cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overcoating of Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles with host cell vimentin type intermediate filaments

The interaction between the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuole and vimentin-type intermediate filaments in Vero cells was investigated via immunofluorescence microscopy. A significant rearrangement of host cell vimentin around the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles occurs throughout the course of infection. Host cell vimentin associates with the parasitophorous vacuoles within an hour after invasion. This vimentin overcoating of the vacuole is initiated at the host cell nuclear surface. During parasite multiplication, vimentin retains a closely defined association with the cytosolic surface of the parasitophorous vacuole. In addition, the vimentin intermediate filaments originating from the host cell nuclear surface are progressively rearranged around the enlarging parasitophorous compartment. During infections, the order of vimentin cytoskeleton is normal throughout the cell and appears redefined only at the vicinity of the parasitophorous vacuole. Depolymerization of the intermediate filaments was achieved with the phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A. Disruption of the intermediate filament networks resulted in displacement of the parasitophorous vacuoles from the host cell nuclear surface. The data indicate that host cell vimentin binds to the Toxoplasma parasitophorous vacuoles and that the host intermediate filament network serves to dock the parasite compartment to the host cell nuclear surface.
Preservice Elementary Teachers' Use of Mathematics in a Project‐Based Science Approach

The use of a project-based science (PBS) approach to teaching encourages students to integrate mathematics and science in meaningful ways as they create projects. As a beginning study of how students use mathematics in such an approach, an analysis of 23 projects developed by preservice elementary teachers enrolled in an elementary science course was conducted. Findings showed that students made a number of different types of mathematical errors and underutilized data representation and summary forms. Implications included the importance of developing methods for supporting the use of mathematical tools in utilizing a project-based approach and considering ways that such tools mediate scientific thinking.
But that's just mad! Reading the utopian impulse in Dark princess and Black empire

This article examines W.E.B. Du Bois's Dark princess and George Schuyler's Black empire as attempts to accept a project that is intimately familiar with the poetics of speculative prophecy driven by the dynamics of utopia. Both novels illustrate a type of racial utopian vision for the future in which a transformed global social order emerges. However, Dark princess and Black empire engage the often uneasy relationship between the utopian possible and the more constrictive, anti-utopian probable. By examining the ways that Du Bois and Schuyler make use of their utopian novels, this paper explores how the trajectories of possibility in the two novels provide insights into the politics and poetics of their speculative writings.
Quality of Higher Education and Sociopolitical Attitudes

Attitude differences by quality of higher education experience were investigated on six sociopolitical issues for a national sample of adult Americans. Persons from high-ranked colleges were found to be consistently more liberal than those from low- and unranked institutions, differences which were significant on all but one item when region of birth and age were held constant. Most variance in attitudes by education lies between the three major educational strata (grade school, high school, and college), rather than within the collegeeducated group. But rising levels of higher education and greater differences among younger than older persons suggest a continuing stratification of opinion within the college-educated population. Studies of non-economic political policy preferences have generally found collegeeducated persons more liberal than non-college respondents. As the proportion of adults with some exposure to higher education approaches a third of the population, researchers can no longer safely assume that this category is internally homogeneous and undifferentiated in its political orientations. This study asks whether differences in institutional quality among the college-educated are related to significant differences in sociopolitical attitudes later in life. Our expectation is that persons who attended higher quality institutions will be more liberal in attitude even when rival factors associated with quality of higher education and attitudes are held constant. Part of the difference may be due to selectivity, with lower-ranked colleges tending to attract more conservative students. But we suspect that part of the difference is genuinely causal. The highly ranked major universities and liberal arts colleges have disproportionately liberal faculties (Lazarsfeld and Thielens). The diversity of the student body and a greater openness to the outside environment at highly ranked colleges should contribute to greater tolerance among students which will persist into later life. In effect, we postulate that quality of higher education is causally related to cosmopolitan-local orientations among students: high quality education expresses itself in liberal attitudes beyond the college experience. Although we cannot test, directly, the causal sequence of such an orientation, we can determine whether quality of higher education is significantly related to sociopolitical attitudes. Data used in the analysis come from the 1972 presidential election study conducted by the Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan (n = 2,705).
REGULATION OF CONTRACTION BY CALCIUM BINDING MYOSINS

Contraction of molluscan muscles is triggered by binding of Ca2+ to myosin. Molluscan myosins are regulated molecules, their light chains serve as regulatory subunits. They differ from myosins of skeletal muscles in requiring Ca2+ for activity and having a specific high-affinity Ca2+ binding site. As all conventional myosins molluscan myosins also consist of two heavy chains, two regulatory and two essential light chains. Scallop myosin is particularly suitable for studying light chain function since its regulatory light chains readily dissociate in the absence of divalent cations and its essential light chains can be exchanged with foreign light chains. The structural, mutational and biochemical studies presented here are aimed to elucidate the role of the light chains in regulation, to describe the interactions between the myosin subunits and to locate the regions and the amino acids responsible for the differences between functional and non-functional light chains.
Separation of racemic sulfoxides and sulfinate esters on four derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases using capillary gas chromatography

