cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Representation and Incremental Construction of a Three-Dimensional Scene Model

The representation, construction, and updating of the 3D scene model derived by the 3D Mosaic scene understanding system is described. The scene model is a surface-based description of an urban scene, and is incrementally acquired from a sequence of images obtained from multiple viewpoints. Each view of the scene undergoes analysis which results in a 3D wire-frame description that represents portions of edges and vertices of buildings. The initial model, constructed from the wire frames obtained from the first view, represents an initial approximation of the scene. As each successive view is processed, the model is incrementally updated and gradually becomes more accurate and complete. Task-specific knowledge is used to construct and update the model from the wire frames. At any point along its development, the model represents the current understanding of the scene and may be used for tasks such as matching, display generation, planning paths through the scene, and making other decisions dealing with the scene environment. The model is represented as a graph in terms of symbolic primitives such as faces, edges, vertices, and their topology and geometry. This permits the representation of partially complete, planar-faced objects. Because incremental modifications to the model must be easy to perform, the model contains mechanisms to (1) add primitives in a manner such that constraints on geometry imposed by these additions are propagated throughout the model, and (2) modify and delete primitives if discrepancies arise between newly derived and current information. The model also contains mechanisms that permit the generation, addition, and deletion of hypotheses for parts of the scene for which there is little data. We describe an experiment in which the model is generated and updated from two views.
Histopathologic Finding of Both Gastric and Respiratory Epithelia in a Lingual Foregut Cyst

Foregut cysts are uncommon, mucosa-lined congenital lesions that may occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract and typically present within the first year of life. Although infrequent, these cysts may generate feeding or respiratory difficulties depending on the size and location of the lesion. Foregut cysts of the oral cavity are rarely seen and of those cases localized to the tongue are even more uncommon. We describe a 4-month-old girl with a foregut cyst involving the floor of mouth and anterior tongue. Subsequent histologic analysis demonstrated a cyst lined with both gastric and respiratory epithelia. This case represents an extremely rare finding of both gastric and respiratory epithelia lined within a single cystic structure in the tongue. Although a very rare finding, a foregut cyst should be on the differential diagnosis of any lesion involving the floor of mouth or tongue in an infant or child.
The Tipping Point: Attitudes on Same-Sex Marriage in the United States, 1988-2012

This article focuses on four inter-related research questions: 1) Has the dominant issue frame in the United States shifted from the traditional issue frame rooted in morality politics to a more egalitarian issue frame? 2) As a result, has support for same-sex marriage reached permanent majority status? 3) Is the increase in support mirrored across all groups and states or is it limited to certain groups and states? 4) Have the factors that influence attitudes toward same-sex marriage changed over time? The data from this analysis come from 78 surveys with more than 120,000 respondents conducted by 16 survey organizations (1978-2013). The current research suggests that, over time, the dominant frame used by the public to characterize the debate on same-sex marriage has shifted from a focus on morality and tradition (the morality politics frame) to a focus on equal rights and justice (the equality frame). The available survey data suggests that beliefs about the biological or genetic origins of homosexuality crossed the 50% “tipping point” in 2003-2004. Opinions on the morality of homosexuality crossed that point in 2010. Attitudes toward same-sex marriage reached majority status in 2011-2012. The factors that influenced attitudes in the period from 1988 to 2012 remained remarkably stable. In general, Southerners, rural residents, Protestants (especially born-again), Catholics, those with more church attendance, those 65 and over, married individuals, and African-Americans had lower levels of support for same-sex marriage. Women, those with college degrees, those with high income, Democrats, and liberals all had higher levels of support. The conflict over same-sex marriage has increasingly become characterized by differences in religious intensity, partisanship, and ideology. Nevertheless, support for same-sex marriage improved steadily over time, even during the “culture war” period (although support temporarily dropped by about 5 percentage points). Support accelerated after the majority of the population shifted to the equality frame from the morality frame in 2010, reaching a majority in two years.
Dextromethorphan abuse: Clinical effects and management

Objective To describe the epidemiology, patient presentation, and clinical management associated with dextromethorphan (DM) abuse. Data sources PubMed/Medline search using terms dextromethorphan and abuse through July 2008, bibliographies of selected publications, epidemiology tracking databases. Study selection By the authors. Data extraction English language-published review articles, clinical trials, and case reports that described the epidemiologic and toxicologic profile of DM were included. Data synthesis DM is a relatively inexpensive and easily accessible over-the-counter (OTC) medication intended for use as an antitussive. Increasingly, illicit use of the drug has been reported. At clinical doses, the drug produces few adverse effects. However, when abused in large quantities (>2 mg/kg), the drug has been associated with a dissociative effect similar to those described by ketamine and phencyclidine abusers. Massive ingestions of the drug may be associated with untoward effects, including tachycardia, hypertension, and respiratory depression. Overdose symptoms may also be associated with coformulated products such as antihistamines and sympathomimetic amines. Management is primarily supportive. Naloxone has been used to manage DM toxicity but with conflicting reports of effectiveness. Conclusion Recent reports indicate that DM is often abused by individuals seeking its dissociative effects. Clinicians should be aware of the abuse potential of DM. Pharmacists might be particularly cognizant of the risks involved with DM abuse as they control OTC access to the drug.
Teacher-Pupil Interaction in Classes for the Emotionally Handicapped

