cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plot-and watershed-scale soil moisture variability in a humid Piedmont watershed

[1] We investigate space-time dynamics of soil water through extreme drought and wet periods for a Mid-Atlantic Piedmont catchment. Soil moisture is a nonlinear control of soil nitrogen cycling processes, providing “hot spot” and “hot moment” dynamics that are not well modeled using time- or space-averaged conditions. We document spatial variation in near-surface soil moisture and examine relationships between mean and variance in soil moisture at plot and watershed scales. Riparian plot soil moisture spatial variance was significantly higher than the variance in uplands and was high relative to soil moisture variance reported by other studies. Plot soil moisture means closely followed a linear trend with the topographic wetness index. However, high within-plot variance obscured this relationship for experiments where smaller subsets of samples were used, emphasizing the importance of replicate plot measurements to account for fine-scale heterogeneity in soil moisture. We demonstrate the importance of these spatial-temporal patterns of soil moisture for estimates of hydrologic controls on biogeochemical cycling by showing that undersampling of fine-scale soil moisture variation is likely to lead to overestimation and underestimation of nitrification and denitrification, respectively.
Complex Chiari Malformations in Children: Diagnosis and Management

This article describes the diagnosis and management of patients with complex Chiari malformations. This group of patients cannot be categorized as a Chiari 1 or 1.5 because the pathology and progression of their disease is unique. The authors discuss how to diagnose and treat patients with complex Chiari malformations, particularly with regard to discerning which patients would benefit from a simple Chiari decompression versus Chiari decompression with occipitocervical fusion.
The United States' Experience with the Incident Command System: What We Think We Know and What We Need to Know More About

In the wake of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, organizations involved in emergency management at the local, state and federal level were mandated to utilize the Incident Command System (ICS) to structure on-scene response efforts. The system is currently relied upon as an organizing mechanism for response in the United States, and its widespread use outside of the United States is being advocated. Yet, there is little evidence that the system is consistently used as designed or a salve to common response problems. This paper reviews the evolution of ICS in practice and the available research on its use and effectiveness. The review makes clear that more research on the system is urgently needed.
Virtue Ethics in Positive Organizational Scholarship: An Integrative Perspective

The movement of Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) aims to understand the factors that contribute to a flourishing human condition. Theorists from this group regularly invoke virtue as a foundational concept, using it to anchor the meaning of “positive.” Yet virtue ethicists have raised concerns that this grounding is based in a superficial understanding of virtue. This paper proposes an integrative framework to bridge the two perspectives, connecting the notion of “positive deviance”—popularized in POS—to the idea of virtue as a mean between extremes as understood in the philosophy of virtue ethics. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Resume Le mouvement Positive Organizational Scholarship (POS) se propose de cerner les facteurs qui contribuent a une condition humaine epanouie. Les theoriciens de ce groupe invoquent regulierement la vertu comme concept fondamental, l'utilisant pour ancrer le sens de « Positive ». Cependant, les ethiciens de la vertu s'indignent de ce que cet ancrage repose sur une comprehension superficielle de la vertu. Le present article propose un cadre coherent pour jeter un pont entre les deux perspectives, et lie la notion de «deviance positive», vulgarisee dans la POS, a l'idee de vertu en tant que moyen terme entre des extremes dans la philosophie de l'ethique de la vertu. Copyright © 2011 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudo-coherent phase shift keyed demodulator

A PSK (phase-shift keyed) demodulator that combines many of the advantages of coherent and noncoherent demodulators is described. It has the structure of a typical coherent demodulator, but it has no carrier recovery function, using instead an instantaneous estimate of the carrier; hence the name pseudo-coherent is used. It results in a differential phase shift directly out of the detector. The carrier estimates can also be used as input to a carrier recovery routine if coherent demodulation is desired. Since the demodulator structure is similar to coherent demodulators, a recovered coherent carrier could be switched in to replace the estimates of the carrier. In this way, the estimates of the carrier could be used to provide demodulated data immediately, and after the carrier recovery circuit has converged to a true coherent carrier, the same structure could be used with the coherent carrier to realize the slightly better performance of a true coherent demodulator. Both the mathematical and the functional implementation descriptions of the demodulator are given. A few implementation results based on the Bell 212 modem standard are presented. >
99 TREATMENT OF SHORT NORMAL PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN WITH GRWOTH HORMONE