The separation of 17 chiral sulfoxides and eight chiral sulfinate esters by gas chromatography (GC) on four derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases (CSPs) (Chiraldex G-TA, G-BP, G-PN, B-DM) is presented. Many of these compounds are structural isomers or part of a homologous series. Differences in enantioselectivity of the methyl phenyl sulfoxide isomers on the derivatized gamma cyclodextrin and the heptakis 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (i.e. B-DM) CSPs are discussed. Under the conditions of this study, the molecular mass cut-off for the GC separation of these compounds was approximately 230. Compounds of higher molecular mass were not eluted from the CSPs at reasonable times and temperatures, but these higher molecular mass enantiomers can be separated by liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. The enantiomeric separation and elution order of a sulfinate ester containing two stereogenic centers as well as 15 chiral sulfoxides is presented. The G-TA and B-DM CSPs generally gave opposite elution orders for most of the compounds studied.
The Preparation of Congenic Strains of Tetrahymena

SYNOPSIS. Congenic strains of syngen 1, Tetrahymena pyriformis, were produced by backcrossing the F1 hybrid between inbred strains C2 and D to strain D in 12 consecutive backcrosses, with selection for certain C2 genes, and then using genomic exclusion to induce homozygosity. Six congenic strains of high breeding performance are available. Five differ from strain D in single genes at 5 different loci. The 6th strain differs at all 5 loci. Assuming the size of the Drosophila gene (4 × 104 nucleotide pairs), we can calculate that strains differing from D by single genes have a heterozygous segment 3 genes long while The strain which differs from D by 5 genes has 5 heterozygous segments and 15 genes contributed from strain C2. A 40-fold increase in heterozygosity would be found with a gene size of 103 nucleotide pairs. This means that in using these strains for biochemical work we must be aware that some genetic noise still remains.
SAFECode: enforcing alias analysis for weakly typed languages

Static analysis of programs in weakly typed languages such as C and C++ is generally not sound because of possible memory errors due to dangling pointer references, uninitialized pointers, and array bounds overflow. We describe a compilation strategy for standard C programs that guarantees that aggressive interprocedural pointer analysis (or less precise ones), a call graph, and type information for a subset of memory, are never invalidated by any possible memory errors. We formalize our approach as a new type system with the necessary run-time checks in operational semantics and prove the correctness of our approach for a subset of C. Our semantics provide the foundation for other sophisticated static analyses to be applied to C programs with a guarantee of soundness. Our work builds on a previously published transformation called Automatic Pool Allocation to ensure that hard-to-detect memory errors (dangling pointer references and certain array bounds errors) cannot invalidate the call graph, points-to information or type information. The key insight behind our approach is that pool allocation can be used to create a run-time partitioning of memory that matches the compile-time memory partitioning in a points-to graph, and efficient checks can be used to isolate the run-time partitions. Furthermore, we show that the sound analysis information enables static checking techniques that eliminate many run-time checks. Our approach requires no source code changes, allows memory to be managedexplicitly, and does not use meta-data on pointers or individual tag bits for memory. Using several benchmark s and system codes, we show experimentally that the run-time overheads are low (less than 10% in nearly all cases and 30% in the worst case we have seen).We also show the effectiveness of static analyses in eliminating run-time checks.
Progesterone receptors and human breast cancer

Estrogen receptor protein is known to be an important prognostic factor for patients with breast cancer. The presence of estrogen receptor correlates with response to endocrine therapy in patients with metastatic disease and is associated with prolonged disease-free and overall survival in patients with primary disease. But the correlation between estrogen receptor positivity and endocrine dependence is not perfect. Approximately 40% of estrogen receptor positive tumors fail to regress with endocrine therapy. It has been hypothesized that another protein, progesterone receptor, may be a more effective marker of endocrine responsiveness since progesterone receptor is the end product of estrogen action. We have examined the relationship between progesterone receptor and response of advanced breast cancer tumors to hormonal manipulations. Promising retrospective results indicate the need for new, prospective clinical trials to further define the prognostic value of progesterone receptor for these tumors. We have also analyzed the disease-free intervals of patients with primary disease and found that progesterone receptor was more important than estrogen receptor for predicting time to recurrence. We suggest that both estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor be routinely measured in all breast cancer tumors, and that the results of these assays will help the physician individualize therapy for breast cancer patients.
Detecting minelike targets: synergistic effects of correlated and uncorrelated sensor channels