The analysis of teacher-pupil interaction was seen as a means of clarifying the conceptual and operational issues involved in special class programming for the emotionally handicapped. An interaction analysis system which could encompass the variability and complexity (verbal and nonverbal, task and nontask) of teacher and pupil behavior was developed. Use of the interaction system in a study of 15 classrooms for the emotionally handicapped revealed wide differences in teacher-pupil behavior. It was concluded that the unique character of special classes for the emotionally handicapped requires careful delineation of objectives and that the interaction analysis system developed in this study could serve to further research on that process.
Analysis of crosstalk in a multiplexed eight-element interferometric fiber sensor array

Reports the demonstration of an eight-element multiplexed interferometric fiber-optic sensor array based on time-division addressing. The configuration gives rise to intrinsic optical crosstalk between sensor elements of the system which is analysed and compared to experimental results.
EUROPE BEYOND AID: ASSESSING EUROPEAN COUNTRIES' INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE COMMITMENT TO DEVELOPMENT

We rank European countries' collective commitment to development on seven cross-border issues: aid, trade, investment, migration, environment, security and technology. We calculate a consolidated score for 21 European countries and show that they perform well on aid and environment but lag the rest of the world on trade and technology. We find that Europe's approach to development energetically tackles the symptoms of poor economic opportunities for developing countries by providing relatively effective aid, but there is an opportunity to do more to tackle the underlying structural causes of poverty. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of the Digestibility and Retention of Nitrogen and Amino Acids in Rats Fed Raw or Heated Soy Flour

Apparent digestibility and absorption of nitrogen and amino acids from raw and heated soy flour were studied in rats. The apparent digestibility of all the amino acids from raw soybean was lower than from the heated flour. The net absorption was also significantly lower in the group fed raw soy flour for most of the amino acids, with the exception of cystine and methionine. The pattern of the amino acids along the digestive tract showed that while the levels of amino acids from heated soy flour started to decline in the jejunum and continued to decline in the ileum, in the group fed raw soy flour, the decline in levels of the amino acids did not begin until the ileum. The delay in the absorption might affect the overall absorption and utilization of the amino acids, and might explain the lower percentage retention of total nitrogen and amino acids in the carcasses of rats fed raw soy flour as compared with those fed heated soy flour. Possible reasons for the markedly lower cystine retention (relative to other amino acids) in the carcasses of the raw-soybean-fed rats are discussed.
Road network identification by means of the Hough transform

Knowledge of roadmaps can provide an indication of how information, materials, and people move. Historically, maps have equated to a static look at a network that contains only established and sanctioned routes. Even now, Google map images and hand held Global Positioning System (GPS) units represent a somewhat static look at roadmaps, requiring either recapturing images or manually updating units. In order to have a more up to date, information rich representation of transportation networks or roadmaps this effort has explored the use of movement information, specifically Ground Moving Target Indicator (GMTI) data, for accurately estimating the topology of these networks. This data lends itself to being able to provide not only a single snapshot of the topology of the network, but to provide additional information concerning densities and direction of movement through the network. The novel approach employed for synthesizing the data into a complete estimate of the network is through the use of Hough transforms to identify line segments which collectively represent the road network. Then the total least squares is used to characterize the uncertainty associated with this line segment representation of the road network.
Remarks on the Economic Implications of Convergence

Convergence means different things to different people This paper discusses two ways in which convergence is generally discussed: (i) the convergence of voice, video and data in telecommunications markets: and (ii) the convergence of the telecommunications an computer industries In order to understand what types of new services will be offered and how industry structure will evolve, it is also necessary to understand the drivers of convergence Although technological change has played a key role, it is just as important to emphasize other forces, such as regulatory factors. Finally, wbile some aspects of convergence should lead to increased competition, others may not. Copyright 1996 by Oxford University Press.
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critical surgical illness.