The growth reponse to growth hormone (GH) was studied in 9 short normal prepubertal children (6 boys, 3 girls) with a low height velocity. Their average age was 8.2yr (range 4.7-12.1), height standard deviation score (SDS) for chronological age (CA) was -2.6 (-2.0 to -3.7). All had normal maximum plasma GH responses above 10ng/mL to stimulation with clonidine and/or insulin induced hypoglycemia. Assessment of overnight GH secretion by measurement of GH in 20min intervals for 12h yielded low peak levels of 8.7±3.0(SD)ng/mL and low mean pool values of 1.9±1.0. With informed consent treatment with somatrem (Protropin) 0.11±0.01mg/kg three times weekly s.c. was then begun and continued for one year. No major side effects were noted. After 6 months of GH therapy, height velocity SDS for CA increased significantly (p<0.001) from a pretreatment mean of -1.7 (-0.6 to -3.0) to +3.4 (-1.0 to +5.7), representing a change from 4.7cm/yr (3.5-6.0) to 9.3 (5.7-12.5). Height velocity during GH treatment (SDS for CA and cm/yr) inversely correlated with endogenous nocturnal peak GH concentration (r=-0.76, and r=-0.78; both p<0.05). We conclude that some short normal children with low height velocity and low endogenous GH secretion may profit from GH therapy. A major goal should be the proper identification of these patients and careful long-term follow-up to final height. Supported by Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California.
Monitoring of nitrate leaching in sandy soils: comparison of three methods.

Proper N fertilizer and irrigation management can reduce nitrate leaching while maintaining crop yield, which is critical to enhance the sustainability of vegetable production on soils with poor water and nutrient-holding capacities. This study evaluated different methods to measure nitrate leaching in mulched drip-irrigated zucchini, pepper, and tomato production systems. Fertigation rates were 145 and 217 kg N ha -1 for zucchini; 192 and 288 kg N ha -1 for pepper; and 208 and 312 kg N ha -1 for tomato. Irrigation was either applied at a fixed daily rate or based on threshold values of soil moisture sensors placed in production beds. Ceramic suction cup lysimeters, subsurface drainage lysimeters and soil cores were used to access the interactive effects of N rate and irrigation management on N leaching. Irrigation treatments and N rate interaction effects on N leaching were significant for all crops. Applying N rates in excess of standard recommendations increased N leaching by 64, 59, and 32%, respectively, for pepper, tomato, and zucchini crops. Independent of the irrigation treatment or nitrogen rate, N leaching values measured from the ceramic cup lysimeter-based N leaching values were lower than the values from the drainage lysimeter and soil coring methods. However, overall nitrate concentration patterns were similar for all methods when the nitrate concentration and leached volume were relatively low.
The Sphecodes of Cuba (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

Two species of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Sphecodes (Halictinae: Halictini) are documented as occurring on the island of Cuba. Both species belong to the subgenus Austrosphecodes and are new to Science. The species are described as Sphecodes (Austro- sphecodes) genaroi, sp. nov., and S. (A.) tainoi, sp. nov. A key to separate the species of Sphecodes from Cuba is provided.
Synthesis of Nicotinic Acid by the Developing Turkey Embryo

Abstract Chick embryos are known to synthesize nicotinic acid, since the newly hatched chick contains over 20 times as much of this vitamin as unincubated eggs (Snell and Quarles, 1941; Dann and Handler, 1941). Most of the increase occurs during the last half of the incubation period. Despite this synthetic capacity, which is at least partially retained by the chick (Dann and Handler, 1941; Briggs et al. 1943), growth on certain rations (Briggs et al. 1942, 1943), especially those low in tryptophane (Briggs, 1945) is markedly accelerated by addition of nicotinic acid. Under these conditions, the synthetic powers of the chick appear insufficient to furnish it with amounts of nicotinic acid required for optimal growth. Briggs (1946) recently reported that for optimal growth, turkey poults require 2 to 3 times as much dietary nicotinic acid as do chicks on a similar ration. To ascertain whether this increased requirement reflected inability of . . .
On the influence of gaseous hydrogen in decelerating fatigue crack growth rates in ultrahigh strength steels

The material studied was aircraft-quality, silicon-modified AISI 4340 (300-M) steel tempered to two tensile strength levels of 2000 and 1200 MPa. Above 10/sup -5/ mm/cycle, growth rates are similar in air and hydrogen at 50 Hz. At 5 Hz, the presence of hydrogen gas results in faster growth rates. Below 10/sup -6/ mm/cycle, the presence of hydrogen gas results in slower near-threshold growth rates, with threshold /DELTA/K/sub o/ values 13% lower in air. The decelerating influence of gaseous hydrogen is observed for both tempers at 50 Hz, at high and low load ratios, and is associated with no apparent change in fracture morphology. 19 refs.
Egg production, body weight and egg quality characters; their heritability and the correlations between them

Synopsis The heritabilities of and genetic correlations between part record production, body weight, egg weight, shell colour, specific gravity and albumen quality have been estimated in one strain each of Light Sussex and Rhode Island Red and in three strains of White Leghorns using variance and covariance components in a hierarchical classification. The heritability values are in general agreement with published figures. Because of the wide variation in the size of the variance components no valid conclusions about the effects of sex linkage, dominance or maternal effects can be drawn from this type of analysis. Significant positive genetic correlations exist between: egg weight and body weight in four strains; egg weight and shell colour in one strain; body weight and Haugh units in one strain; specific gravity and Haugh units in one strain, and a negative correlation exists between body weight and shell colour in one strain. Because of the difference in genetic correlations, selection is thought likel...
Adding short-term androgen-deprivation therapy to radiotherapy improved survival in localized prostate cancer

Source Citation Jones CU, Hunt D, McGowan DG, et al. Radiotherapy and short-term androgen deprivation for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:107-18. 21751904
One of these things is not like the others: What contributes to dissimilarity among MNE subsidiaries' political strategy?

