cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Impact of Two Universal Preventive Interventions in First Grade on Educational Outcomes in High School

This study examined the longitudinal effects of 2 first-grade universal preventive interventions on academic outcomes (e.g., achievement, special education service use, graduation, postsecondary education) through age 19 in a sample of 678 urban, primarily African American children. The classroom-centered intervention combined the Good Behavior Game (H. H. Barrish, Saunders, & Wolfe, 1969) with an enhanced academic curriculum, whereas a second intervention, the Family-School Partnership, focused on promoting parental involvement in educational activities and bolstering parents' behavior management strategies. Both programs aimed to address the proximal targets of aggressive behavior and poor academic achievement. Although the effects varied by gender, the classroom-centered intervention was associated with higher scores on standardized achievement tests, greater odds of high school graduation and college attendance, and reduced odds of special education service use. The intervention effects of the Family-School Partnership were in the expected direction; however, only 1 effect reached statistical significance. The findings of this randomized controlled trial illustrate the long-term educational impact of preventive interventions in early elementary school.
Gas chromatographic determination of the composition of unfractionated natural hydrocarbon mixtures

Abstract Procedures developed for determining the fractional composition of crude oils and condensates and for defining the detailed light hydrocarbon content (C 1 C 9 ) in crude oils, stable condensates and organic matter of rocks and formation waters by multi-dimensional gas chromatography are described. Methods for the determination and prediction of logarithmic retention indices of light hydrocarbons (C 5 C 9 ) using two stationary phases, squalane and dinonyl phthalate, are proposed. For the first time, the results of the quantitative analysis of complex natural mixtures have been used to identify their components. Possibilities are indicated for improving the detail and reliability of data by means of a combination of quantitative analytical results obtained on capillary columns with the same stationary phase at two temperatures and on the capillary columns with various stationary phases. The rocks in which the organic matter content has been investigated by pyrolysis—gas chromatography were previously powdered only, then they were placed in a reactor and heated stepwise in an inert atmosphere.
Morphology of silicon grain boundaries in Sr-modified Al-Si eutectic alloys by HREM

Abstract Crystallographic changes in the Σ3〈110〉/{111}, Σ3〈110〉/{112} and Σ9〈110〉/{112} boundaries induced by th presence of strontium in the silicon phase of Sr-modified Al-Si alloys have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The Σ3 boundaries possessing {111} and {112} planes in the pure silicon phase often exhibit asymmetric morphologies in the Sr-modified phase. Interaction of various Σ3〈110〉/{111} boundaries results in both Σ3〈110〉/{112} and Σ9〈110〉/{112} boundaries. The resulting Σ9 boundaries also show asymmetrical inclination.
Pitfalls in regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery

Surgeons are often reluctant to support regional anesthesia for shoulder surgery and other orthopaedic surgery. This is because the sometimes true, but usually perceived slowing down of operating room turnover times, and the perceived potential for added morbidity. The former (time issue) can only be solved by proper management, while the potential for added morbidity can be minimized by doing appropriate blocks for appropriate surgery at the correct times, when really indicated, with the correct equipment and techniques, and avoiding situations that are prone to causing morbidity. This article discusses in detail when it is appropriate to do blocks for shoulder surgery, but more important, when is it not appropriate to do blocks, and how to carefully calculate a risk-benefit ratio and avoid added morbidity.
Transplantation without growth factor: engraftment kinetics after stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis (AL).

Transplantation without growth factor: engraftment kinetics after stem cell transplantation for primary systemic amyloidosis (AL)
Effect of incorrect gestational dating on Down's syndrome and neural tube risk assessment.

Down's syndrome risks are estimated between 15 and 20 completed weeks' gestation (cGW) using an algorithm involving maternal age and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), chorionic gonadotrophin and unconjugated oestriol levels, each expressed as a multiple of the median level (MoM) at the cGW. The AFP MoM itself is the basis for screening for open neural tube defects (oNTD). Because medians change during this period, gestational dating must be accurate so that appropriate medians are used. A calculated Down's syndrome risk > 1:380 at term is generally considered to indicate a 'high-risk' pregnancy. This study focused on 378 patients with reported risk 1:100 'high'. Advancing originally 'low-risk' patients by one week increased the risk by 1.09-14.1 times (median 3.18, mean 3.60); 46 (12.2%) became 'moderate' and 2 (0.5%) became 'high' risk. Advancing by two weeks increased risks 1.58-60.5 times (median 10.03, mean 12.04); 131 (36.5%) became 'moderate' and 39 (10.9%) became 'high' risk. Predictably, oNTD screening results also were affected. Although 1-2 week differences in AFP medians had little effect on most patients in this study sample, some who originally were oNTD negative became oNTD positive, whereas others who had been oNTD positive became screen negative. Thus, in many cases, a 1-2 week dating error may have only minimal effect on the estimated risks for chromosome or neural tube defects, but in other cases the effect of such an error would be significant.
A Remrark on Polonnikov's Approach to Generalized Bode Diagrams