Abstract Background: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the leading cause of death in surgical patients and in trauma patients who survive the first 24 h. First observed systematically among Vietnam War-era battle casualties who began to survive previously fatal injuries owing to improved evacuation, triage, and resuscitation, only to develop catastrophic manifestations of organ failure never before seen, the syndrome was recognized formally in 1975 as “multiple organ failure.” Ensuing observations and investigations, undertaken in large part by surgeon–scientists, have refined our current understanding of MODS, yielding better outcomes. Methods: Review and synthesis of pertinent literature with personal observations and recollections of the senior investigator. Results: The MODS is now recognized as a continuum of physiologic derangements, rather than an all-or-nothing phenomenon. The most common precipitant appears to be ischemia–reperfusion injury, although severe sepsis also is commonplace....
Matrix isolation study of the interaction of HCl with CrCl2O2 and OVCl3

Abstract 1:1 hydrogen bonded complexes of HCl with CrCl2O2 and OVCl3 have been isolated in argon matrices and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. For both complexes, the H–Cl stretching mode was observed, shifted 52 and 47 cm−1, respectively, from parent HCl. Deuterium substitution, leading a νH/νD ratio=1.38, verified the identification and band assignment. For the OVCl3·HCl complex, the shifted VO stretching mode was observed, suggesting that the site of interaction for the hydrogen bond is with the oxo group. The shift of the H–Cl stretching mode is quite small compared to many HCl complexes and represents approximately a 3.5% decrease in the H–Cl stretching force constant. These results suggest that the initial step in the oxidation of many organic substrates containing a heteroatom and an acidic hydrogen (e.g. CH3OH) may be coordination of the substrate to the transition metal center rather than a hydrogen bonding interaction with the oxo group.
Preparing people and organizations for the challenge of change.

Change or die. Perhaps the ultimate of ultimatums. This is the choice physicians often must give their at-risk patients. Yet, even when advised that their quality of life and life expectancy may be...
Aging and the detection of imminent collisions under simulated fog conditions

The present study examined age-related differences in collision detection performance when contrast of the driving scene was reduced by simulated fog. Older and younger drivers were presented with a collision detection scenario in a simulator in which an object moved at a constant speed on a linear trajectory towards the driver. Drivers were shown part of the motion path of an approaching object that would eventually either collide with or pass by the driver and were required to determine whether or not the object would collide with the driver. Driver motion was either stationary or moving along a linear path down the roadway. A no fog condition and three different levels of fog were examined. Detection performance decreased when dense fog was simulated for older but not for younger observers. An age-related decrement was also found with shorter display durations (longer time to contact). When the vehicle was moving decrements in performance were observed for both younger and older drivers. These results suggest that under inclement weather conditions with reduced visibility, such as fog, older drivers may have an increased crash risk due to a decreased ability to detect impending collision events.
The demand for money in an open economy: the United Kingdom

Most previous studies have estimated the demand for money without paying too much attention to developments in the foreign exchange markets. In light of the fact that any development abroad and in the foreign exchange markets could have implications for domestic stabilization, we make an attempt to incorporate such developments into the demand for money in the United Kingdom. More precisely, after incorporating a measure of real effective exchange rate of the British Pound into a dynamic money demand function, we estimated it for the UK using quarterly data over 1973–87 period. By relying upon the Akaike' Final Prediction Error criteria to select the optimum number of lags, it is shown that in addition to income and interest rate, the real effective exchange rate exerts significant effect on the UK demand for money in the short run as well as long run.
Genome Evolution and the Emergence of Fruiting Body Development in Myxococcus xanthus

Background Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is thought to promote speciation in bacteria, though well-defined examples have not been put forward. Methodology/principle findings We examined the evolutionary history of the genes essential for a trait that defines a phylogenetic order, namely fruiting body development of the Myxococcales. Seventy-eight genes that are essential for Myxococcus xanthus development were examined for LGT. About 73% of the genes exhibit a phylogeny similar to that of the 16S rDNA gene and a codon bias consistent with other M. xanthus genes suggesting vertical transmission. About 22% have an altered codon bias and/or phylogeny suggestive of LGT. The remaining 5% are unique. Genes encoding signal production and sensory transduction were more likely to be transmitted vertically with clear examples of duplication and divergence into multigene families. Genes encoding metabolic enzymes were frequently acquired by LGT. Myxobacteria exhibit aerobic respiration unlike most of the delta Proteobacteria. M. xanthus contains a unique electron transport pathway shaped by LGT of genes for succinate dehydrogenase and three cytochrome oxidase complexes. Conclusions/significance Fruiting body development depends on genes acquired by LGT, particularly those involved in polysaccharide production. We suggest that aerobic growth fostered innovation necessary for development by allowing myxobacteria access to a different gene pool from anaerobic members of the delta Proteobacteria. Habitat destruction and loss of species diversity could restrict the evolution of new bacterial groups by limiting the size of the prospective gene pool.
UPC Scanner Pricing Systems: Are They Accurate?:

The author empirically examines the efficiency of scanner checkout systems by calculating the rates of underrings and overrings occurring in stores employing scanner systems. Actual purchases were ...
A 75-dB SNDR, 5-MHz Bandwidth Stage-Shared 2–2 MASH $\Delta \Sigma$ Modulator Dissipating 16 mW Power