We report results from an experiment designed to study the perceptual and learning processes involved in the detection of land mines. Subjects attempted to identify the location of spatially distributed targets identified by a sweeping a cursor across a computer screen. Invisible screen 'objects' were identified by either tones (A) or clicks (B) or both. Objects defined by a tone or a click only are distracters; the single object defined by both is the target (mine). We looked at the effect on target detectability of the number and spatial distribution of distracters. As expected from theoretical analysis, target detectability was highest when A and B distracters were negatively correlated; lowest when they were positively correlated. Under these conditions, detectability is was also inversely related to the number of A distracters (which were spatially diffuse) but was largely unaffected by the number of B distracters (which were punctate). Adding a second sensor channel greatly enhanced target detectability, especially if A and B distracters were spatially uncorrelated or negatively correlated.
Myths and Legends in Orthopaedic Practice: Are We All Guilty?

Over years of practice, many beliefs and practices become entrenched as tried and tested, and we subconsciously believe they are based on scientific evidence. We identified nine such beliefs by interviewing orthopaedic surgeons in which studies (or lack thereof) apparently do not support such practices. These are: changing the scalpel blade after the skin incision to limit contamination; bending the patient’s knee when applying a thigh tourniquet; bed rest for treatment of deep vein thrombosis; antibiotics in irrigation solution; routine use of hip precautions; routine use of antibiotics for the duration of wound drains; routine removal of hardware in children; correlation between operative time and infection; and not changing dressings on the floor before scrubbing. A survey of 186 practicing orthopaedic surgeons in academic and community settings was performed to assess their routine practice patterns. We present the results of the survey along with an in-depth literature review of these topics. Most surgeon practices are based on a combination of knowledge gained during training, reading the literature, and personal experience. The results of this survey hopefully will raise the awareness of the selected literature for common practices.
Effects of heme addition on formation of stable human globin chains and hemoglobin subunit assembly in a cell-free system

Abstract Our previous assembly studies to form hemoglobin hetero-dimers and -tetramers using a coupled transcription/translation cell-free system suggested that α-globin chains bind to nascent non-α chains during and/or soon after translation to promote hemoglobin formation [Adachi et al., J. Biol Chem. 2002 (277) 13415]. In this report effects of CN–hemin on subunit assembly were studied using this cell-free system. Addition of CN–hemin and excess unlabeled heme-containing partner chains during synthesis leads to formation of radiolabeled heme-containing α h β h hetero-dimers. In contrast, in the absence of added CN–hemin, unlabeled heme-containing α or β chains can assemble with newly synthesized radiolabeled β- and α-globin chains to form heme-containing α h β h and semi-α (α h β 0 ) or semi-β (α 0 β h ) hetero-dimers, respectively. These results suggest the existence of semi-hemoglobins as intermediates prior to formation of heme-containing α h β h and indicate transfer of heme from α and/or β chains into semi-hemoglobin hetero-dimers to form heme-containing hetero-dimers.
Ultrasonic signal processing methods for detection of defects in concrete pipes

Abstract Automated inspection systems are important for maintenance and rehabilitation of pipeline systems in North America given their budgetary constraints, demand on providing quality service, and the need for preserving their pipeline infrastructure. Automated ultrasonic signal classification systems are finding increasing use in many applications for the recognition of large volumes of inspection signals. This paper presents an automated signal classification system to process A-scan signals acquired with the Ultrasound transducer from a pipe region of interest (ROI). The overall approach consists of three major steps, preprocessing of the signal, multi-resolution analysis for feature extraction, and neural network classification. Finally, a post processing scheme to interpret the classifier outputs and classify the ROI into an appropriate defect class taking into consideration some a priori knowledge of the problem is developed. The proposed post processing scheme is composed of several steps that combine the statistics from the classification matrix as well as a two-step procedure based on k -nearest neighbor and non-linear regression. The feature extraction, classification and post processing schemes proposed in this paper provide a working proof-of-concept for developing this inspection system into an automated field applicable tool.
Photoinhibition and repair in Dunaliella salina acclimated to different growth irradiances