We study why multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries adopt dissimilar political strategies, and seek to advance the understanding of international political strategy from an MNE parent-subsidiary perspective. Drawing on the MNE parent-subsidiary literature, we contend factors at the subsidiary, corporate, and host country levels contribute to subsidiary political strategy dissimilarity. We test our hypotheses with a sample of U.S. MNE subsidiaries within Western Europe.
Implementing a Dollar-Cost Averaging Investment Strategy: Does the Date of the Month Matter?

Based upon typical monthly investing, whereby an administrator uses a dollar cost averaging strategy to invest equal amounts of funds into the market each month, the authors explore the question: Does the date of the month on which one puts his money into the stock market affect portfolio returns? They found the answer to be a resonant yes, based upon monthly investments of $1 from 1990 to 2005 invested in three major indices: the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NASDAQ, and the S&P 500.
A Hierarchical, Heterogeneous CAD Modeling Approach

Integration of material composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties with geometry information enables many product development activities, including design, analysis, and manufacturing. In this paper, we propose the modeling of part geometry and microstructure by using a new hierarchical modeling method that utilizes a common geometric model for both macro-scale part geometry and material microstructure. A new surfacelet transform is introduced to model microstructure. The application of image processing methods enables multi-resolution representations of microstructure. Combined with methods from computational materials design, low resolution microstructure representations can be used to compute effective mechanical properties at the macro-scale. Wavelet decomposition was used to generate the low resolution representations. The models and methods are demonstrated with two examples, a simple continuous-fiber-reinforced composite and a nanofiber reinforced polymer material.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Estrogens and the lower urinary tract

The urogenital tract is sensitive to the effect of oestrogen and progesterone throughout adult life. Epidemiological studies have implicated oestrogen deficiency in the aetiology of lower urinary tract symptoms occurring following the menopause. Although to date the role of oestrogen replacement therapy in the management of postmenopausal urinary incontinence remains controversial its use in the management of women complaining of urogenital atrophy is now well established. This aim of this paper is to review the recent evidence regarding the urogenital effects of hormone therapy with a particular emphasis on the management of postmenopausal urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, recurrent lower urinary tract infections and urogenital atrophy. In addition to a review of the available evidence suggestions are also made regarding priorities for further research in the field.
Noncompartmental and compartmental modeling of the kinetics of carbon-11 labeled pyrilamine in the human brain.

The kinetic pattern of a 11C-labeled histamine H1 receptor antagonist, [11C]pyrilamine, was investigated in the human brain by factor analysis of dynamic PET studies. Tissue time activity curves were also processed by compartment model curve fitting preceded by deconvolution analysis. Factor analysis revealed two statistically significant and physiologically meaningful kinetic patterns: one for specific and another for nonspecific binding of the radioligand. From these two factors a compartment model containing two tissue compartments (one for specific binding and another for nonspecific binding and free ligand) was constructed. The two-compartment model was also supported by the impulse response function, which was obtained by deconvolution and showed two components. The factor image constructed from factor two demonstrated a distribution pattern characteristic for brain regions rich (frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes) or poor (occipital lobe and cerebellum) in H1 receptors. Blockade of H1 receptors with unlabeled pyrilamine, diphenhydramine, or hydroxyzine caused a significant reduction of this factor. Blockade produced no significant changes in factor one representing nonspecific binding. We conclude that the kinetics of [11C]pyrilamine in the brain can be described by two tissue compartments, one related to the distribution of the H1 receptors. Factor analysis of dynamic studies can be used to locally separate these two compartments, for identification of regions rich and poor in H1 receptors and for noninvasive quantitative investigation of the effects of H1 receptor blockers such as pyrilamine, diphenhydramine, or hydroxyzine. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
Introduction to the Symposium: Understanding Nonprofits, Volunteerism, and Philanthropy Through a Critical Lens - Part II

(2013). Understanding Nonprofits, Volunteerism, and Philanthropy from a Critical Perspective (Part II) Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 220-222.
Maid Cafés: The Affect of Fictional Characters in Akihabara, Japan

