cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MEMS Program at DARPA

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) are one of the three core enabling technologies within the Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Together with Photonics and Electronics, MEMS forms the foundation for a broad variety of advanced research projects sponsored by MTO. MEMS technology merges the functions of compute, communicate and power together with sense, actuate and control to change completely the way people and machines interact with the physical world. Using an ever-expanding set of fabrication processes and materials, MEMS will provide the advantages of small size, low-power, low-mass, low-cost and high-functionality to integrated electromechanical systems both on the micro as well as on the macro scales. Further, demands for increased performance, reliability, robustness, lifetime, maintainability and capability of military equipment of all kinds can be met by the integration of MEMS into macro devices and systems.
Communication Intervention Strategies for Autistic Children: Variations on Pragmatic Approaches Using a Behavioural Framework

Language intervention procedures used with autistic children have typically focused on teaching the structure of language using operant techniques. Recently, attention is being focused on procedures which emphasize teaching the function of language within an environment that highlights natural interactions. Both approaches offer valuable techniques while demonstrating essential differences in target goals and reinforcement systems. This paper outlines some essential contrasts and reports the results of a combined approach for communication intervention with six functionally mute autistic children. The intervention program emphasizes establishing routines that facilitate conversational exchanges while using intensive modelling of verbal responses and systematic reinforcers that are intrinsic to the communication act. Examples of activities and training procedures are given. Results from such a program reveal substantial increases in verbal skills, including verbal imitation skills, verbal requests, verbal ...
Engineering safety-related requirements for software-intensive systems

Many software-intensive systems have significant safety ramifications and need to have their associated safety-related requirements properly engineered. It has been observed by multiple consultants, researchers, and authors that inadequate requirements are a major cause of accidents involving software-intensive systems. Yet in practice, there is very little interaction between the requirements and safety disciplines and little collaboration between their respective communities. Most requirements engineers know little about safety engineering, and most safety engineers know little about requirements engineering. Also, safety engineering typically concentrates on architectures and designs rather than requirements because hazard analysis typically depends on the identification of hardware and software components, the failure of which can cause accidents. This leads to safety-related requirements that are often ambiguous, incomplete, and even missing. The tutorial begins with a single common realistic example of a safety critical system that will be used throughout to provide good examples of safety-related requirements. The tutorial then provides an introduction to requirements engineering for safety engineers and an introduction to safety engineering for requirements engineers. The tutorial then provides clear definitions and descriptions of the different kinds of safety-related requirements and finishes with a practical process for producing them.
The Radiation Dose–Response of the Human Spinal Cord

Purpose To characterize the radiation dose–response of the human spinal cord. Methods and Materials Because no single institution has sufficient data to establish a dose–response function for the human spinal cord, published reports were combined. Requisite data were dose and fractionation, number of patients at risk, number of myelopathy cases, and survival experience of the population. Eight data points for cervical myelopathy were obtained from five reports. Using maximum likelihood estimation correcting for the survival experience of the population, estimates were obtained for the median tolerance dose, slope parameter, and α/β ratio in a logistic dose–response function. An adequate fit to thoracic data was not possible. Hyperbaric oxygen treatments involving the cervical cord were also analyzed. Results The estimate of the median tolerance dose (cervical cord) was 69.4 Gy (95% confidence interval, 66.4–72.6). The α/β = 0.87 Gy. At 45 Gy, the (extrapolated) probability of myelopathy is 0.03%; and at 50 Gy, 0.2%. The dose for a 5% myelopathy rate is 59.3 Gy. Graphical analysis indicates that the sensitivity of the thoracic cord is less than that of the cervical cord. There appears to be a sensitizing effect from hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Conclusions The estimate of α/β is smaller than usually quoted, but values this small were found in some studies. Using α/β = 0.87 Gy, one would expect a considerable advantage by decreasing the dose/fraction to less than 2 Gy. These results were obtained from only single fractions/day and should not be applied uncritically to hyperfractionation.
Partial Coordination: A Preliminary Evaluation and Failure Analysis

Partial coordination is a new method for cataloging documents forsubject access. It is especially designed to enhance the precision of documentsearches in online environments. This paper reports a preliminaryevaluation of partial coordination which shows promising results comparedwith full text retrieval. We also report the difficulties in empiricallyevaluating the effectiveness of automatic full-text retrieval in contrast tomixed methods such as partial coordination which combine humancataloging with computerized retrieval. Based on our study we proposeresearch in this area will substantially benefit from a common framework forfailure analysis and a common data set. This will allow information retrievalresearchers adapting "library style" cataloging to large electronic documentcollections, as well as those developing automated or mixed methods, todirectly compare their proposals for indexing and retrieval. This paperconcludes by suggesting guidelines for constructing such a testbed.
Computational Modeling of 3D Printed Tissue-on-a-Chip Microfluidic Devices as Drug Screening Platforms