The light-dependent rate of photosystem-II (PSII) damage and repair was measured in photoautotrophic cultures of Dunaliella salina Teod. grown at different irradiances in the range 50–3000 μmol photons · m−2· s−1. Rates of cell growth increased in the range of 50–800 μmol photons·m−2·s−1, remained constant at a maximum in the range of 800–1,500 μmol photons·m−2 ·s−1, and declined due to photoinhibition in the range of 1500–3000 μmol photons·m−2·s−1. Western blot analyses, upon addition of lincomycin to the cultures, revealed first-order kinetics for the loss of the PSII reaction-center protein (D1) from the 32-kDa position, occurring as a result of photodamage. The rate constant of this 32-kDa protein loss was a linear function of cell growth irradiance. In the presence of lincomycin, loss of the other PSII reaction-center protein (D2) from the 34-kDa position was also observed, occurring with kinetics similar to those of the 32-kDa form of D1. Increasing rates of photodamage as a function of irradiance were accompanied by an increase in the steady-state level of a higher-molecular-weight protein complex (≈ 160-kDa) that cross-reacted with D1 antibodies. The steady-state level of the 160-kDa complex in thylakoids was also a linear function of cell growth irradiance. These observations suggest that photodamage to D1 converts stoichiometric amounts of D1 and D2 (i.e., the D1/D2 heterodimer) into a ≈160-kDa complex. This complex may help to stabilize the reaction-center proteins until degradation and replacement of D1 can occur. The results indicated an intrinsic half-time of about 60 min for the repair of individual PSII units, supporting the idea that degradation of D1 after photodamage is the rate-limiting step in the PSII repair process.
Corrosion of carbon steel C1010 in the presence of iron oxidizing bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans

Abstract In this study, corrosion behaviors of carbon steel C1010 in the presence of an acidophilic, iron-oxidizing bacterial species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans were examined. Results showed that A. ferrooxidans cells, with or without attaching to C1010 steel, accelerated its corrosion at a rate of 3–6× those of acidic water, at a pH of 2, without cells. A. ferrooxidans oxidized Fe2+ to Fe3+ as an energy source and the produced Fe3+ rapidly oxidized Fe0 to Fe2+ was proposed and verified as the reason. In addition, severe pitting corrosion was found on the C1010 steel surface in solutions containing A. ferrooxidans cells.
Microscopy: Polarized high-resolution imaging

By making use of polarization control, researchers have achieved a record 100-nm resolution when imaging buried transistors in an integrated circuit.
Prospective management of a child with neonatal citrullinemia

A patient with neonatal citrullinemia caused by severe deficiency of argininosuccinate synthetase was treated prospectively according to the currently accepted protocol. We gradually reduced the doses and then discontinued treatment with sodium benzoate and phenylacetate; blood glutamine levels were maintained in the normal range, but ammonia was midly elevated. Growth and development progressed normally through 31 months of age. Some patients with citrullinemia can be successfully managed without daily sodium benzoate and phenylacetate therapy.
Program transformation techniques applied to languages used in high performance computing

Meta-programming has shown much promise for improving the quality of software. A system that supports meta-programming is able to generate or manipulate other programs to extend their behaviour. Thus far, the power of meta-programming has not been explored deeply in the area of High Performance Computing (HPC). We propose to bring the power of meta-programming to languages that may be used in HPC to help to solve various problems in HPC software related to efficiency, scalability, and adaptation. In our initial efforts we have implemented a meta-programming framework called OpenFortran to build arbitrary source-to-source program transformation libraries for Fortran programs. The design focus of OpenFortran is to enable program transformation in a manner that is transparent to application programmers. Similarly, we have also built a framework for C called OpenC. In this doctoral symposium summary, we present the idea of building a generalized meta-programming framework suitable for extending an arbitrary programming language, which would allow source-to-source program trans-formation. We also describe the possibility of solving problems emerging in HPC software via program trans-formation.
Wavepacket dynamics on arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian grids: Application to an Eckart barrier

An adaptive grid approach to a computational study of the scattering of a wavepacket from a repulsive Eckart barrier is described. The grids move in an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework and a hybrid of the moving path transform of the Schrodinger equation and the hydrodynamic equations are used for the equations of motion. Boundary grid points follow Lagrangian trajectories and interior grid points follow non-Lagrangian paths. For the hydrodynamic equations the interior grid points are equally spaced between the evolving Lagrangian boundaries. For the moving path transform of the Schrodinger equation interior grid distribution is determined by the principle of equidistribution, and by using a grid smoothing technique these grid points trace a path that continuously adapts to reflect the dynamics of the wavepacket. The moving grid technique is robust and allows accurate computations to be obtained with a small number of grid points for wavepacket propagation times exceeding 5 ps.
Preventive Interventions for ADHD: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective

It is proposed that the time is ripe for the development of secondary preventive interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). By targeting preschool children, a developmental stage during which ADHD symptoms first become evident in most children with the disorder, many of the adverse long-term consequences that typify the trajectory of ADHD may be avoided. A dynamic/interactive model of the biological and environmental factors that contribute to the emergence and persistence of ADHD throughout the lifespan is proposed. Based on this model, it is argued that environmental influences and physical exercise can be used to enhance neural growth and development, which in turn should have an enduring and long-term impact on the trajectory of ADHD. Central to this notion are 2 hypotheses: 1) environmental influences can facilitate structural and functional brain development, and 2) changes in brain structure and function are directly related to ADHD severity over the course of development and the degree to which the disorder persists or remits with time. We present experimental and correlational data supporting the first hypothesis and longitudinal data in individuals with ADHD supporting the second. The case is made for initiating such an intervention during the preschool years, when the brain is likely to be more “plastic” and perhaps susceptible to lasting modifications, and before complicating factors, such as comorbid psychiatric disorders, academic failure, and poor social and family relationships emerge, making successful treatment more difficult. Finally, we review recent studies in young children with ADHD that might fall under the umbrella of secondary prevention.
Actin Cytoskeleton Controls Movement Of Intracellular Organelles In Epithelia

