysehr oft Extrasystolen zum Zwecke des Studiums von Grundfragen der Herzphysiologie experimentell hervorgerufen hatte. Auf Grund der Ahnlichkeit zwischen den bei Tieren durch mechanische oder elektrische Reize erzeugten vorzeitigen Kontraktionen und den von Wenckebach und Cushnyerfasten, beim Menschen auftretenden Formen hat man diese Storung bald als die haufigste Ursache der unregelmasigen Herztatigkeit erkannt.
Vectorial secretion of extracellular matrix proteins, matrix-degrading proteinases, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by endothelial cells

In a study of the vectorial secretion of proteins by bovine aortic arch endothelial cells, we found that the extracellular matrix macromolecules collagen and fibronectin as well as several matrix-degrading metalloproteinases were secreted selectively in the basal direction. In contrast, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases showed only a weak preference for the basal direction. Three proteins at 18-35 kDa were secreted with preference apically, counter to the basal secretion of approximately 70% of the total secreted protein. As expected, rabbit synovial fibroblasts, which were used as a control, secreted proteins, including collagen, gelatin-degrading proteinases, and casein-degrading proteinases, equally in apical and basal directions. The basal secretion of collagen, fibronectin, gelatinases, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases by bovine aortic arch endothelial cells suggests that the structural and functional polarity of these cells is manifested, in part, at the level of polarized secretion of matrix-related proteins.
How has robotic repair changed the landscape of mitral valve surgery

The introduction of robotic technology has revolutionized the performance of certain cardiac surgical procedures such as mitral valve (MV) repair. The foundation of modern MV repair was laid by Dr. Dwight C. McGoon in 1958. The operation was first performed with robotic assistance by Carpentier in 1998 using rudimentary motion-assisted equipment. Today, four generations later, telemanipulation technology enables surgeons to carry out all known methods of MV repair traditionally performed by conventional sternotomy; utilizing tiny port access incisions to safely and reliably eliminate mitral regurgitation. Extubation in the operating room following robotic MV repair is now routine and its benefits are well-documented, including transfer to the step-down from the intensive care unit several hours after surgery. This, in turn, translates into diminished usage of blood products, decreased need for pain medication, earlier dismissal from hospital, more rapid return to work and improved patient satisfaction. In addition, smaller, more cosmetically appealing scars and comparable short and mid-term outcomes of robotic and open MV repair have made the robotic approach a preferred option for many patients who meet appropriate safety criteria. As these procedures become more commonplace in large structural heart practices, it is important to reflect upon how the robotic approach has changed the landscape of MV surgery. We discuss the evolution and current status of robotic MV repair founded upon the principles of safe and effective open mitral valvuloplasty techniques. We will explore the potential of the robotic platform to improve both early referral and patient acceptance of interventions to eliminate severe degenerative mitral regurgitation.
On the role of inter‐basin surface salinity contrasts in global ocean circulation

[1] The role of sea surface salinity (SSS) contrasts in maintaining vigorous global ocean thermohaline circulation (TOC) is revisited. Relative importance of different generalizations of sea surface conditions in climate studies is explored. Ocean-wide inter-basin SSS contrasts serve as the major controlling element in global TOC. These contrasts are shown to be at least as important as high-latitudinal freshwater impacts. It is also shown that intra-basin longitudinal distribution of sea surface salinity, as well as intra- and inter-basin longitudinal distribution of sea surface temperature, is not crucial to conveyor functionality if only inter-basin contrasts in sea surface salinity are retained. This is especially important for paleoclimate and future climate simulations.
Ulcerative duodenitis and chronic ulcerative colitis: report of two cases.

Summary Two cases are reported showing that diffuse upper intestinal inflammation, which fortunately is seen uncommonly in regional enteritis, also may be a complication of chronic ulcerative colitis.
Terminated or Just Interrupted? How the End of a Rivalry Plants the Seeds for Future Conflict†

Objective The objectives of the study were to explain why some interstate rivalries recur while others remain terminated. We argue that the recurrence is largely contingent on the congruence between the first rivalry's military outcome and the resulting political settlement as well as the intensity of the original rivalry. Methods Our hypotheses are tested using a data set of interstate rivalries from 1816 to 2001. We use a logistic regression to examine which rivalries recur. As a robustness check, we use an event history model to test the effect of factors that change after the initial rivalry. Results Our results indicated that a rivalry with an incongruent termination is nearly three times more likely to recur than one where the settlement reflects the preceding outcome, and more intense rivalries recur more than twice as frequently as their less intense counterparts. Conclusion Whether a rivalry recurs is strongly conditioned by how it concludes, and not by later events after the initial termination.
Role of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in K+ Transport.