Physiological tissue-on-a-chip technology is enabled by adapting microfluidics to create micro scale drug screening platforms that replicate the complex drug transport and reaction processes in the human liver. The ability to incorporate three-dimensional (3d) tissue models using layered fabrication approaches into devices that can be perfused with drugs offer an optimal analog of the in vivo scenario. The dynamic nature of such in vitro metabolism models demands reliable numerical tools to determine the optimum tissue fabrication process, flow, material, and geometric parameters for the most effective metabolic conversion of the perfused drug into the liver microenvironment. Thus, in this modeling-based study, the authors focus on modeling of in vitro 3d microfluidic microanalytical microorgan devices (3MD), where the human liver analog is replicated by 3d cell encapsulated alginate hydrogel based tissue-engineered constructs. These biopolymer constructs are hosted in the chamber of the 3MD device serving as walls of the microfluidic array of channels through which a fluorescent drug substrate is perfused into the microfluidic printed channel walls at a specified volumetric flow rate assuring Stokes flow conditions (Re<<1). Due to the porous nature of the hydrogel walls, a metabolized drug product is collected as an effluent stream at the outlet port. A rigorous modeling approached aimed to capture both the macro and micro scale transport phenomena is presented. Initially, the Stokes Flow Equations (free flow regime) are solved in combination with the Brinkman Equations (porous flow regime) for the laminar velocity profile and wall shear stresses in the whole shear mediated flow regime. These equations are then coupled with the Convection-Diffusion Equation to yield the drug concentration profile by incorporating a reaction term described by the Michael-Menten Kinetics model. This effectively yields a convection-diffusion–cell kinetics model (steady state and transient), where for the prescribed process and material parameters, the drug concentration profile throughout the flow channels can be predicted. A key consideration that is addressed in this paper is the effect of cell mechanotransduction, where shear stresses imposed on the encapsulated cells alter the functional ability of the liver cell enzymes to metabolize the drug. Different cases are presented, where cells are incorporated into the geometric model either as voids that experience wall shear stress (WSS) around their membrane boundaries or as solid materials, with linear elastic properties. As a last step, transient simulations are implemented showing that there exists a tradeoff with respect the drug metabolized effluent product between the shear stresses required and the residence time needed for drug diffusion.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Targeted therapy for Kaposi's sarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.

Purpose of review Tosummarize major recentfindings on the biology of human herpesvirus-8, i.e. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and the implications of these findings for Kaposi’s sarcoma treatment. Recent findings Although reduced in incidence in developed countries since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, Kaposi’s sarcoma incidence is still markedly increased in HIV-infected patients in resource-rich areas of the world and is a major complication among HIV-infected individuals in sub-Saharan Africa. The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway has emerged as a major driving force in Kaposi’s sarcoma. In addition, the roles of p53, the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral cyclin and nuclear factor-kB in the development and progression of Kaposi’s sarcoma are being further clarified, and therapeutic agents are being developed that may target these pathogenetic mechanisms. New Kaposi’s sarcoma treatments should be considered that target the molecular interface between virus and host. Summary The growing knowledge of Kaposi’s sarcoma biology provides multiple opportunities for rational targeted therapies. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which Kaposi’s sarcoma develops and to develop therapeutic strategies that prevent resistance to treatment.
Capsule commentary on McDaniel et al., Physicians criticizing physicians to patients.

Physicians are taught to think critically and practice evidence-based medicine. They read articles and review the works or others with a critical eye. But do physicians verbally criticize other physicians to patients? This study by McDaniel et al. suggests that they do, at a surprisingly high rate.1 This study covertly recorded conversations between standardized patients (actors) and consenting physicians (oncologists and family physicians), and then qualitatively analyzed the content. The standardized patient portrayed a middle-aged man who had been treated elsewhere for advanced lung cancer and was getting established in a new community. The investigators report that in 14 of 34 encounters (41 %), a total of 42 comments were made about the care they received by a previous physician. Two-thirds of those comments were critical, despite the fact that the patient received appropriate care as currently defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Importantly, these critical comments were initiated by the physicians and not the patients. Of the remaining comments, 29 % were supportive, and 4 % were neutral. Why is this important? When physicians criticize other physicians, patient satisfaction and quality of care may be adversely affected. The American Medical Association and American College of Physicians consider such criticism as disruptive and unprofessional.2,3 Education and effective training may help prevent this behavior. Creating a “culture of respect” is important for improving communication, safety, job satisfaction, and, ultimately, patient outcomes.4 If a physician has concerns about a patient’s previous care, speaking directly to the previous physician is usually the best approach.1 This study is limited by the use of standardized patients, a relatively small number of encounters in one community, and a single clinical scenario. Nevertheless, the findings are important and warrant follow-up. Future studies, potentially with real patients, should study this phenomenon in larger numbers and assess methods for reducing this behavior. Of course there is room for disagreement between physicians. Medicine is, after all, an art and not a science. But there is no place in medicine for unprofessional or disruptive behavior. This study is an important early contribution in a respectful “conversation.”
Intergeniculate leaflet lesions result in differential activation of brain regions following the presentation of photic stimuli in Nile grass rats