Maid cafes are establishments where waitresses wear costumes and talk to customers. Inspired by dating simulation games, maid cafes first appeared in the late 1990s in Akihabara, Japan, an area where dating simulation games were sold and players gathered. Maid cafes extended relations with fictional characters from media to physical reality, allowing players to interact with fictional characters in human form, while at the same time interacting with humans who perform characters. Having proliferated in the 2000s, maid cafes depend on dedicated customers, or “regulars.” Because physical and personal contact is strictly prohibited, maids only interact with customers “in character,” but regulars nevertheless form long-term, affectionate relationships with them. Maids are paid to perform affective labor in the cafe, and regulars pay to be there, but affective relations cannot be reduced to money relations. Based on five years of ethnographic fieldwork, this article shows how relationships are both enabled by ...
Mucinivorans hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, mucin-degrading bacterium isolated from the digestive tract of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana

Three anaerobic bacterial strains were isolated from the digestive tract of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana, using mucin as the primary carbon and energy source. These strains, designated M3(T), M4 and M6, were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming and non-motile. Cells were elongated bacilli approximately 2.4 µm long and 0.6 µm wide. Growth only occurred anaerobically under mesophilic and neutral pH conditions. All three strains could utilize multiple simple and complex sugars as carbon sources, with glucose fermented to acid by-products. The DNA G+C contents of strains M3(T), M4 and M6 were 44.9, 44.8 and 44.8 mol%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acid of strain M3(T) was iso-C15 : 0. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the three strains shared >99 % similarity with each other and represent a new lineage within the family Rikenellaceae of the order Bacteroidales, phylum Bacteroidetes. The most closely related bacteria to strain M3(T) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences were Rikenella microfusus DSM 15922(T) (87.3 % similarity) and Alistipes finegoldii AHN 2437(T) (87.4 %). On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and physiological evidence, strains M3(T), M4 and M6 are proposed as representing a novel species of a new genus within the family Rikenellaceae, for which the name Mucinivorans hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Mucinivorans hirudinis is M3(T) ( = ATCC BAA-2553(T) = DSM 27344(T)).
The Effects of Changes in Population Characteristics on U.S. Consumption of Selected Foods

Numerous changes have occurred in the characteristics of the U.S. population since 1960. A steady decline in the birth rate has resulted in a decrease in average household size and the number of preteen children. Also, a sharp increase has occurred in the number of teenagers, young adults, and senior citizens. Other significant demographic shifts since 1960 include a decline in the proportion of the population living in rural areas, the northeast, and north central regions, and an increase in the proportion of the population consisting of nonwhite persons. Several studies indicate that demographic factors affect food-purchasing decisions, but few studies have examined the impact of changing population characteristics on aggregate food consumption. The purpose of this paper is to explore past effects and implications of probable future changes in U.S. population characteristics on aggregate consumption of sixteen food categories. While past studies (LeBovit, Price, Schrimper, Serow) focus primarily on the changing age-sex composition of the population this paper examines, in addition, the impact of changes in racial mix, household size, and location of residence on aggregate food consumption. Undoubtedly, statistical problems and data inadequacies have contributed to the general lack of research on the relationship between population characteristics and aggregate food consumption. Population characteristics for the most part change slowly over time, making it difficult, if not impossible, to estimate their effect on aggregate food consumption using time-series data. Cross-section data have been widely used to estimate the impact of particular demographic
Data Analysis and Visualization for Electric Microgrids: A Case Study on the FortZED RDSI Microgrid

Electric microgrids generate a significant amount of measurement data by virtue of the constituent distributed smaller capacity assets. Data reduction for performance quantification and visualization techniques for microgrids is presented here. The case study is performed on an operating microgrid in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. Relevant NERC metrics are calculated and two more system level metrics are developed. Alternative approaches to peak load reduction calculations are also presented. A visualization GUI is developed and discussed as a deliverable to the power system operator for enhanced situational awareness.
Meeting the Social Needs of Preschool English Learners

This article summarizes the findings of a study that examined the differences between preschool English learners and preschool English speakers in the areas of classroom conduct, social skills, and teacher–child relationship quality, as rated by their teachers. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for early care and education providers are discussed.
Bovine thyroid iodine-131 concentrations subsequent to Soviet nuclear weapon tests.