The role of the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase in K+ uptake was examined using red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plasma membrane vesicles and a partially purified preparation of the red beet plasma membrane H+-ATPase reconstituted in proteoliposomes and planar bilayers. For plasma membrane vesicles, ATP-dependent K+ efflux was only partially inhibited by 100 [mu]M vanadate or 10 [mu]M carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. However, full inhibition of ATP-dependent K+ efflux by these reagents occurred when the red beet plasma membrane H+-ATPase was partially purified and reconstituted in proteoliposomes. When reconstituted in a planar bilayer membrane, the current/voltage relationship for the plasma membrane H+-ATPase showed little effect of K+ gradients imposed across the bilayer membrane. When taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase does not mediate direct K+ transport chemically linked to ATP hydrolysis. Rather, this enzyme provides a driving force for cellular K+ uptake by secondary mechanisms, such as K+ channels or H+/K+ symporters. Although the presence of a small, protonophore-insensitive component of ATP-dependent K+ transport in a plasma membrane fraction might be mediated by an ATP-activated K+ channel, the possibility of direct K+ transport by other ATPases (i.e. K+-ATPases) associated with either the plasma membrane or other cellular membranes cannot be ruled out.
Reference Values for Trace Element Concentrations in Whole Blood, Serum, Hair, Liver, Milk, and Urine Specimens from Human Subjects

It is a common practice to use the expression “normal value” in defining the elemental concentrations in human tissues and body fluids. However, it appears that this terminology has been used somewhat indiscriminately in dealing with elemental composition of biological systems. The following example clarifies the situation. Very frequently, this expression is used in dealing with both toxic (e.g. cadmium and lead) and essential (e.g. copper and zinc) groups of elements. Strictly speaking, “true” normal levels for cadmium and lead, e.g. in a specimen such as human blood, should be close to zero. However, environmental and other factors have contributed to the entry of these two elements into biological systems, and therefore, one is concerned with tolerance limits in this case. On the other hand, elements such as copper and zinc being essential for life, need to be present in living systems and are homeostatically regulated. Therefore, under ideal conditions, their levels may be expected to fluctuate within narrow limits for a given species, thereby justifying the usage of normal values. It is highly desirable to establish such normal levels in tissues and body fluids so that changes during disease conditions can be detected. However, in practice it is a difficult task, requiring consideration of and compensation for a number of possible concurrent phenomena, and correlations may be very complex. Thus, baseline values can be deceptive and the question as to what is normal may not be easy to answer. This problem is particularly critical in human subjects since it is impossible to control all the influencing factors to derive a set of values with a statistically normal distribution.1–4
A screen device to eliminate “floaters” in daphnia magna toxicity tests

Daphnia magna are commonly trapped at the surface of test waters in D. magna toxicity tests. These “floaters” complicate interpretation of test results. A screen device was designed to physically prevent the Daphnia from touching the water surface. The effectiveness of the device was evaluated using several complex effluents.
Antioxidants and the mutagenicity of benzo(a) pyrene and some derivatives.

Summary The mutagenicity of benzo(a)pyrene and some derivatives towards Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 98 is in the order 6-methylbenzo(a)pyrene > 10-methyl-benzo(a) pyrene > benzo(a)pyrene > 7,10-dimethylbenzo(a)pyrene. Certain anti-oxidants inhibit the mutagenicity of these compounds towards strain TA 98 when added to the assay mixture. These results raise some interesting questions concerning the species responsible for the mutagenicity and the effect of antioxidants on them.
Measuring the Dynamic Performance of Wind Vanes