This paper presents a new stage-sharing technique in a discrete-time (DT) 2-2 MASH delta-sigma (ΔΣ) ADC to reduce the modulator power consumption and chip die area. The proposed technique shares all active blocks between the two stages of the modulator. The 2-2 MASH modulator utilizes the second-order Chain of Integrators with Weighted Feed-forward Summation (CIFF) and the Cascade of Integrators with Distributed Feedback Branches (CIFB) architectures for the first and second stages, respectively. Using the proposed technique, the second integrator and the adder op-amps of the modulator first stage are shared with the first and second integrator op-amps of the second stage. In addition to the stage-sharing scheme, other changes are introduced to improve the modulator dynamic range (DR) and power dissipation. Measurement results show that the modulator designed in a 0.13 μm CMOS technology achieves 75 dB SNDR over a 5 MHz signal bandwidth with a clock frequency of 130 MHz, while dissipating less than 9 mW analog power.
Mapping some basic functions and operations to multilayer feedforward neural networks for modeling nonlinear dynamical systems and beyond

This study significantly extends the development of an initialization methodology for designing multilayer feedforward neural networks, aimed primarily at modeling nonlinear functions for engineering mechanics applications, as proposed and published in (Pei in Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 2001; Pei and Smyth in J. Eng. Mech. 132(12):1290, 1310, 2006; Pei et al. in Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 194(42–44):4481, 2005; Pei et al. in Proc. Int. Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN’05), pp. 1377–1382, 2005; Pei and Mai in J. Appl. Mech. 2008; Pei et al. in Proc. Int. Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN’07), 2007). Seeking a transparent and domain knowledge-based approach for neural network initialization and result interpretation, this study examines linear sums of sigmoidal functions as a means to construct approximations to various nonlinear functions including reciprocal, absolute value, the product of absolute value and first-order polynomial, exponential, truncated sinc, Mexican hat, and Gaussian functions as well as the four elementary arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). By extending two initialization techniques (layer condensation and inspiration from high-order derivatives of sigmoidal function), this study advances the previously proposed initialization procedure, thus opening the door to a significantly wider range of nonlinear functions. Specifically, in engineering mechanics, this study directly benefits multilayer feedforward neural networks when modeling nonlinear restoring forces based on the force-state mapping (among others). Application examples are provided to illustrate the importance of studying basic functions and operations, and future work is identified.
Grain of environment explains variation in the strength of genotype × environment interaction

Theory predicts that genetic variation in phenotypic plasticity (genotype × environment interaction or G × E) should be eroded by selection acting across environments. However, it appears that G × E is often maintained under selection, although not universally. This variation in the presence and strength of G × E requires explanation. Here I ask whether the explanation may lie in the grain of the environment at which G × E is expressed. The grain (or grain size) of the environment refers to the scale of environmental heterogeneity relative to generation time – that is, relative to the window of operation of selection – with higher rates of heterogeneity occurring in finer-grained environments. The hypothesis that the grain of the environment explains variation in the expression of G × E encapsulates variation in the power of selection to shape reaction norms: selection should be able to erode G × E in fine-grained environments but lose its power as the grain becomes coarser. I survey studies of G × E in sexual traits and demonstrate that the strength of G × E varies with the grain of the environment across which it is expressed, with G × E being stronger in coarser-grained environments. This result elucidates when G × E is most likely to be sustained in the reaction norms of fitness-related traits and when its evolutionary consequences will be most pronounced.
Organic Microelectronic Packages: Challenges for a PCB Manufacturer

The driving forces behind recent significant improvements in organic packages for microelectronic applications are electrical performance, product weight, size and manufacturing cost. A very careful selection of optimum manufacturing processes, equipment and materials, and stringent control of critical manufacturing operations are prerequisites for success in this emerging market place. Major technical and business related challenges to a printed circuit board manufacturer who plans to enter this market are discussed.
Recognition of virus-infected cells by natural killer cell clones is controlled by polymorphic target cell elements

Natural killer (NK) cells provide a first line of defense against viral infections. The mechanisms by which NK cells recognize and eliminate infected cells are still largely unknown. To test whether target cell elements contribute to NK cell recognition of virus-infected cells, human NK cells were cloned from two unrelated donors and assayed for their ability to kill normal autologous or allogeneic cells before and after infection by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), a T-lymphotropic herpesvirus. Of 132 NK clones isolated from donor 1, all displayed strong cytolytic activity against the NK-sensitive cell line K562, none killed uninfected autologous T cells, and 65 (49%) killed autologous T cells infected with HHV-6. A panel of representative NK clones from donors 1 and 2 was tested on targets obtained from four donors. A wide heterogeneity was observed in the specificity of lysis of infected target cells among the NK clones. Some clones killed none, some killed only one, and others killed more than one of the different HHV-6-infected target cells. Killing of infected targets was not due to complete absence of class I molecules because class I surface levels were only partially affected by HHV-6 infection. Thus, target cell recognition is not controlled by the effector NK cell alone, but also by polymorphic elements on the target cell that restrict NK cell recognition. Furthermore, NK clones from different donors display a variable range of specificities in their recognition of infected target cells.
Genus-one path integral in two-dimensional quantum gravity.