The iodine-131 concentration in thyroids of cattle slaughtered in Reno, Nevada, was measured during and following recent atmospheric nuclear weapon tests by the U.S.S.R. The iodine-131 concentration rose rapidly to a maximum and then declined with an apparent half-life of 7 days after conclusion of the test series. The average dose to bovine thyroids from this test series was estimated to be 17 rads.
Porous and Nonporous Particles in Packed Capillary Column Solvating Gas Chromatography

In this paper, the efficiencies and peak capacities of columns packed with nonporous and porous particles were investigated under typical solvating gas chromatography (SGC) conditions using a carbon dioxide mobile phase. The contributions of mass-transfer resistance (Cstag) to the plate height from the stagnant mobile phase were compared for liquid chromatography (LC), supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and SGC using 5-μm nonporous and porous particles. The results show that the contribution of the Cstag term to the total mobile-phase mass-transfer resistance for porous particles decreased markedly from LC to SFC to SGC. In SGC, mass-transfer resistance in the stationary phase and longitudinal diffusion are more significant. The total mass-transfer terms for nonporous silica (5 and 10 μm) encapsulated with SE-54 (e.g., 1% w/w loading) were 30−40% higher than those for porous silica (5 μm, 120 A, and 10 μm, 80 A) encapsulated with SE-54 (e.g., 10% w/w loading). Polymer-encapsulated porous particles ...
Term-relevance computations and perfect retrieval performance

Computing formulas for binary independent (BI) term relevance weights are evaluated as a function of query representations and retrieval expectations in the CF database. Query representations consist of the limited set of terms appearing in each query statement and the complete set of terms appearing in the database. Retrieval expectations include comprehensive searches, for which many relevant documents are sought, and specific searches, for which only a few documents have merit. Conventional computing equations, which are known to over estimate term relevance weights, are shown to produce mediocre results for all combinations of query representations and retrieval expectations. Modified computing equations, which do not over estimate relevance weights, produce essentially perfect retrieval results for both comprehensive and specific searches, when the query representation is complete. Probabilistic retrieval, based on BI assumptions and applied to simple subject descriptions of documents and queries, can retrieve all relevant documents and only relevant documents, when term relevance weights are computed accurately.
Regulation of Immune Response by Components of the Complement Cascade and Their Activated Fragments

An activation of the complement system results in generation of a variety of cleavage products that mediate such phenomena as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, anaphylaxis, acute shock, numerous inflammatory reactions, acute allergic reactions, and increased vascular permeability [reviewed in 35, 36]. In addition, complement and its activated components have been reported to interact with the immune system and modulate the immune response [reviewed in 85]. That these activated components play an important role in the regulation of immune responses is not surprising since (1) complement along with antibody is responsible for tissue localization of antigen [16], (2) it is activated by antibody-antigen interactions [reviewed in 56], (3) it is involved in lymphokine production [40, 45, 83] and suppression [62], (4) the activated components of complement are most likely present in vivo in the microenvironment of the interacting cells of the immune system [85], (5) some of the components of complement are synthesized by lymphocytes [82], (6) genetic deficiencies in complement components have been associated with impairment of the immune system [57], and (7) receptors for complement are present on the surface of lymphocytes and macrophages [reviewed in 9, 76]. In addition, numerous reports suggest that cells involved in the immune response are activated by complement components and their fragments, and that such activation can modulate the immune response. Since the majority of the fragments that are involved in modulation of lymphocytes and their responses are generated upon activation of either C3 or C5, it appears that the activation of complement via both the classical and alternative pathway is equally important in immunoregulation, since the activation of complement by either pathway involves the cleavage of C3 and C5 to their active fragments [reviewed in 14].
Responses of plankton and nutrients to methylene blue-photosensitized lake restoration

Abstract Sections of eutrophic Lahontan Reservoir, Nevada were isolated using in situ microcosms and treated with 1.0 mg/L methylene blue to assess its effectiveness for lake restoration. Green algae (Chlorophyta) and diatom (Baciliariophyceae) levels decreased significantly within one day of treatment; however, blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) levels did not decline. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations did not increase after photochemical treatment over the 10-day study period.
The binding of basic proteinoids with organismic or thermally synthesized polynucleotides

Binding of lysine-rich proteinoids to organismic or thermally synthesized polynucleotides, noting polyanhydroamino acid interactions with polynucleotides
An Alluvial Surface Chronology Based on Cosmogenic36Cl Dating, Ajo Mountains (Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument), Southern Arizona

Abstract A chronology of alluvial surfaces on piedmont slopes below the western Ajo Mountains, southern Arizona, has been obtained using cosmogenic 36 Cl accumulation and AMS radiocarbon dating. The apparent 36 Cl ages of individual boulders range from 520,000 to 13,000 yr, and the 14 C ages of organic material in the two young terraces are 2750–2350 and 17,800 cal yr B.P. The sequence of 36 Cl ages is consistent with the apparent stratigraphic order, but groupings of similar ages for different surfaces appear to result from repeated reworking of older surfaces associated with the deposition of younger ones. The youngest surface gave a distribution of 36 Cl ages about 30,000 yr older than the 14 C and soil ages; however, this distribution had 36 Cl ages that overlapped with 36 Cl ages from active channels and hillslopes. We attribute the older-than-expected exposure ages of sampled boulders to inheritance of 36 Cl while residing near the surface during very slow erosion on the mountain front. Our results show that although cosmogenic nuclide accumulation can help establish chronologies for surfaces in piedmont settings, care must be used in evaluating the effects of complex exposure histories.
Online discriminative learning for machine translation with binary-valued feedback