Polonnikov generalization of Bode amplitude approximation technique to phase approximate evaluation
Terror management: the effects of mortality salience and locus of control on risk-taking behaviors

Two studies examined the effects of mortality salience and locus of control on risk-taking. Participants indicated how likely they would be to engage in a variety of risky behaviors, e.g. driving under the influence of alcohol. The results indicated that mortality salience increased the actual risk-taking and the assessed level of risk of individuals with an external locus of control. Individuals with an internal locus of control showed decreased risk-taking and increased risk assessment in the mortality salience condition. In assessing the risk to others, mortality salience reduced the assessed level of risk for individuals with an external locus of control and increased the assessed level of risk for individuals with an internal locus of control.
Economic impact of diagnosis-related groups and severity of illness on reimbursement for central nervous system infections.

Because the federal government's diagnosis-related group (DRG) classification system for prospective payment has not been widely applied to hospitalized pediatric patients, we analyzed the effectiveness of one DRG category (central nervous system infections) for a single year at a medium-sized children's hospital to control for patients' severity of illness and for hospital relmbursement. Several independent measures of severity of illness (length of stay, duration of fever, Physiologic Severity Index) showed that patients with bacterial meningitis and those with encephatitis (DRG 20) were more ill than those with aseptic meningitis (DRG 21) ( p
Parsing the Polarity Code

Cell polarization is used both to mediate physical fates, as, for example, in orientated cell migration, and to specify differential phenotypic fates, as in the asymmetric division of stem cells. Strikingly, the same sets of conserved proteins are used throughout the Metazoa for these purposes. The PAR proteins organize cell polarization in many contexts, and the PINS proteins control the orientation of mitosis. These proteins seem to function as components of a self-organizing network, and an important goal is to decode — or parse — the molecular language of this network.
Effect of Intra-nasal Inoculation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) on Neurogenic Inflammation And Permeability in Rat Airway. † 1807

Effect of Intra-nasal Inoculation of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) on Neurogenic Inflammation And Permeability in Rat Airway. † 1807
Monte Carlo modeling of the transverse-axis dose distribution of the model 200 103Pd interstitial brachytherapy source.

This study presents the first theoretical analysis of the absolute dose-rate distribution about the Model 200 103 Pd interstitial brachytherapy source. Monte Carlo photon-transport (MCPT) simulation techniques have been used to evaluate the transverse-axis dose-rate distribution of the Model 200 source as a function of thickness of the Pd metalcoating (containing the 103 Pd ) plated onto the surfaces of right cylindrical graphite pellets contained within the seed. The dose-rate constant, Λ, was realistically estimated by simulating the wide-angle, free-air chamber (WAFAC) calibration geometry. The WAFAC is the experimental realization of NIST’s (National Institute of Standards and Technology) recently implemented primary standard of air-kerma strength (S K ). Our results show that polar angle- and distance-dependent oblique filtration and shielding effects induce significant and unexpected photon fluence anisotropy near the transverse-axis and inverse square law deviations at typical calibration distances. Any source consisting of radioactivity deposited on a highly attenuating surface with sharp edges may exhibit such effects. In the case of the Model 200 seed, the Pd metal thickness does not significantly influence the relative dose distribution in water at distances less than 5 cm, but does make Λ sensitive to the S K measurement geometry. Fortunately, the WAFAC averages fluence over a sufficiently large aperture that the resultant Λ, 0.68±0.02 cGy⋅h−1⋅U−1, is almost independent of Pd metal layer thickness and in close agreement with recent measurements and calculations. This value is 20% higher than that of the renormalized Task Group 43 Λ value.
Exercise and Older Patients: Guidelines for the Clinician

Sedentary persons who improve their physical fitness are less likely to die of all causes and of cardiovascular disease than are those who remain sedentary. There now exists a wealth of data demonstrating that physical activity and exercise may ameliorate disease and delay decline in function in the geriatric population. We review evidence that exercise can improve body composition, diminish falls, increase strength, reduce depression, reduce arthritis pain, reduce risks for diabetes and coronary artery disease, and improve longevity. However, many healthcare professionals do not feel adequately prepared to design and prescribe exercise programs for their patients. This review provides a basic overview of the benefits of exercise in the geriatric population and guidelines indicating how to prescribe and facilitate adherence to an exercise program. Healthcare providers are strongly encouraged to promote a less sedentary life style for their older patients, which may augment quality of life in these older individuals.
AXAF, a permanent orbiting X-ray observatory: Telescope and instrumentation plans