The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) plays an important role in the entrainment of circadian rhythms and the mediation of acute behavioral responses to light (i.e., masking). Recently, we reported that IGL lesions in diurnal grass rats result in a reversal in masking responses to light as compared to controls. Here, we used Fos as a marker of neural activation to examine the mechanisms by which the IGL may influence this masking effect of light in grass rats. Specifically, we examined the patterns of Fos activation in retinorecipient areas and in brain regions that receive IGL inputs following 1-h light pulses given during the early night in IGL-lesioned and sham-operated grass rats. Three patterns emerged: (1) IGL lesions had no effect on the Fos response to light, (2) IGL lesions resulted in a reversal in Fos responses to light, and (3) IGL lesions resulted in a lack of a Fos response to light. Of specific interest were the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPT), both of which are retinorecipient and connect reciprocally with the IGL. Light-induced Fos expression in the SCN was unaffected by IGL lesions, whereas the OPT exhibited a significant reduction in Fos expression following a light pulse in animals with IGL lesions. Altogether, our results suggest that the OPT, but not the SCN, exhibits a reversal in Fos responses to light following IGL lesions that reverse masking responses in diurnal grass rats. Our results suggest that interconnections between the IGL and downstream brain areas (e.g., OPT) may play a role in determining the direction of the behavioral response to light.
Elevated plasma homovanillic acid in depressed females with melancholia and psychosis

Plasma free homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured before drug treatment in 29 patients diagnosed as having major depression with melancholia and in 18 control subjects. Plasma HVA was significantly elevated in the total group of female melancholic patients when compared with female controls or male melancholics. Most female patients with psychotic melancholia had elevated HVA levels. These differences were not found in male patients. No significant differences were found for plasma MHPG.
The FaceSketchID System: Matching Facial Composites to Mugshots

Facial composites are widely used by law enforcement agencies to assist in the identification and apprehension of suspects involved in criminal activities. These composites, generated from witness descriptions, are posted in public places and media with the hope that some viewers will provide tips about the identity of the suspect. This method of identifying suspects is slow, tedious, and may not lead to the timely apprehension of a suspect. Hence, there is a need for a method that can automatically and efficiently match facial composites to large police mugshot databases. Because of this requirement, facial composite recognition is an important topic for biometrics researchers. While substantial progress has been made in nonforensic facial composite (or viewed composite) recognition over the past decade, very little work has been done using operational composites relevant to law enforcement agencies. Furthermore, no facial composite to mugshot matching systems have been documented that are readily deployable as standalone software. Thus, the contributions of this paper include: 1) an exploration of composite recognition use cases involving multiple forms of facial composites; 2) the FaceSketchID System, a scalable, and operationally deployable software system that achieves state-of-the-art matching accuracy on facial composites using two algorithms (holistic and component based); and 3) a study of the effects of training data on algorithm performance. We present experimental results using a large mugshot gallery that is representative of a law enforcement agency’s mugshot database. All results are compared against three state-of-the-art commercial-off-the-shelf face recognition systems.
Childhood Domestic Violence Exposure among a Community Sample of Adult Perpetrators: What Mediates the Connection?

The association between childhood exposure to domestic violence and later intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in adulthood has been well established in the literature. However, the literature examining the factors of exposure that contribute to perpetration in adulthood is fraught with mixed findings, with some studies finding a direct link between childhood domestic violence exposure and later IPV perpetration and others ruling out a link after controlling for other contextual barriers such as community violence and socioeconomic status. This study examined 124 non-treatment-seeking and unadjudicated adult male IPV perpetrators and found exposure to domestic violence in childhood contributes to the normalization of violence, which could predict future adult IPV perpetration. Practice implications are discussed, namely primary and secondary prevention of intimate partner violence.
Effects of fractional crystallization and cumulus processes on mineral composition trends of some lunar and terrestrial rock series