Viewing machine translation (MT) as a structured classification problem has provided a gateway for a host of structured prediction techniques to enter the field. In particular, large-margin methods for discriminative training of feature weights, such as the structured perceptron or MIRA, have started to match or exceed the performance of existing methods such as MERT. One issue with these problems in general is the difficulty in obtaining fully structured labels, e.g. in MT, obtaining reference translations or parallel sentence corpora for arbitrary language pairs. Another issue, more specific to the translation domain, is the difficulty in online training and updating of MT systems, since existing methods often require bilingual knowledge to correct translation outputs online. The problem is an important one, especially with the usage of MT in the mobile domain: in the process of translating user inputs, these systems can also receive feedback from the user on the quality of the translations produced. We propose a solution to these two problems, by demonstrating a principled way to incorporate binary-labeled feedback (i.e. feedback on whether a translation hypothesis is a "good" or understandable one or not), a form of supervision that can be easily integrated in an online and monolingual manner, into an MT framework. Experimental results on Chinese---English and Arabic---English corpora for both sparse and dense feature sets show marked improvements by incorporating binary feedback on unseen test data, with gains in some cases exceeding 5.5 BLEU points. Experiments with human evaluators providing feedback present reasonable correspondence with the larger-scale, synthetic experiments and underline the relative ease by which binary feedback for translation hypotheses can be collected, in comparison to parallel data.
Evaluation of Trenchless Technology Methods for Municipal Infrastructure System

The deterioration of municipal underground infrastructure systems and a growing demand for utility services have increased the necessity for more efficient installation, inspection, repair, rehabilitation, and replacement of underground utilities. With conventional open-cut construction methods, direct costs are greatly increased by the need to restore ground surfaces such as sidewalks, pavement, landscaping, and brick paving. Furthermore, taking social and environmental factors into account, open-cut methods have adverse impacts on the community, business, and commuters due to undesirable pollution and traffic disruptions. Trenchless technologies that are used to repair, upgrade, replace, or install underground infrastructure systems with minimum surface disruption offer a viable alternative to existing open-cut methods. The objective of this paper is to describe a methodology for quantitatively assessing and comparing direct, social, and environmental costs associated with municipal underground pipeline construction. It is suggested that decision makers consider combining these costs with direct capital costs so that the best alternative is selected, which in certain cases can make trenchless technology the most economical alternative. Moreover, productivity, workers' safety, and structural issues have shown that trenchless technology is a more efficient method for underground infrastructure systems.
Oscillations in the electrical resistivity of TiO2 induced by solid/gas interactions

Abstract We report the discovery of an oscillatory variation in the resistivity of rutile exposed to a nonequilibrium mixture of CO and O2 at elevated temperatures. Our data suggest that the electrical oscillations result from a corresponding modulation in the degree of reduction of the TiO2 material; the latter is caused by a chemical oscillation in the catalytic oxidation of CO and in the concentration of adsorbed CO and oxygen species on the solid surface.
Errors in film refractive-index determinations from interference fringes

An analysis of interference fringes (channel spectra) in transmission or reflection spectroscopy of optical films can provide an accurate method for determining the refractive index or thickness of the film. If the index is changing and the common equation n = 1/(2tΔν) determined from the positions of two adjacent maxima in the interference pattern is employed, the resulting refractive index does not lie between the correct values at the frequencies of the two maxima as intuitively expected but well outside this range. This error can be large and is not restricted to the previously discussed case of an index with a linear dependence on wavelength.
Synthesis, electrochemistry, and gas-phase photoelectron spectroscopic and theoretical studies of 3,6-bis(perfluoroalkyl)-1,2-dithiins.

3,6-Bis(trifluoromethyl)- and 3,6-bis(pentafluoroethyl)-1,2-dithiin (1a,b), the first known perfluoroalkyl-substituted 1,2-dithiins, were synthesized from (Z,Z)-1,4-bis(tert-butylthio)-1,3-butadiene (2) to evaluate the effects of electron-withdrawing groups on the ionization and oxidation potentials of 1,2-dithiins. Analysis of the photoelectron spectra of 1a and 1b provided a basis for assigning orbital compositions. Ab initio calculations on these compounds showed that they adopt a twist geometry as does 1,2-dithiin (1c) itself. Cyclic voltammetric studies on 1a and 1b revealed a reversible oxidation followed by an irreversible oxidation at much more positive potentials than for 1,2-dithiin and 3,6-dimethyl-1,2-dithiin (1d). The oxidation potentials determined electrochemically do not correlate with the ionization potentials determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. This result supports the previously advanced hypothesis that there is a geometry change on electrochemical oxidation leading to a planar ra...
The effect of iodine on the carbon‐13 relaxation times of pyridine