Abstract The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) has proposed a standard method for testing the performance characteristics of a wind vane. This paper presents the procedures used to test and evaluate the ASTM method, and the results of that evaluation. Twelve wind vanes were borrowed from manufacturers and tested using the ASTM procedures. The starting threshold, starting accuracy, delay distance, overshoot ratio and damped wavelength were measured. Damping ratio and natural wavelength were computed from the measurements. Based on the results of these tests, it is concluded that the ASTM method provides a reasonable and reliable technique for determining performance characteristics for many types of wind vanes.
A 2.5GHz 32nm 0.35mm 2 3.5dB NF −5dBm P 1dB fully differential CMOS push-pull LNA with integrated 34dBm T/R switch and ESD protection

Process scaling enables SoC integration of radio and large digital systems at reduced cost and area. Furthermore, the crowded spectrum requires high linearity receivers to enable co-existence in the 2.4GHz ISM band. Inductorless LNA designs have been studied to make use of the excess f T in advanced CMOS technologies to lower cost [1]. However, an inductively tuned LNA has the advantage of improved out-of-band rejection, and can be readily integrated with a transmit/receive (T/R) switch to provide isolation in the TX mode without the need for additional inductors [2]. In this paper, a 2.5GHz fully differential tuned LNA with integrated T/R switch is designed in a High-K metal gate 32nm digital CMOS process, and packaged in an SoC-compatible flip-chip package. Reliability constraints of the package severely limit the ability to depopulate soldering bumps, and RF components must be designed taking the bump location into account. The LNA achieves a 3.5dB NF, −5dBm P 1dB at 2.5GHz while drawing 11mA from a 1.8V supply. LNA performance is enabled by (1) use of a push-pull topology that exploits the equal strength of p and n transistors to improve linearity, (2) use of nested coupled inductors (NCI) for low-noise input matching and to reduce area. The T/R switch handles 34dBm of power with an insertion loss of 1.1dB at 2.5GHz. T/R switch performance is enabled by (1) reuse of LNA gate inductor to enable low RX mode loss [2], (2) use of remote body-contacted TX switch with high power handling and ESD protection for a transformer-coupled PA.
The impact of early and brief corticosteroids on the clinical course of primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis

Summary Objective Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis can often be associated with hypersensitivity symptoms treatable with a short course of palliative corticosteroids. Long-term use of corticosteroids is a known risk factor for severe or disseminated infection but the effects of short-term use are not known. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of immunocompetent patients with acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis who received systemic corticosteroids for relief of coccidioidal-related symptoms. Age- and sex-matched controls were also reviewed. Predetermined end-points were assessed. Results Seventy-four patients met inclusion criteria for the corticosteroid-treated group, and 74 controls were identified. Cumulative corticosteroid (prednisone-equivalent) doses were 10 mg→3,600 mg (mean = 206 mg; median = 120 mg). Corticosteroids were prescribed most commonly for rash 43/74 [58%] or asthma/wheezing/cough 30/74 [41%]. Coccidioidal-related hospitalization occurred in 19 patients in the corticosteroid group vs. 22 in the control group ( P = .58). Coccidioidal-related symptoms resolved within a mean of 19 weeks (median = 8 weeks [range = 2–208 weeks]) vs. 32.3 weeks (median = 8 weeks [range = 1–1040 weeks]) in the corticosteroid and control groups ( P = .38). Relapse of symptoms occurred in 12% of both groups ( P > .99). Extrapulmonary dissemination occurred in 3% vs. 4.0% ( P > .99) in the corticosteroid and control groups, respectively. Conclusion This study found no adverse effects of short-term corticosteroid therapy for early symptomatic treatment in acute pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
Microanatomy of the heart and associated structures of two scorpions, Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing and Uroctonus mordax Thorell.

Spiroid orientation of the circumferential heart wall muscles is described for Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing. This muscle arrangement accounts for differences in ostial position when the heart of this species is compared to that of Uroctonus mordax Thorell. Other differences, such as number of lateral arteries present, cannot be explained on the basis of circumferential muscle orientation. The histology of the heart and associated vessels, but not the supraneural vessel, was found to be similar in both species. The lateral, posterior, communicating and sternal arteries all possess a muscularis composed of irregularly spaced, apparently branched, striated muscle fibers. External to this is a covering of connective tissue. The lumina of these arteries, the aorta, and the supraneural vessel are lined with a homogeneous, PAS-positive membrane. This membrane is also seen in blood vessels which penetrate the nervous system. It was not observed in vessels accompanying major nerves. Findings are compared to those of other authors. Differences in the structure of the hearts of these two species are discussed in relation to the microanatomy of other arachnid hearts.
The GNAT project: a GNU-Ada 9X compiler