Background: Intracellular organelles move along microtubules and filamentous actin (F-actin) using molecular motors. Previously we reported that movement of secretory granules was hindered by Ca2+-dependent formation of a dense cytoplasmic F-actin meshwork in pancreatic duct epithelial cells (PDEC). Aim: Here we addressed whether other organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes also are controlled by the same mechanism. Methods: Mitochondria and lysosomes were labeled with fluorescent MitoTracker Red and LysoTracker Red, respectively. Their movements were monitored every 1.2 s with high resolution fluorescence microscopy and measured by comparing subsequent images. Cells were stimulated with UTP to activate an endogenous P2Y2 G-protein coupled receptor to increase intracellular Ca2+. Results: Mitochondria and lysosomes moving actively at rest stopped rapidly (τ ∼ 2.6 s) after Ca2+ rise. This organelle ‘freezing’ was accompanied by the formation of F-actin in the whole cytoplasm as stained with phalloidin-Alexa 488. EGFP-actin binding domain 2 (ABD2) expressed in PDEC, indicated a rapid formation of cytoplasmic F-actin (τ ∼ 7.8 s). In addition, the freezing of the organelles was blocked by latrunculin B, an inhibitor of F-actin formation. Conclusion: Ca2+-dependent formation of a fine F-actin meshwork reduces the movement of intracellular organelles physically in PDEC. The freezing mechanism controls exocytosis of secretory granules and may affect local ATP supply by controlling mitochondrial distribution in PDEC.Supported by UW Royalty Research Fund and an NIH grant (GM083913).
Vectors of Shannon Information from Fourier Signals Characterizing Base Periodicity in Genes and Genomes

Abstract Equal Symbol Fourier Transforms (FTES), characterizing nucleotide periodicity, comprise components of 5-D vectors that define base-repeat properties of a genomic sequence. This report describes a conversion of the FTES signals to a common platform of Shannon information content to facilitate comparisons of periodic data with other measures of information for genes and genomes. The autocorrelation used to compute the discrete FTES formed the basis to define repeating bases in terms of conditional probabilities. We derived a vector equation to express the Shannon information content of a sequence in a way that preserves the distinct specificity of base repeat patterns characterized by FTES vectors. We suggest application of such information vectors to study the structure of information in genes, chromosomes, and genomes by χ 2 comparisons.
An overview of food hypersensitivity

This review addresses food hypersensitivity in the context of adverse food reactions, distinguishing them from food intolerance, and provides useful information regarding the extent of this medical problem. An extensive survey of both recent and past developments including the pathogenesis, immunopathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and natural history of food hypersensitivity is included. Specific clinical and immunologic observations from several investigators around the world are highlighted. Finally, future areas of investigation in food hypersensitivity are identified in hopes of generating continued medical research in this area.
Stability of Thin Liquid Sheet Flows

A two-dimensional, linear stability analysis of a thin nonplanar liquid sheet flow in vacuum is carried out. A sheet flow created by a narrow slit of W and tau attains a nonplanar cross section as a consequence of cylinders forming on the sheet edge under the influence of surface tension forces. The region where these edge cylinders join the sheet is one of high curvature, and this is found to be the location where instability is most likely to occur. The sheet flow is found to be unstable, but with low growth rates for symmetric wave disturbances and high growth rates for antisymmetric disturbances. By combining the symmetric and antisymmetric disturbance modes, a wide range of stability characteristics is obtained. The product of unstable growth rate and flow time is proportional to the width-to-thickness ratio of the sift generating the sheet Three-dimensional effects can alter these results, particularly when the sheet length-to-width ratio is not much greater than unity.
Hospitalization as a Measure of Clinical Toxicity

Acute animal toxicity data are useful in comparing a series of compounds with regard to a given toxic endpoint. Such information is not obtainable from human populations, and clinicians must often be guided by empiric judgement in treating acute ingestions. This experimental survey compared the calculated percent of cases hospitalized for 12 common substances ingested by young children as reported by the National Clearinghouse for Poison Control Centers for 1975-1976. Such ratios are offered as measures of clinical toxicity and as helpful modes of input in guiding patient management.
Spontaneous emission from the bare ground state of an optically driven three-level atom: Perturbation theory and energy conservation.