A plot of Mg of mafic minerals versus An of plagioclase in cumulate rocks from various lunar and terrestrial rock series shows each series to have a distinct curvilinear trend. The slopes of these trends vary from nearly vertical in the case of lunar anorthosites and Mg-norites to nearly horizontal in the case of gabbros from the mid-Atlantic ridge. Calculations based upon known major element partitioning between mafic minerals, plagioclase and subalkaline basaltic liquids indicate that fractional crystallization coupled with cotectic accumulation of mafic minerals and plagioclase will produce mineral composition trends on the Mg versus An diagram with slopes greater than 1 for cases where An is approximately greater than Mg. Furthermore, fractional crystallization of basaltic magmas with alkali concentrations approaching zero will produce near vertical Mg versus An trends. Therefore, the steep slopes of the lunar rock series are consistent with relatively simple fractionation processes. The relatively flat slope of mineral compositions from gabbros collected from the mid-Atlantic ridge at 26 deg N is inconsistent with simple fractionation processes, and calculations show that periodic refilling of a fractionating magma chamber with picritic magma cannot simply explain this flat slope either.
J.-M. Charcot and simulated neurologic disease: attitudes and diagnostic strategies.

Background: Neurologists have long wrestled with the diagnosis of elaborated or feigned disease. Studies have not focused on early techniques utilized to diagnose malingering. Objective: To analyze cases of purposeful neurologic malingering among patients treated by the 19th century neurologist J.-M. Charcot, describe his attitudes, and study his methods to separate malingering from primary neurologic diseases. Methods: A study was conducted of Charcot’s printed and original documents from the Bibliotheque Charcot, Paris, and added documents on American neurology. Results: Charcot recognized that purposeful simulation occurred in isolation as well as in established neurologic disorders. Charcot was strict with subjects motivated by greed or spite, but showed forbearance and wonder in those who created illness as “art for art’s sake.” Charcot developed diagnostic equipment that measured inspiratory depth and muscle activity as a strategy to identify malingerers. His approach strikingly contrasted with contemporary military medical treatises on malingering and S.W. Mitchell’s civilian neurologic approaches that unmasked patients through more aggressive strategies. Conclusion: Charcot provided an academically professional approach to the assessment of neurologic malingering, with a stern, often patronizing attitude, but without categorical condemnation. His diagnostic techniques are echoed by contemporary approaches and emphasized an attention to enhanced and inconsistent patterns of behaviors by malingerers.
Hypertension Associated with Decreased Testosterone Levels in Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-A Gene-Knockout and Gene-Duplicated Mutant Mouse Models

Mice lacking the gene (Npr1) encoding the natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) have hypertension with elevated blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy. In particular, Npr1 gene-deficient male mice exhibit lethal vascular events similar to those seen in untreated human hypertensive patients. Serum testosterone levels tend to be lower in hypertensive male humans than in normal males without hypertension, but the genetic basis for this tendency remains unknown. To determine whether Npr1 gene function affects the testosterone level, we measured serum testosterone in male hypertensive mice lacking a functional Npr1 gene, wild-type animals with two copies, and the gene-duplicated littermates expressing four copies of the gene. In the Npr1 gene-knockout (zero-copy) mice, the serum testosterone level was 62% lower than that in the two-copy control mice (80+/-10 ts. 120+/-14 ng/ml, respectively; P < 0.005). Serum testosterone in the four-copy mice was 144% (P < 0.005) of that in the two-copy wild-type control mice. To investigate the role of NPRA in testicular steroidogenesis, we analyzed atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-dependent guanylyl cyclase activation, accumulation of intracellular cGMP, and testosterone production in purified primary Leydig cells from animals with zero, two, or four copies of the Npr1 gene. Leydig cells lacking the Npr1 gene did not show ANP-stimulated guanylyl cyclase activation or cGMP accumulation and had no ANP-dependent testosterone production. ANP stimulation of Leydig cells from the four-copy males elicited a 2-fold greater production of cGMP compared to that in the two-copy wild-type counterparts (260+/-12 vs. 126+/-7 pmol/l x 10(6) cells; P < 0.001). Similarly, ANP-dependent testosterone production in Leydig cells was nearly twice as high in four-copy mice as in two-copy wild-type controls (561+/-18 vs. 325+/-11 ng/l x 10(6) cells; P < 0.001). ANP-dependent guanylyl cyclase activation and production of cGMP in Leydig cells increased progressively with the number of Npr1 gene copies. Our results establish the existence of an alternate mechanism for testicular steroidogenesis that is stimulated by NPRA-dependent cGMP signaling, in addition to that mediated by gonadotropins, via a cAMP pathway. These findings demonstrate the role of Npr1 gene function in the maintenance of serum testosterone levels and testicular steroidogenesis and provide a genetic link between hypertension associated with decreased NPRA and low testosterone levels.
Smectic Liquid Crystal Waveguides with Cylindrical Geometry