The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) now under study is to be a long-lived X-ray observatory in space. It is to be launched by the Space Shuttle, maintainable on-orbit, and retrievable for ground re-furbishment. The AXAF is conceived as an X-ray telescope with 6 nested grazing incidence X-ray mirrors (with a maximum aperture of 1.2 m) and interchangeable and replaceable focal plane instruments. The optics will provide 0.5 arcsecond imagery over a several arcminute field and somewhat reduced resolution over 1 degree in the X-ray band from 0.1 to 10 keV (1.2 to 120 A). The characteristics and expected performance of the observatory are described.
Comparison of bone marrow and peripheral blood ZAP-70 status examined by flow cytometric immunophenotyping in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Background: The mutational status of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia correlates with prognosis. Patients with mutated IgVH genes fare better than those with unmutated genes. Gene expression profiling studies identified the tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 to be expressed in unmutated CLL samples. Flow cytometric examination of ZAP-70 expression in tumor cells has been proposed to be a convenient surrogate marker for IgVH mutational status. However, a few studies have shown a small number of discordant results between ZAP-70 positivity, IgVH mutational status, and clinical outcome. There have been no reported studies comparing bone marrow samples with peripheral blood for ZAP-70 expression in CLL patients. Methods: We searched our flow cytometry files from October 2004 through April 2006 and identified CLL in 311 bone marrow and peripheral blood specimens from 256 patients. We defined ZAP-70 positivity as greater than 30% of the CD19+ B-cells above the isotype control value that coexpress ZAP-70. Statistical analyses were performed using the Fisher exact test and student t-test. Results: A significantly greater number of bone marrow specimens were positive for ZAP-70 when compared with the number of peripheral blood specimens. Of all the ZAP-70 negative specimens, CLL cells from bone marrow had a greater mean percentage of ZAP-70 positive cells when compared with the CLL cells from peripheral blood. Finally, six patients were identified who were ZAP-70 positive in the bone marrow but ZAP-70 negative in the peripheral blood. Conclusions: These results may be due to either an increase in the false positive rate in bone marrow specimens or to an intrinsic feature of CLL cells in the compartment that is biologically distinct from peripheral tumor cells. As prognosis and treatment decisions may be based on ZAP-70 results from either specimen type, it is prudent to further examine this observation. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
The expression, origin and function of tenascin during peripheral nerve formation in the chick

During development of the peripheral nervous system, the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin has been found to be closely associated with growing axons. However, its origin and function in peripheral nerve formation are far from clear. In this study, we examined the expression of tenascin during outgrowth of sensory, motor and sympathetic preganglionic axons, and assessed its origin and function in peripheral nerve formation. During outgrowth of sensory and motor axons, a high concentration of tenascin and its mRNA was found to surround sensory and motor axons in the newly formed spinal nerves. The source of this tenascin was examined through a series of surgical manipulations. Neural crest removals did not alter the distribution of tenascin protein or its mRNA surrounding the spinal nerves. Transplantation of quail somites into chick embryos showed that, similar to the distribution of tenascin, there is a high concentration of somitic cells surrounding the spinal nerves. Moreover, somite removals resulted in a reduction of the tenascin and tenascin mRNA surrounding the spinal nerves. Taken together, these results suggest that the majority of the tenascin surrounding the spinal nerves is of somitic origin. Possible functions of tenascin associated with peripheral nerve formation were examined through injections of tenascin or its antiserum into individual somites prior to or during axon outgrowth. Injections of tenascin or its antiserum did not alter the trajectory of peripheral axons in the anterior half of the somite, nor produce gross abnormalities in the morphology of peripheral nerves, suggesting that tenascin does not play a crucial role in the early formation of peripheral nerves.
ConC: a language for concurrent programming

Abstract Present concurrent languages do not support any form of analysis of the communication structure of programs. To support high level specification and analysis of distributed systems, we propose two new constructs—handshake and unit. The handshake construct is a remote procedure call generalized for multiple parties. The unit construct restricts the possible calls to various handshake procedures, and thereby provides a synchronization mechanism. These constructs are part of a formal model called the Decomposed Petri Net (DPN), which lends itself to automatic analysis. The current system called ConC (Concurrent C) extends “C” for concurrent programming and runs on a Sun cluster under Unix 4.2 BSD.
Nanocomputing by field-coupled nanomagnets

Demonstrates through simulations the feasibility of using magnetically coupled nanometer-scale ferromagnetic dots for digital information processing. Microelectronic circuits provide the input and output of the magnetic nanostructure, but the signal is processed via magnetic dot-dot interactions. Logic functions can be defined by the proper placements of dots. We introduce a SPICE macromodel of interacting nanomagnets and use this tool to design and simulate the proposed nanomagnet logic units. This SPICE model allows us to simulate such magnetic information processing devices within the same framework as conventional electronic circuits.
Composite scores for executive function items: Demographic heterogeneity and relationships with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Accurate neuropsychological assessment of older individuals from heterogeneous backgrounds is a major challenge. Education, ethnicity, language, and age are associated with scale level differences in test scores, but item level bias might contribute to these differences. We evaluated several strategies for dealing with item and scale level demographic influences on a measure of executive abilities defined by working memory and fluency tasks. We determined the impact of differential item functioning (DIF). We compared composite scoring strategies on the basis of their relationships with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of brain structure. Participants were 791 Hispanic, white, and African American older adults. DIF had a salient impact on test scores for 9% of the sample. MRI data were available on a subset of 153 participants. Validity in comparison with structural MRI was higher after scale level adjustment for education, ethnicity/language, and gender, but item level adjustment did not have a major impact on validity. Age adjustment at the scale level had a negative impact on relationships with MRI, most likely because age adjustment removes variance related to age-associated diseases. (JINS, 2008, 14, 746–759.)
Contagion and Border Effects on Contemporary African Conflict