We calculate the path integral on a torus in continuum Liouville theory coupled to conformal matter with c\ensuremath{\le}1. We find agreement with the results obtained in matrix models, topological gravity, and Korteweg\char21{}de Vries hierarchies.
Kinetic studies on the mating reaction of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Syngen 1†

Mating is induced in Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, by mixing starved and washed cultures of unlike mating type. A refractory period of at least 35 minutes is observed before mating begins. The duration of the “waiting period” is shown to depend on concentrations of cells of each mating type, in such a way that the rate of approach of mating is inversely proportional to the product of the concentrations of cells of the two mating types. These observations suggest that the cells “count” collisions with cells of unlike mating type during the waiting period. Exposure of the starved cultures to a low concentration of reactive cells of unlike mating type was used in a “conditioning” experiment. The waiting period is reduced when such conditioned stocks are mixed. The results of this experiment also support the interpretation that the rate of approach of mating depends on the number of collisions experienced by the cells.
Statistically Equivalent Representative Volume Elements for Unidirectional Composite Microstructures: Part II - With Interfacial Debonding

In this sequel to the study on microstructures without damage, methods for evaluating the statistically equivalent representative volume element (SERVE) are proposed for fiber-reinforced microstructures undergoing initiation and propagation of damage in the form of interfacial debonding. The microstructural analysis is executed using the Voronoi cell finite element model (VCFEM) in which the interface is modeled using a bilinear cohesive zone law. As introduced in the first article, a combination of statistical and computational tools is proposed to capture the evolving nature of the SERVE with increased loading. The effectiveness of alternative definitions and methods of characterizing the damaging microstructure is examined through numerical simulations.
Anti-Hu antibody neuropathy: a clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological study.

Abstract Objective The objective is to report the clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological features of 16 patients with anti-Hu antibody neuropathy. Methods Clinical and electrophysiological data in 16 patients (11 females and 5 males) with positive anti-Hu antibody and nerve biopsy data in 9 cases were analyzed. Results Cancer was detected in 11 patients, including 9 with small-cell lung cancer. Classical paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy (SSN) and/or encephalomyelitis (EM) was observed in 7 patients (44%), including 5 with SSN. The most common clinical feature was sensory-motor neuropathy (SMN), accounting for 50% of cases. Though sensory nerve conduction abnormality was the prominent feature in 14 (88%) cases, sensory and motor nerve conduction was abnormal in all cases. Motor nerve conduction findings were typical of axonal degeneration. The most common nerve conduction pattern was that of SMN, with a sensory neuronopathy pattern being observed in only 3 cases. Sural nerve biopsy in 9 patients showed axonal degeneration in all cases and inflammatory cells in 4 cases. Conclusions Classical sensory neuronopathy is rarer than expected, both clinically and electrophysiologically. Motor involvement is not uncommon and motor nerve conduction abnormality is frequently seen. A diverse clinical and electrophysiological, and histopathological spectrum was observed in this neuropathy. Significance New guidelines for the selection of patients for anti-Hu antibody test are recommended.
The effect of quasi-accelerator modes on diffusion

Abstract We examine the diffusion in action of a generic Hamiltonian mapping over a range of actions for which the local standard mapping approximation exhibits stable accelerator modes. For the generic mapping the corresponding orbits are not completely stable, but the orbits may appear to be stable over many mappings periods. We examine the effect of these “quasi-accelerator mode” orbits on the diffusion. We find the most important physical effect in enhancing the diffusion to be the growth and decay of the locally stable mode (island) area, which leads to trapping and detrapping of phase space within the mode. An analytic theory is developed to incorporate this effect into a Fokker-Planck description of the diffusion. The solution for the distribution function, generated by a constant flux across the mode, is calculated and compared to numerical results. Provided a reasonable approximation to the locally stable island area is used in the theory, good agreement between theoretical and numerical results is obtained in a parameter range for which the effect of the mode is significant.
Influence of dietary nutrients on low temperature tolerance of freshwater alewives

Although mass mortality of alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) exposed to cold temperatures can be a destabilizing force in the interactions between salmonines and alewives in the Great Lakes, the physiological basis of these events is poorly understood. To examine the influence of diet on acute exposure to cold temperatures, we fed alewives two commercial frozen foods (Artemia and Daphnia) which differed in nutritional composition. Compared to Daphnia, the Artemia contained higher levels of key nutrients (polyunsaturated fatty acids, carnitine, and vitamin E) that have been implicated in cold tolerance of fishes. When exposed to a laboratory cold challenge, the alewives maintained on frozen Artemia exhibited significantly lower mortality rates than those fed frozen Daphnia. Of the three nutrients examined, vitamin E may be most responsible for enhancing cold tolerance since levels of this nutrient were significantly elevated in the Artemia-fed fish. More information regarding the nutritional composition of alewife diets would improve our understanding of alewife cold-temperature mortality and may eventually lead to better management of salmon and trout populations in the Great Lakes.
Dual integrated power switch