We describe the general organization of the GNAT compiler, its relationship to the GCC multilanguage compiler system, and some of the architectural details of the system. This paper serves as an introduction to the following papers in this session.
Relative fracture toughness and hardness of new dental ceramics

Dental ceramics can fail through growth of microscopic surface flaws that form during processing or from surface impact during service. New restorative dental ceramic materials have been developed to improve resistance to crack propagation. Eleven of these improved materials with the common feature of a considerable amount of crystalline phase in the glassy matrix were evaluated. The ceramic materials studied included fluormica-, leucite-, alumina-, and zirconia-reinforced glasses. The relative hardness and fracture toughness were determined by indentation technique. Aluminareinforced materials resulted in the highest fracture toughness values, whereas the fluormica- and leucite-reinfoced materials showed more moderate but statistically significant greater values compared with those of control materials. The hardness values of ceramic materials with improved fracture toughness were both substantially higher or lower than those of the control groups and suggested a lack of direct correlation between these two properties. Selection of appropriate restorative materials depends on clinical application and requires consideration of several physical properties including fracture toughness.
Emergent treatment of athletes with brain injury

The focus of this article is the early recognition and emergent treatment of severe or catastrophic traumatic brain injury. The pathophysiology and management of mild traumatic brain injury are reviewed extensively in other sections. Classification of head injuries can be based on anatomic location (epidural, subdural, intraparenchymal), mechanism of injury (coup, contrecoup, linear, rotational), distribution (focal or diffuse), and clinical presentation. Severe head injuries include epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, intracerebral contusion/hemorrhage, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, diffuse axonal injury, and malignant brain edema syndrome, either alone or in combinations. Protective equipment, regulations, and athletic training have improved dramatically as a result of the recognition of potentially devastating neurological injuries from competitive play. Physicians and other healthcare professionals have become integral members of organized sport and must advocate for the players' best interest. Once a neurological injury has been identified on field, it is imperative that prompt management and prevention of secondary injury occur. The goal of this article is to help provide a clear plan of action that is well thought out and rehearsed and that will lead to improved outcomes for the players, particularly those with severe or catastrophic brain injury.
Reconceptualizing the Public Management and Performance of Business Improvement Districts

Business improvement districts (BIDs) offer an increasingly popular avenue of public impact, participation, and organization for invested local private actors to revitalize business centers as well as enhance local governance, services, and management capacity. The privatization aspects of BIDs have received important attention. Little attention, however, has been dedicated to BIDs as a form of public—private partnerships (PPPs), particularly the public purpose and intention—the "publicization" aspects—of these partnerships. BIDs are distinctive but uncanny partnerships between the public and private sectors, operating at the local subgovernmental level and functioning both contractually and in a strategic collaboration. In a 2008 study of BID managers in the United States, managers overwhelmingly identified the BID as a PPP and themselves as managing a PPP and said that a key factor in determining success was how well the partnership was managed. This suggests that BID management is fundamentally more th...
Tuning Excited State Isomerization Dynamics through Ground State Structural Changes in Analogous Ruthenium and Osmium Sulfoxide Complexes