In previous research the authors investigated the processes of war diffusion based on interaction opportunities as operationalized by interstate borders. Studies of international borders, the relationship between borders and the onset of war, and the operation of diffusion/contagion effects on bordering nations were undertaken for all nations in the international system during the 1946-1965 period. The purpose of this article is to replicate the results of the original analyses by focusing on one regional subsystem—Africa— during a different time period, 1960-1977, and using different war data sets. The present study successfully replicates the original: Borders are found to be dynamic, and the border-war hypothesis and the spatial diffusion expectations are confirmed for Africa in the later period.
Phenylalanine Requirement, Imbalance, and Dietary Excess in One-Week-Old Chicks: Growth and Phenylalanine Hydroxylase Activity

ABSTRACT Two experiments were performed to study Phe imbalance and toxicity in 1-wk-old Babcock B380 chicks resulting from the addition of either a mixture of indispensable amino acids lacking Phe (IAA – Phe) or excess Phe to a diet that was nutritionally adequate in Phe. Chicks received a preexperimental semipurified diet for 1 wk and experimental diets from 7 to 14 d of age. In the first experiment, the chicks were given diets with Phe levels at 0.24, 0.29, 0.34, 0.39, 0.44, and 0.49% of the diet to determine the Phe requirement. The requirement of the chicks for Phe, based on weight gain and feed efficiency, was determined to be 0.39% of the diet. In experiment 2, the IAA – Phe (10% of the diet) or excess Phe (2% of the diet) was added to a diet containing 0.44% Phe. Chicks given the IAA – Phe or excess Phe had significantly slower growth rates than chicks given the basal diet (P ≥ 0.05). The activities of the major hepatic enzyme of Phe catabolism, Phe hydroxylase (PAH), were significantly higher than that of chicks fed the basal diet when the chicks were fed the diets containing IAA – Phe plus 1.1% Phe (P ≥ 0.05) but not when chicks were fed the diet containing IAA – Phe alone. The activity of PAH in chicks given the excess (2%) Phe was nearly 4 times the activity of PAH in chicks given the basal diet. Adding IAA – Phe to the diet containing excess Phe also resulted in higher PAH activity than was observed in chicks fed the basal diet, although the activity was significantly lower than observed for chicks receiving the diet containing excess Phe alone (P ≥ 0.05). It is concluded that hepatic PAH activity in chicks increases primarily in response to its substrate, Phe. A dietary amino acid load without Phe reduces this response to excess Phe.
Reasoning about Informal Statistical Inference: One Statistician's View.

This paper identifies key concepts and issues associated with the reasoning of informal statistical inference. I focus on key ideas of inference that I think all students should learn, including at secondary level as well as tertiary. I argue that a fundamental component of inference is to go beyond the data at hand, and I propose that statistical inference requires basing the inference on a probability model. I present several examples using randomization tests for connecting the randomness used in collecting data to the inference to be drawn. I also mention some related points from psychology and indicate some points of contention among statisticians, which I hope will clarify rather than obscure issues.
Buffering of muscle tissue PO2 levels by the superposition of the oxygen field from many capillaries.

Characteristic of a Krogh (1919, 1929) analysis is a polygonal array of cells with oxygen supplied by capillaries at each cell vertex. Because of the symmetry of the arrangement, the assignment of tissue PO2 at any point can be thought of as the consequence of one particular capillary in the array. Thus the PO2 distribution in an entire muscle tissue sample is reduced to the analysis of a single Krogh cylinder. The Krogh analysis predicts substantial PO2 variation radially across a muscle as well as longitudinally running parallel to the capillary.
A quantitative analysis of the effects of qualitatively different reinforcers on fixed ratio responding in inbred strains of mice