At present Texas Instruments is manufacturing three device types, TIXH807, TIXH808 and TIXH809, with a dual switching power of 100V x 150A, 100V x 200A, and 400V x 60A. These power modules make use of plastic devices manufactured on automated production lines. Therefore it is expected that the price for the Integrated Power Switch follows a learning curve consistant with the majority of semiconductor products. The enclosed picture shows the industrial TIXH807 Integrated Power Switch with a flange to be bolted to a heat sink. The two packages with through holes are intended for military applications. Only two bolts through a military module are used for ease of installation.
Creative Stimulation in Conceptual Design

Conceptual design is a process of creating functions, forms and behaviors. Although cognitive processes are utilized in the development of new ideas, conventional methodologies do not take human cognition into account. However, it is conceivable that if one could determine how cognitive processes are stimulated, then more effective conceptual design methods could be developed. In this paper, we develop a Cognitive Model of Creative Conceptual Design to capture the relationship between the properties that stimulate cognitive processes and the design operations that facilitate cognitive processes. Through cognitive modeling, protocol analysis, and cognitive experiments, this research showed that designers exhibit patterns of creative design behavior, and that these patterns can be captured and instilled into the design process, to promote creativity.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Clinically Significant Depressive Symptoms as a Risk Factor for HIV Infection Among Black MSM in Massachusetts

High rates of depression have been observed among men who have sex with men (MSM) relative to the general adult male population; however, a dearth of research has explored depression among Black MSM. Black MSM (n = 197) recruited via modified respondent-driven sampling between January and July 2008 completed an interviewer-administered quantitative assessment and voluntary HIV counseling and testing. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression procedures examined the associations of demographics, behavioral HIV risk factors, and psychosocial variables with depressive symptoms by severity, using the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Adjusting for demographic and behavioral variables, significant factors associated with (1) clinically significant depressive symptoms (33%; CES-D score ≥ 16): being publicly insured by Medicaid, having serodiscordant anal sex with a casual male partner, and being diagnosed with an STD in the prior 12 months; (2) moderate depressive symptoms (19%; CES-D score 16–26): having serodiscordant unprotected anal sex with a casual male partner and being diagnosed with an STD in the prior 12 months; (3) severe depressive symptoms (14%; CES-D score 27+): being publicly insured by Medicaid and reporting difficulty accessing healthcare in the past 12 months. Moderately depressed Black MSM may be more likely to engage in behaviors that place them at increased risk for HIV and other STDs. HIV prevention interventions for Black MSM may benefit from incorporating screening and/or treatment for depression, allowing MSM who are depressed to respond more effectively to behavioral change approaches.
A Rate-Sensitive Plasticity-Based Model for Machining of Face-Centered Cubic Single-Crystals—Part I: Model Development

With the increased application of micromachining, including micromilling and microdrilling, the need to develop accurate models for machining at the microscale has been recognized. In particular, the crystallographic effects that are generally neglected in the macroscale cutting models must be incorporated into the micromachining models. Diamond turning and mechanical nanomanufacturing techniques also require an understanding of crystallographic effects during material removal. This work presents a rate-sensitive plasticity-based machining (RSPM) model that is used to determine the specific energies (and thus forces) for orthogonal cutting of face-centered cubic (fcc) single-crystals. The RSPM model uses kinematics and geometry of orthogonal cutting for an ideally sharp cutting edge. The total power is expressed in terms of the plastic power, which is spent for shearing the material within a finite shear zone, and the friction power, which is spent for overcoming the friction at the rake face. In calculating the shearing power, rate-sensitive plastic behavior of fcc metals is considered. In addition, realistic effects of lattice rotation and strain hardening are included in the model. Subsequently, the total power is minimized within the space of geometrically allowable shear angles to determine the shear angle solution, and associated cutting and thrust specific energies, as a function of cutting plane orientation, cutting direction (with respect to the crystal orientation), rake angle, and the coefficient of friction. The calibration procedure for and the experimental validation of the model are provided in Part II.
The moment generating function of the stopping time for a linearly stopped poisson process

First-crossing times of linear boundaries by Poisson processes are considered. In particular, the moment generating functions of stopping times of the form are examined, where is a homogeneous Poisson counting process and . Exact and asymptotic (in B) expressions are obtained by analyzing certain delay-differential equations derived for this moment generating function by Dvoretsky, Kiefer and Wolfowitz. Further results are obtained for the case of a single, lower boundary by exploiting results of Zacks who gives a series representation for the stopping-time distribution in this case. These results are used to obtain a closed-form expression for the cumulants of the stopping time in this latter case
The nature of chemisorbed hydroxyl radicals