The complexes [Ru(bpy)2(pyESO)](PF6)2 and [Os(bpy)2(pyESO)](PF6)2, in which bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine and pyESO is 2-((isopropylsulfinyl)ethyl)pyridine, were prepared and studied by (1)H NMR, UV-visible and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, as well as by electrochemical methods. Crystals suitable for X-ray structural analysis were grown for [Ru(bpy)2(pyESO)](PF6)2. Cyclic voltammograms of both complexes provide evidence for S→O and O→S isomerization as these voltammograms are described by an ECEC (electrochemical-chemical electrochemical-chemical) mechanism in which isomerization follows Ru(2+) oxidation and Ru(3+) reduction. The S- and O-bonded Ru(3+/2+) couples appear at 1.30 and 0.76 V versus Ag/AgCl in propylene carbonate. For [Os(bpy)2(pyESO)](PF6)2, these couples appear at 0.97 and 0.32 V versus Ag/AgCl in acetonitrile, respectively. Charge-transfer excitation of [Ru(bpy)2(pyESO)](PF6)2 results in a significant change in the absorption spectrum. The S-bonded isomer of [Ru(bpy)2(pyESO)](2+) features a lowest energy absorption maximum at 390 nm and the O-bonded isomer absorbs at 480 nm. The quantum yield of isomerization in [Ru(bpy)2(pyESO)](2+) was found to be 0.58 in propylene carbonate and 0.86 in dichloroethane solution. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopic measurements were collected for both complexes, revealing time constants of isomerizations of 81 ps (propylene carbonate) and 47 ps (dichloroethane) in [Ru(bpy)2(pyESO)](2+). These data and a model for the isomerizing complex are presented. A striking conclusion from this analysis is that expansion of the chelate ring by a single methylene leads to an increase in the isomerization time constant by nearly two orders of magnitude.
A canonical correlation analysis of the Alcohol-Use Inventory and the Human Service Scale.

The responses of 312 persons with alcoholism to the Alcohol-Use Inventory and Human Service Scale were subjected to canonical correlation analysis. Results indicate that the relationship between alcohol-use constructs and psychological need satisfaction can be explained by two axes: a personal securitysocial dimension and a personal stress-environmental dimension. Microanalysis of the variates indicated that emotional need satisfaction was differentially influenced by social and physiological variables.
Fibromatosis colli of infancy: Variability of sonographic appearance

Purpose We describe the variable sonographic appearances of fibromatosis colli, a disease that presents as a mass-like enlargement of the sternocleidomastoid muscle during the first 8 weeks of life. Methods Sonograms and records of 12 infants who presented with a sternocleidomastoid mass or torticollis before they were 12 weeks old were retrospectively reviewed for sonographic features (presence of a mass, diffuse muscle enlargement, and echogenicity), medical history, and follow-up data. Results Sonographically, 6 infants had only a mass in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 2 had a mass with fusiform muscle enlargement, and 4 had only muscle enlargement. Five masses were hyperechoic, and 1 mass was of mixed echogenicity. The 2 masses associated with muscle enlargement were hypoechoic. Three cases of diffuse muscle enlargement were of mixed echogenicity, and 1 was hypoechoic. Unusual variations included (1) a mass split longitudinally into 2 components and (2) a diffusely enlarged muscle with a striated pattern of mixed echogenicity. Follow-up in 10 patients at 4 months and in 7 patients at 6 months showed clinical improvement. Conclusion Fibromatosis colli usually appears sonographically as a hyperechoic mass or diffuse sternocleidomastoid enlargement of mixed echogenicity. Variations in its appearance should not prevent the correct diagnosis as long as the abnormality is intramuscular and adjacent soft tissues are normal. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 26:345–348, 1998.
Surface Structures and Stability of Arsenic(III) on Goethite: Spectroscopic Evidence for Inner-Sphere Complexes

The adsorption and stability of arsenite [As(III)] on goethite (α-FeOOH) was investigated using a combination of standard batch techniques and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The reactivity of As(III) with α-FeOOH at varying pH and As(III) concentration provided macroscopic evidence for strong complexation on the α-FeOOH surface. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy gave an average As(III)−Fe interatomic distance of 3.378 ± 0.014 A, which is indicative of bidentate binuclear bridging As(III) complexes on the α-FeOOH surface and which is similar to other oxyanions which adsorb on α-FeOOH by an inner-sphere mechanism. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis indicated that the As(III)−α-FeOOH surface complex is stable toward heterogeneous oxidation to As(V), as determined by the energy position of the X-ray absorption edge. The structural information from EXAFS was included in the description of As(III) adsorption on the α-FeOOH surface using a surface complexation...
Follow-the-leader cell migration requires biased cell-cell contact and local microenvironmental signals