Previous studies of inbred mouse strains have shown reinforcer‐strain interactions that may potentially mask differences among strains in memory performance. The present research examined the effects of two qualitatively different reinforcers (heterogeneous mix of flavored pellets and sweetened-condensed milk) on responding maintained by fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement in three inbred strains of mice (BALB/c, C57BL/6, and DBA/2). Responses rates for all strains were a bitonic (inverted U) function of the size of the fixed-ratio schedule and were generally higher when responding was maintained by milk. For the DBA/2 and C57BL/6 and to a lesser extent the BALB/c, milk primarily increased response rates at moderate fixed ratios, but not at the largest fixed ratios tested. A formal model of ratio-schedule performance, Mathematical Principles of Reinforcement (MPR), was applied to the response rate functions of individual mice. According to MPR, the differences in response rates maintained by pellets and milk were mostly due to changes in motoric processes as indicated by changes in the minimum response time (d) produced by each reinforcer type and not specific activation (a), a model term that represents value and is correlated with reinforcer magnitude and the break point obtained under progressive ratio schedules. MPR also revealed that, although affected by reinforcer type, a parameter interpreted as the rate of saturation of working memory (k), differed among the strains.
Thermal near-field optical spectroscopy

Scattering near-field microscopy with heated tips is used to spectroscopically characterize the spatially and spectrally distinct infrared thermal near-field demonstrating for the first time the resonant enhancement of the underlying electromagnetic local density of states.
Reconfiguring Ethnicity, Identity and Citizenship in the Wake of the Zapatista Rebellion

Four years after the Zapatista uprising, this group of articles examines the gains and losses which have emerged out of that political opening. Focused on three arenas: 1) the indigenous autonomy movement in Chiapas, Oaxaca and nationally, 2) movements for indigenous women's rights and 3) retrenchment, factional divisions and infighting in communities, these articles underscore how the larger political and economic context both helped and hindered the political opening and initiatives boosted by the Zapatista rebellion
Career-relevant learning and development, worker age, and beliefs about self-efficacy for development

While employee continuous learning is increasing in importance and labor markets are tightening, the average age of workers is also increasing. But older workers may not participate in learning and development activities as much as younger workers. This paper explores an important and under-recognized factor that may contribute to this age effect: a decline in self-confidence (or self-efficacy) for career-relevant learning and skill development with age. The review explores various factors in an organizational setting which might lead to reduced self-confidence for learning, and subsequently, lower participation in learning/development activities. Suggestions for managing older workers and for research on this topic are offered.
Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: review and update.

Gene transfer technology is under exploration to find therapies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The technology of genetic transfer can also be used as a neurobiological tool to understand the role of various genes in animal models of neurodegeneration. We describe the general approaches to gene therapy for neurodegeneration, with specific attention to commonly used methodologies. Current gene therapy models for PD are then described in two parts: genetic transfer of the biosynthetic enzymes for dopamine synthesis, and genetic transfer of the genes encoding neurotrophic factors protective for dopaminergic neurones. Future strategies for the genetic treatment of PD, such as the introduction of genes to prevent apoptosis or to detoxify free radical species are also discussed. Limitations of current approaches, such as the length and regulation of transgene expression, as well as strategies to overcome those limitations, are emphasised where possible. Gene ...
Total Digestible Nutrients and Protein Levels for Dairy Bulls Used in Artificial Breeding

Summary Using 18 bulls, 9 Holstein-Friesians and 9 Guernseys, studies were conducted relating measurable semen characteristics, ‘relative fertility, and body weight changes to T.D.N. intake levels of approximately 100, 120, and 140 per cent of recommended maintenance requirements for dry dairy cows of equivalent weights fed simultaneously with concentrate mixtures containing 12,16, and 20 per cent total protein. These relatively wide ranges of T.D.N. intake, accompanied by considerable shifts in body weight, can be fed mature bulls for at least 90 days without influencing semen production or fertility. Under the conditions of this experiment, 12 per cent of protein in the concentrate mixture fed with mixed hay, containing approximately 10 per cent of legumes, supplied enough protein for semen production and the maintenance of fertility. Based on the results of this experiment, a tentative feeding standard for mature dairy bulls used routinely in artificial insemination is proposed. In terms of a practical feeding schedule, such a standard reduces itself to approximately 1 lb. of hay and 0.4 to 0.5 lb. concentrate mixture daily per 100 lb. of body weight. The authors are indebted to R. F. Elliott, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Husbandry, Cornell University, for the chemical analysis of the feeds used.
Glucocorticoid regulation of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and proto‐oncogenes in normal human osteoblast‐like cells