Abstract We have shown that the homeotropic alignment of smectic-A liquid crystals inside a ∼ 150 μm diameter glass capillary satisfies the classic Frank solution. Optical loss as low as 1.7 dB/cm, including interface losses, has been obtained from these waveguides. Very interesting multimode propagation characteristics have been observed and are compared to similar waveguides filled with nematic liquid crystals.
Association of Interleukin‐6 and Other Biologic Variables with Depression in Older People Living in the Community

OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of depression increases with age, as does the prevalence of higher levels of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). This analysis was performed to determine the association between increased levels of this cytokine and depression in a population-based sample. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort study. SETTING: Rural and urban counties in North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling older people. MEASUREMENTS: The association between IL-6 and other biologic variables with self-report depression was examined in 1686 persons aged 70 years and older in the third in-person survey wave (1991) of the Duke Established Population for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). Bivariate associations were established by the Spearman correlation, adjusted for age. A stepwise linear logistic regression model was used to derive a final model to assess multivariable effects on CES-D scores. RESULTS: Depression was correlated with IL-6 (P = .011), D-Dimer (P = .017), alpha-l-globulin (P = .023), alphas-2-globulin (P = .002), and beta globulin (P = .012). After controlling for age, race, and gender, IL-6 levels remained the only biologic variable significantly associated with depression (P = .035). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the inflammatory marker, IL-6, is associated with depression in older people in this cross-sectional study. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of cytokine (IL-6) stimulation in geriatric depression as part of an overall immunoendocrine dysregulation.
Crisis and Reformation in a Maritime Kingdom of Southeast Asia: Forces of Instability and Political Disintegration in Western Burma (Arakan), 1603-1701

This study of the initial collapse, revival, and finally a resumption of decline in the seventeenth century of the maritime kingdom of Arakan (in western Burma) attempts to establish a special place for Arakan in the general historiography of the seventeenth-century crisis in Southeast Asia. The unusual experience of Arakan in the seventeenth century was in large part due to both the blockades by autonomous Portuguese freebooters in the first two decades of the seventeenth century and the peculiar nature of a new trading relationship from the 1630s until the 1660s between the Arakanese and the Dutch, based on the Arakanese supply of slaves and rice to Dutch port-cities and plantations. The ebb and flow of Arakanese fortunes throughout the century were thus tied to the fortunes of the Dutch. Expanding Asian empires in Bengal and Burma also influenced the decline of the Arakanese maritime polity after the Dutch withdrew from Arakan in the 1660s. Afterwards, as the material resources of the Arakanese central court declined, the Arakanese littoral became politically fragmented, characterized and sustained by the rise of rival political centers and the rebellions of non-Arakanese ethnic groups who had been captured abroad and resettled in the Arakanese littoral. Arakan thus experienced its “own” crisis in the seventeenth century, a watershed that gives it a peculiar niche in the seventeenth-century history not only of Southeast Asia as a whole, but of the mainland in particular.
Modern, scalable, reliable modeling of turbulent combustion

"Turbulence is the most important unsolved problem of classical physics". That was Richard Feynman decades ago, referring to a century old problem. Today, the situation is no different. Turbulent combustion, which deals with a fluid mixture reacting and mixing under turbulent conditions (as found in rockets, jet engines, power generators, car engines, furnaces,...), is harder still. While a solution that would satisfy a physicist is yet to be found, engineers all over the world are tackling the problem with computational modeling and simulation. There are a plethora of models for turbulence and combustion with a whole wide range of competing characteristics of applicability, accuracy, reliability and computational cost. Nowadays, reliability is the key feature required of such modeling (but, most often than not, sacrificed or oversight) for the design of environment friendly and efficient machines.There exists an unproven (but undeniable) direct correlation between reliability and computational cost. However, the era of sacrificing the former because one cannot overcome and afford the latter for a full scale engineering application is over, thanks to TeraGrid and other resources for open research coupled with relentless efforts of countless developers to provide software that runs faster and better. This project is one sampling of how these resources are utilized to overcome an important research problem. We take on the Filtered Density Function (FDF) for large eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent reacting flow, which is a novel and robust methodology that can provide very accurate predictions for a wide range flow conditions. FDF involves an expensive particle/mesh algorithm where stiff chemical reaction computations cause quite interesting, problem specific, and in most cases extremely imbalanced (a couple of orders of magnitude) computational loads. The authors present the Irregularly Portioned Lagrangian Monte Carlo[?], an advanced implementation of FDF based on a simple and smart parallelization strategy that is implemented via optimized solvers and high-level public domain parallelization libraries (eg. Zoltan[?]). The methodology and a discussion of the implementation is presented along with results and benchmarks on the TeraGrid (NICS/Kraken and PSC/Bigben). Scaling and speed up comparisons demonstrate that a conventional parallelization is unable to scale beyond a 100 processors, whereas the new implementation can efficiently utilize 1000 processors for the same size problem, and has enabled the FDF methodology to tackle ever larger problems.
Protein Stability and Macromolecular Crowding