Abstract The energetics of hydroxyl adsorption on Pt, Pd, Rh and Ni have been investigated using the bond order conservation-Morse potential approach (BOC-MP). The heat of adsorption of hydroxyl (QOH) was calculated both under high oxygen coverage and oxygen depleted conditions. Adsorbate-adsorbate interactions must be taken into account in order to explain the observed variation of activation energies for OH desorption reported in the literature for each metal and under different experimental conditions. High oxygen coverages lower the heat of hydroxyl adsorption, while at low oxygen coverages island formation between hydroxyls and hydrogen bonding explain the increase in the heat of adsorption of hydroxyl radicals. The calculated heats of adsorption for the different conditions are in quantitative agreement with experimental results.
Environment and Communiy Organization in Grasslands of Canyonlands National Park

Sixty uniformly distributed stands in adjacent areas, 40 in Virginia Park (virgin) and 20 in Chesler Park (grazed), were analyzed. Cryptogamic and vascular species were recorded; cover was analyzed by the point sampling method, and frequency by means of 25 quadrats (each 0.125 M2) per stand. The prevalent species (26 in Virginia, 23 in Chesler) were selected on the basis of a constancy-times-frequency index. Interspecific association patterns were determined by means of simple correlation procedures based on quadrat frequency values for each species in the individual stands. Major environmental variables were recorded at each stand, and soil samples from four depths were collected at each site. Soil samples were analyzed for texture, bulk density, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available K+, PO4E-, and Ca++. Although the parks are similar in gross environment and vascular plant cover, cryptogamic vegetation and community structure differ markedly between the areas. Many vascular species occur in greater abundance in one park than the other. Floristically, Virginia was much richer than Chesler Park. Cryptogamic cover was about seven times greater in the ungrazed park. The lichen and moss ground cover is apparently important in stabilization of the highly erodable, sandy soils against wind and water erosion. Cryptogams also have an important influence on chemical characteristics of the surface 5 cm of soil, and the difference in surface soils between the parks may be related to the presence of these species. Community pattern in the virgin park is more definite than in the adjacent, grazed park, a condition which is contrary to the concept that minimum association between species (pattern) is to be expected in stable as opposed to successional vegetations.
Symmetric capillary surfaces in a cube

Abstract Numerical experiments are described by which stable capillary surfaces are calculated. The surfaces in question are determined by the following data: the container is a cube in space; the contact angle is 70°; the Bond number is zero; only symmetric configurations are taken into consideration.
The European Community “EC 92”: Implications for Purchasing Managers

Why should managers of purchasing and materials operations be interested in the effects of the European Community's extensive trade unification program implemented in 1992 (EC 92)? While in London teaching a course in the business aspects of EC 92, the author sought answers to this question. During this period he attended a series of European Community briefings at the following major multinational firms: * British Petroleum * Imperial Chemical Industries * ATT the Treaty of Rome, 1957. 3. The European Atomic Energy Community Agreement (EURATOM) was also signed in Rome in 1957. The objective of EURATOM included the promotion of atomic energy and nuclear research in the member countries. 4. The Single European Act, enacted on July 1, 1987, amended the preceding three treaties, and extended the use of majority voting for proposals on most issues. Exceptions were issues relating to taxation, free movement of individuals, rights and interests of employees, and the issue of a single currency, which would require unanimity. It also established the goal of accomplishing the reduction of trade barriers by the close of the year 1992. The term "EC" is used to describe the original three communities--ECSC, EEC, and EURATOM--as well as subsequent amendments such as the Single European Act. 5. The Treaty of European Union, signed on February 7, 1992, at the Dutch city of Maastricht, and known as the Maastricht Accord, reinforced the three-pillar framework for a common foreign policy, security force, and currency union by the year 1999. In addition, this treaty established a number of criteria dealing with the convergence of all twelve national economies for such issues as inflation rates, national debt, and stability in exchange rates. The central, and most controversial, focus of the Maastricht Accord is the final plan for monetary union, which involves an eventual single European currency and banking system. All twelve EC countries must ratify the accord, either by action of their individual parliaments or by vote in a national referendum. When the accord was signed in February of 1992, few experts predicted the volatile events that would soon take place. By the end of October 1992, the following ratifications or rejections had occurred: * Denmark, on June 2, 1992, in a national referendum, rejected the Maastricht Treaty; 50.7 percent voted no and 49.3 percent voted yes.|2~ * The Irish Republic, on June 8, 1992, in a national referendum approved the treaty by a margin of 2 to 1.|3~ * Greece and Luxembourg accepted the treaty in September 1992.|4~ * France accepted the treaty on September 20, 1992, in a national referendum; 51 percent voted yes and 49 percent voted no. …
Deferasirox protects against iron-induced hepatic injury in Mongolian gerbil