In humans, glucocorticoids are known to have marked effects on bone metabolism and function, including the significant regulation of osteoblast cells. To aid in the understanding of the mechanism of glucocorticoid action on normal human osteoblasts (hOB), confluent cells were analyzed for the presence of glucocorticoid receptors (GR) as well as for the effects of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) on the expression of both the rapid responding nuclear proto-oncogenes and the late responding structural genes for bone matrix proteins. The interactions between Dex and 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25 D3) on the gene expression in these cells were also examined. Using a functional receptor assay, a mean of 11,600 functional nuclear bound glucocorticoid receptors (range 6,000-22,000) was measured in fifteen separate cell strains. Northern blot analysis with a cDNA probe to the human GR was used to demonstrate the presence of a 7Kb transcript which is a candidate mRNA for GR in these cells. In agreement with previous studies, treatment of the hOB cells with Dex increased the steady state mRNA levels for alkaline phosphatase (AP) but displayed little or no effect on the mRNA levels for osteocalcin (OC) and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Interestingly, the 1,25 D3 inductions of mRNA levels for OC were blocked by Dex but enhanced for AP. The above effects of Dex on AP and OC gene expression, including the interaction with 1,25 D3, were also shown to occur at the level of protein. The effect of Dex on the mRNA levels of the nuclear proto-oncogenes c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun was also investigated, since the oncoproteins (Fos/Jun) appear to play a role in the delayed glucocorticoid regulation of structural genes. Interestingly, Dex increased the steady state levels of c-myc, c-fos, and c-jun mRNAs in nonproliferating (confluent) hOB cells by 3.5-, 10-, and 2.0-fold, respectively, over control (untreated cells) values within one h of steroid treatment. The Dex-induced mRNA levels were transient and returned to basal values within 24 h of the steroid treatment. A reduced but qualitatively similar pattern of response was found in proliferating hOB cells. The pattern of response of these genes to glucocorticoids in hOB cells mimics the response in avian liver cells but not in reproductive cells. These results support the theory that hOB cells are target cells for glucocorticoids, and that as a primary event glucocorticoids rapidly regulate the expression of the nuclear oncoproteins Fos/Jun in these cells.
Damage Control: The Pleiotropy of DNA Repair Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

THE responses to DNA damage in eukaryotes are complex, involving multiple overlapping and intersecting pathways. It has become increasingly evident that even the best understood DNA repair pathways have unforeseen levels of complexities, and that some components of these pathways have additional
Forage productivity, species evenness and weed invasion in pasture communities

A long standing ecological paradigm suggests that diverse plant communities should be more resistant to weed invasion compared with plant communities that have few species. Data from three separate studies were used to test the hypothesis that increased forage species diversity reduces weed invasion in pasture communities. The first study measured weed invasion in experimentally constructed pasture communities containing 1–15 species. A second experiment conducted in the greenhouse involved sowing a common perennial weed species, curly dock (Rumex crispus), into forage mixtures with 5 or 10 different forage species and three monocultures. The third study investigated the relationship between weed abundance and forage diversity in 37 pastures surveyed across the northeastern United States. Consistent negative relationships between forage species diversity and weed abundance were found. The causal mechanisms explaining the negative relationships between forage diversity and weed invasion were difficult to delineate since diversity was often correlated with highly productive pasture communities. The results suggest that maintaining both productive pasture communities (>150 g m −2 of aboveground biomass) and an evenly distributed array of forage species should be combined to effectively reduce weed invasion. Managing pastures for increased forage species diversity could be a useful cultural control method for weeds. Increasing the diversity of forage plants also has other ecosystem benefits to pasture communities (e.g., greater primary production, stability) beyond that of weed suppression. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Major capacity, data rate, and reliability advances in IBM longitudinal magnetic tape recording technology

Summary form only given, as follows. Longitudinal magnetic tape recording technology developed by IBM has produced very significant advances that will permit a future generation of products to offer performance well beyond that of the familiar 3480, 3490, and 3490E. Several key technological advances have been integrated to provide significantly higher capacity and data rate, combined with higher reliability. These "jumps" in capacity, data rate, and reliability are far larger than any prior such advances in the history of IBM longitudinal magnetic tape recording. Another benefit of the new technology is that it is affordable: its higher performance and reliability can be offered at prices comparable to those of today's other longitudinal tape devices. >
Correlation of Binding-Loop Internal Dynamics with Stability and Function in Potato I Inhibitor Family: Relative Contributions of Arg 50 and Arg 52 in Cucurbita maxima Trypsin Inhibitor-V As Studied by Site-Directed Mutagenesis and NMR Spectroscopy †

The side chains of Arg 50 and Arg 52 at positions P6' and P8', respectively, anchor the binding loop to the protein scaffold by means of hydrogen bonds in Cucurbita maximatrypsin inhibitor-V (CMTI- V), a potato I family member. Here, we have investigated the relative contributions of Arg 50 and Arg 52 to the binding-loop flexibility and stability by determining changes in structure, dynamics, and proteolytic stability as a consequence of individually mutating them into an alanine. We have compared chemical shift assignments of main-chain hydrogens and nitrogens, and 1 H- 1 H interresidue nuclear Overhauser effects (NOEs) for the two mutants with those of the wild-type protein. We have also measured NMR longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates and 15 N- 1 H NOE enhancements for all backbone and side- chain NH groups and calculated the model-free parameters for R50A-rCMTI-V and R52A-rCMTI-V. The three-dimensional structures and backbone dynamics of the protein scaffold region remain very similar for both mutants, relative to the wild-type protein. The flexibility of the binding loop is increased in both R50A- and R52A-rCMTI-V. In R52A-rCMTI-V, the mean generalized order parameter ( )o f the P6-P1 residues of the binding loop (39-44) decreases to 0.68 ( 0.02 from 0.76 ( 0.04 observed for the wild-type protein. However, in R50A-rCMTI-V, the flexibility of the whole binding loop increases, especially that of the P1'-P3' residues (45-47), whose value drops dramatically to 0.35 ( 0.03 from 0.68 ( 0.03 determined for rCMTI-V. More strikingly, S 2 values of side-chain NHs reveal that, in the R50A mutant, removal of the R50 hydrogen bond results in the loss of the R52 hydrogen bond too, whereas in R52A, the R50 hydrogen bond remains unaffected. Kinetic data on trypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of the reactive-site peptide bond (P 1-P1') suggest that the activation free energy barrier of the reaction at 25 °C is reduced by 2.1 kcal/mol for R50A-rCMTI-V and by 1.5 kcal/mol for R52A-rCMTI-V, relative to rCMTI-V. Collectively, the results suggest that although both the P 6' and P8' anchors are required for optimal inhibitor function and stability in the potato I family, the former is essential for the existence of the latter and has greater influence on the binding-loop structure, dynamics, and stability.
Effect of Water Phase Salt Content and Storage Temperature on Listeria monocytogenes Survival in Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) Roe and Caviar (Ikura)