Directed cell migration often involves at least two types of cell motility that include multicellular streaming and chain migration. However, what is unclear is how cell contact dynamics and the distinct microenvironments through which cells travel influence the selection of one migratory mode or the other. The embryonic and highly invasive neural crest (NC) are an excellent model system to study this question since NC cells have been observed in vivo to display both of these types of cell motility. Here, we present data from tissue transplantation experiments in chick and in silico modeling that test our hypothesis that cell contact dynamics with each other and the microenvironment promote and sustain either multicellular stream or chain migration. We show that when premigratory cranial NC cells (at the pre-otic level) are transplanted into a more caudal region in the head (at the post-otic level), cells alter their characteristic stream behavior and migrate in chains. Similarly, post-otic NC cells migrate in streams after transplantation into the pre-otic hindbrain, suggesting that local microenvironmental signals dictate the mode of NC cell migration. Simulations of an agent-based model (ABM) that integrates the NC cell behavioral data predict that chain migration critically depends on the interplay of biased cell-cell contact and local microenvironment signals. Together, this integrated modeling and experimental approach suggests new experiments and offers a powerful tool to examine mechanisms that underlie complex cell migration patterns.
Cloning, expression, and cDNA sequence of surface antigen P22 from Toxoplasma gondii.

Immunoblot, immunofluorescence, and complement-mediated cytolytic assays revealed that two new monoclonal antibodies raised against a membrane-enriched fraction of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites recognize protein P22 on the surface of the parasite. Using these monoclonal antibodies to screen a cDNA expression library in λgt11, several clones expressing recombinant fusion proteins were isolated. Subsequent screening of the library with a synthetic oligonucleotide derived from the 5′ end of one of these cDNAs permitted the isolation of additional nonexpressing clones containing the entire translated sequence. Blots of parasite RNA and DNA suggested that the corresponding gene occurs as a single copy in the tachyzoite genome. The amino acid sequence deduced from the composite cDNA indicates a primary translation product with a theoretical molecular weight of 18 959. As expected for surface protein P22, the putative polypeptide contains a predicted N-terminal signal sequence and a C-terminal hydrophobic region characteristic of proteins attached to the membrane by a glycophospholipid anchor. Recombinant fusion proteins produced by the expressing clones were recognized on immunoblots by IgG antibodies in the sera of humans with acute and chronic T. gondii infection. Antibodies selected by the fusion protein reacted predominantly with a 22-kDa antigen on immunoblots of parasite lysate.
Granite and green: thinking beyond surface in place studies

Through their dense range of empirical sortings, Kaufman and Kaliner, in this issue of Theory and Society, are effective in showing mechanisms through which places replicate themselves over time, but also in how their cultural and economic profiles can shift. Their work points to the utility of matched comparisons of historical interaction, both symbolic and material, as tool for understanding trajectories of stability and change.
A globalization simulation to teach corporate social responsibility: design features and analysis of student reasoning

There is an increasing need for business students to be taught the ability to think through ethical dilemmas faced by corporations conducting business on a global scale. This article describes a multiplayer online simulation game, ISLAND TELECOM, that exposes students to ethical dilemmas in international business. Through role playing and perspective taking, the authors wanted students to actively work through problems related to both ethics and corporate social responsibility Qualitative analysis of simulation data demonstrated that students were successful in perspective taking, they considered trade-offs between profitability and social responsibility, and they were able to come up with creative solutions to difficult trade-offs.
Minority Threat Hypothesis and NYPD Stop and Frisk Policy

This study analyzes New York Police Department (NYPD) stop and frisk policy using a minority and Black threat framework. Using Blacks in White-dominated neighborhoods as the reference group, this study compares four distinct police actions (frisks, searches, sanctions, and force used) during 481,027 stops in 2012 in 297 geographic information system (GIS)-defined New York City (NYC) neighborhoods. Descriptive analysis reveals the scope of isolation between Whites and Blacks as well as the ratios of police action for each group within each neighborhood type, with Blacks in White-dominated and nondominated high White neighborhoods exceeding their population proportion and crime propensity ratios across all four police actions, consistent with the Black threat hypothesis. Logistic regression results provide further support for the application of Black threat hypothesis to NYPD stops and frisks. When controlling for other factors, race/neighborhood factors remain significant though the odds ratios are far bel...
A tapestry of kings : Edited volumes and the growth of knowledge in religious studies

Although students of religion are fascinated by a common subject matter, they often comprehend it in radically different ways. This poses particular problems for the growth of knowledge in religious studies. How do individuals with world views and methods that may be highly idiosyncratic draw on one another's efforts and work together on collective projects? Examining four edited volumes on kingship suggests some ideas about the different ways in which the idea of a collective project is conceived and how alternative strands of scholarly endeavour are woven together.
A review of thermoelectric cooling: Materials, modeling and applications