The environment inside cells is vastly different from the dilute, idealized conditions used in nearly all biophysical studies. Cells are exceptionally complex and contain macromolecules at concentrations exceeding 300 g/L. There are at least two profound consequences of the cellular environment that impact globular proteins. First, cells are highly “crowded”. The resulting decrease in available volume should increase protein’s stability. Second, because the bulk concentration of protein functional groups in cells is so high, nonspecific interactions between a protein and other cellular components, even if weak individually, can sum to large net, typically destabilizing, effects. in other words, crowding is a battle between the excluded volume effects and nonspecific interactions. We aim to identify the winner in different crowding environments, starting with inert synthetic polymers, moving to homogeneous protein crowders and ultimately to the endogenous cellular components of bacteria. We have already shown that excluded volume plays a predominant role for synthetic polymers, but nonspecific interactions with the test protein are stronger for more biologically relevant crowders.
Research on the Heat Partition Ratios in Grinding Area

Grinding temperature is the main factor to limit the improvement of grinding efficiency. The main reason of grinding temperature rise is amount of heat transfer into the workpiece in grinding process. How to determine the proportion ratio, which heat transfers into the workpiece, is the main research issue to the precise machining scholars. In this paper, the heat resistance model is used to analyze the proportional coefficient about how much heat transfer into the grinding wheel, and the factors which to influence this coefficient are discussed. The moving heat source method is used to calculate the temperature field caused by single grain heat source, and the heat integral method is used to calculate the heat contains by the grinding chip, and then the heat proportional coefficients transferring into the chip and workpiece are determined respectively.
Residential Energy Research: Progress and Potential

This article reviews selected residential energy (nonrenewable sources) research by home economists and others in closely related fields of psychology, sociology, economics, marketing, and engineering. The review is centered on the theoret ical framework, if any, and the findings of the research. Much of the research does not use a theoretical framework and is single discipline in nature, as op posed to interdisciplinary. Articles are grouped and linked together in relation to the type of research: consumption as it relates to appliances, clothing, and struc tures; the attitudinal, perceptual, and behavioral research; and policy research. Very few of the articles report research in the context of the family system and the larger system that influences energy management within the family unit. Future directions recommended by the researchers are broadly categorized. The authors challenge future researchers to work toward interdisciplinary research to help solve some of the problems present in current residential energy research. An extensive set of references is included.
A Preliminary Evaluation of the Use of the EM Algorithm for Estimating Parameters in Dynamic Tracer-Studies

The iterative, estimation-maximization algorithm for numerically generating maximum-likelihood estimates of parameters is investigated for use in processing data acquired in dynamic radioactive-tracer studies. This algorithm compared favorably to the best known alternative.
Language, Autonomy and the New Learning Environments by ALLFORD, DOUGLAS, & NORBERT PACHLER

The article reviews the book "Language, Autonomy and the New Learning Environments," by Douglas Allford and Norbert Pachler.
Internal conversion from resonance absorption

The Mossbauer re-emission spectrum in Fe/sup 57/ is studied. A Co/sup 57/ gamma source is mounted on a speaker, which is driven at 11 cps. The re- emission of these rays is measured by a NaI scintillation crystal. Since internal conversion in Fe/sup 57/ competes with gamma re-emission, a proportional counter is provided for measuring the 6.3 ksv x-rays which are emitted by Fe/sup 57/ following K-conversion. The spectra of gamma- and x-ray transmission are given as functions of relative source-abaorber velocities. The use of this method in investigation of Mossbauer spectra of highly converted gamma rays is suggested. (T.F.H.)
The binding of benoxaprofen to human serum albumin. Classification of the primary binding site

Abstract Benoxaprofen, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is shown by dialysis and microcalorimetry to have a very high affinity for human serum albumin. At low drug-to-protein ratios it does not share the same binding site as warfarin on albumin but does share a site with flufenamic acid and clofibrate. Data are presented which show that spectroscopic evidence can be unreliable in assigning binding sites and predicting drug interactions.
An efficient algorithm for drilling printed circuit boards

Abstract This paper describes an applied research project carried out for a major electronics manufacturer in Florida. The objective of the project was to develop an algorithm that would minimize the total moving time for drilling holes in printed cicuit boards. The algorithm that is developed combines a “nearest neighbor” heuristic with a clustering procedure that takes advantage of the natural structure or location of points on the boards. Comparison of the new algorithm with the procedure previously used by the manufacturer demonstrated significant savings in the average travel times. These results as well as other features of the new algorithm are also discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of iridium(III) cyclometalated complexes with oligonucleotides: insights into redox reactions with DNA.