We present a perturbative derivation of the fluorescence spectrum for a three-level atom driven by a classical radiation field. The energies of the three atomic levels are equal to \ensuremath{\Elzxh}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathrm{i}}$ (i=1, 2, and 3) with ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{3}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{2}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{1}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{32}$\ensuremath{\gg}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{21}$ (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{ij}}$=${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{i}}$-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{j}}$). The radiation field, having a frequency \ensuremath{\Omega}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{31}$, can be considered to drive the 2-3 transition only. Spontaneous emission from the ground state, via a normally counter-rotating atom-vacuum interaction term in the Hamiltonian, conserves energy when a photon is subsequently absorbed from the laser field. The spectrum is explained in terms of a Raman process, and in terms of an interaction between the laser field and the coupled atom-vacuum field system. Connection is made with a dressed-atom description of the problem. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
An investigation of Unified Memory Access performance in CUDA

Managing memory between the CPU and GPU is a major challenge in GPU computing. A programming model, Unified Memory Access (UMA), has been recently introduced by Nvidia to simplify the complexities of memory management while claiming good overall performance. In this paper, we investigate this programming model and evaluate its performance and programming model simplifications based on our experimental results. We find that beyond on-demand data transfers to the CPU, the GPU is also able to request subsets of data it requires on demand. This feature allows UMA to outperform full data transfer methods for certain parallel applications and small data sizes. We also find, however, that for the majority of applications and memory access patterns, the performance overheads associated with UMA are significant, while the simplifications to the programming model restrict flexibility for adding future optimizations.
Characterizations of weakly compact sets and new fixed point free maps in c

We give a basic sequence characterization of relative weak compactness in c0 and we construct new examples of closed, bounded, convex subsets of c0 failing the xed point property for nonexpansive self-maps. Combining these results, we derive the following characterization of weak compactness for closed, bounded, convex subsets C of c0: such a C is weakly compact if and only if all of its closed, convex, nonempty subsets have the xed point property for nonexpansive mappings.
The analysis and large-angle control of a flexible beam using an adaptive truss

This preliminary study of an adaptive truss slewing problem investigates the static positioning of an adaptive truss at slewed orientations and the dynamic vibrations of an attached flexible beam. A nonlinear model of an adaptive truss and flexible beam is derived. Linear control laws are developed and simulated for various truss configurations. Results show the linear control laws developed at a slewed configuration perform best at that configuration.
NEURAL CORRELATES OF CONCEPTUAL KNOWLEDGE FOR ACTIONS

The neural correlates of conceptual knowledge for actions are not well understood. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we tested the hypothesis that the retrieval of conceptual knowledge for ac...
Cast Treatment of Infantile or Early Onset Scoliosis

Casting for infantile scoliosis is a nearly forgotten but useful technique for treating progressive early onset scoliosis, which can result in either cure for younger children with smaller curves or delay in the need for surgery in others. The proper technique focuses on the rotational component of the curve and avoids pushing the convex ribs further into the chest.
Increasing Preservice Teachers' Support of Multicultural Education

The purpose of this mixed-methods study was to build candidate knowledge utilizing Katz and Chard's Project Approach (1989) promoting movement across Nieto's (2000) levels of support for multicultural education. Three major preliminary steps advancing multicultural sensitivity and teaching practice were identified as foundational for the future development of pre-service teachers' multicultural understandings.
Opening a Can of wERMS: Texas A&M University's Experiences in Implementing Two Electronic Resource Management Systems

Over the past few years, Texas A&M University (TAMU) has searched for a way to administer its electronic subscriptions as well as the electronic subscriptions shared among the TAMU System. In this article, we address our attempts to implement an effective electronic resource management system (ERMS), both for subscriptions on the main campus and for those resources shared by its affiliate institutions throughout the TAMU System. Specifically, we describe two implementation efforts that have shaped TAMU's experience with ERM systems: our unsuccessful attempt to implement Verde and our more successful implementation of Gold Rush.
Sampling blood from big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in the field with and without anesthesia: impacts on survival.

Blood was collected from wild big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with and without anesthesia in Fort Collins, Colorado in 2004 to assess the impacts of these procedures on short-term survival and 1-yr return rates. Short-term survival and 1-yr return rates after release were passively monitored using PIT tag detection hoops placed at selected buildings. Comparison of 14-day maximum likelihood survival estimates from bats not bled (142 adult females, 62 volant juveniles), and bats sampled for blood with anesthesia (96 adult females, 23 volant juveniles) and without anesthesia (112 adult females, 22 volant juveniles) indicated no adverse effects of either treatment (juveniles: χ2=53.38, df=41, P=0.09; adults: χ2=39.09, df=44, P=0.68). Return rates of bats one year after sampling were similar among adult female controls (75.4%, n=142, 95% CI=67.4– 82.2%), females sampled for blood with anesthesia (83.0%, n=112, 95% CI=74.8–89.5%), and females sampled without anesthesia (87.5%, n=96, 95% CI=79.2–93.4%). Lack o...
Oxygen diffusion and atherosclerosis.