The addition of iodine to pyridine not only causes appreciable changes in the 13C chemical shifts but also a marked reduction in spin-lattice relaxation times. The effect at the γ-carbon is larger than at the α- and β-carbons. This is consistent with the formation of a pyridine-iodine complex with a preferential tumbling about the C-γNI axis. Elementary theory is applied to approximate the tumbling ratio.
WHISTLE-BLOWING: PROFESSIONALS' RESISTANCE TO ORGANIZATIONAL AUTHORITY*

Whistle-blowing is examined as an act of collective opposition to authority taking place within a context of political conflict. Organizations, viewed as private governments, provide members with numerous opportunities for political action to seek greater autonomy, to dissent from organizational policies, to oppose organizational authority, to depose existing leaders, and to transform the political structures within which they work. An in-depth case study of an incident of whistle-blowing is the basis for a series of propositions dealing with the preconditions for, and the process of whistle-blowing. Preconditions include structural features of organizations and some characteristics of careers and work roles that increase the likelihood of resistance to authority. The process of learning to oppose authority involves a series of escalated acts by professionals and management, and deterioration in the perception of motives attributed to each side in the dispute.
Particle swarm optimization algorithm in power line overhaul system control

Electric power line overhaul plan is an important issue on power system and engineering practice. As particle swarm optimization is to be a new intelligent algorithm. It has been gradually applied into power system these years. This paper provides a relative mathematical model to solve the problems in power line overhaul. Particle swarm optimization algorithm has advantages of that less parameters setting and highly optimizing speed. Take into account these advantages, we make an optimal order of electric power line overhaul. It is proved that the application of particle swarm optimization algorithm to electric power line overhaul plan is feasible.
Understanding computer-directed utterances in multi-user dialog systems

This work aims to understand user requests when multiple users are interacting with each other and a spoken dialog system. More specifically, we explore the use of multi-human conversational context to improve domain detection in a human-computer interaction system. We investigate the different effects of human-directed context and computer-directed context, and compare the impact of using different context window sizes. Furthermore, we employ topic segmentation to chunk conversations for determining context boundaries. The experimental results show that the use of conversational context helps reduce domain detection error rate, especially in some specific domains. And though computer directed context is more reliable, the results show that the combination of both computer and human addressed utterances within a reasonable window size performs the best.
Perceptions of the impact of the new AACSB standards on faculty qualifications

The International Association for Manage‐ment Education (AACSB) historically has been a strong supporter of the business disciplinary communities that have served to create and protect a much narrower definition of faculty qualifications. Research has supported the notion that business schools have often selected and rewarded faculty for their academic credentials and for their ability to conduct empirical research regardless of institutional type. In recent studies following the introduction of the new AACSB stan‐dards, deans surveyed generally anticipate only modest changes in the credentials and research expectations for their faculties. This multiple case study investigated dean and management and marketing chair and faculty perceptions of the potential impact of the new AACSB faculty qualifications standards on hiring, tenure, and promotion criteria at four comprehensive universities. Generally, respondents expected little opportunity for selection, tenure or promotion of faculty with doctorates outside traditional business disciplines and no opportunity for those considered professionally qualified.
Utilization of the Emergency Response Facilities Described in NUREG-0696

The conceptual philosophy behind each of the Emergency Response Facilities (ERFs) is presented. The roles, responsibilities, and authorities of personnel responding to emergencies from the ERFs and the intended use of the technical information made available by each of the emergency response facilities and systems are discussed. The Browns Ferry 3 partial scram incident and the Crystal River 3 instrumentation power supply failure are reviewed and the utilization of the ERFs during these incidents is discussed. These incidents were of relatively short duration and low complexity. The malfunctions from which they resulted, however, had the potential to cause much more serious events during which the full utilization of the ERFs could have provided a greatly enhanced emergency response capability.
Viral immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signaling in cell transformation and cancer

Viruses frequently co-opt host cell pathways to enhance their propagation or to enable latent infection. Certain receptors expressed by hematopoietic cells have immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) in their cytoplasmic domains that initiate cellular activation, proliferation and differentiation. Some viruses have evolved, or acquired from their host, genes that encode ITAM-bearing proteins. These ITAM-bearing viral proteins have been implicated in cellular transformation in virus-infected hematopoietic cells, typically B cells, but also in non-hematopoietic tissues – including endothelial and epithelial cells.
Plasmodium berghei: histology, immunocytochemistry, and ultrastructure of the placenta in rodent malaria.