Abstract This study reviews the recent advances of thermoelectric materials, modeling approaches, and applications. Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, including compact in size, light in weight, high reliability, no mechanical moving parts, no working fluid, being powered by direct current, and easily switching between cooling and heating modes. In this study, historical development of thermoelectric cooling has been briefly introduced first. Next, the development of thermoelectric materials has been given and the achievements in past decade have been summarized. To improve thermoelectric cooling system's performance, the modeling techniques have been described for both the thermoelement modeling and thermoelectric cooler (TEC) modeling including standard simplified energy equilibrium model, one-dimensional and three-dimensional models, and numerical compact model. Finally, the thermoelectric cooling applications have been reviewed in aspects of domestic refrigeration, electronic cooling, scientific application, and automobile air conditioning and seat temperature control, with summaries for the commercially available thermoelectric modules and thermoelectric refrigerators. It is expected that this study will be beneficial to thermoelectric cooling system design, simulation, and analysis.
The Sense of "Nonsense": Japanese TV Advertising

Various explanations for the well-known “soft-sell” style adopted in Japanese TV ads are examined. The common culturally based explanation is found wanting, as is an alternative explanation based o...
Specific neuritic pathways and arborizations formed by fetal mouse dorsal root ganglion cells within organized spinal cord explants in culture: a peroxidase-labeling study.

Abstract Extracellular microiontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into NGF-enhanced fetal mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) produced an anterograde solid Golgi-like labeling of DRG neurites and their terminal arborizations within co-cultured spinal cord explants. In cultures of spinal cord transverse cross-sections with attached DRGs, the large NGF-enhanced DRGs remained in close proximity to the cord, often adjacent to both dorsal and ventral cord regions. Despite this, nearly all DRG neurites that entered the cord did so via dorsal root fascicles. They branched and ramified extensively within the dorsal region, taking on a wavy or kinky course and showed various types of arborizations. The density of cord innervation was much lower when isolated DRGs and cord explants were co-cultured 0.5-1 mm apart. Although fewer entering DRG fibers were labeled by our HRP injections the same qualitative growth and arborization patterns were seen within dorsal and ventral cord regions as in explants of cord with attached DRGs. When the facing edge contained both dorsal and ventral tissues, HRP-labeled DRG fibers entered dorsal regions selectively. DRG fibers readily entered, ramified and arborized within isolated strips of dorsal cord, whereas they sharply avoided isolated ventral cord explants. The avoidance of ventral cord cannot simply be due to the paucity of specific synaptic targets within the tissue, for larger numbers of DRG fibers entered completely inappropriate CNS target tissues, e.g. superior colliculus explants—though they did not ramify or arborize to any degree comparable to that seen within dorsal cord regions.
Human trigeminal root evoked potentials during differential retrogasserian thermal and chemical rhizotomy

Human trigeminal root evoked potentials have been recorded using signal averaging techniques during radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy and lidocaine blocks in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Both short and long latency trigeminal root potentials have been recorded which appear to represent fast- and slow-conducting fiber activity respectively. Long latency trigeminal root potentials appear in recordings at the noxious threshold as perceived by the awake patient and are relatively selectively abolished in a reversible fashion by lidocaine block and irreversibly by radiofrequency heat. Evaluation of these trigeminal root potentials provides an objective assessment of the results of pain surgery directed at differential destruction of slow-conducting fiber activity.
Eigenvalue Problems for Fredholm Integral Operators

On reduit le calcul approche des elements propres d'un operateur integral de Fredholm a la solution d'un probleme aux valeurs propres algebrique. On propose deux variantes iteratives permettant de reduire la taille du systeme d'equations
Lactate enhances the acid-sensing Na+ channel on ischemia-sensing neurons

Lactic acid produced by anaerobic metabolism during cardiac ischemia is among several compounds suggested to trigger anginal chest pain; however, the pH reached when a coronary artery is occluded (pH 7.0 to 6.7) can also occur during systemic acidosis, which causes no chest pain. Here we show that lactate, acting through extracellular divalent ions, dramatically increases activity of an acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) that is highly expressed on sensory neurons that innervate the heart. The effect should confer upon neurons that express ASICs an extra sensitivity to the lactic acidosis of local ischemia compared to acidity caused by systemic pathology.
The market speed of adjustment to new information

Abstract A definition of market adjustment is proposed in terms of the time it takes market attributes to reflect new information. Properties of the proposed definition are discussed. In order to operationalize the concept, a statistical method is introduced to estimate the adjustment times. Empirical examples are used to illustrate the proposed method. Some possible economic interpretations are given. The properties of the estimator are also investigated by simulation and analytical methods.
Optimal Block Diagonal Scaling of Block 2-Cyclic Matrices.