Heteroleptic cyclometalated complexes of Ir(III) containing the dipyridophenazine ligand are synthesized through the direct introduction of a functionalized dipyridophenazine ligand onto a bis(dichloro)-bridged Ir(III) precusor and characterized by ^1H NMR, mass spectrometry, as well as spectroscopic and electrochemical properties. The excited state of the Ir(III) complexes have sufficient driving force to oxidize purines and to reduce pyrimidine nucleobases. Luminescence and EPR measurements of the Ir(III) complex with an unmodified dppz bound to DNA show the formation of a guanine radical upon irradiation, resulting from an oxidative photoinduced electron-transfer process. Evidence is also obtained indirectly for reductive photoinduced electron transfer from the excited complex to the thymine base in DNA. We have also utilized cyclopropylamine-substituted nucleosides as ultrafast kinetic traps to report transient charge occupancy in oligonucleotides when DNA is irradiated in the presence of noncovalently bound complexes. These experiments establish that the derivatized Ir(III) complexes, with photoactivation, can trigger the oxidation of guanine and the reduction of cytosine.
Development and preliminary evaluation of a telephone-based coping skills training intervention for survivors of acute lung injury and their informal caregivers

Purpose Survivors of acute lung injury (ALI) and their informal caregivers have difficulty coping with the physical and emotional challenges of recovery from critical illness. We aimed to develop and pilot test a telephone-based coping skills training intervention for this population.
Solving, estimating, and testing a nonlinear stochastic equilibrium model, with an example of the asset returns and inflation relationship

Abstract This paper describes a method for solving, estimating, and testing a fully specified nonlinear stochastic equilibrium model, by simulation. A nonlinear stochastic asset pricing model with production and money is formulated, which aims to explain observed empirical relations between inflation and asset returns. Complete solution paths to the equilibrium model are generated through a backwards-mapping method. The parameters of the model are estimated by simulation taking account of the broad range of dynamics of the model, and overidentifying restrictions of the model are tested by extending GMM procedures.
Tools from moral psychology for measuring personal moral culture

Moral culture can mean many things, but two major elements are a concern with moral goods and moral prohibitions. Moral psychologists have developed instruments for assessing both of these and such measures can be directly imported by sociologists. Work by Schwartz and his colleagues on values offers a well-established way of measuring moral goods, while researchers using Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory have developed validated measures of moral prohibitions. Both values and moral foundations are distributed across the social landscape in systematic, sociologically interesting ways. Although typically measured using questionnaires, we show that values and moral foundations also can be used to analyze interview, archival, or “big data.” Combining psychological and sociological tools and frameworks promises to clarify relations among existing sociological treatments of moral culture and to connect such treatments to a thriving conversation in moral psychology.
Descents and one-dimensional characters for classical Weyl groups

Abstract This paper examine all sums of the form σ πϵW χ(π)t d(π) where W is a classical Weyl group, X is a one-dimensional character of W , and d ( π ) is the descent statistic . This completes a picture which is known when W is the symmetric group S n (the Weyl group A n −1 ). Surprisingly, the answers turn out to be simpler and generalize further for the other classical Weyl groups B n (≊C n ) and D n . The B n , case uses sign-reversing involutions, while the D n case follows from a result of independent interest relating statistics for all three groups.
The digital divide and e-government services

There is much research examining the digital divide and what it looks like in society. This research often describes the digital divide as yet another symptom of the current socio-economic division in our society. Based on this research, one would expect that online government services targeting the lower income population would not become a policy focus. However, around the United States, programs are being adopted to provide e-government services to low-income populations who are receiving public welfare benefits. This raises a question as to whether this population can avail itself of e-government services and whether e-government services generally serve to create differences in government service provision between the wealthy and better educated compared to the poor and less educated. Our findings indicate that, as would be expected in the American context, there is a digital divide gap between these two populations. This gap begins with access to the Internet but also extends to the use of e-government services among those who have Internet access. We see that education and income are strong predictors of both the use of e-government services and the volume of e-government services used. This has implications for the expansion and use of e-government in the U. S. and internationally.
The Pain Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ): A Global Report of Pain Behavior inChronic Headache