Salmon caviar, or ikura, is a ready-to-eat food prepared by curing the salmon roe in a brine solution. Other seasonings or flavorants may be added, depending upon the characteristics of the product desired. Listeria monocytogenes growth is a potential risk, since it can grow at high salt concentrations (>10%) and in some products at temperatures as low as 3 degrees C. Ikura was prepared from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) roe by adding food-grade NaCl to yield water phase salt contents (WPS) of 0.22% (no added salt), 2.39%+/- 0.18%, 3.50%+/- 0.19%, and 4.36%+/- 0.36%. A cocktail containing L. monocytogenes (ATCC 19114, 7644, 19113) was incorporated into the ikura at 2 inoculum levels (log 2.4 and 4.2 CFU/g), and stored at 3 or 7 degrees C for up to 30 d. L. monocytogenes was recovered by plating onto modified Oxford media. Aerobic microflora were analyzed on plate count agar. Samples were tested at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 d. L. monocytogenes did not grow in chum salmon ikura held at 3 degrees C during 30 d at any salt level tested; however, the addition of salt at these levels did little to inhibit Listeria growth at 7 degrees C and counts reached 5 to 6 logs CFU/g. Components in the salmon egg intracellular fluid appear to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. Total aerobic microflora levels were slightly lower in products with higher salt contents. These results indicate that temperature control is critical for ikura and similar products, but that products with lower salt contents can be safe, as long as good refrigeration is maintained.
Dynamic Response of Elastic Cylinders in Fluid Layer

The dynamics of multiple cylindrical elastic beams in a horizontal fluid layer are examined. The hydrodynamic interaction forces on the cylinders, due to the base motion of the entire array, are formulated, and these forces are applied to an elastodynamic beam equation to investigate both the beam-fluid and the beam-fluid-beam interaction. The fluid is taken to be water and is assumed to be linearly compressible and represented by potential flow theory. The cylindrical beams are modeled by Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. The hydrodynamic force distribution, mode shapes, and the frequency response of the beams to harmonic base excitation are presented. The multiple cylinder fluid interaction has significant effects in the dynamic response of the system, particularly for frequencies higher than the first natural frequency of a free beam. The interaction response is strongly dependent on the direction of the base excitation.
Consecutive coincidences of Euler’s function

We prove a version of the Hardy–Ramanujan inequality and a bound on the count of smooth numbers up to some number x, both with explicit constants. We use these as tools to prove a few interesting results on the values n satisfying φ(n) = φ(n + 1) and provide an explicit bound on the sum of the reciprocals of such n.
The Impact of Legal Standing Rules on Deceptive and Legitimate Advertising Activity

Laws prohibiting deceptive advertising encourage competition and improve information quality. This manuscript examines the impact of the right of private actors to sue rivals for false advertising. Broader access for private plaintiffs enforcing deceptive advertising law is not always better, and this manuscript will account for both the costs and the benefits on the marketing environment. After summarizing the different legal requirements of standing, this manuscript will offer recommendations to help navigate an uncertain legal environment and avoid unnecessary scrutiny by the FTC or rival firms.
Diagnosis and Evaluation for (Almost) All Occasions

A surprisingly large number of people in need of personal counseling tend to take their problems to astrologers, palm readers, pseudopsychologists, and professional char latans.1 Even more surprising are the fre quent testimonials offered by the clients of such practitioners to the psychological as tuteness of the "counselor." Perhaps most surprising is that such testimonials are not always unwarranted. The charlatan "counselor," whether he recognizes it or not, generally tends to operate in terms of what has been called the "Barnum effect." 2 In giving a character reading of the client he selects diagnostic statements that, because they are universally valid or nearly so, tend to be accepted as perceptively correct. Forer tested this procedure with a class of 39 beginning psychology students.3 Each was asked to complete a psychological test —the Forer Diagnostic Interest Blank—and was told that on the basis of his responses to the diagnostic form an individual per sonality sketch was to be written. Forer, however, wrote a single diagnostic state ment, which was composed of "Barnum effect" phrases culled from a newsstand astrology book. The following are typical of the comments that constituted this state
Cerococcus deklei and Its Control on Hibiscus