Iron overload is associated with an increased risk of liver complications including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Deferasirox is a new oral chelator with high iron-binding potency and selectivity. Here we investigate the ability of deferasirox to remove excessive hepatic iron and prevent iron-induced hepatic injury. Adult male Mongolian gerbils were divided into 3 groups (n = 5/group)—control, iron overload (100 mg iron-dextran / kg body weight / 5 days; intraperitoneal for 10 weeks), and iron overload followed by deferasirox treatment (100 mg deferasirox / kg body weight / d; pulse oral for 1 or 3 months). Compared with the nontreated iron overload group, deferasirox reduced hepatic iron concentration by 44% after 3 months of treatment ( P P P P
Sonographic prediction of shoulder dystocia in infants of diabetic mothers

Objective To determine if the difference between the abdominal diameter and biparietal diameter (AD-BPD difference), as measured by ultrasound examination, predicts shoulder dystocia in borderline macrosomic infants of diabetic mothers. Methods A retrospective study was performed of births occurring from January 1990 through June 1995. Eligibility requirements included diabetic pregnancy, ultrasound examination within 2 weeks of delivery, estimated fetal weight of 3800–4200 g, and vaginal delivery. The mean AD-BPD difference was compared in normal deliveries and those complicated by shoulder dystocia, using the Student t test and by multiple regression analysis. A receiver operating characteristic curve was generated to determine if an ADBPD cutoff value could be used clinically to predict shoulder dystocia. Results Thirty-one patients, six with dystocia, were eligible for the study. The mean AD-BPD differences for those with and without shoulder dystocia were 3.1 and 2.6 cm, respectively, a statistically significant difference ( P = .05). Comparing the groups with and without shoulder dystocia, no significant differences could be found in mean age, parity, weight, birth weight, or gestational age. Shoulder dystocia occurred in six of 20 patients (30%) in whom the AD-BPD difference was at least 2.6 cm but in none of 11 patients in whom it was less than 2.6 cm, also a statistically significant difference ( P = .05). Conclusion The AD-BPD difference was greater in borderline macrosomic fetuses of diabetic mothers who experienced shoulder dystocia than in those who had uncomplicated vaginal deliveries. Applying an AD-BPD cutoff value of 2.6 cm to this population prospectively would have provided excellent sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in identifying those fetuses at high risk for birth injury.
Room temperature elastic moduli and Vickers hardness of hot-pressed LLZO cubic garnet

Cubic garnet Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 (LLZO) is a candidate material for use as an electrolyte in Li–Air and Li–S batteries. The use of LLZO in practical devices will require LLZO to have good mechanical integrity in terms of scratch resistance (hardness) and an adequate stiffness (elastic modulus). In this paper, the powders were fabricated by powder processing of cast ingots. All specimens were then densified via hot pressing. The room temperature elastic moduli (Young’s modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson’s ratio) and hardness were measured by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, and Vickers indentation, respectively. For volume fraction porosity, P, the Young’s modulus was 149.8 ± 0.4 GPa (P = 0.03) and 132.6 ± 0.2 GPa (P = 0.06). The mean Vickers hardness was 6.3 ± 0.3 GPa for P = 0.03 and 5.2 ± 0.4 for P = 0.06.
THE CREEP-RUPTURE PROPERTIES OF SOME REFRACTORY METAL ALLOYS. I. EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE NIOBIUM-BASE ALLOY D-43.

Abstract The creep-rupture properties of D-43 alloy (Nb-10% W-1% Zr-o.1% C) heat-treated according to the revised commercial fabrication schedule involving temperatures >1204 °C were investigated along with those of recrystallized material. Material in both of these conditions was stronger at long times and high temperatures than D-43 which had been fabricated at temperatures ≤ 1204 °C (22oo °F). Dramatic improvements due to the higher heat-treating temperature were apparent from short-time data at 982 °C (1800 °F), but these were not stable for long times. Materials exposed to high temperatures [1538 °C (28oo °F)] can actually be weaker at short times after holding 500 h at 982 °C (1800 °F) prior to loading.
Measurement of Carbonyl Compounds as the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazonate Anion. Reaction Mechanism and an Automated Measurement System

The standard procedure for determining carbonyl compounds involves the addition of strong caustic alkali to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones formed upon the reaction of carbonyl compounds with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). 1 In strong base, the hydrazones form a dark red anion of quinonoid structure, 2 while the corresponding product from the unreacted DNPH decomposes rapidly, resulting in a low blank. The mechanism of this decomposition has never been clearly understood. In this work, we describe a photometric flow injection analyzer for the automated measurement of the carbonyl content of alcohol ethoxylate samples. A detailed study of the mechanism of the alkatine decomposition is reported