Abstract The pathological changes associated with malarial infection in pregnancy were studied in rats and mice infected with Plasmodium berghei at different stages of gestation. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies of infected placentae near term in both species revealed disruption of architecture with gross thickening and necrosis of cells in the labyrinthine zone and fibrosis of the trilaminar trophoblast separating the maternal and fetal circulations. In the mouse, the extent of histopathological alterations in infected placentae ranged from the presence of immature erythrocytes in the fetal circulation in low grade maternal infection, to the marked deposition of fibrinoid material on the trilaminar trophoblast and inflammatory masses in severely infected placentae. In the rat, histopathological aberrations in the placentae were marked by placental stroma edema, fibrosis, and cellular infiltration. Immunohistological studies of cryostat sections of placentae from infected animals showed more parasites and pigment in infected mouse placentae than in the corresponding rat organ, but in both species parasites and pigment were largely confined to the maternal blood spaces and were only occasionally found in necrotic areas of trophoblast. No clear differences were observed between infected and control placentae in terms of the amount of IgG, IgM, or IgA which were each present in various amounts. These observations and the rarity of congential malaria in the animals indicate that the placenta constitutes a major barrier to infection of the fetus. However, the pathological aberrations in the infected placentae may impose a biochemical stress upon the fetus which may account for the low birthweight, the increased frequency of abortion, and the greatly increased maternal and fetal death rates observed in malaria.
New interactions for superstrings

Abstract The supersymmetry relation {Q −A ,Q − B }=2Hδ A B implies the existence of a new quartic vertex in the open superstring light-cone hamiltonian, if the supercharges are cubic in the string fields. Green and Schwarz have argued that this vertex almost vanishes, due to exact cancellations among fermionic operators, with perhaps a non-local interaction remaining. In this article we show that these exact cancellations do not occur for certain contributions to the anticommutator, and that new local, and possibly divergent, 4-string interactions are generated. On the basis of vacuum stability, we argue that 4-string interaction terms should also exist for closed superstring hamiltonians.
Mechanisms and Significance of the Increased Brain Uptake of Tryptophan

Changes in brain tryptophan concentrations may affect the synthesis of brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). Concentrations of tryptophan are regulated more than those of any other amino acid. Such stimuli as acute stress, carbohydrate ingestion, and treatment with various drugs increase the brain content of tryptophan. Treatment of rats and mice with interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and β-adrenoceptor agonists, as well as a variety of stressors, such as footshock and restraint, all increase brain concentrations of tryptophan. The peak effect following both acute stress and β-adrenoceptor agonist administration occurs within 30–60 min, whereas the peak effect following LPS and the cytokines occurs much later at around 4–8 h. Experiments using the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine, and β-adrenoceptor antagonists suggest that the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in the modulation of brain tryptophan concentrations. The mechanisms involved in the increases observed in brain tryptophan are discussed, as well as their possible biological significance.
Unusual conformation of a 3'-thioformacetal linkage in a DNA duplex.

The DNA·DNA duplex \({\text{d}}\left( {{\text{CGCGTT}}_{{\text{SCH}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} {\text{TTGCGC}}} \right)\)·d(GCGCAAAACGCG) (designated duplex III) containing a 3′-thioformacetal (3′-TFMA) linkage in the center of the sequence was characterized in detail by two- and three-dimensional homonuclear NMR spectroscopy. The NMR results were analyzed and compared with those of two duplexes of the same sequence: One is an unmodified reference sequence and the other contains a formacetal (OCH2O) linkage at the central T^T step (designated duplex I and duplex II, respectively). In general, the NMR spectra of duplex III closely resemble those of the analogous duplexes I and II, suggesting an overall B-type structure adopted by the 3′-TFMA-modified duplex III. Nonetheless, the detection of several distinct spectral features originating from the protons at the \({\text{T6}}_{{\text{3' - SCH}}_{\text{2}} {\text{O}}} {\text{T7}}\) modification site is indicative of a local conformation that is clearly different from the corresponding region in duplexes I and II. The 3′-thioformacetal linker, in contrast to the formacetal (FMA) linkage, cannot be accommodated in a conformation usually found in natural nucleic acid duplexes. As a consequence, the 3′-TFMA-modified T6 sugar adopts an O4′-endo form (an intermediate structure between the usual C2′-endo and C3′-endo forms). This change is accompanied by a change in the e (C4′−C3′−S3′−CH2) dihedral angle and by subsequent adjustments of other torsion angles along the backbone. Notably, this conformational readjustment at the T6–T7 backbone linkage is localized; its collective result has negligible effect on base-base stacking of the T6 and T7 residues. A close examination of the COSY data in all three duplexes reveals a subtle variation in sugar geometry, with more S-type character adopted by the modified duplexes II and III. The results of this study illustrate that, although the difference between FMA and 3′-TFMA linkages is merely in the substitution of the T6(O3′) in the former by a sulfur atom in the latter, the stereoelectronic difference in a single atom can induce significant local structural distortion in an otherwise well-structured oligonucleotide duplex.