Cerococcus deklei Kosztarab and Vest is the most important insect pest of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. This scale usually reaches damaging population densities on Hibiscus after the plants have been established in the landscape for 3–5 years, and it is a severe pest in nursery production of its hosts. Three monthly applications of acephate, carbofuran, fonofos, monocrotophos, oxydemetonmethyl or primiphosethyl provided 100% control of this scale. Excellent control also was provided with dialifor, dimethoate, and disulfoton. Aldicarb provided limited control. Two to three applications of the most effective insecticides were necessary to control this pest.
Banking on balance

New employment practices, such as just-in-time scheduling and round-the-clock emailing, compounded by changing family demography (especially the rise of single parenting and the increased longevity of elderly family members) have left millions of working Americans perpetually stressed, conflicted, economically insecure, and time poor. Yet, on the whole, our social and labor market policies, while changing, remain dangerously inadequate and blatantly irrational. In this ambitious, fast-paced, fact-filled, and accessible book, Heather Boushey offers a thorough, systematic, evidence-based case for a comprehensive package of institutional reforms.
Administration time between seasonal live-attenuated influenza vaccine and trivalent influenza vaccine during the "Stop Flu at School" Campaign--Hawaii, 2009.

OBJECTIVES We determined whether the administration time differed between seasonal intranasal live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and seasonal injectable trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) during Hawaii's 2009 school-located influenza vaccination clinics. This information is useful for public health response and allows further investigation into possible differences between the two vaccines. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study in 15 public schools to determine mean times to administer LAIV and TIV to students. We performed group analyses to control for various clinic characteristics and conducted a stratified, weighted analysis. RESULTS A total of 4,701 students were enrolled in the study, and administration time was obtained for 3,869 (82%) students (1,492 [39%] LAIV and 2,377 [61%] TIV). The mean administration time for LAIV was 62 seconds and for TIV was 90 seconds, a difference of 28 seconds (p<0.01). This finding remained significant in the stratified analysis. CONCLUSIONS Although results indicated that both LAIV and TIV can be administered rapidly among school-aged populations, LAIV was faster to administer. This finding, in addition to the greater immunogenicity of LAIV compared with TIV among children, may be an important consideration for public health administrators in planning school-located mass vaccination clinics and encouraging patient acceptance of this vaccine.
Effect Modification by Time Since Blood Draw on the Association Between Circulating Fatty Acids and Prostate Cancer Risk.

A recent meta-analysis suggested that circulating fatty acids do not play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that the relation between circulating fatty acids and prostate cancer (PCa) risk is modified by time between blood draw and diagnosis. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective case-control study of 476 PCa cases and matched control subjects nested in the Physicians' Health Study. The previously reported associations between fatty acids and PCa in this cohort were dramatically stronger among men diagnosed 10 or more years after blood collection. Statistically significant effect modification by time since blood collection was identified for mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids and was more pronounced for aggressive tumors. Among men diagnosed fewer than 10 years since blood collection, the relative risks per interquartile range were 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86 to 1.25) for total mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 0.95 (95% CI = 0.78 to 1.15) for total poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) whereas among men diagnosed 10 or more years after blood draw the relative risks per interquartile range were 1.69 (95% CI = 1.21 to 2.34) for MUFA (Pheterogeneity = .01) and 0.59 (95% CI = 0.42 to 0.83) for PUFA (Pheterogeneity = .02). These data suggest that the results of the meta-analysis may be partly explained by insufficient follow-up time. Furthermore, they suggest that some environmental and metabolic factors may play a role in prostate carcinogenesis decades before clinical identification of this disease.
Viscous stress distribution over a wavy gas–liquid interface

Abstract Viscous stress contributes to momentum transfer between two phases, which plays an important role in both industrial applications and environmental processes. Near a wavy interface, the flow is modulated and produces a spatially non-uniform normal and tangential viscous stress. This study presents measurements of these stresses at a liquid–gas interface populated with two-dimensional millimeter scale waves performed with multiphase particle image velocimetry. Large datasets enable conditional phase-averaging of the data based on wave steepness, which increases the precision of the results and allows statistical analysis. For the first time at this scale, the spatial distribution of normal and tangential viscous stress is obtained for a large range of wave steepness (ak = 0–1, with a the amplitude and k the wavenumber). As the steepness increases, the mean shear stress over a wavelength decreases in magnitude, while the normal viscous stress increases. These trends are linear for ak 0.7, flow separation is observed in the gas phase near the troughs and drastically alters the viscous stress distribution.