SYNOPSIS The Pain Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ), adapted from an earlier version by Philips and Hunter,1 wasadministered to 165 chronic headache patients (migraine, tension, and mixed migraine and tension) duringa pre-treatment assessment, and asked for a retrospective report of the frequency of engaging in variouspain-related behaviors during periods of headache. An exploratory factor analysis identified four factors:avoidance (Factor 1), complaint (Factor 2), non-verbal complaint (Factor 3), and medication consumption(Factor 4). Additionally, the relationship between behavioral factors and a prospective index of headacheactivity was calculated. In all cases, for the entire sample, and for each diagnostic group, the correlationswere negative, indicating some lack of congruence between a measure of pain and pain behaviors. Finally,the relationship between indices of psychopathology and pain behaviors was assessed utilizing the BeckDepression Inventory (BDI), and the Trait portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Scores on theBDI were significantly positively correlated with Factors 1, 3 and 4. Scores on the STAI were significantlypositively correlated with all four of the behavioral factors. These results indicate that the pain experiencemay be mediated by factors other than the subjective experience of pain itself.
Performance of hurricane shutters under impact by roof tiles

Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of the performance of shutter systems designed to protect windows from windborne debris. Observations from post hurricane damage investigations have found that a wide variety of windborne debris types cause damage to buildings, including roof tiles in residential neighborhoods. This investigation subjected steel and aluminum storm panel shutters to impact from concrete roof tiles commonly used in hurricane prone regions. 4.1 kg (9 lb) tiles were launched at 15.25 m/s (50 fps) using a custom apparatus, duplicating the 2×4 (in.) lumber impact product certification test in both missile weight and impact speed. The tests were then repeated using 2×4 lumber, providing a comparison of performance as a function of debris type. The test matrix included steel panels of three different thicknesses and aluminum panels of two different thicknesses. Three manufacturers of each of the five storm panel types were tested, each using two common installation methods. Tests were conducted with tiles impacting on their edge and impacting flat. Results demonstrate a significant difference in both total and plastic shutter deflection for tile impacts vs. 2×4 lumber. With regard to the vulnerability of the glass being protected, the results suggest that the current standards may not be conservative under circumstances likely to occur in tile roof residential neighborhoods.
Integrated Optical Circuits In Ultra-High Speed Fiber Optics LANs

Successful implementation of ultra-high-speed fiber optics local area networks depends not only on the invention of efficient new protocols and architectures but also on the development of new interface devices. These interface devices may take the form of inte-grated optical circuits (I0Cs). This presentation will focus on the various functions of the interface devices which may be performed by different IOCs.© (1985) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Future Need for Geriatric Manpower in the United States

Abstract Additional medical manpower will be required to meet the growth in the elderly segment of the United States population over the next 50 years. This paper provides estimates of the needs for medical geriatric manpower under four different models: continuation of the status quo; academic geriatricians only; provision of care by academic and consultant geriatricians; and provision of care by academic, consultant, and primary-care geriatric practitioners. Each option is further analyzed in terms of three levels of delegation to nonphysician clinicians. We project the implications of these 12 patterns through the year 2030, assuming present usage levels and allowing for improved care of the elderly. The need for geropsychiatric care is explored separately. We think that geriatricians should provide improved care, including both consultant and primary care, to people aged 75 years and older, and that they should delegate a moderate amount of responsibility to nurse practitioners, physician assistants, ...
Travels in hypermodality

The power of visual communication is multiplied when it is co-deployed with language in multimodal texts. In hypertexts, such as websites, the interaction of these two semiotic resources affords new forms of informational and design complexity and presents us with some new political choices. This article offers a semiotic scheme for the analysis of composite verbal-visual meanings and some discussions of the semiotic politics of visual communication in hypermedia design.
Does early diagnosis and delivery in acute fatty liver of pregnancy lead to improvement in maternal and infant survival

Two cases of acute fatty liver of pregnancy resulting in maternal and infant survival are described. There have only been six such cases reported previously. The two described here are unique because the diagnosis was made prepartum by an oil red O stain of a frozen section of a liver biopsy, and the patients were promptly delivered by cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. The role of early diagnosis and delivery in this disease is discussed.
High-current vacuum arcs. Part 2: Theoretical outline

In the paper, the description of the arc plasma presented in the literature for arcs of a few hundred amperes is extended to include the plasma-interaction effects which occur at high currents. As a result, it is predicted that the arcing voltage will increase linearly with contact separation and current, and that the outline of the discharge will be diffuse and is little influenced by external magnetic fields, up to a total arcing voltage of about 40V in copper-vapour arcs. It is predicted that, at about this arcing voltage, a discontinuous change will occur, giving rise to unstable voltages of the order experienced. The model also suggests that the plasma will concentrate close to the anode once the arcing voltage exceeds this value, and an explanation of the bunching of cathode spots at this current is offered. Finally, the theory is extended to cover the transition to the gross-melting arc, and to predict the temperatures of the anode spots during the gross-melting period. Pt. 1 of the paper is an experimental study of high-current vacuum arcs.