Abstract We describe a class of optimal block diagonal scalings (preconditionings) of a symmetric positive definite block 2-cyclic matrix, generalizing a result of Forsythe and Strauss [1] for (point) 2-cyclic matrices.
A Theory of Ball Lightning Formation

IN a paper which has recently attracted a considerable amount of attention, Kapitza1 has proposed a standing electromagnetic wave description of ball lightning. His paper presents a good qualitative explanation of this effect in terms of the resonance absorption of a standing wave due to a conducting ionized sphere of plasma, occurring when the wavelength of the radiation is approximately four times the diameter of the fireball.
Viewpoints of Minnesota Students on School-Based Sexuality Education

: This study gathered information on the perceptions of high school students with regard to human sexuality education. Six focus groups were conducted with 9th-12th grade students at public high schools in the Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, area. Students described the content of effective sexuality education as covering a variety of human sexuality topics as well as emotional/social aspects of sexuality and relationships. They advocated starling such education in early elementary school and cover ing all topics by eighth grade. Students strongly favored a presentation style that was open, honest, comfortable, and nonjudgmental, and they believed teachers should be specially trained in this area. Relating material to students' lives and using a discussion format were also considered essential to effective sexuality education. The students' viewpoints have significant implications for teachers, school administrators, and policy makers.
Analysis of mutant frequency curves and survival curves applied to the AL hybrid cell system.

A model is presented for the statistical analysis of survival curves and mutant frequency curves for a hybrid cell system. The derivation of the model is given in the Appendix, and depends on simple assumptions about the distribution of insults, their repair, and the loss of a marker that is not rescued. A single formula (5) is found which relates a survival curve to the mutant frequency curve, i.e., the response curve for production of mutants per 10 5 survivors induced by a mutagen. The analysis is applied to loss of the a t gene in A L -J 1 hybrid cells submitted to Cesium γ -rays. Previous experimental data using X-rays was reported by Waldren et al. (1986: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 83 , 4839.) Also, a derived formula (10), which predicts the probability that in a surviving cell a marker is lost and not rescued, will form the basis for testing the validity of the model in the future using new experimental data.
Present trends in materials selection and performance in multi-stage flash desalination units

Abstract This paper utilizes data from a series of worldwide surveys conducted from 1968 to 1980 for the U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Saline Water and Office of Water Research and Technology as well as the recent literature to illustrate the improvements made in the materials selection process over the last several years. Trends in materials used for heat exchange tubing, flash chambers and components, pumps, water boxes, etc., are enumerated and evaluated with respect to likely service life as a function of the severity of operating conditions. Plant factor (percent of time operating at rated capacity) is correlated with design and to gain perspective is compared to plant factors achieved in the chemical processing industry generally. Present trade-off decisions with respect to materials, operating temperatures and conditions, performance factors, electrical energy consumption, and use of chemicals are summarized and commented upon.
“The Metal Face of the Age”: Hesiod, Virgil, and the Iron Age on Cold Mountain

A prominent theme in Charles Frazier's Cold Mountain is that redemption from the brutality of war may be achieved by retreat from the "metal face" of the contemporary age and return to a healing agrarian work ethic. In this context, the author makes re current reference to the classical topic of the "Golden Age," a lost paradise on earth. He introduces this topic first as it appeared in Hesiod's Works and Days, expressive of a profoundly pessimistic view that human history has been one long deterioration. As his protagonist's physical and psychic homeward journey nears completion, though, he invokes the more hopeful vision put forward in Virgil's Georgics that the Golden Age may return, bringing contentment in place of vain strivings and peace in place of war, at least to those who make the moral choice to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature and to toil for generative, rather than destructive, purposes.