Abstract The intramuscular injection of the carotenoid compound, Cocetin, in rabbits fed an atherosclerosis-producing diet, resulted in greatly reduced severity of the atherosclerosis. In addition, serum cholesterol levels were reduced by 50%. Crocetin also causes increased oxygen diffusion through the blood plasma. Thus, these results would appear to add evidence that hypoxia, due to reduced diffusion of oxygen at the blood-tissue interface, plays an important and perhaps an initiating part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Temperature-Programmed Desorption and Reflectance Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy of H2O:HBr Thin Films of Varying Stoichiometry from <1:1 to 5:1

Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection absorbance infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) were used to study H2O:HBr thin films of varying stoichiometry from <1:1 to 5:1. These films were deposited on a Ag(110) crystal at T = 100 K. The TPD data showed a single desorption peak near 180 K in the H2O+ (m/e = 18) mass channel for all of the films investigated. In the HBr+ (m/e = 82) mass channel, a single desorption peak near 180 K was observed for films with a H2O:HBr stoichiometry ≥3:1, indicating sublimation of the H2O:HBr film. For films with a H2O:HBr stoichiometry <3:1, HBr desorption began at temperatures as low as 125 K. The HBr desorption peak was broad and continuous until the entire H2O:HBr film desorbed near 180 K. RAIR spectra of the H2O:HBr films were also recorded as a function of film temperature. The infrared data in conjunction with TPD allowed for changes in the spectra to be interpreted in terms of changes in film crystallinity and film composition.
The circuitous path to the comparison of simulated values from crop models with field observations

The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge has been a fixture in dissemination of crop simulation models and the concepts and data upon which they are built since the inception of computers and computer modelling in the mid-20th century. To quantify the performance of a crop simulation model, model outputs are compared with observed values using statistical measures of bias, i.e. the difference between simulated and observed values. While applying these statistical measures is unambiguous for the experienced user, the same cannot always be said of determining the observed or simulated values. For example, differences in accessing crop development can be due to the subjectivity of an observer or to a definition that is difficult to apply in the field. Methods of determining kernel number, kernel mass, and yield can vary among researchers, which can add errors to comparisons between experimental observations and simulated results. If kernel moisture is not carefully determined and reported it can add error to values of grain yield and kernels per unit area regardless of the protocol used to collect these data. Inaccurate determination of kernel moisture will also influence computation of grain protein or oil content. Problems can also be associated with input data to the simulation models. Under-reporting of precipitation values from tipping bucket rain gauges, commonly found on automated weather stations, can introduce errors in results from crop simulation models. Using weather data collected too far from an experimental site may compound problems with input data. The importance of accurate soil and weather input data increases as the environment becomes more limiting for plant growth and development. Problems can also arise from algorithms that calculate important parameters in a model, such as daylength, which is used to determine a photoperiod response. Errors in the calculation of photoperiod can be related to the definition of sunrise and sunset and the inclusion or exclusion of civil twilight or to the improper calculation of the solar declination. Even the simple calculation of the daily mean air temperature can have an impact on the results from a non-linear algorithm. During a period when crop simulation modelling is moving in the difficult direction of incorporating genomic-based inputs, the critical importance of careful and accurate collection and reporting of field data and the need to develop robust algorithms that accommodate readily available or easily acquired input data should not be forgotten. As scientists we have an obligation to provide the best available knowledge and understanding as possible. Avoiding potential pitfalls will assist us as we develop new knowledge and understanding and incorporate these concepts into new or modified crop simulation models.
Melatonin Metabolite Excretion during Childhood and Puberty

Daily urinary excretion of conjugated 6-hydroxymelatonin, the major metabolite of the pineal hormone melatonin, has been determined in 54 boys and 47 girls (aged 3-16 yr) and 20 normal adults to determine whether a change in melatonin production is seen during the maturation of reproductive function in humans. There was no correlation between daily excretion rates and age in children, and the excretion rates were similar to those in adults. In addition, children of all ages had normal circadian patterns of 6-hydroxymelatonin excretion from the earliest age tested. A significant increase in 6-hydroxymelatonin excretion was observed at the time of the onset of breast development (Tanner stage II) in girls. No similar difference was seen during puberty in males. The significance of this difference in Tanner II girls is not known.
Malakoplakia of the large intestine found incidentally at necropsy: light and electron microscopic features.

Malakoplakia of the large intestine found incidentally at necropsy: Light and electron microscopic features Annand Chaudhry;Krishna Saigal;Marilyn Intengan;Peter Nickerson; Diseases of the Colon & Rectum
Channel slope reversal near the Martian dichotomy boundary: Testing tectonic hypotheses

Abstract Faults along the Martian dichotomy boundary are evidence of tectonic activity, which by analogy with terrestrial tectonism may cause changes in or even reversal of fluvial longitudinal profiles. In the eastern hemisphere between 30° E and 150° E, this tectonic activity has been hypothesized to result from lower crustal flow or from lithospheric flexure, for which loading (e.g., by material deposition) of the northern lowlands is a possible cause (Watters, 2003a; Nimmo, 2005). The topographic (slope) changes resulting from these two different mechanisms are distinct and can provide a means for distinguishing between them, although other processes may complicate interpretations of reversed longitudinal profiles. Two fan-shaped networks of inverted channels are located near 150° E in the Aeolis Dorsa region just north of the dichotomy boundary. Their original flow directions, inferred from planform morphology, suggest flow to the northeast in contrast to their current longitudinal profiles sloping down to the southwest. This contrast indicates slope reversal. We investigate the lower crustal flow and flexure mechanisms for slope reversal by testing three different hypotheses: 1) lower crustal flow, 2) flexure caused by material erosion from the highlands and deposition in the lowlands, and 3) flexure caused by highland erosion and deposition in the lowlands plus deposition of the Medusae Fossae Formation in the lowlands. We test these three hypotheses by comparing the inferred magnitudes of the slope reversals with predicted slope changes from geophysical models for these processes. Taking the possibility of non-tectonic (i.e., collapse) processes into account, our results suggest that, among these three models, the slope reversal is most consistent with the predicted tectonic response to erosion and deposition of highland material in conjunction with deposition of the Medusae Fossae Formation. Contrary to previous findings, our results do not support the mechanism of lateral crustal flow, although they do not rule it out because lower crustal flow and erosion may both have been operating, but on different time scales. The result of this hypothesis-testing provides insight into the evolution of the dichotomy boundary and Martian crust in this location.
A direct comparison of effect sizes from the clinical global impression-improvement scale to effect sizes from other rating scales in controlled trials of adult social anxiety disorder.

Objective The clinical global impression-improvement scale (CGI-I) is used to monitor treatment outcome in mental disorders. To better understand the properties of the CGI-I scale in social anxiety disorder, effects sizes from the CGI-I scale were compared to comparably calculated effect sizes from other rating scales obtained from double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors in social anxiety disorder. From peer-reviewed, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies evaluating selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in social anxiety disorder, we extracted CGI-I data and scores from other assessment scales of severity and function. Using calculations that enabled direct comparisons, effect sizes for the binarily reported CGI-I scores were compared to effect sizes from the quantitative scales. Results Effect sizes for the binary CGI-I scale were statistically indistinguishable from effect sizes obtained from the other scales, with the exception of the social avoidance and distress scale. Conclusions The CGI-I scale is an appropriate method of assessing clinical change in trials of social anxiety disorder. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions to mistakes among subjects high and low in perfectionistic concern over mistakes

Perfectionistic concern over mistakes refers to the tendency to react negatively to mistakes, to interpret mistakes as equivalent to failure, and to believe that one will lose the respect of others following failure (Frost, Marten, Lahart, & Rosenblate, 1990). In this experiment, the reactions of subjects high and low in perfectionistic concern over mistakes to a task with a high frequency of mistakes and a task with a low frequency of mistakes were examined. People high in perfectionistic concern over mistakes reacted with more negative mood, lowered confidence, and a greater sense that they “should have done better” compared to subjects low in perfectionistic concern over mistakes. Furthermore, high-perfectionistic-concern-over-mistake subjects believed others seeing their performance would perceive them as less intelligent, and they were also less willing to share their performance results. These differences between subjects high and low in perfectionistic concern over mistakes were almost exclusive to the high-mistake-frequency condition. There were few differences in the low-mistake-frequency task.
Saccadic suppression in the monkey.

Abstract Three rhesus monkeys were trained to make a behavioral response to a short duration flash of light presented during the eye movements of optokinetic nystagmus. This behavioral testing demonstrated a visual threshold elevation of 0.5–0.8 log units from 25 msec before until 50 msec after onset of the fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus in the monkey, similar to the phenomenon of saccadic suppression in the human. Following behavioral testing, chronically implanted electrodes in the striate visual cortex of these monkeys measured the visual evoked response during suppression of the monkey's behavioral response. The cortical response to light was decreased during the fast phase of optokinetic nystagmus, but this reduction in visual cortical response was not specifically related to the decrease in the monkey's perception of the light.